bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Dental Implant Diameter on Fatigue Performance. Part I: Mechanical Behavior
Authors: Shemtov‐Yona Keren , Rittel Daniel , Levin Liran , Machtei Eli E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAimThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the implants’ diameter on the mechanical function and load‐fatigue performance of dental implants.Materials and MethodsThree groups of implants with different diameters (3.3 mm, 3.75 mm and 5 mm), were tested under static and cyclic compressive loading. A total number of 15 implants for the static test and 112 implants for the cyclic‐fatigue test. In the cyclic test, the machine ceased operating when the structure collapsed or when it reached 5 × 106 cycles without apparent failure. The load versus the number of cycles was plotted as curves for biomechanical analysis (S‐N curve) for each implant diameter.ResultsThe S‐N curve plotted for the 5 mm implants showed classic fatigue behavior with a finite life region starting from 620N. The same was observed for the 3.75 mm diameter implants, with a finite life region starting below 620N. By contrast, the 3.3 mm diameter implants failed to show predictable fatigue behavior and a fatigue limit could not be defined.ConclusionsThe results of this study emphasize the importance of implant diameter on fatigue behavior. Narrow implants failed to show typical fatigue behavior which might be attributed to the implant design.
Method for estimating maximum permissible load weight for Japanese native horses using accelerometer‐based gait analysis
Authors: MATSUURA Akihiro , IRIMAJIRI Mami , MATSUZAKI Kunihiro , HIRAGURI Yuko , NAKANOWATARI Toshihiko , YAMAZAKI Atusi , HODATE Koichi 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to establish a method for estimating loading capacity for Japanese native horses by gait analysis using an accelerometer. Six mares of Japanese native horses were used. The acceleration of each horse was recorded during walking and trotting along a straight course at a sampling frequency of 200 Hz. Each horse performed 12 tests: one test with a loaded weight of 80 kg (First 80 kg) followed by 10 tests with random loaded weights between 85 kg and 130 kg and a final test with a loaded weight of 80 kg again. The time series of acceleration was subjected to fast Fourier transformation, and the autocorrelation coefficient was calculated. The first two peaks of the autocorrelation were defined as symmetry and regularity of the gait. At trot, symmetries in the 100, 110, and 125 kg tests were significantly lower than that in First 80 kg (P < 0.05, by analysis of covariance and Sidak's test). These results imply that the maximum permissible load weight is less than 100 kg, which is 29% of the body weight of Japanese native horses. Our method is a widely applicable and welfare‐friendly method for estimating maximum permissible load weights of horses.
Assumptions and practices in using digital technologies to teach writing in middle‐level classrooms across Canada
Authors: Peterson Shelley Stagg , McClay Jill Kedersha 
Published: July 2012

AbstractInterviews with 216 Grades 4–8 teachers and observations in 21 classrooms show that computers are widely used to teach writing across Canada. Restricted access to computers plays a role in the frequency and types of interactions that students and teachers have with computers in writing classes. Equally influential are assumptions about writing development and effective teaching practice. Many participating teachers believe that spell checkers hamper students’ spelling development. They view computers as tools to extend and support their teaching of mini‐lessons.
Integrated pest management concepts for red imported fire ants Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Drees Bastiaan M. , Calixto Alejandro A. , Nester Paul R. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractManagement of imported fire ant species has evolved since their accidental introduction into the United States and currently uses integrated pest management concepts to design, implement, and evaluate suppression programs. Although eradication is the management goal in certain isolated infestation sites, localized goals vary dramatically in larger infestations where reinvasion of treated areas is likely. These goals are influenced by regulatory policies, medical liabilities, ecological impact, and/or economic considerations. Tactics employed in fire ant management programs presented here include cultural and biological control options along with judicious use of site‐specific insecticide products. In addition, program design considerations that include management goal(s), action level(s), ant form (monogyne or polygyne), presence of nontarget ant species, size of treatment area, seasonality, implementation cost, and environmental impact are also presented. Optimally, elegant IPM programs are target specific, threshold driven, environmentally friendly and cost‐effective.
