bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of the Skid Resistance of Recycled Hot Mix Asphalt Mixture
Authors: Jitsangiam Peerapong , Nusit Korakod , Chidburee Polpreecha , Subsomboon Kumpon , Tanratanawong Sirichai , Innu Sungplon , Sedthayutthaphong Nathanyawat 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Typically, the skid resistance of pavement surfaces is used to indicate road safety levels. The initial value and long-term behavior of skid resistance can be reportedly determined by modulating asphalt mixture properties during their mix design process. In this study, a skid-resistance prediction equation for recycled asphalt concrete was formulated based on ANOVA test results. An accelerated polishing device was used to replicate the abrasion encountered by road surfaces owing to vehicle–tire interactions for characterizing the skid resistance of recycled asphalt concrete. Notably, key parameters, including initial and terminal values and reduction rate of skid resistance induced by vehicle-related abrasion, were determined. These findings suggest that the initial values and reduction rate of skid resistance can be estimated from the mixed binder properties and initial MTD value. However, the final/terminal skid resistance predicted using aggregate gradations has a limited degree of confidence. To further improve the accuracy of the prediction equation, additional data collection and validation tests are required. In addition, field tests using recycled asphalt concrete are necessary to refine the accuracy and precision of the prediction equations for practical road construction scenarios. This study represents a significant step toward the development of safe and effective road infrastructure.
Centrifuge model test study on consolidation characteristics of soft soil base with drainage pile in highway widening
Authors: Yao X , Chen T , Zhang G 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In recent years, the widening of existing highways has emerged as a prominent focal point in highway construction. However, uneven settlement often occurs when highways are widened, which sometimes leads to the cracking of pavements, particularly, on a soft soil foundation. Drainage piles have been used to strengthen soft soils by reducing settlement and accelerating drainage consolidation. However, the drainage effect on the consolidation characteristics of drainage piles is still unclear. In this paper, a series of centrifuge model tests were conducted to study the consolidation characteristics of soft soil fixed with drainage piles in highway widening. The test results show that an obvious settlement exists in the old embankment shoulder, whereas a smaller settlement occur near the embankment axis and below the toe of the new embankment. In comparison with the ordinary pile and drainage board, the drainage piles hasten the settlement process of the soil foundation, indicating that drainage piles can significantly accelerate the consolidation of the soft soil foundation.
Evaluating different geogrid products for modulus improvement with bender element sensor technology
Authors: Wang H , Kang M , Kim Y , Qamhia I , Tutumluer E , Shoup H 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Geogrids extend pavement lifespans by stiffening the unbound aggregate base/subbase through geogrid-aggregate interlocking and restraining of the lateral movements of aggregates. Different geogrids may provide different mechanisms of stabilization based on aggregate size and shape distributions, geogrid properties, and the stabilization mechanism. This study proposed the experimental results of evaluating five different geogrid products: three extruded, one woven, and one welded, with different physical properties tested using a dense graded crushed limestone base course aggregate material. The direct and quantitative stiffness measurements were performed using shear wave transducers (bender elements (BEs)). Small strain shear modulus was measured using three BE sensor pairs instrumented on 300 mm height and 150 mm diameter cylindrical specimens with geogrids installed at specimen midheight. The aggregate material was used based on its as-received gradation. Geogrid-stabilized and unstabilized control tests were conducted in repeated triaxial loading at the 15 stress states following the AASHTO T 307 resilient modulus test protocol. Although the resilient modulus tests could not differentiate the effects of geogrid stabilized specimens, local measurements of small strain shear modulus using the BE sensor pairs demonstrated certain increases in shear moduli owing to the incorporation geogrids. Thus, BE sensor technology was demonstrated as an effective tool for quantifying stiffening/stabilization of different geogrids through increased small strain shear modulus.
Seismic response of tripod suction bucket foundation for offshore wind turbine considering multidirectional earthquake loads
Authors: Wang Yikang , Liang Fayun , Zhang Hao , Yuan Zhouchi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Tripod suction buckets offer several advantages as offshore wind turbine (OWT) foundations, including cost-effective installation, high stability, and resistance to overturning. In seismically active regions, OWTs experience horizontal and vertical directions seismic excitations. This study employed an advanced three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis to investigate the influence of vertical seismic motions on the dynamic behavior of tripod bucket foundations installed in nonhomogeneous clay deposits. By adopting a simple kinematic hardening model to capture the foundation-soil nonlinear dynamic interaction, parametric analyses were conducted to study the effect of vertical seismic motions, considering several earthquake types and undrained shear strengths of the clay deposit. The results show that the influence of the vertical seismic motion on the dynamic response and deformation of the nacelle depends on the dominant frequency of the vertical seismic motion and the overturning resistance capacity of the OWT in different horizontal directions. The deformation mechanisms of an OWT vary with the strengths of the clay deposits. Based on these analyses, this study offers insights into the influence of vertical seismic motions on the dynamic response of tripod suction bucket foundations.
