bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigations on the temperature dependence of CPV modules equipped with triple‐junction solar cells
Authors: Peharz Gerhard , Ferrer Rodríguez Juan P. , Siefer Gerald , Bett Andreas W. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper deals with the temperature impact on the IV curve of concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules equipped with III–V triple‐junction solar cells. The electrical parameters of three FLATCON®type CPV modules are investigated using a sun simulator, where the module temperatures are varied by heating with infrared (IR) bulbs. It is found that all electrical parameters vary linearly to a change of temperature. The open circuit voltages and the fill factors (FFs) of the CPV modules decrease with increasing temperature. The relative decrease in open circuit voltage of the CPV modules is similar to the value of individual triple‐junction solar cells. In contrast, the short circuit current temperature coefficients are found to be different. The experimental results can be explained by considering thermal expansion effects in the module and temperature dependencies of the optical efficiencies of the Fresnel lenses. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of solar spectrum and module temperature on outdoor performance of photovoltaic modules in round‐robin measurements in Japan
Authors: Ishii Tetsuyuki , Otani Kenji , Takashima Takumi 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe performance of six photovoltaic (PV) modules composed of polycrystalline silicon (pc‐Si), amorphous silicon (a‐Si), and hydrogenated amorphous silicon/crystalline silicon (a‐Si:H/c‐Si) modules was investigated at eight locations in Japan from August 2007 to December 2008. In addition, solar irradiance, solar spectrum, and module temperature were simultaneously measured in these round‐robin measurements. In this study, we evaluate quantitatively the effects of module temperature and solar spectrum on the performance of the PV modules as thermal factor (TF) and spectral factor (SF), respectively. Furthermore, we investigate the variation in module performance, which is converted into module performance under standard test conditions (STC) using the TF and SF. In the case of the pc‐Si modules, the variations in performance ratio under STC (PRSTC) for these modules range from 0.056 to 0.074 through the round‐robin measurements. The TF indicates that the contribution of module temperature to the variation in performance is large, between about 15 and 20%. However, the SF suggests that the contribution of solar spectrum is quite small, less than 3%. In the case of the a‐Si modules, the contribution of module temperature is about 8%. The performance is largely influenced by solar spectrum, more than 12% at its maximum. Consequently, the variations in the corrected PRSTCof the a‐Si modules are between 0.117 and 0.141. These large variations may result from the effects of thermal annealing and light soaking. The variation in PRSTCof the a‐Si:H/c‐Si module is similar to that of the pc‐Si modules. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma and liver proteomic analysis of 3Z‐3‐[(1H‐pyrrol‐2‐yl)‐methylidene]‐1‐(1‐piperidinylmethyl)‐1,3‐2H‐indol‐2‐one‐induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats
Authors: Wang Ying , Yang Baohua , Wu Chunqi , Zheng Zhibing , Yuan Ye , Hu ZhongHui , Ma HuaZhi , Li Song , Liao Mingyang , Wang Quanjun 
Published: June 2010

Abstract3Z‐3‐[(1H‐pyrrol‐2‐yl)‐methylidene]‐1‐(1‐piperidinylmethyl)‐1,3‐2H‐indol‐2‐one (Z24), a synthetic anti‐angiogenic compound, inhibits the growth and metastasis of certain tumors. Previous works have shown that Z24 induces hepatotoxicity in rodents. We examined the hepatotoxic mechanism of Z24 at the protein level and looked for potential biomarkers. We used 2‐DE and MALDI‐TOF/TOF MS to analyze alternatively expressed proteins in rat liver and plasma after Z24 administration. We also examined apoptosis in rat liver and measured levels of intramitochondrial ROS and NAD(P)H redox in liver cells. We found that 22 nonredundant proteins in the liver and 11 in the plasma were differentially expressed. These proteins were involved in several important metabolic pathways, including carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid, and energy metabolism, biotransformation, apoptosis,etc. Apoptosis in rat liver was confirmed with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP‐nick end labeling assay. In mitochondria, Z24 increased the ROS and decreased the NAD(P)H levels. Thus, inhibition of carbohydrate aerobic oxidation, fatty acid β‐oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation is a potential mechanism of Z24‐induced hepatotoxicity, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis‐mediated cell death. In addition, fetub protein and argininosuccinate synthase in plasma may be potential biomarkers of Z24‐induced hepatotoxicity.
