bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emptying non-adiabatic filling boxes: the effects of heat transfers on the fluid dynamics of natural ventilation
Authors: Lane-Serff G. F. , Sandbach S. D. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA model for steady flow in a ventilated space containing a heat source is developed, taking account of the main heat transfers at the upper and lower boundaries. The space has an opening at low level, allowing cool ambient air to enter the space, and an opening near the ceiling, allowing warm air to leave the space. The flow is driven by the temperature contrast between the air inside and outside the space (natural ventilation). Conductive heat transfer through the ceiling and radiant heat transfer from the ceiling to the floor are incorporated into the model, to investigate how these heat transports affect the flow and temperature distribution within the space. In the steady state, a layer of warm air occupies the upper part of the space, with the lower part of the space filled with cooler air (although this is warmer than the ambient air when the radiant transfer from ceiling to floor is included). Suitable scales are derived for the heat transfers, so that their relative importance can be characterized. Explicit relationships are found between the height of the interface, the opening area and the relative size of the heat transfers. Increasing heat conduction leads to a lowering of the interface height, while the inclusion of the radiant transfer tends to increase the interface height. Both of these effects are relatively small, but the effect on the temperatures of the layers is significant. Conductive heat transfer through the upper boundary leads to a significant lowering of the temperature in the space as a proportion of the injected heat flux is taken out of the space by conduction rather than advection. Radiative transfer from the ceiling to floor results in the lower layer becoming warmer than the ambient air. The results of the model are compared with full-scale laboratory results and a more complex unsteady model, and are shown to give results that are much more accurate than models which ignore the heat transfers.
Particle image velocimetry measurements of a transitional boundary layer under free stream turbulence
Authors: Nolan K. P. , Walsh E. J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractHigh-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of bypass transition reveal the breakdown of the ubiquitous streaks into turbulent spots. Individual streak velocity profiles are examined and contrasted with the root mean square profiles typically reported. An estimation of streak amplitude based on the modulation of the instantaneous boundary layer thickness is proposed. Examination of the PIV velocity fields shows how turbulent spot precursors, identified with concurrent hot-film recordings, consist of streamwise arrangements of positive and negative streaks. As secondary instability progresses, the interface between these streaks is observed to result in turbulent structures. In an attempt to further elucidate the role of the free stream turbulence, correlation maps are generated to determine the extent of the wall-normal fluctuations. Significant damping of the free stream is found within the boundary layer for all Reynolds numbers prior to the onset of spot precursors.
Modelling turbulent skin-friction control using linearized Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Duque-Daza C. A. , Baig M. F. , Lockerby D. A. , Chernyshenko S. I. , Davies C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLinearized Navier–Stokes equations are solved to investigate the impact on the growth of near-wall turbulent streaks that arises from streamwise-travelling waves of spanwise wall velocity. The percentage change in streak amplification due to the travelling waves, over a range of wave parameters, is compared to published direct numerical simulation (DNS) predictions of turbulent skin-friction reduction; a clear correlation between the two is observed. Linearized simulations at a much higher Reynolds number, more relevant to aerospace applications, produce results that show no marked differences to those obtained at low Reynolds number. It is also observed that there is a close correlation between DNS data of drag reduction and a very simple characteristic of the ‘generalized’ Stokes layer generated by the streamwise-travelling waves.
Introduction: have we ever been ‘transnational’? Towards a history of science across and beyond borders
Authors: TURCHETTI SIMONE , HERRAN NÉSTOR , BOUDIA SORAYA 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn recent years, historians have debated the prospect of offering new ‘transnational’ or ‘global’ perspectives in their studies. This paper introduces the reader to this special issue by analysing characteristics, merits and flaws of these approaches. It then considers how historians of science have practised transnational history without, however, paying sufficient attention to the theoretical foundations of this approach. Its final part illustrates what benefits may derive from the application of transnational history in the field. In particular, we suggest looking at the construction of transnational networks in science, and discuss some of the methodological consequences of adopting this approach.
