bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrate and Salt in Soils and Ground Waters from Land Disposal of Dairy Manure
Authors: Adriano D. C. , Pratt P. F. , Bishop S. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe NO3‐ contents of soils and ground waters underneath lands used for disposal of manures from dairies in the Chino‐Corona Basin were determined. Soil and water samples were taken from 15 holes drilled to the top of water table in sites representing corrals, irrigated croplands, and pastures used as disposal areas.Considerable amounts of NO3‐ and salt were found in soil profiles underneath the disposal areas, although the magnitude was not as high as in profiles under corrals. Average NO3‐‐N concentrations in waters sampled from water tables were 26, 57, 45, and 74 ppm for control (undisturbed), corral, cropland, and pasture sites, respectively, exceeding the PHS recommended limit of 10 ppm NO3‐‐N for safe drinking water. Domestic well waters pumped from deeper aquifers averaged 6 ppm of NO3‐‐N. Contributions of NO3‐‐N to ground waters, as indicated by deep soil samples, on a per unit area basis, tended to be: corral > pasture > cropland. Existing conditions in the study area need some modifications if acceptable quality of the ground waters is to be maintained.
Acidity in Lateritic Rice Soils as Estimated by Various Methods
Authors: Savant N. K. , Kibe M. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAcidity estimated by various methods was significantly correlated with total acidity (exchange acidity + pH‐dependent acidity) and varied from 28.4% to 82.4% of total acidity. The overall efficiency of the various methods studied was of the following decreasing order:
urn:x-wiley:03615995:saj2sssaj197103615995003500050057x:equation:saj2sssaj197103615995003500050057x-math-0001
Effect of Soil Moisture Tension on Nitrate Accumulation in Drummer Silty Clay Loam
Authors: Sabey Burns R. , Johnson D. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relationship between soil moisture tension and nitrate accumulation in a Drummer silty clay loam was found to differ very little from previously studied silt loams. In the silty clay loam the rates of NO3‐ accumulation were 63, 51, 40, 10, and 14% as great at soil moisture tensions of ⅓, ½, 1, 5, and 15 bar, respectively, as at ½0 and 1/10 bar. The rates of NO3‐ accumulation in the silt loams were 71, 53, 29, and 13% as great at ⅓, 1, 5, and 15 bar, respectively, as at 1/10 bar soil moisture tension. At all tensions except 15 bar the mean relative rates of NO3‐−N accumulation (moisture rate indexes − RM values) are slightly lower for the silty clay loam than for the silt loams.
Evaluation of the Field Percolation Test and an Alternative Procedure to Test Soil Potential for Disposal of Septic Tank Effluent
Authors: Bouma J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour field tests were applied in well drained pedons in Wisconsin. Infiltration rates of the variable‐head percolation test procedure, required by law in many states to test soil suitability for disposal of septic tank effluent, were much higher than hydraulic conductivity (K) for saturated soil, measured with the double‐tube method, and more variable. Soil moisture tensions were recorded around operating, partly filled, seepage beds in different soils indicating the occurrence of low flow rates through unsaturated soil, due to crusting at the soil interface of the seepage beds. Measurement of K values in situ, as a function of soil moisture tension, is proposed as a field test to determine soil potential for effluent disposal. A field experiment with dosing of effluent was made to demonstrate that system management will determine which K values from the measured range will apply to the flow system at any given time.
Numerical Approximation of Cation Exchange in Miscible Displacement through Soil Columns
Authors: Lai Sung‐Ho , Jurinak J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe cation exchange process in soil columns during the miscible displacement of cation solutions was studied. The model involves the assumption that equilibrium between the cation adsorbed and the cation in solution exists. The material balance equation that governs the miscible displacement of cations includes and exchange function and was solved by a finite difference method. This method is capable of solving the material balance equation whether a linear or nonlinear cation exchange isotherm defines the exchange reaction. The applicability of the model and method of solution was tested by conducting soil column experiments. The agreement between the numerical solution and the experimental values was good.
