bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeting cell surface β2‐microglobulin by pentameric IgM antibodies
Authors: Cao Yabing , Lan Yongsheng , Qian Jianfei , Zheng Yuhuan , Hong Sungyoul , Li Haiyan , Wang Michael , Kwak Larry W. , Lin Dongyu , Yang Jing , Yi Qing 
Published: May 2011

SummaryMonoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for human β2‐microglobulin (β2M) have been shown to induce tumour cell apoptosis in haematological and solid tumours via recruiting major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules into and excluding cytokine receptors from the lipid rafts. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that IgM anti‐β2M mAbs might have stronger apoptotic effects because of their pentameric structure. Our results showed that, compared with IgG mAbs, IgM anti‐β2M mAbs exhibited stronger tumouricidal activity in vitro against different tumour cells, including myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma, and prostate cancer, and in vivo in a human‐like xenografted myeloma mouse model without damaging normal tissues. IgM mAb‐induced apoptosis is dependent on the pentameric structure of the mAbs. Disrupting pentameric IgM into monomeric IgM significantly reduced their ability to induce cell apoptosis. Monomeric IgM mAbs were less efficient at recruiting MHC class I molecules into and exclusion of cytokine receptors from lipid rafts, and at activating the intrinsic apoptosis cascade. Thus, we developed and validated the efficacy of anti‐β2M IgM mAbs that may be utilized in the clinical setting and showed that IgM anti‐β2M mAbs may be more potent than IgG mAbs at inducing tumour apoptosis.
Assessing PTSD and resilience for females who during childhood were exposed to domestic violence
Authors: Anderson Kim M. , Bang Eun‐Jun 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThis study examined 68 females, who as children were exposed to domestic violence, to explore childhood risk and protective factors and their relationship to adult levels of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and resilience. Independent sample t‐tests indicated significant differences in PTSD levels between participants with and without police involvement during childhood. There were also significant differences in PTSD levels between participants who reported their mothers had mental‐health problems with those who did not. Additionally, participants whose mothers had full‐time steady employment had significantly higher resilience than those with mothers who did not work or worked inconsistently. Implications include advancing ecological theory and conceptual insights regarding childhood risk and protective factors and their association to adult psychological distress and hardiness for daughters exposed to their mothers' intimate partner violence.
Accessing a hard to reach population: reflections on research with young carers in Ireland
Authors: Kennan Danielle , Fives Allyn , Canavan John 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTIn keeping with developments in children's rights, research is increasingly including the views of children. Accessing a hard to reach population of children can, however, raise significant ethical and methodological challenges for researchers. Negotiating access through gatekeepers, securing parental consent and limits on confidentiality are central issues in the recruitment process of children. This paper is based on a qualitative study of young carers in the Irish population. It outlines the methodological approaches employed to access a representative sample of young carers and the measures taken to fulfil ethical obligations. In the recruitment phase of the study, researchers attempted to strike a balance between two sometimes competing requirements, the need to protect children from harm and to respect children's competence. This paper reflects on the success and limitations of the approaches adopted towards achieving this balance, exploring the use of gatekeepers as a method to identify and recruit a hidden population, and revisiting the measures taken to comply with the ethical requirements of parental consent and limits on confidentiality.
Research Note: Overpressure prediction from C‐wave seismic data
Authors: Ferguson Robert J. , Ebrom Daniel A. , Kumar Kimberly M. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTRecently, mode converted shear waves (C‐waves) have been shown to enable overpressure prediction in media where primary wave acquisition is inhibited by gas and fluid effects – C‐wave moveout is analysed and a long standing relationship between differential stress and primary‐wave (P‐wave) velocity is modified and employed. Though pore‐pressure prediction based on C‐waves is supported by empirical evidence from laboratory and field experiments, a theoretical justification has yet to be developed. In this research note, we provide a supporting algebra for the original relationship between pore pressure and C‐wave velocity.
