bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La négociation diplomatique au risque de la transparence : rôles et figures du secret envers des tiers
Authors: Colson Aurélien 
Published: May 2009

Résumé Cet article analyse le mouvement historique et politique qui, dans la négociation diplomatique, a modifié le statut du secret vis-à-vis de tiers. Institution incontestée depuis la Renaissance, le secret de la négociation – de son processus comme de son résultat – fut ébranlé à partir des Lumières par le principe de publicité, puis par l’ambition wilsonienne d’une diplomatie nouvelle. A l’époque contemporaine, une injonction de transparence expose de façon croissante les processus de négociation eux-mêmes. Prenant acte de cette évolution qui modifie l’insertion de la négociation dans son contexte au sens de Strauss, l’article étudie ensuite les justifications et les risques respectifs du secret et de la transparence envers des tiers. Un dilemme apparaît, ni le secret ni la transparence ne pouvant totalement exclure l’autre terme de la stratégie du négociateur : autant le secret vis-à-vis de tiers favorise l’efficacité du processus de négociation, autant la transparence renforce la légitimité du résultat négocié, et inversement.
Going Ultra: How We Can Increase the Length Scales Studied in Small‐Angle Neutron Scattering
Authors: Sharp Melissa A. , Pranzas P. Klaus , Schreyer Andreas 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSmall‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) has over the years proved to be a popular technique to investigate a variety of problems in materials science, since the length scales probed by this technique (1–100 nm) are ideal for many systems. However, there are a number of problems where the length scale of interest is larger. In order to study such systems it is possible to combine SANS with ultra‐small‐angle neutron scattering (USANS). This allows the study of structures from a few nanometers up to 50 µm. Here it is shown how the combination of SANS and USANS has allowed for a wider range of problems within materials science and polymer science to be solved.
Ligand‐Driven Wavelength‐Tunable and Ultra‐Broadband Infrared Luminescence in Single‐Ion‐Doped Transparent Hybrid Materials
Authors: Zhou Shifeng , Jiang Nan , Wu Botao , Hao Jianhua , Qiu Jianrong 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHere, tuning of the optical properties of emission centers by tailoring the ligand fields is investigated. Experimentally, it is demonstrated that Ni2+ can act as a single emission species in multiple octahedral local environments. Nanocrystal‐embedded hybrid materials are employed as hosts in order to take advantage of their convenience in local environment design for practical applications. Novel composite gain materials with high transparence are successfully made, and show interesting wavelength‐tunable and ultra‐broadband infrared luminescence covering the whole near‐infrared region from 1 100 to 1 800 nm. The infrared luminescence peak positions can be finely tuned from 1 300 to 1 450 and to 1 570 nm, with the largest full width at half maximum being about 400 nm and covering the telecommunication bands at 1 200–1 500 nm. According to the results of characterization, the unusual luminescence, interestingly, originates from Ni2+ in nanocrystals and the doping efficiency of Ni2+ is surprisingly high. The results demonstrate that the method presented may be an effective way to fabricate multifunctional light sources with various fundamental multifunctional applications from efficient broadband optical amplifiers to bio‐imaging.
