bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Panpsychism
Authors: Seager William 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Panpsychism endorses the co-fundamental status of matter and mind in so far as it allows there are features of the world which are non-mental. Panpsychism is also not generally a view in which mentality is taken as ‘substantial’. It is more natural to regard panpsychism as expressing the view that, roughly speaking, everything exemplifies certain mental properties. However, it is an important and distinctive claim of many panpsychists that the ‘object/property’ metaphysics we take for granted is fundamentally mistaken and must be replaced with another metaphysical vision of the basic structure of reality.
The Explanatory Gap
Authors: Levine Joseph 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article outlines the strategy for reconciling materialism and the explanatory gap. As one might imagine, there are a number of complex issues that must be sorted out concerning the alleged special nature of phenomenal concepts, and their alleged incommensurability with non-phenomenal concepts, before one can determine whether or not the strategy works in the end. In particular, it is unclear whether materialists can deliver an explanation of the special cognitive access afforded by phenomenal concepts which is itself consistent with its precepts.
Information‐Theoretic Semantics
Authors: Dretske Fred 
Published: September 2009

AbstractInformational semantics takes the primary — at least the original — home of meaning to be the mind: meaning as the content of thought, desire, and intention. The meaning of beliefs, desires, and intentions is what it is we believe, desire, and intend. The sounds and marks of natural language derive their meaning from the communicative intentions of the agents who deploy them. As a result, the information of chief importance to informational semantics is that occurring in the transactions between animals and their environments. So for informational semantics the very existence of thought and, thus, the possibility of language depends on the capacity of (some) living systems to transform information (normally supplied by perception) into meaningful (contentful) inner states like thought, intention, and purpose.
Biosemantics
Authors: Millikan Ruth Garrett 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The term ‘biosemantics’ has usually been applied only to the theory of mental representation. This article first characterizes a more general class of theories called ‘teleological theories of mental content’ of which biosemantics is an example. Then it discusses the details that distinguish biosemantics from other naturalistic teleological theories. Naturalistic theories of mental representation attempt to explain, in terms designed to fit within the natural sciences, what it is about a mental representation that makes it represent something. Frequently these theories have been classified as either picture theories, causal or covariation theories, information theories, functionalist or causal-role theories, or teleological theories, the assumption being that these various categories are side by side with one another.
Concepts and Possession Conditions
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The first virtue of the rough characterization of concepts in terms of ways of thinking of objects and properties, and their role in that-clauses, is that it highlights the relation between concepts and reference. The second virtue of the initial characterization is that it establishes the prima facie relevance of what has come to be called Frege's Principle in the individuation of concepts. A third virtue of the initial characterization is that it brings out a phenomenon whose significance is insufficiently appreciated. There is a phenomenon of productivity for thought about mental states that is just as striking as the original phenomenon of the productivity of conceptual thought about the non-mental world.
Intentionalism
Authors: Crane Tim 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In recent years there has been considerable debate over whether all mental states are intentional; in particular, over whether all conscious mental states are intentional or entirely intentional. This article uses the term intentionalism for the general thesis that the nature of a conscious mental state is determined by its intentionality. (Intentionalism is sometimes called representationalism; the difference is purely terminological.) There are a number of ways of developing this general thesis; this article examines two of them. One is the view that the conscious character of a state of mind is determined by its intentional or representational content. The other is the view that the conscious character of a state of mind is determined by (what the article calls) its entire intentional nature. The article argues for the superiority of the second view over the first.
The Content of Perceptual Experience
Authors: Montague Michelle 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Our waking life involves a constant stream of perceptual experience. But what is it, exactly? What is the content of perceptual experience? This is a very difficult question to answer satisfactorily, and it has been made a great deal more difficult by the fact that almost all the key terms in the debate have been used in different ways, and sometimes in mutually incompatible ways. This article begins by establishing some basic points and terms of discussion, and asking readers to pay careful attention to the use the article gives to terms, which may not be the same as their own preferred use. It treats the notion of perceptual experience as non-factive, unlike the notion of perception, and lacking the causal implication of the notion of perception.
