bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contact-induced structural change in Acadian and Louisiana French : mechanisms and motivations
Authors: Neumann-Holzschuh Ingrid 
Published: May 2010

Cet article traite des mécanismes du changement linguistique en situation de contact pour ce qui est du français acadien, parlé dans les Provinces Maritimes et à Terre-Neuve, ainsi qu’en français louisianais. Le fait que l’anglais est depuis très longtemps la langue dominante dans ces régions a eu des conséquences profondes sur la langue minoritaire, en voie d’extinction à Terre-Neuve et en Louisiane. Sur la base d’études récentes sur le changement linguistique en situation de contact, cet article analyse l’influence de l’anglais sur les structures grammaticales et syntaxiques en français acadien et louisianais. Les questions de base sont les suivantes : (a) quels sont les mécanismes du changement structurel (dans quelle mesure le concept de grammatical replication, au sens de Heine/Kuteva, est-il un cadre explicatif utile?) et (b) en quel sens les facteurs externes interagissent-ils avec des facteurs internes comme la simplification, la neutralisation, la tendance aux constructions analytiques, l’iconicité, l’analogie ou d’autres principes fonctionnels et cognitifs de marquage ? On montrera ici qu’il y a d’une part des exemples de changements grammaticaux et syntaxiques résultant de motivations à la fois externes et internes, dans le sens d’une causalité multiple, mais que d’autre part, il existe des cas de calques sémantiques ou combinatoires clairement induits par le contact.
Des variations orthographiques dans les productions de jeunes bilingues turc-français et turc-anglais
Authors: Gonac’h Jeanne 
Published: May 2010

La maîtrise de l’orthographe constitue un signe de distinction de la compétence à l’écrit des jeunes scolarisés, en France comme en Angleterre. Si les études sur la maîtrise de l’orthographe sont nombreuses sur les pratiques monolingues, elles le sont moins sur les pratiques bilingues. Notre étude vise à tester l’hypothèse de l’influence de la variable bilingue / monolingue sur l’orthographe, hypothèse jusqu’alors simplement soulevée. Les bilingues auprès desquels nous avons enquêté ont la particularité d’être des enfants de migrants turcs et turcophones, dont le bilinguisme, dit « migratoire », est bien souvent dévalorisé. L’hypothèse de l’influence du bilinguisme sur la maîtrise de l’orthographe est mise à l’épreuve de terrains différents, notamment, du point de vue des politiques linguistiques et scolaires : la France et l’Angleterre. Cette comparaison vise à soulever la question de l’influence de celles-ci sur les pratiques bilingues.
Normes en jeu et jeu des normes dans les deux langues en présence chez les sourds locuteurs de la Langue des Signes Française
Authors: Garcia Brigitte , Perini Marie 
Published: May 2010

Cet article interroge la nature des normes en jeu dans les deux langues en contact chez les locuteurs sourds de la Langue des Signes Française (LSF), LSF et français écrit. Dans une première partie, nous précisons les spécificités de ce bilinguisme et insistons sur la place paradoxale qu’y occupe le français écrit : construit par l’éducation et la tradition dictionnairique comme langue de référence, il est néanmoins exceptionnellement maîtrisé par ces locuteurs. L’article examine ensuite successivement dans quelle mesure le français écrit exerce son emprise sur la LSF, et, en symétrique, jusqu’à quel point une influence de la LSF permet de rendre compte des particularités observées depuis longtemps dans l’écrit de ces locuteurs. Ainsi, dans une deuxième partie, nous montrons que, malgré le caractère invasif des emprunts de la LSF au français écrit, leur intégration exploite prioritairement les ressources d’une sémiologie visuelle, dont on peut penser qu’elle excède la seule LSF. La dernière partie montre, en parallèle, en quoi l’analyse des particularités relevées dans l’écrit des sourds alimente l’hypothèse que, à côté d’une explication par des interférences avec la LSF, pourraient intervenir des modalités de traitement de l’information spécifiques à la surdité elle-même. Certaines de ces particularités se retrouvent en effet dans l’écrit de sourds non-locuteurs de la LSF. Ce sont la possibilité et les enjeux de l’intervention d’une telle « norme sourde », en amont des deux langues en contact, qui sont finalement explorés.
De la polymorphie du purisme linguistique sur l'Internet
Authors: Damar Marie-Ève 
Published: May 2010

