bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supportive parenting mediates neighborhood socioeconomic disparities in children's antisocial behavior from ages 5 to 12
Authors: Odgers Candice L. , Caspi Avshalom , Russell Michael A. , Sampson Robert J. , Arseneault Louise , Moffitt Terrie E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe report a graded relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and children's antisocial behavior that (a) can be observed at school entry, (b) widens across childhood, (c) remains after controlling for family-level SES and risk, and (d) is completely mediated by maternal warmth and parental monitoring (defined throughout as supportive parenting). The children were participants in the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study (N= 2,232), which prospectively tracked the development of children and their neighborhoods across childhood. Direct and independent effects of neighborhood-level SES on children's antisocial behavior were observed as early as age 5, and the gap between children living in deprived versus more affluent neighborhoods widened as children approached adolescence. By age 12, the effect of neighborhood SES on children's antisocial behavior was as large as the effect observed for our most robust predictor of antisocial behavior: sex (Cohend= 0.51 when comparing children growing up in deprived vs. more affluent neighborhoods in comparison to Cohend= 0.53 when comparing antisocial behavior among boys vs. girls). However, these relatively large differences in children's levels and rate of change in antisocial behavior across deprived versus more affluent neighborhoods were completely mediated by supportive parenting practices. The implications of our findings for studying and reducing socioeconomic disparities in antisocial behavior among children are discussed.
Childhood maltreatment and illicit drug use in middle adulthood: The role of neighborhood characteristics
Authors: Chauhan Preeti , Widom Cathy Spatz 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis paper examined whether childhood maltreatment increases the risk of living in neighborhoods with less desirable characteristics (i.e., more disorder and disadvantage, less social cohesion, social control and advantage, and fewer resources) in middle adulthood and whether these neighborhood characteristics influence subsequent illicit drug use. Using a prospective cohort design study, court documented cases of childhood abuse and neglect and matched controls (n= 833) were first interviewed as young adults (mean age = 29 years) from 1989 to 1995 and again in middle adulthood from 2000 to 2002 (mean age = 40 years) and 2003 to 2005 (mean age = 41 years). In middle adulthood, individuals with histories of childhood abuse and neglect were more likely to live in neighborhoods with more disorder and disadvantage and less social cohesion and advantage compared to controls and to engage in illicit drug use during the past year. Path analyses showed an indirect effect on illicit drug use via neighborhood disorder among maltreated children, even after accounting for drug abuse symptoms in young adulthood, although this was sex specific and race specific, affecting women and Whites. Overall, child abuse and neglect places children on a negative trajectory that dynamically influences negative outcomes at multiple levels into middle adulthood.
Association between a marker for prenatal testosterone exposure and externalizing behavior problems in children
Authors: Liu Jianghong , Portnoy Jill , Raine Adrian 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPrenatal androgen exposure has been associated with aggressive behavior in adults. It is less clear whether this association holds for childhood externalizing behavior. This study tests the hypothesis that increased prenatal androgen exposure is associated with aggressive behavior and attention problems in childhood. The ratio of the length of the second finger digit relative to the fourth digit, which is a marker for prenatal testosterone exposure, was assessed in 239 male and female fifth grade schoolchildren from Jintan, China, together with parent and teacher ratings of aggression and attention problems. Increased aggression and attention problems were both significantly associated with a lower ratio of the length of the second finger digit relative to the fourth digit ratios in boys but not girls. The effects remained significant after controlling for early adversity. These findings are the first to establish a relationship between an indirect indicator of fetal androgen exposure and any child psychopathology in Chinese children, and the observed effect size in boys was stronger than in male adults in Western studies. The results provide limited cross-cultural support for the importance of prenatal androgen exposure in contributing to the development of externalizing behavior problems in children, and they suggest that such effects may be specific to boys who may be relatively more vulnerable to early prenatal influences.