Augmented dataset for multidimensional ballast segmentation and evaluation
Authors: Ding K , Luo J , Huang H , Hart J M , Qamhia I I A , Tutumluer E 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Ballast plays an important role as a railway track supporting structure against repeated loading. Ballast degradation results in poor drainage, lateral instability, excessive settlement, service interruptions, and safety concerns. Therefore, utilizing efficient methods for evaluating ballast fouling is important to ensure safe railroad operations. Emerging computer vision approaches have been effectively incorporated into the ballast inspection processes to enhance their accuracy and robustness. Owing to the inherent data-driven nature of deep learning approaches, the efficacy of the developed model heavily depends on the quality of the training dataset, revealing an urgent need for a comprehensive and high-quality annotated ballast aggregate dataset. In this study, a multidimensional ballast aggregate dataset has been established which contains realistic data collected from field and laboratory setups, augmented by data produced by a synthetic ballast particle generator. In the dataset, the 2D data comprised ballast images with 2D annotations (masks) for localizing the particles in the images. The 3D data comprises height maps, point clouds, and 3D annotations for particle localization. The collected data included various environmental lighting levels and fouling conditions to ensure adequate coverage and diversity in the training dataset. A 2D ballast particle segmentation model previously developed by the authors was trained using an augmented dataset and demonstrated reliable and accurate results in field ballast inspections. The proposed dataset will be utilized in future studies, including 3D ballast particle segmentation and shape completion, to aid in the inspection and investigative methods for effective ballast maintenance.
Investigating the influence of excitation force on compaction behavior of gravel in granular blends through DEM simulation
Authors: Ismail A S , Nie Z , Ahmad A , Ali S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
During the construction of subgrades, the compaction of granular blends is typically achieved through vibrational techniques at varying the frequencies and excitation forces. This study investigates the impact of excitation forces, within the range of 300-600 kPa, on subgrade compaction by employing the discrete element method (DEM). Calibration tests were conducted to establish the contact parameters for the DEM models, and their reliability was verified via vibration compaction tests. The research further explores the evolution of settlement, particle motion, and contact interactions at both macroscopic and mesoscopic levels as influenced by the excitation forces. Furthermore, the influence of excitation force on the stability of skeleton frameworks was analyzed. The results indicated that the number of contacts in the final state increased consistently with the excitation force, leading to a more uniform distribution. This change contributes to a time-dependent stability within the skeleton framework, which effectively limits the movement of fine particles in the final stages and diminishes the sliding between the coarse particles. Conversely, in the initial phases, a rise in excitation force increases the stress concentration between the contacts, which increases the sliding damage to the skeleton frameworks and leads to greater compaction deformation.
Probabilistic model for predicting fire casualties in an urban traffic tunnel
Authors: Zhu R , Zhang D M , Huang Z K 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Fire accidents could result in severe casualties in an urban traffic tunnel due to the concentration of users and narrow space. However, fire casualties could not be easily predicted due to the complicated evacuation environment and uncertainty in personnel distribution. This paper proposes a probabilistic model to predict the fire casualties in an urban traffic tunnel with only natural ventilation, considering the effects of the thermal and carbon monoxide distribution, in addition to the arrangement of various vehicles. First, the general framework of the probabilistic model was put forward and the methods to analyze the fire scenario, evacuation process, casualty criteria, and probability curve were introduced in details. Then, a case study based on a three-lane traffic tunnel was conducted, and the effects of maximum heat release rate on probabilistic curve of fire casualties were discussed. The results showed that the fire casualty increased with the maximum heat release rate. Besides this, when the distance between fire source and evacuation exit was reduced to 150 m, the impact of maximum heat release rate would decrease significantly. This study made notable contributions toward evaluating the personnel loss in tunnel fire and laid a foundation for assessing and improving the resilience of tunnel.
