bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sulfidation kinetics of industrial steels in a refinery crude oil at 300 °C: reactivity at the nanometer scale
Authors: El Kamel Meriem , Galtayries Anouk , Vermaut Philippe , Albinet Benoit , Foulonneau Grégory , Roumeau Xavier , Roncin Bernard , Marcus Philippe 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHigh temperature sulfidic corrosion has caused safety and reliability issues in refinery units for decades. The objective of the work was to investigate the kinetics of sulfidation under refinery conditions and to characterize, at the nanometer scale, the sulfide layers formed on different steels. The experiments were performed in an autoclave filled with a refinery high‐sulfur crude oil at 300 °C on XC18 carbon steel (Fe–0.18%C), P5 alloy steel (Fe–5% Cr–0.5%Mo) and 304L stainless steel (Fe–18% Cr–8%Ni). The duration of the test ranged from a few hours to a few days.The combination of X‐ray diffraction and transmission electronic microscopy showed the presence of pyrrhotite (Fe1−xS) on XC18, P5 and 304L samples. For all alloys, the S 2p core level decomposition (X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy) proved the presence of five sulfur species on the surface: sulfide (main species), disulfide, elemental sulfur, sulfite and sulfate. On 304L, the presence of chromium oxide and nickel sulfide was revealed by XPS, whereas chromium sulfide was hardly detected.The macroscopic kinetics of sulfidation was followed by mass loss. The results showed that a parabolic law can fit the kinetics of sulfidation of XC18 and P5 steels. The kinetics of sulfidation of the adherent sulfide layer formed on 304L steel, determined from XPS measurements, follows a logarithmic law. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation of transient partial fluxes of nucleation/growth of a new phase and electrode reaction by the chronoamperometry method
Authors: Vvedenskii A. V. , Kozaderov O. A. , Gutorov I. A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractOne of the basic methods of studying of the electrochemical formation of a new phase is by the obtaining of potentiostatic i,t‐dependences with their processing within the framework of various models of nucleation. The situation is highly complicated in the case of some Faraday processes that proceed alongside the phase formation. On the basis of the mass balance analysis in conditions of 3‐dimensional (3D) nucleation using the data on electrode reaction kinetics, the procedure of graphical processing of the complete i,t‐curves, which allows to reveal a partial nucleation flux is suggested. The procedure was used when studying the following electrochemical processes: (i) cathodic evolution of hydrogen on transition metals from acidic sulphate solutions, and (ii) selective anodic dissolution (dealloying) of binary Au‐containing alloys at overcritical potentials where nonequilibrium phase transition of gold occurs. It was established that both processes are carried out in a mode of instantaneous activation of nucleation sites and controlled by the lateral diffusion of adsorbed atoms of hydrogen or gold, respectively, to its hemispherical nuclei. The role of the solid electrode composition, overpotential and presence of surface‐active organic substances in a solution is investigated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Software cost estimation inhibitors—a case study in automotive context
Authors: Magazinius Ana , Pernstål Joakim , Öhman Peter 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAs cost estimation is an important yet problematic part of project planning there is a need of process improvement to decrease the estimation errors. This paper has two purposes. Based on a qualitative case study conducted at a Swedish automotive company it describes the process of cost estimation in a real‐life setting focusing on inhibitors to accurate cost estimates. Second, the results of this study are compared with four other studies with a similar purpose of concluding that a company‐specific investigation of cost estimation inhibitors might give more actionable input to the activity of cost estimation process improvement than a more general investigation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of Train Speed Profile for Minimum Energy Consumption
Authors: Miyatake Masafumi , Ko Hideyoshi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe optimal operation of railway systems minimizing total energy consumption is discussed in this paper. Firstly, some measures of finding energy‐saving train speed profiles are outlined. After the characteristics that should be considered in optimizing train operation are clarified, complete optimization based on optimal control theory is reviewed. Their basic formulations are summarized taking into account most of the difficult characteristics peculiar to railway systems. Three methods of solving the formulation, dynamic programming (DP), gradient method, and sequential quadratic programming (SQP), are introduced. The last two methods can also control the state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage devices. By showing some numerical results of simulations, the significance of solving not only optimal speed profiles but also optimal SOC profiles of energy storage are emphasized, because the numerical results are beyond the conventional qualitative studies. Future scope for applying the methods to real‐time optimal control is also mentioned. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hybrid Traction Technologies with Energy Storage Devices for Nonelectrified Railway Lines
