bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language and conceptual development
Authors: Arunachalam Sudha , Waxman Sandra R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLinguistic and conceptual development converge crucially in the process of early word learning. Acquiring a new word requires the child to identify a conceptual unit, identify a linguistic unit, and establish a mapping between them. On the conceptual side, the child has to not only identify the relevant part of the scene being labeled, but also isolate a concept at the correct level of abstraction—the word ‘dog’ must be mapped to the concept dog and not to the concepts petting or collie, for example. On the linguistic side, the child must use the syntactic context in which the word appears to determine its grammatical category (e.g., noun, verb, adjective). But she also uses syntactic information, along with observation of the world and social‐communicative cues, to make guesses at which concept the word picks out as well as its level of abstraction. We present evidence that young learners learn new words rapidly and extend them appropriately. However, the relative import of observational and linguistic cues varies as a function of the kind of word being acquired, with verbs requiring a richer set of conceptual and linguistic cues than nouns. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Language Acquisition
Psychology > Language
Memory systems
Authors: Eichenbaum Howard 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe idea that there are multiple memory systems can be traced to early philosophical considerations and introspection. However, the early experimental work considered memory a unitary phenomenon and focused on finding the mechanism upon which memory is based. A full reconciliation of debates about that mechanism, and a coincidental rediscovery of the idea of multiple memory systems, emerged from studies in the cognitive neuroscience of memory. This research has identified three major forms of memory that have distinct operating principles and are supported by different brain systems. These include: (1) a cortical‐hippocampal circuit that mediates declarative memory, our capacity to recollect facts and events; (2) procedural memory subsystems involving a cortical‐striatal circuit that mediates habit formation and a brainstem‐cerebellar circuit that mediates sensorimotor adaptations; and (3) a circuit involving subcortical and cortical pathways through the amygdala that mediates the attachment of affective status and emotional responses to previously neutral stimuli. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Memory
Neuroscience > Cognition
Asymmetry of interhemispheric communication
Authors: Alberto Marzi Carlo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe role of the corpus callosum (CC) in ensuring communication between the cerebral hemispheres is an undisputed great discovery of the 20th century. In the past 20 years, it has been repeatedly shown by behavioral and electrophysiological experiments that callosal transmission is asymmetric. It is faster from the right to the left hemispheres for a host of behavioral and cognitive processes. The functional meaning and the neural bases of the asymmetry are still being investigated but one possibility is that it is related to a larger proportion of cortical neurones, projecting their axon from the right to the left hemisphere than in the reverse direction in the CC. This asymmetry might be related to the necessity to rapidly access the left hemisphere for response during tasks mainly subserved by the right hemisphere. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction
Neuroscience > Anatomy
Learning sciences
Authors: Nathan Mitchell J. , Wagner Alibali Martha 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe aims of the learning sciences (LS) are to understand the nature of learning from a broad range of perspectives, and to shape the ways that learning environments and resources are designed and used. LS incorporates bothsystemicandelementalapproaches to investigating questions about learning, as a complement to the primarily elemental approach emphasized in cognitive science research. Thus, its greatest potential is in the integration of systemic and elemental perspectives. Four major themes are central. First, research in LS attempts to bridge the divide between research and practice. Second, research in LS is motivated by limitations of theories of learning and cognition for specifying instruction. Third, research in LS embraces the importance of analyzing and assessing complex interventions through both experimental and design‐based research. Fourth, research in LS emphasizes the learning and behavior of the individual in interaction with the physical, social, and cultural world, as well as with semiotic and technical resources. Research in LS can be conceptualized along a continuum of time scales, from the more microscopic to the more macroscopic. The time‐scale framework illustrates how disparate research traditions and research methods can function within a unifying framework for the study of learning and complex behavior. The effort to ‘scale‐up’ from more elemental findings to more complex, authentic settings has been generative for LS, but faces serious challenges. There is an alternate route to establishing a cumulative scientific knowledge base, namely, ‘scaling down’ from more complex, ecologically valid levels to more elemental levels. Studies of basic learning processes, framed in the context of the larger system, are well positioned to support impact in authentic settings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:Psychology > Development and Aging
Formalism and functionalism in linguistics
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFormalism and functionalism in linguistics are often taken to be diametrically opposed approaches. However, close examination of the relevant phenomena reveals that the two are complementary, rather than being irrevocably in opposition to each other. One can be a formal linguist and a functional linguist at the same time, without there being any contradiction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Linguistic Theory
Propagation of melting front in structurally heterogeneous media having phase transitions of inhomogeneities
Authors: Savatorova V.L. , Talonov A.V. , Shirochin D.L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractProblems of propagation of melting (solidification) front in close to periodical heterogeneous media are studied using a structure homogenization technique. Our method describes not only the averaged behavior of the material of a cell as the classic homogenization techniques do, but also the local behavior of the material within a cell. The generalized formulation of the problems allows us to model more complicated than the commonly studied problems, e.g. problems when the inhomogeneities (e.g.frozen liquid layers) may perturb phase transformation (melting) and change their properties during the propagation of heat front. It is shown that for materials of relatively simple geometry, an analytical solution can be obtained to the heat conductivity problem in the heterogeneous media with phase transformations of the layers. Although the analytical solution to the generalized problem is not as simple as the classic self‐similar solution to the one‐dimensional problem, it keeps some main features of the classic solution. In particular, it is shown that in the case of a fixed heat input, the coordinate of melting front in the direction of the heat transfer is directly proportional to the square root of time. Applications of the new techniques to specific heterogeneous media are presented.
