bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Semi‐dominant mutations in the CC‐NB‐LRR‐type R gene, NLS1, lead to constitutive activation of defense responses in rice
Authors: Tang Jiuyou , Zhu Xudong , Wang Yiqin , Liu Linchuan , Xu Bo , Li Feng , Fang Jun , Chu Chengcai 
Published: March 2011

SummaryIn this study, we characterized the semi‐dominant mutant nls1‐1D (necrotic leaf sheath 1) of rice, which displays spontaneous lesions, specifically on leaf sheaths, with a developmental pattern. nls1‐1D plants also exhibited constitutively activated defense responses, including extensive cell death, excess hydrogen peroxide and salicylic acid (SA) accumulation, up‐regulated expressions of pathogenesis‐related genes, and enhanced resistance to bacterial pathogens. Map‐based cloning revealed that NLS1 encodes a typical CC‐NB‐LRR‐type protein in rice. The nls1‐1D mutation causes a S367N substitution in the non‐conserved region close to the GLPL motif of the NB domain. An adjacent S366T substitution was found in another semi‐dominant mutant, nls1‐2D, which exhibited the same phenotypes as nls1‐1D. Combined analyses of wild‐type plants transformed with the mutant NLS1 gene (nls1‐1D), NLS1 RNAi and over‐expression transgenic lines showed that nls1‐2D is allelic to nls1‐1D, and both mutations may cause constitutive auto‐activation of the NLS1 R protein. Further real‐time PCR analysis revealed that NLS1 is expressed constitutively in an age‐dependent manner. In addition, because the morphology and constitutive defense responses of nls1‐1D were not suppressed by blocking SA or NPR1 transcript accumulation, we suggest that NLS1 mediates both SA and NPR1‐independent defense signaling pathways in rice.
AtHsp70‐15‐deficient Arabidopsis plants are characterized by reduced growth, a constitutive cytosolic protein response and enhanced resistance to TuMV
Authors: Jungkunz Isabel , Link Katrin , Vogel Florian , Voll Lars M. , Sonnewald Sophia , Sonnewald Uwe 
Published: March 2011

Summary Arabidopsis thaliana contains 18 genes encoding Hsp70s. This heat shock protein superfamily is divided into two sub‐families: DnaK and Hsp110/SSE. In order to functionally characterize members of the Hsp70 superfamily, loss‐of‐function mutants with reduced cytosolic Hsp70 expression were studied. AtHsp70‐1 and AtHsp70‐2 are constitutively expressed and represent the major cytosolic Hsp70 isoforms under ambient conditions. Analysis of single and double mutants did not reveal any difference compared to wild‐type controls. In yeast, SSE protein has been shown to act as a nucleotide exchange factor, essential for Hsp70 function. To test whether members of the Hsp110/SSE sub‐family serve essential functions in plants, two members of the sub‐family, AtHsp70‐14 and AtHsp70‐15, were analysed. Both genes are highly homologous and constitutively expressed. Deficiency of AtHsp70‐15 but not of AtHsp70‐14 led to severe growth retardation. AtHsp70‐15‐deficient plants were smaller than wild‐type and exhibited a slightly different leaf shape. Stomatal closure under ambient conditions and in response to ABA was impaired in the AtHsp70‐15 transgenic plants, but ABA‐dependent inhibition of germination was not affected. Heat treatment of AtHsp70‐15‐deficient plants resulted in drastically increased mortality, indicating that AtHsp70‐15 plays an essential role during normal growth and in the heat response of Arabidopsis plants. AtHsp70‐15‐deficient plants are more tolerant to infection by turnip mosaic virus. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that AtHsp70‐15‐deficient plants display a constitutive stress response similar to the cytosolic protein response. Based on these results, AtHsp70‐15 is likely to be a key factor in proper folding of cytosolic proteins, and may function as nucleotide exchange factor as proposed for yeast.
