bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The limits of time and transitions: challenges to theories of sequential image comprehension
Authors: Cohn Neil 
Published: April 2010

The juxtaposition of two images often produces the illusory sense of time passing, as found in the visual language used in modern comic books, which creates the sense that this linear sequence presents a succession of moments or temporal units. Author and theorist Scott McCloud took
this view to an extreme, proposing that sequential images are guided by a notion that time space (McCloud 2000), because this temporal passage occurs on a spatial surface. To McCloud, this temporal mapping results in a movement of time with a movement of space. This sense of temporality, then,
is the essence of comics, which is manifested in McCloud's taxonomy of transitions of panel-to-panel relationships (McCloud 1993). While less specific, this same type of essence of connection can be reflected in Groensteen's types of arthrology across a linear sequence or disparate panels
in a broader text (Groensteen 1999).
However, numerous problems arise with McCloud and Groensteen's approaches to graphic narrative. This article will explore how the linearity of reading panels and the iconicity of images create various false assumptions about the conveyance of meaning
across sequential images' depictions of space and time. With numerous examples, it will argue that any linear panel-to-panel analysis (such as McCloud's (1993) panel transitions) or loosely defined principles of connection (such as Groensteen's (1999) arthrology) between sequential images
are inadequate to account for their understanding. The conclusion is that sequential image comprehension must be thought of as the union of conceptual information that is grouped via unconscious hierarchic structures in the mind. As such, the study of the comprehension of the visual language
used in comics must be placed in the cognitive sciences.
Discerning pictures: how we look at and understand images in comics
Authors: Medley Stuart 
Published: April 2010

Scott McCloud (1993) has used a realism continuum to classify comics characters between the points of realism and iconic abstraction. Before him, other theorists (Gropper 1963; Knowlton 1966; Dwyer 1972; Wileman 1993) have used this continuum as a means to judge the communicative and
instructional potential of pictures as they become more distant from the realistic.
At the same time, all comic artists employ at least some level of distillation or abstraction, some removal of realistic detail. This approach can allow for other design aspects to be emphasized in or imposed
upon the comics' panels: such as line, shape, colour, orientation and composition. These attributes in turn accentuate connections or relationships that are less apparent in realistic images.
But what are the psychological mechanisms by which we understand images abstracted away from realism,
and how might knowledge of these help to build an understanding of comics' formal properties and contribute to the theory of comics? This article explores some important faculties of the human visual system, labelled by psychologists as perceptual constancies. Examples from comics are used
to illustrate these faculties put to work by visually literate artists. The mechanics of caricature are also explained in terms of their importance to how the mind remembers images. Caricature, and not realism, is a mechanism for visual memory.
There is a difference in the way images communicate
depending on their realism quotient and this difference is key to the way that comics communicate, whether their artists are aware of this fact or not. Distillation and exaggeration can actually communicate more powerfully to the psyche than the real thing. This article explains why this knowledge
should be central to an understanding of comics.
Cardiovascular risk factors and arterial rigidity are similar in asymptomatic normocalcemic and hypercalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Tordjman Karen M , Yaron Marianna , Izkhakov Elena , Osher Etty , Shenkerman Galina , Marcus-Perlman Yonit , Stern Naftali 
Published: April 2010

ObjectiveIt is still uncertain whether mild primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) carries the same risk for increased cardiovascular (CV) morbidity as the more severe symptomatic form. In recent years, the even more subtle normocalcemic (NC) variant is being increasingly recognized. We sought to compare the prevalence of CV risk factors in patients with NC- and hypercalcemic (HC)-PHPT, and to examine whether they differ on a battery of non-invasive vascular parameters.Design/subjects/methodsA retrospective study of two cohorts of patients with PHPT in a referral center: 32 subjects with NC-PHPT and 81 subjects with HC-PHPT, compared for the presence of clinical and biochemical risk factors, and CV morbidity. Non-invasive parameters of arterial stiffness (augmentation index; pulse wave velocity; and vascular compliance indices, C1 and C2) were extracted from the data of gender- and age-matched subsets of these patients, and were related to those of a group of matched control subjects.ResultsDespite a similar prevalence of hypertension (∼62%), hyperlipidemia (∼30%), and impaired glucose metabolism in both PHPT groups, CV or cerebrovascular disease was more common in the HC-PHPT group (24.7 vs 3.1%,P=0.007). Arterial stiffness parameters did not differ in the three groups, and were unrelated to serum calcium or parathyroid hormone concentration.ConclusionsNC-PHPT and HC-PHPT subjects exhibit similar high rates of traditional CV risk factors, and have comparable indices of arterial stiffness. The lower clinical CV morbidity observed with NC-PHPT remains unexplained, and requires confirmation. Until then, the CV risk associated with NC-PHPT should not be underestimated.
