bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat transport by turbulent rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection and its dependence on the aspect ratio
Authors: Weiss Stephan , Ahlers Guenter 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe report on the influence of rotation about a vertical axis on heat transport by turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection in a cylindrical vessel with an aspect ratio$\Gamma \equiv D/ L= 0. 50$($D$is the diameter and$L$the height of the sample) and compare the results with those for larger$\Gamma $. The working fluid was water at${T}_{m} = 4{0\hspace{0.167em} }^{\ensuremath{\circ} } \mathrm{C} $where the Prandtl number$\mathit{Pr}$ is 4.38. For rotation rates$\Omega \lesssim 1~\mathrm{rad} ~{\mathrm{s} }^{\ensuremath{-} 1} $, corresponding to inverse Rossby numbers$1/ \mathit{Ro}$between zero and twenty, we measured the Nusselt number$\mathit{Nu}$for six Rayleigh numbers$\mathit{Ra}$in the range$2. 2\ensuremath{\times} 1{0}^{9} \lesssim \mathit{Ra}\lesssim 7. 2\ensuremath{\times} 1{0}^{10} $. For small rotation rates and at constant$\mathit{Ra}$, the reduced Nusselt number${\mathit{Nu}}_{red} \equiv \mathit{Nu}(1/ \mathit{Ro})/ \mathit{Nu}(0)$initially increased slightly with increasing$1/ \mathit{Ro}$, but at$1/ \mathit{Ro}= 1/ {\mathit{Ro}}_{0} \simeq 0. 5$it suddenly became constant or decreased slightly depending on$\mathit{Ra}$. At$1/ {\mathit{Ro}}_{c} \approx 0. 85$a second sharp transition occurred in${\mathit{Nu}}_{red} $to a state where${\mathit{Nu}}_{red} $increased with increasing$1/ \mathit{Ro}$. We know from direct numerical simulation that the transition at$1/ {\mathit{Ro}}_{c} $corresponds to the onset of Ekman vortex formation reported before for$\Gamma = 1$at$1/ {\mathit{Ro}}_{c} \simeq 0. 4$and for$\Gamma = 2$at$1/ {\mathit{Ro}}_{c} = 0. 18$(Weisset al.,Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 105, 2010, 224501). The$\Gamma $-dependence of$1/ {\mathit{Ro}}_{c} $can be explained as a finite-size effect that can be described phenomenologically by a Ginzburg–Landau model; this model is discussed in detail in the present paper. We do not know the origin of the transition at$1/ {\mathit{Ro}}_{0} $. Above$1/ {\mathit{Ro}}_{c} $,${\mathit{Nu}}_{red} $increased with increasing$\Gamma $up to${\ensuremath{\sim} }1/ \mathit{Ro}= 3$. We discuss the$\Gamma $-dependence of${\mathit{Nu}}_{red} $in this range in terms of the average Ekman vortex density as predicted by the model. At even larger$1/ \mathit{Ro}\gtrsim 3$there is a decrease of${\mathit{Nu}}_{red} $that can be attributed to two possible effects. First, the Ekman pumping might become less efficient when the Ekman layer is significantly smaller than the thermal boundary layer, and second, for rather large$1/ \mathit{Ro}$, the Taylor–Proudman effect in combination with boundary conditions suppresses fluid flow in the vertical direction.
Studies on the behaviour of peridomestic and endophagic M form Anopheles gambiae from a rice growing area of Ghana
Authors: Charlwood J.D. , Tomás E.V.E. , Salgueiro P. , Egyir-Yawson A. , Pitts R.J. , Pinto J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe ‘paddy paradox’, the occurrence of large populations of vectors but low amounts of malaria transmission where irrigated rice is grown, was investigated in a village in Ghana where M form Anopheles gambiae are common. Peridomestic and indoor host-seeking mosquitoes were collected in tent traps and light traps over 21 consecutive nights at the start of the rainy season in June 2009 when the population increased exponentially from less than 100 per night to over 1000. Infection rates in the overall mosquito population were 0.3% and in the estimated parous population were 1.9%. Numbers of An. gambiae in the tent trap peaked between midnight and 02:40 am. The majority of insects were taking their first blood meal, as virgins or shortly after mating. More than expected were collected in the light trap during a rainstorm at the start of the rains but overall numbers were not affected. Fewer than expected were collected after a subsequent storm. Recruitment to the adult population decreased over the following days. It is hypothesised that the ‘paddy paradox’ is due to young pre-gravid insects dispersing more widely than gravid ones, not necessarily to low survival in the mosquito.
The biology of an Antarctic rhodophyte,Palmaria decipiens: recent advances
Authors: Becker Susanne , Quartino María Liliana , Campana Gabriela Laura , Bucolo Philip , Wiencke Christian , Bischof Kai 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPalmaria decipiens(Reinsch) R.W. Ricker (1987) represents one of the dominant rhodophyte species in Antarctic coastal ecosystems. Due to its high abundance in the intertidal and upper subtidal it plays a key role in ecosystem structure and function, providing habitat, food and shelter for a multitude of associated organisms. The physiology, reproductive strategy and life cycle ofP. decipiensis considered as being well adapted to the Antarctic environment, which is characterized by permanent low water temperatures and a strong seasonality in light climate. With its obvious ecological significance and adaptive strategiesP. decipienswas frequently studied as a typical representative of an endemic Antarctic macroalga. Here we provide an overview of the recent literature, summarizing the knowledge gained about the alga during the last 25 years. This review focuses on the species life cycle and physiological responses, such as temperature requirements, photosynthetic characteristics, pigment content and protective mechanisms with regard to enhanced ultraviolet radiation (UV-B radiation, 280–315 nm and UV-A radiation, 315–400 nm). The ecology ofP. decipiensis reviewed focussing on grazing activity and abundance patterns. Since most studies onP. decipienshave been conducted at King George Island off the western Antarctic Peninsula this overview serves as a summary of baseline data from an ecosystem particularly prone to environmental change.
Prevalence of ocular signs and subclinical vitamin A deficiency and its determinants among rural pre-school children in India
Authors: Laxmaiah Avula , Nair Madhavan K , Arlappa Nimmathota , Raghu Pullakhandam , Balakrishna Nagalla , Mallikharjuna Rao Kodavanti , Galreddy Chitty , Kumar Sharad , Ravindranath Manachala , Vikas Rao Varaganti , Brahmam Ginnela NV 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the magnitude and determinants of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and coverage of vitamin A supplementation (VAS) among pre-school children.DesignA community-based cross-sectional study was carried out by adopting a multistage, stratified, random sampling procedure.SettingRural areas of eight states in India.SubjectsPre-school children and their mothers were covered.ResultsA total of 71 591 pre-school children were clinically examined for ocular signs of VAD. Serum retinol concentrations in dried blood spots were assessed in a sub-sample of 3954 children using HPLC. The prevalence of Bitot spots was 0·8 %. The total ocular signs were significantly higher (P < 0·001) among boys (2·6 %) compared with girls (1·9 %) and in older children (3–4 years) compared (P < 0·001) with younger (1–2 years), and were also high in children of labourers, scheduled castes and illiterate mothers. The odds of having Bitot spots was highest in children of scheduled caste (OR = 3·8; 95 % CI 2·9, 5·0), labourers (OR = 2·9; 95 % CI 2·1, 3·9), illiterate mothers (OR = 2·7; 95 % CI 2·2, 2·3) and households without a sanitary latrine (OR = 5·9; 95 % CI 4·0, 8·7). Subclinical VAD (serum retinol level <20 μg/dl) was observed in 62 % of children. This was also relatively high among scheduled caste and scheduled tribe children. The rate of coverage of VAS was 58 %.ConclusionsThe study revealed that VAD is a major nutritional problem and coverage of VAS was poor. The important determinants of VAD were illiteracy, low socio-economic status, occupation and poor sanitation. Strengthening the existing VAS programme and focused attention on dietary diversification are essential for prevention of VAD.
PTEN interacts with metal-responsive transcription factor 1 and stimulates its transcriptional activity
Authors: Lin Meng-Chieh , Liu Ya-Chuan , Tam Ming F. , Lu Yu-Ju , Hsieh Ya-Ting , Lin Lih-Yuan 
Published: September 2011

