bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fate and effects of Composition B in multispecies marine exposures
Authors: Rosen Gunther , Lotufo Guilherme R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe vast majority of investigations into the bioavailability and toxicity of explosives to receptors in aquatic environments has focused on deriving toxicity metrics for discrete chemical exposures to single species using pure compounds at relatively high concentrations. This study assessed the environmental fate and potential for biological effects of a common military formulation, Composition B, under more realistic exposure scenarios (e.g., those that more closely simulate a breached artillery round or residual exposure following a low-order detonation). We used a novel approach incorporating multiple species and toxicity endpoints in sediment exposures over a 34-d exposure period. Composition B fragments exposed at the sediment surface rapidly released 2,4,6-trinitrotolune (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) to the overlying water column. In comparison, burial of fragments resulted in dramatically reduced exposure, bioconcentration, and toxicity. The addition of a conservative flow rate to the aquaria also reduced water and tissue concentrations by factors of two to three. Although the exposure system likely represented a worst-case scenario relative to most conditions found in coastal and estuarine environments, overlying water concentrations generally did not approach known toxicity thresholds, while porewater concentrations were sufficiently elevated above toxicity thresholds immediately adjacent to the fragments, limiting hazardous exposure only to very localized scales. Bioconcentration correlated closely with observed toxicity and was either not detectable (buried), or low (exposed), as is expected based on the low hydrophobicities of TNT and RDX. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1330–1337. © 2010 SETAC
Impacts of crab bioturbation on the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment from the Beitang estuary of Tianjin, China
Authors: Qin Xuebo , Sun Hongwen , Wang Cuiping , Yu Yong , Sun Tieheng 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Bioturbation by the burrowing crab Helice tiensinensis was investigated to determine its impact on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated estuarine sediments. The concentrations of 16 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) priority PAHs in sediment and pore water from a crab bed (including surface and burrow samples) and a control area, as well as in crabs, were measured. The total concentration of the 16 U.S. EPA priority PAHs in surface sediment of the crab bed (average 2,772 ng/g dry weight) was significantly higher than in the control area (1,173 ng/g dry weight). In the crab bed, the total concentration of PAHs in burrow sediment (1,239 ng/g dry weight) was lower than in surface sediment, and a similar trend was found for most of the individual PAHs, except for indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and benzo[ghi]perylene. The enhanced PAH desorption in the burrow, which could be attributed to the increase in dissolved organic matter in pore water as well as the mechanical mixing by the crab, is expected to increase PAH flux to the sea. In addition to increased flushing to the sea, incorporation of PAHs in crab biomass and metabolism of PAHs by the crab, stimulated microbial degradation, was proposed as an ignorable factor that lowered the PAH concentration in burrow sediment, because crab bioturbation increases the abundance and activity of microorganisms through several means. Log KOW and log KOC correlated well for individual PAHs in sediment in the control area, although this correlation was poor for sediments in the crab bed. The log biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) of PAHs exhibited a negative relationship with log KOW, suggesting that the bioaccumulation of sorbed PAHs was controlled primarily by their bioavailability. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1248–1255. © 2010 SETAC
A finite element method for compressible viscous fluid flows
Authors: Jog C. S. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis work presents a mixed three‐dimensional finite element formulation for analyzing compressible viscous flows. The formulation is based on the primitive variables velocity, density, temperature and pressure. The goal of this work is to present a ‘stable’ numerical formulation, and, thus, the interpolation functions for the field variables are chosen so as to satisfy the inf–sup conditions. An exact tangent stiffness matrix is derived for the formulation, which ensures a quadratic rate of convergence. The good performance of the proposed strategy is shown in a number of steady‐state and transient problems where compressibility effects are important such as high Mach number flows, natural convection, Riemann problems, etc., and also on problems where the fluid can be treated as almost incompressible. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endogenous glucocorticoids improve myelination via Schwann cells after peripheral nerve injury: An in vivo study using a crush injury model
Authors: Morisaki Shinsuke , Nishi Mayumi , Fujiwara Hiroyoshi , Oda Ryo , Kawata Mitsuhiro , Kubo Toshikazu 
Published: February 2010

