bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time‐of‐Flight and Quadrupole Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometry for Identifying Unknown Contaminants and Degradation Products in the Environment
Authors: Hernández Félix , Sancho Juan Vicente , Ibáñez María , Portolés Tania 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Modern analytical methodologies to face with large number of organic contaminants with quite different physicochemical characteristics are required in environmental analysis, where an increasing number of potentially hazardous compounds may be present in samples. Conventional target analysis does not provide a complete overview of the organic pollution pattern, even when focused on priority pollutants, and the need arises for developing analytical methodology able to detecting and identifying as many contaminants as possible in a sample. Wide‐scope target screening (i.e. searching for thousands of contaminants) is one of the most attractive approaches in this field, but searching for nontarget (unknown) compounds is also required as a complementary tool. A true nontarget approach does not use any previous information on the compounds to be searched; it involves at a first‐stage automated peak detection and MS spectra deconvolution of the component detected. Nontarget environmental analysis in many cases pursues the searching of degradation products, as the knowledge on their presence and effects in the environment is still limited.
TOF MS is an efficient technique to perform both challenging tasks. It provides full‐spectrum acquisition data at accurate mass, which are highly useful for identification and elucidation purposes. TOF MS can be coupled to both LC and GC, widening the coverage of compounds to be investigated. In addition, as full‐spectrum accurate‐mass data remain available after sample injection, a retrospective analysis to investigate the presence of other compounds without the need of new analysis is feasible. This chapter deals with the application of GC TOF MS and LC (Q)TOF MS for screening and identification/elucidation of organic contaminants and degradation products in environmental samples, mainly in water. Illustrative examples are shown from wide‐scope target screening to nontarget analysis.
Space Debris Impact Protection
Authors: Stokes Hedley 
Published: December 2011

AbstractProtection against impacts from space debris and meteoroids is now routine in the design of manned spacecraft, and is becoming increasingly so for unmanned spacecraft. Commonly considered solutions for improving protection include: the addition of multibumper shields; the modification of sandwich panels; the enhancement of multilayer insulation; and the use of toughened/laminated glass. A brief summary of each of these concepts is provided. Layers of high‐strength, lightweight materials, such as Nextel™ and Kevlar™, are observed to be particularly effective forms of shielding. The ability of a spacecraft wall or shield to prevent debris penetration is usually characterized by a ballistic limit equation. A parametric form of the equation is given for both a single wall and a multiple wall. Such equations are an important element of an impact risk analysis, providing a means to determine the probability of no failure of a spacecraft. This measure of risk enables a designer to quantify the adequacy of a given protection strategy for a spacecraft. The risk analysis computation is explained and a risk assessment procedure is given. Finally, some general guidelines for enhancing spacecraft debris protection are listed.
Quantal Analysis of Endplate Potentials in Mouse Flexor Digitorum Brevis Muscle
Authors: Ribchester Richard R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe isolated flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscle from mice is extremely well suited to rapid acquisition of data and analysis of neurotransmitter release and action at neuromuscular junctions, because the muscle and its tibial nerve supply are simple to dissect and its constituent muscle fibers are short (<1 mm) and isopotential along their length. Methods are described here for dissection of FDB, stimulation of the tibial nerve, microelectrode recording from individual muscle fibers, and quantal analysis of endplate potentials (EPPs) and miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs). Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:429‐444 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sensor network design for complex systems
Authors: Chamseddine A. , Noura H. 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a strategy to design a minimal and fault‐tolerant sensor network for observability of complex systems. Complex systems are large‐scale dynamic systems composed of interconnected subsystems. The objective is to determine the sensors to be used so that the system is observable while minimizing the number of sensors. The strategy is based on breaking down complex systems into interconnected subsystems. System breakdown helps in treating each subsystem separately and allows using reduced‐order observers rather than a large‐scale observer for the overall system. An academic example is given to illustrate the proposed strategy.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactions of Fibroblasts with Different Morphologies Made of an Engineered Spider Silk Protein
Authors: Leal‐Egaña Aldo , Lang Gregor , Mauerer Carolin , Wickinghoff Jasmin , Weber Michael , Geimer Stefan , Scheibel Thomas 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSpider silk has been investigated for decades due to the intriguing mechanical and also biomedical properties of the silk fibers. Previously, it has been shown that recombinant silk proteins can also be processed into other morphologies. Here, we characterized scaffolds made of the recombinant spider silk protein eADF4(C16) concerning their surface interactions with fibroblasts. Studies of BALB/3T3 cells on hydrogels and films made of eADF4(C16) showed low cell adhesion without observable duplication. Electro‐spun non‐woven scaffolds made of eADF4(C16), however, enabled both their adhesion and proliferation. Since eADF4(C16) lacks specific motifs for cell attachment, fibroblasts cannot generate focal adhesions with the material's surface, and, therefore, other cell–interface interactions such as topographical anchorage or cell attachment mediated by adhesion of extracellular matrix proteins are discussed in this paper. On non‐woven meshes protrusion of filopodia and/or lamellipodia between individual fibers increase the surface contact area, which depends on the diameter of the fibers of the non‐woven meshes. In contrast, at flat (film) or microstructured surfaces (hydrogels) such interactions seem to be precluded.
