bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yield and Composition of Orchardgrass, Tall Fescue, and Reed Canarygrass Mixtures1
Authors: Sheaffer C. C. , Hovin A. W. , Rabas D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMixtures of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceae L.) may provide yield and utilization advantages over monocultures. Our objectives were to determine the forage production and relative competitiveness of the three species grown alone and in binary and ternary mixtures.In two field studies each at two locations, we compared orchardgrass (O) with reed canarygrass (R) seeded alone and in binary mixtures (Exp. 1) and orchardgrass, tall fescue (F), and reed canarygrass sown alone and in binary and ternary mixtures (Exp. 2). Species competitiveness was studied in the glasshouse where individual plants of orchardgrass, tall fescue and reed canarygrass were grown alone and in binary and ternary mixtures within circular rows 4, 8, 15, and 30 cm from the center with 12 plants established per row and maintained at two soil moisture regimes.Mixture yields were never significantly greater than those of reed canarygrass, generally the highest yielding species in monoculture. Yield differences between tall fescue and orchardgrass in monoculture were usually nonsignificant. Yields of mixtures containing reed canarygrass were generally not significantly different but were greater than O:F binary mixtures. In Exp. 1 and 2, yields of O:R and O:F:R mixtures were significantly greater than those of orchardgrass in monoculture. Under low soil moisture conditions in the glasshouse and in the field, no significant mixture yield differences occurred, but in Exp. 2 with adequate soil moisture, reed canarygrass had significantly higher summer yields than did the two other species.In field studies, orchardgrass seedlings were most aggressive at establishment; however, in Exp 2 reed canarygrass became the dominant species by the final harvest. In the glasshouse, orchardgrass became the most aggressive species by the final harvest. Tall fescue was the least competitive species in all studies. Mean yields of within‐ and alternate‐row mixtures were not significantly different. Inclusion of reed canarygrass in mixtures with orchardgrass or tall fescue increases production particularly during the summer. If established successfully, reed canarygrass will become the predominant species in these mixtures.
Influence of Differential Phosphorus Accumulation on Corn Stalk Rot1
Authors: Porter R. M. , Ayers J. E. , Johnson M. W. , Nelson P. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStalk rot of corn (Zea mays L.) is a disease complex that appear to be affected by the plant's mineral nutrition status. Two inbred limes differing in P accumulation, their Fl hybrid, and the resulting high and low Paccumulating populations reselected from the segregating generation of the Fl hybrid were grown in the field in 1976 and 1977 in order to determine the effect of differential P accumulation on several stalk rot parameters. Plants of each entry were inoculated with either Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon emend Synd. & Hans. or Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch using a toothpick on which the pathogen was growing. At 14, 28, and 42 days after inoculation, measurements of rotted internodal tissue were obtained. The largest amount of stalk rot occurred in the low Paccumulating population. The dry weights, crushing strengths, and rind thicknesses of noninoculated stalk sections of each entry were significantly higher in the high P‐accumulating population than in the low P‐accumulating population in both years. Greatest weight loss after incubation with either F. monilliforme or G. zeae in closed containers for 30 days occurred in the low Paccumulating population. The highest incidence of lodging occurred in low P‐accumulating populations. Differential P accumulation appears to influence lodging potentials of these populations mainly through its effect on stalk quality.
Sample Contamination from Prior Plots with a Small Plot Combine1
Authors: McCauley Garry N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe magnitude of sample contamination of a modified Suzue model CP370C combine (Suzue Agricultural Machinery Co. Ltd., Japan)8 was determined for plot lengths of 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 m of ‘Labelle’ rice (Oryza sativa L.).Treatments consisted of four plots, dyed with red, green, and purple Rhodamine dye, and the fourth plot left undyed. Plots one, two, and three were cut and discarded. Plot four was cut and 10 subsamples of 100 seed each were taken to determine percent red, green, and purple seed.Sample contamination ranged from 9 to 20% as plot length decreased from 6 to 1.5 m. Contamination varied inversely with proximity and plot length. Rice research plots which are normally 4.5 to 6 m would result in a sample contamination of 9 to 12% with this combine.
