bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Undecylenic Acid: A Valuable and Physiologically Active Renewable Building Block from Castor Oil
Authors: Van der Steen Marijke , Stevens Christian V. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA lot of attention is currently being paid to the transition to a biobased economy. In this movement, most efforts concentrate on the development of bioenergy applications including bioethanol, biodiesel, thermochemical conversion of biomass, and others. However, in the energy sector other nonbiomass alternatives are known, whereas no valuable alternatives are available when thinking about chemical building blocks. Therefore, it is also essential to develop new routes for the synthesis of bio‐based chemicals and materials derived thereof. Such intermediates can originate either from plants or from animals. Castor oil is a non‐edible oil extracted from the seeds of the castor bean plant Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae), which grows in tropical and subtropical areas. Globally, around one million tons of castor seeds are produced every year, the leading producing areas being India, PR China, and Brazil.2 10‐Undecenoic acid or undecylenic acid is a fatty acid derived from castor oil that, owing to its bifunctional nature, has many possibilities to develop sustainable applications.
Flow cytometric in situ proximity ligation analyses of protein interactions and post‐translational modification of the epidermal growth factor receptor family
Authors: Leuchowius Karl‐Johan , Weibrecht Irene , Landegren Ulf , Gedda Lars , Söderberg Ola 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInteractions between members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family mediates cellular responses to ligand stimulation. Measurement of these interactions could provide important information and may prove useful as prognostic markers in malignancy. Therefore, to develop methods to study these interactions in genetically unmodified cells, such as clinical samples, in a sensitive and selective way, with good statistical accuracy, is important. The in situ proximity ligation assay (in situ PLA) was used to quantify homo‐ and heteromeric interactions between EGFR and HER2 in cultured cells, using flow cytometry as the readout method. Cells were monitored for changes in dimerization patterns and phosphorylation status upon stimulation. The different cell lines displayed varying amounts of interactions between EGFR and HER2, but the amount of dimerization was not found to be affected significantly upon stimulation by EGF. Activation of EGFR could be visualized by in situ PLA, but not by immunofluorescence staining. In situ PLA was successfully used to study receptor dimerization and activation of the EGF‐receptor family with high selectivity and sensitivity. The combination of in situ PLA and flow cytometry provided a statistically powerful way of analyzing protein‐protein interactions and post‐translational modifications on a single‐cell basis. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Virtual reservation scheme for supporting CBR multimedia services with strict QoS performance over WLAN and wireless mesh
Authors: Ohayon Rony 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYCarrier sense multiple access and its variants have been widely used in mobilead hocnetworks. However, most existing access mechanisms cannot guarantee quality of service for real‐time traffic. In this paper, we present a novel approach to guarantee the performance of real‐time applications such as voice and video that require periodic access to the wireless local area network (WLAN) channel. Our approach can work either with distributed coordination function or enhanced distributed coordination function, and includes distributed reservations of time slots between the stations sharing the WLAN without the need to send any signaling or control messages. Stations can access the wireless medium only if they are able to complete the frame transmission without interruption to the reserved slots of existing real‐time sessions. Simulation results indicate that the proposed mechanism provides high channel utilization, and bounded delays and jitter for real‐time traffic. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance analysis of system with L‐branch selection combining over correlated Weibull fading channels in the presence of cochannel interference
Authors: Stefanović Mihajlo Č. , Draća Dragan Lj. , Panajotović Aleksandra S. , Sekulović Nikola M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this paper, the performance of L‐branch selection combining receiver over correlated Weibull fading channels in the presence of correlated Weibull‐distributed cochannel interference is analyzed. Closed‐form expressions for probability density function and cumulative distribution function of the signal‐to‐interference ratio at the output of the selection combining receiver present main contribution of this paper. Numerical results are also presented to show the effects of various parameters as the fading severity, correlation and number of branches on outage probability. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pursuing community forestry in Liberia
