bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of homing distance in desert ants,Cataglyphis fortis, remains unaffected by disturbance of walking behaviour
Authors: Steck Kathrin , Wittlinger Matthias , Wolf Harald 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYDesert ants, Cataglyphis fortis, use a stride integrator as a distance gauge in their well-studied path integration system (while a skylight compass provides the direction gauge). To further scrutinize the mechanisms of the ant odometer, we tried to disturb the stride integrator by interfering with normal walking behaviour. First, legs that contribute to one of the two leg tripods alternately used in normal walking were selectively amputated. This prevented the normal tripod gait and should interfere with both the normal walking programme controlled by the central nervous system, and normal sensory feedback from the legs. Second, manipulation of the walking substrate in the form of regular corrugations was observed to interfere with normal walking behaviour, at least for corrugation wavelengths (12–25 mm) in the range of normal stride lengths. The animals fell and stumbled, or footfall patterns were entrained to the corrugation wavelength. The relationship between stride length and stride frequency was altered in several situations. Surprisingly, distance estimation and homing performance remained virtually unaffected even by the most severe interferences with walking behaviour. This demonstrates a remarkable robustness of walking behaviour and homing, and it suggests that stride length is determined by robust signals of leg sense organs.
Seasonal upregulation of fatty acid transporters in flight muscles of migratory white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis)
Authors: McFarlan Jay T. , Bonen Arend , Guglielmo Christopher G. 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARY
Endurance flights of birds, some known to last several days, can only be sustained by high rates of fatty acid uptake by flight muscles. Previous research in migratory shorebirds indicates that this is made possible in part by very high concentrations of cytosolic heart-type fatty acid binding protein(H-FABP), which is substantially upregulated during migratory seasons. We investigated if H-FABP and other components of muscle fatty acid transport also increase during these seasons in a passerine species, the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis). Fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36)and plasma-membrane fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm) are well characterized mammalian proteins that facilitate transport of fatty acid through the muscle membrane, and in this study they were identified for the first time in birds. We used quantitative PCR to measure mRNA of FAT/CD36, FABPpm and H-FABP and immunoblotting to measure protein expression of FABPpm and H-FABP in the pectoralis muscles of sparrows captured in migratory (spring, fall) and non-migratory (winter) seasons. During migratory seasons, mRNA expression of these genes increased 70–1000% above wintering levels, while protein expression of H-FABP and FABPpm increased 43% and 110% above wintering levels. Activities of key metabolic enzymes, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (HOAD),carnitine palmitoyl transferase II (CPT II), and citrate synthase (CS) also increased (90–110%) in pectoralis muscles of migrant birds. These results support the hypothesis that enhanced protein-mediated transport of fatty acids from the circulation into muscle is a key component of the changes in muscle biochemistry required for migration in birds.
The effect of schedules of reinforcement on the composition of spontaneous and evoked black-capped chickadee calls
Authors: Proppe Darren S. , Sturdy Christopher B. 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARY
Songbirds often modify elements of their songs or calls in particular social situations (e.g. song matching, flock convergence, etc.) but whether adult individuals also make vocal modifications in response to abiotic environmental factors (e.g. food availability) is relatively unknown. In the present study we test whether two different schedules of food reinforcement,fixed ratio continuous reinforcement and variable ratio partial reinforcement,cause adult black-capped chickadees to change the structure of their chick-a-dee calls. We also examine how these calls differ in two contexts:being alone versus when experiencing an alarming event. Wild-caught black-capped chickadees were housed in isolation to prevent social interaction and recorded weekly for seven weeks. Baseline recordings on week one show that calls given alone differed from those given during an alarming event in both note type composition and frequency (i.e. pitch). Calls also changed over time between birds on the two different schedules of reinforcement. In addition,birds on different reinforcement schedules responded differently during the two recording conditions. Our results suggest that call characteristics can be modified rapidly and may reflect abiotic environmental conditions. If call structure varies consistently with particular abiotic environmental conditions, much can be gained from bioacoustic analyses of calls from wild birds. However, vocal patterns must be consistent across dialects, and we must disentangle vocal changes due to the abiotic environment from those due to social interaction. Further research is needed from natural populations and across multiple regions.
