bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Neuroanatomy of Visual Enumeration: Differentiating Necessary Neural Correlates for Subitizing versus Counting in a Neuropsychological Voxel-based Morphometry Study
Authors: Demeyere Nele , Rotshtein Pia , Humphreys Glyn W. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This study is the first to assess lesion–symptom relations for subitizing and counting impairments in a large sample of neuropsychological patients (41 patients) using an observer-independent voxel-based approach. We tested for differential effects of enumerating small versus large numbers of items while controlling for hemianopia and visual attention deficits. Overall impairments in the enumeration of any numbers (small or large) were associated with an extended network, including bilateral occipital and fronto-parietal regions. Within this network, severe impairments in accuracy when enumerating small sets of items (in the subitizing range) were associated with damage to the left posterior occipital cortex, bilateral lateral occipital and right superior frontal cortices. Lesions to the right calcarine extending to the precuneus led to patients serially counting even small numbers of items (indicated by a steep response slope), again demonstrating an impaired subitizing ability. In contrast, impairments in counting large numerosities were associated with damage to the left intraparietal sulcus. The data support the argument for some distinctive processes and neural areas necessary to support subitization and counting with subitizing relying on processes of posterior occipital cortex and with counting associated with processing in the parietal cortex.
Poetry, Rhetoric, and Science: The Case of Plaustra Bootes
Authors: Monti Richard C. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis article examines the aural qualities of the collocationplaustra Bootes, its application in Latin poetry, and the precepts of rhetorical theory which explain its use.Plaustra Bootes, which occurs frequently, refers to either or both of the circumpolar constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, configured as ‘wagons’, and to Bootes, the ‘Oxman’ who tends them. The case is made that the collocation is a poetic formula characterized by solemnity of diction, and that its application is limited to contexts, usually characterized by highly elaborate rhetoric, which train the attention on matters of natural science and philosophy. The rhetorical theory of the sublime provides the means to explain the pairing of diction and subject matter. It establishes a hierarchy of sublime topics which include philosophy and natural science, and it indicates the appropriate manner to express elevated thought. In this way rhetorical theory raises the question of the place of science in rhetoric and poetry. Implicit in the theory of the sublime is a system of thought in which rhetoric, poetic theory, and science are aligned with each other as representations in different domains of the same reality.
Inter-observer and intra-observer differences in measuring body length: a test in the common lizard, Zootoca vivipara
Authors: Bulakhova Nina A. , Böhme Wolfgang , Clasen Astrid , Orlova Valentina F. , Carretero Miguel A. , Kuranova Valentina N. , Ljubisavljevic Katarina , Roitberg Evgeny S. , Shamgunova Regina R. , Zinenko Oleksandr I. , Fokt Michael 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe snout-vent length (SVL), a conventional measure of overall body size in lizards and snakes, is used in a wide variety of ecological, evolutionary, and taxonomical studies. Trends in SVL variation are often analysed using data from several researchers (observers), but possible confounding effects due to inter-observer differences in measurement protocols have never been appropriately examined. This study reports inter-observer biases between eleven herpetologists who measured the same specimens of the Eurasian common lizards (21 adult specimens were examined by eight observers and additional 192 specimens by two observers). Intra-observer bias over time (1.5-15 months between measuring sessions) was also estimated. In the vast majority of comparisons, mean difference between the first author and another observer varied from −1.0 to +0.8 mm, or from −1.9 to +1.6% if expressed as a percent of the specimen's SVL value. Some non-regular effects of sex and study sample on the studied bias were revealed, and their possible reasons are discussed. We are advising the researchers who intensively collect SVL and other morphometric data to consider testing intra-observer and inter-observer biases and to establish etalon samples available for re-examinations.
Are there Parables in John? It is Time to Revisit the Question
Authors: Zimmermann Ruben 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA point of agreement between historical-Jesus scholarship and Johannine scholarship is that there are no parables in the Fourth Gospel. The following article, however, questions this consensus on both historical and literary grounds. Drawing on the insights of memory research, the following discussion will not seek to peer 'behind' the text, but rather embraces the text itself as a historical document of the memory of Jesus. Additionally, new genre theories necessitate a shift in the application of form criticism to the parable genre. Taking these new methodological insights into account, one finds texts in John that have the same right to be called 'parables' as texts found in the Synoptic Gospels. Furthermore, these Johannine parables, in their specific form of remembering, preserve and reveal important theological aspects of Jesus' parables.
The EU and International Diplomatic Law: New Horizons?
Authors: Wouters Jan , Duquet Sanderijn 
Published: January 2012

