bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IPR's And All That "The 'Direct' And 'Inverse' Problem"
Authors: Mattar L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Nind (4), and Richardson and Shaw (3), have presented mathematical extensions of Vogel's (1) IPR. These mathematical manipulations result in a calculation of flow efficiency or a Vogel factor. This paper illustrates that these idealized mathematical manipulations are extremely sensitive to actual field data, and that the "Inverse" problem presented by these authors will often result in meaningless interpretations.

Introduction
The IPR (Inflow Performance Relationship) reflects the productive capability of a well. It's the relationship between flow rate and producing sandface pressure. and depends, principally, on two factors namely. (i) the formation's transmissivity and (ii) the near-wellbore condition as expressed by the skin effect.
Vogel (1) and Standing (2) derived IPR's for oil reservoirs under various conditions. In general, these relationships are known to apply reasonably well to the majority of oil wells. Recently several authors, Richardson and Shaw (3) and Nind (4), have tried to extend these relationships, and to extract too much information from limited data. Their process is mathematically correct, but the results are often dramatically wrong as is illustrated in this paper. The explanation for this lies in the difference between the "Direct" problem and the "Inverse" problem.

Literature Review
Vogel (1) presented what is now recognized as a standard IPR Reference curve for oil wells. It was derived from the simulation of several saturated reservoirs, with zero skin effect. Standing (2) presented modifications of Vogel's curve to account for skin effects. He published a series of curves for flow efficiencies ranging from 0.5 to 1. 5. The curve with a flow efficiency equal to l was, of course, Vogel's curve.
Vogel(1) presented the equation of the references curve that gives a reasonable empirical fit of the computer simulations: &lt;Equation Available In Full Paper&gt;
Richardson and Shaw (3) generalized Vogel's equation by replacing the 0.2 above, by a parameter V, (for Vogel), called the quadratic curve factor, as shown below. &lt;Equation Available In Full Paper=
They showed that if V and PR were known, a single flow test (q1 Pwf1) defines qmax and hence the IPR curve. If only the value of V were known, then two comtemporaneous tests could define both the IPR curve and PR. If a series of three tests were conducted on the well, the V could determined in addition to the IPR and PR.
Nind (.4) combined the work of Standing (2) and Vogel (1), and showed how the flow efficiency, F.E., of a well can be obtained from two production tests (q1, Pwf1, q2, Pwf2) on that well. His equations are summarized below: Equation Available in Full Paper

Discussion
When using the standing flow efficiency corrections, it must be remembered that the flow efficiency determined from a buildup test often does not reflect near wellbore damage alone, but is significantly affected by the increased gas saturation near the wellbore due to gas breaking out of solution.
Miscible Displacement In The Weyburn Reservoir A Laboratory Study
Authors: Huang S.S. , Dyer S.B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Most Saskatchewan light and medium oil (LMO) reservoirs have reached their economic limit of production under current technology (primary and secondary recovery methods). The successful development of the miscible displacement process using CO2 and hydrocarbon gases will lead to a significant increase in Saskatchewan LMO reserves and substantially extend the production life of these pools.
A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of various solvents (including the potential source of CO2 extracted from flue gas) for the recovery of oil from a southeast Saskatchewan reservoir (Weyburn). The physical, chemical, and phase behaviour (PIT) properties of the dead oil, reservoir fluid, and reservoir fluid with CO2 were determined.
Slim lube tests were conducted for the Weyburn reservoir fluid with pure CO2. with wellhead gas from the Steelman gas plant, and with two impure CO2 gases (one containing 9.9. mol % CH4 and the other containing 5.1 mol % N2 5.1 mol % CH4 in CO2 as contaminants) at various pressures and the reservoir temperature of 59 °C. The tests were also carried out to determine the maximum amount of impurities in CO2 that can be tolerated for the miscible process.
The minimum miscibility pressures (MMP) determined for the above four systems demonstrated that the miscible displacement process using pure CO2 or impure CO2 containing up to 9.9 mol % CH4 (contaminant) as a solvent is a promising enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique for southeast Saskatchewan reservoirs. The MMPs for these two systems are below the estimated reservoir fracture pressure. Carbon dioxide contaminated with 5.1 mol % N, from flue gas and 5.1 mol % CH4 from the reservoir during recycling would require further purification to lower the MMP to an acceptable level. The wellhead gas from the Steelman gas plant is not a suitable EOR agent for the Weyburn reservoir.
Rising bubble (RBA) tests on the four reservoir fluid/solvent systems were conducted and the MMPs obtained from these systems were in good agreement with those obtained from slim tube experiments. The REA test is much faster than the slim tube technique, requires only a small amount of fluids and also allows direct visual observation of miscibility (vaporizing-gasdrive) development. The technique is thus considered to be superior to slim tube tests, where miscibility is inferred from the oil recovery and also from the somewhat subjective sight glass observation.

