bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Realization and GCD-existence theorem for generalized polynomials
Authors: Skula Ladislav 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
It is shown, that in the ring F
ℚ[I] of generalized polynomials with several indeterminates from the set I over the field F and with rational exponents, each two elements have a greatest common divisor. On the other hand, this ring is Bezout only if I = O/ or I is a singleton.
The arithmetic of the ring F
ℚ[I] is transferred to the ring (V, F)[z] of generalized polynomials with one indeterminate z over F with exponents from the vector space V over ℚ. It is proved that the rings F
ℚ[I] and (V, F)[z] are isomorphic provided dimV = cardI. It follows, for example, that the rings (ℝ, F)[z] and (ℂ, F)[z] of generalized polynomials with one indeterminate with real and complex exponents are isomorphic.
Cutting Edge: NKp80 Uses an Atypical Hemi-ITAM To Trigger NK Cytotoxicity
Authors: Dennehy Kevin M. , Klimosch Sascha N. , Steinle Alexander 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The human NK cell receptor NKp80 stimulates cytotoxicity upon engagement of its genetically linked ligand AICL. However, the mechanisms underlying NKp80-mediated signaling are unknown. In this study, we dissected NKp80 signaling using the NK cell line NK92MI. We demonstrated that NKp80, but not NKp80 mutated at tyrosine 7 (NKp80/Y7F), is tyrosine phosphorylated. Accordingly, NKp80/Y7F, but not NKp80/Y30F or NKp80/Y37F, failed to induce cytotoxicity. NKp80 phosphopeptides comprising the hemi-ITAM–like sequence surrounding tyrosine 7 bound Lck- and Syk-family kinases; accordingly, cross-linking of NKp80, but not NKp80/Y7F, induced Syk phosphorylation. Moreover, inhibition of Syk kinase, but not ZAP-70 kinase, impaired cytotoxic responses through NKp80. Atypical residues in the hemi-ITAM–like motif of NKp80 cause an altered stoichiometry of phosphorylation but did not substantially affect NK cytotoxicity. Altogether, these results show that NKp80 uses an atypical hemi-ITAM and Syk kinase to trigger cellular cytotoxicity.
Adenosine Potentiates Human Lung Mast Cell Tissue Plasminogen Activator Activity
Authors: Sereda Michal J. , Bradding Peter , Vial Catherine 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
We investigated whether adenosine, a potent contributor to the regulation of pulmonary function, can modulate human lung mast cell (HLMC) fibrinolytic activity. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) activity and tPA transcript expression levels from a human mast cell line (HMC-1) and HLMC were monitored following adenosine application. Adenosine potentiated mast cell tPA activity and tPA gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. Adenosine effects were abolished in the presence of adenosine deaminase. HMC-1 cells and HLMC predominantly expressed adenosine A2A and A2B receptor transcripts (A2B ≈ A2A &gt; A3 &gt;&gt; A1). Pharmacological and signaling studies suggest that the A2A receptor is the major subtype accounting for adenosine-induced mast cell tPA activity. Finally, the supernatant from HMC-1 cells and HLMC treated with adenosine (for 24 h) significantly increased fibrin clot lysis, whereas ZM241385, an A2A receptor antagonist, abolished this effect. To our knowledge, this study provides the first data to demonstrate the potentiating effect of adenosine on mast cell tPA activity and fibrin clot lysis.
Kinesin 5B Is Necessary for Delivery of Membrane and Receptors during FcγR-Mediated Phagocytosis
Authors: Silver Kristen E. , Harrison Rene E. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
FcγR-mediated phagocytosis is a cellular event that is evolutionary conserved to digest IgG-opsonized pathogens. Pseudopod formation during phagocytosis is a limiting step in managing the uptake of particles, and in this paper, we show that the conventional kinesin is involved in both receptor and membrane delivery to the phagocytic cup. Expression of a mutant kinesin isoform (GFP dominant negative mutant of kinesin H chain [EGFP-Kif5B-DN]) in RAW264.7 cells significantly reduced binding of IgG–sheep RBCs when macrophages were faced with multiple encounters with opsonized particles. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of EGFP-Kif5B-DN–expressing cells challenged with two rounds of IgG–sheep RBCs showed sparse, extremely thin pseudopods. We saw disrupted Rab11 trafficking to the phagocytic cup in EGFP-Kif5B-DN–transfected cells. Our particle overload assays also implicated phagosome membrane recycling in pseudopod formation. We observed reduced phagosome fission and trafficking in mutant kinesin-expressing cells, as well as reduced cell surface expression of FcγRs and Mac-1 receptors. In conclusion, anterograde trafficking via kinesin is essential for both receptor recycling from the phagosome and delivery of Rab11-containing membrane stores to effect broad and functional pseudopods during FcγR-mediated phagocytosis.
Distinct Roles for the A2B Adenosine Receptor in Acute and Chronic Stages of Bleomycin-Induced Lung Injury
