bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use and Reproducibility of a Gage to Measure the Lateral Expansion of Charpy V-Notch Impact Specimens
Authors: Holt JM 
Published: March 2009

Because the lateral expansion that occurs on the compression side of the Charpy V-notch specimen, directly opposite the notch, appears to be a direct measure of notch ductility and appears to be independent of strength variation and of chemical composition, its use as a notch-ductility criterion is increasing. During the years that U. S. Steel Corporation has been measuring lateral expansion, a gage was developed for measuring this value rapidly. This paper describes the gage and the method for using it and presents the results of a test program conducted on standard specimens of A36 and ASTM 514 Type F steels to determine the accuracy and reproducibility of lateral-expansion measurements made with this gage. Measurements were made at several U. S. Steel Corporation plants that produce or use plates to ensure that plant personnel are able to obtain the same values as those obtained at a research laboratory, within an allowable tolerance.
The results of the test program may be summarized as follows: (1) The accuracy of the measurements was the same as the accuracy of the dial indicator that was integral with the gage; for the standard 1-mil gage, this accuracy is ±2 mils (1 mil = 0.001 in.). (2) The reproducibility of measurements made with the standard gage was about the same as the accuracy, that is, ±2 mils. (3) Prior experience in using the gage is not necessary to obtain this degree of reproducibility. (4) Plant personnel can obtain values that are in agreement with those obtained at a research laboratory. (5) Measurements made with micrometers were accurate and were generally reproducible to the same degree as the gage; however, considerably greater care is required in making micrometer measurements, and, for this reason, the use of the dial gage is recommended over the use of micrometers.
Improved precision can be obtained by replacing the standard 1-mil dial indicator with a 1/10-mil (0.0001 in.) dial indicator at modest additional cost.
Protocol for the Evaluation of Poison Prevention Packaging
Authors: Perritt AM 
Published: March 2009

The protocol for the evaluation of poison prevention packaging is the procedure to meet government standards for conducting child-proof unit tests involving child and adult panel testing. It was established by a joint government-industry committee on safety closures and then modified by the Food and Drug Administration which also developed poison prevention packaging standards. Currently the Consumer Product Safety Commission and the Environmental Protection Agency are responsible for poison prevention packaging on products.
Protocol parameters are test units, panelists (considered both by age and number), testing time, testing place, and interviewers.
The major problems in protocol studies are the strict requirements for specific age and sex groupings of panelists, communications with nursery schools, what is a safe-on position, and adult acceptance of poison prevention packaging.
A thorough quality assurance program including auditing of marketed products should follow protocol testing.
Canadian Standards Association Services in Standards and Certification for Child-Resistant Packaging
Authors: Shaw CW 
Published: March 2009

This paper explains the services rendered by the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) as a national standards writing body and as a testing laboratory. The paper shows how CSA certified that a given product line or system meets a specified standard once a prototype has been satisfactorily tested to the requirements of that standard.
The historical development in Canada of child-resistant packaging is related with the development in the United States of the “child-adult test protocol.”
The need for scientific test measurements of the anthropometric forces used in opening and closing child-resistant packages is explained. The use of these scientific test measurements has enabled the CSA to certify that packages in the marketplace are effectively identical to those originally submitted to the child-adult protocol test.
Several provincial governments in Canada have mandated the CSA certification of child-resistant packages. In so doing, these governments have established a “preclearance” of a package's child resistant and adult use capabilities. Otherwise, the need to prove compliance or non-compliance of the package's intended integrity in the marketplace remains a burden-some and difficult problem of resolve.
Cathodic Protection for Reinforcing Steel in Concrete
Authors: Vrable JB 
Published: March 2009

Chloride-induced corrosion of the reinforcing steel in concrete is a major cause of premature concrete deterioration. This presentation describes the results of an investigation sponsored by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (Project 12–13) into the use of cathodic protection as a method of suppressing the corrosion of reinforcing steel in highway bridge concrete decks. The principal cause of bridge-deck corrosion is salt used for snow and ice removal. In this study, factors affecting the cathodic protection of steel reinforcement in concrete were investigated, and a variety of impress-current and sacrificial-anode approaches to cathodic protection of bridge decks were examined in laboratory and model testing.
The results of electrochemical studies showed that corrosion can be controlled by the application of cathodic current to corroding steel in concrete. The minimum protective potential for cathodic protection was established. Studies showed that cathodic-protection current can result in a decrease in bond strength between the steel and the concrete. However, the decrease would be slight at the anticipated conditions of protection.
A method previously developed by the California Department of Transportation was examined in depth, and it was concluded that this method offered promise as an impressed-current system. A sacrificial-anode design with zinc anodes also was determined to hold promise.
Effects of Moisture and Fatigue on the Residual Mechanical Properties of S-Glass/Graphite/Epoxy Hybrid Composites
Authors: Hofer KE , Bennett LC , Stander M 
Published: March 2009

