bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Endosperm Genes on Dry Matter Accumulation and Moisture Loss in Corn (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Nass H. G. , Crane P. L. 
Published: July 2010

The effects of nine endosperm mutant genes on dry matter accumulation and percent moisture decrease were studied in three near‐isogenic hybrid backgrounds of corn (Zea mays L.) during the period 35 to 77 days after pollination. Eight of the endosperm mutants were inferior to normal in dry matter accumulation while floury‐l was slightly superior. The shrunken‐1 and sugary‐1 mutants showed the greatest reduction in dry matter, accumulating only 75% and 64% of the total dry matter of normal. The mutants which accumulate greater quantities of sugar and water soluble polysaccharides produced less total dry matter.It appeared that lower dry matter accumulation was accompanied by retention of more moisture. The floury‐l mutant had a slightly lower percent moisture than normal. All other mutants had a greater percent moisture, sugary‐1 being the highest.
Influence of Different Defoliation Systems on the Regrowth of Pearl Millet, Hybrid Sudangrass, and Two Sorghum‐Sudangrass Hybrids from Terminal, Axillary, and Basal Buds1
Authors: Clapp John G. , Chamblee Douglas S. 
Published: July 2010

Stubble heights of 8, 10, 15, and 25 un were imposed on ‘Gahi‐1’ pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides [Burm.] Stapf. and C. E. Hubb.), ‘Haygrazer’ and ‘Sudax SX‐12’ sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids (Sorghum vulgare Pers. ✕ Sorghum sudanense Stapf.), and ‘Trudan II’ sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum sudanense Stapf.) at either the first, second, or third harvest with other harvests being cut to a uniform height. Considering all cultivars tested, marked reductions in yields were obtained when they were defoliated to 8 cm as compared with 25 cm for 21 out of 24 harvests (87% of the harvest). Net gains in yield ranging from 1,203 to 2,039 kg/ha were realized within a 30‐day growth period by raising the stubble height from 8 to 25 cm at a single harvest. Dry matter production was influenced more by variation in stubble heights at the second harvest than when these same variations were imposed at the first or third harvest.Gahi‐1 pearl millet showed a different regrowth pattern than sorghum‐sudangrass or sudangrass hybrids, as regrowth was more dependent on terminal buds and less on tillering. Regrowth from terminal buds increased for all the summer annual cultivars as the height of defoliation was raised from 8 to 25 cm. Basal and axillary tillering increased as the height of defoliation was lowered from 25 to 8 cm for the sorghum‐sudangass hybrids. The nitrogen content of the forage was not reduced when the harvest height was lowered from 25 to 8 cm at the first or second harvest.
Growth and Carbohydrate Changes in the Root Wood and Bark of Different Sized Alfalfa Plants during Regrowth after Cutting1
Authors: Ueno Masahiko , Smith Dale 
Published: July 2010

Small, medium, and large alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants were allowed to regrow 42 days in the greenhouse following removal of the herbage. Weight of new herbage and total top growth increased steadily during regrowth and was proportional to initial plant size and to numbers of shoots produced per pot. Total root weight for each plant size decreased during the first few weeks and then increased. Weight of root wood was always higher than weight of bark.Minimum levels (g/pot) of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) in the original plant (crown plus taproot) were reached at 7 days in the small plants and at 14 days in the medium and large plants, but weight of TNC in large plants was nearly as low at 21 as at 14 days. Proportion of the weight of TNC utilized until the minimum level was reached was the same for each plant size (27 to 33%). At the time of minimum TNC level, small, medium, and large plants had utilized 1.50, 0.75, and 0.58 g of TNC during the production of 1 g of herbage dry matter. TNC restoration (g/pot) in the original plant after it reached the minimum level was greatest for the large plants and least for the small plants.Among the three original plant tissue fractions (crown, taproot wood and bark), highest percentage of TNC was found in the root wood, followed in order by the root bark and the crown. Nearly 55% of the TNC (g/pot) in the original plant was found in the root wood, 20% in the bark, and 25% in the crown at all stages of regrowth regardless of plant size. Of the weight of TNC utilized until the minimum level was reached, 46 to 52% was utilized from the root wood, 21 to 26% from the root bark, and 24 to 28% from the crown regardless of plant size
Uterotropic Activity and Heritability of Biochanin A and Formononetin in Trifolium medium L.1
Authors: Gourley L. M. , Keim W. F. , Stob Martin 
Published: July 2010

