bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indirect detection of the 183W and 57Fe nuclei using 119Sn‐relayed 1H,X correlation spectroscopy
Authors: Mobley T. Andrew , Tennyson Eleanor G. , Hisao Grant S. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRecently reported triple‐resonance Y‐relayed 1H,X correlation experiments have been utilized to characterize 183W and 57Fe chemical shifts using 119Sn as the Y‐relaying nucleus instead of the previously used 31P. Application of an adaptation of Gudat's original INEPT/HMQC sequence results in a significant enhancement of the signal‐to‐noise (S/N) ratio for two‐dimensional 119Sn‐relayed 1H,183W and 1H, 57Fe correlation spectra with efficient detection of the transition metal nucleus in tungsten and iron complexes lacking an observable direct scalar coupling between the transition metal and any hydrogen nuclei. Strengths and shortcomings of the novel sequence and the original sequences reported by Gudat are discussed in the context of 119Sn‐relayed proton detection of very low frequency transition metal nuclei. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism for the direct synthesis of tryptophan from indole and serine: a useful NMR technique for the detection of a reactive intermediate in the reaction mixture
Authors: Yokoyama Yuusaku , Nakakoshi Masamichi , Okuno Hiroaki , Sakamoto Yohko , Sakurai Satoshi 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe reaction mechanism for the biomimetic synthesis of tryptophan from indole and serine in the presence of Ac2O in AcOH was investigated. Although the time‐course 1H‐NMR spectra of the reaction of 5‐methoxyindole with N‐acetylserine were measured in the presence of (CD3CO)2O in CD3CO2D, the reactive intermediate could not be detected. This reaction was conducted without 5‐methoxyindole in order to elucidate the reactive intermediate, but the intermediate could not be isolated from the reaction mixture. Since the intermediate would be expected to have a very short life time, and therefore be very difficult to detect by conventional analytical methods, the structure of the intermediate was elucidated using a 2D‐NMR technique, diffusion‐ordered spectroscopy (DOSY). Two intermediates were detected and confirmed to be 2‐methyl‐4‐methyleneoxazol‐5(4H)‐one and 2‐methyl‐4‐hydroxymethyloxazol‐5(4H)‐one. The present results demonstrated that DOSY is a powerful tool for the detection of unstable intermediates. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐management strategies used during flares of rheumatoid arthritis in an ethnically diverse population
Authors: Kett Charlotte , Flint Julia , Openshaw Mark , Raza Karim , Kumar Kanta 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectives. Effective management of flares of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can improve symptoms and may delay disease progression. The practice of rheumatologists in managing a flare has been studied, but patients' experiences of, and responses to, disease flares remain poorly defined. This study aimed to address this issue.Methods. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 21 patients from an ethnically diverse population who had suffered a recent RA flare. Open questions were asked regarding patients' definitions of a flare, causal attribution, self‐management strategies, their triggers to consult health professionals, and the information they had received about RA flares from health professionals. Transcripts were studied using the grounded theory approach to identify themes.Results. Flares were usually described as worsening joint pain and swelling. Over‐use of joints was identified as the most common cause of a flare, and commonly used self‐management strategies included rest, gentle exercise and warming the joints. There was some variation in causal attribution and self‐management with ethnicity.Conclusions. This study identified a link between causal attribution of flares and the resultant self‐management strategies. A perceived trigger of the flare in some patients formed a focus for their self‐management strategies, whereas those who could not identify a cause aimed mainly to alleviate symptoms. A better understanding of patients' perspective in the context of disease flares will allow the development of educational programmes to facilitate more effective self‐management of this important manifestation of disease. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of the in vivo assessment of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity using hyperpolarised 13C MRS
Authors: Atherton Helen J. , Schroeder Marie A. , Dodd Michael S. , Heather Lisa C. , Carter Emma E. , Cochlin Lowri E. , Nagel Simon , Sibson Nicola R. , Radda George K. , Clarke Kieran , Tyler Damian J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMany diseases of the heart are characterised by changes in substrate utilisation, which is regulated in part by the activity of the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Consequently, there is much interest in the in vivo evaluation of PDH activity in a range of physiological and pathological states to obtain information on the metabolic mechanisms of cardiac diseases. Hyperpolarised [1‐13C]pyruvate, detected using MRS, is a novel technique for the noninvasive evaluation of PDH flux. PDH flux has been assumed to directly reflect in vivo PDH activity, although to date this assumption remains unproven. Control animals and animals undergoing interventions known to modulate PDH activity, namely high fat feeding and dichloroacetate infusion, were used to investigate the relationship between in vivo hyperpolarised MRS measurements of PDH flux and ex vivo measurements of PDH enzyme activity (PDHa). Further, the plasma concentrations of pyruvate and other important metabolites were evaluated following pyruvate infusion to assess the metabolic consequences of pyruvate infusion during hyperpolarised MRS experiments. Hyperpolarised MRS measurements of PDH flux correlated significantly with ex vivo measurements of PDHa, confirming that PDH activity influences directly the in vivo flux of hyperpolarised pyruvate through cardiac PDH. The maximum plasma concentration of pyruvate reached during hyperpolarised MRS experiments was approximately 250 µM, equivalent to physiological pyruvate concentrations reached during exercise or with dietary interventions. The concentrations of other metabolites, including lactate, glucose and β‐hydroxybutyrate, did not vary during the 60 s following pyruvate infusion. Hence, during the 60‐s data acquisition period, metabolism was minimally affected by pyruvate infusion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time MRI at a resolution of 20 ms
