bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographic Variations in Species Distribution and Echinocandin and Azole Antifungal Resistance Rates among
Candida
Bloodstream Infection Isolates: Report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2008 to 2009)
Authors: Pfaller Michael A. , Moet Gary J. , Messer Shawn A. , Jones Ronald N. , Castanheira Mariana 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Antifungal testing results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2008 to 2009) were analyzed for regional variations of invasive
Candida
species infections. Among 2,085 cases from the Asian-Pacific (APAC) (51 cases), Latin American (LAM) (348 cases), European (EU) (750 cases), and North American (NAM) (936 cases) regions,
Candida albicans
predominated (48.4%), followed by
C. glabrata
(18.0%),
C. parapsilosis
(17.2%),
C. tropicalis
(10.5%), and
C. krusei
(1.9%). Resistance to echinocandins (anidulafungin [2.4%] and micafungin [1.9%]) and azoles (3.5 to 5.6%) was most prevalent among
C. glabrata
isolates, as determined using recently established CLSI breakpoint criteria.
C. glabrata
isolates were more common in NAM (23.5%), and
C. albicans
isolates were more common in APAC (56.9%), with
C. parapsilosis
(25.6%) and
C. tropicalis
(17.0%) being more prominent in LAM. Emerging resistance patterns among
C. glabrata
cases in NAM require focused surveillance.
Vibrio vulnificus
DNA Load and Mortality
Authors: Kim Dong-Min , Jung Sook-In , Jang Hee-Chang , Lee Chang Seop , Lee Sun Hee , Yun Na Ra , Neupane Ganesh Prasad , Park Kyung-Hwa 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

We determined the association between DNA load and mortality in patients with
Vibrio vulnificus
infection. Real-time PCR performed on sera of 27 culture-positive patients showed a significantly higher median DNA load in nonsurvivors than in survivors. Hence, real-time PCR can be used as an early prognostic factor in
V. vulnificus
septicemia.
Genomic Analysis Reveals Pre- and Postchallenge Differences in a Rhesus Macaque AIDS Vaccine Trial: Insights into Mechanisms of Vaccine Efficacy
Authors: Palermo Robert E. , Patterson L. Jean , Aicher Lauri D. , Korth Marcus J. , Robert-Guroff Marjorie , Katze Michael G. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTWe have employed global transcriptional profiling of whole blood to identify biologically relevant changes in cellular gene expression in response to alternative AIDS vaccine strategies with subsequent viral challenge in a rhesus macaque vaccine model. Samples were taken at day 0 (prechallenge), day 14 (peak viremia), and week 12 (set point) from animals immunized with replicating adenovirus type 5 host range (Ad5hr) recombinant viruses expressing human immunodeficiency virus HIVenv89.6P, simian immunodeficiency virus SIVgag239, or SIVnef239alone or in combination with two intramuscular boosts with HIV89.6Pgp140ΔCFI protein (L. J. Patterson et al., Virology 374:322-337, 2008), and each treatment resulted in significant control of viremia following simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV89.6Pchallenge (six animals per group plus six controls). At day 0, 8 weeks after the last treatment, the microarray profiles revealed significant prechallenge differences between treatment groups; data from the best-protected animals led to identification of a network of genes related to B cell development and lymphocyte survival. At peak viremia, expression profiles of the immunized groups were extremely similar, and comparisons to control animals reflected immunological differences other than effector T cell functions. Suggested protective mechanisms for vaccinated animals included upregulation of interleukin-27, a cytokine known to inhibit lentivirus replication, and increased expression of complement components, which may synergize with vaccine-induced antibodies. Divergent expression profiles at set point for the immunized groups implied distinct immunological responses despite phenotypic similarities in viral load and CD4+T cell levels. Data for the gp140-boosted group provided evidence for antibody-dependent, cell-mediated viral control, whereas animals immunized with only the replicating Ad5hr recombinants exhibited a different evolution of the B cell compartment even at 3 months postchallenge. This study demonstrates the sensitivity and discrimination of gene expression profiling of whole blood as an analytical tool in AIDS vaccine trials, providing unique insights intoin vivomechanisms and potential correlates of protection.
Phosphorylation of RIG-I by Casein Kinase II Inhibits Its Antiviral Response
Authors: Sun Zhiguo , Ren Hongwei , Liu Yan , Teeling Jessica L. , Gu Jun 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT
RIG-I is an intracellular RNA virus sensor that mediates a signaling pathway that triggers the alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) immune defenses. However, the mechanism for regulation of RIG-I activity remains largely unknown. Here we show that RIG-I activity is regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in its repressor domain (RD). Threonine at amino acid (aa) 770 and serine at aa 854 to 855 of RIG-I are phosphorylated by casein kinase II (CK2) in the resting state of the cell and dephosphorylated when cells are infected by RNA virus. Mutation at aa position 770 or 854 to 855 of RIG-I renders it constitutively active. Pharmacological inhibition of CK2 enhances virus-induced expression of IFN-β and suppresses virus proliferation, while inhibition of phosphatase reduces virus-induced expression of IFN-β. Overexpression of CK2 suppresses RIG-I-mediated signaling, while silencing of CK2 results in the increased suppression of virus proliferation. Our results reveal a novel mechanism of the regulation of RIG-I activity during RNA virus infection.
The two-stage clonal expansion model in occupational cancer epidemiology: results from three cohort studies
Authors: Zeka Ariana , Gore Rebecca , Kriebel David 
Published: November 2010

