bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrocarbon Generation Evolution of Permo‐Carboniferous Rocks of the Bohai Bay Basin in China
Authors: ZHU Yanming , QIN Yong , SANG Shuxun , CHEN Shangbin , LAN Xiaodong 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The Bohai Bay Basin is a Mesozoic subsidence and Cenozoic rift basin in the North China Craton. Since the deposition of the Permo‐Carboniferous hydrocarbon source rock, the basin has undergone many tectonic events. The source rocks have undergone non‐uniform uplift, twisting, deep burying, and magmatism and that led to an interrupted or stepwise during the evolution of hydrocarbon source rocks. We have investigated the Permo‐Carboniferous hydrocarbon source rocks history of burying, heating, and hydrocarbon generation, not only on the basis of tectonic disturbance and deeply buried but also with new studies on apatite fission track analysis, fluid inclusion measurements, and the application of the numerical simulation of EASY %Ro. The heating temperature of the source rocks continued to rise from the Indosinian to Himalayan stage and reached a maximum at the Late Himalayan. This led to the stepwise increases during organic maturation and multiple stages of hydrocarbon generation. The study delineated the tectonic stages, the intensity of hydrocarbon generation and spatial and temporal distribution of hydrocarbon generations. The hydrocarbon generation occurred during the Indosinian, Yanshanian, and particularly Late Himalayan. The hydrocarbon generation during the late Himalayan stage is the most important one for the Permo‐Carboniferous source rocks of the Bohai Bay Basin in China.
Normal Faulting Type Earthquake Activities in the Tibetan Plateau and Its Tectonic Implication
Authors: XU Jiren , ZHAO Zhixin 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:This paper analyzes various earthquake fault types, mechanism solutions, stress field as well as other geophysical data to study the crust movement in the Tibetan plateau and its tectonic implications. The results show that a lot of normal faulting type earthquakes concentrate in the central Tibetan plateau. Many of them are nearly perfect normal fault events. The strikes of the fault planes of the normal faulting earthquakes are almost in the N‐S direction based on the analyses of the equal area projection diagrams of fault plane solutions. It implies that the dislocation slip vectors of the normal faulting type events have quite great components in the E‐W direction. The extension is probably an eastward extensional motion, mainly a tectonic active regime in the altitudes of the plateau. The tensional stress in the E‐W or WNW‐ESE direction predominates the earthquake occurrence in the normal event region of the central plateau. A number of thrust fault and strike‐slip fault type earthquakes with strong compressive stress nearly in the NNE‐SSW direction occurred on the edges of the plateau. The eastward extensional motion in the Tibetan plateau is attributable to the eastward movement of materials in the upper mantle based onseismo‐tomographic results. The eastward extensional motion in the Tibetan plateau may be related to the eastward extrusion of hotter mantle materials beneath the east boundary of the plateau. The northward motion of the Tibetan plateau shortened in the N‐S direction probably encounters strong obstructions at the western and northern margins. Extensional motions from the relaxation of the topography and/or gravitational collapse in the altitudes of the plateau occur hardly in the N‐S direction. The obstruction for the plateau to move eastward is rather weak
A New Boreopterid Pterodactyloid Pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, Northeastern China
Authors: LÜ Junchang 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:A new boreopterid pterosaur: Zhenyuanopterus longirostris gen. et sp. nov. from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning is erected, based on the complete skeleton with a skull and lower jaws preserved. It is characterized by: a large boreopterid pterosaur with a high number of teeth, where the anterior teeth are much larger than posterior ones; the length of the dorsal + sacral vertebrae is nearly half the length of the skull; ratio of the length of the humerus to metacarpal IV is approximately 91% and the, humerus, femur and third wing phalanx are all equal in length and the feet are specially small. It represents the largest boroepterid pterosaur discovered from western Liaoning and its surrounding areas so far
Synergy Testing by Etest, Microdilution Checkerboard, and Time-Kill Methods for Pan-Drug-Resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Sopirala Madhuri M. , Mangino Julie E. , Gebreyes Wondwossen A. , Biller Beth , Bannerman Tammy , Balada-Llasat Joan-Miquel , Pancholi Preeti 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Pan-drug-resistant (PDR)
Acinetobacter baumannii
is an important nosocomial pathogen that poses therapeutic challenges. Tigecycline alone or in combination with agents such as colestimethate, imipenem, and/or amikacin is being used clinically to treat PDR
A. baumannii
infections. The purpose of this study was to compare
in vitro
susceptibility testing by epsilometric (Etest) methods and the checkerboard (CB) method with testing by time-kill analysis. PDR
A. baumannii
clinical strains representing eight unique pulsed-field gel electrophoresis clones selected from a total of 32 isolates were tested
in vitro
with tigecycline, colestimethate, imipenem, and amikacin in single- and two-drug combinations by using two different methods of Etest (with a fixed ratio method [method 1] and with the incorporation of the active drug in medium [method 2]) and by using CB. The three-drug combination of imipenem, tigecycline, and amikacin was also tested by CB. These results were compared to time-kill results. Synergy was consistently detected with the imipenem plus colestimethate and tigecycline plus imipenem combinations. The Etest method with active drug incorporated into the agar allowed us to detect synergy even in the presence of the active drug and was more comparable to CB and time-kill tests. Synergy was detected with the three-drug combination of imipenem, tigecycline, and amikacin by both CB and time-kill methods among several tested clones. These findings indicate the utility of synergy testing to predict activity of specific antibiotic combinations against PDR
A. baumannii
.
