bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A standards‐based model of system maintainability requirements
Authors: Al‐Sarayreh Khalid T. , Abran Alain , Cuadrado‐Gallego Juan J. 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYThe nonfunctional requirements (NFR) are often captured only generically at a fairly high level, and they do not include the levels of detail necessary at this stage for the system engineers to allocate them as specific functionalities to be handled either by the software or the hardware, or a specific combination of the two. The European Cooperation for Space Standardization (ECSS) series of standards for the aerospace industry includes maintainability requirements as one of 16 types of NFR for embedded and real‐time software. A number of maintainability‐related concepts are dispersed throughout the ECSS, ISO 9126, and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers standards to describe, at varying levels of detail, the various types of candidate maintainability requirements at the system, software, and hardware levels. This paper organizes these dispersed maintainability concepts into a standards‐based reference model of system maintainability requirements. The availability of this reference model can facilitate the early identification of the system maintainability‐NFR and their detailed allocation as specific maintainability functions to be handled by the specified allocation to hardware or software, or a specific combination of the two. In the absence of such a reference model, these NFR are typically handled in practice much later on in the software development life cycle, when at system testing time, users and developers find out that a number of maintainability requirements have been overlooked and additional effort has to be expended to implement them. The approach adopted in this research for the structure of this reference NFR model is based on the generic model of software functional requirements proposed in the COSMIC – ISO 19761 model, thereby allowing the functional size of such maintainability requirements allocated to software to be measured. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution from symbol‐level space–time coded MIMO to chip‐level space–time coded MIMO: a review
Authors: Sun Si‐Yue , Yu Qi‐Yue , Meng Wei‐Xiao , Chen Hsiao‐Hwa 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTSpace–time coded multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) technology is an important technique that improves the performance of wireless communication systems significantly without consuming bandwidth resource. This paper first discusses the characteristics and limitations of traditional symbol‐level space–time coding schemes, which work largely on the basis of an assumption that signals are sent to a block‐fading channel. Therefore, the symbol‐level space–time coding schemes rely on symbol‐level signal processing. Taking advantage of orthogonal complementary codes, we propose a novel MIMO scheme, in this paper, based on chip‐level space–time coding that is different from the traditional symbol‐level space–time coding. With the help of space–time–frequency complementary coding and multicarrier modem, the proposed scheme is able to achieve multipath interference‐free and multiuser interference‐free communications with simple a correlator detector. The proposed chip‐level space–time coded MIMO works well even in a fast fading channel in addition to its flexibility to achieve diversity and multiplexing gains simultaneously in varying channel environments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Game‐theoretic computing in risk analysis
Authors: Sahinoglu Mehmet , Cueva‐Parra Luis , Ang David 
Published: March 2012

AbstractRisk analysis, comprising risk assessment and risk management stages, is one of the most popular and challenging topics of our times because security and privacy, and availability and usability culminating at the trustworthiness of cybersystems and cyber information is at stake. The precautionary need derives from the existence of defenders versus adversaries, in an everlasting Darwinian scenario dating back to early human history of warriors fighting for their sustenance to survive. Fast forwarding to today's information warfare, whether in networks or healthcare or national security, the currently dire situation necessitates more than a hand calculator to optimize (maximize gains or minimize losses) risk due to prevailing scarce economic resources. This article reviews the previous works completed on this specialized topic of game‐theoretic computing, its methods and applications toward the purpose of quantitative risk assessment and cost‐optimal management in many diverse disciplines including entire range of informatics‐related topics. Additionally, this review considers certain game‐theoretic topics in depth historically, and those computationally resourceful such as Neumann's two‐way zero‐sum pure equilibrium and optimal mixed strategy solutions versus Nash equilibria with pure and mixed strategies. Computational examples are provided to highlight the significance of game‐theoretic solutions used in risk assessment and management, particularly in reference to cybersystems and information security. WIREs Comput Stat 2012, 4:227–248. doi: 10.1002/wics.1205This article is categorized under:

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Linear Programming
Algorithms and Computational Methods > Networks and Security
A virtual-reality subtotal tonsillectomy simulator
Authors: Ruthenbeck G S , Tan S B , Carney A S , Hobson J C , Reynolds K J 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectives:To develop a virtual-reality subtotal tonsillectomy simulation for surgical training.Materials and Methods:Computer models of a male patient's head and throat, and the surgical instrument, were created. These models were combined with custom-built simulation software. Recently developed tissue simulation technology that exploits recent developments in programmable graphics processing units was used to model tonsillar tissue in a way that allows surgical interaction whilst providing accurate tactile feedback. Current real-time rendering techniques were used to provide realistic visuals. Iterative refinements were made to the simulation, and in particular the tissue simulation, in consultation with relevantly experienced surgeons.Results:We have used newly developed tissue simulation technology to developed a novel virtual-reality subtotal tonsillectomy simulation for surgical training, the first of its kind.Conclusion:Early feedback suggests that this simulator can help surgeons to rapidly acquire subtotal tonsillectomy surgical skills in a risk-free and realistic virtual environment.
Rapid identification of Giardia duodenalis assemblages in NSW using terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism
Authors: ASHER A. J. , WALDRON L. S. , POWER M. L. 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYHumans are infected by 2 genetic assemblages (A and B) of Giardia duodenalis, a protozoan parasite that causes gastro-intestinal disease. Sub-assemblages AI, AII, BIII and BIV are commonly identified in human cases. Detection requires amplification of G. duodenalis loci. Subsequent DNA sequencing or restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) identifies sub-assemblages but is expensive (DNA sequencing) or insensitive (RFLP). This study investigated a fluorescence-based detection method, using terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene to characterize human infections. Clinical samples (n=73), positive for Giardia were collected in New South Wales, Australia, and were used to evaluate T-RFLP detection. The accuracy and sensitivity of T-RFLP detection was established by comparison to DNA sequencing and RFLP. Sub-assemblage assignment by T-RFLP identified BIV as the common subtype in N.S.W cases, whilst AI, AII and BIII were also detected. When compared to DNA sequencing and RFLP, analysis by T-RFLP was a reliable and reproducible method. Automated fluorescent detection enabled accurate sizing of restriction fragments and provided a sensitive alternative to RFLP. Discrimination of sub-assemblages by T-RFLP was comparable to DNA sequencing, but was efficient and inexpensive. The protocol described here provides a rapid and sensitive diagnostic tool for routine sample screenings in epidemiological research.
Atheism and the gift of death
Authors: BURLEY MIKEL 
Published: March 2012

AbstractRichard Beardsmore once argued that, although it is possible for atheists and religious believers alike to regard life as a gift, the regarding of one's owndeathas a gift is open only to the (Christian) believer. I discuss this interesting contention, and argue that, notwithstanding some important differences between the attitudinal possibilities available to atheists and believers in God, there are at least three senses in which an atheist could regard death as a gift. Two of these involve death's being conceived as serving some particular purpose, whereas the third derives from a more pervasive affirmatory attitude to life as a whole.
FOG in GATS commitments – why WTO Members should care
Authors: ADLUNG RUDOLF , MORRISON PETER , ROY MARTIN , ZHANG WEIWEI 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe entry into force of the General Agreement on Trade in Services in 1995 marked a new stage in the history of the multilateral system. Given the peculiarities of services trade, the Agreement contains a variety of conceptual innovations, including its extension to transactions (modes of supply), beyond conventional cross-border trade, and various types of non-tariff restrictions. In turn, the new concepts needed time to be absorbed by the ministries and agencies involved, many of which might have been surprised by ‘their’ sectors being covered by a trade agreement and the ensuing government-internal coordination needs. Thus, understandably, the schedules that emerged from the Uruguay Round, which still account for the majority of current commitments, contain a variety of ill-specified entries. Such entries undermine the transparency and predictability of market conditions, thereby affecting trade and investment decisions in services. Poorly specified commitments also give rise to trade disputes. While the scheduling conventions agreed for the Doha Round provided for technical refinements that would leave the substance of commitments unchanged, this possibility was used far more sparingly than could have been expected. Moreover, additional flaws would have been introduced if some of the (preliminary) offers had entered into effect. The following discussion tries to explain the scope for refinements and develop a clearer picture of the commitments warranting correction – whether in the form of a final Doha Round outcome or through negotiation-independent action by WTO Members.
Revision of the actinopterygian genus Mimipiscis (=Mimia) from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation of Western Australia and the interrelationships of the early Actinopterygii
Authors: Choo Brian 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe Devonian actinopterygian Mimia Gardiner & Bartram (1977) of the Upper Devonian (Frasnian) Gogo Formation of Western Australia, one of the most completely known of all Palaeozoic ray-finned fishes, is renamed Mimipiscis nom. nov. due to preoccupation of the former genus by the butterfly Mimia Evans (1953). Recently acquired data, including the description of newly prepared fossil material, has revealed the presence of a second species in this formerly monotypic genus, as well as previously unreported features of the tail, parasphenoid and ontogenetic variability of type species, Mimipiscis toombsi (Gardiner & Bartram 1977). The second form, Mimipiscis bartrami sp. nov., differs from the contemporary M. toombsi in details of the body shape, squamation, snout, suboperculum and parasphenoid. Phylogenetic analyses recover Mimipiscis and Gogosardina as sister genera within a monophyletic Mimiidae, a clade restricted to the Late Devonian of Western Australia.
Wireless multi-gigabit data transmission using active MMIC components at 220 GHz
Authors: Antes Jochen , Lopez-Diaz Daniel , Tessmann Axel , Leuther Arnulf , Massler Hermann , Zwick Thomas , Ambacher Oliver , Kallfass Ingmar 
Published: March 2012