ObjectivesThe objective of this work was to apply the two-stage clonal expansion model, with the intention to expand the literature on epidemiological applications of the model and demonstrate the feasibility of incorporating biologically based modelling methods into the widely used retrospective cohort study.MethodsThe authors fitted the two-stage clonal expansion model model to three occupational cohort studies: (1) a cohort of textile workers exposed to asbestos and followed for lung cancer mortality; (2) a cohort of diatomaceous earth workers exposed to silica and also followed for lung cancer mortality; and (3) a cohort of automotive manufacturing workers exposed to straight metalworking fluid (MWF) and followed for larynx cancer incidence. The model allowed the authors to estimate exposure effects in three stages: cancer initiation (early effects), promotion or malignant transformation (late effects).ResultsIn the first cohort, the authors found strong evidence for an early effect of asbestos on lung cancer risk. Findings from analyses of the second cohort suggested early and less evidently late effects of silica on lung cancer risk. In the MWF (third) cohort, there was only weak evidence of straight MWF exposure effects on both early and late stages. The authors also observed a late birth cohort effect on larynx cancer risk.ConclusionsThe findings for asbestos and silica were essentially confirmatory, supporting evidence for their early effects on lung cancer from a large body of literature. The effect of straight MWF on larynx cancer was less clear.
Wood dust exposure and risk of lung cancer
Authors: Bhatti Parveen , Newcomer Laura , Onstad Lynn , Teschke Kay , Camp Janice , Morgan Michael , Vaughan Thomas L 
Published: November 2010

ObjectivesDespite the compelling association between wood dust and sinonasal cancer, there has been little systematic and rigorous study of the relationship between wood dust and lung cancer. We investigated whether a history of wood dust exposure through occupational and hobby-related activities was associated with increased lung cancer risk.MethodsWe conducted a population-based case-control study, with 440 cases and 845 age-matched controls. Using detailed work and personal histories, quantitative estimates of cumulative exposure to wood dust (thought to be primarily from softwood) were calculated for each participant. Using unconditional logistic regression adjusted for age and smoking status, risk of lung cancer was examined in relation to employment in wood-related occupations, working with wood as a hobby, as well as cumulative wood dust exposure that took into account both occupational and hobby-related sources.ResultsWhile we observed an increased risk of lung cancer associated with working in a sawmill (OR=1.5; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.1), we found no evidence of increased risks with other occupations, working with wood as a hobby or with estimated cumulative exposure to wood dust. Contrary to our hypothesis, we observed modest decreased risks with exposure to wood dust, although no dose-response relationship was apparent.ConclusionsThis study provided somewhat reassuring evidence that softwood dust does not increase the risk of lung cancer, but future studies should evaluate exposure to hardwood dusts. Suggestive evidence for an inverse association may be attributable to the presence of endotoxin in the wood dust, but the lack of a dose-response relationship suggests a non-causal relationship.
Survey of the current use of pharmacokinetic model‐driven drug delivery in small animal anaesthesia and analgesia in Italy
Authors: Novello L. , Carobbi B. 
Published: November 2010

