bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Interactive Health Communication to Affect Smoking Intentions in Middle School Students: A Pilot Test of the “Headbutt” Risk Assessment Program
Authors: Shegog Ross , McAlister Alfred L. , Hu Shoahua , Ford Kentya C. , Meshack Angela F. , Peters Ronald J. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. Developing and disseminating innovative and effective approaches for smoking prevention among middle school children remains a public health priority. This pilot study evaluates the use of a Web-based tobacco prevention program, Headbutt, to change intentions of middle school children to smoke tobacco. Methods. Headbutt was implemented with the use of a single-group pretest-posttest study design in sixth grade classes of nine middle schools in Texas (student n = 2227). The program assesses cognitive determinants of smoking and provides intervention feedback tailored to the child's responses. Results. Headbutt significantly affected smoking intentions, prosmoking attitudes, self-efficacy expectations, and knowledge of negative consequences (all p ≤ .001) measured with scales adopted from the Texas Tobacco Initiative Survey. Change in prosmoking attitudes had the greatest predictive effect on smoking intentions (p < .001). These results were moderated by ethnicity and age of students. Conclusion. Findings need to be interpreted in the light of study design limitations. However, strong associations between the Headbutt program and intention change suggests that a more rigorous effectiveness trial is indicated.
Facilitating Adolescent Smoking: Who Provides the Cigarettes?
Authors: White Martha M. , Gilpin Elizabeth A. , Emery Sherry L. , Pierce John P. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. Most adolescent smokers obtain cigarettes through social sources. We examine the extent to which cigarettes are provided by facilitators of legal age to purchase cigarettes. Design. Analyses of data from the 1999 California Tobacco Survey, a large population-based, random-digit–dialed telephone survey, are reported. Setting. California. Subjects. Data were from a subset of 1239 adolescent (12–17 years) respondents who reported ever having smoked a cigarette. The response rate for all adolescents selected for interview was 75.5%. Measures. We describe cigarette providers to adolescents in social (cigarettes given to the adolescent) and economic (someone else buys cigarettes for the adolescent) transactions by the reported facilitator's age. Results. Of the 82.2% ± 2.6% of adolescents who had ever smoked who usually obtained cigarettes from others, 21.6% ± 2.5% used economic transactions; most (60.6% ± 3.4%) were given cigarettes. The majority (73.3% ± 3.6%) of those relying on social sources were given cigarettes by someone <18 years of age; very few were given cigarettes by someone 21+ years old. Most (90.4% ± 2.0%) usually given cigarettes reported friends as facilitators. Of those who relied on economic transactions, 56.1% ± 6.6% reported facilitators who were 18- to 20-year-olds, another 24.7% ±6.3% had suppliers ≥21 years of age. Altogether, 80.8% ± 5.8% of facilitators in economic transactions were ≥18 years of age. Conclusions. Until peer approval of smoking and sharing cigarettes and adult facilitation of adolescent smoking is reduced, it will be difficult to significantly reduce adolescents' access to cigarettes.
Does Physical Activity Behavior Vary by Handedness?
Authors: Cardinal Bradley J. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. Explore whether adults' physical activity behavior or their use of physical activity behavior-change strategies, as derived from the Transtheoretical Model, differed by handedness. Methods. A cross-sectional survey of 151 adults' hand preference (i.e., handedness: right, left, ambidextrous) and their use of the behavioral and cognitive processes of change, decisional balance scores (i.e., pros minus cons), self-efficacy, and their stage of change for physical activity involvement. Results. Left-handers showed significantly less use of the behavioral and cognitive processes of change compared to right-handers (M = 46.9 vs. M = 40.5 and M = 46.9 vs. M = 40.5, respectively). Left-handers were also significantly more likely to be in the earlier (i.e., inactive or irregularly active) stages of change relative to right-handers (84.6% vs. 48.1%, respectively). Discussion. Handedness may be a previously unrecognized, heritable correlate of physical activity behavior and the use of physical activity behavior-change strategies.
