bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antecedents of Cardiovascular Disease in Six Solomon Islands Societies
Authors: PAGE LOT B. , DAMON ALBERT , MOELLERING ROBERT C. 
Published: June 2012

Cardiovascular risk factors have been analyzed as part of a combined ethnographic, anthropometric, and medical study of 1390 adult subjects in defined populations representing six Solomon Islands Societies. The six societies, all at low levels of acculturation, differed in habitat, way of life, and exposure to Western civilization. Criteria for ranking the societies in respect to acculturation were developed based on demographic changes within defined populations, secular increase in adult height, length and intensity of contact with Western cultural influences, religious belief, education, availability of medical care, economy, and diet. The six tribal groups were ranked by these criteria as follows: (1) Nasioi, (2) Nagovisi, (3) Lau, (4) Baegu, (5) Aita, (6) Kwaio. Physical health and nutrition were good in all six groups, and clinical evidence of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis was absent. Serum cholesterol levels were higher at almost all ages and both sexes in the three more acculturated than in the three less acculturated groups. Serum uric acid levels were lower in the more acculturated than in the less acculturated groups. Among adult males in all groups, systolic blood pressure showed no age-related trend while diastolic blood pressure declined with age in the three less acculturated groups. Among adult females systolic blood pressure increased significantly with age in the three more acculturated groups but showed no age trend in the less acculturated. Weight declined with age in all groups. Analysis of electrocardiograms by the Blackburn method showed striking absence of codable abnormalities in all groups and a lower frequency of most abnormalities associated with coronary disease than in any population previously reported.
The differences in serum cholesterol and uric acid levels, and in intrapopulation trends of blood pressure in relation to age between the more and less acculturated groups were found to correlate best with dietary differences, especially in intake of salt, and of tinned meat and fish. The biologic differences noted may represent the earliest antecedents of cardiovascular disease in these societies.
The Specific Treatment of Syphilitic Aortitis
Authors: KAMPMEIER R. H. , MORGAN HUGH J. 
Published: June 2012

Penicillin has made the specific treatment of cardiovascular syphilis easy to give and easy to take and has all but abolished dangerous treatment reactions. Just as the curative therapy of acute syphilis with penicillin is simple and feasible, so is the prophylactic treatment of cardiovascular syphilis in individuals with latent syphilis and uncomplicated syphilitic aortitis simple and feasible. In spite of the fact that the effectiveness of such treatment has not been conclusively established, the prospects seem bright that the incidence of cardiovascular syphilis will decrease sharply in the immediate future.
Cardiovascular syphilis may be treated, with or without preliminary bismuth and iodide "preparation," by the administration of 4.8 to 6 million units of penicillin in a period of 8 to 10 days. Larger doses and longer periods of treatment have been employed. Experience thus far does not indicate that penicillin therapy of established complications of syphilitic aortitis will be any more successful than was therapy of the pre-penicillin era.
Distalward Modification of the Arterial Pulse Wave in Children with Congenital Aortic Stenosis
Authors: HAWKER RICHARD E. , SEARA CARLOS A. , KROVETZ L. JEROME 
Published: June 2012

In 38 children with congenital aortic stenosis (32 valvar, three subvalvar, and three supravalvar: 28 preoperative, ten postoperative), the left ventricular pressure, left ventricular-to-aortic pressure difference and aortic valve area were compared with several components of the central and peripheral arterial pulse waves. In 23 patients, a catheter-tip manometer was used, and in 15, pressure was measured with a regular manometer system and corrected for artifact by resynthesis of pulse waves after harmonic analysis. The severity of the anomaly was not reflected in the central or peripheral pulse pressure, the first derivative of these pressures, mean aortic pressure, pulse wave velocity, or peripheral amplification of pulse waves or of their individual harmonics.
While in adults with aortic stenosis, the various pulse wave characteristics correlate with severity, the change in the pulse wave as it travels down the aorta in children is so modified by vascular factors as to be worthless in assessing the severity of the obstruction.
Further Observations on the Etiology of the Right Bundle Branch Block Pattern Following Right Ventriculotomy
Authors: KRONGRAD EHUD , HEFLER STEPHEN E. , BOWMAN FREDERICK O. , MALM JAMES R. , HOFFMAN BRIAN F. 
Published: June 2012

