bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Effects of the Putative GBF1 Inhibitors Golgicide A and AG1478 on Enterovirus Replication
Authors: van der Linden Lonneke , van der Schaar Hilde M. , Lanke Kjerstin H. W. , Neyts Johan , van Kuppeveld Frank J. M. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT

The genus
Enterovirus
, belonging to the family
Picornaviridae
, includes well-known pathogens, such as poliovirus, coxsackievirus, and rhinovirus. Brefeldin A (BFA) impedes replication of several enteroviruses through inhibition of Golgi-specific BFA resistance factor 1 (GBF1), a regulator of secretory pathway integrity and transport. GBF1 mediates the GTP exchange of Arf1, which in activated form recruits coatomer protein complex I (COP-I) to Golgi vesicles, a process important in transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi vesicles. Recently, the drugs AG1478 and Golgicide A (GCA) were put forward as new inhibitors of GBF1. In this study, we investigated the effects of these putative GBF1 inhibitors on secretory pathway function and enterovirus replication. We show that both drugs induced fragmentation of the Golgi vesicles and caused dissociation of Arf1 and COP-I from Golgi membranes, yet they differed in their effect on GBF1 localization. The effects of AG1478, but not those of GCA, could be countered by overexpression of Arf1, indicating a difference in their molecular mechanism of action. Consistent with this idea, we observed that GCA drastically reduced replication of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and other human enterovirus species, whereas AG1478 had no effect at all on enterovirus replication. Time-of-addition studies and analysis of RNA replication using a subgenomic replicon both showed that GCA suppresses RNA replication of CVB3, which could be countered by overexpression of GBF1. These results indicate that, in contrast to AG1478, GCA inhibits CVB3 RNA replication by targeting GBF1. AG1478 and GCA may be valuable tools to further dissect enterovirus replication.
The Evolution of Sex: a Perspective from the Fungal Kingdom
Authors: Lee Soo Chan , Ni Min , Li Wenjun , Shertz Cecelia , Heitman Joseph 
Published: May 2010

SUMMARYSex is shrouded in mystery. Not only does it preferentially occur in the dark for both fungi and many animals, but evolutionary biologists continue to debate its benefits given costs in light of its pervasive nature. Experimental studies of the benefits and costs of sexual reproduction with fungi as model systems have begun to provide evidence that the balance between sexual and asexual reproduction shifts in response to selective pressures. Given their unique evolutionary history as opisthokonts, along with metazoans, fungi serve as exceptional models for the evolution of sex and sex-determining regions of the genome (the mating type locus) and for transitions that commonly occur between outcrossing/self-sterile and inbreeding/self-fertile modes of reproduction. We review here the state of the understanding of sex and its evolution in the fungal kingdom and also areas where the field has contributed and will continue to contribute to illuminating general principles and paradigms of sexual reproduction.
Essential Biological Processes of an Emerging Pathogen: DNA Replication, Transcription, and Cell Division inAcinetobacterspp
Authors: Robinson Andrew , Brzoska Anthony J. , Turner Kylie M. , Withers Ryan , Harry Elizabeth J. , Lewis Peter J. , Dixon Nicholas E. 
Published: May 2010

SUMMARYWithin the last 15 years, members of the bacterial genusAcinetobacterhave risen from relative obscurity to be among the most important sources of hospital-acquired infections. The driving force for this has been the remarkable ability of these organisms to acquire antibiotic resistance determinants, with some strains now showing resistance to every antibiotic in clinical use. There is an urgent need for new antibacterial compounds to combat the threat imposed byAcinetobacterspp. and other intractable bacterial pathogens. The essential processes of chromosomal DNA replication, transcription, and cell division are attractive targets for the rational design of antimicrobial drugs. The goal of this review is to examine the wealth of genome sequence and gene knockout data now available forAcinetobacterspp., highlighting those aspects of essential systems that are most suitable as drug targets.Acinetobacterspp. show several key differences from other pathogenic gammaproteobacteria, particularly in global stress response pathways. The involvement of these pathways in short- and long-term antibiotic survival suggests thatAcinetobacterspp. cope with antibiotic-induced stress differently from other microorganisms.
γ-Aminobutyrate transaminase limits the catabolism of γ-aminobutyrate in cold-stressed Arabidopsis plants: insights from an overexpression mutant
Authors: Simpson Jeffrey P. , Clark Shawn M. , Portt Andrea , Allan Wendy L. , Makhmoudova Amina , Rochon Amanda , Shelp Barry J. 
Published: May 2010

