bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activation of Fusiform Face Area by Greebles Is Related to Face Similarity but Not Expertise
Authors: Brants Marijke , Wagemans Johan , Op de Beeck Hans P. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSome of the brain areas in the ventral temporal lobe, such as the fusiform face area (FFA), are critical for face perception in humans, but what determines this specialization is a matter of debate. The face specificity hypothesis claims that faces are processed in a domain-specific way. Alternatively, the expertise hypothesis states that the FFA is specialized in processing objects of expertise. To disentangle these views, some previous experiments used an artificial class of novel objects called Greebles. These experiments combined a learning and fMRI paradigm. Given the high impact of the results in the literature, we replicated and further investigated this paradigm. In our experiment, eight participants were trained for ten 1-hr sessions at identifying Greebles. We scanned participants before and after training and examined responses in FFA and lateral occipital complex. Most importantly and in contrast to previous reports, we found a neural inversion effect for Greebles before training. This result suggests that people process the “novel” Greebles as faces, even before training. This prediction was confirmed in a postexperimental debriefing. In addition, we did not find an increase of the inversion effect for Greebles in the FFA after training. This indicates that the activity in the FFA for Greebles does not depend on the degree of expertise acquired with the objects but on the interpretation of the stimuli as face-related.
Eye Can See What You Want: Posterior Intraparietal Sulcus Encodes the Object of an Actor's Gaze
Authors: Ramsey Richard , Cross Emily S. , Hamilton Antonia F. de C. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn a social setting, seeing Sally look at a clock means something different to seeing her gaze longingly at a slice of chocolate cake. In both cases, her eyes and face might be turned rightward, but the information conveyed is markedly different, depending on the object of her gaze. Numerous studies have examined brain systems underlying the perception of gaze direction, but less is known about the neural basis of perceiving gaze shifts to specific objects. During fMRI, participants observed an actor look toward one of two objects, each occupying a distinct location. Video stimuli were sequenced to obtain repetition suppression (RS) for object identity, independent of spatial location. In a control condition, a spotlight highlighted one of the objects, but no actor was present. Observation of the human actor's gaze compared with the spotlight engaged frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices, consistent with a broad action observation network. RS for gazed object in the human condition was found in posterior intraparietal sulcus (pIPS). RS for highlighted object in the spotlight condition was found in middle occipital, inferior temporal, medial fusiform gyri, and superior parietal lobule. These results suggest that human pIPS is specifically sensitive to the type object that an observed actor looks at (tool vs. food), irrespective of the observed actor's gaze location (left vs. right). A general attention or lower-level object feature processing mechanism cannot account for the findings because a very different response pattern was seen in the spotlight control condition. Our results suggest that, in addition to spatial orienting, human pIPS has an important role in object-centered social orienting.
“She” Is Not Like “I”: The Tie between Language and Action Is in Our Imagination
Authors: Papeo Liuba , Corradi-Dell'Acqua Corrado , Rumiati Raffaella Ida 
Published: June 2011

AbstractEmbodied theories hold that understanding what another person is doing requires the observer to map that action directly onto his or her own motor representation and simulate it internally. The human motor system may, thus, be endowed with a “mirror matching” device through which the same motor representation is activated, when the subject is either the performer or the observer of another's action (“self-other shared representation”). It is suggested that understanding action verbs relies upon the same mechanism; this implies that motor responses to these words are automatic and independent of the subject of the verb. In the current study, participants were requested to read silently and decide on the syntactic subject of action and nonaction verbs, presented in first (1P) or third (3P) person, while TMS was applied to the left hand primary motor cortex (M1). TMS-induced motor-evoked potentials were recorded from hand muscles as a measure of cortico-spinal excitability. Motor-evoked potentials increased for 1P, but not for 3P, action verbs or 1P and 3P nonaction verbs. We provide novel demonstration that the motor simulation is triggered only when the conceptual representation of a word integrates the action with the self as the agent of that action. This questions the core principle of “mirror matching” and opens to alternative interpretations of the relationship between conceptual and sensorimotor processes.
