bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Ground Calibration of the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) Instrument on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)
Authors: Schou J. , Scherrer P. H. , Bush R. I. , Wachter R. , Couvidat S. , Rabello-Soares M. C. , Bogart R. S. , Hoeksema J. T. , Liu Y. , Duvall T. L. , Akin D. J. , Allard B. A. , Miles J. W. , Rairden R. , Shine R. A. , Tarbell T. D. , Title A. M. , Wolfson C. J. , Elmore D. F. , Norton A. A. , Tomczyk S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) investigation (Solar Phys. doi:10.1007/s11207-011-9834-2, 2011) will study the solar interior using helioseismic techniques as well as the magnetic field near the solar surface. The HMI instrument is part of the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) that was launched on 11 February 2010. The instrument is designed to measure the Doppler shift, intensity, and vector magnetic field at the solar photosphere using the 6173 Å Fe i absorption line. The instrument consists of a front-window filter, a telescope, a set of waveplates for polarimetry, an image-stabilization system, a blocking filter, a five-stage Lyot filter with one tunable element, two wide-field tunable Michelson interferometers, a pair of 40962 pixel cameras with independent shutters, and associated electronics. Each camera takes a full-disk image roughly every 3.75 seconds giving an overall cadence of 45 seconds for the Doppler, intensity, and line-of-sight magnetic-field measurements and a slower cadence for the full vector magnetic field. This article describes the design of the HMI instrument and provides an overview of the pre-launch calibration efforts. Overviews of the investigation, details of the calibrations, data handling, and the science analysis are provided in accompanying articles.
Image Quality of the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) Onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)
Authors: Wachter R. , Schou J. , Rabello-Soares M. C. , Miles J. W. , Duvall T. L. , Bush R. I. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe describe the imaging quality of the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) as measured during the ground calibration of the instrument. We describe the calibration techniques and report our results for the final configuration of HMI. We present the distortion, modulation transfer function, stray light, image shifts introduced by moving parts of the instrument, best focus, field curvature, and the relative alignment of the two cameras. We investigate the gain and linearity of the cameras, and present the measured flat field.
Wavelength Dependence of the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) Instrument onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)
Authors: Couvidat Sébastien , Schou Jesper , Shine Richard A. , Bush Rock I. , Miles John W. , Scherrer Philip H. , Rairden Richard L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) instrument will produce Doppler-velocity and vector-magnetic-field maps of the solar surface, whose accuracy is dependent on a thorough knowledge of the transmission profiles of the components of the HMI optical-filter system. Here we present a series of wavelength-dependence calibration tests, performed on the instrument from 2005 onwards, to obtain these profiles. We obtained the transmittances as a function of wavelength for the tunable and non-tunable filter elements, as well as the variation of these transmittances with temperature and the angle of incidence of rays of light. We also established the presence of fringe patterns produced by interferences inside the blocking filter and the front window, as well as a change in transmitted intensity with the tuning position. This thorough characterization of the HMI-filter system confirmed the very high quality of the instrument, and showed that its properties are well within the required specifications to produce superior data with high spatial and temporal resolution.
