bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excitotoxic neonatal damage induced by monosodium glutamate reduces several GABAergic markers in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in adulthood
Authors: Ureña‐Guerrero Mónica E. , Orozco‐Suárez Sandra , López‐Pérez Silvia J. , Flores‐Soto Mario E. , Beas‐Zárate Carlos 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMonosodium glutamate (MSG) administered to neonatal rats during the first week of life induces a neurodegenerative process, which is represented by several neurochemical alterations of surviving neurons in the brain, where signalling mediated by GABA is essential for excitation threshold maintenance. GABA‐positive cells, [3H]‐GABA uptake, expression of mRNA for GABA transporters GAT‐1 and GAT‐3, and expression of mRNA and protein for two main GABA synthesizing enzymes, GAD65 and GAD67, were measured at postnatal day 60, after MSG neonatal treatment in two critical cerebral regions, cerebral cortex and hippocampus. GABA‐positive cells, [3H]‐GABA uptake, and mRNA for GAT‐1, were significantly diminished in both cerebral regions. In the cerebral cortex, MSG neonatal treatment also decreased the mRNA for GAD67 and protein for GAD65 without significant changes in its corresponding protein and mRNA, respectively. Moreover in the hippocampus, mRNA and protein for GAD65 were increased, whilst GAD67 protein was elevated without significant changes in its mRNA. Clearly these results confirm the GABA cells loss after MSG neonatal treatment in both cerebral regions. As most of the GABAergic markers measured were reduced in the cerebral cortex, this region seems to be more sensitive than hippocampus, where interesting compensatory changes over GAD65 and GAD67 proteins were observed. However, it is possible that others neurotransmission systems are also compensating the GABA‐positive cells loss in the cerebral cortex, and that elevations in two main forms of GAD in the hippocampus are not sufficient to maintain the neural excitation threshold for this region.
Neonatal LPS injection alters the body weight regulation systems of rats under non‐stress and immune stress conditions
Authors: Iwasa Takeshi , Matsuzaki Toshiya , Kinouchi Riyo , Fujisawa Shinobu , Murakami Masahiro , Kiyokawa Machiko , Kuwahara Akira , Yasui Toshiyuki , Irahara Minoru 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIt has been reported that prenatal immune stress induced by lipopolysaccharides or cytokines increases food intake and leads to obesity and other features of metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Using Sprague–Dawley rats, we evaluated whether neonatal LPS injection altered their body weight regulation systems under non‐stress and immune stress conditions. On Day 10 after birth, all pups were injected with LPS (100 μg/kg, i.p.) (PND10LPS) or saline (PND10Saline). After weaning, body weight was significantly elevated in PND10LPS compared with PND10Saline. Thereafter, the rats were injected with LPS (100 μg/kg, i.p.) or saline (used as a basal condition) from 7 to 8 weeks of age. Under basal conditions, cumulative food intake were significantly higher, serum leptin concentration was significantly increased, and hypothalamic NPY mRNA expression was significantly decreased in PND10LPS compared with PND10Saline. Under adult LPS injected conditions, body weight gain and cumulative food intake were suppressed in both the PND10LPS and PND10Saline groups compared with those observed under basal adult saline‐injected conditions. The suppressive effects induced by adult LPS injection were less evident in the PND10LPS group than in the PND10Saline group. Adult LPS injection increased the serum leptin concentration in the PND10Saline rats, but not in the PND10LPS rats. In addition, adult LPS injection increased the mRNA expression of anorexinergic factors (IL‐1β, and TNF‐α), and decreased that of the orexinergic factor NPY in both groups. However, the influence of adult LPS injection upon these factors was less evident in the PND10LPS group than in the PND10Saline group. These results suggest that neonatal LPS injection alters body weight regulation under both non‐stress and immune stress conditions in male rats. Changes in the endocrine, neuropeptide, and cytokine regulation systems might be involved in these alterations.
