bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A mid-Ordovician Rb–Sr isochron age from the Ingleton Group, North Yorkshire: metamorphism or diagenesis?
Authors: Dodson M. H. , Robinson D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
An Rb–Sr whole-rock isochron age of 465 ± 10 Ma (95% confidence level) has been obtained for slates from the Ingleton Group sampled in the Ingleton area. This result is thought to be close to the age of metamorphism, which reached high anchizone grade, though it is impossible to rule out a diagenetic interpretation. The co-linearity of the data points implies a high degree of isotopic homogenization of Sr isotopes within the sample set caused by migration of aqueous fluids expelled from the clay minerals during either the smectite-illite transition or low-grade metamorphism. A previously published isochron age of 494 ± 18 Ma was derived from samples collected in the Horton area. They are coarser-grained and less metamorphosed (low anchizone to high diagenetic grade) than the Ingleton samples, and their older age may reflect their less complete isotopic homogenization. The new Rb–Sr age is consistent with a possible Arenig age of deposition. If interpreted as a metamorphic age, it implies that the Ingleton Group was metamorphosed much earlier than the Devonian (Acadian) metamorphism of the overlying Windermere Supergroup. Whether of metamorphic or diagenetic origin, the survival of the Rb–Sr isochron through the Acadian metamorphism implies that the latter event did not cause significant movement of aqueous fluids through the fine-grained components that were analysed.
Yorkshire jet and its links to Pliny the Elder
Authors: Dean W. T. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The mineral name jet is generally employed in western Europe for hard, fossilized coniferous wood capable of being carved and highly polished, particularly that of Early Jurassic (Toarcian) age in NE Yorkshire and geologically related areas. However, the term is derived, by way of the Old French
jaiet,
from the name Gagae, an ancient Greco-Roman town on the coast of south-western Turkey. Diverse properties were attributed to the mineral by ancient writers such as Pliny the Elder, and it is clear that a variety of substances has been described as jet. In the westernmost Taurus Mountains, rocks of the Gagae area belong to the Antalya Nappes and are succeeded by a Cretaceous ophiolitic unit. Associated dark volcanic rocks are not considered compatible with those for which Pliny's term was originally employed, and interbedded, organic-rich, black layers in the Alakir Çay Unit, one of three units in the Middle Antalya Nappes, may provide a more probable candidate, though this is not certain.
Palynology of the Permian succession in the Hilton Borehole, Vale of Eden, Cumbria, UK
Authors: Warrington G. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Palynomorphs have been recovered from a 108.28 m sequence, comprising the upper 4.32 m of the Penrith Sandstone, and the lower 103.96 m of the succeeding Eden Shales from the Hilton Plant Beds to the Belah Dolomite inclusive, cored in the 234.54 m-deep Hilton Borehole. This is currently the longest palynological record from a continuous section of Permian rocks in Britain. The palynomorphs are predominantly miospores though remains regarded as algal in origin also occur, mainly in the Hilton Plant Beds and the Belah Dolomite. The miospores are principally bisaccate pollen but some monosaccate pollen and a few pteridophytic spores are also present. The pollen
Crucisaccites
cf.
variosulcatus
and possibly the spore
Proprisporites pococki
are reported for the first time from Britain. The palynomorph assemblages from the Penrith Sandstone Formation are similar to those from the Hilton Plant Beds, supporting the view that a passage exists between these formations, and that their boundary is diachronous. The miospores indicate an age within the range Mid- to Late Permian but the magnetostratigraphy of correlative successions constrains this to the latest Mid-and Late Permian, and other palaeontological evidence favours an early Late Permian age.
