bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predators temper the relative importance of stochastic processes in the assembly of prey metacommunities
Authors: Chase Jonathan M. , Biro Elizabeth G. , Ryberg Wade A. , Smith Kevin G. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCommunities assemble through a combination of stochastic processes, which can make environmentally similar communities divergent (high β‐diversity), and deterministic processes, which can make environmentally similar communities convergent (low β‐diversity). Top predators can influence both stochasticity (e.g. colonization and extinction events) and determinism (e.g. size of the realized species pool), in community assembly, and thus their net effect is unknown. We investigated how predatory fish influenced the scaling of prey diversity in ponds at local and regional spatial scales. While fish reduced both local and regional richness, their effects were markedly more intense at the regional scale. Underlying this result was that the presence of fish made localities within metacommunities more similar in their community composition (lower β‐diversity), suggesting that fish enhance the deterministic, relative to the stochastic, components of community assembly. Thus, the presence of predators can alter fundamental mechanisms of community assembly and the scaling of diversity within metacommunities.
Beyond Corporate Responsibility: Implications for Management Development
Authors: WADDOCK SANDRA , McINTOSH MALCOLM 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTSince the mid‐1990s we have witnessed the rise of numerous constructive and positive activities aimed at developing or enhancing corporate responsibility and corporate citizenship as well as anti‐globalization and anticorporate activism. And, of course, in 2008, we witnessed the meltdown of financial markets and numerous financial institutions as well as some major companies teetering on the brink of collapse. What is actually needed to create the world that many people want to live in may in fact be a new relationship between business and society, that is, new ways of looking at the corporation and its role in society, both in practice and in management education? We will argue that some initiatives, such as Corporation 2020, have already begun to explore these issues by taking a more holistic perspective on different purposes and roles of the corporation in the future. Management education, which has been severely criticized in the aftermath of the economic crisis, has an important role to play, but in a changed form. Implications for leadership and management education include the need to shift cognitive, moral, and emotional levels of development, renewed emphasis on balance both individually and socially, a less is more sensibility, a holistic systems perspective, and shifting the purpose of the firm to encompass not just shareholder needs, but also societal, stakeholder, and ecological needs and interests. In this article we explore some of the ways in which these attributes might be engendered in future leaders, at least in those management development and education programs interested in fostering a new wave of progressive leadership in management for the future.
Insights from a Management Prophet: Mary Parker Follett on Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Simms Michele 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTCurrent‐day management leaders such as Peter Drucker and Rosabeth Moss Kanter have cited Mary Parker Follett as guru and prophet given her foreknowledge of systems theory, action research and leadership. She viewed business as a social institution and work itself as a community service, concepts particularly relevant in the context of understanding social entrepreneurship. Referencing two of her works, “The Individual in Society” and “Business in Society”, this paper introduces Follett, defines social entrepreneurship and presents her ideas as timely insights on the meaning of work, ethics and the role of business in society.
How Many Ways Can you Look at a Proportion?: Cross-Community Vote Transfers in Northern Ireland After the Belfast Agreement
Authors: O’Kelly Michael , Doyle John , Boland Philip J. 
Published: September 2009

Summary
The single transferable vote is a method of election that allows voters to mark candidates in order of preference. Votes that are not required to elect a candidate are passed to the next candidate in the voter’s order of preference. Results of this kind of election give us data about the degree to which voters of a given persuasion are willing to pass their vote to a candidate of a different persuasion. Measures of voters’ willingness to pass a vote to a candidate of a different persuasion are of particular interest in places such as Northern Ireland, where communities differ by religion and national aspiration, and agreed new political institutions are based on cross-community power-sharing. How we quantify this voting data may depend on the questions that we want to answer, of course. But, to understand changes in how the voter orders her or his preference, one may need to ask several questions, and to quantify the results of the election in more than one way.
Ultrastructural assessments of the melanosome distribution patterns and pigmentation features in human epidermal cells after UV irradiation and kojic acid treatment
Authors: Vie K. , Fitoussi R. , Mathieu É. , Benetti L. D. , Gooris É. , Hemmerlé J. 
Published: September 2009

