bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ghrelin family of peptides and gut motility
Authors: Asakawa Akihiro , Ataka Koji , Fujino Kazunori , Chen Chih‐Yen , Kato Ikuo , Fujimiya Mineko , Inui Akio 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAcyl ghrelin, des‐acyl ghrelin, and obestatin are three peptides isolated from the gastrointestinal tract and encoded by the same preproghrelin gene. Three ghrelin gene products participate in modulating appetite, adipogenesis, glucose metabolism, cell proliferation, immune, sleep, memory, anxiety, cognition, and stress. We have investigated the effects of ghrelin family of peptides on fed and fasted motor activities in the stomach and duodenum of freely moving conscious rats by manometric method. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) and intravenous (IV) administration of acyl ghrelin induced fasted motor activity in the duodenum in fed rats. ICV and IV administration of des‐acyl ghrelin disrupted fasted motor activity in the antrum. Changes in gastric motility induced by IV administration of des‐acyl ghrelin were antagonized by ICV administration of a corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) 2 receptor antagonist. IV administration of obestatin decreased the percentage motor index in the antrum and prolonged the time taken to return to fasted motility in the duodenum in fed rats. ICV administration of CRF 1 and 2 receptor antagonists prevented the effects of obestatin on gastroduodenal motility. Ghrelin gene products regulate feeding‐associated gastroduodenal motility. Stomach may regulate various functions including gastrointestinal motility via acyl ghrelin, des‐acyl ghrelin and obestatin as an endocrine organ. Increasing knowledge of the effects of ghrelin family of peptides on gastrointestinal motility could lead to innovative new therapies for functional gastrointestinal disorders.
Genetic factors for functional dyspepsia
Authors: Oshima Tadayuki , Toyoshima Fumihiko , Nakajima Shigemi , Fukui Hirokazu , Watari Jiro , Miwa Hiroto 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground:  Although familial clustering of functional dyspepsia (FD) has been reported, the role of genetics in the susceptibility to FD is still not well established. Several reports indicate the associations between FD and gene polymorphisms, however the data are inconsistent. This review summarized the evidence of genetics in FD based on genetic epidemiology.Results:  Genetic association studies with FD symptom phenotype have limited for several candidate genes investigated. There have been no genome wide association studies in FD. G‐protein beta3 (GNB3) subunit C825T was first reported as a candidate gene for FD susceptibility. However, the data are inconsistent in countries. Significant link between homozygous 825C allele of GNB3 protein and dyspepsia was reported from Germany and the USA. On the other hand, the association between T allele of GNB3 C825T polymorphism and dyspepsia was reported from Japan and Netherland. Association of serotonin transporter promoter (SERT‐P) gene polymorphism and FD was reported negatively from a USA community and Netherland. However we found that SERT SL genotype was significantly associated with PDS. Involvement of IL‐17F, migration inhibitory factor (MIF), catechol‐o‐methyltransferase (COMT) gene val158met, 779 TC of CCK‐1 intron 1, cyclooxygenase‐1 (COX‐1), transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1 (TRPV1) 315C and regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) polymorphisms was reported in Japanese studies.Conclusions:  Genetic factors are associated with the development of dyspeptic symptoms. Further studies are needed to confirm these data and to determine how genetic factors influence the clinical manifestation of FD patients.
Functional gastrointestinal disorders in New Zealand
Authors: Wyeth John W 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground:  Functional gastrointestinal disorders are common worldwide.Aim:  To review functional gastrointestinal disorder prevalence, diagnosis and treatment in New Zealand.Methods:  A Medline search was performed to identify all published studies relating to prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders in New Zealand.Results:  Reflux prevalence is 30% and non‐reflux dyspepsia is 34.2%. Helicobacter pylori prevalence varies considerably in NZ by geographical area and ethnicity and overall prevalence of infection is 24% in adults. 50% of patients with dyspepsia presenting for endoscopy in NZ will have no mucosal abnormality identified. National Dyspepsia Guidelines assist in management of patients. Guidelines exist for undifferentiated dyspepsia, Gastro‐oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD), H. pylori, peptic ulcer, NSAID's and gastrointestinal complications. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is reported by 21% of adults. Symptoms were more than twice as frequent and severe in females than males. Access to colonoscopy for investigation of bowel symptoms is limited in NZ and priority is given to patients with “alarm features”. Non‐invasive markers of inflammation, such as faecal calprotectin, are being used to differentiate the patient with functional diarrhoea from inflammatory bowel disease. Treatment for irritable bowel symptoms is targeted to the predominant symptom.Conclusions:  Functional gastrointestinal disorders are common in New Zealand. There is increasing awareness of dietary management for functional bowel symptoms.
