bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation of a Planar Emissive Probe in a Mid‐Sized Tokamak Plasma
Authors: Kovačič J. , Gyergyek T. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPlanar emissive probe is studied for the first time using a massively parallel particle‐in‐cell code BIT1 [22]. The probe is immersed in a plasma similar to edge plasmas of mid‐sized tokamaks. Dependence of the floating potential on electron emission from the probe is studied. With increasing emission the floating potential increases, but then saturates ∼2Te below the actual plasma potential (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis and activity evaluation of 3′‐floxuridinyl 4‐[3‐(3, 5‐di‐t‐butyl‐4‐methoxyphenyl)‐3‐oxo‐propenyl]benzoate: in vitro and in vivo as a potential dual‐acting antitumor prodrug
Authors: Du Lixue , Jin Juqing , Wu Wei , Chen Jiangang , Shan Ailin , Zhang Sanqi 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBOBA (4‐[3‐(3, 5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methoxyphenyl)‐3‐oxo‐propenyl]benzoic acid), a substituted chalcone derivative, exhibits an excellent inducing differentiation on neoplastic cellular differentiation. FUDR (5‐fluoro‐2′‐deoxyuridine, floxuridine) inhibits DNA biosynthesis and has been used extensively to treat various cancers. In our efforts to find a new dual‐action antitumor prodrug, 3′‐floxuridinyl 4‐[3‐(3, 5‐di‐t‐butyl‐4‐methoxyphenyl)‐3‐oxo‐propenyl] benzoate (3′‐O‐BOBA‐ FUDR) was synthesized, and its antiproliferative activity in vitro and antitumor efficacy in vivo were evaluated. Compared with FUDR, the antiproliferative activity of 3′‐O‐BOBA‐FUDR was improved by 3–7‐fold. In rat hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts, 3′‐O‐BOBA‐FUDR‐treated rats had smaller tumors than were found in controls. In addition, the expression of Bcl‐2 protein was significantly downgraded, whereas the expression of Bax protein was upregulated in neoplastic tissues. The early apoptotic ratio of 3′‐O‐BOBA‐FUDR‐treated rat group was increased dose‐dependently. These findings strongly support the concept that 3′‐O‐BOBA‐FUDR may be a novel and effective dual‐action antitumor prodrug. Drug Dev Res 72:1–9, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Learning from Experiences in Adaptive Action Research: a Critical Comparison of two Case Studies Applying Participatory Scenario Development and Modelling Approaches
Authors: Ravera Federica , Hubacek Klaus , Reed Mark , Tarrasón David 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper contributes to the emerging debate on participatory modelling at the core of adaptive action research. We compare and reflect upon lessons learned from two projects in very different bio‐physical and socio‐economic contexts, the UK and Nicaragua, and outline a shared theoretical and methodological framework to assist researchers and local stakeholders to jointly assess, monitor and adapt to climatic and other changes. We discuss opportunities and obstacles, specifically: (1) incorporating uncertainty and surprises; (2) combining epistemologies; (3) dealing with representativeness and power dynamics; (4) creating opportunities for improving stakeholders' agency; and (5) facilitating dialogue and negotiation by using models as heuristics. Our analysis emphasizes the importance of dealing with unavoidable trade‐offs when engaging in participatory and interdisciplinary research in complex and uncertain decision‐making contexts. The participatory modelling experiences show that stakeholders' involvement throughout the process, epistemological plurality, flexibility and sensitivity to context‐dependent socio‐cultural processes need to be considered by researchers who wish to enhance the adaptive capacity of the communities they work with. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Concise Total Synthesis of Permethylated Anigopreissin A, a New Benzofuryl Resveratrol Dimer
Authors: Chiummiento Lucia , Funicello Maria , Lopardo Maria Teresa , Lupattelli Paolo , Choppin Sabine , Colobert Françoise 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe versatile preparation of permethylated anigopreissin A (1) has been accomplished from methyl 3,5‐dihydroxybenzoate. The key steps of the synthesis are sequential Sonogashira and Suzuki cross‐couplings for the construction of the 2,3‐diarylbenzo[b]furan moiety and Wittig olefination for the introduction of the styryl group.
