bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The framing of return from above and below in Ecuadorian migration: a project, a myth, or a political device?
Authors: BOCCAGNI PAOLO 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAlthough return migration is a significant topic in current policy, the competing interests of sending and destination countries in promoting it and the prospects of making return strategies ‘from above’ a viable and desirable option for migrants are relatively neglected topics. In this article, I explore the distinct agendas, meanings and expectations underlying the prospects of return migration from Ecuador to Italy. I approach this recent migration flow through ethnography and an institutional analysis of the policy strategies and discourses emerging in the source country. The Ecuadorian government has recently developed a Plan Retorno aimed at facilitating emigrants’ return and economic reintegration. The narratives of Ecuadorian migrants generally reveal a deep‐rooted expectation to return home. While initially hoping to return home ‘soon’, however, migrants systematically tend to postpone their homecoming. When it does take place in the short term, it is likely to be through migration ‘failure’ rather than an actual accomplishment of their earlier objectives. Given the distinct interests and expectations driving them, it is possible to assess the relationship between the two approaches to return. I conclude that return migration, irrespective of its actual accomplishment, is relevant to a better understanding of emigrant policies and of immigrant life trajectories overseas.
Semi‐legal family life: Pakistani couples in the borderlands of Denmark and Sweden
Authors: RYTTER MIKKEL 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn 2002, the Danish government introduced new legislation on family reunification to restrict the transnational arranged marriages that were occurring among some immigrant groups. Since then, thousands of people have emigrated from Denmark to Sweden where, as citizens of the European Union, they are entitled to family reunification. In this article, I introduce the concept of semi‐legality to describe the situation whereby Pakistani transnational couples commute on a regular basis between their legal residences in Sweden and their places of work or networks of friends and family in Denmark. The married couples subjected to this mobile lifestyle are always in a process of becoming illegal, which is the consequence of ‘overstaying’ in Denmark or ‘understaying’ in Sweden. Besides its legal aspects, a semi‐legal status also has significant moral implications that not only restructure marriage patterns and family life among Pakistani immigrants but also have long‐lasting effects on the relationship between minorities and majorities in Denmark.
Costs and End-of-Life Care in the NICU: Lessons for the MICU?
Authors: Lantos John D. , Meadow William L. 
Published: May 2011

Providing care for a baby born at 24 weeks of gestation in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is one of the most expensive medical treatments in the United States today. The cost can easily run over $300,000 for one baby. Furthermore, many extremely premature babies who survive are left with chronic diseases or disabilities that require further medical expenses and other specialized services throughout childhood or throughout life. When all these expenditures are totaled up, it can seem that neonatal intensive care is just not worth it.Concerns about the cost-effectiveness of NICUs have led to persistent critical scrutiny of these specialized units by physicians, economists, and epidemiologists. These analysts have examined NICUs and the patients in them in order to determine whether there are subpopulations of babies for whom neonatal intensive care is so demonstrably ineffective or so costly that it should not be provided. Such examinations have been carried out in many different countries, at many times over the last 30 years, and have analyzed outcomes for babies by gestational age, birthweight, and illness severity.
GREEK RENAL NURSES’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS DEATH
Authors: Zyga Sofia , Malliarou Maria , Lavdaniti Maria , Athanasopoulou Maria , Sarafis Paul 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYThis study aims to assess how Greek renal nurses feel about death and examine any relationships between their attitudes and demographic factors.Design: Descriptive quantitative study. The sample comprised of 49 nurses.Methodology: Voluntary and anonymous completion of the Death Attitude Profile–Revised and a demographic questionnaire.Results: 44 respondents were female and 5 were male with a mean age of 25.80 years. The mean nursing experience was 10.9 years. Nursing experience and age were the variables most likely to predict nurses’ attitudes towards death. Nurses with specific education on palliative care had less difficulty talking about death and dying and did not have a fear of death. The Hospital‐based teams (known as palliative care teams, supportive care teams or symptom assessment teams) had statistically significant different relationships with fear of death and neutral acceptance scores.Conclusions: It is recommended to include education on death and care of the dying in the nursing degree course in order for nurses who are giving terminal phase patient care to be better able deal with issues that death evolves.
A RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF BUTTONHOLE CANNULATION FOR THE PREVENTION OF FISTULA ACCESS COMPLICATIONS
Authors: Chow Josephine , Rayment Glenda , Miguel Susana San , Gilbert Margaret 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARY Objectives: This multicentre, prospective, open label, randomised controlled trial was to determine whether buttonhole cannulation technique in new and established haemodialysis fistula reduced complications and prolonged the access life compared to usual practice. Method: Seventy subjects were recruited for this study. Subjects randomised to the buttonhole group had their fistula cannulated by the same staff member for two to four weeks at the same angle and direction with sharp needles. Once the tunnel was developed, blunt needles were used. The control group continued with usual practice (rope ladder rotation technique). Results: Infection at the cannulation site occurred in four patients in the buttonhole group and one in the rope ladder rotation group (p = 0.11). Haematomas at the cannulation site and site pain experienced during the dialysis session were more often recorded for the buttonhole group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study showed that buttonhole cannulation resulted more infections, haematoma formation and site pain during dialysis than with the rope ladder rotation group. A further larger scale longitudinal study is recommended.
CARDIORENAL MEDICINE: PARTNERS IN PRACTICE?
Authors: Campbell Ellen , Kalra Paul 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYCardiorenal medicine is an exciting and evolving area of medicine. There is still much to learn about the complex pathophysiological process of the cardiorenal syndrome. The latest ideas and research were discussed at the 5th Annual Cardiorenal Forum on 15th October 2010.
“THERE IS NONE RIGHTEOUS”: KANT ON THE HANG ZUM BÖSEN AND THE UNIVERSAL EVIL OF HUMANITY
Authors: DUNCAN SAMUEL 
Published: May 2011

abstractThis paper offers a new interpretation of the propensity to evil and its relation to Kant's claim that the human race is universally evil. Unlike most of its competitors, the interpretation presented here neither trivializes Kant's claims about the universal evil of humanity nor attributes a position to him that is incompatible with his repeated insistence that we are blameworthy for actions only when we could have acted differently. This interpretation also accounts for a number of otherwise bewildering claims in the Religion and makes sense of the analogy Kant draws between the propensity to evil and addiction.
Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of pentazocine in patients: assay by mass fragmentography
Authors: Agurell S , Boréus L O , Gordon E , Lindgren J E , Ehrnebo M , Lönroth U 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Mass fragmentography has been used for the determination of low concentrations of pentazocine in blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) after intravenous administration of a 30 mg dose to eight patients undergoing neurosurgery under general anaesthesia. A pharmacokinetic analysis based upon mean plasma levels indicated a half-life of 134 min. Lumbar csf levels of pentazocine increased rapidly with mean values from about 3 ng ml−1 at 5 min to 10 ng ml−1 at 30 min and to about 15 ng ml−1 at 90–120 min. The possibility of repeated analyses of drug concentrations in the csf represents an important step towards the correlation of chemical data with clinical effects for centrally acting drugs.
Acetylsalicylsalicylic acid: a potentially immunogenic impurity in acetylsalicylic acid
Authors: Bundgaard Hans 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
A study has been made of the chemical reactivity of a commonly occurring impurity in commercial acetylsalicylic acid preparations, acetylsalicylsalicylic acid. This impurity in aqueous solutions of pH 7·4-10·2 at 37° reacts with amines to produce salicylamide derivatives. The reaction rates are proportional to the concentration of amine in its free base form. Since the rates are appreciable even at physiological pH and the N-salicyloyl group has been reported to be an antigenic determinant in acetylsalicylic acid allergy, it is suggested that acetylsalicylsalicylic acid must be considered as a potentially immunogenic substance being involved in the development of allergic reactions to acetylsalicylic acid preparations.