Authors: Zhou Yang , Schneider Daniel J. , Morschl Eva , Song Ling , Pedroza Mesias , Karmouty-Quintana Harry , Le Thuy , Sun Chun-Xiao , Blackburn Michael R. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAdenosine is an extracellular signaling molecule that is generated in response to cell injury where it orchestrates tissue protection and repair. Whereas adenosine is best known for promoting anti-inflammatory activities during acute injury responses, prolonged elevations can enhance destructive tissue remodeling processes associated with chronic disease states. The generation of adenosine and the subsequent activation of the adenosine 2B receptor (A2BR) is an important processes in the regulation of both acute and chronic lung disease. The goal of this study was to examine the contribution of the A2BR in models of bleomycin-induced lung injury that exhibit varying degrees of acute and chronic injury. Intratracheal bleomycin exposure results in substantial acute lung injury followed by progressive fibrosis. In this model, genetic removal of the A2BR resulted in enhanced loss of barrier function and increased pulmonary inflammation, with few differences in indexes of pulmonary fibrosis. These results support an anti-inflammatory role for this receptor in this model of acute lung injury. In contrast, systemic exposure of mice to bleomycin resulted in modest acute lung injury together with progressive pulmonary fibrosis. In this model, the effects of A2BR removal on acute lung injury were negligible; however, there were substantial reductions in pulmonary fibrosis, supporting a profibrotic role for this receptor. A2BR-dependent regulation of IL-6 production was identified as a potential mechanism involved in the diminished pulmonary fibrosis seen in A2BR knockout mice exposed to i.p. bleomycin. These studies highlight the distinct roles of A2BR signaling during acute and chronic stages of lung injury.
Blocking of α4β7 Gut-Homing Integrin during Acute Infection Leads to Decreased Plasma and Gastrointestinal Tissue Viral Loads in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Ansari Aftab A. , Reimann Keith A. , Mayne Ann E. , Takahashi Yoshiaki , Stephenson Susan T. , Wang Rijian , Wang Xinyue , Li Jichu , Price Andrew A. , Little Dawn M. , Zaidi Mohammad , Lyles Robert , Villinger Francois 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Intravenous administration of a novel recombinant rhesus mAb against the α4β7 gut-homing integrin (mAb) into rhesus macaques just prior to and during acute SIV infection resulted in significant decrease in plasma and gastrointestinal (GI) tissue viral load and a marked reduction in GI tissue proviral DNA load as compared with control SIV-infected rhesus macaques. This mAb administration was associated with increases in peripheral blood naive and central memory CD4+ T cells and maintenance of a high frequency of CCR5+CD4+ T cells. Additionally, such mAb administration inhibited the mobilization of NK cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells characteristically seen in the control animals during acute infection accompanied by the inhibition of the synthesis of MIP-3α by the gut tissues. These data in concert suggest that blocking of GI trafficking CD4+ T cells and inhibiting the mobilization of cell lineages of the innate immune system may be a powerful new tool to protect GI tissues and modulate acute lentiviral infection.
Spectroscopic Analysis of Cotton Treated with Neutralized Maleinized Soybean Oil
Authors: Ford Ericka N. J. , Mendon Sharathkumar K. , Rawlins James W. , Thames Shelby F. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWater‐soluble vegetable oil derivatives were synthesized and investigated as biobased reagents for cellulosic textiles. Maleinized soybean oil (MSO), having an acid value of 156 mg KOH/g, was neutralized with ammonium hydroxide to render it water soluble. Infrared spectroscopy indicated the formation of ester linkages during the cure of MSO treated textiles. Therefore, the formation of anhydride and amide intermediates upon heating ammonia neutralized MSO were investigated. Construction of the cyclic anhydride was observed as a pathway to esterification; however, amidation was not observed among this ammonia neutralized MSO. Neutralization of MSO with ethanolamine and triethylamine yielded secondary and tertiary amides but not esters at 160 °C.
Optimization of the Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Wheat Germ Oil Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Li Huijing , Song Chunlei , Zhou Huiming , Wang Na , Cao Dawei 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA process of aqueous enzymatic extraction of wheat germ was carried out by a multi‐enzyme preparation consisting of cellulase, pentosanase, neutrase and fungal amylase (CPNF, 2:1:2:1 w/w/w/w). Hydro‐thermal heating (at 112 °C for 60 min) was more effective than oven‐drying regarding emulsified oil yield. Wheat germ was ground with a rate of 10,000 rpm for 90 s. The adding level (w/w) of multi‐enzyme preparation of CPNF was 1.6%. Response surface methodology was used to obtain the desired data in the process optimization. The optimal set of variables was water to wheat germ ratio (v/wt, mL/g) of 3.46, pH of 5.24, temperature of 48.49 °C and time of 6 h. The emulsified oil yield was 86.74% at the optimal levels of the tested factors. Compared with organic solvent extracted oil, the content of free fatty acid of AEE extracted oil was higher and the color was slightly darker, while the peroxide value was lower and the oxidative stability was higher owing to high content of α‐tocopherol. This technique for recovering oil from fresh wheat germ with enzymes is a significant improvement in both oil yield and quality over the traditional organic solvent process.
Tibial fractures after tibial tubercle osteotomies for patellar instability: A comparison of three osteotomy configurations
Authors: Luhmann Scott J. , Fuhrhop Sara , O'Donnell June C. , Gordon J. Eric 
Published: December 2010