Folate Receptor β Is Expressed by Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Constitutes a Marker for M2 Anti-inflammatory/Regulatory Macrophages
Authors: Puig-Kröger Amaya , Sierra-Filardi Elena , Domínguez-Soto Angeles , Samaniego Rafael , Corcuera María Teresa , Gómez-Aguado Fernando , Ratnam Manohar , Sánchez-Mateos Paloma , Corbí Angel L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMacrophage activation comprises a continuum of functional states critically determined by cytokine microenvironment. Activated macrophages have been functionally grouped according to their response to pro-Th1/proinflammatory stimuli [lipopolysaccharide, IFNγ, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); M1] or pro-Th2/anti-inflammatory stimuli [interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, M-CSF; M2]. We report that folate receptor β (FRβ), encoded by the FOLR2 gene, is a marker for macrophages generated in the presence of M-CSF (M2), but not GM-CSF (M1), and whose expression correlates with increased folate uptake ability. The acquisition of folate uptake ability by macrophages is promoted by M-CSF, maintained by IL-4, prevented by GM-CSF, and reduced by IFNγ, indicating a link between FRβ expression and M2 polarization. In agreement with in vitro data, FRβ expression is detected in tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), which exhibit an M2-like functional profile and exert potent immunosuppressive functions within the tumor environment. FRβ is expressed, and mediates folate uptake, by CD163+ CD68+ CD14+ IL-10–producing TAM, and its expression is induced by tumor-derived ascitic fluid and conditioned medium from fibroblasts and tumor cell lines in an M-CSF–dependent manner. These results establish FRβ as a marker for M2 regulatory macrophage polarization and indicate that folate conjugates of therapeutic drugs are a potential immunotherapy tool to target TAM. [Cancer Res 2009;69(24):9395–403]
Deficiency of pRb Family Proteins and p53 in Invasive Urothelial Tumorigenesis
Authors: He Feng , Mo Lan , Zheng Xiao-Yong , Hu Changkun , Lepor Herbert , Lee Eva Y-H.P. , Sun Tung-Tien , Wu Xue-Ru 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Defects in pRb tumor suppressor pathway occur in ∼50% of the deadly muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas in humans and urothelial carcinoma is the most prevalent epithelial cancer in long-term survivors of hereditary retinoblastomas caused by loss-of-function RB1 mutations. Here, we show that conditional inactivation of both RB1 alleles in mouse urothelium failed to accelerate urothelial proliferation. Instead, it profoundly activated the p53 pathway, leading to extensive apoptosis, and selectively induced pRb family member p107. Thus, pRb loss triggered multiple fail-safe mechanisms whereby urothelial cells evade tumorigenesis. Additional loss of p53 in pRb-deficient urothelial cells removed these p53-dependent tumor barriers, resulting in late-onset hyperplasia, umbrella cell nuclear atypia, and rare-occurring low-grade, superficial papillary bladder tumors, without eliciting invasive carcinomas. Importantly, mice deficient in both pRb and p53, but not those deficient in either protein alone, were highly susceptible to subthreshold carcinogen exposure and developed invasive urothelial carcinomas that strongly resembled the human counterparts. The invasive lesions had a marked reduction of p107 but not p130 of the pRb family. Our data provide compelling evidence, indicating that urothelium, one of the slowest cycling epithelia, is remarkably resistant to transformation by pRb or p53 deficiency; that concurrent loss of these two tumor suppressors is necessary but insufficient to initiate urothelial tumorigenesis along the invasive pathway; that p107 may play a critical role in suppressing invasive urothelial tumor formation; and that replacing/restoring the function of pRb, p107, or p53 could be explored as a potential therapeutic strategy to block urothelial tumor progression. [Cancer Res 2009;69(24):9413–21]
Dysregulation of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor β-Receptor Expression by ΔNp73 in Neuroblastoma
Authors: Wetterskog Daniel , Moshiri Abtin , Ozaki Toshinori , Uramoto Hidetaka , Nakagawara Akira , Funa Keiko 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
We have previously characterized how p53 family proteins control the transcriptional regulation of the platelet-derived growth factor β-receptor (PDGFRB) and found that ΔNp73α, acting dominant-negatively to p53 and p73, can upregulate PDGFRB promoter activity. Here, we report that PDGFRB regulation differs between two neuroblastoma cell lines, correlating with the actions of ΔNp73. We found that PDGFRB was highly expressed in IMR-32 cells, and serum stimulation of IMR-32 cells did not downregulate PDGFRB expression, as seen in SH-SY5Y cells. In IMR-32, ΔNp73 was found constitutively bound to the PDGFRB promoter, and silencing of ΔNp73 resulted in repression of PDGFRB promoter activity as well as decreased PDGFRB protein expression. However, the anticancer drug cisplatin, known to stabilize and activate p53 and p73, downregulated PDGFRB expression not only in SH-SY5Y but also in IMR-32. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that cisplatin removed ΔNp73 from the PDGFRB promoter and recruited p53 and p73, leading to binding of histone deacetylase 4. These results suggest a direct role of ΔNp73 in the constantly enhanced PDGFRB expression seen in tumors. (Mol Cancer Res 2009;7(12):2031–9)
