bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parameterization of the Vertical Velocity Equation for Shallow Cumulus Clouds
Authors: de Roode Stephan R. , Siebesma A. Pier , Jonker Harm J. J. , de Voogd Yoerik 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe application of a steady-state vertical velocity equation for parameterized moist convective updrafts in climate and weather prediction models is currently common practice. This equation usually contains an advection, a buoyancy, and a lateral entrainment term, whereas the effects of pressure gradient and subplume contributions are typically incorporated as proportionality constants a and b for the buoyancy and the entrainment terms, respectively. A summary of proposed values of these proportionality constants a and b in the literature demonstrates that there is a large uncertainty in their most appropriate values. To shed new light on this situation an analysis is presented of the full vertical budget equation for shallow cumulus clouds obtained from large eddy simulations of three different Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Cloud System Study (GCSS) intercomparison cases. It is found that the pressure gradient term is the dominant sink term in the vertical velocity budget, whereas the entrainment term only gives a small contribution. This result is at odds with the parameterized vertical velocity equation in the literature as it employs the entrainment term as the major sink term. As a practical solution the damping effect of the pressure term may be parameterized in terms of the lateral entrainment rates as used for thermodynamic quantities like the total specific humidity. By using a least squares method, case-dependent optimal values are obtained for the proportionality constants a and b, which are linearly related with each other. This relation can be explained from a linear relationship between the lateral entrainment rate and the buoyancy.
The LaGrange Tornado during VORTEX2. Part II: Photogrammetric Analysis of the Tornado Combined with Dual-Doppler Radar Data
Authors: Atkins Nolan T. , McGee Anthony , Ducharme Rachel , Wakimoto Roger M. , Wurman Joshua 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
This study presents the synthesis of dual-Doppler and cloud photography data of the 5 June 2009 Goshen County, Wyoming, tornado observed during the Second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2). Analyses focused on the hook region of the parent supercell. It will be shown that radar-determined tornadogenesis and initial surface wind damage occurred 14 min before the funnel cloud was observed continuously on the ground. In addition to the cyclonic wall cloud, an anticyclonic lowering was also observed on the southern flank of the hook echo near the time of tornadogenesis.
The relationship between the intensities of the tornado and its parent circulation, the low-level mesocyclone, will also be discussed. Funnel diameter was not well correlated with the maximum vertical vorticity or circulation associated with the mesocyclone. Furthermore, changes in the minimum reflectivity observed in the tornado-scale weak echo hole (WEH) were weakly correlated with the maximum vertical vorticity of the mesocyclone. The tornado funnel was observed within and was relatively small compared to the WEH diameter.
The distribution and evolution of angular momentum were also examined. The radial increase of angular momentum terminated at or beyond the wall cloud edge. Prior to the time that the funnel made continuous contact with the ground, low-level angular momentum increased despite the fact that azimuthally averaged low-level flow within the mesocyclone was divergent, advecting low angular momentum air away from the circulation center. Both the tornado and mesocyclone generally intensified during this time. Thereafter, while the tornado continued to intensify, angular momentum within the low-level mesocyclone weakened.
Influences of Moist Convection on a Cold-Season Outbreak of Clear-Air Turbulence (CAT)
Authors: Trier Stanley B. , Sharman Robert D. , Lane Todd P. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The 9–10 March 2006 aviation turbulence outbreak over the central United States is examined using observations and numerical simulations. Though the turbulence occurs within a deep synoptic cyclone with widespread precipitation, comparison of reports from commercial aircraft with radar and satellite data reveals the majority of the turbulence to be in clear air. This clear-air turbulence (CAT) is located above a strong upper-level jet, where vertical shear ranged between 20 and 30 m s−1 km−1. Comparison of a moist simulation with a dry simulation reveals that simulated vertical shear and subgrid turbulence kinetic energy is significantly enhanced by the anticyclonic upper-level flow perturbation associated with the organized convection in regions of observed CAT.
A higher-resolution simulation is used to examine turbulence mechanisms in two primary clusters of reported moderate and severe turbulence. In the northern cluster where vertical shear is strongest, the simulated turbulence arises from Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability. The turbulence farther south occurs several kilometers above shallow, but vigorous, moist convection. There, the simulated turbulence is influenced by vertically propagating gravity waves initiated when the convection impinges on a lowered tropopause. In some locations these gravity waves amplify and break leading directly to turbulence, while in others they aid turbulence development by helping excite KH instability within the layers of strongest vertical shear above them. Although both clusters of turbulence occur either above or laterally displaced from cloud, a shared characteristic is their owed existence to moist convection within the wintertime cyclone, which distinguishes them from traditional CAT.
