bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ECOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON CHRYSOCHARIS LARICINELLAE (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE LARCH CASEBEARER (COLEOPHORA LARICELLA)
Authors: Quednau F. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn account is given of host acceptance, the influence of temperature on fecundity and longevity, and searching capacity of Chrysocharis laricinellae (Raczeburg), a parasite of the larch casebearer, Coleophora laricella (Hübner).Fourth-instar case-bearing larvae were the preferred stages for attack. The size of the parasite progeny varied directly with the size of the host. Fecundity of progeny reared from small hosts was significantly less than that of progeny reared from large hosts. Not all parasite adults could successfully oviposit through the tough skin of the host pupa. C. laricinellae showed poor searching capacity. Superparasitism was common at low host densities of the casebearer and resulted in either one parasite emerging or in total parasite mortality. A sex ratio where females predominated resulted when sufficient numbers of preferred stages of the host were presented to mated C. laricinellae. The temperature threshold for attacking hosts was 55°F, and for development of the parasite 40°F. At 50°F the adults lived 4 months on the average.Therefore C. laricinellae is able to survive in the field without alternate hosts and at very low host densities. The parasite seems to depend on a continuing supply of suitable instars of host species in sufficient numbers to be effective. If C. laricella is the only available host species in the ecosystem the biological control value of this chalcid must be rated as poor.
A NEW EASTERN NEARCTIC CHRYSOPS (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE)
Authors: Pechuman L. L. , Teskey H. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChrysops calvus is described as new from eastern North America. It and C. niger Macquart are considered sibling species. A lectotype of C. niger is designated in the collection of the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris.
THE INFLUENCE OF SPRAY PROGRAMS ON THE FAUNA OF APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA: XVIII. PREDATOR AND PREY POPULATIONS IN RELATION TO MITICIDES
Authors: Sanford K. H. , Herbert H. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOvex, tetradifon, and chlorbenside which are largely innocuous, and parathion which is more harmful, to beneficial insects and predaceous mites, have been used in apple orchards in Nova Scotia to control outbreaks of phytophagous mites. Dicofol is used at present but it is toxic to predaceous mites. Animert V-101 is effective against Panonychus ulmi (Koch) but is ineffective on most beneficial species. Dicofol and Animert V-101 initially reduced a high population of P. ulmi but were equally ineffective on predaceous insects. The latter chemical was innocuous to Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten and Vasates schlechtendali (Nal.) but gave partial control of P. ulmi. A similar high population of P. ulmi was reduced to a low level on a comparative untreated plot where a high number of predators was present. This reduction was evident 1 month later than on the treated plots. The overwintering numbers of P. ulmi in 1966 were below a commercially tolerable level on the three plots.
HOLARCTIAS (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: McGuffin W. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn examination of North American and Siberian adults of Holarctias indicates that H. sentinaria (Geyer) occurs only in the Nearctic. It differs from the Siberian species, H. rufinaria (Staudinger), in colour pattern of the wings and in the shape of the cornutus of the male genitalia. Specimens named H. magnetaria (Guenée) in North American collections should be re-examined and most, if not all, placed in the genus Scopula Schrank.