The clinical significances of irritable bowel syndrome in Taiwan
Authors: Chang Full‐Young , Lu Ching‐Liang 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground and Aim:  According to the Rome III definition, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has been a biopsychosocial dysfunction. We tried to know whether the IBS clinical manifestations were comparable to other countries.Method:  We have reviewed the IBS publications in Taiwan, thus its clinical significances are summarized and compared to others.Results:  Among a selected population of paid physical checkup, the Rome I & II criteria defined prevalences were 17.5% and 22.1%, respectively without an observed female predominance. However, female was a factor leading to constipation predominant IBS (C‐IBS). Taiwan IBS patients did excessively consume society resource in terms of physician visits and absenteeism. They also had more chance of cholecystectomy, whereas normal appendix was often found in case of appendectomy. Overlapping extra‐colonic manifestations, e.g. dyspepsia and lower urinary tract symptoms were common. Helicobacter pylori infection and female gender were closely related to the coexisted dyspepsia. Various psychiatric disturbances were also confirmed here. Intestinal transit correlated well with bowel symptoms, e.g. slow in constipation but fast in diarrhea. Diminished cholinergic activity was observed among the C‐IBS patients. Various agents including mebeverine, pinaverium, peppermint oil, smectitie and tegarserod did somewhat improve IBS symptoms. Unfortunately, the IBS knowledge was not well understood among the medical professionals.Conclusions:  IBS is common in Taiwan, its impacts on the society are similarly observed while female gender often results in severe impacts. Disordered motility and cholinergic nervous system are likely some of its pathogeneses. Current recommended treatments are effectively demonstrated.
Epidemiology, approach and management of functional dyspepsia in Thailand
Authors: Kachintorn Udom 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground and aim:  Functional dyspepsia (FD) represents one of the important GI disorders confronting clinicians worldwide including Thailand. FD is a clinical syndrome with various underlying pathophysiologies, and their treatment remains a major challenge. This article aims at the approach of FD and its management.Method:  For current situation, optimal therapy includes non‐drug therapy namely reassurance by ruling out relevant differential diagnoses, general advice with regard to the underlying causes, dietary measures, lifestyle modification, and good doctor‐patient relationship. Removing precipitating causes, such as medications, food or psychological factors/stress contributing to symptoms, is mandatory. A wide variety of drug treatments have been used to manage FD including antisecretory agents, prokinetics and H.pylori eradication.Results:  It is understandable that there is no ideal drug available. The overall gain over placebo ranges from less than 5% for H.pylori eradication to 15%‐20% for antisecretory agents and prokinetics.Conclusion:  Drug therapy includes acid inhibitory agents, prokinetics and H.pylori eradication are still the mainstay and should be adjusted accordingly on a case‐by‐case basis. In the future, it would be logical to develop multi‐target therapies that simultaneously address various underlying mechanisms.
