bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Function of the Halteres of Flies (Diptera)
Authors: Fraenkel Gottfried 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

In agreement with nearly all the older authors, and in disagreement with v. Buddenbrock, the disturbance of flight after removal of the halteres in flies consists of a loss of equilibrium. The effects of the removal of the halteres are almost eliminated by fixing a piece of cotton to the tip of the abdomen. This stabilizes the flight and largely compensates for the loss of equilibrium otherwise incurred.
v. Buddenbrock's conception of a purely stimulatory function for the halteres cannot be maintained; the loss in irritability and spontaneity produced in flies by removing the halteres is largely a shock effect.
The halteres vibrate during walking. No explanation for this phenomenon has been so far found.
In the Drosophila mutant “vestigial” reduction of wings and halteres runs parallel. In the mutant “bithorax” the increase in size of the halteres is accompanied by a complete loss of their function, so that flight of the intact “bithorax” is of the same unbalanced type as of the normal wild Drosophila without halteres.
Generally in Diptera reduction of wings and halteres runs parallel.
In co‐operation with Dr. J. W. S. Pringle a new theory of the function of the halteres has been advanced which regards the halteres as equilibrium organs functioning by the gyroscopic action of the vibrating haltere on the sense‐organs in the base of the haltere.
ADAPTATION PECTJTJAB TO SOME DIPBOTODONT MABSUPIALS: 15. A Masticatory Adaptation peculiar to some Diprotodont Marsupials
Authors: Abbie A. A. 
Published: August 2010

Summary1. A foramen and a canal, referred to respectively as the masseteric foramen and masseteric canal, which occur in the mandible of many of the Diprotodontia, are described, and their incidence is recorded.2. The foramen transmits a branch of the inferior dental artery to a specialized expansion of the deep part of the masseter in the canal.3. This masseteric development supplements the lateral pterygoid in the production of lateral movements of the jaw; it affords also increased leverage to the mandible.4. This condition is peculiar to, but not constantly present in, the Diprotodontia.
Reproduction of the Field Vole, Microtus agrestis hirtus Bellamy
Authors: Brambell F. W. Rogers , Hall Kathleen 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The reproduction of the Field Vole, Microtus agrestis hirtus (Bellamy), was investigated. The sex‐ratio was found to be 50.45±2.26 males per cent. The breeding season extends from the middle of March to September or even October, but males are fecund a month earlier in spring. Animals born early in the year breed during the same season, when only a few weeks old. Animals born late in the season do not attain puberty until the following year. The mean number of ova ovulated at oestrus is 5.5; the mean number of embryos in utero is 5.0. The female has a polycestrous cycle. Young females frequently experience one or more diœstrous cycles after puberty before becoming pregnant. A post partum oestrus follows parturition; many animals then becoming pregnant although lactating. Animals which do not become pregnant at the post partum oestrus enter a period of ancestrus while lactating, which may be followed by the recurrence of oestrus.We wish to express our thanks to Mr. D. H. S. Davis for providing us with the 22 females of M. agrestis neglectus (Thompson) and to all those who assisted in the collection of the material. Our thanks are due to the Rt. Hon. Lord Penrhyn for permission to trap on his estates. The expenses of this research were defrayed in part by a grant from the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society to one of us (F, W. R, B.), which we gratefully acknowledge.
On the Birth and Upbringing of the Female Chimpanzee “Jacqueline” (born 28/11/37 in the Zoological Gardens, London).
Authors: Budd Arthur , Smith L. G. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY..In summarising these short surveys, we find the progress of “Jubilee” was assured by the keepers' disciplinary powers over the mother in enforcing her to nurse the baby, plus their additional individual help to the infant. Without this, “Jubilee's” satisfactory development would have been very doubtful.Careful nursing of “June,” owing to her weakness at birth, was of vital importance. “Sally,” in addition to being a good mother, allowed her keepers to attend her baby, and in consequence of this co‐operation, “June's” development was very progressive. The very cold spell which intervened was responsible for the decline in the mother's health and the cause of the infant developing broncho‐pneumonia. The refusal of “Sally” to allow us to nurse her young one during her illness finally decided her baby's death. The good development of “June,” aided by the co‐operative nursing, and her death caused by the cold and lack of nursing, further demonstrated the necessity for human aid.“Jacqueline,” the third of our captive‐born Chimpanzees, developed with artificial feeding, under conditions of a modern nursery. Through this individual attention and treatment given to the infant, her rate of progress was in advance, and her final physical condition was better than any of the other apes born in the gardens.Slow and very poor physical development was the result of “Sally” nursing her second infant “Noel.” This seems to prove conclusively that the chances of successfully rearing young captive‐born Chimpanzees depends on the sociability and understanding between the mothers and their keepers. It also suggests the similarity to human nursing and the beneficial results of the modern nutritional and anti‐deficiency disease diets.