Physiological response of the symbiotic gorgonianEunicella singularisto a long-term temperature increase
Authors: Ferrier-Pagès Christine , Tambutté Eric , Zamoum Thamilla , Segonds Natacha , Merle Pierre-Laurent , Bensoussan Nathaniel , Allemand Denis , Garrabou Joaquim , Tambutté Sylvie 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYIncrease in seawater temperature is one of the major effects of global climate change that affects marine organisms, including Cnidaria. Among them,gorgonians from the NW Mediterranean Sea, such as the species Eunicella singularis, have suffered spectacular and extensive damage. We thus investigated in a controlled laboratory experiment the response of E. singularis to a long-term increase in temperature and we took a special interest in its photosynthetic and calcification response to the stress. Two populations collected at 15 and 35 m depths were studied in order to determine whether there was a difference in sensitivity to thermal stress between living depths. Our results show: (a) that calcification and photosynthesis were impacted only when gorgonians were maintained for more than two weeks at 26°C, and (b) that colonies of E. singularis living in shallow waters were less tolerant than those living in deep waters. Because E. singularis is a symbiotic species, we have also discussed the potential role of symbiosis in the thermotolerance response.
Endothermy of dynastine scarab beetles (Cyclocephala colasi)associated with pollination biology of a thermogenic arum lily(Philodendron solimoesense)
Authors: Seymour Roger S. , White Craig R. , Gibernau Marc 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYCyclocephala colasi beetles are facultative endotherms that spend most of their adult lives inside the inflorescences of Philodendron solimoesense, where ambient temperature (Ta) averages about 28°C due to floral thermogenesis. Measurements of respiration within a range of Ta showed that active beetles became spontaneously endothermic at Ta below 28°C but were rarely endothermic above it. There was no evidence of endothermy within the inflorescences, indicating that activities in the floral chamber can occur without the high energy expense of endothermy. Bouts of endothermy occurred at lower Ta in respirometer chambers mainly in the evening,when the insects normally fly from one inflorescence to another, and during the night, when they normally eat and mate within the inflorescence. Patterns of endothermy in individual episodes were studied in non-flying beetles with respirometry and infrared thermal imaging. Heat was generated in the thorax by oscillatory waves of respiration that were coupled with thoracic temperature(Tth) increases. Stationary beetles could regulate Tth at about 33°C independently of Ta between 16 and 29°C. At Ta=20°C, this represents a 116-fold increase in metabolic rate over resting, ectothermic values. Endothermy was clearly a requirement for flight, and beetles departing inflorescences warmed to about 30°C before take-off. During flight, Tth was dependent on Ta, decreasing from 37 to 28°C at Ta of 37 to 20°C, respectively. The lowest Ta at which flight could occur was about 20°C. Thermal conductance of stationary, endothermic beetles increased at higher metabolic rates, probably because of increased ventilatory heat loss.