The static mechanical properties of S-glass/high-strength graphite/ epoxy hybrid composites were investigated before and after exposure to high humidity for 1000 h. Graphite-to-glass ratios of 0, ∞, 1, and 2 were studied. Both unidirectional (0 deg) and quasi-isotropic fiber orientations were studied.
In general, the stress cycling caused a decline in the static tensile strength, an increase in the Poisson's ratio, and no change whatever in the elastic modulus of the base and hybrid composites. The addition of moisture did not result in a basic alteration in the behavior of the hybrid or base composites after stress cycling.
Load Interaction Effects on Fatigue Crack Growth in A514F Steel Alloy
Authors: Mills WJ , Hertzberg RW , Roberts R 
Published: March 2009

Variable-amplitude fatigue tests of A514F steel alloy were performed within a linear-elastic fracture mechanics framework in order to characterize the retardation response of a cyclic strain softening material. Results of single and multiple overload tests on A514F steel alloy suggested that a material's cyclic properties have little effect on the phenomenology of retardation behavior. For instance, single high load excursions (of different magnitudes and at different baseline ΔK levels) in this cyclic strain softening alloy caused fatigue crack growth rate retardation trends comparable to those exhibited by 2024-T3 aluminum, a cyclic strain hardening alloy. In addition, under complex loading conditions, the A514F steel alloy, like the 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, exhibited maximum interaction between single peak load excursions when two peak cycles were separated by a small distance.
Additional retardation caused by a greater number of overload cycles more than compensated for increased crack extension during the high load excursions. Electron fractographic results are presented and discussed in terms of the macroscopic crack growth rate findings.
A Root-Mean-Square Approach for Predicting Fatigue Crack Growth under Random Loading
Authors: Hudson CM 
Published: March 2009

A round-robin analysis was conducted which evaluated and compared different methods currently in practice for predicting crack growth under random loading. This report describes the prediction method used by the Fracture Mechanics Engineering Section (FMES) at NASA-Langley Research Center. It also presents the ratios of the predicted lives to the test lives for eleven of the thirteen specimens tested.
For the eleven predictions made, the ratios of the predicted lives to the test lives ranged from 2.13 to 0.82. Considering that the normal scatter in fatigue-crack-growth rates may range from a factor of two to four under identical loading conditions, these ratios are quite good.
The analysis procedure used by FMES was relatively simple. The loading history for each specimen was analyzed to determine the root-mean-square maximum and minimum stresses. The predictions were then made by assuming the tests had been conducted under constant amplitude loading at the root-mean-square maximum and minimum stress levels. Only a relatively simple computer program and a desk-top computer were required to make these predictions.
A Crack-Closure Model for Predicting Fatigue Crack Growth under Aircraft Spectrum Loading
Authors: Newman JC 
Published: March 2009

Experiments on metallic materials have shown that fatigue cracks remain closed during part of the load cycle under constant- and variable-amplitude loading. These experiments have shown that crack closure is a significant factor in causing load-interaction effects (retardation and acceleration) on crack growth rates under variable-amplitude loading.
The present paper is concerned with the development and application of an analytical model of cyclic crack growth that includes the effects of crack closure. The model was based on a concept like the Dugdale model, but was modified to leave plastically deformed material in the wake of the advancing crack tip.
The model was used to correlate crack growth rates under constant-amplitude loading and to predict crack growth under aircraft spectrum loading on 2219-T851 aluminum alloy plate material. The predicted crack growth lives agreed well with experimental data. The ratio of predicted-to-experimental lives ranged from 0.66 to 1.48. These predictions were made using data from an ASTM Task Group E24.06.01 round-robin analysis.
Mean Stress and Environmental Effects on Near Threshold Fatigue Crack Growth
Authors: Mautz J , Weiss V 
Published: March 2009