In this paper we present a wireless data link for multi-gigabit transmission in the mmW frequency range. The link is realized using waveguide modules based on fully integrated 50 nm metamorphic high electron mobility transistor (mHEMT) transmit and receive millimeter wave monolithic integrated circuits (MMICs) and provides transmission of data rates up to 12.5 Gbit/s modulated on a 220 GHz carrier. The receiver input sensitivity is characterized down to values of −38.6 dBm and shows an error rate of 3.0 × 10−9. Measurements using a coherent link setup show bit error rates better than 1.6 × 10−9 for a data rate of 10 Gbit/s and a transmission distance of 2 m. For a distance of 20 m a real-time Digital Video Broadcasting – Satellite (DVB-S) television transmission is realized. The signal quality after the wireless link is sufficient for a commercial DVB-S receiver to display the television programs.
A Straight Playing Field or Queering the Pitch?: Centring Sexuality in Social Policy
Authors: Carabine Jean 
Published: March 2012

This article argues that there is a lack of theorizing about sexuality within social policy in what is referred to as the mainstream and more surprisingly within feminist social policy. This is particularly surprising given the presence of sexuality in recent as well as past social policies as well as in social theory. The purpose of this article is not merely to argue that a relationship between sexuality and social policy should be examined but rather to explore and outline the specific nature of the relationship and its implications for both sexuality and the discipline of social policy. Specifically, how do prevalent sexuality discourses inform and constitute social policy and what are the social relations involved in this process? Correspondingly, what role does social policy play in constituting what we know to be the ‘truths’ of sexuality? What exclusions and inclusions result from these dominant social relations and discourses when ‘played’ through social policy? That sexuality has failed to be analytically incorporated within the discipline of social policy is addressed. First, reasons for the lack of theorizing are explored. Specifically, the historical development of the discipline and the formation of an implicit consensus about what constitute the real concerns of welfare. Second, there is an examination of the ways feminist social policy has or has not engaged with sexuality. The final section posits an emergent framework for integrating sexuality into social policy analyses and critiques.
Harmonization of gene/protein annotations: towards a gold standard MEDLINE
Authors: Campos David , Matos Sérgio , Lewin Ian , Oliveira José Luís , Rebholz-Schuhmann Dietrich 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Motivation: The recognition of named entities (NER) is an elementary task in biomedical text mining. A number of NER solutions have been proposed in recent years, taking advantage of available annotated corpora, terminological resources and machine-learning techniques. Currently, the best performing solutions combine the outputs from selected annotation solutions measured against a single corpus. However, little effort has been spent on a systematic analysis of methods harmonizing the annotation results and measuring against a combination of Gold Standard Corpora (GSCs).
Results: We present Totum, a machine learning solution that harmonizes gene/protein annotations provided by heterogeneous NER solutions. It has been optimized and measured against a combination of manually curated GSCs. The performed experiments show that our approach improves the F-measure of state-of-the-art solutions by up to 10% (achieving ≈70%) in exact alignment and 22% (achieving ≈82%) in nested alignment. We demonstrate that our solution delivers reliable annotation results across the GSCs and it is an important contribution towards a homogeneous annotation of MEDLINE abstracts.
Availability and implementation: Totum is implemented in Java and its resources are available at http://bioinformatics.ua.pt/totum
Contact: david.campos@ua.pt; rebholz@ebi.ac.uk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
IsoCor: correcting MS data in isotope labeling experiments
Authors: Millard Pierre , Letisse Fabien , Sokol Serguei , Portais Jean-Charles 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is widely used for isotopic labeling studies of metabolism and other biological processes. Quantitative applications—e.g. metabolic flux analysis—require tools to correct the raw MS data for the contribution of all naturally abundant isotopes. IsoCor is a software that allows such correction to be applied to any chemical species. Hence it can be used to exploit any isotopic tracer, from well-known (13C, 15N, 18O, etc) to unusual (57Fe, 77Se, etc) isotopes. It also provides new features—e.g. correction for the isotopic purity of the tracer—to improve the accuracy of quantitative isotopic studies, and implements an efficient algorithm to process large datasets. Its user-friendly interface makes isotope labeling experiments more accessible to a wider biological community.
Availability: IsoCor is distributed under OpenSource license at http://metasys.insa-toulouse.fr/software/isocor/
Contact: jean-charles.portais@insa-toulouse.fr
Cerebral Oxygen Saturation Measured by Near-infrared Spectroscopy and Jugular Venous Bulb Oxygen Saturation during Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery in Beach Chair Position under Sevoflurane-Nitrous Oxide or Propofol-Remifentanil Anesthesia
Authors: Jeong Hyejin , Jeong Seongtae , Lim Hoi J. , Lee JongUn , Yoo Kyung Y. 
Published: March 2012

Background
We examined the effects of different anesthetics on cerebral oxygenation and systemic hemodynamics in patients undergoing surgery in beach chair position (BCP). Jugular venous bulb oxygen saturation (SjvO2) and regional cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (SctO2) were determined while patients were placed from the supine to BCP. Whether SctO2 and SjvO2 are interchangeable in assessing the cerebral oxygenation was also examined.