Veterinary surgeons in Italy were surveyed about their current practice with regard to the use of propofol and intravenous opioids during anaesthesia and for treatment of acute pain in small animals. Questionnaires were e‐mailed to all 171 members of the Italian Society of Veterinary Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine. Information was requested on the type of practice the veterinarians worked in, the administration techniques used and the perceived benefit of pumps with target‐controlled infusion (TCI) capability implementing small animal pharmacokinetic models. A total of 168 responses were received (response rate 98.2 per cent). Of the respondents, 121 (72.0 per cent) worked in a first‐opinion private practice, 25 (14.9 per cent) worked in a 24/7 private practice, 11 (6.5 per cent) worked in a referral private practice, eight (4.8 per cent) worked in a university hospital, two (1.2 per cent) were not currently practising with small animals and one (0.6 per cent) had retired. Of the 130 (78.8 per cent) practising respondents who reported using a syringe pump, eight (4.8 per cent) used a TCI system, 31 (18.8 per cent) used manual TCI, 40 (24.2 per cent) used a bolus‐elimination‐transfer scheme and 51 (31 per cent) used a constant‐rate infusion. As a result, 79 of 165 (47.9 per cent) practising respondents used a pharmacokinetic model‐driven method of drug delivery. The majority of respondents (81.2 per cent) believed that the use of pumps with TCI capability would improve practice and patient care.
Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ruminal or fecal contents incubated with corn or wheat dried distillers’ grains with solubles
Authors: Yang H.E. , Yang W.Z. , McKinnon J.J. , Alexander T.W. , Li Y.L. , McAllister T.A. 
Published: November 2010

Dried distillers’ grain with solubles (DDGS) is a by-product of ethanol production, and its use as cattle feed has increased as a result of the expansion of the fuel ethanol industry. However, the inclusion of corn DDGS into feedlot diets may increase the shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7. This study investigated whether corn or wheat DDGS at 2 concentrations (20% or 40% vs. 100% barley grain) affected the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in incubations of ruminal digesta and feces. Neither the type nor the level of DDGS had any effect on fermentation or the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in ruminal digesta. However, there was a time by DDGS interaction (p < 0.05), where the numbers of E. coli O157:H7 in feces did not differ after 4 or 12 h of incubation but were greater after 24 h in both 40% wheat and 40% corn DDGS as compared with other treatments. Additionally, after 24 h, the numbers of E. coli O157:H7 were greater in fecal incubations with corn DDGS than with wheat DDGS (p < 0.05). The differences in the numbers of E. coli O157:H7 were not attributable to changes in pH or in concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the media. These results suggest that the inclusion of high levels of corn or wheat DDGS in feedlot diets of cattle may encourage the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in feces.
Polysaccharide Krestin Is a Novel TLR2 Agonist that Mediates Inhibition of Tumor Growth via Stimulation of CD8 T Cells and NK Cells
Authors: Lu Hailing , Yang Yi , Gad Ekram , Wenner Cynthia A. , Chang Amy , Larson Emily R. , Dang Yushe , Martzen Mark , Standish Leanna J. , Disis Mary L. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Purpose: Polysaccharide krestin (PSK) is a mushroom extract that has been long used in Asia and recently in Western countries as a treatment for cancer due to its presumed immune potentiating effects. Although there have been reports of clinical responses after patients have ingested PSK, the mechanism of action of the agent remains undefined. The current study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism of the antitumor actions of PSK.
Experimental Design: The immunostimulatory effect of PSK was first evaluated in vitro using splenocytes from neu transgenic mice and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 knockout (TLR2−/−) mice. Then the immunostimualtory and antitumor effect of PSK was determined using tumor-bearing neu transgenic mice, TLR2−/−, and wild-type C57BL/6 mice.
Results: We demonstrate that PSK is a selective TLR2 agonist, and the activation of dendritic cells (DC) and T cells by PSK is dependent on TLR2. Oral administration of PSK in neu transgenic mice significantly inhibits breast cancer growth. Selective depletion of specific cell populations suggests that the antitumor effect of PSK is dependent on both CD8+ T cell and NK cells, but not CD4+ T cells. PSK does not inhibit tumor growth in TLR2−/− mice suggesting that the antitumor effect is mediated by TLR2.
Conclusion: These results demonstrate that PSK, a natural product commonly used for the treatment of cancer, is a specific TLR2 agonist and has potent antitumor effects via stimulation of both innate and adaptive immune pathways. Clin Cancer Res; 17(1); 67–76. ©2010 AACR.
Hepatic Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α Is Essential for Maintaining Triglyceride and Cholesterol Homeostasis
Authors: Yin Liya , Ma Huiyan , Ge Xuemei , Edwards Peter A. , Zhang Yanqiao 
Published: November 2010

