bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Galectin‐4 functions as a tumor suppressor of human colorectal cancer
Authors: Satelli Arun , Rao Prema S. , Thirumala Seshadri , Rao U. Subrahmanyeswara 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDevelopment of colorectal cancer (CRC) involves a series of genetic alterations with altered expression of proteins and cell signaling pathways. Here, we identified that galectin‐4 (gal‐4), a marker of differentiation, was down‐regulated in CRC. The goal of this work was to determine the function of gal‐4 in CRC. Toward this goal, the human colon biopsies and tissue microarrays containing a gradient of pathology were analyzed for gal‐4 expression by immunohistochemistry. Cell proliferation, migration, motility, forced expression, knockdown, cell cycle and apoptosis assays were used to characterize gal‐4 function. Immunohistochemistry identified that gal‐4 expression was significantly down‐regulated in adenomas and was essentially absent in invasive carcinomas. Forced expression of gal‐4 in gal‐4 −ve cells induced cell cycle arrest and retarded cell migration and motility. Further, gal‐4 sensitized the cells to camptothecin‐induced apoptosis. Gal‐4 knockdown resulted in increased cell proliferation, migration and motility. Gal‐4 was found to be associated with Wnt signaling proteins. Finally, gal‐4 expression led to down‐regulation of Wnt signaling target genes. This study demonstrates that loss of gal‐4 is a common and specific event in CRC. This study also shows that gal‐4 exhibits tumor suppressive effects in CRC cells in vitro. Through its ability to interact with and down‐regulate the functions of Wnt signaling pathway, gal‐4 reveals a new dimension in the control of the Wnt signaling pathway. Thus, gal‐4 may prove to be an important molecule in understanding the biology of CRC.
Signaling pathway of inflammatory responses in the mouse liver caused by TiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Cui Yaling , Liu Huiting , Zhou Min , Duan Yanmei , Li Na , Gong Xiaolan , Hu Renping , Hong Mengmeng , Hong Fashui 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn an effort to examine signaling pathway of inflammation of the mouse liver caused by intragastric administration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NPs), we assessed Toll‐like receptor‐2 (TLR2), TLR‐4, IκB kinase (IKK‐α, IKK‐β), IκB nucleic factor‐κB (NF‐κB), NF‐κBP52, NF‐κBP65, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), NF‐κB‐inducible kinase (NIK), interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), biochemical parameters of liver functions, and histopathological changes and liver ultrastructure in the TiO2 NPs‐treated mice. The results showed the titanium accumulation in liver, histopathological changes and hepatocytes apoptosis of mice liver, and the liver function damaged by TiO2 NPs. The real‐time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay analyses showed that TiO2 NPs can significantly increase the mRNA and protein expression of TLR2 and TLR4 and several inflammatory cytokines, including IKK1, IKK2, NF‐κB, NF‐κBP52, NF‐κBP65, TNF‐α, and NIK, and TiO2 NPs can significantly decrease the mRNA and protein expression of IκB and IL‐2. The results of this study added to our understanding of TiO2 NPs‐induced liver toxicity. It implied that the signaling pathway of liver injury in the TiO2 NPs‐stimulated mouse liver sequentially might occur via activation of TLRs→NIK→IκB kinase→NF‐κB→TNF‐α→inflammation→apoptosis→liver injury. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Fibronectin fragment activation of ERK increasing integrin α5 and β1 subunit expression to degenerate nucleus pulposus cells
Authors: Xia Maosheng , Zhu Yue 
Published: November 2010

AbstractFibronectin fragments (Fn‐f), which are the breakdown products of fibronectin, accumulate in the disc during degeneration and are proved to induce the degeneration of intervertebral disc. The goal of this investigation was to determine the functional role of integrin α5β1, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), and protein kinase C (PKC) in the process of Fn‐f degeneration nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. We found that Fn‐f (100 nM, 30 kDa) exposure led to degeneration of NP cells, up‐regulation of integrin α5β1 expression and phosphorylation of the ERK1/2. After the expression of integrin α5β1 was silenced in NP cells, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and the expression of MMP9, MMP13, and collagen II had no difference with control under the treatment of Fn‐f. Finally, when the inhibitor of ERK1/2 and the inhibitor of PKC were added into the medium of NP cells; we found these two inhibitors could eliminate the effect of Fn‐f on NP cells. It is concluded that Fn‐f had the potential to enhance the NP cell degeneration in a vicious circle. And the integrin α5β1 subunit, ERK, and PKC were all included in this loop. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:556–561, 2011
Relative arithmetic
Authors: Sanders Sam 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn nonstandard mathematics, the predicate ‘x is standard’ is fundamental. Recently, ‘relative’ or ‘stratified’ nonstandard theories have been developed in which this predicate is replaced with ‘x is y ‐standard’. Thus, objects are not (non)standard in an absolute sense, but (non)standard relative to other objects and there is a whole stratified universe of ‘levels’ or ‘degrees’ of standardness. Here, we study stratified nonstandard arithmetic and the related transfer principle. Using the latter, we obtain the ‘reduction theorem’ which states that arithmetical formulas can be reduced to equivalent bounded formulas. Surprisingly, the reduction theorem is also equivalent to the transfer principle. As applications, we obtain a truth definition for arithmetical sentences and we formalize Nelson's notion of impredicativity (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Refinement is equivalent to Fullness
