bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mobilities and Mobilizations of the Urban Poor
Authors: JAFFE RIVKE , KLAUFUS CHRISTIEN , COLOMBIJN FREEK 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis introduction sets out the aims of the symposium on mobilities and mobilizations of the urban poor. Exploring the physical, social and imagined movements of the poor into, within and out of cities, and addressing how these movements connect to the dynamics of urban social mobilization, it argues for an incorporation of the ‘mobility turn’ in studies of the urban poor. The introduction proposes a number of relevant themes within this approach, starting with increased attention to the interconnections between physical and imaginative movements. This is followed by a discussion of representations of mobility and mobile representations: the ways in which physical movement, place and urban poverty are represented, and the increased transnational mobility of these representations. Next, a focus on differential mobilities is used to analyze how mobility differences within or between social groups are (re)produced in local power constellations. In addition, the relation between mobilities and public–private divides is examined, especially in terms of physical and imaginative place‐making. A final emphasis is on academic mobilities, with the authors arguing for reflexive attention to the position of those who research the urban poor and the specific practices of mobility associated with this research.RésuméLes objectifs du symposium sur les mobilités et mobilisations des populations urbaines pauvres sont exposés dans ce texte introductif. S'intéressant aux déplacements physiques, sociaux et imaginés des pauvres, vers et à l'intérieur des villes, il examine comment ces flux s'inscrivent dans les dynamiques de la mobilisation sociale urbaine et témoigne de l'intégration du ‘virage de la mobilité’ dans les études de ces populations. Cette introduction propose plusieurs thèmes relevant de cette démarche, à commencer par un souci particulier des interconnexions entre les mouvements physiques et virtuels. Puis sont étudiées les représentations de la mobilité et les représentations mobiles, c'est‐à‐dire la façon dont un déplacement physique, un lieu et la pauvreté urbaine sont représentés, ainsi que la mobilité transnationale accrue de ces représentations. Tout un volet analyse comment les différences de mobilité dans ou entre les groupes sociaux sont (re)produites dans les constellations de pouvoir locales. De plus, le lien entre les mobilités et les frontières public‐privé est examiné, notamment sous l'angle de la fabrication physique ou virtuelle de lieux. Pour finir, l'accent est mis sur la mobilité des chercheurs, les auteures défendant un intérêt critique pour le positionnement de ceux qui étudient la population urbaine pauvre et les pratiques de mobilité spécifiques associées à ces recherches.
Cross‐border Inter‐firm Networks in the European Union's Eastern Neighbourhood: Integration via Organizational Learning*
Authors: TURKINA EKATERINA , POSTNIKOV EVGENY 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe European Union (EU) is seeking to generate stronger integration in the wider Europe without further enlargement by involving its immediate neighbours in various regional partnerships. What are the effects of such co‐operation across the eastern borders of the EU and what are the prospects for bringing this region's countries closer to the EU without offering them the possibility of formal EU membership? Using the tools of social network analysis and regression methods, this article investigates the effect of the EU's external governance on the previously neglected societal level by focusing on cross‐border inter‐firm networks. The findings show that the diffusion of organizational practices is occurring within these networks which have emerged as the result of EU governance efforts abroad. The article explores the causal mechanisms of this diffusion, and also identifies factors that impede or catalyze the transfer of organizational practices. It also points to the relevance of neofunctionalism in explaining integration between the EU and its eastern neighbours.
Trait‐dependent occupancy dynamics of birds in temperate forest landscapes: fine‐scale observations in a hierarchical multi‐species framework
Authors: Wells K. , O'Hara R. B. , Böhm S. M. , Gockel S. , Hemp A. , Renner S. C. , Pfeiffer S. , Böhning‐Gaese K. , Kalko E. K. V. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSilvicultural practices lead to changes in forest composition and structure and may impact species diversity from the overall regional species pool to stand‐level species occurrence. We explored to what extent fine‐scale occupancy patterns in differently managed forest stands are driven by environment and ecological traits in three regions in Germany using a multi‐species hierarchical model. We tested for the possible impact of environmental variables and ecological traits on occupancy dynamics in a joint modelling exercise while taking possible variation in coefficient estimates over years and plots into account. Bird species richness differed across regions and years, and trends in species richness across years were different in the three regions. On the species level, forest management affected occupancy of species in all regions, but only 3–5% of the total assemblage‐level variation in occurrence probability was explained by either forest type and successional stage and < 1% by forest edge. On the assemblage level, bird occurrence decreased with body mass in all regions. Species with smaller breeding ranges had lower occurrence probabilities in one region, while later spring arrival decreased occurrence probabilities in the two other regions. Spatial variation in the effect size of trait covariates such as species phylogeny and breeding strata showed that variation in patch occupancy due to fine‐scale differences in forest management is, to some extent, predictable from ecological traits. Our results show that environmental factors and ecological traits jointly predict variation in bird occupancy patterns and their response to forest management. Observations at the fine scale of forest stands, at which conservation efforts can be arranged along with forest management practices in heterogeneous environments, have been shown to provide meaningful insights despite the difficulties involved in monitoring mobile organisms such as birds at the plot level.
Ethnic differences in problem perception and perceived need for care for young children with problem behaviour
Authors: Bevaart Floor , Mieloo Cathelijne L. , Jansen Wilma , Raat Hein , Donker Marianne C. H. , Verhulst Frank C. , van Oort Floor V. A. 
Published: June 2012

