bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Envoy Esteem Totally Implantable Hearing System
Authors: Kraus Eric M. , Shohet Jack A. , Catalano Peter J. 
Published: April 2011

Objectives(1) To assess outcomes of the Envoy Esteem Totally Implantable Hearing System as measured by hearing results compared with preimplant baseline unaided (BLU) and best‐fit aided conditions (BLA) and (2) to determine safety of the device.Study DesignProspective, nonrandomized, multicenter, subject‐as‐own‐control, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) trial.SettingPrivate practice and hospital‐based.Subjects and MethodsBetween January 2008 and August 2009, an FDA trial was performed at 3 sites. Fifty‐seven subjects with bilateral, mild to severe sensorineural hearing loss, with discrimination greater than 40%, were implanted. Implanted components were (1) a sound processor and (2) 2 piezoelectric transducers (a sensor and a driver). A sound processor was implanted in the temporal bone. Transducers were coupled to the ossicles. Devices were activated 2 months postimplant. Hearing results were compared with ipsilateral BLU and BLA.ResultsSpeech reception thresholds (SRTs) improved from BLA of 41.2 dB to 29.4 dB with the Esteem (P ≤. 001). Word recognition score (WRS) at 50 dB hearing level (HL) improved from BLA of 46.3% to 68.9% with the Esteem. Pure tone averages improved by 27 ± 1 dB (confidence interval, 30‐25). There were no changes in bone conduction. QuickSIN results showed no change. There were 6 serious adverse device effects: 2 wound infections (1 resolved medically, 1 required explantation), 1 delayed facial paralysis that resolved with medication, and 3 revisions due to limited benefit.ConclusionPhase 2 results at 12 months post implant demonstrated that (1) hearing results with the device are statistically superior to baseline best‐fit hearing aids for SRT and WRS and (2) the device is safe.
Topographic Gene Expression in the Sinonasal Cavity of Patients with Chronic Sinusitis with Polyps
Authors: Platt Michael P. , Soler Zachary M. , Kao Shyan‐Yuan , Metson Ralph , Stankovic Konstantina M. 
Published: April 2011

ObjectiveTo determine whether variations in gene expression exist at multiple subsites along the sinonasal tract in patients with chronic sinusitis with polyps and in healthy controls.Study DesignProspective, controlled study.SettingAcademic medical center.Subjects and MethodsTissue expression levels of 5 genes, previously found to be characteristic of ethmoid polyps, were measured using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 100 sinonasal tissue samples. Specimens harvested from 5 regions—the ethmoid sinus, septum, inferior turbinate, middle turbinate, and lateral nasal wall—in 10 patients with chronic sinusitis and ethmoid polyps were compared to tissue from similar regions in 10 control patients without sinusitis. Western blot analysis was performed to validate differential gene expression at the protein level.ResultsGene expression levels of ethmoid polyps differed significantly from those of healthy ethmoid mucosa, as well as tissue from 4 surrounding anatomical sites in both patients with chronic sinusitis and controls. Alterations specific to the polyp tissue included downregulated genes, prolactin‐induced protein (fold change 377.2 ± 169.0, P <. 0001), and zinc α2‐glycoprotein (fold change 72.1 ± 26.5, P <. 0001), as well as upregulated genes, met proto‐oncogene (fold change 2.5 ± 0.7, P =. 029), and periostin (fold change 7.5 ± 3.4, P =. 003). No significant differences in gene expression was found for neurabin 2 (fold change 1.0, P =. 99).ConclusionThe transcriptional pattern of ethmoid polyps appears to be unique compared with other subsites in the sinonasal cavity of patients with chronic sinusitis. Care must be taken when collecting specimens for molecular studies of the sinonasal tract to differentiate polyp from nonpolyp tissue in chronic sinusitis.
Cryopyrin‐Associated Periodic Syndromes
Authors: Ahmadi Neda , Brewer Carmen C. , Zalewski Christopher , King Kelly A. , Butman John A. , Plass Nicole , Henderson Cailin , Goldbach‐Mansky Raphaela , Kim H. Jeffrey 
Published: April 2011

