bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Question of Identity in Recent Scholarship on the History of Taiwan
Authors: Dawley Evan N. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis essay provides a survey of emblematic works of recent scholarship on Taiwanese identity written in English and Chinese by scholars from around the world. The objective is to determine what a post-2000 “second wave” of scholarship says about the definition and origins of island-wide Taiwanese identities. This second wave is distinguished by a greater attention to pre-1945 and martial law era Taiwanese history, more attention to a range of identities, both national and non-national, and by the use of sources that had not been readily available to scholars writing in the 1980s and 1990s. I argue that recent works have advanced the field considerably, but that they are too heavily influenced by contemporary debates over Taiwanese independence and too reliant on literary sources to fully answer the question of “who are the Taiwanese?” I conclude by suggesting directions for future scholarship on the subject.
Massive outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of municipal drinking water in a European capital city
Authors: WERBER D. , LAUŠEVIĆ D. , MUGOŠA B. , VRATNICA Z. , IVANOVIĆ-NIKOLIĆ L. , ŽIŽIĆ L. , ALEXANDRE-BIRD A. , FIORE L. , RUGGERI F. M. , DI BARTOLO I. , BATTISTONE A. , GASSILLOUD B. , PERELLE S. , NITZAN KALUSKI D. , KIVI M. , ANDRAGHETTI R. , POLLOCK K. G. J. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYOn 24 August 2008, an outbreak alert regarding cases of acute gastroenteritis in Podgorica triggered investigations to guide control measures. From 23 August to 7 September, 1699 cases were reported in Podgorica (population 136 000) and we estimated the total size of the outbreak to be 10 000–15 000 corresponding to an attack rate of ~10%. We conducted an age- and neighbourhood-matched case-control study, microbiologically analysed faecal and municipal water samples and assessed the water distribution system. All cases (83/83) and 90% (89/90) of controls drank unboiled chlorinated municipal water [matched odds ratio (mOR) 11·2, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1·6–∞]. Consumption of bottled water was inversely associated with illness (mOR 0·3, 95% CI 0·1–0·8). Analyses of faecal samples identified six norovirus genotypes (21/38 samples) and occasionally other viruses. Multiple defects in the water distribution system were noted. These results suggest that the outbreak was caused by faecally contaminated municipal water. It is unusual to have such a large outbreak in a European city especially when the municipal water supply is chlorinated. Therefore, it is important to establish effective multiple-barrier water-treatment systems whenever possible, but even with an established chlorinated supply, sustained vigilance is central to public health.
Molecular diversity of visual pigments in Stomatopoda (Crustacea)
Authors: PORTER MEGAN L. , BOK MICHAEL J. , ROBINSON PHYLLIS R. , CRONIN THOMAS W. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractStomatopod crustaceans possess apposition compound eyes that contain more photoreceptor types than any other animal described. While the anatomy and physiology of this complexity have been studied for more than two decades, few studies have investigated the molecular aspects underlying the stomatopod visual complexity. Based on previous studies of the structure and function of the different types of photoreceptors, stomatopod retinas are hypothesized to contain up to 16 different visual pigments, with 6 of these having sensitivity to middle or long wavelengths of light. We investigated stomatopod middle- and long-wavelength-sensitive opsin genes from five species with the hypothesis that each species investigated would express up to six different opsin genes. In order to understand the evolution of this class of stomatopod opsins, we examined the complement of expressed transcripts in the retinas of species representing a broad taxonomic range (four families and three superfamilies). A total of 54 unique retinal opsins were isolated, resulting in 6–15 different expressed transcripts in each species. Phylogenetically, these transcripts form six distinct clades, grouping with other crustacean opsins and sister to insect long-wavelength visual pigments. Within these stomatopod opsin groups, intra- and interspecific clusters of highly similar transcripts suggest that there has been rampant recent gene duplication. Some of the observed molecular diversity is also due to ancient gene duplication events within the stem crustacean lineage. Using evolutionary trace analysis, 10 amino acid sites were identified as functionally divergent among the six stomatopod opsin clades. These sites form tight clusters in two regions of the opsin protein known to be functionally important: six in the chromophore-binding pocket and four at the cytoplasmic surface in loops II and III. These two clusters of sites indicate that stomatopod opsins have diverged with respect to both spectral tuning and signal transduction.
