bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dysplastic naevi: an update
Authors: Elder David E 
Published: December 2009

Elder D E (2010) Histopathology56, 112–120 Dysplastic naevi: an updateDysplastic naevi are clinically atypical and histologically are characterized by architectural disorder and cytological atypia. Their diagnosis is reproducible if criteria and thresholds are agreed upon. They are significant only in relation to melanoma, as simulants of melanoma, as markers of individuals at increased risk of developing melanoma, and as potential and occasional actual precursors of melanoma. Morphologically and biologically, they are intermediate between common naevi and melanoma. Individuals with dysplastic naevi may have deficient DNA repair, and dysplastic naevi lesions are associated with overexpression of pheomelanin, which may lead to increased oxidative damage and increased potential for DNA damage and tumour progression.
Molecular cytogenetics of cutaneous melanocytic lesions – diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic aspects
Authors: Blokx Willeke Am M , Van Dijk Marcory C R F , Ruiter Dirk J 
Published: December 2009

Blokx W A M, van Dijk M C R F & Ruiter D J (2010) Histopathology56, 121–132 Molecular cytogenetics of cutaneous melanocytic lesions – diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic aspectsThis review intends to update current knowledge regarding molecular cytogenetics in melanocytic tumours with a focus on cutaneous melanocytic lesions. Advantages and limitations of diverse, already established methods, such as (fluorescence) in situ hybridization and mutation analysis, to detect these cytogenetic alterations in melanocytic tumours are described. In addition, the potential value of more novel techniques such as multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification is pointed out. This review demonstrates that at present cytogenetics has mainly increased our understanding of the pathogenesis of melanocytic tumours, with an important role for activation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway in the initiation of melanocytic tumours. Mutations in BRAF (in common naevocellular naevi), NRAS (congenital naevi), HRAS (Spitz naevi) and GNAQ (blue naevi) can all cause MAPK activation. All these mutations seem early events in the development of melanocytic tumours, but by themselves are insufficient to cause progression towards melanoma. Additional molecular alterations are implicated in progression towards melanoma, with different genetic alterations in melanomas at different sites and with varying levels of sun exposure. This genetic heterogeneity in distinct types of naevi and melanomas can be used for the development of molecular tests for diagnostic purposes. However, at the moment only few molecular tests have become of diagnostic value and are performed in daily routine practice. This is caused by lack of large prospective studies on the diagnostic value of molecular tests including follow‐up, and by the low prevalence of certain molecular alterations. For the future we foresee an increasing role for cytogenetics in the treatment of melanoma patients with the increasing availability of targeted therapy. Potential targets for metastatic melanoma include genes involved in the MAPK pathway, such as BRAF and RAS. More recently, KIT has emerged as a potential target in melanoma patients. These targeted treatments all need careful evaluation, but might be a promising adjunct for treatment of metastatic melanoma patients, in which other therapies have not brought important survival advantages yet.
Classification of cutaneous lymphomas – an update
Authors: Kempf Werner , Sander Christian A. 
Published: December 2009

Kempf W & Sander C A (2010) Histopathology56, 57–70 Classification of cutaneous lymphomas – an updateThis review focuses on the evolution and conceptual aspects of classifications for cutaneous lymphomas. The World Health Organization/European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (WHO/EORTC) classification and the WHO classification (4th edn, 2008) represent the first widely accepted classifications for lymphomas, in which the complete spectrum of primary cutaneous lymphomas is included. These classifications for primary cutaneous lymphomas define disease entities with distinct clinical, histological, immunophenotypic and genetic features. Final diagnosis is based on a synoptic integration of these features and implies clinicopathological correlation as a pivotal element of the diagnostic approach for primary cutaneous lymphomas. The entities, their definitions and diagnostic criteria of cutaneous lymphomas listed in the WHO/EORTC and WHO classifications are presented. Recent changes in the terminology and staging, practical implications and future perspectives are discussed.
BOB.1, CD79a and cyclin E are the most appropriate markers to discriminate classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma from primary mediastinal large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Hoeller Sylvia , Zihler Deborah , Zlobec Inti , Obermann Ellen C , Pileri Stefano A , Dirnhofer Stephan , Tzankov Alexandar 
Published: December 2009

