bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges, Uncertainties, and Issues Facing Gas Production From Gas-Hydrate Deposits
Authors: Moridis G.J.. J. , Collett T.S.. S. , Pooladi-Darvish M.. , Hancock S.. , Santamarina C.. , Boswell R.. , Kneafsey T.. , Rutqvist J.. , Kowalsky M.B.. B. , Reagan M.T.. T. , Sloan E.D.. D. , Sum A.K.. K. , Koh C.A.. A. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe current paper complements the Moridis et al. (2009) review of the status of the effort toward commercial gas production from hydrates. We aim to describe the concept of the gas-hydrate (GH) petroleum system; to discuss advances, requirements, and suggested practices in GH prospecting and GH deposit characterization; and to review the associated technical, economic, and environmental challenges and uncertainties, which include the following: accurate assessment of producible fractions of the GH resource; development of methods for identifying suitable production targets; sampling of hydrate-bearing sediments (HBS) and sample analysis; analysis and interpretation of geophysical surveys of GH reservoirs; well-testing methods; interpretation of well-testing results; geomechanical and reservoir/well stability concerns; well design, operation, and installation; field operations and extending production beyond sand-dominated GH reservoirs; monitoring production and geomechanical stability; laboratory investigations; fundamental knowledge of hydrate behavior; the economics of commercial gas production from hydrates; and associated environmental concerns.
Prediction of Salinity of Salty Crude Oil Using Arrhenius-Type Asymptotic Exponential Function and Vandermonde Matrix
Authors: Bahadori Alireza 
Published: February 2011

Summary
Production of wet crude because of a rise in the oil/water contact in many oil fields has been a growing field problem, and it has affected the quality of crudes. In almost all cases, salt is dissolved in the water that is dispersed in the crude oil and its separation is not simple because desalting is a critical operation because of the importance of meeting the specifications of acceptable quantities of salt and water in the treated oil. For these reasons, measurements of salt and water content in crude oils are very important in all oil-industry operations, including crude-oil production, processing, and transportation and refining. In this paper, we attempt to formulate a method that is easier than existing approaches, that is less complicated and requires fewer computations for accurate and rapid estimation of crude-oil salinity as a function of the quantity of brine that remains in the oil, its salinity (in vol% of sodium chloride concentration), and temperature, using an Arrhenius- type asymptotic exponential function and Vandermonde matrix. The proposed method predicts the salinity of salty crude oil for temperatures up to 373 K and sodium chloride concentrations up to 250,000 ppm (25% by volume). Estimations from the proposed correlation are found to be in excellent agreement with the reported data in the literature, with average absolute deviation being 0.3%. The proposed method is superior owing to its accuracy and clear numerical background based on the Vandermonde matrix, wherein the relevant coefficients can be retuned quickly for various cases. The tool developed in this study can be of immense practical value for engineers, providing a quick check on the salt content in the crude oil at various conditions without the necessity of any experimental measurements. In particular, petroleum and field engineers would find the proposed approach to be user friendly, with transparent calculations involving no complex expressions.
Integrity in Drilling and Wireline Operations in Offshore Assets: A Case on the Potential Error Causation Paradigms
Authors: Vignes Birgit , Liyanage Jayantha P. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The Petroleum Safety Authority, Norway, has performed projects and audits related to human factors and the work situation of drillers and wireline operators. The drillers and the wireline operators actively engage in the control of the well barrier status and the management of well integrity, which are considered critical in terms of limiting integrity incidents, leaks and well control situations. Updated and relevant information on the well barrier status enables the companies to manage operational integrity in a proactive manner and thereby to ensure "healthy" & safe wells, and prevent or reduce potential risks and economic losses.
The purpose of this paper is to present the potential error causation paradigms in drilling and wireline operations based on the experience from projects and audits. The error causation paradigms are classified into four paradigms: the engineering-, organizational-, cognitive- and the individual-error paradigm. The different paradigms look at the challenges in drilling and wireline operations from different points of view. The paper presents specific challenges that have a large potential to pose some serious threats to the health, safety integrity, and work performance efficiency. The drillers have challenges due to the design of the working environment and because they have to handle, analyze and respond to a large amount of information. The wireline operator has challenges due to the design of the wireline cabin, communication and the number of procedures.
The drilling and wireline operators' work performance has to be understood in a Human-Technology-Organization (HTO) context, to reduce system vulnerability and to improve performance from a safety, environmental, and economical point of view. The HTO context in drilling and wireline operations is seen as an interesting complex work settings which includes a number of interactive elements in a dynamic work setting, where there is close inter-connection between technical and managerial aspects to ensure safe and productive operations.