A NEW SPECIES OF THLIPTOCERAS FROM THAILAND, WITH NOTES ON GENERIC AND SPECIFIC SYNONYMY AND PLACEMENT AND WITH DESIGNATIONS OF LECTOTYPES (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe nominal genera Mimocomma Warren, Polychorista Warren, and Parudea Swinhoe are synonymized with Thliptoceras, and Prophantis Warren is removed from synonymy. Twenty previously described nominal species are referred to Thliptoceras; of these, 12 are recognized as valid. The following nominal species are referred to Thliptoceras for the first time: Circobotys marginalis Hampson, from Crocidophora; Mimocomma fulvimargo Warren, from Crocidophora; Salbia althealis Walker, with its three synonyms, Botys cydipeialis Walker, Botys tisiasalis Walker, and Phycidicera manicalis Snellen, all from Deba; Botys gladialis Leech, from Crocidophora; Crocidophora rufitinctalis Hampson; Ebulea decoloralis Warren, from Loxostege; Pyrausta torridalis Hampson; Phlyctaenodes decoloralis sinensis Caradja, from Loxostege; Parudea fimbriata Swinhoe; Crocidophora artatalis Caradja; Botys fuscocilialis Snellen, from Pyrausta. Lectotypes are designated for: Hapalia cascalis Swinhoe; Thliptoceras variabile [-is] Swinhoe; Thliptoceras epicrocale [-is] Swinhoe; Circobotys marginalis Hampson; Botys gladialis Leech; Ebulea decoloralis Warren; and Crocidophora artatalis Caradja. Thliptoceras rufitinctale (Hampson) is sunk as a junior synonym of T. gladiale (Leech) and T. torridale (Hampson) as a junior synonym of T. decolorale (Warren). T. sinense (Caradja) is considered a distinct species and not a subspecies of T. decolorale (Warren). T. buettikeri is described as a new species from Thailand.
SOME EFFECTS OF HOST SIZE ON NASONIA VITRIPENNIS AND MUSCIDIFURAX RAPTOR (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE)
Authors: Wylie H. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFemale Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) discover large housefly (Musca domestica L.) puparia more easily than small ones, and select for drilling a larger percentage of the large ones that they discover. If exposed only to small hosts instead of large ones, the parasites attack more of them in a given time, laying fewer eggs on each. This probably results because changes in parasitized hosts, leading to rejection by the females, occur sooner in small than in large fly pupae. Survival of immature N. vitripennis and of another pteromalid, Muscidifurax raptor G. & S., is greater on large hosts than on small ones. Sex ratio of both parasite species is unaffected by host size.
HEREDITARY BEHAVIOR VARIATION IN OVIPOSITION PATTERNS IN THE PARASITE NASONIA VITRIPENNIS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE)
Authors: Chabora Peter C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo strains of the pupal ectoparasite Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) originally derived from a single laboratory strain exhibited differences in the proportion of adjacent hosts attacked by the parasite following 65 weeks (approximately 32 generations) in experimental parasite–host systems. Strain I parasitized a greater number of adjacent hosts (19.9%) than strain II in the first generation after removal from the multi-cell system. The difference between the two strains and the laboratory strain decreased from the first to the fourth generation indicating a reversion toward a behavior pattern more akin to that of the laboratory strain.
THE PERSISTENCE OF A NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS IN THE HABITAT OF THE HOST INSECT, TRICHOPLUSIA NI: I. POLYHEDRA DEPOSITED ON FOLIAGE
Authors: Jaques R. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractField, glasshouse, and laboratory tests showed that deposits of polyhedra of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), on foliage are practically non-infective after a 1-month exposure to weathering. Inactivation by sunlight appeared to be more important than removal by washing by rain in causing this loss of activity. The virus was readily inactivated by exposure to ultraviolet light. Virus exposed in aqueous suspensions of polyhedra or in wetted deposits was inactivated by shorter exposures than was virus in dry deposits of polyhedra.
SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS LYCTOCORIS IN NORTH AMERICA AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES FROM QUEBEC (HETEROPTERA: ANTHOCORIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLyctocoris canadensis new species is described from southwestern Quebec. The other species of Lyctocoris known to occur in North America are L. campestris (Fabricius), L. doris Van Duzee, L. elongatus (Reuter), L. mexicanus Kelton, L. okanaganus Kelton & Anderson, L. rostratus Kelton & Anderson, L. stalii (Reuter), and L. tuberosus Kelton & Anderson. Species are keyed, known information on their ecology is given, and male genitalia and female abdominal segments are illustrated.
