bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sprache und Denken Bei Wundt, Paul und Marty Ein Beitrag Zur Problemgeschichte Der Sprachpsychologie
Authors: Knobloch Clemens 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe paper recaptures, on the basis of one of the central issues of the discussion, namely, the relationship between thought and speech, the psychlin-guistic controversy between Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920), Hermann Paul (1846–1921), and Anton Marty (1847–1914) at the turn of this century. The basic tenets of all three theories are presented, their assumptions analysed, and their respective fruitfulness (or lack of it) put forward. After redressing the distorted picture of Wundt’s position in the recent historiography of psycholingu-istics, it is shown that Wundt’s model of an expression-oriented approach, which in effect identifies categories of linguistic surface structure with those of an inner psychological nature, remains circular and not amenable to further development. Hermann Paul, though making use of a similar procedure, is opposed to Wundt’s (as well as Heymann Steinthal’s (1823–1899) social psychology orVölkerpsychologie), favouring instead the individual as the locus of linguistic events (and hence linguistic analysis), thereby playing down the importance of linguistic intercourse and communication in language acquisition and historical development. Finally, in Marty’s theories the contradiction between his reliance on 19th-century event-directed psychology and a rather modern functional conception of language is most evident. Marty wants, unlike Wundt and Paul, to distinguish clearly between genetic and systematic questions. But while recognizing the complementarity of event expression and control of comprehension on the part of the hearer, he does not do so in the case of the linguistic representation of ‘objects and events’. In an attempt to escape from the naive homology of thinking and grammar, Marty argues in favour of a complete separation of the two mental activities. The paper argues that the common psychological premisses of these authors must be considered if the differences between them are to be understood, since it is just these particular premises that lie in the way of an adequate comprehension of problems of semantics and of communication.
“Etymologia Est Origo Vocabulorum…”
Authors: Schweickard Wolfgang 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe study wants to contribute to the explication of Isidore of Sevilla’s conception of etymology starting with the definition “Etymologia est origo vocabulorum, cum vis verbi vel nominis per interpretationem colligitur” (Etym.I, xxix, 1). At first sight the problem of interpretation results from the contradiction between the static character of the principal clause (est origo)and the dynamic character of the subordinate clause (colligitur). This contradiction is resolved in favour of the dynamic aspect by changingorigointooriginatioon the basis of a teleological and historical interpretation. In a second step, an attempt has been made to arrive at a comprehensive assessment of the definition by interpreting the constituents of the subordinate clause and by defining its relation with the principal clause. The first question concerns the function of the conjunctioncum(the hypothesis of a conditional nexus is rejected from the first); in the course of the examination of this problem the constituents of the subordinate clause are analyzed (in particularinterpretatioandvis).As tointerpretatioit is shown that it corresponds to the justification of theorigo(“Stellae dictae a stando, quia fixae stant in caelo nec cadunt”);visis then described as a relational notion that is defined by the relation between the semantic contents of theorigoand an actual characteristic property of the thing. Finally an examination of Isidore’s actual proceeding demonstrates that the knowledge ofvisresults immediately from the knowledge of theorigo(originatio) and theinterpretatio.Consequently, the conjunctioncumcan be defined ascum coincidens.
Centenaire D’Une Naissance
Authors: Valin Roch 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
Mettant tous ses soins à ne pas séparer l’homme de l’oeuvre et à suivre rigoureusement l’ordre chronologique des événements, l’auteur de l’article se propose de satisfaire au moins partiellement la curiosité croissante qu’a suscitée, au cours des deux dernières décennies, la vie de ce linguiste pas tout à fait comme les autres qu’a été Gustave Guillaume. Il a pu s’aider dans son travail, pour préciser certains faits et certaines dates, de l’essai inédit de biographie entrepris en 1980, comme mémoire de licence à la Vrije Universiteit Brussel, par Karine Vitrier, sous la direction de Marc Wilmet, auteur de Gustave Guillaume et son école linguistique (1978). Il a aussi tiré parti de la documentation rassemblée au Fonds Gustave Guillaume de l’Université Laval, à quoi il n’a pas hésité à joindre, comme sources, les souvenirs accumulés au cours d’une longue intimité avec le savant et son entourage immédiat, au cours des dix dernières années de sa vie. Ce qui est ici proposé au lecteur n’est en quelque sorte – plus n’étant pas pour l’instant possible – que l’embryon à partir duquel une vraie biographie pourra un jour s’écrire. En attendant mieux, on trouvera dans ces pages un éclairage un peu intimiste sur l’homme, dont on espère qu’il permettra une lecture moins désincarnée d’une oeuvre par maints côtés abrupte, difficile et austère.
