bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Coolant Density on Turbine Blade Film-Cooling Using Pressure Sensitive Paint Technique
Authors: Narzary Diganta P. , Liu Kuo-Chun , Rallabandi Akhilesh P. , Han Je-Chin 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAdiabatic film-cooling effectiveness is examined on a high-pressure turbine blade by varying three critical engine parameters, viz., coolant blowing ratio, coolant-to-mainstream density ratio, and freestream turbulence intensity. Three average coolant blowing ratios (BR=1.2, 1.7, and 2.2 on the pressure side and BR=1.1, 1.4, and 1.8 on the suction side), three average coolant density ratios (DR=1.0, 1.5, and 2.5), and two average freestream turbulence intensities (Tu=4.2% and 10.5%) are considered. Conduction-free pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique is adopted to measure film-cooling effectiveness. Three foreign gases—N2 for low density, CO2 for medium density, and a mixture of SF6 and argon for high density are selected to study the effect of coolant density. The test blade features two rows of cylindrical film-cooling holes on the suction side (45 deg compound), 4 rows on the pressure side (45 deg compound) and 3 around the leading edge (30 deg radial). The inlet and the exit Mach numbers are 0.24 and 0.44, respectively. The Reynolds number of the mainstream flow is 7.5×105 based on the exit velocity and blade chord length. Results suggest that the PSP is a powerful technique capable of producing clear and detailed film-effectiveness contours with diverse foreign gases. Large improvement on the pressure side and moderate improvement on the suction side effectiveness is witnessed when blowing ratio is raised from 1.2 to 1.7 and 1.1 to 1.4, respectively. No major improvement is seen thereafter with the downstream half of the suction side showing drop in effectiveness. The effect of increasing coolant density is to increase effectiveness everywhere on the pressure surface and suction surface except for the small region on the suction side, xss/Cx&lt;0.2. Higher freestream turbulence causes effectiveness to drop everywhere except in the region downstream of the suction side where significant improvement in effectiveness is seen.
Turbine Efficiency for
Unsteady, Periodic Flows
Authors: Suresh Ambady , Hofer Douglas
C. , Tangirala Venkat E. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The definition of turbine efficiency for a machine subjected to unsteady periodic inflows is studied. Since mass and energy are conserved quantities over a period, there is no ambiguity in calculating the actual work output of the turbine over a period. The main difficulty lies in calculating the isentropic work output of an ideal turbine operating under the “same” conditions. Two definitions of ideal work output are presented. In the first, the ideal turbine is assumed to operate under the same time traces of inlet and exit total pressures as the actual turbine. The expression for the efficiency that results involves no averages of total pressure. In the second approach, the ideal turbine is assumed to operate under the same average conditions as the actual turbine. Total pressure averages that preserve the isentropic work output are derived and used to calculate an efficiency of the turbine. The two expressions are calculated explicitly for the case of a turbine blade row downstream of a pulse detonation tube. It is found that the definition of efficiency using averages is approximately ten points lower than the first definition.
Varying Effects of Different β-Glucans on the Maturation of Porcine Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells
Authors: Sonck Eva , Devriendt Bert , Goddeeris Bruno , Cox Eric 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTβ-Glucans are well known for their immunomodulatory capacities in humans and mice. For this reason, together with the European ban on growth-promoting antibiotics, β-glucans are intensively used in pig feed. However, as shown in the present study, there is much variation in the stimulatory capacities of β-glucans from different sources. Since dendritic cells (DCs) are the first cells that are encountered after an antigen is taken up by the intestinal epithelial cell barrier, we decided to investigate the effect of two concentrations (5 and 10 μg/ml) of five commercial β-glucan preparations, differing in structure and source, on porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). Although all β-glucans gave rise to a significant reduction of the phagocytic activity of DCs, only Macrogard induced a significant phenotypic maturation. In addition to Macrogard, zymosan, another β-glucan derived fromSaccharomyces cerevisiae, and curdlan also significantly improved the T-cell-stimulatory capacity of MoDCs. Most interesting, however, is the cytokine secretion profile of curdlan-stimulated MoDCs, since only curdlan induced significant higher expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12/IL-23p40. Since the cytokine profile of DCs influences the outcome of the ensuing immune response and thus may prove valuable in intestinal immunity, a careful choice is necessary when β-glucans are used as dietary supplement.
