bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nail digital dermoscopy (Onychoscopy) in the diagnosis of onychomycosis
Authors: Piraccini B.M. , Balestri R. , Starace M. , Rech G. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground  Distal subungual onychomycosis and traumatic onycholysis are the most common causes of toenail abnormalities, and differential diagnosis is often impossible without mycology.Objectives  To identify and describe dermoscopic signs specific for distal subungual onychomycosis that could facilitate its diagnosis and differentiation from traumatic mycologically negative onycholysis and to determine the sensitivity and specificity of these dermoscopic features.Methods  We performed a retrospective study at the Outpatient Consultation for Nail Diseases of the Department of Dermatology of the University of Bologna.Dermoscopic digital images of 57 consecutive patients who underwent global photography, videodermoscopy and mycological examination for onycholysis of a single toenail between 1 December, 2010 and 30 June, 2011, were evaluated and compared. Digital dermoscopic images of onycholysis of the great toenail were evaluated for the presence of peculiar dermoscopic features.The presumptive dermoscopic diagnosis was compared with results of mycology.Results  Evaluation of videodermoscopic images allowed us to identify three recurring peculiar dermoscopic features, two of which were present only in distal subungual onychomycosis (jagged proximal edge with spikes of the onycholytic area and longitudinal striae) and one only in traumatic onycholysis (linear edge – without spikes – of the onycholytic area).Conclusions  We found distinctive dermoscopic signs that are exclusive to distal subungual onychomycosis and to traumatic onycholysis. Detection of these signs is simple and can, in selected cases, help to avoid mycology.
Improvement of cognitive function in Alzheimer’s disease model mice by genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the EP4 receptor
Authors: Hoshino Tatsuya , Namba Takushi , Takehara Masaya , Murao Naoya , Matsushima Takahide , Sugimoto Yukihiko , Narumiya Shuh , Suzuki Toshiharu , Mizushima Tohru 
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 795–805.AbstractAmyloid‐β peptide (Aβ), which is generated by the β‐ and γ‐secretase‐mediated proteolysis of β‐amyloid precursor protein (APP), plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We recently reported that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) stimulates the production of Aβ through both EP2 and EP4 receptors and that activation of the EP4 receptor stimulates Aβ production through endocytosis and activation of γ‐secretase. We here found that transgenic mice expressing mutant APP (APP23) mice showed a greater or lesser apparent cognitive deficit when they were crossed with mice lacking EP2 or EP4 receptors, respectively. Mice lacking the EP4 receptor also displayed lower levels of Aβ plaque deposition and less neuronal and synaptic loss than control mice. Oral administration of a specific EP4 receptor antagonist, AE3‐208 to APP23 mice, improved their cognitive performance, as well as decreasing brain levels of Aβ and suppressing endocytosis and activation of γ‐secretase. Taken together, these results suggest that inhibition of the EP4 receptor improves the cognitive function of APP23 mice by suppressing Aβ production and reducing neuronal and synaptic loss. We therefore propose that EP4 receptor antagonists, such as AE3‐208, could be therapeutically beneficial for the prevention and treatment of AD.
Relation between body composition, abdominal obesity, and lung function
Authors: Pekkarinen E. , Vanninen E. , Länsimies E. , Kokkarinen J. , Timonen K. L. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryReference values of spirometry and diffusion capacity are usually adjusted for age, sex, height and ethnic origin. However, also other factors, mainly weight and body composition, have an effect on pulmonary function. Therefore, we examined how body composition and abdominal obesity are related to lung function in normal population and whether they should be taken into account in the reference values. Two hundred and eighty‐four healthy Finnish non‐smoking adults were included in the study. Height, waist circumference, abdominal sagittal diameter and body composition were measured, and spirometry and diffusion capacity (DLCO) were performed. Muscle mass (r = 0·29, P = 0·000) and lean body mass (r = 0·29, P = 0·000) correlated positively with DLCO. However, no significant correlation between body composition and spirometry results was observed. Abdominal sagittal diameter (r = −0·21, P = 0·000) and waist circumference (r = −0·22, P = 0·000) correlated inversely with the forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1/FVC). In our study population, subjects with higher muscle and lean body mass had higher DLCO. This indicates a need for future re‐evaluation of reference values. Besides, already minor abdominal obesity is associated with obstructive changes in spirometry results.
