bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Characterization of Novel Oxoisoaporphine Derivatives as Dual Inhibitors for Cholinesterases and Amyloid β Aggregation.
Authors: Huang Shi‐Liang , et al. et al. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTwo series of oxoisoaporphine derivatives (V)/(VII) and (XII) are synthesized and found to be effective AChE and BuChE inhibitors.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Prodrugs of Meropenem with Two Lipophilic Promoieties: Synthesis and Pharmacokinetics.
Authors: Tanaka Shunkichi , Matsui Hiroshi , Kasai Masayasu , Kunishiro Kazuyoshi , Kakeya Nobuharu , Shirahase Hiroaki 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTo improve the oral absorption of meropenem, a series of its double‐promoiety prodrugs is synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Substrate‐Controlled Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)‐3‐(Z)‐Dihydrorhodophytin.
Authors: Kim Byungsook , Sohn Te‐ik , Kim Sanghee , Kim Deukjoon , Lee Jongkook 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTitle compound (VII) is synthesized starting from epoxy alcohol (I) in 15 steps with 17% overall yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chromone Carboxamide Derivatives with Antioxidative and Calpain Inhibitory Properties.
Authors: Kim Sang Hoon , Lee Young Hoon , Jung Seo Yun , Kim Hyoung Ja , Jin Changbae , Lee Yong Sup 
Published: July 2011

AbstractNew chromone carboxamide derivatives like (I) are synthesized by conventional procedures to provide alternative μ‐calpain inhibitors to other conformationally constrained small peptide variants.
Realizing real‐time centroid detection of multiple objects with marching pixels algorithms on programmable customizing hardware
Authors: Fey Dietmar , Reichenbach Marc , Komann Marcus , Seidler Ralf 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYIn this paper, we present a class of emergent algorithms called Marching Pixels and a corresponding programmable parallel chip architecture. Marching Pixels can be used for real‐time image processing in smart camera chips. They are based on hardware agents, which are virtually crawling in a pixel grid image to find attributes like centroid, rotation, and size of an arbitrary number of objects given in an image. Because of the distributed and local processing scheme of Marching Pixels, reply times in milliseconds can be fulfilled. This means that time is determined where pre‐known objects are located and how they are oriented to the main axes of the image. We present an example Marching Pixels algorithm and corresponding application‐specific and programmable parallel architectures. The latter contains a specific instruction set that allows not only the execution of Marching Pixels algorithms but also of arbitrary Cellular Automata algorithms as an embedded parallel processor. The strengths and weaknesses of this architecture concerning the realization as field‐programmable gate arrays and application‐specific integrated circuits are discussed by means of hardware synthesis results. These results are compared with the solution achievable on a real hardware like the Atom processor. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative Physiology of the Pulmonary Circulation
Authors: West John B. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTwo selective pressures have shaped the evolution of the pulmonary circulation. First, as animals evolved from heterothermic ectotherms to homeothermic endoderms with their corresponding increase in the ability to sustain high oxygen consumptions, the blood‐gas barrier had to become successively thinner, and also provide an increasingly large area for diffusive gas exchange. Second, the barrier had to find a way to maintain its mechanical integrity in the face of extreme thinness, and this was assisted by the increasing separation of the pulmonary from the systemic circulation. A remarkable feature throughout the evolution of air‐breathing vertebrates has been the tight conservation of the tripartite structure of the blood‐gas barrier with its three layers: capillary endothelium, extracellular matrix, and alveolar epithelium. The strength of the barrier can be ascribed to the very thin layer of type IV collagen in the extracellular matrix. In the phylogenic progression from amphibia and reptiles to mammals and birds, the blood‐gas barrier became successively thinner. Also, the area increased greatly reflecting the greater oxygen demands of the organism. The gradual separation of the pulmonary from the systemic circulation continued from amphibia through reptiles to mammals and birds. Only in the last two classes are the circulations completely separate with the result that the pulmonary capillary pressures can be maintained low enough to avoid stress failure of the blood‐gas barrier. Remarkably, the barrier is generally much thinner in birds than mammals, and it is also much more uniform in thickness. These advantages for gas exchange can be explained by the support of avian pulmonary capillaries by the surrounding air capillaries. This arrangement was made possible by the adoption of the flow‐through system of ventilation in birds as opposed to the reciprocating pattern in mammals. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:1525‐1539, 2011.
