bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Reconciliation Behavior of Stumptail and Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Waal Frans B. M. de , Ren RenMei 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObservations were made following spontaneous aggressive incidents in a breeding group of captive stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides). Participants were observed both during the first 10 min following the aggressive incident, and during matched‐control observations. Data on 670 pairs of former opponents were collected, and compared with a sample of 573 such pairs of rhesus macaques (M. mulatta), which had been observed with identical methods in a previous study. Selective attraction between opponents was confirmed for the stumptail monkeys, i.e. both the absolute and the relative rate of nonagonistic body contact between individuals increased after aggression between them. The species was found to be considerably more conciliatory than rhesus monkeys, and to have a remarkably rich repertoire of reassurance gestures. The most characteristic conciliatory behavior is the hold‐bottom ritual, in which one individual (usually the subordinate) presents its hindquarters, and the other (usually the dominant) clasps the other's haunches. The high rate of reconciliation among stumptail monkeys extended to all relationship classes, and a correlation with the closeness of social bonds (measured as time spent in association) could not be demonstrated. Because of the generality of the species' high peacemaking tendencies it is assumed that group cohesiveness is of great survival value in the wild.
Territorial Pheromones of Female Red‐backed Salamanders
Authors: Horne Eva A. , Jaeger Robert G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPheromones provide an important source of communication during social interactions of caudate amphibians. To further examine their use in territorial defense, we performed a laboratory experiment to test the hypothesis that non‐courting female red‐backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) deposit pheromones in or on fecal pellets, as males are known to do during territorial advertisement. Four conditions were tested: (1) a burrow marked with a female's own pellet vs. a burrow marked by a conspecific female's pellet, (2) own vs. unmarked burrows, (3) conspecific vs. unmarked burrows, and (4) paired unmarked burrows as a control. Females nose‐tapped (for olfactory cues) their own and conspecific pellets about equally. However, they spent significantly more time in both threat and submissive behavior toward the conspecific pellets and spent significantly more time in their own marked burrows. We infer that female P. cinereus do deposit pheromones in or on fecal pellets and that these pellets may be used to advertise territories. The behavioral responses of females toward pellets of other females were more aggressive than those of males (in a previous study) toward pellets of other males.
An Extreme Case of Interspecific Territoriality: Male Anthidium manicatum (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) Wound and Kill Intruders
Authors: Wirtz Peter , Szabados Michael , Pethig Horst , Plant John 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAnthidium manicatum males defend patches of flowering plants as mating territories and copulate with females that enter the territory to obtain nectar or pollen. Territorial males defend their territories not only against conspecific males but also against many other insect species that attempt to utilize the flowers inside the territory. In our study area, a territorial male defended its territory against conspecific males on average only twice per h but it attacked other species of insects on average 70 times per h. Territorial males distinguished between different species of intruders and attacked them unequally. During the hour following experimental removal of the territory holder the number of intruders of some insect species tripled but the number of intruders of those species that were rarely attacked remained approximately the same.A. manicatum males, but not females, bear long spines on the last two segments of the abdomen. Territorial males rammed intruding insects at high speed and shortly before the moment of impact they curved the abdomen forward to hit with the spines. Intruders could be seriously damaged or killed by these attacks. Abdominal spines of A. manicatum males may have evolved as weapons to increase the effectiveness of interspecific territoriality.
Colony Founding by Queens of the Obligatory Slave‐making Ant, Polyergus breviceps: The Role of the Dufour's Gland1
Authors: Topoff Howard , Cover Stefan , Greenberg Les , Goodloe Linda , Sherman Peter 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe conducted laboratory studies of the process by which newly‐mated queens of the slave‐making ant Polyergus breviceps invade colonies of their host species Formica gnava, kill the resident Formica queen, and appropriate the brood. The aggressive behavior of resident Formica workers towards the invading Polyergus queen subsides shortly after the Formica queen is killed. To elucidate the chemical basis for the reduction in aggression, we prepared extracts of Dufour's, pygidial, and poison glands from Polyergus queens. Workers of the harvester ant Pogonomyrmex occidentalis were daubed with these extracts, and introduced into dishes containing Formica workers. Only the Dufour's secretion protected the intruding ants from incessant aggression by Formica. Preliminary studies also show that the enlarged, bilobed Dufour's gland of the Polyergus queen decreases in size shortly after mating, when developing oocytes occupy a significant portion of the queen's gaster.
