bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The detection of a carrier of multiple phage-types of Salmonella paratyphi B
Authors: Sloan R. S. , Wilson H. D. , Wright Helen A. 
Published: May 2009

Polluted water from a stream caused three cases of infection with Salm. paratyphi B belonging to two phage-types. These phage-types and two others were isolated from the water.One woman, aged 81, with a history of enteric fever 20 years previously was discovered to be a prolific carrier of at least three of these phage-types, and to be the source of the pollution.We are greatly indebted to Mr G. K. Anderson, County Sanitary Inspector, Midlothian, and to his staff for the large volume of field work they carried out; to Dr E. S. Anderson and Dr A. Bernstein, Central Enteric Reference Laboratory and Bureau, Colindale, London for the phage-typing on which this survey is based; and to Mr James Sutherland, F.I.M.L.T., for his enthusiastic technical assistance.
Survival of bacteria in amoebic hepatic pus in vitro
Authors: Watson K. C. 
Published: May 2009

1. Bacterial infection of amoebic hepatic abscess is a relatively uncommon event.2. Investigations to demonstrate a possible bactericidal effect of liver pus in vitro indicated that small inocula, especially of young cultures, of Sh. sonnei, Staph. pyogenes and an organism of pseudomonas species were rendered sterile. Organisms such as Esch. coli, Saim. typhi, Saim. typhimurium, Sh. boydii and Strep.faecalis showed a drop in viable count during the first few hours of incubation followed by a logarithmic increase. The strain of A. aerogenes, on the other hand, was not decreased in numbers during the first few hours of incubation and showed a prolonged lag phase followed by a logarithmic increase in numbers. Shigella sonnei, Staph. pyogenes, Sh. boydii and Strep. fascalis attained to maximum population densities which were less than those obtained in control broth tubes and less than those of other organisms in liver pus.3. It is suggested that secondary bacterial infection of amoebic liver abscess is often endogenous in origin, occurring after primary aspiration due to disinte gration of the lining wall of the cavity, allowing the entrance of portal blood containing organisms from the damaged bowel.
Sepsis in surgical wounds Multiple regression analysis applied to records of post-operative hospital sepsis
Authors: Lidwell O. M. 
Published: May 2009

The method of multi-regression analysis as applied to data which are classified in a non-metric manner is discussed, and a set of data relating the risk of post-operation sepsis to various factors is analysed in this way.Age over 60, male sex, long duration of operation, incision over 6 in. long and the insertion of a drain in the wound are all found to be associated with increased risk of post-operative sepsis. Operations for appendicectomy and those on the gall bladder have a relatively high basic risk of developing sepsis while operations for gastrectomy or those on the thyroid, and probably thoracic operations, have a low basic risk. The substantial differences in the gross risk of post-operative sepsis associated with the operations performed in the different hospitals included in the analysis are shown to be almost entirely accounted for by differences in the operations performed in them.
Newcastle disease as a model for studies of experimental epidemiology
Authors: Andrewes C. H. , Allison A. C. 
Published: May 2009

Observations are reported on the mechanism of transmission of a neurotropic strain of Newcastle disease virus from infected to normal baby chicks. Infection appeared to be mediated mainly by large or very labile air-borne particles. Other factors examined were the time of maximum infectivity of chicks, the effects of duration of contact, of the social habits of the chicks and of the type of cage used to house them.Results obtained by contact experiments were supported by tests in which settling virus particles were collected in Petri dishes placed at various distances from infected chicks.
The toxicity and acceptability of the sodium salt of pindone, an anti-coagulant rodenticide, to the house-mouse (Mus musculus L.)
Authors: Rowe F. P. 
Published: May 2009

1. A 0·005% solution of the sodium salt of pindone was found to kill wild house-mice (Mus musculus) in 4–6 days. Mice offered a choice between this solution and water drank more water, but the difference in consumption was not statistically significant.2. The addition of 1% sugar did not appreciably alter the palatability of a 0·005% solution, but a solution of the anti-coagulant containing 10% sugar was more readily accepted than water. This preference was maintained with solution 4 months old.
Immunity in mice to an intracerebral challenge ofBordetella pertussis
Authors: Holt L. B. , Spasojevic Vera , Dolby Jean M. , Standfast A. F. B. 
Published: May 2009

