bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased OXPHOS activity precedes rise in glycolytic rate in H-RasV12/E1A transformed fibroblasts that develop a Warburg phenotype
Authors: de Groof Ad JC , te Lindert Mariska M , van Dommelen Michiel MT , Wu Min , Willemse Marieke , Smift Amy L , Winer Mike , Oerlemans Frank , Pluk Helma , Fransen Jack AM , Wieringa Bé 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe Warburg phenotype in cancer cells has been long recognized, but there is still limited insight in the consecutive metabolic alterations that characterize its establishment. We obtained better understanding of the coupling between metabolism and malignant transformation by studying mouse embryonic fibroblast-derived cells with loss-of-senescence or H-RasV12/E1A-transformed phenotypes at different stages of oncogenic progression.ResultsSpontaneous immortalization or induction of senescence-bypass had only marginal effects on metabolic profiles and viability. In contrast, H-RasV12/E1A transformation initially caused a steep increase in oxygen consumption and superoxide production, accompanied by massive cell death. During prolonged culturein vitro, cell growth rate increased gradually, along with tumor forming potential inin vitroanchorage-independent growth assays andin vivotumor formation assays in immuno-deficient mice. Notably, glucose-to-lactic acid flux increased with passage number, while cellular oxygen consumption decreased. This conversion in metabolic properties was associated with a change in mitochondrial NAD+/NADH redox, indicative of decreased mitochondrial tricarboxic acid cycle and OXPHOS activity.ConclusionThe high rate of oxidative metabolism in newly transformed cells is in marked contrast with the high glycolytic rate in cells in the later tumor stage. In our experimental system, with cells growing under ambient oxygen conditions in nutrient-rich media, the shift towards this Warburg phenotype occurred as a step-wise adaptation process associated with augmented tumorigenic capacity and improved survival characteristics of the transformed cells. We hypothesize that early-transformed cells, which potentially serve as founders for new tumor masses may escape therapies aimed at metabolic inhibition of tumors with a fully developed Warburg phenotype.
Caecal diverticulitis presenting as acute appendicitis: a case report
Authors: Cole Michelle , Ayantunde Abraham A , Payne John 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Solitary caecal diverticulum is an uncommon entity and therefore difficult to diagnose except at surgery. Caecal diverticulitis is an infrequent cause of acute abdomen and usually presents in a manner similar to acute appendicitis. It is extremely difficult to differentiate it preoperative from acute appendicitis and such distinction is usually made in the operating room. The optimal management of this clinical condition is still controversial, ranging from conservative treatment with antibiotics to aggressive surgical resections.
We report a case of a 61 year old Caucasian who presented with acute onset right iliac fossa pain indistinguishable from acute appendicitis. The true diagnosis of a perforated acute caecal diverticulitis with an abscess mass was only made at operation in the presence of a macroscopically normal appendix. We reviewed the literature to highlight the difficulty of a preoperative diagnosis and the need for a high index of suspicion especially in the older age group presenting in manner similar to acute appendicitis.
Evaluation of selective embolization of thyroid arteries (SETA) as a preresective treatment in selected cases of toxic goitre
Authors: Dedecjus Marek , Tazbir Józef , Kaurzel Zbigniew , Stróżyk Grzegorz , Zygmunt Arkadiusz , Lewiński Andrzej , Brzeziński Jan 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Background
in recent years, an increasing interest in the application of selective embolization of thyroid arteries (SETA) in the treatment of thyroid diseases is observed. In the present report, we analyse the value, safety and possible indications for preresective SETA in cases of large toxic goitres.

Patients and method
the study group comprised 10 patients with large toxic goitre (thyroid volume 254 ± 50 mL), including one patient with cervicomediastinal goitre and one patient with anti-thyroid drug intolerance in state of overt thyrotoxicosis. All the patients underwent SETA of the superior and/or inferior thyroid arteries, followed by thyroidectomy, performed up to thirty-six hours after SETA (23.1 ± 11 h). After embolization, selective angiographies of thyroid arteries were performed to ensure that the targeted arteries had been completely occluded.

