bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heuristic ranking and selection procedures for network design problems
Authors: Janson Bruce N. , Husaini Alaa 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTwo heuristic approaches to solving discrete non‐linear network design problems and other subset selection problems are described and tested. These heuristics operate similarly to other add, delete and interchange heuristics that have been applied to network design problems. However, the selection criterion adopted here is the ratio of objective function change per unit of resource cost, which other authors have described as an effective gradient measure for zero‐one integer programming problems. Optimal branch‐and‐bound algorithms previously developed and tested are reviewed, and those results serve as benchmarks with which to compare these heuristics described in this paper. The first heuristic ranks and deletes alternative network modifications from an entire set of candidate projects, such as new links or link improvements, until the subset of remaining projects fits within the constraint space. This method was found to achieve optimal or near‐optimal solutions to each of the test cases, even when the number of candidate projects deleted in each iteration was increased from one to many. The quality of those results led us to investigate a constrained random sampling procedure in which candidate projects are ranked with regard to randomly generated networks, and a solution is then chosen on the basis of these rankings. This second approach was found to achieve solutions that were almost as good as those obtained with the rank and delete heuristic.
A regression model for bus running times in suburban areas of winnipeg
Authors: Alfa Attahiru Sule , Menzies William B. , Purcha James , McPherson R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTo plan new bus routes in suburban areas, expected bus running times on these routes are needed. Using most readily available relevant variables, a regression model is developed for estimating bus running times. The model is conceptually reasonable and it was tested using data other than that used for estimation.
Marseilles integrated transport system
Authors: Croc Michel 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTo be fully effective, metro lines must be connected with other modes of transport. This principle has been applied in the city of Marseilles, France. First, a very good interchange between the two metro lines and the national and suburban railway has been developed in the Saint‐Charles main railway station. This interchange connects with the adjacent intercity bus terminal. Second, at every metro station, access facilities and neighborhood development were planned. Third, bus stations and car parks were installed at main rail stations. All this was made possible by early coordinated planning.
Analysis of heavy truck accident severity
Authors: Alassar Louai 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a macro empirical study of injuries and severity, and their contributory factors, for heavy truck accidents. This analysis is carried out through the examination of the fatal injury and non‐fatal injury odds ratio indices for a statistically best‐fit, log‐linear model. The statistical procedures used were the stepwise, backward elimination, log‐linear modeling with a critical significance level of 0.05. The analysis was conducted on the set of accident severity contributory independent variables (main‐effects) and all possible two‐way interactions of these variables (interaction effects) for articulated heavy trucks. Among the findings of the study is that it would appear to be more effective to decrease the accident rates for these trucks rather than to try to limit their resulting severities in attempting to reduce the toll of heavy truck accidents.
Signalized intersections with variable flow rates: II A model for delay estimation
Authors: Ceder Avishai , Dressler Ofer , Ross Thomas F. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis second part of our work develops a model for delay estimation at intersections whose traffic signal controls are continuously being updated. Generally, these traffic signals are centrally controlled. The foundation for the delay estimation model is based on a queuing theory model called “Preemptive resume discipline for M/G/1 with two priority levels.” This queuing model assumes that two customers arrive at acertain point by a Poisson arrival process, and that one customer has service priority over the second customer. The analogy for the case of intersection control is that the preferred customers are the red lights and the secondary customers are the vehicles. In order to adapt the model to the realistic behavior of vehicle traffic at continuously adjusted signals, components are derived to modify the model. The simulation results of the first part of this work are used to calculate adjustment factors that fairly accurately reproduce the simulated delays. This gives rise to the advantage of using in practice a closed mathematical model, in particular when trying to optimize the operation of signalized intersections at the network level.
Reliability, maintainability and availability of automatic people mover systems
Authors: Howell John K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper covers reliability, maintainability, and availability theory and application to automated people mover (APM) systems. Reliability enhancements, obtained by employing high reliability and redundant functional components and assemblies and by achieving a high rate of repair, are covered.The process of estimating subsystem and system reliability, based on component and assembly failure rates, is discussed. And the process for deriving subsystem and system availability and service availability is described.APM failure monitoring, corrective actions, and recording and reporting systems and procedures are highlighted. Also, a brief discussion is presented on the subject of accountability of system reliability and availability.
Planning transportation innovations for livable cities: Auto‐Free zones and personal rapid transit
Authors: Haikalis George 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe author advocates public support of innovation in transportation systems that would enhance the livability of cities. He calls for renewed exploration of the utility of introducing auto‐free zones in dense urban places, and the initiation of development of a PRT‐like system that could ultimately displace the free‐wheeling motor vehicle in these places.