Summary
The European Union has a unique sui generis status on the international plane, which is reflected in its capability to enter into diplomatic relations with third states and international organizations. Over nearly six decades, the European Union (EU) has gradually built its own worldwide bilateral and multilateral diplomatic network, which is made subject — through specific agreements with the host country — to the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. The ‘Union delegations’ are now operating as the diplomatic missions of the EU as a whole, in contrast to the former Commission delegations. This article examines the relationship between the EU and international diplomatic law. How does the EU establish and conduct diplomatic relations? What legal instruments are being used? How do the Vienna Convention and customary diplomatic law come into play? What is the exact legal status of EU ambassadors and diplomatic staff? By critically analysing these issues, this article assesses the specific contribution the EU makes to the further development of international diplomatic law.
Perceptions of boundaries and cultural influences in Qatar
Authors: Ghuloum Suhaila , Bener Abdulbari , Commons Michael Lamport , Miller Patrice Marie , Burgut F. Tuna , Bhugra Dinesh 
Published: January 2012

Background: Boundary issues, which regularly arise in therapy, can present dilemmas for most clinicians. There has been substantial literature on boundary excursions in clinician–patient relationships, however, very little empirical research exists and is documented. As mental health researchers, we need to investigate a wide range of sensitive topics to enhance our understanding of the many issues that arise in the psychotherapeutic frame. Aims: We set out to empirically explore perceptions of what may constitute a boundary violation among the mental health staff in the State of Qatar and their views on the subject. Results: A total of 50 participants (24 psychiatrists, 2 doctorate level psychologists, 24 psychiatric nurses) responded with a response rate of 80%. Participants rated each possible boundary violation according to its degree of harm and professional unacceptability. Three distinct groupings of boundary violations were obtained: (1) core, consisting of the most serious violations; (2) disclosure and greeting behaviour, involving disclosure of information about the therapist and greeting behaviour; and (3) separation of therapist and client lives, involving encounters between therapists and clients outside of therapy. Conclusions: It is important to ascertain these dilemmas so that these theoretical models can be integrated in clinical practice.
Unmet Needs for Social Support and Effects on Diabetes Self-care Activities in Korean Americans With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Song Youngshin , Song Hee-Jung , Han Hae-Ra , Park So-Youn , Nam Soohyun , Kim Miyong T. 
Published: January 2012

Objective The purpose of this study was (1) to characterize the primary sources of social support and the extent of unmet needs for support (defined as the gap between social support needs and the receipt of social support) in a sample of Korean Americans (KAs) with type 2 diabetes and (2) to examine the effect of unmet needs for support on their self-care activities. Methods Baseline data obtained from a community-based intervention trial were used for this study of 83 middle-aged KAs with type 2 diabetes. Study design and data analysis were guided by social cognitive theory. The key variables were dictated the order of the variables in multivariate regression analysis. Results Our findings indicated that for diabetic KAs, the primary source of social support differed according to gender. Unmet needs for support were significantly associated with self-care activities, but the amount of support needs and of social support received were not. Multivariate analysis also confirmed that unmet needs for social support are a significant strong predictor of inadequate type 2 diabetes self-care activities, after controlling for other covariates. The hierarchical regression model explained about 30% of total variance in self-care activities. Conclusions The findings highlight the importance of considering unmet needs for social support when addressing self-care activities in type 2 diabetes patients. Future interventions should focus on filling gaps in social support and tailoring approaches according to key determinants, such as gender or education level, to improve self-care activities in the context of type 2 diabetes care.
Management and Outcomes of Chronic Otitis Media in Patients Who Received Solid Organ Transplantation
Authors: Yu Myeong Sang , Kim Ho Chan , Ahn Joong Ho 
Published: January 2012

ObjectivesControl of perioperative infection can increase the success rate of organ transplant. The incidence, clinical features, and optimal management of chronic otitis media (COM) in solid organ transplant recipients have not been adequately evaluated. We therefore assessed the incidence and clinical course of COM in solid‐organ transplant recipients.DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary referral center.Subjects and MethodsWe reviewed the medical records of 3278 patients who underwent solid organ transplantations between February 1995 and December 2007 to identify those diagnosed with COM before and after transplant. We analyzed the long‐term clinical course and management of COM in these patients.ResultsOf 3278 solid organ transplant recipients, 65 (2.0%) were diagnosed with pretransplant COM with a perforated ear drum, including 31 liver, 28 renal, and 6 heart transplant recipients. The primary symptom was otorrhea, followed by hearing disturbance, otalgia, and tinnitus. Middle ear swab culture showed bacterial growth in 17 of the 40 patients (42.5%) with suppurative COM. Of these 40 patients, 14 underwent tympanomastoid surgery (operation group) and 26 were prescribed antibiotics (medication group). The remaining 25 patients, with dry perforated ear drums and well‐pneumatized mastoids, were observed without treatment (observation group). After transplantation, the incidence of otorrhea was significantly lower in the operation group (11.1%) than in either the medication (26.9%) or observation (26.7%) group (P =. 040,. 048, respectively).ConclusionsPrecise diagnosis and proper surgical intervention for COM may reduce the rate of otorrhea and exacerbation of COM in solid organ transplant recipients.
Thigh Muscle Injuries in Youth Soccer
Authors: Cloke David , Moore Oliver , Shab Talib , Rushton Steven , Shirley Mark D.F. , Deehan David J. 
Published: January 2012

