bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trading information for conservation: a novel use of radio broadcasting to reduce sea turtle bycatch
Authors: Alfaro-Shigueto Joanna , Mangel Jeffrey C. , Dutton Peter H. , Seminoff Jeffrey A. , Godley Brendan J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBycatch of non-target animals in small-scale fisheries poses a major threat to seabirds and marine mammals and turtles. This is also a problem for small-scale fisheries in Peru because of the magnitude of these fisheries and the important marine biodiversity in Peruvian waters. Here we describe how we implemented a novel approach to mitigate bycatch impacts on marine turtles in Peru. We used high-frequency (HF) two-way radio communication to exchange information with fishers. We sought data that would afford insights into fishing patterns and levels of turtle bycatch so that we could identify areas of high-density bycatch in real time and warn other fishers. In return we provided oceanographic and atmospheric information useful for the fishers. Radio communication also served as a platform to promote the use of safe handling and release techniques for incidentally caught animals. During the 24 months of the programme we communicated with over 200 vessels and with 200–1,400 fishers, who used primarily longlines, gillnets, jiggers, purse seiners and trawlers. Our findings suggest that HF radio communication is a useful tool (low cost and widely used by fishers, with extensive spatial coverage), helps build links with fishers that potentially reduces fishery impacts on marine turtles, and can also provide information on poorly documented fisheries and the relevant bycatch data associated with small-scale fishing practices.
Social networks and subjective wellbeing among older Europeans: does age make a difference?
Authors: LITWIN HOWARD , STOECKEL KIMBERLY J. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThis inquiry examined whether social networks are associated with wellbeing among older-old people in the same way that they are among younger-old persons. The study focused on family respondents, aged 60 and older, from the second wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (N=14,728). The statistical analysis regressed two wellbeing measures (the CASP quality of life scale and life satisfaction) on a range of social network variables from three domains: family structure and interaction, social exchange and social engagement. In addition, the inquiry viewed these associations through the lens of age-based interaction terms, controlling for background characteristics, health status and region. The analysis revealed that the associations between subjective wellbeing and social network vary according to age. Among younger-old respondents, aged 60–79, more significant associations were found between social network variables and wellbeing outcomes in comparison to older-old respondents, aged 80 or older. Differences between age groups also emerged with the direction of the associations between social network variables and subjective wellbeing. The study results reveal that social networks do matter in very old age, but not in the same way as among younger-old persons. This finding is one indication of the differences that may emerge between third-age adults and those approaching the fourth age.
Quantifying the indirect effects of key child survival interventions for pneumonia, diarrhoea, and measles
Authors: WALKER C. L. FISCHER , MUNOS M. K. , BLACK R. E. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYTo date many studies have measured the effect of key child survival interventions on the main cause of mortality while anecdotally reporting effects on all-cause mortality. We conducted a systematic literature review and abstracted cause-specific and all-cause mortality data from included studies. We then estimated the effect of the intervention on the disease of primary interest and calculated the additional deaths prevented (i.e. the indirect effect). We calculated that insecticide-treated nets have been shown to result in a 12% reduction [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·0–23] among non-malaria deaths. We found pneumonia case management to reduce non-pneumonia mortality by 20% (95% CI 8–22). For measles vaccine, seven of the 10 studies reporting an effect on all-cause mortality demonstrated an additional benefit of vaccine on all-cause mortality. These interventions may have benefits on causes of death beyond the specific cause of death they are targeted to prevent and this should be considered when evaluating the effects of implementation of interventions.
Habitat selection of Marbled Teal and White-headed Duck during the breeding and wintering seasons in south-eastern Spain
Authors: SEBASTIÁN-GONZÁLEZ ESTHER , FUENTES CRISTINA , FERRÁNDEZ MARCOS , ECHEVARRÍAS JOSÉ L. , GREEN ANDY J. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryUnderstanding habitat requirements is vital for developing successful management strategies for threatened species. In this study we analyse the habitat selection of two globally threatened waterbirds (Marbled TealMarmaronetta angustirostrisand White-headed DuckOxyura leucocephala)coexisting in an internationally important wetland (El Hondo Natural Park, south-eastern Spain) at three spatial scales. We surveyed adults and broods of these species fortnightly during two consecutive years and we related density and presence of birds to several habitat variables. At a pond-selection scale, the density of both species was related to the surface area of the ponds, with Marbled Teal showing avoidance of medium-sized ponds, and White-headed Ducks strong selection for the largest ponds. Within ponds, Marbled Teal avoided open waters, and was mainly associated withPhragmitesreedbeds, but also selected areas with saltmarsh andScirpusvegetation, especially for brood-rearing. White-headed Duck made more use of deeper areas with open water, especially in winter, andPhragmiteswas the only emergent vegetation with which it associated. When breeding success was very high in 2000, strong creching of broods was observed in White-headed Duck, but not in Marbled Teal. In order to provide suitable habitat for both species, there is a need to maintain spatial diversity with a combination of large wetlands suitable for both species and small, vegetated ones suitable for the Marbled Teal.
