bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chylomicron retention disease based on a review of the literature and the experience of two centers
Authors: Peretti Noel , Sassolas Agnès , Roy Claude C , Deslandres Colette , Charcosset Mathilde , Castagnetti Justine , Pugnet-Chardon Laurence , Moulin Philippe , Labarge Sylvie , Bouthillier Lise , Lachaux Alain , Levy Emile 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFamilial hypocholesterolemia, namely abetalipoproteinemia, hypobetalipoproteinemia and chylomicron retention disease (CRD), are rare genetic diseases that cause malnutrition, failure to thrive, growth failure and vitamin E deficiency, as well as other complications. Recently, the gene implicated in CRD was identified. The diagnosis is often delayed because symptoms are nonspecific. Treatment and follow-up remain poorly defined.The aim of this paper is to provide guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of children with CRD based on a literature overview and two pediatric centers 'experience.The diagnosis is based on a history of chronic diarrhea with fat malabsorption and abnormal lipid profile. Upper endoscopy and histology reveal fat-laden enterocytes whereas vitamin E deficiency is invariably present. Creatine kinase (CK) is usually elevated and hepatic steatosis is common. Genotyping identifies theSar1bgene mutation.Treatment should be aimed at preventing potential complications. Vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal distension improve on a low-long chain fat diet. Failure to thrive is one of the most common initial clinical findings. Neurological and ophthalmologic complications in CRD are less severe than in other types of familial hypocholesterolemia. However, the vitamin E deficiency status plays a pivotal role in preventing neurological complications. Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency is especially severe early in life. Recently, increased CK levels and cardiomyopathy have been described in addition to muscular manifestations. Poor mineralization and delayed bone maturation do occur. A moderate degree of macrovesicular steatosis is common, but no cases of steatohepatitis cirrhosis.Besides a low-long chain fat diet made up uniquely of polyunsaturated fatty acids, treatment includes fat-soluble vitamin supplements and large amounts of vitamin E. Despite fat malabsorption and the absence of postprandial chylomicrons, the oral route can prevent neurological complications even though serum levels of vitamin E remain chronically low. Dietary counseling is needed not only to monitor fat intake and improve symptoms, but also to maintain sufficient caloric and EFA intake.Despite a better understanding of the pathogenesis of CRD, the diagnosis and management of the disease remain a challenge for clinicians. The clinical guidelines proposed will helpfully lead to an earlier diagnosis and the prevention of complications.
Transformation of metabolism with age and lifestyle in Antarctic seals: a case study of systems biology approach to cross-species microarray experiment
Authors: Ptitsyn Andrey , Schlater Amber , Kanatous Shane 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Background
The metabolic transformation that changes Weddell seal pups born on land into aquatic animals is not only interesting for the study of general biology, but it also provides a model for the acquired and congenital muscle disorders which are associated with oxygen metabolism in skeletal muscle. However, the analysis of gene expression in seals is hampered by the lack of specific microarrays and the very limited annotation of known Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) genes.

Results
Muscle samples from newborn, juvenile, and adult Weddell seals were collected during an Antarctic expedition. Extracted RNA was hybridized on Affymetrix Human Expression chips. Preliminary studies showed a detectable signal from at least 7000 probe sets present in all samples and replicates. Relative expression levels for these genes was used for further analysis of the biological pathways implicated in the metabolism transformation which occurs in the transition from newborn, to juvenile, to adult seals. Cytoskeletal remodeling, WNT signaling, FAK signaling, hypoxia-induced HIF1 activation, and insulin regulation were identified as being among the most important biological pathways involved in transformation.

Conclusion
In spite of certain losses in specificity and sensitivity, the cross-species application of gene expression microarrays is capable of solving challenging puzzles in biology. A Systems Biology approach based on gene interaction patterns can compensate adequately for the lack of species-specific genomics information.
