bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A correction to the exact test based on the Ewens sampling distribution
Authors: Slatkin Montgomery 
Published: September 2009

SummaryThe exact test for neutrality based on the Ewens sampling distribution described previously (Slatkin, 1994) is not correct. The problem is that the test as described is based on the probability of the ordered configuration of numbers of alleles, while it should be based on the probability of the unordered configuration. The correctly implemented exact test leads to results that are similar to those from the homozygosity test proposed by Watterson (1977) for relatively small sample sizes but can still differ substantially for larger sample sizes. Programs to perform the exact test are available from the author.
Linkage map of random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) in the silkworm,Bombyx mori
Authors: Promboon Amornrat , Shimada Toru , Fujiwara Haruhiko , Kobayashi Masahiko 
Published: September 2009

SummaryWe have constructed a linkage map of random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) inBombyx mori. We screened 320 10-mer primers, and found 243 clear polymorphic bands between C108 and p50 strains. In the F2generation, segregation ratios of 168 bands were nearly 3:1 in a chi square test, showing Mendelian inheritance. The MAPMAKER program sorted 168 bands into 29 linkage groups and 10 unlinked loci at minimum LOD score 3·0, and determined orders of loci in each group, which contained 2–11 markers. It also detected typing errors in our data. We calculated map distances between pairs of neighbouring loci using recombination values in males and the Kosambi mapping function. Our RAPD map consists of 169 loci including theplocus, and the sum of map distances is approximately 900 cM. Linkage groups 1 and 2 of our map correspond to chromosomes 1 and 2 on the conventional linkage map because of linkage to sex andp, respectively.
Low rates of proviral integration in SWR/J–RF/J hybrid mice
Authors: Kay Simon J. E. , Keightley Peter D. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryA high frequency of proviral acquisition has previously been reported in the offspring of SWR/J–RF/J hybrid mice. In the present study, it was investigated whether this proviral acquisition would be useful for large-scale insertional mutagenesis studies. A population of SWR/J–RF/J hybrid mice with a predominantly SWR/J background was created. Lines of mice with such a background and partially congenic for two active proviruses from the RF/J strain were generated (the insert lines). Control lines were derived from mice which had no proviral loci but had an otherwise similar genetic background. DNA samples of mice in the insert lines were screened for the appearance of new proviral loci by Southern hybridization. The rate of proviral acquisition, calculated from the observed number of new proviral loci was 0·023 new proviruses per mouse. This rate is lower than found in previous studies and too low for large-scale insertional mutagenesis studies. A sensitivity experiment indicated that there was adequate detection of new proviral loci.The number of segregating proviruses was consistent with the number of newly acquired proviruses actually detected. Two additional crosses between mice in the insert lines and SWR/J mice were performed. The rate of proviral acquisition was greatly increased when SWR/J females were initially mated to insert mice, but remained unchanged when SWR/J males were used. This suggested that mice in the insert lines had acquired a maternally transmitted factor, which was suppressing viral expression and thus reducing the rate of proviral acquisition.
Population structure, fitness surfaces, and linkage in the shifting balance process
Authors: Bergman Aviv , Goldstein David B. , Holsinger Kent E. , Feldman Marcus W. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryWright first introduced the idea that random genetic drift and classical mass-action selection might combine in such a way as to allow populations to find the highest peak in complicated adaptive surfaces. His theory assumes large but structured populations, in which mating is spatially local. If gene flow is sufficiently low, and the subpopulations (demes) are small enough, they will be subject to genetic drift. Distant demes drift independently, allowing many independent searches of the adaptive surface to take place. A deme that has shifted to a higher peak can, by emigration, cause the rest of the demes to shift to the higher peak. The probability of this shift depends on the migration rate. Previous studies have concluded that very little migration is necessary to effect the shift in adaptive peaks that characterizes the last phase of Wright's Shifting Balance Process (SBP).Here we present the results of a computer study that investigates the roles of dispersal distance, the degree of epistasis in the fitness surface, and recombination on the shifting balance process. In particular, we measure their effect on the population's mean fitness. We show that over a range of dispersal distances the advantage of the SBP is a monotonically increasing function of the amount of epistasis. Our results show that the extent of dispersal that results in the greatest effect of the SBP in increasing mean fitness depends on the extent of epistasis. Finally, for low levels of epistasis, higher recombination performs better, while for intermediate levels, lower recombination results in a greater advantage of the SBP.
The role of passive migration in the dispersal of resistance genes in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus within French Polynesia
Authors: Pasteur Nicole , Marquine Maité , Rousset François , Failloux Anna-Bella , Chevillon Christine , Raymond Michel 
Published: September 2009

