bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pictish Horse Carvings
Authors: Hughson Irene 
Published: February 2011

Summary This paper examines the horse carvings to be found on Class I and Class II Pictish sculptured stones and considers their reliability as evidence of the sort of horses and ponies that would have existed in the Early Historic Period. An attempt is made to show that the availability in Britain of good sized, high quality riding horses during that period is not inconsistent with what is known of the development and distribution of different types of horses in pre-hislory. The importance of horses and ponies in Early Historic societies is stressed and inferences drawn about the agricultural economy that could support horses and the skilled specialists required to look after them.
Roman Penetration in Strathclyde South of the Antonine Wall PART ONE: THE TOPOGRAPHICAL FRAMEWORK
Authors: Wilson Allan 
Published: February 2011

Summary Our knowledge of the pattern of Roman occupation in SW Scotland is limited by significant gaps not least of primary sites on the littoral fringe. This article follows Keppie's forward looking review (Keppie 1993) by providing a framework for extending our knowledge through archival research, fieldwork and examination of local material. In Part One, postulated as well as established Roman roads are examined along with adjacent Roman and Romano-British sites and finds. In Part Two, the evidence presented in Part One will be assessed as to its significance for the pattern of Romanisation in Strathclyde S of the Antonine Wall.
Essential source-material of Roderick Murchison
Authors: THACKRAY JOHN C. 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARY The life and achievements of Sir Roderick Impey Murchison are recounted through a chronological account of manuscript maps, diaries, letters, geological specimens, and associated items in the collections of the Institute of Geological Sciences. A briefer list is given of some other collections of Murchison manuscripts in museums, libraries, and universities throughout the British Isles. Because of Murchison's standing and wide circle of correspondents, the mass of material available may interest workers concerned with both the development of British geology, and the general scientific and social history of the nineteenth century.
Accueil familial et professionnalisation
Authors: Turbiaux Claire , Ramon Vincent , Boucher Alain 
Published: February 2011

Résumé Depuis 1977, La France a opté progressivement pour la reconnaissance du métier d’accueil d’enfants en difficulté, jusqu’à en faire en 2005 une profession à part entière du travail social, assortie d’une formation et d’une qualification reconnues par un diplôme d’État. La professionnalisation ne peut se résumer à des normes professionnelles, nécessaires mais jamais suffisantes : la reconnaissance de l’implication affective reste au cœur de l’accueil familial. Elle nous ouvre des pistes créatives pour entendre la part de l’expérience intersubjective entre l’accueillant et l’enfant, avec lequel s’établit un partage de moments de vie. Reconnaître, assumer, canaliser cette implication émotionnelle permettra de maintenir la richesse essentielle de notre mission : humanité et humilité doivent rester au principe même de l’accueil familial professionnalisé…
Placement familial et lieu de vie et d'accueil : dissemblances et ressemblances
Authors: Combes Benjamin 
Published: February 2011

Résumé Les lieux de vie et d’accueil ( lva ) ont été et sont encore parfois considérés comme des « sortes de familles d’accueil ». Cette confusion s’explique par l’histoire mêlée de ces formes d’accueil, ainsi que par leurs quelques caractéristiques communes. Toutefois, les équipes de la mouvance des lva ont élaboré des projets et des modes de fonctionnement inédits, se démarquant de ceux des établissements comme des services de placement familial. Les lva considèrent qu’un certain degré d’autonomie des accueillants, de ceux qui « vivent avec », est une des conditions à la cohérence des accompagnements.
« Se séparer pour être en lien. » La question de la séparation en placement familial
Authors: Coum Daniel 
Published: February 2011

Résumé Le placement familial a une longue histoire. Sans doute aussi longue que celle de la famille, c’est dire ! Or l’usage que nous faisons des mots pour dire la réalité de nos pratiques pourrait bien nous contraindre à nous y attacher outre mesure alors même que, les temps changeant, il nous faut bien consentir à modifier nos manières de faire, de dire, voire de penser. Ainsi en va-t-il de la famille, donc des pratiques sociales qui s’y rapportent, tel le placement familial.
La « spectacularisation » de la technique dans les gares parisiennes au XIXe siècle
Authors: Sauget Stéphanie 
Published: February 2011

