bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of histologic subtype on treatment and outcomes for esophageal cancer in the United States
Authors: Merkow Ryan P. , Bilimoria Karl Y. , McCarter Martin D. , Chow Warren B. , Gordon Howard S. , Stewart Andrew K. , Ko Clifford Y. , Bentrem David J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Esophageal adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) have distinct clinico‐pathologic characteristics; however, it is unclear whether treatment patterns differ by histologic subtype. The objective of this study was to examine differences in treatment use and outcomes by histologic subtype for esophageal cancer in the United States.METHODS:From the National Cancer Data Base, patients with esophageal cancer were identified. Regression models were formulated to assess the influence of histologic subtype on treatment use and overall survival.RESULTS:From 1998 to 2007, 80,961 patients were identified with esophageal cancer in the United States. A higher percentage of patients with nonmetastatic AC underwent surgical resection compared with patients with nonmetastatic SCC (AC, 65.7%; SCC, 36.0%; P<.001), who were more often treated with chemoradiotherapy alone (AC, 25.7%; SCC, 54.1%; P<.001). High‐volume academic centers used surgery more frequently for both AC and SCC than did other centers, yet even at high‐volume academic centers, surgery was used much less often to treat SCC than AC (AC, 79.3%; SCC, 53.7%; P<.001). The likelihood of operative treatment for nonmetastatic disease was significantly lower in patients with SCC compared with patients with AC (P<.001). Overall survival was lower for patients with stage II/III disease of either histologic subtype treated with chemoradiotherapy alone compared with surgery plus chemoradiotherapy (P<.001).CONCLUSION:A large proportion of patients with esophageal cancer are being treated nonoperatively, and treatment use varies according to tumor histology, particularly by center type. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Toward a target and coupling function of three different Information Security Management Systems
Authors: Boehmer Wolfgang 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThe limits of traditional (static) policies are well known in many areas of computer science and information security and are extensively discussed in the literature. Although some flexibility has been achieved with the introduction of dynamic policies, these efforts have only addressed a fraction of the requirements necessary to secure today's enterprises. Currently, no feedback mechanisms are in place to evaluate the effectiveness or economic impacts of static or dynamic policy implementation. Here, we address the requirement for feedback and present a policy for the next generation. This is a policy that includes a dynamic feedback response to the effectiveness of changes. The structure of this new type of policy, called a ‘management system’, is borrowed from discrete event system theory and functions as a control loop. A management system consists of four elements (control system, sensor, controller, and actuator) that are involved in a control law. In this article, we present also an analytical description of the optimal structure through which the three management systems (Information Security Management System (ISMS), Business Continuity Management System, and IT Service Management) should be linked in a company. We define a coupling parameter and, using an equation for the discrete control loop, show that ISMS and IT Service Management should ideally be strongly coupled, and ISMS and Business Continuity Management System should be weakly coupled. Furthermore, two types of management system can be defined. A simple management system (1 st order management system) responds to and regulates only perturbations. An advanced management system (2 nd order management system) has an overarching target function that influences the controller. This target function is usually economically oriented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frontal EEG asymmetry and fear reactivity in different contexts at 10 months
Authors: Diaz Anjolii , Bell Martha Ann 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIndividual differences in observed and maternal‐rated fear behaviors and frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry were examined in normally developing 10‐month‐old infants. EEG was recorded during resting baseline, as well as during stranger approach, mask presentation, and toy spider presentation. Mothers completed the Infant Behavior Questionnaire. For mask presentation, baseline and task right frontal EEG asymmetry as well as maternal ratings predicted fear behavior during the mask task. For stranger approach, task‐related right frontal EEG asymmetry predicted fear behavior during stranger approach after controlling for baseline asymmetry. There was a trend for task‐related right frontal EEG asymmetry to predict fear during presentation of a toy spider after controlling for baseline asymmetry. Maternal report of temperament only added unique variance to the prediction of one fear task after controlling for baseline and task EEG. Assessing fear in multiple situations revealed context‐specific individual differences in infant fear. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals,Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54: 536–545, 2012.
