bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teaching Students With Reading Difficulties to be Close Readers: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Katz Lauren A. , Carlisle Joanne F. 
Published: June 2009

Purpose
This article describes a program that was designed to help upper elementary students read and understand words as they read texts independently. As a first step in helping middle-to-upper elementary children with mild-to-moderate language and/or reading difficulties engage in textual analysis during reading, the Close Reading program combines instruction in morphological-analysis and context-analysis strategies with guided experiences applying these strategies during reading.

Method
To carry out an initial feasibility study of the program, we conducted 3 case studies using standardized pretest and posttest measures of language and reading skills and experimental progress monitoring measures administered before, during, and after instruction. Three fourth-grade girls participated in the 12-week program.

Results
All 3 students showed improved word reading and comprehension with small to large effect sizes on standardized and experimental measures. Patterns of improvement reflected the initial strengths and weaknesses of the students' reading and language skills.

Conclusion
The results suggest that further experimental investigation of this program is warranted. Instruction in morphological-analysis strategies with guided practice during reading holds promise as a way to improve word reading and comprehension for struggling readers in the middle-to-upper elementary years.
The Influence of Morphological Awareness on the Literacy Development of First-Grade Children
Authors: Wolter Julie A. , Wood Alexis , D’zatko Kim W. 
Published: June 2009

Purpose
The purpose of this study was twofold. First, we investigated whether first-grade children evidenced morphological awareness and whether they used their knowledge of morphological relations to guide their spelling. Second, we sought to determine whether children’s morphological awareness abilities were predictive of their performance on word-level reading and spelling measures.

Method
At the beginning of the academic school year, 43 first-grade children were administered an oral morphological awareness production task, a series of single-word morphological spelling tasks, and a battery of language and literacy tasks.

Results
The first-grade children were able to generate words reflecting morphological relations before they received explicit instruction regarding morphological relations between words. In addition, the children used morphological information to guide their spelling of single words, as evidenced by a difference in patterns of spellings between 1- and 2-morpheme words. Regression analyses revealed that the children’s performance on the oral morphological production task explained unique variance on their reading and spelling measures above and beyond the variance that was accounted for by phonological awareness.

Conclusion
Children as young as first graders evidenced morphological awareness, and morphological awareness influenced the children’s literacy development. Theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.
Morphological Awareness Skills of Fourth-Grade African American Students
Authors: Apel Kenn , Thomas-Tate Shurita 
Published: June 2009

Purpose
We examined the morphological awareness skills of fourth-grade African American children and the association between degree of African American English (AAE) use and performance on written measures of morphological awareness. Additional purposes were to determine whether performance on the morphological awareness tasks (a) was affected by the transparency of morphologically related words and the type of task administered, (b) was associated with other literacy and literacy-related skills, and (c) explained unique variance on these latter abilities.

Method
Thirty fourth-grade African American children from low-income backgrounds were administered 2 morphological awareness tasks and completed norm-referenced measures of word-level reading, reading comprehension, spelling, phonemic awareness, and receptive vocabulary.

Results
The degree of AAE use was not associated with students' performance on the morphological awareness tasks. On these tasks, significantly higher scores were obtained on items that represented a transparent relationship between a base word and its derived form. The students' performance on the morphological awareness tasks was significantly and moderately related to their performance on the word-level reading, spelling, and receptive vocabulary measures. Morphological awareness scores explained significant unique variance on measures of word-level reading and spelling, above that predicted by performance on measures of phonemic awareness and vocabulary.

Conclusion
As shown in previous investigations of Caucasian children’s morphological awareness skills, fourth-grade African American students' morphological awareness abilities are associated with select language and literacy skills. Professionals should capitalize on students' intact capabilities in morphological awareness during literacy instruction in an effort to maximize language and literacy performance for African American students.
A Survey of University Professors Teaching Speech Sound Disorders: Nonspeech Oral Motor Exercises and Other Topics
Authors: Watson Maggie M. , Lof Gregory L. 
Published: June 2009

Purpose
The purpose of this article was to obtain and organize information from instructors who teach course work on the subject of children’s speech sound disorders (SSD) regarding their use of teaching resources, involvement in students' clinical practica, and intervention approaches presented to students. Instructors also reported if they taught students to use nonspeech oral motor exercises (NSOMEs) to remediate children’s SSD.

Method
A questionnaire was mailed to 236 speech-language pathology preprofessional programs in the United States that are accredited by the Council of Academic Accreditation.

Results
Ninety-one questionnaires (39%) were returned. Participants reported that they provided their students with information on a variety of intervention approaches for SSD and typically used professional journals and textbooks for current information. Sixty-eight (75%) paticipants reported that they did not teach their students to use NSOMEs. Forty-seven (52%) of the instructors supervised students in clinical practicum serving children with SSD and perceived that academic course work and practicum experiences influenced their students' implementation of intervention for children with SSD.

