bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coexpressed D1- and D2-Like Dopamine Receptors Antagonistically Modulate Acetylcholine Release in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Allen Andrew T , Maher Kathryn N , Wani Khursheed A , Betts Katherine E , Chase Daniel L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Dopamine acts through two classes of G protein-coupled receptor (D1-like and D2-like) to modulate neuron activity in the brain. While subtypes of D1- and D2-like receptors are coexpressed in many neurons of the mammalian brain, it is unclear how signaling by these coexpressed receptors interacts to modulate the activity of the neuron in which they are expressed. D1- and D2-like dopamine receptors are also coexpressed in the cholinergic ventral-cord motor neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans. To begin to understand how coexpressed dopamine receptors interact to modulate neuron activity, we performed a genetic screen in C. elegans and isolated mutants defective in dopamine response. These mutants were also defective in behaviors mediated by endogenous dopamine signaling, including basal slowing and swimming-induced paralysis. We used transgene rescue experiments to show that defects in these dopamine-specific behaviors were caused by abnormal signaling in the cholinergic motor neurons. To investigate the interaction between the D1- and D2-like receptors specifically in these cholinergic motor neurons, we measured the sensitivity of dopamine-signaling mutants and transgenic animals to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor aldicarb. We found that D2 signaling inhibited acetylcholine release from the cholinergic motor neurons while D1 signaling stimulated release from these same cells. Thus, coexpressed D1- and D2-like dopamine receptors act antagonistically in vivo to modulate acetylcholine release from the cholinergic motor neurons of C. elegans.
Predicting Genetic Values: A Kernel-Based Best Linear Unbiased Prediction With Genomic Data
Authors: Ober Ulrike , Erbe Malena , Long Nanye , Porcu Emilio , Schlather Martin , Simianer Henner 
Published: April 2011

AbstractGenomic data provide a valuable source of information for modeling covariance structures, allowing a more accurate prediction of total genetic values (GVs). We apply the kriging concept, originally developed in the geostatistical context for predictions in the low-dimensional space, to the high-dimensional space spanned by genomic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) vectors and study its properties in different gene-action scenarios. Two different kriging methods [“universal kriging” (UK) and “simple kriging” (SK)] are presented. As a novelty, we suggest use of the family of Matérn covariance functions to model the covariance structure of SNP vectors. A genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) is applied as a reference method. The three approaches are compared in a whole-genome simulation study considering additive, additive-dominance, and epistatic gene-action models. Predictive performance is measured in terms of correlation between true and predicted GVs and average true GVs of the individuals ranked best by prediction. We show that UK outperforms GBLUP in the presence of dominance and epistatic effects. In a limiting case, it is shown that the genomic covariance structure proposed by VanRaden (2008) can be considered as a covariance function with corresponding quadratic variogram. We also prove theoretically that if a specific linear relationship exists between covariance matrices for two linear mixed models, the GVs resulting from BLUP are linked by a scaling factor. Finally, the relation of kriging to other models is discussed and further options for modeling the covariance structure, which might be more appropriate in the genomic context, are suggested.
Dynamics of a Plant RNA Virus Intracellular Accumulation: Stamping Machine vs. Geometric Replication
Authors: Martínez Fernando , Sardanyés Josep , Elena Santiago F , Daròs José-Antonio 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The tremendous evolutionary potential of RNA viruses allows them to thrive despite host defense mechanisms and endows them with properties such as emergence, host switching, and virulence. The frequency of mutant viruses after an infectious process results from the interplay between the error rate of the viral replicase, from purifying mechanisms acting after transcription on aberrant RNAs, and from the amplification dynamics of virus RNA positive (+) and negative (–) strands. Two extreme scenarios describing viral RNA amplification are the geometric growth, in which each RNA strand serves as template for the synthesis of complementary strands with the same efficiency, and the stamping machine, where a strand is reiteratively used as template to synthesize multiple copies of the complementary. The resulting mutation frequencies are completely different, being geometric growth largely more mutagenic than stamping machine. In this work we evaluate the contribution of geometric growth and stamping machine to the overall genome amplification of the plant (+)-strand RNA virus turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). By means of transfection experiments of Nicotiana benthamiana protoplasts with a TuMV cDNA infectious clone and by using strand-specific quantitative real-time PCR, we determined the amplification dynamics of viral (+) and (–) RNA during a single-cell infectious process. A mathematical model describing the amplification of each viral strand was fitted to the data. Analyses of the model parameters showed that TuMV (+) and (–) RNA amplification occurs through a mixed strategy with ∼93% of genomes produced via stamping machine and only ∼7% resulting from geometric growth.
Association of Genetic Loci With Glucose Levels in Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Barker Adam , Sharp Stephen J. , Timpson Nicholas J. , Bouatia-Naji Nabila , Warrington Nicole M. , Kanoni Stavroula , Beilin Lawrence J. , Brage Soren , Deloukas Panos , Evans David M. , Grontved Anders , Hassanali Neelam , Lawlor Deborah A. , Lecoeur Cecile , Loos Ruth J.F. , Lye Stephen J. , McCarthy Mark I. , Mori Trevor A. , Ndiaye Ndeye Coumba , Newnham John P. , Ntalla Ioanna , Pennell Craig E. , St Pourcain Beate , Prokopenko Inga , Ring Susan M. , Sattar Naveed , Visvikis-Siest Sophie , Dedoussis George V. , Palmer Lyle J. , Froguel Philippe , Smith George Davey , Ekelund Ulf , Wareham Nicholas J. , Langenberg Claudia 
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether associations of common genetic variants recently identified for fasting glucose or insulin levels in nondiabetic adults are detectable in healthy children and adolescents.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with fasting glucose were genotyped in six studies of children and adolescents of European origin, including over 6,000 boys and girls aged 9–16 years. We performed meta-analyses to test associations of individual SNPs and a weighted risk score of the 16 loci with fasting glucose.