In planta quantification of endoreduplication using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
Authors: Bourdon Matthieu , Coriton Olivier , Pirrello Julien , Cheniclet Catherine , Brown Spencer C. , Poujol Christel , Chevalier Christian , Renaudin Jean‐Pierre , Frangne Nathalie 
Published: March 2011

SummaryEndopolyploidy, i.e. amplification of the genome in the absence of mitosis, occurs in many plant species and happens along with organ and cell differentiation. Deciphering the functional roles of endopolyploidy is hampered by the fact that polyploid tissues generally comprise cells with various ploidy levels. In some fleshy fruits (amongst them tomato fruit) the ploidy levels present at the end of development range from 2C to 256C in the same tissue. To investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of endopolyploidy it is necessary to address the DNA content of individual nuclei in situ. Conventional methods such as fluorometry or densitometry can be used for some tissues displaying favorable characteristics, e.g. small cells, small nuclei, organization in a monolayer, but high levels of varying polyploidy are usually associated with large sizes of nuclei and cells, in a complex three dimensional (3‐D) organization of the tissues. The conventional methods are inadequate for such tissue, becoming semi‐quantitative and imprecise. We report here the development of a new method based on fluorescent in situ bacterial artificial chromosome hybridizations that allows the in situ determination of the DNA ploidy level of individual nuclei. This method relies on the counting of hybridization signals and not on intensity measurements and is expected to provide an alternative method for mapping endopolyploidy patterns in mature, 3‐D organized plant tissues as illustrated by the analysis of ploidy level and cell size in pericarp from mature green tomato fruit.
Serum pharmacokinetics of clindamycin hydrochloride in normal dogs when administered at two dosage regimens
Authors: Saridomichelakis Manolis N. , Athanasiou Labrini V. , Salame Michel , Chatzis Manolis K. , Katsoudas Vassilis , Pappas Ioannis S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe aim of this cross‐over study was to compare clindamycin pharmacokinetics in the serum of clinically normal dogs when administered orally at two dosage regimens (5.5 mg/kg, twice daily, and 11 mg/kg, once daily), separated by a 1 week wash‐out period. Serum samples were obtained from six clinically normal laboratory beagles before, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h after the first and fifth dose of clindamycin at 5.5 mg/kg, twice daily, and before, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 h after the first and third dose at 11 mg/kg, once daily. Serum clindamycin concentrations were determined by reverse‐phase liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Results were analysed using Student’s pairedt‐test, at a 5% level of significance. Values of pharmacokinetic parameters that differed significantly between the two dosage regimens included the following: maximal concentration and area under the concentration–time curve were higher at 11 mg/kg, once daily, than at 5.5 mg/kg, twice daily; and, more importantly, the ratio of AUC0–24to the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.5 μg/mL for a 24 h period (AUC0–24/MIC) was higher when clindamycin was administered at 11 than at 5.5 mg/kg, at least during the first day of drug administration. Therefore, a better pharmacokinetic profile may be expected when clindamycin is administered at 11 mg/kg, once daily, for the treatment of canine pyoderma caused byStaphylococcus pseudintermedius.
Metaflumizone–amitraz (Promeris)‐associated pustular acantholytic dermatitis in 22 dogs: evidence suggests contact drug‐triggered pemphigus foliaceus
Authors: Oberkirchner Ursula , Linder Keith E. , Dunston Stan , Bizikova Petra , Olivry Thierry 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPromeris Duo (PD) is a novel topical flea and tick preventative for dogs, which is also licensed for treatment of canine demodicosis. In this article, we present 22 dogs that all developed pemphigus foliaceus (PF)‐like cutaneous drug reactions at the site of PD application. In eight dogs, the lesions were restricted to the application site (localized group). Signs of systemic illness were reported in three dogs, and four required immunosuppressive treatment. Direct immunofluorescence for IgG was positive in four dogs, although circulating antikeratinocyte IgG could not be detected in any tested sera. Complete remission was achieved in all dogs, with one patient still remaining on treatment. Fourteen dogs developed skin lesions at the application site as well as other noncontiguous areas (distant group). Systemic signs were reported in 11 dogs, and immunosuppression was required in 10 cases. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence tests were positive for antikeratinocyte autoantibodies in 10 of 13 and six of 10 patients with distant disease, respectively. Complete remission was achieved in 10 of 13 dogs with distant disease; one‐third are still on treatment. Histological changes were similar to canine PF. Desmosomal architectural changes, assessed by desmoglein‐1 immunostaining, were also similar to those of dogs with spontaneous autoimmune PF. Apoptosis did not appear to contribute to lesion formation, in either autoimmune or PD‐associated PF. In conclusion, PD has the potential of triggering a variant of PF that resembles spontaneously occurring autoimmune PF at clinical, morphological, immunological and treatment outcome levels.
