bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Important Characteristics of Sequence-Specific Recombination Hotspots in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Steiner Walter W , Davidow Peter A , Bagshaw Andrew T M 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
In many organisms, meiotic recombination occurs preferentially at a limited number of sites in the genome known as hotspots. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, simple sequence motifs determine the location of at least some, and possibly most or all, hotspots. Recently, we showed that a large number of different sequences can create hotspots. Among those sequences we identified some recurring motifs that fell into at least five distinct families, including the well-characterized CRE family of hotspots. Here we report the essential sequence for activity of two of the novel hotspots, the oligo-C and CCAAT hotspots, and identify associated trans-acting factors required for hotspot activity. The oligo-C hotspot requires a unique 8-bp sequence, CCCCGCAC, though hotspot activity is also significantly affected by adjacent nucleotides. The CCAAT hotspot requires a more complex and degenerate sequence, including the originally identified seven nucleotide CCAATCA sequence at its core. We identified transcription factors, the CCAAT-binding factor (CBF) and Rst2, which are required specifically for activity of the CCAAT hotspots and oligo-C hotspots, respectively. Each of these factors binds to its respective motifs in vitro. However, unlike CRE, the sequence required for hotspot activity is larger than the sequence required for binding, suggesting the involvement of additional factors.
A Novel Interaction Between hedgehog and Notch Promotes Proliferation at the Anterior–Posterior Organizer of the Drosophila Wing
Authors: Casso David J , Biehs Brian , Kornberg Thomas B 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Notch has multiple roles in the development of the Drosophila melanogaster wing imaginal disc. It helps specify the dorsal–ventral compartment border, and it is needed for the wing margin, veins, and sensory organs. Here we present evidence for a new role: stimulating growth in response to Hedgehog. We show that Notch signaling is activated in the cells of the anterior–posterior organizer that produce the region between wing veins 3 and 4, and we describe strong genetic interactions between the gene that encodes the Hedgehog pathway activator Smoothened and the Notch pathway genes Notch, presenilin, and Suppressor of Hairless and the Enhancer of split complex. This work thus reveals a novel collaboration by the Hedgehog and Notch pathways that regulates proliferation in the 3–4 intervein region independently of Decapentaplegic.
Poverty: An Existential‐Humanist Perspective
Authors: Dixon John 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBeing in a state of material poverty can be a persistent or an episodic experience that can be life‐threatening, life‐restricting, or life‐disempowering. When combined with being socially excluded, marginalized, or disadvantaged, it qualifies those in this dual state for membership of the underclass. They are seen, variously, as de‐motivated free‐riders, social deviants, disempowered victims, or human beings enduring the challenge of human existence in a life devoid of meaning. The contribution of existential humanism to the poverty discourse is, essentially, the proposition that everyone needs the existential freedom to search for self‐identity, thus making it possible to achieve psychological potential. From this perspective, it is incumbent upon those who design and deliver public social welfare provision to concentrate on enhancing the existential human condition of long‐term able‐bodied welfare recipients. This can be achieved by building their capacity and motivation to begin, or further, the search for their authentic selves, and by encouraging and championing those who are willing and able to take responsibility for the direction their lives are taking.
Economic Policy Reform & Poverty Alleviation: A Critique of Nigeria's Strategic Plan for Poverty Reduction
Authors: Adogamhe Paul G 
Published: November 2010

AbstractGiven the natural and human resources of Nigeria, it is believed that Nigeria has the potential to become the richest nation in Africa. Presently, however, it is estimated that about 70% of the Nigerian population lives in poverty. President Obasanjo, in his second term as the elected President of Nigeria, launched the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (‘NEEDS’). NEEDS is the Nigerian economic recovery plan for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. This study is a careful analysis of ‘NEEDS’ and its implementation in order to discover the extent to which the stated goal of poverty reduction has been achieved in the country. Unfortunately, this study has discovered that because of the apparent disconnect between the government and the poor, and the dichotomy between the rich and the poor, NEEDS appears to be a colossal failure in terms of poverty reduction.
A Biophysical Comparison of Human Serum Albumin to be Glycated In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Sattarahmady Naghmeh , Moosavi-Movahedi Ali , Habibi-Rezaei Mehran 
Published: November 2010