AbstractGlucocorticoids improve the symptoms of peripheral nerve disorders, such as carpal tunnel syndrome and peripheral neuropathy. The effects of glucocorticoids are mainly anti‐inflammatory, but the mechanisms of their effects in peripheral nerve disorders remain unclear. Schwann cells of the peripheral nerves express glucocorticoid receptors (GR), and glucocorticoids enhance the rate of myelin formation in vitro. Therefore, it is possible that the clinical improvement of peripheral nerve disorders by glucocorticoids is due, at least in part, to the modulation of myelination. In this study, an adrenalectomy (ADX) was performed, and followed by a daily injection of either low dose (1 mg/kg) or high dose (10 mg/kg) corticosterone (CORT). We then simulated a crush injury of the sciatic nerves. A sham ADX operation, followed by a simulated crush injury, was conducted as a control. Immunohistochemistry showed that the nuclei of in vivo Schwann cells expressed GR and that glucocorticoids impacted the GR immunoreactivity of the Schwann cells. The mRNA and protein expression of myelin basic protein was significantly lower in the animals given ADX with vehicle than in the sham operation group. However, the expression was restored in the low‐dose CORT replacement group. Morphological analyses showed that the ADX with vehicle group had a significantly lower myelin thickness than did the low‐dose CORT replacement group and the sham operation group. These results suggest that endogenous glucocorticoids have an important role in myelination through the GR in Schwann cells after an in vivo peripheral nerve injury. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early history, discovery, and expression ofAequoreagreen fluorescent protein, with a note on an unfinished experiment
Authors: Tsuji Frederick I. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe bioluminescent hydromedusan jellyfish,Aequoreavictoria, emits a greenish light (λmax= 508 nm) when stimulated electrically or mechanically. The light comes from photocytes located along the margin of its umbrella. The greenish light depends on two intracellular proteins working in consort: aequorin (21.4 kDa) and a green fluorescent protein (27 kDa). An excited state green fluorescent protein molecule results, which, on returning to the ground state, emits a greenish light. Similarly, a green light emission may be induced in the green fluorescent protein by exposing it to ultraviolet or blue light. Because the green light can be readily detected under a fluorescence microscope, the green fluorescent protein, tagged to a protein of interest, has been used widely as a marker to locate proteins in cells and to monitoring gene expression. This article reviews the work that took place leading to the discovery, cloning, and expression of the green fluorescent protein, with a note on an unfinished experiment. Microsc. Res. Tech. 73:785–796, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of indirubin‐3‐monoxime against lung cancer as evaluated by histological and transmission electron microscopic studies
Authors: Ravichandran Kameswaran , Pal Arttatrana , Ravichandran Ramanibai 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study is to evaluate the antitumor effect of indirubin‐3‐monoxime and its mode of action in benzo(α)pyrene [B(α)P] induced lung cancer in A/J mice. Light microscopic examination of lung sections of [B(α)P] induced lung cancer mice revealed the presence of adenocarcinoma characterized by extensive proliferation of alveolar epithelium and loss of alveolar spaces. The control lung tissue showed a normal architecture with clear alveolar spaces. Interestingly the indirubin‐3‐monoxime treated groups showed the reduced adenocarcinoma with appearance of alveolar spaces. Transmission Electron Microscopic (TEM) studies of lung sections of [B(α)P] induced lung cancer mice showed the presence of phaemorphic cells with dense granules and increased mitochondria. The lung sections of mice treated with indirubin‐3‐monoxime showed the presence of shrunken, fragmented, and condensed nuclei implying apoptosis. The effects were dose dependent and prominent in 10 mg/kg/5 d/week groups suggesting the therapeutic role of indirubin analogue against this deadly human malignancy. Here, our results indicate that indirubin‐3‐monoxime brings antitumor effect against [B(α)P] induced lung cancer by its apoptotic action in A/J mice. Microsc. Res. Tech. 73:1053–1058, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strategies of solvent system selection for the isolation of flavonoids by countercurrent chromatography
Authors: Neves Costa Fernanda das , Leitão Gilda Guimarães 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFlavonoids form a large class of important naturally occurring bioactive compounds. Their isolation and purification from natural sources can sometimes be very difficult and time‐consuming when traditional phytochemical techniques are used. Countercurrent chromatography (CCC), a support‐free liquid–liquid partition chromatography technique, is very useful for the isolation of polar compounds and its use is increasing in the natural products field. In this paper, we propose strategies of solvent system selection for the isolation of flavonoids by CCC, based on data from the literature, plus incorporation of own practical experiences. The selected references report the isolation of over 300 different flavonoid compounds from more than 100 plant species, using 40 different solvent systems, showing the versatility of this technique. The solvent system hexane‐ethylacetate‐methanol‐water is proposed as a starting point for the separation of samples containing free flavonoids, as it was cited in more than 60% of the papers. A “fine tuning” step is proposed at each level of this solvent family. Other modifications include exchanging the alcohol in the system as well as introducing a fifth solvent. The solvent system ethyl‐acetate‐butanol‐water is proposed as the starting point for glycosylated flavonoids. Other solvent systems are also discussed. The use of gradients is proposed for samples containing both free and glycosylated flavonoids, as the polarity window is larger in these cases. High‐speed countercurrent chromatography was used in 89% of the reviewed data.
Chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic determination of microcystins
Authors: Trojanowicz Marek 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMicrocystins are cyclic peptide hepatotoxins that are produced during blooming of cyanobacteria. In recent two decades they gained a great interest because of the related ecological and public health risks. Over 70 different analogs of microcystins have been isolated from natural blooms and laboratory cultures of cyanobacteria. Because they are inhibitors of protein phosphatases they act as tumor promoters, but on the other hand, inhibitive enzymatic and ELISA methods may be employed for their screening or quantitative determination. Much larger analytical potential for this purpose have, however high‐performance separation chromatographic and electromigration techniques. Based on about 70 references from original journal papers these methods are reviewed together with presentation of their preconcentration methods and clean‐up procedures for analyzing environmental samples. Some attention is also focused on increasing application of LC/MS methods, and comparison of separation techniques with immunochemical or enzymatic methods.
Moxifloxacin five‐day therapy versus placebo in acute bacterial rhinosinusitis
Authors: Hadley James A. , Mösges Ralph , Desrosiers Martin , Haverstock Daniel , van Veenhuyzen David , Herman‐Gnjidic Zeljka 
Published: February 2010

AbstractObjectives:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin in the treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS).Study Design:Prospective, multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, phase III trial.Methods:Patients with ABRS defined by clinical, radiologic, and bacteriologic criteria were recruited to the study. Study treatments were 400 mg of oral moxifloxacin or a matching placebo daily for 5 days. The primary end point was clinical response at test‐of‐cure, 1 to 3 days after the end of therapy in the modified intent‐to‐treat (mITT) population (patients with positive culture for one of five prespecified pathogens). Secondary efficacy variables included patient‐reported symptom improvement measured using the Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test‐16 (SNOT‐16), and concomitant medication use.Results:The mITT population consisted of 118 patients (moxifloxacin, n = 73; placebo, n = 45). Clinical success rates were numerically higher for moxifloxacin (78.1%, 57/73) versus placebo (66.7%, 30/45); (P = .189). Significantly greater mean reductions in SNOT‐16 scores occurred in moxifloxacin‐ versus placebo‐treated patients (−17.54 vs. −12.83; P = .032). Overall concomitant medication use was lower in moxifloxacin versus placebo patients (38.4%, 28/73 vs. 55.6%, 25/45 respectively). Premature discontinuation due to insufficient therapeutic effect was significantly lower in moxifloxacin‐ versus placebo‐treated patients (8.2%, 6/73 vs. 22.2%, 10/45; P = .031). The rate of treatment‐emergent adverse events in the ITT population was similar between arms (moxifloxacin 38.2%, 96/251; placebo 40.7%, 50/123).Conclusions:Although moxifloxacin 5‐day therapy for ABRS was not statistically superior to placebo for the primary end point, patients who received moxifloxacin had significantly greater improvements in health outcomes and used fewer concomitant medicines than patients treated with placebo, while experiencing no increase in adverse events. Laryngoscope, 2010
The use of the “puffed‐cheek” computed tomography technique to confirm the diagnosis of pneumoparotitis
Authors: Aghaei Lasboo Anahita , Nemeth Alexander J. , Russell Eric J. , Siegel Gordon J. , Karagianis Achilles 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPneumoparotitis is a rare etiology of symptomatic parotid gland enlargement that is often misdiagnosed clinically. Pneumoparotitis results from air refluxing into the parotid ductal system via an incompetent Stensen duct orifice. We report a protracted case of pneumoparotitis evaluated with the “puffed‐cheek” computed tomography technique to help confirm the diagnosis.