Unity of Consciousness
Authors: Raymont Paul , Brook Andrew 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
When one focuses on words on a monitor and, say, feels a twinge of pain, one is not conscious of the words and, separately, of the pain. One is conscious of the words and the pain together, as aspects of a single experience. At least since Kant, this phenomenon has been called the unity of consciousness. A variety of approaches to characterizing unified consciousness have been tried by different theorists. Some start from the idea that a unified conscious experience is a composite of other experiences. Others assert or assume that, while a unified conscious experience will have a complex object or content, it has no experiential parts. This article returns to this disagreement. The first two ways of characterizing the unity of consciousness that are examined here are within the experiential-parts approach.
Personal Identity and Metaphysics
Authors: Gendler Tamar Szabó 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article tries to situate the recent discussions of personal identity in their historical context. It begins with a brief discussion of Locke's account of identity as such, turning then to a more detailed account of his views on personal identity in particular. It then discusses a pair of problems that arise for any sort of neo-Lockean account, and surveys the sorts of responses that have been offered to them. Finally the article briefly presents three recent accounts, each of which can be seen as relying on a subtle re-characterization of the traditional problem of personal identity.
Consciousness and Reference
Authors: Campbell John 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Russell was the first to articulate the connection between consciousness and a recognizably modern conception of reference, using his notion of acquaintance. The idea of ‘acquaintance’ is the idea of a kind of epistemic contact with a thing or property. Many theorists would agree that reference to something requires a particular kind of epistemic contact with it. Yet you might agree that the notion of ‘epistemic contact with a particular’ is needed to characterize reference, while arguing that epistemic contact is to be explained as possession of a body of propositional knowledge.
Folk Psychology
Authors: Morton Adam 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
We describe people in terms of their beliefs, desires, emotions, and personalities, and we attempt to explain their actions in terms of these and other such states. These are folk-psychological concepts; they are the ones we use when we think of people in terms of their minds. By ‘folk psychology’ it is meant whatever serves this linking role for folk-psychological concepts. Much philosophical writing about concepts would suggest that the linking must be done primarily by beliefs or theories; a central question is whether this is so for folk-psychological concepts.
Big Business
Authors: Cassis Youssef 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Big business has been at the heart of business history from its very beginnings, whether as a mere literary genre; or, more seriously in the last half century, as an academic discipline. The Chandlerian paradigm has considerably reinforced this trend, with other approaches to the subject being largely marginalized. Interest in big business has not waned with the advent of the post-Chandler era and is unlikely to do so, given its crucial role in economic development; but this role has been put in proper perspective and alternative forms of business organization reappraised as part of modern societies rather than mere archaisms. This article concentrates on defining the notion of big business; on comparing the various stages and the specific context of its development, especially in the United States, the major economies of Western Europe, and Japan; and on briefly discussing the socio-political dimension of the phenomenon.
Family Business
Authors: Colli Andrea , Rose Mary 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Business history is naturally multidisciplinary and this article tracks the relationships between history, organizational and network theory, entrepreneurship, and family dynamics that underpin current research on family business. It surveys and assesses the existing historiography and analyses the way understanding of family firms has developed since the 1960s. By surveying the business-history literature alongside management and sociological approaches to family firms, the article highlights the shifting nature of family capitalism and the changes in the economic contribution and management of family firms through time and space. It shows that business historians have a proud tradition of recognizing that families and firms are inseparable. Yet this analysis can be taken further by combining historical and postmodern social-science methodologies to explore the pivotal and changing role of women in different firms, sectors, and societies.
Entrepreneurship
Authors: Jones Geoffrey , Wadhwani R. Daniel 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSince the 1980s, entrepreneurship has emerged as a topic of growing interest among management scholars and social scientists. The subject has grown in legitimacy, particularly in business schools. This scholarly interest has been spurred by a set of recent developments in the United States. This article begins by providing a brief introduction to the origins and evolution of historical research on entrepreneurship. It then turns to explore a series of different streams of business-history research that deal with issues of entrepreneurship and historical change. The article highlights the ways in which historical context shaped the structure of entrepreneurial activity, and reveals the wide variation in organizational form and entrepreneurial behavior that historians have found. It concludes by discussing the main contributions of business history to the study of entrepreneurship, and proposes a renewed research agenda.
