bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crystalline and Amorphous Soil Minerals of the Mississippi Coastal Terrace
Authors: DeMumbrum L. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVernniculite and “allophane” are predominant clays of poorly drained Gulf coastal soils, while vermiculite and gibbsite are found in the better drained soil studied. Vermiculite present in both situations is interlayered with alumina, somewhat similar to that described by Rich in Virginia soils. Removal of the interlayer alumina allows collapse of the mineral, but no expansion beyond 14Å. The ability to fix large amounts of K was also induced by the treatment, indicating the vermiculitic nature of the mineral.The presence of an amorphous, aluminous mineral was evident from the nature of the X‐ray diffraction patterns, chemical analyses and from electron photographs. The most direct means for its determination, however, was the use of an infrared absorption technique. A very strong 2.78 micron hydroxyl absorption maximum was observed in the colloid containing large amounts of alumina. The intensity of the absorption maximum was lessened as amount of the substance decreased.Presence of these clays in soils derived from Recent or late‐Pleistocene marine sands may be explained by either of two alternate hypotheses: (a) glauconite weathering or (b) deposition of weathered micas in the presence of aluminous precipitate in semimarine environment. Either or both processes may have been operative.
Solubility and Availability of Micronutrients in Relation to Phosphorus Fertilization
Authors: Bingham Frank T. , Garber M. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAvailability of B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, and Zn in relation to excesses of Ca(H2PO4)2 was studied with sour orange seedlings as indicators for induced interactions created in 19 different soils. To separate the effect of the carrier from that due to phosphorus, Ca(H2PO4)2, H3PO4, KH2PO4, and NH4H2PO4 sources were also used in a separate experiment. Chemical analyses of water extracts from the latter experiment provided the solubility data as controlled by excesses of P.Regardless of sources, excess P resulted in acute Cu deficiency; and in the case of acid soils, reduced uptake of B and Zn usually followed excess P fertilization. Excessive P fertilization of acid soils resulted in increased Mn and Mo uptake, whereas in alkaline soils excessive P reduced the availability of Mo. Solubility of Mn, B, and Mo Paralleled uptake data. Cu and Zn Solubilities were increased by excessive P fertilization. Mechanisms pertinent to the various P interactions are discussed with the major emphasis placed on P‐Cu antagonism.
Nitrate Production in the Field by Incubating the Soil in Polyethylene Bags
Authors: Eno Charles F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrate production was studied in the field by incubation of the soil in pint polyethylene bags during the 1958–59 winter season. This technique permits the diurnal changes in soil temperature to be taken into consideration in studying microbial processes, such as nitrification.Laboratory studies showed that the rate of nitrification in soil contained in the bags was equal to that contained in ventilated bottles. The bags were tightly closed against the soil and secured with rubber bands. Only slight losses in soil moisture occurred during a 6‐week period of incubation. Polyethylene is permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide. No nitrate difused through the polyethylene bags in a 24‐week period.Field studies were made using bags of soil buried at a depth of 4 inches for periods of 1 to 6 weeks. Although soil temperatures at this depth were never below freezing, they varied sufficiently to result in considerable changes in the rate of nitrate production.This technique should also prove to be of considerable value in evaluating nitrification in climates where the soil is frozen or at a temperature near freezing during a portion of the year.
Relationships of Atterberg Limits to Some Other Properties of Illinois Soils
Authors: Odell R. T. , Thornburn T. H. , McKenzie L. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMultiple correlations were determined between liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index and various combinations of standard physical and chemical determinations (cation‐exchange capacity, percent of organic carbon, percent of <0.002‐mm. clay, percent of montmorillonite in the clay separate, percent of illite in the clay separate, and percent of 0.05‐ to 0.002‐mm. silt) on a wide range of Illinois soils.Multiple correlation coefficients of 0.959, 0.887, and 0.938 were obtained between liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index, respectively, and three soil properties (percent of organic carbon, percent of clay, and percent of montmorillonite in the clay separaate), indicating that there is a very close relationship between Atterberg limits and these three soil properties. If additional soil properties, such as percent of silt and percent of illite in the clay separate, are included in the analysis the correlation coefficients are increased only slightly. Lower, but highly significant correlations were also obtained between each of the Atterberg limits and cation‐exchange capacity, and a combination of percent of organic carbon and percent of clay.
