bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teacher Involvement in the Development of Function-Based Behaviour Intervention Plans for Students With Challenging Behaviour
Authors: O'Neill Sue , Stephenson Jennifer 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article examines literature published since 1997 on functional behaviour assessment (FBA) and behaviour intervention plans (BIPs), involving school-based personnel, for children identified as having or being at risk of emotional/behavioural disorder (E/BD) in school settings. Of interest was the level of involvement of school-based personnel in the FBA and BIP processes, intervention efficacy, the social validity of assessment and intervention, and intervention treatment integrity. Results indicate that involvement of school-based personnel in all FBA processes and BIP design was not common practice. FBA-based BIPs were found to be effective in reducing problem behaviours targeted for change for the majority of student participants. Social validity and treatment integrity measures, when reported, were high. Issues of training and barriers to successful application are discussed.
Quenching a Desire for Power: The Role of Music Therapy for Adolescents With ADHD
Authors: McFerran Katrina 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThere is a growing body of literature that investigates the value of music therapy for people with emotional and behavioural disorders such as attention deficit disorder. These studies often focus on overt behavioural change as the indication of successful outcomes. The instrumental case study reported here challenges this focus and provides a description of music therapy for one young man that emphasises the importance of power in his experience. A grounded theory analysis of this single case reveals that both individual and small-group music therapy provided important opportunities for the young man to express himself and to control what he and others did. This example is intended to stimulate the contemplation of different understandings of the potential role for music therapy, with an emphasis on emotional needs and quality of life as the primary focus.
THE EXCRETION OF HORMONES IN CASES OF HYDATIDIFORM MOLE AND CHORIONEPITHELIOMA
Authors: Frandsen V. Aasted , Stakemann G. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The urinary excretion of gonadotrophin, oestrogens and pregnanediol has been estimated in ten patients with hydatidiform mole and in three female patients with chorionepithelioma. In all 13 cases an incieased excretion of gonadotrophin was found. The excretion of pregnanediol (investigated in seven patients only) was of the same magnitude as in nonpregnant women except in one case, where a slightly increased excretion was found. The excretion of oestrogens was low; one case of mole and two of chorionepithelioma excreted amounts at the non-pregnant level, whereas most of the remainders excreted amounts much lower than in normal pregnancies of a corresponding gestational length. Two patients, however, excreted amounts comparable to those of a normal pregnancy. As the ratio oestriol: oestrone + oestradiol was at the non-pregnant level, the oestrogens excreted by patients with hydatidiform mole and chorionepithelioma are assumed to have been produced by the ovaries of the woman strongly stimulated by the enormous amounts of gonadotrophin present.
KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME, A CLINICAL AND CYTOGENIC STUDY IN TWENTY-FOUR CASES
Authors: Zuppinger Klaus , Engel Eric , Forbes Anne P. , Mantooth Linda , Claffey Jane 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Clinical and cytogenetic studies were made of twenty four patients with Klinefelter's syndrome in order to determine the somatic consequences of X chromosomal overdosage and its effect on the incidence of metabolic and degenerative diseases. Salient features of the group were tall stature, obesity, a high incidence of diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia, hypercholesterolemia, gall bladder disease, chronic pulmonary infection, peptic ulcer, varicose veins, laboratory indices of hypothyroidism and a disordered personality. There was a striking absence of hypertension, myocardial infarction and rheumatoid arthritis and no case of hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis or gout. Family histories revealed a high incidence of diabetes mellitus in close relatives.
Thus the second X chromosome, although it is sequestered in adult life appears to have profound metabolic as well as morphological effects.
