bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of temperature on polyethylene teraphthalate coated ECCS plates in acetic‐acetate medium
Authors: Zumelzu E. , Rull F. , Ortega C. , Cabezas C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractElectrolytic chromium‐coated steel plates with a polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) polymer coating, used in the manufacturing of both flat and rippled wall cans and containers, were submitted to 40, 60, and 80°C heating in an acetic‐acetate medium and to electrochemical polarization tests, to study the PET coating degradation and the structural changes leading to a loss of the protection capacity of the steel, as well as to determine the detachment at the interface level. The samples were analyzed by Raman vibrational spectroscopy, micro‐Raman, and attenuated total reflection to evaluate changes in the composition and structure of the coatings. Also, the PET surface was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to establish the coating degradation. Spectroscopy analyses showed small changes of crystallinity in the PET thickness at 80°C and a reduced effect of the mechanical forming of plates on crystallinity. The SEM characterization evidenced the presence of surface defects and failures on the coating caused by the acetic‐acetate medium. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effect of gel spinning accompanied with cross‐linking using boric acid on the structure and properties of high‐molecular‐weight poly(vinyl alcohol) fiber
Authors: Jo Yong Gu , Shin Eun Joo , Lee Young Jae , Yoon Won Sik , Han Sung Soo , Lee Yang Hun , Lee Yong Rok , Noh Seok Kyun , Gal Yeong Soon , Lyoo Won Seok 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTo enhance the thermal stability of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) fiber, the fiber was prepared from the gel spinning of high molecular weight (HMW) PVA by using dimethyl sulfoxide/water (8/2, v/v) as a solvent, accompanied with the cross‐link by boric acid (B‐PVA). In addition, the structure and properties of the B‐PVA fiber were compared with those of the HMW PVA fiber obtained by using the same spinning system without cross‐linking (NB‐PVA). Through a series of experiments, it turned out that cross‐linking actualized by an optimum amount of boric acid (0.3 wt % based on PVA) and zone drawing caused significant changes in the properties of HMW PVA gel fiber. That is, cross‐linking increased thermal degradation temperatures at each degradation step and amounts of final residues, resulting in improving thermal properties of the PVA fiber. On the contrary, it was found that in the case of the B‐PVA fiber, some broadening of the original PVA unit cell occurred, which was identified by the peak shift to lower angle in X‐ray diffractogram. The tensile strength and Young's modulus of B‐PVA fiber with draw ratio of 15 are 23.1 and 308.3 g/d, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Nanocomposites of styrene–butadiene rubber and synthetic anatase obtained by a colloidal route and their photooxidation
Authors: Arantes Tatiane M. , Leite Edson R. , Longo Elson , Camargo Emerson R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPhotodegradable styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR)/TiO2 nanocomposites were prepared by a colloidal route through the simple mixing of a commercial polymer latex and synthetic anatase nanoparticles. Stable colloids of pure anatase TiO2 nanoparticles with an average diameter of 7 nm were prepared by a solvothermal route from the hydrolysis of titanium alkoxide by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of oleic acid. The photocatalytic degradation of the SBR–TiO2 nanocomposites was carried out in ambient air at room temperature under a UV lamp and was monitored by Fourier transform infrared and UV–visible spectroscopies and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that the SBR–TiO2 nanocomposites were photocatalytically degraded under UV light, which indicate that the butadiene chains in the nanocomposite were oxidized during UV irradiation. Thermal analysis measurements indicated that crosslinking reactions occurred. The presence of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles was found to accelerate the photocatalytic process, and the degradation mechanism was similar to that of the pure SBR polymer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Poly(L‐lactic acid) nanocomposites with layered double hydroxides functionalized with ibuprofen