Meningococcal Group C and W135 Immunological Hyporesponsiveness in African Toddlers
Authors: Findlow Helen , Sow Samba , Borrow Ray , Tapia Milagritos , Haidara Fadima Cheick , Akinsola Adebayo K. , Idoko Olubukola T. , Diallo Fatoumata , Adegbola Richard , Tang Yuxiao , Parulekar Varsha , Chadha Helen , Mabey Lesley , Holme Daniel , Townsend Kelly , Chaumont Julie , LaForce F. Marc , Kulkarni Prasad S. , Marchetti Elisa , Viviani Simonetta , Hassan-King Musa , Preziosi Marie-Pierre 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTA phase II clinical study was conducted in African toddlers (aged 12 to 23 months), with subjects receiving either investigational meningococcal group A conjugate (PsA-TT), meningococcal ACWY polysaccharide (PsACWY), orHaemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib-TT) vaccine. Ten months following vaccination, the 3 study groups were further randomized to receive a dose of PsA-TT, a 1/5 dose of PsACWY, or a dose of Hib-TT vaccine. Group A serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) results have been reported previously, with PsA-TT demonstrating superior immunogenicity versus PsACWY vaccine. Immunogenicity for serogroups W135 and C was assessed by SBA assay to investigate the impact of multiple doses in this age group. Blood samples were taken prior to vaccination, 28 days and 40 weeks post-primary vaccination, and 7 and 28 days post-booster vaccination with a 1/5 dose of PsACWY. Subjects who had previously received a full dose of PsACWY had W135 SBA geometric mean titers (GMTs) of 26.1 and 4.4 at 7 and 28 days post-booster vaccination with a 1/5 PsACWY dose, respectively, whereas the W135 SBA GMTs of naïve subjects at these time points following vaccination with a 1/5 dose of PsACWY were 861.1 and 14.6, respectively. Similar differences were observed for serogroup C, with SBA GMTs of 99 and 5.9 at 7 and 28 days post-booster vaccination with a 1/5 dose of PsACWY, respectively, for naïve subjects, compared to 4.1 and 3.2 for previously vaccinated subjects. Immunologic hyporesponsiveness for groups C and W135 was observed following a full dose of PsACWY vaccine at 12 to 23 months of age and a 1/5 dose of PsACWY 10 months later compared to the case for PsACWY-naïve subjects receiving a 1/5 dose of PsACWY vaccine.
Comparison of Plasmid Vaccine Immunization Schedules Using IntradermalIn VivoElectroporation
Authors: Hallengärd David , Haller B. Kristian , Maltais Anna-Karin , Gelius Eva , Nihlmark Kopek , Wahren Britta , Bråve Andreas 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTIn vivoelectroporation (EP) has proven to significantly increase plasmid transfection efficiency and to augment immune responses after immunization with plasmids. In this study, we attempted to establish an immunization protocol using intradermal (i.d.) EP. BALB/c mice were immunized with a plasmid encoding HIV-1 p37Gag, either i.d. with the Derma Vax EP device, intramuscularly (i.m.) without EP, or with combinations of both. A novel FluoroSpot assay was used to evaluate the vaccine-specific cellular immune responses. The study showed that i.d. EP immunizations induced stronger immune responses than i.m. immunizations using a larger amount of DNA and that repeated i.d. EP immunizations induced stronger immune responses than i.m. priming followed by i.d. EP boosting. Two and three i.d. EP immunizations induced immune responses of similar magnitude, and a short interval between immunizations was superior to a longer interval in terms of the magnitude of cellular immune responses. The FluoroSpot assay allowed for the quantification of vaccine-specific cells secreting either gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2), or both, and the sensitivity of the assay was confirmed with IFN-γ and IL-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assays. The data obtained in this study can aid in the design of vaccine protocols using i.d. EP, and the results emphasize the advantages of the FluoroSpot assay over traditional ELISpot assay and intracellular staining for the detection and quantification of bifunctional vaccine-specific immune responses.