In vivo pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen after patch application in the Mexican hairless pig
Authors: Horie Masafumi , Sekiya Ichiro , Nakamura Tomomasa , Tanaka Hozumi , Maekawa Kotaro , Nakanishi Masaru , Muneta Takeshi , Kobayashi Eiji 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTo evaluate the pharmacokinetics of topical drugs, in vitro permeation studies are performed using sacrificed pig skin or human tissues resected at surgery; however, these methods have their limitations in in vivo pharmacokinetics. This study examined the usefulness of Mexican hairless pigs for in vivo pharmacokinetic study, especially the drug concentration in the tissues. A ketoprofen patch was applied on the back of Mexican hairless pigs for 24 h, followed by sequential collection of blood specimens from 0 to 36 h (n=3). Also, the skin, subcutaneous fat, fascia and muscle from the center of the site of application were excised at 12 h after the application (n=4). Ketoprofen was first detected in the plasma at 8 h, the concentration increasing up to 24 h; the plasma concentration began to decrease after the removal of the ketoprofen patch. Ketoprofen concentrations in the tissues decreased with increasing depth of the tissues, but the values in the deep muscles, being the lowest among the tissues examined, were still higher than those in the plasma. While the data of drug concentration in human tissue are difficult to test, the Mexican hairless pig model appears to be attractive for in vivo pharmacokinetic studies of topically applied ketoprofen. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissecting membrane protein architecture: An annotation of structural complexity
Authors: Arce Jaime , Sturgis James N. , Duneau Jean‐Pierre 
Published: May 2009

Abstractα‐Helical membrane proteins exist in an anisotropic environment which strongly influences their folding, stability, and architecture, which is far more complex than a simple bundle of transmembrane helices, notably due to helix deformations, prosthetic groups and extramembrane structures. However, the role and the distribution of such heterogeneity in the supra molecular organization of membrane proteins remains poorly investigated. Using a nonredundant subset of α‐helical membrane proteins, we have annotated and analyze the statistics of several types of new elements such as incomplete helices, intramembrane loops, helical extensions of helical transmembrane domains, extracellular loops, and helices lying parallel to the membrane surface. The relevance of the annotation scheme was studied using residue composition, statistics, physical chemistry, and symmetry of their distribution in relation to the immediate membrane environment. Calculation of hydrophobicity using different scales show that different structural elements appear to have affinities coherent with their position in the membrane. Examination of the annotation scheme suggests that there is considerable information content in the amino acid compositions of the different elements suggesting that it might be useful for structural prediction. More importantly, the proposed annotation will help to decipher the complex hierarchy of interactions involved in membrane protein architecture. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 815–829, 2009.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
A Quantitative Comparison of Wild‐Type and Gatekeeper Mutant Cdk2 for Chemical Genetic Studies with ATP Analogues
Authors: Elphick Lucy M. , Lee Sarah E. , Child Emma S. , Prasad Aarathi , Pignocchi Cristina , Thibaudeau Sébastien , Anderson Alexandra A. , Bonnac Laurent , Gouverneur Véronique , Mann David J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMutant kinase kinetics: Protein kinases with enlarged ATP binding sites are increasingly being used as tools to probe the functioning signal transduction cascades. Using human cyclin‐dependent kinase 2 as a model system, we demonstrate that enlargement of the ATP binding site does not substantially alter either the catalysis kinetics nor substrate or phosphorylation site selection.magnified imageChemical genetic studies with enlarged ATP binding sites and unnatural ATP analogues have been applied to protein kinases for characterisation and substrate identification. Although this system is becoming widely used, there are limited data available about the kinetic profile of the modified system. Here we describe a detailed comparison of the wild‐type cdk2 and the mutant gatekeeper kinase to assess the relative efficiencies of these kinases with ATP and unnatural ATP analogues. Our data demonstrate that mutation of the kinase alters neither the substrate specificity nor the phosphorylation site specificity. We find comparable KM/Vmax values for mutant cdk2 and wild‐type kinase. Furthermore, F80G cdk2 is efficiently able to compensate for a defective cdk in a biological setting.
Design of a Genetic Algorithm for the Simulated Evolution of a Library of Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation Catalysts
Authors: Vriamont Nicolas , Govaerts Bernadette , Grenouillet Pierre , de Bellefon Claude , Riant Olivier 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBreeding new catalysts: A library of 1980 catalysts was designed for asymmetric hydrogen transfer to acetophenone. The library was submitted to evaluation and further simulated evolution experiments, based on a genetic algorithm (see scheme). We demonstrated that it was easily possible to get 5–6 of the ten best catalysts, while investigating only 10% of the library.magnified imageA library of catalysts was designed for asymmetric‐hydrogen transfer to acetophenone. At first, the whole library was submitted to evaluation using high‐throughput experiments (HTE). The catalysts were listed in ascending order, with respect to their performance, and best catalysts were identified. In the second step, various simulated evolution experiments, based on a genetic algorithm, were applied to this library. A small part of the library, called the mother generation (G0), thus evolved from generation to generation. The goal was to use our collection of HTE data to adjust the parameters of the genetic algorithm, in order to obtain a maximum of the best catalysts within a minimal number of generations. It was namely found that simulated evolution's results depended on the selection of G0 and that a random G0 should be preferred. We also demonstrated that it was possible to get 5 to 6 of the ten best catalysts while investigating only 10 % of the library. Moreover, we developed a double algorithm making this result still achievable if the evolution started with one of the worst G0.
