bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STRATEGIES AND NEED FOR SYSTEMS CHANGE
Authors: Kaye Judith S. 
Published: July 2010

Chief Judge Judith S. Kaye of New York delivered the following address to the Millennium Conference of the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges in Washington, D.C., on November 15, 1999. In it, she describes the development of the philosophy of the family court in the past century. Judge Kaye describes the family court's transition from reliance on social science to the incorporation of procedural due process guarantees in the Gault decision. She suggests that a further transformation is required to meet the needs of children and families in the 21st century. Judge Kaye proposes that in the next millennium the family court abandon the “remote adjudicator” judge who evolved after Gault to a “problem‐solving model of judging… a judge who looks at the issues that are driving the caseload, who looks at the results that are being achieved, and who uses a hands‐on style to figure out how we might do better both in individual cases and on a systemic level.”The New York Times described Chief Justice Kaye as, “A dedicated and effective reformer of the state's sprawling court system. Each of her hard won changes has had a positive impact.” Chief Judge Kaye recently received the National Center for State Courts' William H. Rhenquist Award for Judicial Excellence in November 1999. On the occasion of the award, Roger K. Warren, president of the National Center, observed about her,“There are many who are working hard to better process the many cases that come before the state courts, but there are few working an harder or more successfully to better serve the people who use the state courts.”
Effects of trichostatin A on in vitro development and transgene function in somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos derived from transgenic Clawn miniature pig cells
Authors: HIMAKI Takehiro , YOKOMINE Taka‐aki , SATO Masahiro , TAKAO Sonshin , MIYOSHI Kazuchika , YOSHIDA Mitsutoshi 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe present study was carried out to examine the effects of post‐activation treatment of trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, on in vitro development and transgene function of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos derived from Clawn miniature pig embryonic fibroblast (PEF) transfected with a bacterial endo‐β‐galactosidase C gene (removal of the α‐galactosyl (Gal) epitope). SCNT embryos were incubated with or without TSA (50 or 100 nmol/L) after activation, cultured in vitro and assessed for cleavage, blastocyst formation and transgene function. The rate of blastocyst formation was significantly higher in SCNT embryos treated with 50 nmol/L TSA than that in control (P < 0.05), whereas the rate of cleavage and cell number of blastocyst did not differ. Following labelling with fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labelled BS‐I‐B4 isolectin, the intensity of fluorescence observed on cell‐surface was dramatically reduced in transgenic SCNT blastocyst in comparison with non‐transgenic SCNT blastocyst. However, the reduction of α‐Gal epitope expression in transgenic SCNT blastocyst was not affected by TSA treatment. The results of this study showed that post‐activation treatment with 50 nmol/L TSA is effective to improve in vitro developmental capacity of transgenic SCNT miniature pig embryos without the modification of transgene function.
Effects of muscle type on beef taste‐traits assessed by an electric sensing system
Authors: CHIKUNI Koichi , OE Mika , SASAKI Keisuke , SHIBATA Masahiro , NAKAJIMA Ikuyo , OJIMA Koichi , MUROYA Susumu 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTTo assess the role of muscle fiber type in beef taste‐traits, we analyzed cooked meats from bovine masseter, diaphragm, psoas major, longissimus thoracis, and semitendinosus muscles with an electric taste sensing system (INSENT SA402B). The system is composed of five taste sensors of polymer membranes fixing different lipids. The sensors, CT0, CA0, AAE, C00 and AE1 are designed to respond to the individual tastes of salty, sour, umami, bitter and astringent, respectively. The system found significant differences in the