bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of bacterial growth by pure ozone in the presence of nutrients
Authors: Ingram M. , Haines R. B. 
Published: May 2009

Data are given showing the concentration of pure ozone required to inhibit the growth of, and to destroy, various micro-organisms when growing on agar, in nutrient broth, a synthetic medium, or simply suspended in water. The following is shown:1. Different organisms vary in their susceptibility towards this gas. Achromobacter and Pseudomonas strains, such as occur on chilled meat, are the most resistant. On the whole, mould fungi are about as susceptible as bacteria.2. Very much higher concentrations are required to arrest established growth than can be used if inoculation and admission of inhibitor are coincident.3. Lower concentrations are inhibitory at lower temperatures. These results are ascribed to dissipation of the ozone by combination with products of bacterial metabolism. It seems that any factor which diminishes growth will augment the effectiveness of ozone.4. Comparatively small concentrations (less than 10 p.p.m.) suffice to destroy bacteria suspended in water. Somewhat larger concentrations inhibit growth in a synthetic medium.5. Still larger quantities (several hundred p.p.m.) are required in nutrient broth.6. Nutrient broth treated with ozone will support little or no bacterial growth, due to change of pH, growth taking place slowly if the pH is restored to its original value. Inhibition of growth in such a medium is therefore a complex process depending in part upon the secondary effects of decomposition of the medium.7. To kill them, bacteria require still more ozone (in some cases several thousand p.p.m.) if growing on agar. These results are ascribed to combination of ozone with the supporting medium.8. When applied to organisms growing on food, combination with ozone not only spoils the food, but it makes it difficult to interpret the effect on the microbes in terms of the ozone applied.9. The inhibitory concentrations are higher than humans can tolerate.10. Ozone destroys the dehydrogenating enzymes of the cell, and it is suggested that its germicidal action may be partly due to interference with cellular respiration.The work described in this paper was carried out as part of the programme of the Food Investigation Organization of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
A study of herpes zoster particularly in its relationship to chickenpox
Authors: Seiler H. E. 
Published: May 2009

The results of a field survey of herpes zoster over a period of 18 months are described and the difficulties of such a survey mentioned.A total of 246 patients with herpes zoster, only 16% of whom had attended hospital, is reported. It is calculated that the yearly incidence in the population was approximately 2 per 1000.Full investigation and ‘follow up’ was undertaken in 184 cases. These are classified according to the site of the zoster—the dorsal, supra-orbital and cervical regions being affected in almost 90%, the dorsal region alone accounting for 53·3%.Herpes generalisatus occurred in 7, or 38%, of the cases, recurrent herpes zoster in 6, or 3·3%, while there was one case of motor paralysis affecting lower limb.The majority of patients were apparently well at the onset of the zoster, but 27 had some associated disease; 5 gave a history of trauma prior to the onset and 2 were related to pregnancy.The seasonal and geographical distribution is given and, while the numbers are too small for statistical analysis, the disease in 1947 showed two peaks of higher incidence, the one in May and the other in October. Crowding or density of population did not appear to be important, and the disease occurred sporadically rather than in epidemic form.There was a higher proportion of female cases, but when related to the population as a whole no sex differentiation was observed. Of the patients 60% were over 45 years of age.There was no evidence that housing conditions or occupation were of aetiological significance or that the disease was more common among any particular section of the community.Eleven patients had been associated with other cases of herpes zoster before developing the disease, while 3 gave a suggestive history of prior contact with chickenpox.A condition indistinguishable from chickenpox occurred among the contacts of 10 patients, 12 individuals being affected, and there was one instance of concurrent herpes zoster and chickenpox. Other infections such as mumps, measles and rubella, while as common in association with the onset of herpes zoster, were not so frequently found as the chickenpox condition amongst contacts of the disease.The results of the survey as regards the relationship of chickenpox and herpes zoster are discussed. It is considered that the evidence does not favour a significant association with chickenpox prior to the onset of herpes zoster, but that the facts are consistent with the view that a condition indistinguishable from chickenpox may follow contact with herpes zoster. It is suggested, however, that this may be a generalized manifestation of the virus of zoster rather than true chickenpox.
Glycine and formic hydrogenlyase
Authors: Gordon J. , Stickland L. H. 
Published: May 2009