Damage and plasticity in adult rat hippocampal trisynaptic circuit neurons after neonatal exposure to glutamate excitotoxicity
Authors: González‐Burgos I. , Velázquez‐Zamora D.A. , Beas‐Zárate C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractHippocampal vulnerability to excitotoxicity has been widely studied along with its implication to learning and memory. Neonatal glutamate excitotoxicity induces loss of CA1 pyramidal neurons in adult rats concomitantly with some plastic changes in the dendritic spines of surviving neurons. At least in part, these may underlie the place learning impairments seen in previous studies based on a similar excitotoxicity‐inducing model. In the present study, cytoarchitecture of dentate gyrus, CA3 and CA1 fields were evaluated in 120‐day‐old rats, after they had been neonatally treated with glutamate as monosodium salt. Dentate granule cells and CA1 pyramidal neurons were less than those counted in NaCl‐treated control animals. In addition, dentate granule cells had more dendrites as well as more branched spines. Spine density in CA1 pyramidal neurons was greater than in the controls. Additionally, thin and mushroom spines were proportionally more abundant in monosodium glutamate‐treated animals. No effects were seen in the hippocampal CA3 field. Our results strongly suggest a long‐term induction of plastic changes in the cytoarchitecture of the hippocampal trisynaptic circuit neurons after cell death provoked by the monosodium glutamate‐induced excitotoxicity. These plastic events as well as the aberrant expression of the glutamate NMDA receptors resulting from monosodium glutamate neonatal treatment could be strongly associated with the place learning impairments previously reported.
Understanding project champions’ ability to gain intra‐organizational commitment for environmental projects
Authors: Gattiker Thomas F. , Carter Craig R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA key enabler of environmental projects is the ability of the project champion to gain commitment to the project from other stakeholders in his or her organization. This paper develops a model of commitment‐gaining success that is based on intra‐organizational influence theory. The model also includes project payback, customer pressure, government regulation, top management support and the project champion's position in the organizational hierarchy. The model was tested using survey data from 241 environmental professionals describing their attempts to gain the buy‐in of purchasing managers, operations managers, industrial engineers and others for environmental projects. The results (obtained from hierarchical regression analysis) show that intra‐organizational commitment is positively associated with the project champion's influence behavior—in particular, the champion's use of three influence tactics (inspirational appeals, consultation and rational persuasion) and avoidance of a fourth tactic (ingratiation). Commitment is also positively associated with project payback and with top management support for the environment and negatively associated with environmental regulation. The paper contributes to the OM knowledge base on environmental project implementation by bringing new theory to bear on the topic, by focusing on individual‐level, rather than organization‐level, variables and by taking a confirmatory, large sample approach which complements extant exploratory research. In addition, the paper contributes to the OM field by evaluating various antecedents to cross‐functional integration. The results also provide specific guidance to those who champion environmental projects within their companies.
Postoperative monitoring in free tissue transfer patients: Effective use of nursing and resident staff
Authors: Jackson Ryan S. , Walker Ronald J. , Varvares Mark A. , Odell Michael J. 
Published: September 2009

ObjectivesTo compare the outcomes of two different free flap monitoring protocols and determine whether nursing staff can safely and effectively monitor free flaps.Study DesignHistorical cohort study on all head and neck free tissue transfer patients from August 2003 to August 2007.SettingTertiary care teaching institution.Subjects and MethodsThe patients were divided into two groups according to monitoring protocol. Group A (n = 49) had free flaps monitored primarily by resident physicians, while Group B patients (n = 45) were evaluated primarily by nursing staff. Demographic and outcomes data, including complications, reoperations, length of hospital stay, and flap viability, were then compared.ResultsOverall, 28 (57%) patients in Group A and 16 (37%) in Group B had at least one complication (P = 0.05). Only eight patients in each group had major complications. There were 25 (27%) patients who required further intervention in the operating room: 18 (37%) in Group A and seven (16%) in Group B (P = 0.03). Only 12 (13%) patients returned to the operating room for concerns of flap viability: seven from Group A and five from Group B. The median length of hospital stay was 11 days for both groups (P = 0.76). The flap success rate was 95 percent, with three failures in Group A and two in Group B (P = 0.72).ConclusionsA monitoring protocol utilizing trained nursing staff has no detrimental effect on free tissue transfer outcomes. This may be used to optimize resident time within the current duty‐hour restrictions.
