bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Republished paper: The implications of the NICE guidelines on neurosurgical management for all severe head injuries: systematic review
Authors: Barratt Helen , Wilson Mark , Moore Fionna , Raine Rosalind 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Head injury is an important cause of death among young adults in the UK, and a significant burden on NHS resources. However, management is inconsistent, governed largely by local resources.
The latest version of the NICE head injury guidelines suggests that more patients with traumatic brain injury should be transferred to receive specialist care. However, this raises issues about the capacity of regional neurosurgical units, particularly to accommodate patients who do not require surgical intervention.

Objectives
To critically evaluate the basis of the NICE recommendations about transfer for neurosurgical care, and examine the configuration of specialist services to assess the implications of increasing the existing number of transfers.

Methods
A systematic literature review was conducted of articles discussing the provision of emergency neurosurgical care for adult head injuries in the UK.

Results
Fifty-eight papers met the criteria for inclusion in the literature review, including seven papers cited in the NICE guidance. Fifty-one papers related to neurosurgical care, including papers on bed occupancy, transfer times and transfer policies.

Conclusions
The evidence NICE cited is of variable quality. Much of the research was conducted outside the UK, which raises questions about its relevance to the NHS. Care of traumatic brain injuries in the UK is already hampered by the inadequate capacity of regional neurosurgical units to meet demand, and transferring more patients would be likely to exacerbate this. Increasing the number of transfers could also worsen inequalities of access for other groups, such as elective patients, particularly in areas where facilities are most stretched.
Unenhanced CT for the evaluation of acute ureteric colic: the essential pictorial guide
Authors: Kennish Steven J , Wah Tze M , Irving Henry C 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Acute ureteric colic is a common emergency, often dealt with by the emergency physician or general practitioner and referred on to the urologist. Unenhanced CT of the kidneys, ureters and bladder (CTKUB) is the ‘gold standard’ imaging investigation for establishing a diagnosis and guiding management. An appreciation of the CTKUB signs, which support or refute a diagnosis of ureteric colic, is highly valuable to the clinician when making a urological referral, and to the urologist, who must make appropriate management plans. All salient diagnostic and supportive features of ureteric colic are carefully illustrated, as are important radiological mimics, with the objectives of educating and informing the non-radiologist. Ready access to the picture archive and communication system (PACS) allows all specialists involved to interpret the radiological report with the benefit of images. A stone within the ureter may not always be readily apparent. Soft tissue rim sign around a calcific focus is an important indicator of a ureteric stone, whereas a comet tail sign suggests a phlebolith (a calcified venous thrombosis), a radiological mimic of a ureteric stone. Numerous secondary signs of ureteric obstruction may be present including hydronephrosis and perinephric stranding, and can help to confirm the diagnosis. The relative diagnostic weighting of signs is discussed, and a checklist is provided to assist with interpretation. Unexpected alternative radiological diagnoses are also illustrated, which may have significant management consequences necessitating specialist referral.
Imaging in childhood scoliosis: a pictorial review
Authors: Musson Rachel E , Warren Daniel J , Bickle Ian , Connolly Daniel J , Griffiths Paul D 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Childhood scoliosis is a common clinical entity with a number of different causes. In the majority of cases, the scoliosis is idiopathic, but it may be the manifestation of an occult spinal pathology. The clinical history and examination may elicit certain worrying features such as pain, neurological symptoms or an atypical curve pattern. These findings should prompt advanced imaging, as early and accurate detection of an underlying cause allows optimal planning and timing of surgery and helps reduce associated risks. The most common occult pathologies detected by advanced imaging are Arnold Chiari malformations, syringohydromyelia and closed spinal dysraphism such as diastematomyelia. Advanced imaging techniques, in particular multiplanar MRI, are also increasingly requested in children with known congenital scoliosis associated with spinal dysraphism and developmental causes of scoliosis such as neurofibromatosis and Klippel–Feil syndrome, as it allows superior delineation of the spinal column without the radiation risk. This review aims to examine the different imaging techniques currently used in the evaluation of scoliosis and provide a pictorial summary of the more common causes and associations.
Imaging in acute ischaemic stroke: essential for modern stroke care
Authors: Warren Daniel J , Musson Rachel , Connolly Daniel J A , Griffiths Paul D , Hoggard Nigel 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Stroke is the second most common cause of death worldwide and the third most common in the UK. ‘Time is brain’ in ischaemic stroke; early reperfusion has been shown to lead to improved clinical outcomes, yet the majority of patients with acute stroke do not attend in time for thrombolysis as it is currently licensed, hence the interest in trials extending the therapeutic window. Defining the ischaemic penumbra is of crucial importance in choosing the appropriate patients for thrombolytic therapy who attend outside the optimal therapeutic window. Integrated stroke imaging, including demonstration of potentially salvageable tissue with either MR perfusion/diffusion studies or CT perfusion, is increasingly likely to play a central role in future management strategies and widening of the potential therapeutic window. This review highlights the basic imaging findings of acute stroke and discusses the role of advanced CT and MR techniques as well as options for vascular imaging.
GRADIENT FLOWS FOR OPTIMIZATION IN QUANTUM INFORMATION AND QUANTUM DYNAMICS: FOUNDATIONS AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: SCHULTE-HERBRÜGGEN THOMAS , GLASER STEFFEN J. , DIRR GUNTHER , HELMKE UWE 
Published: July 2010

