bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Freedom of Religion
Authors: Neo Jaclyn L 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
As one of the early antecedents of modern human rights, the right to religious freedom is today among the most commonly found guarantees in modern constitutional documents, as well as in international and regional human rights documents. Its ubiquity belies a persistent contestation as to its scope, nature, and limits, which, to some extent, have become proxies for ideological struggles concerning the normativity of constitutionalism, between liberal and non-liberal constitutionalism, between secular constitutionalism and religious (even theocratic) constitutionalism, and between separationist secularism and non-separationist secularism, set within a range of different state–religion constitutional arrangements. This chapter embarks on the exercise of identifying canons in the field of religious freedom within constitutional law and human rights law with a critical lens. It examines evidence of the canonical (and anti-canonical) status of four cases, their legacy, and criticism, applying the criteria of ‘paradigmatic shifts’, i.e. of cases that have served as turning points within the field. The first two cases are both from the Global North; West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette and Kokkinakis v. Greece are landmark cases affirming that religious freedom protects religious minorities and therefore serves to promote social/religious plurality and secularism. The next two cases are from the Global South: Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras v. Sri Lakshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Sri Shirur Mutt and Lina Joy v. Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah both challenge a separationist perspective of religious freedom, reflecting a judicial approach that is far more interventionist in state–religion relations.
Act of State and Diplomatic Protection in the Modern Constitution
Authors: Okowa Phoebe 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to elaborate on two national decisions that have a credible claim to canonical status in constitutional adjudication: Kaunda v. Republic of South Africa and Belhaj v. Straw. They are respectively concerned with diplomatic protection and act of state, two concepts that originated in the heyday of absolute sovereigns, but which have been reinterpreted in light of contemporary demands of the rule of law and the separation of powers. These cases depart fundamentally from older cases and encapsulate a distinct rupture in the jurisprudence by subjecting both diplomatic protection and act of state to modern constitutional limitations and the demands of fundamental rights in a democracy. They reconstruct and delimit the impact of the separation of powers, human rights treaties, and constitutional guarantees in bills of rights on the interpretation of concepts that were formulated in another historical period. A central concern in the judgments is the extent to which their interpretation has been influenced by the increased public sensitivity to human rights norms, jus cogens principles, and the rule of law. Diplomatic protection and act of state were historically regarded as reflecting the prerogatives of states, and courts were generally expected to exercise restraint where they were operative. The cases illustrate how modern developments in international law have circumscribed their sphere of operation and that courts are increasingly wary of accepting judicial restraint where individual rights are at play or where such restraint is difficult to reconcile with access to justice as a constitutional imperative.
A comparison of frailty measures in population-based data for patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: Birch Rebecca , Taylor John , Rahman Tameera , Audisio Riccardo , Pilleron Sophie , Quirke Philip , Howell Simon , Downing Amy , Morris Eva 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
Numerous studies have revealed age-related inequalities in colorectal cancer care. Increasing levels of frailty in an ageing population may be contributing to this, but quantifying frailty in population-based studies is challenging.

Objective
To assess the feasibility, validity and reliability of the Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS), the Secondary Care Administrative Records Frailty (SCARF) index and the frailty syndromes (FS) measures in a national colorectal cancer cohort.

Design
Retrospective population-based study using 136,008 patients with colorectal cancer treated within the English National Health Service.

Methods
Each measure was generated in the dataset to assess their feasibility. The diagnostic codes used in each measure were compared with those in the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Validity was assessed using the prevalence of frailty and relationship with 1-year survival. The Brier score and the c-statistic were used to assess performance and discriminative ability of models with included each measure.

Results
All measures demonstrated feasibility, validity and reliability. Diagnostic codes used in SCARF and CCI have considerable overlap. Prevalence of frailty determined by each differed; SCARF allocating 55.4% of the population to the lowest risk group compared with 85.1% (HFRS) and 81.2% (FS). HFRS and FS demonstrated the greatest difference in 1-year overall survival between those with the lowest and highest measured levels of frailty. Differences in model performance were marginal.

