bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The last phase of deposition in the Swiss Molasse Basin: from foredeep to negative‐alpha basin
Authors: Willett Sean D. , Schlunegger Fritz 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe Molasse Basin of Switzerland evolved through a distinct late Neogene history with initial development as a classic foredeep or foreland basin in response to loading of the lithosphere by the Alpine orogen. In the central and western foreland, the foredeep behaviour was terminated by deformation and uplift of the Jura Mountains in the distal regions of the foredeep. Following the Jura deformation the Plateau Molasse remained largely undeformed as it rode ‘piggy‐back’ style above the decollement feeding displacement into the Jura. Sediment accumulation data for the Molasse suggests that sedimentation in the Plateau Molasse region continued until the basin was inverted at about 5 Ma. We present a mechanical model for this sequence of events in which deformation jumps across much of the basin to the distal Jura because of the dip on the weak evaporitic decollement and the wedge‐shape of the foredeep basin. Subsequently, the Plateau Molasse remained largely undeformed as a result of continued sedimentation in a wedgetop basin, where the physical properties and geometry of the orogenic wedge combine to produce a critical wedge whose critical surface slope would be less than zero and thus should dip towards the Alpine interior. Accommodation space is created over this negative surface–slope segment of the wedge and sedimentation maintains this slope near zero, stabilizing the wedge. We present a simple analytical theory for the necessary conditions for such a ‘negative‐alpha basin’ to develop and be maintained. We compare this theory to the late Neogene evolution of the Alps, Molasse Basin and Jura Mountains and infer physical properties for the decollement.
Thrombolysis in children
Authors: Williams Michael D. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThrombosis in children may result in vascular occlusion and a potential loss of viability in skin, limbs or organs, or lead to the development of post thrombotic syndrome. Thrombolysis may prevent such complications, and the use of thrombolytics in children has increased in the last three decades. Despite this, optimum paediatric treatment regimens for these drugs remain uncertain, and accurate efficacy and safety profiles for thrombolytics are limited by the lack of controlled, prospective studies in well‐defined patient populations. Restoration of vessel patency has often been achieved but the risk of intracranial and other major haemorrhage secondary to thrombolysis continues to be a significant concern for the clinician deciding on such treatment. This review summarises the use of thrombolytic treatment in children and describes outcome data and adverse events following treatment, as well as the limitations of published studies on paediatric thrombolysis.
Multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification screening of isolated increased HbF levels revealed three cases of novel rearrangements/deletions in the β‐globin gene cluster
Authors: Lee Seung‐Tae , Yoo Eun‐Hyung , Kim Ji‐Youn , Kim Jong‐Won , Ki Chang‐Seok 
Published: October 2009

SummaryInvestigations of naturally occurring mutations, such as the deletional thalassaemias and hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobins (HPFHs), have brought many insights into human globin switching, but limited data have been reported so far. We selected 15 individuals with elevated fetal haemoglobin (HbF) levels (>5%) from a previous screening of 27 006 Korean individuals and analysed dosage changes of the globin gene cluster using multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Dosage changes detected by the MLPA probes were followed up with gap‐polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis. Three subjects were found to have deletions in the globin gene cluster, including a β‐thalassaemia due to deletion of HBB (β‐globin gene), an HPFH due to deletions of HBD (δ‐globin gene) and HBB, and an HPFH due to a novel HBG2–HBG1 fusion gene consisting of exons 1 and 2 of HBG2 (Gγ‐globin gene) and exon 3 of HBG1 (Aγ‐globin gene). The case with the HBG2–HBG1 fusion suggested the existence of another mechanism for the reactivation of HBG2 and HBG1. The IVS2 of HBG2 and HBG1might play a role in HbF regulation, and combinations of specific polymorphisms could influence the reactivation of these genes in adults.
Laser microdissection-based analysis of cytokine balance in the kidneys of patients with lupus nephritis
Authors: Wang Y , Ito S , Chino Y , Goto D , Matsumoto I , Murata H , Tsutsumi A , Hayashi T , Uchida K , Usui J , Yamagata K , Sumida T 
Published: October 2009

