bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autism and the Cognitive Processing Triad: A Case for Revising the Criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
Authors: Cashin Andrew , Gallagher Hilary , Newman Claire , Hughes Mark 
Published: July 2012

TOPIC:  The next iteration of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is due for release in May 2013. The current diagnostic criteria for autism are based on a behavioral triad of impairment, which has been helpful for diagnosis and identifying the need for intervention, but is not useful with regard to developing interventions. Revised diagnostic criteria are needed to better inform research and therapeutic intervention.PURPOSE:  This article examines the research underpinning the behavioral triad of impairment to consider alternative explanations and a more useful framing for diagnosis and intervention.SOURCES:  Contemporary research and literature on autism were used in this study.CONCLUSIONS:  It is proposed that the cognitive processing triad of impaired abstraction, impaired theory of mind, and impaired linguistic processing become the triad of impairment for autism in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. These are investigable at the diagnostic level and can usefully inform intervention. Further, in addressing the debate on whether restrictive and repetitive behavior should remain central to diagnosis or be replaced by a deficit in imagination, the authors argue that both behavioral manifestations are underpinned by impaired abstraction.
Edge Effects Act Differentially on Multiple Early Regeneration Stages of a Shade‐tolerant Tree Tapirira mexicana
Authors: Sugiyama Anna , Peterson Chris J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractForest fragmentation is pervasive in tropical landscapes, and one pathway by which fragmentation may negatively impact populations is via edge effects. Early life‐stages are particularly important for species regeneration as they act as bottlenecks, but how edge effects may act differentially on different life‐stages is unknown. This study evaluated edge effects on multiple early life‐stages of a currently common animal‐dispersed, shade‐tolerant tree Tapirira mexicana (Anacardiaceae). The study was conducted in tropical premontane wet forest fragments in a highly deforested region of Costa Rica. The stages assessed were pre‐dispersal predation, primary dispersal, post‐dispersal predation, secondary dispersal, ex situ germination, in situ seed longevity, first and second year seedling abundance, second year seedling survivorship, and basal diameter growth. Results showed that impacts of edge effects were not equal across stages, but were limited to specific stages and times. One stage which may act as a bottleneck for species regeneration was pre‐dispersal predation. Over 60 percent of the seeds were predated by larvae, and predation was higher near the edge than interior habitat. Seeds lost viability within 10 d in the forest. Germination to first year seedling stage was also lower near edges, but such effect was eliminated within a year after that. Primary dispersal, seedling survivorship, and growth were not affected by proximity to edges, and both secondary dispersal and post‐dispersal predation were rare. This study demonstrates that current population abundance may not guarantee future species persistence and the importance of considering multiple life‐stages for a comprehensive assessment of forest fragmentation effects on species regeneration.
Functional Roles of Centridini Oil Bees and Malpighiaceae Oil Flowers in Biome‐wide Pollination Networks
Authors: Mello Marco A. R. , Bezerra Elisângela L. S. , Machado Isabel C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractInteractions between oil‐collecting bees and oil‐producing flowers are a very specialized mutualism, whose natural history is well known at the organism and population levels. In this study, we assessed these interactions at the biome level with a network approach, and hypothesized that widespread bee and plant species would occupy different ecological functional roles (Eltonian niches) in different biomes. Furthermore, we expected the most important functional roles in each network to be occupied more frequently by
Byrsonima oil flowers and Centris oil bees, which share the longest coevolutionary history in the Neotropics. By compiling data from 40 articles on oil flower interactions within the Malpighiaceae family, we built six networks for different Brazilian biomes. We assessed the ecological functional role of each species in pollination networks of oil flowers through the metric known as ‘network functional role’. Although 90 percent of the species occupied peripheral roles in each network, some were found to occupy highly central roles. Oil flowers of the genera
Byrsonima and
Banisteriopsis and oil bees of the genera
Centris and
Epicharis were the most important species in all networks, as they made a disproportionally high number of interactions (hubs), or helped bind together different modules (connectors). Our findings suggest that functional roles vary geographically and seem to be affected by local conditions in different biomes. Furthermore, coevolutionary history seems to play an important role in determining functional roles in oil flower networks, although other factors are probably also important, especially the degree of specialization in this kind of interaction.