Temperamental exuberance and executive function predict propensity for risk taking in childhood
Authors: Lahat Ayelet , Degnan Kathryn A. , White Lauren K. , McDermott Jennifer Martin , Henderson Heather A. , Lejuez C. W. , Fox Nathan A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe present study utilized a multilevel approach to examine developmental trajectories in risk-taking propensity. We examined the moderating role of specific executive function components, attention shifting and inhibitory control, on the link between exuberant temperament in infancy and propensity for risk taking in childhood. Risk taking was assessed using a task previously associated with sensation seeking and antisocial behaviors. Two hundred ninety-one infants were brought into the lab and behaviors reflecting exuberance were observed at 4, 9, 24, and 36 months of age. Executive function was assessed at 48 months of age. Risk-taking propensity was measured when children were 60 months of age. The results indicated that exuberance and attention shifting, but not inhibitory control, significantly interacted to predict propensity for risk taking. Exuberance was positively associated with risk-taking propensity among children who were relatively low in attention shifting but unrelated for children high in attention shifting. These findings illustrated the multifinality of developmental outcomes for temperamentally exuberant young children and pointed to the distinct regulatory influences of different executive functions for children of differing temperaments. Attention shifting likely affords a child the ability to consider both positive and negative consequences and moderates the relation between early exuberance and risk-taking propensity.
Does a text messaging intervention improve knowledge, attitudes and practice regarding iodine deficiency and iodized salt consumption?
Authors: Mehran Ladan , Nazeri Pantea , Delshad Hossein , Mirmiran Parvin , Mehrabi Yadollah , Azizi Fereidoun 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effectiveness of implementation of a prevention programme via mobile phone text messaging in enhancing knowledge, attitudes and practice concerning iodine deficiency and iodized salt consumption.DesignIn a randomized controlled trial, participants were subjected to a brief tele-educational support regarding iodine deficiency and the importance of iodized salt consumption. The intervention group received daily text messages via mobile phone for 6 weeks. Knowledge, attitude and practice scores, urinary iodine concentration and salt iodine content were assessed at baseline and 8 weeks after the intervention.SettingParticipants were recruited from health-care centres in Tehran, the capital city of Iran.SubjectsFor the present study 205 females aged ≥18 years were randomly assigned to the intervention (n 95) and control (n 110) groups.ResultsA significant difference was found in median knowledge scores between the intervention and control groups at follow-up (P = 0·004). There was also a significant difference in median attitude scores between the intervention and control groups (P = 0·02). The intervention group did not differ significantly in median practice score, urinary iodine concentration and salt iodine content from the control group.ConclusionsText messaging interventions are effective in improving individuals’ knowledge and attitudes regarding preventive health-care topics.
Convergent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ): meta-analysis
Authors: Kim Youngdeok , Park Ilhyeok , Kang Minsoo 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to use a meta-analytic approach to examine the convergent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).DesignSystematic review by meta-analysis.SettingThe relevant studies were surveyed from five electronic databases. Primary outcomes of interest were the product-moment correlation coefficients between IPAQ and other instruments. Five separate meta-analyses were performed for each physical activity (PA) category of IPAQ: walking, moderate PA (MPA), total moderate PA (TMPA), vigorous PA (VPA) and total PA (TPA). The corrected mean effect size (ESρ) unaffected by statistical artefacts (i.e. sampling error and reliability) was calculated for each PA category. Selected moderator variables were length of IPAQ (i.e. short and long form), reference period (i.e. last 7 d and usual week), mode of administration (i.e. interviewer and self-reported), language (i.e. English and translated) and instruments (i.e. accelerometer, pedometer and subjective measure).SubjectsA total of 152 ESρ across five PA categories were retrieved from twenty-one studies.ResultsThe results showed small- to medium-sized ESρ (0·27–0·49). The highest value was observed in VPA while the lowest value was found in MPA. The ESρ were differentiated by some of the moderator variables across PA categories.ConclusionsThe study shows the overall convergent validity of IPAQ within each PA category. Some differences in degree of convergent validity across PA categories and moderator variables imply that different research conditions should be taken into account prior to deciding on use of the appropriate type of IPAQ.