We tested the hypothesis that γ-aminobutyrate transaminase (GABA-T) regulates the supply of succinate semialdehyde for succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase or NADPH-dependent glyoxylate/succinate semialdehyde reductase 1 (GLYR1) during stress. Constitutive overexpression (OX) lines of GABA-T were generated in Arabidopsis via the floral-dip method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Polymerase chain reaction enabled selection of four transgenic lines with higher GABA-T transcript levels than the wild-type (WT), but assay of cell-free leaf extracts revealed that only OX1 had elevated GABA-T activity. Brief cold treatments (4 °C exposure for 20 min or 1 h in the dark) increased leaf GABA concentrations in both the WT and OX1, but the concentrations in OX1 were consistently lower. These findings confirm that GABA-T limits the catabolism of GABA when its production is stimulated by stress, and suggest a bioengineering strategy for improving the availability of succinate semialdehyde for the Krebs cycle or GLYR1, a potential redox-modulating reaction during stress.
Ectomycorrhizal community composition of Pinus tabulaeformis assessed by ITS-RFLP and ITS sequences
Authors: Wang Qin , Guo Liang-Dong 
Published: May 2010

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal composition was examined in a Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forest. A total of 28 root samples of P. tabulaeformis were collected in June and September. Thirty-five ECM morphotypes were identified according to ECM morphological characters, and 26 ECM fungi were identified based on the analyses of ITS-RFLP and ITS sequences. Tomentella , Sebacina , and Tuber were common genera, and Atheliaceae sp., Lactarius deliciosus , Tomentella ferruginea , and Tomentella sp. 3 were dominant species. Of these ECM fungi, 13 were found in June, 19 in September, and 6 during both sampling times. Atheliaceae sp. and T. ferruginea were the dominant fungi both in June and September. Lactarius deliciosus was dominant in June, but rare in September. Tomentella sp. 3 was dominant in September but rare in June.
Comparative analysis of hypocotyl development in epiphytic, lignotuber-forming, and terrestrial Vaccinieae (Ericaceae)
Authors: Evans Rodger C. , Vander Kloet Sam P. 
Published: May 2010

A comparative analysis of hypocotyl development was undertaken with seedlings of three Vaccinieae (Ericaceae) species ( Macleania pentaptera Hoerold, Macleania rupestris (Kunth) A.C. Sm., and Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) to determine the developmental basis for enlarged hypocotyls leading to the development of woody tubers (lignotubers) in M. pentaptera and M. rupestris. Differences in hypocotyl development are apparent after the first true leaves are visible in each species. Vascular tissue in M. rupestris and V. angustifolium is composed primarily of axial columns of secondary xylem. Secondary xylem tissues in M. pentaptera remain mostly parenchymatous and form radial columns of cells through numerous periclinal divisions. Furthermore, the secondary xylem of M. pentaptera comprises random networks of interconnected, small xylem elements in comparison with the secondary xylem of M. rupestris and V. angustifolium. These differences in hypocotyl development persist through the first 200 d of hypocotyl development, and ultimately lead to the development of a large lignotuber in M. pentaptera. Given the large amounts of parenchymatous tissue, a secondary xylem of relatively short secondary xylem elements, and the absence of adventitious buds, we propose that the lignotubers of M. pentaptera are used for short term water storage, rather than regeneration.
Hudsonia ericoides and Hudsonia tomentosa: Anatomy of mycorrhizas of two members in the Cistaceae from Eastern Canada
Authors: Massicotte Hugues B. , Peterson R. Larry , Melville Lewis H. , Tackaberry Linda E. 
Published: May 2010