The four isoflavones, genistein, biochanin A, formononetin, and daidzein, were identified in zigzag clover, Trifolium medium L. Biochanin A and formononetin were the predominant isoflavones; genisteln and daidzein were present only in trace amounts. The isoflavones were separated by thin‐layer chromatography and quantified spectrophotometrically.Biochanin A and formononetin concentrations were established for samples collected from two greenhouse and two field harvests of a complete six‐clone diallel cross. Analysis of variance by Griffing's combining‐ability procedure indicated that the significant genetic variance for the isoflavones was primarily explained by general combining ability.The upper leaflets of zigzag clover contained about 1/3 more biochanin A and formononetin than the lower ones, while the internodes contained about 1/10 as much formononetin as the leaflets, and only a trace of biochanin A.
Effect of Delinting and of Genetical Factors on the Germination of Cotton Seeds at Low Temperatures1
Authors: Marani A. , Amirav A. 
Published: July 2010

Acid delinting improved and accelerated the germination of cotton seeds at low temperatures in tests conducted both in an incubator (at 12 C and 14 C) and in the field. All the cultivars of Gossypium hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L., tested in these experiments, exhibited this effect, even though seeds of the latter species were covered only by a negligible amount of fuzz. This indicates that acid delinting increases the permeability of the seedcoat.Water was absorbed by the fuzz during the first hours after planting, but later acid‐delinted seeds showed a higher rate of water absorption. The inheritance of the ability of cotton seeds to germinate at low temperatures is probably polygenic and primarily additive, with prominent maternal effects which are associated with characteristics of the seedcoat and the fuzz.
Influence of Planting Date and Latitudinal Provenance on Winter Survival, Heading, and Seed Production of Bromegrass and Timothy in the Subarctic1
Authors: Klebesadel L. J. 
Published: July 2010

Latitudinal ecotypes of bromegrass (Bromus sp.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.), planted in rows at approximately 10‐day intervals from 20 May to mid‐September during two years in south‐central Alaska (61.5°N), were compared over the 12 planting dates for winter survival, heading, seed yield, and aftermath forage the following year.‘Climax’ from Canada, and commercial and ‘Clair’ timothy from the conterminous USA, displayed poor winter survival, produced very few heads and negligible seed yields. ‘Achenbach,’ a variety of “southern‐type” smooth bromegrass (B. inermis Leyss.), sustained considerable winter injury in both tests, produced very low seed yields one year and none in the other. ‘Engmo’ timothy from northern Norway, two Alaskan bromegrasses—native B. pumpellianus Scribn. and ‘Polar’ (predominantly B. inermis ✕ B. pumpellianus)—and ‘Manchar’, a “northern‐type” smooth bromegrass from the Pacific Northwest, displayed excellent winter survival when seeded earlier than mid‐July to mid‐August.B. pumpellianus and Polar bromegrass produced highest seed yields of all grasses compared. The native bromegrass produced higher seed yields than Polar with planting dates prior to mid‐June; with later planting they were about equal. Both produced most heads and highest seed yields with May planting the previous year, declined precipitously in both yield characters with planting dates between May and early August, and produced no heads with later planting. Manchar bromegrass headed much less than B. pumpellianus or Polar, producing mostly sterile culms. Different planting dates prior to early July had little effect on Engmo timothy heading and seed yields the following year, but later planting until September resulted in progressively less heading and lower seed yields.Percent crude protein in aftermath forage was inversely related to forage yield and seed production.
Evaluation of a Rapid Technique for Measuring Soluble Solids in Corn Stalks1
Authors: Campbell D. K. , Hume D. J. 
Published: July 2010