Low Frequency of Intermittent HIV-1 Semen Excretion in Patients Treated with Darunavir-Ritonavir at 600/100 Milligrams Twice a Day plus Two Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors or Monotherapy
Authors: Lambert-Niclot Sidonie , Peytavin Gilles , Duvivier Claudine , Poirot Catherine , Algarte-Genin Michèle , Pakianather Sophie , Meynard Jean-Luc , Valantin Marc-Antoine , Molina Jean-Michel , Flandre Philippe , Katlama Christine , Calvez Vincent , Marcelin Anne-Geneviève 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT
HIV-1 RNA level and darunavir concentration in the genital tract were measured in 45 men receiving darunavir-ritonavir mono- or tritherapy. At week 48, a low frequency (3/45) of HIV-1 RNA shedding was observed in patients (1 on monotherapy and 2 on triple therapy), although they had undetectable HIV-1 RNA in plasma. The median darunavir seminal plasma concentration was close to the blood plasma free fraction, demonstrating a good penetration of darunavir into the male genital tract.
Characterization of Two Newly Identified Genes,
vgaD
and
vatG
, Conferring Resistance to Streptogramin A in
Enterococcus faecium
Authors: Jung Young-Hee , Shin Eun Shim , Kim Okgene , Yoo Jung Sik , Lee Kyeong Min , Yoo Jae Il , Chung Gyung Tae , Lee Yeong Seon 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

We characterized two new streptogramin A resistance genes from quinupristin-dalfopristin-resistant
Enterococcus faecium
JS79, which was selected from 79
E. faecium
isolates lacking known genes encoding streptogramin A acetyltransferase. A 5,650-bp fragment of HindIII-digested plasmid DNA from
E. faecium
JS79 was cloned and sequenced. The fragment contained two open reading frames carrying resistance genes related to streptogramin A, namely, genes for an acetyltransferase and an ATP efflux pump. The first open reading frame comprised 648 bp encoding 216 amino acids with a predicted left-handed parallel β-helix domain structure; this new gene was designated
vatG
. The second open reading frame consisted of 1,575 bp encoding 525 amino acids with two predicted ATPase binding cassette transporters comprised of Walker A, Walker B, and LSSG motifs; this gene was designated
vgaD
.
vgaD
is located 65 bp upstream from
vatG
, was detected together with
vatG
in 12 of 179 quinupristin-dalfopristin-resistant
E. faecium
isolates, and was located on the same plasmid. Also, the 5.6-kb HindIII-digested fragment which was observed in JS79 was detected in nine
vgaD
- and
vatG
-containing
E. faecium
isolates by Southern hybridization. Therefore, it was expected that these two genes were strongly correlated with each other and that they may be composed of a transposon. Importantly,
vgaD
is the first identified ABC transporter conferring resistance to streptogramin A in
E. faecium
. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns and sequence types of
vgaD
- and
vatG
-containing
E. faecium
isolates differed for isolates from humans and nonhumans.