Porous Co3O4 Nanosheets with Extraordinarily High Discharge Capacity for Lithium Batteries
Authors: Zhan Fangming , Geng Baoyou , Guo Yijun 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCobalt and battery charge: Porous Co3O4 with a hexagonal sheetlike structure has been synthesized through precursor Co(OH)2 hexagonal nanosheets (see figure). The as‐prepared nanosheets exhibit excellent Li‐battery performance with a good cycle life and high capacity (1450 mAh g−1).magnified imageIn this work, we report the simple solid‐state formation of porous Co3O4 with a hexagonal sheetlike structure. The synthesis is based on controlled thermal oxidative decomposition and recrystallization of precursor Co(OH)2 hexagonal nanosheets. After thermal treatment, the hexagonal sheetlike morphology can be completely preserved, despite the fact that there is a volume contraction accompanying the process: Co(OH)2→Co3O4. Because of the intrinsic crystal contraction, a highly porous structure of the product is simultaneously created. Importantly, when evaluated as electrode materials for lithium‐ion batteries, the as‐prepared porous Co3O4 nanosheets exhibit superior Li‐battery performance with good cycle life and high capacity (1450 mAh g−1) due to their porous sheetlike structure and small size. As far as we know, the performance of the Co3O4‐based anode materials for lithium batteries presented here is the best up to now. Considering the improved performance and cost‐effective synthesis, the as‐prepared porous Co3O4 nanosheets might be suitable as anode electrodes for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries.
Guest Binding Drives Reversible Atropisomerism in Cavitand Hosts
Authors: Nguyen Thanh V. , Sinclair David J. , Willis Anthony C. , Sherburn Michael S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractGuest‐love‐ometer: The equilibrium inside–outside atropisomeric ratio of ortho‐substituted phenyl cavitands shows a strong solvent dependence. The competition between the ortho‐substituent and the solvent guest for the bowl cavity leads to a sensitive system for the measurement of relative guest binding affinities.magnified image
Azido and Diazarinyl Analogues of Bis‐Tyrphostin as Asymmetrical Inhibitors of Dynamin GTPase
Authors: Odell Luke R. , Chau Ngoc , Mariana Anna , Graham Mark E. , Robinson Phillip J. , McCluskey Adam 
Published: May 2009

AbstractProbing the dynamin binding site: Bis‐tyrphostin (1, Bis‐T), is a potent inhibitor of the phospholipid‐stimulated GTPase activity of dynamin I. Analogues of Bis‐T have significant potential as a biological probes for the dissection of endocytic pathways. Bis‐T‐derived compounds were synthesised and evaluated for their ability to inhibit the GTPase activity of dynamin I. Two analogues (23 and 24) represent the first asymmetrically substituted Bis‐T analogues to retain dynamin inhibition.magnified imageTwo azidobenzyl amide (4 and 23) and one 3‐trifluoromethyl‐3H‐diazirin‐3‐ylphenyl (24) analogues of bis‐tyrphostin (1, Bis‐T) were synthesised as potential photoaffinity labels for the elucidation of the binding site of compound 1 in dynamin I. Of the two azidobenzyl amide analogues (4 and 23), the terminally substituted 23 retained dynamin I GTPase inhibition (IC50=6.4±2.8 μM) whilst 4, which was substituted on the central carbon of the amide linker, displayed no activity. Analogue 24 also retained inhibitory activity (IC50=36±9 μM). Photoaffinity labelling experiments did not unequivocally elucidate the binding pocket of compound 1. However, compounds 23 and 24 represent the first asymmetrically substituted Bis‐T analogues to retain dynamin inhibitory activity, providing a new direction for analogue synthesis.
