bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE AMMONITE ZONATION OF UPPER OXFORDIAN MUDSTONES IN THE VALE OF PICKERING, YORKSHIRE
Authors: COX B. M. , RICHARDSON G. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The sequence of mudstones (c. 48 m thick) proved above the Corallian succession (Oxfordian) and below Kimmeridgian mudstones in boreholes at the western end of the Vale of Pickering has yielded an ammonite fauna of
Amoeboceras
and perisphinctids spanning the three youngest zones (Serratum, Regulare, Rosenkrantzi) of the Oxfordian. The macrofauna and lithology of these mudstones is outlined and specimens of
Amoeboceras
are figured.
THE INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES BOREHOLE AT BECKERMONDS SCAR, NORTH YORKSHIRE
Authors: WILSON A. A. , CORNWELL J. D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The Beckermonds Scar Borehole passed through 260 m of Lower Carboniferous strata of Asbian to Arundian age. These are mostly limestones but also include an attenuated representative of the Ashfell Sandstone. Underlying Ordovician strata were penetrated to 260 m rod length and consist of steeply dipping magnetite-rich siltstones, mudstones and greywacke sandstones. These contain acritarchs of probable Arenig age from a single horizon. Mineral flats consisting of barite, fluorite, calcite and chalcopyrite occur within late Asbian limestones. The homogenisation temperature of the fluorite was 190°C, an unusually high value for the Askrigg Block.
The magnetic susceptibility of the Ordovician sediments is equivalent to a magnetite content of about 1% and is capable of producing magnetic anomalies of several hundred nanoTesla amplitude. Remanent magnetisation is not likely to contribute significantly to the magnetic anomalies as its intensity is only about 20% of the induced magnetisation.
The sediment samples have a plane of maximum susceptibility parallel with the bedding planes, lending support to the idea that the magnetite is an original constituent.
The magnetite-bearing sediments are likely to extend near to or even reach the basement surface along the northern, western and southern sides of the concealed Wensleydale Granite.
A similar origin cannot be ascribed with confidence to adjacent anomalies which appear to indicate more deep seated magnetic bodies, but the results of the Beckermonds Scar Borehole cast some doubt on the conventional geological interpretation of aeromagnetic anomalies in the UK in terms of igneous or metamorphic bodies.
VITRINITE REFLECTANCE DETERMINATIONS FROM THE BECKERMONDS SCAR AND RAYDALE BOREHOLES, YORKSHIRE
Authors: CREANEY STEPHEN 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Vitrinite reflectance values have been measured on material from thin coals and clastic sediments within the Great Scar Limestone in the Raydale and Beckermonds Scar Boreholes. Reflectance values increase rapidly down-hole (0.50%/100 m approx.) in both holes, with values ranging approximately from 1.30% to 2.25% (medium volatile bituminous to semianthracite). This rapid rate of increase is probably related to post-emplacement reactivation of the Wensleydale granite stock, which may have acted as a ‘chimney’ for a considerable amount of mantle-derived heat.
PERIGLACIAL INVOLUTIONS AND THE EVIDENCE FOR COVERSANDS IN THE ENGLISH MIDLANDS
Authors: DOUGLAS T. D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Involutions from various sites are characterised by pockets and balls of medium sand contained within varying clay substrates – tills and lacustrine clays. Their spacing varies from 1–2 m and the involutions may extend downwards to a depth of 2.5 m. Mechanical analysis of sand samples and geomorphological context suggests that they are aeolian and the remnant of a previous layer of coversands. The involutions appear to be associated with permafrost and are likely to be late Devensian in age.
NEW DATA ON TETRAHEDRITE, TENNANTITE, CHALCOPYRITE AND PYROMORPHITE FROM THE CUMBRIAN AND NORTH YORKSHIRE PENNINES
Authors: SMALL A. T. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The occurrence and compositions of some copper ore-minerals are described from the Swaledale orefield and the surrounding region in the north of the Askrigg Block, northern Pennines. Tetrahedrite was found at Hanging Lund Scar in the quartz-chalcopyrite ‘feeder zone’ and tennantite at Fell End Clouds in the adjacent zone. Trace element contents in chalcopyrite are compared with those from the Groverake Mine on the Alston Block. A high cobalt/nickel ratio is found in chalcopyrite throughout, but no tin. A very pure pyromorphite was found at Gunnerside, this is thought to be the first record in the Askrigg orefield.
