bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long Philos Plate Fixation for Complex Humeral Fractures
Authors: Pimple Mahesh , Chidambaram Ram , Mok Daniel 
Published: October 2010

Background Operative stabilisation of long segment periarticular, periprosthetic and pathological fractures in humerus is a challenging problem. Methods A total of 18 patients were treated by open reduction and internal fixation using the long proximal humeral internal locking system (PHILOS) plate. The types of fractures treated were long segment periarticular fractures extending into the diaphysis (11 of 18), periprosthetic fractures around humeral resurfacing (five of 18) and pathological fractures (two of 18). This study is a retrospective case series review of these cases with a final follow-up observation. The mean follow-up was for 13 months (range 4 months to 48 months). There were 11 women and seven men with a mean age of 52 years (range 19 years to 86 years). Outcomes were assessed using the Constant and Visual Analogue Score. Results There was no incidence of loss of fixation, malunion or a vascular necrosis. The mean time to radiological union was 15 weeks (range 9 weeks to 22 weeks). The mean Constant score for posttraumatic fractures at final review was 76/100 (range 64 to 100). The mean Visual Analogue Score was 0.8 (range 0 to 3). The patients with pathological fractures survived for a mean 5 months (4 to 6 months). Conclusion The long PHILOS plate fixation provides reliable secure fixation for the treatment of complex humeral fractures, especially long segment periarticular fractures, segmental fractures involving proximal humerus and shaft, periprosthetic fractures around well-fixed humeral resurfacing prosthesis and pathological fractures.
Willingness to Try Acupuncture Again: Reports from Patients on Their Treatment Reactions in a Low Back Pain Trial
Authors: Hopton A K , Thomas K J , MacPherson H 
Published: October 2010

Background Reactions to treatment are common following acupuncture. Understanding how these reactions are interpreted by patients is largely unexplored. Objective To examine patients’ ratings of the severity and bothersomeness of a range of common treatment reactions, and to assess their impact on willingness to try acupuncture again. Methods Self-reported ratings of the frequency, severity and bothersomeness of treatment reactions from 133 patients in the acupuncture arm of a pragmatic randomised controlled trial of acupuncture for chronic back pain are described and analysed. Results A total of 133 acupuncture patients reported at 3 months reactions that they had experienced at any time during a course of up to 10 acupuncture treatment sessions. They received a total of 1150 treatments, an average of 8.6 sessions per patient. All patients reported treatment reactions, most commonly relaxation (84%, n = 112), which was significantly associated with willingness to try acupuncture again, (χ2 = 7.860, df = 1, p = 0.005). Only 16% (n=21) were unwilling to experience a specific treatment reaction again, and 9% (n = 12) were unwilling to try acupuncture again. The most ‘bothersome’ reaction was a temporary worsening of symptoms (29%, n=38), though this was not associated with an unwillingness to try acupuncture again (χ2 = 0.382, df = 1, p>0.536). Those unwilling to try acupuncture again reported significantly less reduction in their pain at 3 months (mean (SE) SF-36 bodily pain score at 3 months 30.453 (3.598) vs 19.30 (1.128); p=0.003). Conclusion Among this group of patients seeking help for low back pain, the experience of treatment reactions was universal. There was no evidence that the bothersomeness of treatment reactions was associated with patient's willingness to try acupuncture again. The benefit of pain reduction over the course of treatment appeared to outweigh self-rated bothersome reactions to treatment.
Advice on horse worming
Authors: Coles Gerald 
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐anddried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘Advice on horse worming’, is presented and discussed by Gerald Coles. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘To refer or not?’, which was published in the March issue of In Practice, appears on page 171.The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
TB testing protocol
Authors: Enticott Gareth 
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐anddried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘TB testing protocol,’ is presented and discussed by Gareth Enticott. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Insulin overdose’, which was published in the June issue of In Practice, appears on page 319.The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
The wrong vaccine
Authors: Fawcett Anne 
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐anddried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘The wrong vaccine’, is presented and discussed by Anne Fawcett. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Advice on horse worming’, which was published in the April issue of In Practice, appears on page 215.The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Paradoxical contractile properties in the knee extensors of HIV-infected men treated with antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Russ David W. , Scott Wayne B. , Oursler Krisann K. , King Jenna Salter 
Published: October 2010

