bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Devaleraea, A New Genus of the Palmariaceae (Rhodophyta) in the North Atlantic and North Pacific
Authors: Guiry Michael D. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe family Palmariaceae Guiry (Palmariales: Rhodophyta) at present includes the generaPalmariaStackhouse (the holotype genus: see Guiry, 1974, p. 523),HalosacdonKiitzing,LeptosarcaA. & E. S. Gepp andNeohalosacdocolaxI. K. Lee & Kurogi.HalosacdonandLeptosarcawere included in the original description of the family (Guiry, 1974) andNeohalosacdocolaxwas recently described by Lee & Kurogi (1978) for a small parasite onHalosacdon minjaiiI. K. Lee from the Aleutian Islands. The structure and reproduction ofNeohalosacdocolaxmake it quite clear that its affinities lie with the Palmariaceae (Lee & Kurogi, 1978). The Palmariaceae of the island of Hokkaido (northern Japan) have been the subject of a recent study (Lee, 1978) and the details of structure and reproduction given for the northwestern Pacific species ofPalmariaandHalosacdonconfirm that the unusual structure and mode of reproduction described by Guiry (1974, 1975, 1978) for Atlantic and northeastern Pacific representatives of these genera are also found in the northwestern Pacific representatives (see also Lee, 1977a).
The Distribution of Sterols and Stanols in the TunicateCiona Intestinalis
Authors: Morris R. J. , Mccartney M. J. , Bone Q. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONUntil recently saturated sterols – stands – were not thought to play an active biochemical or physiological role in organisms. They were generally considered to be diagenetic products of the microbiological reduction of the common natural product Δ5sterols and as such have been reported in sediments (e.g. Gaskell & Eglinton, 1975).Prior to the regular use of capillary gas liquid chromatographic (GLC) and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) techniques the majority of sterol analyses had been performed on packed column GLC. It is now well known that in the analysis of some of the complex mixtures of sterols which commonly occur in the marine environment, the use of packed column GLC techniques alone is an inadequate procedure (e.g. Ballantine; Roberts & Morris, 1976; Ballantineet al.1977). Certainly complete resolution of the sterol-stanol pairs cannot normally be achieved on packed columns and identification of the components within each peak has to be made by multiple mass spectral scans across each peak (Ballantineet al.1976). With the advent of techniques with better resolving powers, significant amounts of natural product stands have been found in a wide spectrum of phyla including molluscs, sponges coelenterates, echinoderms, annelids and tunicates (Morris & Culkin, 1977 and references therein; Ballantineet al.1976; Ballantine, Lavis & Morris, 1979, 1981; Voogt, 1976; Ballantineet al.1977; Ballantineet al.1978; Guptaet al.1979). In some instances the stanols have been found to account for over 50% of the animals component sterols.As the sterol profile of marine invertebrates becomes better understood it is clear that stanolsareimportant biochemical constituents of many of these organisms; but little is known of their significance in any biochemical or physiological role.
Corymbellus aureusgen. et sp.nov., a new colonial member of the Haptophyceae
Authors: Green J. C. 
Published: May 2009

