bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-Traumatic Pulmonary Haematoma
Authors: Scarrow G. D. , Galloway Raymond W. 
Published: July 2009

Traumatic pulmonary haematomata have been known since the time of Morgagni and aroused considerable attention following the work of Zuckerman (1940) on blast injuries during the second world war.
Since that time further series have been published relating such lesions to non-penetrating chest injuries or operative resections of the lungs. The aetiology in all cases has been traumatic. The purpose of this Case Report is to record the occurrence of a non-traumatic pulmonary haematoma that arose spontaneously and which showed radiological features similar to those of traumatic origin.
The patient, a man aged 48 years, was admitted on the 11.1.64, complaining of attacks of shivering, night sweats and a non-productive cough, for the past five weeks. He had been known to have attacks of thrombo-phlebitis in the legs for the last six years. There was no other significant history.
The symptoms and a pyrexia of 102–103°F persisted in spite of intensive antibiotic therapy until mid-February.
On admission ill-defined inflammatory changes were present in the right lower lobe on radiological examination and these resolved quickly. Two discrete opacities appeared on 26.1.64 in the left lower lung field following an attack of pleuritic pain on that side. A few days later there was an obvious exacerbation of the thrombo-phlebitis in the left leg and this was followed a month later by a deep venous thrombosis in that calf.
The Sellar Index—a Relationship between the Area of the Sella Turcica and the Lateral Area of the Skull
Authors: Riach I. C. F. 
Published: July 2009

1. The sellar index has been described.
2. Its normal value has been determined by measurements in 125 normal children.
3. The sellar index has been measured in 63 cases of dwarfism and a further 30 children with various diseases.
4. The sellar index has been found to reflect truly the sellar size; it relates the size of the sella to the size of the skull and gives results comparable to those described in previous series where sellar area has been related to height or height age.
5. It should prove a useful complement to subjective assessment where there is any doubt about the size of the sella.
Drip Infusion Cholangiography
Authors: Darnborough A. , Geffen N. 
Published: July 2009

1. An analysis of the results of intravenous drip infusion and the conventional injection cholangiography are compared.
2. The two methods show approximately the same number of cases of visualisation of the gall-bladder and bileducts.
3. There is no advantage to be gained by using the higher dosage in patients with jaundice.
4. An increased incidence of cholegraphic pyelograms were produced in cases of jaundice.
5. A significant reduction of side effects was observed with the infusion method because of a uniform even rate of introduction and this method of administration is recommended with the usual dose.
Beta Irradiation of the Conjunctival Sac: Description of a New Applicator
Authors: Lederman M. , Jones C. H. 
Published: July 2009

There are two rare and important neoplasms which affect the conjunctiva and have in common the following features:
(1) they are radiosensitive;
(2) they are of low malignancy;
(3) they are of multicentric origin and may involve at some stage in their evolution part or whole of the conjunctival sac.
These two neoplasms are cancerous melanosis and Bowen's disease, the former being an intra-epithelial melanoma and the latter an intra-epithelial carcinoma.
Hitherto the anatomical difficulties of treating all parts of the conjunctiva were overcome by the use of γ or X-ray techniques rather than β irradiation (Lederman, 1961). Radon seed implantation of the conjunctiva or lids or tantalum wire applicators and
X-ray therapy have all been employed. The risks of serious ocular damage following the use of contact γ-ray sources are considerable and the use of X rays is also not without danger to the eye.
It has for long been obvious that the only way of eliminating the risks of existing γ-ray techniques would be to abandon them entirely and replace them by β radiation. To do this the problem of devising an applicator, the edges of which contained sufficient radioactive strontium to give adequate irradiation to the fornices, had to be solved.
Giant Carcinoma of the Prostate: Angiographic Demonstration of Hormonally Induced Remission
Authors: Chait Arnold , Stoane Leonard , McDonald Harold P. 