Self‐Assemblies on Chitosan Nanohydrogels
Authors: Brunel Fabrice , Véron Laurent , David Laurent , Domard Alain , Verrier Bernard , Delair Thierry 
Published: February 2010

AbstractNanohydrogels of pure chitosan, containing neither potentially toxic solvent nor chemical cross‐linker, were obtained by an ammonia‐induced physical gelation of a reverse emulsion of a chitosan solution in a triglyceride mixture as an organic phase. The resulting colloids were obtained with a controlled size distribution and displayed a positive surface charge. Assemblies with various macromolecules were investigated as a first step toward new nano‐carriers for bioactive molecules. Chondroitin sulfate formed polyelectrolyte complexes with the positively charged surface of the nanogels, leading to negative chitosan‐based colloidal hydrogels with preservation of the original average size of the dispersion. The mode of assembly of HIV‐1 p24 protein with these colloids relied on multiple interactions between the protein and the hydrogels, irrespective of their surface charges. Anyhow, the amounts of loaded protein remained limited, suggesting a surface association. The assembly of an immunoglobulin (IgG) was markedly different from p24. No association was detected with the positive colloidal hydrogels whereas a very high loading capacity could be obtained with the negative ones. So, this work reports that fully biodegradable submicrometric physical hydrogels could be obtained from naturally occurring polymers. These gels could cargo a variety of biomolecules making them versatile carriers with many potential applications in Life Sciences.magnified image
Reinforcing Silk Scaffolds with Silk Particles
Authors: Rajkhowa Rangam , Gil Eun Seok , Kluge Jonathan , Numata Keiji , Wang Lijing , Wang Xungai , Kaplan David L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSilk fibroin is a useful protein polymer for biomaterials and tissue engineering. In this work, porogen leached scaffolds prepared from aqueous and HFIP silk solutions were reinforced through the addition of silk particles. This led to about 40 times increase in the specific compressive modulus and the yield strength of HFIP‐based scaffolds. This increase in mechanical properties resulted from the high interfacial cohesion between the silk matrix and the reinforcing silk particles, due to partial solubility of the silk particles in HFIP. The porosity of scaffolds was reduced from ≈90% (control) to ≈75% for the HFIP systems containing 200% particle reinforcement, while maintaining pore interconnectivity. The presence of the particles slowed the enzymatic degradation of silk scaffolds.magnified image
Multicompartmental Micro‐ and Nanocapsules: Hierarchy and Applications in Biosciences
Authors: Delcea Mihaela , Yashchenok Alexey , Videnova Kristina , Kreft Oliver , Möhwald Helmuth , Skirtach Andre G. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMulticompartmentalized micro‐ and nanocapsules allow simultaneous delivery of several vectors or biomolecules; they are the next generation of carriers with increased complexity. Here we overview multicompartment micro‐ and nanocapsules and present a road‐map for future developments in the field. Four basic building block structures are demonstrated, three isotropic: concentric, pericentric, and innercentric, and one anisotropic: acentric. As an elaborate implementation of multicompartmentalization, an enzyme‐catalyzed reaction inside the same capsule carrying both an enzyme and a substrate is shown. Applications of multicompartmentalized microcapsules for simultaneous multiple drug delivery in bio‐medicine are discussed.magnified image
Aerogels from Unaltered Bacterial Cellulose: Application of scCO2 Drying for the Preparation of Shaped, Ultra‐Lightweight Cellulosic Aerogels
Authors: Liebner Falk , Haimer Emmerich , Wendland Martin , Neouze Marie‐Alexandra , Schlufter Kerstin , Miethe Peter , Heinze Thomas , Potthast Antje , Rosenau Thomas 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBacterial cellulose produced by the gram‐negative bacterium Gluconacetobacter xylinum was found to be an excellent native starting material for preparing shaped ultra‐lightweight cellulose aerogels. The procedure comprises thorough washing and sterilization of the aquogel, quantitative solvent exchange and subsequent drying with supercritical carbon dioxide at 40 °C and 100 bar. The average density of the obtained dry cellulose aerogels is only about 8 mg · cm−3 which is comparable to the most lightweight silica aerogels and distinctly lower than all values for cellulosic aerogels obtained from plant cellulose so far. SEM, ESEM and nitrogen adsorption experiments at 77 K reveal an open‐porous network structure that consists of a comparatively high percentage of large mesopores and smaller macropores.magnified image
