bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-reported price of cigarettes, consumption and compensatory behaviours in a cohort of Mexican smokers before and after a cigarette tax increase
Authors: Saenz-de-Miera Belen , Thrasher James F , Chaloupka Frank J , Waters Hugh R , Hernandez-Avila Mauricio , Fong Geoffrey T 
Published: September 2010

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of a 2007 cigarette tax increase from 110% to 140% of the price to the retailer on cigarette price and consumption among Mexican smokers, including efforts to offset price increases.MethodsData were analysed from the 2006 and 2007 administrations of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Survey in Mexico, which is a population-based cohort of adult smokers. Self-reported price of last cigarette purchase, place of last purchase, preferred brand, daily consumption and quit behaviour were assessed at baseline and follow-up.ResultsSelf-reported cigarette prices increased by 12.7% after the tax increase, with prices for international brands increasing more than for national brands (13.5% vs 8.7%, respectively). Although the tax increases were not fully passed onto consumers particularly on national brands, no evidence was found for smokers changing behaviour to offset price increases. Consistent declines in consumption across groups defined by sociodemographic and smoking-related psychosocial variables suggest a relatively uniform impact of the tax increase across subpopulations. However, decreased consumption appeared limited to people who smoked relatively more cigarettes a day (>5 cigarettes/day). Average daily consumption among lighter smokers did not significantly decline. A total of 13% (n=98) of the sample reported being quit for a month or more at follow-up. In multivariate models, lighter smokers were more likely than heavier smokers to be quit.ConclusionsResults suggest that the 2007 tax increase was passed on to consumers, whose consumption generally declined. Since no other tobacco control policies or programmes were implemented during the period analysed, the tax increase appears likely to have decreased consumption.
Using policy to increase prescribing of smoking cessation medications in the VA healthcare system
Authors: Smith Mark W , Chen Shuo , Siroka Andrew M , Hamlett-Berry Kim 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundSince 2002 the US Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system has initiated national policies and programmes to reduce smoking among its patients and to increase evidence-based treatment for smoking.ObjectiveTo document changes in dispensing rates of cessation-related medications in VA from 2004 to 2008.DesignRetrospective analysis of VA administrative data.ResultsPrescription fills for nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), and for bupropion among NRT users, each grew more than 60% in four years. The increase stemmed primarily from treating more people rather than from filling more prescriptions per person.ConclusionThe results provide strong support for the efficacy of these policies and illustrate how healthcare systems can successfully employ multiple strategies to increase evidence-based smoking-cessation treatment.
Economic effects of Ohio's smoke-free law on Kentucky and Ohio border counties: Table 1
Authors: Pyles Mark K , Hahn Ellen J 
Published: September 2010

ObjectiveTo determine if the Ohio statewide smoke-free law is associated with economic activity in Ohio or Kentucky counties that lie on the border between the two states. In November 2006, Ohio implemented a comprehensive statewide smoke-free law for all indoor workplaces.DesignA feasible generalised least squares (FLGS) time series design to estimate the impact of the Ohio smoke-free law on Kentucky and Ohio border counties.SettingSix Kentucky and six Ohio counties that lie on the border between the two states.SubjectsAll reporting hospitality and accommodation establishments in all Kentucky and Ohio counties including but not limited to food and drinking establishments, hotels and casinos.Main outcome measuresTotal number of employees, total wages paid and number of reported establishments in all hospitality and accommodation services, 6 years before Ohio's law and 1 year after.ResultsThere is no evidence of a disproportionate change in economic activity in Ohio or Kentucky border counties relative to their non-border counterparts. There was no evidence of a relation between Ohio's smoke-free law and economic activity in Kentucky border counties. The law generated a positive influence on wages and number of establishments in Ohio border counties. The null result cannot be explained by low test power, as minimum changes necessary in the dependent variables to detect a significant influence are very reasonable in size.ConclusionsOur data add to the large body of evidence that smoke-free laws are neutral with respect to the hospitality business across jurisdictions with and without laws.
