bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preserved Lignin Structures in Early Eocene Surat Lignites, Cambay Basin, Western India
Authors: Dutta Suryendu , Bhattacharya Sanket , Mallick Monalisa , Shukla Ashish Chandra , Mann Ulrich 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Lignite samples from Vastan and Tadkeshwar lignite mines, Cambay Basin have been analysed to elucidate lignin precursor using thermochemolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The thermochemolysis products of lignites are characterized by monomethoxy-, dimethoxy-, and trimethoxybenzene derivatives originated from p-hydroxyphenyl, guaiacyl, and syringyl units of lignin polymer, respectively. The other compounds obtained in thermochemolysates of studied lignites are some resin derived C15 sesquiterpenoids, with a series of fatty acid methyl esters and n-alkanes/alkenes. The methylated guaiacyl and syringyl derivatives originate from the cleavage of β – O – 4 linkages and subsequent methylation of acidic hydroxyl groups of preserved lignin. Gymnosperm lignin is characterized mainly by guaiacyl derivatives whereas angiosperm lignin yields some syringyl–type compounds in addition to guaiacyl– type compounds. By analogy with the lignin structure of modern trees, the abundant occurrences of syringyl derivatives in the thermochemolysis products of Surat lignites clearly demonstrate that the palaeofloral community was dominated by angiosperms during the deposition of these lignites.
Internal Geometry of Reactivated and Non-reactivated Sandblow Craters Related to 2001 Bhuj Earthquake, India: A Modern Analogue for Interpreting Paleosandblow Craters
Authors: Thakkar M. G. , Goyal Bhanu , Maurya D. M. , Chamyal L. S. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The liquefaction attributes and crater geometry related to 2001 Bhuj earthquake has been reconstructed by trenching along large known craters formed near Umedpar in Kachchh. The study characterises the liquefied sediments in a large reactivated crater and distinguishes it from a non-reactivated crater located nearby. These characteristics can help in the interpretation of large paleocraters formed as a result of earthquake induced liquefaction.
Near Hydrothermal Alteration of Obsidian Glass: Implications for Long Term Performance Assessments
Authors: Rani Nishi , Shrivastava J. P. , Bajpai R. K. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Obsidian glass alteration experiments under near hydrothermal conditions were performed to study mechanism and conditions of formation of altered minerals. X-ray diffraction patterns and cell dimensions of the specimens treated at 150, 200 and 3000C (pH = 8.03) revealed appearance of three main minerals - illite (9.5-10 Å), chlorite (7.04 Å) and halloysite (10.25Å). Further increase in the pH favours matrix dissolution with the formation of secondary altered layers. SEM-EDS study show that the alteration causes smoothing of the grain surfaces. These surfaces exhibits etch pits and series of depressions, formed by the process of dissolution. SEM - Back Scattered Electron images of obsidian specimens show thin laminae of smectite, with foliated bulky rims and cellular honeycomb texture, formed by precipitation from the solution as well as by direct transformation of glass during alteration. This mechanism is resulting from the alteration of alkalis by ionic inter-diffusion with H3O+ and H+ and inward diffusion of H2 O, leading to free diffusion of silica into solution and then to a local rearrangement of the glass framework. Thus, a direct transformation of glass into clay minerals is the major reaction mechanism as evidenced by the mechanism of glass dissolution and subsequent mineral precipitation.