Introduction
Most Saskatchewan light and medium oil (LMO) reservoirs have reached their economic limit of production under current technology (primary and secondary recovery methods).1The successful development of the miscible displacement process using CO2 and hydrocarbon gases will lead to a significant increase in Saskatchewan LMO reserves and substantially extend the production life of these pools.2
Current industry interest in CO2 and hydrocarbon miscible flooding is high, as evidenced by the high level of activity in field testing worldwide.3
Case Study On Design Parameters For Effective Application Of Horizontal Well Technology In Conventional Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Sugianto S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Horizontal drilling has revolutionized the petroleum industry's exploitation of low productivity reservoirs such as heavy oil, tight and naturally fractured reservoirs, reservoirs with gas and/or water coning problems, as well as EOR applications. This paper studied only applications of horizontal wells in low productivity conventional heavy oil reservoirs under primary production. Currently, there are many field applications of horizontal well technology in Saskatchewan heavy oil reservoirs. The performance from horizontal wells drilled in heavy oil reservoirs to date is generally very encouraging. Although horizontal drilling technology is generally understood. there are still some key questions concerning the effective application of horizontal wells in heavy oil reservoirs.
The objective of this paper is to study the impact of key parameters of the horizontal well design using a complete reservoir model which incorporates pressure drop in the horizontal wellbore. Several practical cases were studied for heavy oil reservoirs with viscosity ranging from 100 to 10000 cP. The key parameters evaluated included wellbore length and diameter. The results will be described in terms of oil production, costs and economic profitability.
Results indicated that longer horizontal wells were more desirable than shorter wells due to larger drainage areas translating to higher reserves productivity. Wellbore diameter has a more significant impact on reservoirs with heavier crude oil. The pressure drop in horizontal wells had no significant impact all productivity in heavy oil reservoirs. Therefore, it is more likely that ill the future, we will see longer length and smaller diameter horizontal well applications in heavy oil reservoirs.

Introduction
There are more than a thousand horizontal wells world-wide, and more than 150 horizontal wells are producing in Canada (1). Their popularity continues to grow. Applications of horizontal well technology in low productivity reservoirs, such as heavy oil pools have not only shown higher production rates compared to vertical wells (2), they also have tended to reduce sanding due to larger contact area with the formation causing a lower fluid velocity near the wellbore (2 and 3). In heavy oil reservoirs with water coning problems, horizontal wells have shown higher recovery than vertical wells (4). Although the success of the horizontal well technology in the heavy oil pool development has been very encouraging, there is still much discussion on how to design horizontal wells effectively for heavy oil applications.
The Machine Translation Toolpack for LoonyBin: Automated Management of Experimental Machine Translation HyperWorkflows
Authors: Clark Jonathan , Weese Jonathan , Ahn Byung , Zollmann Andreas , Gao Qin , Heafield Kenneth , Lavie Alon 
Published: March 2010

