bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aerobic Capacity of Elderly Women Engaged in Controlled Physical Activity
Authors: da Cunha Rubens , de Assunção Ferreira Márcia , Bezerra Jane , Guerra Ialuska , Dantas Estélio 
Published: May 2010

Aerobic Capacity of Elderly Women Engaged in Controlled Physical Activity
The objective of this study was to evaluate the aerobic capacity of elderly participants in the family health program at Health Municipal Secretary, who were submitted to a regular program of physical exercise. This experimental study had a sample size of 98 hypertensive elderly women. The sample was divided randomly into an experimental group (EG; n=58, age: 67±6 years) and a control group (CG; n=40; age: 70±6 years). Aerobic capacity was evaluated by a six-minute walking test (WT6). The intervention program was conducted three times a week (Monday, Wednesday and Friday), between 17:00 and 17:45 hours, with an intensity that varied from 55% to 75% of the theoretical maximum heart rate. Student's paired t-tests or Wilcoxon tests were utilised in the intra-group analysis (for homogenous or heterogeneous distributions of the data, respectively). An ANOVA two-way parametric test was used to evaluate the inter-group data followed by the Scheffe post hoc test. A value of p<0.05 was adopted for statistical significance. The results revealed an increase in distance travelled in the EG in the post-test relative to the pretest (Δ= 70.58 m; p<0.0001) and relative to the CG post-test (Δ= 116.58 m; p<0.0001). Furthermore, the CG travelled less distance in the post-test than in the pre-test (Δ= -0.78 m; p=0.003). Therefore, we infer that a walking regimen of controlled intensity improves the distance travelled by elderly women in the WT6 by increasing their aerobic capacity.
Anthropometric Profile of Male Amateur vs Professional Formula Windsurfs Competing at the 2007 European Championship
Authors: Cortell-Tormo Juan , Pérez-Turpin José , Cejuela-Anta Roberto , Chinchilla-Mira Juan , Marfell-Jones Michael 
Published: May 2010

Anthropometric Profile of Male Amateur vs Professional Formula Windsurfs Competing at the 2007 European Championship
This study aimed to describe the current anthropometric profile of Formula Windsurf competitors during the 2007 European Championships and establish a set of reference values useful for future investigations on player selection, talent identification, and training programme development. Fourty-five male participants (mean age 30±9.77 years; body height 182.04±6.3 cm; body mass 81.67±7.35 kg) were selected for the anthropometric profile, including 15 which the International Windsurf Association had defined as professionals. The anthropometric profiles included measurements of skinfolds, segment lengths, breadths, and girths. Somatotype measurements were also calculated into the equation. The male professional windsurfers had larger length, breadth, and girth measurements than their amateur counterparts. The three somatotype components showed that both groups were predominantly mesomorphic, but the professionals were more ectomorphic than endomorphic, whereas the amateurs were slightly more endomorphic than ectomorphic. The descriptive analysis of the anthropometric data provide relevant information concerning the morphological indicators of competitive success in this sporting discipline.
Chicken TLR21 Is an Innate CpG DNA Receptor Distinct from Mammalian TLR9
Authors: Keestra A. Marijke , de Zoete Marcel R. , Bouwman Lieneke I. , van Putten Jos P. M. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
TLRs comprise a family of evolutionary conserved sensory receptors that respond to distinct classes of ligands. For one major evolutionary branch of TLRs, the ligands are still largely unknown. Here we report the cloning and function of one member of this group, chicken TLR21 (chTLR21). This TLR is absent in the human species but has homologs in fish and frog and displays similarity with mouse TLR13. Expression of chTLR21 in HEK293 cells resulted in activation of NF-κB in response to unmethylated CpG DNA, typically recognized by mammalian TLR9. Silencing of chTLR21 (but not chTLR4) in chicken macrophages inhibited the response to CpG-DNA (but not to LPS), indicating similar functionality of the endogenous receptor. ChTLR21 responded to human- and murine-specific TLR9 ligands, as well as to bacterial genomic DNA isolated from Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Confocal microscopy located chTLR21 in the same intracellular compartments as human TLR9. Inhibition of the chTLR21 response by the endosomal maturation inhibitor chloroquine suggested that the receptor is functional in endolysosomes, as known for TLR9. The analogous localization and function of the phylogenetically only distantly related chTLR21 and mammalian TLR9 suggest that during evolution different classes of TLRs have emerged that recognize the same type of ligands.
