bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The consequences of phenotypic plasticity for ecological speciation
Authors: THIBERT‐PLANTE X. , HENDRY A. P. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe use an individual‐based numerical simulation to study the effects of phenotypic plasticity on ecological speciation. We find that adaptive plasticity evolves readily in the presence of dispersal between populations from different ecological environments. This plasticity promotes the colonization of new environments but reduces genetic divergence between them. We also find that the evolution of plasticity can either enhance or degrade the potential for divergent selection to form reproductive barriers. Of particular importance here is the timing of plasticity in relation to the timing of dispersal. If plasticity is expressed after dispersal, reproductive barriers are generally weaker because plasticity allows migrants to be better suited for their new environment. If plasticity is expressed before dispersal, reproductive barriers are either unaffected or enhanced. Among the potential reproductive barriers we considered, natural selection against migrants was the most important, primarily because it was the earliest‐acting barrier. Accordingly, plasticity had a much greater effect on natural selection against migrants than on sexual selection against migrants or on natural and sexual selection against hybrids. In general, phenotypic plasticity can strongly alter the process of ecological speciation and should be considered when studying the evolution of reproductive barriers.
An experimental test for alternative reproductive strategies underlying a female‐limited polymorphism
Authors: COX R. M. , CALSBEEK R. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPolymorphism often corresponds to alternative mating tactics in males, but much less is known about this relationship in females. However, recent work suggests that selection for alternative reproductive strategies in females can maintain genetic variation in important life‐history traits. Brown anole lizards (Anolis sagrei) exhibit a genetically based polymorphism in dorsal pattern that is expressed only by females, which occur in bar (B), diamond (D) and intermediate diamond–bar (DB) morphs. Here, we use a combination of natural history data, captive breeding studies and phenotypic manipulations of reproductive investment to test the hypothesis that this polymorphism corresponds to morph‐specific patterns of reproductive investment. Three years of data from wild females and two generations of captive breeding revealed no differences among morphs in the frequency of egg production or in the number, frequency, size or sex ratio of offspring. Manipulations of reproductive investment via surgical ovariectomy revealed significant costs of reproduction with respect to survival, growth, immune function and haematocrit, but the magnitudes of these costs did not differ among morphs. Collectively, our results refute the hypothesis that this sex‐limited polymorphism is maintained by selection for alternative reproductive strategies. We compare this finding to other systems in which polymorphic females exhibit alternative reproductive tactics and discuss other selective factors that could maintain polymorphism in anoles.
Inbreeding depression in the competitive fertilization success of male crickets
Authors: SIMMONS L. W. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMating between close relatives generally results in offspring of decreased fitness. Inbreeding depression is generally greater for life‐history traits than for morphological traits, and recent studies of traits subject to sexual selection suggest that these may suffer the greatest inbreeding depression. Sexual selection continues after mating in the form of sperm competition and cryptic female choice, imposing strong selection on male competitive fertilization success. Here, I examine the effects of a single generation of full‐sib mating on competitive fertilization success in a cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus. The estimated coefficient of inbreeding depression in competitive fertilization success was 0.37, higher than that for other life‐history and morphological traits. Such intense inbreeding depression coupled with little or no additive genetic variance for this trait is consistent with strong directional selection on male competitive fertilization success generating high levels of dominance variance, and provides an adaptive explanation for the evolution of inbreeding avoidance found in this species.
Genetic differentiation of three endangered wild roses in northeastern Germany: Rosa inodora Fries, Rosa sherardii Davies and Rosa subcollina (H. Christ) Keller
Authors: Jürgens A. H. , Seitz B. , Kowarik I. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBecause of increased interest in the use of local provenances for restoration or landscaping projects, information about the genetic differentiation of plant species is required to delineate provenances for seed collection. To obtain information about population distinctiveness of endangered Rosa species occurring in Brandenburg (northeast Germany), we investigated the genetic differentiation of Rosa inodora, R. sherardii and R. subcollina using RAPD markers. All three species were uncommon in our study region. Φ‐statistics, estimated by amova, revealed a low interpopulation differentiation for R. inodora (ΦPT = 0.19, P < 0.0001) and higher values for R. sherardii and R. subcollina (ΦPT = 0.29 and 0.30, P < 0.0001). UPGMA dendrograms and NMDS showed clear spatial differentiation for all species and a correlation between geographic and genetic distances. Due to predominantly high values of genetic differentiation and spatial patterns of ordination, we suggest small provenance regions for endangered Rosa species for seed collection.
Genetic variation in Mediterranean Helichrysum italicum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae): do disjunct populations of subsp. microphyllum have a common origin?
Authors: Galbany‐Casals M. , Blanco‐Moreno J. M. , Garcia‐Jacas N. , Breitwieser I. , Smissen R. D. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe yellow‐flowered everlasting daisy Helichrysum italicum (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) is widely distributed in the Mediterranean basin, where it grows in continuous and widespread populations in diverse open habitats. Helichrysum italicum subsp. microphyllum has a disjunct distribution in the Balearic Islands (Majorca and Dragonera), Corsica, Sardinia, Crete and Cyprus. Numerous morphological intermediates between subsp. italicum and subsp. microphyllum are known from Corsica, where the two subspecies co‐occur. The aims of the study were to investigate if subsp. microphyllum has a common origin, constituting an independent gene pool from subsp. italicum, or if the morphological differences between subsp. microphyllum and subsp. italicum have arisen independently in different locations from a common wider gene pool. Our analyses of AFLP, cpDNA sequences and morphological characters show that there is geographic structure to the genetic variation within H. italicum, with eastern and western Mediterranean groups, which do not correspond with the division into subsp. microphyllum and subsp. italicum as currently circumscribed. Local selection on quantitative trait loci provides sufficient explanation for the morphological divergence observed and is consistent with genetic data. Within the western Mediterranean group of the species we found considerable polymorphism in chloroplast DNA sequences among and within some populations. Comparison with chloroplast DNA sequences from other Helichrysum species showed that some chloroplast haplotypes are shared across species.
Occurrence, genes and expression of the W/Se‐containing class II benzoyl‐coenzyme A reductases in anaerobic bacteria
Authors: Löffler Claudia , Kuntze Kevin , Vazquez José Ramos , Rugor Agnieszka , Kung Johannes W. , Böttcher Annette , Boll Matthias 
Published: November 2010

