bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responsiveness of 2 Procedures for Measurement of Temporal and Spatial Gait Parameters in Older Adults
Authors: Youdas James W. , Childs Katherine B. , McNeil Megan L. , Mueller Amy C. , Quilter Christopher M. , Hollman John H. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectiveTo determine the responsiveness of the GAITRite system and a stopwatch‐footfall count technique for measurement of walking speed, cadence, and stride length during comfortable and fast‐paced walking.DesignCriterion standard.SettingResearch laboratory in a physical therapy education program.ParticipantsTwenty‐four healthy volunteers (13 men, 11 women; mean age 74.5 years) without lower extremity injury or history of falls.InterventionsParticipants walked across a GAITRite mat with embedded pressure sensors at their self‐selected comfortable and fast walking speeds. Simultaneously, an examiner, using a stopwatch, recorded the elapsed time necessary to cross the mat and counted the number of complete footfalls.Main Outcome Measure(s)Walking speed, cadence, and stride length were compared between the GAITRite system and the stopwatch‐footfall count technique for both comfortable and fast walking speeds. Responsiveness values for each procedure were described by the 95% minimal detectable change (MDC).ResultsDuring comfortable self‐paced walking, MDC values for the stopwatch‐footfall count technique ranged from 10% to 65% greater than those obtained for the GAITRite system. During fast self‐paced walking MDC values for the stopwatch‐footfall count technique ranged from 26% to 65% larger than those measured by the GAITRite system for the temporal and spatial gait performance parameters.ConclusionsWhen measured by the GAITRite system, the 95% MDC values for temporal and spatial gait parameters of older community‐dwelling adults were more responsive to change than those obtained by the stopwatch‐footfall technique. Clinicians should recognize that self‐selected walking speed, cadence, and stride length when obtained by an instrumented walkway must be equal to or exceed 12.6 cm/s, 8.4 steps/min, or 7 cm, respectively, for the change to be considered real change and not from measurement error.
Ergometric Performance During Exercise Training in Men With Intermittent Claudication
Authors: Figoni Stephen F. , Kunkel Charles F. , Scremin A.M. Erika , Scremin Oscar U. , Cohen Babak 
Published: June 2010

ObjectiveTo determine and describe changes in weekly work, power, exercise times, and recovery times during an exercise training intervention in men with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and intermittent calf claudication.DesignTracking of weekly exercise training parameters involved repeated measures over time in one group of participants. Other outcomes of this pilot study used a one‐group, pretest‐posttest design.SettingTertiary‐care medical center.ParticipantsFifteen male veterans (mean age, 69 years) with Fontaine stage IIa PAD and classic intermittent calf claudication.Main Outcome MeasurementsParticipants completed graded treadmill exercise tests before and after intervention from which maximal walking power was calculated. Work, power, and exercise and recovery times for each exercise training session were computed and averaged for each week.InterventionThe intervention consisted of an intensive 3‐month exercise training program involving walking and calf muscle exercises: 3 sessions per week at the clinic (treadmill walking and calf ergometry) and 2 sessions per week at home (free walking and standing heel raises).ResultsAfter training, participants increased treadmill maximal walking power from 220 to 414 W (by 87%). Treadmill and calf exercise work, power, and exercise time per session increased linearly during 13 weeks of training, whereas recovery time per session of treadmill exercise decreased. During the same period, treadmill and calf exercise training power outputs increased by averages of 227% and 92%, respectively.ConclusionCalculation of work and power during exercise training can be used to track progress quantitatively at short intervals. Weekly linear increases in training work and power per exercise session suggest that optimal intervention duration may be longer than 3 months for men with PAD and intermittent calf claudication.