Extended Prediction of North Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Belanger James I. , Webster Peter J. , Curry Judith A. , Jelinek Mark T. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
This analysis examines the predictability of several key forecasting parameters using the ECMWF Variable Ensemble Prediction System (VarEPS) for tropical cyclones (TCs) in the North Indian Ocean (NIO) including tropical cyclone genesis, pregenesis and postgenesis track and intensity projections, and regional outlooks of tropical cyclone activity for the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Based on the evaluation period from 2007 to 2010, the VarEPS TC genesis forecasts demonstrate low false-alarm rates and moderate to high probabilities of detection for lead times of 1–7 days. In addition, VarEPS pregenesis track forecasts on average perform better than VarEPS postgenesis forecasts through 120 h and feature a total track error growth of 41 n mi day−1. VarEPS provides superior postgenesis track forecasts for lead times greater than 12 h compared to other models, including the Met Office global model (UKMET), the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS), and the Global Forecasting System (GFS), and slightly lower track errors than the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. This paper concludes with a discussion of how VarEPS can provide much of this extended predictability within a probabilistic framework for the region.
Team Task Analysis
Authors: Arthur Winfred , Glaze Ryan M. , Bhupatkar Alok , Villado Anton J. , Bennett Winston , Rowe Leah J. 
Published: March 2012

Objective: As a constructive replication and extension of Arthur, Edwards, Bell, Villado, and Bennett (2005), the objective of the current study was to further investigate the efficacy of team relatedness and team workflow ratings (along with their composite) as metrics of interdependence. Background: Although an analysis of task and job interdependence has important implications and uses in domains such as job design, selection, and training, the job analysis literature has been slow to develop an effective method to identify team-based tasks and jobs. Method: To achieve the study’s objectives, 140 F-16 fighter pilots (35 four-person teams) rated 34 task and activity statements in terms of their team relatedness and team workflow. Results: The results indicated that team relatedness and team workflow effectively differentiated between tasks with varying levels of interdependency (as identified by instructor pilots who served as subject matter experts) within the same job. In addition, teams that accurately perceived the level of interdependency performed better on a four-ship F-16 flight-training program than those that did not. Conclusion: Team relatedness and team workflow ratings can effectively differentiate between tasks with varying levels of interdependency. Application: Like traditional individual task or job analysis, this information can serve as the basis for specified human resource functions and interventions, and as diagnostic indicators as well.
Effect of Asian Sand Dust on Mucin Production in NCI‐H292 Cells and Allergic Murine Model
Authors: Jung Joo Hyun , Kang Il Gyu , Cha Heung Eog , Choe Sung Ho , Kim Seon Tae 
Published: March 2012

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Asian sand dust (ASD) on mucin production in human respiratory epithelial cells in vitro and in allergic murine nasal epithelial cells.Study DesignControlled, in vitro.SettingAcademic research laboratory.Materials and MethodsHuman NCI‐H292 cells were treated with ASD and analyzed by immunostaining, reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction for MUC5AC mRNA expression, and Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining. Forty female BALB/c mice were classified into 4 groups. Two groups were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA), and 1 of these was treated with ASD (ASD+OVA). The 2 nonsensitized groups were treated with ASD or saline. Then the murine nasal mucosal tissues were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, PAS staining, and immunostaining for MUC5AC and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐α proteins.ResultsThe numbers of MUC5AC‐immunopositive NCI‐H292 cells and PAS‐positive NCI‐H292 cells were significantly higher in the ASD‐treated cells than in the control cells (P =. 039 and P =. 029, respectively). MUC5AC mRNA expression in the cells increased with increasing concentrations of ASD. In the murine nasal epithelial tissues, the numbers of eosinophils and PAS‐positive cells were significantly higher in the ASD+OVA group than in the OVA group (H&E staining, P =. 037; PAS staining, P =. 019). At 2 weeks, the numbers of MUC5AC‐ and TGF‐α–positive cells in the nasal epithelial tissue were significantly higher in the ASD+OVA group than in the OVA group (P =. 031 and P =. 033, respectively).ConclusionASD can induce mucin production in respiratory epithelial cells.
Diagnostics of primary aldosteronism: is obligatory use of confirmatory tests justified?
Authors: Myśliwiec Janusz , żukowski Łukasz , Grodzka Anna , Piłaszewicz Agata , Drągowski Szymon , Górska Maria 
Published: March 2012

Introduction: Assessment of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system has been recently granted a much greater role in the evaluation of patients with arterial hypertension. There is no single test efficient in selection of patients for second-step etiological investigation. Methods: Altogether, 198 consecutive patients − 119 women (60%) and 79 men (40%) – hospitalized in years 2009–2011 at the Clinical Department of Endocrinology Medical University of Bialystok were diagnosed with primary aldosteronism. In each patient, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration (basic and after 2 l NaCl infusion) were evaluated. Results: The percentage of patients with plasma aldosterone concentration ≥15 ng/ml was 53 and the percentage of patients with plasma renin activity ≤0.1 ng/ml/h was 20. The percentage of patients screened for primary aldosteronism in which the aldosterone:renin ratio exceeded consecutive cut-offs of 20, 30, 40 and 50 were respectively 57, 45, 34 and 29. Among 15 patients in which plasma aldosterone concentration after infusion of 2 l of saline was ≥6.5 ng/dl (8.6%), 13 (6.6%) were diagnosed with primary aldosteronism. Conclusion: The obligatory use of tests confirming autonomy of aldosterone secretion in patients screened for primary aldosteronism seems cost-effective in limiting the number of patients for further diagnosis.
