bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Froth‐flotation reagents for coal: Distillation fractions of commercial oils and some simple phenolic compounds
Authors: Whelan P. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree commercial oils commonly used for the froth flotation of fine coal were fractionally distilled in a high‐efficiency laboratory column. When the individual fractions were tested for flotative power on Gresford and Bedlington fine coals, little variation was found, except that components boiling at temperatures below 180° or above 280° had less power than those in the middle range.Some 20 simple substituted monohydric phenols of known constitution were subjected to a similar evaluation. They fell into four groups of very different flotative power.Many physical properties of the fractions and of the phenols were measured. No correlation was found between flotation merit and boiling point, solubility, refractive index or dielectric constant of the reagent, or the surface tension and relative surface viscosity of its saturated solution in water. On the other hand, there was a strong indication that the degree of ionization is important, good frothers for coal having dissociation constants (Ka) less than 10−7 and non‐frothers greater than that value as a rule. The power of the phenols in small amount to reduce or refine the size of bubbles created in water by passing air through a porous disc was also shown to be directly related to their flotation merit.
The thermal decomposition of methyl linoleate hydroperoxide
Authors: Williamson L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMethyl linoleate hydroperoxide produced by ultra‐violet‐light‐catalysed oxidation of methyl linoleate has been thermally decomposed in the presence of excess of methyl linoleate. By carrying out the decomposition in an inert atmosphere it has been possible to trace the true reaction‐products formed by the initial peroxide‐oxygen. New oxygenated non‐peroxidic forms of methyl linoleate, dimeric and trimeric compounds are produced. The dimers have been characterized as carboncarbon‐bonded methyl linoleate molecules, but the trimers are of more complex structure. From the relative proportions of oxygenated monomer and polymeric compounds a tentative mechanism to explain the formation of the reaction products has been advanced.
Rapid determination of glycerol by the potassium periodate method
Authors: Hartman L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study of the glycerol determination by the potassium periodate method has been carried out with the object of developing a rapid and yet fairly exact analytical procedure. It has been found that the time of oxidation recommended in the existing methods can be substantially reduced without affecting the accuracy of the determination. Several other modifications of these methods are suggested. In particular, the use of potassium dimesoperiodate (dipotassium periodate) instead of the much less soluble metaperiodate (monopotassium periodate) makes it possible to increase the size of the glycerol sample and thus to achieve a greater reproducibility of results.
Phenol‐formaldehyde and allied resins. II. Trinuclear and hexanuclear novolaks
Authors: Davis A. C. , Hayes B. T. , Hunter R. F. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract2: 6‐Bis‐4′‐hydroxybenzylphenol has been synthesized by isomerization of 2: 6‐bis‐4′‐hydroxybenzylidenecyclohexanone and by condensation of 4‐bromo‐2: 6‐bishydroxymethylphenol with phenol and subsequent reduction of the resulting bromobishydroxybenzylphenol with palladium and hydrogen. 4:4′‐Dihydroxy‐3:5:3′:5′‐tetra‐(2″‐hydroxy‐3″:5″‐dimethyldibenzyl)diphenylmethane, which constitutes the first example of a hexanuclear novolak in which two novolak chains are linked by a central methylene bridge, has been synthesized by condensation of 2:6‐bishydroxymethyl‐4‐bromophenol with 2:4‐xylenol, dehalogenation of the di(hydroxydimethylbenzyl)bromophenol with palladium and hydrogen and condensation of the resulting 2:6‐di‐(2′‐hydroxy‐3′:5′‐dimethylbenzyl)phenol with formaldehyde. The hexanuclear novolak showed a pronounced tendency to form adducts with aliphatic alcohols, recalling the curiously stable additive complex of the tetranuclear p‐cresol novolak and ethylene dichloride. Examination of the X‐ray diffraction of specimens of the solvent‐free hexanuclear novolak and its methanol adduct in the Frevel focusing camera used in the earlier investigation2 showed that, as with the tetranuclear compound and its ethylene dichloride adduct, the lines in the powder photographs were quite dissimilar and apparently unrelated.