Published: July 2009

Angiography is not generally considered to be of much value in the assessment of carcinoma of the prostate and hence is rarely performed for this purpose. We have recently encountered a patient with prostatic carcinoma of giant proportions which presented as an abdominal mass, prompting the performance of angiography in its evaluation. A repeat angiogram following hormonal therapy demonstrated the changes in the vascular pattern which were associated with regression of the tumour.
A 62-year-old man was admitted to Kings County Hospital Center on 26.10.64 because of an unexplained loss of weight of 35 lb in four months. In addition he complained of loss of appetite, constipation and left lower quadrant pain on coughing. On clinical examination the liver was found to be enlarged and slightly irregular.
Coincident Pneumaturia and Cystitis Emphysematosa
Authors: Pridie Ronald B. , Cannon P. 
Published: July 2009

Although Boismont mentioned spontaneous production of gas in the bladder in 1825, according to Kelly and MacCallum (1898), it was not until 1860 that the first case of pneumaturia not due to a recto-vesical fistula was described by Raciborski.
In 1883 Guiard reported pneumaturia in association with diabetes and said that the other predisposing condition for primary pneumaturia was urinary obstruction.
Cystitis emphysematosa was first noted in man as a pathological entity by Mills in 1930, and Bailey in 1961 reviewed the world literature, finding 50 cases of this condition, of which only 13 were known to have had glycosuria. At the same time he found only 46 cases of primary pneumaturia, of which 29 had had glycosuria.
The present case is reported because of the relative infrequency with which either of these conditions has been described on its own, and the even greater infrequency in which they have been recorded together.
The use of 18F for Bone Scanning
Authors: French Rosemary J. , McCready V. R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A comparative study of the use of 85Sr chloride and 18F as fluoride for bone scanning is reported.
Measurements carried out indicate that, in general, their degree of uptake into tumours is equally good. Since 18F delivers a radiation dose to bone of only 1/200 that from 85Sr, greatly increased activities can be given. The optimum time for scanning with 18F is about one hour following intravenous injection, when only 6 per cent of the administered dose has been found to remain in the blood, and a further 6 per cent has been excreted in the urine. 85Sr is not removed from the blood so rapidly, and 18 per cent has been found to be present after a similar time interval.
Experience of 57 18F bone scans and over 100 85 Sr bone scans is reported and the 18F scans are compared with the corresponding radiographs.
The major disadvantage of using 18F is its accumulation in the bladder, but 85Sr has the corresponding disadvantage of localising in the faeces in the bowel. It has been shown that 18F can be given orally, though incomplete absorption from the stomach reduces the counting rate over bone and makes bone scanning impossible in the stomach area.
It is concluded that the advantages of 18F far outweigh its disadvantages for bone scanning.
A Flat Beam Collimator for Radioisotope Scanning of the Lung
Authors: Glaister D. H. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The theoretical requirements for a collimator to be used for scanning the lung during 133Xe lung function studies are discussed. A multi-slot, flat beam collimator is shown to come closest to these requirements, and the construction of such a collimator using flat plates of heavy alloy, 0·02 in. thick, is described. The performance of this collimator is assessed by means of isocount and off-axis sensitivity curves, using a small source of low energy γ radiation (125I). At the focal plane, 20 cm from the front face of the collimator, the response falls off to 10 per cent across a rectangle measuring 2·2 cm high by 12·6 cm wide, and to 2 per cent across a rectangle measuring 2·8 cm by 15·0 cm. At 17 cm from the front face of the collimator (two-thirds of the distance through the lung when set up for scanning) the vertical resolution, measured by the width of the half-peak response, is 1·2 cm under static conditions and 1·5 cm when scanning multiple sources of 133Xe. Apart from some scattering of radiation the performance is little impaired when assessed by means of isocount curves constructed within a lung phantom.
