bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular and Functional Characterization of Cynomolgus Monkey IgG Subclasses
Authors: Jacobsen Frederick W. , Padaki Rupa , Morris Arvia E. , Aldrich Teri L. , Armitage Richard J. , Allen Martin J. , Lavallee Jennifer C. , Arora Taruna 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Studies for vaccine and human therapeutic Ab development in cynomolgus monkeys (cynos) are influenced by immune responses, with Ab responses playing a significant role in efficacy and immunogenicity. Understanding the nature of cyno humoral immune responses and characterizing the predominant cyno IgG types produced and the Fc–FcγR interactions could provide insight into the immunomodulatory effects of vaccines. Anti-drug Ab responses against human IgG therapeutic candidates in cynos may affect efficacy and safety assessments because of the formation of immune complexes. There is, however, limited information on the structure and function of cyno IgG subclasses and how they compare with human IgG subclasses in Fc-dependent effector functions. To analyze the functional nature of cyno IgG subclasses, we cloned four cyno IgG C regions by using their sequence similarity to other primate IgGs. The four clones, cyno (cy)IGG1, cyIGG2, cyIGG3, cyIGG4, were then used to construct chimeric Abs. The sequence features of cyno IgG subclasses were compared with those of rhesus monkey and human IgG. Our data show that rhesus monkey and cyno IgG C regions are generally highly conserved, with differences in the hinge and hinge-proximal CH2 regions. Fc-dependent effector functions of cyno IgG subclasses were assessed in vitro with a variety of binding and functional assays. Our findings demonstrate distinctive functional properties of cyno IgG subclasses. It is notable that human IgG1 was less potent than cyno IgG1 in cyno FcγR binding and effector functions, with the differences emphasizing the need to carefully interpret preclinical data obtained with human IgG1 therapeutics.
Epitope Hierarchy of Spontaneous CD4+ T Cell Responses to LAGE-1
Authors: Kudela Pavol , Sun Zhaojun , Fourcade Julien , Janjic Bratislav , Kirkwood John M. , Maillere Bernard , Zarour Hassane M. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
NY-ESO-1 and LAGE-1 represent highly homologous cancer-germline Ags frequently coexpressed by many human cancers, but not by normal tissues, except testis. In contrast to NY-ESO-1, little is known about spontaneous immune responses to LAGE-1. In the current study, we report on spontaneous LAGE-1–specific CD4+ T cells isolated from PBLs of patients with advanced LAGE-1+/NY-ESO-1+ melanoma and directed against three promiscuous and immunodominant epitopes. Strikingly, although the three LAGE-1–derived epitopes are highly homologous to NY-ESO-1–derived epitopes, LAGE-1–specific CD4+ T cells did not cross-react with NY-ESO-1. LAGE-1–specific CD4+ T cells produced Th1-type and/or Th2-type cytokines and did not exert inhibitory effects on allogenic T cells. We observed that most patients with spontaneous NY-ESO-1–specific responses exhibited spontaneous CD4+ T cell responses to at least one of the three immunodominant LAGE-1 epitopes. Additionally, nearly half of the patients with spontaneous LAGE-1–specific CD4+ T cell responses had circulating LAGE-1–specific Abs that recognized epitopes located in the C-terminal portion of LAGE-1, which is distinct from NY-ESO-1. Collectively, our findings define the hierarchy of immunodominance of spontaneous LAGE-1–specific CD4+ T cell responses in patients with advanced melanoma. These findings demonstrate the capability of LAGE-1 to stimulate integrated cellular and humoral immune responses that do not cross-react with NY-ESO-1. Therefore, they provide a strong rationale for the inclusion of LAGE-1 peptides or protein in vaccine trials for patients with NY-ESO-1+/LAGE-1+ tumors.