Authors: Ziegler Albert 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn the article [4], a new constructive set theoretic principle called Refinement was introduced and analysed. While it seemed to be significantly weaker than its alternative, the more established axiom of Fullness (a constructive version of the Powerset axiom from classical set theory), it was shown to suffice to imply many of the mathematically important consequences. In this article, we will define for each set A a set of truth values which measures the complexity of the equality relation on A. Using these sets we will show that Refinement is actually equivalent to Fullness on the basis of the other axioms of constructive Zermelo‐Fraenkel set theory (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Is advanced cancer associated with demoralization and lower global meaning? The role of tumor stage and physical problems in explaining existential distress in cancer patients
Authors: Vehling Sigrun , Lehmann Claudia , Oechsle Karin , Bokemeyer Carsten , Krüll Andreas , Koch Uwe , Mehnert Anja 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjective: This longitudinal study examines the extent to which global meaning, existential distress in terms of demoralization, and depression are predicted by tumor stage (UICC stages 0–II vs III/IV), palliative treatment, and physical problems in cancer patients. Methods: N = 270 cancer patients were studied at baseline (T1, response rate: 41%) and after 3 months (T2) (N = 178, 72%). The following standardized self‐report measures were used: Demoralization Scale, Life Attitude Profile—Revised, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, NCCN DT (physical problems list). Results: Multivariate regression analyses controlling for sociodemographic variables showed the number of physical problems significantly predicting higher demoralization (β = 0.42, p<0.001) and depression (β = 0.34, p<0.001), but not global meaning. While palliative treatment intention was related to higher depression (β = 0.21, p = 0.03) and higher demoralization (ns), there was no effect of tumor stage on dependent variables. The hypothesized moderating effect of global meaning on the relation between physical problems and depression or demoralization, respectively, was not found. Conclusions: Results indicate a risk of existential distress in cancer patients across all disease stages, possibly due to confrontation with, albeit different, existential stressors throughout the illness. The general protective effect of global meaning against distress, independent of the number of physical problems, underscores the notion of existential concerns being relevant to cancer patients more generally, rather than just to a subgroup. However, physical problems might play a central role in the process of becoming demoralized through impairing the sense of mastery and competence. Findings finally strengthen the difference between the concepts of demoralization and global meaning. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human thymidylate synthase with loop 181–197 stabilized in an inactive conformation: Ligand interactions, phosphorylation, and inhibition profiles
Authors: Luo BeiBei , Repalli Jayanthi , Yousef Al‐Motassem , Johnson Saphronia R. , Lebioda Lukasz , Berger Sondra H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThymidylate synthase (TS) is a well‐validated cancer target that undergoes conformational switching between active and inactive states. Two mutant human TS (hTS) proteins are predicted from crystal structures to be stabilized in an inactive conformation to differing extents, with M190K populating the inactive conformation to a greater extent than A191K. Studies of intrinsic fluorescence and circular dichroism revealed that the structures of the mutants differ from those of hTS. Inclusion of the substrate dUMP was without effect on M190K but induced structural changes in A191K that are unique, relative to hTS. The effect of strong stabilization in an inactive conformation on protein phosphorylation by casein kinase 2 (CK2) was investigated. M190K was highly phosphorylated by CK2 relative to an active‐stabilized mutant, R163K hTS. dUMP had no detectable effect on phosphorylation of M190K; however, dUMP inhibited phosphorylation of hTS and R163K. Studies of temperature dependence of catalysis revealed that the Eact and temperature optimum are higher for A191K than hTS. The potency of the active‐site inhibitor, raltitrexed, was lower for A191K than hTS. The response of A191K to the allosteric inhibitor, propylene diphosphonate (PDPA) was concentration dependent. Mixed inhibition was observed at low concentrations; at higher concentrations, A191K exhibited nonhyperbolic behavior with respect to dUMP and inhibition of catalysis was reversed by substrate saturation. In summary, inactive‐stabilized mutants differ from hTS in thermal stability and response to substrates and PDPA. Importantly, phosphorylation of hTS by CK2 is selective for the inactive conformation, providing the first indication of physiological relevance for conformational switching.