Authors: Dagnon Koffi L. , Ambadapadi Sriram , Shaito Ali , Ogbomo Sunny M. , DeLeon Vallerie , Golden Teresa D. , Rahimi Maham , Nguyen Kytai , Braterman Paul S. , D'Souza Nandika Anne 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe detrimental effect of cell adhesion on polymer surfaces has been a limiting factor in the medical deployment of many implants. We examined the potential to decrease cell proliferation while simultaneously increasing mechanical performance through Zn–Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) organically modified with ibuprofen dispersed in poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA). These composites are commonly referred to as nanocomposites. The thermophysical and mechanical properties of the hybrids were studied with wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile testing. The WAXD and TEM results indicated that intercalated and exfoliated nanocomposites were obtained. The storage modulus, tensile modulus, and ultimate tensile strength were improved. The LDH affected the cold crystallization and reduced the thermal stability of the neat PLLA. Smooth muscle cells were used for in vitro studies of the nanocomposites. It was found that the hybrids reduced cell proliferation, and the amount of cell reduction was related to ibuprofen release. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effects of different interphases on the mechanical properties of cured silanized silica‐filled styrene–butadiene/polybutadiene rubber blends for use in passenger car tire treads
Authors: Ostad‐Movahed S. , Ansarifar A. , Song M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPolybutadiene (BR) and styrene–butadiene (SBR) rubbers containing the same loading of precipitated silica nanofiller were prepared. The silica surfaces were pretreated with bis(3‐triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide to chemically bond the silica to the rubber. The rubber compounds were mixed together for different times and at different temperatures to produce SBR/BR blends. The mass fraction and composition values of the interphases in the blends were subsequently determined with modulated‐temperature differential scanning calorimetry. These properties changed substantially as a function of mixing temperature and mixing time. The hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, stored energy density at break, tear strength, modulus, abrasion resistance, heat buildup, and loss tangent of the cured blends were measured over a wide range of test conditions. Elongation at break, stored energy density at break, tearing energy, and abrasion resistance benefited from increases in the mass fraction of the interphase. The remaining properties were influenced mainly by the filler loading and mixing time of the two rubber compounds. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Poly[4‐(4‐vinylbenzyloxy)‐2‐hydroxylbenzaldehyde] for rapid removal of low concentrations of Pb(II)
Authors: Amoyaw Prince , Ingram Conrad , Hsu Fu‐Lian , Bu Xiu R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPoly[4‐(4‐vinylbenzyloxy)‐2‐hydroxylbenzaldehyde] was evaluated for removing low concentrations of lead(II) in ppb levels from aqueous media. The effects of the pH condition and the initial lead concentrations on removal were examined. It was found that the metal absorption is best described with the Langmuir model. The RL values obtained between 0.01 and 0.23 indicate that favorable absorption occurs in the studied concentration ranges. The kinetic study revealed that the metal removal proceeds at a very fast pace—less than 30 s—to reach the maximum capacity. The data fit the description of pseudo–second‐order rate. The dynamic column study for real‐time practical absorption also was investigated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
The effects of spinning temperature on morphologies and properties of polyethersulfone hollow fiber membranes
Authors: Zhu Li‐Ping , Yu Jing‐Zhen , Xu You‐Yi , Zhu Bao‐Ku 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPolyethersulfone (PES) hollow fiber membranes were prepared by traditional dry‐wet spinning technique. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize membrane morphologies, and the membrane properties were evaluated via bubble point measurements and ultrafiltration experiments. The effects of spinning temperature on the morphologies and properties of PES fibers were investigated in detail. At a high spinning temperature, the obtained membrane structure consisting of a thin skin‐layer and loose sponge‐like sublayer endows PES membrane with not only good permeability, but also high solute rejection. Based on the determination of ternary phase diagrams and light transmittance curves, the relationship of membrane morphologies with thermodynamics and precipitation kinetics of membrane‐forming system was discussed. It was concluded that the morphologies and properties of PES hollow fiber membrane could be conveniently tuned by the adjustment of the spinning temperature and air gap. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Thermally responsive poly[N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐2‐hydroxyethylacrylate] colloidal crystals included in β‐cyclodextrin for controlled drug delivery