Most species in the family Cistaceae are found in the Mediterranean basin. Several hosts are of special interest, owing to their associations with truffle species, while many are important as pioneer plants in disturbed areas and in soil stabilization. For these reasons, understanding their root systems and their associated fungal symbionts is important. Most studies of the structure of mycorrhizas in this family involve two genera, Cistus and Helianthemum . The present study examines structural features of mycorrhizas in two North American species, Hudsonia ericoides L. and Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. Root systems of both species are highly branched with most fine roots colonized by mycorrhizal fungi. Based on morphological features, several mycorrhizal fungi were identified; structural details also provided evidence of more than one fungal symbiont for each host species. All mycorrhizas had a multi-layered fungal mantle and Hartig net hyphae confined to radially elongated epidermal cells; no intracellular hyphae were observed. Although the Hartig net was confined to the epidermis, the outer row of cortical cell walls lacked suberin, a known barrier to fungal penetration. Mycorrhizas in H. ericoides and H. tomentosa differed from those of Cistus and Helianthemum species that have a Hartig net that extends into the root cortex, as well as frequently present intracellular hyphae.
Visual Balloon-Guided Point-by-Point Ablation
Authors: Dukkipati Srinivas R. , Neuzil Petr , Skoda Jan , Petru Jan , d'Avila Andre , Doshi Shephal K. , Reddy Vivek Y. 
Published: May 2010

Background—
While conceptually straightforward, placing point-to-point contiguous radiofrequency lesions to achieve pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is technically challenging in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Furthermore, chronic efficacy is limited by late PV reconnections. A novel compliant balloon ablation catheter able to deliver visually guided short arcs/spots of laser energy was tested in initial preclinical and clinical cases to determine if visual guidance could predict reliable and persistent PVI.

Methods and Results—
This study consisted of (1) an experimental porcine phase with both acute (n=15 pigs) and 4-week chronic (n=10) data and (2) a single-center clinical feasibility phase (n=27 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation), again with acute and 3-month chronic data. Under endoscopic guidance, point-by-point perivenous ablation was performed in a contiguous and overlapping manner. Each porcine PV was longitudinally sectioned for detailed histological analysis. At 3 months after ablation, patients underwent a prespecified remapping procedure regardless of symptomotology. In the acute and chronic animals, 29 of 30 (97%) PVs were electrically isolated after placing the initial circumferential lesion set. For the 4-week chronic animals, 80% of PVs remained isolated; lesions were histologically circumferential in 120 of 120 (100%) PV sections and transmural in 116 of 120 (96.7%) PV sections (average transmurality=99.0±5.5%). In patients, 100% of the PVs were isolated after 1.3 attempts per PV—84% of them (85 of 101) isolated after the initial visually guided lesion set. At 3 months, 61 of 68 (90%) PVs continued to be electrically isolated.

Conclusions—
Using a visually guided, compliant balloon ablation catheter with point-by-point ablative capability, PV isolation can be achieved in a reliable, reproducible, and persistent manner.
Derivation of an empirical frequency-dependent friction factor for transient response analysis of water trap seals in building drainage systems
Authors: Gormley M. , Beattie RK 
Published: May 2010