Clinical and immunological evaluation of 12‐month azithromycin therapy in chronic lung allograft rejection
Authors: Federica Meloni , Nadia Solari , Monica Morosini , Alessandro Cascina , Tiberio Oggionni , Francesco Bini , Mario Viganò , Maria Fietta Anna 
Published: March 2011

Federica M, Nadia S, Monica M, Alessandro C, Tiberio O, Francesco B, Mario V, Maria FA. Clinical and immunological evaluation of 12‐month azithromycin therapy in chronic lung allograft rejection. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: E381–E389. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Background:  Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is the leading cause of morbidity/mortality in lung‐transplant recipients (LTRs). Recent studies demonstrated that azithromycin (AZI) can improve graft function in BOS. We here investigated whether a 12‐month course of AZI could more efficiently impact the course of BOS if administered early in BOS development.Methods:  Using a retrospective study, we examined AZI effects on graft function in 62 LTRs: 25 with potential BOS (BOS 0‐p) and 37 with BOS grade 1–3. Response was defined as a ≥ 10% FEV1 increase. Bronchoalveolar (BAL) neutrophilia and levels of IL‐8, 8‐isoprostane and other plasma cytokines were analyzed as parameters of lung or systemic inflammation.Results:  After 12‐month AZI, 13 patients were responders, 35 had graft function stabilization, and 14 further deteriorated. The frequency of responders was significantly higher in LTRs with BOS 0‐p (44%) than in those with BOS grade 1–3 (6%). No association was found between BAL features and AZI response while a significant decrease in plasma levels of IL‐8, MCP‐1, I‐309, MIP‐1α, and TNF‐α was detected.Conclusions:  Long‐term AZI can improve or stabilize lung graft function in LTRs with BOS, but the treatment impacts the course of the disease more efficiently if administered in BOS 0‐p.
RT‐PCR Amplification of Various Canine Cytokines and Socalled House‐keeping Genes in a Species‐Specific Macrophage Cell Line (DH82) and Canine Peripheral Blood Leukocytes
Authors: Grone A. , Fonfara S. , Markus S. , Baumgartner W. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryTotal ribonucleic acid (RNA) isolated from a continuous canine macrophage cell line (DH82) was used in reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT‐PCR) for the detection of transcripts of interleukin (IL)‐8, ‐12, and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF). Three different methods of RNA isolation (standard guanidinium‐thiocyanate method with and without application of RNA matrix, and boiling) were used and compared in regard to RT‐PCR results. The most suitable method was used to establish RT‐PCR amplification of mRNA transcripts of IL‐2, ‐10, and interferon‐γ (IFN) in RNA isolated from canine peripheral blood leukocytes. Integrity of RNA isolates was ensured by amplification of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) or β‐actin. IL‐8, ‐12, and TNF were amplified from RNA isolated by various methods. Use of guanidinium‐thiocyanate with and without RNA matrix gave the most consistent results. Boiling as a mean of RNA isolation was quick and easy, but the RT‐PCR results were extremely variable and multiple smaller bands were observed in the agarose gel in some preparations. IL‐2, ‐10 and IFN transcripts were amplified from RNA isolated with guamidimium‐thiocyanate from leukocytes stimulated with concanavalin A. DNase‐treatment of RNA isolates was necessary to assure the destruction of genomic DNA and to avoid amplification of genomic sequences. This was especially a problem when using primers for GAPDH, β‐actin, IL‐12, and TNF. Lack of DNase‐treatment may lead to false positive results. This may be especially a problem when amplification of so‐called house‐keeping genes is used as internal control for RNA integrity. These findings demonstrated that isolation of total RNA with guanidinium‐thiocyanate followed by DNase‐treatment gave reliable and consistent results for detection of cytokine transcripts by RT‐PCR in a canine macrophage cell line and canine peripheral blood leukocytes.