Mothers' knowledge and utilization of prevention of mother to child transmission services in northern Tanzania
Authors: Falnes Eli Fjeld , Tylleskär Thorkild , de Paoli Marina Manuela , Manongi Rachel , Engebretsen Ingunn MS 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundMore than 90% of children living with HIV have been infected through mother to child transmission. The aims of our present study were to: (1) assess the utilization of the prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) services in five reproductive and child health clinics in Moshi, northern Tanzania, after the implementation of routine counselling and testing; (2) explore the level of knowledge the postnatal mothers had about PMTCT; and (3) assess the quality of the counselling given.MethodsThis study was conducted in 2007 and 2008 in rural and urban areas of Moshi in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania. Mixed methods were used. We interviewed 446 mothers when they brought their four‐week‐old infants to five reproductive and child health clinics for immunization. On average, the urban clinics included in the study had implemented the programme two years earlier than the rural clinics. We also conducted 13 in‐depth interviews with mothers and nurses, four focus group discussions with mothers, and four observations of mothers receiving counselling.ResultsNearly all mothers (98%) were offered HIV testing, and all who were offered accepted. However, the counselling was hasty with little time for clarifications. Mothers attending urban antenatal clinics tended to be more knowledgeable about PMTCT than the rural attendees. Compared with previous studies in the area, our study found that PMTCT knowledge had increased and the counsellors had greater confidence in their counselling.ConclusionsRoutine counselling and testing for HIV at the antenatal clinics was greatly accepted and included practically every mother in this time period. However, the counselling was suboptimal due to time and resource constraints. We interpret the higher level of PMTCT knowledge among the urban as opposed to the rural attendees as a result of differences in the start up of the PMTCT programme and, thus, programme maturation. After comparison with earlier studies conducted in this setting, we conclude that when the programme has had time to get established, both its acceptance and the understanding of the topics dealt with during the counselling increases.
The rate of the molecular clock and the cost of gratuitous protein synthesis
Authors: Plata Germán , Gottesman Max E , Vitkup Dennis 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Background
The nature of the protein molecular clock, the protein-specific rate of amino acid substitutions, is among the central questions of molecular evolution. Protein expression level is the dominant determinant of the clock rate in a number of organisms. It has been suggested that highly expressed proteins evolve slowly in all species mainly to maintain robustness to translation errors that generate toxic misfolded proteins. Here we investigate this hypothesis experimentally by comparing the growth rate of Escherichia coli expressing wild type and misfolding-prone variants of the LacZ protein.

Results
We show that the cost of toxic protein misfolding is small compared to other costs associated with protein synthesis. Complementary computational analyses demonstrate that there is also a relatively weaker, but statistically significant, selection for increasing solubility and polarity in highly expressed E. coli proteins.

Conclusions
Although we cannot rule out the possibility that selection against misfolding toxicity significantly affects the protein clock in species other than E. coli, our results suggest that it is unlikely to be the dominant and universal factor determining the clock rate in all organisms. We find that in this bacterium other costs associated with protein synthesis are likely to play an important role. Interestingly, our experiments also suggest significant costs associated with volume effects, such as jamming of the cellular environment with unnecessary proteins.
Demonstration of 3C-SiC MEMS Structures on Polysilicon-on-oxide Substrates
Authors: Locke Christopher , Frewin Christopher , Abbati Luca , Saddow Stephen E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSilicon carbide has robust mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties which make it an attractive material candidate for micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS). 3C-SiC films grown via a polysilicon seed-layer CVD-deposited on an oxide coated (111) Si substrate offers an innovative method to overcome the residual film stress issues associated with 3C-SiC heteroepitaxy and the difficulties of fabricating structures from 3C-SiC films. The oxide plays a dual role by permitting film relaxation with respect to the supporting substrate and functioning as a MEMS release layer, allowing MEMS structures such as cantilevers and diaphragms, to be easily fabricated from the 3C-SiC film. The impact of the oxide layer on the relaxation of the film stress was investigated by comparing direction-sensitive MEMS stress sensors fabricated from 3C-SiC films grown via a polysilicon-on-oxide-coated-substrate and a polysilicon-on-crystalline Si substrate. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of bridge structures fabricated on the polysilicon-on-oxide substrate revealed evidence of film strain relaxation when compared to bridge structures fabricated on the polysilicon-on-crystalline Si substrate. However, the upward-curled cantilever and comb structures fabricated on both substrates indicate the presence of a strain gradient in the 3C-SiC film grown on both substrates.
When Organometallic Chemistry and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Meet Optimized Silicon-based Gas Sensor
Authors: Yoboue Pamela , Menini Philippe , Maisonnat Andre , Kahn Myrtil , Fajerwerg Katia , Chaudret Bruno , Fau Pierre 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA robust silicon gas sensor chip (platinum heater, low deformation membrane) has been designed and successfully operated with various metal oxide nanoparticles synthesized by an organometallic route (SnO2, ZnO) and deposited by a generic ink-jet method. High quality and micron thick layers are obtained and the CO gas sensitivity is presented.