TRACE FOSSILS AS EVIDENCE IN THE EVOLUTION OF
CARBONICOLA
Authors: EAGAR R. M. C. , OKOLO S. A. , WALTERS G. F. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

In Standedge cutting near Marsden, Yorkshire, the Butterly Marine Band, of late Kinderscoutian (Namurian R
1C
) age, is gradationally overlain by a small-scale (7 m) coarsening-upward sequence. This is characterised by parallel-laminated mudstone-dominated units at the base and by parallel-laminated fine sandstone/siltstone-dominated lithofacies at the top. The sequence, which probably reflects the infilling of a shallow interdistributary bay by sediment-laden incursions from distributaries, is truncated by erosion at the base of the Upper Kinderscout Grit.

Planolites
occurs sporadically in the 2 m of laminated silty mudstones lying immediately above the Marine Band. In the succeeding thin sandstones, siltstones and silty mudstones trace fossils are abundant and include ‘
Scolicia
’,
Cochlichnus
and hitherto undescribed forms.
Pelecypodichnus
and
Pelecypodichnus
escape shafts are extremely numerous in these beds and both are commonly connected to trails which are parallel to bedding planes. The association of trails with burrows indicates that bivalve movement was initially across the substratum, then steeply downward and finally more or less vertically upward. The structures fit the recently described marginally marine bivalves provisionally designated of.
Sanguinolites
Hind
non
M’Coy from the top of the Upper Kinderscout Grit in Sabden Brook, near Clitheroe. On the basis of comparative internal and external shell morphology this form appears to be ancestral to
Carbonicola
(Eagar 1977). Burrows and escape shafts at Standedge fit well into the sequence of burrow morphologies in which progressively longer escape shafts develop from the middle of the Shale Grit to the middle of the Marsdenian. Thence they merge upward into forms ascribed to
Carbonicola,
which are associated with trace fossils suggestive of fresher water. Escape shafts of
Carbonicola,
as far as they have been investigated, tend to show more pronounced current orientation of their long axes than shafts attributed to cf.
Sanguinolites.
LOWER CARBONIFEROUS
RENALCIS
FROM CUMBRIA
Authors: ADAMS A. E. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The microfossil
Renalcis
is described from the Carboniferous Limestone of Britain for the first time. Specimens occur unattached in fine-grained sediments between the framework organisms of small reefs of Arundian age in the Furness area of Cumbria. Although fairly numerous,
Renalcis
did not play an essential role in the construction of the reefs.
THE DISCOVERY OF THE DINANTIAN PRODUCTACEAN
SEPTARINIA LEUCHTENBERGENSIS
(DE KONINCK) IN THE BRITISH ISLES
Authors: MUNDY D. J. C. , BRUNTON C. H. C. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Septarinia leuchtenbergensis
(de Koninck), an unusual and rare productacean, has been recognised for the first time in the British Isles. A single specimen has been found in recent collections made from Asbian marginal reef facies at Cracoe, North Yorkshire and further specimens, from Castleton, North Derbyshire and Little Island, Cork were located in museum repositories. Search of the available de Koninck material has led to the discovery of the originally-figured specimen, in the British Museum (Natural History), which is here selected as lectotype. The species is redescribed and the genus is placed in the subfamily Septarininae nov.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE ELLER BECK FORMATION AND THE SUPPOSED BLOWGILL MEMBER (MIDDLE JURASSIC) OF THE YORKSHIRE BASIN
Authors: POWELL J. H. , RATHBONE P. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Recent mapping and the study of new exposures in the Hambleton Hills demonstrate that the Blowgill Member of the Middle Jurassic Cloughton Formation is equivalent to the mudstone and succeeding sandstone units of the Eller Beck Formation, and was deposited during the same marine transgression. The term ‘Blowgill Member’ is, therefore, rejected. The Ingleby Ironstone and Gormire Limestone are established as members of the Eller Beck Formation.
The revised correlation necessitates a reappraisal of the palaeogeography and sedimentation of the Eller Beck Formation.
GRAPTOLITE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF EARLY LAND PLANTS FROM VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA
Authors: GARRATT M. J. , RICKARDS R. B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

After a complete re-examination and reappraisal of all the plants and graptolites at the two critical localities of Limestone Road and Ghin Ghin, it is concluded that the overwhelming evidence indicates that the Lower Plant Assemblage of the Yea District, Victoria, Australia is Silurian (Ludlow) in age and that the earliest
Baragwanathia longifolia
Lang & Cookson occurs some 10Ma earlier than the unquestionably Devonian occurrences of the same species in the Upper Plant Assemblage in the same region.
