bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of three programmes for the treatment of endometritis on the reproductive performance of a dairy herd
Authors: Heuwieser W. , Tenhagen B‐A. , Tischer M. , Lühr J. , Blum H. 
Published: October 2010

Three management programmes to improve the reproductive performance of a dairy herd were compared in a prospective controlled field study on one commercial farm. A total of 542 cows were examined for endometritis 22 to 28 days postpartum and assigned to one of three treatment groups: in group 1 the cows with signs of endometritis were treated with an intrauterine infusion of 100 ml of a 2 per cent polycondensated m‐cresolsulphuric acid formaldehyde solution; in group 2 the cows with signs of endometritis were treated with an intrauterine infusion of 125 ml of a 20 per cent eucalyptus compositum solution; and in group 3 all the cows were injected intramuscularly with 0.75 mg of tiaprost, an analogue of prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α) at two‐week intervals, starting on day 43, until they were inseminated. Thirty‐four per cent of the cows showed signs of endometritis. In group 3, oestrus detection efficiency was significantly higher than in groups 1 and 2 (P<0.05), the interval to first service was shorter, and the cows had fewer days open than the cows in groups 1 and 2 (P<0.05). The results indicate that management programmes based on the strategic use of PGF2αare an effective alternative to traditional programmes based on rectal palpations and intrauterine infusions to control endometritis at a herd level.
Scrapie surveillance in Great Britain: results of an abattoir survey, 1997/98
Authors: Simmons M. M. , Ryder S. J. , Chaplin M. C. , Spencer Y. I. , Stack M. J. , Wells G. A. H. , Webb C. R. , Hoinville L. J. , Ryan J. , Wilesmith J. W. 
Published: October 2010

A randomised sample of 2809 apparently healthy sheep, 55 per cent of them less than 15 months of age, which were slaughtered for human consumption at abattoirs in Great Britain in 1997/98, was taken to establish the prevalence of scrapie infection. The medulla oblongata of each sheep was examined histopathologically at the level of the obex, and fresh brain tissue was examined for scrapie‐associated fibrils (SAF) to establish whether there was evidence of scrapie. In addition, histological sections of the medulla from 500 of the sheep were immunostained with an antiserum to PrR and the same technique was also applied to any animal found positive or inconclusive by the histological or SAF examinations. Any sheep which was positive by any of these diagnostic methods was also examined by Western immunoblotting, for the detection of the disease‐specific protein PrPsc. A total of 2798 sheep (99.6 per cent) were negative by all the methods applied. Ten animals were SAF‐positive but negative by all the other methods, and in one animal there was immunohistochemical staining which could not be interpreted unequivocally as diseasespecific. A mathematical model was used to estimate the prevalence of scrapie infection in the national slaughtered sheep population which would be consistent with these results. By this model, the absence of unequivocally substantiated cases of scrapie in the sample was consistent with a prevalence of infection in the slaughter population of up to 11 per cent.
Economic aspects of outbreaks of dermatophilosis in first‐calving cows in nine herds of dairy cattle in Israel
Authors: Yeruham I. , Elad D. , Perl S. 
Published: October 2010

Outbreaks of dermatophilosis in nine herds of dairy cattle in Israel were studied retrospectively. The outbreaks might have been associated with the exposure of the animals to intense showering during the spring and summer months of May to October, in addition to calving and postcalving stress. The acute exudative form of dermatophilosis occurred in the first‐calving cows during the six weeks after they calved. The morbidity rate ranged from 10.0 to 66.6 per cent and the period of morbidity ranged from eight to 19 days. Mortality or culling occurred in four of the herds and ranged from 1.6 to 17.1 per cent. The disease also resulted in a gradual loss of condition, a decrease in milk production and marked increases in the somatic cell counts in milk.
Detection of DNA restriction fragment polymorphisms in Streptococcus equi
Authors: Takai S. , Yashiro H. , Ishii C. , Tsubaki S. , Anzai T. , Wada R. , Timoney J. F. 
Published: October 2010

Large‐restriction‐fragment (LRF) polymorphisms in Streptococcus equi (S equi subspecies equi) were studied by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis. Five or six chromosomal fragments of between 194 and 915 kb were separated by digestion with the restriction endonuclease Nof l. All 20 isolates of S equi, including 12 from independent Japanese outbreaks, four from independent American outbreaks, two from a single Irish outbreak, us vaccine strain F43, and type strain NCTC 9682 were successfully typed. Seven distinctive, reproducible and stable types were identified. The 12 Japanese isolates collected between 1992 and 1998 were of LRF type 11 suggesting that they were derived from the same source. The remaining eight isolates were of six types. The results indicate that LRF typing should be a useful technique for investigating the source and transmission of S equi.
Histopathological survey of neoplasms in flat‐coated retrievers, 1990 to 1998
Authors: Morris J. S. , Bostock D. E. , Hoather T. M. , Dobson J. M. , McInnes E. F. 
Published: October 2010