Background:  Problem perception and perceived need for professional care are important determinants that can contribute to ethnic differences in the use of mental health care. Therefore, we studied ethnic differences in problem perception and perceived need for professional care in the parents and teachers of 5‐ to 6‐year‐old children from the general population who were selected for having emotional and behavioural problems.Methods:  A cross‐sectional study with data of 10,951 children from grade two of the elementary schools in the Rotterdam‐Rijnmond area, the Netherlands. Parents and teachers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) as well as questions on problem perception and perceived need for care. The SDQ was used to identify children with emotional and behavioural problems. We included Dutch, Surinamese, Antillean, Moroccan and Turkish children in our sample with high (>P90) SDQ scores (N = 1,215), who were not currently receiving professional care for their problems.Results:  Amongst children with high SDQ scores, problem perception was lower in non‐Dutch parents than in Dutch parents (49% vs. 81%, p < 0.01). These lower rates of problem perception could not be explained by differences in socioeconomic position or severity of the problems. No ethnic differences were found in parental perceived need and in problem perception and perceived need reported by teachers. Higher levels of problem perception and perceived need were reported by teachers than by parents in all ethnic groups (PP: 87% vs. 63% and PN: 48% vs. 23%).Conclusions:  Child health professionals should be aware of ethnic variations in problem perception as low problem perception in parents of non‐Dutch children may lead to miscommunication and unmet need for professional care for the child.
The interaction of electrodermal activity and expressed emotion in predicting symptoms in recent‐onset schizophrenia
Authors: Subotnik Kenneth L. , Schell Anne M. , Chilingar Mark S. , Dawson Michael E. , Ventura Joseph , Kelly Kimberle A. , Hellemann Gerhard S. , Nuechterlein Keith H. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn the present study, expressed emotion (EE) was assessed among immediate family members of 94 recent‐onset schizophrenia patients at initial study entry point, and patients' electrodermal activity (EDA) was measured without the presence of family members at a baseline outpatient stabilization assessment. Psychiatric symptoms were also rated, both at the baseline outpatient test and at 1‐year follow‐up. Electrodermal Activity × Expressed Emotion interactions were observed at both test points. In each case, the highest levels of negative symptoms were observed among those who exhibited greater EDA and lived in a high‐EE environment. These results support the view that the combination of high family EE and sympathetic nervous system arousal confer especially high risk for poor negative symptom outcomes.
Combining the P300‐complex trial‐based Concealed Information Test and the reaction time‐based autobiographical Implicit Association Test in concealed memory detection
Authors: Hu Xiaoqing , Rosenfeld J. Peter 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDespite the P300‐Concealed Information Test's validity in detecting concealed memory when it is conducted immediately after the mock crime, whether the P300‐CIT's detection efficiency is moderated by time delay remains unknown. Here, we conducted a mock crime study in which guilty participants were tested immediately after the mock crime or 1 month later. An innocent group was also tested. Assuming that the autobiographical Implicit Association Test (aIAT) and the P300‐CIT rely on nonoverlapping mechanisms for memory detection, participants were tested using both the P300‐CIT and the reaction time (RT)–based aIAT. Results suggested that the sensitivity of both tests remains even after the 1‐month delay. The indicators from the RT‐aIAT and P300‐CIT were uncorrelated, thus combining P300‐CIT and aIAT data further increased the efficiency of memory detection.
Enhanced nerve‐stimulated muscarinic and neurokinin contractions of ileum from streptozotocin guinea‐pigs
Authors: Cellini J. , Pommier R. , Porter R. , LePard K. J. 
Published: June 2012