A Century of Research in Franco-Provençal and Poitevin
Authors: Klingebiel Kathryn 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Within the Gallo-Romance domain, Franco-Provençal and its western correlate Poitevin have been variously labeled ‘independent languages’, ‘dialects of French’, or ‘dialects of oc’. At least one attempt has been made to link these two lateral entities against both the north and the south. A historical survey of these conflicting claims encompasses non-partisan methodologies such as dialect geography and linguistic atlases as well as theoretical developments affecting Romance studies during the last one hundred years. Late 19th century research had not yet resolved antinomies between speech and script or between dialect study and historical grammar. Recent research into time and direction of Romanization, significantly clarifying the bi-(or tri-)partitioning of Gaul, has complemented increasingly sophisticated work in all these fields. Yet frequent overemphasis on segmentation, coupled with a failure to distinguish shared linguistic fate from ‘language’ in its general Romance acception, cannot be allowed to obscure the fact that both FP and Poitevin belong to Gallo-Romance; the successful investigation of either must continue to mesh grammar, lexis, scripta, and geohistory.
‘In the interstices of procedure’
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2010

Summary
“Ancient law is hidden in the interstices of procedure” (Sir Henry Sumner Maine). We examine three Indo-European linguistic and cultural analogs form the sphere of legal language, each illustrating a different approach to comparative Indo-European Law. 1) structural: The forms of oath for the three non-servile castes in Hindu law, satyena, vāhānayudhaih, gobījakāñcanaih (Mn.8.113) reflect the hierarchy of Dumézil’s idéologie des trois functions. Parallels for the second and third are noted in Old Norse, Old Irish, and archaic Latin oaths. 2) lexical: Cretan Greek (peuthen), Germanic (*beudan) and Old Irish (ad-boind) agree in attesting forms of the root *bheudh- in the meaning ‘give legal notice (of), announce, proclaim.’ This meaning is inherited and part of the semantics of Indo-European active transitive *bhunédh-ti (*bhunéddhi). 3) institutional: The ‘Pecularly Roman’ opposition of res mancipi/res nec mancipi reflects a traditional hierarchy in the categories of property which is of Common Indo-European origin: large cattle, man, land. Indian law in the sanctions of false witness (Mn. 13.14–16) and Old Iranian law in the classes of contract (Vd. 4.1–4) both make reference to the identical hierarchy of the categories of property, as a traditional ‘yardstick’. By the tenets of the comparative method, these three traditional hierarchies, all equally arbitrarily within their own culture, require the postulation of a common original.
Apollonius and maximus on the order and meaning of the oblique cases
Authors: Blank David L. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Apollonius Dyscolus’ science of syntax examines the expression of meanings and is founded on the assumption that the system of meanings and expressions is well ordered. The order of the various expressions involving cases is based on the logic of what they express, and therefore the order of verbal predicates and of spatial relations must not be confused with the order of the case-forms in which they are expressed. Just such a confusion lies behind the passage in which Maximus Planudes is commonly thought to have originated a “localist” theory of case: a summary of the introduction to Apollonius’ Syntax, in which the order of the cases received a passing mention, is embellished by Maximus with material adapted (by way of Heliodorus) from Apollonius’ discussion of the order of spatial relations, each of which may be expressed by a certain case. Besides being unoriginal and misguided in its interpretation of Apollonius, the resulting exposition of Maximus is not even a “localist” theory of case-meaning, as has often been uncritically claimed.
Late latin grammars in the early middle ages
Authors: Law Vivien 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The popularity, and hence survival, of certain of the grammars of late Antiquity in the early Middle Ages can to a large extent be described in typological terms. The two principal ancient genres, the Schulgrammatik and the regulae type, were joined in the fifth century by a new genre, the grammatical commentary. The overwhelming importance of Donatus and commentaries on Donatus and the emergence of the elementary foreign-language grammar in the seventh and eighth centuries reveal the subsistence level of language study in early Christendom. The conceptually more challenging grammars of the regulae type, as well as shorter works of the Schulgrammatik type, suffered a temporary eclipse. The greater linguistic confidence of the Carolingian Renaissance shifted the balance toward works of a more varied and demanding nature. Priscian’s Partitiones and Institutiones grammaticae re-entered circulation and in the next few centuries were assiduously excerpted and glossed. Ancient Donatus commentaries were superseded by newly-written ones and were joined by Carolingian commentaries on the principal authors of the regulae type, Phocas and Eutyches. Shorter grammars of the Schulgrammatik type and minor regulae grammars enjoyed a brief return to favour in the first half of the ninth century but failed to establish themselves in the curriculum. Instead, Carolingian teachers devoted themselves to the development of another new genre, the parsing grammar, which was to survive well into the sixteenth century.
