bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of intraoperative subthalamic nucleus DBS on human single-unit activity in the ipsilateral and contralateral subthalamic nucleus
Authors: Toleikis J. Richard , Metman Leo Verhagen , Pilitsis Julie G. , Barborica Andrei , Toleikis Sandra C. , Bakay Roy A. E. 
Published: February 2012

Object
Insight may be gained into the physiological mechanisms of deep brain stimulation (DBS) by analyzing local and contralateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) single-unit activity during activation of previously placed DBS electrodes. Special techniques are required to perform such analysis due to the presence of a large stimulus artifact. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of DBS stimulation on single unit activity acquired from patients undergoing new or revised DBS placements.

Methods
Subthalamic nucleus single unit activity was acquired from awake patients during activation of a previously implanted STN DBS electrode. Stimulation was contralateral to the recording site in 4 cases and ipsilateral in 3. Data were acquired at stimulation frequencies of 30, 60, and 130 Hz and with other stimulation parameters at clinically effective settings. Cells were included if they showed kinesthetic activity before and after the stimulation paradigm and if their action potential morphology was maintained throughout the experiment. Analysis of single-unit activity acquired before, during, and after stimulation was performed employing a time-domain algorithm to overcome the stimulus artifact.

Results
Both ipsilateral and contralateral acute stimulation resulted in reversible STN firing rate suppression. The degree of suppression became greater as stimulus frequency increased and was significant at 60 Hz (t-test, p < 0.05) and 130 Hz (p < 0.01). Suppression with ipsilateral 130-Hz stimulation ranged between 52.8% and 99.8%, whereas with similar contralateral STN stimulation, the range was lower (1.9%–50.3%). Return to baseline activity levels typically occurred within seconds after stimulation ended.

Conclusions
Stimulation of the STN at clinically effective frequencies has an acute suppressive rather than an excitatory effect on STN single-unit activity. The effect is bilateral, even though the degree of suppression is greater on the ipsilateral than the contralateral STN. The authors' algorithm helps reveal this effect in human patients.
Risk for leptomeningeal seeding after resection for brain metastases: implication of tumor location with mode of resection
Authors: Ahn Jun Hyong , Lee Sang Hyun , Kim Sohee , Joo Jungnam , Yoo Heon , Lee Seung Hoon , Shin Sang Hoon , Gwak Ho-Shin 
Published: February 2012

Object
Surgical spillage has been one of the causative factors for the development of leptomeningeal seeding (LMS) after resection of brain metastases. In this paper, the authors' goal was to define the factors related to the development of LMS and to evaluate the difference according to tumor location.

Methods
The authors retrospectively analyzed 242 patients who had undergone resection for brain metastases. The factors investigated included tumor location with proximity to the CSF pathway (that is, contacting, involved with, or separated from the CSF pathway), the method of resection, and the use of the Cavitron Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator (CUSA).

Results
A total of 39 patients (16%) developed LMS at a median of 6.0 months (range 1–42 months) after resection. The risk of developing LMS was significantly higher in patients whose tumors were resected piecemeal than in those whose tumors were removed en bloc, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 4.08 (p < 0.01). The incidence of LMS was significantly higher in patients in whom the CUSA was used, and the HR was 2.64 (p < 0.01). The proximity of tumor to the CSF pathway in the involved group conferred an increased risk of LMS compared with the separated group (HR 11.36, p < 0.01). The risk of piecemeal resection for LMS was significant only in involved lesions (p < 0.01), and the use of the CUSA in both contact and involved lesions increased the incidence of LMS (p < 0.01 and p < 0.03, respectively).

Conclusions
The authors suggest that piecemeal resection using the CUSA should be limited because of the risk of postsurgical LMS, especially when the tumor is in contact with the CSF pathway.
The occipital lobe convexity sulci and gyri
Authors: Alves Raphael V. , Ribas Guilherme C. , Párraga Richard G. , de Oliveira Evandro 
Published: February 2012

Object
The anatomy of the occipital lobe convexity is so intricate and variable that its precise description is not found in the classic anatomy textbooks, and the occipital sulci and gyri are described with different nomenclatures according to different authors. The aim of this study was to investigate and describe the anatomy of the occipital lobe convexity and clarify its nomenclature.

