bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress Tensor of Free Maxwell Field in Friedmann-Robertson-Walker Universe
Authors: Sharma SK , Dhungel PR , Khanal U 
Published: October 2010

The solutions of the Maxwellian field in FRW spacetime, found by using the Newman Penrose formalism, is used to determine the energy-momentum tensor. The tensor is obviously traceless, with the energy density equal to the sum of the radial and the two tangential pressures. But it turns out that the radial and tangential pressures are not equal, giving rise to anisotropy. Such anisotropy can be the origin of the rotation of galaxies. Another result is that the photon energy in a closed universe are quantized in units of one from the lowest value of two upwards. The lowest quantum of two can be interpreted as one unit of spin energy and one of translational energy. Key words: Galactic structure; Maxwellian field; Anisotropic pressure. DOI:	10.3126/sw.v7i7.3814 Scientific World Vol.7(7) 2009 pp.1-2
Interactions between dislocations and interfaces – consequences for metal and ceramic plasticity
Authors: Priester Louisette , Couzinié Jean-Philippe , Décamps Brigitte , Lartigue-Korinek Sylvie 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Interactions between dislocations and grain boundaries contribute significantly to plastic behaviour in polycrystalline metals. But a full understanding of the processes and of their influence on plastic response has yet to be achieved. In the present paper, the elementary interaction mechanisms, from the entrance of dislocations in grain boundaries to the relaxation of the resulting intergranular stresses, are briefly reviewed. They are examined for two types of deformation tests and two types of materials: low temperature deformation and relaxation in copper and creep behaviour of alumina. Only the comparison between the response at different scales (nanoscopic, microscopic and mesoscopic) allows us to analyse the response of grain boundaries to an applied stress and to propose an interpretation of their role in macroscopic behaviour. This work may be considered as a preliminary step towards “Interface Engineering”.
In-situ synthesis and characterization of Al2O3 nanostructured whiskers in Ti–Al intermetallic matrix composites
Authors: Ai Taotao , Zhang Yingtang , Feng Xiaoming , Li Wenhu 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
In-situ Al2O3 rod-like whiskers were synthesized by pressure-less sintering at 1 493 K for 30 min. The whiskers were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results indicate that the diameter distribution of the Al2O3 rod-like whiskers ranges from 20 to 90 nm and the lengths are up to 20 μm. The growth mechanism of the Al2O3 nanostructured whiskers is considered to be a vapor–liquid–solid process. Al liquid acts as both a catalyst and a key component of forming Al2O3 whiskers. Nb2O5 additive results in a lot of small diameter whiskers distributed more evenly in the substrate.
Influence of volume fraction of martensite on the work hardening behaviour of two dual-phase steels with high and low silicon contents
Authors: Nouri Ashkan , Saghafian Hasan , Kheirandish Shahram 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Two low carbon steels with the same manganese content (approximately 1.6 wt.%) but different silicon contents (0.34 and 2.26 wt.%) with the initial microstructures consisting of ferrite and pearlite were intercritically annealed at five different temperatures followed by water quenching to obtain dual-phase microstructures. The modified Crussard–Jaoul analysis was employed to describe the work hardening behaviour of the dual-phase steels. Both steels exhibited two stages of work hardening in the range of plastic deformation. It is shown that for each stage the work hardening exponent is not constant and varies with volume fraction of martensite and silicon content. The dependence of the transition stress σk and strain ∊k of dual-phase steels on the annealing temperature is discussed for both steels. It is concluded that ∊k increases with increasing silicon content and decreases with annealing temperature, while the reverse is true for σk.
Microstructure, texture, grain boundary characteristics and mechanical properties of a cold rolled and annealed ferrite–bainite dual phase steel