Over the period from March 1990 to December 1998, veterinary surgeons in general practice were invited to submit tissues suspected of being neoplastic which had been removed from flat‐coated retrievers. When possible, pedigree details were obtained from the owners. In addition, data were collected from flat‐coated retrievers known to have suffered from a neoplastic condition and for which a histopathological report was available. A total of 1023 submissions was obtained from 782 dogs. These included 165 non‐neoplastic lesions (16 per cent), 447 benign samples (44 per cent) and 41 1 malignant samples (40 per cent). Soft tissue sarcomas accounted for 55 per cent of the malignant samples (26 per cent of all tumour samples and 22 per cent of all submissions) with 63 per cent of them being diagnosed as undifferentiated. Carcinomas accounted for 20 per cent of malignant samples (8 per cent of all submissions). Of the benign tumours, cutaneous histiocytoma was the most common diagnosis (48 per cent of benign tumours, 25 per cent of all tumours and 21 per cent of all submissions).
Patterns of parasitic nematode infection and immunity in dairy heifers treated with ivermectin in a sustained‐release bolus formulation either at turnout or in the middle of the grazing season
Authors: Forbes A. B. , Rice B. J. 
Published: October 2010

Twenty‐eight Holstein‐Friesian heifers, born the previous year and weighing between 130 and 310 kg, were allocated to one of two treatment groups by restricted randomisation, based on their initial weight. The heifers in group 1 were each treated with ivermectin in a sustained‐release bolus formulation at turnout in April, and those in group 2 were each given an ivermectin bolus on July 10, 84 days after turnout. On that day the mean geometric worm egg counts of groups 1 and 2 were 0.4/g and 38.8/g, respectively, and they both had a mean plasma pepsinogen concentration of 0.59 iu/litre; in group 1, two of 14 faecal samples were positive for Dictyocaulus viviparus larvae, and in group 2 all 13 samples were positive; in group 1 eight calves were positive and three inconclusive for the presence of antibodies to D viviparus, and in group 2 the corresponding figures were 10 positive and two inconclusive; the mean liveweights of groups 1 and 2 were 274.4 kg and 262.8 kg, respectively. By December 4,231 days after turnout, the corresponding results were: mean geometric worm egg counts of 2.2/g and 0.5/g; one of 13 and none of 14 faecal samples positive for D viviparus larvae; 12 positive and two inconclusive and none positive and 10 inconclusive for the presence of antibodies to D viviparus; 214 days after turnout their mean liveweights were 361.1 kg and 358.3 kg. Although the patterns of parasitic nematode infection were different in the two groups during the grazing season, by the time they were housed both groups had achieved similar liveweights and showed evidence of an immune response to both D viviparus and gastrointestinal nematodes.
Long‐term outcome of surgery for dogs with cranial cruciate ligament deficiency
Authors: Innes J. F. , Bacon D. , Lynch C. , Pollard A. 
Published: October 2010

Fifty‐eight dogs with cranial cruciate ligament deficiency were assessed and treated surgically. At an average of 50 months postoperatively, the functional outcome was assessed by means of an owner‐based clinical assessment and a clinical examination. Client‐based data were available for 26 dogs and 20 dogs were reassessed after 50 months. The results were compared with the initial values and with data from an assessment 13 months postoperatively. The level of disability at 50 months was judged to be significantly less than initially. However, there were no differences between the initial assessments and those made after 50 months for the perceived ‘effect of cold weather’ and the dogs' ‘ability to jump’ despite both measures having improved after 13 months. Age and meniscal injury were identified as poor prognostic indicators for the long‐term outcome. The equivalent joint on the contralateral limb deteriorated significantly during the study.
Treatment of chronic digital septic tenosynovitis in 12 horses by modified open annular ligament desmotomy and passive open drainage
Authors: Chan C. C. , Murphy H. , Munroe G. A. 
Published: October 2010

A modified open annular ligament desmotomy followed by passive open drainage was used to treat 12 horses with chronic digital septic tenosynovitis due to trauma in the form of open wounds or self‐sealing punctures. The surgical approach included complete transection of the palmar/plantar annular ligament of the fetlock and proximal digital annular ligament, which facilitated the removal of fibrin, selective debridement and synovectomy, followed by lavage of the digital sheath. The incision was partially closed leaving a 2 cm gap open distally to allow for passive open drainage. Gentamicin was administered intrathecally during surgery. Postoperatively the horses received ceftiofur and non‐steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. A sterile bandage was used to protect the wound until the gap had healed completely by second intention. Infection was controlled in 11 of the horses which all returned to their previous levels of work, but one horse was euthanased as a result of the persistence of the infection and financial considerations.
Efficacy of non‐acaricidal containing otic preparations in the treatment of otoacariasis in dogs and cats
Authors: Engelen M.A. C. M. , Anthonissens E. 
Published: October 2010

