bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural analysis of partially covalent lanthanide and actinide bismuthides with phase‐transition pressures below 14 GPa
Authors: Bhardwaj Purvee , Singh Sadhna 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn the present article, we have investigated the high‐pressure structural phase transition of lanthanide and actinide bismuthides (LaBi, CeBi, PrBi, CmBi, PuBi and UBi). A modified interaction potential model (MIPM) (including the covalency effect) has been developed. Phase‐transition pressures are associated with a sudden collapse in volume. At compressed volumes, these compounds are found either in tetragonal or CsCl phase. The phase‐transition pressures and associated volume collapses obtained from present potential model show a generally good agreement with available experimental data from others. The elastic constants and their pressure derivatives are also reported. Moreover, the thermodynamical properties have also been obtained successfully. Our results are in general in good agreement with experimental and theoretical data where available, and provide predictions where they are unavailable.
Under a cloud of suspicion: trust, distrust, and their interactive effect in interorganizational contracting
Authors: Connelly Brian L. , Miller Toyah , Devers Cynthia E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAlthough considerable research has examined the role of trust in interorganizational relationship (IOR) contracting, scholars have devoted less attention to how trust and distrust jointly influence this process. We propose and test a model wherein trust, based on partner reliability, is constrained to the IOR exchange context where it develops and does not generalize to other contexts. Distrust, rooted in value incongruence, more readily generalizes across exchange contexts. Results support these predictions. In addition, our analysis shows that trust and distrust combine such that managers decrease their preferences for highly specific focal‐context contracts only when in‐context trust is high and distrust is low. We discuss how these findings may provide a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between trust‐based and contract‐based IOR governance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fatigue Strength of Conventionally Cast Tool Steels and its Dependence of Carbide Microstructure
Authors: Randelius Mats , Sandström Rolf , Melander Arne 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe axial fatigue strength at two million cycles was experimentally determined for two conventionally cast tool steels and successfully compared with results from a fatigue limit model. Specimens were tested both in the rolling and transverse direction and showed large differences in fatigue properties due to the segregated carbide microstructure. Rolling direction specimens experienced higher fatigue strength than the transverse direction specimens. This is due to smaller carbides present in the load affected cross section of the rolling direction fatigue test bars compared to the cross section of the transverse direction fatigue test bars. Fractographic analysis of failed specimens showed that large carbides had caused fatigue failure, which was also predicted by the model. Measured size distributions of carbides and inclusions were used as input data in the model. The probability that at least one particle will be present in the material volume having a size larger than the threshold value for crack propagation was calculated.
Is There Still a Role for Preoperative 12‐Lead Electrocardiography?
Authors: Payne Christopher J. , Payne Alexander R. , Gibson Simon C. , Jardine Alan G. , Berry Colin , Kingsmore David B. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundTwelve‐lead electrocardiography is a standard preoperative investigation for patients undergoing major surgery. There is uncertainty and debate over the usefulness of this test for stratifying postoperative cardiac risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between an abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG) and the postoperative cardiac event rate.MethodsA prospective single‐center observational cohort study in patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery was performed. ECGs were analyzed at the end of the study by a cardiologist and a clinician blinded to the clinical outcomes. The primary endpoints were a major adverse cardiac event (MACE), defined as nonfatal myocardial infarction or cardiac death, and perioperative mortality.ResultsA total of 345 patients were included, who had undergone aortic surgery 25.8%, lower limb bypass 29.0%, amputation 25.2%, or laparotomy 20.0%. An abnormal ECG was present in 141 (40.9%) patients. MACE occurred in 46 (13.3%) cases. Patients with an abnormal ECG had a significantly higher incidence of MACE (21.6 vs. 8.3%, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that left ventricular strain and a prolonged QTc interval (>440 ms) were independent predictors of postoperative adverse events. Among patients with no prior history of ischemic heart disease, those with an abnormal ECG had a higher MACE rate (20.3%) than those patients with a normal ECG (8.6%) (P = 0.01).ConclusionPreoperative electrocardiography is a useful screening test for predicting perioperative cardiac events. Patients with an abnormal ECG but without a prior history of heart disease are a high‐risk group potentially amenable to intervention and risk reduction.