The effect of mean stress and environment on the threshold and near threshold fatigue crack propagation behavior has been studied for D6ac steel and for 7050-T73651 aluminum. Fatigue crack propagation experiments were conducted in the range of 10−7 to 10−9 in./cycle (2.5 × 10−9 to 2.5 × 10−11 m/cycle) at 375 Hz.
A mean stress effect on the threshold stress intensity factor range, ΔKth, is only observed for low mean stresses, in the regime of the minimum stress intensity factor, Kmin, 0≤Kmin≤ 2 ksi √in. (2.2 MN/m3|2), typically 0≤R ≤0.5. For higher values of Kmin, the fatigue crack propagation threshold is controlled by ΔKth. For the high test frequency used, no effects of humid argon and room air as compared to a dry argon environment were observed on the fatigue crack propagation threshold ΔKth. Environmental effects were noted in the near threshold region. For D6ac steel room air produced the highest crack propagation rate while dry and wet argon produced identical but lower crack propagation rates for the same ΔK values. For 7050-T73651 alumium both wet argon and room air environments produced the highest crack propagation rates, while dry argon produced lower crack propagation rates. Changing the test frequency for 375 to 100 Hz had no noticeable effect on the threshold and near threshold region results for D6ac steel in room air but in dry argon 100 Hz gave slightly higher crack propagation rates with respect to 375 Hz.
Preliminary Results of a Program for Developing Fracture Toughness Data on Ferritic Nuclear Pressure Vessel Steels
Authors: Stahlkopf KE , Smith RE , Server WL , Wullaert RA 
Published: March 2009

A comprehensive fracture toughness testing program focused principally at providing statistical assurance of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) KIR fracture toughness design curve is presently underway. While the overall program represents testing of 50 heats of typical production materials, including A533-B, Class 1 plate; A508, Class 2 forging; A540-B-23 and B-24, Class 3 bolting material; submerged arc, manual metal arc, and shielded metal arc weldments; and associated heat-affected zone material, the data presented herein represent the initial results of an interlaboratory round robin program and the first seven heats of A533-B Class 1 plate tested in the program. Mechanical tests performed include tension, drop weight-nil ductility transition (NDT) temperature, Charpy V-notch, instrumented precracked Charpy, static and dynamic compact fracture, and dynamic three-point bend. Of these tests, instrumented precracked Charpy, dynamic three-point bend, and dynamic compact fracture are nonstandard procedures. Methodology for performance of these nonstandard tests is outlined. The fracture mechanics tests were performed on specimens up to 1-in. thick (4-in.-thick specimens will be tested later). Loading rates ranging from quasistatic to stress intensity rates (˙K) of 5 × 105 ksi √in./s were applied.
Testing and data analysis procedures for dynamic fracture toughness testing were developed. Special emphasis was placed on the assurance of adequate electronic response in conjunction with control of the time to fracture for ensuring reliable test results. Elastic-plastic data analysis techniques were applied to test results and included both the J-integral and the equivalent energy approaches. Maximum load was used in the J-integral and equivalent energy analysis for lack of an experimental technique for determining crack initiation over a range of loading rates. It is recognized that this approach can lead to nonconservative toughness values when crack growth occurs prior to maximum load. However, for completeness elastic-plastic data analyzed using this criteria are included.
Weight Functions for Three-Dimensional Symmetrical Crack Problems
Authors: Labbens RC , Heliot J , Pellissier-Tanon A 
Published: March 2009

The knowledge of weight functions would be of great help for the solution of three-dimensional crack problems. A numerical method of computation of these functions by finite elements is developed, starting from the simple consideration of concentrated forces applied to the crack and the energy released by local extensions of the crack.
Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the asymptotic value of the weight functions at the crack tip, which allows the definition of dimensionless weight functions and makes the numerical calculation easier.
Special weight functions are considered for the case when the applied stress depends on one coordinate only.
The method is checked by comparing the computed weight function for a penny-shaped crack in an infinite solid with the known closed form solution. It seems that the accuracy obtained could allow for solution of engineering problems; however this should be checked by other tests especially in the region of the singularity.
The computing time, however, is long because of the large number of nodes needed in three-dimensional bodies, and the calculation is costly. It seems advisable to investigate the possibilities of other methods of solution of elasticity problems, such as the method of boundary integral equations, for changing the order of magnitude of the computing time and the cost of the calculation.
Stress-Corrosion Cracking Properties of 17-4 PH Steel
Authors: Fujii CT 
Published: March 2009

Recent unexpected occurrences of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) with 17-4 PH structural components indicated a need for improved characterization of the alloy and application of more advanced analytical procedures for reliably predicting structural performance. Accordingly, the purpose of the present studies was to establish systematically the SCC properties of 17-4 PH steel over a wide range of yield strengths and applied cathodic potentials. Six different heat treatments were selected for the SCC studies. The data, when analyzed in terms of ratio analysis procedures, are immediately useful for predictions of service reliability of the steel in marine structures.
The results show that 17-4 PH steel is moderately sensitive to SCC at high-strength levels, less sensitive to SCC at intermediate strength levels, and relatively insensitive to SCC in the metallurgically overaged, low yield strength condition. Increased applied cathodic potentials increase the SCC susceptibility of the alloy significantly which strongly suggests the involvement of hydrogen in the SCC mechanism. The minimum specimen thickness required for determining a thickness-independent KIscc for steels by the cantilever method appears to be considerably less than for a standard KIc test.
Estimation of KIc from Slow Bend Precracked Charpy Specimen Strength Ratios
Authors: Succop G , Brown WF 
Published: March 2009

