bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Crop Rotation and Fertilizer Treatment on the Nitrogen and Organic Carbon Contents of a Prairie Soil
Authors: Fritschen Leo J. , Hobbs J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of cropping systems and soil treatments on the nitrogen and organic carbon contents of Geary silt loam were studied in 1915, 1923, 1934, 1946, and in 1956 on the Agronomy Farm at Manhattan, Kansas.Losses of nitrogen and organic carbon were largest where the original contents of these constituents were highest. Losses were most rapid in the earlier years of the study. Largest losses occurred under a 3‐year rotation of corn, soybeans (for hay), wheat. Losses tended to be lower in the continuous wheat plots than in plots under rotations including row crops and legumes in addition to wheat.Differences between losses of nitrogen and organic carbon under the different fertility treatments were small. However, losses were greatest under phosphate, and phosphate and potash treatments, and were smallest under the complete fertilizer treatment.Although alfalfa increased the nitrogen content of the subsoil slightly, the other crops in the rotation reduced it so that the rotation studied did not appreciably change the subsoil nitrogen content.
Determination of Available Potassium in Soils of Forest Plantations
Authors: Leaf Albert L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVarious soil biological and chemical tests were compared in respect to their suitability for predicting deficiency of potassium for red pine grown on soils of Wisconsin and New York. The biological tests were accomplished by the Azotobacter and Aspergillus niger methods. The chemical tests included extraction of soil by N NH4OAc of pH 6.9 and 4.6, extraction by N NH4NO3 of pH 6.9 and 4.0, extraction by 0.4 N HCl, ignition of ammonium‐saturated soil followed by extraction with neutral N NH4OAc, and extraction with boiling N HNO3. The last method provided the sharpest distinction between potassium‐deficient and nondeficient forest soils as detected by the rate of growth and response of plantations to application of potash fertilizers.
Influence of VAMA and of Depth of Rotary Hoeing upon Infiltration of Irrigation Water
Authors: Bodman G. B. , Johnson D. E. , Kruskal W. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLong continued inter‐row cultivation and passage of vehicles may adversely affect soil physical properties. The influence upon infiltration in peach orchards of the incorporation of vinyl acetate maleic anhydride (VAMA) with sandy loams which had been harmed by such treatments was studied during three irrigation seasons after a single addition of the VAMA polymer in 1953.Treatments were: rotary hoe cultivation to depths of 1, 6, and 16 inches, with and without polymer incorporation; soil then undisturbed and kept weed‐free. Polymer influence persisted through three seasons. Average depths of infiltered water after 1.6 hours for all cultivation depths were: without polymer, 3.1 in.; with polymer, 6.2 in. Where polymer was incorporated, increased cultivation depth gave increased infiltration; without polymer, cultivation depth appeared to have no appreciable effect. Supplementary measurements following tractor passage in 1955 showed average decrease in infiltration at 1.6 hours from 7.0 in. (without tractor) to 2.4 in. (with tractor).Dispersing tendency, density, and moisture characteristics are presented for soil cores taken from one orchard at the end of the third season. The increased aggregate stability in water and lowered bulk density of cores taken from soils receiving polymer, persisted until the end of the experiment. Treatments considerably influenced moisture retention and hence pore volume at tensions less than 1/5 atm. but, with the exception of the tractor‐compacted, deeply‐tilled, with‐polymer treatment, they had little effect upon these properties at higher tensions. The cumulative depths of infiltered water were clearly associated with changes in volume of coarser pores.
Application of Phase Rule to the Chemical Behavior of Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate in Soils
Authors: Brown Walter E. , Lehr James R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen a granule of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate, Ca(H2PO4)2 · H2O, dissolves in a soil system, the fraction, f, of the phosphate left at the site of the granule as a dicalcium phosphate, CaHPO4 or CaHPO4 · 2H2O, is shown by the relationf = (1 − R)/(2 − R)where R, the mole ratio of CaO/P2O5 in the composite solution removed from the granule, can be determined experimentally or estimated from phase‐rule data for the system CaO‐P2O5‐H2O. The composition of the solution leaving the granule approximates the invariant‐point solution in equilibrium with Ca(H2PO4)2 · H2O and either CaHPO4 (the stable invariant point) or CaHPO4 · 2H2O (a metastable invariant point).Equilibrium data from the literature suggest that a residue of CaHPO4 will contain some 28% of the P. Experimental data are presented from which a residue of CaHPO4 · 2H2O is predicted to contain about 21% of the P.Reaction of some of the solute phosphate with cations such as iron and aluminum can cause precipitation of additional calcium phosphate.