RADIOIMMUNOASSAYS EMPLOYING IMMUNOSORBENTS
Authors: Wide Leif 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The use of a reaction between compounds in a two phase system – a solid phase and a liquid phase – has simplified the technical procedure of the radioimmunoassays. Antigens or antibodies can be coupled covalently to insoluble polymers to form stable conjugates with retention of immunological binding capacity. Such immunosorbents can be used in radioimmunoassays in many different ways and with the solid phase in different forms. Some of these techniques seem to be universally applicable for the assay of antigens or antibodies. In one of these, antigens or antibodies are chemically coupled to cyanogen bromide activated insoluble polysaccharides in a particle form. This method which has several advantages when compared with most other radioimmunological methods is discussed in particular. Finally, a detailed description of the preparation of an immunosorbent and its use in such a radioimmunoassay system is given.
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY WITH ANTIBODY-COATED DISCS AND TUBES
Authors: Catt K. J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The measurement of polypeptide hormones by radioimmunoassay has been facilitated by the introduction of solid-phase antibody preparations which permit the separation of bound and free tracer to be performed by a rapid washing step. The solid-phase radioimmunoassay technique originally employed substituted powders as the solid-phase, and more recently, antibody-coated discs and tubes have been used. The observation that standard plastic tubes would adsorb an appropriate quantity of antibody for use in radioimmunoassay has allowed the development of an extremely simple method, in which the assay is performed in plastic counting tubes coated with specific antibody. Antibody-coated tube assays have been established for the measurement of HGH, HCS, HLH, ovine LH, ovine prolactin and other hormones. Recent observations on the use of coated-tube assays for the estimation of gonadotrophic hormones in human and ovine plasma are described, and the temporal relationship between oestrogen secretion and LH release is presented.
The coated-tube assay procedure is simple, rapid and reliable, and is of general application to the assay of ligands such as antigens, steroids and other molecules with specific binding proteins.
SOLID-PHASE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF ESTROGENS IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS
Authors: Abraham G. E. , Odell W. D. , Edwards R. , Purdy J. M. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Using antibody-coated test tubes as a detection method, three types of assay for 17β-estradiol (E2) have been investigated. Method A involved the measurement of E2 in the dried ether extract of biological fluids. Method B required a chromatographic step after ether extract, prior to measurement of E2. Method C (direct method) measured E2 directly in the biological fluid, diluted with assay buffer. Method C was found reliable for the measurement of E2 in human follicular fluid, but not in pregnancy serum. Method A was adequate for pregnancy serum, but overestimated E2 in serum from normal adult male and female subjects. Method B was reliable to measure E2 in all the biological fluids tested.
CLONAL LINES OF HUMAN CHORIOCARCINOMA CELLS IN CULTURE
Authors: Kohler P. O. , Bridson W. E. , Hammond J. M. , Weintraub B. , Kirschner M. A. , Van Thiel D. H. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Six clonal lines of human choriocarcinoma cells, isolated by the single cell plating technique, have been maintained in culture for over two years. These clones have been examined for expression of tissue-specific function. Individual clonal lines have retained the capacity to synthesize human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), human chorionic somatomammotrophin (HCS), and progesterone, and also to transform steroid precursors to oestrone and oestradiol. The HCG species produced by different clones have different biologic to immunologic potency ratios ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 which are constant within any particular clone. HCG synthesized in culture has been examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing and had approximately the same molecular size as a highly purified urinary HCG preparation, but a different net charge at an acid pH.
MEASUREMENT OF FLOW IN PERFUSED ORGANS, USING MICROSPHERE TECHNIQUES
Authors: Rudolph Abraham M. , Heymann Michael A. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Injection of radionuclide labelled microspheres into the circulation of animals can be used to measure the proportion of blood flow to any organ, or the regional distribution of blood flow within any organ. The use of this technique depends on the fact that these microspheres are distributed according to the blood flow and that they are completely trapped within the organ. It is important that they are adequately mixed within the flowing stream and also evenly distributed at branching sites. It has been shown that for the assessment of the regional distribution within an organ, microspheres of small diameter (10–15 μm) are preferable since they more accurately reflect true flow to all segments of the organ. The accurate measurement of the distribution of flow is also dependent on the absolute number of microspheres present in any organ or segment of organ under study.
