bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DOES DEFLATION IMPINGE ON A GOVERNMENT'S FISCAL STANDING?
Authors: Kondo Atsumasa , Kitaura Koji 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper uses a dynamic general equilibrium model with money to investigate theoretically under what conditions deflation impinges on a government's fiscal standing. Focus is placed on an upper bound that is compatible with a no Ponzie game condition for the government and an equilibrium. A comparative dynamics analysis demonstrates that if a government's fiscal deficit is not so high, deflation has a negative impact on the upper bound, while if a government's fiscal deficit exceeds a critical level, deflation rather improves it. The critical level depends on a time stream of disposable real incomes and a preference parameter.
REFORM OF THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM BASED ON SPECIAL DRAWING RIGHTS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR ASIA
Authors: Ikawa Motomichi 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the midst of the current global economic crisis, China's central bank governor came out with a proposal to reform the international monetary system based on special drawing rights, contrary to the general expectation of the international community. Although many believe the announcement was politically motivated to address the dollar problem, the reform idea may have important bearings upon the future evolution of the economic integration of Asia. This paper reviews the implications of the reform proposal for the Asian region.
HIDDEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE ORGANIZATION OF JAPANESE FIRMS: THE DYNAMICS OF FOUNDER ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Authors: Hirata Mitsuko 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis study looked at how the people in an organization with founder entrepreneurship at its roots exercise the entrepreneurial spirit they have acquired, sought to make a normative clarification on the use of the founder entrepreneurship mechanism, and offered some recommendations. The results were as follows. (i) The presence of a hidden entrepreneurship within organizations, separate from entrepreneurism or intrapreneurism revolving around individual people, was identified. (ii) There was a suggestion that whether or not the organization uses this hidden entrepreneurship as a firm resource can affect its continuous growth. (iii) It was revealed that vertical learning on a temporal axis is vital to turn hidden entrepreneurship into a firm resource. (iv) Indicators for measuring patterns in the use of hidden entrepreneurship were deduced.
Effects of different secondary vegetation types on bat community composition in Central Amazonia, Brazil
Authors: Bobrowiec P. E. D. , Gribel R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe process of secondary succession on degraded lands in the Amazon depends on their land‐use histories. In this scenario, little is known about how animal communities respond to different types of secondary vegetation in the region. We examined the effects of abandoned cattle pasture, Vismia‐ and Cecropia‐dominated regrowth on the abundance of bat species and community composition in the Central Amazon, Brazil, based on 11 netting sites and on landscape characteristics. We captured 1444 bats, representing 26 species and two families (Phyllostomidae and Mormoopidae). Among the six most‐captured Phyllostomidae bats, Sturnira lilium and Sturnira tildae had significantly higher capture rates in abandoned pasture, while Rhinophylla pumilio predominated in both Vismia‐ and Cecropia‐dominated regrowth. An hybrid multidimensional scaling ordination revealed significant differences in the bat community among the three types of secondary vegetation. Phyllostominae bats were more common and richer in the less‐disturbed areas of Cecropia‐dominated regrowth, while Stenodermatinae species were more captured in abandoned pastures. Our results suggest that the type of secondary vegetation, together with its land‐use history, affects bat community composition in the Central Amazon. The Phyllostominae subfamily (gleaning animalivores) was habitat selective and disappeared from areas experiencing constant disturbances. On the other hand, Stenodermatinae frugivorous bats often used and foraged in altered areas. We suggest that secondary vegetations in more‐advanced successional stages can be used to augment the total area protected by forest conservation units.
Correlates of insight among youth with obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Authors: Lewin Adam B. , Bergman R. Lindsey , Peris Tara S. , Chang Susanna , McCracken James T. , Piacentini John 
Published: December 2009

Background:  Individuals with Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder (OCD) may lack insight into the irrational nature of their symptoms. Among adults with OCD, poor insight has been linked to greater symptom severity, increased likelihood of comorbid symptoms, lower adaptive functioning, and worse treatment outcomes. Parallel work regarding insight among children and adolescents, with OCD, is lacking. The aim of this research was to examine links between insight and demographic, cognitive, and clinical factors among youth with OCD.Methods:  Seventy‐one youths with OCD (mean age = 11.7; 63% = male) were assessed as part of a larger treatment trial. Insight was measured via clinician interview.Results:  Youth with low insight had poorer intellectual functioning and reported decreased perception of control over their environment. Additionally, youth with low insight were more likely to be younger, to report higher levels of depressive symptoms, and to report lower levels of adaptive functioning.Conclusion:  This set of cognitive, developmental and clinical factors that may predispose youth with OCD to have diminished insight. Data provide initial empirical support for diagnostic differences between youth and adults with regard to requiring intact insight. Implications for treatment are discussed.