1. A strain ofBoot, coliadapted to growth in high glycine concentrations, which had lost the power of producing ‘gas’ from sugars, was shown to be devoid of formic hydrogenlyase.2. Formic acid was prominent among the products of fermentation of sugars by this strain.3. The appearance of formic hydrogenlyasein vitro, in bacteria grown in such a way as not to contain the enzyme, was inhibited by glycine at high concentrations.One of us (J. G.) is indebted to the Medical Research Council for a grant-in-aid for expenses.
Destruction of bacteria in sewage and other liquids by chlorine and by cyanogen chloride
Authors: Allen L. A. , Brooks Eileen 
Published: May 2009

When samples of domestic sewage are treated with doses of chlorine lower than the chlorine demand bactericidal action depends not only on the proportion of the demand satisfied but also on the absolute size of the dose. With doses just sufficiently large to leave residual chlorine detectable byo-tolidine, reduction in the plate count of bacteria after contact for 15 min. ranged in various tests from 96·2 to 98·7%.With domestic sewage reduction in bacterial count after addition of chlorine is followed, after an interval, by aftergrowth of survivors which rapidly brings the population to its original level or higher. For this interval to be prolonged the initial concentration of chlorine must be considerably greater than the chlorine demand. This accords with the fact that the rapid reaction of chlorine with constituents of the sewage, which occurs in the first few minutes, is followed by a slower absorption which takes place over a prolonged period, so that the initial bactericidal action of residual chlorine tends to be lost after a time. For many purposes the effectiveness of chlorination should be judged not only by the percentage of bacteria destroyed after a short period of contact but also by the interval which elapses before aftergrowth becomes appreciable.In samples of sewage treated with doses of chlorine sufficient to destroy the protozoa, surviving bacteria eventually reached a level of population much higher than that of the untreated sewage. The majority of such bacteria were found to be Gram-negative, non-sporing rods, which included strains ofProteusand ofPseudomonas pyocyanea. Tests with a pure culture of a species ofProteusshowed that the organisms surviving chlorination are not intrinsically capable of reaching a higher population than the parent culture.When sewage contains small quantities of gas liquor or thiocyanate the bactericidal action of doses of chlorine lower than the demand is much more prolonged than the action of comparable doses in domestic sewage, owing to the formation of cyanogen chloride.Comparative tests of the action of chlorine and of cyanogen chloride on pure cultures ofBacterium coliin peptone water and on the mixed flora of sewage showed that the bactericidal effect of cyanogen chloride was more persistent than that of a comparable dose of chlorine. With sewage and with some brands of peptone the immediate effect of the chlorine, on the other hand, was often considerable.
Poliomyelitis in Auckland, 1947–1949. An epidemiological study
Authors: Thompson A. W. S. 
Published: May 2009

