bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S20-02 - Associative Learning and Context Processing Abilities in Bipolar Disorders
Authors: Brambilla P. 
Published: June 2010

BackgroundSchizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BP) share commonalities in genetic vulnerability and impaired cognition. Understanding of shared and unique patterns of impairment across these disorders is now a critical question in clinical neuroscience. We assessed behavioral performance during associative learning in a group of SCZ, BP and healthy controls (HC).Methods18 patients with SCZ (36±8,6 = years; 13 males, 5 females; all Caucasians and medicated), 12 patient with BD (39,42±8,5 = years; 5 males, 7 females; all Caucasians and all medicated) and 45 HC (27,7±6,9 = years; 18 males, 27 females; all Caucasians) were studied. Learning was assessed using an established object-location paired-associative learning paradigm (Buchel et al., 1999). Subjects learned associations between nine equi-familiar common objects and locations in a nine-location grid. The dependent variable of interest was learning performance over time.ResultsLearning curves (performance=1-e-k*time) fitted to average performance data in the three groups (r23.81) revealed lower learning rates in SCZ and BP (k=.18 and k=.2) than HC (k=.64). Performance data were analyzed in a repeated measures analysis of variance with time (repeated) and group (HC, SCZ, BP) as factors. Significant effects of group, F(1,41)=22.003, p< .001 and time, F(7,287)=54.6, p< .001 were observed.ConclusionsOur study showed that associative learning is impaired in both SCZ and BP and suggested that such deficits may be related to reduced memory capacity and reduced plasticity in the hippocampus, potentially reflecting altered hippocampal glutamatergic neurotransmission in both disorders.
S20-03 - Searching for Cognitive Endophenotypes in Bipolar Disorder: Why and How?
Authors: Daban C. , Szöke A. , Etain B. , Cochet B. , Raust A. , Leboyer M. 
Published: June 2010

Findings from family, adoption and twin studies suggest that vulnerability to bipolar disorder follows a polygenic mode of inheritance with multiple genes, each of small effect, combining and contributing to the risk and the clinical expression of the disorder. The endophenotype approach has been proposed as a way to identify susceptibility genes in disorders with complex underpinnings. Endophenotypes are supposed to bridge the genotype to the clinical syndrome and to have a simpler genetic architecture than clinical diagnoses.Our first aim is to confirm if cognitive measures are good potential endophenotypes. Therefore, we will examine the reliability and frequency of cognitive impairments in individuals with bipolar disorder and their biological relatives. The study of healthy relatives avoids confounding factors and should help identify potential endophenotypes.We will also look for evidence linking particular cognitive impairments to specific genes on one hand and to the risk for bipolar disorder, on the other.A literature review of articles published in 2008-2009 suggests that the genetic architecture of cognitive endophenotypes is more complex than initially predicted. In many published studies, no genetic association was found between cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder. We will try to understand the reasons and consequences of those disappointing results by analysing some methodological limitations, in particular regarding the statistical treatment of confounding factors.We will also discuss theoretical considerations pointing out the fact that we may have been expecting too much and oversimplifying when supporting the idea that cognition is a less complex entity than bipolar disorder.
S29-01 - Family Psychoeducation for Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Reinares M. 
Published: June 2010

IntroductionEvery mood episode is a stressful event for the whole family. Caregivers of bipolar patients experience a significant burden. Similarly, psychosocial stressors play a negative role in the illness outcome. In recent years, several non-pharmacologic interventions have shown prophylactic efficacy when added to pharmacotherapy.ObjectivesTo highlight the need to include the family in the treatment of bipolar patients; to present the efficacy of a group psychoeducation focused on the relatives of bipolar patients; to determine which patients are more likely to benefit from caregiver psychoeducation.Methods113 medicated euthymic bipolar outpatients were selected for a 15-month randomized controlled trial about the efficacy of caregivers group psychoeducation.ResultsCaregiver psychoeducation reduced subjective burden of the relatives and prevented recurrences of the patients, particularly (hypo)mania. The data also highlighted the need to introduce the intervention as soon as possible.ConclusionsFamily psychoeducation has a positive impact on caregivers and also on the course of the illness, stressing the participation of relatives as an important part in the therapeutic approach of bipolar disorder.
S29-02 - Cognitive-Psychoeducative Group-Therapy vs Tau with Additional Information Group: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Lenz G. 
Published: June 2010