Proteolysis approach without chemical modification for a simple and rapid analysis of disulfide bonds using thermostable protease‐immobilized microreactors
Authors: Yamaguchi Hiroshi , Miyazaki Masaya , Maeda Hideaki 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDisulfide bonds in proteins are important not only for the conformational stability of the protein but also for the regulation of oxidation–reduction in signal transduction. The conventional method for the assignment of disulfide bond by chemical cleavage and/or proteolysis is a time‐consuming multi‐step procedure. In this study, we report a simple and rapid analysis of disulfide bond from protein digests that were prepared by the thermostable protease‐immobilized microreactors. The feasibility and performance of this approach were evaluated by digesting lysozyme and BSA at several temperatures. The proteins which stabilize their conformations by disulfide bonds were thermally denatured during proteolysis and were efficiently digested by the immobilized protease but not by free protease. The digests were directly analyzed by ESI‐TOF MS without any purification or concentration step. All four disulfide bonds on lysozyme and 10 of 17 on BSA were assigned from the digests by the trypsin‐immobilized microreactor at 50°C. The procedure for proteolysis and the assignment were achieved within 2 h without any reduction and alkylation procedure. From the present results, the proteolysis approach by the thermostable protease‐immobilized microreactor provides a strategy for the high‐throughput analysis of disulfide bond in proteomics.
Rural–urban migration, economic transition, and status of female industrial workers in Lao PDR
Authors: Phouxay Kabmanivanh , Tollefsen Aina 
Published: June 2010

AbstractEconomic and political changes in formerly socialist economies affect migration patterns and gender relations in complex ways. The consequences of transition from planned to market economies for men and women, respectively, are manifested both in gendered migration patterns and gendered urban labour markets, where young migrant women now constitute an important part of the ‘globalised’ industrial working class of Southeast Asian cities. This paper analyses female rural–urban migration to industrial work in Lao PDR, one of Southeast Asia's smallest transition economies. Since the implementation of the New Economic Mechanism in Lao PDR in 1986, a process of feminisation of rural–urban migration has started and female employment in industries in Vientiane Capital increased. The paper highlights some of the consequences of economic transition for female rural–urban migrants, focusing on changing gender roles and women's status as industrial workers, both inside and outside factory gates. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of neutron irradiation on the AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Gu Wenping , Hao Yue , Yang Lin'an , Duan Chao , Duan Huantao , Zhang Jincheng , Ma Xiaohua 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe SiN‐passivated AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors were investigated by 1MeV neutron irradiation at fluences up to 1015 cm‐2, yielding a significant degradation for the transconductance near the knee voltage and the reverse gate leakage current at fluences ranging from 1014 to 1015 cm‐2 which could be attributed to the irradiation induced mobility shift and the defects in SiN passivation layers respectively since no any recovery was found after 20 hour annealing at room temperature. Meanwhile the negligible degradation of the saturation drain current, the maximal transconductance and the threshold voltage gave the fact that the effectiveness of SiN layers in passivated surface states in the source‐gate spacer and gate‐drain spacer was undiminished by neutron irradiation. Moreover the ohmic contact was robustness to neutron since the sheet resistance of ohmic contact region hardly shifted, but the schottky characteristics degraded obviously. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Tracking control design for a wave equation with dynamic boundary conditions modeling a piezoelectric stack actuator
Authors: Meurer T. , Kugi A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the design of an asymptotically stabilizing tracking controller for an undamped wave equation modeling a piezoelectric stack actuator. For this, flatness‐based methods for trajectory planning and feedforward control are combined with dynamic feedback control involving a Luenberger‐type observer within the two degrees‐of‐freedom control concept. The asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop system is verified using Lyapunov's stability theory and LaSalle's invariance principle. Thereby, a separation theorem is introduced for bounded perturbations of infinitesimal generators of asymptotically stableC0‐semigroups. Finally, the tracking performance is illustrated in simulation scenarios. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coping with coping strategies: how distributed teams and their members deal with the stress of distance, time zones and culture
