bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canadian Genocide and Official Culpability
Authors: Akhtar Zia 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn the last 20 years the native people of Canada have asserted their sovereignty by rejecting their status as wards. Their subordination had caused removal of their children to boarding schools to remerge as imitation white adults. It involved the purging of their own culture, including language, names and religious symbols. There is now evidence that there were thousands of preventable deaths in these schools, because the conditions were criminally negligent and the teaching was backed up by corporal punishment. In response to these allegations the Canadian government has set up a Truth and Reconciliation Commission, but it lacks any investigative or punitive powers. As it has no right to compel witnesses, the First Nations have established their own International Human Rights Tribunal into Genocide in Canada (IHRTGC). This has the objective of presenting evidence to the United Nations in order for a court to be empowered on lines of an international tribunal investigating crimes of ethnic cleansing to try the officials of the government and the Churches. Will the redress the IHRTGC is seeking stand the test of evidence that proves beyond reasonable doubt the culpability of the accused? Can the appropriation and abuse of aboriginal children be abated? What kind of compensation will be payable once guilt has been proved?
Magmatic and post-magmatic Y-REE-Th phosphate, silicate and Nb-Ta-Y-REE oxide minerals in A-type metagranite: an example from the Turčok massif, the Western Carpathians, Slovakia
Authors: Uher P. , Ondrejka M. , Konečný P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAn electron microprobe study of Y-REE-Th phosphate, silicate and Nb-Ta-Y-REE accessory-mineral assemblages revealed the compositional variations and evolution in post-orogenic, hypersolvus Permian A-type metagranite from Turčok, in the Gemeric Unit, of the Western Carpathians, eastern Slovakia. Prismatic zircon I and allanite-(Ce) are primary magmatic phases. However, the late-magmatic to early-subsolidus processes led to the formation of a more complex younger assemblage: bipyramidal zircon II, xenotime-(Y), thorite, gadolinite-hingganite-(Y), Nb-Ta-Y-REE oxide phases [fergusonite-(beta)/ samarskite-(Y), aeschynite/polycrase-(Y), and Nb-rich rutile?] and possibly monazite-(Ce). However, monazite-(Ce) and the partial alteration of allanite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y) and the Nb-Ta-Y-REE minerals are probably connected with a younger Alpine metamorphic overprint of the granite. Thorite appears as a solid solution in the thorite-xenotime-zircon series; it is also enriched in Al. Fergusonite-(beta)/ samarskite-(Y) and especially aeschynite/polycrase-(Y) show increased P, Si and Al contents.
Dalnegroite, Tl5–xPb2x(As,Sb)2l–xS34, a new thallium sulphosalt from Lengenbach quarry, Binntal, Switzerland
Authors: Nestola F. , Guastoni A. , Bindi L. , Secco L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDalnegroite, ideally Tl4Pb2(As12Sb8)Σ20S34, is a new mineral from Lengenbach, Binntal, Switzerland. It occurs as anhedral to subhedral grains up to 200 μm across, closely associated with realgar, pyrite, Sb-rich seligmanite in a gangue of dolomite. Dalnegroite is opaque with a submetallic lustre and shows a brownish-red streak. It is brittle; the Vickers hardness (VHN25) is 87 kg mm-2 (range: 69—101) (Mohs hardness ∼3—3½). In reflected light, dalnegroite is highly bireflectant and weakly pleochroic, from white to a slightly greenish-grey. In cross-polarized light, it is highly anisotropic with bluish to green rotation tints and red internal reflections.According to chemical and X-ray diffraction data, dalnegroite appears to be isotypic with chabournéite, Tl5-xPb2x(Sb,As)21-xS34. It is triclinic, probable space group P1, with a = 16.217(7) Å, b = 42.544(9) Å, c = 8.557(4) Å, α = 95.72(4)°, β = 90.25(4)°, γ = 96.78(4)°, V = 5832(4) Å3, Z = 4.The nine strongest powder-diffraction lines [d(Å) (I/I0) (hkl)] are: 3.927 (100) ( 10 0); 3.775 (45) (22); 3.685 (45) (60); 3.620 (50) (440); 3.124 (50) (2); 2.929 (60) (42); 2.850 (70) (42); 2.579 (45) (0 2); 2.097 (60) (024). The mean of 11 electron microprobe analyses gave elemental concentrations as follows: Pb 10.09(1) wt.%, Tl 20.36(1), Sb 23.95(1), As 21.33(8), S 26.16(8), totalling 101.95 wt.%, corresponding to Tl4.15Pb2.03(As11.86Sb8.20)S34. The new mineral is named for Alberto Dal Negro, Professor in Mineralogy and Crystallography at the University of Padova since 1976.