The Role of Germline Promoters and I Exons in Cytokine-Induced Gene-Specific Class Switch Recombination
Authors: Dunnick Wesley A. , Shi Jian , Holden Victoria , Fontaine Clinton , Collins John T. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Germline transcription precedes class switch recombination (CSR). The promoter regions and I exons of these germline transcripts include binding sites for activation- and cytokine-induced transcription factors, and the promoter regions/I exons are essential for CSR. Therefore, it is a strong hypothesis that the promoter/I exons regions are responsible for much of cytokine-regulated, gene-specific CSR. We tested this hypothesis by swapping the germline promoter and I exons for the murine γ1 and γ2a H chain genes in a transgene of the entire H chain C-region locus. We found that the promoter/I exon for γ1 germline transcripts can direct robust IL-4–induced recombination to the γ2a gene. In contrast, the promoter/I exon for the γ2a germline transcripts works poorly in the context of the γ1 H chain gene, resulting in expression of γ1 H chains that is &lt;1% the wild-type level. Nevertheless, the small amount of recombination to the chimeric γ1 gene is induced by IFN-γ. These results suggest that cytokine regulation of CSR, but not the magnitude of CSR, is regulated by the promoter/I exons.
MRI findings in Hirayama disease
Authors: Raval Monali , Kumari Rima , Dung Dung Aldrin Anthony , Guglani Bhuvnesh , Gupta Nitij , Gupta Rohit 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe objective of the study was to study the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of Hirayama disease on a 3 Tesla MRI scanner. Nine patients with clinically suspected Hirayama disease were evaluated with neutral position, flexion, contrast-enhanced MRI and fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (FIESTA) sequences. The spectrum of MRI features was evaluated and correlated with the clinical and electromyography findings. MRI findings of localized lower cervical cord atrophy (C5-C7), abnormal curvature, asymmetric cord flattening, loss of attachment of the dorsal dural sac and subjacent laminae in the neutral position, anterior displacement of the dorsal dura on flexion and a prominent epidural space were revealed in all patients on conventional MRI as well as with the dynamic 3D-FIESTA sequence. Intramedullary hyperintensity was seen in four patients on conventional MRI and on the 3D-FIESTA sequence. Flow voids were seen in four patients on conventional MRI sequences and in all patients with the 3D-FIESTA sequence. Contrast enhancement of the epidural component was noted in all the five patients with thoracic extensions. The time taken for conventional and contrast-enhanced MRI was about 30-40 min, while that for the 3D-FIESTA sequence was 6 min. Neutral and flexion position MRI and the 3D-FIESTA sequence compliment each other in displaying the spectrum of findings in Hirayama disease. A flexion study should form an essential part of the screening protocol in patients with suspected Hirayama disease. Newer sequences such as the 3D-FIESTA may help in reducing imaging time and obviating the need for contrast.
Transient splenial lesion: Further experience with two cases
Authors: Singh Paramjeet , Gogoi Dhrubajyoti , Vyas Sameer , Khandelwal Niranjan 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTransient splenial lesions (TSL) of the corpus callosum are uncommon radiologic findings that are seen in a number of clinical conditions with varied etiologies. They were first described a decade earlier in patients with epilepsy and hence were thought to be seizure or seizure therapy related. Subsequently, more cases were described by different observers in diseases with different etiologies, and the list is still increasing. Awareness of these lesions is necessary as they are an uncommon finding and have to be differentiated from other infective/noninfective causes. MRI is the imaging modality of choice as these lesions are not seen on routine noncontrast CT scan. The authors here describe two cases which showed TSL, with complete/partial resolution on follow-up scans. The authors also present a review of the literature.
Ultrasound-guided omental biopsy: Review of 173 patients
Authors: Govindarajan Padmapriya , Keshava Shyamkumar N 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Background: Omental biopsy has conventionally been performed using a surgical approach. USG-guided omental biopsy is a safe and effective alternative. The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of USG guidance for biopsy of the greater omentum. Study design: Retrospective study. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all omental biopsies performed under USG guidance from April 2006 to March 2010 in a tertiary care hospital. Results: One hundred and seventy-three patients were included. Out of these, 82 (47%) patients were diagnosed to have malignancies, 58 (34%) patients had granulomatous inflammation either suggestive of or consistent with tuberculosis, 29 (17%) patients were diagnosed to have inconclusive biopsy results, and 4 (2%) patients had an inadequate sample for histopathological examination. There were no major procedure-related complications. Conclusion: USG-guided biopsy of the omentum is a safe and effective procedure. A thickened omentum can serve as an easily accessible site for biopsy, especially in patients who have ascites of unknown etiology and in those with a history of previous malignancy.