Effects of maintaining temperature and time on properties and structures of poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride)
Authors: Jia Xu , Zhang Yuejun 
Published: December 2011

AbstractEffects of maintaining temperature (T3) and time (t) on properties and structures of product poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDMDAAC) are researched in this article. The results showed that higher the T3 shorter the time t needed for polymer products' intrinsic viscosity ([η]) and monomer conversion (Conv.) to reach their maximum values. The maximum [η] was 4.69 dL g−1 and corresponding Conv. was 100.00%, when t = 96 h and T3 = 55°C. The reaction phenomena and products' FTIR and NMR spectra indicated the possible reasons for the increase of [η], the formation of branched and crosslinked products after the conversion was more than 100.00% in T3 term were the results of polymerization happened among the residual monomers, hanging and terminal double bonds. Compared with solubility of products, it was found that the time needed for dissolving the linear, branched, and crosslinked PDMDAAC products increased in turn, whereas their dissolved amount decreased reversely. The linear product's Mw, Mw/Mn, and Rg measured by GPC‐MALLS were 4.169 × 106, 5.109, and 127.7 nm, respectively. Meanwhile, the linear and crosslinked products were characterized by DTA‐TG. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Compatibilization of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polypropylene blends: Effect of compatibilization on blend toughness, dispersion of minor phase, and thermal stability
Authors: Inoya Hiroyuki , Wei Leong Yew , Klinklai Warunee , Takai Yoshihiro , Hamada Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBlending of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (RPET) from waste bottles with polypropylene (PP) was performed in an attempt to enhance the processability of RPET. The idea of blending RPET with PP sprouted from the intention of recycling PET bottles together with their PP‐based caps. Therefore, preliminary blending of RPET with neat PP (RPET/PP) was performed at various PP and compatibilizer contents. Morphological analyses on the extruded pellets of uncompatibilized blends indicate that the PP particle size and state of dispersion at skin and core regions were vastly different. The particles at the skin were at least 10 times smaller than that at the core although the size distribution was very wide. With the incorporation of just 5 phr of compatibilizer, the particles at the core region became significantly smaller and appeared to emulate that of the skin region. Furthermore, the overall homogeneity of the blends was vastly improved irrespective of PP content in the blend. The reduction in particle size and improved homogeneity inherently reduced stress concentration points and enhanced the mechanical performance of the blends. More importantly, the incorporation of PP into RPET significantly increased the degradation temperature of the blends, provided the dispersion of PP phase in RPET was excellent. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Evaluation of aging behavior of medium density polyethylene in natural environment by principal component analysis
Authors: Lu Lin , Li Xiaogang , Gao Jin 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTo evaluate the aging behavior of medium density polyethylene (MDPE) under aggressive environment, principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to establish a nondimensional expression Z from a data set of multiple properties of MDPE. Natural exposure tests of MDPE were carried out for one year with different test periods at Xisha islands in China. Surface properties and mechanical properties of MDPE were measured. It was found that Z increased stepwise with exposure time extending. Combined with the climatic data in Xisha islands, the shielding effect of the oxidation products generated by the degradation process or the reactivating effect resulting from changes of weather conditions were alternatively executed as the determinant factor to affect the change tendency of Z. In a word, Z can be used to reveal the comprehensive degradation pattern of MDPE in natural environments in a reasonable way. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Thermal, mechanical, and thermo‐mechanical properties of thermosets produced using low Mw functionalized polyolefins and polyamines
