bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Un modèle économétrique de l'agriculture française (MAGALI)
Authors: Albecker C. , Lefebvre Claire 
Published: October 2009

MAGALI is an econometric model for French agriculture designed for mid-term agricultural policy analysis. It provides explanation for supply of 27 agricultural products, their corresponding inputs and farm accounts, in order to determine farm income level. It also describes structural change of the agricultural sector through demography and investment.
The main characteristics of the French farm sector evolution are well-known. The sluggish growth of the seventies has resulted in low investment, slow growth of individual income, and even decrease of total farm sector income, since 1977. Several explanations can be put forward : general economic conditions, worsened by weather accidents, or structural unfitness of French agriculture to market et requirements. Trough dynamic simulations on the past, MAGALI can try to distinguish these various effects.
These simulations should clearly point out that MAGALI is mainly built for agricultural policy analysis (in the past or future), particularly through exogenous prices. They also confirm the high sensitivity of French agriculture to price changes and particularly to the « terms of trade » with the non-farm sector.
Prix et revenus dans le secteur agricole
Authors: Tarditi Secondo 
Published: October 2009

Dans les économies de marché européennes, les revenus agricoles subissent fortement l'influence de l'intervention publique, qui peut être analysée en termes théoriques en référence à un secteur économique où prévaut la libre concurrence.
Après avoir esquissé les différentes catégories de coûts et d'avantages sociaux qui peuvent être produits par la politique économique sectorielle, on présente une brève analyse des effets de l'intervention publique sur l'allocation des ressources, sur la distribution du revenu et sur d'autres objectifs non économiques, afin de tracer un système d'objectifs coordonné et cohérent pour la politique économique en agriculture. Les politiques des prix liées à la stabilisation des marchés et au soutien des prix des produits, des moyens techniques et des facteurs de production, sont ensuite brièvement passées en revue. Enfin, un problème subsiste : combiner au mieux les différentes politiques des prix et des revenus agricoles, avec un système défini d'objectifs d'intervention publique dans le secteur agricole.
Les résultats de cette analyse théorique montrent une grande incohérence entre les politiques économiques actuellement appliquées dans la Commmunauté Européenne et les composantes principales du bien-être social.
Syndicalisme et agriculture dans la transition démocratique en Espagne
Authors: Moyano E. 
Published: October 2009

On connaît l'importance du rôle que jouent dans la gestion des pays occidentaux les grandes organisations représentatives des divers groupes professionnels, collaborant avec les Etats. En Espagne, où la «modernisation » économique et sociale a eu lieu très tardivement et sous un régime non démocratique l'Etat a entravé le développement de telles organisations en enserrant la société civile dans une structure corporatiste imposée par en haut.
Le secteur agricole, pour sa part, souffre de cet état de fait : les organisations professionnelles agricoles qui se sont développées depuis le rétablissement de la démocratie sont à la fois trop nombreuses et trop faibles pour servir efficacement de relai à la politique de modernisation de l'agriculture qui s'impose plus que jamais au moment de l'entrée de l'Espagne dans la CEE.
Les nouvelles donnes de l'agriculture française
Authors: Bourgeois Lucien 
Published: October 2009

French agriculture has been in « crisis » for 12 years, and intensification is still one of the causes of the crisis.
This paper tries to look for other explanations outside the agricultural field. In front of all the challenges agriculture has to face at present, many economic studies are missing on several topics. The relationship between agriculture and the other French economic sectors should be better known so as to enable international -comparisons with our foreign trade partners.
Excédents et échanges, dilemmes européens
Authors: Tracy Michaël 
Published: October 2009

