bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Six‐minute walk distance and dyspnoea scores to assess the course of COPD exacerbation in elderly patients
Authors: Blankenburg Thomas , Guettel Anne , Busch Christian , Schuette Wolfgang 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIntroductionWhile the severity of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been defined in a valid and relevant prognostic manner, parameters that describe the course of COPD exacerbations are not yet established. Physical performance and dyspnoea are of prognostic relevance in stable COPD. The issue investigated was to assess the course of COPD exacerbations to find parameters that describe this situation better.MethodsIn 82 hospitalised patients with acute exacerbation of COPD who responded to intensified medical treatment (age 67.3 ± 9.5 years; forced expiratory volume in 1 s 1.0l, 40% predicted), we measured the 6‐min walk distance and the visual analogue scale dyspnoea scores before the start of treatment, prior to discharge and after a 4‐week stable period. Additionally, the conventional clinical parameters of COPD and quality of life were documented.ResultsThe 6‐min walk distance was significantly increased from 97 ± 114 m to 290 ± 106 m. After 4 weeks of outpatient treatment in clinically stable patients, the 6‐min walk distance fell non‐significantly to 270 ± 120 m. The increment in walk distance fell significantly with advancing severity of COPD: from 112 ± 68 m for grade I and II to 56 ± 88 m for grade IV. Resting as well as exertional dyspnoea scores were significantly reduced (resting dyspnoea from 4 to 2 and exertional dyspnoea from 8 to 6).ConclusionWe were able to demonstrate that 6‐min walk test and dyspnoea scores, but not pulmonary function test, are suitable parameters to assess the course of COPD exacerbations.
Insight into osteo‐articular digital tomosynthesis: A pictorial essay
Authors: Lacout Alexis , Thariat Juliette , Hajjam Mostafa El , Marcy Pierre‐Yves 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe objectives of this pictorial essay are to describe osteo‐articular imaging using digital tomosynthesis. We provide characteristic examples in eight patients. Digital tomosynthesis allows easy, fast and low‐dose imaging, with excellent spatial resolution.
Legalizing Indigenous Identities: The Tapeba Struggle for Land and Schools in Caucaia, Brazil
Authors: Aires Max Maranhão Piorsky 
Published: July 2012

ResumoEm cerca de duas décadas os Tapeba passaram de um grupo sem atenção estatal, pobres, sem escolas e aculturados para a de indígenas sujeitos de direitos e protegidos pelo estado brasileiro. Esta possibilidade não chegou de uma só vez: em meados da decada de 1980 a Teologia da Libertação, na decada de 1990 a escola diferenciada e, em seguida, a implementação da política educacional. Num primeiro momento a transformação da identificação e do lugar político ocupado tornou‐se possível com o apoio de missionários adeptos da Teologia da Libertação, que incentivaram a identificação da população como indígena como uma possibilidade para alcançar direitos, em especial terra, saúde e educação. No entanto, as desconfianças em relação a identidade persistiram e marcaram todo o processo de luta pela terra. Os índios, mais uma vez, entraram na batalha para produção de evidências para o reconhecimento. Um grupo pequeno de lideranças formulou a linguagem de reivindicação das escolas diferenciadas que insistiu na necessidade de exibição pública da cultura e no ensino da identificação para crianças. Esta estratégia articulou as identidades a campos de poder mais amplos que o da luta fundiária na medida em que as lideranças formularam um discurso conectando o problema da auto‐identificação com a disposição do estado em atender demandas estabelecidas com base na diferença cultural num momento em que cresceu a importância mundial da escolarização de crianças como agentes centrais para o crescimento econômico e a internacionalização dos direitos indígenas.
Ancient Calendars and Bolivian Modernity: Tiwanaku's Gateway of the Sun, Arthur Posnansky, and the World Calendar Movement of the 1930s
Authors: Sammells Clare A. 
Published: July 2012

