bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investor Rationality and House Price Bubbles: Berlin and the German Reunification
Authors: Holtemöller Oliver , Schulz Rainer 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
We analyze the behavior of investors in the Berlin rental apartment house market over the years 1980-2004. Using constant-quality multipliers ( price- rent ratios), we reject the hypothesis that multipliers in the market were set in a rational manner. Supported by narrative evidence, we conjecture that investors misjudged the economic effects of the German reunification. To examine this, we employ a stylized structural economic model and analyze the effects of shocks on rational multipliers. It seems that investors confused the reunification with a permanent supply side shock to the economy. By basing their investment decisions on this misjudgement, investors behaved irrationally, but in a very uncertain and unprecedented environment.
PENTA 2009 guidelines for the use of antiretroviral therapy in paediatric HIV‐1 infection
Authors:   PENTA Steering Committee
Published: October 2009

PENTA Guidelines aim to provide practical recommendations for treating children with HIV infection in Europe. Changes to guidance since 2004 have been informed by new evidence and by expectations of better outcomes following the ongoing success of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Participation in PENTA trials of simplifying treatment is encouraged. The main changes are in the following sections: ‘When to start ART’: Treatment is recommended for all infants, and at higher CD4 cell counts and percentages in older children, in line with changes to adult guidelines. The number of age bands has been reduced to simplify and harmonize with other paediatric guidelines. Greater emphasis is placed on CD4 cell count in children over 5 years, and guidance is provided where CD4% and CD4 criteria differ. ‘What to start with’: A three‐drug regimen of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) with either a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) or a boosted protease inhibitor (PI) remains the first choice combination. Lamivudine and abacavir are the NRTI backbone of choice for most children, based on long‐term follow‐up in the PENTA 5 trial. Stavudine is no longer recommended. Whether to start with an NNRTI or PI remains unclear, but PENPACT 1 trial results in 2009 may help to inform this. All PIs should be ritonavir boosted. Recommendations on use of resistance testing, therapeutic drug monitoring and HLA testing draw from data in adults and from European paediatric cohort studies.Recently updated US and WHO paediatric guidelines provide more detailed review of the evidence base. Differences between guidelines are highlighted and explained.
Cross‐national policy learning in health system reform: The case of Diagnosis Related Groups
Authors: Schmid Achim , Götze Ralf 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObservations of policy convergence and the cross‐national diffusion of ideas, knowledge and policies have raised the question about the ways countries might learn from their peers. This article examines the role of cross‐national learning with regard to Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs). We review the spread of this policy instrument and analyse the implementation of DRGs in three late‐adopting countries: Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands. The three cases show that the implementation of this policy instrument required intense studies, cooperation with stakeholders and adjustment to country‐specific needs. The countries learned from foreign experience, but it was only with the introduction of a regulatory framework for competition between sickness funds that DRGs came fully onto the political agenda. While Germany and Switzerland drew upon foreign DRG models, the Netherlands developed an alternative system to classify patients according to case‐mix.
Policy learning and cross‐national diffusion in social long‐term care insurance: Germany, Japan, and the Republic of Korea
Authors: Campbell John Creighton , Ikegami Naoki , Kwon Soonman 
Published: October 2009

AbstractRecently, many developed countries have moved toward comprehensive Long‐Term Care (LTC) systems. Along with the conventional explanations of these policy changes based on domestic factors, learning from abroad should be considered. We focus on the social insurance model of LTC, particularly how Japan learned from Germany and the Republic of Korea learned from Japan. Some approaches for how to think about policy learning in general as well as cross‐border learning are suggested.
Social pensions and policy learning: The case of southern Africa
Authors: Casey Bernard H. , McKinnon Roddy 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn the last decade and particularly since the publication of the Millennium Development Goals, social pensions have captured the interest of those concerned with the well‐being of older people across that large part of the world where formal, contributions‐financed, old‐age benefit systems cover only a minority of the population. International organizations have turned their attention to such schemes and some see them as having a valuable role to play. However, information about what they are and how they work, and about their efficacy in meeting the objectives set for them, is still limited. Learning has been taking place not only in the international organizations but also in the region where they are most prominent – southern Africa. Such learning should be encouraged and the International Social Security Association has a part to play in this learning process.