Mental health: Knowledge, attitudes and training of professionals on dual diagnosis of intellectual disability and psychiatric disorder
Authors: Werner S. , Stawski M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackground  Dual diagnosis (DD) refers to the coexistence of intellectual disability and psychiatric disorder. In order to provide individuals with DD with adequate care, it is essential for mental health workers to have adequate knowledge and positive attitudes. These may be achieved through proper training.Aims  To summarise the available literature examining the knowledge, attitudes and training of psychiatrists and other professional caregivers in regard to serving people with DD.Methods  A search strategy was developed to find manuscripts published in English since 1995.Results  Twenty‐seven studies on knowledge, attitudes and training in the field of DD were identified and reviewed in this paper.Conclusion  The findings of this review stress the need to improve the knowledge, competence and attitudes of practitioners within the DD field via training and practice opportunities. In light of this review, recommendations for improving training opportunities and for conducting future research are made.
Measuring population differentiation using GST or D? A simulation study with microsatellite DNA markers under a finite island model and nonequilibrium conditions
Authors: LENG LIANG , ZHANG DE‐XING 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe genetic differentiation of populations is a key parameter in population genetic investigations. Wright’s FST (and its relatives such as GST) has been a standard measure of differentiation. However, the deficiencies of these indexes have been increasingly realized in recent years, leading to some new measures being proposed, such as Jost’s D (Molecular Ecology, 2008; 17, 4015). The existence of these new metrics has stimulated considerable debate and induced some confusion on which statistics should be used for estimating population differentiation. Here, we report a simulation study with neutral microsatellite DNA loci under a finite island model to compare the performance of GST and D, particularly under nonequilibrium conditions. Our results suggest that there exist fundamental differences between the two statistics, and neither GST nor D operates satisfactorily in all situations for quantifying differentiation. D is very sensitive to mutation models but GST noticeably less so, which limits D’s utility in population parameter estimation and comparisons across genetic markers. Also, the initial heterozygosity of the starting populations has some important effects on both the individual behaviours of GST and D and their relative behaviours in early differentiation, and this effect is much greater for D than GST. In the early stages of differentiation, when initial heterozygosity is relatively low (<0.5, if the number of subpopulations is large), GST increases faster than D; the opposite is true when initial heterozygosity is high. Therefore, the state of the ancestral population appears to have some lasting impacts on population differentiation. In general, GST can measure differentiation fairly well when heterozygosity is low whatever the causes; however, when heterozygosity is high (e.g. as a result of either high mutation rate or high initial heterozygosity) and gene flow is moderate to strong, GST fails to measure differentiation. Interestingly, when population size is not very small (e.g. N ≥ 1000), GST measures differentiation quite linearly with time over a long duration when gene flow is absent or very weak even if mutation rate is not low (e.g. μ = 0.001). In contrast, D, as a differentiation measure, performs rather robustly in all these situations. In practice, both indexes should be calculated and the relative levels of heterozygosities (especially HS) and gene flow taken into account. We suggest that a comparison of the two indexes can generate useful insights into the evolutionary processes that influence population differentiation.
Species delimitation in fungal endophyte diversity studies and its implications in ecological and biogeographic inferences
Authors: GAZIS ROMINA , REHNER STEPHEN , CHAVERRI PRISCILA 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe estimation of species diversity in fungal endophyte communities is based either on species counts or on the assignment of operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Consequently, the application of different species recognition criteria affects not only diversity estimates but also the ecological hypotheses that arise from those observations. The main objective of the study was to examine how the choice and number of genetic markers and species delimitation criteria influence biodiversity estimates. Here, we compare approaches to defining species boundaries in three dominant species complexes of tropical endophytes, speciallyColletotrichum gloeosporioidesagg.,Pestalotiopsis microsporaagg. andTrichoderma harzianumagg., from two Amazonian trees:Hevea brasiliensisandH. guianensis. Molecular tools were used to describe and compare the diversity of the different assemblages. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses [gpd, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) andtef1] and modern techniques for phylogenetic species delimitation were overlaid with ecological data to recognize putative species or OTUs. The results demonstrate that ITS alone generally underestimates the number of species predicted by other nuclear loci. These results question the use of ITS and arbitrary divergence thresholds for species delimitation.