Performance of a Rapid and Simple HIV Testing Algorithm in a Multicenter Phase III Microbicide Clinical Trial
Authors: Crucitti Tania , Taylor Doug , Beelaert Greet , Fransen Katrien , Van Damme Lut 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTA multitest sequential algorithm based on rapid and simple (R/S) assays was applied for the diagnosis of HIV infection among participants in a phase 3 microbicide effectiveness trial. HIV testing was performed on finger-prick blood samples obtained from patients after their enrollment in the trial. The specimens were tested in a serial procedure using three different rapid tests (Determine HIV-1/2 [Abbott], SD Bioline HIV-1/2 3.0 [Standard Diagnostics], and Uni-Gold HIV [Trinity Biotech]). In the event of discordant results between the Determine HIV-1/2 and SD Bioline HIV-1/2 3.0 tests, the third assay (Uni-Gold HIV) determined the final outcome. When the final outcome was positive, a second specimen was collected and tested with the same algorithm, only if a positive result was obtained with this sample the participant was informed of her positive serostatus. A total of 5,734 postenrollment specimens obtained from 1,398 women were tested. Forty-six women tested positive according to the testing algorithm performed on the first collected specimen. Confirmatory testing results obtained at the ITM confirmed that 42 women were truly infected. Two of four initial false positives tested negative upon analysis of a second blood specimen. The other two tested false positive twice using specimens collected the same day. A high percentage of specimens reactive with the Determine HIV-1/2 assay was only observed at the study site in Kampala. This result did not appear to be associated with pregnancy or malaria infection. We conclude that HIV testing algorithms, including only R/S assays, are suitable for use in clinical trials, provided that adequate quality assurance procedures are in place.
Persistence of Rabies Antibody 5 Years after Postexposure Prophylaxis with Vero Cell Antirabies Vaccine and Antibody Response to a Single Booster Dose
Authors: Zhang Xiaowei , Zhu Zhenggang , Wang Chuanlin 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThis study was done to investigate the antibody response to a Vero cell antirabies vaccine, the persistence of antibody for 5 years, and the effect of a booster dose after this interval. From August 2005 to February 2011, a total of 195 patients were enrolled into our study due to an animal bite. The Essen intramuscular (i.m.) regimen, which is recommended by the WHO for modern vaccines used in postexposure treatment, was adopted in this study. Blood samples were obtained on day 0, day 7, day 14, day 45, year 1, year 2, year 3, year 4, year 5, and year 5 plus 14 days. Immunogenicity was evaluated by the titration of neutralizing antibodies with a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). Seroconversion was expressed as the seroconversion rate (SCR). A secondary quantitative evaluation criterion, other than the seroconversion level, was the geometric mean titer (GMT). Of the 195 enrolled patients, 168 (86.4%) of them completed the whole study. No serious adverse reactions to the vaccine were reported during vaccination, the 5-year follow-up period, or revaccination. On day 14, the rabies antibody GMT value was 8.87 IU/ml in the vaccinees. During the next 5 years, the SCR in the ChengDa vaccine group gradually decreased to 34.0% at year 5, down from 90.5% at year 1. There was a significant booster effect: the GMT was 15.22 IU/ml on year 5 plus 14 days. Our findings demonstrate that the ChengDa rabies vaccine offers an alternative with a high degree of efficacy and yet limited side effects and ensures that the exposed patient will be on the safe side of the risk of rabies by the 14th day. Moreover, when followed by a booster dose 5 years later, it could boost the immunity. A further booster is effective in inducing a good neutralizing antibody response even after an interval of 5 years.
Subcutaneous Immunization with Baculovirus Surface-Displayed Hemagglutinin of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A Virus Induces Protective Immunity in Mice
Authors: Prabakaran Mookkan , Meng Tao , He Fang , YunRui Tan , Qiang Jia , Lin Raymond Tzer Pin , Kwang Jimmy 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe protective immunity of baculovirus displaying influenza virus hemagglutinin (BacHA) against influenza 2009 H1N1 virus infection in a murine model was investigated. The results showed that mice vaccinated with live BacHA or an inactive form of adjuvanted BacHA had enhanced specific antibody responses and induced protective immunity against 2009 H1N1 virus infection, suggesting the potential of baculovirus as a live or inactivated vaccine.
Susceptibility of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae According to the New CLSI Breakpoints
Authors: Wang Peng , Hu Fupin , Xiong Zizhong , Ye Xinyu , Zhu Demei , Wang Yun F. , Wang Minggui 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

In 2010 the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) lowered the susceptibility breakpoints of some cephalosporins and aztreonam for
Enterobacteriaceae
and eliminated the need to perform screening for extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and confirmatory tests. The aim of this study was to determine how many ESBL-producing strains of three common species of
Enterobacteriaceae
test susceptible using the new breakpoints. As determined with the CLSI screening and confirmatory tests, 382 consecutive ESBL-producing strains were collected at Huashan Hospital between 2007 and 2008, including 158 strains of
Escherichia coli
, 164 of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
, and 60 of
Proteus mirabilis
. Susceptibility was determined by the CLSI agar dilution method. CTX-M-, TEM-, and SHV-specific genes were determined by PCR amplification and sequencing.
