bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of the dry mass of tissue sections by interference microscopy
Authors: GALJAARD H. , SZIRMAI J. A. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISUnder certain conditions the relationship between the optical‐path difference and the light intensity in an interference system is identical for both even field and interference fringes. This principle has been utilised to determine the absolute value of optical‐path differences in interference contrast (even field) for estimation of the dry‐mass concentration of tissue sections. A Leitz double‐beam interference microscope has been employed and the intensities were evaluated by photographic photometry. The method adopted consists of the following steps: (a) tissue sections are immersed in a medium which completely penetrates into the object; (b) the specimen is first examined in interference fringes using monochromatic light and a photograph is taken comprising the object and part of the free background; (c) even field is then adjusted and a second photograph is taken under the same conditions. (d) the photographs are quantitatively processed and the densities of selected areas of the object in even field and of the background in both even field and fringes are recorded by a microdensitometer; (e) the optical‐path differences are measured by comparing the densities in the object with those of the sinusoidal reference curve of the interference fringes. Experimental data are presented to validate the various steps of the procedure. The error of the method was found to vary from 2 to 9 p.c. when applied to sections of hyaline cartilage.
Histochemical study of 5‐nucleotidase in the human thyroid gland
Authors: HARCOURT‐WEBSTER J. N. , STOTT N. C. H. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISIn this histochemical study the patterns of activity and sites of localization of 5‐nucleotidase in a series of human pathological thyroid glands are reported. An association is demonstrated between seasonal changes of temperature and the level of enzyme activity; a relationship between this activity and involutionary change is also shown. The sites of localization of this enzyme suggest a role in cell transport mechanisms; this is discussed and related to the other observations. The significance of 5‐nucleotidase as a link in the overall control of thyroid function is considered.
A histochemical and electron microscopical study of the fibrinoid of the mouse placenta
Authors: BRADBURY S. , BILLINGTON W. D. , KIRBY D. R. S. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISHistochemical and electron‐microscopical techniques have been employed to study fibrinoid material present in the mouse placenta. These show the material to be an amorphous substance of moderate electron‐density, which stains characteristically with the periodic acid‐Schiff and Hale colloidal iron reactions. Auxiliary techniques, including enzymic digestion, have enabled greater specificity to be obtained from these reactions, and show that the placental fibrinoid contains a mucoprotein rich in tryptophane, with at least two non‐sulphated acid mucopolysaccharides, probably hyaluronic and sialic acids.The fibrinoid is present around each trophoblast cell and as a layer between the foetal and maternal components of the placenta. Considerably more fibrinoid is evident in placentae from hybrid than from inbred matings.It is suggested that the fibrinoid material in the mouse placenta acts as a barrier to prevent the egress of foetal transplantation antigens into the mother.
Certain effects of histamine and of pilocarpine upon the granules of the oxyntico‐peptic cells of Gallus domesticus
Authors: MENZIES GORDON 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISNew observations are presented on the oxyntico‐peptic cells of Gallus domesticus. In the control animals (which were starved for 72 hours) acid phosphatase is present below the nucleus in the cytoplasm of the majority of the cells lying in the upper part of the alveoli. Following the administration of histamine, there is an increase of acid phosphatase. In cells situated in the upper part of the alveoli it is present above and alongside the nucleus. In many cells lying in the lower part of the alveoli it occurs chiefly in an infranuclear position, although in some it is above and alongside the nucleus. There is a progressive decrease in the number of pepsinogen granules, and in cells in many areas of the mucosa, this is preceded by a progressive decrease in the intensity of colouring of the granules. Evacuation of the granules commences in cells lying in the lower part of the alveoli and proceeds to those that are situated in the upper part of the alveoli. The larger type of granule is discharged first, and 2 to 3 hours after injection of the drug all the granules have been discharged from the cells. It seems probable that the pepsinogen granules reappear in cells found in the basal half of the alveoli about 6 hours after histamine injection. Following the injection of pilocarpine, very large spheroids which stain an intense blue after Bowie's method are found above the nucleus in cells lying in the upper part of the alveoli.