The thermal decomposition of anhydrous nitric acid vapour
Authors: Ellis W. R. , Murray R. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCalculations from published figures of the equilibrium constants for the decomposition 2HNO3 H2O + 2NO2 + 1/2O2 show that the degree of dissociation of nitric acid vapour is quite considerable even at moderate temperatures and reaches 100% at 200° and 1 atmosphere pressure. The rate of dissociation has been studied in glass cells at various temperatures (150–250°), by measuring the concentration of nitric acid through the amount of absorption observed in the 1·4‐μ region of the infra‐red. The significance of the results is discussed qualitatively.
A note on the rapid determination of free formaldehyde in phenol‐formaldehyde syrups
Authors: Haslam J. , Soppet W. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA rapid method has been devised for the determination of free formaldehyde in phenol‐formaldehyde syrups.The neutralized alcoholic solution of the sample is treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution and the liberated hydrochloric acid then titrated with standard alkali to pH 3·4 by means of a direct‐reading pH meter.
The variation of the viscosity of gelatin sols with temperature
Authors: Croome R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe variation of the viscosity with temperature has been studied on sols of an isoelectric ossein gelatin, and representation of this variation has been found possible by means of an equation of the type ν = AeK/T.The term A has been shown to be a function of the percentage (weight) concentration of gelatin in the sol.A working hypothesis has been made that the hydration of the gelatin particles, during soaking, persists on dispersion; the decrease in viscosity with rising temperature is represented as due, in the main, to a progressive loss of the absorbed water back to the free dispersion medium, thereby decreasing the ratio of weight of dispersed phase to weight of dispersion medium.Expression of the viscosity as a function of this ratio had yielded an equation representing the variation of the viscosity with concentration of gelatin.The reversibility of the viscosity‐temperature variation has been explained as being due to the rupture and subsequent re‐formation of hydrogen bonds set up between the water molecules and the lyophilic peptide groups in the gelatin particles.
The chlorination of α‐chloroethylbenzene. II
Authors: Webster W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe study of the chlorination of α‐chloroethylbenzene (1′‐chloroethylbenzene) in the presence of iodine as catalyst has been continued in more detail. With concentrations of 2.0% by weight of iodine instead of 0.2% as employed previously, much higher amounts of chlorine react by substitution, and less addition takes place. The formation of styrene dichloride (1′:2′‐dichloroethylbenzene), which results from the use of high iodine concentrations at 20°, is prevented by carrying out the reaction at 0°.Yields of nuclear‐monochlorinated α‐chloroethylbenzene are about 88% of the theoretical. Styrene dichloride, which gives rise to α‐ and β‐chlorostyrene in the monochlorostyrene obtained on dehydrochlorination, can be estimated in the chlorination product by infra‐red absorption methods.
Adiabatic compression and expansion of polystyrene
Authors: Toor H. L. , Eagleton S. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEquations relating temperature and pressure for adiabatic compression and expansion of polystyrene are derived from Spencer & Gilmore's equation of state for equilibrium conditions.The temperature changes determined experimentally are larger than expected and the results are correlated if a constant in the equation of state is altered.Compressions and expansions are found to be essentially reversible and adiabatic for the time scale of the experiments and for the time scale occurring in injection moulding.
Separation of benzene and n‐hexane by means of ethylenediamine as solvent: Molar solutropy
Authors: Cumming A. P. C. , Morton F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTernary and quaternary phase‐equilibrium data are presented for the system benzene‐n‐hexane‐ethylenediamine and benzene‐n‐hexane‐ethylenediamine‐water at 20°. This system is solutropic, (i.e. the distribution ratio is reversed in it); to distinguish it from other solutropic systems the term molar solutrope has been proposed, which refers to systems that show a change in sign of the gradient of the tie lines on a molar plot. One other system which has been found to be molar solutropic is acetone‐ethylene glycol‐benzene at 27°.Ethylenediamine is capable of extracting benzene from n‐hexane and of producing 100% n‐hexane (raffinate) and 85% benzene (extract) as products. The addition of water to the solvent improves the purity of the extract, and at 16% of water a product of 97% pure benzene can be produced.
Corrosion‐inhibitive compositions as temporary protectives of steel against atmospheric corrosion
Authors: Sanyal B. , Preston R. St. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe value of aqueous inhibitor solutions for the temporary protection of steel has been investigated, and inorganic pastes and organic emulsions have been developed for protecting steel against atmospheric corrosion.Heavy inhibitor‐salt deposits afford some protection, but bentonite pastes give much longer protection and may have practical applications. The thixotropic properties of bentonite and other materials are particularly valuable when the pastes are applied to inclined surfaces; application may be by brushing, dipping, or spraying.The further rusting of steel surfaces can be suppressed by the use of bentonite/nitrite pastes, a useful practical application where the cost of de‐rusting a rusted surface might be uneconomic.
