bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Autophagy Is Independent of the Unfolded Protein Response
Authors: Mohl Bjorn-Patrick , Tedbury Philip R. , Griffin Stephen , Harris Mark 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been shown to induce autophagy and the unfolded protein response (UPR), but the mechanistic link between the induction of these two cellular processes remains unclear. We demonstrate here that HCV infection induces autophagy, as judged by accumulation of lipidated LC3-II, and that this induction occurs rapidly after infection, preceding the stimulation of the UPR, which occurs only at later stages, after the viral envelope glycoproteins have been expressed to high levels. Furthermore, both genotype 1b and 2a subgenomic replicons expressing nonstructural (NS3-5B) proteins and JFH-1 virus lacking the envelope glycoproteins potently induced autophagy in the absence of detectable UPR. This ability was also shared by a subgenomic replicon derived from the related GB virus B (GBV-B). We also show that small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of the key UPR inducer, Ire1, has no effect on HCV genome replication or the induction of autophagy, further demonstrating that the UPR is not required for these processes. Lastly, we demonstrate that the HCV replicase does not colocalize with autophagosomes, suggesting that the induction of autophagy is not required to generate the membrane platform for HCV RNA replication.
The H275Y Neuraminidase Mutation of the Pandemic A/H1N1 Influenza Virus Lengthens the Eclipse Phase and Reduces Viral Output of Infected Cells, Potentially Compromising Fitness in Ferrets
Authors: Pinilla Lady Tatiana , Holder Benjamin P. , Abed Yacine , Boivin Guy , Beauchemin Catherine A. A. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThe H275Y amino acid substitution of the neuraminidase gene is the most common mutation conferring oseltamivir resistance in the N1 subtype of the influenza virus. Using a mathematical model to analyze a set ofin vitroexperiments that allow for the full characterization of the viral replication cycle, we show that the primary effects of the H275Y substitution on the pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm09) strain are to lengthen the mean eclipse phase of infected cells (from 6.6 to 9.1 h) and decrease (by 7-fold) the viral burst size, i.e., the total number of virions produced per cell. We also find, however, that the infectious-unit-to-particle ratio of the H275Y mutant strain is 12-fold higher than that of the oseltamivir-susceptible strain (0.19 versus 0.016 per RNA copy). A parallel analysis of the H275Y mutation in the prior seasonal A/Brisbane/59/2007 background shows similar changes in the infection kinetic parameters, but in this background, the H275Y mutation also allows the mutant to infect cells five times more rapidly. Competitive mixed-strain infectionsin vitro, where the susceptible and resistant H1N1pdm09 strains must compete for cells, are characterized by higher viral production by the susceptible strain but suggest equivalent fractions of infected cells in the culture. In ferrets, however, the mutant strain appears to suffer a delay in its infection of the respiratory tract that allows the susceptible strain to dominate mixed-strain infections.
MEDICINAL RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF METAL RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
Authors: SAW MAUNG MAUNG 
Published: July 2012

Metal complexes have been used as medicinal compounds. Metals have advantageous features over organic compounds. Significant applications of metal complexes are in the field of nuclear medicine. Radiopharmaceuticals are drugs containing radioisotopes used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.The generalized targeting strategy for molecular imaging probe consists of three essential parts: (i) reporter unit or payload, (ii) carrier, and (iii) targeting system. Medicinal radiopharmaceutical chemistry pays special consideration to radioisotopes, as a reporter unit for diagnostic application or as a payload for therapeutic application. Targeting is achieved by a few approaches but the most common is the bifunctional chelator approach. While designing a radiopharmaceutical, a range of issues needs to be considered including properties of metal radioisotopes, bifunctional chelators, linkers, and targeting molecules. Designing radiopharmaceuticals requires consideration of two key words: "compounds of biological interest" and "fit for intended use." The ultimate goal is the development of new diagnostic methods and treatment.Diagnostic metal radiopharmaceuticals are used for SPECT and PET applications. Technetium chemistry constitutes a major portion of SPECT and gallium chemistry constitutes a major portion of PET. Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals can be constructed by using alpha-, beta minus-, or Auger electron-emitting radiometals. Special uses of medicinal radiopharmaceuticals include internal radiation therapy, brachytherapy, immunoPET, radioimmunotherapy, and peptide receptor radionuclide imaging and therapy.
