bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining failure after parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism: case series
Authors: Charlett S D , Aye M , Atkin S L , England R J A 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective:To identify the cause of operative failure in patients who have undergone parathyroid surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism.Design:Retrospective case review.Participants:Patients who had undergone a primary procedure for primary hyperparathyroidism between July 2003 and December 2007. Cases with incomplete post-operative serum calcium data were excluded.Main outcome measure:Operative failure was defined as failure to achieve normalisation of serum adjusted calcium levels post-operatively.Results:A total of 220 primary procedures were conducted over 4.5 years. Data were not available for 16 patients. Thirteen procedures (6.4 per cent) were considered failures, and these cases were individually reviewed and classified according to the reason for failure.Conclusion:Establishing the cause of failure following surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism can be a complex task. In some instances, diagnostic uncertainty remains despite detailed biochemical and radiological assessment. This paper outlines our approach to maximising the cure rate at primary surgery.
Relationship between surface area and volume of the mastoid air cell system in adult humans
Authors: Swarts J D , Doyle B M Cullen , Doyle W J 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIntroduction:The geometry of the adult human mastoid air cell system has not previously been described over a large range of mastoid air cell volumes.Methods:Twenty subjects with a wide range of mastoid air cell pneumatised areas, as determined by X-ray, underwent computed tomography scanning of the middle ear. Mastoid air cell surface areas and volumes were then reconstructed from serial imaging sections, using Image J software.Results:Mastoid air cell volumes varied from 0.7 to 21.4 ml, and were linearly related to the pneumatised area. Right and left mastoid air cell volumes and surface areas were highly correlated. The mastoid air cell surface area was a linear function of volume.Conclusion:The relationship between mastoid air cell surface area and volume is similar over a wide range of volumes. Given that the rate of gas exchange across the mastoid air cell mucosa is related to the mastoid air cell surface area, that rate will thus also be a direct linear function of the mastoid air cell volume.
Observation of amplification of light by Langmuir waves and its saturation on the electron kinetic timescale
Authors: KIRKWOOD R. K. , PING Y. , WILKS S. C. , MEEZAN N. , MICHEL P. , WILLIAMS E. , CLARK D. , SUTER L. , LANDEN O. , FISCH N. J. , VALEO E. J. , MALKIN V. , TURNBULL D. , SUCKEWER S. , WURTELE J. , WANG T. L. , MARTINS S. F. , JOSHI C. , YIN L. , ALBRIGHT B. J. , ROSE H. A. , BOWERS K. J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractExperiments demonstrate the ~77× amplification of 0.5 to 3.5-ps pulses of seed light by interaction with Langmuir waves in a low density (1.2 × 1019 cm−3) plasma produced by a 1-ns, 230-J, 1054-nm pump beam with 1.2 × 1014 W/cm2 intensity. The waves are strongly damped (kλD = 0.38, Te = 244 eV) and grow over a ~ 1 mm length, similar to what is experienced by scattered light when it interacts with crossing beams as it exits an ignition target. The amplification reduces when the seed intensity increases above ~1 × 1011 W/cm2, indicating that saturation of the plasma waves on the electron kinetic time scale (<0.5 ps) limits the scatter to ~1% of the available pump energy. The observations are in agreement with 2D PIC simulations in this case.
Turbulence changes from magnetic fields in a stationary plasma
Authors: ALEXANDER A. B. , RAYNOR C. T. , WIGGINS D. L. , ROBINSON M. K. , AKPOVO C. C. , JOHNSON J. A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWhen the krypton plasma in a DC glow discharge tube is exposed to an axial magnetic field, the turbulent energy and the characteristic dominant mode in the turbulent fluctuations are systematically and unexpectedly reduced with increasing magnetic field strength. When the index measuring the rate of transfer of energy through fluctuation scales is monitored, a lambda-like dependence on turbulent energy is routinely observed in all magnetic fields. From this, a critical turbulent energy is identified, which also decreases with increasing magnetic field strength.