Methods
Forty patients undergoing shoulder surgery in BCP were randomly assigned to receive sevoflurane-nitrous oxide (S/N) or propofol-remifentanil (P/R) anesthesia. Four patients taking angiotensin II receptor antagonists were excluded post hoc. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate, as well as SjvO2 and SctO2, were measured before (postinduction baseline in supine position) and after BCP.

Results
Mean arterial pressure decreased by BCP in both groups. It was, however, significantly higher in S/N (n = 19) than in P/R group (n = 17) at 7 to 8 min after the positioning. SjvO2 also significantly decreased after BCP in both groups, the magnitude of which was lower in S/N than in P/R group (11 ± 10% vs. 23 ± 9%, P = 0.0006). The incidences of SjvO2 <50% and mean arterial pressure less than 50 mmHg were lower in S/N group, but SctO2and the incidence of cerebral desaturation (more than 20% decrease from baseline) did not significantly differ between the groups. SctO2 and SjvO2 were only weakly correlated (β = 0.218, r2 = 0.133). Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean difference of -7.2% with 95% limit of agreement between -38.2% and 23.8%.

Conclusions
The margin of safety against impaired cerebral oxygenation is greater and SjvO2 is more preserved with S/N than with P/R anesthesia. SctO2 may not be reliable in detecting a low SjvO2 during the surgery in BCP.
RecA-Dependent DNA Repair Results in Increased Heteroplasmy of the Arabidopsis Mitochondrial Genome
Authors: Miller-Messmer Marie , Kühn Kristina , Bichara Marc , Le Ret Monique , Imbault Patrice , Gualberto José M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Plant mitochondria have very active DNA recombination activities that are responsible for its plastic structures and that should be involved in the repair of double-strand breaks in the mitochondrial genome. Little is still known on plant mitochondrial DNA repair, but repair by recombination is believed to be a major determinant in the rapid evolution of plant mitochondrial genomes. In flowering plants, mitochondria possess at least two eubacteria-type RecA proteins that should be core components of the mitochondrial repair mechanisms. We have performed functional analyses of the two Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mitochondrial RecAs (RECA2 and RECA3) to assess their potential roles in recombination-dependent repair. Heterologous expression in Escherichia coli revealed that RECA2 and RECA3 have overlapping as well as specific activities that allow them to partially complement bacterial repair pathways. RECA2 and RECA3 have similar patterns of expression, and mutants of either display the same molecular phenotypes of increased recombination between intermediate-size repeats, thus suggesting that they act in the same recombination pathways. However, RECA2 is essential past the seedling stage and should have additional important functions. Treatment of plants with several DNA-damaging drugs further showed that RECA3 is required for different recombination-dependent repair pathways that significantly contribute to plant fitness under stress. Replication repair of double-strand breaks results in the accumulation of crossovers that increase the heteroplasmic state of the mitochondrial DNA. It was shown that these are transmitted to the plant progeny, enhancing the potential for mitochondrial genome evolution.
Exploiting structure similarity in refinement: automated NCS and target-structure restraints inBUSTER
Authors: Smart Oliver S. , Womack Thomas O. , Flensburg Claus , Keller Peter , Paciorek Włodek , Sharff Andrew , Vonrhein Clemens , Bricogne Gérard 
Published: March 2012

Maximum-likelihood X-ray macromolecular structure refinement inBUSTERhas been extended with restraints facilitating the exploitation of structural similarity. The similarity can be between two or more chains within the structure being refined, thus favouring NCS, or to a distinct `target' structure that remains fixed during refinement. The local structural similarity restraints (LSSR) approach considers all distances less than 5.5 Å between pairs of atoms in the chain to be restrained. For each, the difference from the distance between the corresponding atoms in the related chain is found. LSSR applies a restraint penalty on each difference. A functional form that reaches a plateau for large differences is used to avoid the restraints distorting parts of the structure that are not similar. Because LSSR are local, there is no need to separate out domains. Some restraint pruning is still necessary, but this has been automated. LSSR have been available to academic users ofBUSTERsince 2009 with the easy-to-use -autoncs and -target target.pdb options. The use of LSSR is illustrated in the re-refinement of PDB entries 5rnt, where -target enables the correct ligand-binding structure to be found, and 1osg, where -autoncs contributes to the location of an additional copy of the cyclic peptide ligand.