bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial Neglect: New Issues and Their Implications for Occupational Therapy Practice
Authors: Herman Edith W. M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Competent clinical practice relies on scientific theory to explain phenomena and to provide the rationale for rehabilitation strategies. Despite research advances and new insights, no unified theory has yet been offered to explain all aspects of the puzzling neglect syndrome. To find clinical relevance for new discoveries, theoretical models have to be integrated into assessment procedures and treatment strategies. The aim of this article is to briefly review recent theories about spatial hemineglect with emphasis on their potential use for practice, assessment strategies, and rehabilitative approaches.
A Mobility Skills Training Program for Adults With Developmental Disabilities
Authors: McInerney Claudia A. , McInerney Maurice 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Twenty-nine adults with developmental disabilities were trained by an occupational therapist to use city buses for leisure outings to local shopping malls. Program evaluation was based on the number of times each program participant used his or her mobility skills to make an independent leisure outing. These data were collected for 1 year after each person left the program and were analyzed with the use of multiple regression procedures. The results revealed that the participants maintained their mobility skills for 1 year. Older women who shared common leisure interests as well as persons who were afforded more intensive individualized training were especially likely to use the city bus for leisure outings after the treatment program ended. This study demonstrates the long-term effectiveness of occupational therapy when specific treatment goals are matched with individualized training sequences for persons with developmental disabilities.
Retaining Occupational Therapists in Rehabilitation Settings: Influential Factors
Authors: Freda Maureen 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors considered by occupational therapists in their decision to leave or to remain at a present job. Fifty-five occupational therapists practicing in freestanding rehabilitation hospitals in the Philadelphia metropolitan area were surveyed regarding general satisfaction, rewarding and stressful aspects of their current job, and personal or professional reasons to consider leaving a job. The responses were grouped by the therapists’ years of experience as a framework for drawing conclusions. The results show that years of experience affects what is important to therapists at their jobs; for example, therapists who have been working for 1 year value different aspects of their jobs than therapists who have been working for over 7 years. In general, the most rewarding aspect of an occupational therapist’s job was seen to be patient care; the most stressful, paperwork. In deciding to leave a job, the occupational therapists surveyed most frequently rated the following items as highly important: salary, productivity expectations, professional growth opportunities, peer relationships with other occupational therapists, and vacation time.
T’ai Chi and Postural Control in the Well Elderly
Authors: Tse Shuk-Kuen , Bailey Diana M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In this study, we investigated the potential value of t’ai chi in promoting postural control of the well elderly. T’ai chi, a traditional Chinese exercise, is a series of individual dancelike movements linked together in a continuous, smooth-flowing sequence. Performance on five balance tests of 9 t’ai chi practitioners was compared to that of 9 nonpractitioners. An analysis of variance demonstrated that in three of the tests, the t’ai chi practitioners had significantly better postural control than the sedentary nonpractitioners (p &lt; .05). It was also found that men performed significantly better than women in both the practitioner and nonpractitioner groups on the same three tests (p &lt; .01).
The Appraisal Model of Coping: An Assessment and Intervention Model for Occupational Therapy
Authors: Gage Marie 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper presents a new synthesis of the coping literature, the Appraisal Model of Coping. It is based largely on the theoretical concepts of the cognitive relational theory of coping and emotion (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, 1987) and social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1977). The model provides a conceptual template to guide occupational therapy intervention with respect to assisting patients to cope better with the effects of their disease. It explains the influence of many factors that affect the person’s ability to cope with the disease process as well as the effect of feedback concerning the efficacy of the coping plan on future coping efforts.
An Industrial Model for Assisting Employers to Comply With the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990
Authors: Stockdell Susan M. , Crawford Melinda S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Innovative opportunities exist for occupational therapists to expand their role and assume a more active role in helping employers comply with the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) (Public Law 101–336). This article proposes an industrial model to facilitate earlier employer involvement and compliance with Title I of the ADA. It introduces the process for implementation of the Industrial Model of Rehabilitation Management (developed by the second author), defines the therapist’s role, presents a clinical example, and discusses weaknesses and strengths of the model. Therapists are encouraged to familiarize themselves with the Industrial Model proposed to assist the employer’s implementation of the ADA.
