bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Terrestrial growth and marine dispersal? Comparative phylogeography of five coastal plant species at a European scale
Authors: Kadereit Joachim W. , Arafeh Rami , Somogyi Gabriella , Westberg Erik 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe phylogeography of five flowering plant species (Cakile maritima, Eryngium maritimum, Salsola kali, Halimione portulacoides, Crithmum maritimum) widespread along the European coasts was investigated across their entire European range using AFLP evidence. Both similarities and dissimilarities were found. All species contain a distinct Black Sea/Aegean Sea cluster, and all except E. maritimum contain a distinct Adriatic Sea cluster or group of genetically very similar clusters. All species except Cr. maritimum contain a distinct Atlantic Ocean/North Sea/Baltic Sea cluster clearly separate from the Mediterranean material. In Ca. maritima a distinct Baltic Sea subcluster was found. In the western Mediterranean, two species groups can be recognized. Whereas in S. kali and E. maritimum material from this area falls into only one cluster or a group of genetically very similar clusters, it falls into two clusters or groups of clusters of either more Atlantic or more central Mediterranean similarity in Ca. maritima, H. portulacoides and Cr. maritimum. Similarities and dissimilarities in patterns found are discussed in terms of a combination of historical and extant abiotic and biotic factors. Thus, the distribution range of all species in the eastern Mediterranean area was not affected by Quaternary temperature changes, resulting in phylogeographic congruency here. The existence of distinct Black Sea/Aegean Sea and Adriatic Sea clusters or groups of clusters is the result of sea currents isolating these regions from each other. In the western Mediterranean basin the more cold‐sensitive species (H. portulacoides, Cr. maritimum) but not the less cold‐sensitive species (S. kali, E. maritimum) had to retreat from northern coasts. Re‐colonization of these areas from two different directions is implied by their phylogeographic pattern. The existence of a distinct Gibraltar gap is explained in terms of extant sea currents. Comparison of phylogeographic patterns found with those observed in either marine or terrestrial organisms leads to the conclusion that marine dispersal is of overriding importance in these coastal plants.
Phylogenetic relationships and classification in Marantaceae: insights from plastid DNA sequence data
Authors: Prince Linda M. , Kress W. John 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe evolutionary distinctiveness and phylogenetic position of Marantaceae within the Zingiberales is strongly supported, yet relatively little phylogenetic research has been conducted on members of Marantaceae. Phylogenetic analyses of plastid DNA sequence data (matK and 3' intergenic spacer region, and the trnL–F intergenic spacer region) for 80 ingroup taxa representing 27 genera were conducted under parsimony criteria. Results identify five major clades and support significant realignments in tribal and "group" circumscriptions. Four non–monophyletic genera, Calathea, Marantochloa, Phrynium, and Schumannianthus are identified. Although significant work remains to identify relationships of the major lineages within Marantaceae and to redefine several problematic genera, we propose a working classification that better reflects the inferred evolutionary history of the family.
Molecular phylogeny of African Rytidosperma–affiliated danthonioid grasses reveals generic polyphyly and convergent evolution in spikelet morphology
Authors: Verboom G. Anthony , Ntsohi Refiloe , Barker Nigel P. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractOf the 90–95 species included in the Rytidosperma clade of grasses (Danthonioideae: Poaceae) about 20 are native to southern Africa, most of these belonging to the genera Karroochloa, Schismus and Tribolium. Whereas morphological data identify all three genera as being monophyletic, the robustness of this pattern is compromised by high levels of homoplasy. Here we use molecular data (plastid trnL–trnF and nuclear ITS sequences) to re–evaluate phylogenetic relationships within the Rytidosperma clade, with the specific aim of testing the monophyly of the African genera. Separate parsimony analyses of the two partitions reveal low levels of incongruence, which may be attributable to incomplete lineage sorting or past hybridization. Analyses of the combined data produce well resolved, strongly supported topologies that are virtually identical, regardless of the inference method used (parsimony or Bayesian inference) or whether or not "conflict" taxa are included. Our data support the monophyly of the Rytidosperma clade (synapomorphies include a punctate–ovate hilum, a large embryo, and lodicule microhairs) as well as the monophyly of the Australasian–South American Rytidosperma s.l. However, the monophyly of Karroochloa, Schismus and Tribolium is strongly contradicted, all three genera being polyphyletic as currently defined. Although not implemented here, a minimum of five new combinations would be required to rectify this situation. Character reconstructions reveal extensive convergence in a number of morphological features, especially those previously used to define genera. We suggest that the convergent pattern of evolution displayed by these traits, most of which describe spikelet/diaspore morphology, is linked to their functionality in seed dispersal and burial, and that this has compromised their utility as phylogenetic markers.
