bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating pressure bandaging for snakebite in a simulated setting: Bandage type, training and the effect of transport
Authors: Canale Elizabeth , Isbister Geoffrey K , Currie Bart J 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackground:  The clinical evidence base for the use of pressure bandaging in snakebite is limited. We aimed to investigate if pressure bandages (PB) generated and maintained presumptive optimal pressures in a simulated setting.Methods:  A total of 96 subjects were recruited, 78 health professionals and 18 from the general public. Participants were asked to apply PB with crepe and with an elasticized bandage without instruction. A paediatric blood pressure cuff attached to a pressure transducer was used to measure the pressure generated. PB application with elasticized bandages was repeated by 36 participants (18 general public and 18 health professionals) with feedback on pressures attained, and reassessment on the sixth subsequent attempt. Pressure was also measured under correctly applied bandages during an ambulance ride.Results:  The median pressure generated under crepe bandages was 28 mmHg (interquartile range [IQR]: 17–42 mmHg) compared with 47 mmHg (IQR 26–83 mmHg) with elasticized bandages, with most subgroups applying the elasticized bandage closer to the estimated optimal pressure (55–70 mmHg). Following training, the median pressure for the 36 participants was 65 mmHg (IQR 56–71 mmHg), closer to the optimal range than initial attempts. On initial bandaging, 5/36 (14%) participants achieved optimal pressure range with elasticized bandages, compared with 18/36 (50%) after training (P = 0.002). Crepe bandages initially correctly applied did not maintain desired pressure during ambulance transport on urban roads over 30 min. Elasticized bandages maintained pressure.Conclusions:  PB was poorly done by the general public and health professionals. Crepe bandages rarely generated optimal pressures compared with elasticized bandages, but training did improve participants' ability to apply elasticized bandages. PB recommendations should be modified to specify appropriate bandage types.
Prospective study of 101 patients with suspected drink spiking
Authors: Quigley Paul , Lynch Dania M , Little Mark , Murray Lindsay , Lynch Ann‐Maree , O'Halloran Sean J 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjective:  To evaluate cases of suspected drink spiking presenting to the ED by the prospective collection of standardized relevant historical, clinical and laboratory data.Methods:  A prospective observational study of 101 patients presenting to metropolitan hospital ED with suspected drink spiking within the previous 12 h. Clinical history, including details surrounding the alleged drink spiking incident, and examination. Blood ethanol concentration measurement, together with the analysis of urine and blood samples for illicit and sedative drugs.Results:  Of the 97 alleged drink spiking cases included, there were only 9 plausible cases. We did not identify a single case where a sedative drug was likely to have been illegally placed in a drink in a pub or nightclub. Illicit drugs were detected in 28% of the study group. Ethanol was commonly detected, with the mean number of standard drinks consumed being 7.7 ± 3.9 SD, and the median blood ethanol concentration at the time of presentation was 0.096% (96 mg/dL). At follow‐up there were no major sequelae and no police prosecutions. Thirty five per cent of patients still believed that they had been a victim of drink spiking irrespective of the results.Conclusion:  Our study did not reflect the current public perception of drink spiking. Drink spiking with sedative or illicit drugs appears to be rare. If drink spiking does occur, ethanol appears to be the most common agent used. Of greater concern was the frequency of illicit drug use and excessive ethanol consumption within the study population, making it difficult to determine whether a person had truly had a drink spiked.
Childhood Plasmodium falciparum malaria complicated by splenic abscess
Authors: Thapa Rajoo , Ghosh Apurba , Banerjee Tapanjyoti 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe report on an 8‐year‐old girl with Plasmodium falciparum malaria complicated by splenic abscess during the course of her infection. The diagnosis of malaria was based upon the demonstration of trophozoites of P. falciparum in the peripheral blood smear. The trophozoites of the same organism were visualized on the Giemsa‐stained smear prepared from the percutaneous splenic aspirate specimen. The patient failed to respond to parenteral Artesunate alone, which demanded emergent splenectomy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of splenic abscess complicating the course of childhood P. falciparum malaria in the English literature.
Establishment of a Transgenic Sickle-Cell Mouse Model to Study the Pathophysiology of Priapism
Authors: Bivalacqua Trinity J. , Musicki Biljana , Hsu Lewis L. , Gladwin Mark T. , Burnett Arthur L. , Champion Hunter C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Priapism is a poorly understood disease process with little information on the etiology and pathophysiology of this erectile disorder. One group of patients with a high prevalence of priapism is men with sickle-cell disease.

Aim
Establish an in vivo transgenic sickle-cell mouse model to study the pathophysiology of sickle-cell disease-associated priapism.

