bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glycosynthases in Biocatalysis
Authors: Cobucci‐Ponzano Beatrice , Strazzulli Andrea , Rossi Mosé , Moracci Marco 
Published: September 2011

AbstractGlycosynthases, engineered glycoside hydrolases that are able to synthesize glycans in quantitative yields without hydrolyzing them, are among the most interesting tools for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates that have been made available so far. From their invention in 1998, these enzymes have been developed enormously and demonstrated to be convenient alternatives to the more expensive glycosyltransferase. Glycosynthases have been proved to be efficient catalysts for the synthesis of oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates of various lengths containing different monosaccharides bound through α‐ and β‐linkages, which have interesting applications. In this review we describe the impact that glycosynthases have had on the biocatalysis and biosynthesis of carbohydrates through the description of the novel activities produced and of the development of the glycosynthase‐based process. In addition, we summarize the approaches that, according to the current literature, can be adopted to produce novel glycosynthase activities and to improve the existing process.
Short‐term spirometric changes in wildland firefighters
Authors: Jacquin Laurent , Michelet Pierre , Brocq François‐Xavier , Houel Jean‐Guillaume , Truchet Xavier , Auffray Jean‐Pierre , Carpentier Jean‐Pierre , Jammes Yves 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe short‐term effects of smoke inhalation have been little studied in European wildland firefighters, especially in an intra‐individual design. Our purpose is to study the spirometric changes from the early stage during a wildland fire season and to compare smokers and non‐smokers.MethodsA population of 108 firefighters from a Civil Security Unit, based in Corsica, was tested immediately after having been exposed to the smoke of coniferous trees.ResultsOut of 108 people, 59 were smokers and 49 were non‐smokers without any acute or chronic pulmonary disease. Compared to baseline values, a decrease of spirometric parameters was observed immediately after the end of exposure and an even greater decrease was seen after 24 hr (FEV1 −0.53 L; FVC −0.59 L; PEF −53 L min−1, P < 0.05 for each). None of the participants complained of respiratory symptoms. Three months after the end of the season, a final test was given which revealed a persistent decrease in spirometric parameters in comparison with baseline values (FEV1 −0.28 L; FVC −0.34 L; PEF −45 L min−1, P < 0.05 for each). Comparison of smoking and non‐smoking groups did not show any noteworthy difference for each parameter or the importance of their decline.ConclusionsThe findings show that firefighters are likely to develop respiratory impairments after wood smoke exposure. We did not observe any statistical differences between smokers and non‐smokers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:819–825, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epigenetics of chronic rhinosinusitis and the role of the eosinophil
Authors: Seiberling Kristin A. , Church Christopher A. , Herring Jason L , Sowers Lawrence C 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground:One theory for the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) involves aberration in the expression of genes that maintain the sinonasal innate immune system. We propose that the alteration in gene expression seen in CRSwNP is a result of oxidative byproducts of eosinophils. Activated eosinophils and neutrophils may lead to the production of hypobromous acid (HOBr) and hypochlorous acid (HOCL) and the posttranslational modification products 5‐bromocytosine (5BrC) and 5‐chlorocytosine (5ClC), respectively. 5BrC and 5ClC may cause aberrant methylation of cytosine during DNA replication and mimic the endogenous methylation signal associated with gene silencing. We propose to use gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) to identify the presence of 5BrC and 5ClC in CRSwNP patients.Methods:Patients with CRSwNP undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery were prospectively recruited into this study. Using GC‐MS, tissue specimens were analyzed for the presence of 5BrC, 5ClC, and methylated cytosine.Results:Tissue specimens from 14 patients with CRSwNP and 3 normal controls were processed using GC‐MS. CRSwNP specimens demonstrate elevated levels of 5BrC and 5ClC compared to normal controls.Conclusion:Eosinophils, which are predominantly found in CRSwNP, may lead to DNA modification and gene silencing via 5BrC and aberrant methylation patterns and may help explain the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Activation of Ziegler‐Natta catalysts by organohalide promoters: A combined experimental and density functional theory study
