bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Realist Social Contract
Authors: Morris Christopher W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Social contract theory often deploys a ‘Hobbesian’ conception of humans as instrumentally rational, asocial, and amoral beings, similar to the agents often found in economic models. To understand and appreciate our social orders, it seems that a ‘realist’ social contract might be better. Humans generally are and have always been social, norm-governed imperfectly rational beings. This chapter argues that, for a social contract to illuminate our social condition, these features of our natures should be center stage. In addition, such an account might do well to make use of the sophisticated political economic theory developed by North, Wallis, and Weingast (2009). The result will suggest that political philosophers have misidentified the theoretical ‘state of nature’ as anarchy. A better appreciation of our wealthy, rule of law, democratic societies may be one of the benefits of this realist social contract.
Testing the Partisan Model
Authors: Cormier Ben 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 quantitatively tests for the observable implications of Chapter 2’s partisan EM external borrowing model. The hypothesis is that left-leaning EM governments borrow proportionally more from markets. Tests rely on multiple datasets and measures of partisanship. This includes the Varieties of Party dataset (coding the importance of labor and the poor to governing party constituencies) and the Database of Political Institutions dataset (coding governing party economic ideology). Across measures of partisanship, controlling for supply-side push factors, and controlling for borrower economic and political features traditionally thought to pull finance to EM governments, the chapter finds robust econometric evidence in support of the book’s partisan model of EM external borrowing.
The Economics of Workforce Policy
Authors: Elliott Robert 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter sets out a number of policy proposals which result from the analysis in the book. Where appropriate the methodology to be employed to implement the policy is detailed alongside the proposal. The policy proposals are: to adjust pay relativities to their equilibrium levels in order to resolve labour shortages; to develop a method for determining the optimal level of employment in each area of frontline activity in the NHS, a method which would enable cost–benefit analysis of any proposal to expand NHS employment to be undertaken; to commission research to explain ethnic pay gaps and differences in promotion opportunities within health care; to improve the quality of pay and vacancy data; to improve methods of workforce planning; to commission research to explore the impact of increased working from home and changed worker behaviour post-Covid-19 for recruitment and retention of frontline staff; to improve workforce efficiency under expenditure constraints by undertaking cost–benefit analysis of proposals to expand employment, reviewing the prominence of consultants in service delivery and increasing task substitution.
The People’s Voice
Authors: Schneiderman David 
Published: April 2024

AbstractHow compliant are treaties that make up the investment law regime with the principles of economic democracy, sustainability, development, or the ‘establishment of a world order based on independence, eternal peace and social justice’, all of which are mentioned in the Constitution of Indonesia? While the Indonesian Constitutional Court has not had an opportunity to weigh in on the compatibility of investment law with the Indonesian Constitution, it has not been shy in thwarting plans intended to liberalize the economy, reinforcing commitments to economic democracy contained in the Constitution. The Court had an opportunity to weigh into the investment treaty debate by reviewing the requirements of Indonesian Treaty Law. It was common practice in Indonesian foreign relations law to have every international economic treaty signed and ratified by the President, without legislative scrutiny or consent. In their ruling, the Court stepped in to require the participation of the people’s representatives in ratifying trade and investment agreements. Such treaties had ‘a fundamental impact on the people’ that was ‘linked to the state’s financial burden’, the Court ruled, which engaged the constitutional interest of the legislative branch. While this outcome did not have the direct effect of impeding the executive’s investment treaty policy, legislative participation offers an opportunity for greater scrutiny of investment treaty commitments.
Terrorism, Politics, and Human Rights Advocacy
Authors: Oriola Temitope B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This book provides an insider–outsider analysis of the #BringBackOurGirls (#BBOG) movement. The #BBOG was formed through a coalition of elite women and middle-class allies to advocate for the rescue of over 200 high-school girls kidnapped by Boko Haram in 2014. The book argues that the #BBOG is a global leader in ‘lives matter’ advocacy and a new episode in African women-led rights movements. Based on multi-year empirical research, the book demonstrates how the #BBOG transformed the Chibok kidnapping into an international cause and a social problem in a sociological sense and inadvertently created a social problem industry. This work is an in-depth engagement with the organizational structure, decision-making, repertoire of protest, framing, internal dynamics, and divisions within the #BBOG. The #BBOG is far more than a social media phenomenon: the movement deploys a hybridized communication process, which seamlessly combines the social media with traditional media. The BBOG was enmeshed in toxic presidential politics and an ideational battle with the military and two successive Nigerian governments regarding the rescue of the Chibok girls. State repression against the #BBOG and the movement’s outcomes and impact are explicated. The #BBOG contributed to the first electoral defeat of an incumbent president in Nigeria’s history. The #BBOG experience speaks to the texture of the African state, its military architecture, party politics, and challenges to human rights advocacy. The findings have implications for peace and security in Africa, the war against terrorism in the Lake Chad Basin, perpetuation of social problems, and social movement outcomes.
