bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survivorship after adolescent and young adult cancer: models of care, disparities, and opportunities
Authors: Berkman Amy M , Betts Andrea C , Beauchemin Melissa , Parsons Susan K , Freyer David R , Roth Michael E 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Survivors of adolescent and young adult (AYA; age 15-39 years at diagnosis) cancer are a growing population with the potential to live for many decades after treatment completion. Survivors of AYA cancer are at risk for adverse long-term outcomes including chronic conditions, secondary cancers, impaired fertility, poor psychosocial health and health behaviors, and financial toxicity. Furthermore, survivors of AYA cancer from racially minoritized and low socioeconomic status populations experience disparities in these outcomes, including lower long-term survival. Despite these known risks, most survivors of AYA cancer do not receive routine survivorship follow-up care, and research on delivering high-quality, evidence-based survivorship care to these patients is lacking. The need for survivorship care was initially advanced in 2006 by the Institute of Medicine. In 2019, the Quality of Cancer Survivorship Care Framework (QCSCF) was developed to provide an evidence-based framework to define key components of optimal survivorship care. In this commentary focused on survivors of AYA cancer, we apply the QCSCF framework to describe models of care that can be adapted for their unique needs, multilevel factors limiting equitable access to care, and opportunities to address these factors to improve short- and long-term outcomes in this vulnerable population.
Mucocele of the appendix: case report of a rare disease with changing diagnostic-therapeutic behavior
Authors: Giambusso Mauro , Urrico Giovanni Salvatore , Ciaccio Giovanni , Lauria Francesco , D’Errico Sara 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Mucinous appendicular neoplasms are a rare and heterogeneous group of tumors, whose treatment may vary based on histologic features and extent. We present a case of low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm mimicking an acute appendicitis scenario. The patient underwent appendectomy along with resection of the caecal fundus. Choosing the correct treatment according to the case by following current guidelines is crucial to avoid under- or overtreatment.
High-resolution methylome analysis uncovers stress-responsive genomic hotspots and drought-sensitive transposable element superfamilies in the clonal Lombardy poplar
Authors: Peña-Ponton Cristian , Diez-Rodriguez Barbara , Perez-Bello Paloma , Becker Claude , McIntyre Lauren M , van der Putten Wim H , De Paoli Emanuele , Heer Katrin , Opgenoorth Lars , Verhoeven Koen J F 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
DNA methylation is environment-sensitive and can mediate stress responses. In trees, changes in the environment might cumulatively shape the methylome landscape over time. However, because high-resolution methylome studies usually focus on single environmental cues, the stress-specificity and long-term stability of methylation responses remain unclear. Here, we studied the methylome plasticity of a Populus nigra cv. ‘Italica’ clone widely distributed across Europe. Adult trees from different geographic locations were clonally propagated in a common garden experiment and exposed to cold, heat, drought, herbivory, rust infection, and salicylic acid treatments. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing revealed stress-induced and naturally occurring DNA methylation variants. In CG/CHG contexts, the same genomic regions were often affected by multiple stresses, suggesting a generic methylome response. Moreover, these variants showed striking overlap with naturally occurring methylation variants between trees from different locations. Drought treatment triggered CHH hypermethylation of transposable elements, affecting entire superfamilies near drought-responsive genes. Thus, we revealed genomic hotspots of methylation change that are not stress-specific and that contribute to natural DNA methylation variation, and identified stress-specific hypermethylation of entire transposon superfamilies with possible functional consequences. Our results underscore the importance of studying multiple stressors in a single experiment for recognizing general versus stress-specific methylome responses.
Review of the U.S. Air Force Academy Hepatitis C Virus Screening Program to Ensure High-Value Care
Authors: Kelly Devin C , Webber Bryant 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is primarily transmitted through blood-to-blood contact. Leading health agencies have called for the elimination of HCV as a public health threat, with universal screening considered a part of the strategy. Hepatitis C virus screening among incoming cadets and cadet candidates at the United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) was implemented in 2023. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to determine the results of this screening and the associated fiscal costs, benefits, and harms to make a recommendation for future incoming classes.

Materials and Methods
The prevalence of HCV antibody positivity and confirmed HCV infections were calculated among the incoming cadets and cadet candidates at USAFA in summer 2023. Screening was conducted with a highly sensitive HCV total antibody test, and those who screened positive were further tested with a quantitative HCV polymerase chain reaction. The screening and follow-up care costs were calculated, and the potential harm of receiving a false positive notification was considered.

Results
Of the 1,360 persons screened at USAFA in 2023, no confirmed HCV infections were identified. There was one false positive on screening in the cadet population (n = 1,131) and one false positive in the cadet candidate population (n = 229). The fiscal cost of universal HCV screening upon accession of cadets and cadet candidates, including medical follow-up, was at least $5,279. The opportunity cost was minimal because blood was drawn for other mandatory programs, although screening may have caused social and psychological harm to those receiving a false positive notification.