A new member of the Haptophyceae,Corymbellus aureusgen. et sp.nov. is described. The cells of this species are aggregated into motile colonies which are more or less spherical at first, but which become annuloid as their size increases.Individual cells are large and rather irregular in overall morphology with two heteroor homodynamic flagella and a short non-coiling haptonema arising from an anterior apical groove or furrow. Two types of oval body-scale are present; the larger, with upturned rim and a short central spine, are generally distributed, whilst the smaller, lacking such ornamentation, are confined to the apical groove.
Reproduction of Dodecaceria caulleryi (Polychaeta: Cirratulidae)
Authors: Gibson P. H. , Clark R. B. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONDodecaceria caulleryi breeds asexually by fragmentation and regeneration (schizogenesis), and sexually as an epitoke. Fragmentation is initiated in September-November in worms generally more than 40 segments long with the autotomy of the anterior 11–34 segments. Some 14–18 isolated segments are then autotomized in succession from the front of the remainder of the worm, leaving a residual 7–19 posterior segments. The anterior, individual segmental, and posterior fragments produced in this way all begin regenerating; anterior regeneration of the posterior fragment is limited to 14 or fewer segments but posterior regeneration and growth of all fragments is unlimited though slow. When the segmental fragment has regenerated about 7 new anterior and posterior segments, these may be autotomized as secondary individuals and the original segment regenerates again. The anterior regenerate is more commonly shed than the posterior regenerate and not all segmental individuals engage in secondary fragmentation.
Structure and preliminary biochemical characterization of the bioluminescent system of Ommastrephes pteropus (Steenstrup) (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)
Authors: Girsch Stephen J. , Herring Peter J. , McCapra Frank 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe ommastrephid squids are large active animals occurring in most of the world's oceans. Luminous organs or bioluminescence have been observed only in members of the subfamily Sthenoteuthinae, containing the genera Ornithoteuthis, Symplectoteuthis (= Eucleoteuthis), Hyaloteuthis, Ommastrephes and Dosidicus. The light organs of Ommastrephes pteropus are small sub-spherical bodies randomly distributed over the ventral surface of the mantle, head, arms and tentacles (Roper, 1963) and are aggregated dorsally to form a large luminous patch (Clarke, 1965). Relatively little is known about the organs, capabilities and biochemistry of luminescence in cephalopods (Harvey, 1952; Herring, in Press), and the size of the light organ and availability of O. pteropus provide an unusual opportunity for such studies. Although among the molluscs the luminescent systems of the gastropod Latia and the bivalve Pholas have been partially characterized (Shimomura & Johnson, 1968; Henry, Isambert & Michelson, 1970, 1973) the only cephalopod system which has been investigated to date is that of the enoploteuthid Watasenia scintillans (Goto et al., 1974; Inoue et al., 1975). This investigation examines the anatomy and biochemistry of the dorsal light organ of O. pteropus, which differs markedly in these respects from the brachial organs of Watasenia.
Annual growth patterns in the inner shell layer of Mytilus edulis L.
Authors: Lutz R. A. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONMolluscan age determination has long been the subject of both biological and paleonto-logical research (Mossop, 1922 a, b; Haskin, 1954; Merrill, Posgay & Nichy, 1965; Andrews, 1972). Several workers have listed difficulties associated with traditional methods of determining the age of an organism based upon surface shell morphology (Pannella & MacClintock, 1968; Farrow, 1971, 1972; Berry, 1971). Others, such as Craig & Hallum (1963) have attempted, with moderate success, to circumvent these problems statistically by using size-frequency relationships, but such methods are of little value in age analysis of isolated individuals. The principal difficulty encountered in shell surface analyses arises from an inability to distinguish spawning and disturbance lines from annual marks. Problems associated with this separation have been reduced over the past decade by the discovery of daily and tidal periodicity structures within the shells of numerous Recent and fossil species of pelecypods (Barker, 1964,1970; Pannella & MacClintock, 1968; Clark, 1968; House & Farrow, 1968; Farrow, 1971, 1972). The biological and paleontological significance of such growth increments have been discussed at length by Pannella & MacClintock (1968), Barker (1970), and Clark (1974). When present in continuous sequences, these periodicity structures facilitate an accurate age determination of individual specimens.
The effect of china clay on the fish of St Austell and Mevagissey Bays
Authors: Wilson K. W. , Connor P.M. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONDuring the production of china clay, a waste of fine quartz, sand kaolin and mica flakes in suspension is produced. Until recently, only a small proportion of this fine material was retained and settled in lagoons and consequently most of the effluent was discharged. Waste produced in the St Austell area was carried by the Par and White Rivers into Mevagissey Bay (see Fig. 1). In 1968 the china clay industry considered a proposal to combine all its wastes arising in the area and to discharge them into the sea via the White River or if necessary further out to sea by a pipeline. The precise location of the pipeline was not denned at that time but, irrespective of position, deterioration of conditions in St Austell and Mevagissey Bays seemed inevitable.
Copepoda Monstrilloida From South-West Britain Including Six New Species
Authors: Isaac M. J. 
Published: May 2009

