bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Above-Real-Time Training (ARTT) Improves Transfer to a Simulated Flight Control Task
Authors: Donderi D. C. , Niall Keith K. , Fish Karyn , Goldstein Benjamin 
Published: March 2012

Objective: The aim of this study was to measure the effects of above-real-time-training (ARTT) speed and screen resolution on a simulated flight control task. Background: ARTT has been shown to improve transfer to the criterion task in some military simulation experiments. We tested training speed and screen resolution in a project, sponsored by Defence Research and Development Canada, to develop components for prototype air mission simulators. Method: For this study, 54 participants used a single-screen PC-based flight simulation program to learn to chase and catch an F-18A fighter jet with another F-18A while controlling the chase aircraft with a throttle and side-stick controller. Screen resolution was varied between participants, and training speed was varied factorially across two sessions within participants. Pretest and posttest trials were at high resolution and criterion (900 knots) speed. Results: Posttest performance was best with high screen resolution training and when one ARTT training session was followed by a session of criterion speed training. Conclusion: ARTT followed by criterion training improves performance on a visual-motor coordination task. We think that ARTT influences known facilitators of transfer, including similarity to the criterion task and contextual interference. Application: Use high-screen resolution, start with ARTT, and finish with criterion speed training when preparing a mission simulation.
Turnaround management strategies in public systems: the impact on group-level organizational citizenship behavior
Authors: Beeri Itai 
Published: March 2012

The use of Turnaround Management Strategies (TMS) in public administration has received growing interest among both researchers and practitioners who deal with public performance. However, our theoretical and empirical knowledge about TMS suffers from significant lacunae. This research presents results from a unique empirical survey that tests the effect of TMS on group-level Organizational Citizenship Behavior. One hundred and twenty-six senior leaders of English local authorities participated in the study. The findings show that local authorities that implemented repositioning and reorganization at the organizational level to a high extent experienced high levels of group-level Organizational Citizenship Behavior, while high implementation of reorganization at the personnel level was linked to low group-level Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Group-level Organizational Citizenship Behavior was indifferent to retrenchment strategies. Implications and suggestions for future studies are discussed. Points for practitioners Modern public administrations face repeated ups and downs. This being so, public managers are expected to pursue far-reaching organizational changes to achieve goals ranging from maintaining excellence to recovering from poor performance. This study explores the effect of Turnaround Management Strategies (TMS) on organizational behavior. The findings offer two useful lessons for practitioners. First, repositioning and reorganization at the organizational level may be used as a foundation for improving the organizational culture, work relations, morale and cooperation. Second, introducing major personnel changes is likely to produce mixed or even undesired outcomes.
Pharmacokinetic Properties ofAnti‐Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibitors
Authors: Chairat Kalayanee , Tarning Joel , White Nicholas J. , Lindegardh Niklas 
Published: March 2012

AbstractNeuraminidase inhibitors are the mainstay of anti‐influenza treatment. Oseltamivir is the most widely used drug but is currently available only as an oral formulation. Resistance spreads rapidly in seasonal H1N1 influenza A viruses, which were universally resistant in 2008, because of the H275Y mutation in the neuraminidase (NA) gene. Oseltamivir is a prodrug for the active carboxylate metabolite. Ex vivo conversion in blood samples may have confounded early pharmacokinetic studies. Oseltamivir shows dose linear kinetics, and oseltamivir carboxylate has an elimination half‐life (t1/2β) after oral administration in healthy individuals of approximately 7.7 hours. Oseltamivir carboxylate is eliminated primarily by tubular secretion, and both clearance and tissue distribution are reduced by probenecid. The H275Y mutation in NA confers high‐level oseltamivir resistance and intermediate peramivir resistance but does not alter zanamivir susceptibility. Zanamivir is available as a powder for inhalation, and a parenteral form is under development. Zanamivir distributes in an apparent volume of distribution approximating that of extracellular water and is rapidly eliminated (t1/2β of approximately 3.0 hours). Peramivir is slowly eliminated (t1/2β of 7.7‐20.8 hours) and is prescribed as either a once‐daily injection or as a single infusion. Laninamivir is a recently developed slowly eliminated compound for administration by inhalation.
Simulating urban heat island effects with climate change on a Manchester house
Authors: Lee Susan E , Levermore Geoff J 
Published: March 2012

