bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of United States–Mexico Labor Cooperation (1994‐2009): Achievements and Challenges
Authors: NOLAN GARCÍA KIMBERLY A. 
Published: February 2011

This article offers an account of cooperation between Mexico and the United States around labor issues from 1994, when the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) labor side agreement first made labor issues relevant to United States–Mexico foreign relations, to the present, where that cooperation has broken down substantially. I offer a panorama of the scope and content of labor cooperation between Mexico and the United States, across both formal channels of representation, such as the NAFTA institutions and bilateral meetings, as well as the informal channels, including those forged by civil society and labor unions across borders. I then provide insight into the erosion of labor cooperation in recent years, discuss the wavering commitment to labor issues across successive administrations in both Mexico and the United States, and speculate as to what impact this may have on U.S.–Mexican relations more broadly.Este artículo ofrece un recuento de la cooperación entre México y los Estados Unidos acerca de temas laborales desde 1994, cuando el acuerdo paralelo del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) hizo relevantes por primera vez temas laborales para las relaciones exteriores de ambos países, hasta el presente, cuando la cooperación ha fracasado substancialmente. Ofrezco un panorama del alcance y contenido de la cooperación laboral entre México y los Estados Unidos, a través de tanto canales formales de representación tales como las instituciones del TLCAN y las reuniones bilaterales, como también de canales informales, incluyendo aquellos creados por la sociedad civil y sindicatos a través de las fronteras. Proveo entonces una visión de la erosión de la cooperación laboral en años recientes, discuto el vacilante compromiso en temas laborales a través de las administraciones tanto en México como en los Estados Unidos, y especulo sobre el impacto más amplio que esto puede tener en las relaciones Estados Unidos‐México.
Migration from Mexico to the United States: Wage Benefits of Crossing the Border and Going to the U.S. Interior
Authors: AGUAYO‐TÉLLEZ ERNESTO , RIVERA‐MENDOZA CRHISTIAN I. 
Published: February 2011

Emigrating from Mexico to the United States requires three steps: going to the border, crossing it, and going to the final U.S. destination. This article attempts to measure the earnings benefits of each migration step, focusing particularly on the second step: crossing the border. Using U.S and Mexican microdata of workers living in Mexico and in the United States, this article compares wages of identical individuals on both sides of the border after controlling for unobserved differences between migrants and nonmigrants. On average, Mexican workers increase their wages 1.22 times by moving to the Mexican side of the border, 4.15 times by crossing it, and 1.12 times by moving to an interior location in the United States. Gains are larger for unskilled workers. Also, gains for crossing the border are larger for illegal workers, while gains for going to the U.S. interior are larger for legal workers.Emigrar de México a los Estados Unidos requiere tres pasos: ir a la frontera, cruzarla e ir al destino final en los Estados Unidos. Este artículo calcula las ganancias salariales en cada paso, enfocándose particularmente en el segundo paso: cruzar la frontera. Utilizando microdatos de México y de los Estados Unidos, este artículo compara los salarios de trabajadores idénticos en ambos países después de controlar por características no observables de los migrantes y los no migrantes. En promedio, los trabajadores mexicanos incrementan su salario 1.22 veces al migrar al lado mexicano de la frontera, 4.15 veces al cruzarla, y 1.12 veces al migrar de la frontera al interior de los Estados Unidos. Las ganancias son mayores para trabajadores no calificados. Las ganancias de cruzar la frontera son mayores para los trabajadores ilegales, mientras que las ganancias de ir al interior de los Estados Unidos son mayores para los trabajadores legales.