Oxidation‐Reduction Studies on the Mechanism of B Horizon Formation in Podzols
Authors: McKenzie L. J. , Whiteside E. P. , Erickson A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOxidation‐reduction potentials in situ have been measured in a hydro‐sequence of soils in the Podzol region of Michigan with variations in time and space. The soils were well‐drained Kalkaska sand, imperfectly drained Saugatuck sand and poorly drained Roscommon sand. The distribution of citrate‐oxidizing organisms and iron‐oxidizing organisms in horizons of Kalkaska and Saugatuck sands was also studied.Redox potentials were observed to vary with moisture, temperature and soil horizons. The population of citrate‐oxidizing organisms decreased with depth and iron‐oxidizing organisms were isolated from the Bir horizons of both Kalkaska and Saugatuck sands.The results indicate that certain mechanisms of Podzol formation may be active in the soils studied.
Laboratory Studies and Genesis of a Clay‐Enriched Horizon in the Lowest Part of the Solum of Some Brunizem and Gray‐Brown Podzolic Soils in Illinois
Authors: Bartelli L. J. , Odell R. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResults are presented from laboratory investigations of Beta horizons (clay‐enriched layers found below the B2 horizons) of selected soils in the Wisconsin‐age glaciated region of northern Illinois.Stereoscopic microscopic investigations indicated the peds were microconstructional. This was interpreted to be the result of not only the arrangement of skeletal material in situ, but also the effect of colloidal material which has moved into the horizon from above and deposited on surfaces of grains, peds, and walls of pores to alter the microconfiguration and porosity. Microscopic studies of thin sections showed a rather porous fabric with a large percentage of the clay being strongly oriented in layers along surfaces of mineral grains, walls of pores and root channels, and surfaces of peds. Thin sections of sand columns through which clay suspensions had been passed had a fabric markedly similar to that of Beta horizons. These micromorphological investigations strongly suggest that the Beta horizon is primarily a zone of clay illuviation.Mechanical analyses indicated that the total clay fraction (< 0.002 mm.) was at a maximum in the B2 horizon and that fine clay was at a maximum in the Beta horizon of each profile. Amounts of organic matter by weight were about the same in the B2 and Beta horizons. On the other hand, if amounts of clay and organic matter were expressed on a specific surface area basis, the Beta horizon was appreciably higher than the B2 horizon of the same profile.Clay mineral analyses indicated that the Beta horizons are characterized by a montmorillonitic suite more closely associated with the loess‐influenced material in the upper part of the soil than an illitic clay suite which characterizes the drift material below.The reaction ranged from pH 6.0 to 7.7 for most of the Beta horizons with the lower portion of the horizon having the highest pH.Clay migration was suggested as the dominant process in the development of the Beta horizon and it was closely related to the discontinuity in moisture flow at the boundary of the coarser textured substrata and finer textured subsoil.