MTF-1 (metal-responsive transcription factor 1) is an essential mammalian protein for embryonic development and modulates the expression of genes involving in zinc homoeostasis and responding to oxidative stress. We report in the present paper that PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) associates with MTF-1 in the cells. These two proteins interact via the acidic domain of MTF-1 and the phosphatase/C2 domain of PTEN. Depletion of PTEN reduced MT (metallothionein) gene expression and increased cellular sensitivity to cadmium toxicity. PTEN did not alter the nuclear translocation, protein stability or DNA-binding activity of MTF-1. Zinc increased MTF-1–PTEN interaction in a dose-dependent manner. The interaction elevated within 2 h of zinc addition and declined afterwards in the cells. The enhanced binding activity occurred mainly in the cytoplasm and reduced after translocating the MTF-1 into the nucleus. Blocking signalling through the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) pathway did not alter the zinc-induced MT expression. Analysis of enzymatically inactive PTEN mutants demonstrated that protein but not lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN was involved in the regulation of MTF-1 activity. The same regulatory role of PTEN was also noted in the regulation of ZnT1 (zinc transporter 1), another target gene of MTF-1.
Dispersion energy evaluated by using locally projected occupied and excited molecular orbitals for molecular interaction
Authors: Iwata Suehiro 
Published: September 2011