Authors: Mathews Anu Stella , Cho Won‐Jei , Kim Il , Ha Chang‐Sik 
Published: April 2009

AbstractNovel temperature‐sensitive poly[N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐2‐hydroxyethylacrylate] [P(NIPAAm‐HEAc)] colloidal crystals containing β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) were prepared. These reversibly tunable supramolecular inclusion complexes display brilliant colors, due to the self‐assembly of several structured nanoparticles to form crystal structures. The hydrogels displayed rainbow colors upon the variation of the β‐CD concentration and can be made either visible or invisible by simply changing the temperature. The inclusion complexes were characterized using NMR spectroscopy, laser light scattering, UV–visible spectroscopy, and viscometer measurements. Compared with the conventional poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) gel, the β‐CD‐incorporated hydrogels in aqueous solution showed a lower critical solution temperature of about 57°C, which can be attributed to the hydrogen bonding between P(NIPAAm‐HEAc) included in β‐CD and water, which is enhanced by the hydrophilic groups of β‐CD. The use of these materials as drug carriers was also evaluated by making use of their thermo‐responsive behavior. The release time of a model drug, 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU), from the novel inclusion complexes was prolonged in comparison to that from P(NIPAAm‐HEAc) without β‐CD. The significance of the present drug delivery system is the mixing of the gel and drug without any chemical reaction at room temperature, resulting in a gelled drug depot for slow and controlled release. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Electrospinning fabrication and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol)/montmorillonite nanofiber mats
Authors: Lee Hyun Woo , Karim Mohammad Rezaul , Ji Hyun Mi , Choi Jin Hyun , Ghim Han Do , Park Sung Min , Oh Weontae , Yeum Jeong Hyun 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/montmorillonite clay (MMT) nanofiber mats have been fabricated by the electrospinning technique. The PVA/MMT nanofiber mats were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and mechanical measurements. The study showed that the introduction of MMT results in improvement in tensile strength, and thermal stability of the PVA matrix. XRD patterns and SEM micrographs suggest the coexistence of exfoliated MMT layers over the studied MMT contents. FTIR revealed that there might be possible interaction occurred between the MMT clay and PVA matrix. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Dielectric properties of nanotube reinforced butyl elastomer composites
Authors: Dang Thi To Nga , Mahapatra S. P. , Sridhar V. , Kim J. K. , Kim K‐J. , Kwak H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDielectric relaxation behavior of multiwalled carbon nanotube reinforced butyl rubber composites has been studied as a function of variation in filler in the frequency range of 20–2 × 106 Hz. The effect of variation in filler loadings on the complex and real parts of impedance was distinctly visible, which has been explained on the basis of interfacial polarization of fillers in a heterogeneous medium and relaxation dynamics of polymer chains in the vicinity of fillers. The electric modulus formalism has been used to further investigate the conductivity and relaxation phenomenon. The frequency dependence of AC conductivity has been investigated by using Percolation theory. The phenomenon of percolation in the composites has been discussed based on the measured changes in electric conductivity and morphology of composites at different concentrations of the filler. The percolation threshold as studied by AC conductivity occurred in the vicinity of 6–8 phr of filler loading. Scanning electron microscope microphotographs showed agglomeration of the filler above this concentration and formation of a continuous network structure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Thermal and crystallization properties of PBT/ABAS blends
Authors: Tomar Neetu , Maiti S. N. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBlends of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) with poly(acrylonitrile‐butyl acrylate‐styrene) (ABAS) were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) studies. Addition of ABAS polymer to PBT improved the thermal stability of PBT. Infrared studies showed that ABAS polymer chemically interacts with PBT. The crystallization behavior of PBT was modified in the presence of ABAS polymer. The ABAS polymer showed inappreciable effect on melting behavior of PBT but decreased its crystallization. WAXD studies showed some modification in PBT peaks and a peak with increasing intensity corresponding to the β‐crystalline form of PBT. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Optimization of PVC– PAN‐based polymer electrolytes
