bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aromatase Inhibitors for Ovulation and Pregnancy in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Eckmann Karen R , Kockler Denise R 
Published: July 2009

Objective: To evaluate evidence for use of aromatase inhibitors for ovulation induction and pregnancy in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (1966–May 2009) was conducted using the search terms anastrozole, aromatase inhibitors, axemestane, letrozole, ovulation, and polycystic ovary syndrome to identify relevant studies. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Prospective clinical trials published in English and conducted in humans were identified. Trials using intrauterine insemination methods for pregnancy were excluded. The resulting articles were separated into 2 groups: aromatase inhibitor use in clomiphene-resistant patients and use in treatment-naive patients. Eleven trials were reviewed. Data Synthesis: Accepted pharmacologic treatments for women with PCOS and infertility include clomiphene citrate, gonadotropins, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs. Each medication has variable efficacy rates and adverse effects. Therefore, other treatments are needed for a subset of women with PCOS and infertility. Evidence suggests that nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors, specifically letrozole and anastrozole, may have ovulation-inducing effects by inhibiting androgen-to-estrogen conversion. Select trials with aromatase inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy for increased endometrium thickness, ovulation rates, and pregnancy rates when used in clomiphene citrate–resistant or treatment-naïve patients. Conclusions: Further trials comparing aromatase inhibitors with clomiphene citrate are necessary before aromatase inhibitors can be recommended routinely for ovulation induction in women with PCOS and infertility. However, aromatase inhibitors may be considered in a subset of this population, specifically women who are clomiphene citrate resistant or those who, after discussion of risks and benefits, are not candidates for clomiphene citrate, gonadotropins, or GnRH analogs.
Prefilter Bivalirudin for Preventing Hemofilter Occlusion in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Mueller Scott W , MacLaren Robert , Fish Douglas N , Kiser Tyree H 
Published: July 2009

Objective: To describe a case of successful bivalirudin use as a prefilter anticoagulant in continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH). Case Summary: A 30-year-old male was brought to the hospital by ambulance with an anterior communicating artery subarachnoid hemorrhage, signs of intraparenchymal hemorrhage, and hydrocephalus. During the patient's complicated hospital course, he developed acute renal failure requiring CVVH, as well as hepatic insufficiency (Child-Pugh class B). Unfractionated heparin was used as a prefilter anticoagulant. After he had a positive heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) antibody test, prefilter heparin was discontinued in favor of bivalirudin. Filter survival and systemic activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) values were compared between prefilter heparin (n = 5) and bivalirudin (n = 4). Filter survival was similar (median 26 h with heparin vs 37 h with bivalirudin; p = 0.52). Prefilter bivalirudin 1–2.5 mg/hour (0.009–0.023 mg/kg/h) was effective in maintaining systemic aPTTs that were 1–1.4 times the reference range. Serotonin release assay and subsequent HIT antibodies were negative. The patient's renal function improved and CVVH was discontinued. Discussion: Critically ill patients requiring CVVH often need regional or systemic anticoagulation to prevent filter occlusion. In some patient populations, such as those with HIT or liver failure, prefilter heparin and regional citrate, respectively, may not be options. Alternative anticoagulants may be needed to avoid complications of frequent filter occlusions. The direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) lepirudin and argatroban have been used to maintain hemofilter patency, in small studies. Bivalirudin may have pharmacokinetic advantages over other DTIs when used in patients with hepatic and renal impairment. In our patient, bivalirudin provided a safe alternative to heparin therapy and was effective in maintaining hemofilter patency during CVVH. Conclusions: Prefilter bivalirudin may be an option to prevent filter occlusion in patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. Future studies are needed to validate the safety and efficacy of bivalirudin as a prefilter anticoagulant.
What is the best way to change self‐efficacy to promote lifestyle and recreational physical activity? A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Ashford Stefanie , Edmunds Jemma , French David P. 