ObjectiveCryopyrin‐associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) represent a spectrum of CIAS1 gene‐mediated autoinflammatory diseases characterized by recurrent systemic inflammation. The clinical spectrum of CAPS varies from mild to severe and includes the syndromes historically described as familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS), Muckle‐Wells syndrome (MWS), and neonatal‐onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID). This article presents the largest cohort of patients with CAPS. The objective is to describe the pathogenesis, otolaryngologic, and audiologic manifestations of CAPS.Study DesignProspective (2003‐2009).SettingNational Institutes of Health.Subjects and MethodsFifty‐seven patients with a diagnosis of CAPS were identified (31 NOMID, 11 NOMID/MWS, 9 MWS, and 6 FCAS). Comprehensive data regarding clinical manifestations, audiologic phenotype, and fluid attenuation inversion recovery MRI (FLAIR‐MRI) of the brain and inner ear were obtained.ResultsComplete audiologic data obtained on 70% of ears revealed conductive hearing loss in 4 (11%) NOMID ears and mixed hearing loss in 5 (13%) NOMID and 2 (14%) NOMID/MWS ears. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), worse in higher frequencies, was the most common type of hearing loss and was present in 23 (61%) NOMID, 10 (71%) NOMID/MWS, and 4 (33%) MWS ears. All of the patients with FCAS had normal hearing except 2, who had SNHL from 4 to 8 kHz. On FLAIR‐MRI sequence, cochlear enhancement was noted in 26 of 29 (90%) NOMID, 6 of 11 (55%) NOMID/MWS, 3 of 9 (33%) MWS, and 1 of 6 (17%) FCAS patients and was significantly associated with the presence of hearing loss. Maxillary sinus hypoplasia and mucosal thickening were found in 39% and 86% of the cohort, respectively.ConclusionCIAS1 pathway–mediated CAPS is associated with unregulated autoinflammation mediated by interleukin‐1 in the cochlea and hearing loss. Timely diagnosis is crucial to initiate early treatment with interleukin‐1 receptor antagonists.
High Prevalence of High‐Risk Human Papillomavirus in Palatine Tonsils from Healthy Children and Adults
Authors: Duray Anaëlle , Descamps Géraldine , Bettonville Marie , Sirtaine Nicolas , Ernoux‐Neufcoeur Perle , Guenin Samuel , Mouallif Mustapha , Depuydt Christophe E. , Delvenne Philippe , Saussez Sven 
Published: April 2011

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in 80 tumor‐free tonsils from healthy children and adults using a sensitive E6/E7 type‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Study DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingEar, nose, and throat department, university hospital.Subjects and MethodsParaffin‐embedded tissues from tumor‐free tonsils (TFTs) were evaluated for HPV DNA using GP5+/6+ consensus PCR and subsequent genotyping using E6/E7 type‐specific PCR for HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68. The immunohistochemical expression of p16 and p53 was also assessed.ResultsIn 80 TFTs, the authors identified 10 (12.5%) that tested positive for the following high‐risk HPV types: HPV 16 (8 cases), 18 (1 case), and 31 (1 case). Twelve patients (15%) tested positive for HPV infection using the GP5+/GP6+ consensus primers but were negative using quantitative PCR. These patients were considered infected with low‐risk HPV types. Fifty‐eight TFTs (72.5%) tested negative for both GP5+/GP6+ and type‐specific HPV PCR analysis (HPV negative). Among patients infected with HPV, the authors observed a slight increase in frequency with age.ConclusionIn TFTs, oncogenic and nononcogenic HPVs were present at a relatively high frequency in children and adults. The presence of high‐risk HPV DNA in young children supports the horizontal transmission hypothesis and argues in favor of HPV vaccination at birth.
Synchronous Airway Lesions in Children Younger Than Age 3 Years Undergoing Adenotonsillectomy
Authors: Rastatter Jeffrey C. , Schroeder James W. , French Adam , Holinger Lauren 
Published: April 2011

ObjectiveDetermine the prevalence of synchronous airway lesions (SALs) in children younger than age 3 years undergoing adenoidectomy or adenotonsillectomy for sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) at Children’s Memorial Hospital.DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary care pediatric hospital.ChildrenOne hundred ten children 3 years of age or younger who underwent adenoidectomy or adenotonsillectomy along with a full‐airway evaluation that included flexible fiber‐optic laryngoscopy, direct laryngoscopy, and rigid bronchoscopy for SDB from January 2003 to January 2009.Outcome MeasuresPrevalence of SALs and rate of SALs that required intervention.ResultsSixty‐seven percent of children were found to have at least 1 SAL. Four children required surgical intervention for a SAL. There was no significant difference in preoperative respiratory distress index (RDI) between children with normal airway examinations compared with children with a SAL. There was no significant difference in the rate of SALs between children younger than 18 months old and those 18 to 36 months old.ConclusionsThere is a high incidence of SALs in children younger than 3 years old with SDB. There was no significant difference in the rate of SALs in children younger than 18 months old compared with children 18 to 36 months old. The RDI determined by a polysomnography was not predictive of the presence of a SAL. Tracheal cobblestoning was the most common SAL discovered.
Tinnitus Severity and the Relation to Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Ooms Els , Meganck Reitske , Vanheule Stijn , Vinck Bart , Watelet Jean‐Baptiste , Dhooge Ingeborg 
Published: April 2011

