bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specific IgG subclass antibody in rubella virus infections
Authors: Thomas H. I. J. , Morgan-Capner P. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryA solid-phase antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of rubella-specific IgG subclasses. For rubella-specific IgG1and IgG3sera were quantitated in arbitrary units (au) by comparison with standard curves. A concentration of 3 au was taken as that indicating positivity for specific IgG1and specific IgG3. No sera reactive for specific IgG2and IgG4have been found, and thus the assay reagents were controlled by testing dilutions of a standard calibrant serum containing known concentrations of the specific IgG subclasses.Of 105 unselected sera negative for rubella antibody by radial haemolysis (RH), two gave concentrations of specific IgG1> 3 au and both were positive by rubella latex agglutination (LA). The sensitivity of the assay for specific IgG1was confirmed by examining 25 selected sera negative by RH but reactive by LA. Twenty-one gave concentrations > 3 au. None of these 130 was positive for specific IgG3. All 63 sera containing > 15 international units rubella antibody by RH from cases of rubella in the remote past contained specific IgG1and eight contained specific IgG3.In 79 cases of primary rubella, specific IgG1developed in all cases by day 8. Specific IgG3became detectable in all cases except one by day 16. Serum taken on day 21 from one case was negative for specific IgG3but the absence of later sera precluded further investigation. One case had become negative for specific IgG3by day 56.Sera from 24 cases of rubella reinfection were examined and all contained specific IgG1. In three cases of symptomatic reinfection, specific IgG3was detectable in two but not in the remaining case. In 2 of the 21 cases of asymptomatic reinfection only a very early or a very late serum was available. Of the remaining 19 cases, 7 had detectable specific IgG3. However, only one of 9 sera collected 30–50 days after contact contained specific IgG3. Thus for the asymptomatic patient for whom other serological tests suggest a recent rubella infection, the failure to detect specific IgG3in sequential sera collected after contact suggests reinfection rather than primary rubella. The detection of specific IgG3did not correlate with the presence of specific IgM.Sera collected 6–8 weeks after rubella vaccination had detectable specific IgG1in 32 of 33 cases and specific IgG3in 9 of 33. The remaining vaccinee was seronegative.
Isolation and characterization of rotavirus from feral pigeon in mammalian cell cultures
Authors: Minamoto N. , Oki K. , Tomita M. , Kinjo T. , Suzuki Y. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryAvian rotaviruses were isolated from feral pigeon faeces treated with trypsin using roller tube cultures of mammalian cells. Two pigeon strains, designated as strains PO-8 and PO-13, produced a marked cytopathic effect (CPE), small intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and high titres of infectious particles in infected MA-104 and MDBK cell lines without cell adaptation and roller drum apparatus. The pigeon rotaviruses shared a common group specific antigen with the Lincoln strain of bovine rotavirus by indirect immunofluorescence, but differed from both the Lincoln strain and the Wa strain of human rotavirus in neutralization tests.The RNA segment profile of this virus on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis differed from that of group A mammalian rotaviruses. The results of a serological survey suggested that antibody to pigeon rotaviruses was widespread in avian species in Japan.
Host cell-mediated selection of influenza A (H3N2) virus variant subpopulations: lack of association between antigenic and receptor-binding properties
Authors: Pyhälä R. , Pyhälä L. , Pekkala P. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryDuring the outbreak of influenza due to A (H3N3) viruses in Finland in 1985/6 virus pairs were isolated from the same clinical specimens in embryonated hens' eggs (CE) and in canine kidney cell cultures (MDCK). Some of these isolates, the E and M pairs, were distinguished by their reactions in haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests carried out using polyclonal antisera, and by receptorbinding properties, as evidenced by differences in their elution activity from erythrocytes. Passage of the E- and M-virus isolates in the foreign host affected their serological characteristics, but the E virus did not convert to an M-like virus and the M virus did not convert to an E-like virus. Returning the viruses to grow in the host used for their isolation changed the serological reactions so that they were once more close to the reactions of the original isolates. This contrasts with the changes in receptor-binding properties. Rapid elution from hen erythrocytes, which has been described as a property of viruses binding to the SAα2,3Gal sequence in preference to SAα2,6Gal, characterized the virus passages grown solely in MDCK cell cultures. Cultivation of the M virus in CE, at any stage of its passage history, made the virus irreversibly incapable of elution. The M virus was more sensitive than the E virus to HI antibodies against heterologous viruses of the H3N2 subtype, and, when used as an antigen in HI serology, it more frequently (90%vs.69%;P< 0·01) detected diagnostic antibody responses in patients infected with viruses of this subtype in 1985/6. Use of antigens with a different passage history in HI serology provided evidence that this superiority, which may be due to the ability of the virus to pick out anamnestic antibody responses, is unrelated to the receptor-binding peculiarity of the M virus under consideration. The results support the concept that the host cell can select a diversity of virus variant subpopulations from a single clinical specimen during isolation and subsequent cultivation procedures. Moreover, the MDCK-grown influenza viruses may correspond better than the egg-grown isolates to the natural epidemic viruses.
