bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling and Simulation of a Falling‐Film Microabsorber
Authors: Lautenschleger Anna , Chasanis Paris , Kenig Eugeny Y. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn den letzten Jahren haben mikroverfahrenstechnische Prozesse zunehmend das Interesse der Industrie und der Forschungsgemeinschaft geweckt. Diese Prozesse finden in Apparaten mit charakteristischen Abmessungen im Mikro‐ und Submillimeterbereich statt. Eine wichtige Form der Mikroapparate stellen die Mikrofallfilmapparate dar, die eine Phasengrenzfläche bis zu 10 000 m2m–3 aufweisen. Um die Transportvorgänge in so einem Mikroapparat theoretisch untersuchen zu können, wurde ein rigoroses mathematisches Modell entwickelt, mit dessen Hilfe das Prozessverhalten ausführlich beschrieben werden kann. Das Modell liefert deutlich verlässlichere Vorhersagen gegenüber gängigen vereinfachten Modellierungsansätzen.
Advanced Tomographic Techniques for Flow Imaging in Columns with Flow Distribution Packings
Authors: Schubert Markus , Bieberle André , Barthel Frank , Boden Stephan , Hampel Uwe 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDesign and optimization of separation units, e.g., distillation and absorption columns with flow distribution packings, require detailed knowledge about the internal flow conditions and their impact on the process behavior. This in turn calls for suitable measuring techniques, which can give a detailed insight into such devices, especially for studies on a laboratory and pilot scale. Traditional instrumentation, such as compartment‐type liquid collectors installed below packings, or distributed temperature, pressure and conductivity probes, often falls too short if detailed knowledge on flow conditions is required. This concerns especially local liquid holdup, liquid maldistribution, liquid films thickness, wetting of the packing surface, or bubble size and droplet distribution at trays. Advanced imaging techniques, such as tomography, have found only marginal attention in investigations of separation columns with structured and modern dumped flow distribution packings, mostly due to limited spatial and temporal resolution but also due to prevailing technological problems encountered in such applications. In this study, the potentials and limits of some of the most recently emerged tomographic imaging modalities for multiphase flows have been investigated and reviewed, i.e., ultra‐fast X‐ray tomography, high‐resolution gamma‐ray tomography, wire‐mesh sensor techniques, and X‐ray microtomography with respect to a possible application in separation columns with flow distribution packings.
High Pressure Processes in Biorefineries
Authors: Zetzl Carsten , Gairola Krishan , Kirsch Christian , Perez‐Cantu Lilia , Smirnova Irina 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAn overview of high pressure processes for producing chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass is presented. Special attention is given to the combination of different process steps and scale‐up possibilities for the apparatus involved. Based on literature and own experiments it is shown that, under the condition of an adapted choice of process parameters, high pressure biorefinery allows the connection and combination of different high efficient and selective unit operations to a single one‐stop process that can be realized in different scales. Such reactor design can be used for numerous lab scale experiments providing a basis for comparable data for different types of solid biomass. The advantage of such a screening unit is the possibility of cascading processes in the same extraction vessel. Thus, the knowledge on a convergent behavior of reaction and extraction rates can be gained, allowing to progress in modeling of solid biomass conversion under high pressure.
Continuous microbial fuel cell using a photoautotrophic cathode and a fermentative anode
Authors: Mitra Pranabendu , Hill Gordon A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA complete microbial fuel cell (MFC) operating under continuous flow conditions and using Chlorella vulgaris at the cathode and Saccharomyces cerevisiae at the anode was investigated for the production of electricity. The MFC was loaded with different resistances to characterise its power capabilities and voltage dynamics. A cell recycle system was also introduced to the cathode to observe the effect of microalgae cell density on steady‐state power production and dynamic voltage profiles. At the maximum microalgae cell density of 2140 mg/L, a maximum power level of 0.6 mW/m2 of electrode surface area was achieved. The voltage difference between the cathode and anode decreased as the resistance decreased within the closed circuit, with a maximum open circuit voltage (infinite resistance) of 220 mV. The highest current flow of 1.0 mA/m2 of electrode surface area was achieved at an applied resistance of 250 Ω.
