bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertical zoning of oil and gas formation: historico-genetic aspects
Authors: Safronov A.F. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Considerable variations in depth zoning of dispersed organic matter (DOM) catagenesis are caused by various physical and geological factors. The evolution of a sedimentary basin (SB) implies successive changes in organization levels of this system. In the process of evolution the system structure is determined by the interaction of its subsystems. Any parameter of an SB (physical properties of rocks, degree of OM catagenesis, temperature, formation pressure, phase ratio of hydrocarbons) is governed by the processes running in the system. Variations of these parameters in space and time characterize the structure of the changing system. The intensity of lithification of terrigenous rocks, OM catagenesis, and HC generation in time is approximated by a curvilinear relation, which becomes asympthotic at a particular stage. In other words, these processes drastically decay 150±50 Myr after the main sedimentation had completed. For an SB system with a natural set of main subsystems (mineral, water, organic, hydrocarbon), the age is less important (at least throughout the Phanerozoic) than the duration of the process. Analysis is given to the formation of vertical HC zoning, which includes all the processes observable within an SB. The relationship of events and qualitative temporal and spatial changes during these processes is considered.
The geodynamic evolution of the folded framing and the western margin of the Siberian craton in the Neoproterozoic: geological, structural, sedimentological, geochronological, and paleomagnetic data
Authors: Vernikovsky V.A. , Kazansky A.Yu. , Matushkin N.Yu. , Metelkin D.V. , Sovetov J.K. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The formation of the western margin of the Siberian craton in the Neoproterozoic is considered, with a focus on its transformation from a passive continental margin into an active one, accretion and collision processes, formation of island arcs and ophiolites, orogeny, and continent-marginal rifting. The evolution and correlation of sedimentary basins within fold-thrust belts of the Siberian Platform framing are considered. New structural and kinematic data on the Yenisei fault zone are discussed. On the basis of paleomagnetic data obtained for the structures in the zone of junction of the Siberian Platform and the West Siberian Plate, new models are proposed for the location of the Siberian craton relative to other paleocontinents and microcontinents in the Neoproterzoic. All these data provide a consistent evolution scheme for the western margin of the Siberian paleocontinent in the Neoproterozoic and constrain the position of the Siberian craton margin in Late Neoproterozoic (pre-Vendian) time.
Comparative Genomic Study Reveals a Transition from TA Richness in Invertebrates to GC Richness in Vertebrates at CpG Flanking Sites: An Indication for Context-Dependent Mutagenicity of Methylated CpG Sites
Authors: Wang Yong , Leung Frederick C.C. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Vertebrate genomes are characterized with CpG deficiency, particularly for GC-poor regions. The GC content-related CpG deficiency is probably caused by context-dependent deamination of methylated CpG sites. This hypothesis was examined in this study by comparing nucleotide frequencies at CpG flanking positions among invertebrate and vertebrate genomes. The finding is a transition of nucleotide preference of 5′ T to 5′ A at the invertebrate-vertebrate boundary, indicating that a large number of CpG sites with 5′ Ts were depleted because of global DNA methylation developed in vertebrates. At genome level, we investigated CpG observed/expected (obs/exp) values in 500 bp fragments, and found that higher CpG obs/exp value is shown in GC-poor regions of invertebrate genomes (except sea urchin) but in GC-rich sequences of vertebrate genomes. We next compared GC content at CpG flanking positions with genomic average, showing that the GC content is lower than the average in invertebrate genomes, but higher than that in vertebrate genomes. These results indicate that although 5′ T and 5′ A are different in inducing deamination of methylated CpG sites, GC content is even more important in affecting the deamination rate. In all the tests, the results of sea urchin are similar to vertebrates perhaps due to its fractional DNA methylation. CpG deficiency is therefore suggested to be mainly a result of high mutation rates of methylated CpG sites in GC-poor regions.
Seamen on Late Eighteenth-Century European Warships
Authors: Frykman Niklas 
Published: March 2009