Sensitivity analysis on GPR A-scan data for cavity detection based on area estimation approach
Authors: Kim J. , Nam B.H , Youn H 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study aims to determine the optimal range of A-scan data that enables the detection of cavities in reinforced concrete structures using ground-penetrating radar (GPR). GPR is commonly used as a nondestructive testing method for detecting cavities. However, the identification of cavities using B-scan data is challenging when the cavities are obscured by highly reflective objects such as reinforcements. To address this issue, the B-scan data can be substituted with the A-scan data by adopting an area estimation approach. However, this approach requires the determination of the location and range of the A-scan data. In this study, we analyzed GPR A-scan data obtained from a large-scale concrete block with cavities adjacent to a complex reinforcement layout. The location and range were varied to investigate their effects on the accuracy of object detection using the area estimation approach, and an appropriate range was suggested.
Design and application of a new type of hierarchical control device
Authors: Kang X , Xie X 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
To realize coupling between the yielding and partition failure processes, a new hierarchical control device was designed. The new stage control device comprised an internal and external two-stage structure similar to “piston + sleeve.” Under the action of the surrounding rock pressure, primary yielding occurred first, and the cone slid along the inner wall of the yielding sleeve. With an increase in the surrounding rock pressure, secondary yielding occurred, and the tray slid along the outer wall of the yielding sleeve. The device had a simple mechanical structure and exhibited reliable mechanical properties. It had a convenient and rapid installation process, and the load-displacement curve was obtained by laboratory tensile tests. Mechanical test results showed that the device exhibited a clear function of graded pressure yielding, which was consistent with the designed sectional control curve. The results show that the new hierarchical control device exhibited a good control effect on the surrounding rock and is helpful for TBM in realizing fast driving.
Strategy and analysis of the deformation of subway tunnel caused by pre-dewatering under water-rich sand
Authors: Wang L , Liang F , Wang R , Li J , Lei D 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Pre-dewatering is an essential step in deep foundation pits with water-rich sand, and its impact on the surrounding environment has attracted increasing attention. To study the impact of pre-dewatering on the tunnel, we selected a typical foundation pit project in Shanghai to conduct in situ pre-dewatering tests and comprehensively record the soil stress, horizontal displacement, and tunnel deformation around the foundation pit during pre-dewatering. The data showed a strong correlation between the displacement and stress changes in the surrounding soil and the locations of the pre-dewatered soil layers. Based on the changes in the water-earth pressure and displacement, the deformation mechanism of the adjacent subway tunnel caused by pre-dewatering before foundation pit excavation was analyzed. Combined with existing research results, strategies such as increasing the stiffness of the ground wall, improving the anti-deformation ability of the soil in the passive area, and on-demand dewatering were proposed, and the findings can be used as reference for similar projects.
Experimental Study on the Self-Initiated Static-Dynamic State Transition Mechanism of Strain Rockburst
Authors: Qian Yuan , Zhao Cheng , Xing Jinquan , Sun Zeyuan , Luo Yinfeng , Zhang Boyi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
During the entire processes of rockburst catastrophe, the self-initiated static-dynamic state transition behaviour is a turning point in the development of strain rockburst from static deformation to dynamic failure. However, its dynamic process and triggering mechanism have not yet received sufficient attention and accurate revelation. This study focuses on the scientific issue, by designing experiment we have successfully achieved the physical simulation of rockburst under quasi-static displacement loading conditions. Then, the static-dynamic state transition process was studied on a millisecond time scale, and rockburst triggering mechanism was investigated from mechanical perspectives. Through experiment, the self-initiated elastic rebound dynamic behaviour of the surrounding rock is discovered and identified as the key to triggering rockburst. Mechanically, this behaviour directly causes an impact load on the burst rock, which can be considered the direct cause of rockburst.
Centrifuge model test of the influence of tunnel excavation with different spacings on existing tunnels
Authors: Chen-jie LI , Bo LI , Cong-an LI , Zhi-peng WANG 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The continuous development and utilization of underground space has led to an increasing number of short-distance constructions between new and existing tunnels. New tunnel construction affects the surrounding strata and destroys the structure and operation of the adjacent existing tunnel. Therefore, investigating the influence of new tunnels on the deformation of existing tunnels is crucial. Four centrifugal model tests simulating tunnel excavation processes were conducted to study the influence of tunnel excavation with different spacings on existing tunnels. Liquid was drained one section at a time to simulate the formation loss ratio produced by tunnel excavation and unloading during centrifuge operation, which eliminated the error caused by centrifuge shutdown–restart. Test results indicated that new tunnel excavation led to uneven settlement of the existing tunnel, and the settlement of the existing tunnel was greater than that of the two sides. Under the same burying condition of the new tunnel, the smaller the net distance between the new and existing tunnels, the greater the influence on the vertical and horizontal displacement of the existing tunnel, and the smaller the settlement of the ground surface. New tunnel excavation caused tensile stress near the excavation surface of the existing tunnel. A smaller clear distance resulted in a higher tensile stress. The centrifugal model tests provide technical support for tunnel construction and underground space development.