The Reproductive Cycle of the Female Weasel (Mustela nivalis)
Authors: Deanesly Ruth 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The reproductive cycle of the female weasel (Mustela nivalis) has been studied by the examination of the ovaries, uterus, etc., in 114 animals killed in the field. Some additional weasels were kept in captivity for periods varying up to sixteen months. Pregnancies are most common in April or May, but they will occur in any month from March till August. Weasels having their first litter in the spring can breed again in the summer. The majority of weasels do not breed until their second season, but some born in spring become pregnant in late summer. Anœstrus commonly lasts from September till February, but in individual animals the first œstrus may not occur until May or even June. It is estimated that pregnancy and lactation together last about 10 weeks. Histologically, the reproductive organs resemble those of the ferret and stoat. The number of corpora lutea in the two ovaries varies from 4–11, with an average of 7. Six or seven fœtuses were found in the small number of pregnancies in which they could be counted. It seems probable that in the weasel ovulation is dependent upon copulation.The collection of weasels described in this paper was begun by Dr. A. S. Parkes, F.R.S., in 1930, and later continued by Dr. M. Hill. I am much indebted to Dr. Hill for transferring to me her sectioned material, with extensive records, notes, measurements anti micro‐photographs, when circumstances made it impossible for her to complete the work. The micro‐photographs, except for two, are the work of Mr. F. J. Pittock.Rather more than half the female weasels were obtained through the co‐operation of Professor F. W. R. Brambell, and his continued help has been greatly appreciated.
11. A Systematic Study of the Main Arteries in the Region of the Heart. Aves: Piciformes*
Authors: Glenny Fred H. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.Eight species of Ramphastidæ, 11 species of Capitonidæ, six species of Bucconidæ, two species of Indicatoridæ, and 45 species of Picidæ were studied, and descriptions with diagrams of the main arteries in the region of the neck and thorax prepared. Suggestive differences in the arrangement‐patterns of the arteries were recorded with reference to the basic Order pattern and the Family variation. Presence of the ligamentous vestiges of the left radix aortæ, right ductus botalli, and right ductus caroticus were noted along with the presence of a patent ductus caroticus in Dryobates v. villosus. Possible phyletic relationships between other orders of birds were indicated by the arterial arrangement. All families of the Picidæ were found to be “laevo‐carotidinæ” whereas in the Coraciiformes some families were “lævo‐carotidinæ” while others were “bicarotidinæ normales.” The ductus shawi was shown to be the functionally modified ductus caroticus and was found to be a vessel which results from anastomoses with other smaller arteries which form in situ during middle to late embryogeny. The tendency for a large number of anastomoses of major embryonic vessels, with a few pertinent examples, was noted.
A Revision of the Type‐localities of Mammals occurring in the Tanganyika Territory
Authors: Swynnerton G. H. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.This paper deals with the type‐localities of mammals.The area covered is that enclosed within the political boundaries of the Tanganyika Territory, together with the adjacent islands comprising the Zanzibar Protectorate. With two exceptions, no localities lying outside this area are mentioned.Type‐localities are considered alphabetically. After the description of a type‐locality follows a list of the species and sub‐species described from that locality. Alternate and obsolete names are included.To those interested in statistics it may be recorded that this paper contains 217 localities of which 38 are obsolete or alternate names or cross‐references, leaving a balance of 179 actual type‐localities.The names of 304 species and sub‐species which have been described from the above area are given, of which the large number of 98 have been described wholly or in part by the German systematist, Dr. P. Matschie.A result of the lack of suitable books of reference during the compilation of this paper is that it has been impossible to come to any definite conclusions concerning the exact type‐localities of about ten species. It is hoped that these outstanding problems will be cleared up at a later date.
The Delayed Development of the Stomach in the Frog (Rana temporaria) and the Toad (Bufo bufo).