Plant pathogens, insect pests and weeds in a changing global climate: a review of approaches, challenges, research gaps, key studies and concepts
Authors: JUROSZEK P. , von TIEDEMANN A. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYClimate change biology is witnessing a significant quantity of new publications each year, which compromises efforts to keep up-to-date on the rapidly growing body of climate change biology literature. The present paper provides an overview on research approaches and challenges in climate change biology with respect to plant pathogens, insect pests and weeds (collectively termed ‘pests’ here). It also summarizes the suggestions of researchers about how to conceptualize and prioritize future research strategies. Recently published key studies demonstrate that climate change research is qualitatively advancing and that the interactions among environmental and biotic factors which have been found are complex. This complexity hinders attempts to generalize responses of pests to changes in climate. The challenge remains to identify the most significant causal relationships and to separate them from other factors such as crop management practices, which may also influence the observed changes in pest distribution and prevalence in managed ecosystems. In addition, the present overview shows that there are still gaps in many research areas, while other fields have been intensively investigated. For example, the identification of potential benefits in plant protection that may emerge from future climate change has not been explored as extensively as the potential threats. However, encouraging developments can be observed in recent climate change research, for instance the increased number of studies performed under subtropical and tropical climatic conditions, the increased availability of results from multi-factorial field experiments and modelling studies do consider increasingly pest–crop–climate interactions. Further progress can be expected, provided that researchers, sponsors and other stakeholders maintain their interest in climate change biology research.
Gender indexicality in the Native Americas: Contributions to the typology of social indexicality
Authors: Fleming Luke 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article provides a global survey of categorical gender indexicality that reveals the near exclusive presence of the phenomenon in the languages of the Native Americas, a fact for which a historical rationale is offered. The survey is helpful in contributing to our understanding of social indexicality in three ways. First, while two-place (orrelational) social indexicals, like honorifics, have been well studied, one-place (orabsolute) social indexicals have not. Systems of gender indexicality, overwhelmingly of the absolute type, thus help flesh out the typology of social indexicality. Second, the survey illustrates the remarkable complementarity of semantic gender, as a category of denotation, and social gender, as an aspect of identity indexed in discourse, in particular as these overlap in cases of gender deixis. Finally, the study of gender indexicality in the Native Americas reveals that not all gender indexicality is equally gender performative. A number of diagnostics of a categorical type—from ubiquitous rule-governed regularity of patterning to quotability—illustrate that in the cases discussed, forms are highly presupposing, not performative, of the social gender of the speech participants they index. (Gender, indexicality, deixis, Native Americas)*
Understanding emotion: Lessons from anxiety
Authors: Button Katherine S. , Lewis Glyn , Munafò Marcus R. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe agree that conceptualisation is key in understanding the brain basis of emotion. We argue that by conflating facial emotion recognition with subjective emotion experience, Lindquist et al. understate the importance of biological predisposition in emotion. We use examples from the anxiety disorders to illustrate the distinction between these two phenomena, emphasising the importance of both emotional hardware and contextual learning.
Overcoming the emotion experience/expression dichotomy
Authors: Caruana Fausto , Gallese Vittorio 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe challenge the classic experience/expression dichotomous account of emotions, according to which experiencing and expressing an emotion are two independent processes. By endorsing Dewey's and Mead's accounts of emotions, and capitalizing upon recent empirical findings, we propose that expression is part of the emotional experience. This proposal partly challenges the purely constructivist approach endorsed by the authors of the target article.
Scaffolding emotions and evolving language
Authors: Jablonka Eva , Ginsburg Simona 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe suggest that, in animals, the core-affect system is linked to partially assimilated behavioral dispositions that act as developmental scaffolds for the ontogenetic construction of emotions. We also propose that in humans the evolution of language altered the control of emotions, leading to categories that can be adequately captured only by emotion-words.
The sleeping brain and the neural basis of emotions
Authors: Kirov Roumen , Brand Serge , Kolev Vasil , Yordanova Juliana 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn addition to active wake, emotions are generated and experienced in a variety of functionally different states such as those of sleep, during which external stimulation and cognitive control are lacking. The neural basis of emotions can be specified by regarding the multitude of emotion-related brain states, as well as the distinct neuro- and psychodynamic stages (generation and regulation) of emotional experience.
Prime elements of subjectively experienced feelings and desires: Imaging the emotional cocktail
Authors: Buck Ross W. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPrimary affects exist at an ecological-communicative level of analysis, and therefore are not identifiable with specific brain regions. The constructionist view favored in the target article, that emotions emerge from “more basic psychological processes,” does not specify the nature of these processes. These more basic processes may actually involve specific neurochemical systems, that is, primary motivational-emotional systems (primes), associated with specific feelings and desires that combine to form the “cocktail” of experienced emotion.
A systems approach to the brain basis of emotion also needs developmental and locationist views – the case of Tourette's Syndrome
Authors: Rothenberger Aribert 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe closeness of somatosensory phenomena and emotional states can be critically extended into a clinical perspective by referring to Tourette's Syndrome (TS). Two examples are discussed in this commentary: (1) the neurodevelopmental approach to the pre- and post-tic sensorimotor urges, and (2) the TS treatment with deep brain stimulation. It is shown that in TS, both views (locationist and constructionist) need to be combined along the lifespan in order to get a more realistic picture of the brain basis of emotion.
