bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Doppler velocimetry of the uterine, umbilical and fetal middle cerebral arteries in pregnant women undergoing tocolysis with oral nifedipine
Authors: Lima M. M. De S. , Souza A. S. R. , Diniz C. , Porto A. M. F. , Amorim M. M. R. , Moron A. F. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate Doppler velocimetry (resistance index (RI) and peak systolic velocity (PSV)) in the maternal–fetal circulation before and 5 and 24 h after tocolysis with oral nifedipine.MethodsThis was a prospective, observational, analytic cohort study performed in 47 pregnant women undergoing nifedipine tocolysis, each subject acting as her own control. Doppler assessment of uterine, umbilical and fetal middle cerebral (MCA) arteries was performed before and 5 and 24 h after an initial 20‐mg sublingual dose, which was repeated twice at 20‐min intervals if contractions failed to diminish. The maintenance dose consisted of 20 mg orally every 6 h for 24 h up to a total of 100–120 mg nifedipine. We analyzed whether there was a time effect and compared values at the different time‐points.ResultsThe MCA‐RI had decreased significantly after 24 h of tocolysis (0 h = 0.85; 5 h = 0.85; 24 h = 0.81; P = 0.001), with no differences in uterine or umbilical arteries or in the MCA to umbilical artery ratio. The MCA‐PSV had reduced significantly after 5 h (0 h = 41.5 cm/s; 5 h = 34.7 cm/s; P = 0.001), returning close to baseline levels between 5 and 24 h. The PSV increased significantly between 5 and 24 h in the right uterine artery (5 h = 55.1 cm/s; 24 h = 65.0 cm/s; P = 0.037) and in the umbilical artery (5 h = 28.4 cm/s; 24 h = 33.1 cm/s; P = 0.038).ConclusionsNifedipine tocolysis is associated with a reduction in RI in the MCA but not in the uterine or umbilical arteries, a reduction in PSV in the MCA after 5 h but returning to baseline within 24 h, and an increase in PSV between 5 and 24 h in the umbilical and right uterine arteries. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SnO2Nanowire Arrays and Electrical Properties Synthesized by Fast Heating a Mixture of SnO2and CNTs Waste Soot
Authors: Li Zi-Jiong , Qin Zhen , Zhou Zhi-Hua , Zhang Li-Ying , Zhang Ya-Fei 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
SnO2nanowire arrays were synthesized by fast heating a mixture of SnO2and the carbon nanotubes waste soot by high-frequency induction heating. The resultant SnO2nanowires possess diameters from 50 to 100 nm and lengths up to tens of mircrometers. The field-effect transistors based on single SnO2nanowire exhibit that as-synthesized nanowires have better transistor performance in terms of transconductance and on/off ratio. This work demonstrates a simple technique to the growth of nanomaterials for application in future nanoelectronic devices.
Increased In Vitro and In Vivo Digestibility of Soy Proteins by Chemical Modification of Disulfide Bonds
Authors: Wang H. , Faris R. J. , Wang Tong , Spurlock M. E. , Gabler N. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTo improve protein digestibility of aqueously extracted soy proteins, an effective chemical treatment under mild conditions is needed. Soy proteins, including storage protein glycinin and antinutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitors, are rich in disulfide bonds. Reduction of these disulfide bonds by incubating soy proteins with sodium sulfite and sodium metabisulfite at 55 °C showed no net increase of free sulfhydryl groups after dialysis to remove the residual reducing agent. However, the in vitro digestibility measured by trypsin hydrolysis using the pH‐Stat method was significantly increased. Sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) was more effective in increasing in vitro digestibility than sodium sulfite at the same molar concentration. The digestibility of soy protein treated by 0.5 mmol SMBS/g soy flour at 55 °C was more than doubled compared to that of the control without reduction treatment. Large‐scale testing of soy proteins treated with SMBS for an in vivo animal feeding study showed similar in vitro digestibility by trypsin, e.g., the degree of hydrolysis of the treated sample was 8.5% compared to 1.6% of the control. These soy proteins were further evaluated using a chick growth model. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) increased by 57% when the chicks fed SMBS‐treated soy were compared to the chicks fed raw soy flour. SMBS‐fed chicks did not display any pancreatic hypertrophy compared to those fed with raw soy control. These results indicate that there is great potential to use safe chemicals and mild temperature to inactivate the antinutritional factors in soybeans and thus improve digestibility of soy proteins that are extracted with low‐temperature aqueous process.