Camptothecin and Thiocamptothecin: the Role of Sulfur in Shifting the Hydrolysis Equilibrium towards the Closed Lactone Form
Authors: Pistolozzi Marco , Varchi Greta , Degli Esposti Alessandra , Guerrini Andrea , Sotgiu Giovanna , Ballestri Marco , Ferroni Claudia , Venturini Alessandro , Bertucci Carlo 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAdverse effects have limited the clinical potential of 20‐(S)‐camptothecin (CPT) and led to a growing interest in the development of CPT analogues that exhibit less severe drawbacks, while maintaining their therapeutic activity. Recently, a thiopyridone isostere of CPT, 20‐(S)‐thiocamptothecin (TCPT), was developed that resulted more potent than the parent compound in H460, HT29 and IGROV‐1 cell lines. The improved activity of TCPT over CPT might be due to the greater stability of the lactone ring. Here, reversible hydrolysis to the ring‐open carboxylate forms of CPT and TCPT was studied by HPLC, both in the presence and absence of human serum albumin (HSA). The amount of TCPT that exists in the lactone form at equilibrium in buffer solution (24 h) was found to be significantly higher than CPT, and the same trend was observed in the presence of HSA. Specifically, HSA caused a shift in the hydrolysis equilibrium of TCPT towards the carboxylate form, but the proportion of lactone form remained higher than that observed for CPT under the same conditions, and also in the presence of a higher excess of the protein. The role of the sulfur atom in the stability of the open and closed lactone derivatives was investigated by theoretical calculations using stabilization energies and comparison between experimental and calculated absorption spectra. Our results suggest that, in aqueous solution, more ionic species (anionic and enolic forms) are present for TCPT. This study provides further insights into the effects of oxygen/sulfur replacement in the CPT pyridone ring.
Design and implementation of an efficient integer count sort in CUDA GPUs
Authors: Kolonias Vasileios , Voyiatzis Artemios G. , Goulas George , Housos Efthymios 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYWe describe experience on design and implementation of an efficient count sort algorithm on Compute Unified Device Architecture graphics processing units. The novelty of this work is twofold. At first, we propose a count sort algorithm for integers that needs no synchronization at its last step and thus, offers superior performance. At second, this work contributes ad hoc techniques for optimizing the performance of the algorithm on Compute Unified Device Architecture‐enabled graphics processing units. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accountability in the Value Chain: From Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) to CSR Product Declaration
Authors: Skaar Christofer , Fet Annik Magerholm 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTReporting on corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance to external stakeholders is a key element of corporate and value chain accountability. This paper identifies gaps in existing value chain reporting practices and examines options for how a CSR product declaration can be developed to address these gaps. The characteristics of six state‐of‐the‐art accountability management, reporting, and certification approaches are identified and the pairwise correlations are assessed statistically. Findings show that the overall correlation is low; there is no low‐hanging fruit for combining existing elements. Missing allocation and aggregation methods are a particular challenge, especially concerning social aspects in the value chain. Three options for a CSR product declaration based on the Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) are presented. Building on the strength of the EPD (transparency, quantification, and verification), a scientific consensus building approach is recommended. Indicator development becomes a balancing act between satisfying internal management requirements and keeping connected with the scientific development. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The role of cytopathology in diagnosing HPV induced oropharyngeal lesions
Authors: Mehrotra Ravi , Sharma Nishant , Umudum Haldun , Ceyhan Koray , Rezanko Türkan 
Published: June 2011

AbstractHPV detection in fine needle aspirates from suspected head and neck metastasis may be useful in clinching the diagnosis of HPV related oral squamous cell carcinoma. Ascertaining the HPV status of a particular tumor on cytological specimens could be useful for prognostication as HPV‐related tumors appear to have a better prognosis and clinical outcome. The various techniques of detection are reviewed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting as breast masses: A series of 10 cases diagnosed on FNAC
