bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serological studies with human papova (wart) virus
Authors: Ogilvie Marie M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYMethods for demonstrating antibody to wart virus by complement fixation and passive haemagglutination tests are described and compared with the precipitin test of Almeida & Goffe (1965). The results reveal the much greater sensitivity of the passive haemagglutination method, particularly in the detection of the immunoglobulin M class of antibody. Both complement-fixing and precipitating antibody were detected in sera from patients whose warts had undergone a spontaneous resolution.The presence of antibody to wart virus was demonstrated in sera from persons who had had warts up to 10 years previously, and in a few cases from those who thought they had never had warts.The antigenic identity of virus from hand warts and plantar warts of the simple and mosaic types was revealed, and some evidence was obtained for similar identity of the virus from genital warts.
The natural history of molluscum contagiosum in Fijian children
Authors: Hawley T. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA 10-month follow-up of 14 Fijian children suffering from molluscum contagiosum showed that the condition could last from about 6 months to about 3 years, but that any one lesion was present for only 2 months. There could be temporary relief from new lesions for at least 2 months; when complete remission occurred, it could be comparatively rapid. It is suggested that individual lesions should not be treated, in order to avoid scarring and because of their relatively rapid disappearance.
Salmonellosis in general practice. Observations of cases and their households in Enfield
Authors: Thomas Mair E. M. , Mogford Hilary E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYNine hundred and seventeen Salmonella infections in 580 households were confirmed during a laboratory study of diarrhoea in general practices in a large urban area during the years 1953–68. This was an annual incidence of about 2/10,000 population. Salmonellas were found in nearly 2% of new cases of diarrhoea investigated. Plural infections were found in 36% of the households studied and 18% of all contacts examined were shown to be infected. Among these contacts the infection rate was higher for children (24%) than for adults (16%). The duration of infection was longer than 2 months in nearly a quarter of the cases followed up, and intermittent excretion was observed in one-fifth. The commonest serotype was Salmonella typhimurium, but its incidence in the district declined especially after 1964. S. typhimurium infection provoked a severer enteritis but less general symptoms than did other salmonellas. Children were more susceptible than adults to salmonella infection, to illness and to prolonged excretion, but symptoms in index cases were as severe in adults as in children.
Clearance of antibiotics from the intestines after termination of antibiotic decontamination
Authors: van der Waaij D. , Lekkerkerk-van der Wees J. E. C. , Heidt P. J. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe clearance of neomycin and kanamycin from the intestines after stopping oral supply has been determined in mice. Both antibiotics, although given in different doses, were excreted in essentially the same way; the clearance being a little faster than logarithmically in both cases. The importance of this observation with regard to isolation and the moment of reconventionalization is discussed.
The survival and growth ofBacillus cereusin boiled and fried rice in relation to outbreaks of food poisoning
Authors: Gilbert R. J. , Stringer M. F. , Peace T. C. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA number of outbreaks of food poisoning attributed toBacillus cereushave been reported recently and all have been associated with cooked rice usually from Chinese restaurants and ‘take-away’ shops.Tests were made to assess the heat resistance ofB. cereusspores in aqueous suspension, the growth of the organism in boiled rice stored at temperatures in the range 4–55° C., and the effect of cooking and storage on the growth of the organism in boiled and fried rice. The spores ofB. cereussurvived cooking and were capable of germination and outgrowth. The optimum temperature for growth in boiled rice was between 30° and 37° C. and growth also occurred during storage at 15° and 43° C.To prevent further outbreaks it is suggested that rice should be boiled in smaller quantities on several occasions during the day, thereby reducing the storage time before frying. After boiling the rice should either be kept hot (> 63° C.) or cooled quickly and transferred to a refrigerator within 2 hr. of cooking. Boiled or fried rice must not be stored under warm conditions especially in the range 15–50° C.
The Action of Dysentery Bacilli on Nitrites and Nitrates
Authors: Logie W. J. 
Published: May 2009

