bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preoperative biliary drainage for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: which stent should be selected?
Authors: Kawakami Hiroshi , Kondo Satoshi , Kuwatani Masaki , Yamato Hiroaki , Ehira Nobuyuki , Kudo Taiki , Eto Kazunori , Haba Shin , Matsumoto Joe , Kato Kentaro , Tsuchikawa Takahiro , Tanaka Eiichi , Hirano Satoshi , Asaka Masahiro 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe controversy over whether and how to perform preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCA) remains unsettled. Arguments against PBD before pancreatoduodenectomy have recently been gaining momentum. However, the complication‐related mortality rate is as high as 10% for patients with HCA who have undergone major liver resection, and liver failure is a major cause of postoperative death. This suggests the need for PBD to treat jaundice in HCA patients scheduled for major surgical resection of the liver and that major surgery should be performed only after the recovery of hepatic function. No definite criteria or guidelines outlining indications for PBD are currently available. In patients with HCA, PBD may be performed by either percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) or endoscopic biliary drainage (EBD). No consensus, however, has been reached regarding which drainage method is more appropriate. No reported study has compared the effectiveness of PTBD, endoscopic biliary stenting (EBS), and endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) in patients with HCA. This review summarizes the results of our study comparing the three methods and outlines the preoperative endoscopic management of segmental cholangitis (SC) in HCA patients undergoing PBD.
It's a dog‐eat‐croc world: dingo predation on the nests of freshwater crocodiles in tropical Australia
Authors: Somaweera Ruchira , Webb Jonathan K. , Shine Richard 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPredation on eggs is an important source of mortality for many long‐lived organisms, but causes of egg mortality from specific predators remain poorly known in most cases. Understanding the identity of predators, and the rates and determinants of their effects on a cohort of recruits, can provide a valuable background for attempts to exploit, control or conserve populations. We used remotely triggered cameras to study predation on the nests of freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni) inhabiting Lake Argyle, in tropical Australia. We also supplemented our work on natural crocodile nests with artificial nests. Overall, 80 of 111 natural nests were opened by predators, and predation occurred throughout the study period (7 weeks). Unlike in other parts of the species’ range, most nest‐robbers were dingoes (Canis lupus dingo, responsible for 98% of all predator visits in the northern sites, and 54% in the Ord River site), with minimal additional predation by reptiles and birds. Contrary to expectation, rates of nest predation were not influenced by spatial clumping of nests: the probability of predation per nest did not change with total numbers of nests laid in an area, and artificially aggregated versus dispersed nests experienced similar levels of predation. Nest vulnerability was linked to abiotic features including slope of surrounding banks, compactness of nesting substrate, and distance from the nearest forest. Abundant aquatic food resources support a large crocodile population, but a lack of suitable nest‐sites forces the crocodiles to concentrate nesting in small areas readily accessible to wide‐ranging nest predators. Collectively, our results suggest that distinctive attributes of the lakeside landscape alter predator guilds and fashion unique predator–prey interactions.
Fish intake, erythrocyten-3 fatty acid status and metabolic health in Danish adolescent girls and boys
Authors: Lauritzen Lotte , Harsløf Laurine B. S. , Hellgren Lars I. , Pedersen Maiken H. , Mølgaard Christian , Michaelsen Kim F. 
Published: June 2011

