bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suffering, hope and forgiveness: the ubuntu theology of Desmond Tutu
Authors: Haws Charles G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBlaise Pascal once said, ‘Knowing Jesus Christ strikes the balance [for theology] because he shows us both God and our wretchedness’. Indeed, the majesty of Christ is that in him the despair of wretchedness and the hope of God are held together. Theology often does not reflect this balance, leading towards either anthropocentrism or nihilism. The ubuntu theology of Desmond Tutu does, however, by proclaiming the inherent interconnectedness of humankind. Tested by the context of South African apartheid, this notion called ‘ubuntu’ counters segregation and violence with reconciliation and justice. It refuses to execute retribution upon transgressors, instead committing itself to re-membering the disinherited of Christ's inclusive body. Forgiveness is the only future for this body and, though it remains an aporia in the context of radical evils such as apartheid, it is the only way to achieve justice without economising balance. That is, only forgiveness can realise ubuntu because it progresses forward toward justice not backward toward vengeance. Ubuntu is the prophetic balance of a divine gift that transforms the wretchedness of human atrocities. It represents Tutu's attempt to realise the way of God in his context, an attempt from which all theologising can benefit.
Modelling the impact of varicella vaccination on varicella and zoster
Authors: KARHUNEN M. , LEINO T. , SALO H. , DAVIDKIN I. , KILPI T. , AURANEN K. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYIt has been suggested that the incidence of herpes zoster may increase due to lack of natural boosting under large-scale vaccination with the varicella vaccine. To study the possibility and magnitude of such negative consequences of mass vaccination, we built a mathematical model of varicella and zoster epidemiology in the Finnish population. The model was based on serological data on varicella infection, case-notification data on zoster, and new knowledge about close contacts relevant to transmission of infection. According to the analysis, a childhood programme against varicella will increase the incidence of zoster by one to more than two thirds in the next 50 years. This will be due to increase in case numbers in the ⩾35 years age groups. However, high vaccine coverage and a two-dose programme will be very effective in stopping varicella transmission in the population.
Accounting for estimated IQ in neuropsychological test performance with regression-based techniques
Authors: TESTA S. MARC , WINICKI JESSICA M. , PEARLSON GODFREY D. , GORDON BARRY , SCHRETLEN DAVID J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractRegression-based normative techniques account for variability in test performance associated with multiple predictor variables and generate expected scores based on algebraic equations. Using this approach, we show that estimated IQ, based on oral word reading, accounts for 1–9% of the variability beyond that explained by individual differences in age, sex, race, and years of education for most cognitive measures. These results confirm that adding estimated “premorbid” IQ to demographic predictors in multiple regression models can incrementally improve the accuracy with which regression-based norms (RBNs) benchmark expected neuropsychological test performance in healthy adults. It remains to be seen whether the incremental variance in test performance explained by estimated “premorbid” IQ translates to improved diagnostic accuracy in patient samples. We describe these methods, and illustrate the step-by-step application of RBNs with two cases. We also discuss the rationale, assumptions, and caveats of this approach. More broadly, we note that adjusting test scores for age and other characteristics might actually decrease the accuracy with which test performance predicts absolute criteria, such as the ability to drive or live independently. (JINS, 2009, 15, 1012–1022.)
The utility of regression-based norms in interpreting the minimal assessment of cognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MACFIMS)
Authors: PARMENTER BRETT A. , TESTA S. MARC , SCHRETLEN DAVID J. , WEINSTOCK-GUTTMAN BIANCA , BENEDICT RALPH H. B. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis (MACFIMS) is a consensus neuropsychological battery with established reliability and validity. One of the difficulties in implementing the MACFIMS in clinical settings is the reliance on manualized norms from disparate sources. In this study, we derived regression-based norms for the MACFIMS, using a unique data set to control for standard demographic variables (i.e., age, age2, sex, education). Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients (n = 395) and healthy volunteers (n = 100) did not differ in age, level of education, sex, or race. Multiple regression analyses were conducted on the performance of the healthy adults, and the resulting models were used to predict MS performance on the MACFIMS battery. This regression-based approach identified higher rates of impairment than manualized norms for many of the MACFIMS measures. These findings suggest that there are advantages to developing new norms from a single sample using the regression-based approach. We conclude that the regression-based norms presented here provide a valid alternative to identifying cognitive impairment as measured by the MACFIMS. (JINS, 2010, 16, 6–16.)
