bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
POPULATION TRENDS OF A SPECIALIST HERBIVORE, THE SPRUCE BUD MOTH, IN YOUNG WHITE SPRUCE STANDS
Authors: Ostaff Don P. , Quiring Dan T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe investigated the factors responsible for changes in abundance of the spruce bud moth, Zeiraphera canadensis Mut. and Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in one unmanaged and several managed (i.e., planted) young white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss (Pinaceae), stands in northern New Brunswick, Canada. Spruce bud moth densities declined when one stand closed (branches from neighbouring trees overlapped) and had already declined in another similarly aged closed stand, but remained high on 8- to 22-year-old open-grown white spruce. Both the intrageneration survival rate and the egg-to-moth ratios increased when population densities increased, and generally decreased, although the egg-to-moth ratio fluctuated, during the population decline in a managed stand. Increases in intrageneration survival rates of spruce bud moth on 5- to 10-year-old trees were due to increased larval or pupal survival. Crown closure explained 76 and 81% of the variability in larval and intrageneration survival, respectively, in four managed stands. The strong inverse relationship between larval survival and degree of crown closure resulted in statistically significant but spurious relationships between larval survival and larval density and between larval survival and tree age. A reduction in larval survival occurring as degree of crown closure increased was the most important factor influencing decreases in intrageneration survival at the beginning of population decline. Increases in the egg-to-moth ratio during the population increase, and decrease during population decline, suggested that dispersal behaviour and (or) realized fecundity of females also contributed to annual changes in population.
DISPERSAL OF TOMICUS PINIPERDA (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) FROM OPERATIONAL AND SIMULATED MILL YARDS
Authors: Poland T.M. , Haack R.A. , Petrice T.R. , Sadof C.S. , Onstad D.W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.), is an exotic pest that is regulated by federal quarantines in the United States and Canada. Mark–release–recapture experiments were performed with infested logs coated with fluorescent powder to determine if overwintering beetles in logs would leave a mill yard if infested logs were transported to sawmills in uninfested areas. Overwintering T. piniperda adults were marked with powder as they emerged in spring. Dispersal studies were conducted in four simulated mill yards and five operational sawmills to determine whether T. piniperda would colonize only the log pile in which they overwintered, fly to nearby log piles, or disperse beyond the mill yard. Each simulated mill yard was composed of 36 uninfested red pine logs, Pinus resinosa Ait. (Pinaceae), and 12 α-pinene-baited funnel traps set up to 100 m from a central release pile of six uninfested red pine and nine infested logs of Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris L. At the five operational sawmills, baited funnel traps were set up to 400 m outside of each mill yard. Overall, 482 T. piniperda galleries were found on the experimental logs recovered from the four simulated mill yards combined. Tomicus piniperda adults dispersed and attacked the most distant logs at 100 m from the release point in the simulated mill yards. Likewise, adults were captured in baited funnel traps at distances up to 230 m in simulated mill yards and 250 m around operational sawmills. Although numbers of recaptured T. piniperda were generally low, in all cases some adults dispersed outside the mill yards despite the presence of abundant suitable breeding material. Therefore, logs containing overwintering adults pose a risk of spreading T. piniperda if not processed prior to initiation of spring flight.
Host range, attack dynamics, and impact of Cryptorhynchus lapathi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Salix (Salicaceae) spp.
Authors: Broberg Cynthia L. , Borden John H. , Humble Leland M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe poplar and willow borer, Cryptorhynchus lapathi (L.), known to be present in British Columbia since 1923, primarily attacks species of Salix L. (Salicaceae) and Populus L. (Salicaceae). Larvae bore into stems, causing them to break easily. The impact of the weevil has been rising in recent years because of the increasing importance of poplar and willow from both economic and ecological perspectives. We conducted a study at 45 locations in British Columbia to determine host use among native Salix spp. and the between- and within-tree dynamics of C. lapathi. There were 11 new host records, but the incidence of attack was similar among species. Attacked trees were larger in general and had more dead wood and stems, more adventitious branches per stem, more total breaks per stem, and more naturally caused breaks per stem than their attack-free neighbours. Breaks caused by C. lapathi tended to be slightly larger in diameter and lower on the stem than naturally caused breaks. Bases of stems were preferentially attacked, and C. lapathi selected large stems in which to oviposit. As large attack-free trees become less abundant, weevils apparently start to attack small-diameter stems. Although C. lapathi is adversely affecting the health of willows in British Columbia, there is no evidence that any Salix species is threatened by weevil-caused extinction.