The conditions of formation of sapphire and zircon in the areas of alkali-basaltoid volcanism in Central Vietnam
Authors: Izokh A.E. , Smirnov S.Z. , Egorova V.V. , Anh Tran Tuan , Kovyazin S.V. , Phuong Ngo Thi , Kalinina V.V. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Study of the chemical composition of clinopyroxene and garnet megacrysts from the Dak Nong sapphire deposit and model calculations have shown that megacrysts originated from the crystallization of alkali basaltoid magma in a deep-seated intermediate chamber at 14–15 kbar, which is close to the Moho depth (50 km) in this part of southeastern Asia. The chamber was a source of heat and CO2 fluids for the generation of crustal syenitic melts producing sapphires and zircons. The formation conditions of sapphires and zircons are significantly different. The presence of jadeite inclusions in placer zircons points to high pressures during their crystallization, which is confirmed by the ubiquitous decrepitation of CO2-rich melt inclusions. Sapphires crystallized from iron-rich syenitic melt in the shallower Earth’s crust horizons with the participation of CO2 and carbonate–H2O–CO2 fluids. The subsequent eruptions of alkali basalts favored the transportation of garnet and pyroxene megacrysts as well as sapphire and zircon xenocrysts to the surface. It is shown that sapphire deposits can be produced only during multistage basaltic volcanism with deep-seated intermediate chambers in the regions with thick continental crust. The widespread megacryst mineral assemblage (clinopyroxene, garnet, sanidine, ilmenite) and the presence of placer zircon megacrysts can be used as indicators for sapphire prospecting.
Evolution of Jurassic–Cretaceous magmatism in the Khambin volcanotectonic complex (western Transbaikalia)
Authors: Andryushchenko S.V. , Vorontsov A.A. , Yarmolyuk V.V. , Sandimirov I.V. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The Khambin volcanotectonic complex is a horst framing the Late Cretaceous Lake Gusinoe basin in the northwest. This complex is due to the intracontinental rift conditions which existed in western Transbaikalia in the Late Mesozoic. They gave rise to a system of subparallel grabens and horsts in present-day topography. The magmatic evolution of this complex spans from 159 to 117 Ma and is divided into three stages. The first stage (159–156 Ma) witnessed the formation of thick (up to 1500 m) volcanic masses of trachybasalts, basaltic trachyandesites, trachytes, trachydacites, trachyrhyolites, and pantellerites. The next two stages were the formation of isolated ancient volcanoes (127–124 Ma) composed of trachybasalts, basaltic trachyandesites, phonotephrites, tephriphonolites, and alkali trachytes and the formation of the Murtoi (Lake Gusinoe) essexite dike (122–117 Ma). The main trends for igneous associations from early to late stages are reduced magmatism and reduced rock diversity because of the decreasing portion of felsic volcanic rocks. Mafic rocks show an increase in total alkalinity, the content of incompatible elements (Th, U, K, Rb, Pb, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf), total REE content, and the LREE/HREE ratio. The Sr–Nd isotopic composition of these rocks remained nearly constant and corresponds to that of OIB-EMII mantle sources. Compositional variations are attributed to a time-dependent decrease in the degree of partial melting of a similar magma source.
GPS rotation and strain rates in the Baikal–Mongolia region
Authors: Lukhnev A.V. , San’kov V.A. , Miroshnichenko A.I. , Ashurkov S.V. , Calais E. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCurrent deformation in Pribaikalia, Western and Central Mongolia, and Tuva has been studied from measured horizontal GPS velocities and respective computed strain and rotation rates using 1994–2007 data of the Baikal–Mongolian GPS triangulation network.The GPS velocity field shows two main trends: an NE trend within Jonggaria, the Mongolian Altay, and the Great Lakes Valley and an SE trend in the Hangayn and eastern Gobi Altay mountains, and in the Transbaikalian block of the Amur plate. The velocity magnitudes and vectors are consistent with an SE motion of the Amur plate at a rate of ∼2 mm/year.The derived strain pattern includes domains of crustal contraction and extension recognized from the magnitudes of relative strains. Shortening predominates in the Gobi and Mongolian Altay and in the Khamar-Daban Range, where it is at ɛ2 = (19.2 ± 6.0)×10−9 yr−1 being directed northeastward. Extension domains exist in the Baikal rift and in the Busiyngol–West Hangayn area, where the crust is stretching along NW axes at ɛ1 = (22.2 ± 3.1) × 10–9 yr–1. The eastern Hangayn dome and the Gobi peneplain on its eastern border show low and unstable strain rates. In central and northern Mongolia (Orhon–Selenge basin), shortening and extension are at similar rates: ɛ2 = (15.4 ± 5.4)×10−9 yr−1 and ɛ1 = (18.1 ± 3.1)×10−9 yr−1. The strain pattern changes notably in the area of the Mogod earthquake of 1967.Most of rotation throughout Central Asia is clockwise at a low rate of about Ω = 6×10−9 deg·yr−1. High rates of clockwise rotation are observed in the Hangayn domain (18.1 ± 5.2)×10−9 deg·yr−1, in the Gobi Altay (10.4 ± 7.5)×10−9 deg·yr−1, and in the Orhon–Selenge domain (11.9 ± 5.2)×10−9 deg·yr−1. Counterclockwise rotation is restricted to several domains. One is in western Tuva and northwestern Great Lakes Valley of Mongolia (Ω = 3.7×10−9 deg·yr−1). Two more counterclockwise rotation regions occur on both flanks of the Baikal rift: along the craton edge and in basins of Transbaikalia on the rift eastern border, where rotation rates are as high as (13.0 ± 3.9)×10−9 deg·yr−1, while rotation within the Baikal basin does not exceed the measurement error. Another such domain extends from the eastern Hövsgöl area to the Hangayn northern foothills, with the counterclockwise rotation at a highest rate of (16.3 ± 2.8)×10−9 deg·yr−1.