Synthesis of Size and Shape Controlled Silver Nanoparticles Coated by a Thin Layer of Gold and Their Use as Ultrasensitive Biomolecular Probes
Authors: Mott Derrick , Thuy Nguyen Thi Bich , Aoki Yoshiya , Maenosono Shinya 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSilver nanoparticles coated by a layer of gold (Ag@Au) have received much attention because of their potential application as ultra sensitive probes for the detection of biologically important molecules such as DNA, proteins, amino acids and many others. However, the ability to control the size, shape, and monodispersity of the Ag@Au structure has met with limited success. In our own research we have addressed this challenge by creating an aqueous wet chemical synthesis technique towards size and shape controllable Ag@Au nanoparticles. These materials are highly interesting because of the tunable silver core size, and the tunable gold shell thickness, opening many avenues to the modification of the particle properties in terms of bio-molecular sensing. The resulting nanoparticle probes were functionalized with two complementary stranded DNA oligonucleotides. When combined, the complementary strands hybridized, causing the Ag@Au nanoparticles to assemble into large nano-structures. The presence of the oligonucleotide was confirmed through a series of techniques including UV-Vis and RAMAN spectroscopy, as well as HR-TEM, XPS, DLS, and many others. The results reflect the role that the nanoparticle physical properties play in the detection of the bio-molecules, as well as elucidate the characteristics of the bio-molecule/nanoparticle interaction.
Resistance Sensor Based on Thermophoresis for Soot in Diesel Exhaust
Authors: Bjorklund Robert , Johansson Mats L. , Grant Ann , Jozsa Peter , Fägerman Per-Erik , Paaso Jaska , Larsson Andreas , Lutic Doina , Lloyd Spetz Anita 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA resistance sensor for use in diesel exhaust is reported. Several soot deposition mechanisms contribute to collection on the sensing electrodes. The sensor is designed to enhance the temperature difference between the electrode surface and the ambient. The resulting thermophoretic force on nanoparticles enhances soot deposition. Exhaust soot concentrations were shown to correlate with resistance decreases and the effect of thermophoresis was studied.
Preparation and Characterization of Periodically Poled Ferroelectric Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3)
Authors: Zhang Zhengzheng , Borca Camelia N , Wu D , Gruverman Alexei , Kizikaya Orhan , Xiao Jie , Dowben Peter A 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNo compositional variations of periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) (period of ~28 μm) are found using spatially resolved near edge X-ray adsorption fine structure (XANES) spectra taken at the Nb K-edge. The periodicity the ferroelectric domain patterns can be imaged using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the periodic variations in the optical properties of PPLN result in a nonlinear optical response in the IR region at a fixed scattering angle.
Hierarchically Structured Carbonaceous Foams Generation and Their Use as Electrochemical Capacitors and Negative Electrodes for Lithium-ion Batteries Devices
Authors: Brun Nicolas , Prabaharan Savari R. S. , Morcrette Mathieu , Birot Marc , Pécastaings Gilles , Janot Raphaël , Backov Rénal 
Published: September 2010

AbstractUsing a hard exotemplate procedure, hierarchically structured carbonaceous foams have been designed, using silica monolith as inorganic template and phenolic resin as carbon precursor. The open cell carbonaceous monoliths exhibit specific surface areas from 500 to 800 m2.g-1, essentially based on microporosity and macropores ranging from 0.05 up to 50 μm. Application as electrochemical energy storage devices have been checked and discuss inhere.
Olivine-Carbon Nanofibrous Cathodes for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Cheah Yan L. , Choy Song Y. , Toh Tingji , Mhaisalkar Subodh , Srinivasan Madhavi 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOlivine (LiFePO4)-carbon nanofibre composites were synthesized through a combination of electrospinning and solvothermal methods. Morphology, distribution and crystal structure of these composites were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Electrochemical properties of synthesized LiFePO4-carbon fibre composite cathodes have been studied in litium ion coin cells by means of galvanostatic cycling and cyclic voltammetry. As compared to pristine LiFePO4, there was significant improvement in the specific capacity (˜25% at 0.1C rate) of LiFePO4 - ECNF owing to the improved conductivity.
