bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depth‐gradient and photoinitiator‐free photocrosslinking of poly(ethylene oxide)
Authors: Koo Gwang‐Hoe , Jang Jinho 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPoly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) films are photocrosslinked by continuous UV irradiation without photoinitiators. Maximum gel fraction and swelling of the photocrosslinked PEO films reach up to about 38.8% and 2824%, respectively. From NMR analysis, the photocrosslinking mechanism of PEO can be attributed to recombination between methine radicals, which are generated from the polymer chain by hydrogen abstraction. However, the relatively low degree of crosslinking is attributed to more facile photooxidation of the generated radicals and concomitant photo‐scission of the crosslinks. Depth‐gradient crosslinked structure can be formed by inherent UV absorption and successive photoscission of the crosslinked polymer surface, which can be made uniform by adjusting UV energy. The photocrosslinked PEO shows the higher glass transition temperature as much as 7.3°C coupled with significantly enhanced storage modulus and thermal stability. The lower crystallinity causes by the reduced recrystallizability of the crosslinked polymer chains in melt. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Thermal and mechanical properties of polypropylene nanocomposite materials reinforced with cellulose nano whiskers
Authors: Bahar Elif , Ucar Nuray , Onen Aysen , Wang Youjiang , Oksüz Mustafa , Ayaz Onur , Ucar Mehmet , Demir Ali 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe use polypropylene (PP, an apolar polymer) and cellulose nano whiskers (CNW, a polar material) to produce nano polymer composites with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties. To improve compatibility, maleic anhydride grafted PP has also been used as a coupling agent. To enhance the uniform distribution of CNW in the composite, the matrix polymer is dissolved in toluene, and sonification and magnetic stirring are applied. Good film transparency indicates uniform CNW dispersion, but CNW domains in the composite film observed under an scanning electron microscope may indicate slight agglomeration of CNW in the composite film. The tensile strength of the composite compared with neat PP improves by 70–80% with the addition of CNW. The crystallinity has also been improved by about 50% in the CNW reinforced samples. As the content of CNW increases, the composite exhibits higher thermal degradation temperature, higher hydrophilicity, and higher thermal conductivity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Modeling and simulation of polypropylene particle size distribution in industrial horizontal stirred bed reactors
Authors: Tian Zhou , Gu Xue‐Ping , Feng Lian‐Fang , Corriou Jean‐Pierre , Hu Guo‐Hua 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis work aims at developing a steady‐state particle size distribution (PSD) model for predicting the size distribution of polypropylene particles in the outflow streams of propylene gas‐phase horizontal stirred bed reactors (HSBR), on the one hand and investigating the effect of the catalyst residence time distribution (RTD) on the polymer PSD, on the other hand. The polymer multilayer model (PMLM) is used to describe the growth of a single particle. Knowing the PSD and RTD of a Ziegler–Natta type of catalyst and polymerization kinetics, this model allows calculating the polymer PSD of propylene polymerization in the HSBRs. The calculated polypropylene PSDs agree well with those obtained from the industrial reactors. The results reveal that both the PSD and the RTD of the catalyst affect the polymer PSD but in different manners. The effect of RTD on the PSD is less significant in the case of a nonuniform size catalyst feed. This model also allows investigating the effects of other process parameters on the polymer PSD under steady‐state conditions, including intraparticle mass‐ and heat‐transfer limitations, initial catalyst size, and polymer crystallinity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile on cold crystallization and mechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Wellen Renate M. R. , Canedo Eduardo L. , Rabello Marcelo S. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBlends of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with small amounts of styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile (SAN) were prepared by melt blending, and cold crystallization of these mixtures was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry. The results suggest that SAN interacts with the amorphous phase of PET, as observed by variations in the glass transition temperature and in the morphology of the blends, analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The addition of 1% SAN promoted a significant reduction in the crystallization rate of PET, in a manner similar to that of an antinucleating agent. However, the crystallinity of the PET/SAN blends was comparable with that of neat PET; hence, mechanical properties were only slightly affected. Kinetic parameters were determined using Avrami theory; Avrami plots presented a nonlinear behavior at the end of crystallization, indicating that cold crystallization proceeds in two stages. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Characterization of high melt strength propylene/1‐butene copolymer synthesized by in situ heat induction melt reaction