(a) This paper is a study of a poliomyelitis epidemic in the Central Auckland Health District which commenced in November 1947, and by the end of April 1949 had produced 345 cases in a population of about 350,000.(b) Incidence per 10,000 reached 8·0 in the city, 15·4 in the country districts, and 21·5 in certain urban areas lying between city and country.(c) In general, incidence was inversely related to population density. Abnormally high incidences in some urban areas was attributed to influx of rural dwellers in recent years. Unusually low incidence in one city area may have been related to the periodic effect of race meetings in increasing the local density.(d) The three previous Auckland epidemics showed a successively declining incidence, and were linked by periods of grumbling activity. The present epidemic was preceded by a lull, and its toll has approached that of the 1916 epidemic. It is probable that a new cycle has begun which will imitate the first, but on a lower scale.(e) Spot maps showed that the disease was already widespread before the first positive cases revealed its presence. Some ebb and flow, but no actual movement from one area to another, occurred during its course. An interesting feature was the comparative rarity of cases in the neighbourhood of the city's sewage-polluted bathing beaches.(f) An inverse correlation was noted between the ratios of ‘suspect’ to positive cases established in a previous inquiry, and the incidence of cases with paralysis or paresis in various age/sex groups. High ratios indicated lower severity.(g) It was estimated that by the end of April 1949, all boys 10–15 years in Auckland had been affected by poliomyelitis, either ‘suspect’ or positive. Less than half the girls of this age had been affected. Estimates are given for the other age groups.(h) Families of cases showed no significant difference in composition from the average in the area.(i) No correlation, whether inverse or direct, was found between sanitary conditions in schools and the incidence of positive cases.(j) The cycle of poliomyelitis in the community is discussed in the light of these findings.
Accidents among children under two years of age in Great Britain
Authors: Rowntree G. 
Published: May 2009

1. In the spring of 1948 the health visitors of 422 authorities in Britain obtained information from 4683 mothers on accidental injuries sustained by their young children during the first 2 years of life. This study formed part of a questionnaire inquiry into the health and development of these young children, who had all been born in one week, 3–9 March 1946.2. The mothers seem to have remembered accurately the more serious accidents which received professional treatment during the 2 years under review. It is possible that some of the minor injuries which had not been treated were not recalled or entered on the questionnaires.3. The rate for all serious injuries which received professional care was 79·6 per 1000 children in the sample. Treated cuts were almost as frequent as treated burns or scalds, each being sustained by about 37 per 1000 children. There were only 7·5 fractures per 1000 children. The sum of the rates for each type of injury (81·3 per 1000) slightly exceeds the combined rate for all children injured (79·6 per 1000). This is due to the fact that in calculating the former rates eight children who were each involved in two serious accidents of different types were counted twice, i.e. once under each type of injury sustained.4. In 1946–8 treatment of young children for burns or scalds and for serious cuts was most frequently given by general practitioners. Children under 2 years of age were admitted to accident wards of hospitals chiefly for the treatment of serious burns or scalds. Fractures were usually treated at out-patients’ departments.5. Although almost all accidents occurred at home, variations in housing conditions, as measured by crowding and the domestic facilities available, had little effect on the incidence of accidents among children under 2 years of age. Accidents happened most frequently when the children were beginning to walk and becoming inquisitive, and most injuries occurred either because they were not steady on their feet or because they had not developed ‘heat-sense’.6. Since domestic help was rare, most children had to play in the kitchen or living room while their mothers were doing the housework, cooking and laundry. In these circumstances, they were often exposed to the risk of injury.
Feeding and breeding of laboratory animals. XII. A note on the breeding of guinea-pigs without fresh green food
Authors: Bruce H. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. Five generations of guinea-pigs bred successfully on diet 18 supplemented with crystalline ascorbic acid but without fresh green food.2. No difference in reproductive performance was found between these animals and those of the normal breeding colony receiving unlimited supplies of fresh abbage.3. Symptoms of vitamin E deficiency appeared among some young of the fourth and fifth generations, showing that diet 18 alone contained barely enough of this factor for continuous reproduction througy many generations.4. Diet 18, supplemented by hay and fresh green food to supply vitamin C and additional vitamin E, provides all the essential factors required by the guinea-pig.
Human tuberculosis of bovine origin in Northern Ireland
Authors: Reilly Lilian V. 
Published: May 2009