Studies of regional distribution of flow during cardio-pulmonary bypass in rhesus monkeys have shown that the proportion of cardiac output distributed to the kidneys falls, while that to the gut increases. The haematocrit of the perfusing blood may modify the distribution of flow to organs; thus, cerebral blood flow was maintained while using blood of low haematocrit whereas with normal haematocrit it fell during perfusion. The regional distribution of the blood flow within the kidney has been shown to change markedly with artificial perfusion in situ with a striking increase in flow to the medulla and inner cortex during perfusion as compared to normal.
TRANSCAPILLARY EXCHANGE OF PROTEIN-BOUND HORMONES FROM THE BLOODSTREAM INTO THE TISSUE FLUID
Authors: Simpson-Morgan M. W. , Irvine C. H. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The transcapillary exchange of protein-bound for measuring this exchange are discussed. methods to the study of the transcapillary described, and the usefulness of the methods for a study of transcapillary exchange of protein-bound steroid hormones considered. ligands and methods useful The application of these exchange of thyroxine is
THE BASIC PROTEINS OF TROUT TESTIS CHROMATIN: ASPECTS OF THEIR SYNTHESIS, POST-SYNTHETIC MODIFICATIONS AND BINDING TO DNA
Authors: Dixon Gordon H. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Spermatogenesis in rainbow trout provides a favourable system for the study of the striking changes in the population of basic nuclear proteins in the chromatin of the developing sperm. Methods are described for the isolation and characterization of the basic proteins of testis both on the preparative and the micro-scale. Large volume changes occur as cells pass through the series of developmental changes and they may be readily separated by velocity sedimentation at one gravity. This enables a study to be made of the timing of particular biochemical events during development. The process whereby the histones are removed and replaced by newly synthesized protamines is examined in detail and possible mechanisms discussed. The role of post-synthetic modification of basic proteins by phosphorylation and acetylation is examined and the sites of these modifications in the primary sequence of protamine and histones determined. From a study of the timing of the modification reactions, it appears that phosphorylation and acetylation play an important role in modulating the correct binding of highly basic regions of histones to DNA while acetylation may also be involved in de-stabilizing the tight complexes between DNA and the basic NH2-terminal regions of histones IIb1, IIb2, III and IV as a preliminary to their replacement by protamine and the formation of the very compact nucleo-protamine of the mature sperm.
DEGRADATION OF MESSENGER RNA IN MAMMALIAN CELLS
Authors: Kenney Francis T. , Lee Kai-Lin , Stiles Charles D. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Analyses of the response of hydrocortisone-induced tyrosine transaminase in cultured H-35 cells to inhibitors of translation (cycloheximide, puromycin) suggest: (1) that bound ribosomes stabilize messenger RNA in vivo; (2) that messenger is degraded at a rate determined by the rate of translation. Since specific messenger RNAs of mammalian cells are degraded at quite different rates, there may be extensive heterogeneity either in the rate at which ribosomes traverse different messengers or in the number of ribosomes which translate specific messenger RNAs.
BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISM TO CONTROL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS mRNA SPECIFIC INITIATION FACTORS
Authors: Revel M. , Groner Y. , Pollack Y. , Cnaani D. , Zeller H. , Nudel U. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Studies with cell fre systems of protein synthesis have shown that mRNAs are not translated uniformly by ribosomes. In particular the existence of mRNA specific initiation factors which stimulate or inhibit the translation of individual cistrons is now well recognized. We originally reported that E. coli initiation factor IF3 activity can be separated into subfractions differing in their activity toward MS2 and T4 mRNA. Our recent work, however, indicates that the specificity of IF3 for mRNAs actually results from its combination with "interference" protein factors. These proteins act in the presence of IF3 to stimulate the translation of certain cistrons while inhibiting that of others. We have isolated three interference factors from E. coli and characterized some of their cistron specificities on MS2 RNA, T4 and T7 early and late mRNAs. These factors can explain the heterogeneity of IF3 toward various mRNA. In vivo variations in the activity of ribosomes can result from changes either in IF3 or in an interference factor.