ResuménLos turistas que asisten al sitio arqueológico de Tiwanaku son presentados con calendarios precolombinos, de los cuales la Puerta del Sol es el más importante, famosa y hermosa. A principios de del siglo 20 Arturo Posnansky y otros arqueólogos creyeron que las inscripciones de la Puerta correspondían a un calendario escrito. Estas teorías se sustentan en las narrativas que consideran Tiwanaku como un fuente de sabiduría tanto en la época precolombinos como en el mundo contemporáneo. Posnansky presentó sus interpretaciones de calendarios Tiwanakotas como respuesta a los debates del Movimiento del Calendario Global, el trataba de racionalizar el calendario gregoriano en la década de 1930. En la Puerta, Posnansky encontró una respuesta boliviana alternativa a la que dominaba en la comunidad internacional científica, la cual buscaba una forma racional de medir el tiempo para la economía mundial. Estos intelectuales bolivianos combinaron su interes por el pasado indígena con sus preocupaciones con el rol del estado boliviano moderno en el sistema global.
Scars of Nation: Surgical Penetration and the Ecuadorian State
Authors: Roberts Elizabeth F. S. 
Published: July 2012

ResumenEn Ecuador, las mujeres de clase media, y cada vez más las de clase obrera, pagan gustosamente por tener una cicatriz. Las cesáreas que se hacen en las clínicas privadas les deja una cicatriz que es la marca de aquellas mujeres que no están sujetas al uso indigno de los devaluados servicios de salud pública. No es afirmar la ciudadanía per se lo que estas mujeres buscan con estas cicatrices, ya que en Ecuador la ciudadanía es particularmente denigrada en el ámbito médico. Esta cicatriz es más bien el signo de la posibilidad de diferenciarse de las masas de mujeres gobernadas, quienes necesitan hacer demandas ciudadanas de servicios sociales de las instituciones del Estado. Las cicatrices, y los cuerpos que las portan, ejercen una relación racializada con la nación. Los cuerpos morenos pueden aguantar el parto vaginal dentro de la disciplina de las maternidades públicas. Cuando las mujeres pagan por cesáreas, las cicatrices privadas las hacen más blancas y valiosas para la nación. Después de todo, no le han quitado nada al Estado.
Perpetrator programmes for partner violence: A rejoinder to Respect
Authors: Archer John , Dixon Louise , Graham‐Kevan Nicola 
Published: July 2012

Purpose. To reply to the comments made by Debbonaire and Todd (2012) in relation to our critique of Respect's Position Statement.Method. We examined their reply in relation to our original article and to the wider research literature.Results. We show that Debbonaire and Todd's reply is largely a series of assertions, for which little or no supporting evidence is offered. Their argument is first that we are misplaced in criticizing their Position Statement, and second that the main points of the statement are defendable. We indicate why our criticisms of the statement still stand.Conclusions. We argue that Respect have not countered our overall criticism of their position that intimate partner violence (IPV) can only be addressed as a gendered issue, that is as a consequence of patriarchal values enacted at the individual level. Instead we advocate a gender‐inclusive approach applying a knowledge base derived from robust empirical research on IPV and more widely from research on human aggression.
Carvedilol suppresses fatty acid oxidation and stimulates glycolysis in C2C12 cells
Authors: Onay-Besikci Arzu , Suzmecelik Elif , Ozcelikay A. Tanju 
Published: July 2012

Beta adrenergic receptor blocking drugs (β-blockers) are used chronically in many cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmia, and heart failure. Beneficial effects are associated with the inhibition of symphathetic nervous system hyperactivity, reduction of heart rate, and remodeling by blocking the mitogenic activity of catecholamines. A possible effect of β-blockers on substrate metabolism has also been suggested. The direct effects of β-blockers on mouse C2C12 cells were investigated in this study. C2C12 cells were grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and differentiated into myotubes in the same medium that contained 1% FBS. Palmitic acid oxidation and glycolysis were measured by using [9,10-3H]palmitate and [5-3H]glucose, respectively. The amount of3H2O was measured as an indicator of substrate usage. Carvedilol (100 µmol/L) inhibited palmitate oxidation and increased glycolysis by nearly 50%. Prazosin altered substrate metabolism in a similar fashion as carvedilol, whereas propranolol or bisoprolol were devoid of metabolic effects. When added to mimic sympathetic activation, epinephrine stimulated glycolysis but did not alter fatty acid oxidation. Based on these results, carvedilol appears to have direct effects on substrate metabolism that are related to the blockade of α1 adrenergic receptors.
The EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin AG-1478 causes hypomagnesemia and cardiac dysfunction
Authors: Weglicki William B. , Kramer Jay H. , Spurney Christopher F. , Chmielinska Joanna J. , Mak I. Tong 
Published: July 2012

