bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of occasional cannabis use in adolescence: 10-year follow-up study in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Degenhardt Louisa , Coffey Carolyn , Carlin John B. , Swift Wendy , Moore Elya , Patton George C. 
Published: March 2010

BackgroundRegular adolescent cannabis use predicts a range of later drug use and psychosocial problems. Little is known about whether occasional cannabis use carries similar risks.AimsTo examine associations between occasional cannabis use during adolescence and psychosocial and drug use outcomes in young adulthood; and modification of these associations according to the trajectory of cannabis use between adolescence and age 20 years, and other potential risk factors.MethodA 10-year eight-wave cohort study of a representative sample of 1943 secondary school students followed from 14.9 years to 24 years.ResultsOccasional adolescent cannabis users who continued occasional use into early adulthood had higher risks of later alcohol and tobacco dependence and illicit drug use, as well as being less likely to complete a post-secondary qualification than non-users. Those using cannabis at least weekly either during adolescence or at age 20 were at highest risk of drug use problems in young adulthood. Adjustment for smoking in adolescence reduced the association with later educational achievement, but associations with drug use problems remained.ConclusionsOccasional adolescent cannabis use predicts later drug use and educational problems. Partial mediation by tobacco use raises a possibility that differential peer affiliation may play a role.
Autism, ethnicity and maternal immigration
Authors: Keen D. V. , Reid F. D. , Arnone D. 
Published: March 2010

BackgroundA growing number of European studies, particularly from Nordic countries, suggest an increased frequency of autism in children of immigrant parents. In contrast, North American studies tend to conclude that neither maternal ethnicity nor immigrant status are related to the rate of autism-spectrum disorders.AimsTo examine the hypotheses that maternal ethnicity and/or immigration are linked to the rate of childhood autism-spectrum disorders.MethodRetrospective case-note analysis of all 428 children diagnosed with autism-spectrum disorders presenting to the child development services in two centres during a 6-year period.ResultsMothers born outside Europe had a significantly higher risk of having a child with an autism-spectrum disorder compared with those born in the UK, with the highest risk observed for the Caribbean group (relative risks (RRs) in the two centres: RR = 10.01, 95% CI 5.53–18.1 and RR = 8.89, 95% CI 5.08–15.5). Mothers of Black ethnicity had a significantly higher risk compared with White mothers (RR = 8.28, 95% CI 5.41–12.7 and RR = 3.84, 95% CI 2.93–5.02). Analysis of ethnicity and immigration factors together suggests the increased risk is predominately related to immigration.ConclusionsMaternal immigration is associated with substantial increased risk of autism-spectrum disorders with differential risk according to different region of birth and possibly ethnicity.
Duration of untreated illness and outcome in schizophrenia: test of predictions in relation to relapse risk
Authors: Owens David Cunningham , Johnstone Eve C. , Miller Patrick , Macmillan J. Fiona , Crow Timothy J. 
Published: March 2010

BackgroundThe nature of the relationship between duration of the pre-diagnostic interval in schizophrenia and better outcomes remains unclear.AimsTo re-examine data from one of the earliest studies suggesting an association between long pre-treatment interval and compromised outcome, assessing the relationship between symptomatic and social variables and increased relapse risk at 1 year.MethodSymptomatic, social and demographic data from participants in the Northwick Park Study of First Episodes who completed 12-month follow-up (n= 101) were re-analysed in the context of duration of untreated illness (DUI).ResultsAt admission, those with long DUI were more likely to have lower scores on tension derived from the Present State Examination, exhibited more behaviour threatening to others and more bizarre behaviour, were more likely to be single, to live alone or dependently, to be unemployed and to have experienced more adverse life events prior to admission. Logistic regression showed that diminished tension, bizarre behaviour and unemployed status independently increased the risk of relapse, bizarre behaviour making the single biggest contribution. Tension did not remain significant with log-transformation of data.ConclusionsFindings are consistent with the conclusion that long DUI can reflect characteristics of the psychosis itself rather than delay in treatment.
Cost-effectiveness of a stepped care intervention to prevent
depression and anxiety in late life: randomised trial
Authors: van't Veer-Tazelaar Petronella , Smit Filip , van Hout Hein , van Oppen Patricia , van der Horst Henriette , Beekman Aartjan , van Marwijk Harm 
Published: March 2010

