bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The composition of body tissues. (II) Fetus to young adult
Authors: White D. R. , Widdowson E. M. , Woodard H. Q. , Dickerson J. W. T. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The composition of body tissues is a function of the age, nutrition, state of health and physical activity of the individual. In this paper, the effects of age on the composition of healthy tissues are reviewed. Eleven soft tissues (adipose tissue, blood—whole, brain—whole, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle—skeletal, placenta, skin and spleen) and cortical bone are considered. Elemental compositions, mass and electron densities are tabulated for the tissues, as a function of age, from fetus to young adult. Although the compositions given here are predominantly for healthy tissues, reported changes because of dietary influences are briefly discussed.
Superior mesenteric artery branch aneurysm diagnosed by ultrasound
Authors: Verma Bhim Singh , Bose Ajit Kumar , Bhatia Harish Chandra , Katoch Ravindra 
Published: July 2009

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) branch aneurysms are extremely rare (Jorgensen, 1985). Only 40 cases have been reported in the literature up to 1980 (Mourad et al, 1987). Most are diagnosed after rupture into the mesentery, the intestinal lumen or the peritoneal cavity (Reuter et al, 1968; Jorgensen, 1985). Occasionally they are found by arteriographic studies.
Only one case diagnosed by ultrasound has been reported in the literature (Grech et al, 1989).
Observation of cerebrospinal fluid flow with echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Stehling M. K. , Firth J. L. , Worthington B. S. , Guilfoyle D. N. , Ordidge R. J. , Coxon R. , Blamire A. M. , Gibbs P. , Bullock P. , Mansfield P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Using echo-planar (EP) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow patterns have been demonstrated in the normal subject and patients with pathological conditions including communicating hydrocephalus, aqueduct stenosis and syringohydromyelia. Snap-shot imaging times of 128 ms allow detailed demonstration of transient intraventricular CSF flow patterns, which is not possible with conventional MRI. The potential of EPI as a method for qualitative and quantitative assessment of CSF dynamics is illustrated.
The interchangeability of radioisotope and X-ray based measurements of bone mineral density
Authors: Adachi J. D. , Webber C. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) were measured with a Novo radioisotope based dual photon densitometer and with a Lunar X-ray densitometer in 94 subjects attending a Metabolic Bone Disease Clinic. There was a strong correlation between results obtained from each machine for the same skeletal site. The correlation coefficients for the spine and femoral neck were 0.97 and 0.88, respectively. The differences between results from each machine were normally distributed with a mean bias of 37.5% for the spine and 27.8% for the femur, which arise principally from differences in machine calibration. In each case the BMD was greater when measured by X-ray absorptiometry. The range for the bias was approximately 25–50% for the spine and 10–45% for the femoral neck. The results from these two machines are not interchangeable. When subjects who are participating in long term studies using a radioisotope densitometer are transferred to an X-ray densitometer, an individual conversion factor must be measured at each site for each subject.
Final report on the second British Institute of Radiology fractionation study: short versus long overall treatment times for radiotherapy of carcinoma of the laryngo-pharynx
Authors: Wiernik G. , Alcock C. J. , Bates T. D. , Brindle J. M. , Fowler J. F. , Gajek W. R. , Goodman S. , Haybittle J. L. , Henk J. M. , Hopewell J. W. , Hunter R. D. , Lindup R. , Phillips D. L. , Rezvani M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The second British Institute of Radiology trial of dose fractionation in radiotherapy compared two groups of prospectively randomized patients with squamous carcinoma of the laryngo-pharynx; one group was treated in a short (≥4 weeks) and the other in a long (&gt;4 weeks) overall time. Treatment in any one centre could be given, with no planned gap in the course of treatment, either as a conventional, daily (5 fractions per week regime) or as 3 fractions per week. A total of 611 patients were allocated to treatment, of whom nine have had to be excluded from the analysis for a lack of information. Patients were admitted to the trial from January 1976 to December 1985 and were followed up for a maximum of 10 years and a minimum of 3 years. A reduction in total dose was made for use in the short compared with the long treatment regime. This reduction in total dose varied between 18% and 22% depending on whether 5 fractions or 3 fractions per week regimes were used. Overall, no statistically significant differences have been found between the two arms of the trial. The patients treated with 5 fractions per week in a short overall treatment time showed fewer late normal tissue effects. An analysis based on stratification by age, stage and anatomical site gave a relative risk (short/long overall treatment time) for deaths of 1.23 with a 95% confidence interval from 0.96 to 1.59. Analyses stratified for stage and site gave relative risks with 95% confidence intervals of 1.10 (0.84–1.44) for local recurrences/tumour persistence, and 1.01 (0.70–1.45) for laryngectomies.