Antiepileptic drugs combined with high‐frequency electrical stimulation in the ventral hippocampus modify pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus in rats
Authors: Cuellar‐Herrera Manola , Peña Fernando , Alcantara‐Gonzalez David , Neri‐Bazan Leticia , Rocha Luisa 
Published: October 2009

SummaryPurpose: To evaluate the effects of high‐frequency electrical stimulation (HFS) in both ventral hippocampi, alone and combined with a subeffective dose of antiepileptic drugs, during the status epilepticus (SE) induced by lithium‐pilocarpine (LP).Methods: Male Wistar rats, stereotactically implanted in both ventral hippocampi, were injected with pilocarpine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) 24 h after lithium (3 mEq/kg) administration. One minute following pilocarpine injection, HFS (pulses of 60 μs width at 130 Hz at subthreshold intensities and applied during 3 h) was applied alone or combined with subeffective doses of antiepileptic drugs.Results: HFS alone reduced the incidence of severe generalized seizures. This effect was not evident when HFS was combined with phenytoin (33.3 mg/kg, i.p.). HFS combined with diazepam (0.41 mg/kg, i.p.) or phenobarbital (10 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced the incidence of severe generalized seizures and mortality rate, and augmented the latency to first forelimb clonus, generalized seizure, and status epilepticus (SE). When combined with gabapentin (46 mg/kg, i.p.), HFS reduced the incidence of severe generalized seizures, enhanced latency to SE, and decreased mortality rate.Discussion: Subeffective doses of antiepileptic drugs that increase the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurotransmission may represent a therapeutic tool to augment the HFS‐induced anticonvulsant effects.
Neonatal seizures and long QT Syndrome: A cardiocerebral channelopathy?
Authors: Heron Sarah E. , Hernandez Marta , Edwards Caitlin , Edkins Edward , Jansen Floor E. , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Berkovic Samuel F. , Mulley John C. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryWe identified a patient with electrophysiologically verified neonatal long QT syndrome (LQTS) and neonatal seizures in the presence of a controlled cardiac rhythm. To find a cause for this unusual combination of phenotypes, we tested the patient for mutations in seven ion channel genes associated with either LQTS or benign familial neonatal seizures (BFNS). Comparative genome hybridization (CGH) was done to exclude the possibility of a contiguous gene syndrome. No mutations were found in the genes (KCNQ2, KCNQ3) associated with BFNS, and CGH was negative. A previously described mutation and a known rare variant were found in the LQTS‐associated genes SCN5A and KCNE2. Both are expressed in the brain, and although mutations have not been associated with epilepsy, we propose a pathophysiologic mechanism by which the combination of molecular changes may cause seizures.