Effect of maturation feeding period on survival of Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Amezaga Ibone , Garbisu Carlos 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCallow adults of the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda L., were fed shoots of Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae), to investigate the influences of shoot age and feeding duration on survival and weight of callow adults and to characterize the relationship between the volume of shoot tissue excavated and weight gain. Heavier callow adults had better survival than lighter ones, and survival was higher on current-year shoots than on 1-year-old shoots. A significant relationship was observed between the amount of tissue excavated by callow females on current-year shoots and their body weight gain, a trend not observed in callow males. These results suggest that beetle weight and survival may be reduced when availability of current-year shoots during maturation feeding is limited because of competition (i.e., during population outbreaks), thus negatively affecting the production of future generations.
Larval morphology of the tribe Matini (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae, Colymbetinae): descriptions ofBatrachomatus daemeli,Matus bicarinatus, andAllomatus nannupand phylogenetic relationships
Authors: Alarie Yves , Watts Chris H.S. , Nilsson Anders N. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDescriptions are presented of larval instars of three species of the colymbetine tribe Matini Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae),Batrachomatus daemeli(Sharp),Matus bicarinatus(Say), andAllomatus nannupWatts, including a chaetotaxic and porotaxic analysis of the cephalic capsule, head appendages, legs, last abdominal segment, and urogomphi. A parsimony analysis based on 32 informative larval characteristics was conducted with the computer program NONA. Members of the Matini are postulated to share a monophyletic origin based on (i) seta TR2 articulated anteroventroproximally on the trochanter; (ii) seta TR5 elongate on the metatrochanter; (iii) seta TA1 elongate and inserted proximally on the tarsus; (iv) antenomere III with a hole-like ventroapical spinula; (v) prementum with the primary setae LA2, LA3, LA4, LA5, and LA8 spine-like and elongate; (vi) presence of secondary setae on the cephalic appendages; and (vii) presence of additional primary setae on the last abdominal segment. A clade Matini + Colymbetini is postulated based on (i) metafemoral seta FE5; (ii) metafemoral seta FE6; (iii) seta TI6 on tibia, all elongate and hair-like; (iv) one-segmented urogomphus; (v) presence of an occipital suture in first instar; (vi) galea elongate; (vii) presence of natatory setae on legs; and (viii) presence of secondary setae on the urogomphus.
Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA reveals fine-scale genetic structure inPissodes strobi(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Lewis Kornelia G. , Ritland Kermit , El-Kassaby Yousry A. , McLean John A. , Glaubitz Jeffry , Carlson John E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTo confirm patterns of diversity and differentiation found with isozymes and mitochondrial DNA, we surveyed 10 populations of the white pine weevil,Pissodes strobi(Peck), for randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Four weevil populations were sampled from Sitka spruce,Picea sitchensis(Bong.) Carr (Pinaceae), five from the "interior" spruce of British Columbia [admixtures of white spruce,Picea glauca(Moench) Voss, and Engelmann spruce,Picea engelmanni(Parry)], and one from Jack pine,Pinus banksianaLamb. (Pinaceae), in Ontario. In each population, 30–60 weevils were assayed with 10 RAPD primers, yielding 74 RAPD markers. Genetic analyses showed that populations from interior spruce and Jack pine formed a distinct complex; as well, Vancouver Island populations formed a distinct group within the Sitka populations. Levels of diversity, both in terms of polymorphic loci and expected heterozygosity, declined from east to west, supporting the contention thatP.strobioriginated in eastern North America and migrated west, and suggesting that biocontrol methods may be more effective on populations from Sitka spruce, owing to their reduced diversity. These results parallel an earlier isozyme study but, in contrast, the diversity differences and population relationships are demonstrated to be statistically significant, owing to both the much larger number of loci sampled and the attachment of statistical confidence intervals to estimates of diversity and differentiation.