Reconstruction of Severely Atrophic Jaws Using Homografts and Simultaneous Implant Placement: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Viscioni Alessandro , Rigo Leone , Franco Maurizio , Brunelli Giorgio , Avantaggiato Anna , Sollazzo Vincenzo , Carinci Francesco 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn the past decade, several investigators have reported that implants inserted in autografts in the same operation (ie, simultaneously inserted implants [SIIs]) have achieved excellent results. However, no report regarding SIIs placed in fresh frozen bone (FFB) is available. Thus, the authors planned a retrospective study on a series of SIIs placed in homologue FFB (but not immediately loaded) to evaluate their clinical outcome. In addition, a comparison with implants inserted in FFB in a second stage (ie, delayed inserted implants) was performed. Seventeen patients were grafted with FFB, and 48 implants were inserted in the same operation. Implant diameter and length ranged from 3.25 to 4.0 mm and from 10.0 to 15 mm, respectively. Data were compared with 302 implants inserted in FFB in a second operation during the same period in 64 patients. Analyzing SIIs, it was noted that only 3 implants were lost (ie, survival rate [SVR]  =  93.7%), and no differences were detected among the studied variables by using lost implants as a predictor of clinical outcome. On the contrary, by using crestal bone resorption around the implant's neck and specific cutoff values, it was possible to demonstrate that prosthetic restoration (ie, removable overdentures) correlated with a statistically significant lower delta insertion abutment junction (ie, reduced crestal bone loss) and thus with a better clinical outcome. By comparing SIIs with implants inserted in a second stage in FFB, a better outcome for delayed implants was demonstrated. Implants inserted simultaneously with FFB grafts had a high survival and success rate. SIIs inserted in FFB can be considered reliable devices, although a higher marginal bone loss is to be expected when fixed prosthetic restorations are used. Implants inserted in a second surgical stage have a better SVR and success rate than SIIs.
Polypharmacy in Older Adults with Cancer
Authors: Maggiore Ronald J. , Gross Cary P. , Hurria Arti 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Differentiate the multiple definitions of polypharmacy in order to be able to recognize it in your patient population.Discuss the current data available in evaluating polypharmacy specifically in older adults with cancer and incorporate the data in your evaluation of older patients.Summarize the agents or drug classes that may be deemed inappropriate in older adults to avoid prescribing medications for older patients that may lead to adverse drug events.
CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
The definition of “polypharmacy” ranges from the use of a large number of medications; the use of potentially inappropriate medications, which can increase the risk for adverse drug events; medication underuse despite instructions to the contrary; and medication duplication. Older adults are particularly at risk because they often present with several medical conditions requiring pharmacotherapy. Cancer-related therapy adds to this risk in older adults, but few studies have been conducted in this patient population. In this review, we outline the adverse outcomes associated with polypharmacy and present polypharmacy definitions offered by the geriatrics literature. We also examine the strengths and weaknesses of these definitions and explore the relationships among these definitions and what is known about the prevalence and impact of polypharmacy.
On the Political Uses of Folklore: Performance and Grassroots Feminist Activism in India
Authors: Garlough Christine Lynn 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This essay explores the use of street theater by grassroots Indian feminist groups to carve out a public forum and to articulate pressing concerns about rape, inheritance law, and women’s representation in popular and historical texts. Focusing on a situated performance of a play titled "Women in Search of Their History," I consider the ways that the "virangana," an Indian folk heroine type, and the "garba," a women’s folk dance, are appropriated and reinterpreted, becoming topics for rhetorical invention. Critical play with these folk forms provides these women with the means to persuasively articulate a feminist message to diverse audience members.
