bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Announcement or Contribution? The Relative Efficiency of Manipulated Lindahl Mechanisms
Authors: HASHIMZADE NIGAR , MYLES GARETH D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe private provision mechanism is individually incentive compatible but inefficient. The Lindahl mechanism is efficient but not incentive compatible. We analyze the outcome of the manipulated Lindahl mechanism. When the demand announcements of participants are unrestricted the Lindahl mechanism suffers from multiple equilibria. If the government removes the multiplicity by restricting the functional form of announcements the resulting Lindahl equilibrium can be made approximately efficient. Approximate efficiency is achieved by announcements that are one‐dimensional regardless of the number of participants in the mechanism. This is in contrast to mechanisms that achieve exact efficiency but require announcements whose dimensionality increases at the same rate as the number of participants. The mechanism we describe benefits from simplicity at the cost of approximate efficiency. We demonstrate that mechanisms in which a linear demand function is announced are supermodular so play will converge to the Nash equilibrium for a range of learning dynamics.
Growth and fructan content of plants of Vernonia herbacea (Asteraceae) regenerated from rhizophores
Authors: DE CARVALHO M. ANGELA MACHADO , ZAIDAN LILIAN B. P. , DIETRICH SONIA M. C. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYThe growth and fructan contents of plants of Vernonia herbacea (Veil.) Rusby regenerated from fragments of the underground organ (rhizophore) were analysed during two developmental cycles. When cultivated away from their natural ecosystem, these plants went through the same phenological phases as those naturally grown in the cerrado. The first aerial shoots started developing from initial fragments before the new underground system, the former acting as the main metabolic sink for the fructan present in the initial fragments. The new rhizophores started to develop by the sixth month, as photosynthates were transformed into fructans. Growth parameters measured reached higher values in the second growth cycle, exhibiting growth curves synchronized with those obtained for fructan contents in the new rhizophores. Fructo‐oligosaccharides were available mostly during the period of fast growth of aerial organs whilst the fructo‐polysaccharides were reduced. Fructan variation indicates that these compounds are metabolized during development. Additionally, the rapid growth, intense production of rhizophores and high fructan content make Vernonia herbacea a promising source of fructan for commercial use.
Implementing digital technology to enhance student learning of pathology
Authors: Farah C. S. , Maybury T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIntroduction:  The introduction of digital technologies into the dental curriculum is an ongoing feature of broader changes going on in tertiary education. This report examines the introduction of digital virtual microscopy technology into the curriculum of the School of Dentistry at the University of Queensland (UQ) in Brisbane, Australia.Methods and materials:  Sixty students studying a course in pathology in 2005 were introduced to virtual microscopy technology alongside the more traditional light microscope and then asked to evaluate their own learning outcomes from this technology via a structured 5‐point LIKART survey.Results:  A wide variety of questions dealing the pedagogic implications of the introduction of virtual microscopy into pathology were asked of students with the overall result being that it positively enhanced their learning of pathology via digital microscopic means.Discussion:  The success of virtual microscopy in dentistry at UQ is then discussed in the larger context of changes going on in tertiary education. In particular, the change from the print‐literate tradition to the electronic one, that is from ‘literacy to electracy’. Virtual microscopy is designated as a component of this transformation to electracy.Conclusion:  Whilst traditional microscopic skills may still be valued in dental curricula, the move to virtual microscopy and computer‐assisted, student‐centred learning of pathology appears to enhance the learning experience in relation to its effectiveness in helping students engage and interact with the course material.
Oral manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus infected children in highly active antiretroviral therapy era
Authors: Dos Santos Pinheiro Raquel , França Talita Tenório , Ribeiro Camila Maria Beder , Leão Jair Carneiro , De Souza Ivete Pomarico Ribeiro , Castro Gloria Fernanda 
Published: July 2009