The influence of encounters on domain coarsening
Authors: Niethammer B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe review recent progress on the derivation and analysis of higher order corrections to the classical mean‐field theory of Lifshitz, Slyozov, and Wagner for domain coarsening. Most research on this subject in the applied literature has focussed on the effect of screening induced fluctuations, however some of the resulting models lack self‐consistency. We discuss here recent work in which a self‐consistent model for fluctuations is derived and compare it to a model that has first been suggested in the original paper by Lifshitz and Slyozov. This model takes the effect of encounters between domains into account, but has seemingly gone unnoticed in the literature. Contrary to common expectations self‐similar solutions of this model predict a much larger coarsening rate than the models accounting for fluctuations.
Synthesis and Surface Properties Characterization of Perfluoroalkylated Oligo(oxyethylene)glycols
Authors: Zaggia Alessandro , Padoan Gennifer , Conte Lino 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA series of perfluoroalkylated oligo(oxyethylene) glycols as non‐ionic fluorinated surfactants was prepared. The synthesis was performed by adding a molecule of a oligo(oxyethylene)glycol of the general formula HO(CH2CH2O)nOH (n = 1, 2, 4, 6.4, 22.3) to 2‐(perfluorooctylmethyl) oxirane in the presence of catalytic amounts of a Lewis acid. This procedure led to the formation of an amphiphilic molecule characterized by an hydrophobic lipophobic perfluorinated tail and hydrophilic non‐ionic oligo(oxyethylene)chain. Infra red spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy allowed the chemical characterization of the synthesized compounds to be made. Critical micellar concentration, surface tension, interfacial tension and cloud point measurements carries out on aqueous solutions allowed us to evaluate the surface and interfacial properties of the perfluoroalkylated oligo(oxyethylene)glycols. In addition, surface pressure‐area (π, A) diagrams allowed us to determine the principal parameters characterizing the state of their monolayers. The aim of the work was to investigate the effect of the hydrophilic chain length on physical and surface properties.
Brief report: Multilevel analysis of school smoking policy and pupil smoking behaviour in Wales
Authors: Wiium Nora , Burgess Stephen , Moore Laurence 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTA multilevel analysis of cross‐sectional data from a survey involving 1941 pupils (in grades 10 and 11) and policy indicators developed from interviews with staff from 45 secondary schools in Wales examined the hypotheses that pupil smoking prevalence would be associated with: restrictive staff and pupil smoking policies; dissemination of school smoking policies; and implementation of smoking policies in the context of a health promoting whole school environment. The only statistically significant association found was that pupils attending schools that did not disseminate pupil smoking policy in a written document had a greater tendency (OR = 2.16, 95% CI 1.13–4.10) to smoke daily on school premises than those who attended schools that disseminated policy through a written document. This association was not significant (p < 0.05) when pupil level covariates were included. Further research is required to identify the effectiveness and optimal content, enforcement and support of school smoking policies.
The uses of analogy: James Clerk Maxwell's ‘On Faraday's lines of force’ and early Victorian analogical argument
Authors: LAMBERT KEVIN 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEarly Victorian analogical arguments were used to order the natural and the social world by maintaining a coherent collective experience across cultural oppositions such as the ideal and material, the sacred and profane, theory and fact. Maxwell's use of analogical argument in ‘On Faraday's lines of force’ was a contribution to that broad nineteenth-century discussion which overlapped theology and natural philosophy. I argue here that Maxwell understood his theoretical work as both a technical and a socially meaningful practice and that embedding his use of analogy in the social and intellectual context of Victorian Britain provides a means of telling a sociocultural history of Maxwell's development of a new cognitive tool: a way of thinking on paper analogous to thinking with objects in the laboratory.And analogy can do no more, immediately or directly, than shew such and such things to be true or credible considered only as matters of fact.Bishop Butler, 17361
Instrumental images: the visual rhetoric of self-presentation in Hevelius's Machina Coelestis
Authors: VERTESI JANET 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article places the famous images of Johannes Hevelius's instruments in his Machina Coelestis (1673) in the context of Hevelius's contested cometary observations and his debate with Hooke over telescopic sights. Seen thus, the images promote a crafted vision of Hevelius's astronomical practice and skills, constituting a careful self-presentation to his distant professional network and a claim as to which instrumental techniques guarantee accurate observations. Reviewing the reception of the images, the article explores how visual rhetoric may be invoked and challenged in the context of controversy, and suggests renewed analytical attention to the role of laboratory imagery in instrumental cultures in the history of science.