Green Dot Charter Schools: A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Proposal to Turn Around Failing High Schools
Authors: Lebow Megan 
Published: May 2010

In the current education policy climate, increased pressure has been placed on improving failing high schools that graduate fewer than half of their students. One policy proposal that has gained support proposes replacing these failing schools with successful charter school models. This paper examines the benefits of utilizing the Green Dot charter schools as a “turnaround” model with reference to the costs. If an expanded network of Green Dot charter schools will continue to operate at its current level of effectiveness, then this policy would prove to be cost-beneficial.
Digestion and alteration of the biochemical constituents of a diatom (Thalassiosira weisflogii) ingested by an herbivorous zooplankton (Calanus pacificus)
Authors: Cowie Gregory L. , Hedges John I. 
Published: May 2010

A laboratory experiment was conducted in which 14C‐labeled diatoms (Thalassisora weissflogii) were fed to an herbivorous copepod zooplankton (Calanus pacificus). Digestion efficiencies, as defined by changes in concentration relative to biogenic silica from the diet to fecal pellets, were calculated for 14C, organic carbon, nitrogen, and chlorophyll‐type pigments as well as proteins (as amino acids) and polysaccharides (as aldoses).The majority of organic material ingested (≥65% of all components except pigments, 30%) was digested. Digestion efficiencies were similar to reactivity patterns observed in previous studies of the same organisms (total N > organic C > total chlorophyll‐type pigments). Polysaccharides and particularly amino acids were clearly important nutrients for copepods. However, together with chlorophyll‐type pigments, these biochemicals accounted for only 57% of organic C in the diatom and only 35% in fecal pellets. Although lipids represented some fraction of the uncharacterized materials, an important, relatively stable diatom component remained unidentified and apparently was concentrated in the fecal pellets.Individual amino acids and especially aldoses were digested to differing degrees, apparently due to preferential digestion of intracellular materials with concomitant preservation of cell‐wall polymers in the fecal pellets. Overall, egested materials were dramatically altered in composition relative to the diet. Digestion efficiencies for all components were similar in magnitude and pattern to reactivities observed in temperate coastal sites in which diatoms and copepods are important contributors to plankton populations and sinking particle fluxes.
Determinants of temporal coherence in the satellite‐derived 1987–1994 ice breakup dates of lakes on the Laurentian Shield
Authors: Wynne Randolph H. , Magnuson John J. , Clayton Murray K. , Lillesand Thomas M. , Rodman Daniel C. 
Published: May 2010

Remotely sensed ice breakup dates for 62 lakes on the Laurentian Shield were analyzed to preliminarily assess determinants of the mean breakup date and to identify determinants of temporal coherence of lake‐ice breakup. Correlations between mean breakup date and the explanatory variables (surface area, maximum depth, surface area: maximum depth ratio, latitude, longitude, and elevation) revealed that only latitude (r = 0.96) and surface area (r = 0.45) were significant at ≤ 0.05. Latitude and surface area were significantly correlated (r = 0.42).The temporal coherence of breakup dates between each pair of lakes was calculated by taking the product‐moment correlation between their 8‐yr time series (1987–1994) of breakup dates. There is a general lack of strong temporal coherence between lakes, implying that no lake in this study area is representative of the entire region. The significant (P ≤ 0.05) correlates of the temporal coherence of breakup dates were difference in mean breakup date (‒0.49) and difference in latitude (r = ‒0.51), themselves significantly correlated (r = 0.89). The differences in surface area, maximum depth, surface area: maximum depth ratio, longitude, and elevation were not significant. The general lack of strong temporal coherence between lakes and the significant correlation between coherence and mean breakup date are further confirmation that breakup dates for different lakes may be reflections of (and indicators for) different periods of meteorological forcing.
