bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WinBUGS: a tutorial
Authors: Lykou Anastasia , Ntzoufras Ioannis 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe reinvention of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods and their implementation within the Bayesian framework in the early 1990s has established the Bayesian approach as one of the standard methods within the applied quantitative sciences. Their extensive use in complex real life problems has lead to the increased demand for a friendly and easily accessible software, which implements Bayesian models by exploiting the possibilities provided by MCMC algorithms. WinBUGS is the software that covers this increased need. It is the Windows version of BUGS (Bayesian inference using Gibbs sampling) package appeared in the mid‐1990s. It is a free and a relatively easy tool that estimates the posterior distribution of any parameter of interest in complicated Bayesian models. In this article, we present an overview of the basic features of WinBUGS, including information for the model and prior specification, the code and its compilation, and the analysis and the interpretation of the MCMC output. Some simple examples and the Bayesian implementation of the Lasso are illustrated in detail. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 385–396 DOI: 10.1002/wics.176This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Bayesian Methods and Theory
Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)
Software for Computational Statistics > Software/Statistical Software
Permutation methods
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Johnston Janis E. , Mielke Paul W. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPermutation tests are a paradox of old and new. Permutation tests pre‐date most traditional parametric statistics, but only recently have become part of the mainstream discussion regarding statistical testing. Permutation tests follow a permutation or ‘conditional on errors’ model whereby a test statistic is computed on the observed data, then (1) the data are permuted over all possible arrangements of the data—an exact permutation test; (2) the data are used to calculate the exact moments of the permutation distribution—a moment approximation permutation test; or (3) the data are permuted over a subset of all possible arrangements of the data—a resampling approximation permutation test. The earliest permutation tests date from the 1920s, but it was not until the advent of modern day computing that permutation tests became a practical alternative to parametric statistical tests. In recent years, permutation analogs of existing statistical tests have been developed. These permutation tests provide noteworthy advantages over their parametric counterparts for small samples and populations, or when distributional assumptions cannot be met. Unique permutation tests have also been developed that allow for the use of Euclidean distance rather than the squared Euclidean distance that is typically employed in parametric tests. This overview provides a chronology of the development of permutation tests accompanied by a discussion of the advances in computing that made permutation tests feasible. Attention is paid to the important differences between ‘population models’ and ‘permutation models’, and between tests based on Euclidean and squared Euclidean distances. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 527–542 DOI: 10.1002/wics.177This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Bootstrap and Resampling
Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Nonparametric Methods
Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Robust Methods
Statistical learning theory: a tutorial
Authors: Kulkarni Sanjeev R. , Harman Gilbert 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this article, we provide a tutorial overview of some aspects of statistical learning theory, which also goes by other names such as statistical pattern recognition, nonparametric classification and estimation, and supervised learning. We focus on the problem of two‐class pattern classification for various reasons. This problem is rich enough to capture many of the interesting aspects that are present in the cases of more than two classes and in the problem of estimation, and many of the results can be extended to these cases. Focusing on two‐class pattern classification simplifies our discussion, and yet it is directly applicable to a wide range of practical settings. We begin with a description of the two‐class pattern recognition problem. We then discuss various classical and state‐of‐the‐art approaches to this problem, with a focus on fundamental formulations, algorithms, and theoretical results. In particular, we describe nearest neighbor methods, kernel methods, multilayer perceptrons, Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory, support vector machines, and boosting. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 543–556 DOI: 10.1002/wics.179This article is categorized under:

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Clustering and Classification
Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Nonparametric Methods
Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Pattern Recognition
Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Knowledge Discovery
Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Support Vector Machines
Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Neural Networks
Regulation of Phosphatidic Acid Levels in Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Gimenez Alba Marina , Santander Verónica S. , Villasuso Ana L. , Pasquaré Susana J. , Giusto Norma M. , Machado Estela E. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractLipid kinases and phosphatases play essential roles in signal transduction processes involved in cytoskeletal rearrangement, membrane trafficking, and cellular differentiation. Phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) is an important mediator lipid in eukaryotic cells, but little is known regarding its regulation in the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, an agent of Chagas disease. In order to clarify the relationship between PtdOH metabolism and developmental stages of T. cruzi, epimastigotes in culture were subjected to hyperosmotic stress (~1,000 mOsm/L), mimicking the environment in the rectum of vector triatomine bugs. These experimental conditions resulted in differentiation to an intermediate form between epimastigotes and trypomastigotes. Morphological changes of epimastigotes were correlated with an increase in PtdOH mass accomplished by increased enzyme activity of diacylglycerol kinase (DAGK, E.C. 2.7.1.107) and concomitant decreased activity of phosphatidate phosphatases type 1 and type 2 (PAP1, PAP2, E.C. 3.1.3.4). Our results indicate progressive increases of PtdOH levels during the differentiation process, and suggest that the regulation of PtdOH metabolism is an important mechanism in the transition from T. cruzi epimastigote to intermediate form.
The role of postoperative furosemide therapy in the treatment of pleural effusion following kyphosis/scoliosis surgery
Authors: Vora Vagmin , Crawford Alvin 
Published: June 2011