Electronic Hybridity: The Persistent Processes of the Vernacular Web
Authors: Howard Robert Glenn 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Through the example of a specific blog, this article locates a category of online discourse termed the "vernacular web." Because the definitive trait of the vernacular is its distinction from the institutional, the vernacular web emerges in specific network locations as a communal invocation of alternate authority. Imagining those invocations as located communication processes, the concept of a vernacular web provides the theoretical language necessary for speaking about the complex hybridity that new communication technologies make possible.
Profile of Lipid and Protein Autacoids in Diabetic Vitreous Correlates With the Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Schwartzman Michal Laniado , Iserovich Pavel , Gotlinger Katherine , Bellner Lars , Dunn Michael W. , Sartore Mauro , Grazia Pertile Maria , Leonardi Andrea , Sathe Sonal , Beaton Ann , Trieu Lynn , Sack Robert 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
This study was aimed at obtaining a profile of lipids and proteins with a paracrine function in normal and diabetic vitreous and exploring whether the profile correlates with retinal pathology.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Vitreous was recovered from 47 individuals undergoing vitreoretinal surgery: 16 had nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), 15 had proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 7 had retinal detachments, and 9 had epiretinal membranes. Protein and lipid autacoid profiles were determined by protein arrays and mass spectrometry–based lipidomics.

RESULTS
Vitreous lipids included lipoxygenase (LO)- and cytochrome P450 epoxygenase (CYP)-derived eicosanoids. The most prominent LO-derived eicosanoid was 5-hydroxyeicosate traenoic acid (HETE), which demonstrated a diabetes-specific increase (P = 0.027) with the highest increase in NPDR vitreous. Vitreous also contained CYP-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids; their levels were higher in nondiabetic than diabetic vitreous (P &lt; 0.05). Among inflammatory, angiogenic, and angiostatic cytokines and chemokines, only vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) showed a significant diabetes-specific profile (P &lt; 0.05), although a similar trend was noted for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Soluble VEGF receptors R1 and R2 were detected in all samples with lowest VEGF-R2 levels (P &lt; 0.05) and higher ratio of VEGF to its receptors in NPDR and PDR vitreous.

CONCLUSIONS
This study is the first to demonstrate diabetes-specific changes in vitreous lipid autacoids including arachidonate and docosahexanoate-derived metabolites indicating an increase in inflammatory versus anti-inflammatory lipid mediators that correlated with increased levels of inflammatory and angiogenic proteins, further supporting the notion that inflammation plays a role the pathogenesis of this disease.
Programming of Adiposity in Offspring of Mothers With Type 1 Diabetes at Age 7 Years
Authors: Lindsay Robert S. , Nelson Scott M. , Walker James D. , Greene Stephen A. , Milne Gillian , Sattar Naveed , Pearson Donald W. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
The goals of this study were to examine the influence of maternal type 1 diabetes during pregnancy on offspring adiposity and glucose tolerance at age 7 years and to assess whether metabolic factors at birth (neonatal leptin and insulin) predict adverse outcomes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We examined 100 offspring of mothers with type 1 diabetes (OT1DM) and 45 offspring of control mothers. Mothers had previously been recruited during pregnancy, and, where possible, birth weight, umbilical cord insulin, and leptin were measured. Children were classed as overweight and obese using age-specific reference ranges.

