bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vacancy out‐diffusion in nitrogen‐doped silicon
Authors: Voronkov Vladimir , Falster Robert 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn nitrogen‐doped silicon a strong anneal‐induced resistivity increase was reported – but has remained not fully understood. It is now shown that the complicated evolution of the resistivity depth profiles can be reproduced by a relatively simple model based on the out‐diffusion of vacancies and of nitrogen trimers N3. Both these species are produced by dissociation of VN3 defects that originate from grown‐in neutral vacancy‐nitrogen defects. The major deep donors are attributed to N3 defects. The deduced effective vacancy diffusivity DV at 1000 °C is almost coincident with the value extrapolated from low‐temperature data by Watkins. At 900 °C DV is remarkably smaller due to trapping of vacancies by dimeric nitrogen, N2, that is pronounced at lower T. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Properties of ultra‐thin SiGe‐on‐insulator materials prepared by Ge condensation method
Authors: Li Cheng , Huang Shihao , Lu Weifang , Xu Jianfang , Huang Wei , Sun Zhijun , Lai Hongkai , Chen Songyan 
Published: July 2012

AbstractUltra‐thin SiGe‐on‐insulator (SGOI and GOI)materials with various Ge concentrations were fabricated by oxidation of SiGe on SOI substrate, in which Si was oxidized and Ge was confined between the two oxide layers. The SGOI (GOI) materials were systematically characterized with double‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Auger electron energy spectroscopy, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. It is indicated that Ge profile in the SGOI is uniform with smooth surface and the strain relaxation process in the SGOI is still dominated by the critical thickness. An ultra‐thin GOI with 11 nm Ge layer was achieved, in which room temperature photoluminescence due to its direct band transition was observed. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In‐situ measurement of thickness‐dependent Pendellösung oscillations from a precipitation process in silicon at 650 °C
Authors: Will Johannes , Gröschel Alexander , Bergmann Christoph , Magerl Andreas 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe time dependent agglomeration of oxygen in silicon at an annealing temperature of 650 °C is followed in‐situ via the variation of the thickness‐dependent Pendellösung fringes. The measurement of the 400‐reflection of a wedge shaped sample with the characteristic tungsten Kα1‐line at 59.31 keV allows to observe changes of the static Debye‐Waller factor of about 0.001%. Within the model of spherical precipitates and the classical theory of diffusion‐driven precipitation we determine from this a diffusion constant 4.7x10‐15 cm²/s for oxygen in silicon at 650 °C which appears enhanced by a factor of 2.4 as compared to normal oxygen diffusion. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Retracted: Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) films by electrospray deposition for crystalline silicon/organic hybrid junction solar cells
Authors: Hiate Taiga , Miyauchi Naoto , Tang Zeguo , Ishikawa Ryo , Ueno Keiji , Shirai Hajime 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe above article, published online on 25 July 2012 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor‐in‐Chief, Stefan Hildebrandt, and Wiley‐VCH GmbH & Co. KGaA. The retraction has been agreed since the contents of the article have already been published by the corresponding author in Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 51, 061602 (2012) on 4 June 2012.The manuscript submitted to physica status solidi (c) was part of the E‐MRS 2012 Spring Meeting, Symposium A, Proceedings. The authors regret the dual publication and express their sincere apologies to readers.
