bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Miners’ Voices
Authors: Sadiki Larbi , Saleh Layla 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Gafsa and the towns housing the mining work force in the phosphate basin in 2008 burnished an image of anti-systemic resistance. The 2008 protest witnessed an explosion of agency, affect, and cognition that rallied an entire nation. A state development paradigm emphasizing profit and rapid growth, implemented by a centralized, authoritarian political system, helped to trigger the uprising in early 2008. This forms the focus of this protestscape. The chapter analyzes the protest and the wider resistance flowing from it. The interpretation of this resistance reveals coastal/interior schisms in the country, between privileged coastal areas and the marginalized south and interior. Against a longstanding tradition of anti-colonial and postcolonial resistance, the chapter examines the politics around organizing social doing, and the framing of speech acts around social justice. Both proved a boon for the becoming of peoplehood, reflecting past and present sources of self–other identification. The protestscape highlights how the 2008 protests exemplify contests over material and distributional goods and resources. These protests spill into political and moral contests (freedom, power-sharing, inclusiveness, etc.). This chapter draws on a mix of oral history drawn from interviews and testimonies coupled with Tunisian sources in Arabic.
The Virtue of Saving Faith
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the Christian tradition, it is standardly noted that it is by faith we are saved, and faith is not only central to the story of salvation, but a virtue as well. These two aspects raise the central problematics for a Christian understanding of faith. First, what is the relation between faith, understood generically, and the kind of faith that saves? Second, what is the relationship between this prudential feature of faith and its moral status as a virtue? An adequate Christian conception of faith must be able to account for how saving faith is really a kind of faith, and not something akin to a decoy duck, and must also do so in a way that allows a path to explaining the importance of faith in a way that doesn’t reduce its significance to mere prudential value.
Hinduism and Science
Authors: Chadha Monima 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A look at the history and evolution of Hinduism shows that religion and science are necessarily antagonistic. Scientific enterprises flourished in India partly because of the pluralistic and tolerant nature of Hinduism. The pedagogical strategy and the commentary tradition in ancient Hindu schools meant that sages and philosophers were perpetually engaged in reinterpreting the Vedas and defending their interpretation of the doctrine against fellow Hindus and other heterodox traditions like Buddhism, Jainism, and the Cārvākas (the materialists) in ancient India. To support this hypothesis, the author of this chapter offers some examples of scientific enterprises that flourished in ancient India.
Dispensing with Ontological Levels
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
It is an increasingly common view among metaphysicians that the world is divided into ontological levels—the lower the level, the more fundamental its inhabitants. It is proposed that this view be evaluated by constructing “complete” metaphysical systems that affirm the existence of ontological levels and systems that do not. The best argument for the reality of ontological levels would be the superiority of the systems that affirm their existence. The best argument for the unreality of ontological levels would be the superiority of the systems that deny or at least fail to affirm their existence. As a first step toward resolving the question of the reality of ontological levels, a system (“lightweight platonism”) is presented that fails to affirm their existence. It is argued that the system is in fact inconsistent with the existence of levels.
Two Problems for a Truth-Centered Ontology
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
According to lightweight platonism, propositions are things that can be said (full stop), attributes are things that can be said of things, and proper relations are things that can be said of pluralities of things. And thus, for a property to be a property of a certain thing (for it to belong to, be had by, be instantiated by, be exemplified by that thing) is for it to be a thing that can be said truly of that thing. Similarly, for a proper relation to hold among certain things is for it to be a thing that can be said truly of those things. Lightweight platonism is therefore a “truth-centered” ontology. Truth-centered ontologies face at least two serious problems. One is how to accommodate set theory (rightly regarded as indispensable in logic and mathematics). The other is the problem of how to treat binary relations that are not symmetrical. (Is the relation ‘north of’ true or false of Edinburgh and London when it is true that Edinburgh is north of London and false that London is north of Edinburgh?) Solutions to these problems are tentatively presented.
“Color is an Illusion”
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter is an inquiry into the meaning of the sentence ‘color is illusion’ and an argument for the proposition that, this statement being properly understood, color is not an illusion. The concept “X is an illusion” (where X is general phenomenon) is analyzed. ‘Centrifugal force is an illusion’ serves as a paradigm of ‘X is an illusion’. The position is defended that if color is an illusion, then color sentences—sentences like ‘Her car is dark green’ and ‘The predominant color of the painting is blue’ must express false propositions. It is maintained that this is not the case, and that color therefore is not an illusion.
