bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of the Bloody Creek structure, a possible impact crater in southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Spooner Ian , Stevens George , Morrow Jared , Pufahl Peir , Grieve Richard , Raeside Rob , Pilon Jean , Stanley Cliff , Barr Sandra , McMullin David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract— An approximately 0.4 km diameter elliptical structure formed in Devonian granite in southwestern Nova Scotia, herein named the Bloody Creek structure (BCS), is identified as a possible impact crater. Evidence for an impact origin is based on integrated geomorphic, geophysical, and petrographic data. A near‐continuous geomorphic rim and a 10 m deep crater that is infilled with lacustrine sediments and peat define the BCS. Ground penetrating radar shows that the crater has a depressed inner floor that is sharply ringed by a 1 m high buried scarp. Heterogeneous material under the floor, interpreted as deposits from collapse of the transient cavity walls, is overlain by stratified and faulted lacustrine and wetland sediments.Alteration features found only in rim rocks include common grain comminution, polymict lithic microbreccias, kink‐banded feldspar and biotite, single and multiple sets of closely spaced planar microstructures (PMs) in quartz and feldspar, and quartz mosaicism, rare reduced mineral birefringence, and chlorite showing plastic deformation and flow microtextures. Based on their form and crystallographic orientations, the quartz PMs consist of planar deformation features that document shock‐metamorphic pressures ≤25 GPa.The age of the BCS is not determined. The low depth to diameter ratio of the crater, coupled with anomalously high shock‐metamorphic pressures recorded at its exposed rim, may be a result of significant post‐impact erosion. Alternatively, impact onto glacier ice during the waning stages of Wisconsinian deglaciation (about 12 ka BP) may have resulted in dissipation of much impact energy into the ice, resulting in the present morphology of the BCS.
Petrography, mineralogy, and trace element geochemistry of lunar meteorite Dhofar 1180
Authors: Zhang Aicheng , Hsu Weibiao 
Published: January 2010

Abstract— Here we report the petrography, mineralogy, and trace element geochemistry of the Dhofar 1180 lunar meteorite. Dhofar 1180 is predominantly composed of fine‐grained matrix with abundant mineral fragments and a few lithic and glassy clasts. Lithic clasts show a variety of textures including cataclastic, gabbroic, granulitic, ophitic/subophitic, and microporphyritic. Both feldspathic and mafic lithic clasts are present. Most feldspathic lithic clasts have a strong affinity to ferroan anorthositic suite rocks and one to magnesian suite rocks. Mafic lithic clasts are moderately to extremely Fe‐rich. The Ti/[Ti+Cr]‐Fe/[Fe+Mg] compositional trend of pyroxenes in mafic lithic clasts is consistent with that of low‐Ti mare basalts. Glasses display a wide chemical variation from mafic to feldspathic. Some glasses are very similar to those from Apollo 16 soils. KREEP components are essentially absent in Dhofar 1180. One glassy clast is rich in K, REE and P, but its Mg/[Mg+Fe] is very low (0.25). It is probably a last‐stage differentiation product of mare basalt. Molar Fe/Mn ratios of both olivine and pyroxene are essentially consistent with a lunar origin.Dhofar 1180 has a LREE‐enriched (La 18 × CI, Sm 14 × CI) pattern with a small positive Eu anomaly (Eu 15 × CI). Th concentration is 0.7 ppm in Dhofar 1180. Petrography, mineralogy, and trace element geochemistry of Dhofar 1180 are different from those of other lunar meteorites, indicating that Dhofar 1180 represents a unique mingled lunar breccia derived from an area on the lunar nearside but far away from the center of the Imbrium Basin.
Weston: Revised position for a historically significant meteorite fall
Authors: Robson Monty , Pagliaro Frank 
Published: January 2010