ObjectiveIn this study, the authors investigated whether tinnitus severity is a problem related to depression. If so, the following 2 conditions should be fulfilled:first, there should be evidence for the presence of moderate to severe depressive symptomatology in a substantial group of tinnitus patients; second, there should be evidence of a substantial relationship between depressive symptoms and tinnitus severity.Study DesignCross‐sectional.SettingEar, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Department of the Ghent University Hospital.Subjects and MethodsIn total, 136 consecutive help‐seeking tinnitus patients were seen by a psychologist, an audiologist, and an ENT specialist. All patients filled in the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI‐II) and the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and underwent psychoacoustic measurement.ResultsMean scores indicate the presence of no or minimal depressive symptoms. There was a positive correlation (P <. 01) between the BDI‐II and the THI. No correlations were found between psychoacoustic measures and the self‐report questionnaires. Linear regression analysis was performed to examine the predictive role of the 3 components of depression (cognitive, somatic, and affective) in tinnitus severity. Results show that only the somatic depression subscale of the BDI‐II significantly predicted tinnitus severity, which can be explained because of content overlap between the BDI‐II and the THI.ConclusionTinnitus does not appear to be a problem related to depression. The authors did not find a substantial group of tinnitus patients with moderate to severe depressive symptoms. The relation between depressive symptoms and tinnitus severity seems to be an artifact of content overlap between the BDI‐II and the THI.
A COMPARISON OF THE STAINING AFFINITIES OF ALDEHYDE-FUCHSIN AND THE SCHIFF REAGENT
Authors: SCOTT H. R. , CLAYTON B. P. 
Published: April 2011

A comparison is made of the relative affinities of aldehyde-fuchsin and the Schiff reagent for various tissue elements in different states of oxidation. Glycogen, gastric mucus, kidney brush border, intestinal striated border, reticular tissue, gastric parietal cell canaliculi, and Paneth cell granules react with neither aldehyde-fuchsin nor the Schiff reagent without periodic acid or stronger oxidation. Beta cell granules of the islets of Langerhans, keratin, mast cells, elastic fibers, hyaline cartilage, goblet cells, thyroid colloid, argentaffine cell granules, and the acrosomes of spermatozoa are stained by aldehyde-fuchsin without oxidation. None of these tissue elements exhibit a clearly positive reaction with the Schiff reagent under similar conditions. However, elastic fibers, hyaline cartilage, and acrosomes do display a slight coloration. Since the tissue elements which do not stain with aldehyde-fuchsin without previous oxidation act in a similar manner toward both aldehyde-fuchsin and the Schiff reagent, it is assumed that aldehyde groups are responsible for the positive reaction with both these reagents after periodic acid or stronger oxidation. The tissue elements which are stained most intensely by aldehyde-fuchsin without oxidation, i.e., mast cells, hyaline cartilage, and elastic fibers, are those which have been found to contain or to be associated with highly sulfated mucopolysaccharides. Beta cell granules and keratin which after oxidation react strongly with aldehyde-fuchsin, but not with the Schiff reagent, are known to possess a high content of cystine. Since the sulfated mucopolysaccharides possess sulfuric groups and since the dithio bonds of cystine are converted to sulfonic groups on oxidation, it is suggested that these groups may be responsible for the staining of tissue elements by aldehyde-fuchsin when the Schiff reaction is negative. In conclusion, it appears that the reactivities of aldehyde-fuchsin and the Schiff reagent are similar in that they both show an affinity for aldehyde groups, but different in that aldehyde-fuchsin seems to possess an affinity for strong sulfur acids which the Schiff reagent does not.
FACTORS INFLUENCING PERIODIC ACID SCHIFF REACTION OF COLLAGEN FIBERS
Authors: LILLIE R. D. 
Published: April 2011