Synergies of Control
Authors: Burgorgue-Larsen Laurence 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 looks at the mechanisms that are in place to monitor compliance and shows, once again through a comprehensive approach, that various synergies are at work—hence the title of this chapter, ‘Synergies of Control’. Although each system adapted to the growing number of obstacles and the mounting shortcomings, the steps taken at the level of regional organizations proved to be insufficient. That is why national mechanisms, some of them innovative, have been developed over time to coordinate execution processes. In this case, the coordination landscape is fraught with uncertainty, conditioned as it is by the vagaries of the political and legal culture of each state.
A Re-formed Landscape, c. 1100–c. 1200
Authors: Arnold John H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the impact of the Gregorian reforms on the south of France, particularly with regard to the experience of Christianity in a local setting. It engages with Florian Mazel’s suggestion that the Reform might be seen as a ‘total social phenomenon’ in which relations between lay powers and the Church were reworked very considerably; here, however, the focus is on what effects this had upon local churches. It is argued, against some earlier scholarship, that the shift of local churches from lay into monastic or episcopal hands did not necessarily have a major effect upon the provision of services to the laity: both because there was more activity preceding the reforms than some historians have noted, and because subsequent monastic or episcopal ownership was in the first instance more concerned with income than with the provision of pastoral care. The chapter also explores, via a converted layman called Pons de Léras, how we can see the wider circulation of ideas about apostolic piety in the twelfth century, noting in this regard the establishment of more Cistercian foundations, and Templar and Hospitaller houses, across the region. A study of surviving wills from this century also demonstrates some changes to lay piety more broadly, and discussion of certain ‘heretics’ in the early twelfth century further outlines wider shifts in lay concerns.
Towns and the Holy, c. 1100–c. 1250
Authors: Arnold John H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The twelfth century also saw increased population growth and urbanization, these forming very important contexts for further developments in the lay experience of Christianity. In addition to the more rural Cistercian foundations, and those of the knightly orders, the twelfth century also saw the creation of many hospitals and leper houses in more urban settings; and the emergence of new religious groups that became labelled as ‘heretical’. From the viewpoint of the ordinary laity, these latter—the Good Men (known often as Cathars) and the Waldensians—are better understood as potential choices for almsgiving and as avatars of the holy, among a wider range of other choices, all adopting variant forms of apostolic piety. It is argued that in southern France, a region in which mercantile activity spread far down the social scale, aspects of apostolic example connected to poverty and wealth were received and negotiated in a particular fashion, aided also by its strongly ‘urban’ culture (even in quite small towns and villages). The surviving urban customs and statutes are examined across the region for what further light they thrown on changes in lay piety and expectations.
Papal Interventions, c. 1200–c. 1320
Authors: Arnold John H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In 1208, Pope Innocent III called a crusade against the south of France. This chapter explores the context for that crisis, including slightly earlier moments at which the papacy sought to intervene via legates directly in the south, and argues that the logic of the crusade and the ‘peace’ it sought to establish was directed not purely against ‘heresy’ but via a new conception of how good Christian lordship should address various issues, including the widespread use of mercenaries, and the practice of usury. The subsequent establishment of inquisition into heretical wickedness is explored in some detail, and, by the mid-thirteenth century, its very considerable scale noted as having a fairly major effect on ordinary Christians’ experience of their faith. Overall the chapter traces a complex ‘reform’ of lay Christian society, involving the marking out of the Jews, the extension of ‘sin’ to mercantile activities, and the strengthening of ‘the parish’ into a system of episcopal governance
Responsibility, Health Care, and Harshness
Authors: De Marco Gabriel 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Arguably, agents can be at least partly responsible for their unhealthy lifestyles and/or the health outcomes of said lifestyles. Health care policies that take an agent’s responsibility into account—for example, by reducing priority for treatment, increasing premiums, and so on—face a variety of objections. One of these is the harshness objection: the objection that such policies, and the practices they would justify, are too harsh in the ways that they hold patients accountable. This chapter discusses the harshness objection and evaluates different versions of it. First, I clarify some of the concepts this objection relies on, including “responsibility” and “holding accountable.” Making use of these clarification, I then distinguish between different versions of the objection, which object to different aspects of the policy and practices. Finally, I assess the strength of differing versions of the objection, as well as the strength of some responses to it. I conclude with some thoughts about how such policies will need to be designed to avoid the objection.