INTERACTION OF TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD IN THE INDUCTION OF PROLONGED DIAPAUSE IN NEODIPRION SERTIFER
Authors: Sullivan C. R. , Wallace D. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPrepupae of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) held in darkness at 21 °C undergo a short normal diapause if exposed as feeding larvae to long photoperiods, but have no diapause if reared in the larval stage under short photoperiods. If cocoons from short-day rearings are exposed to 10 °C instead of 21 °C, a small proportion of the prepupal larvae undergo the normal or short diapause, but the majority enter an intense or prolonged type of diapause which results in three clearly defined periods of adult emergence within the range of 160 to 800 days after cocoon spinning. Mortality increases directly with the prolonged cocoon periods associated with intense diapause at 10 °C and there is a progressive decrease in reproductive potential of the survivors. If cocoons are held at 29 °C normal diapause and morphogenesis are prolonged but there is no evidence that a state of intense diapause is induced. Mortality is extreme, however, and the reproductive potential of the survivors is greatly reduced.The implication of these findings is discussed in relation to prolonged diapause in nature, a factor critical to the assessment of the seasonal history and population dynamics of the insect.
EFFECTS OF GAMMA RADIATION ON FERTILITY, MATING, AND LONGEVITY OF MALES OF THE ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH, GRAPHOLITHA MOLESTA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: George John A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMale Grapholitha molesta (Busck) treated with 40 krad of gamma radiation in the late pupal stage reduced egg-hatch by 93.6%, and in the young adult stage by 96.4%, in eggs from untreated virgin females with which they were mated; in addition, hatched larvae failed to complete development. Induced sterility was consistently greater in treated adults as compared with treated pupae. Females in the late pupal stage were sterilized with about 10 krad.Male longevity decreased in proportion to the radiation dosage above 30 krad when caged at a ratio of 3 ♂: 1 ♀. Longevity of untreated males decreased in proportion to the number of females available for mating.Radiation levels of 30 krad or more decreased male mating, especially when applied to the pupal stage, in inverse proportion to dosage, as detected by caging males with three times as many females.The number of matings per untreated male increased with the number of females available up to an average of 3.8 while the number of matings per female averaged approximately 1.6 with from one to three males per female.
MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STERILE MALE PRINCIPLE
Authors: Berryman Alan A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA model is presented which describes the effect of sterile male release on a wild population. This model is not subject to restrictions, such as equal competitiveness between normal and sterile males and sperm nor to insect species whose females mate only once. The model is an approximation as it assumes constancy in several dynamic population variables. However, it has application in determining the approximate effects of sterile male release and in decisions on the number of sterile males required for release programs. It also has uses in ecological research.
INFLUENCE OF POSITION AND SIZE OF HOST SHELTER ON HOST-SEARCHING BY ITOPLECTIS CONQUISITOR (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Arthur A. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFemales of I. conquisitor could not be conditioned to attack horizontal tubes instead of vertical tubes of the same size and probably cannot distinguish between them. I. conquisitor could be conditioned to attack tubes of particular lengths or diameters and tubes mounted on pins rather than on plastic forms. These results are interpreted as showing that the parasites can recognize these differences in the host shelter and that these characteristics could influence host selection. It is suggested that if a polyphagous parasite to be introduced against a particular pest is first conditioned to that host in pieces of its host plant, the success of the parasite in finding that host and hence its chances of establishment would be increased.
DIAPAUSE IN THE CABBAGE MAGGOT,HYLEMYA BRASSICAE(DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: McLeod D. G. R. , Driscoll G. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe cabbage maggot,Hylemya brassicae, has a facultative diapause induced by the appropriate conditions of light and temperature: 16 hours of light per 24 hours at 20 °C produce nondiapause pupae while 12 hours of light per 24 hours at 20 °C produce diapause pupae. Diapause can be terminated if the pupae are exposed to temperatures from 0 to 5 °C for 4–5 months. Discrepancies in the literature with regard to the foregoing facts are explained.