MicroRNAs Regulate Tumor Angiogenesis Modulated by Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Authors: Plummer Prue N. , Freeman Ruth , Taft Ryan J. , Vider Jelena , Sax Michael , Umer Brittany A. , Gao Dingcheng , Johns Christopher , Mattick John S. , Wilton Stephen D. , Ferro Vito , McMillan Nigel A.J. , Swarbrick Alexander , Mittal Vivek , Mellick Albert S. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Bone marrow–derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) contribute to the angiogenesis-dependent growth of tumors in mice and humans. EPCs regulate the angiogenic switch via paracrine secretion of proangiogenic growth factors and by direct luminal incorporation into sprouting nascent vessels. miRNAs have emerged as key regulators of several cellular processes including angiogenesis; however, whether miRNAs contribute to bone marrow–mediated angiogenesis has remained unknown. Here, we show that genetic ablation of miRNA-processing enzyme Dicer, specifically in the bone marrow, decreased the number of circulating EPCs, resulting in angiogenesis suppression and impaired tumor growth. Furthermore, genome-wide deep sequencing of small RNAs revealed tumor EPC-intrinsic miRNAs including miR-10b and miR-196b, which have been previously identified as key regulators of HOX signaling and adult stem cell differentiation. Notably, we found that both miR-10b and miR-196b are responsive to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulation and show elevated expression in human high-grade breast tumor vasculature. Strikingly, targeting miR-10b and miR-196b led to significant defects in angiogenesis-mediated tumor growth in mice. Targeting these miRNAs may constitute a novel strategy for inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Res; 73(1); 341–52. ©2012 AACR.
Ikk4a/Arf Inactivation with Activation of the NF-κB/IL-6 Pathway Is Sufficient to Drive the Development and Growth of Angiosarcoma
Authors: Yang Jinming , Kantrow Sara , Sai Jiqing , Hawkins Oriana E. , Boothby Mark , Ayers Gregory D. , Young Eric D. , Demicco Elizabeth G. , Lazar Alexander J. , Lev Dina , Richmond Ann 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Although human angiosarcoma has been associated frequently with mutational inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene Ink4a/Arf, the underlying mechanisms have not been delineated. Here we report that malignant angiosarcoma is associated with high levels of RelA/NF-κB and IL-6 in contrast to normal vessels or benign hemagiomas. Studies of Ink4a/Arf deficient mice not only recapitulate genetic traits observed in human angiosarcoma, but also unveil a possible therapeutic link comprised of the NF-kB/IL-6/Stat3 signaling axis. In Ink4a/Arf−/− cells, NF-κB controlled Stat3 signaling by transcriptionally controlling the expression of IL-6, gp130, and Jak2. Further, IL-6 mediated Stat3 signaling through the sIL-6R. Inhibition of Ikkβ solely in myeloid cells was insufficient to block angiosarcoma development; in contrast, systemic inhibition of Ikkβ, IL-6, or Stat3 markedly inhibited angiosarcoma growth. Our findings offer clinical implications for targeting the NF-kB/IL-6/STAT3 pathway as a rational strategy to treat angiosarcoma. Cancer Res; 72(18); 4682–95. ©2012 AACR.
B-Raf Activation Cooperates with PTEN Loss to Drive c-Myc Expression in Advanced Prostate Cancer
Authors: Wang Jingqiang , Kobayashi Takashi , Floc'h Nicolas , Kinkade Carolyn Waugh , Aytes Alvaro , Dankort David , Lefebvre Celine , Mitrofanova Antonina , Cardiff Robert D. , McMahon Martin , Califano Andrea , Shen Michael M. , Abate-Shen Cory 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Both the PI3K → Akt → mTOR and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are often deregulated in prostate tumors with poor prognosis. Here we describe a new genetically engineered mouse model of prostate cancer in which PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling is activated by inducible disruption of PTEN, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) MAPK signaling is activated by inducible expression of a BRAFV600E oncogene. These tissue-specific compound mutant mice develop lethal prostate tumors that are inherently resistant to castration. These tumors bypass cellular senescence and disseminate to lymph nodes, bone marrow, and lungs where they form overt metastases in approximately 30% of the cases. Activation of PI3K → Akt → mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways in these prostate tumors cooperate to upregulate c-Myc. Accordingly, therapeutic treatments with rapamycin and PD0325901 to target these pathways, respectively, attenuate c-Myc levels and reduce tumor and metastatic burden. Together, our findings suggest a generalized therapeutic approach to target c-Myc activation in prostate cancer by combinatorial targeting of the PI3K → Akt → mTOR and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathways. Cancer Res; 72(18); 4765–76. ©2012 AACR.