Evolution of chorus waves and their source electrons during storms driven by corotating interaction regions
Authors: Li Wen , Thorne Richard , Bortnik Jacob , McPherron Robert , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Richardson Ian G. 
Published: July 2012

During Corotating Interaction Region (CIR)‐driven storms, relativistic electron fluxes in the outer radiation belt decrease in the main phase, followed by a gradual increase in the recovery phase. Recent studies have shown that whistler mode chorus waves play an important role in accelerating the seed electron population to relativistic energies in the outer radiation belt. However, the evolution of chorus waves and their source electrons responsible for the wave excitation during storm various phases is not well understood. In this study we select 72 CIR‐driven storm periods over the interval 2007–2011 to perform superposed epoch analysis of the evolution of chorus waves and source electrons in the L* and MLT range extensively observed by THEMIS during various phases of CIR‐driven storms. The wave amplitudes and the occurrence of chorus waves substantially increase and peak in the main phase and gradually decrease in the following recovery phase at L* < ∼7. The phase space density of source electrons at L* < ∼7 also increases in the main phase followed by a gradual decay in the recovery phase, showing a remarkable consistency with the evolution of chorus waves. Importantly, the evolution of the chorus wave activity and source electron population is highly dependent on the preceding interplanetary magnetic field (IMF)Bzorientation. Our results suggest that the increased activity of chorus waves and source electrons may contribute to the enhanced radiation belt electron flux in the recovery phase of CIR‐driven storms, but an additional mechanism is probably required to explain the main phase dropout.
Evolution of the Yiwulushan metamorphic core complex from distributed to localized deformation and its tectonic implications
Authors: Zhang Bilong , Zhu Guang , Jiang Dazhi , Li Changcheng , Chen Yin 
Published: July 2012

The Yiwulushan metamorphic core complex (YSMCC) is situated in the northern part of the eastern North China Craton (NCC) that experienced significant lithospheric thinning in an extensional regime during the Late Mesozoic. We present structural and geochronological evidence to show that the YSMCC underwent NNE‐SSW extension in the Late Jurassic and WNW‐ESE extension in the Early Cretaceous. We show that the YSMCC started with a sub‐horizontal shear zone referred to as the Yiwulushan detachment shear zone (YDSZ) in the Late Jurassic between 157 and 147 Ma with a top‐to‐the‐SSW shear sense. The YDSZ was subjected to limited doming probably toward the end of its formation. The NNE‐striking, WNW‐dipping Waziyu normal shear zone (WZYSZ) was formed along the western margin of the core complex during the Early Cretaceous, and truncates the earlier YDSZ. The whole core complex underwent doming in a rolling‐hinge manner in the end of the latest Early Cretaceous. Thereafter, the YSMCC was overprinted by brittle normal faults along its western margin in the Late Cretaceous. Development of the initially flat‐lying YDSZ is associated with diffuse mid‐crustal flow whereas the formation of the rolling‐hinge type WZYSZ is characterized by localized deformation. The Late Jurassic more diffuse deformation has a rather constant top‐to‐the‐SSW shearing and produced a variety of shear‐related structures such as recumbent isoclinal folds and transposition foliation. The YSMCC evolution also demonstrates that the Late Mesozoic extension along the northern part of the eastern NCC started as early as the Late Jurassic rather than the previously proposed Early Cretaceous.
Electrometric direct current I/V converter with wide bandwidth
Authors: Holt S. , Skyba P. 