Authors: Barrington E. J. W. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryAn account is given of the structure of the anterior end of the alimentary canal of the frog and toad tadpole. It is shown that there lies between the pharynx and the main intestine (mid‐gut) a clearly defined fore‐gut, characterized by the possession of an epithelium composed of ciliated and mucous cells which are distributed according to a definite pattern.At metamorphosis the oesophagus and stomach differentiate out of the fore‐gut, and the presence in the latter of the ciliated and mucous cells clearly foreshadows this fate, since cilia are found in the oesophagus of the adult, and mucous cells characterize both this region and the stomach. It is further possible that two types of mucous cell visible in the fore‐gut may foreshadow the goblet cells of the future oesophagus and the gastric epithelial cells of the future stomach, but this is less certain.The so‐called “stomach” of the frog tadpole lies in the fore‐gut region and possesses gland‐like structures which, however, differ histologically from those of the adult stomach. Tests for pepsin and amylase have given negative results, and it is doubtful whether the organ is zymogenous. It is altogether absent from the toad.Pepsin first becomes identifiable in the fore‐gut region of the frog and toad after the emergence of the anterior limbs, at the time when the definitive glands are forming. Thus gastric digestion does not occur in the larva, and the structure of the epithelium indicates that this may be ascribed to a retardation in the rate of differentiation of the oesophagus and stomach. Possible reasons for this are discussed in the light of the reported occurrence of true gastric digestion in urodele larvae, and of the differences in feeding habits of the larvae of the two groups.
The Fibre Tracts of the Fore brain of the American Diamond ‐ Back Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus)
Authors: Warner Francis James 
Published: August 2010

Summary

The septa1 nuclei are larger than the corresponding cell groups in Varanus salvator or Chameleon vulgaris.
The corpus striatum consists of three cell groups, which are the paleostriatum, neostriatum, and the archistriatum.
The cortex of the forebrain has three divisions as in other reptiles, the lateral pyriform cortex, the dorsal parahippocampal cortex, and the hippocampal cortex.
The hippocampal and anterior commissures in Crotalus adam, nteus are similar to those of Varanus salvator.
The fornix is not as large or as heavily medullated as the one described in Varanus salvator by De Lange (1911).
A tractus cortico‐archistriaticus was found, similar to the one noted by De Lange (1911) and Herman (1925) in Varanus salvator.
A tractus cortico‐neostriaticus was noted in Crotalus adamanteus which was not, however, as large as in Varanus salvator.
The nuclei of the forebrainand the arrangement of the fibre tracts resemble those of the Lacertilia more closely than those of the Chelonia or the Hydrosauria.
On an Intersexual Wild Brown Rat. Rattus norvegicus (Erxleben).
Authors: Matthews L Harrison 
Published: August 2010

Summary.An intersexual specimen of the wild brown rat R. norvegicus is described, in which the derivatives of the urogenital sinus have developed so that externally the animal is a female, whereas internally the gonads, ducts and accessory glands are male, though imperfect. The possibility of this condition being produced by the ante‐natal action of oestrogenic substances on a genetic male is discussed.
The Moult and Gonad Cycles of Three Species of Birds at Five Degrees South of the Equator.
Authors: Moreau R. E. , Wilk A. L. , Rowan. W. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.Histological and moult data are given for series of three species collected at fortnightly intervals over one year at Amani, an evergreen locality in Africa at 5 °. The species are Colius (Mousebird, a small non‐passerine) and two Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls), one, Phyllastrephus, living inside the forest, and the other, Pycnonotus, outside.Moult is regular, concentrated and seasonal in both Pycnonotidae; “early” stage and even “mid” stage of wing‐moult are found in both these birds concurrently with enlarged testes and free sperms. These conditions do not seem to have been reported before for small passerines. In Colius moult is irregular and proceeds indefinitely irrespective of testis‐state: continuance of wing‐moult through the breeding season seems hitherto to have been recognized only in large birds dependent on full wing‐efficiency for their livelihood.In all three species testes are biggest from September to March, when they regress sharply and do not approach the maximum again till August. These results accord with field observations on nests. In the resting period, which covers the “long rains” and the subsequent cool season, the internal state of the testes is like that of temperate‐zone birds in winter. Recrudescence takes place when there has been practically no increase in temperature above the annual minimum and day‐length is increasing at less than 20 seconds a day. Lines of further research are suggested.The annual increase in testis size is about 30 times in the Pycnonotidae and 8 in the Colius. Other data for tropical and temperate‐zone species are quoted, from which it appears that the latter tend to have a much greater increase in testis size (up to 2,000 times). In Amani birds spermatogenesis commonly takes place in testes that have not attained full size.In the ovaries atretic follicles, rare in temperate‐zone birds, are abundant and may be an adaptation to high nest‐mortality.
The Biology of Two Species of Folliculinidae (Ciliata, Heterolricha) found at Cullercoats, with a Note on the British Species of the Family.
