bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization and pH-dependent substrate specificity of alkalophilic xylanase from Bacillus alcalophilus
Authors: Lee Dae-Seok , Lee Kwang-Ho , Cho Eun-Jin , Kim Ho Myeong , Kim Chang-Sook , Bae Hyeun-Jong 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The gene of endo-beta-1-4 xylanase, xynT, was cloned from Bacillus alcalophilus AX2000 and expressed in Escherichia coli. This XynT, which belongs to glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 10, was found to have a molecular weight of approximately 37 kDa and exhibit optimal activity at pH 7–9 and 50 °C. It exhibits a high activity towards birchwood xylan and has the ability to bind avicel. Under optimal conditions, XynT hydrolyzes all xylooligomers into xylobiose as an end product with a preference for cleavage sites at the second or third glycosidic bond from the reducing end. XynT has a different substrate affinity on xylooligomers at pH 5.0, which contributes to its low activity toward xylotriose and its derived intermediate products. This low activity may be due to an unstable interaction with the amino acids that constitute subsites of the active site. Interestingly, the addition of Co2+ and Mn2+ led to a significant increase in activity by up to 40 and 50 %, respectively. XynT possesses a high binding affinity and hydrolytic activity toward the insoluble xylan, for which it exhibits high activity at pH 7–9, giving rise to its efficient biobleaching effect on Pinus densiflora kraft pulp.
Diversity and chemotaxis of soil bacteria with antifungal activity against Fusarium wilt of banana
Authors: Li Ping , Ma Li , Feng Yun Li , Mo Ming He , Yang Fa Xiang , Dai Hao Fu , Zhao You Xing 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The chemotactic response of bacteria to root exudates plays an important role in the colonization of bacteria in the rhizosphere. In this study, 420 strains of antifungal bacteria against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) were screened for chemotaxis based on a cheA molecular diagnostic method. A total of 124 strains with antifungal efficiencies of 27.26–67.14 % generated a characteristic band of cheA. The chemotaxis of 97 bacterial strains producing a cheA band was confirmed using the drop assay and swarm plate assay using catechol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, and asparagine as the attractants. A phylogenetic analysis based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and 16S rDNA sequences indicated that the 124 chemotactic antagonists of Foc were affiliated with 18 species of Paenibacillaceae, Bacillaceae, Streptomycineae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae. The chemical composition of banana root exudates were analyzed by GC–MS, and 62 compounds, including alkanes, alkenes, naphthalenes, benzenes, and alcohols, were evaluated. Five representative antagonists of Foc showed 1.76- to 7.75-fold higher chemotactic responses than the control to seven compounds in banana root exudates, as determination by capillary assays.
Microbial transformation of the sesquiterpene lactone tagitinin C by the fungus Aspergillus terreus
Authors: Rocha Bruno Alves , Pupo Mônica Tallarico , Antonucci Gilmara Ausech , Sampaio Suely Vilela , de Melo Alves Paiva Raquel , Said Suraia , Gobbo-Neto Leonardo , Da Costa Fernando Batista 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The biotransformation of the sesquiterpene lactone tagitinin C by the fungus Aspergillus terreus MT 5.3 yielded a rare derivative that was elucidated by spectrometric methods. The fungus led to the formation of a different product through an unusual epoxidation reaction between C4 and C5, formation of a C3,C10 ether bridge, and a methoxylation of the C1 of tagitinin C. The chemical structure of the product, namely 1β-methoxy-3α-hydroxy-3,10β-4,5α-diepoxy-8β-isobutyroyloxygermacr-11(13)-en-6α,12-olide, is the same as that of a derivative that was recently isolated from the flowers of a Brazilian population of Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia), which is the source of the substrate tagitinin C. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of the substrate and the biotransformed product were evaluated in HL-60 cells using an MTT assay, and both compounds were found to be cytotoxic. We show that soil fungi may be useful in the biotransformation of sesquiterpene lactones, thereby leading to unusual changes in their chemical structures that may preserve or alter their biological activities, and may also mimic plant biosynthetic pathways for production of secondary metabolites.