Sphingosine 1‐phosphate, sphingosine kinase and autocrine calcium signalling in thyroid cells
Authors: Törnquist K. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn many cell types metabolites of sphingomyelin have a profound role in cellular signalling. One particular field where these derivatives have obtained a crucial role is calcium signalling. This is an interesting aspect on how lipids may wield their physiological role, as calcium is probably one of the most versatile signalling molecules in the cell, and modulation of calcium signalling may have profound effects on cellular physiology. In this review we discuss a novel aspect of sphingolipid signalling, i.e. the autocrine role of sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P) in regulating calcium entry in thyroid cells. Although many investigations have highlighted the importance of S1P as a regulator of both calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum and calcium entry through plasma membrane channels, the autocrine mechanism presented here introduces a new aspect of S1P signalling in thyroid cells. This mechanism may be physiologically relevant in many other cell types, including cancer cells.
Genome‐scale diversity and niche adaptation analysis of Lactococcus lactis by comparative genome hybridization using multi‐strain arrays
Authors: Siezen Roland J. , Bayjanov Jumamurat R. , Felis Giovanna E. , van der Sijde Marijke R. , Starrenburg Marjo , Molenaar Douwe , Wels Michiel , van Hijum Sacha A. F. T. , van Hylckama Vlieg Johan E. T. 
Published: February 2011

Summary Lactococcus lactis produces lactic acid and is widely used in the manufacturing of various fermented dairy products. However, the species is also frequently isolated from non‐dairy niches, such as fermented plant material. Recently, these non‐dairy strains have gained increasing interest, as they have been described to possess flavour‐forming activities that are rarely found in dairy isolates and have diverse metabolic properties. We performed an extensive whole‐genome diversity analysis on 39 L. lactis strains, isolated from dairy and plant sources. Comparative genome hybridization analysis with multi‐strain microarrays was used to assess presence or absence of genes and gene clusters in these strains, relative to all L. lactis sequences in public databases, whereby chromosomal and plasmid‐encoded genes were computationally analysed separately. Nearly 3900 chromosomal orthologous groups (chrOGs) were defined on basis of four sequenced chromosomes of L. lactis strains (IL1403, KF147, SK11, MG1363). Of these, 1268 chrOGs are present in at least 35 strains and represent the presently known core genome of L. lactis, and 72 chrOGs appear to be unique for L. lactis. Nearly 600 and 400 chrOGs were found to be specific for either the subspecies lactis or subspecies cremoris respectively. Strain variability was found in presence or absence of gene clusters related to growth on plant substrates, such as genes involved in the consumption of arabinose, xylan, α‐galactosides and galacturonate. Further niche‐specific differences were found in gene clusters for exopolysaccharides biosynthesis, stress response (iron transport, osmotolerance) and bacterial defence mechanisms (nisin biosynthesis). Strain variability of functions encoded on known plasmids included proteolysis, lactose fermentation, citrate uptake, metal ion resistance and exopolysaccharides biosynthesis. The present study supports the view of L. lactis as a species with a very flexible genome.
Do the national survey results reflect the state of drug‐induced liver injury in a single local city in which there is no hospital having Members of the Board of Councilors of the Japan Society of Hepatology? Results of a questionnaire survey conducted in a local city
Authors: Hisamochi Akiko , Kumashiro Ryukichi , Sata Michio 
Published: February 2011

Aim:  This survey aims at clarifying if there are common features of drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) in local areas and in the national surveys, and the degree of dissemination of the new diagnostic criteria (JDDW scale) proposed during the Japan Digestive Disease Week (JDDW) in 2004 and Manual for Serious Side‐Effects of DILI (Manual) published in April 2008.Methods:  An anonymous questionnaire for DILI was conducted for 6 weeks starting on 20 October 2008. The participants were 179 medical doctors. One hundred and fifty‐seven of them belonged to the Medical Association of Nakatsu City (population: 86 000 persons), which is located in northern Kyushu, and 22 physicians working in a core hospital, Nakatsu Municipal Hospital.Results:  Seventy‐four percent of the responding doctors with 13 various specialties had experienced DILI cases. The three most frequent causative drugs were antibiotics, folk medicines and drugs for the circulatory system. DILI associated with folk medicines was encountered mostly after 2000. The doctors' recognition of the JDDW scale and Manual were as low as 17% and 29%, respectively.Conclusion:  This survey revealed that the results of the national investigations conducted by the Japan Society of Hepatology (JSH) reflect the current state of DILI in local areas in which there is no hospital with Members of the Board of Councilors of the JSH. Widespread utilization of the Manual and JDDW scale by local doctors must be facilitated for early diagnosis of DILI and the prevention of severe conditions.