Fifteen patients with various congenital heart defects were studied during open heart surgery in order to establish the precise mechanism by which a right ventriculotomy causes a right bundle branch block (RBBB) pattern on the scalar electrocardiogram (ECG). All required a right ventriculotomy for the correction of their defects. In each, the right ventriculotomy was carried out in steps, with incisions (3 to 7) of approximately 1 cm in length. Six simultaneous scalar ECG leads were recorded prior to the first incision and following each incision. The QRS duration was then measured and related to the length of the ventriculotomy.
Following the right ventriculotomy, 12 of the 15 patients developed an RBBB pattern; the remaining three did not. In all cases, the total increase in QRS duration occurred during one specific incision of the right ventricular free wall and was not related to the total length of the ventriculotomy or to the sequence of the incisions. The site at which incision of the right ventricle caused the RBBB pattern was located at between 40 to 73% of the distance between the pulmonary artery annulus and the inferior border of the heart in nine patients; in three patients the site was higher on the right ventricular free wall.
Our results explain why some patients who had a right ventriculotomy during open heart surgery do not develop an RBBB pattern on the scalar ECG. Also, since no relation was found between the length of the incision and the QRS duration, our results suggest that the ventriculotomy-induced RBBB pattern is unlikely to be due to disruption of a continuous Purkinje network but is probably due to disruption of a distal branch or branches of the right bundle.
The Pathogenesis of Malignant Hypertension
Authors: PICKERING G. W. 
Published: June 2012