Demographic and Health Factors Associated with Mammography Utilization
Authors: Barrett Kirsten , Legg Jeffrey 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of mammography utilization among women in 2002 and to compare it with Healthy People 2010 targets. Relationships between demographic and health factors and utilization were explored. Methods. This study used data from 93,657 women completing the 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, a population-based telephone survey measuring behavioral risk factors. Relationships between demographic and health factors and mammography utilization were explored by bivariate and logistic regression analyses. Results. Seventy-six percent of women reported having had a mammogram within the past 2 years. Utilization was significantly associated with age; ethnicity; race; education; income; employment; perceived health; health insurance coverage; access to physicians; and receipt of basic, preventive health care services. When controlling for other factors, women who had a personal doctor, had health insurance, had higher incomes, and were older had the greatest odds of having received a mammogram within the past 2 years. Conclusions. This assessment indicates that, overall, the Healthy People 2010 mammography utilization target is being met. However, though utilization is improving for some at-risk groups, women without health insurance; women without a personal doctor; and women not receiving basic, preventive care fall short of the Healthy People 2010 target.
Asynchronous distributed state estimation based on a continuous‐time stochastic model
Authors: Kowalczuk Z. , Domżalski M. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYIn this paper, the problem of state estimation in an asynchronous distributed multi‐sensor estimation (ADE) system is considered. In such an ADE system, the state of a plant of interest is estimated by a group of local estimators. Each local estimator based, for example, on a Kalman filter, performs fusion of data from its local sensor and other (remote) processors to compute possibly best state estimates. In performing data fusion, however, two important issues need to be addressed, namely, the problem of asynchronism of local processors and the one of unknown correlation between asynchronous data in local processors. Consequently, there are two main contributions proposed in this paper. The first is a method to deal with asynchronous discrete‐time data based on a continuous‐time stochastic plant model. The second contribution is an asynchronous distributed data‐fusion algorithm. Simulated experiments illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed ADE approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequent deletions of JARID2 in leukemic transformation of chronic myeloid malignancies
Authors: Puda Ana , Milosevic Jelena D. , Berg Tiina , Klampfl Thorsten , Harutyunyan Ashot S. , Gisslinger Bettina , Rumi Elisa , Pietra Daniela , Malcovati Luca , Elena Chiara , Doubek Michael , Steurer Michael , Tosic Natasa , Pavlovic Sonja , Guglielmelli Paola , Pieri Lisa , Vannucchi Alessandro M. , Gisslinger Heinz , Cazzola Mario , Kralovics Robert 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) have an inherent tendency to progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Using high‐resolution SNP microarrays, we studied a total of 517 MPN and MDS patients in different disease stages, including 77 AML cases with previous history of MPN (N = 46) or MDS (N = 31). Frequent chromosomal deletions of variable sizes were detected, allowing the mapping of putative tumor suppressor genes involved in the leukemic transformation process. We detected frequent deletions on the short arm of chromosome 6 (del6p). The common deleted region on 6p mapped to a 1.1‐Mb region and contained only the JARID2 gene—member of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). When we compared the frequency of del6p between chronic and leukemic phase, we observed a strong association of del6p with leukemic transformation (P = 0.0033). Subsequently, analysis of deletion profiles of other PRC2 members revealed frequent losses of genes such as EZH2, AEBP2, and SUZ12; however, the deletions targeting these genes were large. We also identified two patients with homozygous losses of JARID2 and AEBP2. We observed frequent codeletion of AEBP2 and ETV6, and similarly, SUZ12 and NF1. Using next generation exome sequencing of 40 patients, we identified only one somatic mutation in the PRC2 complex member SUZ12. As the frequency of point mutations in PRC2 members was found to be low, deletions were the main type of lesions targeting PRC2 complex members. Our study suggests an essential role of the PRC2 complex in the leukemic transformation of chronic myeloid disorders. Am. J. Hematol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Organische gemischtvalente Verbindungen: ein Spielplatz für Elektronen und Löcher
Authors: Heckmann Alexander , Lambert Christoph 
Published: November 2011

AbstractGemischtvalente (MV) Verbindungen sind ausgezeichnete Modellsysteme, um grundlegende Elektronentransport(ET)‐ und Ladungstransfer(CT)‐Phänomene zu untersuchen. Diese sind in komplexen biophysikalischen Prozessen wie der Photosynthese, aber auch in artifiziellen elektronischen Bauteilen von großer Bedeutung. So sind organische MV‐Verbindungen effiziente Lochtransportmaterialien in organischen lichtemittierenden Dioden (OLEDs), Solarzellen und photochromen Fenstern. Die Bedeutung der organischen gemischtvalenten Chemie sollte jedoch weniger in ihrer direkten Anwendbarkeit gesehen werden, als vielmehr in dem riesigen Kenntnisschatz über Elektronentransferphänomene, der durch ihr Studium gewonnen wurde. Die große Vielfalt an organischen Redoxzentren und Brückeneinheiten, die zu MV‐Verbindungen kombiniert werden können, sowie die stete Weiterentwicklung von ET‐Theorien und ET‐Untersuchungsmethoden förderten das enorme Interesse an organischen MV‐Verbindungen in den letzten Jahrzehnten und zeigen das große Potential dieser Verbindungsklasse auf. Das Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, das letzte Jahrzehnt der organischen gemischtvalenten Chemie zusammenzufassen und ihren Einfluss auf moderne funktionelle Materialien hervorzuheben.
Terpen‐Biosynthese: Modularitätsregeln
Authors: Oldfield Eric , Lin Fu‐Yang 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTerpene bilden die umfangreichste Klasse niedermolekularer Naturstoffe auf der Erde. Hier werden neuere Entwicklungen bei der Aufklärung von Struktur und Funktion der an der Terpen‐Biosynthese beteiligten Proteine zusammengefasst. Die Strukturen dieser Enzyme bestehen aus sechs Hauptbausteinen oder Modulen (α,β,γ,δ,ε und ζ): die αα‐ und αδ‐Kopf‐Schwanz‐trans‐Prenyltransferasen, die trans‐Isoprenoid‐Diphosphate aus C5‐Vorstufen synthetisieren; die ε‐Kopf‐Kopf‐Prenyltransferasen, die diese Diphosphate in die Tri‐ und Tetraterpen‐Vorstufen von Sterolen, Hopanoiden und Carotinoiden umwandeln; die βγ‐Di‐ und Triterpensynthasen; die ζ‐Kopf‐Schwanz‐cis‐Prenyltransferasen, welche die cis‐Isoprenoid‐Diphosphate für die Biosynthese der bakteriellen Zellwand aufbauen; und schließlich die α‐, αβ‐ und αβγ‐Terpensynthasen, die pflanzliche Terpene produzieren. Außerdem werden neue Erkenntnisse bezüglich Struktur und Funktion der beiden 4Fe‐4S‐Reduktasen vorgestellt, die bei der Bildung der C5‐Diphosphate in vielen Bakterien mitwirken, wo wiederum hochmodulare Strukturen auftreten.