Marinen-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA) may have a beneficial effect on several aspects of the metabolic syndrome (dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, hypertension and abdominal obesity). The metabolic syndrome is increasing in prevalence during adolescence, but only few studies have investigated the effects ofn-3 LCPUFA in adolescence. The present study examines associations between fish intake (assessed by a 7 d pre-coded food diary), erythrocyte (RBC) DHA status (analysed by GC) and metabolic syndrome measures (anthropometry, blood pressure and plasma lipids, insulin and glucose) in 109 17-year-old children from the Copenhagen Birth Cohort Study. Of the children, 8 % were overweight or obese and few showed signs of the metabolic syndrome, but all the metabolic syndrome variables were correlated. Median fish intake was 10·7 (interquartile range 3·6–21·2) g/d. Boys tended to have a higher fish intake (P = 0·052), but girls had significantly higher RBC levels of DHA (P = 0·001). Sex and fish intake explained 37 % of the variance in RBC-DHA (P < 0·001). After adjusting for confounders, high DHA status was found to be significantly correlated with higher systolic blood pressure (P = 0·014) and increased fasting insulin (P = 0·018), but no adverse association was observed with the mean metabolic syndromez-score. Overall, the present study showed the expected association between fish intake and RBC-DHA, which in contrast to our expectations tended to be associated with a poorer metabolic profile. Whether these results reflect the physiological function ofn-3 LCPUFA, lifestyle factors associated with fish intake in Denmark, or mere chance remains to be investigated.
New Evidence on the Relation between the Enterprise Multiple and Average Stock Returns
Authors: Loughran Tim , Wellman Jay W. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPractitioners increasingly use the enterprise multiple (EM) as a valuation measure. EM is (equity value + debt + preferred stock – cash) / (EBITDA). We document that EM is a strong determinant of stock returns. Following Fama and French (1993) and Chen, Novy-Marx, and Zhang (2010), we create an EM factor that generates a return premium of 5.28% per year. We interpret EM as a proxy for the discount rate. Firms with low EM values appear to have higher discount rates and higher subsequent stock returns than firms with high EM values.
In vitro induction and differentiation of newborn guinea pig hippocampus neural stem cells into cells resembling inner hair cells, using artificial perilymph
Authors: Wang Y , Dong M-M 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjective:To investigate whether artificial perilymph can induce neural stem cells, derived from the hippocampus of newborn guinea pigs, to differentiate into inner ear hair cells, in vitro.Methods:Primary neural stem cells derived from the hippocampus of newborn guinea pigs were incubated in medium containing either 10 per cent fetal bovine serum or 5, 10 or 15 per cent artificial perilymph, for three weeks. Differentiated cells were identified using immunofluorescence, Western blot and scanning electron microscopy.Results:Both fetal bovine serum and artificial perilymph induced the neural stem cells to differentiate into cells with hair-cell-specific antibodies.Conclusion:Neural stem cells can survive in both fetal bovine serum and artificial perilymph, and within these media can differentiate into cells with hair-cell-specific antibodies. This provides an experimental basis for transplantation of neural stem cells into the inner ear.
Is childhood OCD a risk factor for eating disorders later in life? A longitudinal study
Authors: Micali N. , Hilton K. , Natatani E. , Heyman I. , Turner C. , Mataix-Cols D. 
Published: June 2011

BackgroundIt has been suggested that childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may be a risk factor for the development of an eating disorder (ED) later in life, but prospective studies are lacking. We aimed to determine the prevalence of ED at follow-up and clinical predictors in a longitudinal clinical sample of adolescents/young adults diagnosed with OCD in childhood.MethodAll contactable (n=231) young people with OCD assessed over 9 years at a national and specialist paediatric OCD clinic were included in this study. At follow-up, 126 (57%) young people and parents completed the ED section of the Developmental and Well-being Assessment. Predictors for ED were investigated using logistic regression.ResultsIn total, 16 participants (12.7%) had a diagnosis of ED at follow-up. Having an ED was associated with female gender and persistent OCD at follow-up. There was a trend for family history of ED being predictive of ED diagnosis. Five (30%) of those who developed an ED at follow-up had ED symptoms or food-related obsessions/compulsions at baseline. A difference in predictors for an EDversusother anxiety disorders at follow-up was identified.ConclusionsThis study provides initial evidence that baseline clinical predictors such as female gender and family history of ED might be specific to the later development of ED in the context of childhood OCD. Clinicians should be alert to ED subthreshold symptoms in young girls presenting with OCD. Future longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the relationship between childhood OCD and later ED.
High-Integrity GPS/INS Integrated Navigation with Error Detection and Application to LAAS
Authors: Chan Fang-Cheng , Pervan Boris 
Published: June 2011