(1) Dysentery strains from various sources have been examined with respect to their power of reducing nitrates to nitrites and of further destroying nitrites. All the strains with one exception (B. Neisser Ac.) reduced nitrates to nitrites. None of the strains which fail to ferment mannite (Shiga type) destroyed nitrites. Those dysentery strains which form acid from mannite differ amongst themselves in regard to their action on sugars and also in their effect on nitrites. Of the eight mannite-fermenting strains examined, two (B. dysenteriae Jürgens and B. Neisser Nc.) failed to destroy nitrites.(2) B. dysenteriae Jürgens, although closely related to B. dysenteriae Flexner, differs from it both in its action on litmus-whey and in failing to destroy nitrite. It must therefore be considered a different strain. B. dysenteriae Jürgens is remarkable as being the only one of the strains examined which forms indol and at the same time fails to destory nitrites. It is consequently the only one which gives the cholera-red reaction.(3) The addition of glucose (i.e. of a carbohydrate from which acid can be formed) enables Shiga strains to destroy nitrite.(4) In the presence of an abundant supply of oxygen all the strains fail to destroy nitrites and nitrates.(5) In glucose-containing media the inhibitory effect of oxygen is less marked.(6) Under anaerobic conditions Shiga strains and B. dysenteriae Jiirgens still fail to destroy nitrites.
Typhoid Fever and Mussel Pollution
Authors: Buchan George F. 
Published: May 2009

(1) 855 primary cases of typhoid fever in households in Birmingham were investigated.(2) In 124 or 14·5% of these cases a history of mussel eating within four weeks of the onset of the disease was obtained.(3) In 17 instances the histories were conclusive of mussel infection.(4) The curve of mussel-typhoid cases arranged in their weeks of commencement tallies closely with the importation of mussels into Birmingham.(5) Mussel infection is one of the causes contributing to the autumnal rise of enteric fever.(6) Some of the sources from which mussels are sent to the Birmingham market are known to be exposed to dangerous sewage contamination.(7) 65 samples of mussels obtained on entering the Birmingham market from 22 different known sources were analysed bacteriologically.(8) The results in terms of (a) the total number of organisms, (b) the number of glucose-fermenters, (c) the number of spores of Bacillus enteritidis sporogenes, and (d) the number of Streptococci shew that pollution to a dangerous degree of a large proportion of mussels placed on the market for human consumption exists.(9) 14 experiments were carried out in relation to mussels subjected to mussels subjected to moist heat at 100°C.(10) These shew that the ordinary method of cooking to mussels does not remove the risk of typhiod infection and that mussels may be heated in a steam steriliser at 100° C. continuously for as long as four and a half hours without sterilisation.(11) Legisaltion is necessary to prohibit the gathering of mussels for human consumption from mussel beds exposed to sewage contamination.
The Serological Classification ofStreptococcus pyogenes
Authors: Griffith F. 
Published: May 2009

The haemolytic streptococci associated with scarlet fever, tonsillitis, septic conditions, etc., belong to one group or species designatedStreptococcus pyogenes.Cultural and serological aids to the identification ofStr. pyogenesare described.The epidemiologically significant types ofStr. pyogenesappear to be about 20 in number, though probably more than thirty type sera will be necessary for the complete analysis of the group. So far twenty-seven individual serological types have been defined.The irregularities which have been observed in the agglutination reactions of streptococcal cultures are ascribed chiefly to variations in type-specificity.Different colonies may give “type-specific” or “group” agglutination, and these distinctions are revealed macroscopically in the case of certain types by growth on homologous agglutinating serum agar.Some examples are given of observations on the epidemiology of streptococcal infections in schools and other institutions.The principles involved in the serological classification of a bacterial group are discussed.
Anti-Streptolysin Titres of Human Sera in Health and in Various Streptococcal Infections
Authors: Stuart R. D. 
Published: May 2009