Multinomial mode choice models for Atlanta airport passenger movement
Authors: Kumarage A. S. , Wirasinghe S. C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAutomated people movers (APM's) and moving‐sidewalks (belts) are used to reduce passenger walking distances within airport terminal systems. In this paper, mode choice for intra‐terminal travel by the three modes: APM, belt and walk, is modelled using partially disaggregate trinomial logit and probit models. The utility functions of these models are computed in terms of units of time, separated into time spent walking and time spent standing. The models are used to analyze travel to the proposed concourse E at Atlanta's Hartsfield Airport.
Accidents of elderly drivers and intersection traffic control devices
Authors: Stamatiadis Nikiforos , Taylor William C. , Mckelvey Francis X. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe research reported in this paper examined the relationship between accidents of elderly drivers and intersection traffic control devices. The analysis was performed using the induced exposure method, where the exposure to an accident is defined as the probability of being the driver not cited for the accident occurrence. The results indicate that the accident involvement of elderly drivers is higher than that of the other drivers under certain circumstances. To reduce these rates modifications in the licensing procedures and training programs are suggested.
Eliminating rank reversal in multicriteria analysis of urban transportation system alternatives
Authors: Gomes Luiz F. A. M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis note shows how to eliminate rank reversal in practical applications of TODIM, a method for multicriteria ranking of projects. A technique for eliminating rank reversal is then utilized in applications of both TODIM and AHP to the same data base. A comparison of results suggests that those two alternative methods tend to lead to the same results.
The traffic connection between airports and city centers
Authors: Rallis Tom , Peen Jens 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article deals with some parts of the issue “Traffic connection between airport and city centers”. Two case studies are given: London and Copenhagen. These two have many parallels in their development. The issue is rather complex and the increasing implementation of high‐speed trains offering a high door‐to‐door speed, will change the development of many airports, especially those that already have problems with the access‐egress transport capacity.
Sustainability: A vital concept for transportation planning and development
Authors: Replogie Michael 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe current pattern of metropolitan transportation and land development in the majority of countries around the world appears to be increasingly unsustainable from both an economical and environmental perspective. Many factors point to the need for adoption of a new paradigm for sustainable transportation and development in both high and low income countries—burgeoning populations, growing air pollution, limits on global petroleum reserves, limited physical and economic capacity to expand automobile‐based transportation systems without community destruction, and the urgent need to limit global CO2 emissions to slow the pace of global warming.This paper outlines some of the conceptual differences between the current paradigm for transportation planning and an emerging paradigm for sustainable transportation and land development. It compares the US and European patterns of transport and land development, which often inspire transportation decision‐makers and planners in developing countries. The paper reviews the patterns of development in the cities of several developing countries, identifying policies than can enhance sustainability.
Development of interregional cooperation in the field of urban and suburban transport under the auspices of the UN
Authors: Storchevus Vladimir K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe article considers specific features, the importance and the problems of urban and suburban transport with reference to international economic, scientific and technological cooperation. It also describes methods and means for utilizing the opportunities for cooperation within the framework of the UN Regional Economic Commissions with a more active involvement of CODATU and UNCHS (Habitat) and the Habitat Executive Bureau in Moscow. The article identifies and classifies the main tasks of the development of urban public transport in cities with varying degree of motorization as well as identifies the priorities of international cooperation within the UN.
An AI‐based approach for transit route system planning and design
Authors: Baaj M. Hadi , Mahmassani Hani S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe present an AI‐based solution approach to the transit network design problem (TNDP). Past approaches fall into three categories: optimization formulations of idealized situations, heuristic approaches, or practical guidelines and ad hoc procedures reflecting the professional judgement and practical experience of transit planners. We discuss the sources of complexity of the TNDP as well as the shortcomings of the previous approaches. This discussion motivates the need for AI search techniques that implement the existing designer's knowledge and expertise to achieve better solutions efficiently. Then we propose a hybrid solution approach that incorporates the knowledge and expertise of transit network planners and implements efficient search techniques using AI tools, algorithmic procedures developed by others, and modules for tools implemented in conventional languages. The three major components of the solution approach are presented, namely, the lisp‐implemented route generation design algorithm (RGA), the analysis procedure TRUST (Transit Route Analyst), and the route improvement algorithm (RIA). An example illustration is included.