Flows in building drainage systems (BDS) are inherently unsteady. The changing nature of these flows produce pressure transients that can be harmful to water trap seals, the last line of defence against sewer gas ingress into habitable spaces. Air pressure transients propagate throughout BDS until they are diminished by either a relief valve, an open termination or, under certain circumstances, produce their own ‘relief valve’ through a compromised water trap seal. The spread of the SARS virus through empty water traps in Hong Kong in 2003 highlighted the worst possible consequences of water trap seal compromise. These air pressure transients can be simulated and their effects predicted. Only one numerical model exists for modelling airflow and the associated air pressure regime in BDS—the method of characteristics-based AIRNET. The current water trap boundary condition within the AIRNET model consists of a steady laminar frictional flow relationship, which does not replicate the unsteady pressure regime in the building drainage system. An improvement on this frictional representation is due to Carsten—Zilke, a methodology that allows a moving frictional term for water to trap surface interaction. This research proposes an alternative, empirically derived friction factor, and represents a significant simplification of the calculation process, leading to a robust, dynamic prediction methodology for water trap seal response to applied air pressure waves. Practical application: The development of new empirically derived frictional expressions to predict the effects of air pressure transients on appliance trap seals within a method of characteristics model provides far superior prediction results to those currently available. These new expressions enhance the modelling capabilities of AIRNET and prove that high frequency air pressure waves do not contribute to water trap seal depletion. The non-destructive nature of short duration or high frequency air pressure wave oscillations has contributed to the development of a non-invasive methodology for detecting water trap seal defects in building drainage systems, and this research serves to prove conclusively that using low amplitude, short duration pulses or sinusoidal pressure waves with a frequency above 3 Hz is non-destructive to traditional water trap seals in building drainage systems.
Estimation of the urban heat island for UK climate change projections
Authors: Kershaw T. , Sanderson M. , Coley D. , Eames M. 
Published: May 2010

Cities are known to exert a significant influence on their local climate, and are generally warmer than their surroundings. However, climate models generally do not include a representation of urban areas, and so climate projections from models are likely to underestimate temperatures in urban areas. A simple methodology has been developed to calculate the urban heat island (UHI) from a set of gridded temperature data; the UHI may then be added to climate model projections and weather data files. This methodology allows the UHI to be calculated on a monthly basis and downscaled to hourly for addition to weather generator data. The UHI intensities produced are found to be consistent with observed data. Practical application: There is overwhelming consensus amongst the scientific community that the Earth’s climate is warming. In addition to the effects of climate change the urban heat island (UHI) effect can increase air temperatures significantly in urban areas above those of the rural areas around them. The proposed methodology for calculating the UHI from a set of gridded temperature data allows the UHI to be added to climate model projections such as UKCP09 or HadRM3 and weather data files. The methodology also allows for the temporal downscaling of the UHI from monthly values to hourly data for use in building thermal simulation software.
Outcome of the Open Bankart Procedure for Shoulder Instability and Development of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Ogawa Kiyohisa , Yoshida Atsushi , Matsumoto Hideo , Takeda Tsuyoshi 
Published: May 2010

Background: The etiologic factors, time of development, and extent of the progression of postoperative osteoarthritis (OA) in traumatic shoulder instability remain controversial. Hypothesis: Most OA seen postoperatively occurs before surgery and progresses very slowly. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Review of 167 joints of 163 patients undergoing the open Bankart procedure, who had no history of shoulder surgery and were younger than 45 years at follow-up, was done at a mean follow-up of 8.7 years (range, 5-20 years). The shoulders were directly examined and radiographed. A statistical analysis was performed to examine the correlation between OA development/progression and patients’ demographic characteristics and various factors, and to evaluate the correlation between these factors. Results: Recurrence of instability occurred in 8 of 167 joints (4.8%). Preoperative computed tomography (CT) showed OA in 44 shoulders (26.3%), among which 12 shoulders (7.2%) showed OA on the preoperative radiographs. Consequently, CT-proven OA in the remaining 32 shoulders was incipient OA that was not revealed radiographically. Radiographs taken at follow-up revealed OA in 30 shoulders (18.0%), of which 24 (80%) had had OA proven by preoperative imaging. Preoperative CT-proven OA in 20 shoulders never became visible on postoperative radiographs. The severity of OA slightly increased in 14 joints (32%) during the postoperative period. The number of preoperative subluxations and the total number of preoperative dislocations/subluxations were significantly greater, and the percentages of male patients and glenoid bone defect greater than 20% of the anteroposterior diameter were higher for the 30 shoulders with postoperative OA. Conclusion: Most postoperatively detected OA developed before surgery. The preoperative factors are profoundly involved in the development of OA. The role of surgery in favoring the OA development appears to be inconclusive. The development and progression of OA cannot be prevented by surgical intervention, but the progression of postoperative OA is extremely slow.
Immediate Effect and Predictors of Effectiveness of Taping for Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Authors: Lan Tsung-Yu , Lin Wei-Peng , Jiang Ching-Chuan , Chiang Hongsen 
Published: May 2010

