bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behaviour of Thoroughbred foals during nursing
Authors: CARSON KATHERINE , WOOD‐GUSH D. G. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThoroughbred foals were found to nurse in bouts of nursing activity delimited by intervals of non‐nursing activity lasting 27 secs or longer. Nursing activity included nosing, sucking and interval behaviour. During the first week after birth, foals nursed, on average, seven times an hour with a mean bout duration of 147 secs but were not successful at sucking during all nursing bouts. Time spent nursing decreased as the foals grew older until before weaning, at 24 weeks of age, the foals were nursing once an hour with a mean bout duration of 74 secs. The dams hindered their foals' nursing activity in several ways during Weeks 2 and 3 post partum and it was suggested that at this time nursing was painful for the dams.RésuméOn a observé des foals de Pur Sang et constaté qu'ils têtaient par périodes. Ces périodes étaient séparées par des intervalles de repos d'une durée égale ou supérieure à 27 secondes. Durant la première semaine de leur vie, les foals têtaient en moyenne sept fois par heure, chaque période durant en moyenne 147 secondes, mais pouvant n'être qu'une tentative infructueuse. On remarqua qu'en vieillissant, le poulain passait moins de temps à têter; si bien qu'avant le sevrage, vers 24 semaines, les têtées n'avaient lieu qu'à raison d'une, chaque heure, d'une durée d'environ 74 secondes. On constata également que les poulinières réfrénaient de plusieurs manières la propension de leur poulain à têter, dès la seconde et la troisième semaine post partum. Cela fait supposer qu'un excès de têtées est ressenti d'une manière désagréable par les juments.ZusammenfassungVollblutfohlen saugen während Perioden von Säugaktivität, die begrenzt werden durch Intervalle von Nicht‐Säugaktivität (27 Sekunden oder länger dauernd). Die Säugaktivität umschliesst das einleitende Stossen und Schnüffeln und das eigentliche Säugen. Während der ersten Lebenswoche zeigten die Fohlen sieben Mal pro Stunde eine Säugaktivität, im Durchschnitt während 147 Sekunden, aber sie vermochten nicht jedesmal wirklich Milch zu säugen. Mit zunehmendem Alter der Fohlen nahm die Zeit der Säugaktivität ab und vor dem absetzen — im Alter von 24 Wochen — säugten die Fohlen nur noch einmal pro Stunde während durchschnittlich 74 Sekunden.Die Mutterstuten behinderten das Säugen der Fohlen Während der 2. und der 3. Woche nach der Geburt auf mannigfache Weise; es wird vermutet, dass die Säugaktivität der Fohlen zu dieser Zeit der Stute Schmerzen bereitet.
Prognosis in equine colic: A study of individual variables used in case assessment
Authors: PARRY B. W. , ANDERSON G. A. , GAY C. C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe individual merit of the use of 43 variables to assess the prognosis of equine colic cases was examined. The following variables revealed highly significant (P<0.001) differences between cases which survived and those which died: blood pressure; heart rate; oral mucosal capillary refill time; degree of mental depression; venous haemogloblin concentration, haematocrit, erythrocyte count, urea concentration and lactate concentration; peritoneal fluid lactate concentration; and haematocrit/plasma protein and serum protein concentration ratios. Thus, in general, variables which assessed cardiovascular function were good prognostic guides.RésuméOn discute de la validité individuelle de 43 variables utilisées pour asseoir le pronostic des coliques du cheval. Les variables suivantes paraissent avoir une bonne valeur (P<0.001) pour différencier les cas mortels de ceux pouvant survivre: la pression sanguine, le rythme cardiaque, le temps de remplissage des capillaires, de la muqueuse buccale, le degré de dépression psychique, la concentration veineuse en hémoglobine, l'hématocrite, le nombre d'hématies, la concentration en urée sanguine, la concentration en acide lactique (lactates), la concentration du liquide péritonéal en lactates, le rapport entre l'hématocrite et le taux des protéines sériques et plasmatiques. Ainsi, en général, les variables qui permettent d'apprécier la fonction cardio vasculaire ont été de bonne valeur pronostique.ZusammenfassungDie individuelle Zuverlässigkeit von 43 Variablen bei der Prognosestellung in Kolikfällen wurde untersucht. Die folgenden Variablen zeigten hochsignifikante Unterschiede (P<0.001) zwischen überlebenden und eingegangenen Fällen: Blutdruck; Herzfrequenz; Kapillarfüllungszeit der Maulschleimhaut; Grad der Apathie; venöse Haemoglobinkonzentration, Haematokrit, Erythrozytenzahl; Harnstoff‐ und Laktatkonzentration, Laktatkonzentration in Peritonaealflüssigkeit, Verhältnis von Haematokrit zu Plasmaprotein und Serum‐protein konzentration. Demnach erweisen sich diejenigen Variablen als prognostisch wertvoll, die die cardiovaskuläre Funktion zu erfassen erlauben.