Published: July 2012

A principle of operation and electrical characteristics of a high frequency current-to-voltage (I/V) converter are presented. The I/V converter measures the electric current with selectable gains of 105, 104, and 103 V/A in the frequency range from DC to 500 kHz, 1.2 MHz, and 2.4 MHz, respectively. These properties make this I/V converter suitable for wide range of applications such as tuning forks, torsion oscillators, ultrasound transducers measurements, detection of the piezoelectric transducers used in STM techniques, etc., in low temperature physics. The influence of the input impedance of a I/V converter on the precision of alternating current measurements is also discussed.
Control of unsteadiness of a shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction by using a pulsed-plasma-jet actuator
Authors: Narayanaswamy Venkateswaran , Raja Laxminarayan L. , Clemens Noel T. 
Published: July 2012

A pulsed-plasma jet actuator is used to control the unsteady motion of the separation shock of a shock wave/boundary layer interaction formed by a compression ramp in a Mach 3 flow. The actuator is based on a plasma-generated synthetic jet and is configured as an array of three jets that can be injected normal to the cross-flow, pitched, or pitched and skewed. The typical peak jet exit velocity of the actuators is about 300 m/s and the pulsing frequencies are a few kilohertz. A study of the interaction between the pulsed-plasma jets and the shock/boundary layer interaction was performed in a time-resolved manner using 10 kHz schlieren imaging. When the actuator, pulsed at StL ≈ 0.04 (f = 2 kHz), was injected into the upstream boundary layer, the separation shock responded to the plasma jet by executing a rapid upstream motion followed by a gradual downstream recovery motion. Schlieren movies of the interaction showed that the separation shock unsteadiness was locked to the pulsing frequency of the actuator, with amplitude of about one boundary layer thickness. Wall-pressure measurements made under the intermittent region showed about a 30% decrease in the overall magnitude of the pressure fluctuations in the low-frequency band associated with unsteady large-scale motion of the separated flow. Furthermore, by increasing the pulsing frequency to 3.3 kHz, the amplitude of the separation shock oscillation was reduced to less than half the boundary layer thickness. Investigation into the effect of the actuator location on the shock wave/boundary layer interaction (SWBLI) showed qualitatively and quantitatively that the actuator placed upstream of the separation shock caused significant modification to the SWBLI unsteadiness, whereas injection from inside the separation bubble did not cause a noticeable effect.
Bioenergetic Response by Steelhead to Variation in Diet, Thermal Habitat, and Climate in the North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Atcheson Margaret E. , Myers Katherine W. , Beauchamp David A. , Mantua Nathan J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractEnergetic responses of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss to climate‐driven changes in marine conditions are expected to affect the species’ ocean distribution, feeding, growth, and survival. With a unique 18‐year data series (1991–2008) for steelhead sampled in the open ocean, we simulated interannual variation in prey consumption and growth efficiency of steelhead using a bioenergetics model to evaluate the temperature‐dependent growth response of steelhead to past climate events and to estimate growth potential of steelhead under future climate scenarios. Our results showed that annual ocean growth of steelhead is highly variable depending on prey quality, consumption rates, total consumption, and thermal experience. At optimal growing temperatures, steelhead can compensate for a low‐energy diet by increasing consumption rates and consuming more prey, if available. Our findings suggest that steelhead have a narrow temperature window in which to achieve optimal growth, which is strongly influenced by climate‐driven changes in ocean temperature.
