bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustained long‐term remissions with weekly interferon maintenance therapy in hairy cell leukemia
Authors: RAMAKRISHNA Raj , MANOHARAN Arumugam 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAim:  This study evaluates the efficacy of weekly α‐interferon (IFN) maintenance therapy in hairy cell leukaemia (HCL), a disease that remains incurable.Method:  Nine patients (six male, three female, aged 41–69 yrs) with hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) received IFN 3mU s.c. once weekly as long‐term maintenance therapy after achieving optimal clinical and hematological response to initial therapy with thrice weekly IFN.Results:  Eight of the nine patients are in a state of sustained response at 3–17 years (median 12 years).Conclusion:  Our results are similar to those from three previous studies using long‐term IFN maintenance therapy, bringing the total number of patients in sustained remission to 118. We hope these reports will lead to a multi‐centre, phase III study of IFN maintenance therapy (including pegylated IFN, given less frequently) in HCL patients achieving optimal response to initial therapy, be it IFN or a purine analogue.
A Case Report of Plasmapheresis in the Treatment of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Shinozaki Koichiro , Oda Shigeto , Sadahiro Tomohito , Nakamura Masataka , Abe Ryuzo , Nakamura Shiho , Hattori Noriyuki , Hirano Shigeki , Hattori Takamichi , Hirasawa Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAcute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system associated with significant morbidity and mortality. High‐dose corticosteroid administration has been considered the mainstay of treatment for ADEM; however, some patients with ADEM are refractory to steroid therapy. We report a case of a 17‐year‐old man suffering from ADEM who did not respond to corticosteroid therapy, but who exhibited a dramatic recovery with plasmapheresis. He became comatose, requiring ventilatory support, and exhibited abnormalities of some brainstem reflexes prior to treatment. He underwent sequential courses of plasma exchange therapy for three days. Plasma exchanges were carried out with concomitant continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) to control intracranial pressure by stabilizing pH, plasma Na+ concentration, and colloid osmotic pressure. After plasma exchanges, his reflexes and level of consciousness gradually improved. Eleven months after this treatment, he had only minimal neurological deficit that did not interfere with any of his activities of daily living. The efficacy of plasmapheresis for ADEM has not yet been established. Plasmapheresis may be indicated for ADEM, not only for patients with severe disease in whom high‐dose corticosteroid treatment has failed, but also as first‐line treatment for ADEM. Early initiation of plasmapheresis appears to be associated with moderate to marked improvement. Early recognition and early treatment of ADEM are thus of paramount importance.
Clients of Commercial and Not‐for‐Profit Credit Counseling Agencies: Their Evaluations of Agency Services and Money Management Behavior
Authors: LANGREHR VIRGINIA B. , LANGREHR FREDERICK W. 
Published: July 2010

The number of family credit counseling agencies has expanded in recent years. The purpose of these agencies is to seek cooperation of lenders in setting up a plan whereby debtors can repay their debts. However, the agencies have sought not only to extricate clients from their current financial problems but also to educate them to avoid future financial problems.There is a debate in the credit counseling industry over whether the not‐for‐profit or the commercial agency can best serve debtor needs. This study is based on a survey of debtors who were clients of a not‐for‐profit agency or of a commercial agency. No significant differences were found in clients' evaluations of the services of the two agencies or in the credit and money management behavior of the two client groups.
Evaluating the Impact on Pharmacy Practices of a Law Requiring the Posting of Drug Prices
Authors: BALDIGO MICHAEL , BOLES ANN , REYNOLDS WILLIAM 
Published: July 2010

Posting price lists of most frequently purchased retail drugs under Section 4333 of the California Pharmaceutical Law offers consumers the opportunity to make more effective price comparisons. The same information also permits examination of the pricing structure of an entire local market, and it was just such an examination which was undertaken in the present study for 100 items on sale at 24 pharmacies in the northern region of the San Francisco Bay area.Wide price differentials were found to exist. Pharmacies charging higher prices were found to do so across their entire product line: the higher prices were not related to better service but primarily to monopolistic practices. It was also concluded that if posting has so far failed to bring about lower prices, it may be due to token compliance. The study examined computer simulation techniques for measuring the effectiveness of small, unsophisticated pharmaceutical price surveys, and the accuracy of such surveys was shown to be extremely high.
An Econometric Analysis of Interstate Differences in Nonbusiness Bankruptcy and Chapter Thirteen Rates
Authors: HECK RAMONA K. Z. 
Published: July 2010