Conclusions
The prevalence of chronic HCV infection among incoming USAFA cadets and cadet candidates was 0%, below the population screening threshold that warrants screening, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The harms of screening, including fiscal costs and potential psychological harm to individuals with a false positive screen, likely outweigh the benefits. We recommend against universal HCV screening in 2024 upon accession of USAFA cadets and cadet candidates.
Concurrent D-loop cleavage by Mus81 and Yen1 yields half-crossover precursors
Authors: Carreira Raquel , Lama-Diaz Tomas , Crugeiras Maria , Aguado F Javier , Sebesta Marek , Krejci Lumir , Blanco Miguel G 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Homologous recombination involves the formation of branched DNA molecules that may interfere with chromosome segregation. To resolve these persistent joint molecules, cells rely on the activation of structure-selective endonucleases (SSEs) during the late stages of the cell cycle. However, the premature activation of SSEs compromises genome integrity, due to untimely processing of replication and/or recombination intermediates. Here, we used a biochemical approach to show that the budding yeast SSEs Mus81 and Yen1 possess the ability to cleave the central recombination intermediate known as the displacement loop or D-loop. Moreover, we demonstrate that, consistently with previous genetic data, the simultaneous action of Mus81 and Yen1, followed by ligation, is sufficient to recreate the formation of a half-crossover precursor in vitro. Our results provide not only mechanistic explanation for the formation of a half-crossover, but also highlight the critical importance for precise regulation of these SSEs to prevent chromosomal rearrangements.
Cuprate-like electronic structures in infinite-layer nickelates with substantial hole dopings
Authors: Ding Xiang , Fan Yu , Wang Xiaoxiao , Li Chihao , An Zhitong , Ye Jiahao , Tang Shenglin , Lei Minyinan , Sun Xingtian , Guo Nan , Chen Zhihui , Sangphet Suppanut , Wang Yilin , Xu Haichao , Peng Rui , Feng Donglai 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
Superconducting infinite-layer (IL) nickelates offer a new platform for investigating the long-standing problem of high-temperature superconductivity. Many models were proposed to understand the superconducting mechanism of nickelates based on the calculated electronic structure, and the multiple Fermi surfaces and multiple orbitals involved create complications and controversial conclusions. Over the past five years, the lack of direct measurements of the electronic structure has hindered the understanding of nickelate superconductors. Here we fill this gap by directly resolving the electronic structures of the parent compound LaNiO2 and superconducting La0.8Ca0.2NiO2 using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. We find that their Fermi surfaces consist of a quasi-2D hole pocket and a 3D electron pocket at the Brillouin zone corner, whose volumes change upon Ca doping. The Fermi surface topology and band dispersion of the hole pocket closely resemble those observed in hole-doped cuprates. However, the cuprate-like band exhibits significantly higher hole doping in superconducting La0.8Ca0.2NiO2 compared to superconducting cuprates, highlighting the disparities in the electronic states of the superconducting phase. Our observations highlight the novel aspects of the IL nickelates, and pave the way toward the microscopic understanding of the IL nickelate family and its superconductivity.
Lower Prevalence Countries Outside of South-Eastern Africa Now Have the Fastest Growing HIV Epidemic
Authors: Pepperrell Toby , Hill Andrew , Cross Samuel 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) targets aim to reduce new HIV infections below 370 000 annually by 2025. However, there were 1.3 million new HIV infections worldwide in 2022. We collected and analyzed data for key variables of the HIV epidemic from UNAIDS and supplemented by PUBMED/EMBASE searches and national reports. A total of 53% of the HIV infections worldwide were in 14 high-prevalence countries in Southern/East Africa—where most of the funding for treatment and prevention is allocated—versus 47% in 54 low-prevalence countries. In 2022, there were more new HIV infections (770 000 vs 468 000), more HIV-related deaths (383 000 vs 225 000), higher rates of mother-to-child transmissions (16% vs 9%) and lower antiretroviral therapy coverage (67% vs 83%) in low-prevalence countries versus high-prevalence countries. To achieve UNAIDS annual new infections target for 2025, ART coverage needs to be optimized worldwide, and preexposure prophylaxis coverage expanded to 74 million people, versus 2.5 million currently treated.
Injectable cartilage microtissues based on 3D culture using porous gelatin microcarriers for cartilage defect treatment
Authors: Zhu Jing , Luo Qiuchen , Cao Tiefeng , Yang Guang , Xiao Lin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Cartilage tissues possess an extremely limited capacity for self-repair, and current clinical surgical approaches for treating articular cartilage defects can only provide short-term relief. Despite significant advances in the field of cartilage tissue engineering, avoiding secondary damage caused by invasive surgical procedures remains a challenge. In this study, injectable cartilage microtissues were developed through 3D culture of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) within porous gelatin microcarriers (GMs) and induced differentiation. These microtissues were then injected for the purpose of treating cartilage defects in vivo, via a minimally invasive approach. GMs were found to be noncytotoxic and favorable for cell attachment, proliferation and migration evaluated with BMSCs. Moreover, cartilage microtissues with a considerable number of cells and abundant extracellular matrix components were obtained from BMSC-laden GMs after induction differentiation culture for 28 days. Notably, ATDC5 cells were complementally tested to verify that the GMs were conducive to cell attachment, proliferation, migration and chondrogenic differentiation. The microtissues obtained from BMSC-laden GMs were then injected into articular cartilage defect areas in rats and achieved superior performance in alleviating inflammation and repairing cartilage. These findings suggest that the use of injectable cartilage microtissues in this study may hold promise for enhancing the long-term outcomes of cartilage defect treatments while minimizing the risk of secondary damage associated with traditional surgical techniques.
Prevalence and characteristics of adults with difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis in a large patient registry
Authors: Paudel Misti L , Li Ruogu , Naik Chinmayi , Shadick Nancy , Weinblatt Michael E , Solomon Daniel H 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Objectives
An estimated 5–20% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fail multiple treatments and are considered ‘difficult-to-treat’ (D2T), posing a substantial clinical challenge for rheumatologists. A European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) task force proposed a definition of D2T-RA in 2021. We applied EULAR’s D2T definition in a cohort of patients with established RA to assess prevalence, and we compared clinical characteristics of participants with D2T-RA with matched comparisons.