Published: July 2009

Purpose. Increasing self‐efficacy is an effective method to increase physical activity. Despite this, the evidence concerning the most effective techniques to increase self‐efficacy in physical activity interventions has not been systematically reviewed. The aim of the present research is to systematically gather, and meta‐analyse, intervention studies which aimed to increase self‐efficacy for physical activity; to estimate the association between intervention techniques used, and change in self‐efficacy achieved.Methods. A systematic database search was conducted for papers reporting lifestyle or recreational physical activity interventions. Published intervention studies explicitly targeting self‐efficacy in order to change physical activity behaviour in ‘healthy’ adults were eligible for inclusion.Results. The search strategy identified 27 unique physical activity intervention studies, with a total of 5,501 participants. A significant, yet small, relationship between the interventions and changes in self‐efficacy was found (mean d =0.16, p <.001). Owing to significant heterogeneity, moderator analyses were conducted, examining the association of changes in self‐efficacy with whether or not specific intervention techniques were used. Interventions that included feedback on past or others' performance produced the highest levels of self‐efficacy found in this review. Vicarious experience was also associated with higher levels of self‐efficacy. Persuasion, graded mastery, and barrier identification were associated with lower levels of self‐efficacy.Conclusions. This meta‐analysis forms an evidence base for which psychological techniques are most effective in increasing self‐efficacy for physical activity. The results are presented in terms of recommendations for those developing interventions and directions for future research.
A Variant in the KCNQ1 Gene Predicts Future Type 2 Diabetes and Mediates Impaired Insulin Secretion
Authors: Jonsson Anna , Isomaa Bo , Tuomi Tiinamaija , Taneera Jalal , Salehi Albert , Nilsson Peter , Groop Leif , Lyssenko Valeriya 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE
Two independent genome-wide association studies for type 2 diabetes in Japanese subjects have recently identified common variants in the KCNQ1 gene that are strongly associated with type 2 diabetes. Here we studied whether a common variant in KCNQ1 would influence BMI as well as insulin secretion and action and predict future type 2 diabetes in subjects from Sweden and Finland.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Risk of type 2 diabetes conferred by KCNQ1 rs2237895 was studied in 2,830 type 2 diabetic case subjects and 3,550 control subjects from Sweden (Malmö Case-Control) and prospectively in 16,061 individuals from the Malmö Preventive Project (MPP). Association between genotype and insulin secretion/action was assessed cross- sectionally in 3,298 nondiabetic subjects from the Prevalence, Prediction and Prevention of Diabetes (PPP)-Botnia Study and longitudinally in 2,328 nondiabetic subjects from the Botnia Prospective Study (BPS). KCNQ1 expression (n = 18) and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (n = 19) were measured in human islets from nondiabetic cadaver donors.

RESULTS
The C-allele of KCNQ1 rs2237895 was associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes in both the Malmö Case-Control (odds ratio 1.23 [95% CI 1.12–1.34]; P = 5.6 × 10−6) and the prospective (1.14 [1.06–1.22]; P = 4.8 × 10−4) studies. Furthermore, the C-allele was associated with decreased insulin secretion (corrected insulin response [CIR] P = 0.013; disposition index [DI] P = 0.013) in the PPP-Botnia Study and in the BPS at baseline (CIR P = 3.6 × 10−4; DI P = 0.0058) and after follow-up (CIR P = 0.0018; DI P = 0.0030). C-allele carriers showed reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in human islets (P = 2.5 × 10−6).

CONCLUSIONS
A common variant in the KCNQ1 gene is associated with increased risk of future type 2 diabetes in Scandinavians, which partially can be explained by an effect on insulin secretion.
