bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization and Stability Analysis of Zinc Oxide Nanoencapsulated Conjugated Linoleic Acid
Authors: Choy Jin‐Ho , Shin Jiwon , Lim Seung‐Yong , Oh Jae‐Min , Oh Mi‐Hwa , Oh Sangsuk 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  Nanoencapsulation technology has a diverse range of applications, including drug‐delivery systems (DDS) and cosmetic and chemical carriers, because it can deliver various bio‐ and organic‐molecules and improve their stabilities. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has health benefits, including being an anticancer agent, but it decreases flavor due to volatiles from oxidation. To improve the stability of CLA for food applications, nanoencapsulated CLA was synthesized for use in zinc basic salt (ZBS) and characterized by powder X‐ray diffractometry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental CHN analysis, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis, UV/VIS spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. The thermal stability of nanoencapsulated CLA at 180 °C, a temperature similar to that used in cooking, was analyzed by gas chromatography. The gallery height of nanoencapsulated CLA was determined to be approximately 26 Å through powder X‐ray diffractometry; therefore, the CLA molecules were closely packed with zig‐zag form between the intracrystalline spaces of nano particles. Elemental CHN analysis and ICP data determined the chemical composition of nanoencapsulated CLA to be Zn4.86(OH)8.78(CLA)0.94. By TGA, it was determined about 45% (wt/wt) of weight loss corresponded to CLA, which is good agreement with the 42.13% (wt/wt) determined from high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and elemental CHN analysis. UV/VIS spectroscopy and Fourier‐transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed encapsulated CLA maintained a conjugated diene structure, supporting the presence of CLA. Nanoencapsulation improved the thermal stability of CLA by about 25%, compared to pristine CLA. Practical Application: This system can be used for protection of encapsulated negatively‐charged food ingredients from thermal processing.
Characterization of Biogenic Amines and Factors Influencing Their Formation in Traditional Chinese Sausages
Authors: Lu Shiling , Xu Xinglian , Shu Ruihua , Zhou Guanghong , Meng Yong , Sun Yongming , Chen Yanping , Wang Peng 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  Biogenic amines in 42 traditional Chinese sausage samples obtained from different regions were determined by HPLC. The result showed that cadaverine was the major amine, followed by tyramine and putrescine. A total of 4 groups of samples were identified on the basis of total amines by cluster analysis. Group A included samples showing low amine contents (76.5 to 220 mg/kg) and accounted for 28.5% of the sausages examined. Group B included samples with moderate amine contents (220 to 600 mg/kg) and accounted for 45.2%. Group C included 11.9% of the samples showing high total biogenic amines contents (600 to 1000 mg/kg) and group D contained 14.28% of the samples showing very high levels of biogenic amines (higher than 1000 mg/kg). High correlation coefficients were found between the total counts of Enterobacteria and concentrations of total biogenic amines (r = 0.73). Sanitary quality of raw materials and the specific flora are import factors influencing biogenic amines formation in traditional Chinese sausages. Practical Application: Biogenic amines are considered potentially harmful substances to human health worldwide and are usually found in fermented sausage.Traditional Chinese sausage is one form of spontaneously fermented sausage and manufactured in small‐scale plants following spontaneous fermentation. Little information, however, exists on the traditional Chinese sausage.
Analysis of Antibody Responses to Protective Antigen-Based Anthrax Vaccines through Use of Competitive Assays
Authors: Brady Rebecca A. , Verma Anita , Meade Bruce D. , Burns Drusilla L. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT
The licensed anthrax vaccine and many of the new anthrax vaccines being developed are based on protective antigen (PA), a nontoxic component of anthrax toxin. For this reason, an understanding of the immune response to PA vaccination is important. In this study, we examined the antibody response elicited by PA-based vaccines and identified the domains of PA that contribute to that response in humans as well as nonhuman primates (NHPs) and rabbits, animal species that will be used to generate efficacy data to support approval of new anthrax vaccines. To this end, we developed a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using purified recombinant forms of intact PA and its individual domains. We found that PA-based vaccines elicited IgG antibodies to each of the four PA domains in all three species. We also developed a competitive toxin neutralization assay, which showed that rabbits, NHPs, and humans all have functional antibody populations that bind to domains 1, 3, and 4. While the domain specificities of the antibody responses elicited by PA-based vaccines were similar in humans, NHPs, and rabbits, competitive assays suggested that humans may have a more significant secondary population of IgG antibodies that bind to partially unfolded or incorrectly folded PA. These findings provide information that will be useful when linking animal protection data to humans via an antibody bridge to establish efficacy of new anthrax vaccines.
