bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Correlates of Hostility in a College Sample
Authors: HAAS KURT 
Published: July 2011

It was the purpose of this investigation to determine whether socio‐economic class position and minority group status, in the United States, is related to hostility. Subjects were 327 female students in a medium‐sized state college in the eastern U.S.A. All participants were administered the Siegel Manifest Hostility Scale, the Buss‐Durkee Hostility Inventory and the Bendig Covert‐Overt Factored Hostility Test. In addition all subjects were rated by the Hollingshead and Redlich questionnaire to determine their social class status and religious and other ethnic information ascertained.The results showed that first generation middle‐class students (i.e. from lower class parents) were significantly more hostile on most measures than second generation middle‐class students (i.e. from middle‐class parents). The first generation was, however, less covertly hostile than the second. The second general finding suggested that religious affiliation was related to hostility. Jewish students, regardless of class affiliation, were overall more hostile than Catholic or Protestant subjects. Here too, however, there was some difference found in the direction of hostility; while Jewish participants were high on overt hostility, Protestants were high on covert hostility measures. In this sample Negro subjects were revealed high in covert hostility but this racial difference was probably due to the fact that these subjects were nearly entirely middle‐class Protestants. Rural or urban residence did not seem related to attitudes or expression of hostility.
Some Differences between Neurotics and Character Disorders
Authors: FOULDS G. A. 
Published: July 2011

A short scale from the S.S.I. (Symptom—Sign Inventory—Foulds, 1965) differentiated efficiently between Character Disordered women and all other groups of the Personally Ill available in this study as well as a Normal sample. The same scale (with some items weighted) was almost equally efficient in distinguishing between the same classes among men. The efficiency of the differentiation implies that the psychiatrists who diagnosed individuals in the present samples as Psychopaths (here called Character Disorders) did in fact select a rather homogeneous group.Eighty‐two women in the Psychiatric and forty‐six women in Medical and Surgical Wards of a General Hospital, classified by means of the Symptom‐Sign Inventory into Normals, Character Disorders, Neurotics and Psychotics, were shown to differ on other measures.
Diagnoses of Psychotic Patients with the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement
Authors: KIPPER DAVID A. 
Published: July 2011

Previous studies with the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA) have been reported to differentiate successfully between a number of psychiatric categories and normals. Most of them, however, were carried out on American populations.In the present study, an attempt to follow up the diagnostic accuracy of the KTSA was made by applying the Dictionary of Scores compiled in the U.S.A. (Hill & Latham, 1965) on a group of British psychotic patients.
Conceptual Thinking in Non‐organic Clinical Groups
Authors: LLOYD WYNNE 
Published: July 2011

Groups of twenty Depressives, twenty Mixed Neurotics and twenty Controls matched for I.Q., educational background and verbal sophistication were compared on two tests of conceptual usage.Test I (Trist‐Hargreaves) assessed their performance level of conceptualizing, and significant differences occurred between scores of patients and controls.Test II assessed the certainty with which subjects held their inferences made from standard verbal material. On this test Depressives, in spite of being older than Controls, were significantly less certain of their inferences than the other groups, and the controls were the most certain. It is suggested that this score measures one aspect of the ‘over‐flexibility’ or ‘over‐rigidity’ of their conceptualizing ability, and may be directly or indirectly related to their interpretation of other types of verbal material.
Effect of Training on the Performance of the W.I.S.C. ‘Block Design’ Subtest
Authors: SCHUBERT JOSEF 
Published: July 2011

Two groups of normal school children aged 7–8 and 10–11 (N = 91) were trained and retested on the Block Design subtest of the W.I.S.C. Results were not related to sex or age. Significant increase occurred upon retesting, but with large individual differences in reaction to training. Retest scores correlated more highly with intelligence than initial scores. Gain after training correlated positively with intelligence.There were significant differences in reaction to training when the subjects were grouped according to social background. It was found that the initial score of subjects coming from adverse home conditions was a poor measure of their intelligence, whereas in children with favourable social backgrounds, it affords a more valid measure.
Cognitive and Emotional Determinants of the Occurrence of Imitative Behaviour*
Authors: WALTERS RICHARD H. , AMOROSO DONALD M. 
Published: July 2011