Breeding Season Aggression of Female and Male Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis) to Models of Potential Conspecific and Interspecific Egg Dumpers
Authors: Gowaty Patricia Adair , Wagner Steven J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractNaturally occurring aggression between female eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) is dramatic, resulting in severe injuries and even death. Furthermore, aggression among bluebirds is usually sex specific: males attack males, females attack females. We hypothesized that the primary function of female‐female aggression is to guard against the threat of intraspecific egg dumping and that, in this context, same sex aggression is related to the possibility of advantages for males of parasitism (egg dumping) of their nests. Our hypotheses to explain variation in naturally occurring aggression predict temporal variation in aggressive tendency within nest cycles and between the sexes depending on asymmetries in threats to the residents. We report the results of experimental trials in the field designed to determine temporal variation in the aggressive tendencies of resident females to models of intruder females of two species, eastern bluebirds and brown‐headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). Both species dump eggs in the nests of bluebirds. Female aggression to eastern bluebird models is greatest during early stages of nest cycles; the patterns are most consistent with protection against egg dumping and protection of nest sites from usurpation. Male residents seldom attack female eastern bluebird models, but often attack models of female brown‐headed cowbirds, a result inconsistent with the hypothesis that patterns of differential parental care control aggression of female and male residents.
Geomagnetism and the Homeward Orientation of the Box Turtle, Terrapene Carolina
Authors: Mathis Alicia , Moore Frank R. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractHoming in the box turtle, Terrapene Carolina, has been well documented, but the mechanisms involved are largely unknown. We used laboratory and field experiments to determine if the geomagnetic field may be used as an orientational cue. Turtles were trained in the laboratory to move along an east/west axis and were tested for directionality in a circular arena. Control turtles with dummy weights attached to the carapace oriented significantly to the training direction. Experimental turtles with magnets attached to the carapace were randomly oriented. In field tests, turtles were displaced from their home ranges to 4 release sites located symmetrically about the home site. Controls were displaced under normal magnetic field strength (Helmholtz coils off) and experimentals were displaced under increased field strength (15% increase over local geomagnetic field strength). The initial orientation of the control turtles clustered significantly in the homeward direction while the initial orientation of experimental turtles was not clustered in the homeward direction. Both control and experimental turtles showed compass orientation clustered in an eastward direction regardless of the directional relationship between the release site and home. This compass orientation appears to mask, to some degree, the homeward orientation of the turtles.
The Cooperative Breeding System of the Red‐cockaded Woodpecker
Authors: Walters Jeffrey R. , Doerr Phillip D. , Carter J. H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe breeding system of the red‐cockaded woodpecker is described based on data collected over six years from a population of 500 marked individuals in the Sandhills of North Carolina. Male‐female pairs were the most common social unit (59%), but 30% of social units contained one or more adult helpers, and 11% consisted of solitary males. Helpers were almost exclusively male: 27% of males remained in their natal group as helpers for at least one year, whereas only four (1%) females did.Most breeding females remained as breeders in the same group from one year to the next (56%), but a surprising number (12%) moved to another group. Many movements were related to incest avoidance or mate death, but 39% involved deserting a mate, usually following successful reproduction. We suggest that females sometimes are forced from groups by immigrants or other group members. The median distance of movements by adult females was only 1.3 km. In contrast to females, no breeding males switched groups. Survival of both breeding (76%) and helper (80%) males was higher than that of breeding females (69%).Males exhibited two distinct life‐history strategies. Some remained as helpers on their natal territory for one or more years, and became breeders by inheriting breeding status in the natal group (17% per year) or by replacing a deceased breeder in a nearby group (13% per year, median distance moved 1.0 km). Other males dispersed from their natal group permanently during their first year. Some of these males were floaters at age one year, others were solitary, and a few became helpers in a non‐natal group, but many were breeders. In contrast to males that first functioned as helpers, those that dispersed after fledging moved long distances (median dispersal distance 4.5 km), longer even than dispersing female fledglings moved (median distance 3.2 km).The habitat saturation model of the evolution of cooperative breeding is based on selection between the two life‐history strategies exhibited by male red‐cockaded woodpeckers. The model therefore may be tested directly with this species. Another indication that this model is appropriate for this species is the existence of a resource (cavity trees) that might provide an ecological basis for habitat saturation.
