bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Co‐Oxidation by Cyclooxygenases
Authors: Szewczuk Lawrence M. , Penning Trevor M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCyclooxygenases (COXs; prostaglandin H2synthases) catalyze the bis‐dioxygenation of arachidonic acid (AA) to generate prostaglandin (PG) G2followed by the peroxidative cleavage of PGG2to yield PGH2, the precursor to all of the vasoactive PGs. These enzymes utilize a Fe‐protoporhyrin IX (heme) co‐factor to catalyze peroxide bond cleavage, which puts the Fe at a higher oxidation state (Fe3+→︀ Fe5+). The heme Fe requires two electrons (e−) to return to its resting state (Fe3+) for the next round of catalysis. Peroxide bond cleavage thus occurs via compound I and compound II, observed for horseradish peroxidase. To return to Fe3+, electrons come from “co‐reductants” and their subsequent oxidation by the enzyme is known as “co‐oxidation”. The protocols in this unit are aimed at characterizing this side reaction of COXs.Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 42:4.30.1‐4.30.14. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cellulose Ester Plastics (Organic)
Authors: Rich R. P. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Esterification

Hydrolysis

Precipitation, Washing, and Drying

Cellulose Esters

Cellulose Triacetate

Cellulose Acetate

Cellulose Acetate Butyrate and Cellulose Acetate Propionate

Organic Cellulose Ester Plastics

Commercial Production

Properties

Processing
Molecular Recognition
Authors: Weber Edwin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPrinciples of Receptor DesignSimple Modes of Molecular RecognitionMultiple and Multisite, Coreceptor‐ and Coupled‐System Substrate RecognitionChiral RecognitionArtificial Receptors for Particular Substrate RecognitionMolecular Recognition in Polymers and SolidsMolecular Recognition at Interfaces and Surface MonolayersSelf‐Recognition
Time‐Lapse Live Imaging of Stem Cells inDrosophilaTestis
Authors: Cheng Jun , Hunt Alan J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis unit describes a protocol for time‐lapse live‐imaging of stem cells inDrosophilatestis. Testis tips are dissected fromDrosophila, sliced, and transferred to glass‐bottom chambers where the stem cells residing in their native microenvironment can be monitored in real time. This protocol, facilitated with various fluorescence‐labeled markers, allows dynamic cellular processes in stem cells to be characterized throughout the cell cycle.Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 11:2E.2.1‐2E.2.8. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Culturing, Storage, and Quantification of Rotaviruses
Authors: Arnold Michelle , Patton John T. , McDonald Sarah M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractGroup A rotaviruses (RVs) infect the young of numerous animal species and cause acute gastroenteritis. Cultivation of animal and human RVs in cells requires proteolytic activation of the viral attachment protein using trypsin. Continuous cell lines, such as rhesus monkey kidney cells, as well as primary monkey kidney cells, are routinely used for the growth and characterization of RVs. Isolation and cultivation of human RVs from clinical fecal specimens is difficult and adaptation to growth in vitro requires multiple rounds of passage in primary cells. Following growth, RV stocks can be purified by centrifugation, if required, and quantified using plaque assay or fluorescence focus assay. This unit describes easily applicable procedures for the culturing, storage, and quantification of RVs. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 15:15C.3.1‐15C.3.24. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A new framework for data reconciliation and measurement bias identification in generalized linear dynamic systems
Authors: Xu Hua , Rong Gang 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article describes a new framework for data reconciliation in generalized linear dynamic systems, in which the well‐known Kalman filter (KF) is inadequate for filtering. In contrast to the classical formulation, the proposed framework is in a more concise form but still remains the same filtering accuracy. This comes from the properties of linear dynamic systems and the features of the linear equality constrained least squares solution. Meanwhile, the statistical properties of the framework offer new potentials for dynamic measurement bias detection and identification techniques. On the basis of this new framework, a filtering formula is rederived directly and the generalized likelihood ratio method is modified for generalized linear dynamic systems. Simulation studies of a material network present the effects of both the techniques and emphatically demonstrate the characteristics of the identification approach. Moreover, the new framework provides some insights about the connections between linear dynamic data reconciliation, linear steady state data reconciliation, and KF. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Public dialogs in social network sites: What is their purpose?
