bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strike Induced Chemosensory Searching in Cobras: (Naja naja kaouthia, N. mossambica pallida)
Authors: Chiszar David , Stimac Kathryn , Poole Thomas , Miller Tracy , Radcliffe Charles W. , Smith Hobart M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryPredatory behavior was studied in 11 juvenile red spitting cobras (Naja mossambica pallida) and in subadult monocled cobras (N. n. kaouthia). Both taxa usually struck and released mice (Mus musculus) that were greater than 15 g, whereas neonatal mice were usually held following the strike. Large mice lived for 300–600 s after envenomation and were able to wander away from the site of attack. Snakes located the carcasses through searching behaviors which seemed to utilize chemical and visual cues arising from prey. Both taxa exhibited larger increases in rate of tongue flicking after striking (and releasing) mice than after seeing, smelling, and/or detecting thermal cues arising from mice. Strike‐induced chemosensory searching (SICS) in these elapids was similar to behaviors previously described in many viperid species which have specialized on rodent prey. Although adult cobras may abandon the strike‐release‐trail strategy in favor of holding rodent prey after the strike, the behavior of the present juveniles and subadults was consistent with speculation that SICS is analogous in the Viperidae and the Elapidae.ZusammenfassungDas Jagdverhalten junger roter Speikobras (Naja mossambica pallida) und jungerwachsener Brillenkobras (N. m. kaouthia) wurde untersucht. Mäuse (Mus musculus), die schwerer als 15 g waren, wurden von beiden Arten gebissen und wieder freigelassen; neugeborene Mäuse dagegen wurden nach dem Biß festgehalten.Große Mäuse lebten noch 300–600 s nach dem Giftstich und waren fähig, sich vom Ort des Angriffs zu entfernen. Die Schlangen schienen die Kadaver zu finden, indem sie bei der Suche chemische und visuelle Reize der Beute nutzten.Beide Arten zeigten größere Steigerungen in der Züngelrate nach dem Beißen (und Freilassen) von Mäusen, verglichen mit dem Züngeln, das dem Sehen, Riechen und/oder Entdecken thermischer Reize von Mäusen folgte.Das bißabhängige chemosensorische Suchverhalten (SICS, strike‐induced chemosensory searching) dieser Elapiden ist dem früher beschriebenen Verhalten vieler Vipernarten ähnlich, die auf Nagetierbeute spezialisiert sind. Obwohl erwachsene Kobras ihre Nagetierbeute nach dem Biß häufiger festhalten als freilassen und suchen, stützt das Verhalten der hier beschriebenen jungen und jungerwachsenen Schlangen die Vermutung, daß SICS ein analoges Verhalten der Viperidae und der Elapidae ist.
Vocalizations and Associated Behaviors of the African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) in Captivity
Authors: Berg Judith Kay 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryThis analysis presents the physical characteristics of the vocalizations of the African elephant and describes the associated behavioral contexts of the elephant's communicative system. One male and 8 female African elephants were systematically observed in a relatively large captive environment. Their repertoire of sounds constitutes 10 distinct vocalizations which are emitted during 11 behavioral categories. Although all but one of the sounds is emitted in more than one context, many of the sounds are more characteristic of a specific behavior than others. An interesting finding is that the fundamental frequency of the emitted sound is significantly correlated to the level of excitement of the individual. In general, sounds with a low fundamental frequency are emitted when the animals are in a low level of excitement and are important in those behaviors which promote group cohesion and the orderly interactions of individuals. In contrast, the higher fundamental frequency sounds predominate when the animals are in a high level of excitement and are emitted most often during aggressive type behaviors. The elephants' vocalizations and associated behaviors in captivity are discussed in comparison to those of their free‐living relatives and to those of other animals showing similarities across some of the sounds and behaviors.Zusammenfassung10 charakteristische Lautäußerungen spielen eine bedeutende Rolle im Kommunikationssystem afrikanischer Elefanten. Obwohl 9 Vokalisationen in mehr als einem Kontext benutzt werden, haben viele einen besonderen Bezug zu spezifischem Verhalten. Die Hauptfrequenz der Laute korreliert signifikant mit dem Erregungsgrad des Elefanten: tiefe Frequenzen entsprechen geringem Erregungsgrad und spielen eine Rolle bei Gruppenzusammenhalt und normalem Zusammenleben. Höhere Frequenzen zeigen höhere Erregung an und treten meist während aggressiver Verhaltensweisen auf. Vokalisationen und die begleitenden Verhaltensweisen werden von gefangengehaltenen Tieren beschrieben und mit denen freilebender Elefanten und anderer Tiere verglichen, die ähnliche Verhaltensweisen und Vokalisationen haben.