Eighty subjects participated in an investigation of cognitive and emotional determinants of imitative behaviour. Subjects' eye movements were recorded as they looked at a series of slides that included sexually significant stimuli both before and after witnessing the eye movements of a model as he looked at a similar series of slides. A 2 times 2 × 2 factorial design was employed with half the subjects being exposed to a model who avoided sexually significant stimuli and the remainder being exposed to a model who looked at these stimuli. Before exposure to the model half the subjects under each type‐of‐model condition were given the impression that their previous behaviour had been nonconforming; the rest of the subjects were given the impression that their behaviour had been conforming. The third independent variable was the level of a physical stimulus (white noise) capable of producing physiological arousal. Subjects' heart records were recorded throughout the experimental session.The results indicate that the nonconformity‐conformity manipulation was an important determinant of the occurrence of imitative behaviour but that physiological arousal per se was relatively unimportant. A generalization test showed that the influence of the type of model persisted in a new situation, but that other manipulations had no generalization effects. It is suggested that the importance of perceptual‐cognitive factors has not been sufficiently emphasized in most previous discussions of determinants of imitative behaviour.
Masculinity‐Femininity as a Possible Factor underlying the Personality Responses of Male and Female Art Students
Authors: STRINGER PETER 
Published: July 2011

This study was undertaken to test four hypotheses regarding masculinity‐femininity as a factor underlying the personality characteristics of male and female art students. The Dynamic Personality Inventory was administered to 74 male and 115 female art students in four major English art colleges.All four hypotheses were confirmed. It was found that (1) mean DPI scores for both sexes tended to depart significantly and markedly from student norms over a wide variety of measures; (2) male art students showed sex‐role deviation with high scores for tactile interests' and ‘creative interests’, and with low scores on ‘authoritarianism’, ‘exhibitionism’, ‘masculinity’, and ‘initiative’; (3) female art students showed sex‐role deviation with high scores on ‘verbal aggression’, ‘drive for achievement (active)’, ‘interest in exploration and adventure’, and ‘sexuality’, and with low scores for ‘emotional dependence’, ‘femininity’, ‘social roles’, and ‘interest in children’; (4) female art students showed sex‐role deviation over a wider range of scales than the males, and assumed a greater number of opposite‐sex characteristics. Hypotheses (2) and (3) were confirmed to a limited extent only, in that sex‐role intensification was found to occur on some scales.Certain differences between the sexes in personality structure and on pattern of sex‐role deviation and intensification were noted. It was suggested that masculinity‐femininity in mature female artists would be worth investigating.
Age and the Memory‐for‐Designs Test
Authors: DAVIES ANN D. M. 
Published: July 2011

Whilst there is much standardization data on the use of the MFD test with young subjects, there is little information on test performance in the old. This study investigates the effect of age on MFD performance through adult life and also examines the test's effectiveness in discriminating brain damage in the young.The test was found to have two limitations. There are large numbers of false positives if the present norms are applied to a healthy elderly group of volunteer subjects, whilst there are too many false negatives if the test is used with a young brain damaged group.
Self‐concepts before and after Survival Training*
Authors: CLIFFORD EDWARD , CLIFFORD MIRIAM 
Published: July 2011

A group of adolescent boys enrolled in an Outward Bound School summer camp served as subjects. The stated purpose of the camp is to build physical stamina and to push each individual to his physical limit. Self‐concept measures and a semantic differential were administered before training began and again, one month later, at the conclusion of the experience.The hypothesis of this study stated in effect that changes in feelings about self‐worth and competence would take place as a function of a rather vigorous experience. For the most part, the hypothesis has been upheld. Overall changes in the self‐concept did take place in the appropriate direction and discrepancies between the self and the ideal‐self were reduced. Changes were general rather than specific and were related to the initial level of self‐evaluation.
The Measurement of Memory in Clinical Practice
Authors: WILLIAMS MOYRA 
Published: July 2011

A battery of tests for the measurement of memory is presented in three parallel forms. It allows for the quantitative assessment of four different memory functions, and their comparison by means of decile scores. These are: Digit Span, Non‐Verbal Learning (Rey‐Davis test), Word Learning and Delayed Recall.Differences in I.Q. cause differences in scores on all tests (especially Digit Span), but do not affect the test profile. Age affects performance on the tests of both Non‐Verbal Learning and Delayed Recall. Organic cerebral pathology affects performance on the test of Delayed Recall out of all proportion to the other tests. For a diagnosis of organic cerebral pathology a comparison can be made between a S's weighted score on the Digit Span and Delayed Recall subtests. Differences of three points (or a raw score on Delayed Recall of more than ten) strongly suggests an organic memory disorder.
A Note on Differences Between Cooperative and Non‐Cooperative Volunteer Subjects
Authors: TUNE G. S. 
Published: July 2011

In a review and discussion of the literature on the characteristics of Ss who volunteer for psychological studies (Bell, 1962) it has been suggested that those who volunteer tend to be of a higher intelligence than those who do not and have a tendency to be ‘less socially extraverted than non‐volunteers’ (Bell, 1962, p. 86). The present report, which is incidental to a larger study (Tune, 1967), offers further evidence in relation to this. A pool of over 600 nominally cooperative volunteer adults was used, but some of them subsequently did not cooperate. It was thus possible to compare the two groups: cooperative and non‐cooperative volunteers.Six hundred and six Ss from the Medical Research Council panel in Liverpool were asked to participate in a fifty‐six‐day study of sleep patterns. Ss were sent, by post, sleep‐charts on which they were to record their hours of sleep, day by day, for the duration of the study.
Peer Ratings as Predictors of School Behaviour and Delinquency
Authors: GIBSON H. B. , HANSON RUTH 
Published: July 2011

