bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiation therapy for intractable bleeding in extremity arteriovenous malformation: Considerations on a clinical case
Authors: Goda JS , Kapoor R , Yadav BS , Sharma SC 
Published: July 2009

SummaryArteriovenous malformations are rare clinicopathological entities with varied distribution and a constellation of symptoms. In the extremities they are usually associated with dermatological manifestations, such as angiodermatitis with a potential risk of torrential haemorrhage. Surgical resection is a morbid procedure. Transcatheter embolization and sclerotherapy is an attractive alternative to surgical resection. However, proper case selection is a prerequisite and may not be possible in all the cases. The case reported here is a paradigm of a complex and extensive vascular malformation with torrential haemorrhage where a unique therapeutic approach of radiation therapy was used as an alternative to morbid surgery after embolization and sclerotherapy failure.
Clinical application of multidetector CT angiography and perfusion imaging in acute stroke
Authors: Doss AX 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThis article illustrates clinical application of 64 Detector CT Angiography and Perfusion of the Brain in the triage of acute stroke in patients with a view to thrombolytic therapy. CTA and perfusion of the Brain is less expensive and relatively widely available compared to Magnetic Resonance Imaging. This technique is likely to be widely used in the triage of the acute stroke patient in the near future.
Radiotherapy management of patients diagnosed with glioma in Victoria (1998–2000): A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Dally M , Rosenthal M , Drummond K , Murphy M , Cher L , Ashley D , Thursfield V , Giles G 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThis study aimed to describe the radiotherapy (RT) management and subsequent outcome in a cohort of patients with newly diagnosed glioma. Treatment details were obtained via a questionnaire completed by neurosurgeons, radiation and medical oncologists who treated patients diagnosed with glioma in Victoria during 1998–2000. Patients were identified by using the population‐based Victorian Cancer Registry. Over the study period, data on 828 patients were obtained, of whom 612 (74%) were referred for consideration of RT. Radiotherapy was given to 496 patients as part of their initial treatment and to an additional 10 patients at the time of tumour recurrence or progression. The median age was 72 (16–85) years. Median overall survival (OS) was 9.2 (standard error (SE) 0.6) months for the entire group. Median OS was 29.1 (SE 8.0) and 7.4 (SE 0.4) months for all patients with histological confirmation of World Health Organization Grades III (anaplastic astrocytoma) and IV (glioblastoma multiforme) histology, respectively. A total of 47 different RT dose fractionation schedules were identified. This is the largest survey detailing management of glioma with RT, published to date. A marked variation in dose fractionation schemes was evident. While current best practice involves the use of chemotherapy in conjunction with RT for glioblastoma multiforme, advances in patient care may be undermined by this variation in the use of RT. Clinical trials relevant to an ageing population and evidence‐based national clinical guidelines are required to define best practice.
Anastomosis between the hepatic artery and the extrahepatic collateral or between extrahepatic collaterals: Observation on angiography
Authors: Miyayama S , Yamashiro M , Okuda M , Aburano H , Shigenari N , Morinaga K , Matsui O 
Published: July 2009

SummaryTranscatheter arterial chemoembolisation for hepatocellular carcinoma is widely carried out not only through the hepatic artery but also through the extrahepatic collateral pathways. Anatomically, there are many anastomoses between the hepatic artery and the extrahepatic collateral as well as among the extrahepatic collaterals. However, these anastomoses may not be shown on angiography because the anastomosing braches are too small. These anastomoses may not only interfere with effective control of hepatocellular carcinoma by transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation but also cause unexpected procedure‐related complications. Therefore, radiologists should have sufficient knowledge of these underlying anastomoses. In this report, we present our angiographic images.
Retrospective review of prognostic factors, including 1p19q deletion, in low‐grade oligodendrogliomas and a review of recent published works
Authors: Capelle L , Oei P , Teoh H , Hamilton D , Palmer D , Low I , Campbell G 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThe purpose of the present study was to investigate potential prognostic factors in low‐grade oligodendrogliomas (LGOs), particularly 1p19q deletion, due to its proven prognostic significance in anaplastic oligodendrogliomas. We carried out a retrospective review of patients with a histological diagnosis of LGO between 1990 and 2000 in Auckland and Wellington, New Zealand. All cases underwent central histopathological review and FISH testing for 1p19q status. Univariate analysis of potential prognostic factors including 1p19q status, age, tumour size, tumour crossing midline, tumour enhancement, extent of surgery and seizures at diagnosis was carried out. Thirty‐one patients were eligible and FISH testing was successful in 28 specimens (90%). Twenty‐three specimens (82%) had 1p19q deletion; four (14%) had no 1p19q deletion; and one (4%) had 1p deletion alone. At a median follow‐up of 87 months (0–147 months), median survival had not been reached and no significant difference in overall survival (OS) based on 1p19q status was detected (1p19q deletion OS 56%; 1p19q intact OS 0%; 1p deletion alone 100% (P = 0.38)). None of the other prognostic factors investigated reached statistical significance. We confirmed the high incidence (82%) of combined 1p19q deletion in LGOs and the feasibility of successful FISH testing in paraffin embedded specimens up to 10‐years‐old. Analysis of potential prognostic factors was limited by the lack of events during the follow‐lup period.
