bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The dark energy survey: detection of weak lensing magnification of supernovae and constraints on dark matter haloes
Authors: Shah P , Davis T M , Bacon D , Brout D , Frieman J , Galbany L , Kessler R , Lahav O , Lee J , Lidman C , Nichol R C , Sako M , Sánchez B O , Scolnic D , Sullivan M , Vincenzi M , Wiseman P , Allam S , Abbott T M C , Aguena M , Alves O , Andrade-Oliveira F , Annis J , Bechtol K , Bertin E , Bocquet S , Brooks D , Rosell A Carnero , Carretero J , Castander F J , da Costa L N , Pereira M E S , Diehl H T , Doel P , Doux C , Everett S , Ferrero I , Flaugher B , Friedel D , Gatti M , Gruen D , Gruendl R A , Gutierrez G , Hinton S R , Hollowood D L , Honscheid K , Huterer D , James D J , Kuehn K , Lee S , Marshall J L , Mena-Fernández J , Miquel R , Myles J , Ogando R L C , Palmese A , Pieres A , Roodman A , Sanchez E , Sevilla-Noarbe I , Smith M , Soares-Santos M , Suchyta E , Swanson M E C , Tarle G , Weaverdyck N ,   DES Collaboration
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
The residuals of the distance moduli of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) relative to a Hubble diagram fit contain information about the inhomogeneity of the Universe, due to weak lensing magnification by foreground matter. By correlating the residuals of the Dark Energy Survey Year 5 SN Ia sample (DES-SN5YR) with extragalactic foregrounds from the DES Y3 Gold catalogue, we detect the presence of lensing at $6.0 \sigma$ significance. This is the first detection with a significance level above $5\sigma$. Constraints on the effective mass-to-light ratios and radial profiles of dark matter haloes surrounding individual galaxies are also obtained. We show that the scatter of SNe Ia around the Hubble diagram is reduced by modifying the standardization of the distance moduli to include an easily calculable de-lensing (i.e. environmental) term. We use the de-lensed distance moduli to recompute cosmological parameters derived from SN Ia, finding in Flat wcold dark matter a difference of $\Delta \Omega _{\rm M} = +0.036$ and $\Delta w = -0.056$ compared to the unmodified distance moduli, a change of $\sim 0.3\sigma$. We argue that our modelling of SN Ia lensing will lower systematics on future surveys with higher statistical power. We use the observed dispersion of lensing in DES-SN5YR to constrain $\sigma _8$, but caution that the fit is sensitive to uncertainties at small scales. Nevertheless, our detection of SN Ia lensing opens a new pathway to study matter inhomogeneity that complements galaxy–galaxy lensing surveys and has unrelated systematics.
CRISPR-Cas9 for selective targeting of somatic mutations in pancreatic cancers
Authors: Teh Selina Shiqing K , Bowland Kirsten , Halper-Stromberg Eitan , Kotwal Akhil , Bennett Alexis , Skaist Alyza , Tang Jacqueline , Cai Fidel , Macoretta Antonella , Liang Hong , Kamiyama Hirohiko , Wheelan Sarah , Lin Ming-Tseh , Hruban Ralph H , Hung Chien-Fu , Goldstein Michael , Scharpf Robert B , Roberts Nicholas J , Eshleman James R 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Somatic mutations are desirable targets for selective elimination of cancer, yet most are found within noncoding regions. We have adapted the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing tool as a novel, cancer-specific killing strategy by targeting the subset of somatic mutations that create protospacer adjacent motifs (PAMs), which have evolutionally allowed bacterial cells to distinguish between self and non-self DNA for Cas9-induced double strand breaks. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of paired tumor minus normal (T-N) samples from three pancreatic cancer patients (Panc480, Panc504, and Panc1002) showed an average of 417 somatic PAMs per tumor produced from single base substitutions. Further analyses of 591 paired T-N samples from The International Cancer Genome Consortium found medians of ∼455 somatic PAMs per tumor in pancreatic, ∼2800 in lung, and ∼3200 in esophageal cancer cohorts. Finally, we demonstrated 69–99% selective cell death of three targeted pancreatic cancer cell lines using 4–9 sgRNAs designed using the somatic PAM discovery approach. We also showed no off-target activity from these tumor-specific sgRNAs in either the patient's normal cells or an irrelevant cancer using WGS. This study demonstrates the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 as a novel and selective anti-cancer strategy, and supports the genetic targeting of adult cancers.