converted outputs of CA0 (cvCA0), C00 (cvC00) and AE1 (cvAE1) among the bovine muscles. The slow‐type muscles (masseter and diaphragm) showed lower cvCA0, higher cvC00, and higher cvAE1 than did the fast‐type muscles (psoas major, longissimus thoracis, and semitendinosus). Lactic acid content was different among muscle types and was highly related to the cvCA0 output and pH. carbonyl compounds and free fatty acids were higher in the slow‐type muscles. Free fatty acids were major components causing the difference in the C00 output among the muscle types. Iron content was also different among the muscle types and related to the cvC00 and cvAE1 outputs. These results suggested that the muscle fiber type affects the beef taste characteristics.
Relationships between milk characteristics and somatic cell score in milk from primiparous browsing goats
Authors: VACCA Giuseppe M. , DETTORI Maria L. , CARCANGIU Vincenzo , ROCCHIGIANI Angela M. , PAZZOLA Michele 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTTo determine milk yield and composition, total microbic count (TMC) and somatic cell count (SCC) of browsing goats throughout the first lactation, 100 goats of Sarda breed, equally distributed in four flocks (F1, F2, F3 and F4), were selected. They were exclusively fed pasture and hand‐milked once daily. Individual milk samples and daily milk yield were taken from each goat at monthly intervals, from March to July. Milk samples were analyzed for: total protein, fat, lactose, urea, freezing point (FP), pH, TMC and SCC. The data was subjected to analysis of variance and to correlation matrix. On the whole, in all the flocks, milk yield showed the highest production in April and May. Fat content increased (P < 0.01) throughout the lactation. Protein content showed the lowest value (P < 0.01) in June (4.15%). Urea and pH values were fluctuating. FP was lower (P < 0.01) at the start of lactation (−0.562 Hortvet degrees). TMC log10 values were low, considering the hand milking and inadequacy of facilities on the farms. SCC increased (P < 0.01) throughout the lactation and, on the whole, SCC and TMC were not correlated.
Complementary and alternative medicine practices among Asian radiotherapy patients
Authors: WONG Lea Choung , CHAN Edwin , TAY Sharon , LEE Khai Mun , BACK Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAim:  To describe the prevalence, expectations and factors associated with the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in Asian radiotherapy patients.Methods:  Overall 65 consecutive patients in an Asian oncology department were surveyed from December 2004 to January 2005, using a modified and translated instrument capturing information on patients' characteristics, CAM use, treatment refusal and satisfaction.Results:  Some basic characteristics were: 86% Chinese; median age 56 years (range: 31–87 years); 57% women; cancer types – breast 42%, lung 20%, nasopharyngeal 11%. All had received prior radiotherapy (54%), chemotherapy (51%) or surgery (45%). The median diagnosis‐to‐survey time was 7.1 months (range 1–168 months). Fifty‐six patients (86%) used CAM for cancer treatment. The two commonest categories were spiritual practices (48%) and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) (37%). Significant factors in TCM use were being male (P = 0.007) and having advanced disease (P = 0.045). Overall 60% of patients using herbal treatment and 97% of patients using spiritual practices expected a cure, a longer life, symptomatic relief, improved immunity or a better quality of life. Satisfaction with western treatment correlated positively with satisfaction with CAM (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = 0.4). Forty‐six patients (71%) did not discuss their CAM use with their oncologists and 64% obtained advice from their friends or families. Fourteen patients refused previous western treatments (11 feared its side effects (79%), five preferred CAM (36%)).Conclusion:  This study highlights the prevalence of CAM practices among Asian radiotherapy patients, their high expectations of the outcome and the need for better doctor–patient communication.
Home Warranties: An Analysis of an Emerging Development in Consumer Protection
Authors: MEEKS CAROL B. , OUDEKERK ELEANOR H. 
Published: July 2010

