bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ag/Graphene Heterostructures: Synthesis, Characterization and Optical Properties
Authors: Li Jing , Liu Chun‐yan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe Ag/graphene heterostructures were synthesized through a simple thermal reduction process. The interaction between Ag nanoparticles and graphene supports along with the surface plasmon resonance properties of Ag nanoparticles on graphene were investigated for the first time.
Moral prototypes and moral behavior: Specific effects on emotional precursors of moral behavior and on moral behavior by the activation of moral prototypes
Authors: Osswald Silvia , Greitemeyer Tobias , Fischer Peter , Frey Dieter 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe present studies investigated the extent to which three basic moral prototypes, “just,” “brave”, and “caring”, are related to moral, prosocial behavior. In five studies, we tested (a) whether people would associate three basic types of moral behavior (helping behavior, moral courage, and heroism) with three moral prototypes, and (b) whether specific emotional precursors of moral behavior and moral behavior itself could be promoted by activating the respective moral prototype. As expected, Studies 1–3 revealed that people associated helping behavior with the caring prototype, moral courage with the just prototype, and heroism with the brave prototype. Studies 4 and 5 showed that the activation of the three prototypes differentially influenced emotional precursors of the three types of moral behavior (Study 4) as well as actual moral behavior (Study 5). Thus, the five studies revealed that people associate different moral behaviors with different moral prototypes and that a certain moral behavior can be activated by the priming of the related prototype. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reflections on intersections between cognitive and social psychology: A personal exploration
Authors: Roediger Henry L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractI appreciate the opportunity offered by the editor to reflect on the relationship between cognitive and social psychology. This topic has interested me my entire professional life, because I was admitted to graduate school to study social psychology and then eventually migrated to cognitive psychology. The organization of this paper is as follows: I first relate my (somewhat puzzling) personal experiences that led me to wonder about relations between cognitive and social psychology. I suggest that, for many topics, the placement of a topic of study in one field or the other is arbitrary. Next I selectively review some common historical influences on the development of both fields, ones that have made them similar. Both grew from common seeds, which include Gestalt psychology as it became applied to a wider array of topics, experimental psychologists becoming interested in attitude change during and after World War II, and Bartlett's famous book on Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Next I review some research from my lab that picked up themes from Bartlett's work and that, in some aspects, combines cognitive and social approaches. I also discuss the issue of memory conformity or the social contagion of memory, and conclude with thoughts about how social and cognitive psychologists might collaborate on an exciting new arena, creating empirical studies of collective memory. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rainfall variability and hydrological and erosive response of an olive tree microcatchment under no‐tillage with a spontaneous grass cover in Spain
Authors: Taguas E. V. , Peña A. , Ayuso J. L. , Pérez R. , Yuan Y. , Giráldez J. V. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMost studies on runoff and soil loss from olive orchards were performed on plots, despite the fact that measurements that examine a range of erosive processes on different scales are essential to evaluate the suitability of the use and soil management of this type of land. The main environmental limitations of much of the land used for olive orchards in the Mediterranean are the steep slopes and the shallow soil depth – and this was the case in the study area. Soil erosion and runoff over two hydrological years (2005–2006 and 2006–2007) were monitored in an olive orchard microcatchment of 6·1 ha under no‐tillage with spontaneous grass in order to evaluate its hydrological and erosive behaviour. Moreover, soil parameters such as organic matter (%OM), bulk density (BD) and hydraulic saturated conductivity (Ks) were also examined in the microcatchment to describe management effects on hydrological balance and on erosive processes.In the study period, the results showed runoff coefficients of 6·0% in the first year and 0·9% in the second. The differences respond to the impact of two or three yearly maximum events which were decisive in the annual balances. On the event scale, although maximum rainfall intensity values had a big influence on peak flows and runoff, its importance on mean sediment concentrations and sediment discharges was difficult to interpret due to the likely control of grass cover on volume runoff and on soil protection. In the case of annual soil erosion, they were measured as 1·0 Mg ha−1 yr−1and 0·3 Mg ha−1 yr−1. Both are lower than the tolerance values evaluated in Andalusia (Spain). These results support the implementation of no‐tillage with spontaneous grass cover for sloping land, although the reduced infiltration conditions determined by Ks in the first horizon suggest grass should be allowed to grow not only in spring but also in autumn. In addition, specific measurements to control gullies, which have formed in the terraced area in the catchment, should be included since it is expected that they could be the main sources of sediments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High resolution quantification of gully erosion in upland peatlands at the landscape scale
