bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Coexposure to Aluminum and Ethanol on Phosphoesterases and Transaminases of Rat Cerebrum
Authors: Nayak Prasunpriya , Sharma Shiv , Chowdary Nadella 
Published: November 2010

Impact of Coexposure to Aluminum and Ethanol on Phosphoesterases and Transaminases of Rat CerebrumUbiquitous presence along with uncontrolled use of aluminum and increasing trends of ethanol consumption in India increased the chance of coexposure to aluminum and ethanol. Possibilities are there, that both of them follow common mechanisms to produce neurotoxicity. The phosphomonoesterases and glutamate transaminases are studied in rat brain cerebrum after combined exposure to aluminum and varied doses of ethanol for 4 weeks. Dose dependent decreases in growth have been observed. The impact of aluminum on cerebral acidic and alkaline phosphomonoesterases activities were shown to be altered in a dose dependent fashion by the coexposure to ethanol. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase of the cerebrum were responding differentially to aluminum exposure in the presence of different doses of ethanol exposure. It has been suggested that the ethanol-induced augmentation of impacts of aluminum on the cerebrum is dose dependent and there might be a critical level of ethanol exposure for the observed effect on cerebrum.
A new fossil Adamussium (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) from Antarctica
Authors: Quaglio Fernanda , Whittle Rowan , Gaździcki Andrzej , Simões Marcello 
Published: November 2010

A new fossilAdamussium(Bivalvia: Pectinidae) from AntarcticaAdamussium jonkersisp. nov. is described from the Late Oligocene Destruction Bay Formation, Wrona Buttress area, King George Island (South Shetlands), West Antarctica. The unit, characterized by volcanic sandstone, is a shallow marine succession deposited in a moderate-to high-energy environment. The thin-shelled pectinids, collected from the lower part of the unit, are preserved mostly as complete valves. Shell thickness, sculpture pattern and umbonal angle suggest a free-living, inactive swimming life habit.
The relevance of age and disease duration for intervention with subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation surgery in Parkinson disease
Authors: Parent Brodie , Awan Nasir , Berman Sarah B. , Suski Valerie , Moore Robert , Crammond Donald , Kondziolka Douglas 
Published: November 2010

Object
The optimal age and disease duration for consideration of deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery are not well characterized in patients with Parkinson disease. The aim of this study was to assess variation in motor response to surgery among subgroups stratified by age and disease duration.

Methods
A total of 46 patients referred for DBS were recruited for the study. Preoperative dyskinesia and rigidity scores were recorded, and then patients received bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Preoperative motor scores were then compared with postoperative scores over 1 year.

Results
At 1 year postoperatively, patients with ≤ 10 years' disease duration showed a significant (45%) reduction in rigidity and a significant (64%) reduction in dyskinesia. Patients with > 10 years disease also showed a significant (70%) reduction in dyskinesia at 1 year postoperatively, but failed to show significant improvement in rigidity (31% reduction). Patients < 70 years old showed a significant (58%) improvement in rigidity and a significant (53%) improvement in dyskinesia. Finally, patients ≥ 70 years old showed a significant (90%) improvement in dyskinesia, but failed to show any significant change in rigidity at 1 year postoperatively.

Conclusions
The postoperative improvement in rigidity for younger patients with shorter disease duration may indicate that performing early surgery maximizes the benefit of DBS. However, older patients with primarily dyskinesia symptoms also appear to have significant clinical improvement, and DBS can offer relief from this common consequence of long-term levodopa use.
Corée du Nord : les événements de l'année 1978
Authors: Brillouet Alain 
Published: November 2010