Improved Stretchable Electronics Technology for Large Area Applications
Authors: Bossuyt Frederick , Vervust Thomas , Axisa Fabrice , Vanfleteren Jan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA novel technology for stretchable electronics is presented which can be used for the realization of wearable textile electronics and biomedical implants. It consists of rigid or flexible component islands interconnected with stretchable meander-shaped copper conductors embedded in a stretchable polymer, e.g. PDMS. The technology uses standard PCB manufacturing steps and liquid injection molding techniques to achieve a robust and reliable product. Due to the stretchable feature of the device, conductors and component islands should be able to withstand a certain degree of stress to guarantee the functionality of the system. Although the copper conductors are meander-shaped in order to minimize the local plastic strain, the lifetime of the system is still limited by the occurrence of crack propagation through the copper, compromising the connectivity between the functional islands. In order to improve the lifetime of the conductors, the most important feature of the presented technology is the use of spin-on polyimide as a mechanical support for the stretchable interconnections and the functional flexible islands. In this way, every stretchable copper connection is supported by a 20μm layer of polyimide being shaped in the same manner as the above laying conductor. The grouped SMD components and straight copper tracks on the functional islands are also supported by a complete 20 μm polyimide layer. By use of the polyimide, the reliability of the stretchable interconnections, the straight interconnections on the flexible islands and the transitions between the stretchable and non-stretchable parts is improved. This approach results in a significant increase of the lifetime of the stretchable interconnections as it is doubled. In this contribution, the different process steps and materials of the technology will be highlighted. Initial reliability results will be discussed and the realization of some functional demonstrators containing a whole range of different components will further illustrate the feasibility of this technology. The advantages and disadvantages in terms of processability, cost and mechanical strength of the photo-definable polyimide will be covered.
Droplet Based Microfluidics for Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica Microspheres
Authors: Carroll Nick J. , Pylypenko Svitlana , Ortiz Amber , Yonemoto Bryan , Lopez Ciana , Atanassov Plamen , Weitz David A , Petsev Dimiter N 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHerein we present methods for synthesizing monodisperse mesoporous silica particles and silica particles with bimodal porosity by templating with surfactant micelle and microemulsion phases. The fabrication of monodisperse mesoporous silica particles is based on the formation of well-defined equally sized emulsion droplets using a microfluidic approach. The droplets contain the silica precursor/surfactant solution and are suspended in hexadecane as the continuous oil phase. The solvent is then expelled from the droplets, leading to concentration and micellization of the surfactant. At the same time, the silica solidifies around the surfactant structures, forming equally sized mesoporous particles. We show that hierarchically bimodal porous structures can be obtained by templating silica microparticles with a specially designed surfactant micelle/microemulsion mixture. Oil, water, and surfactant liquid mixtures exhibit very complex phase behavior. Depending on the conditions, such mixtures give rise to highly organized structures. A proper selection of the type and concentration of surfactants determines the structuring at the nanoscale level. Tuning the phase state by adjusting the surfactant composition and concentration allows for the controlled design of a system where microemulsion droplets coexist with smaller surfactant micellar structures. The microemulsion droplet and micellar dimensions determine the two types of pore sizes.
Numerical Simulations of Misalignment Effects in Microfluidic Interconnects
Authors: Rani Sudheer , Park Taehyun , You Byoung Hee , Soper Steven , Murphy Michael C , Nikitopoulos Dimitris E 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNumerical simulations were performed to see the effect of geometrical misalignment in pressure driven flows. Geometric misalignment effects on flow characteristics arising in three types of interconnection methods a) end-to-end interconnection, b) channel overlap when chips are stacked on top of each other, and c) the misalignment occurring due to the offset between the external tubing and the reservoir were investigated. For the case of end-to-end interconnection, the effect of misalignment was investigated for 0, 13, 50, 58, and 75% reduction in the available flow area at the location of geometrical misalignment. In the interconnection through channel overlap, various possible misalignment configurations were simulated by maintaining the same amount of misalignment (75% flow area reduction) for all the configurations. The effect of misalignment in a Tube-in-Reservoir interconnection was investigated by positioning the tube at an offset of 164μm from the reservoir center. All the results were evaluated in terms of the equivalent length of a straight pipe. The effect of reynolds number (Re) was also taken into account by performing additional simulations of aforementioned cases at reynolds numbers ranging from 0.075 to 75. The results are interpreted in terms of equivalent length (Le) as a function of Re and misalignment area ratio (A1:A2), where A1 is the original cross-sectional area of the channel and A2 is the available flow area at mismatch location. Equivalent length calculations revealed that the effect of misalignment in tube-in-reservoir interconnection method was the most insignificant when compared to the other two methods of interconnection
A new method of manufacturing high aspect ratio structures using SU8 negative photoresist
Authors: Persheyev Saydulla , Rose Mervyn John 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSU8 Negative photoresist is finding high demand in applications such as MEMS sensors and waveguides. The possibility of photolithographic patterning and high physical and dielectric properties are attracting ever more users among workers in the electronics industry and increasingly in biomedical applications. In our work we employ an original method of exposing of SU8 and create high aspect ratio structures on glass and other substrates. Dry plasma etching results of negative epoxy-based photoresist by Inductively Coupled Plasma system using gases O2 and CF4 are presented.