SynopsisIt is well‐known that skin pigmentation depends, among others, on number, aggregation and distribution of melanosomes in the epidermis. Here we describe a correlative microscopy‐based ultrastructural approach that investigates the spatial distribution and pigmentation features of the melanosomes within melanocytes and keratinocytes. Data obtained from control skin, ultraviolet (UV)‐stimulated tissue and kojic acid‐treated UV‐irradiated explants are compared. We introduce original parameters for the evaluation of the aggregation and pigmentation features of the melanosomes: the aggregation and pigmentation indexes. The aggregation index evaluates the presence of clustered melanosomes when the pigmentation index expresses the electron‐density level of the pigment granules. The present study demonstrates that the last parameters clearly express histological effects induced by UVB irradiation. Results indicate that UV light did not change the number of melanosomes within either melanocytes or keratinocytes, but it definitely modified the distribution patterns of the pigment granules in both cell types. It also enhanced the pigmentation state of the epidermal cells. Moreover, statistical analysis concerning keratinocytes discloses a significant decrease in the mean pigmentation index when explants exposed to UV light were treated with kojic acid. Obviously, the present numerical findings point out the relevance of the introduced parameters to characterize the pigmentation state of skin.
Randomised controlled trial of parent groups for child antisocial behaviour targeting multiple risk factors: the SPOKES project
Authors: Scott Stephen , Sylva Kathy , Doolan Moira , Price Jenny , Jacobs Brian , Crook Carolyn , Landau Sabine 
Published: September 2009

Background:  There is a pressing need for cost‐effective population‐based interventions to tackle early‐onset antisocial behaviour. As this is determined by many factors, it would seem logical to devise interventions that address several influences while using an efficient means of delivery. The aim of this trial was to change four risk factors that predict poor outcome: ineffective parenting, conduct problems, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, and low reading ability.Methods:  A randomised controlled trial was carried out in eight schools in London, England. Nine hundred and thirty‐six (936) 6‐year‐old children were screened for antisocial behaviour, then parents of 112 high scorers were randomised to parenting groups held in schools or control; 109 were followed up a year later. The intervention lasted 28 weeks and was novel as it had components to address both child behaviour (through the Incredible Years programme) and child literacy (through a new ‘SPOKES’ programme to help parents read with their children). Fidelity of implementation was emphasised by careful training of therapists and weekly supervision. Controls received an information helpline. Assessment of conduct problems was by parent interview, parenting by direct observation and child reading by psychometric testing.Results:  At follow‐up parents allocated to the intervention used play, praise and rewards, and time out more often than controls, and harsh discipline less; effect sizes ranged from .31 to .59 sd (p‐values .046 to .005). Compared to control children, whose behaviour didn’t change, intervention children’s conduct problems reduced by .52sd, (p < .001), dropping from the 80th to the 61st percentile; oppositional‐defiant disorder (ODD) halved from 60% to 31% (p = .003). ADHD symptoms reduced by .44sd (p = .002), and reading age improved by six months (.36sd, p = .027). Teacher‐rated behaviour didn’t change. The programme cost £2,380 ($3,800) per child.Conclusions:  Effective population‐based early intervention to improve the functioning of with antisocial behaviour is practically feasible by targeting multiple risk factors and emphasising implementation fidelity.
Seasonal variation in the diet of Galidictis grandidieri Wozencraft, 1986 (Carnivora: Eupleridae) in a sub‐arid zone of extreme south‐western Madagascar
Authors: Andriatsimietry R. , Goodman S. M. , Razafimahatratra E. , Jeglinski J. W. E. , Marquard M. , Ganzhorn J. U. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe describe the diet of Grandidier's Vontsira Galidictis grandidieri (family Eupleridae), one of the rarest carnivorans in the world and restricted to an area of 400 km2 in the spiny forest of south‐western Madagascar. From May 2006 to May 2007, 342 G. grandidieri scats were collected in the Parc National de Tsimanampetsotsa – 256 faecal samples in the dry season and 86 in the wet season. In total, 886 prey items were identified from these scats. Invertebrates (principally large cockroaches of the genus Gromphadorhina) were the most frequently eaten prey. Even though vertebrates comprised only 8 and 17% of prey individuals in the diet of G. grandidieri during the dry and wet seasons, they contributed 58 and 80% of the prey biomass in each season, respectively. About 90% of all prey consumed had body masses below 10 g. This is well below the weight of the prey consumed by Cryptoprocta ferox, the only native carnivoran occurring in sympatry with G. grandidieri, making competition for food between the two species unlikely.
Are parents gender neutral when financing their children's consumption?
Authors: Brusdal Ragnhild , Berg Lisbet 
Published: September 2009