Authors: Lamb Jennifer N. , Moore Keith M. , Smith Robert 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWhile Liberian forests are a biodiversity hotspot and integral to the livelihoods of indigenous communities, 14 years of conflict forestry turned this national asset into a source of economic inequality and corruption in an extreme example of a ‘natural resource curse’. Moreover, overharvesting of timber through the conflict period has endangered community livelihoods and raised concerns regarding resource sustainability from international conservation organizations. Since the end of conflict in 2003, the Liberian government has forged international partnerships to create a reformed policy framework balancing commercial, conservation and community (the three Cs) interests. In an effort to contribute to the larger body of work on the role of natural resource management institutions in the creation and fostering of the resource curse, this paper offers a case study of timber in Liberia. We feel that an in‐depth understanding of the Liberian case clarifies the challenge of timber as an extractive commodity and how the institutional framework can be shaped to provide a positive contribution to economic development. The discussion focuses on the historical development of Liberian land and forest tenure institutions that lead to poverty, ecological degradation and conflict. Tracing the more recent implementation of the three Cs, this paper analyzes the current conditions of community engagement and outlines critical steps to be taken for Liberia to escape further resource driven cycles of conflict. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Stable‐Ion NMR Spectroscopy and GIAO‐DFT Study of Carbocations Derived from Multibridged [3n]Cyclophanes
Authors: Laali Kenneth K. , Okazaki Takao , Kitagawa Toshikazu , Shinmyozu Teruo 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMono‐ and diprotonation of the tri‐, tetra‐, and pentabridged cyclophanes [33](1,3,5)cyclophane (4), [34](1,2,3,5)cyclophane (5), and [35](1,2,3,4,5)cyclophane (6) were realized, and NMR spectroscopic studies of the resulting carbocations are reported. Unlike [2.2]paracyclophane and its fluorinated analogs that are protonated at a position ipso to the ethano‐bridge, the monocations derived from 4, 5, and 6 are protonated at the unsubstituted ring positions. Protonation regioselectivity in the dications is pseudo‐meta for 4 and 5 at unsubstituted ring positions, but for more‐crowded 6 the second protonation occurs at a position that is ipso to the trimethylene bridge. Transannular π–π interactions in the monocations are manifested in the observed proton deshielding in the unprotonated π‐deck. DFT and GIAO‐DFT were employed to study the mono‐ and dications for comparison with the solution studies in superacids. GIAO‐derived ΔNICS(1)zz data for the [3n]cyclophane monocations imply decreased aromaticity in the cofacial unprotonated arene, consistent with transannular donor–acceptor interactions.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
A 2‐D‐HPLC‐CE platform coupled to ESI‐TOF‐MS to characterize the phenolic fraction in olive oil
Authors: García‐Villalba Rocío , Carrasco‐Pancorbo Alegría , Vázquez‐Martín Alejandro , Oliveras‐Ferraros Cristina , Menéndez Javier A. , Segura‐Carretero Antonio , Fernández‐Gutiérrez Alberto 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA 2‐D‐HPLC/CE method was developed to separate and characterize more in depth the phenolic fraction of olive oil samples. The method involves the use of semi‐preparative HPLC (C18 column 250×10 mm, 5 μm) as a first dimension of separation to isolate phenolic fractions from commercial extra‐virgin olive oils and CE coupled to TOF‐MS (CE‐TOF‐MS) as a second dimension, to analyze the composition of the isolated fractions. Using this method, a large number of compounds were tentatively identified, some of them by first time, based on the information concerning high mass accuracy and the isotopic pattern provided by TOF‐MS analyzer together with the chemical knowledge and the behavior of the compounds in HPLC and CE. From these results it can be concluded that 2‐D‐HPLC‐CE‐MS provides enough resolving power to separate hundreds of compounds from highly complex samples, such as olive oil. Furthermore, in this paper, the isolated phenolic fractions have been used for two specific applications: quantification of some components of extra‐virgin olive oil samples in terms of pure fractions, and in vitro studies of its anti‐carcinogenic capacity.