Authors: Uecker Martin , Zhang Shuo , Voit Dirk , Karaus Alexander , Merboldt Klaus‐Dietmar , Frahm Jens 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe desire to visualize noninvasively physiological processes at high temporal resolution has been a driving force for the development of MRI since its inception in 1973. In this article, we describe a unique method for real‐time MRI that reduces image acquisition times to only 20 ms. Although approaching the ultimate limit of MRI technology, the method yields high image quality in terms of spatial resolution, signal‐to‐noise ratio and the absence of artifacts. As proposed previously, a fast low‐angle shot (FLASH) gradient‐echo MRI technique (which allows for rapid and continuous image acquisitions) is combined with a radial encoding scheme (which offers motion robustness and moderate tolerance to data undersampling) and, most importantly, an iterative image reconstruction by regularized nonlinear inversion (which exploits the advantages of parallel imaging with multiple receiver coils). In this article, the extension of regularization and filtering to the temporal domain exploits consistencies in successive data acquisitions and thereby enhances the degree of radial undersampling in a hitherto unexpected manner by one order of magnitude. The results obtained for turbulent flow, human speech production and human heart function demonstrate considerable potential for real‐time MRI studies of dynamic processes in a wide range of scientific and clinical settings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FQL‐RED: an adaptive scalable schema for active queue management
Authors: Masoumzadeh Seyed Saeid , Meshgi Kourosh , Ghidari Saeid Shiry , Taghizadeh Gelareh 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn a potentially congested network, random early detection (RED) active queue management (AQM) proved effective in improving throughput and average queuing delay. The main disadvantage of RED is its sensitive parameters that are impossible to estimate perfectly and adjust manually because of the dynamic nature of the network. For this reason, RED performs differently during different phases of a scenario and there is no guarantee that it will have optimal performance. Giving adaptability to RED has been the subject of broad research studies ever since RED was proposed. After a substantial study of AQM schemes and presenting a novel categorization for so‐called modern approaches utilizing artificial intelligence tools to improve AQM, this paper proposes an algorithm enhancing RED as an add‐on patch that makes minimal changes to the original RED. Being built on the basis of AQM schemes like ARED and Fuzzy‐RED, this algorithm inherits adaptability and is able to adjust RED inaccurate parameters regarding network traffic status, trying to optimize throughput and average queuing delay in a scenario. This algorithm is a Q‐learning method enhanced with a fuzzy inference system to provide RED with self‐adaptation and improved performance as a result. Given the name of FQL‐RED, this algorithm outperformed RED, ARED, and Fuzzy‐RED, as the OPNET simulations show. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Skeletal trauma in the burials from the royal church of St. Mary in medieval Oslo
Authors: Brødholt E. T. , Holck P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe considerable collection of skeletal remains from the royal Church of St. Mary (c.1050–1540 AD) in Oslo constitutes part of The Schreiner Collection at the Department of Anatomy, University of Oslo. The remains reveal a high incidence of skeletal trauma, especially injuries caused by sharp‐edged weapons and extensive violence. Evidence of sharp force trauma was primarily observed on the crania. There were a surprisingly few injuries on postcranial skeletal elements. The injuries were mostly observed on middle‐aged and older men, but also on women and subadults. Some of these injuries may be linked to the civil wars in Norway during the 12th and 13th centuries. In most cases, the trauma distribution pattern suggests standardized fighting techniques. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal start‐up of microfabricated power generation processes employing fuel cells