Migrating biliary stent with final destination at the ileocecal junction causing intestinal obstruction and obstructive biliopathy
Authors: Rasalkar Darshana D , Paunipagar Bhawan K , Sonavane Bhawna 
Published: December 2010

AbstractEndoscopic plastic biliary stent insertion is a minimally invasive, well-established procedure for the management of benign biliary pathology. We report a case of a migrating stent for over two days, which finally got impacted at the ileocecal junction, leading to intestinal obstruction and obstructive biliopathy. Radiological findings depicted the exact site of the dislodged biliary stent and its related complications, both of which were successfully treated in a nonoperative stepwise manner.
Technical note: Dynamic MRI in a complicated giant posterior urethral diverticulum
Authors: Kundum Prasad R , Gupta Arun K , Thottom Prasad V , Jana Manisha 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCongenital posterior urethral diverticulum is an uncommon anomaly, sometimes complicated by infection or calculi formation. A conventional voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) is the most commonly used diagnostic modality. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has not been frequently described in this entity. We describe a case of posterior urethral diverticulum complicated with secondary calculi, where the patient was evaluated using dynamic MRI and conventional VCUG.
Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis: A rare cause of nasal airway obstruction in a neonate
Authors: Thomas Elsa M , Gibikote Sridhar , Panwar Jyoti S , Mathew John 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCongenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis (CNPAS) is a rare cause of nasal airway obstruction that clinically mimics choanal atresia, but needs to be differentiated from the latter because of the widely divergent modes of management. We present a case of CNPAS, to highlight the importance of recognizing the classic signs of CNPAS on cross-sectional imaging.
Torsion of the greater omentum: A rare preoperative diagnosis
Authors: Tandon Ankit Anil , Lim Kian Soon 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTorsion of the greater omentum is a rare acute abdominal condition that is seldom diagnosed preoperatively. We report the characteristic computed tomography (CT) scan findings and the clinical implications of this unusual diagnosis in a 41-year-old man, who also had longstanding right inguinal hernia. Awareness of omental torsion as a differential diagnosis in the acute abdomen setting is necessary for correct patient management.
Pictorial essay: Ultrasonography in ′tennis leg′
Authors: Shah Jeshil R , Shah Bipin R , Shah Ankit S 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTennis leg is caused by a rupture of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle, usually at its distal musculotendinous junction region. However, tears in this muscle and its tendon are also included under the term ′tennis leg′. It is seen regularly in practice and is an important cause of a painful calf. The common USG findings include: disruption of the pinnate pattern of the distal medial gastrocnemius, usually near the junction of the triceps surae (which is the echogenic line between the gastrocnemius, the soleus, and the plantaris muscles), fluid tracking along the fascia, adjacent hematoma, and intramuscular tears as well as hematomas. USG is useful for confirming the diagnosis, excluding other causes of a painful calf, for assessing the severity of the disease, and in follow-up.
Malignant brachial plexopathy: A pictorial essay of MRI findings
Authors: Iyer Veena R , Sanghvi Darshana A , Merchant Nikhil 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFor imaging, the brachial plexus is a technically and anatomically challenging region of the peripheral nervous system. MRI has a central role in the identification and accurate characterization of malignant lesions arising here, as also in defining their extent and the status of the adjacent structures. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to describe the MRI features of primary and secondary malignant brachial plexopathies and radiation-induced brachial nerve damage.
Thyroiditis mimicking relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Gallium-67 scan suggested the diagnosis
Authors: Othman Saleh 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAcute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common form of leukemia in childhood and accounts for 85% of cases. ALL frequently presents as an infectious process with an abrupt onset of high fever. Thyroid disease has been reported to have a strong association with acute leukemia. Gallium (Ga-67) citrate has been used in the investigation of patients labeled as having pyrexia of unknown origin. We report a case of a 13-year-old female patient who presented with fever and suspected disease relapse after a period of disease remission; however, gallium-67 citrate whole body scan suggested the diagnosis of thyroiditis.