Purpose Retrospective analysis of data to determine if the use of postoperative furosemide therapy decreases the incidence of thoracocentesis in children and adolescents undergoing kyphosis or scoliosis surgery. One of the potential complications seen in patients undergoing scoliosis or kyphosis surgery is the development of a clinically symptomatic postoperative pleural effusion requiring thoracocentesis, which is an invasive procedure that is associated with discomfort to the patient and a minimal risk of an iatrogenic pneumothorax. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and X-rays of 190 patients who had undergone corrective surgery for AIS/kyphosis. All patients underwent an ASF or an APSF or a PSF with a minimum 3 level costoplasty. We compared the rate of thoracocentesis in group 1 (no furosemide; 161 patients) to that in group 2 (furosemide; 29 patients). Follow-up chest radiographs were evaluated for a decrease or resolution of the effusion. Results In group 1, 26 out of the 161 patients required thoracocentesis (16%); in group 2, only 1 out of the 29 patients underwent thoracocentesis (3.4%). Conclusions Postoperative furosemide in patients who undergo significant pleural manipulation during spinal deformity surgery may decrease the incidence of clinically symptomatic pleural effusion requiring thoracocentesis. This study represents a true trend; however, a high level of significance can only be achieved by performing a larger randomized controlled study.
LANDAU’S THEOREM AND MARDEN CONSTANT FOR HARMONIC ν-BLOCH MAPPINGS
Authors: CHEN SH. , PONNUSAMY S. , WANG X. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractOur main aim is to investigate the properties of harmonic ν-Bloch mappings. Firstly, we establish coefficient estimates and a Landau theorem for harmonic ν-Bloch mappings, which are generalizations of the corresponding results in Bonk et al. [‘Distortion theorems for Bloch functions’, Pacific. J. Math.179 (1997), 241–262] and Chen et al. [‘Bloch constants for planar harmonic mappings’, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.128 (2000), 3231–3240]. Secondly, we obtain an improved Landau theorem for bounded harmonic mappings. Finally, we obtain a Marden constant for harmonic mappings.
ON VERBAL SUBGROUPS IN RESIDUALLY FINITE GROUPS
Authors: CALDEIRA JHONE , SHUMYATSKY PAVEL 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe following theorem is proved. Let m, k and n be positive integers. There exists a number η=η(m,k,n) depending only on m, k and n such that if G is any residually finite group satisfying the condition that the product of any η commutators of the form [xm,y1,…,yk ] is of order dividing n, then the verbal subgroup of G corresponding to the word w=[xm,y1,…,yk ] is locally finite.
Understanding Albright: A Revolutionary Etude
Authors: Miles John A. 
Published: June 2011

“It is impossible for men to judge the inner motives of any superior acquaintance.”William Foxwell AlbrightIn a still valid survey of one hundred years of biblical research, Herbert F. Hahn offers the following status quaestionis:Interpretation of the Bible in the present day has reached a point of crisis. A seeming return to the age-old emphasis on the doctrinal content of Scripture and its essential unity throughout the sacred books—a return to traditionalism which nevertheless denies that it is a step backward—has dominated recent discussion of biblical interpretation.… The crisis grows out of a loss of confidence in the historical approach on the part of many who formerly favored it.
Maimonides on the Miraculous Element in Prophecy
Authors: Kaplan Lawrence 
Published: June 2011

For the diction of this Treatise has not been chosen at haphazard, but with great exactness and exceeding precision (Maimonides, Introduction toThe Guide of the Perplexed, p. 15).In 2.32 ofThe Guide of the Perplexed,at the very outset of his section on prophecy, Maimonides states: “The opinions of people concerning prophecy are like their opinions concerning the eternity of the world or its creation in time” (p. 360).
Luther's Mother Margarethe
Authors: Siggins Ian D. K. 
Published: June 2011

