bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Red Cross and the human environment
Authors: Vigne Jacques , J.-G.L.  
Published: January 2010

In the August 1972 issue of International Review, an article on the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment drew attention to one of the vital problems of our day. The importance of the subject was underlined in the seven-paragraph Declaration adopted in Stockholm in June 1972, expressing man's common interest in the preservation of our planet. The Declaration, comprising a preamble and a number of principles, stated, inter alia, the following:Man has the fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of a quality which permits a life of dignity and well-being, and bears a solemn responsibility to protect and improve the environment for present and future generations.
Henry Dunant, promoter of the 1874 Brussels Conference, Pioneer of Diplomatic Protection for Prisoners of War
Authors: de Pourtalès Y. , Durand R.-H. 
Published: January 2010

That is what Henry Dunant wrote in his notebooks, most of which were never published, and we are pleased to publish a study shedding light on Dunant's role as promoter of protection for prisoners of war.In Belgium's capital, ceremonies were recently held to mark the centenary of the Brussels Declaration. At the formal commemorative sitting, Mr. J. Pictet, Vice-President of the ICRC, drew attention to the parallel development of the law of Geneva and the law of The Hague, to which the Brussels Declaration gave a decisive impetus. The study is therefore well-timed. As usual, the, views expressed are those of the authors alone. It may be added that the original is in French and that the English version is a translation by the ICRC.
Recognition of The Gambia Red Cross Society
Authors: Martin Eric 
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you that the International Committee of the Red Cross, on 10 October 1974, officially recognized The Gambia Red Cross Society.The new Society was constituted on 1 October 1966 and formally applied for recognition by the International Committee on 18 April 1974. Its request was supported by various documents including its Statutes, the Act of the Republic of the Gambia recognizing The Gambia Red Cross as a National Society auxiliary to the public authorities, and a report on the Society's activities.
The latest social task of the Norwegian Red Cross: Prison Visitors
Authors: Meinich Jens 
Published: January 2010

It was with a feeling of exitement that, one day in February 1959, I complied with the request of the Leader of Education at the National Prison—Botsfengselet—in Oslo to make a speech on the Red Cross, accompanied by a film and followed by a question-hour, in connection with a course in social science for the prisoners.I started by telling the audience that the Founder of the Red Cross, Henry Dunant, as a young man visited the prison in Geneva, where he read aloud to the prisoners and brought them human contact.
Humanitarian Law in armed conflicts: The doctrine and practice of Polish insurgents in the 19th Century
Authors: Bierzanek Remigiusz 
Published: January 2010

Did Poland, whose territory was divided up between Prussia, Russia and Austria at the end of the 18th century and which did not regain its independence until 1918, contribute in the 19th century to the ideas underlying humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts?The political conditions under which the Polish people were then living, while they devoted all their energies to the fight for independence, encouraged them to study and consider various aspects of wars of national liberation. Their thinking was marked by much originality, with some special characteristics that are worth recalling.
Death of Mr. Roger Gallopin
Authors: Hay Alexandre 
Published: January 2010

The ICRC learnt with very deep sorrow of the death on 18 March 1986 of Mr. Roger Gallopin, honorary member and former President of the Executive Board of the institution. In him the International Committee has lost one of its most faithful and lifelong servants.He was 27 years old when he joined the ICRC in 1936. A young Doctor of Laws and author of a thesis on the Anglo-Irish conflict, he seemed destined for a brilliant carreer in law. And indeed his main activity consisted initially in making preparations, with one of his colleagues, for the Diplomatic Conference for the Revision of the Geneva Conventions which was due to be held in 1940 and which the outbreak of hostilities then postponed. His subsequent career revealed his talents as an organizer and diplomat.
Prohibition of terrorist acts in international humanitarian law
Authors: Gasser Hans-Peter 
Published: January 2010

This paper deals with the provisions of contemporary international humanitarian law which prohibit “terrorist acts”, commonly referred to, simply, as “terrorism”.Since the paper is mainly of a descriptive nature, experts in international humanitarian law will learn little that is new. But if it succeeds in highlighting one specific aspect of the well-known obligations and prohibitions set forth in the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols—namely, the absolute and unconditional ban on terrorism—the objective will be attained. A few basic facts will then have been recalled which should make it somewhat easier to tackle the complex questions as to the essence and legal bounds of guerrilla warfare.
Editors of the Review: Tribute to Michel Testuz
Authors: J.P.  
Published: January 2010