Protein, Oil, and Energy Yields of Sunflower as Affected by N and P Fertilization1
Authors: Blamey F. P. C. , Chapman J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRelatively little information exists on the N and P needs of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) on infertile soils in non‐traditional production areas. The effects of four levels each of N (0 to 180 kg/ha) and P (0 to 60 kg/ha) applied to a thermic Typic Rhodustult were evaluated over three seasons. In all seasons there were highly significant seed yield responses to N and P a plied. The nature of the N ✕ P interactions indicated a greater response to N fertilization where P had been applied than in the absence of P fertilization. Maximum seed yields of up to 2,600 kg/ha were four to 13 fold higher than yields in the absence of applied N and P. Protein level in the seed was increased by N but decreased by P fertilization, the opposite effects being generally observed with respect to the oil. Nitrogen and P fertilization markedly increased the protein and oil yields, the N ✕ P interactions indicating that P fertilization was necessary for maximum response to applied N. The ratio of seed N to fertilizer N decreased with increased N fertilization but increased with increased P applied. The food energy yield and energy production efficiency of sunflower increased markedly with both N and P fertilization.
Interference Between Oats and Alfalfa in Mixed Seedings1
Authors: Nielsen R. L. , Stuthman D. D. , Barnes D. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOats (Avena sativa L.) are frequently used as a companion crop for the establishment of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the Upper Midwest of the United States. Unpublished observations from research in Minnesota suggested that some level of interference might be occurring between the two species. The objectives of this research were to determine if companion cropping affected oat grain yield and subsequent alfalfa forage yield under field conditions and to identify cultivar combinations that exhibited either interference or tolerance for each other.Five oat cultivars (‘Multiline E‐77’, ‘Froker’, ‘Lang’, ‘Noble’, and ‘Stout’) and five alfalfa cultivars (‘Agate’, ‘Cody’, ‘DuPuits’, ‘Iroquois’, and ‘Washoe’) plus an experimental alfalfa population (MN Allelopathy) selected or its allelopathic potential on maize (Zea mays L.) were seeded in a split‐split plot design at two locations in 1978 and three locations in 1979. Oats and alfalfa were harvested for grain and for second‐year forage production, respectively.Oat grain yield changes across all oat and alfalfa cultivars caused by alfalfa ranged from a 1.56 quintals/ha reduction at St. Paul, Minnesota, to a 1.65 quintals/ha increase at Waseca, Minnesota. Alfalfa yield in the year after establishment was reduced by oats by 0.44 metric ton/ha/cutting at Rosemount, Minnesota, and 0.19 metric ton/ha/cutting at Waseca, Minnesota. Across all environments and oat cultivars, only the MN Allelopathy alfalfa selection significantly reduced oat grain yield. Significant grain yield reductions were also observed in three oat‐alfalfa cultivar combinations: Noble/Cody, Stout/MN Allelopathy, and Lang/Iroquois. The results indicated that interference existed between some oat and alfalfa combinations in some companion cropping systems.
Desiccation, Temperature, and Degree of Dormancy of Sprigs Influence on Establishment of Coastal Bermudagrass1
Authors: Chamblee Douglas S. , Gooden DeWitt T. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract‘Coastal’ bermudagass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] is one of the most important forages in the southern United States. Frequently, poor stands are obtained and this may be related to the many different procedures used in handling and planting bermudagrass vegetatively. The objectives of this study were to determine if its establishment from sprigs was influenced by: (1) temperature and time of desiccation exposure of rhizomes with and without roots attached; (2) planting placement, degree of dormancy, size of sprigs, and irrigation.Seven experiments were conducted for 2 years at two locations. Doimant or nondormant sprigs were desiccated at approximately 20 and 34 C for 30 min to 10 hours. Sprigs were then planted in the field in either a vertical (45° to 90°) or a horizontal position. Measurements of percent surviving sprigs, tiller counts, and yield were made.Generally, neither temperature treatment nor desiccation periods less than 6 hours markedly influenced the survivability of dormant sprigs. Six hours of desiccation decreased dormant sprig survivability and was more severe at 34 C; than at 20 C. Survival rate of nondormant sprigs was reduced after only 1 hour of desiccation. The highest survival percentage of nondormant sprigs exposed for 6 hours in any experiment was 11%. The production of tillers in both dormant and nondormant trials followed the same trends as stand survival. Removing roots did not affect the survival of dormant sprigs at short desiccation periods, but at 6 hours it enhanced sprig survival. Removing the roots of nondormant sprigs not exposed to desiccation resulted in reduced stands only in one experiment.Placement of nondormant sprigs horizontally in the soil resulted in a 25% stand survival compared with 66% for the vertically placed sprigs in the check treatment.