Methods
Data from the longitudinal Brigham and Women’s Hospital Rheumatoid Arthritis Sequential Study (BRASS) registry were used. Participants were classified as D2T if they met EULAR’s definition. A comparison group of non-D2T-RA patients were matched 2:1 to every D2T patient, and differences in characteristics were evaluated in descriptive analyses. Prevalence rates of D2T were estimated using Poisson regression.

Results
We estimated the prevalence of D2T-RA to be 14.4 (95% CI: 12.8, 16.3) per 100 persons among 1581 participants with RA, and 22.3 (95% CI: 19.9, 25.0) per 100 persons among 1021 who were biologic/targeted synthetic DMARD experienced. We observed several differences in demographics, comorbidities and RA disease activity between D2T-RA and non-D2T-RA comparisons. Varying EULAR sub-criteria among all participants in BRASS resulted in a range of D2T-RA prevalence rates, from 0.6 to 17.5 per 100 persons.

Conclusion
EULAR’s proposed definition of D2T-RA identifies patients with RA who have not achieved treatment targets. Future research should explore heterogeneity in these patients and evaluate outcomes to inform the design of future studies aimed at developing more effective RA management protocols.
Structural insights into the regulation mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MftR
Authors: Peng Fei , Ke Zunhui , Jin Haoruo , Wang Wei , Zhang Haoran , Li Yan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen of the deadly disease tuberculosis, depends on the redox cofactor mycofactocin (MFT) to adapt to and survive under hypoxic conditions. MftR is a TetR family transcription regulator that binds upstream of the MFT gene cluster and controls MFT synthesis. To elucidate the structural basis underlying MftR regulation, we determined the crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MftR (TB‐MftR). The structure revealed an interconnected hydrogen bond network in the α1‐α2‐α3 helices of helix‐turn‐helix (HTH) DNA‐binding domain that is essential for nucleic acid interactions. The ligand‐binding domain contains a hydrophobic cavity enclosing long‐chain fatty acyl‐CoAs like the key regulatory ligand oleoyl‐CoA. Despite variations in ligand‐binding modes, comparative analyses suggest regulatory mechanisms are largely conserved across TetR family acyl‐CoA sensors. By elucidating the intricate structural mechanisms governing DNA and ligand binding by TB‐MftR, our study enhances understanding of the regulatory roles of this transcription factor under hypoxic conditions, providing insights that could inform future research into Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis.
Sex Differences in Physical Activity Levels and Sitting Time in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Marçal Isabela R. , Vidal-Almela Sol , Blanchard Christopher , Prince Stephanie A. , Way Kimberley L. , Reed Jennifer L. 
Published: June 2024

Purpose:
While research demonstrates low levels of physical activity (PA) among adults living with atrial fibrillation (AF), there is limited evidence investigating sex differences in moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time in this population. The primary aim was to examine sex differences in MVPA levels and sitting time between women and men with AF. Secondary aims explored sex differences in sociodemographic factors, outcome expectations, and task self-efficacy toward PA levels.