Narrative constructions and the life history issue in brain–emotions relations
Authors: Unoka Zsolt , Berán Eszter , Pléh Csaba 
Published: May 2012

AbstractEmotional reactions are rather flexible, due to the schema-like organization of complex socio-emotional situations. Some data on emotion development, and on certain pathological conditions such as alexithymia, give further support for the psychological constructivist view put forward by Lindquist et al. Narrative organization is a key component of this schematic organization. The self-related nature of narrative organization provides scaffolding to the contextual dependency of emotions.
Neuronal deactivation is equally important for understanding emotional processing
Authors: Vigil Jacob M. , Dukes Amber , Coulombe Patrick 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn their analyses of the neural correlates of discrete emotionality, Lindquist et al. do not consider the numerous drawbacks to inferring psychological processes based on currently available cognitive neurometric technology. The authors also disproportionately emphasize the relevance of neuronal activation over deactivation, which, in our opinion, limits the scope and utility of their conclusions.
What can neuroimaging meta-analyses really tell us about the nature of emotion?
Authors: Hamann Stephan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn Vytal and Hamann (2010) we reported a neuroimaging meta-analysis that found that basic emotions can be distinguished by their brain activation correlates, in marked contrast to Lindquist et al.'s conclusions in the target article. Here, I discuss implications of these findings for understanding emotion, outline limitations of using meta-analyses and neuroimaging as the sole basis for deciding between emotion views, and suggest that these views are essentially compatible and could be adapted and combined into an integrated emotion framework.
Psychological constructionism and cultural neuroscience
Authors: Hechtman Lisa A. , Pornpattananangkul Narun , Chiao Joan Y. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLindquist et al. argue that emotional categories do not map onto distinct regions within the brain, but rather, arise from basic psychological processes, including conceptualization, executive attention, and core affect. Here, we use examples from cultural neuroscience to argue that psychological constructionism, not locationism, captures the essential role of emotion in the social and cultural brain.
The construction of emotional experience requires the integration of implicit and explicit emotional processes
Authors: Quirin Markus , Lane Richard D. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAlthough we agree that a constructivist approach to emotional experience makes sense, we propose that implicit (visceromotor and somatomotor) emotional processes are dissociable from explicit (attention and reflection) emotional processes, and that the conscious experience of emotion requires an integration of the two. Assessments of implicit emotion and emotional awareness can be helpful in the neuroscientific investigation of emotion.
Functional specialization does not require a one-to-one mapping between brain regions and emotions
Authors: Scarantino Andrea 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLindquist et al. have assumed that functional specialization requires a one-to-one mapping between brain regions and discrete emotions. This assumption is in tension with the fact that regions can have multiple functions in the context of different, possibly distributed, networks. Once we open the door to other forms of functional specialization, neuroimaging data no longer favor constructionist models over natural kind models.
A MODEL FOR ASSESSMENT OF TELEMEDICINE APPLICATIONS: MAST
Authors: Kidholm Kristian , Ekeland Anne Granstrøm , Jensen Lise Kvistgaard , Rasmussen Janne , Pedersen Claus Duedal , Bowes Alison , Flottorp Signe Agnes , Bech Mickael 
Published: May 2012

Objectives: Telemedicine applications could potentially solve many of the challenges faced by the healthcare sectors in Europe. However, a framework for assessment of these technologies is need by decision makers to assist them in choosing the most efficient and cost-effective technologies. Therefore in 2009 the European Commission initiated the development of a framework for assessing telemedicine applications, based on the users’ need for information for decision making. This article presents the Model for ASsessment of Telemedicine applications (MAST) developed in this study.Methods: MAST was developed through workshops with users and stakeholders of telemedicine.Results: Based on the workshops and using the EUnetHTA Core HTA Model as a starting point a three-element model was developed, including: (i) preceding considerations, (ii) multidisciplinary assessment, and (iii) transferability assessment. In the multidisciplinary assessment, the outcomes of telemedicine applications comprise seven domains, based on the domains in the EUnetHTA model.Conclusions: MAST provides a structure for future assessment of telemedicine applications. MAST will be tested during 2010–13 in twenty studies of telemedicine applications in nine European countries in the EC project Renewing Health.