Hoeller S, Zihler D, Zlobec I, Obermann EC, Pileri SA, Dirnhofer S & Tzankov A (2010) Histopathology56, 217–228 BOB.1, CD79a and cyclin E are the most appropriate markers to discriminate classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma from primary mediastinal large B‐cell lymphoma Aims:  To clarify which immunohistochemical markers could be helpful in distinguishing between classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (cHL) and primary mediastinal B‐cell lymphoma (PMBCL) to more narrowly define ‘B‐cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma and cHL’.Methods and results:  Two hundred and 83 cHLs and 51 PMBCLs were analysed on validated tissue microarray platforms with antibodies to BOB.1, CD15, CD20, CD23, CD30, CD79a, cyclin E, LMP‐1, MUM1p, p63 and Oct2. The marker cut‐off scores were calculated using receiver–operating characteristic curves. Markers with the highest positive predictive value for cHL were: CD15, cyclin E, LMP‐1 (all 100%), MUM1p (93%) and CD30 (83%). High sensitivity was achieved only by CD30 (92%) and cyclin E (79%). Nineteen percent of PMBCLs were also positive for CD30, which led to a lower specificity of CD30 as regards cHL (81%) compared with cyclin E (100%). The antibodies with the highest positive predictive value for PMBCL were: CD23 (98%), p63 (96%), BOB.1 (94%) and CD79a (90%), with high sensitivity for BOB.1 (100%), CD79a (89%) and p63 (82%).Conclusions:  The use of at least three of the most accurate immunohistochemical markers, cyclin E, CD79a and BOB.1, may be helpful in the differential diagnosis of cHL and PMBCL.
Molecular alterations in AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3 detected in breast and prostatic cancer by FISH
Authors: Kirkegaard Tove , Witton Caroline J , Edwards Joanne , Nielsen Kirsten Vang , Jensen Linda Boye , Campbell Fiona M , Cooke Timothy G , Bartlett John M S 
Published: December 2009

Kirkegaard T, Witton C J, Edwards J, Nielsen K V, Jensen L B, Campbell F M, Cooke T G & Bartlett J M S (2010) Histopathology56, 203–211 Molecular alterations in AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3 detected in breast and prostatic cancer by FISH Aims:  The AKT family is implicated in cancer progression. There are three mammalian AKT isoforms located on chromosomes 14, 19 and 1, respectively. The aim of the study was to investigate genetic alterations of AKT in breast and prostatic cancers using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).Methods and results:  In oestrogen receptor(ER)‐positive breast carcinomas, AKT1 was deleted in five (4.8%) and amplified in one (1%) carcinoma. Deletions of AKT2 were seen in 19 (21.1%) cases. No AKT2 amplifications were identified. Ten (9.9%) AKT3 amplifications but no deletions were seen. In prostatic cancer, AKT1 was amplified in one carcinoma (2.6%). No genetic changes were observed for AKT2 and AKT3. High frequencies of aneusomy for all chromosomes were observed in breast and prostatic carcinomas.Conclusions:  In breast cancer AKT3 amplifications and AKT1 and AKT2 deletions were seen, which, to our knowledge, have not been shown by FISH before. Although these two cohorts cannot be directly compared, only one AKT1 amplification was identified in prostatic carcinomas. This indicates differences in the genetic changes underlying development of breast and prostatic cancers. To evaluate further the role of genetic changes of AKT in breast cancer progression, a cohort of both ER+ and ER− patients should be evaluated.
Clinicopathological significance of nuclear PTEN expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Jang Ki‐Seok , Song Young Soo , Jang Si‐Hyong , Min Kyueng‐Whan , Na Woong , Jang Se Min , Jun Young Jin , Lee Kang Hong , Choi Dongho , Paik Seung Sam 
Published: December 2009

