bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secretion by the nasal salt glands of two insectivorous lizard species is initiated by an ecologically relevant dietary ion, chloride
Authors: Hazard Lisa C. , Lechuga Claudia , Zilinskis Stephanie 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSalt glands are used by some vertebrates to excrete hyperosmotic NaCl or KCl solutions in response to dietary salt loads. Control of secretion varies across taxa; some secrete in response to osmotic challenges while others secrete in response to specific dietary ions. We hypothesized that differences in control could be related to different diet‐related selective pressures on herbivorous, marine, and insectivorous species. We studied control of secretion and flexibility of cation (sodium or potassium) and anion (chloride or bicarbonate) secretion in two insectivorous lizard species, Schneider's skinks (Eumeces schneideri, Scincidae) and green anoles (Anolis carolinensis, Polychrotidae). Lizards were injected daily for four days with combinations of cations (potassium, sodium, and histidine control) and anions (chloride and acetate control), isoosmotic saline, or sham injection. Secretions were collected daily and analyzed for sodium, potassium, and chloride. Both species secreted only in response to chloride; sodium appeared to have a slight inhibitory effect. Regardless of cation load, skinks secreted a combination of potassium and sodium, while anoles secreted solely potassium. In both species, total cation secretion was matched closely by chloride; very little bicarbonate was secreted. As predicted, secretion in insectivorous lizards was initiated by the dietary ion ecologically most important for these species, chloride, which otherwise cannot be excreted without significant water loss (unlike the cations, which may be excreted as insoluble urate salts). This gives further support to the hypothesis that ecological factors drive the evolution of control mechanisms in lizard salt glands. J. Exp. Zool. 313A:442–451, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using linkage models to explore skull kinematic diversity and functional convergence in arthrodire placoderms
Authors: Anderson Philip S.L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBiomechanical models offer a powerful set of tools for quantifying the diversity of function across fossil taxa. A computer‐based four‐bar linkage model previously developed to describe the potential feeding kinematics ofDunkleosteus terrelliis applied here to several other arthrodire placoderm taxa from different lineages. Arthrodire placoderms are a group of basal gnathostomes showing one of the earliest diversifications of jaw structures. The linkage model allows biomechanical variation to be compared across taxa, identify trends in skull morphology among arthrodires that potentially influence function and explore the role of linkage systems in the early evolution of jaw structures. The linkage model calculates various kinematic metrics including gape angle, effective mechanical advantage, and kinematic transmission coefficients. Results indicate that the arthrodire feeding system may be more diverse and complex than previously thought. A range of potential kinematic profiles among arthrodire taxa illustrate a diversity of feeding function comparable with modern teleost fishes. Previous estimates of bite force inDunkleosteusare revised based on new morphological data. High levels of kinematic transmission among arthrodires suggest the potential for rapid gape expansion and possible suction feeding. Morphological comparisons indicate that there were several morphological solutions for obtaining these fast kinematics, which allowed different taxa to achieve similar kinematic profiles while varying other aspects of the feeding apparatus. Mapping of key morphological components of the linkage system on a general placoderm phylogeny illustrates the potential importance of four‐bar systems to the early evolution of jaw structures. J. Morphol. 271:990–1005, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cephalic morphology of Pythonichthys macrurus (Heterenchelyidae: Anguilliformes): specializations for head‐first burrowing