Conducting family meetings in palliative care: Themes, techniques, and preliminary evaluation of a communication skills module
Authors: Gueguen Jennifer A. , Bylund Carma L. , Brown Richard F. , Levin Tomer T. , Kissane David W. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTObjective:To develop a communication skills training module for health care professionals about how to conduct a family meeting in palliative care and to evaluate the module in terms of participant self-efficacy and satisfaction.Methods:Forty multispecialty health care professionals from the New York metropolitan area attended a communication skills training module at a Comprehensive Cancer Center about how to conduct a family meeting in oncology. The modular content was based on the Comskil model and current literature in the field.Results:Based on a retrospective pre–post measure, participants reported a significant increase in self-efficacy about their ability to conduct a family meeting. Furthermore, at least 93% of participants expressed their satisfaction with various aspects of the module by agreeing or strongly agreeing with statements on the course evaluation form.Significance of results:Family meetings play a significant role in the palliative care setting, where family support for planning and continuing care is vital to optimize patient care. Although these meetings can be challenging, this communication skills module is effective in increasing the confidence of participants in conducting a family meeting.
Palliative care: A need for a family systems approach
Authors: Mehta Anita , Cohen S. Robin , Chan Lisa S. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTObjective:When a family member is faced with a terminal illness, the impending death presents a crisis and a challenge to the entire family as a system. This article highlights the importance of caring for a family when one member has a life-threatening illness, and describes the applicability of Family Systems Theory and its major tenets to the palliative cancer population.Methods:A MedLine and CINAHL search of Family Systems Theory related papers was conducted.Results:Research studies that have been done fail to capture the view of the entire family system, often limiting the perspectives of the family to one single member. The concepts of holism, balance, boundaries, and hierarchal subsystems must be addressed in the care of any family, including those who have a family member who is dying.Significance of results:A Family Systems Theory framework can be useful in helping health care providers, and particularly nurses, deliver optimal care to palliative cancer patients and their families and standardize the way research is done by providing an appropriate framework with which to study the family. In addition, the adoption of Family Systems Theory as the standard framework from which to study families in palliative care will provide consistency for future studies that is presently lacking. Finally, nursing interventions to care for the family are suggested based on Family Systems Theory.
A subharmonic front-end in SiGe:C technology for 94-GHz imaging arrays
Authors: Öjefors Erik , Borngräber Johannes , Korndörfer Falk , Pfeiffer Ullrich 
Published: June 2009

The design of a subharmonic downconverter for 94-GHz imaging arrays in SiGe:C technology is presented. A three-stage differential low-noise amplifier (LNA) with lumped matching networks is used together with a subharmonic mixer driven by a single-pole local-oscillator poly-phase network to form the front-end. The LNA yields 15 dB gain at 94 GHz, while the mixer provides 5 dB conversion gain over a 10 GHz IF bandwidth. The integrated downconverter provides 20 dB conversion gain at 94 GHz with an input 1-dB compression point of −31 dBm and has a current consumption of 45 mA at a 3.3 V supply voltage. The total required die area of the complete downconverter (excluding pad frame) is 0.1 mm, thus making it particularly suitable as a front-end in multi-channel receiver systems.