Effect of Dysphasia and Dysphagia on Inpatient Mortality and Hospital Length of Stay: A Database Study
Authors: Guyomard Veronique , Fulcher Robert A. , Redmayne Oliver , Metcalf Anthony K. , Potter John F. , Myint Phyo K. 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of dysphasia and dysphagia on stroke outcome.DESIGN: Retrospective database study.SETTING: Norfolk, United Kingdom.PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand nine hundred eighty‐three men and women with stroke admitted to the hospital between 1997 and 2001.MEASUREMENTS: Inpatient mortality and likelihood of longer length of hospital stay, defined as longer than median length of stay (LOS). Dysphagia was defined as difficulty swallowing any liquid (including saliva) or solid material. Dysphasia was defined as speech disorders in which there was impairment of the power of expression by speech, writing, or signs or impairment of the power of comprehension of spoken or written language. An experienced team assessed dysphagia and dysphasia using explicit criteria.RESULTS: Two thousand nine hundred eighty‐three patients (1,330 (44.6%) male), median age 78 (range 17–105), were included, of whom 77.7% had ischemic, 10.5% had hemorrhagic, and 11.8% had undetermined stroke types. Dysphasia was present in 41.2% (1,230) and dysphagia in 50.5% (1,506), and 27.7% (827) had both conditions. Having either or both conditions was associated with greater mortality and longer LOS (P<.001 for all). Using multiple logistic regression models controlling for age, sex, premorbid Rankin score, previous disabling stroke, and stroke type, corresponding odds ratios for death and longer LOS were 2.2 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.8–2.7) and 1.4 (95% CI=1.2–1.6) for dysphasia; 12.5 (95% CI=8.9–17.3) and 3.9 (95% CI=3.3–4.6) for dysphagia, 5.5 (95% CI=3.7–8.2), 1.9 (95% CI=1.6–2.3) for either, and 13.8 (95% CI=9.4–20.4) and 3.7 (95% CI=3.1–4.6) if they had both, versus having no dysphasia, no dysphagia, or none of these conditions, respectively.CONCLUSION: Patients with dysphagia have worse outcome in terms of inpatient mortality and length of hospital stay than those with dysphasia. When both conditions are present, the presence of dysphagia appears to determine the likelihood of poor outcome. Whether this effect is related just to stroke severity or results from problems related directly to dysphagia is unclear.
Man Does Not Live by Reason Alone
Authors: Kolakowski Leszek 
Published: October 2009

Leszek Kolakowski, who died in 2009, was professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago and a fellow of All Souls College at Oxford University. His critical, magisterial study of the history of Marxism and his perpetual doubt and self‐questioning, which led to a preoccupation with “the revenge of the sacred” in secular life, earned him a reputation as modern Europe's Erasmus.Just after he published Modernity on Endless Trial in 1991, Kolakowski sat down with me in his study at All Souls College. The following conversation was also published in Kolakowski's last book, My Correct Views on Everything.
Ancient Postmodernism
Authors: Umehara Takeshi 
Published: October 2009

Takeshi Umehara, director general of the International Research Center for Japanese Studies in Kyoto, is Japan's most famous philosopher, controversial for his idea of Japanese “uniqueness.” Umehara, also a playwright, is author of such books at The Concept of Hell, The Exiling of the Gods and Japan's Deep Strata.Back in 1990, I sat down with him in his office amid the bamboo forests that cover the hills surrounding Kyoto to get an Eastern view of the theme raised by Western thinkers from Arnold Toynbee to Lewis Mumford: the central role of the religious imagination in the rise and fall of civilizations.Here, he sets out his ideas in an essay tracing his disillusionment with Western philosophy and his rediscovery of Japan's Shinto roots. Our conversation follows.
The Shadow Our Future Throws
Authors: Illich Ivan 
Published: October 2009

Because of his groundbreaking critique of mass industrial society in such books as Energy and Equity, Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health, Toward a History of Needs and Deschooling Society Ivan Illich was considered a founding thinker of the alternative and ecological movements, the prophet of an “era of limits.”This conversation took place at Illich's rustic retreat in Ocotopec, Mexico, in the spring of 1989. (The title of the second chapter of Al Gore's 1992 book, The Earth in Balance is taken from this interview—“The Shadow Our Future Throws.”)Illich was no armchair witness but lived what he preached. In the early 1990s he developed a large tumor that protruded from his right temple. Claiming the right not to be a patient but to “die without diagnosis” as part of “hygienic autonomy,” he was never treated, smoking opium to ease the pain over his last years. He died—without diagnosis—in 2002 in Bremen, Germany.
Geomorphology of snow avalanche impact landforms in the southern Canadian Cordillera
Authors: JOHNSON ALEXIS L. , SMITH DAN J. 