Authors: An Yanjie , Xing Haiping , Wang Yanhui , Tang Tao 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPropylene/1‐butene copolymer powders were produced through bulk copolymerization of propylene with 1‐butene in a 12 m3 polymerization reactor. High melt strength polypropylene (HMSPP) was synthesized by in situ heat induction melt reaction, in which pure propylene/1‐butene copolymer powders without any additives were used as a basic resin and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) as a crosslinking agent. The structure and properties of the resultant HMSPP were characterized by means of various measurements. The content of TMPTA strongly influenced the melt strength and melt flow rate (MFR) of HMSPP. With increasing the content of TMPTA, the melt strength of HMSPP increased, and the MFR reduced. In addition, owing to the existence of crosslinking structure, thermal stability and tensile strength of HMSPP were improved compared with pristine propylene/1‐butene copolymer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of poly(oxyalkylene)amines on structure and properties of epoxide nanocomposites
Authors: Kelnar Ivan , Rotrekl J. , Kaprálková L. , Hromádková J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA shortcoming of most polymer nanocomposites is relatively low toughness. An effective method to eliminate this is the use of a suitable combination of polymeric impact modifiers with organoclay, which may impart synergistic effects on the mechanical behavior of both thermoplastic and thermoset matrix nanocomposites. This work focuses on the effect of various combinations of amine‐terminated (APOP) and hydroxyl‐terminated poly(oxypropylene) (POP) and layered silicates on the structure and mechanical behavior of epoxy nanocomposites. The combination of APOP and POP with 0.5−5% wt % of organoclay leads to some compositions that produce well balanced mechanical behavior of the epoxy nanocomposite. The higher toughening effectiveness of APOP/montmorillonite (MMT) compared with that of POP/MMT is a consequence of formation of blended domains consisting of clay tactoids and fine APOP inclusions. An increase in the dispersed particle size with clay content was observed to be a consequence of more significant clay‐induced nucleation of phase separation at the expense of clay‐induced accelerated curing. The best mechanical behavior was observed for materials using an adduct of APOP and MMT, which was obtained using the ion exchange of sodium ions of MMT by protonated APOP. The enhanced mechanical behavior was due to the formation of nanosized planar arrays by self‐pilling of elastomer‐modified clay and the corresponding increase in the Tg of the epoxy. The structure/property relationships of these systems indicate that this type of clay polymer combination provides an effective way of modifying the mechanical behavior of epoxy nanocomposites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Addition of an indoleamine 2,3,‐dioxygenase inhibitor to B cell–depletion therapy blocks autoreactive B cell activation and recurrence of arthritis in K/BxN mice
Authors: Pigott Elizabeth , Mandik‐Nayak Laura 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo define the role of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) in driving pathogenic B cell responses that lead to arthritis and to determine if inhibitors of the IDO pathway can be used in conjunction with therapeutic B cell depletion to prevent the reemergence of autoantibodies and arthritis following reconstitution of the B cell repertoire.MethodsImmunoglobulin‐transgenic mice were treated with the IDO inhibitor 1‐methyltryptophan (1‐MT) and monitored for the extent of autoreactive B cell activation. Arthritic K/BxN mice were treated with B cell depletion alone or in combination with 1‐MT. Mice were monitored for the presence of autoantibody‐secreting cells, inflammatory cytokines, and joint inflammation.ResultsTreatment with 1‐MT did not affect the initial activation or survival of autoreactive B cells, but it did inhibit their ability to differentiate into autoantibody‐secreting cells. Treatment with anti‐CD20 depleted the B cell repertoire and attenuated arthritis symptoms; however, the arthritis symptoms rapidly returned as B cells repopulated the repertoire. Administration of 1‐MT prior to B cell repopulation prevented the production of autoantibodies and inflammatory cytokines and flare of arthritis symptoms.ConclusionIDO activity is essential for the differentiation of autoreactive B cells into antibody‐secreting cells, but it is not necessary for their initial stages of activation. Addition of 1‐MT to therapeutic B cell depletion prevents the differentiation of autoantibody‐secreting cells and the recurrence of autoimmune arthritis following reconstitution of the B cell repertoire. These data suggest that IDO inhibitors could be used in conjunction with B cell depletion as an effective cotherapeutic strategy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