North Korea: the Developments for the Year 1978 and Some Data on Mass Media.
A brief analysis of the guiding principles and the component parts of the mass media in D.P.R.K. leads to the following conclusions.
On the one hand, orthodoxy and rigorism. On the other hand, there is a similarity of the information formally and in substance whichever intended purpose is concerned: domestic or foreign use.
In this field, North Korea holds fast to the socialist model.
In general, the examination of the principal developments for the year 1978 confirms current events such as the problem of the political succession, the economical development and the question of the real importance for the leaders of the "korean-korean" talks.
La légalité socialiste et le développement de la préoccupation juridique en Union Soviétique
Authors: Lavigne P. 
Published: November 2010

L'expression « légalité socialiste » figure dans la Constitution soviétique de 1977, comme consacrant les positions du XXe Congrès du Parti communiste. Le concept est apparu vers 1933, comme renouvellement du concept antérieur de « légalité révolutionnaire » mis en actes par Lénine dès 1918, puis valorisé par Kalinine, Stutchka, Krylenko. Avec la Constitution stalinienne de 1936, l'expression fut essentiellement utilisée comme référence purement verbale par Vychinsky et les juristes du pouvoir, et les recherches sur les garanties juridiques de la légalité étaient inexistantes.
En 1956, le Congrès insiste sur le développement de la légalité socialiste ; cette position conduit rapidement à la soumission du système judiciaire à la légalité. Les juristes soviétiques (en particulier M. S. Strogovitch) se consacrent alors à l'étude de ce thème et des conditions techniques du renforcement de la légalité dans la pratique, tant de la juridiction répressive que de l'administration active. Le Programme du Parti communiste de 1961 (toujours en vigueur) insiste sur la consolidation continue de la légalité socialiste.
Alors se manifeste la volonté de développement de la préoccupation juridique chez les citoyens, qui sont plus concernés par la légalité de l'action administrative quotidienne que par celle du système répressif. Mais le développement parallèle des institutions de participation (milices volontaires, tribunaux de camarades, assemblées rurales, etc.) ne favorise pas le renforcement de la lutte pour le respect de la légalité par l'administration d'Etat. Au XXIV* Congrès du Parti communiste, cet aspect de la question est relancé ; à sa suite, les théoriciens valorisent l'usage des plaintes. Au XXVe Congrès, l'accent est mis sur le respect de la légalité dans la juridiction répressive. La Constitution de 1977 intègre les deux aspects : les dispositions relatives à la juridiction répressive ne sont pas profondément différentes de celles de la constitution précédente, mais les dispositions nouvelles de l'article 58 sur les recours contre les activités de l'administration sont de nature à renforcer la légalité socialiste à l'égard de tous les citoyens. Ce texte a été accueilli avec une grande faveur populaire, la législation d'application doit être prête pour la fin 1980.
Les problèmes de main-d'œuvre en Tchécoslovaquie
Authors: Adam J. , Cekota Jaromir 
Published: November 2010

L'article est consacré à la pénurie de main-d'œuvre en Tchécoslovaquie et aux mesures prises pour tenter d'y remédier. Dans la première partie, les facteurs ayant provoqué un déclin des taux d'accroissement de la population active sont analysés ainsi que les causes de l'utilisation inefficace de la main-d'œuvre.
Dans la seconde partie, on traite des mesures gouvernementales destinées à faire face au manque de main-d'œuvre. Les mesures poursuivent deux objectifs : accroître l'offre en main-d'œuvre et améliorer l'utilisation de celle-ci. En ce qui concerne ce dernier objectif, on applique des méthodes à la fois administratives et non-administratives. Les stimulants concernant les individus et les entreprises (par la régulation des salaires) sont discutés et analysés de manière relativement détaillée.
Marxisme et socialisme étatique
Authors: De Fouquet Pierre 
Published: November 2010