Nature of the Reactions of Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate in Soils: II. Dissolution and Precipitation Reactions Involving Iron, Aluminum, Manganese, and Calcium
Authors: Lindsay W. L. , Stephenson H. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTPS, the solution in equilibrium with monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCP) and anhydrous dicalcium phosphate, was reacted with successive increments of Hartsells fine sandy loam (pH 4.6) and Rosebud loam (pH 7.6). The experiments were designed to simulate chemical conditions that may occur in soil surrounding a dissolving granule of MCP.Reaction of soil with TPS (pH 1.01, 4.50M P, and 1.34M Ca) resulted in the dissolution of Fe, Al, Mn, Ca, and other constituents from the soil. As successive soil increments were contacted by the solution, simulating its movement from a fertilizer granule, the dissolution processes continued and pH of the solution increased. The solution soon became supersaturated with respect to certain phosphate compounds that slowly began to precipitate.During these reactions with Hartsells soil, Al in solution reached 0.7M, Fe 0.2M, and Mn 0.009M. With Rosebud soil, the concentrations of Fe and Al were slightly less. TPS in contact with soil dissolved Mn more readily than Al, and Al more readily than Fe. With time and rise in pH, the precipitation of these cations was in the order Fe > Al > Mn. Most of the filtrates obtained from reaction of soil with TPS precipitated solids upon standing. Some of these solids were identified by microscopic and X‐ray analyses as crystalline Fe, Al, or Ca phosphates, while others were colloidal, amorphous precipitates that were not identifiable by these methods.
A Method for Measuring Short‐Term Nutrient Absorption by Plants: II. Potassium
Authors: DeMent Jack D. , Stanford George , Bradford B. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe method previously reported for measuring short‐term P absorption by plants has been adapted to studies of K uptake in relation to various factors. K‐deficient oat or corn plants, grown in sand cultures, were placed in contact with soil or soil‐fertilizer mixtures for periods of 1 to 14 days. Recovery in oat tops from applications of 10 to 120 mg. K ranged from 25 to 7% in 3 days to 63 to 30% in 14 days. When K content of roots in sand and in soil also was taken into account, 14‐day recoveries from 30‐ and 120‐mg. K additions were 85 and 43% respectively. Despite the wide range in K content of plants, growth differences among treatments were not apparent for at least the first week, as had previously been observed in studies with P.Unfertilized soils supplied significant amounts of K to plants in 3 days. At 7 days, rather wide differences in K content of plants were evident among soils, indicating the possible utility of the method in assessing the K status of soils. Moisture contents of soils were important in relation to K uptake. Moisture equivalent for each soil appeared to be the near‐optimum level.Availabilities of K in potassium calcium pyrophosphate (KCP), potassium metaphosphate (KMP), and KCl to corn plants were compared in soil and sand. During 1‐ and 3‐day absorption periods, KCl was more available than KMP and KCP in both media. The data suggest that contact with soil increased dissolution of the KMP and KCP. KCl was less available in soil than in sand.Very high correlations were found between uptake of K by tops and whole plants for a wide range of K rates, absorption periods, and soils. Thus, K content of plant tops is a suitable criterion for assessing relative effects of treatments on K nutrition of the plants.
The Occurrence and Distribution of Lime in Calcium Carbonate Solonchak and Associated Soils of Eastern North Dakota
Authors: Redmond C. E. , McClelland J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCalcium Carbonate Solonchaks occur in close association with Chernozems and Humic‐Gley soils. Profiles have A1‐Cca‐C horizon sequence and form in calcareous parent materials. Evidence is presented to show that the prominent Cca horizon results form the precipitation of lime out of capillary water rising or moving laterally from a zone of water saturation.
