bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review article: influenza A (H1N1) virus in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: RAHIER J.‐F. , YAZDANPANAH Y. , VIGET N. , TRAVIS S. , COLOMBEL J.‐F. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryBackground  Infection with influenza A (H1N1)v (swine flu) has caused widespread anxiety, among patients who are potentially immunocompromised, such as those being treated for inflammatory bowel disease.Aim  To provide guidance for physicians and their patients on the risk, prevention and management of influenza A (H1N1)v infection.Methods  Medline was searched using the following key words: ‘swine flu’, ‘immunosuppression’, inflammatory bowel disease’, ‘recommendations’, ‘immunization’, ‘vaccination’. Organizations such as European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization were consulted for recent papers and recommendations regarding immunocompromised patients and influenza A (H1N1)v infection.Results  Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus predominantly affects young patients. Those who are immunocompromised because of underlying disease or treatment are considered at higher risk of complications from influenza A (H1N1). They should be offered prevention (vaccination, postexposure prophylaxis) or treatment with antiviral drugs, if affected. Pneumococcal infection is a complication of influenza infection; therefore, pneumococcal vaccination appears advisable. Seasonal influenza vaccination is also recommended. Withdrawal of immunosuppressive treatment appears advisable during severe active infection if possible.Conclusions  Pragmatic advice is the best that can be offered in the current circumstances because of paucity of evidence. Investigation into the impact of influenza A (H1N1)v infection in young people with chronic conditions is needed.
A computerized system for detecting signals due to drug–drug interactions in spontaneous reporting systems
Authors: Qian Yifeng , Ye Xiaofei , Du Wenmin , Ren Jingtian , Sun Yalin , Wang Hainan , Luo Baozhang , Gao Qingbin , Wu Meijing , He Jia 
Published: October 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THE SUBJECT • Concomitant use of different drugs may yield excessive risk for adverse drug reactions and it is a challenging task to do surveillance on the safety profile of the interaction between different drugs.• Currently, several methods are used by pharmacoepidemiologists and statisticians to detect possible drug–drug interactions in spontaneous reporting systems.• However, with the increasing number of reports in the system, there is a growing need for a computerized system that could facilitate the process of data arrangement and detection of drug interaction. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • We had already developed a computerized system to detect adverse drug reaction signals due to single drugs.• After the development of this system, interaction between different drugs could also be detected automatically and intelligently.AIMS In spontaneous reporting systems (SRS), there is a growing need for the automated detection of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) resulting from drug–drug interactions. In addition, special attention is also needed for systems facilitating automated data preprocessing. In our study, we set up a computerized system to signal possible drug–drug interactions by which data acquisition and signal detection could be carried out automatically and the process of data preprocessing could also be facilitated.METHODS This system was developed with Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 and Microsoft Access was used as the database. Crude ADR reports submitted to Shanghai SRS from January 2007 to December 2008 were included in this study. The logistic regression method, the Ω shrinkage measure method, an additive model and a multiplicative model were used for automatic detection of drug–drug interactions where two drugs were used concomitantly.RESULTS A total of 33 897 crude ADR reports were acquired from the SRS automatically. The 10 drug combinations most frequently reported were found and the 10 most suspicious drug–drug ADR combinations for each method were detected automatically after the performance of the system.CONCLUSIONS Since the detection of drug–drug interaction depends upon the skills and memory of the professionals involved, is time consuming and the number of reports is increasing, this system might be a promising tool for the automated detection of possible drug–drug interactions in SRS.