Is Hope a Secular Virtue?
Authors: Han-Pile Béatrice , Stern Robert 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter critically examines the case against hope as a secular virtue, which is based on three main claims: hope is not good for its possessor; it does not stand between two vices; and it cannot be cultivated and exercised. Each of these claims is rejected, so that hope is treated as a virtue after all. In response to the first claim, a distinction is drawn between hope and unwarranted optimism, so that the abilities of the skilled hoper mean that they will avoid the damaging gullibility that Plato and others have associated with hope. In response to the second claim, it is argued that hope stands between the vices of unwarranted optimism and despair. Finally, against the third claim, it is argued that while hope is not a matter of direct or indirect control, it is a matter of aspirational control that is neither active nor passive, but medio-passive.
How Darwin Brought Evolution and Ecology Together
Authors: Wills Christopher 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
We think of Darwin as the originator of the concept that natural selection, acting on individuals, is a primary cause of evolutionary change. But he also observed much, and thought deeply, about the role of ecosystem diversity in evolution. Here we trace the development of his ideas about the influence of entire ecosystems on the evolution of the individual species that make them up. During and after the voyage of the Beagle, he came to the realization that multiple interactions among species would take different courses in otherwise similar ecosystems. This would drive the ecosystems in different directions, producing the adaptive radiations that he saw in the different islands of the Galápagos. After setting the scene with this story of his seminal discoveries, we trace the early development of the field of ecology, and show how and why it was slow to adopt an evolutionary viewpoint.
Tough Questions From the Chief of Medical Biostatistics
Authors: Harding Courtenay M. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The author describes the further development of the Vermont Longitudinal Study, including the acquisition of Takamaru Ashikaga, the chief of medical biostatistics at the University of Vermont. The author details how, although she had taken an undergraduate course in statistics, she still had a lot to learn about the language of statistics, dealing with mixed-method design, using multiple strategies with punch cards, and reading computer printouts. Ashikaga made certain that the study’s data were double coded to reduce errors and then direct coded. The study’s research team also used code books and a master categorical clumping of variables across instrument batteries to analyze get a handle on the 2600 variables in their data. The author goes on to describe her taking more graduate courses in statistics.
“I Don’t Believe a Word She Just Said!”
Authors: Harding Courtenay M. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The author describes how she started out her graduate and research life being excoriated by a visiting eminent psychiatrist from Harvard and how she survived much more criticism occurring across the next 30 years of her career. She recalls how she had to learn to better present data after two major fiascos, due mainly to equipment failures and ignorance, one at the National Institute of Mental Health in front of my funding chiefs, and one in front of the then president of the American Psychiatric Association, John Talbot. The author also recounts how important it was for her to learn about belief systems and how deeply entrenched they are and how to deal with them. She ended up at Yale University, working with John Strauss and becoming a Bush Fellow in Public Policy under Edward Zigler. Finally, her career led her to become a real clinician working at Yale’s Connecticut Mental Health Center.
Did Rediagnosis for Contemporary Schizophrenia Make a Difference in the Rates of Improvement and Recovery?