Distinct Effects of Calorie Restriction and Exercise on Mammary Gland Gene Expression in C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Padovani Michela , Lavigne Jackie A. , Chandramouli Gadisetti V.R. , Perkins Susan N. , Barrett J. Carl , Hursting Stephen D. , Bennett L. Michelle , Berrigan David 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEnergy balance, including diet, weight, adiposity, and physical activity, is associated with carcinogenesis. Epidemiologic studies indicate that obesity and sedentary and/or active behavior are risk factors for breast cancer in postmenopausal women and survival in both premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Thus, understanding the influence of energy balance modulation on changes in gene expression patterns in the normal mammary gland is important for understanding mechanisms linking energy balance and breast cancer. In a 6-week-long study, female C57BL/6 mice (9-week-old) were randomized into four groups: (a) food consumed ad libitum (AL), (b) AL with access to running wheels (AL+EX), (c) 30% calorie restricted (CR), and (d) 30% CR with access to running wheels (CR+EX). CR mice received 70% of calories but 100% of all other nutrients compared with AL mice. Diet and exercise treatments, individually and combined, had significant effects on body composition and physical activity. Affymetrix oligomicroarrays were used to explore changes in gene expression patterns in total RNA samples from excised whole mammary glands. Contrasting AL versus CR resulted in 425 statistically significant expression changes, whereas AL versus AL+EX resulted in 45 changes, with only 3 changes included among the same genes, indicating that CR and EX differentially influence expression patterns in noncancerous mammary tissue. Differential expression was observed in genes related to breast cancer stem cells, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and the growth and survival of breast cancer cells. Thus, CR and EX seem to exert their effects on mammary carcinogenesis through distinct pathways.
The Molecular, the Bad, and the Ugly: Preventing Bladder Cancer via mTOR Inhibition
Authors: McConkey David J. , Dinney Colin P. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
This perspective on Seager et al. (beginning on p. 1008) considers an important advance in the effort to control bladder cancer. Frontline therapy for superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder involves instillation of the crude immunomodulatory bacterial extract Bacillus Calmette-Guérin directly into the organ. Seager et al. now show that local administration of a chemical inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin strongly suppressed growth in a novel preclinical mouse model that develops carcinoma in situ, a particularly problematic form of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The results not only support the clinical evaluation of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors in this setting, they open the door for the evaluation of additional molecular local therapies as well.
Melphalan 200 mg/m2 versus melphalan 100 mg/m2 in newly diagnosed myeloma patients: a prospective, multicenter phase 3 study
Authors: Palumbo Antonio , Bringhen Sara , Bruno Benedetto , Falcone Antonietta Pia , Liberati Anna Marina , Grasso Mariella , Ria Roberto , Pisani Francesco , Cangialosi Clotilde , Caravita Tommaso , Levi Anna , Meloni Giovanna , Nozza Andrea , Pregno Patrizia , Gabbas Attilio , Callea Vincenzo , Rizzo Manuela , Annino Luciana , De Stefano Valerio , Musto Pellegrino , Baldi Ileana , Cavallo Federica , Petrucci Maria Teresa , Massaia Massimo , Boccadoro Mario 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHigh-dose (200 mg/m2, MEL200) and intermediate-dose melphalan (100 mg/m2, MEL100) showed significant activity in myeloma. In a phase 3 study, 298 patients were randomly assigned to receive 2 autologous transplantations after conditioning with MEL200 or MEL100. Ninety-six of 149 (64%) completed MEL200 and 103 of 149 (69%) MEL100. Best response to MEL200 was: complete remission 22 of 149 (15%); partial remission 95 of 149 (64%), for an overall response rate of 79%. Best response to MEL100 was: complete remission 12 of 149 (8%); partial remission 95 of 149 (64%), for an overall response rate of 72%. Overall survival did not differ (P = .13); median progression-free survival (31.4 vs 26.2 months, P = .01), median time to progression (34.4 vs 27.0 months, P = .014) were longer in the MEL200. Treatment-related mortality was 3.1% in the MEL200 and 2.9% in the MEL100 group. Severe neutropenia and infections were marginally superior, whereas severe thrombocytopenia, mucositis, gastrointestinal adverse events, and the overall occurrence of at least 1 nonhematologic grade 3 or 4 adverse event were significantly higher in the MEL200 cohort. We conclude that MEL200 leads to longer remission duration and should be considered the standard conditioning regimen for autologous transplantation. This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00950768.
