bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exact determination of MFPT for random walks on rounded fractal networks with varying topologies
Authors: Liu Yuanyuan , Chen Jing , Sun Weigang 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Random walk is a stochastic process that moves through a network between different states according to a set of probability rules. This mechanism is crucial for understanding the importance of nodes and their similarities, and it is widely used in page ranking, information retrieval and community detection. In this study, we introduce a family of rounded fractal networks with varying topologies and conduct an analysis to investigate the scaling behaviour of the mean first-passage time (MFPT) for random walks. We present an exact analytical expression for MFPT, which is subsequently confirmed through direct numerical calculations. Furthermore, our approach for calculating this interesting quantity is based on the self-similar structure of the rounded networks, eliminating the need to compute each Laplacian spectrum. Finally, we conclude that a more efficient random walk is achieved by reducing the number of polygons and edges. Rounded fractal networks demonstrate superior efficiency in random walks at the initial state, primarily due to the minimal distances between vertices.
Physiologically informed organismal climatologies reveal unexpected spatiotemporal trends in temperature
Authors: Foulk Aubrey , Gouhier Tarik , Choi Francis , Torossian Jessica L , Matzelle Allison , Sittenfeld David , Helmuth Brian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Body temperature is universally recognized as a dominant driver of biological performance. Although the critical distinction between the temperature of an organism and its surrounding habitat has long been recognized, it remains common practice to assume that trends in air temperature—collected via remote sensing or weather stations—are diagnostic of trends in animal temperature and thus of spatiotemporal patterns of physiological stress and mortality risk. Here, by analysing long-term trends recorded by biomimetic temperature sensors designed to emulate intertidal mussel temperature across the US Pacific Coast, we show that trends in maximal organismal temperature (‘organismal climatologies’) during aerial exposure can differ substantially from those exhibited by co-located environmental data products. Specifically, using linear regression to compare maximal organismal and environmental (air temperature) climatologies, we show that not only are the magnitudes of body and air temperature markedly different, as expected, but so are their temporal trends at both local and biogeographic scales, with some sites showing significant decadal-scale increases in organismal temperature despite reductions in air temperature, or vice versa. The idiosyncratic relationship between the spatiotemporal patterns of organismal and air temperatures suggests that environmental climatology cannot be statistically corrected to serve as an accurate proxy for organismal climatology. Finally, using quantile regression, we show that spatiotemporal trends vary across the distribution of organismal temperature, with extremes shifting in different directions and at different rates than average metrics. Overall, our results highlight the importance of quantifying changes in the entire distribution of temperature to better predict biological performance and dispel the notion that raw or ‘corrected’ environmental (and specially air temperature) climatologies can be used to predict organismal temperature trends. Hence, despite their widespread coverage and availability, the severe limitations of environmental climatologies suggest that their role in conservation and management policy should be carefully considered.
Migratory behaviours are risk-sensitive to physiological state in an elevational migrant
Authors: Denryter Kristin , Stephenson Thomas R. , Monteith Kevin L. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Accretion of body fat by animals is an important physiological adaptation that may underpin seasonal behaviours, especially where it modulates risk associated with a particular behaviour. Using movement data from male Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis sierrae), we tested the hypothesis that migratory behaviours were risk-sensitive to physiological state (indexed by body fat). Sierra bighorn face severe winter conditions at high elevations and higher predation risk at lower elevations. Given that large body fat stores ameliorate starvation risk, we predicted that having small body fat stores would force animals to migrate to lower elevations with more abundant food supplies. We also predicted that body fat stores would influence how far animals migrate, with the skinniest animals migrating the furthest down in elevation (to access the most abundant food supplies at that time of year). Lastly, we predicted that population-level rates of switching between migratory tactics would be inversely related to body fat levels because as body fat levels decrease, animals exhibiting migratory plasticity should modulate their risk of starvation by switching migratory tactics. Consistent with our predictions, probability of migration and elevational distance migrated increased with decreasing body fat, but effects differed amongst metapopulations. Population-level switching rates also were inversely related to population-level measures of body fat prior to migration. Collectively, our findings suggest migration was risk-sensitive to physiological state, and failure to accrete adequate fat may force animals to make trade-offs between starvation and predation risk. In complex seasonal environments, risk-sensitive migration yields a layer of flexibility that should aid long-term persistence of animals that can best modulate their risk by attuning behaviour to physiological state.