Authors: Thelwall Mike , Wilkinson David 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSocial network sites (SNSs) such as MySpace and Facebook are important venues for interpersonal communication, especially among youth. One way in which members can communicate is to write public messages on each other's profile, but how is this unusual means of communication used in practice? An analysis of 2,293 public comment exchanges extracted from large samples of U.S. and U.K. MySpace members found them to be relatively rapid, but rarely used for prolonged exchanges. They seem to fulfill two purposes: making initial contact and keeping in touch occasionally such as at birthdays and other important dates. Although about half of the dialogs seem to exchange some gossip, the dialogs seem typically too short to play the role of gossip‐based “social grooming” for typical pairs of Friends, but close Friends may still communicate extensively in SNSs with other methods.
Study on Industrial Scale Chromatographic Separation Methods of Galactose from Biomass Hydrolysates
Authors: Saari P. , Häkkä K. , Jumppanen J. , Heikkilä H. , Hurme M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractGalactose is an aldohexose, which has commercial uses in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Since monomeric galactose is not a freely occurring compound, it must be produced from galactose‐containing hydrolysates. This paper reports the results of experimental studies of the chromatographic separation of galactose in aqueous solutions by ion exchange resins on an industrial scale. Until now, galactose has only been determined from various solutions by liquid chromatography (HPLC) on an analytical scale. Chromatographic separation of galactose from carbohydrate mixtures was studied with strong acid cation exchange resins in Na+, Ca2+ forms and strong base anion exchange resin in SO42– form. The feed solutions were hydrolysates from three possible galactose sources: lactose, gum arabic and hemicellulose in spent sulfite liquor. The main monosaccharide impurities in these raw materials were glucose, arabinose, and xylose. It was demonstrated that large scale liquid chromatography can be used effectively for galactose separation from complex carbohydrate mixtures such as plant hydrolysates as well as lactose hydrolysate.
Ionic Liquids as Alternative Lubricants for Special Applications
Authors: Predel T. , Pohrer B. , Schlücker E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe still relatively unknown class of substances referred to as ionic liquids (ILs) is continuously gaining in interest and importance. This attunes for research as well as for industrial applications because of their outstanding and unique physical and chemical properties, which make them very interesting for various applications. These, under ambient conditions, mainly liquid compounds also offer several options for an optimization of process machines, with a high potential of performance increase and savings in investment and operating costs (Predel et al., Chem. Eng. Technol. 2007, 30, 1475). Furthermore, they offer the chance of conquering new areas in process technology like the lubricated compression of oxygen (Predel et al., Proceedings of the International Rotating Equipment Conference, 2008). For their commercial implementation in these fields, ILs have to fulfill a number of requirements, which have to be defined in detail for every specific application. ILs are also called “designer substances”, due to their tailor‐made character with strongly differing properties depending on the ion structure. This attribute offers a great pool of possible candidates for any special application. A screening of the relevant parameters for lubrication applications, such as thermal stability, corrosiveness, wettability and tribological behavior, was carried out in several adequate experimental setups. The results are presented and an evaluation of the most promising candidates for lubrication applications was carried out. Furthermore, first results in the specific application of ILs as lubricants in a combustion engine are presented and an outlook for this specific topic will be given.
