bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in Haageocereus (Trichocereeae, Cactaceae)
Authors: Arakaki Mónica , Soltis Douglas E. , Soltis Pamela S. , Speranza Pablo R. 
Published: February 2010

• Premise of the study: Microsatellites were isolated from two species of the genus Haageocereus (H. tenuis and H. pseudomelanostele) to be applied in studies of genetic diversity and population structure.• Methods and Results: Five loci were employed in a preliminary study of genetic diversity and population differentiation in two rare (H. tenuis and H. repens) and two widespread (H. acranthus and H. pseudomelanostele) species, yielding between one and 44 alleles per locus. All five loci were polymorphic, with overall levels of observed and expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.478 to 0.871 and from 0.564 to 0.956, respectively. Three additional loci were scored in H. pseudomelanostele. These eight plus the remaining 11 loci were amplified from putative parents of three hybrids involving Haageocereus and Espostoa.• Conclusions: These markers will facilitate analysis of genetic diversity, hybridization, and population differentiation throughout Haageocereus and Espostoa.
Dibutyl Phthalate-Induced Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Is Required for Th2 Contact Hypersensitivity Responses
Authors: Larson Ryan P. , Zimmerli Simone C. , Comeau Michael R. , Itano Andrea , Omori Miyuki , Iseki Masanori , Hauser Conrad , Ziegler Steven F. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an IL-7–related cytokine, produced by epithelial cells, that has been linked to atopic dermatitis and asthma; however, it remains unclear how TSLP shapes the adaptive immune response that causes these allergic disorders. In this study, we demonstrate a role for TSLP in a Th2 model of contact hypersensitivity in mice. TSLP is required for the development of Th2-type contact hypersensitivity induced by the hapten FITC in combination with the sensitizing agent dibutyl phthalate. TSLPR-deficient mice exhibited a dramatically reduced response, including markedly reduced local infiltration by eosinophils, Th2 cytokine production, and serum IgE levels, following FITC sensitization and challenge. The reduced response by TSLPR-deficient mice is likely due to decreased frequency and reduced T cell stimulatory function of skin-derived Ag-bearing FITC+CD11c+ dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes following FITC sensitization. These data suggest that skin-derived dendritic cells are direct or indirect targets of TSLP in the development of type 2 immune responses in the skin, where TSLP drives their maturation, accumulation in skin draining lymph nodes, and ability to induce proliferation of naive allergen-specific T cells.
Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin-Activated Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Induce the Generation of FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells in Human Thymus
Authors: Hanabuchi Shino , Ito Tomoki , Park Woon-Ryon , Watanabe Norihiko , Shaw Joanne L. , Roman Eulogia , Arima Kazuhiko , Wang Yui-Hsi , Voo Kui Shin , Cao Wei , Liu Yong-Jun 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Human thymus contains major dendritic cell (DC) subsets, myeloid DCs (mDCs), and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). We previously showed that mDCs, educated by thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) produced by the epithelial cells of the Hassall’s corpuscles, induced differentiation of CD4+CD25− thymocytes into Forkhead Box P3+ (FOXP3+) regulatory T cells (TR) within the medulla of human thymus. In this study, we show that pDCs expressed the TSLP receptor and IL-7 receptor α complexes upon activation and became responsive to TSLP. TSLP-activated human pDCs secrete macrophage-derived chemokine CCL-22 and thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine CCL-17 but not Th1- or Th2-polarizing cytokines. TSLP-activated pDCs induced the generation of FOXP3+ TR from CD4+CD8−CD25− thymocytes, which could be strongly inhibited by Th1-polarizing cytokine IL-12 or Th2-polarizing cytokine IL-4. Interestingly, the FOXP3+ TR induced by the TSLP-pDCs expressed more IL-10 but less TGF-β than that induced by the TSLP-mDCs. These data suggest that TSLP expressed by thymic epithelial cells can activate mDCs and pDCs to positively select the FOXP3+ TR with different cytokine production potential in human thymus. The inability of TSLP to induce DC maturation without producing Th1- or Th2-polarizing cytokines may provide a thymic niche for TR development.