Pulmonary Vascular Stiffness: Measurement, Modeling, and Implications in Normal and Hypertensive Pulmonary Circulations
Authors: Hunter Kendall S. , Lammers Steven R. , Shandas Robin 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis article introduces the concept of pulmonary vascular stiffness, discusses its increasingly recognized importance as a diagnostic marker in the evaluation of pulmonary vascular disease, and describes methods to measure and model it clinically, experimentally, and computationally. It begins with a description of systems‐level methods to evaluate pulmonary vascular compliance and recent clinical efforts in applying such techniques to better predict patient outcomes in pulmonary arterial hypertension. It then progresses from the systems‐level to the local level, discusses proposed methods by which upstream pulmonary vessels increase in stiffness, introduces concepts around vascular mechanics, and concludes by describing recent work incorporating advanced numerical methods to more thoroughly evaluate changes in local mechanical properties of pulmonary arteries. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:1413‐1435, 2011.
Airway Gas Flow
Authors: Tawhai Merryn H. , Lin Ching‐Long 
Published: July 2011

AbstractLocal characteristics of airflow and its global distribution in the lung are determined by interaction between resistance to flow through the airways and the compliance of the tissue, with tissue compliance dominating flow distribution in the healthy lung. Current understanding is that conceptualizing the airways of the lung as a system of smooth adjoined cylinders through which air traverses laminarly is insufficient for understanding flow and energy dissipation and is particularly poor for predicting physiologically realistic transport of particles by the airflow. With rapid advances in medical imaging, computer technologies, and computational techniques, computational fluid dynamics is now becoming a viable tool for providing detailed information on the mechanics of airflow in the human respiratory tract. Studies using such techniques have shown that the upper airway (specifically its development of a turbulent laryngeal jet in the trachea), airway geometry, branching and rotation angle, and the pattern of joining of successive bifurcations are important in determining airflow structures. It is now possible to compute airflow in physical domains that are anatomically accurate and subject specific, enabling comparisons among intersubjects, that among subjects of different ages, and that among different species. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:1135‐1157, 2011.
Lung Parenchymal Mechanics
Authors: Suki Béla , Stamenović Dimitrije , Hubmayr Rolf 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe lung parenchyma comprises a large number of thin‐walled alveoli, forming an enormous surface area, which serves to maintain proper gas exchange. The alveoli are held open by the transpulmonary pressure, or prestress, which is balanced by tissues forces and alveolar surface film forces. Gas exchange efficiency is thus inextricably linked to three fundamental features of the lung: parenchymal architecture, prestress, and the mechanical properties of the parenchyma. The prestress is a key determinant of lung deformability that influences many phenomena including local ventilation, regional blood flow, tissue stiffness, smooth muscle contractility, and alveolar stability. The main pathway for stress transmission is through the extracellular matrix. Thus, the mechanical properties of the matrix play a key role both in lung function and biology. These mechanical properties in turn are determined by the constituents of the tissue, including elastin, collagen, and proteoglycans. In addition, the macroscopic mechanical properties are also influenced by the surface tension and, to some extent, the contractile state of the adherent cells. This chapter focuses on the biomechanical properties of the main constituents of the parenchyma in the presence of prestress and how these properties define normal function or change in disease. An integrated view of lung mechanics is presented and the utility of parenchymal mechanics at the bedside as well as its possible future role in lung physiology and medicine are discussed. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:1317‐1351, 2011.
Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Plasticity with Exercise
Authors: Hoppeler Hans , Baum Oliver , Lurman Glenn , Mueller Matthias 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe skeletal muscle phenotype is subject to considerable malleability depending on use. Low‐intensity endurance type exercise leads to qualitative changes of muscle tissue characterized mainly by an increase in structures supporting oxygen delivery and consumption. High‐load strength‐type exercise leads to growth of muscle fibers dominated by an increase in contractile proteins. In low‐intensity exercise, stress‐induced signaling leads to transcriptional upregulation of a multitude of genes with Ca2+signaling and the energy status of the muscle cells sensed through AMPK being major input determinants. Several parallel signaling pathways converge on the transcriptional co‐activator PGC‐1α, perceived as being the coordinator of much of the transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes. High‐load training is dominated by a translational upregulation controlled by mTOR mainly influenced by an insulin/growth factor‐dependent signaling cascade as well as mechanical and nutritional cues. Exercise‐induced muscle growth is further supported by DNA recruitment through activation and incorporation of satellite cells. Crucial nodes of strength and endurance exercise signaling networks are shared making these training modes interdependent. Robustness of exercise‐related signaling is the consequence of signaling being multiple parallel with feed‐back and feed‐forward control over single and multiple signaling levels. We currently have a good descriptive understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling muscle phenotypic plasticity. We lack understanding of the precise interactions among partners of signaling networks and accordingly models to predict signaling outcome of entire networks. A major current challenge is to verify and apply available knowledge gained in model systems to predict human phenotypic plasticity. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:1383‐1412, 2011.