Modelling brain deformations for computer‐integrated neurosurgery
Authors: Miller K. , Wittek A. , Joldes G. , Horton A. , Dutta‐Roy T. , Berger J. , Morriss L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this review paper we discuss Intelligent Systems for Medicine Laboratory's contributions to mathematical and numerical modelling of brain deformation behaviour for neurosurgical simulation and brain image registration. These processes can be reasonably described in purely mechanical terms, such as displacements, strains and stresses and therefore can be analysed using established methods of continuum mechanics. We advocate the use of fully non‐linear theory of continuum mechanics. We discuss in some detail modelling geometry, boundary conditions, loading and material properties. We consider numerical problems such as the use of hexahedral and mixed hexahedral–tetrahedral meshes as well as meshless spatial discretization schemes. We advocate the use of total Lagrangian formulation of both finite element and meshless methods together with explicit time‐stepping procedures. We support our recommendations and conclusions with two examples: computation of the reaction force acting on a biopsy needle, and computation of the brain shift for image registration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gold fluorescent annexin A5 as a novel apoptosis detection tool
Authors: Kurschus Florian C. , Pal Prajna Paramita , Bäumler Petra , Jenne Dieter E. , Wiltschi Birgit , Budisa Nediljko 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe describe a golden fluorescent apoptosis detection tool, which we generated by a fusion of golden fluorescent protein (GdFP) with human annexin A5 (anxA5). GdFP was obtained by replacement of tryptophan at position 66 with 4‐aminotryptophan in the chromophore of enhanced cyan fluorescent protein. The GdFP‐anxA5 construct combines highly desirable features originating from both fusion partners. These include (i) strong binding to membrane phosphatidylserine patches of apoptotic cells in the presence of Ca2+ which is brought about by anxA5, (ii) the stable and homogeneous monomeric state, (iii) as well as the red‐shifted fluorescence maximum at 574 nm originating from GdFP. We found that GdFP‐anxA5 is equally well applicable for apoptosis studies as a routinely used fluorescein 5′‐isothiocyanate‐annexin A5 conjugate. Golden fluorescent annexin A5 represents a new, stable, and homogeneous red‐shifted optical probe for the efficient detection of apoptosis by fluorescence microscopy or by flow cytometry. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Cytotoxic Titanium(IV) Complexes: Renaissance (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 15/2009)
Authors: Tshuva Edit Y. , Ashenhurst James A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe cover picture The cover picture shows the cytotoxic activity of diamine bis(phenolato) bis(isopropoxo) TiIV complexes, which is strongly dependent on ligand features and on incubation time and period of water exposure, as represented metaphorically by the hourglass. Particularly slow hydrolysis of the isopropoxo groups enables cell insertion of an active species, while upon water addition in the absence of cells, a highly stable phenolato‐bound trinuclear cluster is formed, which is inactive. The results obtained thus far with this new family of cytotoxic TiIV compounds in the context of the current knowledge of the activity and operation mode of established TiIV cytotoxic complexes is described in the Microreview by E. Y. Tshuva and J. A. Ashenhurst on p. 2203 ff.
A Sandwich‐Type Electrochemical Biosensor for Detection of BCR/ABL Fusion Gene Using Locked Nucleic Acids on Gold Electrode
Authors: Wang Kun , Chen Jinghua , Chen Jing , Liu Ailin , Li Guangwen , Luo Hongbin , Lin Xinhua , Chen Yuanzhong 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this study, a sandwich‐type electrochemical enzyme‐based LNA‐modified DNA biosensor was developed to detect relative gene in chronic Myelogenous Leukemia first. This biosensor is based on a ‘sandwich’ detection strategy, which involves a pair of probes (a capture probe immobilized at the electrode surface and a reporter probe labeled biotin as an affinity tag for avidin‐HRP) modified LNA. Since biotin can be connected with avidin‐HRP, this biosensor offers an enzymatically amplified electrochemical current signal for the detection of target DNA. This new pattern exhibits high sensitivity and selectivity, and this biosensor has been used for an assay of PCR real sample with satisfactory result.