Authors: Bahri‐Laleh Naeimeh , Arabi Hassan , Mehdipor‐Ataei Shahram , Nekoomanesh‐Haghighi Mehdi , Zohuri Gholamhosein , Seifali Mehrdad , Akbari Zahra 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSeveral organohalide (HC) compounds were tested as promoters for a Ti‐based Ziegler‐Natta (Z‐N) catalyst at different polymerization conditions. Results show that the intensity of the promoting effect depends on the nature and amount of the promoters. A proper amount, especially optimum amount, of aliphatic type organohalides leads to a strong productivity, and aromatic ones leads to a weak productivity improvement; however, 3‐chloro‐1‐propene poison the catalyst even at lower HC/Ti molar ratios. Among studied compounds, chlorocyclohexane has the best activity promotion effect at HC/Ti molar ratio of 128, and with this as a promoter, the activity increases over 85%. To understand more details about this phenomenon, the rate of polymerization during time and the effect of polymerization conditions (the temperature and hydrogen partial pressure) on the performance of chlorocyclohexane as the most effective promoter were studied. Finally, to explore the mechanism of reactivation of catalyst species by organohalides, molecular modeling was employed and a new oxidation‐addition mechanism was proposed, which basically consisting of homolytic breaking of CCl bond in organohalides. It was found that reoxidation of the catalyst, restoring active center, by Cl rich organohalides is energetically more favored. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Intracellular antibody‐mediated immunity and the role of TRIM21
Authors: McEwan William A. , Mallery Donna L. , Rhodes David A. , Trowsdale John , James Leo C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractProtection against bacterial and viral pathogens by antibodies has always been thought to end at the cell surface. Once inside the cell, a pathogen was understood to be safe from humoral immunity. However, it has now been found that antibodies can routinely enter cells attached to viral particles and mediate an intracellular immune response. Antibody‐coated virions are detected inside the cell by means of an intracellular antibody receptor, TRIM21, which directs their degradation by recruitment of the ubiquitin‐proteasome system. In this article we assess how this discovery alters our view of the way in which antibodies neutralise viral infection. We also consider the antiviral function of TRIM21 in the context of its other reported roles in immune signalling and autoimmunity. Finally, we discuss the conceptual implications of intracellular antibody immunity and how it alters our view of the discrete separation of extracellular and intracellular environments.
Simultaneous determination of cypermethrin and fenvalerate residues in tomato by gas chromatography and their applications to kinetic studies after field treatment
Authors: Shinger Mahgoub I. , Elbashir Abdalla A. , Ahmed Hassan El‐obid , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTIn this study simultaneous determination of cypermethrin and fenvalerate residues in tomato fruit (Lycopesicon esculentum) grown in Khartoum, Sudan, was carried out using gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC‐ECD). The method was linear in the ranges of 0.075–0.009 and 0.75–0.037 mg/mL for cypermethrin and fenvalerate, respectively. The limits of detection and quantification were found to be 0.003 and 0.01 mg/mL and 0.014, 0. 047 mg/mL for cypermethrin and fenvalerate, respectively. The recoveries of cypermethrin and fenvalerate spiked in tomato were 97 ± 7.5 and 99.5 ± 1.8%, respectively. The kinetic study of the degradation of both pesticides was performed and the ultimate evaluation of the kinetic data revealed a first‐order kinetics with respect to the tomato fruit; an explanation was put forward to account for the results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