Population pharmacokinetic analysis of cilostazol in healthy subjects with genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A5, CYP2C19 andABCB1
Authors: Yoo Hee‐Doo , Cho Hea‐Young , Lee Yong‐Bok 
Published: October 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• The interindividual variability of the pharmacokinetic parameters of cilostazol is relatively large.• Cilostazol undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism via the P450 enzymes, primarily CYP3A and, to a lesser extent, CYP2C19.• Indeed, <1% of the administered dose of cilostazol is excreted unchanged in the urine.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• A population pharmacokinetic analysis of cilostazol was conducted to evaluate the impact of CYP3A, CYP2C19 andABCB1polymorphisms on cilostazol dispositionin vivo.• Genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A5 and CYP2C19 explain the substantial interindividual variability in the pharmacokinetics of cilostazol.• ABCB1genotypes do not to appear to be associated with the disposition of cilostazol.AIMSTo investigate the influence of genetic polymorphisms in the CYP3A5, CYP2C19 andABCB1genes on the population pharmacokinetics of cilostazol in healthy subjects.METHODSSubjects who participated in four separate cilostazol bioequivalence studies with the same protocols were included in this retrospective analysis. One hundred and four healthy Korean volunteers were orally administered a single 50‐ or 100‐mg dose of cilostazol. We estimated the population pharmacokinetics of cilostazol using a nonlinear mixed effects modelling (nonmem) method and explored the possible influence of genetic polymorphisms in CYP3A (CYP3A5*3), CYP2C19 (CYP2C19*2andCYP2C19*3) andABCB1(C1236T, G2677T/A and C3435T) on the population pharmacokinetics of cilostazol.RESULTSA two‐compartment model with a first‐order absorption and lag time described the cilostazol serum concentrations well. The apparent oral clearance (CL/F) was estimated to be 12.8 l h−1. The volumes of the central and the peripheral compartment were characterized as 20.5 l and 73.1 l, respectively. Intercompartmental clearance was estimated at 5.6 l h−1. Absorption rate constant was estimated at 0.24 h−1and lag time was predicted at 0.57 h. The genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A5 had a significant (P< 0.001) influence on the CL/Fof cilostazol. When CYP2C19 was evaluated, a significant difference (P< 0.01) was observed among the three genotypes (extensive metabolizers, intermediate metabolizers and poor metabolizers) for the CL/F. In addition, a combination of CYP3A5 and CYP2C19 genotypes was found to be associated with a significant difference (P< 0.005) in the CL/F. When including these genotypes, the interindividual variability of the CL/Fwas reduced from 34.1% in the base model to 27.3% in the final model. However, no significant differences between theABCB1genotypes and cilostazol pharmacokinetic parameters were observed.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the present study indicate that CYP3A5 and CYP2C19 polymorphisms explain the substantial interindividual variability that occurs in the metabolism of cilostazol.
Effects of oral clotrimazole troches on the pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous midazolam
Authors: Shord Stacy S. , Chan Lingtak‐Neander , Camp Joseph R. , Vasquez Eva M. , Jeong Hyun‐Young , Molokie Robert E. , Baum Charles L. , Xie Hui 
Published: October 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Clotrimazole troches are commonly used as prophylaxis for thrush that may develop in immunocompromised patients.• Conflicting data suggest that clotrimazole may induce or inhibit cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS?• We have demonstrated that clotrimazole increased the area under the concentration–time curve and decreased the apparent oral clearance of midazolam following oral administration without affecting the pharmacokinetic properties of midazolam after intravenous administration.• These data permit the suggestion that clotrimazole may cause clinically relevant changes in the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of concurrently administered oral CYP3A substrates that undergo significant first‐pass metabolism in this patient population.AIMSThe aim of the study was to determine the effects of oral clotrimazole troches on the pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous midazolam in the plasma.METHODSWe conducted a randomized, open‐label, four‐way crossover study in 10 healthy volunteers. Each volunteer received oral midazolam 2 mg or intravenous midazolam 0.025 mg kg−1with and without oral clotrimazole troches 10 mg taken three times daily for 5 days. Each study period was separated by 14 days. Serial blood samples were collected up to 24 h after oral midazolam and 6 h after intravenous midazolam. Plasma concentrations for midazolam and its metabolite 1‐hydroxymidazolam were measured and fitted to a noncompartmental model to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters.RESULTSTen healthy volunteers aged 21–26 years provided written informed consent and were enrolled into the study. Clotrimazole decreased the apparent oral clearance of midazolam from 57 ± 13 l h−1[95% confidence interval 48, 66] to 36 ± 9.8 l h−1(95% confidence interval 29, 43) (P= 0.003). These changes were accompanied by a decrease in the area under the concentration–time curve (mean difference 22 µg h−1 l−1,P= 0.001) and bioavailability (mean difference 0.21,P= NS). There were no significant differences in the systemic clearance of midazolam with or without clotrimazole troches.CONCLUSIONSOral clotrimazole troches decreased the apparent oral clearance of midazolam; no significant differences in the systemic clearance of midazolam were found.