What do we know about Luther's mother?According to the biographers, very little. We have “only a very shadowy conception,” Heinrich Boehmer says, in spite of Spalatin's remark that Martin was her “spit and image.” Even Erik Erikson, who is quite ready to offer clinical extrapolations from scant evidence, admits that a “big gap exists here, which only conjecture could fill.”
The Prophetic Spirit as an Angel According to Philo
Authors: Levison John R. 
Published: June 2011

Nearly a century ago, Paul Volz, who is known primarily for his research on early Jewish eschatology, wrote a provocative analysis of the divine spirit in Jewish antiquity; one quarter of this study is devoted to “the spirit hypostasis” (Geisthypostase), that is, spirit (πνεῦμα) interpreted as an independent being rather than a natural element, such as wind, or the spiritual element of humankind, such as the soul.1 In the context of this intriguing discussion, Volz observed that “Philo unequivocally describes the spirit as an hypostasis,” for it mediates God's own power (Mittelwesen), accomplishes concrete actions, such as visiting and leading to truth, and possesses particular characteristics, such as invisibility and complete wisdom. According to Volz, however, Philo understood this spirit hypostasis less as a personal being than a cosmic principle:The personal character of the Philonic pneuma normally retreats into the background, despite its hypostatic character. The reason for this lies probably in Stoic influence, from which Philo took over the panpsychic pneuma, and moreover in the Philonic conception of the Logos, alongside which the pneuma could never fully be developed.
“No Rhyme or Reason”: The Hidden Logia of the Gospel of Thomas
Authors: Callahan Allen 
Published: June 2011

Professor Helmut Koester has offered this incisive criticism and insightful characterization of research on the sayings traditions of the Gospel of Thomas:What is most puzzling about the composition of sayings in this wisdom book is the arrangement and order of the sayings. There is seemingly no rhyme or reason for the odd sequence in which the sayings occur in the Gospel of Thomas…. several attempts have been made to find the author's compositional principle, none of them convincing.
The Early Philosophical Roots of Schleiermacher's Notion ofGefühl, 1788–1794
Authors: Lamm Julia A. 
Published: June 2011

No single term has been so misunderstood or so debated in the history of Schleiermacher interpretation asGefühl(“feeling”). The intensity of the controversy surrounding this term is testimony to the critical role it plays in Schleiermacher's entire theological program. Indeed, as evident in his magnum opusThe Christian Faith(1830/1831), whereGefühlattains its final formulation as “the feeling of absolute dependence” (das schlechthinnige Abhängigkeitsgefühl), few other terms play as important a role in his account of religious experience and his doctrine of God. Not only is Schleiermacher's theological system at stake, but also the foundations of modern theology itself. Ludwig Feuerbach's assessment of the consequences of emphasizingGefühlwas unequivocal; most critics of Schleiermacher, Karl Barth foremost among them, have followed Feuerbach's pattern of interpretation:If, for example, feeling is the essential organ of religion, the nature of God is nothing else than an expression of the nature of feeling.…But the object of religious feeling is become a matter of indifference, only because when once feeling has been pronounced to be the subjective essence of religion, it in fact is also the objective essence of religion,…feeling is pronounced to be religious, simply because it is feeling.
Audit of handover in an ENT unit
Authors: Ellul D , Robson A K 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectives:To analyse the completeness and accuracy of the written handover in our ENT department, in line with Royal College of Surgeons of England guidance, and to improve standards.Setting:University Hospital, Cumberland Infirmary, Carlisle, UK.Methods and results:We prospectively analysed the written handover over two periods (of 30 and 18 days each). In the first period, the morning handover was present and complete on 77 per cent of days, present but incomplete or illegible on 6 per cent of days, and absent on 17 per cent of days; the evening handover was present and complete on 30 per cent of days, and absent on 67 per cent of days. To improve standards, we emphasised the importance of accurate handover to the ENT team and to junior doctors who cross-covered ENT. A reminder of the Royal College of Surgeons of England guidance was included in the handover book, and junior doctors received regular feedback.Conclusion:We demonstrated a substantial improvement in the quality and completeness of written handover, comparing the second and first audit periods.
Screening trematodes for novel intervention targets: a proteomic and immunological comparison of Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma bovis and Echinostoma caproni
Authors: HIGÓN MELISSA , COWAN GRAEME , NAUSCH NORMAN , CAVANAGH DAVID , OLEAGA ANA , TOLEDO RAFAEL , STOTHARD J. RUSSELL , ANTÚNEZ ORETO , MARCILLA ANTONIO , BURCHMORE RICHARD , MUTAPI FRANCISCA 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYWith the current paucity of vaccine targets for parasitic diseases, particularly those in childhood, the aim of this study was to compare protein expression and immune cross-reactivity between the trematodes Schistosoma haematobium, S. bovis and Echinostoma caproni in the hope of identifying novel intervention targets. Native adult parasite proteins were separated by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified through electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry to produce a reference gel. Proteins from differential gel electrophoresis analyses of the three parasite proteomes were compared and screened against sera from hamsters infected with S. haematobium and E. caproni following 2-dimensional Western blotting. Differential protein expression between the three species was observed with circa 5% of proteins from S. haematobium showing expression up-regulation compared to the other two species. There was 91% similarity between the proteomes of the two Schistosoma species and 81% and 78·6% similarity between S. haematobium and S. bovis versus E. caproni, respectively. Although there were some common cross-species antigens, species-species targets were revealed which, despite evolutionary homology, could be due to phenotypic plasticity arising from different host-parasite relationships. Nevertheless, this approach helps to identify novel intervention targets which could be used as broad-spectrum candidates for future use in human and veterinary vaccines.
George Finlay's Contributions to the Discovery of the Stone Age in Greece
Authors: Runnels Curtis 
Published: June 2011