Genetic epidemiology with a Capital E, ten years after
Authors: Khoury Muin J. , Gwinn Marta , Clyne Mindy , Yu Wei 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMore than a decade after Duncan Thomas gave his presidential address at the International Society for Genetic Epidemiology entitled “Genetic Epidemiology with a Capital E,” genetic epidemiology has gone mainstream. Epidemiology has taken its place not only in gene discovery studies but also in characterizing genetic effects and gene‐environment interactions in populations. Furthermore, epidemiologic principles are being applied to the evaluation of genetic tests. We used an online informatics tool, the HuGE Navigator, to describe the growth in the field in the past decade. We developed the HuGE Navigator as a means to continuously monitor the evolving information obtained from epidemiologic studies of the human genome. Between 2001 and 2010, the HuGE Navigator included 57,005 articles published in 2,396 journals. During that period, the annual number of publications increased almost four‐fold. The articles included 986 genome‐wide association studies and 1,879 meta‐analyses of gene‐disease associations. The total number of authors of published studies grew from 12,907 in 2001 to 48,389 in 2010. The number of diseases also increased over time, from 697 medical subject headings in 2001 to 1,404 in 2010. Gene‐environment interaction was mentioned explicitly in 17% of published abstracts, almost half of which focused on gene‐drug interactions. Clearly, genetic epidemiology has gone “capital E” in the past decade; however, the ever‐expanding volume and variety of genomic information poses a formidable challenge for developing appropriate methods for analysis, synthesis, and inference on complex genetic and environmental effects. We extend Duncan Thomas' capital E to include “Evaluation” as the tools of epidemiology are increasingly used to assess how genome‐based information can be applied in medicine and public health.Genet. Epidemiol. 35:845–852, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cervicovaginal human papillomavirus (HPV)‐infection before and after hysterectomy: evidence of different tissue tropism for oncogenic and nononcogenic HPV types in a cohort of HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative women
Authors: D'Souza Gypsyamber , Burk Robert D. , Zhong Ye , Minkoff Howard , Stewart Massad L. , Xue Xiaonan , Heather Watts D. , Anastos Kathryn , Palefsky Joel M. , Levine Alexandra M. , Colie Christine , Castle Philip E. , Strickler Howard D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is detected in nearly all cervical cancers and approximately half of vaginal cancers. However, vaginal cancer is an order of magnitude less common than cervical cancer, not only in the general population but also among women with HIV/AIDS. It is interesting therefore that recent studies found that HPV was common in both normal vaginal and cervical tissue, with higher prevalence of nononcogenic HPV types in the vagina. In our investigation, we prospectively examined HPV infection in 86 HIV‐positive and 17 HIV‐negative women who underwent hysterectomy during follow‐up in a longitudinal cohort. Cervicovaginal lavage specimens were obtained semi‐annually and tested for HPV DNA by polymerase chain reaction. To address possible selection biases associated with having a hysterectomy, subjects acted as their own comparison group—before versus after hysterectomy. The average HPV prevalence was higher in HIV‐positive than HIV‐negative women both before (59% vs. 12%; p < 0.001) and after hysterectomy (56% vs. 6%; p < 0.001). Multivariate random effects models (within‐individual comparisons) demonstrated significantly lower HPV prevalence [odds ratio (OR) = 0.71; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.59–0.85) after hysterectomy. The association of HPV prevalence with hysterectomy was similar among HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative women. However, hysterectomy had greater effects on oncogenic (OR = 0.48; 95% CI = 0.35–0.66) than nononcogenic HPV types (OR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.71–1.11; Pinteraction = 0.002). Overall, we observed greater reductions in oncogenic than nononcogenic HPV prevalence after hysterectomy. If correct, these data could suggest that oncogenic HPV have greater tropism for cervical compared to vaginal epithelium, consistent with the lower incidence of vaginal than cervical cancer.