Experience converting an RT department to full CT simulation: Technical issues identified during commissioning of a wide‐bore scanner
Authors: Ebert MA , Kenny J , Greer PB 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThe advent of CT scanners with larger bore sizes have offered the potential for radiotherapy departments to undertake the majority or all treatment planning simulation via CT. Wide‐bore scanners can present some unique issues when being commissioned for clinical use. During the process of converting a radiotherapy department to full CT simulation, several issues regarding images produced by a wide‐bore scanner were identified. These were investigated by using electron density and image resolution phantoms. It was found that the reconstruction algorithm used by the scanner of interest for extended field of view (FOV) imaging, combined with the extended X‐ray source‐to‐detector distance, influenced the resolution and quality of images. The reconstruction technique influenced the relationship between electron density and CT number with distance from the scanner axis, leading to image artefacts. A variation of 400 CT units is seen for cortical bone across the scanner FOV, with smaller variations for water and breast tissue. It is anticipated that this variation will impact on tissue delineation, and subsequent dose calculation would become questionable should beams pass through large areas of artefact. Image resolutions of 0.5 and 0.3 line‐pairs per millimetre (lp/mm) were achievable in the primary and extended FOV regions respectively. Several aspects of image production with a wide‐bore scanner that can influence imaging for radiotherapy treatment planning have been highlighted. Departments should be mindful of these issues when using a GE Lightspeed wide‐bore scanner and should consider how scanner settings should be optimised for the use of images in treatment planning.
Musculoskeletal CPD revision: Cases from the New Zealand Bone & Soft Tissue Tumour Registry
Authors: Chard K , Dray M , Eaton P , Pinto C 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThis case report has been selected from the New Zealand Bone & Soft Tissue Tumour Registry to highlight some key concepts and findings in musculoskeletal imaging with radiological‐pathological correlation. The case is presented in a question and answer format, with clinical information and selected images in one section, followed by the diagnosis, discussion and teaching points.
A comparison of conformal and intensity modulated treatment planning techniques for early prostate cancer
Authors: Vaarkamp J , Malde R , Dixit S , Hamilton CS 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYThe aim of this article was to quantify improvements in external beam treatment plans for early prostate cancer, going from standard four‐field conformal radiotherapy (CRT4) to multi‐segment, inverse‐planned intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRTinv). We selected 18 low‐, medium‐ and high‐risk early prostate cancer patients requiring external beam radiotherapy and generated standard CRT4 plans. We compared this with five‐field conformal radiotherapy (CRT5) plans with beam angles 45°, 100°, 180°, 260° and 315°, five‐field plans combining an open beam and rectal shielding segment (forward‐planned IMRT (IMRTfor)) and a five‐field inverse‐planned multi‐segment solution (IMRTinv) with planning target volume and bladder dose volume histogram characteristics similar to IMRTfor. The CRT5 plans showed significant rectal sparing compared with CRT4 producing 10–22% reductions in rectal volume receiving 95, 85, 67 and 55% prescription dose (V95, V85, V67 and V55) depending on patient risk group and conforming better to the planning target volume. The IMRTfor plans showed a concave dose distribution, further reducing rectal V95, V85, V67 and V55 between 6 and 50%. We did not find further reductions in rectal doses with IMRTinv compared with IMRTfor. The benefit of IMRT over CRT was achieved by increasing the number of beams, changing beam weights and adding a rectal shielding segment to each beam.
Atrial septal defects: Magnetic resonance and computed tomography appearances
Authors: Hoey ETD , Gopalan D , Ganesh V , Agrawal SKB , Screaton NJ 
Published: July 2009

SummaryAtrial septal defects are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Echocardiography is the first‐line imaging modality, but MR and CT imaging can provide complimentary information, especially for the detection of associated anomalies and for assessing changes in the pulmonary vasculature. The aim of this pictorial essay is to review the spectrum of atrial septal defects, with particular reference to their cross‐sectional imaging appearances and issues pertaining to management.
Metabonomics – a new approach in ophthalmology
Authors: Midelfart Anna 
Published: July 2009

Abstract.Metabonomics is a new technology providing broad information about dynamic metabolic responses in living systems to pathophysiological stimuli or genetic modification. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful methods in metabonomics; it is utilized to establish the metabolic profiles of biofluids, and is practically the only method capable of examining intact tissue samples. Experience with the application of metabonomics in eye research is still limited, yet this method provides the possibility of exploring metabolic processes in the eye in vivo. This article presents a brief background to the usefulness of metabonomics, and the possible applications of an NMR‐based technique in eye research and clinical practice.