Agricultural surpluses and exchanges the dilemmas of the european community - Supply and demand trends for agricultural products in the European Community lead to the accumulation of stocks that can be disposed of only with expensive subsidies.
However, some French economists do not seem to recognize that a surplus problem exists. They put forward an interpretation of history which is difficult to reconcile with growing State intervention on behalf of the farm sector, and in particular with the support given under the CAP. They do not accept «neo-classical» economic analysis, yet their own approach does not seem capable of explaining imbalances between supply and demand.
Neo-classical economists insist on the need to reduce farm prices, but this position need not be absolute. Prices do not have to be reduced to world ma/ket levels ; there is justification for more balanced protection ; and direct aids can assist farmers in difficulty.
The real situation, unfortunately, is far from such a scenario, and prospects are not encouraging.
L'agriculture française et les marchés mondiaux : mythe ou passage obligé ?
Authors: Azouvi A. 
Published: October 2009

French agriculture in the year 2000 : which markets and which products ? - After the exceptional growth rate of the 1970s, world trade in farm and food products has stagnated over the last five years. Recent long-term economic planning research, however, has led to the conclusion that expansion will pick up once again, but at rate slower by half compared with the 1970s. For Europe and France, this trend is all the more welcome in that it will apply particularly to North Africa, the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa, areas with which Europe already has close ties and which are close enough to Europe to afford a considerable logistic advantage.
The research of the Plan also pointed, however, to the existence of a production potential in the major exporting countries far superior to the expected increase in demand, with the resultant divergency between supply and demand bringing constant pressure to bear on prices. Under these circumstances, what options remain open to French agriculture? What productions will be able to stand up to international competition ?
Maintien de la biomasse utilisable en montagne
Authors: Laurent Claude 
Published: October 2009

This article reports a research aimed to appraise whether it is possible to bring figures in order to make clearer a controversy about public aids to agriculture and forestry in mountainous areas. The controversy opposes supporters of the present French (and EEC) system to supporters of a total cancellation of these aids, the natural patrimony being managed by a public service.
On a given pilot area, the result is that none of these types of management would decidedly override. But the ability of generalizing such a type of work much depends upon the access to data that are not usually collected.
L'emploi dans les industries agricoles et alimentaires
Authors: Gagey D. 
Published: October 2009

D'après le Recensement Général de la Population en 1982, on compte 626 000 emplois salariés et non salariés dans les Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires (IAA) ou 436 000 hors les secteurs très spécifiques de la boulangerie et de la pâtisserie artisanales.
Le secteur des IAA est caractérisé par une grande stabilité de l'emploi au niveau global avec des modifications importantes à un niveau plus fin sectoriel et/ou géographique.
Ainsi, depuis la première crise pétrolière de 1973, alors que les emplois de l'industrie (hors IAA) baissaient de 20 % de 1974 à 1984, ceux des IAA sont restés stables ; néammoins il n'est pas évident que cette stabilité puisse être maintenue à l'avenir.
L'évolution de l'emploi dans les industries agricoles et alimentaires depuis le début du XXme siècle
Authors: Saunier Pierre 
Published: October 2009

Le développement des IAA est bien antérieur aux années 1950 (période à laquelle on le situe souvent) puisque, dès la fin du XIXe siècle, ces industries comptent plus de 400000 actifs (contre 600000 aujourd'hui). A cette date, leur hétérogénéité économique est déjà très grande : une partie des IAA n'ont d'industrie que le nom, d'autres sont déjà des industries au plein sens du terme.
L'évolution séculaire de l'emploi dans les IAA est marquée par cette hétérogénéité : le taux de salarisation, le taux d'accroissement du nombre de salariés, le taux d'accroissement de la taille des établissements, le rythme et l'amplitude de ces différents taux varient d'un secteur d'IAA à un autre.
Le cycle démographique des exploitations agricoles dans le Charolais
Authors: Cavailhès Jean 
Published: October 2009