Graphesthesia: A test of graphemic movement representations or tactile imagery?
Authors: DRAGO V. , FOSTER P.S. , EDWARD D. , WARGOVICH B. , HEILMAN K.M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPatients with corticobasal degeneration (CBG) often demonstrate agraphesthesia in the same hand they demonstrate apraxia. To recognize letters written in their hand subjects can develop a spatial representation and access graphemic representations. Alternatively, people can use movement working memory and match movement patterns to stored letter movement representations. To learn the method normally used without vision, normal subjects (12) had letters written on their palm either in the normal manner or in a reverse direction. If letters written on the hand are recognized by their spatial features (as when visually reading) direction should not influence letter recognition, but if letters written on the hand are recognized by movement patterns, then in the reverse condition recognition should be impaired. When letters were written normally there were no differences in error between the tactile and visual modality. When letters were written in reverse, however, normal subjects made more errors in the tactile than visual condition. Normally, people identify letters written on their hand by covertly copying (mirroring) the examiner and then access letter movement representations. This might explain why patients with CBG often have agraphesthesia associated with apraxia. (JINS, 2010, 16, 190–193.)
Understanding design fluency: Motor and executive contributions
Authors: SUCHY YANA , KRAYBILL MATTHEW L. , GIDLEY LARSON JENNIFER C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDesign Fluency (DF) is typically assumed to assess planning, cognitive flexibility, and fluency in generation of visual patterns, above and beyond contributions from motor speed (Delis, Kaplan, & Kramer, 2001; Ruff, 1998). The present study examined these assumptions, as little construct validation research has been done in the past. Sixty one community-dwelling elderly participants were administered the DF, Trail Making, and Letter Fluency tests from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), as well as electronically administered measures of motor planning and motor sequence fluency. Hierarchical regressions were used to parse out unique variance contributions to DF performance. The results showed that generation of novel designs (i.e., the first two trials on the D-KEFS DF) relied primarily on motor planning, the ability to generate novel motor actions, and, to a lesser extent, speed of drawing with a writing implement. In contrast, generation of unique designs while switching (i.e., the third trial on the D-KEFS DF) relied primarily on visual scanning and perhaps visual-attentional resources. These findings highlight the wisdom of interpreting the switching trial of the D-KEFS DF separately. Interestingly, cognitive flexibility did not contribute to performance on any of the three D-KEFS DF trials. (JINS, 2010, 16, 26–37.)
A randomised controlled trial of an intervention to promote early presentation of breast cancer in older women: effect on breast cancer awareness
Authors: Linsell Louise , Forbes Lindsay , Kapari Marcia , Burgess Caroline , Omar Lynne , Tucker Lorraine , Ramirez Amanda 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThere is virtually no evidence for the effectiveness of interventions to promote early presentation in breast cancer. We tested the efficacy of an intervention to equip older women with the knowledge, skills, confidence and motivation to detect symptoms and seek help promptly, with the aim of promoting early presentation with breast cancer symptoms. We randomised 867 women aged 67 to 70 attending for their final routine appointment on the UK NHS Breast Screening Programme to receive: a scripted ten-minute interaction with a radiographer plus a booklet; a booklet alone; or usual care. The primary outcome was whether or not a woman was breast cancer aware based on knowledge of breast cancer symptoms and age-related risk; and reported breast checking. At one month, the intervention increased the proportion who were breast cancer aware compared with usual care (interaction arm: 32.8% versus 4.1%; odds ratio 24.0, 95% confidence interval 7.7 to 73.7; booklet arm: 12.7% versus 4.1%; odds ratio 4.4, 95% confidence interval 1.6 to 12.0). At one year, the effects of the interaction plus booklet, and the booklet, on breast cancer awareness were largely sustained, although the interaction plus booklet remained much more effective. Future research will evaluate whether the intervention promotes early presentation and reduces breast cancer mortality.
