bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ITALIAN SOCIETY UNDER ANGLO-AMERICAN BOMBS: PROPAGANDA, EXPERIENCE, AND LEGEND, 1940–1945
Authors: BALDOLI CLAUDIA , FINCARDI MARCO 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe Italian experience of being bombed has been neglected in the historiography of the Second World War, especially in English. This marginalization is not justified by the record of events; according to official estimates, Italian civilian victims of bombing numbered around 60,000. The reaction of the Italian population to air raids was carefully evaluated and discussed by the Allies, who decided to hit civilians living near industrial areas with a view to testing their psychological resistance. The article focuses on the civilians' reactions to death coming from the sky, by examining their response to both Anglo-American and Fascist propaganda, and to the experience of the raids at different stages of the war. It analyses the ways in which civilians coped with the collapse of state defences (including the creation of legends and the spreading of rumours independent of state propaganda), and the psychologically complex and shifting response to bombers who introduced themselves as liberators. The research presented is based on archival sources, particularly prefects' reports from different parts of Italy to the Ministry of Interior, on both Anglo-American and Fascist propaganda, newspaper articles, and civilians' diaries.
HOW IDEOLOGY WORKS: HISTORIANS AND THE CASE OF BRITISH ABOLITIONISM
Authors: PALMER WILLIAM 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThis review considers how historians have approached the role of ideas in understanding the beginnings of early British abolitionism. It pays particular attention to the work of Eric Williams, Roger Anstey, David Brion Davis, and, most recently, Christopher Leslie Brown. It uses Brown's Moral capital as a point of departure for offering an alternative approach to the role of ideology in early British abolition and about its operation generally.
CHRISTIAN IDEALS OF MANLINESS IN THE EIGHTEENTH AND EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURIES
Authors: VAN REYK WILLIAM 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTChristian ideals of manliness were articulated by writers across the religious spectrum throughout the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. At their heart was the shared ideal of the imitation of Christ, an all-encompassing Christian ideal of personhood. Whilst non-partisanship was itself an important ideal, theological differences and disagreements over the strictness of ideals led to accusations that some Christians, attacked as ‘moralists’ or ‘enthusiasts’, undermined or neglected ideals of manliness. At the same time, there were attempts to associate Christian ideals of manliness exclusively with the emerging ‘Evangelical’ party. In the historiography of masculinity in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, however, Christian ideals have often been marginalized, and, when considered, they have tended to be misconstrued by the adoption of church-party approaches. This review offers a detailed critique of Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall's account of Evangelical ideals of manliness in Family fortunes: men and women of the English middle class, 1780–1850 (1987; rev. edn, 2002). Their notion of distinctive ‘Evangelical’ ideals of manliness does not withstand scrutiny, and the key concepts associated with them, including ‘domesticity’, ‘the calling’, ‘the world’, ‘public’, and ‘private’, demand revision. At the same time, they gave insufficient consideration to ‘solitude’ and ‘charity’.
The Dialectics of Resistance: Colonial Geography, Bengali Literati and the Racial Mapping of Indian Identity
Authors: BASU SUBHO 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThrough a study of hitherto unexplored geography textbooks written in Bengali between 1845 and 1880, this paper traces the evolution of a geographic information system related to ethnicity, race, and space. This geographic information system impacted the mentality of emerging educated elites in colonial India who studied in the newly established colonial schools and played a critical role in developing and articulating ideas of the territorial nation-state and the rights of citizenship in India. The Bengali Hindu literati believed that the higher location of India in such a constructed hierarchy of civilizations could strengthen their claims to rights of citizenship and self-government. These nineteenth century geography textbooks asserted clearly that high caste Hindus constituted the core ethnicity of colonial Indian society and all others were resident outsiders. This knowledge system, rooted in geography/ethnicity/race/space, and related to the hierarchy of civilizations, informed the Bengali intelligentsia's notion of core ethnicity in the future nation-state in India with Hindu elites at its ethnic core.