Marine heterogeneous multirobot systems at the great Eastern Japan Tsunami recovery
Authors: Murphy Robin R. , Dreger Karen L. , Newsome Sean , Rodocker Jesse , Slaughter Brian , Smith Richard , Steimle Eric , Kimura Tetsuya , Makabe Kenichi , Kon Kazuyuki , Mizumoto Hisashi , Hatayama Michinori , Matsuno Fumitoshi , Tadokoro Satoshi , Kawase Osamu 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis field report describes two deployments of heterogeneous unmanned marine vehicle teams at the 2011 Great Eastern Japan Earthquake response and recovery by the Center for Robot‐Assisted Search and Rescue (USA) in collaboration with the International Rescue System Institute (Japan). Four remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) were fielded in Minamisanriku and Rikuzentakata from April 18 to 24, 2011, for port clearing and victim recovery missions using sonar and video. The ROVs were used for multirobot operations only 46% of the time due to logistics. The teleoperated ROVs functioned as a dependent team 86% of the time to avoid sensor interference or collisions. The deployment successfully reopened the Minamisanriku New Port area and searched areas prohibited to divers in Rikuzentakata. The IRS‐CRASAR team planned to return from October 18 to 28, 2011, with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), and an ROV to conduct debris mapping for environmental remediation missions. The intent was to investigate an interdependent strategy by which the UAV and AUV would rapidly conduct low‐resolution scans identifying areas of interest for further investigation by the ROV. The UAV and AUV could not be used; however, the ROV was able to cover 80,000 m2 in 6 h, finding submerged wreckage and pollutants in areas previously marked clear by divers. The field work (i) showed that the actual and planned multirobot system configurations did not fall neatly into traditional taxonomies, (ii) identified a new measure, namely perceptual confidence, and (iii) posed five open research questions for multirobot systems operating in littoral regions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SHORT‐TERM IMPACTS OF LATERAL HYDROLOGICAL CONNECTIVITY RESTORATION ON AQUATIC MACROINVERTEBRATES
Authors: Besacier‐Monbertrand A.‐L. , Paillex A. , Castella E. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTIn floodplain ecosystems, the lateral hydrological connectivity between the main river channel and the secondary channels plays a major role in shaping both the habitat conditions and the macroinvertebrate diversity. Among other threats, human activities tend to reduce the lateral connectivity, which increases floodplain terrestrialization and induces a loss of aquatic biodiversity. Consequently, the restoration of lateral connectivity is of growing concern. We studied four secondary channels of the Rhône floodplain that were subjected either to no restoration or to three different restoration measures (river flow increase only, flow increase plus dredging and flow increase plus reconnection to the river). Macroinvertebrate and environmental data were analysed one year before and during a period of five years after restoration. We expected a progressive increase of lateral connectivity according to the type of restoration. Changes in macroinvertebrate assemblages were predicted to be towards more rheophilic communities and proportionally related to the changes in lateral connectivity.In the reconnected channel, lateral connectivity increased and remained high five years after restoration. In the dredged channel, the immediate increase of the lateral connectivity metric induced by sediment removal was followed by a rapid decrease. In the unrestored channel and the channel only influenced by flow increase, the metric remained constant in time. The macroinvertebrate composition and the rarefied EPT richness changes were proportionally related to the changes in lateral connectivity. Alien species richness and densities increased progressively in all channels after restoration. Our results showed that modifications of the lateral connectivity lead to predictable changes in macroinvertebrate diversity. Synergistic interactions between restoration and longer‐term changes (e.g. climatic change, invasion of alien species) encourage long‐term monitoring to assess the durability and trends of restoration measures. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐Computed Tomography and Scanning Electron Microscopy Comparisons of Two Nickel–Titanium Rotary Root Canal Instruments Used With Reciprocating Motion