Structure and mineralogy of layer silicates
Authors: Brigatti Maria Franca , Malferrari Daniele , Laurora Angela , Elmi Chiara 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Because of their many novel and advanced applications, there is increasing interest in layer silicates from the scientific and technical communities. Appropriate application of these minerals requires deep understanding of their properties and of the processes where they are involved. This chapter, by providing fundamental definitions and crystal structural and chemical data pertaining to layer silicates, aims to introduce this field to new researchers and technicians, by describing the fundamental features leading to different behaviours of layer silicates in different natural or technical processes. The subject addressed is vast and so the reader is referred in some cases to work already published. The focus here is on layer silicates for which detailed crystal structures are given in the literature and which are likely to be used in an applied way in the future. Layer-silicate minerals fulfilling these requirements are: (1) kaolin-serpentine group(e.g. kaolinite, dickite, nacrite, halloysite, hisingerite, odinite, lizardite, berthierine, amesite, cronstedtite, nepouite, kellyite, fraipontite, brindleyite, guidottiite, bementite, greenalite, caryopilite; minerals of the pyrosmalite series); (2) talc and pyrophyllite groups (e.g. pyrophyllite, ferripyrophyllite, willemseite); (3) mica group (i.e. some recent advances in crystal chemistry and structure of dioctahedral and trioctahedral micas); (4) smectite group (e.g. montmorillonite, saponite, hectorite, sauconite, stevensite, swinefordite); (5) vermiculite group; (6) chlorite group (e.g. trioctahedral chlorite such as clinochlore, di,trioctahedral and dioctahedral chlorites such as cookeite and sudoite); (7) some 2:1 layer silicates involving a discontinuous octahedral sheet and a modulated tetrahedral sheet such as kalifersite, palygorskite and sepiolite; and (8) imogolite and allophane.
An Overview of Order/Disorder in Hydrous Phyllosilicates
Authors: Guggenheim Stephen 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The purpose of the chapter is to provide a condensed introduction for later chapters. Major features of atomic order and disorder in hydrous phyllosilicates are presented. Emphasisis on layer charge and the effects of cation distributions, layer stacking (polytypism), interstratified systems, modulated phyllosilicates and non-planar structures. Idealized phyllosilicate models are presented along with adjustments that structures require to compensate for lateral misfit of the semi-rigid component tetrahedral and octahedral sheets. Standard polytypes and interstratified structures are described along with the X-ray diffraction effects of both. Details of modulated systems and polysome relationships are given. In addition, the effects of the phyllosilicate interface with aqueous fluids and biomolecules are discussed.
The concept of layer charge of smectites and its implications for
important smectite-water properties
Authors: Christidis George E. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Layer charge is an important intrinsic property of smectites which stems from substitutions in the octahedral and/or tetrahedral sheet or from vacancies in the octahedral sheet. The layer charge is balanced by the interlayer cations which are exchangeable. There are three methods for determining layer charge: the structural formula method (SFM); the alkylammonium method (AMM); and the potassium-saturation method (KSM) which has been calibrated with the SFM. The layer charge affects important physical water-rock properties of smectites. Smectites with small layer charge have smaller cation exchange capacities than their high-charge counterparts. In contrast, during crystalline swelling, the activity of water at which the transition in hydration and dehydration occurs, increases with increasing layer charge of the smectites, suggesting that low-charge smectites have greater swelling capacity. In contrast, data on the influence of layer charge on double layer swelling are inconclusive, although in general low-charge smectites have greater swelling capacity than high-charge smectites. Similarly, the limited existing data suggest that, in general, low-charge smectites form more viscous suspensions than their high-charge counterparts. The influence of layer charge on the double layers welling and the viscosity is attributed to the formation of quasicrystals, i.e. small stacks of smectite layers, which may breakup by hydrodynamic forces under shearing. Layer charge is a property of the unit cell, i.e. it refers to the atomic not the macroscopic level and it does not reflect the charge of the smectite particles. Smectite-water properties can be better explained by the concept of fundamental particle charge, i.e. the electric charge of the single 10 Å thick smectite particles.