Increased Allergic Immune Response toSarcoptes scabieiAntigens in Crusted versus Ordinary Scabies
Authors: Walton Shelley F. , Pizzutto Susan , Slender Amy , Viberg Linda , Holt Deborah , Hales Belinda J. , Kemp David J. , Currie Bart J. , Rolland Jennifer M. , O'Hehir Robyn 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTScabies, a parasitic skin infestation by the burrowing “itch” miteSarcoptes scabiei, causes significant health problems for children and adults worldwide. Crusted scabies is a particularly severe form of scabies in which mites multiply into the millions, causing extensive skin crusting. The symptoms and signs of scabies suggest host immunity to the scabies mite, but the specific resistant response in humans remains largely uncharacterized. We used 4 scabies mite recombinant proteins with sequence homology to extensively studied house dust mite allergens to investigate a differential immune response between ordinary scabies and the debilitating crusted form of the disease. Subjects with either disease form showed serum IgE against recombinantS. scabieicysteine and serine proteases and apolipoprotein, whereas naive subjects showed minimal IgE reactivity. Significantly (P< 0.05) greater serum IgE and IgG4 binding to mite apolipoprotein occurred in subjects with crusted scabies than in those with ordinary scabies. Both subject groups showed strong proliferative responses (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) to the scabies antigens, but the crusted scabies group showed increased secretion of the Th2 cytokines interleukin 5 (IL-5) and IL-13 and decreased Th1 cytokine gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in response to the active cysteine protease. These data confirm that a nonprotective allergic response occurs in the crusted disease form and demonstrate that clinical severity is associated with differences in the type and magnitude of the antibody and cellular responses to scabies proteins. A quantitative IgE inhibition assay identified IgE immunoreactivity of scabies mite antigens distinct from that of house dust mite antigens, which is potentially important for specific scabies diagnosis and therapy.
Genomic Signatures of the Haarlem Lineage of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
: Implications of Strain Genetic Variation in Drug and Vaccine Development
Authors: Cubillos-Ruiz Andrés , Sandoval Andrea , Ritacco Viviana , López Beatriz , Robledo Jaime , Correa Nidia , Hernandez-Neuta Iván , Zambrano Maria Mercedes , Del Portillo Patricia 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Tuberculosis is the world's leading cause of death due to a single infectious agent, and efforts aimed at its control require a better understanding of host, environmental, and bacterial factors that govern disease outcome. Growing evidence indicates that certain
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
strains of distinct phylogeographic lineages elicit unique immunopathological events. However, identifying the genetic basis of these phenotypic peculiarities has proven difficult. Here we report the presence of six large sequence polymorphisms which, together with two single-nucleotide changes previously described by our group, consistently differentiate Haarlem strains from the remaining
M. tuberculosis
lineages. The six newly found Haarlem-specific genetic events are four deletions, which altogether involve more than 13 kb, and two intragenic insertions of the element IS
6110
. The absence of the genes involved in these polymorphisms could have an important physiological impact on Haarlem strains, i.e., by affecting key genes, such as
Rv1354c
and
cyp121
, which have been recently proposed as plausible drug targets. These lineage-specific polymorphisms can serve as genetic markers for the rapid PCR identification of Haarlem strains, providing a useful tool for strain surveillance and molecular epidemiology studies. Strain variability such as that described here underscores the need for the definition of a core set of essential genes in
M. tuberculosis
that are ubiquitously present in all circulating lineages, as a requirement in the development of effective antituberculosis drugs and vaccines.
Diarrheagenic
Escherichia coli
Markers and Phenotypes among Fecal
E. coli
Isolates Collected from Nicaraguan Infants
Authors: Reyes Daniel , Vilchez Samuel , Paniagua Margarita , Colque-Navarro Patricia , Weintraub Andrej , Möllby Roland , Kühn Inger 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

We analyzed the prevalence of diarrheagenic
Escherichia coli
(DEC) markers and common phenotypes in 2,164
E. coli
isolates from 282 DEC-positive samples. Enteropathogenic
E. coli
(EPEC) and enteroaggregative
E. coli
(EAEC) were very diverse and were not correlated with diarrhea. Enterotoxigenic
E. coli
(ETEC)
estA
and enterohemorrhagic
E. coli
(EHEC) belonged to a few phenotypes and were significantly correlated with diarrhea.
