bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Polymorphisms of the ß2-Adrenergic Receptor Relate to Guanosine Protein-coupled Stimulator Receptor Dysfunction in Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Authors: XIAO YANGMING , HE WEIJING , RUSSELL I. JON 
Published: March 2011

Objective.To determine the genotype frequencies of ß2-adrenergic receptor (ß2AR) gene polymorphisms (Gly16Arg, Glu27Gln) in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) by comparison with unrelated healthy controls. We sought any clinical association with these polymorphisms and determined whether the polymorphisms would associate with a biologic guanosine protein-coupled stimulator receptor (Gs) dysfunction in FM.Methods.Study subjects included 97 clinically characterized patients with FM and 59 controls. The ß2AR polymorphisms at codons 16 and 27 were determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The Gs functions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were tested using isoproterenol (ISO) as the adrenergic Gs ligand and measuring intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels.Results.The frequency of the ß2AR gene polymorphism Gly16Arg in FM (43.5%) was significantly lower than in controls (63.2%), suggesting that this genotype might have some effect on the risk of developing FM. The only clinical association in FM was with sleep dysfunction. Patients with FM who carried the ß2AR polymorphism Arg16Arg also exhibited significantly lower PBMC basal cAMP levels (p < 0.05) and lower ISO-stimulated cAMP levels (p < 0.05) than FM carrying Gly16Gly or Gly16Arg.Conclusion.This confirms a relationship between ß2AR polymorphism and FM. It is the first study to demonstrate ß2AR polymorphism-related differences in intracellular cAMP responses of FM PBMC after ß2AR stimulationin vitro. These findings may explain some of the differences in responsiveness of FM subgroups to the adrenergic agonist medications currently approved for FM treatment.
« Considéré comme l'inspirateur... »
Authors: Chateigner Frédéric 
Published: March 2011

Résumé Depuis les années 1960 en France, les discours publics sur la notion d'éducation populaire identifient presque toujours le Rapport sur l'organisation générale de l'instruction publique de Condorcet (1792) comme l'origine de ce mouvement. On cherche ici à expliquer cette référence en s'appuyant sur un double corpus d'ouvrages sur l'éducation populaire et sur/de Condorcet. L'analyse proposée est à la fois séquentielle, contextuelle, attentive à l'effet des événements et sensible aux formes discursives. Elle illustre et promeut l'étude minutieuse des carrières des références savantes dans les discours militants comme méthode pour faire apparaître des éléments qu'une analyse centrée sur la notion du champ auraient laissés dans l'ombre. On commence par expliquer pourquoi la connexion entre la notion d'éducation populaire et le Rapport de Condorcet n'est fermement établie que dans les années 1960, où elle est promue par Bénigno Cacérès (partie 1). S'ouvre alors une séquence de remise en cause de cette référence : critique historique par d'autres intellectuels de l'éducation populaire, puis réappropriation de Condorcet dans un cadre néo-républicain (années 1980, partie 2). La référence s'installe alors à mi-chemin de la vénération mémorielle et de l'objectivation critique, position moyenne autour de laquelle se dispersent ensuite les références qui se multiplient dans les années 1990-2000, à la faveur de la réouverture incontrôlée d'un espace de discours sur l'éducation populaire. Cette réouverture laisse les auteurs adopter un mode de référence en fonctions de leurs capitaux culturels et politiques (partie 3).