An assessment of the antibacterial activity in larval excretion/secretion of four species of insects recorded in association with corpses, using Lucilia sericata Meigen as the marker species
Authors: Barnes K.M. , Gennard D.E. , Dixon R.A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe relative antibacterial activities of excretion/secretion (ES) from two carrion-feeding insects, Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy and Dermestes maculatus DeGeer, and a detritivore, Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, were compared to that of Lucilia sericata Meigen, a species with ES of known antibacterial capacity, in order to explore the antimicrobial potential of other carrion and detritivore species. Viable counts were used to assess time-kill of ES against five bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis. Antibacterial activity was recorded in all four insect species although T. molitor and D. maculatus were the most effective in controlling growth of P. mirabilis. The blowflies were more effective in controlling a wider range of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The larval ES from all species was shown to reduce bacterial growth rate although differences in antibacterial spectrum were noted and the degree of potency varied between the four species. These differences may be explained ecologically by the different colonisation times of each insect species on the corpse. Overall, this study demonstrates that research into other carrion-feeding insect species has potential to provide an increased source of antimicrobial chemicals to broaden the range of bacterial species beyond that currently controlled using L. sericata.
STRONGLY BOUNDED REPRESENTING MEASURES AND CONVERGENCE THEOREMS
Authors: GHENCIU IOANA , LEWIS PAUL 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLet K be a compact Hausdorff space, X a Banach space and C(K, X) the Banach space of all continuous functions f: K → X endowed with the supremum norm. In this paper we study weakly precompact operators defined on C(K, X).
Determining maximum load-carrying capacity of robots using adaptive robust neural controller
Authors: Korayem M. H. , Alamdari A. , Haghighi R. , Korayem A. H. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYIn this paper, the combination of neural network (NN), proportional derivative (PD), and robust controller are used for determining the maximum load-carrying capacity (MLCC) of articulated robots, subject to both actuator and end-effector deflection constraints. The proposed technique is then applied to articulated robots, and MLCC is obtained for a given trajectory. In the practical simulations, it's impossible to determine the parameters of robot model exactly, so the trajectory tracking performance of the proportional integral derivative (PID) and computed torque methods significantly decrease. The PD control of robot has major problem, it cannot guarantee zero steady state error. For this reason, the NN controller with PD and robust controller are used. The multilayer neural network is also used to compensate gravity and friction effects. By using Lyapunov Direct Method it is shown that the stability of closed loop system would be guaranteed, if the weights of multilayer had certain learning rules. Standard back propagation algorithm is used as a learning algorithm to update the connection weights of the NN controller. The simulation results of the proposed adaptive robust neural network (ARNN) controller are compred with sliding mode and feedback linearization methods for flexible joint robot, and compared with open loop controller for 3D industrial robot. The obtained results assured the robustness and improvement in MLCC in the presence of uncertainties in dynamic model of the robot arm and external disturbances. In fact, adaptive robust NN controller suppresses disturbances accurately and achieves very small errors between commanded and actual trajectories.
Implicational markedness and frequency in constraint-based computational models of phonological learning
Authors: JAROSZ GAJA 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTThis study examines the interacting roles of implicational markedness and frequency from the joint perspectives of formal linguistic theory, phonological acquisition and computational modeling. The hypothesis that child grammars are rankings of universal constraints, as in Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993/2004), that learning involves a gradual transition from an unmarked initial state to the target grammar, and that order of acquisition is guided by frequency, along the lines of Levelt, Schiller & Levelt (2000), is investigated. The study reviews empirical findings on syllable structure acquisition in Dutch, German, French and English, and presents novel findings on Polish. These comparisons reveal that, to the extent allowed by implicational markedness universals, frequency covaries with acquisition order across languages. From the computational perspective, the paper shows that interacting roles of markedness and frequency in a class of constraint-based phonological learning models embody this hypothesis, and their predictions are illustrated via computational simulation.