A Biophysical Comparison of Human Serum Albumin to be GlycatedIn VivoandIn VitroThe glycation process includes the arrangement of proteins with chemically reversible early glycation products, Schiff bases and Amadori adducts. These early products endure slow and complex rearrangements to create advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that are involved in diabetic complications. Here, the biophysical characteristics ofin vitroglycated human serum albumin (HSA) are compared to those of HSA glycatedin vivo. The changes in the content of α-helices, AGE-specific fluorescence intensity, extent of lysine residue modification, and surface tension value and also the formation of Amadori products in HSA are similar in both conditions. It was observed, however, that arginine residues were modified only under physiological conditions (in vivo), while the same did not occurin vitro. This difference was related to the presence of 3-deoxyglucosone, a 1,2-dicarbonyl compound derived from glucose under physiological conditions. Therefore, the biophysical studies on the HSA glycation processin vitroare credible.
La politique yougoslave de développement régional, 1952-1971
Authors: Moore John H. 
Published: November 2010

Yugoslav Regional Development Policy, 1952-1971.
This paper analyzes the regional economic policy carried out by the Yugoslav government during the first twenty years of the workers' self-management period as it affected industrial development.
The first major section reports a measurement of industrial growth in the republics and autonomous provinces of Yugoslavia during the period in question using a special sample index developed for this purpose. Overall and per capita growth rates derived from the index and population data in the areas indicate that the policy generally failed to meet industrial growth objectives.
A program transferring investment funds from more developed to less developed areas was a major component of the regional policy. The volume of investment fund transfers and interregional differences in capital stock growth rates resulting from it are investigated next.
The size of the investment fund transfers and their impact on national industrial growth are taken up in the paper's next section. Only the roughest estimates of the size of the transfers are possible with available data.
Certain inconsistencies of the regional policy are taken up in the final section of the paper. It notes that Yugoslav economists generally agree that the program failed during the period under consideration. Many reasons given by them for the failure are discussed.
Coopération industrielle Est-Ouest dans l'automobile et modalités d'insertion des pays de l'Est dans la division internationale du travail occidentale (IIe partie)
Authors: Gutman Patrick 
Published: November 2010

East-West Industrial Cooperation in the Car Industry and Ways of Involving the Countries of Eastern Europe in the International Division of Labour in the West (Part II).
It would seem that greater in-depth analysis of industrial cooperation by individual sector is a pre-requisite for assessment and definition of probable developments in the field of cooperation/competition, and consequently of the effect which this may have upon the stability of the International Division of Labour in the West.
The move towards increasingly advanced forms of East-West industrial cooperation in the motor-car industry — particularly the increasingly frequent use of compensation — has brought about a radical change: the transition from international exchange to the internationalization of production.
This change in character entails integration of the production process, which the traditional import/export view of international trade cannot take account of, and of which it cannot a fortiori appreciate the full extent.
This analysis, therefore, is concerned with the extent to which East-West industrial co-operation agreements made between the leading Western car manufacturers—essentially multi-national firms — and the countries of Eastern Europe represent a corresponding internationalization of expanding production in the socialist countries.
However, the setting-up of production units in the countries of the Eastern zone helps to increase the latter's export potential, and it is important to assess accurately what this might mean in terms of a future threat to western markets, particularly those of Europe.
Finally, it is important to investigate the ways in which the International Socialist Division of Labour and the International Division of Labour interrelate, in order to establish whether the activities of representatives of one bloc vis-a-vis the other are carried out in accordance with, or even in furtherance of, the aims of the appropriate IDL, or if on the contrary they are functioning at cross- purposes.
Développements récents du droit concernant le commerce Est-Ouest : les pays socialistes membres du GATT
Authors: Grzybowski Kazimierz 
Published: November 2010