We assessed contractile properties in the knee extensors of 18 men with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV+) being treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 9 healthy controls matched for age and body mass index. We found significant, divergent differences between groups with regard to force relaxation. Half-times of twitch relaxation were shorter (62.6 ± 5.4 ms vs. 48.9 ± 3.0 ms; p = 0.045) and maximum rates of torque relaxation were slower (0.47% ± 0.04%·s–1vs. 1.32% ± 0.10%·s–1; p < 0.001) in HIV+ individuals. These preliminary findings suggest potential intramuscular impairments in HIV+ individuals on ART, perhaps because of interactions between calcium handling and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Local histamine H1- and H2-receptor blockade reduces postexercise skeletal muscle interstitial glucose concentrations in humans
Authors: Pellinger Thomas K. , Simmons Grant H. , MacLean David A. , Halliwill John R. 
Published: October 2010

Elevated blood flow can potentially influence skeletal muscle glucose uptake, but the impact of postexercise hyperemia on glucose availability to skeletal muscle remains unknown. Because postexercise hyperemia is mediated by histamine H1- and H2-receptors, we tested the hypothesis that postexercise interstitial glucose concentrations would be lower in the presence of combined H1- and H2-receptor blockade. To this end, 4 microdialysis probes were inserted into the vastus lateralis muscle of 14 healthy subjects (21–27 years old) immediately after 60 min of either upright cycling at 60% peak oxygen uptake (exercise, n = 7) or quiet rest (sham, n = 7). Microdialysis probes were perfused with a modified Ringer’s solution containing 3 mmol·L–1glucose, 5 mmol·L–1ethanol, and [6-3H] glucose (200 disintegrations·min–1·μL–1). Two sites (blockade) received both H1- and H2-receptor antagonists (1 mmol·L–1pyrilamine and 3 mmol·L–1cimetidine) and 2 sites (control) did not receive antagonists. Ethanol outflow/inflow ratios (an inverse surrogate of local blood flow) were higher in blockade sites than in control sites following exercise (p < 0.05), whereas blockade had no effect on ethanol outflow/inflow ratios following sham (p = 0.80). Consistent with our hypothesis, during 3 of the 5 dialysate collection periods, interstitial glucose concentrations were lower in blockade sites vs. control sites following exercise (p < 0.05), whereas blockade had no effect on interstitial glucose concentrations following sham (p = 0.79). These findings indicate that local H1- and H2-receptor activation modulates skeletal muscle interstitial glucose levels during recovery from exercise in humans and suggest that the availability of glucose to skeletal muscle is enhanced by postexercise hyperemia.
Core cooling and thermal responses during whole-head, facial, and dorsal immersion in 17 °C water
Authors: Pretorius Thea , Gagnon Dominique D. , Giesbrecht Gordon G. 
Published: October 2010

