bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Remarkably High Prevalence of Epilepsy and Seizure History in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Bell Stephanie H. , Stade Brenda , Reynolds James N. , Rasmussen Carmen , Andrew Gail , Hwang Paul A. , Carlen Peter L. 
Published: April 2010

Background:  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is the umbrella term that describes the range of adverse developmental outcomes that may occur in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol during pregnancy. FASD is associated with several comorbidities including epilepsy. The objective of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of epilepsy or a history of seizures in subjects with FASD and the contribution of relevant risk factors.Methods:  A retrospective chart review was conducted on all active charts (N = 1063) at two FASD clinics. After exclusion of subjects without a confirmed diagnosis, a total of 425 subjects between the ages of 2–49 were included in the analysis. The relationships between FASD diagnosis and other risk factors for co‐occurrence of epilepsy or a seizure disorder (e.g., extent of exposure to alcohol and other drugs, type of birth, and trauma) were examined using chi‐square and multivariate multinomial logistic regression.Results:  Twenty‐five (5.9%) individuals in the study population had a confirmed diagnosis of epilepsy, and 50 (11.8%) had at least one documented seizure episode, yielding an overall prevalence of 17.7% in this population. Importantly, a history of epilepsy or seizures was not different across the three diagnostic subgroups. In those subjects with available maternal drinking histories, first trimester exposure or drinking throughout all three trimesters were the predominant forms of fetal exposure. None of the other risk factors were associated with a greater prevalence of epilepsy or seizures.Conclusions:  There is a remarkably high prevalence of epilepsy/seizures in the FASD population.
ENT1 Regulates Ethanol‐Sensitive EAAT2 Expression and Function in Astrocytes
Authors: Wu Jinhua , Lee Moonnoh R. , Choi Sun , Kim Taehyun , Choi Doo‐Sup 
Published: April 2010

Background: Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) and excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) are predominantly expressed in astrocytes where they are thought to regulate synaptic adenosine and glutamate levels. Because mice lacking ENT1 display increased glutamate levels in the ventral striatum, we investigated whether ENT1 regulates the expression and function of EAAT2 in astrocytes, which could contribute to altered glutamate levels in the striatum.Methods: We examined the effect of ENT1 inhibition and overexpression on the expression of EAAT2 using quantitative real‐time PCR and measured glutamate uptake activity in cultured astrocytes. We also examined the effect of 0 to 200 mM ethanol doses for 0 to 24 hours of ethanol exposure on EAAT2 expression and glutamate uptake activity. We further examined the effect of ENT1 knockdown by a specific siRNA on ethanol‐induced EAAT2 expression.Results: An ENT1‐specific antagonist and siRNA treatments significantly reduced both EAAT2 expression and glutamate uptake activity while ENT1 overexpression up‐regulated EAAT2 mRNA expression. Interestingly, 100 or 200 mM ethanol exposure increased EAAT2 mRNA expression as well as glutamate uptake activity. Moreover, we found that ENT1 knockdown inhibited the ethanol‐induced EAAT2 up‐regulation.Conclusions: Our results suggest that ENT1 regulates glutamate uptake activity by altering EAAT2 expression and function, which might be implicated in ethanol intoxication and preference.
Valorization of Foundry Sand in Clay Bricks at Industrial Scale
Authors: Alonso‐Santurde Rebeca , Coz Alberto , Quijorna Natalia , Viguri Javier R. , Andrés Ana 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIn this article, foundry sand as waste material has been valorized in ceramic brick manufacturing at industrial scale. The employment of a waste coming from one industry as an input for another is one of the key concepts of industrial ecology. To study the environmental behavior of the ceramic bodies in different life cycle stages, three leaching tests have been developed. We used an EN 12457 equilibrium leaching test with distilled water and a Wastewater Technology Centre acid neutralization capacity (WTC‐ANC) leaching test with different acidic leachates to carry out the environmental evaluation under different granular scenarios to ascertain the possibilities of the reuse or disposal of this granular material at the end of its useful life (end‐of‐life stage). Finally, we used a NEN 7345 diffusion leaching test for construction materials, with the aim of studying the environmental assessment at the use stage. Regulated pollutants in both stages have been evaluated. Furthermore, other soluble salts have been analyzed because they are closely related to the efflorescence phenomenon in bricks. Results indicate that core and green sand from the foundry industry can be used to replace clay content in construction materials, and that these foundry‐sand‐based ceramics improve some soluble salt results. Despite this fact, at the end‐of‐life stage in an inert waste landfill, lead, arsenic and chromium can be an environmental problem, both for commercial bricks and for foundry‐sand‐based bricks. This work can contribute to the determination of viability of sustainable processes of brick manufacturing that use foundry wastes as raw materials.