RESULTS
OT1DM had similar height (control, 1.25 ± 0. 06 m; OT1DM, 1.24 ± 0.06 m; P = 0.81) but were heavier (control, 25.5 ± 3.8 kg; OT1DM, 27.1 ± 5.7 kg; P = 0.048) and had an increased BMI (control, 16.4 kg/m2; OT1DM, 17.4 ± 2.6 kg/m2, P = 0.005). Waist circumference (control, 56.0 ± 3.7 cm; OT1DM, 58 ± 6.8 cm; P = 0.02) and sum of skinfolds were increased (control, 37.5 ± 17.0 mm [n = 42]; OT1DM, 46.1 ± 24.2 mm [n = 91]; P = 0.02), and there was a marked increase in the prevalence of overweight and obese children (OT1DM, 22% overweight and 12% obese; control, 0% overweight and 7% obese; χ2 P = 0.001). Glucose tolerance was not different compared with that in control subjects. BMI at age 7 years correlated with cord leptin (OT1DM, r = 0.25; n = 61, P = 0.047), weakly with adjusted birth weight (r = 0.19; P = 0.06) and hematocrit (r = 0.25; n = 50, P = 0.07), but not cord insulin (OT1DM, r = −0.08; P = 0.54).

CONCLUSIONS
OT1DM are at increased risk of overweight and obesity in childhood. This risk appears to relate, in part, to fetal leptin and hematocrit but not insulin.
A randomized clinical trial of two emergency contraceptive pill regimens in a Ugandan population
Authors: BYAMUGISHA JOSAPHAT K. , MIREMBE FLORENCE M. , FAXELID ELISABETH , TUMWESIGYE NAZARIUS M. , GEMZELL‐DANIELSSON KRISTINA 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackground.Recent trials on emergency contraception (EC) have indicated that levonorgestrel (LNG) used alone has fewer side‐effects and is more efficacious than the Yuzpe regimen (high dose combined oral contraceptive pills). However, the experienced side‐effects and acceptability may vary between different groups or societies.Objective.The primary objective of this study was to determine side‐effects and acceptability of two emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) regimens among users in Kampala, Uganda.Study design.Randomized clinical trial.Methods.A total of 337 women were enrolled in a double blind randomized clinical trial. Women requesting ECPs within 72 hours after unprotected sexual intercourse received either LNG or the Yuzpe regimen. The women returned for follow‐up after three days and a follow‐up interview was performed after one year.Results.Levonorgestrel had significantly fewer side‐effects than the Yuzpe regimen (p< 0.001). There was a significant association between having worries about the method and experiencing side‐effects (p< 0.001). Most women (81%) were prime users of EC. The majority would recommend ECP to other clients.Conclusions.Levonorgestrel is a superior option to the Yuzpe regimen and should be promoted as the recommended ECP. Having worries about ECP may influence experience of the side‐effects. Correct information is critical in promotion of ECP use.
Frequent inactivation of hSRBC in ovarian cancers by promoter CpG island hypermethylation
Authors: TONG SEO‐YUN , KI KYUNG‐DO , LEE JONG‐MIN , KANG MIN‐JU , HA TAE‐KYU , CHUNG SEONG‐IN , CHI SUNG‐GIL , LEE SEON‐KYUNG 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjective. To explore the implication of human SRBC gene [serum deprivation response factor‐related gene product that binds to the c‐kinase (hSRBC)] abnormality in ovarian tumorigenesis. Design. Retrospective study. Setting. Medical center. Sample. Twenty‐two epithelial ovarian cancer and six normal ovary tissues. Measures. Mutation and altered expression of hSRBC gene. Methods. hSRBC expression was characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Promoter CG dinucleotide (CpG) site methylation was determined using methylation specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing. Results. Expression of hSRBC transcript was easily detectable in all normal tissues we examined, but 50% (two of four) of cancer cell lines and 41% (nine of 22) of primary carcinomas exhibited undetectable or substantially decreased expression. While genomic deletion or somatic mutations of the gene was not identified, its expression was reactivated in tumor cells by 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine treatment, suggesting epigenetic inactivation of the gene in tumors. Promoter methylation was detected in all nine tumors with low expression but in only one of 13 (7.7%) tumors with normal expression. Bisulfite DNA sequencing analysis of 23 CpG sites within the promoter region revealed that the CpG sites are highly methylated in low‐expressing tumors. In addition, promoter CpG sites methylation status showed a tight association with gene expression level. Conclusion. Our data demonstrate that epigenetic inactivation of hSRBC due to aberrant promoter hypermethylation is a common event and might be implicated in human ovarian tumorigenesis.