Business And The State
Authors: Millward Robert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Although there is a huge literature relevant to the history of relations between the state and business, this article's emphasis on international comparisons (Western Europe, Japan, and the United States) allows a distinct focus to be given to the analysis. The article draws attention to business as an instrument of the geopolitical strategy of governments and of internal social and political unification, as well as to more traditional ideological differences between countries. As a framework for analysis, geopolitical settings and political structures, as a supplement to ideological issues, shed considerable light on international differences in business–state relations. The article looks at two large land masses, the United States and continental Europe, plus two high-income island economies, Japan and Britain.
Skill Formation And Training
Authors: Thelen Kathleen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article surveys the literature on skill formation and training, presenting arguments about the significance of skills and the historical sources of variation in training regimes. It considers briefly a range of arguments by economists and political scientists on the implications of different, nationally specific models of skill formation. The article presents an overview of the various typologies that have been devised to characterize cross-national differences in training systems, and links these to recent claims about how vocational education and training systems fit into broader national political-economic models. It turns to the question of the origins of cross-national differences in training and skill-formation systems. Most of the historical literature is organized around the analysis of single country cases, and only a few works are explicitly comparative.
Business Culture
Authors: Lipartito Kenneth 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Scholarship has been moving toward the reintegration of business and cultural history, in ways that offer payoffs for both. The best of this work avoids much of the determinism and teleology of older approaches, finding that business can be practiced, quite successfully, in many different ways in different cultural settings. The new scholarship challenges business historians to recognize the more expressive aspects of business culture, beyond what culture may contribute instrumentally to firm growth. Modern cultural theory offers a way to rethink the relationship between business and culture. Treating culture as constitutive turns familiar business issues of strategy, structure, and technology into objects of meaning and interpretation, “artifacts” of values and practice rather than hard, settled facts. Such an approach argues for giving business ideas, practices, and expressions equal footing with material matters of production and profit.
Elite Beliefs and the Theory of Democratic Elitism
Authors: Peffley Mark , Rohrschneider Robert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the empirical evidence of four of the more controversial pillars of the democratic elitism thesis that has been defined by early studies. The review in this article further supports the survey studies that compare the elite and mass opinions in cross-national contexts. An assessment of the elitists' claims is conducted; the empirical evidence from three bodies of research is carefully evaluated.
Information, Persuasion, and Political Communication Networks
Authors: Huckfeldt Robert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article presents a survey and interpretation of the contributions made by network theories on the study of citizens and democratic policies. The article serves as an overview of the topic. It begins by locating the network research within the rich substantive and theoretical tradition of individually and group-based studies of electoral politics and public opinion. It addresses some methodological issues in the study of political information networks. The article ends with the discussion of theoretical and substantive insights that were generated in several studies, such as the study of communication and persuasion among citizens.
The Political Culture Paradigm
Authors: Fuchs Dieter 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article gives an analysis that tries to explain the core elements of the concept of political culture. It attempts to specify and differentiate the concept by considering important points of criticism, new problems, and perspectives. The analysis presented is conducted in four steps. The first step determines the paradigmatic core of political culture, and the second step suggests incorporating the civic community or the political community into the concept of political culture. The third step studies the problems of aggregation and causality. The fourth and final step provides summary conclusions and some considerations for the perspectives of future research.
Left–Right Orientations
Authors: Mair Peter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article discusses left–right orientations; the left–right dimension has been described as a ‘shorthand’ device that helps facilitate comparisons through space and time. It first examines the acceptability of left and right and the referents of left and right. The last two sections of the article focus on the blurring and the resilience of left and right. It is noted that the left–right schema was able to offer something in structure and substance that helped facilitate efficient communication and orientation.
