bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stylet penetration behaviors of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii on transgenic Bt cotton
Authors: Xue Kun , Wang Xiao‐Ying , Huang Cui‐Hong , Wang Rong‐Jiang , Liu Biao , Yan Feng‐Ming , Xu Chong‐Ren 
Published: April 2009

AbstractStylet penetration behaviors of cotton aphids Aphis gossypii Glover on a transgenic cotton line “GK‐12” expressing Bt toxic protein of Cry1A (Bt cotton) and a non‐Bt conventional cotton line “Simian‐3” (CK cotton) were recorded with the direct current electrical penetration graph (DC‐EPG) technique. Cotton aphids reared on Bt cotton (abbreviated as Bt‐aphids) and its parental non‐Bt control line (CK‐aphids) for more than 20 generations each, were used for recordings on two cotton lines. Among 47 selected parameters reflecting the activities of aphid stylets within plant tissues, there were eight parameters of CK‐aphids showing significant differences between the performances of CK‐aphids on Bt cotton and CK cotton, while for Bt‐aphids, all the parameters were statistically equal between the performances on the two cotton lines. All parameters with significant differences indicated that CK‐aphids could penetrate into Bt cotton more easily, but the phloem saps of Bt cotton were not as good as those of regular cotton for CK‐aphids. Based on the present results, we concluded that there were some factors in Bt cotton affecting penetration behaviors of CK‐aphids, but it just took several generations for CK‐aphids to completely adapt Bt cotton, and Bt‐aphids could feed on two cotton lines without difficulty.
Efficacy of chlorfenapyr against adult Tribolium castaneum exposed on concrete: effects of exposure interval, concentration and the presence of a food source after exposure
Authors: Arthur Frank H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractChlorfenapyr, an insecticidal pyrrole, was applied to concrete arenas at concentrations of 1.1, 0.825, 0.55, and 0.275 g of active ingredient [AI]/m2. Adult Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle, were exposed for 2, 4, or 8 h at each concentration, then removed and held either with or without food (wheat flour) for 7 days. Survival was assessed when the beetles were removed from the exposure arenas and daily during the post‐exposure period. In the presence of food, survival was high regardless of concentration and the day on which post‐treatment survival was assessed, but survival did decrease as the exposure period increased from 4 to 8 h. When the beetles were not given food after exposure, survival at each concentration and exposure period declined during the 1‐week post‐exposure assessments. This pattern of decrease could be described by linear and non‐linear equations. Results show the presence of food material greatly compromised effectiveness of the insecticide, and emphasize the importance of cleaning and sanitation in conjunction with insecticide treatments.
Positive correlation of methamidophos resistance between Lipaphis erysimi and Diaeretilla rapae and effects of methamidophos ingested by host insect on the parasitoid
Authors: Wu Gang , Lin Yong‐Wen , Miyata Tadashi , Jiang Shu‐Ren , Xie Lian‐Hui 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTemporal and spatial correlated variations on the methamidophos resistance and biomolecular rate constant of acetylcholinesterase to insecticides were found between the turnip aphid, Lipaphis erysimi and its endoparasitoid, Diaeretilla rapae, collected from field colonies and an insecticide‐free field insectarium in Fujian, China. Compared to the related susceptible insectarium population, L. erysimi and D. rapae displayed 7.4–29.2‐ and 2.6–9.2‐fold resistance ratios, respectively. In addition, two populations of L. erysimi with different methamidophos resistance levels, that is, a field (with 5.8‐fold resistance ratio) and an insectarium population, were used to study the effects of methamidophos ingested by the host insect on D. rapae development. The percentage of D. rapae cocoon formation decreased significantly when the parasitized L. erysimi were fed on cauliflower leaves treated with methamidophos at lethal concentration dosages 10 (LC10) or LC50. At LC50 dosages the percentage of D. rapae cocoon formation and adult emergence decreased significantly. When the parasitized L. erysimi were fed on methamidophos at LC90 dosage, no D. rapae cocoons were found. When the field or insectarium L. erysimi were treated with methamidophos at LC10, the susceptibility to methamidophos in the adult D. rapae emerged from the treated host insect was similar to the control. However, the susceptibility to methamidophos in the adult D. rapae became lower than the control when the host insects were treated at LC50 dosages. The data thus suggested that the methamidophos ingested by the host insect L. erysimi could be an important factor in the endoparasitoids' insecticide resistance development. The natural selectivity would favor the parasitoids that had developed an insensitivity to the insecticide(s).