Climate change and northern prairie wetlands: Simulations of long‐term dynamics
Authors: Poiani Karen A. , Johnson W. Carter , Swanson George A. , Winter Tom C. 
Published: May 2010

A mathematical model (WETSIM 2.0) was used to simulate wetland hydrology and vegetation dynamics over a 32‐yr period (1961–1992) in a North Dakota prairie wetland. A hydrology component of the model calculated changes in water storage based on precipitation, evapotranspiration, snowpack, surface runoff, and subsurface inflow. A spatially explicit vegetation component in the model calculated changes in distribution of vegetative cover and open water, depending on water depth, seasonality, and existing type of vegetation.The model reproduced four known dry periods and one extremely wet period during the three decades. One simulated dry period in the early 1980s did not actually occur. Simulated water levels compared favorably with continuous observed water levels outside the calibration period (1990–1992). Changes in vegetative cover were realistic except for years when simulated water levels were significantly different than actual levels. These generally positive results support the use of the model for exploring the effects of possible climate changes on wetland resources.
Present‐day organic matter sedimentation on the NW Mediterranean margin: Importance of off‐shelf export
Authors: Buscail Roselyne , Germain Claire 
Published: May 2010

We present an overview of the organic matter distribution in surface sediments sampled on the Gulf of Lions margin from 600 to 2,300 m depth. Surface deposits are characterized by a “fluff” layer a few millimeters to a few centimeters thick. In the underlying fine‐grained sediments, the carbonate content is high (30% DW), and the organic carbon content varies from 0.3 to 1% (DW). The highest organic carbon contents are along the axes and on the sides of the canyons (0.6–1%) and constitute midslope organic depocenters. The organic carbon content at 1,000 m depth depends on the width of the adjacent shelf. The lowest organic carbon value corresponds to the slightest declivity and, consequently, to a longer advective residence time.In the settling sides of the axial channel of the canyons, organic carbon concentrations decrease, although sedimentation rate is constant from the upper to the lower part of the slope. This results from an increasing residence time in the water column due to the advective transfer of organic material from epicontinental zone to upper and lower slope. In the lower axes and open slopes, increasing sedimentation rates, due to sedimentary reworking and turbidity currents, dilute organic carbon with mineral grains.
The chemical budget of Lake Baikal: A review
Authors: Granina Liba 
Published: May 2010

Over the past 30 yr several different estimates for the water and chemical budget of Lake Baikal have been produced. These publications are of variable quality and sometimes contradictory. However, a review of the studies indicates that it is possible to construct satisfactory estimates for a complete chemical budget of the lake.The absence of comparable methods for the collection of suspended particulate matter has resulted in uncertain values for the suspended‐sediment budget. Data on the chemical composition of riverine suspended particulate matter are also nonexistent. As a result, none of the existing budget estimates for individual chemical elements includes this important term.
Enantioselective Organocatalytic Synthesis of Arylglycines via Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Arenes with a Glyoxylate Imine
Authors: Enders Dieter , Seppelt Matthias , Beck Tobias 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe enantioselective organocatalytic synthesis of arylglycines has been developed employing 1 mol% of an enantiopure N‐triflyl phosphoramide Brønsted acid as organocatalyst. Various differently substituted phenylglycine derivatives can be synthesized in good to excellent yields and enantiomeric excesses based on a Friedel–Crafts alkylation of electron‐rich arenes with a glyoxylate imine. A novel protocol for the deprotection of the N‐tert‐butylsulfonyl (Bus) group has also been developed.