Clinical Impact of Multidetector Row Computed Tomography before Bronchial Artery Embolization in Patients with Hemoptysis: A Prospective Study
Authors: Gupta Mudit , Srivastava Deep Narayan , Seith Ashu , Sharma Sanjay , Thulkar Sanjay , Gupta Rashmi 
Published: May 2012

Purpose To evaluate prospectively the role and impact of multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) before bronchial artery embolization (BAE) in patients with hemoptysis. Methods MDCT of the thorax was performed in 27 patients (21 men, 6 women; age range, 22-70 years; mean, 39 years) with hemoptysis who were referred for BAE. Transverse, multiplanar reconstruction, and 3-dimensional reconstruction (maximum intensity projection and volume rendered) images were analysed to identify the abnormal hypertrophied bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries causing hemoptysis, their origin and course were noted. Digital subtraction angiography was performed with the knowledge of findings of MDCT. Selective arteriogram of abnormal bronchial as well as nonbronchial arteries was performed. Embolization was attempted in 25 of these patients (92.6%) by using polyvinyl alcohol particles (350-500 μm), Gelfoam or Embospheres (400-700 μm). Follow-up was done for a mean period of 20.5 months. Results Based on MDCT, 2 of 27 patients were found unsuitable for BAE. On computed tomography, 38 arteries (27 bronchial and 11 nonbronchial systemic arteries) were identified as abnormal hypertrophied vessels. On angiography, 34 of these arteries (25 bronchial and 9 nonbronchial systemic arteries) were found to be responsible for hemoptysis. Three of these arteries could not be evaluated during angiography, and 1 artery that was identified as abnormal on computed tomography was found normal on angiography. All 25 bronchial and 9 nonbronchial systemic arteries that cause hemoptysis were detected at MDCT. Embolization was successful in 23 of 25 patients. Conclusion MDCT enables detection and depiction of all bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries causing hemoptysis.
ESR1 gene status correlates with estrogen receptor protein levels measured by ligand binding assay and immunohistochemistry
Authors: Laenkholm Anne-Vibeke , Knoop Ann , Ejlertsen Bent , Rudbeck Tine , Jensen Maj-Britt , Müller Sven , Lykkesfeldt Anne Elisabeth , Rasmussen Birgitte Bruun , Nielsen Kirsten Vang 
Published: May 2012

The Estrogen Receptor (ER) is an established predictive marker for the selection of adjuvant endocrine treatment in early breast cancer. During the 1990s Immunohistochemistry (IHC) replaced cytosol based assays for determination of ER status. This study examined the association between ER protein level determined by two different methods and ESR1 gene copy number. From 289 primary high‐risk breast cancer patients, randomized in the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group (DBCG) 77C trial, results from cytosolic ER levels were available from ligand binding assays. Archival tumor tissue was retrieved from 257 patients. ESR1/CEN‐6 ratio was analyzed successfully by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) in 220 (86%) patients. ESR1 amplification (ESR1/CEN‐6 ≥ 2.00) was observed in 23% of the patients and ESR1 deletion (ESR1/CEN‐6 < 0.80) was observed in 32%. Further, we identified ESR1 gain (ratio ESR1/CEN‐6 from 1.30 to 1.99) in 19% of the patients. A positive correlation of ESR1 FISH with both ER‐cytosol and ER IHC was found (p < 0.0001). Amplification and gain of the ESR1 gene are associated with higher ER protein content measured by ligand binding assay and a more intense nuclear staining by IHC compared to tumors with normal ESR1 gene status. Major variations in ER measured by ligand binding assay and IHC are observed within all ESR1 copy number subgroups and other mechanisms than gene copy number seem to contribute to the ER protein content in the tumors.
A k–ε turbulence model based on the scales of vertical shear and stem wakes valid for emergent and submerged vegetated flows
Authors: King A. T. , Tinoco R. O. , Cowen E. A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractFlow and transport through aquatic vegetation is characterized by a wide range of length scales: water depth ($H$), plant height ($h$), stem diameter ($d$), the inverse of the plant frontal area per unit volume (${a}^{\ensuremath{-} 1} $) and the scale(s) over which $a$ varies. Turbulence is generated both at the scale(s) of the mean vertical shear, set in part by $a$, and at the scale(s) of the stem wakes, set by $d$. While turbulence from each of these sources is dissipated through the energy cascade, some shear-scale turbulence bypasses the lower wavenumbers as shear-scale eddies do work against the form drag of the plant stems, converting shear-scale turbulence into wake-scale turbulence. We have developed a $k$–$\varepsilon $ model that accounts for all of these energy pathways. The model is calibrated against laboratory data from beds of rigid cylinders under emergent and submerged conditions and validated against an independent data set from submerged rigid cylinders and a laboratory data set from a canopy of live vegetation. The new model outperforms existing $k$–$\varepsilon $ models, none of which include the $d$ scale, both in the emergent rigid cylinder case, where existing $k$–$\varepsilon $ models break down entirely, and in the submerged rigid cylinder and live plant cases, where existing $k$–$\varepsilon $ models fail to predict the strong dependence of turbulent kinetic energy on $d$. The new model is limited to canopies dense enough that dispersive fluxes are negligible.