Characterization of a genomic divergence island between black‐and‐yellow and gopher Sebastes rockfishes
Authors: BUONACCORSI VINCENT P. , NARUM SHAWN R. , KARKOSKA KRISTINE A. , GREGORY STEVEN , DEPTOLA TRAVIS , WEIMER ALEXANDER B. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIslands of high genomic divergence that contain genes of evolutionary significance may form between diverging species. The gopher rockfish, Sebastes carnatus, and black‐and‐yellow rockfish, S. chrysomelas, are sympatrically distributed temperate marine species inhabiting rocky reefs and kelp forests on the west coast of the United States. Prior studies documented low levels of genetic divergence between the two species, except at a single microsatellite locus that displayed high divergence, Sra.7‐2. To better characterize genome wide divergence, we scored 25 additional microsatellite loci. Mean neutral divergence between species (FST = 0.01) changed little from prior estimates. Sra.7‐2 continued to be an extreme divergence outlier. Five novel microsatellites within ± 15 kb of Sra.7‐2 were characterized. High divergence, consistently low diversity in S. chrysomelas, and linkage disequilibrium were detected at these loci, suggesting the influence of recent selection. However, coalescent modelling of divergence at neutral and Sra.7‐2 regions showed that initial divergence at Sra.7‐2 was ancient, likely predating divergence at neutral regions. It is therefore unlikely that Sra.7‐2 divergence represents solely recent ecological divergence within one species and may represent the action of recurrent selection. Introgressive gene flow (2NEm) was much higher (>>1) at neutral than Sra.7‐2 regions (<<1) despite evidence that two S. carnatus individuals have recently mixed ancestry at the Sra.7‐2 region. The Sra.7‐2 genomic region is likely one of several regions containing genes involved in initiating and maintaining species integrity. Completion of the final stages of speciation appears to be a slow and ongoing process for these species.
Murine cerebral malaria: histopathology and ICAM 1 immunohistochemistry of the inner ear
Authors: Schmutzhard Joachim , Kositz Christian Hermann , Lackner Peter , Pritz Christian , Glueckert Rudolf , Fischer Marlene , Schmutzhard Erich , Schrott‐Fischer Annelies 
Published: May 2011

SummaryObjective  To evaluate the pathophysiologic changes in the inner ear during the course of severe cerebral malaria in an established animal model, C57 BL/6J mice.Methods  This study aims to examine the hearing threshold, the histological changes and ICAM‐1 expression in the murine cochlea.Results  Four of seven mice showed an expected hearing loss of 20 dB or more. The light microscopy of the inner ear did not show any morphologic alterations. The immunohistochemical analysis for ICAM‐1 showed intensive staining in the stria vascularis of sick animals and hardly any reaction in healthy controls.Conclusion  The up‐regulation of ICAM‐1 in the stria vascularis – generating the endocochlear potential – suggests its involvement in plasmodial infection.
Patient attitudes toward CDC high infectious risk donor kidney transplantation: inferences from focus groups
Authors: Ros R. Lorie , Kucirka Lauren M. , Govindan Priyanka , Sarathy Harini , Montgomery Robert A. , Segev Dorry L. 