A controlled family study of children with DSM-IV bipolar-I disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity
Authors: Wozniak J. , Faraone S. V. , Mick E. , Monuteaux M. , Coville A. , Biederman J. 
Published: November 2009

BackgroundTo estimate the spectrum of familial risk for psychopathology in first-degree relatives of children with unabridged DSM-IV bipolar-I disorder (BP-I).MethodWe conducted a blinded, controlled family study using structured diagnostic interviews of 157 children with BP-I probands (n=487 first-degree relatives), 162 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (without BP-I) probands (n=511 first-degree relatives), and 136 healthy control (without ADHD or BP-I) probands (n=411 first-degree relatives).ResultsThe morbid risk (MR) of BP-I disorder in relatives of BP-I probands (MR=0.18) was increased 4-fold [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3–6.9, p<0.001] over the risk to relatives of control probands (MR=0.05) and 3.5-fold (95% CI 2.1–5.8, p<0.001) over the risk to relatives of ADHD probands (MR=0.06). In addition, relatives of children with BP-I disorder had high rates of psychosis, major depression, multiple anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, ADHD and antisocial disorders compared with relatives of control probands. Only the effect for antisocial disorders lost significance after accounted for by the corresponding diagnosis in the proband. Familial rates of ADHD did not differ between ADHD and BP-I probands.ConclusionsOur results document an increased familial risk for BP-I disorder in relatives of pediatric probands with DSM-IV BP-I. Relatives of probands with BP-I were also at increased risk for other psychiatric disorders frequently associated with pediatric BP-I. These results support the validity of the diagnosis of BP-I in children as defined by DSM-IV. More work is needed to better understand the nature of the association between these disorders in probands and relatives.
Family-focused cognitive behaviour therapy versus psycho-education for chronic fatigue syndrome in 11- to 18-year-olds: a randomized controlled treatment trial
Authors: Chalder T. , Deary V. , Husain K. , Walwyn R. 
Published: November 2009

BackgroundOnly one previous randomized controlled trial (RCT) has examined the efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in children. The aim of this study was to compare family-focused CBT with psycho-education for CFS in adolescents.MethodSixty-three 11- to 18-year-olds (43 girls, 20 boys) with CFS were randomly assigned to either family-focused CBT or psycho-education delivered over 6 months. School attendance was the main outcome, which was assessed at the end of treatment and at 3, 6 and 12 months follow-up.ResultsAt the main outcome point (the 6-month follow-up) both groups had improved similarly. However, although those who received family-focused CBT were attending school for longer than those who received psycho-education, at discharge from treatment and at 3 months follow-up, they improved less quickly across the follow-up period.ConclusionsAdolescents with CFS get back to school more quickly after family-focused CBT. This is important as they are at a crucial stage of their development. However, the finding that psycho-education was as effective as family-focused CBT at 6 and 12 months follow-up has important implications for health service delivery.
Can pharmacotherapists be too supportive? A process study of active medication and placebo in the treatment of depression
Authors: Strunk D. R. , Stewart M. O. , Hollon S. D. , DeRubeis R. J. , Fawcett J. , Amsterdam J. D. , Shelton R. C. 
Published: November 2009

BackgroundThis study examined therapist–patient interactions during clinical management with antidepressant medication and pill-placebo.MethodThe sample consisted of 80 patients on active medication and 40 patients in a pill-placebo condition from a randomized controlled trial for moderate to severe depression. Pharmacotherapist–patient interactions were characterized using observer ratings of the therapeutic alliance, pharmacotherapist-offered facilitative conditions, pharmacotherapist adherence to clinical management treatment guidelines and pharmacotherapist competence. Patients, therapists and raters were blind to treatment condition and outcome.ResultsProvision of greater non-specific support (facilitative conditions) in early sessions predicted less subsequent improvement in depressive symptoms for patients receiving pill-placebo but not those receiving active medications, for which none of the process ratings predicted subsequent change. Early symptom change predicted later alliance and adherence in both conditions and therapist competence in the active condition.ConclusionsHigher levels of support in early sessions predict poorer subsequent response among placebo patients. It remains unclear whether patients who are likely to be refractory elicit greater non-specific support or whether the provision of such support has a deleterious effect in unmedicated patients. Differences in treatment process variables between conditions late in treatment are likely to be largely a consequence of symptom relief produced by active medications.