Dynamics and mechanisms of permethrin resistance in a field population of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans
Authors: Li Andrew Y. , Lohmeyer Kimberly H. , Miller J. Allen 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA study was conducted at the Pressler ranch, near Kerrville, Texas, USA between 2002 and 2006 to determine the dynamics and mechanisms of resistance to permethrin in a field population of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.). Changes of resistance to pyrethroid insecticide associated with use of a pour‐on formulation of cyfluthrin in 2002 and use of diazinon ear tags in subsequent years were studied using a filter paper bioassay technique and a polymerase chain reaction assay that detects two sodium channel mutations, kdr and super‐kdr resistance alleles. A maximum of 294‐fold resistance to permethrin was observed in the summer of 2002. A significant decrease in the resistance level was observed in spring 2003, and resistance continued to decline after animals were treated with diazinon ear tags. In response to pyrethroid treatments, the allelic kdr and super‐kdr frequency increased from 56.3% to 93.8% and from 7.5% to 43.8%, respectively in 2002, and decreased significantly in 2003 when the pyrethroid insecticide was no longer used to treat animals. Females were found to have a higher allelic super‐kdr frequency than males in 2002, while no difference was detected between males and females in the allelic kdr frequency. There was a significant positive correlation between frequencies of the sodium channel mutations and levels of permethrin resistance, suggesting that the sodium channel mutations, kdr and super‐kdr, are the major mechanisms of resistance to pyrethroids in this horn fly population. Results of synergist bioassays also indicated possible contributions of two metabolic detoxification mechanisms, the mixed function oxidases (MFO) and glutathione S‐transferases (GST). Compared to a horn fly infestation of an untreated herd, treatments with the pyrethroid pour‐on formulation failed to control horn flies at the Pressler ranch in 2002. Sustained control of horn flies was achieved with the use of diazinon ear tags in 2003 and subsequent years.
Effects of nitrogen application on beetle communities in tea plantations
Authors: Chen Shao‐Bo , Wei Zhi‐Juan , Zeng Zhao‐Hua , Chen Li‐Lin , Chen Hui‐Tao , You Min‐Sheng 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn contrast to grassland and forest ecosystems, little is known about insect response to nitrogen deposition in agricultural ecosystems. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of short‐term (1–2 years) nitrogen application (0, 172.5, 345.0, 690.0, and 1035.0 kg · N ha−1· y−1) on beetle communities in tea plantations. A collection of 34 families, 89 species of beetles, was obtained from a tea plantation in Wuyishan, China. Among them, herbivores, predators and detritivores had 52, 29, and eight species, respectively. Species richness, effective diversity and abundance (measured as the number of individuals and insect biomass) of the beetle community were not significantly related to the rate of nitrogen application. However, nitrogen application changed the species distribution and weakly increased the evenness of species distribution, while this did not significantly change the species evenness. Species richness and abundance of herbivores and predators were not significantly related to the rate of nitrogen application. However, there were some variations in trophic responses to nitrogen. Species richness and abundance of detritivores increased with increasing nitrogen application.
