bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of medium/ω-6 long chain triglyceride-based emulsion on leucocyte death and inflammatory gene expression
Authors: Cury-Boaventura M F , Gorjão R , Martins de Lima T , Fiamoncini J , Godoy A B P , Deschamphs F C , Soriano F G , Curi R 
Published: June 2011

Summary
Lipid emulsion (LE) containing medium/ω-6 long chain triglyceride-based emulsion (MCT/ω-6 LCT LE) has been recommended in the place of ω-6 LCT-based emulsion to prevent impairment of immune function. The impact of MCT/ω-6 LCT LE on lymphocyte and neutrophil death and expression of genes related to inflammation was investigated. Seven volunteers were recruited and infusion of MCT/ω-6 LCT LE was performed for 6 h. Four volunteers received saline and no change was found. Blood samples were collected before, immediately afterwards and 18 h after LE infusion. Lymphocytes and neutrophils were studied immediately after isolation and after 24 and 48 h in culture. The following determinations were carried out: plasma-free fatty acids, triacylglycerol and cholesterol concentrations, plasma fatty acid composition, neutral lipid accumulation in lymphocytes and neutrophils, signs of lymphocyte and neutrophil death and lymphocyte expression of genes related to inflammation. MCT/ω-6 LCT LE induced lymphocyte and neutrophil death. The mechanism for MCT/ω-6 LCT LE-dependent induction of leucocyte death may involve changes in neutral lipid content and modulation of expression of genes related to cell death, proteolysis, cell signalling, inflammatory response, oxidative stress and transcription.
Male ornament size in a passerine predicts the inhibitory effect of testosterone on macrophage phagocytosis
Authors: Gil Diego , Culver Renée 
Published: June 2011

Summary1. The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ICHH) proposes that androgen‐induced immunosuppression is the mechanism that restricts the expression of exaggerated male ornaments to superior males. Numerous tests of this hypothesis have been conducted on the humoral and cell‐mediated components of immunity, with mixed results. Surprisingly, no study so far has addressed whether macrophage phagocytosis, a basic immune function, plays a role in the ICHH.2. We tested whether the ornament size of male spotless starlings (Sturnus unicolor) is a predictor of in vitro macrophage phagocytosis. We found that a moderate physiological concentration of testosterone (T) induced strong phagocytic inhibition. We found no relationship between ornament size and phagocytic activity in basal conditions.3. Basal phagocytosis was not significantly predicted by ornament size or original testosterone levels. Contrary to expectations, phagocytosis under a moderate T concentration was negatively related to ornament size. Furthermore, a nonsignificant trend for original T concentration to negatively affect T‐medium phagocytosis was also found.4. Our results provide support to the ICCH and suggest that males with exaggerated ornaments and high T concentrations may counteract the inhibitory action of testosterone by some compensatory mechanism. Possible candidates include the presence of immunoenhancing substances, such as melatonin or antioxidants, or differential receptor activity. These mechanisms should be evaluated when testing the reliability of the ICCH in wild populations.
Bayesian state‐space model of fin whale abundance trends from a 1991–2008 time series of line‐transect surveys in the California Current
Authors: Moore Jeffrey E. , Barlow Jay 
Published: June 2011

Summary1.Estimating temporal trends in animal abundance is central to ecology and conservation, but obtaining useful trend estimates is challenging when animal detection rates vary across surveys (e.g. because of differences in observers or conditions). Methods exist for obtaining abundance estimates using capture–recapture and distance sampling protocols, but only recently have some of these been extended to allow direct estimation of abundance trends when detection rates vary. Extensions to distance sampling for >2 surveys have not yet been demonstrated.2.We demonstrate a Bayesian approach for estimating abundance and population trends, using a time series of line‐transect data for endangered fin whalesBalaenoptera physalusoff the west coast of the United States. We use a hierarchical model to partition state and observation processes. Population density is modelled as a function of covariates and random process terms, while observed counts are modelled as an overdispersed Poisson process with rates estimated as a function of population density and detection probability, which is modelled using distance sampling theory. We used Deviance Information Criteria to make multi‐model inference about abundance and trend estimates.3.Bayesian posterior distributions for trend parameters provide strong evidence of increasing fin whale abundance in the California Current study area from 1991 to 2008, while individual abundance estimates during survey years were considerably more precise than previously reported estimates using the same data. Assuming no change in underlying population dynamics, we predict continued increases in fin whale numbers over the next decade. Our abundance projections account for both sampling error in parameter estimates and process variance in annual abundance about the mean trend.4.Synthesis and applications.Bayesian hierarchical modelling offers numerous benefits for analysing animal abundance trends. In our case, these included its implicit handling of sampling covariance, flexibility to accommodate random effects and covariates, ability to compare trend models of different functional forms and ability to partition sampling and process error to make predictions. Ultimately, by placing distance sampling within a more general hierarchical framework, we obtained more precise abundance estimates and an inference about fin whale trends that would have otherwise been difficult.