Reducing Safety Incidents by Lifting Single Joints of Drill Pipe with a New Design of Elevator
Authors: Law Alan , Turnbull Jon , Redlinger Thomas , Frilot Melissa , Brady Gary 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The traditional methods, equipment and safety measures currently in use have failed to eliminate incidents, injuries and near misses which occur while picking up single joints of drill pipe. Operations in the North Sea and elsewhere have recorded a significant number of serious incidents with the "variable" type of single joint elevators that are commonly used which have resulted in dropped objects, lost time incidents with attendant injuries and near misses. The root causes of the lifting incidents include a variety of both operational and equipment failures such as incomplete latching, safety pin problems, incorrect selection of blocks to suit the pipe size and hinge pin failures.
A recent joint effort between a major oil company and a service company has led to the development of tools and methods that incorporate several key features and provide a means to enhance safety and operational efficiency while lifting single joints of drill pipe. The authors will discuss the problem as it existed, review the new methods and handling tools which evolved and provide current data on their implementation.
Produced Water Treatment Using Wetlands - Reducing The Environmental Impact Of Oilfield Operations
Authors: Breuer Roman , Grissemann Ernst 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
In order to reduce the environmental impact of produced water management a wetland system is being installed in the Sultanate of Oman. The facility will reduce the disposal of hydrocarbon polluted produced water into deep aquifers, recover hydrocarbons by means of an additional oil/water separation step and decrease the overall power consumption of the oil field operation by using a gravity flow system. During construction measures have been taken to reduce the impact by using only local materials for the installation of a sealing layer.
The project is currently in the commissioning phase and first result have shown that up to 60 bbl/d of crude oil were recovered, an overall a reduction of the power consumption between 1.2 and 1.8 Mio MWh can possibly achieved in the 20 years of operation and due to the installation of a mineral sealing layer the impact during construction could be reduced by 80 % for this element compared to the installation of an artificial sealing.
How to Design and Implement a Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Program in an Oil and Gas Company - Revision
Authors: Vasile Catalin , Frano Mika , Giorgi Eristavi 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Cardio Vascular Diseases represent the first cause of premature death and disability all over the world. As different premises assert that employees working in oil and gas industry are exposed to a higher risk than general population, Saipem has developed and started to implement a comprehensive Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Program (CVDPP). The scope of CVDPP is to identify, assess and reduce controllable Cardio Vascular Disease Risk Factors (CVDRF) of employees, this program being focused on prevention and health promotion (life style modification). The program addresses to all employees, at risk or not; their participation is strongly recommended but not mandatory. People at risk are advised to enroll further in Risk Factor Follow-up Program in order to decrease or at least to maintain their individual Cardio Vascular Disease Risk (CVDR) to the lowest possible value, according to European cardiovascular guidelines recommendations. The Heart SCORE, developed by European Society of Cardiology is the method used to select people at risk. The development of CVDPP runs properly and the full assessment of its effectiveness would be after 5 years of correct implementation. This paper intends to present CVDPP and Saipem experience during its development and implementatation, taking in consideration specific realties encountered in oil and gas industry. Current paper is a revision of that presented one year ago (SPE Europena HSE Vienna, Austria 22-24 February) which includes up to date information to the end of 2011.
Investigation of Process Safety Incidents & Implementing Effective Corrective & Preventive Actions
Authors: Martland Roland 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This paper sets out the author's recent experiences with offshore oil and gas exploration and production companies to improve the identification and investigation of Process Safety Incidents, PSIs. The paper will describe the difficulties that companies experience when dealing with relatively simple issues, such as agreeing what a PSI is and how to link the underlying and root causes of incidents to weaknesses in the process safety risk controls. The paper will also demonstrate that the actions identified after an investigation do not always correct the causation factors - examples will be provided to illustrate common pitfalls in selecting effective actions after a PSI. The prevention of process safety has significant business benefits and several industry initiatives currently in place or proposed will be presented.
Integrated Analysis of Fire Exposed Structures Introducing Probabilistic Analysis into Fire Modeling and Structural Analysis
Authors: Huse Jan Reier 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Integrated fire modeling and structural integrity analyses of offshore modules during accidental fires has become customary during the last two decades. Normal input to the analysis are design accidental fires, and the need for passive fire protection (PFP) on the load carrying members are assessed for the given heat loads and fire durations.