Arteriographic Studies of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Authors: Weibel Jorge , Fields William S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Arteriographic studies were carried out in nine patients with presumed thoracic outlet syndrome. The examinations were always done with the affected upper limb in the positions in which symptoms were experienced. In seven patients, the injections were made with the symptomatic arm in 90 deg. abduction and the head and neck in neutral position, turned to one side and then the other. Narrowing or complete obstruction of the subclavian artery occurred in all of these patients with at least one of the positions tested. In two patients, extrinsic compression was observed when the “symptomatic arm” was held in downward traction.
Since compression of neural and vascular structures in the thoracic outlet may occur in asymptomatic individuals, arteriography was performed in the same manner in 22 controls who were being studied because of cerebrovascular insufficiency. In the control group, turning the head and neck toward the abducted arm did not cause the compression of the subclavian artery seen in the symptomatic group.
From these observations we have concluded that neurovascular compression in the thoracic outlet is related to the size of the costoclavicular space. The anterior scalene muscle may contribute to the production of symptoms by further narrowing the space in some patients. Resection of a segment of the first rib and scalenotomy is considered the most suitable treatment.
Some Aspects of Radiation Safety for Electron Accelerators Used for both X-ray and Electron Therapy
Authors: Karzmark C. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This report concerns certain aspects of radiation safety for megavoltage electron accelerators used for both X-ray and electron therapy, particularly linear accelerators. Such accelerators pose a specific radiation hazard. The hazard arises in ensuring that the devices and procedures required for the large reduction in electron beam current associated with the electron therapy modality are sufficiently rigorous, both technically and operationally, to render it exceedingly unlikely for patients to be exposed to excessive electron doses as a result of a technical failure and/or an operational inadvertence. This note describes some of the radiation safety features of a 5 MeV accelerator used routinely for both X-ray and electron therapy. Included are a description of the X-ray/electron therapy changeover procedure, the radiation monitoring system, the accelerator electron gun design, data on our relevant failures, the use of secondary emission monitors, beam loading and a number of peripheral considerations relating to radiation safety.
The Relative Biological Effectiveness of Tritium Beta Particles Compared to Gamma Radiation—its dependence on dose-rate
Authors: Hall E. J. , Oliver R. , Bedford J. S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The RBE of the β particles from 3H in water relative to radium or 60Co γ radiation was determined for HeLa cells cultured in vitro. For cell population growth rate under continuous irradiation at 0·5–3 rads/hour the RBE was about 2·0. For cell survival following exposures at 32 rads/hour the RBE was about 1·0. Using inhibition of root growth of Vicia seedlings as a test system RBE values of 1·6 and 1·0 were measured at dose rates of 1·52 and 46·3 rads/hour respectively.
Such a dose-rate dependence of RBE is consistent with previously published results and the value of 1·7 used in the I.C.R.P. recommendations appears to be relevant to exposure at very low dose-rates.
Recurrent Perthes' disease
Authors: Kemp H. B. S. , Cholmeley J. A. , Baijens J. K. 
Published: July 2009

Although many theories have been advanced in an attempt to explain the aetiology of Perthes' disease, the precise nature of the condition has yet to be established. In support of the concept that the disease could be due to a circulatory disturbance, it is of interest to recall that Legg (1910) believed that injury could interfere with the epiphyseal circulation. Amongst those who supported the concept of a vascular disturbance, Burrows (1941) appears to have been the first to consider the possibility of the lesion occurring as a sequel to occlusion of the venous return. He suggested that in cases of coxa plana preceded by transient arthritis, the effusion may exert pressure on the veins draining the epiphysis, so that they become obstructed.
More recently, experimental work has been presented supporting this vascular concept (Bassett, Wilson, Allen and Azuma, 1969). Other experimental studies have shown that tamponade, at pressures producing transient venous occlusion, lead to a raised intramedullary pressure, causing a stagnant anoxia which will induce osteocyte and osteoblast death (Kemp, 1969).