Although warranty coverage on consumer products is a universally accepted form of protection, the extension of similar coverage to buyers of new and used homes is a developing practice. Home warranties serve a dual purpose: they reduce a homebuyer's risk of substantial financial loss, and protect the builder, seller or real estate vendor from legal liability should undisclosed material defects occur after a sale.In an effort to examine consumer reactions to home warranties, a mail survey was conducted of recent purchasers residing in four central counties of New York State. It was found that two‐thirds of the 571 single‐family homeowners who responded were aware of warranties on new housing and 97 percent were in favor of such coverage. Only 22 percent were aware of warranties for resale homes and 56 percent favored such coverage. Unexpected defects costing more than $100 were experienced by 55 percent of the sample. However, only 27 percent of the sample had defects which were warrantable under most current warranty programs.
Solicitation and the Legal Profession: A New Issue for Consumer Affairs Professionals
Authors: MURDOCK GENE W. , PATTISON PATRICIA 
Published: July 2010

While issues relating to the advertising of legal services have received much attention in the scholarly literature, this has not been the case for solicitation by lawyers, even though it appears that lawyers are more interested in being able to solicit than to advertise. In this article the legal issues surrounding solicitation are identified and tied to a basic communications model; then research propositions are presented along with the results of a survey of attitudes held toward solicitation by 125 lawyers practicing in two Rocky Mountain states. The survey results suggest that solicitation is not going to be easily accepted and that many lawyers may have trouble evaluating differences among solicitation, direct mail and advertising. The survey results also suggest that attitudes toward solicitation may be changing in that younger, less experienced respondents expressed more liberal attitudes toward solicitation than their older and more experienced colleagues.Taken together the findings of this article strongly suggest that solicitation is likely to offer a complex and challenging development for consumer affairs professionals in the years ahead.
Quantity Surcharges: Are They Important in Choosing a Shopping Strategy?
Authors: CUDE BRENDA , WALKER ROSEMARY 
Published: July 2010

Instead of making value‐price comparisons for all members of a product set, consumers may decide to adopt simple purchase decision rules such as larger sizes are better buys. When the unit price of a larger size is greater than the unit price of a smaller size, a quantity surcharge exists. Previous research has established that consumers do frequently encounter quantity surcharges in purchasing grocery products. However, estimates of the amount of the surcharge, the goal of this research, have not previously been reported. In this study the expected return from using the larger‐size rule was estimated. The estimation procedure made use of price and size information gathered for all available packages of 23 products sold in 15 grocery stores in one rural Illinois community in October 1981.Nineteen of the 23 grocery products were found to have surcharges, with the mean amount ranging from less than one cent to 65 cents. Tuna fish was the only product for which the expected value of the return from buying a larger size rather than a smaller size was negative. Implications for consumers' choice of shopping strategies are discussed.
THE FUNCTION OF P700 AND CYTOCHROME f IN THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTER OF SYSTEM 1 IN RED ALGAE
Authors: Amesz Jan , Fork David C. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract— Kinetics and quantum yields of light‐induced oxidation of P700 and the f‐type cytochrome were measured in marine red algae from absorbance changes in the region 420, 435 and 705 nm. The quantum yield for cytochrome oxidation in Iridaea splendens and Schizymenia pacifica was 0.5‐0.65 in far‐red light, at 20d̀ and at 0d̀C.Oxidation rates of P700 measured when varying amounts of cytochrome were in the oxidized state indicated that a reaction center of system 1 in Iridaea contains 1 P700 and 4 cytochrome molecules. Oxidized P700 only accumulates when all 4 cytochromes are oxidized. The rate of photochemistry of system 1, measured as the sum of the rates of P700 and cytochrome oxidation, was independent of the oxidation level of cytochrome, but decreased with accumulation of oxidized P700. This decrease was less than proportional to the fraction of P700 that was in the oxidized state, which suggested transfer of excitation energy between reaction centers.The quantum yield for cytochrome oxidation after dark periods of 1 min or more was only about 0.2. This effect was tentatively ascribed to a dark reduction of the cytochrome coupled to phosphorylation.
UV‐Mediated DNA Strand Breaks in Corneal Epithelial Cells Assessed Using the Comet Assay Procedure¶
Authors: Choy Camus Kar Man , Benzie Iris Frances Forster , Cho Pauline 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTUltraviolet (UV)‐mediated DNA damage in various tissues has been well documented. However, research on the damaging effect of UV irradiation on the DNA of corneal epithelium is scarce, even though this is of interest because the cornea is directly exposed to damaging solar (UV) radiation. In this study, we developed a corneal epithelium Comet assay model to to assess the background DNA damage (as strand breaks) n cells retrieved from different layers of the porcine corneal epithelium, and to investigated the effect of UV irradiation on DNA damage in corneal epithelial cells. Results show that the background DNA strand breaks decreased significantly (P < 0.001) toward deeper layers of the epithelium. Exposure to the same intensity (0.216 J/cm2) of UVA, UVB and UVC caused a significant (P < 0.001) increased in DNA strand breaks of deeper‐layer cells: mean ± SD %DNA scores (10 gels per treatment, with 100 irradiated cells scored per gel) were 10.2%± 1.4% for UVA, 27.4%± 4.6% for UVB, and 14.7%± 1.8% for UVC compared with 4.2%± 0.05% for controls (ambient room light). This study has shown for the first time that the Comet assay for DNA strand breaks can be used successfully with corneal epithelial cells. This report will support future studies investigating environmental influences on corneal health and the assessment of possible protective strategies, and in applying DNA lesion‐specific versions of the Comet assay in this corneal epithelial cell model.
Effect of Photothermal Therapy on Breast Tumor Vascular Contents: Noninvasive Monitoring by Near‐infrared Spectroscopy¶
Authors: Gu Yueqing , Chen Wei R. , Xia Mengna , Jeong Sang W. , Liu Hanli 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe goal of this study was to investigate the effect of photothermal laser irradiation on rat breast tumor (DMBA‐4) vascular contents. An 805‐nm diode laser was used in our experiment with a power density ranging from 0.32 to 1.27 W/cm2. The dynamic changes of oxygenated hemoglobin and total hemoglobin concentrations, Δ[HbO2] and Δ[Hb]total, in rat tumors during photothermal irradiation werenoninvasivelymonitored by a near‐infrared spectroscopy system. A multichannel thermal detection system was also used simultaneously to record temperatures at different locations within the tumors. Our experimental results showed that: (1) photoirradiation did have the ability to induce hyperthermic effects inside the rat breast tumors in a single exponential trend; (2) the significant changes (P< 0.005) of Δ[HbO2] and Δ[Hb]totalin response to a low dosage of laser irradiation (0.32 W/cm2) have a single exponential increasing trend, similar to that seen in the tumor interior temperature; and (3) the increase in magnitude of Δ[Hb]totalis nearly two times greater than that of Δ[Hb]total, suggesting that photoirradiation may enhance tumor vascular oxygenation. The last observation may be important to reveal the hidden mechanism of photoirradiation on tumors, leading to improvement of tumor treatment efficiency.
No‐categoricity in first‐order predicate calculus1
Authors: SVENONIUS LARS 
Published: July 2010