A dynamic state realization for tightly coupling Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements with an Inertial Navigation System (INS) is described. The realization, based on the direct fusion of GPS and INS systems through Kalman filter state dynamics, explicitly accounts for temporal and spatial decorrelation of GPS measurement errors (such as tropospheric, ionospheric, and multipath errors) through state augmentation, thereby ensuring Kalman filter integrity under fault-free error conditions. Predicted system performance for a Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) aircraft precision approach application is evaluated using covariance analysis and validated with flight data.Built-in fault detection mechanisms based on the Kalman filter innovations are also evaluated to help provide integrity under certain fault conditions. It is shown that an algorithm based on the integral of Kalman filter innovations outperforms other existing GPS fault detection methods in the detection of slowly developing ranging errors, such as those caused by ionospheric and tropospheric anomalies.
The epidemiology of sporadic human infections with unusual cryptosporidia detected during routine typing in England and Wales, 2000–2008
Authors: ELWIN K. , HADFIELD S. J. , ROBINSON G. , CHALMERS R. M. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYRoutine typing of 14 469 isolates from human cryptosporidiosis cases between 2000 and 2008 revealed that 7439 (51·4%) were Cryptosporidium (C.) hominis, 6372 (44·0%) C. parvum, 51 (0·4%) both C. hominis and C. parvum, 443 (3·1%) were not typable and 164 (1·1%) were other Cryptosporidium species or genotypes. Of the latter, 109 were C. meleagridis, 38 C. felis, 11 C. ubiquitum, one C. canis, two horse, two novel and one skunk genotype. C. hominis monkey genotype and C. cuniculus were identified in a separate study. Patients with unusual infections were older than those with C. hominis (P<0·01) or C. parvum (P<0·01) and were more likely to be immunocompromised (Fisher's exact P<0·01). Forty-one percent of unusual cases had travelled abroad, mainly to the Indian subcontinent. Significant risk factors in those with unusual species were travel abroad (C. meleagridis, P<0·01), being immunocompromised (C. felis, Fisher's exact P=0·02), and contact with cats (C. felis, Fisher's exact P=0·02).
Burden of acute gastroenteritis and healthcare-seeking behaviour in France: a population-based study
Authors: VAN CAUTEREN D. , De VALK H. , VAUX S. , Le STRAT Y. , VAILLANT V. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYIn France surveillance underestimates the true burden of acute gastroenteritis (AG). We conducted a population-based, retrospective cross-sectional telephone survey between May 2009 and April 2010 in order to obtain more accurate estimates of the incidence and the burden of AG and to describe healthcare-seeking behaviour for AG. Of the 10 080 persons included in the survey, 260 respondents reported 263 episodes of AG. The incidence rate of AG was estimated at 0·33 cases/person-year (95% CI 0·28–0·37). It was highest in children aged <5 years and declined with age. Thirty-three percent (95% CI 27–40) of the AG cases consulted a physician and 76% (95% CI 70–82) used medication. Our results indicate that there are more than 21 million episodes of AG each year in France. These results allow a more accurate interpretation of the data derived from existing AG surveillance systems.
Amacrine-to-amacrine cell inhibition: Spatiotemporal properties of GABA and glycine pathways
Authors: CHEN XIN , HSUEH HAIN ANN , WERBLIN FRANK S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe measured the spatial and temporal properties of GABAergic and glycinergic inhibition to amacrine cells in the whole-mount rabbit retina. The amacrine cells were parsed into two morphological classes: narrow-field cells with processes spreading less than 200μm and wide-field cells with processes extending more than 300μm. The inhibition was also parsed into two types: sustained glycine and transient GABA. Narrow-field amacrine cells receive 1) very transient GABAergic inhibition with a fast onset latency of 140 ± 16 ms decaying to 30% of the peak level within 208 ± 27 ms elicited broadly over a lateral distance of up to 1500μm and 2) sustained glycinergic inhibition with a medium onset latency of 286 ± 23 ms that was elicited over a spatial area often broader than the processes of the narrow-field amacrine cells. Wide-field amacrine cells received sustained glycinergic inhibition but no broad transient GABAergic inhibition. Surprisingly, neither of these amacrine cell classes received sustained local GABAergic inhibition, commonly found in an earlier study of ganglion cells.
Evaluation of a Telephone Speech-Enhancement Algorithm Among Older Adults With Hearing Loss
Authors: Roup Christina M. , Poling Gayla L. , Harhager Kimberly , Krishnamurthy Ashok , Feth Lawrence L. 
Published: June 2011

