bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Good Memory Habits
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 48 describes how habits can be developed and used to help remember things. Habits are very effective strategies for remembering where you have put something, such as your keys or wallet. For this, have “a place for everything and everything in its place.” Habits are also useful for helping you remember whether you have already done something, such as taking your pills. In this case, you can make a habit of doing it at the same time you would normally do something else, such as having a meal or brushing your teeth. Developing new habits is hard, but once you have a new habit, it is also hard to break.
Anarchist Perspectives for Social Work
Authors: Sawatsky Alexander W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This book uses an anarchist perspective with a focus on unpacking theory and a discussion of the implications for social work practice. As climate change, the brutality of austerity politics under neoliberal capitalism, xenophobia, and a rising right-wing fascism are increasingly making our lives, and those we intend to help, more difficult, protests against police, power, and authority have resulted in the public imaginary being confronted with images of temporary autonomous zones. The economic uncertainty brought about by the global pandemic, has raised questions about the meaning of “essential worker” and illustrated how capitalism is more interested in commerce than human beings. Grassroots movements, such as Black Lives Matter and Idle no More, are challenging how we think about society, and topics like anarchism have entered the mainstream discourse. Specific topics of social work practice and theory are explored, and anarchist ideas are considered. The reader is encouraged to join in thinking about what such a form of social work practice could be. This book will engage with environmental social work, notions of mental health and recovery that shape ongoing practice, and ideas related to theories of welfare. The argument is being made that anarchist ideas can help us think beyond the hegemony of the state for the collective benefit of all. Furthermore, this book is clear about the assumption that all structural forces are supported by white supremacy in our North American political climate and that anarchist perspectives seek to dismantle these for our collective, mutual benefit.
Supported employment
Authors: Sawatsky Alexander W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Social workers in the field of mental health will be familiar with expectations around supported employment. Anarchism is intended to assist in providing a critique about the problematic assumptions by society due to the state’s view of all of us as only having value if contributing to the accumulation of capital. The literature on work questions this construct to begin with as part of a larger hegemony. The concern about normalizing work as a condition of living is examined, given how work for the sake of work increases stress and worsens mental health. Any population that is deemed unable to work will fall under the same spell of internalizing these destructive definitions of the human condition. Given that in any prior period of economic uncertainty, residual models of welfare tend to be promoted that pathologize and moralize against those who do not work, it is a timely area of concern.
Crime, social work, and anarchism
Authors: Sawatsky Alexander W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
With the murder of George Floyd and the resulting social unrest, alternatives to traditional policing have been called for. The anarchist response to the carceral system as well as voices from the prison abolition movement offer a compelling perspective that are important to consider. This is especially timely given the discussion over whether social work ought to be more involved in reforming the police or in supporting their abolition. The reader is exposed to theories of abolition and critiques of law enforcement, from the encounter with police to incarceration. This must include a focus on both Black and Indigenous encounters with the carceral system and the police. Links are made between the practice of state violence to preserve a form of order that conserves and preserves the white supremacist status quo and social work’s commitment to challenge and oppose all forms of oppression.
Reason-Giving Uses of Arguments, Formally Valid Arguments, and Demonstrative Arguments
Authors: McKeon Matthew W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the distinction between deductive and inductive arguments, distinguishing between demonstrative and ampliative arguments. Also, and formally valid and demonstrative arguments are distinguished. The formal validity of an argument is germane to whether a reason-giving use of it is good only because formally valid arguments are demonstrative arguments. Some (classically) formally valid arguments do not correspond to reflective inferences and so cannot be successfully used to advance their premises as reasons for their conclusions. This matters to whether a formal logic such as classical logic is adequate for judging reflective inferences. Three norms, pragmatic, doxastic, and dialectical, guide reason-giving uses of arguments. These norms are used to explain when a deductive argument that advance reasons for believing its conclusion should be demonstrative, and when an argument’s being demonstrative matters to the legitimacy of the corresponding reflective inference.
Drawing Lots for Governance: A Political Innovation
Authors: Malkin Irad , Blok Josine 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Introducing the lot from other domains into the political sphere was an innovation, and this chapter evaluates how this innovation was anchored in some poleis and rejected in others. The first section examines how the ancient Greeks viewed the application of the lot to the polis offices. Ancient comments on the practice are relatively few, and in the available sources, the critics are more vocal than the advocates; Plato and Aristotle are among the most outspoken critics. Their objections are not concerned with the lot itself but with the group who would stand for the allotment: indiscriminate allotment from all, as practiced in Athens, assigns too many unqualified citizens to office. The second section reviews two modern commentators on the allotment for office in Athens: G. E. M. de Ste. Croix (1960s, published in 2004) and Bernard Manin (1997), who arrive at totally different evaluations. The last section sketches how drawing lots for polis office could have been introduced and, in a fair number of Greek poleis, be accepted as a means for citizens’ political engagement. The Endnote offers a brief comment on the work of James Headlam (1891).