Implementation and Comparison of Acoustic Travel-Time Measurement Procedures for the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager Time – Distance Helioseismology Pipeline
Authors: Couvidat S. , Zhao J. , Birch A. C. , Kosovichev A. G. , Duvall T. L. , Parchevsky K. , Scherrer P. H. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) instrument onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) satellite is designed to produce high-resolution Doppler-velocity maps of oscillations at the solar surface with high temporal cadence. To take advantage of these high-quality oscillation data, a time – distance helioseismology pipeline (Zhao et al., Solar Phys. submitted, 2010) has been implemented at the Joint Science Operations Center (JSOC) at Stanford University. The aim of this pipeline is to generate maps of acoustic travel times from oscillations on the solar surface, and to infer subsurface 3D flow velocities and sound-speed perturbations. The wave travel times are measured from cross-covariances of the observed solar oscillation signals. For implementation into the pipeline we have investigated three different travel-time definitions developed in time – distance helioseismology: a Gabor-wavelet fitting (Kosovichev and Duvall, SCORE’96: Solar Convection and Oscillations and Their Relationship, ASSL, Dordrecht, 241, 1997), a minimization relative to a reference cross-covariance function (Gizon and Birch, Astrophys. J.571, 966, 2002), and a linearized version of the minimization method (Gizon and Birch, Astrophys. J.614, 472, 2004). Using Doppler-velocity data from the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) instrument onboard SOHO, we tested and compared these definitions for the mean and difference travel-time perturbations measured from reciprocal signals. Although all three procedures return similar travel times in a quiet-Sun region, the method of Gizon and Birch (Astrophys. J.614, 472, 2004) gives travel times that are significantly different from the others in a magnetic (active) region. Thus, for the pipeline implementation we chose the procedures of Kosovichev and Duvall (SCORE’96: Solar Convection and Oscillations and Their Relationship, ASSL, Dordrecht, 241, 1997) and Gizon and Birch (Astrophys. J.571, 966, 2002). We investigated the relationships among these three travel-time definitions, their sensitivities to fitting parameters, and estimated the random errors that they produce.
The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)
Authors: Pesnell W. Dean , Thompson B. J. , Chamberlin P. C. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) was launched on 11 February 2010 at 15:23 UT from Kennedy Space Center aboard an Atlas V 401 (AV-021) launch vehicle. A series of apogee-motor firings lifted SDO from an initial geosynchronous transfer orbit into a circular geosynchronous orbit inclined by 28° about the longitude of the SDO-dedicated ground station in New Mexico. SDO began returning science data on 1 May 2010. SDO is the first space-weather mission in NASA’s Living With a Star (LWS) Program. SDO’s main goal is to understand, driving toward a predictive capability, those solar variations that influence life on Earth and humanity’s technological systems. The SDO science investigations will determine how the Sun’s magnetic field is generated and structured, how this stored magnetic energy is released into the heliosphere and geospace as the solar wind, energetic particles, and variations in the solar irradiance. Insights gained from SDO investigations will also lead to an increased understanding of the role that solar variability plays in changes in Earth’s atmospheric chemistry and climate. The SDO mission includes three scientific investigations (the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA), Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE), and Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI)), a spacecraft bus, and a dedicated ground station to handle the telemetry. The Goddard Space Flight Center built and will operate the spacecraft during its planned five-year mission life; this includes: commanding the spacecraft, receiving the science data, and forwarding that data to the science teams. The science investigations teams at Stanford University, Lockheed Martin Solar Astrophysics Laboratory (LMSAL), and University of Colorado Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) will process, analyze, distribute, and archive the science data. We will describe the building of SDO and the science that it will provide to NASA.
Imprecise probabilistic query answering using measures of ignorance and degree of satisfaction
Authors: Yue Anbu , Liu Weiru , Hunter Anthony 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
In conditional probabilistic logic programming, given a query, the two most common forms for answering the query are either a probability interval or a precise probability obtained by using the maximum entropy principle. The former can be noninformative (e.g., interval [0, 1]) and the reliability of the latter is questionable when the priori knowledge is imprecise. To address this problem, in this paper, we propose some methods to quantitatively measure if a probability interval or a single probability is sufficient for answering a query. We first propose an approach to measuring the ignorance of a probabilistic logic program with respect to a query. The measure of ignorance (w.r.t. a query) reflects how reliable a precise probability for the query can be and a high value of ignorance suggests that a single probability is not suitable for the query. We then propose a method to measure the probability that the exact probability of a query falls in a given interval, e.g., a second order probability. We call it the degree of satisfaction. If the degree of satisfaction is high enough w.r.t. the query, then the given interval can be accepted as the answer to the query. We also prove our measures satisfy many properties and we use a case study to demonstrate the significance of the measures.