Results and conclusion
in all the patients, SETA decreased blood flow through the thyroid. Preresective SETA reduced blood loss during and after thyroidectomy and decreased the operating time, but the differences were too small to justify routine applications of preresective SETA as an adjunct to surgical treatment of toxic goitre. On the other hand, SETA is a safe and minimally-invasive technique, which may become an attractive option for quick preparation to surgery in selected patients with toxic goitre, who present anti-thyroid drug intolerance or refuse radioactive iodine treatment.
Breast cancer-associated metastasis is significantly increased in a model of autoimmune arthritis
Authors: Das Roy Lopamudra , Pathangey Latha B , Tinder Teresa L , Schettini Jorge L , Gruber Helen E , Mukherjee Pinku 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Introduction
Sites of chronic inflammation are often associated with the establishment and growth of various malignancies including breast cancer. A common inflammatory condition in humans is autoimmune arthritis (AA) that causes inflammation and deformity of the joints. Other systemic effects associated with arthritis include increased cellular infiltration and inflammation of the lungs. Several studies have reported statistically significant risk ratios between AA and breast cancer. Despite this knowledge, available for a decade, it has never been questioned if the site of chronic inflammation linked to AA creates a milieu that attracts tumor cells to home and grow in the inflamed bones and lungs which are frequent sites of breast cancer metastasis.

Methods
To determine if chronic inflammation induced by autoimmune arthritis contributes to increased breast cancer-associated metastasis, we generated mammary gland tumors in SKG mice that were genetically prone to develop AA. Two breast cancer cell lines, one highly metastatic (4T1) and the other non-metastatic (TUBO) were used to generate the tumors in the mammary fat pad. Lung and bone metastasis and the associated inflammatory milieu were evaluated in the arthritic versus the non-arthritic mice.

Results
We report a three-fold increase in lung metastasis and a significant increase in the incidence of bone metastasis in the pro-arthritic and arthritic mice compared to non-arthritic control mice. We also report that the metastatic breast cancer cells augment the severity of arthritis resulting in a vicious cycle that increases both bone destruction and metastasis. Enhanced neutrophilic and granulocytic infiltration in lungs and bone of the pro-arthritic and arthritic mice and subsequent increase in circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) may contribute to the increased metastasis. Treatment with anti-IL17 + celecoxib, an anti-inflammatory drug completely abrogated the development of metastasis and significantly reduced the primary tumor burden.

Conclusions
The data clearly has important clinical implications for patients diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer, especially with regards to the prognosis and treatment options.
Association between common mental disorder and obesity over the
adult life course
Authors: Kivimäki Mika , Batty G. David , Singh-Manoux Archana , Nabi Hermann , Sabia Séverine , Tabak Adam G. , Akbaraly Tasnime N. , Vahtera Jussi , Marmot Michael G. , Jokela Markus 
Published: July 2009

BackgroundProspective data on the association between common mental disorders and
obesity are scarce, and the impact of ageing on this association is
poorly understood.AimsTo examine the association between common mental disorders and obesity
(body mass index 30 kg/m2) across the adult life course.MethodThe participants, 6820 men and 3346 women, aged 35–55 were screened four
times during a 19-year follow-up (the Whitehall II study). Each screening
included measurements of mental disorders (the General Health
Questionnaire), weight and height.ResultsThe excess risk of obesity in the presence of mental disorders increased
with age (P = 0.004). The estimated proportion of people
who were obese was 5.7% at age 40 both in the presence and absence of
mental disorders, but the corresponding figures were 34.6% and 27.1% at
age 70. The excess risk did not vary by gender or according to ethnic
group or socioeconomic position.ConclusionsThe association between common mental disorders and obesity becomes
stronger at older ages.
Residential alternatives to acute psychiatric hospital admission: systematic review
Authors: Lloyd-Evans Brynmor , Slade Mike , Jagielska Dorota , Johnson Sonia 
Published: July 2009