Methods
The configurations of sulci and gyri on the lateral surface of the occipital lobe of 20 cerebral hemispheres were examined in order to identify the most characteristic and consistent patterns.

Results
The most characteristic and consistent occipital sulci identified in this study were the intraoccipital, transverse occipital, and lateral occipital sulci. The morphology of the transverse occipital sulcus and the intraoccipital sulcus connection was identified as the most important aspect to define the gyral pattern of the occipital lobe convexity.

Conclusions
Knowledge of the main features of the occipital sulci and gyri permits the recognition of a basic configuration of the occipital lobe and the identification of its sulcal and gyral variations.
Placement of C-7 intralaminar screws: a quantitative anatomical and morphometric evaluation
Authors: Şenoğlu Mehmet , Özkan Fuat , Çelik Mustafa 
Published: February 2012

Object
Crossing laminar screws at C-7 have been recently described as a method for the fixation of C-7. In this study the authors measured locations on axial CT scans to determine the feasibility of placing a screw in the C-7 lamina, and they evaluated the reliability of the surface of the dorsal arch of C-7 as a landmark for determining the optimal site of screw entry.

Methods
A total of 207 axial CT scans of C-7 spines were evaluated, and 4 critical measurements were determined for screw entry points, trajectories, and lengths for placement of intralaminar screws.

Results
The mean width of the right C-7 lamina was 5.9 mm (range 4.2–9.3 mm). The mean width of the left C-7 lamina was 6.0 mm (range 4.2–10.2 mm). The laminar width was too small (< 5.5 mm) in 37.7% of cases to accommodate a 3.5-mm diameter screw, given the desire for at least 1 mm of play on each side of the screw.

Conclusions
These measurements provide guidelines for operating on the posterior aspect of C-7 and enhance the confidence of the surgeon. Viewing the anatomy of the C-7 laminae in detail through preoperative CT scanning can greatly assist the surgeon in choosing the fixation method. The width of the C-7 lamina is sufficient for intralaminar screw placement in more than 60% of patients.
Chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear microsatellites from the southern Appalachian hornwort, Nothoceros aenigmaticus (Dendrocerotaceae)
Authors: Villarreal Juan Carlos , Forrest Laura L. , McFarland Ken , Goffinet Bernard 
Published: February 2012

• Premise of the study: New microsatellite primers were developed for testing genetic differentiation within Nothoceros aenigmaticus and their potential use in other Nothoceros species. The microsatellites are designed to investigate partitioning of genetic variation in a taxon with a peculiar sex allopatry in the southern Appalachian Mountains and relationships with conspecific sexual populations from Mexico.• Methods and Results: We used two methods for microsatellite development: an enriched library and second‐generation shotgun sequence reads. From these two methods, a total of nine primer pairs were selected and tested on 89 southern Appalachian N. aenigmaticus accessions, nine Mexican accessions, and 16 N. vincentianus accessions. Three mitochondrial loci were recovered from the enriched library method and six loci from 454 shotgun sequencing: three were from the chloroplast and three from the nucleus. The primers amplified repeats with two to 20 alleles per locus.• Conclusions: New microsatellite primers were developed for testing genetic differentiation within N. aenigmaticus and potentially for use in other Nothoceros species. We present one of the first reports of highly polymorphic mitochondrial microsatellites in plants.
Development of microsatellite markers for Qualea grandiflora (Vochysiaceae), a typical species of the Brazilian cerrado
Authors: Ritter Lia Maris Orth , Bajay Miklos Maximiliano , Monteiro Mariza , Souza Renata G. V. C. , Moreno Maria Andréia , Kageyama Paulo Yoshio 
Published: February 2012

