bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dinuclear Complexes of Copper(I) with Crown Ether‐containing N‐Thiophosphorylated Bis‐thioureas and 2,2′‐Bipyridine or 1,10‐Phenanthroline: Synthesis, Characterization, and Picrate Extraction Properties
Authors: Babashkina Maria G. , Shakirova Elmira R. , Safin Damir A. , Sokolov Felix D. , Klein Axel , Szyrwiel Łukasz , Kubiak Maria , Kozlowski Henryk , Krivolapov Dmitriy B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractReaction of O,O′‐diisopropylthiophosphoric acid isothiocyanate (iPrO)2P(S)NCS with 1,10‐diaza‐18‐crown‐6, 1,7‐diaza‐18‐crown‐6, or 1,7‐diaza‐15‐crown‐5 leads to the N‐thiophosphorylated bis‐thioureas N,N′‐bis[C(S)NHP(S)(OiPr)2]‐1,10‐diaza‐18‐crown‐6 (H2LI), N,N′‐bis[C(S)NHP(S)(OiPr)2]‐1,7‐diaza‐18‐crown‐6 (H2LII) and N,N′‐bis[C(S)NHP(S)(OiPr)2]‐1,7‐diaza‐15‐crown‐5 (H2LIII). Reaction of the potassium salts of H2LI–III with a mixture of CuI and 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) or 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) in aqueous EtOH/CH2Cl2 leads to the dinuclear complexes [Cu2(bpy)2LI–III] and [Cu2(phen)2LI–III]. The structures of these compounds were investigated by 1H, 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The crystal structures of H2LI and [Cu2(phen)2LI] were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Extraction capacities of the obtained compounds in comparison to the related compounds 1,10‐diaza‐18‐crown‐6, N,N′‐bis[C(=CMe2)CH2P(O)(OiPr)2]‐1,10‐diaza‐18‐crown‐6, N,N′‐bis[C(S)NHP(O)(OiPr)2]‐1,10‐diaza‐18‐crown‐6 towards the picrate salts LiPic, NaPic, KPic. and NH4Pic were also studied.
Integration of the Practice of Active Management of the Third Stage of Labor Within Training and Service Implementation Programming in Zambia
Authors: Vivio Donna , Fullerton Judith T. , Forman Rosha , Mbewe Reuben Kamoto , Musumali Masuka , Chewe Patrick M. 
Published: August 2010

Introduction: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of pregnancy‐related mortality (cited at 591 per 100,000 Zambian women), and is responsible for up to 60% of maternal deaths in developing countries. Active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL) has been endorsed as a means of reducing the risk of PPH. The Ministry of Health/Zambia has incorporated the use of AMTSL into its reproductive health guidelines.Methods: Midwives employed in five public hospitals and eight health centers were interviewed (N = 62), and 82 observations were conducted during the second through fourth stages of labor.Results: Data from facilities in which oxytocin was available (62 births in 11 settings) indicated that a uterotonic was used in 53 of the births (85.5%); however, AMTSL was conducted in strict accord with the currently recommended protocol (a time‐specific use of the uterotonic, controlled cord traction, and fundal massage) in only 25 (40.4%) of births.Discussion: Midwives have concerns about risks of maternal to newborn HIV blood transfusion; it is doubtful that they will adopt the currently recommended practice of delayed cord clamping and cutting. Infrastructure issues and supply shortages challenged the ability to correctly and safely implement the AMTSL protocol; nevertheless, facilities were generally ready to support it.
Supplementation with EPA or fish oil for 11 months lowers circulating lipids, but does not delay the onset of diabetes in UC Davis-type 2 diabetes mellitus rats
Authors: Cummings Bethany P. , Stanhope Kimber L. , Graham James L. , Griffen Steven C. , Havel Peter J. 
