bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of general linguistics within the history of the language sciences in Poland, 1868–1968
Authors: Wąsik Zdzisław 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThis essay offers an overview of the contribution of Polish linguists to the development of general linguistics covering the period of the late 1860s – late 1960s. It analyzes, within an epistemological perspective, the heritage of academic teachers of the period who developed their own proposals to the theory of language against the scientific legacy which characterized European linguistics of the time. The division into periods of development considers not only historical-political circumstances contributing to the formation of linguistic centers, but also professional turning points in the careers of individual linguists illustrated by the nature and dates of particular publications as well as at times by changes in university appointments.
Leonard bloomfield’s linguistic legacy
Authors: Fought John G. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryLeonard Bloomfield’s system of linguistics was recast by his colleagues and students. His morphophonemic phonology influenced Chomsky’s early generative phonology. His version of Wundt’s psychologically based immediate constituent analysis was adopted by the distributionalists, and later also by the Chomskyans, each for different reasons. His descriptive semantics was left out of American linguistics except for some linguistic anthropologists who came back to it around 1955. Finally, despite the restraint of his descriptions and his principles, the sources of distributionalism can be found in Bloomfield’s denial of lexical synonymy and his use of zeros in morphology.
De l’ubiquité de l’ordre dans les premières grammaires catégorielles
Authors: Godart-Wendling Béatrice 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
Parmi les différences qui opposent les deux grands courants de grammaires formelles du XXe siècle, celles qui concernent le traitement de l’ordre des mots sont restées jusqu’à aujourd’hui peu traitées. Pourtant, les premières grammaires catégorielles (de 1935 à 1959) présentent une conception de l’ordre des mots qui tranche de celle mise en oeuvre dans le modèle trans-formationnel chomskien (1957) et leur originalité sur ce point mérite l’attention. La syntaxe d’Ajdukiewicz (1935), la grammaire bidirectionnelle de Bar-Hillel (1953) et le calcul syntaxique associatif de Lambek (1958, 1959) s’accordent en effet à gérer l’ordre en le faisant intervenir simultanément à tous les niveaux d’analyse. L’article précise le traitement de l’ordre des mots dans ces trois premières grammaires catégorielles et les compare entre elles de manière à dégager la portée qu’ont eu à un niveau conceptuel les modifications que ces différents auteurs ont introduites dans la notation de l’ordre.
Johannes De Garlandia – Forgotten Grammarian and the Manuscript Tradition
Authors: Bursill-Hall G. L. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
John of Garland (fl. early 13th century) was a prolific writer of grammatical treatises and teaching texts and yet he has been almost completely neglected by the historian of linguistics. He was however recognised in his own day and for some time afterwards as a scholar and teacher of some importance. This paper seeks to list as exhaustively as possible the many versions of his treatises and texts still extant in the manuscript collections of European libraries. An examination of this large corpus of unedited material could resolve the matter of the authorship of a number of treatises which have traditionally been assigned to John but which may on examination prove to be of different authorship; equally well, it would be useful if it were possible to assign him his real place in the medieval grammatical tradition, i.e., was he the last of the literary grammarians or one of the first of the logical grammarians?
The Study of Logic and Language in England in the Early 17th Century
Authors: Trentman John A. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryRound the turn of the seventeenth century there was a revival of interest in and sympathy for scholastic and Aristotelian philosophy in the English universities. To some extent this meant a continuation of traditions that had never died out, but it also meant a conscious rejection of anti-Aristotelian doctrines like those of Ramus. Fortunately, we have good contemporary evidence of the sorts of authors recommended for study in the early 17th century in theDirections for a Student in the Universitie, attributed to Richard Holdsworth (1590–1649). Here we find a remarkable proportion of time given to the study of logic texts. An examination of the texts recommended, however, shows that they attempted little formal logic and were careless in what they did attempt. The primary interest of the authors of these books was in the philosophy of logic and language and in related epistemological and metaphysical questions. In this they show, if not the influence of Ramus, at least a parallel emphasis to that of some of the philosophies they rejected. Their philosophy of language is generally thoughtfully and coherently worked out, but it is not original. Indeed, it closely follows the doctrines of the medieval logicians and speculative grammarians, which philosophical doctrines can be identified with the principles delineated by Chomsky as characteristic of so-called Cartesian linguistics. The preservation of medieval philosophy of language combined with a relative lack of interest in medieval formal logic, however, has the effect of sharpening the emphasis in these works on what is innate in human beings and their use of language. This shift of interest rather than any real doctrinal change tends to distinguish these works from those of their medieval predecessors. In Edward Brerewood’s (c. 1565–1613) treatise on the diversity of languages (1614) we see these same philosophical doctrines combined with an interest that was new and not medieval, an interest in the historical and, in its way, empirical study of national languages themselves.