Jang K‐S, Song Y S, Jang S‐H, Min K‐W, Na W, Jang S M, Jun Y J, Lee K H, Choi D & Paik S S (2010) Histopathology56, 229–239 Clinicopathological significance of nuclear PTEN expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma Aims:  Tumour suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) is an important negative regulator for the PIP3/Akt signalling pathway that promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis. Inactivation of PTEN by mutation, deletion and promoter hypermethylation has been demonstrated in a range of cancers. The aim was to investigate whether the loss of nuclear PTEN protein expression correlates with conventional clinicopathological parameters and patient survival.Methods and results:  Immunohistochemistry staining for PTEN was performed on a tissue microarray of 19 samples of normal colonic mucosa, 14 adenomatous polyps, 482 adenocarcinomas and 56 metastatic lymph nodes. All 19 normal colonic mucosa samples (100%) were positive and 12 (85.7%) out of 14 adenomatous polyps were positive for PTEN. However, only 241 (50.0%) of the 482 colorectal adenocarcinomas and 26 (46.4%) of the 56 metastatic lymph nodes were positive for PTEN. Loss of PTEN expression was related to defective mismatch repair protein expression and colonic localization rather than rectal localization. On univariate survival analysis, patients with PTEN− adenocarcinoma revealed a poor overall and disease‐free survival (P = 0.030 and P = 0.046, respectively). On multivariate analysis, a significant difference was observed in patients with stage II cancer that was not observed in other stages.Conclusions:  Nuclear PTEN expression gradually decrease during the normal–adenoma–adenocarcinoma–metastasis sequence, which suggests an important role for PTEN in carcinogenesis. Moreover, loss of nuclear PTEN expression was a marker of poor clinical outcome in patients with stage II colorectal cancer.
Histological assessment of pre‐transplant kidney biopsies is reproducible and representative
Authors: Snoeijs Maarten G J , Boonstra Liesbeth A , Buurman Wim A , Goldschmeding Roel , Van Suylen Robert Jan , Van Heurn L W Ernest , Peutz‐Kootstra Carine J 
Published: December 2009

Snoeijs M G J, Boonstra L A, Buurman W A, Goldschmeding R, van Suylen R J, van Heurn L W E & Peutz‐Kootstra C J  (2010) Histopathology56, 198–202 Histological assessment of pre‐transplant kidney biopsies is reproducible and representative Aims:  Histological examination of pre‐transplant renal biopsy specimens can be used to select grafts from older donors after cardiac death (DCD) with a satisfactory transplant outcome. The aim was to determine whether such biopsy specimens can be reproducibly scored between pathologists and are representative of the whole kidney.Methods and results:  In renal biopsy specimens from DCD aged ≥60 years (n = 44), globally sclerosed glomeruli, vascular narrowing, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis were scored by three independent pathologists according to the Pirani scoring system. Interobserver agreement on the sum of scores improved considerably with the introduction of a combined tubulo‐interstitial scoring system (intraclass correlation coefficient increased from 0.38 to 0.64). In small needle biopsy specimens (n = 144) obtained at autopsy, estimates of the proportion of globally sclerosed glomeruli were more precise with increasing sample size. Reasonably precise estimates may be obtained from specimens with at least seven glomeruli.Conclusions:  It is feasible to implement pre‐transplant renal biopsy specimen analysis as a selection criterion in clinical practice in order to accept kidneys from marginal donors for transplantation.
Primary cutaneous leiomyosarcoma: clinicopathological analysis of 36 cases
Authors: Massi Daniela , Franchi Alessandro , Alos Llucia , Cook Martin , Di Palma Silvana , Enguita Ana B , Ferrara Gerardo , Kazakov Dmitry V , Mentzel Thomas , Michal Michal , Panelos John , Rodriguez‐Peralto José L , Santucci Marco , Tragni Gabrina , Zioga Aikaterini , Tos Angelo Paolo Dei 
Published: December 2009