Porphyromonas gingivalis mutY is involved in the repair of oxidative stress‐induced DNA mispairing
Authors: Robles A.G. , Reid K. , Roy F. , Fletcher H.M. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe ability for DNA mismatch repair, after oxidative stress‐induced DNA damage, is critical for the persistence of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the inflammatory environment of the periodontal pocket. Our previous report demonstrated that, in contrast to other organisms, the repair of oxidative stress‐induced DNA damage involving 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydroguanine (8‐oxoG) may occur by a yet‐to‐be described mechanism in P. gingivalis. 8‐oxoG does not block DNA replication; rather, it mispairs with adenine, which can be repaired by the MutY glycosylase. To determine the function of the P. gingivalis MutY homologue in DNA repair, it was insertionally inactivated using the ermF‐ermAM antibiotic cassette and used to create a mutY‐deficient mutant (FLL147) by allelic exchange mutagenesis. FLL147 had an increased rate of spontaneous mutation and was more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide compared with the wild‐type W83 strain. DNA oligomers containing a site‐specific 8‐oxoG:A mispair was repaired similarly in both the P. gingivalis mutY‐defective mutant and wild‐type strains. The P. gingivalis mutY homologue was shown to complement the mutY mutation in Escherichia coli. In a gel mobility shift assay, the purified recombinant MutY is able to bind an oligo containing an 8‐oxoG:A mispair. Taken together, MutY may play the expected role in oxidative stress resistance in P. gingivalis. However, there may exist other redundant mechanism(s) for the removal of 8‐oxoG:A mismatch in this organism.
Formulation and stability of cefuroxime eye-drops
Authors: Oldham G B 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The recent clinical demand for cefuroxime eye-drops has given rise to practical difficulties because of the short shelf life recommended by the manufacturer of Zinacef injection, the product used to prepare the eye-drops. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the stability of various formulations of cefuroxime sodium eye-drops by high pressure liquid chromatography.
The results showed that buffering the solution in the pH range 6.0 to 7.3 has little effect on the shelf life when compared with a simple aqueous solution of 5 per cent cefuroxime, which retains satisfactory potency for 21 days in a refrigerator at 2°C during simulated patient usage. Although stable for only 24 hours at room temperature, negligible loss of potency is observed after storing the eye-drops for 12 months at -30°C. Frozen solutions should be defrosted at room temperature and shaken thoroughly to redisperse the cefuroxime evenly throughout the solution. Thawed solutions are stable in the refrigerator for a further 21 days at 2°C or for 14 days at 8°C.
As temperatures up to 8°C are often recorded with domestic refrigerators, a 14 day shelf life is recommended in the refrigerator.
Long-term stability of teicoplanin in dialysis fluid: Implications for the home-treatment of CAPD peritonitis
Authors: Mawhinney W M , Adair C G , Gorman S P , Mcclurg B 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The long-term stability of teicoplanin in dialysis solution was determined at various storage temperatures. The investigation was undertaken using dialysis solution (1.36 per cent glucose) containing 25mg/L teicoplanin. Stability under refrigerated conditions (4°C), room temperature (representing typical home storage conditions of 20°C) and body temperature (37°C) was determined in triplicate over a 42 day period. Samples (5ml) from each dialysis bag were taken at 0, 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28 and 42 days. Measurement of teicoplanin was by stability-indicating bioassay involving a standard plate technique using spore suspensions of Bacillus subtilis. All bioanalyses were performed in triplicate. Loss of teicoplanin activity of more than 10 per cent was indicative of instability. At 4°C, the mean concentration (±SD) of teicoplanin over the 42-day period was 24.05±1.53mg/L with a coefficient of variation of 6.36 per cent. However, loss in antibiotic activity was observed at the higher temperature storage conditions. At 20°C, a 10 per cent reduction in activity occurred after 25 days' storage; at 37°C it occurred after seven days. Therefore, teicoplanin is stable in dialysis fluid but the storage conditions have a marked effect on shelf-life.
