bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acne: Tips and Tricks for the Pediatrician
Authors: Webster Guy F. 
Published: April 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Review the four major factors that lead to the development of acne lesions and dispel common myths regarding contributing factors.

2.
Determine the optimal use of topical and systemic therapy options for acne.

3.
Discuss advantages and disadvantages of less commonly employed treatment modalities for acne.
Starting a Pediatric Emergency Department Safety Resource Center
Authors: Gittelman Michael A. , Pomerantz Wendy J. 
Published: April 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Evaluate the magnitude of the problem of children seeking care for injuries in the pediatric emergency department, and the opportunities this presents for injury prevention education.

2.
Describe the development of a Safety Resource Center and the challenges faced in making this a successful sustainable endeavor.

3.
Recognize the measures useful in judging the success or failure of a Safety Resource Center in a hospital, and the usefulness of this data in insuring the sustainability of such a service.
‘Weighing In’ on Childhood Obesity
Authors: Hampl Sarah E. , Summar Michelle J. 
Published: April 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Delineate the current widespread epidemic of childhood obesity and highlight some of the social determinants of obesity in children.

2.
Describe the evolution of the Weighing In community collaborative.

3.
Demonstrate the successes and challenges faced in building a community collaborative to combat childhood obesity.
Computerized Behavioral Health Screening in the Emergency Department
Authors: Pailler Megan E. , Fein Joel A. 
Published: April 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Discuss the impact of unrecognized psychiatric illness on child and adolescent health.

2.
Identify the best methods of implementing an “extra” but important screening process in the emergency department setting.

3.
Understand the challenges of translating research results for clinical settings.
Asthma Control Is Enhanced: When Health Plans and Providers Cooperate
Authors: Ramos Candace , Ciaccio Christina , Portnoy Jay M. 
Published: April 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Summarize the challenges faced when setting up a comprehensive, data-driven, community-wide effort to improve the care of children with chronic disease.

2.
Evaluate the importance of developing a central registry of chronic diseases and how such a registry enhances the standardization of care delivery across practices.

3.
Discuss the role of professional educators in the improvement of quality care delivery in the office setting.
Chicago Youth Programs: Breaking the Cycle, Bridging the Gap
Authors: Sheehan Karen , Verner Herman 
Published: April 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Explain how healthcare and health are intertwined but not necessarily identical, especially as they pertain to the treatment of children.

2.
Identify the goals of Youth Development Programs and how they can affect the health of children.

3.
Delineate best practices of the Chicago Youth Programs used to improve the health of at risk children.
Comparison of Syllabi Expectations Between Faculty and Students in a Baccalaureate Nursing Program
Authors: Davis Shoni , Schrader Vivian 
Published: April 2009

This study aimed to explore and compare expectations of syllabi between students and faculty in a university baccalaureate nursing department. Knowing what students expect from syllabi can lead to improved student success and may reduce faculty time in clarifying class policies.
Faculty and nursing students from eight semesters volunteered to complete a survey exploring syllabi definitions, pertinent content, and the importance of student involvement in syllabi development. The findings suggest there are differences between faculty and student perceptions regarding important syllabi content. Students wanted syllabi that provided the nuts and bolts of how to accomplish each assignment and course requirement most efficiently. Faculty preferred information about student behavior, such as student conduct, participation, and attendance rules. Adult Learning Theory was used to explain these differences. This article points out that faculty may not be as in touch with the needs of adult learners as they claim to be.
Levodopa/Carbidopa in the Treatment of Amblyopia
Authors: Dadeya Subhash , Vats Pankaj , Malik K. P. S. 
Published: April 2009

Purpose:
To evaluate the role of levodopa/carbidopa in the treatment of amblyopia.

Methods:
Thirty patients with strabismic amblyopia between the ages of 3 and 12 years were part of this double-blind, randomized study. Patients were divided into two groups. Group A received 0.50 mg + 1.25 mg of levodopa/carbidopa per kilogram body weight three times daily after meals, with a protein rich drink, whereas Group B received placebo. Both groups received full-time conventional occlusion until a visual acuity of 6/6 was achieved or for a maximum of 3 months.