Authors: Rajendran Somasundaram , Babu Ravishanker , Sivakumar Periyasami 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe hybrid plasticized polymer electrolyte composed of the blend of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) as host polymer, propylene carbonate as plasticizer, and LiClO4 as a salt was studied. An attempt was made to optimize the polymer blend ratio. XRD, Fourier transform infrared, and DSC studies confirm the formation of polymer–salt complex and miscibility of the PVC and PAN. The electrical conductivity and temperature dependence of ionic conductivity of polymer films are also studied and reported here. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and characterization of cross‐linked polymeric nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery applications
Authors: Al‐Manasir Nodar , Kjøniksen Anna‐Lena , Nyström Bo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractChemically cross‐linked nanoparticles from dilute aqueous alkali solutions of hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) in the presence of a cross‐linker agent (divinyl sulfone, DVS) were prepared from a reaction mixture, which was exposed to different stirring speeds during the cross‐linking process. At various stages during the cross‐linking procedure, the reaction was terminated and the species were characterized by means of turbidimetry, asymmetric flow field‐flow fractionation (AFFFF), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and rheo‐small‐angle light scattering (rheo‐SALS) methods. During the cross‐linking of a dilute polymer solution, the competition between intrapolymer and interpolymer is a prominent feature. The DLS results show that at early times in the cross‐linking process, intrachain cross‐linking with contraction of the complexes is promoted by high stirring speeds; at later times the growth of aggregates is inhibited by high stirring speeds. The results from the rheo‐SALS measurements disclosed that at early times during the cross‐linker reaction, the complexes are fragile against shear forces if the reaction mixture had been subjected to low stirring speeds. At a later state of cross‐linking, more cross‐links lead to better stability of the species, even for solutions that have been exposed to low stirring speeds during the cross‐linking process. This study shows that the sizes of the particles can be tuned by exposing the solutions to different stirring speeds during the cross‐linker reaction and to terminate the reaction at desired reaction times. The strategy discussed in this work for the preparation of particles of various sizes is of special interest in connection with enhanced oil recovery applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Phase structure and properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/high‐density polyethylene based on recycled materials
Authors: Lei Yong , Wu Qinglin , Clemons Craig M. , Guo Weihong 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBlends based on recycled high density polyethylene (R‐HDPE) and recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (R‐PET) were made through reactive extrusion. The effects of maleated polyethylene (PE‐g‐MA), triblock copolymer of styrene and ethylene/butylene (SEBS), and 4,4′‐methylenedi(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) on blend properties were studied. The 2% PE‐g‐MA improved the compatibility of R‐HDPE and R‐PET in all blends toughened by SEBS. For the R‐HDPE/R‐PET (70/30 w/w) blend toughened by SEBS, the dispersed PET domain size was significantly reduced with use of 2% PE‐g‐MA, and the impact strength of the resultant blend doubled. For blends with R‐PET matrix, all strengths were improved by adding MDI through extending the PET molecular chains. The crystalline behaviors of R‐HDPE and R‐PET in one‐phase rich systems influenced each other. The addition of PE‐g‐MA and SEBS consistently reduced the crystalline level (χc) of either the R‐PET or the R‐HDPE phase and lowered the crystallization peak temperature (Tc) of R‐PET. Further addition of MDI did not influence R‐HDPE crystallization behavior but lowered the χc of R‐PET in R‐PET rich blends. The thermal stability of R‐HDPE/R‐PET 70/30 and 50/50 (w/w) blends were improved by chain‐extension when 0.5% MDI was added. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of functional polypropylene via solid‐phase grafting soft vinyl monomer and its mechanism