‘The fight for the soul of Nigeria and the world’
Authors: Oriola Temitope B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the formation, organizational structure, core values, and repertoires of protest of the #BringBackOurGirls (#BBOG) movement. It analyses #BBOG’s mobilization, funding, and internal challenges. The findings demonstrate that the #BBOG movement is an effective, delicately managed yet internally complicated ideational machinery. This chapter argues that despite widespread perceptions about #BBOG’s social media sophistication and efficacy, its communication process in reality combines the rhizomatic instantaneity and intercontinental reach of social media platforms such as Twitter (now ‘X’) and Facebook with the multiple publics offered by traditional print and electronic media. Overall, this chapter provides an in-depth picture of the painstaking work that propelled #BBOG into international prominence.
Framing of the #BringBackOurGirls movement
Authors: Oriola Temitope B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with one main question: why did the #BringBackOurGirls (#BBOG) movement attract significant attention both nationally and internationally but achieve only moderate success on its goal—the release of all the Chibok school girls kidnapped by Boko Haram? The chapter analyses the framing of the #BBOG movement and interrogates its diagnosis of the kidnapping of the Chibok girls as well as its prognostic and motivational framing. The chapter articulates four main master frames of #BBOG. It also problematizes the consequences of the movement’s framing. Beyond framing identification and analysis, the chapter enhances theory-building on factors that influence how a movement’s framing is perceived by opponents and bystanders. The analysis contains major lessons for grassroots movements and human rights activists in Africa and the developing world in general.
#BBOG, members’ social positionality, and politics
Authors: Oriola Temitope B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the embeddedness of the #BringBackOurGirls (#BBOG) movement within Nigeria’s toxic political environment. It problematizes the social position of key leaders of the movement and the implications of their engagement in partisan politics before and during movement activities. A typology of #BBOG members is analysed. The chapter contributes to the literature on elite women’s involvement in social movement advocacy in Africa and the inadvertent baggage they bring to grassroots movements. The forms of state repression against #BBOG and how the movement adapted are explored. The chapter also explores the relationship of #BBOG with the Nigerian military vis-à-vis the rescue of the Chibok girls and its influence on civil–military relations and public perceptions of #BBOG. The divisions within #BBOG are also explored. The findings of this chapter have major implications for movements in developing societies.
COVID-19 and Informal Work
Authors: Chen Martha Alter , Grapsa Erofili , Ismail Ghida , Reed Sarah Orleans , Rogan Michael , Valdivia Marcela 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents findings from two rounds (2020, 2021) of a panel study on the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on informal workers in 11 cities across 5 regions of the world (Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and North America). The study, carried out by the Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO) network, in partnership with local organizations of informal workers in each city, included a survey questionnaire and key informant interviews, both conducted by phone. The study findings confirm that the pandemic, and associated lockdowns and restrictions, severely undermined the livelihoods of informal workers at the outset, with limited recovery by mid-2021. The study also examined the degree and pathways of impact between, and within, different sectors of informal workers and provides insights and demands from informal workers in their own words for recovery and the future.
Impact of COVID-19 on Urban Vulnerable Livelihoods
Authors: Schotte Simone , Zizzamia Rocco 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter studies the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and related lockdown measures for poor and vulnerable households in urban South Africa, drawing on accounts from residents of Khayelitsha—Cape Town’s largest township. The analysis identifies the decline in labour earnings and employment prospects as the main threat to livelihoods. Importantly, the economic vulnerability caused by the lapse of survivalist livelihood strategies, particularly in informal employment, was intensified by the covariate nature of the shock, rendering social networks and informal insurance mechanisms ineffective means of assistance. These combined factors have led to an increased reliance on government grants. While the expansions of social grants during the crisis played an indispensable role in sustaining a basic standard of living in the short term, for the millions of vulnerable South Africans whose livelihoods hang in the balance, an ambitious commitment by the state to confront mid- and long-term challenges will remain imperative.