Authors: Evans Martin , Lindsay John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe upland peatlands of the UK are severely eroded, with large areas affected by gully erosion. The peatlands are important areas of carbon storage and provide a range of other ecosystem services including water supply and biodiversity all of which are negatively impacted by erosion of the upland surface. The magnitude of the gully erosion, and consequent adjustment of the peatland morphology, is such that in degraded peatlands the extent and magnitude of erosion is a major control on peatland function. Accurate mapping of gully form is therefore a necessary precondition to the understanding and management of these systems. This paper develops an approach to extracting gully maps from high resolution digital elevation models (DEMs). Gully maps of the Bleaklow Plateau in northern England were derived from a 2 m LiDAR DEM by combining areas of low difference from mean elevation and high positive plan curvature. Gully depth was modelled by interpolating between gully edges. Testing of the gully mapping and depth modelling against aerial photography, manual interpretation of the DEM and ground survey revealed that gully plan form is well represented and gully width and depth are modelled with tolerances close to the horizontal and vertical resolution of the LiDAR imagery. Estimates of gully width and depth were less reliable for gullies with total width of less than four pixels. The approach allows for the first time the derivation of accurate estimates of gully extent and magnitude over large areas and provides the basis for modelling a range of processes controlled by gullying. The approach has wider applicability to mapping gully erosion in a wide range of environments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial variability of three‐dimensional Reynolds stresses in a developing channel bend
Authors: Jamieson E.C. , Post G. , Rennie C.D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractExperimental results of the mean flow field and turbulence characteristics for flow in a model channel bend with a mobile sand bed are presented. Acoustic Doppler velocimeters (ADVs) were used to measure the three components of instantaneous velocities at multiple cross sections in a 135° channel bend for two separate experiments at different stages of clear water scour conditions. With measurements at multiple cross sections through the bend it was possible to map the changes in both the spatial distribution of the mean velocity field and the three Reynolds shear stresses. Turbulent stresses are known to contribute to sediment transport and the three‐dimensionality inherent to flow in open channel bends presents a useful case for determining specific relations between three‐dimensional turbulence and sediment entrainment and transport. These measurements will also provide the necessary data for validating numerical simulations of turbulent flow and sediment transport. The results show that the magnitude and distribution of three‐dimensional Reynolds stresses increase through the bend, with streamwise‐cross stream and cross stream‐vertical components exceeding the maximum principal Reynolds stress through the bend. The most intriguing observation is that near‐bed maximum positive streamwise‐cross stream Reynolds stress coincides with the leading edge of the outer bank scour hole (or thalweg), while maximum cross stream‐vertical Reynolds stress (in combination with high negative streamwise‐cross stream Reynolds stress near the bend apex) coincides with the leading edge of the inner bank bar. Maximum Reynolds stress and average turbulent kinetic energy appear to be greater and more localized over the scour hole before final equilibrium scour is reached. This suggests that the turbulent energy in the flow is higher while the channel bed is developing, and both lower turbulent energy and a broader distribution of turbulent stresses near the bed are required for cessation of particle mobilization and transport. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of acute psychosocial stress on working memory related brain activity in men
Authors: Weerda Riklef , Muehlhan Markus , Wolf Oliver T. , Thiel Christiane M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAcute psychosocial stress in humans triggers the release of glucocorticoids (GCs) and influences performance in declarative and working memory (WM) tasks. These memory systems rely on the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC), where GC‐binding receptors are present. Previous studies revealed contradictory results regarding effects of acute stress on WM‐related brain activity. We combined functional magnetic resonance imaging with a standardized psychosocial stress protocol to investigate the effects of acute mental stress on brain activity during encoding, maintenance, and retrieval of WM. Participants (41 healthy young men) underwent either a stress or a control procedure before performing a WM task. Stress increased salivary cortisol levels and tended to increase WM accuracy. Neurally, stress‐induced increases in cortical activity were evident in PFC and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) during WM maintenance. Furthermore, hippocampal activity was modulated by stress during encoding and retrieval with increases in the right anterior hippocampus during WM encoding and decreases in the left posterior hippocampus during retrieval. Our study demonstrates that stress increases activity in PFC and PPC specifically during maintenance of items in WM, whereas effects on hippocampal activity are restricted to encoding and retrieval. The finding that psychosocial stress can increase and decrease activity in two different hippocampal areas may be relevant for understanding the often‐reported phase‐dependent opposing behavioral effects of stress on long‐term memory. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Individual differences in socioaffective skills influence the neural bases of fear processing: The case of alexithymia
