bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive organizational changes in agent-oriented methodologies
Authors: Cernuzzi Luca , Zambonelli Franco 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe analyze the problem of modeling and developing multiagent systems (MASs) from the organizational theory point of view. In particular, we focus on the critical issue of adapting MASs organizations whenever changes in the structure of the MAS are required. We survey different relevant agent-oriented methodologies and discuss their suitability in dealing with adaptation in multiagent organizations. Finally, we present some critical considerations about the analyzed methodologies together with some open issues related to the process of modeling organizations for facilitating their adaptations.
Learning like a baby: a survey of artificial intelligence approaches
Authors: Guerin Frank 
Published: May 2011

AbstractOne of the major stumbling blocks for artificial intelligence remains the commonsense knowledge problem. It is not clear how we could go about building a program which has all the commonsense knowledge of the average human adult. This has led to growing interest in the ‘developmental’ approach, which takes its inspiration from nature (especially the human infant) and attempts to build a program which could develop its own knowledge and abilities through interaction with the world. The challenge here is to find a learning program which can continuously build on what it knows, to reach increasingly sophisticated levels of knowledge. This survey reviews work in this area, with the emphasis on those that focus on early learning, for example, sensorimotor learning. The concluding discussion assesses the progress thus far and outlines some key problems which have yet to be addressed, and whose solution is essential to achieve the goals of the developmental approach.
Pattern Center Determination in Electron Backscatter Diffraction Microscopy
Authors: Basinger Jay , Fullwood David , Kacher Josh , Adams Brent 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe pattern center of an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) image indicates the relative position of the image with reference to the interaction volume of the sample. As interest grows in high-resolution EBSD techniques, accurate knowledge of this position is essential for precise interpretation of the EBSD features. In a typical EBSD framework, Kikuchi bands are recorded on a phosphor screen. If the flat phosphor were instead shaped as a sphere, with its center at the specimen's electron interaction volume, then the incident backscattered electrons would form Kikuchi bands on that sphere with parallel band edges centered on great circles. In this article, the authors present a method of pattern center (PC) refinement that maps bands from the planar phosphor onto a virtual spherical screen and measures the deviation of bands from a great circle and from possessing parallel edges. Potential sources of noise and error, as well as methods for reducing these, are discussed. Finally, results are presented on the application of the PC algorithm to two types of simulated EBSD patterns and two experimental setups, and the resolution of the method is discussed.
Incompressibility of quadratic Weil transfer of generalized Severi–Brauer varieties
Authors: Karpenko Nikita A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractLet X be the variety obtained by the Weil transfer with respect to a quadratic separable field extension of a generalized Severi–Brauer variety. We study (and, in some cases, determine) the canonical dimension, incompressibility, and motivic indecomposability of X. We determine the canonical 2-dimension of X (in the general case).
Integrated crops and livestock in central North Dakota, USA: Agroecosystem management to buffer soil change
Authors: Liebig M.A. , Tanaka D.L. , Kronberg S.L. , Scholljegerdes E.J. , Karn J.F. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIntegrated crop–livestock systems have been purported to have numerous agronomic and environmental benefits, yet information documenting their long-term impact on the soil resource is lacking. This study sought to quantify the effects of an integrated crop–livestock system on near-surface soil properties in central North Dakota, USA. Soil bulk density, electrical conductivity, soil pH, extractable N and P, potentially mineralizable N, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were measured 3, 6 and 9 years after treatment establishment to evaluate the effects of residue management (Grazed, Hayed and Control), the frequency of hoof traffic (High traffic, Low traffic and No traffic), season (Fall and Spring) and production system (integrated annual cropping versus perennial grass) on near-surface soil quality. Values for soil properties were incorporated into a soil quality index (SQI) using the Soil Management Assessment Framework to assess overall treatment effects on soil condition. Residue management and frequency of hoof traffic did not affect near-surface soil properties throughout the evaluation period. Aggregated SQI values did not differ between production systems 9 years after treatment establishment (integrated annual cropping=0.91, perennial grass=0.93; P=0.57), implying a near-identical capacity of each system to perform critical soil functions. Results from the study suggest that with careful management, agricultural producers can convert perennial grass pastures to winter-grazed annual cropping systems without adversely affecting near-surface soil quality. However, caution should be exercised in applying results to other regions or management systems. The consistent freeze/thaw and wet/dry cycles typical of the northern Great Plains, coupled with the use of no-till management, modest fertilizer application rates and winter grazing likely played an important role in the outcome of the results.