Authors: Kim Hee‐Chul , Hwang You‐Jeong , Jung Da‐Woon , You Sung‐Yeop , Kim Hyeon‐Cheol , Lee WooCheol 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe single‐file root canal instrumentation technique using reciprocating motion has been gaining concern. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the shaping ability of single ProTaper F2 file and WaveOne Primary file when they were used in the curved root canal with reciprocation motion and to investigate the durability of the file after use with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Changes in structure model index (SMI), root canal volume, curvature, surface area, and degree of transportation were measured from the cross‐sectional images of the prepared canals using the micro‐CT system with an isotropic resolution of 16 μm. Results showed that there were no differences in the changes of root canal volume, surface area, and SMI between the two file groups after the preparation (p > 0.05). The ProTaper group showed a curvature straightening value of 25.45 ± 12.51%, while the WaveOne group showed 27.30 ± 10.91%, and there was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). The transportation values between the two groups showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). SEM revealed that 60% of ProTaper files showed initiation of microcracks on the surface while those were detected on the only one WaveOne file. The single‐file technique using either WaveOne Primary or ProTaper F2 can be safely used under each reciprocating motion without creating an increased apical transportation in curved canals. However, the metallurgic property resists cyclic fatigue was more favorable with WaveOne under the scanning evaluation. SCANNING 35: 112‐118, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AFM Investigation on Ox‐LDL‐Induced Changes in Cell Spreading and Cell‐Surface Adhesion Property of Endothelial Cells
Authors: Shao Wenxiang , Jin Hua , Huang Jie , Qiu Bin , Xia Ruihua , Deng Zeyuan , Cai Jiye , Chen Yong 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe integrity and adhesion properties of endothelium play vital roles during atherosclerosis. It is well known that oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (Ox‐LDL) influences many physiological activities or mechanical properties of endothelial cells. However, the effects of Ox‐LDL on the integrity and nonspecific adhesion properties of endothelial cells are still unclear. In this study, using the topographical imaging and force measurement functions of atomic force microscopy (AFM), we found that Ox‐LDL can transiently weaken the integrity of endothelium by impairing cell spreading of endothelial cells and decrease the attachment of irrelevant blood cells to endothelium by impairing the nonspecific adhesion property of endothelial cells. The AFM‐based data provide important information for understanding the effects of Ox‐LDL on endothelial cells or during atherogenesis. SCANNING 35: 119‐126, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reverse‐safe authentication protocol for secure USB memories
Authors: Lee Kyungroul , Yim Kangbin , Spafford Eugene H. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTUSB memory devices are both portable and easily accessible, and have thus become one of the most popular forms of external storage device. However, if a USB device is lost, stolen, or hacked, it may lead to leakage of critical information. It is a logical outcome that malicious individuals will try to steal their colleagues' USB memories. Consequently, various USB products with built‐in security functions have been developed. To our knowledge, there has been little or no security analysis and comparison of these devices. This paper explores technological and architectural approaches to secure USB memories while analyzing their vulnerabilities, especially for resistance to reverse engineering attacks on the authentication protocols and data decryption. In this analysis, we classify vulnerabilities of these devices into 12 categories to summarize the current security situations on USB memories. Additionally, we derive a more secure authentication protocol based on our analysis. It is expected for secure USB products, including USB memory devices, to be revised with enhanced authentication protocols as a result of this effort. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nucleation‐Controlled Distributed Plasticity in Penta‐twinned Silver Nanowires
Authors: Filleter Tobin , Ryu Seunghwa , Kang Keonwook , Yin Jie , Bernal Rodrigo A. , Sohn Kwonnam , Li Shuyou , Huang Jiaxing , Cai Wei , Espinosa Horacio D. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA unique size‐dependent strain hardening mechanism, that achieves both high strength and ductility, is demonstrated for penta‐twinned Ag nanowires (NWs) through a combined experimental‐computational approach. Thin Ag NWs are found to deform via the surface nucleation of stacking fault decahedrons (SFDs) in multiple plastic zones distributed along the NW. Twin boundaries lead to the formation of SFD chains that locally harden the NW and promote subsequent nucleation of SFDs at other locations. Due to surface undulations, chain reactions of SFD arrays are activated at stress concentrations and terminated as local stress decreases, revealing insensitivity to defects imparted by the twin structures. Thick NWs exhibit lower flow stress and number of distributed plastic zones due to the onset of necking accompanied by more complex dislocation structures.