Authors: Ghosh Chiradeep , Haldar Arunansu , Ghosh Pampa , Ray Ranjit Kumar 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The microstructural, textural evolution and changes in grain boundary character distribution during annealing of a prior cold worked (30 %, 50 % and 80 %) ferrite–bainite dual phase steel have been studied and correlated with mechanical properties. It has been shown that submicron sized subgrains can be obtained by selecting the appropriate amount of cold rolling and annealing cycle. Increasing the annealing temperature in all the materials produces the expected results, namely decrease in strength with a simultaneous increase in ductility. Although reasonably sharp γ-fibres were obtained in 80 % cold rolled and its 500 °C annealed counterpart, the very low values (< 1.0) make the steel unsuitable for the purpose of deep drawing. It is envisaged that grain boundary engineering may lead to better strength–ductility combinations in this steel for an enhanced range of applications.
The role of talc in preparing steatite slurries suitable for spray-drying
Authors: Oliveira Fernando A. C. , Ferreira Andreia , Domingues Joaquim R. , Fernandes Jorge C. , Dias Diamantino 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The present work was driven by the need to replace the source of talc (hereafter referred to as standard) used in the manufacturing of steatite ceramics at Rauschert Portuguesa Lda. For this purpose, several talc powders were characterised in terms of pH, mean particle size (d50), morphology and crystalline phases, as well as the rheological behaviour of the resulting slurries as functions of the type of clay, type of deflocculant and pH of the slurry. The main goal was to attain density at around 1.70 and viscosities ranging between 200 and 800 mPa · s suitable for spray-drying. Slurries resulting from the mixture of two types of talc and two types of clays were spray-dried and the powders obtained were characterised. The spray-dried powders were then pressed and sintered under typical processing conditions.
The results show that that the addition of a dispersant (deflocculant) considerably decreased the viscosity of the prepared slurries. Furthermore, the increase in pH did promote deflocculation. Steatite slurries were also found to be thixotropic. It was only possible to achieve the density level 1.70 by combining the deflocculant with dry steatite powder additions. D1, an aqueous solution of an anionic acrylic polymer sodium salt was found to be the most efficient deflocculant.
Preparation and photocatalytic properties of TiO2 film produced via spin coating
Authors: Yao Jun , Yin Yunjie , Wang Chaoxia 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
TiO2 thin film coated onto glass was prepared by a spin coating method without being calcined at high temperature. X-ray diffraction showed that the TiO2 film consisted of a single anatase phase. Good adhesion was obtained between the film and the substrate. UV-vis spectra showed that the TiO2 film was transparent in the visible range and opaque in the ultraviolet range. The transmittance decreased and the absorption edge shifted as the layers increased. The photocatalytic performance of the TiO2 film was evaluated by degradation of methylene blue. The results indicated that the degradation of TiO2 film spun for 3 times (each time for 30 s) at a rotation speed of 2 500 revolutions per minute reached 93.3 %. The TiO2 film could be reused for more than 5 times without great decrease in photocatalytic activity.
Thermodynamic assessment of the Mn–Ni–O system
Authors: Kjellqvist Lina , Selleby Malin 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Experimental data on thermodynamic properties and phase relations of the ternary Mn–Ni–O system were reviewed, and by use of the CALPHAD method, a consistent set of model parameters was optimised. The solid oxide phases were modelled using the compound energy formalism. The model allows representation of non-stoichiometry and solid solution in the phases. The distribution of cations between different lattice sites in the two spinel phases is also modelled. The liquid phase is described using the ionic two-sublattice model. The same model is used both for the metallic and the oxide liquid. Good agreement between calculated and experimental values is achieved.
Cet obscur objet de l'épidémiologie
Authors: Goldberg Marcel 
Published: October 2010

