bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling and analysis techniques for cross‐organizational workflow systems
Authors: Xu Lida , Liu Huimin , Wang Song , Wang Kanliang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEmerging e‐business, e‐commerce, and virtual enterprises are leading to the trend of managing workflows across organizational boundaries. A cross‐organizational workflow is generally comprised of intra‐organizational workflows and inter‐organization workflows. The modeling techniques for the intra‐organizational workflows are relatively matured. In this paper, they are briefly reviewed and contrasted to show their strong points and weaknesses. The modeling approaches for the inter‐organizational workflows is emphasized and introduced in detail in this paper. The inter‐organizational workflow emphasizes more on combining the workflows of different partners together and reconciling the relationships between them. Thus, the modeling approaches are described in two directions by their functions: routing languages introduced to combine individual workflows and interaction patterns proposed for collaborative partners to interact with each other. In this paper, some techniques are summarized, and some interesting research issues in the area are discussed in both technical and managerial perspectives. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An optimal bandwidth allocation and data droppage scheme for differentiated services in a wireless network
Authors: Sheikh Waseem , Ghafoor Arif 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper presents an optimal proportional bandwidth allocation and data droppage scheme to provide differentiated services (DiffServ) for downlink pre‐orchestrated multimedia data in a single‐hop wireless network. The proposed resource allocation scheme finds the optimal bandwidth allocation and data drop rates under minimum quality‐of‐service (QoS) constraints. It combines the desirable attributes of relative DiffServ and absolute DiffServ approaches. In contrast to relative DiffServ approach, the proposed scheme guarantees the minimum amount of bandwidth provided to each user without dropping any data at the base‐station, when the network has sufficient resources. If the network does not have sufficient resources to provide minimum bandwidth guarantees to all users without dropping data, the proportional data dropper finds the optimal data drop rates within acceptable levels of QoS and thus avoids the inflexibility of absolute DiffServ approach. The optimal bandwidth allocation and data droppage problems are formulated as constrained nonlinear optimization problems and solved using efficient techniques. Simulations are performed to show that the proposed scheme exhibits the desirable features of absolute and relative DiffServ. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A distributed MAC scheme supporting voice services in mobilead hocnetworks
Authors: Jiang Hai , Wang Ping , Poor H. Vincent , Zhuang Weihua 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFuture mobilead hocnetworks are expected to support voice traffic. The requirement for small delay and jitter of voice traffic poses a significant challenge for medium access control (MAC) in such networks. User mobility presents unique difficulties in this context due to the associated dynamic path attenuation. In this paper, a MAC scheme for mobilead hocnetworks supporting voice traffic is proposed. With the aid of a low‐power probe prior to DATA transmissions, resource reservation is achieved in a distributed manner, thus leading to small packet transmission delay and jitter. The proposed scheme can automatically adapt to dynamic path attenuation in a mobile environment. Statistical multiplexing of on/off voice traffic can also be achieved by partial resource reservation for off voice flows. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individual‐based modeling of the spread of pine wilt disease: vector beetle dispersal and the Allee effect
Authors: Takasu Fugo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPine wilt disease is caused by the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which is vectored by the Japanese pine sawyer beetle Monochamus alternatus. Due to their mutualistic relationship, according to which the nematode weakens and makes trees available for beetle reproduction and the beetle in turn carries and transmits the nematode to healthy pine trees, this disease has resulted in severe damage to pine trees in Japan in recent decades. Previous studies have worked on modeling of population dynamics of the vector beetle and the pine tree to explore spatial expansion of the disease using an integro‐difference equation with a dispersal kernel that describes beetle mobility over space. In this paper, I revisit these previous models but retaining individuality: by considering mechanistic interactions at the individual level it is shown that the Allee effect, an increasing per‐capita growth rate as population abundance increases, can arise in the beetle dynamics because of the necessity for beetles to contact pine trees at least twice to reproduce successfully. The incubation period after which a tree contacted by a first beetle becomes ready for beetle oviposition by later beetles is crucial for the emergence of this Allee effect. It is also shown, however, that the strength of this Allee effect depends strongly on biological mechanistic properties, especially on beetle mobility. Realistic individual‐based modeling highlights the importance of how spatial scales are dealt with in mathematical models. The link between mechanistic individual‐based modeling and conventional analytical approaches is also discussed.
Periconception folic acid supplementation, fetal growth and the risks of low birth weight and preterm birth: the Generation R Study
Authors: Timmermans Sarah , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , Hofman Albert , Steegers-Theunissen Régine P. M. , Steegers Eric A. P. 
Published: March 2009