Modulation of T Lymphocyte Function by the Pregnane X Receptor
Authors: Dubrac Sandrine , Elentner Andreas , Ebner Susanne , Horejs-Hoeck Jutta , Schmuth Matthias 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor regulating genes central to drug and hormone metabolism in the liver. Previous reports indicated that PXR is expressed in PBMC, but the role of PXR in immune cells remains unknown. In this paper, we report increased PXR expression in mouse and human T lymphocytes upon immune activation. Furthermore, pharmacologic activation of PXR inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation and anergizes T lymphocytes by decreasing the expression of CD25 and IFN-γ and decreasing phosphorylated NF-κB and MEK1/2. Although these effects are preceded by an increase of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, a master switch for IFN-γ expression, in a PXR-dependent manner, T-bet expression remains unchanged. Conversely, PXR-deficient mice exhibit an exaggerated T lymphocyte proliferation and increased CD25 expression. Furthermore, PXR-deficient lymphocytes produce more IFN-γ and less of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In summary, these results reveal a novel immune-regulatory role of PXR in T lymphocytes and identify suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 as an early signal in PXR-mediated T lymphocyte suppression.
Dendritic Cell Inhibition Is Connected to Exhaustion of CD8+ T Cell Polyfunctionality during Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Rodrigue-Gervais Ian Gaël , Rigsby Hawley , Jouan Loubna , Sauvé Dominike , Sékaly Rafick-Pierre , Willems Bernard , Lamarre Daniel 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Although chronic viral infections have evolved mechanisms to interfere with aspects of pathogen recognition by dendritic cells (DCs), the role that these APCs play in virus-specific T cell exhaustion is unclear. Herein we report that NS3-dependent suppression of Toll/IL-1 domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β– and IFN-β promoter stimulator-1– but not MyD88-coupled pathogen-recognition receptor–induced synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12 and TNF-α) from DCs by hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a distinctive feature of a subgroup of chronically infected patients. The result is decreased CD8+ T cell polyfunctional capacities (production of IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, and CD107a mobilization) that is confined to HCV specificities and that relates to the extent to which HCV inhibits DC responses in infected subjects, despite comparable plasma viral load, helper T cell environments, and inhibitory programmed death 1 receptor/ligand signals. Thus, subjects in whom pathogen-recognition receptor signaling in DCs was intact exhibited enhanced polyfunctionality (i.e., IL-2-secretion and CD107a). In addition, differences between HCV-infected patients in the ability of CD8+ T cells to activate multiple functions in response to HCV did not apply to CD8+ T cells specific for other immune-controlled viruses (CMV, EBV, and influenza). Our findings identify reversible virus evasion of DC-mediated innate immunity as an additional important factor that impacts the severity of polyfunctional CD8+ T cell exhaustion during a chronic viral infection.
PI3K-Dependent Upregulation of Mcl-1 by Human Cytomegalovirus Is Mediated by Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Inhibits Apoptosis in Short-Lived Monocytes
Authors: Chan Gary , Nogalski Maciej T. , Bentz Gretchen L. , Smith M. Shane , Parmater Alexander , Yurochko Andrew D. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Monocytes are a primary target for human CMV (HCMV) infection and are a key cell type responsible for hematogenous dissemination of the virus. Biologically, these cells have a short lifespan of 1–3 d in the circulation, yet infected cells remain viable for weeks despite the lack of viral antiapoptotic gene expression during this period. To understand the mechanism by which HCMV inhibits the initial phase of monocyte apoptosis, we focused on the viral modulation of early prosurvival cell signaling events after infection. We demonstrate in this study that the viral upregulation of the PI3K pathway promotes an early block in apoptosis after infection. Temporal transcriptome and protein analyses revealed Mcl-1, a member of the Bcl-2 family, was transiently induced in a PI3K-dependent manner during the early stages of HCMV infection. In accord with the survival studies, virally induced levels of Mcl-1 expression dissipated to mock levels by 72 h postinfection. Through the use of Mcl-1–specific small interfering RNA, we confirmed the functional role that Mcl-1 plays as a key early regulator of apoptosis in monocytes. Lastly, we showed that HCMV engagement and activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor during viral binding triggered the upregulation of Mcl-1. Overall, our data indicates that activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor/PI3K signaling pathway, via the PI3K-dependent upregulation of Mcl-1, is required to circumvent apoptosis in naturally short-lived monocytes during the early stages of HCMV infection, thus ensuring the early steps in the viral persistence strategy.
