bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the biology of Aphidius sonchi Marshall (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), a parasite of the sowthistle aphid, Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Shu-Sheng Liu , Carver Mary 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe hymenopterous parasite, Aphidius sonchi Marshall, has been introduced into Australia as a biological control agent of the sowthistle aphid, Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.), the principal vector of lettuce necrotic yellows virus disease. Some aspects of its biology were studied in the laboratory. Females reared at 22°C contained a mean ± s.e. of 179·4 ± 10·26 eggs on emergence, and more eggs were formed during adult life. Unmated females produced male progeny only; mated females produced progeny of both sexes. At 22°C, both males and females mated within 12 h of emergence. Virgin females could mate successfully after having commenced oviposition and switch to producing progeny of both sexes. At 20°C, both virgin and mated females started oviposition within 7 h of emergence. The female oviposited in all nymphal instars and both apterous and alate adults of the host. Only one egg was laid per insertion of the ovipositor. Superparasitization was common, but only one parasite per aphid survived to the adult stage. Females at 22°C and LD 12:12 oviposited during both the photophase and the scotophase; the proportion of eggs laid in the scotophase was correlated with the availability of hosts. Adult females lived longer in the absence of hosts than in their presence and lived longer than males, and those supplied with water and honey lived longer than those without. Facultative diapause occurred. The integumental coloration of adults varied according to the temperature during their immature stages. Females of A. sonchi oviposited readily in Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), but their progeny did not develop beyond the egg stage. A. sonchi was parasitized by Alloxysta ancylocera (Cameron), Pachyneuron aphidis (Bouché) and Dendrocerus carpenteri (Curtis) in the field.
The use of 1-octen-3-ol, acetone and carbon dioxide to improve baits for tsetse flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Vale G. A. , Hall D. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn Zimbabwe, the catches of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen in traps were increased by up to three times by releasing 1-octen-3-ol at 0·05–50 mg/h or acetone at 5–5000mg/h near traps, but in some circumstances 1-octen-3-ol at 5–50 mg/h reduced catches. Carbon dioxide at 0·02–20 litres/min increased catches by up to ten times. A mixture of all three chemicals increased the catches by up to 60 times. Each of the three chemicals attracted both species of flies from a distance; carbon dioxide also enhanced trap-entering and alighting responses. Acetone with 1-octen-3-ol can increase by several times the numbers of flies that contact visual baits suitable for exposing them to insecticide. Data for other Diptera are also presented.
Assessment of the field performance of compound chromosome strains compared to laboratory-reared wild-type strains in Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Smith P. H. , Morton R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn assay based on recovery rates of released laboratory-reared flies was used to compare the field performance in Australia of a series of strains bearing compound chromosomes with that of wild-type strains of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann). The compound chromosome strains tested all performed less well than the wild-type strains. Four of the former were recovered on average 0·37 times as readily as the average wild-type strain, and one was recovered 0·65 times as readily. The compound chromosome strains differed in the selection pressure they had been exposed to in the field, which had selected among the various compound chromosomes in an original strain and in the extent to which their non-compound chromosomes had been replaced by recently collected field material. The strain that performed best had been exposed to the most severe selection pressure, overwintering in the field, and had had much of its non-compound genome replaced. Among the group of strains with similar performance, some had had their non-compound genome replaced with field genetic material.
Studies on insecticide-impregnated targets for the control of riverine Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae) in the sub-humid savanna zone of Nigeria
Authors: Oladunmade M. A. , Takken W. , Dengwat L. , Ndams I. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInsecticide-impregnated blue cotton targets 70 × 110 cm weretested for the control of Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) and G. tachinoides Westwood in riverine fringing forests in central Nigeria, under wet-season conditions. Following exposure to treated cloth for 1·5 min, delta-methrin caused 100% mortality of G. p. palpalis for six weeks at 0·05% and for 13 weeks at 0·1%. Dieldrin at 5% was not very effective. At 4%, endosulfan initially caused a high mortality, but rapidly lost its activity, especially against females. By chemical analysis, 43% of deltamethrin applied to the fabric was found to have been lost within 12 weeks, in which 230 mm of rainfall was recorded. Placed 150 m apart in a fringing forest, targets impregnated with 0·05% deltamethrin caused a rapid decline in the G. p. palpalis population, and after 12 weeks only 5% of the original density was recorded. No further reduction or significant increase was observed during the following six months, though it appeared that flies caught during this period had immigrated from an adjacent undisturbed riverine forest. The effect on G. tachinoides was less dramatic, but this may have been due to the low initial density of this species, and to its greater mobility, giving rise to reinvasion from elsewhere.
