bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postoperative fever: A normal inflammatory response or cause for concern
Authors: Burke Lindsay 
Published: April 2010

Purpose: To devise a systematic diagnostic strategy displayed in algorithm format to assist advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) in determining when postoperative fever is simply a normal inflammatory response and when further investigation is needed to rule out infection or other serious noninfectious causes of fever. Data sources: Selected research and clinical articles. Conclusions: Postoperative fever is often a normal inflammatory response to surgery, but it can also be a manifestation of a serious underlying infectious or noninfectious etiology. Therefore, it is important to approach each instance of postoperative fever in a systematic manner. Implications for practice: The role of the APRN in managing surgical patients requires being able to accurately assess and evaluate the cause of postoperative fever and take action accordingly. That means taking into account a variety of factors (e.g., patient's medical history, physical examination findings, and type of surgery), so that appropriate diagnostic tests can be ordered to evaluate the cause of the postoperative fever. By being aware of the causes of postoperative fever, the APRN can also take prophylactic action to decrease the risk associated with many of these potential febrile causes.
Sickle‐cell anemia and pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Ninkovich Glenda M. , Miller Sally K. , Alpert Patricia T. 
Published: April 2010

Purpose: To provide nurse practitioners (NPs) information about sickle‐cell disease (SCD) and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) as a complication. A case study is presented to illustrate the diagnosis of PHTN in a patient with SCD. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and interventions for both SCD and PHTN are also discussed. Data source: A literature search to support this case review was conducted in PubMed and SCOPUS using key search words. Specific information for the case study was obtained from a patient in a primary care setting. Conclusion: Pulmonary hypertension is frequently diagnosed secondary to hemoglobinopathies such as SCD. Patients with sickle‐cell anemia, a lifelong hereditary hemoglobinopathy, are now surviving into adulthood because of the advances made in treatment. About one third of these patients develop pulmonary hypertension, a complication that carries a 40% mortality rate. Delayed diagnosis can affect the patient's quality of life. Timely diagnosis and referral is imperative, but only if the advanced practitioner is able to recognize this common complication. Implications for practice: Many patients with SCD are seen in primary care practices. Such is the situation for the patient in this case study. Familiarity with pulmonary hypertension secondary to SCD can increase the awareness of NPs of this potential consequence and initiate early diagnostic evaluation.
Radiation exposure and diagnostic imaging
Authors: Richardson Luann 
Published: April 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to increase clinician awareness of current radiation exposures of diagnostic testing, discuss current practice patterns, and suggest strategies to address issues at the systems level, institution level, and the healthcare provider level. Data sources: Evidence‐based literature including interdisciplinary peer‐reviewed articles in the biological and health‐related fields. Conclusions: Radiation exposure related to diagnostic testing is often higher than anticipated for both the clinician and the patient. Strategies to address radiation exposure need to be implemented at many different levels in the system. Best practice initiatives are surfacing and will require a team approach for success. Implications for practice: Nurse practitioners need to be aware of the benefits and risks of diagnostic testing involving radiation exposure. Patients should also be informed of potential risks and benefits. Alternative imaging should be considered and repetitive testing should be monitored closely.
The Evaluation of Rural Development Policy in the EU L’évaluation de la politique de développement rural dans l’Union européenne Die Evaluation der Politik zur Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums in der EU
Authors: Bradley Dylan , Dwyer Janet , Hill Berkeley 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe Evaluation of Rural Development Policy in the EUEvaluation is firmly established as part of rural development policymaking in the EU. A requirement to evaluate is set out in the Rural Development Regulation, the legal basis for spending EU funds on agreed aspects of rural development, which also stipulates the process to be used. Member States are responsible for ensuring that independent ex ante, mid‐term and ex post evaluations are carried out for each seven‐year Rural Development Programme (RDP), but with inputs from the Commission, notably on common evaluation questions to be used in all countries. Such a heavily structured system has both advantages and disadvantages. Consistency of approach enables synthesis of evaluation results at the EU level and provides a degree of quality control. However, it constrains the ability of evaluators to pursue issues which may be of importance locally or to other stakeholders. Technical details, especially the timing of evaluation stages, also diminish the ability to learn from past programmes. Data availability remains an important issue. Nevertheless, our experience is that it is both possible and important to learn from evaluating RDPs, not only to measure their apparent achievements, but also to enhance the quality of the policy process, at all levels.
Evaluating RD Policies for Social and Human Capital Development L’évaluation de la politique de développement rural en termes de développement du capital social et humain Die Evaluation von Politikmaßnahmen zur Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums zur Entwicklung von Sozial‐ und Humankapital
Authors: Kinsella Jim , Goetz Stephan J. , Partridge Mark D. , Deller Steven C. , Fleming David 
Published: April 2010