Faecal colonization with P-fimbriated Escherichia coli between 0 and 18 months of age
Authors: Tullus K. , Källenius Gunilla , Möllby R. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA prospective study of faecal colonization with P-fimbriated Escherichia coli between 0 and 18 months of ago was conducted in 751 healthy infants. The influence of breast-feeding and treatment with antibiotics on this colonization was studied. Colonization with P-fimbriatcd E. coli increased with age from 10% at 6 days to 30% at 18 months of ago (P < 0·01). Breast-feeding influenced colonization at 6 weeks of age when breast-fed children harboured fewer bacterial species (P < 0·001) and fewer P-fimbriated E. coli (P = 0·06) than bottle-fed infants. Treatment with antibiotics increased the colonization rate with P-fimbriatcd E. coli at the age of 11 months (P < 0·05). However, this was not true for treatment with ampicillin, which increased colonization rate with Gram-negative species other than E. coli (P < 0·05). Fifty per cent (378) of all children were colonized and a quarter (183) had pure cultures of P-fimbriatcd E. coli in at least one faecal sample. The clinical importance of this colonization remains to be shown.
Managemental influences on the selective proliferation of two strains of haemolyticEscherichia coliin weaned pigs
Authors: Hampson D. J. , Fu Z. F. , Bettleheim K. A. , Wilson M. W. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYIn an experimental study on a piggery it was found that haemolyticEscherichia coliof O-scrotypes 138 or 139 proliferated in the intestinal tracts of pigs following weaning, withE. coliof the 0-138 typo also being occasionally recovered from unwearied pigs, and onco from a sow. Organisms of the O-138 typo produced heat labile enterotoxin and their presence in weaned pigs was associated with the development of severe post-weaning diarrhoea.E. coliof O-130 type produced a vero cell cytotoxin and were associated with a milder diarrhoea in weaned pigs. Under various managemental circumstances the O-138 typeE. colialmost invariably proliferated after weaning. The O-139 strain ofE. colidid however proliferate rather than the O-138 strain following the movement of weaned pigs to new accommodation, after weaned pigs were returned to their sow and then weaning again 5 days later, and very occasionally in pigs weaned at 5 weeks of ago. In all theso cases earlier proliferation of the O-138E. colihad been detected, suggesting that this may be a prerequisite for proliferation of the O-130 strain.
High prevalence of campylobacter excretors among Liberian children related to environmental conditions
Authors: Mølbak Kåre , Højlyng Niels , Gaarslev Knud 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYCampylobacter was the bacterial pathogen most prevalent in 850 children, aged 6–59 months, examined in a house-to-house diarrhoea survey in two Liberian communities. 44·9% of the children from an urban slum and 28·4% from a rural area were excretors. Since the prevalence of diarrhoea was very high and consequently many convalescent carriers were found, it was not possible to evaluate the pathogenic role of campylobacter.The excretor rate increased with ago and was significantly correlated to the uso of supplementary feeding, inversely correlated to the quality of the water supply, and also associated with helminthic infestation. Results from re-examination of 172 children suggested a high intensity of transmission.The findings all indicate the existence of a heavy environmental contamination with campylobacter, probably of both human and animal faecal origin.