Les normes et les représentations de la norme circulent parmi les usagers de la langue, ces discours font l’objet d’études de linguistes, et l’analyse du discours ne peut désormais se passer de la linguistique populaire. Comme l’internet constitue l’un des vecteurs privilégiés de la communication métalinguistique, les forums regorgent de commentaires métalinguistiques, il semble nécessaire de s’interroger sur la nature des prises de position à propos de la langue. Nous avons cherché à savoir quels étaient les discours sur quelques faits de langue, qui concernent tant la syntaxe que la morphologie : l’emploi du subjonctif après “après que”, l’expression “aller au coiffeur”, la féminisation des titres, les mots “promotionner” et “solutionner”, les néologismes liés aux nouvelles technologies. Les internautes sont-ils puristes ? Par ailleurs, on peut s’interroger sur les implications que peuvent avoir ces prises de position, notamment sur le plan pédagogique ? Dans une perspective d’enseignement et d’apprentissage, il ne faut pas négliger le rôle des représentations, tant celles des enseignants que celles des apprenants. Sous cet angle, l’analyse des métadiscours fournirait des pistes de réflexion pour la didactique des langues.
Ocular Response Analyzer Measurements in Keratoconus with Normal Central Corneal Thickness Compared with Matched Normal Control Eyes
Authors: Fontes Bruno M. , Ambrósio Renato , Velarde Guillermo Coca , Nosé Walton 
Published: May 2010

Purpose:
To compare corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) in eyes with keratoconus with a central corneal thickness (CCT) ≥520 μm with CH and CRF in matched controls, and to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of these parameters for discriminating between the two groups.

Methods:
This prospective, comparative case series comprised 19 eyes of 19 patients with keratoconus with CCT ≥520 μm and 19 eyes of 19 healthy sex-, age-, and CCT-matched patients who underwent a complete clinical eye examination, corneal topography, tomography, and biomechanical evaluation. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to identify cutoff points that maximized the sensitivity and specificity for discriminating between groups.

Results:

Central corneal thickness was 543.1±13.9 μm (range: 520 to 568 μm) in the keratoconus group and 545±12.5 μm (range: 527 to 575 μm) in the control group (
P
=.6017). Corneal hysteresis was 9.22±1.44 mmHg (range: 6.2 to 11.35 mmHg) in the keratoconus group and 10.58±1.91 mmHg (range: 7.34 to 13.53 mmHg) in the control group (
P
=.0075). Corneal resistance factor was 8.62±1.52 mmHg (range: 5.60 to 11.20 mmHg) in the keratoconus group and 10.30±1.92 mmHg (range: 6.95 to 14.12 mmHg) in the control group (
P
=.0049). The ROC curve analyses showed a poor overall predictive accuracy of CH (cutoff, 9.90 mmHg; sensitivity, 78.9%; specificity, 63.2%; test accuracy, 71.05%) and CRF (cutoff, 8.90 mmHg; sensitivity, 68.4%; specificity, 78.9%; test accuracy, 73.65%) for detecting keratoconus in the eyes studied.

Conclusions:
Corneal hysteresis and CRF were statistically lower in the keratoconus group compared with the control group. Given the large overlap, both CH and CRF had low sensitivity and specificity for discriminating between groups.
Corneal Ectasia After LASIK Despite Low Preoperative Risk: Tomographic and Biomechanical Findings in the Unoperated, Stable, Fellow Eye
Authors: Ambrósio Renato , Dawson Daniel G. , Salomão Marcella , Guerra Frederico P. , Caiado Ana Laura C. , Belin Michael W. 
Published: May 2010

Purpose:
To report a case of progressive corneal ectasia after LASIK with no detectable preoperative risk factors and to present three-dimensional corneal tomographic and biomechanical findings on the contralateral unoperated eye that would be considered low risk for ectasia and thereby a good LASIK candidate based on the Randleman Ectasia Risk Score System (ERSS).

