bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mechanical Significance of the Temporal Fasciae in Macaca fascicularis: An Investigation Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Curtis Neil , Witzel Ulrich , Fitton Laura , O'higgins Paul , Fagan Michael 
Published: May 2011

AbstractComputational finite element analyses (FEAs) of the skull predict structural deformations under user specified loads and constraints, with results normally presented as stress and strain distributions over the skull's surface. The applied loads are generally a representation of the major adductor musculature, with the skull constrained at bite positions and at the articulating joints. However, virtually all analyses ignore potentially important anatomical structures, such as the fasciae that cover the temporalis muscle and attach onto the zygomatic arch. In vivo experimental studies have shown that removal of the temporal fasciae attachment onto the zygomatic arch in Cebus monkeys results in significant bone adaptation and remodeling in this region, suggesting the fasciae play an important role in stabilising the arch during biting. Here we investigate this potential stabilising role by carrying out FEAs of a macaque skull with and without temporal fasciae included. We explore the extent to which the zygomatic arch might be stabilized during biting by a synchronized tensioning of the temporal fasciae, acting to oppose masseteric contraction forces. According to our models, during temporalis muscle bulging the forces generated within the tensioned temporal fasciae are large enough to oppose the pull of the masseter. Further, a near bending‐free state of equilibrium within the arch can be reached, even under forceful biting. We show that it is possible to eliminate the high strain gradients in and around the zygomatic arch that are present in past computational studies, with strains being more uniform in magnitude than previously thought. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of the idiotype:antiidiotype antibody ratio with the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for the prevention of recurrent autoimmune‐associated congenital heart block
Authors: Routsias John G. , Kyriakidis Nikolaos C. , Friedman Deborah M. , Llanos Carolina , Clancy Robert , Moutsopoulos Haralampos M. , Buyon Jill , Tzioufas Athanasios G. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectiveCongenital heart block (CHB), a manifestation of neonatal lupus, is associated with maternal anti‐Ro/SSA and anti‐La/SSB autoantibodies and recurs in ∼18% of subsequent pregnancies. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of the idiotype:antiidiotype (Id:anti‐Id) antibody ratio in the ability of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) administered during subsequent pregnancies to prevent CHB.MethodsWe studied 16 anti‐Ro/SSA and anti‐La/SSB–positive pregnant women from the Preventive IVIG Therapy for Congenital Heart Block study who had previously given birth to a child with neonatal lupus. In 3 of the mothers, the study pregnancy resulted in the birth of a child with neonatal lupus (2 with CHB and 1 with rash). Sequential serum samples were obtained from all mothers immediately before the administration of IVIG during pregnancy and were evaluated for antibodies against the major B cell epitope 349–364aa of La/SSB (idiotype) and its antiidiotypic antibodies.ResultsFollowing IVIG treatment, serum titers of anti‐La(349–364) (Id antibodies) decreased in 80% of the mothers, and in 60% an increase in anti‐Id antibodies against anti‐La(349–364) was observed. The Id:anti‐Id ratio was significantly higher in mothers whose offspring developed neonatal lupus compared to mothers who gave birth to a healthy child (P < 0.0001). Removal of anti‐Id antibodies substantially increased the reactivity against La(349–364) in sera from 5 of 7 mothers tested. All IVIG preparations were examined for Id and anti‐Id antibody activity. IVIG from batches administered to mothers who gave birth to a healthy child had an Id:anti‐Id activity ratio of <1, in contrast to that given to mothers who gave birth to a child with neonatal lupus. Addition of the IVIG preparations to the maternal sera further enhanced antiidiotypic activity (by up to 4.7‐fold) in 11 of 13 patients studied.ConclusionThis is the first study in humans to demonstrate that IVIG influences the Id–anti‐Id network of a specific pathogenic autoantibody. Specifically, we showed that IVIG enhanced the anti‐Id antibody response in pregnant women with anti‐La/SSB antibodies. A high Id:anti‐Id ratio in both the IVIG preparation and the maternal serum may explain the absence of an effect of IVIG in preventing recurrent neonatal lupus in some cases.
