bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overexpression of Wlds or Nmnat2 in mauthner cells by single‐cell electroporation delays axon degeneration in live zebrafish
Authors: Feng Yan , Yan Tingting , Zheng Jin , Ge Xinjian , Mu Yu , Zhang Yi , Wu Dongmei , Du Jiu‐lin , Zhai Qiwei 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAxon degeneration is supposed to be a therapeutic target for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Mauthner cells (M‐cells) are ideal for studying axons in vivo because of their limited numbers, large size, and long axons. In this study, we labeled M‐cells by single‐cell electroporation with plasmids expressing DsRed2 or EGFP. Injury‐induced axon degeneration in labeled M‐cell was imaged under a confocal microscope, and we found that the Mauthner axons started to degenerate about 24 hr after lesion. The WldS protein containing full‐length Nmnat1 is well‐known for its axon‐protective function in many systems. Overexpression of WldS in M‐cells also greatly delayed axon degeneration in live zebrafish. Nmnat2 is the only Nmnat highly expressed in brain. Here we demonstrated that overexpression of Nmnat2 in M‐cells significantly delayed axon degeneration in vivo, and disruption of the NAD synthesis activity of Nmnat2 markedly attenuated its axon‐protective function. All these data show that injury‐induced axon degeneration of M‐cell has a mechanism similar to that in mammalians and would be a valuable model for studying axon degeneration in vivo. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluoxetine promotes gliogenesis during neural differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells
Authors: Kusakawa Shinji , Nakamura Kazuaki , Miyamoto Yuki , Sanbe Atsushi , Torii Tomohiro , Yamauchi Junji , Tanoue Akito 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed for treatment of mood disorders and depression, even during pregnancy and lactation. SSRIs are thought to be much safer than tricyclic antidepressants, with a low risk of embryonic toxicity. Several recent studies, however, have reported that fetal exposure to SSRIs increases the risk of adverse effects during fetal and neonatal development. This is consistent with our previous finding that fluoxetine, a prototypical SSRI, profoundly affected the viability of cultured embryonic stem (ES) cells as well as their ability to differentiate into cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, we found that fluoxetine induced fluctuations in ectodermal marker gene expression during ES cell differentiation, which suggests that fluoxetine may affect neural development. In the present study, we investigated the effects of fluoxetine on the process of differentiation from ES cells into neural cells using the stromal cell‐derived inducing activity (SDIA) method. Fluoxetine treatment was found to enhance the expression of glial marker genes following neural differentiation, as observed by immunocytochemical analysis or quantitative RT‐PCR. The promoter activity of glial marker genes was also significantly enhanced when cells were treated with fluoxetine, as observed by luciferase reporter assay. The expression of neuronal markers during ES cell differentiation into neural cells, on the other hand, was inhibited by fluoxetine treatment. In addition, FACS analysis revealed an increased population of glial cells in the differentiating ES cells treated with fluoxetine. These results suggest that fluoxetine could facilitate the differentiation of mouse ES cells into glial cell lineage, which may affect fetal neural development. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Battlefield visitor motivations: explorations in the Great War town of Ieper, Belgium
Authors: Winter Caroline 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this study a quantitative method was used to measure the motivations for education, holiday and remembrance for an international sample of visitors to the Great War town of Ieper in Belgium. Three clusters could be formed based upon different structure and intensity of their motivations. A small number of visitors could be identified as pilgrims, while the remainder were tourists, and they evidenced most of the characteristics of the pilgrims. The theory of thanatourism provides a framework through which the motivations and experiences of battlefield tourists for remembrance and education as well as leisure can be better understood. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on the Atom Transfer Radical Branching Copolymerization of Styrene and Acrylonitrile with Divinyl Benzene as the Branching Agent
Authors: Huang Wenyan , Zheng Yiliang , Jiang Bibiao , Zhang Dongliang , Chen Jianhai , Yang Yang , Liu Chunlin , Zhai Guangqun , Kong Lizhi , Gong Fanghong 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe branching copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile with divinyl benzene as the branching agent was carried out using atom transfer radical polymerization. Nuclear magnetic resonance and triple detection size exclusion chromatography were used to analyze the reaction. The results suggest that the coupling reaction mainly takes place between the primary chains, forming slightly branched chains in the early stages. The coupling reaction between the branched chains becomes significant at the middle stages, forming highly branched chains. The reaction system consists of primary chains, slightly branched chains containing two primary chains and highly branched chains comprised of more than three primary chains. The weight fraction of the branched chains increases expectedly with monomer conversion.