Synthesis and optical characterization of photoactive poly(2‐phenoxyethyl acrylate) copolymers containing azobenzene units, prepared by frontal polymerization using novel ionic liquids as initiators
Authors: Illescas Javier , Ramirez‐Fuentes Yessica S. , Rivera Ernesto , Morales‐Saavedra Omar G. , Rodríguez‐Rosales Antonio A. , Alzari Valeria , Nuvoli Daniele , Scognamillo Sergio , Mariani Alberto 
Published: November 2011

Abstract2‐Phenoxyethyl acrylate (2‐PEA) was polymerized alone and in the presence of an azobenzene comonomer derived from Disperse Red‐1, N‐ethyl‐N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐4‐(4‐nitrophenylazo)aniline (MDR‐1), by using the frontal polymerization technique. Two novel ionic liquids, recently synthesized by us, were used as initiators: tetrabutylphosphonium persulfate (TBPPS) and trihexyltetradecylphosphonium persulfate (TETDPPS). Even if their concentrations were smaller than those found when benzoyl peroxide and terbutylperoxy neodecanoate were used, these compounds gave rise to stable propagating polymerization fronts characterized by relatively low maximum temperatures and good velocities. Moreover, at variance to these latter, TBPPS and TETDPPS prevent bubble formation, thus allowing the use of the obtained materials in optical applications. The obtained polymers were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), their thermal properties were determined by differential scanning calorimetry, and their optical properties were studied by absorption spectroscopy in the UV–vis region. Finally, the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the 2‐PEA/MDR‐1 copolymers obtained with TBPPS and TETDPPS were performed according to the Z‐Scan technique with prepared film samples. It has been proven that samples with higher MDR‐1 content (0.05 mol %) exhibited outstanding cubic NLO activity with negative NLO refractive coefficients around n2 = −1.7 × 10−3 esu. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
A series of poly[N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] copolymers with anthracene‐derived fluorophores showing aggregation‐induced emission properties for bioimaging
Authors: Lu Hongguang , Su Fengyu , Mei Qian , Zhou Xianfeng , Tian Yanqing , Tian Wenjing , Johnson Roger H. , Meldrum Deirdre R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA series of new poly[N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]‐based amphiphilic copolymers were synthesized through a radical copolymerization of a monomeric/hydrophobic fluorophore possessing aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) properties with N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide. Photophysical properties were investigated using UV–Vis absorbance and fluorescence spectrophotometry. Influences of the polymer structures with different molar ratios of the AIE fluorophores on their photophysical properties were studied. Results show that the AIE fluorophores aggregate in the cores of the micelles formed from the amphiphilic random copolymers and polymers with more hydrophobic AIE fluorophores facilitate stronger aggregations of the AIE segments to obtain higher quantum efficiencies. The polymers reported herein have good water solubility, enabling the application of hydrophobic AIE materials in biological conditions. The polymers were endocytosed by two experimental cell lines, human brain glioblastoma U87MG cells and human esophagus premalignant CP‐A, with a distribution into the cytoplasm. The polymers are noncytotoxic to the two cell lines at a polymer concentration of 1 mg/mL. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Unintentional incorporation of H and related structural and free‐electron properties of c‐ and a‐plane InN
Authors: Darakchieva V. , Lorenz K. , Xie M.‐Y. , Alves E. , Schaff W. J. , Yamaguchi T. , Nanishi Y. , Ruffenach S. , Moret M. , Briot O. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn this work, we present a comprehensive study on the hydrogen impurity depth profiles in InN films with polar c‐plane and nonpolar a‐plane surface orientations in relation to their structural and free‐electron properties. We find that the as‐grown nonpolar films exhibit generally higher bulk and near‐surface H concentrations compared to the polar InN counterparts. The latter may be partly associated with a change in the growth mode from 2D to 3D and a decrease in the grain size. Thermal annealing leads to a reduction of H concentrations and the intrinsic H levels are influenced by the structural characteristics of the films. The factors allowing reduction of bulk H and free electron concentrations in a‐plane films are discussed.