An energy‐saving glutathione production method from low‐temperature cooked rice using amylase‐expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Hara Kiyotaka Y. , Kim Songhee , Kiriyama Kentaro , Yoshida Hideyo , Arai Shogo , Ishii Jun , Ogino Chiaki , Fukuda Hideki , Kondo Akihiko 
Published: January 2012

AbstractGlutathione is a valuable tripeptide that is widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Glutathione is industrially produced by fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Before the glutathione fermentation process with S. cerevisiae, a glucose extraction process from starchy materials is required. This glucose extraction is usually carried out by converting starchy materials to starch using high‐temperature cooking and subsequent hydrolysis by amylases to convert starch to glucose. In this study, to develop an energy‐saving glutathione production process by reducing energy consumption during the cooking step, we efficiently produced glutathione from low‐temperature cooked rice using amylase‐expressing S. cerevisiae. The combination of the amylase‐expressing yeast with low‐temperature cooking is potentially applicable to a variety of energy‐saving bio‐production methods of chemicals from starchy bio‐resources.
Jacob B. Winslow (1669–1760)
Authors: Bellary Sharath S. , Walters Andrew , Gielecki Jerzy , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Tubbs R. Shane , Loukas Marios 
Published: January 2012

AbstractJacob Winslow was a Dutch born, French naturalized anatomist and physician whose contributions to medicine are abundant. His importance to medicine is undisputed. His personal life included a religious crisis that resulted in his estrangement from his family, but afforded him patrons in Paris to continue his work. Following this conversion, he changed his name to that of his catechist and was rechristened Jacques Benigne Wilson. His respect as an expert was well deserved, and he held several prominent positions during his career in Paris. His main work, Exposition anatomique de la structure du corps humain, was published in 1732 and is considered the first purely anatomical treatise. This review highlights his contributions to anatomy and medicine through the course of his career. Clin. Anat. 25:545–547, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Foot anomalies and proximal symphalangism
Authors: Shaw Lauren , McCaul Janet , Irwin Greg J. , Huntley James S. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe report the case of a 2‐week‐old girl born at term (by vaginal delivery and without antenatal or perinatal events) who was referred as having “bilateral talipes and bilateral proximal symphalangism of little and ring fingers.” The “talipes” was atypical with marked equinus and varus, but no cavus or adductus of the midfoot. Her mother had both symphalangism (absence of proximal interphalangeal joints) of middle, ring, and little fingers bilaterally and fixed pes planus with a rigid fixed hindfoot—and these deformities had also been present from birth. The maternal grandmother was similarly affected. However, the neonatal subject has an unaffected older sibling; maternal siblings are also unaffected. The three affected people did not have other obvious musculoskeletal abnormalities. Because of the coalitions, the child's atypical talipes was managed by a modified Kite's procedure. Symphalangism‐coalition syndromes may be associated with conductive deafness because of fusion of the auditory ossicles. Clin. Anat. 25:781–784, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Glucose to Sorbitol
Authors: Geyer Reinhard , Kraak Peter , Pachulski Axel , Schödel Rainer 
Published: January 2012

AbstractNickel catalysts supported on ZrO2, TiO2 and ZrO2/TiO2 mixtures performed more active, selective and stable than Ni/SiO2 catalysts in the hydrogenation of glucose to sorbitol. This was shown by catalytic testing as well as by determination of Ni crystallite size before and after the test. The reason for the better performance was assumed to be metal‐support interaction in the Ni/ZrO2, Ni/TiO2 and Ni/ZrO2/TiO2 catalysts.
Advanced Agrochemical Formulations through Encapsulation Strategies?