Corrosion of aluminium alloys in supply waters
Authors: Porter F. C. , Hadden S. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe corrosion characteristics of wrought aluminium and a number of wrought and cast alloys when immersed in typical public supply waters under stagnant or slowly moving water conditions have been investigated. Most of the tests have been carried out at room temperature but tests have also been made at temperatures up to 80°. Corrosion‐time curves have been drawn, using pitting depth and loss of weight as measures of corrosion.Changes in the composition of the waters caused greater differences than changes in alloys, but the order of attack was similar in all waters tested. Corrosive attack was most severe in the harder waters, the typical form of attack being the development of deep pits covered by mounds of corrosion product consisting mainly of aluminium hydroxide (‘nodular pitting’)Experiments with synthetic waters have shown that this form of pitting develops when calcium bicarbonate, chlorides, copper salts and dissolved oxygen are present together in the water. These constituents are all normally present in various proportions in public supply waters. A mechanism accounting for the development of the pits is proposed.
New ω‐substituted anisoles. IV. Chlorination of anisoles: The preparation and properties of aryloxymethyl chlorides, aryloxymethylene dichlorides and aryloxychloroforms
Authors: Barber H. J. , Fuller R. F. , Green M. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChloroanisoles (chlorine substituted in the nucleus) are chlorinated wholly in the side‐chain at 190–200° in the presence of 1/20 molar proportion of phosphorus pentachloride. The three hydrogen atoms of the methoxy group are successively replaced by chlorine, with the formation of the hitherto unknown chlorophenoxymethyl chlorides, chlorophenoxymethylene dichlorides and chloro‐phenoxychloroforms. In the absence of the catalyst a mixture of nuclear‐ and side‐chain‐chlorinated products is formed. With most catalysts other than phosphorus pentachloride chlorination takes place wholly in the nucleus.Unsubstituted anisoles are chlorinated at 190–200° mainly in the nucleus, even in the presence of phosphorus pentachloride, but methyl‐substituted anisoles give mixtures of nuclear‐chlorinated products, methylphenoxymethyl chlorides and methoxybenzyl chlorides.
New ω‐substituted anisoles. V. Chlorination of aryl dimethyl ethers
Authors: Akerman H. E. , Barber H. J. , Green M. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChlorination of quinol dimethyl ether at 190–195° in the presence of 1/20 molar proportion of phosphorus pentachloride gives mainly nuclear‐substituted products. Chlorination of 2:5‐dichloro‐quinol dimethyl ether under similar conditions takes place wholly in the methoxyl groups. The methoxyl groups are attacked alternately until all six hydrogen atoms are replaced by chlorine. Chlorination of 4:5‐dichloroveratrole gives similar results.
New ω‐substituted anisoles. VI. A new route to 2,4‐d compounds
Authors: Barber H. J. , Green M. B. , Zwartouw H. T. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract2:4‐Dichlorophenoxymethyl chloride, obtained by chlorination of 2:4‐dichloroanisole at 190–195° in the presence of 1/20 molar proportion of phosphorus pentachloride, reacts readily at 60° with sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide in acetone or methyl ethyl ketone containing a little water to give 2:4‐dichlorophenoxyacetonitrile, which can be hydrolysed to 2:4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. A little bis‐(2:4‐dichlorophenoxy)methane and 2:4‐dichlorophenol are formed concurrently. The reaction does not proceed satisfactorily in alcohol or dioxan.
Analysis with double‐beam infra‐red spectrometers
Authors: Bellamy L. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA number of applications of balanced double‐beam systems are described and their special advantages discussed. Such methods have been used for the qualitative study of oils and paints and for the detection and identification of materials separated in chromatographic columns or on specially prepared paper chromatograms. Applications of such methods to quantitative analysis are also discussed and are illustrated by examples of analyses of cordites and lubricating oils. There are indications that the behaviour of oils undergoing oxidation can be followed in this way.