Authors: Chachuat B. , Mitsos A. , Barton P. I. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMicrofabricated fuel cell systems have the potential to outperform batteries for man‐portable power generation. Because many electronic devices operate at various loads, with frequent start‐ups and shut‐downs, transient aspects are highly important and must be considered thoroughly. In this paper, the focus is on the optimal start‐up of microfabricated fuel cell systems using numerical open‐loop optimal control. For start‐up purposes, a small rechargeable battery is used to provide the energy needed to heat up the fuel cell stack and meet the power demand when the fuel cell is unavailable or can only satisfy part of the demand. The objective of the start‐up problem is to bring the system to a desired operating point with a minimal total mass of the system (battery and fuels), while meeting the nominal power demand at any time and satisfying the operational restrictions. The model for the fuel cell stack consists of partial differential‐algebraic equations with multiple time scales and numerical techniques that exploit a separation of these time scales are used for efficient and reliable integration of the state and sensitivity equations. A case study of a microfabricated power generation system employing a high‐temperature solid‐oxide fuel cell and using ammonia and butane as fuels is presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental pollution, the public sector and economic growth: A comparison of different scenarios
Authors: Greiner Alfred 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper we present an endogenous growth model with productive public capital and environmental pollution. Emissions result from production and raise the stock of pollution that negatively affects the utility of the household. The government levies an income tax and a tax on emissions and uses its revenues for public investment and for abatement of pollution. This paper studies the structure of the model assuming three different scenarios and analyzes how the latter affects the balanced growth rate of the economy and welfare. The first scenario posits that abatement is set such that the stock of pollution is constant, in the second scenario pollution declines over time, and in the third scenario, pollution grows at the same positive rate as the economic variables. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust H∞ control of linear time‐varying systems with mixed delays in the Hilbert space
Authors: Bay Nguyen S. , Linh Nguyen M. , Phat Vu N. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper, a class of linear infinite‐dimensional systems with discrete and distributed time‐varying delays is studied. New sufficient conditions for the robust H∞ control of linear time‐varying control systems with mixed time‐varying delays in Hilbert spaces have been established. The conditions are given in terms of the solution of a Riccati differential equation. Furthermore, it is proved for the first time that the solution to the robust H∞ control problem can be solved by the global controllability of an appropriate linear control delay‐like system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel continuous genetic algorithm for the solution of optimal control problems
Authors: Abo‐Hammour Zaer S. , Asasfeh Ali Ghaleb , Al‐Smadi Adnan M. , Alsmadi Othman M. K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper, the Continuous Genetic Algorithm (CGA), previously developed by the principal author, is applied for the solution of optimal control problems. The optimal control problem is formulated as an optimization problem by the direct minimization of the performance index subject to constraints, and is then solved using CGA. In general, CGA uses smooth operators and avoids sharp jumps in the parameter values. This novel approach possesses two main advantages when compared to other existing direct and indirect methods that either suffer from low accuracy or lack of robustness. First, our method can be applied to optimal control problems without any limitation on the nature of the problem, the number of control signals, and the number of mesh points. Second, high accuracy can be achieved where the performance index is globally minimized while satisfying the constraints. The applicability and efficiency of the proposed novel algorithm for the solution of different optimal control problems is investigated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functionalization effect on physico‐mechanical properties of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes/epoxy composites
Authors: Wladyka‐Przybylak Maria , Wesolek Dorota , Gieparda Weronika , Boczkowska Anna , Ciecierska Ewelina 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFunctionalization of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) influences physico‐mechanical properties of MWCNT/epoxy composites. Samples based on epoxy resin (EP) and different weight percentage of MWCNTs (functionalized and non‐functionalized) were prepared. Epoxy/carbon nanotubes were prepared by different mixing methods (ultrasounds and a combination of ultrasounds and mechanical mixing) and better dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was observed in the case of combination of these processes. CNTs modified with different functional groups were investigated. It was found that modified nanotubes form bigger agglomerates than unmodified ones. Surfactants were used to lower the surface tension of the liquid, which enabled easier spreading and reducing the interfacial tension. Some surfactants facilitate homogeneous dispersion of nanotubes in the resin through the reduction of resin viscosity.Flammability of epoxy/MWCNTs composites was measured by cone calorimeter. The properties of epoxy/nanotubes composites strongly depend on homogeneous and uniform distribution of CNTs in the epoxy matrix. The microstructure of selected samples with the best CNTs homogeneity in the epoxy matrix was observed using atomic force microscope (AFM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques. The effect of mixing methods and parameters, as well as the amount and functionalization of CNTs, on mechanical properties (such as hardness, bending strength, tensile strength, and impact resistance) was evaluated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetically assisted removal and separation of cationic dyes from aqueous solution by magnetic nanocomposite hydrogels