The dispersion terms are evaluated with the perturbation theory based on the locally projected molecular orbitals. A series of model systems, including some of the S22 set, is examined, and the calculated binding energies are compared with the published results. The basis set dependence is also examined. The dispersion energy correction is evaluated by taking into account the double excitations only of the dispersion type electron configurations and is added to the 3rd order single excitation perturbation energy, which is a good approximation to the counterpoise (CP) corrected Hartree-Fock (HF) binding energy. The procedure is the approximate “CP corrected HF + D” method. It ensures that the evaluated binding energy is approximately free of the basis set superposition error without the CP procedure. If the augmented basis functions are used, the evaluated binding energies for the predominantly dispersion-bound systems, such as rare gas dimers and halogen bonded clusters, agree with those of the reference calculations within 1 kcal mol−1 (4 kJ mol−1). The limitation of the present method is also discussed.
Randomized approximate nearest neighbors algorithm
Authors: Jones Peter Wilcox , Osipov Andrei , Rokhlin Vladimir 
Published: September 2011

We present a randomized algorithm for the approximate nearest neighbor problem in
d
-dimensional Euclidean space. Given
N
points {

x

j

} in

, the algorithm attempts to find
k
nearest neighbors for each of

x

j

, where
k
is a user-specified integer parameter. The algorithm is iterative, and its running time requirements are proportional to
T
·
N
·(
d
·(log
d
) +
k
·(
d
+ log
k
)·(log
N
)) +
N
·
k
2
·(
d
+ log
k
), with
T
the number of iterations performed. The memory requirements of the procedure are of the order
N
·(
d
+
k
). A by-product of the scheme is a data structure, permitting a rapid search for the
k
nearest neighbors among {

x

j

} for an arbitrary point

. The cost of each such query is proportional to
T
·(
d
·(log
d
) + log(
N
/
k
)·
k
·(
d
+ log
k
)), and the memory requirements for the requisite data structure are of the order
N
·(
d
+
k
) +
T
·(
d
+
N
). The algorithm utilizes random rotations and a basic divide-and-conquer scheme, followed by a local graph search. We analyze the scheme’s behavior for certain types of distributions of {

x

j

} and illustrate its performance via several numerical examples.
Borrelia: biology of the organism.
Authors: Toledo A. , Benach J. L. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the biology of Borrelia, emphasizing the bacterial components required for infection and the interaction with the immune system. It presents an overview of the history of Lyme disease and describes the taxonomy, life cycle, cultivation, preferred anatomical locations, genome and morphology of Borrelia. The prominent Borrelia antigens and virulence factors and host response (humoral response, complement activation, B cell response, innate immune response, T cell response and autoimmunity) are discussed.
Borrelia: interactions with the host immune system.
Authors: Dattwyler R. J. , Sperber K. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

