bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dung-derived biological agents associated with reduced numbers of infective larvae of equine strongyles in faecal cultures
Authors: Bird J. , Larsen M. , Nansen P. , Kraglund H.O. , Grønvold J. , Henriksen S.A. , Wolstrup J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTwo sets of dung-derived organisms from soil routinely fertilized with manure (MA) and soil chemically fertilized (CH) were cultured separately in the laboratory. Baermannized organisms from these cultures were added to 20 g of faeces from strongyle-infected horses to form three treatment groups: (i) no soil organisms; (ii) low inoculum of soil organisms containing all organisms present in a suspension of approximately 100 adult female free-living nematodes; and (iii) high inoculum containing those soil organisms present with approximately 1000 adult female free-living nematodes. Three studies were conducted using MA cultures and faeces containing 50 strongyle epg, CH cultures and faeces containing 1500 strongyle epg, and a mixture of soil organisms from the two cultures (MC) and faeces containing 600 strongyle epg. Within each study, five control cultures and 15 each of low and high inoculum cultures were prepared and incubated at 24°C and 95% humidity in a climate chamber for 15 days. Parasitic and free-living nematodes were then recovered by the Baermann technique and counted. The numbers of third stage larvae were significantly lower in the high inoculum group compared to controls. The percent reductions in the number of third stage larvae for the low and high inoculum groups were 63.6% and 90.9%, 85.1% and 97.1%, 84.5% and 98.4% for MA, CH, and MC studies, respectively, indicating that mortality increased with the number of soil organisms added to cultures. Examination of the source cultures detected the presence of two species of nematophagous fungi and three genera of free-living nematodes reported to be predacious.
Studies on the rate of selective uptake of amino acids by Trichinella larvae in vivo
Authors: Alkarmi T. , Ijaz M.K. , Dar F.K. , Galadari S. , Alharbi S. , Alnaqib M. , Abdo S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractGroups of C57BL/6J mice, orally infected with 300 larvae each of Trichinella spiralis or T. pseudospiralis were injected with [3H]-alanine, tyrosine, tryptophan or glycine. The incorporation of isotope labelled amino acids into larval proteins was measured at 2, 6, and 12 months post-infection. It was shown that there is a significant increase in the in vivo uptake of isotope labelled amino acids with time by the larvae of T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis. The level of uptake was highest for tyrosine followed by tryptophan, alanine and then glycine, for both species. The in vivo uptake of amino acids by T. pseudospiralis larvae was always higher than T. spiralis or the host at 6 and 12 months post-infection. At 2 months post-infection, T. spiralis uptake of these amino acids was higher, except for tyrosine. This may be related to the special needs of these larvae during the process of encystation. The higher metabolic requirements of T. pseudospiralis may be related to the higher energy needs of these non encapsulated, highly motile and mobile muscle larvae.
On the Intestinal Parasites of Sheep and other Ruminants in Scotland
Authors: Cameron T. W. M. 
Published: June 2009

1. From an examination of over 700 sheep of Scottish origin a list of the parasites found in the intestinal tract has been prepared.2. The commonest parasite found is Monodontus trigonocephalus, a worm which occurs also in goats and cattle. This parasite can be found at any season.3. Nematodirus sp. also is extremely common during the warmer months.4. From a systematic geographical examination of sheep it has been ascertained that Monodontus trigonocephalus occurs in every district in
Scotland ; and of 40 sheep examined in this part of the enquiry, 38 were found to be infected. Thirty specimens have been recovered from an apparently healthy sheep, but usually the number is much smaller (7–10).
The Complement Fixation Reaction in Schistosoma japonicum with Cercarial Antigen prepared from Oncomelania hupensis
Authors: Andrews Mary N. 