Background: Participation in soccer at younger ages with attendant risk of muscle injury is increasing. Purpose: To delineate patterns of thigh muscle injury and predictors of recovery in male youth soccer academy players. Study Design: Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Forty-one English Premiership soccer academy squads (all male, aged 8-16 years) over a 5-year period comprising 12 306 player seasons were studied prospectively for pattern, mechanism, and outcome after thigh muscle injury. Event analysis was used to identify independent predictors of slow recovery. Results: A total of 1288 injuries were recorded representing an incidence (mean [SD]) of 0.42 (0.24) per thousand hours of training with a mean annual incidence of 0.52. Midfield players received the most injuries, followed by defense and attack positions. The quadriceps muscle group was most likely to be injured. There were 345 reinjuries (27%). Median time off for a primary injury was 13 days (interquartile range, 7-22 days) and 12 days (7-21 days) following a reinjury. Risk of such injury increased as the game progressed toward the end of the first half period ( P = .028), and this risk persisted throughout the entire second half. There were 2 peaks of incidence (January and September). The percentage of the total for hamstring, adductor, and quadriceps injuries did not significantly change with player age. However, the proportion of injuries that were severe increased with age of player ( t = 3.72, P = .010). Poor prognostic factors for recovery were hamstring injuries ( z = 2.182, P = .029), contact injury ( z = −3.137, P = .002), and older age ( z = −2.2298, P = .022). Conclusion: The risk for prolonged recovery from thigh muscle injury was found to increase with age of the player and contact mechanism. The risk of injury increased toward the end of the first half, and this risk persisted throughout the second half. Delayed recovery was significantly associated with a hamstring muscle injury, first injury, and contact mechanism. This study, for the first time, allows identification of youth male soccer players at high-risk for prolonged symptoms after thigh muscle injury.
Edge loading in metal-on-metal hips: low clearance is a new risk factor
Authors: Underwood Richard J , Zografos Angelos , Sayles Ritchie S , Hart Alister , Cann Philippa 
Published: January 2012

The revision rate of large head metal-on-metal and resurfacing hips are significantly higher than conventional total hip replacements. The revision of these components has been linked to high wear caused by edge loading; which occurs when the head–cup contact patch extends over the cup rim. There are two current explanations for this; first, there is loss of entrainment of synovial fluid resulting in breakdown of the lubricating film and second, edge loading results in a large local increase in contact pressure and consequent film thickness reduction at the cup rim, which causes an increase in wear. This paper develops a method to calculate the distance between the joint reaction force vector and the cup rim – the contact patch centre to rim (CPCR) distance. However, the critical distance for the risk of edge loading is the distance from the contact patch edge to rim (CPER) distance. An analysis of explanted hip components, divided into edge worn and non-edge-worn components showed that there was no statistical difference in CPCR values, but the CPER value was significantly lower for edge worn hips. Low clearance hips, which have a more conformal contact, have a larger diameter contact patch and thus are more at risk of edge loading for similarly positioned hips.
Musculoskeletal neoplasia
Authors: Helm Jenny , Morris Joanna 
Published: January 2012

Practical relevance Musculoskeletal neoplasia is an uncommon but Important differential diagnosis for cats presenting with lameness, pain or swellings associated with bones and/or soft tissues. The most common tumours of soft tissue origin are the sarcomas (in particular feline injection site sarcomas [FISSs]); the most common bone tumour of the cat is osteosarcoma (OSA). Clinical challenges FISSs present a clinical challenge in terms of their local invasiveness, difficulty in obtaining complete surgical excision and high risk of local recurrence. Axial and extraskeletal OSAs pose similar challenges, whereas appendicular OSA is usually easy to remove via limb amputation and can, therefore, carry a good prognosis in many cases. Patient group Cats of any age, gender or breed may be affected, although bone tumours predominantly affect middle- to old-aged cats. Global importance Vaccination of cats is of global importance in preventing feline diseases; hence, any possible significant consequences of vaccination such as neoplasia, even of a low incidence, are of huge concern to cat owners and veterinarians alike. Evidence base This review is based on current literature relating to pathogenesis, pathology, presentation, diagnosis, staging, treatment and prognosis. It aims to summarise feline musculoskeletal neoplasia for clinicians in general practice.
Osteoarthritis in the cat
Authors: Bennett David , Zainal Ariffin Siti Mariam bt , Johnston Pamela 
Published: January 2012