Suicide Terrorism
Authors: Weinberg Leonard , Pedahzur Ami 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSuicide bombing has become the most potent weapon in the arsenal of terrorist groups in the Middle East, South Asia, and elsewhere. This analysis traces the weapon’s history, both ancient and modern to the present day. It includes commentary on the benefits and costs of suicide attacks as well as the motives of the ‘martyrs’ themselves and the organizations that send them on their way. Finally, the analysis pays attention to countermeasures, policies at the disposal of the authorities to stop or at least inhibit so‐called ‘martyrdom operations.’
Advancing Religious Pluralism in Islam
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPluralism in the context of religion suggests both diversity of interpretation of the foundational sources of that tradition and relativity implied in such plurality of hermeneutics. At this time, a number of Muslim scholars writing from traditional centers of Islamic learning in the Middle East are resisting the implications of pluralistic discourse on religion. There is a deep‐seated fear of secularly inspired relativism about religious truth that, according to these scholars, belief in pluralism might destabilize the authority of revelation as well as the tradition that has determined the authenticity of its foundational sources and the praxis for the faith community. It is important to bear in mind that this traditional defensive discourse against pluralism has nothing to do with the recognition of peaceful interfaith relations as the cornerstone of contemporary pluralistic political and social order. In fact, the growing interest in minority jurisprudence (fiqh ) in a number of traditional centers indicates the acknowledgement, though not whole‐hearted acceptance, of the reality of the modern world in which plurality of religious traditions has been recognized as a major principle of co‐existence. However, this does not necessarily mean that pluralism has been acknowledged as an epistemic source of critical reassessment of Islamic theological and metaphysical notions for a new inclusive political theology.
Impact of Harvesting and Processing Conditions on Green Leaf Volatile Development and Phenolics in Concord Grape Juice
Authors: Iyer M.M. , Sacks G.L. , Padilla‐Zakour O.I. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT:  The disruption of plant cell walls during fruit juice processing results in the enzymatic formation of herbaceous‐smelling green leaf volatiles (GLVs). Our objective was to assess the impact of thermal processing conditions on resulting levels of GLVs (hexanal, trans‐2‐hexenal, hexanol, cis‐3‐hexenol, and trans‐2‐hexenol), total phenols, monomeric anthocyanins, and percent polymeric color in Concord grape juice. The effects of fruit maturity and stage of juice processing on juice GLV content was also assessed. Of the GLVs studied, only trans‐2‐hexenal routinely exceeded its published sensory threshold in finished juice. We observed an inverse linear correlation between berry maturity (total soluble solids) and trans‐2‐hexenal levels in finished juice (P < 0.05, R 2= 0.91). Trans‐2‐hexenal was at a maximum immediately following crushing (569 μg/kg, >30‐fold over detection threshold [DT]), decreased to 100 μg/kg following depectinization, pressing, and pasteurization, and to 32 μg/kg following cold‐stabilization. The loss of trans‐2‐hexenal could be explained primarily by its reduction to trans‐2‐hexenol, which increased from 53 μg/kg after crushing to 500 μg/kg after cold‐stabilization. High temperature pretreatment of must immediately following crushing (“hot break”) resulted in 5‐ to 6‐fold higher concentrations of trans‐2‐hexenal in the final bottled juice as compared to conventional hot press. Contrary to expectations, no significant increase in phenolics and anthocyanins were observed in hot break conditions. These results indicate that hot break procedures may thermally inactivate enzymes responsible for transforming trans‐2‐hexenal under normal processing conditions and potentially alter the flavor qualities of the finished Concord juice. Different equivalent pasteurization regimes (82 to 93 °C) prior to bottling had no significant effect on GLV content of the finished Concord juices (P > 0.05).Practical Application: Introducing new processing techniques to fruit juice production can potentially result in undesirable changes to organoleptic properties. We have observed significantly higher levels of trans‐2‐hexenal, a potent herbaceous off‐flavor, in Concord grape juice prepared with an initial high temperature heat treatment (“hot break”). Concord juice producers should be cautious in using hot break processing, especially with immature fruit, as it may result in persistence of green aromas in juice.