An econometric household insolvency model was developed to explain the variation among states in nonbusiness bankruptcy rates. The model consisted of two equations with nonbusiness straight‐bankruptcy rates and Chapter XIII rates as the dependent variables. Higher divorce rates and percentages of a state's total credit offices which were finance companies were associated with higher nonbusiness straight‐bankruptcy rates. Higher percentages of a state's population between the ages of 25 and 34 and the existence of laws prohibiting wage garnishments were negatively related to nonbusiness straight‐bankruptcy rates.Higher percentages of Blacks, divorce rates, and credit offices per 100,000 population were associated with higher Chapter XIII rates. Also, the existence of Consumer Credit Counseling Services within a state's borders was associated with higher rates of Chapter XIII petitions. Finally, the existence of laws limiting wage garnishments was associated with lower Chapter XIII rates.
Consumer Acceptance of Item Price Removal: A Survey Study of Milwaukee Shoppers
Authors: LANGREHR FREDERICK W. , LANGREHR VIRGINIA BLANSETT 
Published: July 2010

A survey was conducted of 193 Milwaukee food shoppers to determine their experiences and opinions relating to item price removal (IPR) in supermarkets. The principal findings were that opinions of IPR were related to experiences with shopping in IPR environments, extent of price comparison behaviors, and certain demographic variables. Most of the respondents thought retailers should supply a price‐marking instrument to shoppers. A majority of the respondents who had not shopped in an IPR store said they would switch stores if their current store removed prices. However, only one‐quarter of the respondents who had shopped in an IPR store changed stores and price removal was of secondary importance in this decision. Overall, respondents were evenly split on the need for legal controls in IPR, but respondents who had not shopped in an IPR store and who were from disadvantaged households (with regard to age, income and/or education) were more likely to see a need for legal controls.The findings of this study and ones conducted in other cities suggest that the primary public policy issue is not whether or not item prices should be removed. Rather, the issue is what is the best method of providing shoppers with price comparison information.
Allocation of Windfall Income: A Case Study of a Retroactive Pay Increase to University Employees
Authors: RUCKER MARGARET H. 
Published: July 2010