The morgantown PRT: It is still running at West Virginia University
Authors: Sproule William J. , Neumann Edward S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIt has been over fifteen years since the Morgantown PRT system went into passenger service. Its start was marked by cost overruns, high operating costs and poor reliability. However over time, these initial problems and difficulties have been overcome, and today the system provides an extremely important and reliable service that links downtown Morgantown with three campuses of West Virginia University. It is still running. This paper provides background on the development of the system and current operating characteristics of this famous transit demonstration project.
Suburbanization of jobs and the journey to work: A submarket analysis of commuting in the San Francisco bay area
Authors: Cervero Robert , Landis John 
Published: January 2010

AbstractInrecent years, a debate has brewed over whether the decentralization of employment has been beneficial from a regional standpoint. In this article, we focus on one aspect of the debate: how the relocation of office workers from a downtown to a suburban location affects commuting patterns and mode choice. From a survey of 320 former downtown San Francisco workers who now work in the suburbs, we found that the average distance traveled remained essentially unchanged and that the average commuting speed increased. The most dramatic change, however, was the switch from public transit to drive‐alone commuting. In the aggregate, we estimate that the change in job location was associated with nearly a threefold increase in vehicle miles traveled to work. While from a personal standpoint, employees seemed better off since they got to work faster and more comfortably, from a larger social and environmental perspective, the costs could be significant. More detailed analyses of commuter submarkets revealed that the transportation impacts vary considerably depending on whether the original residence was in the suburbs or central city and whether relocated workers had moved their residences in recent years. In general, those who remained in San Francisco and became reverse commuters were worst off whereas those who moved their residences out of the city were much better off in terms of job access. The article concludes that road pricing would be the best way to force motorists to internalize the external costs of increased drive‐alone commuting. Second‐best options would be to introduce development impact fees or employer‐based trip reduction regulations.
Advanced transportation economic development
Authors: Stern Larry 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe end of the cold war and confrontational politics of the eastern and western worlds have raised the possibility that resources formerly targeted toward military systems and options may be turned towards global lifestyle improvements [OTA, 1993]. Transportation has been one of the fields proposed as a likely candidate for both improvements and jobs. It is not possible to address economic development in the context of all transportation in one essay. For this reason I am only addressing the issues of economic development associated with mass transportation characteristic of urban and interurban environments.Realigning former defense resources to mass transit requires careful consideration of market conditions. According to economic survey data published by the Economic Roundtable in Los Angeles, there are currently less than 40,000 manufacturing jobs in the U.S. rail transportation industry [Drayse, 1993]. The same survey pointed out a severe mismatch between the skill base required by the rail industry and available defense technology resources. There exists no large base of unsatisfied demand in the rail market, therefore development of a large number of jobs is not likely if the approach is simply to introduce additional competing resources into a traditional market [Monitor, 1993].
Child pedestrian fatalities: The size of the problem and some suggested countermeasures
Authors: Preston Barbara 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe child pedestrian death rates, per 100,000 population, for the USA and 22 European countries are compared. The safety measures used in some of these countries, for the two key areas of danger for children, the school journey and the residential environment, are outlined. Problems that might prevent the introduction of these countermeasures in some other countries are discussed.It is recommended that: 1) there should be special low speed limits on the roads outside all schools. On minor roads traffic calming measures would be suitable, on main roads new speed limits could be introduced and enforced by police surveillance using video camera techniques. 2) In suitable residential areas children should be enabled to play out in safety on the streets near their homes. In some countries the most acceptable way of achieving this might be by a change in the law whereby children would have priority in these designated Home Zones.
Level of public transport service evaluation: A fuzzy set approach
Authors: Murugesan R. , Moorthy N. V. Rama 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe success of any enterprise, in a market‐oriented economy, depends upon it's quality. This paper describes the results of a survey of commuters on the quality of services and their relative weights, and of the attributes that determine the service level of bus transport undertakings. The model uses the theory of fuzzy sets to process the information obtained. A composite index, called level‐of‐public transport‐service (LOPTS), is defined and used to measure the service qualities. This approach is presented with guidelines for rating the quality of services, fuzzy‐set representations of the linguistic grades, definition of LOPTS and its use in a public transport quality data base. An example is presents how the approach can be employed to analyse data bases generated from a quality survey. This approach is compared with the numerical rating approach with single number representation.