Differing patterns of brain structural abnormalities between black and white patients with their first episode of psychosis
Authors: Morgan K. D. , Dazzan P. , Morgan C. , Lappin J. , Hutchinson G. , Chitnis X. , Suckling J. , Fearon P. , Jones P. B. , Leff J. , Murray R. M. 
Published: November 2009

BackgroundAfrican-Caribbean and black African people living in the UK are reported to have a higher incidence of diagnosed psychosis compared with white British people. It has been argued that this may be a consequence of misdiagnosis. If this is true they might be less likely to show the patterns of structural brain abnormalities reported in white British patients. The aim of this study therefore was to investigate whether there are differences in the prevalence of structural brain abnormalities in white and black first-episode psychosis patients.MethodWe obtained dual-echo (proton density/T2-weighted) images from a sample of 75 first-episode psychosis patients and 68 healthy controls. We used high resolution magnetic resonance imaging and voxel-based methods of image analysis. Two separate analyses were conducted: (1) 34 white British patients were compared with 33 white British controls; (2) 41 African-Caribbean and black African patients were compared with 35 African-Caribbean and black African controls.ResultsWhite British patients and African-Caribbean/black African patients had ventricular enlargement and increased lenticular nucleus volume compared with their respective ethnic controls. The African-Caribbean/black African patients also showed reduced global grey matter and increased lingual gyrus grey-matter volume. The white British patients had no regional or global grey-matter loss compared with their normal ethnic counterparts but showed increased grey matter in the left superior temporal lobe and right parahippocampal gyrus.ConclusionsWe found no evidence in support of our hypothesis. Indeed, the finding of reduced global grey-matter volume in the African-Caribbean/black African patients but not in the white British patients was contrary to our prediction.
Reduced connectivity of the auditory cortex in patients with auditory hallucinations: a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Gavrilescu M. , Rossell S. , Stuart G. W. , Shea T. L. , Innes-Brown H. , Henshall K. , McKay C. , Sergejew A. A. , Copolov D. , Egan G. F. 
Published: November 2009

BackgroundPrevious research has reported auditory processing deficits that are specific to schizophrenia patients with a history of auditory hallucinations (AH). One explanation for these findings is that there are abnormalities in the interhemispheric connectivity of auditory cortex pathways in AH patients; as yet this explanation has not been experimentally investigated. We assessed the interhemispheric connectivity of both primary (A1) and secondary (A2) auditory cortices in n=13 AH patients, n=13 schizophrenia patients without auditory hallucinations (non-AH) and n=16 healthy controls using functional connectivity measures from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data.MethodFunctional connectivity was estimated from resting state fMRI data using regions of interest defined for each participant based on functional activation maps in response to passive listening to words. Additionally, stimulus-induced responses were regressed out of the stimulus data and the functional connectivity was estimated for the same regions to investigate the reliability of the estimates.ResultsAH patients had significantly reduced interhemispheric connectivity in both A1 and A2 when compared with non-AH patients and healthy controls. The latter two groups did not show any differences in functional connectivity. Further, this pattern of findings was similar across the two datasets, indicating the reliability of our estimates.ConclusionsThese data have identified a trait deficit specific to AH patients. Since this deficit was characterized within both A1 and A2 it is expected to result in the disruption of multiple auditory functions, for example, the integration of basic auditory information between hemispheres (via A1) and higher-order language processing abilities (via A2).
Gender differences in immediate memory in bipolar disorder
Authors: Carrus D. , Christodoulou T. , Hadjulis M. , Haldane M. , Galea A. , Koukopoulos A. , Kumari V. , Frangou S. 