Marxism and State Socialism.
State socialism is the concrete expression of a socio-historical phenomenon, controlled by a Party-State, and regarded as the legitimate offspring of Marxism. How does Marxism as a theory accomodate this reality? What role does Marxism as an ideology play in this reality?
In order to answer these questions, one must examine state socialism in the light of Marxism, by reference to a number of fundamental concepts; the resulting scrutiny reveals a social division which lies at the root of the relations of production, and is to be seen at every level of the social structure.
This division, however, seems to be specific, and not expressible in terms of the modes of production listed by the classics of Marxism, by reason of the fact that it is the Party-State which defines the essential social relations, those which dictate the structuring of society. The domination of the Party-State, manifest both at economic and ideological level, determines the particular characteristics of this division: bureaucratic, hierarchic, repressive and elitist. In both the origin and the reproduction of this system, Marxist ideology is an organic constituent: first as party, then as state, ideology, it produces a logomachy aimed at sublimating a so-called socialist reality by standing the concept on its head.
Le dixième plan économique (1976-1980) comme instrument du perfectionnement de l'efficacité économique
Authors: Clément H. 
Published: November 2010

Les évaluations quantitatives des plans quinquennaux soviétiques ne doivent pas être considérées comme des objectifs qui engagent les dirigeants, mais plutôt comme la formulation des intentions d'une politique économique à moyen terme.
Face à un développement démographique défavorable, à des taux de croissance économique en déclin et à la part déjà élevée des investissements dans le revenu national, les autorités soviétiques ont assigné au 10e plan quinquennal un rôle clef alors qu'elles s'efforcent de faire entrer l'économie dans une phase orientée vers la productivité (phase intensive).
Les résultats des premières années de la période planifiée sont actuellement disponibles. L'analyse des données montre que le développement effectif des sources de la croissance économique allait dans une direction opposée à celle qui avait été initialement planifiée. Les calculs de la CIA et nos calculs à l'Osteuropa-Institut de Munich montrent clairement un fort déclin des taux de croissance de la productivité totale des facteurs. Contrairement à ce qui s'est passé au cours du 9e plan quinquennal, ce développement est dû essentiellement à une contre-performance du secteur industriel.
Les causes de ce développement non planifié ne sont pas difficiles à comprendre : évidemment, à la fois dans ses déclarations générales et dans ses objectifs quantitatifs, le Plan quinquennal met l'accent sur l'accroissement de la productivité. Cependant, les applications pratiques de cette politique se limitent aux appels bien connus — mais guère couronnés de succès — à l'achèvement des constructions en cours, à la concentration des ressources sur la modernisation des usines existantes, à un emploi plus efficient de l'énergie et des matières premières, à la restructuration de l'économie en faveur des branches appelées à croître, à l'amélioration de la localisation de l'industrie, à l'accélération du progrès technique, au perfectionnement de la planification et du contrôle de l'économie, etc.
Le Plan quinquennal n'offre pas une conception saine et cohérente. Il n'est donc pas étonnant qu'un certain nombre de programmes complexes (métaux ferreux, transports, etc.) remplacent les proportions initiales.
Le plan a également été incapable d'introduire des améliorations essentielles dans le mécanisme de planification et de gestion.
Le 10e plan a bien défini les problèmes de la productivité et les objectifs correspondants, mais il n'a pas su leur apporter une solution adéquate. Compte tenu d'un point de départ moins favorable qu'au début du 10e plan quinquennal, les problèmes de la productivité du travail sont devenues plus difficiles à résoudre.
Le changement technique et les «Agency costs» : Un dilemne croissant pour le planificateur central soviétique
Authors: Moore John H. 
Published: November 2010