Guide to Receptors and Channels (GRAC), 5th edition
Authors: Alexander SPH , Mathie A , Peters JA 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe Fifth Edition of the ‘Guide to Receptors and Channels’ is a compilation of the major pharmacological targets divided into seven sections: G protein‐coupled receptors, ligand‐gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside suggestions for further reading. Available alongside this publication is a portal at http://www.GuideToPharmacology.org which is produced in close association with NC‐IUPHAR and allows free online access to the information presented in the Fifth Edition.
Bond Strength and Interfacial Micromorphology of Etch‐and‐Rinse and Self‐Adhesive Resin Cements to Dentin
Authors: Vaz Ricardo Rodrigues , Hipólito Vinicius Di , D'Alpino Paulo Henrique Perlatti , Goes Mario Fernando de 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPurpose: To evaluate the microtensile bond strength and interfacial micromorphology of indirect composite restorations to dentin using three commercial resin cements after 24 hours and 30 days of water storage.Materials and Methods: The medium dentin of third human molars was exposed (N = 30, n = 10 per group). Three commercial resin cements were used to cement indirect resin composite restorations to dentin: the auto‐cured C&B Cement/All Bond 2, the dual‐cured RelyX ARC/Adper Single Bond 2, and the self‐adhesive dual‐cured RelyX Unicem. Teeth were sectioned after water storage at 37°C (24 hours and 30 days) to obtain beams with a bonded area of 0.8 mm2. The specimens were tested in a universal testing machine at a 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed. Scanning electron microscopic fractographic and interfacial micromorphology analyses were performed. Data were analyzed using two‐way ANOVA and Tukey′s test (α= 0.05).Results: Mean bond strength (MPa) after 24 hours: C&B Cement 19.5 ± 3.8, RelyX ARC 40.8 ± 9.4, RelyX Unicem 31.3 ± 7.4; after 30 days: C&B Cement 24.5 ± 5.1, RelyX ARC 44.2 ± 8.5, RelyX Unicem 28.3 ± 7.1. The mean bond strengths of both dual‐cure cements were significantly higher than that obtained with C&B Cement after 24 hours. A significant increase in the bond strength of C&B Cement was verified after 30 days, reaching values statistically equivalent to those produced by RelyX Unicem and RelyX ARC. The self‐adhesive cement preserved the same level of bond strength after 30 days. Fractographic analysis revealed a prevalence of cohesive fractures in the hybrid layer for C&B Cement, mixed (cohesive in the cement, hybrid layer, and adhesive) for RelyX ARC, and cohesive in the cement for RelyX Unicem. No distinguishable hybrid layer or resin tags were observed in the interaction of RelyX Unicem with dentin.Conclusions: The particular interaction of each cement with dentin results in specific bond strength and failure patterns that varied among groups in both evaluation times. Even though the self‐adhesive cement tested exhibited no authentic hybrid layer, it was able to promote reliable adhesion with the underlying dentin.
Evaluation of moldable, in situ hardening calcium phosphate bone graft substitutes
Authors: Schmidlin P. R. , Nicholls F. , Kruse A. , Zwahlen R. A. , Weber F. E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectiveMoldable in situ self‐stabilizing and hardening bone graft materials facilitate handling and may be suitable for membrane‐free bone regeneration methods. This study aimed to compare two moldable synthetic calcium phosphate materials in a rabbit calvarial defect model.MethodIn 12 New Zealand white rabbits, four evenly distributed 6 mm diameter defects were drilled in the calvarial bone. Three filler materials were randomly applied to 48 defects: an in situ hardening polylactide‐coated ß‐tricalcium phosphate (TCP), an in situ hardening polylactide‐coated biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP), and a granular deproteinized bovine bone matrix (DBBM, positive control). One defect remained untreated and served as a negative control. Six animals were sacrificed after 4 weeks, and the remaining animals were sacrificed after 16 weeks. Biocompatibility, bone graft substitute integration and resorption, bone formation, defect bridging, and height of reconstructed hard tissue were assessed histologically and histomorphometrically.ResultsAll tested materials showed good biocompatibility. Semi‐quantitative analysis and pair‐wise comparison suggested that BCP was more efficient in centripetal bone formation when compared with TCP. After 4 weeks, significantly more bone had formed in the defects treated with either TCP or BCP materials compared with the untreated sites. BCP and DBBM did not show macroscopic signs of degradation, whereas the TCP material was partially resorbed after 16 weeks. Otherwise, no major differences were detected between the three materials.ConclusionThe moldable, synthetic calcium phosphates are safe and suitable bone graft substitutes with outcomes that are comparable to the control material.