A terpenoids database with the chemical content as a novel agronomic trait
Authors: Li Wenqian , Chen Yinliang , Yang Ruofei , Hu Zilong , Wei Shaozhong , Hu Sheng , Xiong Xinjun , Wang Meijuan , Lubeiny Ammar , Li Xiaohua , Feng Minglei , Dong Shuang , Xie Xinlu , Nie Chao , Zhang Jingyi , Luo Yunhao , Zhou Yichen , Liu Ruodi , Pan Jinhai , Kong De-Xin , Hu Xuebo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Natural products play a pivotal role in drug discovery, and the richness of natural products, albeit significantly influenced by various environmental factors, is predominantly determined by intrinsic genetics of a series of enzymatic reactions and produced as secondary metabolites of organisms. Heretofore, few natural product-related databases take the chemical content into consideration as a prominent property. To gain unique insights into the quantitative diversity of natural products, we have developed the first TerPenoids database embedded with Content information (TPCN) with features such as compound browsing, structural search, scaffold analysis, similarity analysis and data download. This database can be accessed through a web-based computational toolkit available at http://www.tpcn.pro/. By conducting meticulous manual searches and analyzing over 10 000 reference papers, the TPCN database has successfully integrated 6383 terpenoids obtained from 1254 distinct plant species. The database encompasses exhaustive details including isolation parts, comprehensive molecule structures, chemical abstracts service registry number (CAS number) and 7508 content descriptions. The TPCN database accentuates both the qualitative and quantitative dimensions as invaluable phenotypic characteristics of natural products that have undergone genetic evolution. By acting as an indispensable criterion, the TPCN database facilitates the discovery of drug alternatives with high content and the selection of high-yield medicinal plant species or phylogenetic alternatives, thereby fostering sustainable, cost-effective and environmentally friendly drug discovery in pharmaceutical farming.
Database URL: http://www.tpcn.pro/
Long-Term Effects of Equal Sharing: Evidence from Inheritance Rules for Land
Authors: Bartels Charlotte , Jäger Simon , Obergruber Natalie 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
What are the long-term economic effects of a more equal distribution of wealth? We investigate consequences of land inequality, exploiting variation in land inheritance rules that traverse political, linguistic, geological and religious borders in Germany. In some German areas, inherited land was to be shared or divided equally among children, while in others land was ruled to be indivisible. Using a geographic regression discontinuity design, we first show a more equal land distribution in areas with equal division; other potential drivers of growth are smooth at the boundary and equal division areas were not historically more developed. Today, equal division areas feature higher average incomes and more entrepreneurship which goes hand in hand with a right-shifted skill, income and wealth distribution. We show evidence consistent with the more even distribution of land leading to more innovative industrial by-employment during Germany’s transition from an agrarian to an industrial economy that, in the long run, led to more entrepreneurship.
Sequence reliance of the Drosophila context-dependent transcription factor CLAMP
Authors: Hodkinson Lauren J , Gross Julia , Schmidt Casey A , Diaz-Saldana Pamela P , Aoki Tsutomo , Rieder Leila E 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Despite binding similar cis elements in multiple locations, a single transcription factor (TF) often performs context-dependent functions at different loci. How factors integrate cis sequence and genomic context is still poorly understood and has implications for off-target effects in genetic engineering. The Drosophila context-dependent TF chromatin-linked adaptor for male-specific lethal proteins (CLAMP) targets similar GA-rich cis elements on the X-chromosome and at the histone gene locus but recruits very different, locus-specific factors. We discover that CLAMP leverages information from both cis element and local sequence to perform context-specific functions. Our observations imply the importance of other cues, including protein–protein interactions and the presence of additional cofactors.