Methods
Transgenic sickle-cell disease mice, expressing human sickle hemoglobin, were utilized. Three groups of mice were used: (i) wild type (WT), (ii) sickle-cell heterozygotes (Hemi), and (ii) sickle-cell homozygotes (Sickle). Two age groups of each cohort of mice were utilized: young adult (4–6 months) and aged (18–22 months).

Main Outcome Measures
Histological (trichrome stain to measure ratio of collagen to smooth muscle), penile hydroxyproline content (collagen content), and transmission electron microscopic analysis of WT, Hemi, and Sickle mice penes, as well as in vivo erectile responses [change in intracavernous pressure (ICP)] to cavernous nerve stimulation (CNS), were determined. The frequency of erectile responses (erections/hour) pre- and poststimulation was also measured in each of the experimental groups.

Results
Sickle mice had increased (P &lt; 0.05) collagen to smooth muscle ratio and hydroxyproline content in the penis when compared with WT and Hemi mice penes. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated thickened smooth muscle cell bundles, disruption of the endothelial lining of the corporal sinusoids, and increased (P &lt; 0.05) caveolae number. Sickle mice had significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher ICP to CNS and increased (P &lt; 0.05) frequency of erections pre- and post-CNS when compared with WT and Hemi mice erectile responses. Sickle mice did develop ED (change in ICP in response to CNS) with increasing age.

Conclusions
The morphometric changes of the penis and exaggerated in vivo erectile responses support the use of this transgenic sickle-cell disease animal model to study the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in sickle-cell disease-associated priapism.
Subjectively Measured Ejaculation Latency Time and Its Association with Different Sexual Activities While Controlling for Age and Relationship Length
Authors: Jern Patrick , Santtila Pekka , Johansson Ada , Varjonen Markus , Witting Katarina , Von Der Pahlen Bettina , Sandnabba Kenneth 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Recently, attempts to formulate valid and suitable definitions for (different subcategories of) premature ejaculation have resulted in substantial progress in the pursuit to gain knowledge about ejaculatory function. However, the association between ejaculatory dysfunction and different types of sexual activities has yet to be thoroughly investigated, and (due to conflicting results between studies) the potential effects of age and relationship length still need to be taken into account.

Aim
The aim of this study is to investigate the associations of age, relationship length, frequency of different sexual activities, and different modes of achieving ejaculation with self-reported ejaculation latency time.

Main Outcome Measures
The main outcome is establishing associations between age, relationship length, self-reported ejaculation latency time, and frequency of different kinds of sexual activities and different modes of achieving ejaculation (such as achieving ejaculation through oral or vaginal sex).

Methods
Statistical analyses of data on age, relationship length, self-reported ejaculation latency time, and frequency of different sexual activities and different modes of achieving ejaculation were conducted on a population-based sample of 3,189 males aged 18–48 years (mean = 29.9 years, standard deviation = 6.94).

Results
Age and relationship length were significantly negatively associated with self-reported ejaculation latency time. Frequency of different kinds of sexual behavior generally had a positive association with self-reported ejaculation latency time, as had different modes of achieving ejaculation.