Computed tomography of cranial metastatic malignant melanoma: features, early detection and unusual cases
Authors: McGann G. M. , Platts A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The cranial computed tomographic (CT) scans reported as showing metastatic disease in patients with malignant melanoma (MM) seen at the Westminster Hospital over a 5 year period were reviewed. Ninety-eight patients with intracranial metastatic MM were identified. Twelve had an initial scan which was reported as normal and particular attention was given to these to see if, in retrospect, any early features of metastatic disease were discernible. Fifty-eight cases showed the “typical” features of intracranial MM; the remainder were unusual in appearance, behaviour, or site. Radiological regression was shown in only seven cases on follow-up scans; all but one of these patients had one or two large metastases. No significant lesion was thought to have been missed on a scan after the administration of intravenous contrast medium, but the lesions of three patients were difficult to discern on plain scans. Thus when MM metastasis is suspected, the use of the contrast-only scan is advocated.
Late presentation of bone metastases in phaeochromocytoma
Authors: Zammit-Maempel I. , Johnson R. J. , Gattamaneni H. Rao 
Published: July 2009

Phaeochromocytoma is a relatively rare tumour of neuroectodermal origin that is said to occur in up to 0.1% of patients with diastolic hypertension (Magner & Gifford, 1977). Around 10% of phaeochromocytomas are malignant and bone is the most common site of metastases. We present two cases of malignant phaeochromocytoma presenting 4 years and 14 years after diagnosis with bone metastases.A 16-year-old girl presented in 1967 with anxiety, headaches, sweating, palpitations and an elevated blood pressure at 180/130. Twenty-four-hour urine collection confirmed the diagnosis of a phaeochromocytoma with elevated urinary metadrenalines.
Measurement of tissue perfusion by dynamic computed tomography
Authors: Miles K. A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A method for quantifying tissue perfusion by dynamic computed tomography (CT) is described. By applying a nuclear medicine data processing technique to time-density data from a single-location dynamic CT sequence, tissue perfusion can be determined from the maximum gradient of the tissue time-density curve divided by the peak enhancement of the aorta. Using this method, splenic perfusion was measured at 1.2 ml min−1 ml−1, normal renal cortical perfusion at 2.5 ml min−1 ml−1 and normal renal medullary perfusion at 1.1 ml min−1 ml−1. Changes in cortical and medullary perfusion in renal failure and hypertension were demonstrated. The ability of dynamic CT to provide quantitative functional information is not well recognized and is potentially of value when studying structures, such as the renal cortex and medulla, that cannot be anatomically resolved by standard functional imaging techniques.
Patient dose and associated risk due to radiological investigation of the internal auditory meatus
Authors: Tweed J. J. , Davies M. L. , Faulkner K. , Rawlings D. J. , Forster E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The radiation doses and associated somatic risks due to four radiological examinations for acoustic neuromata (AN) have 6een investigated. These examinations were (I) plain film radiography of the internal auditory meatus (IAM), (2) computed tomography (CT) of the I AM, (3) CT of the posterior fossa and (4) CT of the I AM with air contrast. Organ dose measurements were performed using lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosemeters loaded in a patient equivalent phantom. Dose equivalents to various organs are presented, together with the effective dose equivalent and collective effective dose equivalent for each examination. Hypothetical fatal somatic risks for each examination studied here have been estimated from the effective dose equivalents. The estimated number of hypothetical fatal cancers induced by radiological examinations for AN is between approximately 110 and 820 times lower than the number of detected AN, depending on the method of assessing the radiation dose to the remainder organs. It is concluded that in this particular study the radiological examinations are of net benefit to this group of patients.