IntroductionThere are many controlled studies of Psychoeducation and Psychotherapy with differing type and length of treatment.ObjectivesTo find out the effects of a cognitive-psychoeducative group interventionAimsThe aim of the study is to investigate the effects of a cognitive-psychoeducative group therapy (CPT) vs Treatment as usual (TAU) with additional information group in patients with ongoing stable pharmacotherapy on relapse prevention, compliance, coping-behaviour, illness concepts and quality of life.MethodsPatients with BP I or BP II were diagnosed with MINI and treated either with 14 sessions of group-CPT (with 8 hours separate sessions for significant others) or got an information book for patients on bipolar disorder and 3 group-sessions of information and discussion with patients and relatives. Booster sessions were given for both groups after 6 and 9 months.Follow-up after 12 and 24 months. Evaluation was carried through on number and type of relapses, duration of inpatient episodes, with scales for mania and depression, WHO-QoL-BREV, Ilness-concept scale,Medication Attitude questionnaire (LAQ), Medication Compliance Questionnaire (MCQ), Coping (SVF-120).Results100 patients with Bipolar disorder (76 BP I and 24 BP II) were treated (52 with CPT and 48 with TAU plus information group). After 14 weeks treatment there was an improvement in illness concepts and compliance in both groups.At 12-month follow-up there was a significant decrease in number of manic episodes in both groups, but for depressive episodes only in the cognitive-psychoeducative group.ConclusionsCPT effective in relapse prevention, TAU+info effective against manic but not depressive relapses.
S21-01 - Animal and Human Data of Microglial Alterations in Schizophrenia (for Symposium Müller Immune System)
Authors: Juckel G. 
Published: June 2010

Introduction/objectives/aimsInflammatory and immunological processes interfering with brain development are discussed as one cause of schizophrenia. Various signs of overactivation of the immune system were often found in this disease. Based on post-mortem analysis showing an increased number of activated microglial cells in patients with schizophrenia, it can be hypothesized that these cells contribute to disease pathogenesis and may actively be involved in grey matter loss observed in such patients.MethodsIn the present study, PolyI:C incubation of pregnant dams was used as animal model of schizophrenia, and the number and shape of microglia was assessed in the offspring in the early phase of this disease, using fluorescence immunostaining (Iba1).ResultsDescendants of mice exposed to PolyI:C at embryonic day 9 showed higher number of microglial cells in the hippocampus and striatum, but not in the frontal cortex at postnatal day 30, which is similarly to adolescence in man, as compared to those exposed to saline. Furthermore, offspring microglia from PolyI:C treated mothers were morphologically characterized by a reduced arborisation indicative for a status of higher activation compared to the offspring microglia from vehicle treated mice. Recent data concerning microglial alterations in anterior cingulate cortex of patients with schizophrenia, as assesed in post-mortem tissues, will also be presented.ConclusionsThe data support the hypothesis that maternal infection during embryogenesis contributes to microglial activation in the offspring, which may therefore represent a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
S07-03 - Psychopathology of Psychiatric Disorders During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Authors: Pirec V. 
Published: June 2010