Authors: Das S. M. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.(1) Two species of Folliculinidae are recorded from Cullercoats which have not been previously reported from Great Britain.(2) The size, shape, and structure of Folliculinopsis producta Wright var. nov. elongata is somewhat different from the F. producta Wright described by various workers from the Continent and U.S.A.(3) Fission, formation of larva, case secretion, and metamorphosis into adult have been described in F. producta Wright var. nov. elongata.(4) Folliculina simplex Dons has the characteristic structure and life‐history described by Faureć‐Fremiet (1936). The mode of feeding in F. simplex has been recorded.(5) It has been established that the extremely long tube of F. producta var. nov. elongata is single and is formed by one larva alone. In this variety it is not the result of an end to end arrangement of the secondary tubes of successive daughter individuals described by Andrews and Fauré‐Fremiet in Folliciulinopsis producta Wright.(6) It has been shown for the first time that the spiral ridge on the tube of F. producta is formed by a specialized spiral band of cilia on the neck of the larva.
A Revision of our Knowledge of African Elephants' Teeth, with notes on Forest and “Pygmy” Elephants.
Authors: Morrison‐Scott T. C. S. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The problem is to decide, given an African elephant's tooth, the position of that tooth in the series of six.This has been done hitherto by reference to the “ridge formula” whose origin is discussed, and which is shown (a) to have been commonly misinterpreted, and (b) to have been inaccurate in any case.The misleading results, including alleged evidence in support of the existence of a “pygmy” elephant, which resulted from this, are discussed.It has been found impossible to construct a ridge formula which would be of any use in the determination of the position of a tooth in the series and other methods are proposed including the use of two new indices—the laminary index and the enamel‐loop index.The conclusion is arrived at that teeth numbers I and II may always be identified with certainty, number III with fair certainty, and number VI with much less certainty. Numbers IV and V are not at all easily to be distinguished.
The interaction of Environmental and Genetic Factors in determining the Weight of Grain Weevils, Calandra granaria (L.) (Col., Curculionidae)
Authors: Richards O. W. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Cultures which are deep (up to 11‐0 cm.), more densely inhabited by larvae (up to 150 life per 100 grains), produce heavier weevils. The central part or the bottom half of a culture produces heavier weevils than the top part. Cultures left undisturbed produce heavier weevils than those which are disturbed earlier.
The weevils from nearly all cultures exhibit a weight‐cycle. The first ones to emerge are light; those that emerge at the time of maximum emergence are heaviest and those which emerge last are lightest. On the whole, conditions which produce heavier weevils induce a more marked weight‐cycle.
Nearly all the effects described in (1) and (2) must be ascribed to the influence of the metabolic products which accumulate to a greater extent in deep and crowded cultures. Part of the weight‐cycle, however, is due to genetic factors, so that it may be observed in very shallow cultures, A weight above the mean is correlated with a shorter developmental period and both characters are inherited.
There is no evidence that reduction of weight in overcrowded cultures or at the end of the emergence period is due to competition of larvae within the grain.
Larger grains produce heavier weevils, even though the whole of the grain is not utilized by the larva.
Deeper, more heavily infested cultures become hotter, damper and accumulate more CO2. Some evidence was obtained that accumulated CO2 reduces the weight of weevils. None was found for the view that water affects weight. The physiological basis for the increase in weight in deeper, more crowded cultures is not known.
There appear to be two principal genetic weight types in Calandra granaria. When cultured in 3times1‐in. tubes, these have mean weights of 1–90 and 2–46 mg. In the small line a subsidiary type of mean weight 2–07 mg. could later be selected out. In both lines weevils whose mean weight was more than 5 per cent, below the mean of the line produced very few offspring. Selection for larger size in the large line was ineffective, partly because of differential fecundity.
There was some evidence for the occurrence of a gene producing premature death of the adult weevils in the last two inbred generations.
Weevils increase in weight by about 5 per cent, in about the first third of their lives. On the whole, lighter weevils and those with a shorter developmental period tend to put on more weight, though not enough to obscure any initial weight‐cycle.
It is suggested that population studies should pay more attention to the quality as well as to the numbers of the insects produced.
The Cerebral Blood Supply in the Giraffidae
Authors: Lawrence W.E. , Rewell R.E. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The course of the external carotid artery in the Giraffe and Okapi is described. Unfortunately, the Okapi was a defective specimen.In both there is a well‐developed carotid sinus with the usual innervation from the ninth and tenth cranial nerves.In the Giraffe only the external carotid runs into the rete mirabile caroticum. This has no connection with the vertebral artery, and blood can be shunted from it through the occipital artery and another vessel which is possibly homologous with the internal carotid, into the vertebral artery when the animal lowers its head. Both these short circuits arise together from the carotid sinus and presumably are controlled by reflexes from it.In the Okapi any connection between occipital and vertebral must be very small. The second connection with the carotid sinus is present, but this may not act a shunt since it was not possible to be certain that was no connections between the vertebral artery and the rete mirabile.The shunt mechanism would thus appear to be an adaptation to the presence of the excessively long neck in the Giraffe.