Whether hypertension follows the benign or the malignant course depends chiefly on the severity of the hypertension. Malignant hypertension may develop in hypertension due to any cause, provided it is sufficiently severe. The evidence for this hypothesis is as follows:
1. The characteristic finding in malignant hypertension during life is albuminuric retinitis (hypertensive neuroretinopathy) which differs from the retinitis of benign hypertension (arteriosclerotic retinitis) in the presence of neuroretinal edema. This neuroretinal edema is due to raised intracranial pressure, which in turn seems to be a consequence of the high level of diastolic arterial pressure.
2. The characteristic finding in malignant hypertension after death is acute arteriolar necrosis, the occurrence of which in the kidneys is chiefly responsible for the rapid renal failure which is so often the cause of death. Evidence from animal experiments suggest that the chief factor determining these arteriolar necroses is the high level of arterial pressure.
3. Albuminuric retinitis, rapid renal failure and acute arteriolar necroses may occur in essential hypertension, acute and chronic nephritis, pyelonephritis, polycystickidney, Cushing's syndrome and toxemia of pregnancy; these conditions may terminate therefore in the malignant phase. Alternatively, the hypertension may be stable, and, provided the underlying disease is stationary, the patient's condition may remain unchanged for many years; the hypertension may thus have the characteristics of the benign type.
4. In patients whose hypertension changes from the benign to the malignant phase, it is usual to find that the arterial pressure is higher in the malignant than in the benign phase.
5. It has been proved tha thypertension can be reversed from the malignant to the benign phase by measures which reduce the arterial pressure.
It would therefore seem correct to speak of the malignant phase of hypertension and to relate this to the underlying malady whether this be essential hypertension, pyelonephritis or the like. The diagnosis of the malignant phase of hypertension carries a single and urgent therapeutic implication, namely, the prompt and persistent lowvering of arterialpressure.
Constraining Wind Stress Products with Sea Surface Height Observations and Implications for Pacific Ocean Sea Level Trend Attribution*
Authors: McGregor Shayne , Gupta Alexander Sen , England Matthew H. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
A number of global surface wind datasets are available that are commonly used to examine climate variability or trends and as boundary conditions for ocean circulation models. However, discrepancies exist among these products. This study uses observed Archiving, Validation, and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic (AVISO) sea surface height anomalies (SSHAs) as a means to help constrain the fidelity of these products in the tropical region. Each wind stress product is used to force a linear shallow water model (SWM) and the resulting hindcast thermocline depth anomalies are converted to SSHAs. The resulting SSHAs are then assessed to see how well they reproduce the dominant EOF modes of observed variability and the regional (global mean removed) sea level trend (1993–2007) in each of the three ocean basins. While the results suggest that all wind datasets reproduce the observed interannual variability with reasonable fidelity, the two SWM hindcasts that produce the observed linear trend with the highest fidelity are those incorporating interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) and Wave- and Anemometer-Based Sea Surface Wind (WASWind) forcing. The role of surface wind forcing (i.e., upper ocean heat content redistribution) versus global mean sea level change (i.e., including the additional contributions of glacier and ice sheet melt along with ocean thermal expansion) on the recent dramatic increase in western equatorial Pacific island sea level is then reassessed. The results suggest that the recent sea level increase cannot be explained solely by wind stress forcing, regardless of the dataset used; rather, the global mean sea level signal is required to fully explain this observed recent abrupt sea level rise and to better explain the sea level variability of the last 50–60 years.
The Role of Turbulent Mixing in an Overturning Circulation Maintained by Surface Buoyancy Forcing
Authors: Stewart Kial D. , Hughes Graham O. , Griffiths Ross W. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The role of externally imposed rates of small-scale mixing in an overturning circulation forced by differential surface buoyancy fluxes is examined in a laboratory experiment. The circulation occupies the full volume and involves a dense turbulent plume against the endwall and a broad upwelling throughout the interior. For strong externally imposed stirring, turbulent diffusion is the primary means of vertical density transport in the flow, and the dependence of the equilibrated circulation on the mixing rate accords with a theoretical model; the overturning rate increases as the ¼ power of the turbulent diffusivity. For weak externally imposed stirring, advection is the dominant mechanism of vertical density transport, and the circulation is independent of the rate of external stirring. The rate of vertical density transport is parameterized as a bulk diffusivity obtained from different methods, including one from a Munk-like advection–diffusion balance and another from the transport of buoyancy across the surface. For strong stirring, the bulk diffusivities returned by the various methods agree with the externally imposed mixing rate. However, the parameterizations implicitly include a nondiffusive component of vertical transport associated with advection of the density field and it is shown that, for weak stirring, the bulk diffusivities exceed the externally imposed mixing rate. For the oceans, results suggest that the primary effect of mixing (with energy sourced from winds, tides, and convection) is to deepen the thermocline, thereby influencing the entrainment and consequent vertical transport of density in the dense sinking regions. It is concluded that this advective transport of density, and not vertical mixing, is crucial for coupling the surface to the abyss.
Fusiform aneurysms of the vertebral artery: A hidden cause of exertional headache?
Authors: Mauri Gerard , Vega Pedro , Murias Eduardo , Vega Juan , Ramón César , Pascual Julio 
Published: June 2012

