bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carrier Dyeing of Polyester Fibre Part II – The Influence of Carriers on the Diffusion of Disperse Dyes
Authors: ROBERTS G. A. F. , SOLANKI R. K. 
Published: July 2010

The influence of carriers on the diffusion of disperse dyes in polyester fibre has been studied. The extent to which the diffusion rate of a dye is increased is independent of the chemical structure of the carrier but depends on the molar concentration of carrier in the fibre and on the chemical structure of the dye. The influence on the diffusion rate decreases with increase in temperature, and the rates of decrease increase with increase in the activation energies of diffusion of the dyes when no carrier is present.The presence of carrier reduces the activation energies of diffusion of the dyes, the reduction being related to the decrease in the entropies of activation of diffusion brought about by the plasticizing action of the carrier. This reduction in the activation energy of diffusion leads to the existence of a temperature at which the presence of carrier would have no effect on the diffusion coefficient of the dye, and above which the presence of carrier would actually reduce the diffusion coefficient. The value of this temperature depends upon the carrier concentration in the fibre and the specific dye.
Application of Computer Control in the Batch Dyeing Industry
Authors: GRAY A. 
Published: July 2010

This paper describes the application of computer control in the industry of batch dyeing, and relates facilities offered by a computer system to the requirements of the dyeing process.The facilities described range from basic dye cycle control to the monitoring and control of chemical and material weighing. However, this is not intended to imply that all the facilities are suitable for every plant. Each facility must be evaluated in relation to the operating requirements of an individual plant, and a selection made based on return against invested capital.
Uniform Colour Space Based on the CMC(l:c) Colour‐difference Formula
Authors: Luo M R , Rigg B 
Published: July 2010

The CMC(c) colour‐difference formula agrees more closely with visual assessments than does the CIE L*a*b* formula, but hitherto there has been no associated ‘uniform colour space’. A new colour space similar in form to CIE L*a*b* space has been derived in which distances agree closely with the corresponding ΔE(CMC) values. The new space was extensively tested using real and hypothetical pairs of samples. In each case the distance, in the space, between a pair of samples was compared with the ΔE(CMC) value. The disagreement rarely exceeded 20%, while discrepancies between distances in CIE L*a*b* space and those implied by the CMC formula can exceed 500%.It is easy to construct ‘micro‐spaces’ apparently corresponding to the CMC formula which should be applicable to small regions of colour space and hence useful for applications such as colour sorting. Such micro‐spaces did not agree with the CMC formula as well as did the new space.The new space represents a substantial improvement over CIE L*a*b* space with respect to uniformity; its form is similar to CIE L*a*b* and so is easy to use.
The Maudsley Bipolar Disorder Project
Authors: Frangou Sophia 
Published: July 2010

Summary:  Purpose: The Maudsley Bipolar Disorder Project set out to investigate the cognitive and brain structural and functional characteristics of Bipolar Disorder I (BDI). Methods: Participating patients were recruited while in remission from a secondary care setting and were matched to healthy volunteers in terms of age, gender, race, and years of education. All participants underwent extensive clinical and cognitive assessment. Brain structural and functional data also were obtained by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: Compared with controls, patients showed subtle widespread decrements, with executive function being more markedly impaired. Patients also showed volume decrements in the ventral prefrontal cortex (VPFC) bilaterally and the dorsal PFC (DPFC) on the left, whereas the volume of the amygdala was bilaterally enlarged. Patients showed subtle abnormalities in functional MRI in their DPFC, with marked decrements in activity in both the DPFC and VPFC in tasks that rely on the functional interaction of these brain regions. Conclusions: Our results suggest that BDI is associated with trait deficits in executive function and in the structure and function of the PFC.
First seizure definitions and worldwide incidence and mortality
Authors: Hauser W. Allen , Beghi Ettore 
Published: July 2010