Mapping and ultrastructure of antennal chemosensilla of the wheat bug Eurygaster maura
Authors: Romani Roberto , Stacconi Marco Valerio Rossi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAntennae of the wheat stink bug Eurygaster maura L. (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) were investigated to elucidate structure and distribution of antennal chemosensilla in females. Five type of sensilla were identified and characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Type 1 sensilla are mechanical and contact chemoreceptors with a single apical pore. Types 2 and 3 sensilla are multiporous chemoreceptors both with typical features of olfactory sensilla. Type 4 are multiporous peg‐like sensilla, short and with a grooved surface. Type 5 are sensilla coeloconica with a smooth and aporous peg completely inserted in a sub‐cuticular chamber. All types are distributed on the two flagellar segments, but we considered only the apical flagellomere in which the largest number of sensilla are located. The most abundant sensilla are type 3, while the less numerous are type 5. All types, except type 2, decreased in number from the tip to the base of the segment. The lower density of sensilla was recorded on the dorsal‐internal part of the apical antennomere, while the higher density was recorded on the opposite side (external‐ventral).
Nonlinear Flow in Karst Formations
Authors: Chin David A. , Price René M. , DiFrenna Vincent J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe variation of effective hydraulic conductivity as a function of specific discharge in several 0.2‐m and 0.3‐m cubes of Key Largo Limestone was investigated. The experimental results closely match the Forchheimer equation. Defining the pore‐size length scale in terms of Forchheimer parameters, it is demonstrated that significant deviations from Darcian flow will occur when the Reynolds number exceeds 0.11. A particular threshold model previously proposed for use in karstic formations does not show strong agreement with the data near the onset of nonlinear flow.
Comparison of Two Regimens for the Treatment of Meningoencephalomyelitis of Unknown Etiology
Authors: Smith P.M. , Stalin C.E. , Shaw D. , Granger N. , Jeffery N.D. 
Published: April 2009

Background: The optimal treatment for meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology (MUE) remains unknown, despite the widespread use of a variety of immunosuppressive drugs.Objective/Hypothesis: To compare the efficacy of prednisolone combined with either vincristine and cyclophosphamide (COP group; n= 10) or with cytosine arabinoside (AraC group; n= 9).Animals: Nineteen dogs with neurological deficits, neuroimaging, and cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities consistent with a diagnosis of MUE.Methods: Prospective, blinded, and randomized clinical trial. Dogs fulfilling the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated to receive 1 drug regimen.Results: Four of 10 dogs in the COP group and 5/9 in the AraC group survived > 12 months but neither the survival time nor the time‐to‐treatment failure differed between the 2 groups. Treatment with COP resulted in an unacceptable incidence of adverse effects.Conclusions: The adverse effects of COP make it an unsuitable treatment for MUE. Although survival of animals treated with AraC was broadly similar to that reported in recently published studies describing this treatment, it remains unclear whether it confers any benefit over using prednisolone alone.
Heat Transfer to Supercritical Water in a Horizontal Pipe: Modeling,
New Empirical Correlation, and Comparison Against Experimental
Data
Authors: Bazargan Majid , Fraser Daniel 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Enhancement of heat transfer to supercritical fluids has drawn the attentions of many researchers within the past few decades. Modeling and predicting heat transfer to turbulent flow of supercritical fluids, however, are very complicated due to severe variations of fluid properties near the critical point. Large discrepancies between available heat transfer data are greatly due to confusion of forced convection and mixed convection data. The data unaffected by buoyancy have been selected cautiously from a large database generated in this study. Such data have been used to develop a 1D numerical model as well as a semi-empirical correlation to predict forced convection heat transfer to turbulent flow of supercritical water. In the numerical model, radial variations of heat flux and shear stress are taken into account. Modifications to turbulent Prandtl number and wall shear stress formulations have been applied to a law of the wall type of model to fit supercritical conditions. The model shows good agreement with experiments. In the experimental part, the extensive database obtained on a full-scale test facility in the present study, plus a new conceptual approach, has been employed together to develop a semi-empirical heat transfer correlation. It accurately predicts the experiments.