An infra‐red study of the cis‐ and trans‐isomers of some c18 fatty acids
Authors: Ahlers N. H. E. , Brett R. A. , McTaggart N. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA detailed quantitative study has been made of the infra‐red spectra between 2.5 and 15.0 μ of some 19 fatty acids, including mono‐unsaturated acids as well as the polyunsaturated acids, conjugated and non‐conjugated.In some cases the results permit assignment of the cis‐trans‐structure of the double bonds of the fatty acids and are useful in the analysis of isomeric mixtures, such as may arise during the process of dehydrating castor oil and in the preparation of linseed stand oil.
Correlation of the solubilities of gases in low‐vapour‐pressure liquids by an evaporation analogy
Authors: Burrows G. , Preece F. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn Part I the similarity between the evolution of gas from a liquid, and the evaporation of vapour from a pure liquid, is discussed. Equations are developed which incorporate the energy of cavity formation in the liquid to accommodate the gas molecule, and the interaction energy between the gas and solvent molecules, based on solubility, surface tension and temperature.Experiments for determining the solubilities of helium in three low‐vapour‐pressure liquids are described in Part II; the results conform to linear plots, according to the equations formulated in Part I.In Part III, the theory of Part I is applied to the solubilities of air (nitrogen and oxygen) in a variety of petroleum oils ranging from heavy lubricating oils to aircraft fuels; reasonably consistent values were obtained for the radii of the gas molecules, the interaction energies and the heats of evolution. Positive and negative temperature coefficients of solubility are explained by the behaviour of linear plots. The conclusion is reached that the variation of gas solubility with temperature is similar in principle to the variation of vapour pressure with temperature, when allowance is made for the surface tension of the liquid and the polarizability of the gas molecule.
The products of combustion in burning buildings
Authors: Kingman F. E. T. , Coleman E. H. , Rasbash D. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe variations in the state of the atmosphere during a fire have been investigated in the course of tests in which two full‐scale houses were completely burnt out. The analysis of the atmosphere (in rooms remote from the point of origin of the fire) showed that, in the early stages of the fire, the combustion of the wood and other cellulosic constituents of the house and furnishings was practically complete; in the later stages, however, the oxygen supply was inadequate and resulted in the appearance of the products of destructive distillation and the smoke‐logging of the room. Because of such variations in the atmosphere with time it is difficult to determine from laboratory‐scale experiments the probable composition of the atmosphere in burning buildings.
The production and commercial possibilities of diphenic acid
Authors: Dean R. E. , White E. N. , McNeil D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the course of a programme of investigation into the commercial possibilities of phenanthrene, diphenic acid has been obtained as the main product of its direct oxidation, instead of the more usual phenanthraquinone. Attempts to oxidize the hydrocarbon to diphenic acid catalytically with air or oxygen in the liquid phase have failed. The preparation and properties of alkyl esters of diphenic acid, some of which are of potential use as plasticizers, are described. Alkyd resins prepared from diphenic anhydride have been shown to possess properties comparable with those of phthalic alkyds.
A rapid method for the determination of the thermal conductivity of organic liquids for use in heat‐transfer calculations
Authors: Baxter S. , Vodden H. A. , Davies S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn apparatus of the concentric‐cylinder type for the determination of the thermal conductivity of electrically insulating liquids is described. Thermal conductivity measurements can be made rapidly over a wide range of temperature and the results obtained on tetraoctyl silicate at temperatures up to 220° are given. Results for a number of pure liquids are also presented and are compared with values obtained from the literature.
The chlorination of methyl acrylate in the presence of methanol
Authors: Lee N. D. , Faulkner D. , Highet H. C. , Philpotts A. R. , Thain W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChlorination of methyl acrylate in the presence of methanol has been shown to yield a mixture of methyl αβ‐dichloropropionate, methyl α‐chloro‐β‐methoxypropionate, methyl β‐chloro‐α‐methoxy‐propionate, methyl β‐chloropropionate and traces of methyl β‐methoxypropionate. Careful fractional distillation of the crude product afforded the pure αβ‐dichloropropionate and α‐chloro‐β‐methoxy‐propionate, but a pure specimen of the β‐chloro‐α‐methoxypropionate could not be isolated by this method. The isomeric chloromethoxypropionates were characterized by conversion info the corresponding amides.