A comparative study between effects of shadowing potential and ODS on Coulomb crystal formation
Authors: BARUAH SWATI , DAS NILAKSHI 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn dusty plasma, the overlapping Debye spheres around dust grains produce an attractive force. Shadowing force is exerted between neighboring particles because of mutual distortion of ion or neutral flux to the particles. A comparative study has been made on the role of these two forces on 2D structure of dusty system. Radial distribution function for the particles is a comparative study between the effect of the coupled Yukawa-shadowing potential and the coupled Yukawa-Overlapping Debye Sphere (ODS) potential on 2D dust crystal formation, which has been performed by using molecular dynamics simulation. The structure of the system is investigated by calculating the radial distribution function (g(r)) for different values of Γ, κ and dust number densities nd. It is seen from our study that the Coulomb coupling parameter does not have significant effect on both ODS and shadowing forces. The attractive shadowing force is more dominant for grains with large screening parameter. However, the ODS force becomes dominant with the increasing value of the dust number density. The results for the Yukawa-Shadowing and the ODS potential are also compared with experimental results and a close agreement is obtained for attractive shadowing force.
Optimal sample sizes and allelic diversity in studies of the genetic variability of mycobiont and photobiont populations
Authors: WERTH Silke 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPopulation genetic studies of lichen-forming fungi and their algae require appropriate sampling schemes that ensure representative sampling of the genetic variability. One question is whether mycobiont and photobiont populations require different sampling strategies. Here, I applied rarefaction methods to a dataset containing three microsatellite loci of Lobaria pulmonaria and three microsatellite loci of its green-algal photobiont, Dictyochloropsis reticulata. I analysed the sample sizes required for 1) the number of individuals per population, 2) the number of individuals required across a landscape and 3) the number of populations. The analyses were performed separately for the mycobiont and photobiont loci to detect any differences in the accumulation of genetic diversity among the symbionts that would require different sampling schemes. About 20 individuals were sufficient at the population level; within landscapes, 300–400 samples and about 25–30 populations covered most of the allelic diversity. The results indicated that a slightly higher sampling effort was required for the photobiont than for the mycobiont. The optimal sampling strategy strongly depends on the research question, the spatial scale of investigation, and the type of analysis to be performed with the data.
Moon and tide effects on fish capture in a tropical tidal flat
Authors: Reis-Filho José Amorim , Barros Francisco , Nunes José De Anchieta Cintra Da Costa , Sampaio Cláudio Luis Santos , De Souza Gabriel Barros Gonçalves 
Published: January 2011

The influence of the lunar phases and tidal range on the fish capture was analysed in a tidal flat in Barra do Paraguaçu (Baía de Todos os Santos). The sampling was realized in the flood tide and ebb tide of the spring (full moon) and neap (waning moon) tides, between June 2007 and May 2008. At all sampling occasions, two parallel drags were accomplished to the tidal flat, in the same direction of the current, in a 100 m long area marked on the beach beforehand, using a seine net of 15 m × 2.0 m with a mesh of 12 mm between adjacent knots. A total of 2312 fish specimens were captured (26.5 kg), belonging to 75 species from 45 families. The mean number of captured fish was significantly larger in full moon at ebb tides, while the mean weight in the captures was larger in ebb tides. There was significant difference in number of species, number of fish, richness and diversity between full and waning moons. The number of fish and biomass were significantly different between tides. Significant differences were found in community structure regarding trophic groups in relation to tide and moon, although the classic diversity indices did not capture this effect between tides. Furthermore, it was possible to identify preferences of occurrence related to the change of tide in dominant species.
Temporal changes in lipid biomarkers, especially fatty acids, of the deep-sea crustaceansBoreomysis arcticaandNematoscelis megalops: implications of their biological cycle and habitat near the seabed
Authors: Cartes J.E. 