Published: August 2010

EPA or fish oil supplementation has been suggested as treatments for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) due to their lipid-lowering and potential insulin-sensitising effects. We investigated the effects of supplementation with EPA (1 g/kg body weight per d) or fish oil (3 g/kg body weight per d) on the age of onset of T2DM and circulating glucose, insulin, lipids, leptin and adiponectin in UC Davis (UCD)-T2DM rats. Animals were divided into three groups starting at 1 month of age: control, EPA and fish oil. All the animals were followed until diabetes onset or for up to 12 months of age. Monthly fasting blood samples were collected for the measurement of glucose, lipids, hormones and C-reactive protein (CRP). Neither EPA nor fish oil delayed the onset of T2DM or altered fasting plasma glucose, insulin, CRP, adiponectin or leptin concentrations. The groups did not differ in energy intake or body weight. Fish oil treatment lowered fasting plasma TAG concentrations by 39 (sd7) % (P < 0·001) and EPA lowered fasting plasma NEFA concentrations by 23 (sd5) % (P < 0·05) at 4 months of age compared with the control group. EPA and fish oil lowered fasting plasma cholesterol concentrations at 4 months of age by 19 (sd4) and 22 (sd4) % compared with the control group, respectively (bothP < 0·01). In conclusion, EPA and fish oil supplementation lowers circulating lipid concentrations, but does not delay the onset of T2DM in UCD-T2DM rats.
Children’s lunchtime food choices following the introduction of food-based standards for school meals: observations from six primary schools in Sheffield
Authors: Golley Rebecca , Pearce Jo , Nelson Michael 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the lunchtime choices and nutritional intake of primary-school-aged children in England 4 months after the introduction of interim food-based standards for school lunches.DesignCross-sectional 2 d weighed food records collected in January and February 2007.SettingSix primary schools in Sheffield, England.SubjectsOne hundred and twenty-three pupils aged 8–10 years.ResultsVegetables (81 % v. 8 %) and cakes and biscuits (43 % v. 23 %) were chosen more frequently by pupils consuming a school lunch, while fruit (40 % v. 36 %), meat products (18 % v. 14 %), confectionery (72 % v. 0 %), savoury snacks (69 % v. 0 %) and drinks not meeting the school food standards (40 % v. 0 %) were chosen more often by pupils eating a packed lunch. Mean energy intake was lower in the school lunch group compared with the packed lunch group (1402 (sd 573) v. 2192 (sd 619), P = 0·005). Nutrient density (per MJ energy) was significantly better in school meals for key nutrients including protein (9·8 (sd 2·7) v. 6·3 (sd 1·9) g), fat (7·4 (sd 2·7) v. 10·6 (sd 2·8) g), NSP (2·8 (sd 1·3) v. 1·1 (sd 0·4) g), vitamin A (151·3 (sd 192·8) v. 69·1 (sd 55·6) μg), folate (29·6 (sd 11·6) v. 17·0 (sd 7·0) μg), iron (1·3 (sd 0·3) v. 0·9 (sd 0·3) mg) and zinc (1·1 (sd 0·4) v. 0·7 (sd 0·3) mg).ConclusionsSchools were largely compliant with the interim food-based standards for school meals 4 months after their introduction. Within the context of the new standards, children taking a school lunch are more likely to eat a more nutritious lunch, in terms of less high-fat/salt/sugar foods and nutrient density. The introduction of nutrient-based standards is warranted. Efforts to improve the lunchtime intake of children taking a packed lunch are also required.
Hubble Space Telescope observations of Europa in and out of eclipse
Authors: Sparks W.B. , McGrath M. , Hand K. , Ford H.C. , Geissler P. , Hough J.H. , Turner E.L. , Chyba C.F. , Carlson R. , Turnbull M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEuropa is a prime target for astrobiology and has been prioritized as the next target for a National Aeronautics and Space Administration flagship mission. It is important, therefore, that we advance our understanding of Europa, its ocean and physical environment as much as possible. Here, we describe observations of Europa obtained during its orbital eclipse by Jupiter using the Hubble Space Telescope. We obtained Advanced Camera for Surveys Solar Blind Channel far ultraviolet low-resolution spectra that show oxygen line emission both in and out of eclipse. We also used the Wide-Field and Planetary Camera-2 and searched for broad-band optical emission from fluorescence of the surface material, arising from the very high level of incident energetic particle radiation on ices and potentially organic substances. The high-energy particle radiation at the surface of Europa is extremely intense and is responsible for the production of a tenuous oxygen atmosphere and associated FUV line emission. Approximately 50% of the oxygen emission lasts at least a few hours into the eclipse. We discuss the detection limits of the optical emission, which allow us to estimate the fraction of incident energy reradiated at optical wavelengths, through electron-excited emission, Cherenkov radiation in the ice and fluorescent processes.