SummaryTo determine the cytokine balance in patients with lupus nephritis (LN), we analysed kidney-infiltrating T cells. Renal biopsy samples from 15 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients were used. In accordance with the classification of International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society, they were categorized into Class III, Class III+V (Class III-predominant group, n = 4), Class IV, Class IV+V (Class IV-predominant group, n = 7) and Class V (n = 4) groups. The single-cell samples of both the glomelular and interstitial infiltrating cells were captured by laser-microdissection. The glomerular and interstitial infiltrating T cells produced interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13 and IL-17 cytokines in the Class III-predominant, Class IV-predominant and Class V groups. Interferon-gamma was detected only in the glomeruli of the Class III-predominant and Class V group samples. The expression level of IL-17 was correlated closely with clinical parameters such as haematuria, blood urea nitrogen level, SLE Disease Activity Index scores in both glomeruli and interstitium, urine protein level in glomeruli and serum creatinine and creatinine clearance levels in interstitium. This suggests that the glomerular infiltrating T cells might act as T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2 and Th17 cells while the interstitial infiltrating T cells, act as Th2 and Th17 cells in the Class III-predominant and Class V groups. In contrast, both the glomerular and interstitial infiltrating T cells might act as Th2 and Th17 cells in the Class IV-predominant group. The cytokine balances may be dependent upon the classification of renal pathology, and IL-17 might play a critical role in SLE development.
Fat distribution influences the cardio‐metabolic profile in a clinically healthy European population
Authors: Bobbioni‐Harsch E. , Pataky Z. , Makoundou V. , Kozakova M. , Dekker J. , Golay A. ,   on the behalf of the RISC Investigators
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground and aims  Waist and hip circumferences are largely influenced by Fat Mass and several other determinants. To evaluate the specific effects of a preferential fat distribution, we corrected the waist and hip circumferences for all their determinants. We then examined the association between fat distribution and several cardio‐metabolic parameters in a clinically healthy population.Subjects and methods  In a subgroup of 625 females (F) and 490 males (M) from the RISC (Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular Disease) study, we evaluated insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp and intima‐media thickness (IMT) of the common (CCA) and internal (ICA) carotid artery by ultrasound imaging. Waist and hip circumferences were adjusted for age, height, fat and fat‐free mass; in males, waist was also adjusted by hip and vice versa.Results  Both F and M with enlarged waist showed significantly increased plasma insulin, C‐peptide, total cholesterol, non‐high density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, when compared with subjects with a smaller waist circumference. Males also showed lower glucose uptake and higher heart rate and ICA‐IMT. A larger hip in both females and males was linked to a significantly greater inhibition of free fatty acids during the clamp test.Conclusion  Adjustment of waist circumference for its determinants permits the detection of early impairment of cardiovascular function and of glucose and lipid metabolism in a clinically healthy population, in particular in normal body weight subjects. Enlarged hip adjusted values are associated with greater insulin sensitivity.
How fast can the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) larvae cross the Atlantic Ocean?
Authors: BONHOMMEAU SYLVAIN , BLANKE BRUNO , TRÉGUIER ANNE‐MARIE , GRIMA NICOLAS , RIVOT ETIENNE , VERMARD YOUEN , GREINER ERIC , LE PAPE OLIVIER 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe migration duration of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) larvae (leptocephali) from the spawning areas in the Sargasso Sea to the European continental shelf remains highly controversial, with estimates varying from 6 months to more than 2 yr. We estimated the fastest migration period and the shortest distance travelled by eel larvae by simulating Lagrangian particles released in the Sargasso Sea and by simulating a range of larval behaviours (fixed‐depth drift, vertical diurnal migration and active‐depth selection to maximize current velocity). This enabled us to compute (i) a passive drift speed, and (ii) a hypothetic swimming speed needed for European eel larvae to cross the Atlantic in 6 months (i.e., the migration duration estimated from otolith daily growth increments). Our results show that the minimum travel time for an eel larva that is passively drifting was 10 months and 3 days. Active behaviours (vertical diurnal migration and rheotaxis) paradoxically increased the migration period. We found that for leptocephali to cross the Atlantic Ocean in 6 months, they would need to swim a minimum of 3.4 body lengths per second for 8200 km. No larvae have been observed with such swimming capabilities. These results provide evidence that leptocephali cannot cross the Atlantic in 6 months.
Acoustic characterization of biological backscatterings in the Kuroshio‐Oyashio inter‐frontal zone and subarctic waters of the western North Pacific in spring
Authors: MURASE HIROTO , ICHIHARA MORIO , YASUMA HIROKI , WATANABE HIKARU , YONEZAKI SHIROH , NAGASHIMA HIROSHI , KAWAHARA SHIGEYUKI , MIYASHITA KAZUSHI 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe acoustic characteristics of biological backscattering in the western North Pacific were studied to verify expert knowledge on species composition in the echosigns. The survey was conducted in the Kuroshio‐Oyashio inter‐frontal zone and the subarctic waters in April 2003. The species composition of backscatterings was identified by using midwater trawl, Isaacs‐Kidd midwater trawl and Bongo net. The differences of mean volume backscattering strengths between 120 and 38 kHz (ΔMVBS120−38) were calculated for the backscatterings. Six types of backscatterings were classified based on the results of net samples and the ΔMVBS120−38. The ΔMVBS120−38 of each group was as follows: copepods 13.7–17.3 dB, krill 11.6–15.3 dB, Japanese anchovy −1.6 to 1.1 dB, a myctophid, Diaphus theta−0.8 dB, sand lance 6.1 dB and larvae and juveniles of pelagic and mesopelagic fish −9.6 to −4.0 dB. The results suggest that biological backscatterings in the Kuroshio‐Oyashio inter‐frontal zone and subarctic waters of the western North Pacific in spring can be characterized by using ΔMVBS.
Child and adolescent experience of and satisfaction with psychiatric care: a critical review of the research literature
Authors: BIERING P. 
Published: October 2009