Effects of Clarification and Storage on Anthocyanins and Color of Pomegranate Juice Concentrates
Authors: Turfan Özge , Türkyilmaz Meltem , Yemİş Oktay , Özkan Mehmet 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWhole pomegranates with rinds were processed into juice and then concentrate. Effects of cold clarification and storage temperatures (−23C, 5C, 12C and 20C) on anthocyanins (ACNs), ACN composition and color were determined. Major ACNs in pomegranate juice concentrate (PJC) were identified as cyanidin‐3,5‐diglucoside (47.9%), delphinidin‐3,5‐diglucoside (23.2%) and cyanidin‐3‐glucoside (18.5%). Diglucosides were more stable than monoglucosides during storage. ACN degradation and polymeric color formation were fitted to first‐order reaction models. Higher storage temperatures increased the rate of ACN degradation and polymeric color formation in PJCs. Good correlation (r = −0.988) was found between ACN degradation and polymeric color formation during storage. Rate of ACN degradation and polymeric color formation were slower in the PJC obtained from unclarified juice than PJC obtained from clarified juice during storage.Practical ApplicationsThere has been great interest in pomegranates and their products for their potential health benefits due to their impressive antioxidative properties, which are highly correlated with their polyphenol content, including tannins and ACNs. During pressing of pomegranates, polyphenols especially high molecular weight tannins present in the rinds pass to the juice. And excessive polyphenols cause haze and sediment formation, astringent, taste and color loss. This is serious industrial problem in the production of clear pomegranate juice. Attractive red‐violet color of pomegranate products is due to their ACN contents. However, ACNs are unstable and susceptible to degradation leading to a brownish color during juice processing and storage. Results of this study showed that clarification with gelatin as well as high storage temperatures adversely affected the ACNs of pomegranate juice concentrates (PJCs). Therefore, PJC should be produced from unclarified juice and frozen‐stored. The reconstituted juice should then be cold‐clarified right before marketing.
Personal Sun Exposure and Serum 25‐hydroxy Vitamin D Concentrations
Authors: Nair‐Shalliker Visalini , Clements Mark , Fenech Michael , Armstrong Bruce K 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSolar ultraviolet‐B radiation (UVB) is essential for epidermal vitamin D production. We aimed to quantitate the relationship between personal solar UV exposure and serum 25hydroxy vitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration. Blood was collected for 25(OH)D analysis in 207 South Australian adults aged 27–61 years. At the time of blood collection, each participant completed a questionnaire, which included a calendar for recall of sun exposure in the preceding 16 weeks. We examined the association between solar UV exposure and serum 25(OH)D graphically from smoothed scatter plots, and modeled it using multiple linear regression, with age, sex and body mass index as covariates. Estimated erythemal solar UV exposure in the 6 weeks before blood collection best predicted serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Serum 25(OH)D rose with increasing personal solar UV exposure to a maximum of about 89 nmol L−1 at an estimated mean weekly solar erythemal UV exposure of about 1230 mJ cm−2. The maximum was the same after accounting for clothing coverage and was reached at an estimated whole body equivalent exposure to ambient UV of ca 700 mJ cm−2. These results suggest that an average maximum serum 25(OH)D of ca 89 nmol L−1 is achieved from sun exposure in a healthy Australian adult population.
The Sexualisation of Culture?
Authors: Gill Rosalind 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article examines contemporary debates about the ‘sexualisation of culture’. It sets out the context for claims that Western societies are becoming more sexualised and it explores a number of competing perspectives about sexualisation. It then looks in more detail at the nature of claims about sexualisation as they emerge from the different disciplinary perspectives of Psychology and Media and Cultural Studies, contrasting the strengths and weaknesses of each, and raising criticisms of both. In a final discussion section, the article considers the usefulness or otherwise of the notion of ‘sexualisation’ as analytic category and points to the need to go beyond polarised positions. It advocates a psychosocial approach that takes seriously differences and power in considering the contemporary proliferation of ‘sexualised’ images, practices and media.