The crystal chemistry of holtite
Authors: Groat L. A. , Grew E. S. , Evans R. J. , Pieczka A. , Ercit T. S. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHoltite, approximately (Al,Ta,□)Al6(BO3)(Si,Sb3+,As3+)Σ3O12(O,OH,□s)Σ3, is a member of the dumortierite group that has been found in pegmatite, or alluvial deposits derived from pegmatite, at three localities: Greenbushes, Western Australia; Voron'i Tundry, Kola Peninsula, Russia; and Szklary. Lower Silesia, Poland. Holtite can contain >30 wt.% Sb2O3, As2O3, Ta2O5, Nb2O5, and TiO2 (taken together), but none of these constituents is dominant at a crystallographic site, which raises the question whether this mineral is distinct from dumortierite. The crystal structures of four samples from the three localities have been refined to R1 = 0.02—0.05. The results show dominantly: Al, Ta, and vacancies at the Al(l) position; Al and vacancies at the Al(2), (3) and (4) sites; Si and vacancies at the Si positions; and Sb, As and vacancies at the Sb sites for both Sb-poor (holtite I) and Sb-rich (holtite II) specimens. Although charge-balance calculations based on our single-crystal structure refinements suggest that essentially no water is present, Fourier transform infrared spectra confirm that some OH is present in the three samples that could be measured. By analogy with dumortierite, the largest peak at 3505-3490 cm-1 is identified with OH at the O(2) and O(7) positions. The single-crystal X-ray refinements and FTIR results suggest the following general formula for holtite: Al7-[5x+y+z]/3 (Ta,Nb)x□[2x+y+z]\3,BSi3-y(Sb,As)yO18-y-z(OH)z, where x is the total number of pentavalent cations, y is the total amount of Sb + As, and z ⩽ y is the total amount of OH. Comparison with the electron microprobe compositions suggests the following approximate general formulae Al5.83(Ta,Nb)0.50□0.67BSi2.50(Sb,As)0.50O17.00(OH)0.50 and Al5.92(Ta,Nb)0.25□0.83BSi2.00(Sb,As)1.00O16.00(OH)1.00 for holtite I and holtite II respectively. However, the crystal structure refinements do not indicate a fundamental difference in cation ordering that might serve as a criterion for recognizing the two holtites as distinct species, and anion compositions are also not sufficiently different. Moreover, available analyses suggest the possibility of a continuum in the Si/(Sb + As) ratio between holtite I and dumortierite, and at least a partial continuum between holtite I and holtite II. We recommend that use of the terms holtite I and holtite II be discontinued.
How low can you go? - Extending downwards the limits of plastic deformation in pyrite
Authors: Barrie C. D. , Boyle A. P. , Salter M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractUnderstanding the deformation mechanisms that may operate in pyrite (FeS2) across a range of P-Tconditions is important in deciphering the history of deformed ore deposits. Pyrite has frequently been considered a hard mineral, which deforms by cataclastic flow or diffusive processes, if at all, at temperatures <425°C. However, utilizing SEM-based orientation-contrast (OC) imaging and electron-backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques, plastic deformation can now be readily identified within pyrite grains. In this study, a series of pyrite-rich polymetallic ore deposits, deformed at low temperature metamorphic conditions (∼200—420°C), have been investigated. Results indicate that pyrite grains in all the ore deposits preserve internal lattice ‘distortion’ or ‘bending’ and therefore plastic deformation mechanisms have operated. Many pyrite grains in the ore deposits also contain low-angle (∼2°) sub-grain boundaries or ‘dislocation walls', indicating that both dislocation glide and creep have been the dominant deformation mechanisms at peak metamorphic conditions within the pyrite grains. These results suggest that the brittle-ductile transition in pyrite occurs at temperatures potentially as low as ∼200°C, far lower than implied from previous studies or the current pyrite deformation-mechanism map.