Accessible summary

This review paper contributes to better understanding of child and adolescent perception of quality of psychiatric care and should therefore be of interests for those who are concerned with the development and improvement of psychiatric care.
The review shows that the concept of patient satisfaction in child and adolescent psychiatric care is still underdeveloped and that few valid instruments have been developed to measure the concept.
The review helps to clarify the concept of adolescent satisfaction with psychiatric care by indentifying the universal components of the concept.
The paper concludes that children's perception of quality of care differs from their parents' and that quality assessment of children and adolescents needs to be heeded.

AbstractUsers' perspectives ought to be a determining factor for assessing the quality of psychiatric care and hence their perspectives need to be thoroughly understood. There is a lack of comprehensive knowledge of how children and adolescents perceive the quality of their psychiatric care. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to critically review and synthesize findings from research on youth experience and satisfaction with psychiatric care. The review finds that knowledge about youth perception of quality of care is scattered and that few researchers consider previous findings. There are few valid instruments to measure child and adolescent patient satisfaction and few studies have considered these users' perceptions. These few studies indicate that adolescents' satisfaction has three universal components: satisfaction with environment and the organization of services; with user–caregiver relationship; and with treatment outcome. However, instruments that only use these factors lack sensitivity, while instruments that measure specific components of services capture differences in satisfaction between user groups. The review shows that parents and children have different mental care needs, and that the assessments by children and adolescents of their psychiatric care should be heeded.
Community‐based validation of assessment of newborn illnesses by trained community health workers in Sylhet district of Bangladesh
Authors: Baqui Abdullah H. , Arifeen Shams E. , Rosen Heather E. , Mannan Ishtiaq , Rahman Syed M. , Al‐Mahmud Arif Billah , Hossain Daniel , Das Milan K. , Begum Nazma , Ahmed Saifuddin , Santosham Mathuram , Black Robert E. , Darmstadt Gary L. ,   for the Projahnmo Study Group
Published: October 2009