We determined whether the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) N-​(3-​chlorophenyl)-​6,​7-​dimethoxy-​4-​quinazolinamine (tyrphostin AG-1478) causes hypomagnesemia and cardiac dysfunction in rats. Tyrphostin was administered (3 times per week, intraperitoneal injection, to achieve 21.4 mg·(kg body mass)–1·day–1) to normomagnesemic rats for 5 weeks. Levels of magnesium in the plasma of the tyrphostin-treated rats decreased significantly by the following amount: 17% at week 1, 27% at week 2, and 26%–35% between weeks 3 to 5. Levels of the plasma lipid peroxidation marker 8-isoprostane rose significantly: by 58% at week 1, 168% at week 3, and 113% at week 5. At week 5, blood neutrophils from the tyrphostin-treated group displayed a 2.26-fold higher basal level of [Formula: see text] generation; the ratio of oxidized glutathione (glutathione disufide; GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH) in the red blood cells increased 2.5-fold. At week 5, echocardiography revealed that TKI treatment resulted in significant cardiac systolic dysfunction, with impaired diastolic function and dilated cardiomyopathy. Since hypomagnesemia alone can trigger oxidative stress and cardiac injury, we suggest that inhibition of EGFR–TK caused magnesium wasting, which partly contributed to decreased cardiac contractility.
Antioxidant characterization of soy derived products in vitro and the effect of a soy diet on peripheral markers of oxidative stress in a heart disease model
Authors: Hagen Martine Kienzle , Ludke Ana , Araujo Alex Sander , Mendes Roberta Hack , Fernandes Tânia Gatelli , Mandarino Jose Marcos Gontijo , Llesuy Susana , Vogt de Jong Erna , Belló-Klein Adriane 
Published: July 2012

This study analyzed and compared the content of isoflavones in 2 soy products, the effectiveness of isoflavones as antioxidants, in vitro, and demonstrated the antioxidant effect of a soy diet in rats with myocardial infarction (MI). Isoflavone content was analyzed in soybean hypocotyl (SH) and isolated soy protein (ISP). The quality (TAR) and quantity (TRAP) of antioxidants present in the samples was quantified. The amount of daidzin was higher in SH (9 times) and genistein in ISP (5 times). SH presented a 3-fold increase in TAR, while both products exhibited same TRAP. The rats were fed an ISP diet for 9 weeks. Animals were distributed among 6 treatment groups: (i) Sham Casein; (ii) Infarct Casein < 25%; (iii) Infarct Casein > 25%; (iv) Sham Soy; (v) Infarct Soy < 25%; and (vi) Infarct Soy > 25%. MI was induced 5 weeks after the commencement of the diets. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant enzyme activity, and levels of nitrites/nitrates were determined in blood. Rats receiving the ISP diet demonstrated increased activity of antioxidant enzyme activity and nitrite/nitrate content. In addition, the increase in LPO seen in rats subjected to MI was significantly mitigated when the ISP diet was given. These findings suggest a nutritional approach of using a soy-based diet for the prevention of oxidative-stress-related diseases such as heart failure.
Genistein prevents isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats
Authors: Maulik Subir Kumar , Prabhakar Pankaj , Dinda Amit Kumar , Seth Sandeep 
Published: July 2012