MEASURING CHILDREN'S FOOD PREFERENCES: USING PICTURES IN A COMPUTERIZED CONJOINT ANALYSIS
Authors: OLSEN A. , KILDEGAARD H. , GABRIELSEN G. , THYBO A.K. , MØLLER P. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to investigate if children's food preferences can be reliable measured by using pictures of foods presented on a computer screen in a conjoint layout. We investigate reproducibility (test–retest) and infer validity by comparison with traditional hedonic evaluations of tangible products and a choice test. In total, 300 children from schools in Copenhagen participated in the study. Two product cases were included: 32 buns and 8 juices. Pictures of the products were presented and evaluated on a computer screen using a conjoint layout. Right after the test, four buns and two juices (tangible products), chosen to span the preference spectrum, were hedonically evaluated for appearance and taste. Finally, an actual product choice was performed by having the children choose between two buns and two juices. Results showed that the computer evaluations with pictures of foods provided reproducible information about the children's visual food preferences, which were in concordance with both hedonic measures and products choices, and can thus be considered valid.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe paper describes a new combination of methods for measuring food preferences in children using pictures of foods manipulated on visually apparent product attributes in a computerized conjoint layout. Results were reproducible, and products choices performed in the picture‐based computer program were in concordance with hedonic evaluations of appearance and taste, as well as actual product choices of tangible products. Thus, using pictures in a computerized conjoint analysis facilitates fast and reliable measurement of food preferences in children and enables direct evaluation of the impact of individual product attributes. The method is easy and inexpensive to use, requires little time and effort from participants, is suitable for online testing and can quickly be applied to high numbers of participants.
Comprehensive Assessment for Autonomic Dysfunction in Different Phases after Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Xiong Li , Leung Howan H. W. , Chen Xiang Yan , Han Jing Hao , Leung Thomas W. H. , Soo Yannie O. Y. , Chan Anne Y. Y. , Lau Alexander Y. L. , Wong Lawrence K. S. 
Published: July 2012

Background and purpose Studies mostly use the analysis of heart rate variability to measure cardiovascular autonomic regulation in ischemic stroke. Besides power spectral analysis of heart rate variability, this study sought to determine whether autonomic function was impaired during different phases in ischemic stroke by Ewing's battery of autonomic function tests. Methods Ninety-four patients with ischemic stroke (34 patients in acute phase and 60 patients in chronic phase, average six-months after stroke onset) and thirty-seven elderly controls were recruited. Ewing's battery autonomic function tests and power spectral analysis of heart rate variability were performed in all the subjects. Results From power spectral analysis of heart rate variability, stroke patients of both acute and chronic phases had significantly lower low frequency power spectral density than controls. From Ewing's battery of autonomic function tests, patients in acute phase showed impairment in two parasympathetic tests (Valsalva ratio: P = 0·002; heart rate response to deep breathing: P < 0·001) and those in chronic phase showed impairment in all parasympathetic tests (all P < 0·05) in comparison with controls. Conclusions The comprehensive assessment indicates that autonomic dysfunction occurs in acute phase of ischemic stroke and may persist up to six-months after stroke. Parasympathetic dysfunction rather than sympathetic dysfunction is predominant after ischemic stroke.
The Benefit of Hypothermia in Experimental Ischemic Stroke is Not Affected by Pethidine
Authors: Sena Emily S. , Jeffreys Amy L. , Cox Susan F. , Sastra Stephen A. , Churilov Leonid , Rewell Sarah , Batchelor Peter E. , van der Worp H. Bart , Macleod Malcolm R. , Howells David W. 