Authors: Pouga Lydia , Berthoz Sylvie , de Gelder Beatrice , Grèzes Julie 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBeing exposed to fear signals makes us feel threatened and prompts us to prepare an adaptive response. In our previous studies, we suggested that amygdala (AMG) and premotor cortex (PM) play a role in the preparation of the observers' motor response required by the situation. The present experiment aimed at assessing how interindividual differences in alexithymia—a personality trait associated with deficits in emotional reactivity and regulation—influence the neural network associated with the perception of fear. Using fMRI, we scanned 34 healthy subjects while they were passively observing fearful body expressions. Applying a dimensional approach, we performed correlation analyses between fear‐related brain areas and alexithymia scores among all participants. Using a categorical approach, we conducted a between‐group comparison (13 high vs. 12 low‐alexithymia subjects). Our results were threefold. First, the right AMG activity in response to fearful stimuli was negatively correlated with the level of difficulty to identify emotions. Second, PM activity was linked to reduced subjective emotional reactivity. Third, the between‐group comparison revealed greater activity in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) for high than low‐alexithymia scorers. Moreover, the relationship between ACC and PM was in opposite direction in individuals with high (negative link) and low (positive link) alexithymia. Therefore, compared to our previous findings, we hereby further reveal how ACC interacts with PM to sustain self‐regulation of one's own emotional state in response to threatening social signals. Moreover, this neural mechanism could account for the description of the “cold‐blooded” personality of individuals with alexithymia. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CCR9 mediates PI3K/AKT‐dependent antiapoptotic signals in prostate cancer cells and inhibition of CCR9‐CCL25 interaction enhances the cytotoxic effects of etoposide
Authors: Sharma Praveen K. , Singh Rajesh , Novakovic Kristian R. , Eaton John W. , Grizzle William E. , Singh Shailesh 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDespite recent advances in treatment and management of prostate cancer (PCa), it remains the second leading cause of cancer‐related deaths among men in the US. Chemotherapy is one of the treatment alternatives for hormone refractory metastatic PCa. However, current chemotherapeutic regimens provide palliative benefit but relatively modest survival advantage primarily due to chemo‐resistance and upregulated antiapoptotic machineries in PCa cells. Therefore, blocking the mechanisms responsible for suppression of apoptosis might improve current chemotherapeutic regimens. In this study, we show that CC chemokine receptor‐9 (CCR9) and its natural ligand CCL25 interaction upregulates antiapoptotic proteins (i.e., PI3K, AKT, ERK1/2 and GSK‐3β) and downregulate activation of caspase‐3 in PCa cells. Significant downregulation of these CCR9‐mediated antiapoptotic proteins in the presence of a PI3K inhibitor (wortmannin), further suggests that the antiapoptotic action of CCR9 is primarily regulated through PI3K. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effect of etoposide was significantly inhibited in the presence of CCL25, and this inhibitory effect of CCL25 was abrogated when CCR9‐CCL25 interaction was blocked using anti‐CCR9 monoclonal antibodies. In conformation to these in vitro studies, significant reduction in tumor burden was found in mice receiving CCL25 neutralizing antibodies and etoposide together as compared to both as a single agent. These results suggest that the CCR9‐CCL25 axis mediates PI3K/AKT‐dependent antiapoptotic signals in PCa cells and could be a possible reason for low apoptosis and modest chemotherapeutic response. Therefore, targeting CCR9‐CCL25 axis with cytotoxic agents may provide better therapeutic outcomes than using cytotoxic agents alone.
Oral benzo[a]pyrene‐induced cancer: Two distinct types in different target organs depend on the mouseCyp1genotype
Authors: Shi Zhanquan , Dragin Nadine , Miller Marian L. , Stringer Keith F. , Johansson Elisabet , Chen Jing , Uno Shigeyuki , Gonzalez Frank J. , Rubio Carlos A. , Nebert Daniel W. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBenzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a prototypical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) found in combustion processes. Cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1 enzymes (CYP1A1 and CYP1B1) can both detoxify PAHs and activate them to cancer‐causing reactive intermediates. Following high dosage of oral BaP (125 mg/kg/day), ablation of the mouseCyp1a1gene causes immunosuppression and death within ∼28 days, whereasCyp1(+/+) wild‐type mice remain healthy for >12 months on this regimen. In this study, maleCyp1(+/+) wild‐type,Cyp1a1(−/−) andCyp1b1(−/−) single‐knockout andCyp1a1/1b1(−/−) double‐knockout mice received a lower dose (12.5 mg/kg/day) of oral BaP. Tissues from 16 different organs—including proximal small intestine (PSI), liver and preputial gland duct (PGD)—were evaluated; microarray cDNA expression and >30 mRNA levels were measured.Cyp1a1(−/−) mice revealed markedly increased CYP1B1 mRNA levels in the PSI, and between 8 and 12 weeks developed unique PSI adenomas and adenocarcinomas.Cyp1a1/1b1(−/−) mice showed no PSI tumors but instead developed squamous cell carcinoma of the PGD.Cyp1(+/+) andCyp1b1(−/−) mice remained healthy with no remarkable abnormalities in any tissue examined. PSI adenocarcinomas exhibited striking upregulation of theXistgene, suggesting epigenetic silencing of specific genes on the Y‐chromosome; theRab30oncogene was upregulated; theNr0b2tumor suppressor gene was downregulated; paradoxical overexpression of numerous immunoglobulin kappa‐ and heavy‐chain variable genes was found—although the adenocarcinoma showed no immunohistochemical evidence of being lymphatic in origin. This oral BaP mouse paradigm represents an example of “gene‐environment interactions” in which the same exposure of carcinogen results in altered target organ and tumor type, as a function of just 1 or 2 globally absent genes.