1. Streptolysin production by twenty-seven strains of haemolytic streptococci grown in a special buffered glucose serum-free broth has been compared and a very marked variation noted.2. The anti-streptolysin titres in healthy individuals and in others at the commencement of illness showed a pronounced variation.3. Throat infections with S. haemolyticus usually produced a rise in the level of circulating anti-streptolysin in the patients' blood, and this could be considered diagnostically significant.4. Throat infections with haemolytic streptococci showed rather more rapid production and higher titres of anti-streptolysin than did skin infections such as erysipelas, and both throat and skin infections were greatly superior to uterine infections in this respect.5. Neither the level of circulating anti-streptolysin at the commencement of infection nor the rate and height of response could be shown to have any bearing on the severity of the disease, except that a poor anti-streptolysin response was found in certain cases of relapses and toxic complications of throat infections. This appeared, however, to be merely indicative of a general poor antitoxic response and not to have any meaning by itself, except that in certain arthritic cases where the question of its importance was more open. No correlation whatsoever was noted between anti-streptolysin response and relapses and septic complications in erysipelas.6. In general the anti-streptolysin response in infection appeared to depend more on the individual than on the site or severity of infection.
Naturally Acquired Tuberculosis in Various Animals. Some Unusual Cases
Authors: Griffith A. Stanley 
Published: May 2009

In this paper the pathological and the bacteriological findings in ten instances of naturally acquired tuberculosis in ten different species of animals are recorded. The tubercle bacilli obtained in culture from five species (bat, bear, bison, hedgehog and mink), all cases of fatal tuberculosis, were of the bovine type. The bacilli from a case of localised glandular tuberculosis in a goat and one of tuberculosis of the pancreas in a kangaroo were of the avian type. The bacilli from a case of generalised retrogressive tuberculosis in a horse, of minimal thoracic tuberculosis in a calf and cutaneous and glandular tuberculosis in a parrot were of the human type. These results amplify the evidence already published which shows that each of the three types of tubercle bacilli (bovine, human and avian) is able to cause natural tuberculosis in many different species of animals other than that which is its normal habitat.The bovine bacillus which is transmitted to animals almost exclusively by tuberculous bovines is responsible for the greater part, especially the generalised and fatal forms, of the tuberculous disease occurring naturally in farm and domestic mammals and for a not inconsiderable amount of tuberculosis in human beings.The avian bacillus whose natural host is the domestic fowl can infect casually many species of mammals, namely the pig, the ox, the sheep, the goat, the horse, the guinea-pig and the rabbit and in Zoological Gardens several marsupial species. Instances of its transmission to the different species of farm mammals are rare, except in the case of the pig, and the disease produced is usually limited and confined to the glands adjacent to the points of entry of the bacilli. This type of bacillus may however cause severe generalised and fatal disease in the pig, sheep, rabbit and marsupials.The human bacillus has a narrower range of pathogenicity than either the bovine or the avian bacillus. This type can infect the pig, the calf and the horse, but does not produce progressive tuberculosis in these species. It causes cutaneous tuberculosis in parrots and is one cause of tuberculosis in the dog and in various species of animals kept in captivity, namely the guinea-pig, monkey, gnu, antelope, peccary, etc., in which species infection is followed by generalisation and progression of the disease.The evidence accumulated regarding the susceptibility of various species of animals to the three types of tubercle bacilli under farm and domestic conditions and in captivity may be summed up as follows.All three types of bacilli can infect the ox, pig, horse, guinea-pig and rabbit.Two types of bacilli have been found in the following species; viz. bovine and avian in the sheep, the goat and Australian marsupials; bovine and human in the domestic dog and in the ape, monkey and Ungulata in captivity; human and avian in the parrot.Only one type of bacillus has so far been obtained from domestic fowls (the avian), the domestic cat, hedgehog, mink and ferret (the bovine) and members of several species in captivity.
Serological Variants OfSalmonella Typhi-MuriumWith Special Reference ToS. Typhi-MuriumVar. Binns
Authors: Edwards Philip R. 
Published: May 2009

