bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deletion of CaMKK2 from the Liver Lowers Blood Glucose and Improves Whole-Body Glucose Tolerance in the Mouse
Authors: Anderson Kristin A. , Lin Fumin , Ribar Thomas J. , Stevens Robert D. , Muehlbauer Michael J. , Newgard Christopher B. , Means Anthony R. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) is a member of the Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase family that is expressed abundantly in brain. Previous work has revealed that CaMKK2 knockout (CaMKK2 KO) mice eat less due to a central nervous system -signaling defect and are protected from diet-induced obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. However, here we show that pair feeding of wild-type mice to match food consumption of CAMKK2 mice slows weight gain but fails to protect from diet-induced glucose intolerance, suggesting that other alterations in CaMKK2 KO mice are responsible for their improved glucose metabolism. CaMKK2 is shown to be expressed in liver and acute, specific reduction of the kinase in the liver of high-fat diet-fed CaMKK2floxed mice results in lowered blood glucose and improved glucose tolerance. Primary hepatocytes isolated from CaMKK2 KO mice produce less glucose and have decreased mRNA encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α and the gluconeogenic enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and these mRNA fail to respond specifically to the stimulatory effect of catecholamine in a cell-autonomous manner. The mechanism responsible for suppressed gene induction in CaMKK2 KO hepatocytes may involve diminished phosphorylation of histone deacetylase 5, an event necessary in some contexts for derepression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α promoter. Hepatocytes from CaMKK2 KO mice also show increased rates of de novo lipogenesis and fat oxidation. The changes in fat metabolism observed correlate with steatotic liver and altered acyl carnitine metabolomic profiles in CaMKK2 KO mice. Collectively, these results are consistent with suppressed catecholamine-induced induction of gluconeogenic gene expression in CaMKK2 KO mice that leads to improved whole-body glucose homeostasis despite the presence of increased hepatic fat content.
Candidate Serum Biomarkers for Prostate Adenocarcinoma Identified by mRNA Differences in Prostate Tissue and Verified with Protein Measurements in Tissue and Blood
Authors: Klee Eric W , Bondar Olga P , Goodmanson Marcia K , Dyer Roy B , Erdogan Sibel , Bergstralh Eric J , Bergen H. Robert , Sebo Thomas J , Klee George G 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Improved tests are needed for detection and management of prostate cancer. We hypothesized that differential gene expression in prostate tissue could help identify candidate blood biomarkers for prostate cancer and that blood from men with advanced prostate disease could be used to verify the biomarkers presence in circulation.

METHODS
We identified candidate markers using mRNA expression patterns from laser-capture microdissected prostate tissue and confirmed tissue expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the subset of candidates having commercial antisera. We analyzed tissue extracts with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and measured blood concentrations using immunoassays and MS/MS of trypsin-digested, immunoextracted peptides.

RESULTS
We selected 35 novel candidate prostate adenocarcinoma biomarkers. For all 13 markers having commercial antisera for IHC, tissue expression was confirmed; 6 showed statistical discrimination between nondiseased and malignant tissue, and only 5 were detected in tissue extracts by MS/MS. Sixteen of the 35 candidate markers were successfully assayed in blood. Four of 8 biomarkers measured by ELISA and 3 of 10 measured by targeted MS showed statistically significant increases in blood concentrations of advanced prostate cancer cases, compared with controls.

CONCLUSIONS
Seven novel biomarkers identified by gene expression profiles in prostate tissue were shown to have statistically significant increased concentrations in blood from men with advanced prostate adenocarcinoma compared with controls: apolipoprotein C1, asporin, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11 (CXCL11), CXCL9, coagulation factor V, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 6.
Timothy Snyders „Bloodlands"
Authors: Zarusky Jürgen 
Published: January 2012