Beyond Collective Action Problems
Authors: Pokharel Atul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This book aims to improve our understanding of the fundamental phenomenon of sustained cooperation around shared resources through the study of 233 long-running, community-managed irrigation systems in Nepal. These systems show the hallmarks of long enduring commons resources: the right institutions, high social capital, relative autonomy, and a robust ability to solve collective action problems. Yet decades later, some continue to perform well while others have declined. Why do some groups successfully sustain cooperation to use and maintain shared resources while others don’t? And more importantly, what lies beyond collective action problems? The answer comes from understanding how communities address the fairness problem. The longer individuals cooperate the more they become aware of how far their cooperative arrangement has diverged from the initial promise of fairness. This perception of fairness affects their commitment to maintaining the shared resource and participating in the institutions for governing it. Variations in perceptions of fairness, reflected in how willing each individual is to continue to cooperate, are hypothesized to make these systems more or less robust to shocks, which together generate divergences in the performance of the shared infrastructure. This argument is constructed using a mixed methods approach: using ethnographic observations and over 800 interviews with individual farmers to build the fairness argument, and by using a statistical analysis of a novel data set of these irrigation systems between 1976 and 2013 to support it.
Monteverdi's Voices
Authors: Carter Tim 
Published: May 2024

AbstractClaudio Monteverdi (1567–1643) was the leading composer in late Renaissance and early Baroque Italy. In addition to operas and sacred music, he wrote a large corpus of madrigals throughout his long career in Cremona, Mantua, and Venice. These settings for vocal ensemble (later, plus instruments) of Italian lyric, epic, and dramatic poetry were intended for chamber performance. They are microcosms of Italian musical and literary culture of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, an integral part of the intellectual, artistic, and practical worlds of creation and performance at the time. Their poets included the major figures of the day—Torquato Tasso, Battista Guarini, and Giambattista Marino—as well as the classics, not least Petrarch. Their music embraces a wide range of contemporary styles both responding to, and reacting against, trends of the time. Each poem set by Monteverdi posed a number of challenges, forcing him to make choices about how to represent its poetic voice or voices with a group of singers that might not match them in terms of number or gender. How did Monteverdi play with poetry, sound, and time, and with the performers with whom he worked so closely? And what impact do the various answers to these questions have on our own efforts to bring these stunning works alive to modern ears?
Death, Dominance, and State-Building
Authors: Petersen Roger D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This book applies a systematic framework to explain the course, aftermath, and long-term lessons of the US intervention in Iraq. The work follows the rise and fall of violence and progress in building a new Iraq state across the 2003–2023 period. There are four sections. The first outlines an approach able to breakdown the basic components of complex, violent, internal conflicts. The second applies that framework to the period of US military occupation and presence, 2003–2011. The third examines the period after US withdrawal, specifying the legacy of US military intervention, addressing the rapid takeover and slow defeat of the Islamic State in Iraq, and explaining the continued power of militias and the persistence of a weak Iraqi state. The fourth section concludes with general lessons gleaned from the Iraq experience, a consideration of political and cultural forces constraining US policymakers from learning those lessons, and informed speculation on the nature of future American military interventions.
Iraqi Kurdistan
Authors: Petersen Roger D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by describing the origin and nature of two master cleavages in Iraqi Kurdistan: the first between Kurds and Arabs, the second between the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK). The chapter shows that by examining changes in the clarity of hierarchy and balance of both these cleavages, it has been possible to predict war and peace over the past many decades. The chapter also demonstrates that the competition of two political parties (KDP and PUK), both with their own security organizations, has prevented the unity and functioning of a coherent state.
Towards a Structural Approach to Sweatshop Labour
Authors: Müller Mirjam 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 outlines the underlying methodological commitments of the critique of sweatshop labour that this book seeks to develop. By demonstrating the limits of critiques of sweatshop labour from so-called micro-level perspectives, this chapter makes the case for a critique of sweatshop labour that takes a structural approach. To that end it proposes an account of social structures that combines insights from practice theory and theories of structural injustice and clarifies which role social structures play in social critique. The chapter closes by highlighting two challenges that a structural critique of sweatshop labour needs to meet: a social-ontological challenge and a normative challenge.