Functional Brain Connectivity and Neurocognitive Functioning in Patients With Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes With and Without Microvascular Complications
Authors: van Duinkerken Eelco , Klein Martin , Schoonenboom Niki S.M. , Hoogma Roel P.L.M. , Moll Annette C. , Snoek Frank J. , Stam Cornelis J. , Diamant Michaela 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE
Hyperglycemia-associated microvascular disease may underlie changes in cerebral functioning and cognitive performance in patients with type 1 diabetes. Functional connectivity, an indicator of functional interactions and information exchange between brain regions, provides a measure of cerebral functioning. This study addresses functional connectivity and cognition in type 1 diabetic patients with and without proliferative retinopathy, relative to healthy control subjects, using magnetoencephalography.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Fluctuations in magnetic field at scalp for Δ, θ, lower and upper α, β, and lower and upper γ frequency bands were measured using magnetoencephalography. Synchronization likelihood, a measure of functional connectivity, was computed. Using neuropsychological tests, cognitive functioning was assessed and its associations with functional connectivity were determined.

RESULTS
Compared with control subjects, type 1 diabetic patients performed poorer on general cognitive ability, information processing speed, and motor speed, irrespective of their microvascular complication status. Functional connectivity, however, was lowest for type 1 diabetic patients with retinopathy, compared with type 1 diabetic patients without microvascular complications and control subjects, whereas type 1 diabetic patients without microvascular complications showed an increase relative to control subjects. Positive associations were found between functional connectivity and executive functioning, memory, information processing speed, motor speed, and attention.

CONCLUSIONS
Compared with healthy control subjects, functional connectivity and cognition differed in type 1 diabetic patients irrespective of microvascular complication status, indicating that chronic hyperglycemia, among other factors, may negatively affect brain functioning even before microvascular damage becomes manifest. The association found between synchronization likelihood and cognition suggests functional connectivity plays a significant role in cognitive functioning.
Immigration, employment relations, and health: Developing a research agenda
Authors: Benach Joan , Muntaner Carles , Chung Haejoo , Benavides Fernando G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundInternational migration has emerged as a global issue that has transformed the lives of hundreds of millions of persons. Migrant workers contribute to the economic growth of high‐income countries often serving as the labour force performing dangerous, dirty and degrading work that nationals are reluctant to perform.MethodsCritical examination of the scientific and “grey” literatures on immigration, employment relations and health.ResultsBoth lay and scientific literatures indicate that public health researchers should be concerned about the health consequences of migration processes. Migrant workers are more represented in dangerous industries and in hazardous jobs, occupations and tasks. They are often hired as labourers in precarious jobs with poverty wages and experience more serious abuse and exploitation at the workplace. Also, analyses document migrant workers' problems of social exclusion, lack of health and safety training, fear of reprisals for demanding better working conditions, linguistic and cultural barriers that minimize the effectiveness of training, incomplete OHS surveillance of foreign workers and difficulty accessing care and compensation when injured. Therefore migrant status can be an important source of occupational health inequalities.ConclusionsAvailable evidence shows that the employment conditions and associated work organization of most migrant workers are dangerous to their health. The overall impact of immigration on population health, however, still is poorly understood and many mechanisms, pathways and overall health impact are poorly documented. Current limitations highlight the need to engage in explicit analytical, intervention and policy research. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:338–343, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Instrumental analysis of gas hydrates properties