Purpose Tibial tubercle osteotomies (TTOs) are a seemingly straightforward technique; however problems with bony union, implant failure, wound infections, and fractures have been reported in the literature. Methods A database search identified all patients who had a TTO performed for patellofemoral instability between 1 March 2000 and 30 July 2008 by a single surgeon. The TTO technique was modified twice during the study period (December 2003 and June 2007, respectively), thereby creating three similar patient cohorts. Results TTOs were performed in 101 knees (90 patients), in which 34 knees (29 patients) received the blunt technique (TTO-B), 32 knees (30 patients) the sloped technique (TTO-S), and 35 knees (31 patients) the greenstick technique (TTO-G). Mean age of the patients (75 females, 15 males) was 16.0 years (range 12.2–20.2 years). Overall, six patients had complications, namely, six tibia fractures and no nonunions, for an overall complication rate of 5.9%. In the TTO-B group, four patients had four tibia fractures for an overall bony complication rate of 11.8%. In the TTO-S group, two patients had two delayed unions which developed into tibia fractures for an overall bony complication rate of 6.2%. There were no complications (0%) in the TTO-G group. No correlation was identified between TTO screw size and complications. The caudal aspect of the osteotomy was the location of the tibia fracture in five knees and the caudal screw in 1 knee, at a mean of 11 weeks postoperatively. All fractures were treated only with splint or cast immobilization and protected weight-bearing. Conclusion The overall bony complication rate was 5.9% for the TTOs in this study. Utilizing the TTO-G technique with rigid two-screw, bicortical fixation the complication rate could be lowered to 0%. Avoidance of periosteal stripping, and secondary cortical devascularization at the caudal aspect of the TTO appears to optimize bony consolidation, thereby minimizing fractures. Clinical relevance Bony complications are an infrequent problem after TTO. Greensticking the distal end of the TTO can minimize postoperative tibia fractures. Running and sports should not be permitted until complete cortical healing is documented on the lateral radiograph.
Reliability and validity of an adapted Thai version of the Scoliosis Research Society-22 questionnaire
Authors: Leelapattana Pittavat , Keorochana Gun , Johnson Jared , Wajanavisit Wiwat , Laohacharoensombat Wichien 
Published: December 2010