The Machine Translation Toolpack for LoonyBin: Automated Management of Experimental Machine Translation HyperWorkflows
Construction of machine translation systems has evolved into a multi-stage workflow involving many complicated dependencies. Many decoder distributions have addressed this by including monolithic training scripts - train-factored-model.pl for Moses and mr_runmer.pl for SAMT. However, such scripts can be tricky to modify for novel experiments and typically have limited support for the variety of job schedulers found on academic and commercial computer clusters. Further complicating these systems are hyperparameters, which often cannot be directly optimized by conventional methods requiring users to determine which combination of values is best via trial and error. The recently-released LoonyBin open-source workflow management tool addresses these issues by providing: 1) a visual interface for the user to create and modify workflows; 2) a well-defined logging mechanism; 3) a script generator that compiles visual workflows into shell scripts, and 4) the concept of Hyperworkflows, which intuitively and succinctly encodes small experimental variations within a larger workflow. In this paper, we describe the Machine Translation Toolpack for LoonyBin, which exposes state-of-the-art machine translation tools as drag-and-drop components within LoonyBin.
Free/Open-Source Resources in the Apertium Platform for Machine Translation Research and Development
Authors: Tyers Francis , Sánchez-Martínez Felipe , Ortiz-Rojas Sergio , Forcada Mikel 
Published: March 2010

Free/Open-Source Resources in the Apertium Platform for Machine Translation Research and DevelopmentThis paper describes the resources available in the Apertium platform, a free/open-source framework for creating rule-based machine translation systems. Resources within the platform take the form of finite-state morphologies for morphological analysis and generation, bilingual transfer lexica, probabilistic part-of-speech taggers and transfer rule files, all in standardised formats. These resources are described and some examples are given of their reuse and recycling in combination with other machine translation systems.
Rehabilitation Following Lumbosacral Percutaneous Nucleoplasty: A Case Report
Authors: Puentedura Emilio J. , Brooksby Candi L. , Wallmann Harvey W. , Landers Merrill R. 
Published: March 2010

Study Design Case report. Background Lumbar spine nucleoplasty is a new surgical option for patients with disc pathology. There are no reports in the literature describing the role of physical therapy in postoperative lumbar nucleoplasty management. The purpose of this case is to describe the postoperative physical therapy management of a patient who underwent this procedure. Case Description A 50-year-old male, 7 weeks following a L5/S1 lumbar nucleus replacement, completed 6 weeks of rehabilitation. The focus of the treatment was controlled reloading of the spine through a spinal stabilization progression in weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing activities. In addition, education, spinal manual therapy techniques, and a home exercise program were also incorporated. Outcomes The patient's Oswestry Disability Index decreased from 56% to 4% over 6 weeks of treatment. When contacted at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months posttherapy, his Oswestry Disability Index was 2%, 2%, 0%, and 0%, respectively, and he had returned to all previous activities without recurrence of symptoms. Discussion This case report outlines the clinical decision-making process during the postoperative management of an individual who had undergone a single-level lumbar nucleoplasty. A postoperative regimen of education, segmental spinal stabilization, and a home exercise program might have contributed to the observed improvement in pain and disability levels in this patient. The role of these postoperative interventions warrants further research. Level of Evidence Therapy, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(4):214–224. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3115
Validity and Between-Day Reliability of the Cervical Range of Motion (CROM) Device
Authors: Audette Isabel , Dumas Jean-Pierre , Côté Julie N. , De Serres Sophie J. 
Published: March 2010