Background: There is only one reported case of recurrent coital headache related to an unruptured saccular aneurysm of the carotid artery. Case reports: We report on two cases of isolated recurrent coital/exertional headaches ipsilateral to unruptured fusiform aneurysms of the vertebral artery diagnosed by CT angiography. While one case is being managed conservatively, a vertebral stent has been set in the other. Conclusions: CT angiography with full visualisation of intracranial and upper cervical arteries could be used as a screening diagnostic procedure in these cases. Together with saccular aneurysms, fusiform aneurysms should be added to the IHS classification as aetiology for exertional recurrent headaches.
Actinides and radiation effects: impact on the back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle
Authors: Ewing R. C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDuring the past 70 years, more than 2000 metric tonnes of Pu, and substantial quantities of the ‘minor’ actinides such as Np, Am and Cm, have been generated in nuclear reactors. Some of these transuranium elements can be a source of energy in fission reactions (e.g.239Pu), a source of fissile material for nuclear weapons (e.g.239Pu and2Np), and of environmental concern because of their long half-lives and radiotoxicity (e.g.239Pu and237Np). There are two basic strategies for the disposition of these transuranium elements: (1) to ‘burn’ or fission the actinides using nuclear reactors or accelerators; (2) to dispose of the actinides directly as spent nuclear fuel or to ‘sequester’ the actinides in chemically durable, radiation-resistant materials that are also suitable for geological disposal. For the latter strategy, there has been substantial interest in the use of actinide-bearing minerals, especially isometric pyrochlore,A2B2Oi (A =rare earths;B =Ti, Zr, Sn, Hf), for the immobilization of actinides, particularly plutonium, both as inert matrix fuels and nuclear waste forms. Systematic studies of rare-earth pyrochlores have led to the discovery that certain compositions(B =Zr, Hf) are stable to very high doses of α-decay event damage. Recent developments in the understanding of the properties of actinide-bearing solids have opened up new possibilities for the design of advanced nuclear materials that can be used as fuels and waste forms. As an example, the amount of radiation damage that accumulates over time can be controlled by the selection of an appropriate composition for the pyrochlore and a consideration of the thermal environment of disposal. In the case of deep borehole disposal (3—5 km), the natural geothermal gradient may provide enough heat to reduce the amount of accumulated radiation damage by thermal annealing.
Recrystallization of metamict allanite
Authors: Beirau T. , Paulmann C. , Bismayer U. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAllanite is a common accessory mineral in igneous rocks. Allanite becomes metamict over geological time-scales as a result of the α-decay of radioactive elements in the crystal structure. This study focuses on the recrystallization of metamict allanite from Savvushka, Russia. The structural recovery produced by annealing was investigated by X-ray powder diffraction, single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. A kinetic analysis is presented that shows that the recrystallization process proceeds by at least two different mechanisms.
Micronutrient deficiency in obese subjects undergoing low calorie diet
Authors: Damms-Machado Antje , Weser Gesine , Bischoff Stephan C 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Background
The prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies is higher in obese individuals compared to normal-weight people, probably because of inadequate eating habits but also due to increased demands among overweight persons, which are underestimated by dietary reference intakes (DRI) intended for the general population. We therefore evaluated the dietary micronutrient intake in obese individuals compared to a reference population and DRI recommendations. Furthermore, we determined the micronutrient status in obese subjects undergoing a standardized DRI-covering low-calorie formula diet to analyze if the DRI meet the micronutrient requirements of obese individuals.

Methods
In 104 subjects baseline micronutrient intake was determined by dietary record collection. A randomly assigned subgroup of subjects (n = 32) underwent a standardized DRI-covering low-calorie formula diet over a period of three months. Pre- and post-interventional intracellular micronutrient status in buccal mucosa cells (BMC) was analyzed, as well as additional micronutrient serum concentrations in 14 of the subjects.

Results
Prior to dietetic intervention, nutrition was calorie-rich and micronutrient-poor. Baseline deficiencies in serum concentrations were observed for 25-hydroxyvitamin-D, vitamin C, selenium, iron, as well as ß-carotene, vitamin C, and lycopene in BMC. After a three-month period of formula diet even more subjects had reduced micronutrient levels of vitamin C (serum, BMC), zinc, and lycopene. There was a significant negative correlation between lipophilic serum vitamin concentrations and body fat, as well as between iron and C-reactive protein.

Conclusions
The present pilot study shows that micronutrient deficiency occurring in obese individuals is not corrected by protein-rich formula diet containing vitamins and minerals according to DRI. In contrast, micronutrient levels remain low or become even lower, which might be explained by insufficient intake, increased demand and unbalanced dispersal of lipophilic compounds in the body.

