bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Formal Synthesis of Antimalarial Diterpenoid 7,20-Diisocyanoadociane
Authors: Miyaoka Hiroaki , Okubo Yusuke , Muroi Makiko , Mitome Hidemichi , Kawashima Etsuko 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A formal synthesis of antimalarial diterpenoid 7,20-diisocyanoadociane, isolated from marine sponge Adocia sp., was achieved. The authors synthesized Corey’s synthetic intermediate 2 for 7,20-diisocyanoadociane. This synthesis involves the synthesis of a perhydropyrene derivative using a sequential isomerization–intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction as the key step.
Formation of Six-membered Aza-nickelacycles by Oxidative Addition of Cyclopropyl Imines to Nickel(0)
Authors: Tamaki Takashi , Ohashi Masato , Ogoshi Sensuke 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Cyclopropyl imines reacted with nickel(0) in the presence of IPr to give the expected six-membered aza-nickelacycles confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The molecular structure of aza-nickelacyles shows monomeric η1-aza-nickelenolate structures. The reaction of aza-nickelacycle with an enone occurred to generate an η3-oxa-allylnickel complex.
Cationic Comb-type Copolymers Do Not Cause Collapse but Shrinkage of DNA Molecules
Authors: Sonda Naotaka , Hirano Masanori , Shimada Naohiko , Kano Arihiro , Kidoaki Satoru , Maruyama Atsushi 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A flow-stretching assay was employed to elucidate polycation/DNA interactions at the single-molecule level. Bacteriophage λ-DNA (48.5 kbp) was attached at one end to a PEG-modified glass surface and stretched by buffer flow. The stretched DNA had an approximate length of 12 µm. Upon injection of polylysine homopolymer, the DNA folded into a globule structure within a few seconds. Injection of a polylysine graft copolymer having hydrophilic dextran side chains also induced collapse of the stretched DNA. In comparison to these polymers, a copolymer with higher graft content did not cause DNA collapse but rather caused 25% shrinkage of the extended DNA. These results were compared with those observed with unstretched DNA.
Catalytic Electrooxidation of Formaldehyde at Ta2O5-modified Pt Electrodes
Authors: Masud Jahangir , Alam Muhammad Tanzirul , Okajima Takeyoshi , Ohsaka Takeo 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The Ta2O5-modified Pt electrode, which was prepared by electrodeposition of Ta on a Pt electrode from 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMPTFSI) ionic liquid and subsequent calcination, possesses excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of formaldehyde to CO2 in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution compared with the bare Pt electrode. This significant improvement in catalytic performance may be attributed to the strong metal–oxide interaction as well as hydroxide spillover effect of the modified electrode. A possible reaction mechanism is proposed.
Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy of Chemically Synthesized Graphene Oxide and Interlayer Conduction
Authors: Kanamori Yoshio , Obata Seiji , Saiki Koichiro 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Graphene oxide, a chemically modified graphene, has been attracting wide attention because of promising adaptability to a wide variety of applications. However, the properties of graphene oxide itself are not known well. Using a conductive cantilever, we observed a current image of graphene oxide nanosheets of various thicknesses. Current–voltage characteristics were found to reflect the local conductivity normal to the nanosheets. Under high electric fields, the conduction was well described in terms of Poole–Frenkel emission mechanism. The fitting of I–V curves to the Poole–Frenkel model provides information on dielectric properties, and the relative permittivity of graphene oxide was found to be 4.8 ± 0.8.
Foam Superstabilization by Lamellar Liquid Crystal Gels
Authors: Yan Yong-Li , Jia Xin-Gang , Meng Mei , Qu Cheng-Tun 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Highly stable microbubble dispersions with mean bubble radii of less than 100 µm stabilized solely with nonionic surfactant of glyceryl monostearate are reported, and the stability was sustained for more than 10 months which is attributed to the presence of lamellar liquid-crystal gels. The elastic response of the interface provides a physical barrier to collapse of dispersed microbubbles. Our study identifies a route to fabricate extremely stable dispersions of microbubbles.