Improving performances of suboptimal greedy iterative biclustering heuristics via localization
Authors: Erten Cesim , Sözdinler Melih 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Biclustering gene expression data is the problem of extracting submatrices of genes and conditions exhibiting significant correlation across both the rows and the columns of a data matrix of expression values. Even the simplest versions of the problem are computationally hard. Most of the proposed solutions therefore employ greedy iterative heuristics that locally optimize a suitably assigned scoring function.
Methods: We provide a fast and simple pre-processing algorithm called localization that reorders the rows and columns of the input data matrix in such a way as to group correlated entries in small local neighborhoods within the matrix. The proposed localization algorithm takes its roots from effective use of graph-theoretical methods applied to problems exhibiting a similar structure to that of biclustering. In order to evaluate the effectivenesss of the localization pre-processing algorithm, we focus on three representative greedy iterative heuristic methods. We show how the localization pre-processing can be incorporated into each representative algorithm to improve biclustering performance. Furthermore, we propose a simple biclustering algorithm, Random Extraction After Localization (REAL) that randomly extracts submatrices from the localization pre-processed data matrix, eliminates those with low similarity scores, and provides the rest as correlated structures representing biclusters.
Results: We compare the proposed localization pre-processing with another pre-processing alternative, non-negative matrix factorization. We show that our fast and simple localization procedure provides similar or even better results than the computationally heavy matrix factorization pre-processing with regards to H-value tests. We next demonstrate that the performances of the three representative greedy iterative heuristic methods improve with localization pre-processing when biological correlations in the form of functional enrichment and PPI verification constitute the main performance criteria. The fact that the random extraction method based on localization REAL performs better than the representative greedy heuristic methods under same criteria also confirms the effectiveness of the suggested pre-processing method.
Availability: Supplementary material including code implementations in LEDA C++ library, experimental data, and the results are available at http://code.google.com/p/biclustering/
Contacts: cesim@khas.edu.tr; melihsozdinler@boun.edu.tr
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A discriminatory function for prediction of protein–DNA interactions based on alpha shape modeling
Authors: Zhou Weiqiang , Yan Hong 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Protein–DNA interaction has significant importance in many biological processes. However, the underlying principle of the molecular recognition process is still largely unknown. As more high-resolution 3D structures of protein–DNA complex are becoming available, the surface characteristics of the complex become an important research topic.
Result: In our work, we apply an alpha shape model to represent the surface structure of the protein–DNA complex and developed an interface-atom curvature-dependent conditional probability discriminatory function for the prediction of protein–DNA interaction. The interface-atom curvature-dependent formalism captures atomic interaction details better than the atomic distance-based method. The proposed method provides good performance in discriminating the native structures from the docking decoy sets, and outperforms the distance-dependent formalism in terms of the z-score. Computer experiment results show that the curvature-dependent formalism with the optimal parameters can achieve a native z-score of −8.17 in discriminating the native structure from the highest surface-complementarity scored decoy set and a native z-score of −7.38 in discriminating the native structure from the lowest RMSD decoy set. The interface-atom curvature-dependent formalism can also be used to predict apo version of DNA-binding proteins. These results suggest that the interface-atom curvature-dependent formalism has a good prediction capability for protein–DNA interactions.
Availability: The code and data sets are available for download on http://www.hy8.com/bioinformatics.htm
Contact: kenandzhou@hotmail.com
OpenStructure: a flexible software framework for computational structural biology
Authors: Biasini Marco , Mariani Valerio , Haas Jürgen , Scheuber Stefan , Schenk Andreas D. , Schwede Torsten , Philippsen Ansgar 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Developers of new methods in computational structural biology are often hampered in their research by incompatible software tools and non-standardized data formats. To address this problem, we have developed OpenStructure as a modular open source platform to provide a powerful, yet flexible general working environment for structural bioinformatics. OpenStructure consists primarily of a set of libraries written in C++ with a cleanly designed application programmer interface. All functionality can be accessed directly in C++ or in a Python layer, meeting both the requirements for high efficiency and ease of use. Powerful selection queries and the notion of entity views to represent these selections greatly facilitate the development and implementation of algorithms on structural data. The modular integration of computational core methods with powerful visualization tools makes OpenStructure an ideal working and development environment. Several applications, such as the latest versions of IPLT and QMean, have been implemented based on OpenStructure—demonstrating its value for the development of next-generation structural biology algorithms.