Authors: Arora Sandeep Kumar , Gupta Nalini , Srinivasan Radhika , Das Ashim , Nijhawan Raje , Rajwanshi Arvind , Singh Gurpreet 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPrimary breast lymphoma (PBL) is a rare disease, which comprises 0.04–0.53% of all primary malignant tumors of the breast. The most frequent histological subtype is diffuse large B‐cell type (DLBCL) (40–70%). Differentiation of PBLs from other breast tumors such as poorly differentiated carcinomas and lobular carcinoma may at times be difficult on cytomorphology alone. An audit of breast lymphomas diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) over a period of 9 years (2001–2009) was performed. Ten cases were retrieved and the cytomorphology was reviewed along with immunochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry as well as histopathology, wherever available. The age of patients ranged from 17 to 83 years. Eight cases were diagnosed as non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, high‐grade on FNAC. Histopathology was available in four of these cases and cell block was available in one case. Lymphoid cells were positive for leukocyte‐common antigen (LCA) and CD20 and negative for CD3 in these cases. The same was confirmed by flow cytometry on aspirated material in one case. A diagnosis of DLBCL was offered in these five cases. One case was a low‐grade NHL and another case was a young male, a known case of acute leukemia and had leukemic infiltration in the breast lump. We wish to emphasize the potential importance of FNAC in breast lymphoma and the same can be helpful to avoid unnecessary surgery in these cases. The differential diagnostic entities have been discussed. IHC and flow cytometry can be performed on the aspirated material and provide valuable information. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Should waist circumference be replaced by index of central obesity (ICO) in definition of metabolic syndrome?
Authors: Parikh R. , Mohan V. , Joshi S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWaist circumference has been widely used as the parameter of central obesity in defining metabolic syndrome. Global consensus definition of metabolic syndrome has suggested various race‐ and gender‐specific cutoffs of waist circumference for quantifying central obesity. We have earlier proposed that using index of central obesity (ICO), the need for race‐ and gender‐specific cutoffs may be obviated. We propose that waist circumference be supplanted with index of central obesity in all definitions of metabolic syndrome. Using index of central obesity a common cutoff of 0.5 applicable across races and genders might be obtained. Moreover, it will enhance the sensitivity of definition by diagnosing subjects who are shorter than general population. Among 258 male and 242 female diabetic patients, subjects with metabolic syndrome (defined as per gender‐specific waist circumference cutoffs), were found to have a common lower range of index of central obesity suggesting that a common cutoff of waist circumference may be obtained. In another study from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database, replacing index of central obesity with waist circumference was found to enhance the specificity and sensitivity of definition of metabolic syndrome. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Foods for the prevention of diabetes: how do they work?
Authors: Thomas Theodoros , Pfeiffer Andreas F. H. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWith the diabetes epidemic reaching menacing proportions worldwide, there is an urgent need for the development of cost‐efficient prevention strategies to be effective at the population level. Great potential in this direction lies in properly designed, large‐scale dietary interventions. The macronutrient composition and the caloric content of our diet are major determinants of glucose homeostasis and there is a continuously growing list of foods, nutrients or individual compounds that have been associated with an increased or reduced incidence of diabetes mellitus. These include fat, carbohydrates, fibre, alcohol, polyphenols and other micronutrients or individual dietary compounds, which have been shown to either promote or prevent a progression towards a (pre‐)diabetic state. This review aims to briefly summarize relevant epidemiological data linking foods to diabetes and to provide insights into the mechanisms through which these effects are mediated. These include improvement of insulin sensitivity or promotion of insulin resistance, regulation of inflammatory pathways, regulation of glucose transport and tissue glucose uptake, aggravation or attenuation of postprandial glycaemia/insulinaemia, interactions with hormonal responses and β‐cell‐dependent mechanisms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activating NK cell receptor expression/function (NKp30, NKp46, DNAM‐1) during chronic viraemic HCV infection is associated with the outcome of combined treatment