Arthropod diversity in necrotic tissue of three species of columnar cacti (Cactaceae)
Authors: Castrezana Sergio , Markow Therese Ann 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe compared the insect and arachnid species found in spring and summer samples of necrotic tissue of three species of columnar cacti, cardón [Pachycereus pringlei (S. Watson) Britten and Rose], organ-pipe (Stenocereus thurberi Buxb.), and senita [Lophocereus schottii (Engelm.) Britten and Rose] (all Cactaceae), endemic to the Sonoran Desert of North America. A total of 9380 arthropods belonging to 34 species, 23 families, 10 orders, and 2 classes were collected in 36 samples. Arthropod communities differed in composition among host cacti, as well as between seasons. These differences may be a function of variation in host characteristics, such as chemical composition and abiotic factors, such as water content or temperature.
Oviposition biology of Pissodes strobi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on white pine (Pinaceae) under laboratory conditions
Authors: Trudel Richard , Lavallée Robert , Bauce Éric 
Published: November 2009

AbstractStudies were conducted to document the oviposition biology of female white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck. Data were recorded on female fecundity and daily feeding and oviposition activities. In addition, we compared fecundity of 1- and 2-year-old females. Female white pine weevils laid a mean ± SE total number of 132.3 ± 7.5 eggs (range 40–344 eggs) during an average oviposition period of 5.8 ± 0.4 weeks. It is during the first 5 weeks that white pine weevils lay the most eggs, with an egg-laying peak in the second week of the oviposition period. For a few females, egg production did not cease until the 22nd week. There was no difference between the number of eggs laid in the photophase and in the scotophase, but higher numbers of feeding punctures were observed during the night than during the day. The oviposition and feeding results for 2-year-old female white pine weevils were similar to those for 1-year-old females. This information contributes to the management of white pine weevils by providing a better understanding of some of the mechanisms of its population dynamics.
Chemical identification and behavioral activity of (Z)-11-tetradecenal in an eastern North American population of the obliquebanded leafroller
Authors: El-Sayed Ashraf M. , Fraser H.M. , Trimble R.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe sex pheromone of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), from the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario, was investigated using chemical analysis, GC–EAD, and field trapping experiments. The pheromone gland contained: (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:Ac), (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:Ac), (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (Z11-14:OH), and (Z)-11-tetradecenal (Z11-14:Al). The average amounts of Z11-14:Ac, E11-14:Ac, Z11-14:OH, andZ11-14:Al were 40.40, 0.83, 0.47, and 0.13 ng/female, respectively. Eight other structurally related compounds, (E)-11-tetradecenal (E11-14:Al), (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (E11-14:OH), pentadecan-2-one (15-2kt), hexadecanal (16:Al), hexadecan-1-ol (16:OH), heptadecan-2-one (17-2kt), octadecanal (18:Al), and octadecyl acetate (18:Ac), were also identified. In a field trapping experiment, adding Z11-14:Al to lures containing a 100:3:5 blend of Z11-14:Ac, E11-14:Ac, and Z11-14:OH in an amount equal to 2% of the main component significantly increased the number of moths captured in apple, Malus domestica (Borkh.) (Rosaceae), orchards. The removal of Z11-14:Al from lures containing a 100:2:1.5:1 blend of Z11-14:Ac, E11-14:Ac, Z11-14:OH, and Z11-14:Al resulted in a > 50% reduction in the average total number of moths captured in a trap. This study provides the first evidence that Z11-14:Al is present in the pheromone of an eastern North American population of C. rosaceana.