Distribution of Moved Clay in Four Loess‐Derived Alfisols that Occur in Southern Illinois
Authors: Grossman R. B. , Fehrenbacher J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMeasurements of moved clay by optical examination of thin sections are reported for four pedons of Alfisols developed in loess from southern Illinois.Alford soils (Typic Hapludalfs) occur on the interfluve summits and Muren soils (Aquic Hapludalfs) on the locally associated sideslopes in areas of strong relief in Alexander County. The pedon of Muren is formed in an older loess than is the pedon of Alford. The pedon of Muren contains a twofold, higher maximum percentage of moved clay, and the maximum occurs at a shallower depth.Wartrace soils (Typic Hapludalfs) and Hosmer soils (Typic Fragiudalfs) occur in local association in Johnson County. Wartrace soils occupy sites of slightly higher elevation on the ridgetops in a landscape of moderate to gentle relief. The moved clay in the Hosmer pedon reaches 9% (absolute) in the B2t; this is one‐third of the total clay and twice the maximum percentage in the Wartrace pedon.The study suggests three points that may be applicable to similar soils: (i) the fabric exclusive of the moved clay bodies can have appreciably lower clay than the total clay percentages would indicate; (ii) somewhat impeded internal drainage appears to favor local translocation of clay; (iii) amounts of moved clay are sufficient to account for the computed decrements in clay for the eluvial horizons.
Soil Association Maps and Proposed Nomenclature
Authors: Simonson Roy W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation on the distribution of soils is needed for areas ranging in size from individual farms to the country as a whole. Detailed soil maps serve for individual farms or tracts of comparable size. General soil maps are needed for areas of larger size. Such maps may show soil associations or they may be schematic. The first kind serves a greater number of pragmatic objectives because the patterns and proportions of component soils within associations can be indicated. It is suggested that soil association maps are needed for a minimum of four universes in the United States. From largest to smallest, these have approximate areas of 250,000 sq km or more (one hundred thousand square miles or more), 2,500–250,000 sq km (thousands or ten of thousands of square miles), 250–2,500 sq km (hundreds of square miles), and less than 250 sq km (tens of square miles). Regardless of the size of universe covered by a map, the maximum number of soil associations in the legend should be about the same. This maximum should be about 18. The smallest number that does not do violence to soil patterns is best. A hierarchy of names is proposed for soil associations in the four universes. Again from largest to smallest, these are megasociation, macrosociation, mesosociation, and microsociation. It is further proposed that soil association and association be used as generic terms.
Forest Floor Characteristics within a Small Plot in Douglas‐Fir in Western Washington
Authors: Grier C. C. , McColl J. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe forest floor of a 0.04‐ha plot beneath a 40‐year‐old Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco plantation was intensively sampled. Means and their standard errors, the range of values and the number of samples required to estimate the mean within 10% with 95% confidence were determined for forest floor dry weight, water storage, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, manganese, nitrogen, ash content, weight loss on ignition and also pH and conductivity of equilibrium solutions from the forest floor and A and B horizons of the soil. Dry weight of the forest floor is 14,300 ± 440 kg/ha and water storage is 2.78 mm or 208% while nutrient contents expressed in kg/ha arc: calcium, 123.27 ± 4.85; magnesium, 19.45 ± 1.14; potassium, 27.31 ± 1.07; manganese, 14.87 ± 0.67; nitrogen, 140.14 ± 6.08, and weight loss on ignition 11,211 ± 228 kg/ha. Dry weight correlates with ash weight, loss on ignition and water storage while ash content correlates with magnesium. Conductivity and pH of equilibrium solutions did not compare with values previously obtained using tension lysimeter installations suggesting that equilibrium with the exchange complex is not achieved during soil moisture flow. Means of most properties are estimated within 10% with less than 30 samples.
The Morphology and Genesis of Some Alpine Soils in British Columbia, Canada: I. Morphology, Classification, and Genesis
Authors: Sneddon J. I. , Lavkulich L. M. , Farstad L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFive soils occurring in alpine regions of British Columbia, Canada, were described. The soils were found to have silt loam to loamy sand textures. Four of the soils met the morphological requirements of the Spodosol order. Dark surface mineral horizons occurred at four sites; two of these qualified as umbric epipedons. Volcanic ash was found in the vicinity of some sites. The soils were classified into the USDA Comprehensive System and the System of Soil Classification for Canada.