Clinical and epidemiological perspectives of dyspepsia in a multiracial Malaysian population
Authors: Goh Khean‐Lee 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDyspepsia is perhaps the most common gastrointestinal disease universally. The prevalence of dyspepsia ranges from 7–40% in population based studies worldwide. These figures vary with definition of dyspepsia used and also with the survey methodology.As with Western studies, functional dyspepsia (FD) predominates in Asia. With a decline in peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer, the proportion of FD is set to increase further. Studies have shown FD to account for 50–70% of cases of uninvestigated dyspepsia.In Malaysia dyspepsia has been reported in up to 15% of a rural and 25% of an urban population. No racial differences were seen in the rural survey. In the urban survey, Malays and Indians were found to have significantly more dyspepsia than Chinese. No clear explanation can be found for these racial differences. In clinical practice, Malays seem to complain a lot of wind and bloating in the “stomach.” This is interesting to note when you compare it with the prevalence of H. pylori which is distinctly less common amongst Malays compared to the Indians and Chinese.As with many Asian populations, many Malaysians do not consult for complains of dyspepsia. Many will self medicate and others may even bear with their complains. This is probably true in the rural population. Traditional medications are often used and these are often ethnic based. Different types of lotions for example are used for massaging the putative area in the abdomen by Malay, Chinese and Indian patients. Moxibustion and acupuncture is still practiced by Chinese traditional physicians for treatment of dyspepsia. The notion that mood disorders may underlies dyspepsia is still poorly accepted by a less educated or rural population who consider a psychiatric consultation a taboo.Amongst urban dwellers where Westernized medical care is readily available and the awareness of potential serious disease like cancer is higher, consultation for dyspepsia is certainly higher. Indeed a higher education level has been identified as independent risk factors for dyspepsia in both an urban and rural population survey in Malaysia. With greater consultation for dyspepsia, there has also been a higher demand and utilization of endoscopy services for investigation of gastrointestinal diseases in the country.
Does gluten cause gastrointestinal symptoms in subjects without coeliac disease?
Authors: Newnham Evan D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim:  To determine the evidence for the effect of gluten ingestion on gastrointestinal symptoms, intestinal permeability and other indices of small intestinal injury in non‐coeliac, gluten intolerant individuals.Methods:  A literature review was performed searching for interventional studies that addressed the issue.Results:  One unblinded study that identified symptomatic response to gluten did not effectively exclude patients with coeliac disease, since many had intraepithelial lymphocytosis. A double‐blinded, randomised, placebo‐controlled rechallenge trial was recently reported in patients in whom coeliac disease had been excluded by either normal duodenal histology on a gluten containing diet, or absence of the HLA DQ2 or DQ8 haplotype (56%). Participants were randomly assigned to receive either 16 g/day carbohydrate‐free gluten or placebo for six weeks. Participants were enrolled if they had gastrointestinal symptoms that had improved on a GFD and had been on a gluten free diet for at least 6 weeks prior to enrolment. 19 received gluten and 15 received placebo. Change between baseline and final weeks were greater for patients receiving gluten in overall symptom severity compared with those receiving placebo (p = 0.047). and were worse with gluten within one week for pain (p = 0.016), bloating (p = 0.031), satisfaction with stool consistency (p = 0.024), and tiredness (p = 0.001). Mechanisms for symptom induction were not identified.Conclusions:  Non‐coeliac gluten intolerance does exist. Future studies need to identify issues of the dose of gluten needed and mechanisms of action.
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in irritable bowel syndrome: Frequency and predictors
Authors: Sachdeva Sanjeev , Rawat Ajit Kumar , Reddy Ravi Sankar , Puri Amarender Singh 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjective and Background:  Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) has been implicated in pathogenesis of IBS. We aimed to study frequency and predictors of SIBO in patients with IBS.Methodology:  We included 59 consecutive patients of IBS & 37 healthy controls (HC). Evaluation for SIBO was done by glucose breath test (GBT) using 100 gm of glucose after an overnight fast. Breath hydrogen & methane concentration were noted at baseline & every 15 min after administration of glucose for a total of 3 h. Persistent rise in breath hydrogen or methane > 12 ppm above basal was considered diagnostic of SIBO.Results:  Of 59 patients, 27 were diarrhoea predominant (D‐IBS), 11 were constipation predominant (C‐IBS) and 21 were mixed type (M‐IBS). Median age of patients (34 [18–47] years) were comparable to controls (35 [20–48] years) (P = 0.21). Patient group was similar to HC in gender distribution (male 41/59 [69.5%]vs 25/37 [67.6%], P = 0.36). SIBO was more frequent in patients with IBS than HC (14/59 [23.7%]vs 1/37 [2.7%], P = 0.008). Patients with D‐IBS more often had SIBO as compared to non‐D‐IBS (10/27 [37%]vs 4/32 [12.5%], P = 0.02). C‐IBS had lowest frequency of SIBO (1/11 [9%]) among all IBS subgroups. Patients with history of bloating more often had SIBO as compared to those without this symptom (11/23 [47.8%]vs 3/36 [8.3%], P = 0.002). Among IBS patients, females more often had SIBO as compared to males (8/18 [44.4%]vs 6/41 [14.6%], P = 0.01).Conclusions:  SIBO was more frequent in patients with IBS as compared to healthy controls. D‐IBS subtype, female gender & bloating were predictors of SIBO in patients with IBS.