SummaryFor hundreds of thousands, the naval wars of the 1790s meant shock proletarianization at sea. Unprecedented numbers of men – many without previous experience of the sea, many of them foreign-born – were forced into warships and made to work under the threat of savage violence. Desertion rates reached previously unimaginable levels as men fled ships and navies. The greatest wave of naval mutiny in European history followed in their wake. Hundreds of crews revolted, sometimes paralyzing whole fleets in the midst of the annual fighting season. This article considers the struggles in the French, Dutch, and British navies, concluding that the key development that precipitated the sudden explosion of mutiny was the internationalization of Europe’s lower decks.
A Method for the Determination of Carbonates in Soils.
Authors: Amos Arthur 
Published: March 2009

The methods usually employed for estimating calcium carbonate in soil are all subject to more or less serious practical difficulties when the percentage of lime falls below 0.5.In gravimetric methods, in which the carbon dioxide set free by acid has first to be boiled out of solution and then perfectly dried before absorption by potash, a very small weight of carbon dioxide is estimated by the gain in weight of a comparatively heavy absorption apparatus.
Cyanogenesis under Digestive Conditions
Authors: Auld S. J. M. 
Published: March 2009

Under digestive conditions cyanogenesis is likely to be inhibited by acids and alkalies, digestive juices, cellulose, glucose, and molasses, salt and many other feeding-stuff constituents and adjuncts.Owing to the time the food remains in the digestive tract before coming to the true stomach or the acid secreting portion of the stomach, normal inhibition is caused by the alkaline character of the salivary juices. This is likely to be the chief cause of the innocuous character of linseed cake.In the case of sheep fed with linseed cake shortly before being killed small amounts of hydrocyanic acid were to be found, chiefly in the rumen.Cyanogenetic feeding-stuffs are most likely to be poisonous when fed with acid containing or acid producing food-stuffs, or where the hydrocyanic acid is pre-formed, as in the case of an improperly made linseed gruel.The small quantities of hydrocyanic acid normally produced from cyanogenetic feeding-stuffs may possibly have a strongly beneficial action.
The Estimation of Carbohydrates. IV.: The Presence of Free Pentoses in Plant Extracts and the Influence of other Sugars on their Estimation
Authors: Davis William A. , Sawyer George Conworth 
Published: March 2009

Evidence is brought forward to show that free pentoses exist in the alcoholic extracts of foliage leaves of different plants. Their amount can be estimated with a fair degree of accuracy by the ordinary distillation process or by the reducing power of the purified liquor after other sugars have been fermented away.When, however, small amounts of pentose have to be estimated accurately in presence of large quantities of other sugars, it is advisable, as suggested by Kluyver, to ferment away these sugars before applying Kröber's process.
Pasture problems: indigenous plants in relation to habitat and sown species
Authors: Stapledon R. G. , Jenkin T. J. 
Published: March 2009

(1) Grassland has been classified as natural and semi-natural; both classes have been further sub-divided according to the botanical composition of the herbage in relation to habitat (pp. 27–36).(2) The plants which colonise natural grasslands have been called primary indigenous species; and those which come in without being sown and contribute largely to the herbage on semi-natural types have been designated secondary indigenous species (p. 37).
Partial sterilisation of soil by antiseptics
Authors: Matthews Annie 
Published: March 2009