In 1869, the historian George Finlay published a small pamphlet in Greek, entitled Παρατηρήσεις ἐπἰ τῆς ἐν Ἑλβετίᾳ και Ἑλλάδι Προϊστορικῆς Ἀρχαιολογίας (Observations on Prehistoric Archaeology in Switzerland and Greece), describing the discovery of Neolithic artefacts from Greece. This pamphlet is largely forgotten today, and the discovery of the Greek Stone Age is usually accorded to twentieth-century prehistorians (see e.g. Tsountas's excavations at Sesklo and Dimini). This article discusses Finlay's publication, and presents for the first time the transcription of the original English manuscript, upon which Παρατηρήσεις (Observations) was based. This material sheds light on the early stages of Aegean prehistory, and especially of Finlay's pioneering role.To 1869, ο ιστορικός George Finlay δημοσίευσε στην ελληνική γλώσσα ένα ευσύνοπτο φυλλάδιο, με τον τίτλο «Παρατηρήσεις ἐπἰ τῆς ἐν Ἑλβετίᾳ καί Ἑλλάδι Προϊστορικῆς Ἀρχαιολογίας», όπου περιέγραφε την ανακάλυψη στον ελλαδικό χώρο ευρημάτων του Νεολιθικού πολιτισμού. Το φυλλάδιο αυτό έχει γενικώς σήμερα ξεχαστεί, ενώ η ανακάλυψη της εποχής του λίθου στον ελλαδικό χώρο, κατά κανόνα ταυτίζεται με του μελετητές της ελληνικής προϊστορίας, οι οποίοι έδρασαν τον 20ο αιώνα (βλέπε ανασκαφές Τσούντα στο Σέσκλο και το Διμήνι). Το εν λόγω άρθρο πραγματεύεται τη δημοσίευση του Finlay και παρουσιάζεται για πρώτη φορά η μεταγραφή του πρωτοτύπου αγγλικού κειμένου, επάνω στο οποίο βασίστηκαν οι παρατηρήσεις. Το υλικό αυτό διαφωτίζει τα πρώιμα στάδια της Αιγιακής προϊστορίας, αναδεικνύοντας συγχρόνως τον πρωτοποριακό ρόλο, που διαδραμάτισε ο Finlay.
Knossos, the Little Palace North Project, Part I: the Early Greek Periods
Authors: Hatzaki E. , Prent M. , Coldstream J.N. , Evely D. , LIvarda A. 
Published: June 2011