Eighty‐nine cats and 38 dogs naturally infested with the ear mite Otodectes cynotis were randomly allocated into two treatment groups. One group was treated with a product containing miconazole nitrate, polymyxin B sulphate and prednisolone acetate, the other with a combination of diethanolamine fusidate, framycetin sulphate, nystatin and prednisolone. The treatment (five drops in each ear) was applied twice daily for 14 days, and its efficacy was evaluated on days 7, 14 and 21 on the basis of an otoscopic examination of the external ear canal, a microscopical examination of scrapings for the presence of ear mites and clinical signs of pruritus, pain, erythema and/or exudate. Both treatments were highly effective, and there were no significant differences between the two products, either in efficacy or in the clinical improvements observed. Apart from an allergic reaction in one cat treated with the second product, no adverse effects were observed.
Efficacy of montelukast in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in five horses
Authors: Kolm G. , Zappe H. , Schmid R. , Riedelberger K. , Van Den Hoven R. 
Published: October 2010

Five horses with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were treated with 0.11 (0.01) mg/kg bodyweight of montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist, once a day for 26 days. The horses were evaluated clinically and endoscopically and subjected to arterial blood gas analysis and lung function tests before and after the period of treatment, and the plasma concentrations of montelukast were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The treatment did not result in statistically significant differences in the total scores of clinical and endoscopical signs, or in the difference in the arterioalveolar partial pressure of oxygen, maximal changes in pleural pressure, pulmonary resistance or dynamic compliance. The mean (sd) peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of montelukast was 12 (4) ng/ml and was reached 66 (13) minutes (tmax) after its oral administration. The dose of montelukast per kg bodyweight was approximately the same as that for human beings, but the Cmaxin the horses was 28 times lower and the tmaxwas reached in one‐fifth of the time, suggesting that its oral bioavailability may be lower.
Assessment of possible methods for estimating the stocking density of sheep being carried on commercial vehicles
Authors: Warriss P. D. , Brown S. N. , Knowles T. G. 
Published: October 2010

Five methods for estimating the stocking density of sheep confined in a pen were assessed. The pen (2‐35 m × 3‐01 m) simulated the pens on a normal road transporter. The trial used 50 lambs (average weight 34 kg) of mixed sex and breed, held at five stocking densities ‐ 0‐466 to 0‐824 m2 /100 kg or 214 to 121 kg/m2 covering the range used in commercial practice, and 14 assessors, all experienced in handling animals. The best method was that based on the girth measurement of a sample of animals to estimate liveweight and a count of the animals in the pen. The methods based on using a moveable gate to take up free floor space, assessing the difficulty of moving through the pen of animals, using photographic scales, and counting the numbers of sheep across transects were generally less successful.
Changes in thermal threshold response in eight cats after administration of buprenorphine, butorphanol and morphine
Authors: Robertson S. A. , Taylor P. M. , Lascelles B. D. X. , Dixon M. J. 
Published: October 2010

Thermal thresholds were measured in eight cats after the intramuscular administration of morphine (0.2 mg/kg), buprenorphine (0.01 mg/kg) or butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg), doses commonly used in clinical practice; 0.9 per cent saline (0.3 ml) was injected as a control. Groups of six cats were used and each cat participated in at least two treatments, according to a randomised design. The investigator was blinded to the treatments. The thermal thresholds were measured with a testing device developed specifically for cats, and measurements were made before and five, 30, 45 and 60 minutes and two, four, six, 12 and 24 hours after the injections. There was no significant change in thermal threshold after the injection of saline. With butorphanol, the threshold was increased only at five minutes after the injection and was decreased two hours after the injection; with morphine it was increased from between four and six hours after the injection, and with buprenorphine it was increased from between four and 12 hours after the injection.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy: A Quantitative Assessment for Sustainable Development
Authors: Mohamed Mirghani S. , Mohamed Mona A. , O'Sullivan Kevin J. 
Published: October 2010