Microscopical observations on the effects of phenanthroline chelates on Landschütz ascites tumour cells
Authors: MAYHEW E. , ROE E. M. F. , SHULMAN A. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe passage of coloured chelates derived from 3:4:7:8‐tetramethyl‐1:10 phenanthroline and divalent copper and ruthenium into Landschütz ascites tumour cells, in vitro and in the mouse, has been examined by bright‐field and fluorescence microscopy. Chelate absorption on to the cell surface occurs rapidly but penetration into the cell appears to be a slow process and is generally associated with cell damage.It has been shown by the use of the vital stain lissamine green that exposure to metal chelate decreases significantly the viability of Landschütz ascites tumour both in vitro and in the mouse.
The histochemical demonstration of fructose‐1‐phosphate aldolase and fructose‐1–6‐diphosphate aldolase, and application of the method to a case of fructose intolerance
Authors: LAKE BRIAND 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISA histochemical method for the demonstration of fructose‐1–6‐diphosphate aldolase and fructose‐1‐phosphate aldolase is presented. The method, which incorporates the requirements for the biochemical estimation of these enzymes, has been applied to various fresh frozen tissues including a liver biopsy from a case of fructose intolerance. The results show that in fructose intolerance both these enzymes were reduced in amount, a finding which was confirmed by biochemical estimation.
Electron cytochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase in the globular basophils of the amphibian pituitary
Authors: RIECKEN E. O. , NUNN R. E. , WÄCHTLER K. , PEARSE A. G. E. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISAcid phosphatase activity in the pituitary gland of Triturus cristatus carnex was studied at the electron‐microscope level.In the mucoid (basophil) cells of the pars distalis the reaction product was confined to the large globules. The smaller granules of the same cells never contained electron‐dense material.Another cell type containing electron‐dense reaction product in its granules was found in the pars intermedia.The possible role of hydrolytic enzymes in the activation of hormone precursors is discussed.It is concluded that the two distinct cellular inclusions of the globular basophil are functionally distinct.
Reflected‐light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy applied to the examination of set gypsum plaster texture
Authors: HARBORD N. H. , MANICOM D. K. , SMEETON R. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISOptical‐microscope techniques for the examination of set gypsum plaster are described. It is shown that, at magnifications below x 1250, reflected‐light microscopy is a suitable technique for the examination of smooth surfaces and yields adequate information on texture. For extremely fine‐textured smooth surfaces or for irregular surfaces the scanning electron microscope must be used.
Observations on dugong histology
Authors: CAVE A. J. E. , AUMONIER F. J. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISA description is given, for the first time, of the histological structure of (a) certain lymph nodes, and (b) the thymus and thyroid glands, of the dugong (Dugong dugon). The nodes are of the haanolymph variety and manifest an astonishing range of variation in both the relative proportions and the mutual topographical distribution of their component medullary and cortical tissue. The thymus displays the customary mammalian constitution. The thyroid gland, however, is exceptional in the relatively great abundance and density of its intervesicular stroma; its histological appearance would seem to agree with other evidence favouring the occurrence in the Sirenia of a functional hypothyroidism.
Histochemical studies of the formazan reaction: III. The reversible oxidation‐reduction of mucosubstance formazans
Authors: STOWARD PETER J. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISIn sections of fixed tissue, periodate‐oxidized mucosubstances that have been treated firstly with Phenylhydrazine and secondly at a pH near 9 with a diazonium salt, such as diazotized aniline or tetrazotized 3,3′‐dimethoxybenzidine, are converted into highly‐coloured derivatives which could be formazans, azo‐compounds, tetrazenes, or a mixture of these. That such derivatives are in fact mostly, if not exclusively, formazans has been confirmed by treating these derivatives in situ firstly with N‐bromosuccinimide, to oxidize acid‐labile formazans into acid‐stable, colourless tetrazolium salts; secondly, with a hot ethanolic solution of hydrochloric acid, to destroy azo‐derivatives and tetrazenes and leave tetrazolium salts untouched; and thirdly, with an aqueous solution of ammonium sulphide, to reduce the mucosubstance tetrazolium salts back to the original coloured formazans.