Morphology and Genesis of Some Soils Containing Fragipans in Northern Michigan
Authors: Yassoglou N. J. , Whiteside E. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDetailed physical, chemical, and mineralogical studies were made on profiles representative of the McBride, Isabella, and Nester series. These are soils that were formed in calcareous sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and clay loam tills, respectively, in northern Michigan. They are bisequal profiles representative of the zonal Podzol group, intergrading to Gray Wooded soils. They each contain eluvial fragipan horizons (Eq) between the overlying illuvial humus sesquioxide horizon (Ihi) and the underlying illuvial silicate clay or textural horizon (It). Genesis of the Podzol sequum is characterized by high physical, chemical, and biological activities, while the underlying Gray Wooded sequum is characterized mainly by leaching of soluble materials and high physical activity such as eluviation, illuviation, contraction, and rearrangements of soil particles.The fragipan is most strongly developed in the McBride. The fragipans occur at depths of 8 to 20 inches beneath the surface and are 6 to 24 inches thick. They are deeper and thicker in the soils formed in the moderately coarsetextured primary materials. The fragipans are grayer and more compact than adjoining layers. They have high bulk densities, are hard when dry and firm when moist. When moist, the resistance of the materials studied to the penetration of a metal cone increases with clay contents up to about 15%. With higher clay contents their resistance decreases rapidly. The clay in these horizons is largely illitic but some chlorite and kaolinite are also present. The clay and silt form a dense matrix or bridges between the sand grains.The alterations of the primary materials necessary for the formation of the pedogenetic fragipan horizons include: leaching of lime, eluviation of the finer expanding lattice clays leaving a residual concentration of the coarser nonexpanding clay, compaction of the layers by weight of the overlying layers or the tap roots of plants, and possibly some weak reversible cementation with soluble alumina.The fragipan layers interfere with the movement of water and plant roots in the soil profile. Roots branch little in these layers and tap roots of alfalfa commonly zigzag through cracks in them.
Statistical Parameters and Reproducibility of the Neutron Method of Measuring Soil Moisture
Authors: Stone John F. , Shaw R. H. , Kirkham Don 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe neutron device used in the study was essentially that of Stone et al., Soil Sci. Sco. Am. Proc. 19:419‐423. 1955. Reproducibility (that is, repeat performance at a given location) of the neutron device was evaluated in the laboratory and in the field. Observed coefficients of variation for laboratory and field were about 1.5% to 2.5%. Random counting error component accounted for most of this percentage.In comparing gravimetric sampling with neutron measurements at the same locations, a rather poor agreement was observed within locations, but overall average difference in indicated moisture was < 0.1 inch of water per 6‐inch soil depth. Poor individual agreement is believed to be due to limitations of bulk density determination and not to the neutron device.A comparison of the relative abilities of the aravimetric and neutron methods to evaluate moisture in a set of plots where sampling locations were randomized indicates that use of seven gravimetric sites for each neutron site gives a comparable standard error of the mean.
A Microscopic Determination of Apatite and a Study of Phosphorus in Some Nebraska Soil Profiles
Authors: Shipp R. F. , Matelski R. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA microscopic method is described for the determination of apatite mineral frequencies. The technique was developed from further study and application of a method used to detect alkaline earth carbonates in soils. Essentially, the method consists of distributing soil heavy minerals over 2 to 3 drops of 10.7N H2SO4 on a glass slide. Needle‐like calcium sulfate crystals develop on the surface of the apatite grains making them easily recognized. The low birefringence of apatite is used as a further identifying characteristic.A study of three Nebraska soils was made using this technique. Data on the occurrence and vertical distribution of apatite in these soils is presented. A general tendency for the apatite content to increase with depth was noted. This increase is shown to parallel the profile distribution of acid‐soluble phosphorus in these soils. There was a close correlation between the total phosphorus content of the sand and coarse silt and the percent of apatite as determined by this method.
Problems Relating to Research in Forest Fertilization With Southern Pines
Authors: Pritchett W. L. , Robertson W. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecent interest in fertilization of forest soils has pointed up the need for improvements in investigational techniques in the field. Since methods developed for agronomic research often have little application to forestry, a series of experiments were conducted in slash pine plantations to check experimental technique. P32 measurements indicated 2‐, 3‐, and 5‐year‐old pine trees may feed out to about 19, 25 and 32 feet, respectively, on sandy soil. Root grafting, as determined by the use of P32, appeared to occur in trees 5 years or more in age. The size of plots depends upon the anticipated extent of the root system at the finish of the experiment. At least 30 trees should be included for measurements, with borders to prevent cross‐feeding. Except for experiments to be conducted for short periods on young trees, individual plots should be about ¼ to ½ acre in size.Depth of feeding, method of fertilizer application, and season of application are discussed. Care must be exercised when applying fertilizer at time of transplanting to prevent burn. Concentrations exceeding the equivalent of 300 pounds of soluble nitrogen (N) or potash (K2O) per acre may result in reduced growth and stand of newly planted pine on sandy soil. It appears that fertilization should be delayed at least 1 year after transplanting in order to reduce the danger of burning, leaching losses, and competition from weeds.