Evaluation of Sensitivity of Multiplex PCR for Detection of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and
Pneumocystis jirovecii
in Clinical Samples
Authors: Boondireke Sirirat , Mungthin Mathirut , Tan-ariya Peerapan , Boonyongsunchai Petchara , Naaglor Tawee , Wattanathum Anan , Treewatchareekorn Sompong , Leelayoova Saovanee 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

A multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and
Pneumocystis jirovecii
was developed using IS
6110
-based detection for
M. tuberculosis
and mitochondrial large-subunit (mtLSU) rRNA gene detection for
P. jirovecii.
Ninety-five pulmonary blinded samples were examined using the developed multiplex PCR assay, and the results were compared with those obtained by the single nested PCRs targeting IS
6110
for
M. tuberculosis
and mtLSU rRNA for
P. jirovecii
. Of the 95 pulmonary samples tested, the multiplex nested PCR developed here could detect 36 cases of
M. tuberculosis
infection, 35 cases of
P. jirovecii
infection, and 17 cases of
M. tuberculosis
and
P. jirovecii
coinfections. The sensitivities of the multiplex nested PCR in detecting
M. tuberculosis
and
P. jirovecii
were 92.1% and 81.4%, respectively, whereas the specificities in detecting
M. tuberculosis
and
P. jirovecii
were 98.2% and 100%, respectively.
Robinsoniella peoriensis
Bacteremia in a Patient with Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Shen Dingxia , Chen Rong , Ye Liyan , Luo Yanping , Tang Yi-Wei 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Robinsoniella peoriensis
was recently identified as a Gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic rod originally isolated from swine manure storage pits. We describe here a case of
R. peoriensis
bacteremia in a 42-year-old male with pancreatic cancer. The identification was confirmed by unique phenotypic profiles and partial 16S rRNA gene sequences.
Axillary Abscess Due to
Yersinia enterocolitica
Authors: Menzies Barbara E. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Yersinia enterocolitica
rarely causes extraintestinal disease. A 54-year-old construction worker with chronic hepatitis C developed an axillary abscess following an injury to his finger. An aspirate from the axillary mass grew
Y. enterocolitica
. Direct inoculation is proposed as the mode of transmission of this classically enteric pathogen.
Evaluation of Specificity of BP3385 for
Bordetella pertussis
Detection
Authors: Register Karen B. , Nicholson Tracy L. , Guthrie J. L. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

BP3385 has been proposed as a diagnostic PCR target for discriminating between
Bordetella pertussis
and other
Bordetella
species that also infect humans. Our results demonstrate that this gene is also present in some strains of
Bordetella hinzii
and
Bordetella bronchiseptica
.
Genogroup IIb Norovirus Infections and Association with Enteric Symptoms in a Neonatal Nursery in Southern India
Authors: Menon Vipin Kumar , George Santosh , Ramani Sasirekha , Illiayaraja Jeyaram , Sarkar Rajiv , Jana Atanu Kumar , Kuruvilla Kurien Anil , Kang Gagandeep 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Noroviruses (NoVs) are increasingly recognized as an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide. However, there are limited data on the role of NoVs in neonatal infections and disease. The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of NoVs in neonates with gastrointestinal disease using a case-control study design and to characterize the NoV strains infecting neonates. A total of 309 fecal samples from 161 neonates with gastrointestinal symptoms and 148 asymptomatic controls were screened for genogroup II (GII) NoV using reverse transcription-PCR. A subset of PCR-positive amplicons for the polymerase and capsid regions was sequenced. NoV was detected in 26.2% of samples, with the rate of detection being significantly higher among symptomatic neonates (60/161, 37.2%) than asymptomatic neonates (24/148, 14.1%) (
P
< 0.001). On the basis of sequencing of 29 strains, a single NoV strain, GIIb, was identified to be the predominant (27/29, 93.1%) cause of neonatal infections. Coinfection with rotavirus was seen in nearly one-third of symptomatic neonates. The study demonstrates a high prevalence of NoV infections in neonates and indicates that coinfection with rotavirus may result in significantly more gastrointestinal disease in this population.