Autistic Disorder: A Neuropsychological Enigma
Authors: Huebner Ruth A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Autism is increasingly viewed as an expression of an unidentified neurological disorder. Because understanding of neurological dysfunction is basic to evaluation and treatment in occupational therapy, this article provides a comprehensive and critical review of the literature since 1985 concerning the neuropsychology of autistic disorder. The research is categorized into four basic types: (a) neuropsychological testing of functional abilities, (b) treatment studies based on neuropsychological hypotheses, (c) autistic-related diseases and genetic disorders, and (d) neuroanatomical and neurophysiological studies. The research shows a spectrum of neurological impairments within the brain stem, cerebellum, midbrain, and frontal lobe. These impairments are associated with deficits in socioemotional skills, sensory processing, motor planning, and cognitive flexibility. This research suggests that persons with autistic disorder need evaluation and treatment of a wide spectrum of functional deficits.
Application of the Allen Cognitive Level Test in Assessing Cognitive Level Functioning of Emotionally Disturbed Boys
Authors: Shapiro Marsha E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to ascertain the applicability of the Allen Cognitive Level Test (ACL) (Allen, 1982, 1985), developed for use with adult psychiatric patients, to emotionally disturbed children aged 8 to 15 years. The subjects’ performance on the ACL was compared with their performance on two other instruments that measure features of cognition: the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) (Beery & Buktenica, 1982) and the Perceptual Memory Task (McCarron, 1984). Pearson product-moment correlations were computed to study the relationships of the ACL, the Perceptual Memory Task full-scale and sub-scale scores, and the VMI raw and age-equivalent scores. The Perceptual Memory Task scores showed little or no correlation with the ACL scores. Correlations of the ACL with the VMI scores revealed moderate but significant coefficients. A relationship between age and ACL score was found. Preliminary data would indicate that the ability of emotionally disturbed children to function in the school environment depends on their mastery of task demands and that occupational therapy intervention cannot be based solely on age or level of intelligence.
Occupational Therapists in Private Practice
Authors: McClain Linda , McKinney Julie , Ralston Julie 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Although increasing numbers of occupational therapists are choosing to work in private practice, little data exist describing this sector of the profession. In the present study, experienced occupational therapists were asked about their moves into private practice, including (a) their motivation, (b) their preparation, and (c) their perceptions of the move’s risks and benefits before and after the move.
A survey was sent to a national random sample of 105 occupational therapists, 74 of whom responded. According to the survey, autonomy was the most important motivating factor for occupational therapists moving into private practice. However, once they were in private practice, the occupational therapists noted that increased income was a major benefit. These occupational therapists had planned for the risks of reimbursement, referral sources, and overhead but had not anticipated problems with staffing shortages.
Incomes increased for occupational therapists who moved into private practice. The survey compared the incomes of occupational therapists before and after they entered private practice. It also compared their income and educational levels. Other comparisons included income and work experience, income and work role, and income and geographic location.
Autonomy and financial considerations appear to be the overriding issues for occupational therapists choosing careers in private practice. Almost unanimously, the survey respondents said that private practice was a good career choice.
Structuring Education: Development of the First Educational Standards in Occupational Therapy, 1917–1930
Authors: Colman Wendy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The movement to standardize educational preparation in occupational therapy grew as the profession developed following World War I. This paper explores the debates that surrounded the evolution of occupational therapy’s first sanctioned educational system. A variety of professionals involved in the formation of occupational therapy engaged in these debates. They focused their attention primarily on whether education should be regulated and, if so, how that education might be structured. Each coveted different views about how the fledgling profession might develop. These early debates signify one of the first attempts to identify a vision for the evolution of occupational therapy.
Managing Chronic Illness: An Immigrant Woman’s Acquisition and Use of Health Care Knowledge
Authors: Dyck Isabel 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
As occupational therapists increasingly encounter a multicultural clientele, there is growing interest in the influence of a person’s culture on his or her interactions with the environment. This paper presents a case study of a Chinese-Canadian immigrant woman with rheumatoid arthritis. The case study illustrates how the subject’s family, community networks, and workplace, coupled with the occupational therapy clinical setting, intermingled to shape the daily management of her illness. The case material focuses on the subject’s acquisition and use of different types of health care knowledge as she responds to her illness. It shows that the subject’s experiences and management decisions about her health are closely linked to the material and social conditions of her life as a working-class immigrant woman. This article suggests that attention needs to be paid to the broader systems of the environment in understanding the responses of immigrant women to occupational therapy, rather than on the cultural distinctiveness of the clients.