Fabrication and characterization of poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide)/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration
Authors: Aboudzadeh Neda , Imani Mohammad , Shokrgozar Mohammad Ali , Khavandi Alireza , Javadpour Jafar , Shafieyan Yousef , Farokhi Mehdi 
Published: February 2010

AbstractConventional methods in fabrication of scaffolds based on polymer/bioceramic composites frequently make use of solution casting then particle leaching. The residues of common organic solvents can get trapped in this technique hence provide safety concerns on final scaffold. In this study, N‐methyl pyrrolidone was used as an approved solvent for parenteral pharmaceutical products especially implants with acceptable toxicological profile. A combined freeze drying and solvent casting methods were adopted for complete removal of the solvent from final scaffold structure. Biodegradable scaffolds based on poly (D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) and different percentages of nanohydroxyapatite (25, 35, and, 45% w/w) were characterized thoroughly regarding porosity, pore distribution as well as their bioactivity and biocompatibility. The results showed 70–80% porosity with a size distribution in the range of 50–200 μm for different conditions. Bioactivity of the scaffolds was directly dependent on the bioceramic content in the samples according to the results. Composites and neat samples showed the same cytocompatibility profile. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Growth factor‐mediated effects on chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in 3D semi‐IPN poly(vinyl alcohol)–poly(caprolactone) scaffolds
Authors: Mohan Neethu , Nair Prabha D. , Tabata Yasuhiko 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCells, signaling molecules and three‐dimensional (3D) scaffolds are the major contributors to the in vitro regeneration of cartilage. This study evaluates the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to chondrocytes, in a 3D semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (semi‐IPN) scaffold that gives an appropriate niche for chondrogenic differentiation. The 3D semi‐IPN scaffold poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(caprolactone) mimics the properties of extracellular matrix of native cartilage. The chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on the 3D scaffolds is carried out by supplementing signaling molecules like TGFβ1, TGFβ3, and BMP2 individually and in two different combinations. The results indicate that each growth factor supplement or combinations showed a different influence on cell morphology, overall distribution of cells, and secretion of cartilage specific molecules. We conclude from our results, that a combination of TGFβ3 and BMP2 promotes better differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to chondrocytes in our scaffold. This study hence points out that an appropriate combination of 3D scaffolds and signaling molecules are required in the differentiation and maintenance of the chondrogenic phenotype during in vitro regeneration of cartilage tissue. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Inorganic–organic hybrid scaffolds for osteochondral regeneration
Authors: Munoz‐Pinto Dany J. , McMahon Rebecca E. , Kanzelberger Melissa A. , Jimenez‐Vergara Andrea C. , Grunlan Melissa A. , Hahn Mariah S. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLigament graft failure frequently results from poor integration of the replacement tissue with associated bone. Thus, the ability to regenerate the bone‐ligament osteochondral interface would be advantageous in ligament reconstruction. At the osteochondral interface, the tissue transitions from a bone‐like matrix to fibrocartilage. Therefore, a scaffold which promotes a spatially regulated transition in cell behavior from osteoblast‐like to chondrocyte‐like would be desirable. Previous research indicates that addition of inorganic components to organic scaffolds can enhance the deposition of bone‐like matrix by associated osteoblasts. We therefore reasoned that a gradient in the inorganic content of a hybrid inorganic–organic scaffold may induce an osteochondral‐like transition in cell phenotype and matrix production. To test this hypothesis, hydrogels were prepared from poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and star poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMSstar). As anticipated, both the matrix deposition and phenotype of encapsulated osteoblasts varied with scaffold inorganic content, although the directionality of this modulation was contrary to expectation. Specifically, osteoblasts appeared to transdifferentiate into chondrocyte‐like cells with increasing scaffold inorganic content, as indicated by increased chondroitin sulfate and collagen type II production and by upregulation of sox9, a transcription factor associated with chondrocytic differentiation. Furthermore, the deposition of bone‐like matrix (collagen type I, calcium phosphate, and osteocalcin) decreased with increasing PDMSstar content. The resistance of the PDMSstar‐PEG scaffolds to protein adsorption and/or the changes in gel modulus/mesh structure accompanying PDMSstar incorporation may underlie the unexpected increase in chondrocytic phenotype with increasing inorganic content. Combined, the present results indicate that PDMSstar‐PEG hybrid gels may prove promising for osteochondral regeneration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010