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Song in the Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella
Authors: Møller Anders Pape 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe temporal and spatial distribution of song was studied in a population of yellowhammers Emberiza citrinella. Song was most frequent during the breeding season, and within the breeding season during the fertile period of both first, second, and replacement clutches. Song activity peaked at sunrise and sunset. During the fertile period most singing took place in the central parts of the territory. Song post heights peaked during the fertile period, and more song posts lacked foliage at that time. Intrusions by male conspecifics peaked in the fertile period and in territories where males sang relatively little. Song activity and mate guarding were strongly positively correlated. Song volume was loud and song was thus apparently used in long‐distance communication. These observations are in accordance with a male deterrence hypothesis, suggesting that males sing to deter neighbouring males from trespassing during the fertile period of their mate. A female attraction hypothesis, suggesting that males sing to attract neighbouring females and thereby obtain extra‐pair copulations, and a female reproduction hypothesis, suggesting that males sing to start the female reproductive cycle, were partly supported by observations.
The Mode of Orientation during Flight and Approach to Landing in two Phyllostomid Bats
Authors: Joermann Gerhard , Schmidt Uwe , Schmidt Christel 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe use of vision during flight and approach to a landing site in two phyllostomid bat species, Phyllostomus discolor and Desmodus rotundus was investigated. Three individuals of each species were trained to traverse a 3‐m flight tunnel and to land at a small illuminated grid that was randomly changed between two positions on a front wall. Analysis of the flight path by observation and different technical methods revealed that the bats oriented themselves toward the grid quite early. When the illumination was switched off the flight path diverged much later. With a dark landing grid on one side and an optical projection of it on the other the bats aimed towards this dummy, interrupted the approach 20–40 cm in front of the illusion and then tried to reach the other side or turned back. Whether microchiroptera may rely in the medium range more on vision than usually is thought is discussed.
Chicks in a Novel Environment: Effects of Conspecific Calls
Authors: Vallortigara Giorgio 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAmbulation latencies of 2‐ and 7‐day old chicks individually placed in a novel environment were measured (1) in presence of distress calls; (2) in presence of trills of pleasure; (3) without acoustic stimuli. Results showed that in 2‐day old chicks there were no differences in ambulation latencies between chicks tested with and those tested without acoustic stimuli. In 7‐day old chicks ambulation latencies were higher in chicks tested with distress calls or trills of pleasure than in chicks tested without conspecific calls. Results are discussed on the basis of the Gallup & Suarez's (1980) hypothesis that open‐field behaviour in chicks represents a compromise between opposing tendencies to reinstate social contact with imprinted companions and to reduce detection in the face of possible predation.
Aggressive, Sexual, and Foraging Behaviour in Poecilia velifera (Pisces: Poeciliidae) during Captivity1
Authors: Bildsøe Mogens 
Published: May 2010

AbstractForaging, agonistic, and sexual behaviour in heterosexual groups of Poecilia velifera were examined during conditions of captivity. Social organization was found to resemble what was previously found in other poeciliids, hierarchies being established within each sex. Males showed considerably more aggressive activities than females, and alpha males tended to dominate all individuals.Aggressiveness is the only measure where dominating individuals exceed submissives. Levels of aggressiveness higher than a specific value may have negative influences in gaining access to resources: Those individuals with highest or lowest scores for aggressive behaviour were low scoring with respect to sexual and foraging behaviour.Attempts were made to separate factors determining aggressiveness in competition for food and mates by observing in periods with and without food being presented. Only beta individuals changed levels significantly: females decreased both chasing and biting during non‐feeding periods, whereas males only decreased biting.Sexual behaviour in terms of butting tended to decrease in alpha and increase in omega males during non‐feeding periods, whereas beta males in the same periods showed significantly decreased levels of both butting and gonopodial thrusting.
Behavioral Energetics of Lactation in a Herbivorous Carnivore, the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens)
Authors: Gittleman John L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn most mammals, the energetic costs of lactation significantly increase a female's daily energy requirements. Previous research indicates that such energetic costs may be met through changes in increased food consumption ranging from around 35 % to 150 %. In this paper, changes in food intake during lactation are measured in the red panda (Ailurus fulgens), a species of the order Carnivora which possesses a digestive system suited for a carnivorous diet but yet exclusively feeds on bamboo.Four feeding characteristics were studied: duration of feeding bouts, number of bamboo leaves consumed per mouthful, number of bamboo leaves consumed per minute, and interval between mouthfuls of bamboo. In three lactating females, three of four feeding behaviors significantly increased up to 200 % above the rate observed during non‐lactation. Males showed no change in feeding behavior during the same reproductive months with identical available foods. Red pandas appear to suffer a more severe energetic cost during lactation (at least with respect to food consumption) than other mammals previously studied. This may relate to their inefficient digestive capacity to process a herbivorous diet of bamboo. The data presented here suggest that general discussions of the relative costs of reproduction and in turn parental investment should include a female's relative digestive efficiency during stressful reproductive periods.