This article presents a methodology for determining the internal temperatures of a post-1919 mid-terrace house for the present-day and a future (2050) climate. The Meteorological Office, Hadley Centre regional climate model has been run with urban parameterisation and an improved land-surface scheme with urban heat island forcing and a weather generator to quantify the effect of the urban heat island. Manchester city dry-bulb air temperatures are shown to be of the order of 4 K higher than those for the present-day under a UKCP09 medium emissions scenario. Extreme summer temperature data (99% percentile) are used to produce a cooling design day for use in a building simulation program.1 Loft and wall insulation decreases internal air temperatures by up to 17% and low e glazing with louvres by up to 8%. Internal temperatures for a 2050 climate will exceed existing Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers thresholds. Practical application: Climate change is an important subject for both the building industry and local authorities. Climate change scenarios produced by the Hadley Centre General Circulation Models (GCM) have been downscaled to the local level for use in a building simulation model.1 This article demonstrates a technique that enables data from a GCM to be used within a building simulation program1 for an urban environment. It also examines the implications of the combined effect of the urban heat island and climate change on the adaptation options available to designers and planners for existing and future buildings.
Pollutant dispersion in a natural ventilated dental clinic
Authors: Zhang W , Mak CM , Wong HM 
Published: March 2012

Mechanical ventilation poses some challenges for control of pollutants in a fully enclosed dental clinic. Natural ventilation is used in some clinics because of its high exhausting efficiency and low non-renewable energy consumption. In this study, a dental clinic model was built using a computational fluid dynamics platform. The objective was to study the effect of natural ventilation on pollutant dispersion in this setting. The evaluations were conducted using the advanced turbulence model, large eddy simulation for the flow field and the discrete phase modelling for pollutant tracks. Three basic ventilation paths were identified, the ‘single narrow path’, ‘narrow path’ and ‘dispersive path’. The results show that the first of these had the highest efficiency, with an escape time of about 1/30 and 1/100 of the narrow and dispersive paths, respectively. Despite the position of the pollutant source and facilities such as bulkheads, escape time was significantly reduced when the ventilation flow rate was increased under the single narrow and dispersive paths. However, for the narrow path, these factors played a more dominant role in the escape time than the ventilation flow rate. Practical application: This study is expected to provide information and guidance in understanding the pollutant spread in a naturally ventilated room such as a dental clinic.
Patient and Physician Factors Associated With Adherence to Diabetes Medications
Authors: Schoenthaler Antoinette M. , Schwartz Brian S. , Wood Craig , Stewart Walter F. 
Published: March 2012

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of patient and physician psychosocial, sociodemographic, and disease-related factors on diabetes medication adherence. These factors were also examined as effect modifiers of the association between quality of the patient-physician relationship and medication adherence. Methods Data were collected from 41 Geisinger Clinic primary care physicians and 608 of their patients with type 2 diabetes. Adherence to oral hypoglycemic medications was calculated using a medication possession ratio based on physician orders in electronic health records (MPREHR). MPREHR was defined as the proportion of total time in the 2 years prior to study enrollment that the patient was in possession of oral hypoglycemic medications. Linear regression was used to examine the influence of patient- and physician-level factors on adherence. Effect modification of the patient-physician relationship-adherence association was evaluated by adding the main effects of the individual-level factors and their cross-products to the models. Results In adjusted analyses, satisfaction with the physician’s patient education skills, patient beliefs about the need for their medications, and lower diabetes-related knowledge were associated with better adherence to oral hypoglycemic medications. Shorter duration of time with diabetes and taking only oral hypoglycemic medications were also associated with better adherence. Finally, the association between shared decision making and medication adherence was significantly modified by patients’ level of social support. Conclusions This study identified several patient-, physician-, and disease-related factors that should be targeted to maximize the potential for developing tailored adherence-enhancing interventions within the context of a collaborative patient-physician relationship.
The effect of tepid amino acid-enriched induction cardioplegia on the outcome of infants undergoing cardiac surgery
Authors: Suominen PK , Keski-Nisula J , Tynkkynen P , Kantoluoto S , Olkkola KT , Mildh L 
Published: March 2012