The Kedrovyi–Butachikha dynamic metamorphic zone (Rudny Altai): a tectonic model
Authors: Zinoviev S.V , Chikov B.M. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Structures of dynamic metamorphism have been traditionally studied proceeding from their similarity with faults, according to stratigraphic criteria and with reconstructions of predeformation settings. Using the example of the Kedrovyi–Butachikha shear zone in Rudny Altai, we suggest to distinguish zones with abundant dynamic metamorphic rocks (tectonites) as a special class of structures. Their diagnostic features are (i) dense fault populations, with mostly strike slip geometry of motion and intense mechanic failure and rework of the substrate; (ii) generally coordinated orientations (anisotropy) of structural elements at all hierarchic levels; and (iii) ordered patterns of laminar and turbulent flow. Complexes of tectonites in the Kedrovyi–Butachikha shear zone have been classified into dynamic clastics, tectonic schists, tectonic mixtites, and mechanic metasomatites according to their lithological and structural features. The new classification is used to image the architecture of the dynamic metamorphic zone in a map model which shows the pattern of tectonite complexes with their substrate unevenly reworked by shear-induced metamorphism.
Generalized spline-approximation problem formulation for spatial data modeling in geosciences
Authors: Plavnik A.G. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The discussed spline approximation in spatial data modeling for geosciences implies formulation of the variational problem in terms of functional minimization and allows simultaneous inversion for several surfaces. This modeling employs the following basic elements: stabilizers to define the common properties of unknown surfaces; differential operators to describe the unknown surfaces and their relation with the known fields; data specified locally at test points; partial differential equations similar to equations of mathematical physics for the properties of the surfaces of interest; elements of regression analysis, with the regression coefficients being calculated while solving the principal modeling problem; arbitrary amounts of direct or indirect information which is incorporated additionally into the functional on the basis of approximate conditions using weight coefficients as control parameters.
The suggested generalized formulation includes the concepts of global and local equations, and strict and nonstrict relationships. This formulation, realized in the GST software, may apply to many surface modeling problems to be solved using second-order partial differential equations, with multiple criteria optimization of results and with the use of different auxiliary datasets.
Lateral lithospheric conductivity patterns, from European synchronous observatory data
Authors: Plotkin V.V. , Belinskaya A.Yu. , Gavrysh P.A. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Much information on the regional lithospheric structure may come from MTS data acquired by synchronous 2D arrays and processed with regard to the nonlocal response of a laterally inhomogeneous subsurface. We suggest to invert the nonlocal MT responses applying correlation of all surface horizontal and vertical components of the geomagnetic field recorded simultaneously at all stations. The inversion algorithm has been applied to 2004–2005 European observatory data of diurnal Sq variations for first five harmonics and yielded lateral conductivity patterns for different periods. The maps show spatial correlation between conductivity maxima and lithospheric thickness minima and, specifically, highlight the contours of the Pannonian basin, where lithosphere is as thin as ∼50 km, from seismic data.