Heritabilities and Genetic Correlations for Yield and Quality Traits of Advanced Generations in a Cross of Peanut1
Authors: Chiow Hee Yang , Wynne J. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The potential for selecting favorable early maturing Virginia peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) lines from advanced generations following a cross between an early maturing Spanish (ssp. fastigiata var. vulgaris) and a large fruited Virginia type (ssp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) was evaluated. Variability, broad and narrow-sense heritability and phenotypic and genetic correlations were estimated for the parents and 39 progeny lines in F5 and F6 generation grown over four location-year environments.
Substantial variability among the progenies was observed for yield, seed weight/20 fruits, meat content and protein content while less variability was observed for fruit length, 20-fruit weight, oil content and a maturity index. Heritability estimates obtained from variance component analysis and parent-offspring regression were highest for yield, meat content and protein content; intermediate for fruit length, 20-fruit weight, seed weight/20 fruits; and lowest for oil content and a maturity index.
Genotypic correlations generally were higher than phenotypic correlations. Low phenotypic correlations for the maturity index with yield and yield components suggested the possible recovery of favorable recombinants with early maturity and high yields. Fruit size was highly correlated with seed weight and both were significantly correlated with yield suggesting that selection for large fruit in this population would result in higher yield. Correlations between protein content and yield were low. Oil content was negatively correlated with yield indicating improvement in oil content could result in lower yield. Calculation of the relative efficiency of selection among traits indicated that (a) selection for yield components was not as effective as selection for yield itself, and (b) selection for yield could also increase protein content, several fruit and seed traits but would decrease meat and oil content.
Transgressive segregation was observed for all traits studied. Progeny means for all traits were distributed nearer the spanish parent than the virginia parent. However, a few favorable recombinants with early maturity, high yields and large fruits were observed among the progenies.
In Vitro Culture of Immature Peanut (Arachis spp.) Leaves: Morphogenesis and Plantlet Regeneration1,2
Authors: Pittman R. N. , Banks D. J. , Kirby J. S. , Mitchell E. D. , Richardson P. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Green immature leaflets (2-5 mm in length from shoots of germinated seeds or greenhouse grown plants) from species representing seven taxonomic sections of the genus Arachis (Ambinervosae, Arachis, Caulorhizae, Erectoides, Extranervosae, Rhizomatosae, and Triseminalae), were cultured aseptically, in vitro, on a medium composed of Murashige and Skoog salts, Gamborg's B5 vitamins, 0.8% Difco agar, and supplemented with 1 mg/L each of naphthaleneacetic acid and N-6 benzyladenine. Histological examination of the cultures revealed that the meristematic areas originated from epidermal cells. Embryoids and meristematic shoots developed after lysis of the surrounding cells. All species of Arachis tested produced callus. Genotypic differences for the production of callus, shoots, and roots were observed with cultivated peanuts. Organogenesis occurred in the leaflet cultures, and plants were recovered from sections Arachis and Extranervosae of the genus Arachis.
Seasonal Fluctuation of Peanut Rhizobia in Coastal Plain Soils1
Authors: Mahler R. L. , Wollum A. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This study was undertaken to observe the influence of seasonal fluctuation on native peanut rhizobia populations in Coastal Plain soils in cultivated fields with or without a peanut history, in pasture, and in forest environments. Soil samples were collected from Ap horizons every 30 days during a 16-month period and rhizobia populations were enumerated using a most probable number (MPN) technique with the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as the host for plant infectivity tests.
Cultivated fields with a peanut production history had higher peanut rhizobia populations than cultivated fields without a peanut history, pastures, or forest environments. Seasonal fluctuation was evident in cultivated fields with a peanut history; peanut rhizobia populations were greatest in July whether peanuts or another crop was being grown that year and very low from September to May. Peak peanut rhizobia population reached 10,000 per gram of soil in peanut fields in July. Populations were generally less than 30 per gram of soil in cotton, corn, soybean, clover pasture, and alfalfa hay fields, and less than 10 per gram of soil in orchard and forest environments. Peanut rhizobia always constituted less than 0.01% of the total aerobic bacteria in all fields sampled.