Background: Despite promising experimental results, no information has been published on the clinical effects of amino acid-enriched induction cardioplegic solution on outcome in children undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods: This is a retrospective study of 185 consecutive patients younger than 12 months with one of the following defects undergoing open heart surgery: atrioventricular septal defect, transposition of the great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot or ventricular septal defect. Patients were divided into two groups according to the following myocardial protection approaches: tepid substrate-enriched induction cardioplegia followed by cold blood cardioplegia (n=113) or only cold blood induction cardioplegia (n=72). Patient allocation was determined by the anesthesiologist in charge of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The primary outcome measure was postoperative myocardial injury assessed by troponin T level and inotrope score. Results: Demographic data were similar for both groups. Cardioplegic induction had no overall effect for inotrope score (16.3 ± 9.2 vs.17.9 ± 10.0, p=0.276) or lactate release (1.8 ± 1.3 vs. 1.6 ± 0.8, p=0.110) on arrival to the paediatric intensive care unit. On the first postoperative day, there were no significant differences between the cardioplegia groups for inotrope score (13.7 ± 8.7 vs.14.3 ± 9.1, p=0.657), troponin T (2.4 ± 1.6 vs. 2.8 ± 2.7 μg/L, p=0.267), lactate (1.5 ± 2.0 vs. 1.5 ± 0.8, p=0.972), or any of the other clinical outcome measures. Conclusions: Compared to cold cardioplegia alone, the administration of tepid induction cardioplegia had no effect on the clinical outcome of infants who underwent cardiac surgery.
Peripheral nerve blocks: a therapeutic alternative for hemicrania continua
Authors: Guerrero Ángel L , Herrero-Velázquez Sonia , Peñas María L , Mulero Patricia , Pedraza María Isabel , Cortijo Elisa , Fernández Rosa 
Published: March 2012

Objectives: A complete response to indomethacin is required for the diagnosis of hemicrania continua (HC). Nevertheless, patients may develop side effects leading to withdrawal of this drug. Several alternatives have been proposed with no consistent effectiveness. Both anaesthetic blocks of peripheral nerves and trochlear corticosteroid injections have been effective in some case reports. Methods: Twenty-two patients with HC were assessed in a headache outpatient office. Physical examination included palpation of the supraorbital nerve (SON) and greater occipital nerve (GON) as well as of the trochlear area. Results: In 14 patients, at least one tender point was detected. Due to indomethacin intolerance, at least one anaesthetic block of the GON or SON, or an injection of corticosteroids in the trochlear area, were performed in nine patients. Four of them were treated with a combination procedure. All these patients experienced total or partial improvement lasting from 2 to 10 months. Conclusion: Anaesthetic blocks or corticosteroid injections may be effective in HC patients showing tenderness of the SON, GON or trochlear area.
HSP70 immune reactivity and TUNEL positivity in the liver of toluene-inhaled and melatonin-treated rats
Authors: Tas Ufuk , Ogeturk Murat , Kuloglu Tuncay , Sapmaz Hilal Irmak , Kocaman Nevin , Zararsiz Ismail , Sarsilmaz Mustafa 
Published: March 2012