Purpose The Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22) questionnaire is a widely accepted questionnaire used to assess the health-related quality of life for scoliosis patients in the United States. However, its adaptation in other languages is necessary for its multinational use. A cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the validity and reliability of an adapted Thai version of the SRS-22 questionnaire. Methods An expert committee performed translation/retranslation of the English version of the SRS-22 questionnaire, as well as a cross-cultural adaptation process. Later, SRS-22 questionnaires and previously validated Short Form-36 version 2 (SF-36v2) outcome instruments were given to patients treated for idiopathic scoliosis with a minimum of 1 year of follow-up. Internal consistency and reproducibility were determined by Cronbach's alpha statistics and the intraclass correlation coefficient, respectively. Concurrent validity was measured by comparing SRS-22 results with a previously validated questionnaire (SF-36v2). Measurement was made using the Pearson correlation coefficient ( r). Results The study showed satisfactory internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha values for all of the corresponding domains (pain, 0.72; self-image/appearance, 0.87; mental health, 0.83; satisfaction with management, 0.63; and function/activity, 0.83). The test–retest reproducibility was also excellent or good for all domains (pain, 0.72; self-image/appearance, 0.85; mental health, 0.82; satisfaction, 0.62; and function/activity, 0.81). For concurrent validity, excellent correlation was found in two domains, good in six domains, moderate in five domains, and poor in five domains of the 18 relevant domains. Conclusions The Thai version of the SRS-22 outcome instrument has satisfactory internal consistency, excellent reproducibility, and acceptable validity.
Gun carrying by high school students in Boston, MA: Does overestimation of peer gun carrying matter?
Authors: Hemenway David , Vriniotis Mary , Johnson Renee M. , Miller Matthew , Azrael Deborah 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates: (1) whether high school students overestimate gun carrying by their peers, and (2) whether those students who overestimate peer gun carrying are more likely to carry firearms. Data come from a randomly sampled survey conducted in 2008 of over 1700 high school students in Boston, MA. Over 5% of students reported carrying a gun, 9% of boys and 2% of girls. Students substantially overestimated the percentage of their peers who carried guns; the likelihood that a respondent carried a gun was strongly associated with their perception of the level of peer gun carrying. Most respondents believed it was easier for other youth to obtain guns than it was for them. Social marketing campaigns designed to lower young people's perceptions about the prevalence of peer gun carrying may be a promising strategy for reducing actual gun carrying among youth.
Do Not Give Up Hope for a Climate Agreement
Authors: Karp Larry 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT
The failure of the 2009 Copenhagen climate negotiations does not encourage optimism about reaching a meaningful climate agreement. This paper describes a proposal for the next climate agreement that entitles countries to discharge their treaty obligations by paying a ‘fine’. This escape clause provides cost insurance, simplifies the problem of enforcing compliance, and increases incentives to participate in the agreement. The proposal requires that developed countries commit to emissions reductions, maintained by means of cap and trade rather than carbon taxes. A Central Bank maintains stability of carbon prices by defending a price ceiling and floor.
Green Regulations in California and Sweden
Authors: Berck Peter , Brännlund Runar , Berck Cyndi Spindell 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT
California and Sweden are both leaders in green regulations and actions. In both there is a substantial political base for environmental regulation, yet the path to regulation in these two political entities is quite different. California emphasizes command and control regulations while Sweden makes heavy use of taxes. We show that both underlying economic factors and the constraints of the larger systems in which these economies are embedded contribute to their choice of control methods.
Mugsy: fast multiple alignment of closely related whole genomes
Authors: Angiuoli Samuel V. , Salzberg Steven L. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Motivation: The relative ease and low cost of current generation sequencing technologies has led to a dramatic increase in the number of sequenced genomes for species across the tree of life. This increasing volume of data requires tools that can quickly compare multiple whole-genome sequences, millions of base pairs in length, to aid in the study of populations, pan-genomes, and genome evolution.
Results: We present a new multiple alignment tool for whole genomes named Mugsy. Mugsy is computationally efficient and can align 31 Streptococcus pneumoniae genomes in less than 2 hours producing alignments that compare favorably to other tools. Mugsy is also the fastest program evaluated for the multiple alignment of assembled human chromosome sequences from four individuals. Mugsy does not require a reference sequence, can align mixtures of assembled draft and completed genome data, and is robust in identifying a rich complement of genetic variation including duplications, rearrangements, and large-scale gain and loss of sequence.
Availability: Mugsy is free, open-source software available from http://mugsy.sf.net.
Contact: angiuoli@cs.umd.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
3,423 Emergency Tracheal Intubations at a University Hospital
Authors: Martin Lizabeth D. , Mhyre Jill M. , Shanks Amy M. , Tremper Kevin K. , Kheterpal Sachin 
Published: December 2010