Published: May 2011

Ros RL, Kucirka LM, Govindan P, Sarathy H, Montgomery RA, Segev DL. Patient attitudes toward CDC high infectious risk donor kidney transplantation: inferences from focus groups.  Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399‐0012.2011.01469.x.  © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Introduction:  Deceased donors are considered high infectious risk donors (IRDs) based on criteria thought to be associated with risk of HIV transmission. Significant variation exists in provider willingness to utilize IRD kidneys. Little is known about how patients view these organs. Our aim was to explore patient attitudes toward IRDs and IRD kidney transplantation.Methods:  Patients were recruited from a single‐center deceased donor waitlist. Focus groups stratified by age and race were conducted to ascertain patient attitudes toward IRD kidney transplantation. Transcripts were examined using standard qualitative methods.Results:  Patients considered IRD kidneys most appropriate for patients at high risk of death or with poor quality of life on dialysis. Patients felt unprepared to receive organ offers, especially from IRDs. They desired information about IRD behaviors, kidney quality, and probability of undetected infection. Patients weighed the opinion of their nephrologist most heavily when deciding about organ offers. A brief education session about donor screening resulted in increased willingness to consider IRD kidneys.Conclusions:  Lack of preparedness contributes to patient apprehension toward IRD organs. Ongoing transplant education seems necessary. The non‐transplant nephrologist seems to be the most trusted source of information.
The role and future challenges for recombinant growth hormone therapy to promote growth in children after renal transplantation
Authors: Janjua Halima S. , Mahan John D. 
Published: May 2011

Janjua HS, Mahan JD. The role and future challenges for recombinant growth hormone therapy to promote growth in children after renal transplantation. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: E469–E474. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Chronic kidney disease can severely impair linear growth in children. For many children, growth improves after renal transplantation, but for some, growth velocity remains low and for others, catch‐up growth is insufficient to compensate for the deficit imparted by renal disease in the preceding years. Inadequate final adult height after renal transplant is multifactorial and can adversely affect the quality of life (QOL), psychosocial development and long term prospects for these children as they grow into adulthood. Growth failure after renal transplant requires thorough evaluation and its management in renal transplant recipients can involve improved nutritional intake, correction of metabolic acidosis, treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism, steroid‐sparing immunosuppression and/or use of recombinant human growth hormone (rGH). Treatment with rGH after renal transplant has been evaluated by a limited number of clinical trials suggesting efficacy and safety for this treatment strategy. Several important clinical questions regarding rGH use in children post‐renal transplant remain unanswered.
Pancreas transplantation considering the spectrum of body mass indices
Authors: Afaneh Cheguevara , Rich Barrie , Aull Meredith J. , Hartono Choli , Kapur Sandip , Leeser David B. 
Published: May 2011

Afaneh C, Rich B, Aull MJ, Hartono C, Kapur S, Leeser DB. Pancreas transplantation considering the spectrum of body mass indices.  Clin Transplant 2011: 25: E520–E529. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Background:  In kidney, liver, heart, and lung transplantation, extremes of body mass index (BMI) have been reported to influence post‐operative outcomes and even survival. Given the limited data in pancreas transplantation, we sought to elucidate the influence of BMI on outcomes.Methods:  We reviewed 139 consecutive pancreas transplants performed at our institution and divided them into four categories based on BMI: underweight (≤18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.6–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2), and obese (≥30 kg/m2). Parameters analyzed included post‐operative complications, early graft loss, one‐yr acute rejection rate (AR), non‐surgical infections, and survival.Results:  Demographic data were similar between the groups. Compared with normal, only obese patients trended toward more post‐operative complications (p = 0.06). Underweight and obese patients had significantly more post‐operative infectious complications than normal (p = 0.0005 and p = 0.03, respectively). Obese patients had more complications requiring percutaneous drainage compared with normal (p = 0.03). Overweight and obese patients had significantly more complications requiring re‐laparotomy (p = 0.03 and p = 0.048, respectively). Early graft loss, AR, non‐surgical infections, and patient and graft survival rates were not different between normal and underweight, overweight, or obese patients (p > 0.05).Conclusions:  Extremes of BMI were associated with increased morbidity. Donors and recipients should be carefully selected to maximize potential for successful outcomes.
