bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral Vascular Accident: Some Characteristics of Occupational Therapy Evaluation Forms
Authors: Ottenbacher Kenneth 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
To determine areas most commonly evaluated by occupational therapists and to ascertain methods in which evaluative information is gathered, 35 evaluation forms currently employed by occupational therapists to assess dysfunction in patients with cerebral vascular accident were collected. Five general areas including motor function, sensory deficit, hand function, activities of daily living, and visual perception were found to be most frequently listed on the forms. These areas were divided into sub areas to operationally define the information collected. Analysis revealed that the level of measurement most frequently employed by therapists to record evaluative findings was the descriptive level. There was a tendency to collect data at “higher” or more sophisticated levels of measurement in those areas evaluated most frequently. The findings are discussed in relation to professional competency concerns and the need to develop unique occupational therapy evaluative instruments for areas of practice such as cerebral vascular accident.
Teaching Research: An Introduction to Statistical Concepts and Research Terminology
Authors: Greenstein Lillian R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Concerns for establishing priorities in occupational therapy research and positive responses to these concerns are reviewed. Growth in occupational therapy research can be expected, but it is important that the research process not be limited to educators and graduate students alone. Involvement of occupational therapists in scientific inquiry is often deterred by misconceptions of the research process. Realistic acceptance of research is needed to replace these misconceptions.
One major problem is understanding the language of research. It is suggested that the acquisition of research language can begin in regular occupational therapy classes. To introduce students to research concepts, frequently used statistical symbols and research terms are discussed. Limitations in applying “ideal” research methodology to clinical research are noted.
Hyper-responsivity to Touch and Vestibular Stimuli as a Predictor of Positive Response to Sensory Integration Procedures by Autistic Children
Authors: Ayres A. Jean , Tickle Linda S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Sensory processing disturbance in autistic children as a predictor of response to sensory integrative procedures was investigated. Ten autistic children, ages 3-½ to 13 years (mean, 7.4 years), were initially evaluated in regard to their hypo-, hyper-, or normal responsivity to visual, auditory, tactile, vestibular, proprioceptive, olfactory, and gustatory stimuli. After evaluation, each child received therapy that provided somatosensory and vestibular stimulation and elicited adaptive responses to these stimuli. At the end of one year of therapy, each child’s progress was judged in relationship to that of the others, and the group was divided into the six best and the four poorest respondents. Stepwise discriminant analysis identified which initial test variables predicted good or poor responses to therapy. The good respondents showed tactile defensiveness, avoidance of movement, gravitational insecurity, and an orienting response to an air puff. Results suggest that children who registered sensory input but failed to modulate it responded better to therapy than those who were hypo-responsive or failed to orient to sensory input.
Visually Monitored Postrotary Nystagmus in Seven Autistic Children
Authors: Nelson David , Nitzberg Lori , Hollander Tony 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Therapists who evaluate the sensorimotor functions of autistic children have become increasingly interested in monitoring their responses to vestibular stimulation. In this study, the duration of the nystagmus reflex is visually monitored and then measured by means of a stop-watch. Each of 7 autistic subjects received 18 sessions (36 trials) of horizontal semicircular canal stimulation during a period of 25 days. In each trial a graduated acceleration in a hand-operated rotating chair preceded an abrupt stop, with a rapid deceleration from 180° / second to 0° / second. Although subject option (intentional response) imposes limitations on the data interpretation, inspection of the nystagmus functions over time suggests the following: substantial trial-to-trial variability; substantial subject-to-subject variability; greater scores following trials to the subjects’ left (the direction of the second trial in each session) than to the right (the direction of the first); and no evidence of consistent change for most subjects in nystagmus duration across the 36 trials. Implications for clinical evaluation of nystagmus are discussed.
The Relationship between Professional Productivity and Educational Level, Part 1. Review of the Literature and Methodology
Authors: Rogers Joan C. , Mann William C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of the educational level of occupational therapists to their professional productivity in the areas of practice, education, research, publication, professional activities, and health care policy planning. These areas of professional productivity were also studied in relationship to selected educational curricula through their alumni. In this article, the first of two, the literature and methodology are reviewed, the independent and dependent variables are defined, and the hypotheses are presented. The results will be presented and discussed in Part 2.
Bilateral Shoulder Disarticulation: Equipment Used to Facilitate Independence
Authors: Poole Janet , Parkinson M. Martha 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Equipment and methods used in treating a patient with a traumatic bilateral shoulder disarticulation in order to achieve independence in several daily living skills without the use of prostheses are described in this article. Dressing, bathing, toileting, communication, and hygiene skills are presented.