RESULTS
Nine loci were associated with glucose levels in healthy children and adolescents, with four of these associations reported in previous studies and five reported here for the first time (GLIS3, PROX1, SLC2A2, ADCY5, and CRY2). Effect sizes were similar to those in adults, suggesting age-independent effects of these fasting glucose loci. Children and adolescents carrying glucose-raising alleles of G6PC2, MTNR1B, GCK, and GLIS3 also showed reduced β-cell function, as indicated by homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function. Analysis using a weighted risk score showed an increase [β (95% CI)] in fasting glucose level of 0.026 mmol/L (0.021–0.031) for each unit increase in the score.

CONCLUSIONS
Novel fasting glucose loci identified in genome-wide association studies of adults are associated with altered fasting glucose levels in healthy children and adolescents with effect sizes comparable to adults. In nondiabetic adults, fasting glucose changes little over time, and our results suggest that age-independent effects of fasting glucose loci contribute to long-term interindividual differences in glucose levels from childhood onwards.
Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated With Retinopathy in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Kaur Harleen , Donaghue Kim C. , Chan Albert K. , Benitez-Aguirre Paul , Hing Stephen , Lloyd Margaret , Cusumano Janine , Pryke Alison , Craig Maria E. 
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE
To examine the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is associated with an increased prevalence of microvascular complications in young people with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In a cross-sectional study of 517 patients, 25-hydroxyvitamin D was measured. Retinopathy was assessed by 7-field stereoscopic retinal photography, peripheral neuropathy by thermal and vibration threshold testing, and microalbuminuria by albumin excretion rate or albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

RESULTS
Retinopathy prevalence was higher in cases with VDD versus sufficiency (18 vs. 9%, P = 0.02); deficiency was not associated with microalbuminuria or neuropathy. In logistic regression, retinopathy was associated with VDD (odds ratio 2.12 [95% CI 1.03–4.33]), diabetes duration (1.13, 1.05–1.23), and HbA1c (1.24, 1.02–1.50).