The set of badly approximable vectors is strongly C1 incompressible
Authors: BRODERICK RYAN , FISHMAN LIOR , KLEINBOCK DMITRY , REICH ASAF , WEISS BARAK 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe prove that the countable intersection of C1-diffeomorphic images of certain Diophantine sets has full Hausdorff dimension. For example, we show this for the set of badly approximable vectors in ℝd, improving earlier results of Schmidt and Dani. To prove this, inspired by ideas of McMullen, we define a new variant of Schmidt's (α,β)-game and show that our sets are hyperplane absolute winning (HAW), which in particular implies winning in the original game. The HAW property passes automatically to games played on certain fractals, thus our sets intersect a large class of fractals in a set of positive dimension. This extends earlier results of Fishman to a more general set-up, with simpler proofs.
SAMI2‐PE: A model of the ionosphere including multistream interhemispheric photoelectron transport
Authors: Varney R. H. , Swartz W. E. , Hysell D. L. , Huba J. D. 
Published: May 2012

In order to improve model comparisons with recently improved incoherent scatter radar measurements at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory we have added photoelectron transport and energy redistribution to the two dimensional SAMI2 ionospheric model. The photoelectron model uses multiple pitch angle bins, includes effects associated with curved magnetic field lines, and uses an energy degradation procedure which conserves energy on coarse, non‐uniformly spaced energy grids. The photoelectron model generates secondary electron production rates and thermal electron heating rates which are then passed to the fluid equations in SAMI2. We then compare electron and ion temperatures and electron densities of this modified SAMI2 model with measurements of these parameters over a range of altitudes from 90 km to 1650 km (L = 1.26) over a 24 hour period. The new electron heating model is a significant improvement over the semi‐empirical model used in SAMI2. The electron temperatures above the F‐peak from the modified model qualitatively reproduce the shape of the measurements as functions of time and altitude and quantitatively agree with the measurements to within ∼30% or better during the entire day, including during the rapid temperature increase at dawn.
BAIUCAS: a novel BLAST-based algorithm for the identification of upstream open reading frames with conserved amino acid sequences and its application to theArabidopsis thalianagenome
Authors: Takahashi Hiro , Takahashi Anna , Naito Satoshi , Onouchi Hitoshi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMotivation: Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are often found in the 5′-untranslated regions of eukaryotic messenger RNAs. Some uORFs have been shown to encode functional peptides involved in the translational regulation of the downstream main ORFs. Comparative genomic approaches have been used in genome-wide searches for uORFs encoding bioactive peptides, and by comparing uORF sequences between a few selected species or among a small group of species, uORFs with conserved amino acid sequences (UCASs) have been identified in plants, mammals and insects. Regulatory regions within uORF-encoded peptides that are involved in translational control are typically 10–20 amino acids long. Detection of homology between such short regions largely depends on the selection of species for comparison. To maximize the chances of identifying UCASs with short conserved regions, we devised a novel algorithm for homology search among a large number of species and the automatic selection of uORFs conserved in a wide range of species.Results: In this study, we developed the BAIUCAS (BLAST-based algorithm for identification of UCASs) method and identified 18 novel Arabidopsis uORFs whose amino acid sequences are conserved across diverse eudicot species, which include uORFs not found in previous comparative genomic studies due to low sequence conservation among species. Therefore, BAIUCAS is a powerful method for the identification of UCASs, and it is particularly useful for the detection of uORFs with a small number of conserved amino acid residues.Contact: onouchi@abs.agr.hokudai.ac.jpSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Effects of Nighttime Air Temperature During Kernel Development of Field‐Grown Rice on Physicochemical and Functional Properties
Authors: Lanning Sarah B. , Siebenmorgen Terry J. , Ambardekar Amogh A. , Counce Paul A. , Bryant Rolfe J. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTElevated nighttime air temperatures (NTATs) occurring during critical grain‐filling stages affected rice physicochemical properties, which impacted functional quality. Six cultivars were grown at multiple field locations from northern to southern Arkansas during 2007 to 2010. Nighttime temperatures were recorded throughout production at each of the locations, and 95th percentiles of NTATs were calculated for each cultivar's reproductive (R) stages. Amylose content and crude protein content decreased linearly, whereas total lipid content increased linearly, with increasing NTATs occurring during the grain‐filling stages (R6–R8). Effects of NTAT on proximate composition influenced functional properties. Peak viscosities increased linearly as NTAT increased, whereas setback viscosities decreased. Setback viscosities were linearly correlated to NTATs for medium‐grain cultivars, but correlations were quadratic for the long‐grain cultivars. Gelatinization temperatures increased linearly with increasing NTAT. The R stages in which correlations were strongest varied by cultivar and by property, hypothesized to result from differences in kernel development patterns among cultivars. These findings have significant implications for rice production scientists and processors, in that understanding the effects of NTAT on physicochemical and functional properties may help explain and reduce quality variation.