Authors: Nurmi Niina 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe changing world of work is increasing demands on workers through greater need for flexibility in global collaboration. This multiple‐case study uses a qualitative research approach to study context‐specific job stressors and coping in ten geographically distributed work teams. Results demonstrate the complex and dynamic nature of the stress‐coping process and how coping strategies, adapted to manage stress‐evoking uncertainty and ambiguity in distributed work, created secondary sources of psychological strain to individuals. The main strategies for managing the uncertainty and ambiguity in the studied teams were extensive emailing, travelling to face‐to‐face meetings and extending workdays to collaborate simultaneously across time zones. Continuously used, these coping strategies created work overload and strain. Experienced workers, who had good self‐management skills, succeeded in coping with these secondary sources of strain by prioritizing and setting clear limits for workload. Less‐experienced workers were overloaded and needed more social support from their leaders and teammates. The study proposes that distributed team members rely heavily on individual coping resources, because spatial and temporal distance hinders or even precludes the mobilization of social resources related to emotional, instrumental and informational social support. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent advances in the climate change biology literature: describing the whole elephant
Authors: Peterson A. Townsend , Menon Shaily , Li Xingong 
Published: June 2010

AbstractClimate change biology is seeing a wave of new contributions, which are reviewed herein. Contributions treat shifts in phenology and distribution, and both document past and forecast future effects. However, many of the current wave of contributions are observational and correlational, and few are experimental in nature, and too often a conceptual framework in which to contextualize the results is lacking. An additional gap is the lack of effective cross‐linking among areas of research, for example, connection of sea‐level rise and climate change implications for distributions of species, or evolutionary adaptation studies with distributional shift studies. Although numerous important contributions have emerged in recent years, synthesis of this phenomenon and its consequences has not yet been achieved. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Climate, Ecology, and Conservation > Modeling Species and Community Interactions
Copper(II) Complexes with N‐(9‐anthracenyl)‐N′‐(3‐pyridyl)urea (L) and a Derivative of L: Synthesis, Structure, and Fluorescent Properties
Authors: Zhao Qilong , Yang Xiao‐Juan , Jia Chuandong , Huang Xiaojuan , Wu Biao 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThree copper(II) complexes, [Cu2(OAc)4L2]·2CH3OH (1), [CuBr2L′2(CH3OH)]·CH3OH (2a), and [CuBr2L′2(DMSO)]·0.5CH3OH (2b) {L = N‐(9‐anthracenyl)‐N′‐(3‐pyridyl)urea and L′ = N‐[10‐(10‐methoxy‐anthronyl)]‐N′‐(3‐pyridyl)urea} have been synthesized by the reaction of L with the corresponding copper(II) salts. Complex 1 shows a dinuclear structure with a conventional “paddlewheel” motif, in which four acetate units bridge the two CuII ions. In complexes 2a and 2b, the anthracenyl ligand L has been converted to an anthronyl derivative L′, and the central metal ion exhibits a distorted square pyramidal arrangement, with two pyridyl nitrogen atoms and two bromide ions defining the basal plane and the apical position is occupied by a solvent molecule (CH3OH in 2a and DMSO in 2b).
Thermal, Magnetic, Electronic, and Superconducting Properties of Rare‐Earth Metal Pentagermanides REGe5 (RE = La, Nd, Sm, Gd) and Synthesis of TbGe5
Authors: Meier Katrin , Cardoso‐Gil Raul , Schnelle Walter , Rosner Helge , Burkhardt Ulrich , Schwarz Ulrich 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA series of isotypic rare‐earth metal pentagermanides including the new compound TbGe5 were prepared by high‐pressure synthesis. They crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Immm [No. 71; a = 395.70(9) pm; b = 611.1(2) pm, and c = 983.6(3) pm for TbGe5]. The crystal structure is isotypic to LaGe5 and consists of puckered germanium slabs, which sandwich a second germanium species and the rare‐earth metal atoms. At ambient pressure, the thermal decomposition of the phases REGe5 (RE = La, Nd, Sm, Gd, and Tb) proceeds via discrete intermediate steps into Ge(cF8) and thermodynamically stable germanium‐poorer phases. The investigated compounds REGe5 are paramagnetic metallic conductors, which order antiferromagnetically at low temperatures. Specific heat measurements reveal that the superconducting state of LaGe5 below Tc = 7.1(1) K is characterized by a critical field of μ0Hc2 = 0.2 T and weak electron‐phonon coupling. Density‐functional based band‐structure calculations yield a very similar electronic structure for all the isotypic REGe5 compounds. Besides a slight increase in the width of the valence band for smaller RE atoms, only minor differences are found for the two different germanium environments.