BackgroundThere is an urgent need for the development of cost-effective preventive
strategies to reduce the onset of mental disorders.AimsTo establish the cost-effectiveness of a stepped care preventive
intervention for depression and anxiety disorders in older people at high
risk of these conditions, compared with routine primary care.MethodAn economic evaluation was conducted alongside a pragmatic randomised
controlled trial (ISRCTN26474556). Consenting individuals presenting with
subthreshold levels of depressive or anxiety symptoms were randomly
assigned to a preventive stepped care programme (n = 86)
or to routine primary care (n = 84).ResultsThe intervention was successful in halving the incidence rate of
depression and anxiety at €563 (£412) per recipient and €4367 (£3196) per
disorder-free year gained, compared with routine primary care. The latter
would represent good value for money if the willingness to pay for a
disorder-free year is at least €5000.ConclusionsThe prevention programme generated depression- and anxiety-free survival
years in the older population at affordable cost.
Utility of computerised cognitive–behavioural therapy for
depression
Authors: Andrews Gavin 
Published: March 2010

SummaryA recent study found that people with depression identified in the
community recovered equally well given unsupported computerised
cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT), general practitioner treatment or a
combination of the two, even if they did not comply. The results are
different from those reported elsewhere. Could natural remission explain
the finding?
Use of psychotropic medication in seven English psychiatric intensive care units
Authors: Brown Steve , Chhina Navjyoat , Dye Stephen 
Published: March 2010

Aims and methodTo describe the psychotropic medication given to 332 patients admitted consecutively to seven English psychiatric intensive care units (PICUs) by prospective, multicentre case-note analysis.ResultsOverall, 104 (32%) patients received rapid tranquillisation or zuclopenthixol acetate by intramuscular injection; 72 (23%) received more than one regular antipsychotic drug simultaneously. It was reported that 20 patients received high-dose antipsychotic medication, which was probably an underestimate. The use of these interventions varied significantly between different units.Clinical implicationsPotentially risky treatments such as forcible intramuscular medication are a standard part of PICU activity. Further work is needed to clarify the reasons behind the differences in prescribing practices between different PICUs.
New Ways of Working is dead, long live New Ways of Working! Revised joint guidance on the employment of consultant psychiatrists
Authors: Clark Andrew 
Published: March 2010