Abstract— Weston is the first well‐documented meteorite fall in the New World. The fall occurred on December 14, 1807. The Weston event began the study of meteoritics in the United States in the decade that science accepted that stones do, in fact, fall from the sky. It is unfortunate that much of the literature regarding this historically significant fall is erroneous.This paper will deal with the geographic position of the fall site. One of us (Robson 2007) proposed a new set of coordinates for Weston that was accepted by the Meteoritical Society. At the society's 70th annual meeting, new Weston coordinates were suggested; with the caveat that research was ongoing. However, it was also stated in the presentation that it was unlikely that either coordinate would change by as much as a minute. Further research indicates a final revision is required. Our revised mean fall position of the seven documented fragments of Weston is: 41°16′ N, 73°16′ W (WGS 84 coordinates, to the nearest minute).A quirk of history is a main factor in the derivation of faulty positions for Weston. The historically changing positions given for the fall are explored. Our methodology is discussed and the newly discovered Weston manuscripts, maps, and communications of Yale's foremost meteoric astronomer, Professor H. A. Newton, support our findings.
Production of a Class II Two-Component Lantibiotic of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Using the Class I Nisin Synthetic Machinery and Leader Sequence
Authors: Majchrzykiewicz Joanna A. , Lubelski Jacek , Moll Gert N. , Kuipers Anneke , Bijlsma Jetta J. E. , Kuipers Oscar P. , Rink Rick 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT

Recent studies showed that the nisin modification machinery can successfully dehydrate serines and threonines and introduce lanthionine rings in small peptides that are fused to the nisin leader sequence. This opens up exciting possibilities to produce and engineer larger antimicrobial peptides
in vivo
. Here we demonstrate the exploitation of the class I nisin production machinery to generate, modify, and secrete biologically active, previously not-yet-isolated and -characterized class II two-component lantibiotics that have no sequence homology to nisin. The nisin synthesis machinery, composed of the modification enzymes NisB and NisC and the transporter NisT, was used to modify and secrete a putative two-component lantibiotic of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
. This was achieved by genetically fusing the propeptide-encoding sequences of the
spr1765
(
pneA1
) and
spr1766
(
pneA2
) genes to the nisin leader-encoding sequence. The chimeric prepeptides were secreted out of
Lactococcus lactis
, purified by cation exchange fast protein liquid chromatography, and further characterized. Mass spectrometry analyses demonstrated the presence and partial localization of multiple dehydrated serines and/or threonines and (methyl)lanthionines in both peptides. Moreover, after cleavage of the leader peptide from the prepeptides, both modified propeptides displayed antimicrobial activity against
Micrococcus flavus
. These results demonstrate that the nisin synthetase machinery can be successfully used to modify and produce otherwise difficult to obtain antimicrobially active lantibiotics.
Plasma Ribavirin Trough Concentrations at Week 4 Predict Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Relapse in HIV-HCV-Coinfected Patients Treated for Chronic Hepatitis C
Authors: Morello Judit , Soriano Vincent , Barreiro Pablo , Medrano José , Madejón Antonio , González-Pardo Gema , Jiménez-Nácher Inmaculada , González-Lahoz Juan , Rodríguez-Novoa Sonia 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThe influence of ribavirin trough concentrations (RBVCtrough) on the risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) relapse was retrospectively analyzed in 99 HIV-HCV-coinfected patients who achieved end-of-treatment response with pegylated alpha interferon plus weight-based RBV. The independent predictors (odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval (CI)]) of HCV relapse were RBV plasmaCtroughof <2.5 μg/ml (4.5 [1.3 to 15.5]), baseline serum HCV RNA (2.5 [1.2 to 5.1]), and HCV genotype 1 or 4 (13.3 [2.6 to 66.7]). Monitoring of RBVCtroughmay permit early adjustment of RBV dosage to avoid HCV relapse.
In Vitro
Activity of Ceftaroline against 623 Diverse Strains of Anaerobic Bacteria
Authors: Citron D. M. , Tyrrell K. L. , Merriam C. V. , Goldstein E. J. C. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT

The
in vitro
activities of ceftaroline, a novel, parenteral, broad-spectrum cephalosporin, and four comparator antimicrobials were determined against anaerobic bacteria. Against Gram-positive strains, the activity of ceftaroline was similar to that of amoxicillin-clavulanate and four to eight times greater than that of ceftriaxone. Against Gram-negative organisms, ceftaroline showed good activity against β-lactamase-negative strains but not against the members of the
Bacteroides fragilis
group. Ceftaroline showed potent activity against a broad spectrum of anaerobes encountered in respiratory, skin, and soft tissue infections.
Candida albicans
β-Glucan Exposure Is Controlled by the Fungal
CEK1
-Mediated Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway That Modulates Immune Responses Triggered through Dectin-1
Authors: Galán-Díez Marta , Arana David M. , Serrano-Gómez Diego , Kremer Leonor , Casasnovas José M. , Ortega Mara , Cuesta-Domínguez Álvaro , Corbí Angel L. , Pla Jesús , Fernández-Ruiz Elena 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT

Innate immunity to
Candida albicans
depends upon the recognition of molecular patterns on the fungal cell wall. However, the masking of major components such as β-glucan seems to be a mechanism that fungi have evolved to avoid immune cell recognition through the dectin-1 receptor. Although the role of
C. albicans
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways as virulence determinants has been established previously with animal models, the mechanism involved in this behavior is largely unknown. In this study we demonstrate that a disruption of the
C. albicans
extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-like 1 (
CEK1
)-mediated MAPK pathway causes enhanced cell wall β-glucan exposure, triggering immune responses more efficiently than the wild type, as measured by dectin-1-mediated specific binding and human dendritic cell (hDC)- and macrophage-mediated phagocytosis, killing, and activation of intracellular signaling pathways. At the molecular level, the disruption of
CEK1
resulted in altered spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), Raf-1, and ERK1/2 activations together with IκB degradation on hDCs and increased dectin-1-dependent activator protein 1 (AP-1) activation on transfected cells. In addition, concurring with these altered pathways, we detected increased reactive oxygen species production and cytokine secretion. In conclusion, the
CEK1
-mediated MAPK pathway is involved in β-glucan exposure in a fungal pathogen, hence influencing dectin-1-dependent immune cell recognition, thus establishing this fungal intracellular signaling route as a promising novel therapeutic target.
Characterization and Modulation of the Immunosuppressive Phase of Sepsis
Authors: Muenzer Jared T. , Davis Christopher G. , Chang Kathy , Schmidt Robert E. , Dunne W. Michael , Coopersmith Craig M. , Hotchkiss Richard S. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTSepsis continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Studies of patients and animal models have revealed that changes in the immune response during sepsis play a decisive role in the outcome. Using a clinically relevant two-hit model of sepsis, i.e., cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) followed by the induction ofPseudomonas aeruginosapneumonia, we characterized the host immune response. Second, AS101 [ammonium trichloro(dioxoethylene-o,o′)tellurate], a compound that blocks interleukin 10 (IL-10), a key mediator of immunosuppression in sepsis, was tested for its ability to reverse immunoparalysis and improve survival. Mice subjected to pneumonia following CLP had different survival rates depending upon the timing of the secondary injury. Animals challenged withP. aeruginosaat 4 days post-CLP had ∼40% survival, whereas animals challenged at 7 days had 85% survival. This improvement in survival was associated with decreased lymphocyte apoptosis, restoration of innate cell populations, increased proinflammatory cytokines, and restoration of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production by stimulated splenocytes. These animals also showed significantly lessP. aeruginosagrowth from blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Importantly, AS101 improved survival after secondary injury 4 days following CLP. This increased survival was associated with many of the same findings observed in the 7-day group, i.e., restoration of IFN-γ production, increased proinflammatory cytokines, and decreased bacterial growth. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that immunosuppression following initial septic insult increases susceptibility to secondary infection. However, by 7 days post-CLP, the host's immune system has recovered sufficiently to mount an effective immune response. Modulation of the immunosuppressive phase of sepsis may aid in the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Staphylococcus aureus
Fur Regulates the Expression of Virulence Factors That Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Pneumonia
Authors: Torres Victor J. , Attia Ahmed S. , Mason William J. , Hood M. Indriati , Corbin Brian D. , Beasley Federico C. , Anderson Kelsi L. , Stauff Devin L. , McDonald W. Hayes , Zimmerman Lisa J. , Friedman David B. , Heinrichs David E. , Dunman Paul M. , Skaar Eric P. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT

The tremendous success of
Staphylococcus aureus
as a pathogen is due to the controlled expression of a diverse array of virulence factors. The effects of host environments on the expression of virulence factors and the mechanisms by which
S. aureus
adapts to colonize distinct host tissues are largely unknown. Vertebrates have evolved to sequester nutrient iron from invading bacteria, and iron availability is a signal that alerts pathogenic microorganisms when they enter the hostile host environment. Consistent with this, we report here that
S. aureus
senses alterations in the iron status via the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) and alters the abundance of a large number of virulence factors. These Fur-mediated changes protect
S. aureus
against killing by neutrophils, and Fur is required for full staphylococcal virulence in a murine model of infection. A potential mechanistic explanation for the impact of Fur on virulence is provided by the observation that Fur coordinates the reciprocal expression of cytolysins and a subset of immunomodulatory proteins. More specifically,
S. aureus
lacking
fur
exhibits decreased expression of immunomodulatory proteins and increased expression of cytolysins. These findings reveal that Fur is involved in initiating a regulatory program that organizes the expression of virulence factors during the pathogenesis of
S. aureus
pneumonia.
Genetic diversity ofFrankiastrains in root nodules fromHippophae¨ rhamnoidesL.
Authors: Chen Li-hong , Liu Jian , Yao Gui-min , Yan Wei 
Published: January 2010

The Hippophae¨ rhamnoides L. – Frankia symbiosis is of ecological and practical importance, but very little is known about H. rhamnoides-infective Frankia strains. To address this problem, we have used PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of nifD–nifK intergenic spacer (IGS) to estimate their genetic diversity at 19 sites in Northern China. Restriction analysis indicated that H. rhamnoides-infective Frankia had a high genetic diversity; the samples were divided into nine RFLP patterns (A–I). Elevation and precipitation likely affect the distribution of different Frankia patterns in root nodules. The patterns A and D were present in relatively large areas, which were located at various elevations; however, the distribution of patterns B, C, E, F, G, H, and I generally followed a geographic range. The richness of Frankia diversity was influenced by plant cover and geographic factors such as elevation and precipitation. H. rhamnoides cover had a higher diversity than that of natural vegetation cover. The center part of the geographical range, with intermediate elevation and precipitation, had a higher level of Frankia diversity than that of the west part and east part with high or low elevations and precipitations, respectively. The nifD–nifK IGS regions were sequenced from 28 nodule samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed that H. rhamnoides-infective Frankia strains were all clustered with the Elaeagnus group, and the diversity of this group was quite extensive. Phylogenetic relationships between Hippophae¨ and Elaeagnus-infective Frankia strains were relatively close to each other. Although not very close to either Hippophae¨- or Elaeagnus-infective Frankia strains, Shepherdia -infective strain SCN10a was closer to Hippophae¨-infective strains than to Elaeagnus- infective strains. This is the first detailed report on the genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of H. rhamnoides-infective Frankia.
Interactions between mitochondrial electron transport, reactive oxygen species, and the susceptibility of Nicotiana tabacum cells to programmed cell death
Authors: Robson Christine A. , Zhao Dorothy Y. , Vanlerberghe Greg C. 
Published: January 2010