The association between team climate at work and mental health in the Finnish Health 2000 Study
Authors: Sinokki M , Hinkka K , Ahola K , Koskinen S , Klaukka T , Kivimäki M , Puukka P , Lönnqvist J , Virtanen M 
Published: April 2009

Objectives:Depression, anxiety and alcohol use disorders are common mental health problems in the working population. However, the team climate at work related to these disorders has not been studied using standardised interview methods and it is not known whether poor team climate predicts antidepressant use. This study investigated whether team climate at work was associated with DSM-IV depressive, anxiety and alcohol use disorders and subsequent antidepressant medication in a random sample of Finnish employees.Methods:The nationally representative sample comprised 3347 employees aged 30–64 years. Team climate was measured with a self-assessment scale. Diagnoses of depressive, anxiety and alcohol use disorders were based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Data on the purchase of antidepressant medication in a 3-year follow-up period were collected from a nationwide pharmaceutical register of the Social Insurance Institution.Results:In the risk factor adjusted models, poor team climate at work was significantly associated with depressive disorders (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.36) but not with alcohol use disorders. The significance of the association between team climate and anxiety disorders disappeared when the model was adjusted for job control and job demands. Poor team climate also predicted antidepressant medication (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.30).Conclusion:A poor team climate at work is associated with depressive disorders and subsequent antidepressant use.
Smoking in Ghana: a review of tobacco industry activity
Authors: Owusu-Dabo E , Lewis S , McNeill A , Anderson S , Gilmore A , Britton J 
Published: April 2009

Background:African countries are a major potential market for the tobacco industry, and the smoking epidemic is at various stages of evolution across the continent. Ghana is an African country with a low prevalence of smoking despite an active tobacco industry presence for over 50 years. This study explores potential reasons for this apparent lack of industry success.Objective:To explore the history of tobacco industry activity in Ghana and to identify potential reasons for the current low prevalence of smoking.Methods:A search was made of tobacco industry archives and other local sources to obtain data relevant to marketing and consumption of tobacco in Ghana.Findings:British American Tobacco, and latterly the International Tobacco Company and its successor the Meridian Tobacco Company, have been manufacturing cigarettes in Ghana since 1954. After an initial sales boom in the two decades after independence in 1957, the sustained further increases in consumption typical of the tobacco epidemic in most countries did not occur. Possible key reasons include the taking of tobacco companies into state ownership and a lack of foreign exchange to fund tobacco leaf importation in the 1970s, both of which may have inhibited growth at a key stage of development, and the introduction of an advertising ban in 1982. BAT ceased manufacturing cigarettes in Ghana in 2006.Conclusion:The tobacco industry has been active in Ghana for over 50 years but with variable success. The combination of an early advertising ban and periods of unfavourable economic conditions, which may have restricted industry growth, are likely to have contributed to the sustained low levels of tobacco consumption in Ghana to date.
Rosuvastatin Increases Extracellular Adenosine Formation in Humans In Vivo
Authors: Meijer Patrick , Oyen Wim J.G. , Dekker Douwe , van den Broek Petra H.H. , Wouters Constatijn W. , Boerman Otto C. , Scheffer Gert Jan , Smits Paul , Rongen Gerard A. 
Published: April 2009

Objective—Statins may increase extracellular adenosine formation from adenosine monophosphate by enhancing ecto-5′-nucleotidase activity. This theory was tested in humans using dipyridamole-induced vasodilation as a read-out for local adenosine formation. Dipyridamole inhibits the transport of extracellular adenosine into the cytosol resulting in increased extracellular adenosine and subsequent vasodilation. In addition, we studied the effect of statin therapy in a forearm model of ischemia-reperfusion injury.Methods and Results—Volunteers randomly received rosuvastatin or placebo in a double-blind parallel design (n=21). The forearm vasodilator response to intraarterial dipyridamole was determined in the absence and presence of the adenosine antagonist caffeine. During a separate visit the vasodilator response to nitroprusside and adenosine was established. In addition, healthy men were randomly divided in 3 groups to receive either placebo (n=10), rosuvastatin (n=22), or rosuvastatin combined with intravenous caffeine (n=12). Subsequently, volunteers performed forearm ischemic exercise. At reperfusion, Tc-99m–labeled annexin A5 was infused intravenously and scintigraphic images were acquired, providing an early marker of cell injury. Rosuvastatin treatment significantly increased the vasodilator response to dipyridamole, which was prevented by caffeine. Rosuvastatin did not influence the response to either sodium nitroprusside or adenosine indicating a specific interaction between rosuvastatin and dipyridamole, which does not result from an effect of rosuvastatin on adenosine clearance nor adenosine-receptor affinity or efficacy. Rosuvastatin increased tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion injury, which was attenuated by caffeine.Conclusions—Rosuvastatin increases extracellular adenosine formation, which provides protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in humans in vivo. Therefore, statins and dipyridamole may interact synergistically.