Objective:  Conducted a literature review to identify studies that reported on the oral manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children in highly active antiretrovial therapy (HAART) era.Methods:  A search electronic data base were used and the terms used were ‘oral lesions’ and ‘oral manifestations’. The studies of prevalence of oral manifestation in children with HIV worldwide, descriptive studies, case reports, studies on the association of oral lesions and levels of immune suppression, use of HAART and transmission of HIV were included.Results:  There have been substantial changes in the management of HIV disease, especially in the past decade because of the use of HAART. However, children are still being infected and present some peculiarities when compared with adults. Molecular epidemiology, transmission and therapy of the common opportunistic oral infections of HIV disease need to be better understood as a consequence of improved anti‐HIV strategies. Treatment with HAART improves the immune function and decreases mortality, morbidity, and opportunistic infections in HIV‐infected persons.Conclusion:  The frequency and severity of oral disease associated with HIV infection have reduced considerably, although the use of HAART may be associated with an increased appearance of oral lesions associated with human papillomavirus and potentially increase the risk of later oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Telomerase activity and telomere length in acute leukemia: correlations with disease progression, subtypes and overall survival
Authors: WANG Y. , FANG M. , SUN X. , SUN J. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThe progressive shortening of telomeres and the activation of telomerase are considered to be one of the important mechanisms in cellular immortalization and disease progression. Bone marrow samples were collected from 148 patients with acute leukemia (AL). Based on the stage of the disease, patients were divided into the newly diagnosed group, the relapsed group and the complete remission (CR) group. telomerase activity (TA) was examined by PCR‐ELISA, and telomere length (TL) was examined by Southern blot analyses. TA and TL were analyzed in relation to AL stage and subtype. Five‐year survival was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier survival curve. TA in AL patients was higher than healthy individuals. TA level was the highest in the relapsed group, followed by the newly diagnosed group, and then the CR group. TA had no difference between acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) group and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) group. But TA in group of subtype M3 was lower than other subtypes of ANLL. TL in AL group was shorter than the control group. TL was the shortest in the relapsed group, followed by the newly diagnosed group, and finally the CR group. TL exhibited an inverse correlation with TA. The group of patients with high TA had a significantly poorer five‐year‐survival than that of low TA group. TA is elevated and TL is shortened in AL patients. There is a significant inverse correlation between TL and TA. Patients in late‐stage disease had shorter TL and higher TA than those in early stages. The shortened TL and elevated TA correlated with disease progression and relapse, and they may serve as prognostic factors for AL patients with poor outcome. M3 subtype is special with relative lower TA and long‐lasting survival than other subtypes.
Low-overhead defect tolerance in crossbar nanoarchitectures
Authors: Tahoori Mehdi B. 
Published: July 2009