What factors influence the prevalence and accuracy of nursing diagnoses documentation in clinical practice? A systematic literature review
Authors: Paans Wolter , Nieweg Roos MB , van der Schans Cees P , Sermeus Walter 
Published: June 2011

Aim. To identify what determinants influence the prevalence and accuracy of nursing diagnosis documentation in clinical practice.Background. Nursing diagnoses guide and direct nursing care. They are the foundation for goal setting and provide the basis for interventions. The literature mentions several factors that influences nurses’ documentation of diagnoses, such as a nurse’s level of education, patient’s condition and the ward environment.Design. Systematic review.Method. MEDLINE and CINAHL databases were searched using the following headings and keywords: nursing diagnosis, nursing documentation, hospitals, influence, utilisation, quality, implementation and accuracy. The search was limited to articles published between 1995–October 2009. Studies were only selected if they were written in English and were primary studies addressing factors that influence nursing diagnosis documentation.Results. In total, 24 studies were included. Four domains of factors that influence the prevalence and accuracy of diagnoses documentation were found: (1) the nurse as a diagnostician, (2) diagnostic education and resources, (3) complexity of a patient’s situation and (4) hospital policy and environment.Conclusion. General factors, which influence decision‐making, and nursing documentation and specific factors, which influence the prevalence and accuracy of nursing diagnoses documentation, need to be distinguished. To support nurses in documenting their diagnoses accurately, we recommend taking a comprehensive perspective on factors that influence diagnoses documentation. A conceptual model of determinants that influence nursing diagnoses documentation, as presented in this study, may be helpful as a reference for nurse managers and nurse educators.Relevance to clinical practice. This review gives hospital management an overview of determinants for possible quality improvements in nursing diagnoses documentation that needs to be undertaken in clinical practice.
Sudden informal caregivers: the lived experience of informal caregivers after an unexpected event
Authors: Pereira Helder Rocha , Rebelo Botelho Maria Antónia 
Published: June 2011

Aim.  The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand the lived experience of individuals taking on the role of informal adult caregivers after an unexpected event involving a relative.Background.  The literature on the development of the role of informal caregivers widely recognises that protecting and promoting the quality of life of caregivers should be a priority for health professionals. However, knowledge about how individuals develop as sudden caregivers is scarce, with existing knowledge centring mainly on the physical aspects of caregiving. What it means to become a caregiver or to experience role redefinition remains largely unclear.Design.  Hermeneutic phenomenology provided the framework that guided this study.Methods.  Unstructured interviews were used for collecting data. We used Van Manen’s approach to analyse data and to reveal themes. Reflexivity and collaborative analysis were used to address rigour.Results.  From caregivers’ interviews (n = 14), four main themes were identified: losing control over time, feeling alone, failing expectations and taking over someone else’s life.Conclusions.  The caregiving experience is characterised as a transition process or a period of ongoing focussing and de‐focussing. The extent to which caregivers feel connected with others, redefine their personal use of time and feel comfortable with their new responsibilities indicates how they are managing this transition and how well they are achieving balance in their new role, i.e. from feeling ‘exclusively’ a caregiver to being ‘also’ a caregiver.Relevance to clinical practice.  Facilitating successful transitions is within the scope of the role of professional nurses. Information about the meaning that caregivers attribute to their experience – relationships, options and strategies – is crucial, as it will help nurses to plan, assess and design adequate nursing interventions to support informal caregivers, especially in unexpected situations.
Trapping spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with combinations of vinegar and wine, and acetic acid and ethanol
Authors: Landolt P. J. , Adams T. , Rogg H. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRecommendations for monitoring spotted wing drosophila (SWD) Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) are to use either vinegar or wine as a bait for traps. Traps baited with vinegar and traps baited with wine, in field tests in northwest Oregon, captured large numbers of male and female SWD flies. Numbers of SWD trapped were significantly greater with a mixture of vinegar and wine compared with vinegar alone or wine alone. Attraction of SWD to vinegar and wine may be due in part to responses to acetic acid and ethanol evaporated from the two baits, respectively. Numbers of SWD captured in traps baited with 2% acetic acid in water were significantly greater than in unbaited traps, indicating a fly response to acetic acid. Very few flies were captured in traps baited with 10% ethanol in water. Traps baited with a combination of acetic acid and ethanol in water captured more SWD flies than traps baited with acetic acid or ethanol solutions alone. These results indicate a synergy of the two materials, and of the two chemicals, as lures for SWD. A comparison of a mixture of acetic acid with ethanol in water versus a mixture of vinegar with wine showed stronger fly attraction to the vinegar/wine mixture, indicating potential attractiveness of vinegar and wine volatiles in addition to acetic acid and ethanol.
