bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observed triggering of tropical convection by a cold surge: implications for MJO initiation
Authors: Wang Lin , Kodera Kunihiko , Chen Wen 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe extratropical influence is an important mechanism in the initiation of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO). Based on analyses of several datasets, this article demonstrates that the MJO case initiated in late January 2008 was strengthened by a preceding cold surge over West Asia when the MJO was at its initiation phase. The cold surge‐related northerlies propagated southward along the east coast of Africa. The associated convergence on the edge of the surge enhanced ascending motion in the tropical western Indian Ocean and led to the onset of deep convection to the north of Madagascar. This process helped to amplify the MJO convection rapidly, as shown in the development of the moist static energy anomalies. In this way, the cold surge affected the behaviour of the MJO and modified the timing of its initiation to some extent. These results support previous studies that extratropical factors are important for the initiation of the MJO, and suggest that the subtropical cold surges are likely to strengthen and accelerate the build‐up of deep MJO convection at the MJO initiation phase. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Robotic nerve‐sparing radical parametrectomy: feasibility and technique
Authors: Magrina Javier F. , Magtibay Paul M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of this research was to evaluate the feasibility of robotic nerve‐sparing radical parametrectomy for cervical cancer after simple hysterectomy.MethodsA 41 year‐old patient was diagnosed with invasive cervical adenocarcinoma after simple hysterectomy. Hysterectomy margins were negative. A robotic nerve‐sparing radical parametrectomy was offered and performed 5 weeks later.ResultsTotal operating time was 330 min, blood loss was 145 ml and length of hospitalization 2 days. Pathology revealed no residual tumour. Normal bladder function resumed on postoperative day 9. At a follow‐up of 16 months, the patient remains with no evidence of disease and with normal bladder and bowel function.ConclusionsRobotic nerve‐sparing radical parametrectomy is safe and feasible and can be offered to patients with indications for radical parametrectomy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An unknown malware detection scheme based on the features of graph
Authors: Zhao Zongqu , Wang Junfeng , Wang Chonggang 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThe traditional malware detection schemes based on specific signature give an unsatisfactory performance as disposing the previously unknown malware, so the general features of binary files should be explored to solve this problem. Recently, classification algorithms were employed successfully to choose the features in unknown malicious code, and most of the works use byte or operation code sequence n‐gram representation of the executables. However, these n‐gram representations are heavily dependent on the training data. In this paper, we present a graph‐based method to detect unknown malware. The function call graph of an executable, which includes the functions and the call relations between them, is selected as the representation of the executable in this method. The features are defined according to both the statistical information and the topology of the function call graph. They are extracted and processed through machine learning to classify unknown Portable Executable files. For the sake of fixed sum of the features, the graph‐based method can avoid so many features found in other methods. In our experiments, three types of malware datasets were tested, and as high as 96.8% accuracy can be achieved. Furthermore, it can achieve 92.1% accuracy when only 5% of the dataset is served as training set. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Putting Rural Readers on the Map: Strategies for Rural Literacy
Authors: Lester Laura 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis manuscript provides readers with practical, evidence‐based strategies, which have potential to enhance literacy instruction in rural schools. Rural teachers will find this manuscript especially useful as the unique characteristics, disparities and needs frequently present in rural communities are discussed, as well as, specific suggestions on how to enhance literacy instruction and student learning. A framework and instructional strategy are presented, which have potential to enhance the learning of rural students based on specific rural characteristics and features. The framework of place‐based education builds upon students’ knowledge of their community to enhance the curriculum and the strategy of incorporating virtual field trips into the curriculum provides rural students exposure to places and cultural institutions around the world.
P2X receptors and kidney function
Authors: Bailey Matthew A. , Unwin Robert J. , Shirley David G. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAccumulating evidence indicates that the ATP/P2 receptor system, acting in an autocrine or paracrine manner, can affect a wide range of renal functions. P2X receptor subunits have been identified in most renal vessels and in every nephron segment; ATP is released from renal epithelial cells; and enzymes responsible for ATP degradation are expressed in the vasculature and tubules. Stimulation of P2X1 receptors in the afferent arterioles by ATP released from renal nerve terminals or from adjacent macula densa cells induces vasoconstriction and contributes to the regulation of renal haemodynamics. In the tubule, there is evidence for a variety of P2X‐mediated effects: inhibition of proximal tubular reabsorption; inhibition of Na+K+2Cl− cotransporter activity (via increased nitric oxide synthesis) in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle; inhibition of magnesium reabsorption in the distal tubule; and modulation of sodium and water reabsorption in the collecting duct. Finally, P2X receptors, particularly P2X7 subunits, appear to play an important role in renal pathology, specifically for cyst formation in polycystic kidney disease and in renal inflammation. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2012, 1:503–511. doi: 10.1002/wmts.40For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
The Utility of Ultrasonography in the Management of Undescended Testis in a Developing Country
Authors: Ekenze S. O. , Nwankwo E. P. , Okere P. C. N. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe use of ultrasonography to localize the testis in children with undescended testis is still controversial. This study was designed to determine the value of ultrasound in the preoperative assessment of children with undescended testis in a resource‐limited setting.MethodsA retrospective evaluation of all boys undergoing operation for undescended testes at the University of Nigeria Teaching hospital Enugu from June 2005 to December 2009 was performed. The operative findings were compared with the preoperative findings on clinical and ultrasound examinations.ResultsOverall, 49 boys with 60 undescended testes (unilateral in 38, and bilateral in 11 cases) were operated on during the study period. The median age of the patients was 5 (range, 1–14) years. At operation, 39 (65%) testes were located at the inguinal region, 17 (28.3%) were intra‐abdominal, and 4 (6.7%) were vanishing testes. Of the inguinal testes, 30 (77%) were clinically palpable, and 38 (97.4%) accurately localized by ultrasound (p = 0.006). The intra‐abdominal testes, the vanishing testes, and one inguinal testis were not identified with ultrasound. However, two testes identified as inguinal by ultrasound were found intraabdominal at operation, and two of the vanishing testes were recognized as viable testes by ultrasound.ConclusionsUltrasound may identify some otherwise nonpalpable inguinal testes and hence affect therapeutic approach. It may, however, be unhelpful in truly abdominal and vanishing testes.
Femoro-acetabular impingement: The diagnosis—a review
Authors: Grant Alfred D. , Sala Debra A. , Schwarzkopf Ran 
Published: February 2012