Many challenges in quantum information and quantum control root in constrained optimization problems on finite-dimensional quantum systems. The constraints often arise from two facts: (i) quantum dynamic state spaces are naturally smooth manifolds (orbits of the respective initial states) rather than being Hilbert spaces; (ii) the dynamics of the respective quantum system may be restricted to a proper subset of the entire state space. Mathematically, either case can be treated by constrained optimization over the reachable set of an underlying control system. Thus, whenever the reachable set takes the form a smooth manifold, Riemannian optimization methods apply. Here, we give a comprehensive account on the foundations of gradient flows on Riemannian manifolds including new applications in quantum information and quantum dynamics. Yet, we do not pursue the problem of designing explicit controls for the underlying control systems.The framework is sufficiently general for setting up gradient flows on (sub)manifolds, Lie (sub)groups, and (reductive) homogeneous spaces. Relevant convergence conditions are discussed, in particular for gradient flows on compact and analytic manifolds. This is meant to serve as foundation for new achievements and further research.Illustrative examples and new applications are given: we extend former results on unitary groups to closed subgroups with tensor-product structure, where the finest product partitioning relates to SUloc(2n) := SU(2) ⊗ ⋯ ⊗ SU(2) — known as (qubit-wise) local unitary operations. Such applications include, e.g., optimizing figures of merit on SUloc(2n) relating to distance measures of pure-state entanglement as well as to best rank-1 approximations of higher-order tensors. In quantum information, our gradient flows provide a numerically favorable alternative to standard tensor-SVD techniques.
Multi-class blue noise sampling
Authors: Wei Li-Yi 
Published: July 2010