Authors: Hack Beate , Egger Holger , Uhlemann Jens , Henriet Michel , Wirth Wolfgang , Vermeer Arnoldus W. P. , Duff Daniel G. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe development and accomplishments of encapsulation strategies in the agrochemical field are reviewed. To this end, reasons for the encapsulation of agrochemicals are given and put into context with the opportunities and risks for this kind of formulation. Practical examples of encapsulation are discussed with a focus on crop protection formulation, including a short overview of available technologies. In summary it can be concluded that the development of controlled release formulations of agrochemicals still lags somewhat behind earlier expectations, this being mainly due to the strongly varying and uncontrollable environmental conditions the capsules are applied in. Only very few products claiming a controlled release of the active have made it onto the market. However, new or greatly improved products can still be achieved by means of encapsulation in areas like overcoming acute toxicity, instability, and incompatibility of actives.
A phase 1 trial of E7974 administered on day 1 of a 21‐day cycle in patients with advanced solid tumors
Authors: Rocha‐Lima Caio M. , Bayraktar Soley , MacIntyre Jessica , Raez Luis , Flores Aurea M. , Ferrell Annapoorna , Rubin Eric H. , Poplin Elizabeth A. , Tan Antoinette R. , Lucarelli Antonio , Zojwalla Naseem 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:E7974, a synthetic analog of hemiasterlin, interacts with the tubulin molecule and overcomes resistance to other antitubulin drugs (taxanes and vinca alkaloids).METHODS:In a phase 1 study, E7974 was given intravenously over a 2‐ to 5‐minute infusion on day 1 of every 21‐day cycle. Adult patients with advanced refractory solid tumors who had adequate organ function and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 to 2 were eligible for this study. A modified Fibonacci schema was used. The maximal tolerated dose (MTD) was the dose where <2 of 6 patients developed a dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT).RESULTS:Twenty‐eight patients (19 men and 9 women; median age, 64 years) treated at different cohort dose levels (0.18 mg/m2, 0.27 mg/m2, 0.36 mg/m2, 0.45 mg/m2, and 0.56 mg/m2) received a total of 66 courses of E7974. The MTD was established at 0.45 mg/m2, where 1 of 6 patients experienced DLT (grade 4 febrile neutropenia). Of the 17 refractory colon cancer patients with a median of 3 prior treatments, stable disease was seen in 7 patients (41%). There were no tumor responses. Median progression‐free survival was 1.2 months, and median overall survival was 6.7 months. In pharmacokinetic analysis, E7974 was characterized by a fast and moderately large distribution (37.95‐147.93 L), slow clearance (2.23‐7.15 L/h), and moderate to slow elimination (time to half‐life, 10.4‐30.5 hours).CONCLUSIONS:This study shows that E7974 once every 21‐day cycle shows antitumor activity in patients with refractory solid tumors. The recommended phase 2 dose is 0.45 mg/m2. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society
Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Zinc Naphthalocyanine–Naphthalenediimide Supramolecular Dyads
Authors: El‐Khouly Mohamed E. , Moiseev Andrey G. , van der Est Art , Fukuzumi Shunichi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPhotoinduced electron transfer was studied in self‐assembled donor–acceptor dyads, formed by axial coordination of pyridine appended with naphthalenediimide (NDI) to zinc naphthalocyanine (ZnNc). The NDI‐py:ZnNc (1) and NDI(CH2)2‐py:ZnNc (2) self‐assembled dyads absorb light over a wide region of the UV/Vis/near infrared (NIR) spectrum. The formation constants of the dyads 1 and 2 in toluene were found to be 2.5×104 and 2.2×104 M−1, respectively, from the steady‐state absorption and emission measurements, suggesting moderately stable complex formation. Fluorescence quenching was observed upon the coordination of the pyridine‐appended NDI to ZnNc in toluene. The energy‐level diagram derived from electrochemical and optical data suggests that exergonic charge separation through the singlet state of ZnNc (1ZnNc*) provides the main quenching pathway. Clear evidence for charge separation from the singlet state of ZnNc to NDI was provided by femtosecond laser photolysis measurements of the characteristic absorption bands of the ZnNc radical cation in the NIR region at 960 nm and the NDI radical anion in the visible region. The rates of charge‐separation of 1 and 2 were found to be 2.2×1010 and 4.4×109 s−1, respectively, indicating fast and efficient charge separation (CS). The rates of charge recombination (CR) and the lifetimes of the charge‐separated states were found to be 8.50×108 s−1 (1.2 ns) for 1 and 1.90×108 s−1 (5.3 ns) for 2. These values indicate that the rates of the CS and CR processes decrease as the length of the spacer increases. Their absorption over a wide portion of the solar spectrum and the high ratio of the CS/CR rates suggests that the self‐assembled NDI‐py:ZnNc and NDI(CH2)2‐py:ZnNc dyads are useful as photosynthetic models.