Can We Remember Future Actions yet Forget the Last Two Minutes? Study in Transient Global Amnesia
Authors: Hainselin Mathieu , Quinette Peggy , Desgranges Béatrice , Martinaud Olivier , Hannequin Didier , de La Sayette Vincent , Viader Fausto , Eustache Francis 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the abrupt onset of a massive episodic memory deficit that spares other cognitive functions. If the anterograde dimension is known to be impaired in TGA, researchers have yet to investigate prospective memory (PM)—which involves remembering to perform an intended action at some point in the future—in this syndrome. Furthermore, as executive functions are thought to be spared in this syndrome, TGA provides an opportunity to examine the impact of a massive “pure” memory impairment on PM. We assessed 38 patients with a newly designed protocol that distinguished between the prospective (remembering to do something at the appropriate time) and retrospective (remembering what has to be done) components of PM. Moreover, we investigated episodic memory with an anterograde memory task and assessed executive functions, anxiety and mood, as well as their links with PM. We demonstrated that PM is impaired during TGA, with a greater deficit for the retrospective component than for the prospective component. Furthermore, we highlighted a strong link between these two components. Anterograde episodic memory impairments were correlated with retrospective component deficits in TGA patients, although we were able to confirm that executive functions are globally spared. We discuss this pattern of results within the theoretical framework of PM, putting forward new arguments in favor of the idea that PM deficits can occur mainly because of a massive anterograde memory deficit. The clinical consequences of PM impairment in TGA are examined.
Behavioral Interpretations of Intrinsic Connectivity Networks
Authors: Laird Angela R. , Fox P. Mickle , Eickhoff Simon B. , Turner Jessica A. , Ray Kimberly L. , McKay D. Reese , Glahn David C. , Beckmann Christian F. , Smith Stephen M. , Fox Peter T. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAn increasingly large number of neuroimaging studies have investigated functionally connected networks during rest, providing insight into human brain architecture. Assessment of the functional qualities of resting state networks has been limited by the task-independent state, which results in an inability to relate these networks to specific mental functions. However, it was recently demonstrated that similar brain networks can be extracted from resting state data and data extracted from thousands of task-based neuroimaging experiments archived in the BrainMap database. Here, we present a full functional explication of these intrinsic connectivity networks at a standard low order decomposition using a neuroinformatics approach based on the BrainMap behavioral taxonomy as well as a stratified, data-driven ordering of cognitive processes. Our results serve as a resource for functional interpretations of brain networks in resting state studies and future investigations into mental operations and the tasks that drive them.
Neural Encoding of Objects Relevant for Navigation and Resting State Correlations with Navigational Ability
Authors: Wegman Joost , Janzen Gabriele 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Objects along a route can help us to successfully navigate through our surroundings. Previous neuroimaging research has shown that the parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) distinguishes between objects that were previously encountered at navigationally relevant locations (decision points) and irrelevant locations (nondecision points) during simple object recognition. This study aimed at unraveling how this neural marking of objects relevant for navigation is established during learning and postlearning rest. Twenty-four participants were scanned using fMRI while they were viewing a route through a virtual environment. Eye movements were measured, and brain responses were time-locked to viewing each object. The PHG showed increased responses to decision point objects compared with nondecision point objects during route learning. We compared functional connectivity between the PHG and the rest of the brain in a resting state scan postlearning with such a scan prelearning. Results show that functional connectivity between the PHG and the hippocampus is positively related to participants' self-reported navigational ability. On the other hand, connectivity with the caudate nucleus correlated negatively with navigational ability. These results are in line with a distinction between egocentric and allocentric spatial representations in the caudate nucleus and the hippocampus, respectively. Our results thus suggest a relation between navigational ability and a neural preference for a specific type of spatial representation. Together, these results show that the PHG is immediately involved in the encoding of navigationally relevant object information. Furthermore, they provide insight into the neural correlates of individual differences in spatial ability.