SummaryIn 2005 the Royal College of Psychiatrists, the NHS Confederation, the National Institute for Mental Health in England and the Department of Health jointly produced the first edition of the Joint Guidance on the Employment of Consultant Psychiatrists. This was integral to the New Ways of Working initiative and outline different professional roles within mental health services. Four years on the document has been extensively revised. The new 2009 edition emphasises achieving viable and satisfying consultant posts through effective job planning and good team functioning. It also contains guidance on recruitment processes with useful examples of templates, flowcharts and good practices.
Reading about deception
Authors: Spence Sean A. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryDeception is commonplace and a discipline such as psychiatry, so often reliant upon subjective accounts, may be susceptible to its effects (especially in the fields of military, liaison, medico-legal and forensic practice). However, psychiatric trainees receive little formal teaching on the subject of medical deceit. Here, I review some recent books on deception, emphasising those works that cast tangential light upon everyday psychiatric practice. Useful sources of reference include those concerning the philosophy of deceit, the recent rise of political lying and the clinical problem of feigned illness. A clinically helpful distinction emerges: that between truth (accuracy) and truthfulness (sincerity).
A Heterozygous Mutation of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Receptor Causes Retention of the Nascent Protein in the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Results in Intrauterine and Postnatal Growth Retardation
Authors: Wallborn Tillmann , Wüller Stefan , Klammt Jürgen , Kruis Tassilo , Kratzsch Jürgen , Schmidt Gabriele , Schlicke Marina , Müller Eva , Schmitz van de Leur Hildegard , Kiess Wieland , Pfäffle Roland 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground: Mutations in the IGF-I receptor (IGF1R) gene can be responsible for intrauterine and postnatal growth disorders.Objective: Here we report on a novel mutation in the IGF1R gene in a female patient. The aim of our study was to analyze the functional impact of this mutation.Patient: At birth, the girl’s length was 47 cm [−1.82 sd score (SDS)], and her weight was 2250 g (−2.26 SDS). Clinical examination revealed microcephaly and retarded cognitive development. She showed no postnatal catch-up growth but had relatively high IGF-I levels (+1.83 to +2.17 SDS).Results: Denaturing HPLC screening and direct DNA sequencing disclosed a heterozygous missense mutation resulting in an amino acid exchange from valine to glutamic acid at position 599 (V599E-IGF1R). Using various cell systems, we found that the V599E-IGF1R mutant was not tyrosine phosphorylated and had an impaired downstream signaling in the presence of IGF-I. Flow cytometry and live cell confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a lack of cell surface expression due to an extensive retention of V599E-IGF1R proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum.Conclusion: The V599E-IGF1R mutation interferes with the receptor’s trafficking path, thereby abrogating proreceptor processing and plasma membrane localization. Diminished cell surface receptor density solely expressed from the patient’s wild-type allele is supposed to lead to insufficient IGF-I signaling. We hypothesize that this mechanism results in intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation of the affected patient. The reported retention of the nascent IGF1R in the endoplasmic reticulum presents a novel mechanism of IGF-I resistance.
Multiple roles for CCR2 during fracture healing
Authors: Xing Zhiqing , Lu Chuanyong , Hu Diane , Yu Yan-yiu , Wang Xiaodong , Colnot Celine , Nakamura Mary , Wu Yalei , Miclau Theodore , Marcucio Ralph S. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARY
Bone injury induces an inflammatory response that involves neutrophils, macrophages and other inflammatory cells. The recruitment of inflammatory cells to sites of injury occurs in response to specific signaling pathways. The CC chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) is crucial for recruiting macrophages, as well as regulating osteoclast function. In this study, we examined fracture healing in Ccr2−/− mice. We first demonstrated that the expression of Ccr2 transcripts and the filtration of macrophages into fracture calluses were most robust during the early phases of fracture healing. We then determined that the number of macrophages at the fracture site was significantly lower in Ccr2−/− mice compared with wild-type controls at 3 days after injury. As a result, impaired vascularization, decreased formation of callus, and delayed maturation of cartilage were observed at 7 days after injury in mutant mice. At day 14, Ccr2−/− mice had less bone in their calluses. At day 21, Ccr2−/− mice had larger calluses and more bone compared with wild-type mice, suggesting a delayed remodeling. In addition, we examined the effect of Ccr2 mutation on osteoclasts. We found that a lack of Ccr2 did not affect the number of osteoclasts within fracture calluses at 21 days after injury. However, Ccr2−/− osteoclasts exhibited a decreased ability to resorb bone compared with wild-type cells, which could contribute to the delayed remodeling of fracture calluses observed in Ccr2−/− mice. Collectively, these results indicate that a deficiency of Ccr2 reduces the infiltration of macrophages and impairs the function of osteoclasts, leading to delayed fracture healing.
Facile Preparation Method of a Disposable Capillary Biosensor Using an Ion-selective Optode Membrane and a Dissolvable Enzyme Membrane and Its Application to Urea Sensing
Authors: Tsutsumi Erina , Henares Terence G , Kawamura Kunio , Yao Toshio , Hisamoto Hideaki 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A facile preparation method of a disposable capillary biosensor immobilizing a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane ion-selective optode containing a lipophilic pH indicator dye and an ionophore, and a dissolvable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) membrane containing an enzyme is developed. The method involves the sequential introduction of membrane cocktail solution followed by air introduction. Repeating this process allowed facile preparation of a capillary biosensor comprised of two layer structure, which can be used for single-step biosensing just by sipping the sample with capillary action. Here a urea biosensor was prepared as a proof-of-concept.
Synthesis and Immobilization of Amylose Derivatives Bearing a 4-tert-Butylbenzoate Group at the 2-Position and 3,5-Dichlorophenylcarbamate/3-(Triethoxysilyl)propylcarbamate Groups at 3- and 6-Positions as Chiral Packing Material for HPLC
Authors: Shen Jun , Ikai Tomoyuki , Shen Xiande , Okamoto Yoshio 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Two novel amylose derivatives 2a and 2b bearing 4-tert-butylbenzoate at the 2-position and 3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate/3-(triethoxysilyl)propylcarbamate residues at 3- and 6-positions were successfully synthesized and immobilized onto silica gel, and their chiral recognition abilities were evaluated as chiral packing materials (CPMs) for high-performance liquid chromatography. These immobilized CPMs exhibited recognition ability similar to conventional coated CPM, and for some racemates, comparable or better resolutions were observed even compared to commercial immobilized amylose- or cellulose-based columns.
Preparation of Carbon-supported Pt–Co Alloy Nanoparticles for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Promotion of Pt–Co Alloy Formation by Coverage with Silica
Authors: Takenaka Sakae , Hirata Akiko , Matsune Hideki , Kishida Masahiro 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Carbon-supported Pt–Co catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction was covered with silica layers to inhibit sintering of the metal particles. Coverage of the Pt–Co catalyst with silica layers promoted the formation of alloys with small diameters during treatment at 973 K. The silica-coated Pt–Co electrocatalyst showed a large electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) and excellent durability.
Nitroxide Radicals for Highly Efficient Redox Mediation in Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Kato Fumiaki , Hayashi Naoki , Murakami Takaya , Okumura Chie , Oyaizu Kenichi , Nishide Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A robust nitroxide radical, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) and its 4-subsituted derivatives (R-TEMPO) exhibit electrochemically reversible redox properties with tunable half-wave potentials (E1/2) based on the substituent effect. Dye-sensitized solar cells using R-TEMPO as mediators with electron-withdrawing R groups showed significantly enhanced photovoltages compared with those obtained using iodides. The linearity between the open-circuit voltage (Voc) and E1/2 revealed that Voc was dominated by the energy gap between the Fermi level of TiO2 and the SOMO level of R-TEMPO.
Moderately Increased Risks of Down's Syndrome (1/51–1/270) Identified on First Trimester Sequential Screening: What do Patients do with this Information?
Authors: Wagner Danielle , Pargas Carol , Donnenfeld Alan E 
Published: March 2010