Subjective Response to Alcohol: A Critical Review of the Literature
Authors: Morean Meghan E. , Corbin William R. 
Published: December 2009

Background:  Subjective response to alcohol (SR), which reflects individual differences in sensitivity to the pharmacological effects of alcohol, may be an important endophenotype in understanding genetic influences on drinking behavior and alcohol use disorders (AUDs). SR predicts alcohol use and problems and has been found to differ by a range of established risk factors for the development of AUDs (e.g., family history of alcoholism). The exact pattern of SR associated with increased risk for alcohol problems, however, remains unclear. The Low Level of Response Model (LLR) suggests that high‐risk individuals experience decreased sensitivity to the full range of alcohol effects, while the Differentiator Model (DM) asserts that high risks status is associated with increased sensitivity to alcohol's positive effects but decreased sensitivity to negative effects.Aims:  The current paper (1) reviews two prominent models of subjective response, (2) reviews extant laboratory‐based research on subjective response, (3) highlights remaining gaps in our understanding and assessment of subjective response, and (4) encourages collaborative efforts to address these methodological and conceptual concerns.Methods:  This paper reviews studies which employed placebo‐controlled and non‐placebo‐controlled alcohol challenge paradigms to assess a range of alcohol effects including impairment, stimulation, and sedation.Results:  The research literature provides at least partial support for both the LLR and DM models. High‐risk individuals have been shown to have a reduced response to alcohol with respect to sedative or impairing effects, particularly on the descending limb of the blood alcohol curve (BAC). There is also evidence that ascending limb stimulant effects are more pronounced or operate differently for high‐risk individuals.Discussion:  Despite commendable advances in SR research, important questions remain unanswered. Inconsistent results across studies may be attributable to a combination of an inadequate understanding of the underlying construct and methodological differences across studies (e.g., number and timing of assessments across the BAC, inclusion of a placebo condition). With respect to the underlying construct, existing measures fail to adequately distinguish between cognitive/behavioral impairment and sedation, aspects of which may be perceived positively (e.g., anxiolysis) due to their ability to act as negative reinforcers.Conclusions:  Addressing the concerns raised by the current review will be integral to making meaningful scientific progress in the field of subjective response.
Phosphatidylethanol and Alcohol Consumption in Reproductive Age Women
Authors: Stewart Scott H. , Law Tameeka L. , Randall Patrick K. , Newman Roger 
Published: December 2009

Background:  Fetal alcohol disorders are preventable, but self‐reported alcohol consumption can be misleading and impede effective treatment. Biomarkers represent an alternative method for assessing alcohol use, and this study evaluated the relationship between blood phosphatidylethanol (PEth) and alcohol use in a sample of reproductive age women.Methods:  Alcohol use was estimated by validated self‐report methods in 80 nonpregnant women ages 18 to 35. PEth was measured by a contracted laboratory using a liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry assay. Regression methods appropriate for the distribution of PEth were used to define its relationship to alcohol consumption during the prior 2 weeks and explore the effects of drinking patterns on this association. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to estimate the sensitivity of PEth for various drinking levels at 95% specific cutoffs.Results:  PEth had a positive linear association with grams of alcohol consumed (p < 0.001), and was detectable in 93% of subjects consuming an average of 2 or more drinks per day. The relationship between total alcohol consumption and PEth may be stronger in women with recent heavy drinking days. The relationship between drinking and PEth varied considerably between individuals, and sensitivity for a certain amount of drinking was low at a highly specific cutoff concentration.Conclusions:  PEth is a highly sensitive indicator of moderate and heavy alcohol consumption in reproductive age women and may complement the use of self‐report alcohol screens when additional objective markers of alcohol use are desirable. However, choosing a highly valid cutoff concentration for PEth to differentiate various levels of alcohol consumption may not be feasible.