WNT11 Expression Is Induced by Estrogen-Related Receptor α and β-Catenin and Acts in an Autocrine Manner to Increase Cancer Cell Migration
Authors: Dwyer Mary A. , Joseph James D. , Wade Hilary E. , Eaton Matthew L. , Kunder Rebecca S. , Kazmin Dmitri , Chang Ching-yi , McDonnell Donald P. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Elevated expression of the orphan nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) has been associated with a negative outcome in several cancers, although the mechanism(s) by which this receptor influences the pathophysiology of this disease and how its activity is regulated remain unknown. Using a chemical biology approach, it was determined that compounds, previously shown to inhibit canonical Wnt signaling, also inhibited the transcriptional activity of ERRα. The significance of this association was revealed in a series of biochemical and genetic experiments that show that (a) ERRα, β-catenin (β-cat), and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1 form macromolecular complexes in cells, (b) ERRα transcriptional activity is enhanced by β-cat expression and vice versa, and (c) there is a high level of overlap among genes previously shown to be regulated by ERRα or β-cat. Furthermore, silencing of ERRα and β-cat expression individually or together dramatically reduced the migratory capacity of breast, prostate, and colon cancer cells in vitro. This increased migration could be attributed to the ERRα/β-cat–dependent induction of WNT11. Specifically, using (a) conditioned medium from cells overexpressing recombinant WNT11 or (b) WNT11 neutralizing antibodies, we were able to show that this protein was the key mediator of the promigratory activities of ERRα/β-cat. Together, these data provide evidence for an autocrine regulatory loop involving transcriptional upregulation of WNT11 by ERRα and β-cat that influences the migratory capacity of cancer cells. Cancer Res; 70(22); 9298–308. ©2010 AACR.
Multiple Roles of Protein Kinase A in Arachidonic Acid–Mediated Ca2+ Entry and Tumor-Derived Human Endothelial Cell Migration
Authors: Fiorio Pla Alessandra , Genova Tullio , Pupo Emanuela , Tomatis Cristiana , Genazzani Armando , Zaninetti Roberta , Munaron Luca 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
We recently showed that arachidonic acid (AA) triggers calcium signals in endothelial cells derived from human breast carcinoma (B-TEC). In particular, AA-dependent Ca2+ entry is involved in the early steps of tumor angiogenesis in vitro. Here, we investigated the multiple roles of the nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathways in AA-mediated Ca2+ signaling in the same cells. B-TEC stimulation with 5 μmol/L AA resulted in endothelial NO synthase (NOS) phosphorylation at Ser1177, and NO release was measured with the fluorescent NO-sensitive probe DAR4M-AM. PKA inhibition by the use of the membrane-permeable PKA inhibitory peptide myristoylated PKI14-22 completely prevented both AA- and NO-induced calcium entry and abolished B-TEC migration promoted by AA. AA-dependent calcium entry and cell migration were significantly affected by both the NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester and the NO scavenger 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide, suggesting that NO release is functionally involved in the signaling dependent on AA. Moreover, pretreatment with carboxyamidotriazole, an antiangiogenic compound that interferes with agonist-activated calcium entry, prevented AA-dependent B-TEC motility. Interestingly, even in the absence of AA, enhancement of the cyclic AMP/PKA pathway with the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin evoked a calcium entry dependent on NOS recruitment and NO release. The functional relevance of AA-induced calcium entry could be restricted to tumor-derived endothelial cells (EC) because AA evoked a smaller calcium entry in normal human microvascular ECs compared with B-TECs, and even more importantly, it was unable to promote cell motility in wound healing assay. This evidence opens an intriguing opportunity for differential pharmacologic treatment between normal and tumor-derived human ECs. Mol Cancer Res; 8(11); 1466–76. ©2010 AACR.