Results:

The authors observed more than two lines improvement in visual acuity that was greater in the levodopa group (15 of 15) than in the placebo group (9 of 15) (
P
< .005). Furthermore, improvement in visual acuity of more than two lines was greater in patients younger than 8 years (100%) than in patients older than 8 years of age (60%) (
P
= .0026). There was also no significant reversal of the improved visual acuity in up to 6 months of follow-up.

Conclusion:
Levodopa/carbidopa improves visual acuity in patients with amblyopia and maintains improved visual acuity, especially in patients younger than 8 years.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009;46:87–90.]
Infantile Aperiodic Alternating Nystagmus
Authors: Hertle Richard W. , Reznick Leah , Yang Dongsheng 
Published: April 2009

Background:
This study identifies the clinical and ocular motility characteristics of the periodic and aperiodic forms of infantile alternating nystagmus (IAPAN) and establishes the range of electrophysiological and clinical characteristics while providing clues to its presence and pathophysiology.

Methods:
Seventy-eight patients with ocular oscillations consistent with IAPAN were reported. Outcome variables were: age, follow-up in months, vision, strabismus, other eye and systemic abnormalities, head position, periodicity, cycle and null period duration, foveation time, waveforms, and cycle symmetry.

Results:
Age range was 1 to 67 years, 50% had pure periodic and aperiodic forms, 46% had albinism, 26% had binocular acuity of 20/40 or greater, 72% had strabismus, 35% had amblyopia, 31% had other eye disease, 14% had systemic disease, 87% had an anomalous head posture, and 65% had binocular directional asymmetry. The periodic cycle averaged 224 seconds and the aperiodic cycle ranged from 2 to more than 300 seconds. One in three patients with strabismus and nystagmus periodicity had a static head posture.

Conclusion:
Fifteen percent of the infantile nystagmus syndrome population had either the periodic or aperiodic form. A changing null period is often clinically missed because of long or irregular cycles, decreased acuity, associated strabismus, and either a nonexistent or inconsistent head posture. The changing null period is easier to recognize using eye movement recordings or if the non-preferred eye is occluded and the preferred eye is examined with the head straight and gaze in primary position for at least 5 to 7 minutes. The recognition of this variant has profound treatment implications.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009;46:93–103.]
Early Versus Late Repair of Orbital Blowout Fractures
Authors: Ben Simon Guy J. , Syed Hasan M. , McCann John D. , Goldberg Robert A. 
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective:
To compare early and late surgical repair of orbital blowout floor fractures.

Patients and Methods:
A retrospective, comparative interventional case series reviewed medical records of 50 consecutive patients who underwent unilateral orbital floor fracture repair in a 4-year period. Comparative analysis was performed between patients operated on within 2 weeks of injury and those operated on at a later stage.

Results:

Assault, motor vehicle accidents, and sports injuries were the most common causes of injury. Surgery was performed due to inferior rectus muscle entrapment and limitations in up gaze in 20 (40%) patients or to prevent enophthalmos in cases with sig nificant bony orbital expansion in 30 (60%) patients. After surgery, enophthalmos improved an average of 0.8 mm. Limitation in ocular motility improved after surgery but was statistically significant only in up gaze. Patients who underwent early repair (within 2 weeks) achieved less improvement in enophthalmos versus patients who underwent late repair (delta enophthalmos of 0.2 ± 1.1 vs 1.3 ± 1.9 mm, respectively;
P
= .02).

Conclusion:
In these patients, postoperative vertical ductions and postoperative enophthalmos improved after fracture repair. Surgery was associated with a low rate of postoperative complications. No apparent difference in surgical outcome was seen between early (within 2 weeks) and late surgical repair.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:141–148.]
Comparison of Macular Thickness Between Cirrus HD-OCT and Stratus OCT
Authors: Kakinoki Masashi , Sawada Osamu , Sawada Tomoko , Kawamura Hajime , Ohji Masahito 
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective:
To compare macular thicknesses in healthy subjects measured with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) (Cirrus; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA) with measurements using time domain (TDOCT) (Stratus; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc.).