Authors: Harding Courtenay M. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The author describes the criticism of other researchers because she had not applied the new DSM-III diagnostic criteria to participants in the Vermont Longitudinal Study. These criticisms were based on the belief that every patient in the study who became better was actually in the affective disorders category, given the vagaries of early diagnostic strategies. Despite lack of funding from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Strauss and Breier accomplished a rediagnostic effort, with interrater trials included. The study’s results were finally published as lead double articles with an unusual editorial from Ron Mandersheid at the NIMH that spoke about how the findings should change care in the community system. Findings barely moved the needle in psychiatry with most all patients still listed as chronic across all diagnostic manuals.
World Programs
Authors: Harding Courtenay M. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Part Five concludes the book with two chapters providing many examples of recent programs in the United States and worldwide. Many have been working toward providing care closer to that of Vermont’s original rehabilitation program, with further elaboration. The author describes visiting most of the programs described. They have been developed in Italy, Finland, Sweden, the Netherlands, Bogotá, Colombia, Britain, Melbourne, and Sidney. They target giving back power to patients and their families, acknowledging that they have ideas about what helps to reclaim each life and how to work together with staff as a real team. These include well-known programs such as the Trieste program, need adapted treatment, open dialogue, the Parachute Project, Soteria Bern, accompanied rehabilitation, Fungrata, the Hearing Voices movement, EPPIC, and a few more contributions from social psychiatry. These programs are only recently being adapted to US populations.
Consuming Whiteness/Disciplining Desire
Authors: Lim Gene 
Published: June 2024

AbstractAn individual’s sensitization to the ebbs and flows of sexual racism within intimate life often coincides with an “it’s coming from inside the house” moment. This is the realization that the racial organization of sexual desirability which unjustly disadvantages persons of color within intimate life simultaneously exerts a profound influence on one’s own preferences. The attempts to reform one’s sexual desires into more racially egalitarian configurations that this revelation prompts form a crucial—and even necessary—form of resistance against sexual racism but are largely understudied by existing scholarship. This chapter examines how a group of queer Asian men—a demographic conceptualized within both public and scholarly discourses as the perennial subject of sexually racist treatment—navigate and negotiate the rehabilitation of their racialized sexual preferences. In doing so, it traces the messy, meandering, and circuitous trajectory of such undertakings, and ponders the conditions required for them to meaningfully succeed.
Traversals
Authors: Benadon Fernando 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes musical phrases as goal-directed traversals linking two points in time. Supported by the proportional correspondence (studied in Chapter 4) between swing ratios and various speeds, the analyses blur the distinction between the concepts of tuplet, note value, tempo, and polymeter. Each example does this differently: with a series of speed shifts joining 6/4 and 12/8 (drummer “Spanky” McCurdy), an extended polymeter based on swing values (pianist Egberto Gismonti), offbeat triplets (vocalist Merrill Garbus), an evolving sweep of the slow-fast continuum of note values (guitarist John Scofield), and speed modulations from a baseline tempo that is 1.17 faster than the band’s (organist Shirley Scott).
Shifting Accents
Authors: Benadon Fernando 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Much of the book’s content thus far concerns variation through some form of accentuation. This chapter addresses accentual variation from three angles. The first section looks at displacement: the shifting of a note, group of notes, or entire phrase from one position in the measure to another. While grids often play a role in displacement, the examples serve as reminders that notes are more than movable pieces on a metric gameboard. The second section turns to cyclical rhythms comprising mixed binary and ternary groupings. Though routinely associated with so-called non-isochronous meters, these groupings are also present in meters such as `* and 4$. The chapter closes with an analysis of “Them Man Are Dead” by grime MCs Jme and Big Zuu, gathering together concepts from this and earlier chapters.
Normative World
Authors: Brafman Yonatan Y. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis section provides an orienting discussion to practical justification and recent Jewish thought. It explains the connections between the philosophical project of the reasons for the commandments (ta‘amei ha-mitzvot) and justification, and between the commandment’s legal implementation (pesak halakhah) and jurisprudence. It surveys the distinction between foundationalist and non-foundationalist accounts of justification, and then assesses the adoption of the latter in recent Jewish thought. Taking Daniel Rynhold’s approach as an example, it argues that it neglects the normative claim of the commandments and relies on a deficient conception of practical reason. The proper object for philosophical inquiry is not the rational permissibility of Jewish practices but the commandments’ normative claim. This motivates a reexamination of the thought of twentieth-century Jewish thinkers who, while rejecting practical reason, proposed alternative sources of normativity for the commandments.
