bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of the WTO Membership, Regional Economic Integration, and Structural Change on China's Trade and Growth
Authors: Van Hoa Tran 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe growing economic and political importance of China in the global economy in recent years has been discussed by academic and business economists, trade and investment experts, transnational corporate planners, government advisers, and politicians worldwide. While the discussions have been useful for global knowledge enhancement, and regional and national strategic purposes, they have often been regarded as “hypothetical or with fuzzy outcomes” due to their lack of substantive support. The paper addresses the issue by applying the recent generalized gravity theory to construct a new multi‐equation econometric model of trade–growth causality for China. Using historical trade and growth data and advanced estimation, the model provides substantive evidence for the intertwining impact of China's trade and economic activities, WTO membership, regional economic integration, national, regional and global shocks, and gradual policy reforms on China's trade, growth, and economic relations. Some resulting major strategic trade, development and cooperation issues will also be discussed.
China's Growth to 2030: The Roles of Demographic Change and Financial Reform
Authors: Tyers Rod , Golley Jane 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChina's economic growth has, hitherto, depended on its relative abundance of production labor and its increasingly secure investment environment. Within the next decade, however, China's labor force will begin to contract. This will set its economy apart from other developing Asian countries where relative labor abundance will increase, as will relative capital returns. Unless there is a substantial change in population policy, the retention of China's large share of global FDI will require further improvements in its investment environment. These linkages are explored using a global economic model that incorporates full demographic behavior. Financial reform is measured by the effect of declining intermediation costs on the wedge between home and foreign borrowing rates, or the “investment premium.” The influence of this wedge on China's projected economic growth performance is investigated under alternative assumptions about fertility decline and labor force growth. China's share of global investment is found to depend sensitively on both its demography and its interest premium, though the results suggest that a feasible continuation of financial reforms will be sufficient to compensate for a slowdown and decline in its labor force.
Positron emission tomography imaging in multiple sclerosis–current status and future applications
Authors: Kiferle L. , Politis M. , Muraro P. A. , Piccini P. 
Published: July 2010

Background:  Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is traditionally considered as a central nervous system (CNS) white matter inflammatory disease. However, recent studies have focused on the neurodegenerative aspects of the disease, which occur early in the pathological process, providing an opportunity for therapeutic intervention and application of neuroprotective strategies. The relationship between neural inflammation and cell death remains controversial. The recent development of new radiolabelled ligands provides positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with a role for studying early aspects of the MS pathology.Methods:  We provide an overview of current PET research in MS, particularly focussing on possible applications of new radioligands for studying inflammation and neurodegenerative processes.Results:  Pathological aspects of neuroinflammation, axonal degeneration and neuronal repair may be explored in vivo with selective PET tracers. Specific radioligands for the cannabinoid system may be applied in MS research to understand the role of this neurotransmitter system in the pathogenesis of the disease.Conclusions:  PET imaging represents a promising tool for elucidating controversial aspects of MS pathology and for the assessment of selective and potentially neuroprotective therapies.
The decline of incentive pay in British manufacturing
Authors: Arrowsmith James , Marginson Paul 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTMotivation theories and the strategic pay literature envisage that the management of employees can be well‐served by financial incentives and other forms of pay flexibility. Traditionally, UK manufacturing has made extensive use of variable payments systems (VPS), notably piece‐work and bonuses, but these have declined at the same time as managerial control over pay‐setting has increased. Evidence from six case studies suggests that a focus on pay is only part of the picture. Increased competition and change makes the design of VPS more complex, and new forms of work organisation become the focus of performance. In this context, firms have (i) abandoned individual incentive pay and (ii) aggregated VPS in support of broader objectives.
Trade union cross‐border alliances within MNCs: disentangling union dynamics at the local, national and international levels
Authors: Lévesque Christian , Murray Gregor 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThis study identifies three types of workplace union strategy in the development of cross‐border relations within North American and European multinational companies: defensive isolation, risk reduction and proactive solidarity. Qualitative case studies of MNCs with operations in Canada and Mexico indicate that the nature and intensity of participation in cross‐border trade union alliances are shaped by the union dynamic at the local, national and international levels. A combination of greater workplace union power resources, notably discursive capacity, and of strong supportive approach of the national union, notably dedicated resources and space for bottom‐up initiatives, contributes to proactive solidarity strategies towards international union networks. The absence of these factors is associated with risk reduction and defensive isolation strategies.