Miscible Displacement in Soils: I. Experimental Information
Authors: Nielsen D. R. , Biggar J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen a fluid containing a tracer in solution is displaced from a porous medium by the same fluid without a tracer, this miscible displacement results in a tracer concentration distribution which depends upon microscopic flow velocities, tracer diffusion rates and other chemical and physical processes. Miscible displacement has been studied in several porous materials under saturated and unsaturated conditions at different average flow velocities. The tracer appeared at the end of the soil column well in advance of that expected had no mixing occurred at the boundary of the tracer and tracer‐free water. Physical differences between porous materials were manifested by changes in shape and position of breakthrough curves owing to ionic diffusion. One of the more important physical features was the magnitude of the volume of water not readily displaced at saturation and its increase when the soil was desaturated. Because the total flux of water moving through field soils is generally small, the role played by hydrodynamic dispersion and diffusion in transporting dissolved solutes must be included in the theory of most soil‐water processes.
Behavior of Soil Humic Acids Towards Oxidation With Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Savage S. M. , Stevenson F. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHumic acids from two Brunizem soils were oxidized with a view to obtaining and detecting intermediate products which would provide clues to their structures. A comparison of optimum conditions for the production of intermediate products showed that humic acid extracted from soil with 0.1M sodium pyrophosphate (pH 9.0) was more susceptible to oxidation than humic acid extracted with 0.5N NaOH. Intermediate products obtained from pyrophosphate humic acid by oxidation were different chemically from those derived from alkali humic acid.Paper partition chromatography of the low molecular weight acids obtained by oxidation, as well as column chromatography on silicic acid, failed to reveal the presence of the common aliphatic and benzenoid acids. In one preparation, phthalic and trimesic acids were identified tentatively by paper chromatography. Evidence obtained indicated that the intermediate products were polycarboxylic.The intermediate products formed by H2O2 oxidation of humic acids contained N, suggesting that humic acids contain N as part of their molecular structures. Ultraviolet analyses of the intermediate products failed to reveal the presence of azo‐ or diazo‐N compounds, or of constituents which contain heterocyclic 6‐membered ring N.
Sulfur Acidity in South Carolina Tidal Marsh Soils
Authors: Fleming John F. , Alexander L. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome soils of the South Carolina tidal marsh area develop high acidity when drained. On soil samples from these areas pH values were lowered as much as 3 units on drying. Final values often ranged from pH 3.0 to 2.0 with an occasional value below pH 2.0. These soils contain up to 5.5% total sulfur.This investigation indicates that the sulfur acidity problem in these soils is similar to the problem in soils called Katteklei (cat's clay) in Holland and by various other names throughout the world. It is postulated that sulfur from sea water was reduced forming sulfides which oxidize to sulfate on exposure to air‐drying. If there are not enough alkaline earth carbonates, high acidity results.Field identification can sometimes be made by the smell of H2S from the disturbed soil, but often it is necessary to determine pH values before and after drying. Total sulfur percentage is also indicative.
Evaluation of Phosphobacterin as a Soil Inoculant
Authors: Smith J. H. , Allison F. E. , Soulides D. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCharacterization of Phosphobacterin obtained from the U.S.S.R. showed that it is a culture of Bacillus megaterium adsorbed on kaolinite at approximately 7 billion spores per gram. The bacteria readily decomposed glycerophosphate.Two greenhouse experiments conducted at Beltsville, Maryland, in which tomatoes and wheat were grown on six neutral soils showed a 7.5% increase in tomato yield in the first experiment, where Phosphobacterin was applied, and no increase for wheat. No such increase in tomato yields was observed in the second experiment. Neither phosphorus concentration in the two crops nor fertilizer recovery, determined with P32, was favorably influenced by the inoculant in either experiment.There are no indications from these experiments that Phosphobacterin inoculation of vegetable or field crops would be beneficial.