Confounding Effects of Benign Lung Diseases on Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Serum Biomarker Discovery
Authors: Rathinam Sridhar , Alzetani Aiman , Starczynski Jane , Rajesh Pala B. , Nyangoma Stephen , Wakelam Michael J. O. , James Nicholas D. , Wei Wenbin , Billingham Lucinda J. , Johnson Philip J. , Martin Ashley , Ward Douglas G. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIntroductionLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The discovery of new biomarkers could aid early diagnosis and monitoring of recurrence following tumor resection.MethodsWe have prospectively collected serum from 97 lung cancer patients undergoing surgery with curative intent and compared their serum proteomes with those of 100 noncancer controls (59 disease-free and 41 with a range of nonmalignant lung conditions). We initially analyzed serum from 67 lung cancer patients and 73 noncancer control subjects by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry using immobilized metal affinity capture ProteinChip arrays and subsequently validated our findings with an independent analysis of 30 lung cancer patients and 27 noncancer subjects.ResultsThe data from both experiments show many significant differences between the serum proteomes of lung cancer patients and nondiseased control subjects, and a number of these polypeptides have been identified. However, the profiles of patients with benign lung diseases resembled those of lung cancer patients such that very few significant differences were found when these cohorts were compared.ConclusionsThis report provides clear evidence of the need to account for the confounding effects of benign diseases when designing lung cancer serum biomarker discovery projects.
Assessment of psychiatric inpatient satisfaction: A systematic review of self-reported instruments
Authors: Boyer L. , Baumstarck-Barrau K. , Cano N. , Zendjidjian X. , Belzeaux R. , Limousin S. , Magalon D. , Samuelian J.-C. , Lancon C. , Auquier P. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackgroundThere is a growing concern about satisfaction with inpatient psychiatric services. There are currently numerous satisfaction instruments available to psychiatric inpatients, but little guidance on which among them to select.AimsTo provide an overview of the psychometric properties and the content of satisfaction instruments available to psychiatric inpatients.MethodsSystematic searches of Medline database to identify inpatient satisfaction questionnaires. Assessment of the instruments according to relevant psychometric properties.ResultsFifteen satisfaction instruments were identified. The target population differed according to the instrument. Methods used to generate items were heterogeneous. These instruments were based on a mixed approach including patients’ points of view, expert opinions, and literature reviews, causing the content of questionnaires to vary. Reliability and validity were not systematically tested.ConclusionThe validation of a common inpatient satisfaction instrument is a major challenge. Recommendations for the future development of satisfaction instruments may include: item generation based exclusively on the patient's point of view; a validation process on a large and representative population; and an instrument combining generic (core questionnaire) and specific (additional modules) approaches.