Recent Developments in the Law of East-West Trade : Socialist Countries in the GATT.
East-West trade was always an important item in the plans of the economic and social reconstruction in the Soviet Union and, after World War II, in the new states of the socialist system. The main purpose of East-West trade was limited primarily to gaining access to industrial equipment available in the free economy countries. In the late sixties technological developments in industrial economies forced communist leadership to accept the view that a broader cooperation is needed, and that a more extended program of the trade with the developed West was adopted accepting as a necessity that — although a limited — nevertheless some degree of the international division of labor is required.
To this end a number of socialist countries have joined the GATT, and were granted a most favored nation status. They have organized their trade mechanism opening new opportunities for the business circles of the industrialized countries. In addition, socialist countries established more realistic rates of exchange for their currencies.
Réforme de la gestion de l'économie en Chine
Authors: Pairault Thierry 
Published: November 2010

Reforms in Economie Management in China.
The aim of this study on the reform of economic management in the People's Republic of China is to plot the course of certain reforms at present in progress relating to economic organization in the provinces and the management of units of production. Some current interpretations would suggest that the ultimate aim of these reforms is "the decentralization of economic decisions".
A more searching analysis of recent legislation and controls would indicate, on the contrary, that the central authorities, and more particularly the central economic administration, are clearly bent upon control of the activities of all economic bodies in an effort to combat the harmful effects of the "anarchic decentralization" inherited from the cultural revolution.
However, these centralizing tendencies are partly counterbalanced by a genuine effort to fight against any intensification of the bureaucratisation of economic life. It is for this reason that, alongside those areas which remain strictly under the control of the central authorities, there are emerging areas of carefully supervised freedom (the introduction of a so-called "market" economy) or even areas of highly circumscribing freedom (the granting of a so-called financial "autonomy" to the provinces).
Following on the déconcentration — and not the decentralization — of management of the national economy arising from these reforms, it would appear that the Chinese leadership are anxious to move towards a concept of planning wich would take greater account of the essential features of each economic sector, while reserving for the State Plan its teleological primacy.
L'application de la Réforme en U.R.S.S., perspectives et problèmes : le cas du logement
Authors: Morton Henry W. 
Published: November 2010

On apprécie trois réformes dans la construction, la planification et l'entretien du fonds socialisé de logement dans les villes soviétiques. Dans le cadre du système de Zlobin, une organisation de construction, relevant d'un soviel local ou d'un soviet de niveau supérieur, signe un contrat avec une brigade pour qu'elle édifie un immeuble du début à la fin. La brigade n'est payée que lorsque l'immeuble est prêt à être occupé et à été agréé par les autorités compétentes. Si le projet est terminé dans les délais prévus, ou à l'avance, la brigade a droit à une prime proportionelle aux économies réalisées. La méthode Zlobin a plus ou moins sombré, essentiellement parce que les matériaux et la main-d'œuvre ne pouvaient être rassemblés dans les délais nécessaires et de manière à ce que la brigade puisse obtenir des primes.
Le système d'Orel cherche à systématiser une planification urbaine intégrée sous le contrôle des autorités locales et non plus des ministères et des établissements. La réforme exige que les autorités municipales deviennent le promoteur unique de l'ensemble de l'habitat et que la planification de la construction de logements soit élaborée sur une période de deux ans afin d'éliminer la pratique pernicieuse consistant à terminer dans la plus grande hâte 50 % de la totalité de la construction de logements au cours du dernier trimestre de l'année. La méthode d'Orel a amélioré la planification là où elle a été appliquée, encore que de manière inégale. Un obstacle majeur s'oppose à ce qu'elle progresse : dans beaucoup de villes, le promoteur unique n'existe que sur le papier.
En 1971, le parti et le gouvernement ont décrété que le fonds étatique de logement urbain appartenant aux entreprises et établissements (60 % dans les villes) devait être transféré aux soviets locaux qui assureraient mieux l'entretien et les réparations d'un fonds locatif qui s'était rapidement agrandi et avait vieilli. Si le transfert est lent, c'est parce que ni les entreprises, ni les municipalités ne sont véritablement intéressées à ce qu'il ait lieu. Le problème majeur n'est pas celui de la propriété mais celui de l'insuffisance des ressources gouvernementales consacrées aux réparations du fonds d'habitation.
Réforme dans la réforme ? La nouvelle politique économique hongroise au seuil des années 1980
Authors: Richet Xavier 
Published: November 2010