Activation of the human complement system by pigmented and hypopigmented mycelia of the fungus Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Authors: Pinto Lysianne , Granja Luiz Fernando Zmetek , Alviano Daniela Sales , da Silva Maria Helena , Alviano Celuta Sales , Ejzemberg Regina 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThe action of the complement system on pigmented and hypopigmented mycelia of the fungus Fonsecaea pedrosoi, the major aetiological pathogen of the chromoblastomycosis is herein discussed. Fungi were grown in medium Czapeck‐Dox at 37 °C, for 14 days, without shaking to obtain pigmented mycelium. To obtain hypopigmented mycelium, the fungus was grown at the same conditions, but in the dark and with low oxygenation. Activation was measured by complement consumption and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. We also observed by immunofluorescence the deposition of C3, C4 fragments and C9 on the surface of the different forms studied. The results indicate that both forms were able to activate the complement system mainly by the alternative pathway. Pigmented mycelia had the highest consumption results, indicating that the pigment, melanin, may have influence in activation.
Mycological survey of activated sludge in MBRs
Authors: Awad Mohamed F. , Kraume M. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThe objective of this research was to conduct a survey of fungi in activated sludge plants with membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Thirty‐six samples of both aerobic and anoxic activated sludge were taken from two plants with MBRs treating domestic wastewater. Over a period of 8 months, two samples from each plant were taken per month. The samples were prepared for count and identification of fungi. The obtained data show that 61 species belonging to 30 genera were identified from activated sludge samples, under aerobic conditions (27 genera and 54 species) and anoxic conditions (21 genera and 39 species), by culturing at 30 °C for 15 days. In aerobic activated sludge samples, the prevalence ofGeotrichum candidumwas 100% followed byFusarium(72.2%), yeast (61.1%),Aspergillus(50.0%),Penicillium(50.0%) andTrichoderma(41.6%), while in anoxic activated sludge,G. candidum(94.4%),Fusarium(91.6%),Aspergillus(77.7%), yeast (63.8%),Penicillium(50.0%) andTrichoderma(50.0%) species were the most prevalent. In addition, the other genera found includedChaetomum,Chrysosporium,Cladosporium,Doratomyces,Gibberella,Gliocladium,Gymnoascus,Mucor,Paecilomyces,Phialophora,Rhizopus,Scopulariopsis,Stachybotrys,Stemphyliumandothers. The results indicate that aerobic and anoxic activated sludge provides a suitable habitat for the growth and sporulation of different groups of fungi, both saprophytic and pathogenic.
Underexpressed microRNA‐199b‐5p targets Hypoxia‐Inducible Factor‐1α in hepatocellular carcinoma and predicts prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients
Authors: Wang Chuanxi , Song Bao , Song Wei , Liu Jie , Sun Aimin , Wu Dehua , Yu Huiming , Lian Jianping , Chen Longhua , Han Junqing 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackground and Aim:  MicroRNAs are short noncoding RNA molecules that are responsible for the posttranscriptional regulation of target genes. The aim of this study was to determine whether microRNA‐199b‐5p (miR‐199b) plays a role in the progression and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and to elucidate whether hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (Hif1α) is regulated by miR‐199b.Methods:  In this study, 35 matched HCCs and cirrhosis tissues were assayed for miR‐199b and Hif1α expression. To evaluate the role of miR‐199b, we assessed cell proliferation rate and clonogenic survival of miR‐199b‐ or negative control‐transfected cells by MTT and clone formation assay, respectively. In addition, the regulation of Hif1α by miR‐199b was evaluated by Western blotting and luciferase assay. MiR‐199b was downregulated in 77% of HCCs, whereas Hif1α protein was upregulated in 69% of cases. A significant inverse correlation between miR‐199b and Hif1α was observed in HCCs.Results:  Patients with lower levels of miR‐199b expression had poorer overall survival and progression‐free survival rates, whereas patients with higher levels of miR‐199b expression had better survival. Moreover, miR‐199b could restrain cell growth and obviously enhance the radiosensitizing effect of HepG2 cells. MiR‐199b and pGL3‐Hif1α vector‐transfected cells showed suppressed Hif1α protein expression and significant reduced luciferase activity.Conclusions:  Underexpressed miR‐199b, which may be via the upregulation of Hif1α in HCCs, is inversely correlated with survival and directly correlated with the malignant status of HCC patients.