Authors: Eagderi Soheil , Adriaens Dominique 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe Heterenchelyidae, a family of Anguilliformes, are highly specialized fossorial eels. This study was conducted to evaluate the cranial specialization in relation to head‐first burrowing behavior in the heterenchelyid, Pythonichthys macrurus. Thereby, detailed descriptions are provided of the cranial myology and osteology of P. macrurus and its differences with that of representatives of three families: the Moringuidae (Moringua edwardsi), a head‐first burrower; the Anguillidae (Anguilla anguilla), a nonburrowing representative and the Ophichthidae (Pisodonophis boro), a head and tail‐first burrower. This comparison may help to get a better understanding of the cranial specialization of head‐first burrowers in heterenchelyids and moringuids. We recognize as morphological adaptations to burrowing: reduced eye size, a caudoventral orientation of the anteromedial section of the adductor mandibulae muscle complex, the posterior position of the quadrate‐mandibular joint, a solid conical skull, large insertion sites of epaxial and hypaxial muscle on the neurocranium, a widened cephalic lateral line canals extending into the dermal cavities, and a ventral position of the gill opening. J. Morphol. 271:1053‐1065, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The thoracic muscular system and its innervation in third instar Calliphora vicina Larvae. II. Projection patterns of the nerves associated with the pro‐ and mesothorax and the pharyngeal complex
Authors: Schoofs Andreas , Hanslik Ulrike , Niederegger Senta , Heinzel Hans‐Georg , Spieß Roland 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe describe the anatomy of the nerves that project from the central nervous system (CNS) to the pro‐ and mesothoracic segments and the cephalopharyngeal skeleton (CPS) for third instar Calliphora larvae. Due to the complex branching pattern we introduce a nomenclature that labels side branches of first and second order. Two fine nerves that were not yet described are briefly introduced. One paired nerve projects to the ventral arms (VAs) of the CPS. The second, an unpaired nerve, projects to the ventral surface of the cibarial part of the esophagus (ES). Both nerves were tentatively labeled after the structures they innervate. The antennal nerve (AN) innervates the olfactory dorsal organ (DO). It contains motor pathways that project through the frontal connectives (FC) to the frontal nerve (FN) and innervate the cibarial dilator muscles (CDM) which mediate food ingestion. The maxillary nerve (MN) innervates the sensory terminal organ (TO), ventral organ (VO), and labial organ (LO) and comprises the motor pathways to the mouth hook (MH) elevator, MH depressor, and the labial retractor (LR) which opens the mouth cavity. An anastomosis of unknown function exists between the AN and MN. The prothoracic accessory nerve (PaN) innervates a dorsal protractor muscle of the CPS and sends side branches to the aorta and the bolwig organ (BO) (stemmata). In its further course, this nerve merges with the prothoracic nerve (PN). The architecture of the PN is extremely complex. It innervates a set of accessory pharyngeal muscles attached to the CPS and the body wall musculature of the prothorax. Several anastomoses exist between side branches of this nerve which were shown to contain motor pathways. The mesothoracic nerve (MeN) innervates a MH accessor and the longitudinal and transversal body wall muscles of the second segment. J. Morphol. 271:969–979, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The testosterone binding mechanism of an antibody derived from a naïve human scFv library
Authors: Niemi Merja H. , Takkinen Kristiina , Amundsen Lotta K. , Söderlund Hans , Rouvinen Juha , Höyhtyä Matti 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA testosterone binding scFv antibody was isolated from a naïve human library with a modest size of 108 clones. The crystal structure of the Fab fragment form of the 5F2 antibody clone complexed with testosterone determined at 1.5 Å resolution shows that the hapten is bound deeply in the antibody binding pocket. In addition to the interactions with framework residues only CDR‐L3 and CDR‐H3 loops interact with testosterone and the heavy chain forms the majority of the contacts with the hapten. The testosterone binding site of the 5F2 antibody with a high abundance of aromatic amino acid residues shows similarity with an in vitro affinity matured antibody having around 300 times higher affinity. The moderate affinity of the 5F2 antibody originates from the different orientation of the hapten and few light chain contacts. This is the first three‐dimensional structure of a human steroid hormone binding antibody that has been isolated from a naïve human repertoire. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of molecular recognition of STAT3 SH2 domain inhibitors through molecular simulation