Functional significance of synthesis of noradrenaline in adrenergic nerves of rat salivary glands
Authors: Almgren Olle 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The secretory response and the noradrenaline content of the submaxillary gland due to continuous electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic trunk with 5 Hz (5 V, 2 ms) were determined in five differently treated groups of rats. Stimulation during 5 h in untreated control rats reduced the noradrenaline content to about 40% while the secretory response remained unchanged. Another group received DL-α-methyl-m-tyrosine 400 mg kg−1 i.p. 26 and 18 h before the stimulation and 200 mg kg−1 2 h before. This treatment displaced 93% of the noradrenaline content of the glands, and the secretory response stabilized after an initial decrease, at a level of about two-thirds of the normal response, possibly indicating a reduced rate of transmitter synthesis compared to normal rats. Thus, a nerve with greatly reduced amounts of active transmitter in the store can satisfy rather high demands of transmitter release for long time periods, provided that the synthesis continues. A third group of rats received DL-α-methyl-m-tyrosine in the same doses as above but 50, 42 and 26 h before the experiments, respectively. After this treatment, the noradrenaline level was reduced to about 35% of normal, yet the secretory response was even higher than normal. Probably the decreased transmitter synthesis supposed to occur following treatment with α-methyl-m-tyrosine has been reversed at this time interval into an increased synthesis rate. To a fourth group of rats 500 mg kg−1 DL-α-methyl-p-tyrosine methylester HCl (H 44/68) was injected i.p. 15 min before stimulation, resulting in a virtually complete inhibition of the tyrosine hydroxylase. Three h of stimulation reduced noradrenaline to 15%, and the secretory response disappeared. When treatment with both drugs was given, a very rapid disappearance of an initially normal response was seen. In conclusion, synthesis of new transmitter appears to be essential for a normal function of the nerve.
The involvement of dopaminergic systems with the stereotyped behaviour patterns induced by methylphenidate
Authors: Costall B , Naylor R J 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The electrolytic brain lesion technique was used to investigate the role of dopamine-containing areas and pathways in the rat for the mediation of methylphenidate stereotypy. Ablation of the dopaminergic pathways to the extrapyramidal areas at the level of the lateral hypothalamus or substantia nigra was without effect suggesting a postsynaptic site of action in the extrapyramidal nuclei. This site was shown to be the paleo- and not the neostriatum. Deafferentation of the mesolimbic nuclei abolished the weaker components of stereotypy in the acute phase. This effect was generally reflected by ablation of the tuberculum olfactorium but not by nucleus accumbens septi or nucleus interstitialis stria terminalis lesions. The action in the mesolimbic areas may, therefore, involve presynaptic mechanisms. Lesion of the nucleus amygdaloideus centralis abolished the intense components of stereotypy. The greater importance of extrapyramidal function for the action of methylphenidate would indicate a possible value for this agent in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
The correlation between the in vitro and in vivo availability of salicylic acid for membrane transfer from polysorbate 20 solutions
Authors: Collett J H , Withington R , Cox B 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The presence of 1·0% w/v polysorbate 20 in solutions of salicylic acid reduces the absorption of the drug from the rat stomach. This effect is the resultant of two opposing effects of polysorbate 20 on salicylic acid absorption. Firstly, the surfactant reduces salicylic acid absorption by solubilization and secondly the surfactant tends to enhance salicylic acid absorption by an alternate unidentified effect. Knowing the magnitude of the absorption-enhancing effect the overall effect on salicylic acid absorption can be calculated using equations that describe the availability of salicylic acid for transfer across a Cellophane membrane from polysorbate solutions.
An infrared spectrophotometric study of the compaction mechanism of potassium bromide
Authors: Ridgway K , Aulton M E 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Potassium bromide has been compacted in a vacuum die at pressures up to 1000 MN m−2, and the infrared transmittance of the resulting flat discs measured. Four mean particle sizes were used: 71, 110, 388 and 550 μm. Over the whole range of pressure, the 110 μm material had a higher transmittance. At any one particle size, the transmittance increased with increasing compaction pressure up to 400 MN m−2, then fell slightly and was followed by a less pronounced increase in the region of 1000 MN m−2. The following mechanical properties of the compacts were also investigated: tensile strength, relative density, surface hardness and dissolution time. The transmittance changes have been related to the probable compaction mechanism.