Patients and Methods:
Macular thickness was measured five times in the same eye of 10 healthy subjects with both Cirrus and Stratus to assess reliability and then once in the same eye of 50 healthy subjects with both Cirrus and Stratus to compare the average obtained by each device.

Results:

Using TD-OCT, the coefficient of variations (CV) of the macular thicknesses within a 1-mm central area ranged from 0.7% to 3.3% (mean, 1.33%); with SD-OCT, the range was 0.2% to 1.3% (mean, 0.66%). The mean CV with SD-OCT was significantly smaller than with TD-OCT (
P
< .05). The average macular thicknesses with TD-OCT and SD-OCT were 197.2 ± 17.8 μm and 257.6 ± 19.6 μm, respectively. However, the correlation was significant (correlation coefficient, 0.916,
P
< .001).

Conclusion:
Cirrus showed better reliability than Stratus. Using SD-OCT, the macula was 60-μm thicker than when measured with TD-OCT. Attention should be given to comparing data obtained using different OCT machines.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:135–140.]
Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomographic Imaging of Geographic Atrophy
Authors: Lujan Brandon J. , Rosenfeld Philip J. , Gregori Giovanni , Wang Fenghua , Knighton Robert W. , Feuer William J. , Puliafito Carmen A. 
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective:
To compare images of geographic atrophy (GA) obtained using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with images obtained using fundus autofluorescence (FAF).

Patients and Methods:
Five eyes from patients with dry AMD were imaged using SD-OCT and FAF, and the size and shape of the GA were compared.

Results:
GA appears bright on SD-OCT compared with the surrounding areas with an intact retinal pigment epithelium because of increased reflectivity from the underlying choroid. SD-OCT and FAF both identified GA reproducibly, and measurement of the area of GA is comparable between the two methods with a mean difference of 2.7% of the total area.

Conclusion:
SD-OCT can identify and quantitate areas of GA. The size and shape of these areas correlate well to the areas of GA seen on autofluorescence images; however, SD-OCT imaging also provides important cross-sectional anatomic information.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:96–101.]
Helical Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetonide Implant: A 6-Month Surgical Feasibility Study in Rabbits
Authors: Mello-Filho Paulo A. A. , Guven Dilek , Beeley Nathan R. F. , de Juan Eugene , Erickson Signe R. 
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective:
To investigate the surgical feasibility and safety of a long-term intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (TA) sustained delivery system.

Materials and Methods:
Pigmented rabbits were implanted with sustained-release formulations containing 925 µg of TA within a non-biodegradable polymer coating: Dose A (n = 15) with a slow delivery rate of 1 to 2 µg/day and Dose B (n =15) releasing 3 to 5 µg/day. Additionally, a control group (n = 10) using a device coated with polymer only was implanted. The devices were surgically implanted through a 30-gauge sclerotomy into the vitreous cavity. The animals were clinically observed for up to 6 months after the surgery with complete ophthalmologic examinations. Histologic evaluation of a subset of eyes was performed at the conclusion of the study.

Results:
Implants were successfully implanted in all 40 eyes. Ocular examinations revealed excellent implant tolerability. In all eyes, there was no significant postoperative inflammation at 1 week of follow-up. There was no increase in intraocular pressure during the follow-up period and histologic evaluation demonstrated no significant abnormalities. Minimal and localized vitreous hemorrhage was observed in 22.5% of implanted eyes and mostly cleared at 1 month after surgery. During the 6 months of follow up, localized lens opacities associated with physical implant contact developed in 66.6% of eyes.

Conclusion:
The surgical procedure using the intravitreal TA sustained delivery device is feasible. Surgical complications were generally mild, with lens opacities attributable to unique anatomical features of the rabbit eye. Long-term follow-up and histology revealed excellent implant tolerability.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:160–168.]
Serous Macular Detachment as a Predictor of Resolution of Macular Edema With Intravitreal Triamcinolone Injection
Authors: Shukla Dhananjay , Behera Umesh Chandra , Chakraborty Somnath , Mahalakshmi Rajendran , Prasad Noela Marie 
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective:
To evaluate serous macular detachment as a predictor for response of macular edema to intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide.