Population-based surveillance study ofCampylobacterinfections in Finland
Authors: NAKARI U.-M. , HUOVINEN E. , KUUSI M. , SIITONEN A. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYThe annual incidence in 14 361 campylobacteriosis cases reported in Finland in 2002–2005 varied between 61 and 76/100 000 population. The mean incidence was highest (148/100 000) in the 25–29 years age group and lowest (range 21–24/100 000) in children aged 5–14 years and patients aged ⩾75 years. The number of domestic cases was low in winter and peaked in summer. A total of 622 strains isolated from domestic infections and 785 foreign travel-related strains were serotyped. Serotypes Pen 3 and Pen 37 had the strongest association with travel-related infections (96%,P<0·001), and Pen 6,7, Pen 12 and Pen 27 were significantly associated with domestic infections (>70% domestic within each serotype,P<0·001). Pen 2 and Pen 1,44 were less common in older than in younger patients. Of domestic strains, a higher proportion of Pen 2 strains was isolated in winter (18%) compared to the other serotypes (0–10%).
Morphologic and molecular diversity of the foraminiferal genusGlobocassidulinain Admiralty Bay, King George Island
Authors: Majewski Wojciech , Pawlowski Jan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFour distinctive morphological types can be found among livingGlobocassidulinain surface sediments of Admiralty Bay (King George Island, South Shetland Islands). The molecular analysis of the SSU and ITS rDNA indicates that they are monospecific and belong toGlobocassidulina biora, except for minute forms from deeper than 200 m water depth which probably representG. subglobosa. The morphological types ofG. biorathat show doubled or branched apertures, varied test size and shape as well as colour of cytoplasm, represent populations at different stages of ontogenetic development. However, the variability among largeG. biorafrom the same locations is difficult to comprehend. It seems probable thatG. biorais the only recent, large, shallow waterGlobocassidulinarepresented throughout the Antarctica, whileG. crassais typical for the Magellan region.
The paediatric cardiology Hall of Fame: Maude Elizabeth Abbott
Authors: Evans William N. , Béland Marie J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFew paediatric cardiologists know of Maude Abbott. Yet before Helen Taussig, no one contributed more to founding the speciality than Maude Abbott. She achieved international fame as the early 20th century expert on cardiac malformations. We summarise here her life and contributions, indicating how she is more than justified in being inducted to the Hall of Fame.
Cancer Precursors
Authors: ROHAN THOMAS E. , HENSON DONALD E. , FRANCO EDUARDO L. , ALBORES-SAAVEDRA JORGE 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe term “cancer precursor” refers to specific morphologic changes that precede the development of cancer. Knowledge of the etiology of cancer precursors varies considerably by anatomic site. In part, this might reflect the relative inaccessibility of a site to tissue sampling (e.g., ovary and pancreas) and hence the difficulty of detecting and diagnosing precursors at that site. This chapter describes some of the more well studied sites, for which there is substantial knowledge of the histopathology, epidemiology, and natural history.
Genetic Concepts and Methods in Epidemiologic Research
Authors: RISCH NEIL J. , WHITTEMORE ALICE S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAdvances in the last thirty years have generated much work for cancer epidemiologists, who must work with geneticists to identify genes that alter cancer risk and then translate the genetic discoveries into risk estimates and cost/benefit analyses that lead to effective strategies for cancer prevention and control. This chapter describes this work as it relates to heritable germline mutations and their roles in cancer susceptibility. It begins by presenting evidence that such mutations are important in specific cancers. It then describes methods for identifying these mutations and discusses how to characterize their effects on risk. The chapter concludes by considering the challenge for the future: how to use information on an individual's genetic susceptibility to prevent cancer occurrence.
Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Patient Survival in the United States
Authors: RIES LYNN A.G. , DEVESA SUSAN S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter presents current estimates for cancer incidence, mortality, and survival in a large subgroup of the U.S. population based on the results of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. The SEER Program is an ongoing contract-supported program of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) that funds and coordinates the collection of cancer data in population-based cancer registries located throughout the United States. These registries, although not randomly selected, are thought to be reasonably representative of the U.S. population; a number of the registries cover diverse populations of particular epidemiologic interest. The program publishes incidence, mortality, and survival data annually.
Economic Impact of Cancer in the United States
Authors: BROWN MARTIN L. , YABROFF K. ROBIN 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the economic impact of cancer in the United States. Three categories of cost domains are identified: direct costs, resulting from the use of resources for medical care; indirect costs, resulting from the loss of economic resources and opportunities associated with disease and treatment; and psychosocial costs, such as pain and suffering. The measurement of health care costs, source of data on the costs of medical care, and approaches to estimating the economic burden of cancer are discussed.