The Swedish model and the future of labour standards after Laval
Authors: Woolfson Charles , Thörnqvist Christer , Sommers Jeffrey 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThis article reflects on the European Court of Justice ruling in the case of Laval, involving Latvian posted workers in Sweden. It analyses the implications of the ruling and ensuing debate over the Laval case for the future of the ‘Swedish model’ and labour standards. It suggests that profound dilemmas now face trade unions both at Swedish national and European level as to appropriate strategies to adopt to defend national pay and working conditions in the light of the European Court decision and especially in the Swedish context due to the subsequent ruling by the Swedish Labour Court. Nevertheless, a human rights discourse is emerging in which the European Court of Human Rights may act as a counterbalance to the European Court of Justice, especially in the context of the Lisbon Treaty.
Identification of Interacting Genes in Genome‐Wide Association Studies Using a Model‐Based Two‐Stage Approach
Authors: Zhang Zhaogong , Niu Adan , Sha Qiuying 
Published: July 2010

SummaryIn this paper, we propose a two‐stage approach based on 17 biologically plausible models to search for two‐locus combinations that have significant joint effects on the disease status in genome‐wide association (GWA) studies. In the two‐stage analyses, we only test two‐locus joint effects of SNPs that show modest marginal effects. We use simulation studies to compare the power of our two‐stage analysis with a single‐marker analysis and a two‐stage analysis by using a full model. We find that for most plausible interaction effects, our two‐stage analysis can dramatically increase the power to identify two‐locus joint effects compared to a single‐marker analysis and a two‐stage analysis based on the full model. We also compare two‐stage methods with one‐stage methods. Our simulation results indicate that two‐stage methods are more powerful than one‐stage methods. We applied our two‐stage approach to a GWA study for identifying genetic factors that might be relevant in the pathogenesis of sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Our proposed two‐stage approach found that two SNPs have significant joint effect on sporadic ALS while the single‐marker analysis and the two‐stage analysis based on the full model did not find any significant results.
The Aicardi Syndrome
Authors: Bower Jennifer Dennis B. D. , Appointments Authors‘ 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYA case of Aicardi's syndrome is described. The main features are infantile spasms, pathognomonic chorioretinopathy, evidence of defects of the corpus callosum, cortical heterotopia, major dorsal vertebral anomalies, characteristic eeg changes, severe sub‐normality, female sex and no family history. It is likely that this syndrome is not excessively rare.RÉSUMÉLe syndrome d'AicardiLes auteurs rapportent un cas de syndrome d'Aicardi. Les principales caractéristiques sont: spasmes infantiles, choriorétinopathie pathognomonique; évidence d'une alttration du corps calleux; hétérotopie corticale; anomalies majeures des vertèbres dorsales; modifications caractèristiques à I'eeg; arriération mentale; sexe féminin et pas de cass familiaux. II est vraisemblable que ce syndrome n'est pas excessivement rare.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDas Aicardi SyndromEs wird ein Fall mit Aicardi Syndrom beschrieben. Die wesentlichen Merkmale sind: frühzeitig auftretende Spasmen; pathognomonische Chorioretinopathie; Zeichen von Corpus callosum‐Defekten; Heterotopie der Corticalis; schwerwiegende Rückenwirbel‐anomalien; charakteristische eeg‐Veränderungen; hochgradige Retardierung; weibliches Geschlecht und keine Familienanamnese. Wahrscheinlich ist dieses Syndrom gar nicht so extrem selten.