Soluble solids in corn (Zea mays L.) stalks were measured by multiplying the refractometer reading in percent Brix of a small sample of expressed juice by the moisture lost in drying a stalk sample. This method was evaluated by comparison with total sugar determination by the Shaffer‐Somogyi method on the same samples. For individual internodes sampled over the growing season the correlation was r = +0.93**. The ratio of total sugars : soluble solids over a range of genotypes and populations varied from 0.48 to 0.66More rapid estimates of soluble solids in the stalk were obtained by sampling one internode near the ear with the refractometer and multiplying the Brix reading by the moisture lost in drying the entire stalk. Results obtained by using refractometer readings from the ear internode, the internode above the ear, and the internode below the car were highly correlated (r = +0.92**, +O.SO*+, and 0.90**, respectively) with the total sugar content of the stalks.The refractometric technique was an inexpensive, rapid means of determining levels of soluble metabolites in corn stalks and also provided useful estimates of total sugar levels.
Genotypic Stability Analysis and Its Application to Potato Regional Trials
Authors: Tai George C. C. 
Published: July 2010

This paper presents a method of genotypic stability analysis for regional variety trials. Based on the principle of structural relationship analysis, the genotype‐environment interaction effect of a variety is partitioned into two components. They are the linear response to environmental effects, which is measured by a statistic α̂, and the deviation from the linear response, which is measured by another statistic λ̂ A perfectly stable variety has (α, λ)=(‐1, 1) and a variety with average stability has (α, λ) = (0, 1).Seedlings in three series of potato maincrop regional trials were analyzed for the genotypic stability of their marketable tuber yields. The results showed that the highest yielders were unstable, while the seedlings with average stability had about the same yielding ability as the check varieties.
Effect of the Number of Parents on the Mean and Variance of Synthetic Varieties1
Authors: Hill R. R. 
Published: July 2010

The effect of the number of parents per synthetic on the mean and variance of synthetic varieties was studied for diploid and autotetraploid species. The mean of synthetics with a small number of parents each will usually be less than the mean of the source population from which the parents were chosen, and the mean of the synthetics approaches the mean of the source population as the number of parents per synthetic increases. The genetic variance among the means of the synthetics decreases as the number of parents per synthetic increases, and the decrease is more rapid for the nonadditive than the additive portion.The findings indicated the following: (1) Selection among experimental hybrids or synthetics utilizes genetic variance more efficiently when the number of parents per experimental variety is small. (2) Hybrids make slightly more efficient use of nonadditive genetic variance than synthetics with a comparable number of parents, and most of the advantage of hybrids would be lost with one generation of seed increase. (3) Most of the progress in development of medium to broad‐based synthetics results from selection of the parents and very little additional gain would be expected from selection among medium to broad based combinations of the selected parents.
Anomalous Fertilization in Diploid‐Tetraploid Crosses in Maize1
Authors: Sarkar K. R. , Coe E. H. 
Published: July 2010

Diploids with 10 heterozygous gene markers on 10 chromosomes were crossed reciprocally with two lines of tetraploid maize (Zea mays L.). Analyses of four tetraploids obtained from 54,250 fertilizations from marked 2n ✕ 4n crosses showed that in each case the diploid set from the female originated by exact duplication of a reduced gametophyte, probably by doubling or by fusion of two reduced female nuclei. No 4n sectors or unreducedmegaspore events were found. Up to eight possible cases of megaspore fusion and parthenogenetic development of diploid sporophytes were detected in the same 2n ✕ 4n cross, but no case was detected of diploid female gametes arising without meiotic assortment.Three tetraploids were recovered from 41,660 fertilizations in 4n ✕ marked 2n crosses. Analyses of these showed that they probably arose from fertilization of the diploid egg by a diploid male nucleus originating from restitution in the second division of microsporogenesis or, less likely, from concurrent fertilization by two haploid nuclei from two pollen tubes.The easiest and most efficient procedure to obtain triploids from diploid‐tetraploid intercrosses is to use tetraploid females and to screen for plump kernels.To explain the occurrence of occasional plump kernels in either 2n ✕ 4n or 4n ✕ 2n crosses, we propose specific ploidy level of the endosperm, 3n or multiples of 3n, for proper endosperm development. Earlier hypotheses of a definite ratio between embryo and endosperm ploidy level in seed development are rejected, since seed development is found to be independent of the ploidy level of the embryo.
Physiological Basis for Genotypic Variation in Net Photosynthesis of Oat Leaves1
Authors: Criswell J. G. , Shibles R. M. 
Published: July 2010