Differential regulation of muscarinic M1 receptors by orthosteric and allosteric ligands
Authors: Davis Christopher N , Bradley Stefania Risso , Schiffer Hans H , Friberg Mikael , Koch Kristian , Tolf Bo-Ragnar , Bonhaus Douglas W , Lameh Jelveh 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundActivation of muscarinic M1receptors is mediatedviainteraction of orthosteric agonists with the acetylcholine binding site orviainteraction of allosteric agonists with different site(s) on the receptor. The focus of the present study was to determine if M1receptors activated by allosteric agonists undergo the same regulatory fate as M1receptors activated by orthosteric agonists.ResultsThe orthosteric agonists carbachol, oxotremorine-M and pilocarpine were compared to the allosteric agonists AC-42, AC-260584,N-desmethylclozapine and xanomeline. All ligands activated M1receptors and stimulated interaction of the receptors with β-arrestin-1. All ligands reduced cell surface binding and induced the loss of total receptor binding. Receptor internalization was blocked by treatment with hypertonic sucrose indicating that all ligands induced formation of clathrin coated vesicles. However, internalized receptors recycled to the cell surface following removal of orthosteric, but not allosteric agonists. Whereas all ligands induced loss of cell surface receptor binding, no intracellular vesicles could be observed after treatment with AC-260584 or xanomeline. Brief stimulation of M1receptors with AC-260584 or xanomeline resulted in persistent activation of M1receptors, suggesting that continual receptor signaling might impede or delay receptor endocytosis into intracellular vesicles.ConclusionThese results indicate that allosteric agonists differ from orthosteric ligands and among each other in their ability to induce different regulatory pathways. Thus, signaling and regulatory pathways induced by different allosteric ligands are ligand specific.
Treatment of head lice with dimeticone 4% lotion: comparison of two formulations in a randomised controlled trial in rural Turkey
Authors: Kurt Özgür , Balcıoğlu I Cüneyt , Burgess Ian F , Limoncu M Emin , Girginkardeşler Nogay , Tabak Tuba , Muslu Hasan , Ermiş Özge , Sahin M Turhan , Bilac Cemal , Kavur Hakan , Özbel Yusuf 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Background
Dimeticone 4% lotion was shown to be an effective treatment for head louse infestation in two randomised controlled trials in England. It is not affected by insecticide resistance but efficacy obtained (70-75%) was lower than expected. This study was designed to evaluate efficacy of dimeticone 4% lotion in a geographically, socially, and culturally different setting, in rural Turkey and, in order to achieve blinding, it was compared with a potential alternative formulation.

Methods
Children from two village schools were screened for head lice by detection combing. All infested students and family members could participate, giving access to treatment for the whole community. Two investigator applied treatments were given 7 days apart. Outcome was assessed by detection combing three times between treatments and twice the week following second treatment.

Results
In the intention to treat group 35/36 treated using dimeticone 4% had no lice after the second treatment but there were two protocol violators giving 91.7% treatment success. The alternative product gave 30/36 (83.3%) treatment success, a difference of 8.4% (95% CI -9.8% to 26.2%). The cure rates per-protocol were 33/34 (97.1%) and 30/35 (85.7%) respectively. We were unable to find any newly emerged louse nymphs on 77.8% of dimeticone 4% treated participants or on 66.7% of those treated with the alternative formulation. No adverse events were identified.