Vorspann
Eine „Reise ins Herz der Finsternis“ verheißt der Klappentext der deutschen Ausgabe von Timothy Snyders aufsehenerregendem Buch „Bloodlands“. Es geht darin um die Geschichte jener Gebiete Ost und Ostmitteleuropas, die nacheinander von den Massenverbrechen der Regime Stalins und Hitlers betroffen waren. Jürgen Zarusky, Historiker am Institut für Zeitgeschichte, hat sich mit dem Buch eingehend auseinandergesetzt und kommt zu einer kritischen Einschätzung: Die „Bloodlands“ sind keine historische Landschaft, sondern ein Konstrukt, in dem geschichtliche Zusammenhänge teils zerschnitten, teils künstlich hergestellt werden. Stalinismus und Nationalsozialismus erscheinen dabei ähnlicher als sie es tatsächlich waren.
Ordentliche Beschäftigungspolitik?
Authors: Humann Detlev 
Published: January 2012

Vorspann
Die Überwindung der Massenarbeitslosigkeit gilt noch immer als ein Erfolg des NS-Regimes. Die bloßen Zahlen belegen, dass es dem Regime bis 1939 gelang, für Vollbeschäftigung zu sorgen. Zu welchen Methoden die Nationalsozialisten dabei jahrelang griffen, ist bislang häufig übersehen worden. Eine Diktatur wie die nationalsozialistische schreckte nicht davor zurück, mit zum Teil außerordentlich rüden Methoden die Arbeitslosen „von der Straße zu bringen“ und so die offiziellen Statistiken zu schönen.
Leben nach dem GULAG
Authors: Sprau Mirjam 
Published: January 2012

VorspannNach Stalins Tod begann sich der GULAG zu leeren. Die ehemaligen Häftlinge atmeten auf, gingen aber in vielen Fällen auch dann einer ungewissen Zukunft entgegen, wenn sie selbst nach sowjetischen Maßstäben gänzlich unschuldig in das Räderwerk der Verfolgung geraten waren. Ohne Arbeit, ohne Wohnung, ohne Rehabilitierungschance blieben sie häufig am Rande der sowjetischen Gesellschaft, und ein Objekt der Willkür der kommunistischen Partei, wie Mirjam Sprau unter Rückgriff auf zahlreiche Petitionen beispielhaft und plastisch zu zeigen vermag. Bessere Rehabilitierungs- und damit persönliche Konsolidierungschancen hatten nur Angehörige der Parteielite, die nach der Haft ihre alten Beziehungen reaktivieren konnten.
Der Kreml und die Friedensbewegung Anfang der achtziger Jahre
Authors: Wettig Gerhard 
Published: January 2012

Vorspann
Aus sowjetischer Sicht war, wie die internen Quellen und auch die faktische Politik belegen, die westliche Friedensbewegung ein äußerst wichtiger Faktor im Ost-West-Konflikt. Dieser Gesichtspunkt bestimmte das Verhältnis zu ihr. Die Frage, inwieweit die UdSSR diese Bewegung für ihre Zwecke einzusetzen vermochte, lässt sich nicht mit dem Hinweis beantworten, dass die Mehrzahl der daran Beteiligten anderen Vorstellungen folgte als der Kreml. Entscheidend ist vielmehr, wie weit sich diese Bewegung – auch entgegen den eigenen Absichten - von der Sowjetunion politisch vereinnahmen ließ und damit deren Ziele gegen die NATO faktisch unterstützte, auch wenn das ihrer Gesinnung eigentlich nicht entsprach.
Private Practices
Authors: Schlueter John P. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This essay uses selected works of Washington Irving and Ralph Waldo Emerson to delineate two different privacies. The first privacy is associated with secreted spaces, whether physical or personal, and is one that has been normalized. The other privacy is under-appreciated and far less understood: it is an unpredictable, speculative flight of what Irving calls “fancy.” The essay argues that each privacy comes with a distinct set of consequences. If we choose to associate privacy with secreted spaces, we ourselves become like texts, able to be read, and we then associate with others as if they can be read as well. If our privacy is “fanciful,” in contrast, we balance the pleasures of being alone with those of being with others. In the end, the essay hopes to dissociate privacy (or a version of it) from privation, and to offer it as a positive, cultural concept. In doing so, it aligns itself with recent explorations of privacy in the context of nineteenth-century American literature.
Neoplasms Associated with Germline and Somatic NF1 Gene Mutations
Authors: Patil Sachin , Chamberlain Ronald S. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe phenotypic and clinical features associated with neurofibromatosis 1.Identify malignant tumors associated with neurofibromatosis 1.
This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Introduction.
Neurofibromatosis 1 is a tumor predisposition genetic syndrome with autosomal dominant inheritance and virtually 100% penetrance by the age of 5 years. NF1 results from a loss-of-function mutation in the NF1 gene, resulting in decreased levels of neurofibromin in the cell. Neurofibromin is a negative regulator of various intracellular signaling pathways involved in the cellular proliferation. Although the loss of heterozygosity in the NF1 gene may predispose NF1 patients to certain malignancies, additional genetic alterations are a prerequisite for their development. The precise nature of these additional genetic alterations is not well defined, and genetic testing of all malignancies in NF1 patients becomes an essential component of future research in this subset of patients. In addition to germline NF1 mutations, alteration of the somatic NF1 gene is associated with sporadic malignancies such as adenocarcinoma of the colon, myelodysplastic syndrome, and anaplastic astrocytoma.