Conclusion
The instructors reported that they taught their students a variety of intervention techniques for children with SSD, although most did not teach the use of NSOMEs. These results contrast with previous research indicating that many speech-language pathologists use NSOMEs to improve children’s speech (G.L. Lof & M.M. Watson, 2008).
Morphology and Literacy: Getting Our Heads in the Game
Authors: Green Laura 
Published: June 2009

Purpose
This prologue introduces the clinical forum, briefly discusses the importance of morphology in literacy, and informs the reader of the scope of the included articles.

Method
The concept of morphology is reviewed, contributing authors are introduced, and a brief summary of each of the 5 forum articles is provided.

Conclusion
The studies in this forum investigated different morphological skills in a variety of contexts, at a variety of grade levels, and from a variety of perspectives, enabling the reader to learn more about morphological awareness developmentally, linguistically, and clinically.
Which type of mid‐urethral sling procedure should be chosen for treatment of stress urinary incontinance with intrinsic sphincter deficiency? Tension‐free vaginal tape or transobturator tape
Authors: GÜNGÖRDÜK KEMAL , CELEBI IBRAHIM , ARK CEMAL , CELIKKOL OZGU , YILDIRIM GOKHAN 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjective. To compare tension‐free vaginal tape (TVT) and transobturator tape (TOT) for surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) with intrinsic sphincter deficiency. Design. Retrospective study. Setting. Gynecology department, Bakirkoy Women and Childrens’ Hospital, Istanbul. Sample. Three hundred women urodynamically diagnosed with stress incontinence with intrinsic sphincter deficiency underwent synthetic mid‐urethral sling procedures (TVT = 180, TOT = 120). Methods. Before the operation, a complete medical history was taken and a gynecologic examination was performed. Subjects with detrusor overactivity or previous sling surgery were excluded. Clinical checkups were conducted at 3, 6, and 12 months, and then annually. Main outcome measures. Intraoperative complications, postoperative complications, and subjective cure rates. Results. There were no significant differences in demographics between the TVT and TOT groups: mean age, parity, body mass index, menopausal status, and hormone replacement therapy. At a mean follow‐up of 31.2±9.1 (range 12–46) months, the overall cure rates were 78.3% for TVT and 52.5% TOT (p<0.0001). The risk of treatment failure in women who received TOT was 4.9 times higher than in women who underwent TVT. There were no significant differences in perioperative and postoperative complication rates between the two groups. Conclusion. TVT appears to be the preferable surgical option for the treatment of SUI with intrinsic sphincter deficiency.
The Voice Handicap Index with post‐laryngectomy male voices
Authors: Evans Eryl , Carding Paul , Drinnan Michael 
Published: June 2009

Background: Surgical treatment for advanced laryngeal cancer involves complete removal of the larynx (‘laryngectomy’) and initial total loss of voice. Post‐laryngectomy rehabilitation involves implementation of different means of ‘voicing’ for these patients wherever possible. There is little information about laryngectomees' perception of their changed voice quality and communication status. Surgical voice restoration (SVR) has become the ‘gold standard’ rehabilitation, but there continue to be patients who use other methods of communication. There is no clear evidence comparing patients' perception of their voice handicap across different types of alaryngeal communication.Aims: To compare the self‐assessed vocal handicap of laryngectomees using SVR with those using non‐SVR methods of post‐laryngectomy communication.Methods & Procedures: Potential participants were identified from one Head and Neck cancer centre in South Wales. They included both male and female participants using all methods of post‐laryngectomy communication. Each patient's Voice Handicap Index (VHI) score, sub‐set scores, and group means were calculated. Two major confounding factors: age and time since surgery, and communication method (SVR/non‐SVR), were considered to identify factors, other than method of communication, which may influence rehabilitation outcomes.Outcomes & Results: A total of 71 questionnaires were sent out and 62 (82%) were returned from 35 patients who had undergone SVR and 27 patients who used non‐SVR methods of communication. Of the non‐SVR group, twelve used oesophageal voice, eleven an electrolarynx, two writing and two mouthing for communication. The gender ratio (53:9), age (43–90 years) and time since surgery (1–40 years) were broadly representative of this population, but because of the small number of females, we excluded the women from further analysis. Individual VHI scores ranged from 4 to 106. Both the SVR and non‐SVR group mean scores: 44.7 and 50.9, were within the range of moderately severe voice handicap. There was no significant difference between the groups for total VHI scores or two of the three sub‐domains, nor any significant effect on voice handicap due to the confounding factors assessed: age or time since surgery. The total VHI score was better by 6.5 (− 4.9 to 17.9) points in the SVR group (p = 0.3), probably reflecting the literature reporting superior voice in SVR.Conclusions & Implications: The data suggest that where patient‐assessed quality of life is concerned, SVR and non‐SVR outcomes are comparable. This is an important consideration when planning and carrying out treatment recommendations. The study has clear clinical implications; understanding the potential of all methods of post‐laryngectomy communication is essential for holistic patient management.
Treatment generalization and executive control processes: Preliminary data from Chinese anomic individuals
Authors: Yeung Olivia , Law Sam‐Po , Yau Monna 
Published: June 2009