Thiol redox status critically influences mitochondrial response to thyroid hormone‐induced hepatic oxidative injury: A temporal analysis
Authors: Chattopadhyay Sutapa , Sahoo Dipak K. , Roy Anita , Samanta Luna , Chainy Gagan B.N. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractLiver is a major target organ for thyroid hormone. The objective of the present study was to investigate temporal regulation of mitochondrial glutathione and protein‐bound thiol redox status in hyperthyroid liver. Mitochondria were isolated from control and hyperthyroid rat liver tissues at different time intervals, i.e., 24, 72, and 120 h following treatment, and sub‐fractionated into sub‐mitochondrial particles (SMPs) and matrix fractions. Increased prooxidant levels were indicative of oxidative stress in hyperthyroid mitochondria. Sensitivity to membrane lipid peroxidation (LPx) was maximal after 24 h, which subsided with time. Oxidative damage to proteins was evident as high carbonylation after 72 h; thiol residue damage was an early phenomenon. Reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH and GSSG) pools of mitochondria were progressively depleted, thereby, impairing matrix antioxidant capacity. However, adaptations to withstand oxidative challenge were elicited in both SMPs and matrix fractions over the long term. It is concluded that maintenance of appropriate intra‐mitochondrial glutathione and protein‐bound thiol redox status could be instrumental in attenuating thyroid hormone‐induced oxidative stress. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The actions of fisetin on glucose metabolism in the rat liver
Authors: Constantin Rodrigo Polimeni , Constantin Jorgete , Pagadigorria Clairce Luzia Salgueiro , Ishii‐Iwamoto Emy Luiza , Bracht Adelar , Ono Mariana de Kássia Cardoso , Yamamoto Nair Seiko 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFisetin is a flavonoid dietary ingredient found in the smoke tree (Cotinus coggyria) and in several fruits and vegetables. The effects of fisetin on glucose metabolism in the isolated perfused rat liver and some glucose‐regulating enzymatic activities were investigated. Fisetin inhibited glucose, lactate, and pyruvate release from endogenous glycogen. Maximal inhibitions of glycogenolysis (49%) and glycolysis (59%) were obtained with the concentration of 200 µM. The glycogenolytic effects of glucagon and dinitrophenol were suppressed by fisetin 300 µM. No significant changes in the cellular contents of AMP, ADP, and ATP were found. Fisetin increased the cellular content of glucose 6‐phosphate and inhibited the glucose 6‐phosphatase activity. Gluconeogenesis from lactate and pyruvate or fructose was inhibited by fisetin 300 µM. Pyruvate carboxylation in isolated intact mitochondria was inhibited (IC50 = 163.10 ± 12.28 µM); no such effect was observed in freeze‐thawing disrupted mitochondria. It was concluded that fisetin inhibits glucose release from the livers in both fed and fasted conditions. The inhibition of pyruvate transport into the mitochondria and the reduction of the cytosolic NADH‐NAD+ potential redox could be the causes of the gluconeogenesis inhibition. Fisetin could also prevent hyperglycemia by decreasing glycogen breakdown or blocking the glycogenolytic action of hormones. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of ammonia and allopurinol on rat hippocampal NMDA receptors
Authors: Yonden Zafer , Aydin Mehmet , Kilbas Aynur , Demirin Hilmi , Sutcu Recep , Delibas Namik 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAmmonia is considered to be the main agent responsible for hepatic encephalopathy which progressively leads to altered mental status.N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) is an ionotropic glutamate receptor, which is involved in synaptogenesis, memory and neurotoxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ammonia intoxication and allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor, on NMDA receptor subunits, NR2A and NR2B, in the hippocampus of rats. Thirty‐six male rats were divided into three groups (n = 12/group) as follows: (1)control group (phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution); (2)ammonia group (ammonium acetate, 2.5 mmol/kg), (3)ammonia + allopurinol group (ammonium acetate, 2.5 mmol/kg, allopurinol, 50 mg/kg). Each rat received intraperitoneal injection for 28 days. Western Blotting technique was used for detecting NR2A and NR2B expressions. Both NR2A and NR2B subunit expressions decreased 27 and 11%, respectively, in ammonia group with respect to the control group. Ammonium acetate decreased significantly in NR2A subunit expressions in the hippocampus (p < 0.01). Administration of ammonia + allopurinol caused statistically significant increases in NR2A subunit expressions compared to the ammonia group (p < 0.001). The down‐regulation of NMDA receptors caused by ammonium acetate suggest that these receptors may play role in the process of hepatic encephalopathy and using allopurinol may have some protective effects in ammonia toxicity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.