Monofunctional and Polyfunctional CD8+T Cell Responses to Human Herpesvirus 8 Lytic and Latency Proteins
Authors: Lepone Lauren , Rappocciolo Giovanna , Knowlton Emilee , Jais Mariel , Piazza Paolo , Jenkins Frank J. , Rinaldo Charles R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTHuman herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. It is postulated that CD8+T cell responses play an important role in controlling HHV-8 infection and preventing development of disease. In this study, we investigated monofunctional and polyfunctional CD8+T cell responses to HHV-8 lytic proteins gB (glycoprotein B) and K8.1 and latency proteins LANA-1 (latency-associated nuclear antigen-1) and K12. On the basis of our previous findings that dendritic cells (DC) reveal major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I epitopes in gB, we used a DC-based system to identify 2 novel epitopes in gB, 2 in K8.1, 5 in LANA-1, and 1 in K12. These new HHV-8 epitopes activated monofunctional and polyfunctional CD8+T cells that produced various combinations of gamma interferon, interleukin 2, tumor necrosis factor alpha, macrophage inhibitory protein 1β, and cytotoxic degranulation marker CD107a in healthy HHV-8-seropositive individuals. We were also able to detect HHV-8-specific CD8+T cells in peripheral blood samples using HLA A*0201 pentamer complexes for one gB epitope, one K8.1 epitope, two LANA-1 epitopes, and one K12 epitope. These immunogenic regions of viral lytic and latency proteins could be important in T cell control of HHV-8 infection.
Field Evaluation of the Efficacy of
Mycobacterium bovis
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin against Bovine Tuberculosis in Neonatal Calves in Ethiopia
Authors: Ameni Gobena , Vordermeier Martin , Aseffa Abraham , Young Douglas B. , Hewinson R. Glyn 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

In developing countries, the conventional test and slaughter strategy for the control of bovine tuberculosis is prohibitively expensive, and alternative control methods such as vaccination are urgently required. In this study, the efficacy of
Mycobacterium bovis
bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for protection against bovine tuberculosis (bTB) was evaluated in Holstein calves under field conditions in Ethiopia. Thirteen neonatally vaccinated and 14 control calves were exposed for 10 to 23 months to skin test reactor cows. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) testing, comparative intradermal tuberculin testing, postmortem examination, and bacteriological culture were used for the evaluation of BCG efficacy. The overall mean pathology score was significantly (
P
< 0.05) higher in control calves than in vaccinated calves. Culture positivity for
Mycobacterium bovis
was higher in the control calves than in the vaccinated calves, and significantly more BCG-vaccinated animals would have passed a standard meat inspection (
P
= 0.021). Overall, the protective efficacy of BCG was between 56% and 68%, depending on the parameters selected. Moreover, by measuring gamma interferon responses to the antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10, which are present in
M. bovis
but absent from BCG, throughout the experiment, we were able to distinguish between vaccinated animals that were protected against bTB and those animals that were not protected. In conclusion, the present trial demonstrated an encouraging protective effect of BCG against bTB in a natural transmission setting in Ethiopia.
Helicobacter pylori
Exploits Cholesterol-Rich Microdomains for Induction of NF-κB-Dependent Responses and Peptidoglycan Delivery in Epithelial Cells
Authors: Hutton Melanie L. , Kaparakis-Liaskos Maria , Turner Lorinda , Cardona Ana , Kwok Terry , Ferrero Richard L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Infection with
Helicobacter pylori cag
pathogenicity island (
cag
PAI)-positive strains is associated with more destructive tissue damage and an increased risk of severe disease. The
cag
PAI encodes a type IV secretion system (TFSS) that delivers the bacterial effector molecules CagA and peptidoglycan into the host cell cytoplasm, thereby inducing responses in host cells. It was previously shown that interactions between CagL, present on the TFSS pilus, and host α
5
β
1
integrin molecules were critical for CagA translocation and the induction of cytoskeletal rearrangements in epithelial cells. As the α
5
β
1
integrin is found in cholesterol-rich microdomains (known as lipid rafts), we hypothesized that these domains may also be involved in the induction of proinflammatory responses mediated by NOD1 recognition of
H. pylori
peptidoglycan. Indeed, not only did methyl-β-cyclodextrin depletion of cholesterol from cultured epithelial cells have a significant effect on the levels of NF-κB and interleukin-8 (IL-8) responses induced by
H. pylori
bacteria with an intact TFSS (
P
< 0.05), but it also interfered with TFSS-mediated peptidoglycan delivery to cells. Both of these effects could be restored by cholesterol replenishment of the cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated for the first time the involvement of α
5
β
1
integrin in the induction of proinflammatory responses by
H. pylori.
Taking the results together, we propose that α
5
β
1
integrin, which is associated with cholesterol-rich microdomains at the host cell surface, is required for NOD1 recognition of peptidoglycan and subsequent induction of NF-κB-dependent responses to
H. pylori
. These data implicate cholesterol-rich microdomains as a novel platform for TFSS-dependent delivery of bacterial products to cytosolic pathogen recognition molecules.