1. Quantitative determinations have been made of the effect on soil protozoa and bacteria of various antiseptic substances, including benzene and its homologues and derivatives, carbon disulphide, ammonia, formaldehyde and chlorpicrin. Ammonia and nitrates were determined at the same time in many cases. The effect on fungi, eelworm, etc., was also determined roughly.2. It was found that nearly all the substances disappeared from the soil fairly quickly and at the same time the numbers of bacteria fluctuated. The usual march of events was that the bacteria were reduced in number for the first few days, then rose to a maximum and finally fell slowly towards normal. The whole fall was sometimes very slow and the whole process was much slower in field soil than in the richer, lighter and better aerated greenhouse soils.3. Aeration was found to have great influence on the rapidity of the changes.4. The increase of the bacteria during the early days of an experiment varied in the same direction as the molecular weights and heats of combustion of the antiseptics and is attributed to the latter property. Naphthalene, for instance, which has a large heat of combustion, caused enormous rises, while benzene with its lower heat caused smaller rises.5. This rise was independent of the effect of the substance on the protozoa. Both naphthalene and toluene in large doses cause high rises; the first has no effect on the protozoa, while the latter kills all amoebae and ciliates.6. Similar results were obtained when the experiments were made on soils already free from protozoa, such as a field soil which had been in bottle for 76 years, soil in which they had been killed by steaming, and soil in which they had been killed by antiseptics. If the protozoa were killed by the use of a strong dose of a suitable antiseptic and the soil were then set aside for a long period, a second dose caused an even greater rise than the first.7. It is therefore concluded that the rise in the number of the bacteria is largely due to the feeding effect of the antiseptic on the bacteria and not only to the destruction of the protozoa, and that the increased fertility observed by Russell and Hutchinson is to be attributed in large measure to the activity of the greater bacterial population in breaking down the organic matter of the soil. Bacterial rises following treatment with lime or steam are similarly caused in part by the preparation of the plant residues.8. Aliphatic compounds cause quicker but smaller rises than those of aromatic series.9. The introduction of a CH3 group into the benzene ring lessens toxicity to soil organisms, while a single Cl or nitro-group increases both toxicity and stability in the soil.
Some factors affecting the evaporation of water from soil
Authors: Fisher E. A. 
Published: March 2009

In1914 the result of a study of the evaporation of water from soil was published by B. A. Keen, who distinguished two factors governing the rate of evaporation. One factor was that the available surface from which evaporation takes place decreases as the moisture content decreases. Keen deduced an equation that expressed the operation of this factor, viz.in whichDis a constant,w= percentage of water by weight ands= the real specific gravity of the soil. He showed that this equation agreed with his experimental results with a reasonable degree of accuracy.
Observations on the life history of the wheat-bulb fly [Leptohylemyia coarctata, Fall.]
Authors: Petherbridge F. R. 
Published: March 2009

During the past fifty years there have been many records of the damage done by this pest to wheat and rye on the continent.The first record in this country is by Ormerod(i) in 1882 in wheat. She says “there is good reason for believing that it was present to a serious extent before.” Since that time numerous complaints of serious damage to wheat have been recorded in various parts of the country, but the eastern counties of England and parts of Scotland have suffered most and the intensity of the attack has varied enormously from season to season.
Studies on the metabolism of the ruminant by indirect calorimetry. I. The influence of variations in the external temperature on the energy exchange of the goat
Authors: Magee H. E. 
Published: March 2009

In calorimetric work the ideal experimental conditions are that all factors capable of influencing metabolism, except the one whose influence is the object of investigation, should be made constant or otherwise accounted for. It was while striving to attain such conditions that the necessity for this study arose.During an investigation into the effect of food ingestion on the basal metabolism of the goat by the method of indirect calorimetry described by Orr and Magee(1) it was deemed inadvisable to ignore the diurnal variations in external temperature, and, consequently, it was decided to submit the animal to varying changes of external temperature and to determine their effect upon its basal metabolism. It was the special objective of the experiments to ascertain the critical temperature of the goat or the temperature at which the vital processes of the animal are most economically maintained.
The relation between the clay content and certain physical properties of a soil
Authors: Keen Bernard A. , Raczkowski Henry 
Published: March 2009