bla
CTX-M
genes alone or in combination with
bla
SHV
were present in 92.7% (354/382) of these ESBL-producing strains. Forty-two (25.6%) strains of
K. pneumoniae
harbored SHV-type ESBLs alone or in combination. No TEM ESBLs were found. Utilizing the new breakpoints, all 382 strains were resistant to cefazolin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone, while 85.0 to 96.7% of
P. mirabilis
strains tested susceptible to ceftazidime, cefepime, and aztreonam, 41.8 to 45.6% of
E. coli
strains appeared to be susceptible to ceftazidime and cefepime, and 20.1% of
K. pneumoniae
were susceptible to cefepime. In conclusion, all ESBL-producing strains of
Enterobacteriaceae
would be reported to be resistant to cefazolin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone by using the new CLSI breakpoints, but a substantial number of ESBL-containing
P. mirabilis
and
E. coli
strains would be reported to be susceptible to ceftazidime, cefepime, and aztreonam, which is likely due to the high prevalence of CTX-M type ESBLs.
Characterization of Emerging GII.g/GII.12 Noroviruses from a Gastroenteritis Outbreak in the United States in 2010
Authors: Takanashi Sayaka , Wang Qiuhong , Chen Ning , Shen Quan , Jung Kwonil , Zhang Zhenwen , Yokoyama Masaru , Lindesmith Lisa C. , Baric Ralph S. , Saif Linda J. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTNorovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. A norovirus outbreak occurred in Ohio in January 2010. Stool and saliva samples were obtained from six infected individuals. The full-length genomes of two representative strains (HS206 and HS210) were characterized. They belonged to GII.12 in the capsid but GII.g in the RNA polymerase region. Interestingly, an immunocompetent 2-year-old male shed virus for up to 30 days, as detected by real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) typing of saliva showed that the norovirus strains infected various types of secretor-positive individuals (types A, B, and O). The viruslike particles of strain HS206 did not bind substantially to A/B/O antigens by synthetic HBGA binding, hemagglutination, or saliva binding assays. These results suggest that infection by this strain may not be A/B/O antigen dependent or thatin vitrobinding patterns do not always accurately reflectin vivoHBGA usage. This is different from the HBGA binding pattern of the previously reported GII.12/Aichi76 strain. Structural analysis of the predicted capsid of these GII.12 strains revealed two amino acid mismatches located near the HBGA binding sites. Four gnotobiotic pigs were inoculated orally with HS206 (6 × 1010genomic equivalents [GE]/pig). Virus shedding began at postinoculation days (PID) 1 to 3 and continued up to PID 16 (1 × 105to 2 × 107GE/ml). Gastroenteritis cases caused by GII.12 noroviruses have been recently reported worldwide. We observed that this emerging GII.12 norovirus infected humans regardless of A/B/O blood type. The infection of pigs by strain HS206 suggests that interspecies transmission of this strain is possible under experimental conditions.
Characterization of Helicobacter pylori cagA andvacAGenotypes among Alaskans and Their Correlation with Clinical Disease
Authors: Miernyk Karen , Morris Julie , Bruden Dana , McMahon Brian , Hurlburt Debby , Sacco Frank , Parkinson Alan , Hennessy Thomas , Bruce Michael 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTHelicobacter pyloriinfection is common in Alaska. The development of severeH. pyloridisease is partially determined by the virulence of the infecting strain. Here we presentvacAandcagAgenotype data forH. pyloristrains isolated from Alaskans and their correlation with clinical disease. We enrolled patients scheduled for esophagogastroduodenoscopy and positive forH. pyloriinfection. Gastric biopsy specimens from the stomach antrum and fundus were cultured. We performed PCR analysis of theH. pylorivacAgene and for the presence of thecagAgene andcagAempty site. We genotyped 515H. pylorisamples from 220 Native and 66 non-Native Alaskans. We detected thecagAgene in 242/286 (85%) persons; of 222 strains that could be subtyped, 95% (212) were non-AsiancagAand 3% (6) were East AsiancagA. After removing mixed infections (n= 17), 83% ofH. pyloristrains had either thevacAs1m1 (120/269) or s2m2 (103/269) genotype. Sixty-six percent (68/103) ofH. pyloristrains with thevacAs2m2 genotype also contained thecagAgene. Infection with anH. pyloristrain having thecagAgene orvacAs1m1 genotype (compared with s1m2 and s2m2) was associated with a decreased risk of esophagitis (P= 0.003 and 0.0003, respectively). Infection with anH. pyloristrain having thevacAs1m1 genotype (compared with s1m2 and s2m2) was associated with an increased risk of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) (P= 0.003). The majority ofH. pyloristrains in this study carried the non-AsiancagAgene and either thevacAs1m1 or s2m2 genotype. A majority ofH. pyloristrains with thevacAs2m2 genotype also contained thecagAgene. There was an association ofH. pylorigenotype with esophagitis and PUD.