Tuning Photoluminescent Wavelength of Water-Soluble Oligothiophene/Polymer Complex Film by Proton Bonding
Authors: Kondo Mizuho , Miyake Jun-ichi , Tada Kazuya , Kawatsuki Nobuhiro 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
We synthesized a new oligothiophene derivative with pyridine end groups and investigated their optical properties. Upon adding an aqueous polystyrene sulfonic acid solution, it forms homogeneous polymer complex films with protonated structure. Furthermore, reversible color change in photoluminescence in response to a base due to reversible protonation of pyridyl end groups in oligothiophene was demonstrated, which can be applied to acid sensors.
Separation of Naproxen Enantiomers Using Hollow Fiber Molecularly Imprinted Membrane Chromatography
Authors: Bing Nai Ci , Tian Zhen , Jin Hai Ying , Wang Li Jun , Zhu Lu Ping , Xu Zhen Liang 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
In this paper, the use of molecularly imprinted membrane (MIM) for chromatographic separation is described. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) hollow-fiber membranes were grafted on an imprinted polymer layer by using 4-vinylpyridine and trimethylolpropane triacrylate as monomer and crosslinker and were applied as the chromatographic media. During separation, naproxen enantiomers were separated efficiently, and the separation factor was 2.36. Molecularly imprinted membrane chromatography (MIMC) showed an apparently opposite transport behavior compared to molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-packed chromatography.
Organelle stress-induced activating transcription factor-3 downregulates low-density lipoprotein receptor expression in Sk-Hep1 human liver cells
Authors: Lim Joo Hyun , Lee Hyo Jung , Pak Youngmi Kim , Kim Won-Ho , Song Jihyun 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) plays a central role in cholesterol homeostasis. Here, we provide evidence that an increase in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response or a disturbance of mitochondrial function inhibits LDLR expression in human liver Sk-Hep1 cells. Both organelle stresses triggered activation of activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3), which subsequently reduced LDLR expression. Serial deletion studies revealed that theLDLRpromoter region within -234 bp was involved in the repression of LDLR by ATF3. In addition, we identified the region between -8 and -3 of LDLR promoter region as a putative binding site for ATF3 by using deletion construct lacking 6 bp nucleotide corresponding to this region. Transfection ofATF3-specific siRNA rescued LDLR expression under organelle stress, indicating that ATF3 was mainly responsible for the repression of LDLR by these stressors. Additionally, chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that ATF3 directly binds to the LDLR promoter in a stress-dependent manner. The unique sterol-independent LDLR repression by organelle stress via ATF3 demonstrated here could be involved in obesity-related hypercholesterolemia, which can lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Organosolv pretreatment of olive tree biomass for fermentable sugars
Authors: Díaz Manuel J. , Huijgen Wouter J.J. , van der Laan Ron R. , Reith Johannes H. , Cara Cristóbal , Castro Eulogio 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Olive tree pruning biomass is one of the main agricultural residues available in Mediterranean countries and is currently lacking commercial applications. To take advantage of its sugar content, a pretreatment is necessary to enhance enzyme accessibility of the cellulose fraction of the residue. This paper describes for the first time the use of organosolv pretreatment in this regard. The main process variables such as pretreatment temperature, residence time, and solvent composition (aqueous ethanol) are studied. Results show that organosolv pretreatment causes delignification and hydrolysis of hemicelluloses and improves the enzymatic digestibility of olive tree pruning biomass. A higher pretreatment severity and ethanol content of the solvent were found to increase delignification (up to 64% at 66% w/w aqueous ethanol, 210°C, 60 min). By contrast, xylan hydrolysis was promoted by a lower ethanol content (maximum 92%). The highest enzymatic hydrolysis yield (90% of the structural glucan present in the raw material) has been obtained after pretreatment with 43% w/w aqueous ethanol at 210°C for 15 min. Organosolv pretreatment was found to be the most effective pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of olive tree pruning biomass.
The effect of galactan content on the mechano-sorptive strain in loblolly pine
Authors: Entwistle Kenneth , Chauhan Shakti 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Mechano-sorptive (MS) strains were measured in torsion on eight loblolly pine specimens as a function of galactan content. The strains were generated by an increase of environmental humidity from 38% to 84% and were measured during an anticlockwise and a clockwise loading scheme that caused the specimen to recover its original dimensions at the end of the test. The magnitude of the MS strains was found to be independent of galactan concentration. The specimens with high and low galactan contents had different MS strains but the average of the measured data was the same. The number of observations (eight) was too small for a reliable statistical analysis to identify the regressors that are the main sources of the strain variations. The cell structure of the specimens was visualised by X-ray tomography.