Neuroselective measure of the current perception threshold of A‐delta and C‐fiber afferents in the lower urinary tract
Authors: Fujihara Atsuko , Ukimura Osamu , Iwata Tsuyoshi , Miki Tsuneharu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSensory dysfunction could be involved in various pathogeneses in the lower urinary tract including neurogenic bladder, overactive bladder, painful bladder syndrome and neuropathy as a result of endocrine disorders. The ability to diagnose sensory function more objectively is of increasing interest to clinicians. Afferent innervations of the lower urinary tract involve myelinated (A‐delta) and unmyelinated (C) fibers. The Neurometer (Neurotron, Baltimore, MD, USA) is the only reported commercially available device to evaluate afferent function by selectively depolarizing different subpopulations of afferent nerves, with 250 Hz activating A‐delta fibers and 5 Hz activating C‐fibers, to determine their current perception threshold (CPT) as a quantitative measure. Recently, increased evidence has suggested that measurement of CPT values of A‐delta and C‐fibers in the lower urinary tracts is feasible and shows significant correlation with clinical symptoms and conventional urodynamic variables, as well as the efficacy of various treatments. However, there are still controversial issues in the wider use of this technology in diagnosis and assessment of the therapeutic effectiveness of sensory dysfunction in the lower urinary tracts. In order to resolve the remaining challenges in the CPT test of the lower urinary tract, recent efforts include development of a new balloon‐type electro‐catheter with dual electrodes as an alternative sensory test for the bladder or urethra, which allows simultaneous performance of conventional urodynamic tests and urine collection, and future standardized techniques available for comparison with validated control values.
Marine sponges and their microbial symbionts: love and other relationships
Authors: Webster Nicole S. , Taylor Michael W. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryMany marine sponges harbour dense and diverse microbial communities of considerable ecological and biotechnological importance. While the past decade has seen tremendous advances in our understanding of the phylogenetic diversity of sponge‐associated microorganisms (more than 25 bacterial phyla have now been reported from sponges), it is only in the past 3–4 years that the in situ activity and function of these microbes has become a major research focus. Already the rewards of this new emphasis are evident, with genomics and experimental approaches yielding novel insights into symbiont function. Key steps in the nitrogen cycle [denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox)] have recently been demonstrated in sponges for the first time, with diverse bacteria – including the sponge‐associated candidate phylum ‘Poribacteria’– being implicated in these processes. In this minireview we examine recent major developments in the microbiology of sponges, and identify several research areas (e.g. biology of viruses in sponges, effects of environmental stress) that we believe are deserving of increased attention.
Defining the response of a microorganism to temperatures that span its complete growth temperature range (−2°C to 28°C) using multiplex quantitative proteomics
Authors: Williams Timothy J. , Lauro Federico M. , Ertan Haluk , Burg Dominic W. , Poljak Anne , Raftery Mark J. , Cavicchioli Ricardo 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThe growth of all microorganisms is limited to a specific temperature range. However, it has not previously been determined to what extent global protein profiles change in response to temperatures that incrementally span the complete growth temperature range of a microorganism. As a result it has remained unclear to what extent cellular processes (inferred from protein abundance profiles) are affected by growth temperature and which, in particular, constrain growth at upper and lower temperature limits. To evaluate this, 8‐plex iTRAQ proteomics was performed on the Antarctic microorganism, Methanococcoides burtonii. Methanococcoides burtonii was chosen due to its importance as a model psychrophilic (cold‐adapted) member of the Archaea, and the fact that proteomic methods, including subcellular fractionation procedures, have been well developed. Differential abundance patterns were obtained for cells grown at seven different growth temperatures (−2°C, 1°C, 4°C, 10°C, 16°C, 23°C, 28°C) and a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to identify trends in protein abundances. The multiplex analysis enabled three largely distinct physiological states to be described: cold stress (−2°C), cold adaptation (1°C, 4°C, 10°C and 16°C), and heat stress (23°C and 28°C). A particular feature of the thermal extremes was the synthesis of heat‐ and cold‐specific stress proteins, reflecting the important, yet distinct ways in which temperature‐induced stress manifests in the cell. This is the first quantitative proteomic investigation to simultaneously assess the response of a microorganism to numerous growth temperatures, including the upper and lower growth temperatures limits, and has revealed a new level of understanding about cellular adaptive responses.