Salmonella infection in chicks following the consumption of artificially contaminated feed
Authors: Hinton M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYPoultry feed was contaminated artificially with either Salmonella kedougou or S. livingstone using a two-stage mixing process. Intestinal infection became established in a small proportion of birds when feed containing between 0·1 and 0·3 salmonellas/g was given continuously for 2 or 3 weeks from the day of their purchase as ‘day-olds’ while nearly all birds became infected when the feed contained 100–300 salmonellas/g. Between these limits a dose response was demonstrated in that the proportion of birds becoming colonized with salmonellas increased as the numbers of salmoncllas added to feed was increased.Nalidixic acid-resistant strains of both serotypes were used to facilitate the recovery of organisms. The isolation rate was higher from dilutions of euccal contents inoculated directly onto brilliant green agar supplemented with nalidixic acid than it was from swabs of cloacal faeces, even when an enrichment technique was used. This observation confirms that the incidence of salmonella carriage in flocks will be under-estimated if only cloacal faeces are cultured.Of the two serotypes used S. kedougou proved the more efficient colonizer although for both scrotypes variation in infection rates was demonstrated in different groups of birds given feed containing comparable numbers of salmoncllas.
Slide-agglutination for rapid serological typing of Treponema hyodysenteriae
Authors: Hampson D. J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA slide agglutination (SA) test was developed to determine the serogroup of isolates of Treponema hyodysenteriae of serogroups A to F. Rabbit antisera which are normally used for serogrouping T. hyodysenteriae in an agarose gel doublediffusion precipitation test (AGDP) were not suitable for SA because they agglutinated isolates from more than one serogroup. The agglutination reaction was made serogroup-specific by cross-absorbing the typing sera for serogroups A to F with whole treponemes from the other 5 of these 6 serogroups of T. hyodysenteriae. The absorbed sera were reacted in slide agglutination tests with 33 isolates of T. hyodysenteriae and with four non-T. hyodysenteriae intestinal spirochaetes. None of the non-T. hyodysenteriae isolates agglutinated, but 27 of the 33 isolates of T. hyodysenteriae did. The results for 26 of the 27 agglutination reactions agreed with the serogroup as determined in AGDP. One of the 6 isolates of T. hyodysenteriae which failed to react in slide agglutination was of serogroup B, 1 of serogroup D, 1 each were from new serogroups G, H and I, and 1 was untypable in AGDP.
Legionella pneumophila: comparison of isolation from water specimens by centrifugation and filtration
Authors: Brindle R. J. , Stannett P. J. , Cunliffe R. N. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA comparison was made between membrane filtration and centrifugation for the isolation ofLegionella pneumophilafrom seeded water samples. Using samples of varying concentration, the optimum speed and time of centrifugation were determined and the relationship between the number of organisms present in the water and the proportion recovered was examined. Following this, sequential routine environmental waters were filtered and centrifuged in parallel.Centrifugation and filtration using nitrocellulose filters were found to be comparable. The optimum speed and time of centrifugation was approximately 6000gfor 10 min. There was a constant proportion of viable organisms recovered irrespective of the concentration in the unspun samples.
Molecular relationship amongSalmonella dublinisolates identified at the Center for Enterobacteriaceae of Palermo during the years 1971–85
Authors: Nastasi A. , Villafrate M. R. , Mammina C. , Massenti M. F. , Oliva D. , Scarlata G. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA molecular epidemiological study was carried out on 60Salmonella dublinisolates identified at the Southern Italy Enterobacteriaceae Center between 1971 and 1985. These included 23 isolates from children with diarrhoea in Palermo obtained during 1984.All isolates from the outbreak of gastroenteritis in children were resistant to chloramphenicol and streptomycin and harboured two plasmids of 50 MDa and 3 MDa molecular weight, whereas the majority of the isolates identified before 1984 were susceptible to these antibiotics and carried only a 50 MDa molecular weight plasmid. FourS. dublinstrains successively identified from cattle (Palermo, Foggia, Portici) and from a child (Palermo) were shown to possess similar antibiotic resistance patterns and plasmid profiles toS. dublinisolates from the outbreak of gastroenteritis in children.The 50 MDa plasmid was shown to be associated with virulence in mice, while it was not possible to assign any genetic function to the 3 MDa plasmid.