Toluene is a clear, colorless and volatile hydrocarbon that is metabolized in liver, produced free oxygen radicals and can mediate cellular damage. Melatonin which is a pineal gland hormone is a very potent antioxidant. It can make the cellular membrane more durable against oxidative attacks and protect nuclear DNA from oxidative damage. This study aimed to investigate heat shock protein (HSP)70 immune reactivity and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) positivity (apoptotic activity) in the liver of toluene-inhaled and melatonin-treated rats. A total of 21 adult male Wistar albino rats were divided at random into 3 equal groups. Animals in group I were designated as control. The rats in group II were exposed to toluene (3000 ppm/1 h/day) for 30 days, while the rats in group III were treated with melatonin (10 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally) plus toluene inhalation. At the end of the 30-day experimental period, all rats were killed by decapitation. Then the liver tissues of rats were removed and tissue specimens were embedded in paraffin blocks. The specimens were stained with periodic acid-schiff (PAS) following routine histological procedures. Sections obtained from paraffin blocks were used for immune detection of TUNEL and HSP70. In light microscopic observations of tissues from toluene-inhaled rats, massive hepatocyte degeneration, ballooning degeneration and decreased PAS positivity were observed. Increased TUNEL positivity and HSP70 immune reactivity were determined in toluene-inhaled group and melatonin treatment decreased all these adverse effects.
Children and young people’s missed health care appointments: reconceptualising ‘Did Not Attend’ to ‘Was Not Brought’ – a review of the evidence for practice
Authors: Powell Catherine , Appleton Jane V. 
Published: March 2012

The issue of wastage caused by missed appointments features prominently at a time when cost-saving measures become ever more important in the health care economy. Missed appointments are said to cost the NHS in the region of £600 million per annum. Various strategies are being tried and tested to ensure that people attend their appointments (or are in for domiciliary visits) including texting and phoning reminders. Clearly, attending for health care is generally in a person’s best interests. However, in the UK, if appointments are missed, then the usual outcome is a ‘three (or even two) strikes and you are out’ approach with a notification to the General Practitioner. In this paper we will argue that the seemingly widespread ‘Did Not Attend’ (DNA) routine described above is not appropriate where children and young people are concerned. The issue here is that the child or young person ‘Was Not Brought’ (WNB) to their appointment, rather than the fact that they DNA. This is important, because not only is access to health care their fundamental right (United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989: Article 24), but failure to attend for health care is recognised as a child protection issue within statutory definitions of neglect. Failings in presenting children for health care is also known to feature prominently in cases that have reached the threshold for Serious Case Reviews, and this paper summarises the evidence in this respect. We conclude the paper by suggesting that reconceptualising child and young person DNA as WNB will lead to positive interventions to safeguard and promote the welfare of children that go beyond the missed appointment to a move towards the child-centric practice described in recent key reviews.
Affirmation through disability: one athlete’s personal journey to the London Paralympic Games
Authors: Kavanagh Emma 
Published: March 2012

Aims: This article explores the personal narrative of a British Paralympic wheelchair tennis player who experienced a spinal cord injury (SCI) following a motorcycle accident in 2001 that left her paralysed from the waist down. The study responds to the call by Swain and French, 1 ; among others, for alternative accounts of disability that demonstrate how life following impairment need not be empty and meaningless, but can actually reflect a positive, if different, social identity. Methods: This study draws upon life history data to investigate the journey of one athlete who has managed to achieve international sporting success following a life-changing accident. A pseudonym has not been used for this study as the athlete wanted to be named in the research account and for her story to be shared. Results: A chronological approach was adopted to map the pre- and post-accident recovery process. The account examines life before the trauma, the impact of the accident, the process of rehabilitation and the journey to athletic accomplishment. Conclusions: Negative views of disability can be challenged if disability is viewed in the context of positive life narratives. The story of one Paralympian demonstrates how an ‘ordinary’ person has made the most of an extraordinary situation and become a world-class athlete. This paper demonstrates that in contrast to typical discourse in disability studies, becoming disabled or living with a disability need not be a tragedy but may on the contrary enhance life and lead to positive affirmation.
Developing a physical activity legacy from the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games: a policy-led systematic review
Authors: Weed Mike , Coren Esther , Fiore Jo , Wellard Ian , Mansfield Louise , Chatziefstathiou Dikaia , Dowse Suzanne 
Published: March 2012