Knowledge and Justification
Authors: Schurz Gerhard 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 starts from the tenet that the goal of cognition is the transfer of information in the form of justified true belief. The focus of this book is the development of a theory of justification in the tradition of enlightenment epistemology. Its leading idea is foundation-theoretic: to reach knowledge we must not legitimize our beliefs by external authorities but justify them by rational arguments. Early foundation-theoretic epistemology was naive, since its conception of justification required certainty. Certainty was discovered to be untenable by analytic epistemologists of the 20th century, because the justification of most of our beliefs cannot be confined to deduction from evidence, but instead requires induction and abduction which cannot convey certainty but only, at most, high probability. However, the illusion of indefeasible knowledge was not only held by premodern philosophers but is also ubiquitous in commonsense intuitions of knowledge. This is revealed by an analysis of two paradoxes of knowledge: the lottery paradox and the Gettier paradox. Both paradoxes turn out to be partially unsolvable because of tensions intrinsic to commonsense intuitions associated with knowledge. It is argued that instead of trying to rationalize incoherent intuitions, epistemology should improve the commonsense concept by transforming it into the scientific concept of a justified (true) belief whose justification makes it highly probable and reveals its error probabilities.
Foundation Theory and Its Alternatives: A Critical Discussion
Authors: Schurz Gerhard 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The foundation-theoretic programme of epistemology came increasingly under attack through the developments of philosophical (post)modernity following the Enlightenment era. The major challenge for foundation theory is finding a means to stop the justificational regress that results from the supposed necessity to base each justification on premises that are themselves in need of justification. Two dimensions of this problem are distinguished: the problem of first-order justification consists in finding immediately evident basic beliefs to which all other beliefs can be traced by means of deductive, inductive, and abductive inferences, a task that is undertaken in Chapters 3 and 4 of the book. The problem of higher-order justification consists in justifying the inference patterns of deduction, induction, and abduction; this enterprise is pursued in Chapters 5–10. Contemporary epistemologists have developed alternative epistemologies such as coherentism, externalism, and commonsensism (or dogmatism). A renewal of foundation theory has to demonstrate its superiority within the intellectual landscape of alternative epistemologies. This task is undertaken in Chapter 2. Coherentism leads to epistemological relativism because it allows for circular justifications that make it possible to justify opposite beliefs. Externalism gives up the attempt of justifying the reliability of our sources of knowledge, thereby depriving itself of meliorative applications. Commonsensism and dogmatism assume non-evident principles as given, thereby being susceptible of relapsing to pre-enlightenment forms of belief stabilization based on authority and power.
Transport Properties and Potential Energy Models for Monatomic Gases
Authors: Li Hui , McCourt Frederick R. W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The first two chapters of this work are an update and outgrowth of the monograph Nonequilibrium Phenomena in Polyatomic Gases published in 1990 by OUP, and a response to considerable improvements in the experimental determination of the transport properties of dilute gases that have taken place during the past 30 years. The derivation and solution of the Boltzmann equation for dilute monatomic gases has been presented. The experimental determination has improved sufficiently that it has become necessary to carry out calculations at the level of the second Chapman–Cowling approximation in order to give computed results that lie within the current experimental uncertainties now being reported. Chapter 3 is devoted to realistic interatomic potential energy functions and begins with a discussion of the need for more accurate representations of these functions. It discusses in detail both direct inversion of both microscopic (spectroscopic transition frequencies and atomic beam scattering) and bulk property (pressure and acoustic second virial coefficients, transport properties) data. It covers the quantum chemical ab initio determination of binary atomic interaction energies and their analytical representation, followed by detailed considerations of the interaction energies between pairs of noble gas atoms. This book is concerned with comparison between theory and experiment, and it discusses the pure noble gases and binary mixtures in detail. There is also a special chapter that focuses upon how to obtain the spectroscopic and thermophysical properties of a specific molecular system theoretically step by step and provides a reference for the specific theoretical calculation work.
Europe as ideological resource
Authors: Lorimer Marta 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the theoretical approach of the book and details its empirical and methodological tenets. It opens with a discussion of the far right’s ‘legitimacy deficit’. It then considers how Europe could constitute an ideological resource for far-right parties looking for legitimation. An ideological resource is described as a device that offers political parties an opportunity to revise and reframe their political message. The chapter argues that as a new and relatively contentious political issue, European integration represented one such resource for far-right parties because it enabled them to recast their message in a way that would appeal to old and new voters alike. The chapter concludes with a description of the book’s empirical approach, which is based on the morphological and discourse analysis of over 400 party documents produced between 1978 and 2019 by the Italian Social Movement/Alleanza Nazionale and the Rassemblement National.