Authors: Rojas Y. , Lou X. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGas hydrates attracted intense research interest when it was first recognised some 70 years ago that they were responsible for the blockage of flow lines, valves and well heads, thereby causing great loss of production and other severe safety hazards to the oil and gas industry. After many decades, these compounds are still the topic of research activities in various multi‐disciplinary fields, including chemical and petroleum engineering, earth and geophysics, chemistry and environmental sciences. This is not only due to the great impact that these compounds have on the oil and gas industry, but also to the potential applications they have in many evolving areas, including, but not only, natural gas storage and transportation, carbon dioxide sequestration, and sea‐water desalination. It is generally accepted that gas hydrates represent the largest source of hydrocarbons on earth, something which has not been appreciated until only recently.Management, either prevention or application or both, of gas hydrates requires a complete knowledge and understanding of the formation, decomposition and inhibition mechanisms of gas hydrates, which in turn demands advanced experimental methods and instrumental techniques for gas hydrate characterisation. This paper reviews a broad range of techniques that have been used for natural gas hydrate characterisation. It includes the basic physical science principles of each method and the gas hydrate properties that each method is capable of detecting, including some modern instrumental analyses that enable direct determination of gas hydrate phases and possible measurement of molecular interactions within the fluid phases. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrodenitrogenation of quinoline and its intermediates over sulfided NiW/γ‐Al2O3 in the absence and presence of H2S
Authors: Luan YeZhi , Zhang Qiumin , He Demin , Guan Jun , Liang Changhai 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHydrodenitrogenation (HDN) reactions of quinoline and its intermediates were carried out at 300–420 °C and 2–6 MPa over sulfided NiW/γ‐Al2O3 in the absence and presence of H2S. The results show that temperature and pressure have a drastic effect on nitrogen removal and production distribution in the HDN of quinoline. 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline THQ1 mainly underwent dehydrogenation to quinoline and then hydrogenated to 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydroquinoline (THQ5), and decahydroquinoline (DHQ) following by ring opening elimination to give 2‐propylcyclohexylamine (PCHA) and hydrocarbons. The HDN of THQ5 mainly proceeded the path of DHQ–PCHA, the reactions between THQ5, DHQ, THQ1 and quinoline are so fast that a quasi equilibrium between the four compounds is established quickly at a very low space time. The addition of H2S promotes the reaction of DHQ, but retards the pathway of OPA. The promoting effect of H2S is dominant at low concentration of H2S. However, its inhibiting effect prevails at high concentrations. The HDN via the pathway of DHQ is much easier than OPA over the sulfided NiW/γ‐Al2O3. The HDN of OPA was suppressed by the presence of Q, THQ1, THQ5, and DHQ, maybe due to their stronger adsorption on the catalyst. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semi‐industrial tests on enhanced underground coal gasification at Zhong‐Liang‐Shan coal mine
Authors: Wang G. X. , Wang Z. T. , Feng B. , Rudolph V. , Jiao J. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA new process of enhanced underground coal gasification (EUCG) has been demonstrated recently in successful semi‐industrial tests at Zhong‐Liang‐Shan (ZLS) coal mine in China. The EUCG is featured using man‐built pinnate channels and controlled moving injection points along coal‐bed channel to produce syngas through underground coal gasification (UCG). To optimize the EUCG process, this field trial was performed with various operational manoeuvres, such as implementing controlled moving injection points, O2‐enriched operation and variation of operational pressure. The results showed that these operational techniques of the EUCG can ensure the gas flow comparatively controllable and hence improve UCG performance significantly, providing both a higher efficiency of heat and a higher quality of the production syngas. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of thin film composite for CO2 separation in membrane gas absorption application
Authors: Ahmad A.L. , Sunarti A.R. , Teong L.K. , Fernando W.J.N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe thin film composite (TFC) membrane based on polypropylene (PP) and polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) was prepared using glutaraldehyde as the selective layer. The percentages of glutaraldehyde were optimized to maximize the permeability of carbon dioxide (CO2) and selectivity as well. The TFC with 6% w/v of glutaraldehyde based on PVDF achieved the highest permeance of 881.70 GPU and 18.08 for selectivity through the increase in effective layer and skin layer thickness. This TFC promises to provide porous and hydrophobic membranes for use in membrane gas absorption (MGA) processes. The absorption of CO2 in deionized water was studied in MGA system in which the mass transfer coefficient (K) and CO2 flux decreased with increasing CO2 concentration in feed stream. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supercritical CO2 induced phase transition of Form III in isotactic poly‐1‐butene