Members of the BMP, Shh, and FGF morphogen families promote chicken statoacoustic ganglion neurite outgrowth and neuron survival in vitro
Authors: Fantetti Kristen N. , Fekete Donna M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMechanosensory hair cells of the chicken inner ear are innervated by the peripheral processes of statoacoustic ganglion (SAG) neurons. Members of several morphogen families are expressed within and surrounding the chick inner ear during stages of SAG axon outgrowth and pathfinding. On the basis of their localized expression patterns, we hypothesized that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), and sonic hedgehog (Shh) may function as guidance cues for growing axons and/or may function as trophic factors once axons have reached their targets. To test this hypothesis, three‐dimensional collagen cultures were used to grow Embryonic Day 4 (E4) chick SAG explants for 24 h in the presence of purified proteins or beads soaked in proteins. The density of neurite outgrowth was quantified to determine effects on neurite outgrowth. Explants displayed enhanced neurite outgrowth when cultured in the presence of purified BMP4, BMP7, a low concentration of Shh, FGF8, FGF10, or FGF19. In contrast, SAG neurons appeared unresponsive to FGF2. Collagen gel cultures were labeled with terminal dUTP nick‐end labeling and immunostained with anti‐phosphohistone H3 to determine effects on neuron survival and proliferation, respectively. Treatments that increased neurite outgrowth also yielded significantly fewer apoptotic cells, with no effect on cell proliferation. When presented as focal sources, BMP4, Shh, and FGFs ‐8, ‐10, and ‐19 promoted asymmetric outgrowth from the ganglion in the direction of the beads. BMP7‐soaked beads did not induce this response. These results suggest that a subset of morphogens enhance both survival and axon outgrowth of otic neurons. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2012
Tbx5 overexpression favors a first heart field lineage in murine embryonic stem cells and in Xenopus laevis embryos
Authors: Herrmann Franziska , Bundschu Karin , Kühl Susanne J. , Kühl Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe T‐box transcription factor Tbx5 is involved in several developmental processes including cardiogenesis. Early steps of cardiac development are characterised by the formation of two cardiogenic lineages, the first (FHF) and the second heart field (SHF) lineage, which arise from a common cardiac progenitor cell population. To further investigate the function of Tbx5 during cardiogenesis, we generated a murine embryonic stem cell line constitutively overexpressing Tbx5. Differentiation of these cells is characterised by an earlier and increased appearance of contracting cardiomyocytes that beat with a higher frequency than control cells. In semi‐quantitative and quantitative RT‐PCR analyses, we observed an up‐regulation of cardiac marker genes such as Troponin T, endogenous Tbx5, and Nkx2.5 and a down‐regulation of others like BMP4 and Hand2. Similar data were gained in Xenopus laevis arguing for a conserved function of Tbx5. Furthermore, markers of the conduction system and atrial cardiomyocytes were increased. Developmental Dynamics 240:2634–2645, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transcriptional control of macrophage diversity and specialization
Authors: Ostuni Renato , Natoli Gioacchino 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe key driving force underlying cell identity is represented by the complex and dynamic interplay between cell‐intrinsic, lineage‐restricted developmental pathways on the one hand, and cell‐extrinsic, tissue‐specific microenvironmental signals on the other. In this context, macrophages are a paradigmatic cell population whose functional specialization in vivo reflects the impact of the local microenvironment on the intrinsic differentiation program, leading to a variety of specialized macrophage types in different tissues and conditions; however, how this is translated into a biological outcome is not appreciably understood. The kind of investigations described in this Viewpoint aim to explore the inner determinants of cell identity and functional diversification at a genomic level; mechanisms that permit plastic cell types, like macrophages, to adapt to different environments.
