bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atheroprotective effects of dietary l-arginine increase with age in cholesterol-fed rabbits
Authors: Cremers Stephanie G. , Wolffram Siegfried J. , Weinberg Peter D. 
Published: January 2011

NO has several putative atheroprotective properties but its precursor, l-arginine, and inhibitors of its synthesis have had inconsistent effects on the extent of experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. The location and character of experimental atherosclerosis differ between immature and mature rabbits; both phenomena have been attributed to changes with age in the NO pathway. We investigated whether the influence of dietary l-arginine on experimental atherosclerosis is also age-related. The frequency of lesions was mapped in the descending thoracic and upper abdominal aorta of immature and mature rabbits fed 1 % cholesterol, with or without supplementary l-arginine, for 8 weeks. Consistent with earlier data, the distribution of lesions around the branch points changed with age in control rabbits. The mean frequency of lesions was essentially the same at both ages. l-Arginine supplements had no effect on the distribution of lesions at either age. They significantly reduced the mean frequency of lesions in mature animals but not in immature animals. Thus, the atheroprotective effect of dietary l-arginine in cholesterol-fed rabbits increases with age.
Transitions between food insecurity and food security predict children's social skill development during elementary school
Authors: Howard Larry L. 
Published: January 2011

Recent findings indicate that household food insecurity affects children's social skill development in the early years of elementary school. It is important to assess the persistency of developmental consequences and investigate whether all categories of social skills are equally affected by food insecurity experiences. The present paper estimates population-averaged and subject-specific models for children's social skill scores reported by school teachers using longitudinal data on 2310 boys and 2400 girls in the USA enrolled in the 1st (aged 6–9 years), 3rd (aged 8–11 years) and 5th (aged 10–13 years) grades (1999–2003) from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten. The main findings are, first, significantly (P < 0·05) negative, contemporaneous and transitional relationships between food insecurity experiences and children's social skill scores are evident. Estimates based on sex-stratified samples indicate that the contemporaneous association is strongest among girls, while the association of an early transition from food insecurity in the 1st grade to food security in the 3rd grade is strongest among boys. Second, food insecurity experiences predict children's social skill scores emphasising self-control, attentiveness and task persistence, rather than interpersonal relationships or externalising behaviour. Overall, the findings underscore the multifaceted effect that household food insecurity has on children's social skills and provide the strongest empirical evidence to date that the experiences are linked with non-nutritional developmental consequences for children over a time horizon spanning several years.
Effects of short-term infusion of lipid emulsions on pro-inflammatory cytokines and lymphocyte apoptosis in septic and non-septic rats
Authors: Scheiermann Patrick , Ott Juliane , Hoegl Sandra , Hecker Matthias , Hofstetter Christian , Seeger Werner , Zwissler Bernhard , Bausch Britta , Boost Kim A. , Mayer Konstantin 
Published: January 2011

Long-term administration of PUFA is known to modulate immune functions and apoptotic pathways depending on the respective amount of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids (FA). Data on short-term effects on apoptotic pathways are rare. Apoptosis of splenic lymphocytes is the hallmark of detrimental sepsis. Therefore, we aimed to compare the immediate effects of parenterally administered n-6-enriched soyabean oil (SO)- and n-3-enriched fish oil (FO)-based lipid emulsions after laparotomy (LAP; sham procedure) and after induction of acute, severe sepsis by caecal ligation and incision. After 390 min of observation time, plasma was analysed for IL-1β, IL-6 and NEFA. Apoptosis in splenic lymphocytes was quantified by Annexin-V expression. After LAP, infusion of both FO and SO did not change cytokine concentrations. Sepsis increased both cytokines. FO but not SO further augmented the rise. After LAP, SO increased NEFA, and both lipid emulsions reduced free arachidonic acid (AA). Sepsis resulted in a dramatic decrease in NEFA and AA. The drop in NEFA and AA was prevented by both SO and FO. In addition, FO resulted in an increased concentration of n-3 FA under both conditions. Infusion of both lipid emulsions induced apoptosis in splenic lymphocytes after LAP. Sepsis-induced apoptosis was not further enhanced by FO or SO. The present study shows that short-term administration of FO as opposed to SO caused pro-inflammatory effects during sepsis. Moreover, short-term administration of both SO and FO suffices to induce apoptosis in splenic lymphocytes. Finally, SO and FO do not further enhance sepsis-induced splenic apoptosis.
COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL LAW? THE ROLE OF NATIONAL COURTS IN CREATING AND ENFORCING INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: Roberts Anthea 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAcademics, practitioners and international and national courts are increasingly seeking to identify and interpret international law by engaging in comparative analyses of various domestic court decisions. This emerging phenomenon, which I term ‘comparative international law’, loosely fuses international law (as a matter of substance) with comparative law (as a matter of process). However, this comparative process is seriously complicated by the ambiguous role that national court decisions play in the international law doctrine of sources, under which they provide evidence of the practice of the forum State as well as being a subsidiary means for determining international law. This article analyses these dual, and sometimes conflicting, roles of national courts and the impact of this duality on the comparative international law process.
SECURING HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE FACE OF INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION
Authors: de Jesús Butler Israel 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe continuous transfer of authority from the national sphere to inter-governmental organizations gives rise to an increasing risk that States may be mandated by their obligations under these organizations to take measures that are inconsistent with their obligations under International Human Rights Law. Drawing on the approaches of various international, regional and national jurisdictions, this article explores two possible models for restructuring International Law that could ensure that human rights obligations remain effective. The ‘international constitutional’ approach would ensure that human rights are enshrined within the ‘constitutional’ instruments of IGOs, preventing incompatible rules from emerging. The ‘parochial’ approach would ensure that human rights as protected at the national or regional level would take precedence over conflicting international obligations.
Computer-based analysis with three-dimensional imaging constructed from fine-slice computed tomography scan of supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy: report of two cases
Authors: Seino Y , Nakayama M , Okamoto M , Hayashi S 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective:Supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy is an organ-preserving surgical technique used to treat laryngeal cancer. This procedure resects the vocal folds; however, it is unclear how the sound source and airway morphology are involved in phonation through the post-operative neoglottis.Method:Multidetector helical computed tomography scanning was performed on two patients who had undergone supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy. The cricoid and arytenoid cartilages and the airway were visualised using three-dimensional images.Results:The mobility of the arytenoid cartilages was well preserved in the one patient with bilateral arytenoids, and in the other patient with only one arytenoid remaining. Two types of airway configuration were observed during phonation: one patient had a single stream airway, while the other had a combination of several streams.Conclusion:In the patient with only one arytenoid remaining, the preserved arytenoid tended to be rotated excessively inward. Therefore, phonation may have also occurred in various airways followed by mucosal vibration, which may be a sound source.
Intraosseous trigeminal schwannoma of mandible with intracranial extension
Authors: Sun Z , Sun L , Li T , Ma X , Zhang Z 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective:There have been few previous reports of intraosseous schwannomas within the mandible with extension into the cranium. We report two such cases and discuss the relevant clinical features, radiological manifestations and treatment protocols.Method:Two case reports of trigeminal schwannoma of the mandible with intracranial extension, including analysis of clinical, radiological and pathological aspects.Results:Panoramic radiographs showed both tumours as multilocular radiolucencies. Solid and cystic components were seen on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The two tumours extended into the cranium through the pterygomandibular space and an obviously expanded foramen ovale.Conclusion:Trigeminal schwannoma of the mandible can develop to involve intracranial extension. Radiological identification of an expanded foramen ovale may facilitate pre-operative identification.