Objective To document patient decisions after being informed of a first trimester sequential screen Down's syndrome risk between 1/51 and 1/270. Setting A database analysis of sequential screen results for patients seen in the Philadelphia, PA (USA) area between January 2006 and March 2008 was examined. Methods All patients with first trimester sequential screen Down's syndrome risks in the 1/51–1/270 range were identified. Patient decisions regarding invasive testing (prior to completing the second trimester stage of the sequential screen), completion of the second trimester blood draw or no additional testing were tabulated. Results A total of 10,850 patients underwent first trimester sequential screening during this interval. Five hundred and fifty-seven patients (5.1%) met the study inclusion criteria and had risks between 1/51 and 1/270. Ninety-three percent of these patients completed the sequential screening process before making any decisions regarding invasive testing. Four percent did not elect an invasive prenatal diagnosis procedure, but also did not complete the second trimester sequential screening blood draw and only 3.2% elected an invasive procedure based on their first trimester risk without completing the second trimester blood draw. Five women (0.9%) with low risks after the second stage screen chose to have an amniocentesis. Conclusion The vast majority (97%) of patients in the moderately increased Down's syndrome risk range (1/51–1/270) following first trimester sequential screening did not pursue an invasive procedure based on their first trimester sequential screen risk. Using a ≥ 1/50 risk cut-off in the first trimester is an effective screening policy for sequential screening.
Evaluation of a Proposed Mixture Model to Specify the Distributions of Nuchal Translucency Measurements in Antenatal Screening for Down's Syndrome
Authors: Bestwick J P , Huttly W J , Wald N J 
Published: March 2010