Fitness, parasitoids, and biological control: an opinion
Authors: Roitberg B.D. , Boivin G. , Vet L.E.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFitness, defined as theper capitarate of increase of a genotype with reference to the population carrying the associated genes, is a concept used by biologists to describe how well an individual performs in a population. Fitness is rarely measured directly and biologists resort to proxies more easily measured but with varying connection to fitness. Size, progeny survival, and developmental rate are the most common proxies used in the literature to describe parasitoid fitness. The importance of the proxies varies between papers looking at evolutionary theories and those assessing ecological applications. The most direct measures of fitness for parasitoids are realised fecundity for females and mating ability for males, although these proxies are more difficult to measure under natural conditions. For practical purposes, measure of size, through body size or mass, is the proxy easiest to use while providing good comparative values; however, care must be taken when using a single proxy, as proxies can be affected differently by rearing conditions of the parasitoid.
Species ofTrichomalopsis(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) associated with filth flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in North America
Authors: Gibson Gary A.P. , Floate Kevin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFive species ofTrichomalopsisCrawford associated withHaematobia irritans(L.) (horn fly),Musca domesticaL. (house fly),Musca autumnalisDeGeer (face fly), andStomoxys calcitrans(L.) (stable fly) in North America are reviewed. The speciesTrichomalopsis americana(Gahan),Trichomalopsis dubia(Ashmead),Trichomalopsis sarcophagae(Gahan),Trichomalopsis tachinae(Gahan), andTrichomalopsis viridescens(Walsh) are described, keyed, and differentiated from other recognized North American species. Lectotypes are designated forT.dubia,T.sarcophagae, andT.tachinae. Distribution and host associations are recorded for the species.Trichomalopsis americanaandT.viridescensare newly recorded as parasitoids ofM.domestica;T.dubiaandT.sarcophagaeare also newly recorded as parasitoids ofHypoderma lineatum(Villers) (common cattle grub) andHypoderma bovis(L.) (northern cattle grub), respectively. Some previously published host associations and parasitoid identifications are corrected based on examination of voucher specimens. The known biology of each species is reviewed. The presence ofTrichomalopsis albipilosa(Gahan) in North America is considered to be erroneous based on a misidentification ofT.americana.
Oviposition deterrence to Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): a source of resistance for durum wheat (Gramineae)
Authors: Lamb R.J. , Smith M.A.H. , Wise I.L. , Clarke P. , Clarke J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractOver 250 durum wheats, Triticum durum Desf., and close relatives were screened for resistance to the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin). Less than 2% showed consistently reduced egg and larval densities in field and laboratory trials. Two related accessions named ’Kahla’ had stable, low larval infestation levels, which were about 30% of those in commercial durum wheat cultivars. No antibiosis was detected in durum wheats. The reduction in infestation by larvae was associated with a similar reduction in oviposition. The resistance reduced egg densities by 80% or more in choice and no-choice laboratory tests and by about 70% in the field. Egg group size was not affected, and therefore reduced oviposition must have resulted from the number of egg groups deposited by females. The resistance was not associated with any of 12 morphological traits that were quantified for spikes. ’Kahla’ is the first durum wheat identified to have resistance against the wheat midge.
New flea beetle genus and species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Alticinae) from Central Africa
Authors: Biondi Maurizio 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCelisaltica ruwenzorica, gen.nov., sp.nov., a flea beetle found at high elevations from Central Africa (Ruwenzori) is described. This new genus is closely related to the genus Manobia Jacoby, 1885 but is easily distinguishable mainly by the pronotal antebasal sulcus being almost completely absent, pronotum basally weakly narrowed, antennal segments 9–10 subglobose, and antennal segment 11 subglobose–asymmetric. Line drawings of male and female genitalia and scanning electronic micrographs of particular morphological aspects of Celisaltica ruwenzorica are provided. The genus Afroalytus Scherer, 1961 is synonymized with the genus Manobia Jacoby, 1885 (syn.nov.).