Advanced techniques to define intercalation processes
Authors: Mottana Annibale , Aldega Luca 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Intercalation is the inclusion or reversible insertion of a guest chemical species (atom, ion, molecule) in a virtually unchanged host-crystal structure. Any type of layer-structured material may give rise to intercalated compounds, the guest species being artificially inserted or naturally included between the host sheets without loss of their planarity. Layer silicates, in particular, may be considered intercalated structures where interlayer guest species and complexes are inserted between the silicate layers. The most common guest species is H2O, which is generally present under natural conditions in intercalated layer silicates such as smectites, vermiculite and halloysite.
Past research focused attention on the swelling/shrinking behaviour of intercalated compounds with respect to H2O, and also on the non-stoichiometric, heterogeneous complexes formed from organic liquids such as ethylene glycol and glycerol. The unique combination of layer-silicate features (small crystal size, large surface area) and the small concentrations required to effect a change in the matrix, both coupled with the advanced characterization techniques available, have generated much interest. This interest extends to the special field of nanocomposites, and of graphene, which is also an intercalated layered structure. In general, any guest material inserted into an interlayer space causes a modification in the structure, with spacing-size changes in a particular crystallographic direction (d value). First, a brief introduction on conventional and synchroton-based X-ray techniques used to define crystal size and thickness is given. Then, the peak-broadening approach by conventional X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, such as the Scherrer method is presented. Further on, the crystallinity measurements and the Bertaut-Warren-Averbach (BWA) method used in the MudMaster program are described. A short summary is presented of the grazing-incidence diffraction (GIXRD) technique. Finally, additional and complementary information from X-ray absorption spectrometry (XAS), such as short-range order, and detailed local information on atomic positions by angle-resolved X-ray absorption near-edge stucture (AXANES), polarized extended X-ray absorption fine structure (P-EXAFS), and near-edge extended absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopies are analysed and discussed. Examples of the applications of these methods to clay minerals, micas and graphene are given.
Engagement of NKp30 on Vδ1 T cells induces the production of CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 and suppresses HIV-1 replication
Authors: Hudspeth Kelly , Fogli Manuela , Correia Daniel V. , Mikulak Joanna , Roberto Alessandra , Della Bella Silvia , Silva-Santos Bruno , Mavilio Domenico 
Published: March 2012

AbstractNatural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) were originally identified as specific natural killer cell activating receptors that, on binding to their endogenous ligands, trigger the killing of tumor cell targets. We recently described the differentiation of a novel subset of NCR+ Vδ1 T cells characterized by a remarkably high cytolytic potential against cancer cells. Here we demonstrate that the engagement of NKp30, one of the NCRs expressed de novo on Vδ1 T cells after stimulation, triggers the production of high levels of CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL4/ MIP-1β, and CCL5/RANTES but not of CXCL12/SDF-1. In turn, this NKp30-induced secretion of cc-chemokines is able to significantly suppress the replication of a CCR5 tropic strain of HIV-1 in CD4+/CCR5+ infected PM1 cell lines. This experimental evidence disclosing an unanticipated antiviral function of NCR+ Vδ1 T cells opens new avenues for understanding the pathogenic role and for manipulating the function of γδ T cells in HIV-1 infection.
Digestive vacuole of Plasmodium falciparum released during erythrocyte rupture dually activates complement and coagulation
Authors: Dasari Prasad , Heber Sophia D. , Beisele Maike , Torzewski Michael , Reifenberg Kurt , Orning Carolin , Fries Anja , Zapf Anna-Lena , Baumeister Stefan , Lingelbach Klaus , Udomsangpetch Rachanee , Bhakdi Sebastian Chakrit , Reiss Karina , Bhakdi Sucharit 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSevere Plasmodium falciparum malaria evolves through the interplay among capillary sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes, deregulated inflammatory responses, and hemostasis dysfunction. After rupture, each parasitized erythrocyte releases not only infective merozoites, but also the digestive vacuole (DV), a membrane-bounded organelle containing the malaria pigment hemozoin. In the present study, we report that the intact organelle, but not isolated hemozoin, dually activates the alternative complement and the intrinsic clotting pathway. Procoagulant activity is destroyed by phospholipase C treatment, indicating a critical role of phospholipid head groups exposed at the DV surface. Intravenous injection of DVs caused alternative pathway complement consumption and provoked apathy and reduced nociceptive responses in rats. Ultrasonication destroyed complement-activating and procoagulant properties in vitro and rendered the DVs biologically inactive in vivo. Low-molecular-weight dextran sulfate blocked activation of both complement and coagulation and protected animals from the harmful effects of DV infusion. We surmise that in chronic malaria, complement activation by and opsonization of the DV may serve a useful function in directing hemozoin to phagocytic cells for safe disposal. However, when the waste disposal system of the host is overburdened, DVs may transform into a trigger of pathology and therefore represent a potential therapeutic target in severe malaria.