bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of magnesium fertilizers on yield and chemical composition of sugar beet
Authors: Draycott A. P. , Durrant M. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYNineteen experiments were made between 1964 and 1967 on fields where previous sugar beet crops showed symptoms of magnesium deficiency. None, 2·5 or 5 cwt/acre kieserite or 20 cwt/acre dolomitic limestone were tested in a factorial design with none or 3 cwt/acre agricultural salt (crude sodium chloride), and 0.8 or 1.2 cwt/acre nitrogen as ‘Nitro-Chalk’. Additional plots tested kainit (7 cwt/acre) and a large dressing of potash (2 cwt/acre) as muriate of potash.Kieserite and dolomitic limestone increased sugar yield and the most effective dressing was 5 cwt/acre kieserite, which gave 3·1 cwt/acre more sugar than the crop without magnesium fertilizer. Agricultural salt and the larger dressing of nitrogen were profitable, and neither interacted with magnesium on average; the large dressing of potash also increased yield. The magnesium in the kainit increased yield slightly, but the dressing tested supplied too little to satisfy the crop's requirement of magnesium.Each year in late summer the percentage of plants showing magnesium-deficiency symptoms was recorded, and a sample of twenty-four plants harvested from each of the magnesium treatments and analysed. All the magnesium fertilizers increased the concentration of magnesium in leaves, petioles and roots, and also decreased the number of plants showing deficiency symptoms.The magnesium concentrations in plants grown without magnesium differed widely and were related both to the yield response to magnesium fertilizer and to the percentage of plants with deficiency symptoms. Both relationships showed a similar ‘transition zone’ from deficiency to adequate supply, for leaves this was 0·2–0·4% Mg, for petioles 0·1–0·2 Mg and for roots 0·075–0·125 % Mg in the dry matter.
The value of ammoniated sugar beet pulp for dairy cows
Authors: Broster W. H. , Balch C. C. , Bartlett S. , Campling R. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. Ammoniated sugar-beet pulp has been compared with decorticated ground-nut meal, when added to a control diet low in protein, in feeding trials with seventy-five cows on three farms and in a balance experiment with four cows.2. In the feeding trial the cows receiving decorticated ground-nut meal gave 8·4 lb. more milk weekly than cows receiving the control diet. Cows given the diet in which the molassed sugar beet pulp in the control diet was replaced by ammoniated sugar beet pulp gave 7·9 lb. more milk weekly than the control group. The milk-fat percentage was not affected by the treatments. Slight increases in solids-not-fat percentage resulted in an increased yield of solids-not-fat with both high-nitrogen treatments. The increases in milk yield approached statistical significance and the increases in solidsnot-fat were significant.3. It was concluded that the feeding trial showed that the nitrogen added to sugar-beet pulp during ammoniation could be utilized by milking cows, but the experiment did not permit an estimate of the efficiency of utilization.4. In the nitrogen balance experiment the utilization of nitrogen was measured as the sum of milk nitrogen and the nitrogen balance. It was concluded that 29·5 g. of nitrogen from 0·8 lb. decorticated ground-nut cake increased the daily utilization of nitrogen by 12·9 g., whereas 55·7 g. nitrogen from 8 lb. ammoniated sugar-beet pulp increased the utilization by only 6·0 g. In this experiment the efficiency of utilization of the nitrogen from groundnut meal was 44% and of the ammonia nitrogen from ammoniated sugar-beet pulp only 11%.5. Ammoniation raised the crude protein content of molassed beet pulp from 10 to 20%. If for the computation of rations the content of digestible crude protein in sugar-beet pulp is taken as 5·0%, that in the ammoniated pulp should be approximately 7·5%.6. If given in sufficient amounts the ammonia nitrogen had as great an effect as the nitrogen of ground-nut meal in correcting the effects of a diet low in protein.