SummaryWe have considered complete consistent systems in the first‐oder predicate calculus with identity, and have studied the set of the models of such a system by means of the maximal consistent condition‐sets associated with the system. The results may be summarized thus: (a) A complete consistent system is no‐categorical (= categorical in the denumerable domain) if and only if for every n, the number of different conditions in n variables is finite (T10). (b) If a complete consistent system has a model M with finite character (i.e. a model M such that every maximal consistent condition‐set satisfied in M has a finite basis), then this model M is uniquely characterized by the property that every other model is an arithmetic extension of M (T 5). (c) Every complete consistent system, which has only a denumerable number of different associated maximal consistent condition‐sets, has a model with finite character (T8).
SOCIAL CLASS AND ACHIEVEMENT ORIENTATION*
Authors: Lawlor S.D. 
Published: July 2010

Plusieurs etudes sociologiques se sont intéresdes B la Iiaison qui existe enire les classes sociales et l'orientation vers le disk d'excellence sans toutefois obtenir une rkponse dkfhitive sur ce sujet. Certains auteurs sont arrivés B la conclusion qu'il existe une relation directe entre ces deux variables tandis que d'autres ont documenté l'absence de liaison ferme. Cet article s'appuie sur les perspectives thkoriques de deux auteurs typiques sur cette question et prksente les résultat. sobtenus aupres d'un échantillon de jeunes canadiens en utilisant les Cchelles respectives de ces deux auteurs. 11 nous est alors possible d'apporter des eclairages nouveaux concernant les apparentes contradictions des etudes précédentes.The nature of the relationship between social class and achievement orientation has received considerable attention in the sociological literature but no conclusive findings have been reported. One set of authors claims that the relationship is positive while the other claims that social class has little or no effect on achievement orientation. In this paper two representative authors are chosen and their scales of achievement orientation are administered to a sample of Canadian youth. The study presents some clarification of the apparent discrepancies reported in the literature.
On Structural Comparisons of Networks
Authors: Wolfe Alvin W. 
Published: July 2010