Flavonoids activated caspases for apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G and U87MG cells but not in human normal astrocytes
Authors: Das Arabinda , Banik Naren L. , Ray Swapan K. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Human glioblastoma is a deadly brain cancer that continues to defy all current therapeutic strategies. The authors induced apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G and U87MG cells after treatment with apigenin, (−)‐epigallocatechin, (−)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), and genistein, which did not induce apoptosis in human normal astrocytes.METHODS:Induction of apoptosis was examined using Wright staining and ApopTag assay. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increase in intracellular free Ca2+were measured by fluorescent probes. Analysis of mRNA and Western blotting indicated increases in expression and activities of the stress kinases and cysteine proteases for apoptosis. JC‐1 showed changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and use of specific inhibitors confirmed activation of kinases and proteases in apoptosis.RESULTS:Treatment of glioblastoma cells with apigenin, (−)‐epigallocatechin, EGCG, or genistein triggered ROS production that induced apoptosis with phosphorylation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and activation of the redox‐sensitivec‐JunN‐terminal kinase 1 pathway. Pretreatment of cells with ascorbic acid attenuated ROS production and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Increases in intracellular free Ca2+and activation of caspase‐4 indicated involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in apoptosis. Other events in apoptosis included overexpression of Bax, loss of ΔΨm, mitochondrial release of cytochromecand Smac into the cytosol, down‐regulation of baculoviral inhibitor‐of‐apoptosis repeat‐containing proteins, and activation of calpain, caspase‐9, and caspase‐3. (−)‐Epigallocatechin and EGCG also induced caspase‐8 activity. Apigenin, (−)‐epigallocatechin, EGCG, and genistein did not induce apoptosis in human normal astrocytes.CONCLUSIONS:Results strongly suggest that flavonoids are potential therapeutic agents for induction of apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Pretubulysin and Derivatives
Authors: Ullrich Angelika , Herrmann Jennifer , Müller Rolf , Kazmaier Uli 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPretubulysin, a biosynthetic precursor of the tubulysins, shows potent biological activity in the subnanomolar range towards various tumor cell lines. Its activity is only slightly less than those of the structurally more complex tubulysins. With a straightforward synthesis to hand, pretubulysin is an ideal lead structure for the development of tubulysin‐based anticancer drugs(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Middle pancreatectomy with pancreaticogastrostomy: A technique, operative outcomes, and long‐term pancreatic function
Authors: Sudo Takeshi , Murakami Yoshiaki , Uemura Kenichiro , Hayashidani Yasuo , Hashimoto Yasushi , Ohge Hiroki , Sueda Taijiro 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesMiddle pancreatectomy is infrequently performed in selected patients. The rationale is to preserve pancreatic function. This study evaluates a technique, operative outcomes, and long‐term exocrine and endocrine pancreatic function of the middle pancreatectomy procedure.MethodsNineteen patients who underwent middle pancreatectomy between 1996 and 2008 were reviewed. Indications included eight intraductal papillary‐mucinous neoplasms, five endocrine tumors, one serous and two mucinous cystadenomas, and three other benign lesions. Reconstruction of the distal pancreatic remnant was performed with pancreaticogastrostomy using the duct‐to‐mucosa method in 16 patients and with Roux‐en‐Y end‐to‐end pancreaticojejunostomy in 3 patients.ResultsMedian operative time was 215 min. Perioperative mortality was nil. Morbidity was 53%, including 9 (47%) pancreatic fistulas. One patient with hemorrhage, complicated by a pancreatic fistula was successfully treated by endovascular embolization. No patients required postsurgical reoperation. Only one patient had clinical exocrine insufficiency requiring pancreatic enzyme supplementation. None developed postresection new‐onset insulin‐dependent diabetes.ConclusionsMiddle pancreatectomy with pancreaticogastrostomy is feasible and reasonable technique. Although the incidence of pancreatic fistula formation may still be higher compared to conventional resection, long‐term exocrine, and endocrine pancreatic function may be preserved. Thus, careful patient selection and experienced pancreatic surgeons in high‐volume centers are of great importance. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;101:61–65. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A high temperature superconducting quasi‐elliptic notch filter for radioastronomy