Deliberative governance in the context of power
Authors: Hendriks Carolyn M 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDeliberative forms of governance are on the rise worldwide as governments, businesses and not-for-profit organisations seek to engage with their constituents. Empirical research on these deliberative experiments is beginning to emerge; with most studies focussing on how well deliberative practice lives up the ideals of deliberative democracy. Little, however, is known about how the practice of deliberative governance negotiates and accommodates different forms of power prevalent in the policy process. This is the subject of this special issue. This introductory piece provides an overview of how theories of deliberative democracy relate to both coercive (‘power-over’) and generative forms of power (‘power-with’). Drawing on insights from the empirical research in this special issue, the paper argues that power is not necessarily a negative force for public deliberation. Indeed coercive forms of power may be needed by some marginalized groups to push their issue onto the agenda, while more generative forms of power can inspire actors to engage in collective thinking.
Fermented wheat aleurone inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in human HT29 colon adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Borowicki Anke , Stein Katrin , Scharlau Daniel , Scheu Kerstin , Brenner-Weiss Gerald , Obst Ursula , Hollmann Jürgen , Lindhauer Meinolf , Wachter Norbert , Glei Michael 
Published: September 2009

Fermentation of dietary fibre by the gut microflora may enhance levels of SCFA, which are potentially chemoprotective against colon cancer. Functional food containing wheat aleurone may prevent cancer by influencing cell cycle and cell death. We investigated effects of fermented wheat aleurone on growth and apoptosis of HT29 cells. Wheat aleurone, flour and bran were digested and fermentedin vitro. The resulting fermentation supernatants (fs) were analysed for their major metabolites (SCFA, bile acids and ammonia). HT29 cells were treated for 24–72 h with the fs or synthetic mixtures mimicking the fs in SCFA, butyrate or deoxycholic acid (DCA) contents, and the influence on cell growth was determined. Fs aleurone was used to investigate the modulation of apoptosis and cell cycle. The fermented wheat samples contained two- to threefold higher amounts of SCFA than the faeces control (blank), but reduced levels of bile acids and increased concentrations of ammonia. Fs aleurone and flour equally reduced cell growth of HT29 more effectively than the corresponding blank and the SCFA mixtures. The EC50(48 h) ranged from 10 % (flour) to 19 % (blank). Markedly after 48 h, fs aleurone (10 %) significantly induced apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation by arresting the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase. In conclusion, fermentation of wheat aleurone results in a reduced level of tumour-promoting DCA, but higher levels of potentially chemopreventive SCFA. Fermented wheat aleurone is able to induce apoptosis and to block cell cycle – two essential markers of secondary chemoprevention.
The Homeric Way of War: theIliadand the Hoplite Phalanx (I)
Authors: Van Wees Hans 
Published: September 2009

Old warriors of the New Guinea highlands used to regale the anthropologist Margaret Mead with tales of battles they once fought. Their stories ransomething like this: ‘We met on the mountainside near Wihun. A man of our side, named Maigi, threw a spear at a man of their side, named Wea. He missed. Then a man of their side threw a spear and hit my cross-cousin from Ahalaseimihi. Then I was angry and threw a spear at Wena, a big man of their side, and missed…’, and so on.