Immunocytochemical localization of calretinin‐containing neurons in the rat periaqueductal gray and colocalization with enzymes producing nitric oxide: A double, double‐labeling study
Authors: Barbaresi Paolp , Quaranta Alexia , Amoroso Salvatore , Mensà Emanuela , Fabri Mara 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe pattern of distribution and colocalization of the calcium‐binding protein calretinin (Cal) and of enzymes producing nitric oxide (NO) was examined in the rat periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) using two different experimental approaches, by combining Cal immunocytochemistry with NADPH‐diaphorase (NADPH‐d) histochemistry and with NOS immunocytochemistry, respectively. Cal‐immunopositive neurons were found throughout the rostrocaudal extension of both dorsolateral (PAG‐dl) and ventrolateral PAG (PAG‐vl). Double‐labeled neurons were found only in PAG‐dl. The first experimental approach indicated that 33–41% of the NADPH‐d‐positive (Nadph+) cells were immunoreactive for Cal, whereas NADPH‐d activity appeared in 19–26% of the Cal‐immunopositive (CalIP) neurons. Two‐color immunofluorescence revealed that ∼39–43% of NOS‐immunoreactive (NOSIR) neurons were double‐labeled with Cal and ∼23% of CalIPneurons expressed NOS immunoreactivity. Measurement in semithin sections of the size of the three neuronal populations found in PAG‐dl, showed that CalIPneurons had a cross‐sectional area of 94.7 μm2, whereas Nadph+ neurons and double‐labeled neurons were slightly smaller, having a cross‐sectional area of 90.5 and 91.4 μm2, respectively. On electron microscopy, CalIPaxon terminals formed either symmetric or asymmetric synapses; although the latter synapses were more numerous, both types contacted preferentially CalIPdendrites. These experiments suggest that PAG‐dl is characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity. Synapse, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Load variation impact on allowable output power of distributed generator with loss consideration
Authors: Saksornchai Titti , Eua‐arporn Bundhit 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAs more renewable energy is being utilized, the number of distributed generators (DGs) is continuously increasing. In general, DGs provide considerable benefits from both economic and engineering aspects. Determination of the appropriate DG capacity is generally performed under certain operating conditions. However, the system demand varies with the time of the day. Therefore, appropriate DG output power, taking into account distribution feeder loss reduction, also changes over time. This paper investigates the impact of load variation on determining the appropriate DG output power for feeder loss reduction purposes. The branch current decomposition loss allocation based method is further developed to determine an appropriate DG output power taking into account customer load profiles. It is anticipated that the proposed method would help planning engineers to determine the suitable DG power output to be fed into their systems in a short period of time. The obtained results also show that the feeder loss can be managed effectively with appropriate output power of the DG. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Profits or People? Rubber plantations and everyday technology in rural Indochina
Authors: ASO MICHITAKE 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between rubber plantations and changes in everyday technologies in rural Indochina. It also explores the effects that improvement projects had on the countryside in which those who were targeted by these programmes lived. Speeches given at the opening of the Bến Cát agricultural school in Thủ Dầu Một province in 1918, for example, show that this school was designed both to train Vietnamese assistants to work on large agricultural exploitations and to improve native agricultural practices. Officials used journals, such as the bilingual French-VietnameseCochinchine Agricole, which appeared between 1927 and 1930, to popularize latex-producing science and techniques. Though their motivations often differed from those of officials, the Vietnamese elite, ranging from those in the anti-colonialDuy Tân Hội(Modernisation Society) to French-trained physicians, scientists, and engineers, also often sought to address the problems of rural southern Vietnam through improvements in everyday agricultural technologies. This paper suggests that plantation agriculture, which structured the everyday meanings of rubber in Vietnam, along with the failures of native improvement, began to weaken the support of the Vietnamese elite for the colonial regime during the 1930s. Uneasy compromises and contradictions meant that neither economic profit nor social improvement alone existed in the rubber-producing industry.