Effect of tapering period on plasma hormone concentrations, mood state, and performance of elite male cyclists
Authors: Zehsaz Farzad , Azarbaijani Mohammad Ali , Farhangimaleki Negin , Tiidus Peter 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the effect of 1‐ and 3‐week tapering periods on concentrations of plasma testosterone (T), cortisol (C), T/C ratio, mood state, and performance in elite male cyclists. After 8 weeks of progressive training, cyclists were randomly assigned to a control group (n=12) who continued performing intense training for a further 3 weeks, or a taper group (n=12) who continued with a 50% reduction in training volume. Blood testosterone and cortisol concentrations were assayed and the T/C ratio calculated from analysis obtained via standard ELISA. Mood state was determined using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. All data were collected immediately after a 40‐km time‐trial performed before, during, and after the 8‐week training protocol and after the 1‐ and 3‐week tapering/training periods. In the taper group, 40‐km time‐trial time decreased significantly (P<0.01) and equally for both the 1‐ and 3‐week taper periods relative to the control group. There were significant elevations in T/C ratio (P<0.001) and reductions in cortisol concentrations and POMS scores in the taper group relative to the control groups at the end of both the 1‐ and 3‐week tapering periods. Hence, taper periods are effective in improving performance and mood state and elevating the blood T/C ratio.
Fourteen. Dancing in the Dark
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This chapter looks closely at Schuman first three mature dance scores: Undertow, Night Journey, and Judith. It explores the nature of Schuman's collaborations with Antony Tudor and Martha Graham and examines the similarities and differences in these working relationships. Attention is also given on how these three works were commissioned, with a particular emphasis on the role of the Louisville Orchestra in creating the possibility for Graham's “dance concerto” Judith.
Seventeen. Delays and Diversions
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Some worried that Schuman would stop composing once he became president of Juilliard. While this was not the case, the steady stream of compositions that marked his Sarah Lawrence years appeared to slow down. In the case of the Concerto for Violin and Orchestra from this period, the delay was more ascribable to the decision to postpone the first performance. In the case of George Washington Bridge, Schuman's major band work, it was the result of false starts and other interruptions. This chapter looks at the Violin Concerto and its various revisions as well as the summers spent on Martha's Vineyard, where Schuman alternated between outdoor recreation and intense composition.
Twenty-Nine. The Composer Reasserts Himself
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Though Schuman knew it was unlikely he would ever accept a major administrative assignment again, it took some time for him to accept the shift in priorities. His demanding job now was to learn how to promote himself as a composer, not only with performing ensembles but also with his own publisher. Part of the promotion meant securing recordings of his works, and this chapter shows how some of Schuman's compositional decisions were made based on the possibility of a recording being made. This chapter also explores Schuman's cannibalization of his own works to create new ones and his struggle when asked to write a work for the Jewish High Holy Days services. It ends with a discussion of the high esteem in which Soviet Union composers and performers held Schuman.
Thirty-Two. Reflections and Ruminations
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
In the aftermath of the bicentennial commission, Schuman's compositions took on a darker hue. During this period of his life, he began to lose a number of his close colleagues: Roy Harris, Seymour Shifrin, and Samuel Barber in particular. He also waged battle against the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, which he founded, because he felt it had strayed from the vision he had for American music. This chapter examines the works from this period, including Schuman's only song cycle, set to words of Archibald MacLeish, as well as a number of works Schuman composed to commemorate various friends and colleagues. Even though much around Schuman appeared to be crepuscular, there was also evidence that a new day for his music was on the horizon.
Political Theory and the Criminal Law
Authors: Matravers Matt 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This chapter asks what contractarian political theory can tell us about the place of the criminal law, and of criminals, in a liberal society. It begins by distinguishing two forms of contractarian thinking: one owed to the mutual advantage tradition of Hobbes; the other to the impartialist tradition of Kant. The argument is that both can underwrite a system of criminal law, and of punishment, for similar reasons.
The Resurgence of Character: Responsibility in the Context of Criminalization
Authors: Lacey Nicola 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This chapter further develops the diagnosis of a revival of character in contemporary criminal law. First, it offers a more differentiated conceptual framework for identifying the waxing and waning influence of character in criminal law. In doing so it sets out, deliberately, from a broad definition of character as a pattern or practice of responsibility-attribution which is premised in whole or in part on an evaluation or estimation of the quality of the defendant's (manifested or assumed) disposition as distinct from his or her conduct. Second, drawing on this broad model of character, the chapter demonstrates the variety of ways in which contemporary criminal law is marked by a resurgence of character. Third, it sketches an extra-doctrinal explanation of why we have seen a resurgence of interest in and reliance on ideas of character responsibility: one which finds the roots of the ideology of responsibility which shapes the criminal law in broad practices of criminalization, themselves influenced by a political, economic, and social context. Finally, it draws some conclusions from this analysis for methodology in criminal law theory, and in particular for the appropriateness of a framework which locates its interpretation of criminal responsibility primarily within a conceptual analysis of legal doctrine in isolation from its context.