SummaryObjectives  To validate trained community health workers’ recognition of signs and symptoms of newborn illnesses and classification of illnesses using a clinical algorithm during routine home visits in rural Bangladesh.Methods  Between August 2005 and May 2006, 288 newborns were assessed independently by a community health worker and a study physician. Based on a 20‐sign algorithm, sick neonates were classified as having very severe disease, possible very severe disease or no disease. The physician’s assessment was considered as the gold standard.Results  Community health workers correctly classified very severe disease in newborns with a sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 95% and kappa value of 0.85 (P < 0.001). Community health workers’ recognition showed a sensitivity of more than 60% and a specificity of 97–100% for almost all signs and symptoms.Conclusion  Community health workers with minimal training can use a diagnostic algorithm to identify severely ill newborns with high validity.
Identification and functional analysis of novel mutations of the CLCNKB gene in Chinese patients with classic Bartter syndrome
Authors: Yu Y , Xu C , Pan X , Ren H , Wang W , Meng X , Huang F , Chen N 
Published: October 2009

Yu Y, Xu C, Pan X, Ren H, Wang W, Meng X, Huang F, Chen N. Identification and functional analysis of novel mutations of the CLCNKB gene in Chinese patients with classic Bartter syndrome.Mutations in the gene CLCNKB encoding the ClC‐Kb chloride channel causes classic Bartter syndrome, which is characterized by hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis, renal salt loss, hyper‐reninaemic hyperaldosteronism and normal blood pressure. We aimed to investigate the underlying mutations in CLCNKB in two Chinese patients with classic Bartter syndrome and then test the effect of the mutations on ClC‐Kb chloride channel activity. Mutation analysis of CLCNKB was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) direct sequencing. Expression of the wild‐type and mutant ClC‐Kb was heterologous in Xenopus laevis oocytes. We identified three novel CLCNKB gene mutations, including one homozygous missense mutation (R351W) in one patient and two compound heterozygous mutations (R30X and A210V) in the other. As determined by two‐electrode voltage‐clamp analysis of ClC‐Kb channel activity, R30X abolished the current amplitude; A210V and R351W significantly reduced the current amplitude. A210V was almost as sensitive as the wild type to extracellular pH and calcium, whereas R351W removed extracellular calcium activation and markedly reduced alkaline pH activation of ClC‐Kb. The three novel CLCNKB mutations we identified in two Chinese patients with classic Bartter syndrome have a role in altering the functional properties of ClC‐Kb channels.
Reproductive barriers between two sympatric beetle species specialized on different host plants
Authors: XUE H.‐J. , MAGALHÃES S. , LI W.‐Z. , YANG X.‐K. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractKnowledge on interspecific pre‐ and post‐zygotic isolation mechanisms provides insights into speciation patterns. Using crosses (F1 and backcrosses) of two closely related flea beetles species, Altica fragariae and A. viridicyanea, specialized on different hosts in sympatry, we measured: (a) the type of reproductive isolation and (b) the inheritance mode of preference and host‐specific performance, using a joint‐scaling test. Each species preferred almost exclusively its host plant, creating strong prezygotic isolation between them, and suggesting that speciation may occur at least partly in sympatry. Reproductive isolation was intrinsic between females of A. fragariae and either A. viridicyanea or F1 males, whereas the other crosses showed ecologically dependent reproductive isolation, suggesting ecological speciation. The genetic basis of preference and performance was at least partially independent, and several loci coded for preference, which limits the possibility of sympatric speciation. Hence, both ecological and intrinsic factors may contribute to speciation between these species.
Anthropometric indices as predictors of the metabolic syndrome and its components in adolescents
Authors: Jung Christian , Fischer Nicole , Fritzenwanger Michael , Figulla Hans R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground:  Overweight and related health problems are becoming increasingly recognized, especially in children and adolescents. For early screening, different anthropometrical measurements of obesity have been proposed to identify individuals at risk. We compared body mass index (BMI), BMI standard deviation score, waist circumference, waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), and waist/height ratio with respect to their power to predict the metabolic syndrome, its components and low‐grade inflammation.Methods:  A total of 79 male Caucasian German adolescents (13–17 years) were studied. All anthropometrical measurements of obesity were recorded and blood samples drawn. Predictive power was estimated using receiver operating characteristic curves, by comparing the area under the curve (AUC).Results:  Except for WHR, all tested anthropometrical measurements of obesity showed comparably good AUC values for correct prediction, with the highest AUC for BMI (P < 0.001, AUC = 0.885 ± 0.039). Superior prediction power was not observed for BMI standard deviation score, waist circumference, WHR or waist/height ratio. Furthermore, BMI was the best predictor of elevated C‐reactive protein levels as a marker for low‐grade inflammation (P < 0.001, AUC = 0.786 ± 0.064).Conclusions:  In this cross‐sectional study the well‐established parameter BMI was shown to have the best predictive power to identify metabolic syndrome, its components and markers for low‐grade inflammation. Newly developed parameters did not provide superior values. Future longitudinal studies are needed to compare these anthropometrical markers in larger cohorts, incorporating different age groups and ethnic backgrounds.
Dynamic marine protected areas can improve the resilience of coral reef systems
Authors: Game Edward T. , Bode Michael , McDonald‐Madden Eve , Grantham Hedley S. , Possingham Hugh P. 
Published: October 2009