50 GHz S-shaped rat-race balun with 1.4 dB insertion loss in a wafer-level chip-size package process
Authors: Oncu Ahmet , Inui Chiaki , Manzawa Yasuo , Fujishima Minoru 
Published: June 2009

In millimeter-wave CMOS circuits, a balun is useful for connecting off-chip single-end devices and on-chip differential circuits to improve noise immunity. However, an on-chip balun occupies a large chip area. To reduce the chip area required for the on-chip balun, a new rat-race balun using a rewiring technology with a wafer-level chip-size package (W-CSP) is proposed. The W-CSP balun occupies no area in a die because it is placed over integrated circuits. In the proposed balun, an S-shaped structure is adopted in order to directly connect the balun to differential GSGSG pads on a chip with a small area. The S-shaped W-CSP balun was fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. The core area of the S-shaped rat-race balun is 480×735 µm, which is 22.4% that of a square rat-race balun. As a result of measurement, we found that the minimum insertion loss is 1.4 dB and the operating frequency ranges from 40 to 61 GHz.
X-band T/R-module front-end based on GaN MMICs
Authors: Schuh Patrick , Sledzik Hardy , Reber Rolf , Fleckenstein Andreas , Leberer Ralf , Oppermann Martin , Quay Rüdiger , van Raay Friedbert , Seelmann-Eggebert Matthias , Kiefer Rudolf , Mikulla Michael 
Published: June 2009

Amplifiers for the next generation of T/R modules in future active array antennas are realized as monolithically integrated circuits (MMIC) on the basis of novel AlGaN/GaN (is a chemical material description) high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structures. Both low-noise and power amplifiers are designed for X-band frequencies. The MMICs are designed, simulated, and fabricated using a novel via-hole microstrip technology. Output power levels of 6.8 W (38 dBm) for the driver amplifier (DA) and 20 W (43 dBm) for the high-power amplifier (HPA) are measured. The measured noise figure of the low-noise amplifier (LNA) is in the range of 1.5 dB. A T/R-module front-end with mounted GaN MMICs is designed based on a multi-layer low-temperature cofired ceramic technology (LTCC).
An L-band SiGe HBT differential amplifier with frequency and rejection-level tunable, multiple stopband
Authors: Shirata Masaki , Shinohara Toshio , Sato Minoru , Itoh Yasushi 
Published: June 2009

An L-band frequency and rejection-level tunable SiGe HBT differential amplifier with dual stopband is presented. To achieve frequency and rejection-level tunable performance, dual LCR-tank circuit with an active load is incorporated into the design of the series feedback loops of the differential amplifier. The active load consists of a varactor diode represented as a variableCand a common-emitter transistor represented as a variableR. The frequency and rejection level can be tuned independently by controlling a cathode bias voltage of the varactor diode or a base bias voltage of the transistor. The implemented 0.35 μm SiGe HBT amplifier with dual stopband demonstrates a frequency tuning of 0.53–1.16 GHz and a rejection-level variation up to 9.5 dB. The input and output return losses are better than 17.5 and 11 dB over 0.2–1.5 GHz, respectively. The measured P1dB is+3 dBm and IIP3 is 0 dBm withVcc = 6 V andIc = 8 mA.
PhyloBayes 3: a Bayesian software package for phylogenetic reconstruction and molecular dating
Authors: Lartillot Nicolas , Lepage Thomas , Blanquart Samuel 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Motivation: A variety of probabilistic models describing the evolution of DNA or protein sequences have been proposed for phylogenetic reconstruction or for molecular dating. However, there still lacks a common implementation allowing one to freely combine these independent features, so as to test their ability to jointly improve phylogenetic and dating accuracy.
Results: We propose a software package, PhyloBayes 3, which can be used for conducting Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction and molecular dating analyses, using a large variety of amino acid replacement and nucleotide substitution models, including empirical mixtures or non-parametric models, as well as alternative clock relaxation processes.
Availability: PhyloBayes is freely available from our web site http://www.phylobayes.org. It works under Linux, Mac OsX and Windows operating systems.
Contact: nicolas.lartillot@umontreal.ca
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
First Report of Soybean mosaic virus on Soybean in North Dakota
Authors: Nelson B. D. , Domier L. L. 