The Morphology and Genesis of Some Alpine Soils in British Columbia, Canada: II. Physical, Chemical, and Mineralogical Determinations and Genesis
Authors: Sneddon J. I. , Lavkulich L. M. , Farstad L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe results of selected physical, chemical, and mineralogical analyses, carried out on five soils occurring in three alpine regions in British Columbia, Canada, are presented and discussed. An evaluation of the genesis of these soils is made in relation to the analytical results and to the literature.The soils have developed on relatively young post‐Pleistocene parent materials and are gravelly and have loamy sand to silt loam textures, in the fine earth fractions, the slight accumulations of silt and clay at the surface, are due primarily to more intense physical weathering and partly to surface additions of eolian material. Volcanic ash was found in the surface horizons at three of the sites.Physical weathering is significant in these soils and chemical weathering is taking place as evidenced by the presence of spodic horizons, abundant amorphous iron and aluminum in all horizons, and the content of secondary minerals.Several properties of these soils were correlated with total carbon contents and hence organic matter contents. Volcanic ash was believed to have had an influence, to a minor degree, on the soil properties where it occurred.With sufficient leaching, soils with spodic characteristics develop. Under a coniferous or ericaceous vegetative cover Spodosols occur; however, under a cover of grasses, sedges, and forbs the spodic characteristics may be masked by organic matter accumulations in the surface mineral horizons.
Nitrogen and Phosphorous Content of Water from Tile Drains at Two Levels of Management and Fertilization
Authors: Zwerman P. J. , Greweling Thomas , Klausner S. D. , Lathwell D. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAverage annual rates of 243.2 kg/ha N and 31.5 kg/ha P were applied as high rates of fertilization. Eighty‐six kg/ha of N and 12.2 kg/ha of P were applied as moderate rates of fertilization. Ammonium nitrate was used as the N source while 46% superphosphate was the P source. The soil was an association of Lima and Kendaia silt loam. (Glossoboric Hapludolf and Aeric Haplaquent fine loamy, mixed, mesic.) Effluent from drains was measured and analyzed for inorganic N and orthophosphate. Concentrations of NO3 calculated as N in drainage water ranged from 51.1 ppm to 3.0 ppm. The higher concentrations were associated with high fertilization. During two, 3‐week test periods, NO3 calculated as N delivered from the tile drains in kilos per hectare per week ranged from .225 to 2.75. Ammonium concentrations seemed to be only slightly related to fertilization, ranging consistently between .02 to .03 ppm. Weekly outputs of NH4 nitrogen calculated as N were less than .00258 kilos/ha. Orthophosphate concentrations calculated as P ranged from .004 to .01 ppm with a weekly output range of .00016 to .00088 kilos/ha. Nitrogen was applied as ammonium nitrate. Phosphorus was applied as 46% superphosphate.
Effects of Snow Removal, Litter Removal and Soil Compaction on Soil Freezing and Thawing in a Minnesota Oak Stand
Authors: Thorud David B. , Duncan Donald P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe depths of soil freezing and thawing were measured periodically with a Veihmeyer tube in snow removed, litter removed, compacted, compacted‐snow removed, and undisturbed plots during the 1962–63 season near St. Paul, Minn. The soil was a sandy loam to a loamy sand with a high water content when the study began. Cold conditions and minimal snowfall resulted in deeply frozen soil throughout Minnesota this season. At a station near the study site, the mean monthly snowfall and mean daily air temperature were, respectively, 4 to 6 cm and 2 to 5C below normal during January and February.The removal of a snow layer 13 cm or less in depth caused deeper and more persistent soil freezing than did either litter removal or soil compaction. For several weeks, frozen soil averaged 38 cm deeper in snowless plots than in snow‐covered control plots. For about the same period, frozen soil averaged 20 cm deeper in plots without litter than in litter‐covered control plots, and 13 cm deeper in snowless compacted plots than in snowless control plots. The presence of even a shallow snowpack (13 cm) seemed to reduce the individual effects of litter removal and soil compaction on the depth of soil freezing. “Concrete” and “porous concrete” were the types of frozen soil observed in all treatments. The most significant hydrologic effect of deep freezing in snowless plots may have been the 10 additional days required for complete thawing in comparison to snow‐covered plots. However, late in the thawing period, the top of the frozen layer was 60‐cm beneath the soil surface, and it was discontinuous as indicated by complete thawing at some sample points. A discontinuous frozen layer was observed in all treatments 1 to 2 weeks before the complete disappearance of frozen soil. Thawing began earliest in plots without litter.