Marcel Goldberg : This obscure object of epidemiology.
This article is a critical study of the théories, methods and applications in the field of the epidemiology of socio- economic factors. The gênerai présentation of the main pat- tern is followed by a detailed analysis of the difficulties and limits of its use. Thèse difficulties dépend on the particulars of the variables representing the socio-economic environ- ment and on those representing the health phenomena on the one hand, and on the choices and définitions applied to each of thèse groups of variables on the other hand. It seems that the absence of a theory concerning the connection between environment and health in a population is responsible for this jammed situation. As a conclusion, the author suggests some considérations on the epistemological and ideological aspects of epidemiology.
La protection sociale et les professionnels de santé.
Authors: Friot Bernard 
Published: October 2010

Bernard Friot: Social Protection and Medical and paramedical professions.
Sanitary matters can hardly be discussed apart from social matters. For the author (whose point of view is that of an economist), the sanitary administration of the manpower can be considered as a part of something wider which is usually called «social protection» that is to say the covering of old-age, illness, unemployment and family risks.
This article tries to point out the new aims in the policy of the medical and para medical professions, aims which proceed from the récent evolution of the part played by the social protection in the administration of the manpower.
Absentéisme et santé. Une revue critique de la littérature
Authors: Thébaud Annie , Lert France 
Published: October 2010

Annie Thébaud et France Lert : Absentéisme et santé : un débat entre disciplines.
Le travail effectué par les chercheurs du GERSS (INSERM) illustre, à partir d'un thème d'actualité (Absentéisme et santé), la difficulté des l'approche pluridisciplinaire en sciences sociales. Si l'absence au travail peut être considérée a priori comme un objet à la fois socio-économique et épidémiologique, le problème est ici de savoir si l'épidémiologie, qui a pour objet l'étude des phénomènes de santé dans une population, peut prendre l'absentéisme pour instrument de mesure. Alors qu'Annie Thébaud et France Lert, à partir d'une analyse de la littérature sur l'absence au travail pour raison de santé, répondent par la négative, Marcel Goldberg et Annette Leclerc estiment pour leur part que la morbidité transparaît à travers l'absentéisme.
La micro-économie des soins médicaux doit-elle nécessairement être d'inspiration néo-classique ?
Authors: Darbon Sébastien , Letourmy Alain 
Published: October 2010

Sébastien Darbon et Alain Letourmy: Should the micro-economics of medical care necessarily be neo-classical?
As far as medical care is concerned, attempts of a possible economie explanation of the conduct of its agents are prevailing today in the neo-classical pattern. A detailed study of its abilities accounting for the way the medical system is being run, shows that even in the light of its most recent developments (i.e. the theory of the demond for health born from the research made on the human capital ; considerations on the links between supply and demand resulting from the notion of induction), this pattern remains little convincing. Sébastien Darbon and Alain Letourmy are studying here the reasons of such a failure and propose to direct our thinking towards the expansion of a micro-economy of the disease and of the medical profession, which would take more into account the specific characters of the field studied.
Les techniques de planification de la santé : Comment progresser ?
Authors: Dumoulin Jérôme 
Published: October 2010

Jérôme Dumoulin: The technics of health planification. How to progress?
Using the situation of the Republic of Congo as a starting point this article criticizes the sophistication of the health-planning methods recommended for the Third World.
Epidemiology is thought to be of little use because other criteria of various kinds necessarily determine the choice of priorities and the definition of programmes. A survey of medical means only emphasizes the shortages, and fails to show structural problems. The outcome is a multiplication of equipments in order to try to catch up with the model of occidental medicine, without diagnosing the nature of concrete problems, and therefore doesn't suggest any other alternative.
As far as hygiene and médico-social action are concerned, unrealistic norms are also proposed. Health planification appears as being more an incantatory discourse on health and medicine than an effective means of rising the health standard.
Les innovations scientifiques dans le champ sanitaire (1750-1825)
Authors: Kuty Olgierd 
Published: October 2010

Olgierd Kuty : The scientific innovations in the Lefth fîeld.
In what context has medicine achieved the status of a scientific discipline during the 18th and 19 th centuries?
Olgierd Kuty gives a sociological approach to this question applying a theoretical analysis in terms of logics of action and physicians' stratégic behavior to the examination of many works by french historians who took much interest in this period.
La prévention en médecine générale
Authors: Bucquet Denis , Hatton Françoise , Colvez Alain 
Published: October 2010