Authors: Corona‐Chavez Alonso , Llamas‐Garro Ignacio , J. Lancaster Michael 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA novel miniaturized high temperature superconductor (HTS) four‐pole filter for the Radio Frequency Interference Mitigation of the 900 MHz cellular band in radiotelescopes is presented. This circuit incorporates a new type of capacitive cross‐coupling between nonadjacent resonators to achieve a quasi‐elliptic response. Design procedure along with simulation and experimental results are shown. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 88–90, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24863
A quadratic approximation for structural topology optimization
Authors: Groenwold Albert A. , Etman L. F. P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn topology optimization, it is customary to use reciprocal‐like approximations, which result in monotonically decreasing approximate objective functions. In this paper, we demonstrate that efficient quadratic approximations for topology optimization can also be derived, if the approximate Hessian terms are chosen with care. To demonstrate this, we construct a dual SAO algorithm for topology optimization based on a strictly convex, diagonal quadratic approximation to the objective function. Although the approximation is purely quadratic, it does contain essential elements of reciprocal‐like approximations: for self‐adjoint problems, our approximation is identical to the quadratic or second‐order Taylor series approximation to the exponential approximation. We present both a single‐point and a two‐point variant of the new quadratic approximation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of chelate polymers containing etheric diphenyl ring in the backbone: thermal, optical, electrochemical, and morphological properties
Authors: Kaya İsmet , Aydın Aysel 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA novel Schiff base, 4‐bromo‐2‐[(2‐[(5‐bromo‐2‐hydroxyphenyl)methylene]amino‐5‐nitrophenyl)iminomethyl]phenol (M1) was synthesized from the reaction of 5‐brom‐salicylaldehyde with 4‐nitro‐o‐phenylenediamine. Schiff base–metal complex was synthesized from the reaction of 4‐bromo‐2‐[(2‐[(5‐bromo‐2‐ hydroxyphenyl)methylene]amino‐5‐nitrophenyl)iminomethyl]phenol (M1) with copper (II) acetate monohydrate [(CH3COO)2 Cu · H2O] salt. Poly‐ (M1‐Cu‐TDP) was synthesized from the reaction of M1‐Cu with 4,4′‐dithiodiphenol (TDP). Poly(M1‐Cu‐PDP) was synthesized from the reaction of M1‐Cu with 4,4′‐propane‐2,2‐diyldiphenol (PDP). Poly(M1‐Cu‐HDP) was synthesized from the reaction of M1‐Cu with 4,4′‐(1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropane‐2,2‐di‐yl)diphenol (HDP). The structures of the synthesized monomer and chelate polymers were confirmed by FT‐IR, UV–Vis, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, and elemental analysis. The characterization was made by TGA‐DTA, DSC, size exclusion chromatography, cyclic voltammetry, and solubility tests. Also, surface morphologies of chelate polymers were investigated by scanning electron microscope. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of polyester having sequentially ordered two orthogonal reactive groups by anionic alternating copolymerization of epoxide and bislactone
Authors: Uenishi Kazuya , Sudo Atsushi , Endo Takeshi 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article presents a route to a novel polyester having sequentially ordered two orthogonal reactive groups. The polyester was given by the imidazole‐initiated alternating copolymerization of allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) and a bislactone 1. This copolymerization system is characterized by the following three reaction behaviors: (1) the selective participation of only one of the two lactone moieties of 1 to the copolymerization to give a linear polyester, and the consequent introduction of the second lactone into the side chain of the polyester, (2) the participation of the epoxy moiety in AGE to the copolymerization, and the consequent introduction of the carbon–carbon double bond into the side chain of the polyester, and (3) arrangement of the sequentially ordered two orthogonal reactive groups according to the alternating manner. The introduction of the two reactive groups to the side chain of the alternating copolymer allowed two routes of sequential chemoselective reactions: (A) The ring‐opening reaction of the lactone moiety with n‐propylamine and the following Pt‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of the carbon–carbon double bond with dimethylphenylsilane and (B) the sequential reactions of the reverse order. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2009