Biomass char as a fuel for internal combustion engines
Authors: Ellem Gary K , Mulligan Cara J 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTSecond generation liquid biofuels from lignocellulosic feedstocks are part of a suite of solutions to peak oil and a safe climate economy. Biofuels have technological advantages over electrification for applications with minimal refuelling or recharging options such as air travel, shipping, agriculture and low or intermittent frequency trucking and rail. We examined a fuel production concept combining slow pyrolysis chars and superfine commutation. Char is micronised and suspended in diesel or water to create a reduced cost, quality and energy density liquid biofuel. Process yields and efficiencies were derived from a review of the slow pyrolysis char, coal commutation and combustion literature and used to develop theoretical estimates of process performance. Char structure and composition were also reviewed in the context of commutation and management of ash and alkalis in the fuel. The paper concluded that char based fuels had potential applications where cost was critical, but quality was not, such as diesel engines for agriculture, trucks, trains, shipping and backup electricity supply. Char water fuels increase safety by being non‐flammable and are environmentally benign, a valuable trait in sensitive environments such as coastal shipping. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutations in the Notch Pathway Alter the Patterning of Multifidus
Authors: Fisher Rebecca E. , Smith Heather F. , Kusumi Kenro , Tassone Erica E. , Rawls Alan , Wilson‐Rawls Jeanne 
Published: November 2011

AbstractClinical studies have suggested that defects in the epaxial muscles, particularly multifidus, may contribute to the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis. While the epaxial muscles and the vertebrae derive from the same embryonic segmentation process, the mechanisms that pattern the multisegmental back muscles are still unclear. The process of segmentation is regulated by the Notch signaling pathway, and mutations in the modulators delta‐like 3 (Dll3) and lunatic fringe (Lfng) are genetic models for spinal disorders such as scoliosis. Osteological defects have been characterized in these genetic models, but myological phenotypes have not previously been studied. We analyzed the multifidus muscle in the mouse (Mus musculus) and observed intriguing changes in the cranio‐caudal borders of multifidus in Dll3 and Lfng models. Statistical analysis did not find a significant association between the majority of the multifidus anomalies and the vertebral defects, suggesting a previously unappreciated role for Notch signaling in patterning epaxial muscle groups. These findings indicate an additional mechanism by which DLL3 and LFNG may play a role in the etiology of human idiopathic scoliosis. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Histology‐Based Morphology of the Neurocentral Synchondrosis in Alligator Mississippiensis (Archosauria, Crocodylia)
Authors: Ikejiri Takehito 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMorphology of the neurocentral synchondroses—thin cartilaginous layers between centra and neural arches—are documented in the extant crocodilian, Alligator mississippiensis (Archosauria, Crocodylia). Examination of dry skeletons demonstrates that neurocentral suture closure occurs in very late postnatal ontogeny (after reaching sexual maturity and/or body size ca. 40% from the upper range). Before sexual maturity (body length (BL) ≥ ca. 1.80 m), completely fused centra and neural arches are restricted to the caudal vertebral series. In contrast, the presacral vertebrae often remain unfused throughout postnatal ontogeny, retaining open sutures in very mature individuals (BL ≥ 2.80 m). These unfused centra and neural arches are structurally supported by the relatively large surface area of the neurocentral junctions, which results from primarily horizontal (mediolateral) increases with strong positive allometry. Cleared and stained specimens show that the cartilaginous neurocentral synchondrosis starts to form after approximately 40 embryonic days. Histological examination of the neurocentral junction in dorsal and anterior caudal vertebrae of six individuals (BL = 0.28–3.12 m) shows : (1) neurocentral fusion is the result of endochondral ossification of the neurocentral synchondrosis, (2) the neurocentral synchondrosis exhibits bipolar organization of three types of cartilaginous cells, and (3) complex neurocentral sutures (i.e., curved, zigzagged, and/or interdigitated boundaries) come from clumping of bone cells of the neural arches and centra into the neurocentral synchondrosis. The last two morphological features can be advantageous for delaying neurocentral fusion, which seems to be unique in crocodilians and possibly their close relatives, including nonavian dinosaurs and other Mesozoic archosaurs. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Embryonic Liver Morphology and Morphometry by Magnetic Resonance Microscopic Imaging
Authors: Hirose Ayumi , Nakashima Takashi , Yamada Shigehito , Uwabe Chigako , Kose Katsumi , Takakuwa Tetsuya 
Published: November 2011