Superinfection of fiveWolbachiain the alnus ambrosia beetle,Xylosandrus germanus(Blandford) (Coleoptera: Curuculionidae)
Authors: Kawasaki Y. , Ito M. , Miura K. , Kajimura H. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWolbachiabacteria are among the most common endosymbionts in insects. InWolbachiaresearch, theWolbachiasurface protein (wsp) gene has been used as a phylogenetic tool, but relationships inferred by single-locus analysis can be unreliable because of the extensive genome recombination amongWolbachiastrains. Therefore, a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method forWolbachia, which relies upon a set of five conserved genes, is recommended. In this study, we examined whether the alnus ambrosia beetle,Xylosandrus germanus(Blandford), is infected withWolbachiausingwspand MLST genes.Wolbachiawas detected from all tested specimens ofX. germanus(n=120) bywspamplification. Five distinct sequences (i.e. five alleles) forwspwere found, and labeled aswXge1–5. MLST analysis and molecular phylogeny of concatenated sequences of MLST genes identifiedwXge3 andwXge5 as closely-related strains. The detection rate ofwXge4 andwXge1 was 100% and 63.3%, respectively;wXge2,wXge3 andwXge5 were detected from less than 15% of specimens. We performed mitochondrial haplotype analyses that identified three genetic types ofX. germanus, i.e. Clades A, B and C.WspalleleswXge1,wXge2 andwXge4 were detected in all clade A beetles;wXge2 allele was absent from Clades B and C. We concluded that (i) fivewspalleles were found fromX. germanus, (ii) use of MLST genes, rather than thewspgene, are more suited to constructWolbachiaphylogenies and (iii)wspalleleswXge2 andwXge3/wXge5 would infect clade A and clade B/C ofX. germanus, respectively.
Fungus–benzimidazole interactions: a prerequisite to deploying egg-parasitic fungi Paecilomyces lilacinus and Verticillium chlamydosporium as biocontrol agents against fascioliasis and amphistomiasis in ruminant livestock
Authors: Singh R.K. , Sanyal P.K. , Patel N.K. , Sarkar A.K. , Santra A.K. , Pal S. , Mandal S.C. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn vitro trials investigating the effects of albendazole and triclabendazole anthelmintics on the growth profiles of the egg-parasitic fungi Paecilomyces lilacinus and Verticillium chlamydosporium were undertaken. In addition, in vivo trials were conducted in goats fed on millet grain cultures of each fungus and administered albendazole and triclabendazole anthelmintics. In vitro growth revealed V. chlamydosporium to be more sensitive to albendazole compared to P. lilacinus. In contrast, triclabendazole had the least inhibitory effect on in vitro growth of both P. lilacinus and V. chlamydosporium. Similar to albendazole, growth of P. lilacinus was more vigorous at 0.5 ppm concentration of triclabendazole. Efforts to re-isolate these egg-parasitic fungi from faeces of goats fed on fungal millet grain cultures before and following single intraruminal administration of albendazole and triclabendazole showed that P. lilacinus was not able to be re-isolated from the faeces at any sampling period. In contrast, V. chlamydosporium was able to be re-isolated from the faeces at all of the sampling periods except for the samples taken at 8–18 h and 18–24 h after administration of albendazole and triclabendazole, respectively. Lack of fungal activity at these times coincided with peak plasma availability of anthelmintics and suggests faecal levels of drugs were also high at these times and impacted negatively on fungal viability.
Living Standards and the Distribution of Income in Colonial Indonesia: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Booth Anne 
Published: August 2009

One of the most widely held views about Indonesia, and especially Java, in the nineteenth century was that such economic growth as occurred did not benefit the mass of the indigenous population, whose living standards almost certainly declined. Many scholars have drawn attention to the evidence that per capita rice production fell after 1880 as proof that living standards were definitely falling in the last two decades of the century, while others have not hesitated to draw the bolder conclusion that living standards declined almost continually after 1800:One theme stands out most prominently in Javanese society during this time: the theme of involution and reaction…. Despite the promises of the changing colonial policies to further the individual welfare of the Javanese, conspicuously little was done in this regard. Instead the Javanese farmer became gradually more impoverished throughout the whole of the nineteenth century, with a particularly severe drop in living standards in the second half of the liberal period (1885–1900).
Sarawak Malay Attitudes Towards Education During the Period of Brooke Rule, 1841–1946
Authors: Gin Ooi Keat 
Published: August 2009

A government's education policy reflects its attitudes towards the people it rules. The response of the people towards this education policy in turn is determined by their needs.The Brooke Rajahs ruled Sarawak for slightly more than a century, a personal rule characterized by strong adherence to the principle that the cultures of the local inhabitants should be respected and accepted as essentially natural. There was little interference with the customs and traditions of the people and only gradual change took place under this paternalistic totalitarian administration.