La carrière militante de deux références savantes contestées : « eurasisme » et « géopolitique », dans le discours des organisations politiques russes de jeunesse
Authors: Nikolski Véra 
Published: March 2011

Résumé L'article analyse la référence à deux notions ­ l'« eurasisme » et la « géopolitique » ­ dans le discours des militants d'organisations de jeunesse dans la Russie contemporaine. Partant du constat de la référence à ces notions chez les militants de plusieurs mouvements, il s'attache à en étudier la variété des usages et se propose ensuite de remonter en amont afin de mettre en évidence les étapes antérieures et les conditions de possibilité de cette « carrière militante ». La diffusion des notions au sein des organisations militantes apparaît liée à la trajectoire de leur principal promoteur, l'intellectuel public Alexandre Dugin. D'abord, leur pénétration dans le champ politique est largement tributaire du contexte historique autour de 1991 que l'on peut qualifier comme une « conjoncture fluide » au sens de Michel Dobry, et qui permet à l'outsider qu'est Dugin de convertir ses compétences érudites marginales, acquises au sein des cercles dissidents ésotériques, en capital politique. C'est ensuite parce que ces notions jouent un rôle central dans les « bricolages idéologiques » successifs de Dugin lui permettant de s'ancrer dans le champ politique, puis de se rapprocher du pouvoir, qu'elles se retrouvent dans le discours des deux organisations de jeunesse qu'il contribue à créer ­ le Parti National Bolchevique (NBP) et l'Union Eurasiste de la Jeunesse (ESM). C'est enfin le succès de ces entreprises politiques et le fonctionnement du champ des organisations de jeunesse qui déterminent la diffusion des notions d'eurasisme et de géopolitique dans un large spectre de mouvements. Si les notions s'y retrouvent le plus souvent décontextualisées, et parfois critiquées, elles n'en font pas moins partie désormais du vocabulaire politique courant.
Réseaux de cohérence et de cohésion dans la pratique de l'anglais scientifique
Authors: Magnet Anne 
Published: March 2011

Cet article s'attache à montrer comment la recherche en anglais scientifique à partir de l'étude d'un corpus constitué en diachronie sur un thème scientifique de biologie (les acides gras essentiels) peut fournir une base pour l'enseignement de l'anglais de spécialité à des étudiants de maîtrise. Il est d'abord procédé à un rapide parcours des différentes épistémologies qui se sont succédé pour proposer l'organisation des savoirs scientifiques. Il est ensuite montré comment les enseignants de langues de spécialité sont confrontés consciemment ou inconsciemment au modèle résistant de l'organisation du savoir et donc des structures qui dispensent le savoir, héritées du positivisme. Une définition du terme réseau est proposée ainsi que les divers registres dans lesquels le concept de réseau peut fournir un mode de fonctionnement : sociologique, cognitif, diachronique, épistémologique et pédagogique.
Protocells: The Universal Solvent
Authors: Spiller Neil 
Published: March 2011

AbstractProtocell architecture inverts the current economic and procurement processes of construction with their emphasis on cost, speed and quantifiable outcomes. Wet, semi‐living and symbiotic with ecological systems and materials, protocell systems promise a pargadigm that is the very antithesis of existing practice and will require the employment of very different skills sets and approaches. To ease the intellectual transition from hard engineering to chemical solutions, Neil Spiller investigates the enduring notion of alchemy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil and Protoplasm: The Hylozoic Ground Project
Authors: Beesley Philip , Armstrong Rachel 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHoused in the Canadian Pavilion in the Giardini in Venice during the 2010 Architecture Biennale, the Hylozoic Ground project provided visitors with the unique experience of interacting with a responsive and ‘live’ textile matrix. Philip Beesley and Rachel Armstrong describe the extraordinary ‘soil‐less’ environment that they collaborated on and how it provides a new model for a synthetic but evolutionary ecology. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Authorship at Risk: The Role of the Architect
Authors: Slavinsky Dan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe exquisite drawings of Dan Slavinsky were the highlight of the 2010 Bartlett Summer Show at University College London (UCL). Here, in an article featuring his series ‘In Arcadia at the End of Time’, he questions how the introduction of protocell technology might shift the position of architects and ultimately require them to relinquish control of details, as features and materials become subject to evolution and decay. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Line Array: Protocells as Dynamic Structure
Authors:   IwamotoScott Architecture (Lisa Iwamoto)
Published: March 2011

AbstractLisa Iwamoto of IwamotoScott Architecture describes how the Line Array project was developed as a means of proposing a new range of structural surface formations in which protocells could be applied to architecture. She specifically speculates on how materials might behave morphologically, responding in a fluid manner to varying surface geometries. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Combinatorial Library of Micro‐Topographies and Chemical Compositions for Tailored Surface Wettability