AbstractEmbryonic liver has a unique external morphology and quantitative morphometry, based on magnetic resonance imaging data of human embryos from the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos. Liver morphogenesis is strongly affected by the adjacent organs and tissues. The left ventricle develops to the left medial‐caudal side, which results in the formation of a depression at left medial region and a prominence bilaterally at the cranial surface of the liver between Carnegie Stage (CS)17 and CS19. An imprint of the stomach that formed at the dorsal left‐medial region of the liver became more marked with development until CS23. A depression induced by the umbilicus formed at the ventral region of the liver between CS16 and CS19. An indentation caused by the right adrenal gland formed at the dorsal‐caudal region of the liver surface from CS20. Morphometric analysis revealed that the volume of the liver increased exponentially from CS14 through CS23. The liver developed preferentially along the dorsoventral axis and right/left axis until CS17, along the craniocaudal axis between CS17 and CS19, and then in all directions after CS19. Several important developmental phenomena, such as differentiation of the diaphragm, the extension of the body axis of the embryo, and the physiologic herniation of the intestine into the umbilical cord, may affect morphometric data. These data contribute to a better understanding of liver development as well as the morphogenesis of adjacent organs, both temporally and spatially, and serve as a useful reference for fetal medicine and prenatal diagnosis. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Publish or patent: Bibliometric evidence for empirical trade‐offs in national funding strategies
Authors: Shelton R. D. , Leydesdorff Loet 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMultivariate linear regression models suggest a trade‐off in allocations of national research and development (R&D). Government funding and spending in the higher education sector encourage publications as a long‐term research benefit. Conversely, other components such as industrial funding and spending in the business sector encourage patenting. Our results help explain why the United States trails the European Union in publications: The focus in the United States is on industrial funding—some 70% of its total R&D investment. Likewise, our results also help explain why the European Union trails the United States in patenting, since its focus on government funding is less effective than industrial funding in predicting triadic patenting. Government funding contributes negatively to patenting in a multiple regression, and this relationship is significant in the case of triadic patenting. We provide new forecasts about the relationships of the United States, the European Union, and China for publishing; these results suggest much later dates for changes than previous forecasts because Chinese growth has been slowing down since 2003. Models for individual countries might be more successful than regression models whose parameters are averaged over a set of countries because nations can be expected to differ historically in terms of the institutional arrangements and funding schemes.
Children's search roles at home: Implications for designers, researchers, educators, and parents
Authors: Foss Elizabeth , Druin Allison , Brewer Robin , Lo Phillip , Sanchez Luis , Golub Evan , Hutchinson Hilary 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a large‐scale, qualitative study conducted in the homes of children aged 7, 9, and 11 investigating internet searching processes on Google. Seven search roles, representing distinct behavior patterns displayed by children when interacting with the Google search engine, are described, including Developing Searchers, Domain‐specific Searchers, Power Searchers, Nonmotivated Searchers, Distracted Searchers, Rule‐bound Searchers, and Visual Searchers. Other trends are described and selected to present a view of the whole child searcher. These roles and trends are used to make recommendations to designers, researchers, educators, and parents about the directions to take when considering how to best aid children to become search literate.
Decoration of Diatom Biosilica with Noble Metal and Semiconductor Nanoparticles (<10 nm): Assembly, Characterization, and Applications
Authors: Jantschke Anne , Herrmann Anne‐Kristin , Lesnyak Vladimir , Eychmüller Alexander , Brunner Eike 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDiatom‐templated noble metal (Ag, Pt, Au) and semiconductor (CdTe) nanoparticle arrays were synthesized by the attachment of prefabricated nanoparticles of defined size. Two different attachment techniques—layer‐by‐layer deposition and covalent linking—could successfully be applied. The synthesized arrays were shown to be useful for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of components, for catalysis, and for improved image quality in scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
The molecular and mathematical basis of Waddington's epigenetic landscape: A framework for post‐Darwinian biology?
Authors: Huang Sui 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe Neo‐Darwinian concept of natural selection is plausible when one assumes a straightforward causation of phenotype by genotype. However, such simple 1:1 mapping must now give place to the modern concepts of gene regulatory networks and gene expression noise. Both can, in the absence of genetic mutations, jointly generate a diversity of inheritable randomly occupied phenotypic states that could also serve as a substrate for natural selection. This form of epigenetic dynamics challenges Neo‐Darwinism. It needs to incorporate the non‐linear, stochastic dynamics of gene networks. A first step is to consider the mathematical correspondence between gene regulatory networks and Waddington's metaphoric ‘epigenetic landscape’, which actually represents the quasi‐potential function of global network dynamics. It explains the coexistence of multiple stable phenotypes within one genotype. The landscape's topography with its attractors is shaped by evolution through mutational re‐wiring of regulatory interactions – offering a link between genetic mutation and sudden, broad evolutionary changes.