Humanitarian organizations involved in protection activities: a story of soul-searching and professionalization
Authors: Gentile Pierre 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn this article, I argue that humanitarian actors are becoming increasingly professional when designing and implementing protection activities in situations of armed conflict and violence. According to my own personal experience, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has undergone drastic changes over the last two decades. The institution has diversified the type of protection activities it can implement; it now gives more attention to various population groups and their ability to develop resilience to different types of threat; and, finally, it is increasingly putting more emphasis on the training and career paths of its field delegates working on protection issues. Such changes are not the exclusive trademark of the ICRC. Many humanitarian and human rights actors working on protection issues have undertaken similar adjustments.The article notes that much clarity on protection concepts, as well as considerable field experience, has been gained since the 1990s. The number of humanitarian and human rights organizations implementing protection activities in the field has steadily increased. Positive as well as negative lessons learned have been documented and have helped to shape institutional guidance and guidelines. Inter-institutional exchanges have strengthened, allowing the development of professional standards for protection work, to ensure that protection work is as safe and efficient as possible. In the end, this professionalization of the field of protection is in the best interests of both the communities affected by violence and disasters, and the humanitarian field workers confronted by complex challenges.
Satellite observations of Antarctic sea ice thickness and volume
Authors: Kurtz N. T. , Markus T. 
Published: July 2012

We utilize satellite laser altimetry data from NASA's Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) combined with passive microwave measurements to analyze basin‐wide changes in Antarctic sea ice thickness and volume over a 5 year period from 2003–2008. Sea ice thickness exhibits a small negative trend while area increases in the summer and fall balanced losses in thickness leading to small overall volume changes. Using a 5 year time series, we show that only small ice thickness changes of less than −0.03 m/yr and volume changes of −266 km3/yr and 160 km3/yr occurred for the spring and summer periods, respectively. These results are in stark contrast to the much greater observed losses in Arctic sea ice volume and illustrate the different hemispheric changes of the polar sea ice covers in recent years. The uncertainties in the calculated thickness and volume trends are large compared to the observed basin‐scale trends. This masks the determination of a long‐term trend or cyclical variability in the sea ice cover. It is found that lengthening of the observation time series along with better determination of the interannual variability of sea ice and snow densities will allow for a more statistically significant determination of long‐term sea ice thickness and volume trends in the Southern Ocean.
Validation of Oligohaline Elemental Otolith Signatures of Striped Bass by Use of In Situ Caging Experiments and Water Chemistry
Authors: Mohan John A. , Rulifson Roger A. , Corbett D. Reide , Halden Norman M. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The spatiotemporal variability in strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn) elemental signatures of water and fish otoliths was assessed from July to October 2008 across river habitats of Albemarle Sound, North Carolina. We examined whether relationships in these signatures exist and the potential of otoliths to serve as innate chemical tags. Hatchery-reared age-0 striped bass Morone saxatilis were placed in cages at four different locations to test development of habitat-specific otolith signatures. Dissolved elemental water and otolith signatures exhibited spatial variability but did not vary temporally. Chemical water signatures classified habitats with 76–81% accuracy, and otolith signatures of caged fish displayed 59–63% total classification accuracy depending on the classification method used. The elements Sr, Ba, and Mn were the main habitat discriminators, as their concentrations in otoliths were significantly correlated with concentrations in the water. Otolith Mg was not related to water chemistry and did not vary among habitats. Natural physiochemical gradients, geochemical processes, and possibly anthropogenic inputs influenced the trace elemental signatures of Albemarle Sound habitats. The unique chemical signals of the sound's river habitats validate the use of otolith signatures for determining striped bass habitat utilization in this system. Use of otolith elemental signatures as natural tags provides a quantitative method to determine the proportion of juvenile striped bass recruiting to the adult spawning stock from specific habitats, thus aiding resource managers in identifying habitats that should receive priority in restoration and conservation decisions.