New Second‐Order Nonlinear Optical Polymers Derived from AB2 and AB Monomers via Sonogashira Coupling Reaction
Authors: Li Zhong'an , Wu Wenbo , Ye Cheng , Qin Jingui , Li Zhen 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this paper, a facile route was designed to prepare a new AB2‐type polymer P1 via simple Sonogashira coupling reaction, also its corresponding linear analog (P2) was obtained from AB monomer for comparison. Despite the relatively lower loading density of the effective chromophore moieties, P1 demonstrated higher second‐harmonic coefficient (153.9 pm · V−1) than that of P2 (98.2 pm · V−1), due to the three‐dimensional spatial isolation effect of the hyperbranched structure. The good results of P2 also indicated that the ladder shape may help to solve the problem existing in main‐chain polymers, the low poling efficiency.magnified image
Biomedical application of MALDI mass spectrometry for small‐molecule analysis
Authors: van Kampen Jeroen J.A. , Burgers Peter C. , de Groot Ronald , Gruters Rob A. , Luider Theo M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMatrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is an emerging analytical tool for the analysis of molecules with molar masses below 1,000 Da; that is, small molecules. This technique offers rapid analysis, high sensitivity, low sample consumption, a relative high tolerance towards salts and buffers, and the possibility to store sample on the target plate. The successful application of the technique is, however, hampered by low molecular weight (LMW) matrix‐derived interference signals and by poor reproducibility of signal intensities during quantitative analyses. In this review, we focus on the biomedical application of MALDI‐MS for the analysis of small molecules and discuss its favorable properties and its challenges as well as strategies to improve the performance of the technique. Furthermore, practical aspects and applications are presented. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 30:101–120, 2011
Regulation of xenobiotic metabolism, the only signaling function of α‐tocopherol?
Authors: Traber Maret G. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThere is growing concern based on meta‐analyses of clinical trials using vitamin E supplements that these supplements increase the risk of all‐cause mortality in humans. My laboratory has been investigating the metabolism and disposition of “excess” vitamin E. This review focuses on the various mechanisms that prevent vitamin E intoxication. Non‐α‐tocopherols are aggressively metabolized thereby preventing their tissue accumulation and limiting increases in their plasma concentrations. Moreover, “excess” α‐tocopherol is also metabolized and its concentrations are limited. The mechanisms for this limitation do not seem to be specific for vitamin E, but rather are general xenobiotic pathways. We suggest that the most relevant cytochrome P450‐mediated pathway is the one that is most important for the regulation and activation of vitamin K, specifically the one dependent on CYP4F2.
Analysis of vitamin E metabolites in biological specimen
Authors: Birringer Marc 
Published: February 2010

AbstractVitamin E is known as the most important lipid antioxidant and is widely used to prevent age‐associated diseases. Despite increasing knowledge about human vitamin E metabolism, little is known to justify its widespread use. As meta‐analyses revealed even harmful effects of high vitamin E doses, a profound understanding of vitamin E metabolism is mandatory. By recent advances in analytical methodology, new metabolites with distinct physicochemical and biological properties were discovered. This review covers current methods to analyze vitamin E metabolites in biological samples. Special emphasis is laid on analytical applications for the identification and quantification of metabolites with a modified hydroxychromanol ring or a truncated side chain.