We investigated the impact of steady-state cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level on subsequent susceptibility to cell death induction by signaling molecules or respiratory inhibitors. We utilized Nicotiana tabacum L. (‘Petit Havana SR1’) suspension cell lines differing in steady-state ROS level owing to either genetic manipulation of the mitochondrial electron transport chain or manipulation of growth conditions. In either case, higher steady-state ROS level increased susceptibility to the signaling molecules salicylic acid and nitric oxide, suggesting that these molecules can engage a “steady-state ROS-primed cell death pathway”. We found that susceptibility to the complex III inhibitor antimycin A (AA) was also dependent upon steady-state ROS level and that this susceptibility was independent of that afforded by the inhibition of energy metabolism by AA. AA was unique in this respect, since susceptibility to two other electron transport chain inhibitors appeared strictly dependent upon their ability to inhibit energy metabolism. The results indicate that complex III may have a particular capacity to engage the steady-state ROS-primed cell death pathway (similarly to salicylic acid and nitric oxide) and may relate to the ability of this complex to generate superoxide. We also examined changes in cellular ROS post-treatment with the signaling molecules and respiratory inhibitors. In this case, the more susceptible cells (i.e., those that had experienced higher steady-state ROS levels) exhibited post-treatment declines in cellular ROS level, whereas the less susceptible cells were able to better maintain or increase their ROS post-treatment. This differential response may be an important determinant of cell fate.
Declarative specification and verification of service choreographiess
Authors: Montali Marco , Pesic Maja , Aalst Wil M. P. van der , Chesani Federico , Mello Paola , Storari Sergio 
Published: January 2010

Service-oriented computing, an emerging paradigm for architecting and implementing business collaborations within and across organizational boundaries, is currently of interest to both software vendors and scientists. While the technologies for implementing and interconnecting basic services are reaching a good level of maturity, modeling service interaction from a global viewpoint, that is, representing service choreographies, is still an open challenge. The main problem is that, although declarativeness has been identified as a key feature, several proposed approaches specify choreographies by focusing on procedural aspects, leading to over-constrained and over-specified models.To overcome these limits, we propose to adopt DecSerFlow, a truly declarative language, to model choreographies. Thanks to its declarative nature, DecSerFlow semantics can be given in terms of logic-based languages. In particular, we present how DecSerFlow can be mapped ontoLinear Temporal Logicand ontoAbductive Logic Programming. We show how the mappings onto both formalisms can be concretely exploited to address the enactment of DecSerFlow models, to enrich its expressiveness and to perform a variety of different verification tasks. We illustrate the advantages of using a declarative language in conjunction with logic-based semantics by applying our approach to a running example.
An evaluation of object oriented example programs in introductory programming textbooks
Authors: Börstler Jürgen , Hall Mark S. , Nordström Marie , Paterson James H. , Sanders Kate , Schulte Carsten , Thomas Lynda 
Published: January 2010

Research shows that examples play an important role for cognitive skill acquisition. Students as well as teachers rank examples as important resources for learning to program. Therefore examples must be consistent with the principles and rules of the topics we are teaching.
However, educators often struggle to find or develop objectoriented example programs of high quality. Common examples are often perceived as not fully faithful to all principles and guidelines of the object-oriented paradigm, or as not following general pedagogical principles and practices. Unless students are able to engage with good examples, they will not be able to tell desirable from undesirable properties in their own and others' programs.
In this paper we report on a study in which experienced educators reviewed a wide range of object-oriented examples for novices from popular textbooks. This review was accomplished using an on-line checklist that elicited responses on 10 quality factors. Results show that the evaluation instrument provides a sufficiently consistent set of responses to distinguish examples.
The paper then goes on to examine some of the characteristics of good and bad examples and how this study will influence the evolution of the evaluating instrument.
BFTW
3
Authors: Kuznetsov Petr , Rodrigues Rodrigo 
Published: January 2010

The first BFTW3 workshop took place in Elche, Spain, on the 22nd of September, just before the 23rd International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC).
The workshop gathered researchers from both the theory and systems communities and aimed at discussing recent advances and understanding why the impressive research activity in the area of Byzantine fault-tolerance is not yet instantiated in practice. Has the moment for a wide deployment of BFT systems arrived, and if so, where BFT systems should be deployed in the first place?