The net CO2 exchange rate of flag‐leaf blades of 20 oat (Avena spp.) genotypes was measured by infrared gas analysis in 1968 and 1969. Net photosynthetic rate and rate of CO2 efflux into CO2‐free air in light differed significantly among genotypes. Rankings were consistent across years. The CO2 compensation point was the least variable of the factors measured, and it was not related to net photosynthetic rate. A positive correlation between net photosynthesis and CO2 efflux was found; genotypes showing high CO2 efflux rates were concluded to have a lower resistance to CO2 diffusion between leaf respiratory sites and the external atmosphere. Differences in diffusion resistances, particularly the residual or mesophyll resistance, seemed to explain best the differences in net photosynthesis.Mean genotypic net photosynthetic rates were correlated with mean specific leaf dry weights (g dry weight dm‐2 leaf area). That mean residual resistance values were negatively correlated with mean specific leaf dry weight values indicates that internal leaf morphology or biochemical factors associated with morphological characteristics of the oat leaf may be associated with genotypic differences in net photosynthesis.
Effect of Date and Rate of Seeding on the Performance of Triticale in Comparison to Wheat1
Authors: Larter E. N. , Kaltsikes P. J. , McGinnis R. C. 
Published: July 2010

Triticale hexaploide Lart. cult. ‘Rosner’ and Triticum aestivum L. cult. ‘Manitou’ were sown on four dates and at eight rates in separate, 2‐year experiments at the University of Manitoba. Of the two cultural factors examined in this experiment, date of seeding had a far greater impact on yield than did rate of seeding. Delayed seeding severely reduced grain yields from triticale relative to yields from wheat. When the seeding date was delayed from April 20th (earliest date in this experiment) to May 5th (which corresponds to the general date of seeding for the area), yields for triticale were reduced 16% compared to 9% for wheat. In terms of comparative yield potentials of the two species, this delay resulted in an overall reduction in the yield advantage of triticale over wheat from 34% to 24%.The optimum rate of seeding for triticale was 100 kg/ha. Seeding rates of 68 to 102 kg/ha (1 to 1 1/2 bu/ac) are recommended for wheat in western Canada. Kernel weights of both species were reduced with increased seeding rate however, their protein content was not affected.
Comparison of S1 with Testcross Evaluation for Recurrent Selection in Maize1
Authors: Carangal V. R. , Ali S. M. , Koble A. F. , Rinke E. H. , Sentz J. C. 
Published: July 2010

We made S1 and testcross progeny evaluations for two cycles of recurrent selection for grain yield in a 13‐line maize (Zea mays L.) synthetic. In the first cycle we evaluated 60 lines at four locations in 1 year. For the second cycle we evaluated 68 lines in three trials during 2 years. Selection intensity was 17% in both cycles.Genetic variance for grain yield in the first cycle was significantly greater for selfed progeny in comparison with testcross evaluation, but decreased in the second cycle. Variability for ear moisture, broken stalks, and root lodging was increased with both selection procedures. S1 selection for grain yield gave greater improvement in the population per se, and was equal to testcross selection for general combining ability improvement. However, one second‐cycle testcross progeny exceeded the highest‐yielding parental line testcross.Genotypic correlations were greater between related and nonrelated testcrosses than between S1 and either testcross. However, several selections were common to both S1 and testcross procedures. Second‐cycle correlations were significantly lower than first‐cycle values.
Soluble Proteins of Alfalfa, White Clover, and Birdsfoot Trefoil1
Authors: Rommann, L. M. , Gerloff E. D. , Moore R. A. 
Published: July 2010

Total soluble protein and perceut Fraction 1 protein of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and four varieties (‘Teton,’ ‘Travois,’ ‘Vernal,’ ‘Ladak’) of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were investigated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Plants were grown in a growth chamber under 2 day lengths and were harvested at prebud, bud, and bloom stages of growth.Statistically significant differences in total soluble protein content were shown among varieties and among species. However, no statistically significant difference in percent Fraction 1 protein, measured as a percentage of the total soluble protein, could be detected among birdsfoot trefoil aud three varieties of alfalfa. Both birdsfoot trefoil and Teton alfalfa were significantly lower in percent Fraction I protein than Vernal alfalfa and white clover. Minor differences in percent Fraction 1 protein due to species, day length, or stage of growth and their interactions do not appear sufficiently large to be a primary factor in the etiology of bloat.Qualitative differences in lipoprotein staining patterns were evident among species, varieties, and between clones within a variety (or species) with the exception of birdsfoot trefoil. Visual quantitative differences could also be easily detected.
Stage of Development Descriptions for Soybeans, Glycine Max (L.) Merrill1
Authors: Fehr W. R. , Caviness C. E. , Burmood D. T. , Pennington J. S. 
Published: July 2010