This study isolated the effects of dorsal, facial, and whole-head immersion in 17 °C water on peripheral vasoconstriction and the rate of body core cooling. Seven male subjects were studied in thermoneutral air (∼28 °C). On 3 separate days, they lay prone or supine on a bed with their heads inserted through the side of an adjustable immersion tank. Following 10 min of baseline measurements, the water level was raised such that the water immersed the dorsum, face, or whole head, with the immersion period lasting 60 min. During the first 30 min, the core (esophageal) cooling rate increased from dorsum (0.29 ± 0.2 °C·h–1) to face (0.47 ± 0.1 °C·h–1) to whole head (0.69 ± 0.2 °C·h–1) (p < 0.001); cooling rates were similar during the final 30 min (mean, 0.16 ± 0.1 °C·h–1). During the first 30 min, fingertip blood flow (laser Doppler flux as percent of baseline) decreased faster in whole-head immersion (114 ± 52%·h–1) than in either facial (51 ± 47%·h–1) or dorsal (41 ± 55%·h–1) immersion (p < 0.03); rates of flow decrease were similar during minutes 30 to 60 (mean, 22.5 ± 19%·h–1). Total head heat loss over 60 min was significantly different between whole-head (120.5 ± 13 kJ), facial (86.8 ± 17 kJ), and dorsal (46.0 ± 11 kJ) immersion (p < 0.001). The rate of core cooling, relative to head heat loss, was similar in all conditions (mean, 0.0037 ± 0.001 °C·kJ–1). Although the whole head elicited a higher rate of vasoconstriction, the face did not elicit more vasoconstriction than the dorsum. Rather, the progressive increase in core cooling from dorsal to facial to whole-head immersion simply correlates with increased heat loss.
The Oslo Health Study: Soft drink intake is associated with the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Høstmark Arne Torbjørn 
Published: October 2010

It has been reported that the frequency of cola intake (COLA) is positively associated with serum triglycerides and negatively associated with high-density-lioprotein (HDL) cholesterol, both components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). The question now is whether noncola soft drink intake (NCOLA) is associated with MetS. Among the 18 770 participants in the Oslo Health Study, 5373 men and 6181 women had data on COLA and NCOLA and risk factors for MetS (except fasting glucose). Main MetS requirements are central obesity and 2 of the following: increased triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, increased systolic or diastolic blood pressure, and elevated fasting blood glucose. The MetSRisk index was calculated to estimate many MetS components. Using regression analyses, the association between COLA (NCOLA) and MetS (MetSRisk) was studied. In young (aged 30 years), middle-aged (aged 40 and 45 years), and senior (aged 59 and 60 years) men and women, there was, in general, a positive correlation between COLA and MetSRisk, and between COLA and single MetS risk factors, except HDL cholesterol, which was negatively correlated. A less consistent picture was found for NCOLA. By regression analyses, after adjustment for sex, age, time since last meal, and use of sugar-sweetened soft drinks, a positive association between COLA (NCOLA) and MetSRisk (MetS) was still found. However, when also controlling for cheese, fatty fish, coffee, alcohol, smoking, physical activity, education, and birthplace, only the association with COLA remained significant, irrespective of the presence or absence of sugar. In conclusion, the self-reported intake frequency of soft drinks can be positively associated with MetS.
Cellular responses in skeletal muscle to a season of ice hockey
Authors: Green Howard J. , Batada Aziz , Cole Bill , Burnett Margaret E. , Kollias Helen , McKay Scott , Roy Brian , Schertzer John , Smith Ian , Tupling Susan 
Published: October 2010

We hypothesized that a season of ice hockey would result in extensive remodeling of muscle. Tissue sampled from the vastus lateralis of 15 players (age = 20.6 ± 0.4 years; mean ± SE) prior to (PRE) and following (POST) a season was used to characterize specific adaptations. Measurement of representative metabolic pathway enzymes indicated higher maximal activities in POST than in PRE (p < 0.05) for succinic dehydrogenase (3.26 ± 0.31 vs. 3.91 ± 0.11 mol·mg protein–1·min–1), citrate synthase (7.26 ± 0.70 vs. 8.70 ± 0.55 mol·mg protein–1·min–1), and phosphofructokinase (12.8 ± 1.3 vs. 14.4 ± 0.96 mol·mg protein–1·min–1) only. The season resulted in an increase in Na+-K+-ATPase concentration (253 ± 6.3 vs. 265 ± 6.0 pmol·g–1wet weight), a decrease (p < 0.05) in maximal activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (107 ± 4.2 µmol·g protein–1·min–1vs. 92.0 ± 4.6 µmol·g protein–1·min–1), and no change in the distribution (%) of fibre types. A smaller (p < 0.05) cross-sectional area (CSA) for both type I (–11.7%) and type IIA (–18.2%) fibres and a higher (p < 0.05) capillary count/CSA for type I (+17.9%) and type IIA (+17.2%) were also found over the season. No changes were found in peak oxygen consumption (51.4 ± 1.2 mL·kg–1·min–1vs. 52.3 ± 1.3 mL·kg–1·min–1). The results suggest, based on the alterations in oxidative and perfusion potentials and muscle mass, that the dominant adaptations are in support of oxidative metabolism, which occurs at the expense of fibre CSA and possibly force-generating potential.
Safety of gravity-load columns in shear wall buildings designed to Canadian standard CSA A23.3
Authors: Adebar Perry , Bazargani Poureya , Mutrie James , Mitchell Denis 
Published: October 2010