Conclusions
The findings highlight the need for more extensive studies on and increased knowledge of different aspects of ejaculatory function before a valid and suitable definition for premature ejaculation can be formulated.
DHEA improves impaired activation of Akt and PKC ζ/λ‐GLUT4 pathway in skeletal muscle and improves hyperglycaemia in streptozotocin‐induced diabetes rats
Authors: Sato K. , Iemitsu M. , Aizawa K. , Ajisaka R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim:  Addition of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to a cultured skeletal muscle locally synthesizes 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (DHT). It induced activation of glucose metabolism‐related signalling pathway via protein kinase B (Akt) and protein kinase C zeta/lambda (PKC ζ/λ)‐glucose transporter‐4 (GLUT4) proteins. However, such an effect of DHEA in vivo remains unclear.Methods:  Using streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced rats with type 1 diabetes mellitus, we tested the hypothesis that a single bout of DHEA injection in the rats improves hyperglycaemia and muscle GLUT4‐regulated signalling pathway. After 1 week of STZ injection (55 mg kg−1) with male Wistar rats, fasting glucose concentrations were determined in a blood sample taken from the tail vein. Blood glucose levels were then monitored for 180 min after DHEA or sesame oil (control) was injected (n = 10 for each group).Results:  Blood glucose levels decreased significantly for 30–150 min after 2 mg DHEA injection in the STZ rats. In the skeletal muscle, expression and translocation of GLUT4 protein, phosphorylation of Akt and PKC ζ/λ, and phosphofructokinase and hexokinase enzyme activities increased significantly by DHEA injection. However, DHEA‐induced improvements in Akt and PKC ζ/λ‐GLUT4 pathways were blocked by a DHT inhibitor.Conclusion:  These results suggest that a single bout of DHEA injection can improve hyperglycaemia and activate the glucose metabolism‐related signalling pathway via Akt and PKC ζ/λ‐GLUT4 proteins of skeletal muscles in rats. Moreover, these results show that a DHEA‐induced increase in muscle glucose uptake and utilization might contribute to improvement in hyperglycaemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Not again! Public perception, regulation, and nanotechnology
Authors: Sylvester Douglas J. , Abbott Kenneth W. , Marchant Gary E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIt is often argued that immediate government action regarding nanotechnology is needed to ensure that public opinion does not mistakenly view nanotechnology as dangerous, to restore public trust in government, and to increase the legitimacy of government action through increased public participation. This article questions whether governments can achieve these goals. As the world lurches toward regulation of nanotechnology, we should ask Why the rush? Can anticipatory action, perceived as the government doing something, fulfill the competing hopes to “restore trust,”“pave the way” for nanotechnology, “increase awareness,” and “satisfy democratic notions of accountability”? Or is government action more likely to increase existing divisions over nanotechnology's future?
Divided government and US federal rulemaking
Authors: Yackee Jason Webb , Yackee Susan Webb 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDespite paying a great deal of attention to the effects of divided government on legislative outputs, scholars of American politics have surprisingly ignored the potential impact of divided government on bureaucratic regulatory outputs. In this article we argue that divided government should reduce the volume of federal agency rulemaking. We test this hypothesis against a data set covering 21,000 rules from 1983 to 2005. Our study is one of the first to analyze the determinants of federal bureaucratic rulemaking activity across such a long period of time. Our results demonstrate that during periods of divided government, agencies issue fewer rules and fewer substantively significant rules than they do during periods of unified government. These findings suggest that divided government impedes agency rulemaking.
Quantitation of whole blood Epstein‐Barr virus DNA is useful for assessing treatment response in patients with non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Authors: JO S. A. , HWANG S.‐H. , KIM S. Y. , SHIN H.‐J. , CHUNG J. S. , SOL M. Y. , CHANG C. L. , LEE E. Y. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryIntroduction.  Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is a well‐known tumorigenic virus and is associated with lymphoproliferative disorders. Quantitations of EBV viral loads in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells have been reported to be useful biomarkers for monitoring Hodgkin’s lymphoma and EBV‐associated non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).Methods.  In the present study, whole blood specimens were used to determine quantitatively EBV viral loads, which were then compared with clinical data. Using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ‐PCR), EBV‐DNA was monitored in whole blood samples from patients with NHL (n = 61) at the time of diagnosis, relapse, and follow‐up.Results.  A statistically significant correlation was observed between positive EBV viral load and extranodal involvement in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma at the time of diagnosis or relapse (n = 29, P = 0.009). In patients who were serially checked for EBV‐DNA levels (n = 16), viral load was found to fall to undetectable levels during complete remission. On the contrary, progressive disease and relapse were found to be associated with sustained or elevated EBV‐DNA levels.Conclusion.  These results suggest that whole blood EBV‐DNA quantitation might be of value as a convenient biomarker for therapeutic responsiveness of NHL.
introgress: a software package for mapping components of isolation in hybrids
Authors: GOMPERT ZACHARIAH , ALEX BUERKLE C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA new software package (introgress) provides functions for analysing introgression of genotypes between divergent, hybridizing lineages, including estimating genomic clines from multi‐locus genotype data and testing for deviations from neutral expectations. The software works with co‐dominant, dominant and haploid marker data, and does not require fixed allelic differences between parental populations for the sampled genetic markers. Permutation and parametric procedures generate neutral expectations for introgression and provide a basis for significance tests of observed genomic clines. The software also implements maximum likelihood estimates of hybrid index from genotypic data and a number of graphical analyses. The package is an extension of the R statistical software, is written in the R language and is freely available through the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN; http://cran.r‐project.org/). In this study, we describe introgress and demonstrate its use with a sample data set.
Web‐Based Experiments for the Study of Collective Social Dynamics in Cultural Markets
Authors: Salganik Matthew J. , Watts Duncan J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSocial scientists are often interested in understanding how the dynamics of social systems are driven by the behavior of individuals that make up those systems. However, this process is hindered by the difficulty of experimentally studying how individual behavioral tendencies lead to collective social dynamics in large groups of people interacting over time. In this study, we investigate the role of social influence, a process well studied at the individual level, on the puzzling nature of success for cultural products such as books, movies, and music. Using a “multiple‐worlds” experimental design, we are able to isolate the causal effect of an individual‐level mechanism on collective social outcomes. We employ this design in a Web‐based experiment in which 2,930 participants listened to, rated, and downloaded 48 songs by up‐and‐coming bands. Surprisingly, despite relatively large differences in the demographics, behavior, and preferences of participants, the experimental results at both the individual and collective levels were similar to those found in Salganik, Dodds, and Watts (2006). Further, by comparing results from two distinct pools of participants, we are able to gain new insights into the role of individual behavior on collective outcomes. We conclude with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of Web‐based experiments to address questions of collective social dynamics.
How Do Engineering Scientists Think? Model‐Based Simulation in Biomedical Engineering Research Laboratories
Authors: Nersessian Nancy J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDesigning, building, and experimenting with physical simulation models are central problem‐solving practices in the engineering sciences. Model‐based simulation is an epistemic activity that includes exploration, generation and testing of hypotheses, explanation, and inference. This paper argues that to interpret and understand how these simulation models function in creating knowledge and technologies requires construing problem solving as accomplished by a researcher–artifact system. It draws on and further develops the framework of “distributed cognition” to interpret data collected in ethnographic and cognitive‐historical studies of two biomedical engineering research laboratories, and articulates the notion of distributed model‐based cognition to answer the question posed in the title.
Use of suppression subtractive hybridization to identify genetic differences between differentially virulent genotypes of Paenibacillus larvae, the etiological agent of American Foulbrood of honeybees
Authors: Fünfhaus Anne , Ashiralieva Ainura , Borriss Rainer , Genersch Elke 
Published: June 2009