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Poly[2,6‐(1,4‐phenylene)‐benzobisimidazole] Nanofiber Networks
Authors: Gong Jin , Uchida Tetsuya , Yamazaki Shinichi , Kimura Kunio 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe preparation of poly[2,6‐(1,4‐phenylene)‐benzobisimidazole] (PPBI) nanofibers was examined using the crystallization of oligomers during isothermal polymerization of self‐polymerizable 2‐(1,4‐carbophenoxyphenyl)‐5,6‐diaminobenzimidazole. The polymerization was carried out at 350 °C at a concentration of 1wt.‐% for 6 h in three kinds of solvent. The solvent influenced the morphology of PPBI precipitates significantly, and PPBI nanofiber networks were successfully formed in DBT, of which the width ranged from 30 to 110 nm. Molecules were aligned along the long axis of nanofibers. A fibrillar morphology with molecular orientation is ideal for high performance materials such as reinforcements, non‐woven fabrics and so on. The nanofiber networks exhibit the highest thermal stability.
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Interpolation of Herz Spaces and Applications
Authors: Hernández Eugenio , Yang Dachun 
Published: September 2010

AbstractC. Herz introduced in [Hr] some new spaces to study properties of functions. An Interesting account, with many applications, of some particular cases of the generalized Herz spaces is given in [BS]. In this paper we first identify the duals of the generalized Herz spaces. Then, we characterize their intermediate spaces when the complex method of interpolation for families of spaces Is used. Applications are given that show the bounded ness of many operators on the generalized Herz spaces.
A Road Less Traveled to Functional Polymers: Epoxide Termination in Living Carbanionic Polymer Synthesis
Authors: Tonhauser Christoph , Frey Holger 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFunctional polymers possess tremendous potential both in academia and in industry. In particular, oxiranes offer manifold possibilities for the introduction of single hydroxyl or multiple orthogonal functionalities in carbanionic polymerization. Here, we present a brief overview of the fascinating possibilities arising from the employment of common as well as individually designed epoxide derivatives for the synthesis of end‐functional polymers. Continuous flow techniques can be utilized for the rapid generation and screening of precisely defined hydroxyl‐modified polymers. The utilization of functionalized polymers as precursors for the formation of complex macromolecular architectures (e.g., miktoarm star polymers) is summarized and potential applications as well as future perspectives are discussed.