Characterization of a Putative Ancestor of Coxsackievirus B5
Authors: Gullberg Maria , Tolf Conny , Jonsson Nina , Mulders Mick N. , Savolainen-Kopra Carita , Hovi Tapani , Van Ranst Marc , Lemey Philippe , Hafenstein Susan , Lindberg A. Michael 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Like other RNA viruses, coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) exists as circulating heterogeneous populations of genetic variants. In this study, we present the reconstruction and characterization of a probable ancestral virion of CVB5. Phylogenetic analyses based on capsid protein-encoding regions (the VP1 gene of 41 clinical isolates and the entire P1 region of eight clinical isolates) of CVB5 revealed two major cocirculating lineages. Ancestral capsid sequences were inferred from sequences of these contemporary CVB5 isolates by using maximum likelihood methods. By using Bayesian phylodynamic analysis, the inferred VP1 ancestral sequence dated back to 1854 (1807 to 1898). In order to study the properties of the putative ancestral capsid, the entire ancestral P1 sequence was synthesized
de novo
and inserted into the replicative backbone of an infectious CVB5 cDNA clone. Characterization of the recombinant virus in cell culture showed that fully functional infectious virus particles were assembled and that these viruses displayed properties similar to those of modern isolates in terms of receptor preferences, plaque phenotypes, growth characteristics, and cell tropism. This is the first report describing the resurrection and characterization of a picornavirus with a putative ancestral capsid. Our approach, including a phylogenetics-based reconstruction of viral predecessors, could serve as a starting point for experimental studies of viral evolution and might also provide an alternative strategy for the development of vaccines.
Limited Interference at the Early Stage of Infection between Two Recombinant Novirhabdoviruses: Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus and Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus
Authors: Biacchesi Stéphane , Lamoureux Annie , Mérour Emilie , Bernard Julie , Brémont Michel 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

The genome sequence of a hypervirulent novirhabdovirus, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) French strain 23-75, was determined. Compared to the genome of the prototype Fil3 strain, a number of substitutions, deletions, and insertions were observed. Following the establishment of a plasmid-based minigenome replication assay, recombinant VHSV (rVHSV) was successfully recovered. rVHSV exhibits wild-type-like growth properties
in vitro
as well as
in vivo
in rainbow trout. The dispensable role of NV for the novirhabdovirus replication was confirmed by generating rVHSV-ΔNV, in which the NV gene was deleted. This deletion mutant was shown to be as debilitated as that previously described for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), a distantly related novirhabdovirus (S. Biacchesi, M. I. Thoulouze, M. Bearzotti, Y. X. Yu, and M. Bremont, J. Virol.
74:
11247-11253, 2000). Recombinant VHSV and IHNV expressing tdTomato and GFP
max
reporter genes, respectively, were generated, demonstrating the potential of these rhabdoviruses to serve as viral vectors. Interestingly, rIHNV-GFP
max
could be recovered using the replicative complex proteins of either virus, whereas rVHSV-Tomato could be recovered only by using its own replicative complex, reflecting that the genome signal sequences of VHSV are relatively distant from those of IHNV and do not allow their cross-recognition. Moreover, the use of heterologous protein combinations underlined the importance of strong protein-protein interactions for the formation of a functional ribonucleoprotein complex. The rIHNV-GFP
max
and rVHSV-Tomato viruses were used to simultaneously coinfect cell monolayers. It was observed that up to 74% of the cell monolayer was coinfected by both viruses, demonstrating that a limited interference phenomenon exists during the early stage of primary infection, and it was not mediated by a cellular antiviral protein or by some of the viral proteins.
Advances in Human B19 Erythrovirus Biology
Authors: Servant-Delmas Annabelle , Lefrère Jean-Jacques , Morinet Frédéric , Pillet Sylvie 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT
Since its discovery, human parvovirus B19 (B19V), now termed erythrovirus, has been associated with many clinical situations (neurological and myocardium infections, persistent B19V DNAemia) in addition to the prototype clinical manifestations, i.e., erythema infectiosum and erythroblastopenia crisis. In 2002, the use of new molecular tools led to the characterization of three different genotypes of human B19 erythrovirus. Although the genomic organization is conserved, the geographic distribution of the different genotypes varies worldwide, and the nucleotidic divergences can impact the molecular diagnosis of B19 virus infection. The cell cycle of the virus remains partially unresolved; however, recent studies have shed light on the mechanism of cell entry and the interactions of B19V proteins with apoptosis pathways.