We developed stage of development descriptions which we believe apply to all soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) genotypes grown in any environment. The descriptions apply to single plants or a community of plants and are precise and objective.Vegetative and reproductive development are described separately. Vegetative stages are determined by counting the number of nodes on the main stem, beginning with the unifoliolate node, that have or have had a completely unrolled leaf. Reproductive stages Rl and R2 are based on flowering, R3 and R4 on pod development, R5 and R6 on seed development, and R7 and R8 on maturation.The stage descriptions should enhance soybean research by standardizing descriptions of soybean plant development. The system also will be used by the soybean hail insurance industry for stage determination in adjustment of losses.
Inheritance of Kernel Weight in Six Spring Wheat Crosses1
Authors: Sun P. L. F. , Shands H. L. , Forsberg R. A. 
Published: July 2010

Four spring wheat [Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell. ssp. vulgare (Vill, Host) Mac Key] cultivars, ‘Henry,’ ‘Thatcher,’ Wis. 255, and C.I. 12633, contrasting parents for kernel weight, were intercrossed in six combinations to estimate gene effect parameters, the extent of heterosis, and heritability for this character.Hayman's (6) three‐ and six‐parameter models utilizing generation means were used to estimate gene effects. Additive and dominance effects were more consistent and important in determining kernel weight than epistatic effects. However, epistasis was detected in at least 1 year in all crosses where the parents were of different kernel weight classes. Parents and environment influenced the expression of epistasis. Additive ✕ additive and deminance ✕ dominance types of epistasis were more important than additive ✕ dominance effects.Heterosis, calculated as the percentage increase of F1 above midparent performance, ranged from −4.3 to 31.2%. Heterosis was greater in crosses of more distantly related parents and it usually occurred with significant dominance and one or more significant epistatic effects. Broad sense heritability estimates for kernel weight ranged from 51 to 85% over crosses and years, with one exception (9%).
Initiation of Inflorescences in Cool‐season Perennial Grasses1
Authors: Canode C. L. , Maun M. Anwar , Teare I. D. 
Published: July 2010

The objectives of this paper are to discuss pertinent literature and to present some recent research concerning induction of the vegetative primordia and initiation of floral development in perennial cool‐season grasses. The amount of exposure to short photoperiod and cool temperatures under field conditions necessary for induction of three forage grasses and four cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) was studied. Plants were moved from the field at 15‐day intervals from September 15 to March 15 and grown under long photoperiod and warm temperatures for the production of inflorescences.The number of inflorescences produced indicated that a high level of induction for smooth bromegrass [Bromus inermis (Leyss.)], crested wheatgrass [Agropyro desertorum (Fisch. ex. Link) Schult.], and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) had been reached by October 15, November 1, and November 15, respectively. The four Kentucky bluegrass cultivars showed a significant linear response to exposure. Inflorescence production increased as the exposure time increased. Seed production for Kentucky bluegrass cultivars followed essentially the same pattern as inflorescence production in response to exposure. The time required for inflorescence emergence for all cultivars and species had a negative association with the length of exposure to inductive conditions. If the rate of inflorescence emergence was used as the index, induction intensity was increasing up to March 15.Observations of dissected tillers at weekly intervals indicated the initiation of floral development for smooth bromegrass by February 12, and for orchardgrass and crested wheatgrass by February 19. The apices of the Kentucky bluegrass cultivars show a transition to floral primordia by January 22 for Delta and by February 5, 12, and 26 for Newport, Cougar, and Merion, respectively. Transition of vegetative apices to floral development occurred under conditions of cold temperature and short photoperiod for all species and cultivars.