SummaryEvaluating RD Policies for Social and Human Capital DevelopmentIn the EU, building social capital and developing human capital are increasingly seen as key to development in rural areas. Social capital is fundamentally about human interrelationships and networks. Evaluation of policy initiatives to promote social capital needs to go beyond indicators of conventional economic outcome measures such as jobs created and income generated and to encompass growth in the processes by which social capital works. Human capital in the form of education and skills possessed by individuals is linked with productivity and incomes. In the US, federal funding of human capital formation in support of rural entrepreneurship has been limited, fragmented and uncoordinated but activities in this area hold promise. The evaluation of entrepreneurial programmes needs to overcome many statistical problems such as selection bias regarding which firms received ‘treatment’ and how to identify causality. In particular there is a lack of indicators on the returns to investment in entrepreneurship. While the two case studies face their own sets of particular problems, they share the characteristic of a lack of data on relevant indicators that evaluators need in order to reach sound judgements. This points to the importance to evaluation of the design of the rural data system and scheme monitoring mechanisms.
Model‐Based Evaluation of Rural Development Policies L’évaluation de la politique de développement rural à partir de modèles Modellgestützte Evaluation von Politikmaßnahmen zur Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums
Authors: Johnson Thomas G. , Roberts Deborah , Wojan Timothy R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryModel‐Based Evaluation of Rural Development PoliciesA primary concern in rural development policy is the impact of government expenditures on economic growth, income and employment. The Socio‐Economic Benefit Assessment System (SEBAS) model developed through academic/government collaboration in the United States is an example of a practical tool for assessing the impact of federal programmes on these key development indicators. The model is based on an interregional social accounting matrix (SAM) and estimates the location and impact (including displacement effects) of economic initiatives. It has been used to examine the impact of loans and grants programmes and rural energy projects on regional value‐added (GDP) and the quantity and quality of employment. Although the challenges of using model‐based assessment are greater in the European Union due to data deficiencies and a complex rural development policy framework, considerable potential exists for deepening understanding of the effectiveness of policy measures, particularly in terms of region‐specific impacts. Results obtained through modelling approaches such as computable general equilibrium (CGE) models, suggest that the impacts of programmes can be smaller than traditionally assumed and that there can also be important re‐distributional effects. There are strong arguments for making modelling a key element in a broad evaluation of rural development policy.
Evaluation of Rural Development Requires Clarity on Expected Outcomes L’évaluation du développement rural demande à ce que les résultats attendus soient clairement identifiés Die Evaluation der Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums erfordert Klarheit hinsichtlich der erwarteten Ergebnisse
Authors: Wakeford Richard 
Published: April 2010