Published: October 2009

Snow avalanche impact landforms (SAILs) are typically elliptical‐shaped depressions bounded by an arcuate ridge located at the base of avalanche paths. The geomorphology of these features is controlled by the topography of the avalanche path, the availability of unconsolidated debris in the impact area and the ability of the avalanche impacts to displace the available debris in the direction of avalanche flow. Ground‐based snow avalanches move debris by bulldozing, and airborne snow avalanches move sediment by excavation on impact.This paper reports on the geomorphology, and surface age and stability of three SAILs in the southern Canadian Cordillera. Dendrochronology and lichenometry were used to date geomorphic activity at the sites. Evidence of present SAIL stability suggests they result from episodic, high‐magnitude avalanche impact events over many hundreds of years. All three landforms share common morphologies: a water‐filled bowl‐shaped depression distally bounded by an arcuate ridge‐oriented transverse to the avalanche path. Despite sharing many attributes, field investigations revealed that the origin of each SAIL was a function of the local variations in snow avalanche path topography and availability of unconsolidated debris in the impact area. The snow avalanche path associated with the Blackhorn site has a gentle gradient, which suggests that this SAIL is a result of ground‐based avalanches. The SAIL at Spoon Lake appears to be a consequence of a resistant geologic feature that focuses snow avalanches in the impact area and results in explosive excavation. The morphology of the snow avalanche track at Peyto Lake causes large snow avalanches to become airborne prior to impacting and excavating an impact pool. All three SAILs examined in this paper are historically persistent landforms and these observations support previous findings indicating that SAILs require hundreds of years to develop.
Location determinants of food manufacturers in the United States, 2000–2004: are nonmetropolitan counties competitive?
Authors: Lambert Dayton M. , McNamara Kevin T. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractInfrastructure, agglomeration, product and input markets, fiscal attributes, and labor markets of local communities influenced food manufacturing location decisions in the lower 48 United States, 2000–2004. Negative binomial regression and spatial clustering methods forecast food processor location patterns at the county level. Noncore counties are at a comparative disadvantage with respect to attracting most food processors, but nonmetropolitan counties adjacent to urban areas may be attractive investment sites for footloose, supply, and demand‐oriented food manufacturers.
Capital market imperfections in economic transition: empirical evidence from Ukrainian agriculture
Authors: Zinych Nataliya , Odening Martin 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article investigates the link between financing and investment in Ukrainian agriculture during economic transition. The main contribution of the study is to provide empirical evidence for the coexistence of financial constraints and soft budget constraints (SBCs). This is of particular importance because credit constraints and SBCs have completely different economic effects. The lack of differentiation between these forms of capital market imperfections yields overlapping effects of financing on investment and may therefore cause a misinterpretation of econometric results. Our empirical analyses are based on an econometric estimation of the Euler investment equations for 529 large farms from three Ukrainian regions between 2001 and 2005. The results confirm that financial variables significantly influence farms' investment, providing empirical evidence of an imperfect capital market in Ukrainian agriculture. It turns out that credit constraints in the Ukrainian agricultural sector are more important than SBCs. We show that the estimated level of financial constraints for profitable farms with access to loans is higher if both types of capital market imperfections are appropriately distinguished.
Integration of VaR and expected utility under departures from normality
Authors: Barry Peter J. , Sherrick Bruce J. , Zhao Jianmei 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article identifies the level of the expected utility (EU) risk aversion and Value‐at‐Risk (VaR) confidence level that yield the same choice from a given distribution of outcomes, and thus allow for consistent application of the two criteria. The result for a given distribution is an explicit mapping between risk aversion under EU and VaR, for both normal and nonnormal distributions. The Cornish–Fisher expansion is used to establish adjusted mean‐deviates for nonnormal outcome distributions and the investor's preference function is expanded to include elements for variance, skewness, and excess kurtosis. A farm‐level application with nonnormal revenue distribution illustrates these approaches.