OBTAINING AND PROTECTING RED-CLOVER POLLINATING SPECIES OF BOMBUS (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Hobbs G. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe use of false-underground hives (surface hives with tunnels attached to their entrances) when and where the desired species of bumblebees were common made the task of obtaining colonies for pollination purposes comparatively easy. False-underground hives were much less costly to set out than underground hives and attracted many more queens of surface-nesting and versatile species, as well as underground-nesting species, than did surface hives. Apparently the surface-nesting species will accept a nest that is entered through an upward-sloping tunnel but not one that must be reached through a downward-sloping tunnel; underground-nesting species require a tunnel but are not influenced by the direction of its slope.Setting occupied hives on posts with moats protected the queens or their broods from flooding, ants, ground squirrels, skunks, mice, shrews, and ungulates, but not from Psithyrus, even when odoriferous substances were put in the moats to mask the odor of the broods.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR OFCAMNULA PELLUCIDA(ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Riegert P. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA brief historical review of the occurrence of the clear-winged grasshopper,Camnula pellucida(Scudd.), is presented as well as recent information pertaining to the biology of its various life stages. In the egg stage, diapause is more successfully terminated by chilling at 5 °C for 70 days than at either 0 or −7 °C. Embryological development proceeded very favourably at incubation temperatures of 30 °C while 35 °C produced excessive mortality especially to pre-blastokinesis embryos. Most embryos in eggs of this species reach the same pre-blastokinesis stage of development more consistently every year than do those of other pest species of grasshopper in Saskatchewan. Thirty days of chilling at −12, −18, and −23 °C reduced the viability of the eggs by about 10, 20, and 50% respectively. Exposure to −29 °C killed all eggs in 3.5 to 5 hours.The phototactic and thermokinetic reactions of nymphs and adults, leading to aggregation, basking, and dispersal, are discussed and compared with those of other species. Details of nymphal migrations are described and related to such meteorological factors as wind, temperature, and position of the sun. Some further details of mating and oviposition are described, especially aggregation on egg beds and oviposition in stubble fields. Observations of predation by sandhill cranes and skunks are also recorded.
MORTALITY OF THE SAN JOSÉ SCALE (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) ON STORED APPLES OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES AND HARVEST DATES
Authors: Morgan C. V. G. , Angle B. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock, died within 8 to 22 weeks on McIntosh, Red Delicious, Common Delicious, Winesap, Rome Beauty, and Newtown apples harvested on commercial picking dates and placed in standard cold storage. The scale died in much shorter periods on early maturing varieties than on late maturing varieties.The later a variety was harvested the longer the fruit had to be stored to kill the scale. The maximum storage period was 32 weeks for Winesaps and Newtowns harvested in early November, approximately 1 month after the commercial picking date.The storage period required to kill the San José scale on Winesap apples varied from year to year, cool weather in early autumn apparently increasing the storage period.
INFLUENCE OF PRE-STORAGE TREATMENTS ON THE MORTALITY OF THE SAN JOSÉ SCALE (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) ON APPLES HELD IN STORAGE
Authors: Morgan C. V. G. , Angle B. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe pre-storage treatment of fruit with either an antiscald inhibitor or an alcohol solution for segregating water core apples, increased the rate of mortality of the San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock, on Winesap apples held in storage.The dewaxing and waxing process had little effect on the mortality of the San José scale. The process mechanically removed the scale from the cheeks and shoulders of stored apples but not from the calyx and stem ends.
THE EFFECT OF WOODPECKER PREDATION ON WOOD-BORING LARVAE OF FAMILIES SIRICIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) AND MELANDRYIDAE (COLEOPTERA)
Authors: Marshall H. G. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWoodpeckers consume wood-boring larvae of families Siricidae and Melandryidae leaving three distinct types of mark on the tree. The distribution of marks in relation to decreasing prey population indicates that tapping is the principal means of locating larvae. Forty per cent of siricids and two per cent of melandryids are consumed by woodpeckers on individual feeding trees; as siricid population increases the proportion of larvae taken decreases.
CAPRIC ACID BLENDED INTO FOODSTUFF FOR CONTROL OF AN INSECT PEST, TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)
Authors: House H. L. , Graham A. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCapric acid added to a food – whole wheat flour and dried brewers’ yeast – to constitute 2.5% or more of the foodstuff killed all Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val within 8 weeks. Lesser amounts of capric acid resulted in different degrees of mortality. By the end of 4 weeks similar results were inevitable when varied levels of capric acid were added to two representative dehydrated foods, tapioca pudding and macaroni and cheese. This uncustomary use of a long-recognized insecticidal fatty acid has some merit: for immixed with foodstuff it can control insect pests, and yet it, as a natural constituent of milk etc., is no stranger to metabolic systems of higher animals, so probably is not too hazardous to humans.