BackgroundReducing use of hospital wards and improving their quality are central aims of mental health service policy. However, no comprehensive synthesis is available of evidence on residential alternatives to standard acute psychiatric wards.AimsTo assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of and satisfaction with residential alternatives to standard acute in-patient mental health services.MethodA systematic search identified controlled studies comparing residential alternatives with standard in-patient services. Studies were described and assessed for methodological quality. Results from higher quality studies are presented and discussed.ResultsTwenty-seven relevant studies were identified. Nine studies of moderate quality provide no contraindication to identified alternative service models and limited preliminary evidence that community-based alternatives may be cheaper and individuals more satisfied than in standard acute wards.ConclusionsMore research is needed to establish the effectiveness of service models and target populations for residential alternatives to standard acute wards. Community-based residential crisis services may provide a feasible and acceptable alternative to hospital admission for some people with acute mental illness.
Do prenatal risk factors cause psychiatric disorder? Be wary of
causal claims
Authors: Thapar Anita , Rutter Michael 
Published: July 2009

SummaryMany prenatal risk factors are known to have adverse consequences on fetal
development and there is increasing interest in effects on the mental health
of offspring. However, associations with prenatal risk factors may arise
because of postnatal risk or through confounders, including inherited ones.
As a result, caution is required in assuming causation.
Factors affecting patient satisfaction with the psychiatric ward round: retrospective cross-sectional study
Authors: Labib Peter Lawrence Zaki , Brownell Lisa 
Published: July 2009

Aims and MethodA questionnaire was distributed to patients in a psychiatric hospital in Birmingham, UK, to identify the factors that affect their satisfaction with the ward round.ResultsThe questionnaire was completed by 42 patients (53% response rate). Waiting time was the only variable to be significantly correlated with total score of patient satisfaction. Regression analysis also identified diagnosis and patients meeting their consultant before the first ward round as significant predictors of patient satisfaction.Clinical ImplicationsReducing waiting time and ensuring that the consultant meets the patient before the first ward round would make a significant improvement to the in-patient experience, without causing much disruption to standard clinical practice.
Ethnicity and outcome of appeal after detention under the Mental Health Act 1983
Authors: Nilforooshan Ramin , Amin Rizkar , Warner James 
Published: July 2009

Aims and MethodThere is insufficient research into the relationship between ethnicity and appeals against detention under mental health legislation. We sought to identify rates and success of appeals in different ethnic groups through a retrospective analysis of all detentions under the Mental Health Act 1983 over 1 year.ResultsWe found high rates of appeals overall, with substantial differences between ethnic groups (36 (39%) White British compared with 71 (63%) Black Caribbean (P = 0.0001) and 21 (68%) White Irish (P = 0.01) individuals (Yates corrected chi-squared)). Success rates on appeal were very low in all groups.Clinical ImplicationsThere are significant ethnic differences in appeals against detention under the Mental Health Act.
NHS psychiatry: the need for constructive debate. Invited commentary on … The trouble with NHS psychiatry in England
Authors: Hawley Chris , Drummond Lynne , Knight Jackie 
Published: July 2009