Postmaterialist Values and the Shift from Survival to Self‐Expression Values
Authors: Inglehart Ronald 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article discusses the postmaterialist values, as well as the shift from survival to self-expression. It looks at controversies over the value change thesis and discusses changing political arguments. One section covers intergenerational value change in economically advanced and low-income societies. This article concludes that intergenerational value changes actually reflect historic changes in a society's existential conditions. Although these changes are far from universal, they can be found only in societies where the younger generations have experienced rather different formative conditions from those that had shaped the older generations.
Social and Political Trust
Authors: Newton Kenneth 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article discusses the nature and importance of the relationship between social and political trust. The first section contains an account of the problems that define trust and a list of its main types. An outline of how trust is measured in empirical research is and how reliable and valid these measurements are can be found in the next section. The article ends with a list of the main theories of trust and the empirical evidence for these theories.
The Effects of Religion and Religiosity on Voting Behavior
Authors: Esmer Yilmaz , Pettersson Thorleif 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article attempts to define the extent to which religion influences political and voting behaviour in the contemporary world. It also tries to identify the major factors behind this influence. The article starts by looking at the secularization theory, which asserts that modernization decreases the need for and the significance of religion on both the macro and micro levels. ‘Supply-side’ theories and religion in politics are examined next.
The Interaction of Structures and Voter Behavior
Authors: Anderson Christopher J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses and reviews the growing literature on the nexus of macro-level structures and individual behaviour that some studies are a part of. It looks at the effects that macro-level institutions and contexts have on citizen behaviour, along with how political institutions and the environment where citizens form opinions and act, help in moderating the effects of individual-level factors on citizen behaviour. The modelling structures and behaviour, effects of structures on voter behaviour, and the interactions of structures and behaviour in research on economic voting are some of the topics covered in the article.
The Relationship between Public Opinion and Policy
Authors: Wlezien Christopher , Soroka Stuart N. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article provides a review of the empirical literature testing a general model where policy is considered as a function of public preferences. It considers the mechanics by which the preferences are converted to policy along with the extensions of the basic model. In this article, public opinion is used as an independent variable, and is considered as an important driver of public policy change. Opinion is reconsidered as a dependent variable, especially its responsiveness to policy change.
Political Elites
Authors: Blondel Jean , Müller-Rommel Ferdinand 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the various forms that political elite theory took, from the end of the nineteenth century to the 1960s and 1970s. The career patterns, forms of recruitment, and duration and turnover among the political elite are studied. The article also discusses the role of the political elite. It is concluded that the use of the concept of the political elite can help in the understanding of political life, as long as it is treated as a flexible tool that takes into account the immense complexities of the power relationships between human beings.
Perspectives on Representation: Asking the Right Questions and Getting the Right Answers
Authors: Stimson James 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides some perspectives on representation. It first studies the normative issues that can be found in representation literature, before discussing design issues and the question of why cross-sectional studies of representation have not been particularly fruitful. Longitudinal studies, thinking about politics as a system, and cross-polity analyses are discussed in the final portion of the article.
Methods of Elite Research
Authors: Hoffmann‐Lange Ursula 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the different methods of elite research. Elite research studies the characteristics of politicians and other holders of leadership positions in powerful public institutions and private organizations. These individuals are distinguished by their regular participation in (political) decision making. The fields of elite research are discussed, which are composed of four main areas. The methods of elite identification and the methods of data collection are also studied.
Why and How Philosophy Matters
Authors: Pettit Philip 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the importance of philosophy in politics and political analysis. It discusses the nature of philosophy and the prospect for a philosophy of politics and explains that philosophy is an attempt to think explicitly and rationally about matters on which one cannot help but have implicit commitments. It outlines the six domains of inquiry consistent with the general view of philosophical reasoning. These include the philosophy of nature, the philosophy of value, and the philosophy of society.
Detecting Ideas and Their Effects
Authors: Price Richard 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article considers methods for the detection and identification of ideas and norms and evaluates their effects on politics. It discusses some methods for detecting ideas including the drawing of causal inferences from statistical correlations and regressions, experimental designs, psychological studies, counterfactual reasoning, and process-tracing which might involve archival research and interviews. It also investigates whether ideas move politics and evaluates whether they can maintain to do so from the local level to the systemic level of world politics.