College students’ perceptions of electronic cigarette risks and benefits: a concept mapping study
Authors: Liao Li-Ling , Chang Li-Chun , Lee Chia-Kuei , Lai I-Ju 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is on the rise among young adults, with higher public acceptance than traditional tobacco. A study in Taiwan employed concept mapping to explore risk and benefit perceptions of e-cigarette use among college students. The study involved 100 college students from 11 Taiwanese universities, with 50 being e-cigarette users and 50 non-users. Data collection and analysis were done with the GroupWisdom™ platform. Participants engaged in brainstorming, rating and sorting their perceptions, which were analyzed using multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analyses. The participants’ mean age was 19.24 years, and 55% were male. This process resulted in the identification of 10 clusters encompassing 64 statements, with 3 clusters focused on risk perceptions, 6 on benefit perceptions, and 1 dealing with e-cigarette regulations. Notably, risk perceptions were rated higher than benefit perceptions. Non-users held significantly higher risk perceptions and lower benefit perceptions across the nine clusters related to e-cigarette use. Concept mapping proved to be an effective tool for understanding college students’ perceptions. These findings can assist health educators in comprehending college students’ viewpoints on e-cigarette use and in developing targeted interventions. Additionally, exploring benefit perceptions may enhance students’ critical thinking skills regarding e-cigarette advertising.
How Social Workers Can Be Deployed to Assist with the Ongoing Opioid Crisis
Authors: Blanford Courtney , Rowell-Cunsolo Tawandra 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The opioid epidemic has claimed more than 1 million lives in the United States over the past two decades. The persistent increase in deaths indicates that current strategies intended to decrease the negative consequences of opioid use are inadequate. Harm reduction strategies are designed to promote safer substance usage and reduce overdose mortality rates, yet the implementation of harm reduction programs is inhibited by community- and provider-level stigma against people who use opioids, coupled with limited understanding and insufficient education about harm reduction approaches. Despite ongoing research, engagement in opioid treatment programs remains a challenge, and the opioid crisis continues to disproportionately harm marginalized populations. This article describes how social workers are prepared to play a larger role in opioid use treatment because they are trained with the skill set and values necessary to facilitate access to harm reduction programs, promote engagement in substance use treatment, and create and advocate for interventions to address problematic substance use, especially in high-need communities.
The Dimension of the Set of ψ-Badly Approximable Points in All Ambient Dimensions: On a Question of Beresnevich and Velani
Authors: Koivusalo Henna , Levesley Jason , Ward Benjamin , Zhang Xintian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Let $\psi :{\mathbb{N}} \to [0,\infty )$, $\psi (q)=q^{-(1+\tau )}$ and let $\psi $-badly approximable points be those vectors in ${\mathbb{R}}^{d}$ that are $\psi $-well approximable, but not $c\psi $-well approximable for arbitrarily small constants $c&gt;0$. We establish that the $\psi $-badly approximable points have the Hausdorff dimension of the $\psi $-well approximable points, the dimension taking the value $(d+1)/(\tau +1)$ familiar from theorems of Besicovitch and Jarník. The method of proof is an entirely new take on the Mass Transference Principle (MTP) by Beresnevich and Velani (Annals, 2006); namely, we use the colloquially named “delayed pruning” to construct a sufficiently large $\liminf $ set and combine this with ideas inspired by the proof of the MTP to find a large $\limsup $ subset of the $\liminf $ set. Our results are a generalisation of some $1$-dimensional results due to Bugeaud and Moreira (Acta Arith, 2011), but our method of proof is nothing alike.