Cavity formation by the impact of Leidenfrost spheres
Authors: Marston J. O. , Vakarelski I. U. , Thoroddsen S. T. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe report observations of cavity formation and subsequent collapse when a heated sphere impacts onto a liquid pool. When the sphere temperature is much greater than the boiling point of the liquid, we observe an inverted Leidenfrost effect where the sphere is encompassed by a vapour layer that prevents physical contact with the liquid. This creates the ultimate non-wetting scenario during sphere penetration through a free surface, producing very smooth cavity walls. In some cases during initial entry, however, the liquid contacts the sphere at the equator, leading to the formation of a dual cavity structure. For cold sphere impacts, where a contact line is observed, we reveal details of the contact line pinning, which initially forms a sawtooth pattern. We also observe surface waves on the cavity interface for cold spheres. We compare our experimental results to previous studies of cavity dynamics and, in particular, the influence of hydrophobicity on the entry of the sphere.
Vegetable and fruit intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study
Authors: Kurotani Kayo , Nanri Akiko , Goto Atsushi , Mizoue Tetsuya , Noda Mitsuhiko , Kato Masayuki , Inoue Manami , Tsugane Shoichiro ,   for the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Group
Published: May 2012

Vegetable and fruit intake has been associated with a reduced risk of cancer and CVD, but its relationship to the risk of type 2 diabetes remains unclear. We prospectively examined the association between vegetable and fruit intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Subjects were 21 269 men and 27 168 women aged 45–75 years who participated in the second survey of the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study and had no history of type 2 diabetes or other serious diseases. Intake of vegetables and fruit was estimated using a validated 147-item FFQ. The OR of self-reported, physician-diagnosed type 2 diabetes over 5 years was estimated using multiple logistic regression. A total of 896 newly diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes were self-reported. Intake of vegetables and fruit combined or fruit only was not associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. However, there was an approximately 20 %, albeit not statistically significant, risk reduction associated with vegetables (men only), green leafy vegetables (men and women) and cruciferous vegetables (men only). Such risk reduction was somewhat greater among obese or smoking men than non-obese or non-smoking men. In conclusion, although a small beneficial effect of vegetables, especially green leafy and cruciferous vegetables, cannot be excluded, vegetable and fruit intake may not be appreciably associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes for Japanese adults.
Who Speaks for Harlem? Kenneth B. Clark, Albert Murray and the Controversies of Black Urban Life
Authors: MATLIN DANIEL 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article seeks to rebalance historical assessment of the debate between “pathologists” and “anti-pathologists” which dominated discussions of black urban life in the United States during the 1960s, and which continues to shape ideas about race and the urban environment today. The heated disagreement between the social psychologist Kenneth B. Clark (1914–2005) and the critic and novelist Albert Murray (1916–) presents an opportunity to consider not only the pitfalls and unintended consequences of pathologist representations of black urban life, which have received much attention from scholars in recent years, but also the problematic aspects of anti-pathologist discourse, which have largely been overlooked. The dispute between Clark and Murray also illuminates the intense competition among some African American intellectuals to claim the personal authenticity and disciplinary authority to define and represent black urban life – and to adjudicate the authenticity and authority of others.