The battle for Europe’s freedom
Authors: Lorimer Marta 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows how the MSI/AN and the RN employed the concept of liberty to define Europe. It shows how in their early years and in the context of the Cold War, both parties stressed the need for Europe to become free from foreign interference. This came with a call for Europe to become an international power, equipped with a common defence policy and able to project influence beyond its borders. From the early 1990s onwards, the parties’ positions diverged. While the MSI/AN remained committed to its view of Europe as a foreign policy actor, the RN increasingly refocused its discourse on ideas of domestic self-rule. Using the language of freedom, self-rule, and autonomy to define their views on Europe, the chapter argues, presented the parties with an occasion to foster an image as actors holding positions common, rather than exceptional, to the shared language of national politics.
Scripting Empire
Authors: Procter James 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Scripting Empire recovers the cultural history of West Indian and West African writing at the BBC in order to rethink the critical mid-century decades of decolonization, late modernism, and mass migration to the metropole. Between the 1930s and the 1960s, a remarkable group of black Atlantic artists and intellectuals became broadcasters, producers, editors, and scriptwriters at the corporation. They included Una Marson, Langston Hughes, Louise Bennett, Wole Soyinka, Derek Walcott, George Lamming Amos Tutuola, V. S. Naipaul, Sam Selvon, Cyprian Ekwensi, Stuart Hall, and C. L. R. James. Operating at the interface of a range of literary and broadcast genres, this loose network of writers and thinkers prompt a reassessment of aesthetic innovation and political imagination between the outbreak of World War II and the first airings of post-colonial independence. Moving beyond prevailing accounts of the novel, and narratives of extension, this book examines the role of short, serial formats and episodic structures within the vibrant economy of mid-century literary production. Focusing on the BBC as both a modernist institution and a mass medium, Scripting Empire works comparatively across dozens of different programmes spanning the Colonial Service, General Overseas Service, Home Service, Light Programme, and Third Programme. The book draws upon a transnational archive of materials including scripts, correspondence, periodicals, visual records, and sound recordings in order to reposition the cultural contribution of West Indians and West Africans within a more pervasive and porous account of radio transmission, the legacy of which extends well beyond broadcasting.
Knowledge of Sensory Profiles
Authors: Hopkins Robert 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The appearance of various properties changes with our relations to their bearers. What are these changing appearances, and in what way are the properties whose appearances they are present in perceptual experience? This chapter’s answer to the first question takes its inspiration from Thomas Reid: perspectival appearances are the perception of a distinct class of properties, those that are themselves perspectival. Its answer to the second question takes inspiration from Husserl and Noë: non-perspectival properties are present to us as patterns in perspectival properties. The chapter articulates what these patterns, or ‘sensory profiles’, amount to, what knowledge of them consists in, and how that knowledge has to be deployed if the non-perspectival properties they characterize are to be present to us.
Trust
Authors: Seyd Ben 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We seem to be living in an age of citizen distrust of social and political elites. Distrust is also seen to have serious negative consequences for our civic and democratic life. Yet are western democracies really facing a crisis of trust? This book provides an extensive and up-to-date review of one of the most important topics in contemporary political life. It explores the nature and condition of trust today through three key issues: What do we mean by trust? How far are levels of trust in decline? How damaging are the consequences of low trust for effective democratic governance? The book also considers how trust arises, and which factors might explain the declines in trust witnessed recently in many countries. Drawing on evidence from across a number of countries, the book pays particular attention to Britain, which has seen a marked decline in public regard for political elites, making the country a vital case for identifying the causes and effects of low trust. Combining conceptual and empirical analysis, the book provides a timely analysis of a central issue in contemporary political debate.
Global Law and the Individual
Authors: Golia Angelo Jr 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the relationship between the individual and global law adopting, as a point of entry, the concept of iuris genesis. It explores this relationship through the lenses of three patterns in turn: symbiosis, oscillation, and strategic subjectification. After an overview of the notion of global law, symbiosis is examined, showing that the modern notion of ‘individual’ constitutes a necessary infrastructure of global law. In parallel, global law opens possibilities to the individual that would otherwise be out of reach under conditions of globalisation. The chapter then examines oscillation, describing how global law triggers a dynamic of expansion/restriction of the individual’s legal relevance. Subsequently, how global law helps to imagine strategies of legal subjectification, some of which may be used to counter problematic features of sociolegal globalisation is examined. It then highlights three such strategies: the development of new legal concepts and frameworks; the selective consolidation of certain collective actors’ legal positions; and the recognition of legal significance for claims based on so-called ‘counter-rights’.