A peer rating instrument, which consisted of seven personal attributes, was administered to 353 boys at the age of 10 +. The data from a pilot group of 18 boys were analysed by the method of principal components, and results similar to those in the Hallworth series of studies were obtained. These results were examined in terms of Osgood's semantic theory in order to obtain an ‘orderly‐disorderly’ dimension from the scoring likely to predict delinquent behaviour.Peer rating scores from the pilot group were considered together with those of the whole experimental population, in comparison with the ratings of the boys' primary school teachers, and ratings made by secondary school teachers a year later. There were highly significant associations between the ratings of peers and those of both primary and secondary school teachers, peer ratings predicting both ‘indiscipline’ and ‘withdrawal‐assertive’ behaviour. There were also highly significant associations between peer ratings and appearances in the juvenile court up to the boys' thirteenth birthdays, and unofficial reports of delinquent activity.
The Temporal Stability of Self‐Ratings of Neurotic Symptoms
Authors: SHEFFIELD B. F. , KELLNER R. 
Published: July 2011

The intensity, frequency and duration of symptoms obtained by self‐ratings were compared in normal subjects and in neurotic patients before and after treatment. Before treatment neurotic patients rated their symptoms as more severe and more frequent than did normals. The self‐rated duration of symptoms did not differ significantly between neurotics and normals. Following one month's treatment, neurotic patients rated their symptoms as less severe than before treatment but still more severe than did normals. The changes in the self‐rated frequency depended on the type of symptoms and the type of scale used: one scale changed in the expected direction, whereas the other scale remained unchanged. Following treatment neurotic patients rated the duration of their symptoms shorter than did normals. The wording of the question and the types of response available seemed to affect the test‐retest stability of the scales.The scales which discriminated between neurotic patients and normals, and which changed following treatment in the expected direction, were selected and administered repeatedly together with the Personal Questionnaire to neurotic patients in a longitudinal study. The changes in total scores obtained by the two methods were similar. The findings suggest that the individual scaling of cues, and the number of cues available for the self‐rating of each symptom, do not appreciably influence the total score of a distress scale consisting of a large number of symptoms.
The Relationship Between Two Children's Measures of Personality
Authors: HARBISON J. J. M. 
Published: July 2011

There are, at the moment, two different personality questionnaires adequately standardized on British school children, both of which purport to measure the same personality dimensions of Introversion‐Extraversion and Neuroticism‐Stability. These are the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck, 1965) and the New Junior Maudsley Inventory (Furneaux & Gibson, 1966).Although these measures both assess two similarly named dimensions (or three, if the Lie scales are included) there has been little, if any, work which has examined the relationship between the tests. Forrest & Hoghughi (1968) have noted that the correlation between the Extraversion scales of the JEPI and the NJMI was far from satisfactory, and ‘indicated that only a minor part of the total variance is accounted for by the extraversion element of the scales’. They found, in fact, product‐moment correlations of r = +0.42 between the two E scales, and r = +0.66 for the N scales, using a sample of 87 delinquent boys.As both tests are widely used, it was decided to examine the relationship between them at three age levels with normal children.
Social Feedback in the Learning of a Motor Skill
Authors: FOOT HUGH C. , LEE TERENCE R. 
Published: July 2011

The motivational effects of the transmission of results between members of a group performing a motor task were studied. Subjects were 15‐year‐old school children. Expt. I compared learning by (1) 18 subjects in three‐man groups, whose feedback consisted of their own and each other's results, with learning by (2) 18 similarly grouped subjects, who received only their own results. The former subjects performed significantly better, and with less variability, than the latter.Expt. II, of similar design, varied the information received by subjects concerning whether or not their own results were displayed to the other group members. Findings pointed to the operation of two processes: (1) reinforcement through evaluation of own performance with social norms, which significantly increased the rate of learning; (2) motivation through an audience effect which increased the general level of performance. The evaluation process was shown to operate only after the first feedback of others' results, while the audience effect operated immediately.The findings are discussed in relation to other evidence from social comparison and audience studies.
Cross‐national Comparisons of Catholic‐Protestant Creativity Differences
Authors: MARINO CHARLES 
Published: July 2011