Optimal cut‐off point of waist circumference for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in Japanese subjects
Authors: Ogawa Daisuke , Kahara Kenji , Shigematsu Terunobu , Fujii Soichiro , Hayakawa Nobuhiko , Okazaki Morihiro , Makino Hirofumi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMetabolic syndrome (MetS) has been redefined by a new criterion in Japan, in which waist circumference cut‐off points, that is 85 cm for men and 90 cm for women, are used; however, objections are rising against this criterion. The present study examined the criterion for waist circumference to predict the accumulation of the components of MetS. In the present study, we used data for 5972 Japanese people who received annual health examinations, and 621 men (16.3%) and 51 women (2.4%) were diagnosed as having MetS. A cut‐off point as a predictor for two or more components of MetS was evaluated by the sensitivity/specificity and a receiver operating characteristic analysis. The optimal point of waist circumference was estimated as being approximately 84 cm for men and 80 cm for women. We therefore recommend revising the cut‐off value for the criterion of MetS in women according to our results and studies from other investigators. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.00020.x, 2010)
Effect of the combination of mitiglinide and metformin on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Cho Young Min , Koo Bo Kyung , Son Ho Young , Lee Kwang Woo , Son Hyun Shik , Choi Dong Seop , Kim Bo Wan , Kim Yong Ki , Lee Moon Kyu , Lee Hyun Chul , Min Kyung Wan , Chung Min Young , Baek Hong Sun , Kim Youngkun , Yoo Hyung Joon , Park Kyong Soo , Lee Hong Kyu 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAims/Introduction: Mitiglinide is the newest drug in the meglitinide family. It increases the early‐phase insulin release through rapid association‐dissociation kinetics in the pancreatic β cells. The efficacy and safety of adding meglitinide to metformin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes are unknown.Materials and Methods: We carried out a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial to assess the efficacy and safety of combined treatment with mitiglinide and metformin for patients with type 2 diabetes who showed inadequate glycemic control with metformin monotherapy. Subjects with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) >7.0% after an 8‐week metformin run‐in phase were randomized to a 16‐week trial phase with metformin plus mitiglinide (Met + Mit) or metformin plus placebo (Met + Pcb).Results: Compared with the Met + Pcb group, the Met + Mit group showed a greater reduction in HbA1c(−0.7 ± 0.6%vs−0.4 ± 0.7%,P = 0.002), fasting plasma glucose (−0.77 ± 1.76 mmol/Lvs−0.05 ± 1.60 mmol/L,P = 0.015) and 2‐h postprandial glucose (−3.76 ± 3.57 mmol/Lvs−0.84 ± 3.07 mmol/L,P < 0.0001). The proportion of the patients who achieved the target HbA1cvalue of <7% at the end of the study was also higher in the Met + Mit group than the Met + Pcb group (49.3%vs28.8%,P = 0.016). There were no differences in the adverse event rates between groups.Conclusions: Combination therapy with metformin and mitiglinide is effective and safe for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycemic control with metformin monotherapy.(J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.00023.x, 2010)
The effects of dexamethasone and prednisolone on pituitary and ovarian function in the mare
Authors: FERRIS R. A. , McCUE P. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Persistent mating induced endometritis is among the most common causes of infertility in the mare. Recently, improved pregnancy rates have been reported when corticosteroids were administered to ‘problem mares’ specifically, to modulate the post mating inflammatory response; however, the effect of treatment on pituitary and ovarian function requires further study.Objectives:To evaluate the effects of prolonged treatment with glucocorticoids on pituitary and ovarian function.Methods:Eighteen cycling Quarter Horse mares in early oestrus were assigned randomly to one of 3 treatment groups: dexamethasone 0.05 mg/kg bwt i.v. twice a day, prednisolone 0.5 mg/kgper ostwice a day, or placebo for 5 days. Mares were examined by ultrasound daily to evaluate reproductive function. Blood samples were collected daily to measure luteinising hormone (LH), progesterone and cortisol levels.Results:Dexamethasone treatment caused greater (P<0.05) suppression of endogenous cortisol concentration (9.4 ± 1.1 ng/ml) compared to prednisolone‐ (41.9 ± 4.0 ng/ml) or placebo‐treated mares (32.4 ± 3.8 ng/ml). After 24 h, mares treated with dexamethasone exhibited lower uterine oedema scores than prednisolone‐ or placebo‐treated mares. An ovulation rate of 40% was observed in dexamethasone‐treated mares (2/5) compared to 83% for prednisolone (5/6) and 100% for placebo‐treated (6/6) mares. An absence of a LH surge was noted in 3 of 5 dexamethasone‐treated mares and one of 6 prednisolone‐treated mares.Conclusions:Repeated administration of dexamethasone to mares in oestrus is associated with decreased uterine oedema, suppression of LH and a high rate of ovulation failure. It is recommended that dexamethasone treatment is limited to only 1 or 2 days and that a lower dose is considered in the management of persistent mating induced endometritis to avoid potential adverse affects on reproductive function.