The use of alcoholic solutions of periodic acid does not greatly impair the periodic acid Schiff reaction of collagen. The Hotchkiss acidulated thiosulfate "reducing rinse" is essentially a sulfurous acid bath and acts to block aldehydes from coloring with Schiff reagent. As with deliberate sulfurous acid blockade procedures, prolongation of the exposure to Schiff reagent overcomes this blockade. Brief treatment with iodine and thiosulfate breaks this blockade just as it does that with bisulfite. Prolonged exposure to postassium bichromate solution creates weak diffuse aldehyde reactions in tissues, and also tends to weaken the reactivity of collagen to the periodic acid Schiff procedure.
CORRELATION OF MANOMETRIC AND HISTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES IN THE STUDY OF CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY
Authors: HARRIS CHARLES , COHEN BERNARD S. , BERGNER A. DOROTHY 
Published: April 2011

1. A relationship is defined for the manometric equivalent of the activity of cholinesterase which will precipitate a minimally visible deposit of copper sulfide, when Koelle's technique for demonstration of cholinesterase is applied to plasma and erythrocyte enzyme preparations. 2. Were the equations for the histochemical reactions exactly defined, with particular reference to the structural formula of copper thiocholine, the equivalence could be calculated from the stoichiometric equations. In the absence of exact knowledge of the equations, equivalence is estimated by techniques which adapt a filter paper matrix as substitute for tissue. 3. Calculations are limited to order of magnitude at minimal staining, so that surface deposits of copper sulfide can be studied without reference to their depth. 4. The motor end-plate of rat intercostal muscle, with surface area of about 500 sq. micra is shown to have a cholinesterase activity of an order of magnitude capable of hydrolyzing 2.5 x 10–6 microliters of carbon dioxide in 30 minutes. 5. The cholinesterase activity of rat erythrocyte is estimated as being below the threshold of activity per unit area necessary to result in a visible precipitate of copper sulfide with the histochemical method employed.
EXTRAVASCULAR DISTRIBUTION OF FLUORESCENT ALBUMIN, GLOBULIN AND FIBRINOGEN IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE STRUCTURES
Authors: MANCINI R. E. , VILAR O. , DELLACHA J. M. , DAVIDSON O. W. , GOMEZ C. J. , ALVAREZ B. 
Published: April 2011

Adult albino rats were injected intravenously with labelled homologous albumin, globulins and fibrinogen. Labelling was done with acid rhodamine B (C.I. No. 45100) and fluorescein isothiocyanate. The amount of fluorescent dye bound to proteins was measured spectrophotometrically. Paper electrophoretic mobility and clotting time of fibrinogen were also checked after labelling. As a control, free fluorescent dye solutions were injected into another lot of rats. Animals were killed at intervals from 10 minutes to 12 days. Blood samples were taken to determine spectrophotometrically the concentration of labelled proteins in the circulation. Paraffin or unfixed fresh frozen sections from all tissues were examined with the fluorescence microscope. Histoimmunological studies were also made using fluorescent antibody against the different rat serum fractions. Coons's technique was applied to tissue sections from normal rats or from animals previously injected with unlabelled serum fractions and killed between 3 and 12 hours later. The following principal observations were made: 1) Globulins bind a larger amount of dye than albumin, while fibrinogen bound the least. 2) Labelling does not change grossly the electrophoretic mobility of albumin and globulins but slightly modified the clotting time of fibrinogen. 3) Time-concentration curves of albumin and globulins in the circulation are very much alike and reveal a fast and a slow component with 2.6 day time half-life for the former and 3.1 half-life for the latter. 4) Histologically labelled albumin and globulins are seen first in the lumen and on the walls of all blood vessels, and up to 8 hours they appeared to accumulate widely in connective tissue structures as well as in basement membranes of dermis and the mucosae of digestive, respiratory and urogenital tracts; fluorescence does not cross the basement membranes in most organs, nor does it pass the perichondrium, periosteum, or blood capillaries in the nervous system into surrounding parenchyma. Finally, labelled proteins began to disappear from all these sites after 12 hours, but persist longer in the macrophages of liver, lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow. Fibrinogen was not seen diffusing out from vessels to the surrounding connective tissue. 5) That in animals previously injected with unlabelled serum fractions, histoimmunological techniques also showed the highest specific fluorescence in sections of connective tissue, stained with labelled antialbumin and antiglobulins; labelled antifibrinogen gave only a weak fluorescence in the same structutres. 6) These results confirm and extend our previous studies on the role of connective tissue as a transient depot for the extravascular pool of serum proteins.
A PARAFFIN EMBEDDING TECHNIQUE FOR STUDIES EMPLOYING IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
Authors: SAINTE-MARIE GUY 
Published: April 2011