ERP generator anomalies in presymptomatic carriers of the Alzheimer's disease E280APS‐1mutation
Authors: Bobes María A. , García Yuriem Fernández , Lopera Francisco , Quiroz Yakeel T. , Galán Lídice , Vega Mayrim , Trujillo Nelson , Valdes‐Sosa Mitchell , Valdes‐Sosa Pedro 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlthough subtle anatomical anomalies long precede the onset of clinical symptoms in Alzheimer's disease, their impact on the reorganization of brain networks underlying cognitive functions has not been fully explored. A unique window into this reorganization is provided by presymptomatic cases of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). Here we studied neural circuitry related to semantic processing in presymptomatic FAD cases by estimating the intracranial sources of the N400 event‐related potential (ERP). ERPs were obtained during a semantic‐matching task from 24 presymptomatic carriers and 25 symptomatic carriers of the E280A presenilin‐1 (PS‐1) mutation, as well as 27 noncarriers (from the same families). As expected, the symptomatic‐carrier group performed worse in the matching task and had lower N400 amplitudes than both asymptomatic groups, which did not differ from each other on these variables. However, N400 topography differed in mutation carrier groups with respect to the noncarriers. Intracranial source analysis evinced that the presymptomatic‐carriers presented a decrease of N400 generator strength in right inferior‐temporal and medial cingulate areas and increased generator strength in the left hippocampus and parahippocampus compared to the controls. This represents alterations in neural function without translation into behavioral impairments. Compared to controls, the symptomatic‐carriers presented a similar anatomical shift in the distribution of N400 generators to that found in presymptomatic‐carriers, albeit with a larger reduction in generator strength. The redistribution of N400 generators in presymptomatic‐carriers indicates that early focal degeneration associated with the mutation induces neural reorganization, possibly contributing to a functional compensation that enables normal performance in the semantic task. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of schizophrenia‐risk gene dysbindin 1 on brain activation in bilateral middle frontal gyrus during a working memory task in healthy individuals
Authors: Markov Valentin , Krug Axel , Krach Sören , Jansen Andreas , Eggermann Thomas , Zerres Karl , Stöcker Tony , Shah N. Jon , Nöthen Markus M. , Treutlein Jens , Rietschel Marcella , Kircher Tilo 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWorking memory (WM) dysfunction is a hallmark feature of schizophrenia. Functional imaging studies using WM tasks have documented both prefrontal hypo‐ and hyperactivation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is highly heritable, and it is unclear which susceptibility genes modulate WM and its neural correlates. A strong linkage between genetic variants in the dysbindin 1 gene and schizophrenia has been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the DTNBP1 schizophrenia susceptibility gene on WM and its neural correlates in healthy individuals. Fifty‐seven right‐handed, healthy male volunteers genotyped for DTNBP1 SNP rs1018381 status were divided in heterozygous risk‐allele carriers (T/C) and homozygous noncarriers (C/C). WM was assessed by a 2‐back vs. 0‐back version of the Continuous Performance Test (CPT), while brain activation was measured with fMRI. DTNBP1 SNP rs1018381 carrier status was determined and correlated with WM performance and brain activation. Despite any differences in behavioral performance, risk‐allele carriers exhibited significantly increased activation of the bilateral middle frontal gyrus (BA 9), a part of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), compared to noncarriers. This difference did not correlate with WM performance. The fMRI data provide evidence for an influence of genetic variation in DTNBP1 gene region tagged by SNP rs1018381 on bilateral middle frontal gyrus activation during a WM task. The increased activation in these brain areas may be a consequence of “inefficient” or compensatory DLPFC cognitive control functions. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tetrakis‐phthalocyanines bearing electron‐withdrawing fluoro functionality: Synthesis, spectroscopy, and electrochemistry