Published: November 2009

BackgroundGender is known to modulate the clinical course and severity of bipolar disorder (BD). Although cognitive abnormalities are an established feature of BD, there is limited information regarding whether gender also influences the pattern and severity of cognitive impairment.MethodWe evaluated the performance of 86 remitted patients with BD, type 1, (BD-I) (36 male and 50 female) and 46 healthy participants (21 male and 25 female) on tasks of general intellectual ability, memory encoding, recognition and retrieval, response inhibition and executive function (abstraction and perseveration). The impact of illness severity in patients was assessed using the global assessment of functioning (GAF).ResultsWe found a gender effect and an interaction between diagnosis and gender on immediate memory, implicating encoding and retrieval processes, both showing male BD-I patients being disadvantaged compared with female patients and healthy controls. Immediate memory correlated with GAF scores and this association was statistically significant for male BD-I patients.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that gender differences in BD-I are associated with memory function, particularly processes relating to encoding and retrieval, and may contribute to poor functional outcome particularly in men.
Bidirectional calcium signaling between satellite glial cells and neurons in cultured mouse trigeminal ganglia
Authors: Suadicani Sylvia O. , Cherkas Pavel S. , Zuckerman Jonathan , Smith David N. , Spray David C. , Hanani Menachem 
Published: November 2009

Astrocytes communicate with neurons, endothelial and other glial cells through transmission of intercellular calcium signals. Satellite glial cells (SGCs) in sensory ganglia share several properties with astrocytes, but whether this type of communication occurs between SGCs and sensory neurons has not been explored. In the present work we used cultured neurons and SGCs from mouse trigeminal ganglia to address this question. Focal electrical or mechanical stimulation of single neurons in trigeminal ganglion cultures increased intracellular calcium concentration in these cells and triggered calcium elevations in adjacent glial cells. Similar to neurons, SGCs responded to mechanical stimulation with increase in cytosolic calcium that spread to the adjacent neuron and neighboring glial cells. Calcium signaling from SGCs to neurons and among SGCs was diminished in the presence of the broad-spectrum P2 receptor antagonist suramin (50 μM) or in the presence of the gap junction blocker carbenoxolone (100 μM), whereas signaling from neurons to SGCs was reduced by suramin, but not by carbenoxolone. Following induction of submandibular inflammation by Complete Freund's Adjuvant injection, the amplitude of signaling among SGCs and from SGCs to neuron was increased, whereas the amplitude from neuron to SGCs was reduced. These results indicate for the first time the presence of bidirectional calcium signaling between neurons and SGCs in sensory ganglia cultures, which is mediated by the activation of purinergic P2 receptors, and to some extent by gap junctions. Furthermore, the results indicate that not only sensory neurons, but also SGCs release ATP. This form of intercellular calcium signaling likely plays key roles in the modulation of neuronal activity within sensory ganglia in normal and pathological states.
Geochemical ‘Golden Spike’ for Lower Palaeozoic metabentonites
Authors: Batchelor Richard A. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTA number of approaches to interpreting geochemical data for categorising and correlating metabentonites are presented. Bulk rock geochemistry, combined with data from cognate minerals, provides the most robust means of characterising an altered ash bed. While it is not possible at present to identify one single parameter which can uniquely fingerprint an altered ash bed, it is possible to come close to an unique fingerprint, or ‘Golden Spike’, by utilising an array of geochemical parameters comprising bulk rock element ratios, Rare Earth Elements, Sr and Nd isotopic ratios in apatite, composition of sandine phenocrysts, and the chemical composition of melt inclusions.