Studies of several cultures ofSalmonella typhi-muriumvar.binnsrevealed the fact that all contained specific components characteristic ofS. typhi-murium. These cultures lacked the somatic factor V. It is proposed, therefore, to emend the antigenic formula ofS. typhi-muriumvar.binnsfrom IV, V: —: 1, 2, 3, to IV: i: 1, 2, 3. Under the emended variety would also be included the organisms described by Kauffmann asS. typhi-muriumvar.copenhagenand by Edwards asS. aertryckevar.storrs.The writer acknowledges with grateful appreciation his indebtedness to Dr Harry Schiitze for his interest and helpful suggestions and to Dr W. M. Scott, Dr F. Kauffmann and Miss Georgia Cooper for forwarding cultures.
The Distribution of Antibody to Crystalline Egg Albumin in the Serum of Injected Rabbits
Authors: Adair Muriel E. , Taylor G. L. 
Published: May 2009

Two batches of pooled antisera obtained from rabbits injected with crystalline egg albumin have been fractionated with ammonium sulphate in order to investigate the distribution of the antibody to this antigen in the serum proteins.The albumin fractions contained no antibody.All the globulin fractions examined contained antibody, and flocculated readily when mixed with appropriate dilutions of the antigen.The distribution of antibody throughout the serum globulin was fairly uniform, the ratio of the antibody content to the protein concentration being the smallest in a fraction with a solubility in ammonium sulphate slightly lower than that of pseudoglobulin.
Late Deaths occurring in Active Anaphylaxis
Authors: Williamson Raymond 
Published: May 2009

Conditions are described under which late death from active anaphylaxis occurred in the guinea-pig. The post-mortem appearances were those of gastrointestinal congestion and haemorrhage resembling the changes seen in dogs dying of anaphylactic shock.Late deaths can be produced by the intravenous injection of antigen but more easily by intraperitoneal injections.
The survival of bacteria during and after drying
Authors: Fry R. M. , Greaves R. I. N. 
Published: May 2009

An investigation of the survival rate of bacteria after drying in vacuo by the ' spin–freeze' method showed that one of the most important factors was the fluid in which the bacteria were suspended. Broth or nutrient gelatin gave a moderate survival rate, but in various other protein solutions, even though there might be a fair survival immediately after drying, a large fall occurred in the viable count after storage. The addition of glucose to the suspending fluid in concentrations of between 5 and 10% greatly increased the survival rate both immediately and after storage. Some experiments showed that, without added glucose, the longer the drying process was continued the lower was the survival rate, and it is thought that glucose acts by automatically retaining a small amount of water which is necessary for survival. Lactose appears to produce the same effect.It is shown that the highest death-rate generally occurs during the early stages of drying, the further drop after 24 hr. being small if glucose is used in the suspending fluid. Very young cultures (4½–6 hr.) seem to be far more sensitive to drying than older ones (18–24 hr.). The bacteria that survive drying are not more resistant to subsequent drying.Most of these results have been obtained with one strain of paracolon bacillus, but a limited number of other experiments show that the same principles hold good for other organisms such as Salmonella typhi-murium, staphylococci, streptococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Vibrio cholerae. In the case of the last two species the percentage survival is much lower than with the others, but survivals up to 1% have been obtained after storage for from 1 to 3 years.
The penicillin sensitivity and phage types of staphylococci isolated from hospital patients
Authors: Elwood J. Stanley 
Published: May 2009