Preparing for escape: anti-predator posture and fast-start performance in gobies
Authors: Turesson Håkan , Satta Andrea , Domenici Paolo 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYThe adoption of postures as a response to threats is often interpreted in terms of predator detection or signalling (e.g. vigilance and defence display). The possibility that an alternative or additional function of anti-predator postures might be to enhance the subsequent escape has been largely unexplored. Here, we use black goby (Gobius niger) to test the hypothesis that a postural curvature caused by a bending response (i.e. a slow muscle contraction which bends the body with no forward displacement)induced by a weak stimulus (WS) may affect escape responses. Three experiments were carried out. (1) Control and WS-stimulated fish were startled using lateral mechanical stimuli, to test whether the orientation of the postural C-bend affected escape direction and performance. Postural curvature was defined as positive when escapes were towards the convex side of the postural C-shape, and negative when they were towards the concave side. Locomotor performance increased with postural curvature, although fish showed a preference for escaping away from the stimulus regardless of postural curvature. (2) Control and WS-stimulated fish were startled from above, hence minimising the directionality of the threat on the horizontal plane. WS-stimulated fish showed a bias towards escaping from a positive curvature,thereby enhancing their locomotor performance. (3) Field observations with stimuli coming from above showed that gobies escape most often towards the convex side of the postural C-shape. By escaping from positively curved postures, most of the initial tailsweep is directed backwards and may provide more thrust than when starting from straight or negatively curved postures. Hence, the anti-predator posture adopted by alerted benthic fishes may`prepare' them for their subsequent escape response because it conveys an advantage when they are attacked from above (a likely occurrence), although when gobies are stimulated horizontally, escape direction may be favoured over high locomotor performance when the two trade off.
Dianmachaerota serratiphalla, a New Genus and Species of Machaerotini from China (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Machaerotidae)
Authors: Nie Jing , Liang Ai-Ping 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
A new tube spittlebug genus and species, Dianmachaerota serratiphalla gen. nov., sp. nov., is described from Yunnan Province, southwestern China. A checklist of Machaerotinae from China and a key to genera of Machaerotini are provided. A new method combining computer software and hardware to illustrate morphological characters is used.
Phylogenetic Analysis ofCosmopterosis(Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Glaphyriinae) with Discussions on Male Secondary Sexual Characters and Larval Feeding onCapparis(Capparaceae) in the Pyraloidea and Lepidoptera (Insecta)
Authors: Solis M Alma , Metz Mark A , Janzen Daniel H 
Published: August 2009

AbstractNew species of Cosmopterosis Amsel were discovered feeding on Capparis L. (Capparaceae) during exploration for caterpillars in the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica. Cosmopterosis is revised and now includes four species. Three new species, C. hispida, C. jasonhalli, and C. spatha, and the immatures of C. spatha and biology for two species, C. jasonhalli and C. spatha, are described; the type species, C. thetysalls (Walker), is redescribed. A key and illustrations for the identification of the species is provided. We propose a hypothesis for the relationship between species in Cosmopterosis and the placement of Cosmopterosis in the subfamily. The cladistic analysis, the first such analysis in the Glaphyriinae, included 21 morphological characters one of which, the radiodiscal process, a male secondary sexual character and presumably an androconial scent pouch is described and considered a autapomorphy for the genus. Male secondary sexual characters and larval feeding on Capparis in Pyraloidea and Lepidoptera is discussed.
Phylogenetic Relationships ofNotaticus(Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) Based on Larval Morphology
Authors: Michat Mariano C , Alarie Yves 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLarvae of all three instars of the diving-beetle species Notaticus fasciatus Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) are described and illustrated in detail, with particular emphasis on chaetotaxy and morphometry, and the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Notaticus Zimmermann within Dytiscidae are investigated based on a cladistic analysis of 66 larval characters. Including Notaticus in its own subfamily, as is sometimes done, would result in Dytiscinae paraphyletic with respect to Aubehydrinae. Notaticus is found to be distinctive within Dytiscinae, being characterized by several apomorphies, including pore FRf and occipital suture absent, seta AN1 inserted distally on antennomere 3, seta MX8 subapical and pore MXh submedial on galea, pore LAc basal on labial palpomere 2, and abdominal segment VII completely sclerotized ventrally in instar I. Inclusion of Notaticus in a distinct tribe (Aubehydrini) seems warranted. A subordinate position of Notaticus within Dytiscinae is proposed, with Aubehydrini being part of a clade along with Hydaticini, Aciliini, and Eretini. Support is presented for a clade Aubehydrini + Aciliini + Eretini based on the presence in these taxa of a gibbous larva, short rounded spinulae on antennomere one in instar I, and a strongly developed and spiniform galea with the seta MX9 inserted subapically on it. It is postulated that Aubehydrini is sister to the clade Aciliini + Eretini. A key separating larvae of the tribes of Dytiscinae is presented.