It is anticipated that the number of defects in nanoscale devices fabricated using bottom-up self-assembly process is significantly higher than that for CMOS devices fabricated by conventional top-down lithography patterning. This is mainly because of inherent lack of control in self-assembly fabrication as well as atomic scale of devices. The goal of defect tolerance, as an integral part of nano computing, is to obtain error-free computation from such fabrics containing defective elements.
In this article, an application-independent defect tolerant scheme for reconfigurable crossbar array nanoarchitectures is presented. The main feature of this approach is that the existence and location of defective resources within the nano-fabric are hidden from the entire design flow, resulting in minimum post-fabrication customization per chip and minimum changes to the entire design and synthesis flow. It is also shown how to drastically minimize the area overhead associated with this flow. The proposed technique requires extraction of regular yet incomplete defect-free subsets, in contrast to previously proposed complete defect-free subsets. This can greatly reduce the area overhead required for defect tolerance while not sacrificing logic mapping or signal routing capabilities. Extensive simulation results confirm considerable reduction in the area overhead without any negative impact on the usability of modified defect-free subsets.
Prostaglandin F2α-F-Prostanoid Receptor Signaling Promotes Neutrophil Chemotaxis via Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 1 in Endometrial Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Wallace Alison E. , Sales Kurt J. , Catalano Roberto D. , Anderson Richard A. , Williams Alistair R.W. , Wilson Martin R. , Schwarze Jurgen , Wang Hongwei , Rossi Adriano G. , Jabbour Henry N. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) receptor (FP) is elevated in endometrial adenocarcinoma. This study found that PGF2α signaling via FP regulates expression of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) in endometrial adenocarcinoma cells. Expression of CXCL1 and its receptor, CXCR2, are elevated in cancer tissue compared with normal endometrium and localized to glandular epithelium, endothelium, and stroma. Treatment of Ishikawa cells stably transfected with the FP receptor (FPS cells) with 100 nmol/L PGF2α increased CXCL1 promoter activity, mRNA, and protein expression, and these effects were abolished by cotreatment of cells with FP antagonist or chemical inhibitors of Gq, epidermal growth factor receptor, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Similarly, CXCL1 was elevated in response to 100 nmol/L PGF2α in endometrial adenocarcinoma explant tissue. CXCL1 is a potent neutrophil chemoattractant. The expression of CXCR2 colocalized to neutrophils in endometrial adenocarcinoma and increased neutrophils were present in endometrial adenocarcinoma compared with normal endometrium. Conditioned media from PGF2α-treated FPS cells stimulated neutrophil chemotaxis, which could be abolished by CXCL1 protein immunoneutralization of the conditioned media or antagonism of CXCR2. Finally, xenograft tumors in nude mice arising from inoculation with FPS cells showed increased neutrophil infiltration compared with tumors arising from wild-type cells or following treatment of mice bearing FPS tumors with CXCL1-neutralizing antibody. In conclusion, our results show a novel PGF2α-FP pathway that may regulate the inflammatory microenvironment in endometrial adenocarcinoma via neutrophil chemotaxis. [Cancer Res 2009;69(14):5726–33]
Combination therapy with normobaric oxygen (NBO) plus thrombolysis in experimental ischemic stroke
Authors: Fujiwara Norio , Murata Yoshihiro , Arai Ken , Egi Yasuhiro , Lu Jie , Wu Ona , Singhal Aneesh B , Lo Eng H 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Background
The widespread use of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), the only FDA-approved acute stroke treatment, remains limited by its narrow therapeutic time window and related risks of brain hemorrhage. Normobaric oxygen therapy (NBO) may be a useful physiological strategy that slows down the process of cerebral infarction, thus potentially allowing for delayed or more effective thrombolysis. In this study we investigated the effects of NBO started simultaneously with intravenous tPA, in spontaneously hypertensive rats subjected to embolic middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke. After homologous clot injection, animals were randomized into different treatment groups: saline injected at 1 hour; tPA at 1 hour; saline at 1 hour plus NBO; tPA at 1 hour plus NBO. NBO was maintained for 3 hours. Infarct volume, brain swelling and hemorrhagic transformation were quantified at 24 hours. Outcome assessments were blinded to therapy.

Results
Upon clot injection, cerebral perfusion in the MCA territory dropped below 20% of pre-ischemic baselines. Both tPA-treated groups showed effective thrombolysis (perfusion restored to nearly 100%) and smaller infarct volumes (379 ± 57 mm3 saline controls; 309 ± 58 mm3 NBO; 201 ± 78 mm3 tPA; 138 ± 30 mm3 tPA plus NBO), showing that tPA-induced reperfusion salvages ischemic tissue and that NBO does not significantly alter this neuroprotective effect. NBO had no significant effect on hemorrhagic conversion, brain swelling, or mortality.

Conclusion
NBO can be safely co-administered with tPA. The efficacy of tPA thrombolysis is not affected and there is no induction of brain hemorrhage or edema. These experimental results require clinical confirmation.
Validity and reliability of a new, short symptom rating scale in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Härdén Marie , Nyström Britta , Kulich Károly , Carlsson Jonas , Bengtson Ann , Edvardsson Nils 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Background
Symptoms related to atrial fibrillation and their impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are often evaluated in clinical trials. However, there remains a need for a properly validated instrument. We aimed to develop and validate a short symptoms scale for patients with AF.