Intoxication With Bourbon Versus Vodka: Effects on Hangover, Sleep, and Next‐Day Neurocognitive Performance in Young Adults
Authors: Rohsenow Damaris J. , Howland Jonathan , Arnedt J. Todd , Almeida Alissa B. , Greece Jacey , Minsky Sara , Kempler Carrie S. , Sales Suzanne 
Published: December 2009

Background:  This study assessed the effects of heavy drinking with high or low congener beverages on next‐day neurocognitive performance, and the extent to which these effects were mediated by alcohol‐related sleep disturbance or alcoholic beverage congeners, and correlated with the intensity of hangover.Methods:  Healthy heavy drinkers age 21 to 33 (n = 95) participated in 2 drinking nights after an acclimatization night. They drank to a mean of 0.11 g% breath alcohol concentration on vodka or bourbon one night with matched placebo the other night, randomized for type and order. Polysomnography recordings were made overnight; self‐report and neurocognitive measures were assessed the next morning.Results:  After alcohol, people had more hangover and more decrements in tests requiring both sustained attention and speed. Hangover correlated with poorer performance on these measures. Alcohol decreased sleep efficiency and rapid eye movement sleep, and increased wake time and next‐day sleepiness. Alcohol effects on sleep correlated with hangover but did not mediate the effects on performance. No effect of beverage congeners was found except on hangover severity, with people feeling worse after bourbon. Virtually no sex differences appeared.Conclusions:  As drinking to this level affects complex cognitive abilities, safety could be affected, with implications for driving and for safety‐sensitive occupations. Congener content affects only how people feel the next day so does not increase risk. The sleep disrupting effects of alcohol did not account for the impaired performance so other mechanisms of effect need to be sought. As hangover symptoms correlate with impaired performance, these might be contributing to the impairment.
Ecological Associations of Alcohol Outlets With Underage and Young Adult Injuries
Authors: Gruenewald Paul J. , Freisthler Bridget , Remer Lillian , LaScala Elizabeth A. , Treno Andrew J. , Ponicki William R. 
Published: December 2009

Objective:  This paper argues that associations between rates of 3 specific problems related to alcohol (i.e., accidents, traffic crashes, and assaults) should be differentially related to densities of alcohol outlets among underage youth and young adults based upon age‐related patterns of alcohol outlet use.Methods:  Zip code‐level population models assessed local and distal effects of alcohol outlets upon rates of hospital discharges for these outcomes.Results:  Densities of off‐premise alcohol outlets were significantly related to injuries from accidents, assaults, and traffic crashes for both underage youth and young adults. Densities of bars were associated with more assaults and densities of restaurants were associated with more traffic crash injuries for young adults.Conclusions:  The distribution of alcohol‐related injuries relative to alcohol outlets reflect patterns of alcohol outlet use.
Differential Central NOS‐NO Signaling Underlies Clonidine Exacerbation of Ethanol‐Evoked Behavioral Impairment
Authors: Bender Tara S. , Abdel‐Rahman Abdel A. 