Structure of Gelada Baboon Reproductive Units
Authors: Dunbar R. I. M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryBehaviour patterns related to the coordination of group members and the spatial integration of the reproductive units of gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada) were examined in order to determine how group cohesion is maintained. The dominant female tended to maintain a spatial position nearest to the male during non‐social periods, where she fulfilled a pivotal role maintaining coordination between the male and the rest of his females. Females tended to strike a balance between maintaining visual contact with the male and keeping near their preferred social partners. Progressions were usually initiated by lactating females, but decisions about whether initiated leads are followed up by the unit as a whole were shared between the male and the dominant female. The male and the dominant female were also found to play an important role in maintaining the unit's spatial integrity by threatening away members of other units and by giving support to members of their own unit who were threatened by other units.ZusammenfassungVerhaltensweisen in bezug auf die Koordination von Gruppenmitgliedern und die Verteilung im Raum von Fortpflanzungsgruppen des Dscheladas (Theropithecus gelada) wurden daraufhin untersucht, wie der Gruppenzusammenhalt gewährleistet wird. Das dominante Weibchen hielt sich außerhalb der sozialen Phasen in der Nähe des Männchens auf und spielte da die Hauptrolle für die Koordination zwischen dem Männchen und den anderen Weibchen. Weibchen neigten zu einem Kompromiß von Sichtkontakt mit dem Männchen und der Nähe zu ihren bevorzugten Sozialpartnern. Der Aufbruch einer Gruppe wurde meistens von stillenden Weibchen eingeleitet; doch die Entscheidung, ob die ganze Gruppe weiterzog, wurde zu gleichen Teilen vom Männchen und dem dominanten Weibchen getroffen. Das Männchen und das dominante Weibchen spielten auch eine wichtige Rolle für die Gruppenabgrenzung, indem sie Angehörige anderer Gruppen bedrohten und fortjagten oder Angehörige ihrer eigenen Gruppe unterstützten, wenn sie von Fremden bedroht wurden.
Reduction of Visual Inhibition to Stationary Prey by Early Experience in Salamandra salamandra (L.)1
Authors: Luthardt‐Laimer Gisela , Roth Gerhard 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryThe influence of rearing Salamandra salamandra with stationary (dead) prey animals was studied at different ages. 8–10‐day‐old prey‐naive animals showed virtually no prey‐catching of stationary objects. At one month of age, salamanders fed on stationary prey reacted significantly more frequently to stationary objects than salamanders fed on moving prey. At 8–10 months after metamorphosis, animals initially fed on living prey, and converted to stationary prey 1, 3 or 6 months after metamorphosis, showed the same behavior to stationary prey as same‐age salamanders fed exclusively on living prey. Salamanders first fed on stationary objects and later converted to living prey did not change their behavior to stationary prey. Reduction of visual inhibition to stationary prey can be achieved by food imprinting during the first month after metamorphosis.ZusammenfassungAn Feuersalamandern (Salamandra salamandra) unterschiedlicher Altersstufen wurde untersucht, welchen Einfluß die Aufzucht mit stationären (toten) Beutetieren auf das Verhalten gegenüber unbewegten Objekten hat. Tiere im Alter von 8 bis 10 Tagen nach der Metamorphose, die noch keine Erfahrung mit Beute nach der Verwandlung gemacht hatten, zeigten gegenüber stationären Beutetieren kein Beutefangverhalten. Im Alter von einem Monat nach der Metamorphose reagierten Salamander, die ausschließlich mit stationären Beute‐objekten gefuttert worden waren, signifikant häufiger auf unbewegte Beutetiere als Salamander, die ausschließlich bewegte Beute erhalten hatten. 8 bis 10 Monate alte Salamander, die zunächst lebende Beutetiere bekommen hatten und im Alter von 1, 3 oder 6 Monaten auf stationäre Beute umgestellt worden waren, unterschieden sich in ihrem Verhalten gegenüber stationären Objekten nicht von gleichaltrigen Salamandern, die nur mit bewegten Objekten gefüttert worden waren. Bei Salamandern, die zwei Jahre lang stationäre Beute erhielten und dann auf lebende Beute umgestellt wurden, führte die Umstellung zu keiner Verhaltensänderung. Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse kann man annehmen, daß der Rückgang der visuellen Hemmung gegenüber stationären Objekten, der bei mit diesen aufgezogenen Tieren auftritt, auf einer Futterprägung beruht; diese findet im ersten Monat nach der Metamorphose statt.