Functional norms for Young towers
Authors: DEMERS MARK F. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe introduce functional norms for hyperbolic Young towers which allow us to directly study the transfer operator on the full tower. By eliminating the need for secondary expanding towers commonly employed in this context, this approach simplifies and expands the analysis of this class of Markov extensions and the underlying systems for which they are constructed. As an example, we prove large-deviation estimates with a uniform rate function for a large class of non-invariant measures and show how to translate these to the underlying system.
In Quest of Kalah
Authors: Fatimi S. Q. 
Published: August 2009

Kalah was the earliest recorded settlement of Muslims in this part of the world, and from Arab and Persian descriptions of it from the middle of the ninth to that of the fourteenth century, it was undoubtedly an important port in South East Asia.But where was it actually located? The problem has baffled some of the best minds of the east and the west. It has been debated since 1718. During this long period eminent historians, geographers, Arabicists, Indologists and Sinologists have made an effort at solving the riddle, but at best they have succeeded only partially. Earlier attempts at identification were very much wide of the mark. Abbe Renaudot (1718) who initiated the debate identified it with Malabar, while Gildemeister (1838) located it in Coromandel, and Reinaud (1845) equated it with Galle in Ceylon. Alfred Maury (1846) was the first to realise that the search for it must be made in the Malaysian region and he suggested Kedah. Walckenear (1852) made this equation famous by accepting it in his commentary on the story of Sindbad the sailor. P. A. van der Lith (1883–6) gave massive support to it in his elaborate and erudite discussion on the subject in his annotation and edition of Buzurg bin Shahriyār'sBook of the Marvels of the Indies. It seemed that van der Lith had clinched the issue by getting the philological support from no less an eminent authority on the subject than M. Kern, who stated that the Malay d was pronounced very like an Arab 1. And then followed a galaxy of great Arabicists, like de Goeje (1889) and G. Le Strange (1905) all of whom accepted this equation. Pelliot (1901) and other Sinologists, and Coedes (1918) and other Indologists found it handy in their own search of Malaysian place-names.
Britain's Intervention in Malaya: The Origin of Lord Kimberley's Instructions to Sir Andrew Clarke in 1873
Authors: MacIntyre D. 
Published: August 2009

It is well known that British political control in the Malay States began with the Pangkor agreement of January 1874, which was soon followed by the appointment of the first Resident in Perak. The Earl of Kimberley's famous instructions' of 20 September 1873 have generally been accepted as providing the basis for this new phase in the history of Malaya and of the British empire. Sir Andrew Clarke was told that the conduct of Britain's relations with the Malay States which were not subject to Siamese influence, would be an important part of his duties as governor. Since growing anarchy was injuring trade and British interests generally, the government had to consider whether it could do anything to improve matters in the States. Although the British government had no desire to interfere in the affairs of the Peninsula, said Kimberley, Clarke should inquire into the condition of each state and report any steps which the Straits government could take to restore peace and to protect trade. Kimberley also added the often-quoted words:“I would wish you especially to consider whether it would be advisable to appoint a British Officer to reside in any of the Malay States. Such an appointment would only be made with the full consent of the native government.…”
The Formation of a Social Class Structure: Urbanization, Bureaucratization and Social Mobility in Thailand
Authors: Evers Hans-Dieter 
Published: August 2009

AbstractUrbanization and bureaucratization are usually connected with a high rate of social mobility in western industrialized societies. In Thailand, however, mobility has declined at least between certain strata of Thai society following the consolidation of a bureaucratic elite in the expanding urban centre of Bangkok. The growing size, the monopolization of certain status symbols, the development of a distinct subculture and the concentration of economic and political power are indications that the bureaucratic elite is developing into a social class. It is therefore concluded that urbanization and bureaucratization in formerly loosely structured societies may lead to the formation of a class system and to a temporary decline of social mobility.