Bidirectional and nested model for numerical simulation and machine learning: a case study of long-term settlement prediction of tunnel
Authors: Guo X Y , Zhang D M , Chen X S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Numerical simulation and machine learning are commonly adopted research methods in engineering. This paper proposes a bidirectional and nested model for numerical simulation and machine learning (BNNM). This model permits numerical simulation methods and machine learning methods to participate in each other’s calculation process. It helps overcome the obstruction of unclear mechanisms and inaccurate parameters in numerical simulation methods, and avoid overfitting problem caused by too many features in machine learning methods. Moreover, BNNM frees machine learning methods from the dependence on a specific set of labels. The BNNM helps train machine learning models using obtainable labels, and output results that cannot be easily obtained using field, experiment, and numerical simulations. To illustrate its construction method and performance, a representative BNNM model is constructed using BPNN, in addition to a simple numerical simulation model. This model predicts the long-term settlement of shield tunnel. The results show that the representative model effectively reduces the modelling difficulty associated with numerical simulation and improves prediction accuracy of BPNN model. The model also derives long-term constitutive models of various soils with only the tunnel settlement data set. Although a simplified constitutive model was used, the main advantages of the BNNM model have been highlighted.
A displacement-based method for evaluating the stability of a pile-stabilized slope
Authors: Yu Yang , Lu Pin , Shi Bo , Sun Hongyue 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study proposes a theoretical model for evaluating the safety factor of a pile-stabilized slope using the monitored displacement of the sliding layer. The stabilizing force provided by the piles was determined using the subgrade reaction method, with the monitored displacement of the sliding layer as the primary input parameter. The sliding layer of the slope was considered as a rigid body sliding along the slip surface, assumed to be viscous-perfectly plastic with a Mohr–Coulomb failure condition. Based on the proposed model, the real-time safety factor of the slope could be determined using the limit equilibrium method based on the monitored displacement of the sliding layer. The model was applied to the Hongyan landslide to demonstrate its effectiveness. The results indicated that the model could reasonably predict the safety factor, offering practical convenience for engineers.
Deriving an unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function based on ergun equation
Authors: Gong Yufeng , Qian Yu 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a widely-used numerical technique for simulating flow phenomena, particularly unsaturated flow, which involves two-phase flow. This type of flow can be effectively modeled using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. The key to accurately depicting unsaturated flow is the unsaturated hydraulic function (K-function), which connects flow velocity to the hydraulic gradient. However, employing the VOF method alongside the commonly used Ergun equation for modeling porous media can result in an unrealistic K-function. This, in turn, often leads to unrepresentative models of unsaturated flow. This study focuses on determining the equivalent particle diameter, an essential factor in the Ergun equation, and uses this to derive an improved K-function. The modified K-function exhibits promising results, closely matching experimental data and outperforming other empirical methods. This improved function could enhance the description and simulation of unsaturated flows.
Estimation of landslide during heavy rainfall based on FEM-MPM model
Authors: Li X , Ishikawa a T , Zhu Y 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In 2016, Typhoon No. 10 landed on Hokkaido, Japan and resulted in slope failures near Nissho Pass. The massive precipitation generated serious runoff within the catchment area, which accounted for the slope instability. Besides, the rainfall induced slope instability developed as landslide. However, the traditional slope instability analyses were often finished ignoring the transportation of instable soil. This study conducted soil runout analysis as well as slope instability analysis with a finite element method-material point method (FEM-MPM) model to catch the disaster area. In the slope instability analysis using three-dimensional (3D) FEM model, runoff and infiltration were considered at the same time to evaluate the slope instability during heavy rainfall. Here, the surface flow and subsurface flow were governed by shallow water equation, Richards’s equation and Green-Ampt infiltration capacity model. Then, based on the hydraulic field result, local factor of safety (LFS) distribution and dangerous spots were given by FEM model. Subsequently in the soil runout analysis using two-dimensional (2D) and 3D MPM model, large deformation part after failure and the soil transportation were examined to reveal the amount of soil that is risky to be washed away during heavy rainfall. The simulation results proved the appropriateness of this simulation method to reproduce the slope instability and landslide process during heavy rainfall.