Puberal development of Clun Forest ram lambs in relation to time of birth
Authors: Dýrmundsson Ó. R. , Lees J. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSome aspects of sexual development and the attainment of puberty in Clun Forest ram lambs were studied during the two seasons 1970–1. Strong correlations existed between parameters of penial, scrotal and testicular development. Sexual development in general appeared to be more closely associated with the body growth than the chronological age of the ram lamb.Nevertheless, marked variation existed in both age and body weight at puberty. Although the majority of the lambs attained this stage of development at 4·5–5 months the age-range extended from 99 to 176 days. The mean body weight at puberty was 32·5 kg, ranging from 24·5 to 38·0 kg. There appeared to be an interaction between chronological age and general body development in relation to the appearance of sperm in the epididymides. Not only did it seem that a certain degree of body growth and testicular size was required before spermatozoa could be released, but also a limit of chronological age below which puberty was not attained. Large differences existed between individual lambs in both testicular and epididymal weights at puberty. There was a high degree of symmetry in growth between the left and the right testes and epididymides.Time of birth influenced the pattern and rate of body growth and sexual development. This seemed to be largely due to seasonal fluctuations in nutritional conditions during rearing but the results obtained do not preclude the possibility that other seasonal factors, such as the daylight environment experienced by the ram lamb, might have a certain limited influence on sexual development.
The transpiration of corn
Authors: Al-Nakshabandi G. A. , Ismail H. N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe actual transpiration of corn (Zea mays L.) was determined by hydraulic lysimeters, by the inflow-outflow method and by use of a neutrone probe. Two irrigation treatments were used; wet and dry. Under the wet treatment, 740, 858, and 743 mm of irrigation water was used during the seasons 1968, 1969, and 1970 respectively. Under the dry treatment, amount of irrigation water used was 560, 627, and 565 mm during the seasons 1968, 1969 and 1970, respectively. Ratios of actual transpiration (Et) to Penman's estimate of potential evaporation (Eo), evaporation from a Class-B pan (EpB), global radiation (Rg) and net radiation (Rn) were calculated. Values of Et measured by the different methods are in good agreement. Seasonal averages of Et, were 6·2 and 4·9 mm/day under wet and dry treatments, respectively. The Et/Eo, Et/EpB, Et/Rg and Et/Rn ratios increased with leaf area index (L.A.I.) and reached their maximum values when L.A.I, reached its maximum value of 1·03 under wet and 0·92 under dry treatment. The empirical coefficient (f = Et/Eo) under wet treatments was found to be higher than that given by Penman for short grasses and about the same as that obtained by Boumans et al. (1963) for golden-gram (Phaseolus aureus) in Iraq for the months August and September. The empirical coefficient Kb in the Blaney–Criddle formula was greater than the value given by Blaney and Criddle for an arid climate, and less than the value obtained by Boumans et al. for golden-gram in Iraq. It was further found that water use efficiency for grain production was greater under dry than under wet treatments.
Growth and N-uptake by wheat as affected by sowing date and nitrogen in irrigated semi-arid conditions
Authors: Khalifa M. A. , Akasha M. H. , Said M. B. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryField experiments were made under irrigated semi-arid conditions to determine the effects of sowing date and nitrogen application on the growth and yield of wheat and nitrogen-uptake by wheat plants. Early sowing was found to be favourable to high grain production because the post-anthesis period coincided with relatively lower temperatures. Late sowing was unfavourable to grain yields since the period between anthesis and leaf senescence was curtailed by the onset of relatively higher temperature. The benefits from nitrogen were greater with early sowing because of higher nitrogen-uptake during early vegetative growth as a consequence of which, nitrogen was readily available to the plants. This resulted in better leaf expansion, and higher leaf-area indices and leaf-area duration. With late sowing nitrogen-uptake was much lower during early vegetative growth and this resulted in decreased leaf expansion, reduced leaf-area indices and leaf-area duration and therefore diminished response in grain yield to nitrogen application.
An analysis of growth of the potato crop
Authors: Allen E. J. , Scott R. K. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryLinear relationships between both total and tuber dry-matter yields and the amount of radiation intercepted by potato crops are demonstrated. Their existence suggests that, in the absenceof disease and drought, the essential objective in the production of this crop is to maximize radiation interception. This paper critically assesses the influence of factors which the grower can control on light interception and estimates potential yields for specific environments. The implications of this analysis for growers, breeders, research and the whole industry are discussed.