Health Status of Bulls Used For Natural Breeding on Farms in South West Scotland
Authors: McGowan A. C. , Murray R. D. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryOne hundred and nine breeding bulls were examined during the period November 1992 to June 1993 on farms in south west Scotland for evidence of infectious diseases associated with breeding. Preputial washings were collected to screen for Campylobacter fetus venerialis, together with serial blood samples to assess their seroprevalence to Bovine Virus Diarrhoca virus (BVDv), Bovine Herpes Virus‐1 (BHV‐1), Leptospira hardjo and Bovine Herpes Virus‐4 (BHV‐4). The possible impact of natural mating on the epidemiology of these diseases is described. Evidence of infections with Campylobacter fetus and BVH‐4 were not found in this sample. The overall seroprevalence to BVDv was 78%, for BHV‐1 49%, and L. bardjo 27% at titres of ≥ 1/400. This study shows that bulls may be responsible for the introduction and dissemination of these diseases when moved from farm to farm as part of normal cattle breeding in this area. Young unproven bulls may be particularly susceptible to endemic diseases associated with lowered reproductive performance.
Risk Indicators for the Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Porcine Influenza Viruses and Aujeszky's Disease Virus in Slaughter Pigs from Fattening Pig Herds
Authors: Maes D. , Deluyker H. , Verdonck M. , Castryck F. , Miry C. , Vrijens B. , de Kruif A. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryEpidemiological aspects of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh), influenza H***2N1 and H3N2 viruses, and Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) were investigated in slaughter pigs from 50 fattening pig herds. Herd factors as potential risk indicators for respiratory disease were obtained by means of a questionnaire. At slaughter, blood samples were collected from each herd, and the proportion of seropositive pigs per herd was assessed for each of these pathogens. The median herd‐level seroprevalence of the agents were: Mh 88%, H***3N1 100%, H3N2 60% and ADV 90%. The percentage of herds in which all investigated fattening pigs were seronegative for these agents was: Mh 0%, H***N1 0%, H3N2 12% and ADV 18%. The percentage of herds in which all investigated fattening pigs were seropositive for these agents was: Mh 8%, H1N1 71%, H3N2 22% and ADV 40%. A positive association was found between influenza H1N1 and H3N2 viruses, and a negative association between influenza H3N2 virus and ADV. There were no risk indicators for the seroprevalence of Mh. Three risk indicators were associated with the seroprevalence of influenza H1N1 virus: a fully slatted floor, an increasing number of pigs in the municipality and dry feeding. Three risk indicators were found for the seroprevalence of influenza H3N2 virus: purchase of pigs from ≥two herds, an increasing number of pigs in the municipality and natural ventilation. The seroprevalence of ADV was influenced by two risk indicators: an increasing number of pig herds in the municipality and an increasing number of pigs per pen.
New concepts in endothelin control of sodium balance
Authors: Nakano Daisuke , Pollock David 
Published: March 2011

Summary1. Endothelin (ET)‐1, which was originally found to be secreted by the vascular endothelium, is highly expressed in the kidney, particularly in the renal medulla.2. Recent studies using genetic models have provided significant breakthroughs in the role of ET‐1 in the kidney. For example, ET‐1 in the medullary collecting duct physiologically regulates water and salt reabsorption, thereby controlling blood pressure. Surprisingly, to explain the blood pressure regulation both ETA and ETB receptors are necessary in collecting duct. In fact, we recently revealed that ETA receptor stimulation in the renal medulla was natriuretic and diuretic.3. The expression and secretion of ET‐1 in the renal medulla are regulated by multiple mechanisms, such as changes in osmolality, exaggerated renin–angiotensin system activity and hypoxia. The changes in the renal medullary ET system are likely to work as compensatory ‘protective’ natriuretic factors in response to high sodium exposure in the kidney.4. In the present review, we focus on recent publications that describe our current knowledge of the functional role of renal medullary ET‐1, including the recently characterized actions of ETA receptors, the second messenger systems, mechanisms of stimulating ET‐1 production and how the ET system is involved in the development of hypertension.
Obesity‐related colon cancer: Dietary factors and their mechanisms of anticancer action‡
Authors: Zeng Huawei , Lazarova Darina L 
Published: March 2011

Summary1. Overweight/obesity is an epidemic in the US as well as in other developed countries, affecting two‐thirds of Americans and an estimated 2.3 billion people worldwide. Obesity increases the risk for Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. For example, epidemiological studies have established a strong association between obesity and colon cancer.2. It is generally accepted that metabolic changes associated with overweight/obesity, particularly abdominal obesity and changes in adipocyte function, contribute to the increased risk of colon cancer. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this association is important for the development of preventive strategies for colon cancer. Part of these preventive strategies may be based on dietary factors, such as vitamins, minerals (e.g. selenium), fibre, phytochemicals and phenolic compounds. These anticancer nutrients may counteract the molecular changes associated with obesity.3. The present article reviews the evidence that inflammation and insulin resistance induced by obesity are the molecular mediators of the association between obesity and colon cancer. We also evaluate the evidence for the ability of dietary factors to target the obesity‐induced changes and, thus, protect against colon cancer.