1. A series of 110 patients with staphylococcal infections has been investigated. From 43 patients a penicillin-resistant staphylococcus was isolated: in cultures from 38 patients all staphylococcal colonies tested were penicillin resistant and in five both sensitive and resistant strains were isolated. Seven patients yielded a streptomycin-resistant staphylococcus.2. Of the 84 strains of staphylococci which could be phage typed, 33 belonged to the group of phages 6/7/47 and 32 were of type 52 A. Of the 32 typable penicillin- resistant strains 18 belonged to the group of phages 6/7/47, and 13 were type 52 A.3. Of the 115 strains isolated 110 were α-lysinogenic.4. These results are compared with those found a year previously and the significant changes are discussed.
Factors influencing the results of blood culture in enteric fever
Authors: Shaw A. Batty , Mackay H. A. F. 
Published: May 2009

1. The results of 192 blood cultures in an epidemic of enteric fever are analysed. The epidemic was caused by a double enteric infection withSalm. typhi(Vi-phage type T) andSalm. paratyphiB (Vi-phage type ‘Dundee’).2. All of sixty –five cultures between 102 and 104∘ F. were positive, and a significant number of positive cultures at lower body temperatures were obtained. Three out of four cultures, taken when the temperature was subnormal, were positive. In seventy–one out of seventy–six cases (93·4%) a positive blood culture was obtained.3. The highest percentage of positive isolations was obtained in the second week of disease. In the severe cases the highest percentage occurred in the third week. The reasons for this, and the findings of previous studies, are discussed.4. No difficulty was encountered in obtaining positive blood cultures in previously inoculated individuals.5. The average period of incubation of the cultures, required to produce a positive result, was 4–5 days, and 17% did not become positive until the ninth to eleventh day of incubation.6. The discovery of ehloramphenicol has emphasized the need for the early diagnosis of enteric fever. This can most readily be achieved by the method of blood culture.
Observations on the prophylaxis of experimental pulmonary anthrax in the monkey
Authors: Henderson D. W. , Peacock S. , Belton F. C. 
Published: May 2009

The evidence presented supports the hypothesis that the experimental form of anthrax induced by depositing a cloud of single spores on lung epithelium is initiated in the lymphatic regions and not in lung tissue.Proportionately few of the deposited spores reach the lymph glands. The majority remain inactive in so far as induction of disease is concerned. Slowly, however, they seem to go through the first stages of germination but do not multiply and therefore die. This is probably the major factor operative in their disappearance from the lung.Effective prophylactic measures are suggested for dealing with an unimmunized host exposed to anthrax infection by the pulmonary route.
Some observations on the influence of the micro-environment on loss of M substance in strains of Streptococcus pyogenes
Authors: Wormald P. J. 
Published: May 2009

1. An M-producing strain of Streptococcus pyogenes type-12 was shown to be carried on the surface of apparently healthy tonsils for at least 3 years.2. Loss of M substance in a strain of type-3 in a tonsillar carrier was shown to be by gradual replacement of matt forms by glossy variants. This pair of naturally occurring variants showed very different growth rates as mixtures in liquid media.3. Under suitable conditions, glossy variants regularly appeared and replaced the M-producing strain from which they were derived in these and all other strains of type-3 and type-12 tested from a wide variety of sources.4. It is suggested that the selection of variants by the differential nutrient value of the micro-environment is the deciding factor in carrier strains showing loss of M substance.
Is Infantile gastro-enteritis fundamentally a milk-borne infection?
Authors: Thomson Scott 
Published: May 2009

1. One per cent of samples of farm milk were found to contain pathogenic varieties of Bacterium coli of the O groups associated with infantile gastroenteritis.2. Unheated cows' milk is a dangerous food for babies.3. Summer diarrhoea was probably, for the most part, milk-borne infection by special O groups of Bact. coli.4. Thirteen per cent of chickens on farms were found to be excreting Bact. coli of the O groups associated with infantile gastro-enteritis but only a few of the strains possessed H antigens of varieties known to have an association with human disease.5. Possible reservoirs of infection cannot be adequately searched for until a selective method is devised to aid the separation of pathogenic O groups of Bact. coli from the non-pathogenic.