Conclusions
HFRS, SCARF and FS all have value in quantifying frailty in routine administrative health care datasets. The most suitable measure will depend on the context and requirements of each individual epidemiological study.
Redistribution and selfishness
Authors: Lloyd Harry R 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
One of the disadvantages of redistributive taxation is that it reduces people’s financial incentives to increase national wealth and benefit others by engaging in productive activities. It is natural to suppose that the severity of this disadvantage will be proportional to the socially prevailing level of human selfishness. Thus several advocates of redistribution (G.A. Cohen, Ha-Joon Chang among others) have argued that this disadvantage of redistribution need not be as severe as critics often suggest, because human beings need not be so selfish. My aim in this paper is to argue that, even in a society entirely composed of unselfish and impartially beneficent individuals, redistributive taxation would still discourage activities that contribute to national wealth, because differing individuals have different views about what counts as benefiting themselves and others. I also relate my discussion to G.A. Cohen’s influential ‘camping trip’ argument for socialism (from Why Not Socialism?).
Advancing fine branch biomass estimation with lidar and structural models
Authors: Millan Mathilde , Bonnet Alexis , Dauzat Jean , Vezy Rémi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background and Aims
Lidar is a promising tool for fast and accurate measurements of trees. There are several approaches to estimate above-ground woody biomass using lidar point clouds. One of the most widely used methods involves fitting geometric primitives (e.g. cylinders) to the point cloud, thereby reconstructing both the geometry and topology of the tree. However, current algorithms are not suited for accurate estimation of the volume of finer branches, because of the unreliable point dispersions from, for example, beam footprint compared to the structure diameter.

Method
We propose a new method that couples point cloud-based skeletonization and multi-linear statistical modelling based on structural data to make a model (structural model) that accurately estimates the above-ground woody biomass of trees from high-quality lidar point clouds, including finer branches. The structural model was tested at segment, axis and branch level, and compared to a cylinder fitting algorithm and to the pipe model theory.

Key Results
The model accurately predicted the biomass with 1.6 % normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) at the segment scale from a k-fold cross-validation. It also gave satisfactory results when scaled up to the branch level with a significantly lower error (13 % nRMSE) and bias (−5 %) compared to conventional cylinder fitting to the point cloud (nRMSE: 92 %, bias: 82 %), or using the pipe model theory (nRMSE: 31 %, bias: −27 %). The model was then applied to the whole-tree scale and showed that the sampled trees had more than 1.7 km of structures on average and that 96 % of that length was coming from the twigs (i.e. &lt;5 cm diameter). Our results showed that neglecting twigs can lead to a significant underestimation of tree above-ground woody biomass (−21 %).

Conclusions
The structural model approach is an effective method that allows a more accurate estimation of the volumes of smaller branches from lidar point clouds. This method is versatile but requires manual measurements on branches for calibration. Nevertheless, once the model is calibrated, it can provide unbiased and large-scale estimations of tree structure volumes, making it an excellent choice for accurate 3D reconstruction of trees and estimating standing biomass.
A Potential Measure of Premorbid Functioning: Evaluating the Construct Validity of the Author and Magazine Recognition Tests
Authors: Guevara Jasmin E , DesRuisseaux Libby , Mora Michelle Gereau , Euler Matthew J , Suchy Yana 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objective
To establish convergent and discriminant validity for a combined measure of print exposure (i.e., Author Recognition Test and Magazine Recognition Test [ART/MRT]) and assess its potential utility for estimating premorbid cognitive functioning.

Method
Community-dwelling older adults (N = 84; 95% non-Hispanic White) completed the ART/MRT, Test of Premorbid Functioning (ToPF), Dementia Rating Scale – 2nd Edition (DRS-2), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test – Revised (HVLT-R-DR), and select subtests from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Functioning System (D-KEFS) as measures of executive functioning (i.e., D-KEFS-EF) and processing speed (i.e., D-KEFS-PS). Pearson correlations and linear regressions were used to examine the relationships between the ART/MRT, cognition, and demographics.

Results
Cognitive scores, with the exception of HVLT-R-DR, were positively correlated with ART/MRT score such that better cognitive performance was associated with greater print exposure (range r = 0.39–0.49). ART/MRT score was positively correlated with years of education and negatively correlated with age. ToPF and DRS-2 differentially and uniquely predicted ART/MRT score beyond the other cognitive and demographic variables and beyond each other.

Conclusions
Findings indicate that measures of print exposure reflect crystallized knowledge but may also capture fluid abilities that may be more vulnerable to age-related decline or neurodegeneration. Assessment of print exposure may offer an alternative to word reading measures that may be inappropriate for translation into other languages and for use with individuals with certain language difficulties.
Teacher Perspectives of Pediatric Neuropsychology and Supporting Children With Chronic Health Conditions
Authors: Oswald-McCloskey Kaitlin A , Kubinec Nicole , Johnson Elizabeth , Coffey Alice , Heinrich Kimberley P 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objective
The goal of the present study was to examine teachers’ perceptions of neuropsychological reports broadly and their preparedness to support the educational needs of students with chronic health conditions.

Method
Teachers were selected from across the United States using stratified random sampling. 280 teachers (76.2% female; 58.4% public school; 53.9% rural setting) completed an anonymous electronic survey via Qualtrics.