False Alarm Calls as a Means of Resource Usurpation in the Great Tit Parus major
Authors: Møller Anders Pape 
Published: May 2010

AbstractGreat tits Parus major regularly gave alarm calls in winter without the presence of actual or potential predators. Such false alarm calls were given to deceive both conspecifics and heterospecifics. False calls were given when flock‐feeding sparrows Passer spp. monopolized a concentrated food source; if the food resource was dispersed false alarm calls were not used, independently of the presence of sparrows. Dominant great tits used alarm calls deceptively if a dominant conspecific was present on a concentrated food source but not if a subdominant individual was present; subdominant great tits were displaced by means of threat displays. Subdominant individuals gave false alarm calls both if dominant or subdominant conspecifics were present. False alarm calls were especially used when food was scarce or when great tits were feeding at a high rate, i.e. during snow storms and in the morning and the afternoon.
Plasma‐Testosterone Development in Colony and Individually Housed Male Guinea Pigs
Authors: Sachser Norbert , Proöve Ekkehard 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe behavioural development of male guinea pigs was studied in two colonies of 12 males and 12 females each, from their 30th to their 360th and 540th days of age respectively, living in enclosures of about 8 m2. Changes in plasma‐testosterone (T) concentrations were determined in individually (N = 8) (IM) and colony housed males (N = 10) (CM) from their 30th to their 360th days of age. In IM T‐titers did not change significantly over time. In CM T‐titers increased significantly from 30 to 90 and 120 days of age respectively, declined to lower levels until day 210, rose significantly at 240 days of age and remained on relatively high levels until day 360. CM showed significantly higher T‐titers than IM on days 90, 120 and 240. In CM the first T‐peak might reflect hormonal puberty. At this time CM, however, displayed low amounts of courtship and agonistic behaviour. The 2nd T‐peak (240 days of age) occurred at an age when CM could achieve high ranking social positions for the first time which allowed reproductive success. It might be caused by the intense increase in sexual and agonistic behaviour during this period. In individual CM no general relationship between behavioural and endocrine development was found. At all ages T‐titers poorly reflected behavioural differences between CM. Overall, androgen development did not follow a fixed temporal pattern during ontogeny but was strongly influenced by the social environment.
Kelp gulls, Larus dominicanus, are Parasites on Flesh of the Right Whale, Eubalaena australis
Authors: Thomas Peter O. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFew birds parasitize living tissue of other birds or mammals. At Golfo San Jose, Argentina, kelp gulls, Larus domincanus, fed on live southern right whale, Eubalaena australis, mothers, landing on their backs and pecking at peeling skin or gouging into the energy‐rich hypodermal blubber layer. Most attacks occurred while mothers were resting at the surface in the central nursery area. The typical immediate reaction of mothers to gull attacks was to lower the mid‐back and rapidly raise the head and tail stock. Less frequently mothers submerged quickly. After their initial response mothers traveled rapidly, usually underwater, or adopted resting postures that submerged the vulnerable midback area. Gulls attacked singly or in small groups and alternated between following a single pair of whales and attacking several pairs sequentially. The intensity of maternal responses to these attacks affects the energy budget of mothers and calves during a time when energy conservation is important. Subtle postural shifts to submerge the back require less energy than rapid, frantic fleeing. Since gulls feed on whales without causing fatal injury this relationship is termed parasitic.
Seasonal Differences in Social Behavior among Adult and Juvenile Meadow Voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus
Authors: Ferkin Michael H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSeasonal differences in behavioral interactions between wild‐caught adult and juvenile meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, were measured in paired encounters in a neutral arena. Seasonal differences existed in the adult‐juvenile paired encounters. Early in the breeding season (May—Aug.) paired encounters between adult males and juvenile males were more agonistic than other adultjuvenile pairings. Late in the breeding season (Sep.—Dec.) adult female‐juvenile male encounters were more agonistic than other adult‐juvenile pairings. Odor preferences of juveniles were determined in a Y‐maze olfactometer. Juveniles did not demonstrate seasonal differences in odor preference. Males preferred the odor of adult females to the odor of adult males or their own odor. Females preferred the scent of an adult male to the odor of an adult female, but did not show a preference between their own odor and the odor of an adult male or an adult female. The results are consistent with hypotheses that state in a promiscuous species, females should be philopatric, and males should disperse as a consequence of adult competition. The data suggest that agonistic behavior by adults may regulate juvenile dispersal and recruitment, and define the composition of overwintering groups.