Diet-Induced Obesity Impairs the T Cell Memory Response to Influenza Virus Infection
Authors: Karlsson Erik A. , Sheridan Patricia A. , Beck Melinda A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has suggested that obesity may be an independent risk factor for increased severity of illness from the H1N1 pandemic strain. Memory T cells generated during primary influenza infection target internal proteins common among influenza viruses, making them effective against encounters with heterologous strains. In male, diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice, a secondary H1N1 influenza challenge following a primary H3N2 infection led to a 25% mortality rate (with no loss of lean controls), 25% increase in lung pathology, failure to regain weight, and 10- to 100-fold higher lung viral titers. Furthermore, mRNA expression for IFN-γ was &gt;60% less in lungs of obese mice, along with one third the number of influenza-specific CD8+ T cells producing IFN-γ postsecondary infection versus lean controls. Memory CD8+ T cells from obese mice had a &gt;50% reduction in IFN-γ production when stimulated with influenza-pulsed dendritic cells from lean mice. Thus, the function of influenza-specific memory T cells is significantly reduced and ineffective in lungs of obese mice. The reality of a worldwide obesity epidemic combined with yearly influenza outbreaks and the current pandemic makes it imperative to understand how influenza virus infection behaves differently in an obese host. Moreover, impairment of memory responses has significant implications for vaccine efficacy in an obese population.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase Associated with Antigen Processing Defines the Composition and Structure of MHC Class I Peptide Repertoire in Normal and Virus-Infected Cells
Authors: Blanchard Nicolas , Kanaseki Takayuki , Escobar Hernando , Delebecque Frédéric , Nagarajan Niranjana A. , Reyes-Vargas Eduardo , Crockett David K. , Raulet David H. , Delgado Julio C. , Shastri Nilabh 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules ferry a cargo of peptides to the cell surface as potential ligands for CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. For nearly 20 years, the cargo has been described as a collection of short 8-9 mer peptides, whose length and sequences were believed to be primarily determined by the peptide-binding groove of MHC-I molecules. Yet the mechanisms for producing peptides of such optimal length and composition have remained unclear. In this study, using mass spectrometry, we determined the amino acid sequences of a large number of naturally processed peptides in mice lacking the endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase associated with Ag processing (ERAAP). We find that ERAAP-deficiency changed the oeuvre and caused a marked increase in the length of peptides normally presented by MHC-I. Furthermore, we observed similar changes in the length of viral peptides recognized by CD8+ T cells in mouse CMV-infected ERAAP-deficient mice. In these mice, a distinct CD8+ T cell population was elicited with specificity for an N-terminally extended epitope. Thus, the characteristic length, as well as the composition of MHC-I peptide cargo, is determined not only by the MHC-I peptide-binding groove but also by ERAAP proteolysis in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Effect of Silicate‐Substitution on Attachment and Early Development of Human Osteoblast‐Like Cells Seeded on Microporous Hydroxyapatite Discs
Authors: Guth Katharina , Campion Charlie , Buckland Tom , Hing Karin A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHydroxyapatite (HA) is a well‐established graft material used in bone repair. Silicon‐substituted hydroxyapatite (SA; 0.8 wt% Si) has shown greater bone ingrowth and bone coverage than phase pure HA. To assess the effect of microporosity on sensitivity of cell attachment to surface physiochemistry, microporous SA and HA discs, and control Thermanox (TMX) discs were incubated with osteoblast‐like cells (5 × 104 HOS‐TE85 cells) under differing tissue culture conditions. To investigate early cellular attachment, organization, and differentiation, cells were also stained for integrin–α5 β1, actin, and runt‐related transcription factor (RUNX‐2), respectively, after incubation on HA, SA, and TMX discs for 3 days. No significant differences emerged between HA, SA, and TMX discs in mean numbers of cells attached in serum free medium (SFM) over 90 min incubation. In contrast, significantly more cells were attached to SA than HA after 180 min incubation in complete medium (C‐MEM) containing fetal calf serum (p < 0.05). Cell attachment to SA and HA discs pre‐conditioned in SFM supplemented with fibronectin (FN) was lower than discs pre‐conditioned in C‐MEM, suggesting sensitivity of an active FN conformation to the presence of co‐adsorbates. Confocal microscopy demonstrated significantly more co‐localization of integrin α5 β1 and actin on SA than HA. Translocalization of RUNX‐2 to the nucleus was stronger in cells incubated on SA. Microporosity did not diminish the effect of surface physiochemistry on cell adhesion, and enhanced cell attachment for SA appears to be mediated by differences in the quality of adsorbed protein rather than via direct effects of substrate chemistry.