Simultaneous Infection of Pigs and People with Triple‐Reassortant Swine Influenza Virus H1N1 at a U.S. County Fair
Authors: Killian M. L. , Swenson S. L. , Vincent A. L. , Landgraf J. G. , Shu B. , Lindstrom S. , Xu X. , Klimov A. , Zhang Y. , Bowman A. S. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryInfluenza‐like illness was noted in people and pigs in attendance at an Ohio county fair in August 2007. The morbidity rate in swine approached 100% within 1–2 days of initial clinical signs being recognized, and approximately two dozen people developed influenza‐like illness. Triple‐reassortant swine H1N1 influenza viruses were identified in both pigs and people at the fair. The identified viruses (A/Sw/OH/511445/2007, A/Ohio/01/2007, and A/Ohio/02/2007) were similar to H1N1 swine influenza viruses currently found in the U.S. swine population. This case illustrates the possibility of transmission of swine influenza in settings where there is close human/swine interaction.
A geometric approach to Orlov’s theorem
Authors: Shipman Ian 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA famous theorem of D. Orlov describes the derived bounded category of coherent sheaves on projective hypersurfaces in terms of an algebraic construction called graded matrix factorizations. In this article, I implement a proposal of E. Segal to prove Orlov’s theorem in the Calabi–Yau setting using a globalization of the category of graded matrix factorizations (graded D-branes). Let X⊂ℙ be a projective hypersurface. Segal has already established an equivalence between Orlov’s category of graded matrix factorizations and the category of graded D-branes on the canonical bundle Kℙ to ℙ. To complete the picture, I give an equivalence between the homotopy category of graded D-branes on Kℙ and Dbcoh(X). This can be achieved directly, as well as by deforming Kℙ to the normal bundle of X⊂Kℙ and invoking a global version of Knörrer periodicity. We also discuss an equivalence between graded D-branes on a general smooth quasiprojective variety and on the formal neighborhood of the singular locus of the zero fiber of the potential.
Human Cytomegalovirus Inhibition by Cardiac Glycosides: Evidence for Involvement of the hERG Gene
Authors: Kapoor Arun , Cai Hongyi , Forman Michael , He Ran , Shamay Meir , Arav-Boger Ravit 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT
Infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) continues to be a major threat for pregnant women and the immunocompromised population. Although several anti-HCMV therapies are available, the development of new anti-HCMV agents is highly desired. There is growing interest in identifying compounds that might inhibit HCMV by modulating the cellular milieu. Interest in cardiac glycosides (CG), used in patients with congestive heart failure, has increased because of their established anticancer and their suggested antiviral activities. We report that the several CG—digoxin, digitoxin, and ouabain—are potent inhibitors of HCMV at nM concentrations. HCMV inhibition occurred prior to DNA replication, but following binding to its cellular receptors. The levels of immediate early, early, and late viral proteins and cellular NF-κB were significantly reduced in CG-treated cells. The activity of CG in infected cells correlated with the expression of the potassium channel gene, hERG. CMV infection upregulated hERG, whereas CG significantly downregulated its expression. Infection with mouse CMV upregulated mouse ERG (mERG), but treatment with CG did not inhibit virus replication or mERG transcription. These findings suggest that CG may inhibit HCMV by modulating human cellular targets associated with hERG and that these compounds should be studied for their antiviral activities.