Published: June 2009

1. The preparation of a cercarial antigen from infected livers of Oncomelania hupensis the intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum in China is described.2. The sera of 49 human beings and five dogs have been investigated for the Schistosome complement fixation reaction, using as antigens Bilharzial cercarial antigen, and an alcoholic extract of the livers of Oncomelania hupensis infected with cercariae of S. japonicum.3. Thirty-seven of the 49 sera examined were from cases of Schistosomiasis, and of these 24 gave a positive complement fixation reaction, and 2 others a weak reaction.4. Of the five dogs examined three were infected with Schistosoma japonicum. These gave positive reactions.5. In 24 cases both antigens were used, and the results obtained were almost identical.6. The Bilharzial antigen was used in 33 cases including 25 cases of Schistosomiasis, of which 19 gave a positive reaction.7. In 40 cases the Oncomelania antigen was used. This series included 32 cases of Schistosomiasis of which 23 gave a positive reaction and 3 a weak positive reaction.8. Negative results were obtained with 50 strongly positive Wasserman sera, and with 2 cases of infection with Fasciolopsis buski, and two cases of Clonorchis sinensis. Ascaris and hookworm infestations also gave negative results.
Experiments on the Control of “Potato-Sickness” by the addition of Certain Chemicals to Soil infected with Heterodera schachtii.
Authors: Hurst Richard H. , Triffitt Marjorie J. 
Published: June 2009

1. Laboratory experiments have shown that solutions of ferric chloride, ferrous sulphate and chinosol, in sufficient concentration, have a lethal action on the larvae of H. schachtii. The vapours given off by potassium ethyl xanthate were also found to be lethal.2. Each of these four chemicals was mixed with moist infected soil and the mixture left for a period. When the cysts were separated and placed in a solution of potato-root excretion, the numbers of larvae which hatched were reduced as a result of the chemical treatments, in the order: potassium ethyl xanthate, ferric chloride, chinosol, ferrous sulphate.3. When ferric oxide was placed in a solution of root excretion containing cysts, the commencement of hatching was delayed.4. Experiments on a very small field scale were carried out, the chemicals being applied chiefly to the rows in which potatoes were planted. The plants growing on the treated areas did not, in general, show marked symptoms of root-eelworm infection as did those on the control areas.5. The yields of potatoes from each row are tabulated. The highest yields were obtained following the treatment with ferric oxide.
Comparative Studies on the Helminth Fauna of Native and Introduced Domestic Fowls in Ghana
Authors: Hodasi J. K. M. 
Published: June 2009

1. One hundred and eight native domestic fowls and the same number of introduced birds were killed and examined for helminth parasites between July 1965 and April 1966.2. Eighteen species of helminths were found in the native birds as opposed to ten in the introduced ones.3. A detailed comparison of the incidence and intensity of is infection of the different species of parasites in each type of fowl given.4. The frequency distribution of the number of species of helminths in both types of chickens follows a normal distribution, reflecting the multiple infection in the birds. The frequency distribution of the number of individuals of any one species approximately fits a negative binomial distribution.5. In general, the native birds were found to be more heavily infected than the introduced ones. This is probably related to differences in host resistance, diet, sanitation and the type of poultry husbandry practised.
Onchocerca sweetae(Nematoda: Filarioidea): notes on the intermediate host
Authors: Spratt D. M. , Dyce A. L. , Standfast H. A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTMicrofilariae ofOnchocerca sweetaeare broadly distributed in the superficial layers of the dermis of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). A total of 2855 insects representing 20 species were collected fromO. sweetae-infected bait buffaloes. Only one species,Culicoidessp. “M”, ingested microfilariae from buffalo skin. Larval development ofO. sweetaewas observed in the thorax of this species. A total of 829 insects, representing 7 species and including 749 parousCulicoidesspp. were collected from light and Manitoba traps. Developing filarioid larvae were observed only inCulicoidessp. “M”. It is concluded thatCulicoidessp. “M” is a natural intermediate host ofO. sweetaein the Northern Territory of Australia.
The influence of physical factors on the behaviour and infectivity of miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium II. Effect of light and depth
Authors: Prah S. K. , James C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTA striking was difference was found in the responses of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium miracidia to the intensity and direction of light and to gravity. S. mansoni miracidia were found to be positively phototactic and sensitive to small changes in light intensities. They were indifferent to gravity. S. haematobium miracidia however were negatively phototactic and unable to distinguish low light intensities from darkness. They showed a strong positive geotaxis.Both S. mansoni and S. haematobium miracidia could successfully find and infect snails to a depth of 2 metres of water: the significance of these findings in relation to transmission of schistosomiasis in the field is discussed.