Development of a core set of SSR markers for the characterization of Gossypium germplasm
Authors: Yu John Z. , Fang David D. , Kohel Russell J. , Ulloa Mauricio , Hinze Lori L. , Percy Richard G. , Zhang Jinfa , Chee Peng , Scheffler Brian E. , Jones Don C. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMolecular markers such as simple sequence repeats (SSR) are a useful tool for characterizing genetic diversity of Gossypium germplasm. Genetic profiles by DNA fingerprinting of cotton accessions can only be compared among different collections if a common set of molecular markers are used by different laboratories and/or research projects. Herein, we propose and report a core set of 105 SSR markers with wide genome coverage of at least four evenly distributed markers per chromosome for the 26 tetraploid cotton chromosomes. The core marker set represents the efforts of ten research groups involved in marker development, and have been systematically evaluated for DNA polymorphism on the 12 genotypes belonging to six Gossypium species [known collectively as the cotton marker database (CMD) panel]. A total of 35 marker bins in triplex sets were arranged from the 105 markers that were each labeled with one of the three fluorescent dyes (FAM, HEX, and NED). Results from this study indicated that the core marker set was robust in revealing DNA polymorphism either between and within species. Average value of polymorphism information content (PIC) among the CMD panel was 0.65, and that within the cultivated cotton species Gossypium hirsutum was 0.29. Based on the similarity matrix and phylogenetic analysis of the CMD panel, the core marker set appeared to be sufficient in characterizing the diversity within G. hirsutum and other Gossypium species. The portability of this core marker set would facilitate the systematic characterization and the simultaneous comparison among various research efforts involved in genetic diversity analysis and germplasm resource preservation.
Digestion characteristics of two forms of preserved lucerne forage fed to mature horses
Authors: Waldron L. A. , Thomas D. G. , Pryor I. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryA trial was conducted, using 12 mature thoroughbred horses as a cross-over design, to compare the water and energy intake and the digestibility of dry lucerne chaff (LC) against a controlled fermented lucerne (CFL) product (HNF Fiber®; Fiber Fresh Feeds Ltd, Reporoa, New Zealand). Significant (P < 0.05) increases in dry matter intake (20%), energy intake (20%), retained energy (32%) and digestible energy (22%) were observed for the CFL compared to the LC. In a concurrent small scale study within the trial, numeric improvements in water intake (18%) for the CFL were recorded. The results demonstrated that the standard reference values underestimate the digestibility and nutritional contribution made by CFL when fed to horses, and that this type of forage has increased nutritional benefits.
Reproductive development versus estimated age and size in a wild Mediterranean population ofOctopus vulgaris(Cephalopoda: Octopodidae)
Authors: Cuccu Danila , Mereu Marco , Cau Alessandro , Pesci Paola , Cau Angelo 
Published: March 2012

First investigation on the relationship between reproductive development and estimated age/size in a wild population ofOctopus vulgariswas performed in the Sardinian waters (central western Mediterranean Sea) in order to have a useful tool for integral fishing management in the area. Full sexual maturity was registered from April to August for females with a peak in summer whereas for males it was observed all year round. Size at maturity was 320 g for males (70 mm dorsal mantle length (ML)) and 520 g for females (120 mm ML). From 61 to 465 and from 80 to 390 daily growth increments were counted on the lateral wall of the upper beak, respectively in males and females, obtaining a positive relationship between estimated age and size of the specimens. The sexual maturation was primarily size-dependent with a secondary role played by the age especially in males. The estimated age of 390 and 465 days respectively of the largest female (4661 g) and male (5344 g) as well as that of two males at the end of their lives (‘spent’) of 310 and 420 days old, have suggested a lifecycle of about 1 year for both genders.
Relative growth and reproduction in Achelous spinicarpus (Crustacea: Portunidae) on the south-eastern continental shelf of Brazil
Authors: Pardal-Souza André L. , Pinheiro Marcelo A.A. 