G-protein-coupled-receptor kinases mediate TNFα-induced NF-κB signalling via direct interaction with and phosphorylation of IκBα
Authors: Patial Sonika , Luo Jiansong , Porter Katie J. , Benovic Jeffrey L. , Parameswaran Narayanan 
Published: October 2009

TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α) is a multifunctional cytokine involved in the pathophysiology of many chronic inflammatory diseases. TNFα activation of the NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) signalling pathway particularly in macrophages has been implicated in many diseases. We demonstrate in the present study that GRK2 and GRK5 (G-protein-coupled-receptor kinases 2 and 5) regulate TNFα-induced NF-κB signalling in Raw 264.7 macrophages. RNAi (RNA interference) knockdown of GRK2 or GRK5 in macrophages significantly inhibited TNFα-induced IκBα (inhibitory κBα) phosphorylation and degradation, NF-κB activation and expression of the NF-κB-regulated gene MIP1β (macrophage inflammatory protein 1β). Consistent with these results, overexpression of GRK2 or GRK5 enhanced TNFα-induced NF-κB activity. In addition, we show that GRK2 and GRK5 interacted with IκBα via the N-terminal domain of IκBα and that IκBα is a substrate for GRK2 and GRK5 in vitro. Furthermore, we also found that GRK5, but not GRK2, phosphorylated IκBα at the same amino acid residues (Ser32/Ser36) as that of IKKβ (IκB kinase β). Interestingly, associated with these results, knockdown of IKKβ in Raw 264.7 macrophages did not affect TNFα-induced IκBα phosphorylation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that both GRK2 and GRK5 are important and novel mediators of a non-traditional IκBα/NF-κB signalling pathway.
Inhibitor selectivity in the clinical application of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition
Authors: Kirby Mark , Yu Denise M.T. , O'connor Steven , Gorrell Mark D. 
Published: October 2009

DPP-4 (dipeptidyl peptidase-4) degrades the incretin hormones GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) and GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide), decreasing their stimulatory effects on β-cell insulin secretion. In patients with Type 2 diabetes, meal-related GLP-1 secretion is reduced. DPP-4 inhibitors (alogliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin and vildagliptin) correct the GLP-1 deficiency by blocking this degradation, prolonging the incretin effect and enhancing glucose homoeostasis. DPP-4 is a member of a family of ubiquitous atypical serine proteases with many physiological functions beyond incretin degradation, including effects on the endocrine and immune systems. The role of DPP-4 on the immune system relates to its extra-enzymatic activities. The intracytosolic enzymes DPP-8 and DPP-9 are recently discovered DPP-4 family members. Although specific functions of DPP-8 and DPP-9 are unclear, a potential for adverse effects associated with DPP-8 and DPP-9 inhibition by non-selective DPP inhibitors has been posed based on a single adverse preclinical study. However, the preponderance of data suggests that such DPP-8 and DPP-9 enzyme inhibition is probably without clinical consequence. This review examines the structure and function of the DPP-4 family, associated DPP-4 inhibitor selectivity and the implications of DPP-4 inhibition in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.