Studies of the relationships between Schistosoma and their intermediate hosts. IV. The genus Bulinus and Schistosoma bovis from Morocco
Authors: Frandsen Flemming 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTSchistosoma bovis from Morocco was used in infection experiments with several populations of Bulinus truncatus. The snails from Libya, Malawi, Morocco and Senegal were very compatible with the schistosome since the infection rates were approximately 90%, the mortality was low, and a very high production of cercariae, approximately 1.2 million per 100 exposed snails, was observed. Only a very few B. truncatus (2n = 36) from Rhodesia became infected. B. permembranaceus and B. forskalii were refractory.
Echidnotaenia tachyglossi (Johnston) gen. et comb. nov. (Anoplocephalata: Linstowiidae) from the monotreme Tachyglossus aculeatus Shaw in Australia
Authors: Beveridge I. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTEchidnotaenia gen. nov. (Anoplocephalata: Linstowiidae) is proposed for Cittotaenia tachyglossi Johnston, 1913 from the monotreme Tachyglossus aculeatus Shaw, 1792. The new genus is distinguished from other genera of the Linstowiidae by its paired genitalia and aporally extended vitellaria.
Immunofluorescent studies in filariasis: antibody levels in rats infected with the Malayan forest filaria, Breinlia booliati
Authors: Singh Mulkit , Kane G. B. , Yap Eu-Hian , Ho Beng-Chuan , Mak Joon-Wah , Kang Kim-Lian 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAntibody levels were investigated in rats infected with Breinlia booliati using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique. Sonicated antigens were prepared from microfilariae and adult worms. Adult worm antigen was rather unsatisfactory. The sonicated microfilarial antigen was useful in detecting antibodies in various groups of rat sera. Very high antibody levels were seen in amicrofilaraemic rats harbouring unisexual infections of varying worm loads. The singnificance of these observations are discussed.
Aspects of the humoral response of laboratory white mice infected with the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps
Authors: Chernin Jack 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTTwo strains of laboratory white mice, CFLP and LACA, were infected with the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps. The serum from each infected mouse was tested for antibodies on double-diffusion gel plates and the number of antigen-antibody precipitin lines formed related (a) to the duration of the infection and (b) to the volume of metacestodes. There was a significant increase in the number of antigen-antibody precipitins with regard to the time infected but not to the volume of metacestodes. The pattern of development of the antigen-antibody precipitation system was also examined.
Mesocoelium malayanum sp.n. (Digenea: Brachycoeliidae) in a frog, Rana macrodon Dumeril and Bibron 1941, from Malaysia
Authors: Palmieri James R. , Sullivan John T. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTMesocoelium malayanum sp.n. is described from the frog Rana macrodon, in Malaysia. Elongate body, broader anteriorly, measuring 1·900 (1·679–2·070) mm long by 0·404 (0·380–0·437) wide, tegument aspinose oral sucker 0·212 (0·200–0·228) by 0·202 (0·191–0·205), acetabulum 0·141 (0·132–0·150) by 0·139 (0·123–0·146), prepharynx present, oesophagus 0·115 (0·096–0·137), caeca reaching posterior ⅓ of body, anterior testis 0·097 (0·087–0·110) by 0·091 (0·087–0·100) dorsal to acetabulum, posterior testis 0·094 (0·087–0·101) by 0·092 (0·091–0·100), cirrus pouch 0·121 (0·111–0·130) by 0·047 (0·041–0·055), genital pore at left of midline of oesophagus just anterior to intestinal bifurcation, ovary 0·110 (0·091–0·127) by 0·089 (0·085–0·096) on left of body and posterior to acetabulum, vitelline glands with single follicles extending from intestinal bifurcation to ends of caeca, excretory vesicle I-shaped and eggs 0·040 (0·037–0·046) by 0·023 (0·022–0·024). Although morphologically related to M. maroccanum and M. meggitti, M. malayanum is considered to be a new species.