Background The recognition of the importance of femoral acetabular impingement (FAI) as a potential cause of hip pain has been stimulated by major efforts to salvage hip joints by reconstruction in order to prevent or delay the need for replacement. The purpose of this review is to define the nature of FAI, the various types, and how to make the diagnosis. Methods The review describes the characteristics of the hip that cause FAI and emphasizes understanding that the femoral and acetabular components normally function as a unit, complementing each other. Results/Conclusion The methods of making the diagnosis of FAI and their limitations are described. If the acetabulum and femur are considered to be independent of each other, conflict may occur, hindering function, and not be apparent. The increasing frequency of making this diagnosis based on abnormal anatomy on one side of the joint, often in face of unclear physical findings, can bring the diagnosis into question. FAI seen in Perthes disease and acetabular dysplasia is explained. Knowing how to analyze the hip, being aware of the limitations of various available clinical and diagnostic studies, and recognizing the continued and ever-changing extensive body of literature is important and challenging. This primer is just the beginning.
Increasing radial solutions for Neumann problems without growth restrictions
Authors: Weth Tobias , Bonheure Denis , Noris Benedetta 
Published: March 2012

We study the existence of positive increasing radial solutions for superlinear Neumann problems in the ball. We do not impose any growth condition on the nonlinearity at infinity and our assumptions allow for interactions with the spectrum. In our approach we use both topological and variational arguments, and we overcome the lack of compactness by considering the cone of nonnegative, nondecreasing radial functions of

H^{1}(B)

.

Résumé

Nous étudions lʼexistence de solutions radiales positives croissantes de problèmes de Neumann super linéaires dans la boule. Nous nʼimposons aucune restriction de croissance sur la non linéarité à lʼinfini et nos hypothèses permettent également une interaction avec le spectre. Notre approche combinne des arguments topologiques et variationnels. Nous contournons le manque de compacité en travaillant dans le cône des fonctions radiales, positives et croissantes de

H^{1}(B)

.
Hyperglycemia as a Risk Factor in the Perioperative Patient
Authors: Rutan Linda , Sommers Kathleen 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBodily injury and stress associated with surgical interventions increase glucose levels not only in individuals diagnosed with diabetes mellitus but also in patients without a preoperative diagnosis of diabetes. Whatever the cause, hyperglycemia is becoming an increasingly important indicator of perioperative patient outcomes. An elevated blood glucose level affects the body's defense systems and the body's ability to heal after surgical intervention. Perioperative nurses should closely monitor the patient's blood glucose levels and watch for signs of hyperglycemia throughout the perioperative experience. Perioperative nurses should work collaboratively with other perioperative team members to identify and treat perioperative hyperglycemia.
Profitable candlestick trading strategies—The evidence from a new perspective
Authors: Lu Tsung‐Hsun , Shiu Yung‐Ming , Liu Tsung‐Chi 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis paper aims to investigate the profitability of two‐day candlestick patterns by buying on bullish (bearish) patterns and holding until bearish (bullish) patterns occur. Our data set includes daily opening, high, low, and closing prices of component stocks in the Taiwan Top 50 Tracker Fund for the period from 29 October 2002 through 31 December 2008. We examine three bullish reversal patterns and three bearish reversal patterns. We find that three bullish reversal patterns are profitable in the Taiwan stock market. For robustness checks, we evaluate the applicability of our results to diverse market conditions, conduct an out‐of‐sample test and employ a bootstrap methodology.
Do Soldiers' Lives Matter? A View from Proportionality
Authors: Ziegler Reuven (Ruvi) , Otzari Shai 
Published: March 2012