Methods
One hundred and eleven patients with a variety of symptoms related to AF were scheduled for DC cardioversion. The mean age was 67.1 ± 12.1 years, and 80% were men. The patients completed the new symptoms scale, the Toronto Symptoms Check List (SCL) and the generic Short Form 36 (SF-36) the day before the planned DC cardioversion. Compliance was excellent, with only 1 of 666 answers missing.

Results
One item, 'limitations in working capability', was deleted because of a low numerical response rate, as many of the patients were retired. The internal consistency reliability of the remaining six items was 0.81 (Cronbach's α). Patients scored highest in the items of 'dyspnoea on exertion', 'limitations in daily life due to AF' and 'fatigue due to AF', with scores of 4.5, 3.3 and 4.5, respectively. There was a good correlation to all relevant SF-36 domains and to the relevant questions of the SCL. The Rasch analyses showed that the items are unidimensional and that they are clearly separated and cover an adequate range. Test-retest reliability was performed in patients who failed DC and was adequate for three of six items, >0.70.

Conclusion
The psychometric characteristics of the new short symptoms scale were found to have satisfactory reliability and validity.
Evaluation of the processing functions of a digital subtraction angiography image processor
Authors: Maher K. P. , Malone J. F. , Hurley G. D. , McInerney D. P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A large number of imaging systems for digital subtraction angiography (DSA) are now commercially available. Numerous evaluations of the performance of these systems have been reported in the literature. However systematic evaluations of the processing functions of DSA image processors have not been widely reported. Such an evaluation for one commercial system is presented in this paper. Functions evaluated include linear transformation, logarithmic transformation, integration, subtraction and temporal filtration. The observations indicate that image processing results are frequently achieved by indirect routes which compromise the fidelity of the image data.
The use of magnetic resonance imaging in the planning of iodine 125 therapy for melanoma of the choroid
Authors: Conard F. , Sealy R. , Hill J. , van Dyk B. 
Published: July 2009

Iodine-125 plaques have been described in the treatment of melanoma of the choroid (Sealy et al, 1980), which have a protective shielding to screen the adjacent normal structures, such as the optic nerve and extraocular muscles. This can significantly reduce the morbidity of treatment. However, when a returned edge is used to shield adjacent structures, such as the optic nerve, there is a very sharp dose gradient at the edge of the plaque which is not seen with unscreened plaques containing cobalt 60. This implies that the position of the edge of the tumour needs to be accurately known to ensure that the whole of the tumour mass is adequately irradiated. Malignant melanoma of the choroid is often associated with a large retinal detachment which may make it difficult to assess the precise size of the tumour, although it can be appreciated that a tumour is present. We describe here a case where this difficulty was experienced and where assistance was obtained in determining the edge of the tumour by use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning and study of the T 2 map.
Book reviews
Authors: Sherwood Thomas 
Published: July 2009