A partir de l'exemple de la région charolaise, l'auteur montre comment le dimensionnement de l'exploitation agricole fluctue selon les phases du cycle démographique des familles (période étudiée 1955-1980). Le renouvellement du chef d'exploitation est préparé par une forte croissance du capital d'exploitation et du foncier ; la phase de renouvellement elle-même est, à l'inverse, plutôt marquée par une pause dans la formation du capital. Les phases de maturité ou de pré-retraite se traduisent souvent par une décapitalisation importante, sauf si s'enclenche la perspective d'un nouveau cycle.
Ces aspects cycliques de la formation du capital ont des conséquences importantes pour le financement. Les sommes en jeu sont en effet considérables : 75 000 francs par an de formation de capital pour les exploitations préparant le renouvellement, entre 1970 et 1979 ; d'autre part les à-coups résultant de la succession des générations sont plus sensibles qu'auparavant.
Revenu, épargne agricole et prélèvement privé. L'exemple de l'année 1978
Authors: Cordellier C. 
Published: October 2009

Agricultural income, agricultural saving, and household levy - The year 1978 - The changes in the values of agricultural income, savings (eventually negative) and household levies are observed, taking into account theeconomic size of farms and a typology of agricultural families.
The following points can be noted : a) farmers without heirs are consuming their capital as well as those running farms smaller than 20 ha (wheat equivalent) ; b) the development of farms is to uncertain up to 40 ha (w.e.) because it is entirely financed through borrowing ; c) in farm larger than 40 ha and smaller than 200 ha (w.e.), the income allows to partially finance growth, together with borrowing ; d) growth is entirely self financed only for farms larger than 200 ha (w.e.)
Crédit agricole, financements publics et emploi des capitaux en Italie
Authors: Casati D. , Lechi Francesco 
Published: October 2009

Agricultural credit in Italy has been regulated since 1928 by a specific Act. Such legislation is still the basis of the agricultural financing system, notwithstanding the numerous critics on it.
The article briefly describes the forms of application of this Act illustrating, among other things, the interventions in favour of agriculture both from Italian government and from the E.C.
The analysis goes on looking at the evolution of investments in the Italian agriculture and then the ratio between agricultural gross output and medium and long-run investments. The results show a reduction of such a ratio since 1979, like in other countries. The trend can be explained as the result of the negative evolution of agricultural prices as regards inflation and the consequence of a rationalization process of the way of investing capitals in agriculture.
A propos de dernier ouvrage de Louis Malassis. Economie agro-alimentaire. Tome III : L'économie mondiale par L. Malassis et M. Padilla
Authors: Klatzmann Joseph 
Published: October 2009

C'est Louis Malassis qui a introduit l'expression d'économie "agro-alimentaire", dans laquelle il inclut tous les stades de la chaîne qui va de la production agricole à la consommation. Son traité comprendra cinq tomes. Le tome III, rédigé avec Mme Padilla, est consacré à l'économie agro-alimentaire mondiale. Le sujet est très vaste, puisqu'il conduit à parler à la fois des systèmes de production agricoles et des modes nouveaux de consommation, en passant par la transformation et la distribution , et en distinguant Tiers Monde et pays industriels. On trouvera donc dans ce livre, entre autres, des considérations sur les relations entre nutrition et santé, sur la différence entre "aliment service" (déjà préparé, mais consommé à domicile) et aliment servi (consommé au restaurant), et de nombreux points de vue originaux.
La grande richesse de la documentation présentée et les idées exposées méritent bien plus qu'un simple compte rendu d'ouvrage. C'est pourquoi nous décrivons de façon détaillée le contenu de ce tome III, et discutons un certain nombre de points qui concernent soit des faits, soit des idées.
De l'origine et du rôle de la politique foncière agricole
Authors: de Crisenoy Chantal 
Published: October 2009