Objective—
Loss-of-function mutations in human hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) are associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young and lipid disorders. However, the mechanisms underlying the lipid disorders are poorly understood. In this study, we determined the effect of acute loss or augmentation of hepatic HNF4α function on lipid homeostasis.

Methods and Results—

We generated an adenovirus expressing LacZ (Ad-shLacZ) or short hairpin RNA of
Hnf4
α (Ad-shHnf4α). Tail vain injection of C57BL/6J mice with Ad-shHnf4α reduced hepatic
Hnf4
α expression and resulted in striking phenotypes, including the development of fatty liver and a >80% decrease in plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. These latter changes were associated with reduced hepatic lipogenesis and impaired very-low-density lipoprotein secretion. Deficiency in hepatic
Hnf4
α did not affect intestinal cholesterol absorption despite decreased expression of genes involved in bile acid synthesis. Consistent with the loss-of-function data, overexpression of
Hnf4
α induced numerous genes involved in lipid metabolism in isolated primary hepatocytes. Interestingly, many of these HNF4α-regulated genes were not induced in wild-type mice that overexpressed hepatic
Hnf4
α. Because of selective gene regulation, mice overexpressing hepatic
Hnf4
α had unchanged plasma triglyceride levels and decreased plasma cholesterol levels.

Conclusion—
Loss of hepatic HNF4α results in severe lipid disorder as a result of dysregulation of multiple genes involved in lipid metabolism. In contrast, augmentation of hepatic HNF4α activity lowers plasma cholesterol levels but has no effect on plasma triglyceride levels because of selective gene regulation. Our data indicate that hepatic HNF4α is essential for controlling the basal expression of numerous genes involved in lipid metabolism and is indispensable for maintaining normal lipid homeostasis.
Protein Kinase C Upregulates Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Leukocyte-Endothelium Interactions in Hyperglycemia via Activation of Endothelial Expressed Calpain
Authors: Smolock Amanda R. , Mishra Gourav , Eguchi Kunie , Eguchi Satoru , Scalia Rosario 
Published: November 2010