Ballot Battles
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This new and revised edition of Ballot Battles portrays and analyses the major vote-counting disputes in the history of the United States, including the two disputed presidential elections of the twenty-first century: 2000 and 2020. It explains how the nation’s Founders were unprepared for the intense partisan contestation over electoral outcomes, especially in races for governor and president. This lack of preparation left the nation without an institution well-designed for the resolution of these controversies, as became clear in the first disputed gubernatorial election with which many Founders themselves were involved: New York’s election for governor in 1792. The absence of a suitable institution was even more apparent when the stakes were significantly higher, in Hayes-Tilden presidential election of 1876, which remains even after 2020 the nation’s most perilous vote-counting fight. After a particularly fraught period of polarization during the Gilded Age, the Progressive Era brought a somewhat greater reliance on the courts and respect for the obligation to decide these disputes fairly. At the end of the twentieth century, it seemed that the courts would assure that these disputes would be resolved peaceably. But President Trump’s attack on the outcome of the 2020 election, after the courts ruled against him, has put in doubt the nation’s ability to resolve these contests pursuant to the rule of law.
The Gilded Age
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A decade after the Hayes-Tilden dispute, Congress adopted the Electoral Count Act of 1887 to avoid a repeat. But the statute, flawed from the start, was the best Congress could do before the election of 1888, which was expected to be close after both 1880 and 1884 threatened to be like 1876. The entire era was marred by ugly electoral disputes, some violent. Military confrontation was avoided in Maine over its 1879 gubernatorial election when Civil War hero Joshua Chamberlain put himself in the middle of the dispute and forced the governor, who was hoping to cling to power, to accept the contrary ruling of the state’s supreme court. Twenty years later, fighting over the outcome of Kentucky’s 1899 gubernatorial election led to a candidate’s assassination. The US Supreme Court, over the impassioned dissent of Justice Harlan, refused to intervene, setting a precedent that would last till Bush v. Gore.
After Bush v. Gore
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In 2004, Washington had an exceptionally close gubernatorial election, in which a messy recount involving ballots that officials had misplaced overturned the original result in favor of the Republican candidate. The lawsuit that the Republican then filed to contest the certification of the recount showed that 1,678 invalid ballots had been counted, a number dwarfing the 129-vote certified margin of victory. The court, however, refused to nullify the election because the Republican could not prove that enough of the invalid ballots had been cast for the Democrat to make a difference. Rather than appealing this ruling, the Republican accepted defeat. Minnesota’s 2008 US Senate election was similarly close and also involved claims that ballots were counted that should not have been. But Minnesota’s procedures were fairer, involving a three-judge panel modelled on the one used for the state’s 1962 gubernatorial recount.
Weak and Strong Phases
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Let us consider the transitions of the CF-conjugate initial states i and ī to the final states f and g, and to their CF-conjugate states Ḟ and g, respectively. We call the reader’s attention to the following: CP may or may not be an invariance of Nature. On the other hand, the square of the CP transformation is, in classical physics, identical with the identity transformation, and therefore (CP)2 corresponds to a conserved quantum number. The value of (CP)2 for initial and final states must be identical, and it is an arbitrary, purely conventional phase.
Neutral-Meson Systems: Mixing
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
If only the strong and electromagnetic interactions existed, po and po would be stable and form a particle-antiparticle pair with common mass m0. Because of the weak interactions, P0 and po decay. Moreover, neither electric-charge conservation nor any other conservation law respected by the weak interactions prevent po and po from having both real and virtual transitions to common states n. As a consequence, P0 and po mix, i.e., they oscillate between themselves before decaying. Similarly, there are theoretical speculations about the possible mixing of neutrinos and, if baryon number is not conserved, of the neutron and antineutron.
Neutral-Meson Systems: Decays
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Entering in the description of those decays. Physics must be invariant under the phase redefinitions in eqns (6.10) and also under We see that the quantities which are rephasing-invariant, and therefore have a chance to be observable, are the magnitudes From the quantities in eqns (7.4) and (7.5) only four real numbers are independent: three moduli and one phase. However, in the following discussion the question of independence is not important. It is sometimes convenient to use Some authors use different definitions for .:X. We use the notation in eqn (7.6) for all decay modes f, avoiding any confusion.