RED BASAL PERMIAN SANDS: A NEW DISCOVERY IN NATIONAL COAL BOARD BOREHOLES OFF SUNDERLAND, NORTH-EAST ENGLAND
Authors: SMITH D. B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Basal Permian (Yellow) Sands in two NCB boreholes drilled east of Sunderland in 1982 are partly red, and thus differ from all other major provings of this formation in north-east England; they are also generally cemented by poikilitopic gypsum but in all other respects are lithologically normal. It is suggested that the red colour is an early diagenetic effect that formerly was more extensive and has survived there because of preservation by later cements.
THE MINERALOGY OF BRICKMAKING AT BROOMFLEET, NORTH HUMBERSIDE.
Authors: DUNHAM A.C. , MWAKARUKWA G.M. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The mineralogy and chemistry of three clay raw materials and three types of brick product have been examined by transmitted light and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analysis. The clays contain varying proportions of illite, kaolinite, vermiculite, quartz, calcite, rutile and hematite. The bricks consists of mullite, cristobalite, quartz, feldspars, spinel, rutile, illite and glass. The calcium-rich brick also contains wollastonite and gehlenite. Electron microprobe analyses of relict feldspars, new pyroxenes and matrix have been made, leading to an estimation of the glass composition. Examination of heated test pieces of each clay has shown the sequences of mineralogical change. This preliminary appraisal provides a basis for further work to elucidate the mineralogical reactions taking place in brickmaking.
Whin Sill in exploratory boreholes from Newbrough, Northumberland
Authors: BATESON J. H. , JOHNSON C. C. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Four exploratory boreholes at Newbrough near Hexham, Northumberland, intersected the Whin Sill and in three of the holes sections of extensively altered quartz-dolerite were observed with a small amount of Ba-Pb-Zn mineralisation. Chemical analyses (both trace and major oxide) of altered and unaltered quartz-dolerite are compared with results reported in previous investigations. Trends in the geochemistry between the extreme end members of fresh Whin Sill and ‘White Whin’ can be identified. Abnormal local features are attributed to interference with the normal sill development at this location.
A palynological investigation of Toarcian to early Aalenian strata from the Blea Wyke area, Ravenscar, North Yorkshire
Authors: RIDING J. B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

A palynological investigation of the uppermost part of the Whitby Mudstone, the Blea Wyke Sandstone and the Dogger formations (Toarcian,
Hildoceras bifrons
Zone to Aalenian,
Leioceras opalinum
Zone) exposed on the foreshore and in the cliffs of the area around Blea Wyke Point, Ravenscar, yielded thirteen dinoflagellate cyst taxa. They all appear to be biostratigraphically significant, and in this respect are superior to other associated palynomorph groups (e.g. miospores), despite being numerically subordinate. The genus
Phallocysta
Dörhöfer & Davies 1980 and the species
P. eumekes
Dörhöfer & Davies 1980 are emended. The dinoflagellate cyst floras from Blea Wyke are compared with other published accounts of similar ages. Despite the existence of several cosmopolitan taxa in the Northern hemisphere, two cyst-provinces, the North American province and the north-west European province are recognised.
Discovery of Tremadoc rocks in the Lake District
Authors: Molyneux S. G. , Rushton A. W. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Acritarchs and trilobites of late Tremadoc age have been found in beds hitherto mapped as the Skiddaw Group, close to the outcrop of the Latterbarrow Sandstone in the River Calder, western Lake District. These Tremadoc beds are older than any graptolitic Skiddaw Slates. The new discovery means that a simple conformable relationship between the Latterbarrow Sandstone and the underlying Skiddaw Group is unlikely.
New information on the Dinantian stratigraphy and structure of Tynedale, Northumberland
Authors: FROST D. V. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The Northumberland Trough is dominated by numerous east-north-eastward trending Caledonoid faults. A recent geophysical survey has indicated the presence of another dislocation of similar trend, but this is related to the Whin Sill and its associated dykes and probably acted as an important feeder in the Roman Wall area.