The validity of the critical size theory for particles leaving the rumen
Authors: Poppi D. P. , Norton B. W. , Minson D. J. , Hendricksen R. E. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThree grasses and two legumes, each at two stages of maturity, were fed to three fistulated sheep and samples of the feed, and faeces and contents of the reticulo-rumen, abomasum and ileum were collected for the determination of particle size by wet sieving. Modulus of fineness (MF) was calculated for all particulate matter that failed to pass a 0·15 mm screen. Resistance to flow from the rumen of feed particles of different sizes was also calculated.The mean MF of the reticulo-rumen contents was 2·56 compared with 5·72 for the feed. Material leaving the rumen and found in the abomasum had a MF of 1·67 and subsequent changes were small and not significant; ileum 1·63, faeces 1·80. Particles greater than 1·18 mm passed out of the reticulo-rumen although the quantity was small (1–3%). The resistance to flow of particles of different sizes from the reticulo-rumen was closely related to particle size with no difference between grasses and legumes or between young and mature forages.It was concluded that in modelling the flow of particles from the reticulo-rumen a non-compartmentalized approach should be adopted, but if a simple two-compartment model is required then a critical sieve size of about 1·18 mm may be useful, since less than 5% of the particulate material is retained on this sieve size.
Studies on the production of volatile fatty acids from grass by rumen liquor in an artificial rumen: I. The volatile acid production from fresh grass
Authors: John A. , Barnett G. , Reid R. L. 
Published: March 2009

1. A study has been made over two growing seasons of the volatile fatty acid production from ley grass obtained from a single area of one field, under the action of rumen liquorin vitro.2. The acida estimated were acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric and caproic. On only one occasion did the last named appear in measurable amount.3. The main acid produced in early stages of the year is acetic acid, but as the season advances propionic acid becomes the acid of major production.4. In parallel cellulose runs it was found that propionic acid was invariably produced in greater amount than any other acid.5. An attempt has been made to eliminate, by using cellulose as a standard, the effects of using different rumen liquor samples.6. The dried samples, corresponding to the fresh material, were invariably found to yield acetic acid in greater proportion than propionic acid. The average percentages of acids obtained from the dried grass were similar to those found by other workers. It is suggested that the variations between the fresh and dried grass results are due to changes in carbohydrate content resultant upon storage of the latter.
Results from barley experiments comparing aqueous ammonia and aqueous urea with ammonium nitrate, and also liquid with granular NPK fertilizers
Authors: Widdowson F. V. , Penny A. , Flint R. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn 14 experiments made from 1968 to 1970 yields of, percentages of N in and amounts of N removed by the grain were compared: (1) when N was injected, either as aqueous ammonia (with or without a combine-drilled ‘starter’ dose of N) or as aqueous urea, or when broadcast as ammonium nitrate (‘Nitro-Chalk 21’) and: (2) when comparable liquid (14–6–8) and granular (20–10–10) NPK compound fertilizers were applied, either over the seed bed (sprayed or broadcast), or combine-drilled. All were applied to give 63 or 126kgN/ha.Barley yields were increased significantly more by combine-drilled than by broadcast PK (0–20–20) fertilizer, especially when only 32 kg P2O5 and K2O/ha was given. N was better combine-drilled than broadcast when 63 kg/ha was given, but not with 126 kg/ha. Soil analyses suggested a limiting value for P.Yields and N recoveries were largest when one-fifth of the N was combine-drilled (as 6–15–15) and the remainder injected as aqueous ammonia in bands 30 cm apart and 12 cm deep. Injecting all the N, either as aqueous ammonia or as urea, gave yields a little smaller than this, but still larger than from broadcasting ammonium nitrate.The liquid NPK fertilizer gave smaller yields than the granular one in the two dry springs (1968 and 1969), but similar yields in the cool wet one (1970), both when applied over the seed bed and when combine-drilled. The smaller yields with the liquid fertilizer were associated with a severe check and loss of plant when it was combinedrilled (presumably caused by urea) and poorer growth after it was sprayed (presumably through loss of N to the air and greater dispersal of P in the soil). The single amount of each fertilizer increased yields more when combine-drilled than when broadcast, but not the double amount, which, especially as liquid, was safer when surface-applied. Effects of site and season upon mean yields were large.