Background
There are limited outcome data regarding emergent nonoperative intubation. The current study was undertaken with a large observational dataset to evaluate the incidence of difficult intubation and complication rates and to determine predictors of complications in this setting.

Methods
Adult nonoperating room emergent intubations at our tertiary care institution from December 5, 2001 to July 6, 2009 were reviewed. Prospectively defined data points included time of day, location, attending physician presence, number of attempts, direct laryngoscopy view, adjuvant use, medications, and complications. At our institution, a senior resident with at least 24 months of anesthesia training is the first responder for all emergent airway requests. The primary outcome was a composite airway complication variable that included aspiration, esophageal intubation, dental injury, or pneumothorax.

Results
A total of 3,423 emergent nonoperating room airway management cases were identified. The incidence of difficult intubation was 10.3%. Complications occurred in 4.2%: aspiration, 2.8%; esophageal intubation, 1.3%; dental injury, 0.2%; and pneumothorax, 0.1%. A bougie introducer was used in 12.4% of cases. Among 2,284 intubations performed by residents, independent predictors of the composite complication outcome were as follows: three or more intubation attempts (odds ratio, 6.7; 95% CI, 3.2-14.2), grade III or IV view (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.5), general care floor location (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-3.0), and emergency department location (odds ratio, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.1-20.4).

Conclusions
During emergent nonoperative intubation, specific clinical situations are associated with an increased risk of airway complication and may provide a starting point for allocation of experienced first responders.
Routine Clinical Practice Effectiveness of the Glidescope in Difficult Airway Management
Authors: Aziz Michael F. , Healy David , Kheterpal Sachin , Fu Rongwei F. , Dillman Dawn , Brambrink Ansgar M. 
Published: December 2010

Introduction
The Glidescope video laryngoscope has been shown to be a useful tool to improve laryngeal view. However, its role in the daily routine of airway management remains poorly characterized.

Methods
This investigation evaluated the use of the Glidescope at two academic medical centers. Electronic records from 71,570 intubations were reviewed, and 2,004 cases were identified where the Glidescope was used for airway management. We analyzed the success rate of Glidescope intubation in various intubation scenarios. In addition, the incidence and character of complications associated with Glidescope use were recorded. Predictors of Glidescope intubation failure were determined using a logistic regression analysis.

Results
Overall success for Glidescope intubation was 97% (1,944 of 2,004). As a primary technique, success was 98% (1,712 of 1,755), whereas success in patients with predictors of difficult direct laryngoscopy was 96% (1,377 of 1,428). Success for Glidescope intubation after failed direct laryngoscopy was 94% (224 of 239). Complications were noticed in 1% (21 of 2,004) of patients and mostly involved minor soft tissue injuries, but major complications, such as dental, pharyngeal, tracheal, or laryngeal injury, occurred in 0.3% (6 of 2,004) of patients. The strongest predictor of Glidescope failure was altered neck anatomy with presence of a surgical scar, radiation changes, or mass.

Conclusion
These data demonstrate a high success rate of Glidescope intubation in both primary airway management and rescue-failed direct laryngoscopy. However, Glidescope intubation is not always successful and certain predictors of failure can be identified. Providers should maintain their competency with alternate methods of intubation, especially for patients with neck pathology.