SummaryTwo recent articles, ‘The trouble with NHS psychiatry in England’ and ‘Wake-up call for British psychiatry’ have levelled severe criticisms against the NHS provider systems for people with mental disorders. In response, we argue that such severe criticisms are not fully justified. We propose that there are six areas for debate: ideological matters, policy intentions, empirical questions, operational issues and professional activities. Under this simple six-point taxonomy it might be possible to have a more sophisticated debate about how all parties should work together to achieve the best outcomes for patients.
Rotational accelerations stabilize leading edge vortices on revolving fly wings
Authors: Lentink David , Dickinson Michael H. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYThe aerodynamic performance of hovering insects is largely explained by the presence of a stably attached leading edge vortex (LEV) on top of their wings. Although LEVs have been visualized on real, physically modeled, and simulated insects, the physical mechanisms responsible for their stability are poorly understood. To gain fundamental insight into LEV stability on flapping fly wings we expressed the Navier–Stokes equations in a rotating frame of reference attached to the wing's surface. Using these equations we show that LEV dynamics on flapping wings are governed by three terms: angular,centripetal and Coriolis acceleration. Our analysis for hovering conditions shows that angular acceleration is proportional to the inverse of dimensionless stroke amplitude, whereas Coriolis and centripetal acceleration are proportional to the inverse of the Rossby number. Using a dynamically scaled robot model of a flapping fruit fly wing to systematically vary these dimensionless numbers, we determined which of the three accelerations mediate LEV stability. Our force measurements and flow visualizations indicate that the LEV is stabilized by the `quasi-steady' centripetal and Coriolis accelerations that are present at low Rossby number and result from the propeller-like sweep of the wing. In contrast, the unsteady angular acceleration that results from the back and forth motion of a flapping wing does not appear to play a role in the stable attachment of the LEV. Angular acceleration is, however, critical for LEV integrity as we found it can mediate LEV spiral bursting, a high Reynolds number effect. Our analysis and experiments further suggest that the mechanism responsible for LEV stability is not dependent on Reynolds number, at least over the range most relevant for insect flight (100&lt;Re&lt;14,000). LEVs are stable and continue to augment force even when they burst. These and similar findings for propellers and wind turbines at much higher Reynolds numbers suggest that even large flying animals could potentially exploit LEV-based force augmentation during slow hovering flight, take-offs or landing. We calculated the Rossby number from single-wing aspect ratios of over 300 insects, birds, bats, autorotating seeds, and pectoral fins of fish. We found that, on average, wings and fins have a Rossby number close to that of flies (Ro=3). Theoretically,many of these animals should therefore be able to generate a stable LEV, a prediction that is supported by recent findings for several insects, one bat,one bird and one fish. This suggests that force augmentation through stably attached (leading edge) vortices could represent a convergent solution for the generation of high fluid forces over a quite large range in size.
Secretagogues stimulate electrogenic HCO3–secretion in the ileum of the brushtail possum,Trichosurus vulpecula:evidence for the role of a Na+/HCO3– cotransporter
Authors: Bartolo Ray C. , Harfoot Natalie , Gill Mike , McLeod Bernie J. , Butt A. Grant 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYFluid secretion is essential for intestinal function and, in eutherian mammals, is driven by electrogenic Cl– transport, which is dependent upon a bumetanide-sensitive, basolateral Na+/K+/2 Cl– cotransporter, NKCC1. However, ileal secretion in the brushtail possum, a marsupial, involves a fundamentally different process, since NKCC1 expression is low in this tissue and the secretagogue-induced short circuit current (Isc)is insensitive to bumetanide. In view of these differences we have investigated the basis of the secretory response of the possum ileum. In the Ussing chamber the secretory Isc is independent of Cl– but dependent upon Na+ and serosal HCO3–/CO2, suggesting that secretagogues stimulate electrogenic HCO3–secretion. In agreement with this, serosal DIDS(4,4′-diisothiocyano-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonate; 1 mmol l–1) inhibited the secretory response. However, acetazolamide(1 mmol l–1) and serosal amiloride (1 mmol l–1) had little effect, indicating that HCO3– secretion is driven by HCO3– transport from the serosal solution into the cell, rather than hydration of CO2 by carbonic anhydrase. Consistent with this the pancreatic variant of the electrogenic Na+/HCO3– cotransporter (pNBC) is highly expressed in the ileal epithelium and is located in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells, predominantly in the mid region of the villi, with lower levels of expression in the crypts and no expression in the villous tips. We conclude that the secretory response of the possum ileum involves electrogenic HCO3– secretion driven by a basolateral pNBC and that the ileal HCO3–secretion is associated with a specialised function of the possum ileum, most probably related to hindgut fermentation.