Reproductive Performance of Anoestrous High‐Producing Dairy Cows Improved by Adding Equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin to a Progesterone‐Based Oestrous Synchronizing Protocol
Authors: Garcia‐Ispierto I , López‐Helguera I , Martino A , López‐Gatius F 
Published: November 2011

ContentsThis study sought to improve the reproductive performance of anoestrous high‐producing dairy cows by including equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) after progesterone‐releasing intravaginal device (PRID) removal. In Experiment I, 806 cows at 51–57 days post‐partum were randomly assigned to a PRID (treated with PRID), PRID‐500 (treated with PRID plus 500 IU of eCG) or PRID‐750 (treated with PRID plus 750 IU of eCG) group. In Experiment II, 422 cows showing a long anoestrus period (animals with no oestrus signs nor luteal tissue 35 days before treatment) were randomly assigned to the PRID, PRID‐500 or PRID‐750 groups. The dependent variables considered in binary logistic regression analyses for both experiments were the rates of oestrus, ovulation and conception after treatment, the cumulative conception rate on Day 120 post‐partum and pregnancy loss. In Experiment I, interaction between treatment and season showed a significant effect on the oestrous response. Thus, during the warm season, PRID group cows were 8.9 times more likely to express oestrus than the remaining cows. Moreover, inseminated cows with two or more corpora lutea 8–14 days after treatment were more likely to become pregnant (by a factor of 2.4) than cows with a single corpus luteum. Finally, cows without luteal structures treated with PRID were 0.4 less likely to be pregnant on Day 120 post‐partum, compared with the remaining cows. In Experiment II, cows in the PRID group treated during the warm or cool season were less likely to exhibit oestrus (by a factor of 0.06 or 0.2, respectively) or ovulate (by a factor of 0.004 or 0.14, respectively) than the remaining cows. In conclusion, in anoestrous cows in both experiments, the addition of eCG to the use of an intravaginal progesterone device to induce oestrus was beneficial. The recommended dose of eCG is 500 IU.
Intestinal colonization by enteroaggregative Escherichia coli supports long‐term bacteriophage replication in mice
Authors: Maura Damien , Morello Eric , du Merle Laurence , Bomme Perrine , Le Bouguénec Chantal , Debarbieux Laurent 
Published: November 2011

SummaryBacteriophages have been known to be present in the gut for many years, but studies of relationships between these viruses and their hosts in the intestine are still in their infancy. We isolated three bacteriophages specific for an enteroaggregative O104:H4 Escherichia coli (EAEC) strain responsible for diarrhoeal diseases in humans. We studied the replication of these bacteriophages in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model of gut colonization. Each bacteriophage was able to replicate in vitro in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Each bacteriophage individually reduced biofilms formed on plastic pegs and a cocktail of the three bacteriophages was found to be more efficient. The cocktail was also able to infect bacterial aggregates formed on the surface of epithelial cells. In the mouse intestine, bacteriophages replicated for at least 3 weeks, provided the host was present, with no change in host levels in the faeces. This model of stable and continuous viral replication provides opportunities for studying the long‐term coevolution of virulent bacteriophages with their hosts within a mammalian polymicrobial ecosystem.
Current controversies in colorectal surgery: the way to resolve uncertainty and move forward
Authors: Rosenberg J. , Fischer A. , Haglind E. ,   on behalf of Scandinavian Surgical Outcomes Research Group
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe are currently a number of unsolved clinical questions in colorectal surgery with new surgical principles being introduced without proper scientific high‐level evidence. These include complete mesocolic excision with central ligation for colonic cancer, extralevator abdominoperineal excision for low rectal cancer, robotic surgery for various colorectal procedures, laparoscopic lavage without resection for Hinchey Stage III perforated sigmoid diverticulitis, and the use of the single port technique for laparoscopic surgery. Before general implementation the new modalities should ideally be evalueted in randomized studies and meta‐analyses. Many randomized studies, however, cannot give the final answer to the research question because they are underpowered and it is therefore important to perform well‐designed studies that are large enough to provide the final answer. A way forward could therefore be to form multicenter and even multinational research groups in order to ensure accrual of sufficient sample sizes.