It has been argued that personality factors associated with authoritarianism‐dogmatism are antithetical to creativity. This study attempts to determine if these findings can be demonstrated in real or naturally occurring groups and if they are affected by socio‐political contexts. The groups compared are matched samples of Roman Catholic and Protestant students from the United States, Northern Ireland, Eire and Scotland. Psychological evidence of relatively high authoritarianism in Roman Catholics and sociological indications of relatively low creative production by Roman Catholics lead to the general hypothesis that Catholic students will perform less well on mental ability tests of creativity factors.A two‐way analysis of variance design (country v. religion) is employed to test the hypotheses. The results indicate that there are large and statistically significant differences between Catholic and Protestant students in the U.S. and Northern Ireland. Catholic students in these countries evidenced less originality, ideational fluency and spontaneous flexibility than Protestants. There were generally no differences between the groups in Eire and Scotland. It is concluded that the antithesis of dogmatism‐authoritarianism to creativity can be demonstrated in naturally occurring groups and that these differences are affected by the socio‐political contexts in which the groups exist.
‘Psychoticism’ in Drug‐Users
Authors: TEASDALE JOHN D. , SEGRAVES R. TAYLOR , ZACUNE JIM 
Published: July 2011

Scores on the PEN Inventory were obtained from four groups of drug‐users. They were compared with scores from a group of apprentices who had completed the Inventory non‐anonymously rather than the normative data, as the latter were obtained anonymously, and it was found that this factor significantly elevated P (‘psychoticism’) scores. All four groups were significantly higher on P than the comparison groups. This was not simply the result of endorsement of items directly related to drug‐taking, nor to the correlation of P and N scores. Item analysis showed that 11 of the 20 items significantly differentiated drug‐using and control groups, but item content was more homogeneous in the items which did not differentiate the groups. Hypotheses to account for the high P scores of drug‐users are suggested.Three of the drug‐using groups were significantly high on neuroticism, the fourth approaching significance in that direction. Two of the drug‐using groups were significantly low on extraversion; the other two did not differ from a control population.Significant differences were obtained on P, E and N scores between the four drug‐using groups.
The Performance of Elderly Subjects on Gooddy's Arrow Drawing Test
Authors: IRVING GEORGE 
Published: July 2011

Gooddy & Reinhold (1964) described a simple test which they claimed may be of value in detecting early or slight disease of the brain, especially of the minor or non‐dominant hemisphere. The test consisted of asking patients to draw arrows in a number of specified directions. The present report describes results obtained from the administration of the test to a group of elderly psychiatric patients, a group of ‘normal’ elderly subjects, and a group of psychiatric patients under the age of 65 years.The elderly psychiatric group consisted of 54 patients; 27 were diagnosed as either senile or arteriosclerotic dementias (mean age 76·0 years, S.D. 7·0) and the majority of the remainder were classified as depressions (mean age 72·2 years, S.D. 6·6). The normal group consisted of 40 subjects who had been selected at random from the lists of local general practitioners and were investigated as part of a wider social‐psychiatric investigation. Seven were, in fact, considered to be showing evidence of psychiatric abnormality (three organic, four functional). The mean age of this group was 73·9 years (S.D. 5·9). The psychiatric group under 65 years consisted of 54 approximately consecutive hospital admissions (mean age 41·0 years, S.D. 12·1); none was considered to be suffering from any form of brain damage. Patients in the elderly psychiatric group and in the normal elderly group were, in addition to the arrow test, given a short battery of psychometric tests of intellectual impairment.The method of administration of the arrow test was altered slightly from that described by Gooddy. An arrow (→) was drawn on a sheet of paper in full view of the subject with the instructions, ‘This is an arrow pointing to this side of the paper’. The model was then removed and the subject asked to draw arrows in each of six specified directions. No comment was made on the quality of any drawing.
A Study of Anxiety Assessment in Aircrew
Authors: AITKEN R. C. B. 
Published: July 2011

A sample of 90 healthy aircrew reported in a quantitative way their views on ‘apprehension’, ‘tenseness’ and ‘duration seated till discomfort’ for a variety of defined situations. The highest scores for apprehension and tenseness were obtained for flying with severe disorientation, even higher than for a major emergency. Tenseness scores increased the more demanding the flying task without any increase in apprehension scores. The mean scores for ‘duration seated till discomfort’ were consistent with the durations usually experienced in these situations. Twenty‐one per cent of respondents from a squadron with a high accident rate were identified individually as abnormal.A sample of 17 phobic pilots were asked the same questions. For apprehension and tenseness scores the only significant differences were when landing an aircraft or when in a minor emergency; these mean scores were lower, and hence in a paradoxical direction. The mean scores for all items of ‘duration seated till discomfort’ were highly significantly less, particularly for boring situations. From this index, possibly of agitation, 59 per cent of the phobic pilots were discriminated individually as abnormal. It is recommended that an index of agitation, such as ‘duration seated till discomfort’, be incorporated in psychometric tests of manifest anxiety.