Normative God
Authors: Brafman Yonatan Y. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter examines Eliezer Berkovits’s teleological philosophy of halakhah (Jewish law) in view of moral philosophy and legal theory. It shows how Berkovits justifies the commandments as a means for realizing righteousness in the world and how he operationalizes this purpose in jurisprudential principles that guide the commandments’ implementation. Even as Berkovits affirms the value of righteousness, he argues that it is only obligatory because it is commanded by God. This modified divine command theory is compared to Robert Merrihew Adam’s influential position. Its expression in Berkovits’s jurisprudence is also situated relative to natural law, inclusive positivist, and post-positivist legal theories. The chapter argues that Berkovits struggles in his aim to balance heteronomy and autonomy and to preserve a role for the commandments as commands. These problems point to his deficient conception of reason and view of authority.
South-South Transformations in Practice
Authors: Hönke Jana , Cezne Eric , Yang Yifan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The conclusion summarizes the key arguments and findings of the book. It argues, first, that to research the multiple practices—and hence globalities—emerging from Africa’s South-South infrastructural frontiers, it is essential to understand the transformations of contemporary international relations. Across the chapters and three intersecting themes—Beyond Models, Contestations, and Everyday Entanglements—it shows, second, that it is necessary to move beyond thinking in (travelling) models and to instead follow relations and practices, and to develop a relational understanding of multiple globalities. The chapter also demonstrates, third, the importance of African agency, differences, and changes in the domestic contexts of Global South countries, and continuities of postcolonial hierarchies in making and transforming governance practices in South-South relations. After highlighting methodological contributions and challenges, the conclusion lastly discusses implications of some fundamental transformations of our time—climate change and energy transformations, the outbreak and lasting effects of Covid-19, the Russo-Ukrainian war, and the growing geoeconomic rivalry between the United States and China—for Africa’s infrastructure globalities. It concludes with proposing possible future research directions on global infrastructures and multiple, transforming governance practices amid these challenges and a changing world order.
Going Tactile
Authors: Edwards Terra 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Going Tactile is an ethnographic exploration of life in DeafBlind communities in the United States during a time when political efforts were shifting away from gaining access to visual worlds and toward the discovery of new, tactile worlds. In the years leading up to this moment, the goal was to obtain resources that could be used to pay for sighted interpreters. Unlike interpreters who translate from one language to another, these interpreters were trained to give DeafBlind people access to the immediate environment by describing it. In the early 2010s, DeafBlind leaders intervened, arguing that descriptions of the world are no substitute for the world itself. They advanced the radical claim that hearing and vision are not necessary for things like joining or leaving a conversation, observing others, or being with them in silence. They called their effort the “protactile movement.” As this movement took root in practices and institutions, DeafBlind people who had once faced existential collapse due to excessive social constraints on touch found themselves in a vivid, intelligible world, replete with possible paths forward. Drawing on 30 months of anthropological fieldwork with DeafBlind artists, intellectuals, political leaders, and community members involved in the protactile movement, this book asks: When the world is collapsing around you, and existence is at stake, how can language be of use, where are its limits, and how can we understand the forms of meaning that lie beyond it?
Expertise as Perspectives in Dialogue
Authors: Larkin Michael , Bortolotti Lisa , Lim Michele 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we examine the notion of expertise by experience, with reference to mental health research, discussing some of the objections commonly raised against its legitimacy. Expertise is built upon knowledge or experience, but it arises from extensive efforts in seeking to understand something. We start by observing how the capacity for providing expert insight can be facilitated, by choosing to create environments and relationships in which different perspectives are heard and understood. We argue that the best way to characterise the integration of different forms of expertise is to describe the process as a case of perspectives in dialogue. Co-design and co-production approaches encourage perspective taking and use group processes and facilitation to support community consensus building. It is through such collaborative and relational processes that common objections against the legitimacy of expertise by experience can be addressed.