Genistein, an isoflavone and a rich constituent of soy, possesses important regulatory effects on nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and oxidative stress. Transient and low release of NO by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) has been shown to be beneficial, while high and sustained release by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) may be detrimental in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. The present study was designed to evaluate whether genistein could prevent isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy in male Wistar rats (150–200 g, 10–12 weeks old) rats. Isoproterenol (5 mg·(kg body weight)–1) was injected subcutaneously once daily for 14 days to induced cardiac hypertrophy. Genistein (0.1 and 0.2 mg·kg–1, subcutaneous injection once daily) was administered along with isoproterenol. Heart tissue was studied for myocyte size and fibrosis. Myocardial thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase levels, and 1-OH proline (collagen content) were also estimated. Genistein significantly prevented any isoproterenol-induced increase in heart weight to body weight ratio, left ventricular mass (echocardiographic), myocardial 1-OH proline, fibrosis, myocyte size and myocardial oxidative stress. These beneficial effects of genistein were blocked by a nonselective NOS inhibitor (L-NAME), but not by a selective iNOS inhibitor (aminoguanidine). Thus, the present study suggests that the salutary effects of genistein on isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy may be mediated through inhibition of iNOS and potentiation of eNOS activities.
L-Cysteine supplementation as an adjuvant therapy for type-2 diabetes
Authors: Jain Sushil K. 
Published: July 2012