Graphene‐Based Nafion Nanocomposite Membranes: Enhanced Proton Transport and Water Retention by Novel Organo‐functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanosheets
Authors: Enotiadis Apostolos , Angjeli Kristina , Baldino Noemi , Nicotera Isabella , Gournis Dimitrios 
Published: July 2012

AbstractNovel nanostructured organo‐modified layered materials based on graphene oxide carrying various hydrophilic functional groups (‐NH2, ‐OH, ‐SO3H) are prepared and tested as nanofillers for the creation of innovative graphene‐based Nafion nanocomposites. The hybrid membranes are characterized by a combination of analytical techniques, which show that highly homogeneous exfoliated nanocomposites are created. The pulsed field gradient NMR technique is used to measure the water self‐diffusion coefficients. Remarkable behavior at temperatures up to 140 °C is observed for some composite membranes, thereby verifying the exceptional water retention property of these materials. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows that hybrid membranes are much stiffer and can withstand higher temperatures than pure Nafion.
Transformer: an adaptation framework supporting contextual adaptation behavior composition
Authors: Gui Ning , De Florio Vincenzo , Holvoet Tom 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYAs software systems today increasingly operate in changing and complex environments, they are expected to dynamically adapt to the changing environments sometimes with multiple coexisting adaptation goals. In this paper, an adaptation framework to facilitate adaptation with multiple concerns by using reusable and composable adaptation modules is proposed. Rather than using one‐size‐fits‐all approach, in this framework, system global adaptation behavior is generated by contextually fusing adaptation plans from multiple adaptation modules. In order to handle possible conflicts from multiple adaptation plans, supports for conflict detection and resolution are provided. Following the framework design principles, a supporting middleware is implemented based on the service‐oriented component model. Adaptation behaviors are realized as individually deployable adaptation components. A strategy called normalized context matching degree is proposed to rate and select applicable adaptation components. Possible conflicts in dealing with multiple adaptation concerns are resolved by using the semantics of actuators and context conditions. This middleware is also designed to be readily reconfigurable to support new features. Case studies and experiment results show that our framework exhibits significant advantage over traditional approaches in light of flexibility and reusability of the adaptation modules, with little complexity and performance overhead. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of Passive Film Formed on AISI 316L Stainless Steel after Magnetoelectropolishing in a Broad Range of Polarization Parameters
Authors: Rokosz Krzysztof , Hryniewicz Tadeusz , Raaen Steiner 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe aim of the paper is to present the changes in the surface film composition on AISI 316L stainless steel (SS) after electropolishing (EP) and magnetoelectropolishing (MEP) in a broad range of the process conditions. The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy surface analyses were performed to reveal the effect of MEP. The EP process has been performed under natural convection (in a stagnant electrolyte), much above the polarization plateau. A series of experiments were carried out on AISI 316L SS samples in accordance with the five‐level composite rotary statistical plan with the variables being the magnetic field intensity B (mT), and the anodic current density i (A dm−2). XP high resolution spectra have been obtained on AISI 316L SS surface concerning Fe 2p, Cr 2p, O 1s, S 2p, P 2p, and C 1s, respectively. The Cr:Fe ratio regarding both metallic M and compound X was also studied and calculated. At the end, the summary results of Cr/Fe = f(B, i) in relation to the corrosion potential, have been compared. The conclusions, concerning the selection of MEP process conditions, regarding the optimum Cr/Fe ratio and corrosion behavior, have been formulated. It was found the Cr:Fe ratio well correlates with the pitting corrosion potential. MEP process can modify not only the rate of dissolution to a determined extent, but also control the corrosion behavior and Cr:Fe ratio results.