Treatment of equine cutaneous neoplasia by radiotherapy using iridium 192 linear sources
Authors: WYN‐JONES G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe treatment of equine cutaneous tumours by conventional or cryosurgical techniques can be limited where the position of the tumour makes radical excision or freezing impractical or dangerous. Radiotherapy provides an effective and practical alternative. The use of iridium pins with guide needles allows accurate positioning of sources and uniform radiation fields to be achieved. The subsequent removal of the pins reduces the period of incapacity and reduces the radiation risk when compared to permanently implanted sources. Twenty‐seven tumours on 26 horses were treated by this method with a 100 per cent success rate after a single irradiation. The technique of implantation is described and the criteria used to select cases and to assess the efficacy of this treatment are discussed.RésuméParfois l'emplacement d'une tumeur est telle que les techniques conventionnelles de traitement ou la cryochirurgie sont impraticables ou dangereuses. La radiothérapie procure une alternative commode et efficace. Les aiguilles d'iridium glissées dans des aiguilles guides sont faciles à mettre en place et fournissent une irradiation uniforme. Leur retrait réduit la durée d'incapacité et diminue le risque d'irradiations. Vingt‐sept tumeurs ont été ainsi traitées sur 26 chevaux avec 100 pour cent de réussite après une seule irradiation. La technique d'implantation est décrite, ainsi que les critères de sélection des cas cliniques et d'appréciation de l'efficacité du traitement.ZusammenfassungDie Behandlungsmöglichkeiten von Hauttumoren des Pferdes durch Konventionell‐chirurgische oder cryo‐chirurgische Techniken können dann eingeschränkt sein, wenn eine radikale Excision oder das Gefrieren nicht durchführbar oder wegen der Lage des Tumors gefährlich wäre. Die Radiotherapie stellt eine wirksame und praktische Alternative dar. Iridium‐Stifte mit Führnadeln erlauben ein exaktes Plazieren der Strahlungsquelle und gewährleisten uniforme Strahlungsfelder. Das Entfernen der Stifte reduziert die Periode der Ruhigstellung und selbstverständlich auch die Strahlungsrisiken, verglichen mit permanenten Implantaten. Sieben und zwanzig Tumoren von 26 Pferden wurden derart behandelt, wobei der Erfolg bei 100 Prozent nach einmaliger Bestrahlung lag. Die Technik der Implantation wird beschrieben; die Kriterien für die Auswahl der Fälle und für die Beurteilung des Behandlungserfolges werden diskutiert.
Experiences in diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in the horse
Authors: McILWRAITH C. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis paper reviews the current status of diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in the horse. Arthroscopy has been used as a diagnostic aid since 1974 and is useful for evaluation of abnormalities in synovial membrane and articular cartilage. Surgical arthroscopy is a more recent advance that has replaced conventional arthrotomy in 90 per cent of the author's cases. Clinical conditions currently being treated using arthroscopic techniques rather than arthrotomy include all chip fractures in the carpus, chip fractures of the first phalanx, chronic proliferative synovitis in the fetlock and osteochondritis dissecans of the femoropatellar and tibiotarsal joints. The equipment requirements and basic techniques are reviewed. Convalescent time following surgery is decreased and the cosmetic appearance improved compared to arthrotomy. Considerable experience is required for competent surgery which, in turn, is necessary for this method to have advantage over previous conventional techniques.