Comparison of NDE techniques for assessing mechanical properties of unjointed and finger-jointed lumber
Authors: Biechele Tobias , Chui Ying Hei , Gong Meng 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods are common for grading structural lumber with static bending as the traditional NDE method for strength. More recently, longitudinal and transverse vibration techniques have also been proposed for grading lumber. In this study, unjointed and finger-jointed sawn lumber has been evaluated by these traditional and relatively new NDE methods. In total, 188 pieces of 38 mm×89 mm black spruce lumber were tested. Of these, 40 were unjointed, 47 had 2–3 finger joints, and 101 had 5–7 finger joints. The main objective was to evaluate the reliability of the various NDE techniques in predicting the bending stiffness and tensile strength of finger-jointed lumber with different number of finger joints. Results show that all NDE methods provide stiffness values of unjointed and finger-jointed lumber that correlate well with laboratory measured static bending stiffness with R2 values ranging from 0.76 to 0.97. Moreover, lumber with finger joints has lower bending stiffness than unjointed lumber. Based on the correlation coefficients, there is no evidence that finger joints affect the precision of the strength prediction by NDE methods.
Aging of wood: Analysis of color changes during natural aging and heat treatment
Authors: Matsuo Miyuki , Yokoyama Misao , Umemura Kenji , Sugiyama Junji , Kawai Shuichi , Gril Joseph , Kubodera Shigeru , Mitsutani Takumi , Ozaki Hiromasa , Sakamoto Minoru , Imamura Mineo 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe color properties of aging wood samples from historical buildings have been compared with those of recent wood samples that were heat treated at temperatures ranging from 90°C to 180°C. The results of kinetic analysis obtained by the time-temperature superposition method showed that the color change during natural aging was mainly due to a slow and mild oxidation process. In other words, heat treatment could accelerate the changes in wood color that occur during aging. In one sample, the color change (ΔE*ab) after 921 years at ambient temperature was almost equivalent to that of heating (artificial aging) approximately for 6.7 h at 180°C. The results have been interpreted that the aging and the subsequent change in wood color begin at the time of tree harvesting.
Fracture-Mechanical Characterization of Parquet-Adhesive-Screed Systems
Authors: Jamek M. , Tschegg E. K. , Stamminger O. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Parquet-adhesives-screed-compounds are convenient systems when it comes to laying planks of wood on cementitious screeds indoors. Established testing methods for characterizing construction materials can be used to describe and evaluate these systems. This paper compares three different frequently used adhesives in terms of crack growth resistance and notch-tensile strength. The fracture-mechanical properties were determined by means of the wedge-splitting test. The results show that the wedge-splitting test shows the differences between these three adhesive systems much more clearly than the inter-laminar tensile test, as the latter is not accurate enough for characterizing material properties because of lacking information about the strain softening behavior and the fracture energy.
Portable solid state scintillation calibrator for beta microirradiator
Authors: Steeb Jennifer , West Ryan , Janata Jirí 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A microirradiator is a radiation tool with a low amount of total activity but high flux density due to its small active area. The solid state calibrator is designed to be a bench-top detection device in conjunction with the microirradiator for ease of detection and calibration of the source. Results indicate that the device is more accurate and precise during longer measurements, and the addition of liquid scintillation cocktail with plastic scintillation increases the efficiency of detection. Ni-63 is commonly measured by a liquid scintillation cocktail due to the low energy (67 keV max.) beta electrons emitted. Here we report the assembly and calibration of a solid state scintillation device to detect and measure total activity vs. liquid scintillation of Ni-63.