Bandwidth negotiation scheduling with dynamic zone adjustment for 802.16j mobile multihop relay networks
Authors: Sheu Tsang‐Ling , Lin I‐Chieh , Wu Yan‐Jing 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a bandwidth negotiation scheduling (BNS) for IEEE 802.16j mobile multihop relay (MMR) networks. In MMR networks, two bandwidth scheduling zones, Access and Relay zones, are specified for direct access and forwarding sessions, respectively. One of the novelties in the proposed BNS is that bandwidth negotiation is conducted between the Access and Relay zones. In other words, a higher‐priority traffic class in a high‐utilization zone may receive extra bandwidth from low‐utilization zone when its delay constraint or bandwidth requirement cannot be satisfied. In addition, when the assigned bandwidth to non‐real‐time polling service (nrtPS) has exceeded its minimum requirement, the proposed BNS can avoid possible starvations for best effort (BE) traffic by receiving extra bandwidth from nrtPS. Through multidimensional Markov formulation, we evaluate the performance of the BNS and compare it with a fixed‐boundary scheme. The analytical results have shown that the proposed BNS can increase delay‐constraint satisfactions for real‐time polling service and decrease the packet loss rate for BE. Furthermore, the overall system throughput can be increased significantly because of an improvement on bandwidth utilization. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of atmospheric stability on wind turbine loads
Authors: Sathe A. , Mann J. , Barlas T. , Bierbooms W.A.A.M. , van Bussel G.J.W. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTSimulations of wind turbine loads for the NREL 5 MW reference wind turbine under diabatic conditions are performed. The diabatic conditions are incorporated in the input wind field in the form of wind profile and turbulence. The simulations are carried out for mean wind speeds between 3 and 16 m s  − 1 at the turbine hub height. The loads are quantified as the cumulative sum of the damage equivalent load for different wind speeds that are weighted according to the wind speed and stability distribution. Four sites with a different wind speed and stability distribution are used for comparison. The turbulence and wind profile from only one site is used in the load calculations, which are then weighted according to wind speed and stability distributions at different sites. It is observed that atmospheric stability influences the tower and rotor loads. The difference in the calculated tower loads using diabatic wind conditions and those obtained assuming neutral conditions only is up to 17%, whereas the difference for the rotor loads is up to 13%. The blade loads are hardly influenced by atmospheric stability, where the difference between the calculated loads using diabatic and neutral input wind conditions is up to 3% only. The wind profiles and turbulence under diabatic conditions have contrasting influences on the loads; for example, under stable conditions, loads induced by the wind profile are larger because of increased wind shear, whereas those induced by turbulence are lower because of less turbulent energy. The tower base loads are mainly influenced by diabatic turbulence, whereas the rotor loads are influenced by diabatic wind profiles. The blade loads are influenced by both, diabatic wind profile and turbulence, that leads to nullifying the contrasting influences on the loads. The importance of using a detailed boundary‐layer wind profile model is also demonstrated. The difference in the calculated blade and rotor loads is up to 6% and 8%, respectively, when only the surface‐layer wind profile model is used in comparison with those obtained using a boundary‐layer wind profile model. Finally, a comparison of the calculated loads obtained using site‐specific and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) wind conditions is carried out. It is observed that the IEC loads are up to 96% larger than those obtained using site‐specific wind conditions.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of flow behind vortex generators by stereo particle image velocimetry on a thick airfoil near stall
Authors: Velte Clara M. , Hansen Martin O. L. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTStereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry measurements investigating the effect of vortex generators (VGs) on the flow near stall were carried out in a purpose‐built wind tunnel for airfoil investigations on a DU 91‐W2‐250 profile. Measurements were conducted at Re = 0.9⋅106, corresponding to free stream velocity U∞ = 15 m s−1. The objective was to investigate the flow structures induced by the vortex generators and study their separation controlling behavior on the airfoil. The uncontrolled flow (no VGs) displayed unsteady behavior with separation as observed from large streamwise velocity variations. The corresponding controlled flow (with VGs) showed the same unsteadiness, where the appearance of the vortex structures alternated with a much less separated or even attached boundary layer as also seen in the measured airfoil data: CL = 1.56, CD = 0.116 with VGs and CL = 1.16, CD = 0.135 without. On average, the controlled flow left an attached flow as opposed to the uncontrolled one. Mixing close to the wall, transferring high momentum fluid into the near wall region, was observed, and the hypothesis of variations in the streamwise velocity component in the boundary layer was supported by a Snapshot Proper Orthogonal Decomposition analysis. This analysis also revealed some of the dynamics of the induced vortices. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.