The Committee on Rapid Inexpensive Tests for Determining Fracture Toughness of the National Materials Advisory Board recently recommended that action be taken by the American Society for Testing and Materials to standardize the slow bend precracked Charpy test for the purpose of providing an index of plane-strain fracture toughness based on the nominal strength of the Charpy specimen. This paper reports results of an investigation to explore the possibility of using nominal strength values for this purpose. Precracked Charpy specimens were cut from plate stock having well established KIc values. The alloys investigated were 4340 steel, 18Ni maraging steel, several high-strength aluminums, and a titanium alloy. For each alloy a range of toughness levels were tested. Nominal strength values from the Charpy specimens were calculated from their maximum loads, and the ratio between these strength values and the tensile ultimate strength σut was correlated with KIc2/σut2.
The results show that the range of plane-strain toughness over which a useful relation between Charpy strength ratios and KIc can be established is limited by excessive plasticity in the Charpy specimens at high-toughness levels. The effect of this plasticity is to cause a gradual loss of sensitivity of the Charpy strength to changes in KIc. The Green and Hundy limit developed for a nonstrain hardening rigid plastic material is useful in estimating the sensitivity limits. If the toughness range is suitably restricted to avoid this loss of sensitivity, it appears that the Charpy strength ratio is a useful index of KIc and can be used to estimate KIc with confidence equal to that as obtained by using W¯/A values derived from the same specimens.
Supplement to the Bibliography and Abstracts on Thermostat Metals
Authors: Committee B-4  
Published: March 2009

Description
This is the third supplement to the Bibliography and Abstracts on Thermostat Metals 1806;—1959, Special Technical Publication No. 288, published by the American Society for Testing and Materials. The first supplement, STP No. 288-A, contained additional references for the years covered by STP No. 288 and references for the years 1960 – 1961. The second supplement, STP No. 288-B, contained additional references for the years covered by STP No. 288 and STP No. 288-A and references for the years 1962;—1965. This supplement, STP No. 288-C, contains additional references for the years covered by STP No. 288, STP No. 288-A and STP No. 288-B and references for the years 1966 – 1973.
Fatigue Crack Growth and Fracture Toughness of 5083-0 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Argy G , Paris PC , Shaw F 
Published: March 2009

Certain material properties of 5083-0 aluminum alloy which would be of interest to designers of liquefied natural gas (LNG) tankage are presented and discussed. Fatigue crack growth rates obtained both from specimens containing a semielliptical surface flaw and from compact tension specimens are given and compared to other published data. Values of Kc for 2-in.-thick plate obtained from center-cracked specimens at room temperature and from compact tension specimens at both room temperature and -260°F and static and dynamic loading are presented. For the latter specimens, R-curves used in the determination of Kc values are also given. Finally, KIc values are estimated using the J-integral technique.
The application of these data to the design of LNG tankage is discussed, paying particular attention to conditions required to assure “leak before failure” behavior.
Studies on Nine Percent Nickel Steel for Liquefied Natural Gas Carriers
Authors: Sakai T , Takashima H , Tanaka K , Matsumae H , Yajima H 
Published: March 2009

The spherical tanks for the Moss-Rosenberg type of liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers are to be fabricated from rolled and forged nine percent nickel (9Ni) steels, with the former steel being used as tank shell-plate material and the latter as tank equator-ring material. Accordingly, the authors carried out a series of experimental studies to evaluate the fatigue strength, resistance to fatigue crack propagation, fracture toughness, etc., of these tank steels having due regards to the “leak-before-failure” premise of the Moss-Rosenberg LNG containment system.
Various forms of plain and welded test specimens were prepared from actual shell-plate and equator-ring materials for fatigue tests; and, the effects of stress ratio and surface finish of reinforcement weld on the tank-steel fatigue strength were closely studied.
Wide-plate test specimens were fatigue tested under repeated tensile and bending loads, and configurations of through cracks immediately after penetration and crack propagation rates were examined.
Notched plain and welded wide-plate test specimens of different thicknesses were prepared from tank steel plates produced from different heats and submitted for tension tests to determine the critical stress intensity factor (Kc value) at the cryogenic temperature of LNG.
Using data obtained on material properties of the rolled and forged 9Ni steels, the authors evaluated the structural safety of the spherical LNG tank and confirmed that the 9Ni steel LNG tank completely satisfied the leak-before-failure criterion.