Lateralised motor behaviour leads to increased unevenness in front feet and asymmetry in athletic performance in young mature Warmblood horses
Authors: Van HEEL M. C. V. , Van DIERENDONCK M. C. , KROEKENSTOEL A. M. , BACK W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryReason for performing study:Foot stance in grazing significantly influences hoof conformation and development from foal to yearling age.Objectives:To conduct a longitudinal study to establish if the relationship between motor laterality and uneven front feet persisted in 3‐year‐old horses at the time of studbook selection and to investigate if such laterality and unevenness might influence the horses' ability to perform symmetrically while trotting, cantering and free jumping.Methods:Seventeen clinically sound but untrained (with only minimal experience of handling) and sound Warmblood horses that had participated in a previous study were assessed as per the protocol reported. Laterality was tested in a preference test (PT) andz‐values were calculated for analysis purposes. Laterality and hoof unevenness were related to both relative limb length and relative head size, while the ability to perform symmetrically was tested in free trot‐canter transitions and free jumping exercises. Differences in performance between horses with and without a limb preference in the PT and those with ‘uneven’ and ‘even’ feet were tested for differences in performance metrics using Students'ttest, while linearity was tested using a regression analysis (P<0.05).Results:Significant laterality was still present in 24% of the 3‐year‐old horses and the relationship between laterality and uneven feet pairs was stronger than at foal and yearling stages. Horses with significant motor laterality had almost 4 times more unevenness, a smaller head and longer limbs and the relationship between body conformation and laterality was still present. There was a strong linear relation between unevenness, laterality and a bias or side preference for trot‐canter transitions. However, this relationship was not significant during the free jumping exercise.Conclusion:Motor laterality and uneven feet pairs were still present and significantly related in the 3‐year‐old horses and both variables were also strongly related to sidedness in trot‐canter transitions.Potential relevance:Warmblood studbooks should include quantitative data on laterality at the time of studbook admission as part of the selection criteria.
Chlamydia trachomatis
Serovar Distribution and
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Coinfection in Male Patients with Urethritis in Greece
Authors: Papadogeorgakis Helen , Pittaras Theodore E. , Papaparaskevas Joseph , Pitiriga Vassiliki , Katsambas Andreas , Tsakris Athanassios 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

The distribution of
Chlamydia trachomatis
serovars and
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
coinfection was studied in a group of 100
C. trachomatis
-positive males with urethritis in Greece. The serovar distribution revealed that apart from the predominant worldwide types E and F, the relatively uncommon type G is also prevalent. Gonococcal coinfection was frequent (30%) and was associated with genovariant Ja (75%,
P
= 0.008).
Evaluation of New Rapid Antigen Test for Detection of Pandemic Influenza A/H1N1 2009 Virus
Authors: Choi Young Jin , Kim Hwi Jun , Park Joon Soo , Oh Myung Ho , Nam Hae Seon , Kim Yong Bae , Cho Byung Ki , Ji Mi Jung , Oh Jin Sik 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT
We evaluated the SD Bioline Influenza Ag A/B/A(H1N1) Pandemic test kit and compared it with real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) for its ability to detect H1N1 2009. The sensitivity and specificity of the test kit for H1N1 2009 were 77% and 100%, respectively.