It has been a Canadian code requirement for 25 years to check whether concrete gravity-load columns can tolerate the building deformations due to the design earthquake; but the way this has typically been done using linear analysis significantly underestimates the seismic demands on gravity-load columns. Concern about the safety of gravity-load columns over the plastic hinge height of concrete shear walls, particularly elongated wall-like gravity-load columns, has resulted in new design requirements in Update No. 3 of Canadian Standard Association (CSA) A23.3–04 issued in August 2009. The current paper provides the background to these new requirements. If nonlinear analysis is not done, closely spaced seismic hoops shall be provided in all columns and walls that support gravity loads, and these members shall meet the same limit on maximum compression strain depth as concrete shear walls. The results of nonlinear analyses were used to validate this simple design rule, and to investigate factors that increase seismic demands on gravity-load columns such as diagonal cracking of concrete shear walls, localized damage of columns from cover spalling and bar buckling, and larger first storey heights. Nonlinear analysis has shown that 2.4 m (8 ft) long columns can lose over 50% of their axial load carrying capacity at an inelastic drift ratio of only 1%.
Analysis of the representativeness and relative severity of ASTM C672 and NQ 2621-900 standard procedures in evaluating concrete scaling resistance
Authors: Houehanou Ernesto , Gagné Richard , Jolin Marc 
Published: October 2010

The aim of this study is to gain an understanding of the representativeness and relative severity of ASTM C672 and NQ 2621-900 standard test procedures in evaluating the scaling resistance of concrete incorporating various proportions of fly ash (25% and 35%), slag (25% and 35%), and silica fume (1% and 2%). Length of curing and presaturation of samples were varied before starting the freeze–thaw tests. Laboratory durability of tested concrete was compared with that of similar concrete after 4 years of service life. Results show that the length of the moist pretreatment period is a key parameter in scaling resistance of laboratory-tested concrete. A 28-day period of moist curing appears to be optimal and leads to more realistic assessment of the actual scaling resistance of concrete. The use of a draining-bottom mold had no significant effect on the scaling resistance of the concretes in this study.
Diverting electron fluxes towards sulfate reduction using linoleic acid in a mixed anaerobic culturePaper submitted to the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science.
Authors: Sharma Mamata , Biswas Nihar 
Published: October 2010