A Blind Child
Authors: Gibbs Norah 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe blind mother of a blind boy recalls the emotional and practical problems involved in her child's development up to the age of four years.RÉSUMÉUn enfant aveugleUne mère aveugle d'un enfant aveugle relate les problèmes pratiques et d'ordre émotion‐nel posés par le développement de son enfant jusqu'à l'âge de quatre ans.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEin blindes KindDie blinde Mutter eines blinden Jungen berichtet über die emotionalen und praktischen Probleme, die bei der Entwicklung ihres Kindes bis zum Alter von vier Jahren eine Rolle gespielt haben.RESUMENUn niño ciegoLa madre ciega de un muchacho ciego cuenta los problemas emocionales y prhcticos del desarrollo de su niño hasta la edad de 4 años.
The Rôle of the Skull and Dura in Experimental Feline Hydrocephalus
Authors: HOCHWALD G. M. , EPSTEIN F. , MALHAN C. , RANSOHOFF J. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe skull and dura were removed over one or both cerebral hemispheres of cats with experimental hydrocephalus, and the effects on ventricular volume and csf turnover were measured by ventricular perfusion. This procedure frequently resulted in bilateral massive ventriculomegaly when the calvarium was removed on both sides; when it was removed on one side, ventriculomegaly occurred only on that side. No differences in rates of csf formation and absorption between both groups of animals were noted; however, these rates may be significantly different from those noted in hydrocephalic cats with intact skulls.RÉSUMÉLe rôle du crâne et de la duremère dans l'hydrocéphalie expérimentale du chat Le crâne et la duremère ont été supprimés sur l'un ou les deux hémisphèes cérébraux de chat présentant une hydrocéphalie expérimentale; les effets sur les volumes ventricu‐laires et la circulation du lcr furent mesurés par perfusion ventriculaire. Ce procédé a provoqué fréquemment une ventriculomégalie massive bilatérale en cas de résection de la boite crânienne des deux côtés; en cas de résection unilatérale, la ventriculomégalie ne se manifestait que du même côté. Entre les deux groupes, il n'a été noté aucune différence dans les taux d'absorption ou de formation de lcr, mais ces taux pouvaient être signi‐ficativement différents de ceux observés chez les chats hydrocéphales à crâne intact.ZUSAMMFASSUNGDie Bedeutung von Schädeldach und Dura bei experimentellem Hydrocephalus bei Katzen Bei Katzen mit experimentellem Hydrocephalus wurden das Schädeldach und die Dura entfernt, und durch ventriculäre Perfusion wurde der Einfluß auf das ventriculäre Volumen und die Liquorzirkulation gemessen. Bei Entfernung des Schädeldaches auf beiden Seiten resultierte dadurch häufig eine doppelseitige massive Ventrikelvergrößerung; wenn es nur auf einer Seite entfernt worden war, trat die Ventrikelvergrösserung nur auf der Seite auf. Zwischen den beiden Gruppen wurden keine Unterschiede bei der Liquorbildung und Liquorabsorption beobachtet, aber es ist möglich, daß dafür signifikante Unterschiede bei hydrocephalen Katzen mit intaktem Schädeldach bestehen.RESUMENEl papel del cráneo y fa dura en el hidrocéfalo experimental del gatoSe extirpó la parte ósea del cráneo y la dura sobre uno o dos hemisferios cerebrales de gatos con hidrocefalia experimental y se midió por perfusión ventricular los efectos sobre el volumen ventricular y el ciclo del lcr. Este proceder daba lugar frecuentemente a una ventriculomegalia masiva bilateral cuando se extirpaba el hueso en ambos lados; si se extirpaba en un solo lado la ventriculomegalia ocurría sólo en este lado. No se observó ninguna diferencia en la velocidad de formación y absorción del lcr de ambos grupos, pero estas velocidades pueden ser significativamente diferentes de las observadas en gatos hidrocéfalicos con cráneo intacto.