Published: March 2012

This investigation aimed to study the relative growth, morphological sexual maturity and fecundity of the swimming crab Achelous spinicarpus in a tropical region, on the south-eastern continental shelf of Brazil (25°S). Biometry of all specimens was conducted, including measurements of the cephalothorax, cheliped, abdomen and gonopods. Relative growth was described based on the equation for allometry (y = axb), and size at sexual maturity was determined from inflections in relations involving the cheliped, gonopods (males), and abdomen (females), as dependent variables, related to the cephalothorax width (independent variable). Fecundity was estimated by the gravimetric method. The relations of the length of the chelar propodus and carpal spine to the carapace width without the lateral spines (CW) showed positive allometry in both sexes, with a significant variation in the constant ‘b’ for males between the developmental stages (juvenile and adult) and the size at maturity estimated at 37 mm CW. In females, the abdomen was most appropriate for the estimate of morphological maturity, which occurred at a smaller size (32 mm CW), with a change in the growth pattern between the stages, passing from isometric (juveniles) to positive allometric (adults). The gonopods also showed different growth rates between developmental stages, in synchrony with the variables of the cheliped. Mean fecundity for the species was 53,984 eggs, with a positive correlation between the number of eggs exteriorized and the size of the female; the equations allowed interconversion between these variables, due to the adjustment of the power function (r2 ≥ 86%).
Shades of Grey: Soft Law and the Validity of Public International Law
Authors: ELLIS JAYE 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSoft law is often seen as a way to overcome certain problems of legitimacy in international law, notably the weaknesses of a voluntaristic conception of international law's validity. Other perceived benefits of soft law include flexibility, speed of adoption and modification, and even effectiveness. Yet, soft law is seen by others as a threat to law, because it effaces the border between law and politics. This paper explores different approaches to the boundary between law and not-law that seek both to maintain this boundary and to reconceptualize it in a way that better anchors the validity of international legal rules.
Women and Substance Abuse: Health Considerations and Recommendations
Authors: Ait-Daoud Nassima , Bashir Mudhasir 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThere has been growing evidence in recent years of the importance of gender specific issues in the addiction field. This paper explores specific problems and including specific health consequences faced by women who drink or use drugs. We describe helpful screening tools that can be used in the primary care setting and offer an understanding of some of the barriers preventing women from seeking help. This article also provides guidance on the best pharmacotherapy and psychological interventions that can be used to help women recover from their addiction.
Attitudes Toward Borderline Personality Disorder: A Survey of 706 Mental Health Clinicians
Authors: Black Donald W. , Pfohl Bruce , Blum Nancee , McCormick Brett , Allen Jeff , North Carol S. , Phillips Katharine A. , Robins Clive , Siever Larry , Silk Kenneth R. , Williams Janet B.W. , Zimmerman Mark 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveWe sought to determine attitudes toward patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) among mental health clinicians at nine academic centers in the United States.MethodsA self-report questionnaire was distributed to 706 mental health clinicians, including psychiatrists, psychiatry residents, social workers, nurses, and psychologists.ResultsThe study showed that most clinicians consider BPD a valid diagnosis, although nearly half reported that they preferred to avoid these patients. The clinician's occupational subgroup was significantly related to attitude. Staff nurses had the lowest self-ratings on overall caring attitudes, while social workers had the highest. Social workers and psychiatrists had the highest ratings on treatment optimism. Social workers and psychologists were most optimistic about psychotherapy effectiveness, while psychiatrists were most optimistic about medication effectiveness. Staff nurses had the lowest self-ratings on empathy toward patients with BPD and treatment optimism.DiscussionNegative attitudes persist among clinicians toward BPD, but differ among occupational subgroups. Overall, caring attitudes, empathy, and treatment optimism were all higher among care providers who had cared for a greater number of BPD patients in the past 12 months.ConclusionThese findings hold important implications for clinician education and coordination of care for patients with BPD.