DNA Damage–Induced Modulation of GLUT3 Expression Is Mediated through p53-Independent Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling in HeLa Cells
Authors: Watanabe Masaru , Naraba Hiroaki , Sakyo Tomoko , Kitagawa Takayuki 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Many cancer cells exhibit increased rates of uptake and metabolism of glucose compared with normal cells. Glucose uptake in mammalian cells is mediated by the glucose transporter (GLUT) family. Here, we report that DNA-damaging anticancer agents such as Adriamycin and etoposide suppressed the expression of GLUT3, but not GLUT1, in HeLa cells and a tumorigenic HeLa cell hybrid. Suppression of GLUT3 expression determined by the real-time PCR was also evident with another DNA-damaging agent, camptothecin, which reduced the promoter's activity as determined with a luciferase-linked assay. The suppression by these agents seemed to be induced independently of p53, and it was evident when wild-type p53 was overproduced in these cells. In contrast, the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126 (but not the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002) prevented the drug-induced suppression as determined by reverse transcription-PCR and promoter assays. Furthermore, overexpression of GLUT3 in HeLa cell hybrids increased resistance to these drugs, whereas depletion of the gene by small interfering RNA rendered the cells more sensitive to the drugs, decreasing glucose consumption. The results suggest that DNA-damaging agents reduce GLUT3 expression in cancer cells through activation of the MEK–ERK pathway independently of p53, leading to cell death or apoptosis. The findings may contribute to the development of new chemotherapeutic drugs based on the GLUT3-dependent metabolism of glucose. Mol Cancer Res; 8(11); 1547–57. ©2010 AACR.
Cancer and the Complement Cascade
Authors: Rutkowski Martin J. , Sughrue Michael E. , Kane Ari J. , Mills Steven A. , Parsa Andrew T. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Despite significant research on the role of inflammation and immunosurveillance in the immunologic microenvironment of tumors, little attention has been given to the oncogenic capabilities of the complement cascade. The recent finding that complement may contribute to tumor growth suggests an insidious relationship between complement and cancer, especially in light of evidence that complement facilitates cellular proliferation and regeneration. We address the hypothesis that complement proteins promote carcinogenesis and suggest mechanisms by which complement can drive the fundamental features of cancer. Evidence shows that this diverse family of innate immune proteins facilitates dysregulation of mitogenic signaling pathways, sustained cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, insensitivity to apoptosis, invasion and migration, and escape from immunosurveillance. Given that the traditionally held functions for the complement system include innate immunity and cancer defense, our review suggests a new way of thinking about the role of complement proteins in neoplasia. Mol Cancer Res; 8(11); 1453–65. ©2010 AACR.
Local Structure Parameters of Temperature and Humidity in the Entrainment-Drying Convective Boundary Layer: A Large-Eddy Simulation Analysis
Authors: Cheinet Sylvain , Cumin Pierre 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Many wave propagation applications depend on the local, instantaneous structure parameters of humidity and of potential temperature . This study uses a large-eddy simulation to explore and compare the variability of and in the shearless, entrainment-drying convective boundary layer (CBL). The predicted horizontal mean profiles of these quantities are shown to agree with corresponding observations. The results in the bulk CBL suggest that the largest occur in the entrained tropospheric air whereas the largest are within the convective plumes. There are distinct correlations between the vertical velocity and and between the vertical velocity and . It is shown that these correlations can significantly contribute to the mean vertical velocity biases measured from radars and sodars. A physical interpretation for these contributions is offered in terms of the CBL dynamics.
The Wavelength Dependence of the Gross Moist Stability and the Scale Selection in the Instability of Column-Integrated Moist Static Energy
Authors: Kuang Zhiming 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Gross moist stability (GMS), a measure of how efficiently divergent flow exports column-integrated moist static energy (MSE), is a widely used quantity in current simplified models of the tropical mean circulation and intraseasonal variabilities such as the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), where it is often assumed to be constant. In this paper, it is shown, with cloud-system-resolving model experiments that incorporate feedback from the large-scale flow, that the GMS is smaller at longer wavelengths. The reason for this wavelength dependence is that temperature anomalies required to maintain a given divergent flow increase with wavelength. At long wavelengths, the required temperature anomalies become sufficiently strong to affect the shape of convective heating. As a consequence, the divergent flow is forced to be less top heavy in order to maintain the balance of momentum, heat, and moisture, as well as consistency with the behavior of cumulus convection. A simple model is constructed to illustrate this behavior. Given the ongoing theoretical efforts that view the MJO as resulting from instability in column-integrated MSE, the results presented here provide a planetary-scale selection for such instability, which is absent in current theoretical models that assume a constant GMS.