Ecology Letters (2009) 12: 1336–1346AbstractMarine Protected Areas are usually static, permanently closed areas. There are, however, both social and ecological reasons to adopt dynamic closures, where reserves move through time. Using a general theoretical framework, we investigate whether dynamic closures can improve the mean biomass of herbivorous fishes on reef systems, thereby enhancing resilience to undesirable phase‐shifts. At current levels of reservation (10–30%), moving protection between all reefs in a system is unlikely to improve herbivore biomass, but can lead to a more even distribution of biomass. However, if protected areas are rotated among an appropriate subset of the entire reef system (e.g. rotating 10 protected areas between only 20 reefs in a 100 reef system), dynamic closures always lead to increased mean herbivore biomass. The management strategy that will achieve the highest mean herbivore biomass depends on both the trajectories and rates of population recovery and decline. Given the current large‐scale threats to coral reefs, the ability of dynamic marine protected areas to achieve conservation goals deserves more attention.
Linking dispersal, immigration and scale in the neutral theory of biodiversity
Authors: Chisholm Ryan A. , Lichstein Jeremy W. 
Published: October 2009

Ecology Letters (2009) 12: 1385–1393AbstractIn the classic spatially implicit formulation of Hubbell’s neutral theory of biodiversity a local community receives immigrants from a metacommunity operating on a relatively slow timescale, and dispersal into the local community is governed by an immigration parameter m. A current problem with neutral theory is that m lacks a clear biological interpretation. Here, we derive analytical expressions that relate the immigration parameter m to the geometry of the plot defining the local community and the parameters of a dispersal kernel. Our results facilitate more rigorous and extensive tests of the neutral theory: we conduct a test of neutral theory by comparing estimates of m derived from fits to empirical species abundance distributions to those derived from dispersal kernels and find acceptable correspondence; and we generate a new prediction of neutral theory by investigating how the shapes of species abundance distributions change theoretically as the spatial scale of observation changes. We also discuss how our main analytical results can be used to assess the error in the mean‐field approximations associated with spatially implicit formulations of neutral theory.
Consumer‐resource theory predicts dynamic transitions between outcomes of interspecific interactions
Authors: Nathaniel Holland J. , DeAngelis Donald L. 
Published: October 2009

Ecology Letters(2009) 12: 1357–1366AbstractInteractions between two populations are often defined by their interaction outcomes; that is, the positive, neutral, or negative effects of species on one another. Yet, signs of outcomes are not absolute, but vary with the biotic and abiotic contexts of interactions. Here, we develop a general theory for transitions between outcomes based on consumer–resource (C–R) interactions in which one or both species exploit the other as a resource. Simple models of C–R interactions revealed multiple equilibria, including one for species coexistence and others for extinction of one or both species, indicating that species’ densities alone could determine the fate of interactions. All possible outcomes [(+ +), (+ −), (−−), (+ 0), (− 0), (0 0)] of species coexistence emerged merely through changes in parameter values of C–R interactions, indicating that variation in C–R interactions resulting from biotic and abiotic conditions could determine shifts in outcomes. These results suggest that C–R interactions can provide a broad mechanism for understanding context‐ and density‐dependent transitions between interaction outcomes.