Producer perceptions and attitudes toward hog marketing contracts
Authors: Boessen Chris , Parcell Joe , Franken Jason , Lawrence John , Plain Ron , Grimes Glenn 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe objective of this research is to use survey respondent perceptions and demographic data to assess factors affecting producer's attitudes towards hog marketing contracts. Six statements related to marketing contracts were presented to subjects to measure their attitudes toward the dominant method used by packers to procure hogs. The results suggest that the profitability of the producer, marketing method employed by the producer and the number of packers to whom the producer sold hogs significantly influences attitudes towards marketing contracts. These results suggest that low‐cost producers who market hogs via individual or group marketing contracts are more positive, or in some cases less negative, in their attitudes towards marketing contracts. Although prior nonparametric analyses provide some insight into factors influencing producers' views of marketing contracts, this analyses allows inference of statistical significance. [EconLit citations: D400, L100]. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural and mechanical properties of YBCO‐polystyrene composites
Authors: Abraham Rosalin , Thomas P Selvin , Kuryan Soosy , Issac Jayakumari , Nandakumar K , Thomas Sabu 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMicrocrystalline powders of yttrium barium copper oxide [YBa2Cu3O7] have been prepared by conventional ceramic preparation technique. The powder belong to orthorhombic symmetry with unit cell dimensions ‘a’=3.8214 Å, ‘b’=3.8877 Å and ‘c’=11.693 Å. XRD and SEM studies revealed that its particle size is in the micrometer range. Micro composites of polystyrene with different loading of yttrium barium copper oxide fillers were prepared by melt mixing in a brabender plasticorder at a rotor speed of 60 rpm. The lattice parameters of the constituent phases are the same in all the composites. Mechanical properties such as stress–strain behavior, Young's modulus, and tensile strength were studied as a function of filler loading. Addition of filler enhances the Young's modulus of the polymer. Because of the poor filler‐matrix adhesion, tensile strength and strain at break decreases with filler loading. To explore more carefully the degree of interfacial adhesion between the two phases, the results were analyzed by using models featuring an adhesion parameter. Finally experimental results were compared with theoretical predictions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Thermal and optical properties of gelatin/poly(vinyl alcohol) blends
Authors: Abd El‐Kader F. H. , Gafer S. A. , Basha A. F. , Bannan S. I. , Basha M. A. F. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDifferential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy of gelatin and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) homopolymers and their blended samples were studied. The data revealed that the gelatin and PVA polymers were compatible over the investigated range of compositions; this contributed to the formation of hydrogen‐bonding interaction between their polar groups. The associated enthalpy‐of‐melting transition and thermal stability of the blended samples increased with increasing PVA content. This indicated that the crystalline structure of PVA was not destroyed completely in the blends, which was consistent with the X‐ray diffraction pattern of the 50/50 (wt %/wt %) blended gelatin/PVA sample. The absorption edge and optical band gap for allowed direct transition were determined from ultraviolet–visible spectra. The induced changes in the band structure are elucidated. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Physical characterization of a self‐healing dental restorative material
Authors: Wertzberger Brittany E. , Steere Joshua T. , Pfeifer Ryan M. , Nensel Melissa A. , Latta Mark A. , Gross Stephen M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of self‐healing a highly filled composite and to investigate the physical properties of a model dental compound formulated to autonomically heal cracks. A visible light cured model resin consisting of TEGMA : UDMA : BisGMA (1 : 1 : 1) at 45% w/w with silane 0.7 μ glass was formulated with a self‐healing system consisting of encapsulated dicyclopentadiene and Grubbs' catalyst. The base resin was also formulated and characterized with the microcapsules alone, Grubbs' catalyst alone, and no healing additives. Fracture toughness (KIc) was assessed using single edge notch specimens in three‐point bend (n = 12). Data was analyzed with ANOVA/Tukey's at p ≤ 0.05. DMA was performed from −140 to 250°C at 2°/min and 1 Hz. Storage and loss modulus, Tg and tan δ, was recorded for each material. The self‐healing material was loaded to failure, was left to sit for 7 days and then loaded a second time to failure to determine healing in the material. These specimens had a KIc = 0.69 ± 0.072 for a 57% average recovery rate of the original fracture toughness. The fracture toughness of the self‐healing material was statistically similar to the control. The modulus decreased in the composites with encapsulated dicyclopentadiene. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Influence of the filler type on the rupture behavior of filled elastomers