CsrA and Cra Influence
Shigella flexneri
Pathogenesis
Authors: Gore Aja L. , Payne Shelley M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Shigella flexneri
is a facultative intracellular pathogen that invades and disrupts the colonic epithelium. In order to thrive in the host,
S. flexneri
must adapt to environmental conditions in the gut and within the eukaryotic cytosol, including variability in the available carbon sources and other nutrients. We examined the roles of the carbon consumption regulators CsrA and Cra in a cell culture model of
S. flexneri
virulence. CsrA is an activator of glycolysis and a repressor of gluconeogenesis, and a
csrA
mutant had decreased attachment and invasion of cultured cells. Conversely, Cra represses glycolysis and activates gluconeogenesis, and the
cra
mutant had an increase in both attachment and invasion compared to the wild-type strain. Both mutants were defective in plaque formation. The importance of the glycolytic pathway in invasion and plaque formation was confirmed by testing the effect of a mutation in the glycolysis gene
pfkA
. The
pfkA
mutant was noninvasive and had cell surface alterations as indicated by decreased sensitivity to SDS and an altered lipopolysaccharide profile. The loss of invasion by the
csrA
and
pfkA
mutants was due to decreased expression of the
S. flexneri
virulence factor regulators
virF
and
virB
, resulting in decreased production of
Shigella
invasion plasmid antigens (Ipa). These data indicate that regulation of carbon metabolism and expression of the glycolysis gene
pfkA
are critical for synthesis of the virulence gene regulators VirF and VirB, and both the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways influence steps in
S. flexneri
invasion and plaque formation.
Assessment of
Clostridium difficile
Infections by Quantitative Detection of
tcdB
Toxin by Use of a Real-Time Cell Analysis System
Authors: Ryder Alex B. , Huang Ying , Li Haijing , Zheng Min , Wang Xiaobo , Stratton Charles W. , Xu Xiao , Tang Yi-Wei 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

We explored the use of a real-time cell analysis (RTCA) system for the assessment of
Clostridium difficile
toxins in human stool specimens by monitoring the dynamic responses of the HS27 cells to
tcdB
toxins. The
C. difficile
toxin caused cytotoxic effects on the cells, which resulted in a dose-dependent and time-dependent decrease in cell impedance. The RTCA assay possessed an analytical sensitivity of 0.2 ng/ml for
C. difficile
toxin B with no cross-reactions with other enterotoxins, nontoxigenic
C. difficile
, or other
Clostridum
species. Clinical validation was performed on 300 consecutively collected stool specimens from patients with suspected
C. difficile
infection (CDI). Each stool specimen was tested in parallel by a real-time PCR assay (PCR), a dual glutamate dehydrogenase and toxin A/B enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and the RTCA assay. In comparison to a reference standard in a combination of the three assays, the RTCA had a specificity of 99.6% and a sensitivity of 87.5% (28 of 32), which was higher than the EIA result (
P
= 0.005) but lower than the PCR result (
P
= 0.057). In addition, the RTCA assay allowed for quantification of toxin protein concentration in a given specimen. Among RTCA-positive specimens collected prior to treatment with metronidazole and/or vancomycin, a significant correlation between toxin protein concentrations and clinical CDI severities was observed (
R
2
= 0.732,
P
= 0.0004). Toxin concentrations after treatment (0.89 ng/ml) were significantly lower than those prior to the treatment (15.68 ng/ml, Wilcoxon
P
= 0.01). The study demonstrates that the RTCA assay provides a functional tool for the potential assessment of
C. difficile
infections.
Poor Positive Accuracy of QuickVue Rapid Antigen Tests during the Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Pandemic
Authors: Stevenson Heather L. , Loeffelholz Michael J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT
We assessed the accuracy of positive QuickVue rapid influenza virus antigen test results. Using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR as the gold standard, 17 (37.8%) of 45 QuickVue-positive specimens were determined to be false positives. We report an unexpectedly high rate of false-positive QuickVue results during a period of high influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus prevalence.