Responsibility for Ill-Health and Lifestyle
Authors: Levy Neil 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Whether agents are morally responsible for their need for scarce resources is a difficult and fraught issue. In this chapter, I aim to explore some unappreciated difficulties for the attribution of moral responsibility for needs that arise from the fact that in typical cases, ill-health arises from lifestyle: not, that is, from one bad decision, but from a long-term pattern of actions. First, I hope to build on Brown and Savulescu’s (2019) programmatic exploration of what they call the diachronic condition on moral responsibility for ill-health. I will show that the diachronic condition fractionates in multiple ways, depending on how ill-health is caused as well as on the theory of moral responsibility at issue. Second, I aim to show that it is much harder to satisfy the diachronic condition on moral responsibility for ill-health than is widely assumed. I will argue that we usually cannot be confident that a particular agent (or a class of agents: say alcoholics) is responsible for their ill-health, and that—I will suggest—should make us hesitant to ascribe responsibility to them. Finally, I turn to an assessment of responsibility as a tie-breaker between patients. We might think that we need something far short of a reasonable doubt standard for responsibility to serve in this role. Perhaps a balance of probabilities standard can justify our using it. I will argue that even if we have the right to confidence on this standard, this may not be enough for responsibility to serve as a tie-breaker between agents in the context of the allocation of scarce resources.
Inequalities in Prospective Life Expectancy
Authors: Segall Shlomi 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the literature on responsibility and health care, many associate responsibility-sensitive health policies with a form of luck egalitarianism. On this view, if some health inequality is due to the choices, or responsible agency, of one of the patients involved, then it is not unjust, and we have no responsibility to compensate for it. If the inequality’s origins cannot be traced back to the patients’ choices, then it is not their responsibility, and thus it becomes society’s responsibility to compensate for it. This division of responsibilities between the individual and society applies not only to the past, but also to our responsibilities concerning the future. For instance, some luck egalitarians think that inequalities in life expectancy between men and women are unjust (Segall 2010) and should be compensated. Alex Voorhoeve has recently raised a new frontier in this debate concerning ‘prospective’ lives: the lives of those who will be born in the future. Against Voorhoeve, I argue that prospective inequalities are not a concern for egalitarians. This qualifies the claim that all inequalities not traceable to personal responsibility are unjust and suggests that there is no responsibility to structure society or our social institutions to avoid such prospective inequalities.
Porifera
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The sponges are multicellular animals with relatively simple body organization and a small number of cell types. They function by pumping water through the body and filtering out food particles. Water enters the body through pores formed by specialized cells known as porocytes and exits through a large opening known as the osculum. Choanocytes are cells that drive water circulation through the sponge body and trap the food particles. Food particles are digested by cells known as amoebocytes. The body is surrounded by epithelial cells known as pinacocytes and is supported by a skeleton that can be organic or mineralized. Sponges normally reproduce sexually and are hermaphroditic. They are also able to regenerate their body from a small number of cells, and can thus also reproduce asexually. In sexual reproduction, development of a fertilized zygote produces a free-swimming larva. The fossil record of sponges extends back further than any other animals, and extant sponges are believed to be similar to the first multicellular animals.
Germ layers
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The idea that the embryo and the adult animal can be divided into a small number of distinct cell populations or germ layers is known as the germ layer theory. The first of the germ layers is the ectoderm, which gives rise to the outer surfaces of the animal. The second is the endoderm, which gives rise to the inner surfaces. These two germ layers mostly generate epithelial tissues. The third germ layer is the mesoderm, which gives rise to connective tissues and support structures. The outer surface of the animal is known as the integument. It forms the boundary between the organism and the outside world, but also has many important roles in thermoregulation, in communication with other organisms and in sensing the environment. The inner surface is the digestive system. It is divided into a number of functional regions that are responsible for the different stages of digestion, from initial breakdown of the food to the absorption of digested nutrients and removal of undigested material. The structure of the digestive system is strongly dependent on the animal’s food source and mode of feeding. Animals can feed on suspended matter in the water column or can eat larger food items, be they other animals or plants.