Factors predicting pathologic significance among women with atypical glandular cells on liquid‐based cytology
Authors: Chatchotikawong Usanee , Ruengkhachorn Irene , Laiwejpithaya Somsak 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine incidence, originating organ, and factors predicting significant histopathology (premalignant and malignant lesions) among women with atypical glandular cells (AGCs) on liquid‐based cytology (LBC).MethodsIn a retrospective study at Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, clinical and histologic data were reviewed for women with AGCs who underwent appropriate examinations from January 2007 to December 2010.ResultsThere were 284 women with AGC cytology (mean age, 51.2 years). The incidence of significant pathology and invasive cancer was 43.3% and 34.5%, respectively. The most common malignant organ was the uterus (64/123, 52%). Predictors of serious pathology were AGC favor neoplasia (AGC‐FN) endocervical (odds ratio [OR], 5.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.62–19.57), AGC‐FN endometrial (OR, 4.11; 95% CI, 1.27–13.32), AGC‐FN glandular (OR, 8.23; 95% CI, 2.02–33.49) subtypes, and bleeding (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.47–5.65). Combining patient age and AGC subtype, there were no serious cervical lesions among women aged 50 years or younger with AGC‐FN glandular subtype, or serious non‐cervical neoplasia among women aged 50 years or younger with AGC not otherwise specified (AGC‐NOS) or AGC‐FN endocervical subtypes.ConclusionAGC subcategories defined from LBC, alone or combined with patient age, might be predictors of significant histopathology, cancer incidence, and originating organ.
Effect of exposure parameters on the radiopacity of root canal sealers
Authors: Önem Erinç , Baksı B. Güniz , Şen B. Hakan 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackground: The aim of this study was to test the effect of different kilovoltage, milliampere, and exposure time settings on the radiopacity of two endodontic sealers using an image plate system.Materials and methods: MM‐Seal (MicroMega, Besancon, France) and Diaket (3M Espe, Seefeld, Germany) were packed into a polytetrafluoroethylene ring mold with an internal diameter of 10 mm and a depth of 1 mm. Five discs of each material were imaged alongside an aluminum step‐wedge. Sets of radiographs were obtained using storage phosphor plates (SPPs). The SPPs were exposed at 60, 65, or 70 kVp, 7 or 8 mA for 0.12 or 0.16 s. Radiographic densities of the sealers and each step of the step‐wedge were analyzed with Image Tool 3.0 SDK software (University of Texas Health Sciences Center, TX, USA). Three readings were made for each image. The mean was calculated to give the radiographic density expressed as mean gray values. Three‐way ANOVA was used to test the differences in radiopacity of sealers with respect to kilovoltage, milliampere, exposure time, and the interaction of the three factors.Results: No significant difference in sealers’ radiopacity was found with change in three exposure parameters (p > 0.05). However, standard deviations of the measurements for lower exposures were greater; MM‐Seal was significantly more radiopaque than Diaket (p < 0.0001) at any parameter.Conclusions: Differences in kilovoltage, milliampere, and exposure time do not affect the radiopacity measurements of sealers on SPP images. However, choosing the proper exposure parameters may optimize the gray value range of the sealers allowing for better discrimination of the sealer and surrounding structures thereby providing better clinical guidance.
What Type of Business History Are You Writing?
Authors: Gras N. S. B. 
Published: July 2012

Someone may say that he has not yet learned what a business history is and therefore that he is in no position to consider the types of business history that may exist. Perhaps, however, it may help in grasping the essentials of business history if these types are set forth.Right at the beginning of this effort we should note that we have in mind the history of a business unit — a business man, a firm, or a company. To be sure, there are other approaches to business history, namely, the history of a function, such as production or marketing, the history of a whole industry, such as meat-packing or cotton textiles, and, of course, the general history of business.
Urban Retailing 100 Years Ago
Authors: Hower Ralph M. 