Self-Harm in Prisoners
Authors: Carli Vladimir , Mandelli Laura , Poštuvan Vita , Roy Alec , Bevilacqua Laura , Cesaro Caterina , Baralla Francesca , Marchetti Marco , Serretti Alessandro , Sarchiapone Marco 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIntroductionSelf-harm is a direct, socially unacceptable,repetitive behavior that causes minor to moderate physical injury without suicidal intent. It is also a significant and growing concern among prison inmates, although it has been rarely studied. In the present study, we aimed to investigate demographic, psychosocial, and clinical variables associated to this critical bahaviour in a high risk sample of 1,555 male prisoners.MethodsPrisoners were interviewed about their history of self-mutilation, psychiatric history,and forensic history. The prisoners completed the Barratt Impulsivity Scale, Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.ResultsEighteen percent of prisoners had a history of self-harm. They more frequently reported childhood traumas, were more likely to be unmarried, previously imprisoned, tested positive for substance abuse, had a history of suicide attempt, and more likely showed violent tendencies.DiscussionSelf-harm among prisoners is common, being found in almost 20% of the subjects in our sample. Self-mutilation among prisoners appears to be multi-factorial with developmental, socio-demographic, psychiatric, and personality determinants.ConclusionSelf-harm is associated with critical behaviors such as violence, substance abuse and suicide attempts, which represent major critical problems in contention environments.
AGMAAS: a GIS integrated tool for modelling wind-borne spreading of FMD virus
Authors: Sábitz Judit , Solymosi Zoltán Barcza , Solymosi Norbert 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe aim of our work was to develop a tool integrated into Quantum GIS (QGIS) that can help the user estimate and visualize the possible infective areas around an outbreak based on HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model.
Adenosine A2a receptor stimulation prevents hepatocyte lipotoxicity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in rats
Authors: Imarisio Chiara , Alchera Elisa , Sutti Salvatore , Valente Guido , Boccafoschi Francesca , Albano Emanuele , Carini Rita 
Published: March 2012

NEFA (non-esterified ‘free’ fatty acid)-mediated lipotoxicity plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis). In the light of the growing need for new therapeutic options for NASH, we investigated the action of A2aR (adenosine A2a receptor) stimulation against lipotoxicity. The effects of the A2aR agonist CGS21680 [2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5′-N-ethylcarboxyamidoadenosine] were evaluated ‘in vitro’ in liver cells exposed to SA (stearic acid) and ‘in vivo’ in rats with NASH induced by 8 weeks of feeding with an MCD diet (methionine/choline-deficient diet). In cultured hepatocytes, SA promoted apoptosis by inducing MKK4 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4)/SEK1 (stress-activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase kinase-1) and JNK-1/2 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1/2) activation. CGS21680 addition prevented JNK-1/2 activation and reduced apoptosis without interfering with lipid accumulation. CGS21680 action required PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/Akt-mediated block of MKK4/SEK1. Consistently, PI3K inhibition with wortmannin abolished the cytoprotective action of CGS21680 and reverted MKK4 inhibition. SA lipotoxicity was also prevented by transfecting HTC cells with a specific MKK4/SEK1 siRNA (small interfering RNA). In rats receiving the MCD diet, the development of NASH was associated with MKK4/SEK1 and JNK-1/2 activation. CGS21680 (0.5 mg/kg of body weight, intraperitoneal) administration to MCD-fed rats prevented JNK-1/2 activation by acting on MKK4/SEK1. CGS21680 also effectively reduced NASH-associated ALT (alanine aminotransferase) release, hepatocyte apoptosis, liver inflammation and fibrosis without affecting hepatic steatosis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that, by inhibiting JNK-1/2, A2aR stimulation reduces lipotoxicity and ameliorates NASH, giving a rationale to investigate A2aR agonists as possible new therapeutic agents in preventing fatty liver progression to NASH.