Cancer risk among staff at two radiotherapy departments in Denmark
Authors: Andersson Michael , Engholm Gerda , Ennow Klaus , Jessen Karl A. , Storm Hans H. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In comparison with the general Danish population, the relative risk (RR) for cancer among staff members employed in two radiotherapy departments in Denmark during 1954–1982 and alive on 1 April 1968 was assessed by linkage to the Danish Cancer Registry. All staff had been monitored with film dosimeters for exposure to radiation. The study cohort consisted of 4151 persons, accruing 49553 person-years at risk. The collective radiation dose was 76.54 manSv and the mean dose 18.4 mSv. A total of 163 cancer cases were observed with 152.3 expected. The risks for cancers usually considered to be radiogenic were not elevated. A significant excess of prostatic cancer was observed (five cases, relative risk, 6.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.94–14.06); this is likely to be a chance finding. No relation was observed between radiation dose or years of exposure and cancer risk, but a weak non-significant increase in risk with time since first exposure was seen.
Spinal intradural hydatid cyst in a child
Authors: Akhan Okan , Dinçer Alp , Saatçi Işil , Gülekon Nadir , Besim Aytekin 
Published: July 2009

Hydatid disease is an infestation by the larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus. In man, the liver and lungs are the organs most frequently involved. In the spinal column, hydatid disease usually begins in the vertebral body. Extension into the spinal canal results in spinal cord compression. Intradural hydatid cyst is extremely rare compared with the other types of spinal hydatid lesions (Rayport et al, 1964; Ley & Marti, 1970; Pamir et al, 1984).
A 6-year-old boy was admitted to hospital because of progressive paraplegia, which had started 2 months previously. He was said to have lost bladder and bowel control in the last few weeks. Physical examination revealed marked reduction in the motor power of the lower limbs. There was bilateral clonus, a positive Babinski's sign and hyperactivity of the deep tendon reflexes at the lower extremities.
Positioning for plain spinal radiography producing paraplegia in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Upadhyay S. S. , Ho E. K. W. , Hsu L. C. S. 
Published: July 2009

In the later stages of ankylosing spondylitis the spine is prone to fracture even with minor trauma (Resnick & Niwayama, 1988), because it is rigid, deformed and osteoporotic. Following a trivial injury the patient usually complains of mild back pain. The radiographic findings may not be helpful as the quality of radiographs is often poor owing to severe osteoporosis. A misdiagnosis is not uncommon, nor is the development of neurological symptoms due to displacement of previous fractures. As far as we know, no case has been reported where the patient becomes paraplegic while being positioned for plain radiographs of the spine. We report such a case.
A female aged 75 years with a history of ankylosing spondylitis for over 40 years consulted a local “bonesetter” for back pain a few days after a minor incident when she twisted her back at home. While positioning her for plain radiographs of the spine a crack was heard and she developed weakness in both lower limbs, and was unable to walk. She also became incontinent of urine.
Three months later the patient was referred to the Duchess of Kent Children's Hospital at Sandy Bay, Hong Kong. Clinical examination revealed a localized tenderness over the midlumbar area of her kypho-scoliotic spine. She had impaired sensation in both lower limbs. The motor power was MRC grade 0 for hip and knee muscles, and grade 1 for ankle and foot muscles. Knee and ankle tendon reflexes were absent.
The extrapleural fat in empyema: CT appearance
Authors: Takasugi Julie E. , Godwin J. David , Teefey Sharlene A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Pleural empyema can be accompanied by changes in the adjacent chest wall. We examined the chest wall on computed tomographic scans in 24 patients with pleural effusions. Eighteen patients had pleural empyema and six had transudative effusions. Of the 18 empyema patients, 13 had abnormally high attenuation in the extrapleural tissues. In 12 of these 13, the high attenuation was probably caused by reaction to the pleural infection. In two, it was probably caused by haematoma (one patient had haematoma and empyema). In five patients there was either no clear abnormality in the extrapleural space or an insufficient amount of fat to permit detection of an abnormality, or the parietal pleura could not be distinguished from the pleural fluid because intravenous contrast medium was not given. Of the six patients with proven transudative pleural effusions, all had extrapleural fat which appeared normal. Abnormally high attenuation in the extrapleural tissues can be expected to accompany exudative pleural effusion, particularly empyema, but not transudative effusion.