Authors: Kolind Kristian , Bennetsen Dines Tilsted , Arpanaie Ayyoob , Duch Mogens , Lovmand Jette , Besenbacher Flemming , Kingshott Peter , Foss Morten 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSurface modification of topography and chemistry in order to achieve a specific water contact angle (CA) has been explored by using a novel combinatorial screening platform. The screening arrays consisted of 507 distinct combinations of micro‐topographies and chemical compositions. By performing chemical modifications with 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H perfluoroethyltriethoxy‐silane (PFS) and n‐octadecyltriethoxysilane (ODS) on standard silicon wafers it was possible to include both superhydrophobic and very hydrophilic pad arrays in the same screening platform. Surfaces modified with PFS were more hydrophobic than surfaces modified with ODS, while the unmodified silicon surfaces were hydrophilic. For the PFS modified surfaces the largest CAs were achieved with a small pillar size of X = 1 µm and an intermediate inter‐pillar gap size of Y = 4 µm with superhydrophobic CAs over 170°. Surface analysis with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that CF3 groups were present at the surface, contributing to the superhydrophobic effect. The ODS modified surfaces had intermediate wettabilities with CAs between 100 and 150°, which were dependent on the pillar size, the inter‐pillar gap size, and the specific pillar pattern. The unmodified silicon topographical surfaces were very hydrophilic with CAs below 20° independent of specific topography. With this approach we have managed to fabricate 507 distinct surface areas covering a range of wettabilities, which is useful when screening these effects in several different applications. The measured CAs did not follow the simple Wenzel model. Furthermore, the adaptation of the Cassie model introduces Φs, the fraction of solid surface in contact with the liquid, which is difficult to estimate, thereby emphasizing the need for an experimental determination.
Beckmann rearrangement in a microstructured chemical system for the preparation of ε‐caprolactam
Authors: Zhang J. S. , Wang K. , Lu Y. C. , Luo G. S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA microstructured chemical system, constructed with a microsieve dispersion mixer, a delay loop and a microhydrolyzer is designed to carry out the Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to ϵ‐caprolactam. The system is operated with oleum as the dispersed phase, and cyclohexanone oxime n‐octane solution as the continuous phase. The mixing performance, conversion of cyclohexanone oxime and selectivity to ϵ‐caprolactam are investigated and the results show that the reaction can be very well controlled due to the formation of microdroplets ranging from 10–25 μm. Under optimized conditions, the reaction can be accomplished with a residence time less than 40 s, and the selectivity higher than 99%. A two‐stage technology of low‐temperature to induce reaction, and high‐temperature to enhance reaction is developed, and the corresponding molar ratio of oleum to cyclohexanone oxime can be reduced to 0.8, which is much lower than the industrial value of 1.2. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Correlation of solubility of single gases/hydrocarbons in polyethylene using PC‐SAFT
Authors: Maity Sunil K. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe knowledge of solubility of gases and hydrocarbons in polymer has enormous importance in the design and development of reactor, polymer foaming, and membrane separation processes. In this work, the solubility of gases and hydrocarbons in polyethylene was correlated using a thermodynamic model based on perturbed‐chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC‐SAFT). The experimental solubility data of various gases such as ethylene, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, methane, and hydrocarbons of up to chain length of seven in both molten and semicrystalline polyethylene has been reviewed and the suitability of the developed model based on PC‐SAFT was then tested using the available solubility data in literatures for various gases and hydrocarbons. Furthermore, the optimum values of adjustable solvents‐solute binary interaction parameters (Kij) of PC‐SAFT at different temperatures have been estimated by regression of the PC‐SAFT model using experimental solubility isotherms. A suitable correlation of Kij with temperature was then developed using the estimated Kij at different temperatures. The solubility calculated from the developed model using the estimated Kij was then compared to the experimental results and a reasonably good correlation was observed. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rice hull biocomposites. I. Preparation of a linseed‐oil‐based resin reinforced with rice hulls