Safety and Pharmacokinetics of the Anti-Orthopoxvirus Compound ST-246 following a Single Daily Oral Dose for 14 Days in Human Volunteers
Authors: Chinsangaram Jarasvech , Honeychurch Kady M. , Tyavanagimatt Shanthakumar R. , Leeds Janet M. , Bolken Tove' C. , Jones Kevin F. , Jordan Robert , Marbury Thomas , Ruckle Jon , Mee-Lee Denis , Ross Eric , Lichtenstein Israel , Pickens Margaret , Corrado Michael , Clarke Jean M. , Frimm Annie M. , Hruby Dennis E. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT

ST-246 is being evaluated as a treatment for pathogenic orthopoxvirus infections in humans. To this end, a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial was conducted to assess the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of ST-246 when administered as a single daily oral dose (400 mg or 600 mg) for 14 days in fed adult volunteers. ST-246 was safe and well tolerated, with no deaths or serious adverse events reported during the study. There was a low incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), the most common of which were mild nausea and headache. There were no clinically significant results from laboratory assessments, vital sign measurements, physical examinations, or electrocardiograms. The PK and dose proportionality of ST-246 were determined. The PK analysis showed that steady state was achieved by day 5 for the ST-246 400-mg treatment group and by day 6 for the 600-mg group. The dose proportionality analysis showed that the 400- and 600-mg ratio of dose-normalized peak drug concentration in plasma (
C
max
) and relative exposure for each dosing interval (AUC
τ
) ranged from 80% to 85%. However, the 90% confidence intervals did not include 1.0, so dose proportionality could not be concluded. Overall, ST-246 was shown to be safe, and the PK was predictable. These results support further testing of ST-246 in a multicenter pivotal clinical safety study for licensure application.
Role of Oxidative Stress in Persister Tolerance
Authors: Wu Yanxia , Vulić Marin , Keren Iris , Lewis Kim 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT

Persisters are dormant phenotypic variants of regular cells that are tolerant to antibiotics and play an important role in recalcitrance of chronic infections to therapy. Persisters can be produced stochastically in a population untreated with antibiotics. At the same time, a deterministic component of persister formation has also been documented in a population of cells with DNA damaged by fluoroquinolone treatment. Expression of the SOS response under these conditions induces formation of persisters by increasing expression of the TisB toxin. This suggests that other stress responses may also contribute to persister formation. Of particular interest is oxidative stress that pathogens encounter during infection. Activated macrophages produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species which induce the SoxRS and OxyR regulons. Genes controlled by these regulons deactivate the oxidants and promote repair. We examined the ability of oxidative stress induced by paraquat (PQ) to affect persister formation. Preincubation of cells with PQ produced a dramatic increase in the number of persisters surviving challenge with fluoroquinolone antibiotics. PQ did not affect killing by kanamycin or ampicillin. Persisters in a culture treated with PQ that survived a challenge with a fluoroquinolone were also highly tolerant to other antibiotics. PQ induces SoxRS, which in turn induces expression of the AcrAB-TolC multidrug-resistant (MDR) pump. Fluoroquinolones are extruded by this MDR pump, and the effect of PQ on antibiotic tolerance was largely abolished in a mutant that was defective in the pump. It appears that PQ, acting through AcrAB-TolC, reduces the concentration of fluoroquinolones in the cells. This allows a larger fraction of cells to become persisters in the presence of a fluoroquinolone. Analysis of a
lexA3
mutant indeed showed a dependence of persister induction under these conditions on SOS. These findings show that induction of a classical resistance mechanism, MDR efflux, by oxidative stress leads to an increase in multidrug-tolerant persister cells.
Compared to Subcutaneous Tenofovir, Oral Tenofovir Disoproxyl Fumarate Administration Preferentially Concentrates the Drug into Gut-Associated Lymphoid Cells in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques
Authors: Van Rompay Koen K. A. , Babusis Darius , Abbott Zachary , Geng Yongzhi , Jayashankar Kartika , Johnson Jeffrey A. , Lipscomb Jonathan , Heneine Walid , Abel Kristina , Ray Adrian S. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT
To compare tissue-based pharmacokinetics and efficacy of oral tenofovir disoproxyl fumarate (TDF) versus subcutaneous tenofovir (TFV), macaques were treated for 2 weeks starting 1 week after simian immunodeficiency virus inoculation. Despite lower plasma TFV levels in the oral TDF arm, similar TFV diphosphate levels and antiviral activities were measured in lymphoid cells of most tissues. In intestinal tissues, however, oral TDF resulted in higher active drug levels, associated with lower virus levels and better immune preservation.