Despite numerous attemps to reform it, land occupation (as far as agriculture is concerned) is still submitted to old regulations, most of them having been elaborated almost two centuries ago. Such a permanence is outstanding in the circle of social phenomena. It cannot be explained by any reference to the « power » of landowners. As a matter of fact, the latters do not constitue a « social class » anymore. The reasons of this situation are rather to be found in the special type of economic relationships founded on private landownership.
These relationship have been progressively established, during te « Ancien Régime », through a seculary process, that the french revolution finaly crowned by an extensive modification of the Law. Since that time, private landowership has been playing a double role : it has been excluding and endebting. Both of these functions were crucial in the so called primitive capital accumulation, as well as in the development of french agriculture. Especially for the latter, it was a consequence of a permanent pressure exerted on peasants to augment their means of production, and to raise their labour productivity, in order to pay for increasing costs. Rules governing access to land are very logically central in this process. However, there is a paradox in land policy, because the enlargmement of the economic function of private land ownership implies at the same time bringing about restrictions to property rights.
Permanence et évolution du répertoire d'action collective des agriculteurs français depuis 1970
Authors: Mann Patrice 
Published: October 2009

There are two main tendencies concerning the repertoire of collective action of French farmers. While maintaining a certain continuity with respect to the traditional area of farming action, this repertoire is characterized by a marked widening of the public scene in the farmers' struggle.
To understand this evolution, attention must be paid to the structural transformations of a political (moving away from the centres of power and changes in the relationship between State and profession) and organizational (reforming in the trade union scene) sectors. But attention should also be drawn to the way the State and the other components of society at large have reacted to the demands and forms of claiming action of farmers over the last twenty years.
Déterminants et premiers effets de la réorganisation de l'agriculture algérienne
Authors: Chehat Foued 
Published: October 2009

Reforms in algerian agriculture : causes and results
In 1963, the nationalization of the lands belonging to the colonizers has endowed the Algerian State with a broad agricultural public sector which has been subjected to manifold reorganizations. The State has continuously tempted to enlarge the area of its intervenings and to strengthen its ascendency overt the agrarian sector. This behaviour mainly induced a general recession of the outputs and a stagnation of the agricultural production. The 1987-88 reorganization, scheduled in the wave of the current reforms and aiming to are adjustment of the economical policies, should allow, inter alia, a withdrawal of the State. In the light of a first statement of affairs, it proves that today more than ever, the State finds itself in the core of social fights around and in connection with the land.
L'application du principe pollueur-payeur en agriculture
Authors: Lavoux Thierry , Baldock David 
Published: October 2009

The polluter pays principle in agriculture
Agricultural pollution and contamination of surface and underground water by pesticides and nitrates has led some countries to question the way in which the polluter pays principle (PPP) can be applied to agriculture. This article deals with experiments undertaken to date in OECD countries. With the exception of the Austrian tax on nitrates, the rates used remain too low to represent an incentive to alternative production methods. There are several reasons for this including the danger of reducing competition in agriculture for one country by fixing a tax which farmers from another State would not accept. In the long run, economic instruments (taxes, charges and subsidies) at EC level will have to be harmonised in order to reach an higher level of equity.
Pratiques agricoles et fertilité du milieu
Authors: Sébillotte Michel 
Published: October 2009

Farmers' practices and fertility of environment
The concept of cropping system is the analysis tool of crop practices for modern agronomist. But, to be able to talk about environment fertility, it is necessary to refer to potentialities and to the technological means which are used. There is not a fertility in itself but in reference to practised cropping systems in a given environment. Through combining crop practices in time and space, farmer's fertility management is dynamic. But new points of view are crucial, on the one hand because of the emergence of bad induced effects (pollution...), on the other hand because requirements about productions quality become widespread. The result is that fertility management answer more and more to constraints external to the farm. It is a very new situation.
La politique agricole en question : quelle alternative au soutien des prix ?
Authors: Kroll Jean-Christophe 
Published: October 2009

Debate about the agricultural policy: what to substituate for support prices ?
The support price policy has been intituted during an intensive economic grooth period. It has lost to day his economical and political legitimity and the short term adaptation of the C.A.P. appears claerly insufficient. Several alternatives are analysed in this paper like a generalization of quotas, last propositions of the E.E.C. Commission, or ceiled supports by worker. Then it appears that the main problem is not a technical problem but the question of the economic interest of low food prices, and the discussion of the economic grooth regulation system.
Le secteur agro-alimentaire en Russie à la veille de la réforme agraire : les kolkhozes peuvent-ils survivre ?
Authors: Kovalenko Vladimir 
Published: October 2009