Ploidy level versus DNA ploidy level: an appeal for consistent terminology
Authors: Suda Jan , Krahulcová Anna , Trávníek Pavel , Krahulec František 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThere is an ever–increasing amount of cytogenetic data in plant sciences obtained by cytometric techniques, particularly flow cytometry. However, as these methods determine nuclear DNA amount irrespective of the number of chromosomes, a discrepancy between cytometric and karyological data may occur. To avoid potential bias, we appeal for consistency, distinguishing between the terms "ploidy / aneuploidy" referring to chromosome numbers and "DNA ploidy / DNA aneuploidy" to nuclear DNA content.
A history and overview of theFlora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae(FRPS, Flora of China, Chinese edition, 1959–2004)
Authors: Ma Jinshuang , Clemants Steve 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (FRPS) is one of the largest floristic projects in the world. The final product, 80 volumes in 126 parts, represents work by four generations of Chinese plant taxonomists during 45 years (1959–2004) and treats 31,180 species (300 families, 3,434 genera) on over 40,000 pages. More than half of the species (54%) are endemic to China. This monumental flora has not yet been thoroughly reviewed. The history of the project is described with comments on outline, statistics, largest families and genera, names of authors and editors, quality, species concept, new taxa, specimens, and proofing and indexing.
Simple phylogenetic tree searches easily “succeed” with large matrices of single genes
Authors: Chase Mark W. , Fay Michael F. , Soltis Douglas E. , Soltis Pamela S. , Takahashi Kei T. , Savolainen Vincent 
Published: May 2010

AbstractHere we show with both extensive real and simulated data that rigorous and time‐intensive approaches, including parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods, to reconstructing large phylogenetic trees are unwarranted with small amounts of data (i.e., single or small numbers, 2–3 genes) because they actually produce trees with scores that are shorter or otherwise less optimal than the model tree or trees produced with larger amounts of data. Furthermore they also fail to obtain consistently more correct groups than simple parsimony methods, leaving the latter to be preferred. When numbers of variable sites are limited relative to numbers of taxa sampled, simpler swapping strategies perform as well as much more rigorous methods. We caution against confidence in any results based on small data sets, even if (or especially if) there have been thorough analyses. Analyses of such data sets for exploratory purposes should rely on simple search strategies and not use excessive branch swapping or time.
300,000 species to identify: problems, progress, and prospects in DNA barcoding of land plants
Authors: Cowan Robyn S. , Chase Mark W. , Kress W. John , Savolainen Vincent 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDNA barcodes have been successfully applied to a limited number of animal groups with the application of the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1. Recently two DNA regions, the plastid trnH‐psbA spacer and nuclear ribosomal ITS region, have been shown to have potential as an identification barcode for land plants, although with some significant drawbacks. The ideal barcode should be relatively short in length (∼700 bp), more variable between than within species, and easily amplifiable with universal primers. Building on current success, ongoing investigations are searching for the best barcode to apply to all land plants. Once established, a plant barcode may be effectively used in biodiversity inventories, conservation assessments, and applied forensic investigations. Advances in sequencing technology and the completion of the DNA barcode library have the potential to provide the public with increased access to information about the natural world.
Reconstructing the basal angiosperm phylogeny: evaluating information content of mitochondrial genes
Authors: Qiu Yin-Long , Li Libo , Hendry Tory A. , Li Ruiqi , Taylor David W. , Issa Michael J. , Ronen Alexander J. , Vekaria Mona L. , White Adam M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThree mitochondrial (atp1,matR,nad5), four chloroplast (atpB,matK,rbcL,rpoC2), and one nuclear (18S) genes from 162 seed plants, representing all major lineages of gymnosperms and angiosperms, were analyzed together in a supermatrix or in various partitions using likelihood and parsimony methods. The results show thatAmborella+ Nymphaeales together constitute the first diverging lineage of angiosperms, and that the topology ofAmborellaalone being sister to all other angiosperms likely represents a local long branch attraction artifact. The monophyly of magnoliids, as well as sister relationships between Magnoliales and Laurales, and between Canellales and Piperales, are all strongly supported. The sister relationship to eudicots ofCeratophyllumis not strongly supported by this study; instead a placement of the genus with Chloranthaceae receives moderate support in the mitochondrial gene analyses. Relationships among magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots remain unresolved. Direct comparisons of analytic results from several data partitions with or without RNA editing sites show that in multigene analyses, RNA editing has no effect on well supported relationships, but minor effect on weakly supported ones. Finally, comparisons of results from separate analyses of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes demonstrate that mitochondrial genes, with overall slower rates of substitution than chloroplast genes, are informative phylogenetic markers, and are particularly suitable for resolving deep relationships.