Authors: Quirino Rafael L. , Larock Richard C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBiocomposites consisting of a conjugated linseed‐oil (CLO)‐based thermoset reinforced with rice hulls were prepared by free‐radical polymerization initiated by t‐butyl peroxide. The resin composition was kept constant at 50 wt % CLO, 35 wt % n‐butyl methacrylate, and 15 wt % divinylbenzene. Tensile tests, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, Soxhlet extraction, and differential scanning calorimetry were used to establish the ideal cure sequence. The pressure during cure, filler load, and the drying and grinding of the filler were varied, and their effects on the final properties of the composites were assessed. Optimal conditions were established for the preparation of rice hull biocomposites. Scanning electron microscopy showed a weak filler–resin interaction and X‐ray mapping suggested the presence of silica in the rice hulls; this have accounted for the high thermal and mechanical properties obtained for these composites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Superparamagnetic latex synthesized by a new route of emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization
Authors: Beyaz Seda , Tanrisever Taner , Kockar Hakan , Butun Vural 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to design polymeric nanospheres containing magnetic nanoparticle which could display superparamagnetic behavior and thus find application in allied fields. First magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized with coprecipitation method and then their stable acidic dispersion was prepared without surfactant and dropped into the polymerization system during a certain time interval after the polymerization started. The effects of time at which the magnetic sol was added into polymerization system on latex size and stability, average molecular weight of polymer were examined in the case of two different monomer concentrations. Extensive characterization by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, thermal gravimetric analysis and magnetic measurements shows that when the magnetic sol was dropped during earlier time of polymerization at stage 1, the latex size, average molecular weight of polymer, thermal stability of polymeric composite, and saturation magnetization reduced, whereas polydispersity of size and molecular weight increased because of the reaction between persulfate and naked surface of magnetite at the aqueous phase. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Histological and Stereological Changes in Growing and Regressing Chicken Ovaries During Development
Authors: González‐Morán María Genoveva 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the sequence of the histological and stereological changes that occur in diverse components of left growing and right regressing ovaries of Gallus domesticus as well as the variations in the number and size of the different cell subpopulations from 8‐day‐old chicken embryo to 4‐week‐old chickens. Results indicate a bilateral asymmetry in favor of the left ovary at all ages studied. The left ovary shows cortex and medulla, but the right ovary has no cortex, only a medulla. Stereological results show in the left ovary an increase in total volume of all components of the ovarian medulla with advancing development. The right ovary follows a similar pattern until the age of 1‐day‐old chicken, to regress afterward, thereby, reducing the total volume of blood vessels, lacunar channels, and interstitium, but increasing the total volume of interstitial cells as development progresses; consequently, the total volume of interstitial cells is the dominant component in the right ovary of 4‐week‐old chickens. Results also reveal that the increase in total volume of interstitial cells in the left ovary at all ages and in the right ovary from 8‐day‐old chicken embryo to 1‐day‐old chicken is due to hyperplasia and cell hypertrophy of interstitial cells; hence, in the right ovary, cell hypertrophy is the main cause for the increase in the total volume of interstitial cells from 1‐week‐old to 4‐week‐old chickens. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein Release from Biodegradable PolyHPMA–Lysozyme Conjugates Resulting in Bioactivity Enhancement
Authors: Tao Lei , Chen Gaojian , Zhao Lixiang , Xu Jiangtao , Huang Edwin , Liu Aiping , Marquis Christopher P. , Davis Thomas P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA novel biodegradable thiazolidine‐2‐thione functional chain transfer agent was synthesized and employed as a reversible additional fragmentation chain transfer agent to prepare well‐defined semitelechelic poly‐N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl) methacrylamides (polyHPMAs) with predetermined molecular weights and narrow polydispersities. The protein reactive group, thiazolidine‐2‐thione, was located at the polymer chain ends fixed by biodegradable disulfide bonds. The functional polyHPMA chains were subsequently conjugated to protein (lysozyme) by exploiting reactions between the thiazolidine‐2‐thione functionality and amine residues on the protein surface to form covalent amide linkages. The in vitro bioactivities of the lysozyme–polyHPMA conjugates were assessed by using Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells as substrates. The lysozyme bioactivity was significantly reduced following the conjugation procedure. However, cleavage of the polymer chains from the bioconjugates (under reducing conditions) yielded free protein and a remarkable recovery of bioactivity. In vivo tests were performed by subcutaneous injection into mice and clearly demonstrated decreased proteolytic degradation for the protein–polymer conjugate when compared with native protein, indicating effective protein protection through a conjugation strategy. This bioreversible approach to conjugation allows for a balance to be made between protein protection and effective bioactivity maintenance.