Methods:
A case report, literature review, and description of novel screening criteria based on Pentacam (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH) corneal tomography are presented as well as Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA, Reichert Instruments) corneal biomechanical analysis.

Results:
Progressive corneal ectasia after LASIK of the operated left eye was confirmed by corneal topography. Scheimpflug imaging identified a meniscus-shaped LASIK flap with a central thickness of 165 μm and residual stromal bed thickness of 280 μm. Randleman ERSS score was 2 for the ectatic eye before LASIK and 1 for the current status of the unoperated eye, which remained stable with normal topography and no change in refraction for >5 years. Low corneal hysteresis (8.6 mmHg) and corneal resistance factor (7.5 mmHg) were found in the unoperated, nonectatic eye, along with a suspicious waveform sign of a second rebounded peak after second applanation. Pentacam average pachymetric progression was 1.09 (normal is <1.15); the Belin-Ambrósio overall deviation index was 1.99 (normal is <1.9).

Conclusions:
Three-dimensional corneal tomographic and ORA biomechanical measurements provide additional information that may help identify individuals at high risk for naturally occurring or iatrogenic corneal ectasia.
Reproducibility of LASIK Flap Thickness Using the Zeiss Femtosecond Laser Measured Postoperatively by Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Ju Won-Kyung , Lee Jeong-Hye , Chung Tae-Young , Chung Eui-Sang 
Published: May 2010

Purpose:
To evaluate LASIK flap reproducibility and uniformity created with a femtosecond laser using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Methods:
A prospective study of 87 consecutive eyes of 44 patients who had flaps created with the 200 kHz VisuMax femtosecond laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec) were included for flap thickness evaluation. All eyes were divided into two groups according to the intended flap thickness (110 μm or 120 μm) and the flap thickness was measured using anterior segment OCT (Visante, Carl Zeiss Meditec) at 1 week and 1 month postoperative. Flap thickness was measured at the flap center, 1.5-mm and 3.0-mm zone from the flap center, and along the 45° (including 225°) and 135° (including 315°) meridian (a total of 10 points).

Results:
The mean achieved flap thickness was 112.8±3.95 μm (range: 108.9 to 116.4 μm) and 112.3±3.84 μm (range: 109.6 to 115.1 μm) at 1 week and 1 month postoperative, respectively, in the 110 μm group, and 122.5±3.98 μm (range: 117.3 to 128.5 μm) and 122.2±3.93 μm (range: 115.8 to 129.0 μm), respectively, in the 120 μm group. The mean range of flap thickness at 1 month postoperative was 6.29±0.76 μm and 7.37±2.98 μm in the 110 and 120 μm groups, respectively.

Conclusions:
Flap creation with the VisuMax femtosecond laser was found to be highly predictable with good reproducibility and uniform morphology when measured with anterior segment OCT.
Higher Order Aberrations and Low Contrast Vision Function in Myopic Eyes (−3.00 to −6.00 D) Under Mesopic Conditions
Authors: Wang Yan , Zhao Kanxing , Yang Xiaoyan , He Jicang , Wang Wei 
Published: May 2010

Purpose:
To investigate the relationship between higher order aberrations and low contrast visual acuity in myopic eyes under mesopic conditions.

Methods:
This prospective, observational case series included 52 patients (29 women, 23 men) aged 18 to 35 years. Ocular higher order aberration was measured under mesopic conditions using the Hartmann-Shack wavefront analyzer, and high (100%) and low contrast (5%, 10%, and 25%) visual acuity was measured using a multi-function visual acuity tester under the same conditions.

Results:

Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that spherical aberrations were significantly associated with low contrast visual acuity at a low contrast level. The correlation coefficients of spherical-like aberration (S
4
) were 0.393, 0.315, and 0.419 at 5%, 10%, and 25%, respectively (
P
=.004, .023, and .002, respectively). The correlation coefficient of spherical aberration (

C
4
0

) was 0.373 at the 5% contrast visual acuity level (
P
=.006). However, coma and other higher order aberrations did not correlate statistically (
P
>.05).