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Acoustic propagation in a random saturated medium: The monophasic case
Authors: Gilbert Robert P. , Panchenko Alexander , Vasilic Ana 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe study the problem of derivation of an effective model of acoustic wave propagation in a two‐phase, non‐periodic medium modeling a fine mixture of linear elastic solid and a viscous Newtonian fluid. Bone tissue is an important example of a composite material that can be modeled in this fashion. We extend known homogenization results for periodic geometries to the case of a stationary random, scale‐separated microstructure. The ratio ε of the macroscopic length scale and a typical size of the microstructural inhomogeneity is a small parameter of the problem. We employ stochastic two‐scale convergence in the mean to pass to the limit ε→0 in the governing equations. The effective model is a single‐phase viscoelastic material with long‐time history dependence. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The actions of in ovo cortisol on egg fertility, embryo development and the expression of growth‐related genes in rainbow trout embryos, and the growth performance of juveniles
Authors: Li Mao , Bureau Dominique P. , King W. Allan , Leatherland John F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractRainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) oocytes were incubated for 3 hr in ovarian fluid alone (CC), or cortisol‐enriched ovarian fluid [100 or 1,000 ng ml−1 (CL and CH, respectively)], after which they were fertilized; the growth and development of the embryos reared from these oocytes was monitored until first feed, and the juveniles were monitored for 9 months. The hatching rates of the CH group were significantly reduced, but the overall survival as measured at 40‐week post‐fertilization was similar in the three treatment groups. In addition, significant apparently biphasic changes relative to the CC group were found in the expression of some key growth‐related genes in the CL and CH treatment groups, particularly IGF‐1, IGF‐2, GH1, GH2, GH receptors, and thyroid hormone receptors (TRα and TRβ). Moreover, the juveniles of the CL (but not the CH treatment group) exhibited enhanced growth; the enhanced growth could not be explained on the basis of increased feed conversion efficiency or changes in serum GH levels at the juvenile stage. Additionally, relative growth rates from the three treatment groups were similar, suggesting that the biphasic growth‐enhancing effects of cortisol occurred very early in embryogenesis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77:922–931, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular structures and physical properties of heat‐drawn conjugate fibers
Authors: Oh Tae Hwan , Han Sung Soo , Lyoo Won Seok , Jeon Han‐Yong 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAs‐spun poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) side‐by‐side conjugate fibers were drawn to investigate the effects of drawing conditions on structure development and physical properties. Effects of draw ratio and heat‐set temperature were observed. In the state of an as‐spun fiber, the molecular orientation of PTT was higher than PET, whereas PET molecular orientation increased remarkably over PTT with increasing draw ratio. Crimp contraction increased sharply at a draw ratio over 2.0, where the crystalline structure of the PET developed sufficiently. A heat‐set temperature of at least 140°C was required to develop sufficient crimp contraction. The crystallinity and orientation of the PET were attributed mainly to the crimp contraction of the drawn fiber. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effects of nanoclay and coupling agent on the physico‐mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of wood flour/polypropylene composites
Authors: Tabari Hasan Ziaei , Nourbakhsh Amir , Ashori Alireza 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article presents the effects of coupling agent and nanoclay (NC) on some properties of wood flour/polypropylene composites. The composites with different NC and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) contents were fabricated by melt compounding in a twin‐screw extruder and then by injection molding. The mass ratio of the wood flour to polymer was 40/60 (w/w). Results showed that applying MAPP on the surface of the wood flour can promote filler polymer interaction, which, in turn, would improve mechanical properties of the composite as well as its water uptake and thermal stability. Composite voids and the lumens of the fibers were filled with NC, which prevented the penetration of water by the capillary action into the deeper parts of composite. Therefore, the water absorption in composites fabricated using NC was significantly reduced. Scanning electron microscopy has shown that the treatment of composites with 5 wt% MAPP, promotes better fiber–matrix interaction, resulting in a few numbers of pull‐out traces. In all cases, the degradation temperatures shifted to higher values after using MAPP. The largest improvement on the thermal stability of composites was achieved when NC was added. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Improvement of mechanical properties of polycaprolactone scaffolds by applying piezoelectric vibration system based on a dispensing process: A new concept