pH‐stat fed‐batch process to enhance the production of cis, cis‐muconate from benzoate by Pseudomonas putida KT2440‐JD1
Authors: van Duuren Jozef B. J. H. , Wijte Dorien , Karge Bianka , Martins dos Santos Vítor A.P. , Yang Yu , Mars Astrid E. , Eggink Gerrit 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPseudomonas putida KT2440‐JD1 is able to cometabolize benzoate to cis, cis‐muconate in the presence of glucose as growth substrate. P. putida KT2440‐JD1 was unable to grow in the presence of concentrations above 50 mM benzoate or 600 mM cis, cis‐muconate. The inhibitory effects of both compounds were cumulative. The maximum specific uptake rate of benzoate was higher than the specific production rate of cis, cis‐muconate during growth on glucose in the presence of benzoate, indicating that a benzoate derivative accumulated in the cells, which is likely to be catechol. Catechol was shown to reduce the expression level of the ben operon, which encodes the conversion of benzoate to cis, cis‐muconate. To prevent overdoses of benzoate, a pH‐stat fed‐batch process for the production of cis, cis‐muconate from benzoate was developed, in which the addition of benzoate was coupled to the acidification of the medium. The maximum specific production rate during the pH‐stat fed‐batch process was 0.6 g (4.3 mmol) g dry cell weight−1 h−1, whereas 18.5 g L−1 cis, cis‐muconate accumulated in the culture medium with a molar product yield of close to 100%. Proteome analysis revealed that the outer membrane protein H1 was upregulated during the pH‐stat fed‐batch process, whereas the expression of 10 other proteins was reduced. The identified proteins are involved in energy household, transport, translation of RNA, and motility. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Fiber orientation of the transverse carpal ligament
Authors: Prantil Ryan K. , Xiu Kaihua , Kim Kwang E. , Gaitan Diana M. , Sacks Michael S. , Woo Savio L.‐Y. , Li Zong‐Ming 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe transverse carpal ligament is the volar roof of the carpal tunnel. Gross observation shows that the ligament appears to have fibers that roughly orient in the transverse direction. A closer anatomical examination shows that the ligament also has oblique fibers. Knowledge of the fiber orientation of the transverse carpal ligament is valuable for further understanding the ligament's role in regulating the structural function of the carpal tunnel. The purpose of this study is to quantify collagen fiber orientation within the transverse carpal ligament using the small angle light scattering technique. Eight transverse carpal ligament samples from cadaver hands were used in this study. Individual 20‐μm sections were cut evenly along the thickness of the transverse carpal ligament. Sections of three thickness levels (25%, 50%, and 75% from the volar surface) were collected for each transverse carpal ligament. Fibers were grouped in the following orientation ranges: transverse, longitudinal, oblique in the pisiform‐trapezium (PT), and oblique in the scaphoid‐hamate (SH) directions. In analyzing the fiber percentages, the orientation types for the different thickness levels of the ligament showed that the transverse fibers were the most prominent (>60.7%) followed by the PT oblique (18.6%), SH oblique (13.0%), and longitudinal (8.6%) fibers. Clin. Anat. 25:478–482, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Controlled Rearrangement of Lactam‐Tethered Allenols with Brominating Reagents: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study on α‐ versus β‐Keto Lactam Formation
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Luna Amparo , Cembellín Sara , Arnó Manuel , Domingo Luis R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractN‐Bromosuccinimide (NBS) smoothly promotes the ring expansion of lactam‐tethered allenols to efficiently afford cyclic α‐ or β‐ketoamides with good yields and high chemo‐, regio‐, and diastereoselectivity, through controlled CC bond cleavage of the β‐ or γ‐lactam nucleus. Interestingly, in contrast to the rearrangement reactions of 2‐azetidinone‐tethered allenols, which lead to the corresponding tetramic acid derivatives (β‐keto lactam adducts) as the sole products, the reactions of 2‐indolinone‐tethered allenols under similar conditions give quinoline‐2,3‐diones (α‐keto lactam adducts) as the exclusive or major products. To rationalize the experimental observations, theoretical studies have been performed.