CONCLUSIONS
VDD is associated with an increased prevalence of retinopathy in young people with type 1 diabetes. The inflammatory and angiogenic effects of VDD may contribute to early retinal vascular damage; however, further investigations are warranted.
A sequential approach using genetic and morphological analyses to test species status: The case of United States federally endangered Agalinis acuta (Orobanchaceae)
Authors: Pettengill James B. , Neel Maile C. 
Published: April 2011

• Premise of the study: Given that inaccurate taxonomy can have negative consequences for species of conservation concern and result in erroneous conclusions regarding macroecological patterns, efficient methods for resolving taxonomic uncertainty are essential. The primary objective of this study was to assess the evolutionary distinctiveness of the federally endangered plant species Agalinis acuta (Orobanchaceae) to ensure it represents a distinct taxon warranting protection under the United States Endangered Species Act.• Methods: We describe and implement a sequential approach that begins with the most restrictive criteria of genealogical exclusivity within which we first conducted a phylogenetic analysis based on six chloroplast DNA loci assayed from multiple representatives of five putative species. Because of the possibility that incomplete lineage sorting is responsible for the lack of genealogical exclusivity among A. acuta individuals, we then conducted intensive population level analyses based on 21 microsatellite loci and 61 morphological traits.• Key results: The distinctiveness of A. acuta from Agalinis decemloba and Agalinis tenella was not supported under the genealogical species concept. The results from the analyses of microsatellite loci and morphological characters evaluated under alternative species concepts also did not support the distinctiveness of A. acuta from A. decemloba.• Conclusions: Through this successive approach, we found insufficient evidence to support the evolutionary distinctiveness of the listed taxon A. acuta. We recommend that it be synonymized under A. decemloba and also conclude that the taxon that would now include A. acuta is deserving of protection under the Endangered Species Act.
Les cadres sociaux de l'animation en centres de loisirs en France
Authors: Camus Jérôme 
Published: April 2011

Résumé Malgré le « flou » qui entoure les pratiques des animateurs dits « volontaires », l’enquête par observation et entretiens réalisée dans deux centres de loisirs permet de mettre en évidence une grande stabilité des façons de faire. Les processus de régulation implicites dont elles résultent procèdent d’un ajustement des pratiques ordinaires d’agents présentant des propriétés sociales relativement homogènes aux cadres d’interaction propres aux institutions d’accueil. La juvénilité cultivée des encadrants peut alors s’employer et retrouver les oppositions qui, gisant dans la pratique, constituent la mémoire du poste.
De la scientificité du travail social. Quelles recherches pour quels savoirs ?
Authors: Rullac Stéphane 
Published: April 2011

Résumé La recherche dans le champ du travail social se développe enfin en France et pose inévitablement la question de la nature du savoir produit, ainsi que celle du cadre de son rattachement épistémologique et institutionnel. C’est ainsi que la scientificité du travail social est questionnée, contestée ou revendiquée, selon les jeux acteurs qui se mobilisent, débattent et s’affrontent. Ces enjeux méthodologiques se cristallisent autour d’enjeux relatifs à une lutte entre les champs des sciences sociales et celui du travail social, dans le cadre d’une réactivation de la dichotomie entre savoir universel théorique et savoir situé pratique. C’est dans ce contexte que le développement d’une science du travail social se décompose en trois modalités de recherche : « sur », « en » et « pour » le travail social.
A REVISION OF THE NEW WORLD AND PACIFICPHTHITIAENDERLEIN (DIPTERA; SPHAEROCERIDAE; LIMOSININAE), INCLUDINGKIMOSINAROHÁčEK, NEW SYNONYM ANDAUBERTINIARICHARDS, NEW SYNONYM
Authors: Marshall S.A. , Smith I.P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe non-Palaearctic species of the genusPhthitiaEnderlein are revised, including descriptions of 30 species, of which 19 are described as new by the first author:P.antillensis,P.bicalyx,P.cercipilus,P.mulroneyi,P.digiseta,P.digistylus,P.lineasterna,P.lobocercus,P.luteocercus,P.luteofrons,P.megocula,P.merida,P.nigrifacies,P.notthomasi,P.obunca,P.occimosa,P.ovicercus,P.quadricercus, andP.spinicalyx. The generaKimosinaRoháček andAubertiniaRichards are newly placed in synonymy withPhthitia, and the following new combinations are given for species previously inKimosina:Phthitia chilenica(Duda),P.antipoda(Roháček),P.rennelli(Harrison),P.thomasi(Harrison),P.empirica(Hutton),P.levigena(Spuler),P.plumosula(Rondani),P.spinosa(Collin),P.pappi(Roháček),P.glabrescens(Villeneuve),P.ciliata(Duda),P.longisetosa(Dahl),P.sicana(Munari),P.soikai(Munari), andArchicollinella dolichoptera(Richards).Phthitia sanctaehelenae(Richards) is given as a new combination forAubertinia sanctaehelenaeRichards.Limosina phycophilaRichards is a new junior synonym ofArchicollinella caerulea(Duda). A key, illustrations, descriptions of adults, distribution maps, and a phylogeny are provided for all New World and Pacific species. The puparium ofP.empiricais described. A lectotype is designated forP.chilenica.
Review: The composition and availability of straw and chaff from small grain cereals for beef cattle in western Canada
Authors: McCartney D. H. , Block H. C. , Dubeski P. L. , Ohama A. J. 
Published: April 2011