The survival rate of mice actively or passively immunized against intracerebral challenge withBordetella pertussis, was independent of the size of challenge dose within the range of 20–2000 LD.This unexpected result appears to be due to the anatomical peculiarities of the infected organ, in which circulating antibody does not pass the normal blood-brain barrier easily. The pertussis infection does not cause sufficient inflammation to induce a pathological increase in the permeability of the barrier until the number of living microbes in the brain reaches 10 to 10. Since this stage in the brain consistently occurs after 4–5 days, independently of the size of the inoculum within the range 20–2000 LD, the outcome of infection in the immunized animal depends solely on the degree of specific immunity.In the non-immune mouse, the increase in permeability of the barrier persists until death. In the immunized mouse, the elimination of the infection leads to a restoration of the normal barrier at about the 6th day.
A village epidemic of brucellosis
Authors: Rozansky R. , Weber D. , Lehman E. , Bali S. 
Published: May 2009

A village epidemic of brucellosis, due to Brucella melitensis, contracted from infected sheep and goats owned by the vifiagers is described. Of the 309 inhabitants eighty-four became infected and seventy-nine were clinically ill with brucellosis. The investigation covered 232 of the total population and nearly all those not examined belonged to the age group, 0–5 years, not directly exposed to infection by contact with diseased animals.The population of the village was made up of forty-six families, only nine of which escaped infection. In the affected families, the incidence varied from one to seven in each case. The size of the family varied from three to eleven but there was no correlation between the size of the family and the number contracting brucellosis, neither did sex play any part in the incidence. All age groups were susceptible but the morbidity increased with age and this was correlated with increased risk of exposure to infection of the older age groups.There was considerable variation in the severity of the clinical illness but there were no fatiities and all patients responded to antibiotic therapy.Brucella melitensis was isolated from twenty-eight of the thirty-six patients subjected to blood culture and specific agglutinins at an acceptable level were demonstrated in all but three of those with a clinical illness.The number of persons without evidence of clinical brucellosis who possessed significant brucella agglutinins was very small and the assumption that in an endemic area the number of infected persons is much greater than the number clinically ill was not borne out in the outbreak described here.Persistence of specific agglutinins up to 2 years after recovery from the clinical illness is recorded.We wish to pay tribute to the late Professor J. Gurevitch for his constant interest and helpful advice.Thanks are due to Prof. M. Ruiz Castaneda for providing us with the Castaneda bottles for blood culture work, to Dr E. Neeman of the Government Brucella Reference Laboratory for supplying the Standard Brucella Antigen and for examining the strains of Brucella isolated, and to Colonel H. J. Bensted for his interest and help in preparing the paper. Finally, we are indebted to Mrs Aliza Abut Kayner, social worker in the village health centre, for her valuable help in gathering statistical data.
The survival ofShigella sonneion cotton, glass, wood, paper, and metal at various temperatures
Authors: Nakamura Mitsuru 
Published: May 2009

1. Ten strains ofSh. sonneiwere placed upon metal, wood, cotton, paper, and glass and held at −20°, 4°, 15°, 37° and 45° C. Survival of the cells was most extensive when placed at −20° C. and practically none of the strains survived when held at 45° C.2. Slight variations in the survival of different strains was observed when the cells were placed upon glass and cotton. Strain variation was greater when survival time was measured by placingSh. sonneion wood, paper, and metal.
Linear relationships in complement fixation
Authors: Fulton F. , Almeida J. O. 
Published: May 2009