The survival pattern of Late Latin grammars thus reflects the priorities of the early Middle Ages. In an environment in which the Latin language, and with it basic literacy, were barely established, the theoretical disquisitions of Varro and Priscian were irrelevant and unhelpful. Many ancient grammatical texts were undoubtedly lost at the end of Antiquity, during the transition from papyrus to parchment; others may well have disappeared in the pre-Carolingian period, when the demands of elementary language teaching were uppermost. This was the final hurdle: those ancient grammars which survived to the Carolingian Renaissance are virtually all available today.
The influence of Pānini on Leonard Bloomfield
Authors: Rogers David E. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryLeonard Bloomfield’s synchronic grammatical works were heavily nfluenced by the sixth century B.C. Indian grammarian Pānini. Word for-mation, compounds, suppletion, zero, form-classes, and generality and specificity in Bloomfield’sLanguage, Eastern Ojibwa,andThe Menomini Languageare correlated with their counterparts in Pānini’s grammar of Sanskrit. Selections from a manuscript of Bloomfield’s translation and annotation of theKasika, a traditional Sanskrit work on Pānini’s grammar, provide concrete evidence for the influence of Panini on Bloomfield.
Bloomfield as Dialectologist
Authors: Moulton William G. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Although Bloomfield published only one article and one book-review devoted specifically to dialectology, the study of dialects and their function in human communication was fundamental in his work. In his 1933 Language, four chapters deal in part or in whole with dialectology: 3, “Speech-communities”, 19, “Dialect Geography”, 22, “Fluctuation in Frequency of Forms”; and 27, “Dialect Borrowing”. In these, he drew extensively on the work of his predeccessors, especially on that of G.G. Kloeke in the Dutch-Flemish area. Furthermore, he made a major, though badly neglected, contribution to the analysis of dialects, by advocating and applying (in his article “Initial [k-] in German”, Language 14.178–186 [1938] a phonemic rather than a phonetic approach to the delimitation of dialect-areas and their historical interpretation.
Quelques remarques sur l’histoire de la linguistique
Authors: Christmann Hans Helmut 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
Le but de ces remarques sur l’histoire de la linguistique est très modeste, – poser quelques questions de principe, discuter quelques points de vue récents et en tirer quelques conclusions, non pas pour trancher les problèmes une fois pour toutes, mais plutôt pour provoquer une discussion méthodologique: L’histoire de la linguistique est-elle une discipline nouvelle? Est-elle bien une discipline proprement dite? Quelles sont les qualités requises pour travailler dans ce domaine? Comment en délimiter le sujet ou les sujets? Et quels sont les buts de celui qui s’occupe de l’histoire de la linguistique?
La Découverte de la Racine Trilitère en Sémitique par L’idéologue Volney
Authors: Rousseau Jean 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
La contribution de Constantin François Volney (1757–1820) aux études sémitiques est plus que négliguée. Malgré ses travers, son analyse morphé-matique de la racine arabe et hébraïque est pourtant la plus élaborée qui ait précédée la mise au point de Franz Bopp. Cette rupture avec une longue, et quasi immuable, tradition est redevable à son expérience de la langue orale, mais surtout à sa méthode, fondée sur les principes de l’Idéologie, et soucieuse de pertinence fonctionnelle comme de la dimension sociale du langage.
Dutch language study and the trivium
Authors: Klifman Harm 
Published: November 2010

Summary
In the history of European linguistics the 16th century is known as the century in which the vernacular languages of the countries above the Alps and the Pyrenees were discovered as objects of language study. The first grammars of the Dutch language appeared in this period. The study of grammar of the Dutch language took place within the context of a continuation of the Latin trivium tradition in the vernacular. As a consequence the historiographer must take into account this context and the traditional relation of grammar to dialectic and to rhetoric respectively. The first complete trivium in Dutch appeared during 1584–87, the last one in 1648–49. In the period in between, several reprints and editions in the separate disciplines, appeared. The reason for continuation of the Latin trivium tradition in the vernacular should be explained from various circumstances. First, it was the only intellectual tradition on which the contributors to the Dutch trivium could draw. This explains for instance that the structure of the Dutch grammars is based on that of the Latin grammars. Second, Latin grammar was taken to fulfill a heuristic function in the exploration of the vernacular. Not only is the formal context of the Latin trivium model important, but also the historical pedagogical triad of ars, natura and exercitatio played an important role, especially with respect to the criteria of grammaticalness in the Dutch language. The history of the trivium was always strongly connected with the history of education. For this reason it is not surprising to see that the contributors to the Dutch trivium hoped that their work would replace the Latin school curriculum. This did not happen, however. Nevertheless, their work laid the foundations for the study of the Dutch language on which the 18th century grammarians were to build their monumental studies.