Urolithiasis in the horse — A review of 13 cases
Authors: HOLT P. E. , PEARSON H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe presenting signs, treatment and postoperative progress of 13 horses with vesical and urethral calculi are reviewed. Single, discrete stones were present in 10 animals in which the results of treatment were generally good. In three horses with sabulous cystic deposits, urolithiasis was associated with bladder paralysis and the response to treatment was poor.
Survey of positive results from racecourse antidoping samples received at Racecourse Security Services' Laboratories
Authors: MOSS M. S. , HAYWOOD P. E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA review of positive Jockey Club “dope tests” during the 12 years from 1970 to 1981 inclusive is presented and a comparison made with certain overseas racing authorities for varying periods between 1975 and 1981. Urinary pH of post race urine samples is predominantly acidic (although varying in a significant manner throughout the year) and thus favours excretion of the generally more potent basic drugs. The proportion of positive results was about the same in winners and non‐winners, ie, one in 400 horses sampled. Drugs found fell mainly into four categories: methylxanthines; non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatories; local anaesthetics and anabolic steroids. Evidence indicates that deliberate “doping” is relatively rare. This contrasts with certain overseas authorities where evidence of “doping” is usually much stronger and occurs more frequently (about one in five; one in 50 and one in 240 in the three authorities cited) and where sympathomimetic amines are relatively frequent. Evidence of the deterrent effect of routine testing is presented.
Preferential landing and engorging sites of Culicoides species landing on a horse in Ireland
Authors: TOWNLEY P. , BAKER K. P. , QUINN P. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAn investigation of the landing and engorging sites of midges on a bait horse was made in Ireland as part of a project examining the aetiology of sweet itch. Ten species were recovered, seven of which engorged. Culicoides obsoletus and C dewulfi were the most commonly represented, accounting for 89.9 per cent of midges landing and 90.5 per cent of midges engorging. Only 4.69 per cent of midges attracted to the bait were C pulicaris. Overall, the preferential landing sites for midges were along the mane and lower leg regions. Few culicoides were attracted to the head, front and underside of the animal. Two species, C punctatus and C nubeculosus, fed exclusively at the predilection sites of sweet itch but in very small numbers. C pulicaris fed predominantly at these sites also and represented 5.08 per cent of the engorging catch.Of 10,178 midges attracted to the bait, 4097 (40.3 per cent) engorged; the majority of the species taking full blood meals fed on the mane and lower legs. Midges biting in other areas tended to have smaller meals.Areas along the dorsal midline of the body are predilection sites for sweet itch lesions and are preferential engorging sites also. However, considerable engorgement occurred on the lower legs where sweet itch lesions do not occur.
Three cases of ruptured mitral valve chordae in the horse
Authors: HOLMES J. R. , MILLER P. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe paper describes clinical observations in three horses with ruptured mitral valve chordae. Horses with ruptured mitral valve chordae may have a history of sudden onset of acute distress with predominantly respiratory symptoms. On auscultation there will be a widespread pansystolic murmur with an extension of the area of cardiac auscultation. The third heart sound may be very pronounced and unduly prolonged, associated with high volume flow during early ventricular filling in diastole. However, these sounds are not specific for chordal rupture — they are typical of severe mitral regurgitation. The electrocardiogram may show predominantly backward spatial vectors during ventricular depolarisation. The condition gives rise to left ventricular volume overload and pulmonary hypertension would be expected in horses showing signs of cardiovascular disturbance or those recently affected. Care is necessary during post mortem examination to avoid cutting through the mitral valve before a proper assessment has been made of the chordal insertions.