Reform in the Reform? The New Hungarian Economie Policy on the Threshold of the 80s.
During the years 1979 and 1980, the Hungarian government introduced a set of measures which had two aims. The first one, in the short run is to stabilize the economic cycle by introducing a deflationary policy. The second one intends to modify the productive structure of the Hungarian economy and to orientate towards the more competitive sectors especially the ones which are linked with hard currency markets.
The deflationary policy consists of the following measures: to reduce the volume of investment, the rate of inflation and to stabilize the level of personal incomes. The structural policy consists of two sets of decisions: the first one is concerned by the introduction of a new price policy and an important change in the price structure. Particularly more than 70% of domestic prices are now set according to the world price level in view to make the Hungarian economy more sensitive to the external competition. The second one deals with a wide institutional reform which has been undertaken at different levels of the decision- making system: Party, Government, Ministries of Branch, Trusts, Enterprises.
The main idea on which the reform is lying is that a macro-economic guidance and micro-economic efficiency must be substituted to the remaining administrative guidance. But, both important internal and external contrainsts still remain.
Les échanges de la Roumanie avec l'OCDE (1970-1980)
Authors: Balussou Madeleine 
Published: November 2010

La spécificité du modèle roumain est exemplaire sur le plan politique. L'interaction du politique sur l'économique et inversement, a fourni le prétexte — lorsque le prétexte n'en était la cause — d'une politique originale aussi bien avec ses partenaires de l'Est (CAEM) que de l'Ouest (OCDE).
Le niveau des échanges de la Roumanie avec les pays de l'OCDE peut être analysé sous deux angles, selon que l'on considère les résultats de ces échanges et leurs perspectives de développement ou l'appartenance de la Roumanie au « groupe des 77 ».
En première analyse, on observe que le recours à la technologie occidentale a modifié la structure du commerce extérieur roumain à l'avantage du quantitatif sur le qualitatif et dont l'impact concurrentiel est dû essentiellement aux faibles coûts de production rendant la perspective des échanges, dans un sens plus favorable à la Roumanie, incertaine ; situation que vient corriger l'appartenance de la Roumanie au «groupe des 77», qui est perçue par les autorités roumaines moins comme l'état effectif d'un pays en voie de développement que comme l'instrument lui conférant une position politique originale et l'assurance de flux commerciaux plus bénéfiques.
Le mécanisme du pouvoir et de l'autogestion dans la commune yougoslave
Authors: Nikolić Pavle 
Published: November 2010

The mechanism of power and self-management in the Yugoslav commune.
The development of the Yugoslav political and constitutional system has brought profound changes in the structure of power and self-management in the hands of the workers. The article describes the various forms of self- management, and the ways in which workers and citizens find expression for their views within the "commune" as a basic socio-political unit, and a self-managing community at local level.
The mainspring of this mechanism is the original system of delegation (as compared with the classic mode of representation) which totally transforms the relationship between the citizens and the exercise of power: the "communal" assemblies, elected by the delegates, represent the basic organs of self-management and local power; in conclusion, the author describes the fundamental part played by socio-political organizations, social organizations and citizens' associations, all of them factors in the progressive socialisation of power in Yugoslavia.
La dynamique des inégalités de revenu en Yougoslavie
Authors: Asselain Jean-Charles 
Published: November 2010