Feeding Strategies and Diets of Young-of-the-Year Muskellunge from Two Large River Ecosystems
Authors: Kapuscinski Kevin L. , Farrell John M. , Murry Brent A. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
We analyzed stomach contents from 674 young-of-the-year (age-0) muskellunge Esox masquinongy sampled in New York waters of the St. Lawrence and upper Niagara rivers to (1) describe diets and document use of nonnative prey, (2) examine the feeding strategy (generalized versus specialized) and the importance of different prey types, (3) evaluate temporal patterns in feeding strategy and prey importance, and (4) determine how prey length related to muskellunge length and whether this relationship differed among prey types. Banded killifish Fundulus diaphanus, native cyprinids, and tessellated darters Etheostoma olmstedi were the most important prey numerically and by weight in the St. Lawrence River. Native cyprinids, banded killifish, and darters (Etheostoma spp. and Percina spp.) were the most important prey in the Niagara River, but nonnative cyprinids were more important by weight than darters. Muskellunge from both rivers exhibited a specialized feeding strategy, with individuals specializing on different prey types. The muskellunge feeding strategy and the prey types of greatest importance were consistent among years and among months within years. The relationship between prey length and muskellunge length differed among prey types: as muskellunge length increased, lengths of laterally compressed, spiny prey increased at a slower rate than did the lengths of fusiform prey. Mean prey length as a proportion of predator length declined with increasing muskellunge length in the St. Lawrence River but was constant in the Niagara River. In the St. Lawrence River, prey length as a proportion of predator length decreased for all prey types except cyprinids, for which length was a constant proportion of predator length. Our results can be used to guide evaluations of prey fish assemblages at muskellunge nursery sites and to prioritize sites as candidates for protection, restoration, or use as stocking locations.
Received November 10, 2011; accepted February 13, 2012
The political economy of oil and ‘rebellion’ in Nigeria's Niger Delta
Authors: Nwajiaku-Dahou Kathryn 
Published: July 2012

The escalation in armed attacks on Nigeria's oil industry and the massive expansion in oil theft generated a veritable industry in the study of the political economy of war dominated by public-choice strands. Critical scholarship on the Niger Delta challenges this work for its neglect of history in explaining the shift from peaceful protest in the 1990s to armed struggle. Yet taking history seriously need not blind us to the ‘critical breaks’. Nigeria's transition to civilian rule in 1999 brought state and non-state actors into a complicit union as rebellion and oil bunkering consolidated a pre-existing parallel economy.[L'économie politique du pétrole et la « rébellion » dans le Delta du Niger, fief du Nigéria]. L'escalade dans les attaques armées sur l'industrie pétrolière du Nigéria et l'expansion massive dans le vol de pétrole ont généré une véritable industrie dans l'étude de l'économie politique de la guerre, dominée par quelques choix publics. L'étude critique sur le Delta du Niger conteste ce travail pour sa négligence de l'histoire pour expliquer ce passage de la manifestation pacifique dans les années 1990 à la lutte armée. Pourtant prendre l'histoire au sérieux ne doit pas nous aveugler sur « les ruptures critiques ». La transition du Nigéria vers un régime civil en 1999, a amené les acteurs de l'Etat et ceux qui ne relèvent pas de l'État à se fondre dans une union de complicité dès lors que la rébellion et le vol de pétrole avaient consolidé une économie parallèle préexistante.Mots-clés :le pétrole ; la sécurité ; le Delta du Niger ; l'économie politique ; le militantisme ; l'identité
Measurement of the temporal evolution of electron density in a nanosecond pulsed argon microplasma: using both Stark broadening and an OES line-ratio method
Authors: Zhu Xi-Ming , Walsh James L , Chen Wen-Cong , Pu Yi-Kang 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The temporal evolution of electron density in a nanosecond pulsed argon microplasma is measured using a combination of Stark broadening and the optical emission line-ratio method. In the initial discharge period (0–100 ns), the electron density can reach as high as ∼1018 cm−3. It decreases to ∼1017–1016 cm−3 in the early afterglow period (100 ns–1 µs after the ignition) and ∼1016–1013 cm−3 in the late afterglow period (1–20 µs). It is demonstrated that the optical emission spectroscopy (OES) line-ratio method can obtain the electron density in the range 1013–1016 cm−3, while in the range 1016–1018 cm−3, the Stark broadening technique with argon 2p–1s lines (in Paschen's notation) is a better choice. These results are in good agreement with those from the Stark broadening technique with hydrogen Balmer lines. Finally, a possible mechanism for such a density evolution is briefly discussed.