Gene amplification and protein overexpression of EGFR and ERBB2 in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: López Fernando , Llorente José Luis , Oviedo Carlos Martín , Vivanco Blanca , Álvarez Marcos César , García‐Inclán Cristina , Scola Bartolomé , Hermsen Mario A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas (SNSCCs) are rare tumors with no etiologic link to tobacco or alcohol, as opposed to other squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Despite improvements in the field of surgery and radiotherapy, patients with these tumors still face a very unfavorable prognosis, partly because of their localization in a complex anatomic area, which has special relevance for surgery and postoperative treatment. Therefore, there is a need for new therapeutic possibilities for patients with these tumors.METHODS:Gene copy numbers of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and v‐erb‐b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2 (ERBB2) were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and multiplex ligand‐dependent probe amplification, and protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 54 SNSCC specimens. The results were correlated with clinicopathologic and follow‐up data.RESULTS:EGFR gene copy number increases were observed in 20 of 45 tumors (44%), and 21 of 54 tumors (39%) had EGFR protein overexpression. Eight of 38 tumors (21%) had ERBB2 copy number increases, and 4 of 54 tumors (7%) exhibited elevated protein expression levels. Both copy number increases and protein overexpression of EGFR and ERBB2 were mutually exclusive. v‐Ki‐ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations were absent in 37 tumors that were analyzed.CONCLUSIONS:A substantial proportion of SNSCCs carried alterations in EGFR or ERBB2. Together with the absence of KRAS mutations, these findings indicate that therapies targeting these molecules may be promising additions to the therapeutic options for patients with SNSCC. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Germline genetic polymorphisms may influence chemotherapy response and disease outcome in osteosarcoma
Authors: Windsor Rachael E. , Strauss Sandra J. , Kallis Constantinos , Wood Nicholas E. , Whelan Jeremy S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor in children and young people. Efficacy of multiagent MAP (methotrexate, doxorubicin [Adriamycin], cisplatin) chemotherapy may be influenced by multiple cellular pathways. This pilot study aimed to investigate the association of 36 candidate genetic polymorphisms in MAP pathway genes with histological response, survival, and grade 3‐4 chemotherapy toxicity in osteosarcoma.METHODS:Blood samples were obtained from 60 patients who had completed MAP chemotherapy. All patients were manually genotyped for 5 polymorphisms. The remaining 31 polymorphisms were genotyped in 50 patients using the Illumina 610‐Quad microarray. Associations between candidate polymorphisms and histological response, progression‐free survival, and toxicity were estimated using Pearson chi‐square and Fisher exact tests, the Kaplan‐Meier method, the log‐rank test, and the Cox proportional hazards model.RESULTS:Poor histological response was increased in variants of ABCC2 c.24C>T (P = .011) and GSTP1 c.313A>G p.Ile105Val (P = .009), whereas MTHFD1 c.1958G>A p.Arg653Gln was protective (P = .03). Methotrexate toxicity was increased in variants of MTHFR c.1298A>C p.Glu429Ala (P = .038), ABCB1 c.3435T>C Ile145Ile (P = .027), and ABCC2 c.3563T>A p.Val1188Glu (P = .028). Variants of GSTP1 c.313A>G p.Ile105Val were at increased risk of myelosuppression (P = .024) and cardiac damage (P = .008).CONCLUSIONS:This pilot study represents the most comprehensive study to date examining the role of genetic polymorphisms in osteosarcoma. Although small and retrospective, it shows that several polymorphisms appear to significantly influence toxicity and clinical outcome. These deserve prospective validation in the hope of optimizing treatment for resistant disease and reducing the late effects burden. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Adult glioblastoma multiforme survival in the temozolomide era: A population‐based analysis of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries
Authors: Darefsky Amy S. , King Joseph T. , Dubrow Robert 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Survival after a glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) diagnosis remained static during the several decades before 1999. We hypothesized that the progressive increase in temozolomide use for GBM treatment that began in 1999 in the United States would be paralleled by a corresponding improvement in survival.METHODS:We included 19,674 GBM cases, ages 20 years or greater, diagnosed 1993 to 2007 in the population‐based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program database. We used proportional hazards models to calculate calendar period hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for demographic covariates. We compared survival across periods using the Kaplan‐Meier method.RESULTS:Starting with cases diagnosed in 1999 to 2001, we observed a progressive decrease in HRs compared with cases diagnosed in 1993 to 1995. The multivariate‐adjusted HR for 2005 to 2007 versus 1993 to 1995 was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.65‐0.72). Age‐stratified analyses revealed that this progressive decrease occurred in all age groups except 80+ years. Two‐year survival increased from 7% among cases diagnosed in 1993 to 1995 and 1996 to 1998 to 9% among cases diagnosed in 1999 to 2001, 13% in 2002 to 2004, and 17% in 2005 to 2007. The disparity in survival between young and old patients increased in the temozolomide era, with 2‐year survival of 39% among cases diagnosed at ages 20 to 44 years and 1% among cases diagnosed at 80+ years in 2005 to 2007.CONCLUSIONS:We observed a modest, but meaningful, population‐based survival improvement for GBM patients in the United States. Widespread adoption of temozolomide represents the most likely explanation, although other treatment advances, such as increased extent of surgical resection, also may have played a role. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Bridging η2‐BO in B2(BO)3− and B3(BO)3− Clusters: Boronyl Analogs of Boranes
Authors: Zhai Hua‐Jin , Guo Jin‐Chang , Li Si‐Dian , Wang Lai‐Sheng 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAnion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations are combined to probe the structures and chemical bonding of two boron‐rich oxide clusters, B5O3− and B6O3−, which are shown to be appropriately formulated as B2(BO)3− and B3(BO)3−, respectively. The anion clusters are found to each possess a bridging η2‐BO group, as well as two terminal BO groups and are analogs of B2H3− and B3H3−. This finding advances the boronyl chemistry and helps establish the isolobal analogy between boron‐rich oxide clusters and boranes.