Authors: Gherib S. , Chazeau L. , Pelletier J. M. , Satha H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis work is devoted to the rupture behavior of elastomers filled with carbon black (CB) or silica. Two elastomers have been studied: one which crystallizes under strain, natural rubber (NR), and another one which does not crystallize, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). The study of the crack propagation of Single Edge Notched specimen (SENT) during stretching at different speeds focuses on the crack initiation and crack deviation phenomenon. This deviation is of main importance in the materials crack resistance as it leads to a large increase in the energy needed for rupture. The deviation in filled or unfilled NR is controlled by crystallization, which is a slow process. In unfilled SBR, deviation is controlled by polymer chain orientation, which is hindered by relaxation mechanisms. The introduction of fillers promotes strain amplification, and strain anisotropy in the crack tip region of the notched samples, and therefore crack deviation. In term of energy density at break of the SBR composites, the SBR filled with silica treated with a covering agent is the most efficient. Thus, a weak interface between the silica and SBR promotes better rupture properties. When comparing Silica and CB filled NR, the highest strain energy to rupture is also obtained with silica. This might be due to the weaker filler‐matrix interface for silica. Thus, these results evidence the kinetic aspect of the rupture, and of the mechanisms it involves: the polymer relaxation, the crystallization (for NR), and the filler‐matrix interaction and decohesion, all of them being strongly interrelated. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation and characterization of polyamide‐leather wastes polymer composites
Authors: Mohamed O. A. , El Sayed N. H. , Abdelhakim A. A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChrome tanning of leather improves its appearance, but at the same time, it emits both solid and liquid wastes. These solid wastes mainly after shaving process present in large amount causing hazard to the environment. Leather wastes were disintegrated to prepare hide powder and mixed with polyamide (nylon 6) in different ratios. The physical, mechanical and thermal properties of different composites were investigated, which showed enhancement in physical characters but decreasing in mechanical properties. The charred residue increases by increasing the presence of leather waste filler. Morphological studies were performed on the fractured surface of composites showed uniform and fine particles dispersion. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Polyaniline–maleicacid–dodecylhydrogensulfate salt as sensor material for toxic gases
Authors: Palaniappan Srinivasan , Saravanan Chandrasekaran 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article reports the results of novel polyaniline material as gas sensor, capable of operating at room temperature for toxic gases. Polyaniline–maleicacid–dodecylhydrogensulfate salt (PANI‐MA‐DHS) was prepared by emulsion polymerization pathway, which is soluble in N, N‐dimethyl formamide. PANI‐MA‐DHS was coated on a ceramic bead by simple brush coating method and used as sensor material. The resistance change of PANI‐MA‐DHS material for NH3, CO2, SO2, and H2S gases at different concentrations (10, 100, 1000, and 10,000 ppm level) was monitored for sensor characteristics. The stability of the polyaniline material under continuous exposure of gas level from 10 to 10,000 ppm was also studied. This novel gas sensor material has advantages such as excellent sensing ability, low cost, fast regeneration time (∼ 1–2 min), simple experimental setup, and operable at room temperature. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparations and temperature‐ and pH‐dependent release property of ethylcellulose microcapsules containing N‐isopropylacrylamide copolymer
Authors: Kang Mi Kyoung , Kim Jin‐Chul 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMicrocapsules composed of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐methacrylic acid) [P(NIPAM‐co‐MAA)] cores and ethylcellulose matrix were prepared by an emulsification and spray‐drying method. First, water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsions were prepared using P(NIPAM‐co‐MAA) solution in distilled water (3%) as a water phase, and ethylcellulose solution in dichloromethane (8%) as an oil phase. The emulsion was spray‐dried around 50°C to evaporate dichloromethane, and then the resulting particle was air‐dried to remove residual water. Blue dextran loaded in the cores of microcapsules readily released below lower critical solution temperature (LCST) but the release was suppressed above the phase transition temperature. It is believed that the NIPAM copolymer acts as a thermal trap for blue dextran when temperature is above LCST. In addition, the microcapsules were also pH‐sensitive in terms of release, which could be explained by the pH‐dependent contraction and expansion of the copolymer. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010