Preliminary Evaluations of Techniques for Collecting and Culturing Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) Pollen1
Authors: Faucette Deaton F. , Emery Donald A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The effects of time and method of pollen sampling, method and duration of pollen maintenance, media and plant genotype on peanut pollen germination and tube growth were observed. It was concluded that flower and anther sampling contributed much variability to pollen germination but the optimum times for pollen collection were from 3 a.m. to 8 a.m. Eastern Daylight Saving time during the summer months in Raleigh, N. C. Pollen maintained at 8 C germinated better and produced longer tubes than did pollen stored at room temperature. Desiccation of pollen for periods up to 6 days was found necessary if pollen was to be maintained more than 1 day. A 15% sucrose medium was found to maximize pollen germination. Attempts to differentiate parental and hybrid plant genotypes by pollen tube growth were not successful as flower to flower and plant pollen variability was too high to permit comparisons.
Change in Grade of Farmers' Stock Peanuts Stored in the Southwest
Authors: Person Nat K. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The effects of storage time on the extent and cause of grade reductions of farmers' stock Spanish peanuts harvested in the Southwest are discussed in this paper. This study was based on 184 randomly selected lots of farmers' stock peanuts sampled from 31 buying points throughout the Southwest area. Results of this research indicate that there was a significant decrease in the grade (sound mature kernels plus sound splits) with storage time and that this decrease occurred within the first 5 days of storage. The grade decreased from an initial average value of 71.3 to 70.3 after the 5-day storage period. There was a continuing decrease in grade with increased storage time; however, the change after the first 5 days of storage was not found to be significant. Decrease in grade results in an annual loss of approximately 2.26 million dollars in the Southwest peanut producing area.
The principal cause for this reduction was determined to be the shift of the weight ratio of hulls and kernels during storage while only a small part of the grade loss was due to kernel shrinkage. The method of drying and grading had a significant influence on the decrease in grade. Mechanically dried peanuts lost 1.8 percentage points in grade during a 90-day storage preiod compared to only 0.3 percentage points for field-dried peanuts.
Effects of Restoring Peanut Moisture with Aeration Before Shelling
Authors: Blankenship Paul D. , Person Jack L. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Moisture was restored to peanuts with aeration at controlled relative humidities before shelling. Restoring peanut moisture from 5 to 8 percent wet basis did not significantly affect milling quality. Elevating peanut moisture to levels that benefited milling quality caused profuse mold contamination of the peanuts. Germination decreased as peanut moisture content (m.c.) increased. Remoisturization caused only small changes in most food quality parameters
Carbon-14 Distribution in Peanut Fruit Parts During Maturation Following 14CO Treatment of Intact Plants1
Authors: Pattee Harold E. , Johns Elizabeth B. , Singleton John A. , Sanders Timothy H. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Effects of sampling date and developmental stage on the distribution of radioactivity within the crude ethanol, lipid, and starch fractions from fruit, seed coat, and seed of peanut were investigated. Major differences were found between the first and fourth feeding dates in the amount of 14C-labeled photo-synthate translocated to individual peanut fruit parts. Maximum levels of radioactivity in the pericarp, seed coat, and seed were attained at progressively later developmental stages as the respective part became the dominant metabolic sink. Within the fruit, maximum radioactivity in starch was reached during early maturity (stage 3) and total radioactivity generally decreased with successive feeding dates. Thus the level of photosynthate being translocated to a given fruit decreases as more fruit develop on the plant. Observed relationships between level of radioactivity and specific activity of fruit-part components were interpreted as indicating that metabolic reserves are built up in the fruit and seed coat during early maturation and utilized later during seed development and maturation when the level of available translocated photosynthate has diminished.
Inheritance of Branching Pattern in Arachis hypogaea L.1
Authors: Wynne J. C. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The genetics of the branching pattern on the cotyledonary laterals of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) was studied through scoring F1 and F2 generation progenies from crosses among four lines of Virginia, Valencia, and Spanish types. With one exception, these lines traced directly to gene centers in South America. When results were expressed as the ratio of reproductive branches to total branches (R/R+V), the F2 from crosses of Virginia × Valencia gave a continuous distribution with the median near that of a Spanish type. Spanish × Virginia crosses gave a continuous distribution in the F2 with the median equivalent to the Virginia parent. These results suggested that Spanish varieties may have originated from hybridization of Virginia and Valencia types. The presence, or absence, of inflorescences in the mainstem leaf axils of F2 plants was scored for one cross. The results suggested the presence of two sets of duplicate loci with epistasis among the alleles.
Pod Breakdown Resistance in Peanuts1
Authors: Porter D. M. , Garren K. H. , van Schaik P. H. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
During 19 69–73, 13 commonly grown Virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars, 15 plant introductions. and two breeding lines were evaluated under field conditions for resistance to the pod breakdown fungi Pythium myriotylum and Rhizoctonia solani. Four cultivars—Early Runner. Florunner, Florigiant, and NC 17—having related pedigrees were consistently more resistant to infection by these two fungi. P.I. 341880 and P.I. 341885 and Florida breeding line F439–16–6 showed similar resistance to infection. Cultivars most susceptible to pod breakdown were NC 5, Va. 56R, Ga. 119–20 and Va. 72R. P.I. 343410 and a selection from P.I. 319178 were extremely susceptible to pod breakdown. Resistance to pod breakdown seems to have been derived from a cross between a small, white-seeded Spanish-type peanut and Dixie Giant, a large-seeded Virginia-type peanut. All resistant cultivars are related to this cross, whereas the susceptible cultivars lack these parental types in the pedigrees.