Circumferential resection margin involvement after laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision for rectal cancer
Authors: Raftopoulos I. , Reed J. F. , Bergamaschi R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim  This study aimed to evaluate circumferential resection margin (CRM) involvement in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma after laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision (APR).Method  Prospectively collected data were analyzed on consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic APR for histologically proven rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemotherapy, from 1998 to 2006. Patients with no sphincter involvement were not included and underwent intersphincteric resection with coloanal anastomosis. CRM involvement was defined as ≤ 2 mm using a standardized pathology protocol. Data were presented as mean ± SD or as median (range).Results  Seventy‐four patients (60 ± 14 years of age; body mass index = 29.7 ± 7.9 kg/m2) underwent laparoscopic APR. The distance of the tumour from the anal verge was 3.1 ± 0.93 cm. All patients had sphincter involvement. The operative time was 180 ± 73 min, and estimated blood loss was 269 ± 149 ml. There were no conversions and no postoperative mortality. The adverse event rate was 11%. There were two reoperations and three readmissions. Seventy‐one patients had a T3 tumour and three patients had a T4 tumour. The median tumour size was 3.1 (range, 0–10) × 3 (range, 0–8.5) × 2 (range, 0–3.6) cm, and 26 (range, 3–41) lymph nodes were harvested. The median CRM was 7 (range, 1–11) mm. This was localized at the waist of the specimen in 12 (16.2%) of patients. Adjuvant therapy was given to 92% and 97% of patients with an involved and an uninvolved CRM, respectively. At 50 ± 27 months of follow up of 73 patients, 12 had CRM involvement and had a significantly decreased cancer‐specific survival (log rank test, P = 0.002).Conclusion  Laparoscopic APR resulted in CRM involvement in 16.2% of patients with rectal cancer.
Diabetes Medication Assistance Service Stage 1: impact and sustainability of glycaemic and lipids control in patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Krass I. , Mitchell B. , Song Y. J. C. , Stewart K. , Peterson G. , Hughes J. , Smith L. , White L. , Armour C. 
Published: March 2011

Diabet. Med. 28, 987–993 (2011)AbstractAims  To investigate (i) optimal intensity (four visits vs. six visits) and duration (6 vs. 12 months) of the Diabetes Medication Assistance Service in community pharmacy and (ii) sustainability of improvements in patients’ diabetes control associated with differing intensities of intervention.Methods  A national quota sample of 90 community pharmacies in Australia were randomly assigned into group 1 (6‐month Diabetes Medication Assistance Service) or group 2 (12‐month Diabetes Medication Assistance Service) and subsequently recruited a total of 524 patients. A wide range of clinical (HbA1c, blood pressure, lipids) and quality‐of‐life outcome measures were assessed.Results  The 6‐ and 12‐month Diabetes Medication Assistance Service resulted in significant and similar reductions in HbA1c (−0.9 mmol/mol; 95% CI −0.7 to −1.1) –, total cholesterol (−0.3 mmol/l; 95% CI −0.1 to −0.4) and triglycerides (−0.3 mmol/l; 95% CI −0.1 to −0.5). There was also a significant reduction in the number of patients who were at risk of having a cardiovascular event in the next 10 years. For the subset of patients for whom data were available at baseline, completion and 18 months, improvements in HbA1c and total cholesterol were sustained at 18 months and triglycerides showed a further improvement at 18 months.Conclusions  The Diabetes Medication Assistance Service resulted in significant improvements in diabetes control that were independent of intensity and duration of the service and showed evidence of being sustained at 18 months. The extent and sustainability of clinical improvements achieved by the Diabetes Medication Assistance Service, together with the resulting reduction in cardiovascular risk, should translate into future cost savings to healthcare systems by delaying and reducing diabetes‐related complications.