Photoswitchable Superabsorbency Based on Nanocellulose Aerogels
Authors: Kettunen Marjo , Silvennoinen Riitta J. , Houbenov Nikolay , Nykänen Antti , Ruokolainen Janne , Sainio Jani , Pore Viljami , Kemell Marianna , Ankerfors Mikael , Lindström Tom , Ritala Mikko , Ras Robin H. A. , Ikkala Olli 
Published: December 2010

AbstractChemical vapor deposition of a thin titanium dioxide (TiO2) film on lightweight native nanocellulose aerogels offers a novel type of functional material that shows photoswitching between water‐superabsorbent and water‐repellent states. Cellulose nanofibrils (diameters in the range of 5–20 nm) with native crystalline internal structures are topical due to their attractive mechanical properties, and they have become relevant for applications due to the recent progress in the methods of their preparation. Highly porous, nanocellulose aerogels are here first formed by freeze‐drying from the corresponding aqueous gels. Well‐defined, nearly conformal TiO2 coatings with thicknesses of about 7 nm are prepared by chemical vapor deposition on the aerogel skeleton. Weighing shows that such TiO2‐coated aerogel specimens essentially do not absorb water upon immersion, which is also evidenced by a high contact angle for water of 140° on the surface. Upon UV illumination, they absorb water 16 times their own weight and show a vanishing contact angle on the surface, allowing them to be denoted as superabsorbents. Recovery of the original absorption and wetting properties occurs upon storage in the dark. That the cellulose nanofibrils spontaneously aggregate into porous sheets of different length scales during freeze‐drying is relevant: in the water‐repellent state they may stabilize air pockets, as evidenced by a high contact angle, in the superabsorbent state they facilitate rapid water‐spreading into the aerogel cavities by capillary effects. The TiO2‐coated nanocellulose aerogels also show photo‐oxidative decomposition, i.e., photocatalytic activity, which, in combination with the porous structure, is interesting for applications such as water purification. It is expected that the present dynamic, externally controlled, organic/inorganic aerogels will open technically relevant approaches for various applications.
Design of Catalytically Active Cylindrical and Macroporous Gold Microelectrodes
Authors: Reculusa Stéphane , Heim Matthias , Gao Feng , Mano Nicolas , Ravaine Serge , Kuhn Alexander 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPorous gold structures with a well‐defined pore size and thickness are obtained through electrochemical deposition of gold in a colloidal crystal template synthesized by the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique. Cylindrical gold wires were used as substrates for the LB deposition of successive monolayers of silica particles of various sizes, and the electrodeposition of gold through this inorganic template led to a homogeneous, porous metal structure. These materials were characterized through typical electrochemical experiments and showed high surface‐to‐volume ratios with promising features for their further use in miniaturized electrocatalytic devices.
Imidazolium Polyesters: Structure–Property Relationships in Thermal Behavior, Ionic Conductivity, and Morphology
Authors: Lee Minjae , Choi U. Hyeok , Salas‐de la Cruz David , Mittal Anuj , Winey Karen I. , Colby Ralph H. , Gibson Harry W. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractNew bis(ω‐hydroxyalkyl)imidazolium and 1,2‐bis[N‐(ω‐hydroxyalkyl)imidazolium]ethane salts are synthesized and characterized; most of the salts are room temperature ionic liquids. These hydroxyl end‐functionalized ionic liquids are polymerized with diacid chlorides, yielding polyesters containing imidazolium cations embedded in the main chain. By X‐ray scattering, four polyesters are found to be semicrystalline at room temperature: mono‐imidazolium‐C11‐sebacate‐C6 (4e), mono‐imidazolium‐C11‐sebacate‐C11 (4c), bis(imidazolium)ethane‐C6‐sebacate‐C6 (5a), and bis(imidazolium)ethane‐C11‐sebacate‐C11 (5c), all with hexafluorophosphate counterions. The other imidazolium polyesters, including all those with bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI−) counterions, are amorphous at room temperature. Room temperature ionic conductivities of the mono‐imidazolium polyesters (4 × 10−6 to 3 × 10−5 S cm−1) are higher than those of the corresponding bis‐imidazolium polyesters (4 × 10−9 to 8 × 10−6 S cm−1), even though the bis‐imidazolium polyesters have higher ion concentrations. Counterions affect ionic conduction significantly; all polymers with TFSI− counterions have higher ionic conductivities than the hexafluorophosphate analogs. Interestingly, the hexafluorophosphate polyester, 1,2‐bis(imidazolium)ethane‐C11‐sebacate‐C11 (5c), displays almost 400‐fold higher room temperature ionic conductivity (1.6 × 10−6 S cm−1) than the 1,2‐bis(imidazolium)ethane‐C6‐sebacate‐C6 analog (5a, 4.3 × 10−9 S cm−1), attributable to the differences in the semicrystalline structure in 5c as compared to 5a. These results indicate that semicrystalline polymers may result in high ionic conductivity in a soft (low glass tranition temperature, Tg) amorphous phase and good mechanical properties of the crystalline phase.