For reasons of health, Mr. Michel Testuz has been obliged to give up his position as editor of the International Review of the Red Cross, in which he served with distinction since 1977, and enter into early retirement.Those who have seen him at work, during a career devoted to the humanitarian cause for nearly forty years, and in particular the readers of the Review, will greatly regret this decision and the loss it entails, while deferring to the circumstances which made it necessary. This scholarly man, with his rich culture and brilliance as an editor, maintained the standards of this traditional voice of the ICRC at the high level befitting its function and assured the universal respect it enjoys.
Implementing International Humanitarian Law: Problems and Priorities
Authors: Fleck Dieter 
Published: January 2010

The implementation of international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts must be considered in the light of three basic problems.First, in time of peace no one wants to think about the kind of situation where this body of law is put into practice. Nor is it easy to foster enthusiasm for legal rules which are beyond people's personal experience. But unless certain efforts are made and steps taken in peacetime, it cannot be expected that these rules will be implemented in time of crisis or war.
Proceedings of the Round Table
Authors: Doswald-Beck Louise 
Published: January 2010

This address was given by the ICRC President at the opening of the fourth of a series of expert meetings which considered the use of new laser weapons to permanently blind enemy soldiers.
The ICRC had initially been alerted to this problem by the mention, in a number of technical and military publications, of the fact that both vehicle-mounted lasers and hand-held laser rifles are being developed which appear to have two purposes: the destruction of sensors on vehicles, and the targeting of soldiers' eyes. Several governments voiced their concern about this development at the International Conference of the Red Cross in 1986 and the ICRC decided to study the subject in more detail.
ASPECTS OF DISSEMINATION
Authors: The Review  
Published: January 2010

The year 1977 may be considered a turning point for the dissemination of knowledge of international humanitarian law and the Principles and the ideals of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. If we briefly review events of that year, we see that from 21 to 30 March 1977 the first European Red Cross Seminar on the Dissemination of the Geneva Conventions, organized by the Polish Red Cross and the ICRC, was held in Warsaw. Representatives of European and North American National Societies and of the ICRC and the League attended the seminar which adopted the following principles:«Although dissemination of knowledge of international humanitarian law is a responsibility of governments, it should be a direct concern of the Red Cross in general and particularly of each National Society in its own country.
Compliance with International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Aldrich George H. 
Published: January 2010

In 1974, the University of Leiden (Netherlands) established a Chair of International Humanitarian Law, whose first incumbent was Professor Frits Kalshoven, a familiar name to readers of theReview.Mr. George Aldrich, who led the United States delegation at the Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts from 1974 to 1977, and who since 1981 has been a Judge at the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal in The Hague, was recently appointed as his successor.During an official ceremony held at the University of Leiden on 13 November 1990, the new holder of the “Red Cross Chair”, as it is sometimes called, made a pressing appeal in his inaugural lecture for compliance with international humanitarian law. In his talk Professor Aldrich described with a large measure of realism the obstacles to implementation of the law but showed cautious optimism in reviewing the means available to the international community to surmount those obstacles.TheReviewis pleased to publish, with the author's agreement, the text of his lecture which brings to a close, on a note of appeal and hope, this series of articles devoted to implementation of international humanitarian law.
Synopsis VI: Relief
Authors: de Preux Jean 
Published: January 2010

In case of armed conflict, the following groups are entitled to relief:— the civilian population of an occupied territory (Fourth Conv., Art. 59; Prot. I, Art. 69);— the civilian population of a territory under the control of a party to the conflict, other than an occupied territory (Fourth Conv., Art. 23, 38; Prot. I, Art. 70);— prisoners of war and civilian internees in the territory of a Party to the conflict or in an occupied territory (Third Conv., Art. 72; Fourth Conv., Art. 108).
Under the presidency of Mr. Alexandre Hay: the ICRC from 1976 to 1987: Controlled expansion
Authors: The Review  
Published: January 2010

On 6 May of this year, on the occasion of Mr. Cornelio Sommaruga's taking office as the ICRC's twelfth President, the ICRC General Assembly paid tribute to Mr. Alexandre Hay, who headed the institution from 1 July 1976 to 6 May 1987.The members of the Committee and the Directorate recalled, in particular, the profound humanity and determination with which Mr. Hay had carried out his responsibilities throughout a decade marked by innumerable crises.
The Egyptian Red Crescent Society is 75 years old (II)
Authors: Darwish Yahia Hassan 
Published: January 2010

Taking part in community-service activities is a natural way for young people to satisfy their aspirations and enables them to shoulder their responsibilities as future citizens.This is why the Egyptian Red Crescent has always endeavoured to make use of young people's abilities, help them to become part of society, show them how they can accomplish useful work for the community and, in so doing, support the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
After the XIVth International Conference on Social Welfare
Authors: Esnard Monique 
Published: January 2010