A military operation is about to take place during an ongoing international armed conflict; it can be carried out either by aerial attack, which is expected to cause the deaths of enemy civilians, or by using ground troops, which is expected to cause the deaths of fewer enemy civilians but is expected to result in more deaths of compatriot soldiers. Does the principle of proportionality in international humanitarian law impose a duty on an attacker to expose its soldiers to life-threatening risks in order to minimise or avert risks of incidental damage to enemy civilians? If such a duty exists, is it absolute or qualified? And if it is a qualified duty, what considerations may be taken into account in determining its character and scope?This article presents an analytic framework under the current international humanitarian law (IHL) legal structure, following a proportionality analysis. The proposed framework identifies five main positions for addressing the above queries. The five positions are arranged along two ‘axes’: a value ‘axis’, which identifies the value assigned to the lives of compatriot soldiers in relation to lives of enemy civilians; and a justification ‘axis’, which outlines the justificatory bases for assigning certain values to lives of compatriot soldiers and enemy civilians: intrinsic, instrumental or a combination thereof. The article critically assesses these positions, and favours a position which attributes a value to compatriot soldiers' lives, premised on a justificatory basis which marries intrinsic considerations with circumscribed instrumental considerations, avoiding the indeterminacy and normative questionability entailed by more expansive instrumental considerations.
Geographical distribution modelling for Neospora caninum and Coxiella burnetii infections in dairy cattle farms in northeastern Spain
Authors: NOGAREDA C. , JUBERT A. , KANTZOURA V. , KOUAM M. K. , FEIDAS H. , THEODOROPOULOS G. 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYMaximum entropy ecological niche modelling and spatial scan statistic were utilized to predict the geographical range and to investigate clusters of infections for Neospora caninum and Coxiella burnetii in dairy cattle farms in Catalonia, northeastern Spain, using the Maxent and SaTScan programs, respectively. The geographical distribution of Neospora and Coxiella with the highest level of probability (P > 0·60) covers central Catalonia and spreads towards northeastern Catalonia which contains a high concentration of dairy cattle farms. The most important environmental factor that contributed to the ecological niche modelling was precipitation of driest month followed by elevation. Significant clusters (P < 0·001) were detected for Neospora and Coxiella infections in the western and eastern regions of Catalonia, respectively.
What do codes of conduct do? Hybrid constitutionalization and militarization in military markets
Authors: LEANDER ANNA 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article contributes to the debate over the whether or not the mainstreaming of Corporate Social Responsibility/Codes of Conduct should be welcomed. It suggests that to grapple with this question requires an engagement with the multiple and necessarily situated performativities (or jursigenerativities) of these codes. The article illustrates the argument through an analysis of two jurisgenerative processes (linked to regulation and to politics) triggered by Codes of Conduct in commercial military markets. It shows that the codes are creatingbotha hybrid regulatory (or constitutional) network that makes it possible to hold firms accountableanda militarization of politics. It does so by showing that the codes create first-, second- and third-order rules but also processes of misrecognition through distraction, distinction and diffusion that empower military professionals. It draws on a study of three cases involving ArmorGroup, a forerunner and advocate of regulation in military markets. This argument makes sense of the disagreements surrounding the virtues of global constitutionalism by highlighting the tensions that become apparent once it is acknowledged that Codes of Conduct are not only performative but are so in multiple ways. It can provide no easy way to dissolve the specific dilemma this multiple jurisgenerativity poses in the context of military markets specifically. But logically flowing from the argument is a suggestion that encouraging and empowering a broader, non-military/security professional involvement in the debate over the regulation of commercial military markets would be the appropriate way of handling it.
Is there long‐range memory in solar activity on timescales shorter than the sunspot period?
Authors: Rypdal M. , Rypdal K. 
Published: February 2012