L'analyse de réseau social traduit une dissociation des modèles structurels statiques et un rapprochement de modèles conceptuels qui permettent une plus grande flexibilité. Le concept de « réseau social » fut jusqu'à J. A. Barnes, une notion imprécise. Aujourd'hui, ce concept est utilisé avec une grande rigueur théorique et l'étude des réseaux en est rendue au stage où les méthodes de comparaison doivent être clarifiées. L'article suggère une taxonomie: toute partie d'un réseau est appelée segment (« set ») qui en contiendrait cinq genres différents: le segment personnel; le segment catégorique; le segment de l'action; le segment des systèmes de rôle; et le segment des champs. Un segment particulier peut être décrit et comparé aux autres, à partir d'une matrice de fréquences de poids par rapport à douze variables. En dernier lieu, l'auteur définit une technique qui permet des comparaisons multiples de telle sorte que les comparaisons structurelles rendront possibles les épreuves portant sur des hypothèses processuelles.Social network analysis expresses the theoretical trend away from static structural models and toward conceptual models recognizing greater adaptability. Until J. A. Barnes, “social network” had been but a vague notion. Now, the idea is treated with greater theoretical rigour, and the study of networks is at a stage where methods of comparison must be clarified. A taxonomy is presented, in which any limited portion of a network is called a set, and five kinds of sets are defined: personal sets, categorical sets, action sets, role system sets, and field sets. A given set may be described, and ultimately compared with others, in terms of a matrix of frequencies of scores on twelve variables. Finally, a technique is introduced by which multiple comparisons might be made, so that structural comparisons will make it possible to test processual hypotheses.
DIRTY OLD WOMEN: BUCK BROWN'S CARTOONS*
Authors: POSNER JUDITH 
Published: July 2010

Une portion importante des écrits contemporains féministes étudie des mythes au sujet de la femme. L'analyse des mythes oraux classiques et l'analyse des mythes littéraires et des images de la femme dans la presse, la radio, et la télévision contribuent à une compréhension de l'élaboration des stéréotypes masculin/féminin dans notre société. L'article analyse une série de caricatures portant sur une ‘dirty old woman’ qui ont paru dans la revue Playboy.Myths about women are examined in an important segment of contemporary feminist writings. Analyses of classical oral myths, of literary myths, and of images of women in the press, radio, and television contribute to our understanding of the construction of male/female stereotypes in our society. This paper analyses a series of cartoons in Playboy magazine which focus on a ‘dirty old woman.’
Regional social structure and agrarian radicalism in Canada: Alberta, Saskatchewan, and New Brunswick*
Authors: BRYM ROBERT J. 
Published: July 2010

Ce document suggére que les variations dans les idéologies populistes canadiennes dépéndent largement de l'organisation sociale des agriculteurs. Les éléments importants de cette connexion sont (a)le degré des rapports sociaux parmi les agriculteurs; (b)le degré auquel les agriculteurs sont capables de maintenir leurs positions de producteurs indépendants; et (c)la densité des liens de classe entre agriculteurs et diverses classes. On a tenté de conclure, à travers une étude sur l'organisation agraire et le malaise sociale en Alberta, en Saskatchewan et au Nouveau‐Brunswick que (a) plus le degré des rapports sociaux était élevé, plus le degré de radicalisme (droite ou gauche) était élevé; (b) plus le degré d'indépendance était élevé, plus il y avait de chance que le radicalisme s'oriente à droite; (c) plus la densité des liens entre agriculteurs et travailleurs urbains était élevée, plus il y avait de chance qu'un populisme de gauche emerge; (d) plus la densité des liens entre agriculteurs et groupes urbains exterieurs a la classe travaillante etait elevee, plus il y avait de chance qu'un populisme de droite emerge.In this paper it is suggested that regional variations in Canadian populist ideologies are largely a function of variations in the social organization of farmers. Of particular importance in this connection are (a) the degree of social connectivity among farmers; (6) the degree to which farmers are able to retain their position as independenr commodity producers; and (c) the density of inter‐class ties between farmers and others. It is tentatively concluded through an examination of agrarian organization and unrest in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and New Brunswick that (a) the greater the degree of social connectivity, the greater the degree of radicalism (left or right); (6) the greater the degree of independence, the more likely it is that radicalism will take on a right‐wing colouring; (c) the greater the density of ties between farmers and urban workers, the more likely it is that left‐wing populism will emerge; and (d) the greater the density of ties between farmers and non‐working‐class urban groups, the more likely it is that right‐wing populism will emerge.