An oviposition attractant pheromone in Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Laurence B. R. , Pickett J. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGravid females of Culex quinquefasciatus Say from a laboratory strain originating in Nigeria orientated to a source of the main volatile pheromone component, erythro-6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide, isolated from the apical droplets of the egg rafts. Significantly more egg rafts were laid around polystyrene discs treated with the synthetic compound than around untreated discs, and modification of the chemical structure destroyed its biological activity. The response was found at a dose of 0·02μg of the synthetic compound, which is equivalent to one-sixteenth of the total acetoxyhexadecanolide found in an egg raft, and above. Although the apical droplets were contaminated by bacteria, these did not contribute to the production of the acetoxyhexadecanolide, which was present in the eggs before they were laid. It is concluded that the pheromone is released slowly from the apical droplets into the air above the water surface, attracting other gravid females to oviposit around previously laid egg rafts, and there is evidence of attraction over a distance of 5·5 cm.
The influence of weather and time of day on trap catches of males and females of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Vogt W. G. , Woodburn T. L. , Morton R. , Ellem B. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDifferences in responses of males and females of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) to carrion-baited traps were examined in Australia in relation to time of day, temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and solar radiation. The differences were small compared with responses obtained for the combined sexes (total catch), but the results were inconsistent over the four seasons of trapping. The seasons with most data (1975–1976 and 1981–1982) gave reasonably consistent results. Seasonal differences, although significant, were small enough to neglect for the purpose of standardizing trap catches. Time-of-day effects were also unimportant, except that males tended to be less active than females during the early morning (dawn-0900 h) and more active than females during the late afternoon (1500 h-dusk). Separate models are presented for standardization of male and female catch rates; the estimates differ from those obtained from total catches, but the differences are small compared to the observed day-to-day variation in catch rates.
Bruchophagus muli sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), a wasp which galls the fruit of lime in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Bouček Z. , Brough E. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBruchophagus muli sp. n. is described and compared to a similar Australian species, B. fellis (Girault). Both wasps attack citrus; B. muli galls the fruit of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) while B. fellis galls the twigs of a number of citrus varieties in Australia, including lemon, orange and grapefruit. B. muli appears to be restricted in distribution to the southern region of Papua New Guinea
Inheritance of the ability of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to feed and breed on yellow split-pea (Pisum sativum)
Authors: Holloway Graham J. , Smith Robert H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSitophilus oryzae (L.) is a pest of stored cereals and, because most populations are unable to survive on yellow split-pea and other legumes, admixture of legume with cereal has been suggested as a control method. However, some geographical strains have been found able to feed and breed on yellow split-pea. The ability is heritable and known to be controlled in one strain by a single recessive, autosomal gene. The inheritance pattern of the ability was investigated in three different geographical strains, two of which could feed and breed on yellow split-pea and one which could not. The genetic mechanism controlling the character in these strains was not a simple recessive allele, but differed between the two pea-breeding strains and was co-dominant with the inability to feed on yellow split-pea inthe non-pea-breeding strain. The results indicate there is considerable between-strain genetic variability for the character, which may render cereal-legume mixture of little value as a control method against S. oryzae.
A device for simultaneously homogenizing numbers of individual small insects for electrophoresis
Authors: Brookes C. P. , Loxdale H. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA simple Perspex and stainless steel device is described suitable for rapid, simultaneous homogenization of numbers (60) of small insects individually for electrophoresis. Since this device significantly decreases the time taken for preparation of samples (commonly a rate-limiting stage in electrophoretic studies), it may be of value to other workers in entomology and insect population genetics.
Accumulated temperatures for predicting the time of emergence in the spring of the cabbage root fly,Delia radicum(L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: Collier Rosemary H. , Finch S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLaboratory experiments showed that 4°C, rather than 6°C as used previously by most authors, was a suitable base temperature for calculating the number of day-degrees C required to predict the time of emergence in the spring ofDelia radicum(L.); 1 February was an appropriate date to start the accumulation, as more than 50% of the pupae had completed diapause by this time and were therefore able to proceed with their development.The time of 50% fly emergence in the spring was estimated more accurately from accumulated day-degrees 6 cm deep in the soil, the average depth of overwintering puparia, than from accumulated air day-degrees calculated from standard meteorological measurements of air temperature. At Wellesbourne, England, approximately 179 ± 8 soil day-degrees above 4°C or 230± 10 air day-degrees above 4°C were required for 50% emergence in the spring. In general, males emerged 25–50 day-degrees above 4°C (4–8 days) before females. A further 60–170 day-degrees above 4°(2–5 weeks) then elapsed before maximum fly activity occurred in new host crops.