TheRoman de la roseand Middle English Poetry
Authors: Viereck Gibbs Kamath Stephanie A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe late medieval French allegory,Le Roman de la rose[The Romance of the rose], the conjoined production of Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun, has long been recognized as an important literary influence on Middle English poetry. The majority of recent studies focus on Geoffrey Chaucer’s translation, citation, and adaptation of theRose. Directions in scholarly study include increasing attention to the formal complexity and polyvalence the model of theRoseprovides, on‐going interest in constructions of sexuality and gender, and a greater emphasis on the inter‐relation of Chaucer’s response to theRosewith the responses of French and Italian poets, including Guillaume de Machaut, Eustache Deschamps, Guillaume de Deguileville (or Digulleville), Christine de Pizan, and Giovanni Boccaccio. The discovery of a new manuscript fragment of the Middle EnglishRomaunt of the Roseand the re‐assessment of earlier linguistic exchange also set forth interesting possibilities for future exploration. Beyond the field of Chaucer studies, scholars of late medieval England’s alliterative poems, notablyCleannessbut alsoPiers Plowman, have re‐examined the ways theRosemay have shaped the construction of devotional, sexual, and social ideologies within this poetic tradition. The growing interest in Chaucer’s contemporary John Gower and in the English poetry of the fifteenth century, especially the works of Thomas Hoccleve and John Lydgate, has brought further recognition of theRose’s widespread influence, as well as the continued influence ofRose‐inspired intermediaries, including not only Guillaume de Deguileville and Christine de Pizan but also Evrart de Conty, Alain Chartier, and Charles d’Orléans. Recalling the attribution of theRose’s authorship to an English ‘John Moon’ in early literary histories demonstrates one curious later misreading of Hoccleve’s Middle English response to theRoseand may also provoke a deeper appreciation for the strong continuity of interest in theRoseshared by French and English readers during the turbulent era of the Hundred Years War.
Factors Influencing Partial and Complete Adoption of Organic Farming Practices in Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: Khaledi Mohammad , Weseen Simon , Sawyer Erin , Ferguson Shon , Gray Richard 
Published: October 2009

Using a sample of organic producers in Saskatchewan, Canada, this study uses a Tobit model to identify the factors that discourage or encourage the complete adoption of organic farming and to assess why farmers differ in the share of total cultivated crop area they allocate to organic practices. In particular, the study evaluates the effect of transaction costs on the decision to convert partially or completely from conventional to organic practices. The results highlight the importance of lowering certain transaction costs to encourage the adoption of organic management practices. Significant transaction costs were found to include infrastructure and services, satisfaction with marketer performance, marketing problems, and Internet use. Results suggest that farmers with smaller land holdings are more inclined to undertake complete adoption. While the education levels of organic farmers show no significant effect on the probability of adoption, younger organic farmers allocate significantly less of their cultivated area to organic practices.À partir d'un échantillon de producteurs de cultures biologiques de la Saskatchewan, au Canada, nous avons utilisé un modèle Tobit pour déterminer les facteurs qui encouragent ou découragent l'adoption totale des pratiques agricoles biologiques et les raisons pour lesquelles le pourcentage des superficies consacrées aux cultures biologiques varie d'un producteur à l'autre. Nous avons également examiné les répercussions des coûts de transaction sur la décision de passer, en totalité ou en partie, des pratiques conventionnelles aux pratiques biologiques. Les résultats ont fait ressortir l'importance de réduire certains coûts de transaction afin d'encourager l'adoption des méthodes agronomiques biologiques. Les coûts de transaction les plus importants incluaient les infrastructures et les services, l'efficacité des intermédiaires, les problèmes liés à la mise en marché et l'utilisation d'Internet. Les résultats autorisent à penser que les producteurs agricoles qui possèdent de petites superficies sont plus enclins à adopter en totalité l'agriculture biologique. Alors que le niveau de scolarité des producteurs ne semble pas avoir de répercussions sur la probabilité d'adopter l'agriculture biologique, les jeunes producteurs de cultures biologiques consacrent beaucoup moins de leurs superficies cultivées à la culture biologique.