Authors: Kang Dong‐Oan , Yoon Hyeon , Kim GeunHyung 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe mechanical properties of biomedical scaffolds are important for applications in tissue regeneration. The dispensing system described herein, which is based on a solid free‐form fabrication technique, enables the production of design‐based scaffolds with controllable pore structures. Although current plotting systems can easily fabricate a variety of three‐dimensional scaffolds, the mechanical properties of these constructs are difficult to control because of low processing speed. To overcome this limitation, a new dispensing method, which uses a piezoelectric vibration system to improve mechanical properties, has been developed. Polycaprolactone (PCL) strands fabricated using this technique were roughly 70% stronger than normal PCL strands. To explain this increase in mechanical strength, the combined effects of the piezoelectric system and the melt‐dispensing process on the crystalline morphology and molecular orientation of PCL strands were investigated. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis of fluorinated polybenzoxazoles with low dielectric constants
Authors: Tao Liming , Yang Haixia , Liu Jingang , Fan Lin , Yang Shiyong 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTwo fluorinated aromatic bis(o‐aminophenol)s, 1,1‐bis(3′‐amino‐4′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐(3′‐trifluoromethylphenyl)‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethane (6FAP) and 1,1‐bis(3′‐amino‐4′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐(3′,5′‐ditrifluoromethylphenyl)‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethane (9FAP) were synthesized, which were allowed to polycondense with aromatic diacyl chlorides to afford the fluorinated aromatic polybenzoxazoles (PBOs) via a conventional two‐step procedure in which the low‐temperature solution polycondensation process was first performed to yield poly(o‐hydroxyamide)s (PHAs) followed by the thermal cyclodehydration to give the PBOs. Experimental results indicated that the PHAs had inherent viscosities in the range of 0.29–0.68 dL/g, showing excellent solubility in organic solvents. The PHAs could be thermally cyclodehydrated into the corresponding PBOs at 260–370 °C. The obtained PBOs exhibited enhanced glass‐transition temperature but decreased solubility with respect to the PHAs. The PBOs showed glass‐transition temperatures in the range of 315–337 °C and excellent thermal stabilities with 5% original weight‐loss temperatures (T5) of >513 °C. Additionally, the PBO films had average refractive index of 1.5298–1.5656, birefringence of 0.0051–0.0092, and low dielectric constants of 2.57–2.70. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Red, green, and blue electrochromism in ambipolar poly(amine–amide–imide)s based on electroactive tetraphenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine units
Authors: Huang Li‐Ting , Yen Hung‐Ju , Chang Cha‐Wen , Liou Guey‐Sheng 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA series of novel poly(amine–amide–imide)s (PAAIs) based on tetraphenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (TPPA) units showing anodically/cathodically electrochromic characteristic with three primary colors [red, green, and blue (RGB)] were prepared from the direct polycondensation of the TPPA‐based diamine monomer with various aromatic bis(trimellitimide)s. These multicolored electrochromic polymers were readily soluble in polar organic solvents and showed excellent thermal stability associated with high glass‐transition temperatures (288–314 °C) and high‐char yield (higher than 60% at 800 °C in nitrogen). The PAAI films revealed electrochemical oxidation and reduction accompanied with high contrast of optical transmittance color changes from the pale yellow neutral state to the green/blue oxidized state and red reduced state, respectively. The electrochromic films had high‐coloration efficiency (CE = 178 and 242 cm2/C at the first and the second stages, respectively), low‐switching time, and good redox stability, which still retained a high electroactivity after long‐term redox cycles. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Anionic polymerization of cyclic ester and amide in miniemulsion: Synthesis and characterization of poly(ε‐caprolactone) and poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐ε‐caprolactam) nanoparticles
Authors: Ruppert Marcel , Landfester Katharina , Ziener Ulrich 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFor the first time, poly(ε‐caprolactone) and poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐ε‐caprolactam) nanoparticles were successfully obtained by anionic polymerization of ε‐caprolactone and anionic copolymerization of ε‐caprolactone with ε‐caprolactam, respectively, in heterophase by the miniemulsion technique. After polymerization the resulting dispersions are stable for hours in case of the pure polyester and days for the copolymer. The syntheses were carried out with different continuous phases, amounts of surfactant, initiator, and monomers. The influence of the reaction parameters on the molecular weight of the polymers and on colloidal characteristics like size and morphology of the nanoparticles were studied by dynamic light scattering, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Synthesis of well‐defined polymer brushes on the surface of zinc antimonate nanoparticles through surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Shanmugharaj A. M. , Choi Won Seok , Ryu Sung Hun 