Lorsque les gares s’implantent dans la capitale, à la fin des années 1830, les techniques ferroviaires en sont encore à leur début et déjà, les premiers curieux viennent voir les toutes premières locomotives emporter dans un jet de vapeur les premiers wagons de voyageurs. Les chemins de fer sont immédiatement un spectacle visuel et sonore qui transforme profondément le paysage mi-urbain, mi-rural de la périphérie de Paris. Peu à peu, des techniques nouvelles sont testées dont parlent immédiatement aussi bien la presse spécialisée que la presse grand public. Cet article insiste sur la « spectacularisation » des locomotives et la théâtralisation de la gare qui participent de l’entreprise d’appropriation, d’acculturation et de marchandisation de l’espace et des services.
MyD88-Dependent SHIP1 Regulates Proinflammatory Signaling Pathways in Dendritic Cells after Monophosphoryl Lipid A Stimulation of TLR4
Authors: Cekic Caglar , Casella Carolyn R. , Sag Duygu , Antignano Frann , Kolb Joseph , Suttles Jill , Hughes Michael R. , Krystal Gerald , Mitchell Thomas C. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
We previously showed that monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA) activates TLR4 in dendritic cells (DCs) in a Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF)–biased manner: MLA produced from Salmonella minnesota Re595 induced signaling events and expression of gene products that were primarily TRIF dependent, whereas MyD88-dependent signaling was impaired. Moreover, when tested in TRIF-intact/MyD88-deficient DCs, synthetic MLA of the Escherichia coli chemotype (sMLA) showed the same activity as its diphosphoryl, inflammatory counterpart (synthetic diphosphoryl lipid A), indicating that TRIF-mediated signaling is fully induced by sMLA. Unexpectedly, we found that the transcript level of one proinflammatory cytokine was increased in sMLA-treated cells by MyD88 deficiency to the higher level induced by synthetic diphosphoryl lipid A, which suggested MyD88 may paradoxically help restrain proinflammatory signaling by TRIF-biased sMLA. In this article, we demonstrate that sMLA induces MyD88 recruitment to TLR4 and activates the anti-inflammatory lipid phosphatase SHIP1 in an MyD88-dependent manner. At the same time, MyD88-dependent signaling activity at the level of IL-1R–associated kinase 1 is markedly reduced. Increased SHIP1 activity is associated with reductions in sMLA-induced IκB kinase α/β and IFN regulatory factor 3 activation and with restrained expression of their downstream targets, endothelin-1 and IFN-β, respectively. Results of this study identify a pattern that is desirable in the context of vaccine adjuvant design: TRIF-biased sMLA can stimulate partial MyD88 activity, with MyD88-dependent SHIP1 helping to reduce proinflammatory signaling in DCs.
Conformational Switching in Ezrin Regulates Morphological and Cytoskeletal Changes Required for B Cell Chemotaxis
Authors: Parameswaran Neetha , Matsui Ken , Gupta Neetu 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
B cell chemotaxis occurs in response to specific chemokine gradients and is critical for homeostasis and immune response. The molecular regulation of B cell membrane–actin interactions during migration is poorly understood. In this study, we report a role for ezrin, a member of the membrane-cytoskeleton cross-linking ezrin-radixin-moesin proteins, in the regulation of the earliest steps of B cell polarization and chemotaxis. We visualized chemokine-induced changes in murine B cell morphology using scanning electron microscopy and spatiotemporal dynamics of ezrin in B cells using epifluorescence and total internal reflection microscopy. Upon chemokine stimulation, ezrin is transiently dephosphorylated to assume an inactive conformation and localizes to the lamellipodia. B cells expressing a phosphomimetic conformationally active mutant of ezrin or those in which ezrin dephosphorylation was pharmacologically inhibited displayed impaired microvillar dynamics, morphological polarization, and chemotaxis. Our data suggest a 2-fold involvement of ezrin in B cell migration, whereby it first undergoes chemokine-induced dephosphorylation to facilitate membrane flexibility, followed by relocalization to the actin-rich lamellipodia for dynamic forward protrusion of the cells.
Bid and Bim Collaborate during Induction of T Cell Death in Persistent Infection
Authors: Masson Frederick , Kupresanin Fiona , Mount Adele , Strasser Andreas , Belz Gabrielle T. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Upon Ag encounter, naive T cells undergo extensive Ag-driven proliferation and can differentiate into effector cells. Up to 95% of these cells die leaving a small residual population of T cells that provide protective memory. In this study, we investigated the contribution of the BH3-only family protein Bid in the shutdown of T cell responses after acute and persistent infection. Influenza virus pathogenicity has been proposed to be mediated by a peptide encoded in the basic polymerase (PB1-RF2) acting through Bid. In our experiments, we found that after acute infection with influenza virus, mice lacking Bid had normal expansion and contraction of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells. However, in chronic γ-herpesvirus infection, Bid-deficient virus-specific CD8+ T cells expanded normally but failed to contract fully and were maintained at ∼2-fold higher levels. Previously, we have demonstrated that Bim plays a prominent role in T cell shutdown in persistent infection by cooperating with the death receptor Fas, which regulates apoptosis in response to repeated TCR signaling. Bid lies at the nexus of these two signaling pathways, thus we reasoned that Bid and Bim might cooperate in regulation of T cell shutdown in persistent infection. In this study, we observed that the combined loss of Bid and Bim synergistically enhanced the persistence of CD8+ T cells during γ-herpesvirus infection. Thus, these data uncover a role for Bid in coordinating apoptotic signaling pathways to ensure appropriate shutdown of T cell immune responses in the setting of persistent Ag exposure.
Repeated In Vivo Stimulation of T and B Cell Responses in Old Mice Generates Protective Immunity against Lethal West Nile Virus Encephalitis