Genetic population structure of the paper waspPolistes olivaceus(Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Bangladesh
Authors: Uddin Md. Mesbah , Tsuchida Koji 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDispersal triggers gene flow, which in turn strongly affects the ensuing genetic population structure of a species. Using nuclear microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), we estimated the genetic population structure of the waspPolistes olivaceusthroughout Bangladesh. The level of population differentiation using nuclear markers (FST) appeared to be much lower than that estimated using mtDNA haplotype sequences (ФST), even after correcting for effective population size differences between the two markers. These results suggest a philopatric tendency, in which gynes disperse less than males. We observed no isolation by distance among the study populations at either the nuclear or mtDNA level, suggesting nonequilibrium between gene flow and drift as a result of very frequent interpopulation movement. For the nuclear markers, an individual assignment test showed no genetically and geographically distinct groups. Instead, phylogenetic analyses as well as a minimum spanning network using mtDNA haplotypes consistently revealed two distinct lineages. The distribution of haplotypes indicated western populations with a single lineage and offered clear evidence for restricted gene flow across the Jamuna–Padma–Upper Meghna river system. Mismatch distributions exhibited a unimodal distribution, which along with a starlike haplotype network, suggested a population expansion in lineage I but not in lineage II. Overall, these results suggest that gene flow among populations ofP. olivaceuswas affected by both female philopatry and a major river system across Bangladesh.
Segmental Limb Volume Change as a Predictor of the Onset of Lymphedema in Women With Early Breast Cancer
Authors: Stout Nicole L. , Pfalzer Lucinda A. , Levy Ellen , McGarvey Charles , Springer Barbara , Gerber Lynn H. , Soballe Peter 
Published: October 2011

ObjectiveTo demonstrate that segmental changes along the upper extremity occur before the onset of breast cancer–related lymphedema (BCRL). These changes may be subclinical in nature and may be predictive of the onset of chronic lymphedema.DesignA retrospective subset analysis of a larger prospective cohort trial.Patient CohortA total of 196 patients provided consent and were enrolled in the prospective study. Subclinical lymphedema developed in 46 of these patients. Limb volume data were available for 45 of these 46 patients from visits before the onset of lymphedema and were used in this analysis. We compared this group with an age‐matched control group without BCRL from the same cohort (n = 45).SettingMilitary hospital outpatient breast care center.MethodsWomen were enrolled and assessed preoperatively. Baseline measures of limb volume were obtained with the use of optoelectronic perometry, and reassessment was conducted at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postoperatively. BCRL was identified in 46 of 196 women at an average of 6.9 months postoperatively. A retrospective analysis was conducted in which we examined volume changes over four 10‐cm segments of the limb at the visits before the onset of BCRL. By using repeated‐measures multivariate analysis of variance, we compared segmental volumes between groups at preoperative baseline, time of diagnosis of BCRL, and time of follow‐up after early intervention. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine the strength of the relationship between total limb volume change with segmental volumes at the time of diagnosis of BCRL.Main Outcome MeasurementsWe hypothesized that segmental volume changes occur and can be measured in the limb before the onset of lymphedema.ResultsAt arm segments 10‐20 cm (P = .044) and 20‐30 cm (P <.001), a significant volume increase was noted before the diagnosis of subclinical BCRL. Segmental volume changes correlated to the total limb volume (TLV) change. At segments 20‐30 cm, the coefficient of determination was r2 = 0.952, and at 10‐20 cm it was r2 = 0.845, suggesting that these segments predicted TLV changes.ConclusionSerial interval assessment of limb volume segments may be an important clinical tool to detect early‐onset lymphedema before TLV changes.
Turbulent boundary layers over permeable walls: scaling and near-wall structure
Authors: Manes C. , Poggi D. , Ridolfi L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper presents an experimental study devoted to investigating the effects of permeability on wall turbulence. Velocity measurements were performed by means of laser Doppler anemometry in open channel flows over walls characterized by a wide range of permeability. Previous studies proposed that the von Kármán coefficient associated with mean velocity profiles over permeable walls is significantly lower than the standard values reported for flows over smooth and rough walls. Furthermore, it was observed that turbulent flows over permeable walls do not fully respect the widely accepted paradigm of outer-layer similarity. Our data suggest that both anomalies can be explained as an effect of poor inner–outer scale separation if the depth of shear penetration within the permeable wall is considered as the representative length scale of the inner layer. We observed that with increasing permeability, the near-wall structure progressively evolves towards a more organized state until it reaches the condition of a perturbed mixing layer where the shear instability of the inflectional mean velocity profile dictates the scale of the dominant eddies. In our experiments such shear instability eddies were detected only over the wall with the highest permeability. In contrast attached eddies were present over all the other wall conditions. On the basis of these findings, we argue that the near-wall structure of turbulent flows over permeable walls is regulated by a competing mechanism between attached and shear instability eddies. We also argue that the ratio between the shear penetration depth and the boundary layer thickness quantifies the ratio between such eddy scales and, therefore, can be used as a diagnostic parameter to assess which eddy structure dominates the near-wall region for different wall permeability and flow conditions.