Materials and Methods.
A comprehensive English and non-English language search for all articles pertinent to malignancies associated with NF1 was conducted using PubMed, a search engine provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health. Key words searched included the following: “malignancies associated with NF1”, “tumors associated with NF1”, and “NF1 and malignancies”. A comprehensive analysis in terms age and mode of presentation, investigation and therapeutic modalities, and outcome of the published data was performed and compared with similar information on the sporadic cases.

Results.
Malignancies in NF1 patients typically occur at an earlier age and, with an exception of optic pathway gliomas, certain types of malignancies carry a poor prognosis compared with their sporadic counterparts. Malignancies are the leading cause of death in NF1 patients, resulting in a 10- to 15-year decreased life expectancy compared with the general population.

Conclusions.
The lack of well-defined screening tests for early detection and the nonspecific clinical presentation contributes to a poorer outcome in malignancies associated with NF1. Small study group size, mixed patient population, and a lack of uniformity in reporting research results make comparison of treatment outcome for this group difficult. An International Consensus Meeting to address and recommend best practices for screening, diagnosis, management, and follow-up of malignancies associated with NF1 is needed.
Localization of Tubular Adaptation to Renal Sodium Loss in Gitelman Syndrome
Authors: Favre Guillaume Alexandre , Nau Valérie , Kolb Isabelle , Vargas-Poussou Rosa , Hannedouche Thierry , Moulin Bruno 
Published: January 2012

Summary

Background and objectives
Gitelman syndrome (GS) is a salt-wasting tubulopathy that results from the inactivation of the human thiazide–sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter located in the distal convoluted tubule. Tubular adaptation to renal sodium loss has been described and localized in the distal tubule in experimental models of GS but not in humans with GS.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
The tubular adaptation to renal sodium loss is described. Osmole-free water clearance and endogenous lithium clearance with furosemide infusion are used to compare 7 patients with genetically confirmed GS and 13 control participants.

Results
Neither endogenous lithium clearance nor osmole-free water clearance disclosed enhanced proximal fluid reabsorption in patients with GS. These patients displayed significantly lower osmole-free water clearance factored by inulin clearance (7.1±1.9 versus 10.1±2.2; P<0.01) and significantly lower fractional sodium reabsorption in the diluting nephron (73.2%±7.1% versus 86.1%±4.7%; P<0.005), consistent with the inactivation of the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter. The furosemide-induced reduction rate of fractional sodium reabsorption in the diluting segment was higher in patients with GS (75.6%±6.1% versus 69.9%±3.2%; P<0.039), suggesting that sodium reabsorption would be enhanced in the cortical part of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in patients with GS.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that tubular adaptation to renal sodium loss in GS would be devoted to the cortical part of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in humans.
Does Allograft Failure Impact Infection Risk on Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Chen Ashton , Martz Karen , Rao Panduranga S. 
Published: January 2012

Summary

Background and objectives
Several adult studies report that patients returning to peritoneal dialysis after allograft failure have increased infection-related morbidity. The impact of allograft failure on infection risk in children is uncertain. We compared peritonitis-free survival between pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients with prior allograft failure and those who were transplant naive.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
We studied patients, 2–21 years of age, who initiated peritoneal dialysis from January 1, 1992, to December 31, 2007, in the North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies registry. Demographic characteristics were compared between transplant naive and allograft failure patients using a chi-squared statistic. Peritonitis-free survival was compared between the two groups using Kaplan–Meier estimates. A Cox regression analysis was performed to adjust for covariates, which impact risk of peritonitis.