Moral Expertise and Socratic AI
Authors: Gordon Emma C. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
A central research question in social epistemology concerns the nature of expertise, and the related question of how expertise in various domains (epistemic, moral, etc.) is to be identified. Entirely apart from this debate, recent research in bioethics considers whether and to what extent cognitive scaffolding via the use of artificial intelligence might be a viable non-pharmaceutical form of moral enhancement. A particularly promising version of this strategy takes the form of ‘Socratic AI’—viz., an ‘artificial intelligence (AI) assistant’ that engages in Socratic dialogue with users to assist in ethical reasoning non-prescriptively. My aim will be to connect these disparate strands of work in order to investigate whether Socratic-AI assisted moral enhancement is compatible with manifesting genuine moral expertise, and how the capacity of Socratic AI to improve moral reasoning might influence our criteria for identifying moral experts.
Public Expertise and Ignorance
Authors: Pritchard Duncan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
One of the roles of public expertise is to spread useful knowledge throughout society. In this way, public expertise can combat ignorance. Crucially, however, it is also explained how a surprising central role of public expertise is often to manufacture the very ignorance that is being combatted. This is because there is more to ignorance than simply the absence of knowledge, as ignorance more specifically concerns lacking the knowledge that one should have. In this way, ignorance is never normatively neutral (in the manner that mere lack of knowledge can be). What expert-led public information does is thus create a reasonable expectation that one should know certain important truths, and hence ensures that those who remain unaware of them are now ignorant of them. Ignorance must thus often be manufactured by public experts before those same experts can combat it.
The Standard Picture
Authors: Thorstad David 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter introduces the Standard Picture of rationality dominant in many areas of social science and formal philosophy. On the Standard Picture, rationality is captured by requirements of consistency exemplified by logic, probability theory, and decision theory. Empirical findings suggest that humans regularly violate Standard Picture requirements in behavior and cognition. We can react to these findings in two ways. We can blame the agent, retaining the Standard Picture as a normative theory and holding that humans often think and act irrationally. Or we can blame the theory and hold that many observed Standard Picture violations are not straightforward irrationalities, but rather signs that the Standard Picture is incorrect or incomplete. I suggest that in many cases we should blame the theory.
Bounded rationality
Authors: Thorstad David 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter characterizes the bounded tradition using a collection of five claims. First, bounds matter: theories of rationality should say explicitly and in detail how our most important bounds bear on rational cognition. Second, theories of rationality should be process-focused, concentrating on norms governing processes of inquiry rather than the judgments and decisions that result. Third, rationality is often heuristic, using only a subset of available information and processing that information frugally. Fourth, the rationality of cognition is ecological, or environment-relative. And fifth, the right account of rationality should vindicate the rationality of many Standard Picture violations.
Emerging Issues in Debt Sustainability of SNGs in India
Authors: Dwivedi Hari Krishna 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the various emerging issues that are relevant in a discussion on debt sustainability of the subnational governments (SNGs) in India. These include the end of GST compensation from June 2022, the rising contingent liabilities of the SNGs that account for almost 24 per cent of GDP, the large losses that still plague the state DISCOMs, the rising inefficient subsidies which have seen double-digit growth in 2019–20 and 2020–21, the poor fiscal performance of the state-level public enterprises, the high inflation and associated high bond yield, and most importantly the decline in share of tax devolution. Over the years, the percentage of central GTR devolved to states has declined from 35% in 2015–16 to 30% in 2020–21. All these challenges if not addressed in a timely manner, may further worsen the already debt-stressed situation of SNGs.