If this concept that the disease is due to transient venous anoxia is correct, it would be logical to anticipate that the lesion could occur more than once in the same epiphysis during growth.
Amstutz and Carey (1966) quoted two cases of recurrent necrosis occurring in Gaucher's disease, though both their cases were older than the usual age group in which Perthes' disease normally occurs.
Arterial hypertension and position of the kidneys—an angiographic study
Authors: Garti Izchak , Sirken Carol , Salinger Hans 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In a previous paper it was reported that in hypertensive patients there is a tendency for both kidneys to descend, more marked on the left side. The consequence of this is a higher position of the right kidney, found in 22 per cent of our series of hypertensive patients. The reason for the change in the position of the kidneys is not known.
Abdominal aortograms have been reviewed to investigate if the aorta or the renal arteries may influence the position of the kidneys; 115 aortograms of hypertensives and 100 of normotensive patients were compared.
In these series a changed course of the aorta did not influence the position of the kidneys. Higher position of the right kidney was found twice as frequently in subjects with normal straight aortas.
The level of origin of the renal arteries is significantly higher in hypertensive patients than in normotensives in spite of the tendency of the kidneys to descend in relation to the lumbar spine. A link between the level of origin of the renal arteries and the altered position of the kidneys cannot therefore be established. Changes in the angle of Boijsen seem to be the consequence, not the cause, of the altered position of the kidneys.
Intracerebral leakage of contrast medium in apoplexy
Authors: Yamaguchi Koichi , Uemura Kazuo , Takahashi Hiroshi , Kowada Masayoshi , Kutsuzawa Takashi 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Forty-four angiograms, which were performed within three weeks of the onset of hypertensive cerebral haemorrhage, have been reviewed. Leakage of contrast material from cerebral vessels into haematoma was observed in five cases in which cerebral angiography was performed within a few hours after the apoplectic attack. It appears reasonable to presume that the shorter the interval between the onset of the haemorrhage and the angiography, the higher the incidence of extravasation of contrast into the haematoma.
Lobar emphysema in infants
Authors: Cremin B. J. , Movsowitz H. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Severe respiratory distress can occur in infants who suffer from over-inflation of a pulmonary lobe. Radiology offers the best means of detecting this lesion, which frequently requires prompt surgery and possible lobectomy. Although the cause of the condition is often unknown, a deficiency of bronchial cartilage has been found to be responsible in about 25 per cent of cases and the possible mechanisms of origin of the condition are discused.
Eight cases have been seen over the last five years at this hospital and four of these are presented to illustrate the radiological and clinical pitfalls. The radiological diagnosis can be made by being aware of the condition and recognizing the over-inflation of the lobe with compression of the adjacent lung. A frequent error is a diagnosis of pneumothorax. The radiological features of the condition have been tabulated and the differential diagnosis of the X-rays discussed.
The use of radioactive hippuran in the management of cadaveric renal transplants
Authors: Branch R. A. , Coles G. A. , Eynon Ann , Jones G. R. , Lowder Elizabeth 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The use of a combined radiohippuran clearance and renogram with blood background subtraction in 35 recipients of a cadaveric renal transplant is described. The presence of renal blood flow during the initial oliguria can be demonstrated by this technique. The renogram during the postoperative period of acute tubular necrosis usually continues to rise until 30 minutes and no peak is seen. After diuresis most patients are found to have a normal renogram and to have had a significant rise in radiohippuran clearance. Characteristic abnormalities may be seen with acute and chronic rejection or urinary obstruction and these abnormalities are reversed if treatment is successful. There are still limitations to the use of renography in the diagnosis of acute rejection or obstruction during the initial oliguria. The combined test is of value in the management of cadaveric renal transplantation.
Radiation myelopathy in relation to oxygen level
Authors: Coy Peter , Dolman C. L. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The case histories of three patients with lung cancer developing radiation myelopathy after cobalt irradiation are described. The frequency with which this complication was seen in patients irradiated in oxygen as compared with that in patients treated in air, suggests that the spinal cord is more sensitive to irradiation when the oxygen level is increased.