Is there an anti‐inflammatory effect of statins in rheumatoid arthritis? Analysis of a large routinely collected claims database
Authors: Lodi Sara , Evans Stephen J. W. , Egger Peter , Carpenter James 
Published: October 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • The increasing evidence of the anti‐inflammatory action of statins has stimulated interest in whether these might be beneficial in disease management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic diseases characterized by high levels of inflammation.• The TARA trial (McCarey 2004) suggested a significant reduction in disease activity outcomes in RA patients randomized to atorvastatin compared with those assigned to the placebo harm.• However, as the signal reported by the trial was small, more evidence is needed. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS • We investigated the possible anti‐inflammatory effect of statins in a cohort of RA patients using a large health insurance claims database.• To our knowledge, this is the largest study ever conducted on the anti‐inflammatory effects of statins.• Our data do not show any beneficial effect of statins in reducing disease inflammation in RA patients.AIM To investigate the possible anti‐inflammatory effect of statins in a cohort of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.METHODS We conducted a cohort study consisting of all patients with at least one claim for RA using LifeLink, a health insurance claims database. Initiation and cessation of oral steroid (OS) therapy were treated as surrogate for inflammatory flare‐up and controlled inflammation, respectively. We split the RA patients into two sub‐cohorts based on whether they were using OS within a specified time window of the RA index date (first recorded claim for RA in the database). Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the association between time‐varying exposure to any statins and (i) initiation of OS therapy in the non‐users of OS at RA index date and (ii) cessation of OS therapy in the users of OS at RA index date controlling for potential confounders.RESULTS We found 31 451 non‐users of OS at RA index date and 6026 users of OS within the time window at RA index date. The results on both sub‐cohorts were both consistent with no association of statin exposure with the risk of initiation/cessation of OS: the hazard ratio (HR) of initiating OS therapy was 0.96 (95% confidence interval 0.9, 1.01) in the sub‐cohort of non‐users and the HR of cessation of OS therapy was 0.95 (0.87, 1.05) in the sub‐cohort of users of OS therapy at RA diagnosis.CONCLUSIONS These data do not show any beneficial effect of statins in reducing disease inflammation in RA patients.
Advances in the understanding of acquired haemophilia A: implications for clinical practice
Authors: Collins Peter W. , Percy Charles L. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryAcquired haemophilia A is an auto‐immune disease caused by an inhibitory antibody to factor VIII. Patients with an acquired factor VIII inhibitor are at risk of life‐ and limb‐threatening bleeding until the inhibitor has been eradicated. Management relies on rapid and accurate diagnosis, control of bleeding episodes, investigation for a precipitating cause and eradication of the inhibitor by immunosuppression. Patients should always be managed jointly with a specialist centre even if they present without overt bleeding. Despite an extensive literature, few controlled data are available and management guidelines are predominantly based on case reports, retrospective cohorts and expert opinion. This paper reviews the current literature on incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, haemostatic therapy and inhibitor eradication strategies. Potential future developments are discussed.