SummaryBenzoyl‐coenzyme A (CoA) reductases (BCRs) are key enzymes in the anaerobic degradation of aromatic compounds and catalyse the reductive dearomatization of benzoyl‐CoA to cyclohexa‐1,5‐dienoyl‐1‐carboxyl‐CoA. Class I BCRs are ATP‐dependent FeS enzymes, whereas class II BCRs are supposed to be ATP‐independent and contain W, FeS clusters, and most probably selenocysteine. The active site components of a putative eight subunit class II BCR, BamBCDEFGHI, were recently characterized in Geobacter metallireducens. In this organism bamB was identified as structural gene for the W‐containing active site subunit; bamF was predicted to code for a selenocysteine containing electron transfer subunit. In this work the occurrence and expression of BCRs in a number of anaerobic, aromatic compound degrading model microorganisms was investigated with a focus on the BamB and BamF components. Benzoate‐induced class II BCR in vitro activities were determined in the soluble protein fraction in all obligately anaerobic bacteria tested. Where applicable, the results were in agreement with Western blot analysis using BamB targeting antibodies. By establishing a specific bamB targeting PCR assay, bamB homologues were identified in all tested obligately anaerobic bacteria with the capacity to degrade aromatic compounds; a number of bamB sequences from Gram‐negative/positive sulfate‐reducing bacteria were newly sequenced. In several organisms at least two bamB paralogues per genome were identified; however, in nearly all cases only one of them was transcribed during growth on an aromatic substrate. These benzoate‐induced bamB genes are proposed to code for the active site subunit of class II BCRs; the major part of them group into a phylogenetic subcluster within the bamB homologues. Results from in silico analysis suggested that all class II BCRs contain selenocysteine in the BamF, and in many cases also in the BamE subunit. The results obtained indicate that the distribution of the two classes of BCRs in anaerobic bacteria appears to be strictly ruled by the available free energy from the oxidation of the aromatic carbon source rather than by phylogenetic relationships.
Root exudates modify bacterial diversity of phenanthrene degraders in PAH‐polluted soil but not phenanthrene degradation rates
Authors: Cébron Aurélie , Louvel Brice , Faure Pierre , France‐Lanord Christian , Chen Yin , Murrell J. Colin , Leyval Corinne 
Published: November 2010