The Luxuries of Athenian Democracy
Authors: Braund David 
Published: September 2009

In 424 B. C. or thereabouts, an oligarchically-minded critic of the Athenian democracy observed:And if account is to be taken of more minor matters, it is as a result of their mastery of the sea that the Athenians have mixed with various peoples in different areas and discovered a range of festive practices. In consequence, what is sweet in Sicily, Italy, Cyprus, Egypt, Lydia, Pontus, the Peloponnese or elsewhere has all been brought together in one place because of [sc.the Athenians'] mastery of the sea. (The Old Oligarch, 2.7)Though critical of the democracy in principle, the Old Oligarch is strikingly positive here in one sense. This is no denunciation of the baleful and corrupting influence of luxuries imported from overseas. Rather, it is an explicit statement of an advantage of sea-power to the Athenians. A minor advantage, on this assessment, but evidently considered worthy of attention. Moreover, here as throughout his work, the Old Oligarch has in mind not a narrow elite, but the Athenian demos at large, the masses. On his analysis, the demos, through its sea-power, rules Athens and its empire effectively and in its own interest, which includes the acquisition and enjoyment of the best produce of the Mediterranean and Black Sea worlds. Under the democracy, it is claimed, the masses enjoy what may be termed luxury-goods.
Pliny the Poet
Authors: Hershkowitz Debra 
Published: September 2009

In letter 4.14, Pliny the Younger remarks that he doesn't worry too much about criticism of his poetry since he's not planning to give up the day job (§10):nam si hoc opusculum nostrum aut potissimum esset aut solum, fortasse posset durum uideri dicere ‘quaere quod agas’: molle et humanum est ‘habes quod agas’.For if this little work were my chief or sole effort it might possibly seem unkind to tell me to ‘find something else to do’: but there is nothing unkind in the gentle reminder that I ‘have something else to do’.
Martial's Christmas Winelist
Authors: Leary T. J. 
Published: September 2009

Of the poet Martial we know a great deal – especially when compared with what we know about his younger contemporary Juvenal, yet one needs to be careful in approaching what he tells us about himself. For instance, he refers several times to his suburban smallholding at Nomentum, usually identified as modern Mentana but possibly Casali, and in so doing is accustomed to belittle its produce. Hence he claims to send as a harvest gift fruit bought in the Subura rather than his own indifferent home-grown (10.94), and declares at 2.38 that what his estate yields is (not produce but) respite from the troublesome Linus. Now it is well appreciated that jokes regarding the viability, or rather otherwise, of suburban estates were standard; but it is possible that Martial's Nomentan estate was originally part of one owned by his compatriot the Younger Seneca, and we are told by Columella (3.3.3) that the vineyards on this estate were especially famed. Thus, although Martial's estate would have been small, the wine it produced might in fact have been very good of its kind – for all that his Nomentan neighbour Quintus Ovidius is credited with better (13.119):Nomentana meum tibi dat vindemia Bacchum:si te Quintus amat, commodiora bibes.‘A Nomentan vintage gives you my wine. If Quintus loves you, you will drink better.’
Mr and Mrs Ovid
Authors: Helzle Martin 
Published: September 2009

The title of this paper will immediately make the informed reader ask himself ‘which of Ovid's three wives does he mean?’ Writing about the first two, however, would hardly be more than a paraphrase of the poet's own words:paene mihi puero nee digna nee utilis uxorest data, quae tempus per breue nupta fuit.illi successit, quamuis sine crimine coniunx,non tamen in nostro firma futura toro.(When still almost a boy I was given a completely useless wife who was married to me for a short time. She was succeeded by a spouse who, although flawless, was still not going to remain faithful to me.)
LINEAGE AND SOCIETY IN PRECOLONIAL UGANDA
Authors: STEPHENS RHIANNON 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTThis article examines the changing nature of patrilineality in east-central Uganda from the sixth century. While traditional anthropological models of lineality have been largely dismissed in recent scholarship, the problem remains that patrilineages and patriclans have played important roles in the lives of the Ganda, Gwere, Soga and their North Nyanza ancestors. By carefully examining changes and continuities in the form and content of patrilineality it becomes possible to understand it as historically contingent. In North Nyanza, patrilineal descent was the norm for inheritance and for household formation, but relationships formed through mothers were also crucial in the creation of new communities and in the legitimation of political power. This was not static: as communities negotiated their changing circumstances, so they adapted the form of their particular patrilineality to serve their needs.