Countries worldwide, including the Netherlands, recommend that women planning pregnancy use a folic acid supplement during the periconception period. Some countries even fortify staple foods with folic acid. These recommendations mainly focus on the prevention of neural tube defects, despite increasing evidence that folic acid may also influence birth weight. We examined whether periconception folic acid supplementation affects fetal growth and the risks of low birth weight, small for gestational age (SGA) and preterm birth, in the Generation R Study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Main outcome measures were fetal growth measured in mid- and late pregnancy by ultrasound, birth weight, SGA and preterm birth in relation to periconception folic supplementation (0·4–0·5 mg). Data on 6353 pregnancies were available. Periconception folic acid supplementation was positively associated with fetal growth. Preconception folic acid supplementation was associated with 68 g higher birth weight (95 % CI 37·2, 99·0) and 13 g higher placental weight (95 % CI 1·1, 25·5), compared to no folic acid supplementation. In these analyses parity significantly modified the effect estimates. Start of folic acid supplementation after pregnancy confirmation was associated with a reduced risk of low birth weight (OR 0·61, 95 % CI 0·40, 0·94). Similarly, reduced risks for low birth weight and SGA were observed for women who started supplementation preconceptionally, compared to those who did not use folic acid (OR 0·43, 95 % CI 0·28, 0·69 and OR 0·40, 95 % CI 0·22, 0·72). In conclusion, periconception folic acid supplementation is associated with increased fetal growth resulting in higher placental and birth weight, and decreased risks of low birth weight and SGA.
Governing Aliens in Times of Upheaval: Immigration Control and Modern State Practice in Early Twentieth-Century Britain, Compared with Prussia
Authors: Reinecke Christiane 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn the history of immigration control, the period from the 1880s to the 1920s saw an international dynamic of growing restrictions. World War I in particular has been regarded as watershed marking the end of laissez-faire migration policy. But whether 1914 can be seen as a crucial turning point depends on the country under consideration, as well as on the chosen analytical approach. Analysing Britain’s politics of immigration control before and after the war and comparing it with its Prussian equivalent, this article discusses the shifts and continuities in the concrete administration of migration. Focusing on the changing practice of expelling foreigners, it suggests a chronology of control that does not entirely correspond with the overall political changes. By 1918, the British bureaucracy possessed elaborate means to monitor aliens, and the state increasingly impacted on the migrants’ lives. In contrast, Prussia was maintaining a tightly regulated regime already, which its authorities had established well before 1914.
The Improvement of Poor Pastures
Authors: Middleton T. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. The results of six experiments in the manuring of poor pastures are described. The experiments were made in the counties of Northumberland, Northampton, Cambridge, Essex, Norfolk, and Hants. The results are given for a period of three years at all stations (except Norfolk, two years), and for two further periods of three and two years at the Northumberland station.2. In Norfolk on a light soil a potash manure slightly improved the pasture; the other manures had no influence on the yield. At the remaining five stations on heavy soils phosphatic manures produced highly profitable returns. In the first period, the use of other manures was not justified by the results. Where, however, the experiment was continued for eight years, lime proved profitable in the second, and potash in the third period. Under the special conditions of the experiment nitrogenous manures were either injurious or but very slightly increased the yield.
Probable Error in Pig Feeding Trials
Authors: Robinson G. W. , Halnan E. T. 
Published: March 2009

In a recent number of this Journal, T. B. Wood and F. J. M. Stratton have discussed the probable error of field and feeding experiments, but in the latter case their investigations included only cattle and sheep.The following work was undertaken as a necessary preliminary to a series of pig feeding experiments which are in contemplation. It is published at once in the hope that the results obtained may be of use to others who may be engaged in planning similar feeding trials.
The determination of the number of bacteria in soil. II. Methods for the disintegration of soil aggregates and the preparation of soil suspensions
Authors: Whittles C. L. 
Published: March 2009

1. An apparatus is described which has been designed to impart a known number of vibrations per minute to a suspension of soil or other material.2. The problem of the calibration of the apparatus is briefly discussed.3. A new method for the comparison of the mechanical composition of suspensions is described.4. Various preliminary treatments of samples of soil for mechanical analysis are compared, and it is shown that:(a) The rate of wetting is an important factor.(b) A combination of triturition and vibration gives a satisfactory degree of dispersion.(c) The use of acids is not advisable.
The citric solubility of mineral phosphates
Authors: Tocher J. F. 
Published: March 2009

The Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act 1906, Section 10, defines the expressions “soluble” and “insoluble” to mean that the fertilising constituent is soluble or insoluble in water, or, if specified in the invoice, to mean that the fertilising constituent is soluble to the extent guaranteed in a solution of citric acid, or other solvent, of the prescribed strength. In particular the section defines the percentage of soluble phosphate and the percentage of insoluble phosphate to mean respectively the percentage of tribasic phosphate of lime equivalent which, has been, or that which has not been, rendered soluble. “Citric solubility” under the Act is further and more definitely defined in the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs General Regulations 1906 as follows:“When, in an invoice relating to basic slag or basic superphosphate, it is specified that a certain percentage of the phosphate contained in the basic slag or superphosphate is soluble in citric acid, this shall be taken to mean that it is capable of being dissolved to the extent of such percentage when 5 grams of the fertiliser and 500 cubic centimetres of water, containing 10 grams of citric acid, are continuously agitated in a flask or bottle of about 1 litre capacity for the period of half an hour at the ordinary temperature.”
An investigation of the chemical changes taking place in the mixed lime sulphur-lead arsenate spray
Authors: Goodwin WM. , Martin H. 
Published: March 2009

1. The reaction between lime sulphur and acid lead arsenate is shown to be small and to have little effect on the chemical properties of either material as a spray.2. It is shown that the oxidation of lime sulphur proceeds according to the empirical formula:CaS.Sx + 30 = CaS2O3 + Sx-1and that the calcium sulphides are hydrolysed in aqueous solution.3. The addition of lead arsenate has no effect on the amount of sulphur precipitated from the lime sulphur by oxidation or by the action of carbondioxide.4. Lead arsenate is only slightly decomposed by lime sulphur or by the oxidation products of lime sulphur, the main decomposition being due to the action of sulphuretted hydrogen formed by the hydrolysis of the calcium sulphides. This decomposition becomes marked in the presence of carbon dioxide which reacts on the calcium sulphide to form sulphuretted hydrogen.5. The fungicidal value of the mixed spray—as judged by the mildew killing properties of the polysulphides—is not less than that of lime sulphur alone. Additional fungicidal properties may be expected from the presence in the spray of soluble arsenates and thioarsenates.6. Judging by the chemical changes which take place in the mixed spray the insecticidal value of the lead arsenate would not appear to be greatly affected by the addition of lime sulphur.7. There is an increased amount of soluble arsenic formed by the action of carbon dioxide on the mixed spray which may prove sufficient in amount to cause spray injury.8. The A.O.A.C. method for the determination of sulphate sulphur in lime sulphur solutions is shown to be inaccurate. A method yielding more concordant results is proposed.
Mineral composition of leaflets in relation to the chlorosis and bronzing of oil palms in West Africa
Authors: Hale J. B. 
Published: March 2009

Some disorders causing chlorosis and necrosis of the foliage of oil palms from three West African estates have been investigated by spectrochemical analysis of the dry leaflets for potassium, calcium, magnesium and manganese.Statistical examination of the chemical analyses of leaflets from fronds of different ages, and from different positions along the frond, shows that it is important to sample and analyse separately at least upper, middle and lower fronds from each tree. Little is gained by analysing separately samples from different positions along the length of the frond.The ‘bronzing’ diseases are tentatively ascribed to deficiency of potassium. One palm is probably a case of combined magnesium and potassium deficiency. One disease, ‘lemon frond’, cannot be attributed to a deficiency of any of the elements determined.The differences in mineral composition of the leaflets between palms from the three estates are greater than those due to the diseases and a further survey is proposed to determine the range of variation of composition of healthy trees and the levels below which deficiencies set in.
The effect of pregnancy on the live weight of dairy cows
Authors: Bartlett Stephen 
Published: March 2009

The figures analysed in the subsequent pages were obtained (by the kind permission and help of Prof. S. Pennington) during the five years, May 1920 to May 1925, from the College Farm dairy cows at University College, Reading, and before proceeding, a few notes on the herd and its management are desirable.The herd is small (14–18 animals), and was established in 1908 by purchasing non-pedigree Dairy Shorthorn heifers which have since been “graded up” by the use of Pedigree Dairy Shorthorn bulls. The cows are typical Dairy Shorthorns, of a fairly large size, and the degree of fatness normally maintained might be described as good thriving condition, and probably better condition than average dairy cows.
Observations on the survival time of the spermatozoa in the genital tract of the cow and its relation to fertility
Authors: Laing J. A. 
Published: March 2009

1. Experiments were carried out to determine the period of survival of spermatozoa in the genital tract of the cow.2. No reliable results were obtained by searching, post-mortem, the genital tracts of two cows and three heifers killed at various intervals after insemination.3. An attempt to induce ovulation at a definite time to which insemination could be related, in order that the survival time of the spermatozoa might be determined by the recovery of the ova post-mortem, was not successful. Of four cows and one heifer given pregnant mare's serum followed by pregnancy urine, one ovulated. To one animal, where a large follicle was present in one ovary, pregnancy urine was given. Ovulation occurred but could not be definitely attributed to the pregnancy urine.
Early reproductive failure of ewes in a hot environment. II. The uterus
Authors: Ryle Margaret 
Published: March 2009