Survey of use of the Pharmacy Information and News Service (PINS) among community pharmacists
Authors: Boakes R M , Strickland-Hodge B , Jepson M H 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A postal survey was sent to all users of the Pharmacy Information and News Service (PINS) in May, 1990. Of 356 questionnaires (72 per cent) returned, 179 were from community pharmacists currently using PINS, and these were analysed. The PINS option which the greatest number of those respondents found “useful” or “very useful” was the news section, followed by the malaria prophylaxis and register inquiries sections. Some 59 per cent accessed PINS less than once a week, most claiming to use it less than they had envisaged when they became subscribers. Sixty-seven per cent indicated that the type and quality of information on PINS was what they had expected, but 58 per cent did not think the system was user-friendly.
Undeclared drugs in traditional Chinese antirheumatoid medicine
Authors: Karunanithy R , Sumita K P 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Thirty samples of traditional antirheumatoid drugs freely available in Chinese drug stores in Singapore and West Malaysia were analysed for undeclared synthetic drugs using thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, micro-colour test and infra-red spectroscopy. Four of the samples were found to contain undisclosed synthetic drugs, two contained paracetamol and two prednisolone.
Customers' recall of information given in community pharmacies
Authors: Wilson M , Robinson E J , Blenkinsopp A , Panton R 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Three studies are reported in which the giving of information to customers, orally, in community pharmacies was tape recorded, and the customers were interviewed the following day. Customers' recall of information, including instructions considered to be essential, was low. In study 1, involving 44 customers in two pharmacies, a mean of 11 items of information was given to customers, but on average only three were recalled. Customers who took a more active part in discussion with the pharmacist (who were more likely to purchase self-medication than to be prescription customers) tended to be given more new information and more repeated information, to recall more but also to forget more than passive customers. In study 2, 42 customers of three pharmacists were interviewed to determine the influence of a number of variables on recall. Whether customers reported feeling ill or in a hurry, or reported having received the information already from their general practitioner, or having had prior experience of the medication, were all unrelated to the amount of information recalled. The few customers who reported that the information provided by the pharmacist was not welcome were particularly poor at recalling it. In Study 3, the amount of information given or recalled was found to be unaffected by whether customers talked to a pharmacist in the busy sales area (n=25) or in a quiet counselling area (n=27). If pharmacists are to be effective providers of information about health and illness, attention must be paid to ways of improving customers' retention of information given.
Difficulties in the use of medicine packaging
Authors: Rees J A , Forbes A J , Ross A J 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A postal questionnaire sent to a large group of the general public asked about difficulties encountered in the use of liquid medicine bottles, eye-drop containers, ointment/cream tubes and inhalers. Liquid medicine bottles and ointment/cream tubes were the most widely used, with eye-drop bottles having been used by approximately half of the respondents. Only 16 per cent had used inhalers. The use of eye-drop bottles and ointment/cream tubes caused the greatest number of difficulties for the majority of users. Other than with inhalers, those aged under 40 years reported the greatest number of difficulties with medicine containers. It is suggested that new medicine containers be designed to overcome the large number of difficulties reported by the general public.