Estimation of the Initial Viral Growth Rate and Basic Reproductive Number during Acute HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Ribeiro Ruy M. , Qin Li , Chavez Leslie L. , Li Dongfeng , Self Steven G. , Perelson Alan S. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTDuring primary infection, the number of HIV-1 particles in plasma increases rapidly, reaches a peak, and then declines until it reaches a set point level. Understanding the kinetics of primary infection, and its effect on the establishment of chronic infection, is important in defining the early pathogenesis of HIV. We studied the viral dynamics of very early HIV-1 infection in 47 subjects identified through plasma donation screening. We calculated how fast the viral load increases and how variable this parameter is among individuals. We also estimated the basic reproductive ratio, the number of new infected cells generated by an infectious cell at the start of infection when target cells are not limiting. The initial viral doubling time had a median of 0.65 days with an interquartile range of 0.56 to 0.91 days. The median basic reproductive ratio was 8.0 with an interquartile range of 4.9 to 11. In 15 patients, we also observed the postpeak decay of plasma virus and found that the virus decay occurred at a median rate of 0.60 day−1, corresponding to a half-life of 1.2 days. The median peak viral load was 5.8 log10HIV-1 RNA copies/ml, and it was reached 14 days after the virus was quantifiable with an assay, with a lower limit of detection of 50 copies/ml. These results characterize the early plasma viral dynamics in acute HIV infection better than it has been possible thus far. They also better define the challenge that the immune response (or therapeutic intervention) has to overcome to defeat HIV at this early stage.
FREE KNOTS AND GROUPS
Authors: MANTUROV O. V. , MANTUROV V. O. 
Published: April 2010

Free knots are a simplification of virtual knots obtained by forgetting arrow/sign information at classical crossings. First non-trivial examples of free knots were constructed recently by the second named author. By using parity considerations, we construct invariants of free knots valued in certain groups. These groups have a simple combinatorial description, the first one being the infinite dihedral group.
Neurolymphomatosis: an International Primary CNS Lymphoma Collaborative Group report
Authors: Grisariu Sigal , Avni Batia , Batchelor Tracy T. , van den Bent Martin J. , Bokstein Felix , Schiff David , Kuittinen Outi , Chamberlain Marc C. , Roth Patrick , Nemets Anatoly , Shalom Edna , Ben-Yehuda Dina , Siegal Tali 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Neurolymphomatosis (NL) is a rare clinical entity. The International Primary CNS Lymphoma Collaborative Group retrospectively analyzed 50 patients assembled from 12 centers in 5 countries over a 16-year period. NL was related to non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 90% and to acute leukemia in 10%. It occurred as the initial manifestation of malignancy in 26% of cases. The affected neural structures included peripheral nerves (60%), spinal nerve roots (48%), cranial nerves (46%), and plexus (40%) with multiple site involvement in 58%. Imaging studies often suggested the diagnosis with 77% positive magnetic resonance imaging, and 84% (16 of 19) positive computed tomography-positron emission tomography studies. Cerebrospinal fluid cytology was positive in 40%, and nerve biopsy confirmed the diagnosis in 23 of 26 (88%). Treatment in 47 patients included systemic chemotherapy (70%), intra-cerebrospinal fluid chemotherapy (49%), and radiotherapy (34%). Response to treatment was observed in 46%. The median overall survival was 10 months, with 12- and 36-month survival proportions of 46% and 24%, respectively. NL is a challenging diagnosis, but contemporary imaging techniques frequently detect the relevant neural invasion. An aggressive multimodality therapy can prevent neurologic deterioration and is associated with a prolonged survival in a subset of patients.
Minireview: Estrogen Receptor-β: Mechanistic Insights from Recent Studies
Authors: Deroo Bonnie J. , Buensuceso Adrian V. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The discovery of estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) in 1996 stimulated great interest in the physiological roles and molecular mechanisms of ERβ action. We now know that ERβ plays a major role in mediating estrogen action in several tissues and organ systems, including the ovary, cardiovascular system, brain, and the immune system, and that ERβ and ERα generally play distinct physiological roles in the body. Although significant progress has been made toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of ERβ action, particularly in vitro, there remains a large gap in our understanding of the mechanisms by which ERβ elicits its biological functions in a true physiological context.