Construction of Polyethyleneimine‐β‐cyclodextrin/pDNA Multilayer Structure for Improved In Situ Gene Transfection
Authors: Hu Yan , Cai Kaiyong , Luo Zhong , Hu Ran 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis study reports in situ gene delivery from gene‐functionalized poly(D,L‐lactic acid) (PDLLA, Mw of around 2.0 × 105 g mol−1) films, which were constructed via layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly technique with low molecular weight polyethylenimine‐β‐cyclodextrin (PEI‐CD) conjugate and plasmid DNA (pDNA). PEI‐CD was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), respectively. The buildup of multilayered PEI‐CD/pDNA pairs onto PDLLA films was monitored with contact angle measurements and UV–Vis spectrometer, respectively. A sustained release of pDNA from multilayered films was observed for 28 h. The mechanism of in situ gene delivery on PDLLA film was investigated in this study as well. Spherical PEI‐CD/pDNA complexes were formed and released following the deconstruction of multilayered films, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and gel electrophoresis, respectively. Surface mediated in situ gene transfection was achieved when culturing hepatoma G2 (HepG2) and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) onto PEI‐CD/pDNA multilayered films. Furthermore, PEI‐CD improved the gene transfection efficiency when compared with that of PEI. Such gene‐functionalized biomaterial reported here has potential application in tissue engineering and implant technology.
Dual‐Growth‐Factor‐Releasing PCL Scaffolds for Chondrogenesis of Adipose‐Tissue‐Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Lim Sung Mook , Jang Sung Hwan , Oh Se Heang , Yuk Soon Hong , Im Gun Il , Lee Jin Ho 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPolycaprolactone/Pluronic F127 porous scaffolds are prepared using a modified melt‐molding particulate‐leaching method. The scaffolds are highly porous (about 90% porosity) and have open‐cellular pore structures. Growth factors (TGF‐β2, BMP‐7 or dual TGF‐β2/BMP‐7) can be easily immobilized on the pore surfaces of the PCL/F127 scaffolds via binding with heparin. The growth‐factor‐immobilized scaffolds can induce the chondrogenesis of ATMSCs seeded onto them. Using TGF‐β2 and BMP‐7 growth factors together leads to a better chondrogenic differentiation behavior than using single‐growth‐factor immobilized scaffolds.