MODULES WITH ABELIAN ENDOMORPHISM RINGS
Authors: CĂLUGĂREANU GRIGORE , SCHULTZ PHILL 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe results of Szele and Szendrei [‘On Abelian groups with commutative endomorphism rings’, Acta Math. Acad. Sci. Hungar.2 (1951), 309–324] characterizing abelian groups with commutative endomorphism rings are generalized to modules whose endomorphism rings have various restrictions on their idempotents. Such properties include central or commuting idempotents, and one-sided ideals being two-sided. Related properties include direct summands having unique complements, or being fully invariant.
A NOTE ON A RESULT OF RUZSA, II
Authors: TANG MIN 
Published: June 2010

AbstractLet σA(n)=∣{(a,a′)∈A2:a+a′=n}∣, where n∈ℕ and A is a subset of ℕ. Erdős and Turán con-jectured that for any basis A of ℕ, σA(n) is unbounded. In 1990, Ruzsa constructed a basis A⊂ℕ for which σA(n) is bounded in square mean. Based on Ruzsa’s method, we proved that there exists a basis A of ℕ satisfying ∑ n≤Nσ2A(n)≤1449757928N for large enough N. In this paper, we give a quantitative result for the existence of N, that is, we show that there exists a basis A of ℕ satisfying ∑ n≤Nσ2A(n)≤1069693154N for N≥7.628 517 798×1027, which improves earlier results of the author [‘A note on a result of Ruzsa’, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.77 (2008), 91–98].
Progress in proton radiography for diagnosis of ICF-relevant plasmas
Authors: Borghesi M. , Sarri G. , Cecchetti C.A. , Kourakis I. , Hoarty D. , Stevenson R.M. , James S. , Brown C.D. , Hobbs P. , Lockyear J. , Morton J. , Willi O. , Jung R. , Dieckmann M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractProton radiography using laser-driven sources has been developed as a diagnostic since the beginning of the decade, and applied successfully to a range of experimental situations. Multi-MeV protons driven from thin foils via the Target Normal Sheath Acceleration mechanism, offer, under optimal conditions, the possibility of probing laser-plasma interactions, and detecting electric and magnetic fields as well as plasma density gradients with ~ps temporal resolution and ~ 5–10 µm spatial resolution. In view of these advantages, the use of proton radiography as a diagnostic in experiments of relevance to Inertial Confinement Fusion is currently considered in the main fusion laboratories. This paper will discuss recent advances in the application of laser-driven radiography to experiments of relevance to Inertial Confinement Fusion. In particular we will discuss radiography of hohlraum and gasbag targets following the interaction of intense ns pulses. These experiments were carried out at the HELEN laser facility at AWE (UK), and proved the suitability of this diagnostic for studying, with unprecedented detail, laser-plasma interaction mechanisms of high relevance to Inertial Confinement Fusion. Non-linear solitary structures of relevance to space physics, namely phase space electron holes, have also been highlighted by the measurements. These measurements are discussed and compared to existing models.
Ion jet generation in the ultraintense laser interactions with rear-side concave target
Authors: Liu Bin , Zhang Hua , Fu Li-Bin , Gu Yu-Qiu , Zhang Bao-Han , Liu Ming-Ping , Xie Bai-Song , Liu Jie , He Xian-Tu 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this paper, the ion jet generation from the interaction of an ultraintense laser pulse and a rear-side concave target is investigated analytically using a simple fluid model. We find that the ion expanding surface at the rear-side is distorted due to a strong charge-separation field, and that this distortion becomes dramatic with a singular cusp shown on the central axis at a critical time. The variation of the transverse ion velocity and the relative ion density diverge on the cusp, signaling the emergence of an on-axis ion jet. We have obtained analytical expressions for the critical time and the maximum velocity of the ion jet, and suggested an optimum shape for generating a collimated energetic ion jet. The above theoretical analysis has been verified by particle-in-cell (PIC) numerical simulations.