The congress is held by some writers to be the present day antidote to modern man's isolation. Must this be seen as the reason for the constantly large participation in International Conferences on social welfare, in spite of the proliferation of seminars and meetings ?Undoubtedly social workers and representatives of allied professions are not immune from this modern trend. Thus, every two years, when the International Council on Social Welfare organises its international forum there is a veritable “Migration” of office holders in the social welfare field. They come from all quarters to pool, for a week, their experiences and ideas on the selected theme.
Teaching Solidarity
Authors: Laroque Pierre. 
Published: January 2010

The author of the following important article is president of the Section sociale du Conseil d'Etat français. When, in 1968, he was awarded the René Sand prize at the fourteenth International Conference of the International Council on Social Welfare he delivered a speech on “Human Rights, Social Work and Social Policy”.The Red Cross was represented not only because many of the delegates were members of our movement but also because the ceremony recalled the memory of Rene Sand, who had been a leading light of the Belgian Red Cross. International Review has published several of his writings, one of which he concluded with the following words revealing the active idealism which was typical of him: “The human instinct, which sometimes goes astray but is more often led astray, tends towards goodwill and peace, not towards war”.We are grateful to the René Sand prize-winner for having also contributed to our publication.
The Reuniting of Families in Europe during and after the Second World War
Authors: Beckh H. G. 
Published: January 2010

It is necessary, first of all, to define what is understood here by the expression “reuniting of families”.In this article, the term is used in a narrow sense. It refers to the humanitarian protection given, on an international plane, for the reuniting of the members of one and the same family, who have been separated from each other against their will, as a result of external events—international wars, civil wars, internal disturbances, grave political tension—and who have ended up in different countries on either side of a frontier which they find impossible to cross. In most cases, the difficulties involved for such persons to obtain permits allowing them to leave a particular country and enter another are practically insurmountable. It is such persons who are referred to here and it is to them that the ICRC endeavours to bring its assistance.
Voluntary service in society today
Authors: Meurant Jacques 
Published: January 2010

“Voluntary work, less and less an activity undertaken by a small minority for the benefit of the majority, is becoming a natural means for the majority to participate in the life of the community, through pressure groups or directly influencing their environment or by other means.”This definition, in a British Government paper to the United Nations Environment Conference in Stockholm in June 1972, well summarizes the significance and scope of voluntary work in society today and the way in which the concept of voluntary service has evolved.
The Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross (V)
Authors: Pictet Jean 
Published: January 2010

The principle goes on to state that the Red Cross may not take sides in hostilities. This refers to neutrality in the military domain, and this is indeed the initial understanding of neutrality.The affirmation is an obvious one, but it is nonetheless essential. Some people have found it too laconic, even curt. It is true enough that the expression should apply to all forms of conflict and not only to military operations in the narrow sense. Furthermore, it should cover not only conflicts between nations but also civil wars and internal disorders. It might accordingly be better to say, the Red Cross may not take sides in armed conflicts of any kind.
Islam and international humanitarian law
Authors: Ashoor Yadh Ben 
Published: January 2010

Contemporary political analyses and studies concerning Islam often bear the mark of ethical values and judgements that obtain in the cultural context of the authors.In this respect, two main tendencies can be discerned. The first, which we might call “Western-centred”, is to be found in the works of specialists in Oriental or Islamic studies who have been trained in the West and are thence impregnated with its culture. When analysing Islam, they judge it on the basis of the moral or political norms pertaining in the West. The second, which could be characterised as “apologetic”, generally finds its reflection in the writings of Moslem thinkers who, reacting against the first school's attacks on Islam, try to glorify it and, in particular, set out to identify in Islam all the cultural notions and inventions of the modern world, in other words, the Western world. According to this second school, Islam is, for example, the inventor and disseminator of democratic government, socialism, the separation of powers, human rights and humanitarian law.
New code for the protection of civilian population and property during armed conflict
Authors: Gloşcă Ionel 
Published: January 2010

One of the principles underlying international law applicable in armed conflicts is that no act of war is permitted against the civilian population, consisting, by definition, of persons who take no part in the hostilities.Until the holocaust of 1939–45, international law gave practically no real protection to the civilian population in the event of war, and was not even intended to do so since up to that time war was considered to be a State activity from which civilians remained aloof. There were, nonetheless, general principles and rules in various international treaties which, in one way or another, related also to the civilian population.
Origin and Evolution of the Statutes of the International Red Cross
Authors: Durand André 
Published: January 2010

The first Statutes of the International Red Cross date back to 1928. Until then, the International Red Cross had no constitution.It should not be deduced from this that the subject had not been considered. The First International Conference of the Red Cross (Paris, 1867) and the Second (Berlin, 1869) studied the question of the international organization of the Red Cross. Deferring consideration of the topic to a later session, they confirmed the ICRC in the tasks assigned it by Article 10 of the Resolutions of the 1963 Conference:“The exchange of communications between the Committees of the various countries shall be made for the time being through the intermediary of the Geneva Committee.”
The ICRC and the Future: Five major challenges of the year 2000 for an organization in its second century
Authors: Moreillon Jacques 
Published: January 2010