Tissue integration of collagen‐based matrices: an experimental study in mice
Authors: Thoma Daniel S. , Villar Cristina C. , Cochran David L. , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Jung Ronald E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectivesTo test whether or not tissue integration, biodegradation, and new blood vessel formation in two collagen‐based matrices depend on the level of chemical cross‐linking.Material and methodsTwo collagen matrices with high (CM1) and low (CM2) levels of chemical cross‐linking were randomly implanted in two pouches in 14 athymic nude mice. Three and 6 weeks later, the animals were euthanized. Histologic and histomorphometric measurements were performed on paraffin‐embedded sections.ResultsBoth collagen matrices integrated well into the surrounding soft tissues. The level of cross‐linking and duration of implantation had an effect on the formation of new blood vessels. More blood vessels (n = in absolute numbers) were found in outer compartments compared to the central compartments of the matrices, reaching 5.6 (CM2) vs. 4.3 (CM1) at 3 weeks, and 5.3 (CM2) vs. 7.3 (CM1) at 6 weeks. Similarly, connective tissue formation increased for both matrices between 3 and 6 weeks, whereas the amount of remaining collagen network gradually decreased over time being more pronounced for CM1 (−50%) compared to CM2 (−15%).ConclusionsThe degree of cross‐linking was negatively correlated for all outcome measures resulting in improved tissue integration, superior matrix stability and enhanced angiogenic patterns for the less cross‐linked collagen matrix (CM2) in this experimental study in mice.
Periodontitis in non‐smoking type 1 diabetic adults: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Hodge Penny J , Robertson Douglas , Paterson Kenneth , Smith Gillian L F , Creanor Siobhan , Sherriff Andrea 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAimTo compare levels of periodontitis in non‐smoking type 1 diabetic patients and controls.Material and MethodsType 1 diabetic patients, aged 20–55 years, were recruited from outpatient clinics at five hospitals in Glasgow, UK. Control subjects were recruited from physiotherapy clinics, using the buddy system and through an advertisement in a free newspaper. The primary outcome was severe periodontitis defined by clinical attachment level ≥6 mm on ≥1 tooth.ResultsThere were 34 well controlled patients (HbA1c ≤ 7.5%), 169 poorly controlled patients and 112 non‐diabetic subjects. Prevalence of severe periodontitis was higher in all type 1 diabetic patients [24.1% (95% CI: 18.4–30.6%)] and poorly controlled patients [27.2% (20.7–34.6%)] than in controls [20.5% (13.5–29.2%)]. The fully adjusted odds ratios (ORs) in never smokers comparing the whole diabetic group, and the poorly controlled group, with the control group were 1.35 [0.66–2.8] (p = 0.41) and 1.58 [0.75–3.33] (p = 0.23), respectively. Mean clinical attachment level was higher in all type 1 diabetic and poorly controlled patients than in controls (both p < 0.001).ConclusionsThese results indicate worse periodontal health in type 1 diabetic patients than in control subjects.Trial registrationThis study was registered with the UKCRN, ID: 9314 and Scottish Diabetes Research Network registration number: 128.
The neurocognition of alexithymia: evidence from neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies
Authors: Wingbermühle Ellen , Theunissen Hanneke , Verhoeven Willem M. A. , Kessels Roy P. C. , Egger Jos I. M. 