Phenol‐formaldehyde and allied resins. III. Further syntheses of resole molecules
Authors: Carpenter A. T. , Hunter R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAttempts to extend the lithium‐exchange reaction for the synthesis of carboxydihydroxydiphenyl‐methanes for subsequent reduction to resoles indicated that this method was likely to prove of very limited application. Attention was therefore directed to the syntheses of carboxy‐derivatives of dihydroxydiphenylmethanes by means of side‐chain oxidation of nuclear‐methyl‐substituted dimethoxydi‐phenylmethanes, direct carbonation of dihydroxydiphenylmethanes, and condensation of bromomethyl‐salicylic acid with phenols. Seven new resoles have been synthesized by lithium aluminium hydride reduction of carboxydihydroxydiphenylmethanes thus obtained and by further application of the method of halogen‐blocking and subsequent dehalogenation. 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐2:2′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethane and 3‐hydroxymethyl‐4:4′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethane were synthesized by oxidation of 2:2′‐dimethoxy‐5‐methyldiphenylmethane and 4:4′‐dimethoxy‐3‐methylbenzophenone respectively, followed by demethylation, Clemmensen reduction of the carboxydihydroxybenzophenones and lithium aluminium hydride reduction of the resulting carboxydihydroxydiphenylmethanes. 3:3′‐Bishydroxymethyl‐4:4′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethane and 3‐hydroxymethyl‐2:2′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethane were synthesized by carbonation of 4:4′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethane and 2:2′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethane respectively and subsequent lithium aluminium hydride reduction. 2:2′‐Dihydroxy‐3:3′‐bishydroxymethyldiphenylmethane was synthesized from 5:5′‐dibromo‐2:2′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethane by way of 5:5′‐dibromo‐2:2′‐dihydroxy‐3:3′‐bishydroxymethyldiphenylmethane and dehalogenation of the latter by palladium and hydrogen. 3‐Hydroxymethyl‐4:2′‐dihydroxy‐5′‐methyldiphenylmethane was synthesized by condensation of 4‐bromomethyl‐2‐carboxyphenol with p‐cresol and subsequent reduction of the resulting 3‐carboxy‐4:2′‐dihydroxy‐5′‐methyldiphenylmethane, and application of this reaction to p‐bromophenol with subsequent dehalogenation of the 5′‐bromo‐3‐carboxy‐4:2′‐dihydroxy‐derivative furnished a synthesis of 4:2′‐dihydroxy‐3‐hydroxymethyldiphenylmethane.
Thermodynamic functions of elements and compounds: Entropies of inorganic substances
Authors: Turkdogan E. T. , Pearson J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe standard entropies of solid elements and inorganic compounds have been related to atomic or molar volumes after grouping the substances according to the periodic classification, compound type and crystal structure. It is shown that, within each sub‐group, standard entropy and molar volume are related by the expression S = aVn. For elements and simple compounds, the entropy increase between 298° K and the melting point is related parabolically to the respective temperature rise. The entropy increase for complex compounds is less than that for simple compounds and is also dependent on type of compound. Entropy of fusion is related to temperature in the same manner. It is indicated that the entropy of formation of solid products from solid reactants is directly proportional to the volume change during the reaction.
The inhibition by quinolines and thioureas of the acid dissolution of mild steel
Authors: Hoar T. P. , Holliday R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe dissolution of mild steel by warm sulphuric acid with and without organic inhibiting additions has been studied by means of simultaneous measurements of corrosion rate and corrosion potential, and by the determination of true anodic and cathodic polarization curves in the neighbourhood of the natural corrosion potential.Quinoline, 2: 6‐dimethylquinoline, α‐ and β‐naphthoquinolines, N‐ethylquinoline, thiourea, methyl‐thiourea, ethylthiourea and o‐, m‐ and p‐tolylthioureas inhibit the dissolution of mild steel by 5% (w/v) sulphuric acid at 70° and 40°, being increasingly effective in the order given above. The quinolines are primarily anodic inhibitors, but at high concentrations they limit the cathodic reaction also; the thioureas inhibit both cathodic and anodic reactions, the cathodic the more at low concentrations, the anodic the more at high.The results are interpreted by a modified adsorption theory and are discussed in terms of recent fundamental views of electrode reactions. Some practical implications are pointed out.