Received June 11, 2010; accepted September 12, 2011
Evaluation of Otolith Microchemistry for Identifying Natal Origin of Anadromous River Herring in Connecticut
Authors: Gahagan Benjamin I. , Vokoun Jason C. , Whitledge Gregory W. , Schultz Eric T. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Over the past two decades, declines in the populations of river herring (alewife Alosa pseudoharengus and blueback herring Alosa aestivalis) have been documented across both species’ ranges. Information concerning the natal origins of spawning adult fish could aid in their restoration but has been unattainable. We investigated the efficacy of otolith microchemistry for identifying the natal environment of alewife and blueback herring in Connecticut. In both 2008 and 2009, water and juvenile and adult fish were sampled from 10 sites across the state. The relationships between water and otolith Sr:Ca ratios differed for alewives and blueback herring, necessitating the development of separate classification models for assigning individuals to capture locations. Reclassification of age-0 alewives to their site of origin was variable (50–100%) but demonstrated that age-0 fish could be accurately reclassified to their natal environment at some sites. Discriminant function reclassification rates to site of capture for adult alewives varied greatly (10–85%); the similarity of water chemical signatures among many sites likely contributed to the relatively low rates of assignment to the majority of collection locations. Adult blueback herring reclassification rates were low (15–33%) for three of four collection sites, probably due to overlapping elemental signatures. Blueback herring collected at the fourth site had a distinct signature and a reclassification rate (81%) comparable to that of the highest alewife rate. Changes in Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca ratios across sectioned otoliths suggested a higher degree of movement across salinity boundaries during the first year of life than previously documented for anadromous alewives and blueback herring. Otolith microchemistry may be a useful tool with which to investigate alewife and blueback herring natal homing and life history, but its utility appears to be confined to particular sites with unique signatures or to broader regional assignments of natal origin.
Received March 18, 2011; accepted August 23, 2011
Evaluating the Current Status of American Shad Stocks in Three Virginia Rivers
Authors: Latour Robert J. , Hilton Eric J. , Lynch Patrick D. , Tuckey Troy D. , Watkins Brian E. , Olney John E. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Directed commercial fisheries for American shad Alosa sapidissima in the primary Virginia tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay have been under moratorium since 1994. Monitoring of adult American shad within these rivers has been ongoing since 1998 through a cooperative program involving commercial fishers. The monitoring program is designed to mimic traditional commercial fishing practices so that stock status can be inferred by comparing contemporary catch-per-unit-effort levels with those derived from historic logbooks. In this paper, we present analyses of the available monitoring and historic catch rate data along with updated stock status information for American shad in the James, York, and Rappahannock rivers. Two analytical methods were used to derive annual indices of relative abundance; both methods yielded very similar patterns for each river system. Comparisons of contemporary and historic indices of relative abundance suggest that American shad in the James and York rivers continue to persist at low levels of abundance. Measures of stock abundance in the Rappahannock River have been higher than the logbook reference value for much of the monitoring period. However, current moratoria and restoration strategies, which include hatchery releases of fry, the removal of obstructions blocking spawning and nursery habitat, and reductions in bycatch from other fisheries, should continue into the foreseeable future.
Received March 30, 2011; accepted August 21, 2011
The STEAP protein family: Versatile oxidoreductases and targets for cancer immunotherapy with overlapping and distinct cellular functions
Authors: Grunewald Thomas G. P. , Bach Horacio , Cossarizza Andrea , Matsumoto Isao 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe human six‐transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate (STEAP) protein family contains at least five homologous members. The necessity of multiple homologous STEAP proteins is still unclear, but their peculiar and tissue‐specific expression suggests that they are assigned to distinct functional tasks. This concept is supported by the fact that especially STEAP1, and to a lesser extent STEAP2 and ‐4, are highly over‐expressed in many different cancer entities, while being only minimally expressed in a few normal tissues. Despite their very similar domain organisation, STEAP3 seems to act as a potent metalloreductase essential for physiological iron uptake and turnover, while in particular STEAP4 appears to be rather involved in responses to nutrients and inflammatory stress, fatty acid and glucose metabolism. Moreover, individual STEAP proteins possess overlapping functions important for growth and survival of cancer cells. Due to their membrane‐bound localisation and their high expression in many different cancers such as prostate, breast and bladder carcinoma as well as Ewing's sarcoma, STEAP proteins have been recognised and utilised as promising targets for cell‐ and antibody‐based immunotherapy. This review summarises our present knowledge of the individual members of the human STEAP family and highlights the functional differences between them.