Purification and partial biochemical–genetic characterization of trehalose 6-phosphate synthase from muscles of adult femaleAscaris suum
Authors: Dmitryjuk M. , Dopieralska M. , Łopieńska-Biernat E. , Frączek R.J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTrehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) synthase (TPS;EC2.4.1.15) was isolated from muscles ofAscaris suumby ammonium sulphate fractionation, ion-exchange DEAE SEPHACELTManion exchanger column chromatography and Sepharose 6B gel filtration. On sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE), 265-fold purified TPS exhibited a molecular weight of 66 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature of the purified enzyme were 3.8–4.2 and 35°C, respectively. The isoelectric point (pI) of TPS was pH 5.4. The studied TPS was not absolutely substrate specific. Besides glucose 6-phosphate, the enzyme was able to use fructose 6-phosphate as an acceptor of glucose. TPS was activated by 10 mMMgCl2, 10 mMCaCl2and 10 mMNaCl. In addition, it was inhibited by ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA), KCl, FeCl3and ZnCl2. Two genes encoding TPS were isolated and sequenced from muscles of the parasite. Complete coding sequences fortps1(JF412033.2) andtps2(JF412034.2) were 3917 bp and 3976 bp, respectively. Translation products (AEX60788.1 and AEX60787.1) showed expression to the glucosyltransferase-GTB-type superfamily.
Cognitive control of attention is differentially affected in trauma-exposed individuals with and without post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Blair K. S. , Vythilingam M. , Crowe S. L. , McCaffrey D. E. , Ng P. , Wu C. C. , Scaramozza M. , Mondillo K. , Pine D. S. , Charney D. S. , Blair R. J. R. 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundThis study aimed to determine whether patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) show difficulty in recruitment of the regions of the frontal and parietal cortex implicated in top-down attentional control in the presence and absence of emotional distracters.MethodUnmedicated individuals with PTSD (n = 14), and age-, IQ- and gender-matched individuals exposed to trauma (n = 15) and healthy controls (n = 19) were tested on the affective number Stroop task. In addition, blood oxygen level-dependent responses, as measured via functional magnetic resonance imaging, were recorded.ResultsPatients with PTSD showed disrupted recruitment of lateral regions of the superior and inferior frontal cortex as well as the parietal cortex in the presence of negative distracters. Trauma-comparison individuals showed indications of a heightened ability to recruit fronto-parietal regions implicated in top-down attentional control across distracter conditions.ConclusionsThese results are consistent with suggestions that emotional responsiveness can interfere with the recruitment of regions implicated in top-down attentional control; the heightened emotional responding of patients with PTSD may lead to the heightened interference in the recruitment of these regions.
Heterogeneity of amygdala response in major depressive disorder: the impact of lifetime subthreshold mania
Authors: Fournier J. C. , Keener M. T. , Mullin B. C. , Hafeman D. M. , LaBarbara E. J. , Stiffler R. S. , Almeida J. , Kronhaus D. M. , Frank E. , Phillips M. L. 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundPatients with major depressive disorder (MDD) present with highly heterogeneous symptom profiles. We aimed to examine whether individual differences in amygdala activity to emotionally salient stimuli were related to heterogeneity in lifetime levels of depressive and subthreshold manic symptoms among adults with MDD.MethodWe compared age- and gender-matched adults with MDD (n = 26) with healthy controls (HC, n = 28). While undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants performed an implicit emotional faces task: they labeled a color flash superimposed upon initially neutral faces that dynamically morphed into one of four emotions (angry, fearful, sad, happy). Region of interest analyses examined group differences in amygdala activity. For conditions in which adults with MDD displayed abnormal amygdala activity versus HC, within-group analyses examined amygdala activity as a function of scores on a continuous measure of lifetime depression-related and mania-related pathology.ResultsAdults with MDD showed significantly greater right-sided amygdala activity to angry and happy conditions than HC (p < 0.05, corrected). Multiple regression analyses revealed that greater right-amygdala activity to the happy condition in adults with MDD was associated with higher levels of subthreshold manic symptoms experienced across the lifespan (p = 0.002).ConclusionsAmong depressed adults with MDD, lifetime features of subthreshold mania were associated with abnormally elevated amygdala activity to emerging happy faces. These findings are a first step toward identifying biomarkers that reflect individual differences in neural mechanisms in MDD, and challenge conventional mood disorder diagnostic boundaries by suggesting that some adults with MDD are characterized by pathophysiological processes that overlap with bipolar disorder.