This chapter describes the aetiology of Lyme disease, the genomic structure of Borrelia burgdorferi, and its transmission to other mammalian hosts through ticks. The clinical manifestations (dermatological, neurological and cardiac manifestations and Lyme arthritis), laboratory diagnosis and pathogenesis of Lyme disease and the host immune response are discussed.
Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection after antibiotic treatment: what can we learn from animal models?
Authors: Hovius J. W. R. , Wormser G. P. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

This chapter briefly describes human Lyme borreliosis and discusses the most widely used animal models (mice, dogs and non-human primates) for Lyme borreliosis, with a focus on studies investigating the persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in untreated and antibiotic-treated animals.
Antibiotic therapy for infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.
Authors: Wormser G. P. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

This book chapter discusses the following topics: antibiotic susceptibility of B. burgdorferi; prevention and treatment of B.. burgdorferi infection; treatment duration; B. burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl) arthritis; coinfection; post-treatment persistent subjective symptoms; guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Bbsl infection.
Chronic Lyme disease.
Authors: Marques A. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

The term 'chronic Lyme disease' is used to describe vastly different patient populations, including patients with objective manifestations of late Lyme disease, patients with post-Lyme disease syndrome, and patients with nonspecific signs and symptoms of unclear cause who were diagnosed based on unproven and non-validated clinical and laboratory criteria. This chapter describes the diagnosis and categories of 'chronic Lyme disease' and assesses the clinical symptoms and efficacy of antibiotic treatment of post Lyme disease syndrome.
Of This World and the Next: Metaphors and Meanings in the Qābūs-nāmah
Authors: Amirsoleimani Soheila 
Published: September 2011

In an article antitled “Belles-Lettres, Ethics and Didactic Literature: Thoughts on Three Concepts in Iranian Culture,” Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak poses the question whether the large body of andarz literature, “…may be said to form…‘the grammar of ethical thought’ in Persian.” The author briefly reviews the most recent scholarship on the subject, including Charles-Henri de Fouchécour's comprehensive and singular work, and concludes by calling for the necessity of close analyses of works of andarz from rhetorical, cultural, and social perspectives. It is through such close analyses, he maintains, that we can begin to understand “the grammar of ethical thought in Persian.”Karimi-Hakkak underscores the pragmatic aspect of andarz literature. As de Fouchécour also observes, ‘The point of departure was…not a set of moral precepts, but convenience: Morality was knowing how to live in society (farhang, adab).” The authors of andarz literature provided both general and specific directives as to how one could best live in society.
The Iranian-Siamese Connection: An Iranian Community in the Thai Kingdom of Ayutthaya
Authors: Marcinkowski M. Ismail 
Published: September 2011

Those who are familiar with the history of Muslim civilization in Southeast Asia in general, and in Thailand in particular, might be conversant with traces of the Malay or Arabic cultural and religious influences in this region. Cultural interchanges between Iran and maritime Southeast Asia during the pre-Islamic period have been studied by a number of scholars including Brian Colless who wrote several works on the activities of Nestorian and Armenian Christians in the region during the Sasanid period. Much more work has been done on Iranian influences in the spread of Islam into Southeast Asia although the interpretation of the phenomenon often depends on the religious perspective of the writer. Much of the modern literature focuses on actual or alleged Persian elements in Malay language, literature, and culture.The purpose of the present paper is to review some of the literature to date on the Iranian community in the Siamese Ayutthaya kingdom in the seventeenth century and to highlight the main problems those studies have focused on.
To Be or Not To Be An Orientalist?: The Ambivalent Art of Antoin Sevruguin
Authors: Navab Aphrodite Désirée 
Published: September 2011