Accession 8 Migration and the Proactive and Defensive Engagement of Social Citizenship
Authors: COOK JOANNE , DWYER PETER , WAITE LOUISE 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFollowing the expansion of the European Union in 2004 unprecedented numbers of Accession 8 migrants from Central and Eastern Europe entered the UK. These migrants are often concentrated in particular urban neighbourhoods, which are already routinely home to diverse communities and/or characterised by high levels of social deprivation. Using original data from a study in a northern English city, this paper explores the ways in which established communities experience and make sense of the local impact of new migration within their neighbourhoods. The belief that newly arrived migrants are in competition with established communities for finite local jobs and welfare resources is central to the expressed concerns of established communities about the potential for A8 migration to have a localised negative impact.Utilising Ellison's (2000) theoretical insights, the paper argues that established communities’ concerns, rather than being simply an expression of xenophobic intolerance, have their basis in how the expansion of the EU facilitates opportunities for the ‘proactive engagement’ of citizenship status among A8 migrants, whilst often triggering a more ‘defensive engagement’ among members of local host communities.
Motion Sickness: Comparison of Metoclopramide and Diphenhydramine to Placebo
Authors: Rubio Stephanie , Weichenthal Lori , Andrews Jim 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectives: This is an evaluation of the efficacy of metoclopramide (MTCP) or diphenhydramine (DPH) to relieve symptoms of motion sickness in patients being transported via ambulance in a mountainous setting.Methods: This is a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study of patients transported by ambulance in the Sierra Nevada mountains of Fresno County. Consenting patients who met the inclusion criteria were asked to rate their motion sickness every five minutes using a visual analog scale (VAS) during transport. If motion sickness occurred, they were randomized to receive MTCP (20 mg IV), DPH (50 mg IV), or placebo (normal saline), and remaining symptoms were recorded every five minutes. If signs and symptoms of motion sickness persisted after 15 minutes, a rescue dose of MTCP was offered.Results: Twenty-six patients were enrolled in the study. Twenty-two (84.6%) developed motion sickness and were randomized to MTCP, DPH, or placebo. Eight patients received MTCP, seven received DPH, and seven received placebo. The MTCP group showed a statistically significant decrease in the mean VAS score at 15 minutes compared to the DPH and placebo groups. There was no significant difference in the decrease in VAS score between the placebo and the DPH group. Twelve out of 22 patients requested a rescue dose of MTCP after 15 minutes. At 25 minutes, there was no significant difference in the VAS score between the three groups.Conclusion: During ambulance transport in a mountainous setting, the administration of MTCP is superior to both DPH and placebo in the treatment of motion sickness. Diphenhydramine is not superior to placebo.
Developing the theoretical basis for service user/survivor-led research and equal involvement in research
Authors: Beresford Peter 
Published: October 2011

SummaryAims and methods — This article, written from a service user/survivor perspective, explores a hypothesis which seeks to offer a more systematic basis for the full and equal involvement of mental health service users/survivors in both the research process and research structures more generally. The hypothesis challenges traditional emphasis on positivist assumptions about the priority of values of ‘distance’, ‘neutrality’ and ‘objectivity’ (which it argues discriminate against service users and their experiential knowledge). It explores instead the idea that ‘the shorter the distance between direct experience and its interpretation, then the less likely resulting knowledge is to be inaccurate, unreliable and distorted. Results and conclusions — The proposal discusses ways in which such (objective and subjective) distance may be reduced, to improve the quality of research, to enable more equal involvement of service users and their direct experience and to make it possible for non-service user researchers to work alongside service users on more equal terms.Declaration of Interest: Peter Beresford is Professor of Social Policy at Brunei University and Chair of Shaping Our Lives, the national independent user controlled organisation which receives its core funding from the UK Department of Health. No financial support from pharmaceutical or other commercial companies has been received by the author over the last two years. Funding has been gained from governmental and non-governmenatal funding agencies.
Delusion formation and insight in the context of affective disturbance
Authors: Gibbs Ayana A. , David Anthony S. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryObjective– Delusions and lack of insight have traditionally been viewed as the defining characteristics of insanity and in modern psychiatry continue to be central to the diagnosis of psychosis. Little is known about the mechanisms of delusion formation and much of the research into delusions and lack of insight has been focussed on schizophrenia, in spite of the fact that these symptoms are also prominent in other disorders e.g., affective psychosis. The objective of this paper is to review the literature on existing theories of delusions and insight with reference to the effects of affective disturbance on memory processes.Method– Narrative review supplemented by literature searches using Medline, PsycINFO and EMBASE databases for the period 1980 to present using terms “delusion”, “insight” and “affect”.Results– The role of affect on memory in normal psychology and delusions in psychopathology is being increasingly recognised. We sketch out a theory which gives weight to locating the formation and maintenance of mood congruent and mood incongruent delusional beliefs (and insight into such beliefs) within a model of normal memory processes.Conclusion– We conclude that delusional beliefs may represent false or biased memories of internal or external events modified and strengthened of by affective states. We propose that insight rests on an ability to identify these memories as internally generated or biased. In view of the growing body of knowledge accumulating from the study of memory, emotion and their neuropsychological correlates we would suggest using this as an evidence base for the further neuropsychiatric investigation of delusional beliefs.Declaration of Interest: none.