SummaryWe have investigated the distribution of resistance genes in relation to genetic structure and gene flow between various islands of French Polynesia in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. We show that (1) resistance to organophosphorous insecticides, mediated by A2–B2 esterases, is present in all islands, (2) A2–B2 frequency decreases as distance from Tahiti increases, and (3) genetic differentiation (measured as estimates of the Fst, parameter from allozyme polymorphism) between islands is significantly correlated to geographic distances which is also correlated to air or sea commercial traffic. These data are discussed in relation to A2–B2 invasion of French Polynesian islands.
The overall rates of dominant and recessive lethal and visible mutation induced by spermatogonial X-irradiation of mice
Authors: Lyon Mary F. , Phillips Rita J. S. , Searle A. G. 
Published: September 2009

1. Hybrid (C3H♀ × 101♂) male mice were given two doses of 600 r. acute x-irradiation eight weeks apart and outcrossed at the end of their sterile period. Their fully fertile sons were outcrossed and daughters of these sons were backcrossed to them, in order to study the rates of induction in spermatogonia of dominant and recessive lethal and visible mutations, as well as dominant semi-sterility.2. F1litter-size decreased by 15·2% at birth and 15·8% at weaning age, as compared with controls. This decrease was very largely due to dominant lethality acting at about the time of embryonic implantation. There was also a highly significant increase in the incidence of heritable semi-sterility, the estimated rate of induction of reciprocal translocations being 3·3% per gamete.3. The dominant lethality was shown to be partly a secondary consequence of induced translocation heterozygosis. The estimated overall rate of dominant lethal induction was 10·6% per gamete, with ‘primary’ dominant lethals induced at a rate of 4·0% per gamete.4. The estimated mutation rate to dominant visible mutations was 4·6 × 10-7/gamete/r., but this was based on only two mutations in the irradiated series.5. In the backcross generation there was again significantly more embryonic death in the irradiated series, mainly at the small mole stage and this was attributed to induced lethal mutation. The survival in the irradiated series was 96·80% of that in the controls and from this the rate of induction of recessive lethals was calculated to be 2·5 × 10-4/gamete/r. There was no evidence of the induction of lethals acting later than 14 days' gestation.6. The estimated rate of induction of recessive visible mutations was 1·8 × 10-5/gamete/r., but the results showed heterogeneity, probably due to personal factors.7. No significant sex-ratio differences were found.8. The results were compared with those of specific locus and other relevant experiments. The rates of induction of recessive lethal mutations and of recessive visibles were both lower than might have been expected. On these results the mouse was only 4–5 times more sensitive thanDrosophilato the mutagenic effects of radiation.
Genetic localization and phenotypic expression of X-linked cataract (Xcat) in Mus musculus
Authors: Favor Jack , Pretsch Walter 
Published: September 2009