Household allocation of windfall income has been a controversial topic since Friedman proposed the permanent income hypothesis. Release of retroactive pay checks to a group of university employees provided the opportunity for further investigation of this issue.Responses to a mail survey of these employees suggested that funds were evenly distributed among current expenses, outstanding debts, financial investments, and new expenditures. Reclassification of allocations as either consumption or savings indicated that somewhat over one‐third of allocations were to consumption and slightly less than two‐thirds were to savings. Discriminant analyses demonstrated that size of windfall was the most important discriminator with respect to type of allocation. The data have implications for policy regarding notification concerning a windfall distribution. It appears that quality of decision making may be improved by insuring that recipients are provided with some advance notice of an impending windfall.
Down‐regulation of Receptor‐mediated Endocytosis Is Reponsible for Senescence‐associated Hyporesponsiveness
Authors: PARK SANG CHUL , PARK JEONG‐SOO , PARK WOONG‐YANG , CHO KYOUNG‐A , AHN JEONG SOO , JANG IK SOON 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHuman diploid fibroblasts (HDF) do not divide indefinitely and eventually lead to an arrest of cell division by a process termed cellular or replicative senescence. Irreversible growth arrest of senescent cells is strongly related to the attenuated response to growth factors. Recently, we reported that up‐regulation of caveolin in the senescent cells is responsible for the attenuated response to growth factors. Senescent cells did not phosphorylate Erk‐1/2 after EGF stimulation, whereas young cells did. In those senescent cells, we found an increased level of caveolin proteins and strong interactions between caveolin‐1 and EGFR. When we overexpressed caveolin‐1 in young HDF, the activation of Erk‐1/2 on EGF stimulation was significantly suppressed. These results suggest that the hyporesponsiveness of senescent fibroblasts to EGF stimulation might be due to the overexpression of caveolin. In addition, the clathrin‐dependent endocytosis system plays the more active and dominant role over the caveolae system. Therefore, we monitored the efficiency of clathrin‐dependent receptor‐mediated endocytosis in the senescent cells in order to elucidate the exact mode of the attenuated response to growth factors in the senescent cells. Using a transferrin‐uptake assay and Western blot analysis of endocytosis‐related proteins, we found a significant decrease of amphiphysin‐1 in human diploid fibroblasts of multipassages. By adjusting the level of amphiphysin, we could modulate the efficiency of receptor‐mediated endocytosis either in young or old cells toward growth factors: that is, a dominant negative mutant of amphiphysin‐1 blocked the endocytosis in the young cells, while microinjection of the gene resumed its activity in the old cells. Taken together, we conclude that the loss of endocytotic activity of senescent cells is directly related to the down‐regulation of amphiphysin‐1 and/or up‐regulation of caveolins. This opens a new field of functional recovery of the senescent cells simply through adjusting the receptor‐mediated endocytosis capacity.
Mitochondrial DNA Deletion Mutations and Sarcopenia
Authors: AIKEN JUDD , BUA ENTELA , CAO ZHENGJIN , LOPEZ MARISOL , WANAGAT JON , McKENZIE DEBBIE , McKIERNAN SUSAN 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis manuscript summarizes our studies on mitochondrial DNA and enzymatic abnormalities that accumulate, with age, in skeletal muscle. Specific quadricep muscles, rectus femoris in the rat and vastus lateralis in the rhesus monkey, were used in these studies. These muscles exhibit considerable sarcopenia, the loss of muscle mass with age. The focal accumulation of mtDNA deletion mutations and enzymatic abnormalities in aged skeletal muscle necessitates a histologic approach in which every muscle fiber is examined for electron transport system (ETS) enzyme activity along its length. These studies demonstrate that ETS abnormalities accumulate to high levels within small regions of aged muscle fibers. Concomitant with the ETS abnormalities, we observe intrafiber atrophy and, in many cases, fiber breakage. Laser capture microdissection facilitates analysis of individual fibers from histologic sections and demonstrates a tight association between mtDNA deletion mutations and the ETS abnormalities. On the basis of these results, we propose a molecular basis for skeletal muscle fiber loss with age, a process beginning with the mtDNA deletion event and culminating with muscle fiber breakage and loss.
Action Explanations Are Not Inherently Normative
Authors: GRÜNE‐YANOFF TILL 
Published: July 2010

“Though this be madness, yet there is method in't.”
Hamlet, act II, scene ii
Abstract:  Inherent normativity is the claim that intentional action explanations necessarily have to comply with normatively understood rationality constraints on the ascribed propositional attitudes. This paper argues against inherent normativity in three steps. First, it presents three examples of actions successfully explained with propositional attitudes, where the ascribed attitudes violate relevant rationality constraints. Second, it argues that the inference rules that systematise propositional attitudes are qualitatively different from rationality constraints both in their justification and their recipients. Third, it rejects additional conditions on propositional attitudes, which purport to necessitate a normative commitment. Thus, inherent normativity is rejected; and with it the claim that intentional action explanations differ substantially from other explanations because they are inherently normative.
Frege's Theory of Sense and Reference: Some Exegetical Notes1
Authors: KRIPKE SAUL A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Frege's theory of indirect contexts and the shift of sense and reference in these contexts has puzzled many. What can the hierarchy of indirect senses, doubly indirect senses, and so on, be? Donald Davidson gave a well‐known ‘unlearnability’ argument against Frege's theory. The present paper argues that the key to Frege's theory lies in the fact that whenever a reference is specified (even though many senses determine a single reference), it is specified in a particular way, so that giving a reference implies giving a sense; and that one must be ‘acquainted’ with the sense. It is argued that an indirect sense must be ‘immediately revelatory’ of its reference. General principles for Frege's doctrine of sense and reference are sated, for both direct and indirect quotation, to be understood iteratively. I also discuss Frege's doctrine of tensed and first person statements in the light of my analysis. The views of various other authors are examined. The conclusion is to ascribe to Frege an implicit doctrine of acquaintance similar to that of Russell.
Local Union Leadership Orientation and Union Democracy*
Authors: Won George 
Published: July 2010