Internal-External Control and Temporal Orientation Among Southeast Asians and White Americans
Authors: Spadone Richard A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study examined ethnic group differences with the use of the Model of Human Occupation (Kielhofner, 1985b). Three groups – immigrants from Thailand, immigrants from Cambodia, and white Americans – were contrasted on two constructs – internal versus external control and temporal orientation. The study attempted to identify whether nonpatient subjects have an internal locus of control and a strong future orientation, as the Model of Human Occupation would predict. No differences were found with the use of the Internal-External Scale (Rotter, 1966). The Thai and white Americans differed significantly on the Time Reference Inventory (Roos & Albers, 1965b). The Thai selected more items referring to the past, and the white Americans chose more statements applying to the present. There were no differences for past or future time extensions between groups. All the groups had a greater past extension than future extension. It was proposed that a larger future time perspective was not a requisite for functional temporal adaptation.
Hmong Children and Their Families: Consideration of Cultural Influences in Assessment
Authors: Meyers Cheryl 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists assessing young Hmong children with developmental problems must consider their families’ cultural beliefs as they affect the design of assessment procedures and practices. Choices that families make about health and educational services are influenced by their beliefs. Developmental status can be affected by unresolved medical problems and the child’s general health condition. Assessment components based on cultural awareness may improve the effectiveness of early identification of Hmong children with developmental delay. Appropriate use of interpreters, creation of the most beneficial assessment environment, parental report, and observation of functional skills and play provide needed information when determining the child’s eligibility for early intervention services. The author has found that trained interpreters provide the most reliable communication between family members and the therapist. Assessments in the home environment are encouraged due to the child’s age and the need for family support and interaction. Parents are an excellent source of information about the child’s current and past functional abilities. Observations of the child’s interaction with family members, with objects and toys during play, and during functional daily living activities provides the therapist with valuable information about the child’s need for intervention.
Culture, Theory, and the Practice of Occupational Therapy in New Zealand/Aotearoa
Authors: Jungersen Kaja 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In the context of contemporary New Zealand, this paper discusses the need for occupational therapy to substantiate its claims of being a holistic profession with particular reference to the Maori, the indigenous people of New Zealand (referred to by the Maori as Aotearoa). In this era of accountability and consumer choice, occupational therapists need to more effectively meet the cultural needs of their clients through an understanding of both the material and nonmaterial aspects of their cultures. However, for New Zealand occupational therapists, cultural sensitivity is not enough to contribute to changing the diminished life chances of the Maori. It is proposed in this paper that the Model of Human Occupation (Kielhofner, 1985: Kielhofner & Burke, 1980), when combined with the work of radical community educators such as Freire (1972), could provide the sociopolitical dimension to New Zealand practice. The Model of Human Occupation is examined in light of current occupational therapy practice in New Zealand. It is argued that this model, when accompanied by a broader understanding of the sociopolicical processes informing monoculturalism, could be seen as a suitable framework for understanding cultural differences in New Zealand and could assist in the move toward providing culturally appropriate occupational therapy for indigenous peoples such as the Maori.
Assessment of Codependency Behavior in Two Health Student Groups
Authors: Clark Jerry , Stoffel Virginia C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The present study examines the relationship between codependency and caregiving to determine whether codependent persons tend to be attracted to caregiving professions. The study also examined the relationship between codependency, self-esteem, and locus of control, as measured by the Friel Co-Dependency Assessment Inventory (Friel, 1985; Friel & Friel, 1987), the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (Fitts, 1965), and the internal-External Locus of Control Scale (Rotter, 1966), respectively. Voluntary participants consisted of 15 occupational therapy students and 15 health information administration (HIA) students believed to be different from one another with respect to the caregiving aspects of their respective professions. The occupational therapy group scored significantly lower than the HIA group on the measure of codependency (m = 21.2 vs. m = 28.8, respectively) [ t(28) = 2.258, p = 05]. No other significant differences were noted between groups for the other test scores. Only codependency scores between 31 and 60, that is, moderate-to-severe and severe concerns (n = 6), had a strong correlation with self-esteem scores (r= − .974) and a moderate correlation with locus of control scores (r = .683). No student in the occupational therapy group scored within the moderate-to-severe or severe range. The results did not support a relationship between codependency and choice of a caregiving-oriented profession. Further, only moderate-to-severe and severe codependency scores were indicative of low self-esteem and high external locus of control.