Lung Transplantation and Lung Volume Reduction Surgery
Authors: Estenne Marc , Fessler Henry E. , DeCamp Malcolm M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSince the publication of the last edition of theHandbook of Physiology, lung transplantation has become widely available, via specialized centers, for a variety of end‐stage lung diseases. Lung volume reduction surgery, a procedure for emphysema first conceptualized in the 1950s, electrified the pulmonary medicine community when it was rediscovered in the 1990s. In parallel with their technical and clinical refinement, extensive investigation has explored the unique physiology of these procedures. In the case of lung transplantation, relevant issues include the discrepant mechanical function of the donor lungs and recipient thorax, the effects of surgical denervation, acute and chronic rejection, respiratory, chest wall, and limb muscle function, and response to exercise. For lung volume reduction surgery, there have been new insights into the counterintuitive observation that lung function in severe emphysema can be improved by resecting the most diseased portions of the lungs. For both procedures, insights from physiology have fed back to clinicians to refine patient selection and to scientists to design clinical trials. This section will first provide an overview of the clinical aspects of these procedures, including patient selection, surgical techniques, complications, and outcomes. It then reviews the extensive data on lung and muscle function following transplantation and its complications. Finally, it reviews the insights from the last 15 years on the mechanisms whereby removal of lung from an emphysema patient can improve the function of the lung left behind. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:1383‐1412, 2011.
Oscillation Mechanics of the Respiratory System
Authors: Bates Jason H.T. , Irvin Charles G. , Farré Ramon , Hantos Zoltán 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe mechanical impedance of the respiratory system defines the pressure profile required to drive a unit of oscillatory flow into the lungs. Impedance is a function of oscillation frequency, and is measured using the forced oscillation technique. Digital signal processing methods, most notably the Fourier transform, are used to calculate impedance from measured oscillatory pressures and flows. Impedance is a complex function of frequency, having both real and imaginary parts that vary with frequency in ways that can be used empirically to distinguish normal lung function from a variety of different pathologies. The most useful diagnostic information is gained when anatomically based mathematical models are fit to measurements of impedance. The simplest such model consists of a single flow‐resistive conduit connecting to a single elastic compartment. Models of greater complexity may have two or more compartments, and provide more accurate fits to impedance measurements over a variety of different frequency ranges. The model that currently enjoys the widest application in studies of animal models of lung disease consists of a single airway serving an alveolar compartment comprising tissue with a constant‐phase impedance. This model has been shown to fit very accurately to a wide range of impedance data, yet contains only four free parameters, and as such is highly parsimonious. The measurement of impedance in human patients is also now rapidly gaining acceptance, and promises to provide a more comprehensible assessment of lung function than parameters derived from conventional spirometry. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:1233‐1272, 2011.
A case study in collaborative governance: Health care law reform in Georgia
Authors: Scott Charity 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis case study illustrates how collaborative governance through consensus building can work well to achieve law reform, with shared responsibilities among elected officials, private and professional stakeholders, and ordinary citizens. The author discusses the participants involved and the process adopted in Georgia to reform the state's law on advance directives for health care. She identifies some of the best practices that contributed to the success of this law‐reform effort, and offers some lessons learned for future work in collaborative governance.
God in the process: Is there a place for religion in conflict resolution?
Authors: Goldberg Rachel , Blancke Brian 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThere is a growing demand for religion and spirituality in conflict resolution processes. Is this dangerous or praiseworthy, and how should we respond? The authors reviewed literature from conflict resolution, psychology, and law. They conclude that faith, religion, spirituality, and values: (1) can have a safe place in the process; (2) need to be a subject of expertise for conflict resolvers; and (3) should be understood through the self‐awareness work of being an ethical practitioner, regardless of their beliefs. The authors explore the implications of this for the self‐determination of parties and the legitimacy of third‐party roles.