Over a certain range there is a linear relationship between the amount of complement required for 50 % lysis and the amounts of one of the variables in the primary reaction mixture of a complement-fixation test when the third variable is present in a quantity sufficient to allow maximum fixation.If this linear relationship were maintained as the concentration of the selected variable is progressively reduced, there would also be a linear relationship between the logarithms of the amounts of complement fixed and the logarithms of the amounts of the selected variable; in this case, the line with logarithmic co-ordinates will necessarily have unit slope.When the fixation of small amounts of complement by several virus systems is measured, an approximately linear relationship using logarithmic co-ordinates has been demonstrated, but in many cases the line does not have unit slope. In this range, therefore, there is not a linear relationship when arithmetic co-ordinates are used.A new design for a complement-fixation test is proposed, using isohaemolytic curves.
Staphylococcal sepsis in mothers and newborn babies
Authors: Spink M. S. 
Published: May 2009

A serious outbreak of staphylococcal infections in the maternity units in Blackburn was investigated. There were considerably more than one hundred cases of breast abscesses altogether, well over half of which occurred in primiparae. Staphylococcus aureus, phage type 80, was the predominating organism throughout the outbreak and at the peak period during the early part of the outbreak this type was responsible for nearly 80% of the infections.After the introduction of a number of procedures for the general reduction of cross-infection the incidence of breast abscess fell markedly and a controlled trial of an antibacterial cream, containing neomycin and hibitane, which was applied to the nasal mucosa of all infants and mothers in the test group of patients, was undertaken. The conditions obtaining in the test and control groups were identical in every way except that the control patients did not receive the neomycin-hibitane cream. There were about 1250 mothers and infants each in the test and control groups; the incidence of breast abscesses in the test group was 0·8% and in the control group it was 2·7%. The method adopted for the detection and treatment of carriers among the nursing staff broke down on two occasions; this fact and the emergence of an unforeseen source resulted in a larger number of infections than should have occurred. Had it not been for these incidents there is little doubt that the trial would have shown more conclusively the effectiveness of the neomycinhibitane cream, by the method laid down, in reducing cross-infection.Investigation of the bacterial flora on the nasal mucosa of over 1000 infants in the control group yielded results of considerable interest. Of 300 cases where there was early colonization by Staph. albus, this organism established its dominating position in 70% of the cases and it was not subsequently displaced by Staph. aureus. The significance of this observation and the evidence favouring nasal dissemination of Staph.aureus as the most important cause of hospital cross-infection are discussed.
Experimental intestinal coliform infections in mice
Authors: Ashburner Frances M. , Mushin Rose 
Published: May 2009

A technique involving the suppression of normal intestinal flora with antibiotics, and the introduction of streptomycin-resistant coliforms was used for the study of infections in mice.It was shown thatEscherichia coli, both the enteropathogenic and normal faecal strains, tend to colonize the upper intestinal tract as well as the lower region. An oral dose of ten or less cells could produce a chronic infection. Infections were asymptomatic even with an initial dose of 109bacteria. There was no indication of growth advantages for enteropathogenic coliforms in competition with normal.
A new enrichment medium for salmonellae
Authors: Banič S 
Published: May 2009

A new enrichment medium for the isolation of salmonella types from faeces is described.The inhibitory substances for coliform organisms and enterococci in this medium are magnesium chloride and sodium hydrogen selenite.The new medium was found in routine diagnostic work to be superior to the Mueller–Kauffmann medium in the isolation ofSalmonella typhiand only a little inferior in the isolation of other salmonella types.When used in addition to the standard media the new medium increases the number of positive results.I am indebted to Dr Jadranka Zajc-Satler for the identification of the salmonella types isolated and to Mrs I. Mamilovič, Miss P. Ferbežar, and Mrs D. Zavodnik for technical assistance.
A survey of measles antibodies in different populations
Authors: Smith Gillian Tilden 
Published: May 2009