Photoluminescent nano-sized ternary and quaternary complexes of thorium(IV)
Authors: Baranwal B. P. , Jain A. K. , Varma A. , Singh A. K. , Fatma T. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Some ternary and quaternary complexes of thorium(IV) with the general formula [Th(OOCCH3)2−n
(SB)
n
(OOCC15H31)2] (HSB=Schiff bases and n=1 or 2) have been synthesized by the stepwise substitutions of acetate ions from thorium(IV) acetate, first with straight chain carboxylic acid and then with Schiff bases. The complexes are characterized by elemental analyses, spectral (electronic, infrared, 1H NMR, FAB mass, photoluminescence and powder XRD) and TEM studies. Conductance measurements indicated non-conducting behaviour of the complexes. Structural parameters from powder XRD data for complexes 5 and 6 which indicate poorly crystalline nano-sized triclinic particles. Electronic absorption spectra of the complexes showed π→π
*
and n→π
*
charge transfer transitions. All complexes displayed fluorescence and a correlation was sought between luminescence spectra of complexes in solution at room temperature. On the basis of physico-chemical studies, coordination number 8 was assigned for thorium(IV) in the complexes. The morphology and microstructure of the complexes were examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the selected area electron diffraction (SAED).
Thermodynamic study of Th(IV) complexes with dicarboxylates by potentiometry and calorimetry
Authors: Rawat Neetika , Sharma R. S. , Nishad Abdul , Tomar B. S. , Manchanda V. K. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The thermodynamic quantities (ΔG
c, ΔH
c and ΔS
c) for formation of Th(IV) complexes with dicarboxylic ligands, namely, malonate, succinate, glutarate and adipate were determined using potentiometry and calorimetry. The protonation constants of the dicarboxylate ligands were determined by potentiometric titration of the ligand solution, while the corresponding enthalpy values were taken from the literature. In the case of Th(IV)-malonate, multiple species (ML
j
, j=1–3) were revealed from the potentiometric data, while in the case of higher homologues, the data for only 1:1 complex could be obtained owing to precipitation at higher ligand concentration. The effect of chain length on the thermodynamic parameters of Th(IV)-dicarboxylate complexation was studied. All the complexation reactions were found to be highly entropy driven, which is the characteristic of the hard acid (metal ion) and hard base (ligand) interactions. The TΔS
c values for 1:1 complexes were found to be nearly constant while the ΔH
c values increased from malonate to glutarate and then leveled off in adipate. The thermodynamic data of Th(IV) have been compared with corresponding data for U(VI) and rare earths.
Injection Site and Risk of Medically Attended Local Reactions to Acellular Pertussis Vaccine
Authors: Jackson Lisa A. , Yu Onchee , Nelson Jennifer C. , Dominguez Clara , Peterson Do , Baxter Roger , Hambidge Simon J. , Naleway Allison L. , Belongia Edward A. , Nordin James D. , Baggs James ,   for the Vaccine Safety Datalink Team
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE:To assess whether the risk of medically attended local reactions to the fifth dose of the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine varies according to injection site (arm versus thigh).METHODS:We conducted a retrospective cohort study of children aged 4 through 6 years in the Vaccine Safety Datalink population who received a DTaP vaccination during the period from 2002 through 2006. Medically attended local reactions to the DTaP vaccine were presumptively identified from administrative data and were confirmed by medical record review.RESULTS:Among the 233 616 children in the study population, 1017 (0.4%) had a confirmed medically attended local reaction to the fifth dose of the DTaP vaccine. The rate of those reactions was significantly higher with vaccinations given in the arm (47.4 per 10 000 vaccinations) compared with vaccinations given in the thigh (32.1 per 10 000 vaccinations) (P &lt; .001). In a multivariable analysis adjusted for age, gender, and study site, children vaccinated in the arm had a 78% higher risk of a local reaction (relative risk: 1.78 [95% confidence interval: 1.43–2.21]).CONCLUSIONS:Local reactions to the fifth dose of the DTaP vaccine that require medical evaluation are uncommon, but the risk of those reactions is significantly higher when the vaccine is injected in the arm. These findings suggest that the thigh should be considered as an acceptable site of injection for this vaccination.
Overturning conclusions of Lévy flight movement patterns by fishing boats and foraging animals
Authors: Edwards Andrew M. 