Association between asthma control and bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airways inflammation: a cross‐sectional study in daily practice
Authors: Quaedvlieg V. , Sele J. , Henket M. , Louis R. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryBackground
The primary end‐point in the management of asthma is to obtain optimal control. The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between the markers of airway inflammation (sputum eosinophilia and exhaled nitric oxide), bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and asthma control.Methods
One hundred and thirty‐four patients were recruited from our asthma clinic between January 2004 and September 2005 [mean age: 42 years, mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1): 86% predicted]. Eighty‐six of them were treated by inhaled corticosteroids, 99 were atopic and 23 were current smokers. They all underwent detailed investigations including fractional‐exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) measurement, sputum induction and methacholine challenge when FEV1 was >70% predicted, and filled in a validated asthma control questionnaire (ACQ6 Juniper).Results
When dividing patients into the three groups according to their level of asthma control determined by ACQ [well‐controlled asthma (ACQ score 0.75), borderline (0.75<ACQ score <1.5) and uncontrolled asthma (ACQ score 1.5)], it appeared that uncontrolled asthmatics had a greater BHR to methacholine and sputum eosinophilia than controlled asthma (P<0.05, P<0.001, respectively). By contrast, we failed to show significant differences in the FENO levels between the groups. With receiver‐operating characteristic curves for differentiating uncontrolled (ACQ1.5) from controlled and borderline (ACQ<1.5) asthma, sputum eosinophilia and methacholine responsiveness were found to be more accurate than FENO (area under the curve: 0.72, 0.72 and 0.59, respectively).Conclusion
In a broad spectrum of asthmatics encountered in clinical practice, sputum eosinophilia and methacholine bronchial hyperresponsiveness, but not FENO, are associated with uncontrolled asthma.
Establishing the sequential progression of multiple allergic diagnoses in a UK birth cohort using the General Practice Research Database
Authors: Punekar Y. S. , Sheikh A. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryBackground
There is considerable international interest in understanding the sequential progression of multiple allergic conditions (also sometimes known as ‘the allergic march’).Objectives
To study the sequential progression of multiple allergic conditions in a national birth cohort throughout childhood.Methods
We constructed a birth cohort of 43 477 children born in 1990 and registered in UK general practices within a year of birth, using the national General Practice Research Database. Of these, 24 112 with complete follow‐up until the age of 18 years were studied in order to understand disease progression and to estimate the absolute and relative risks of developing second and third allergic diagnoses following an index allergic condition.Results
52.1% of children were diagnosed with at least one condition at some point in childhood. We were able to describe 15 different disease trajectories. Eczema was the most likely index condition with 60.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 59.8–61.6] of allergy sufferers being diagnosed with this condition first. For those with a diagnosis of eczema, the relative risks of being diagnosed with asthma followed by rhinitis and rhinitis followed by asthma were 1.59 (95% CI: 1.32–1.91; P<0.0001) and 0.54 (95% CI: 0.43–0.68; P<0.0001), respectively. For those diagnosed with asthma first, the relative risks of being diagnosed with eczema followed by rhinitis and rhinitis followed by eczema were 1.27 (95% CI: 0.96–1.68; P=0.095) and 0.27 (95% CI: 0.20–0.36; P<0.0001), respectively. For those diagnosed with rhinitis first, the relative risks of being diagnosed with eczema followed by asthma and asthma followed by eczema were 0.64 (95% CI: 0.42–0.95; P=0.025) and 0.47 (95% CI: 0.32–0.67; P<0.0001), respectively.Conclusions
Among children diagnosed with multiple allergic diseases there is likely to be a number of variants of ‘the allergic march’. Of these, the diagnosis of eczema followed by asthma, which is in turn followed by rhinitis, is the most common trajectory. Surprisingly, some diagnoses indicate a possible strong protective effect of manifesting further likely allergic diagnoses.