Larval movement and its potential impact on the management of the obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Waldstein D.E. , Reissig W.H. , Nyrop J.P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe rate at which obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), larvae vacated feeding sites in apple, Malus domestica Borkhauser (Rosaceae), trees was determined by monitoring infested terminal foliage under field conditions. The overwintering and summer generations of C. rosaceana were monitored in two orchards in 1997 and 1998. Larvae vacated terminal feeding sites relatively frequently because 50% of the sites during the overwintering and summer generations were vacant 34 ± 6 °d (threshold = 6 °C) and 53 ± 10°d, respectively, after sites had been marked. Vacancy rates increased from the beginning to the end of the summer generation in 1997 but remained relatively constant throughout the summer generation in 1998. The differences between the 2 years were probably because of less precipitation and lower availability of actively growing terminal foliage at the end of the summer in 1997 than in 1998. Differences in larval development did not seem to contribute to differences in vacancy rate. Recolonization of growing terminals was also studied in the field by removing C. rosaceana larvae from terminals only (1997) and the entire tree (1998). In 1997 and 1998, larval recolonization of terminals and trees occurred, because 6–8 d after larvae were removed populations in removal and adjacent control trees were not significantly different. Frequent larval movement to actively growing terminal foliage with sublethal insecticide residues may increase larval survival and could slow resistance development by providing a refuge for susceptible insects.
Control of conifer defoliators with neem-based systemic bioinsecticides using a novel injection device
Authors: Helson Blair V. , Lyons D. Barry , Wanner Kevin W. , Scarr Taylor A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA systemic tree injection tube was designed to introduce the required volumes of neem-based bioinsecticides into conifer trees. The device consists of plastic tubing attached with hose clamps to a maple sap spile at one end and a tubeless automobile tire valve at the other end. A hole is drilled in the tree, the spile is hammered into the hole, the device is filled with the systemic insecticide, and the system is pressurized by attaching a bicycle pump to the tire valve. The parts are readily available, the device is simple to construct and easy and quick to install on a tree, application volumes are adjustable, and the device is reusable. This device has been used successfully to inject 188 trees representing four conifer species in either spring or fall, primarily with neem formulations but also with dimethoate, imidacloprid, and acephate. In most cases, all of the material was injected into the trees without leakage, although neem formulations were characteristically slow to enter the trees and certain neem formulations were not injected completely at volumes above 15 mL per injection tube. Dosages of 0.2 g azadirachtin/cm of diameter at breast height (dbh) or less provided control of pine false webworm, spruce budworm, cedar leafminers, gypsy moth, and introduced pine sawfly on red pine, white spruce, eastern white cedar, white pine, and white pine, respectively. Dosages as low as 0.005 g active ingredient/cm of dbh applied with injection tubes in either one or two holes per tree resulted in a 95% reduction in defoliation of mature (mean dbh ± SD = 23.4 ± 3.3 cm) red pine caused by pine false webworm.
Temperature-based model for predicting univoltine brood proportions in spruce beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Hansen E. Matthew , Bentz Barbara J. , Turner David L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), has possible life cycles of 1 or 2 years. Empirical and experimental evidence suggest that temperature is the primary regulator of these life-history pathways. These different life cycles potentially result in substantial differences in population dynamics and subsequent spruce mortality. A multiyear field study was conducted in Utah, Colorado, and Alaska, to monitor spruce beetle development under a variety of field conditions with concurrent air temperature measurements. This information was used to model the tree- or stand-level proportion of univoltine beetles as a function of air temperature. Temperatures were summarized as averages, cumulative time, and accumulated heat units above specified thresholds over various seasonal intervals. Sampled proportions of univoltine insects were regressed against the summarized temperature values in logistic models. The best predictive variable, as evaluated by Akaike’s Information Criterion, was found to be cumulative hours above a threshold of 17 °C elapsed from 40 to 90 days following peak adult funnel-trap captures. Because the model can be used to forecast trends in spruce beetle populations and associated spruce mortality, it is a tool for forest planning.