We have also recently purified a mRNA-specific initiation factor from mammalian cells. This factor isolated from the ribosomal wash of rabbit reticulocytes stimulates haemoglobin mRNA translation but not that of Mengo virus RNA, in a crude extract from Krebs ascites cells. This factor stimulates a globin synthesis. Ribosome activity may be, therefore, regulated both quantitatively and qualitatively by such factors.
CONTROL MECHANISMS OF STEROID HORMONE RECEPTORS IN THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
Authors: Milgrom E. , Thi M. Luu , Baulieu E. E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The hormonal control of the amount of steroid receptors in the target cells may be a clue for the understanding of hormone receptivity and of integrated hormonal mechanisms (for example cyclic sequences of events). As a model system, the guinea pig uterus progesterone receptor has been studied. After an analysis of the theoretical and practical parameters which should be taken into account in order to measure specifically the receptor binding sites, the protein-RNA synthesis mediated induction of the progesterone receptor by oestradiol is described. The half life of the receptor is about 5 days in hormone deprived animals (in vivo experiments), but in case of progesterone administration it decays very rapidly, due probably to a rise in inactivation rate. Sequential administration of oestradiol and progesterone reproduces the changes observed during the oestrous cycle. The mechanism of the apparent inactivation of the receptor after binding of its own hormonal ligand is unknown.
Some information available about the hormonal control of the androgen and oestrogen receptors in their respective target organs is reviewed.
THE USE OF DOGS FOR STUDIES OF TOXICITY OF CONTRACEPTIVE HORMONES
Authors: Hill Robert , Dumas Kenneth 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Responses to endogenous and exogenous sex steroids in the dog are characteristic for that species, differing in many important aspects from other laboratory animals and man.
Long-term administration to dogs of progesterone and synthetic compounds structurally related to this natural gestagen has resulted in precocious development of mammary gland tumours and other changes suggesting stimulation of anterior pituitary activity. Progestogens structurally related to testosterone have not induced similar effects.
Results obtained to date indicate a lack of relevance of data obtained in the dog to the prediction of clinical potential of sex steroids for mammary gland carcinogenesis.
SOME METABOLIC ACTIONS AND POSSIBLE TOXIC EFFECTS OF HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES IN ANIMALS AND MAN
Authors: Drill Victor A. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Data on contraceptive steroids derived from properly conducted and interpreted animal studies can serve to predict effects that may be expected to occur in women. Important also is the absence of certain effects of the steroids in both animals and man. Since the drugs are for human use it is necessary that adequate clinical studies be conducted to confirm the predictions made regarding effectiveness and safety. Selected topics of importance are discussed to summarize our knowledge in specific areas and to illustrate correlations between the effects of contraceptive steroids in animals and in women.
U. S. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION REQUIREMENTS FOR TOXICITY TESTING OF CONTRACEPTIVE PRODUCTS
Authors: Berliner V. R. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The evolution of toxicity testing of drugs in general, before and after the enactment of the Kefauver-Harris Amendments of 1962 to the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938, and of the specialized requirements for test methodology to support the safety of systemic contraceptives are described, with comments on the organizational mechanisms for their implementation, for the interpretation of test results and for eventual regulatory actions and policies. The controversial long-range (life-time) studies in beagles and rhesus monkeys for hormonal contraceptives to predict their carcinogenic potentials are discussed. Results already obtained from these ongoing investigations suggest a hypothesis that in those hormonal contraceptives which are capable of inducing "atypical" nodules and/or malignant tumours in mammary glands of beagles it might be their chemical configurations that exert this reaction, along with their progestogenic potency.
Since the contraceptive compounds exhibiting these adverse properties in beagles have not been used long enough clinically to determine their carcinogenic or tumorigenic potential in humans, it is not possible to correlate these effects in the beagle to that in the human for these compounds. On the other hand, for OC's which have been approved for marketing and have been in wide and long clinical usage in the United States, no hazard in terms of increased tumorigenic or carcinogenic potential has been identified to date for the human and the beagle.