Authors: Wang Jian , Wang Dengfei , Du Wei , Zou Enguang , Dong Qun 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSolid‐phase grafting of a soft vinyl monomer, butyl methylacrylate (BMA), onto polypropylene (PP) matrixes with 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator was carried out to enhance the polarity of polymer. Soft vinyl monomer was a novel notion in grafting modification of PP. Effects of swell time, BMA concentration, AIBN concentration, grafting reaction time, and temperature on grafting percentage (Gp) and grafting efficiency (Ge) were examined. The optimal conditions of grafting reaction were obtained: swell time of 60 min, BMA concentration of 6 wt %, AIBN concentration of 0.05 wt %, reaction temperature of 85°C, and reaction time of 2 h. The grafting samples were investigated by such characterization techniques as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. FTIR results indicated that BMA was actually grafted onto PP backbone. TGA results showed that the decomposition temperature increases with addition of BMA into PP backbone. SEM results indicated that the surfaces of PP‐g‐BMA had a markedly bumpy texture, whereas the pure PP surface was very smooth. Water contact angle results showed that the polarity and hydrophilicity of PP were improved effectively. Compared with the traditional monomer MAH, Gp, and Ge, melt flow rate and mechanical property results all indicated that the soft vinyl monomer had a many advantages in the modification of PP. In the end, the mechanism of solid grafting was discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Influence of compatibilizer on notched impact strength and fractography of HDPE–organoclay composites
Authors: Rattanawijan Waraporn , Amornsakchai Taweechai , Amornsakchai Pornsawan , Petiraksakul Pinsupha 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe focus of this study was the notched impact property of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)–organoclay composites and the resultant morphology of impact‐fractured surfaces. Composites with a different organoclay content and degree of organoclay dispersion were compared with neat HDPE under identical conditions. The degree of organoclay dispersion was controlled through the use of a compatibilizer, maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene. It was found that the addition of organoclay can slightly increase the elastic modulus and notched impact strength of the composite. When the level of organoclay dispersion was improved by using compatibilizer, elastic modulus and toughness further increased. A significant increase in yield strength was also notable. The presence of organoclay was found to suppress strain hardening of the matrix during tensile testing. The impact‐fractured surfaces of failed specimens were studied with scanning electron microscopy. The micromechanism for the increased toughness of HDPE–organoclay composites was discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of polymers from soybean oil and p‐dinitrosobenzene
Authors: Mutlu Hatice , Kusefoglu Selim H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this study, rubbery, bio‐based thermoset polymers were synthesized from soybean oil (SO) and p‐dinitrosobenzene (DNB) via an ene reaction. Polymeric p‐dinitrosobenzene (PDNB) was synthesized from p‐quinone dioxime and was thermally depolymerized in the presence of SO. SO/PDNB polymers were synthesized by a two‐stage polymerization. During the reaction, the role of different parameters such as mol ratio of SO and PDNB, preheating temperature of SO, polymerization time, and temperature were examined. Polymerization was followed by IR spectroscopy, and the polymers obtained were characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The polymers have glass transition temperature ranging from −51.5°C to −46.3°C, whereas their storage moduli are between 430 and 210 MPa at −60°C. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that all of the polymers have temperatures of maximum degradation around 500°C. The crosslinked network structure of the polymers was investigated by swelling behavior and surface hardness test. Methyl oleate was used as a model compound to examine the chemical structure of the products. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and application of CDA‐beta‐CD in controlling release of drug
Authors: Tan Ying , Hu Aixi , Xia Lin , You Tianbiao , Cao Jianhua 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTo chemically attach beta‐cyclodextrin (beta‐CD) molecules to cellulose diacetate (CDA), an isocyanate containing preformed polymer was synthesized by prepolymerization of CDA and toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate (TDI), which was then grafted with beta‐CD. Effects of reaction temperature, time, and mixture ratio on reactions were observed. The structure of CDA‐beta‐CD was characterized by 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectra; the release of CDA‐beta‐CD with medicament naproxen by dynamic dialysis in the artificial simulated intestinal fluid (pH = 7.4) was studied in vitro. Results indicated that the release time could reach more than 8 h at a graft ratio of 68.7%, which showed a good controlled‐release drug effect. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009