bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Presidential Veto
Authors: Cameron Charles M. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article outlines what political scientists have, and have not, learned about the use of vetoes, the effects of vetoes, and the significance of the veto power. It starts by summarizing the micro-politics of the veto. It then turns to the macro-politics of the veto. It specifically points out the knotty problems that plague macro-political studies: the ‘wheat from the chaff’ problem, the ‘small-n’ problem and the ‘no institutional variation’ problem. Some new points of departure are provided. The article points to the possibility of theoretically modeling, and empirically studying, integrated presidential strategy, including the veto. The themes in Cameron 2006 are elaborated. Models of integrated presidential strategy knitting together veto power, proposal power, and strategic pre-action would establish a new vision of presidential governance, a vision reflecting the rise of the modern administrative state, polarized politics, the plebiscitary presidency, and the continuing reality of interbranch bargaining.
Assessing the Unilateral Presidency
Authors: Waterman Richard W. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article summarizes the literature on the president's unilateral powers and explores the implications of the related unitary executive model. It first investigates the association between unilateral power and Richard Neustadt's bargaining model. Neustadt argues that presidents must use their resources wisely if they are to have influence in Washington. Unilateral action provides an alternative to the Neustadt bargaining model for presidents who seek to increase their political influence. While there are a number of unilateral powers, political scientists focus most of their attention on executive orders. A central concept of the unitary executive is the idea of ‘departmentalism’ or ‘coordinate construction’. The issues raised by the unitary executive and the president's unilateral powers offer fodder for additional qualitative and quantitative studies of the presidency, as well as more developed theories that will better help in the understanding of the continuing evolution of the presidential office and presidential power.
The Psychology of Presidential Decision Making
Authors: Walker Stephen G. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article argues that there has been considerable progress in conceptualizing and measuring the psychological characteristics of US presidents. It further argues that an alliance between psychological theories of the personal presidency and rational choice theories of the institutional presidency may have a multiplier effect on progress in analyzing presidential decision making in the domestic and foreign policy domains. Specifically, the article suggests a future research agenda for studies of the personal presidency that focuses on decisions and on the psychological sources of risk orientation and strategic choice as features of presidential decision making. The empirical data indicate that presidential personality traits, motivations, world view, and cognitive processes are most directly linked to the pre-decision, diagnostic stage of the decision-making process. It also shows that the degree of rationality depends on the degree to which positive and negative consequences are identified and taken into account when making a choice.
Presidential Agendas, Administrative Strategies, and the Bureaucracy
Authors: Durant Robert F. , Resh William G. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article identifies what is known, what is not known, and what needs to be studied to inform better both practice and theoretical debates over the efficacy of five major administrative tools: centralizing policy making in the White House, establishing regulatory clearance and program evaluation in the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), reorganizing agencies, appointing loyalists to run them, and wielding unilateral tools. The Bush administration's efforts to require OMB clearance of agency guidance documents suggest that centralization pressures may trump decentralization pressures. In general, this article provides a broad overview of some of the most important and promising lines of inquiry for improving the understanding of the promise versus the performance of administrative strategies designed to advance presidential agendas.
Nominating Federal Judges and Justices
Authors: Epstein Lee , Segal Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article uses the large extant of literature to explore the president's goals and the constraints he confronts in attempting to achieve them. It also addresses what scholars have said about whether presidents ultimately achieve their goals; that is, it considers the question of whether presidents get what they want in their judicial appointments. Presidents may whine about disappointing appointees; and they may fail to pack the courts. But they do seem rational in their anticipation that the federal judges and justices they name can help ensure their ideological legacy at least in the first few years after they depart from office.
The Party Faithful
Authors: Green John C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article discusses the religious elements of the major party coalitions in the American public. It first addresses why religion is relevant to party politics at a conceptual level. The religious character of the major party coalitions is summarized. The article considers the recent party coalitions, comparing the Democratic and Republican faith-based supporters in 1952 and 2008. It finally describes the ‘party faithful’ in the early years of the twenty-first century. The comparison of 1952 and 2008 reveals that faith-based coalitions can change, and quite dramatically, over relatively short periods of time. The present ethno-theological politics could continue, with deepening divisions based on religious observance. A return to ethno-religious politics, with divisions based on religious affiliation, is becoming more important. It is possible that a new aspect of religion will become politicized in much the same way that religious observance became politically relevant in recent times.
Party Nominating Procedures and Recruitment—State and Local Level
Authors: La Raja Raymond J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article explores the roles that parties play in state and local nominations and the research on those roles, finding a relative dearth of scholarship despite the opportunities for important comparative work. It specifically analyzes how the selection process affects who runs for office. It also investigates political parties, asking how the selection process affects the distribution of power in the organization, its ideological coherence, and electoral success. It then postulates about the influence of selection processes on political campaigns, representation, and governing. It explains its impact on voter behaviour and how nomination practices influence elite behaviour in public office. The study of selection practices shows much about the winnowing of American political leadership through its political parties, interest groups, and elections.
Propofol Preferentially Relaxes Neurokinin Receptor-2-induced Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction in Guinea Pig Trachea
Authors: Gleason Neil R. , Gallos George , Zhang Yi , Emala Charles W. 
Published: May 2010