Sampling is a core process for a variety of graphics applications. Among existing sampling methods, blue noise sampling remains popular thanks to its spatial uniformity and absence of aliasing artifacts. However, research so far has been mainly focused on blue noise sampling with a single class of samples. This could be insufficient for common natural as well as man-made phenomena requiring multiple classes of samples, such as object placement, imaging sensors, and stippling patterns.We extend blue noise sampling to multiple classes where each individual class as well as their unions exhibit blue noise characteristics. We propose two flavors of algorithms to generate such multi-class blue noise samples, one extended from traditional Poissonharddisk sampling for explicit control of sample spacing, and another based on oursoftdisk sampling for explicit control of sample count. Our algorithms support uniform and adaptive sampling, and are applicable to both discrete and continuous sample space in arbitrary dimensions. We study characteristics of samples generated by our methods, and demonstrate applications in object placement, sensor layout, and color stippling.
Suppression of Integrin α3β1 in Breast Cancer Cells Reduces Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene Expression and Inhibits Tumorigenesis, Invasion, and Cross-Talk to Endothelial Cells
Authors: Mitchell Kara , Svenson Kimberly B. , Longmate Whitney M. , Gkirtzimanaki Katerina , Sadej Rafal , Wang Xianhui , Zhao Jihe , Eliopoulos Aristides G. , Berditchevski Fedor , DiPersio C. Michael 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Integrin receptors for cell adhesion to extracellular matrix have important roles in promoting tumor growth and progression. Integrin α3β1 is highly expressed in breast cancer cells in which it is thought to promote invasion and metastasis; however, its roles in regulating malignant tumor cell behavior remain unclear. In the current study, we used short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) to show that suppression of α3β1 in a human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, leads to decreased tumorigenicity, reduced invasiveness, and decreased production of factors that stimulate endothelial cell migration. Real-time PCR revealed that suppression of α3β1 caused a dramatic reduction in expression of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene, which is frequently overexpressed in breast cancers and has been exploited as a therapeutic target. Decreased COX-2 was accompanied by reduced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a major prostanoid produced downstream of COX-2 and an important effector of COX-2 signaling. shRNA-mediated suppression of COX-2 showed that it has a role in tumor cell invasion and cross-talk to endothelial cells. Furthermore, treatment with PGE2 restored these functions in α3β1-deficient MDA-MB-231 cells. These findings identify a role for α3β1 in regulating two properties of tumor cells that facilitate cancer progression: invasiveness and ability to stimulate endothelial cells. They also reveal a novel role for COX-2 as a downstream effector of α3β1 in tumor cells, thereby identifying α3β1 as a potential therapeutic target to inhibit breast cancer. Cancer Res; 70(15); 6359–67. ©2010 AACR.
Recruitment of Myeloid but not Endothelial Precursor Cells Facilitates Tumor Regrowth after Local Irradiation
Authors: Kozin Sergey V. , Kamoun Walid S. , Huang Yuhui , Dawson Michelle R. , Jain Rakesh K. , Duda Dan G. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Tumor neovascularization and growth might be promoted by the recruitment of bone marrow–derived cells (BMDC), which include endothelial precursor cells and “vascular modulatory” myelomonocytic (CD11b+) cells. BMDCs may also drive tumor regrowth after certain chemotherapeutic and vascular disruption treatments. In this study, we evaluated the role of BMDC recruitment in breast and lung carcinoma xenograft models after local irradiation (LI). We depleted the bone marrow by including whole-body irradiation (WBI) of 6 Gy as part of a total tumor dose of 21 Gy, and compared the growth delay with the one achieved after LI of 21 Gy. In both models, the inclusion of WBI induced longer tumor growth delays. Moreover, WBI increased lung tumor control probability by LI. Exogenous delivery of BMDCs from radiation-naïve donors partially abrogated the WBI effect. Myeloid BMDCs, primarily macrophages, rapidly accumulated in tumors after LI. Intratumoral expression of stromal-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α), a chemokine that promotes tissue retention of BMDCs, was noted 2 days after LI. Conversely, treatment with an inhibitor of SDF-1α receptor CXCR4 (AMD3100) with LI significantly delayed tumor regrowth. However, when administered starting from 5 days post-LI, AMD3100 treatment was ineffective. Lastly, with restorative bone marrow transplantation of Tie2-GFP–labeled BMDC population, we observed an increased number of monocytes but not endothelial precursor cells in tumors that recurred following LI. Our results suggest that an increase in intratumoral SDF-1α triggered by LI recruits myelomonocytes/macrophages which promotes tumor regrowth. Cancer Res; 70(14); 5679–85. ©2010 AACR.
DNA Damage–Induced Cytotoxicity Is Dissociated from BRCA1's DNA Repair Function but Is Dependent on Its Cytosolic Accumulation