Response of Yankasa sheep to various lengths of water deprivation
Authors: Umunna N. N. , Chineme C. N. , Saror D. I. , Ahmed A. , Abed S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effects of various lengths of water deprivation were studied with Yankasa sheep fed either a high roughage or a high concentrate diet in two experiments. Water was given once in 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Free water intake decreased linearly (P < 0·01) as the period of water deprivation increased but feed intake was not similarly affected. There was a marked decrease in live-weight gain and consequently a decline in feed efficiency (kg gain/kg feed). In the metabolism study, there was a tendency towards reduced mean faecal and urinary nitrogen excretion, faecal moisture content and increased mean nitrogen retention and nitrogen and dry-matter digestibilities as the period of deprivation increased. Rams given water once in 72 and 96 h were very inactive and dull and one and three rams respectively, died of severe dehydration from those treatments in Expt 2.
The effects of breed, breeding system and other factors on lamb mortality: 1. Causes of death and effects on the incidence of losses
Authors: Wiener G. , Woolliams Carol , Macleod N. S. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe incidence of lamb mortality from birth to 8 months of age has been studied over a 6-year period in an upland, grassland flock of sheep comprising the Scottish Blackface, Cheviot and Welsh Mountain breeds and the crosses among these breeds. Each breed and cross-bred type was maintained at varying levels of inbreeding. Approximately half the lambs which died were stillborn or dead on the day of birth, nearly 40% died thereafter but before weaning and about 10% after weaning.Post-mortem examinations on 586 of the 632 lambs which died from among the 2453 born attributed death on average to two causes per lamb. Approximately 11% of the causes were stillbirths or delayed births; 11% were cases of dystokia; congenital defects of various types accounted for about 10% of the causes; 25% made reference to weakly lamb, exposure or starvation; 14% to infectious diseases and 16% to noninfectious diseases. The extent to which causes of death occur together is examined.Breeds differed in mortality rate with the Welsh the lowest and Cheviot the highest. Cross-breds were better than the average of the pure breeds but this advantage emerged only in the period between 3 days and. 6 weeks of age. Inbreeding, both of dam and of lamb, increased mortality. Lambs from dams which were crosses of inbred lines had the best survival. Litter size, type of rearing, parity of dam, sex of lamb and birth weight also had significant effects on mortality rate.
Evaluation of the effects of environmental temperature and nutrition on body composition
Authors: Dauncey M. J. , Ingram D. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe body composition of young mammals has been investigated in relation to environmental temperature and energy intake. Piglets were weaned at 14 days and then kept separately at 35 or 10 °C and fed either a high or a low energy intake. The animals were killed at 38, 48, 56 or 64 days of age and the carcass divided into four compartments: superficial tissue (skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue), muscle, contents of abdomen (gastro-intestinal tract, liver and kidneys), contents of thorax (heart and lungs). Each compartment was analysed for fat, nitrogen and energy content.The results were analysed using a non-orthogonal analysis of variance in oider to investigate the separate effects of environmental temperature and energy intake, to test for possible interactions between these two factors, and to assess the time it takes for any effects to develop.The total amount of fat stored in the body was greater in the pigs kept at the high temperature than in those kept at the low temperature and increased with an increase in food intake; there was no evidence of an interaction of temperature and diet, suggesting that their effects were exerted independently. The extra fat was stored mainly in the superficial tissue and muscle, but partly also in the deep body compartments. However, when expressed as a percentage of the total fat store a greater proportion was found in the deep body compartments of those kept at the low temperature and on the low intake, although the absolute quantities of fat involved were small.The nitrogen content was also greater at 35 than at 10 °C, and on the high than low intake. Most of the nitrogen was present in the muscle and the proportion of the total body nitrogen stored here was greater in the warm than in the cold, whereas it was unaffected by energy intake. The energy contents of the tissues measured by bomb calorimetry and estimated from the chemical composition were similar. For animals kept at 35 °C most of the energy was stored in the superficial tissue, with the muscle as the second highest store. By contrast, those in the cold stored most of their energy in the muscle.The present investigation has thus highlighted the large and partly independent effects that environmental temperature and food intake can have on the distribution of energy within the body and the chemical form in which it is stored.