Shoshonites, vaugnerites and potassic lamprophyres: similarities and differences between ‘ultra’-high-K rocks
Authors: Scarrow J. H. , Bea F. , Montero P. , Molina J. F. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTA comparative study of three main igneous rock associations that plot in the K2O–SiO2 diagram shoshonite field: shoshonite series absarokites–shoshonites–banakites (henceforth referred to as shoshonites s.l.), vaugnerites, and potassic lamprophyres, reveals that similarities between the associations are superficial. Vaugnerites and lamprophyres are more magnesian, richer in large ion lithophile and high field strength elements and have higher light rare earth/heavy rare earth ratios than shoshonites. Furthermore, shoshonites have low radiogenic heat production, typical of subduction-related rocks, but most vaugnerites and some lamprophyres are highly radioactive. Relative to bulk-Earth, shoshonites have depleted, asthenospheric mantle-like Sr and Nd isotope signatures, whereas vaugnerites and potassic lamprophyres have enriched, crust or lithospheric mantle-like compositions. Though vaugnerites and some lamprophyres show evidence of crustal contamination, the contaminated magma was not originally shoshonitic. Their composition is consistent with derivation from a metasomatised upper mantle source enriched long before melting, thus precluding an active subduction setting. In conclusion, the term shoshonite, implying late-stage arc magmas, cannot be applied to a rock series simply because it plots into the K2O–SiO2 diagram shoshonite field. Shoshonites with a subduction-related source may, however, be identified by discriminant function analysis.
A revised lithostratigraphic nomenclature for the Palaeogene Faroe Islands Basalt Group, NE Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Passey Simon R. , Jolley David W. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe Palaeogene volcanic succession of the Faroe Islands in the NE Atlantic Ocean is formalised using a purely lithostratigraphic approach and following international guidelines. The Faroe Islands Basalt Group (FIBG) has a gross stratigraphic thickness of ∼6·6 km, dominated by subaerial basalt lava flows, and is subdivided into seven formations. The Lopra Formation forms the basal ∼1·1 km of the Lopra-1/1A borehole, dominated by hyaloclastites, volcaniclastic sandstones and invasive basaltic lavas/sills. It is overlain by the ∼3·25 km-thick Beinisvørð Formation, dominated by laterally extensive basalt sheet lobes separated by minor volcaniclastic lithologies. The Beinisvørð Formation is overlain by the <15 m-thick, inter-eruption, coal-bearing facies of the Prestfjall Formation and the <50 m-thick, syn-eruption, pyroclastic and sedimentary facies of the Hvannhagi Formation. Lava flow volcanic activity resumed with the <1·4 km-thick Malinstindur Formation, dominated by thinly bedded compound basalt lava flows. The top of this formation is marked by a regional disconformity surface, overlain by sandstone and conglomerate deposits of the maximum 30 m-thick Sneis Formation, a newly recognised stratigraphic unit. The final phase of volcanism recorded on the Faroe Islands consists of the >900 m-thick Enni Formation composed of a mixture of basalt sheet lobes and compound flows with abundant volcaniclastic units, e.g. the Argir Beds, that may require a further subdivision at this stratigraphic level. The new lithostratigraphy allows for more refined biostratigraphical and sequence stratigraphic correlations and prepares for a revised geological map of the Faroe Islands.
The base of the global Dapingian Stage (Ordovician) in Baltoscandia: conodonts, graptolites and unconformities
Authors: Bergström Stig M. , Löfgren Anita 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTIn the recently completed and formally ratified new series and stage classification of the Ordovician System, the base of the Middle Ordovician Series coincides with the base of the global Dapingian Stage. In the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of this stage, which is located at Huanghuachang in southern China, the base of the Dapingian Stage is defined as the level of first appearance of the conodont Baltoniodus triangularis. The fact that this species, along with some other taxa present at the Dapingian GSSP, occurs in many sections in Baltoscandia makes it possible to recognise with considerable precision the level of this global stage boundary in Sweden, Estonia, northwestern Russia, and Denmark. In several, but not all, regions, especially in the East Baltic, the global stage boundary coincides with the base of the regional Volkhov Stage and can be tied to the base of the Megistaspis polyphemus Trilobite Zone. The regionally somewhat different relationships between the position of the global stage boundary and a very widespread hardground complex are probably due to the occurrence of local and/or regional unconformities in the upper Floian–lower Dapingian interval. Although biostratigraphically important graptolites are present in the study interval in some Baltoscandic sections, the precise graptolite correlation of the base of the Dapingian Stage remains somewhat unclear, although it appears to be near, or at, the base of the Isograptus victoriae victoriae Zone (Ca 2).