Published: June 2009

Soybean, Glycine max L, is grown on 1,420,000 ha in North Dakota and is the most important oilseed crop in the state. Viruses in soybean have not previously been reported from North Dakota (2). In July and August of 2007, 64 soybean fields in Cass, Richland, and Sargent counties in southeastern North Dakota were surveyed for Soybean mosaic virus (SMV). These counties have a high concentration of soybean hectares, a long history of soybean production, and soybean aphid infestations that were observed in 2004 and 2006. Fields were sampled with a grid pattern across the area with at least 8 km (5 miles) between fields. A transect of approximately 60 m through each field was made and 20 leaves were collected at random. Sap was extracted in phosphate buffer and stored at –80°C until tested first using double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA with positive controls and reagents and protocol from Agdia Inc. (Elkhart, IN). Using DAS-ELISA, SMV was detected in 19 of the 64 soybean fields sampled. To confirm the presence of SMV, 12 samples that were positive for SMV by DAS-ELISA also were tested by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. RNA was extracted from sap by a Qiagen RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Germantown, MD), reverse transcribed, and amplified with SuperScrip III Platinum SYBR Green One-Step qRT-PCR Kit (Invitrogen Inc., Carlsbad, CA) and SMV-specific primers (5′-TTCAGCACAATGGGTGAGGATG-3′ and 5′-AATTCTGTGTGGCTTGATGTTGC-3′) (1). Eight of the twelve ELISA-positive samples were positive for SMV by RT-PCR, confirming the presence of SMV in the samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SMV infecting soybean in North Dakota. References: (1) L. L. Domier et al. (Abstr.). Phytopathology 98(suppl.):S47, 2008. (2) B. D. Nelson and G. Danielson. (Abstr.). Phytopathology 95(suppl.):S164, 2005.
First Report of Onion yellow dwarf virus in Allium chinense in China
Authors: Wu C. C. , Hong N. , Liu Y. , Xu W. X. , Wang G. P. 
Published: June 2009

Allium chinense (G. Don) is an economically important vegetable that has been considered to be of Asian origin (2). In April of 2007, plants of cultivated A. chinense showing mosaic, chlorotic streak, twist, and crinkle on leaves were collected from fields at Jiangxia, a suburban district of Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, and transplanted into pots in a greenhouse. Ultrathin sections of diseased leaves were observed under an electron microscope. Pinwheel or cylindrical inclusions, typical of a potyvirus infection, were observed. Filamentous virus particles (820 nm long) were also observed in the crude extract from the same plant. To identify the virus species, viral RNAs were extracted from partially purified virion preparation (3) and used as a template. First-strand cDNA was synthesized with M4-T (5′-GTT TTC CCA GTC ACG AC (T)15-3′) as a complementary primer. The 3′-terminus of viral RNA was amplified using primer M4 (5′-GTT TTC CCA GTC ACG AC-3′) in combination with a degenerate primer (5′-GGXAAYAAYAGY GGX CARCC-3′) that was specific for potyviruses (1). Amplified products were cloned and nine clones were sequenced. Sequence analysis showed that the size of the amplified fragment, excluding the poly A tail, was 1,625 bp, which had the typical characteristics of the 3′-terminus of the potyvirus genome, including the partial NIb gene (636 bp) and the complete coat protein (CP gene; 771 bp). The 1,625-bp sequence from A. chinense (Genbank Accession No. FJ765739) had the highest identity at the nucleotide level with sequences of Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), ranging from 76% (Genbank Accession Nos. AB219833 and AB219834) to 99% (Genbank Accession No. AJ409313). The CP gene had 88% (Genbank Accession Nos. AB219833 and AB219834) to 99% (Genbank Accession Nos. AJ409313 and AJ409310) identity at the amino acid level with corresponding regions of known OYDV isolates from other hosts. Until now, only Scallion mosaic virus (ScaMV), in the genus Potyvirus, had been detected from A. chinense (1); however, OYDV was reported in rakkyo, the same species as Chinese scallion, in Japan (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of OYDV infecting A. chinense in China. References: (1) J. Chen et al. Arch. Virol. 147:683, 2002. (2) L. K. Mann and W. T. Stearn. Econ. Bot. 14:69, 1960. (3) T. Nagakubo et al. Phytopathology 84:640,1994. (4) I. Sako et al. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 57:65, 1991.