Russian agro food industry on the eve of agrarian reforms : can kolkhozes survive ?
An agrarian reform has been lauched by the Russian government The main purpose is the removing of large sized collective farms. Kolkhozes and sovkhoses are considered as inefficient structures, necessitating permanent government support. This inefficiency, however, is a consequence of a general feature of administered soviet economies. On the other hand, the old system provided highly appreciated safety and assistance to peasants. Thus, agrarian reform success will depend upon both a general restructuration of the food system, and the possibility of achieving their choices given to those wishing to leave the collective system.
La quantification du contrôle qualité dans l'industrie : un point de vue sociologique et historique
Authors: Bayart Denis 
Published: October 2009

Quantifying quality control in industry : a sociological and historical point of view
Since the early 20's, statistical methods have been made use of as a covenant for the regulation of industrial processes. After a short historical summary, the paper presents three main themes in this respect : i-the notion of a variable controlled quality is a serious epistemological innovation ; ii-these methods are not incompatible with the division of labour, nor with standardization ; iii-they allowed fo the development of intermediate tools usable by unskilled workers. By now, statistical control stands as a fundamental concept in the objective definition of quality, even if it may be considered as too narrow for grasping all the facets of the notion.
Modélisation du comportement des exploitants agricoles tenant compte du risque : application du MOTAD généralisé
Authors: Madjid Bouzit Abdel , Rieu Thierry , Rio Patrick 
Published: October 2009

Farmers' behaviours modelling under risk : generalised motad application
One main limit of linear programming models is that all the parameters (prices, yields, input-output coefficients) are supposed known with certainty. There, this assumption is relaxed to take in account the risk attitude of the farmers. The risk is measured by the mean absolute deviation like in the MOTAD method. MOTAD approximation is generalised to problems where all parameters are stochastic. A new formulation is used to model the behaviour of polycultural farms with reference to milk production in the Forez region.
Réforme de la Politique Agricole Commune : impact sur les modalités de financement de l'agriculture
Authors: Neveu André 
Published: October 2009

Reform of the common agricultural policy : consequences on the ways of financing agriculture
The Reform of the Common Agricultural Policy will urge farm banks to adapt their intervention means. Thus they will take into account the new market environment and the numerous situations : serious structural problems or minor conjonctural adjustments. Later on, the new projects will have to be scanned with the greatest care because their profitability might slump.
Importance des revenus non agricoles des exploitations agricoles de petites tailles aux Etats-Unis et en Europe
Authors: Revel Alain 
Published: October 2009

OFF-ARM INCOME OF SMALL AND MIDDLE SIZE FARMS IN THE USA AND ENROPE
:
Off farm incomes are essential when devising agricultural policy. The american agricultural policy, from the New deal to nowadays, has been revised every four or five years. These reforms have been made possible the speedy increase of off farm incomes has maintained the global income of american farmers. does not have at its disposal so sophisticated information on the income of its farmers and it is urgent to improve the european surveys in this field.
Les producteurs de viande bovine des Pays de la Loire face à la réforme de la PAC
Authors: Colson François , Chatelier Vincent , Desarmenien Didier 
Published: October 2009

The CAP reform and its consequences for cattle breeders of the leading french region for beef production.
The simulations of the consequences of the CAP reform have been carried out on 400 cattle breeders of the FADN (RICA : Réseau d'Information Comptable Agricole) of the {RENV Pays de la Loire}, representative sample of the 44 000 cattle farmers of this leading french region for beef production. They show a little increase of the incomes of most cattle breeders from 1991 to 1996 (+ 11% on an average). This weak enlargement results from a very large augmentation of direct payments but it is not enough to make up for the important decrease occurred between 1989 and 1991 (- 27% on an average). Favourable to three out of farms, the CAP reform penalises the most specialised beef farms with high level of animal intensification and leads most of intensive beef farmers to increase their forage areas in order to reduce their animal intensification level.