Fraction of Net Radiation Utilized in Evapotranspiration from a Corn Crop
Authors: Graham W. G. , King K. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe ratio of daily evapotranspiration to net radiation was determined at various stages in the development of a corn crop. Measurements, made near the center of a 266‐ by 340‐foot corn plot near Guelph, Ontario are reported for 16 days of observation during the summer of 1958. Soil moisture in the plot was maintained at a level exceeding 75% available. There was good agreement between the daily evapotranspiration determined by a floating lysimeter and the daily evapotranspiration computed hourly from the vertical heat budget method. The ratio of evapotranspiration to net radiation (E/Rn) averaged 0.81 ± .09 for the daytime period on days following rain when a large area was equally moist. Low values of E/Rn were associated with days of heavy cloud and high humidity. Values of E/Rn greater than unity during the daytime were obtained on some days when the corn plot was irrigated and the surroundings were dry. Freezing of the crop reduced E/Rn to 0.52. The stage of crop development prior to freezing did not have any effect on E/Rn under the soil moisture conditions of this experiment.
Studies on Nitrite Oxidizing Microorganisms: I. Nitrite Oxidation by Nitrobacter
Authors: Silver Warren S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractQuantities of Nitrobacter sufficient for whole cell and enzyme studies have been obtained by cultivation under forced aeration in a soluble mineral medium. That the nitrite oxidase activity of washed cells and extracts is intimately linked to the cytochrome system was shown by manometric, spectral and inhibition studies. Cytochrome inhibitors but not uncouplers readily inhibited nitrite oxidation. The nitrite‐oxidizing system of cell‐free extracts was of relatively low activity compared to washed cells.
Residual Effects of Phosphorus Fertilizer on an Eastern Oregon Soil
Authors: Hunter Albert S. , Hoffman E. N. , Yungen John A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn each of three successive years a 6‐year rotation (barley‐3 years alfalfa‐corn‐sugar beets) was established on separate plots of Owyhee silt loam treated with 0, 26, 53, 105, and 210 pounds of P per acre and a uniform rate of N. Plots were split in the fifth year for differential N and in the sixth year for P and N treatments.Yields and removal of P by crops were determined each year. In the sixth year measurements of soluble P in soil, percent P in plant derived from soil P, A‐values, and yield and compositional responses of sugar beets to added P fertilizer were employed to evaluate levels of available residual P in soil.All methods of evaluation indicate that 210 pounds of P were adequate for all crops in the 6‐year rotation. Residual P from the 105‐pound rate was inadequate for maximum yield of beets. Essentially no residual P remained in the sixth year from the 26‐ and 53‐pound applications.Accumulation of N by alfalfa was unaffected by initial rate of P. Fertilizer N substantially increased corn yields following 3 years of productive alfalfa.
The Relationship of Soils to Molybdenum Toxicity in Cattle in Nevada
Authors: Kubota Joe , Lazar Victor A. , Langan L. N. , Beeson Kenneth C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relationship of soil factors associated with reported areas of Mo toxicity in cattle in seven agriculturally important valleys in Nevada was investigated. The level of Mo in the plant was selected as a measure of the soil factors, but Cu, Co, S and P were also determined in a large number of the forage samples.The Mo content varied both with plant species and soils. Under Nevada conditions, alfalfa contains about two‐thirds as much Mo as does the clover, and sedge about one‐sixth as much where the Mo content are very high. Grasses and sedges with high levels of Mo commonly have correspondingly low levels of Cu, Co, or P.The Mo levels were low in forage plants from the naturally well‐drained soils, and the levels of Cu, Co, S and P were considered to be adequate. Neither lithology nor physiography—alluvial fan or floodplain and terrace—is an important factor in well‐drained soils.Both high water table and surface organic accumulation, common soil characteristics of poorly drained soils, affect the Mo levels in the plant. The magnitude of their effect varies with kind of parent material. The exceedingly high (300 ppm.) Mo levels were found in forage from some granitic alluvial fans.The relationship of problem soil areas in Nevada to other Mo toxic areas is discussed.