Authors: Park In‐Hee , Li Chenglong 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an anti‐cancer target protein due to its over‐activation in tumor cells. The Tyr705‐phosphorylated (pTyr) STAT3 binds to the pTyr‐recognition site of its Src Homology 2 (SH2) domain of another STAT3 monomer to form a homo‐dimer, which then causes cellular anti‐apoptosis, proliferation, and tumor invasion. Recently, many STAT3 SH2 dimerization inhibitors have been discovered via both computational and experimental methods. To systematically assess their binding affinities and specificities, for eight representative inhibitors, we utilized molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and ensuing energetic analysis to compare their binding characteristics. The inhibitors' binding free energies were calculated via MMPB(GB)SA, and the STAT3 SH2 binding “hot spots” were evaluated through binding energy decomposition and hydrogen bond (H‐bond) distribution analysis. Several conclusions can be drawn: (1) the overall enthalpy–entropy compensation paradigm is preserved for the STAT3 SH2/ligand binding thermodynamics; (2) at one end of the binding spectrum, two compounds bind to SH2 due to their minimum entropic penalties that result from their relative rigidities and increased dynamics of SH2 upon their binding; at the other end of the binding spectrum, one compound shows a typical weak binder behavior due to its loose binding in the SH2's strongest enthalpy‐contributing binding subsite; (3) hydrogen bonding seems a strong indicator to evaluate the SH2/ligand binding potency, which echoes a finding that CH/π non‐classical H‐bond is responsible for some pTyr peptides binding to their corresponding SH2 domains; (4) STAT3 SH2 domain possesses three binding “hot spots”: pTyr705‐binding pocket with polar residues and contributing the largest binding enthalpy (two‐thirds); Leu706 subsite which is the most dynamic and hardest to target; a hydrophobic side pocket which is unique to STAT3 and very targetable, which may offer unique opportunity to design STAT3‐specific inhibitors, particularly with fragment‐based approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electromagnetic non‐destructive evaluation by vector finite‐element neural networks
Authors: Al Salameh M. S. H. , Taha S. I. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis study proposes neural network‐based iterative inverse solutions for non‐destructive evaluation (NDE) in which vector finite elements (VFEM) represent the forward model that closely models the physical process. The iterative algorithm can eventually estimate the material parameters. Vector finite element method global matrix is stored in a compact form using its sparsity and symmetry. The stored matrix elements are employed as the neurons weights, and preconditioning techniques are used to accelerate convergence of the neural networks (NN) algorithm. Detailed algorithm describing this new method is given to facilitate implementation. Combining vector finite elements and NNs offers several advantages over each technique alone, such as reducing memory storage requirements and the easily computed fixed weights of the NN.Various examples are solved to show the performance and usefulness of the proposed method, including lossy printed circuit board and lossy inhomogeneous cylindrical problems with ferromagnetic materials. These solutions compare very well with other published data where the maximum relative error was 5%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Airway obstruction and Hemophilia‐A: Epiglottis hematoma
Authors: Hirshoren Nir , Varon David , Weinberger Jeffrey M. , Gross Menachem 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAcute upper airway obstruction is a potentially life‐threatening event. Hemophilia‐A is a coagulopathy with high risk for spontaneous bleeding. Here we describe for the first time a spontaneous epiglottic internal hemorrhage leading to upper airway narrowing in a hemophilia‐A patient. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit for airway observation and treatment with factor VIII supplementation. In the first 48 hours there was rapid respiratory improvement. The epiglottic swelling resolved on the 5th day. In this patient no oral intubation or surgical management was needed. Laryngoscope, 2010
Computed tomographic analysis of frontal recess anatomy and its effect on the development of frontal sinusitis
Authors: Lien Ching‐Feng , Weng Hsu‐Huei , Chang Yu‐Chien , Lin Yen‐Chun , Wang Wen‐Hung 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To use computed tomography to determine the association of frontal recess cells with the development of frontal sinusitis.Study Design:Retrospective analysis.