Published: December 2009

Background: The molecular mechanisms that underlie clonidine exacerbation of behavioral impairment caused by ethanol are not fully known. We tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide synthase (NOS)‐derived nitric oxide (NO) signaling in the locus coeruleus (LC) is implicated in this phenomenon.Methods: Male Sprague–Dawley rats with intracisternal (i.c.) and jugular vein cannulae implanted 6 days earlier were tested for drug‐induced behavioral impairment. The latter was assessed as the duration of loss of righting reflex (LORR) and rotorod performance every 15 minutes until the rat recovered to the baseline walk criterion (180 seconds). In a separate cohort, we measured p‐neuronal NOS (nNOS), p‐endothelial NOS (eNOS), and p‐ERK1/2 in the LC following drug treatment, vehicle, or NOS inhibitor.Results: Rats that received clonidine [60 Ig/kg, i.v. (intravenous)] followed by ethanol (1 or 1.5 g/kg, i.v.) exhibited synergistic impairment of rotorod performance. Intracisternal pretreatment with nonselective NOS inhibitorNω‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester(l‐NAME, 0.5 mg) or selective nNOS inhibitorN‐propyl‐l‐arginine (1 μg) exacerbated the impairment of rotorod performance caused by clonidine–ethanol combination. Exacerbation of behavioral impairment was caused byl‐NAME enhancement of the effect of ethanol, not clonidine.l‐NAME did not influence blood ethanol levels; thus, the interaction was pharmacodynamic. LORR caused by clonidine (60 μg/kg, i.v.)–ethanol (1 g/kg, i.v.) combination was abolished by selective inhibition of central eNOS (l‐NIO, 10 μg i.c.) but not by nNOS inhibition under the same conditions. Western blot analyses complemented the pharmacological evidence by demonstrating that clonidine–ethanol combination inhibits phosphorylation (activation) of nNOS (p‐nNOS) and increases the level of phosphorylated eNOS (p‐eNOS) in the LC; the change in p‐nNOS was paralleled by similar change in LC p‐ERK1/2. NOS inhibitors alone did not affect the level of nitrate/nitrite, p‐nNOS, p‐eNOS, or p‐ERK1/2 in the LC.Conclusions: Alterations in NOS‐derived NO in the LC underlie clonidine–ethanol induced behavioral impairment. A decrease in nNOS activity, due at least partly to a reduction in nNOS phosphorylation, mediates rotorod impairment, while enhanced eNOS activity contributes to LORR, elicited by clonidine–ethanol combination.
Clinical Evaluation of 209 All‐Ceramic Single Crowns Cemented on Natural and Implant‐Supported Abutments with Different Luting Agents: A 6‐Year Retrospective Study
Authors: Sorrentino Roberto , Galasso Luigi , Tetè Stefano , De Simone Giorgio , Zarone Fernando 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTBackground: The Procera AllCeram™ system (Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden) is a valid alternative to metal–ceramic restorations. However, limited long‐term data of its use for single crowns on natural and implant‐supported abutments are available.Purpose: The present study aimed at evaluating the clinical performances of Procera AllCeram single crowns in both anterior and posterior regions of the oral cavity either on natural tooth or implant abutments over a period of 6 years.Materials and Methods: Two hundred nine single crowns were fabricated and used in 112 patients. Zinc phosphate and resin luting agents were used to cement the restorations. The crowns were evaluated according to the California Dental Association's quality assessment system.Results: Three crowns were lost at follow‐up. Of the 206 restorations, which completed the 6‐year follow‐up, 9 crowns were affected by mechanical complications and 7 crowns failed. All surviving crowns were ranked as either excellent or acceptable. Cumulative survival and success rates of 95.2 and 90.9%, respectively, were recorded.Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, Procera AllCeram crowns proved to be a reliable clinical option to restore both anterior and posterior missing teeth either on natural or implant abutments. The resin cement used in the present study performed better than the zinc phosphate luting agent.
Tactile Sensibility of Single‐Tooth Implants and Natural Teeth Under Local Anesthesia of the Natural Antagonistic Teeth
Authors: Enkling Norbert , Heussner Stefan , Nicolay Claudia , Bayer Stefan , Mericske‐Stern Regina , Utz Karl‐Heinz 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTIntroduction and Aim:The term osseoperception describes the capability of developing a subtle tactile sensibility over dental implants. The present clinical study aims at clarifying the question of how far tactile sensibility is to be attributed to the periodontium of the natural opposing tooth of the implant.Material and Method:Thirty‐two subjects with single‐tooth implants with natural opposing teeth were included in this clinical, single‐blind, split‐mouth study. The natural antagonistic tooth of the implant and the corresponding natural contralateral tooth were anesthetized with a locally infiltrated articaine anesthetic. In a computer‐assisted and randomized way, copper foils of varying thickness (0–100 µm) were placed interocclusally between the single‐tooth implant and the natural opposing tooth, and between the contralateral pair of natural opposing teeth in order to investigate the active tactile sensibility according to the psychophysical method of constant stimuli and evaluate it statistically by the Weibull distribution.Results:The average tactile sensibility of the implants with anesthetized antagonists at the 50% value calculated by means of the Weibull distribution was 20 ± 11 µm with a support area (90%–10% value) of 77 ± 89 µm. For the pair of natural teeth, the tactile sensibility at the 50% value was 16 ± 9 µm with a support area of 48.4 ± 93 µm. This resulted in an average intraindividual difference of 3.5 ± 7 µm at the 50% value and 29 ± 93 µm in the support area. The statistical calculations demonstrated an equivalent tactile sensibility (50% value) of the single‐tooth implant and the contralateral natural control tooth with the natural antagonists being anesthetized in each case (doublet‐test, equivalence limit ± 8 µm,P < 0.01, power >80%).Conclusion:Apparently, the active tactile sensibility of single‐tooth implants with natural opposing teeth is not only to be attributed to the periodontium of the opposing tooth but also to a perception over the implant itself. This could support the hypothesis according to which the implant may have a tactile sensibility of its own.