Objectives A mixture model of crown-rump length (CRL)-dependent and CRL-independent nuchal translucency (NT) measurements has been proposed for antenatal screening for Down's syndrome. We here compare the efficacy of the mixture model method with the standard method, which uses NT multiple of the median (MoM) values in a single distribution. Settings A routine antenatal screening programme for Down's syndrome comprising 104 affected and 22,284 unaffected pregnancies. Methods The ability of NT to distinguish between affected and unaffected pregnancies was compared using the mixture model method and the standard MoM method by using published distribution parameters for the mixture model of NT and parameters derived from these for the standard MoM method. The accuracy of the two methods was compared for NT and maternal age by comparing the median estimated risk with the prevalence of Down's syndrome in different categories of estimated risk. Results Using NT alone observed estimates of discrimination using the two methods are similar; at a 70% detection rate the false-positive rates were 12% using the mixture model method and 10% using the MoM method. Risk estimation was marginally (but not statistically significantly) more accurate using the standard MoM method. Conclusions The mixture model method offers no advantage over the standard MoM method in antenatal screening for Down's syndrome, is more complicated and less generalizable to other datasets. The standard MoM method remains the method of choice.
The reliability and variation of measurements of the os calcis angles in children
Authors: Clint S. A. , Morris T. P. , Shaw O. M. , Oddy M. J. , Rudge B. , Barry M. 
Published: March 2010

The databases of the Picture Archiving and Communication Systems of two hospitals were searched and all children who had a lateral radiograph of the ankle during their attendance at the emergency department were identified. In 227 radiographs, Bohler’s and Gissane’s angles were measured on two separate occasions and by two separate authors to allow calculation of inter- and intra-observer variation. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to assess the reliability of the measurements.For Bohler’s angle the overall inter-observer reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.90 and the intra-observer reliability 0.95, giving excellent agreement. This reliability was maintained across the age groups. For Gissane’s angle, inter- and intra-observer reliability was only fair or poor across most age groups.Further analysis of the Bohler’s angle showed a significant variation in the mean angle with age. Contrary to published opinion, the angle is not uniformly lower than that of adults but varies with age, peaking towards the end of the first decade before attaining adult values. The age-related radiologic changes presented here may help in the interpretation of injuries to the hindfoot in children.
Survival and functional outcome after revision of a unicompartmental to a total knee replacement
Authors: Pearse A. J. , Hooper G. J. , Rothwell A. , Frampton C. 
Published: March 2010

We reviewed the rate of revision of unicompartmental knee replacements (UKR) from the New Zealand Joint Registry between 1999 and 2008. There were 4284 UKRs, of which 236 required revision, 205 to a total knee replacement (U2T) and 31 to a further unicompartmental knee replacement (U2U). We used these data to establish whether the survival and functional outcome for revised UKRs were comparable with those of primary total knee replacement (TKR). The rate of revision for the U2T cohort was four times higher than that for a primary TKR (1.97 vs 0.48; p < 0.05). The mean Oxford Knee Score was also significantly worse in the U2T group than that of the primary TKR group (30.02 vs 37.16; p < 0.01). The rate of revision for conversion of a failed UKR to a further UKR (U2U cohort) was 13 times higher than that for a primary TKR. The poor outcome of a UKR converted to a primary TKR compared with a primary TKR should contra-indicate the use of a UKR as a more conservative procedure in the younger patient.
Total hip replacement in patients with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia with a mean follow-up of 15 years and survival analysis
Authors: Ramaswamy R. , Kosashvili Y. , Cameron H. 
Published: March 2010

The hip joint is commonly involved in multiple epiphyseal dysplasia and patients may require total hip replacement before the age of 30 years. We retrospectively reviewed nine patients (16 hips) from four families. The diagnosis of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia was based on a family history, genetic counselling, clinical features and radiological findings. The mean age at surgery was 32 years (17 to 63), with a mean follow-up of 15.9 years (5.5 to 24). Of the 16 hips, ten required revision at a mean of 12.5 years (5 to 15) consisting of complete revision of the acetabular component in three hips and isolated exchange of the liner in seven. No femoral component has loosened or required revision during the period of follow-up. With revision for any reason, the 15-year survival was only 11.4% (95% confidence interval 1.4 to 21.4). However, when considering revision of the acetabular shell in isolation the survival at ten years was 93.7% (95% confidence interval 87.7 to 99.7), reducing to 76.7% (95% confidence interval 87.7 to 98.7) at 15 and 20 years, respectively.