Purpose
In this study, the authors evaluated a processing algorithm aimed at improving speech recognition via the telephone among older adults with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL).

Method
Thirty older adults with SNHL participated. Speech recognition was measured in quiet using the Modified Rhyme Test (MRT; Kreul et al., 1968) and the Speech Perception in Noise (SPIN; Bilger et al., 1984) sentences, and in noise using the Quick Speech in Noise (QSIN; Killion et al., 2004) test. Each test was presented via the telephone with and without processing.

Results
Significant improvements in recognition performance due to processing were observed for the SPIN and QSIN. The improvement on the QSIN was significantly greater than on the MRT and SPIN, likely because the MRT and SPIN sentences were presented in quiet, whereas the QSIN was presented in noise. Significant improvements in recognition performance were observed for both an offline version and a real-time version of the algorithm relative to the unprocessed condition, although no difference was noted between the 2 versions.

Conclusions
Results indicate that preprocessing the acoustic signal is a viable method of improving speech recognition via the telephone. The algorithm has the potential to benefit older adults with SNHL who struggle to communicate via the telephone with or without hearing aids.
Complete reconstruction of an enzyme-inhibitor binding process by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Buch Ignasi , Giorgino Toni , De Fabritiis Gianni 
Published: June 2011

The understanding of protein–ligand binding is of critical importance for biomedical research, yet the process itself has been very difficult to study because of its intrinsically dynamic character. Here, we have been able to quantitatively reconstruct the complete binding process of the enzyme-inhibitor complex trypsin-benzamidine by performing 495 molecular dynamics simulations of free ligand binding of 100 ns each, 187 of which produced binding events with an rmsd less than 2 Å compared to the crystal structure. The binding paths obtained are able to capture the kinetic pathway of the inhibitor diffusing from solvent (S0) to the bound (S4) state passing through two metastable intermediate states S2 and S3. Rather than directly entering the binding pocket the inhibitor appears to roll on the surface of the protein in its transition between S3 and the final binding pocket, whereas the transition between S2 and the bound pose requires rediffusion to S3. An estimation of the standard free energy of binding gives ΔG° = -5.2 ± 0.4 kcal/mol (cf. the experimental value -6.2 kcal/mol), and a two-states kinetic modelkon = (1.5 ± 0.2) × 108 M-1 s-1andkoff = (9.5 ± 3.3) × 104 s-1for unbound to bound transitions. The ability to reconstruct by simple diffusion the binding pathway of an enzyme-inhibitor binding process demonstrates the predictive power of unconventional high-throughput molecular simulations. Moreover, the methodology is directly applicable to other molecular systems and thus of general interest in biomedical and pharmaceutical research.
Ibn Khaldun
Authors: Leezenberg Michael 
Published: June 2011