An RCT Comparing Effect of Two Types of Support on Severity of Symptoms for People Completing Internet-Based Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Social Phobia
Authors: Titov Nickolai , Andrews Gavin , Schwencke Genevieve , Solley Karen , Johnston Luke , Robinson Emma 
Published: October 2009

Objective: The present study (Shyness 6) compares the benefits and acceptability of two types of guidance on severity of symptoms during Internet treatment for social phobia. Methods: Non-inferiority randomized controlled trial of Internet treatment, supplemented with weekly telephone calls from a technician (computerized cognitive-behavioural treatment (CCBT + Tel), or regular access to a clinician-moderated online discussion forum (CCBT + Forum), was carried out. An intention-to-treat model was used for data analyses. The participants consisted of 82 volunteers with social phobia. The intervention consisted of six lessons of CCBT for social phobia (the Shyness programme) with complex automated reminders. The main outcome measures were the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and Social Phobia Scale. Results: A total of 79% of CCBT + Tel and 79% of CCBT + Forum group participants completed all six lessons. Large mean within-groups effect sizes (Cohen's d) for the two social phobia measures were found for the CCBT + Tel and CCBT + Forum groups (1.31 and 1.54, respectively). Each participant in the CCBT + Tel group received a mean total of 38 min of technician time over the 8 week programme, while participants in the CCBT + Forum group received a mean total of 37 min of clinician time. Quantitative and qualitative data indicate that both the CCBT + Tel and CCBT + Forum procedures were equally and highly acceptable to participants. Conclusions: The Shyness programme with either telephone support or access to a clinician-moderated online forum resulted in good clinical outcomes with equivalent patient acceptability. These results confirm that people with social phobia may significantly benefit from a highly structured education programme administered by clinical or non-clinical staff.
Amygdaloid Neurosurgery for Aggressive Behaviour, Sydney, 1967–1977: Chronological Narrative
Authors: White Richard , Williams Sid 
Published: October 2009

Objective: The aim of this paper is to record an historical narrative of amygdaloid neurosurgery at Callan Park Mental Hospital, Sydney in the period 1967–1977. In this paper, this is denoted the Amygdaloid Neurosurgery Project (ANP). The goal of the project was to ameliorate aggressive or self-harming behaviour by selective ablative surgery on the amygdaloid nucleus. Conclusions: In 1964, Professor Leslie Gordon Kiloh became acting director of the newly built neurosurgical research facility at Callan Park Mental Hospital. In 1966, he advised bilateral amygdaloidotomy for the treatment of a 16-year-old aggressive and self-harming male patient. Following major improvement in that patient's condition, a further 19 patients were treated by amygdaloid surgery. In 1974, Kiloh's team reported that 39% of the first 18 patients treated had persisting improvement but one patient sustained persisting hemiplegia. The program was suspended in 1977 by the New South Wales (NSW) Government, following allegations by a senior nurse that patients at the neurosurgical unit had been mistreated. A Ministerial Committee of Inquiry proposed that stringent legislative controls should be applied to psychosurgery. The Committee expressed reservations about amygdaloid psychosurgery in particular. Psychosurgery referrals declined after that date. Since 2007, under the revised NSW Mental Health Act, all forms of neurosurgery for psychiatric disorder are prohibited.
Community Mental Health Care in Mongolia: Adapting Best Practice to Local Culture
Authors: Altanzul Narmandakh , Erdenebayar Luvsandorj , Ng Chee , Byambasuren Sandag , Sharma Nalin , Tsetsegdary Gombodorj 
Published: October 2009

Objectives: The aim of this paper is to describe the development of community mental health care in Mongolia, as exemplified by a best practice model of care in the community. Conclusion: Through the Asia-Pacific Community Mental Health Development Project, Mongolia has identified local best practice such as the ‘Ger’ project that provides community psychosocial rehabilitation, which has been adapted according to local conditions and culture. Cultural considerations are important in producing effective clinical outcomes and a better quality of life for people with mental illness. The project has also shown that it is possible for persons with mental illness to receive rehabilitation effectively in local community settings. Inter-sectoral collaboration with multiple stakeholders is essential to achieve optimal community mental health service development.
BUOYANT BUBBLES IN INTRACLUSTER GAS: EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC FIELDS AND ANISOTROPIC VISCOSITY
Authors: Dong Ruobing , Stone James M. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Recent observations by Chandra and XMM-Newton indicate that there are complex structures at the cores of galaxy clusters, such as cavities and filaments. One plausible model for the formation of such structures is the interaction of radio jets with the intracluster medium (ICM). To investigate this idea, we use three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations including anisotropic (Braginskii) viscosity to study the effect of magnetic fields on the evolution and morphology of buoyant bubbles in the ICM. We investigate a range of different initial magnetic field geometries and strengths, and study the resulting X-ray surface brightness distribution for comparison to observed clusters. Magnetic tension forces and viscous transport along field lines tend to suppress instabilities parallel, but not perpendicular, to field lines. Thus, the evolution of the bubble depends strongly on the initial field geometry. We find that toroidal field loops initially confined to the interior of the bubble are best able to reproduce the observed cavity structures.