Some Problems of Classification in Linguistics and Biology, 1800–1830
Authors: Picardi Eva 
Published: November 2010

SummaryIn this article an attempt is made to bring out the epistemological and methodological affinities between biological and linguistic paradigms of the first decades of the 19th century. After giving an exposition of G. Cuvier’s and E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire’s different ways of understanding comparative anatomy, the author calls attention to Kant’s anticipatory discussion of the methodological problems implied by the concept of organism and by teleological reasoning in general. This discussion constitutes the background of Humboldt’s view that a science of language ought not to be based on mechanistic principles but rather stated in terms capable of capturing the ‘rule-governed creativity’ of linguistic activity. The different interpretations the notion of type receives in the works of Cuvier, Geoffroy, Goethe, and Humboldt are discussed, and it is found that the idea of typology as basic for classification was shared by comparativists of both disciplines. Humboldt’s concept of ‘Sprachtypus’ differs in many ways from analogous notions employed by the Schlegel brothers. Further analysis of Humboldt’s idea of ‘Sprachtypus’ and the related concepts of silent and explicit grammar brings out the rationale of the grouping of languages on a teleological basis. This basis is given by the ideal of pure grammatical form which all languages ought to be seen as aiming at, an ideal which forms part of Humboldt’s concept of the ‘perfection’ of language.
A Few Remarks on Adam Smith’s Dissertation (1761)
Authors: Noordegraaf Jan 
Published: November 2010

Summary
In 1761 Adam Smith (1723–90) published his Dissertation on the Origin of Languages. Erroneously scholars have thought that this essay appeared as a supplement to the second edition of Smith’s book The Theory of Moral Sentiments of the same year; in fact it was only added to the third edition of that work (1767). Against Coseriu’s opinion that Adam Smith must be considered as a pioneer of the typology of language, one can put forward that Smith’s ideas on the typology of language are very similar to those of the French Abbé Gabriel Girard (1677–1748), whose influence is admitted by Smith himself. On another point, it turns out that before 1809, the year in which J. Manget published a French translation of Smith’s Dissertation, already three other translations into French of the same work had appeared. First-hand inspection of texts appears desirable in the writing of the history of linguistics.
Wilhelm Bacher’s Place in the History of Hebrew Linguistics
Authors: Dotan Aron 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The comparative study of languages goes back at least as far as to the work of Hebrew grammarians of the 10th century; consequently, medieval Hebrew linguistics should receive more attention within the general history of linguistics than it has generally been given. Wilhelm Bacher’s (1850–1913) role in the study of the history of Hebrew linguistics was decisive; the two recently reprinted volumes, Die Anfänge der hebräischen Grammatik (1895) and Die hebräische Sprachwissenschaft vom 10. bis zum 16. Jahrhundert (1892), constitute important contributions to the field. The extensive bibliography of Bacher added to the reprintings under review supplies an idea of the scope of Bacher’s scholarship in general, and of his contribution to the study of medieval linguistics in particular. The present article surveys this latter aspect of Bacher’s work, covering his text editions and monographic studies. This is concluded up by a chronological overview of all medieval linguists treated by Bacher and a list of his books translated into Hebrew.
In the remainder of the article the two reprinted works are evaluated individually, the chronological span and the nature of their approach to the subject matter are compared, and an attempt is made to analyze Bacher’s methods in collecting his material and in preparing it for scholarly presentation. There follows an evaluation of Bacher’s studies in the light of present-day scholarship in the historical treatment of Hebrew linguistics. Finally, critical measure is taken of the introductory article prefaced to the reprint of Bacher’s works.
Shall and Will in English Grammars
Authors: Moody Patricia A. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The future tense in English has been difficult to understand and describe, particularly where rules for the verbal auxiliaries shall and will are concerned. The impression that rules for shall and will were largely the fabrication of 18th-century grammarians was first created by the work of Charles C. Fries. Evidence from the grammatical tradition, however, does not warrant the conclusions Fries drew. Whereas Fries suggested that the first hint of a differentiation in the use of shall and will was in Mason’s grammar (1622), evidence strongly suggests that even before Mason, grammarians hinted at differences in the uses of the two auxiliaries. Fries credited John Wallis (1653) with the definite rule for shall in the first person to correspond with will in the second and third; actually, the distinction was made before Wallis. Fries credited Lowth (1762) with the rules for interrogative sentences, yet a full discussion of questions is found in Maittaire (1712). Fries indicated that the first complete scheme of conventional rules was found in William Ward (1767), yet Ward was anticipated by James White (1761). Fries implied a closer relationship between Ward and Murray (1795) than the evidence warrants. And Fries provided no evidence for his assertion that the rules became a standard feature of English and American grammars only after 1825. Thus the rules for shall and will were actually remarkably perceptive, if incomplete, descriptions of an elegant usage of some speakers of the language, framed in spite of methodological restrictions of the tradition grammarians worked in.