Published: January 2011

Two species of benthopelagic deep-water crustaceans, the suprabenthic mysidBoreomysis arcticaand the bathypelagic euphausiidNematoscelis megalopswere analysed in their lipidic composition, with especial emphasis on fatty acids, from specimens obtained in the north-west of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean) at depths ranging between 650 and 780 m. Temporal shifts were studied seasonally, based on five cruises performed in August and November 2003, and February, April and June 2004, using a Macer-GIROQ suprabenthic sledge (0.5 mm mesh size). Evidences of omnivorous and carnivorous feeding habits were found for both species derived from their fatty acid and other lipid profiles.Boreomysis arcticashowed a more varied fatty acid profile thanN. megalops. This suggests thatB. arcticafeeds on a wider range of food sources and is a more opportunistic feeder. The high proportions of 16:1(n-7), 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) fatty acids in both species suggests a link between surface primary production and deep slope habitats, while markers such as 18:1(n-9) and the 20:1(n-9) and 22:1(n-11) fatty alcohols indicate a predatory activity, likely on calanoids. These components may arrive both via phytodetritus deposition to the seabed and by migratory movements of prey consumed byB. arcticaandN. megalopsclose to the sea bottom. Seasonal changes in the total lipids and fatty acid composition of both species are related to the seasonal dynamics in their food sources, coupled with changes in the physiological or developmental stage of individuals. The proportion of total lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the two species may be related to the different life histories ofB. arcticaandN. megalops. The mysid has direct development of embryos within brood pouches, so eggs with large amount of vitelum are generated and gonad is well developed. By contrast, the meso-bathypelagic euphausiids generate planktotrophic larvae, with a high number of free developmental larvae stages (fromnaupliustoFurcilia/Calyptopis), and eggs with poor storage of lipid compounds compared withB. arcticaembryos.
Earlier and Later If and Only If Past, Present and Future
Authors: Corish Denis 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTo prove the equivalence one must start with one side, and the earlier-later side seems, for starting with, logically the clearer. The equivalence is provable on reasonable definitions of ‘past’, ‘present’ and ‘future’ in terms of the earlier-later structure of time. McTaggart's attempted distinction between the past-present-future A series and the earlier-later B series, as though they were rivals for the structure of time, is based on an unexamined, and false, assumption. The equivalence shows they are not rivals; they are quite consistent with each other. A very serious consequence is that all subsequent argument, from the A side or the B, however sophisticated, is flawed to the extent that it accepts McTaggart's false distinction.
Intimations of Mortality
Authors: Magee Bryan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe nearness of death can lead me to see the empirical world as separate from myself since, only too soon, it will exist without me. This raises the question whether I might partake of some other mode of existence without the empirical world. Logically, such existence may be possible; but our inability to validate any conception of what is actually the case without ultimate reference to experience, or to the possibility of experience, renders us permanently unable to have grounds for believing in the reality of it. This inability does not eliminate the logical possibility, but a logical possibility is all we are left with. And we do know that only the very tiniest proportion of logical possibilities is actualized.
Literature, Moral Reflection and Ambiguity
Authors: Taylor Craig 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWhile a number of philosophers have argued recently that it is through our emotional response to certain literary works that we might achieve particular moral understanding, what has not been discussed in detail in this connection are works which generate conflicting responses in the reader; which is to say literary works in which there is significant element of ambiguity. Consider Joseph Conrad's novel Lord Jim. I argue that in making sense of our potentially conflicting responses to this novel, and specifically to its central character Jim, we may gain a richer sense of the ways in which literature may contribute to moral understanding – in this case by contributing to an understanding of our own character, its blind spots and its limitations.
Gyrfalcons to Germany: Herdemerten's expedition to west Greenland, 1938
Authors: Barr William 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTIn the summer of 1938 the Hermann-Göring-Stiftung [Hermann Göring Foundation], located at the Reichsjägerhof Riddagshausen near Braunschweig, dispatched a two man expedition to west Greenland, primarily in order to capture gyrfalcons. Although nowhere stated in the expedition account, the aim appears to have been to acclimatise the birds to a German environment for the purpose of falconry. Five birds were captured and transported to Germany, four juveniles from a nest near Godhavn and an adult bird from near Uummannaq. After a brief sojourn at Riddagshausen the birds were transferred to Goldhöhe (Zlaté návr_í) in the Riesengebirge (Krkono_e) as being a more appropriate environment. The results of the experiment and the fate of the birds are not stated in the expedition account. Secondary aims of the expedition were geological, meteorological and botanical investigations and bird banding.