Background
Propofol is the anesthetic of choice for patients with reactive airway disease and is thought to reduce intubation- or irritant-induced bronchoconstriction by decreasing the cholinergic component of vagal nerve activation. However, additional neurotransmitters, including neurokinins, play a role in irritant-induced bronchoconstriction. We questioned the mechanistic assumption that the clinically recognized protective effect of propofol against irritant-induced bronchoconstriction during intubation was due to attenuation of airway cholinergic reflexes.

Methods
Muscle force was continuously recorded from isolated guinea pig tracheal rings in organ baths. Rings were subjected to exogenous contractile agonists (acetylcholine, histamine, endothelin-1, substance P, acetyl-substance P, and neurokinin A) or to electrical field stimulation (EFS) to differentiate cholinergic or nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nerve-mediated contraction with or without cumulatively increasing concentrations of propofol, thiopental, etomidate, or ketamine.

Results
Propofol did not attenuate the cholinergic component of EFS-induced contraction at clinically relevant concentrations. In contrast, propofol relaxed nonadrenergic, noncholinergic-mediated EFS contraction at concentrations within the clinical range (20-100 mum, n = 9; P < 0.05), and propofol was more potent against an exogenous selective neurokinin-2 receptor versus neurokinin-1 receptor agonist contraction (n = 6, P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Propofol, at clinically relevant concentrations, relaxes airway smooth muscle contracted by nonadrenergic, noncholinergic-mediated EFS and exogenous neurokinins but not contractions elicited by the cholinergic component of EFS. These findings suggest that the mechanism of protective effects of propofol against irritant-induced bronchoconstriction involves attenuation of tachykinins released from nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nerves acting at neurokinin-2 receptors on airway smooth muscle.
Detrusor Activity Is Impaired during Thoracic Epidural Analgesia after Open Renal Surgery
Authors: Wuethrich Patrick Y. , Kessler Thomas M. , Panicker Jalesh N. , Curatolo Michele , Burkhard Fiona C. 
Published: May 2010

Background
There are no data on lower urinary tract function during postoperative thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA). Because selected segmental blockade can be achieved with epidural analgesia, we hypothesized that lower urinary tract function remains unchanged during TEA within segments T4-T11 after open renal surgery.

Methods
In a prospective, open, observational, follow-up study, 13 male patients with no preexisting lower urinary tract symptoms (International Prostate Symptom Score < or =7) and postvoid residual less than 100 ml underwent urodynamic investigations the day before open renal surgery (lumbotomy) and 2-3 days postoperatively during TEA. Primary outcome was the difference in postvoid residual before versus after surgery during TEA.

Results
The median postvoid residual increased from 25 ml before surgery (range, 0-95) to 420 ml (15-1020) 2-3 days postoperatively (P = 0.002). Maximum detrusor pressure, detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate, and maximum flow rate were significantly reduced during TEA (37 [28-84] to 27 cm H2O [13-51], P = 0.004; 31 [27-52] to 19 cm H2O [0-33], P = 0.003; and 14 [4-35] to 4 ml/s [0-13], P = 0.001), respectively. Bladder capacity and sensation were not changed during TEA. All patients had a postvoid residual determined by ultrasound of less than 100 ml 1 day after removal of the epidural catheter.

Conclusions
In contrast to our initial hypothesis, detrusor activity was significantly impaired during TEA after open renal surgery. This resulted in clinically relevant postvoid residuals.
Susceptibility of Transcranial Electric Motor-evoked Potentials to Varying Targeted Blood Levels of Dexmedetomidine during Spine Surgery
Authors: Mahmoud Mohamed , Sadhasivam Senthilkumar , Salisbury Shelia , Nick Todd G. , Schnell Beverly , Sestokas Anthony K. , Wiggins Cheryl , Samuels Paul , Kabalin Thomas , McAuliffe John 
Published: May 2010

Background
Dexmedetomidine has been increasingly used as an adjunct to opioid-propofol total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). The authors tested the hypothesis and found that clinically relevant blood levels of dexmedetomidine do not produce significant attenuation of the amplitude of transcranial electric motor-evoked potentials either independently or by interaction with propofol in a dose-dependent manner.