Methods:
This was a subanalysis of the CHAMPLAIN-AF cohort study. Women and men with AF completed a survey, including the Short-Form International Physical Activity Questionnaire.

Results:
A total of 210 women (median = 66.0 yr: 95% CI, 63.5-68.0) and 409 men (median = 66.0 yr: 95% CI, 64.0-67.0) were included. No sex differences were observed in median weekly MVPA (60 min/wk: 95% CI, 0-120 in women vs 120 min/wk: 95% CI, 85-150 in men) and daily sitting time (5.5 hr/d: 95% CI, 5.0-6.0 in women vs 6.0 hr/d: 95% CI, 5.0-6.0 in men). Women engaged in significantly less vigorous-intensity PA than men (P = .03) and demonstrated significantly lower task self-efficacy (P < .01). Significant positive correlations in PA levels with outcome expectations (mostly weak) and task self-efficacy (mostly strong) were observed in both sexes.

Conclusion:
Most women and men with AF did not meet the global MVPA guidelines but met the sitting time recommendation. Women presented with lower vigorous-intensity physical activity levels and confidence than men. Strategies to increase physical activity behavior, considering sociodemographic factors and task self-efficacy, are needed and may differ between sexes.
A look inside the gut as a clue to nutritional status
Authors: Bar Nir , Abdelgani Siham , Lal Simon , Deutsch Liat 
Published: June 2024

Purpose of review
Malabsorption and malnutrition are common gastrointestinal manifestations clinicians face, requiring diagnostic workup for effective diagnosis and management of the underlying cause. This review discusses recent advances in diagnostic approaches to malabsorption and maldigestion of macronutrients – lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. We highlight underrecognized causes, available testing modalities, and ongoing diagnostic unmet needs.

Recent findings
Innovations in the diagnostic landscape are enhancing our understanding of malabsorption syndromes. Stool collection and handling is uncomfortable and commonly avoided. The objective quantification of stool lipids, bile acids, and gut enzymes is therefore underused in the diagnosis and management of common disorders such as exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, bile acid diarrhea, protein-losing enteropathy, and more. We review the recent advancements in spot quantification of stool fat and bile acid content, endoscopic imaging techniques such as endocytoscopy, confocal laser endomicroscopy, and optical coherence tomography and the future place in clinical practice.

Summary
Malabsorption and maldigestion represent significant challenges in clinical nutrition and gastroenterology. Through the integration of advanced diagnostic techniques, clinicians will be better equipped to tailor therapy and monitor treatment response, ultimately improving patient health outcomes. This review underscores the critical role of innovative diagnostic tools in accurately detecting and effectively managing gastrointestinal disorders linked to nutritional status.
Characterizing social contact patterns in rural and urban Mozambique: the GlobalMix study, 2021-2022
Authors: Kiti Moses C. , Sacoor Charfudin , Aguolu Obianuju G. , Zelaya Alana , Chen Holin , Kim Sara S. , Cavele Nilzio , Jamisse Edgar , Tchavana Corssino , Jose Americo , Macicame Ivalda , Joaquim Orvalho , Ahmed Noureen , Liu Carol Y. , Yildirim Inci , Nelson Kristin , Jenness Samuel M. , Maldonado Herberth , Kazi Momin , Srinivasan Rajan , Mohan Venkata R. , Melegaro Alessia , Malik Fauzia , Bardaji Azucena , Omer Saad B. , Lopman Ben 
Published: June 2024

1.AbstractIntroductionThere are few sources of empirical social contact data from resource-poor settings thus limiting the development of contextual mathematical models of disease transmission and control.MethodsWe collected and analyzed cross-sectional survey data from rural and urban sites in Mozambique. Participants, including infants, were recruited. They reported retrospectively, in a paper diary, individuals with whom they had a co-located physical or conversation contact, as well as their age, sex, relationship, frequency, and duration of the contact. We compared vaccine effects (VE) by parameterizing transmission models using empirical and synthetic contact rates.Results1363 participants recruited between April 2021 and April 2022 reported a mean of 8.3 (95% CI 8.0–8.6) contacts per person on day 1. Mean contact rates were higher in the rural compared to urban site (9.8 [9.4–10.2 vs 6.8 [6.5–7.1], p<0.01), respectively. Participants aged ≤18 years were the main drivers of higher physical contacts. In the model, we report higher VE in the rural site when comparing empirical to synthetic contact matrices (32% vs 29%, respectively), and lower corresponding VE in urban site (32% vs 35%). These effects were prominent in the younger (0-9 years old) and older (60+ years) individuals.ConclusionOur work suggests differences in contact rates and patterns between rural and urban sites in Mozambique, with corresponding differences in vaccine effects on an infectious pathogen. We also demonstrate the utility of empirical data in infectious disease modelling for high-burden, low-income settings.