Authors: Bozzano Federica , Picciotto Antonino , Costa Paola , Marras Francesco , Fazio Valentina , Hirsch Ivan , Olive Daniel , Moretta Lorenzo , De Maria Andrea 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSpecific NK cell killer inhibitory receptor (KIR):HLA haplotype combinations have been associated with successful clearance of acute and chronic HCV infection. Whether an imbalance of activating NK cell receptors also contributes to the outcome of treatment of chronic HCV infection, however, is not known. We studied peripheral NK cell phenotype and function in 28 chronically viraemic HCV genotype I treatment‐naïve patients who underwent treatment with pegylated IFN‐α and ribavirin. At baseline, chronically infected patients with sustained virological response (SVR) had reduced CD56brightCD16+/− cell populations, increased CD56dullCD16+ NK cell proportions, and lower expression of NKp30, DNAM‐1, and CD85j. Similarly, reduced NK cell IFN‐γ production but increased degranulation was observed among nonresponding (NR) patients. After treatment, CD56brightCD16+/− NK cell numbers increased in both SVR and NR patients, with a parallel significant increase in activating NKp30 molecule densities in SVR patients only. In vitro experiments using purified NK cells in the presence of rIL‐2 and IFN‐α confirmed upregulation of NKp30 and also of NKp46 and DNAM‐1 in patients with subsequent SVR. Thus, differences in patient NK cell receptor expression and modulation during chronic HCV‐1 infection are associated with subsequent outcome of standard treatment. Individual activating receptor expression/function integrates with KIR:HLA genotype carriage to determine the clearance of HCV infection upon treatment.
Mg1–yScyZn2: Limited Sc/Mg Alloying between Laves Phase MgZn2 and ScZn2 – What Drives ScZn2 into a High‐Pressure Phase?
Authors: Wang Wenliang , Chen Guihuan , Wang Yixiu , Lin Qisheng 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA series of solid solutions between the MgZn2 and ScZn2 isostructural Laves phases at 400 °C was synthesized by fusion of stoichiometric metals by conventional solid‐state high‐temperature means. X‐ray diffraction analyses revealed that the alloys remain in space group P63/mmc, with a = 5.228–5.249 Å and c = 8.532–8.487 Å. The lattice parameters of the solid solution exhibit anisotropic variations: a increases and c decreases with increased starting Sc content (x) inMg1–xScxZn2. The anisotropic changes correspond to the variations of bond lengths in the ab plane and the interlayer bonds in c. Under the applied reaction conditions, the maximum Sc content was estimated to be ymax ≈ 0.47–0.50 in the formula of Mg1–yScyZn2. Theoretical calculations on a hypothetical ScZn2 model extrapolated for normal pressure revealed that it had higher density‐of‐states (DOS) and evident Zn–Zn antibonding states at the Fermi energy, meaning that high pressure is necessary to counteract the internal stress resulting from antibonding states.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Magnetic Properties of the Heteroleptic Dinuclear Nickel Selenite Complex [{Ni(TMEDA)SeO3}2]
Authors: Delferro Massimiliano , Graiff Claudia , Marchiò Luciano , Elviri Lisa , Mazzani Marcello , Riccò Mauro , Predieri Giovanni 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe reaction of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O with Na2SeO3 in the presence of tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) in a water/ethanol mixture yielded the heteroleptic complex [{Ni(TMEDA)SeO3}2] (1). Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that complex 1 consists of a dinuclear species in which the two nickel atoms are held together by two bridging selenito anions. The crystal packing of 1 is determined by networks of hydrogen bonds, involving cocrystalized water molecules and the oxygen atoms of the bridging SeO32– groups. The two nickel ions in 1 exhibit antiferromagnetic coupling with J = –25.7 ± 0.1 cm–1, in good agreement with DFT calculations. In addition, when a less sterically hindered ancillary ligand, such as ethylenediamine (en), was used, the homoleptic complex [Ni(en)3](SeO3) (2) was obtained.