Published: July 2012

Background Hypothermia is a promising experimental treatment for acute ischemic stroke. Human trials are still at an early stage, with the focus now on using hypothermia in awake patients. Pethidine (meperidine) is the principle agent used to control shivering in humans; however, whether it has any modulating effects on the neuroprotective efficacy of hypothermia is unknown. Aim The aim of this study was to determine if pethidine influences the neuroprotective effect of hypothermia in experimental stroke. Methods Seventy-two male spontaneously hypertensive rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and randomly assigned to either normothermia (37·4°C rectal temperature); hypothermia (33°C maintained for 130 mins); normothermia plus pethidine (2·5 mg/kg); or hypothermia plus pethidine. Temporary (90 mins) endovascular occlusion of the middle cerebral artery was induced blinded to treatment allocation and was confirmed with laser Doppler flowmetry. Pethidine and cooling were started immediately after vessel occlusion. Animals in the normothermia group had active temperature management using a heat lamp and fan. Assessments of outcome were carried out 24 after the induction of injury. Results Thirteen animals met our prespecified criteria for exclusion, and data for 59 rats were presented here. Hypothermia was associated with a 63% reduction in infarct size, and pethidine had no significant impact on the efficacy of hypothermia. No effects were observed in neurobehavioral outcome or edema volume across experimental groups. Conclusions The effects of hypothermia in a model of focal ischemia are not affected by administration of pethidine.
Trauma Patients Over‐Triaged to Helicopter Transport in an Established Midwestern State Trauma System
Authors: Smith Hayden L. , Sidwell Richard A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPurpose: To characterize helicopter transport use in a mature Midwestern trauma system located in a low population density state, examine characteristics of patients over‐triaged to helicopter transport, and determine predictors of over‐triage to helicopter transport.Methods: A retrospective observational study conducted using State Trauma Registry data for years 2008‐2009. Study sample included patients with medical helicopter transportation. Bivariate analyses compared patients defined and not defined as over‐triaged to helicopter transport. Multivariate regression was used to determine predictors of over‐triage.Findings: Of the 2,084 helicopter‐transported study patients, 552 (26%) were defined as over‐triaged. Differences in patients based on over‐triaged status included race, age, injury mechanism, injury type, and injury intent (P < .05). Multivariate‐based significant predictors of over‐triage were transfer status, patient age, and injury mechanism (P= .0223; <.0001; and .0007, respectively). Patients transported from scene had a greater odds (OR: 1.29; 95% confidence interval: 1.04, 1.60) of being over‐triaged to helicopter transport than interfacility transfers. Younger patients were also more likely to be over‐triaged. Interactions between patient age and injury mechanism demonstrated varied likelihoods for over‐triage. Younger patients injured in falls were more likely over‐triaged than younger patients injured in a motor vehicle crash or by other non‐fall causes.Conclusion: Study data showed over‐triage to helicopter transport was substantial in a mature trauma system. It is recommended that trauma systems develop and monitor compliance with criteria for appropriate use of air medical transport. These actions can assist in refinements to prehospital and interfacility transfer protocols.
Use of Images in Shelf Life Assessment of Fruit Salad
Authors: Manzocco Lara , Rumignani Alberto , Lagazio Corrado 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Fruit salads stored for different lengths of time as well as their images were used to estimate sensory shelf life by survival analysis. Shelf life estimates obtained using fruit salad images were longer than those achieved by analyzing the real product. This was attributed to the fact that images are 2‐dimensional representations of real food, probably not comprehensive of all the visual information needed by the panelists to produce an acceptability/unacceptability judgment. Images were also subjected to image analysis and the analysis of the overall visual quality by a trained panel. These indices proved to be highly correlated to consumer rejection of the fruit salad and could be exploited for routine shelf life assessment of analogous products. To this regard, a failure criterion of 25% consumer rejection could be equivalent to a score 3 in a 5‐point overall visual quality scale.Practical Application:  Food images can be used to assess product shelf life. In the case of fruit salads, the overall visual quality assessed by a trained panel on product images and the percentage of brown pixels in digital images can be exploited to estimate shelf life corresponding to a selected consumer rejection.