Contrary to the previously spread myth, pregnancy does not protect women from either relapses of previously diagnosed psychiatric illness nor development of new ones. Prevalence of psychiatric illnesses during pregnancy is similar to that in the general population, whereas that number significantly increases in the postpartum period. Peripartum has its own uniqueness for both etiology and presentation of different psychopathological conditions.Multiple studies have been published describing affective, anxiety, and psychotic illnesses in peripartum. Specific psychosocial circumstances during that time along with multiple physiological changes occurring in female body in that reproductive period predispose women with and without previous psychiatric histories, to various psychiatric illnesses. Several potential contributing factors for these phenomena have been proposed so far. One of the most frequently studied ones has been the drastic hormonal shift occurring during peripartum that could directly increase the sensitivity for developing mood instability, anxiety and/or psychotic symptoms. Genetic predisposition and previously existing psychiatric disorder especially those occuring during specific reproductive phases significantly increase the risk as well. Presentation of psychiatric illnesses during peripartum has its’ particularities which are essential to understand of in order to provide an appropriate care.Being aware of the potential etiology and risk factors as well as sensitivity to psychopathology of some women in peripartum could greatly improve treatment as well as open up avenues for prevention in this area. Unrecognized and untreated psychiatric illnesses in peripartum have serious consequences.
S39-01 - Epidemiology of Suicidal and Risk-Taking Behavior
Authors: Wasserman D. , Carli V. , Durkee T. , Hadlaczky G. 
Published: June 2010

In EU, the latest available data estimates that some 63,000 individuals die annually due to suicide, which translates to 1 suicidal death every 40 seconds. Europe comprises seven countries that are among the top 15 countries with the highest suicide mortality rates. Statistics illustrate that the highest mortality rates for suicide (≥ 25/100,000) comprises mostly former Soviet Union Republics. Suicide rates among the age-group 15-24 years have been steadily increasing over the past few decades with statistics reporting rates up to approximately 22/100,000 among males and 4.8/100,000 among females in Europe.Epidemiological research has demonstrated that suicide is significantly correlated with suicidal and risk behaviors. Studies have identified suicidal ideation and deliberate self-harm to be significantly correlated to both suicide and attempted suicide. Furthermore, the strongest predictor of suicide is in fact a previous suicide attempt. In Europe, there are 10-20 suicide attempts for every completed suicide. In the US, it is even higher, with estimations reporting 100-200 suicide attempts for every completed suicide. However, suicidal behavior is not an isolated act, rather is a result of a process that co-occurs with psychiatric illnesses, which can range from depressive episodes to schizophrenia. Moreover, epidemiological evidence stipulates that suicidal behavior coincides with a multitude of risk-taking behaviors that are frequently established in adolescent years. Studies have linked suicidal behavior to various types of risk-taking behaviors that include peer victimization, sexual risk behavior, delinquency, and substance abuse. Future epidemiological studies in suicide are fundamental in monitoring, identifying risks and formulating preventive interventions.
S27-03 - Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Authors: Hornyak M. 
Published: June 2010

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) as well as the periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) are common primary disorders in the general population. They can also occur secondarily or exacerbate as a result of psychotropic medication. According to case reports or case series RLS or PLMD can aggravate due to treatment with antidepressants, antipsychotics or lithium. RLS can also occur during withdrawal from opioids. Especially the tricyclic antidepressants clomipramine and imipramine have been associated with elevated periodic limb movements as well as the tetracyclic antidepressants venlafaxine, SSRIs and SNRIs which also have been associated with RLS. RLS seems to occur mostly during treatment with mirtazapine. Amitriptyline, nortriptyline, doxepine and trazodone show neutral effects whereas bupropion has neutral to beneficial effects on PLMS/ RLS.When withdrawn from opioid treatment, transient discontinuation effects could occur as well as an existing RLS could be unmasked.When examining a maintaining or newly occurring insomnia, possible treatment side effects in form of RLS/ PLMS should be considered. If possible, substances should be replaced: antidepressants of other groups could be used; antipsychotic medication could be switched to antiepileptics or benzodiazepines. If the psychotropic medication cannot be changed, RLS and PLMD have to be treated on their own, if possible with dopaminergic substances which are the first-line treatment in RLS.
S25-02 - Preventive and Intensive Treatment of Psychosis for High-Risk and First-Episode Subjects
Authors: Nordentoft M. , Thorup A. , Jeppesen P. , Nordholm D. , Bertelsen M. , Petersen L. 
Published: June 2010