Nitric oxide detection in cell culture exposed to LPS after Er:YAG laser irradiation
Authors: Rocha R. A. S. S. , Silva R. A. B. , Assed S. , Medeiros A. I. , Faccioli L. H. , Pécora J. D. , Nelson‐Filho P. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAim  To evaluate in vitro the effect of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and Er:YAG laser on bacterial endotoxin [also known as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] as determined by nitric oxide (NO) detection in J774 murine macrophage cell line culture.Methodology  Samples of LPS solution (50 μgmL−1), Ca(OH)2 suspension (25 mg mL−1) and LPS suspension with Ca(OH)2 were prepared. The studied groups were: I – LPS (control); II – LPS + Ca(OH)2; III – LPS + Er:YAG laser (15 Hz 140 mJ); IV – LPS + Er:YAG laser (15 Hz 200 mJ); V – LPS + Er:YAG laser (15 Hz 250 mJ), VI – Pyrogen‐free water; VII – Ca(OH)2. Murine macrophage J774 cells were plated and 10 μL of the samples were added to each well. The supernatants were collected for NO detection by the Griess reaction. Data were analysed statistically by one‐way anova and Tukey’s test at 5% significance level.Results  The mean and SE (in μmol L−1) values of NO release were: I – 10.48 ± 0.58, II – 6.41 ± 0.90, III – 10.2 ± 0.60, IV – 8.35 ± 0.40, V – 10.40 ± 0.53, VI – 3.75 ± 0.70, VII – 6.44 ± 0.60; and the values for the same experiment repeated after 1 week were: I – 21.20 ± 1.50, II – 9.10 ± 0.60, III – 19.50 ± 1.00, IV – 18.50 ± 0.60, V – 21.30 ± 0.90, VI – 2.00± 0.20, VII – 6.80 ± 1.70. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the control and the laser‐treated groups (III, IV and V), or comparing groups II, VI and VII to each other (P > 0.05). Group I had significantly higher NO release than group II (P < 0.05). Groups II and VI had similar NO release (P > 0.05).Conclusions  Calcium hydroxide inactivated the bacterial endotoxin (LPS) whereas none of the Er:YAG laser parameter settings had the same effectiveness.
Rubber dam usage for endodontic treatment: a review
Authors: Ahmad I. A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractRubber dam has been available to the dental profession for over 140 years. During this time, the use of rubber dam has been perfected, universally taught and recommended by professional organizations. Unfortunately, its consistent use has been rejected by many in the profession. The literature suggests that rubber dam is not used routinely by dental practitioners for root canal treatment. Many unfounded reasons have been cited for its lack of use, including concerns over patient acceptance, time required for application, cost of equipment and materials, insufficient training, difficulty in use and low treatment fees. Failure to use rubber dam has been shown to influence the choice of root canal irrigant, has a negative impact on treatment outcome and places the patient at risk of swallowing or aspirating materials and instruments. Methods to popularize rubber dam amongst general practitioners are discussed.
Body size–climate relationships of European spiders
Authors: Entling Wiebke , Schmidt‐Entling Martin H. , Bacher Sven , Brandl Roland , Nentwig Wolfgang 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAim  Geographic body size patterns of mammals and birds can be partly understood under the framework of Bergmann’s rule. Climatic influences on body size of invertebrates, however, appear highly variable and lack a comparable, generally applicable theoretical framework. We derived predictions for body size–climate relationships for spiders from the literature and tested them using three datasets of variable spatial extent and grain.Location  Europe.Methods  To distinguish climate from space, we compared clines in body size within three datasets with different degrees of co‐variation between latitude and climate. These datasets were: (1) regional spider faunas from 40 European countries and large islands; (2) local spider assemblages from standardized samples in 32 habitats across Europe; and (3) local spider assemblages from Central European habitats. In the latter dataset climatic conditions were determined more by habitat type than by geographic position, and therefore this dataset provided a non‐spatial gradient of various microclimates. Spider body size was studied in relation to latitude, temperature and water availability.Results  In all three datasets the mean body size of spider assemblages increased from cool/moist to warm/dry environments. This increase could be accounted for by turnover from small‐bodied to large‐bodied spider families. Body size–climate relationships within families were inconsistent.Main conclusions  Starvation resistance and accelerated maturation can be ruled out as explanations for the body size clines recorded, because they predict the inverse of the observed relationship between spider body size and temperature. The relationship between body size and climate was partly independent of geographic position. Thus, the restriction of large‐bodied spiders to their glacial refugia owing to dispersal limitations can be excluded. Our results are consistent with mechanisms invoking metabolic rate, desiccation resistance and community interactions to predict a decrease in body size from warm and dry to cool and moist conditions.