Cette ktude pr6sente une alternative au concept du systPme de dew partis pour le maintient d' un ordre democratique dans les organizations dites volontaires. On a présupposé que, en l'absence de conflit institutionalisé les orientations de rôle de militants qui se dedient des rôles de leaders determinent le caractère politique de l'organization.On a choisi les délégués Aune convention constitutionelle des United Auto Workers (Syndicat des Travailleurs de 1'Automobile). On a supposé que les facteurs qui conditionnent un ordre democratique sont (i) l'orientation des valeurs des delbgues, (ii) l'evaluation du syndicat comme organization d6mocratique par les délégukés (iii)la perception par les dhgués du comportement politique des membres et de l'attitude de ceux‐ci envers le direction du syndicat. Les resultats suggerent qu' il y a chez ces degues un fort attachement aux valeurs democratiques. En plus, l'evaluation du syndicat par les delegubs et leur perception de l'attitude et du comportement des membres sont des influences determinantes qui renforcent leur attachement B un syst6me democratique de direction.
Blood Pressure Changes among Male Navaho Migrants to an Urban Environment
Authors: Alfred Braxton M. 
Published: July 2010

Des donnees comparatives sur la pression sanguine systolique et diastolique des Navahos de sexe masculin furent recueillies avant et apres leur emigration d'un milieu rural a un centre urbain. Les deux mesures furent significativement plus elevees apres l'emigration. Quelques facteurs causaux tels que le changement d'altitude, l'ingestion de gras satures et l'age furent elimines. D'un maniere pro‐visoire, on conclut que des facteurs associes a l'emigration, tels qu'un changement dans les habitudes de repos, la pollution de l'air ainsi que la separation de la parente sont a l'origine de ces changements physiologiques.Comparative data on systolic and diastolic blood pressures were obtained on male Navahos before and after migration from a rural to an urban environment. Both measures were significantly higher after migration. Various possible causes ‐ such as change in altitude, saturated fat intake, and age ‐ are eliminated. It is tentatively concluded that altered rest patterns, urban pollution, and separation from kin, i.e., things specific to the act of migration, are causally implicated.
Social Networks: Towards Structure or Process?*
Authors: Aronson Dan R. 
Published: July 2010

En discutant des réseaux sociaux, on a confondu deux traditions tout à fait distinctes de la pensée anthropologique contemporaine. L'une de ces traditions est à la recherche de nouveaux concepts pour analyser la structure sociale; l'autre tradition s'intéresse aux modèles processuels. Cette dernière position permet, à notre point de vue, une recherche beaucoup plus fructueuse des champs de comportements qui ont échappéà la théorie structuraliste. Toutefois, avant d'établir plus sûrement la valeur de cette voie d'analyse on devra l'élaborer et définir ses objectifs plus clairement. Des illustrations provenant d'études sur le terrain chez les Yoruba ajoute foi à l'idée que les réseaux eux‐mêmes peuvent être décrits et comparés sans tenir compte de leurs positions dans le processus social.Two quite distinct traditions in recent anthropological thinking have been confounded in the discussion of social networks. One of these seeks new concepts for the analysis of social structure; the other is oriented toward processual models. This second view promises more fruitful inquiry into areas of behaviour that have eluded structural theory, but it must be further developed with clearer goals before its value can be ascertained. Illustrations from field‐work among the Yoruba provide caveats to the notion that networks themselves can be described or compared independently of their contexts in social process.
CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL PROBLEMS IN THE VERTICAL MOSAIC*
Authors: Heap James L. 
Published: July 2010