Fertilizer Scheduling, Yield, and Nutrient Uptake of Irrigated Corn1
Authors: Rhoads F. M. , Stanley R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne method of reducing nutrient loss by leaching is to schedule applications of fertilizer with small amounts applied at frequent intervals. Four fertilizer application schedules were compared for effect on grain yield and nutrient uptake of irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) on Troup loamy sand (Grossarenic Paleudult). The number of weekly applications of N, P, and K were 6, 8, 10, and 12 as four separate treatments but total amounts of nutrients were held constant.Nitrogen and P uptake were not influenced by increasing the number of fertilizer applications. However, there was a negative correlation between K uptake and number of fertilizer applications. Yield was positively correlated with K uptake. Grain yield was 9,659 kg/ha for six fertilizer applications and 7,965 kg/ha for 12 applications of fertilizer.Another separate experiment was conducted in 1977 and 1978 on a Ruston loamy fine sand (Typic Paleudult). Treatments consisted of populations and rates of fertilization. One treatment was considered here for the purpose of comparing yield with N, P, and K uptake between years and between soil types. Grain yield in 1978 (10,200 kg/ha) was about 80% of the 1977 yield (12,700 kg/ha) and N uptake in 1978 was about 80% of the 1977 level. Grain yield divided by total N uptake was identical for both years. The ratio of grain yield divided by nutrient uptake (GNR for N, GPR for P, and GKR for K) was highest for P in 1978 but the value for K was about the same in 1977 as in 1978.The GNR of 62 for Ruston agreed closely with the average GNR of 59 for Troup but the GPR of 254 and GKR of 43 for Troup were lower than those for Ruston. These ratios make it possible to compare nutrient utilization efficiencies between different production management systems, years, and soil types.
Effect of Soil Fumigation on N2‐Fixation and Yield of Field Bean When Grown on Fusarium‐Infested Soils1
Authors: Bezdicek D. F. , Vigue G. T. , Burke D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNodulation in field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is poor in root‐rot infested soils of the Columbia Basin of central Washington. Studies were initiated to determine if nodulation and N2‐fixation rate were improved after fumigation and reduction in root rot. The effect of fumigation on nodulation and bean yield was studied in the field where N and three strains of Rhizobium phaseoli were applied to field beans grown in a Warden fine sandy loam soil (Xeroilic Camborthids) infested with root rot (Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli). Early nodulation with one strain but not yield, increased significantly with inoculation. Fumigation with 400 kg/ha of chloropicrin significantly increased shoot weight, root weight, and total N uptake throughout the season and decreased the incidence of root rot.Fumigation increased seed yields by an average of 1,800 kg/ha in 1975 and 900 kg/ha in 1976. In general, N(C2H2)‐fixation rate was not significantly increased by either inoculation or fumigation. Only after adding a high rate of inoculum to the fumigated plots was the N2 (C2H2)‐fixation rate increased at one of four sampling dates. It would appear that the major increase in plant growth and seed yield following fumigation was due to a reduction in root rot rather than from an increase in nodulation or N2(C2H2)‐fixation rate. Nitrogen application of 112 kg/ha of N in 1975 and 135 kg/ha of N in 1976 did not increase yields in either fumigated or non‐fumigated soils.