Published: September 2010

AbstractZinc antimonate nanoparticles consisting of antimony and zinc oxide were surface modified in a methanol solvent medium using triethoxysilane‐based atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiating group (i.e.,) 6‐(2‐bromo‐2‐methyl) propionyloxy hexyl triethoxysilane. Successful grafting of ATRP initiator on the surface of nanoparticles was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis that shows a significant weight loss at around 250–410 °C. Grafting of ATRP initiator onto the surface was further corroborated using Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface‐initiated ATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA) mediated by a copper complex was carried out with the initiator‐fixed zinc antimonate nanoparticles in the presence of a sacrificial (free) initiator. The polymerization was preceded in a living manner in all examined cases; producing nanoparticles coated with well defined poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) brushes with molecular weight in the range of 35–48K. Furthermore, PMMA‐grafted zinc antimonate nanoparticles were characterized using Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) that exhibit significant weight loss in the temperature range of 300–410 °C confirming the formation of polymer brushes on the surface with the graft density as high as 0.26–0.27 chains/nm2. The improvement in the dispersibility of PMMA‐grafted zinc antimonate nanoparticles was verified using ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Influence on fluorescence properties of hyperbranched poly(amidoamine)s by nano golds
Authors: Jiang Guohua , Wang Yin , Sun Xinke 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe influence of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and gold nanodots (GNDs) on fluorescence properties of hyperbranched poly(amidoamine)s (HPAMAMs) which were synthesized by Michael addition of 1‐(2‐aminoethyl) piperazine (AEPZ) and methyl acrylate (MA) was investigated in this study. It was found that GNPs with definite surface plasma absorption can quench the fluorescence of HPAMAMs. With the increasing of the concentration of GNPs, the fluorescence intensity of HPAMAMs decreased correspondingly, and varied linearly at low concentration of GNPs. This phenomenon was owing to the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the HPAMAMs and GNPs. In contrast, the complex with smaller GNDs encapsulated in the interior of the HPAMAMs presented greatly enhanced emission. Those results show that the size of nano golds may be used to adjust the fluorescence properties of HPAMAMs and may extend potential applications of HPAMAMs and GNPs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Layer of clay platelets in a peptide matrix: Binding, encapsulation, and morphology
Authors: Pandey Ras B. , Heinz Hendrik , Farmer Barry L. , Drummy Lawrence F. , Jones Sharon E. , Vaia Richard A. , Naik Rajesh R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMonte Carlo simulations are performed to study the binding of peptides (M1:1H2G3I4N5T6T7K8P9F10K11S12V) to a stack of mobile clay platelets and evaluate the morphological responses on a cubic lattice. A coarse‐grained description is used to model both platelets and peptides capturing the specificity of each residue. Mobility profiles of residues and their proximity to platelets (i.e., the local structural profile) suggest that the peptide binding is anchored by7Lys and10Lys. Correlation between the density profiles of platelets and peptides aided by the visual analysis shows that (i) the layered morphology is maintained due to peptide binding, (ii) the interstitial spacing between platelets, that is, the gallery width decreases on increasing the peptide concentration (consistent with recent experiments), (iii) relatively smaller amplitude of oscillations in peptide density profile around the inner clay galleries suggests that the peptides are more likely to bind at the layer boundaries and exterior surface of the platelets than intercalate. The radius of gyration (Rg) of the peptide shows nonmonotonic dependence on the peptide concentration (Cp). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Copolymer networks from carboxyl‐containing polyaryletherketone and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A: Preparation and properties
Authors: Liu Fuhua , Wang Zhonggang , Wang Yilong , Zhang Bin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article presents a new type of epoxy‐toughening system, in which high‐Tg polyaryletherketone (PEK‐L) containing one carboxyl group per repeating unit was utilized to randomly copolymerize with epoxy resin (DGEBA) to form crosslinking network. Compared to the neat epoxy resin, the PEK‐L/DGEBA copolymers showed simultaneous enhancement in flexural strains at break by 282%, GIC value by 193%, and flexural strength by 14%. The reason was attributed to the uniform three‐dimensional copolymer network interweaved by PEK‐L and DGEBA segments through strong covalent bonds. The copolymerization process were monitored and examined by FTIR spectra. The effect of copolymer composition on the thermal and mechanical properties as well as toughening mechanism were also investigated and discussed in detail. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010