Summary While all patients with epilepsy experience seizures, not all individuals with seizures have epilepsy. Seizures may be acute symptomatic or unprovoked. Acute symptomatic seizures are seizures occurring at the time of a systemic insult or in close temporal association with a documented brain insult. Unprovoked seizures are seizures occurring in the absence of precipitating factors and may be caused by a static injury (remote symptomatic seizures) or a progressing injury (progressive symptomatic seizures). Unprovoked seizures may be single or recurrent (epilepsy). The incidence of acute symptomatic seizures is 29–39 per 100,000 per year. These predominate in men, in the youngest age class, and in the elderly. Traumatic brain injury, cerebrovascular disease, drug withdrawal, infarction, and metabolic insults are the commonest causes. The incidence of single unprovoked seizures is 23–61 per 100,000 person‐years. As with epilepsy, single unprovoked seizures predominate in men and in patients less than 12 months and older than 65 years. Studies on the mortality of acute symptomatic seizures are lacking. A standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of 2.3 has been reported in patients experiencing a single unprovoked seizure. The SMR in patients with a newly diagnosed unprovoked seizure ranges from 2.5 to 4.1 according to the study population and design. The SMR is highest in the youngest patients and in those with symptomatic seizures.
First seizure: EEG and neuroimaging following an epileptic seizure
Authors: Pohlmann‐Eden Bernd , Newton Mark 
Published: July 2010

Summary An early EEG (within 48 h) and high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging (hr_MRI) are the methods of choice for an accurate diagnosis after a first seizure presentation. Together with a careful history and examination, they will allow definition of the epilepsy syndrome in two‐thirds of patients and help assess the individual risk for seizure recurrence, which is determined by the specific syndrome and is highest with focal epileptiform activity on EEG. Despite the heterogeneity of first seizure studies, EEG and etiology are consistently found to be the best predictors for seizure recurrence and prognosis. The additional yield of sleep‐deprived EEG and sleep EEG is uncertain; yet MRI is essential for detecting brain tumors and other structural bases for new epilepsy. The rate occurrence of remote symptomatic seizures increases significantly with age and the most common etiology in the elderly with a first seizure is stroke; however, its exact relevance to epileptogenicity is yet to be defined. There is a striking lack of systematic studies using early EEG and hr_MRI in order to better characterize epileptogenic areas and elucidate the mechanisms of seizure provocation.
The socioeconomic, cultural, and emotional implications of starting or withholding treatment in a patient with a first seizure
Authors: Heaney Dominic C. , Bell Gail S. , Sander Josemir W. 
Published: July 2010

Summary The decision to treat or not treat individuals who have suffered a single epileptic seizure is based on clinical factors, which are considered within the individual's social, cultural, and emotional environment. Even if optimally communicated, individuals and their carers will make different decisions about first seizures and their treatment, as they will judge the risks and benefits of treatment (or its deferment) in this wider context. There is a significant body of literature that describes the impact of established epilepsy on aspects of an individual's overall quality of life (QoL), and more recently evidence is emerging about the factors that may be important in 2 years after a single seizure on and off treatment. Little research, however, has considered the importance of nonclinical factors in individual's choices at the time of a first seizure, and in particular in an individual's decision to use or not use treatment. Understanding these issues may improve communication of risks and benefits to individuals, and may offer insight into the mechanisms by which social and socioeconomic disadvantage occur in epilepsy.
Tuberous sclerosis: A primary pathology of astrocytes?
Authors: Sosunov Alexander A. , Wu Xiaoping , Weiner Howard L. , Mikell Charles B. , Goodman Robert R. , Crino Peter D. , McKhann Guy M. 
Published: July 2010

Summary
Purpose:

Cortical tubers are epileptogenic lesions in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Giant cells and dysplastic neurons are pathological hallmarks of cortical tubers. Severe astrogliosis, which is invariably present in tubers, has attracted much less attention. We hypothesize that the development of astrogliosis in cortical tubers constitutes a primary pathology of astrocytes and is directly related to TSC 1/2 mutations..
Methods:

To begin to test this hypothesis, we performed immunohistochemical and electron microscopic analysis of brain tuber tissue resected from epileptic TSC patients. We compared alterations in tuber astrocytes to those found in other acute and chronic human epilepsy pathologies.
Results:

We found that astrogliosis in tubers is comprised of a mixture of “gliotic” and “reactive” astrocytes. The majority of tuber astrocytes are “gliotic” astrocytes that are morphologically and immunophenotypically similar to astrocytes in areas of gliosis in hippocampal sclerosis (HS). However, specific immunostaining features differentiate TSC gliosis from HS gliosis. “Reactive” tuber astrocytes are large‐sized, vimentin positive cells in the vicinity of giant cells that show activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, consistent with mutated TSC gene function. These cells resemble acutely reactive human astrocytes seen in tissue resected from depth electrode implantation patients. Oligodendrocytes and NG2 expressing glial cells do not have any detectable alterations within tubers.
Conclusions:

We conclude that astrocytes are the type of glial cell selectively impacted in cortical tuber pathology. We propose that tubers may be dynamic lesions, with progression of astrocytes over time from “reactive” to “gliotic.” Tuber astrogliosis in TSC may represent a genetic “model” of gliosis that is phenotypically similar to gliosis seen in acquired human pathologies.
Comparison of Acupuncture to Injection for Myofascial Trigger Point Pain
Authors: Gazi Miriam C.B. , Issy Adriana M. , Ávila Ilíada P. , Sakata Rioko K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectives:  Many treatments have been proposed for myofascial pain syndrome. The objective of this study was to compare the analgesic effect of acupuncture to trigger point injection combined with cyclobenzaprine chlorhydrate and sodium dipyrone.Methods:  A randomized study was performed in 30 patients divided into 2 groups: G1 received trigger point injection with 0.25% bupivacaine twice weekly, and both cyclobenzaprine chlorhydrate 10 mg/day and sodium dipyrone 500 mg every 8 hours; G2 received classical and trigger point acupuncture twice weekly. All patients were instructed in physical exercise. The following parameters were evaluated: pain intensity rated on a numerical scale, number of trigger points, and quality of life before and 4 weeks after treatment.Results:  The pain scores and the number of trigger points reduced significantly in both groups, with no significant difference between groups. Significant improvement in the quality of life scores was observed for some of the functional domains in the 2 groups, whereas there was no improvement of the general health status domain in either group or of the emotional domain in G1.Conclusion:  Acupuncture, when compared with trigger point injection, combined with cyclobenzaprine chlorhydrate and sodium dipyrone provided similar pain relief and improvement in quality of life measures at 4 weeks. ▪
Judicial Reform as Insurance Policy: Mexico in the 1990s
Authors: Finkel Jodi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAfter seven decades of Mexican judicial subordination, President Ernesto Zedillo in 1994 introduced judicial reforms that increased the independence and judicial review powers of the judicial branch. The willful creation of a judiciary capable of checking the power of the president and the ruling PRI appears to counter political logic; but it makes sense as a political “insurance policy” to protect the ruling party from its rivals. PRI politicians, newly unable to control political outcomes at state and local levels and unsure if they would continue to dominate the national government in the future, opted to empower the Mexican Supreme Court as a hedge against the loss of office. This article argues that the likelihood of the reforms' producing an empowered judiciary increases as the ruling party's probability of reelection declines.
Phage display selection of peptides that home to atherosclerotic plaques: IL‐4 receptor as a candidate target in atherosclerosis
Authors: Hong Hai‐yan , Lee Hwa Young , Kwak Wonjung , Yoo Jeongsoo , Na Moon‐Hee , So In Seop , Kwon Tae‐Hwan , Park Heon‐Sik , Huh Seung , Oh Goo Taeg , Kwon Ick‐Chan , Kim In‐San , Lee Byung‐Heon 
Published: July 2010