Although Ibn Khaldun (b. 732/1332–d. 808/1406) does not appear to have exerted any constitutive influence on any of the founders of the modern social sciences, he is often described as a precursor or ancestor of sociology. Among others, he is the author of a voluminous world history, the Kitāb al-ʿibar or Book of Examples, part of which is a chronicle of the various local dynasties—many of them of Berber extraction—in North Africa. Another part of this work deals with other Muslim lands, and even with the non-Muslim world, making it one of the first Islamic attempts at world history. By far the most famous part of this book, however, is the Muqaddimah, or introduction, in which Ibn Khaldun formulates the principles of what he himself described as a new science serving as an auxiliary for historiography. This ʿilm al- ʿumran, or “science of civilization” as he called it, attempts to formulate general laws of history, as a principled means of establishing the veracity of historical reports. The most important of these laws is the circular, or pendulum-swing, movement between rural or tribal (badawa) societies and urban civilizations (hadara). Rural societies are bound together and strengthened by a bond of ʿasabiyya (solidarity or group spirit), which also enables them to conquer more refined urban civilizations. Once in power, however, the new dynasty will progressively become weakened by the refinements of urban life, and after several generations it will be overthrown by a new rural group still held together by its ʿasabiyya. Among contemporaries, Ibn Khaldun’s ideas did not generate much interest, but in later centuries he has been read with great interest by both scholars and policymakers, and both inside and outside the Muslim world.
First and Second Chronicles
Authors: Tuell Steven Shawn 
Published: June 2011

Although divided into two books in modern Bibles (a division dating to the Septuagint), Chronicles was originally a single book. In Jewish Bibles, Chronicles closes the canon, coming at the end of the Kethubim (Writings) after Ezra-Nehemiah; there, the mention of Adam at the beginning of its genealogies (1 Chr 1:1) provides a neat parallel to Genesis, the first book of the Bible. In Christian Bibles, Chronicles is placed where it appears in the Septuagint: grouped with other “historical” books, following 2 Kings and preceding Ezra and Nehemiah. The content of Chronicles is arranged in four parts. The book begins with a collection of genealogical lists (1 Chr 1–9), spanning from Adam to Anani, seventh son in the seventh generation of David’s line after the Babylonian exile (1 Chr 3:24). Then Chronicles relates the stories of David (1 Chr 10–29), Solomon (2 Chr 1–9), and the kings of Judah in David’s line, from the dissolution of the united monarchy to the fall of Jerusalem (2 Chr 10–36). But the emphasis on David’s line has more to do with religion than with politics. Although Solomon builds the temple and sets its cult in motion, David is architect of the temple and author of its liturgy. David’s descendants, charged with preserving the temple and the worship of the Lord conducted there, are praised for their faithfulness, or cursed for their faithlessness. The destruction of the temple and the fall of Jerusalem are blamed upon the failure to seek the Lord in Scripture and in worship, as David had done. Therefore, the community of Chronicles, living in the days of the second, rebuilt temple, is warned to avoid the mistakes of their forebears and urged to be faithful to their ancient heritage. In recent years, Chronicles scholarship has undergone a renaissance and a considerable shift in emphasis. Until about forty years ago, it was assumed that Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah had been composed together, probably in the late fifth or early fourth century bce. This Chronicler’s history was understood to share a common theological perspective and common attitudes regarding what constitutes the people of Israel. However, the work of Japhet and Williamson in particular (see Japhet 1971 [cited under General Overviews], Japhet 1993 and Williamson 1982 [both cited under Commentaries], Japhet 1989 and Williamson 1996 [both cited under Relationship with Ezra-Nehemiah], Williamson 1977 [cited under Theological Perspective]) has effected a shift in the consensus and the reopening of some questions once considered closed. The mainstream of contemporary scholarship now regards Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah as separate works, with divergent composition histories and theologies. Chronicles is dated by some as late as the third or second century bce and by others as early as the fifth. As a result, the study of these once-ignored texts has become an exciting and sometimes heated conversation, marked by the convergence of studies in text criticism, ancient historiography, the composition of Scripture, and the history of Israelite religion in the Persian and Hellenistic Periods.