The acute inflammatory process, arachidonic acid metabolism and the mode of action of anti‐inflammatory drugs
Authors: HIGGINS A. J. , LEES P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryArachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid covalently bound in esterified form in the cell membranes of most body cells. Following irritation or injury, arachidonic acid is released and oxygenated by enzyme systems leading to the formation of an important group of inflammatory mediators, the eicosanoids. It is now recognised that eicosanoid release is fundamental to the inflammatory process. For example, the prostaglandins and other prostanoids, products of the cyclo‐oxygenase enzyme pathway, have potent inflammatory properties and prostaglandin E2is readily detectable in equine acute inflammatory exudates. The administration of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs results in inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and this explains the mode of action of agents such as phenylbutazone and flunixin. Lipoxygenase enzymes metabolise arachidonic acid to a group of non‐cyclised eicosanoids, the leukotrienes, some of which are also important inflammatory mediators. They are probably of particular importance in leucocyte‐mediated aspects of chronic inflammation. Currently available non‐steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, however, do not inhibit lipoxygenase activity. In the light of recent evidence, the inflammatory process is re‐examined and the important emerging roles of both cyclo‐oxygenase and lipoxygenase derived eicosanoids are explored. The mode of action of current and future antiinflammatory drugs offered to the equine clinician can be explained by their interference with arachidonic acid metabolism.
Fibre types, enzyme activities and substrate utilisation in skeletal muscles of horses competing in endurance rides
Authors: ESSÉN‐GUSTAVSSON BIRGITTA , KARLSTRÖM KRISHNA , LINDHOLM A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryVenous blood samples and middle gluteal muscle biopsies were obtained from 21 horses taking part in 100 km or 50 km endurance rides. Group A consisted of seven horses competing over 100 km (four horses completed the ride), Group B consisted of the six horses that were among the 10 best over 50 km while the other eight horses of Group C completed 50 km at a slower speed. Blood lactate, glycerol and creatine kinase increased in all groups while aspartate aminotransferase levels were higher only in Group A. No change was found in blood glucose in Groups B and C while horses in Group A had lower levels after the ride. Neither fibre composition, fibre areas nor enzyme activities differed between the groups. Intramuscular glycogen content was similar before the ride in all groups. After the ride glycogen had decreased only half as much in Group C as compared to Groups A and B. Group C had a higher intramuscular triglyceride content at rest than Group B. The greatest decrease in triglyceride content after the ride was found in Group C. In Groups A and B many Type I, IIA and IIB fibres were glycogen depleted after the ride while in Group C mainly Type I and some Type IIA fibres were depleted. The results of this study show that intramuscular carbohydrate and lipid stores are both important fuels during endurance rides.
Preliminary studies of mammary secretions in the mare to assess foetal readiness for birth
Authors: OUSEY JENNIFER C. , DUDAN FRANCOISE , ROSSDALE P. D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe status of the mare and foetus in relation to readiness for birth was assessed by measurement of the electrolytes sodium, potassium and calcium in mammary secretions pre‐partum.Sixteen Thoroughbred mares were allowed to foal spontaneously and the ionic status of their mammary secretions was measured over three to five weeks pre‐partum. From these measurements, a scoring system was developed where an ionic score of 35 points or more suggested that the mare was within 24 h of foaling. On the basis of this ionic score, 10 pony mares were induced with either oxytocin or fluprostenol and assessment of foal maturity was made by physical, behavioural and physiological criteria.Eight pony mares, induced when the ionic score was 35 points or more, delivered full term foals; two mares were induced when their scores were 30 and 20 points and delivered a full term and slightly immature foal respectively.These results suggest that foetal maturity may be related to electrolyte concentrations in mammary secretions and that an ionic score of 35 points or more may indicate that induction would be successful in terms of maturity of the newborn foal.