Promoting metacognition in first year anatomy laboratories using plasticine modeling and drawing activities: A pilot study of the “Blank Page” technique
Authors: Naug Helen L. , Colson Natalie J. , Donner Daniel G. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMany first year students of anatomy and physiology courses demonstrate an inability to self‐regulate their learning. To help students increase their awareness of their own learning in a first year undergraduate anatomy course, we piloted an exercise that incorporated the processes of (1) active learning: drawing and plasticine modeling and (2) metacognition: planning, monitoring, reaction, and reflection. The activity was termed “blank page” because all learning cues were removed and students had to create models and diagrams from reflection and recall. Two hundred and eighty‐two students responded to a questionnaire reporting qualitative feedback on the exercise. Based on student responses, the “blank page” activity was a positive learning experience and confirmed a need to teach metacognitive skills. From this pilot study, we established that drawing or plasticine modeling is an excellent vehicle for demonstration of the metacognitive processes that enable self‐regulation: a known predictor of academic success. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Epigenetic regulation in neural crest development
Authors: Liu Yifei , Xiao Andrew 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe neural crest (NC) is a multipotent, migratory cell population that arises from the developing dorsal neural fold of vertebrate embryos. Once their fates are specified, neural crest cells (NCCs) migrate along defined routes and differentiate into a variety of tissues, including bone and cartilage of the craniofacial skeleton, peripheral neurons, glia, pigment cells, endocrine cells, and mesenchymal precursor cells (Santagati and Rijli,2003; Dupin et al.,2006; Hall,2009). Abnormal development of NCCs causes a number of human diseases, including ear abnormalities (including deafness), heart anomalies, neuroblastomas, and mandibulofacial dysostosis (Hall,2009). For more than a century, NCCs have attracted the attention of geneticists and developmental biologists for their stem cell‐like properties, including self‐renewal and multipotent differentiation potential. However, we have only begun to understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for their formation and behavior. Recent studies have demonstrated that epigenetic regulation plays important roles in NC development. In this review, we focused on some of the most recent findings on chromatin‐mediated mechanisms for vertebrate NCC development. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extracellular matrix and heart development
Authors: Lockhart Marie , Wirrig Elaine , Phelps Aimee , Wessels Andy 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe extracellular matrix (ECM) of the developing heart contains numerous molecules that form a dynamic environment that plays an active and crucial role in the regulation of cellular events. ECM molecules found in the heart include hyaluronan, fibronectin, fibrillin, proteoglycans, and collagens. Tight regulation of the spatiotemporal expression, and the proteolytic processing of ECM components by proteases including members of the ADAMTS family, is essential for normal cardiac development. Perturbation of the expression of genes involved in matrix composition and remodeling can interfere with a myriad of events involved in the formation of the four‐chambered heart and result in prenatal lethality or cardiac malformations as seen in humans with congenital heart disease. In this review, we summarize what is known about the specific importance of some of the components of the ECM in relation to the cardiovascular development. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stranger at the Gate: The Effect of the Plaintiff's use of an Interpreter on Juror Decision‐Making
Authors: Shuman Daniel W. , Stokes Lynne , Martinez George 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThere exists a substantial literature examining the effect on juror decision‐making of extraneous demographic characteristics of plaintiffs and defendants. In most of these studies, members of groups that are perceived as being minorities or as belonging to one of a variety of outgroups (lower socioeconomic status, immigrants) are treated more harshly by jurors, or are perceived as being less deserving or credible. In this study, the authors examine treatment by jurors of a relatively less well investigated outgroup: that of the non‐English speaker. An experiment was conducted in which actual jurors in a large urban county were randomly assigned to view a videotape of a civil case. Three versions of the videotapes were identical except that, on one, the plaintiff required an interpreter to communicate and it is approximately three minutes longer than the other two. On the other two versions, the plaintiff spoke English, but differed in ethnicity (Hispanic or Anglo). The findings showed that the non‐English‐speaking plaintiff did not fare worse than the English speakers, and, in fact, was awarded higher mean damages than either of the English speakers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spontaneous Transmission of Chirality through Multiple Length Scales