Reconstructing sickle cell disease: A data‐based analysis of the “hyperhemolysis paradigm” for pulmonary hypertension from the perspective of evidence‐based medicine
Authors: Hebbel Robert P. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe “hyperhemolytic paradigm” (HHP) posits that hemolysis in sickle disease sequentially and causally establishes increased cell‐free plasma Hb, consumption of NO, a state of NO biodeficiency, endothelial dysfunction, and a high prevalence of pulmonary hypertension. The basic science underpinning this concept has added an important facet to the complexity of vascular pathobiology in sickle disease, and clinical research has identified worrisome clinical issues. However, this critique identifies and explains a number of significant concerns about the various HHP component tenets. In addressing these issues, this report presents: a very brief history of the HHP, an integrated synthesis of mechanisms underlying sickle hemolysis, a review of the evidentiary value of hemolysis biomarkers, an examination of evidence bearing on existence of a hyperhemolytic subgroup, and a series of questions that should naturally be applied to the HHP if it is examined using critical thinking skills, the fundamental basis of evidence‐based medicine. The veracity of different HHP tenets is found to vary from true, to weakly supported, to demonstrably false. The thesis is developed that the HHP has misidentified the mechanism and clinical significance of its findings. The extant research questions identified by these analyses are delineated, and a conservative, evidence‐based approach is suggested for application in clinical medicine. Am. J. Hematol. 86:123–154, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Death among geladas (Theropithecus gelada): a broader perspective on mummified infants and primate thanatology
Authors: Fashing Peter J. , Nguyen Nga , Barry Tyler S. , Goodale C. Barret , Burke Ryan J. , Jones Sorrel C.Z. , Kerby Jeffrey T. , Lee Laura M. , Nurmi Niina O. , Venkataraman Vivek V. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDespite intensive study in humans, responses to dying and death have been a neglected area of research in other social mammals, including nonhuman primates. Two recent reports [Anderson JR, Gillies A, Lock LC. 2010. Pan thanatology. Current Biology 20:R349–R351; Biro D, Humle T, Koops K, Souse C, Hayashi M, Matsuzawa T. 2010. Chimpanzee mothers at Bossou, Guinea carry the mummified remains of their dead infants. Current Biology 20:R351–R352] offered exciting new insights into behavior toward dying and dead conspecifics in our closest living relatives—chimpanzees. Here, we provide a comparative perspective on primate thanatology using observations from a more distant human relative—gelada monkeys (Theropithecus gelada)—and discuss how gelada reactions to dead and dying groupmates differ from those recently reported for chimpanzees. Over a 3.75‐year study period, we observed 14 female geladas at Guassa, Ethiopia carrying dead infants from 1 hr to ≥48 days after death. Dead infants were carried by their mothers, other females in their group, and even by females belonging to other groups. Like other primate populations in which extended (>10 days) infant carrying after death has been reported, geladas at Guassa experience an extreme climate for primates, creating conditions which may favor slower rates of decomposition of dead individuals. We also witnessed the events leading up to the deaths of two individuals and the responses by groupmates to these dying individuals. Our results suggest that while chimpanzee mothers are not unique among primates in carrying their dead infants for long periods, seemingly “compassionate” caretaking behavior toward dying groupmates may be unique to chimpanzees among nonhuman primates (though it remains unknown whether such “compassionate” behavior occurs outside captivity). Am. J. Primatol. 73:405–409, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.