Authors: Hameed Tayyab , Potter David K. , Takacs Elizabeth 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThermosets obtained by reacting highly functionalized maleic anhydride‐grafted polyethylene and a polyetherdiamine at several NH2/MA molar ratios were characterized for their gel content, thermal, mechanical, and thermo‐mechanical behavior. Gel content varied with composition and a maximum (57%) observed when NH2/MA molar ratio was 1.5. Two melting transitions were observed for thermosets, representing the semicrystalline polyethylene fraction in the gel and sol part of the material in contrast to a single transition for the starting polyethylene. Overall crosslinking suppressed the crystallinity of the polyethylene in the thermoset. A single Tg observed in the DMA analysis suggested phase mixing between the polyethylene and polyether chains. A shift in the Tg observed was related to the degree of crosslinking in the thermosets. Tensile properties of the thermosets were observed to be a strong function of composition and the degree of crosslinking and the optimum mechanical performance was shown by thermosets when NH2/MA molar ratio was 1.5 and 2.0. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Integration of Reverse‐Osmosis Unit Operations in Biotechnology Process Design
Authors: Grote F. , Fröhlich H. , Strube J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe stepwise process design approach, proposed in a previous study, to generally model membrane unit operations in combination with experimental model parameter determination is transferred to a reverse‐osmosis unit. In order to predict the purification a priori by simulations, the changes of the rigorous ultrafiltration model to gain a rigorous reverse‐osmosis model are described. The modular process model, combining the most limiting factors within one mathematical model, is transmitted to reverse osmosis and various filtrations are carried out. Together with the new standard laboratory equipment, practicability of the proposed buildup is proven in order to design and integrate reverse‐osmosis membranes into biotechnology processes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Single Crystals of the Layered Copper Hydroxide Acetate Cu2(OH)3(CH3COO)·H2O.
Authors: Svarcova S. , Klementova M. , Bezdicka P. , Lasocha W. , Dusek M. , Hradil D. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSingle crystals of the title compound are obtained from an aqueous solutions of Cu(OAc)2 (60 °C, 30 h) and the crystal structure is determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: The Low‐Valent Bismuth Sulfide Bromide Cu3Bi2S3Br2.
Authors: Heerwig Andreas , Ruck Michael 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBlack needle‐shaped crystals of the title compound are prepared by reaction of Cu, Bi2S3, and CuBr (evacuated silica tube,1120 K; tempering at 570 K for two weeks; quenching).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Controlled Diastereoselection in the Hydrogenation of Heterocycloalkyl Ketones.
Authors: Akashi Masaya , Arai Noriyoshi , Inoue Tsutomu , Ohkuma Takeshi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe ruthenium‐catalyzed hydrogenation of ketones affords the corresponding alcohols with high diastereoselectivity (≥ 98% d.e.).
ChemInform Abstract: Modular Monodentate Oxaphospholane Ligands: Utility in Highly Efficient and Enantioselective 1,4‐Diboration of 1,3‐Dienes.
Authors: Schuster Christopher H. , Li Bo , Morken James P. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractNovel oxaphospholane ligands are prepared and shown to offer high enantioselectivities in catalytic diboration reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective α Alkylation of Aldehydes with 1,3‐Benzodithiolylium Tetrafluoroborate: A Formal Organocatalytic α Alkylation of Aldehydes by the Carbenium Ion.
Authors: Gualandi Andrea , Emer Enrico , Capdevila Montse Guiteras , Cozzi Pier Giorgio 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe first organocatalytic stereoselective α‐addition of a formyl group to aldehydes (I) or (X) is described to give the alcohols (III) or (XII), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Trifluoromethyl‐Bearing Quaternary Carbon Centers by Intramolecular Decarboxylative Allylation of α‐Trifluoromethyl β‐Keto Esters.
Authors: Shibata Norio , Suzuki Satoru , Furukawa Tatsuya , Kawai Hiroyuki , Tokunaga Etsuko , Yuan Zhe , Cahard Dominique 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe cyclic α‐trifluoromethyl‐α‐quaternary ketones are not easily accessible via enolate alkylation.
ChemInform Abstract: Amorphous Carbon—Silica Composites Bearing Sulfonic Acid as Solid Acid Catalysts for the Chemoselective Protection of Aldehydes as 1,1‐Diacetates and for N‐, O‐ and S‐Acylations.