Authors: Iski Erin V. , Tierney Heather L. , Jewell April D. , Sykes E. Charles H. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe hierarchical transfer of chirality in nature, from the nano‐, to meso‐, to macroscopic length scales, is very complex, and as of yet, not well understood. The advent of scanning probes has allowed chirality to be monitored at the single molecule or monolayer level and has opened up the possibility to track enantiospecific interactions and chiral self‐assembly with molecular‐scale detail. This paper describes the self‐assembly of a simple, model molecule (naphtho[2,3‐a]pyrene) that is achiral in the gas phase, but becomes chiral when adsorbed on a surface. This polyaromatic hydrocarbon forms a stable and reversibly ordered system on Cu(111) in which the transmission of chirality from single surface‐bound molecules to complex 2D chiral architectures can be monitored as a function of molecular packing density and surface temperature. In addition to the point chirality of the surface‐bound molecule, the unit cell of the molecular domains was also found to be chiral due to the incommensurate alignment of the molecular rows with respect to the underlying metal lattice. These molecular domains always aggregated in groups of three, all of the same chirality, but with different rotational orientations, forming homochiral “tri‐lobe” ensembles. At a larger length scale, these tri‐lobe ensembles associated with nearest‐neighbor tri‐lobe units of opposite chirality at lower packing densities before forming an extended array of homochiral tri‐lobe ensembles at higher converges. This system displayed chirality at a variety of size scales from the molecular (≈1 nm) and domain (≈5 nm) to the tri‐lobe ensemble (≈10 nm) and extended array (>25 nm) levels. The chirality of the tri‐lobe ensembles dictated how the overall surface packing occurred and both homo‐ and heterochiral arrays could be reproducibly and reversibly formed and interchanged as a function of surface coverage. Finally, these chirally templated surfaces displayed remarkable enantiospecificity for naphtho[2,3‐a]pyrene molecules adsorbed in the second layer. Given its simplicity, reversibility, and rich degree of order, this system represents an ideal test bed for the investigation of symmetry breaking and the hierarchical transmission of chirality through multiple length scales.
The mouse olfactory peduncle
Authors: Brunjes Peter C. , Kay Rachel B. , Arrivillaga J.P. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe olfactory peduncle, the region connecting the olfactory bulb with the basal forebrain, contains several neural areas that have received relatively little attention. The present work includes studies that provide an overview of the region in the mouse. An analysis of cell soma size in pars principalis (pP) of the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) revealed considerable differences in tissue organization between mice and rats. An unbiased stereological study of neuron number in the cell‐dense regions of pars externa (pE) and pP of the AON of 3‐, 12‐, and 24‐month‐old mice indicated that pE has about 16,500 cells in 0.043 mm3and pP about 58,300 cells in 0.307 mm3. Quantitative Golgi studies of pyramidal neurons in pP suggested that mouse neurons are similar to although smaller than those of the rat. An immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that all peduncular regions (pE, pP, the dorsal peduncular cortex, ventral tenia tecta, and anterior olfactory tubercle and piriform cortex) have cells that express either calbindin, calretinin, parvalbumin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, or cholecystokinin (antigens commonly co‐expressed by subspecies of γ‐aminobutyric acid [GABA]ergic neurons), although the relative numbers of each cell type differ between zones. Finally, an electron microscopic comparison of the organization of myelinated fibers in lateral olfactory tract in the anterior and posterior peduncle indicated that the region is less orderly in mice than in rats. The results provide a caveat for investigators who generalize data between species, as both similarities and differences between the laboratory mouse and rat were observed. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2870–2886, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical localization of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGluT2) in the central nervous system of the pigeon (Columba livia)