Meta‐analysis: esomeprazole or rabeprazole vs. first‐generation pump inhibitors in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: McNicholl A. G. , Linares P. M. , Nyssen O. P. , Calvet X. , Gisbert J. P. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryBackgroundThe decreasing efficacy of H. pylori eradication treatments over time makes the search for better regimens and adjuvant medications a priority.AimTo conduct a meta‐analysis of studies comparing rabeprazole or esomeprazole with other proton pump inhibitors (PPI) or with each other in H. pylori eradication treatment.MethodsSelection of Studies: Randomised clinical trials comparing esomeprazole or rabeprazole with first‐generation PPIs (omeprazole‐lansoprazole‐pantoprazole) or with each other.ResultsThe meta‐analysis (35 studies, 5998 patients) showed higher eradication rates for esomeprazole than for first‐generation PPIs: 82.3% vs. 77.6%; OR = 1.32(1.01–1.73); NNT = 21. Rabeprazole also showed better results than first‐generation PPIs: 80.5% vs. 76.2%; OR = 1.21(1.02–1.42); NNT = 23. PPI dosage sub‐analysis: only esomeprazole 40 mg b.d. improved results [83.5% esomeprazole vs. 72.4% first generation; OR = 2.27(1.07–4.82); NNT = 9]. Whereas rabeprazole 10 and 20 mg b.d. maintained results, esomeprazole 20 mg b.d. obtained lower efficacy. Esomeprazole vs. rabeprazole sub‐analysis (five studies): no significant differences were found: 78.7% vs. 76.7%; OR = 0.90(0.70–1.17). CYP2C19 sub‐analysis: Genotype did not significantly affect eradication either in first [OR = 1.76(0.99–3.12)] or new generation [OR = 1.19(0.73–1.95)] PPIs. However, sub‐analysis considering only extensive metaboliser patients showed higher eradication with new‐generation PPIs [OR = 1.37(1.02–1.84)].ConclusionsEsomeprazole and rabeprazole show better overall H. pylori eradication rates than first‐generation PPIs. This clinical benefit is more pronounced in esomeprazole 40 mg b.d. regimens. In CYP2C19 extensive metabolisers, new‐generation PPIs are more effective than first‐generation PPIs for H. pylori eradication. However, a general recommendation of using new‐generation PPIs in all scenarios remains unclear.
Modulation of pain sensation by stress‐related testosterone and cortisol
Authors: Choi J. C. , Chung M. I. , Lee Y. D. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryStress increases cortisol and decreases testosterone. It is not known whether pain is affected by stress‐related testosterone. Therefore, we investigated whether stress can affect pain perception by decreasing testosterone and increasing cortisol. Pain thresholds, pain and anxiety ratings and salivary testosterone and cortisol levels were measured in 46 healthy men during resting and stressful conditions. Pain was induced by electrical stimulation. Stress was induced by having participants perform a medical test. Stress significantly increased anxiety ratings and salivary cortisol levels, but decreased salivary testosterone levels. Stress also increased pain ratings and decreased pain thresholds. During stress, cortisol levels were negatively correlated with pain thresholds and testosterone levels were positively correlated with pain thresholds. Results indicated that testosterone can decrease and cortisol can increase pain induced by electrical stimulation, suggesting that acute clinical pain may be relieved by controlling stress and managing consequent stress‐related testosterone and cortisol.
Source to sink relations between the Tian Shan and Junggar Basin (northwest China) from Late Palaeozoic to Quaternary: evidence from detrital U‐Pb zircon geochronology
Authors: Yang Wei , Jolivet Marc , Dupont‐Nivet Guillaume , Guo Zhaojie , Zhang Zhicheng , Wu Chaodong 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe tectonic evolution of the Tian Shan, as for most ranges in continental Asia is dominated by north‐south compression since the Cenozoic India‐Asia collision. However, precollision governing tectonic processes remain enigmatic. An excellent record is provided by thick Palaeozoic – Cenozoic lacustrine to fluvial depositional sequences that are well preserved in the southern margin of the Junggar Basin and exposed along a foreland basin associated to the Late Cenozoic rejuvenation of the Tian Shan ranges. U/Pb (LA‐ICP‐MS) dating of detrital zircons from 14 sandstone samples from a continuous series ranging in age from latest Palaeozoic to Quaternary is used to investigate changes in sediment provenance through time and to correlate them with major tectonic phases in the range. Samples were systematically collected along two nearby sections in the foreland basin. The results show that the detrital zircons are mostly magmatic in origin, with some minor input from metamorphic zircons. The U‐Pb detrital zircon ages range widely from 127 to 2856 Ma and can be divided into four main groups: 127–197 (sub‐peak at 159 Ma), 250–379 (sub‐peak at 318 Ma), 381–538 (sub‐peak at 406 Ma) and 543–2856 Ma (sub‐peak at 912 Ma). These groups indicate that the zircons were largely derived from the Tian Shan area to the south since a Late Carboniferous basin initiation. The provenance and basin‐range pattern evolution of the southern margin of Junggar Basin can be generally divided into four stages: (1) Late Carboniferous – Early Triassic basin evolution in a half‐graben or post‐orogenic extensional context; (2) From Middle Triassic to Upper Jurassic times, the southern Junggar became a passively subsiding basin until (3) being inverted during Lower Cretaceous – Palaeogene; (4) During the Neogene, a piedmont developed along the northern margin of the North Tian Shan block and Junggar Basin became a true foreland basin.