Authors: Bilgiçli Ahmet T. , Kandaz Mehmet , Özkaya Ali Rıza , Salih Bekir 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this study, 2,9,16,23‐tetrakis‐4′‐(2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro)‐phenoxy‐phthalocyaninatometalfree and metal(II) complexes, (H2PcBzF16, ZnPcOBzF16, CuPcOBzF16, and CoPcOBzF16) (Bz: Benzene) (2H, Zn, Cu, and Co), have been prepared directly from the corresponding 4′‐(2,3,5,6‐fluorophenylthio)‐phthalonitrile compounds in the presence of 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) in high boiling quinoline solvent. Tetrafluoro atoms on 2,3,5,6‐position of benzene at the peripheral sites of phthalocyanines (Pcs) give rise interesting solubility to tetrakismetallophthalocyanines. Although all complexes were soluble in DCM, CHCl3, THF, DMF, and DMSO with increasing order, complexes synthesized, particularly H2PcBzF16, CuPcOBzF16, have very limited solubility in DMF and DMSO. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H NMR, UV–vis, and MALDI–TOF mass spectral data. The cyclic voltammetry and differential pulsed voltammetry of the complexes show that while H2PcBzF16, CuPcOBzF16, and ZnPcOBzF16 give ligand‐based reduction and oxidation processes, CoPcOBzF16 gives both ligand and metal‐based redox processes, in harmony with the common metallophthalocyanine complexes. Redox processes due to both aggregated and disaggregated species were simultaneously observed during the first reduction process. The nature of the metal‐based redox processes was confirmed using spectroelectrochemical measurements. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:262–271, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20545
On the reactivity of metal and organometallic halides toward R3SnOSnR3 systems
Authors: Singhal Kiran , Mishra Rahul , Raj Prem 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInteraction of metallic salts (M = Hg, Sb, and Te) with bis(triorganotin)oxide, (R3Sn)2O, where (R = C6H5, p‐CH3C6H4, and cyclo‐C6H11) at room temperature proceeded with the simultaneous cleavage of the SnC and SnO bonds, invariably yielding R2SnO along with other products. Thus the treatment of HgX2 (X = Cl, CN, SCN) with (R3Sn)2O resulted in the formation of polymeric diorganotin oxide R2SnO along with R3SnX and RHgX derivatives. The reaction of SbCl3 with (R3Sn)2O was found to give R2SnO, R3SnCl, and RSbCl2, whereas interaction with SbCl5 provided R2SnO, R2SnCl2, and R2SbCl3. Treatment of TeCl4 with (R3Sn)2O provided R2SnO, R3SnCl, and RTeCl3 at room temperature. At reflux temperature, reaction of PhTeCl3 with (R3Sn)2O yielded R2SnO, R3SnCl, and mixed diorganotellurium dichloride, RPhTeCl2. The course of reaction indicated the instability of SnOSn system proceeding via a four‐centered mechanism, providing organometallic compounds in profitable yield. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:278–283, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20547
Expression of hedgehog signaling molecules in Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: Brunner Markus , Thurnher Dietmar , Pammer Johannes , Heiduschka Gregor , Petzelbauer Peter , Schmid Christoph , Schneider Sven , Erovic Boban M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground.The Hedgehog signaling pathway is important for human development and carcinogenesis in various malignancies.Methods.One tissue microarray with triplets of 28 samples from 25 patients with Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) was constructed. Six samples of normal skin and 5 samples of normal oral mucosa served as controls. All samples were analyzed immunohistochemically with antibodies directed against Sonic hedgehog, Indian hedgehog, Patched, Smoothened, Gli‐1, Gli‐2, and Gli‐3.Results.All investigated proteins were frequently and intensely overexpressed in MCCs (Sonic hedgehog, 93%; Indian hedgehog, 84%; Patched, 86%; Smoothened, 79%; Gli‐1, 79%; Gli‐2, 79%; Gli‐3, 86%) compared with control samples. High levels of Patched and Indian hedgehog were significantly associated with an increase in patients overall (p = .015) and recurrence‐free survival (p = .011), respectively.Conclusions.Our results indicate that the Hedgehog signaling pathway is strongly activated in MCC and thus may play a role in carcinogenesis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Chronic 17β‐estradiol or cholesterol prevents stress‐induced hippocampal CA3 dendritic retraction in ovariectomized female rats: Possible correspondence between CA1 spine properties and spatial acquisition