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed to investigate genetic diversity and population structure of Qualea grandiflora, a typical species of the Brazilian cerrado.• Methods and Results: Eight microsatellite loci were isolated using an enrichment cloning protocol. These loci were tested on a population of 110 individuals of Q. grandiflora collected from a cerrado fragment in São Paulo State, Brazil. The loci polymorphism ranges from seven to 19 alleles and the average heterozygosity value is 0.568, while the average polymorphic information content is 0.799.• Conclusions: The developed markers were found to be highly polymorphic, indicating their applicability to studies of population genetic diversity in Q. grandiflora.
Martha Nussbaum et les usages de la littérature en philosophie morale
Authors: Chavel Solange 
Published: February 2012

Résumé Martha Nussbaum, à l’instar de Cavell ou de Murdoch, appuie sa pratique de la philosophie morale sur une analyse précise de textes littéraires. Dans cet article, on montre que ce recours à la littérature n’est pas illustratif, mais est cohérent avec un ensemble de thèses substantielles sur la nature même de la pensée morale et sur la méthode adaptée à la philosophie morale. C’est parce qu’elle accorde un poids particulier aux êtres et aux objets particuliers en éthique, ainsi qu’aux conflits, et à la portée cognitive des émotions que Nussbaum peut considérer certains textes littéraires particuliers comme des exemples de philosophie morale. Cela explique également certaines caractéristiques de son propre style philosophique, en particulier son usage particulier du « je ».
Interpersonal Influence among Public Health Leaders in the United States Department of Health and Human Services
Authors: Harris Jenine K. , Carothers Bobbi J. , Wald Lana M. , Shelton Sarah C. , Leischow Scott J. 
Published: February 2012

Background In public health, interpersonal influence has been identified as an important factor in the spread of health information, and in understanding and changing health behaviors. However, little is known about influence in public health leadership. Influence is important in leadership settings, where public health professionals contribute to national policy and practice agendas. Drawing on social theory and recent advances in statistical network modeling, we examined influence in a network of tobacco control leaders at the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Design and Methods Fifty-four tobacco control leaders across all 11 agencies in the DHHS were identified; 49 (91%) responded to a web-based survey. Participants were asked about communication with other tobacco control leaders, who influenced their work, and general job characteristics. Exponential random graph modeling was used to develop a network model of influence accounting for characteristics of individuals, their relationships, and global network structures. Results Higher job ranks, more experience in tobacco control, and more time devoted to tobacco control each week increased the likelihood of influence nomination, as did more frequent communication between network members. Being in the same agency and working the same number of hours per week were positively associated with mutual influence nominations. Controlling for these characteristics, the network also exhibited patterns associated with influential clusters of network members. Conclusions Findings from this unique study provide a perspective on influence within a government agency that both helps to understand decision-making and also can serve to inform organizational efforts that allow for more effective structuring of leadership.
Exploring the Responsiveness of Public and Private Hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Adesanya Tomilola , Gbolahan Olayinka , Ghannam Obadah , Miraldo Marisa , Patel Bhavesh , Verma Rishi , Wong Heather 
Published: February 2012

According to the World Health Report 2000, health system responsiveness is proposed as one of the three key objectives of any health system. This multi-domain concept describes how well a health system responds to the expectations of their users concerning the non-health enhancing aspects of care. In this study we aim to compare the levels of responsiveness experienced by users of private and publicly managed hospitals in Nigeria, and through these insights, to propose recommendations on how to improve performance on this measure. This quantitative, cross-sectional study uses a questionnaire that is adapted from two responsiveness surveys designed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Researchers collected responses from 520 respondents from four hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria. Analysis of the data using statistical techniques found that significant differences exist between the performance of public and private hospitals on certain domains of responsiveness, with privately operated hospitals performing better where differences exist. Users of private hospitals also reported a higher level of overall satisfaction. Private hospitals were found to perform particularly better on the domains of dignity, waiting times, and travel times. These findings have implications for the management of public hospitals in focusing their efforts on improving their performance in low scoring domains. Performance in these hospitals can be improved by emphasis on staff training and demand management.
Misuse of Prescription and Illicit Drugs among High-Risk Young Adults in Los Angeles and New York
Authors: Lankenau Stephen E. , Schrager Sheree M. , Silva Karol , Kecojevic Alex , Bloom Jennifer Jackson , Wong Carolyn , Iverson Ellen 
Published: February 2012