Organ doses received by atomic bomb survivors during radiological examinations at the Radiation Effects Research Foundation
Authors: Kato Kazuo , Antoku Shigetoshi , Sawada Shozo , Russell Walter J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
When evaluating the risks of oncogenesis and cancer mortality following exposure to the radiations of the atomic bombs (A-bombs), the medical X-ray doses received by the A-bomb survivors must also be estimated and considered. Using a human phantom, dosimetry was performed to estimate the X-ray doses received by A-bomb survivors during medical examinations at the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) as part of the long-term follow-up on the Adult Health Study (AHS). These examinations have been estimated to represent nearly 45% of the survivors' cumulative medical irradiation dose. Doses to the salivary glands, thyroid gland, lung, breast, stomach and colon were measured using thermoluminescent dosemeters. The results, which are reported here, will aid in estimating organ doses received by individual AHS participants.
Organ doses to atomic bomb survivors during photofluorography, fluoroscopy and computed tomography
Authors: Kato Kazuo , Antoku Shigetoshi , Sawada Shozo , Wada Takuro , Russell Walter J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Doses to the salivary glands, thyroid gland, breast, lung, stomach and colon during mass radiological gastric screening, mass radiographic chest screening, upper gastrointestinal series and computed tomography were determined by exposing a female human phantom to simulated radiological X-ray examinations as performed in community hospitals. The doses were measured using thermoluminescent dosemeters, and the results will be used to document organ doses received by participants in the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission/Radiation Effects Research Foundation Adult Health Study.
Strontium-89 chloride for pain palliation in prostatic skeletal malignancy
Authors: Laing A. H. , Ackery D. M. , Bayly R. J. , Buchanan R. B. , Lewington V. J. , McEwan A. J. B. , Macleod P. M. , Zivanovic M. A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In a multi-centre study strontium-89 was shown to be effective in relieving bone pain from prostatic carcinoma in patients who had failed conventional therapies. Of 83 patients assessed at 3 months, following the administration of a dose of at least 1.5 MBq/kg, 75% derived benefit and 22% became pain free. Symptomatic improvement usually occurred within 6 weeks and continued for between 4 and 15 months (mean 6 months). Based on the dose estimation part of this study the recommended dose of strontium-89 is 150 MBq. Toxicity was low, provided platelet levels were above 100 × 1091−1 at the time of treatment. Repeat treatments with strontium-89 may be given at intervals of not less than 3 months. Strontium-89 is administered intravenously on an out-patient basis with no special radiological protection precautions.
Measuring the filtration of mammographic X-ray tubes with molybdenum targets
Authors: Cranley Kieran 
Published: July 2009

The method employed in this work, to estimate the filtration of mammographic X-ray sets, makes use of the measurement of the half-value layer (HVL) of the X-ray beam, which is filtered by the air path, the X-ray tube window, an added molybdenum filter and a known thickness of Perspex. Sets of data have been calculated that relate the measured HVL to the added molybdenum filter thickness. The mammographic X-ray sets included in this study were all Siemens Mammomat 2 type, which have molybdenum targets and molybdenum filters and the compression plates employed have a Perspex equivalence of about 1 mm or 2 mm. The kilovoltage is produced by a high-frequency generator and has a nominally constant potential waveform.
It is often necessary to determine the HVL of mammographic X-ray sets, for two different reasons: (a) measurement of mean glandular breast dose (Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine (IPSM), 1989), and (b) determination of total filtration by the HVL method. The estimation of total filtration of X-ray tubes with tungsten targets has previously been given some attention by the author (Cranley & Fogarty, 1988). In addition, errors in the HVL method have been analysed (Gilmore & Cranley, 1990).