Conclusions:

Relationships exist between S
4
and

C
4
0

and low contrast visual acuity. Effects on low contrast visual acuity increase with the value of spherical aberration. This suggests that less spherical aberration may provide optimal visual function under night conditions.
Geophysical and geological characterization of fractures within a granitic pluton
Authors: Carbonell R. , Pérez‐Estaún A. , Martínez‐Landa L. , Martí D. , Carretero G. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTGeophysical data have been acquired to characterize the fracture network of the surrounding volume within the FEBEX gallery (Grimsel Test Site, Aar granitic massif). The geophysical data include new borehole logging such as natural gamma and borehole televiewer and borehole ground‐penetrating radar (GPR). After processing an integrated interpretation of these different data sets, a pseudo three‐dimensional model of the distribution of fractures was constrained. Three main fracture planes nearly parallel to the axis of the FEBEX gallery have been interpreted. These features most probably provide the pathways for the water that contribute to the present hydrological flow regime. Presently, the tunnel is not sealed and acts as a water outflow point. The GPR images provided relative high amplitude events with a marked lateral correlation that was interpreted as two main fracture planes. The GPR is specially sensitive to the water content as it directly affects the electrical conductivity and the dielectric permittivity. Therefore, the fractures were considered as part of the conductive pathways through the crystalline rock.
An approach to estimate porosity and groundwater salinity by combined application of GPR and VES: a case study in the Nubian sandstone aquifer
Authors: Khalil Mohamed Ahmed , Hafez Mahfooz A. , Santos Fernando Monteiro , Ramalho Elsa C. , Mesbah Hany S.A. , El‐Qady Gad M. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTGround‐penetrating radar signal propagation is strongly controlled by water content. Therefore, it can be employed to address numerous hydrogeological problems, ranging from geological structures to petrophysical properties. In the present study, ground‐penetrating radar and vertical electric sounding measured data are analysed and combined to answer the most hydrogeologically simple and geophysically complex question of groundwater salinity. Geophysical logging, in particular resistivity logs were used to correct the static shift’s usual effect on vertical electric soundings (VES), as well as to correlate with surface data. The dielectric constant of the water bearing horizon was estimated through ground‐penetrating radar data interpretation, which in turn plays an important role in the estimation of the volumetric water content. On the other hand, vertical electrical sounding was used to estimate water saturation. Combining the results obtained from both methods, the groundwater salinity of a shallow aquifer, mostly clay‐free, can be estimated. The method is applied to a data set measured over a sand aquifer in the Aswan area, Egypt. The results obtained indicated that the present technique is efficient, since the estimated groundwater salinity using this technique is about 1152 mg/l, whereas the groundwater salinity estimated from water sample analysis is about 950 mg/l.
Semblance response to a ground‐penetrating radar wavelet and resulting errors in velocity analysis
Authors: Booth Adam D. , Clark Roger , Murray Tavi 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTThe propagation velocity of a ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) wavelet may be used to derive physical subsurface properties, including layer thickness, porosity and water content. We describe a systematic error in semblance analysis of GPR common‐midpoint (CMP) data, arising from the response of the statistic to the waveform of the GPR pulse. Only the first‐breaks of GPR wavelets express true velocities and traveltimes but these cannot deliver a semblance response since they have zero amplitude; instead, this response derives from subsequent wavelet half‐cycles, delayed from the first‐break. This delay causes semblance picks to express slower velocity and later traveltime with respect to true quantities, even for simple cases of reflectivity. For a two‐layer synthetic CMP data set, in which the GPR source pulse via a 500 MHz Berlage wavelet, semblance picks underestimate interval velocities of 0.135 m/ns and 0.060 m/ns by 10.0% and 2.0%, respectively. Velocity biases are corrected using the coherence statistic to simulate first‐break traveltimes from a set of velocity picks, in a process termed ‘backshifting’. A linear regression of simulated first‐breaks yields smaller errors in the same interval velocities of −2.2% and −1.0%. A first real‐data example considers a reflection from the base of a 3.39 m thick air‐gap. Semblance analysis estimates the air‐wave velocity as 0.289 m/ns (−3.6% error) and the air‐gap thickness as 3.59 m (+6.1% error); backshifting yields equivalent estimates of 0.302 m/ns (+0.9% error) and 3.35 m (−1.2% error). In a second example, semblance‐ and backshifting‐derived velocity models overestimate the thickness of clay‐rich archaeological deposits by 19.0% and 3.1%, respectively. Backshifting is a simple modification to conventional practice and is recommended for any analysis where physical subsurface properties are to be derived from the output GPR velocity.