Controlled synthesis of pH‐responsive amphiphilic A2B2 miktoarm star block copolymer by combination of SET‐LRP and RAFT polymerization
Authors: Zhang Weidong , Zhang Wei , Zhu Jian , Zhang Zhengbiao , Zhu Xiulin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe pH‐responsive amphiphilic A2B2 miktoarm star block copolymer, poly(acrylic acid)2‐poly(vinyl acetate)2 [(PAA)2(PVAc)2], with controlled molecular weight and well‐defined structure was successfully synthesized via combination of single‐electron transfer‐mediated living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) and reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization methods. First, the precursor two‐armed poly(t‐butyl acrylate) (PtBA)2 functionalized with two xanthate groups was prepared by SET‐LRP of t‐butyl acrylate in acetone at 25 °C using the novel tetrafunctional bromoxanthate (Xanthate2‐Br2) as an Iniferter (initiator‐transfer agent‐terminator) agent. The polymerization behavior showed typical LRP natures by the first‐order polymerization kinetics and the linear dependence of molecular weight of the polymer on the monomer conversion. Second, the A2B2 miktoarm star block copolymer (PtBA)2(PVAc)2 was prepared by RAFT polymerization of VAc using (PtBA‐N3)2(Xanthate)2 obtained as the macro‐RAFT agent. Finally, the pH‐sensitive A2B2 amphiphilic miktoarm star block copolymer poly(acrylic acid)2‐poly(vinyl acetate)2 ((PAA)2(PVAc)2) was obtained by selectively cleavage of t‐butyl esters of (PtBA)2(PVAc)2. All the miktoarm star block copolymers were characterized by GPC, 1H‐NMR, and FT‐IR spectra. The self‐assembly behaviors of the amphiphilic A2B2 miktoarm block copolymers (PAA)2(PVAc)2 were also investigated by transmission electron microscopy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2009
Microwave‐assisted nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization of acrylamide in aqueous solution
Authors: Rigolini Julien , Grassl Bruno , Billon Laurent , Reynaud Stephanie , Donard Olivier F. X. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe present work describes a combination of microwave irradiation as a heating source and water as a solvent for carrying out a living/controlled polymerization of acrylamide. Reasonable results were obtained for a nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization (NMP) with a combination of a conventional hydrosoluble radical initiator and a β‐phosphonylated nitroxide. The microwave enhancement of the polymerization was found to depend on the mode of irradiation, i.e., either a dynamic (DYN) mode or an pulse (SPS) mode. The former mode corresponded to a dynamic control of the temperature by way of a high initial microwave power, and in this case, no specific microwave effect was observed. On the other hand, in the SPS mode, which is a pulsed power mode, the result showed a strong acceleration of the polymerization process (>50 times) without the loss of the living/controlled polymerization characteristics, which is relevant with a reinitiation of the polyacrylamide macroinitiator even after 100% of conversion. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2009
Acid‐base properties of poly(amidoamine)s
Authors: Ranucci Elisabetta , Ferruti Paolo , Lattanzio Ettore , Manfredi Amedea , Rossi Manuela , Mussini Patrizia R. , Chiellini Federica , Bartoli Cristina 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPolyamidoamines (PAAs) represent a family of degradable polymers carrying tert‐amine groups in the polymer backbone, which behave as polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions. Many relevant properties of PAAs, including the ability to interact with components of the biological environments, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and living cells, are strongly dependent on their acid‐base properties, hence on their ionization state in different biological districts. In this article, the protonation constants of a series of PAAs have been precisely determined by electrochemical techniques in order to build up a homogeneous library containing both the protonation constants and the average distribution of the charged species, hence the net average charge as a function of pH. Moreover, correlations between chemical and cytotoxicity, have been attempted. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2009