Theoretical Foundations for the Design and Placement of Community‐Based Treatment Facilities for Juveniles
Authors: Jensen Eric L. , O'Connor‐Clift Patricia 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWith deinstitutionalization and community‐based treatment of delinquents becoming more common, the need for facilities compatible with re‐integration efforts is crucial. In line with the increasing local needs for dealing with juvenile offenders in the community, this paper advocates the use of delinquency theory as the conceptual foundation for the architectural design and placement of community‐based alternatives to incarceration. In addition, we present guidelines for the site selection, community acceptance and physical design of a model community‐based treatment facility for minor offenders, which are based on a theoretical integration of social control theory and the labeling approach.
Getting Tough With Juvenile Offenders: Ignoring the Best Interests of the Child
Authors: Skibinski Gregory J. , Koszuth Ann M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract Despite a declining delinquency rate, legislatures and courts are getting tough with juveniles. Such policies are antithetical to the “best interest of the child” philosophy and counter‐productive to treatment. Protecting the child's rights to due process and individualized treatment must be enhanced, not subverted.The laws which govern the behavior of citizens, companies, institutions, and various other elements in our society are man‐made. “Public policy is whatever governments choose to do or not to do.”1 However, these decisions are not made in a vacuum. They are ultimately made by the confluence of the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches of the government that are, and of necessity must be, at least tangentially responsive to perceived public needs. “Courts respond … to societal pressures; they are moved by the same tides of public opinion as are legislatures and executives.”2 The resultant public policies and the programs created to administer them reflect these societal needs and respond to them accordingly.The evolution of the Children's Code in America, its eventual adoption into law and its subsequent changes over the years mark these shifts in society's view of its children. Throughout this slow and sometimes grudging process, the legal status of children has made numerous gains. Today, children hold a special place in our culture and until recently, the Children's Code was utilized to assist them in maintaining and enhancing that status. However, within the last few years this tide of evolutionary gains has turned into a flood of erosion of due process rights. Yet:
Returning to Delinquency: Factors Effecting the Survivorship of Juvenile Shoplifters
Authors: Winfree L. Thomas , Sellers Christine S. , Duncan Patricia Michelle , Kelly Gabrielle , Williams Larry E. , Clinton Lawrence 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article examines a program designed to provide a family court with a means of lessening the probability that youths on probation for shoplifting will return to criminal behavior.A single staff member within the family court screened possible participants, all of whom were defined as first‐time shoplifting offenders and had been assigned to formal or informal probation. Each individual was invited to participate in a four‐hour clinic, during which time the realities and possible consequences of shoplifting were explained. If they were able to successfully complete six months of supervised probation, then only the administrative record remained; the conviction itself was expunged. Over a period of nine months, a total of 154 juveniles were invited; however, only 100 actually took part in all facets of the program. A total of 30 clinic attendees and 14 nonparticipants were excluded from the present analysis, owing to missing data, or the fact that at the time of follow‐up, they were legally classified as adults. The prior and subsequent court contacts of 110 subjects are reviewed. While less than 3% of either group had subsequent shoplifting arrests, nearly 26% of the program group and 35% of the nonparticipants were rearrested. Factors associated with long‐term success and failure are examined. Possible reasons for these observations are discussed, with specific grounding in the shoplifting literature and the concepts of juvenile diversion and “net‐widening.”
Attrition From Court‐Referred Family Therapy in Three Rural Community Mental Health Centers
Authors: Empey Dallas B. , Gordon Donald A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractJuvenile delinquents are frequently referred to community mental health centers (CMHCs) for family treatment as part of their probation. Whether these court‐referred or court‐ordered delinquents attend regularly enough to benefit from treatment is not known, nor are factors that predict which delinquents drop out. The records of 150 families from three CMHCs in rural southeastern Ohio were reviewed to determine rate of attrition and to identify demographic and situational variables that differentiate families who either drop out of or remain in court‐referred and court‐ordered family therapy. A 37% drop out rate was comparable to that of adult individual, child and adolescent, family, and group psychotherapy. The median number of sessions attended (5) is considered to be far below the minimal “dose” needed to demonstrate positive effects of family therapy. Families who remained in therapy had fathers present more often in therapy sessions. Type of court referral (referred or ordered) and presenting identified patient problems and behaviors in therapy. One of the three CMHCs was more sucessful at retaining the three CMHCs was more successful at retaining families in therapy. Characteristics of this center included frequent communication, coordination, and follow‐up efforts by therapists and juvenile court officials following a family's court referral into therapy. Suggestions are made for juvenile court officials and mental health professionals to increase the probability of retaining these court‐involved families in therapy long enough to effect change in their dysfunctional behavior.