A method is described for the fixation of blocks of tissue for use in studies employing immunofluorescence. This method consists of fixing thin blocks in 95% ethanol and carrying out the subsequent dehydration and clearing at refrigerator temperatures (4°C). Thereafter, embedding in paraffin and sectioning by the standard microtomy is easy. This method results in preparations which are histologically more precise in the localization of antigen or antibody than preparations of frozen tissues; and with rabbit antibody and bovine serum albumin, the sensitivity of detection is enhanced. Bovine serum albumin can be found for longer periods after injection than is possible with frozen sections. Other antigens for which this procedure has proved satisfactory are bovine gamma globulin, horse ferritin, influenza A virus, diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. Hen's ovalbumin deteriorated. New antigens or new antibodies should be tested before being committed to this method.
QUANTITATIVE HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE KIDNEY. II. ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES IN GLOMERULI AND PROXIMAL TUBULES IN AMINONUCLEOSIDE NEPHROSIS IN RATS
Authors: KISSANE JOHN M. , HOFF EUGENE 
Published: April 2011

Quantitative determinations of enzymatic activities in glomeruli and in two segments of proximal tubules at intervals in the development of aminonucleoside nephrosis in rats suggest that several mechanisms are at play in this experimental disease. Increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in glomeruli, first demonstrated by Dubach and Recant, and increased 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase in glomeruli were the earliest enzymatic alterations which were demonstrated and constitute evidence that the glomerulus is the renal structure primarily deranged in this form of experimental nephrosis. The exact biochemical nature of the glomerular lesions remains obscure. Decreased tubular alkaline phosphatase was correlated with tubular dilatation from obstruction by casts. Decreases were found in tubular activities of malic, glutamic, and isocitric dehydrogenases, and of glycylphenylalanine dipeptidase; similar changes in these activities were observed in experimental proteinuria. In aminonucleoside-treated animals, slight increases in glomerular malic, lactic, and glutamic dehydrogenases occurred after 11 to 15 days, appreciably later than the increases in enzymes of the hexose monophosphate pathway. Increased tubular activity of acid phosphatase may be a component of non-specific cellular degeneration.
FLUORESCENCE OF CATECHOL AMINES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS CONDENSED WITH FORMALDEHYDE
Authors: FALCK B. , HILLARP N.-Å. , THIEME G. , TORP A. 
Published: April 2011

The reaction under mild conditions between formaldehyde and phenylalanine and phenylethylamine derivatives has been studied. When the amines included in a dried protein film were exposed to formaldehyde vapour a very intense green to yellow fluorescence was give only by those that as well as being primary amines also have hydroxyl groups at the 3 and 4 positions (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine, noradrenaline). The 3-OH group seems to be esssential for the reaction. The catechol amines, which are secondary amines (adrenaline, epinine), gave a much weaker fluorescence that developed more slowly. The results obtained on further examination of the reaction favour the view that the amines primarily condense with formaldehyde to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines which are involved in a secondary reaction to become highly fluorescent and at the same time insoluble. This secondary reaction may be a binding to protein, and oxidation with the formation of double bonds in the heterocyclic ring, or both.
HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF REDUCED PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE DEPENDENT POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBON METABOLIZING SYSTEMS
Authors: WATTENBERG LEE W. , LEONG J. LIONEL 
Published: April 2011

1. Histochemical procedures have been developed for the demonstration of reduced pyridine nucleotide dependent systems metabolizing 3, 4-benzypyrene, perylene, 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene and 1, 2-benzanthracene. 2. For these procedures, an in situ indicator technique has been employed in which alterations of the fluorescence of the substrates coated on tissue sections is used to demonstrate the sites of enzyme activity. 3. Positive reactions have been found in the hepatic cells of rat, mouse, hamster, monkey, and man. The cells of the central portion of the hepatic lobule are more active than those of the periphery in all species. 4. A survey of rat tissues has shown positive reactions also in the distal portion of the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney, the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal, the interstitial cells of the testis, the follicular epithelium of the thyroid and the alveolar walls of the lung. 5. The activity is considerably higher in sections of liver, kidney, thyroid, testis, and lung from rats injected with methylcholanthrene than in control animals; in the adrenal, no such increase is found.