Denis Bucquet, Alain Colvez, Françoise Hatton: Prevention in general practice.
In France in 1975, according to a national survey among practitioners, 11 % of encounters in General Practice are related to prevention, accounting for 20 million encounters a year for a total of 156 million. Higher among females, the proportion of preventive encounters shows two peaks according to age : the first among small-age children and the second round 15-24 years of âge among females and to a lesser extent among maies. Whereas the frequency of preventive encounters does not differ between urban or rural areas, or according to the sex of practitioner, the content of these encounters appears different, especially as far as the contraception is concerned. Practitioners aged 60 years and over perform half less preventive encounters than their younger colleagues, the defect turning on contraception and child/maternal care. The part of the preventive work in the whole workload of general practitioners verges on 5 %.
Within the framework of a research on the specific field of General Practice, analysing the preventive activity of practitioners leads to some questions about the level of their concern with preventive matters. The importance of different types of their preventive activity is discussed : primary, secondary, tertiary prévention as well as health education or chronic diseases surveillance. Finally we move to the education of physicians in the regard of preventive strategies and to their propencity to prevention.
Une éternelle pléthore médicale ?
Authors: Bungener Martine 
Published: October 2010

Martine Bungener: An endless médical plethora?
In spite of a notable population increase, the denunciation of a medical plethora seems to be a constant in the history of the profession. From sources that have been provided by medical historians, articles in the professional press, and reports of the Medical Association, Martine Bungener shows how the logic of the discourse differs from the demographie reality. The hypothesis is that medical demography, whichever discourse it incites, seems to be the consequence of functions that have been assigned to health System by society with regard to the discourse, it attests the profession's ignorance of the social movement it fits in with, and its concern for protecting its privilèges which inhibits any adaptation.
Politiques sociales et de santé, évolution de la mortalité : questions posées au cours d'un séminaire de démographie
Authors: Bouvier-Colle Marie-Hélène 
Published: October 2010

M. H. Bouvier-Colle: Social hard health policies, evolution of mortality: a seminar on demography.
In this paper, an attempt is made to describe how social and health policies do affect mortality. This question had been the main theme of an international seminar held from February the 28th to March the 4th 1983 in Paris and organized by the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (I.U. S. S. P.). It appeared difficult to assess a clear relation between mortality and social policies because of the great variety of the cases examined. Social and health policies and trends of mortality are shown in six countries which are: Senegal, Cuba, Costa-Rica, Japan, France and USSR.
Demande d'assistance et droit de protection : insécurité sociale et stratégies sanitaires au Cameroun
Authors: Hours Bernard 
Published: October 2010

Bernard Hours : Demande d'assistance et droit de protection : insécurité sociale et stratégies sanitaires au Cameroun.
À partir d'une enquête ethnologique effectuée de 1980 à 1983 au Cameroun, l'auteur tente d'appréhender les représentations de la santé publique et d'analyser les rapports sociaux qui se jouent dans ce champ. Deux grandes logiques opposées se mêlent à propos de la couverture des besoins sanitaires : entre la demande de charité ou d'assistance d'un côté, et de l'autre la revendication du droit à recevoir des prestations de la part de l'État, se construisent des stratégies sanitaires contradictoires des malades, qui manifestent à la fois insatisfaction et insécurité.
Éthique et vaccinations des enfants
Authors: Manciaux Michel 
Published: October 2010

Michel Manciaux : Éthique et vaccination des enfants.
Face aux problèmes croissants posés par la vaccination des enfants, des principes d'action et des garanties ont été édictés par les pouvoirs publics ou les organisations internationales concernés. Leur application, que ce soit en matière thérapeutique, préventive ou de recherche clinique, ne va pas de soi. Cet article, qui donne le point de vue d'un spécialiste de santé publique, examine les diverses conceptions qui traversent les milieux médicaux et suggère des éléments de solution au niveau des différents partenaires impliqués.
Quelques réflexions sur l'éthique dans le domaine bio-médical
Authors: Isambert François-André 
Published: October 2010

François- A. Isambert : Quelques réflexions sur l'éthique dans le domaine bio-médical.
Au delà de l'usage courant de la notion d'éthique, le sociologue peut chercher à mettre en évidence une ou plusieurs visées fondamentales, une ou plusieurs logiques. C'est dans cette perspective que l'auteur examine successivement les relations entre cette notion et la morale, l'articulation de l'éthique médicale et des nouvelles tâches de la médecine (en particulier dans le domaine de la recherche) et les rapports entre une éthique des médecins et une éthique publique de la santé et de la vie. Apparaissent alors les insuffisances d'une position qui se contenterait de limiter un problème éthique, posé par une pratique médicale particulière, à cette pratique particulière ou à sa dimension proprement éthique.
Conditions de production et d'utilisation des connaissances scientifiques et relations de travail : une étude de cas de cancer de la vessie dans l'industrie de l'aluminium au Québec.
Authors: Abenhaim Lucien , Dab William 
Published: October 2010