Administrative incidence of psychosis assessed in an early intervention service in England: first epidemiological evidence from a diverse, rural and urban setting
Authors: Cheng F. , Kirkbride J. B. , Lennox B. R. , Perez J. , Masson K. , Lawrence K. , Hill K. , Feeley L. , Painter M. , Murray G. K. , Gallagher O. , Bullmore E. T. , Jones P. B. 
Published: January 2011

BackgroundEarly Intervention in Psychosis Services (EIS) for young people in England experiencing first-episode psychosis (FEP) were commissioned in 2002, based on an expected incidence of 15 cases per 100 000 person-years, as reported by schizophrenia epidemiology in highly urban settings. Unconfirmed reports from EIS thereafter have suggested higher than anticipated rates. The aim of this study was to compare the observed with the expected incidence and delineate the clinical epidemiology of FEP using epidemiologically complete data from the CAMEO EIS, over a 6-year period in Cambridgeshire, for a mixed rural–urban population.MethodA population-based study of FEP (ICD-10, F10–39) in people aged 17–35 years referred between 2002 and 2007; the denominator was estimated from mid-year census statistics. Sociodemographic variation was explored by Poisson regression. Crude and directly standardized rates (for age, sex and ethnicity) were compared with pre-EIS rates from two major epidemiological FEP studies conducted in urban English settings.ResultsA total of 285 cases met FEP diagnoses in CAMEO, yielding a crude incidence of 50 per 100 000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 44.5–56.2]. Age- and sex-adjusted rates were raised for people from black ethnic groups compared with the white British [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 2.1, 95% CI 1.1–3.8]. Rates in our EIS were comparable with pre-EIS rates observed in more urban areas after age, sex and ethnicity standardization.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the incidence observed in EIS is far higher than originally anticipated and is comparable to rates observed in more urban settings prior to the advent of EIS. Sociodemographic variation due to ethnicity and other factors extend beyond urban populations. Our results have implications for psychosis aetiology and service planning.
Maternal death and the onward psychosocial circumstances of Australian Aboriginal children and young people
Authors: Zubrick S. R. , Mitrou F. , Lawrence D. , Silburn S. R. 
Published: January 2011

BackgroundThis study sought to determine the social and emotional impact of maternal loss on Aboriginal children and young people using data from the Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey (WAACHS).MethodData were from a population-based random sample of 5289 Aboriginal children aged under 18 years. Interview data about the children were gathered from primary carers and from their school teachers. Probabilistic record linkage to death registrations was used to ascertain deaths. Association between maternal death and subsequent psychosocial outcomes was assessed using univariate analyses and logistic regression.ResultsOf the 5289 Aboriginal children, 57 had experienced the death of their birth mother prior to the survey. Multi-variable adjustment accounting for age and gender found that, relative to children who were living with their birth mother, children whose birth mother had died were at higher risk for sniffing glue or other substances [odds ratio (OR) 3.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–8.7], using other drugs (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.2–6.8), talking about suicide (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.2–5.7) and attempting suicide (OR 7.0, 95% CI 1.6–31.1).ConclusionsAlthough the death of a birth mother is relatively rare and the vast majority of Aboriginal children with adverse developmental outcomes live in families and are cared for by their birth mother, the findings here suggest that the loss of a birth mother and the circumstances arising from this impart a level of onward developmental risk for mental health morbidity in Australian Aboriginal children.