Authors: Atoji Yasuro 
Published: May 2011

AbstractGlutamatergic neurons are distributed widely in the telencephalic pallium of birds, but their targets are unknown. In the present study, a polyclonal antibody was produced against pigeon vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGluT2) and was used for Western blot and immunohistochemistry to detect projection targets of glutamatergic neurons in the pigeon central nervous system. The molecular weight of vGluT2 was measured at 65 kDa. vGluT2 immunoreactivity was observed in neuropil, but not in neuronal cell bodies or glia. Immunoreactive neuropil generally appeared homogeneous, but fine granules or puncta were found in many areas or nuclei. The telencephalon showed strong immunoreactivity, except for the globus pallidus. In particular, the mesopallium and hippocampal formation revealed the most intense immunostaining. In the diencephalon, vGluT2 immunoreactivity was intense in the dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus. In the midbrain, strong immunostaining was seen in the periaqueductal gray, the dorsal part of the lateral mesencephalic nucleus, and the isthmo‐optic nucleus. The optic tectum showed moderate immunoreactivity. In the cerebellar cortex, glomeruli in the granular layer were intensely immunoreactive, and the molecular layer showed intensely homogeneous immunostaining. In the caudal brainstem, the cochlear magnocellular and angular nuclei showed strongly immunoreactive puncta around neuronal cell bodies. In the spinal cord, the dorsal horn revealed moderate immunoreactivity and the marginal nucleus was strongly immunoreactive. Ultrastructural observations revealed that vGluT2 immunoreactivity is localized in asymmetric, presynaptic terminals. The present results indicate an extensive distribution of glutamatergic projections and circuits in the avian central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2887–2905, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of Gαolf‐expressing neurons in the vomeronasal system of Bufo japonicus
Authors: Hagino‐Yamagishi Kimiko , Nakazawa Hideo 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMost terrestrial vertebrates possess anatomically distinct olfactory organs: the olfactory epithelium (OE) and the vomeronasal organ (VNO). In rodents, olfactory receptors coupled to Gαolf are expressed in the OE, whereas vomeronasal receptors type 1 (V1R) and vomeronasal receptors type 2 (V2R), coupled to Gαi2 and Gαo, respectively, are expressed in the VNO. These receptors and G proteins are thought to play important roles in olfactory perception. However, we previously reported that only V2R and Gαo expression is detected in the Xenopus laevis VNO. As X. laevis spends its entire life in water, we considered that expression of limited types of chemosensory machinery in the VNO might be due to adaptation of the VNO to aquatic life. Thus, we analyzed the expression of G proteins in the VNO and the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) of the adult Japanese toad, Bufo japonicus, because this species is well adapted to a terrestrial life. By using immunohistochemical analysis in combination with in situ hybridization and DiI labeling, we found that B. japonicus Gαolf and Gαo were expressed in the apical and middle‐to‐basal layer of the vomeronasal neuroepithelium, and that the axons of these Gαolf‐ and Gαo‐expressing vomeronasal neurons projected to the rostral and caudal accessory olfactory bulb, respectively. These results strongly suggest that both the Gαolf‐ and Gαo‐mediated signal transduction pathways function in the B. japonicus VNO. The expression of Gαolf in the B. japonicus VNO may correlate with the detection of airborne chemical cues and with a terrestrial life. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3189–3201, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efferent connections of nucleus accumbens subdivisions of the domestic chicken (gallus domesticus): An anterograde pathway tracing study
Authors: Bálint Eszter , Mezey Szilvia , Csillag András 
Published: May 2011