IntroductionIt is unknown if the positive effects of intensive early intervention programmes are sustainable over time. Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is associated with outcome of schizophrenia, and it has been proved that DUP can be shortened. Randomized clinical trials have tested possibilities for interventions in high risk groups.MethodsWe conducted a single-blinded randomized controlled trial of two years of specialized assertive early intervention programme (OPUS) versus standard treatment. A total of 547 first-episode patients with first episode psychosis or schizotypal disorder were included in the trial and reinterviewed after one, two and five years. OPUS treatment consisted of ACT with family involvement and social skills training.ResultsAt five-year follow-up, the positive effect on psychotic and negative symptoms of the treatment seen after two years had disappeared. A significantly smaller percentage of patients from the experimental group were living in supported housing and were hospitalized fewer days during the five-year period. Among patients with schizotypal disorder, the proportion who had a transition to psychosis after one year was 8.1 vs. 28.0 percent for patients randomized to OPUS vs. standard treatment, respectively. At two-year follow-up the figures were 28.1 vs. 44.0. Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) median was 48 weeks. Longer DUP was independently associated with more psychotic symptoms at entry and at one-year and two-year follow-up.DiscussionDue to previous findings, we have started a new trial in which we will randomize 400 patients to two years versus five years of specialized assertive treatment.
S25-03 - At Risk Mental State for Psychosis: Clinical Features and Natural Course
Authors: Riecher-Rössler A. , Aston J. , Borgwardt S. , Gschwandtner U. , Pflüger M. , Zimmermann R. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectivesDespite significant advances, early detection and intervention regarding psychosis still face major obstacles. The Basel FePsy-study tries to contribute to optimising the methods for assessment of risk for psychosis, by describing individuals in an At Risk Mental State (ARMS) with and without later transition to psychosis as compared to healthy (HC) and depressive controls (DC) and by using a multidomain approach including not only psychopathology and clinical risk factors, but also neuropsychology, neurophysiology and neuroimaging.Methods60 ARMS subjects, 51 HC and 34 DC were investigated. 53 ARMS individuals could be followed up for up to 7 years.Results21 ARMS individuals made the transition to psychosis (transition rate 34%). As compared to HC, they showed significant deficits in executive functions and working memory. Predictors of transition were certain attenuated psychotic and negative symptoms and certain cognitive deficits. In an integrated model for prediction of transition using these variables, the overall predictive accuracy was 80.9%, with a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 79.3%. Specificity of prediction could be further improved by EEG analysis. Furthermore, MRI showed specific differences between ARMS with and without later transition to psychosis.ConclusionIndividuals at risk for psychosis do not only show psychopathological prodromes and social decline, but also neuropsychological impairments and EEG- as well as MRI-abnormalities. Hopefully in the near future, a clinical staging of individuals according to their risk for psychosis will be possible with corresponding stepwise early interventions.
S31-02 - Physiopathology of Severe Refractory Hallucinations in Patients with Core Paranoid Schizophrenia (Affective Paraphrenia)
Authors: Foucher J. , Bennouna Greene M. , Bennouna Greene V. 
Published: June 2010

We know from neurological diseases that there is not only one way to hallucinate. This might also be the case in the psychiatric field. During a trial on refractory verbal hallucinations, we rediscovered a subgroup described under several names in France (Délire chronique d’évolution systématique 1882, Psychose Hallucinatoire Chronique 1911-1953), England (Late Paraphrenia, 1954) and Germany (Affective Paraphrenia - AP, 1968). Roughly, AP can be viewed as the core of paranoid schizophrenia.We compared 10 AP patients with refractory hallucinations to 35 healthy controls with structural and functional MRI (fMRI). We looked for regions that presented with both grey matter deficit relative to controls and with hallucination-related activity. The lateral orbito-frontal cortex (LOF) was bilaterally involved both anatomically and functionally.Using fMRI, we studied whole brain functional connectivity, both as a trait factor, i.e. hallucinators vs controls, and as a state factor, i.e. ON vs OFF hallucinations in the same patient. As a trait, functional connectivity was significantly increased between left and right LOF in patients relative to controls; however as a state, functional connectivity dropped to zero between left LOF, left and right superior temporal sulcus (STS) when ON relative to OFF hallucination.In a larger group of AP patients without ongoing hallucinations, the LOF was still disconnected from the cingulate and temporal regions, in comparison not only to controls, but also relative to non AP type schizophrenias, most of whom also hallucinate during episodes.We will discuss the “LOF-story hypothesis” for AP patients and their hallucinations.
S31-03 - Modulation of Auditory and Visual Processing by Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol: an FMRI Study
Authors: Allen P. , Winton-Brown T. , McGuire P. 
Published: June 2010