Measuring antibiotic prescribing in hospitalised children in resource‐poor countries: A systematic review
Authors: Irwin Adam , Sharland Mike 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAntibiotic resistance represents a significant threat to global health. Widespread exposure to antibiotics drives the development of antibiotic resistance. Little is known about the exposure to antibiotics of hospitalised children, particularly in resource‐poor countries where the burden of infectious disease is highest. The review sought to identify original research quantifying antibiotic use in hospitalised children in resource countries. The methods used were: A systematic search of the MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, LILACS and African Index Medicus databases. Eighteen papers were identified and the methodology varied considerably. Only seven used a recognised defined daily dose (DDD) methodology. The studies reveal a high exposure of hospitalised children to antibiotics. With the exception of data from China, the studies were limited by their design. Limited evidence of the variation in drug, dose and total exposure to antibiotic use in hospitalised children in resource‐poor countries exists. An international network of surveillance of both antimicrobial prescribing and resistance using a simple standardised methodology in this context remains an important goal. A simplified paediatric version of the adult DDD methodology is required to allow international comparison between populations.
The Doppler cerebroplacental ratio predicts non‐reassuring fetal status in intrauterine growth restricted fetuses at term
Authors: Murata Susumu , Nakata Masahiko , Sumie Masahiro , Sugino Norihiro 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAim:  To investigate whether cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) can be a useful marker to predict non‐reassuring fetal status (NRFS) in small for gestational age (SGA) infants at term.Material and Methods:  Three hundred and nine singleton SGA infants delivered between 37 and 41 weeks of gestation were included in this study. SGA infants were defined as birthweight less than 10th percentile for gestational age. Doppler measurements were recorded once a week until delivery. The incidence of NRFS or an emergency cesarean delivery, and relationship between CPR and NRFS in SGA infants were compared with appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants at term, and a receiver–operator characteristics curve analysis was performed.Results:  The incidences of NRFS was significantly higher in SGA (27.8%) infants compared with in AGA infants (18.0%), and the rate of emergency cesarean delivery was significantly higher in SGA (14.6%) infants compared with AGA infants (8.3%). CPR was obtained from 63 SGA infants, and 16 out of 63 cases (25.4%) resulted in NRFS. The infants complicated with NRFS showed significantly lower CPR values compared with those without NRFS (1.05 ± 0.2 vs 1.23 ± 0.2, P = 0.013), while middle cerebral artery resistance index and ‘umbilical artery resistance index were not statistically different between the two groups. A cut‐off value of CPR 1.1 based on the receiver–operator characteristics curve provided the best combination with 62.5% sensitivity and 74.5% specificity to predict NRFS occurrence.Conclusions:  The SGA infants complicated with NRFS showed significantly lower CPR values compared with those without NRFS.
Acute kidney injury complicating septic unsafe abortion: Clinical course and treatment outcomes of 44 cases
Authors: Srinil Sukanya , Panaput Thanachai 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAim:  The aim of this study was to present the clinical course and treatment outcomes of patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) after septic unsafe abortion.Material and Methods:  Medical records of patients with AKI after septic unsafe abortion admitted at Khon Kaen Hospital between January 2003 and December 2009 were reviewed.Results:  Forty‐four patients with an average age of 24.3 years were included and 25% were teenage girls. The most common method of induced abortion was transvaginal chemical injection (81.8%). One patient had a hysterectomy due to severe peritonitis and sepsis that was not responsive to medical treatment. AKI developed on day 4.5 ± 3.6 with the range of onset 1–14 days after induced abortion. Oliguric AKI was present in 70.4% of patients with the mean duration of oliguria of 7.4 ± 5 days. Seventeen patients required dialysis. The mortality rate was 9%. The average duration of recovery from AKI was 24.8 ± 16.6 days.Conclusions:  Conservative treatment of AKI‐related septic unsafe abortion was dialysis without hysterectomy. The treatment results were minimal morbidity and mortality. Conservative management may be a better alternative to hysterectomy for the treatment of septic unsafe abortion with AKI. However the current study was a retrospective study, and we were not able to obtain certain follow‐up data, such as fertility outcomes after recovery. Therefore, further study of these issues should be considered.