Background: Taping has been used to treat patellofemoral pain syndrome for more than 20 years, but its effectiveness is still controversial. Purpose: This study was undertaken to investigate the effect and predictors of effectiveness of taping in the treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 118 consecutive patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome were recruited; 100 of them completed this study. Patient sex, age, body mass index, Q angle, lateral patellar displacement, and lateral patellofemoral angle were recorded/measured. One therapist applied adhesive tape to each patient by the McConnell method. Patients scored their pain level on a 100-mm visual analog scale during stepping down from an 8-in platform, before and after taping. The change of score was evaluated by paired t test. Patients with a visual analog scale score decrease of 20 mm or more after taping were considered responsive, and the others were considered nonresponsive. The influences of the aforementioned factors, plus pretaping visual analog scale score, on the effectiveness of taping were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Results: The overall mean visual analog scale score decreased significantly after taping (from 49.0 to 29.3 mm; P < .001). There were 66 patients in the responsive group and 34 in nonresponsive group. Among the factors, body mass index, lateral patellofemoral angle, and Q angle were significant predictors of effectiveness. The responsive group had significantly smaller mean lateral patellofemoral angle, larger mean Q angle, and larger mean pretaping visual analog scale score than the nonresponsive group. Conclusion: Taping was an effective treatment for patellofemoral pain syndrome, but was less effective in patients with higher body mass index, larger lateral patellofemoral angle, and smaller Q angle.
The first non-mammalian CXCR5 in a teleost fish: molecular cloning and expression analysis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
Authors: Xu Qiao Q , Chang Ming X , Sun Rong H , Xiao Fan S , Nie P 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackgroundChemokines, a group of small and structurally related proteins, mediate chemotaxis of various cell types via chemokine receptors. In mammals, seven different CXC chemokine receptors denoted as CXCR1 to CXCR7 have been reported. However, the chemokine receptor CXCR5 has not been reported in other vertebrates.ResultsIn the present study, the genomic sequence of CXCR5 was isolated from the grass carpCtenopharyngodon idella. The cDNA sequence of grass carp CXCR5 (gcCXCR5) consists of 1518 bp with a 43 bp 5' untranslated region (UTR) and a 332 bp 3' UTR, with an open reading frame of 1143 bp encoding 381 amino acids which are predicted to have seven transmembrane helices. The characteristic residues (DRYLAIVHA) and conserved cysteine residues are located in the extracellular regions and in the third to seventh transmembrane domains. The deduced amino acid sequence shows 37.6-66.6% identities with CXCR5 of mammals, avian and other fish species. The grass carp gene consists of two exons, with one intervening intron, spaced over 2081 bp of genomic sequence. Phylogenetic analysis clearly demonstrated that the gcCXCR5 is clustered with those in other teleost fish and then in chicken and mammals. Real-time PCR analysis showed that gcCXCR5 was expressed in all tested organs/tissues and its expression level was the highest in trunk kidney, followed by in the spleen. The expression of gcCXCR5 was significantly modulated by immunostimulants such as peptidoglycan (PGN), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid sodium salt (Poly I:C) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA).ConclusionThe cDNA and genomic sequences of CXCR5 have been successfully characterized in a teleost fish, the grass carp. The CXCR5 has in general a constitutive expression in organs/tissues examined, whereas its expression was significantly up-regulated in immune organs and down-regulated in brain, indicating its potential role in immune response and central nervous system.