1. A balanced factorial experiment was carried out with forty-eight Merino ewes. There were two levels each of the four factors: environmental temperature, thyroxine status, vitamin A intake and progesterone status. Each ewe was killed at 25 days' pregnancy; its uterus was weighed and portions were prepared for histological examination. A number of morphological indices were then measured.2. With respect to uterus weight there were significant interactions between thyroxine level, environmental temperature and progesterone level, and between thyroxine level and vitamin A intake. In the absence of thyroxine injections, heat and supplementary vitamin A increased mean uterus weight; in the absence of either of these, thyroxine injections increased it. Heat or vitamin A with thyroxine injections maintained normal mean weight. Progesterone influenced the temperature effect only in the presence of thyroxine.3. Where thyroxine injections were given at normal temperatures uterus weight was significantly correlated with plasma vitamin A concentration. There was a similar correlation where thyroxine injections were given in the absence of dietary vitamin A.4. There were no significant treatment effects or interactions on any of the histological indices examined. The height of the glandular layer of the endometrium, however, increased with increasing uterus weight, while the density of transected glandular tubules declined. There was no correlation between height of the stratum compactum or of the glandular epithelium and uterus weight.5. In ewes with dead embryos the means of the following indices were significantly greater than in ewes with live ones: height of the stratum compactum, height of the glandular layer, height of the gland epithelial nuclei; the density of glandular tubules was less.6. In the hot-room, gland epithelium height was correlated with mean rectal temperature.7. Expansion of the glandular layer is not associated in all subgroups with more embryonic deaths and cannot therefore be their main cause. The observations do not indicate that early embryonic deaths are due to insufficiency of ovarian hormones; nor do they account for the marked improvement in viability associated with thyroxine injections.
An investigation of the method of Page and Williams for the determination of the saturation capacity of soils
Authors: Turner P. E. 
Published: March 2009

1. The value of the knowledge of the saturation capacity of a soil as an aid in its characterisation and classification is briefly stated.2. A short account is given of the more important methods in use for determination of saturation capacity.3. The theory underlying the method of Page and Williams, and the possible defects of the method are discussed.4. The results of an investigation of this method lead to the following conclusions:(a) Leaching the mixture of soil and calcium carbonate to 2 litres is in sufficient to displace from the soil all its exchangeable bases.(b) In view of this, it is recommended that 3 litres or more of filtrate be obtained, or preferably, the amount of soil employed be reduced to 10 grm.(c) The leaching solution remains in contact with the soil mixture for a period adequate for the normal sodium chloride solution to be saturated with calcium carbonate.(d) The difference in the amount of calcium, derived by solution from the carbonate, in the first and second litres of filtrate, is sufficiently small to be neglected.(e) The tardiness with which the reaction proceeds to completion is probably due to the difficulty experienced in displacing the final amounts of adsorbed ions, rather than to the presence of calcium ions in the leaching solution.(f) The incompleteness of the reaction renders the method of Hissink inaccurate for the calculation of the saturation capacity.(g) The variation in the character of the colloidal material of soils i s to some extent reflected in the value of the ratio of the calcium passing into solution through exchange reactions in the second litre, to that dissolved in this manner by the total volume of filtrate.
Soil studies in relation to geology in an area in north-east Scotland. Part II. The soils and their development
Authors: Hart R. 
Published: March 2009

Discussion and SummaryThere are many areas throughout Britain where soil parent materials cannot be differentiated on the basis of solid geology alone, and difficulties are frequently experienced in classifying and mapping the soils. The object of this investigation was to study the parent materials and soils in a complex area of this kind.The area selected is in north-east Scotland, and about half of it is covered by acid igneous and metamorphic rocks and the rest by sedimentary rocks of Old Red Sandstone age. The geology is complicated by three glaciations giving rise to diverse soil parent materials.Five main groups of parent materials have been recognized, based on origin, texture and mineralogical composition. The first group consists of drift derived from acid igneous rocks and schists; the second of boulder clay from similar material plus an admixture of sedimentary rocks; the third of fluvioglacial deposits of varied textures; the fourth of conglomerate or thin drift from Old Red Sandstone rocks; and the fifth of boulder clay derived from Old Red Sandstone rocks where the influence of marls and shales in the drift is strong. Groups 1 and 5 are of major importance in this region and also elsewhere because of their widespread distribution. The others are more local.
The nutrition of the carrot: III. Grown in a gravel soil
Authors: Woodman Rowland Marcus , Johnson Delphine Ainslie 
Published: March 2009

The nutrition of the carrot in a light gravel soil of known analysis with high available phosphate has been studied by statistical pot-culture methods, and the responses, linear and curvature components, etc., due to nitrogen, phosphate, and potash, have been calculated.No hard and fast rule can be made as to the adequacy or otherwise of any particular fertilizer in a soil, as the different parts of the plant (top and root) were shown to be capable of responding quite differently to that fertilizer.