Authors: McLaughlin Katie J. , Wilson Jessica O. , Harman James , Wright Ryan L. , Wieczorek Lindsay , Gomez Juan , Korol Donna L. , Conrad Cheryl D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractChronic stress may have different effects on hippocampal CA3 and CA1 neuronal morphology and function depending upon hormonal status, but rarely are manipulations of stress and gonadal steroids combined. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of chronic restraint and 17β‐estradiol replacement on CA3 and CA1 dendritic morphology and spatial learning in ovariectomized (OVX) female Sprague–Dawley rats. OVX rats were implanted with 25% 17β‐estradiol, 100% cholesterol, or blank silastic capsules and then chronically restrained (6h/d/21d) or kept in home cages. 17β‐Estradiol or cholesterol prevented stress‐induced CA3 dendritic retraction, increased CA1 apical spine density, and altered CA1 spine shape. The combination of chronic stress and 17β‐estradiol facilitated water maze acquisition compared to chronic stress + blank implants and nonstressed controls + 17β‐estradiol. To further investigate the interaction between 17β‐estradiol and stress on hippocampal morphology, experiment 2 was conducted on gonadally intact, cycling female rats that were chronically restrained (6h/d/21d), and then euthanized at proestrus (high ovarian hormones) or estrus (low ovarian hormones). Cycling female rats failed to show chronic stress‐induced CA3 dendritic retraction at either estrous phase. Chronic stress enhanced the ratio of CA1 basal spine heads to headless spines as found in experiment 1. In addition, proestrous rats displayed increased CA1 spine density regardless of stress history. These results show that 17β‐estradiol or cholesterol protect against chronic stress‐induced CA3 dendritic retraction in females. These stress‐ and 17β‐estradiol‐induced morphological changes may provide insight into how dendritic complexity and spine properties contribute to spatial ability. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The root of many evils: indolent large granular lymphocyte leukaemia and associated disorders
Authors: Zhang Ranran , Shah Mithun Vinod , Loughran Thomas P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLarge granular lymphocytes (LGL) leukaemia can arise from either natural killer (NK) cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The T‐cell form of LGL leukaemia has significant overlap with other haematological disorders and autoimmune diseases. Here we provide an overview of LGL biology. We also focus discussion on the indolent LGL leukaemia related disorders and their causal relationships. We then discuss the potential relationships and distinctions between indolent LGL leukaemia and non‐malignant clonal lymphocyte expansion that occur in otherwise healthy individuals, especially elder people. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interleukin‐6 maintains bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cell stemness by an ERK1/2‐dependent mechanism
Authors: Pricola Katie L. , Kuhn Nastaran Z. , Haleem‐Smith Hana , Song Yingjie , Tuan Rocky S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdult human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold promise for an increasing list of therapeutic uses due to their ease of isolation, expansion, and multi‐lineage differentiation potential. To maximize the clinical potential of MSCs, the underlying mechanisms by which MSC functionality is controlled must be understood. We have taken a deconstructive approach to understand the individual components in vitro, namely the role of candidate “stemness” genes. Our recent microarray gene expression profiling data suggest that interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) may contribute to the maintenance of MSCs in their undifferentiated state. In this study, we showed that IL‐6 gene expression is significantly higher in undifferentiated MSCs as compared to their chondrogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic derivatives. Moreover, we found that MSCs secrete copious amounts of IL‐6 protein, which decreases dramatically during osteogenic differentiation. We further evaluated the role of IL‐6 for maintenance of MSC “stemness,” using a series of functional assays. The data showed that IL‐6 is both necessary and sufficient for enhanced MSC proliferation, protects MSCs from apoptosis, inhibits adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, and increases the rate of in vitro wound healing of MSCs. We further identified ERK1/2 activation as the key pathway through which IL‐6 regulates both MSC proliferation and inhibition of differentiation. Taken together, these findings show for the first time that IL‐6 maintains the proliferative and undifferentiated state of bone marrow‐derived MSCs, an important parameter for the optimization of both in vitro and in vivo manipulation of MSCs. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 577–588, 2009. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.