Experience managing postpartum hemorrhage at Minia University Maternity Hospital, Egypt: No mortality using external aortic compression
Authors: Soltan Mohamed H. , Sadek Refaat R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAim:  To compare maternal mortality and morbidity due to postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) at Minia University Maternity Hospital, El‐Minia, Egypt, before and while external aortic compression was applied as an adjunct intervention, and to identify the effect of aortic compression.Methods:  The obstetric data and outcomes of women with PPH were compared for the period 1999 through 2007, when only a regular PPH management protocol was followed, and for 2008 through 2009, when external aortic compression was applied before initiating the protocol. The El‐Minia aortic compression device (EACD) was used in 2008 and the manual aortic compression maneuver (MACM) in 2009. Outcomes and treatment measures were analyzed by the ×2 test and multivariate regression.Results:  During the first period, PPH annually caused 1–6 deaths and 22–31 severe conditions, such as acute renal failure, loss of consciousness, anemia persisting after treatment, postpartum infection, or the need for a hysterectomy. The incidence of PPH declined from 4.6% in 1999 to 0.9% at the end of the study. In 2008 and 2009, there were no deaths due to PPH and only four complications were recorded in each of these two years. Regression analysis identified aortic compression as the second most effective measure preventing severe shock and death, with blood transfusions being the first. The almost similar results reached with the EACD and MACM allow a choice, but fewer units of blood were needed following application of the device.Conclusions:  Including the EACD and MACM in the regular management protocol may improve the outcome of severe PPH.
Comparison of vaginal misoprostol tablets and prostaglandin E2 gel for the induction of labor in premature rupture of membranes at term: A randomized comparative trial
Authors: Chaudhuri Snehamay , Mitra Sankar Nath , Banerjee Pradip Kumar , Biswas Pranab Kumar , Bhattacharyya Sudipta 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAim:  To compare immediate induction with vaginal misoprostol tablets and immediate induction with vaginal dinoprostone (naturally occurring prostaglandin E2[PGE2]) gel in women with premature rupture of membranes (PROM) at term.Methods:  Two hundred and twelve women with PROM at term were assigned randomly to receive either an intravaginal 25 µg misoprostol tablet, 4‐hourly, with a maximum of five doses, or 0.5 mg intravaginal PGE2 gel, 6‐hourly, with a maximum of two doses. The primary outcome measures were the admission‐to‐delivery interval and the induction‐to‐delivery interval. Secondary outcomes included cesarean section rate, mode of delivery, and maternal and neonatal safety outcome. Results were calculated applying Fisher's exact test, χ2‐test, t‐test and calculating the P‐value using an alpha level of 0.05 for Type I errors.Results:  The mean time from admission to delivery was 13.53 h in the misoprostol group and 12.30 h in the PGE2 group (P = 0.090). The induction‐to‐delivery interval was also comparable between the groups (10.75 h vs 9.37 h), while the cesarean section rate did not differ significantly between them (7.61% vs 15.30%). More women in the misoprostol group had an instrumental delivery (12.38% vs 2.94%). The only significant difference in neonatal outcome was a greater number of babies born with Apgar score < 7 at 1 min in the misoprostol group. Maternal outcomes were not significantly different, except for a higher number of digital vaginal examinations in the misoprostol group.Conclusion:  Vaginal misoprostol is equally efficacious in labor induction and demonstrates a similar fetal and maternal safety profile to PGE2 gel.
Anabolic steroids and male infertility: a comprehensive review
Authors: de Souza Guilherme Leme , Hallak Jorge 
Published: June 2011

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?The negative impact of AAS abuse on male fertility is well known by urologists. The secondary hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is often highlighted when AAS and fertility are being discussed. On the other hand, the patterns of use, mechanisms of action and direct effects over the testicle are usually overseen. The present study reviews the vast formal and “underground” culture of AAS, as well as their overall implications. Specific considerations about their impact on the male reproductive system are made, with special attention to the recent data on direct damage to the testicle. To our knowledge this kind of overview is absolutely unique, offering a distinguished set of information to the day‐by‐day urologists.For several decades, testosterone and its synthetic derivatives have been used with anabolic and androgenic purposes. Initially, these substances were restricted to professional bodybuilders, becoming gradually more popular among recreational power athletes. Currently, as many as 3 million anabolic‐androgenic steroids (AAS) users have been reported in the United States, and considering its increasing prevalence, it has become an issue of major concern. Infertility is defined as the failure to achieve a successful pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected intercourse, with male factor being present in up to 50% of all infertile couples. Several conditions may be related to male infertility. Substance abuse, including AAS, is commonly associated to transient or persistent impairment on male reproductive function, through different pathways. Herein, a brief overview on AAS, specially oriented to urologists, is offered. Steroids biochemistry, patterns of use, physiological and clinical issues are enlightened. A further review about fertility outcomes among male AAS abusers is also presented, including the classic reports on transient axial inhibition, and the more recent experimental reports on structural and genetic sperm damage.