Methods
The authors planned to recruit 72 patients with idiopathic scoliosis who had posterior spine fusion surgery during propofol and remifentanil TIVA with dexmedetomidine as an adjunct. However, the authors terminated the study after enrolling 44 patients because of change in surgical technique. Before administering dexmedetomidine, baseline transcranial electric motor-evoked potentials were acquired during TIVA with remifentanil and propofol. Patients were randomized to varying targeted blood levels of dexmedetomidine (0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 ng/ml) and propofol (2.5, 3.75, and 5 microg/ml) using a factorial design. The primary outcome variable was amplitude of transcranial electric motor-evoked potential. The secondary outcome was amplitude of cortical somatosensory-evoked potentials.

Results
Of the 44 recruited patients, 40 completed the study, and their data were analyzed. The administration of dexmedetomidine in increasing doses as an adjunct to propofol-based TIVA caused a clinically and statistically significant attenuation of amplitudes of transcranial electric motor-evoked potentials.

Conclusion
The authors conclude that under the stimulation conditions used, dexmedetomidine as an anesthetic adjunct to propofol-based TIVA at clinically relevant target plasma concentrations (0.6-0.8 ng/ml) can significantly attenuate the amplitude of transcranial electric motor-evoked potentials.
Kiwifruit EIL and ERF Genes Involved in Regulating Fruit Ripening
Authors: Yin Xue-ren , Allan Andrew C. , Chen Kun-song , Ferguson Ian B. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) is a climacteric fruit sensitive to low concentrations of ethylene. To investigate the transcriptional mechanisms underlying kiwifruit ethylene response, transcription factors encoding four EIN3-Like (EILs) and 14 Ethylene Response Factors (ERFs) were cloned from kiwifruit. Expression of these transcription factors was examined during fruit development. The expression of transcripts of most AdERFs was higher during early fruit development, with the exception of AdERF3, which increased with maturity. Several AdERFs were apparently down-regulated by ethylene, as they were affected by the ethylene inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene and by antisense suppression of ACO (for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase) in the fruit. In contrast, AdEILs were constitutively expressed during fruit development and ripening. The transcription factors AdEIL2 and AdEIL3 activated transcription of the ripening-related genes AdACO1 and AdXET5 (xyloglucan endotransglycosylase gene) and, when overexpressed in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), stimulated ethylene production. The potential repressor AdERF9 suppressed this promoter activity. These results support a role for kiwifruit EILs and ERFs in transcriptional regulation of ripening-related genes and in the regulation of kiwifruit fruit-ripening processes.
Clinical trial: controlled, open, randomized multicentre study comparing the effects of treatment on quality of life, safety and efficacy of budesonide or mesalazine enemas in active left‐sided ulcerative colitis
Authors: Hartmann F. , Stein J. ,   the BudMesa‐Study Group
Published: May 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 368–376SummaryBackground  Therapy for active left‐sided ulcerative colitis usually involves topical application of mesalazine (mesalamine) or budesonide.Aim  To compare the efficacy and safety of budesonide enema and mesalazine enema in the treatment of active left‐sided ulcerative colitis.Methods  A total of 237 patients with mild–moderate ulcerative colitis were randomized open 1:1 to receive either budesonide (n = 118) or mesalazine enemas (n = 119) for 8 weeks. Efficacy variables were clinical activity index, endoscopic, histological index and IBDQ scores after 4 and 8 weeks.Results  Clinical remission (intention‐to‐treat analysis) at week 4 was 63.5% for budesonide enemas and 77.2% for mesalazine enemas (P < 0.05). The respective values for the per protocol population (PP) were 59.9% examined in the budesonide group and 77.5% in the mesalazine group (P < 0.02). At the final visit (W8), clinical remission was diagnosed in the ITT analysis for 64.4% of the budesonide group and 77.4% of the mesalazine group (P < 0.05). The respective values for the PP analysis were 59.5% in the budesonide group and 75.3% in the mesalazine group (P < 0.02).Conclusions  Compared with budesonide, mesalazine enema was associated with a significantly higher remission rate; this was supported by favourable trends in endoscopic, histological remission rates and the IBDQ score.
Genome‐wide association mapping for female fertility traits in Danish and Swedish Holstein cattle
Authors: Sahana G. , Guldbrandtsen B. , Bendixen C. , Lund M. S. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA genome‐wide association study was conducted using a mixed model analysis for QTL for fertility traits in Danish and Swedish Holstein cattle. The analysis incorporated 2,531 progeny tested bulls, and a total of 36 387 SNP markers on 29 bovine autosomes were used. Eleven fertility traits were analyzed for SNP association. Furthermore, mixed model analysis was used for association analyses where a polygenic effect was fitted as a random effect, and genotypes at single SNPs were successively included as a fixed effect in the model. The Bonferroni correction for multiple testing was applied to adjust the significance threshold. Seventy‐four SNP‐trait combinations showed chromosome‐wide significance, and five of these were significant genome‐wide. Twenty‐four QTL regions on 14 chromosomes were detected. Strong evidence for the presence of QTL that affect fertility traits were observed on chromosomes 3, 5, 10, 13, 19, 20, and 24. The QTL intervals were generally smaller than those described in earlier linkage studies. The identification of fertility trait‐associated SNPs and mapping of the corresponding QTL in small chromosomal regions reported here will facilitate searches for candidate genes and candidate polymorphisms.
Evolution and immunity
Authors: Kaufman Jim 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThis report describes a meeting organized by Ken Smith and Jim Kaufman, entitled Evolution and Immunity, which took place at the University of Cambridge on 24 September 2009 to honour the anniversaries of the birth of Darwin and the first publication of The Origin of Species. Ten internationally‐known speakers described the effects of evolution on immunity, ranging in timescales from the deep‐time evolution of adaptive immune systems in vertebrates and invertebrates to the evolution of pathogens and lymphocytes within a single individual. The final talk explored the application of phylogenetic analysis to non‐biological systems.
In CD28‐costimulated human naïve CD4+ T cells, I‐κB kinase controls the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins via interleukin‐2‐independent mechanisms
Authors: Lupino Elisa , Buccinnà Barbara , Ramondetti Cristina , Lomartire Annarosa , De Marco Giovanni , Ricotti Emanuela , Tovo Pier‐Angelo , Rinaudo Maria T. , Piccinini Marco 
Published: May 2010