Small cereal grain residues are heterogeneous feeds consisting of several botanical fractions: chaff, grain, leaf blade, leaf sheath, internode and node. These parts vary in composition, digestibility, resistance to comminution, intake potential and energy availability. Large differences in the nutritional quality of straw and chaff may occur from year to year and between locations due to effects of environmental conditions on botanical composition and cell anatomy. Stage of maturity, harvest method and weathering will influence composition and quality of the most nutritious parts of cereal residues, the leaf and chaff. In addition, cultivars and species differ in the proportion, anatomy and digestibility of botanical fractions. As a result, the quality of crop residues is highly variable with an economic value that is difficult to accurately assess. Cereal straw and chaff are of low economic value as they are low in nutritive value, where nutritive value is the product of nutrient intake, digestibility, and efficiency of use. However, due to availability, cereal crop residues have the potential to be a substantial feed resource for beef cows. Previous reviews have not focused on straw and chaff nutrition research relevant to use by beef cattle in western Canada. This review includes discussions on yield and nutritive value with a focus on identifying information deficiencies, including the lack of detailed production statistics for determining residue yields on a regional bases and the need for more detailed nutrient composition to update regional feed data bases for western Canada. Key words: Straw, chaff, nutrient quality, beef cattle
Natural attenuation of diesel fuel in heavy clay soil
Authors: Berry Karin A. T. , Burton David L. 
Published: April 2011

Petroleum hydrocarbons in the extractable fraction decreased rapidly in a heavy clay soil contaminated with diesel fuel at 5000 mg kg−1 demonstrating natural attenuation. Natural attenuation rates for untilled soil were estimated using two distinct extraction and analysis methods, the Oil & Grease Content (O&G) (US EPA 418.1; ASTM D 95) and extractable organics (EO) (EPA 3520B; EPA 8000A). The time to 50% decrease (t1/2) in the fraction varied with extraction method, Oil & Grease Content (11 d) and Extractable Organics (26 d). Complete attenuation appeared to have occurred after 74 d as Extractable Organic values for soil extracts were below the detection limit (5 µg g−1). An enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was also used to monitor the hydrocarbons present in the soil. This also effectively demonstrated the near-complete disappearance of the hydrocarbons but was not quantitative. Soil microbial biomass carbon (chloroform fumigation-extraction) and surface CO2 flux measurements did not show any significant impact of diesel contamination or tillage in the active microbial population. This observation serves to demonstrate the applicability of natural attenuation as a remedial strategy for heavy clay soils contaminated with diesel fuel of the type used in this study. Key words: Natural attenuation, bioremediation, diesel fuel, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, heavy clay soil
Evaluation of EPIC's snowmelt and water erosion submodels using data from the Peace River region of Alberta
Authors: Puurveen H. , Izaurralde R. C. , Chanasyk D. S. , Williams J. R. , Grant R. F. 
Published: April 2011