The Monstrilloida form an aberrant group of Copepoda, distinguished by the complete lack, in the adults, of gut and mouth-parts. Sars (1921) divided the group into two sections, one being the Monstrilloida Cyclopimorpha, comprising a single family, now called the Thespesiopsyllidae (see Wilson, 1932), with two genera. The larvae of Thespesiopsyllus are gut parasites of ophiuroids (Bresciani & Liitzen, 1962). The second genus, Orientopsyllus, was described by Sewell (1949) from the Indian Ocean.The second section, the Monstrilloida Genuina, comprises the single family Monstrillidae, various authors (Malaquin, 1901; Sars, 1921; Rose, 1933; Davis, 1949) differing in their division of this into genera. The present author regards the family as consisting of three genera, Monstrilla Dana, 1848, Thaumaleus Kroyer, 1846, and Monstrillopsis Sars, 1921, separated according to the criteria listed in Table 1.
Scyphistoma Regeneration From Isolated Tentacles in Aurelia Aurita
Authors: Laurie-Lesh Georgia E. , Corriel R. 
Published: May 2009

All animals do not display the same capacities for repairing injuries, i.e. they possess what may be termed different ‘regeneration potentials’. One parameter influencing the regeneration potential manifested by an organism is its developmental history, or ontogeny. Early in an animal's ontogeny many of its cells are still undergoing both structural and biochemical modifications. As the animal matures, its cells become increasingly differentiated, ultimately attaining a high degree of specialization (Hay, 1966; Balinsky, 1970).Numerous studies support the contention that the younger an animal ontogenically, the greater is its regeneration potential. Investigations using amphibians have presented several cogent examples of this generalization (Balinsky, 1970). Analogous situations are also evident in the Cnidaria. In the hydrozoan, Hydra, the tentacles contain what are among the ontogenically ‘oldest’ cells in the organism (Tripp, 1928; Brien & Reniers-Decoen, 1949; Burnett, 1966; Campbell, 1967b). Unlike the remainder of the organism, these structures also reportedly possess no regeneration potential (Peebles, 1897; Kanaev, 1952).Three explanations have been proposed to account for the absence of regeneration potential in isolated tentacles. Nussbaum (cited in Kanaev, 1952) suggested that the absence of interstitial cells in the tentacles precluded regeneration. However, other regions of the animal, when experimentally deprived of this cell type, retained their regenerative capacities (Brien, 1953; Diehl & Burnett, 1964).A second explanation invoked the size of an isolated tentacle as a factor limiting regeneration. In disputing this suggestion, Peebles (1897) measured tentacle volume. Isolated Hydra grisea (Pallas) tentacles ranged from 0.01 to to 0.03 mm3, while the volume of the smallest body fragment capable of total regeneration was considerably smaller, 0.006 to 0.01 mm3. From these measurements she concluded that the size of isolated tentacles could not account for the inability to regenerate.
A New Bottom-Sampler
Authors: Holme N. A. 
Published: May 2009

A bottom-sampler is described for use under open-sea conditions, particularly where the bottom is of sand or coarser material.It takes a sample of 1/20m.2 area of semicircular cross-section and maximum depth 15 cm. There is probably little loss of material while hauling and no danger of the apparatus losing soil through being wedged open by shell fragments, etc. The instrument weighs over 45 kg. and is weighted to n o kg. in use.
Short-Period Fluctuations in the Numbers of Barnacle Larvae, With Notes on Comparisons between Pump and Net Plankton Hauls
Authors: Pyefinch K. A. 
Published: May 2009

Records are given of the numbers of barnacle larvae obtained from samples of water pumped through a plankton net. Several series of hauls were made at intervals over the time of year when barnacle larvae are abundant.The numbers of the cyprid larvae of Balanus balanoides in the surface waters show a diurnal variation, being markedly less during the hours of darkness. This conclusion may also apply to the cyprids of B. crenatus and Verruca stroemia, but the numbers of these larvae were too small to permit reliable conclusions to be drawn. There is some evidence that similar diurnal variations occur in larval stages other than the cyprid.
On the Larval Development of Elminius Modestus Darwin
Authors: Knight-Jones E. W. , Duncan Waugh G. 
Published: May 2009

Nauplii of the first two stages were obtained from adult Elminius modestus and larvae of all stages, except the smallest, were obtained from the plankton over Essex oyster beds.Over 200 nauplii of all sizes were measured. Their size distribution, plotted graphically, showed six peaks corresponding to six naupliar stages. The later stages were much more variable in size than the earlier stages.The size limits and characteristics of each naupliar stage are given. Briefly, Stage I has the fronto-lateral horns pointing backwards. Stage II has the caudal spine much longer than the abdominal process. Stage III has the abdominal process about as long as the caudal spine, but has no carapace fold posteriorly. Stage IV has a carapace fold but no sign of the abdominal appendages. Stage V has the rudiments of these appendages showing indistinctly within the abdomen. In Stage VI the abdominal appendages are prominent.
The Occurrence of Unusual Species of Chaetognatha in Scottish Plankton Collections
Authors: Fraser J. H. 
Published: May 2009