Results
Of 2829 patients on peritoneal dialysis, 445 had a prior history of allograft failure and 2384 did not (transplant naive). Demographic characteristics including age at dialysis initiation, race, primary renal disease, and era of dialysis initiation were significantly different between the two groups. Peritonitis-free survival was poorer for the allograft failure group. After covariate adjustment, allograft failure showed borderline significance as a factor predictive of peritonitis.

Conclusions
Children initiating peritoneal dialysis after allograft failure may experience a slightly higher infection risk.
(1-34) Parathyroid Hormone Infusion Acutely Lowers Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 Concentrations in Adult Volunteers
Authors: Gutiérrez Orlando M. , Smith Kelsey T. , Barchi-Chung Allison , Patel Neha M. , Isakova Tamara , Wolf Myles 
Published: January 2012

Summary

Background and objectives
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) regulates phosphorus and vitamin D metabolism. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) infusion for 24 hours stimulated FGF23 secretion in healthy volunteers. The extent to which this was due to a direct stimulatory effect of PTH versus an indirect effect of increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] levels was unclear.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Changes in FGF23 in 26 adults undergoing 6-hour (1-34) PTH infusion were examined, focusing particularly on the effects of PTH on FGF23 in the early period of infusion before sustained increases in 1,25(OH)2D.

Results
FGF23 levels declined in parallel with serum phosphate during infusion (P<0.05 for both), with both analytes decreasing within the first hour and reaching their respective nadirs at 6 hours. These changes were observed despite no change in 1,25(OH)2D levels during the first hour and a significant increase in 1,25(OH)2D from baseline after 6 hours (P<0.001). There were no differences in these responses by race. However, modest racial differences in the phosphaturic response to (1-34) PTH were observed (P=0.04 for interaction), with a higher rate of increase in fractional phosphate excretion in blacks than in whites.

Conclusions
During short-term (1-34) PTH infusion, FGF23 levels decreased in parallel with serum phosphate levels and despite significant increases in 1,25(OH)2D. When coupled with the results of prior longer-term infusion studies, these findings suggest that acute increases in PTH initially act to suppress FGF23 secretion, perhaps to mitigate urinary phosphate losses, before the stimulatory effect of 1,25(OH)2D on FGF23 eventually begins to predominate.
Lateral orbital wall approach to the cavernous sinus
Authors: Altay Tamer , Patel Bhupendra C. K. , Couldwell William T. 
Published: January 2012

Object
Lesions of the cavernous sinus remain a technical challenge. The most common surgical approaches involve some variation of the standard frontotemporal craniotomy. Here, the authors describe a surgical approach to access the cavernous sinus that involves the removal of the lateral orbital wall.

Methods
To achieve exposure of the cavernous sinus, a lateral canthal incision is performed, and the lateral orbital rim and anterior lateral wall are removed, for later replacement at closure. The posterior lateral orbital wall is removed to the region of the superior and inferior orbital fissures. With reflection of the dural covering of the lateral cavernous sinus and removal of the anterior clinoid process, the cavernous sinus is exposed.

Results
Exposure and details of the procedure were derived from anatomical study in cadavers. After the approach, with removal of the anterior clinoid process, the entire cavernous sinus from the superior orbital fissure anteriorly to the Meckel cave posteriorly is exposed. More exposure to the lateral middle fossa, foramen spinosum, and petrous carotid artery is obtained by further removal of the lateral sphenoid wing. An illustrative case example for approaching a cavernous sinus meningioma is presented.