SummaryEvaluation of Rural Development Requires Clarity on Expected OutcomesWithout good evaluation, we deny ourselves the evidence that should influence choices of policy instrument in the future. Evaluation of rural development is complex. The crucial thing is to be absolutely clear about the outcome you want before starting the project. For a building, defining desired outcomes is not too difficult if the architect and partners in development work properly with the client from the start. Evaluation of whether society is achieving sustainable development is pretty near impossible, given so many competing views of what success might look like in terms of outcomes. Evaluation of rural development policy falls somewhere between these two extremes. The suspicion is that, despite Regulations agreed at Council level, the EU’s 27 ‘Rural Development’ Ministers would not reveal much consensus about the desired outcomes of the EU’s rural development policy. Ministers and officials may find it hard to bring themselves to do evaluation as it may show that their policies haven’t delivered. Nevertheless, useful evaluation can take place. It has to face a series of technical issues, such as ‘Should the evaluation be of individual programmes or combinations of programmes’. It also has to respect certain principles, such as the ‘arms length’ status of the evaluator.
The Evaluation of Rural Development Policy: Macro and Micro Perspectives L’évaluation de la politique de développement rural: perspectives macro et microéconomiques Die Evaluation der Politik zur Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums: Mikro‐ und Makroperspektiven
Authors: Midmore Peter , Partridge Mark D. , Rose Olfert M. , Ali Kamar 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe Evaluation of Rural Development Policy: Macro and Micro PerspectivesEffective rural development (RD) policy requires transparent goals, specific objectives, well‐defined metrics to measure success, and rigorous evaluation to justify sound policy. Such evaluation can employ aggregate indicators of impact (a macro approach) and/or more disaggregated information (a micro approach). Each has its place. Changes in population and population structure provide a key macro indicator of the success of rural development policy, since individuals reveal the attractiveness of rural areas by ‘voting with their feet’. By using additional data on the factors that attract people to rural areas, the targeting of rural development policy can be improved. Policymakers frequently need to examine specific policy initiatives in detail to determine their impact, if any, and how and why they achieve their effects. The example of farm diversification policy in the EU illustrates that information obtained from case studies can help not only to elaborate the impact of policy but also illuminate how that impact is generated. Without complementary in‐depth inquiry, scope for making sense of quantitative indicators, which have been the primary focus of evaluation in the EU, is limited; but without a broad base of measurement, the usefulness of insights derived from case study analysis is also restricted.
Eat Local? Constructions of Place in Alternative Food Politics
Authors: Harris Edmund M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn recent years those seeking alternatives to industrialized and globalized food systems have looked beyond organic production to develop a range of alternative food networks (AFNs). Alongside these developments in sustainable food and agriculture activism, a body of literature has emerged in rural sociology, agri‐food studies and human geography exploring the development of alternative food networks. This article explores some potential synergies between this literature and geographical theory surrounding space and place. Place has been identified as central to AFN discourse and efforts to localize food systems, and while the benefits of localized food systems can be accepted uncritically by activist communities and the media, important questions have been raised about the reflexivity of local food activism. This article argues that a closer engagement with place theory would help avoid the fetishized constructions of the local often present in alternative food politics. Drawing on geographical debates about place, this article demonstrates the ways in which geographical place theory could inform and develop literatures examining alternative food politics.
Tourism and Entrepreneurialism in Southeast Asian Cities
Authors: Gillen Jamie 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis study reviews recent literatures related to entrepreneurship in the Southeast Asian urban tourism sector. The study is divided into three sections. The first section concerns urban identity. I outline recent debates surrounding the disparity between tourist stereotypes of the region’s cities and discursive attempts by the local governments to counter them. I argue that the twin themes of harmony and convergence are used by Southeast Asia’s urban governments to promote their cities as appealing, safe, and multicultural places to visit. In the second section, I present an alternative approach to traditional understandings of state–society relations in the region. Instead of explaining local resistances to a predatory state, I highlight recent research that favors a relational, cooperative reading of the production of the tourism industry in Southeast Asia. Lastly, I introduce the political implications for urban tourism growth, focusing on the desires of the Southeast Asian urban population to use tourism as a tool to expedite their political goals.
Evaluating Human Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Part I: Measurements
Authors: Millar Gail , Abel Tyler , Allen Janice , Barn Prabjit , Noullett Melanie , Spagnol John , Jackson Peter L. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractExposure to airborne fine particulate matter has been a pressing issue since the early 1990s when several studies reported health effects at unexpectedly low ambient levels. Since this time, several reviews have addressed various aspects of this topic. This article is the first of a two‐part review of reviews. The intention of these articles is to provide a consolidated overview about fine particulate matter exposure assessment. This article, Part I, begins with a general introduction to particulate matter which includes general properties of particulate matter, how it is classified and how it is associated with health effects. Fundamental concepts related to exposure are also summarized. The remainder of the article focuses on measurement‐based methods for assessing exposure to fine particulate matter. A subsequent article, Part II, addresses modeling approaches used for particulate matter exposure assessment. Current and recommended future directions for assessing exposure to fine particulate matter are also summarized in each of these two articles.
Racism without Races: Reflections on Racialization and Racial Projects
Authors: Baber Zaheer 
Published: April 2010