Velocity modeling workflows for sub‐salt geopressure prediction: a case study from the Lower Tertiary trend, Gulf of Mexico
Authors: TAYLOR J. , FISHBURN T. , DJORDJEVIC O. , SULLIVAN R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSome of the most active and high profile hydrocarbon plays currently being explored and developed around the world lie below a complex salt canopy. Accurate predrill prediction of sub‐salt pore and fracture pressures is technically challenging, yet remains critical for mitigating drilling risk and reducing exploration and development costs. The objective of this paper is to highlight how 3‐D velocity modeling methodologies can be applied to accurately predict sub‐salt geopressures. An example data set from the Lower Tertiary trend of deep water Gulf of Mexico is utilized to demonstrate the key data requirements and earth modeling procedures, and to compare predicted results with postwell drilling reports and measured well data. Central to this approach is a 3‐D layered earth model. It is the basis for cross‐discipline data integration and provides an ideal platform for well property interpolation, velocity–density–pressure transformations, characterization of geomechanical rock properties, multiwell planning, and drilling risk assessment. Although the main goal of the work is accurate predrill predictions of both pore pressure and fracture pressure for improved well design, these multi‐attribute models also provide superior depth prognoses and can be utilized for hydrocarbon column height assessment and seal breach risking, as well as for lithological discrimination. Furthermore, model properties can be incorporated into geomechanical models for detailed wellbore stability analysis. By adopting an earth‐model centric workflow, more reliable and robust predrill geopressure predictions have resulted. This has had a positive impact on well design efficiencies and minimized drilling downtime arising from well control events.
Parasitism of aphid embryos by Aphidius smithi: some effects of extremely small host size
Authors: Mackauer M. , Kambhampati S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractEmbryos of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), were successfully parasitized by Aphidius smithi Sharma & Subba Rao while still inside their mother. Parasites from embryos were much smaller, laid fewer eggs, but survived as long as their counterparts that had developed in adult viviparous aphids. Lifetime fecundity was positively correlated with wasp size, as measured by dry weight at the time of death. A. smithi females produced the same offspring sex ratio at eclosion on both host classes, although emergence was significantly lower from mummified adult aphids than from embryos. The data are discussed with regard to progeny and sex allocation decisions by solitary hymenopterous parasites. It is suggested that, in A. smithi, the decision to lay a fertilized or unfertilized egg is influenced by the host's overall size, rather than by the size and quality of a smaller target area inside the host, such as embryos.
Extensive polymorphism in the porcine Toll‐like receptor 10 gene
Authors: Bergman I.‐M. , Edman K. , Ekdahl K. N. , Rosengren K. J. , Edfors I. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe great importance of the Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) in innate immunity is well established, but one family member – TLR10 – remains elusive. TLR10 is expressed in various tissues in several species, but its ligand is not known and its function is still poorly understood. The open reading frame of TLR10 was sequenced in 15 wild boars, representing three populations, and in 15 unrelated domestic pigs of Hampshire, Landrace and Large White origin. Amino acid positions corresponding to detected nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analysed in the crystal structures determined for the human TLR1–TLR2–lipopeptide complex and the human TLR10 Toll/Interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) dimer. SNP occurrence in wild boars and domestic pigs was compared, and haplotypes for the TLR10 gene and the TLR6‐1‐10 gene cluster were reconstructed. Despite the limited number of animals sequenced in the present study (N = 30), a larger number of SNPs were found in TLR10 than recently reported for TLR1, TLR6 and TLR2. Thirty‐three SNPs were detected, of which 20 were nonsynonymous. The relative frequency of nonsynonymous (dN) and synonymous (dS) SNPs between wild boars and domestic pigs was higher in TLR10 than recently reported for TLR1, TLR6 and TLR2. However, the polymorphism reported in the present study seems to leave the function of the TLR10 molecule unaffected. Furthermore, no nonsynonymous SNPs were detected in the part of the gene corresponding to the hinge region of the receptor, probably reflecting rigorously acting functional constraint. The total number of SNPs and the number of nonsynonymous SNPs were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the wild boars than in the domestic pigs, and fewer TLR10 haplotypes were present in the wild boars. The majority of the TLR6‐1‐10 haplotypes were specific for either wild boars or domestic pigs, probably reflecting differences in microbial environment and population history.