Availability: Source code licensed under the GNU lesser general public license and binaries for MacOS X, Linux and Windows are available for download at http://www.openstructure.org.
Contact: torsten.schwede@unibas.ch
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Relation between Latitude and Breeding Seasons in Birds
Authors: Baker. John R. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

As one goes north from the temperate latitudes one finds a general tendency for the egg‐laying seasons of birds of all kinds to start later and later at the rate of some 20 or 30 days per 10o of latitude.
As one goes south from the temperate latitudes into the northern tropical and equatorial zones one finds a general tendency for the Accipitres, Coraciiformes, and, to a less extent, the Passeres, to start their egg‐laying earlier and earlier.
The Charadriiformes, Gralise, Herodiones, and Anseres behave differently. In the northern hemisphere they tend to breed later in the tropical and equatorial zones than in the subtropical and temperate.
There is a general tendency for birds in the tropics to reach the height of their main breeding seasons somewhat before the sun passes overhead. Two breeding seasons in the year are therefore quite common, but birds which breed only once select either the northward (Accipitres, etc.) or southward (Grallae, etc.) swing of the sun.
The main proximate causes of the breeding seasons of birds in nature are thought to be temperature and length of day in the boreal and temperate zones, and rain and/or intensity of insolation near the equator. The time of arrival from migration is often an important factor.
Much egg‐laying occurs when days are getting shorter, and indeed it often proceeds rapidly while they are decreasing in length and only between 11 and 12 hours long.
There is, however, little egg‐laying when the day is shorter than 11 hours, and almost none when it is less than 10.
Under natural conditions birds exhibit no tendency to start breeding everywhere when the days reach a certain length nor when, they are becoming longer particularly quickly.
Cranial Development of Galeichthys felis*
Authors: Bamford T. W. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.Stages of Galeichthys felis between 8 and 50 mm. were examined. The skull is platybasic, with indications of a pila antotica, and without a sign of a trigeminofacialis chamber or a previously functional myodome. The myodomal spaces are discussed. The occipital cross commissure is rudimentary and misplaced medially, and the anterior pit line relation is identical with that of Amia and reminiscent of Palaeoniscids.The so‐called “internal carotid” is really the efferent pseudobranchial artery and it passes through the trabecula in development. The internal carotid is absent in all stages examined. The pseudobranch is genuine pseudobranch, Pituitary veins are present.The hyomandibular fuses with the palatoquadrate. The relations of the viith nerve to the hyomandibular articulation are peculiar, and a thin strip of cartilage inserted into the hyomandibular articulation is described. A tabular, endopterygoid and pre‐articular have been recognized, and the identity of the post‐temporal definitely established. The following bones are shown to be the result of fusion:
Labyrinthodonts from South Africa
Authors: Parrington F. R. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

A revision of the neorhachitomous labyrinthodont Lydekkerina huxleyi (Lydekker) has been made to correct details of the dermal bones in the region of the nares and the proportions of the basicranial region, and to add to the recorded accounts of the palate.
The stapes of Lydekkerina is shown to have a clearly defined point of attachment for a cartilaginous connection to the quadrate; an anteroventral accessory process from the head, which is supported by the parafenestral crista of the pterygoid; and an additional anterodorsal accessory process.
A new labyrinthodont, Limnoiketes paludinatans, is described. It is believed to be closely related to the main stem of the group between Rhinesuchus and the Triassic capitosaurs. The type is believed to be an immature animal.
The abrupt change in the South African Karroo fauna which took place at the start of the Trias is discussed. It is believed to have been due to a swamping of the geosyncline in which the Beaufort rocks were deposited because the only large forms which survived through the Lystrosaurus zone were aquatic or semi‐aquatic. This conclusion implies that the larger members of the fauna at least were confined to the basin of deposition. It is pointed out that, from quite independent evidence, Bystrow has deduced a contemporaneous change from a relatively dry to a humid climate in the region of the Russian platform.