There are six species of Chaetognatha that are usually taken in Scottish plankton samples from the appropriate localities. These areSagitta setosaJ. Müller, from lower salinity water such as that found in the southern and central North Sea and the Irish Sea.S. elegans elegansVerrill, from mixed oceanic and coastal water.S. serratodentataKrohn, from surface and subsurface warm oceanic water of fairly high salinity.S. maxima(Conant), from cold deep water.Eukrohnia hamata(Möbius), from cold deep water.Sagitta lyraKrohn, from warm deep water.All are valuable indicator species (Meek, 1928; Russell, 1935, 1939; Fraser, 1937, 1939). Of these, the first five have occurred in somewhat varying numbers and distribution according to hydrographic conditions every year since at least 1935, except possibly during the period 1940–45 when no investigations were made.S. lyrahas been taken in most of these years, but was not found in 1935, 1936 or 1937. It was, perhaps, most abundant in 1948, and one specimen was taken in that year from the Moray Firth, though its presence there must be regarded as distinctly unusual.Spadella cephaloptera(Busch) is widely distributed throughout the Scottish area as a bottom-living form and is therefore not included here as planktonic.There are several other species which occur only occasionally in the Scottish plankton either as individual specimens or in small numbers in specialized localities: for convenience these may be termed unusual species. They are as follows.Sagitta elegans arcticaAurivillius, which has occurred in several years in the Faroe-Shetland Channel associated with the community characterized byEukrohnia hamataandCalanus hyperboreus.
A Source of Error in the Absorptiometric Determination of Inorganic and Total Phosphorus in Sea Water
Authors: Armstrong F. A. J. 
Published: May 2009

The results of phosphate determinations in sea water by the Deniges method, using red light, in an absorptiometer, may be in error if the stannous chloride reagent has low HC1 concentration, and contains stannic tin.The error is in the reagent blank determination, and seems to be caused by colloidal stannic compounds which increase the opacity of the solution. In sea water the effect may be smaller or immeasurable so that results are over-corrected.When the stannous chloride solution contains about 5% hydrochloric acid, reagent blank figures are low, and independent of stannic tin concentration. This acidity is recommended.
Measurements to Determine Extinction Coefficients and Temperature Gradients in the North Sea and English Channel
Authors: Gall M. H. W. 
Published: May 2009

During a cruise in the southern North Sea and English Channel in 1948 a series of measurements on light penetration was secured.The apparatus used has been described, and methods of handling it discussed. A description of the experiments for determining the transmission curve of the niters used in the photometers, has been included.Of the systematic and random errors to which the photometer measurements were liable the most serious lay in not knowing the precise depth of the sea cell.Extinction coefficients have been determined from the gradients of logarithmic transmission-ratio/depth graphs, and the results tabulated for each station.Temperature gradients were never large, usually of the order of 0·02 degrees per metre, the temperature usually dropping with increased depth, frequently there was no gradient at all.
The Breeding of Arenicola Ecaudata Johnston and A. Branchialis Aud. & Edw. at Plymouth
Authors: C Eve , Southward A. J. 
Published: May 2009

The two ‘tail-less’ lugworms, Arenicola ecaudata Johnston and A.branchialis Audouin and Mime-Edwards (= A.grubii Claparede), live in gravel and under stones, unlike the 'tailed' species which are found mainly in sandy beaches. Both are local in distribution compared with the wide-spread caudate species. A. ecaudata is known to occur from Iceland to northern Spain, and thus has a rather more boreal distribution than A. branchialis which ranges from the west coast of Scotland to Morocco, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. (Ashworth, 1912; Mclntosh, 1915; Fauvel, 1927; Rioja, 1935; WesenbergLundj 1951.) Neither species is known from the western side of the Atlantic.Since the two species can often occur side by side and it appeared that they were adapted, not for life in different habitats, but for different temperature regimes, it was suggested to us by Prof. G. P. Wells, F.R.S., that an investigation of their breeding seasons at Plymouth might help in understanding their distribution and specific separation. It happened that we had already made some preliminary investigations in the Isle of Man, and we were therefore pleased to adopt Prof. Wells's suggestion.Mature specimens of both species have been noted by previous workers. Ashworth (1912) found mature gametes in A. ecaudata at Port Erin in April and at Plymouth in August. Fauvel (1899) recorded mature worms at Cherbourg from March to October, while Hentschel (1930) believed spawning occurred at Plymouth in February-March and August-September.
Requirement for Thiamine Among Some Marine and Supra-Littoral Protista
Authors: Droop M. R. 
Published: May 2009