Comments on Valence Bond Structures for Molecules with 6‐Electron 4‐Center, 10‐Electron 6‐Center, and 8‐Electron 6‐Center Bonding Units
Authors: Harcourt Richard D. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractUsing valence bond structures of the Lewis and increased‐valence types, qualitative valence bond descriptions of bonding are provided for (a) I42+, S6N42+, (O2)2, and (O2)4 with one or more 6‐electron 4‐center bonding units; (b) Se2I42+ and the (NSN)2 component of RR′P(NSN)2PRR′ with 10‐electron 6‐center bonding units, and (c) Te64+ and Te62+, each with an 8‐electron 6‐center bonding unit. These valence bond structures are related to those provided by other workers.
Opening a New Series of Calcium Boridecarbides with Heterographene Nets by Ca1–x(B,C)6 and Ca1–x(B,C)8 – Two Members of the (CaB2)Cn Compound Series
Authors: Wörle Michael , Widmer Daniel , von Rohr Fabian , Krumeich Frank , Mensing Christian , Nesper Reinhard 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCa1–xB2C4 (x ~ 0.08) and Ca1–xB2C6 (x ~ 0.04) are two compounds containing heterographene‐B,C nets which were prepared by solid state synthesis and structurally characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction data. Both compounds crystallize in the space group P6/ mmm (No. 191). The lattice constants are a = 4.55971(5) Å and c = 4.4020(1) Å for CaB2C4 and a = 2.58390(5) Å, c = 4.43597(8) Å for CaB2C6. The calcium atoms are intercalated between the heterographene (B,C) nets. The calcium atom distribution in Ca1–xB2C6 is disordered, leading to diffuse scattering. A model for this disorder was developed that matches well the observed diffuse scattering observed in the electron diffraction pattern. For Ca1–xB2C6 and its decomposition products magnetic and electric properties are being reported.
High‐pressure High‐temperature Synthesis, Magnetic Properties and X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Phases RE3Sn7 and hp‐RESn3–x (RE = Tb, Ho, Er)
Authors: Meier Katrin , Vasylechko Leonid , Cardoso‐Gil Raul , Burkhardt Ulrich , Schnelle Walter , Schmidt Marcus , Grin Yuri , Schwarz Ulrich 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe high‐temperature high‐pressure syntheses of binary phases hp‐RESn3–x (RE = Tb, Ho, Er) was reinvestigated showing good agreement with previously determined stability fields concerning pressure and temperature conditions. Phases hp‐RESn3–x adopt a cubic Cu3Au arrangement (a = 466.52(6) pm for hp‐TbSn3–x; a = 465.44(8) pm for hp‐HoSn3–x and a = 464.98(9) pm for hp‐ErSn3–x). Superstructure reflections observed in experiments with synchrotron radiation indicate an ordered arrangement for HoSn3–x prepared at 8.4(8) GPa and 1270 K (space group Pm$\bar3$m). hp‐HoSn3–x transforms exothermally at 460 K and ambient pressure into the low‐pressure modification HoSn3–x indicating that the ordered Cu3Au‐type arrangement is a metastable high‐pressure phase., A second set of phases is identified as compounds RE3Sn7 (RE = Ho, Er) being isotypic to the ambient pressure modifications Gd3Sn7 and Tb3Sn7 (space group Cmmm; lattice parameters a = 434.95(7) pm, b = 2615.6(6) pm, c = 442.09(7) pm for Ho3Sn7 and a = 434.29(5) pm, b = 2607.2(4) pm, c = 441.49(5) pm) for Er3Sn7). The crystal structure of compounds RE3Sn7 is interpreted as an intergrowth of AlB2‐, CaF2‐ and AuCu3‐like segments. Analysis of the chemical bonding in Er3Sn7 by means of the electron localizability approach reveals two‐center Sn–Sn bonding in the AlB2‐like segment and multi‐center bonding in the AuCu3‐ and CaF2‐like motifs., The electrical resistivity of ρ ≈︁ 31 μΩ cm at 300 K reveals that hp‐HoSn3–x is a metallic conductor. The phases hp‐RESn3–x and RE3Sn7 (RE = Ho, Er) show paramagnetic Curie–Weiss behavior of the rare earth metal ions Ho3+ and Er3+, respectively. Ho3Sn7 and Er3Sn7 order antiferromagnetically at 10.0 K and 8.2 K, respectively. The high‐pressure phases RESn3–x show no magnetic order above 2 K. XAS measurements on the compounds Tb3Sn7 and hp‐TbSn3–x indicate a 4f 8 configuration evidencing the oxidation state +3 for terbium.