A new fish of the genus Clarias Gronov. from Lake Nyasa, with notes on the distribution of the Clariidae and other catfishes in the lake.
Authors: Jackson P. B. N. , Trewavas E. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA new species of Clarias, C. foveolatus nov., from deep water in Lake Nyasa, is described and figured. Other new clariids occur, probably constituting with the known endemic forms a species‐flock of about eight species.Researches indicate that a distinction should be drawn between those fishes which inhabit Lake Nyasa and those which occur in adjoining rivers and swamps, but seldom or never in the open lake. Of the seven species of Clarias listed from Lake Nyasa three scarcely occur in the lake proper, one more sparingly than has previously been supposed, and the three species which occur most abundantly are all endemic.
STUDIES ON THE LIFE‐HISTORY AND ECOLOGY OF THE TREMATODE GENUS RENICOLA COHN, 1904*
Authors: WRIGHT C. A. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA review of the morphological criteria on which the species of Renicola are separated is given and an analysis of the value of these criteria is made, Three new host records for the genus Renicola are given and the worms found are described. The pathology of the infected bird's kidney is discussed.The species of cercariae of the “Rhodometopa” group found during the present work are listed and two new species are described. Some general observations on the anatomy of these cercariae are made. The miracidia of Renicola sp. from Puffinus puffinus are described. The development of the sporocysts of the “Rhodometopa” group of cercariae is described and a new interpretation of the structure of the body‐wall of these sporocysts is presented. Observations on the emergence of cercariae from infected snails are described, also observations on the behaviour of these cercariae. Experimental infection of Turritella communis with the eggs of Renicola sp. is described and the results are discussed.A new host for the metacercariae of the “Rhodometopa”‘ group (Clupea sprattus) is recorded. Two types of metacercarial cysts are described. The infection rate in sprats is discussed. Attempts to bring about excystation by means of in vitro digests are described, also unsuccessful attempts to produce experimental infection of Renicola spp. in birds. The connection between the sprat as an intermediate host and the high infection rate of Renicola sp. in Puffinus puffinus is discussed.
ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF TRICHOCERA SALTATOR (HARRIS) (DIPTERA, TRICHOCERIDAE)
Authors: LAURENCE B. R. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

A species of Trichocera lives in the larval stage in cow pats, the larvae feeding on the dung.
Although the definition of some of the species of Trichocera is difficult it is believed that the species associated with the cow dung is Trichocera saltator (Harris). Variation of the adult morphology is discussed.
The larval stages feed and grow in the coldest months of the year, between October and February, despite the habitat often being completely frozen during frosts.
The larvae enter a diapause in March and adults do not emerge until September or later.
The length of life of the adult in the laboratory in the winter is from five to fifty‐nine days.
The adults appear to be most active at night.
Different species of Trichocera in Britain may have different life histories.
ILLUMINATION AND ITS EFFECT ON THE SETTLEMENT OF BARNACLE CYPRIDS*
Authors: DANIEL A. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.For every 100 cyprids of B. amphitrite which attached during night time, between 230 and 530 cyprids attached during the day. They avoided attachment under direct sunlight, however, suggesting that they preferred diffuse light. Cyprids of B. tintinnabulum showed a more marked preference for diffuse light and settled in greater numbers during dusk and daybreak, rather than about noon. In contrast, larvae of C. stellatus settled most abundantly in direct sunlight.Artificial illumination at night encouraged the settlement of all three species. B. amphitrite settled most at an intensity of five foot candles. B. tintinnabulum settled more at 0.5 than at one or more foot candles. C. stellatus settled more at 35 foot candles than at lesser illuminations. These preferences probably play an important part in leading the larvae to the different habitats favoured by each species.
THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF BROWNEICHTH YS ORNATUS WOODWARD (PISCES, ACTINOPTERGII)
Authors: GRIFFITH J. , Foxon G.E.H. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe unique holotype of Browneichthys ornatus Woodward has been reexamined. Illustrations of the specimen are published for the first time, and, although it has not been possible to add considerably to the text of the original account, a short redescription is included. The systematic position of Browneichthys ornatus is discussed. It is concluded that this species should not be retained in the family Saurichthyidae and its transfer to the family Coccolepidae is proposed.