SummaryLinkage data relative to the markers tabby and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are presented to locate X-linked cataract (Xcat) in the distal portion of the mouse X-chromosome between jimpy and hypophosphatemia. The human X-linked cataract-dental syndrome, Nance–Horan Syndrome, also maps closely to human hypophosphatemia and would suggest homology between mouse Xcat and human Nance-Horan Syndrome genes. In hemizygous males and homozygous females penetrance is complete with only slight variation in the degree of expression. Phenotypic expression in Xcat heterozygous females ranges from totally clear to totally opaque lenses. The phenotypic expression between the two lenses of a heterozygous individual could also vary between totally clear and totally opaque lenses. However, a correlation in the degree of expression between the eyes of an individual was observed. A variegated pattern of lens opacity was evident in female heterozygotes. Based on these observations, the site of gene action for the Xcat locus is suggested to be endogenous to the lens cells and the precursor cell population of the lens is concluded to be small. The identification of an X-linked cataract locus is an important contribution to the estimate of the number of mutable loci resulting in cataract, an estimate required so that dominant cataract mutagenesis results may be expressed on a per locus basis. The Xcat mutation may be a useful marker for a distal region of the mouse X-chromosome which is relatively sparsely marked and the X-linked cataract mutation may be employed in gene expression and lens development studies.
Expression of threet-complex genes,Tcp-1, D17Leh117c3, andD17Leh66, in purified murine spermatogenic cell populations
Authors: Willison K. R. , Hynes G. , Davies P. , Goldsborough A. , Lewis V. A. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryTransmission ratio distortion (TRD) is a property of the completet-haplotype which results in the preferential transmission of thet-haplotype chromosome from heterozygoust/+ males to the majority of the progeny. Available data suggest that int/+ males, a dysfunction of the wild-type sperm within the female reproductive tract is responsible for the observed deviation from Mendelian segregation ratios. Genetically, Lyon has shown that multiple loci within thet-complex are required for maximum levels of TRD. These loci include multiplet-complex distorters (Teds) which act upon a singlet-complex responder (Ter). Testis-expressed genes have been cloned which map to the same subregions of thet-complex as theTedsandTerand are thus considered candidate genes for the products of these loci. To begin to understand how the products of these loci biochemically control TRD, the expression of three TRD-candidate genes (Tcp-1, D17Leh117c3, andD17Leh66) has been determined in populations of spermatocytes and differentiated spermatids purified to near homogeneity by unit gravity sedimentation. Fractions covering the entire gradient were analysed resulting in a more accurate picture of the precise timing of expression than previously reported. Transcription of all three genes was up-regulated in pachytene primary spermatocytes and persisted at stable levels through the haploid spermatid stages. Significantly, only levels of mRNA encoded byD17Leh66, the candidate gene forTcr, increased from early round to elongating-stage spermatids. If this pattern of expression does, in fact, representTcr, these data provide the first direct evidence that wild-type andt-haplotypeTcrelements could be differentially expressed in haploid spermatids.
Genetics of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase fromMonodelphis domesticacornea: further evidence for identity of corneal aldehyde dehydrogenase with a major soluble protein
Authors: Holmes Roger S. , van Oorschot Roland A. H. , Vandeberg John L. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryA didelphid marsupial, the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica), was used as a model species to study the biochemical genetics of alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in corneal tissue. Isoelectric point variants of corneal ALDH (designated ALDH3) and a major soluble protein in corneal extracts were observed among eight families of animals used in studying the genetics of these proteins. Both phenotypes exhibited identical patterns following PAGE-IEF and were inherited in a normal Mendelian fashion, with two alleles at a single locus (ALDH3) showing codominant expression. The data provided evidence for genetic identity of corneal ALDH with this major soluble protein, and supported biochemical evidence, recently reported for purified bovine corneal ALDH, that this enzyme constitutes a major portion of soluble corneal protein (Abediniaet al.1990). Isoelectric point variants for corneal ADH were also observed, with patterns for the two major forms (ADH3 and ADH4) and one minor form (ADH5) being consistent with the presence of two ADH subunits (designated γ and δ), and variant phenotypes existing for the γ subunit. The genetics of this enzyme was studied in the eight families, and the results were consistent with codominant expression of two alleles at a single locus (designatedADH3). It is relevant that a major detoxification function has been proposed for corneal ADH and ALDH, in the oxidoreduction of peroxidic aldehydes induced by available oxygen and UV-B light (Holmes & VandeBerg, 1986a). In addition, a direct role for corneal ALDH as a UV-B photoreceptor in this anterior eye tissue has also been proposed (Abediniaet al.1990).
Sense of hyper-positive self, goal-attainment beliefs and coping strategies in bipolar I disorder
Authors: Lee R. , Lam D. , Mansell W. , Farmer A. 
Published: September 2009