Buckling analysis of non‐uniform cylindrical shells of a four lobed cross section under uniform axial compressions
Authors: Ahmed M.K. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this paper, the Flügge's shell theory is modeled and the transfer matrix approach is used to investigate the elastic buckling behaviour of a cylindrical shell with a four lobed cross section with reduced thickness over part of its circumference under axial compressive loads. Modal displacements of the shell can be described by trigonometric functions and Fourier's approach is used to separate the variables. The buckling equations of the shell are reduced to eight first‐order differential equations in the circumferential coordinate, and by using the transfer matrix of the shell, these equations can be written in a matrix differential equation. The transfer matrix is derived from the differential equations of the cylindrical shells by introducing the trigonometric functions in the longitudinal direction and applying a numerical integration in the circumferential direction. The method is used to get the critical buckling loads and the buckling deformations for symmetrical and antisymmetrical shells. Computed results indicate the sensitivity of the buckling loads and the corresponding buckling deformations to the geometry of the non‐uniformity of the shell, and also to the radius of curvature at the lobed corners.
Characteristics of the Fatty Acid Composition of a Deep‐Sea Vent Gastropod, Ifremeria nautilei
Authors: Saito Hiroaki , Hashimoto Jun 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNeutral and polar lipids in the soft parts of a gastropod species, Ifremeria nautilei, collected from deep‐sea hydrothermal vents, were examined to assess the trophic relationships in hydrothermal vents. The vent gastropod obtains many of its lipids from symbiotic chemosynthetic microorganisms. The major polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) both in the triacylglycerols and phospholipids of the gastropod consist of a limited number of n‐3 and n‐6 PUFA: arachidonic acid (20:4n‐6), icosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3), and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n‐3), without docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3). Noticeable levels of various n‐6 PUFA, such as 18:2n‐6,9, 20:2n‐6,9, 20:3n‐6,9,12, and 20:3n‐6,9,15 with significant levels of 16:1n‐6 and 18:1n‐6 indicate the biosynthetic characteristic of the endosymbionts. The lack of DHA in all specimens suggests a limitation of its lipid biosynthesis ability with its symbionts. This finding with regard to the lipids is unusual for a marine animal in the grazing or detrital food chain because many marine animal lipids evidently contain high levels of DHA with low levels of n‐6 fatty acids. Such contradictory findings lead to some new insights into the absence of a biosynthetic pathway for DHA in I. nautilei, and provide evidence that DHA in this species is dispensable. Similar to herbivorous gastropods, the lack of DHA with significant levels of n‐6 PUFA in this species also indicates its selective assimilation of specific microorganisms, such as chemosynthetic bacteria in hydrothermal vents, because significant levels of DHA were found in carnivorous mollusk lipids.
Blooming in Cocoa Butter Substitutes Based Compound Chocolate: Investigations on Composition, Morphology and Melting Behavior
Authors: Wang Fengyan , Liu Yuanfa , Shan Liang , Jin Qingzhe , Wang Xingguo , Li Lingling 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTo provide a comprehensive analysis on the development of bloom on cocoa butter substitutes based compound chocolate, the morphology, chemical composition and melting behavior were examined. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electric microscopy (SEM), and polarized light microscopy (PLM) measurements were carried out to study the morphological properties of chocolate. AFM analyses showed a crystal growth which was confirmed by using PLM. SEM revealed that the crystal network of fresh chocolate disappeared in the chocolate matrix but constituted a denser one in the bloom which indicating a phase separation. This was confirmed qualitatively by using high performance liquid chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry, where different contents of triacylglycerols and melting behavior were observed in the bloom and the chocolate matrix. Moreover, polymorphism translation from β′ form to β form appeared in the bloom but did not in the chocolate matrix, which suggesting that polymorphism translation is the result rather than the cause of bloom formation.