The Effect of Activity/Environment on Emotionally Disturbed Children
Authors: Kohler Elizabeth S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Two groups of 12 emotionally disturbed children were randomly assigned to either a distractive or a distraction-free room. The children were measured for inattention (length of time off task), distractibility (number of times off task), and impulsivity (measured by the Matching Familiar Figures Test). Results showed that children in a distraction-free room were more attentive than those in a distractive room. Also, children engaging in a structured activity were less distractible than those engaging in an unstructured activity. The relationship of room environment and activity structure on an emotionally disturbed child’s behaviors of distractibility and inattention were discussed in relation to clinical occupational therapy and future research efforts.
A Model of Human Occupation, Part 1. Conceptual Framework and Content
Authors: Kielhofner Gary , Burke Janice Posatery 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper, the first of four, presents the structure and content of a model of occupation. The model is proposed as the first step in the development of a paradigm of occupation for the field of occupational therapy and is designed for application in practice and research. It draws upon the theory of open systems to build a structural framework. Concepts relevant to human occupation are integrated into this framework. Subsequent papers will add concepts to the model and demonstrate its application in clinical practice.
Effect of Sensory Stimulation on Eye Contact in a Profoundly Retarded Adult
Authors: Resman Michael H. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A case study is presented that documents changes in eye contact duration following a program of sensory stimulation. Stimulation was provided by bouncing, being pulled on a scooter board, quick rocking, and use of an electric toothbrush. Data indicated that longer eye contact, decreased self-stimulation, and improved learning occurred. These results lend support to the hypothesis that some hyperactive children are underaroused and need stimulation. The rationale for treatment of these individuals is discussed.
Need Satisfaction of Older Persons Living in the Community and in Institutions, Part 2. Role of Activity
Authors: Tickle Linda S. , Yerxa Elizabeth J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A descriptive study was conducted in order to examine the types of need satisfaction older persons gained from activities they performed in their living environments. This is the second of two articles that examines the relationships among need satisfaction, environment, and activity. Subjects included 20 community and 21 institutionalized older persons. It was found that the subjects’ most important activities were visiting and being involved in church functions. Using Maslow’s need hierarchy as the theoretical framework, both of these activities were found to be associated with satisfying belongingness/love needs. The implications the findings have for occupational therapy intervention with older persons are included.
Diagnosis and Treatment of the Hemiplegic Patient with Brachial Plexus Injury
Authors: Meredith Judy , Taft Ginny , Kaplan Paul 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Brachial plexus injury was observed as a complication in 5 of 12 hemiplegic patients admitted over a 5-week period to an inpatient unit of the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago. These patients exhibited unusual patterns of muscle atrophy and return of function in the impaired upper extremity. Occupational therapists may play an important part in the diagnosis and treatment of this complication of hemiplegia by promptly recognizing its subtle clinical signs and instituting appropriate therapy. Electromyography may be recommended to confirm this diagnosis.
The treatment of choice is to maintain correct positioning of the limb both day and night, to use facilitation techniques for specific muscles in order to prevent atrophy, and to maintain passive range of motion as much as possible. Prevention of brachial plexus injury depends largely on the education of patient, family, and staff as to the potential hazards to a frail extremity that has no protective responses.
The Relationship of Prone Extension to Other Vestibular Functions
Authors: Bundy Anita C. , Fisher Anne G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to examine clinical observations hypothesized to reflect vestibular integrity in children in an attempt to clinically separate otolithic from semicircular canal functioning. Based on the assumption that prone extension is an otolithic function, two experimental groups and one control group were identified; the groups had varying abilities for prone extension. Using a discriminant analysis, four variables (equilibrium sitting, equilibrium kneeling, eyes crossing the midline, and teacher’s impression) were found to predict group membership. Only equilibrium sitting by itself was significantly different between groups. The variables selected by the analysis were originally hypothesized to measure semicircular canal functioning. This was thought, at least in part, to reflect insensitivity of scoring and/or lack of validity of the variables measured. Descriptively, tentative support existed for a division of static from dynamic vestibular function. Therefore, further study is indicated.