Selection for Treatment of Patients with Spina Bifida Aperta
Authors: DE LANGE S. A. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYPublished discussion on the selection for treatment of infants with spina bifida aperta often have given insufficient consideration to basic ethical values. This may be understandable in view of the very difficult situation in which doctors are placed in dealing with these infants, but it may be worthwhile to start anew and look again at the basic considerations involved. The purpose of this paper is to present a brief analysis of fundamental factors which should play a rôle in selection for treatment.RÉSUMÉLes discussions publiées sur une sélection en vue de traitement de nourrissons atteints de spina bifida aperta ont accordé souvent une considération insuffisante aux valeurs éthiques fondamentales. Ceci peut être comprehensible en raison de la situation très difficile dans laquelle se trouvent les médecins en face de ces nourrissons mais il peut être valuable de regarder à nouveau les considérations fondamentales impliquées. Le but de cet article est de présenter une brève analyse des facteurs fondamentaux qui peuvent jouer un rôle dans une sélection en vue de traitement.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie erschienenen Diskussionen über die Behandlungsselektion von Kindern mit Spina bifida aperta haben oft in unzureichender Weise die grundlegenden ethischen Werte in Betracht gezogen. Dies mag verständlich sein im Hinblick auf die sehr schwierige Situation, in der sich die Ärzte bei der Behandlung dieser Kinder befinden, aber es mag auch von großem Wert sein, neu anzufangen und die wichtigen grundlegenden Überlegungen erneut zu bedenken. Der Sinn dieser Arbeit besteht darin, einen kurzen Abriß der fundamentalen Faktoren zu geben, die bei der Behandlungsselektion eine Rolle spielen sollten.RESUMENLas discusiones publicada sobre la selección para el tratamiento de lactantes con espina bifida abierta, a menudo toman poco en consideración los valores éticos básicos. Esto puede ser comprendido dada la situación muy dificil de los medicos al tratar estos niños, pero puede valer la pena comenzar de nuevo y volver a considerar los factores básicos implicados. El propósito de este articulo es presentar un breve análisis de los factores fundamentales que pueden jugar un papel en la selección para el tratamiento.
The Use of the Foley Catheter for Long‐term Urine Collection in Girls
Authors: FORREST D. M. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYTwenty incontinent female patients with spina bifida have been treated with an indwelling Foley catheter. Four, whose abdominal deformity prevented urinary diversion, have remained dry for periods between 11 and three years. So far there have been no serious late complications. 12 patients have been catheterised as an alternative to ileal loop diversion, and four to improve bladder drainage. Eight of these have tolerated a catheter and remain dry. Late results have not yet been assessed. Further trial is suggested.RÉSUMÉ20 filles incontinentes en raison d'un spina bifida ont été traitées par un catheter de Foley à demeure. Quatre d'entre elles, dont les déformations abdominales avaient empêché une diversion urinaire, sont restées continentes durant des périodes de trois à 11 ans. Il n'y a pas eu de complications tardives graves. Chez douze malades, le traitement par catheter à demeure a été associéà une diversion dans une boucle iléale et dans quatre autres cas, le traitement a été entrepris pour améliorer le drainage vésical. Dans huit de ces seize cas, la tolerance du catheter àété bonne, avec continence, bien que les résultats tardifs aient encore besoin d'une appréciation.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG20 inkontinente weibliche Patienten mit Spina bifida sind mit einem Foley Dauerkatheter behandelt worden. Vier dieser Kinder, bei denen durch eine abdominelle Mißbildung die Urinableitung behindert war, sind über Zeiträume zwischen drei und elf Jahren trocken geblieben. Es sind keine späteren ernsthaften Komplikationen beobachtet worden. 12 Patienten sind mit einem Dauerkatheter als Alternative zu einer Ileumschlingenableitung behandelt worden und weitere vier Fälle zur Verbesserung der Blasendrainage. Acht dieser 16 Fälle haben den Katheter toleriert und sind trocken, obwohl spätere Ergebnisse noch abzuwarten sind.RESUMENSe trató a 20 niñas incontinentes con espina bífida con el catéter interno de Foley. Cuatro, cuya deformación abdominal impidió la derivación urinaria, permanecieron continentes por períodos de 3 a 11 años. No hubo ninguna complicación grave posterior. Doce fueron tratadas con el catéter interno, como alternativa a la derivación ileal, y otros cuatro casos para mejorar el drenaje vésical. Ocho de estas 16 pacientes han tolerado el catéter y han permanecido continentes, si bien aún no se conocen los resultados a largo plazo.