A simple experimental method has been described for measuring certain physical constants of soil, using small brass boxes into which soil passing a sieve of 100 meshes to the inch has been packed by hand. The quantities determined are:(1) The weight of unit volume (100 c.c.s.) of air-dry soil, or the apparent specific gravity.(2) Amount of water taken up by unit weight of soil.(3) Pore space.(4) Specific gravity of the soil.(5) The volume expansion of unit volume (100 c.c.) of soil when saturated.The results for one soil only are given, and discussed, to illustrate the method. With the co-operation of the Science Masters Association it is being applied to a number of soils by various schools.The particular soil used was obtained in six depths as follows: 0–6–12″, 12–18″, 18–24″, 2–3′, 3–4′, and the above constants were determined on each depth. It was shown that (1) and (4) varied inversely with the percentage of clay in the soil, while (2), (3), and (5) varied directly with the clay percentage. The effect on the constants of the larger quantities of organic, matter present in the top two layers of soil was, weight for weight, approximately equal to that of the clay, except in the volume expansion results where the effect if any was within experimental error.It is possible that the fraction fine silt II, whose upper limit of diameter is ·005 mm., has similar effects to the clay fraction.
The fungicidal properties of certain spray-fluids. II
Authors: Eyre J. Vargas , Salmon E. S. , Wormald L. K. 
Published: March 2009

1. The resistance of the hop-mildew (Sphaerotheca Humuli (DC.) Burr.) to polysulphide solutions varies according to its stage of development. The earliest stages after infection and antecedent to the production of conidiophores are the most resistant, requiring approximately a solution of double the concentration lethal for the “powdery” conidial stage. The “powdery” conidial stage occurring on young leaves is more resistant than the same stage on older leaves.2. Conclusive proof has been obtained that with polysulphide solutions neither the total sulphur content nor the sulphide sulphur content gives an index of their fungicidal value.3. The percentage of polysulphide sulphur in polysulphide solutions appears to be the factor determining their fungicidal value.4. The fungicidal value of such solutions does not depend upon the nature of the polysulphides present.
Experimental methods with cotton V. A study of ginning percentage and its determination in variety trials
Authors: Fielding W. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARY1. The results of a study of sampling for ginning percentage in cotton variety trials are given. The investigation was undertaken to determine the most satisfactory method of obtaining the necessary ginning percentage factors for conversion of yield of seed-cotton to yield of lint.2. The material consisted of a widerange of strains derived from the jassid-resistant Upland, U4, planted out in trials of randomized block design, in different seasons.
Magnesium metabolism in the dairy cow V. Experimental observations with a purified diet low in magnesium
Authors: Storry J. E. , Rook J. A. F. 
Published: March 2009

1. An artificial diet low in magnesium (0·01–0·02% of the dry matter), and providing about 0·5 g. magnesium daily, was prepared from paper pulp, maize gluten, magnesium-free minerals and vitamins A and D and used in experimental studies with two non-lactating cows.2. The omission of a dietary supplement of magnesium oxide (5 g./day) caused a rapid fall in the excretion of magnesium in the urine, from values of 1–2 g./day to virtually zero within about 4 days. There was a similar rapid fall in the concentration of magnesium in the serum, from about 2·7 to 2·0 mg./lOO ml., and then a slow fall to between 1·0 and 1·5 mg./lOO ml. after 12 days. Faecal excretion of magnesium was also reduced but the faecal loss continued at about 1·0 g./day after 2–3 days on the low magnesium diet.3. The availability of the magnesium of various salts was determined by giving them as supplements to the basal diet and measuring the increase in the excretion of magnesium in the urine. The mean value was 26·2% in one cow and 34·5% in the other, a highly significant difference (P< 0·01). The availabilities of the oxide, nitrate, acetate and lactate were similar, but the citrate gave a higher value and the sulphate, silicate and, in one cow, the chloride a lower value.
The influence of varying phosphorus and water supply on the growth and yield of a swamp rice variety (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Enyi B. A. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. ‘Wet’ soil plants had greater tiller and leaf number, and were also taller than ‘dry’ soil plants.2. The straw and grain dry weight, and grain weight as percentage of straw weight, were greater in ‘wet’ soil plants than in ‘dry’ soil ones.3. Wet soil hastened the time of ear emergence.4. Increasing the phosphate supply, on the whole, tended to increase the tiller and leaf number, weight of straw and grain and also hastened time of ear emergence.5. Under ‘wet’ soil conditions high phosphate application is not necessary.6. The yield of grain at high phosphate level of plants grown on ‘dry’ soil is significantly lower than the yield from those grown on ‘wet’ soil with low phosphate application. This suggested that under ‘dry’ soil conditions availability of nitrogen, as well as of phosphorus, is a limiting factor.
The influence of crossing on the nicotinic acid content of maize
Authors: Gorfinkel L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYWhen maize forms a large part of the diet of any group of people, pellagra can be prevented by increasing the amount of nicotinic acid or by increasing the amount of tryptophane in the diet. The possibility of increasing the nicotinic acid content of maize by genetical means presents a promising field.
The mineralogical composition of some Scottish soils
Authors: Hendrick James , Newlands George 
Published: March 2009