Lucien Abenhaïm, William Dab : Conditions de production et d'utilisation des connaissances scientifiques et relations de travail. Une étude de cas de cancer de la vessie dans l'industrie de l'aluminium au Québec.
Une étude épidémiologique, mettant en cause le rôle d'un procédé utilisé dans l'industrie de l'aluminium au Québec dans la survenue de cancer de la vessie chez les employés, nous a fourni l'occasion d'examiner concrètement la façon dont les rapports sociaux dans l'entreprise conditionnent la production et l'utilisation des connaissances scientifiques dans le domaine de la santé. À la suite de cette étude, la partie patronale a activement publicisé les résultats tandis que la partie syndicale s'est attachée à saper la crédibilité de la recherche. Le matériel de notre étude de cas est formé des informations écrites radiophoniques et télévisées, produites au moment de la révélation des résultats de l'enquête. Nous discutons les enjeux de la situation à quatre niveaux : médical, scientifique, patronal et syndical. Cela permet de mettre à jour le rôle joué par la négociation sur la restructuration de l'entreprise qui était alors en cours - avec un enjeu important en termes d'emploi - dans ces prises de positions en apparence paradoxales. En Santé Publique, quand se pose la question de l'utilisation concrète de connaissances scientifiques, il n'est pas possible de faire l'économie d'un diagnostic sur les rapports de force entre les acteurs en présence. Les notions de « bonne » recherche ou de connaissance « neutres » deviennent dès lors purement circonstancielles.
Quand les Pastoriens traquaient la maladie du sommeil.
Authors: Dozon Jean-Pierre 
Published: October 2010

Jean-Pierre Dozon: When the Pastorians hunted down sleeping sickness.
While the Pastorians' activities in their home country is well-known, their work in the colonies is much less studied. The author focuses on the research they did on sleeping sickness or «trypanosomiasis», and attemps to explain a paradox: the Pastorians were eventually less efficient in the treatment of the disease than in a codification of health activities which allowed them to play a crucial role in the colonising process.
Le contre-sorcier Haalpulaar, un justicier hors-la-loi. Étude de la dynamique du système thérapeutique des Haalpulaaren (Sénégal).
Authors: Tall Emmanuelle Kadya 
Published: October 2010

Emmanuelle Kadya Tall : El contra-brujo haalpulaar, un justi- ciero al margen de la ley.
La sociedad haalpulaar es una sociedad senegambiana islamizada desde el siglo once. La rige una jerarquia muy fuerte y es ordenada por estatutos. En dicha sociedad, recoge el contra-brujo todos los valores del uni verso tera- péutico haalpulaar en el dominio de la magia y de la religion a la vez ; utiliza el mas completo de los sistemas etiolôgicos manejando un modelo teorico que se prétende cerrado, pero al que manda su arraigo a lo real. Lo especifico del contra- brujo radica en el carâcter contradictorio de su sistema de representaciones y su prâctica cotidiana : afirma lo importante del estatuto y del linaje en su etiologia a la par que se niega a soportar individualmente las consecuencias. La fun- ciôn de contra-brujo permite pues hacer cosas que prohibe la lôgica estatutaria.
Epidémiologie et anthropologie : « la preuve du pudding c'est quand on le mange ».
Authors: Hubert Annie 
Published: October 2010

Annie Hubert : Epidemiología y antropología : « la prueba del pudding es cuando se le corne».
En Francia, es raro y difîcil que exista la colaboración entre la antropología y las ciencias biomédicas. Sin embargo, un trabajo pluridisciplinario de ese género pudo ser realizado con éxito. Su objeto, el cancer de la rinofaringe frecuente en la China del Sur, en el Artico y en el Magreb. Una encuesta antropológica comparativa ha sido realizada en esas très regiones y condujo a la investigación de carcinógenas químicos en laboratorio. En su conclusión, el artículo expone los problemas diversos que son planteados en una colaboración interdisciplinaria de este tipo.