Histone Deacetylases and the Nuclear Receptor Corepressor Regulate Lytic-Latent Switch Gene 50 in Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68-Infected Macrophages
Authors: Goodwin Megan M. , Molleston Jerome M. , Canny Susan , Abou El Hassan Mohamed , Willert Erin K. , Bremner Rod , Virgin Herbert W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTGammaherpesviruses are important oncogenic pathogens that transit between lytic and latent life cycles. Silencing the lytic gene expression program enables the establishment of latency and a lifelong chronic infection of the host. In murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68, γHV68), essential lytic switch gene 50 controls the interchange between lytic and latent gene expression programs. However, negative regulators of gene 50 expression remain largely undefined. We report that the MHV68 lytic cycle is silenced in infected macrophages but not fibroblasts and that histone deacetylases (HDACs) mediate silencing. The HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) acts on the gene 50 promoter to induce lytic replication of MHV68. HDAC3, HDAC4, and the nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) are required for efficient silencing of gene 50 expression. NCoR is critical for transcriptional repression of cellular genes by unliganded nuclear receptors. Retinoic acid, a known ligand for the NCoR complex, derepresses gene 50 expression and enhances MHV68 lytic replication. Moreover, HDAC3, HDAC4, and NCoR act on the gene 50 promoter and are recruited to this promoter in a retinoic acid-responsive manner. We provide the first example of NCoR-mediated, HDAC-dependent regulation of viral gene expression.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Inhibits Interleukin-4-Mediated STAT6 Phosphorylation To Regulate Apoptosis and Maintain Latency
Authors: Cai Qiliang , Verma Subhash C. , Choi Ji-Young , Ma Michelle , Robertson Erle S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTCytokine-mediated JAK/STAT signaling controls numerous important biologic responses like immune function, cellular growth, and differentiation. Inappropriate activation of this signaling pathway is associated with a range of malignancies. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the infectious viral agent associated with Kaposi's sarcoma and may also contribute to B-cell disorders, which include primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman's disease. However, regulation of cytokine-mediated lymphocytic immune response by KSHV is not fully understood. In this report, we demonstrate that KSHV suppresses the interleukin-4 (IL-4)-stimulated immune response of B-lymphocyte activation and cell proliferation. Moreover, we show that the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) encoded by KSHV is essential for viral blocking of IL-4-induced signaling. LANA reduces phosphorylation of the signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 (STAT6) on Y-641 and concomitantly its DNA binding ability. Importantly, knockdown of endogenous STAT6 dramatically increases the sensitivity of PEL cells to low-serum stress or chemical-mediated cellular apoptosis and reactivation of KSHV from latent replication. Thus, these findings suggest that the IL-4/STAT6 signaling network is precisely controlled by KSHV for survival, maintenance of latency, and suppression of the host cytokine immune response of the virus-infected cells.
Growth and survival patterns of Cardiocrinum cordatum var. glehnii (Liliaceae) based on a 13-year monitoring study: Life history characteristics of a monocarpic perennial herb
Authors: Araki Kiwako , Shimatani Kenichiro , Nishizawa Miyuki , Yoshizane Tomoko , Ohara Masashi 
Published: August 2010

Based on 13 years of monitoring, the fates of individuals and contributions of size and age to demography through the life-history from seedling to flower were investigated in a monocarpic perennial herb, Cardiocrinum cordatum (Thunb.) Makino var. glehnii (F. Schmidt) H. Hara. Of 6155 seedlings, 5264 (85.5%) and 852 (13.8%) plants died at the seedling and one-leaf stage during the 13 years, respectively. Twelve individuals (0.40%) at the three- to seven-leaf stage reproduced after vegetative growth for 7–11 years, and all of them always showed constant positive growth patterns. Significant differences of sizes were detected between surviving and non-surviving individuals in earlier years at the one- and two-leaf stages. Logistic regression models showed that the survival and stage-increase probabilities increased until 5-years-old but decreased over 6-years-old, suggesting the significance of aging effects. At the four-leaf stage, the flowering probability increased with size, while it increased with leaf-stage but not size at greater stages. Individual growth models then suggested that many plants grew moderately: not only slow-growing but also rapidly-growing individuals tended to die within 7 years. Our study clarified three aspects of the life-history of C. cordatum: longevity of about a decade, constantly positive growth to flowering, and aging effects on growth and survival.