A phage-typing scheme forSalmonella enteritidis
Authors: Ward L. R. , de Sa J. D. H. , Rowe B. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYFor many years phage typing has proved invaluable in epidemiological studies onSalmonella typhi, S. paratyphi AandB, S. typhimuriumand a few other serotypes. A phage-typing scheme forS. enteritidisis described. This scheme to date differentiates 27 types using 10 typing phages.
Incidence of plasmids in multiply-resistant salmonella isolates from diarrhoeal patients in Hong Kong from 1973–82
Authors: Ling Julia , Chau P. Y. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYPlasmids present in multiply-resistant salmonella strains includingSalmonella typhimurium, S. johannesburg, S. wandsworth, S. derby, S. newport, S. londonandS. choleraesuiscausing diarrhoea in patients in Queen Mary Hospital in Hong Kong from 1973–82 were studied. In multiply-resistantS. typhimurium, plasmids belonging to groupsF1me, H1, or H2and plasmids encoding trimethoprim-resistance which were compatible with standard plasmids of testable incompatibility groups were detected. InS. johannesburg, both the ASTCKSu- and ASCKSu- resistant strains which were predominant in two consecutive periods of an outbreak were found to harbour the same plasmid which belonged to the incompatibility group F1me. S. wandsworthstrains isolated from a hospital outbreak in 1980 harboured an identical R-plasmid belonging to group N. A few strains of the other salmonellae showing resistance to multiple antibiotics were found to harbour R-plasmids belonging to groups H1, H2and F1me. The only salmonella of the enteric fever group resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim was anS. paratyphi Bstrain. The resistances were encoded on a plasmid of an unknown incompatibility group. The occurrence and distribution of plasmids in these salmonellae isolated within the 10-year period are discussed.
Pattern of antibiotic and heavy-metal ion resistance in recent hospital isolates ofStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Millar M. R. , Griffin N. , Keyworth N. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYTwo hundred and one strains ofStaphylococcus aureusisolated from in-patients and out-patients were examined for sensitivity to antibiotics, heavy-metal ions and ethidium bromide and for phage-typing pattern.Heavy-metal ion resistance was less frequent than reported in previous studies and was as frequent in penicillinase non-producing as producing strains. ‘Methicillin-resistant’ strains were resistance to ethidium bromide and mercury. Resistance to heavy-metal ions, including cadmium, may bo becoming less common amongst clinical isolates ofS. aureus.
Staphylococcal food poisoning on a cruise ship
Authors: Waterman Stephen H. , Demarcus Thomas A. , Wells Joy G. , Blake Paul A. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYTwo waves of vomiting and/or diarrhoea affected approximately 215 of the 715 passengers on a Caribbean cruise ship. The outbreak was independently associated with eating cream-filled pastries at two separate meals. Staphylococcus aureus phage type 85/+ was isolated from cases and pastry cooks, but not from controls. This is the first well-documented outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning on a cruise ship.
Serodiagnosis of leptospirosis in China by the one-point MCA method
Authors: Arimitsu Y. , Matuhasi T. , Kobayashi S. , Sato T. , Cui J. J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe one-point MCA method is very simple to perform nnd useful as a screening test in diagnosing leptospirosis in routine clinical laboratories.The kit, sensitized with six serovars occurring in Japan, was also useful in detecting serum antibodies of patients with leptospirosis in China.
Strain differentiation ofCandida albicansby morphotyping
Authors: Phongpaichit S. , Mackenzie D. W. R. , Fraser C. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYStrains ofCandida albicanscan be differentiated by the morphological features of streak colonies developed on malt agar. A morphotyping system is proposed, where numerical codes are assigned primarily on the basis of the nature and extent of marginal fringing and the surface topography of the streak colony. The system allows ready differentiation to be made of morphotypcs, requires no specialized equipment or expertise and provides a simple and reproducible means for epidemiological studies of candida and candidosis.