Is there a continuum of psychotic experiences in the general population?
Authors: Van Os Jim 
Published: October 2011

SummaryAims- Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects 1% of the population. The diagnosis is made according to current diagnostic systems of DSM-1V (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and ICD-10 (World Health Organisation, 1992), on the basis of characteristic ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ symptoms. The traditional model assumes a categorical view of the schizophrenia syndrome and its core symptoms, in which differences between psychotic symptoms and their normal counterparts are considered to be qualitative. An alternative, dimensional approach assumes that schizophrenia is not a discrete illness entity, but that psychotic symptoms differ in quantitative ways from normal experiences and behaviours. This paper reviews evidence for the continuity of psychotic symptoms with normal experiences, focusing on the symptoms of hallucinations and delusions.Methods- A qualitative review of the relevant literature.Results- The literature suggests that although current epidemiological approaches yield substantial evidence for a continuum view, it is rarely interpreted as such.Conclusions- The traditional concept ofschizophrenia as a homogeneous disease entity has become outdated and is in dire need of a more valid and clinically useful successor.Declaration of InterestsSupport has been received in the last two years from the Dutch Research Council, The Dutch Ministry of Health, Maastricht University, The Dutch Brain Society, ZON-MW, The Province of Limburg, The Council of Maastricht, Eli Lilly, Janssen-Cilag, Pfizer, Astra-Zeneca and Bristol Meyer Squibb. None of these funding sources represents a conflict of interest in relation to this article.
Towards a dynamic description of major depression epidemiology
Authors: Patten Scott B. , Lee Robert C. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryAims – The substantial impact of major depression on population health is widely acknowledged. To date, health system responses to this condition have been largely shaped by observational findings. In the future, health policy decisions will benefit from an increasingly integrated and dynamic understanding of the epidemiology of this condition. Policy decisions can also be supported by the development of decision-support tools that can simulate the impact of alternative policy decisions on population health. Markov models are useful both in epidemiological modelling and in decision analysis. Methods – In this project, a Markov model describing major depression epidemiology was developed. The model employed a Markov Tunnel in order to depict the dependence of recovery probabilities on episode duration. Transition probabilities, including incidence, recovery and mortality were estimated from Canadian national survey data. Results – Episode incidence was approximately 3% per year. Recovery rates declined exponentially over time. The model predicted point prevalence at slightly less than 1%, agreeing closely with observed prevalence data. Conclusions – Epidemiological models describing the dynamic relationships between major depression incidence, prevalence, recovery and mortality can help to integrate available epidemiological data. Such models offer an attractive option for support of health policy decisions.Declaration of InterestAcknowledgement: Both authors are Research Fellows with the Institute of Health Economics (www.ihe.ab.ca). This study was supported by an operating grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (www.cihr.ca).
Attitudes toward disabilities and mental illness in work settings: a review
Authors: Mangili Edoardo , Ponteri Marco , Buizza Chiara , Rossi Giuseppe 
Published: October 2011

SummaryAims – The aim of the present work is to analyse employers' and employees' attitudes towards the job integration of people with mental illness or disability and to highlight the socio-demographic and organizational characteristic that are more significantly associated with such attitudes. Method – We performedPsycINFO, AskERIC and Medlinesearches for studies published from 1961 to 2002, with key words such asattitudes, stigma, schizophrenia, mental illness, disability, employers, employees, co-workers and supported employment. Results – Our review of the literature showed that the possibility for people with severe mental illness or disability to enter job market is limited by the discriminating attitudes of employers. The socio-demographic and organizational characteristics, which are more significantly associated with employers' more positive attitudes, are: dimension of the company, previous positive contact with people with disability and employers' high educational level. Conclusions – Such information could be useful to identify and, perhaps, select those companies, which can be predicted as more likely to accept people with mental disorders as part of their work force; they could also be used to train job applicants to improve their social skills. Finally such information could be used to plan specific programs to modify attitudes of employees and employers.Declaration of Interestsin the last two years, the authors have been paid by the IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli in Brescia (Italy), either as employees, or through research assistantships, or as free professionals.