Results
Half of the teachers were familiar with neuropsychology and previously read a neuropsychological report, which the majority found useful with a preference toward shorter reports. Most found listed recommendations to be appropriate, but half of teachers identified limited resources as a barrier to implementation. Teachers reported limited education, training, and comfort for providing accommodations to children with chronic health conditions, which was significantly lower for cancer, congenital heart disease, and sickle cell disease. Older teachers, more years of experience, and special education teachers demonstrated significantly higher levels of education, training, and comfort. Frequency of implementing accommodations was significantly negatively correlated with perceived burden and positively correlated with perceived benefit across most accommodations. Teachers reported a preference for single-page handouts and speaking directly to neuropsychologists about the specific learning needs of students with chronic health conditions.

Conclusions
Results highlight areas for future research and intervention regarding teacher’s preparedness for working with children with chronic health groups and opportunities to improve communication between neuropsychologists and teachers to ultimately improve access to educational supports and overall quality of life of students with chronic health conditions.
CodonBERT: a BERT-based architecture tailored for codon optimization using the cross-attention mechanism
Authors: Ren Zilin , Jiang Lili , Di Yaxin , Zhang Dufei , Gong Jianli , Gong Jianting , Jiang Qiwei , Fu Zhiguo , Sun Pingping , Zhou Bo , Ni Ming 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Motivation
Due to the varying delivery methods of mRNA vaccines, codon optimization plays a critical role in vaccine design to improve the stability and expression of proteins in specific tissues. Considering the many-to-one relationship between synonymous codons and amino acids, the number of mRNA sequences encoding the same amino acid sequence could be enormous. Finding stable and highly expressed mRNA sequences from the vast sequence space using in silico methods can generally be viewed as a path-search problem or a machine translation problem. However, current deep learning-based methods inspired by machine translation may have some limitations, such as recurrent neural networks, which have a weak ability to capture the long-term dependencies of codon preferences.

Results
We develop a BERT-based architecture that uses the cross-attention mechanism for codon optimization. In CodonBERT, the codon sequence is randomly masked with each codon serving as a key and a value. In the meantime, the amino acid sequence is used as the query. CodonBERT was trained on high-expression transcripts from Human Protein Atlas mixed with different proportions of high codon adaptation index codon sequences. The result showed that CodonBERT can effectively capture the long-term dependencies between codons and amino acids, suggesting that it can be used as a customized training framework for specific optimization targets.