Adult Performance on the Southern California Kinesthesis and Tactile Perception Tests
Authors: Hsu Yeuhwei Tien , Nelson David L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Researchers and clinicians working with various adult populations have no practical, complete, reliable, and valid method of measuring the tactile and kinesthetic functions of their clients. This study gathers preliminary normative information on the performance of adults on the Southern California Kinesthesia and Tactile Tests. Fifty-one normal men and women with a mean age of 26 years were administered the Kinesthesia, Manual Form Perception, Finger Indentification, Graphesthesia, Localization of Tactile Stimuli, and Double Tactile Stimuli Tests in the order in which they were standardized. Test-retest reliability was studied in 41 of these subjects. Results indicated that the assessment of normal adults was hampered by ceiling effects and by low reliability, but that these six tests might well serve a useful function in discriminating between relatively severe dysfunction and normal function in adults. Suggestions were made toward the development of new measurement instruments specifically designed for adults.
A Survey of Rationales For and Against Hand Splinting in Hemiplegia
Authors: Neuhaus Barbara E. , Ascher Eileen R. , Coullon Bridget A. , Donohue Mary V. , Einbond Anne , Glover Jeanette M. , Goldberg Susan R. , Takai Valerie L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study investigated rationales underlying splinting decisions involving patients with hemiplegia. The survey incorporated a limited-choice, multiple-option questionnaire based on the case study of a man with a left hemiparesis at three hypothetical stages of recovery. Ninety-three occupational therapists who answered indicated whether they would or would not recommend a splint at each stage, and selected one or more reasons for their decisions. The respondents fell into three major categories: those who would 1. never splint, 2. always splint, and 3. splint only in the presence of moderate to severe spasticity. Those with longer clinical experience reflected more tendency to splint. The results indicated conflicting practices in splinting and showed the need for further clinical research in this area.
Checklist for the Prescription of Slings for the Hemiplegic Patient
Authors: Smith Roger O. , Okamoto Gary A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The wide variety of hemiplegicsling designs, the lack of a uniform approach to sling selection, and the paucity of research data in this area have tended to make prescribing a sling a subjective process. Based on clinical experience and a comprehensive literature review, the authors propose a checklist for examining hemiplegic slings. The Checklist, which includes 19 desirable and 4 undesirable characteristics of slings, provides a more objective basis for comparing sling designs, warns of potential hazards, and facilitates the thorough examination of hemiplegic slings. The uses and limitations of the Checklist are discussed.
Incidence of Sensory Integrative Dysfunction among Children with Orofacial Cleft
Authors: Chapparo Christine J. , Yerxa Elizabeth J. , Nelson Judith Gick , Wilson Libby 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists working with children with clefts observed that those children demonstrated subtle developmental delays, including learning, language, and behavioral problems that appeared related to sensory integrative dysfunction as identified by Ayres in children with learning disabilities. This study explored the possible existence of sensory integrative dysfunction in children with clefts when compared to normative data published by Ayres. The Southern California Sensory Integration Tests and the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Tests were administered to 70 four- to nineyear old children with clefts, who had been selected from four different hospital settings.
Comparisons of the mean subtest scores of the sample children and the norms showed that significant levels (p &lt; .05) of difference existed. The subjects with clefts exhibited dysfunction related to vestibular and tactile processing and bilateral integration. No relationship was found between sensory integrative dysfunction and the child’s cleft type, sex, or hospital setting.
A Developmental Prehension Assessment for Handicapped Children
Authors: Erhardt Rhoda Priest , Beatty Patricia Ann , Hertsgaard Doris Massey 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A study consisting of three components is reported. During Phase One an extensive literature search led to a compiled set of norms for reflexive and voluntary prehensile development. Phase Two included the clinical use and revision of the resultant Erhardt Developmental Prehension Assessment (EDPA©). Phase Three involved the testing of the EDPA for interrater reliability, which resulted in highly significant intraclass correlations. Single test item correlations were also analyzed to identify items needing clarification or alteration in preparation for final revision of the instrument. A sample application in the clinical field is illustrated by segments of an EDPA used to develop an Individualized Educational Plan, required by Federal Law 94-142 (Education of All Handicapped Children).
An Occupational Therapy Program for Chronic Back Pain
Authors: Flower Adelaide , Naxon Elya , Jones Richard E. , Mooney Vert 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper describes a multidisciplinary approach to the evaluation and treatment of the patient with chronic spinal pain with particular emphasis on the cooperative roles of the physical disabilities occupational therapist and the psychosocial occupational therapist. The goal of the total program is to help patients progress from a sick role of dependent, painful behavior to a less pain-centered, more productive role–one in which they have begun to assume control over the way they feel and function. The success of the program is measured by the patient’s increased activity level and improved ability to cope with the demands of home and job. A review of patient records after one year of operation showed that only 4 of 54 patients who completed both phases of the program were returning to the orthopedic back clinic as outpatients.