Effects of induced, subclinical phosphorus deficiency on feed intake and growth of beef heifers
Authors: Gartner B. J. W. , Murphy G. M. , Hoey W. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYHereford heifers were fed a diet (7·0 MJ ME/kg D.M.) containing 0·09 % phosphorus but complete with regard to other nutrient constituents. Only after 19 weeks wore the effects of subclinical aphosphorosis evident in the form of reduction in feed intake, cessation of weight gain, increased feed conversion and decreases in tho concentration of inorganic phosphorus in blood and saliva. Heifers supplemented daily with 12 g phosphorus sustained a weight gain of about 0–2 kg/day over 62 weeks as did other supplemented heifers whose feed intake was restricted to that of tho low phosphorus treatment. The effects of phosphorus supplementation were thus demonstrated without being confounded by concomitant increases in feed intake.Phosphorus supplementation resulted in significantly lowered apparent crude protein digestibility and a slight increaso in cell wall digestibility.
Utility of Rhizobium in the phyllosphere of crop plants under field conditions
Authors: Nandi A. S. , Sengupta B. , Sen S. P. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSoya bean, Bengal gram and lentil plants were grown under field conditions and sprayed with suspensions of different strains ofRhizobium. Irrespective of crossinoculation groups beneficial effects were similar to those observed in nitrogen-free sand culture with respect to dry weight, chlorophyll and N contents. The beneficial effects of sprayingRhizobiumstrains compared favourably with seed treatment by appropriateRhizobiumstrains and application of urea. Both an ineffective strain and a mutant strain ofR. japonicumshowed similar beneficial effects. Acetylene reduction by theRhizobium-leafassociation ranged from 497 to 890 nmol/g leaf/h. The ectosymbiotic association ofRhizobiumwith foliage of legumes, thus, may meet to a large extent the nitrogen requirement of such plants.
Water diffusivity of germinating soya-bean, cow-pea and blackgram seeds at both large and small times
Authors: Sen H. S. , Rao A. V. Suriya , Mahata K. R. , Das P. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTheory for the non-steady-state diffusion flow of a spheroidal body is discussed and solutions are presented for estimating the time-dependent diffusivities at small and largo times following sowing in soil of germinating soya-bean, cow-pea and blackgram seeds. The validity and also the limitations of the equation for large times to estimate time-dependent diffusivities are discussed. Assuming that the time of germination was at infinity it was possible to reduce the equation for small times to a simple form. Thus, with the help of these two equations it was possible to study changes in the diffusivity of seeds at different soil matric potentials throughout the period, immediately after sowing until germination. The diffusivities showed gradual decrease at 0 bar potential for soya-bean and cow-pea, and increase at – 2 and – 10 bar potentials for soya-bean, cow-pea and blackgram seeds with time. The decrease in diffusivity with time under non-stress soil water condition is explained as predominantly a physiological phenomenon of the seed due to the increase in seed water content with time, while its increase with time under water stress conditions is probably because of the decrease with time of the initially large seed-coat resistance and tortuosity showing small values of diffusivity. The discussion suggests that the role of area of contact on the water uptake of the buried seeds as reported so far is contradictory and, therefore, not convincing.
Yield variability of crop varieties in the U.K.
Authors: Talbot M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThis paper provides estimates of varieties × environments and plot error variances based on more than 1000 trials of varieties of oats, barley, wheat, perennial and Italian ryegrass, timothy, cocksfoot, potato, sugar beet, swedes, autumn kale, forage maize and field beans. Tables of critical differences and acceptance probabilities are presented to guide in planning future series of trials.