Prediction of ligand‐binding sites of proteins by molecular docking calculation for a random ligand library
Authors: Fukunishi Yoshifumi , Nakamura Haruki 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA new approach to predicting the ligand‐binding sites of proteins was developed, using protein‐ligand docking computation. In this method, many compounds in a random library are docked onto the whole protein surface. We assumed that the true ligand‐binding site would exhibit stronger affinity to the compounds in the random library than the other sites, even if the random library did not include the ligand corresponding to the true binding site. We also assumed that the affinity of the true ligand‐binding site would be correlated to the docking scores of the compounds in the random library, if the ligand‐binding site was correctly predicted. We call this method the molecular‐docking binding‐site finding (MolSite) method. The MolSite method was applied to 89 known protein‐ligand complex structures extracted from the Protein Data Bank, and it predicted the correct binding sites with about 80–99% accuracy, when only the single top‐ranked site was adopted. In addition, the average docking score was weakly correlated to the experimental protein‐ligand binding free energy, with a correlation coefficient of 0.44.
Effect of lattice deformation on photoinduced phase transition process in RbMn[Fe(CN)6]
Authors: Fukaya R. , Nakajima M. , Tokoro H. , Ohkoshi S. , Suemoto T. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractStructural transformation effect on a photoinduced (PI) charge‐transfer process leading to a phase transition in RbMn[Fe(CN)6], which exhibits a magnetic phase transition with a hysteresis loop between 230 and 300 K, has been investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The valence states of the transition metal ions and the lattice symmetry are reflected in the vibrational frequency of the adjacent CN ions. The charge‐transfer phase transition from the high‐temperature (HT) phase to low‐temperature (LT) phase can be induced by the photo‐excitation with 395 nm light in resonance with the ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer (LMCT) band. The conversion efficiency is lowered with decreasing temperature within the hysteresis loop. However, upon further lowering the temperature, the photo‐conversion restarts in the residual HT configuration units and domains around 50 K. The behavior is ascribed to the change of the potential curves in the excited electronic state due to the lattice deformation caused by the cubic‐to‐tetragonal phase transition in the surrounding lattice.
VAMAS interlaboratory study on organic depth profiling
Authors: Shard A. G. , Ray S. , Seah M. P. , Yang L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe present the results of a VAMAS (Versailles project on Advanced Materials and Standards) interlaboratory study on organic depth profiling, in which twenty laboratories submitted data from a multilayer organic reference material. Individual layers were identified using a range of different sputtering species (C60n+, Cs+, SF5+ and Xe+), but in this study only the C60n+ ions were able to provide truly ‘molecular’ depth profiles from the reference samples. The repeatability of profiles carried out on three separate days by participants was shown to be excellent, with a number of laboratories obtaining better than 5% RSD (relative standard deviation) in depth resolution and sputtering yield, and better than 10% RSD in relative secondary ion intensities. Comparability between laboratories was also good in terms of depth resolution and sputtering yield, allowing useful relationships to be found between ion energy, sputtering yield and depth resolution. The study has shown that organic depth profiling results can, with care, be compared on a day‐to‐day basis and between laboratories. The study has also validated three approaches that significantly improve the quality of organic depth profiling: sample cooling, sample rotation and grazing angles of ion incidence. © Crown copyright 2010.
Small Upconverting Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Chatterjee Dev K. , Gnanasammandhan Muthu Kumara , Zhang Yong 
Published: November 2010

AbstractFluorescent labels have been widely used for biological applications, primarily in imaging and assays. Traditional fluorophores such as fluorescent dyes are mainly based on downconversion fluorescence, which have several drawbacks such as photobleaching, high background noise from autofluorescence, and considerable photodamage to biological materials. Upconverting fluorescent nanoparticles emit detectable photons of higher energy in the near‐infrared (NIR) or visible range upon irradiation with an NIR light in a process termed ‘upconversion.’ They overcome some of the disadvantages faced by conventional downconversion labels, thus making them an ideal fluorescent label for biological applications. This review looks at the development of these particles, critically examines the reported applications, and discusses their future in biomedicine.