Authors: Wang Hong , Yang Eddy S. , Jiang Juhong , Nowsheen Somaira , Xia Fen 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The tumor suppressor BRCA1 is a nuclear shuttling protein. However, the role of BRCA1 localization in the control of its functions remains to be elucidated. Given the central role of BRCA1 in DNA damage repair, we hypothesized that depletion of nuclear BRCA1 would compromise its nuclear function in DNA repair and thereby result in enhanced cytotoxic response to DNA damage. In this study, we showed that repair of DNA double-strand breaks required BRCA1 in the nucleus. In addition, sequestering BRCA1 in the cytosol enhanced the cytotoxic response to ionizing radiation or cisplatin in human breast and colon cancer cells. However, further genetic dissection of the mechanism of this enhanced cytotoxicity using BRCA1 mutants deficient in double-strand break repair unexpectedly revealed a dissociation of BRCA1's function in DNA repair from its effects on cellular sensitivity to DNA damage. Interestingly, we observed a dependence of the DNA damage–induced cell killing on the translocation and accumulation of BRCA1 in the cytosol. Together, these data suggest a novel role of cytoplasmic translocation of BRCA1, not only in controlling its DNA repair functions, but also in the regulation of cell death processes following DNA damage. Further dissection of the mechanism of cytotoxicity induced by BRCA1 cytoplasmic translocation revealed the involvement of the apoptotic pathway. We propose that the status of BRCA1 nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling might provide a molecular marker to predict tumor response and a potential novel target to sensitize cancer cells to DNA damage–based therapy. Cancer Res; 70(15); 6258–67. ©2010 AACR.
Antiangiogenic Agents Can Increase Lymphocyte Infiltration into Tumor and Enhance the Effectiveness of Adoptive Immunotherapy of Cancer
Authors: Shrimali Rajeev K. , Yu Zhiya , Theoret Marc R. , Chinnasamy Dhanalakshmi , Restifo Nicholas P. , Rosenberg Steven A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT)–based immunotherapies can mediate objective cancer regression in animal models and in up to 70% of patients with metastatic melanoma; however, it remains unclear whether the tumor vasculature impedes the egress of tumor-specific T cells, thus hindering this immunotherapy. Disruption of the proangiogenic interaction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with its receptor (VEGFR-2) has been reported to “normalize” tumor vasculature, enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents by increasing their delivery to the tumor intersitium. We thus sought to determine whether disrupting VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling could enhance the effectiveness of ACT in a murine cancer model. The administration of an antibody against mouse VEGF synergized with ACT to enhance inhibition of established, vascularized, B16 melanoma (P = 0.009) and improve survival (P = 0.003). Additive effects of an antibody against VEGFR-2 in conjunction with ACT were seen in this model (P = 0.013). Anti-VEGF, but not anti–VEGFR-2, antibody significantly increased infiltration of transferred cells into the tumor. Thus, normalization of tumor vasculature through disruption of the VEGF/VEGFR-2 axis can increase extravasation of adoptively transferred T cells into the tumor and improve ACT-based immunotherapy. These studies provide a rationale for the exploration of combining antiangiogenic agents with ACT for the treatment of patients with cancer. Cancer Res; 70(15); 6171–80. ©2010 AACR.
Vorinostat and Sorafenib Increase CD95 Activation in Gastrointestinal Tumor Cells through a Ca2+-De novo Ceramide-PP2A-Reactive Oxygen Species–Dependent Signaling Pathway
Authors: Park Margaret A. , Mitchell Clint , Zhang Guo , Yacoub Adly , Allegood Jeremy , Häussinger Dieter , Reinehr Roland , Larner Andrew , Spiegel Sarah , Fisher Paul B. , Voelkel-Johnson Christina , Ogretmen Besim , Grant Steven , Dent Paul 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The targeted therapeutics sorafenib and vorinostat interact in a synergistic fashion to kill carcinoma cells by activating CD95, and this drug combination is entering phase I evaluation. In this study, we determined how CD95 is activated by treatment with this drug combination. Low doses of sorafenib and vorinostat, but not the individual drugs, rapidly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca2+, and ceramide levels in gastrointestinal tumor cells. The production of ROS was reduced in Rho zero cells. Quenching ROS blocked drug-induced CD95 surface localization and apoptosis. ROS generation, CD95 activation, and cell killing was also blocked by quenching of induced Ca2+ levels or by inhibition of PP2A. Inhibition of acidic sphingomyelinase or de novo ceramide generation blocked the induction of ROS; however, combined inhibition of both acidic sphingomyelinase and de novo ceramide generation was required to block the induction of Ca2+. Quenching of ROS did not affect drug-induced ceramide/dihydro-ceramide levels, whereas quenching of Ca2+ reduced the ceramide increase. Sorafenib and vorinostat treatment radiosensitized liver and pancreatic cancer cells, an effect that was suppressed by quenching ROS or knockdown of LASS6. Further, sorafenib and vorinostat treatment suppressed the growth of pancreatic tumors in vivo. Our findings show that induction of cytosolic Ca2+ by sorafenib and vorinostat is a primary event that elevates dihydroceramide levels, each essential steps in ROS generation that promotes CD95 activation. Cancer Res; 70(15); 6313–24. ©2010 AACR.
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance, Collateral Flow, and Ventricular Function in Patients With a Fontan Circulation at Rest and During Dobutamine Stress
Authors: Schmitt Boris , Steendijk Paul , Ovroutski Stanislav , Lunze Karsten , Rahmanzadeh Pedram , Maarouf Nizar , Ewert Peter , Berger Felix , Kuehne Titus 
Published: July 2010