The role of macrophages and dendritic cells in the clearance of apoptotic cells in advanced atherosclerosis
Authors: Thorp Edward , Subramanian Manikandan , Tabas Ira 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAccumulating evidence supports the notion that defective phagocytic clearance of dying cells, or defective “efferocytosis,” is causally linked to the progression of advanced atherosclerosis. In advanced atherosclerotic lesions, defective efferocytosis leads to post‐apoptotic necrosis, expansion of plaque necrotic cores, and susceptibility to atherothrombosis. Both macrophages and DC‐like efferocytes are juxtaposed near expanding necrotic cores, where they engage apoptotic cells. In this Viewpoint, we discuss how reduced efferocytosis by macrophages and CD11cHI DC‐like cells may combine to reduce overall plaque stability and therefore promote susceptibility to acute atherothrombosis.
Macrophage heterogeneity and acute inflammation
Authors: Liddiard Kate , Rosas Marcela , Davies Luke C. , Jones Simon A. , Taylor Philip R. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this Viewpoint, we concentrate on the aspects of macrophage biology that we believe are fundamental for an appropriate contextual understanding of macrophage function during acute inflammation. These are the different origins of macrophage populations (and the implications of this for the renewal of these populations in the adult); and the impact of specific homeostatic or disease‐associated microenvironments upon cellular heterogeneity, activation and effector functions.
T helper cell populations: As flexible as the skin?
Authors: Waisman Ari 
Published: October 2011

AbstractT helper cells can be defined by the cytokines they produce and are divided into Th1, Th2, Th17, TFH or regulatory T cells. Th17 cells have been shown to produce, in addition to IL‐17, IL‐22. In the current issue of the European Journal of Immunology, an article by Larsen et al. (Eur. J. Immunol. 2011. 41: 2596–2605) provides evidence that human T helper cells, like murine cells, can also express IL‐22 in the absence of the other T helper cell signature cytokines. Moreover, they show that these IL‐22‐producing cells, namely Th22 cells, can be found in the skin of psoriasis patients, where they might contribute to the pathogenesis of this inflammatory skin disease. Finally, they show that, molecularly, Th22 cells are related to Th17 cells, and might therefore be derived from the latter. In this Commentary, the development of the pro‐inflammatory T helper populations in the skin are discussed and a model that explains the development of Th22 cells found in the skin of psoriasis patients is proposed.
CD8+ T‐cell cross‐competition is governed by peptide–MHC class I stability
Authors: Galea Ian , Stasakova Jana , Dunscombe Melanie S. , Ottensmeier Christian H. , Elliott Tim , Thirdborough Stephen M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA major contributing factor to the final magnitude and breadth of CD8+ T‐cell responses to complex antigens is immunodomination, where CD8+ T cells recognizing their cognate ligand inhibit the proliferation of other CD8+ T cells engaged with the same APC. In this study, we examined how the half‐life of cell surface peptide–MHC class I complexes influences this phenomenon. We found that primary CD8+ T‐cell responses to DNA vaccines in mice are shaped by competition among responding CD8+ T cells for nonspecific stimuli early after activation and prior to cell division. The susceptibility of CD8+ T cells to ‘domination’ was a direct correlate of higher kinetic stability of the competing CD8+ T‐cell cognate ligand. When high affinity competitive CD8+ T cells were deleted by self‐antigen expression, competition was abrogated. These findings show, for the first time to our knowledge, the existence of regulatory mechanisms that direct the responding CD8+ T‐cell repertoire toward epitopes with high‐stability interactions with MHC class I molecules. They also provide an insight into factors that facilitate CD8+ T‐cell coexistence, with important implications for vaccine design and delivery.
Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of Useful Chiral Building Blocks from D‐Mannitol
Authors: Aravind Appu , Kumar Ponminor Senthil , Sankar Muthukumar Gomathi , Baskaran Sundarababu 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA diversity‐oriented synthesis is described for functionalized chiral building blocks (i.e., 7, 9, 10, 16, and 17) and the biologically active iminosugar, fucosidase inhibitor (2S,3R,4R,5R)‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐5‐methylpyrrolidine‐3,4‐diol (22), starting from common chiral intermediate 1a which is obtained through a regioselective reductive cleavage of a bis(benzylidene) acetal.