Testing and Treatment Interventions in Community Settings Key to Controlling a Recent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Outbreak Among People Who Inject Drugs in Glasgow: A Modeling Study
Authors: Allen Lara I , Fraser Hannah , Stone Jack , McAuley Andrew , Trayner Kirsten M A , Metcalfe Rebecca , Peters S Erica , Hutchinson Sharon J , Vickerman Peter , Hickman Matthew 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
A human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) outbreak was identified among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Glasgow in 2015, with &gt;150 diagnoses by the end of 2019. The outbreak response involved scaling up HIV testing and improving HIV treatment initiation and retention.

Methods
We parameterized and calibrated a dynamic, deterministic model of HIV transmission among PWID in Glasgow to epidemiological data. We use this model to evaluate HIV testing and treatment interventions. We present results in terms of relative changes in HIV prevalence, incidence, and cases averted.

Results
If the improvements in both testing and treatment had not occurred, we predict that HIV prevalence would have reached 17.8% (95% credible interval [CrI], 14.1%–22.6%) by the beginning of 2020, compared to 5.9% (95% CrI, 4.7%–7.4%) with the improvements. If the improvements had been made on detection of the outbreak in 2015, we predict that peak incidence would have been 26.2% (95% CrI, 8.8%–49.3%) lower and 62.7% (95% CrI, 43.6%–76.6%) of the outbreak cases could have been averted. The outbreak could have been avoided if the improvements had already been in place.

Conclusions
Our modeling suggests that the HIV testing and treatment interventions successfully brought the HIV outbreak in Glasgow under control by the beginning of 2020.
Onnamide A suppresses the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 infection without inhibiting 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease
Authors: Hayashi Yasuhiro , Higa Nanami , Yoshida Tetsuro , Tyas Trianda Ayuning , Mori-Yasumoto Kanami , Yasumoto-Hirose Mina , Tani Hideki , Tanaka Junichi , Jomori Takahiro 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Given the continuous emergence of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the development of new inhibitors is necessary to enhance clinical efficacy and increase the options for combination therapy for the coronavirus disease 2019. Because marine organisms have been a resource for the discovery of numerous bioactive molecules, we constructed an extract library of marine invertebrates collected from the Okinawa Islands. In this study, the extracts were used to identify antiviral molecules against SARS-CoV-2. Using a cytopathic effect (CPE) assay in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells, an extract from the marine sponge Theonella swinhoei was found to reduce virus-induced CPE. Eventually, onnamide A was identified as an antiviral compound in the extract using column chromatography and NMR analysis. Onnamide A inhibited several SARS-CoV-2 variant-induced CPEs in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells as well as virus production in the supernatant of infected cells. Moreover, this compound blocked the entry of SARS-CoV-2 pseudo-virions. Taken together, these results demonstrate that onnamide A suppresses SARS-CoV-2 infection, which may be partially related to entry inhibition, and is expected to be a candidate lead compound for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.
Lipidomic Analysis Reveals Systemic Alterations in Servicemen Exposed to Repeated Occupational Low-Level Blast Waves
Authors: Arora Palkin , Sharma Apoorva , Trivedi Richa , Sharma Priyanka , Padhy Sankarsan , Shah Shahnawaj , Dutta Suman K , Manda Kailash , Rana Poonam 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Occupational exposure to blast is a prevalent risk experienced by military personnel. While low-level exposure may not manifest immediate signs of illness, prolonged and repetitive exposure may result in neurophysiological dysfunction. Such repeated exposure to occupational blasts has been linked to structural and functional modifications in the brain, adversely affecting the performance of servicemen in the field. These neurological changes can give rise to symptoms resembling concussion and contribute to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder.

Materials and Methods
To understand long-term effects of blast exposure, the study was conducted to assess memory function, serum circulatory protein and lipid biomarkers, and associated concussive symptomology in servicemen. Concussion-like symptoms were assessed using the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPSQ) along with memory function using PGI memory scale. The serum protein biomarkers were quantified using a sandwich ELISA assay, and the serum lipid profile was measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer.