Summary Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American Foulbrood of honeybees, a fatal brood disease not only killing infected larvae but also lethal to infected colonies. Recently four different genotypes of P. larvae (enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus I–IV) have been described and it was shown that these genotypes also differ in phenotype, especially in virulence. To unravel the genetic differences between these four genotypes, suppression subtractive hybridization was used. From 106 analysed clones, 92 represented genotype‐specific sequences, whereas 14 sequences turned out to be specific only for the particular strain used as tester in the subtraction. Nearly half of the sequences (46%) could only be annotated based on poorly characterized sequences. The remaining sequences corresponded to categories related to metabolism, especially secondary metabolite biosynthesis, transport and catabolism, to information storage and processing, and to cellular processes. In particular, we could show that the P. larvae genome contains genes and/or giant gene clusters coding for antibiotics, and we identified the first P. larvae toxin, a member of the family of adenosine diphosphate‐ribosyltransferases.
Implications of Turbine Erosion for an Aero-Engine’s
High-Pressure-Turbine Blade’s Low-Cycle-Fatigue Life-Consumption
Authors: Naeem Muhammad 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Some in-service deterioration in any mechanical device, such as a military aero-engine, is inevitable. As a result of experiencing any deterioration, an aero-engine will seek a different steady operating point thereby resulting in a variation in the high-pressure spool speeds in order to provide the same thrust to keep aircraft’s performance invariant. Any increase in the high-pressure spool speed results in greater low-cycle fatigue damage for the hot-end components and thereby higher engine’s life-cycle costs. Possessing better knowledge (of the impacts of high-pressure turbine’s erosion upon the low-cycle fatigue life-consumption of aero-engine’s hot-end components) helps the users to take wiser management decisions. For a military aircraft’s mission profile, using bespoke computer simulations, the impacts of turbine erosion for high-pressure turbine-blade’s low-cycle fatigue life-consumption have been predicted.
Specific Distribution within the
Enterobacter cloacae
Complex of Strains Isolated from Infected Orthopedic Implants
Authors: Morand Philippe C. , Billoet Annick , Rottman Martin , Sivadon-Tardy Valérie , Eyrolle Luc , Jeanne Luc , Tazi Asmaa , Anract Philippe , Courpied Jean-Pierre , Poyart Claire , Dumaine Valérie 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT

Bacteria belonging to the
Enterobacter
genus are frequently isolated from clinical samples but are unusual causative agents of orthopedic implant infections. Twelve genetic clusters (clusters I to XII) and one sequence crowd (sequence crowd
xiii
) can be distinguished within the
Enterobacter cloacae
nomenspecies on the basis of
hsp60
sequence analysis, and until now, none of these clusters could be specifically associated with a disease. In order to investigate if specific genetic clusters would be involved in infections of orthopedic material, two series of bacterial clinical isolates identified as
E. cloacae
by routine phenotypic identification methods were collected either from infected orthopedic implants (
n
= 21) or from randomly selected samples of diverse anatomical origins (control;
n
= 52). Analysis of the
hsp60
gene showed that genetic clusters III, VI, and VIII were the most frequent genetic clusters detected in the control group, whereas cluster III was poorly represented among the orthopedic implant isolates (
P
= 0.006). On the other hand,
E. hormaechei
(clusters VI and VIII), but not cluster III, is predominantly associated with infections of orthopedic implants and, more specifically, with infected material in the hip (
P
= 0.019). These results support the hypothesis that, among the isolates within the
E. cloacae
complex,
E. hormaechei
and
hsp60
gene sequencing-based cluster III are involved in pathogenesis in different ways and highlight the need for more accurate routine
Enterobacter
identification methods.