AbstractChildren are consumers from early on, but they are dependent on financial support from their parents for many years. Based on a survey among 1173 Norwegian children aged 8–24 years, we examine how children's consumption is financed and how their main financial sources change during childhood, distinguishing between pocket money and odd jobs on the one hand and gainful employment and study loans on the other. Our analysis demonstrates how parental monetary support decreases as years go by and is replaced by gainful employment and study loans. We ask whether parents are gender neutral in supporting their children's consumption or not. This is done by comparing the distribution of pocket money among girls and boys, as well as the amount of money given to the respective genders for special consumer goods. Girls and boys have divergent preferences and often exhibit different spending patterns. The analysis of the six selected fields of consumption showed significant gender differences in four of them. By comparing what children choose to pay for with their own money with what they influence their parents to pay for, we find that parents' financial support tend to have a moderating effect on their children's own gender‐biased preferences.
Current status of contraceptive use among rural married women in Anhui Province of China
Authors: Zhang X‐J , Wang G‐Y , Shen Q , Yu Y‐L , Sun Y‐H , Yu G‐B , Zhao D , Ye D‐Q 
Published: September 2009

Objectives  This study aims to explore the current status of married women in regard of their use of contraceptive methods (permanent methods versus non‐permanent methods) and to find out factors that affect the use of contraceptive methods in rural areas of Anhui Province of China.Design  Survey.Setting  Anhui, China.Population  A total of 53,652 married women aged 18–49 years.Methods  A multistage probability sampling method was used to identify a representative sample of 53,652 married women aged 18–49 years. All women were asked to provide detailed information by completing detailed questionnaires.Main outcome measures  Contraceptive prevalence and influence factors.Results  The total birth control rate of the sample was 95.2%. Samples choosing the permanent and nonpermanent contraceptive methods have taken up 46.7 and 48.5% respectively. Female sterilisation was the first choice with a usage rate of 43.6%, followed by intrauterine device (IUD), which was used by 41.1% of samples. Single‐variable analysis showed that the choice of contraceptive methods was associated with age, education level, parity, frequency of sex intercourses in a month, contraceptive knowledge, RTI symptom and the gender of the last child of rural married women.Conclusions  A significant increase in contraceptive use of rural married women in Anhui Province of China. Female sterilisation and IUD still play the dominant role. Effective family planning methods should be advocated through adequate counselling on the correct use and proper management, with consideration of the background of custom and belief.
Gene regulation of α4β2 nicotinic receptors: microarray analysis of nicotine‐induced receptor up‐regulation and anti‐inflammatory effects
Authors: Hosur Vishnu , Leppanen Scott , Abutaha Adham , Loring Ralph H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstractα4β2 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors play an important role in the reward pathways for nicotine. We investigated whether receptor up‐regulation of α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors involves expression changes for non‐receptor genes. In a microarray analysis, 10 μM nicotine altered expression of 41 genes at 0.25, 1, 8 and 24 h in hα4β2 SH‐EP1 cells. The maximum number of gene changes occurred at 8 h, around the initial increase in3[H]‐cytisine binding. Quantitative RT‐PCR corroborated gene induction of endoplasmic reticulum proteins CRELD2, PDIA6, and HERPUD1, and suppression of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β and IL‐6. Nicotine suppresses IL‐1β and IL‐6 expression at least in part by inhibiting NFκB activation. Antagonists dihydro‐β‐erythroidine and mecamylamine blocked these nicotine‐induced changes showing that receptor activation is required. Antagonists alone or in combination with nicotine suppressed CRELD2 message while increasing α4β2 binding. Additionally, small interfering RNA knockdown of CRELD2 increased basal α4β2 receptor expression, and antagonists decreased CRELD2 expression even in the absence of α4β2 receptors. These data suggest that endoplasmic reticulum proteins such as CRELD2 can regulate α4β2 expression, and may explain antagonist actions in nicotine‐induced receptor up‐regulation. Further, the unexpected finding that nicotine suppresses inflammatory cytokines suggests that nicotinic α4β2 receptor activation promotes anti‐inflammatory effects similar to α7 receptor activation.
Efficacy of anti‐aging products for periorbital wrinkles as measured by 3‐D imaging
Authors: Kaczvinsky Joseph R , Griffiths Christopher E M , Schnicker Marcia S , Li Jim 
Published: September 2009