Background Prescription drug misuse among young adults is increasingly viewed as a public health concern, yet most research has focused on student populations and excluded high-risk groups. Furthermore, research on populations who report recent prescription drug misuse is limited. This study examined patterns of prescription drug misuse among high-risk young adults in Los Angeles (LA) and New York (NY), which represent different local markets for illicit and prescription drugs. Design and Methods Between 2009 and 2011, 596 young adults (16 to 25 years old) who had misused prescription drugs within the past 90 days were interviewed in Los Angeles and New York. Sampling was stratified to enroll three groups of high-risk young adults: injection drug users (IDUs); homeless persons; and polydrug users. Results In both sites, lifetime history of receiving a prescription for an opioid, tranquilizer, or stimulant was high and commonly preceded misuse. Moreover, initiation of opioids occurred before heroin and initiation of prescription stimulants happened prior to illicit stimulants. NY participants more frequently misused oxycodone, heroin, and cocaine, and LA participants more frequently misused codeine, marijuana, and methamphetamine. Combining prescription and illicit drugs during drug using events was commonly reported in both sites. Opioids and tranquilizers were used as substitutes for other drugs, e.g., heroin, when these drugs were not available. Conclusion Patterns of drug use among high-risk young adults in Los Angeles and New York appear to be linked to differences in local markets in each city for illicit drugs and diverted prescription drugs.
Analysis of Existing International Policy Evidence in Public Health Genomics: Mapping Exercise
Authors: Syurina Elena V. , in den Bäumen Tobias Schulte , Feron Frans J.M. , Brand Angela 
Published: February 2012

Background In the last decades we have seen a constant growth in the fields of science related to the use of genome-based health information. However, there is a gap between basic science research and the Public Health everyday practice. For a successful introduction of genome-based technologies policy actions on the international level are needed. This work represents the initial stage of the PHGEN II (Public Health Genomics European Network II) project. In order to prepare a base for bridging genomics and Public Health, an inventory study of the existing legislative base dealing with controversies of genome-based knowledge was conducted. The work results in the mapping of the most and the least legislatively covered areas and some preliminary conclusions about the existing gaps. Design and Methods The collection of the evidence-based policies was done through the PHGEN II project. The mapping covered the meta-level (international, European general guidelines). The expert opinion of the partners of the project was required to reflect on and grade the collected evidence. Results An analysis of the evidence was made by the area of coverage: using the list of important policy areas for successful introduction of genome-based technologies into Public Health and the Public Health Genomics Wheel (originally Public Health Wheel developed by Institute of Medicine). Conclusions Severe inequalities in coverage of important issues of Public Health Genomics were found. The most attention was paid to clinical utility and clinical validity of the screening and the protection of human subjects. Important areas such as trade agreements, Public Health Genomics literacy, insurance issues, behaviour modification in response to genomics results etc. were paid less attention to. For the successful adoption of new technologies on the Public Health level the focus should be not only on the translation to clinical practice, but the translation from bench to Public Health policy and back. Coherent and consistent coverage of all aspects of the translation of genome based information and technologies is of outmost importance.
Visual Outcome of Traumatic Cataract in Pediatric Age Group
Authors: Shah Mehul A. , Shah Shreya M. , Appleware Adway H. , Patel Krunal D. , Rehman Rukhsana M. , Shikhange Khushboo A. 
Published: February 2012