Perovskite from the Dutoitspan kimberlite, Kimberley, South Africa: implications for magmatic processes
Authors: Ogilvie-Harris R. C. , Field M. , Sparks R. S. J. , Walter M. J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPerovskite compositions are used to investigate the relationship between the minor components (i.e. LREE, Fe3+ and Nb) and the oxygen fugacity (fo2) of perovskite in four different kimberlite lithofacies from the Dutoitspan pipe, Kimberley, South Africa, which range from diamondiferous to barren. The perovskite textures and chemical variations provide insight into magmatic and eruptive processes. Some crystals display cores with rims separated by a sharp boundary. The cores contain larger Na and LREE contents relative to the rims, which show a large increase in Fe3+ and Al. The mid-grade and barren kimberlites have bi-modal cores, reflected in the mineral chemistry, signifying multiple batches of magma and magma mixing. The fo2 of the magma is determined by an Fe-Nb oxygen barometer. The most diamondiferous kimberlite has the greatest Fe3+ content and highest fo2 (NNO –3.6 to –1.1). The kimberlite containing large diamonds has the smallest Fe3+ content and lowest fo2 (NNO –5.2 to –3.0). The barren and mid-grade kimberlites display a wide range of fo2,(NNO –5.3 to –1.5) as a result of perovskites forming in different melts and subsequently mixing together. Chemical and petrological evidence suggests that the volatile content, degassing, decompression and rate of crystallization can influence the rate at which the magma is erupted. One possibility is that the most oxidized magma, containing the highest volatile content, is therefore erupted much more rapidly, preserving diamond as a consequence.
Complex relationships among coexisting pyroxenes: the Palaeogene Eskdalemuir dyke, Scotland
Authors: Bagiński B. , Dzierżanowski P. , Macdonald R. , Upton B. G. J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe composite Eskdalemuir dyke was formed by the intrusion of rhyolitic magma into partly crystallized basaltic magma, the proportion of the silicic component increasing towards the dyke centre. The less silicic parts were effectively supercooled and crystallization was halted when the residual melt quenched to rhyolitic glass which constitutes up to 50% of the dyke's centre. Pyroxene compositions in the mixed magma rocks include augite, pigeonite and orthopyroxene of very variable composition. Individual crystals in the matrix as small as 200 μm can contain compositions occupying a considerable part of the Di-Hd-En-Fs quadrilateral. Pyroxene crystallization took place under extreme disequilibrium conditions, as shown by highly variable zonation patterns; apparently opposite zoning trends can occur in adjacent grains. Small-scale variations in melt composition were probably the dominant control over the compositional and textural complexity in the pyroxenes.
Megacrysts and salic xenoliths in Scottish alkali basalts: derivatives of deep crustal intrusions and small-melt fractions from the upper mantle
Authors: Upton B. G. J. , Finch A. A. , Słaby E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCa-poor and typically Na-rich feldspar megacrysts are common associates of spinel lherzolitic and pyroxenitic xenoliths in Scottish alkalic basalts. Associated megacrysts and composite megacrysts and salic xenoliths include apatite, magnetite, zircon, biotite, Fe-rich pyroxene(s) and corundum. The salic xenoliths and related megacrysts are referred to collectively as the ‘anorthoclasite suite': the majority of the samples are inferred to derive from the disaggregation of coarse-grained, typically Na-rich, syenitic protoliths at depth. Rare occurrences of euhedral anorthoclase megacrysts, together with zircon dating, imply that the suite crystallized at, or very shortly before, their entrainment by the basaltic host magmas. Some evidence suggests that the anorthoclasite suite protoliths lie within ultramafic (pyroxenitic) domains in the deep crust. The latter are inferred to be pegmatites, crystallized from carbonated trachytic magmas with widely variable Ca, Na, K, Ba and trace-element contents, and to have ranged from metaluminous to peraluminous. Crystal zonation and resorption textures within the salic xenoliths imply that the crystallization of the parent magmas was complex. Confirmation of this comes from cathodoluminescence studies of the feldspars showing that early ('primary’) anorthoclases and