Published: July 2012

An address delivered by Dr. Ralph M. Hower at the Annual Meeting of the Business Historical Society.I propose to interpret my subject rather liberally and to concentrate upon what seem to me to be some fundamental changes in retailing—ranging the whole of the 19th century, but focussing attention especially upon the years from 1850 to 1875, a period of great innovation. And please note that all my remarks have to do with American experience.To start, then, let me sketch briefly the retailing picture in the larger American cities about 1850. In general the principle of specialization dominated the scene: both retail and wholesale trades were split up, by types of merchandise, into single-line or specialty stores. If you examine the advertisements and business directories of the period, you will find a really astonishing array of stores, each of which confined itself to a narrow range of goods.
Centennial Bibliography: Annotated Selections on the History of the Petroleum Industry in the United States
Authors: Rundell Walter 
Published: July 2012

This bibliography represents an effort to survey and evaluate selected literature dealing with the history of the petroleum industry in the United States. The goal has not been to include everything ever written, but rather, to produce a compact reference work that I hope will be useful to the industry, to students, and to the public.My research has revealed that only one of the four major phases of this industry has been given anything approaching a full historical treatment. This phase is production.
OXIDATIVE ENZYME RESPONSES OF SIX CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS INFECTED WITHPHOMA TRACHEIPHILA(PETRI) KANTSCHAVELI AND GIKASHVILI
Authors: UZUN AYDIN , SEDAY UBEYIT , CANIHOS ERCAN , GULSEN OSMAN 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYCitrus trees are often exposed to severe infectious diseases. Mal secco caused byPhoma tracheiphila(Petri) Kantschaveli and Gikashvili is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of lemons (Citrus limonBurm. F.). In the present study, antioxidant enzyme activity in different mal secco-resistant and susceptible citrus rootstocks including Cleopatra mandarin (C. reshniTan.), sour orange (C. aurantiumL.), rough lemon (C. jambhiriLush.), Volkameriana (C. volkamerianaTan. and Pasq.), Carrizo citrange (Poncirus trifoliataL. Raf. XC. sinensisL. Osbeck) and trifoliate orange (P. trifoliata) was investigated. Possible differences in constitutive levels of these antioxidant enzymes and correlations between enzyme levels and mal secco caused byP. tracheiphilawere examined. Among the rootstocks, Cleopatra mandarin was found to be resistant to mal secco, whereas rough lemon, sour orange and trifoliate orange were highly susceptible. Total peroxidase (TPX; EC: 1.11.1.7) activity increased in all infected rootstocks. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC: 1.11.1.11) activity increased in most of the rootstocks and no correlation was found between catalase (CAT; EC: 1.11.1.6) activity and mal secco resistance. This study indicates that overall TPX activity is upregulated and APX activity is up- and down-regulated depending on the type of rootstock in response toP. tracheiphilainfection.
Correlating physiological parameters with biomarkers for UV-B stress indicators in leaves of grapevine cultivars Pinot noir and Riesling
Authors: SCHOEDL K. , SCHUHMACHER R. , FORNECK A. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe robustness of seven physiological parameters together with two potential biomarkers for ultraviolet (UV)-B stress assessment was tested in greenhouse assays on theVitis viniferaL. cultivars Pinot noir and Riesling. Effects of year, UV-B treatment, cultivar and clone were studied in four individual experiments. Grapevine plants were exposed to three dosed UV-B stress treatments (−UV-B: no UV-B radiation; +UV-B: daily dose of 4856·3 J/m2UV-BBE; ++UV-B: daily dose of 7025·3 J/m2UV-BBE) to detect changes of chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange parameters. Significant correlations between the leaf polyphenols quercetin-3-O-glucoside and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside with the maximum fluorescence (Fm), the variable fluorescence (Fv) and the maximum quantum yield for photosystem (PS) II (Fv/Fm) were found, which confirmed the biomarkers’ relevance, additionally validated by cultivar- and year-independency.