Conclusion
Our results confirm the efficacy of dimeticone 4% lotion against lice and eggs and we found no detectable difference between this product and dimeticone 4% lotion with nerolidol 2% added. We believe that the high cure rate was related to the lower intensity of infestation in Turkey, together with the level of community engagement, compared with previous studies in the UK.

Trial Registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN10431107
The cutoff values of visceral fat area and waist circumference for identifying subjects at risk for metabolic syndrome in elderly Korean: Ansan Geriatric (AGE) cohort study
Authors: Seo Ji A , Kim Byoung Gwon , Cho Hyunjoo , Kim Hye Sook , Park Juri , Baik Sei Hyun , Choi Dong Seop , Park Moon Ho , Jo Sangmee Ahn , Koh Young Ho , Han Changsu , Kim Nan Hee 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundIn Korea, the cutoff values of waist circumference (WC) for the identification of metabolic syndrome (MetS) were suggested to be 90 cm for men and 85 cm for women based on the analysis mainly in middle-aged adults. As aging is associated with increased fat, especially abdominal visceral fat, the cutoff value of WC may differ according to age. In addition, the usefulness of visceral abdominal fat area (VFA) to predict MetS in the elderly has not been studied yet. We aimed to suggest WC and VFA criteria and to compare the predictability of WC and VFA to identify people at risk for MetS.MethodsA total of 689 elderly subjects aged ≥63 years (308 men, 381 women) were chosen in this cross-sectional study from an ongoing, prospective, population-based study, the Ansan Geriatric (AGE) cohort study. VFA was measured by single slice abdominal computed tomography scanning. The metabolic risk factors except WC (plasma glucose, blood pressure, serum triglycerides and HDL cholesterol levels) were defined using modified NCEP-ATP III criteria. We estimated the accuracy of VFA and WC for identifying at least two of these factors by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.ResultsTwo hundred three of 308 men and 280 of 381 women had ≥2 metabolic risk factors. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) value for VFA to predict the presence of ≥2 metabolic risk factors was not significantly different from that for WC (men, 0.735 and 0.750; women, 0.715 and 0.682; AUC values for VFA and WC, respectively). The optimal cutoff points for VFA and WC for predicting the presence of ≥2 metabolic risk factors were 92.6 cm2and 86.5 cm for men and 88.9 cm2and 86.5 cm for women.ConclusionWC had comparable power with VFA to identify elderly people who are at risk for MetS. Elderly Korean men and women had very similar cutoff points for both VFA and WC measurements for estimating the risk of MetS. Age-specific cutoff point for WC might be considered to identify subjects at risk for MetS.
Continuing medical education challenges in chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Brimmer Dana J , McCleary K Kimberly , Lupton Teresa A , Faryna Katherine M , Reeves William C 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Background
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) affects at least 4 million people in the United States, yet only 16% of people with CFS have received a diagnosis or medical care for their illness. Educating health care professionals about the diagnosis and management of CFS may help to reduce population morbidity associated with CFS.

Methods
This report presents findings over a 5-year period from May 2000 to June 2006 during which we developed and implemented a health care professional educational program. The objective of the program was to distribute CFS continuing education materials to providers at professional conferences, offer online continuing education credits in different formats (e.g., print, video, and online), and evaluate the number of accreditation certificates awarded.

Results
We found that smaller conference size (OR = 80.17; 95% CI 8.80, 730.25), CFS illness related target audiences (OR = 36.0; 95% CI 2.94, 436.34), and conferences in which CFS research was highlighted (OR = 4.15; 95% CI 1.16, 14.83) significantly contributed to higher dissemination levels, as measured by visit rates to the education booth. While print and online courses were equally requested for continuing education credit opportunities, the online course resulted in 84% of the overall award certificates, compared to 14% for the print course. This remained consistent across all provider occupations: physicians, nurses, physician assistants, and allied health professionals.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that educational programs promoting materials at conferences may increase dissemination efforts by targeting audiences, examining conference characteristics, and promoting online continuing education forums.