Effects of myofascial release techniques on pain, physical function, and postural stability in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Castro-Sánchez Adelaida María , Matarán-Peñarrocha Guillermo A , Arroyo-Morales Manuel , Saavedra-Hernández Manuel , Fernández-Sola Cayetano , Moreno-Lorenzo Carmen 
Published: June 2011

Objective: To determine the effect of myofascial release techniques on pain symptoms, postural stability and physical function in fibromyalgia syndrome. Design: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial was undertaken. Subjects: Eighty-six patients with fibromyalgia syndrome were randomly assigned to an experimental group and a placebo group. Interventions: Patients received treatments for 20 weeks. The experimental group underwent 10 myofascial release modalities and the placebo group received sham short-wave and ultrasound electrotherapy. Main measures: Outcome variables were number of tender points, pain, postural stability, physical function, clinical severity and global clinical assessment of improvement. Outcome measures were assessed before and immediately after, at six months and one year after the last session of the corresponding intervention. Results: After 20 weeks of myofascial therapy, the experimental group showed a significant improvement ( P  <  0.05) in painful tender points, McGill Pain Score (20.6 ± 6.3, P < 0.032), physical function (56.10 ± 17.3, P < 0.029), and clinical severity (5.08 ± 1.03, P < 0.039). At six months post intervention, the experimental group had a significantly lower mean number of painful points, pain score (8.25 ± 1.13, P < 0.048), physical function (58.60 ± 16.30, P < 0.049) and clinical severity (5.28 ± 0.97, P < 0.043). At one year post intervention, the only significant improvements were in painful points at second left rib and left gluteal muscle, affective dimension, number of days feeling good and clinical severity. Conclusion: The results suggest that myofascial release techniques can be a complementary therapy for pain symptoms, physical function and clinical severity but do not improve postural stability in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome.
Migraine and cardiovascular disease in women and the role of aspirin: Subgroup analyses in the Women’s Health Study
Authors: Kurth Tobias , Diener Hans-Christoph , Buring Julie E 
Published: June 2011

Background: Migraine with aura (MA) has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The role of aspirin on this association remains unclear. Methods: Post-hoc subgroup analyses of the Women’s Health Study, a randomized trial testing 100 mg aspirin on alternate days in primary prevention of CVD among 39,876 women aged ≥45. Results: During 10 years, 998 major CVD events were confirmed in 39,757 women with complete migraine information. Aspirin reduced risk of ischaemic stroke (relative risk, RR, 0.76, 95% CI 0.63–0.93) but not other CVD. Migraine or MA did not modify the effect of aspirin on CVD except for myocardial infarction (MI) ( p for interaction = 0.01). Women with MA on aspirin had increased risk of MI (RR 3.72, 95% CI 1.39–9.95). Further exploratory analyses indicate that this increased risk is only apparent among women with MA on aspirin who ever smoked or had history of hypertension ( p for interaction<0.01). Conclusions: In post-hoc subgroup analyses, aspirin had similar protective effects on ischaemic stroke for women with or without migraine. By contrast, our data suggest that women with MA on aspirin had increased risk of MI. The small number of outcome events in subgroups, the exploratory nature of our analyses, and lack of plausible mechanisms raise the possibility of a chance finding, which must caution the interpretation.
Prediction of the pressure–flow characteristic of a Belleville washer-based damper valve
Authors: Darling J , Patel A , Tilley D 
Published: June 2011

Flow control valves used in automotive suspension dampers are almost universally based upon the restriction of flow using Belleville washers. These washers can best be described as a non-flat washer of conical shape and uniform thickness. They are also known as disc springs and are commonly used for load bearing in which their compactness and ability to produce a wide range of load–deflection characteristics provide an alternative to conventional coil springs. Due to the non-linear behaviour of Belleville washers, and the complex flow paths in an automotive damper valve, it is difficult to predict the resulting pressure–flow characteristic. As a result, damper valve design is often considered to be a ‘black art’ best carried out by an experienced engineer using an experimental-based trial-and-error approach. Clearly, without the aid of an analytical tool to predict the behaviour of prototype systems it is difficult for the designer to fully exploit the functionality of a particular design. The current paper describes theoretical and experimental studies undertaken to investigate the pressure–flow characteristic of a Belleville washer-based damper valve. Existing load–deflection theory was extended to account for the hydraulic pressure acting on the surfaces of the washer. However, poor agreement was obtained between the measured pressure–flow data using a uniform pressure distribution across the washer diameter. For this reason the model was developed further to include the effect of a non-uniform pressure distribution within the valve. Computational fluid dynamics software was used to predict the pressure regime within the valve and this, in turn, was used to calculate the forces acting on the surface of the Belleville washer. The improved model was found to match the experimental behaviour with good accuracy, both for a range of spring pre-load conditions and for applications where several washers are stacked up in parallel. However further work would be required to develop a reliable simulation tool as an element of trial and error was necessary to estimate some simulation parameters.