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed various frontal recess cells on spiral computed tomographic images of sinuses between November 2007 and May 2009. Exclusion criteria included previous sinus surgery, sinonasal polyposis, age younger than 18 years, maxillofacial fracture, incomplete sections of computed tomography, and sinonasal malignancy. We used logistic regression analysis to compare the distribution of various frontal recess cells in patients with frontal sinusitis and those without frontal sinusitis.Results:A total of 192 patients met the criteria, and only 363 sides were distinguishable. The presence of suprabullar cells, supraorbital ethmoid cells, frontal bullar cells, and recessus terminalis was significantly associated with the development of frontal sinusitis by multiple logistic regression models.Conclusions:The frequency of frontal recess cells analyzed in Taiwanese adult patients was similar to that analyzed in other Asian adult populations (Chinese and Korean). The frontoethmoid cells posterior and posterolateral to the frontal recess (suprabullar cells, frontal bullar cells, and supraorbital ethmoid cells) might reveal a more significant association with the development of frontal sinusitis than those anterior to the frontal recess (agger nasi cells, frontal cell types 1–3). The presence of supraorbital ethmoid cells on computed tomographic images might indicate the highest odds of frontal sinusitis, followed by the presence of suprabullar cells, frontal bullar cells, and recessus terminalis. Laryngoscope, 2010
Sonic rhinoplasty: sculpting the nasal dorsum with the ultrasonic bone aspirator
Authors: Pribitkin Edmund A. , Lavasani Leela S. , Shindle Carol , Greywoode Jewel D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Rhinoplasty often requires precise, graded bone removal without damage to surrounding nasal soft tissue and mucosa. Unfortunately, current techniques are associated with decreased visualization, heat generation, mechanical chatter, and lack of surgical precision with resultant soft tissue injury. We introduce a novel technique to sculpt the nasal dorsum in a precise fashion with the ultrasonic bone aspirator and delineate its advantages over conventional techniques.Study Design:Retrospective chart review.Methods:The SONOPET ultrasonic bone aspirator (Mutoh Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) utilizes ultrasonic waves to emulsify bone with concurrent irrigation and suction, enabling precise, graded bone removal under direct visualization without thermal or mechanical injury to the surrounding soft tissue or mucosa. We describe the application of this technology to dorsal hump reduction with early follow‐up to 9 months. Successful reduction was determined by the senior author at postoperative follow‐up appointments.Results:Sixty patients underwent open rhinoplasty requiring dorsal reduction with the ultrasonic bone aspirator. No individuals experienced delayed healing, infection, scarring, or major complications. Five of 60 patients had minor post surgical irregularities, which included visible nasal dorsum deformity, palpable nasal deformity, under‐resection of the dorsum, and asymmetry of the nasal dorsum. No postoperative open sky deformities, inverted “V” deformities, over‐resected dorsums, or skin injuries were observed.Conclusions:Ultrasonic bone aspiration permits safe, precise, graded bone removal without damaging surrounding nasal soft tissue and mucosa. We introduce novel applications of the ultrasonic bone aspirator in dorsal reduction that provide significant advantages over conventional techniques. Laryngoscope, 2010
Effect of land‐use on soil nutrients and microbial biomass of an alpine region on the northeastern Tibetan plateau, China
Authors: Chen D. D. , Zhang S. H. , Dong S. K. , Wang X. T. , Du G. Z. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractLand‐use patterns affect the quantity and quality of soil nutrients as well as microbial biomass and respiration in soil. However, few studies have been done to assess the influence of land‐use on soil and microbial characteristics of the alpine region on the northeastern Tibetan plateau. In order to understand the effect of land‐use management, we examined the chemical properties and microbial biomass of soils under three land‐use types including natural grassland, crop‐field (50 + y of biennial cropping and fallow) and abandoned old‐field (10 y) in the area. The results showed that the losses of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were about 45 and 43 per cent, respectively, due to cultivation for more than 50 y comparing with natural grassland. Because of the abandonment of cultivation for about a decade, SOC and TN were increased by 27 and 23 per cent, respectively, in comparison with the crop field. Microbial carbon (ranging from 357·5 to 761·6 mg kg−1 soil) in the old‐field was intermediate between the crop field and grassland. Microbial nitrogen (ranging from 29·9 to 106·7 mg kg−1 soil) and respiration (ranging from 60·4 to 96·4 mg CO2‐C g−1 Cmic d−1) were not significantly lower in the old‐field than those in the grassland. Thus it could be concluded that cultivation decreased the organic matter and microbial biomass in soils, while the adoption of abandonment has achieved some targets of grassland restoration in the alpine region of Gansu Province on the northeastern Tibetan plateau. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Challenges in communicating and using ensembles in operational flood forecasting