On the Use of Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow to Study Secondary Eyewall Formation in Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Moon Yumin , Nolan David S. , Iskandarani Mohamed 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Previous studies have offered hypotheses for the mechanisms that lead to secondary eyewall formation in tropical cyclones by using two-dimensional incompressible flow. Those studies represented the convection-induced vorticity field as either large but weak vortices that are the same sign as the tropical cyclone core or as purely asymmetric vorticity perturbations that are an order of magnitude weaker than the core. However, both observations and full-physics simulations of tropical cyclones indicate that the convection-induced vorticity field should also include clusters of small vorticity dipoles whose magnitude is comparable to that of the high-vorticity core. Results of numerical simulations indicate that the interaction between the tropical cyclone core vortex and the convection-induced small vorticity dipoles of considerable strength in two-dimensional flow does not lead to coherent concentric vorticity ring formation. The axisymmetrization process under the simplification of two-dimensional incompressible flow appears to be incomplete for describing secondary eyewall formation.
On the Reliability of the Rank Histogram
Authors: Wilks D. S. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Ensemble consistency is a name for the condition that an observation being forecast by a dynamical ensemble is statistically indistinguishable from the ensemble members. This statistical indistinguishability condition is meaningful only in a multivariate sense. That is, it pertains to the joint distribution of the ensemble members and the observation. The rank histogram has been designed to assess overall ensemble consistency, but mistakenly employing it to assess only restricted aspects of this joint distribution (e.g., the climatological distribution) leads to the incorrect conclusion that the verification rank histogram is not a useful diagnostic for good behavior of ensemble forecasts. The potential confusion is analyzed in the context of an idealized multivariate Gaussian model of forecast ensembles and their corresponding observations, and it is shown that the rank histogram does correctly assess the consistency of forecast ensembles.
Impact of a six-month empowerment-based exercise intervention programme in non-physically active adolescent Swedish girls
Authors: Lindgren Eva-Carin , Baigi Amir , Apitzsch Erwin , Bergh Håkan 
Published: September 2010

Objective: This study evaluated changes in self-efficacy in non-physically active adolescent girls (13–19 years old) who participated in a six-month, empowerment-based exercise intervention programme (EIP). Design: The study used a pre- and post-test randomized group design and included one pre- and one post-test (at six months) and non-physically active adolescent girls ( N = 110) were assigned to an intervention group ( n = 54) or a comparison group ( n = 56). Setting: Two upper secondary schools and five secondary schools, located in the low socio-economic areas of two communities in southern Sweden were involved in the study. Method: The Swedish version of a 10-item General Self-efficacy Scale (GSES) and the Social Barriers to Exercise Self-efficacy Questionnaire (SPBESQ) were used. In addition, BMI and results from a physical fitness test were measured. For statistical analysis, the Mann-Whitney U-test and the Wilcoxon’s matched-pairs signed-rank test were used. Results: Analysis showed a statistically significant difference in GSES scores ( p = 0.037) between the groups after the EIP was implemented. Girls in the intervention group had increased their levels of general perceived self-efficacy ( p = 0.004). Both groups increased their level of physical fitness (intervention, p = 0.06 and control, p = 0.013). BMI increased in the control group ( p = 0.031). Conclusions: The EIP had an impact on adolescent girls’ general perceived self-efficacy and can be regarded as an outcome of empowerment that indicates the development of the adolescent girls’ ability to effectively deal with a variety of stressful situations in general.
European Palliative Care Research collaborative pain guidelines. Central side-effects management: what is the evidence to support best practice in the management of sedation, cognitive impairment and myoclonus?