First Report of Cercospora tripolitana Causing Leaf Spot of Emex spinosa in Tunisia
Authors: Kammoun L. G. , Souissi T. 
Published: June 2009

Emex spinosa (L.) is a common weed in cereal crops and pastures in northern Tunisia. The build up of the seed bank from a cropping-grazing farming system makes chemical and cultural controls inefficient. Biological control as part of integrated weed management may improve weed control. Diseased seedlings were collected from several locations in northern Tunisia during field surveys. Symptoms were small, circular, light brown leaf spots varying in size (1.75 to 3.5 mm in diameter) with a definite dark brown border on both sides of leaves that wilted and died. Microscopic observations showed conidiophores and conidia within and around the spots. Pure cultures from single conidia were obtained on carrot leaf extract agar. The fungus was identified as Cercospora tripolitana on the basis of identification keys described by Chupp (1). Conidia, borne on unbranched, fasciculated conidiophores, were elongate, hyaline, multiseptate, 110 to 150 × 1.8 to 3.7 μm (average 130 to 2.5 μm), and had truncate bases. For pathogenicity testing, six plants were sprayed with a spore suspension of 6 × 105 conidia/ml. Controls were sprayed with sterile distilled water. Plants were placed in a growth chamber at 22°C, 95% relative humidity, and 18/6 h of light/dark and monitored for symptoms. Ten days after inoculation, symptoms identical to those observed in the field were observed on inoculated plants. Control plants did not develop any symptoms. Four weeks later, diseased leaves turned yellow and died. The fungus was reisolated from symptomatic plants according to Koch's postulates. Although C. tripolitana has been previously reported in North and South Africa, to our knowledge, this is the first report of the fungus as a pathogen on E. spinosa under Tunisian agroecological conditions, making it a promising candidate for weed control. Reference: (1) C. Chupp. A Monograph of the Fungus Genus Cercospora. C. Chupp, Ithaca, New York, 1953.
First Report of Verticillium dahliae on Squash (Cucurbita pepo) in Italy
Authors: Stravato V. M. , Carannante G. , Moretti C. , Cappelli C. 
Published: June 2009

During field surveys in February and March of 2007 and 2008, unusual symptoms of wilting were observed on squash plants (Cucurbita pepo L.) cultivated near Fondi (Latium-Central Italy) in two commercial plastichouses. Because of the high incidence of the disease (between 20 and 30%), we performed specific diagnostic assays. Symptoms included yellowing, stunting, vascular discoloration, and premature death of leaves. A fungus was consistently isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) from discolored vascular tissues in the stems. On the basis of fungal morphology (one-celled conidia, 1 to 2 μm in diameter, and produced on verticillate conidiophores), the fungus was identified as Verticillium dahliae Kleb. (1). To verify the pathogenicity of three fungal isolates, 2-week-old seedlings (15 plants per isolate) were inoculated by dipping the roots in a suspension of 105 conidia per ml for 30 s. Inocula were obtained from 2-week-old fungal cultures grown on PDA at 20 ± 2°C. Roots of 15 control plants were dipped in water. The seedlings were transplanted into pots containing peat and river sand (1:1, v/v) and placed in a greenhouse at 20 to 25°C. One month after inoculation, all fungal isolates caused wilting, while no symptoms were observed on control plants. The morphological features of the reisolated fungus, obtained only from the inoculated plants, were identical to the original isolates. V. dahliae has been recorded in Italy on a number of other plants (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of V. dahliae on squash in Italy. Recently, V. dahliae was recorded for the first time on C. pepo L. in Trinidad (3). References: (1) M. Cirulli. L'Italia Agricola 112:120, 1975. (2) A. Matta et al. Inf. Fitopatol. 30:5, 1980. (3) S. N. Rampersad. Plant Dis. 92:1136, 2008.