Authors: Furuta Ryosuke , Kawasaki Junji , Kondo Keiichiro 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHybrid traction systems of lithium‐ion batteries with fuel cells or diesel engines are the one of the effective measures to reduce the emission of railcars for nonelectrified lines. Some of challenges, including the revenue services, of the hybrid systems have been recently addressed in Japan. In this paper, the evolution of the hybrid traction systems and features of the diesel hybrid systems and the fuel cell hybrid systems are discussed with the examples of the challenges. In addition, the technical trend of the applications of the storage batteries for the hybrid traction systems is summarized with perspectives of the future hybrid traction systems. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Detection of Human Microvibration Transmitted along Solid Using Pico‐Tesla Magneto‐Impedance Sensor
Authors: Mohri Kaneo , Uchiyama Tsuyoshi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHuman microvibration waveforms are sensitively detected using a newly developed pico‐Tesla magneto‐impedance sensor (pT‐MI sensor) when the human skin is touched directly or indirectly via transmission solid by the sensor head. The origin of the microvibration is discussed, considering the cellular Ca2+ flow oscillation for the smooth muscle autonomous vibration. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fetal cardiovascular effects of lower urinary tract obstruction with giant bladder
Authors: Rychik J. , McCann M. , Tian Z. , Bebbington M. , Johnson M. P. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveLower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) with massive bladder distension impacts on a variety of developing organ systems with consequent morbidity and mortality. The impact of LUTO on the fetal cardiovascular system has not previously been investigated. We hypothesize that a giant, distended bladder within the pelvis may cause vascular compression with observable consequences.MethodsFetal echocardiography was performed in 42 fetuses with LUTO and compared with 35 normal controls matched for gestational age. Parameters investigated included cardiothoracic ratio, presence or absence of ventricular hypertrophy and pericardial effusion. Doppler echocardiographic examination of mitral and tricuspid valve inflow and the ductus venosus was performed. To assess arterial vascular impedance, pulsatility indices (PIs) were calculated for segments of the descending aorta and right and left iliac arteries (RIA and LIA).ResultsIn the LUTO group an increased cardiothoracic ratio was seen in nine (21%), ventricular hypertrophy in 12 (29%) and small pericardial effusion in 15 (36%). Filling characteristics of the right ventricle in the LUTO group demonstrated greater dependency upon atrial contraction, and ductus venosus flow demonstrated higher downstream impedance to filling, than in controls, suggesting altered compliance. The LUTO group also had lower distal descending aorta PI (1.53 ± 0.38 vs. 1.76 ± 0.44, P = 0.04), lower RIA‐PI (1.31 ± 0.29 vs. 1.76 ± 0.44, P < 0.001) and lower LIA‐PI (1.41 ± 0.44 vs. 1.73 ± 0.31, P < 0.01) than controls, suggesting vascular compression and increased impedance to flow.ConclusionsLUTO with giant urinary bladder compresses the iliac arteries, which may lead to increased afterload. Further study is warranted to examine the impact of fetal treatment such as bladder drainage on these cardiovascular parameters. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expertise
Authors: Anders Ericsson K. , Towne Tyler J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe study of expertise is based on the premise that experts in different domains follow a similar path of acquisition and development. This article distinguishes two research approaches to the study of expertise. The traditional approach assumes a steady progression from novice to expert as a function of training as well as years of experience often without measures of reproducible skill. A second and more recent one focuses on the identification of individuals with reproducibly superior performance for representative tasks that capture expertise in the domain. The focus of this review is on the latter, namely the expert‐performance approach. The article describes how superior performance can be captured by standardized tasks, and how analyses of that superior performance can identify superior abilities, cognitive mechanisms, and physiological adaptations. The last part of the article reviews how deliberate practice and training can lead to the acquisition of complex mechanisms and physiological adaptations, which in turn can explain the experts' attained superior performance. The review is concluded with a discussion of future directions of studies of expert performance and the challenges in understanding the development of general abilities and the motivation to engage in sustained daily deliberate practice. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Motor Skill and Performance
The development of stereotyping and exclusion
Authors: Mulvey Kelly Lynn , Hitti Aline , Killen Melanie 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article reviews the developmental science literature on stereotyping and exclusion, with a focus on gender, race, and ethnicity. Stereotyping of others, which is defined as the attribution of traits to individuals based on group membership, is often used to justify exclusion of others in social group contexts. This review includes a focus on the links between these two constructs. Research on stereotyping and exclusion has drawn on several theoretical traditions, including social domain theory, social identity developmental theory, and subjective group dynamics theory, which are also discussed in the context of the research findings. Key findings on stereotyping include categorization and classification in relationship with decreased in‐group bias, and the role of stereotypes in encoding information. Findings on exclusion include the use of available information to make judgments, preferences for in‐group members who are normative and out‐group members who are deviant, the increased importance, with age, of group functioning in exclusion decisions, and decreased negative evaluation of in‐group members who partake in exclusionary behaviors. Though little research has explicitly studied the links between stereotyping and exclusion from groups, this review describes the current literature in both areas and suggests future directions for research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:Psychology > Development and AgingPsychology > Emotion and Motivation