Background: While various treatment approaches have been shown to be effective in remediating word‐finding difficulties in aphasic individuals, interest has recently been directed at the role of executive functions in affecting treatment outcomes.Aims: To examine the existence of a possible relationship between treatment generalization and executive control abilities.Methods & Procedures: An identical treatment protocol using the English alphabet as letter cues to facilitate name retrieval was applied to five Cantonese‐speaking anomic individuals. A series of language and cognitive tasks were administered to help identify which deficit(s) would affect treatment results.Outcomes & Results: All five participants demonstrated improvement in naming treated items. However, only two subjects with better inhibitory control exhibited significant gains in naming phonologically related untrained items.Conclusions & Implications: The preliminary results not only converge on current findings of the role of executive functions in rehabilitation results, but also identify in particular how inhibitory control may affect the outcomes of anomia therapy.
Microsatellite variability in European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) calls for further investigation of its genetic structure and biogeography
Authors: Zarraonaindia Iratxe , Pardo Miguel Angel , Iriondo Mikel , Manzano Carmen , Estonba Andone 
Published: June 2009

AbstractZarraonaindia, I., Pardo, M. A., Iriondo, M., Manzano, C., and Estonba, A. 2009. Microsatellite variability in European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) calls for further investigation of its genetic structure and biogeography. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 2176–2182. Attention to genetic and ecological perspectives can enhance strategies for using fishery resources sustainably. A potentially important application is the use of molecular markers to assess the genetic stock structure of a harvested species. In this study, seven microsatellite markers were analysed in anchovy samples from the Bay of Biscay, the Gulf of Cádiz, and the Gulf of Lions to assess the genetic structure of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) populations in the Bay of Biscay and to infer the biogeographic origin of these populations. All samples showed a deficit of heterozygotes that could be explained by non-random mating, Wahlund's effect, and especially by the presence of null alleles. Global FST and RST values, uncorrected and corrected for null alleles, were significant. There was significant genetic heterogeneity between two populations in the Bay of Biscay, suggesting that anchovy there may not be panmictic. Moreover, the results reinforce the hypothesis of a recent common ancestor shared by Bay of Biscay and western Mediterranean anchovy. These results, together with those of earlier studies, suggest merit in further investigating spatio-temporal genetic variation among anchovy populations in the Northeastern Atlantic.
Simultaneous suppression of MITF and BRAFV600E enhanced inhibition of melanoma cell proliferation
Authors: Kido Kenji , Sumimoto Hidetoshi , Asada Sakiyo , Okada Starlyn M. , Yaguchi Tomonori , Kawamura Naoshi , Miyagishi Makoto , Saida Toshiaki , Kawakami Yutaka 
Published: June 2009

Microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF) is a master gene regulating differentiation of melanocytes, and a lineage survival oncogene mediating pro‐proliferative function in malignant melanoma. However, high expression of MITF also has an anti‐proliferative effect. To clarify the therapeutic implication of MITF as a molecular target for human melanoma, we evaluated the role of MITF in cell proliferation in a panel of human melanoma cell lines which express different levels of MITF. We found that both MITF depletion and forced expression of MITF significantly inhibited proliferation, suggesting that endogenous MITF is regulated at an appropriate level for melanoma cell proliferation, and could be a molecular target for melanoma. However, half of the melanoma cell lines in this study were relatively resistant to MITF depletion, indicating other treatment strategies are required for therapy. Our microarray analysis indicated that regulation of several cell growth–associated molecules may be independent of MITF and dependent on BRAFV600E. Thus to enhance the anti‐proliferative effect of MITF down‐regulation, we combined shRNA‐mediated MITF depletion with BRAFV600E inactivation, another known molecular target for melanoma. Indeed, simultaneous depletion of both MITF and BRAFV600E significantly inhibited melanoma growth even for the melanoma cell lines resistant to MITF depletion. These results suggest MITF may be an important molecular target for human melanoma and simultaneous inhibition of MITF and MAPK signaling may be an attractive strategy for melanoma treatment. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1863–1869)
Impact of oxygen environment on mesenchymal stem cell expansion and chondrogenic differentiation
Authors: Krinner A. , Zscharnack M. , Bader A. , Drasdo D. , Galle J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIntroduction:  In vitro expansion and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) rely on specific environmental conditions, and investigations have demonstrated that one crucial factor is oxygen environment.Objectives:  In order to understand the impact of oxygen tension on MSC culture and chondrogenic differentiation in vitro, we developed a mathematical model of these processes and applied it in predicting optimal assays.Methods and results:  We compared ovine MSCs under physiologically low and atmospheric oxygen tension. Low oxygen tension improved their in vitro population growth as demonstrated by monoclonal expansion and colony forming assays. Moreover, it accelerated induction of the chondrogenic phenotype in subsequent three‐dimensional differentiation cultures. We introduced a hybrid stochastic multiscale model of MSC organization in vitro. The model assumes that cell adaptation to non‐physiological high oxygen tension reversibly changes the structure of MSC populations with respect to differentiation. In simulation series, we demonstrated that these changes profoundly affect chondrogenic potential of the populations. Our mathematical model provides a consistent explanation of our experimental findings.Conclusions:  Our approach provides new insights into organization of MSC populations in vitro. The results suggest that MSC differentiation is largely reversible and that lineage plasticity is restricted to stem cells and early progenitors. The model predicts a significant impact of short‐term low oxygen treatment on MSC differentiation and optimal chondrogenic differentiation at 10–11% pO2.
Airway-specific recruitment of T cells is reduced in a CD26-deficient F344 rat substrain
Authors: Schade J , Schmiedl A , Kehlen A , Veres T Z , Stephan M , Pabst R , Von Hörsten S 
Published: June 2009

SummaryAsthma is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the airways. Increased levels of T cells are found in the lungs after the induction of an allergic-like inflammation in rats, and flow cytometry studies have shown that these levels are reduced in CD26-deficient rats. However, the precise anatomical sites where these newly recruited T cells appear primarily are unknown. Therefore, we quantified the distribution of T cells in lung parenchyma as well as in large, medium and small airways using immunohistochemical stainings combined with morphometric analyses. The number of T cells increased after the induction of an allergic-like inflammation. However, the differences between CD26-deficient and wild-type rats were not attributable to different cell numbers in the lung parenchyma, but the medium- and large-sized bronchi revealed significantly fewer T cells in CD26-deficient rats. These sites of T cell recruitment were screened further using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction with regard to two hypotheses: (i) involvement of the nervous system or (ii) expression of chemokines with properties of a T cell attractor. No topographical association was found between nerves and T cells, but a differential transcription of chemokines was revealed in bronchi and parenchyma. Thus, the site-specific recruitment of T cells appears to be a process mediated by chemokines rather than nerve–T cell interactions. In conclusion, this is the first report showing a differential site-specific recruitment of T cells to the bronchi in a CD26-deficient rat substrain during an asthma-like inflammation.
Niche assembly of epiphytic bryophyte communities in the Guianas: a regional approach
Authors: Mota de Oliveira Sylvia , Ter Steege Hans , Cornelissen Johannes H. C. , Robbert Gradstein S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim Epiphytic bryophyte communities of tropical forests show a gradient in species composition from the base to the top of the host trees, indicating a strong role of niche assembly. This pattern, however, has never been tested at a regional scale. The aim of this study was to test whether niche assembly, rather than dispersal limitation, predominantly drives species composition of bryophyte communities across large spatial scales.Location Three lowland forests in the Guianas: one near Saul, French Guiana; and two near Mabura Hill, Guyana.Methods Communities of epiphytic bryophytes were sampled from six different height zones of several trees in three lowland forests. We analysed the composition of these communities using detrended correspondence analysis in order to find the best explanatory variable for the variation in community composition. A multi‐response permutation procedure was used to test the significance of grouping communities by height zone. We conducted an indicator species analysis to classify species as specialists or generalists and then tested, through weighted averaging, if specialists would indeed maintain their preferred height zone across the Guianas.Results Community composition was explained mainly by height zone. The similarity among communities inhabiting the same height zone of trees, across a distance of up to 640 km, was higher than the similarity among communities established along the vertical gradient of a single standing tree (30–50 m). More than half (57%) of the species had a preferred height zone, and the preference was consistent: species occupied roughly the same height zone on host trees in the different localities. The three local communities investigated were found to belong to the same regional species pool.Main conclusions Throughout the Guianas, epiphytic bryophyte communities are drawn from the same regional species pool, and their composition is shaped by micro‐environmental conditions. The predominance of niche assembly over dispersal assembly rules is consistently found at both local and regional scales.