A survey of serum samples from all age groups in the population has shown a rapid acquisition of antibody between the ages of 1 and 6 years which reaches a plateau in concentration and does not disappear later.The concentration of antibody in cord serum may be four or more times greater than that in the mother's serum.Presence or absence of a record of past infection by measles is not necessarily reflected by the titre of antibody in the serum.Low antibody titres in very young infants may be due to an imperfectly developed antibody producing mechanism.The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of all those who made this survey possible. In particular, she is indebted to Dr G. I. Watson of the College of General Practitioners and his colleagues (see list) for their help in the collection of so many of the serum samples, and to Mr D. A. Bamgboye for his excellent technical assistance.
Influenza haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies in Sydney
Authors: Cossart Y. E. 
Published: May 2009

Haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against A, A′ and A2strains of influenza virus and against one strain of influenza B were estimated in sera from blood donors in Sydney in February 1958 and in April and October 1961.The A2antibody increased substantially while both A and A′ antibodies declined slightly. There was a great decline in influenza B antibody during the same period.Thanks are due to Dr Phyllis M. Rountree who suggested this study. Miss Patricia Taylor gave excellent technical assistance in the early part of this work.
The toxicity of 0·025% warfarin to wild house-mice (Mus musculus L.)
Authors: Rowe F. P. , Redfern R. 
Published: May 2009

1. Individually caged wild house-mice (Mus musculus L.) were fed 0·025% warfarin in a pinhead oatmeal/oil/sugar base. In all, 345 mice were tested for a fixed period ranging between 4 and 28 days.2. There was considerable variation in the susceptibility of individual mice. The lowest effective dosage was 26·1 mg./kg. of body weight in 4 days and the highest dosage survived was 1067·2 mg./kg. eaten over 21 days.3. The time required to obtain a 100% kill of house-mouse populations with 0·025% warfarin under field conditions is discussed.We thank the Director of the United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, for permission to quote from the Quarterly Report of that Service.
Streptococcal school outbreaks: a method of investigation and control
Authors: Boissard Joan M. , Fry R. M. 
Published: May 2009

A method of controlling outbreaks of streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract in communities such as boarding schools is described.It is suggested that, in a search for carriers, nose and mouth swabs should be taken in place of the customary nose and throat swabs. These swabs will detect those who are dispersing streptococci into the environment, as distinct from the carriers who are not dispersers. It is essential that infections of the skin and ears should also be looked for.It is recommended that all dispersers, whether nose or mouth positive, should receive sulphanilamide insufflation in both nostrils twice daily for a week, or longer if necessary, without exclusion from school. In addition, penicillin lozenges for 2 days may be recommended for the mouth positives only.The history is considered to be an important factor in deciding the extent of the initial investigation, and examples are given to illustrate this. When mass swabbing is considered necessary, it is highly desirable that the whole community should be swabbed at the same time, as early as possible in the outbreak. It is also desirable that bacteriological follow-up should be available to check that control has been effected.
Quantal and graded dose-responses of bluetongue virus: a comparison of their sensitivity as assay methods for neutralizing antibody
Authors: Svehag Sven-Eric 
Published: May 2009