Authors: Gupta Princy , Paul Satya 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn the title reaction a highly active, selective, stable and recyclable catalyst is used.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Multialkylated Olefins Through Carbozirconation of Alkynylboronates and Sequential Negishi and Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Nishihara Yasushi , Okada Yoshiaki , Jiao Jiao , Suetsugu Masato , Lan Ming‐Tzu , Kinoshita Megumi , Iwasaki Masayuki , Takagi Kentaro 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of a variety of tri‐ and tetra‐alkylated olefins in a stereocontrolled way is presented, involving the regioselective generation of zirconated intermediates from boronated alkynes (I) and (XIII) followed by Negishi or Suzuki—Miyaura cross coupling reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Iminium Ion/Carbene Reaction Cascade for the Formation of Optically Active 2,4‐Disubstituted Cyclopentenones.
Authors: Jacobsen Christian Borch , Jensen Kim L. , Udmark Jonas , Joergensen Karl Anker 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe cyclopentenones can be converted into chiral tetrasubstituted cyclopentanes like (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Iron(II) Chloride Catalyzed Alkylation of Propargyl Ethers: Direct Functionalization of an sp3 C—H Bond Adjacent to Oxygen.
Authors: Xie Yongju , Yu Ming , Zhang Yuhong 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn a search for optimized conditions concerning the title process, it is observed that substrates (I) alone are converted to ynones (IV) and (V) in the presence of FeCl3.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Mg Insertion into Substituted Mono‐ and Dichloro Arenes in the Presence of LiCl: A New Preparation of Boscalid.
Authors: Dunst Cora , Knochel Paul 
Published: December 2011

AbstractGrignard reagents are generated in a regioselective manner from aryl chlorides bearing up to three chloro substituents.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic, Asymmetric, Bromine‐Induced Semipinacol Rearrangements at Unactivated Double Bonds.
Authors: Mueller Christian H. , Wilking Michael , Ruehlmann Ansgar , Wibbeling Birgit , Hennecke Ulrich 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCyclic allylic alcohols rearrange to chiral ketones under optimized conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Amino Oxazolines as Easily Accessible Water Stable Ligands for Palladium Catalyzed Aqueous Heck Reaction.
Authors: Saiyed Akeel S. , Joshi Reshma S. , Bedekar Ashutosh V. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of a variety of amino‐oxazoline and bis‐oxazoline ligands and their use in the Mizoroki—Heck reaction are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Catalyzed Reactions of Alkynes. Part 11. Nickel‐Catalyzed Tetramerization of Alkynes: Synthesis and Structure of Octatetraenes.
Authors: Wu Tsun‐Cheng , Chen Jheng‐Jhih , Wu Yao‐Ting 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn the presence of Zn/ NiBr2(dppe) a number of arylacetylenes undergo convenient tetramerization to afford linear octatetraenes like (II) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: A Practical Synthesis of 7,8‐Dimethoxy‐2‐tetralone.
Authors: Cabrera Elvia V. , Sanchez Jennifer L. , Banerjee Ajoy K. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA concise route for the synthesis of the title compound (VI), a useful intermediate in the preparation of analgesics, morphines and steroids, starting from commercially available tetralone (I) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: General Procedure for the Synthesis of Spirocyclic 3‐Hydroxy‐ and 3‐Oxotetrahydrofurans Containing Carbo‐ and Heterocyclic Fragments.
Authors: Moskalenko A. I. , Belopukhov S. L. , Ivlev A. A. , Boev V. I. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAn optimal and general method, which also tolerates a Boc‐protecting group, for the synthesis of the title compounds (IV) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Tertiary Amine Catalyzed Chemoselective and Asymmetric [3 + 2] Annulation of Morita—Baylis—Hillman Carbonates of Isatins with Propargyl Sulfones.
Authors: Peng Jing , Huang Xin , Jiang Lin , Cui Hai‐Lei , Chen Ying‐Chun 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn addition to propargyl sulfones, some activated olefins can also be used for the generation of spirocyclic oxindoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Cinchona Alkaloid‐Based Phosphoramide Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective Michael Addition of Unprotected 3‐Substituted Oxindoles to Nitroolefins.