This article is the first of a series presenting the results of two seasons of excavation (2001 and 2002) at the Little Palace North site, Knossos. The excavation was aimed at the exploration of the exposed earth section directly north of the Little Palace, prior to the construction of a drystone wall which was to protect this section from further erosion. While limited in extent, the excavation provided an opportunity to increase our understanding of the layout of the LM and later town and, more generally, of the complex history of occupation of this area, which spans the period from at least the sixteenth century BC to the fourth century AD.In regard to the early Greek periods, few architectural remains were encountered at the Little Palace North site. Instead, early Greek strata, covering all periods from Subminoan to Orientalizing, yielded evidence for various activities that took place outdoors. These activities included, in one area, the (enigmatic) use of large, clay-lined 'pans' and, in another, metal-working. The results add to our knowledge of the activities at early Greek Knossos and the spatial organization of the settlement.The article offers a full discussion of the stratigraphy of the early Greek levels, the associated pottery, small finds, and archaeobotanical material.Σε αυτό το άρθρο δημοσιεύονται – για πρώτη φορά – τα αποτελέσματα των ανασκαφών (2001 και 2002) στην περιοχή βόρεια του Μικρού Ανακτόρου στην Κνωσό. Σκοπός της ανασκαφής ήταν να ερευνηθεί η αρχαιολογική τομή που βρίσκεται αμέσως βόρεια του Μικρού Ανακτόρου, προτού ανεγερθεί ξερολιθιά με σκοπό να προστατευθεί η τομή από περεταίρω διάβρωση. Παρόλο που ήχαν περιορισμένη σε έκταση, η ανασκαφή μας έδωσε την δυνατότητα να καταλάβουμε καλύτερα την δομή της Υστερομινωικής και υστερότερης πόλης, ιδιαίτερα την πολύπλοκη ιστορία της κατοίκησης της περιοχής από το 160 αιώνα π.Χ. μεχρι και τον 40 αιώνα μ.Χ.Σχετικά με την πρώιμη Ελληνική εποχή, ελάχιστα οικοδομικά λείψανα βρέθηκαν στην περιοχή βόρεια του Μικρού Ανακτόρου. Παρόλα αυτά, τα αρχαιολογικά στρώματα των πρώιμων Ελληνικών χρόνων καλύπτουν από την Υπομινωική μέχρι την Ανατολίζουσα περίοδο, παρουσιάζοντας ενδείξεις για διαφορες δραστηριότητες οι οποίες ελάμβαναν μέρος σε εξωτερικούς χώρους. Οι δραστηριότητες αυτές συμπεριλάμβαναν την αινυγματική χρήση μεγάλων “τηγανιών” με πήλινη επικαλυψη, όπως και μεταλλουργία. Τα αποτελέσματα προσθέτουν στις γνώσεις μας για τις δραστηριότητες στην πρώιμη Ελληνική Κνωσό αλλά και για τη χωροταξία του οικισμού. Το άρθρο αυτό προσφέρει την πλήρη ανάλυση της στρωματογραφίας, της κεραμεικής, των μικροευρημάτων και του αρχαιοβοτανολογικού υλικού των πρώιμων Ελληνικών χρόνων.
The Discovery of Eleutherna: from the Formation of the Modern Cretan State to Humfry Payne's Excavations (1899–1929)
Authors: Kotsonas Antonis 
Published: June 2011

Located in west-central Crete, the ancient city of Eleutherna attracted considerable scholarly interest at the end of the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries. Drawing on largely unpublished archival information, this paper sheds light on the first archaeological explorations of the site, describing their aims, scope, vicissitudes, and results. Emphasis is given on the plans that the Italian School of Archaeology at Athens developed for Eleutherna and the excavations conducted there, first by the local ephor, E. Petrulakis, and then by the British School at Athens. The ‘discovery of Eleutherna’ is assessed with reference to the shifting scholarly agenda of Cretan archaeology in that period and its relation to major developments in the island's political history.Η Ελεύθερνα, μια αρχαία πόλη ευρισκόμενη στο κεντρικό προς δυτικό τμήμα της Κρήτης, προσήλκυσε το έντονο ενδιαφέρον των αρχαιολόγων κατά τα τέλη του 19ου και τον πρώιμο 20ο αιώνα. Αντλώντας πληροφορίες από αδημοσίευτο κυρίως, αρχειακό υλικό, η παρούσα μελέτη επιχειρεί μια ανασύνθεση των πρώτων αρχαιολογικών ερευνών στην αρχαία πόλη, εξετάζοντας τα κίνητρα και τους στόχους τους αλλά και τις δυσκολίες και τα αποτελέσματά τους. Έμφαση δίδεται στα σχέδια της Ιταλικής Αρχαιολογικής Σχολής Αθηνών για την Ελεύθερνα, αλλά και στις ανασκαφές που διενέργησαν στη θέση πρώτα ο τοπικός έφορος αρχαιοτήτων, Ε. Πετρουλάκις, και αργότερα η Βρετανική Σχολή Αθηνών. Η «ανακάλυψη ιης Ηλεύθερνας» εξετάζεται σε σχέση με τις μεταβαλλόμενες ερευνητικές προτεραιότητες της κρητικής αρχαιολογίας της περιόδου αλλά κοα σημαντικές αλλαγές σιην πολιτική ιστορία του νησιού.