Authors: Li Lei , Liu Tao , Zhao Ling , Yuan Wei‐kang 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effect of supercritical or high‐pressure CO2 on the recrystallization of Form II in isotactic poly‐1‐butene (iPB‐1) during the melting of Form III was investigated using high‐pressure differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the recrystallization of Form II was inhibited by CO2. The crystal–crystal transition of Form III to I′ in ambient nitrogen and supercritical CO2 was studied using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and DSC. The results showed that CO2 promoted the phase transition and the transition proportion of Form III increased with the CO2 pressure increasing. Form III completely transformed into Form I′ at 18 MPa. Moreover, supercritical CO2 could induce the amorphous region to transit into Form I′. The probable mechanism of the CO2 effects on Form III multiple transitions was also proposed. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vapor‐phase elemental mercury adsorption by Ca(OH)2 impregnated with MnO2 and Ag in fixed‐bed system
Authors: Wang Y. J. , Duan Y. F. , Huang Z. J. , Meng S. L. , Yang L. G. , Zhao C. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe ability of three sorbents (untreated Ca(OH)2, MnO2‐impregnated Ca(OH)2 and Ag‐impregnated Ca(OH)2) removing the elemental mercury had been studied using a laboratory‐scale fixed‐bed reactor at 80 °C under simulated fuel gas conditions. The adsorption performance of the three sorbents was compared by mercury removal efficiency and adsorption capacity. The effect of acid gases such as HCl and SO2 on the mercury removal was investigated and presented in this article. The results showed that the mercury removal by Ca(OH)2 was mainly controlled by physical mechanisms. In the case of Ca(OH)2, the presence of both SO2 and HCl promoted the Hg0 removal, and compared HCl with SO2, HCl had a higher mercury removal than SO2. Ca(OH)2 impregnated with MnO2 had a slightly higher mercury removal than the original Ca(OH)2, but it was beneficial for mercury speciation. The presence of both SO2 and HCl promotes the Hg0 removal greatly, which was adsorbed by Ca(OH)2 impregnated with MnO2. The Ca(OH)2 impregnated with MnO2 adsorbed more than 50% total Hg due to the occurrence of chemisorptions. The mercury removal by Ca(OH)2 impregnated with Ag was the highest. The reason might be that mercury integrated with silver easily that could produce silver amalgam alloy. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ measurement of erythromycin crystal size distribution by focused beam reflective measurement technology
Authors: Chen Kui , Cao Bing , Zhu Jiawen , Wu Bin , Ji Lijun 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMany factors such as temperature, solvent and water‐dosing rate have impact on erythromycin solventing‐out process. This article studies the water dosing effect on erythromycin solventing‐out process measured by focused beam reflective measurement technology. Our experiments showed that the overall number of nucleated particles went through an explosive increasing after the metastable zone. Followed by a slight decreasing, it reached a relative constancy for a long time. This suggests that earlier crystal nucleation can be induced with higher water dosing rate, nevertheless, it is the same amount of water dosed when the overall crystal number reached its peak during the explosive emergence of crystals. After the overall particle number climaxed, further extension of crystal growth time would not bring any significant increase in crystal size. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated strategies for assessment of metabolite exposure in humans during drug development: analytical challenges and clinical development considerations
Authors: Zhu Mingshe , Zhang Donglu , Zhang Haiying , Shyu Wen Chyi 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMonitoring the exposure of a drug and its metabolites in humans and preclinical species during drug development is required to ensure that the safety of drug‐related components in humans are adequately assessed in the standard toxicology studies. Recently published FDA guidance on metabolites in safety testing (MIST) has generated broad discussion from various perspectives. Most of the opinions and experiences shared among the scientific community are scientifically sound and practical. There are various approaches to assess the metabolite exposure margin between toxicology species and humans: either by direct or indirect comparison or by qualitative or quantitative comparison. The choice of when and how to pursuit metabolite assessment is based on the overall development strategy of the compound. Therefore, it is important to understand the utility and limitations of analytical instruments in order to apply an appropriate analytical tool to address specific questions posed at different stages of drug development. The urgency of metabolite monitoring depends on the intrinsic nature of the compound, therapeutic intent and objective of the clinical development. The strategy for assessing metabolite exposure in humans should be a holistic approach considering clinical situations and cumulative knowledge of the metabolism of the drug in order to appropriately address metabolite safety in humans. A one‐size‐fits‐all approach is rarely the best use of resources. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.