AbstractEnvisaged as a limbic‐motor interface, the mammalian nucleus accumbens (Ac) is responsible for motivation, emotionality, and reward mechanisms. As in mammals, Ac of the domestic chick has three subdivisions: the rostral pole (AcR) lying in the rostral part of basal telencephalon, the core (AcC), corresponding to the ventromedial medial striatum, and the shell (AcS), lying ventrally and ventrolaterally to the AcC. Less well known is the connectivity of subdivisions. Here we report on the efferents of Ac subregions, using biotinylated dextran amine as anterograde tracer, deposited into the AcR, AcS, and AcC. The projections of the accumbens subregions mainly overlap in the telencephalon and the diencephalon but differ in the brainstem. In the telencephalon, the main projection sites are the ventral pallidum, the basal nucleus (Meynert), and the nucleus of the diagonal band. The lateral hypothalamus and lateral preoptic area receive strong projections from the AcR and AcS, and weaker projections from the AcC. The AcR and AcC massively innervate the subthalamic nucleus. In the brainstem the bulk of accumbens fibers were found in the compact part of the substantia nigra. All subregions project to the parabrachial region, reticular formation, periaqueductal gray, and the raphe nuclei, with some differences in the weights and subregional distributions. AcR and AcS project extensively to the ventral tegmental area, while AcC sends massive innervation to the solitary and vagal motor nuclei. Overall, the results seem to support the previously suggested distribution of Ac subregions, emphasizing similarities and differences with mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2922–2953, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereological analysis of the rat and monkey amygdala
Authors: Chareyron Loïc J. , Banta Lavenex Pamela , Amaral David G. , Lavenex Pierre 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe amygdala is part of a neural network that contributes to the regulation of emotional behaviors. Rodents, especially rats, are used extensively as model organisms to decipher the functions of specific amygdala nuclei, in particular in relation to fear and emotional learning. Analysis of the role of the nonhuman primate amygdala in these functions has lagged work in the rodent but provides evidence for conservation of basic functions across species. Here we provide quantitative information regarding the morphological characteristics of the main amygdala nuclei in rats and monkeys, including neuron and glial cell numbers, neuronal soma size, and individual nuclei volumes. The volumes of the lateral, basal, and accessory basal nuclei were, respectively, 32, 39, and 39 times larger in monkeys than in rats. In contrast, the central and medial nuclei were only 8 and 4 times larger in monkeys than in rats. The numbers of neurons in the lateral, basal, and accessory basal nuclei were 14, 11, and 16 times greater in monkeys than in rats, whereas the numbers of neurons in the central and medial nuclei were only 2.3 and 1.5 times greater in monkeys than in rats. Neuron density was between 2.4 and 3.7 times lower in monkeys than in rats, whereas glial density was only between 1.1 and 1.7 times lower in monkeys than in rats. We compare our data in rats and monkeys with those previously published in humans and discuss the theoretical and functional implications that derive from our quantitative structural findings. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3218–3239, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two distinct types of ON directionally selective ganglion cells in the rabbit retina
Authors: Hoshi Hideo , Tian Lian‐Ming , Massey Stephen C. , Mills Stephen L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMammalian retinas contain about 20 types of ganglion cells that respond to different aspects of the visual scene, including the direction of motion of objects in the visual field. The rabbit retina has long been thought to contain two distinct types of directionally selective (DS) ganglion cell: a bistratified ON‐OFF DS ganglion cell that responds to onset and termination of light, and an ON DS ganglion cell, which stratifies only in the ON layer and responds only to light onset. This division is challenged by targeted recordings from rabbit retina, which indicate that ON DS ganglion cells occur in two discriminably different types. One of these is strongly tracer‐coupled to amacrine cells; the other is never tracer‐coupled. These two types also differ in branching pattern, stratification depth, relative latency, and transience of spiking. The sustained, uncoupled ON DS cell ramifies completely within the lower cholinergic band and responds to nicotine with continuous firing. In contrast, the transient, coupled ON DS ganglion cell stratifies above the cholinergic band and is not positioned to receive major input from cholinergic amacrine cells, consistent with its modest response to the cholinergic agonist nicotine. Much data have accrued that directional responses in the mammalian retina originate via gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) release from the dendrites of starburst amacrine cells (Euler et al.,2002). If there is an ON DS ganglion cell that does not stratify in the starburst band, this suggests that its GABA‐dependent directional signals may be generated by a mechanism independent of starburst amacrine cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2509–2521, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.