Persistent populations of males of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Malawi
Authors: Nyirenda G. K. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRegular catches of males of Spodoptera exempta (Walker) were made in 41 pheromone disc traps scattered throughout Malawi in 1978–82. Each trap had a vial, replaced monthly, containing 2 mg of a 13·3:1 mixture of two sex-pheromone components of the female. Over the five-year period, males were caught every month at a majority of sites throughout the country, suggesting that they came from populations resident in Malawi. Sites at which moths were regularly caught had areas with green grass throughout the year which could have sustained larvae within their vicinity. A few sites at which moths were caught only occasionally had very dry immediate surroundings in the dry season, and it is suggested that moths caught at these sites are primarily migrants from either within or outside Malawi. There was no obvious relationship between site elevation, monthly rainfall and monthly moth catches or whether moths were caught persistently or irregularly. The results strongly suggest that some of the moths captured throughout the year in Malawi developed locally while some originate in other countries such as Mozambique.
Factors affecting infestation by larvae of Phyllophaga spp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Costa Rica
Authors: King A. B. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObservations were made on the behaviour of some Costa Rican species of Phyllophaga. Studies of oviposition and early larval survival under controlled conditions indicated that P. menetriesii (Blanchard) laid most eggs under a ground cover containing grasses and that the presence of living roots in the soil was important to the survival of the young larvae of the two most common species, P. menetriesii and P. vicina (Moser). At Turrialba, Costa Rica, the destruction of young maize plants by larvae of these two species and the consequent reduction in yield were significantly greater in land which was weedy or in close association with stands of old cassava plants, than where weeds had been effectively controlled and cassava was absent. Both plant loss and yields of maize were significantly correlated with larval densities. The best correlations were with numbers of second- and third-instar larvae sampled in July and with the total numbers of third-instar larvae sampled. Regression analyses established that 4·45 seedlings, or approximately 170 kg dry grain/ha, were lost per larva per square metre sampled during the seedling stage in July. An expression to calculate the economic threshold was determined. Significantly more larvae of P. vicina were found in maize growing on ridged than on unridged land, and where applications of lime and phosphate fertilizer had been made to an acid soil. The significance of weed control on infestation is discussed.
The whitefly genus Dialeurolonga (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on citrus, with the redescription of a Malagasian species
Authors: Martin J. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFollowing the emergence of Dialeurolonga simplex Takahashi as a pest of citrus in Mauritius, the species is redescribed and illustrated. A key is presented to the three species of Dialeurolonga known to colonize Citrus species worldwide.
Blood-feeding and resting behaviour in theAnopheles punctulatusDönitz complex (Diptera: Culicidae) from coastal Papua New Guinea
Authors: Charlwood J. D , Dagoro H. , Paru R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSamples of engorged outdoor-resting females of the complex ofAnopheles punctulatusDönitz, primarilyA. farautiLaveran, were obtained from villages in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, in 1981–83 and their blood-meal sources identified. The proportion of the population feeding on man varied considerably from village to village according to the number of animals, particularly pigs, available as alternative hosts. Using a unique host in a mark–release–recapture experiment, the distance flown by engorged females ofA. farautiwas found to be generally less than 50 m. In one village, the gonotrophic age of a subsample of 1523 females ofA. farautiwas obtained and in 503 of these the electrophoretic pattern of the enzyme phosphoglucomutase (PGM) determined. Tests of association were per formed on the data. However, no significant relationship was found between host source, gonotrophic age and allelic type of PGM. Thus, separate subpopulations ofA. farautiwere not identified within this village. The relevance of the results to the epidemiology of malaria is discussed.
Studies of elemental composition as a biological marker in insects. III. Comparison of apterous and alate cereal aphids, especially Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), from oats and wheat, and from oats infected with or free from barley yellow dwarf virus
Authors: Bowden J. , Sherlock P. L. , Digby P. G. N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEnergy dispersive X-ray spectrometry was used to make quantitative determinations of the elemental composition of plasma-ashed apterous and alate individuals of Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). Both morphs of M. dirhodum were reared on wheat grown in potting compost as were the morphs of R. padi but the latter were reared also on oats, free from or infected with barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), grown in potting compost. The data were statistically analysed by various multivariate methods, which demonstrated that alatae of both species were more readily separated by their chemoprints than were apterae. There were also clear differences, again in both species, between the two morphs from wheat and the two from oats; the main discriminant elements for R. padi were Fe, Al and Mn, and for M. dirhodum they were Cl, Ca and Al. Alatae of R. padi from healthy and BYDV-infected oats were clearly differentiated from each other and from their apterae; both groups of apterae could also be separated but not as distinctly as the alatae. The discriminant elements for these separations were Fe, Zn and Mn, and possibly Al. The differences between alates, and between alates and apterae, may reflect fundamental differences in homeostatic and metabolic processes in alate and apterous morphs of R. padi.