A further case of lymph node calcification in Hodgkin's disease following radiotherapy
Authors: Grebbell F. S. , Lyons A. R. 
Published: July 2009

Attention has recently been drawn by Whitfield and Jones (1970) to a case of Hodgkin's disease in which lymph node calcification in the right side of the mediastinum developed nine years after radiotherapy. It may, therefore, be of interest to report the case history of another patient in whom this rare condition developed in the mediastinum as early as 20 months after her initial treatment for the same disease.
The patient was a schoolgirl, aged 11, who in the middle of March, 1959 began to feel unwell with loss of energy and appetite. At this time it was noted that she had a swelling measuring 5 × 3 cm. in the left side of her neck and she was admitted to the Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast.
She presented as a rather thin, frail, young girl. The consistency of the palpable lymph nodes on the left side of the neck suggested Hodgkin's disease. Before being seen in the radiotherapy department she had been given a course of 10 mg of triethylene melamine as 2·5 mg tablets over a period of a few days. A radiograph of her chest on 6.4.59 (Fig. 1) showed a considerable lymph node mass lying within the mediastinum and projecting into the parenchyma of the lung fields. Apart from the neck, no nodes were palpable at any other superficial site and the spleen and liver were not felt.
Immobilization of patients during wide-field radiotherapy
Authors: Johnson Richard J. R. , Collins Clarence 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A whole-body patient immobilization method is described consisting of a cast system employing a lightweight plaster mix poured around the patient, who is enclosed in removable shuttering.
The separate portions of the immobilization casts are located on dowels inserted into the formica table used for making the casts. The patient may be irradiated on the formica table which can be transported on a trolley and slid on to the treatment couch or the separate portions of the casts can be positioned over identical dowels inserted into the treatment table top.
In use, the system has functioned well for head and neck cases and for whole-body immobilization for the mantle technique. Whole-body immobilization is a basic necessity for automated treatment systems.
MR imaging of the intervertebral disc: a quantitative study
Authors: Jenkins J. P. R. , Hickey D. S. , Zhu X. P. , Machin M. , Isherwood I. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The T1 and T2 relaxation times and the proton density of the nucleus pulposus have been measured in 107 normal and 18 surgically proven degenerate intervertebral discs. Data from total saturation recovery and spin echo sequences have been utilised in a robust multi-point method and relaxation times and proton density calculated. The results show that both the T1 and T2 values of the normal nucleus pulposus decrease with age. There was no significant correlation between proton density and age in normal discs. At all ages there was a highly significant difference between the T1 values of normal and degenerate discs. With T2 a highly significant difference in the younger age groups reduced to no distinction in the seventh decade. The observed change in the T1 and T2 values of the nucleus is in agreement with the reduction of water content known to occur with age. Our results indicate that quantitative MR imaging may assist in the diagnosis of intervertebral disc degeneration.
The pre-operative embolisation of vascular malformations
Authors: Vaughan M. , Hennessy O. , Jamieson C. , Hemingway A. P. , Allison D. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Large arteriovenous malformations frequently require surgical excision in order to prevent or treat the potentially serious problems they can cause ranging from haemorrhage and pain to cardiac failure. The surgery itself is usually difficult and often dangerous due to the serious risk of major intraoperative haemorrhage.
Transcatheter arterial embolisation has greatly facilitated the management of small arteriovenous malformations but may only afford temporary relief of symptoms in very large lesions. Recanalisation of occluded vessels and revascularisation via previously insignificant collateral vessels means that large lesions cannot be effectively managed by this method alone. Previous surgery and ligation of feeding vessels may make effective embolisation difficult or impossible and a combined radiological and surgical approach to these lesions may permit definitive treatment.
We present three cases in whom the pre-operative embolisation of buttock arteriovenous malformations facilitated successful surgical excision.