Osteoradionecrosis of the external auditory canal: three cases involving reconstruction with transposition of a split temporalis muscle flap
Authors: Veneman W , Metselaar R M , Koudstaal M J , van der Wal K G H 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjective:Osteoradionecrosis of the temporal bone is an uncommon but well documented finding after radiotherapy in the head and neck region, and results in exposed, necrotic bone with a soft tissue defect in the external auditory canal. The defect can be treated either conservatively or surgically. This paper aims to describe the results of reconstruction of the external auditory canal by transpositioning of the superficial layer of either the anterior or posterior part of the temporalis muscle to cover the defect.Patients and methods:Three patients with large, symptomatic defects in the external auditory canal were treated with transposition of the superficial layer of the temporalis muscle.Results:The duration of follow up was 4 to 16 months. No complications occurred. In all patients, re-epithelialisation was complete within 3 months.Conclusion:During reconstruction of the external auditory canal, transposition of the superficial layer of the temporalis muscle provides a reliable flap with a satisfactory outcome.
The Social Brain and the Myth of Empathy
Authors: Young Allan 
Published: July 2012

ArgumentNeuroscience research has created multiple versions of the human brain. The “social brain” is one version and it is the subject of this paper. Most image-based research in the field of social neuroscience is task-driven: the brain is asked to respond to a cognitive (perceptual) stimulus. The tasks are derived from theories, operational models, and back-stories now circulating in social neuroscience. The social brain comes with a distinctive back-story, an evolutionary history organized around three, interconnected themes: mind-reading, empathy, and the emergence of self-consciousness. This paper focuses on how empathy has been incorporated into the social brain and redefined via parallel research streams, employing a shared, imaging technology. The concluding section describes how these developments can be understood as signaling the emergence of a new version of human nature and the unconscious. My argument is not that empathy in the social brain is a myth, but rather that it is served by a myth consonant with the canons of science.
Genetics of sudden cardiac death in children and young athletes
Authors: Sarquella-Brugada Georgia , Campuzano Oscar , Iglesias Anna , Sánchez-Malagón Josep , Guerra-Balic Myriam , Brugada Josep , Brugada Ramon 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSudden cardiac death is a rare but socially devastating event. The most common causes of sudden cardiac death are congenital electrical disorders and structural heart diseases. The majority of these diseases have an incomplete penetrance and variable expression; therefore, patients may be unaware of their illness. In several cases, physical activity can be the trigger for sudden cardiac death as first symptom. Our purpose is to review the causes of sudden cardiac death in sportive children and young adults and its genetic background. Symptomatic individuals often receive an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, the preventive treatment for sudden cardiac death in most of cases due to channelopathies, which can become a challenging option in young and active patients. The identification of one of these diseases in asymptomatic patients has similarly a great impact on their everyday life, especially on their ability to undertake competitive physical activities, and the requirement of prophylactic treatment. We review main causes of sudden cardiac death in relation to its genetics and diagnostic work-up.
A novel string distance metric for ranking Persian respelling suggestions
Authors: KASHEFI OMID , SHARIFI MOHSEN , MINAIE BEHROOZ 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSpelling errors in digital documents are often caused by operational and cognitive mistakes, or by the lack of full knowledge about the language of the written documents. Computer-assisted solutions can help to detect and suggest replacements. In this paper, we present a new string distance metric for the Persian language to rank respelling suggestions of a misspelled Persian word by considering the effects of keyboard layout on typographical spelling errors as well as the homomorphic and homophonic aspects of words for orthographical misspellings. We also consider the misspellings caused by disregarded diacritics. Since the proposed string distance metric is custom-designed for the Persian language, we present the spelling aspects of the Persian language such as homomorphs, homophones, and diacritics. We then present our statistical analysis of a set of large Persian corpora to identify the causes and the types of Persian spelling errors. We show that the proposed string distance metric has a higher mean average precision and a higher mean reciprocal rank in ranking respelling candidates of Persian misspellings in comparison with other metrics such as the Hamming, Levenshtein, Damerau–Levenshtein, Wagner–Fischer, and Jaro–Winkler metrics.