Efficient Mass-Trapping Method As an Alternative Tactic for Suppressing Populations of Leopard Moth (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)
Authors: Hegazi E , Khafagi W E , Konstantopoulou M , Raptopoulos D , Tawfik H , El-Aziz G M Abd , El-Rahman S M Abd , Atwa A , Aggamy E , Showeil S 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina (L.) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), is a xylophagous species that has become a serious pest in the olive (Olea spp.) orchards in Egypt. Both chemical and biological control have scored poorly against this pest and additional methods are needed. A simple, but efficient UV-light-pheromone sticky trap (“Hegazi model”) was devised for leopard moth mass trapping. Activity of leopard moth and efficiency of pheromone-baited, light, and pheromone and light traps were evaluated. The combination of light and sex pheromone was optimally attractive to leopard moth populations in olive orchards. A comparison between light traps baited with sex pheromone in mass-trapping method and conventional controls (insecticidal and physical removal of larvae) in heavily infested plots was carried out between 2002 and 2005. Leopard moths have long flight period, starting in mid-May and lasting until early November. Females of leopard moths were rarely trapped, but all had eggs. In mass-trapping plot, the seasonal captures and active galleries diminished from one year to the next, which may indicate the effectiveness of the method. From May 2003 to October 2005 greater reduction in total counts of active galleries was observed in mass-trapping plot compared with those recorded in the control field, in which chemical sprays and manual killing were performed. Yield from trees in mass-trapping field was significantly increased in comparison to control trees. The study strongly recommends the use of mass-trapping method instead of pesticides against the leopard moths, not only to control them but also to mass trap and monitor other lepidopterous pests of olive trees.
Species Diversity and Intraspecific Genetic Variation of Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) Subterranean Termites in Woodland and Urban Environments of Missouri
Authors: Pinzon Olga P , Houseman Richard M 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
We examined the diversity, habitat preferences, and intraspecific variation of Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) populations within Missouri. Approximately 600 subterranean termite colonies were sampled from paired urban and woodland environments plus home infestations throughout the state. Samples were first identified to species using morphological characters and morphometrics. In addition, a portion of ≈428 bp from the 16S rRNA from 365 samples was sequenced to confirm morphology-based species identifications and to describe intraspecific genetic variability of Reticulitermes populations in Missouri. Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks), Reticulitermes tibialis Banks, and Reticulitermes hageni Banks were found in Missouri. Twenty-one haplotypes of R.flavipes were identified, which represents one of the highest haplotype diversities reported for this species from a single state. Moreover, nine of these 21 haplotypes have not been reported in the United States before this study. Three haplotypes of R. hageni, five haplotypes of R. tibialis, and four haplotypes of R. virginicus were identified. The most abundant haplotypes of R.flavipes and R. hageni occur in woodlands, urban environments, and home infestations, suggesting a probable local origin for most of the subterranean termite infestations occurring in Missouri.
Recent Trends in Audit Report and Earnings Announcement Lags
Authors: Krishnan Jayanthi , Yang Joon S. 
Published: August 2009

SYNOPSIS: The Securities and Exchange Commission introduced accelerated filing requirements for corporate 10-K and 10-Q filings in 2003. The major accounting firms and some companies expressed concerns about the acceleration, arguing that other changes in financial reporting and disclosure requirements, corporate governance, and auditing standards would make it difficult to meet the shorter deadlines while maintaining good quality reporting.