Technological Change and Agency Costs. A Growing Dilemma for Soviet Central Planners.
Growth rates in the Soviet economy have slowed significantly in recent years. It appears that input growth rates cannot be increased substantially, so the burden of reversing the retardation falls, in large measure, on technological change. Yet the Soviet economic system is notoriously weak in generating and diffusing improved technology. These weaknesses are well known and yet they persist in the system.
The central argument of this paper is that these systematic weaknesses are not necessarily a reflection of irrationality or ignorance, but rather reflect the results of an implicit trade-off between the objectives of economic efficiency and control of the system. Taking off from Zaleski's conclusion that the purpose of the planning system is to manage, the papers's analysis applies recent developments in the theory of agency costs to show why apparently illogical or irrational characteristics persist in the system. For example, the policy of permanent prices, the proclivity for long production runs of standardized products, and the reluctance to make allowances for obsolescence, among other things, can be understood in these terms. The basic analysis is then applied to characteristics of the system that appear to slow technological change.
A main conclusion is that the existing planning system can be better understood as an instrument that is used to promote the ends of the leadership. To be effective, the system must be controlled, and it is the effort to maintain control that results in some of its apparently anomalous characteristics. In trying to understand the system or reform attempt, it is important to evaluate how well the system serves the ends of the leaders, rather than whether it conforms to neoclassical economic welfare criteria.
Du nouveau et de l'ancien chez les économistes soviétiques
Authors: Duchêne Gérard 
Published: November 2010

Ideas New and Old Among Soviet Economists.
There is some overlapping in Alec Nove's suggested classification of Soviet economists, since each of the authors might be listed under several different headings. The analysis is based on broad categories of subject rather than on individual writers, the distinction being drawn between pure and applied economics. Soviet studies in pure theory, which covers the mathematical school and Marxist political economy, has made little progress over the past fifteen years, and the general level of achievement is regarded as poor, judged by international standards. However, in the field of applied economics, where empirical work is directed towards the solution of practical problems of economic policy, considerable progress has been made, and it is here that western economists are most likely to find matter of interest to them, for example in analyses of income, investment, employment, behaviour of firms, etc.
Stagflation mondiale et planification socialiste : le cas de la Hongrie
Authors: Tejera Camilo 
Published: November 2010

Stagflation mondiale et planification socialiste : le cas de la Hongrie.
L'auteur, qui est d'accord pour l'essentiel avec les affirmations du professeur Marczewski, ajoute quelques observations sur les causes de la stagflation mondiale et prend plus particulièrement le cas de la Hongrie et de son Nouveau mécanisme économique comme exemple de réaction aux problèmes qui se posent à l'heure actuelle au niveau mondial.
Edward Lipinski, président de l'Association Internationale de Sciences Économiques
Authors: Wronski Henri 
Published: November 2010

Le Professeur E. Lipinski a été élu, en 1980, Président honoraire de l'Association internationale des Sciences économiques. Membre de l'Académie des Sciences polonaise, E. Lipinski a toujours œuvré pour le rapprochement des milieux scientifiques de son pays avec ceux des pays occidentaux. Né en 1888 et enseignant depuis 1923, il a fondé l'Institut de la Conjoncture et des Prix en 1928. Président de la Banque de l'Economie nationale en 1946, il est limogé pendant la période sombre du culte de la personnalité. Il se plonge alors dans l'histoire économique et il participe, avec ses élèves, à la libération du système politique polonais qui se matérialise par le retour au pouvoir de W. Gomulka (octobre polonais de 1956).
Inscrit à un cercle d'études socialistes lorsqu'il était encore lycéen, E. Lipinski est probablement un des plus anciens socialistes actuellement en vie. Il a lutté sans relâche contre les gaspillages de la gestion étatique centralisée, contre l'imitation aveugle du modèle soviétique et pour la liberté.
C'est autour de lui que s'est organisée l'action de défense des ouvriers polonais après les événements de Radom, en 1976, point de départ du mouvement actuel de libération et de recherche d'une nouvelle voie en Pologne.
La politique régionale en U.R.S.S. : conceptions et expériences
Authors: Benini Roberta 
Published: November 2010