Randomization
Authors: Manly Bryan F.J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThere are three aspects of randomization in statistics that are considered here. The first aspect is randomization as part of a sampling design to estimate one or more parameters for a statistical population such as all the farms in a certain area of a country, based on information obtained about the parameters from only a part of the population. The second aspect is using randomization as part of an experimental design to ensure that the allocation of treatment levels to the experimental units is not biased in any way. For example, the test of a new drug for relieving the symptoms of a disease might involve this drug being randomly allocated to half of a group of patients, while the other half of the patients receive a standard drug that is used for the disease. Finally, the third aspect is using randomization to test some statistical hypothesis. For example, to see if there is a significant difference between two drugs for the treatment of a disease in terms of some suitable outcome measure, the observed mean difference between means for this outcome measure might be compared to the distribution of mean differences that is obtained by randomly reallocating the observed values of the measure to the drugs. The null hypothesis being tested would then be that each of the observed values of the measure was equally likely to have occurred with each of the two drugs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Sampling
Ranked set sampling
Authors: Wolfe Douglas A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe most common sampling approach for collecting data from a population with the goal of making inferences about unknown features of the population is a simple random sample (SRS). There is a probabilistic guarantee that each measured observation in an SRS can be considered representative of the population. Despite this assurance, there remains a distinct possibility that a specific SRS might not provide a truly representative picture of the population. With that in mind, statisticians have developed a variety of ways to guard against obtaining such unrepresentative samples. Sampling designs such as stratified sampling, probability sampling, and cluster sampling all provide additional structure on the sampling process to improve the likelihood that the collected sample data do, indeed, provide a good representation of the population. A secondary goal in most data collection settings is to minimize the costs associated with obtaining the data. Ranked set sampling (RSS) is a relatively recent development that addresses both of these issues. It uses additional information from the population to provide more structure to the data collection process and decreases the likelihood of an unrepresentative sample. In addition, it is designed to minimize the number of measured observations required to achieve the desired precision in making inferences. In this article, we provide a general introduction to both balanced and unbalanced RSS, describing the basic approaches for collecting each type of RSS and some of the associated properties. We discuss a number of important factors that affect the performance of RSS procedures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Sampling
Quantitative magnetic resonance fluorine imaging: today and tomorrow
Authors: Chen Junjie , Lanza Gregory M. , Wickline Samuel A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFluorine (19F) is a promising moiety for quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It possesses comparable magnetic resonance (MR) sensitivity to proton (1H) but exhibits no tissue background signal, allowing specific and selective assessment of the administrated 19F‐containing compounds in vivo. Additionally, the MR spectra of 19F‐containing compounds exhibited a wide range of chemical shifts (>200 ppm). Therefore, both MR parameters (e.g., spin–lattice relaxation rate R1) and the absolute quantity of molecule can be determined with 19F MRI for unbiased assessment of tissue physiology and pathology. This article reviews quantitative 19F MRI applications for mapping tumor oxygenation, assessing molecular expression in vascular diseases, and tracking labeled stem cells. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 431–440This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Pulmonary Contusion: An Update on Recent Advances in Clinical Management
Authors: Cohn Stephen M. , DuBose Joseph J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPulmonary contusion is a common finding after blunt chest trauma. The physiologic consequences of alveolar hemorrhage and pulmonary parenchymal destruction typically manifest themselves within hours of injury and usually resolve within approximately 7 days. Clinical symptoms, including respiratory distress with hypoxemia and hypercarbia, peak at about 72 h after injury. The timely diagnosis of pulmonary contusion requires a high degree of clinical suspicion when a patient presents with trauma caused by an appropriate mechanism of injury. The clinical diagnosis of acute parenchymal lung injury is usually confirmed by thoracic computed tomography, which is both highly sensitive in identifying pulmonary contusion and highly predictive of the need for subsequent mechanical ventilation. Management of pulmonary contusion is primarily supportive. Associated complications such as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and long‐term pulmonary disability, however, are frequent sequelae of these injuries.