Maternal and zygotic requirements for src64 during Drosophila cellularization
Authors: Strong Taylor C. , Thomas Jeffrey H. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCellularization of the multinucleate Drosophila embryo occurs shortly after zygotic transcription begins. During cellular blastoderm morphogenesis, the microfilament cytoskeleton undergoes extensive reorganization. This cytoskeletal reorganization includes synchronized microfilament contraction regulated by src64, a gene encoding a Src nonreceptor tyrosine kinase. We report that src64 is maternally expressed in the Drosophila embryo and acts primarily as a maternal gene during cellularization. However, we show that src64 has some zygotic activity during late cellularization. By using compound chromosomes to generate embryos with wild‐type levels of maternal src64 activity, we show that this zygotic activity is normally nonessential. We also report the identification of an alternate src64 transcript. Expression of this transcript is not affected by the src64Δ17 deletion mutation, explaining the presence of low levels of src64 activity observed in src64Δ17 mutants. genesis 49:912–918, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Somatic gonadal cells: The supporting cast for the germline
Authors: Jemc Jennifer C. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCell‐cell signaling and adhesion are critical for establishing tissue architecture during development and for maintaining tissue architecture and function in the adult. Defects in adhesion and signaling can result in mislocalization of cells, uncontrolled proliferation and improper differentiation, leading to tissue overgrowth, tumor formation, and cancer metastasis. An important example is found in the germline. Germ cells that are not incorporated into the gonad exhibit a greater propensity for forming germ cell tumors, and defects in germline development can reduce fertility. While much attention is given to germ cells, their development into functional gametes depends upon somatic gonadal cells. The study of model organisms has provided great insights into how somatic gonadal cells are specified, the molecular mechanisms that regulate gonad morphogenesis, and the role of germline‐soma communication in the establishment and maintenance of the germline stem cell niche. This work will be discussed in the context of Drosophila melanogaster. genesis 49:753–775, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generation of transgenic mice overexpressing EfnB2 in endothelial cells
Authors: Luxey Maëva , Laussu Julien , Jungas Thomas , Davy Alice 
Published: July 2011

AbstractGenetic studies have shown that ephrin‐B2 and its cognate EphB4 receptor are necessary for normal embryonic angiogenesis. Moreover, there is overwhelming evidence that ephrin‐B2 is involved in tumor vascularization, yet its role in adult angiogenesis has been difficult to track genetically. Here, we report the generation of transgenic mice that over‐express EfnB2 specifically in endothelial cells (ECs). We show that exogenous expression of EfnB2 under the control of the Tie2 promoter/enhancer regions in ECs does not affect viability or growth of the transgenic animals. We further show that targeted expression of EfnB2 in ECs is not sufficient to rescue severe cardiovascular defects at mid‐gestation stages but rescues early embryonic lethality associated with loss‐of‐function mutation in EfnB2. This mouse model will be useful to study the role of ephrin‐B2 in physiological and pathological angiogenesis.genesis 49:811–820, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In Situ Tetrazole Ligand Synthesis of Two‐Fold Interpenetrating Zinc Coordination Frameworks
Authors: Ma Li , Qiu Yong‐Cai , Peng Guo , Cai Jin‐Biao , Deng Hong 
Published: July 2011

AbstractFour d10 metal directed coordination frameworks, [Zn2(MT)3(IN)] (1; MT = 5‐methyltetrazole, IN = isonicotinic acid), [Zn(ET)(IN)] (2; ET = 5‐ethyltetrazole), [Zn(PT)2] (3; PT = 5‐propyltetrazole), and [Zn(IPT)2] (4; IPT = 5‐isopropyltetrazole), have been obtained by in situ tetrazole synthesis and structurally characterized by elemental analyses, FTIR spectroscopy, and thermal studies, as well as by single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction analyses. Compound 1 exhibits a two‐fold diamondoid network constructed of two‐dimensional (2D) Zn–MT wheel layers and IN linkers. Compound 2 displays a similar two‐fold diamondoid network constructed by interconnection of Zn–ET–IN honeycomb layers and IN ligands. Compound 3 represents a 3D coordination polymer constructed from numerous Zn6(PT)6 wheels with a diamondoid net. Compound 4 is a 2D network constructed by the self‐assembly of Zn ions and IPT ligands with an sql net. Furthermore, the solid‐state properties of these crystalline materials, such as their thermal behavior and photoluminescence properties, have also been investigated.
Stereoselective Synthesis of a Series of New N‐Alkyl‐3‐hydroxypiperidine Derivatives Containing a Hemiketal
Authors: Wang Haibo , Luo Hairong , Ma Xiaofeng , Zou Wei , Shao Huawu 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA series of new N‐alkyl‐3‐hydroxypiperidine derivatives containing a five‐membered hemiketal were synthesized from 1‐C‐acetylmethyl sugars. Based on the stereochemistry of the products obtained, a plausible mechanism is illustrated. A new approach to the hemiketal, which has undergone hydrogenation in the presence of Pd/C and β‐elimination and intramolecular cycloaddition with 1 % NaOMe in methanol, is reported.
Studies of Edge Effects with Shroud‐Modified Electrodes
Authors: Thakar Rahul , Wilburn Jeremy P. , Baker Lane A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMicron and submicron platinum electrodes with hydrophobically‐modified shrouds have been prepared. The steady state response to a number of electrochemical species have been evaluated with respect to the shroud coating. For submicron electrodes deviations in response were observed based on the shroud modification. These effects were not observed in larger electrodes, and may be due to the so‐called “edge effect” for small diameter electrodes.