Linear polyalkylamines as fingerprinting agents in capillary electrophoresis of low‐molecular‐weight heparins and glycosaminoglycans
Authors: King J. Timothy , Desai Umesh R. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractGlycosaminoglycan (GAG) analysis represents a challenging frontier despite the advent of many high‐resolution technologies because of their unparalleled structural complexity. We previously developed a resolving agent‐aided capillary electrophoretic approach for fingerprinting low‐molecular‐weight heparins (LMWHs) to profile their microscopic differences and assess batch‐to‐batch variability. In this report, we study the application of this approach for fingerprinting other GAGs and analyze the basis for the fingerprints observed in CE. Although the resolving agents, linear polyalkylamines, could resolve the broad featureless electropherogram of LMWH into a large number of distinct, highly reproducible peaks, longer GAGs such as chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparin responded in a highly individualistic manner. Full‐length heparin interacted with linear polyalkylamines very strongly followed by dermatan sulfate, whereas chondroitin sulfate remained essentially unaffected. Oversulfated chondroitin sulfate could be easily identified from full‐length heparin. Scatchard analysis of the binding profile of enoxaparin with three linear polyalkylamines displayed a biphasic binding profile suggesting two distinctly different types of interactions. Some LMWH chains were found to interact with linear polyalkylamines with affinities as high as 10 nM, whereas others displayed nearly 5000‐fold weaker affinities. These observations provide fundamental insight into the basis for fingerprinting of LMWHs by linear polyalkylamine‐based resolving agents, which could be utilized in the design of advanced resolving agents for compositional profiling, direct sequencing, and chemoinformatics studies.
Sensitivity enhancement in capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry of anionic metabolites using a triethylamine‐containing background electrolyte and sheath liquid
Authors: Kok Miranda G. M. , de Jong Gerhardus J. , Somsen Govert W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAnalyte responses in CE‐ESI‐MS using negative ionization are frequently relatively low, thereby limiting sensitivity in metabolomics applications. In order to enhance the ionization efficiency of anionic metabolites, BGEs and sheath liquids (SLs) of various compositions were evaluated. Pressure‐induced infusion and CE‐MS experiments showed that addition of triethylamine (TEA) to the BGE and SL enhanced analyte intensities. A BGE consisting of 25 mM TEA (pH 11.7) and an SL of water–methanol (1:1, v/v) containing 5 mM TEA was selected, providing separation and detection of ten representative test metabolites with good reproducibility (migration time RSDs<1%) and linearity (R2>0.99). This BGE yielded lower limits of detection (0.7–9.1 μM) for most test compounds when compared with common CE‐MS methods using a BGE and SL containing ammonium acetate (NH4Ac) (25 and 5 mM, respectively). CE‐MS of human urine revealed an average amount of 231 molecular features in negative ionization mode when TEA was used in the BGE and SL, whereas 115 and 102 molecular features were found with an NH4Ac‐containing BGE and SL, employing a bare fused‐silica (BFS) and Polybrene‐dextran sulfate‐Polybrene (PB‐DS‐PB)‐coated capillary, respectively. With the CE‐MS method using TEA, about 170 molecular features were observed that were not detected with the NH4Ac‐based CE‐MS methods. For more than 82% of the molecular features that were detected with the TEA as well as the NH4Ac‐containg BGEs (i.e. common features), the peak intensities were higher using TEA with gain factors up to 7. Overall, the results demonstrate that BGEs and SLs containing TEA are quite favorable for the analysis of anionic metabolites in CE‐MS.