‘When will I see you again?’ Using local recurrence data to develop a regimen for routine surveillance in post‐treatment head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Lester S.E. , Wight R.G. 
Published: December 2009

Objective:  To develop an evidence‐based regimen for routine surveillance of post‐treatment head and neck cancer patients.Design:  Review of 10 years of prospectively collected patient data.Main outcome measures:  Time of first presentation of ‘new cancer event’ (either first recurrence or second primary tumour). We did not evaluate whether or not the detected new cancer events were curable.Results:  Data from patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx were analysed. A total of 676 previously undiagnosed squamous cell carcinomas were recorded in these regions. In these patients there were 105 recurrences and 20 second primary cancers were recorded; 95th percentile of “time to a new cancer event” was calculated in years. These were for larynx 4.7 years, oropharynx 2.7 years, hypopharynx 2.3 years. The time to new cancer event was similar for early and late laryngeal cancers. Only 36 (47%) of the hypopharyngeal cancers were treated with curative intent and of these 36% had a previously undiagnosed cancer event.Conclusion:  Local data and published evidence support a follow‐up duration of 7 years for laryngeal primaries and 3 years for both oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal primaries. Late stage oropharyngeal cancers may require longer follow up than early cancers. Patients who continue to smoke may need longer follow up. A change in local follow‐up protocol to this regimen would save 10 patient slots every week with no detriment to patient care. Clin. Otolaryngol. 2009, 34, 546–551.
Patterns of hearing loss in tympanic membrane perforation resulting from physical blow to the ear: a prospective controlled cohort study
Authors: Orji F.T. , Agu C.C. 
Published: December 2009

Objectives:  To evaluate the incidence and pattern of hearing loss in non‐explosive blast injury of the ear.Study design:  Prospective clinical study.Setting:  Tertiary referral centre.Participants:  Consecutive patients who suffered physical blow to the ear resulting in tympanic membrane perforations without history of previous middle ear disease.Main outcome measures:  Incidence of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss, extent of air–bone gap versus size and site of perforation, post‐healing hearing loss recovery.Results:  Fifty‐one patients, 31 males (61%) and 20 females (39%) aged 10–56 years, were recruited over a 30 month study period. The prevalence of hearing loss was significantly more in the injured ears than contralateral normal ears (χ2 = 76.26; P = 0.000). Pure conductive hearing loss occurred in 39%, while 28% (14 patients) had mixed hearing loss. Three patterns of sensorineural loss were observed: dip involving several adjacent high frequencies, a dip in a single frequency, and two separate dips involving low and high frequencies. The extent of air–bone gap correlated with the size of perforation (r = 0.33; P = 0.01). Ears that sustained small tympanic membrane perforation showed significantly small average air–bone gap (t = 2.97; P = 0.005). The mean air–bone gap difference between the anterior and posterior perforations was not significant (t = 1.7; P = 0.09). Closure of air bone gap following healing was significant (t = 15.08; P < 0.01), while recovery of bone conduction abnormality was less favourable.Conclusion:  Conductive hearing loss occurring in the speech frequencies was the most common form of hearing loss in this group of patients with non‐explosive blast injury to the ear. The accompanying sensorineural loss mostly affected several adjacent high frequencies. Healing of perforation favoured significant recovery of the conductive loss, but recovery of sensorineural loss was less favourable. Clin. Otolaryngol. 2009, 34, 526–532.