Show devant! English fetishization in Ironman France
Authors: WEBB ERIC RUSSELL 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the use of English-origin forms by Ironman France participants, with focus given to those having a widely used French equivalent (e.g.la finishandle bike). Investigation centres on print media, online discussion forums, and participant interviews. Innovative borrowings are argued to derive from a fetishization of English along the lines of Kelly Holmes (1997, 2000), whereby connotation is equally or more important than reference. It is further suggested that participants employ these innovative forms to distinguish themselves and solidify group identity, constituting a sort of sociolinguistic niche.
Code-crossing and multilingualism among adolescents in Lille
Authors: POOLEY TIM , MOSTEFAI-HAMPSHIRE ZOUBIDA 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTIn this study we investigate code-crossing and multilingualism among 13–14 year olds in three schools (five classes) in the northern French city of Lille, based on data elicited during one-to-one interviews as part of a broader study of adolescent language in the city. With regard to code-crossing the study focuses on the indicative evidence of acquisition of (dialectal) Arabic by adolescents of European or Metropolitan French family background, gleaned from a series of language tests. The results suggest that for subjects of Metropolitan French background, interethnic friendships, bolstered by playful use of the language of the Other, are the single most important factor in non-institutional acquisition of Dialectal Arabic. These findings receive a degree of confirmation from the professed familiarity with a variety of Rom in one class group. Cross-ethnic language acquisition does not, however, appear to correlate in any significant way with factors that may be said to frame the socio-cultural space (such as tastes in music and style of dress) in which these teenage informants were moving at the time of the fieldwork. With regard to multilingualism subjects were found to have had exposure to a variety of European and one West-African language (Wolof). On the evidence of the language tests, the largest ethnically defined minority group, the Maghrebians manifested a range of competence in Arabic, with apparently significant differences between subjects of Algerian and Moroccan extraction.
Spatial Resolution Optimization of Backscattered Electron Images Using Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Probst Camille , Demers Hendrix , Gauvin Raynald 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe relation between probe size and spatial resolution of backscattered electron (BSE) images was studied. In addition, the effect of the accelerating voltage, the current intensity and the sample geometry and composition were analyzed. An image synthesis method was developed to generate the images from backscattered electron coefficients obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. Spatial resolutions of simulated images were determined with the SMART-J method, which is based on the Fourier transform of the image. The resolution can be improved by either increasing the signal or decreasing the noise of the backscattered electron image. The analyses demonstrate that using a probe size smaller than the size of the observed object (sample features) does not improve the spatial resolution. For a probe size larger than the feature size, the spatial resolution is proportional to the probe size.
Microstructural and Chemical Characterization of Nanostructured TiAlSiN Coatings with Nanoscale Resolution
Authors: Godinho Vanda , Rojas Teresa C. , Trasobares Susana , Ferrer Francisco J. , Delplancke-Ogletree Marie-Paule , Fernández Asuncion 
Published: May 2012

AbstractNanoscale resolution electron microscopy analysis combined with ion beam assisted techniques are presented here, to give answers to full characterization of morphology, growth mode, phase formation, and compositional distribution in nanocomposite TiAlSiN coatings deposited under different energetic conditions. Samples were prepared by magnetron sputtering, and the effects of substrate temperature and bias were investigated. The nanocomposite microstructure was demonstrated by the formation of a face-centered cubic (Ti,Al)N phase, obtained by substitution of Al in the cubic titanium nitride (c-TiN) phase, and an amorphous matrix at the column boundary regions mainly composed of Si, N (and O for the samples with higher oxygen contents). Oxygen impurities, predicted as the principal responsible for the degradation of properties, were identified, particularly in nonbiased samples and confirmed to occupy preferentially nitrogen positions at the column boundaries, being mainly associated to silicon forming oxynitride phases. It has been found that the columnar growth mode is not the most adequate to improve mechanical properties. Only the combination of moderate bias and additional substrate heating was able to reduce the oxygen content and eliminate the columnar microstructure leading to the nanocomposite structure with higher hardness (>30 GPa).