Genesis of α-Arachin Synthesis in the Developing Peanut Seed
Authors: Neucere N. J. , Yatsu L. Y. , Harris James A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
An integrated ultrastructural and immunochemical study of storage protein synthesis was followed on early stages of developing peanut embryos. Whereas it was reported that storage proteins are not present in very immature embryos, e.g. prior to the formation of storage vacuoles or during cytokinesis, we detected α-arachin (the major storage protein) in the smallest embryos feasible to collect—embryos 0.5 to 1 mm long. These embryos contained meristematic cells 10 to 20 μ in diameter which showed the normal complement of organelles; however, no storage vacuoles were observed in these cells. Heavy synthesis of α-arachin coincided with the microscopic observation of protein granules in storage vacuoles of cells in embryos that were about 10 mm long.
Combining Ability Estimates in Arachis Hypogaea L. III. F2 Generation of Intra- and Intersubspecific Crosses1
Authors: Wynne J. C. , Rawlings J. O. , Emery D. A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
A hybridization program was initiated to investigate the breeding potential of crosses among diverse peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) lines. Fifteen crosses in F2 generation generated by crossing six peanut lines representing Valencia, Virginia, and Spanish botanical varieties in diallel without reciprocals were used to estimate combining ability in drilled and space-planted tests.
Estimates of both general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability were significant for percent extra large kernels, percent sound mature kernels, kernels/kg, pod length, and yield measured in the drilled test. The GCA estimates were also significant for all characters measured in the space-planted test, while estimates of SCA were significant for five of the six characters. Estimates of GCA were of greater magnitude than SCA estimates for all characters except one.
A Spanish line, C2, had the highest GCA effects for yield and sound mature kernels in both drilled and space-planted tests.
Although most F2 cross means, especially for the intersubspecific crosses, were less than the midparent value, the presence of transgressive segregants indicated an opportunity for breeding improvement. The depression of F2 means probably resulted from recombination of genes responsible for adaptation of the parental lines.
Comparison of results from the space-planted and drilled tests indicates that data from space-planted tests can provide useful information on the performance of crosses in early generation.
Effects of Herbicides, a Nematicide and Rhizobium Inoculant on Yield, Chemical Composition and Nodulation of Starr Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Walker Milton E. , Minton Norman A. , Dowler Clyde C. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Most peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields of the Southern Coastal Plain are treated with either vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) or benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-a,a,a-trifluoro-2, 6-dinitro-p-toluidine) or a combination of these two herbicides to control certain weeds. The nematicide DBCP (1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane) is also used in some fields. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of vernolate, benefin, DBCP, and Rhizobium sp. on nodulation, yield, quality, and chemical composition of ‘Starr’ peanuts. The application of herbicides, nematicide, and inoculant had no significant effect on yield, sound mature kernels, or ether extract of ‘Starr’ peanuts. The N content of the leaf and seed and the number of nodules were not affected by the treatments. Nematode infestation was low and did not affect yield. In the greenhouse studies, the application of lime, herbicides, or fertilizer did not affect certain morphological characteristics of the plant or N content of the peanut leaves. Nitrogen fertilization increased the weight of the peanut foliage.
Evaluation of Early Generation Testing in Peanuts1
Authors: Wynne J. C. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Six lines representing three botanical varieties, and crosses made in diallel among the six lines were grown at two locations to determine the value of early generation testing in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.).
Fruit length, percentage sound mature kernels, and percentage fancy size pods of the crosses bulked and measured in F5 generation were correlated with similar measures in F2 generation. F2 generation cross means for yield were not correlated with F5 cross means. Estimates of general combining ability were significant and of greater magnitude than specific combining ability estimates for both F2 and F5 generations for all traits except yield.
The average performance of a parental line in crosses in the F2 generation was correlated with its average performance in crosses in the F5 generation for yield, fruit length, sound mature kernels, and fancy size pods.
The highest yielding line from nine of the 15 crosses selected using a modified pedigree method equalled or exceeded the yield of the high parent for that cross. Yields of the highest yielding selections, however, were not correlated with the yield of either the F2 or F5 generations of the crosses grown in bulk.
Early generation testing in peanuts of crosses between lines representing different botanical varieties appears to be a useful breeding procedure for traits such as fruit length, sound mature kernels, or fancy size pods but has limited value in selecting for yield.