Trial registration
The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01344525). The study protocol comprises only a part of the approved trial protocol.
Kupffer cells express a unique combination of phenotypic and functional characteristics compared with splenic and peritoneal macrophages
Authors: Movita Dowty , Kreefft Kim , Biesta Paula , van Oudenaren Adri , Leenen Pieter J M , Janssen Harry L A , Boonstra Andre 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Kupffer cells are endocytic, yet weak producers of proinflammatory cytokines, as compared against splenic and peritoneal macrophages.
The immunostimulatory role of Kupffer cells in various inflammatory liver diseases is still not fully understood. In this study, phenotypic and functional aspects of Kupffer cells from healthy C57BL/6 mice were analyzed and compared with those of splenic and peritoneal macrophages to generate a blueprint of the cells under steady-state conditions. In the mouse liver, only one population of Kupffer cells was identified as F4/80highCD11blow cells. We observed that freshy isolated Kupffer cells are endocytic and show a relatively high basal ROS content. Interestingly, despite expression of TLR mRNA on Kupffer cells, ligation of TLR4, TLR7/8, and TLR9 resulted in a weak induction of IL-10, low or undetectable levels of IL-12p40 and TNF, and up-regulation of CD40 on the surface. Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages show functional similarities, in comparison with peritoneal macrophages, as reflected by comparable levels of TLR4, TLR7/8, and TLR9 mRNA and low or undetectable levels of TNF and IL-12p40 produced upon TLR ligation. The unique, functional characteristics of Kupffer cells, demonstrated in this study, suggest that Kupffer cells under steady-state conditions are specialized as phagocytes to clear and degrade particulates and only play a limited immunoregulatory role via the release of soluble mediators.
Medical Histories: A Case Report of Pharmacovigilance in Supporting Dentists and Participation in a Drug‐Safety Program
Authors: Karl Edward H. , Curro Frederick A. 
Published: June 2012

Introduction: Antibiotics are a class of medications widely used by dentists. The class of agents has a number of listed side effects. This case report details an unusual adverse effect of tetracycline‐induced psychosis recognized due to the diligence of a practitioner. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case by a dentist.Case Presentation: A 44‐year‐old patient was started on tetracycline therapy for prophylaxis before a periodontal procedure. The patient began having paranoid and psychotic experiences. The patient sought psychiatric medical care and was diagnosed with tetracycline‐induced psychosis. He was treated with an antipsychotic drug, which resolved his symptoms.Conclusion: Dental medical histories are a resource that is underused and can often be of value in the continual assessment of drug safety and pharmacovigilance.
How to Select Replacement Grafts for Various Periodontal and Implant Indications
Authors: Hsu Yung‐Ting , Wang Hom‐Lay 
Published: June 2012

Focused Clinical Question: How are bone replacement grafts for various periodontal and implant indications properly selected?Summary: The purpose of this paper is to review the properties of available bone replacement materials and provide guidelines of how to choose certain graft materials for different clinical indications (e.g., periodontal defects, peri‐implant defects, socket augmentation, ridge augmentation, and sinus augmentation).Conclusion: Full understanding of material properties and meticulous case selection may help to maximize the benefit of bone replacement grafts in tooth‐ and implant‐related regeneration.
Implant Site Development With Simultaneous Block and Soft‐Tissue Graft
Authors: Fagan Mark C. , Conte Gregory J. , Kao Richard T. 
Published: June 2012

Introduction: Reconstruction of lost alveolar bone for future implant placement has been accomplished through bone grafts, used alone or in combination with a barrier membrane. Although effective in fulfilling the hard‐tissue requirements, soft‐tissue augmentation is often necessary and requires a supplemental surgical procedure. The interpositional vascularized augmentation neogenesis (IVAN) technique has been shown to be effective in simultaneously grafting both hard and soft tissues in both immediate and delayed implant placements. One reason for the success of the cases presented in the previous IVAN articles was as a result of the presence of mesial and distal walls of the extraction sockets that helped to maintain space under the guided bone membrane. In cases in which the grafted site has minimal walls to aid in space maintenance, a more rigid graft, block type, is desirable.Case Presentation: In this case report, modification of the IVAN technique to use block bone allograft (BBA) in conjunction with pediculated connective tissue graft (PCTG) to simultaneously augment both the hard and soft tissue at time of tooth extraction is reported.Conclusions: This approach can be used effectively to simultaneously augment hard and soft tissue by using BBA and PCTG to correct large three‐dimensional defects. This approach is advantageous in that it can correct defects in which bone grafts used alone or in combination with a barrier membrane is not predictable.