AbstractImaging or drug delivery tools for atherosclerosis based on the plaque biology are still insufficient. Here, we attempted to identify peptides that selectively home to atherosclerotic plaques using phage display. A phage library containing random peptides was ex viv screened for binding to human atheroma tissues. After three to four rounds of selection, the DNA inserts of phage clones wer sequenced. A peptide sequence, CRKRLDRNC, was the most frequently occurring one. Intravenously injected phage displaying the CRKRLDRNC peptide was observed to home to atherosclerotic aortic tissues of low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐deficient (Ldlr−/–) mice at higher levels than to normal aortic tissues of wild‐type mice. Moreover, a fluorescein‐ or radioisotope‐conjugated synthetic CRKRLDRNC peptide, but not a control peptide, homed in vivo to atherosclerotic plaques in Ldlr−/– mice, while homing of the peptide to other organs such as brain was minimal. The homing peptide co‐localized with endothelial cells, macrophages and smooth muscle cells a mouse and human atherosclerotic plaques. Homology search revealed that the CRKRLDRNC peptide shares a motif of interleukin‐receptor (IL‐4) that is critical for binding to its receptor. The peptide indeed co‐localized with IL‐4 receptor (IL‐4R) at atherosclerotic plaques. Moreover, the peptide bound to cultured cells expressing IL‐4R on the cell surface and the binding was inhibited by the knock‐down of IL‐4R. These results show that the CRKRLDRNC peptide homes to atherosclerotic plaques through binding to IL‐4R as its target and may be a useful tool for selective drug delivery and molecular imaging of atherosclerosis.
Adrenergic and Serotoninergic Mechanisms in Gastric Secretion in Rats
Authors: Fjalland B. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The influence of adrenergic and serotoninergic mechanisms on gastric secretion was investigated using fistula‐ and pylorus‐ligated rats. Secretion was increased by the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor α‐methyltyrosine. This effect could be reversed by L‐DOPA. 6‐hydroxydopamine also increased gastric output. The tryptophane hydroxylase inhibitorp‐chlorophenylalanine reduced gastric output and abolished the increase in gastric secretion induced by α‐methyltyrosine.The antisecretory effect of serotonin was found to be antagonized by α‐methyltyrosine. Pre‐treatment with 6‐hydroxydopamine also diminished the anti‐secretory effect of serotonin.The results indicate the possibility of the existence of an inhibiting peripheral adrenergic tonus in the regulation of gastric secretion in rats. Furthermore it is suggested, that the anti‐secretory effect of large doses of serotonin may be due to displacement of noradrenaline in catecholamine neurones. Finally the question is raised whether a balance between serotoninergic and adrenergic mechanisms in the regulation of gastric secretion may exist in rats.
THE SEA URCHIN EGG AS A TESTING OBJECT IN TOXICOLOGY
Authors: Hagström Berndt E. , Lönning Sunniva 
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The sea urchin egg offers unique properties for experimental work on the cellular and embryologic level. The developmental stages are well suited for the study of teratogenic effects exerted by drugs. The development of the sea urchin egg is holoblastic and resembles the early development of the human ovum considerably. The gametes and embryos of the regular sea urchin species Paracentrotus lividus and Psammechinus microtuberculatus have been used in a study of the teratogenic effects of chloramphenicol, nicotine, chlorpromazine, imipramine and thalidomide. All the substances tested were found to influence the fertilization, cleavage and differentiation of the larvae. The effects of the substances on the cellular and embryonic level are described and the possible mechanism of action is discussed.During the past decade the interest in substances inflicting malformations or general injuries in living organisms has gained an increasing interest. The extensive use of biocides and their repercussions on living organisms of immediate economic interest and on man created an extending research in this field. Of particular importance was, however, the discovery of the teratogenic properties of the sedative hypnotic drug thalidomide. In spite of the elaborate pharmacological methods applied in testing drugs before their adoption in clinical use thalidomide, if administered during pregnancy, was ascertained to cause congenital malformations in man. This was a surprise since thalidomide was regarded as a particularly safe drug and even the intake of large overdoses did not seem to cause any persisting ill effects. There