Authors: Uhrlaub Jennifer L. , Brien James D. , Widman Douglas G. , Mason Peter W. , Nikolich-Žugich Janko 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Older adults exhibit higher morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases compared with those of the general population. The introduction and rapid spread of West Nile virus (WNV) throughout the continental United States since 1999 has highlighted the challenge of protecting older adults against emerging pathogens: to this day there is no therapy or vaccine approved for human use against West Nile encephalitis. In this study, we describe the characterization of T and B cell responses in old mice after vaccination with RepliVAX WN, a novel West Nile encephalitis vaccine based on single-cycle flavivirus particles. In adult mice, RepliVAX WN induced robust and long-lasting CD4+ and CD8+ T cell and Ab (B cell) responses against natural WNV epitopes, similar to those elicited by primary WNV infection. Primary and memory T and B cell responses in old mice against RepliVAX WN vaccination were significantly lower than those seen in younger mice, similar to the response of old mice to infection with WNV. Surprisingly, both the quality and the quantity of the recall Ab and T cell responses in vaccinated old mice were improved to equal or exceed those in adult animals. Moreover, these responses together (but not individually) were sufficient to protect both old and adult mice from severe WNV disease upon challenge. Therefore, at least two cycles of in vivo restimulation are needed for selection and expansion of protective lymphocytes in older populations, and live, single-cycle virus vaccines that stimulate both cellular and humoral immunity can protect older individuals against severe viral disease.
T Cell Factor-1 Negatively Regulates Expression of IL-17 Family of Cytokines and Protects Mice from Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Yu Qing , Sharma Archna , Ghosh Amalendu , Sen Jyoti Misra 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Activated CD4 T cells are associated with protective immunity and autoimmunity. The manner in which the inflammatory potential of T cells and resultant autoimmunity is restrained is poorly understood. In this article, we demonstrate that T cell factor-1 (TCF1) negatively regulates the expression of IL-17 and related cytokines in activated CD4 T cells. We show that TCF1 does not affect cytokine signals and expression of transcription factors that have been shown to regulate Th17 differentiation. Instead, TCF1 regulates IL-17 expression, in part, by binding to the regulatory regions of the Il17 gene. Moreover, TCF1-deficient Th17 CD4 T cells express higher levels of IL-7Rα, which potentially promotes their survival and expansion in vivo. Accordingly, TCF1-deficient mice are hyperresponsive to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Thus, TCF1, a constitutively expressed T cell-specific transcription factor, is a critical negative regulator of the inflammatory potential of TCR-activated T cells and autoimmunity.
α7-Cholinergic Receptor Mediates Vagal Induction of Splenic Norepinephrine
Authors: Vida Gergely , Peña Geber , Deitch Edwin A. , Ulloa Luis 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Classically, sympathetic and parasympathetic systems act in opposition to maintain the physiological homeostasis. In this article, we report that both systems work together to restrain systemic inflammation in life-threatening conditions such as sepsis. This study indicates that vagus nerve and cholinergic agonists activate the sympathetic noradrenergic splenic nerve to control systemic inflammation. Unlike adrenalectomy, splenectomy and splenic neurectomy prevent the anti-inflammatory potential of both the vagus nerve and cholinergic agonists, and abrogate their potential to induce splenic and plasma norepinephrine. Splenic nerve stimulation mimics vagal and cholinergic induction of norepinephrine and re-establishes neuromodulation in α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR)-deficient animals. Thus, vagus nerve and cholinergic agonists inhibit systemic inflammation by activating the noradrenergic splenic nerve via the α7nAChR nicotinic receptors. α7nAChR represents a unique molecular link between the parasympathetic and sympathetic system to control inflammation.
Protection of Nonself Surfaces from Complement Attack by Factor H-Binding Peptides: Implications for Therapeutic Medicine
Authors: Wu You-Qiang , Qu Hongchang , Sfyroera Georgia , Tzekou Apostolia , Kay Brian K. , Nilsson Bo , Nilsson Ekdahl Kristina , Ricklin Daniel , Lambris John D. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Exposure of nonself surfaces such as those of biomaterials or transplanted cells and organs to host blood frequently triggers innate immune responses, thereby affecting both their functionality and tolerability. Activation of the alternative pathway of complement plays a decisive role in this unfavorable reaction. Whereas previous studies demonstrated that immobilization of physiological regulators of complement activation (RCA) can attenuate this foreign body-induced activation, simple and efficient approaches for coating artificial surfaces with intact RCA are still missing. The conjugation of small molecular entities that capture RCA with high affinity is an intriguing alternative, as this creates a surface with autoregulatory activity upon exposure to blood. We therefore screened two variable cysteine-constrained phage-displayed peptide libraries for factor H-binding peptides. We discovered three peptide classes that differed with respect to their main target binding areas. Peptides binding to the broad middle region of factor H (domains 5–18) were of particular interest, as they do not interfere with either regulatory or binding activities. One peptide in this group (5C6) was further characterized and showed high factor H-capturing activity while retaining its functional integrity. Most importantly, when 5C6 was coated to a model polystyrene surface and exposed to human lepirudin-anticoagulated plasma, the bound peptide captured factor H and substantially inhibited complement activation by the alternative pathway. Our study therefore provides a promising and novel approach to produce therapeutic materials with enhanced biocompatibility.
Role of Specialty Drugs in Rising Drug Prices for Medicare Part D
Authors: Hayford Tamara B. 
Published: May 2024