Authors: Stone Patrick , Minton Ollie 
Published: September 2010

This is a systematic review examining the management of opioid-induced central side effects. It has been conducted as part of a larger European Palliative Care Research collaborative review into the use and role of opioids in cancer pain. The review process identified 26 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The overall quality of the data was low and the few recommendations that can be made are weak and require confirmatory studies. The main central side effects examined were sedation, cognitive failure, sleep disturbance and myoclonus. Overall there is limited evidence for the use of methylphenidate in counteracting opioid-induced sedation and cognitive disturbance. No clear recommendations can be made concerning other individual drugs for the management of any of the central side effects examined. Given the lack of available data from this review there need to be further prospective controlled trials to confirm or refute these findings.
Notch signaling is a critical regulator of allogeneic CD4+ T-cell responses mediating graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Zhang Yi , Sandy Ashley R. , Wang Jina , Radojcic Vedran , Shan Gloria T. , Tran Ivy T. , Friedman Ann , Kato Koji , He Shan , Cui Shuaiying , Hexner Elizabeth , Frank Dale M. , Emerson Stephen G. , Pear Warren S. , Maillard Ivan 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains the major barrier to the success of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). GVHD is caused by donor T cells that mediate host tissue injury through multiple inflammatory mechanisms. Blockade of individual effector molecules has limited efficacy in controlling GVHD. Here, we report that Notch signaling is a potent regulator of T-cell activation, differentiation, and function during acute GVHD. Inhibition of canonical Notch signaling in donor T cells markedly reduced GVHD severity and mortality in mouse models of allogeneic HSCT. Although Notch-deprived T cells proliferated and expanded in response to alloantigens in vivo, their ability to produce interleukin-2 and inflammatory cytokines was defective, and both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells failed to up-regulate selected effector molecules. Notch inhibition decreased the accumulation of alloreactive T cells in the intestine, a key GVHD target organ. However, Notch-deprived alloreactive CD4+ T cells retained significant cytotoxic potential and antileukemic activity, leading to improved overall survival of the recipients. These results identify Notch as a novel essential regulator of pathogenic CD4+ T-cell responses during acute GVHD and suggest that Notch signaling in T cells should be investigated as a therapeutic target after allogeneic HSCT.
Alterations in hippocampal serotonergic and INSR function in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats exposed to stress: neuroprotective role of pyridoxine and Aegle marmelose
Authors: Abraham Pretty Mary , Kuruvilla Korah P , Mathew Jobin , Malat Anitha , Joy Shilpa , Paulose CS 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDiabetes and stress stimulate hippocampal 5-HT synthesis, metabolism and release. The present study was carried out to find the effects of insulin,Aegle marmelosealone and in combination with pyridoxine on the hippocampal 5-HT, 5-HT2Areceptor subtype, gene expression studies on 5-HT2A, 5-HTT, INSR, immunohistochemical studies and elevated plus maze in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. 5-HT content showed a significant decrease (p< 0.001) and a significant increase (p< 0.001) in 5-HIAA in hippocampus of diabetic rats compared to control. 5-HT receptor binding parameters Bmaxand Kdshowed a significant decrease (p< 0.001) whereas 5-HT2Areceptor binding parameters Bmaxshowed a significant decrease (p< 0.001) with a significant increase (p< 0.05) in Kdin hippocampus of diabetic rats compared to control. Gene expression studies of 5-HT2A,5-HTT and INSR in hippocampus showed a significant down regulation (p< 0.001) in diabetic rats compared to control. Pyridoxine treated in combination with insulin andA. marmeloseto diabetic rats reversed the 5-HT content, Bmax, Kdof 5-HT, 5-HT2Aand gene expression of 5-HT2A, 5-HTT and INSR in hippocampus to near control. The gene expression of 5-HT2Aand 5-HTT were confirmed by immunohistochemical studies. Behavioural studies using elevated plus maze showed that serotonin through its transporter significantly increased (p < 0.001) anxiety-related traits in diabetic rats which were corrected by combination therapy. Our results suggest that pyridoxine treated in combination with insulin andA. marmelosehas a role in the regulation of insulin synthesis and release, normalising diabetic related stress and anxiety through hippocampal serotonergic function. This has clinical significance in the management of diabetes.