A new filarial nematode (Onchocercidae) from warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Palmieri J. R. , Pletcher J. M. , De Vos V. , Boomker J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTFifty-five warthogs [Phacochoerus aethiopicus (Suidae: Artiodactyla)] from the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa, were examined for parasites. Adult filarial nematodes were found in lymphatic vessels adjacent to peripheral and visceral lymph nodes, and microfilariae were found in lymph nodes and circulating blood. Both the adult parasite and the microfilaria are described. Specific identification is pending confirmation and recovery of intact adult specimens and microfilariae identical to those described herein.
Factors affecting the reliability of the McMaster technique
Authors: Dunn Alison , Keymer Anne 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTFactors detraction from the reliability of faecal egg counts based on the McMaster technique include variation in flotation time (interval between loading chamber and counting eggs) and sample dilution (ratio of faecal material to salt solution). We recommend standardization of both these variables as normal laboratory procedure, and propose optima of a 30 minute flotation time and a sample dilution of 15 ml salt solution/ g faeces for use of the McMaster technique in the estimation of the fecundity of Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematoda).
Inorganic elements in the adults of Ascaridia galli (Schrank, 1788)
Authors: Pandey K. C. , Choudhry Sangeeta 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTInorganic analysis of Ascaridia galli has shown the levels of sodium, potassium, copper, magnesium, calcium, zinc, iron, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine and cobalt (expressed as percentage of dry weight) to be higher in females than in males.
Genetic characterization of three species ofOnchocercaat 23 enzyme loci
Authors: Andrews R. H. , Beveridge I. , Adams M. , Baverstock P. R. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe technique of allozyme electrophoresis was applied to species ofOnchocercafrom cattle to increase the number of enzyme loci established and therefore provide a genetic basis for a rational species-level taxonomy. Twenty-three enzyme loci were established and provided unequivocal genetic evidence for the taxonomic validity ofOnchocerca gibsoni, O. gutturosaandO. lienalis. Furthermore, the diagnostic enzyme markers detected form the basis for identification of life-cycle stages, individuals and species and population structure analyses.
Immunodepression in hamsters experimentally infected with Opisthorchis viverrini
Authors: Wongratanacheewin S. , Rattanasiriwilai W. , Priwan R. , Sirisinha S. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTHamsters experimentally infected with Opisthorchis viverrini had significant depression of the antibody response to sheep red blood cells. The depression was more severe with prolonged infections. Lymphoproliferative response to phytohaemagglutinin stimulation was also depressed when compared with uninfected controls. The immunodepression in these animals was abolished by anthelmintic treatment, suggesting that the immunodepressive effect is reversible and is associated with active infection.
Schistosoma mansoni: vitelline gland development in females from single sex infections
Authors: Shaw M. K. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTVitelline gland development and incomplete parthenogenesis in 65-week-old female Schistosoma mansoni from single sex infections is described. Vitelline gland development was restricted to the extreme posterior end of each worm and the developed vitelline lobules showed the normal sequence of development and maturation. The ovary, however, was always in an immature state. Egg production occurred although the eggs were non-viable.The results suggest that, whilst male stimulation is not necessary to initiate vitelline gland development and egg production, it appears to be essential for the complete maturation of the ovary. The possible importance of ovarian maturation to the production of viable eggs is discussed.