Identification of Key Residues in Virulent Canine Distemper Virus Hemagglutinin That Control CD150/SLAM-Binding Activity
Authors: Zipperle Ljerka , Langedijk Johannes P. M. , Örvell Claes , Vandevelde Marc , Zurbriggen Andreas , Plattet Philippe 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT
Morbillivirus cell entry is controlled by hemagglutinin (H), an envelope-anchored viral glycoprotein determining interaction with multiple host cell surface receptors. Subsequent to virus-receptor attachment, H is thought to transduce a signal triggering the viral fusion glycoprotein, which in turn drives virus-cell fusion activity. Cell entry through the universal morbillivirus receptor CD150/SLAM was reported to depend on two nearby microdomains located within the hemagglutinin. Here, we provide evidence that three key residues in the virulent canine distemper virus A75/17 H protein (Y525, D526, and R529), clustering at the rim of a large recessed groove created by β-propeller blades 4 and 5, control SLAM-binding activity without drastically modulating protein surface expression or SLAM-independent F triggering.
A Role for Caveolin 1 in Assembly and Budding of the Paramyxovirus Parainfluenza Virus 5
Authors: Ravid Dana , Leser George P. , Lamb Robert A. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Caveolin 1 (Cav-1) is an integral membrane protein that forms the coat structure of plasma membrane caveolae and regulates caveola-dependent functions. Caveolae are enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids and are related to lipid rafts. Many studies implicate rafts as sites of assembly and budding of enveloped virus. We show that Cav-1 colocalizes with the paramyxovirus parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV-5) nucleocapsid (NP), matrix (M), and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins. Moreover, electron microscopy shows that Cav-1 is clustered at sites of viral budding. HN, M, and F
1
/F
2
are associated with detergent-resistant membranes, and these proteins float on sucrose gradients with Cav-1-rich fractions. A complex containing Cav-1 with M, NP, and HN from virus-infected cells and a complex containing Cav-1 and M from M-transfected cells were found on coimmunoprecipitation. A role of Cav-1 in the PIV-5 life cycle was investigated by utilizing MCF-7 human breast cancer cells that stably express Cav-1 (MCF-7/Cav-1). PIV-5 entry into MCF-7 and MCF-7/Cav-1 was found to be Cav-1 independent. However, the interaction between HN and M proteins was dramatically reduced in the Cav-1 null MCF-7 cells, and PIV-5 grown in MCF-7 cells had a reduced infectivity. Similarly, when PIV-5 was grown in MDCK cells that stably expressed dominant negative Cav-1 (MDCK/P132LCav-1), the virus showed a reduced infectivity. Virions lacking Cav-1 were defective and contained high levels of host cellular proteins and reduced levels of HN and M. These data suggest that Cav-1 affects assembly and/or budding, and this is supported by the finding that Cav-1 is incorporated into mature viral particles.
Nucleotide Variability and Translation Efficiency of the 5′ Untranslated Region of Hepatitis A Virus: Update from Clinical Isolates Associated with Mild and Severe Hepatitis
Authors: Mackiewicz Vincent , Cammas Anne , Desbois Delphine , Marchadier Eric , Pierredon Sandra , Beaulieux Frédérik , Dussaix Elisabeth , Vagner Stephan , Roque-Afonso Anne-Marie 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Mutations in the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of hepatitis A virus (HAV) have been associated with enhanced
in vitro
replication and viral attenuation in animal models. To address the possible role of IRES variability in clinical presentation, IRES sequences were obtained from HAV isolates associated with benign (
n
= 8) or severe (
n
= 4) hepatitis. IRES activity was assessed using a bicistronic dual-luciferase expression system in adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and hepatoma (HuH7) cell lines. Activity was higher in HuH7 than in HeLa cells, except for an infrequently isolated genotype IIA strain. Though globally low, significant variation in IRES-dependent translation efficiency was observed between field isolates, reflecting the low but significant genetic variability of this region (94.2% ± 0.5% nucleotide identity). No mutation was exclusive of benign or severe hepatitis, and variations in IRES activity were not associated with a clinical phenotype, indirectly supporting the preponderance of host factors in determining the clinical presentation.