Time-optimal task scheduling for articulated manipulators in environments cluttered with obstacles
Authors: Xidias E. K. , Zacharia P. Th. , Aspragathos N. A. 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a new approach for solving a generalization of the task scheduling problem for articulated robots (either redundant or non-redundant), where the robot's 2D environment is cluttered with obstacles of arbitrary size, shape and location, while a set of task-points are located in the robot's free-space. The objective is to determine the optimum collision-free robot's tip tour through all task-points passing from each one exactly once and returning to the initial task-point. This scheduling problem combines two computationally NP-hard problems: the optimal scheduling of robot tasks and the collision-free motion planning between the task-points.The proposed approach employs the bump-surface (B-Surface) concept for the representation of the 2D robot's environment by a B-Spline surface embedded in 3D Euclidean space. The time-optimal task scheduling is being searched on the generated B-Surface using a genetic algorithm (GA) with a special encoding in order to take into consideration the infinite configurations corresponding to each task-point. The result of the GA's searching constitutes the solution to the task scheduling problem and satisfies optimally the task scheduling criteria and objectives. Extensive experimental results show the efficiency and the effectiveness of the proposed method to determine the collision-free motion among obstacles.
What's in the input? Frequent frames in child-directed speech offer distributional cues to grammatical categories in Spanish and English
Authors: WEISLEDER ADRIANA , WAXMAN SANDRA R. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTRecent analyses have revealed that child-directed speech contains distributional regularities that could, in principle, support young children's discovery of distinct grammatical categories (noun, verb, adjective). In particular, a distributional unit known as the frequent frame appears to be especially informative (Mintz, 2003). However, analyses have focused almost exclusively on the distributional information available in English. Because languages differ considerably in how the grammatical forms are marked within utterances, the scarcity of cross-linguistic evidence represents an unfortunate gap. We therefore advance the developmental evidence by analyzing the distributional information available in frequent frames across two languages (Spanish and English), across sentence positions (phrase medial and phrase final), and across grammatical forms (noun, verb, adjective). We selected six parent–child corpora from the CHILDES database (three English; three Spanish), and analyzed the input when children were aged 2 ; 6 or younger. In each language, frequent frames did indeed offer systematic cues to grammatical category assignment. We also identify differences in the accuracy of these frames across languages, sentences positions and grammatical classes.
Long-term effects of preterm birth on language and literacy at eight years
Authors: GUARINI ANNALISA , SANSAVINI ALESSANDRA , FABBRI CRISTINA , SAVINI SILVIA , ALESSANDRONI ROSINA , FALDELLA GIACOMO , KARMILOFF-SMITH ANNETTE 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThe aims of this study were to investigate whether specific linguistic difficulties in preterm children persist at eight years and to examine the interrelationships between language and literacy in this population, compared with a control group of full-term children. Sixty-eight monolingual Italian preterms and 26 chronologically matched controls were recruited. Language (grammar comprehension, lexical production and phonological awareness), literacy (reading comprehension, reading and writing) and general cognitive development were investigated. Results showed no general delay in preterms, but slight difficulties in specific linguistic abilities (grammar, lexicon, phoneme synthesis and deletion of the first syllable), more difficulties in literacy (speed in reading and accuracy in writing) and certain correlations among competencies turning out to be different from the control group. In conclusion, our study established that a partially atypical trajectory emerged in preterms, showing specific long-term effects of preterm birth on language and literacy development.
The group E6(q) and graphs with a locally linear group of automorphisms
Authors: TROFIMOV V. I. , WEISS R. M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLet q be a prime power and let G be a group acting faithfully and vertex transitively on a graph such that for each vertex x, the stabilizer Gx is finite and contains a normal subgroup inducing on the set of neighbours of x a permutation group isomorphic to the linear group L5(q) acting on the 2-dimensional subspaces of a 5-dimensional vector space over Fq. It is shown, except in some special situations where q = 2, that the kernel of the action of a vertex stabilizer Gx on the ball of radius 3 around x is trivial. (These special situations are eliminated in a companion paper by the first author.) An example coming from the exceptional group E6(q) shows that the kernel of the action of Gx on the ball of radius 2 around x can be non-trivial.