Using longitudinal samples of companies for the period 2001–2006, we examine two lags in the corporate reporting process: the audit report lag (the number of days between the fiscal year-end and the audit report date), and the earnings announcement lag (the number of days between the fiscal year-end and the earnings announcement date). Our results indicate that both lags increased significantly in the two-year period 2001–2002 prior to the introduction of the accelerated filing requirements and in the period 2003–2006 when the new filing requirements were in effect. Furthermore, when we examine the sample of companies for which both the audit lag and earnings announcement lags are available, we find that the likelihood that companies announced earnings prior to the audit report date increased considerably over the period 2001–2006, but particularly during 2004–2006 when Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was in effect. Thus it appears that an unintended consequence of recent policy changes is that companies are less likely to wait for completion of their audits to announce earnings.
We also examine the quality of reporting (measured by absolute discretionary accruals and quality of accruals) for the sample period. We find that long audit report lags (or 10-K filings lags) were not associated with lower quality of earnings or accruals (except for a mild effect in 2004), providing no support for the concern that companies that have to rush to meet the deadlines may suffer a loss of reporting quality. However, when we examine potential reporting quality effects of early earnings announcements, we find some mild evidence that for those companies that made earnings announcements several days in advance of completion of their audits, the quality of earnings/accruals was lower in some years during the period 2003–2006.
Eating Disorders and Diabetes: Introduction and Overview
Authors: Colton Patricia , Rodin Gary , Bergenstal Richard , Parkin Christopher 
Published: August 2009

In Brief
Eating disorders are more common in individuals with type 1 diabetes than in the general population. Although limited research has been conducted in this area, existing evidence shows that these conditions significantly affect the physical and emotional health of individuals with diabetes and are associated with impaired metabolic control and a high risk of medical complications, including higher mortality rates. New nomenclature was recommended at an international focus group held in Minneapolis, Minn., in September 2008. Composed of individuals with interest and expertise in eating disorders among individuals with diabetes, the group recommended that the term ED-DMT1 be used to designate those with an eating disorder and type 1 diabetes and ED-DMT2 be used for those with an eating disorder and type 2 diabetes. This article provides an overview of clinical features, consequences, and pathways of risk associated with ED-DMT1.
Eating Disorders and Diabetes: Screening and Detection
Authors: Criego Amy , Crow Scott , Goebel-Fabbri Ann E. , Kendall David , Parkin Christopher 
Published: August 2009

In Brief
The medical risks associated with eating disorders in diabetes are significant. Clinicians working with patients who are at risk for eating disorders should be cognizant of patterns that might indicate the presence of disturbed eating behaviors in their patients. This article discusses the warning signs, screening tools, and diagnostic criteria associated with eating disorders in type 1 diabetes.
Detection of laser induced dielectric breakdown in water using a laser doppler vibrometer
Authors: Saarela Juha , Löfqvist Torbjörn , Ramser Kerstin , Gren Per , Olson Erik , Niemi Jan , Sjödahl Mikael 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
This study is focused on exploring the feasibility of an all-optic surface scanning method in determining the size and position of a submerged, laser generated, optoacoustic (OA) source. The optoacoustic effect in this case was generated when the absorption of a short electromagnetic pulse in matter caused a dielectric breakdown, a plasma emission flash and a subsequent acoustic wave. In the experiment, a laser pulse with λ = 1064 nm and 12 ns pulse length was aimed at a volume of deionized water. When the laser beam was focused by a f = 16 mm lens, a single dielectric breakdown spot occurred. When a f = 40 mm was used several breakdowns in a row were induced. The breakdowns were photographed using a double shutter camera. The acoustic wave generated by the dielectric breakdowns were detected at a point on the water surface using a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). First, the LDV signal was used to calculate the speed of sound with an accuracy of 10 m/s. Secondly, the location and length of the dielectric breakdown was calculated with an accuracy of 1 mm. The calculated position matched the breakdown location recorded by a camera. The results show that it is possible to use LDV surface measurements from a single spot to determine both the position and length of the OA source as well as the speed of sound in the medium. Furthermore, the LDV measurements also show a secondary peak that originates from the OA source. To unravel the origin and properties of this interesting feature, further investigations are necessary