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil from Pine Needle (Cedrus deodara)
Authors: Zeng Wei‐Cai , Zhang Zeng , Gao Hong , Jia Li‐Rong , He Qiang 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  The chemical composition of essential oil from pine needles (Cedrus deodara) was determined, and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were evaluated. Twenty‐three components, representing 95.79% of the oil, were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The main components include α‐terpineol (30.2%), linalool (24.47%), limonene (17.01%), anethole (14.57%), caryophyllene (3.14%), and eugenol (2.14%). Pine needle essential oil showed remarkable antioxidant activity in scavenging free radicals, in lipid peroxidation, and in reducing power assays. Moreover, the essential oil revealed strong antimicrobial activity against typical food‐borne microorganisms, with minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values of 0.2 to 1.56 and 0.39 to 6.25 μg/mL, respectively. Transmission electron microscope observation ascertained that the bactericidal mechanism of pine needle essential oil may be the induction of cytoplasmic outflow and plasmolysis. These results suggest that the essential oil from pine needles has potential to be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in food processing.Practical Application:  The present study provides a theoretical basis for the potential application of essential oil from pine needles (C. deodara) to be used as a natural resource of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents in food industry.
Alternative Bleaching Methods for Cheddar Cheese Whey
Authors: Kang E. J. , Smith T. J. , Drake M. A. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Residual annatto colorant (norbixin) in fluid Cheddar cheese whey can be bleached. The 2 approved chemical bleaching agents for whey, hydrogen peroxide (HP) and benzoyl peroxide (BP), negatively impact the flavor of dried whey protein. The objective of this study was to evaluate alternative methods for bleaching liquid whey: ultraviolet radiation (UV), acid‐activated bentonite (BT), and ozone (OZ). Colored Cheddar cheese whey was manufactured followed by pasteurization and fat separation. Liquid whey was subjected to one of 5 treatments: control (CT) (no bleaching; 50 °C, 1 h), HP (250 mg/kg; 50 °C, 1 h), UV (1 min exposure; 50 °C), BT (0.5% w/w; 50 °C, 1 h), or OZ (2.2g/h, 50 °C, 1 h). The treated whey was then ultrafiltered, diafiltered, and spray‐dried to 80% whey protein concentrate (WPC80). The entire experiment was replicated 3 times. Color (norbixin extraction and measurement), descriptive sensory, and instrumental volatile analyses were conducted on WPC80. Norbixin elimination was 28%, 79%, 39%, and 15% for HP, BT, UV, and OZ treatments, respectively. WPC80 from bleached whey, regardless of bleaching agent, had lower sweet aromatic and cooked/milky flavors compared to unbleached CT (P < 0.05). The HP and BT WPC80 had higher fatty flavor compared to the CT WPC80 (P < 0.05), and the UV and OZ WPC80 had distinct mushroom/burnt and animal flavors. Volatile compound results were consistent with sensory results and confirmed higher relative abundances of volatile aldehydes in UV, HP, and OZ WPC80 compared to CT and BT WPC80. Based on bleaching efficacy and flavor, BT may be an alternative to chemical bleaching of fluid whey.Practical Application:  The 2 approved chemical bleaching agents for whey, hydrogen peroxide (HP) and benzoyl peroxide (BP), negatively impact flavor of dried whey protein, and restrictions on these agents are increasing. This study evaluated 3 alternatives to chemical bleaching of fluid whey: UV radiation, ozone, and bentonite.