The Effect of Spatial Context on Habituation to a Predator Model
Authors: Schleidt Wolfgang M. , Shalter Michael D. , Carawan Talmage C. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryIn the laboratory setting, anti‐predator behavior tends to habituate so fast that its value for the prey's survival appears questionable. We propose that excessive habituation is caused by the artificially stereotyped presentation of stimulus objects, which is commonly used for the sake of precise stimulus control. To test this hypothesis, we habituated young angel fish (Pterophyllum eimecki) to a moving shadow on one side of the test chamber, and then presented the moving shadow on the opposite side of the chamber. Since the responsiveness was restored in the vast majority of these trials, our hypothesis stays upheld. This result is discussed in the context of an earlier hypothesis, namely that from the prey's vantage point relative rareness is an important feature of predators in the natural setting (SCHLEIDT 1961).ZusammenfassungNach einer früher vertretenen Hypothese ist vom Standpunkt des Beutetieres die relative Seltenheit im natürlichen Lebensraum ein wichtiges Merkmal von Raubfeinden (SCHLEIDT 1961).In Laborversuchen gewöhnen sich Beutetiere im allgemeinen schneller an Freßfeinde als für das Überleben tragbar erscheint. Wir nehmen an, daß diese schnelle Gewöhnung ein Kunstprodukt der gleichförmigen Darbietung des Reizobjektes ist. Um das zu prüfen, gewöhnten wir junge Segelflosser (Pterophyllum eimecki) zunächst an einen sich bewegenden Schatten an einer Wand der Versuchskammer und boten dann den gleichen sich bewegenden Schatten an der gegenüberliegenden Wand. Durch diese Ortsveränderung wurde in der überwiegenden Mehrzahl der Versuche das Feindmeidungsverhalten wiederhergestellt.
Random Individual Association and Social Group Instability in American Bison (Bison bison)
Authors: Lott Dale F. , Minta Steven C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIndividual association was recorded to determine group stability in a population of 400 freely roaming American bison (Bison bison) on Santa Catalina Island, California over a 44 month period. The application of cluster analysis and simple probability techniques revealed that individual associations between 16 marked cows and 8 marked calves were essentially random, except for cow‐calf bonds. Cow‐calf relations were severed abruptly and were random thereafter. Random association between individuals combined with spatial heterogeneity generates a negative binomial model giving a close fit for several equilibrium group size distributions. Random association may occur because it facilitates each cow matching its physiological needs at any moment with the needs of other potential co‐group members at the same moment. In addition, random association may have facilitated exploration of the unstable Great Plains environment where modern bison evolved.ZusammenfassungGruppen entstehen meist durch Zusammenbleiben miteinander verwandter Individuen. Die Gruppenstabilität hängt ab von typischen Gegebenheiten der individuellen Lebensgeschichte, vom Verwandtschaftsgrad und von Faktoren wie Feinddruck oder Konkurrenzdruck. Danach sollte man vom amerikanischen Bison stabile Gruppen erwarten, so wie es die meisten Autoren auch annehmen, allerdings ohne das mit bekannten Individuen zu belegen. Aus einer freilebenden Population von 400 Bisons auf Catalina Island, Kalifornien, wurden 16 Kühe und 8 Kälber markiert und 44 Monate lang registriert.Die einzig stabilen Zusammenschlüsse waren die zwischen Kühen und ihren eigenen Kälbern; alle anderen wechselten zufällig. Die Kuh‐Kalb‐Bindung endet abrupt nach 8 bis 19 Monaten. Danach bewegen auch sie sich unabhängig; Zusammenschlüsse hängen dann ab vom Abstand der Individuen in verschiedenen Gruppen.Kühe bewegen sich rasch und weit durch ausgedehnte Streifgebiete. Individuelle Streifgebiete können weithin überlappen. Es scheint zahlreiche zufällige und nichtzufällige Faktorwirkungen zu geben, die das gleichbleibende Verteilungsmuster der Individuen erzeugen. Ein entsprechendes Modell errechnete etwa Verteilungen, wie sie tatsächlich vorkommen. Soziale Zusammenschlüsse dieser Tiere scheinen weitgehend umweltabhängig.Die Trennung von Mutter und Kind und die dann zufälligen Zusammenschlüsse könnten sich ergeben, wenn jede Kuh zu ihrem Vorteil ihre momentanen Bedürfnisse denen ihrer momentanen Nachbarindividuen angleicht. Fehlende Gruppentreue kann die Nutzung weiträumiger Gebiete begünstigen; das scheint vorteilhaft für eine Art, die auf den wechselhaften Great Plains lebte.