Aminoluciferins as Functional Bioluminogenic Substrates of Firefly Luciferase
Authors: Takakura Hideo , Kojima Ryosuke , Urano Yasuteru , Terai Takuya , Hanaoka Kenjiro , Nagano Tetsuo 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFirefly luciferase is widely used as a reporter gene in assays to study gene expression, gene delivery, and so on because of its extremely high signal‐to‐noise ratio. The availability of a range of bioluminogenic substrates would greatly extend the applicability of the luciferin–luciferase system. Herein, we describe a design concept for functional bioluminogenic substrates based on the aminoluciferin (AL) scaffold, together with a convenient, high‐yield method for synthesizing N‐alkylated ALs. We confirmed the usefulness of ALs as bioluminogenic substrates by synthesizing three probes. The first was a conjugate of AL with glutamate, Glu–AL. When Glu–AL, the first membrane‐impermeable bioluminogenic substrate of luciferases, was applied to cells transfected with luciferase, luminescence was not observed; that is, by using Glu–AL, we can distinguish between intracellular and extracellular events. The second was Cy5–AL, which consisted of Cy5, a near‐infrared (NIR) cyanine fluorescent dye, and AL, and emitted NIR light. When Cy5–AL reacted with luciferase, luminescence derived from Cy5 was observed as a result of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) from AL to Cy5. The NIR emission wavelength would allow a signal to be observed from deeper tissues in bioluminescence in vivo imaging. The third was biotin–DEVD–AL (DEVD=the amino acid sequence Asp‐Glu‐Val‐Asp), which employed a caspase‐3 substrate peptide as a switch to control the accessibility of the substrate to luciferase, and could detect the activity of caspase‐3 in a time‐dependent manner. This generalized design strategy should be applicable to other proteases. Our results indicate that the AL scaffold is appropriate for a range of functional luminophores and represents a useful alternative substrate to luciferin.
Construction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with enhanced ethanol tolerance by mutagenesis of the TATA‐binding protein gene and identification of novel genes associated with ethanol tolerance
Authors: Yang Jungwoo , Bae Ju Yun , Lee Young Mi , Kwon Hyeji , Moon Hye‐Yun , Kang Hyun Ah , Yee Su‐bog , Kim Wankee , Choi Wonja 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSince elevated ethanol is a major stress during ethanol fermentation, yeast strains tolerant to ethanol are highly desirable for the industrial scale ethanol production. A technology called global transcriptional machinery engineering (gTME), which exploits a mutant library of SPT15 encoding the TATA‐binding protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Alper et al., 2006; Science 314: 1565–1568), seems to a powerful tool for creating ethanol‐tolerant strains. However, the ability of created strains to tolerate high ethanol on rich media remains unproven. In this study, a similar strategy was used to obtain five strains with enhanced ethanol tolerance (ETS1–5) of S. cerevisiae. Comparing global transcriptional profiles of two selected strains ETS2 and ETS3 with that of the control identified 42 genes that were commonly regulated with twofold change. Out of 34 deletion mutants available from a gene knockout library, 18 were ethanol sensitive, suggesting that these genes were closely associated with ethanol tolerance. Eight of them were novel with most being functionally unknown. To establish a basis for future industrial applications, strains iETS2 and iETS3 were created by integrating the SPT15 mutant alleles of ETS2 and ETS3 into the chromosomes, which also exhibited enhanced ethanol tolerance and survival upon ethanol shock on a rich medium. Fermentation with 20% glucose for 24 h in a bioreactor revealed that iETS2 and iETS3 grew better and produced approximately 25% more ethanol than a control strain. The ethanol yield and productivity were also substantially enhanced: 0.31 g/g and 2.6 g/L/h, respectively, for control and 0.39 g/g and 3.2 g/L/h, respectively, for iETS2 and iETS3. Thus, our study demonstrates the utility of gTME in generating strains with enhanced ethanol tolerance that resulted in increase of ethanol production. Strains with enhanced tolerance to other stresses such as heat, fermentation inhibitors, osmotic pressure, and so on, may be further created by using gTME. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1776–1787. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.