The sensitivity of quantal and graded responses to mouse-adapted bluetongue virus for the detection of neutralizing antibody was compared using probit and rankit analysis. The graded response, based on survival times, allowed the demonstration of antibody in highly dilute serum, in which antibody was not detected by the quantal response recording percentage death.Quantal responses to bluetongue virus variants were compared with theoretical dose-response curves constructed according to the Poisson distribution for the random variation of virus particles in inocula. Of these theoretical curves the first term in the Poisson distribution gave the best approximation to the experimental data but the fit to normal distribution curves was better. The quantal responses to bluetongue virus did not appear to reflect the random variation of one-or-more infectious virus particles in inocula.In graded responses to bluetongue virus, a rectilinear relationship was observed between reciprocal harmonic means of survival times and log virus dilutions.
A comparative trial of norbormide and zinc phosphide against Rattus norvegicus on farms
Authors: Rennison B. D. , Hammond L. E. , Jones G. L. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYNorbormide at 1·0 and 0·5% and zinc phosphide at 5·0 and 2·5% were each tested in four types of cereal bait, after prebaiting and as direct poisons, against infestations of R. norvegicus on forty-eight farms in Montgomeryshire.The relative success of treatments was measured by the reduction in the number of takes from wheat baits put down for 2 days, 13 or 16 days before, and 5 days after, poisoning.Treatments with zinc phosphide were significantly more successful than those with norbormide, irrespective of the cereal bait, concentration of poison or method of treatment used, and in spite of conditions on many farms that partially restricted the distribution of the baits containing zinc phosphide.Differences between these results and results of laboratory tests with the same rodenticides are discussed.Norbormide is recommended for use in situations where zinc phosphide cannot be used efficiently without risk to livestock.We are indebted to Messrs Tavolek Laboratories Limited, Slough, for the free supply of norbormide made available early in the trial; also to Messrs. Lloyd and Pritchard, who were responsible for all the treatments; to Miss E. J. Taylor and Miss P. Cullen for assistance with some of the census baiting, and to J. H. Greaves for permission to examine original data and present them in Table 3.
Statistical analysis of staphylococcal infection in hospital patients in relation to use of antibiotics and Other factors
Authors: Voors A. W. , Stewart G. T. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYWhen staphylococcal strains from hospital patients are plotted in a frequency curve according to the size of the growth-free zone in a disk test for sensitivity to penicillin-G, this curve is trimodal. This implies that, besides the sensitive, there are two populations of resistant staphylococci: the moderately and the highly resistant, In a hospital-wide survey of coagulase or mannite positive staphylococci isolated in North Carolina Memorial Hospital between October 1964 and October 1965 it was inferred that: (1) there was a statistically highly significant difference between the distributions of the moderately and the highly resistant strains over duration of hospital stay prior to the time of isolation; (2) the highly resistant strains were seldom introduced from outside; and (3) there was no significant association between use of penicillin-G by a patient harbouring a strain and the frequency with which such a strain was found to be highly resistant to this drug. The latter finding is in contrast to significant associations found when the penicillin resistance is moderate, or when the drug used is other than penicillin-G. It is concluded that a fall in the incidence of staphylococcal strains highly resistant to penicillin-G in patients who did not receive other antibiotics may well be a valid index of the efficacy of programmes to control hospital infection. If so, there is a practical merit in adopting the routine of distinguisning between two groups of penicillin-resistant staphylococci, which behave, epidemiologically, as two distinct bacterial populations.
Water-borne outbreak of viral gastroenteritis and Sonne dysentery
Authors: Green D. M. , Scott Sheila S. , Mowat D. A. E. , Shearer E. J. M. , Thomson J. Macfarlane 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. An explosive outbreak of gastroenteritis that affected 40–50% of people in a town of 10,800 inhabitants (Montrose) is described.2. There is epidemiological evidence that the outbreak was water-borne. The chlorination of the water supply was faulty at the time of the outbreak.3. Echovirus type 30 and two types of Coxsackie B viruses were isolated from sixteen out of thirty-two patients examined.4. Shigella sonnei was isolated from the faeces of 110 out of 262 patients and contacts examined. Fifty-six strains tested for colicine activity were all colicine type 4 and had the same antibiotic sensitivity pattern.5. This particular strain of Shigella sonnei (Montrose strain) spread to surrounding areas, although it disappeared quickly from Montrose.6. The problem of inactivating virus in water supplies contaminated with sewage is discussed briefly.We wish to acknowledge the help given by the general practitioners of Montrose and the staff of the Public Health Department of the County of Angus in the collection of specimens and information during the outbreak. We would also like to thank the Laboratory staffs of the diagnostic laboratory and virus laboratory of the Bacteriology Department, University of Dundee and the staff of the laboratory, Stracathro Hospital, for invaluable assistance. We are indebted to Dr R. R. Gillies, Epidemiology Unit, Bacteriology Department, University of Edinburgh, who kindly carried out colicine typing for us and supplied us with strains from his collection, and to Dr R. M. Gordon, Senior Medical Officer, Scottish Home and Health Department and Mr H. F. Scrimgeour, M.I.C.E., A.I.W.E., Engineering Inspector Scottish Development Department, for their assistance during the investigation.