Beyond The Special Part
Authors: Alexander Larry , Ferzan Kimberly Kessler 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This chapter argues that contemporary criminal codes do a poor job of capturing what it is that makes state punishment truly deserved. It proposes a radical rewriting of criminal codes, which would eliminate negligence as a basis for criminal liability, abolish liability for incomplete attempts, and replace detailed offence definitions and hierarchically arranged mens rea terms with a streamlined standard according to which people would be subject to deserved punishment when they show ‘insufficient concern for others’, defined as risking harm to others for insufficiently good reasons.
Criminal Liability and ‘Smart’ Environments
Authors: Hildebrandt Mireille 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This chapter challenges the commonsense assumption of criminal lawyers and moral philosophers who believe that only human persons can qualify for the kind of legal personhood that allows for criminal liability. Despite the attribution, in practice, of such liability to collective entities like a corporation, the theoretical justification often reduces to an explanation in terms of an aggregate of individuals' responsibility or to a purely instrumental usage of the legal figure of personhood (as an ungrounded legal fiction). The chapter begins with an analysis of legal personhood within the current legal framework, discussing whether, and to what extent, natural persons, animals, corporations, associations, artificial agents, or distributed intelligent multi-agent systems are, previously were, or should be regarded as legal persons. Next it provides an introduction to smart environments, using the example of the high-tech environment of an aeroplane cockpit to sensitize the reader to what is at stake here. This lays the groundwork for an analysis of the concepts of agency, moral agency, and patiency, aiming to confront legal philosophy with findings from the field of Information Ethics, mainly building on Floridi and Sanders' understanding of mindless moral agency. Finally, the potential of the attribution of a restricted or full legal personhood to artificial agents or smart environments is discussed, with respect to liability for regulatory offences and for crimes.
Where We Stand
Authors: Truswell Robert 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis brief chapter summarizes the description of cognitive and semantic structures in Part I, and returns to the Single Event Condition from Chapter 1. That condition requires that a constituent containing A'-movement describes a single event. It therefore converts the theory elaborated in Part I into predictions concerning the distribution of A'-movement. Certain discrete patterns are expected, based on factors such as those governed by regular syntactic locality theory and the categorical well-formedness constraints on event structure from Part I, as well as syntactic height effects deriving from the distribution of Op (Chapter 4). However, there are also two expected sources of gradient acceptability. Firstly, world knowledge constrains the possibility of enrichment of noncontingent, temporal relations among events into contingent, macroevent-forming relations; secondly, aspectual coercion produces gradient effects in some cases.
Parametric nonlinear models
Authors: Teräsvirta Timo , Tjøstheim Dag , Granger W. J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this chapter, a number of most commonly applied nonlinear time series models are being considered. As opposed to the previous chapter, these models do not generally have their origin in economic theory. Many of the models nest a linear model are therefore relatively easily interpretable. The models include regression models such as the smooth transition, switching regression and Markov switching models. They also include models based on rather general functional forms such as artificial neural network models and polynomial models. More rarely applied models such as bilinear or max‐min models are also mentioned. Models with stochastic coefficients also receive attention. Areas of application of these models to economic time series are briefly mentioned.
Models of conditional heteroskedasticity
Authors: Teräsvirta Timo , Tjøstheim Dag , Granger W. J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis chapter considers modelling conditional heteroskedasticity and begins with the well known autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) model. Its basic extension to the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model is described, and various extensions of the GARCH model are considered. They include the exponential GARCH model and the stochastic volatility model that is not a GARCH model but belongs to a separate family of models. Building GARCH models, including specification, estimation and evaluation, is discussed. The GARCH‐in‐mean model and the concept of realized volatility are briefly mentioned. There is also a section on multivariate GARCH models whose popularity has been increasing during the last few years.
Dulce Est Desipere in Loco
Authors: Thirlway Hugh 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
A Festschrift is by definition a celebration; yet of its nature it nevertheless tends to be a solemn and weighty affair. In the case of Bruno Simma, the result is that the tributes paid to him in this volume — painstaking and erudite, generous and well-deserved, as they are — do not reflect a side of him that his friends, and all those who have worked with him, know well and greatly appreciate: his slightly mischievous sense of humour. This chapter presents some light-hearted verses related to three of the cases dealt with by the International Court of Justice during Bruno's term of office.