potassian albites exhibit partial replacement by a more potassic feldspar. A third generation of potassic feldspar (enriched in an assortment of trace elements and deduced to have crystallized from a carbonated high-K melt) forms transecting zoned veins in which carbonate fills the axial zone.Whereas most of the anorthoclasite suite materials are inferred to have grown from metaluminous magmas, the occurrence of magmatic corundum in salic xenoliths indicates crystallization from magmas that were peraluminous. The corundum-bearing samples also contain Nb-rich oxide minerals and their associated feldspars have the highest rare-earth element (REE)contents. Accordingly, the peraluminous trachyte magmas are deduced to have been specifically enriched in high field-strength trace elements. It is proposed that formation of the anorthoclasite suite protoliths is a phenomenon closely related to that of salic glass ‘pockets', well known from spinel lherzolite xenoliths around the world. Not only are there compositional affinities, but both sets of phenomena appear to have closely pre-empted the ascent of alkali basalt (host) magmas. We propose that the two sets of phenomena are linked and that the anorthoclasite suite derived from coarse-grained sheets, generated by the aggregation of salic melt fractions rising from the shallow mantle and heralding the onset of basaltic magmatism.
Synthetic amphiboles and triple-chain silicates in the system Na2O-MgO-SiO2-H2O: phase characterization, compositional relations and excess H
Authors: Maresch W. V. , Welch M. D. , Gottschalk M. , Ruthmann W. , Czank M. , Ashbrook S. E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe presence of structural OH in amphiboles in excess of the usual two OH per formula has been debated for over 40 years (Gier et ah,1964; Leake et ah,1968). However, the reality of the excess-OH phenomenon is still an open question, because accurate water analyses of amphiboles are rarely available. In this study, we review the data available on the chemically simple synthetic system Na2O—MgO-SiO2-H2O (NMSH) and present new results from NMR, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray-diffraction that allow re-interpretation of previous studies of NMSH amphiboles along the pseudobinary join between the two end-member compositions Na2Mg6Si8O22(OH)2 and Na3Mg5Si8O21(OH)3.We show that there is extensive solid solution involving excess H at 650—750°C, but also document the presence of a wide miscibility gap below 600°C. This miscibility gap is defined by amphiboles very close to the end-member composition Na3Mg5Si8O22(OH)3 coexisting with amphiboles with compositions near the ‘normal’ Na2Mg6Si8O22(OH)2 end member.We also report the characterization of triple-chain silicates (TCS) in the NMSH system and their phase relations with NMSH amphiboles. The upper thermal stability field of the key TCS Na2Mg4Si6O16(OH)2relative to its decomposition to two NMSH amphiboles with a combined equivalent composition has been determined and a pronounced backbend of the transformation boundary documented. Phase relations observed in synthesis experiments suggest that at 550—650°C all TCSs have compositions close to Na2Mg4Si6Oi6(OH)2. Infrared spectroscopy indicates that the TCS synthesized on this composition, studied in detail here, vary from end-member Na2Mg4Si6Oi6(OH)2 to binary solid solutions with less than ∼6 mol.% clinojimthompsonite component. No clear spectroscopic evidence for a ‘Drits’ component NaMg4Si6Oi5(OH)3 (Drits et al.,1975) has been found. Analysis of H2O by vacuum extraction and Karl-Fischer titration indicates large excesses of H2O in all the TCSs studied here that clearly exceed the amounts expected from (OH) groups alone. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) indicate that this excess H2O is structural. We propose that the excess H2O is likely to be molecular H2O located in the ^4-site channels. The observed backbend of the triple-chain decomposition curve is in agreement with a reaction involving dehydration and loss of this molecular H2O. However, the absolute amount of analysed molecular H2O exceeds that expected from the change in Clapeyron slope alone.While demonstrating the reality of excess OH in amphiboles, the evidence presented in this paper also points to interesting avenues for future research on both amphiboles and TCSs, such as understanding the dynamics and enhanced crystal chemistry of excess OH and molecular H2O in pyriboles.