Interobserver Reliability of Neovascularization Score Using Power Doppler Ultrasonography in Midportion Achilles Tendinopathy
Authors: Sengkerij Pieter M. , de Vos Robert-Jan , Weir Adam , van Weelde Bert J. G. , Tol Johannes L. 
Published: April 2009

Background Power Doppler ultrasonography is widely used to examine neovascularization in midportion Achilles tendinopathy. The reliability of the grading of the degree of neovascularization has not been examined previously. Hypothesis Power Doppler ultrasonography can be performed with a high interobserver reliability to determine the neovascularization score in patients with midportion Achilles tendinopathy. Study Design Case control study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 4. Methods Thirty-three symptomatic and 17 asymptomatic Achilles tendons from 25 consecutive patients were included for ultrasound examination. Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment–Achilles score was used to assess the severity of the Achilles tendinopathy. Each tendon was scored twice by different radiologists using the modified Öhberg score for neovascularization. Results The intraclass correlation coefficient for interobserver reliability was 0.85. Neovascularization was observed in 70% (23/33) of the symptomatic tendons and in 29% (5/17) of the asymptomatic tendons. The Spearman correlation coefficient between the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment–Achilles score and the degree of neovascularization was −0.16 (P =. 10). Conclusion An excellent interobserver reliability was found for determining the degree of neovascularization on power Doppler ultrasonography examination. Neovessels were present in a majority of symptomatic tendons. The severity of symptoms was not correlated with the neovascularization score. Clinical Relevance Power Doppler ultrasonography is widely used to evaluate tendinopathy without knowledge of the difference in observations between several testers. Interobserver reliability of the evaluation of the degree of neovascularization in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy is excellent.
The Shoulders of Professional Beach Volleyball Players
Authors: Lajtai Georg , Pfirrmann Christian W. A. , Aitzetmüller Gernot , Pirkl Christof , Gerber Christian , Jost Bernhard 
Published: April 2009

Background Beach volleyball is an Olympic overhead sport. It is not well known which clinical and imaging findings are normal and which are associated with symptoms. Hypothesis There are typical clinical and imaging findings in the hitting shoulders of fully competitive professional beach volleyball players, as compared with their nonhitting shoulders. Study Design Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods During the Beach Volleyball Grand Slam Tournament in Klagenfurt, Austria, 84 professional players (54 men, 30 women) underwent a questionnaire-based interview and a complete physical examination, including scoring and sonography of both shoulders. Twenty-nine players had shoulder MRIs. Results The mean age of the athletes was 28 years. Atrophy of the infraspinatus muscle was found in 30% of the hitting shoulders, and it was not typically recognized by the players. The absolute Constant score was significantly lower in the hitting shoulder (87 versus 93 points, P < .0001). Average external rotation strength was decreased in the hitting shoulder (8.2 versus 9.5 kg, P < .0001). There were more abnormalities on the sonography of the hitting shoulder (1.7 versus 0.4, P < .0001) and in the same shoulders on MRI than on sonography (P = .0231). Compression of the suprascapular nerve was not observed. Pain in the hitting shoulder was present in 63% of the players, without clear correlations to the investigated clinical and imaging parameters. Conclusion The prevalence of infraspinatus muscle atrophy in professional beach volleyball players is 30%. The typical, fully competitive player has subjectively unrecognized decreased strength of external rotation and frequent unspecific shoulder pain. Therefore, abnormal clinical and imaging findings in the beach volleyball player should be interpreted with care.