Authors: Demeritt David , Nobert Sébastien , Cloke Hannah , Pappenberger Florian 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFollowing trends in operational weather forecasting, where ensemble prediction systems (EPS) are now increasingly the norm, flood forecasters are beginning to experiment with using similar ensemble methods. Most of the effort to date has focused on the substantial technical challenges of developing coupled rainfall‐runoff systems to represent the full cascade of uncertainties involved in predicting future flooding. As a consequence much less attention has been given to the communication and eventual use of EPS flood forecasts. Drawing on interviews and other research with operational flood forecasters from across Europe, this paper highlights a number of challenges to communicating and using ensemble flood forecasts operationally. It is shown that operational flood forecasters understand the skill, operational limitations, and informational value of EPS products in a variety of different and sometimes contradictory ways. Despite the efforts of forecasting agencies to design effective ways to communicate EPS forecasts to non‐experts, operational flood forecasters were often skeptical about the ability of forecast recipients to understand or use them appropriately. It is argued that better training and closer contacts between operational flood forecasters and EPS system designers can help ensure the uncertainty represented by EPS forecasts is represented in ways that are most appropriate and meaningful for their intended consumers, but some fundamental political and institutional challenges to using ensembles, such as differing attitudes to false alarms and to responsibility for management of blame in the event of poor or mistaken forecasts are also highlighted. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Reducing ATRP Catalyst Concentration in Batch, Semibatch and Continuous Reactors
Authors: Chan Nicky , Cunningham Michael F. , Hutchinson Robin A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAn overview of solution ATRPs carried out in batch, semibatch and continuous tubular and stirred‐tank reactor systems is presented. Initial work using a heterogeneous catalyst system with copper to polymer chain ratios of close to unity demonstrated the versatility of ATRP in producing homopolymer and copolymer at reasonable rates with good MW control and narrow polydispersity. The significant drawbacks of low catalyst solubility and high copper levels are now being addressed through use of the ARGET ATRP chemistry. Nearly colorless acrylate and methacrylate polymers have been produced with copper catalyst levels below 50 ppm (relative to monomer), with excellent control of MW obtained both in batch and continuous systems.magnified image
Imaging iron‐loaded mouse glioma tumors with bSSFP at 3 T
Authors: Bernas Lisa M. , Foster Paula J. , Rutt Brian K. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe poor prognosis for patients with high‐grade glioma is partly due to the invasion of tumor cells into surrounding brain tissue. The goal of the present work was to develop a mouse model of glioma that included the potential to track cell invasion using MRI by labeling GL261 cells with iron oxide contrast agents prior to intracranial injection. Two types of agents were compared with several labeling schemes to balance between labeling with sufficient iron to curb the dilution effect of cell division while avoiding overwhelming signal loss that could prevent adequate visualization of tumor boundaries. The balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) pulse sequence was evaluated for its suitability for imaging glioma tumors and compared to T2‐weighted two‐dimensional fast spin echo (FSE) and T1‐weighted spoiled gradient recalled echo (SPGR) at 3 T in terms of signal‐to‐noise ratio and contrast‐to‐noise ratio efficiencies. Ultimately, a three‐dimensional bSSFP protocol consisting of a set of two images with complementary contrasts was developed, allowing excellent tumor visualization with minimal iron contrast when using pulse repetition time = 6 ms and α = 40°, and extremely high sensitivity to iron when using pulse repetition time = 22 ms and α = 20°. Quantitative histologic analysis validated that the strong signal loss seen in balanced steady state free precession pulse sequence images of iron‐loaded tumors correlated well with the presence of iron. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.