The Preliminary Studies of Electrochemical Behavior of Paracetamol and Its Metabolites on Glassy Carbon Electrode by Voltammetric Methods
Authors: Baranowska Irena , Koper Marta 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe new, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of paracetamol (PAR) and its glucuronide (PG) and sulfate (PS) metabolites is proposed. The electrochemical properties of the compounds were examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). All measurements were carried out in Britton–Robinson buffers (BR) with different pH values over the pH range 1.81–7.24. The preliminary research indicated that PAR could be determined simultaneously with one of its metabolites. The linearity of calibration curves was obtained for concentrations between 1.65×10−5 and 1.65×10−4 M for PAR, 1.53×10−5 and 1.53×10−4 M for PG and 2.17×10−5 and 1.52×10−4 M for PS.
Structure specific analysis of the hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Das Sandhitsu R. , Mechanic‐Hamilton Dawn , Korczykowski Marc , Pluta John , Glynn Simon , Avants Brian B. , Detre John A. , Yushkevich Paul A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe hippocampus is a major structure of interest affected by temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Region of interest (ROI)‐based analysis has traditionally been used to study hippocampal involvement in TLE, although spatial variation of structural and functional pathology have been known to exist within the ROI. In this article, structure‐specific analysis (Yushkevich et al. (2007) Neuroimage 35:1516–1530) is applied to the study of both structure and function in TLE patients. This methodology takes into account information about the spatial correspondence of voxels within ROIs on left and right sides of the same subject as well as between subjects. Hippocampal thickness is studied as a measure of structural integrity, and functional activation in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment in which subjects performed a memory encoding task is studied as a measure of functional integrity. Pronounced disease‐related decrease in thickness is found in posterior and anterior hippocampus. A region in the body also shows increased thickness in patients' healthy hippocampi compared with controls. Functional activation in diseased hippocampi is reduced in the body region compared to controls, whereas a region in the tail showing greater right‐lateralized activation in controls also shows greater activation in healthy hippocampi compared with the diseased side in patients. Summary measurements generated by integrating quantities of interest over the entire hippocampus can also be used, as is done in conventional ROI analysis. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fully automatic hippocampus segmentation and classification in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment applied on data from ADNI
Authors: Chupin Marie , Gérardin Emilie , Cuingnet Rémi , Boutet Claire , Lemieux Louis , Lehéricy Stéphane , Benali Habib , Garnero Line , Colliot Olivier 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe hippocampus is among the first structures affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hippocampal magnetic resonance imaging volumetry is a potential biomarker for AD but is hindered by the limitations of manual segmentation. We proposed a fully automatic method using probabilistic and anatomical priors for hippocampus segmentation. Probabilistic information is derived from 16 young controls and anatomical knowledge is modeled with automatically detected landmarks. The results were previously evaluated by comparison with manual segmentation on data from the 16 young healthy controls, with a leave‐one‐out strategy, and eight patients with AD. High accuracy was found for both groups (volume error 6 and 7%, overlap 87 and 86%, respectively). In this article, the method was used to segment 145 patients with AD, 294 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 166 elderly normal subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database. On the basis of a qualitative rating protocol, the segmentation proved acceptable in 94% of the cases. We used the obtained hippocampal volumes to automatically discriminate between AD patients, MCI patients, and elderly controls. The classification proved accurate: 76% of the patients with AD and 71% of the MCI converting to AD before 18 months were correctly classified with respect to the elderly controls, using only hippocampal volume. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.