The requirement for thiamine was examined in eleven marine protists of littoral, supra-littoral or neritic origin. Six were found to have an absolute requirement for the vitamin.The thiamine-requiring Chrysophyta responded to the pyrimidine half of the vitamin, whereas the two thiamine-requiring Pyrrophyta responded to the thiazole half.All the species requiring thiamine were auxotrophic with respect to at least one other factor (usually vitamin B12).For half-maximal growth, species responding to pyrimidine required 100–300 mμg/1. pyrimidine or thiamine and species responding to thiazole 2000 mμg/1. thiazole or thiamine.
The Importance of Bacteria in Laboratory Experiments on Rearing the Larvae ofOstrea Edulis(L.)
Authors: Walne P. R. 
Published: May 2009

Preliminary experiments had suggested that the extent of the development of the bacterial flora which develops when sea water is confined in small vessels is an important factor in the laboratory culture of oyster larvae. In the experiments reported in this paper the growth and settlement of oyster larvae was compared in controls of normal sea water with those in which the bacterial flora was controlled with antibiotics.A concentration of 50 i.u. of the sodium salt of penicillin G per ml. suppressed bacterial growth for at least 2 days and, in a series of experiments using fifteen different broods of larvae, significantly (P>0·001) more spat were obtained in those to which penicillin had been added than in the controls.A mixture of 50 units of penicillin G and 0·05 mg streptomycin sulphate was tried in three series of experiments. This completely suppressed the development of bacteria for at least nine days. In all three series many more spat were obtained than in the controls, but in only one series was there more spat than in the comparable penicillin experiment. It is suggested that when the bacterial population is very vigorous, or perhaps when certain species are present, this mixture will be more useful than penicillin alone. Experiments with other concentrations of penicillin, and with streptomycin and chloromycetin alone were not successful.
The Spread ofElminius ModestusDarwin In North-West Europe
Authors: Crisp D. J. 
Published: May 2009

Material collected prior to 1940 indicates thatElminius modestuswas not present on British coasts at that time.Elminiusincreased in abundance in south-east England from 1946 to 1950 and extended its range as far as the Humber, where it halted.Its advance westwards along the south coast was similarly halted at Portland, but by 1948 independent colonies had been established in several of the river systems of Devon and Cornwall, in Milford Haven, and in the Bristol Channel.The first populations in the Irish Sea were in Morecambe Bay. From thereElminiusspread rapidly south and west along the north coast of Wales, and more slowly north and west towards Galloway, eventually bridging the sea to the Isle of Man.Detailed observations showed thatElminiusadvanced along the uniformly favourable north coast of Wales as a definite front moving at a rate of approximately 20–30 km per year. Around Anglesey where tidal currents were stronger it appeared simultaneously in many scattered centres.A distinction is drawn between marginal dispersal taking place under the influence of normal agencies at the boundary of an existing population, and remote dispersal due to an artificial or freak transport over a long distance. In the case ofElminiusthe maximum distance that is likely to be bridged by marginal dispersal in the absence of strong residual drifts is about 30 miles.Elminiusprobably first appeared near Southampton, and was introduced into the Thames estuary area probably by remote dispersal. Thence it spread along the east coast and was transported to Holland. Its extension into south Devon, the Bristol Channel, the Irish Sea, and to the French coast must also be attributed to remote dispersal.The main ecological effects ofElminiusresult from competition for space withBalanus balanoides. SinceElminiusbreeds in summer, its dominance has a profound effect on the composition of the summer plankton, greatly increasing the number of barnacle nauplii, presumably at the expense of other larvae.