Yield and Quality of Herbage Harvested Under Various Rainy−Season and Dry−Season Managements1
Authors: Omaliko C. P. E. , Obioha F. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLivestock production potentials in tropical areas are often unattainable because of limited availability of good quality herbage. Rates of herbage growth and lignification are high resulting in production of poor quality herbage during the rainy season and severe herbage scarcity during the dry season. Factors other than depleted soil moisture, which may contribute to the decreased production in the following dry season, needed investigation. This experiment, therefore, studied the influence which harvesting interval used during the rainy season may have on dry−season herbage production of three well−adapted herbage species.Two−year−old swards of guinea (Panicum maximum, Jacq.), elephant (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.), and star (Cynodon nlemfnensis, Vanderyst) grass were used in the experiment from March 1977 to March 1979. The grasses were grown on fine, sandy loam soil of the Nipologuri series (an chesol). Plots were mowed either every 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, or 10 weeks between 10 March and 27 October each year. Beginning the end of November until the end of March the following year, each plot was mowed at 4−week intervals irrespective of the rainy−season management. Results showed that infrequent rainy−season harvesting encouraged dry−season dry matter production. Mean dry matter yields were 1,022, 1,103, 1,108, 1,119, 1,171, and 1,189 kg/ha/month for 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10−week intervals, respectively. Quality of the dry−season herbage was largely unaffected by the rainy−season management. Significant species differences existed with star grass being inferior to the others (cf. 10.0, 10.6, and 6.2% CP for elephant, guinea, and star grass, respectively). Quality decreased with the advance of the dry season, for example, 13.8 vs. 7.9; 29.2 vs. 33.0; and 40.1 vs. 43.1 for November vs. February guinea grass's percent crude protein, percent crude fiber, and percent acid−detergent fiber, respectively.Use of a 6−week harvest interval and either guinea or elephant grass, but not star grass, was considered the best management combination for improved all−year quality herbage production in this tropical area.
Design and Construction of a Rhizotron‐Lysimeter Facility at the Ohio State University1
Authors: Karnok K. J. , Kucharski R. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA rhizotron‐lysimeter was constructed at the Ohio State University in 1979. This entirely below ground‐level facility consists of three main rooms: (1) An instrument room equipped with climatological and data acquisition instrumentation, (2) a water reservoir room used in the lysimeter portion of the facility, and (3) an observation area consisting of two rows of 15 observation‐lysimeter cells (60 ✕ 60 ✕ 90 cm high.)The lysimeter portion of the facility operates on a Mariotte supply system which allows evapotranspiration rates to be determined concurrently with root observations. When the Mariotte supply system is not in use, leachates can be drawn under vacuum from each cell. The rhizotron‐lysimeter is initially being used to monitor the seasonal rooting responses and water use rates of several cool season turfgrasses.
Fuel Characteristics of Vegetable Oil from Oilseed Crops in the Pacific Northwest1
Authors: Bettis B. L. , Peterson C. L. , Auld D. L. , Driscoll D. J. , Peterson E. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn recent years, the agricultural industry has been threatened by the increased costs and limited supplies of petroleum fuels.The purpose of this research was to evaluate vegetable oil from various oilseed crops adapted to the Pacific Northwest as a potential source of liquid fuel for diesel engines. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), oleic and linoleic safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), and low and high erucic acid rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) oils were evaluated for fatty acid composition, energy content, viscosity, and engine performance in short‐term tests. During 20‐min engine tests power output, fuel economy, and thermal efficiency were compared to diesel fuel. The long‐term effect of using linoleic safflower oil as a fuel was evaluated in a single cylinder diesel engine operated for 830 hours.Vegetable oils contained 94 to 95% of the energy content (KJ/L) of diesel fuel, but were 11.1 to 17.6 times more viscous. Viscosity of the vegetable oils was related to fatty acid chain length and number of unsaturated bonds (R2 = 0.99). During short‐term engine tests, all vegetable oils produced power outputs equivalent to diesel, and had thermal efficiencies 1.8 to 2.8% higher than diesel. After 830 hours of operation, linoleic safflower oil formed extensive carbon deposits in the combustion chamber and exhaust port and heavy gum deposits on the injector and compression rings. The development of an additive package to inhibit carbon and gum formation is essential before pure vegetable oils can be used for long‐term operation of diesel engines.