Study Design Clinical measurement, validity and intrarater reliability study. Objectives (1) To confirm the validity and assess between-day test-retest reliability of cervical spine motion measurements made with the cervical range of motion (CROM) device in flexion, extension, bilateral rotation, and bilateral side flexion; (2) to provide meaningful information to clinicians about the standard error of measurement and the minimal detectable change for the CROM device. Background Range of motion is a common outcome measure used in the assessment of the cervical spine. The CROM device is one of the tools used to measure cervical range of motion in the clinical setting. However, its psychometric properties are not well established, especially for measurements taken on separate days. Methods Quasi-experimental design with 1 group comparison. Twenty healthy adults (9 men and 11 women) participated in this study. Cervical range of motion was simultaneously recorded with the CROM device and the Fastrak motion analysis system for all 6 cervical movements mentioned above. The CROM device was placed on the participant's head consistent with standard clinical procedures. Two Fastrak sensors were positioned with 1 on the forehead and 1 over the spinous process of the T6 vertebra. Test-retest reliability of measurements made with the CROM device was assessed, as well as its standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change, with measures taken on 2 separate days spaced 48 hours apart. Results Values obtained by the 2 measuring devices yielded Pearson correlation coefficients ranging between 0.93 and 0.98. Test-retest reliability of measurements of cervical range of motion using the CROM was found to be good, with ICCs ranging between 0.89 and 0.98. The standard errors of measurement across the 6 movements ranged from 1.6° to 2.8° and the minimal detectable changes across the 6 movements ranged from 3.6° to 6.5°. Conclusions The measurements made with the CROM were shown to be reliable in all movement directions. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(5):318–323.doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3180
Effects of Mastectomy on Shoulder and Spinal Kinematics During Bilateral Upper-Limb Movement
Authors: Crosbie Jack , Kilbreath Sharon L. , Dylke Elizabeth , Refshauge Kathryn M. , Nicholson Leslie L. , Beith Jane M. , Spillane Andrew J. , White Kate 
Published: March 2010

BackgroundShoulder movement impairment is a commonly reported consequence of surgery for breast cancer.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine whether shoulder girdle kinematics, including those of the scapula, spine, and upper limb, in women who have undergone a unilateral mastectomy for breast cancer are different from those demonstrated by an age-matched control group.DesignAn observational study using 3-dimensional kinematic analysis was performed.MethodsWomen who had a unilateral mastectomy on their dominant-arm side (n=29, mean [±SD] age=62.4±8.9 years) or nondominant-arm side (n=24, mean [±SD] age=59.8±9.9 years), as well as a control group of age-matched women without upper-limb, shoulder, or spinal problems (n=22, mean [±SD] age=58.1±11.5 years), were measured while performing bilateral arm movements in the sagittal, scapular, and coronal planes. All of the women were free of shoulder pain at the time of testing. Data were collected from the glenohumeral joint, the scapulothoracic articulation, and the spine (upper and lower thoracic and lumbar regions) using an electromagnetic tracking system.ResultsWomen following mastectomy displayed altered patterns of scapular rotation compared with controls in all planes of movement. In particular, the scapula on the mastectomy side rotated upward to a markedly greater extent than that on the nonmastectomy side, and women following mastectomy displayed greater scapular excursion than controls.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that altered motor patterns of the scapula are associated with mastectomy on the same side. Whether these changes are harmful or not is unclear. Investigation of interventions designed to restore normal scapulohumeral relationships on the affected side following unilateral mastectomy for breast cancer is warranted.
The Revised APTA Code of Ethics for the Physical Therapist and Standards of Ethical Conduct for the Physical Therapist Assistant: Theory, Purpose, Process, and Significance
Authors: Swisher Laura Lee , Hiller Peggy ,   for the APTA Task Force to Revise the Core Ethics Documents
Published: March 2010

IntroductionIn June 2009, the House of Delegates (HOD) of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) passed a major revision of the APTA Code of Ethics for physical therapists and the Standards of Ethical Conduct for the Physical Therapist Assistant. The revised documents will be effective July 1, 2010.PurposeThe purposes of this article are: (1) to provide a historical, professional, and theoretical context for this important revision; (2) to describe the 4-year revision process; (3) to examine major features of the documents; and (4) to discuss the significance of the revisions from the perspective of the maturation of physical therapy as a doctoring profession.Process of RevisionThe process for revision is delineated within the context of history and the Bylaws of APTA.Format, Structure, and Content of Revised Core Ethics DocumentsThe revised documents represent a significant change in format, level of detail, and scope of application. Previous APTA Codes of Ethics and Standards of Ethical Conduct for the Physical Therapist Assistant have delineated very broad general principles, with specific obligations spelled out in the Ethics and Judicial Committee's Guide for Professional Conduct and Guide for Conduct of the Physical Therapist Assistant. In contrast to the current documents, the revised documents address all 5 roles of the physical therapist, delineate ethical obligations in organizational and business contexts, and align with the tenets of Vision 2020.SignificanceThe significance of this revision is discussed within historical parameters, the implications for physical therapists and physical therapist assistants, the maturation of the profession, societal accountability and moral community, potential regulatory implications, and the inclusive and deliberative process of moral dialogue by which changes were developed, revised, and approved.
Alteration in voltage-dependent calcium channels in dog basilar artery after subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Nikitina Elena , Kawashima Ayako , Takahashi Masataka , Zhang Zhen-Du , Shang Xueyuan , Ai Jinglu , Macdonald R. Loch 
Published: March 2010