SummaryTo determine whether the diversity of phenanthrene‐degrading bacteria in an aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soil is affected by the addition of plant root exudates, DNA stable isotope probing (SIP) was used. Microcosms of soil with and without addition of ryegrass exudates and with 13C‐labelled phenanthrene (PHE) were monitored over 12 days. PHE degradation was slightly delayed in the presence of added exudate after 4 days of incubation. After 12 days, 68% of added PHE disappeared both with and without exudate. Carbon balance using isotopic analyses indicated that a part of the 13C‐PHE was not totally mineralized as 13CO2 but unidentified 13C‐compounds (i.e. 13C‐PHE or 13C‐labelled metabolites) were trapped into the soil matrix. Temporal thermal gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) analyses of 16S rRNA genes were performed on recovered 13C‐enriched DNA fractions. 16S rRNA gene banding showed the impact of root exudates on diversity of PHE‐degrading bacteria. With PHE as a fresh sole carbon source, Pseudoxanthomonas sp. and Microbacterium sp. were the major PHE degraders, while in the presence of exudates, Pseudomonas sp. and Arthrobacter sp. were favoured. These two different PHE‐degrading bacterial populations were also distinguished through detection of PAH‐ring hydroxylating dioxygenase (PAH‐RHDα) genes by real‐time PCR. Root exudates favoured the development of a higher diversity of bacteria and increased the abundance of bacteria containing known PAH‐RHDα genes.
Molecular biology of surface colonization by Listeria monocytogenes: an additional facet of an opportunistic Gram‐positive foodborne pathogen
Authors: Renier Sandra , Hébraud Michel , Desvaux Mickaël 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe opportunistic and facultative intracellular pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes causes a rare but severe foodborne disease called listeriosis, the outcome of which can be fatal. The infection cycle and key virulence factors are now well characterized in this species. Nonetheless, this knowledge has not prevented the re‐emergence of listeriosis, as recently reported in several European countries. Listeria monocytogenes is particularly problematic in the food industry since it can survive and multiply under conditions frequently used for food preservation. Moreover, this foodborne pathogen also forms biofilms, which increase its persistence and resistance in industrial production lines, leading to contamination of food products. Significant differences have been reported regarding the ability of different isolates to form biofilms, but no clear correlation can be established with serovars or lineages. The architecture of listerial biofilms varies greatly from one strain to another as it ranges from bacterial monolayers to the most recently described network of knitted chains. While the role of polysaccharides as part of the extracellular matrix contributing to listerial biofilm formation remains elusive, the importance of eDNA has been demonstrated. The involvement of flagella in biofilm formation has also been pointed out, but their exact role in the process remains to be clarified because of conflicting results. Two cell–cell communication systems LuxS and Agr have been shown to take part in the regulation of biofilm formation. Several additional molecular determinants have been identified by functional genetic analyses, such as the (p)ppGpp synthetase RelA and more recently BapL. Future directions and questions about the molecular mechanisms of biofilm formation in L. monocytogenes are further discussed, such as correlation between clonal complexes as revealed by MLST and biofilm formation, the swarming over swimming regulation hypothesis regarding the role of the flagella, and the involvement of microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules in the colonization of abiotic and biotic surfaces.
Radical prostatectomy for cT3–4 disease: an evaluation of the pathological outcomes and patterns of care for adjuvant radiation in a national cohort
Authors: Schreiber David , Rineer Justin , Sura Sonal , Teper Ervin , Nabhani Tom , Han Peter , Schwartz David , Choi Kwang , Rotman Marvin 
Published: November 2010