Objective—We tested the hypothesis of a role for the calcium-dependent protease calpain in the endothelial dysfunction induced by hyperglycemic activation of protein kinase C (PKC).Methods and Results—Chronic hyperglycemia with insulin deficiency (type 1 diabetes) was induced in rats by streptozotocin. Total PKC and calpain activities, along with activity and expression level of the 2 endothelial-expressed calpains isoforms, μ- and m-calpain, were measured in vascular tissue homogenates by enzymatic assays and Western blot analysis, respectively. Intravital microscopy was used to measure and correlate leukocyte-endothelium interactions with calpain activity in the microcirculation. Expression levels and endothelial localization of the inflammatory adhesion molecule intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were studied by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence, respectively. The mechanistic role of hyperglycemia alone in the process of PKC-induced calpain activation and actions was also investigated. We found that in the type 1 diabetic vasculature, PKC selectively upregulates the activity of the μ-calpain isoform. Mechanistic studies confirmed a role for hyperglycemia and PKCβ in this process. The functional implications of PKC-induced calpain activation were upregulation of endothelial expressed intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and leukocyte-endothelium interactions.Conclusion—Our results uncover the role of μ-calpain in the endothelial dysfunction of PKC. Calpain may represent a novel molecular target for the treatment of PKC-associated diabetic vascular disease.
Onias IV and the δέσποτος ερός: Placing Antiquities 13.62-73 into the Context of Ptolemaic Land Tenure
Authors: Last Richard 
Published: November 2010

AbstractJosephus’ narrative of Onias IV in Ant. 13.62-73 is an account of a Judean refugee who flees to Egypt and manages to acquire land in both Alexandria and Heliopolis. He is also given the authority to construct a temple on his Heliopolis property, which Josephus describes to have previously been δέσποτος. This is a technical term used in the papyri and by classical authors to designate ownerless property, which could be acquired legally only by purchase at the public auction and, in the Roman period, also directly from the idios logos. Scholars have long endeavoured to reconstruct the history behind Josephus’ narrative of the temple of Onias, but they have yet to investigate the function of this technical term within the larger narrative of Ant. 13.62-73, nor the insights that it might provide regarding the historicity of the account. The present article enters into the world of Ptolemaic land tenure in order to contextualize Josephus’ account of Onias’ acquisition of an ownerless temple. It demonstrates that Josephus’ story of Onias’ temple is more nuanced than previously thought.
L’humanité vue d’en haut (Cyprien, Ad Donatum, 6-13)
Authors: Fredouille Jean-Claude 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBoth converted a short time before, Cyprian and his friend Donatus are supposed to look down at mankind from a symbolic summit. Far from being diatribical improvisations, these chapters 6-13 of Ad Donatum display a very careful and personal structure. Cyprian shows himself an eclectic and original heir to a literary and philosophical tradition. The genre of Ad Donatum is often called into question because the author seems to have several purposes in mind. In fact, it should be regarded as a specimen of the epistolary genre.
Presidential Address 2010 When Liberation Becomes Survival
Authors: Alexander Estrelda 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis articles uses three contemporary issues — the struggle for authentic racial and cultural justice for people who are in some way locked out of the “mainstream” of the privileged white power structure, the quest of women to live out their God-ordained humanity in every arena of the church and society, and the response of the church to the perceived threat of the homosexual agenda — to explore the necessity of drawing on the intellectual resources of Pentecostal/Charismatic scholarship to engage the social justice issues with which the church must wrestle in the twenty-first century. Historically, liberation theologies have been dismissed by the evangelical and Pentecostal communities as totally unbiblical responses to social ills driven largely by unbiblical philosophical understanding and agenda, but they have failed to speak a liberative word to those within our own churches whose very lives are circumscribed by blatantly unjust responses to these issues. This article calls for crafting liberative theologies as a Spirit-empowered and enlightened intellectual pursuit that takes seriously the biblical mandate to be responsive to issues of justice.
Representation and Reference
Authors: Ankersmit Frank 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis essay focuses on the historical text as a whole. It does so by conceiving of the historical text as representation ‐ in the way the we may say of a photo or a painting that it represents the person depicted on it. It is argued that representation cannot be properly understood by modelling it on true description. So all the central questions asked since the days of Frege with regard to how the true statement relates to the world must be asked anew, if we wish to understand how a historical representation relates to what it is about. Three claims are made. In the first place, representation is not a two-place but a three-place operator: apart from a representation (say, a book on Napoleon) and what the representation represents (Napoleon himself), a representation also indicates an aspect of represented reality (an aspect of Napoleon). The second claim is that this notion of the aspect is crucial for a proper understanding of (historical) representation. Thirdly, it is argued that traditional theories of reference cannot account for the relationship between a representation and the aspect indicated by it.