A new approach is to include advanced probabilistic methods and tools into the integrated analysis loop. Changes in process layout can be suggested and the need for PFP can be reevaluated. Such an approach requires that the analysis is carried out on an early stage in the project.
Mirror of E&P Safety Performance 2005-2009
Authors: Dijkhuizen Bart C. , Henriquez Leopoldo R. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Incidents are a source of information about management and control, and a good basis for further improvements. Operating companies can and should learn from incidents. However, most information that can be obtained from incidents is hardly used as a result of time constraints. Proper incident analyses according to proven and detailed methodologies are only conducted for incidents with severe impacts, or the potential of severe impacts. Luckely incident rates are low in the E&P sector, but that also means that detailed incident analyses are rare. The E&P sector as a whole could therefore benefit from sharing incident data, enlarging the learning database. Although there is some sharing, and benchmarking against lagging KPI's like LTI frequencies, there is no sharing of consistently classified data about root causes, direct causes and failing control measures. It is this information operating companies would benefit most from, since it directly indicates where action is required.
In this paper the results are presented and discussed of a review, analyses and classification of 478 fatal accidents in the period 2005 – 2009, as reported bij members of the International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (OGP). Information about incidents of OGP members is publicly available on the OGP website. The information from the incidents have resulted in statistics of direct causes, root causes and lacking or failing control measures, including some trends. This paper has the intent to initiate a step change in the thinking about, and in taking action with respect to analyzing and sharing available incident data in industry on a common analysis and classification approach, in order to enlarge the learning database and enable real risk-based management.
Since this review has been based on publicly available information, it is considered a mirror of E&P safety performance from an independent, third-party perspective. All information was already available. The strength of this study is the consistent analyses on the basis of a single analysis model, independent of the source of information. The outcomes presentated provide a good basis to focus management and control, and even to focus regulatory inspections by government bodies.
Using Partial Separability of the Objective Function for Gradient-based Optimizations in History Matching
Authors: Ding D. Y. , McKee F. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Assisted history matching is widely used to constrain reservoir models by integrating well production data and/or 4D seismic data. However, history matching is a complex inverse problem, and the computational effort increases with the increasing of the number of matching parameters. It is always a big challenge to history match large fields with a large number of parameters.
In history matching, the objective function can be separated into local components referred to the wells and/or the seismic zones, and a local component generally depends on a smaller number of principal parameters. This partial separability of the objective function helps to compute derivatives with a smaller number of reservoir simulations for the gradient-based optimization methods. In this paper, we present a new technique for the derivative computation and discuss how to generate an "optimal" perturbation design for a partially separable objective function. The proposed method can decrease the objective function with much fewer simulations in history matching.
A Biodegradable Chelating Agent Designed to be an Environmentally Friendly Filter-Cake Breaker
Authors: Collins Natalia , Nzeadibe Kingsley , Almond Stephen W 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A new biodegradable member of the chelating family of breaker fluids has been developed for treating oil and gas wells over a wide temperature range in environmentally sensitive locations. The enhanced filter-cake breaker is engineered to achieve improved bio-degradation with reduced toxicity and environmental footprint, while offering less corrosion potential than hydrochloric acid (HC1). Meanwhile, it maintains the high reaction rate with metal ions that is critical for efficient filter-cake removal.
Chelating agents are chemicals that are used to control undesirable reactions of metal ions. Treatment with chelate-based fluids has been successfully applied in the past for numerous well stimulations, for iron control during acidizing and for filter-cake breaker fluids in a variety of formations. A novel polyacidic chelate (NPC) breaker has been developed. The chelate-based fluid effectively dissolves calcium carbonate (CaCO3), yet has a low corrosion potential and is easy to apply.
From an environmental standpoint, NPC is readily biodegradable and is a renewable raw material. NPC has low animal and aquatic toxicity. As a replacement for live mineral acids, NPC is significantly safer to the environment and humans and is less corrosive.
This paper describes laboratory studies comparing the effectiveness of NPC in removing the acid soluble content of the filter cake versus conventional breaker systems that contain formic, lactic and acetic acid precursors. Additionally, application challenges in terms of corrosion potential, usage volumes, fluid preparation, and conformance to discharge regulations in various locations are reviewed.
1.500m3 LNAPL Remediation Project – Antwerp/Belgium
Authors: van den Brand Marco 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
At many refining and distributing sites soil and groundwater pollution occurs, often resulting in free floating product or LNAPL (Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids). Often costly remediation measures have to be undertaken. A practical, robust and (cost) effective remediation program is therefore key important. For a major oil spill in Antwerp Harbor HMVT has successfully designed and implemented the remedial works for a major NAPL of 1.500m3 (!) free floating product of volatile hydrocarbons, diesel and naphtha. The case, design, results and cost of the project will be presented.