The sunspot number (SSN), the total solar irradiance (TSI), a TSI reconstruction, and the solar flare index (SFI) are analyzed for long‐range persistence (LRP). Standard Hurst analysis yields H ≈ 0.9, which suggests strong LRP. However, solar activity time series are nonstationary because of the almost‐periodic 11 year smooth component, and the analysis does not give the correct H for the stochastic component. Better estimates are obtained by detrended fluctuation analysis, but estimates are biased and errors are large because of the short time records. These time series can be modeled as a stochastic process of the form x(t) = y(t) + σ
wH(t), where y(t) is the smooth component and wH(t) is a stationary fractional noise with Hurst exponent H. From ensembles of numerical solutions to the stochastic model and application of Bayes' theorem, we can obtain bias and error bars on H and also a test of the hypothesis that a process is uncorrelated (H = 1/2). The conclusions from the present data sets are that SSN, TSI, and TSI reconstruction almost certainly are long‐range persistent, but with the most probable value H ≈ 0.7. The SFI process, however, is either very weakly persistent (H < 0.6) or completely uncorrelated on timescales longer than a few solar rotations. Differences between stochastic properties of the TSI and its reconstruction indicate some error in the reconstruction scheme.
Attenuation of whistler waves through conversion to lower hybrid waves in the low‐altitude ionosphere
Authors: Shao X. , Eliasson B. , Sharma A. S. , Milikh G. , Papadopoulos K. 
Published: February 2012

VLF waves excited by powerful ground‐based transmitters propagate in the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide and leak through the ionosphere to the magnetosphere, where they are often recorded by satellites. Simulations of the propagation of whistler waves using coupled transionospheric VLF propagation and three‐dimensional ray‐tracing models have shown systematic overestimates of the VLF wavefield strength near 20 kHz in the magnetosphere by about 20 dB in the night and 10 dB during the day. The paper presents numerical simulations of the conversion between whistler and lower hybrid waves interactions in the presence of short‐scale field‐aligned density irregularities (striations) in Earth's lower ionosphere. The simulations, which incorporate a realistic ionospheric density profile, show that the mode conversion of whistler waves to lower hybrid waves leads to significant attenuation of whistler waves at altitudes between 90 and 150 km. The striation width plays an important role in the conversion efficiency between whistler and lower hybrid wave. Uniformly distributed striations with 8 m transverse size result in 15 dB attenuation in the 90–150 km propagation range, while a spectrum from 2 to 10 m results in 9 dB attenuation. It is argued that the attenuation of whistler waves in the presence of short‐scale density striations in Earth's ionosphere can account for most of the observed ∼20 dB loss in VLF intensity. Furthermore, it predicts that VLF/ELF waves with frequencies below 5 kHz will not suffer similar attenuation.
Microbial biopesticides: opportunities and challenges.
Authors: Opender Koul Opender Koul 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Pesticides based on microorganisms and their products have proven to be highly effective, species specific and eco-friendly in nature, leading to their adoption in pest management strategies around the world. The microbial biopesticide market constitutes about 90% of total biopesticides and there is ample scope for further development in agriculture and public health, although there are challenges as well. This article reviews the various microbial biopesticides that are commercially available, the different approaches for their production and development, the recent technological advances and the challenges faced by the microbial biopesticide field in the future.
Characteristics of survivors: growth and nutritional condition of early stages of the hake species Merluccius paradoxus and M. capensis in the southern Benguela ecosystem
Authors: Grote Britta , Ekau Werner , Stenevik Erling K. , Clemmesen Catriona , Verheye Hans M. , Lipinski Marek R. , Hagen Wilhelm 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Grote, B., Ekau, W., Stenevik, E. K., Clemmesen, C., Verheye, H. M., Lipinski, M. R., and Hagen, W. 2012. Characteristics of survivors: growth and nutritional condition of early stages of the hake species Merluccius paradoxus and M. capensis in the southern Benguela ecosystem. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 553–562. Larval mortality in marine fish is strongly linked to characteristic traits such as growth and condition, but the variability in these traits is poorly understood. We tried to identify the variability in growth in relation to conditions leading to greater survival chances for early stages of Cape hake, Merluccius paradoxus and M. capensis, in the Benguela upwelling ecosystem. During two cruises in 2007 and one cruise in 2008, hake larvae and juveniles were caught. Otolith microstructures revealed a larval age ranging from 2 to 29 days post-hatching (dph), whereas juvenile age was 67–152 dph. RNA:DNA ratios, used to evaluate nutritional condition, were above the relevant threshold level for growth. No strong coupling between growth and condition was detected, indicating a complex relationship between these factors in the southern Benguela ecosystem. Merluccius paradoxus juveniles caught in 2007 (the surviving larvae of 2006) had significantly higher larval growth rates than larvae hatched in 2007 and 2008, possibly indicating selection for fast growth in 2006. High selection pressure on growth could be linked to predation avoidance, including cannibalism.