is, however, some confusion about the teratogenic effect of thalidomide and its mode of action is still obscure.In the present investigation a number of substances with known or suspected teratogenic effect in man were studied on the cellular and embryonic level. As material served the gametes and larvae from the regular sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (LAMARCK), which is the classic material for the study of fertilization, cleavage and development. Few organisms have been subjected to a more conclusive experimental work, and the main advantage with this material is that every ripe female delivers several millions of fairly uniform transparent eggs, particularly suited for microscopic examination in the living state. Subsequent to insemination the eggs develop within the course of a few days into self‐maintaining larvae. Cleavage and organogenesis are also easy to observe and even minor changes taking place after the addition of an active drug can be registered in the microscope.The fact that the cleavage and embryogenesis are so well investigated also makes it possible to study the specific effect on e.g. the ectoderm or the endoderm of a certain substance. The short period of time necessary for the embryo to reach the self‐maintaining pluteus stage also minimizes the influence of external experimental factors.
A survey of the pharmacological properties of metoprolol in animals and man
Authors: Åblad Bengt , Borg Karl Olof , Carlsson Enar , Ek Lars , Johnsson Gillis , Malmfors Torbjörn , Regårdh Carl‐Gunnar 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Studies in both animals and man have shown that metoprolol is a β1‐selective adrenergic receptor antagonist devoid of betamimetic activity. The cardiac stimulant effect of isoprenaline is markedly inhibited by metoprolol in doses that only slightly influence the vasodilator and bronchodilator effects of isoprenaline. Metoprolol markedly inhibits the cardiac response to exogenous or neuronally released noradrenaline. This action is probably the main determinant of the acute general hemodynamic effects of the compound. Metoprolol differs from propranolol in being a very weak inhibitor of the peripheral vasodilator effect of adrenaline. The two blockers may therefore produce differential hemodynamic effects in situations in which endogenous adrenaline contributes to cardiovascular control.Metoprolol has a preventive antihypertensive action in rats with genetically determined hypertension. This effect is associated with an impaired vasoconstrictor fibre control, the mechanism of which is discussed.The results of the toxicological and general pharmacological studies indicate that metoprolol is a highly specific β‐blocker.The pharmacokinetic studies indicate that metoprolol is completely absorbed after oral administration. The first pass elimination in man is about 55% and independent of dose in the therapeutic dose range. Metoprolol is eliminated from human blood plasma with a half‐life of 3–4 hours. The main metabolites have been isolated and characterized pharmacologically. Unchanged metoprolol appears to be responsible for the β‐blocking action.The pharmacological characterization of metoprolol gave results that warranted reformulation of the β1—β2‐receptor classification of Lands et al. (1967). This modified adrenergic β‐receptor concept is described and its implications are discussed.
Combined pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in man of the adrenergic β1‐receptor antagonist metoprolol *
Authors: Johnsson Gillis , Regärdh Carl‐Gunnar , Sölvell Lennart 
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The adrenergic β1‐receptor antagonist metoprolol was given orally and intravenously in varying doses to healthy volunteers. The effect on the heart rate during exercise was linearly related to the logarithm of the dose and the plasma concentration. The most pronounced effect was obtained during the first exercise test after administration (one hour after oral and 20 minutes after intravenous administration). The effect declined linearly with time (zero‐order kinetics) and at virtually the same rate for all doses investigated. The time for 50% reduction of the maximally registered effect was 6.4 hours after 100 mg metoprolol orally and 5.0 hours after 50 mg.The plasma concentration of metoprolol declined mono‐exponentially with time at a rate corresponding to an elimination half‐life of about three hours. The relationship between the areas under the plasma concentration curves after oral and intravenous administration indicated a bioavailability of 40–50% for the two highest oral doses. In accordance with this the ratio between equipotent oral and intravenous doses was about 2.5.