An Experimental Study of Prey‐attack Behavior in the European Blackbird Turdus m. merula L
Authors: SCHLEE MARSHA A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe experiments reported in this paper are designed to investigate the features of insect prey that may influence the orientation of first attack in the European blackbird. Three types of stimulus cues are considered: motion, morphological characters, and color patterns. The ontogeny of prey‐handling techniques and the specific manipulatory activities involved in the breaking‐up of insect prey are dealt with. The role of learning in the development of preyattack behavior is demonstrated. This study deals only with the preparation of food for selffeeding.
Responses of the Toad Bufo bufo (L.) to Stationary Prey Stimuli1
Authors: ROTH GERHARD , WIGGERS WOLFGANG 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryIn the present work toads (Bufo bufo) are shown to respond with prey catching to stationary dummies without previous or accompanying visual or olfactory stimulation. The subjects very rarely showed jerky head movements which, therefore, cannot be necessary for perception of stationary objects. Size preference with respect to stationary stimuli is about the same as in experiments with moving stimuli. However, differences exist between the effects of stationary and moving stimuli with respect to shape and orientation. If a square measuring 10 times 10 mm and a rectangle measuring 5 times 20 mm, oriented either horizontally or vertically, are presented within the frontal‐vertical plane, the square is preferred to the rectangles, and among these the horizontal rectangle is to the vertical one. This latter preference is due to the negative effect of the vertical extension: If the vertical rectangle is reduced in length, it becomes more effective as compared to the horizontal rectangle. In the horizontal (X‐Z) plane the square and the rectangle oriented parallel to the Z‐axis are equally superior to the bar oriented parallel to the X‐axis. At presentation of a pair of stimuli in both planes, the one in the frontal‐vertical plane is always preferred to that in the horizontal plane.Correspondences and differences of these results to those from experiments with moving prey dummies are discussed.
Etude des interactions sociales entre male et femelle chez la Genette (Genetta genetta L.): Relations entre marquage olfactif et agression
Authors: ROEDER JEAN‐JACQUES 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryStudy on Social Interactions between Male and Female Genets (Genetta genetta L.): Relations between Scent Marking and Aggression The aim of this work was to study the relations between marking behaviour and aggression in genets (Genetta genetta L.). Observations on social interactions were made on a socially stable pair and during encounters between unfamiliar pairs. In the first case, there appeared to be a relationship between marking activity in the male and aggression. During aggression periods, marking with the ano‐urogenital region increased in the male and decreased in the female. Another striking variation concerned flank rubbing and hindleg rubbing. In both male and female these marking frequencies increased significantly during aggression periods and flank rubbing was modified by visual cues. Data recorded during encounters between unfamiliar pairs (one male being introduced in a female's cage) showed that agonistic behaviours were released through visual cues in females and olfactory cues in males. The same changes in marking frequencies were observed. These results also showed that ano‐urogenital marking was inhibited in females during aggression periods. The adaptative significance of these phenomena is discussed.