An experimental study of unsteady hydrodynamics of a single scull
Authors: Day A H , Campbell I , Clelland D , Cichowicz J 
Published: June 2011

The effect of hull dynamics on the hydrodynamic performance of a single scull is investigated via a combination of field trials and tank tests. The location of laminar-turbulent transition in unsteady flow is explored via several series of hot-film measurements on the bow of a full-scale single scull in unsteady flow in both towing tank and field-trial conditions. Results demonstrate that the measured real-world viscous-flow behaviour can be successfully reproduced in the tank using an oscillating sub-carriage to reproduce the surging motion measured in the field trials. It can be seen that there is a strong link between turbulence and acceleration; results show that the link is relatively insensitive to mean velocity, but that small changes in acceleration time-histories can have a marked effect, as can the presence of small waves. The impact of the location of laminar turbulent transition is investigated by way of a series of resistance tests, both with free transition and with transition forced by turbulence stimulation at two different locations. Results indicate that an aft movement of 200 mm of the location of transition can reduce resistance by almost 0.5 per cent. Unsteady tests using the oscillating sub-carriage indicate that unsteady effects add around 3 per cent to the total mean resistance with free transition.
The relationship between bone, hemopoietic stem cells, and vasculature
Authors: Ellis Sarah L. , Grassinger Jochen , Jones Allan , Borg Judy , Camenisch Todd , Haylock David , Bertoncello Ivan , Nilsson Susan K. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
A large body of evidence suggests hemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) exist in an endosteal niche close to bone, whereas others suggest that the HSC niche is intimately associated with vasculature. In this study, we show that transplanted hemopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) home preferentially to the trabecular-rich metaphysis of the femurs in nonablated mice at all time points from 15 minutes to 15 hours after transplantation. Within this region, they exist in an endosteal niche in close association with blood vessels. The preferential homing of HSPCs to the metaphysis occurs rapidly after transplantation, suggesting that blood vessels within this region may express a unique repertoire of endothelial adhesive molecules. One candidate is hyaluronan (HA), which is highly expressed on the blood vessel endothelium in the metaphysis. Analysis of the early stages of homing and the spatial dis-tribution of transplanted HSPCs at the single-cell level in mice devoid of Has3-synthesized HA, provides evidence for a previously undescribed role for HA expressed on endothelial cells in directing the homing of HSPCs to the metaphysis.
DC-like cell-dependent activation of human natural killer cells by the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid is regulated by γδ T lymphocytes
Authors: Nussbaumer Oliver , Gruenbacher Georg , Gander Hubert , Thurnher Martin 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBisphosphonates are mainly used for the inhibition of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption but also have been shown to induce γδ T-cell activation. Using IL-2–primed cultures of CD56+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we show here that zoledronic acid (zoledronate) could induce IFN-γ production not only in γδ T lymphocytes but, surprisingly, also in natural killer (NK) cells in a manner that depended on antigen-presenting cells, which share properties of inflammatory monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs; here referred to as DC-like cells). In the presence of γδ T lymphocytes, DC-like cells were rapidly eliminated, and NK cell IFN-γ production was silenced. Conversely, in the absence of γδ T lymphocytes, DC-like cells were spared, allowing NK cell IFN-γ production to proceed. γδ T cell–independent NK cell activation in response to zoledronate was because of downstream depletion of endogenous prenyl pyrophosphates and subsequent caspase-1 activation in DC-like cells, which then provide mature IL-18 and IL-1β for the activation of IL-2–primed NK cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of caspase-1 almost abolished IFN-γ production in NK cells and γδ T lymphocytes, indicating that caspase-1–mediated cytokine maturation is the crucial mechanism underlying innate lymphocyte activation in response to zoledronate.