Applying the Skill‐Deficit Concept of Deviance to Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Veneziano Carol , Veneziano Louis 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMany theories have been advanced to account for juvenile delinquency. Most theories provide convincing partial explanations for some phenomena, but not others. Furthermore, most theories of delinquency offer only vague guidelines for treatment. The social learning school of psychology has developed a skill‐deficit conception of deviance which has implications for treatment. In order to determine the applicability of this approach, a sample of 411 adjudicated male delinquents was obtained. They were assessed along a number of dimensions, and were found to be deficient as a group in all the skill areas measured. Implications for delinquency theory are discussed, as are treatment recommendations.
Deinstitutionalization, Street Children, and the Coming AIDS Epidemic in the Adolescent Population
Authors: Kearon William G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe debate about the deinstitutionalization of status offenders has persisted for over a decade. Those in favor of deinstitutionalization maintain that coerced treatment in secure institutions has not proven beneficial to status offenders and locking‐up juveniles for noncriminal behavior violates their liberty interests. Those against deinstitutionalization argue it is not possible to treat someone who is not there (runaways) and while juveniles have the same liberty interests as adults, there are occasions for legitimate state restriction of those liberty interests. It is manifest that the advent of AIDS is such an occasion.Deinstitutionalization has allowed thousands upon thousands of juveniles to live on the streets of our cities. These children have no skills, no lawful means of supporting themselves, and thus are at the mercy of those who prey upon the powerless. The lifestyle of these children (high drug usage, prostitution, and promiscuity) places them directly in the path of AIDS. Their exposure and vulnerability to the disease are vast. Street children constitute a large reservoir of AIDS which could be the source of an AIDS epidemic in the overall adolescent population. Society will pay a horrific price unless there is concerted action now by providers of health care and social services to develop a strategy to contain AIDS within the street‐child population, and to prevent the spread of AIDS from them to the overall adolescent population.
The Family of the Juvenile Delinquent
Authors: Wood Katherine M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractJuvenile delinquency has historically been responded to by “de‐familization” of the young offender; that is, removal to a training school or other institutional setting. The trend over the past two decades toward deinstitutionalization has meant that delinquent youngsters, who are now remaining in the context of their own communities and families, have been “re‐familized.” This poses a major challenge for the juvenile justice system and community, who are stuck with the family but are not sure what to do about it.Little objective and systematic information is available concerning families of delinquents, either as an aggregate group or in individual cases. It is hypothesized that the families are as heterogeneous as are delinquent youngsters, but the juvenile justice system tends to scapegoat families and assumes they are all necessarily dysfunctional.A 10‐point continuum of family functioning is proposed. It is suggested that families of delinquent youngsters are found at various points on this continuum: from the extremely impaired or criminogenic family, through the family that has serious problems but has something to offer its youngster if it receives effective help with those problems, to the family of average functioning that can serve as a major rehabilitative resource for the youngster.
The Influence of “Changing Directions” on the Self‐Esteem of a Delinquent Population in a Correctional Setting
Authors: McGuffey Gwen , Broner M. Bennet , Smith T. Allen 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that low self‐esteem is a possible basis for risk‐taking behaviors such as substance abuse, sexual promiscuity, and juvenile delinquency. Thus, it has been hypothesized that by enhancing an adolescent̂s self‐image, a decrease in the incidence of such behaviors can be realized. The present study examines the effect of one secure juvenile facility's treatment program on adolescent self‐esteem. The findings reflect the program's effectiveness with regard to self‐esteem elevation. A follow‐up study, to determine whether this heightened self‐esteem is maintained and/or results in decreased delinquency is forthcoming.
Children of Alcoholism: Implications For Juvenile Justice
Authors: McGaha Johnny E. , Stokes Jack L. , Nielson Jacqueline 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlcoholism and drug addiction affects the entire family. At least 22 million Americans have been raised in an alcoholic environment. Parental alcoholism and/or addiction can have profound emotional and psychological scars on the children. These homes are often characterized by emotional and or physical insecurity, loneliness, terror and inconsistency. The children from these homes often are extremely insecure have low self‐esteem, and have a variety of emotional problems. Adolescents from addictive homes are over‐represented in juvenile court as status offenders, delinquents and abuse and neglect cases. This article will discuss this issue and implications for the juvenile justice system and personnel working with these youth
Diagnosing Delinquents: The Purposes of a Youth Diagnostic Center
Authors: Lozano Antoinette R. , Mays G. Larry , Winfree L. Thomas 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis project was designed to explore the population of a unique juvenile training school in New Mexico. The development of juvenile training schools and the problems which arose from their development are presented. Emphasis is placed on the importance and difficulties of evaluation research in juvenile corrections. Finally, recommendations and suggestions are offered based on the results of the analyses