A Phase I Trial of Dasatinib, an Src-Family Kinase Inhibitor, in Combination with Paclitaxel and Carboplatin in Patients with Advanced or Recurrent Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Secord Angeles Alvarez , Teoh Deanna K. , Barry William T. , Yu Miao , Broadwater Gloria , Havrilesky Laura J. , Lee Paula S. , Berchuck Andrew , Lancaster Johnathan , Wenham Robert M. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Purpose: We conducted a phase I study of dasatinib, an oral SRC-family tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in the treatment of advanced and recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer.
Experimental Design: The primary objective was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Secondary objectives included defining toxicity, response rate (RR), pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Using a “3+3” design, cohorts of three to six patients received paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) and carboplatin (AUC 6) every 3 weeks with escalating doses of dasatinib (100, 120, and 150 mg daily), followed by an eight-patient expansion cohort.
Results: Twenty patients were enrolled between June 2007 and December 2009. The median age was 61 years (range: 42–82) with a median of 2 prior regimens (range: 0–6), and 71% had platinum-sensitive disease. There were three to six patients in each cohort, and eight in the expansion cohort. Pharmacokinetics were observed over the first two cycles of therapy. One DLT was observed in the 100 mg dasatinib cohort (grade 3 myalgia). Other toxicities in all cycles included neutropenia (95% grade 3–4; 91% in the 150 mg dosing cohort), thrombocytopenia (35% grade 3–4), and fatigue (10% grade 3). The RR was 40% [three complete responses, (15%); five partial responses, (25%)],10 patients (50%) had stable disease, and two were not evaluable. The PFS6-month actuarial estimate was 86%. The median PFS and OS were 7.8 and 16.2 months, respectively.
Conclusions: Due to the high incidence of myelosuppression with subsequent cycles, the recommended phase II dose of dasatinib is 150 mg daily in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin. The combination was safe with evidence of clinical activity. Clin Cancer Res; 18(19); 5489–98. ©2012 AACR.
Myeloid Cells Obtained from the Blood but Not from the Tumor Can Suppress T-cell Proliferation in Patients with Melanoma
Authors: Gros Alena , Turcotte Simon , Wunderlich John R. , Ahmadzadeh Mojgan , Dudley Mark E. , Rosenberg Steven A. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Purpose: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) have emerged as an immune-regulatory cell type that is expanded in tumor-bearing mice, but less is known about their immune-suppressive role in patients with cancer.
Experimental Design: To study the importance of MDSC in patients with melanoma, we characterized the frequency, phenotype, and suppressive function of blood myeloid-derived cells and tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells in 26 freshly resected melanomas.
Results: Blood and tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells (Lin− CD11b+) could be phenotypically and morphologically classified into monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and immature myeloid cells according to marker expression (CD14+, CD14− CD15hi, CD14− CD15int, and CD14− CD15−, respectively). In contrast to the expansion of MDSC reported in tumor-bearing mice, we found no differences in the frequency and phenotype of myeloid subsets in the blood of patients with melanoma compared with healthy donors. Myeloid cells represented 12% of the live cells in the melanoma cell suspensions, and were phenotypically diverse with high tumor-to-tumor variability. Interestingly, a positive association was found between the percentage of Tregs and granulocytic cells (Lin− CD11b+ CD14−CD15+) infiltrating melanoma tumors. However, melanoma-infiltrating myeloid cells displayed impaired suppression of nonspecific T-cell proliferation compared with peripheral blood myeloid cells, in which monocytes and eosinophils were suppressive.
Conclusions: Our findings provide a first characterization of the nature and suppressive function of the melanoma myeloid infiltrate and indicate that the suppressive function of MDSC in patients with melanoma seems far less than that based on murine tumor models. Clin Cancer Res; 18(19); 5212–23. ©2012 AACR.