Effects of fluprostenol administration in mares during late pregnancy
Authors: OUSEY JENNIFER C. , DUDAN FRANCOISE E. , ROSSDALE P. D. , SILVER MARIAN 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe effectiveness of the prostaglandin F analogue fluprostenol in inducing labour in the mare was examined by giving sequential injections over the last 50 days of gestation. The behavioural and endocrine changes elicited by the drug in pregnant and non‐pregnant animals and in foals were also studied. Fluprostenol (250 or 500 μg intramuscularly) failed to induce labour before 320 days gestation; thereafter its effect was capricious. Twelve mares foaled 1 to 36 h after the last test; eight delivered normal, viable, apparently ‘term’ foals and four produced stillborn/premature animals. Eight of the deliveries (five term and three pre‐term foals) could be ascribed to the action of fluprostenol because they occurred 1 to 6 h after its administration, at a time when spontaneous foaling would have been unlikely. The other four mares foaled between 12 and 36 h after the fluprostenol injection and it is therefore doubtful whether there was a causal relationship between the two events. In the mares which delivered viable foals the pre‐partum milk samples were characteristic of full term samples with respect to calcium, sodium and potassium. Those which delivered premature/stillborn foals had low calcium and a high sodium/potassium ratio in the pre‐partum milk. Behavioural changes (sweating, increased respiration, defaecation etc), which varied in intensity between tests and individuals, were seen in all three groups of animals following the administration of fluprostenol. These changes were accompanied by rises in plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone concentration during the 2 h sampling period, suggesting a centrally mediated response to the drug. In the pregnant mares no significant changes in either uterine or peripheral plasma levels of prostaglandin metabolite were detected following fluprostenol injection, indicating that the analogue did not stimulate endogenous prostaglandin metabolism under these conditions. The present findings show that fluprostenol has inducing properties but its safety and efficacy are questionable and its action requires further evaluation.
Studies on equine prematurity 1: Methodology
Authors: ROSSDALE P. D. , OUSEY JENNIFER C. , DUDAN FRANCOISE E. , LEADON D. P. , CASH R. S. G. , REDDY R. , SILVER MARIAN , FOWDEN ABIGAIL , PIPKIN FIONA BROUGHTON , JEFFCOTT L. B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis paper describes the general management of mares and foals during the perinatal period and the methodology used in a collaborative research project on equine prematurity. Sixteen mares with dated pregnancies delivered 45 foals over three breeding seasons (1981 to 1983). In the majority, parturition was induced with oxytocin and/or fluprostenol; the remainder were allowed to foal spontaneously. Pre‐colostral milk analysis provided a means of assessing the pre‐foaling status of the mare. All were observed and monitored before, during and after parturition and the sampling protocol for both mare and newborn foal is discussed in detail. The foals were assessed for their degree of maturity at birth using behavioural, haematological, acid‐base status and other criteria; they were then assigned to groups for further study and tests.
Studies on equine prematurity 6: Guidelines for assessment of foal maturity
Authors: ROSSDALE P. D. , OUSEY JENNIFER C. , SILVER MARIAN , FOWDEN ABIGAIL 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis paper describes criteria used to assess maturity of the newborn foal and their clinical application to field cases of prematurity and dysmaturity. Premature and mature foals may be clearly distinguished by their behavioural and physical characteristics. Measurement of haematological parameters (mean cell volume, total white cell and differential counts), pancreatic β cell activity (plasma glucose and insulin levels), adrenocortical‐medullary function (plasma cortisol, adrenocorticotrophic hormone and catecholamines) and the renin‐angiotensin system (plasma renin substrate concentrations) were found useful in evaluating the status of the newborn foal. Confirmation of the initial diagnosis can be made by response to various challenge tests eg, glucose tolerance test, short acting synthetic adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH1–24) and frusemide. In the present investigation a small number of individuals appeared to be intermediate in maturity to the other two groups, indicating that a third state of maturity may be identified. The clinical implications of this work suggest that cortisol replacement therapy and administration of long acting synthetic ACTH1–24 may be of benefit.
Developments in management of the newborn foal in respiratory distress 2: Treatment
Authors: WEBB A. I. , COONS T. J. , KOTERBA ANNE M. , KOSCH P. C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryNew developments in therapy for foals in respiratory distress are discussed. Therapy is based on preservation of the foal's life by maintenance of a patent airway, resuscitation with fluids and warmth, provision of humidified oxygen to raise the fractional concentration of inspired oxygen sufficient to avoid hypoxia and provision of ventilatory support when hypercapnia becomes critical. Ventilatory support described includes assisted and controlled ventilation, positive end expiratory pressure, continuous positive airway pressure and intermittent mandatory ventilation. The aims of these techniques are discussed together with their associated indications, disadvantages and complications. Secondary therapy includes coupage, airway hygiene, drug therapy and stress management. Knowledge of equine neonatology is limited in comparison with human neonatology. More information in basic physiology and pharmacology relating to equine neonatology is needed and the efficacy of various modes of therapy must be evaluated.