A pathway-based approach investigating the genes encoding interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist provides new insight into the genetic susceptibility of Achilles tendinopathy
Authors: September Alison V , Nell Erica-Mari , O'Connell Kevin , Cook Jill , Handley Christopher J , van der Merwe Lize , Schwellnus Martin , Collins Malcolm 
Published: May 2011

ObjectivesAchilles tendinopathy (AT) is a multifactorial condition for which genetic risk factors have been identified. A pathway-based approach was used to investigate genes within the inflammatory pathway.MethodsFunctional polymorphisms withinIL-1β(−31T→C and −511C→T),IL-1RN(variable number tandem repeat) andIL-6(−172G→C) were investigated for associations with AT in a South African (SA) and Australian (AUS) case–control studies. A total of 369 (161 SA and 208 AUS) asymptomatic control participants (CON) and 175 (90 SA and 85 AUS) participants with AT (TEN) were genotyped. Allele combinations were constructed using the above polymorphisms in combination with theCOL5A1 BstUI RFLP.ResultsIndependently, no associations were observed between any of the polymorphisms tested and risk of TEN. The allele combinations of five polymorphisms were, however, found to have a highly significant relationship with AT (p=0.005), after adjusting for gender and country (SA or AUS).ConclusionsVariations within the interleukin genes and theCOL5A1 BstUI CC genotype are collectively significantly associated with risk of AT. This research emphasises that a pathway-based genetic association study may be a more effective approach to capture and understand the genetic risk factors underlying the multifactorial conditions, such as AT.
Effect of exposure top,p'-DDE on male hormone profile in Mexican flower growers
Authors: Blanco-Muñoz Julia , Lacasaña Marina , Aguilar-Garduño Clemente , Rodríguez-Barranco Miguel , Bassol Susana , Cebrián Mariano E , López-Flores Inmaculada , Ruiz-Pérez Isabel 
Published: May 2011

Objectivesp,p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (p,p'-DDE) acts as an androgen receptor antagonist, however data regarding its hormonal effects in men are limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between serum levels ofp,p'-DDE and reproductive hormone profile in Mexican male flower growers.MethodsA longitudinal study was carried out in a population of men working in the production of flowers and ornamental plants in two Mexican states during July–October 2004 (rainy season) and December 2004–May 2005 (dry season). A questionnaire including information on socioeconomic characteristics, tobacco and alcohol use, presence of chronic and acute diseases, occupational history and anthropometry was used and blood and urine samples were obtained. Serum levels ofp,p'-DDE were analysed by gas chromatography; FSH, LH, testosterone, oestradiol, inhibin B and prolactin levels were measured by enzymatic immunoassay. Urinary levels of dialkylphosphates (DAPs) were analysed by gas chromatography. Associations between serum levels ofp,p'-DDE and male reproductive hormones (both transformed to their natural logarithm) were evaluated using multivariate generalised estimating equation (GEE) models.ResultsMedianp,p'-DDE levels were 677.2 ng/g lipid (range 9.4–12 696.5) during the rainy season and 626.7 ng/g lipid (range 9.4–13 668.1) during the dry season. After adjusting for potential confounders (age, body mass index, state of residence and DAPs),p,p'-DDE levels were negatively associated with prolactin (β=−0.04; 95% CI −0.07 to −0.008) and testosterone (β=0.04; 95% CI −0.08 to 0.005) and positively with inhibin B (β=0.11; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.21).ConclusionThese results indicate thatp,p'-DDE can affect hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis function in humans.
A NOTE ON BRAIDS AND PARSEVAL'S THEOREM
Authors: FINE JONATHAN 
Published: May 2011

In 1986 Falk and Randell, based on Arnold's 1969 paper on braids, proved that the pure braid groups are residually nilpotent. They also proved that the quotients in the lower central series are free abelian groups. This brief note uses an example to provide evidence for a much stronger conjectural statement: That each braid b can be written as an infinite sum [Formula: see text], where each bi is a linear function of the ith Vassiliev–Kontsevich Zi(b) invariant of b. The example is pure braids on two strands. This leads to solving eτ = q for τ a Laurent series in q. We set [Formula: see text] and use Fourier series and Parseval's theorem to prove eτ = q. For more than two strands the stronger statement seems to rely on an as yet unstated Plancherel theorem for braid groups, which is likely both to be deep and to have deep consequences.