Aims: There is no evidence that previous Olympic Games have raised physical activity levels in adult populations. However, it may be premature to assume that this lack of previous evidence for an inherent effect is an indication that there is no potential to proactively harness the Games to generate a physical activity or sport legacy. Given that the political goal of achieving a physical activity legacy had already been set, the policy-led aim of this systematic review was to examine the processes by which the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games might deliver a physical activity (as opposed to sport) legacy. Methods: Searches were conducted on five databases: SPORTS DISCUS, CINAHL, PsychINFO, MEDLINE and Web of Knowledge. Results: There are two key findings: first, that communities that are not positively engaged with hosting the 2012 Games in London are likely to be beyond the reach of any initiatives seeking to harness the Games to develop legacies in any area; second, major events such as London 2012 can, if promoted in the right way, generate a ‘festival effect’ that may have the potential to be harnessed to promote physical activity among the least active. The ‘festival effect’ derives from the promotion of the 2012 Games as a national festival that is bigger than and beyond sport, but that is also rooted in the lives of local and cultural communities, thus creating a strong desire to participate in some way in an event that is both nationally significant and locally or culturally relevant. Conclusions: Physical activity policy makers and professionals should seek to satisfy this desire to participate through providing physical activity (rather than sport) opportunities presented as fun community events or programmes. The key to generating a physical activity legacy among the least active adults through this process is to de-emphasise the sporting element of the 2012 Games and promote the festival element.
Isolated Tarsal Navicular Fracture Dislocation
Authors: Mathesul Ambarish A. , Sonawane Dhiraj V. , Chouhan Varun K. 
Published: March 2012

Injuries to the midtarsal joints are rare. They occur in the form of various combinations such as fracture, fracture subluxation, and fracture dislocation. The largest series of 71 cases has been reported by Main and Jowett in 1975. Isolated tarsal navicular dislocations are rare injuries. Being rare, these injuries remain poorly understood. Only few case reports exist, which describe the probable mechanism of injury and optimal treatment. Of the few case reports, only one describes closed reduction with external fixator and percutaneous fixation as the treatment modality. This case report emphasizes the use of external fixation with pins in the calcaneum and not in talus as described by the earlier report. Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV
The Use of Multimedia as an Adjunct to the Informed Consent Process for Ankle Ligament Reconstruction Surgery
Authors: Batuyong Eldridge , Birks Christopher , Beischer Andrew D. 
Published: March 2012

Background. Obtaining “informed consent” is an integral aspect of surgery that can be fraught with difficulty. This study assessed the efficacy of a multimedia education tool in improving patients’ understanding when used as an adjunct to the traditional verbal consent process regarding ankle lateral ligament reconstruction surgery. Methods. A total of 56 patients (28 males and 28 females) were recruited with a mean age of 36 years. A standardized verbal discussion regarding surgical treatment was provided to each patient. Understanding was then assessed using a knowledge questionnaire. Subsequently, each patient observed a multimedia educational program following which the knowledge questionnaire was repeated. Additional supplementary questions were then given regarding the ease of understanding and satisfaction with the 2 methods of education delivery. Results. The patients answered 75% of the questions correctly before the multimedia module compared with 88% after it (P < .001). Patients rated the ease of understanding and the amount of information provided by the module highly (9.5 cm and 9.0 cm on a 10-cm Visual Analogue Scale scale, respectively), and 61% of patients considered that the multimedia tool performed as well as the treating surgeon. Conclusion. Multimedia tools used in sequence after a verbal consent resulted in improved patient understanding of pertinent information regarding ankle lateral ligament reconstruction surgery. Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic Level II.