L'ouvrage de Porter, The Vertical Mosaic, est ré‐étudié et on y trouve des problèmes conceptuels et théoriques reliés aux notions de ≪ classe ≫ et ≪ pouvoir ≫. L'auteur prétend que l'importante distinction de Porter entre ≪ la vraie classe moyenne ≫ et ≪ la majorité moyenne ≫ viole ses positions théoriques originales sur la notion de classe et est de peu d'utilité pour les fins poursuivies. De plus il n'explique pas les fondements théoriques du concept de classe sociale. En ne distinguant pas pouvoir et autorité il soulève des problèmes logiques et utilitaires. Par voie de conséquence les fondements théoriques de la structure de pouvoir sont inadéquats. En apportant des solutions à ces problèmes l'auteur aurait pu élargir l'univers de ses résultats. The Vertical Mosaic is re‐examined, and conceptual and theoretical problems are found to surround “class” and “power.” It is argued that Porter's important distinction between “real middle class” and “middle majority” violates his original position on class, and is inadequate for his stated purpose. Furthermore, the theoretical foundations underlying the structure of class are unexplicated. His failure to distinguish between power and authority raises logical and practical problems. Thus, the theoretical foundations underlying the structure of power are inadequate. The resolution of these problems could have led to further findings.
The Multiplication of Opportunities: A Model of Sponsored Mobility, Coventry, England, 1420–1450*
Authors: TEPPERMAN LORNE 
Published: July 2010

Le degré de mobilité d'un système social est le résultat conjoint de la vitesse avec laquelle les postes deviennent disponibles à la suite d'une evolution structurelle ou de l'usure et de la manière dont on favorise le déplacement des membres dans cette structure. Cet article illustre le fait que le niveau de mobilité pour un taux donné d'usure et d'expansion atteint le plus haut sommet dans le cas d'un type de mobilité contrôlée (“sponsored”) ou fondée sur l'ancienneté. La plupart des individus augmentent leurs revenus, accroissent leur autorité et leur prestige quelque peu lorsque le recrutement et la promotion des membres sont contrôlés par l‘élite sociale et que le degré d'apprentissage et le niveau de l'expérience deviennent les principaux critères de promotion. Dans un tel regime peu de candidate vivent l'expérience d'une mobilité descendante. Cette affirmation repose sur les rapports de taxation et autres données venant de Coventry, Angleterre, pour la période 1420–50. Elle provient aussi de comparaisons établies à l'aide de données canadiennes. On y développe un modèle pour expliquer pourquoi une mobilité dirigée et contrôlée augmentera invariablement les occasions d'avancement à tous les niveaux d'expansion structurale.The amount of mobility in a social system is a joint function of the rate at which vacancies are created by structural expansion and attrition, and the way in which movement through the structure is organized. This paper shows that the amount of mobility for a given rate of attrition and expansion is maximized by a “sponsored” or “seniority” type of mobility. Where recruitment and promotion are controlled by the social elite, and amount of training and experience are the main criteria for promotion, most men are upwardly mobile in income, authority, and prestige to some degree and almost none are downwardly mobile. This is verified by tax payment and other data from Coventry, England, in the period 1420–50, and by some comparisons with Canadian data. A model is developed to explain why sponsored mobility will invariably multiply the opportunities for advancement at any given rate of structural expansion.
George Herbert Mead's Theory of Self: A Study in the Origin and Convergence of Ideas*
Authors: PETRAS JOHN W. 
Published: July 2010

Bien que la théorie du moi de George Herbert Mead soit considérée comme l'une des contributions les plus importantes au développement des sciences du comportement, la place de cette théorie dans le processus d'évolution des idées de Mead demeure peu connue. Par le biais d'une analyse des travaux de Mead, cet article conçoit cette théorie comme étant la convergence de ses intérêts en biologie, dans la réforme scolaire, en philosophic en psychologie, et en sociologie. On y discute également les conséquences de cette constatation sur les théories contemporaines du moi.While George Herbert Mead's theory of self is recognized as one of the leading contributions to the development of the behavioural sciences, the position of this theory relative to the maturation of Mead's own idea system is unexplored. Through an analysis of the works of Mead, this paper examines the theory as a convergence of his interests in biology, educational reform, philosophy, psychology, and sociology. Also discussed are the implications of this fact for contemporary theories of the self.