Hypoxia Stabilizes Microtubule Networks and Decreases Tumor Cell Chemosensitivity to Anticancer Drugs Through Egr‐1
Authors: Peng Wan‐Xin , Pan Fei‐Yan , Liu Xiao‐Jin , Ning Shen , Xu Na , Meng Fan‐Li , Wang Yi‐Qian , Li Chao‐Jun 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe hypoxic environment of solid tumor causes the tumor cells survive and which could protect them from death by facilitating resistance to therapy. Here, we provide evidence that hypoxia can increase tumor cell viability and proliferation through an Egr‐1‐dependant pathway. Hypoxia protected the microtubules from disassembly, and Egr‐1 was colocalized with microtubules in different cell cycle stages. Knockdown of Egr‐1 with its siRNA overcame the protection effect of hypoxia and increased the sensitivity of tumor cells to vinblastine under hypoxic conditions. Our results suggest a novel approach for increasing the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapeutics that target microtubule assembly. Anat Rec, 293:414–420, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fetal Anatomy of the Human Carotid Sheath and Structures In and Around It
Authors: Miyake Naritomo , Hayashi Shogo , Kawase Tetsuaki , Cho Baik Hwan , Murakami Gen , Fujimiya Mineko , Kitano Hiroya 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to find basic rules governing the morphological development of the typical neurovascular sheath. We carried out histological examination of 15 paraffin‐embedded mid‐term fetuses at 9–25 weeks of gestation (three fetuses each at 9, 12, 15, 20, and 25 weeks). As the result, the vagus nerve showed a high propensity to change its topographical relationship with the common carotid artery (CCA) during 9–20 weeks of gestation: that is, from a primitive ventral course to a final dorsal course. The adventitia of the great arteries, which was distinct from other fascial structures, became evident by 15 weeks. The carotid sheath appeared at and after 20 weeks: it was clearly separated from the prevertebral lamina of the deep cervical fasciae, but fused with the pretracheal lamina covering the strap muscles. Thus the carotid sheath, as well as the topographical relationships of structures within it, seems to become established much later than the prevertebral and pretracheal laminae of the deep cervical fasciae. However, the adventitia of the cervical great arteries consistently becomes evident much earlier than the sheath, and it seems to be regarded as one of the basic components of the fetal deep cervical fasciae. Anat Rec, 293:438–445, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution Pattern of Muscle Fiber Types in the Perivertebral Musculature of Two Different Sized Species of Mice
Authors: Hesse Bettina , Fischer Martin S. , Schilling Nadja 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMany physiological parameters scale with body size. Regarding limb muscles, it has been shown that the demands for relatively faster muscles, less postural work, and greater heat production in small mammals are met by lower proportions of Type I and conversely higher proportions of Type II fibers. To investigate possible adaptations of the perivertebral musculature, we investigated the proportion, spatial distribution, and cross‐sectional area (csa) of the different muscle fiber types in the laboratory and harvest mouse. Serial cross sections from the posterior thoracic to the lumbo‐sacral region were prepared and Type I, IIA, and IIB fibers identified using enzymehistochemistry. The general distribution of Type I and IIB fibers, as well as the more or less equal distribution of IIA fibers, resembles the pattern found in other mammals. However, the overall proportion of Type I fibers was very low in the laboratory mouse and particularly low in the harvest mouse. Muscular adaptations to a small body size were met primarily by increased Type IIA fiber proportions. Thereby, not all muscles or muscle regions similarly reflected the expected scaling effects. However, our results clearly show that body size is a critical factor when fiber‐type proportions are compared among different sized mammals. Anat Rec, 293:446–463, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intertopic information mining for query‐based summarization
Authors: Ouyang You , Li Wenjie , Li Sujian , Lu Qin 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this article, the authors address the problem of sentence ranking in summarization. Although most existing summarization approaches are concerned with the information embodied in a particular topic (including a set of documents and an associated query) for sentence ranking, they propose a novel ranking approach that incorporates intertopic information mining. Intertopic information, in contrast to intratopic information, is able to reveal pairwise topic relationships and thus can be considered as the bridge across different topics. In this article, the intertopic information is used for transferring word importance learned from known topics to unknown topics under a learning‐based summarization framework. To mine this information, the authors model the topic relationship by clustering all the words in both known and unknown topics according to various kinds of word conceptual labels, which indicate the roles of the words in the topic. Based on the mined relationships, we develop a probabilistic model using manually generated summaries provided for known topics to predict ranking scores for sentences in unknown topics. A series of experiments have been conducted on the Document Understanding Conference (DUC) 2006 data set. The evaluation results show that intertopic information is indeed effective for sentence ranking and the resultant summarization system performs comparably well to the best‐performing DUC participating systems on the same data set.