Published: November 2011

Objective: Alexithymia refers to an ineffective regulation and expression of emotions. It constitutes a major risk factor for a range of medical and psychiatric problems, including chronic pain, somatisation, anxiety and depression. Alexithymia is a multi-faceted concept, described in terms of cognitive and affective aspects. From a neuropsychological perspective, alexithymia can be defined as a disturbance in affective information processing and social cognition. As the growing literature on brain structures involved in alexithymia is fragmented and sometimes even contradictory, the aim of this article was to review findings on neural substrates with regard to their convergence.Methods: A narrative review was performed, including both early neuropsychological and more recent imaging studies, in order to achieve a better understanding of the aetiology of alexithymia.Results: Corpus callosum, cingulate cortex and insula are clearly involved in alexithymia. The amygdala and the orbitofrontal part of the cortex appear to be implicated as mediators, because of their broader involvement in emotional processing and executive control.Conclusion: Notwithstanding the diffuse neural representation, the alexithymia construct can be usefully applied in the clinical and empirical studies of social cognition, particularly when adopting a dimensional neuropsychological approach.
Association between dopamine beta hydroxylase gene polymorphism and age at onset in male schizophrenia
Authors: Barlas İ.Ö. , Semiz Umit , Erdal M.E. , Algül Ayhan , Ay Ozlem I. , Ateş M.A. , Camdeviren Handan , Basoglu Cengiz , Herken Hasan 
Published: November 2011

Objectives: The heterogeneity of schizophrenia mainly results from variations in clinical expressions of the disease, such as age at onset, gender differences in onset of illness, symptoms and response to antipsychotic treatment. Enhanced sensitisation of dopamine pathways in males, having consistently an earlier onset, might be implicated as disease modifiers for schizophrenia in males.Methods: In this study, we performed a case (n = 87)-control (n = 100) association study between the DBH5′-ins/del and DBH-444g/a polymorphisms of the DBH gene and also compared the level of psychotic symptoms between patients with different DBH genotypes/haplotypes with respect to antipsychotic therapeutic response and gender difference.Results: No significant differences between allele and genotype and haplotype frequencies at either groups (p < 0.05). When the age is considered in patient group, a significant difference was observed between patients with ID genotype and with II genotype (p = 0.018). Patients with ID genotype have been diagnosed as schizophrenics in early ages when compared to II genotype carriers. We also found a significant difference between II and ID genotype (p = 0.007) when the gender had taken into account, showing that the ID genotype carriers had an early onset to schizophrenia.Conclusions: This association was more significant in male schizophrenia patients than females. Thus, this finding may constitute a novel biological support for the prior finding that onset of schizophrenia varies with gender. The results also showed that critical genetic vulnerability may be associated with the presence or absence of the ID genotype of DBH5′-ins/del.
Regain of visuospatial capacity after coenzyme Q10 in a patient with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes: a case report
Authors: Chu Che-Sheng , Chu Chin-Liang , Liu Hong-Ern , Lu Ti 
Published: November 2011

Objective: MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. Multiple systems of the body, including cognitive function and heart conduction, can be affected by this disorder. We report a case with global cognitive impairment.Method: A single-case report.Results: The patient got improved cognitive function, especially visuospatial function, under coenzyme Q10 treatment.Conclusion: First, coenzyme Q10 may give some benefit to control MELAS. Second, cognitive functions and intellectual abilities decline with disease progression. Routine neuropsychological tests should be performed.
Growth charts for monitoring postnatal growth at NICU of extreme preterm‐born infants
Authors: Horemuzova E , Söder O , Hagenäs L 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAim:  To provide growth charts for clinical monitoring of extra‐uterine growth from birth to full‐term age, in infants born before 26 weeks of gestation, hospitalized at neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and compare it to the commonly used Swedish preterm birth‐size reference.Methods:  This retrospective longitudinal cohort comprised all infants born before 26 + 0 weeks of gestation and surviving to full‐term age (n = 162), admitted to the NICU, Karolinska Hospital during the period January 1990 to December 2002. Body weight was recorded daily, head circumference (HC) weekly and length twice a month.Results:  Birth weight (BW), length and HC showed a normal distribution without significant gender difference. The majority of the infants showed a pronounced postnatal growth restriction for all growth variables with increasing deviation from the reference with age. The mean initial weight loss was 16% with nadir at 6 days of age and a mean time to regain BW of 18 days. At discharge from NICU, 75% of those initially appropriate for gestational age infants were below –2 standard deviation scores for at least one of the body size variables.Conclusion:  The poor extra‐uterine growth pattern points to the need of growth curves for extra‐uterine growth of extremely premature infants.