1) On some simple truths by way of introduction to arouse the interest of the reader— The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), as an organization, has no rights of its own; the only ones it exercises are those of the silent victims in whose name it speaks.— Were it not the defender of the fundamental principles of the Red Cross, of which it is the guardian, the ICRC would be just one more voluntary agency, with a small budget.
The Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross and Peace—Significance of the principles for the spirit of peace
Authors: Pictet Jean 
Published: January 2010

Since life began on earth, creatures have struggled against creatures. Through all ages, man has groaned under the sword and the yoke. The pages of history are stained with blood. Everywhere we see only slaughter, torture, oppression. Why?The famous physicist, Albert Einstein, haunted by the spectre of war, asked this question of Sigmund Freud, the famous psychologist, another man of genius.
Can the Red Cross contribute to safeguarding peace?
Authors: Haug Hans 
Published: January 2010

Can the Red Cross help to maintain peace and should it not, alongside its humanitarian role, also fulfil a mission of peace? This is far from being a new consideration, raised by recent developments in the peace movement and by demonstrations in favour of peace.Whether the Red Cross, by its very nature, is a factor for peace; whether its humanitarian work should finally result in eliminating war, are questions as old as the idea of the Red Cross itself. Very early on, Henry Dunant declared that it was not enough to relieve the suffering of victims of war but that war itself should be banned.
Health protection in armed conflicts
Authors: Russbach Rémi 
Published: January 2010

Armed conflicts always have dire effects on the health of the civilian population. Apart from the harm — wounds, burns, asphyxia and radiation — caused directly by weapons of war, the people fall prey to disease because of the disruption of their normal living conditions.In most cases, it is the latter rather than the former which takes the greatest toll.Some basic health protection principles are therefore common to all development and disaster situations.
Dissemination of international humanitarian law in Ecuador
Authors: Zeas Ricardo Camacho 
Published: January 2010

International humanitarian law is the body of rules (the four 1949 Geneva Conventions and their two Additional Protocols of 1977) governing the rights and obligations of the belligerents in war.In signing and later ratifying the Conventions and their Protocols, the States party thereto undertake not only to respect and ensure respect for humanitarian law in all circumstances, but also to disseminate the relevant texts as widely as possible in time of peace as in time of war, among both the armed forces and police and the civilian population. This is stipulated in Articles 47, 48, 127 and 144 of the four Geneva Conventions respectively, which also require States to include the study of humanitarian law in programmes of military instruction. Moreover, States are duty-bound to incorporate the provisions of humanitarian law in their internal legislation.
Underwater acoustic identification of hospital ships
Authors: Eberlin Philippe 
Published: January 2010

At the Twenty-fifth International Conference of the Red Cross (Geneva, 1986) the ICRC presented its report on the identification of medical transports, including the action taken to implement Resolution VIII of the previous International Conference. The report stressed that in a naval conflict the protection of medical transports at sea largely depended on the technical means of identification available.By adopting its Resolution III entitled “Identification of medical transports”, the Twenty-fifth Conference recognized the need for continuous efforts to ensure that the means used to signal and identify medical personnel, units and transports keep pace with technical advances.
Health Care Ten years after Alma Ata
Authors: Kisselev Andrei K. , Korneyev Yuri E. 
Published: January 2010

In 1977 the Thirtieth World Health Assembly decided that the main social goal of governments and WHO should be “the attainment by all citizens of the world by the year 2000 of a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially and economically productive life”.The International Conference on Primary Health Care (PHC), meeting in Alma Ata, USSR, in 1978, asserted that health is a human right and that health care should be accessible, affordable and socially relevant.
Scientific Symposium on the Precursors of the Red Cross (Geneva, 26-28 October 1988)
Authors: J. M.  
Published: January 2010

To mark the 125th anniversary of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the Henry Dunant Society organized a two-day symposium in Geneva from 26 to 28 October 1988 on the direct precursors of the Red Cross.For three days, historians and people working on the theoretical and practical side of the Red Cross and other academic and private institutions sought to discover or rediscover women and men who, especially in the nineteenth century, had the same concerns as the “Committee of Five” for wounded and sick soldiers and for prisoners of war and a desire to see both the wounded and those caring for them declared neutral and standing relief societies created. In short, the purpose of the symposium was to ascertain the influence of that humanitarian sensibility which found tangible expression with the founding of the Red Cross in 1863.