Diagnosis of tuberculosis in the head and neck
Authors: McAllister K A , MacGregor F B 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectives:To establish the features of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the head and neck region, and to determine which investigations have the greatest diagnostic accuracy.Study design:Region-based, retrospective cohort study.Method:The study included 148 patients with tuberculosis of the head and neck treated in the Greater Glasgow and Clyde region between 2000 and 2007.Results:The following diagnostic sensitivities were calculated: 53 per cent for fine needle aspiration, 95 per cent for core biopsy and 91 per cent for lymph node excision biopsy. There was a statistically significant difference between the sensitivity results for fine needle aspiration versus core biopsy (p = 0.0003) and fine needle aspiration versus excision biopsy (p < 0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between the sensitivity results for core biopsy and excision biopsy.Conclusion:Core biopsy has equivalent diagnostic accuracy to excision biopsy in the investigation of head and neck tuberculosis. We suggest that core biopsy should be used in preference to lymph node excision, as it can be performed under local anaesthetic outside the operating theatre. A proposed algorithm for diagnostic management is included.
Melanoma of the middle ear: initial presentation, Fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging and follow up
Authors: Huellner M W , Cousin M , Linder T , Soyka J D , Bussmann C , Eberle L , Strobel K 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground:We present a rare case of primary mucosal melanoma of the middle ear imaged with 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT).Method:Clinical, radiological, intra-operative and histological findings are discussed.Results:An 88-year-old woman presented with intermittent otorrhoea of the left ear for several months. Otoscopy revealed a livid protrusion of the tympanic membrane. Melanoma was not suspected initially, but was established on transmembranous biopsy. Pre-operative 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography revealed a mass lesion in the left tympanic cavity with high fluoro-deoxyglucose uptake, as well as an ipsilateral intraparotid lymph node metastasis. The patient underwent surgical treatment. The diagnosis of melanoma was confirmed histologically.Conclusion:In this rare case, clinical, radiological and surgical findings led to the diagnosis of a primary mucosal melanoma of the middle ear.
First bite syndrome as presenting symptom of parapharyngeal adenoid cystic carcinoma
Authors: Deganello A , Meccariello G , Busoni M , Franchi A , Gallo O 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIntroduction:First bite syndrome refers to the development of pain in the parotid region after the first bite of each meal.Case report:A man was referred to our institution with first bite syndrome as his only symptom. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head and neck revealed a deep lobe parotid mass in close contact with the external carotid artery. Computed tomography guided fine needle biopsy indicated adenoid cystic carcinoma. Total parotidectomy was performed, with en bloc resection of the infiltrated external carotid artery and a selective neck dissection of levels Ib to III. High-weight ion radiotherapy was administered post-operatively.Conclusion:First bite syndrome has hitherto only been described following parapharyngeal space surgery. We present the first case of parotid gland adenoid cystic carcinoma presenting with first bite syndrome as the only symptom. The presence of first bite syndrome should prompt the clinician to investigate the parapharyngeal space and deep lobe of the parotid gland, especially in the absence of other signs or symptoms.
¿El empresario nace o se hace? Educación y empresarialidad en la España Contemporánea
Authors: Tortella Gabriel , Quiroga Gloria , Moral-Arce Ignacio 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article studies the possible effect that education may have upon entrepreneurial success. It uses two data bases, one for Spanish, the other for English entrepreneurs. By means of statistical and econometric analysis, we examine the effects on entrepreneurial behaviour of a series of variables, several relating to education. We compare the Spanish with the English sample. The main conclusions are: education indeed has a considerable bearing upon entrepreneurial success; this bearing is much more evident in the English than in the Spanish samples; both educational systems are quite different; and, lastly, family income seems to have little effect either on entrepreneurial success or on the studies of future entrepreneurs.
Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance patterns and trends in a tuberculosis referral hospital, 1997–2009
Authors: LIU C. H. , LI H. M. , LI L. , HU Y. L. , WANG Q. , YANG N. , WANG S. , ZHU B. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYInformation about the changing epidemiology of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) in hospitals in China over the past decade remains largely unknown. This study examined the susceptibility patterns and trends of drug-resistant TB cases in the 309 Hospital in Beijing, China. Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were retrospectively identified, drug susceptibility test (DST) results and clinical data were analysed for the period 1997–2009. Of the 5523 culture-positive TB patients, 47·1% had resistance to any anti-TB drug, 14·8% had mono-resistant TB, 19·8% had poly-resistant TB, 19·4% had multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), and 1·3% had extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB). Drug-resistant TB was significantly associated with age group, residential situation, and TB treatment history (P<0·001). During 1997–2000, the percentage of TB patients with any resistance, mono-resistant TB, poly-resistant TB, MDR-TB and XDR-TB all increased significantly (P<0·001). During 2000–2003, the increasing trends of MDR-TB and XDR-TB cases were reversed. During 2004–2009, the percentage of TB patients with any resistance, mono-resistant TB, poly-resistant TB, MDR-TB and XDR-TB all declined significantly (P<0·001), but the prevalence of MDR-TB and poly-resistant TB cases remained high. Our study provides evidence demonstrating that intensive TB control measures have helped reverse the increasing trends of drug-resistant TB in China, but continuous surveillance of drug-resistant TB and better case management are still needed to further reduce the remaining high prevalence of drug-resistant TB.
Implicitly threaded parallelism in Manticore
Authors: FLUET MATTHEW , RAINEY MIKE , REPPY JOHN , SHAW ADAM 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe increasing availability of commodity multicore processors is making parallel computing ever more widespread. In order to exploit its potential, programmers need languages that make the benefits of parallelism accessible and understandable. Previous parallel languages have traditionally been intended for large-scale scientific computing, and they tend not to be well suited to programming the applications one typically finds on a desktop system. Thus, we need new parallel-language designs that address a broader spectrum of applications. The Manticore project is our effort to address this need. At its core is Parallel ML, a high-level functional language for programming parallel applications on commodity multicore hardware. Parallel ML provides a diverse collection of parallel constructs for different granularities of work. In this paper, we focus on the implicitly threaded parallel constructs of the language, which support fine-grained parallelism. We concentrate on those elements that distinguish our design from related ones, namely, a novel parallel binding form, a nondeterministic parallel case form, and the treatment of exceptions in the presence of data parallelism. These features differentiate the present work from related work on functional data-parallel language designs, which have focused largely on parallel problems with regular structure and the compiler transformations—most notably, flattening—that make such designs feasible. We present detailed examples utilizing various mechanisms of the language and give a formal description of our implementation.
Vers une modélisation continue de la structure prosodique: le cas des proéminences syllabiques
Authors: AVANZI MATHIEU , LACHERET-DUJOUR ANNE , OBIN NICOLAS , VICTORRI BERNARD 
Published: January 2011

RÉSUMÉL'objectif de cet article est de présenter un outil développé en vue de modéliser semi-automatiquement la structure prosodique du français. Sur la base d'un alignement en phonèmes, notre système procède à la détection des syllabes proéminentes en prenant en considération des critères acoustiques basiques tels que la f0, la durée et la présence de pauses. À partir des mesures ainsi prises, le système attribue un degré de proéminence à chacune des syllabes identifiées comme saillante. Nous illustrons ensuite les résultats de l'analyse d'extraits du corpus PROSO_FR. Plus précisément, nous comparons l'analyse prosodique de phrases que l'on pourrait faire avec les règles traditionnelles de la phonologie prosodique avec l'analyse conduite par notre logiciel. Nous discutons ainsi de trois règles: la règle de dominance droite, la règle de clash accentuel et la règle des sept syllabes.
La prosodie du français: une approche pas très syntaxique
Authors: MARTIN PHILIPPE 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTCet article présente une approche hyptohético-déductive pour analyser les événements prosodiques à l'œuvre dans le français parlé lu et spontané (dialogue, map task, texte journalistique), approche qui prend en compte les aspects dynamiques liés aux processus d'encodage et de décodage de la structure prosodique. Il présente ainsi un ensemble de contraintes propres à la structure prosodique, le clash accentuel, la règle d'eurythmie et la contrainte des sept syllabes. La mise au jour de ces contraintes permet de mieux comprendre ce qui régit le caractère en apparence aléatoire de la formation des groupes accentuels en français, mais aussi leur organisation hiérarchique en une structure indépendante mais néanmoins associée aux autres structures, syntaxques, sémantiques, etc. de l'énoncé.