SummaryStimulation of naïve CD4+ T cells through engagement of the T‐cell receptor (TCR) and the CD28 co‐receptor initiates cell proliferation which critically depends on interleukin (IL)‐2 secretion and subsequent autocrine signalling via the IL‐2 receptor. However, several studies indicate that in CD28‐costimulated T cells additional IL‐2‐independent signals are also required for cell proliferation. In this study, using a neutralizing anti‐human IL‐2 antibody and two selective, structurally unrelated, cell‐permeable I‐κB kinase (IKK) inhibitors, BMS‐345541 and PS‐1145, we show that in human naïve CD4+ T cells stimulated through a short engagement of the TCR and the CD28 co‐receptor, IKK controls the expression of the cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin D3, cyclin E and cyclin‐dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and the stability of the F‐box protein S‐phase kinase‐associated protein 2 (SKP2) and its co‐factor CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 1B (CKS1B), through IL‐2‐independent mechanisms.
The vasodilatory effect of a synthetic polymer‐based root canal material on thoracic aorta
Authors: Seyrek M. , Vural I. M. , Tunca Y. M. , Aydin C. , Ulku C. , Demirkaya K. , Inal A. , Yildiz O. 
Published: May 2010

Seyrek M, Vural IM, Tunca YM, Aydin C, Ulku C, Demirkaya K, Inal A, Yildiz O. The vasodilatory effect of a synthetic polymer‐based root canal material on thoracic aorta. International Endodontic Journal 43, 590–599, 2010.AbstractAim  To test the hypothesis that, Epiphany, either in its mixed form or as separate components, can alter the vascular reactivity of isolated rat thoracic aorta. The possible mechanism of its vascular action was also investigated.Methodology  The relaxant effect of the base, the catalyst and mixed Epiphany on isolated rat aortic rings pre‐contracted with phenylephrine (PE) was tested. The aortic rings were then incubated with either nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor or K+ channel inhibitors; after pre‐contraction with PE, relaxations to the various compounds of Epiphany were examined. In another set of experiments, to investigate the Ca2+channel antagonistic effect of the Epiphany, the effect of these compounds in Ca2+‐free solution on extracellular Ca2+(CaCl2)‐induced contraction in high‐K+ pre‐challenged rings (in K+‐depolarized rings) was examined to determine whether the direct inhibition of [Ca2+] influx increase accounted for the vasodilatory effects of these compounds. For comparison, L‐type Ca2+channel blocker nifedipine (1 μmol L−1), instead of Epiphany compounds, was assayed in adjacent rat aortic rings in parallel.Results  The catalyst and the mixture of Epiphany induced concentration‐dependent relaxations. However, the base of Epiphany did not cause relaxation in rat aorta. The relaxation responses were not significantly altered by incubation of aorta with NOS, COX and potassium channel inhibitors. Whilst nifedipine, the catalyst and the mixture of Epiphany inhibited CaCl2‐induced contractions (P < 0.05), the base of Epiphany did not inhibit CaCl2‐induced contractions significantly (P > 0.05).Conclusion  Epiphany induced relaxation of rat aorta via a calcium antagonistic effect. Provided that the vasodilatory effect elicited by Epiphany can be reversed by the circulation, its haemorrhagic potential by virtue of permanent vascular dilatation can be ignored.