Influence of Sodium Chloride, pH, and Lactic Acid Bacteria on Anaerobic Lactic Acid Utilization during Fermented Cucumber Spoilage
Authors: Johanningsmeier Suzanne D. , Franco Wendy , Perez‐Diaz Ilenys , McFeeters Roger F. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Cucumbers are preserved commercially by natural fermentations in 5% to 8% sodium chloride (NaCl) brines. Occasionally, fermented cucumbers spoil after the primary fermentation is complete. This spoilage has been characterized by decreases in lactic acid and a rise in brine pH caused by microbial instability. Objectives of this study were to determine the combined effects of NaCl and pH on fermented cucumber spoilage and to determine the ability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) spoilage isolates to initiate lactic acid degradation in fermented cucumbers. Cucumbers fermented with 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% NaCl were blended into slurries (FCS) and adjusted to pH 3.2, 3.8, 4.3, and 5.0 prior to centrifugation, sterile‐filtration, and inoculation with spoilage organisms. Organic acids and pH were measured initially and after 3 wk, 2, 6, 12, and 18 mo anaerobic incubation at 25 °C. Anaerobic lactic acid degradation occurred in FCS at pH 3.8, 4.3, and 5.0 regardless of NaCl concentration. At pH 3.2, reduced NaCl concentrations resulted in increased susceptibility to spoilage, indicating that the pH limit for lactic acid utilization in reduced NaCl fermented cucumbers is 3.2 or lower. Over 18 mo incubation, only cucumbers fermented with 6% NaCl to pH 3.2 prevented anaerobic lactic acid degradation by spoilage bacteria. Among several LAB species isolated from fermented cucumber spoilage, Lactobacillus buchneri was unique in its ability to metabolize lactic acid in FCS with concurrent increases in acetic acid and 1,2‐propanediol. Therefore, L. buchneri may be one of multiple organisms that contribute to development of fermented cucumber spoilage.Practical Application:  Microbial spoilage of fermented cucumbers during bulk storage causes economic losses for producers. Current knowledge is insufficient to predict or control these losses. This study demonstrated that in the absence of oxygen, cucumbers fermented with 6% sodium chloride to pH 3.2 were not subject to spoilage. However, lactic acid was degraded by spoilage microorganisms in reduced salt, even with pH as low as 3.2. Efforts to reduce salt in commercial brining operations will need to include control measures for this increased susceptibility to spoilage. Lactobacillus buchneri was identified as a potential causative agent and could be used as a target in development of such control measures.
Plasma clozapine and norclozapine in relation to prescribed dose and other factors in patients aged <18 years: data from a therapeutic drug monitoring service, 1994–2010
Authors: Couchman Lewis , Bowskill Sally V.J. , Handley Simon , Patel Maxine X. , Flanagan Robert J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAimClozapine is used in children and adolescents to treat early onset schizophrenia, but data on efficacy and on the plasma clozapine concentrations attained are limited.MethodsWe studied data from a clozapine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) service, patients in the UK and Eire aged <18 years, 1994–2010. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between plasma clozapine concentration and dose, age, sex, body weight, plasma clozapine:norclozapine ratio (clozapine metabolic ratio (MR)) and smoking habit.ResultsThere were 1408 samples from 454 patients, 267 (59%) males aged at time of first sample (median = 17; range = 8–17 years) and 187 (41%) females aged 16 (10–17) years. The plasma clozapine concentration was <0.35 mg L−1 in 36%, and ≥0.60 mg L−1 in 31% of samples (6.4% samples ≥1.0 mg L−1). Although plasma clozapine was broadly related to prescribed dose, there was much variation: 10% of samples had plasma clozapine >0.60 mg L−1 at prescribed clozapine doses of 50–150 mg d−1 (66% <0.35 mg L−1), while 12% of samples had plasma clozapine <0.35 mg L−1 at doses ≥650 mg d−1 (62% >0.6 mg L−1). The covariates studied in the 16–17‐year‐olds had proportionately similar influences to those observed in adults. Together they explained 48% of the variance observed in plasma clozapine, with dose, smoking habit, MR and sex being major influences. In the younger patients, there were very few smokers, and the influence of sex did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionsAs in adults, clozapine TDM may help in assessing adherence and in dose adjustment, for example if smoking habit changes.