SummaryBackground  The periorbital area is a key wrinkle‐prone region, where the first signs of aging usually appear.Aims  To demonstrate the ability of new anti‐aging moisturizing products to improve overall smoothness and wrinkle depth appearance in the periorbital region via the Fast Optical in vivo Topometry of Human Skin (FOITS).Methods  Two double‐blind, randomized, controlled, split‐face studies (n = 42, Study 1; n = 35, Study 2) were conducted in women 30–70 years old with moderate to distinct periorbital wrinkles. Subjects applied 0.5 g of individual products to half their face twice daily for 4 weeks. Four test products containing niacinamide, the peptides Pal‐KT and Pal‐KTTKS, and carnosine were used and included a daytime SPF 30 lotion also containing antioxidants, a night cream, an eye cream also containing caffeine, and a wrinkle treatment containing retinyl propionate. The wrinkle treatment was only tested in Study 2. The FOITS technique was used to measure changes in periorbital Ra (mean roughness) and Rz (average maximum roughness) at 2 and 4 weeks.Results  In Study 1, the daytime SPF 30 lotion, night cream, and eye cream significantly improved crow’s feet smoothness after 4 weeks relative to no treatment. After 4 weeks, the daytime SPF 30 lotion and night cream, but not the eye cream, were significantly better than no treatment at improving Rz. In Study 2, the night cream, eye cream, and wrinkle treatment, but not the daytime SPF 30 lotion, significantly improved both Ra and Rz after 4 weeks. To increase power and precision of estimates, a meta‐analysis was performed; the pooled data showed all three products were significantly better than no treatment at improving Ra and Rz after 4 weeks.Conclusions  Four weeks of treatment with these products was shown to improve the smoothness of periorbital skin and to reduce the apparent depth of larger wrinkles.
Changes in skin physiology and clinical appearance after microdroplet placement of hyaluronic acid in aging hands
Authors: Williams Stefanie , Tamburic Slobodanka , Stensvik Henriette , Weber Mateja 
Published: September 2009

SummaryBackground  Up to now rejuvenating treatment of the hands has been challenging and results often disappointing.Aims  To determine whether hyaluronic acid (HA) microdroplet placement into the dorsal hands has an impact on skin physiology and clinical appearance and whether there is any difference between stabilized HA (S‐HA) and nonstabilized HA (NS‐HA).Patients/methods  The intra‐individual comparison in 15 volunteers involved injection sessions at week 0, 4, and 8 with random assignment of left and right hand to either S‐HA or NS‐HA. Skin physiology parameters cutaneous elasticity, surface roughness, hydration, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were measured in vivo at weeks 0 (before treatment), 4 (before subsequent treatment), 12, and 24. Clinical hand assessment was carried out at weeks 0 and 12 by a blinded dermatologist.Results  Intradermal injection of S‐HA generated significant improvement in skin elasticity and surface roughness at week 12 compared to baseline. On the hands treated with NS‐HA, there was a trend for improvement (not significant). While there was no significant difference in hydration and TEWL between both hands before treatment, at week 12 hands treated with S‐HA displayed a significantly higher hydration level and lower TEWL compared to NS‐HA treatment. Clinically S‐HA proved to be significantly superior to NS‐HA. At week 24 the observed effects started to return back toward baseline, with S‐HA treatment still offering better results compared to the NS‐HA.Conclusions  Skin revitalization with injectable HA can improve clinical appearance and skin physiology parameters on the back of the hands. It has been shown that S‐HA has better effects when compared with NS‐HA.
Eating chocolate can significantly protect the skin from UV light
Authors: Williams Stefanie , Tamburic Slobodanka , Lally Carmel 
Published: September 2009