Preparation of Li2CO3 by gas‐liquid reactive crystallization of LiOH and CO2
Authors: Sun Yuzhu , Song Xingfu , Wang Jin , Yu Jianguo 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA spinning disk reactor (SDR) was used in this research to prepare Li2CO3 by gas‐liquid reactive crystallization of LiOH and CO2. It was found that the end pH value of the above reaction should be controlled within the range of 9.0‐9.5 to obtain a high yield of Li2CO3. The effects of operational parameters (including the temperature, the concentration of LiOH solution, the rotation rate of the spinning disk, the circulation rate of LiOH slurry, the flow rate of CO2 and the ultrasound field) on the particle size and the yielding rate were investigated by an orthogonal experiment. The results show the significant factors influencing the particle size are the ultrasound field, the temperature and the flow rate of CO2. As for the yielding rate, the temperature, the concentration of LiOH solution and the flow rate of CO2 exert obvious impacts, while the effects of ultrasound field and the rotation rate of the spinning disk are limited. The SEM images show the Li2CO3products are flower‐like particles, which are composed of plate‐like primary crystals. The size analysis shows the volume mean particle size of the Li2CO3products ranges 37‐90 μm depending on the various experimental conditions. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Substrate effect on microstructure and optical performance of sputter‐deposited TiO2 thin films
Authors: Yildirim G. , Bal S. , Gulen M. , Varilci A. , Budak E. , Akdogan M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis study deals with the role of the different substrates on the microstructural, optical and electronical properties of TiO2 thin films produced by conventional direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering in a mixture of pure argon and oxygen using a Ti metal target with the aid of X–ray diffractometer (XRD), ultra violet spectrometer (UV–vis) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. Transparent TiO2 thin films are deposited on Soda lime glass, MgO(100), quartz and sitall substrates. Phase purity, surface morphology, optical and photocatalytic properties of the films are compared with each other. It is found that the amplitude of interference oscillation of the films is in a range of 77‐89%. The transmittance of the film deposited on Soda lime glass is the smallest while the film produced on MgO(100) substrate obtains the maximum transmittance value. The refractive index and optical band gap of the TiO2 thin films are also inferred from the transmittance spectra. The results show that the film deposited on Soda lime glass has the better optical property while the film produced on MgO(100) substrate exhibits much better photoactivity than the other films because of the large optical energy band gap. As for the XRD results, the film prepared on MgO(100) substrate contains the anatase phase only; on the other hand, the other films contain both anatase and rutile phases. Furthermore, AFM images show that the regular structures are observed on the surface of all the films studied. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Derivatives of Photosensitive CORM‐S1 – CO Complexes of Iron and Ruthenium with the (OC)2M(S–C–C–NH2)2 Fragment
Authors: Velásquez Vaneza P. Lorett , Jazzazi Taghreed M. A. , Malassa Astrid , Görls Helmar , Gessner Guido , Heinemann Stefan H. , Westerhausen Matthias 
Published: January 2012

Abstract[Fe(CO)2(SCH2CH2NH2)2] (1, CORM‐S1), [Fe(CO)2(SC6H4‐2‐NH2)2] (2, CORM‐S2), [Ru(CO)2(SCH2CH2NH2)2] (3), and [Ru(CO)2(SC6H4‐2‐NH2)2] (4) were prepared from the corresponding metal carbonyl compounds and cysteamine (deprotonation of the thiol functionality) or cystamine (oxidative addition of the S–S bond). They crystallized from donor solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran and dimethylformamide, as adducts with the bases bound by hydrogen bridges to the amino functionalities. Although the iron derivatives proved to be valuable photosensitive CO‐releasing molecules (CORMs), CO was not released from the ruthenium analogs with visible light.