Transcrire la prosodie: un préalable à l’échange et à l'analyse de données
Authors: DELAIS-ROUSSARIE ELISABETH , YOO HI-YON 
Published: January 2011

RÉSUMÉCet article propose une analyse de différents systèmes de transcription manuelle des phénomènes prosodiques. L'objectif en est double:
(i)évaluer les avantages et inconvénients des systèmes décrits en prenant comme « système référent » l'API (alphabet phonétique international). En effet, ce système, bien que surtout conçu pour transcrire les faits segmentaux (ou suprasegmentaux de nature lexicale) a l'avantage d’être largement accepté et utilisé, contrairement aux systèmes développés pour la prosodie;(ii)définir quelles caractéristiques doit avoir tout système de transcription pour devenir non seulement un bon outil pour proposer une représentation symbolique des faits prosodiques linguistiquement pertinents, mais également pour faciliter le travail d'analyse et de modélisation des phénomènes prosodiques.
Decline in arterial partial pressure of oxygen after exercise: a surrogate marker of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease in patients with atrial septal defect and severe pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Laksmivenkateshiah Srinivas , Singhi Anil K. , Vaidyanathan Balu , Francis Edwin , Karimassery Sundaram R. , Kumar Raman K. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the utility of decline in arterial partial pressure of oxygen after exercise as a marker of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease in patients with atrial septal defect and pulmonary hypertension.MethodsTreadmill exercise was performed in 18 patients with atrial septal defect and pulmonary hypertension. Arterial blood gas samples were obtained before and after peak exercise. A decline in the arterial pressure of oxygen of more than 10 millimetres of mercury after exercise was considered significant based on preliminary tests conducted on the controls. Cardiac catheterisation was performed in all patients and haemodynamic data sets were obtained on room air, oxygen, and a mixture of oxygen and nitric oxide (30–40 parts per million).ResultsThere were 10 patients who had more than a 10 millimetres of mercury drop in arterial partial pressure of oxygen after exercise and who had a basal pulmonary vascular resistance index of more than 7 Wood units per square metre. Out of eight patients who had less than a 10 millimetres of mercury drop in arterial partial pressure of oxygen after exercise, seven had a basal pulmonary vascular resistance index of less than 7 Wood units per square metre, p equals 0.0001. A decline in arterial partial pressure of oxygen of more than 10 millimetres of mercury predicted a basal pulmonary vascular resistance index of more than 7 Wood units per square metre with a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 90%.ConclusionsA decline in arterial partial pressure of oxygen following exercise appears to predict a high pulmonary vascular resistance index in patients with atrial septal defect and pulmonary hypertension. This test is a useful non-invasive marker of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease in this subset.
Exploration of Serial Structure Procedural Learning in Children with Language Impairment
Authors: Gabriel Audrey , Maillart Christelle , Guillaume Melody , Stefaniak Nicolas , Meulemans Thierry 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRecent studies on specific language impairment (SLI) have suggested that language deficits are directly associated with poor procedural learning abilities. Findings from our previous work are contrary to this hypothesis; we found that children with SLI were able to learn eight-element-long sequences as fast and as accurately as children with normal language (NL) on a serial reaction time (SRT) task. A probabilistic rather than a deterministic SRT paradigm was used in the current study to explore procedural learning in children with SLI to mimic real conditions of language learning. Fifteen children with or without SLI were compared on an SRT task including a probabilistic eight-element-long sequence. Results show that children with SLI were able to learn this sequence as fast and as accurately as children with NL, and that similar sequence-specific learning was observed in both groups. These results are novel and suggest that children with SLI do not display global procedural system deficits. (JINS, 2011,17, 336–343)