Composition as Identity: Part 2
Authors: Wallace Megan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMany of us think that ordinary objects – such as tables and chairs – exist. We also think that ordinary objects have parts: my chair has a seat and some legs as parts, for example. But once we are committed to the (seemingly innocuous) thesis that ordinary objects are composed of parts, we then open ourselves up to a whole host of philosophical problems, most of which center on what exactly this composition relation is. Composition as Identity (CI) is the view that the composition relation is the identity relation. While such a view has some advantages, there are many arguments against it. In this essay, I discuss several versions of the most common objection against CI, and show how the CI theorist can maintain that these arguments – contrary their initial intuitive appeal – are nonetheless unsound.
Critical Reception of Raz’s Theory of Authority
Authors: Ehrenberg Kenneth 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis is a canvass to the critical reaction to Joseph Raz’s service conception of authority, as well as actual or possible replies by Raz. Familiarity is assumed with the theory itself, covered in a previous article. The article focuses primarily on direct criticisms of Raz’s theory, rather than replies developed in the context of a theorist’s wider project.
Cellular Stochastic Control of the Collective Output of a Class of Distributed Hysteretic Systems
Authors: Wood Levi B. , Harry Asada H. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Stable stochastic feedback control of an aggregate output from a multitude of cellular units is presented in this paper. Similar to a skeletal muscle comprising a number of muscle fibers, the plant considered in this paper consists of many independent units (called cellular units), each of which contributes to an aggregate output of the whole system. The central controller regulates the aggregate output by stochastically recruiting as many cellular units as needed for producing a required output. Two challenges are considered. The first is how to deal with individual units having pronounced hysteresis and long latency time in transient response. It will be shown that slow response and poor stability due to the hysteresis and latency time can significantly be improved by coordinating the multitude of cellular units, which are in diverse phases in the hysteresis loop. The second challenge is how to build a central controller that coordinates the multitude of cellular units without knowing the state of individual units. Stochastic broadcast feedback is presented as a solution that meets those requirements. The central controller observes only the aggregate output value rather than the output and state of each unit, compares the aggregate output against a reference, and broadcasts an error signal to all the units, which are anonymous. In turn, each cellular unit makes a control decision stochastically with state transition probabilities that are modulated by the broadcast error signal from the central controller. Stability analysis based on supermatingale theory guarantees that this stochastic broadcast feedback is stable and robust against cell failures. The method is applied to the control of shape-memory-alloy muscle actuators with cellular architecture. Despite pronounced hysteresis and long latency time, stochastic broadcast feedback can achieve fast and stable control. Simulation experiments verify the theoretical results.
GenoType MTBDR
sl
for Molecular Detection of Second-Line-Drug and Ethambutol Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains and Clinical Samples
Authors: Lacoma A. , García-Sierra N. , Prat C. , Maldonado J. , Ruiz-Manzano J. , Haba L. , Gavin P. , Samper S. , Ausina V. , Domínguez J. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the GenoType MTBDR
sl
assay (Hain Lifescience GmbH, Nehren, Germany) for its ability to detect resistance to fluoroquinolones (FLQ), injectable second-line antibiotics [kanamycin (KM) and capreomycin (CM)], and ethambutol (EMB) in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
clinical strains and directly in clinical samples. A total of 34 clinical strains were characterized with the Bactec 460 TB system. Fifty-four clinical samples from 16 patients (5 were smear negative and 49 were smear positive) were also tested directly. The corresponding isolates of the clinical specimens were also analyzed with the Bactec 460TB. When there was a discrepancy between assays, pyrosequencing was performed. The overall rates of concordance of the MTBDR
sl
and the Bactec 460TB for the detection of FLQ, KM/CM, and EMB susceptibility in clinical strains were 72.4% (21/29), 88.8% (24/27), and 67.6% (23/34), whereas for clinical samples, rates were 86.5% (45/52), 92.3% (48/52), and 56% (28/50), respectively. In conclusion, the GenoType MTBDR
sl
assay may be a useful tool for making early decisions regarding KM/CM susceptibility and to a lesser extent regarding FLQ and EMB susceptibility. The test is able to detect mutations in both clinical strains and samples with a short turnaround time. However, for correct management of patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, results must be confirmed by a phenotypical method.