IntroductionCannabis is the world's most commonly used illicit substance. Whilst its effects on perception are well documented, little is known about the neural basis of these effects and how they are modulated by two of cannabis sativa's most abundant active ingredients, Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD).ObjectivesWe used fMRI to assess the effects of THC and CBD on brain activation during a simple visual and auditory stimulation paradigm in healthy volunteers.MethodsFourteen right handed male subjects were scanned on 3 occasions. Identical 10mg THC, 600mg CBD and placebo capsules were allocated in a balanced double blinded pseudorandomised crossover design.ResultsIngestion of THC and CBD led to reliable increases in plasma levels of each substance and for THC concomitant increases in anxiety, intoxication and positive psychotic symptoms; CBD and placebo caused no significant symptoms. Visual and auditory stimulation led to robust activations in occipital and temporal cortices respectively under placebo conditions. Administration of THC led to decreased activation in primary sensory cortices relative to placebo whilst CBD led to an increase in activation in right temporal regions during auditory stimulation and right striate cortex activation during visual stimulation. THC mediated reduction of activation in this area during auditory stimulation correlated with a concomitant rise in psychotic symptoms.ConclusionsThese data indicate that the different psychoactive constituents of cannabis have dissociable effects on sensory processing, often in opposite directions
S10-01 - The Philosophical Understanding of Schizophrenia
Authors: Stanghellini G. , Fulford B. 
Published: June 2010

Schziophrenia is widely considered the most “philosophical” of all mental disorders. One main reason is that many persons with schizophrenia undergo experiences akin to what some philosophers want to attain by the suspension of common-sense attitude and beliefs. This phenomenon is quintessential to the formation of schizophrenic delusions. The typical metaphysical tinge to the contents of schizophrenic delusions is supposed to be the final configuration that this condition eventually comes to take on.Thus, the clinical characterisation of persons’ with schizophrenia - as it commonly argued by phenomenologically-oriented clinicians - may take profit from a philosophical understanding of the symptoms of this syndrome and from a rigorous and philosophically-informed definition of concepts like ‘consciousness’, ‘self’, ‘subjectivity’, ‘intersubjectivity’ and ‘identity’. A number of recent as well as classic papers and books contributed to establish a model of schizophrenic psychoses as disorders of pre-reflexive self-awareness and other-awareness. This model is now receiving increasing consensus from clinicians as well as from philosophers, and also empirical validation. This symposium will build on and extend these ideas.
S10-03 - Hope and Personal Meaning in Schizophrenia
Authors: Schrank B. 
Published: June 2010

For the individual a psychotic episode involves the profound experience of distress and identity confusion. The process of recovery includes redefining the self, understanding what has happened and finding new meaning and purpose in order to establish a personally satisfying, hopeful and contributing life.Hope may be defined as a primarily future-orientated expectation of attaining personally valued goals that will give or restore meaning to one's own experiences. As such it may be seen as a pre-requisite for recovery but also as an important outcome of the recovery process.This presentation will explore the connection between hope and the attribution of meaning in the process of overcoming demoralisation, resolving psychological defense and integrating the experience of severe mental illness from a psychological, philosophical, and therapeutic viewpoint. Empirical data on hope and its relation to personal explanations following a psychotic episode will be presented.