Fragipan Soils of Illinois: III. Micromorphological Studies of Hosmer Silt Loam
Authors: Grossman R. B. , Stephen I. , Fehrenbacher J. B. , Beavers A. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMicromorphological studies of Hosmer silt loam, a bisequal soil with a fragipan, indicate that the B2 horizon of the upper sequum is at present an apparently stable, non‐illuvial horizon, whereas the B horizons of the lower sequum are apparently illuvial in character, and in the process of degradation to form the encroaching A′2 horizon. An attempt is made to relate resistance to rupture of the major horizons to their micromorphology.
Estimation of Hydrateable Surface Area of Soils and Clays from the Amount of Absorption and Retention of Ethylene Glycol
Authors: Sor Kamil , Kemper W. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA modification of the glycol retention method for estimating hydrateable surface areas is proposed. In this modification, a large amount of glycol‐bentonite mixture, containing just enough glycol to form a monolayer on all bentonite surfaces, is used to “buffer” the glycol vapor pressure in an evacuated desiccator. Dry and glycol‐saturated samples placed in the desiccator then gain and lose glycol, respectively, until approximately a monolayer exists on all hydrateable surfaces at equilibrium. The average amount of glycol on the two samples at this equilibrium is used, as in previous glycol retention methods, to estimate the hydrateable surface area.The Bower and Gschwend procedure is used to estimate the amount of glycol necessary to form a complete monolayer on all surfaces of the bentonite to be used in the buffer mixture. This amount of glycol is much easier to estimate in a fairly pure clay with large, well characterized surface area than in soil samples, and some possible errors of former techniques may be avoided by the proposed procedure.
The Nitrogen Status of the Mineral Soils of Florida
Authors: Pritchett W. L. , Eno C. F. , Malik M. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSurface soil samples were collected from the major soil types and cultural practices in the state and analyzed for organic matter, total N and nitrate produced during 2 and 6 weeks of incubation. Correlation coefficients were determined among these properties after grouping the soils according to cultural practice and soil texture. The average organic matter and total N content of Florida mineral soils were 2.52 and 0.060%, respectively. Nitrate produced in 2 and 6 weeks of incubation averaged 21 and 42 ppm., respectively. All three of these constituents increased with increases in fineness of soil texture. Cultural practices also had an influence on these properties. In general, a highly significant relationship was found between total N and organic matter, and total N and nitrate production. However, a significant relationship between organic matter and nitrate production occurred only for certain of the cultural and textural groups with a higher degree of correlation at the end of 6 weeks than at the end of 2 weeks.
Recovery of N15‐Tagged Nitrogen from Ammonium‐Fixing Soils
Authors: Legg J. O. , Allison F. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe uptake by Sudangrass of N applied to two ammonium‐fixing subsoils at rates ranging from 0 to 400 pounds per acre was similar to the uptake from a nonfixing surface soil. N uptake from NaNO3 and banded (NH4)2SO4 was higher than that from (NH4)2SO4 mixed throughout the fixing soils, but the differences could not be attributed entirely to ammonium fixation. Where (NH4)2SO4 was mixed with the soil, A values calculated from the N15 data appeared constant for all N rates. A N‐balance sheet prepared from analyses of soil and plant materials accounted for 93.6% of the N15‐tagged fertilizers as an average of all soils and treatments.
Relative Release and Retentiveness of Soil Phosphates
Authors: Shapiro Raymond E. , Fried Maurice 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA kinetic equation is derived in terms of reaction products assuming a pseudo first order displacement of Soil‐P by hydroxyl ion. Application of this equation to a Bridger silt loam by means of a nonequilibrium leaching system indicated at least two forms of soil P based on rate of release: (a) a rapidly released form which quickly diminishes with time, and (b) a more slowly released form which is relatively constant with time. An equation is also derived for the equilibrium adsorption of P on the soil surface from a soil‐water system. Caribou, Bridger, Davidson, and Nibley soils were equilibrated with solutions of varying P concentrations at constant volume. The results were plotted using moles of P adsorbed as ordinate vs. the moles of P adsorbed divided by the equilibrium P solution concentration as abscissa. The data again indicated at least two forms of soil P, one tightly held and one relatively loosely held. At constant solution volume, equilibration of 1, 2, and 4 g. of Caribou soil with solutions of varying P concentration, indicated that the apparent dissociation constant for each site and the maximum amount of P that may be adsorbed per gram of soil by each site are both independent of the weight of soil used. The characterization of the soil P system by this equilibrium method is independent of soil/solution ratio in the range of 1:5 to 1:2000.