Study Type – Therapy (cohort)Level of Evidence 2bOBJECTIVE

To use the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Database to evaluate the pathological outcomes for patients with clinically staged T3–4 disease who undergo radical prostatectomy and to analyze whether these patients are receiving adjuvant radiation.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We identified patients who were clinically staged as having T3–4N0M0 prostate cancer and underwent radical prostatectomy between 2004 and 2006. Clinical data regarding preoperative prostate‐specific antigen, as well as pathological Gleason score, were also collected.
Descriptive analyses were performed regarding the pathological extent of disease for these patients.
Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify unadjusted and adjusted predictors of radiation use for those with non‐organ‐confined disease or positive margins.

RESULTS

A total of 718 patients were identified. Of these, 10.2% had organ‐confined disease (8.1% with negative margins and 2.1% with positive margins). The median number of lymph nodes removed was three, with 9.9% of patients having pathologically positive lymph nodes.
The clinical accuracy of staging was found to be 81.4% for T3a, 77.4% for T3b and 70.1% for T4. Of those who had non‐organ‐confined disease or positive margins pathologically, 21.1% received adjuvant radiation. Logistic regression analysis revealed that those with Gleason 8–10 disease were most likely to receive adjuvant radiation.

CONCLUSIONS

In this large series from a population‐based cohort, clinical staging of T3–T4 disease was highly accurate in predicting pathological extent, with only 10.2% of patients found to have pathological T2 disease.
Most patients with confirmed pathological T3–T4 disease did not receive adjuvant radiation.
The role of transrectal saturation biopsy in tumour localization: pathological correlation after retropubic radical prostatectomy and implication for focal ablative therapy
Authors: Abdollah Firas , Scattoni Vincenzo , Raber Marco , Roscigno Marco , Briganti Alberto , Suardi Nazareno , Gallina Andrea , Capitanio Umberto , Freschi Massimo , Salonia Andrea , Cestari Andrea , Guazzoni Giorgio , Rigatti Patrizio , Montorsi Francesco 
Published: November 2010

Study Type – Diagnostic (exploratory cohort)Level of Evidence 2b What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? The traditional transrectal sextant and extended biopsy schemes demonstrated low accuracy in predicting unilateral prostate cancer on radical prostatectomy specimens.We examined the accuracy of an initial saturation biopsy (24‐core) to predict unilateral prostate cancer on radical prostatectomy specimens.OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the accuracy of an initial 24‐core prostate biopsy scheme (PBx24) in predicting unilateral prostate cancer (PCa) in radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between 2005 and 2008, 203 consecutive patients underwent PBx24 followed by RP for PCa. The area under the curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the accuracy of unilateral PCa on PBx24 to predict unilateral PCa in RP specimens.
The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were also calculated. Moreover, in patients with unilateral PCa on biopsy, univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses tested the relationship between the presence of unilateral PCa in an RP specimen and the variables: age, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), total prostate volume, clinical stage, primary Gleason grade, secondary Gleason grade and the number of positive cores.

RESULTS

PCa cores were unilateral in 115 patients (56.7%) on biopsy. Of those, only 26 (22.6%) had unilateral PCa in the RP specimen (AUC, 72.9%; PPV, 22.6%; NPV, 98.8%). In patients with clinically low‐risk tumours, only 17 of 63 (27%) had a unilateral PCa on PBx24 and in the RP specimen (AUC, 59.1%; PPV, 27.0%; NPV, 100.0%).
None of the examined variables was an independent predictor of the presence of unilateral PCa in the RP specimen (all P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Initial PBx24 is not sufficiently accurate to be dependable as a method of predicting tumour laterality in RP specimens. Therefore, the use of PBx24 to guide hemi‐ablation therapy of PCa may lead to mistreatment in a considerable proportion of patients.
Moreover, none of the routinely available clinical and pathological characteristics appears to improve the ability of unilateral PCa on biopsy to predict unilateral PCa in the RP specimen.
Facilitating the quality of care in a specialist Pacific ophthalmic nursing workforce
Authors: du Toit R. , Hughes F. , Mason I. , Tousignant B. 
Published: November 2010