Regional Policy in the USSR: Theory and Practice.
This article examines spatial problems in the Soviet Union in terms of four main aspects which dominate both the theory and the practice of Soviet regional policy:
— The importance of the role of the state;
— The predominance of the sectoral principle;
— The close relationship between politics and economics, and the contradictions which arise between administrative and economic boundary lines, all combine to lend Soviet iegional policy its particular characteristics.
At the same time, the size and growing impact of territorial considerations on economic development have compelled the Soviet authorities to give increasing attention to the need for a more efficient regional policy which will take account of the complexity of the problems now arising. The grave regional imbalances (between the west and the Asian areas) which reflect different levels of regional development, require a considered economic policy designed to make allowance for the diverse historical, economic and socio-cultural patterns of each region.
Set against the totality of the problem, succeeding attempts, from the period of Khrushchev onwards, reveal the disparity between aims and the measures taken to implement them.
As regards regional development, the greater scope acquired by republican and regional authorities over the last two decades is still offset, either by lack of success of the plans themselves, or by difficulties often arising as a result of obstacles created by the central authorities.
At the same time, the models elaborated by various centres in this area of research remain for the most part, theoretical and ill-adapted to implementation at the practical economic level.
These various limiting factors, which are both technical and operational, reflect a contradiction which is rooted in the Soviet system itself.
The predominance of sectoral planning over regional planning is simply an expression of the logic of state centralization which culminates in complete economic and political control. Thus the surface weaknesses and contradictions which manifest themselves, are inherent in the nature and operation of the Soviet system itself. More objectively, the overall effects of these weaknesses arise from the inability of the central planning authorities to plan a long-term policy of economic growth, and to determine its form and scope.
Le contrôle de la constitutionnalité et de la légalité des actes réglementaires et des actes autogestionnaires généraux dans le droit yougoslave
Authors: Denković Dragaš 
Published: November 2010

Supervision of the constitutionality and legality of regulatory acts and general self-management acts in Yugoslav law.
In Yugoslavia, which is a federal, decentralized, self-managing state, the supervisory function assumes two main forms. Regulatory and self-management acts are drawn up by various bodies: Praesidium of the FSR, assemblies, executive councils, socio-political communities, self-managing organizations, who successively exercise administrative supervision of these acts. Supervision of the judiciary has been especially strengthened by the introduction, in 1963, of a federal constitutional court and republican courts. The first of these is responsible for judging the conformity of a given act with the Constitution and with federal law. The republican courts, for their part, are concerned only with the Constitution and their own internal laws. This latter form of judicial constitutional supervision has meant that citizens' rights are increasingly safeguarded.
La place et le rôle des communes dans le système de satisfaction des besoins collectifs et sociaux généraux dans la société yougoslave contemporaine
Authors: Petrović Miroslav 
Published: November 2010

The system of satisfaction of general collective and social needs in contemporary Yugoslav society: the place and role of the communes.
The process of decentralization of the functions of the State, and the transfer of responsibilities from the Federation to the socialist republics, autonomous provinces and communes, which was set in train by the new Constitution of 1974, has not in fact brought any very great change either in the role or the finances of the commune in the satisfaction of "general" social needs (which are assumed by the State or by socio-political units of a more restricted kind). The communes continue to play a very minor part in this respect, since the funds, drawn from various sources, which should serve the purpose are spent, essentially, on the running of communal administration.
As for "collective" social needs, the responsibility for satisfying these falls to the self-managing community of interests, whose territorial framework is either the commune, the socialist republic of the autonomous province. The commune mainly plays a co-ordinating role among the various social agents, rather than a financial one, since its responsibilities have been handed over to the self- managing communities.
Autogestion et croyants
Authors: Fišera Joseph 
Published: November 2010

Self-management and religious belief.
Recent history confirms that ideas of self-management or participation can exist in workers' consciousness alongside other beliefs, particularly religious ones. Fundamental questions arise : is religion a retrogressive factor? Is it, and should it remain, non-committal in the face of growing socialization? Can it act as a motivating force to the extent of becoming a significant integrating factor?
The author endeavours to answer these questions on the basis of research undertaken over a number of years in Yugoslavia and other east European countries. It would appear that there is nothing inherently incompatible in ideas of self-management and participation on the one hand, and religious belief on the other, since they are all organically, or at least dialectically, interlinked in the human consciousness.