DNA Damage Repair Pathways in Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Maugeri-Saccà Marcello , Bartucci Monica , De Maria Ruggero 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The discovery of tumor-initiating cells endowed with stem-like features has added a further level of complexity to the pathobiology of neoplastic diseases. In the attempt of dissecting the functional properties of this uncommon cellular subpopulation, investigators are taking full advantage of a body of knowledge about adult stem cells, as the “cancer stem cell model” implies that tissue-resident stem cells are the target of the oncogenic process. It is emerging that a plethora of molecular mechanisms protect cancer stem cells (CSC) against chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced death stimuli. The ability of CSCs to survive stressful conditions is correlated, among others, with a multifaceted protection of genome integrity by a prompt activation of the DNA damage sensor and repair machinery. Nevertheless, many molecular-targeted agents directed against DNA repair effectors are in late preclinical or clinical development while the identification of predictive biomarkers of response coupled with the validation of robust assays for assessing biomarkers is paving the way for biology-driven clinical trials. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(8); 1627–36. ©2012 AACR.
Combined Therapy with Mutant-Selective EGFR Inhibitor and Met Kinase Inhibitor for Overcoming Erlotinib Resistance in EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer
Authors: Nakagawa Takayuki , Takeuchi Shinji , Yamada Tadaaki , Nanjo Shigeki , Ishikawa Daisuke , Sano Takako , Kita Kenji , Nakamura Takahiro , Matsumoto Kunio , Suda Kenichi , Mitsudomi Tetsuya , Sekido Yoshitaka , Uenaka Toshimitsu , Yano Seiji 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Although the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI) erlotinib and gefitinib have shown dramatic effects against EGFR mutant lung cancer, patients become resistant by various mechanisms, including gatekeeper EGFR-T790M mutation, Met amplification, and HGF overexpression, thereafter relapsing. Thus, it is urgent to develop novel agents to overcome EGFR-TKI resistance. We have tested the effects of the mutant-selective EGFR-TKI WZ4002 and the mutant-selective Met-TKI E7050 on 3 EGFR mutant lung cancer cell lines resistant to erlotinib by different mechanisms: PC-9/HGF cells with an exon 19 deletion, H1975 with an L858R mutation, and HCC827ER with an exon 19 deletion, with acquired resistance to erlotinib because of HGF gene transfection, gatekeeper T790M mutation, and Met amplification, respectively. WZ4002 inhibited the growth of H1975 cells with a gatekeeper T790M mutation, but did not inhibit the growth of HCC827ER and PC-9/HGF cells. HGF triggered the resistance of H1975 cells to WZ4002, whereas E7050 sensitized HCC827ER, PC-9/HGF, and HGF-treated H1975 cells to WZ4002, inhibiting EGFR and Met phosphorylation and their downstream molecules. Combined treatment potently inhibited the growth of tumors induced in severe-combined immunodeficient mice by H1975, HCC827ER, and PC-9/HGF cells, without any marked adverse events. These therapeutic effects were associated with the inhibition of EGFR and Met phosphorylation in vivo. The combination of a mutant-selective EGFR-TKI and a Met-TKI was effective in suppressing the growth of erlotinib-resistant tumors caused by gatekeeper T790M mutation, Met amplification, and HGF overexpression. Further evaluations in clinical trials are warranted. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(10); 2149–57. ©2012 AACR.