Water erosion due to snowmelt is a major form of erosion in boreal regions of the Canadian Prairie. Evaluation of erosion models is an essential step before recommending their use in local or regional assessments of erosion rates and control methods. Using inputs from a runoff study conducted at La Glace, Alberta (55°25'N, 119°10'W) from 1984 to 1986, we evaluated the Erosion-Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) for its ability to simulate runoff and sediment yield from snowmelt events. The model was initialized with soil profile data acquired at the study site and complemented with data from standard soil databases (Albright series; loam, Dark Gray Chernozem). Daily weather data were acquired from the nearest climatological station (annual precipitation = 475 mm). Management data were as reported and included combinations of conventional and reduced tillage, annual and perennial, and fallow cropping. Mean runoff volume measured in 1985 was 57 mm while in 1986 it was 76 mm. EPIC over-predicted runoff volume by 25% in 1985 but under-predicted it by 7% in 1986. The period in which snowmelt occurred (mid-March – beginning of April) was predicted correctly. Under the conditions of this study, with many cropping inputs obtained from different sources, the model was unable to reproduce the reported management effects on runoff and sediment yield. EPIC simulated springmelt soil temperature trends at 9-cm depth, although the predicted temperatures in 1985 were generally underestimated. Our results suggest that the EPIC model calculates adequate values of runoff volumes and sediment yields during snowmelt. Key words: Runoff, sediment yield, soil erosion, crop rotations
Regional simulation of fall and spring soil moisture in Alberta
Authors: Akinremi O. O. , McGinn S. M. , Howard A. E. 
Published: April 2011

The recurrence of agricultural drought on the prairies has increased the demand for soil moisture information by farmers, regional planners and supporting sectors of agriculture. In response, estimation of regional soil moisture by soil survey is conducted despite its being resource intensive and having limited resolution in time and space. Models that estimate soil moisture on a regional scale would contribute to the evaluation of regional water deficits and overcome problems related to conducting field surveys. This study uses a modified version of the versatile soil moisture budget to estimate available soil moisture within the root zone on a regional scale. The spatial pattern of modelled soil moisture in the fall was similar to that mapped by soil survey. Of the 145 grid points compared, agreement between modelled and field survey was 60% or higher in 5 out of 8 yr. However, too few years of data were available for a reliable assessment of model performance in the spring. The simulated soil moisture was sensitive, and directly related to the value used for available water capacity (AWC). Accurate values of AWC are necessary for accurate simulation of regional soil moisture. Key words: Soil moisture, modelling, water capacity, regional estimates, Canadian prairies
Nitrogen dynamics in soils with different hydrocarbon contents planted to barley and field pea
Authors: Xu J. G. , Johnson R. L. 
Published: April 2011

Nitrogen dynamics and cycling are important in plant-soil ecosystems, and they may differ between hydrocarbon-contaminated and uncontaminated soils. The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons and remediation methods on nitrogen dynamics and cycling in plant-soil ecosystems. The experiment involved two plant species (barley and field pea) grown in soils at four different hydrocarbon levels (0, 5, 25 and 55 g kg−1). Hydrocarbon contamination significantly reduced N uptake by plants, but increased N accumulation in soil microbial biomass. It widened the C:N ratio in soil and led to more available N being immobilized by soil microorganisms, which reduced available N for plantuptake. Urease activity increased with hydrocarbon content in soil due to the increase of microbial biomass and activity. Key words: Nitrogen dynamics, hydrocarbon contamination, microbial activity, remediation, Black Chernozem
Étude des interactions entre trois espèces d'Acacia (Faidherbia albida Del., A. seyal Del., A. holosericea A Cunn. ex G. Don) et Meloidogyne mayaguensis au Sénégal
Authors: Duponnois R. , Tabula T. K. , Cadet P. 
Published: April 2011

The susceptibility of three Acacia species used in Senegal (F. albida Del., A. seyal Del. and A. holosericea A Cunn. Ex G. Don) to M. mayaguensis is studied after inoculation of the nematode at different stages of seedling development (seedling stage, cotyledon and young leaves). The observation of giant cells induced by M. mayaguensis on all three Acacia species testifies to their susceptibility to the nematode. However the pathogenic effect of M. mayaguensis on the growth of A. holosericea and A. seyal is more important than on F. albida. Moreover, the penetration and the development of the nematode is greater with these two Acacia species. The susceptibility of Acacia decreased when nematodes are inoculated on older seedlings. These results indicate that some Acacia sp. used to restore soil fertility will multiply parasites susceptible to infest subsequent crops. Key words:Acacia spp., Meloidogyne mayaguensis, Rhizobium, pathogenesis, histopathologynot available