A compact and rapid aptasensor platform based on surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Henseleit Anja , Schmieder Stefan , Bley Thomas , Sonntag Frank , Schilling Niels , Quenzel Philipp , Danz Norbert , Klotzbach Udo , Boschke Elke 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAptamers are synthetic single‐stranded oligonucleotides which bind specifically to their target. They offer several advantages over antibodies. For example, aptamers can be produced under unphysiological conditions against almost any target, including toxic or pathological substances. They are also quicker and cheaper produced than antibodies, and are easy to modify without loss of activity. Furthermore, they exhibit high stability under a width range of conditions. Consequently, they make excellent receptors for the use in biosensors. This article describes the evaluation of a novel aptasensor based on the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)‐system developed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF (Jena, Germany) using a thrombin–aptamer interaction as a model system. The biotin‐tagged aptamer was attached to the sensor's gold surface by means of its interaction with streptavidin. Thrombin solutions of different concentrations were pumped over this surface, and the interaction was measured under buffer flow. The binding signals for the thrombin–aptamer interaction were compared to those arising from a control random‐oligonucleotide of the same size and bearing the same modifications. Using this approach, we were able to obtain reproducible, significant and stable signals with a limit of detection of about 26 nmol/L.
Applications of response surface analysis to the photocatalytic mineralization of acetaminophen over silver deposited Tio2 with periodate
Authors: Gözmen B. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe central composite design (CCD) technique was used to study the effect of photocatalytic oxidation with silver‐deposited TiO2 and periodate on the mineralization of acetaminophen in water. The effects of three experimental parameters such as initial acetaminophen and periodate concentration, and reaction time on mineralization have been investigated. The significance of the independent variables and their interactions were tested by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The highest TOC removal was estimated as 100% at 0.26 mM acetaminophen concentration, 9.14 mM periodate, and 6 min reaction time, while silver‐loaded TiO2 amount was set at 0.8 g/L and initial pH was 3.0. The results show the efficiency of photocatalytic oxidation process with silver deposited TiO2 to remove acetaminophen at low concentrations from aqueous medium. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Catalytic pyrolysis of the oily seeds of Styrax officinalis L. for bio‐fuels and valuable industrial chemicals
Authors: Kar Yakup , Şen Nejdet 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe catalytic pyrolysis of the oily seeds of Styrax officinalis L., which was carried out using two catalysts in a fixed‐bed reactor. As a catalyst, expanded perlite was firstly used according to the best current knowledge. Pyrolysis experiments were performed under at 450°C temperature and 25°C/min heating rate. The results showed that both catalyst materials had approximately the same effect on the bio‐oil yields. By using the natural zeolite and expanded perlite at a ratio of 30 wt %, the maximum bio‐oil yields were achieved as 38.07 wt % and 37.49 wt %, respectively. The oxygen content is important to bio‐oil and upgrading oil. High oxygen content causes poor heating value and instability. The use of a catalyst greatly reduced the oxygen content of the bio‐oil, such that the 30 wt % of oxygen content for noncatalytic oil decreased to 16.34 wt % and 18.35 wt % with use of natural zeolite and expanded perlite, respectively. Higher heating values (34.84 and 33.48 MJ/kg) and H/C atomic ratios (1.47 and 1.51) for the catalyzed bio‐oils were very close to those of petroleum, which are 40 MJ/kg and 1.5:1.9, respectively. In addition, the oxygenated species decreased and also the quantities of alkyl and alkenyl substituted aromatic compounds and paraffinic alkanes in the catalyzed bio‐oils were notably higher than those of noncatalyzed bio‐oils when using a catalyst. The use of catalysts in the pyrolysis not only increased the yield of bio‐oil, but also produced higher quality oil with higher calorific value, lower oxygen content, higher carbon, and hydrogen contents etc. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Bit error probability of cooperative MC‐CDMA systems using decode and forward relaying
Authors: Boujemâa H. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we derive the exact and asymptotic bit error probability of cooperative dual‐hop and multihop multicarrier code division multiple access (MC‐CDMA) systems using decode and forward (DF) relaying. We consider an all participating and opportunistic dual‐hop cooperative systems. In all participating DF relaying, all relays that have correctly decoded transmit using different spreading codes. In opportunistic DF relaying, we activate only the relay that offers the highest instantaneous signal‐to‐noise ratio of the relay to destination link among the relays that have correctly decoded. The derived results are valid for any multipath intensity profile (MIP) of the channel and any number of relays. We also investigate the optimal power allocation for dual‐hop and multihop cooperative MC‐CDMA systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.