BackgroundThere is some evidence that cognitive therapy (CT) is beneficial in reducing relapses in bipolar disorder. However, not all bipolar patients benefit from it. A previous study found that a group of non-responders to CT shared common characteristics: they value some of the high goal-attainment beliefs and characteristics associated with being in a state of mild hypomania – a high ‘sense of hyper-positive self’ (SHPS). To promote of our understanding of this group of patients, the present study investigated the relationship between SHPS, preferred internal state, dysfunctional attitudes and coping with hypothetical manic prodromal scenarios.MethodFifty-four bipolar I patients filled in self-report questionnaires that assess preferred mood state, coping with scenarios, dysfunctional attitudes and SHPS.ResultsThe Sense of Hyper-positive Self Scale Ideal score (SHPSS-Ideal) predicted patients' preferred internal state of mania. Coping with hypothetical scenarios was predicted by Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) goal-attainment scores: the higher the goal-attainment score, the higher the participant's tendency to identify with self-descriptors linked to hypomania and to engage in stimulating behaviours that may escalate the prodromal stage to mania.ConclusionsClinicians should check and modify goal-attainment beliefs, particularly of those who exhibit features of SHPS. These patients' tendency to identify with hypomanic traits as self-descriptors should be dealt with by psychological techniques such as cognitive restructuring.
Social anxiety disorder and alcohol use disorder co-morbidity in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
Authors: Schneier F. R. , Foose T. E. , Hasin D. S. , Heimberg R. G. , Liu S.-M. , Grant B. F. , Blanco C. 
Published: September 2009

BackgroundTo assess the prevalence and clinical impact of co-morbid social anxiety disorder (SAD) and alcohol use disorders (AUD, i.e. alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence) in a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States.MethodData came from a large representative sample of the US population. Face-to-face interviews of 43093 adults residing in households were conducted during 2001–2002. Diagnoses of mood, anxiety, alcohol and drug use disorders and personality disorders were based on the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule – DSM-IV version.ResultsLifetime prevalence of co-morbid AUD and SAD in the general population was 2.4%. SAD was associated with significantly increased rates of alcohol dependence [odds ratio (OR) 2.8] and alcohol abuse (OR 1.2). Among respondents with alcohol dependence, SAD was associated with significantly more mood, anxiety, psychotic and personality disorders. Among respondents with SAD, alcohol dependence and abuse were most strongly associated with more substance use disorders, pathological gambling and antisocial personality disorders. SAD occurred before alcohol dependence in 79.7% of co-morbid cases, but co-morbidity status did not influence age of onset for either disorder. Co-morbid SAD was associated with increased severity of alcohol dependence and abuse. Respondents with co-morbid SAD and alcohol dependence or abuse reported low rates of treatment-seeking.ConclusionsCo-morbid lifetime AUD and SAD is a prevalent dual diagnosis, associated with substantial rates of additional co-morbidity, but remaining largely untreated. Future research should clarify the etiology of this co-morbid presentation to better identify effective means of intervention.
Fragmentation or interaction: the WTO, fisheries subsidies, and international law
Authors: YOUNG MARGARET A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSubsidies to the fishing sector have trade and ecological consequences, especially for fisheries that are over-exploited. In response, WTO members are negotiating to clarify and improve the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. Yet significant legal challenges constrain this ongoing effort because fisheries conservation and management matters are often addressed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, instruments of the Food and Agriculture Organization, and other legal regimes to which some WTO members have not consented. This article analyses modes of learning and information exchange within the WTO regime, and compares the proposed use of standards, benchmarks, and peer review in the draft fisheries subsidies rules with existing arrangements between the WTO and organizations such as the OECD and product standard-setting bodies. It argues that novel deliberative strategies of regime interaction are more important in resolving the challenges posed by international law's fragmentation than adherence to strict mandates or legal hierarchies.
Houston, We Have a Problem: Satellite Altimetry Skews Ocean Depths
Authors: Macnab Ron 
Published: September 2009