A survey of the extent of bovine type human tuberculosis in Northern Ireland has been made from unselected material during the past 5 years.Only one case of bovine type pulmonary tuberculosis was found out of more than 1000 cases.The proportion of bovine type cases in the non-respiratory group was 4·3%; 3·3% of meningitis cases were of bovine origin.A marked decline in the extent of bovine type infection is shown to have occurred during the past 10 years. This is believed to be due to a great increase in the pasteurization of milk during this period. Milk was a particularly valuable food during the war, and pasteurization facilitated its distribution.
The conglutination phenomenon. VII. A study of the interaction of complement components and conglutinin in the process of conglutination
Authors: Coombs R. R. A. , Blomfield A. M. , Roberts G. Fulton 
Published: May 2009

Techniques for the fractionation of C′ 1 and C′ 2, and for the specific inactivation of C′ 4 of horse complement are described, and shown to be satisfactory. These three components of complement and also conglutinin are found to be essential to the process of conglutination.The experiments reported do not exclude the possibility of additional or unidentified fractions of horse serum playing a part in the reaction. Whether or not C′ 3 is essential to the process of conglutination could not be determined from the evidence available.It was found that by the procedures employed the C′ 4 fraction may be supplied either from the horse complement or from the heated bovine serum added as a source of conglutinin or from both.When horse complement and bovine antibody against sheep cells are used it is found that conglutination will only result when the complement components are absorbed on to the immune complex in a particular sequence. The sequence is that C′ 1 is absorbed first on to the sensitized cells, and then C′ 2 and C′ 4 are absorbed together. Both these components must be presented together to the sensitized cells carrying C′ 1 if conglutination is to result. Finally, conglutinin acts on the sensitized cells which have absorbed the three complement components, and conglutination results.The significance of these findings, together with matters of a more general nature, is discussed.
Observations upon the cytology and life history ofFusiformis
Authors: Morris E. O. 
Published: May 2009

Fusiformisis a multicellular organism having the cytological characters of the Eubacteria, and normally reproducing by fission.A few cells of all the strains examined pass through the L cycle; usually the initiation of this process follows the patterns described inProteusand the Morax-Axenfeld bacillus. It has not so far been possible to grow these L-forms ofFusiformisin culture without immediate reversion to the bacillary form.The stable forms described by other workers appear to be produced by a process analogous to the sexual conjugation seen in theActinomyces.The evidence suggests that passage through the L cycle is a normal function ofFusiformisin its natural habitat.
Some chemical and bacterial characteristics of bottom deposits from lakes and estuaries
Authors: Allen L. A. , Grindley J. , Brooks Eileen 
Published: May 2009

Chemical and bacteriological examination of muds from sources differing widely in the degree of pollution to which they were subject showed great differences in the contents of carbon, nitrogen and sulphide. These differences were not correlated with differences in the severity of faecal pollution. The amount of organic matter available for growth of micro-organisms in the mud of different depths was not reflected in the figures for organic carbon. A convenient index of this factor was obtained by measuring the volume of gas evolved during anaerobic digestion over a prolonged period of incubation. The rate of evolution was increased by the addition of an inoculum of digested sludge from a sewage works.Sulphate-reducing bacteria appeared to be of two different types. In samples of mud from fresh-water lakes much higher counts were usually obtained in a medium containing comparatively low concentrations of inorganic salts and of lactate than in a medium containing much higher concentrations of these constituents. In samples from locations where conditions were more saline the reverse was usually true.Counts of Bact. coli and of Strep, faecalis together probably constitute the best index of faecal pollution in the examination of samples of mud. These organisms are, however, largely confined to the surface layers.
Variation in complement-fixing activity ofRickettsia burnetiduring egg adaptation
Authors: Stoker M. G. P. 
Published: May 2009