From Academic to Judge
Authors: Higgins Rosalyn 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the many accomplishments of Judge Bruno Simma. Simma has a global reputation as an academic, the author of fifteen books (several of which had multiple editions) and more than sixty scholarly articles and of many important reports. His celebrity lies not just in his publications, exceptional though they are, it lies in his remarkable drive and vigour and his very special relations with students. His students at Munich and at Michigan have benefited, since 1973 and 1997 respectively, from this dynamism, coupled with a total lack of pomposity. Simma has a voracious appetite for knowledge. He devours, in many languages, books and articles from various sources on a wide variety of subjects. This is for him not a duty, but a pleasure. He is vastly knowledgeable over the generality of international law. He is also one of the great leaders in the field of human rights.
A Friend, an Academic Teacher, and A Partner Before Court
Authors: Westdickenberg Gerd 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This chapter on Bruno Simma talks about a friend, an academic teacher, a co-agent at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the Hague, a fellow exchange student to the United States with the same American organization — someone who like himself is a friend of the maritime environment and of classy vintage cars, but also someone who loves good cuisine and knows about it. In short, it talks about someone with an impressive mixture of qualities, character traits, experiences, and interests.
The Concept of ‘International Community’ in International Law and the Developing Countries
Authors: Sreenivasa Rao Pemmaraju 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
With the establishment of the United Nations (UN) in 1945 a new reality for the international community came into being that had never existed before. It eradicated colonialism and brought a large number of newly independent States to join the UN as members with the result that the membership of the UN, established in 1945 with fifty-one original members, now stands at 192. It is to the credit of the developing countries that the concept of the international community has acquired the significance it has today. Given their diversity and commitment to the international process, they brought the necessary universality to UN membership and common purpose not only to the UN, which is the single most universal organization of its kind, but also to the growing number of international institutions.
Elements of Supranationality in the Law of International Organizations
Authors: Schroeder Werner , Müller Andreas Th. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines whether elements of what is commonly understood as reflecting the EU supranational character can also be found, if only partly and in statu nascendi, in the structure and functioning of other international organizations (IOs). The question directrice is therefore whether, and to what extent, qualifying IOs and the law they produce as supranational constitutes a valuable tool in describing and analysing these organizations.
From Humanitarian Intervention to Responsibility to Protect: Making Utopia True?
Authors: Hilpold Peter 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Regulating the use of force has always been a pivotal element of international law, both in practice and in theory. Even in early times it was recognized that peace was the supreme goal mankind longed for, a necessary precondition for progress in civilization. In the absence of an international law order in the modern sense, respect for peace should be obtained by attributing a divine character to it. Human nature is, however, ambiguous and capable of both enlightened aspirations and the most abhorrent deeds. Thus, from earliest history to the present day the temptation for human communities and societies to improve their lot through recourse to war has always been great. At the same time, it is also a human trait to feel compassion for people suffering injustice in other societies — compassion that can mount to anger and outrage and finally to the will to act. All these sentiments, the egoistic and the altruistic ones, can interact and in the end even the intervener himself might not be sure which sentiments were the prevailing ones. International practice and discussion is reflective of this ambivalent situation. Looking back over the last century it has become clear, however, that a broad consensus had emerged according to which peace preservation had to be made paramount, as any ‘just cause’ to break peace was prone to be abused. The United Nations (UN) order, created against the background of a man-made catastrophe of civilization, opened up a completely new chapter in international law and the new order seemed, at first sight, to be perfect. The use — and even the threat — of force was outlawed while the right to self-defence remained in place and a right to intervention by the organized State community was created according to Chapter VII of the UN Charter.
Universal Periodic Review: a New System of International Law with Specific Ground Rules?
Authors: Tomuschat Christian 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Since the establishment of the Human Rights Council (HRC) in 2006 the general architecture of international law has received new features, in particular through the introduction of the Universal Periodic Review (UPR). The UPR is founded on an almost irreproachable base as far as the fairness of the proceeding is concerned. On the one hand, each and every country will be reviewed every four years. On the other hand, each and every country may take part in the review process. Participation is not restricted to the members of the HRC. Thus, all States may contribute, on a basis of parity, to moulding and shaping the law underlying the UPR process. This process reflects in a perfect manner the principle of sovereign equality as enshrined in Article 1(3) of the United Nations (UN) Charter. No State can complain about discrimination or a preponderance of the powerful nations. Of course, the process also reveals the intellectual capacities of all of its participants as well as their real engagement for the sake of human rights.