Hv-SEMIGROUP STRUCTURE ON F2-OFFSPRING OF A GENE POOL
Authors: GHADIRI M. , DAVVAZ B. , NEKOUIAN R. 
Published: May 2011

Mendel, the father of genetics took the first steps in defining "contrasting characters, genotypes in F1and F2… and setting different laws". The genotypes of F2is dependent on the type of its parents genotype and it follows certain roles. Purpose of this paper is to analyze the second generation genotypes of monohybrid and a dihybrid with a mathematical structure.We use the concept of Hv-semigroup structure in the F2-genotypes with cross operation and prove that this is an Hv-semigroup. We determine the kinds of number of the Hv-subsemigroups of F2-genotypes.
Reprogramming CD19-Specific T Cells with IL-21 Signaling Can Improve Adoptive Immunotherapy of B-Lineage Malignancies
Authors: Singh Harjeet , Figliola Matthew J. , Dawson Margaret J. , Huls Helen , Olivares Simon , Switzer Kirsten , Mi Tiejuan , Maiti Sourindra , Kebriaei Partow , Lee Dean A. , Champlin Richard E. , Cooper Laurence J.N. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Improving the therapeutic efficacy of T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) represents an important goal in efforts to control B-cell malignancies. Recently an intrinsic strategy has been developed to modify the CAR itself to improve T-cell signaling. Here we report a second extrinsic approach based on altering the culture milieu to numerically expand CAR+ T cells with a desired phenotype, for the addition of interleukin (IL)-21 to tissue culture improves CAR-dependent T-cell effector functions. We used electrotransfer of Sleeping Beauty system to introduce a CAR transposon and selectively propagate CAR+ T cells on CD19+ artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPC). When IL-21 was present, there was preferential numeric expansion of CD19-specific T cells which lysed and produced IFN-γ in response to CD19. Populations of these numerically expanded CAR+ T cells displayed an early memory surface phenotype characterized as CD62L+CD28+ and a transcriptional profile of naïve T cells. In contrast, T cells propagated with only exogenous IL-2 tended to result in an overgrowth of CD19-specific CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of CAR+ T cells cultured with IL-21 exhibited improved control of CD19+ B-cell malignancy in mice. To provide coordinated signaling to propagate CAR+ T cells, we developed a novel mutein of IL-21 bound to the cell surface of aAPC that replaced the need for soluble IL-21. Our findings show that IL-21 can provide an extrinsic reprogramming signal to generate desired CAR+ T cells for effective immunotherapy. Cancer Res; 71(10); 3516–27. ©2011 AACR.
National Cancer Institute Prostate Cancer Genetics Workshop
Authors: Catalona William J. , Bailey-Wilson Joan E. , Camp Nicola J. , Chanock Stephen J. , Cooney Kathleen A. , Easton Douglas F. , Eeles Rosalind A. , FitzGerald Liesel M. , Freedman Matthew L. , Gudmundsson Julius , Kittles Rick A. , Margulies Elliott H. , McGuire Barry B. , Ostrander Elaine A. , Rebbeck Timothy R. , Stanford Janet L. , Thibodeau Stephen N. , Witte John S. , Isaacs William B. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Compelling evidence supports a genetic component to prostate cancer susceptibility and aggressiveness. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified more than 30 single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with prostate cancer susceptibility. It remains unclear, however, whether such genetic variants are associated with disease aggressiveness—one of the most important questions in prostate cancer research today. To help clarify this and substantially expand research in the genetic determinants of prostate cancer aggressiveness, the first National Cancer Institute Prostate Cancer Genetics Workshop assembled researchers to develop plans for a large new research consortium and patient cohort. The workshop reviewed the prior work in this area and addressed the practical issues in planning future studies. With new DNA sequencing technology, the potential application of sequencing information to patient care is emerging. The workshop, therefore, included state-of-the-art presentations by experts on new genotyping technologies, including sequencing and associated bioinformatics issues, which are just beginning to be applied to cancer genetics. Cancer Res; 71(10); 3442–6. ©2011 AACR.