Nutritional Value of Hard Red Spring Wheat Grain Protein as Influenced by Fertilization and Cultivar1
Authors: Syltie Paul W. , Dahnke William C. , Harrold Robert L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCereal grains often vary sufficiently in protein content or amino acid composition to produce significant growth differences in experimental animals. A study was undertaken to determine the influence of fertilization and cultivar on the nutritional value of wheat. Two relatively unrelated hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Era and Waldron, were grown during 1977 and 1978 on Heimdal (coarse‐loamy , mixed, thermic Udic Haploborolls) soils in eastern North Dakota. Fertilizer N, P, and K were applied in several combinations to determine if differences would occur in grain protein. Sprague‐Dawley albino rats were fed vitamin and mineral‐fortified grain diets from 11 of the fertility treatments and the two cultivars each year to determine if treatment and cultivar would result in differences in diet consumed, rate of gain, feed per gain, protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein digestibility coefficient (PDC). In 1977, with relatively high initial available N, additions of fertilizer N increased grain protein 1.6 percentage units and caused highly significant increases in diet consumed and rate of gain, and a decrease in feed per gain; PER and PDC were not affected. In 1978, with low initial available soil N, fertilizer N increased grain protein by 2.1 percentage units, reduced PER and increased PDC values. Adding micronutrients and S to the soil after planting did not affect PER values but significantly improved PDC values. The fact that the grain from the low N treatments and the low residual N site tended to have low protein contents, but higher nutritive value of the protein, tends to support the widely acknowledged inverse lysine‐protein relationship. Improved protein utilization at lower dietary protein levels may also have been a factor in improving PER values.
Yield Component Comparisons between USA and USSR Winter Wheat Cultivars1
Authors: Black A. L. , Aase J. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation is needed to improve our understanding of the USSR literature regarding cultural and climatic influences on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Effect of seeding rates, N‐fertilization rates, and growing season precipitation on tiller formation and grain yield components of winter wheat were investigated by growing one US cultivar (‘Roughrider’) and two USSR cultivars (‘Mironovskaya’ and ‘Bezostaya’) on a Williams loam (fine‐loamy mixed, Typic Argiborolls). Plant population densities ranged from 148 to 480 plants/m2 as a result of low and high seeding rates. With below average growing season rainfall, grain yield of these cultivars was not influenced appreciably by seeding rate or N‐fertilization. Number of tillers and head‐producing stems/unit area were about 20% higher on high population density plots than on low population density plots whereas number of kernels/head was about 20% less. With above average growing season rainfall, at respectively 0 and 45 kg/ha of fertilizer N, all high seeding rate plots had about 10 and 20% more heads/m2, respectively, than low seeding rate plots. Nitrogen‐fertilization alone increased number of head‐producing stems about 30%. At high plant population densities, number of kernels/head for Roughrider was 21 and 27% less than at low plant population densities with and without N‐fertilization, respectively, whereas both Mironovskaya and Bezostaya maintained higher kernel numbers than Roughrider with only about 8 and 12% respective decrease independent of N‐fertilization. Over the 2‐year period, grain yields ranged from 1,820 to 4,260 kg/ha. Grain yield could be predicted from leaf area indices at growth stage 10.4 of the Feekes scale (r2 = 0.960), from total dry matter production at maturity (r2 = 0.835), or from straw production (r2 = 0.908). Grain yields could not be predicted from number of tillers/m2 or from total dry matter production at any growth stage before maturity. Differences between US and USSR winter wheat cultivars in maintaining kernel numbers at high plant densities are apparently the product of breeding programs conducted under different environments and plant cultures.