Ethology and Reproduction of Captive Giant Pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)
Authors: Kleiman Devra G. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryThe activity rhythm, reproductive cycle, and maintenance, social and reproductive behavior of a pair of captive giant pandas were studied at the National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. Results from this study and the available literature indicate that:

Giant pandas are probably nocturnal, although they may be polycyclic in activity.
Males are more active than females, especially in locomotor behavior and scent‐marking activity
Activity levels are inversely correlated with age.
There is a single annual estrous period of one to three days between March and June, preceded by conspicuous behavioral changes in the female consisting of a depressed appetite, increased restlessness and scent‐marking, and increased vocalizing. Behavioral changes in the male are similar and are synchronized with the female reproductive cycle.
The major communicatory modes are through scent‐marking and vocalizations. A variety of postures is used to deposit urine and anogenital gland secretions throughout the environment. Most of the major call types show considerable variation and grading; they are prominent during agonistic and reproductive activities. Visual signals are only poorly developed. Tactile contact is more frequent during social interactions than might be predicted, considering the solitary nature of the species. However, significant tactile contact may be limited to the initial stages of encounters, with avoidance and intolerance occurring thereafter.
Both the giant panda's copulatory posture and the temporal patterning of copulation (numerous short mounts and a brief ejaculatory intromission with a long inter‐ejaculation interval) differ significantly from sexual behavior reported for other closely related carnivores. Observations suggest that the prior compatibility of a pair is essential for successful reproductive behavior.
Comparative data on giant panda reproduction suggest that the 140 day average gestation length (range: 122–163 days) includes a delay, either in implantation or early development. The neonatalimaternal weight ratio may be the smallest among the Eutherian mammals.
Three major reproductive characteristics—

the occurrence of a weak estrus in the autumn in some females
variability in the duration of the “gestation” period and
survivorship of only one young despite a litter size of one to three young — and fossil evidence for a much wider previous geographic distribution, suggest that giant pandas may have had a more flexible and opportunistic reproductive strategy during their past evolutionary history, and have recently undergone K‐selection, with increasing dietary and habitat specialization.
Variations dialectales des sifflements de l'Etourneau sansonnet (Sturnus vulgaris) sedentaire en Bretagne
Authors: Adret‐Hausberger Martine 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOn the basis of data acquired during a preliminary study, dialects were examined for four specific whistle themes in an area of 50 × 35 km. The use of a quantitative method to compare sonograms permitted distinguishing different variants for each theme. These were not distributed at random, but determined dialect zones which covered different areas for each theme. The zones corresponding to the different whistle types were not concentric.
Behaviour‐Genetics of Lake Charr (Salvelinus namaycush) and Brook Charr (S. fontinalis): Observation of Backcross and F2 Generations
Authors: Ferguson Moira M. , Noakes David L. G. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryBrook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) defend territories and show high levels of agonistic behaviour. In contrast, lake charr (S. namaycush) are non‐territorial and rarely show any agonistic behaviour. The genetic determinance of behavioural differences between these species was confirmed by the behavioural similarity of brook charr backcross hybrids and brook charr and a significant maternal effect on hybrid behavioural phenotypes.Backcross and F2 generations showed either one of two distinct behavioural strategies, one aggressive and territorial and the other non‐aggressive and non‐territorial. It seems most likely that these strategies are conditional on individual phenotypes, such as size of nearby conspecifics. However, precise measurements of costs and benefits of each strategy are required to distinguish between these alternate hypotheses for either species.Each action pattern was an independent pattern of variation and a distinct behavioural unit. However, patterns were coordinated with all other patterns at a higher hierarchical level (corresponding to the particular behavioural strategy). It seems most likely that these strategies would be controlled by a polygenic system, even though the nature of our data does not allow us to make firm conclusions in this regard.