Physical disturbance determines effects from nitrogen addition on ground vegetation in boreal coniferous forests
Authors: Strengbom Joachim , Nordin Annika 
Published: November 2011

AbstractQuestionsNitrogen (N) enrichment often appears in combination with land‐use related disturbances. Are there interactive effects between N addition and physical disturbances where N addition increases plant community sensitivity to disturbance?LocationBoreal coniferous forest, Bispgården (63 °00′N, 16 °40′E), central Sweden.MethodsWe tested potential interactive effects between N addition and disturbance by evaluating effects of N fertilization on community composition of forest floor vegetation in clear‐cut (disturbed) and mature (undisturbed) forests. We analysed species composition in 63 forests stands (16 clear‐cut and N‐fertilized, 14 clear‐cut and unfertilized, 17 mature and N fertilized, and 16 mature and unfertilized). Species composition was scored by the point‐intercept method at 200 random points along a 45‐m transect in each stand.ResultsThe N effect on plant community composition was strongly dependent on disturbance caused by clear‐cutting. In undisturbed forests, there were small or no effects on community composition from N addition. In contrast, effects were large in forests first exposed to N addition and subsequently disturbed by clear‐cutting. Effects of N addition differed among plant functional groups. Abundance of graminoids increased (+232%) and abundance of dwarf shrubs decreased (−44%) following disturbance in N‐fertilized stands. For vascular plants, the two perturbations had contrasting effects on α‐ (within stand) and β‐ (among stands) diversity: in disturbed stands, N addition reduced α‐diversity, while β‐diversity increased. For bryophytes, effects of disturbance on α‐diversity were smaller under N addition than ambient N, while neither N addition nor disturbance had any effect on β‐diversity.ConclusionsEffects of N addition on plant communities may be small, short‐lived or even absent until exposure to a disturbance implements full effects of N, highlighting the importance of considering interactive effects with disturbance when evaluating effects of N enrichment on plant community composition and biodiversity.
Esthetic and Functional Rehabilitation of a Bilateral Cleft Palate Patient with Fixed Prosthodontic Therapy
Authors: BIDRA AVINASH S. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTPatients with bilateral cleft lip and palate present with multiple challenges to the prosthodontist. Some of them include mobility of the premaxillary segment, multiple missing and malposed anterior teeth, unfavorable soft tissues, and a tense maxillary lip. This clinical report describes the fixed prosthodontic management of a bilateral cleft lip and palate patient with a surgically corrected lip and a mobile premaxillary segment. The patient presented with an 11‐unit metal‐ceramic fixed partial denture made of a base metal alloy that was made 25 years ago. He had multiple porcelain fractures over the years that compromised his esthetics and function. Prosthodontic therapy involved sectioning the old prosthesis, followed by careful treatment planning and fabrication of a new fixed dental prosthesis with improved design and superior materials. At a 3‐year follow‐up, the fixed dental prosthesis remained intact and functional, and no further complications were noted. A discussion of approaches to treatment planning, biomechanical principles involved, and choice of biomaterials in designing a fixed prosthesis for such patients is presented.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEAs cleft palate patients require life‐long prosthodontic follow‐up and maintenance, revisional treatments should incorporate superior materials and methods to minimize future complications.(J Esthet Restor Dent ••:••–••, 2011)
Adolescents' perceptions of a mobile cell phone text messaging‐enhanced intervention and development of a mobile cell phone‐based HIV prevention intervention
Authors: Cornelius Judith B. , St. Lawrence Janet S. , Howard Jacquelyn C. , Shah Deval , Poka Avinash , McDonald Delilah , White Ann C. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPurpose.  This study examined African American adolescents' perceptions of a mobile cell phone (MCP)‐enhanced intervention and development of an MCP‐based HIV prevention intervention.Design and Methods.  One focus group was conducted with 11 adolescents who participated in the Becoming a Responsible Teen Text Messaging project.Results.  Adolescents said they benefited from the MCP‐enhanced approach and were receptive to the idea of developing an MCP‐based intervention.Practice Implications.  Nurses can use the findings of this report as a starting point in examining the development of MCP‐based sexuality education with parents and adolescents.