Cytotoxicity of farnesyltransferase inhibitors in lymphoid cells mediated by MAPK pathway inhibition and Bim up-regulation
Authors: Ding Husheng , Hackbarth Jennifer , Schneider Paula A. , Peterson Kevin L. , Meng X. Wei , Dai Haiming , Witzig Thomas E. , Kaufmann Scott H. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe mechanism of cytotoxicity of farnesyltransferase inhibitors is incompletely understood and seems to vary depending on the cell type. To identify potential determinants of sensitivity or resistance for study in the accompanying clinical trial (Witzig et al, page 4882), we examined the mechanism of cytotoxicity of tipifarnib in human lymphoid cell lines. Based on initial experiments showing that Jurkat variants lacking Fas-associated death domain or procaspase-8 undergo tipifarnib-induced apoptosis, whereas cells lacking caspase-9 or overexpressing Bcl-2 do not, we examined changes in Bcl-2 family members. Tipifarnib caused dose-dependent up-regulation of Bim in lymphoid cell lines (Jurkat, Molt3, H9, DoHH2, and RL) that undergo tipifarnib-induced apoptosis but not in lines (SKW6.4 and Hs445) that resist tipifarnib-induced apoptosis. Further analysis demonstrated that increased Bim levels reflect inhibition of signaling from c-Raf to MEK1/2 and ERK1/2. Additional experiments showed that down-regulation of the Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor RasGRP1 diminished tipifarnib sensitivity, suggesting that H-Ras or N-Ras is a critical farnesylation target upstream of c-Raf in lymphoid cells. These results not only trace a pathway through c-Raf to Bim that contributes to tipifarnib cytotoxicity in human lymphoid cells but also identify potential determinants of sensitivity to this agent.
Novel adoptive T-cell immunotherapy using a WT1-specific TCR vector encoding silencers for endogenous TCRs shows marked antileukemia reactivity and safety
Authors: Ochi Toshiki , Fujiwara Hiroshi , Okamoto Sachiko , An Jun , Nagai Kozo , Shirakata Toshiaki , Mineno Junichi , Kuzushima Kiyotaka , Shiku Hiroshi , Yasukawa Masaki 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAdoptive T-cell therapy for malignancies using redirected T cells genetically engineered by tumor antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer is associated with mispairing between introduced and endogenous TCR chains with unknown specificity. Therefore, deterioration of antitumor reactivity and serious autoimmune reactivity are major concerns. To address this problem, we have recently established a novel retroviral vector system encoding siRNAs for endogenous TCR genes (siTCR vector). In this study, to test the clinical application of siTCR gene therapy for human leukemia, we examined in detail the efficacy and safety of WT1-siTCR–transduced T cells. Compared with conventional WT1-TCR (WT1-coTCR) gene-transduced T cells, these cells showed significant enhancement of antileukemia reactivity resulting from stronger expression of the introduced WT1-specific TCR with inhibition of endogenous TCRs. Notably, WT1-siTCR gene-transduced T cells were remarkably expandable after repetitive stimulation with WT1 peptide in vitro, without any deterioration of antigen specificity. WT1-siTCR gene–transduced T cells from leukemia patients successfully lysed autologous leukemia cells, but not normal hematopoietic progenitor cells. In a mouse xenograft model, adoptively transferred WT1-siTCR gene-transduced T cells exerted distinct antileukemia efficacy but did not inhibit human hematopoiesis. Our results suggest that gene-immunotherapy for leukemia using this WT1-siTCR system holds considerable promise.