19th-century linguistics
Authors: Driel Lodewijk van 
Published: November 2010

SummaryIn this paper an attempt has been made to draw a picture of linguistics in the Netherlands during the 19th century. The aim of this survey is to make clear that the influence of German linguistics on Dutch works of the period is characteristic of the development of Dutch linguistics in that century. Emphasis has been placed on the period 1800–1870; three traditions are distinguished: First of all there is the tradition of prescriptive grammar and language instruction. Next attention is drawn to the tradition of historical-comparative linguistics. Finally, by about the middle of the century, the linguistic views of German representatives of general grammar become prominent in Dutch school grammars. Successively we point to the reception by the schoolmasters of K. F. Becker’s (1775–1849) work; then Taco Roorda (1801–1874) is discussed, and the relationship between L. A. te Winkel (1809–1868) and H. Steinthal (1823–1899) is presented. In conjunction with Roorda’s work on Javanese the analysis of the so-called exotic languages is mentioned, an aspect of Dutch linguistics in the 19th century closely connected with the Dutch East Indies. It is obvious that the German theme is one of the most conspicuous common elements in 19th-century Dutch linguistics, as Dutch intellectuals in many respects took German culture as a model.
The syntax of two Dutch structuralists in its historical context
Authors: Kaldewaij Jelle 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The syntactic views of two Dutch structural linguists, A. W. de Groot (1892–1963) and P. C. Paardekooper (b.1920) are considered in their historical context. It appears to be possible to connect de Groot’s work with that of the Prague School; the notion of opposition, as developed in the Prague School with respect to phonological phenomena, is applied by de Groot to syntax. Paardekooper’s oeuvre, by contrast, appears to be connected with that of the American structuralists rather than that of their European colleagues, although his bibliographical references suggest otherwise. The notion of ‘distribution’ for instance is fundamental in his work.
The history of the teaching of foreign languages in the low countries
Authors: van Els Theo J. M. , Knops Mathieu F. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe history of foreign language teaching in the Low Countries has not received a great deal of attention so far. The Low Countries cannot be said to be exceptional in that respect. Very little study has been made of the many primary and secondary sources that have come down to us from the Renaissance. What we do know of the history of Dutch FLT, shows no fundamental differences with what is known about FLT developments elsewhere. That conclusion holds true for the major issues of what aspects of language should be taught in FLT and how these should be taught, and for the particular role played in these matters by linguistics. The Netherlands, however, might turn out to be an extremely interesting country for the study of the history of FLT. It is a country in which there has always been a great deal of FLT and the country is internationally recognized for the quality of its FLT. On the other hand, there is virtually no Dutch contribution to the great developments in the field, especially with regard to reaching methodology.
Lahontan’s Bestseller
Authors: Wolfart H. Christoph 
Published: November 2010

SummaryAmong the early descriptions of the Algonquian languages of New France, thePetit Dictionaire(1703) of the baron de Lahontan stands out, despite its modest size, as the first vocabulary to appear in print. Thanks to the remarkable success of hisNouveaux Voyages, to which it forms an appendix, Lahontan’s Algonquin (Ojibwa) vocabulary became very widely known, serving as either model or source for many successors (including, it appears, the first printed vocabulary for Cree). On the evidence of a set of verb stems exhibiting a common non-initial morpheme(*-êl-), Lahontan’s analytical approach appears consistent in the segmentation of the inflexional prefixes, but the morpheme which defines this set is variously recorded with eitherlorr. The further variation between the French and English editions of 1703 sheds some light on the editorial process, and the general congruence between the occasional Algonquin word in his travel narratives and those in thePetit Dictionaireseems to corroborate Lahontan’s account of his efforts at language learning. The political establishment and his Jesuit detractors notwithstanding, Lahontan’s Algonquin vocabulary proved to be as influential in its domain as his narrative and philosophical writings were in the intellectual and literary world of the 18th century.
The binarity hypothesis in phonology: 1938–1985
Authors: Gil Juana 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThis paper presents a short history of what has been one of the central hypotheses of phonological theory for many years. The binarity problem has been one of most discussed issues of distinctive feature theory since it was first formulated. In structural phonology (more precisely, the Jakobsonian system) binarism has always been a fundamental concept, and most phonological systems have been based on it. Similarly, all the underlying representations postulated in theSPEframework are thought of as being binary. In current phonology, however, the main interest of many investigators has moved to the suprasegmental level or to metrical phonology, and consequently, the binarity problem remains unresolved. There have been numerous and varied opinions regarding binarism in distinctive feature theory. Some authors argue that binarity proposals are not compatible with phenomena such as coarticulation, but others claim that the non-positivist nature of phonological analysis and the indisputable usefulness of binary features are arguments strong enough to maintain the hypothesis. Finally, other linguists (working from different perspectives) propose a somewhat more relaxed conception of binarity adopting its basic implications. It seems, therefore, time for a review of this classic problem in modern phonology. At the same time, it is also worth restating the question and trying to get some insight into it using the instrumental methods that phonetics provide. This seems to be the construct truly corresponding to the speaker’s mind.