Sulfate (1500 mg/L) reduction and glucose (1870 mg/L) degradation was examined in the presence of five varying linoleic acid (LA) levels (100–1000 mg/L) at 37 ± 2 °C and pH 7.0–7.2. The sulfate reduction and methane formation data suggest that LA selectively inhibited methane producing bacteria (MPB). The quantity of sulfate removed increased with increasing LA dosage. Approximately 1375 mg/L (92%) sulfate was removed in cultures fed with high concentrations of LA (1000 mg/L), which was 68% more than that removed in glucose and sulfate controls. The quantity of sulfate removed in cultures fed with 100, 300, 500 and 700 mg/L LA were 62%, 66%, 77%, and 84%, respectively. Initial sulfate degradation rates increased with increasing LA levels in the cultures. High LA levels (1000 mg/L) attributed to approximately a sevenfold increase in the initial sulfate degradation rates compared to cultures containing sulfate plus glucose. The highest initial sulfate removal rate (0.19 µg/(mgVSS min)) was observed in cultures receiving 1000 mg/L LA. Initial glucose degradation rates decreased with increasing LA concentrations. The rates for the cultures receiving 1000 mg/L LA were 2.53 µg/(mgVSS min) while the degradation rate for cultures containing 100 mg/L LA was 5.40 µg/(mgVSS min). Methane formation decreased when sulfate and LA were added. Methane formation was lowest in cultures receiving elevated LA concentrations. The percent electron flow fluxes increased towards sulfidogenesis and decreased towards methanogenesis with increasing LA levels. Less than 0.6% electron flow was diverted to methanogenesis in cultures containing high levels of LA (≥700 mg/L) while ≤ 45% was diverted to sulfidogenesis. Acetate and propionate were the major volatile fatty acids (VFAs) detected during glucose degradation. The amount of sulfate reduced in the cultures receiving only LA or sulfate and no other carbon source was comparable (approximately 10%), which suggests that LA did not contribute to electrons during the course of experiment for sulfate reduction.
Quantitative PCR assay of sewage-associatedBacteroidesmarkers to assess sewage pollution in an urban lake in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmed Warish , Yusuf Rita , Hasan Imtiaj , Goonetilleke Ashantha , Gardner Ted 
Published: October 2010

This paper aimed to assess the magnitude of sewage pollution in an urban lake in Dhaka, Bangladesh, by using quantitative PCR of sewage-associated Bacteroides HF183 markers. PCR was also used for the quantitative detection of ruminant wastewater-associated CF128 markers along with the enumeration of traditional fecal indicator bacteria, namely enterococci. The number of enterococci in lake water samples ranged from 1.1 × 104to 1.9 × 105colony-forming units/100 mL water. From the 20 water samples tested, 14 (70%) and 7 (35%) were PCR positive for HF183 and CF128 markers, respectively. The numbers of HF183 and CF128 markers in lake water samples were 3.9 × 104to 6.3 × 107and 9.3 × 103to 6.3 × 105genomic units/100 mL water, respectively. The high numbers of enterococci and HF183 markers are indicative of sewage pollution and potential health risks to those who use the lake water for nonpotable purposes such as bathing and washing clothes. This is the first study that investigated the presence of microbial source tracking markers in Dhaka, Bangladesh, where diarrhoeal disease is one of the major causes of childhood mortality. The molecular assay used in this study can provide valuable information on the extent of sewage pollution, thus facilitating the development of robust strategies to minimize potential health risks.
Calculation of muscle maximal shortening velocity by extrapolation of the force–velocity relationship: afterloaded versus isotonic release contractions
Authors: Bullimore Sharon R. , Saunders Travis J. , Herzog Walter , MacIntosh Brian R. 
Published: October 2010

The maximal shortening velocity of a muscle (Vmax) provides a link between its macroscopic properties and the underlying biochemical reactions and is altered in some diseases. Two methods that are widely used for determining Vmaxare afterloaded and isotonic release contractions. To determine whether these two methods give equivalent results, we calculated Vmaxin 9 intact single fibres from the lumbrical muscles of the frog Xenopus laevis (9.5–15.5 °C, stimulation frequency 35–70 Hz). The data were modelled using a 3-state cross-bridge model in which the states were inactive, detached, and attached. Afterloaded contractions gave lower predictions of Vmaxthan did isotonic release contractions in all 9 fibres (3.20 ± 0.84 versus 4.11 ± 1.08 lengths per second, respectively; means ± SD, p = 0.001) and underestimated unloaded shortening velocity measured with the slack test by an average of 29% (p = 0.001, n = 6). Excellent model predictions could be obtained by assuming that activation is inhibited by shortening. We conclude that under the experimental conditions used in this study, afterloaded and isotonic release contractions do not give equivalent results. When a change in the Vmaxmeasured with afterloaded contractions is observed in diseased muscle, it is important to consider that this may reflect differences in either activation kinetics or cross-bridge cycling rates.