Availability and implementation
CodonBERT is freely available on https://github.com/FPPGroup/CodonBERT.
Impact of demand growth on the capacity of long-duration energy storage under deep decarbonization
Authors: Ashfaq Sara , El Myasse Ilyass , Zhang Daming , Musleh Ahmed S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The weather-dependent uncertainty of wind and solar power generation presents a challenge to the balancing of power generation and demand in highly renewable electricity systems. Battery energy storage can provide flexibility to firm up the variability of renewables and to respond to the increased load demand under decarbonization scenarios. This paper explores how the battery energy storage capacity requirement for compressed-air energy storage (CAES) will grow as the load demand increases. Here we used an idealized lowest-cost optimization model to study the response of highly renewable electricity systems to the increasing load demand of California under deep decarbonization. Results show that providing bulk CAES to the zero-emission power system offers substantial benefits, but it cannot fully compensate for the 100% variability of highly renewable power systems. The capacity requirement of CAES increases by ≤33.3% with a 1.5 times increase in the load demand and by ≤50% with a two-times increase in the load demand. In this analysis, a zero-emission electricity system operating at current costs becomes more cost-effective when there is firm power generation. The least competitive nuclear option plays this role and reduces system costs by 16.4%, curtails the annual main node by 36.8%, and decreases the CAES capacity requirements by ≤80.7% in the case of a double-load demand. While CAES has potential in addressing renewable variability, its widespread deployment is constrained by geographical, societal, and economic factors. Therefore, if California is aiming for an energy system that is reliant on wind and solar power, then an additional dispatchable power source other than CAES or similar load flexibility is necessary. To fully harness the benefits of bulk CAES, the development and implementation of cost-effective approaches are crucial in significantly reducing system costs.
Quality Control of L-Ascorbic Acid 2-Phosphate Magnesium Using Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Wynendaele Evelien , Urlaub Jonas , Xu Xiaolong , Holzgrabe Ulrike , De Spiegeleer Bart 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium (AP-Mg) salt is a Vitamin C derivative frequently used as a raw material in cell culture media for research purposes as well as for Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-manufacturing of cell and tissue advanced therapy medicinal products. A selective reversed-phase HPLC (RP-LC) method was developed and validated. Commercially available AP-Mg products from different suppliers were analyzed. Various new impurities were found using this newly developed RP-LC method. Using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, a mass balance of roughly 99.9% was obtained; the total numbers of impurities detected in both methods are also identical. The values of the relative ultraviolet (UV) response factors at λ = 210 nm of the impurities in this RP-LC method were discussed. When equaling the overall mean relative response factor of the impurities to 0.6 (estimated central value), the mass balance in the RP-LC method was nearly 100%. The structures of the new impurities are proposed as ethylation derivatives of open-ring AP-Mg products as well as phosphorylated derivatives of ascorbic acid.
Evolutionary factors and habitat filtering affect the pattern of Gerbillinae diversity
Authors: Cui Yaqian , Cheng Jilong , Wen Zhixin , Feijó Anderson , Xia Lin , Ge Deyan , Artige Emmanuelle , Granjon Laurent , Yang Qisen 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
How ecological and evolutionary factors affect small mammal diversity in arid regions remains largely unknown. Here, we combined the largest phylogeny and occurrence dataset of Gerbillinae desert rodents to explore the underlying factors shaping present-day distribution patterns. In particular, we analyzed the relative contributions of ecological and evolutionary factors on their species diversity using a variety of models. Additionally, we inferred the ancestral range and possible dispersal scenarios and estimated the diversification rate of Gerbillinae. We found that Gerbillinae likely originated in the Horn of Africa in the Middle Miocene and then dispersed and diversified across arid regions in northern and southern Africa and western and central Asia, forming their current distribution pattern. Multiple ecological and evolutionary factors jointly determine the spatial pattern of Gerbillinae diversity, but evolutionary factors (evolutionary time and speciation rate) and habitat filtering were the most important in explaining the spatial variation in species richness. Our study enhances the understanding of the diversity patterns of small mammals in arid regions and highlights the importance of including evolutionary factors when interpreting the mechanisms underlying large-scale species diversity patterns.
Outcomes of heart transplants in children with heterotaxy syndrome
Authors: Alsoufi Bahaaldin , Kozik Deborah , Lambert Andrea Nicole , Deshpande Shriprasad , Sparks Joshua D , Trivedi Jaimin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
End-stage congenital heart disease (CHD) in children with heterotaxy syndrome might necessitate a heart transplant (HTx). An HTx in heterotaxy patients can be associated with several technical (e.g. redo, systemic/pulmonary-venous/situs anomalies, pulmonary artery reconstruction) and extra-cardiac (e.g. ciliary dyskinesia, infections, gastrointestinal) challenges. Our goal was to determine if heterotaxy syndrome is associated with increased early or late transplant risks.

METHODS
The United Network for Organ Sharing transplant database was merged with the Paediatric Health Information System administrative database to identify children with heterotaxy who received an HTx. Characteristics and outcomes were compared between children with heterotaxy and contemporaneous non-heterotaxy congenital and non-congenital cardiomyopathy control groups.

RESULTS
After we merged the databases, we divided our cohort of 1122 patients into 3 groups: the heterotaxy (n = 143), group the non-heterotaxy congenital (n = 428) group and the cardiomyopathy (n = 551) group. There were differences in the characteristics between the 3 groups, with the heterotaxy group being comparable to the non-heterotaxy congenital group. The waiting list duration was longer for the heterotaxy than for the non-heterotaxy congenital and cardiomyopathy groups (91 vs 63 vs 56 days, P &lt; 0.001). Early post-transplant complications were similar for all groups except for operative mortality, which was 1% for the cardiomyopathy and 4% for the heterotaxy and non-heterotaxy congenital groups (P &lt; 0.001). The post-transplant hospital stay was shorter for the cardiomyopathy (57 days) compared to the non-heterotaxy congenital (99 days) and heterotaxy (89 days) groups (P &lt; 0.001). Whereas rejection prior to discharge was comparable between the heterotaxy and the CHD groups, it was higher at 1 year for the heterotaxy (22%) than for the non-heterotaxy congenital (19%) and cardiomyopathy (13%) groups (P &lt; 0.001). Survival at 5 years was superior for the cardiomyopathy (87%) compared to the heterotaxy (69%) and non-heterotaxy congenital groups (78%) (P &lt; 0.001). For the heterotaxy group, no risk factors affecting survival were identified on multivariable analysis.

CONCLUSIONS
Regardless of the complexity, an HTx in selected children with heterotaxy is associated with good mid-term outcomes. Despite early results that are comparable to those of other patients with CHD, the increasing rejection rate at 1 year and the relatively accelerated attrition at mid-term warrant further follow-up. Due to database limitations in defining morphologic and surgical details, further work is warranted to delineate anatomical and surgical variables that could affect survival.