1. Previous investigations showed that certain Scottish soils were of glacial drift origin, that they were comparatively rich in unweathered silicates and therefore in reserves of plant-food, that they showed considerable variation in such silicates and were capable of classification accordingly. Some indication was also shown that the glacial drift, and hence the resulting soil, was sometimes of local origin, its character being determined by the underlying rock. In the present investigation a more extensive survey of Scottish soils has been made in order to discover to what extent these preliminary findings might be applicable generally.2. For this purpose soils have been collected from various localities in the north, north-east, west and south of Scotland, and have been analysed mechanically and the “fine sand” fraction examined mineralogically.
“Single Value” Soil Properties. A Study of the Significance of Certain Soil Constants. III. Note on the Technique of the Keen-Raczkowski Box Experiment (With Three Text-figures.)
Authors: Coutts J. R. H. 
Published: March 2009

A modified technique for the Keen-Raczkowski box experiment is described; it is believed that this new method is as accurate as, and is more convenient than, the one employed earlier.The results obtained for pore space by the new method are very nearly the same as those obtained by the old method. The old and new results obtained for water retention and swelling are not the same, but are related to one another by simple linear expressions, and correlations with other soil properties deduced from the old data are applicable also to the new.
Note on the estimation of dry matter in mangels
Authors: Elphick B. L. , McMahon P. R. 
Published: March 2009

The results indicate that the usually accepted methods of sampling mangel roots by means of horizontal cores in a north-south direction through the largest diameter of the root or one-third way down from the crown, are subject to greater inaccuracies than similar cores taken twothirds to three-quarters way down, which gave consistently samples of satisfactory accuracy.Our best thanks are due to members of the College StafE for helpful criticism of all stages of the work, also to the Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture for a detailed description of technique and apparatus in use for their work on dry matter in root crops.
The calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D requirements of swine
Authors: Dunlop George 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThe results of experiments conducted on 156 swine, from time of weaning till bacon weights were reached, are reported. One hundred and twenty of these animals were subjected to complete dietary control as regards the quantity of food consumed and the composition of the diet.Twenty-nine treatments, consisting of different amounts of Ca, P and vitamin D added to an otherwise adequate diet, were imposed.The reaction of the animals to the treatments was studied in relation to growth (increase in weight), appetite, utilisation of the food, the blood picture (concentration of serum Ca, blood inorganic phosphate, serum phosphatase and blood Hb), and the morphology and chemical composition of the bone. The results obtained are summarised in Table XVIII.
On the capillary forces in an ideal soil; correction of formulae given by W. B. Haines
Authors: Fisher R. A. 
Published: March 2009

1. The omission of the tension in the air-water interface has introduced an erroneous factor into Haines’ formulae; certain additional factors have also crept into his expressions for average stress.2. With these corrections, the stress due to moisture varies comparatively little with changing water content, though falling slightly throughout the range. The energy needed to cause rupture rises continuously in a manner not unlike Haines’ measurements, and should more probably be associated with them than should the tensile stress.3. The geometrical approximation used by Haines gives a close geometrical representation of the figure, but a mechanical approximation which is less satisfactory. Since neither the formulae connected with the true curve, nor the tables needed to use them, are readily, accessible, sufficiently exact numerical data have been here put on record.