Patients and Methods:
Sixteen eyes (16 patients) with macular edema and serous macular detachment secondary to diabetic retinopathy (n = 11) or branch vein occlusion (n = 5) were prospectively enrolled. After intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection (4 mg/0.1 mL), they were reevaluated at 1 week and 1 and 3 months. The main outcome measure was change in central macular thickness.

Results:

The mean baseline central macular thickness was 651.13 ± 245.96 µm. One month after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection, central macular thickness decreased to 255.38 ± 80.64 µm (
P
< .0001). After 3 months, central macular thickness increased marginally to 329.69 ± 161.98 µm, still significantly less than baseline (
P
< .0001). There was a significant correlation between the height of serous macular detachment and reduction in central macular thickness at 1 (r = .827) and 3 (r = .835) months (
P
< .0001).

Conclusion:
When serous macular detachment coexists with vascular or microvascular macular edema, it responds to intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in direct proportion to the height of the serous macular detachment. However, the response begins to fade by 3 months.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:115–119.]
Cosmetics
Authors: Rieger Martin M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCosmetics are products created by the cosmetic industry and marketed directly to consumers. The cosmetic industry is dominated by manufacturers of finished products, who sell products to distributors as well as suppliers of raw and packaging materials. Cosmetics represent a large group of consumer products designed to improve the health, cleanliness, and physical appearance of the human exterior and to protect body parts against damage from the environment. The difference between a cosmetic and a drug is often confusing. The FDA defines a cosmetic as a drug if there is a claim for pharmacological activity. Such products are considered over‐the‐counter drugs. Cosmetics, regardless of form, can be grouped into seven categories: 1, skin care and maintenance; 2. cleansing; 3. odor improvement; 4. hair removal; 5. hair care and maintenance; 6. maintenance of mucous membranes; and 7. decorative cosmetics. All of these categries are discussed as well safety and other product requirements, regulations, and economics.
Diamond, Natural
Authors: Shigley James 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Naturally occurring diamond is a relatively rare polymorph of carbon characterized by a 3‐D arrangement of tetrahedrally coordinated carbon atoms. Diamonds occur in several major kinds of deposits, primary and secondary (both alluvial and littorial). In primary deposits, they are enclosed in host rocks of kimberlite or lamproite that form pipes that are downward‐tapering, cone shape structures of igneous origin. Erosion of these deposits lead to the formation of diamonds in river beds and terraces. Separation of diamonds from their associated rocks include crushing, screening, and sieving, use of grease belts, suspension in heavy or dense media, and sorters. Diamond crystals are sorted into many categories depending on size, color, clarity. and shape. The four types of diamonds are Types Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb. The types are based on the presence or absence of nitrogen and boron. Both natural and synthetic diamonds have the highest hardness of all known materials. Diamond's unique properties permit it to be foremost in applications such as gemstones, as an abrasive in cutting, drilling, sawing, machining, grinding, and polishing. Diamond bort, grit, dust, and stones are recyclable.
Diamond, Synthetic
Authors: Wentorf R. H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractInterest in the synthesis of diamonds was first stimulated by Lavoisier's discovery that diamond was simply carbon. In the attempt at diamond synthesis, much unsuccessful effort was devoted to processes that deposited carbon at low, graphite stable pressure. New high pressure apparatus was built, rebuilt, and sometimes discarded. Months after operating pressures of 7GPa had been attained, a reproducible diamond synthesis was finally achieved. The two major innovations in diamond technology are the reproducible high temperature‐high pressure process with metal solvent/catalyst and the low pressure sustained growth from methane‐hydrogen (CVD). Direct graphite to diamond processes are also discussed. Synthetic diamonds are used as gemstones. CVD processes have been used to produce single crystal diamonds. Synthetic diamonds have many industrial uses: as grit and powder in diamond grinding wheels, saws, polishing, thermal management, electronic applications and electrochemical uses. Polycrystalline diamonds are also discussed.
Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic, Introduction