Time taken to produce dispensing labels in hospital pharmacies, and factors affecting it
Authors: Ngo S , Barber N , Jacklin A , Clark P 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The time taken in hospital pharmacies to produce labels for individual patients' medication was measured, and factors affecting the labelling process investigated. Labelling time was measured by direct observation using a stopclock at randomly chosen semi-stratified time periods. Four combinations of major London hospitals and computer systems were studied. The time to produce 2,167 labels was measured and 59 operators were observed. There were significant differences in average labelling time between the studied hospitals/systems (16.6 to 39.3 seconds per label). Operators' experience with their system and the occurrence of interruptions were found to affect labelling significantly (P&lt;0.0001 in both cases). There was an overall trend for labelling time to decrease with increasing experience (P&lt;0.0001), and interruptions added 11 to 12 seconds on average. Operator experience also affected the rate and duration of interruptions, which subsequently affected labelling time. Fewer interruptions occurred with more experienced staff (P=0.0015) and when interrupted, they took less time than inexperienced staff to complete the labelling process. A performance indicator of person-days per 100,000 labels varied from 62.3 to 147.6. Pharmacy managers should be aware that there are significant differences in performance using different labelling systems and that staff training and systems of work may have a marked effect on labelling time.
The effect of buffering on the stability of reconstituted benzylpenicillin injection
Authors: Allwood M C , Brown P W 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The stability of benzylpenicillin sodium injection after reconstitution was investigated using a stability-indicating high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Benzylpenicillin reconstituted in water for injections, diluted in 0.9 per cent sodium chloride infusion in Minibags and stored at 5C was stable for two days (based on t/90 per cent calculations). The effect of reconstituting benzylpenicillin in citrate buffer at pHs between 6 and 8 was investigated. Maximum stability was found to occur in the pH range 6.5-7.5. The stability of buffer-reconstituted benzylpenicillin diluted in 0.9 per cent sodium chloride infusion was then investigated. Results indicated that benzylpenicillin injection 600mg reconstituted in 3.6ml citrate buffer within the pH range 6.5 to 7.5, diluted in 50ml 0.9 per cent sodium chloride in Minibags and stored at 5C, may be assigned a shelf life of at least 28 days.
Factors affecting the physical and chemical stability of morphine sulphate solutions stored in syringes
Authors: Grassby P F , Hutchings L 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The stability of morphine sulphate solution (2mg/ml in 0.9 per cent w/v saline) was determined after storage in two brands and two sizes of polypropylene syringes, with or without 0.1 per cent w/v sodium metabisulphite. The suitability of plastic syringes for the long term storage of morphine solutions was further investigated by an assessment of sorption onto or into the syringe, vapour loss and oxygen permeability. A comparison was also made with storage in glass syringes. Measurement of morphine sulphate was by a stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatographic assay. After six weeks, a small loss (&lt;5 per cent) in potency was detected due to oxidation in polypropylene syringes without antioxidant. Polypropylene syringes showed little resistance to oxygen permeation. Oxidation was greater in glass syringes compared with polypropylene syringes, possibly due to release of caustic material. Although inclusion of sodium metabisulphite 0.1 per cent w/v offered protection against oxidation, and the breakdown product pseudomorphine was not detected, the antioxidant was incompatible with morphine under these conditions, resulting in the formation of an unknown substance or complex. To summarise, an acceptable level of stability was observed after storage of morphine solutions in 30ml or 50ml three-piece polypropylene syringes in the dark, at room temperature, for six weeks. While such syringes are not protected from oxygen permeation and are susceptible to oxidation over the longer term, all attempts at using glass syringes or an antioxidant were unsuccessful due to a number of factors.
Reasons for community pharmacists establishing patient medication records
Authors: Rogers P J , Fletcher G , Rees J E 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A survey was conducted among a sample of those pharmacists in Britain who installed a patient medication record (PMR) system during 1990 to gauge the importance of various factors that might have influenced the pharmacist's decision to acquire the system. The responses indicate that government funding influenced the developing utilisation of PMRs, but to a lesser extent than anticipated. PMRs have been installed primarily for clinical and professional reasons. Of the reasons for installing a PMR system, competition from other pharmacies was more likely to be considered important by female pharmacists, and by pharmacists working for large multiple companies, than by their male counterparts or independent contractors. The need to upgrade equipment at the end of its life span was cited as a reason for purchasing a PMR system. Future progress is likely to be very dependent on such upgrades at periodic intervals to introduce new technology into pharmacy practice.