Linguistic Theory and the Problem of Mutism
Authors: Read Malcolm K. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Spain in the Renaissance witnessed a growth of interest in the methods of teaching the deaf and dumb to read and write, and, in cases, to speak. This practical activity continued alongside more philosophical speculation concerning the phenomenon of mutism. In this paper the author has tried to show how in the work of Juan Pablo Bonet (1579–1633) there was considerable interaction between the theoretical study of language and the consideration of practical problems concerning mutism. In particular, he believed that the linguistic deficiencies of the deaf revealed the extent to which man’s linguistic attributes in general may be deemed ‘natural’ or ‘conventional’. Work on mutism declined in Spain after Bonet, but at the end of the 18th century "another Spanish scholar, Lorenzo Hervás y Pan-duro (1735–1809), made another notable contribution to the subject. The author illustrates how Hervás, like Bonet, speculated intelligently on the light that language pathology throws on more general linguistic problems. He suggests that a study of traditional linguists of ‘applied’ interests is particularly rewarding at a time when scholars are again seeking a closer relationship between theoretical linguistics and language therapy.
François Thurot and the First History of Grammar
Authors: Andresen Julie T. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
François Thurot’s Discours préliminaire (1796), a first attempt at a historiography of grammar, sums up the language theories of the philosophes, while prefiguring the 19th century in both his concept of language and his attitude towards the science of language. He accepts, for instance, the theory that the perfection of a language reflects the progress of the mind but rejects the metaphysical speculation on the origin of language that characteristically accompanied such a theory. And although Thurot, like his contemporaries, still preoccupies himself with the method of logico-linguistic analysis which would lead to a langue bien faite, his study opens up to a new variety of linguistic phenomena in the vernacular. Thus, his view of language embraces both the mechanical reductionism aimed at scientific language with its pretention to universality as well as the creative dynamism of discursive language with its recognition of cultural relativity. Furthermore, Thurot assimilates the interest in the genetic relationship among languages, that was already in the air, to the historicism of the philosophes, whose historical tableaux unfolded within their theories of language.
Thurot’s interest in natural language is an outgrowth of the prevailing ‘climate of opinion’. The data-oriented approach to language had begun with the invention of the printing press, from which time there was an ever increasing accumulation and distribution of material on non-European languages. The French Revolution was to dramatize the importance of discursive language, since the unification of the nation depended, in part, on the democratization and standardization of daily language. Such a climate proved favorable for subsequent work on genetic classification and on Indo-European in the 19th century.
Between Heymann Steinthal and Adolf Tobler
Authors: Malkiel Yakov 
Published: November 2010

Summary
This bio-bibliographical account of Georg Cohn (1866–194?) essays to sketch out the life of a Berlin Privatgelehrter at the end of the 19th and the early period of the 20th century. It characterizes the intellectual milieu of time and place, both inside and outside the vistas of Romance philology at the University of Berlin, and traces in particular the influence on Georg Cohn of scholars such as the general linguist, philosopher, and psychologist of language, Heymann Steinthal (1823–99), on the one hand, and the Romanist Adolf Tobler (1835–1910), on the other. In addition, a detailed analysis is offered of Cohn’s most important contributions to Romance scholarship.
De James Harris à John Horne Tooke
Authors: Bergheaud Patrice 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
Cet article cherche à montrer dans quels termes la critque globale du Hermes (1751) de James Harris par John Horne Tooke (Diversions of Purley, 1786/ 1805) prend place dans le mouvement d’autonomisation de la réflexion linguistique qui paraît se dessiner en Grande-Bretagne dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle. (1) Harris proposé une distinction entre le ‘grammatical’ et le ‘logique’, ce qui, formellement, le différencie des ‘cartésiens’, mais maintient l’élaboration des catégories linguistiques dans la dépendance d’une typologie des idées déterminée a priori par l’analyse philosophique des processus mentaux. Commençant par une critique empiriste radicalisée de l’idéalisme harrisien, Tooke rejette ce cadre; il soutient que les instruments fournis par la philosophie sont inadéquats à l’objet considéré. L’opposition au départ philosophique, débouche sur une mutation de la théorie linguistique: l’inversion du rapport pensée/langage conduit à une conception autonome des catégories linguistiques. (2) Les analyses particulières de Tooke (conjonctions, prépositions…) traduisent les répercussions théoriques et méthodologiques de cette mutation; pour expliquer les mécanismes de la signification en termes purement intra-linguistiques, Tooke élabore un système paraphrastique appuyé sur sa thèse des ‘abréviations’; utilisant intuitivement la propriété de la métalangue d’être dans la langue, il formule des ‘résolutions’ permettant de réduire toute séquence d’une langue donnée à une séquence abstraite de deux classes fondamentales nom + verbe. (3) L’étymologie n’est pas pour l’essentiel, une pré-philologie, mais a le même statut que les analyses ‘synchroniques’ qui lui sont parallèlement développées; elle fournit pour une part les éléments de la métalangue, en spécifiant la valeur de la relation ou de l’unité étudiée de telle sorte qu’elle puisse être intégrée dans les paraphrases. Tooke entend ainsi montrer que le langage, qui constitue la réalité première, fournit les moyens nécessaires à son analyse.