Diabetes remains a major public health issue. According to the American Diabetes Association, 23.5 million, or 10.7% of people in the USA aged 20 years and older, have diabetes. Type-2 diabetes is treated both by controlling the diet and with oral hypoglycemic drugs. However, for many patients, achieving a tight control of glucose is difficult with current regimens. This chapter discusses a relatively low-cost dietary supplement that could be used as an adjuvant therapy for type-2 diabetes. A review of the literature indicates that cysteine-rich whey protein improves glucose metabolism in diabetic animals and type-2 diabetic patients. Similarly, in animal studies, improvement in glucose metabolism is observed after supplementation with L-cysteine, or molecules containing a cysteine moiety. This chapter discusses the biochemical mechanisms by which L-cysteine can upregulate the insulin-dependent signaling cascades of glucose metabolism. Further studies are needed to examine whether clinical interventions using L-cysteine as an adjuvant therapy indeed help to control glycemia and vascular inflammation in the diabetic patient population.
In Situ Aircraft Measurements of the Vertical Distribution of Liquid and Ice Water Content in Midlatitude Mixed-Phase Clouds
Authors: Noh Yoo-Jeong , Seaman Curtis J. , Vonder Haar Thomas H. , Liu Guosheng 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe vertical distribution of liquid and ice water content and their partitioning is studied using 34 cases of in situ measured microphysical properties in midlatitude mixed-phase clouds, with liquid water path ranging from near zero to ~248 g m−2, total water path ranging from near zero to ~562 g m−2, and cloud-top temperature ranging from −2° to −38°C. The 34 profiles were further divided into three cloud types depending on their vertical extents and altitudes. It is found that both the vertical distribution of liquid water within a cloud and the liquid water fraction (of total condensed water) as a function of temperature or relative position in a cloud layer are cloud-type dependent. In particular, it is found that the partitioning between liquid and ice water for midlevel shallow clouds is relatively independent on the vertical position within the cloud while it clearly depends on cloud mean temperature. For synoptic snow clouds, however, liquid water fraction increases with the decrease of altitude within the cloud. While the liquid water fraction in synoptic clouds also decreases with lowering temperature, its magnitude is only about 50% near 0°C.
Momentum Flux and Flux Divergence of Gravity Waves in Directional Shear Flows over Three-Dimensional Mountains
Authors: Xu Xin , Wang Yuan , Xue Ming 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Linear mountain wave theory is used to derive the general formulas of the gravity wave momentum flux (WMF) and its vertical divergence that develop in directionally sheared flows with constant vertical shear. Height variations of the WMF and its vertical divergence are studied for a circular bell-shaped mountain. The results show that the magnitude of the WMF decreases with height owing to variable critical-level height for different wave components. This leads to continuous—rather than abrupt—absorption of surface-forced gravity waves, and the rate of absorption is largely determined by the maximum turning angle of the wind with height. For flows turning substantially with height, the wave momentum is primarily trapped in the lower atmosphere. Otherwise, it can be transported to the upper levels. The vertical divergence of WMF is oriented perpendicularly to the right (left) of the mean flow that veers (backs) with height except at the surface, where it vanishes. First, the magnitude of the WMF divergence increases with height until reaching its peak value. Then, it decreases toward zero above that height. The altitude of peak WMF divergence is proportional to the surface wind speed and inversely proportional to the vertical wind shear magnitude, increasing as the maximum wind turning angle increases. The magnitude of the peak WMF divergence also increases with the maximum wind turning angle, but it in general decreases as the ambient flow Richardson number increases. Implications of the findings for treating mountain gravity waves in numerical models are discussed.
Northern High-Latitude Heat Budget Decomposition and Transient Warming
Authors: Rugenstein Maria A. A. , Winton Michael , Stouffer Ronald J. , Griffies Stephen M. , Hallberg Robert 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Climate models simulate a wide range of climate changes at high northern latitudes in response to increased CO2. They also have substantial disagreement on projected changes of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Here, two pairs of closely related climate models are used, with each containing members with large and small AMOC declines to explore the influence of AMOC decline on the high-latitude response to increased CO2. The models with larger AMOC decline have less high-latitude warming and sea ice decline than their small AMOC decline counterpart. By examining differences in the perturbation heat budget of the 40°–90°N region, it is shown that AMOC decline diminishes the warming by weakening poleward ocean heat transport and increasing the ocean heat uptake. The cooling impact of this AMOC-forced surface heat flux perturbation difference is enhanced by shortwave feedback and diminished by longwave feedback and atmospheric heat transport differences. The magnitude of the AMOC decline within model pairs is positively related to the magnitudes of control climate AMOC and Labrador and Nordic Seas convection. Because the 40°–90°N region accounts for up to 40% of the simulated global ocean heat uptake over 100 yr, the process described here influences the global heat uptake efficiency.
Impacts of Interhemispheric Asymmetric Thermal Forcing on Tropical Pacific Climate: Surface Air–Sea Coupling and Subduction
Authors: Li Chun , Wu Lixin , Xie Shang-Ping 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Paleoclimate observations and modeling studies suggest that extratropical climate change affects the tropical Pacific. A global coupled general circulation model is used to investigate the equatorial Pacific response to extratropical surface heat flux forcing that is downward (upward) poleward of 40°N (S). The equatorial response consists of two distinct stages: the zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradient strengthens for the first two to three decades and then weakens afterward. In the first stage, fast surface air–sea coupling feedback mechanism communicates the extratropical warming (cooling) from the North (South) Pacific toward the equator. The second stage is characterized by a basinwide shoaling of the tropical Pacific thermocline as the subtropical cell (STC) advects cold water from the South Pacific along the thermocline. This preference of Southern Hemisphere anomalies is due to the meridional asymmetry in the mean circulation: the interior pathway for STC is open south but partially blocked north of the equator. Paleoclimate implications are discussed.
Use of Altimeter and Wind Data to Detect the Anomalous Loss of SVP-Type Drifter’s Drogue
Authors: Rio M.-H. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The study presented in this paper is motivated by the unexplained time dependency of the Ekman model recently computed by Rio et al. using a dataset of “drogued” drifting buoy velocities distributed by the Surface Drifter Data Assembly Center (SD-DAC). This suspicious behavior is found to be fully explained by the presence of undrogued buoys in the drogued drifters database (Grodsky et al.). Altimeter and wind data are used to extract the direct wind slippage from the total drifting buoy velocities over the period 1993–2010. The obtained wind slippage values are then analyzed to identify probable undrogued data among the drifting buoy velocities dataset. The proportion of probable undrogued data among the drogued buoy velocities distributed by SD-DAC is found to be 48%, with an important spatial and temporal variability. When averaged over the full 1993–2010 period, the wind slippage affecting these undrogued buoy velocities reaches up to 13 cm s−1 in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. A simple procedure is applied to produce an updated dataset, including a drogue presence flag as well as a wind slippage correction. The drogued drifter data from this new dataset are finally used to estimate a new, stable over time Ekman model for the global ocean by latitudinal band and by month.