Muscle Contraction Mechanisms: Use of Synchrotron X‐ray Diffraction
Authors: Wakabayashi Katsuzo , Sugimoto Yasunobu , Takezawa Yasunori , Oshima Kanji , Matsuo Tatsuhito , Ueno Yutaka , Irving Thomas C 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMuscle contraction occurs when the constitutive proteins,actinandmyosin, interact via crossbridge formation, powered by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It is a physical process that transduces chemical energy into mechanical work, producing directional motion. The central question is how force generation and movement in muscle contraction are associated with major conformational changes in contractile and regulatory proteins. The best available technique for such an approach is X‐ray diffraction which can provide structural information with a submolecular resolution. X‐ray diffraction with intense synchrotron radiation has demonstrated a structural basis for the molecular mechanism underlying muscle contraction with high spatial‐ and time‐resolution. The structural alterations in vertebrate skeletal muscles undergoing contraction by synchrotron X‐ray diffraction are outlined by putting a lot of weight on the thin filament as the locus of actomyosin interaction.Key Concepts:Muscle contraction occurs when constitutive proteins actin and myosin in muscle interact with each other, powered by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), leading to a force generation or a shortening of the sarcomere.Sliding filament theory is a proposal on the basis of the discovery that when a sarcomere shortens, two types of filaments slide each other with little change in their lengths, resulting in an overall shortening of muscle.Elastic elements sustaining the tension that muscle exerts during contraction are thought to be resided somewhere in a sarcomere. In the current hypothesis, the only elastic elements are assumed to reside somewhere around or within the myosin heads.Extensibility of the thin actin filament: The force is transmitted to the ends of the contractile unit through the thin actin filaments, which have been thought to contribute very little compliance to the mechanochemical machinery. Evidence that the thin actin filaments are purely elastic under active force generation has been obtained.Twisting of the thin actin filament suggests that the force acting at a myosin crossbridge contains torque components around the axis of the thin actin filament.X‐ray diffraction is the interference of the X‐rays scattered from the electron densities of the matter, and the Fourier transformation of the interference pattern yields the structure of the matter.Synchrotron radiations are electromagnetic waves that are emitted in the tangential direction of the orbit when electrons or positrons circulating near the speed of light in an accelerating ring (synchrotron). Synchrotron X‐rays with high brilliance are an indispensable tool for muscle structural research.
Plant Defences against Fungal Attack: Biochemistry
Authors: Funnell Deanna L , Schardl Christopher L , Bednarek Paweł 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

A wide variety of biochemical constituents, including small molecules, peptides and sugar polymers, contribute to the interactions between plant and fungal or oomycete pathogens. Molecules of microbe or plant origin are critical for the pathogen recognition and further triggering of plant defence responses. Moreover, defence molecules of a broad range of biological activity are produced by plants either before fungal attack (preformed) or in response to infection (induced). During the course of their host adaptation, fungal pathogens developed sophisticated molecular tools to overcome plant biochemical weapons. These tools include enzymes able to metabolise plant bioactive molecules as well as own toxins interfering with plant defence reactions. Contribution of various biochemical components to different stages of plant–pathogen interactions has been supported by genetic tools available for model organisms.

Key Concepts:

Small molecules, peptides and biopolymers are critical players in plant–fungus interactions.

Recognition in plant–microbe interactions is mediated by biochemical motifs associated with a wide range of pathogens.

Cell wall polymers constitute a physical barrier protecting protoplast from attacking fungi.

Secretion of small molecules at the sites of attempted fungal penetration is critical for pre‐invasive defence.

Particular constitutive and inducible secondary metabolites can terminate fungal development.

Detoxification of plant antibiotics contributes to fungal virulence.