The site is located in the Antwerp Harbor. On the site a pumping station of a petrochemical pipeline is present, pumping Naphtha from Antwerp, Belgium to the south of The Netherlands. The Naphtha pollution was caused by a leakage at the pumping station. On the site also petrochemical products are stored. The diesel pollution was caused by a leaking above ground storage tank.
On the site ca. 23.000m2 of soil was polluted with LNAPL with a maximum thickness of 1–1,5m. In total 1.000m3 of product was expected, but during the project ca. 1.500m3 of LNAPL is been removed. On the picture on the right it can be seen that most of the product was present underneath the pumping station and the ‵contractor's village2.
For port construction reasons the ground level has been raised with sandy material up to 4-5 meters in the past. Underneath this fine sandy upper layer the original, clayey soil is present. The water table is found at ca. 2 m-bgl, but this water table fluctuates ca. 1m between summer and winter.
Development of an Electronic Safety Case for Offshore Operations - From a Paper Version to an Operational Tool
Authors: Durbac Monica 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Starting from the idea that every activity can be improved in order to facilitated the safest working places, an effective risk management process requires a structured and systematic analysis method involving the Identification, Assessment and Control of hazards. In the same way the Recovery from potential events should be investigated and recovery measures analysed and prepared.
The Petromar offshore operations in the Black Sea of Romania are a significant part of Petrom E&P. There is no legal requirement in Romania to provide a HSE Case for offshore installation. According to OMV group (the owner of Petrom) standards the preparation and implementation of a HSE Case is necessary.
A key deliverable of this HSE Case was the purpose to make it electronically available for all the platforms and operational people to facilitate consistent use in the ongoing operations.
OMV Petrom is committed to on-going improvement in HSE management; therefore HSE-MS in Petromar is effectively implemented with a continuous improvement in the management of all HSE hazards and effects that could occur in the workplaces.
According to the HSE Case standard used in OMV/Petrom, the scope of the HSE Case is to: Deliver an integrated HSE Case to modern standards as seen in the international oil and gas industryProvide a comprehensive qualitative assessment of the hazards and current risk levels;Identify where improvements in control measures are required and areas where additional control measures (risk reduction measures) could be practicably implemented;Provide a reference document that defines the current position with regard to hazard management against which improvement can be demonstrated; andTo bring the common offshore and onshore Petromar HSE issues together in one document.
The implementation of all these aspects is facilitated through the use of an electronic tool. This tool shows all the important aspects of the HSE Case; it has a user friendly interface and is easy to use. The tool provide a comprehensive qualitative assessment of the hazards and current risk levels; it identified where improvements in control measures are required and areas where additional control measures (risk reduction measures) could be practicably implemented and bring common offshore and onshore HSE issues together in one tool.
Managing Environmental Risks from Shale Gas Exploration - Applying Lessons Learned in the US to New Ventures in Poland
Authors: Jones F. V. , Zimmerman M. D. , Heinz W.. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Outside of the United States (US), unconventional gas resources like shale gas have not been intensively studied or explored until recently. This paper describes the specific environmental risks and potential social impacts of shale gas exploration and how lessons learned from the US shale gas programs can be transferred to new ventures in Poland and other European countries.
Compared to conventional gas resources, the extraction of natural gas from tight shales is more difficult and therefore requires additional efforts. These are mostly related to the need for long-reach horizontal drilling into shale formations of variable thickness and the need for fracturing these formations by high pressure water with additives (e.g. sand, friction reduction agents, and other chemicals).
Environmental risks are associated with greater surface disturbance to perform more extensive seismic studies, more traffic and well pad activities, the need for large volumes of water, the application of water additives, and specialized wastewater handling. Aspects that need to be considered in the development of Polish (European) assets are more densely populated areas, land divided in smaller parcels, a relatively large number of protected areas, as well as the typical issues associated with gas development such as stormwater management, air emissions, spill management, social aspects, and stakeholder engagement.
This paper discusses these potential issues and provides a review in tabular form along with potential mitigation and management programs, which have been successfully applied by operators in US shale gas programs.
The ability to identify the potential impacts and then develop focused mitigation programs is a key factor in developing a well rounded SHE program and facilitate acceptance of shale gas exploration in Poland and Europe.