Summary

Diabetes mellitus can lead to neuropathy of enteric neurons, resulting in abnormal gut motility. These studies investigated voltage‐dependent contributions of muscarinic M3 receptor activation by acetylcholine and neurokinin NK1 receptor activation by neurokinins to nerve‐stimulated contractions of longitudinal ileal strips from STZ guinea‐pigs, a type 1 diabetic model with insulin deficiency, but mild hyperglycaemia.
Contractions to bethanechol, substance P methyl ester, and nerve stimulation were greater in diabetic as compared to control ileum.
The muscarinic M3 receptor antagonist 4‐DAMP at lower voltages and the neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonist SR140333 at higher voltages, but not the neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonist CP‐96,345, were more effective at inhibiting nerve‐stimulated immediate peak contractions and total areas of contraction of ileum from diabetic as compared to control animals. For diabetic ileum, voltage‐dependent increases in the areas of nerve‐stimulated contraction were observed in the presence of 4‐DAMP and CP‐96,345 but not SR140333.
At low voltages only, nerve‐stimulated release of acetylcholine was greater from diabetic as compared to control ileum.
Fluorescence intensity of tachykinin‐like immunoreactivity was increased in ileal myenteric ganglia from diabetic as compared to control animals.
In diabetic guinea‐pigs, stronger ileal nerve‐stimulated contractions reflected increased release of acetylcholine at lower voltages and tachykinins at higher voltages, as well as increased sensitivity of smooth muscle M3 and NK1 receptors to acetylcholine and tachykinins. Hypoinsulinaemia may be a primary contributor to intestinal motility dysfunction in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Successful management of unruptured interstitial pregnancy in 17 consecutive cases by using laparoscopic surgery
Authors: Zuo Xulei , Shen Aiqun , Chen Meixin 
Published: June 2012

AimsTo analyse the optimal laparoscopic surgical techniques for the treatment of interstitial pregnancy to minimise bleeding during the operative procedure and the safety of the subsequent pregnancy.MethodsAdvanced bipolar coagulator was used to achieve haemostasis.ResultsThe mean gestational age was 55 ± 5.1 days. All 17 women with an interstitial pregnancy were successfully treated by laparoscopic surgery without any complication. No surgery was converted to laparotomy. The mean pre‐operative beta‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) serum concentration was 14 696 ± 11 705 mIU/mL. This value decreased to 1911 ± 1769 mIU/mL at 3‐day post‐operation. Among women who underwent laparoscopic surgery, a cornual resection was performed in 16 (94.1%) cases. One (5.8%) woman underwent a laparoscopic evacuation of the conceptus and received a local injection of 10 mg methotrexate. The volume of blood loss was <25 mL in 16 cases. However, one woman experienced a rupture at the beginning of the operation and lost 250 mL of blood. The mean hospital stay was 4.5 days. Four of the nine women who chose to retain their reproductive function had subsequent normal pregnancies, but all received an elective caesarean delivery prior to labour.ConclusionsThe laparoscopic management of women with unruptured interstitial pregnancy can frequently be performed without haemorrhage or complication using advanced bipolar coagulation. The small sample of successful subsequent pregnancies demonstrates the safety and effectiveness of this technique, but this finding should be confirmed by further investigations.
Using Activity‐Based Modeling to Simulate Urban Resource Demands at High Spatial and Temporal Resolutions
Authors: Keirstead James , Sivakumar Aruna 
Published: June 2012

SummaryUrban metabolism is an important technique for understanding the relationship between cities and the wider environment. Such analyses are typically performed at the scale of the whole city using annual average data, a feature that is driven largely by restrictions in data availability. However, in order to assess the resource implications of policy interventions and to design and operate efficient urban infrastructures such as energy systems, greater spatial and temporal resolutions are required in the underlying resource demand data. As this information is rarely available, we propose that these demand profiles might be simulated using activity‐based modeling. This is a microsimulation approach that calculates the activity schedules of individuals within the city and then converts this information into resource demands. The method is demonstrated by simulating electricity and natural gas demands in London and by examining how these nontransport energy demands might change in response to a shift in commuting patterns, for example, in response to a congestion charge or similar policy. The article concludes by discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the approach, as well as highlighting future research directions. Key challenges include the simulation of in‐home activities, assessing the transferability of the complex data sets and models supporting such analyses, and determining which aspects of urban metabolism would benefit most from this technique.
Can Organized Youth Activities Protect Against Internalizing Problems Among Adolescents Living in Violent Homes?
Authors: Gardner Margo , Browning Christopher , Brooks‐Gunn Jeanne 
Published: June 2012

Using longitudinal data from a subsample of Hispanic, African American, and White youth enrolled in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (N = 1,419), we examined the effects of both parental involvement in domestic violence and youth participation in organized out‐of‐school‐time activities on internalizing symptoms during adolescence. We also examined the extent to which participation in organized activities protected youth against the internalizing consequences of domestic violence. We found that intensive participation in either afterschool programs or extracurricular activities was inversely associated with youth internalizing problems. Moreover, we found that intensive participation in afterschool programs weakened the association between parents' domestic violence and youths' internalizing problems.
Testing the hypothesis that psychotic illness begins when subthreshold hallucinations combine with delusional ideation
Authors: Smeets F. , Lataster T. , van Winkel R. , de Graaf R. , ten Have M. , van Os J. 
Published: June 2012