Feasibility of a Fixed-Dose Regimen of Pyrazinamide and Its Impact on Systemic Drug Exposure and Liver Safety in Patients with Tuberculosis
Authors: Sahota Tarjinder , Della Pasqua Oscar 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT

Historically, dosing regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) have been proposed in an empirical manner. Dose selection has often been the result of efficacy trials in which drugs were administered regardless of the magnitude of the effect of demographic factors on drug disposition. This has created challenges for the prescription of fixed-dose combinations with novel therapeutic agents. The objectives of this investigation were to evaluate the impact of body weight on the overall systemic exposure to pyrazinamide (PZA) and to assess whether the use of one fixed dose, without adjustment according to weight, would ensure target exposure and safety requirements across the overall patient population. Using a population pharmacokinetic model, simulation scenarios were explored based on population demographics from clinical trials in TB patients and on historical hepatotoxicity data. The systemic drug exposure (area under the concentration-time curve [AUC]), peak concentrations (the maximum concentration of drug in serum [
C
max
]), the time above the MIC (
t
> MIC), and the risk of hepatotoxicity were evaluated for the current weight-banded regimen and compared to fixed doses under the assumption that pharmacokinetic differences are the primary drivers of toxicity. Evaluation of the standard weight banding reveals that more than 50% of subjects in the weight range of 45 to 55 kg remain below the proposed target exposure to PZA. In contrast, the use of a fixed 1,500-mg dose resulted in a lower proportion of subjects under the target value, with a 0.2% average overall increase in the risk of hepatotoxicity. Our results strongly support the use of a fixed-dose regimen for PZA in coformulation or combination with novel therapeutic agents.
Pharmacological Characterization, Structural Studies, and
In Vivo
Activities of Anti-Chagas Disease Lead Compounds Derived from Tipifarnib
Authors: Buckner Frederick S. , Bahia Maria Terezinha , Suryadevara Praveen Kumar , White Karen L. , Shackleford David M. , Chennamaneni Naveen Kumar , Hulverson Matthew A. , Laydbak Joy U. , Chatelain Eric , Scandale Ivan , Verlinde Christophe L. M. J. , Charman Susan A. , Lepesheva Galina I. , Gelb Michael H. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT

Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan pathogen
Trypanosoma cruzi
, remains a challenging infection due to the unavailability of safe and efficacious drugs. Inhibitors of the trypanosome sterol 14α-demethylase enzyme (CYP51), including azole antifungal drugs, are promising candidates for development as anti-Chagas disease drugs. Posaconazole is under clinical investigation for Chagas disease, although the high cost of this drug may limit its widespread use. We have previously reported that the human protein farnesyltransferase (PFT) inhibitor tipifarnib has potent anti-
T. cruzi
activity by inhibiting the CYP51 enzyme. Furthermore, we have developed analogs that minimize the PFT-inhibitory activity and enhance the CYP51 inhibition. In this paper, we describe the efficacy of the lead tipifarnib analog compared to that of posaconazole in a murine model of
T. cruzi
infection. The plasma exposure profiles for each compound following a single oral dose in mice and estimated exposure parameters after repeated twice-daily dosing for 20 days are also presented. The lead tipifarnib analog had potent suppressive activity on parasitemia in mice but was unsuccessful at curing mice, whereas posaconazole as well as benznidazole cured 3 of 5 and 4 of 6 mice, respectively. The efficacy results are consistent with posaconazole having substantially higher predicted exposure than that of the tipifarnib analog after repeat twice-daily administration. Further changes to the tipifarnib analogs to reduce plasma clearance are therefore likely to be important. A crystal structure of a trypanosomal CYP51 bound to a tipifarnib analog is reported here and provides new insights to guide structure-based drug design for further optimized compounds.