New boreholes in the Settlingstones-Newbrough area show the Whin Sill to be intruded at an horizon close below the Colwell (=Single Post) Limestone, and confirm the variability of the Brigantian sequence in this part of the Northumberland Trough. These new data have thrown doubt on the correlation suggested by Frost and Holliday (1980, p. 34) for the Settlingstones Mine area.
The development of minor rhythms towards the top of each cyclothem in these Brigantian sediments is compared with those pre-Asbian sediments proved towards the base of the Stonehaugh Borehole. They are considered to have formed under similar conditions of deposition.
Lithostratigraphical nomenclature of the Lias Group in the Yorkshire Basin
Authors: Powell J. H. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The lithostratigraphical nomenclature of the Lias Group in the Yorkshire Basin is revised; two new formations, the Redcar Mudstone Formation and the Whitby Mudstone Formation, respectively replace ‘Lower’ and ‘Upper’ Lias (as used in a lithostratigraphical sense). This revised classification can be applied throughout the basin, including the Hambleton Hills, where the Felixkirk Borehole, recently drilled, has provided a cored sequence through the Lias.
Antimony mineralisation at Wet Swine Gill, Caldbeck Fells, Cumbria
Authors: Fortey N. J. , Ingham J. D. , Skilton B. R. H. , Young B. , Shepherd T. J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
A previously unrecorded quartz-antimony vein is described from Wet Swine Gill, a tributary of the River Caldew in the northern Lake District. Deposition of quartz gangue preceded that of metalliferous minerals, which include an early stibnite-berthierite assemblage, zinckenite and later-formed fülöppite and semseyite. Weathering products include bindheimite and stibiconite. The high antimony content in arsenopyrite (up to 7% Sb by weight) supports fluid inclusion data and a comparison with antimony deposits in the Massif Central, France, in pointing to deposition of the early assemblage at relatively high temperatures (above 200°C), and it is inferred that the vein is an expression of the nearby Early Devonian Carrock W-As deposit. The Pb-sulphantimonides may have formed by redeposition of antimony involving lead-bearing fluids during the Early Carboniferous.
Subsidence and sedimentation in the Northumberland Trough
Authors: Johnson G. A. L. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The Northumberland Trough has been recognised as a major east-west structural unit across northern England for almost a hundred years. Lying between the Northern Pennine Block to the south and the Southern Uplands of Scotland ridge to the north, the Trough stretches across Britain from the North Sea to the Solway Firth. Two basins have been described within the Trough – the Northumberland Basin in the east and the Solway Basin in the west. The basins are believed to be separated by a shelf, with shallow basement running northwards and continuing the line of the Pennine ridge across north-east Cumbria. The Bewcastle anticline is regarded as a drape over this basement high. The oldest deposits proved in the basins are Chadian (Lower Carboniferous), with no confirmed record of the lowest Courceyan Stage. A complete sequence of more than 3 km of Dinantian and Silesian sediments is known, ranging up to late Westphalian D. Strong differential subsidence in the Northumberland Basin came to an end in the Namurian, and the Westphalian was laid down under conditions of uniform epeirogenic downwarping that effected the marginal blocks in the same way as the Trough. The Solway Basin had very similar Dinantian deposition, but subsidence was more variable in the Silesian and persisted longer, at least until the late Westphalian. Shallow marine and deltaic sedimentation characterise deposition in both basins, with subsidence and rate of deposition having been approximately equal. Marine transgressions and deltaic regressions were a major feature of deposition and caused the development of well-ordered sedimentary cycles of coalbelt type. Four phases of trough filling can be recognised: 1. Progressive marine transgression. 2. Gradual marine regression. 3. Upper delta plain sedimentation. 4. Emergence, with lacustrine sedimentation.
Contoured patterns of the throw and hade of normal faults in the Coal Measures (Westphalian) of north-east Derbyshire
Authors: RIPPON J. H. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Good documentation of uncomplicated tectonic faulting in the Coal Measures of north-east Derbyshire has enabled fault planes and zones to be isolated for detailed study, both laterally and vertically. Systematic variations in throw and hade are revealed by contouring the fault planes for these properties, and typical patterns are described. The individuality shown by faults is emphasised.
Crinoid arms from Salthill Quarry, Clitheroe, Lancashire
Authors: Donovan S. K. , Sevastopulo G. D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Inadunates dominate the Chadian crinoid fauna of Salthill Quarry, Clitheroe, Lancashire, despite the apparent prevalence of camerates. Well-preserved arms of a crinoid, which have swollen axillaries and an ornament of tubercles, are derived from a new taxon of inadunate crinoid. The arms are pinnulate and branching is heterotomous at the secundaxils (except in the A-ray, which does not divide at this level). Dissociated brachials and radials of this species are common.