DU TOIT R., HUGHES F., MASON I. & TOUSIGNANT B. (2011) Facilitating the quality of care in a specialist Pacific ophthalmic nursing workforce. International Nursing Review58, 79–88Background:  Sufficient, appropriately trained health personnel need to be retained in the workforce, and their performance maintained, to achieve quality care. Mid‐level ophthalmic personnel in Western Pacific Island Countries and Territories (WPICT) are no exception.Aim:  The study aims to assess influences on the quality of care provided by specialist mid‐level ophthalmic personnel in WPICT and devise strategies to train, retain and maintain performance of these personnel.Methods:  A situational assessment employed a checklist and semi‐structured interviews with specialist mid‐level ophthalmic personnel, nursing bodies and Ministry of Health representatives from seven WPICT. A selective literature review guided strategies to address the issues identified.Results:  Appropriate training allows nurses to fulfill a mid‐level role in WPICT as specialist ophthalmic nurses. Resources generally do not restrict practice. Nursing structures have generally failed to support professionalism: scope and conditions of service, clinical supervision, career structures, professional recognition and opportunities for continuing professional development are rudimentary. Ophthalmic nurses were dissatisfied with the lack of specialty recognition, career progression and salary increase. Regional and local strategies tailored to each country have been devised to establish sustainable processes for support.Conclusion:  Salary was a major cause of dissatisfaction. It should be addressed along with professional recognition and related processes. Without professional support, specialist and advanced cadres within nursing may cease to exist, nurses' performance may be affected or they may leave. Specialist ophthalmic nursing, recognized, situated within and properly supported by nursing structures can provide a model for specialist clinical care for other specialties and in other countries.
The impact of cumulative pressure on accounting students’ propensity to commit plagiarism: an experimental approach
Authors: Koh Hwee Ping , Scully Glennda , Woodliff David R. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAdopting aspects of Jones, T.M., 1991, Academy of Management Review16, 366–395 issue‐contingent model of ethical decision‐making to guide our choice of variables, we investigate perceptions of factors that affect student plagiarism. In an experimental setting, time pressure and assessment weighting are manipulated between‐subjects, whilst the severity of plagiarism is examined within‐subjects. Our findings confirm that time pressure and assessment weighting are positively related to perceptions of the likelihood of plagiarism and that plagiarism is perceived as more likely for less severe acts. Further, the likelihood of plagiarism increases as the cumulative pressure of both time deadline and assessment weighting increases.
Humanitarian Space as Arena: A Perspective on the Everyday Politics of Aid
Authors: Hilhorst Dorothea , Jansen Bram J. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT‘Humanitarian space’ denotes the physical or symbolic space which humanitarian agents need to deliver their services according to the principles they uphold. This concept, which separates humanitarian action from its politicized environment, is widely used in policy documents and academic texts, even though empirical evidence abounds that this space is in fact highly politicized. To some extent the uncritical use of the concept of humanitarian space is understandable because of its aspirational character. This article explores a different angle: how different actors use the concept and the language of humanitarian space and principles in the everyday politics of aid delivery. It proposes an empirical perspective that approaches humanitarian space from the perspective of everyday practices of policy and implementation. It maintains that the humanitarian space is an arena where a multitude of actors, including humanitarians and the disaster‐affected recipients of aid, shape the everyday realities of humanitarian action. The paper develops this perspective for two humanitarian operations: a protracted refugee camp in Kakuma, Kenya, and the tsunami response in Sri Lanka.