Comparison of a Novel Real-Time PCR Assay with Sequence Analysis, Reverse Hybridization, and Multiplex PCR for Hepatitis B Virus Type B and C Genotyping
Authors: Zhao Yao , Zhang Xiu-Yu , Hu Yuan , Zhang Wen-Lu , Hu Jie-Li , Zeng Ai-Zhong , Guo Jin-Jun , Huang Wen-Xiang , Chen Wei-Xian , Shan You-Lan , Huang Ai-Long 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT
We compared a novel real-time genotyping and quantitative PCR (GQ-PCR) assay, direct sequence analysis, reverse hybridization, and multiplex PCR for genotyping hepatitis B virus (HBV) in 127 HBV-infected patients. We found that GQ-PCR had the highest concordance with sequence analysis and the highest detection rate for mixed genotype detecting.
Development of a Second Version of the Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan Hepatitis C Virus Quantitative Test with Improved Genotype Inclusivity
Authors: Vermehren Johannes , Colucci Giuseppe , Gohl Peter , Hamdi Nabila , Abdelaziz Ahmed Ihab , Karey Ursula , Thamke Diana , Zitzer Heike , Zeuzem Stefan , Sarrazin Christoph 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA measurement has been facilitated by the introduction of real-time PCR-based assays with low limits of detection and broad dynamic ranges for quantification. In the present study, the performance of two second-version prototypes of the Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HCV Quantitative Test (CAP/CTM v2) with decreased sample input volume and improved genotype inclusivity was investigated. A total of 232 serum and plasma samples derived from patients with chronic hepatitis C (genotype 1 [GT1],
n
= 108; GT2,
n
= 8; GT3,
n
= 24; GT4,
n
= 87; GT5,
n
= 3; and GT6,
n
= 2) were processed in parallel with the Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HCV Test (CAP/CTM), Cobas Amplicor HCV Monitor Test v2.0 (CAM), and two second-version prototype formulations of CAP/CTM, Mastermix 1 (MMx1) and MMx2. In addition, three GT4 transcripts containing rare variant sequences were tested. The mean log
10
HCV RNA differences for the best-performing CAP/CTM v2/MMx2 formulation in comparison to CAM were −0.05, 0.05, −0.12, −0.10, −0.44, and −0.29 for patients with GT1, GT2, GT3, GT4, GT5, and GT6 infections, respectively. GT1, GT2, and GT4 samples including isolates with known variants within the 5′ untranslated region (G145A, A165T) that were underquantified with CAP/CTM were correctly quantified with the second-version prototype. In addition, CAP/CTM v2 was able to accurately quantify the three transcripts with rare variant sequences. In conclusion, CAP/CTM v2 accurately quantifies HCV RNA across all HCV genotypes, including specimens with rare polymorphisms previously associated with underquantification.
Rapid Discrimination between Candida glabrata, Candida nivariensis, and Candida bracarensis by Use of a Singleplex PCR
Authors: Enache-Angoulvant A. , Guitard J. , Grenouillet F. , Martin T. , Durrens P. , Fairhead C. , Hennequin C. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

We report here a PCR-based assay using a single primer pair targeting the
RPL31
gene that allows discrimination between
Candida glabrata
,
Candida bracarensis
, and
Candida nivariensis
according to the size of the generated amplicon.
Community Transmission in the United States of a CTX-M-15-Producing Sequence Type ST131 Escherichia coli Strain Resulting in Death
Authors: Owens Robert C. , Johnson James R. , Stogsdill Patricia , Yarmus Lonny , Lolans Karen , Quinn John 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

A middle-aged woman developed fatal urosepsis due to a multidrug-resistant
Escherichia coli
strain representing sequence type ST131, a recently emerged, disseminated, multidrug-resistant extraintestinal pathogen, after presumably having acquired it from her extensively antibiotic-exposed sister with chronic recurrent cystitis. Susceptibility results (reported on day 4) showed resistance to the initially selected regimen.