Computing the shortest elementary flux modes in genome-scale metabolic networks
Authors: de Figueiredo Luis F. , Podhorski Adam , Rubio Angel , Kaleta Christoph , Beasley John E. , Schuster Stefan , Planes Francisco J. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Elementary flux modes (EFMs) represent a key concept to analyze metabolic networks from a pathway-oriented perspective. In spite of considerable work in this field, the computation of the full set of elementary flux modes in large-scale metabolic networks still constitutes a challenging issue due to its underlying combinatorial complexity.
Results: In this article, we illustrate that the full set of EFMs can be enumerated in increasing order of number of reactions via integer linear programming. In this light, we present a novel procedure to efficiently determine the K-shortest EFMs in large-scale metabolic networks. Our method was applied to find the K-shortest EFMs that produce lysine in the genome-scale metabolic networks of Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum. A detailed analysis of the biological significance of the K-shortest EFMs was conducted, finding that glucose catabolism, ammonium assimilation, lysine anabolism and cofactor balancing were correctly predicted. The work presented here represents an important step forward in the analysis and computation of EFMs for large-scale metabolic networks, where traditional methods fail for networks of even moderate size.
Contact: fplanes@tecnun.es
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
W-ChIPMotifs: a web application tool forde novomotif discovery from ChIP-based high-throughput data
Authors: Jin Victor X. , Apostolos Jeff , Nagisetty Naga Satya Venkateswara Ra , Farnham Peggy J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSummary: W-ChIPMotifs is a web application tool that provides a user friendly interface for de novo motif discovery. The web tool is based on our previous ChIPMotifs program which is a de novo motif finding tool developed for ChIP-based high-throughput data and incorporated various ab initio motif discovery tools such as MEME, MaMF, Weeder and optimized the significance of the detected motifs by using a bootstrap resampling statistic method and a Fisher test. Use of a randomized statistical model like bootstrap resampling can significantly increase the accuracy of the detected motifs. In our web tool, we have modified the program in two aspects: (i) we have refined the P-value with a Bonferroni correction; (ii) we have incorporated the STAMP tool to infer phylogenetic information and to determine the detected motifs if they are novel and known using the TRANSFAC and JASPAR databases. A comprehensive result file is mailed to users.Availability: http://motif.bmi.ohio-state.edu/ChIPMotifs. Data used in the article may be downloaded from http://motif.bmi.ohio-state.edu/ChIPMotifs/examples.shtml.Contact: victor.jin@osumc.edu
The Parasitoid Wasp Nasonia: An Emerging Model System with Haploid Male Genetics
Authors: Werren John H. , Loehlin David W. 
Published: October 2009

INTRODUCTIONNasonia is a complex of four closely related species of wasps that is rapidly emerging as a model for evolutionary and developmental genetics. It has several features that make it an excellent genetic system, including a short generation time, ease of rearing, interfertile species, visible and molecular markers, and a sequenced genome. The form of sex determination, called “haplodiploidy,” makes Nasonia particularly suitable as a genetic tool. Females are diploid and develop from fertilized eggs, whereas males are haploid and develop from unfertilized eggs. This allows geneticists to exploit many of the advantages of haploid genetics in an otherwise complex eukaryotic organism. Nasonia readily inbreeds, permitting production of isogenic lines, and the four species in the genus are interfertile (after removal of the endosymbiont Wolbachia), facilitating movement of genes between the species for efficient positional cloning of quantitative trait loci (QTL). Genome sequencing of the genetic model Nasonia vitripennis and two interfertile species, Nasonia giraulti and Nasonia longicornis, is now completed. This genome project provides a wealth of interspecies polymorphisms (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs], insertion-deletions [indels], microsatellites) to facilitate positional cloning of genes involved in species differences in behavior, morphology, and development. Advances in the genetics of this system also open a path for improvement of parasitoid insects as agents of pest control.