Authors: Ding Miao , Zhou Feng , Liu Yun‐Lin , Wang Cui‐Hong , Zhao Xiao‐Li , Zhou Jian 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA cinchonidine derived, bifunctional phosphoramide is shown to catalyze the title reaction with up to 95% ds.
ChemInform Abstract: A Direct Arylation—Oxidation Route to 3‐Arylisoindolinone Inhibitors of MDM2‐p53 Interaction.
Authors: Dempster Richard K. , Luzzio Frederick A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe route to the compounds (IV) involves arylation of the hydroxylactam (I) followed by benzylic oxidation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Indole and Biindolyl Triflones: Trifluoromethanesulfonylation of Indoles with Tf2O/TTBP (2,4,6‐Tri‐tert‐butylpyridine) System.
Authors: Xu Xiu‐Hua , Liu Guo‐Kai , Azuma Ayaka , Tokunaga Etsuko , Shibata Norio 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe reaction can be performed in MeNO2 or an environmentally friendly solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: Protic Onium Salts‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 5‐Aryl‐2‐oxazolidinones from Aziridines and CO2 under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Yang Zhen‐Zhen , Li Yu‐Nong , Wei Yang‐Yang , He Liang‐Nian 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA highly efficient, recyclable, stable, cheap, and easily prepared catalyst is presented for the title synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate ([bmim]‐HSO4)‐Mediated Synthesis of Polysubstituted Quinolines
Authors: Tajik Hassan , Niknam Khodabakhsh , Sarrafan Marjan 
Published: December 2011

Abstractvia Friedlaender condensation of 2‐aminobenzophenones with carbonyl compounds
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient InCl3/H2O‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Stereoselective Synthesis of cis‐2‐Methyl‐4‐amido‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline Derivatives
Authors: Varma P. Prabhakara , Srinivasa Aswathnarayana , Mahadevan Kittappa M. 
Published: December 2011

Abstractby reaction of N‐vinylpyrrolidone or ‐caprolactame with aromatic amines
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Ultrasound‐Promoted Regioselective Synthesis of Fused 6‐Amino‐3‐methyl‐4‐aryl‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine‐5‐carbonitrile
Authors: Zare Leila , Mahmoodi Nosrat O. , Yahyazadeh Asieh , Mamaghani Manouchehr 
Published: December 2011

Abstractvia catalyst‐free multicomponent reactions of 3‐aminopyrazole, malononitrile and aryl aldehydes
ChemInform Abstract: Visible Light Mediated Azomethine Ylide Formation—Photoredox Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cycloadditions.
Authors: Rueping Magnus , Leonori Daniele , Poisson Thomas 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe visible light mediated photoredox transformation of tertiary amines (I) to azomethine ylides and subsequent cycloaddition with maleimide derivatives as dipolarophiles proceeds under mild conditions resulting in the simultaneous and diastereoselective formation of two C‐C single bonds.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acidic Ionic Liquid as an Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for One‐Pot, Three‐Component Synthesis of Pyrimidinone Derivatives via Biginelli‐Type Reaction under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Hajipour Abdol R. , Ghayeb Yosof , Sheikhan Nafisehsadat , Ruoho Arnold E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe first report on the use of a Broensted acidic ionic liquid for the synthesis of pyrimidine derivatives (IV) (20 examples) via a Biginelli‐type reaction is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Approach for the Synthesis of N‐Substituted‐4‐(2‐methyl‐4‐oxo‐4H‐quinazolin‐3‐yl)‐butyramides.
Authors: Amir Mohammad , Ali Israr 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe direct amide formation from acid (III) in the presence of a common coupling reagent (EDC/HOBt) fails but succeeds using easily accessible phosphazo compounds (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Application of 1′,2,3,3′,4,4′‐Hexa‐O‐benzylsucrose in the Preparation of Sucrose Macrocycles via a Click Chemistry Route: Regioselectivity Study.
Authors: Lewandowski Bartosz , Jarosz Slawomir 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe final Huisgen cycloaddition proceeds regioselectively and only one isomer is obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: A Tool for Structural Biology
Authors: Birlirakis Nicolas , Bontems Francois , Guittet Eric , Leroy Jean‐Louis , Lescop Ewen , Louis‐Joseph Alain , Morellet Nelly , Sizun Christina , Van Heijenoort Carine 
Published: December 2011

AbstractReview: 20 refs.