Published: February 2011

A surprisingly diverse variety of foragers have previously been concluded to exhibit movement patterns known as Lévy flights, a special type of random walk. These foragers range in size from microzooplankton in experiments to fishermen in the Pacific Ocean and the North Sea. The Lévy flight conclusion implies that all the foragers have similar scale‐free movement patterns that can be described by a single dimensionless parameter, the exponent μ of a power‐law (Pareto) distribution. However, the previous conclusions have been made using methods that have since been shown to be problematic: inaccurate techniques were used to estimate μ, and the power‐law distribution was usually assumed to hold without testing any alternative hypotheses.Therefore, I address the open question of whether the previous data still support the Lévy flight hypothesis, and thus determine whether Lévy flights really are so ubiquitous in ecology. I present a comprehensive reanalysis of 17 data sets from seven previous studies for which Lévy flight behavior had been concluded, covering marine, terrestrial, and experimental systems from four continents. I use the modern likelihood and Akaike weights approach to test whether simple alternative models are more supported by the data than Lévy flights.The previously estimated values of the power‐law exponent μ do not match those calculated here using the accurate likelihood approach, and almost all of them lie outside of the likelihood‐based 95% confidence intervals. Furthermore, the original power‐law Lévy flight model is overwhelmingly rejected for 16 out of the 17 data sets when tested against three other simple models. For one data set, the data are consistent with coming from a bounded power‐law distribution (a truncated Lévy flight). For three other data sets, an exponential distribution corresponding to a simple Poisson process is suitable. Thus, Lévy flight movement patterns are not the common phenomena that was once thought, and are not suitable for use as ecosystem indicators for fisheries management, as has been proposed.
Audit Risk Assessments Using Belief versus Probability
Authors: Fukukawa Hironori , Mock Theodore J. 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARY: Important audit judgments concerning client selection, audit program planning, and risk assessment all may be impacted by the approach taken to assess risk and to interpret audit evidence. This experimental study examines whether auditors’ risk assessments are influenced by the risk assessment approach and by assertion framing. Risk assessment approach was manipulated by eliciting belief-based versus probability-based risk assessments. Assertion framing was manipulated by stating the financial statement assertions to be examined in a positive versus negative form.
Four measures of risk of material misstatement are compared, including one based on the Cobb and Shenoy (2003a, 2003b, 2006) transformation of beliefs into “probabilities.” Both risk assessment approach and assertion framing effects on the auditors’ risk assessments are observed. Given these significant differences, the risk measure(s) the auditor chooses to focus on and the way assertions are framed are shown to be important audit choices in that such choices may impact both audit effectiveness and efficiency.
Effects of different levels of zinc on growth and yield of red amaranth (<i>Amaranthus sp.</i>) and rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>, Variety-BR49)
Authors: Malik NJ , Chamon AS , Mondol MN , Elahi SF , Faiz SMA 
Published: February 2011

Two pot experiments were conducted at the Dept. of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka to examine the effects of Zn on red amaranth (Amaranthus sp.) and rice (Oryza sativa). The soil collected from Bhaluka, Mymensingh (Chandra series), had the following general characteristics; pH 6.0, E.C 134 μS cm-1, organic matter 2.20%, organic carbon 1.27%, total N, P, K 0.024, O.07 and 0.05 % respectively. The total Zn content was 20 ppm and the texture was silty loam. Four Zn levels were maintained by treating the experimental soils with 0, 200, 300 and 400 mg Zn/kg soil. Roots & shoots of red amaranth and rice were collected after 45 and 90 days of sowing respectively. A significant impact of zinc was observed on growth and yield of red amaranth and rice. The concentration of zinc increased with increasing zinc treatment in red amaranth and rice roots, shoots and grain. The length of roots and shoots, the fresh and dry matter production decreased with increasing zinc levels for red amaranth. In case of Rice the length of roots, shoots and spikelets increased with increasing zinc levels and the highest was observed at 200 ppm Zn. The fresh and dry matter production at first decreased at 200 ppm Zn but increased at 300 and 400 ppm Zn for Rice. The results showed that zinc influenced the growth and yield of red amaranth and rice. Keywords: Zinc; Toxicity; Treatments; Yield; Uptake; Heavy metal.DOI: 10.3329/jbayr.v1i1.6836Journal of Bangladesh Association of Young Researchers Vol.1(1) 2011 pp.79-91