In the decades after the space program began, several research missions produced global maps of ocean bathymetry. While these maps do an adequate job of portraying generally the seabed on a worldwide or even a regional basis, they fail to convey accurate and detailed pictures of seabed topography over more restricted areas when compared with renditions that can be obtained with multibeam sounding systems.As more and more laypeople come into contact with seafloor altimeter data through systems such as Google MapsTM, the public erroneously is starting to believe that all of the seafloor has been mapped in fine detail. To prevent this, ocean scientists must take active roles in petitioning those who fund science research that a broad campaign to survey the ocean floor through multibeam sounding systems is as critically needed as studies from space.
Cephalometric evaluation of maxillary advancement with an internal distractor in an adult boxer dog
Authors: Stalmans K , Van Erum R , Verdonck A , Nadjmi N , Schepers E , Schoenaers J , Carels C 
Published: September 2009

Structured AbstractObjective – The aim of the study was to evaluate cephalometrically the effects of distraction of the maxilla over a 1‐year period by means of an internal distractor applied in a boxer dog.Design – Internal distractors were placed bilaterally in the internal cavity of the maxillary sinus of a 2‐year‐old boxer dog after a Le Fort I osteotomy. Distraction was started 5 days after surgery and activations were continued for 14 days at a rate of 1 mm/day. Standardized lateral cephalograms were taken with an external source of 90 kV, 60 mS immediately pre‐surgery, at day 1 after the start of the distraction (dp) and at day 5 dp, day 7 dp, day 10 dp, day 14 dp (end of distraction), at 14 days of consolidation period (cp), at 28 days cp and at 56 days cp (removal of the distractors). One year after the removal of the distractor, a final lateral cephalogram was taken. Cephalometric analysis was performed and superimpositions were used for the evaluation of the sagittal position of the maxilla.Results – The linear measurements, as well as the superimposition showed evidence for a significantly advanced position of the maxilla, which was stable 1 year after removal of the distractor.Conclusion – The application of the internal maxillary distractor in a boxer dog resulted in a sagittal advancement of the midface that was still present after 1 year.
Upregulation of immunoreactivity of endothelin‐1 and α‐SMA in PDL microvasculature following acute tooth loading: an immunohistochemical study in the marmoset
Authors: Sims MR , Ashworth JF , Sampson WJ 
Published: September 2009

Structured AbstractAuthors – Sims MR, Ashworth JF, Sampson WJObjectives – To test the hypothesis that a continuous mechanical tooth load would elevate immunoreactivity of endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) and alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) in the periodontal ligament (PDL) microvasculature.Design – A randomized control study employing 1.5 h of loading to first molars.Setting and Sample Population – Orthodontic Research Laboratory, Dental School, Adelaide University. Four young adult, male marmoset monkeys were consecutively anaesthetized and treated.Experimental Variable – An external telescoping frame applied a jaw closing load (120–200 g) transmitted occlusally, via a rubber pad, to randomly assigned mandibular left or right first molars. Contralateral molars were used as controls.Outcome Measure – Undemineralized, midsagittal, mandibular molar slices, ∼150 μm thick were immunolabelled with ET‐1 and α‐SMA antibodies and examined in a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) for vascular endothelium and smooth muscle immunolabelling.Results – Three categories of post‐capillary‐sized venule endothelial cell immunolabelling occurred: endothelium labelled solely with ET‐1; endothelium labelled solely with α‐SMA; endothelium labelled with both ET‐1 and α‐SMA. In endothelial cells, the α‐SMA showed a moderate cytoplasmic distribution with dense peripheral concentration. Loading increased arteriole α‐SMA actin labelling.Conclusion – Scattered expression of ET‐1 is the default state in primate PDL endothelial cells. Increased antigenicity of endothelial cells to both ET‐1 and α‐SMA, and of arteriolar smooth muscle to α‐SMA, is a response to shear and compression loads.