Massi D, Franchi A, Alos L, Cook M, Di Palma S, Enguita A B, Ferrara G, Kazakov D V, Mentzel T, Michal M, Panelos J, Rodriguez‐Peralto J L, Santucci M, Tragni G, Zioga A & Tos A P D (2010) Histopathology56, 251–262 Primary cutaneous leiomyosarcoma: clinicopathological analysis of 36 cases Aims:  Cutaneous leiomyosarcomas (LMS) are rare in comparison with their deep‐seated soft tissue and uterine counterparts, and have been poorly characterized. The aim was to verify whether the clinical behaviour of purely dermal LMS is different from that of LMS with minimal subcutis invasion.Methods and results:  Twenty‐one purely dermal LMS and 15 dermal LMS with minimal subcutis extension were analysed. Tumours developed in 27 men and nine women (age range 29–91 years); most tumours showed a fasciculated (n = 23), pilar‐type (n = 12) and pleomorphic (n = 1) pattern. During the follow‐up period (range 2–192, mean 41 months) recurrences occurred in 1/16 (6.2%) of tumours confined to the dermis and in 2/11 (18.1%) tumours with minimal subcutis extension. The three recurrent tumours were high‐grade LMS, two of which exhibited myxoid areas. One patient with a pleomorphic dermal LMS with minimal extension into fat developed distant metastases 15 years after diagnosis.Conclusions: For LMS involving the skin, it is advisable to recognize and indicate in the histopathology report the depth of dermal and/or subcutaneous extension, since even minimal subcutaneous involvement may be associated with late local recurrences and/or distant metastases, and therefore appropriate and long‐term follow‐up is needed.
High‐resolution array CGH of metanephric adenomas: lack of DNA copy number changes
Authors: Szponar Adrianna , Yusenko Maria V , Kovacs Gyula 
Published: December 2009

Szponar A, Yusenko M V & Kovacs G (2010) Histopathology56, 212–216 High‐resolution array CGH of metanephric adenomas: lack of DNA copy number changes Aims:  Previous karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of metanephric adenomas (MAs) has yielded controversial data. The aim of this study was to detect small genomic alterations, if any, specific to MAs by applying high‐resolution oligoarrays.Methods and results:  DNA extracted from paraffin blocks of six metanephric adenomas was hybridized onto Agilent oligoarrays with ∼43 000 in situ synthesized 60‐mer oligonucleotide probes that span coding and non‐coding sequences with an average spatial resolution of ∼35 kb. None of the metanephric adenomas showed DNA copy number changes. To confirm our results, DNA extracted from the paraffin block of a chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was simultaneously hybridized to one of the four arrays on the same slides as an internal control. The chromophobe RCC showed loss of several chromosomes but no alteration was seen in MAs. We have confirmed the negative results by dye‐swap and sex mismatch hybridization experiments.Conclusions:  Our high‐resolution oligoarray analysis indicates that metanephric adenomas lack DNA copy number alterations. This finding may help to differentiate between metanephric adenomas from Wilms’ tumour and papillary renal cell adenoma with overlapping phenotype.
Functional responses in habitat selection by tropical birds moving through fragmented forest
Authors: Gillies Cameron S. , St. Clair Colleen Cassady 
Published: December 2009

Summary 1. The ability of animals to move through a landscape is a fundamental determinant of population persistence in fragmented habitats. This movement can be affected by both the composition and configuration of the remaining habitat. To date, few studies have examined the habitat selection of animals moving in novel landscapes or addressed whether animals exhibit a functional response in selection as available habitat changes. 2. To assess habitat selection during movement, we translocated 60 individuals of two species of birds with differing forest dependency in three configuration treatments in a highly fragmented, tropical dry forest landscape: along a forested riparian corridor, along a fencerow (row of live trees) or across pasture. We closely followed the return routes of translocated birds to determine their choice of habitat and proximity to the forest edge. We then tested whether habitat composition or configuration (treatment) best explained individual variation in habitat selection. 3. Both species preferred habitat closer to the forest edge, but this preference was weaker in the forest specialist, the barred antshrike Thamnophilus doliatus. This species selected routes in forest habitat, which included riparian corridors, over fencerow and stepping stone habitat, which were all preferred over pasture habitat. 4. By contrast, the forest generalist, the rufous‐naped wren Campylorhynchus rufinucha preferred forest equally to fencerow and stepping stone habitat over pasture habitat. For it, fencerows were selected more strongly than stepping stones. 5. Analysis of the individual variation in selection for forest habitat revealed that both species exhibited a functional response to habitat configuration, selecting forest more strongly in riparian corridor treatments where it was also more abundant. The forest specialist also reduced its preference for edge habitat in riparian corridor treatments. 6.
Synthesis and applications. The unprecedented precision of our route information demonstrates the extent to which our forest specialist preferred to travel in forest relative to fencerow and stepping stone habitat. Functional responses to habitat configuration indicated that both species make more use of other habitats when forested corridors are not present. Stepping stones in particular may be important features to the conservation of forest birds in highly fragmented habitats.
Oilseed rape crops distort plant–pollinator interactions
Authors: Diekötter Tim , Kadoya Taku , Peter Franziska , Wolters Volkmar , Jauker Frank 
Published: December 2009