ϵ′/ϵ
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we review the standard-model computation of Experimentally, the ratio is more useful. Indeed, TJ+-and TJoo are approximately equal: For many years the experimental situation was unclear-the NA31 Collaboration (1993) and the E731 Collaboration (1997) had produced results that were difficult to conciliate: This gave no clear evidence for a non-vanishing Ree ϵ/ ϵA recent result by the KTe V Collaboration has changed this situation; they have obtained.
Belief and Testimony
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 12 turns to the epistemology of testimony. In line with the account of cognition developed in previous chapters, it defends the view that testimony does not, on its own, produce individual knowledge, although it can, and often does, lead to individual knowledge (12.1). The importance of distinguishing between what is collectively known by a community of knowers and what is distributively known by each individual in that community will be emphasized. No less crucial is the distinction between what a given individual, strictly speaking, knows and what the total successful cognition of that individual is, since the latter includes not only knowledge but all cognition which reliably tracks truth, including justified true beliefs (JTBs). Brief considerations of hearsay, assurance, historical evidence, and faith then yield a useful general distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic evidence (12.2). Finally, a modified global reductionism (inspired by both Hume and Reid) is proposed as an answer to the question of when and how testimony provides sufficient justification for belief (12.3).
The Neuropsychology of Anxiety
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Gray Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Neuropsychology of Anxiety first appeared in 1982 as the first volume in the Oxford Psychology Series, and it quickly established itself as the classic work on the subject. It and the second edition (appearing in 2000) have been cited at a steadily increasing rate passing 500/year in 2017. The field has continued to expand in the last quarter century necessitating this third edition. This completely updated and revised edition (with many figures updated and converted to colour) retains the original core concepts while expanding and often simplifying details. It includes a new chapter on prefrontal cortex, which integrates frontal and hippocampal views of anxiety and an extensively modified chapter on personality providing a new basis for further developments of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. This book is essential for postgraduate students and researchers in experimental psychology and neuroscience, as well as for all clinical psychologists and psychiatrists.
Overview
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Gray Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the need for a neuropsychology of anxiety, for distinction between anxiety and fear, for a definition of ‘anxiety’ via the actions of selective anxiolytic drugs, and for the septo-hippocampal system (SHS) as central to the control a goal inhibition system that underlies adaptive and pathological anxiety. A key hippocampal operation is motivated suppression of goals that can, in excess, deliver anxiety disorder and, when weak, deliver catastrophic hypermnesia. Attraction, repulsion, and goal conflict are controlled by interlinked hierarchical systems, sensitivity of which underlies personality traits that, when extreme, result in psychiatric disorder. The neuropsychology of these systems provides a solution to current problems with psychiatric diagnosis, with the reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) of personality, and with understanding of treatment sensitivity, treatment resistance, and comorbidity of disorders.
What do hippocampal cell fields represent?
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Gray Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
‘What do hippocampal cell fields represent?’ argues against the conventional idea of ‘place’ fields. Clear eyeblink, time, displace, and other ‘fields’ argue against place per se; as do the failures of the most obvious ‘place’ fields to map to space either externally or in the brain; with ‘remapping’ being inconsistent with any truly spatial metric. As with visual ‘fields’ cell firing is not a good guide to the information coded. Hippocampal cell firing is most easily understood as receipt of efference copies from the firing of distributed cell assemblies that code available goals; with dorsal and ventral hippocampal cells largely echoing firing in the dorsal and ventral cortical trends that code the ‘where’ and ‘what’ of a goal, respectively. Head direction cells, path integration, and topographic mapping in the hippocampus are also discussed.
The neurology of anxiety—planning circuits
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Gray Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
‘The neurology of anxiety—planning circuits’ extends the anxiolytic-derived neuropsychology of survival circuits (including hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex) to the goal planning circuits of the prefrontal cortex. It first discusses results from and issues with early work using prefrontal and cingulate lesions as treatments of neurotic disorders and considers the evolution of frontal cortex in the context of the defence hierarchy emphasizing the fact that ‘deeper’ areas are phylogenetically more ancient. It then details the anatomy of the frontal cortex, the importance of active memory in the dorsal and ventral trend perception-action cycles, and details circuits that control goal conflict. It also describes a ‘mesial’ trend linked to internal planning and details the insula as a source of internal monitoring and of the arousal/attention outputs of the Goal Inhibition System (GIS). The final sections integrate these data into a new, extended, 2D theory of planning and survival systems.