Authors: Lindahl Charles B. , Mahmood Tariq 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFluorine, the most electronegative element, is much more reactive than the other elements. Fluorine reacts virtually with every other element, including the helium goup gases. The basic fluorine‐containing minerals are fluorite (commonly called fluorspar). and fluorapatite, commonly called phosphate rock. The reaction of calcium fluoride and sulfuric acid produces hydrogen fluoride. Fluorosilic acid is produced from fluorapatite as a by‐product in the production of phosphoric acid. Most inorganic fluorides are produced by the reaction of hydrofluoric acid(HF) with oxides, carbonates, hydroxides, chlorides, or metals. Fluorspar is not produced in the United States. Most of the U.S.'s supply comes from China and Mexico. Health hazards associated with fluorides are severe. Hydrogen fluoride is the most important compound of the fluorides. It is the primary feedstock for producing inorganic and organic fluorine‐bearing compounds. Aluminum fluoride is is used in aluminum smelting. Fluorspar is recovered from uranium enrichment, petroleum alkylation, and stainless steel pickeling. HF can be recycled from petroleum alkylation.
Recycling, Packaging
Authors: Bickford Michalina 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Recycling is increasing in both the developed and under‐developed world. At least 28 countries have laws designed to encourage recycling and reduce package discards. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency advocates product stewardship. This means eliminating toxic constituents, using less material, making packaging more reusable, using more recycled content, and making it more readily recyclable. Containers and packaging comprised about 4% of the total municipal solid wastes (MSW) in 2007. The recovery rate was 33.4%. Solid wastes are separated from the MSW and are sent to processing centers. Glass, paper, plastics, and metals are the primary packaging materials. Information is given for collection and sorting, processing, source reduction and uses of these individual materials. Regulations in regard to recycling and packaging are numerous, Bottle bills, use of recycled material in new products, fees, heavy metals.the European Directive, and international materials and packaging restrictions are covered.
Toward a refined view of aggressive fantasy as a risk factor for aggression: interaction effects involving cognitive and situational variables
Authors: Smith Craig E. , Fischer Kurt W. , Watson Malcolm W. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOver three decades of research have established a positive connection between fantasizing about aggression and enacting aggression. Such findings have provided strong evidence against the catharsis view of aggressive fantasy. However, little attention has been paid to the potentially nuanced nature of the link between fantasy aggression and actual aggression. In the present article, we examined the influence of four variables in the aggressive fantasy–aggressive behavior link: gender, exposure to violence, fantasy absorption, and level of fantasy about harm befalling loved ones and the self (dysphoric fantasy). Using data from a diverse, community‐based sample of 7–14‐year olds and their mothers, we replicated the general finding that aggressive fantasy is positively associated with real‐world aggressive behavior. However, we also found that the interaction of aggressive fantasy and exposure to violence related significantly to aggression, as did the relation between aggressive fantasy and dysphoric fantasy. When exposure to violence was low, even high levels of aggressive fantasizing did not predict aggressive behavior, and, when aggressive fantasizing was low, even high levels of exposure to violence did not predict aggressive behavior. Similarly, when dysphoric fantasy was high, the connection between fantasy aggression and real aggression was markedly attenuated. The implications of these findings for intervention efforts and future research are considered. Aggr. Behav. 35:313–323, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prior knowledge processing for initial state of Kalman filter
Authors: Suzdaleva E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe paper deals with a specification of the prior distribution of the initial state for Kalman filter. The subjective prior knowledge, used in state estimation, can be highly uncertain. In practice, incorporation of prior knowledge contributes to a good start of the filter. The present paper proposes a methodology for selection of the initial state distribution, which enables eliciting of prior knowledge from the available expert information. The proposed methodology is based on the use of the conjugate prior distribution for models belonging to the exponential family. The normal state‐space model is used for demonstrating the methodology. The paper covers processing of the prior knowledge for state estimation, available in the form of simulated data. Practical experiments demonstrate the processing of prior knowledge from the urban traffic control area, which is the main application of the research. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.