Far from being a chore, the chance of reviewing the new Year Book of Diagnostic Radiology is once again a thrilling prospect. Will the selection be as stimulating as remembered before, with key diagrams and tables to make even difficult papers as accessible as short abstracts, and those sharp, illuminating editorial comments? Perhaps one makes up all this past glory through false retrospective specs?
In fact, this Year Book is just as good as before, or better, I cannot claim to have been through it from end to end, and do not suppose it is intended for such reading.
Ultrasonographically defined parenchymal patterns of the breast: relationship to mammographic patterns and other risk factors for breast cancer
Authors: Kaizer Leonard , Fishell Eve K. , Hunt John W. , Foster F. Stuart , Boyd Norman F. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We have used ultrasound of the breast to define four parenchymal patterns in which increasing proportions of the breast are replaced by densely echogenic tissue. A series of 452 symptomatic women examined by both ultrasound and conventional X-ray mammography was reviewed to determine whether these ultrasonographic images could predict the breast parenchymal pattern defined mammographically. A very strong correlation was demonstrated between the breast pattern on ultrasound and the volume of the breast replaced by either dysplasia (Kendall's tau-b = 0.731 ± 0.026, p &lt; 0.0001) or ductal prominence (Kendall's tau-b = 0.641 ± 0.049, p &lt; 0.0001). This was seen both on initial reporting and on a blind re-reading of a random sample of 100 cases. The strength of correlation was similar for subgroups defined by family history of breast cancer, age, menopausal status, and history of benign breast disease, and the breast parenchymal pattern assessed by mammography or ultrasound showed similar associations with these variables. Ultrasonographic parenchymal patterns of the breast can predict the tissue patterns defined mammographically and may therefore be useful as a marker of breast cancer risk.
Flow cytometric evaluation of the effects of 2.3 MeV neutrons and 240 kV X rays on mouse spermatogenic S-phase cells using bromodeoxyuridine incorporation
Authors: Gasinska A. , Wilson G. D. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A sensitive flow cytometric assay has been developed to assess the effect of X rays or neutrons on the DNA-synthesizing ability of mouse testis cells. The dose to reduce the labelling index (LI) to 50% (ED50) was 25 cGy for X rays and 5 cGy for neutrons, giving a relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 5.0. A significant reduction of the LI was seen at X-ray doses as low as 10 cGy. Neutron treatment resulted in an exponential decrease in functional S-phase cells while the X-ray response was biphasic. The sensitivity and rapidity of the assay would be suitable for use in biological dosimetry.
Safety of gamma camera flood sources
Authors: Jeans S. P. 
Published: July 2009

In response to the points raised above, I would make the following comments.
(1) The risk to the operator of the ingestion of lead has been minimized in two ways. All the exposed lead surfaces have been sprayed with lead bonding paint; we have also provided handles, which obviate the need for the operator to handle the lead or cobalt surface.
Magnetic resonance imaging of benign ovarian masses
Authors: Mawhinney R. R. , Powell M. C. , Worthington B. S. , Symonds E. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Forty-one patients with 45 pelvic mass lesions were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All lesions were initially considered to be benign ovarian masses with this diagnosis confirmed in 36 lesions. The characteristics on MRI are analysed and features useful in predicting histological type identified. Our results indicate that a high, though not absolute, level of diagnostic specificity should be obtainable in identification of ovarian pathology.
Renal artery stenosis: the use of duplex ultrasound as a screening technique
Authors: Robertson R. , Murphy A. , Dubbins P. A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Over an 18-month period, 44 patients with hypertension were referred for evaluation of the renal arteries by duplex Doppler ultrasound. Those patients referred were pre-selected in that they were either young, or suffering from accelerated hypertension. Eleven patients (12 arteries) were considered to have characteristics suggesting renal artery stenosis. Of the 11 patients, nine have submitted themselves for further evaluation by angiography and radionuclide renography. These further investigations have identified seven true positive and three false positive results. Criteria for duplex diagnosis of renal artery stenosis are presented and a possible role for duplex Doppler ultrasound as a screening tool for renal vascular hypertension is discussed.
Deconvolution of emission tomographic data: a clinical evaluation
Authors: Yanch J. C. , Irvine A. T. , Webb S. , Flower M. A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A method of improving the quality of images in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is demonstrated using transaxial images of the liver and brain. Deconvolution of the nuclear medicine data by a point source response function (PSRF) acquired previously in a scattering medium attempts to compensate for scattered radiation within the patient. The average geometric response of the collimator of the gamma camera is also compensated for with this technique. Three patients with known metastatic lesions in the liver and three with primary lesions in the brain were imaged. Clinical assessment of reconstructed slices both before and after deconvolution demonstrates that compensating for the effects of scatter and of collimator blurring leads to enhanced detail of pathological lesions. In all cases, cold lesions seen prior to deconvolution were enhanced in detail and, in addition, new lesions were seen with this technique.