Object
The L-type Ca++ channel antagonists like nimodipine have limited efficacy against vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The authors tested the hypothesis that this is because SAH alters these channels, rendering them less responsible for contraction.

Methods
Basilar artery smooth muscle cells were isolated 4, 7, and 21 days after SAH in dogs, and Ca++ channel currents were recorded in 10-mmol/L barium. Proteins for α1 subunits of L-type Ca++ channels were measured by immunoblotting and isometric tension recordings done on rings of the basilar artery.

Results
High voltage–activated (HVA) Ca++ channel currents were significantly decreased and low voltage–activated (LVA) currents increased during vasospasm 4, 7, and 21 days after SAH (p < 0.05). Vasospasm was associated with a significant decrease in the number of cells with negligible LVA current while the number of cells in which the LVA current formed greater than 50% of the maximal current increased (p < 0.01). Window currents through LVA and HVA channels were significantly reduced. All changes correlated with the severity of vasospasm. There was an increase in protein for Cav3.1 and Cav3.3 α1 subunits that comprise T-type Ca++ channels, a decrease in L-type (Cav1.2 and Cav1.3) and an increase in R-type (Cav2.3) Ca++ channel α1 subunits. Functionally, however, isometric tension studies showed vasospastic arteries still relaxed with nimodipine.

Conclusions
Voltage-dependent Ca++ channels are altered in cerebral arteries after SAH. While decreased L-type channels may account for the lack of efficacy of nimodipine clinically, there may be other reasons such as inadequate dose, effect of nimodipine on other cellular targets, and mechanisms of vasospasm other than smooth muscle contraction mediated by activation of L-type Ca++ channels.
Timing and risk factors for new brain metastasis formation in patients initially treated only with Gamma Knife surgery
Authors: Sheehan Jason P. , Yen Chun-Po , Nguyen James , Rainey Jessica A. , Dassoulas Kasandra , Schlesinger David J. 
Published: March 2010

Object
Stereotactic radiosurgery has been shown to afford a reasonable chance of local tumor control. However, new brain metastasis can arise following successful local tumor control from radiosurgery. This study evaluates the timing, number, and risk factors for development of subsequent new brain metastasis in a group of patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery alone.

Methods
One hundred seventeen patients with histologically confirmed metastatic cancer underwent Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) to treat all brain metastases demonstrable on MR imaging. Patients were followed clinically and radiologically at approximately 3-month intervals for a median of 14.4 months (range 0.37–51.8 months). Follow-up MR images were evaluated for evidence of new brain metastasis formation. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the timing, number, and risk factors for development of new brain metastases.

Results
The median time to development of a new brain metastasis was 8.8 months. Patients with 3 or more metastases at the time of initial radiosurgery or those with cancer histologies other than non–small cell lung carcinoma were found to be at increased risk for early formation of new brain metastasis (p < 0.05). The mean number of new metastases per patient was 1.6 (range 0–11). Those with a higher Karnofsky Performance Scale score at the time of initial GKS were significantly more likely to develop a greater number of brain metastases by the last follow-up evaluation.

Conclusions
The timing and number of new brain metastases developing in patients treated with GKS alone is not inconsequential. Those with 3 or more metastases at the time of radiosurgery and those with cancer histology other than non–small cell lung carcinoma were at greater risk of early formation of new brain metastasis. Frequent follow-up evaluations, such as at 3-month intervals, appears appropriate in this patient population, particularly in high-risk patients. When detected early, salvage treatments including repeat radiosurgery can be used to treat new brain metastasis.