Validation of the use of doubly labeled water for estimating metabolic rate in the green turtle (Chelonia mydas L.): a word of caution
Authors: Jones T. Todd , Hastings Mervin D. , Bostrom Brian L. , Andrews Russel D. , Jones David R. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYMarine turtles often have extremely high water turnover accompanied by a low field metabolic rate (FMR), a combination that can contraindicate the use of doubly labelled water (DLW). Therefore, we conducted a validation study to assess the suitability of the DLW technique for determining FMR of marine turtles. Six green turtles (22.42±3.13 kg) were injected with DLW and placed in a tank of seawater with a respirometer for continuous monitoring of oxygen consumption (MR) over a 5-day period. Trials were conducted for turtles in both fed and fasted states. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was determined in a dry respirometer and used to calculate energy expenditure. For fed and fasted turtles, total body water (TBW) was 66.67±3.37% and 58.70±7.63% of body mass, and water flux rates were 9.57±1.33%and 6.14±0.65% TBW day–1, respectively. Water turnover in fasted turtles was 36% lower than that of fed turtles but MR (from oxygen consumption) of fasted turtles (13.77±1.49 kJ kg–1day–1) was 52% lower than in fed turtles (28.66±5.31 kJ kg–1 day–1). Deuterium to oxygen-18 turnover rate (kd:ko) ratios averaged 0.91±0.02 for fed turtles and 1.07±0.16 for fasted turtles. Fed turtles had a mean group difference of 8% and a mean individual difference of 53% between DLW and respirometry. The DLW method gave negative MR values in fasted turtles and could not be compared with respirometry data. Researchers should use caution when applying the DLW method in marine reptiles, especially when high water flux causes &gt;90% of the labeled oxygen turnover to be due to water exchange.
Postprandial changes in enteric electrical activity and gut blood flow in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) acclimated to different temperatures
Authors: Gräns Albin , Albertsson Fredrik , Axelsson Michael , Olsson Catharina 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYEnteric electrical activity, cardiac output and gut blood flow were measured in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) acclimated to either 10°C or 16°C. Enteric electrical activity showed, in both the fasted and postprandial state, a distinct pattern with clusters of burst-like events interspersed by silent periods. The frequency of electrical events increased postprandially for both acclimation groups. Event frequency increased from 3.0±0.5 to 9.6±1.4 events min–1 and from 5.9±0.9 to 11.8±2.0 events min–1 in the 10°C and 16°C groups, respectively. Similarly, the number of events per cluster increased postprandially for both acclimation groups. Gut blood flow, cardiac output and heart rate increased after feeding. The gut blood flow significantly increased in both groups and peaked at 257±19% and 236±22% in the 10°C and 16°C groups, respectively. There was a strong correlation between the number of events and gut blood flow at both temperatures. Comparison between the two groups showed that fish acclimated to 16°C may have an increased cost of sustaining the basal activity of the gut compared with the group acclimated to 10°C. In conclusion, we have for the first time measured enteric electrical activity in vivo in a fish species and we have also demonstrated a strong correlation between gut blood flow and enteric electrical activity in fasted and postprandial fish.
Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases during dehydration in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis
Authors: Malik Amal Idris , Storey Kenneth B. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARY
In its native environment the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis,can experience seasonally arid conditions that impose dehydration stress. Activation of intracellular signal transduction cascades can mediate and coordinate biochemical responses to ameliorate dehydration stress. This study examines the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascade,analyzing responses of both upstream and downstream components in six tissues of X. laevis experiencing medium and high levels of dehydration,16.6±1.59 and 28.0±1.6% of total body water lost, respectively. Immunoblotting was used to assess the three tiers in this mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade: the initiating MAPK kinase kinases (c-Raf,MEKK), the MAPK kinase (MEK1/2), and finally the MAPK (ERK1/2). The amount of active phosphorylated c-RafSer338 rose by 2- to 2.5-fold under high dehydration in muscle, lung and skin whereas MEKK protein levels rose in these organs and also increased 4-fold in liver. As a result, phosphorylated active MEK1/2Ser217/221 increased significantly by 2- to 6-fold during dehydration which, in turn, led to 2- to 6-fold increases in phospho-ERKThr202/Tyr204 content in all tissues except skin. Given this clear demonstration of ERK cascade activation, two downstream targets of ERK2 were then evaluated. The amount of phosphorylated active transcription factor, STAT3Ser727 and p90 ribosomal S6 kinase(RSKSer380) increased particularly in muscle, lung and kidney. Furthermore, RSK activation was correlated with a 5- to 8-fold increase in phosphorylation of its target, S6 ribosomal protein. Overall, the results show a strong conserved activation of the ERK cascade in X. laevis tissues in response to dehydration.