Clinical Impact of a Real-Time PCR Assay for Rapid Identification of Staphylococcal Bacteremia
Authors: Frye Abigail M. , Baker Catherine A. , Rustvold D. Leif , Heath Kim A. , Hunt Jessica , Leggett James E. , Oethinger Margret 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of real-time PCR reporting both on timely identification of clustered Gram-positive cocci (GPC) in blood cultures and on appropriate antibiotic treatment. This retrospective, interventional cohort study evaluated inpatients with blood cultures positive for GPC in the pre-PCR (15 January 2009 to 14 January 2010) and post-PCR (15 January 2010 to 14 January 2011) periods. Post-PCR implementation, laboratory services completed batched PCR; results other than methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) were reported in the electronic medical record without additional interventions. The assay's sensitivity and specificity, time to identification of staphylococcal bacteremia, and clinically relevant outcomes, including time to optimal antibiotic therapy, were evaluated. Demographic information was also collected and analyzed. Sixty-eight and 58 patients with
Staphylococcus aureus
bacteremia from the pre- and post-PCR periods, respectively, met inclusion criteria. Similar numbers of consecutive patients with coagulase-negative staphylococci were analyzed for comparison. The time to identification was significantly reduced post-PCR implementation (mean, 13.2 h; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 10.5 to 15.9 h;
P
< 0.0001). However, the time to optimal antibiotic therapy was not significantly reduced. We conclude that implementation of a PCR assay demonstrated the potential to improve appropriate antibiotic use based on clinically meaningful and statistically significant reductions in the time to microbiologic identification. However, in order to realize this potential benefit, processes must be optimized and additional interventions initiated to facilitate providers' use of the PCR result.
Urokinase Receptor Associates With Myocardin to Control Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Phenotype in Vascular Disease
Authors: Kiyan Yulia , Limbourg Anne , Kiyan Roman , Tkachuk Sergey , Limbourg Florian P. , Ovsianikov Aleksandr , Chichkov Boris N. , Haller Hermann , Dumler Inna 
Published: November 2011

Objective—
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its specific receptor (uPAR) are a potent multifunctional system involved in vascular remodeling. The goal of the study was to unravel the mechanisms of uPA/uPAR-directed vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) differentiation.

Methods and Results—
Using cultured human primary VSMCs, we identified a new molecular mechanism controlling phenotypic modulation in vitro and in vivo. We found that the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) acts together with the transcriptional coactivator myocardin to regulate the VSMC phenotype. uPAR, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell-surface receptor family member, undergoes ligand-induced internalization and nuclear transport in VSMCs. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor β and SUMOylated RanGAP1 mediate this trafficking. Nuclear uPAR associates with myocardin, which is then recruited from the promoters of serum response factor target genes and undergoes proteasomal degradation. This chain of events initiates the synthetic VSMC phenotype. Using mouse carotid artery ligation model, we show that this mechanism contributes to adverse vascular remodeling after injury in vivo. We then cultured cells on a microstructured biomaterial and found that substrate topography induced uPAR-mediated VSMC differentiation.

Conclusion—
These findings reveal the transcriptional activity of uPAR, controlling the differentiation of VSMCs in a vascular disease model. They also suggest a new role for uPAR as a therapeutic target and as a marker for VSMC phenotyping on prosthetic biomaterials.