The bacteriological quality of traditional water sources in north-eastern Imo State, Nigeria
Authors: Blum D. , Huttly S. R. A. , Okoro J. I. , Akujobi C. , Kirkwood B. R. , Feachem R. G. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYMonthly bacteriological water testing of traditional water sources (ponds, rivers, unprotected springs and traditional wells) used by five villages in northeastern Imo State, Nigeria, was conducted during the period January 1983 to August 1985. The membrane-filtration technique was used to detect faecal coliforms (FC) and faecal streptococci (FS). Evidence of faecal pollution was seen throughout the year for all water sources. During the study period, the monthly geometric mean counts per 100 ml of water (all sources combined) ranged from 760 to 17877 for FC and from 678 to 17394 for FS. The peak period of faecal pollution occurred during the transition between the dry and wet seasons and in the early wet season. During this peak pollution season (February–May), the geometric mean counts were 2·5–7·2 times higher than in the remaining part of the year for all source types except rivers, with ponds being the most heavily polluted. Preliminary findings on the sensitivity and specificity, in this tropical environment, of the standard membrane-filtration technique for enumerating FC are presented. The implications of the findings of this study for the environmental control of waterborne and hygiene-related diseases are discussed.
Isolation ofNeisseria meningitidisstrains with increase of penicillin minimal inhibitory concentrations
Authors: Sáez-Nieto J. A. , Fontanals D. , De Jalon J. Garcia , De Artola V. Martinez , Peña P. , Morera M. A. , Verdaguer R. , Sanfeliu I. , Belio-Blasco C. , Perez-Saenz J. L. , Casal J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYWe report the isolation and characterization of ten strains showing an increase in the minimal inhibitory concentrations to penicillin (MICs > 0·1 μg/ml), and describe the epidemiological, clinical and microbiological features.The susceptibility of 3432 meningococcal strains isolated from patients in the recent epidemic wave (1978–86) in Spain, to several antimicrobial agents used in the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of meningococcal infection has been tested. Most were resistant to sulphadiazine but sensitive to other antibiotics.The possible existence of a new pattern of behaviour of meningococcal to penicillin is discussed.
Sequential infection or immunization of ferrets with a series of influenza A (H3N2) strains (Report to the Medical Research Council's Sub-Committee on Influenza Vaccines (CDVIP/IV))
Authors: Potter C. W. , Jennings R. , Ali M. J. , Wood J. M. , Dunleavy U. , Tyrrell D. A. J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYPrevious studies of boys at Christ's Hospital school have indicated that annual immunization with influenza virus vaccines did not significantly reduce the total incidence of influenza infection compared to unimmunized subjects. In view of the implications of this result, a similar study was conducted in ferrets to clarify these findings. Groups of ferrets were immunized or infected with a series of influenza A (H3N2) viruses over an 18-month period, and the immunity to subsequent live virus challenge was measured after each virus or vaccine exposure. The results indicated that live virus infection gave a more solid immunity than immunization with inactivated vaccine; and the serum haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody response was greater following immunization than following infection. In addition, differences in immunity could not be explained by measurements of cross-reacting and specific antibody, since the incidence of these antibodies was similar in both infected and immunized animals. The results do not suggest an explanation for the different levels of immunity induced following infection or immunization or the results obtained from the Christ's Hospital study. However, the relative contribution of various immune responses to virus or virus antigen is discussed, and it is suggested that the difference in immunity may lie in the ability of live virus infection to stimulate local antibody.
Rift Valley fever: a sero-epidemiological survey among pregnant women in Mozambique
Authors: Niklasson B. , Liljestrand J. , Bergström S. , Peters C. J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYRift Valley fever (RVF) causes abortion in sheep and cattle. However, the teratogenic and abortogenic potential of RVF in humans is not known. Sera from a total of 1163 pregnant women in Mozambique were tested for RVF virus antibodies by ELISA and 28 (2%) were found to be positive. Mothers experiencing fetal death or miscarriage (155) had the same RVF virus antibody prevalence as those with normal deliveries. Analysis of maternity histories showed some indication of increased fetal wastage among women positive for RVF virus antibody.The ELISA used in this study was compared with a plaque reduction neutralization test and found to be equally sensitive and specific for the detection of RVF virus IgG antibodies.