Mice with a Selective Impairment of IFN-γ Signaling in Macrophage Lineage Cells Demonstrate the Critical Role of IFN-γ–Activated Macrophages for the Control of Protozoan Parasitic Infections In Vivo
Authors: Lykens Jennifer E. , Terrell Catherine E. , Zoller Erin E. , Divanovic Senad , Trompette Aurelien , Karp Christopher L. , Aliberti Julio , Flick Matthew J. , Jordan Michael B. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
IFN-γ has long been recognized as a cytokine with potent and varied effects in the immune response. Although its effects on specific cell types have been well studied in vitro, its in vivo effects are less clearly understood because of its diverse actions on many different cell types. Although control of multiple protozoan parasites is thought to depend critically on the direct action of IFN-γ on macrophages, this premise has never been directly proven in vivo. To more directly examine the effects of IFN-γ on cells of the macrophage lineage in vivo, we generated mice called the “macrophages insensitive to IFN-γ” (MIIG) mice, which express a dominant negative mutant IFN-γ receptor in CD68+ cells: monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells. Macrophage lineage cells and mast cells from these mice are unable to respond to IFN-γ, whereas other cells are able to produce and respond to this cytokine normally. When challenged in vitro, macrophages from MIIG mice were unable produce NO or kill Trypanosoma cruzi or Leishmania major after priming with IFN-γ. Furthermore, MIIG mice demonstrated impaired parasite control and heightened mortality after T. cruzi, L. major, and Toxoplasma gondii infection, despite an appropriate IFN-γ response. In contrast, MIIG mice displayed normal control of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, despite persistent insensitivity of macrophages to IFN-γ. Thus, the MIIG mouse formally demonstrates for the first time in vivo, the specific importance of direct, IFN-γ mediated activation of macrophages for controlling infection with multiple protozoan parasites.
The Strength of B Cell Interaction with Antigen Determines the Degree of IgM Polymerization
Authors: Ye Jianmin , Bromage Erin S. , Kaattari Stephen L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The induction of variable disulfide polymerization of IgM in the trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and its effect on its half-life were examined. An association between greater Ab affinity and increased disulfide polymerization was first indicated by the observation of this increased IgM disulfide polymerization during the process of affinity maturation. A direct association between Ab affinity and disulfide polymerization was then established by the fractionation of individual sera into high- and low-affinity subpopulations, which also resulted in the partitioning of high and low degrees of disulfide polymerization. The ability of high-affinity B cells to produce more highly polymerized Abs upon Ag induction was demonstrated by in vitro Ag-driven selection. Low Ag concentrations, which elicited only high-affinity Abs, also possessed the highest degree of polymerization, whereas higher concentrations of Ag elicited a broader array of Ab affinities, yielding a lower average affinity and degree of polymerization. Half-life studies revealed that the high-affinity, highly polymerized Abs possessed longer half-lives than the lower-affinity, lightly polymerized Abs. Finally, although the affinity for Ag is associated with elevated levels of polymerization, analysis of naive Ig revealed that the degree of polymerization alone, not affinity, appears sufficient to prolong Ig half-life.
Tropical Cyclone Rainfall
Authors: Rogers Robert , Marks Frank , Marchok Timothy 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
A brief survey of the relevant research of tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall is presented here. The importance of TC rainfall in global and regional rainfall budgets is discussed, as is its mean characteristics as derived from airborne and satellite observational studies. Discussion is also presented on the physical processes that can modulate TC rainfall distributions, including topography, storm motion, vertical shear, and extratropical transition. Some tools that have been developed to predict and evaluate forecasts of TC rainfall are discussed. Finally, a summary and outlook for the future is presented, including a discussion of opportunities for improving TC rainfall forecasts and conducting research into the role of TC rainfall in intensity and structure changes in TCs.