Results
The findings revealed that repeated low-level blast exposure resulted in impaired memory function, accompanied by elevated levels of serum neurofilament light chain (neuroaxonal injury) and C-reactive protein. Furthermore, alterations in the lipid profile were observed, with an increase in lipid species associated with immune activation. These changes collectively point to systemic inflammation, neuronal injury, and memory dysfunction as pathological characteristics of repeated low-level blast exposure.

Conclusion
The results of our preliminary investigation offer valuable insights for further large-scale study and provide a guiding principle that necessitates a suitable mitigation approach to safeguard the health of personnel against blast overpressure.
Supervening Abscess Resulting in Streptococcus pyogenes Toxic Shock Syndrome Complicated by a Recent MRSA Infection in an Active Duty Military Member
Authors: Avis Erik C , Blankinship Daniel R , Murphy Timothy P , Lago Kathryn , Robertson Janelle L , Nelson Kenneth J 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT
An 18-year-old male active duty US Army service member presented to the emergency department with a lower leg abscess in the region of a previously debrided methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus abscess. After initial presentation, the patient became hypotensive, exhibited signs of renal failure, and developed a diffuse erythematous rash. Streptococcus pyogenes was grown from intraoperative cultures, and he was diagnosed with Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS). The patient subsequently underwent multiple surgical debridements, intravenous immunoglobulin treatment, and intravenous antibiotic administration. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome may have a rapid onset and cause a sharp decline in hemodynamic status requiring admission to the intensive care unit. Any source of virulent Streptococcal pyogenes infection can cause STSS, including lower extremity abscesses. Therefore, it is imperative for physicians to recognize systemic involvement of seemingly isolated extremity infections. We encourage a high index of suspicion in treating bacterial abscesses for possible complications, and close monitoring of patient status. This suspicion should be even higher during outbreaks of bacteria that can cause STSS, much like the patient presented here.
Neurosarcoidosis-induced winging scapula: Efficacy of infliximab treatment in addressing multifaceted challenges
Authors: Purohit Richa , Khal Ravi Shahu , McCabe Kathleen , Bhanusali Neha , Farooq Maria , Beg Shazia 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT
Sarcoidosis, a systemic granulomatous disease primarily affecting the respiratory and lymphatic systems, can rarely manifest as neurosarcoidosis either in isolation or alongside other systemic symptoms. Here, we describe the case of a 45-year-old male with a history of recurrent sinusitis refractory to antibiotics, who presented to the emergency department with sinus congestion and dysphagia. Clinical examination revealed left lower motor neuron facial palsy and enlarged submandibular salivary glands. Despite obtaining negative results from various antibody panels, the patient exhibited elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme levels of 83 nmol/kg/min. Additionally, computed tomography chest scans revealed bilateral hilar and mediastinal lymph node enlargement, findings consistent with sarcoidosis. Otorhinolaryngology evaluation for dysphagia confirmed left vocal cord palsy. Following a negative infectious disease workup, submandibular salivary gland biopsy confirmed sarcoidosis. Treatment with mycophenolate mofetil and oral steroids led to gradual improvement in salivary gland swelling, dysphagia, and facial palsy. However, worsening left shoulder pain prompted further investigation, revealing winging of the left scapula on repeat examination. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine revealed a 6-mm hyperintensity in the left dorsal cord at the C5 level, suggesting possible neurosarcoidosis vs. demyelinating disease. Subsequently, the patient was prescribed anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitor infliximab. Subsequent MRI of the cervical spine, conducted 6 months after initiating infliximab therapy, indicated resolution of the lesions. This positive outcome was supported by the patient’s report of symptom improvement, notably reduced shoulder pain and improvement in left scapular winging. This case underscores the unusual co-occurrence of Bell’s palsy and vocal cord palsy in the same patient, along with the potential contribution of neurosarcoidosis to the winged scapula. Additionally, it sheds light on the positive response of neurosarcoidosis to infliximab therapy.