Practical relevance Osteoarthritis (OA) is very common, particularly in older cats, but its clinical significance has largely gone unrecognised until recently. As in other species, OA is often painful and appropriate treatment is required to improve the animal’s quality of life. Most cases appear to be primary or idiopathic. It is important for the clinician to actively seek these cases in the practice population. Clinical challenges The recognition of chronic arthritic pain is a major challenge since most cats will not exhibit lameness. The main features of feline OA are changes in behaviour and lifestyle, which develop gradually and which owners tend to interpret as simply being the effects of old age. A meaningful physical orthopaedic examination can be difficult to achieve. A lack of familiarity with feline joint radiographs, and the fact that major cartilage pathology can be present in the absence of any bony change, mean that radiographic identification of OA in the cat can also be problematic. Client questionnaire The recognition of chronic arthritic pain in the cat is based on owner questionnaires designed to elicit information about changes in mobility, activity levels, grooming habits and general demeanour. Evidence base Several publications now report on the significance of behavioural and lifestyle changes as indicators of chronic arthritic pain in the cat. However, there is not as yet a fully validated owner-based questionnaire for recognising chronic pain in the cat. Furthermore, the aetiopathogenesis of feline OA still requires detailed investigation. Such studies are likely to make a major contribution to comparative rheumatology, since feline OA, more so than the canine disease, shows many similarities with human OA.
Selective expansion of polyfunctional pathogen-specific CD4+ T cells in HIV-1–infected patients with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
Authors: Mahnke Yolanda D. , Greenwald Jamieson H. , DerSimonian Rebecca , Roby Gregg , Antonelli Lis R. V. , Sher Alan , Roederer Mario , Sereti Irini 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSince the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapies (ART), the prognosis for HIV-1 patients has improved immensely. However, approximately 25% of patients can experience a variety of inflammatory symptoms that are collectively known as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Studying the etiology and immunopathology of IRIS has been hampered by the fact that the symptoms and associated opportunistic infections are highly varied. We hypothesized that there is a common mechanism underlying IRIS pathogenesis and investigated a patient group with IRIS related to different pathogens. Functional and phenotypic characterization of PBMC samples was performed by polychromatic flow cytometry after in vitro stimulation with relevant antigenic preparations. In most patients, IRIS events were characterized by the robust increase of preexisting polyfunctional, highly differentiated effector CD4+ T-cell responses that specifically targeted the antigens of the underlying co-infection. T-cell responses to HIV-1 or other underlying infections were not affected and did not differ between IRIS and non-IRIS patients. These data suggest that patients with IRIS do not have a generalized T-cell dysfunction; instead, IRIS represents a dysregulated CD4+ T-cell response against residual opportunistic infection antigen. These studies were registered at www.clinical-trials.gov as NCT00557570 and NCT00286767.
Safety and prolonged activity of recombinant factor VIII Fc fusion protein in hemophilia A patients
Authors: Powell Jerry S. , Josephson Neil C. , Quon Doris , Ragni Margaret V. , Cheng Gregory , Li Ella , Jiang Haiyan , Li Lian , Dumont Jennifer A. , Goyal Jaya , Zhang Xin , Sommer Jurg , McCue Justin , Barbetti Margaret , Luk Alvin , Pierce Glenn F. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCurrent factor VIII (FVIII) products display a half-life (t1/2) of ∼ 8-12 hours, requiring frequent intravenous injections for prophylaxis and treatment of patients with hemophilia A. rFVIIIFc is a recombinant fusion protein composed of a single molecule of FVIII covalently linked to the Fc domain of human IgG1 to extend circulating rFVIII t1/2. This first-in-human study in previously treated subjects with severe hemophilia A investigated safety and pharmacokinetics of rFVIIIFc. Sixteen subjects received a single dose of rFVIII at 25 or 65 IU/kg followed by an equal dose of rFVIIIFc. Most adverse events were unrelated to study drug. None of the study subjects developed anti-rFVIIIFc antibodies or inhibitors. Across dose levels, compared with rFVIII, rFVIIIFc showed 1.54- to 1.70-fold longer elimination t1/2, 1.49- to 1.56-fold lower clearance, and 1.48- to 1.56-fold higher total systemic exposure. rFVIII and rFVIIIFc had comparable dose-dependent peak plasma concentrations and recoveries. Time to 1% FVIII activity above baseline was ∼ 1.53- to 1.68-fold longer than rFVIII across dose levels. Each subject showed prolonged exposure to rFVIIIFc relative to rFVIII. Thus, rFVIIIFc may offer a viable therapeutic approach to achieve prolonged hemostatic protection and less frequent dosing in patients with hemophilia A. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01027377.