Authors: Li Shengfang , Liu Xianli , Huang Weidong , Li Wen , Xia Xianyou , Yan Shilin , Yu Jianying 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMagnetic poly(acrylic acid‐acrylamide‐butyl methacrylate) (P(AAB)) nanocomposite hydrogels were prepared and used as adsorbents for removal and separation of cationic dyes from aqueous solution. These magnetic P(AAB) nanocomposite hydrogels were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). It was found that these magnetic P(AAB) nanocomposite hydrogels had magnetic responsive characters. The dynamic swelling, removal, and separation of cationic dye, crystal violet (CV), and basic magenta (BM) by these magnetic nanocomposite hydrogels were studied. The adsorption capacity and isotherm studies of cationic dyes onto magnetic P(AAB) nanocomposite hydrogels have been evaluated. The magnetic P(AAB) nanocomposite hydrogels containing Fe3O4 particles can be easily manipulated in magnetic field for removal and separation of cationic dyes from aqueous solution. Adsorption process agreed very well with the Langmuir and Freundlich models. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of hydroxylated fatty acids from the biopolymer of tomato cutin and their fate during incubation in soil
Authors: Hauff Simone , Chefetz Benny , Shechter Michal , Vetter Walter 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIntroduction – The plant cuticle is a thin, predominantly lipid layer that covers all primary aerial surfaces of vascular plants. The monomeric building blocks of the cutin biopolymer are mainly ω‐hydroxy fatty acids.Objective – Analysis of ω‐hydroxy fatty acids from cutin isolated from tomato fruits at different stages of decomposition in soil. Different derivatives and mass spectrometric techniques were used for peak identification and evaluation.Methodology – Preparation of purified cutin involving dewaxing and HCl treatment. Incubation of purified cutin for 20 months in soil. Pentafluorobenzoyl derivatives were used for GC/MS operated in the electron capture negative ion (ECNI) mode and trimethylsilyl ethers for GC/MS operated in the electron ionisation (EI) mode for analysis of ω‐hydroxy fatty acids.Results – Six ω‐hydroxy fatty acids were detected in the purified cutin, three of which were identified as degradation products of 9,16‐dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid as a consequence of the HCl treatment involved in the purification step. Incubation of the isolated cutin in soil was accompanied with decrease in concentration of all hydroxyl fatty acids.Conclusion – We produced evidence that the HCl treatment only affected free hydroxyl groups and thus could be used for proportioning free and bound OH‐groups on cutin fatty acids. The method enabled a direct quantification of the ω‐hydroxy fatty acids throughout the incubation phase. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantiomeric differentiation of atropine/hyoscyamine by 13C NMR spectroscopy and its application to Datura stramonium extract
Authors: Antoine Lanfranchi Don , Tomi Félix , Casanova Joseph 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIntroduction – The two enantiomers of hyoscyamine, an alkaloid found in many plant species, have distinct pharmacological and biological properties. Methods for the discrimination of both enantiomers are almost exclusively based on chiral HPLC/UV. Determination of the enantiomeric ratio (e.r.) of hyoscyamine is a challenging problem since this compound tends to racaemise, forming atropine during acid–base extraction.Objective – To develop a protocol for the calculation of enantiomeric ratio of hyoscyamine in a plant extract using a 13C NMR method.Methodology – Samples were prepared by extraction of dried Datura stramonium seeds. Observation of C12 and C15 NMR signals of hyoscyamine in the presence of one equivalent of TFA and sub‐stoichiometric amount of Yb(hfc)3 allowed the calculation of the e.r. of S‐(−) and R‐(+)‐hyoscyamine.Results – The method was optimised with various mixtures of (+) and (−)‐hyoscyamine ranging from 50:50 (racaemic mixture, i.e. atropine) to 98.5:1.5. The e.r. measured by NMR on the signals of aromatic C12 and C15 were in agreement with the gravimetrically prepared samples. The method was then applied to an extract of Datura stramonium and S‐(−)‐hyoscyamine was the unique enantiomer.Conclusion – The study showed that the e.r. determination of atropine/hyoscyamine was achieved with a routine NMR spectrometer, using CLSR/TFA on pure compounds as well as on the crude extract of Datura stramonium. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validated Method for the Quantification of Atractylenolide III in Different Processed Products of Rhizoma Atractylodes Macrocephalae
Authors: Chen Qinhua , Li Peng , Zheng Fang , He Jing , Yi Yong 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIntroduction – Rhizoma Atractylodes Macrocephalae (RAM) contains several sesquiterpene compounds including atractylenolide III (AO‐III). This bioactive compound may be used as a chemical marker for the quality control of different processed RAM products.Objective – To develop and validate an RP‐HPLC method for the quantitative determination of AO‐III in RAM and in a variety of processed RAM products.Methodology – HPLC was carried out using a Kromssil C18 RP‐column eluted with methanol–water (70:30) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and with UV detection at 220 nm. Full validation was performed using standard methods.Results – The linear range of AO‐III was 5–50 µg/mL; the regression equation was y = 10210x + 11194 (r = 0.9994) and the average recovery was 101.08% (RSD = 0.98%). The detection and quantification limits for AO‐III were determined to be 0.005 and 0.018 µg/mL at signal‐to‐noise ratios of approximately 3:1 and 10:1, respectively.Conclusion – The described HPLC method is appropriate for quality assurance and differentiation of AO‐III in RAM and different processed products.