The distribution of barytocalcite and alstonite in the Northern Pennine Orefield
Authors: YOUNG B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The rare minerals barytocalcite and alstonite, the dimorphs of barium calcium carbonate, are shown to be of widespread occurrence in the barium-bearing deposits of the outer zone of the Northern Pennine Orefield where they generally accompany witherite. Barytocalcite in particular is present in much greater abundance than hitherto supposed and in several deposits is shown to be the dominant barium mineral. Both minerals are abundant only in deposits within a limestone wall rock and are considered to be the products of reaction between late-stage mineralising fluids and the wall rock.
Sphalerite mineralogy and trace element geochemistry in the South Pennine Orefield
Authors: MOSTAGHEL M. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Sphalerite has a restricted distribution mainly along the eastern margin of the South Pennine Orefield. The main microscopic inclusions in sphalerite are pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and calcite. Alteration of sphalerite to smithsonite is generally extensive and is usually accompanied by formation of covellite and goethite as copper and iron are released from the sphalerite lattice. Sphalerite, like galena and pyrite, has a very strong preference for association with calcite in the South Pennine Orefield. The low concentrations of iron and silver in the analysed sphalerites indicate a low formation temperature. Bivariate and multivariate analyses of sphalerite analytical data show that, although complex relationships exist among the trace elements in sphalerite, there are only five factors that account for all the variance in the distribution of the trace elements. The co-existence of galena and sphalerite in the orefield does not have any apparent effect on the partition of the trace elements.
Asturoceras
and other dimorphoceratid ammonoids from the Namurian (E
2
) of Lancashire
Authors: Riley N. J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The discovery of
Asturoceras romanum
sp nov. from E
2b1
strata (Sabden Shales) in the Arnsbergian of north-west England represents the first record of this previously monotypic genus outside Spain. The sequence at the type locality also provides data on the position of the
Eumorphoceras yatesae
(E
2a3
) and
Cravenoceras cowlingense
(E
2a1
) marine bands in the local succession.
Lithostratigraphy of the Staithes Sandstone and Cleveland Ironstone formations (Lower Jurassic) of north-east Yorkshire
Authors: HOWARD A. S. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The lithostratigraphy of the Staithes Sandstone and Cleveland Ironstone formations in North Yorkshire and Cleveland is reviewed and redefined; two new subdivisions, the Penny Nab and Kettleness members, are proposed for the Cleveland Ironstone Formation. Both formations and members are recognisable throughout the Cleveland Basin, but only the Kettleness Member continues southwards over the Market Weighton High, where it undergoes lateral facies change into the Marlstone Rock Bed. The latter, together with a finer grained representative of the Staithes Sandstone Formation, can be tentatively identified in the southern North Sea area.
Palaeobotany and petrology of a Middle Jurassic ironstone bed at Wrack Hills, North Yorkshire
Authors: HILL C. R. , MOORE D. T. , GREENSMITH J. T. , WILLIAMS R. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The palaeobotany and petrology are outlined of a recently discovered Middle Jurassic (Saltwick Formation) ironstone bed at Wrack Hills, a locality near Runswick Bay, North Yorkshire. The plant fossils are remarkable for their excellent preservation in three dimensions. Similar material was much collected in the last century, including specimens from Runswick Bay, but after 1910 the localities were thought to have been entirely lost. The species diversity at the new or perhaps newly available old locality considerably exceeds that obtained by the old collectors, including about five new species out of the total of 31 collected.
Androstrobus
cones preserved in three dimensions and with well-preserved pollen
in situ
are reported; new material of
Williamsonia gigas
is discussed and a revised reconstruction of its mature ‘flower’ proposed; and three-dimensionally preserved leaves of
Solenites
are recorded. These prove to be circular in transverse sectional outline rather than elliptical as previously reconstructed.

There is an intimate association of clay minerals with the plant remains in such siderite-rich ironstone beds. The clays (kaolinite and dickite) were evidently deposited within voids in the organic material during diagenesis and the temperatures required for their recrystallisation indicate former burial of the sediments to a depth of some 2 km. The three-dimensional preservation of the plant organs despite this burial indicates that the ironstone became lithified early in diagenesis.