Measurement of Ocular Pursuits in Normal Children
Authors: Gilligan Mary Beth , Mayberry Wanda , Stewart Linda , Kenyon Pat , Gaebler Chris 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Ocular pursuits have been evaluated by occupational therapists (OTRs) in many settings, but normative information has been lacking. In this study, a standardized method of testing and recording ocular pursuits was developed and pilot tested on both normal and handicapped children. Normative data were then collected by using a cooperative research method in which 28 OTRs in the state of Colorado were trained, in a one-day workshop, to administer and score the test, achieving .98 inter-rater reliability for total test score. Each qualified tester evaluated approximately 15 normal children between 3 and 11 years of age. The total sample was 489 subjects.
There were some age-related trends, and most behaviors demonstrated a ceiling effect, particularly with older children. The results imply that many normal children have some immaturity in ocular pursuit skills until 6 or 7 years of age.
The Delineation of the Role of Entry-Level Occupational Therapy Personnel
Authors: Shapiro Diane , Brown Dale 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The role assumed by occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants during the first year of practice was delineated as part of an examination development project. The methods used to collect and analyze data obtained from several hundred therapists, assistants, and supervisors are described. A section of the results is presented to illustrate the differences and similarities found between the two levels of personnel.
Relationship of the Southern California Sensory Integration Tests, the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test, and Clinical Observations Accompanying Them to Evaluations in Otolaryngology, Ophthalmology, and Audiology: Two Descriptive Case Studies
Authors: Royeen Charlotte Brasic , Lesinski George , Ciani Sharon , Schneider David 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A preliminary investigation was conducted into the relationship of the Southern California Sensory Integration Tests (SCSIT), the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test (SCPNT), and clinical observations accompanying these tests to evaluations in otolaryngology, ophthalmology, and audiology. The subjects were two children with vestibularly based sensory integrative dysfunction. The results revealed that there was no agreement between the results of the SCPNT and the otolaryngological evaluation. There was some agreement between the ophthalmology evaluation and the clinical observations accompanying the SCSIT. Both subjects scored poorly in two areas of auditory processing. Possible reasons for these results are discussed as well as implications for occupational therapy research and practice.
The Effects of Auditorally Augmented Feedback on the Eye-Hand Coordination of Students with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Talbot Michael L. , Junkala John 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
To explore the question of whether auditorally augmented feedback can improve the eye-hand coordination of individuals with cerebral palsy, 59 (cerebral-palsied) students (mean chronological age 14 years, 3 months) were pretested with the Southern California Motor Accuracy Test and then randomly assigned to three groups. Group 1 performed training exercises—tracing line drawings—while simultaneously receiving auditorally augmented feedback about their efforts. Group 2 performed the same training exercises without the augmented feedback. Group 3 served as controls. All subjects were post-tested with the Southern California Motor Accuracy Test, followed by a second post-test after a 3-month interval. At the first post-test, the performance of the feedback group was significantly superior to that of the other groups. At the second post-test, the performance patterns among the groups were essentially the same as at the time of the first post-test, but between-group differences were no longer significant. The results of this study are discussed in both empirical and theoretical terms.
Order and Disorder in Medicine and Occupational Therapy
Authors: Rogers Joan C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Professional practice is based on knowledge of order, disorder, and change. The meaning of these concepts in medicine and in occupational therapy is compared to clarify the differences in orientation between the two disciplines. The negative influence of the biomedical model on occupational therapy theory and practice is illustrated. The development of a taxonomy of levels of performance in occupation to serve as a basis for referral to occupational therapy and for theory building is suggested.
Changing Trends in Practice
Authors: Bair Jeanette 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists are involved in delivering their services within a very complex health care environment and it is essential to understand the implications of the health care system in planning and implementing occupational therapy services. This month’s column gives the occupational therapist a perspective on the health system and should be a guide for all clinicians and educators in looking at the role occupational therapy plays in delivering health services to the American public.
Independence Through Activity: The Practice of Occupational Therapy (Psychiatry)
Authors: Allen Claudia Kay 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
An outline for an emerging theory to guide occupational therapy practice with mental disorders is provided. A hierarchy of cognitive levels with an accompanying task analysis describes functional distinctions in the severity of disorder, as reflected in routine task behavior. Recent advances in the neurosciences are examined for their potential impact on knowledge development and program objectives.