Purpose. To review results of traumatic cataracts in children. Methods. This is a retrospective cohort study done at a tertiary eye care center at the junction of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan states in central western India. We enrolled children with specific inclusion criteria, examined their eyes to review the comorbidities due to trauma, performed surgery for traumatic cataracts, and implanted a lens, treating amblyopia if applicable. The patients were re-examined 6 weeks postoperatively. We divided the traumatic cataract cases into open-globe (group 1) and closed-globe (group 2) groups according to the ocular trauma based on the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology System and compared the determinants of visual acuity. Results. Our cohort of 354 eyes with traumatic cataracts in children included 287 eyes in group 1 and 67 in group 2. Six weeks postoperatively, the visual acuity in the operated eye was >20/200 in 181 (63%) and ≥20/40 in 109 (38%) eyes in the open-globe group and >20/200 in 36 (53%) and ≥20/40 in 16 (22.4%) eyes in the closed-globe group (p = 0.143), and the difference between the groups was not significant in children. Overall, 125 (35.3%) eyes gained a visual acuity at 6 weeks of ≥20/40 and >20/200 in 214 (61.3%) cases. Conclusions. Satisfactory visual outcome can be achieved in children with traumatic cataracts, with no significant difference found among open- and closed-globe injuries in the pediatric age group.
Automotive Plastics and Composites
Authors: Lee Ellen , Flanigan Cynthia 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Plastics play a fundamental role in the construction and comfort of modern automotive vehicles. Because of their low cost, ease in design flexibility, chemical resistance, as well as appearance, plastics usage has increased in the automotive industry. These materials have a significant impact on the chemical industry as well, with particular emphasis on polyolefin resins (polypropylene, polyethylene), unsaturated polyesters, and polyurethanes. In addition to descriptions of polymeric materials and usage in the automotive industry, global trends, resin prices, and design considerations are also discussed.
Dead Sea salt irrigations vs saline irrigations with nasal steroids for symptomatic treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis: a randomized, prospective double‐blind study
Authors: Friedman Michael , Hamilton Craig , Samuelson Christian G. , Maley Alexander , Wilson Meghan N. , Venkatesan T.K. , Joseph Ninos J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackground:Intranasal steroids are 1 of the most frequently prescribed medications for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and saline irrigations are commonly used as an adjunct to medical therapy. We aimed to compare the efficacy of Dead Sea salt (DSS) irrigations and DSS nasal spray vs saline irrigations and topical nasal steroid spray in the treatment of symptoms of CRS.Methods:A total of 145 symptomatic adult patients without acute infection were initially enrolled and 114 completed the study. Patients completed a Sino‐Nasal Outcomes Test 20 (SNOT‐20) survey (primary outcome metric) and underwent endonasal examination, acoustic rhinometry, and smell testing (secondary outcome metrics). Patients were randomized to 2 groups. The experimental group (n = 59) self‐administered hypertonic DSS spray and DSS irrigation; the control group (n = 55) self‐administered fluticasone spray and hypertonic saline irrigation and spray. Patients and staff were blinded to group assignment. Outcomes were reassessed at 4 weeks.Results:The 2 groups were homogeneous with respect to pretreatment primary and secondary outcome metrics. Dropout rates were 30% in the DSS group and 36.6% in the control group. Both groups showed significant improvement in mean SNOT‐20 scores following treatment; however, the degree of improvement was not significantly different between groups (p = 0.082). There were no significant changes in secondary outcome metrics between the 2 groups.Conclusion:For patients with CRS, treatment with DSS irrigations and sprays appears as effective for symptom reduction as a combination of hypertonic saline irrigations and sprays and a topical steroid spray. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Dendralenes Branch Out: Cross‐Conjugated Oligoenes Allow the Rapid Generation of Molecular Complexity
Authors: Hopf Henning , Sherburn Michael S. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractTwenty‐seven years ago, H. Hopf published the only previous comprehensive review on branched oligoenes that had the title “Dendralenes: A Neglected Family of Hydrocarbons”. The dendralenes are no longer neglected. Research into the synthesis, properties, and applications of dendralenes is rapidly gaining momentum and this Review summarizes important recent findings. From significant fundamental properties (the first demonstration of alternating behavior since the annulenes) through to unparalleled complexity‐generating synthetic transformations, this fundamental oligoene family is coming of age. Effective synthetic approaches to cyclic and acyclic dendralene systems are analyzed and classified. The most powerful synthetic transformations of the dendralenes, diene‐transmissive Diels–Alder reactions, are surveyed in detail.