The IPSM method of estimating breast dose has become widely adopted by physicists involved in the NHS Breast Screening Programme. The method involves the determination of both incident air kerma (for correct exposure of a phantom representing the standard breast) and HVL of the incident X-ray beam. The compression device should be in position for these measurements, to satisfy the standard breast conditions.
It is necessary, therefore, to have the compression device in position during the measurement of the HVL. The requirement to estimate the filtration of the mammographic X-ray beam comes from the International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) (1982), which recommends that the total permanent filtration should be equivalent to at least 0.5 mm aluminium or 0.03 mm molybdenum. This implies that the total filtration should be estimated with removable filters, such as the compression plate, excluded.
The current method allows the HVL to be measured
Post-mastectomy lymphangiosarcoma (Stewart-Treves syndrome): report of two long-term survivals
Authors: Kaufmann Thomas , Chu Florence , Kaufman Richard 
Published: July 2009

Lymphangiosarcoma is one of the rarest forms of soft tissue neoplasms. Lowenstein (1906) was the first to report this entity in a patient with chronic post-traumatic upper extremity lymphoedema. However, it was not until Stewart and Treves (1948) described the development of this malignancy in a post-mastectomy oedematous extremity that this syndrome, which carries their name, became widely recognized.
The tumour is highly malignant and usually arises in a lymphoedematous upper extremity of a patient treated for carcinoma of the breast. It has been well established that lymphangiosarcomas are not directly related to breast cancer (Aegerter & Peale, 1942). The common denominator is the lymphoedema and, therefore, other causes of chronic lymphoedema may lead to the development of this vascular sarcoma (Taswell et al, 1962). Indeed, this disease has occurred in congenital (Dubin et al, 1974), idiopathic, traumatic and filarial lymphoedema (Devi & Bahuleyan, 1977). The pathogenesis of these unusual tumours remain uncertain. Stewart and Treves (1948) believed that a systemic carcinogen was involved in the etiology. Martorell (1951) suggested that the lymphoedema may be tumour inducing while Schreiber etal (1979) postulated that local immunodeficiency was the causative factor.
Histologically these tumours consist of large vascular cavities lined with plump, spindle-shaped endothelial cells containing large nuclei and prominent nucleoli. Some areas may exhibit solid sheets of spindle cells (Silverberg et al, 1971). Immunohistochemistry may prove to be quite useful; factor VIII-AG is the most utilized marker for vascular differentitation (Mukai et al, 1980).
A comparison of semiconductor and thermoluminescent dosemeters for in vivo dosimetry
Authors: Aukett R. J. 
Published: July 2009

When making in vivo measurements, particularly of doses to patients undergoing total body irradiation, considerable differences are often found between the results obtained using semiconductors and thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLD) (Naudy, 1981; Aukett, 1985; Welsh & Stedeford, 1986, personal communication).
The variation in sensitivity of lithium fluoride with dose and with photon energy was established when the use of the material was first suggested (Cameron et al, 1961) and is now well known (Fowler & Attix, 1966; McKinlay, 1981).
Variations with dose-rate have been observed for semiconductor detectors (Lavin, 1968; Grüssel & Rikner, 1984). The response of semiconductor detectors also varies with photon energy (Wright & Gager, 1977; Dixon & Ekstrand, 1982; Johansson, 1982; Rikner, 1985). Corresponding variations in sensitivity with depth might be observed for both thermoluminescent and semiconductor dosemeters. Such effects have already been observed for different types of semiconductor detectors (Gager et al, 1977; Rikner & Grüssel, 1983).
In order to investigate this possibility the two types of detector were compared with an ionization chamber at a series of depths including both build-up and build-down regions. Measurements of the variation in sensitivity with dose and dose-rate were also made so that these could be eliminated from the results. The 6 MV linear accelerator used at this centre for total body irradiation was used throughout.
The semiconductors used were Therados type EDP 10 used in conjunction with a DPD 5 dose monitor.