Contemporary Reactions to Rudolf Meringer’s Speech Error Research
Authors: Cutler Anne 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Rudolf Meringer (1859–1931) published two large collections of speech errors, in 1895 and 1908. Although the idea that errors in spontaneous speech might be of linguistic interest did not originate with Meringer, he was the first to produce a large collection of error data and a detailed theoretical analysis of error phenomena. Contemporary reaction to Meringer’s two speech error books is analysed in this essay. Firstly, direct comment at the time, which ranged from enthusiastic praise to dismissal of the project as trivial and uninteresting, is analysed; dismissive reactions, it is seen, came from those who were in any case Meringer’s opponents on broader issues of theoretical orientation. The following section deals with the correctness of Meringer’s analysis of error phenomena, which met its chief challenge at the time from Sigmund Freud’s contention that speech errors were interesting for reasons not of linguistics but of individual psychopathology. Thirdly, Meringer’s devotion to the observational method is described; this led him into a controversy with contemporaries who preferred the research methods of experimental psychology.
Lucretius on the Origin of Language
Authors: Janson Tore 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius (c. 99–55 B.C.) deserves a place in the history of linguistics because of his views on the origin of language. He was the first one to draw the parallel between the sounds of animals and the beginnings of human speech, and the first one to clearly envisage the creation of language as a fact of fundamental importance for the social organization of man. His ideas are related to modern research in the area in an interesting way.
La Dominance Hémisphérique Pour Le Langage
Authors: Lebrun Yvan , Leleux Chantal 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
A partir des travaux de Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828) et de Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud (1796–1881), qui localisent la faculté de parole dans les lobes antérieurs du cerveau, de Marc Dax (1770–1837), qui fut le premier à se rendre compte qu’un lésion de l’hémisphère gauche entraîne bien plus souvent des troubles phasiques qu’une lésion de l’hémisphère droit, et enfin de Paul Broca (1824–80), qui donna à la théorie une forme prégnante, se développe la notion de dominance hémisphérique pour le langage, c’est-à-dire l’idée qu’un des deux hémisphères cérébraux, généralement le gauche, est plus important pour le langage que son homologue.
Distinguo
Authors: Dinneen Francis P. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
In this paper some basic ideas and terms employed by the Modistae are explained and exemplified, particularly the concepts of matter and form, act and potency, and then related to similar concepts in modern linguistics. The distinction of vox, dictio and pars orationis in modistic work is discussed and dictio is compared to Semitic triliteral roots. Neither can be part of spoken language. The distinctions of modes of being, modes of signifying and modes of existing are discussed, and it is pointed out that conceptions of language or linguistics can vary, depending on how the modes are employed. From this perspective, lexical decomposition is discussed, and the ability of language to abbreviate is cited as one of its most effective processes. The suggestiveness of analysing kill as cause/become/not/alive is compared with decomposition of other verbs, notably fetch and read. The proposed verbal classification of Case Grammar and especially the covert case roles are discussed. It is suggested that the perspective of the Modistae can help us see some problems here in a different light. In particular, analysis of reciprocal relations, found in forms like marry, exchange and swap lead to the proposal that the restriction on cases other than Object occurring more than once in a case frame needs reexamination.
Two Medieval Critics of Traditional Grammar
Authors: Henry Desmond Paul 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The converging criticisms of traditional grammar undertaken by Anselm of Canterbury and Boethius of Dacia involve their deprecation of the roles of usage and experience and their expulsion of substance from adjectival meaning. However, usage, experience, and fact turn out to be relevant in completing the truncated functors involved in their interpretation of adjectival meaning. The identification of these functors in terms of Leśniewski systems and the categorial indices described by Lejewski serves to determine the status of their critical enterprise in general and of the modi significandi in particular.