Augustinian origins of the Reformation reconsidered
Authors: Ellingsen Mark 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe work of Alister McGrath and Julius Kostlin challenges the often-cited claim regarding Luther's dependence on Augustine. The article demonstrates that such critics fail to recognise the rich diversity of the African father's thought, but have been inclined to read it systematically the way the Roman Catholic interpretative tradition has. Text study of Augustine's writings, as well as Luther's comments about the African father, reveals that the Reformer's insights about soteriology (including the externality and passivity of righteousness as well as other aspects of his dialectical thinking) are affirmed by Augustine. Likewise, even Luther's critiques of Augustine lend insight into the Reformer's appropriation of his thought. The article demonstrates that when Luther diverges from the African father the two men are addressing incompatible pastoral concerns, but when he is inspired by Augustine their pastoral contexts are similar. This insight sheds fresh light on the sense in which we can speak of an Augustinian character of the Reformation. The article's findings also lend further credence to the possibility that there is a pattern to the use of Christian concepts in the history of the church, whereby, in similar contexts such as in response to perceived Pelagianism, Christians have pretty much responded similarly throughout the centuries.
‘The stones would cry out’ (Luke 19:40): a Lukan contribution to a hermeneutics of creation's praise
Authors: Horrell David G. , Coad Dominic 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBeginning from Richard Bauckham's proposal that the biblical theme of creation's praise is of considerable importance for an ecological spirituality, this article takes a close look at Luke 19:40, a text largely ignored in ecological readings of the Bible. An examination of Luke's distinctive account of the entry into Jerusalem and a consideration of the relevant Jewish parallels to the motif of the crying stone leads to a view of the stones’ cry as one of both praise and protest. The ecotheological potential of this text is then discussed and, in contrast to Bauckham's view of creation's praise as something creation always and already does simply by being itself, an eschatological view of creation's praise – and the combined expression of praise and protest – is presented as important, not least for its ecotheological and ethical potential.
Karl Barth and personalist philosophy: a critical appropriation
Authors: McInroy Mark J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractScholarship on Karl Barth's engagement with so-called ‘personalist philosophy’ has claimed that the following three sources exerted a significant influence on this aspect of Barth's thought: (1) the founders of an interdisciplinary society known as the ‘Patmos Circle’; (2) Barth's fellow dialectical theologians, Emil Brunner and Friedrich Gogarten; (3) Martin Buber, in particular his classic work,I and Thou. In spite of these assessments, however, I argue that Barth's initial stance towards personalism is actually best characterised as one of resistance and criticism. Specifically, I claim here that Barth undertakes a highly critical appropriation of personalism in which the categories of encounter (Begegnung), co-humanity (Mitmenschlichkeit) and the I–Thou relation (Ich–Du-Beziehung) are deeply criticised and recast in an explicitly theological – not philosophical – mould. When Barth does use personalist categories in his own theological anthropology – particularly in theChurch Dogmatics, III/2 – he roots his notion of the human being as a ‘being in encounter’ in his christology and trinitarian theology, comprehensively restructuring personalist categories by placing them on a new foundation.
Just democracy, just church: Hauerwas and Coles on radical democracy and Christianity
Authors: Bowlin John 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn their remarkable new book,Christianity, Democracy, and the Radical Ordinary, Stanley Hauerwas and Rom Coles endorse a radical turn in our democratic practices and ecclesial engagements. In what follows, I say what this turn amounts to and consider what reasons might encourage churches and democracies to make it. In the end, I argue that good reasons are missing. We should forgo the radical and settle for just democracy, just church. In large measure, it is a dispute over Augustine's legacy as a social critic. Hauerwas and Coles accent the discussion of pagan virtue and temporal politics in theCity of Godwhile I prefer the remarks on idolatry and just love from book 4 of theConfessions. Hauerwas and Coles might share Augustine's anxiety about idolatry, but they resist his solution. He suspects that our idolatrous tendencies can be resolved only as we take on the just love of Christ, while they are inclined to think that democracy and church made radical will do the trick. They might also insist that their departure from Augustine on this matter is less than it seems, that they accent the radical in order to avoid unjust love, but I'm not convinced and in the end I bring in Plato's Alcibiades – garlanded, drunk and angry – to help justify my doubts.