Estimating daily walking distance of captive African elephants using an accelerometer
Authors: Rothwell Emily S. , Bercovitch Fred B. , Andrews Jeff R.M. , Anderson Matthew J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTwo central concerns for elephant husbandry and management are whether zoological enclosures are appropriately sized and the degree to which naturalistic exercise and activity are observed in such enclosures. In order to address these issues, accurate data on the daily walking distance of elephants both in situ and ex situ are necessary. We used an accelerometer, a pedometer that measures step count and activity level, to estimate walking distance in African elephants (Loxodonta africana) at the San Diego Zoo's Wild Animal Park. The accelerometer was worn simultaneously with a GPS unit that recorded actual walking distance. Estimates of walking distance were extrapolated from the accelerometer and compared with actual distances determined by GPS data. The accelerometer was found to overestimate step count, and subsequently walking distance, by including false counts of steps. Extrapolating walking distance based upon stride length measurements did not match actual GPS walking distance. However, activity level output from the accelerometer significantly correlated with actual GPS walking distance. In addition, we report that the rate of movement is comparable to that reported in other zoological settings. We provide a linear regression equation that can be utilized by other institutions to estimate daily walking distance of elephants in their collection who are outfitted with accelerometers. Zoo Biol 30:579–591, 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Boston (r): Neighbo(r)s nea(r) and fa(r)
Authors: Nagy Naomi , Irwin Patricia 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe influence of linguistic and social factors on (r) in Boston and two New Hampshire towns is described. The preceding vowel and geographic, ethnic, and age-related differences were found to have strong effects. In comparison to Bostonians, New Hampshire speakers exhibit a higher rate of rhoticity, and fewer factors constrain their variability. Younger speakers are more rhotic than older speakers, as are more educated speakers and those in higher linguistic marketplace positions. This study demonstrates that these patterns fit the transmission (within Boston) and diffusion (to New Hampshire) framework (Labov, 2007) only with the addition of accommodation theory (Niedzielski & Giles, 1996), which connects our linguistic findings to evidence that many New Hampshire residents do not identify with Boston. The effects on (r) in other studies are compared to determine which effects are particular to individual communities (nonuniversal) and which occur across all communities examined. The nonuniversal effects are therefore available as measures of contact-induced change. This study introduces a method for quantitatively comparing the amount of change between communities.
Is Standard Dutch with a regional accent standard or not? Evidence from native speakers' attitudes
Authors: Grondelaers Stefan , van Hout Roeland 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis paper reports a speaker evaluation experiment that investigated the competition between three regional accents of Standard Dutch and references to the speaker's profession as determinants of attitude formation. A stratified sample of listener-judges rated speech stimuli that were presented in two guises, a neutral guise and a teacher guise (the latter containing multiple references that revealed the speaker to be a high school teacher of Dutch). The experimental findings corroborate our earlier claim that regional flavoring is embedded in lay conceptualizations of Standard Dutch. Although teachers of Dutch may be the last “gatekeepers” of the standard in the Low Countries, they are not automatically downgraded when they have a regional accent: What matters is, clearly,whichaccent they have. Analysis of the ratings further suggests a hierarchical relation between accent and occupation as perception triggers: Even though regional accent clearly is the stronger attitude determinant, it does not suppress occupational information but interacts with it to generate richer social meaning.
A Reassessment of the Chronology and Function of Gordon's Cave #3, Copan, Honduras
Authors: Brady James E. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractRecent excavations in the first chamber of Gordon's Cave #3 encountered a use floor with a substantial quantity of sherds and artifacts. Middle Preclassic, Gordon subphase sherds were recovered, but overall the ceramics suggest that Preclassic use of the cave was minor with the most intensive use occurring during the Classic period. The artifact assemblage provides a fuller picture of cave rituals which appear to be similar in many respects to those practiced by modern groups in the Guatemalan highlands.
Menthol and non‐menthol smoking: the impact of prices and smoke‐free air laws
Authors: Tauras John A. , Levy David , Chaloupka Frank J. , Villanti Andrea , Niaura Raymond S. , Vallone Donna , Abrams David B. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTAims  To examine the relationship between menthol and non‐menthol prices and smoke‐free air laws and the choice between menthol and non‐menthol cigarettes among current smokers.Design, setting and participants  Data were extracted from the nationally representative (USA) 2003 and 2006/07 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey. A total of 57 383 adult smokers (aged 18+) were examined.Measurements  A regression model was used to estimate the probability of being a menthol smoker conditional on being a current smoker who had a distinct preference for either non‐menthol or menthol cigarettes. Cigarette prices, smoke‐free air laws and socio‐economic and demographic characteristics were examined as covariates.Findings  The prices of menthol and non‐menthol cigarettes were associated with the choice between menthol and non‐menthol cigarettes. However, smokers did not find menthol and non‐menthol cigarettes to be close substitutes for one another. Non‐menthol cigarettes were found to be less of a substitute for menthol cigarettes than vice versa. Young adults and African Americans were less responsive to prices with respect to switching between menthol and non‐menthol cigarettes than were older adults and non‐African Americans, respectively.Conclusions  The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is grappling with the issue of whether or not to ban menthol cigarettes. The findings from this study suggest that smokers do not find menthol and non‐menthol cigarettes to be close substitutes. The strong preference for mentholated cigarettes may serve as a lever to reduce smoking prevalence when combined with increased access to effective cessation treatments.