Background—
The role, interplay, and relative importance of the multifactorial hemodynamic and myocardial mechanisms causing dysfunction of the Fontan circulation remain incompletely understood.

Methods and Results—

Using an MRI catheterization technique, we performed a differential analysis of pulmonary vascular resistance and aortopulmonary collateral blood flow in conjunction with global ventricular pump function, myocontractility (end-systolic pressure-volume relation), and diastolic compliance (end-diastolic pressure-volume relation) in 10 patients with a Fontan circulation at rest and during dobutamine stress. Pulmonary and ventricular pressures were measured invasively and synchronized with velocity-encoded MRI-derived pulmonary and aortic blood flows and cine MRI-derived ventricular volumes. Pulmonary vascular resistance and end-systolic and end-diastolic pressure-volume relations were then determined. Aortopulmonary collateral flow was calculated as the difference between aortic and pulmonary flow. Compared to rest, dobutamine caused a small increase in mean pulmonary pressures (
P
<0.05). Collateral flow was significantly augmented (
P
<0.001) and contributed importantly to an increase in pulmonary flow (
P
<0.01). Pulmonary vascular resistance decreased significantly (
P
<0.01). Dobutamine did not increase stroke volumes significantly despite slightly enhanced contractility (end-systolic pressure-volume relation). Active early relaxation (τ) was inconspicuous, but the end-diastolic pressure-volume relation shifted upward, indicating reduced compliance.

Conclusions—
In patients with a Fontan circulation, aortopulmonary collateral flow contributes substantially to enhanced pulmonary flow during stress. Our data indicate that pulmonary vascular response to augmented cardiac output was adequate, but decreased diastolic compliance was identified as an important component of ventricular dysfunction.
Comparison of the effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and gelatine on cardiac and stroke volume index: a randomized, controlled trial after cardiac surgery
Authors: Schramko Alexey A , Suojaranta-Ylinen Raili T , Kuitunen Anne H , Raivio Peter M , Kukkonen Sinikka I , Niemi Tomi T 
Published: July 2010

Background and aims: The objective of this study was to find out the effect of various doses of hydroxyethyl starch (HES), gelatine or Ringer’s acetate on cardiac and stroke volume index after cardiac surgery. Material and methods: Three consecutive boluses (each 7 mL·kg-1) of either 6% HES 130/0.4, 4% gelatine, or Ringer’s acetate solutions were administered to 45 patients postoperatively. The rate of infusions was adjusted according to haemodynamic measurements. Thereafter, infusion of the study solution (7 mL·kg-1) was continued for the following 12 hours. The total dose of study solution was 28 mL·kg-1. Results and conclusion: Mean (SD) cardiac and stroke volume indices were greater in the HES group [2.8 L·min-1.m-2 (0.7), 34.1 (6.7) ml·m -2] than in the gelatine group [2.2 L·min-1.m -2 (0.6), 25.8 (7.2) ml·m-2] after completion of 7 mL·kg-1 of study solution. At this stage, the effect of gelatine did not differ from Ringer’s acetate. After completion of 14 mL·kg-1 and 21 mL·kg-1 of colloids, similar cardiac and stroke volume indices were observed and the haemodynamic response was better in both colloid groups than in the Ringer’s acetate group. No differences between groups were detected on the first postoperative morning. In the early postoperative phase after cardiac surgery, the effect of a single dose of HES solution on the haemodynamics was superior to the effect of gelatine or Ringer’s acetate. However, after repeated administration of the study solutions, the haemodynamics in the two colloid groups appeared to be similar, but superior to the Ringer’s acetate group.