Experimental investigation of near-liquidus andalusite-topaz relations in synthetic peraluminous haplogranites at 200 MPa
Authors: Clarke D. B. , Wunder B. , Förster H.-J. , Rhede D. , Hahn A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMany evolved peraluminous granite plutons contain either andalusite (Al2SiO5) or topaz (Al2SiO4(OH,F)2), but some plutons contain both of these A/NK [mol. Al2O3/(Na2O+K2O)] = ∞ phases. We present the results of experiments conducted to locate the andalusite-topaz boundary in water-saturated peraluminous haplogranite melts in T-P-Xspace, where T = 700—650°C, P = 200 MPa. andX(A/NK = 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, and F = 0, 1, 2, 4 wt.%).The starting materials are synthetic K-Na-Al-Si gels, with added H2O and AgF, with seeds of natural andalusite and topaz, and with run times of 5—7 days. Phase identification is by electron microprobe. All experimental run products contained quartz. For all values of bulk A/NK, F concentrations ⩽ 1 wt.% favour andalusite stability, whereas F concentrations ⩾ 1 wt.% favour topaz stability. For bulk A/NK ⩽ 1.2 and intermediate F concentrations, no A/NK = phase is present; for bulk A/NK ⩾ 1.3, quench or metastable mullite formed. Topaz reaction rims on naturally occurring andalusite, frequency of naturally occurring assemblages, general chemical considerations, and experimental evidence all suggest that some topaz is the product of a peritectic reaction between an early primary magmatic andalusite and a late F-enriched melt. The appearance of such topaz is an important mineralogical expression of F activity in the melt, and may be an indicator for high field-strength Sn-W-U-Mo polymetallic mineralization.
Integrated Logging while Drilling and Wireline Borehole Imaging Applications in Offshore Nile Delta Reservoirs
Authors: Hassan Saad , Biagi Mario , Mohie Mohamed , Fasto Alessandro , Juandi Dedi , Abuelfotoh Ahmed , ElFouly Mai A. , Emam Mahmud 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Combining logging while drilling (LWD) azimuthal density images from real-time measurements with wireline electrical borehole imaging logs minimizes risks, maximizes data acquisition, and creates a better understanding of reservoir characteristics than using either of the tools alone. The azimuthal density images provide structural images in real time, but not fine sedimentary details. Meanwhile, wireline electrical borehole images fill in detail in stratigraphic dip analysis. Comparing the median grain size derived from core sieve analysis with the pseudo median grain size derived from the image resistivity distribution of wireline electrical borehole imaging data confirmed that the results are comparable and wireline electrical borehole image can substitute core analysis in some extent to extract some textural information from sands.
Optimizing Waterflooding Considering Dip in the Wafra Field
Authors: Chang Ming-Ming , Cullen Rafael , Utomo Bagio , El-Gendt Osamal 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Located in Partition Neutral Zone over Kuwait and Saud Arabia border, Wafra Ratawi is a carbonate reservoir having formation dip ranging from 0.5 to 3.5 degrees at edge of the field. Waterflood is to be implemented by new injectors or converting producers to water injectors. Reservoir studies were undertaken to determine whether inject down-dip or in a central location. While the down-dip injector has gravity advantage in displacement process, the central injector may support other four producers no more than two rows away. A reservoir simulation model suggested converting the central producer over the immediate down-dip well at a reservoir edge of 0.9° dip. Reasons to draw this conclusion is not clear due to a complicated reservoir structure in this area. A five-well simulation sector model was therefore taken to investigate this issue.
This study derived a correlation of recovery as a function of dip angle, relative permeability, edge aquifer strength, and injection to production ratio. The model results showed that the central injector performs better than the down-dip injector in a five-well line drive pattern when Ratawi formation dip was less than 2.6 degrees. The central well in the five-well line drive was then converted to an injector in the Ratawi reservoir. The other four producers responded to injection with prompt increase in production and pressure, demonstrating a successful water injector conversion.
This study explained the impacts of formation dip and injector location on wterflood recovery. The derived correlation helped the reservoir management team optimize recovery by selecting the injector location as a function of the reservoir dip.