Four critical factors have been evaluated for their ranked importance and general effects on sustainable development. However, the main purpose of this paper is to quantitatively assess the criticality of ICT policy, and how related attributes affect sustainable development. One main hypothesis about the ICT policy has been tested, and the effects of the related variables and their interactions have been assessed. This research is carried out using surveys and interviews among a sustainable development community. It has been found that ICT policy is critical for leveraging knowledge for sustainable development. However, ICT policy ranked the least important compared to the other three factors. For ICT policy to be successful in leveraging knowledge, it must be tailored to both organisation and national-specific Knowledge Management (KM) strategies. It has been found that there are no coherent frameworks for participation of community and other organisations in the international development community surveyed. The communication of indigenous knowledge into formal work, the inclusion of local content and languages, the lack of trust between organisations and the conformity with policies are found to be common problems in a international development community. Progress towards sustainable development requires a rigorous ICT policy, combined with strict regulations, to encourage Integrated Information and Communication Technologies Infrastructure (IICTI) investment, acquisition and usage. This paper attempts to evaluate ICT policy on the mobilisation of knowledge for sustainable development purposes. It will be valuable for sustainable development decision makers to consider these findings as guidance for issues related to ICT planning and KM activities.
Targeting RET Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Activation in Cancer
Authors: Phay John E. , Shah Manisha H. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
After ligand binding induces dimerization, the RET receptor tyrosine kinase activates multiple signal transduction pathways. Constitutively activating mutations and chromosomal rearrangements are the primary oncogenic event in a significant number of medullary thyroid cancers (MTC) and papillary thyroid cancers (PTC), respectively. When specific germline mutations in RET are identified early, prophylactic thyroidectomy can be timed to remove at-risk tissue in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 (MEN2) syndromes who would otherwise develop MTC. Conventional therapy for progressive metastatic MTC is limited. Small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors can target multiple kinases at nanomolar concentrations, including RET, and have shown efficacy against a variety of malignancies. Initial clinical evidence suggests that several of these inhibitors, including sorafenib, vandetanib, motesanib, sunitinib, and XL-184, may have some benefit in treating progressive MTC. Although initial success seen in these trials seems to be modest, it represents a major breakthrough in the treatment of patients with widespread metastatic MTC. Clin Cancer Res; 16(24); 5936–41. ©2010 AACR.
An Analytical Model of Evaporation Efficiency for Unsaturated Soil Surfaces with an Arbitrary Thickness
Authors: Merlin Olivier , Al Bitar Ahmad , Rivalland Vincent , Béziat Pierre , Ceschia Eric , Dedieu Gérard 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Analytical expressions of evaporative efficiency over bare soil (defined as the ratio of actual to potential soil evaporation) have been limited to soil layers with a fixed depth and/or to specific atmospheric conditions. To fill the gap, a new analytical model is developed for arbitrary soil thicknesses and varying boundary layer conditions. The soil evaporative efficiency is written [0.5 − 0.5 cos(πθL/θmax)]P with θL being the water content in the soil layer of thickness L, θmax being the soil moisture at saturation, and P being a function of L and potential soil evaporation. This formulation predicts soil evaporative efficiency in both energy-driven and moisture-driven conditions, which correspond to P &lt; 0.5 and P &gt; 0.5, respectively. For P = 0.5, an equilibrium state is identified when retention forces in the soil compensate the evaporative demand above the soil surface. The approach is applied to in situ measurements of actual evaporation, potential evaporation, and soil moisture at five different depths (5, 10, 30, 60, and 100 cm) collected in summer at two sites in southwestern France. It is found that (i) soil evaporative efficiency cannot be considered as a function of soil moisture only because it also depends on potential evaporation, (ii) retention forces in the soil increase in reaction to an increase of potential evaporation, and (iii) the model is able to accurately predict the soil evaporation process for soil layers with an arbitrary thickness up to 100 cm. This new model representation is expected to facilitate the coupling of land surface models with multisensor (multisensing depth) remote sensing data.
Development and Testing of Polar WRF. Part III: Arctic Land*
Authors: Hines Keith M. , Bromwich David H. , Bai Le-Sheng , Barlage Michael , Slater Andrew G. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
A version of the state-of-the-art Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) has been developed for use in polar climates. The model known as “Polar WRF” is tested for land areas with a western Arctic grid that has 25-km resolution. This work serves as preparation for the high-resolution Arctic System Reanalysis of the years 2000–10. The model is based upon WRF version 3.0.1.1, with improvements to the Noah land surface model and snow/ice treatment. Simulations consist of a series of 48-h integrations initialized daily at 0000 UTC, with the initial 24 h taken as spinup for atmospheric hydrology and boundary layer processes. Soil temperature and moisture that have a much slower spinup than the atmosphere are cycled from 48-h output of earlier runs. Arctic conditions are simulated for a winter-to-summer seasonal cycle from 15 November 2006 to 1 August 2007. Simulation results are compared with a variety of observations from several Alaskan sites, with emphasis on the North Slope. Polar WRF simulation results show good agreement with most near-surface observations. Warm temperature biases are found for winter and summer. A sensitivity experiment with reduced soil heat conductivity, however, improves simulation of near-surface temperature, ground heat flux, and soil temperature during winter. There is a marked deficit in summer cloud cover over land with excessive incident shortwave radiation. The cloud deficit may result from anomalous vertical mixing of moisture by the turbulence parameterization. The new snow albedo parameterization for WRF 3.1.1 is successfully tested for snowmelt over the North Slope of Alaska.