Ion Selectivity in Three Soil Profiles as Influenced by Mineralogical Characteristics
Authors: Murdock L. W. , Rich C. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdsorption and release of Rb and Sr by the 2–0.2µ fraction from the horizons of three vermiculitic soils was influenced by mineralogical properties of the 2:1 layer clays present. The lowest Rb/Sr ratio for absorption of these two ions occurred in a clay containing montmorillonite. The Rb/Sr ratio tended to increase as the degree of mica to vermiculite alteration increased. The presence of hydroxy‐Al interlayers had little effect on initial selectivity, but these interlayers markedly influenced release of Rb ions. Ammonium acetate released more Rb than did Mg(OAc)2 from all clay samples from the three soils. Generally, Mg(OAc)2 released more Sr than did NH4OAc. The differential exchange of Rb was most pronounced in the clay containing well‐developed interlayers. It is proposed that NH4 ions (and other ions of similar size) have two effects on exchange in vermiculite. NH4 tends to collapse the interlayer space and thus reduce exchange, but this slightly hydrated ion can also diffuse to wedge zones and exchange Rb, and other cations of similar size, that may be present. The presence of interlayers inhibits the first effect and thus reduces fixation to exchange by NH4 of ions in wedge zones.
The Use of Anion Exchange Resin for Determining Available Soil Molybdenum
Authors: Bhella H. S. , Dawson M. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn anion exchange resin (Dowex I‐X4) was used to extract soil Mo from 30 western Oregon hill soils of varying development and derived from different parent materials. The values of Mo extracted by the anion resin increased with soil pH and were reproducible using the thiocyanate colorimetric procedure. Soil Mo so obtained was found to be correlated with plant Mo, plant N, and soil pH.
Impregnating Soil Concretions for Electron Microprobe Analysis
Authors: Gallaher R. N. , Perkins H. F. , Radcliffe D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil concretions were impregnated with two types of plastic resins to compare the quality of polish and surface relief, after mounting and polishing, for electron microprobe analysis. Soft or hard porous concretions impregnated with “Castaglas,” a cold‐setting epoxy resin, resulted in loss of surface material due to plucking during polishing. Impregnating the same type concretions, under vacuum, with a temperature‐dependent methacrolate resin, resulted in little or no loss by plucking, and good to excellent polished surfaces.
Swelling Pressures, Electric Potentials, and Ion Concentrations: Their Role in Hydraulic and Osmotic Flow Through Clays
Authors: Kemper W. D. , Shainberg I. , Quirk J. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUsing mass balance and force balance equations, the mechanisms of convective transport through porous media are outlined.Pressure differences across compressible porous media cause clay to concentrate at the outflow side until the resulting osmotic pressure gradient balances the hydraulic pressure gradient. The resulting gradient in mobile adsorbed cations causes a diffusion potential which moves solution by electro‐osmosis to the outflow side.When midplane potentials in the pores are appreciable, solution concentration differences across incompressible media are translated into a hydraulic pressure gradient along the midplane of the pores which moves the solution to the high concentration side. Similar concentration differences across compressible porous media result in nonuniform clay distribution, and diffusion potential gradients, which cause electro‐osmotic movement of solution to the high concentration side of the media.These mechanisms provide an explanation for the rapid rates of “osmotic” solution flow observed in response to solute concentration gradients across membranes and other porous media.
Solubility and Solubility Product of Gypsum in Soil Solutions and Other Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Bennett A. C. , Adams Fred 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe solubility of CaSO4·2H2O in several soils and dilute aqueous electrolytic media was measured. The ionic strength of electrolytic media ranged from 0.059 to 0.314; the solubility product of gypsum in these solutions ranged from 2.13 × 10‐5 to 2.79 × .10‐5 with an average value of 2.51 × 10‐5. In displaced soil solutions, the solubility product of gypsum ranged from 2.41 × 10‐5 to 2.92 × 10‐5; the average was 2.73 × 10‐5. The solubility product of gypsum in water was 2.58 × 10‐5.The mean ionic activity coefficient of gypsum in solutions of different ionic strengths was computed using analytical data from aqueous electrolytic media and the known solubility product, i.e., 2.58 × 10‐5. The plot of this mean ionic activity coefficient versus the square root of gross solution ionic strength, i.e., no correction for ion pairing, for mixed‐SO42‐ systems allowed accurate determination of the solubility product of gypsum in the soil solutions using only analytical data.