Implications of this study suggest incorporation into the academic preparation of occupational therapy students information regarding codependency and self-assessment of codependency to facilitate awareness of the student’s need to nurture others. Replication of this study with registered occupational therapists and certified occupational therapy assistants to determine the extent to which these findings are applicable is suggested.
An Analysis of Computer-Related Articles in Occupational Therapy Periodicals
Authors: Angelo Jennifer , Smith Roger O. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The introduction of personal computers in the late 1970s and early 1980s has affected occupational therapy. Nine journals, three trade newspapers, and one series book published over an 11-year period by four English-speaking countries were catalogued for articles pertaining to computer use in occupational therapy. This investigation yielded 174 articles that were categorized by information type, application of computers covered, sophistication of technology, computer brand, and country of publication. Most articles provided general information, described clinical training applications, used an Apple computer, and were from an American publication. Few articles were reports of research. The percentage of computer-related articles has substantially increased in the observed 11-year period. These findings indicate increased computer use in occupational therapy.
A Hierarchical Model for Evaluation and Treatment of Visual Perceptual Dysfunction in Adult Acquired Brain Injury, Part 2
Authors: Warren Mary 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A framework for evaluation and treatment of visual perceptual dysfunction in adults with acquired brain injury is presented. The framework is based on the concept of a hierarchical structure of perceptual skill levels that interact and subserve one another. Higher level skills in the structure evolve from the integration of lower level skills and are subsequently affected by disruption of the lower level skills. Oculomotor control, the visual fields, and visual acuity form the foundation skills in the framework, followed by visual attention, scanning, pattern recognition, memory, and visual cognition. The order of evaluation and treatment is dictated by the framework. Emphasis is placed on identification and remediation of deficits in the lower level skills that will cause spontaneous improvement of higher level skills. Three treatment principles and five training guidelines are presented that reflect this concept. Specific examples of treatment tasks are provided.
Effectiveness of Occupational Therapy for Reducing Restraint Use in a Psychiatric Setting
Authors: Carlson Janene M. , Holm Margo B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Patients who received occupational therapy services (OT Group) and those who did not (NOT Group) were compared in a retrospective record review to determine the efficacy of occupational therapy in reducing the need for restraint in a state psychiatric hospital .There were 60 subjects with an Axis I diagnosis in each group who met the qualifications of a continuous 90-day minimum inpatient status during 1990. The amount of time each subject spent in restraint, seclusion, or restraint and seclusion, and free from confinement served as the dependent variables. Results showed no differences between the OT Group and the NOT Group for time spent in confinement. A major limitation in this study was the lack of specificity in the documentation of occupational therapy services.
Acquired Lymphedema: A Chart Review of Nine Women’s Responses to Intervention
Authors: Dennis Barbara 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The medical records of nine women who had acquired lymphedema as a sequela to a modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer were analyzed to ascertain what factors, phenomena, or experiences in their lymphedema treatment may have influenced outcomes. The women were identified as having either successful or poor outcomes. Their conservative lymphedema treatment consisted of compression pumps, compression garments, and, in some cases, manual lymph drainage.
The qualitative analysis of records implicated the following factors in the outcome of conservative lymphedema treatment for these women: (a) the amount of delay before starting compression treatment, (b) the size of the lymphedematous arm when treatment started, (c) the availability of social and financial supports, and (d) the presence of complicating health problems. The findings of this study cannot be generalized; however, further scientific inquiry into the phenomena that lie behind treatment outcome variations could lead to more effective treatment approaches.
The Influence of Ergonomic Factors and Perceptual–Motor Abilities on Handwriting Performance
Authors: Tseng Mei Hui , Cermak Sharon A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Difficulty with handwriting is one of the most frequent reasons that children in the public schools are referred to occupational therapy. Current research on the influence of ergonomic factors, such as pencil grip and pressure, and perceptual–motor factors traditionally believed to affect handwriting, is reviewed. Factors such as visual perception show little relationship to handwriting, whereas tactile–kinesthetic, visual–motor, and motor planning appear to be more closely related to handwriting. By better understanding the ergonomic and perceptual–motor factors that contribute to and influence handwriting, therapists will be better able to design rationally based intervention programs.