1. The haemolytic complement-fixation test and the conglutinating complement-absorption test, as well as the agglutination reaction and the antiglobulin sensitization test, have been used to study a change which occurs during egg adaptation of the Christie strain ofR. burneti.2. Antigens were prepared from yolk sacs of the third to the ninth passages inclusive. Irrespective of numbers of rickettsiae, antigens from the third and fourth passage failed to fix complement with homologous (human) antiserum, unless the latter was in very low dilution. From the fifth passage, however, antigens fixed complement with high dilutions of the same antiserum and thus resembled the classical Henzerling strain antigen.3. Third-passage antigen failed to fix conglutinating as well as haemolytic complement with high serum dilutions. The agglutination reaction and antiglobulin test, however, showed that third-passage antigen absorbed antibody almost as well as ninth-passage and Henzerling strain antigens.4. It was not possible to find out if the change in behaviour was due to a true antigenic variation or to non-specific hindrance of complement absorption. Heating failed to alter the behaviour of the antigens and the results of absorption tests were inconclusive.
Thermal comfort in warm and humid atmospheres: Observations on groups and individuals in Singapore
Authors: Ellis F. P. 
Published: May 2009

The majority of sedentary lightly clad acclimatized European men and women in Singapore are reasonably comfortable in relation to their indoor thermal environment provided the effective temperature does not exceed 78° F. or fall below 73° F.European women, who were, however, older as a group than the other subjects, preferred rather cooler conditions than European men or Asian men and women.There were considerable variations between individuals in their comfort tolerance for various levels of warmth, but the average opinion of one individual was usually consistent provided sufficient votes were collected to provide an adequate sample at each level of warmth.When the dry-bulb temperature was above 83° F., increasing the average air movement from a still to a more turbulent condition added to the comfort of the majority of European men and women. When the temperature was below 83° F. for men and 81° F. for women, moderately good air movement was rather less comfortable than slight air movement; whereas below 77° F. still air was more comfortable than slight or moderate air movement. Increasing the air movement within a compartment can thus be used for combating thermal discomfort only within a limited range of warmth, but within that range it is extremely useful.Two groups of naval ratings who had been living in a warship in a tropical climate were reasonably comfortable at similar levels of warmth to the men in Singapore, but they were less tolerant of levels of warmth above the comfort zone.
Active and passive sensitization of the uterus of the cow in vivo against Trichomonas foetus antigen and the evidence for the local production of antibody in that site
Authors: Kerr W. R. , Robertson Muriel 
Published: May 2009

1. Antibody occurs in the uterus and can be withdrawn by irrigation. Intrauterine antibody results from the introduction of antibody into the lumen of the uterus.2. Neither free antibody nor the sensitization of the uterus has been produced by intramuscular injection of antigen, even when antibody has circulated in the bloodstream for periods from a few weeks to many months.3. Active sensitization of the uterus follows upon the repeated introduction of antigen into the uterus.4. It is concluded that antibody can be produced locally by some of the cells in the uterus when T. foetus antigen is present.5. The uterus of the cow can be sensitized passively in vivo by the instillation of bovine anti-trichomonas serum so that the instillation 6–10 days later of Trichomonas antigen will produce the characteristic local anaphylactic reaction.
The Influence of Temperature, and some other Physical Conditions, on Calf Vaccine
Authors: Green Alan B. 
Published: May 2009

1. Temperature influences the rate at which glycerinated lymph deteriorates in accordance with the law of Arrhenius, expressing the effect of temperature upon chemical action; the rate of deterioration increasing three times per 10° rise in temperature.2. Dry powdered calf vaccine in sealed glass capillary tubes still gave rise to typical vesicles after exposure to a temperature of 100°C. for from 5 to 10 minutes.3. The vaccine virus can withstand positive osmosis for 24 hours or more, and negative osmosis for 8 weeks or more, at room temperature.4. It appears doubtful whether the vaccine virus will pass through a Berkefeld V filter even when a stored vaccine emulsion is used for filtration. If any virus does pass through it only does so exceptionally and in small quantities.5. When a glycerinated vaccine emulsion is filtered, white flocculi frequently form in the filtrate. These are at first minute, but subsequently adhere and form a macroscopic sediment. This sediment, when inoculated on calves, does not cause vesiculation.Microscopically these flocculi, in hanging drop preparations, resemble the vaccine bodies described by one or more observers.