While metabolism studies with those contraceptive formulations that were incriminated by their adverse actions in beagles have disclosed metabolic patterns and endproducts to be different in the beagle and human, a causative relationship between their metabolic endproducts and a tumorigenie and carcinogenic effect, especially with prolonged administration of these contraceptive compounds, has not been investigated.
With these considerations, and because the suitability of the rhesus monkey as an animal model for carcinogenicity testing is questioned, it would be contrary to the spirit and intent of the existing drug safety regulations in the United States to eliminate the canine species as a test animal in carcinogenicity investigations to support the safety of hormonal contraceptives.
Tentative guidelines for toxicity tests on new and forthcoming principles for contraception such as the prostaglandins, and IUD's serving as carriers of pharmacologically active substances, have been drawn up in consultation with advisory committees and will be discussed.
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR TOXICOLOGICAL TESTING OF METAL-RELEASING INTRAUTERINE DEVICES
Authors: McConnell Robert Gordon 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Intrauterine devices (IUD's), intrauterine drug reservoirs (IUDR's), and metal-releasing intrauterine drug reservoirs (MR-IUDR's) with antifertility activity in the animal and human are considered as separate entities. General requirements for toxicologic and teratologic testing of such agents in animals are presented. A comparison reveals the relative advantages and disadvantages of simian, canine, lagomorph, and rodent species. A pretreatment review of obstetric-gynaecologic status and history of each animal is emphasized. Designing of appropriate replicas of the clinical device for use in predictive animal studies requires comparative data on uterine morphology, device-endometrium spatial relationships, and drug release rates. Adult, maternal and foetal tissue metal levels may be important; the analytical methods for detecting and localizing cellular and subcellular wet tissue metal levels are available. Existing in vivo mutagenicity assay procedures are poorly adapted to intrauterine drug testing. Method modifications are explored briefly. A sequence for the animal safety testing of an intrauterine antifertility agent, and its interrelation with clinical research, is outlined.
CELLULAR BASIS OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Miller J. F. A. P. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Lymphocytes, the cells competent to initiate immune responses, can be divided into two major groups: thymus-derived or T cells responsible for "cellular immunity" (e. g. delayed hypersensitivity reactions) and bursa (or bursa-equivalent) derived or B cells which produce immunoglobulin (antibody) molecules and are involved in "humoral immunity". "Accessory" cells, such as monocytes (or macrophages), polymorphonuclear leucocytes and mast cells act in an auxiliary manner by facilitating antigen processing or presentation, or by liberating factors which modify the various manifestations of the immune response.
A variety of interactions between T and B cells and between lymphocytes and accessory cells have been described in both cellular and humoral immunity. Antigen-activated T cells produce factors with various activities: some are involved in recruiting inflammatory cells, others activate macrophages and enhance their microbicidal activities, and others modify B-cell responsiveness either by facilitating or suppressing it. These factors are instrumental in T-cell regulation of immune responsiveness. Antibody produced by B cells also plays a role in immunoregulation, acting either as an immunopotentiating influence or as a negative feedback, e. g. when complexed with antigen, turning off the response of T or B cells. A detailed knowledge of the precise manner in which cells involved in immunity are regulated is essential for an understanding of how the foetus, an essentially "foreign transplant", can survive to term in its immunologically mature "alien" host.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Authors: Franklin Edward C. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
There are five major classes of immunoglobulins – IgG, M, A, D and E. Each is made of two heavy and two light chains or polymers of this basic subunit. The structure of each heavy and light chain consists of a variable region involved in antigen specificity and binding and a constant region which is involved in the class specific properties.
The different classes of immunoglobulins differ in the biological properties. Of particular interest is the IgA fraction which provides antibodies in all the external secretions – including the reproductive organs. A few speculations are offered as to the possible role of IgA in reproductive biology.