A LASTING STORY: CONSERVATION AND AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES IN COLONIAL MALAWI
Authors: GREEN ERIK 
Published: September 2009

AbstractHistorians have written extensively about agricultural extension services and the linkages between colonial administrations and rural communities in British Africa. Most studies argue that it is possible to identify a qualitative shift in strategies between the inter- and the post-war periods. The former is characterized by modest attempts at promoting soil conservation, while the latter is described as a period when colonial governments in British Africa – guided by scientific knowledge – tried to transform peasant agriculture to increase production. This article questions this division by using colonial Malawi as a case. It reveals that the strategies and intensity of agricultural extension services changed over time but that the aim of intervention, i.e. to combat soil erosion, remained the focal point throughout the colonial period. This shows that it is important to distinguish between strategies and scale of intervention on the one hand and their aims and contents on the other. Changes in the former took place within the conservation paradigm. Additionally, this article reveals that agricultural extension services were directed by colonial officials' perceptions about African farmers rather than detailed empirical knowledge about existing farming methods.
Prevalence and intensity of Paramphistomum daubneyi infections in cattle from north-eastern Algeria
Authors: Titi A. , Mekroud A. , Sedraoui S. , Vignoles P. , Rondelaud D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractParasitological investigations on ruminal paramphistomosis were carried out in 2033 cattle over a 14-month period in three Algerian slaughterhouses to determine the prevalence and intensity of this disease. The prevalence of infection varied from different slaughterhouses (1.2% at El Khroub, 7.5% at Ferdjioua and 12.1% at Jijel). The worm burden was significantly higher in cattle from El Khroub than for those slaughtered in the other two sites (a mean of 984.1 parasites compared with 87.5 and 140.7 at Jijel and Ferdjioua, respectively). No significant correlation between prevalence, intensity of infection and age of cattle was noted. Overall, females were significantly more infected than males, whereas the sex of animals was independent of worm burdens recovered in slaughtered cattle. The climatic conditions of provinces in which the slaughterhouses were located (a more temperate climate for Jijel and semiarid conditions for the other two provinces) may partly explain variations noted in prevalence and intensity of infection. The present results will contribute to our understanding of the epidemiology of Paramphistomum daubneyi infections in north-eastern Algeria.
Trichinella nativain Iceland: an example ofTrichinelladispersion in a frigid zone
Authors: Skírnisson K. , Marucci G. , Pozio E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn most Arctic and subarctic regions,Trichinella nativais a common zoonotic pathogen circulating among wild carnivores. The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is one of the most important reservoirs forT. nativain frigid zones. In Iceland,Trichinellainfection has never been detected in the local wildlife, despite the presence of one of the host species, the arctic fox (Alopex lagopus). In 2008, one of two polar bears that had swum to Iceland's coast was found to have been infected withTrichinellasp. (8.5 larvae/g in the tongue, 6.8 larvae/g in the masseter and 4.4 larvae/g in the diaphragm); the larvae were identified asT. nativa. This is the second report ofTrichinellainfection in polar bears that reached the Icelandic coast. In the present work, we describe this case of infection and discuss the epidemiological features that have allowedT. nativato spread in Arctic regions.
The ten characteristics of the high-performing chronic care system
Authors: Ham Chris 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to describe the characteristics of the high-performing chronic care system and the four implementation strategies needed to achieve such a system. The paper starts with a description of the Chronic Care Model and summarises evidence on its impact. This is followed by a review of international evidence on gaps in the quality of chronic care. These gaps suggest that, useful and influential as the Chronic Care Model is, more is needed to help health care decision makers bring about the reorientation required to meet the needs of populations in which chronic diseases predominate. The second half of the paper therefore sets out the ten characteristics and four implementation strategies required to achieve a high-performing chronic care system. In doing so, it provides practical guidance to policy makers and health care leaders on the most promising strategies for improving the provision of chronic care, drawing on evidence from the experience of England, New Zealand and USA.