Abstract‘The metaphor of race is a dangerous weapon whether it is used for asserting white supremacy or for making demands on behalf of the disadvantaged groups...Treating caste as a form of race is politically mischievous; what is worse, it is scientifically nonsensical’. Andre Beteille (2004: 52)‘…what is in fact “scientifically nonsensical” is Professor Beteille’s misunderstanding of “race”. What is mischievous is his insistence that India’s system of ascribed system of social inequality should be exempted from the provisions of a UN Convention whose sole purpose is the extension of human rights to include freedom from all forms of discrimination and intolerance – and to which India, along with most other nations, has committed itself” Gerald Berreman (cited in Thorat and Umakant 2004: xxv)‘The possibility that the current Indian Hindu‐Muslim or upper versus lower‐caste conflict may be, in a significant sense, a variant of a modern problem of “ethnicity” or “race” is seldom entertained…”racism” is thought of as something the white people do to us. What Indians do to one another are variously described as “communalism”, “regionalism” and “casteism” but never “racism”’. Dipesh Chakrabarty (1994: 145)
World Culture and Transnational Economic Governance: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Major Aaron 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe current global financial crisis has led to renewed efforts to strengthen the formal rules and organizations of transnational economic governance. A substantial body of research in sociology and related fields suggests that the informal norms, values, expectations, and ideas that make up a world culture are equally important for understanding why countries cooperate, and why those cooperative efforts sometimes fail. This article explores these insights, showing how they can be applied to current debates about transnational economic governance, by paying particular attention to the emergence, adoption, and evolution of the Basel Capital Accords.
Unbelievable Thoughts and Doxastic Oughts
Authors: PODLASKOWSKI ADAM C. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFrom the dictum ought implies can, it has been argued that no account of belief's normativity can avoid the unpalatable result that, for unbelievable propositions such as “It is raining and nobody believes that it is raining”, one ought not to believe them even if true. In this article, I argue that this move only succeeds on a faulty assumption about the conjunction of doxastic “oughts.”
Parity Demystified
Authors: CARLSON ERIK 
Published: April 2010

AbstractRuth Chang has defended a concept of “parity”, implying that two items may be evaluatively comparable even though neither item is better than or equally good as the other. This article takes no stand on whether there actually are cases of parity. Its aim is only to make the hitherto somewhat obscure notion of parity more precise, by defining it in terms of the standard value relations. Given certain plausible assumptions, the suggested definiens is shown to state a necessary and sufficient condition for parity, as this relation is envisaged by Chang.
The Moderate Communitarian Individual and the Primacy of Duties
Authors: FAMAKINWA J.O. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractGyekye argues for the moral supremacy of certain duties. The individual is, as a natural member of the cultural community, morally obligated to respect community values; co‐operate with fellow community members, be sensitive to the economic plight of others and morally expected to respect the elderly. Though Gyekye recognizes the moral need to respect certain individual rights, in the case of a moral clash between those rights and the values cherished by the community, the latter must be upheld. I wish to critically examine the arguments in support of this position. Contrary to Gyekye's view, I argue that the natural interpersonal bond among members of the same cultural community does not strongly support some of the duties mentioned. However, I am not arguing that the individual person is not morally obligated to the cultural community at all. I argue that natural membership of the cultural community could be a necessary condition for the justification of certain duties; it is not, morally, a sufficient condition.
Answerable to the World: Experience and Practical Intentionality in Brandom's and McDowell's “Intramural” Debate
Authors: HENDLEY STEVEN 
Published: April 2010

AbstractRobert Brandom and John McDowell pursue similar, yet strikingly different approaches to a shared problem: that of how we can be answerable to the world in our beliefs about it in the wake of Sellars' critique of the myth of the given. While McDowell attempts to rehabilitate the idea that experience is capable of providing justifications for our beliefs, Brandom constructs a sophisticated social‐pragmatist account of the objectivity of our conceptual commitments in which experience is, as he says, not one of his words. In this article, I argue that McDowell is right in stressing the indispensability of the idea of experience, but that he is wrong in believing that Brandom lacks the resources for making sense of the idea of being answerable to the world in experience. Especially when we expand Brandom's account of discursive practice to include its relation to what he has called practical intentionality, his work provides the resources for an answer to McDowell's concerns, but only if it is understood not as an attempt to simply deny McDowell's claims about experience, but as an attempt to explain what we must be capable of doing in order for experience, in McDowell's sense, to be possible.
Technicity of the Body as Part of the Socio‐technical System: the Contributions of Mauss and Bourdieu
Authors: WOLFF ERNST 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe aim of this article is to contribute to a philosophy of technics by proposing an answer to the following question: what is the nature of the human body as an element of technical systems? The argument focuses on an examination of the phenomenon of bodily technics. This examination is guided by the conviction that Pierre Bourdieu's social theory can be read as contributing significantly to an answer to the above question. However, since Bourdieu's project is not directly aimed at enhancing our understanding of the technicity of the human body, a reading of Marcel Mauss's seminal essay on bodily technics is also discussed to set the stage for an examination of the technicity of the body and to justify the manner in which Bourdieu's theory is read here. Through a careful study of the key notions of habitus, field, practice, time and rule, Bourdieu's social theory is systematically presented and explored for its contribution to an understanding of the question raised in this article. In conclusion, a number of remarks are made on how the relation between Mauss and Bourdieu is to be understood and on the argumentative strength of Bourdieu's work.