A comparison of various traps for Glossina spp. (Glossinidae) and other Diptera
Authors: Flint S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSeveral new traps were designed and tested against Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen in Zimbabwe. The best of the new traps, the F2, was three times as effective as a beta trap and ten times as effective as a biconical trap for G. pallidipes. A white biconical trap was only half as effective as an F2 trap for females of G. m. morsitans. The catch of males of G. m. morsitans was similar in all traps. The F2 trap was up to ten times as effective as a beta trap for Stomoxyinae. Catches doubled when acetone was released at 0·5 or 5·0 g/h near the traps. Catches from traps made of white cloth declined by 90% as the cloth yellowed with exposure but were restored when the cloth was painted white.
Field trials of baits to control populations of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Vale G. A. , Hargrove J. W. , Cockbill G. F. , Phelps R. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn island of 4·5 km2 in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe, was stocked with cattle and infested with Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen in 1979. From February 1980 to April 1981, the tsetse populations, estimated by mark, release and recapture, increased about ten times, to contain about 3000 males of G. m. morsitans and 2000 males of G. pallidipes. From May 1981 to May 1983, six traps, with carbon dioxide and acetone as odour attractants, were used to capture 0·1–0·3% per day of the G. m. morsitans population and 1–4% per day of the G. pallidipes population. Captured flies were retained and killed, or were automatically sterilized with metepa and released. In May 1983, when the populations of G. m. morsitans and G. pallidipes had declined by about 90 and 99%, respectively, the traps were replaced by 20 targets with acetone and 1-octen-3-ol as attractants. The targets were coated with dieldrin or, later, deltamethrin and killed about 2% per day of G. m. morsitans and 5% per day of G. pallidipes. Both populations then declined rapidly, G. pallidipes disappearing in 11 weeks and G. m. morsitans in nine months. Targets offer a cheap, simple and effective means of eliminating isolated populations of tsetse.
Correct name for the species of Chilozela (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) whose caterpillars damage cassava in South America
Authors: Becker Vitor Osmar 
Published: July 2009

AbstractChilozela trapeziana (Sepp) comb. n. is the senior name for the pyralid whose larvae damage cassava leaves in South America, and Botys jatrophalis Walker syn. n. and Phlyctaenodes bifilalis Hampson syn. n. are junior synonyms.
Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) ecological studies in Tanzania
Authors: Tatchell R. J. , Easton E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTicks were regularly collected from cattle along transects in Sukumaland and the Southern Highlands, Tanzania, and from locations near Tabora, Mbeya, Arusha and Dar es Salaam from 1973 to 1976. Marked seasonal variation in abundance occurred in Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann in the Southern Highlands (but not in Sukumaland) and in Amblyomma variegatum (F.) near Tabora. It was possible to detect Theileria parva antibodies in cattle sera from the Southern Highlands only during the season of R. appendiculatus adult abundance. Despite this there was no evidence of enzootic instability of the disease. The results demonstrate that the behaviour and distributions of these and the other species of ticks found are not fixed and constant but vary according to a complicated interplay of factors as yet imperfectly understood, such as climate and vegetation and host density, susceptibility and grazing habits.
Evidence of persistent populations of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (walker) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), in east-central Tanzania
Authors: Merrett P. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThere is a growing body of evidence to suggest that low density populations of Spodoptera exempta (Walker) in the solitary-phase can persist during the dry season in certain localities in eastern Africa. Moths were caught in simple pheromone traps for several months after the estimated dates of emergence of larval outbreaks in central Tanzania in 1980 and from 1982 to 1984. This provided evidence for the occurrence of a shifting population between the Uluguru Mountains and the swampy coastal areas, in east-central Tanzania, for a large part of the year. Central Tanzania is an important area for the development of the first outbreaks of the season in eastern Africa and for any control strategy. It has been suggested that S. exempta fits the criteria for an r-selected species. However, the low migratory capacity of low-density populations indicates rather that the species spreads out its risks in space and time. A theoretical genetic mechanism controlling the distance flown by moths may enable the species to exhibit both migratory and non-migratory strategies. Thus both ephemeral and continously favourable habitats may be exploited.