Hypotheses Concerning Iron Chlorosis
Authors: Brown J. C. , Holmes R. S. , Tiffin L. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIron chlorosis was studied in two plant species grown on calcareous Quinlan, Tripp, and Millville soils. Two types of Fe chlorosis developed: (1) Iron deficiency accentuated by improper microelement balance appeared to be the causative factor controlling the development of Fe chlorosis in milo grown on Quinlan and Tripp soils. The Cu uptake by milo from all three soils and two NaDTPA chelate treatments was more than double that taken up by PI‐54619‐5‐1 and Hawkeye soybeans. The Fe/Cu + Mn ratio was much lower in the soil extracts of Quinlan and Tripp than the Millville soil. (2) An abundance of available P and Ca appeared to be the controlling causative factors of Fe chlorosis in PI‐54619‐5‐1 soybeans grown on the Millville soil. PI‐54619‐5‐1 and Hawkeye soybeans differed in their susceptibility to this type of chlorosis. It was suggested that new chlorosis‐resistant varieties through plant breeding, Fe chelates economically feasible for field application, controlled fertilizer, water, and cultural practices might all lend themselves to correcting Fe chlorosis in the field.
Some Characteristics of Clay Skins on Peds in the B Horizon of a Gray‐Brown Podzolic Soil
Authors: Buol S. W. , Hole F. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractClay coatings or skins were removed from peds in the B3 horizon of a Gray‐Brown Podzolic soil of southern Wisconsin. Analyses were made to determine the contents, both in the clay skins and in the entire horizon, of N, C, clay, reductant‐soluble Fe, total Fe, Al, Na, K, Ca, Si, Mg, and Ti. Thin sections were made of peds from the B3 horizon and were examined with the aid of a petrographic microscope to determine the structure of the clay skins.The results of analyses for the clay skins show relatively high contents of N (0.11%), C (1.836%), clay (87.4%), free Fe (2.76%), as compared with contents in the bulk sample from the B3 horizon: 0.029% N, 0.417% C, 24.3% clay, and 1.33% free Fe. X‐ray diffraction patterns showed that the clay in the bulk sample contained slightly more chlorite and slightly less vermiculite and chlorite‐vermiculite intergrade than the clay of the clay skin. Microscopic thin‐sections of clay skins showed a mean clay‐skin thickness of 0.079 mm., with component lamellae each 0.007 to 0.010 mm. thick.
A Study of the Sodium Adsorption Ratio and Residual Sodium Carbonate Concepts of Irrigation Waters as They Affect Exchangeable Sodium of Soil Under Semiarid Conditions
Authors: Fine L. O. , Williamson E. J. , Wiersma Frank , Umback C. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe object of this study was to investigate the significance of “residual Na2CO3,” as engendered by high HCO3‐ content in irrigation water, using synthetic and natural waters in greenhouse experiments, and a natural water in a field experiment. The significance is evaluated in terms of exchangeable Na+ changes in soils on which the waters were applied.Synthetic waters and unadulterated natural waters of high HCO3‐ content produced exchangeable‐sodiumpercentages (ESP) in greenhouse cultures 4 to 6% above that expected from the sodium‐adsorption‐ratio (SAR) value of the waters used. The use of gypsum with natural waters held the ESP to approximately 2 to 4% above that predictable from the SAR‐ESP nomogram.A field experiment of 5 years' duration with natural and gypsum‐treated reservoir water under conditions of about 15 inches annual rainfall resulted in exchangeable Na+ levels much lower than those found in greenhouse experiments. This occurred, even though more than twice as much water was used. The highest ESP level found was 2% below that expected from the SAR value of the water.The apparent discrepancy between field and greenhouse results can be ascribed in part to Ca return to the soil surface by alfalfa and possibly to slow weathering of noncarbonate minerals. There was a decrease in exchangeable H+ during the 5‐year field experiment.