L'auteur se demande si le fonctionnement du système d'autogestion yougoslave se traduit par des inégalités croissantes, en particulier depuis la réforme décentralisatrice de 1965, et tente d'apporter à cette question des éléments de réponse.
Il tire trois conclusions majeures de son analyse : 1) la répartition des revenus au sein du secteur socialiste présente, dans l'ensemble, un caractère fortement égalitaire, qui n'a nullement été remis en cause par les conséquences de la réforme centralisatrice de 1965 ; 2) les disparités les plus graves se situent hors secteur socialiste, qu'il s'agisse de la mise à profit par les entrepreneurs privés des déséquilibres du marché ou de l'infériorité générale des revenus paysans ; et 3) les différentes « dimensions » de l'inégalité témoignent d'un comportement très variable : réduction continue des écarts hiérarchiques ; tendance à l'accentuation cumulative des écarts interentreprises et interbranches, plus ou moins efficacement tenue en échec par la multiplication des procédures de concertation sociale ; stabilisation précaire des écarts de revenus interrégionaux.
Approches de la structure sociale en Pologne : du dogme unique au pluralisme d'écoles
Authors: Mink Georges 
Published: November 2010

Le modèle de société et de rapports sociaux conçu par la théorie marxiste pour décrire la réalité d'une société post-révolutionnaire acquiert un statut quasi- constitutionnel dans les pays se réclamant du socialisme de type soviétique, et notamment en Europe de l'Est. Sa fonction majeure devient la légitimation de la pratique des détenteurs du pouvoir, ce qui lui confère le rôle d'une doctrine de référence. L'Histoire de la sociologie dans ces pays illustre bien le caractère conservateur de la doctrine officielle. Toutefois les processus sociaux réels, dans la mesure où ils ne confortent pas le paradigme officiel, troublent la stabilité doctrinaire et par voie de conséquence, peuvent aboutir, sinon à la révision des dogmes, du moins à en tolérer un certain assouplissement.
Pour comprendre l'évolution des approches théoriques de la stratification sociale et de son point névralgique que sont les inégalités, il est nécessaire d'observer que la sociologie d'après-guerre se développe comme une tentative permanente des sociologues de bâtir pour leur discipline un statut de science à part entière. Dès 1956, on assiste simultanément à un éclatement interne de la doctrine marxiste et à l'épanouissement de courants non-marxistes.
Si les courants d'inspiration marxiste butent sur des obstacles — censure et autocensure — qui empêchent d'aller jusqu'au bout des questions stratégiques du système politique et social de type soviétique, à savoir : l'appropriation du pouvoir, les privilèges qui en découlent, la perpétuation de ces privilèges par des formes nouvelles d'héritage, les tendances à l'autorecrutement du groupe dirigeant et à la fermeture des barrières inter-classes, il en est de même pour d'autres théories explicatives. Ces obstacles détournent temporairement les sociologues des interrogations abruptes sans pour autant briser la vitalité et le pluralisme des écoles.
Quoi qu'il en soit, notre étude démontre que dans le contexte d'une société de type soviétique, la lecture des théories et des données empiriques concernant un domaine aussi sensible que la stratification sociale, du fait des rapports de concurrence avec la représentation idéologique de la société, ne peut pas se faire sans un décodage simultané de toutes les dimensions déterminantes de la production sociologique.
Le modèle socio-économique de « l'entreprise socialiste » proposé par Tibor Liska
Authors: Dezsényi -Gueullette Agota 
Published: November 2010

La présence du marché libre, des relations monétaires réelles, de la liberté de compétition et d'entreprendre constituent les prémisses indispensables pour rendre le modèle de Liska opérationnel.
Celui-ci repose sur deux principes fondamentaux : la « propriété sociale personnelle » et 1' « héritage social », que l'auteur explicite en développant notamment la notion de droit d'entreprendre, un droit appartenant à tous les citoyens, qui débouche sur une pratique qui fait l'originalité du modèle : la mise à l'enchère d'entreprises. Celles-ci sont adjugées au dernier enchérisseur, c'est-à-dire à la personne qui offre le plus haut résultat de profit et s'engage à réaliser la plus haute réévaluation de la capacité de rentabilité de l'unité concernée. Le fonctionnement du modèle n'est pas sans soulever des problèmes, d'ordre théorique et pratique, que l'auteur de l'article recense comme il se doit.