Effect of cyclosporin A and some derivatives in Litomosoides carinii-infected Mastomys natalensis
Authors: Zahner H. , Schultheiss Karin 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTLitomosoides carinii-infected Mastomys natalensis were treated 85 days post infection with cyclosporin A (CyA) or 8 derivatives with different immunosuppressive capacities. CyA (oral doses of 5x25 mg/kg. 5x50 mg/kg, 5x80 mg/kg on consecutive days) reduced parasitaemia levels in a dose dependent way, beginning 3 weeks after first drug administration. Using 5x50 and 5x80 mg/kg animals were free from circulating microfilariae on the day of necropsy (day 56). Derivatives were administered in 5 daily oral doses of 50 mg/kg. Compounds B–5–49 and G–7–53 had similar effects as CyA. Compounds A–4–16 and E–6–44 caused mean microfilaraemia reductions of about 80% until day 56. Compounds C–5–34, D–6–45, F–7–62 and H–7–94 were only marginally effective (10–40%). None of the drugs affected the number or the motility of adult worms. However, in the case of efficacious compounds the number of intrauterine microfilariae was considerably reduced and most of the intrauterine stages were pathologically altered. The efficacy of the various derivatives was independent of their immunosuppressive activity in vivo and in vitro, their anti-inflammatory activity and their activity against Plasmodium berghei. Effects on intrauterine stages were first detectable 7 days after treatment with 5x80 mg CyA/kg when the number of intrauterine microfilariae had decreased and the proportion of pathologically altered stages had increased. Alterations increased with time after treatment. Additionally, the uteri contained relatively large amounts of highly active microfilariae which were still included in an ovoid sheath. These stages seemed to try unsuccessfully to stretch their stiff sheath, and also degenerated by 35 days.
Identification of human hookworm in failed-treatment cases using Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) and scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Evans A. C. , Daly T. J. M. , Markus M. B. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAn attempt was made to identify the human hookworm involved in failed-treatment cases using abnormal hosts and scanning electron microscopy. Thirty-seven, 2 to 6 month old Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) from a closed, outbred, conventional colony, were each given between 20 and 120 filariform larvaeper os. The larvae were cultured from faeces from mebendazole (Vermox®) 500 mg single-dose, failed-treatment cases living in the lowveld farming area of the Transvaal Province, South Africa. About 60 to 78 days after inoculation, the animals were killed and adult worms were removed from their small intestines. Eleven (30%) of the 37 hamsters harboured a total of 31 adult worms (19 males and 12 females), while 26 hamsters were refractory to infection. The greatest number of worms recovered from a single animal was six. A total of 27 worms (17 males and 10 females) were subjected to examination by scanning electron microscopy. Micrographs showed male and female worms to be morphologically all of theNecator americanusspecies, as identified by a pair of ventral and dorsal cutting plates, a dorsal tooth and the fused terminus of spicules in the male bursa. The transverse cuticular striations were distinct and smooth. Several points of interest arose from the results of this study and are discussed.
The daily cercarial emission rhythm of Schistosoma margrebowiei with particular reference to dark period stimuli
Authors: Raymond K. , Probert A. J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe cercariae of Schistosoma margrebowiei showed two peaks of emergence from Bulinus natalensis in a 12 h light/dark cycle. Peak emission occurred at 0700 h (one hour after the onset of light) and at 1900 h (one hour after the onset of darkness). Both peaks were of equal magnitude and were maintained during constant illumination indicating that the rhythm is innate. Delaying or advancing the timing of the dark period did not affect the timing of these two peaks. Following a five minute dark treatment elevation in cercarial output resulted irrespective of when the treatment was applied. Subjecting snails to various intensities of light only resulted in an elevation in output when a sudden change in intensity from 0 to 360 Lux or the reverse was applied. No response was seen to a gradual change in light intensity although the parasite could detect a change in light from 1 to 0 Lux. These responses appear to optimize the chances of host parasite contact.
The use of lyophilizedSchistosoma mansonieggs as antigenic particles in a radioimmunoassay
Authors: Hamburger J. , Moscovici H. , Lustigman S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractLyophilized eggs ofSchistosoma mansoni, when incubated briefly with serum from infected mice, bind antibodies, as made evident by subsequent binding of flurorescein labelled anti-IgG or125I-labelled protein A. On the basis of these findings, a radioimmunoassay was devised which employs whole lyophilized eggs (500 or 250 eggs/serum sample) as antigenic particles and125I-labelled protein A as a probe for antibody binding. Only 10 μl of serum are required to obtain 90% of the maximal binding. Kinetic studies indicated that 70% of the maximal seropositivity develops in mice between five and six weeks after a light infection, reaches a maximum at eight weeks and fluctuates around a high plateau thereafter. Pre-incubation of the test serum with soluble egg antigen (sea) considerably inhibits antibody binding to the eggs, suggesting that SEA-like antigens participate in the reaction.