Synthesis of Oxacycles Employing the Oxa‐Pictet–Spengler Reaction: Recent Developments and New Prospects
Authors: Larghi Enrique L. , Kaufman Teodoro S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe oxa‐Pictet–Spengler cyclization is the oxygen variation of the Pictet–Spengler reaction, in which an aromatic alcohol component (generally a β‐arylethyl alcohol) reacts with acarbonyl component (aldehyde, ketone or their masked derivatives), to yield a 1‐substituted (or 1,1′‐disubstituted)pyran fused to the aromatic ring system found in the starting alcohol. The transformation is usually promoted by Brønsted and Lewis acids. Intramolecular versions of the reaction are also known, where both components are mutually masked as an acetal. Discussed here are aspects concerning the most recent developments and new applications of this useful reaction, including the scope and limitations of new promoters, and new mechanistic pictures of this transformation. The use of novel stereochemical control strategies and the application of the reaction to the synthesis of natural products and their analogs, as well as to accessing fully synthetic bioactive compounds and new ring systems are presented, and chiral versions of the oxa‐Pictet–Spengler are also analyzed.
PEEK polymer flammability and the inadequacy of the UL‐94 classification
Authors: Patel Parina , Hull Terence Richard , Moffatt Colin 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYFire safety is dependent on reliable information on material properties, particularly relating to burning behaviour. The Underwriters Laboratory UL‐94 test is a widely used simple Bunsen burner test for vertically upward flame spread. Aryl polyetheretherketones (PEEK) are polymers of exceptional thermal stability, typically decomposing at around 600°C and forming 50% carbonaceous char residue. Tests on seven PEEK polymers, and two related materials, in independent laboratories have revealed large inconsistencies in both the final broad classification and the scatter within each set of test results. In many cases, this variance is so large that if samples from the same batch of many of the materials were repeatedly submitted to test laboratories, this would ultimately result in one set remaining below the maximum burn time criteria, and so meeting the least flammable V‐0 rating. Initial data are presented indicating that a larger ignition source actually results in shorter burning times and more consistent burning behaviour. The reported behaviour of PEEK indicates that the inconsistencies reported here are not a function of inconsistencies in the material itself but rather a consequence of the low applied heat flux of the test method being very close to the critical heat flux for ignition of the PEEK polymer, which is rather high. With higher applied heat fluxes, this generates sufficient heat for a protective char to form, creating an effective barrier to further flame spread. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of the procedure to burn textile fabrics by cone calorimeter: part II. Results on nanoparticle‐finished polyester
Authors: Tata Jennifer , Alongi Jenny , Frache Alberto 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYCommercial polyester textiles have been finished with hydrotalcite, nanometric titania and silica aqueous suspensions and further characterised in order to investigate their combustion behaviour. Two different features of the finishing procedure have been studied: the role of immersion time and the pH suspension. The corresponding distribution and dispersion of nanoparticles on polyester fibres have been evaluated by scanning electron microscopy coupled to elemental analysis. Furthermore, an eventual surface pre‐treatment of fabrics has been evaluated using cold oxygen plasma. Combustion data have shown that the cone calorimeter is a useful instrumentation to characterise the treated fabrics (when they are washed, as well) in terms of their ability to modify ignition and burning behaviour. Only hydrotalcite‐containing treatments have consistent increases in times to ignite, and hence, flame retardancy levels have been achieved. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An optimizing implicit difference scheme based on proper orthogonal decomposition for the two‐dimensional unsaturated soil water flow equation
Authors: Di Zhenhua , Luo Zhendong , Xie Zhenghui , Wang Aiwen , Navon I.M. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYAn optimizing reduced implicit difference scheme (IDS) based on singular value decomposition (SVD) and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) for the two‐dimensional unsaturated soil water flow equation is presented. An ensemble of snapshots is compiled from the transient solutions derived from the usual IDS for a two‐dimensional unsaturated flow equation. Then, optimal orthogonal bases are reconstructed by implementing SVD and POD techniques for the ensemble of snapshots. Combining POD with a Galerkin projection approach, a new lower dimensional and highly accurate IDS for the two‐dimensional unsaturated flow equation is obtained. Error estimates between the true solution, the usual IDS solution, and the reduced IDS solution based on POD basis are derived. Finally, it is shown by means of a numerical example using the technology of local refined grids that the computational load is greatly diminished by using the reduced IDS. Also, the error between the POD approximate solution and the usual IDS solution is proved to be consistent with the derived theoretical results. Thus, both feasibility and efficiency of the POD method are validated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.