Electron Spin Resonance Spectrometry of Humic Substances
Authors: Riffaldi R. , Schnitzer M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConcentrations of free radicals, g‐values, and line widths were determined for humic acids, fulvic acids, and humins originating from soils of widely differing geographical origins and pedological histories and for humic acids synthesized by fungi in the laboratory. Free radical content decreased in the following order: humins > humic acids > fulvic acids. Line widths decreased in the order: fulvic acids > humins > humic acids, while the g‐values were more or less constant at 2.0030 ± 0.0003. Methylation of humic and fulvic acids greatly increased the free radical content, but decreased g‐values and line widths. The spectrometric characteristics of the fungal humic acids were of the same order as those of fulvic acids. Plots of spin concentration vs. % H and of spin concentration vs. % O showed inverse and direct statistically significant correlation between the parameters, respectively. This is interpreted as an indication that the free radicals were formed via oxidative removal of H from ‐OH groups. Statistically significant correlations between spin concentration and absorbance at 465 mµ and between spin concentration and atomic C/H ratios were taken as evidence that the free radical content of humic substances is related to their dark color and increases as the molecular complexity increases.
Iron Fertilization of Calcareous Soils in the Greenhouse and Laboratory
Authors: Hodgson J. F. , Neeley K. L. , Pushee J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour crops of corn (Zea mays L.) were grown over a period of 2 years on a calcareous soil supplied with 56‐2,200 kg/ha Fe as Fe2(SO4)3. The iron was mixed with the soil and the plants grown for about 6 weeks. The pots remained barren in the greenhouse during periods between crops. All levels of Fe additions improved crop growth with optimum response coming at 186 µg/g and above. There was no appreciable decrease in relative response to the Fe additions with successive cropping. Iron content of the corn plants and the readily extractable phase of iron in the soil both increased following iron supplementation. Iron additions to other calcareous soils, followed by successive wetting and drying in the laboratory, increased the readily extractable Fe in every case, but considerable variation was observed among soils.
Zinc Absorption by Wheat Seedlings: I. Inhibition by Macronutrient Ions in Short‐Term Experiments and its Relevance to Long‐Term Zinc Nutrition
Authors: Chaudhry F. M. , Loneragan J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractShort‐term Zn2+ absorption by intact wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied to resolve large discrepancies between Zn2+ absorption in short‐term experiments with excised roots and in long‐term experiments with whole plants.Excision, pretreatment, and age of seedlings had no effect on short‐term Zn2+ absorption.Zn2+ absorption responded to changes in temperatures with Q10 values of 6.1, 1.8, and 1.9 for the temperature ranges 2 to 10, 10 to 20, and 20 to 29C, respectively. Addition of macronutrient salts to 250µM Ca(NO3)2 in the absorbing solution decreased Zn2+ absorption by about 80%. Micronutrient salts had a small additional effect on Zn2+ absorption.Cations rather than anions inhibited Zn2+ absorption. Nitrate salts of alkali and alkaline earth cations strongly depressed Zn2+ absorption. In the presence of 250µM Ca(NO3)2, nitrates of alkali cations at 750µM and of additional Ca2+ at 250 and 375µM depressed Zn2+ absorption from 1µM ZnCl2 in the order NH4+ > Rb+ > K+ > Cs+ > Ca2+ > Na+ > Li+. Nitrates of alkaline earth cations at concentrations of 250µM depressed Zn2+ absorption in the order Mg2+ > Ba2+ ≥ Sr2+ = Ca2+. Replacing NO3‐ with Cl‐, SO42‐, or H2PO4‐, had no effect on Zn2+ absorption.The inhibitory effects of alkali and alkaline earth cations appeared to be mutually competitive. Large effects of K+ at low concentrations of Ca2+ decreased and finally disappeared with increasing concentrations of Ca2+.The rates of Zn2+ absorption by 6‐day‐old, intact wheat seedlings closely approximated those reported for long‐term experiments over a wide range of solution Zn2+ concentrations from 0.05 to 5.0µM when the temperature and the composition of the absorbing solutions were identical. These results suggest that it may be possible to relate short‐term studies of Zn2+ absorption to long‐term studies of Zn nutrition.