Teratogenesis and the Movement of Ions
Authors: Hughes Arthur 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThere is evidence that in early embryos, mechanisms exist for the control of the movement of monovalent ions; that sodium is extruded during gastrulation and neurulation, and that in two‐ to three‐day‐old chick embryos with head abnormalities, ratios of sodium to potassium may be abnormally high. It is suggested that the origin of neural tube defects in early development may be associated with failure of control of ionic movements.RÉSUMÉTeratogénèse et mouvement des ionsIl y a des indications certaines que chez les très jeunes embryons il existe des mécanismes de contróle des ions monovalents: ainsi le sodium est rejeté durant la gastrulation et la neurulation et chez les embryons de poulet de deux ou trois jours avec anomalies céphaliques, le rapport sodium/potassium peut être anormalement élevé. II est suggéré que l'origine des malformations du tube neural au cours du développement précoce peut être associéà un défaut de contrôle des mouvements ioniques.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGTeratogenese und lonenbewegungenEs gibt Beweise dafür, daß beim frühen Embryo Mechanismen zur Kontrolle von Bewegungen monovalenter lonen existieren; daß Natrium während der Gastrulation und Neurulation ausgetrieben wird und daß bei 2–3 Tage alten Hühnerembryonen mit Schädelanomalitäten die Natrium/Kalium Rate abnorm hoch sein kann. Es wird vermutet, daß die Entstehung von Defekten des Neuralrohres in der frühen Entwicklung mit einer fehlerhaften Kontrolle der Ionenbewegungen verbunden sein kann.RESUMENTeratogénisis y el movimiento de ionesHay evidencia de que en embriones jóvenes, existen mecanismos para el control del movimiento de iones monovalentes, que el sodio es expelido durante la gastrulación y la morulación y que en embriones de polio de 2 a 3 dias con anomalias de cabeza, la relación entre sodio y potasio puede ser anormalmente alta. Se sugiere que el origen de los defectos del tubo neural en la fase precoz del desarrollo puede estar asociado con un fallo en el control de los movimientos de iones.
Types of Neurogenic Bladder in Children with Spina Bifida, and Response to Treatment with Phenoxybenzamine
Authors: SEIFERTH J. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYSeventeen children with spina bifida and neurogenic bladder were treated with phenoxy‐benzamine, an alpha‐blocking agent, and in 15 cases the treatment was successful. It is suggested that in certain types of neurogenic bladder the need for urinary diversion can be avoided by treatment with phenoxybenzamine; only if this treatment fails does urinary diversion become necessary.RÉSUMÉ17 enfants atteints de spina bifida avec vessie neurologique ont été traités par le phenoxybenzamine, un alpha‐bloquant et dans 15 cas le traitement a été bénéfique. Il est done suggéré que dans certains types de vessie neurologique, la nécessité d'une dérivation urinaire peut être évitée par le traitement de phénoxybenzamine; e'est seulement en cas d'échec de ce traitement que la dérivation urinaire devient nécessaire.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG17 Kindern mit Spina bifida und neurogener Blase wurde Phenoxybenzamin, ein Alpha blocker, gegeben und in 15 Fällen war die Behandlung erfolgreich. Es wird vermutet, daß bei bestimmten Formen der neurogenen Blase durch die Behandlung mit Phenoxybenzamin eine harnableitende Operation vermieden werden kann; nur bei den Fällen, bei denen diese Behandlung erfolglos bleibt, wird eine solche erforderlich.RESUMENDiecisiete niños con espina bifida y vejiga neurógena fueron tratados con fenoxybenzamina, un agente α‐bloqueante, y en 15 casos el tratamiento tuvo éxito. Se sugiere que en ciertos tipos de vejiga neurógena la necesidad de una derivación urinaria puede ser evitada con el tratamiento con fenoxybenzamina. Solo si este tratamiento falla se hace necesaria la derivación urinaria.