Conclusions
The translateral orbital wall approach provides a simple, rapid approach for lesions with primary or secondary involvement of the cavernous sinus. Advantages of this simple, extradural approach include the lack of brain retraction and no interruption of the temporalis muscle.
Effects of NPK Briquette on Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) in Tidal Flooded Ecosystem
Authors: Islam M Sh , Rahman F , Hossain ATMS 
Published: January 2012

An experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, R/S Sagordi farm, Barisal to evaluate the effectiveness of NPK briquette on rice in tidal flooded soil condition during Boro season, 2010. NPK briquettes of size 2.4 g and 3.4 g were compared with urea super granules (USG) and prilled urea (PU), each supplemented with PKS. The results showed that NPK briquettes, USG and PU produced statistically similar grain yield. N-treated plots (briquettes, USG and PU) gave significantly higher grain yield than N control. The highest grain yield (7.47 t ha-1) was observed in NPK briquette (2.4 g × 2) followed by PU. There was no significant difference between N control and absolute control plots in respect of yield indicating that N was the only yield limiting factor under that condition. The NPK briquettes showed higher agronomic efficiency than PU and USG. The small size briquettes (2.4 g) could save 33 kg N ha-1 compared to recommended PU. There was no residual effect of NPK briquettes on soil chemical properties. The NPK briquettes were found beneficial to the farmers in tidal ecosystem. Keywords: NPK briquette; USG; prilled urea; agronomic efficiency; nutrient uptake DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v9i1-2.9477 The Agriculturists 2011; 9(1&2): 37-43
Effect of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> and Some Selected Soil Amendment Against Damping off Disease Complex of Potato and Chilli
Authors: Uddin MM , Akhtar N , Islam MT , Faruq AN 
Published: January 2012

Soil applications with poultry refuse, cocodust, vermicompost, ash, sawdust, khudepana, cowdung, solarized sand, Trichoderma harzianum and or with seed treatment by T. harzianum were evaluated against damping off disease complex of potato and chilli. All the treatments significantly reduced percent damping off over control. T. harzianum treated seed along with soil treatment with T. harzianum performed best in terms of seed germination, percent damping off reduction and enhanced growth characters than soil application with T. harzianum alone. The experiment indicates that seed treated with T. harzianum then sown in different soil amendment applied seed bed performed better in all parameters than only application with soil amendment. Among the different soil amendments, poultry refuse and vermicompost have promising impact on seed germination, reduction of percent damping off and growth of potato and chilli seedlings when applying along with T. harzianum. Keywords: Damping off; potato; chilli; Trichoderma harzianum; soil amendment DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v9i1-2.9485 The Agriculturists 2011; 9(1&2): 106-116
Rapid detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus by standardization of polymerase chain reaction targeting a relatively conserved region of the thymidine kinase gene
Authors: Chakma S , Sarker S , Talukder S , Haque MH , Chowdhury EH , Bari ASM 
Published: January 2012

Infectious laryngotracheitis is an acute upper respiratory tract infection of chickens caused by infectious laryngotracheitis virus. The study was conducted to standardize the polymerase chain reaction targeting a relatively conserved region of the thymidine kinase gene for the rapid detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus. The vaccine samples were collected from two renowned company of Bangladesh. DNA was extracted from diluted vaccine samples by using Wizard® Genomic DNA purification kit and thymidine kinase gene was amplified by using PCR system 9600 Thermocycler. Two vaccine samples were positively amplified by polymerase chain reaction. A procedure was developed for rapid detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus by polymerase chain reaction of the conserved region of viral thymidine kinase gene containing DNA fragments. The results obtained in this study suggested that the polymerase chain reaction procedure could serve as a fast and sensitive method for the detection of vaccine strains of infectious laryngotracheitis viruses. Key words: Infectious laryngotracheitis virus; viral thymidine kinase (TK) gene; polymerase chain reaction DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ujzru.v29i1.9468 UJZRU 2010; 29(1): 61-64
La subjectivité du biographe
Authors: Hildesheimer Wolfgang 
Published: January 2012

« The Biographer's subjectivity »
The title was first : « Biographer in so far as autobiographer », with the purpose of detecting the mystery of creativity ; but it is impossible without analysis, that is to say that the identification may be under control. The knowledge of psychoanalysis well shows how basically and intimately the creator's properties are interdependant, how the positive and the negative are mutually made. So, it's necessary to study a thorough one writer into his incomprehensible and disturbing feats, as symptoms in the states of production ; and then, a case history of « pathology » in connection with exceptionally gifted authors is possible. The creation power can be visible especially by the displacements, compensations, deliveries, acting out, or even the queerest ways.