ImportancePrices for brand-name drugs affect both federal spending and out-of-pocket liability for Medicare Part D enrollees.ObjectiveTo examine how prices for brand-name drugs, net of rebates and discounts, have changed from 2010 to 2019 and to examine the role of specialty drugs in those changes.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis study involved a descriptive analysis of prescription drug spending and prices between 2010 and 2019. The universe of prescription drug event data from those years were combined with confidential data from the Centers for Medicare &amp;amp; Medicaid Services on rebates and discounts that manufacturers and pharmacies pay to Medicare Part D plans to calculate rebate percentages, net spending, and net prices at the drug level. Specialty drugs were identified using information from IQVIA, allowing for a stratified analysis by specialty status. Data were analyzed from March 2019 to March 2024.Main Outcomes and MeasuresAverage prices (net of rebates and discounts in 2019 US dollars) and average annual price growth for brand-name prescription drugs, overall and separately for specialty and nonspecialty drugs.ResultsAverage net prices for brand-name drugs doubled from 2010 to 2019 (from $167 to $370). Growth in specialty drug prices was an underlying factor in those increases: average annual price growth was 13.2% for specialty drugs compared with 2.6% for nonspecialty drugs. Price growth for specialty drugs over the decade was smaller than what the Congressional Budget Office reported for the 2010 to 2015 period (increase of 22.3% per year vs 4.5% per year for nonspecialty drug prices), suggesting that price growth slowed after 2015. Drugs that treat hepatitis C contributed to that difference because prices for those drugs were initially high and then subsequently fell. Absent those drugs, price growth for specialty drugs averaged 18.1% in the first half of the decade and 6.9% in the second half.Conclusions and RelevanceResults of this study show that prices for specialty drugs have continued to increase over time in the Medicare Part D program, which contributes to high out-of-pocket liability for users of those drugs in addition to US federal budgetary expenditures.
Nanotransfer Printing for Synthesis of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes with Enhanced Atomic Penetration
Authors: Ha Ji‐Hwan , Yang Inyeong , Ahn Junseong , Kang Sukkyung , Zhao Zhi‐Jun , Jeong Yongrok , Je Hyeongmin , Cheong Joono , Hwang Soon Hyoung , Jeon Sohee , Jeong Jun‐Ho , Kim Sanha , Park Inkyu 
Published: May 2024

AbstractVertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) exhibit outstanding mechanical strength, chemical stability, and electrical characteristics; however, their constrained mechanical elasticity and chemical responsiveness spurred research on atomic decoration techniques for enhancing their mechanochemical attributes. Nevertheless, achieving uniform atomic decoration on the VACNT surface is difficult because of the high density and large aspect ratio of VACNT. Herein, a strategy to design and apply nanopatterned VACNTs (nVACNTs) based on a nanotransfer printing process is proposed to improve atomic penetrability. Nanopatterns inherent to nVACNTs facilitate atomic penetration, allowing for the more consistent and higher quality deposition of functional materials such as zinc oxide and alumina by atomic layer deposition. Furthermore, physical vapor deposition provides an improved coating of metal catalysts such as gold. The uniform deposition of ceramic layers on the entire surface of nVACNTs strengthens its mechanical resilience, owing to the diminished van der Waals forces of CNTs. Surface‐decorated nVACNTs display an increased sensitivity to NO2 gas, which is attributed to the enhanced quality of the reactive catalyst deposition and augmented permeability. This strategy achieves a larger decorated area while increasing a catalytically active reaction area. The obtained results promise that the enhanced nVACNTs will expand the industrial applications of carbon nanotubes.
Size Matters in Conjugated Polymer Chirality‐Selective SWCNT Extraction
Authors: Dzienia Andrzej , Just Dominik , Wasiak Tomasz , Milowska Karolina Z. , Mielańczyk Anna , Labedzki Norman , Kruss Sebastian , Janas Dawid 
Published: May 2024

AbstractCarbon‐based nanomaterials have catalyzed breakthroughs across various scientific and engineering disciplines. The key to unlocking a new generation of tailor‐made nanomaterials based on single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) lies in the precise sorting of raw material into individual chiralities, each possessing unique properties. This can be achieved using conjugated polymer extraction (CPE), but to a very limited extent since the process generates only a few chirality‐enriched suspensions. Therefore, it is imperative to comprehend the mechanism of the wrapping of SWCNTs by polymers to unleash CPE's full potential. However, the lack of a diverse palette of chirality‐selective polymers with varying macromolecular parameters has hindered a comprehensive understanding of how the nature of the polymer affects the performance and selectivity of SWCNT isolation. To address this gap, multiple batches of such polymers are synthesized to elucidate the impact of molecular weight and dispersity on the purity and concentrations of the generated SWCNT suspensions. The obtained results explain the inconsistent outcomes reported in the literature, greatly improving the application potential of this promising SWCNT sorting approach. Concomitantly, the discovered significant influence of the macromolecular characteristics of conjugated polymers on the SWCNT isolation efficacy sheds considerable insight into the unresolved mechanism of this sorting technique.