Prospective pilot trial of PerMIT versus standard anticoagulation service management of patients initiating oral anticoagulation
Authors: Borgman Mark P. , Pendleton Robert C. , McMillin Gwendolyn A. , Reynolds Kristen K. , Vazquez Sara , Freeman Andrew , Wilson Andrew , Valdes Roland , Linder Mark W. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryWe performed a randomised pilot trial of PerMIT, a novel decision support tool for genotype-based warfarin initiation and maintenance dosing, to assess its efficacy for improving warfarin management. We prospectively studied 26 subjects to compare PerMIT-guided management with routine anticoagulation service management. CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype results for 13 subjects randomly assigned to the PerMIT arm were recorded within 24 hours of enrolment. To aid in INR interpretation, PerMIT calculates estimated loading and maintenance doses based on a patient’s genetic and clinical characteristics and displays calculated S-warfarin plasma concentrations based on planned or administered dosages. In comparison to control subjects, patients in the PerMIT study arm demonstrated a 3.6-day decrease in the time to reach a stabilised INR within the target therapeutic range (4.7 vs. 8.3 days, p = 0.015); a 12.8% increase in time spent within the therapeutic interval over the first 25 days of therapy (64.3% vs. 55.3%, p = 0.180); and a 32.9% decrease in the frequency of warfarin dose adjustments per INR measurement (38.3% vs. 57.1%, p = 0.007). Serial measurements of plasma S-warfarin concentrations were also obtained to prospectively evaluate the accuracy of the pharmacokinetic model during induction therapy. The PerMIT S-warfarin plasma concentration model estimated 62.8% of concentrations within 0.15 mg/l. These pilot data suggest that the PerMIT method and its incorporation of genotype/phenotype information may help practitioners increase the safety, efficacy, and efficiency of warfarin therapeutic management.Clinical Trials Registration identifier: NCT00993200
Extracellular RNA promotes leukocyte recruitment in the vascular system by mobilising proinflammatory cytokines
Authors: Pagel Judith I. , Tschernatsch Marlene , Sperandio Markus , Preissner Klaus T. , Fischer Silvia , Grantzow Tobias , Deindl Elisabeth 
Published: July 2012

SummaryExtracellular RNA (eRNA), released from cells under conditions of injury or vascular disease, acts as potent prothrombotic factor and promotes vascular hyperpermeability related to oedema formation in vivo. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism by which eRNA triggers inflammatory processes, particularly associated with different steps of leukocyte recruitment. Using intravital microscopy of murine cremaster muscle venules, eRNA (but not DNA) significantly induced leukocyte adhesion and transmigration in vivo, which was comparable in its effects to the function of tumour-necrosis-factor-α (TNF-α). In vitro, eRNA promoted adhesion and transmigration of monocytic cells on and across endothelial cell monolayers. eRNA-induced monocyte adhesion in vitro was mediated by activation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF-receptor-2 system and was abolished by neutralising antibodies against intercellular adhesion molecule-1 or the p2-inte-grin Mac-1. Additionally, eRNA induced the release of TNF-α from monocytic cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, which involved activation of TNF- α -converting enzyme (TACE) as well as the nuclear factor kB signalling machinery. In vivo, inhibiton of TACE significantly reduced eRNA-induced leukocyte adhesion. Our findings present evidence that eRNA in connection with tissue/vascular damage provokes a potent inflammatory response by inducing leukocyte recruitment and by mobilising proinflammatory cytokines from monocytes.
Platelets directly enhance neutrophil transmigration in response to oxidised low-density lipoprotein
Authors: Badrnya Sigrun , Butler Lynn M. , Söderberg-Naucler Cecilia , Volf Ivo , Assinger Alice 
Published: July 2012

SummaryBeyond their primary role in haemostasis and tissue repair, platelets are causally involved in the onset of inflammatory reactions, cell proliferation and immune response. Platelet activation and platelet binding to the endothelium result in release of chemokines and increased expression of adhesion molecules, which promote the recruitment of leukocytes that will eventually migrate across the endothelium into the tissue. Here, we provide the first evidence that platelets stimulated with oxidised low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) directly enhance recruitment and transmigration of neutrophils, via cell-cell interaction. OxLDL immediately activates platelets, which then rapidly bind to neutrophils, foster their activation and facilitate transmigration through an endothelial monolayer. The observed effects of oxLDL on platelet-neutrophil aggregate (PNA) formation depend on incubation time, lipoprotein concentration and the degree of oxidative modification of LDL. PNA form within minutes following stimulation by oxLDL and remain for up to 1 h post stimulation, while native LDL is unable to induce platelet-neutrophil interactions. In the presence of acetylsalicylic acid the formation of PNA in response to oxLDL is virtually absent, and platelets fail to further enhance oxLDL-induced neutrophil transmigration. P2Y1 and P2Y12 inhibitors have less pronounced effects on PNA formation in response to oxLDL. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the PI3K pathway is essential for efficient neutrophil transmigration induced by oxLDL. Consequently, platelets enhance neutrophil transmigration in response to oxLDL and might thereby contribute essentially to the amplification of inflammatory processes within the vessel wall, which fosters the development of atherosclerosis.