Morphology of the human tympanic membrane annulus
Authors: Kassem Firas , Ophir Dov , Bernheim Joelle , Berger Gilead 
Published: April 2010

ObjectiveTo study the full panoramic view with figuring of the morphology and topography of the human tympanic annulus.Study DesignPostmortem material analysis.SettingUniversity‐affiliated hospital.Subjects and MethodsTwenty‐three single, normal human adult tympanic membranes were completely extracted from formalin‐fixed temporal bones. They were faced medially and placed at the same level of a graph paper mounted on a board. High‐quality images of the tissue preparations were taken, and computer‐aided measurements of the annular caliber were calculated at nine reference points. The 6 o'clock direction served as a midpoint, and another four reference points were set anteriorly and posteriorly in clockwise and counterclockwise directions.ResultsThe annulus has a horseshoe‐like shape with a small part absent above the neck of the malleus. The maximal mean caliber at the manubrial axis (6 o'clock direction) was 748 ± 201 μm. The annulus gradually thins out almost symmetrically anteriorly and posteriorly, until it reaches about 15 percent of the maximal caliber at its end points (152 ± 87 and 113 ± 42 μm, respectively). Significant differences were found between adjacent reference points on both anterior and posterior sides.ConclusionsThe annulus has a horseshoe‐like shape and gradually thins out almost symmetrically, reaching anteriorly and posteriorly about 15 percent of the maximal caliber at the manubrial axis. These new data may provide guidance in transcanal middle ear exploration and suggest the possibility of varied functions attributable to the annulus regarding middle ear sound transmission and TM vibratory properties. The data may contribute to understanding the development of marginal perforations and posterior superior retraction pockets.
Longitudinal posturography and rotational testing in children three to nine years of age: Normative data
Authors: Casselbrant Margaretha L. , Mandel Ellen M. , Sparto Patrick J. , Perera Subashan , Redfern Mark S. , Fall Patricia A. , Furman Joseph M. 
Published: April 2010

ObjectiveTo obtain normative longitudinal vestibulo‐ocular and balance test data in children from ages three to nine years with normal middle ear status.Study DesignProspective, longitudinal cohort.SettingTertiary care pediatric hospital.Subjects and MethodsThree‐year‐old children were entered and tested yearly. Subjects underwent earth vertical axis rotation testing using sinusoidal and constant velocity stimuli and performed the Sensory Organization Test.ResultsOne hundred forty‐eight children were entered, and usable data were collected on 127 children. A linear increase in the vestibulo‐ocular reflex gain as children aged was found, without a change in the phase of the response. An age‐related linear increase in equilibrium scores, indicating reduced postural sway, was also observed.ConclusionThese normative data can be used in the evaluation of dizziness and balance disorders in children.
Long-term middle-ear ventilation with subannular tubes
Authors: Daudia A , Yelavich S , Dawes P J D 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjective:Long-term tympanostomy tubes are associated with a significant rate of complications, particularly persistent perforation. We describe the outcomes of 57 subannular ventilation tube insertions in 45 consecutive patients.Design:Retrospective case series.Subjects:We studied 45 consecutive patients with chronic otitis media with effusion and hearing loss (n = 54 cases), associated with adhesive otitis media (n = 7), tympanic membrane retraction (n = 17) and tympanic membrane perforation (n = 3). The mean follow up was 48 months (range, nine to 95 months).Results:The mean duration of ventilation for tubes still in situ was 22 months (range, one to 76 months;n = 29), and for tubes which extruded or were removed 23 months (range, one to 85 months;n = 28). The mean improvement in air–bone gap was 14 dB (range, −14 to 35 dB). Complications included blockage (16 per cent), perforation after extrusion (9 per cent), granulation (5 per cent) and infection (4 per cent).Conclusion:Subannular ventilation tubes provide an effective option for management of intractable middle-ear effusion and eustachian tube dysfunction.
Perturbations of multidimensional shifts of finite type
Authors: PAVLOV RONNIE 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we study perturbations of multidimensional shifts of finite type. Specifically, for any ℤd shift of finite type X with d>1 and any finite pattern w in the language of X, we denote by Xw the set of elements of X not containing w. For strongly irreducible X and patterns w with shape a d-dimensional cube, we obtain upper and lower bounds on htop (X)−htop (Xw) dependent on the size of w. This extends a result of Lind for d=1 . We also apply our methods to an undecidability question in ℤd symbolic dynamics.
New Documental Books on Portuguese Asia
Authors: Winius George 
Published: April 2010

Maria de Jesús dos Mártires Lopes, Epistolário de um Açoriano na Índia: D. António Taveira da Neiva Brunt da Silveira (1750-1775), Ponte Delgada (Universidade dos Açores), 1983.Artur Teodoro de Matos, O Estado da Índia nos Anos de 1581-1588: Estrutura Administrativa e Económica, Alguns Elementos para o seu Estado. Ponte Delgada (Universidade dos Açores), 1982.
Our Man in Saigon: A Note on the Appointment of Cabot Lodge as Ambassador to South Vietnam
Authors: Lammers A. 
Published: April 2010

Since this conference is a small and intimate affair, the question I want to raise today is a modest: Why did President Kennedy in July 1963 appoint Henry Cabot Lodge Jr as the American Ambassador to Saigon?The question is not only modest, Professor Gardner might say that it is redundant. In Pay Any Price: Lyndon Johnson and the Wars for Vietnam, Gardner writes about Kennedy's decision to replace Frederick Nolting and nominate Lodge, that the new ambassador could offer him ‘protective coloration’ against Republicans attacking the Administration's Vietnam policy.