Agency Empowerment through the Administrative Litigation Law: Court Enforcement of Pollution Levies in Hubei Province
Authors: Zhang Xuehua , Ortolano Leonard , Lü Zhongmei 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe existing literature on China's 1989 Administrative Litigation Law (ALL) has rarely discussed a minor provision that permits administrative agencies to enlist court assistance in enforcing administrative decisions. Focusing on court enforcement of pollution levies, this study examines how and why ALL has been employed so extensively by administrative agencies, environmental protection bureaus (EPBs) in this context. The study is based on interviews with judges, EPB officials and polluters involved in court actions as well as court statistical data from 1992 to 2005 for Hubei province. EPBs' heavy reliance on court enforcement for collecting pollution levies and fines resulted from incentives that encouraged the formation of mutually beneficial relationships between courts and EPBs in the 1990s. Court involvement has enhanced EPBs' enforcement powers, but the courts' engagement in enforcement has neither curtailed EPBs' arbitrary exercise of discretionary power nor induced polluters to reduce waste discharges.
Making Heritage in Hong Kong: A Case Study of the Central Police Station Compound
Authors: Ku Agnes Shuk-mei 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article is a case study of state–society–capital conflicts over the preservation of the Central Police Station (CPS) compound in Hong Kong during 2003–08. The conflict was between two fundamentally different approaches to urban space: a cultural economy approach that took culture and space as a source of economic profit, and an opposition discourse of preservation that emphasized cultural, historical and humanistic values as an end. The struggle turned out to be a moderate success for anti-commercialism. Drawing on and extending the notions of collective memory and spatial politics, this article examines how the various civil society actors, in their struggle against commercialism, sought to define and enhance the cultural value of the site through a variety of discourses and practices relating to history and space. It addresses the specific question of why and how certain constructions of collective memory succeed (or fail) to work with certain places in particular instances. The study shows that memories of the CPS compound contained both state-associated and people-associated accounts, between which the former prevailed. The state-associated account was embedded in a familiar, hegemonic story about Hong Kong, which, via an abstract process of symbolization around the notion of the rule of law, successfully turned the compound into an iconic symbol of identification for the city. Beyond this, the civil society actors sought also to generate a sense of lived space associated with the people, and the outcome was mixed.
Increased weed diversity, density and above-ground biomass in long-term organic crop rotations
Authors: Wortman Sam E. , Lindquist John L. , Haar Milton J. , Francis Charles A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWhile weed management is consistently a top priority among farmers, there is also growing concern for the conservation of biodiversity. Maintaining diverse weed communities below bioeconomic thresholds may provide ecosystem services for the crop and the surrounding ecosystem. This study was conducted to determine if weed diversity, density and biomass differ within and among organic and conventional crop rotations. In 2007 and 2008, we sampled weed communities in four long-term crop rotations near Mead, Nebraska using seedbank analyses (elutriation and greenhouse emergence) and above-ground biomass sampling. Two conventional crop rotations consisted of a corn (Zea mays) or sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)–soybean (Glycine max)–sorghum or corn–soybean sequence and a diversified corn or sorghum–sorghum or corn–soybean–wheat (Triticum aestivum) sequence. Two organic rotations consisted of an animal manure-based soybean–corn or sorghum–soybean–wheat sequence and a green manure-based alfalfa (Medicago sativa)–alfalfa–corn or sorghum–wheat sequence. Species diversity of the weed seedbank and the above-ground weed community, as determined by the Shannon diversity index, were greatest in the organic green manure rotation. Averaged across all sampling methods and years, the weed diversity index of the organic green manure rotation was 1.07, followed by the organic animal manure (0.78), diversified conventional (0.76) and conventional (0.66) rotations. The broadleaf weed seedbank density in the tillage layer of the organic animal manure rotation was 1.4×, 3.1× and 5.1× greater than the organic green manure, diversified conventional and conventional rotations, respectively. The grass weed seedbank density in the tillage layer of the organic green manure rotation was 2.0×, 6.1× and 6.4× greater than the organic animal manure, diversified conventional and conventional rotations, respectively. The above-ground weed biomass was generally greatest in the organic rotations. The broadleaf weed biomass in sorghum and wheat did not differ between organic and conventional rotations (CRs), but grass weed biomass was greater in organic compared to CRs for all crops. The above-ground weed biomass did not differ within CRs, and within organic rotations the grass weed biomass was generally greatest in the organic green manure rotation. The weed seedbank and above-ground weed communities that have accumulated in these rotations throughout the experiment suggest a need for greater management in long-term organic rotations that primarily include annual crops. However, results suggest that including a perennial forage crop in organic rotations may reduce broadleaf weed seedbank populations and increase weed diversity.