Novel method of identifying time series based on network graphs
Authors: Li Ying , Caö Hongduo , Tan Yong 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn this article, we propose a novel method for transforming a time series into a complex network graph. The proposed algorithm is based on the spatial distribution of a time series. The characteristics of geometric parameters of a network represent the dynamic characteristics of a time series. Our algorithm transforms, respectively, a constant series into a fully connected graph, periodic time series into a regular graph, linear divergent time series into a tree, and chaotic time series into an approximately power law distribution network graph. We find that when the dimension of reconstructed phase space increases, the corresponding graph for a random time series quickly turns into a completely unconnected graph, while that for a chaotic time series maintains a certain level of connectivity. The characteristics of the generated network, including the total edges, the degree distribution, and the clustering coefficient, reflect the characteristics of the time series, including diverging speed, level of certainty, and level of randomness. This observation allows a chaotic time series to be easily identified from a random time series. The method may be useful for analysis of complex nonlinear systems such as chaos and random systems, by perceiving the differences in the outcomes of the systems—the time series—in the identification of the systemic levels of certainty or randomness. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2011
Expression of the hMICL in acute myeloid leukemia—a highly reliable disease marker at diagnosis and during follow‐up
Authors: Larsen Hanne Ø. , Roug Anne S. , Just Tom , Brown Gordon D. , Hokland Peter 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground:Stable flow cytometric markers for malignant myeloid cells are highly warranted. Based on data from stem cell research, we hypothesized that the human inhibitory C‐type lectin like receptor (hMICL) might represent a novel diagnostic and prognostic vehicle in a standard flow cytometry (FCM) setting.Methods:Standard four‐color FCM was employed to uncover the expression patterns of hMICL in bone marrow in a test set of 55 retrospectively collected diagnostic acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples and in a set of 36 prospectively collected diagnostic AML samples.Results:Ninety‐two percent of the AML patients stained positive for hMICL and in the otherwise poorly characterized CD34 negative patient group hMICL staining revealed a very homogenous expression profile in the blast cell compartment with a mean of 88% hMICL positive cells. Moreover, hMICL displayed significantly higher expression in AML as compared with normal donors as measured by median fluorescence intensity (MFI) ratios (P = 0.01). There was no difference in hMICL MFI ratios between the CD34 positive and the CD34 negative subgroups (P = 0.89). Importantly, there was no difference in MFI ratios between paired diagnostic and relapse samples (P = 0.76) in 23 cases studied, indicating stable expression of hMICL during the course of the disease. In contrast to the other stem cell associated antigens analyzed (CD34, CD96, CD117, and CD133), hMICL was expressed on myeloid blast cells only, revealing hMICL as a diagnostic marker in AML.Conclusion:These data identify hMICL as a myeloid leukemia‐associated antigen and establishes its applicability for diagnosis and follow‐up of AML patients in a standard FCM setting. © 2011 International Clinical Cytometry Society