SummaryBackground  Cocoa beans fresh from the tree are exceptionally rich in flavanols. Unfortunately, during conventional chocolate making, this high antioxidant capacity is greatly reduced due to manufacturing processes.Aim  To evaluate the photoprotective potential of chocolate consumption, comparing a conventional dark chocolate to a specially produced chocolate with preserved high flavanol (HF) levels.Methods A double‐blind in vivo study in 30 healthy subjects was conducted. Fifteen subjects each were randomly assigned to either a HF or low flavanol (LF) chocolate group and consumed a 20 g portion of their allocated chocolate daily. The minimal erythema dose (MED) was assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks under standardized conditions.Results  In the HF chocolate group the mean MED more than doubled after 12 weeks of chocolate consumption, while in the LF chocolate group, the MED remained without significant change.Conclusions  Our study demonstrated that regular consumption of a chocolate rich in flavanols confers significant photoprotection and can thus be effective at protecting human skin from harmful UV effects. Conventional chocolate has no such effect.
A multi‐center, double‐blind, randomized controlled study of the safety and effectiveness of Juvéderm® injectable gel with and without lidocaine
Authors: Weinkle Susan H , Bank David E , Boyd Charles M , Gold Michael H , Thomas Jane A , Murphy Diane K 
Published: September 2009

SummaryIntroduction  Pain is a common patient complaint during dermal filler injections. The primary objective of this study was to compare a new formulation of Juvéderm® injectable gel with lidocaine (denoted as JUV + L) to commercially‐available Juvéderm® injectable gel without lidocaine (denoted as JUV) with respect to procedural pain scores in subjects desiring nasolabial fold (NLF) correction.Methods  Subjects received randomized treatment with the lidocaine filler in one NLF and the filler without lidocaine in the other NLF. Investigators determined the appropriate formulation (Ultra or Ultra Plus) and volume of material to inject but were blinded as to which syringe contained lidocaine. Subjects rated procedural pain (pain during injection) using an 11‐point scale within 30 min after receiving treatment in both NLFs and compared procedural pain between right and left NLFs using a 5‐point scale. NLF severity was rated by both subjects and investigators before and 2 weeks after treatment.Results  The mean difference on the procedural pain scale was 3.4 (P < 0.0001), and 93% of subjects found JUV + L to be less or slightly less painful than JUV. Improvement in NLF severity was comparable for both products. Common treatment site reactions (CTRs) of pain and tenderness were considerably less frequent for JUV + L than JUV while all other CTRs showed no statistically significant differences.Conclusion  The dermal filler formulated with lidocaine is effective in reducing procedural pain during correction of facial wrinkles and folds while maintaining a similar safety and effectiveness profile to the filler without lidocaine.
Sustainability of cosmetic products in Brazil
Authors: De Paula Pereira Neila 
Published: September 2009

SummaryBackground  The most recent research in the area of cosmetics to sustainability has focused on obtaining formulations rich in nontraditional oils and butters from seeds and fruits native to Brazilian tropical flora. These have contributed to aggregate value for the raw materials and involvement of small farms forming rural production in Brazil, since the plants are cultivated in preservation areas sponsored by companies who are partners in the Government Program for Brazilian Sustainability. Given that the oils extracted from seeds have the potential to replace these cutaneous constituents, it has been verified that new products of strong commercial impact show an increasing tendency to incorporate in their formulas the oils of plants grown in Brazilian soil.