Determination of Aluminum Ion Activity in Soil Extracts
Authors: Lindsay W. L. , Peech Michael , Clark J. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method is presented for calculating the Al3+ ion activity from measurements of the concentration of Al, pH, and the ionic strength of the soil extract. The colorimetric method for determining the concentration of Al in soil extracts makes use of the aluminon reagent with provisions for removing organic matter and silica and for preventing the interference of Fe by the addition of thioglycollic acid.The validity of the method was established by verifying the existence of a theoretical equilibrium relationship between the Al3+ and the H+ activities in soil extracts. The value of (pH — ⅓ pAl) for CaCl2 extracts of three acid soils was found to remain remarkably constant as the concentration of CaCl2 in the extracting solution was increased from 0.001 to 0.10M. This constancy of (pH — ⅓ pAl) for soil extracts can be predicted from the Donnan and Gouy theories and does not necessarily indicate the presence in the soil of some crystalline form of hydrous aluminum oxide having a definite solubility product.
Effect of Potassium and Calcium Activities in Clay Suspensions and Solutions on Plant Uptake
Authors: Bartlett R. J. , McLean E. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe clay membrane electrode was used to evaluate average activities of K and Ca in clay suspensions and in solutions throughout an 11‐day growth period. Uptake of K and Ca by soybeans, barley, and buckwheat was compared in bentonite and Putnam clay suspensions and in solutions with the same cationic activities. The media were changed frequently to maintain relatively constant K and Ca activities. The other essential elements were supplied by periodically placing the plants in solutions containing Mg, N, P, S, and Fe.In soybeans and barley, both yield and percentage of K were higher in clays than in solutions of equal or even higher activities, but were not significantly different between clays. At the levels tested, K uptake was more closely related to total amount present than to activity. Thus, there was no evidence that bonding of exchangeable K regulated uptake.On the other hand, it was shown that bonding of Ca by clays may have regulated uptake. All plants removed as much or more Ca from solution as from suspension of equal activity. In soybeans, uptake of Ca was proportional to the Ca activity in the medium, while in barley and buckwheat, Ca uptake of this element was greater from solution than from clays, even when the Ca activities in both media were equal. The order of Ca accumulated was buckwheat > soybeans > barley. Some evidence was noted for contact interaction between root and clay colloids in both K and Ca uptake.
Effect of Liming and Organic Matter Content on the Availability of Native and Applied Manganese
Authors: Sanchez Carlostadio , Kamprath Eugene J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA large amount of the soluble Mn added to soils was rapidly converted to nonexchangeable forms in both incubation and field studies. The addition of lime further decreased the amount of exchangeable Mn (NH4OAc‐extracted). The acid‐extractable Mn content of the soil showed no decrease at the end of 3 weeks' incubation but did after 6 weeks' incubation.The moisture content of the sample previous to extraction had an effect on the exchangeable Mn content. Less exchangeable Mn was extracted when the soil was kept moist after the sample had been taken than when it was first air‐dried. This effect was most pronounced on a high organic matter soil which had been limed.The addition of peat to a low organic matter soil increased the exchangeable Mn conent of the acid soil when maintained in a moist condition. The peat caused a decrease in the acid‐extractable Mn in the limed soil.
Plant Growth as Affected by Ethylene Dibromide Fumigation of Soils at Two Moisture Levels
Authors: Brown A. L. , Jurinak J. J. , Martin P. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEthylene dibromide (EDB) was injected into Yolo loam, Yolo clay, and Staten peaty‐muck at two moisture levels (air‐dry and field capacity) at rates of 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 ml. per crock. The soils were allowed to stand for 2 weeks before transplanting tomato seedings into them. The moisture level was then maintained adequate for growth.The phytotoxicity of EDB was particularly marked in the air‐dried soils, indicating greater retention of the fumigant vapor in the dry system as compared to the soils maintained at field capacity. The total Br taken up by the plants was generally greater from the moist soils than from the air‐dry soils although the concentration in the plants was in reverse order. The concentration of Br in the plant increased with increasing rates of EDB. Analyses of the soils for water‐soluble inorganic Br indicated there was more soluble Br in the soils maintained at field capacity than in those kept air‐dry.