Single oral doses of (±) 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘Ecstasy’) produce lasting serotonergic deficits in non-human primates: relationship to plasma drug and metabolite concentrations
Authors: Mueller Melanie , Yuan Jie , McCann Una D. , Hatzidimitriou George , Ricaurte George A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractRepeated doses of the popular recreational drug methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) are known to produce neurotoxic effects on brain serotonin (5-HT) neurons but it is widely believed that typical single oral doses of MDMA are free of neurotoxic risk. Experimental and therapeutic trials with MDMA in humans are underway. The mechanisms by which MDMA produces neurotoxic effects are not understood but drug metabolites have been implicated. The aim of the present study was to assess the neurotoxic potential of a range of clinically relevant single oral doses of MDMA in a non-human primate species that metabolizes MDMA in a manner similar to humans, the squirrel monkey. A secondary objective was to explore the relationship between plasma MDMA and metabolite concentrations and lasting serotonergic deficits. Single oral doses of MDMA produced lasting dose-related serotonergic neurochemical deficits in the brains of squirrel monkeys. Notably, even the lowest dose of MDMA tested (5.7 mg/kg, estimated to be equivalent to 1.6 mg/kg in humans) produced significant effects in some brain regions. Plasma levels of MDMA engendered by neurotoxic doses of MDMA were on the order of those found in humans. Serotonergic neurochemical markers were inversely correlated with plasma concentrations of MDMA, but not with those of its major metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine. These results suggest that single oral doses of MDMA in the range of those used by humans pose a neurotoxic risk and implicate the parent compound (MDMA), rather than one of its metabolites, in MDMA-induced 5-HT neural injury.
Modelling of Cosmic Molecular Masers: Introduction to a Computation Cookbook
Authors: Sobolev Andrej M. , Gray Malcolm D. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractNumerical modeling of molecular masers is necessary in order to understand their nature and diagnostic capabilities. Model construction requires elaboration of a basic description which allows computation, that is a definition of the parameter space and basic physical relations. Usually, this requires additional thorough studies that can consist of the following stages/parts: relevant molecular spectroscopy and collisional rate coefficients; conditions in and around the masing region (that part of space where population inversion is realized); geometry and size of the masing region (including the question of whether maser spots are discrete clumps or line-of-sight correlations in a much bigger region) and propagation of maser radiation. Output of the maser computer modeling can have the following forms: exploration of parameter space (where do inversions appear in particular maser transitions and their combinations, which parameter values describe a ‘typical’ source, and so on); modeling of individual sources (line flux ratios, spectra, images and their variability); analysis of the pumping mechanism; predictions (new maser transitions, correlations in variability of different maser transitions, and the like). Described schemes (constituents and hierarchy) of the model input and output are based mainly on the experience of the authors and make no claim to be dogmatic.
Maser polarization and magnetic fields
Authors: Vlemmings W. H. T. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMaser polarization observations can reveal unique information on the magnetic field strength and structure for a large number of very different astronomical objects. As the different masers for which polarization is measured, such as silicon-monoxide, water, hydroxil and methanol, probe different physical conditions, the masers can even be used to determine for example the relation between magnetic field and density. In particular, maser polarization observations have improved our understanding of the magnetic field strength in, among others, the envelopes around evolved stars, Planetary Nebulae (PNe), massive star forming regions, supernova remnants and megamaser galaxies. This review presents an overview of maser polarization observations and magnetic field determinations of the last several years and discusses some of the theoretical considerations needed for a proper maser polarization analysis.
VLBA SiO maser observations of the OH/IR star OH 44.8-2.3: magnetic field and morphology
Authors: Amiri N. , Vlemmings W. H. T. , Kemball A. J. , van Langevelde H. J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe report on Very Long Baseline Array SiO maser observations of the OH/IR star OH 44.8 - 2.3. The observations show that the maser features form a ring located at a distance of 5.4 AU around the central star. The masers show high fractional linear polarization up to 100%. The polarization vectors are consistent with a dipole field morphology. Additionally, we report a tentative detection of circular polarization of 7% for the brightest maser feature. This indicates a magnetic field of 1.5 ± 0.3 G. The SiO masers and the 1612 MHz OH masers suggest a mildly preferred outflow direction in the circumstellar environment of this star. The observed polarization is consistent with magnetic field structures along the preferred outflow direction. This could indicate the possible role of the magnetic fields in shaping the circumstellar environment of this object.