Objective:  While hallucinations and delusions are often considered as a single class of ‘positive symptoms’, little is known about their dynamic cooccurrence in relation to clinical outcome in non‐help‐seeking people.Method:  The Netherlands Mental Health and Incidence Study (NEMESIS‐1) is a longitudinal study of mental disorders (n = 7075) with three measurements over a 3‐year period. Risk factors, persistence of psychotic experiences, and clinical outcome were analyzed for groups with: i) no psychotic experiences, ii) only delusions, iii) only hallucinations, and iv) both delusions and hallucinations.Results:  Hallucinations and delusions occurred together more often (T0, 3.5%; T1, 1.0%; T2, 0.9%) than that predicted by chance (T0, 1.0%; T1, 0.1%; T2, 0.04%). The group with both symptoms showed more ‘first‐rank’‐like delusions compared with the group with only delusions. Having both hallucinations and delusions, compared to isolated symptoms, was associated more strongly with risk factors, comorbid affective symptoms, negative symptoms, and persistence of psychotic experiences. This was not an artifact of having more symptoms in general.Conclusion:  Experiencing both delusions and hallucinations is an indicator of greater etiological load resulting in more clinical outcome. A specific ‘hallucinatory‐delusional state’ may represent an early phase of exacerbation of aberrant attribution of salience, increasing risk for clinical outcome.
Translating neurotrophic and cellular plasticity: from pathophysiology to improved therapeutics for bipolar disorder
Authors: Soeiro‐de‐Souza M. G. , Dias V. V. , Figueira M. L. , Forlenza O. V. , Gattaz W. F. , Zarate C. A. , Machado‐Vieira R. 
Published: June 2012

Soeiro‐de‐Souza MG, Dias VV, Figueira ML, Forlenza OV, Gattaz WF, Zarate Jr CA, Machado‐Vieira R. Translating neurotrophic and cellular plasticity: from pathophysiology to improved therapeutics for bipolar disorder.Objective:  Bipolar disorder (BD) likely involves, at a molecular and cellular level, dysfunctions of critical neurotrophic, cellular plasticity and resilience pathways and neuroprotective processes. Therapeutic properties of mood stabilizers are presumed to result from a restoration of the function of these altered pathways and processes through a wide range of biochemical and molecular effects. We aimed to review the altered pathways and processes implicated in BD, such as neurotrophic factors, mitogen‐activated protein kinases, Bcl‐2, phosphoinositol signaling, intracellular calcium and glycogen synthase kinase‐3.Methods:  We undertook a literature search of recent relevant journal articles, book chapter and reviews on neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in BD. Search words entered were ‘brain‐derived neurotrophic factor,’‘Bcl‐2,’‘mitogen‐activated protein kinases,’‘neuroprotection,’‘calcium,’‘bipolar disorder,’‘mania,’ and ‘depression.’Results:  The most consistent and replicated findings in the pathophysiology of BD may be classified as follows: i) calcium dysregulation, ii) mitochondrial/endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction, iii) glial and neuronal death/atrophy and iv) loss of neurotrophic/plasticity effects in brain areas critically involved in mood regulation. In addition, the evidence supports that treatment with mood stabilizers; in particular, lithium restores these pathophysiological changes.Conclusion:  Bipolar disorder is associated with impairments in neurotrophic, cellular plasticity and resilience pathways as well as in neuroprotective processes. The evidence supports that treatment with mood stabilizers, in particular lithium, restores these pathophysiological changes. Studies that attempt to prevent (intervene before the onset of the molecular and cellular changes), treat (minimize severity of these deficits over time), and rectify (reverse molecular and cellular deficits) are promising therapeutic strategies for developing improved treatments for bipolar disorder.
Lesion Border Detection in Dermoscopy Images Using Ensembles of Thresholding Methods
Authors: Emre Celebi M. , Wen Quan , Hwang Sae , Iyatomi Hitoshi , Schaefer Gerald 
Published: June 2012

BackgroundDermoscopy is one of the major imaging modalities used in the diagnosis of melanoma and other pigmented skin lesions. Due to the difficulty and subjectivity of human interpretation, automated analysis of dermoscopy images has become an important research area. Border detection is often the first step in this analysis. In many cases, the lesion can be roughly separated from the background skin using a thresholding method applied to the blue channel. However, no single thresholding method appears to be robust enough to successfully handle the wide variety of dermoscopy images encountered in clinical practice.MethodsIn this article, we present an automated method for detecting lesion borders in dermoscopy images using ensembles of thres holding methods.ConclusionExperiments on a difficult set of 90 images demonstrate that the proposed method is robust, fast, and accurate when compared to nine state‐of‐the‐art methods.