Prospective randomized multicentre study comparing stapler haemorrhoidopexy with Doppler‐guided transanal haemorrhoid dearterialization for third‐degree haemorrhoids
Authors: Infantino A. , Altomare D. F. , Bottini C. , Bonanno M. , Mancini S. ,   the THD group of the SICCR (Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery) (T. Yalti, P. Giamundo, J. Hoch, A. El Gaddal and C. Pagano).
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim  Doppler‐guided transanal haemorrhoid dearterialization (THD) and stapler haemorrhoidopexy (SH) have been demonstrated to be less painful than the Milligan–Morgan procedure. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of THD vs SH in the treatment of third‐degree haemorrhoids in an equivalent trial.Method  One hundred and sixty‐nine patients with third‐degree haemorrhoids were randomized online to receive THD (n = 85) or SH (n = 84) in 10 Colorectal Units in which the staff were well trained in both techniques. The mean follow‐up period was 17 (range 15–20) months.Results  Early minor postoperative complications occurred in 30.6% of patients in the THD group and in 32.1% of patients in the SH group. Milder spontaneous pain and pain on defecation were reported in the THD group in the first postoperative week, but this was not statistically significant. Late complications were significantly higher (P = 0.028) in the SH group. Residual haemorrhoids persisted in 12 patients in the THD group and in six patients in the SH group (P = 0.14). Six patients in the SH group and 10 in the THD group underwent further treatment of haemorrhoids (P = 0.34). No differences were found in postoperative incontinence. The obstructed defecation score (ODS) was significantly higher in the SH group (P < 0.02). Improvement in quality of life was similar in both groups. Postoperative in‐hospital stay was 1.14 days in the THD group and 1.31 days in the SH group (P = 0.03).Conclusion  Both THD and SH techniques are effective for the treatment of third‐degree haemorrhoids in the medium term. THD has a better cost‐effective ratio and lower (not significant) pain compared with SH. Postoperative pain and recurrence did not differ significantly between the two groups.
Prospective evaluation of intraoperative peripheral nerve injury in colorectal surgery
Authors: Navarro‐Vicente F. , García‐Granero A. , Frasson M. , Blanco F. , Flor‐Lorente B. , García‐Botello S. , García‐Granero E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim  Intraoperative peripheral nerve injury can have permanent neurological consequences. Its incidence is not known and varies according to the location and the surgical specialty. This study was a prospective analysis of intraoperative peripheral nerve injury as a complication of abdominal colorectal surgery.Method  All patients who underwent major colorectal abdominal surgery in our Colorectal Unit between 1996 and 2009 were analyzed. Data on nerve injury were prospectively collected.Results  There were 2304 patients, of whom eight (0.3%) experienced intraoperative peripheral nerve injury. This occurred in 5/2211 (0.2%) open procedures and in 3/93 (3%) laparoscopic procedures. There was no association between intraoperative peripheral nerve injury and age, gender, body mass index, surgeon, operation time, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) score and urgent surgery. The use of Allen‐type stirrups and a vacuum bag (in laparoscopic surgery) seemed to be protective for nerve injury in the lower and upper limbs respectively.Conclusion  Adequate positioning and the use of pressure‐free positioning devices may prevent intraoperative peripheral nerve injury, particularly during laparoscopy.