The name of the Armenian-Iranian photographer Antoin Sevruguin (ca.1838-1933) is not found today in the literature of the world history of photography. Although his photographs were published in several English books about Iran during his own time, the standard Western works on the history of photography, including those covering the Near East, all fail to mention Sevruguin. He does appear, however, in Yahya Zoka's Persian-language history of photography in Iran (1997).In 1999 the Smithsonian Institution, which houses one of the two major collections of Sevruguin's work, published Sevruguin and the Persian Image: Photographs of Iran 1870-1930. Almost simultaneously, the National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden, Netherlands, which houses the other collection, published a book called Sevruguin's Iran, a combined effort by the Netherlands and the Islamic Republic of Iran and containing both English and Persian text. Once again, this Middle Eastern artist has emerged in Western scholarship.
U.S. Foreign Policy and Persia, 1856–1921
Authors: Ghaneabassiri Kamyar 
Published: September 2011

The Russians with the British, some now cheer,have made a solemn oath this very year,that within the politics of Iran,they will not interfere from this time on.It's a shame that the appeased of this land,are content with the matter now at hand,for when cat and mouse together lie,the grocer may's well kiss his store goodbye.Iraj Mirza, 1907(On the Anglo-Russian Treaty)This paper is a study of early U.S. policy towards Iran and its significance in the field of twentieth-century Iranian-American relations. The paper also has the broader objective of investigating the roots of Iran's hostility towards America during the 1979 Iranian revolution. The early history of Persian-American relations has rarely been examined but, as I will argue, it was during this time (i.e., 1856-1921) that Iranians conceived an image of America as a sympathetic power—an image which the United States government falsely promoted and which resulted in Persia's overly heightened expectations of America. When these expectations were not met in later periods (i.e., 1953-1979), Iranians reacted with a magnified sense of hatred for the United States. The hostility expressed during the revolution came as a great shock to the United States.
To Emend or Not To Emend? Notes on Restoring the Text of the Shāhnāmah
Authors: Omidsalar Mahmoud 
Published: September 2011

Every edition is essentially an act of interpretation. One generally begins with recording the testimony of a number of surviving witnesses, which may be extant manuscripts or quotations of the text in ancillary sources. One then weighs these testimonies in order to arrive at an editorial decision.The archaic language of the Shāhnāmah requires editors who desire to tackle it to gain a solid knowledge of Iranian philology, the linguistic usages common to Firdawsi's period, scribal practices common to copyists of classical Persian, and the usus scribendi of the individual scribes who copied their Shāhnāmah witnesses. Naturally, it behooves editors of both classical and modern texts to acquaint themselves with the technological and cultural details of book production. For editors of classical Persian, much of this learning comes gradually from practical experience with manuscripts or manuscript reproductions.
Effects of coaches' timeouts on basketball teams' offensive and defensive performances according to momentary differences in score and game period
Authors: Gómez Miguel A. , Jiménez Sergio , Navarro Rafael , Lago‐Penas Carlos , Sampaio Jaime 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to assess the effects of game timeouts on basketball teams' offensive and defensive performances according to momentary differences in score and game period. The sample consisted of 144 timeouts registered during 18 basketball games randomly selected from the 2007 European Basketball Championship (Spain). For each timeout, five ball possessions were registered before (n=493) and after the timeout (n=475). The offensive and defensive efficiencies were registered across the first 35 min and last 5 min of games. A k‐means cluster analysis classified the timeouts according to momentary score status as follows: losing (−10 to −3 points), balanced (−2 to 3 points), and winning (4 to 10 points). Repeated‐measures analysis of variance identified statistically significant main effects between pre and post timeout offensive and defensive values. Chi‐square analysis of game period identified a higher percentage of timeouts called during the last 5 min of a game compared with the first 35 min (64.9±9.1% vs. 35.1±10.3%; χ2=5.4, P<0.05). Results showed higher post timeout offensive and defensive performances. No other effect or interaction was found for defensive performances. Offensive performances were better in the last 5 min of games, with the least differences when in balanced situations and greater differences when in winning situations. Results also showed one interaction between timeouts and momentary differences in score, with increased values when in losing and balanced situations but decreased values when in winning situations. Overall, the results suggest that coaches should examine offensive and defensive performances according to game period and differences in score when considering whether to call a timeout.