Summary 1. New incentives at the national and international level frequently lead to substantial structural changes in agricultural landscapes. Subsidizing energy crops, for example, recently fostered a strong increase in the area cultivated with oilseed rape Brassica napus across the EU. These changes in landscape structure affect biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. 2. Mass‐flowering oilseed rape has been shown to positively affect colony growth and densities of bumblebees, which may enhance pollination services in agroecosystems. Not considered, however, have been species‐specific traits of pollinators resulting in disproportionate benefits from these recurrent resource pulses. A subsequent community shift towards the subsidized species potentially distorts plant–pollinator interactions in the surrounding landscape. 3. We analysed the effects of mass‐flowering crops on the abundance of legitimate long‐tongued bumblebee pollinators, nectar robbing by illegitimate short‐tongued bumblebees and seed set in the long‐tubed flowers of red clover Trifolium pratense in 12 landscape sectors with differing amounts of oilseed rape. 4. Densities of long‐tongued bumblebees visiting long‐tubed plants decreased with increasing amounts of oilseed rape. The simultaneous increase of nectar robbing suggests that resource depletion is a likely explanation for this decline which may lead to a distortion in plant–pollinator interactions. The decline in long‐tongued bumblebees, however, did not result in an immediate effect on seed set. In contrast, seed set increased with increasing amounts of semi‐natural habitats, indicating the positive effects of these habitats on the legitimate long‐tongued pollinators. 5.
Synthesis and applications. Accounting for species‐specific traits is essential in evaluating the ecological impacts of land‐use change. The disproportional trait‐specific benefits of increasing oilseed rape to short‐tongued bumblebees may abet an increasingly pollinator‐dependent agriculture but simultaneously threaten the more specialized and rare long‐tongued species and their functions. Semi‐natural habitats were found to positively affect seed set in long‐tubed plants indicating that they can counteract the potentially distorting effects of transient mass‐flowering crops on plant–pollinator interactions in agroecosystems. Future agri‐environmental schemes should aim to provide diverse and continuous resources matching trait‐specific requirements of various pollinators in order to avoid resource competition. Thereby they harmonize the economic interest in abundant pollinators and the conservation interest in protecting rare species.
Multiregional comparison of the ecological and phylogenetic structure of butterfly species richness gradients
Authors: Hawkins Bradford A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAim  To examine butterfly species richness gradients in seven regions/countries and to quantify geographic mean root distance (MRD) patterns. My primary goal is to determine the extent to which an explanation for butterfly richness patterns based on tropical niche conservatism and the evolution of cold tolerance, proposed for the fauna of Canada and the USA, applies to other parts of the world.Location  USA/Canada, Mexico, Europe/NW Africa, Transbaikal Siberia, Chile, South Africa and Australia.Methods  Digitized range maps for butterfly species in each region were used to map richness patterns in summer (for all areas) and winter (for USA/Canada, Europe/NW Africa and Australia). A phylogeny resolved to subfamily was used to map the geographic MRD patterns. Regression trees and general linear models examined climatic and vegetation correlates of species richness and MRD within and among regions.Results  Various combinations of climate and vegetation were strong predictors of species richness gradients within regions, but unresolved ‘regional’ factors contributed to the multiregional pattern. Regionally based differences in phylogenetic structure also exist, but MRD is negatively correlated with temperature both within and across areas. MRD patterns consistent with tropical niche conservatism occur in most areas. With a possible partial exception of Mexico, faunas in cold climates and in mountains are more derived than faunas in lowlands and tropical/subtropical climates. In USA/Canada, Europe and Australia, winter faunas are more derived than summer faunas.Main conclusions  The phylogenetic pattern previously found in the USA and Canada is widespread in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and niche conservatism and the evolution of cold tolerance is the likely explanation for the development of the global butterfly species richness gradient over evolutionary time. Contemporary climate also influences species richness patterns but is unlikely to be a complete explanation globally. The importance of climate is also manifested in the seasonal loss of more basal butterfly elements outside the tropics in winter.