Terrestrialization
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The sea is the cradle of life on Earth. Nonetheless, many groups of animals have left the sea and transitioned to life on land. There are many difficulties involved with this transition, the first and most significant is the need to prevent water loss, which can disrupt nearly all physiological functions. Beyond that, life on land, surrounded by air, affects the animal’s ability to support its own weight, the mode of locomotion, temperature stability, and other aspects of life. Terrestrial animals therefore have evolved a range of adaptations for preventing desiccation, for breathing, and for locomotion. There are several possible routes to terrestrialization. The most common is via tidal zones and area near the shore. Another route is via estuarine areas and fresh water. The current physiology of terrestrial animas reflects the path they took to terrestrialization.
Remittances and Political Accountability
Authors: De Vries Catherine E. , Doyle David , Solaz Hector , Tertytchnaya Katerina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 sets out the book’s central argument in detail and outlines our main empirical expectations. The argument starts with the income and insurance effect of remittances. It proposes that, due to the economic importance of remittances for the households that receive them, fluctuations in remittances will impact recipients’ economic evaluations and their ability to shoulder the burden of corruption. Fluctuations in remittances also impact recipients’ dependence on the state, leading to greater tolerance of poor public goods provision. When remittances increase, or remain stable, these three channels will translate into higher levels of government approval or at the very least, less of a willingness to sanction and punish the authorities for poor performance. Declines in remittances may lead to heightened incentives to sanction the authorities and to lower levels of government approval.
Remittances and Economic Evaluations
Authors: De Vries Catherine E. , Doyle David , Solaz Hector , Tertytchnaya Katerina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how remittances, as well as fluctuations in their volume, shape households’ pocketbook evaluations and perceptions of national economic conditions. The chapter explores two central claims: first, that remitted income may influence recipients’ assessments of their pocketbooks and of the national economy; second, that voters’ economic perceptions are also responsive to changes in remittances. Negative shocks to remittances, by harming household income, consumption, and saving patterns may dampen economic optimism. In contrast, positive shocks to remitted income, by heightening household consumption and economic security, may bolster economic optimism. This chapter tests expectations using rich, individual-level data collected across Central-Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia. Leveraging evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic, it also demonstrates the important role that remittances played in enabling households to smooth consumption and bolster economic optimism.
Remittances and Corruption
Authors: De Vries Catherine E. , Doyle David , Solaz Hector , Tertytchnaya Katerina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The chapter extends the main focus of the book, which emphasizes the income effect of remittances and its political consequences, to argue that remitted income from abroad may lower the cost of corruption for recipients’ pocketbooks. It proposes that the pocketbook cost of corruption, which decreases when remittances increase, and increases when remittances decline, shapes recipients’ concerns about corrupt behaviour. The evidence suggests that changes in remittances shape these concerns among only certain groups of recipients: those who are older in age. Empirical insights have implications for the literatures on corruption, remittances, and migration. They also shift the focus of the existing, largely macro-based literature on corruption, to the individual level.
Final Remarks
Authors: De Vries Catherine E. , Doyle David , Solaz Hector , Tertytchnaya Katerina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the book’s key argument and findings. It also discusses the normative and policy implications of the book, focusing on the implications of remittance inflows for long-term political and economic development. The core message of the book is that the politics of recipient countries are increasingly dependent on wealthier, migrant host states. This re-enforces structural global inequalities and helps entrench a new form of political dependency. Although remittances may benefit recipients and migrant-sending economies, at least from a developmental perspective, they may also, at times, compromise the demand for accountable government in the developing world. Remittances could also serve to dampen migrant-sending countries’ autonomy. This argument is contrary to the one reached by many studies that view remittances as a panacea for development.
Governing Cross-Border Data Flows
Authors: Yakovleva Svetlana 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This book explores how the European Union can reconcile and pursue simultaneously two important legal and policy objectives, namely, on the one hand, protecting fundamental rights guaranteed under the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (EU Charter) concerning privacy and personal data and, on the other hand, maintaining and developing a binding rules-based global trading system to ensure appropriate access to foreign digital markets for EU businesses. The book first demonstrates that there is a real clash between international trade law and European data privacy law when it comes to the governance of cross-border flows of personal data. To resolve the tensions caused by this clash, the book proposes concrete and detailed ways to ameliorate the situation from both ends (international trade and personal data protection), specifically through reforms of both international trade and Chapter V of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). To explain how such reforms could be effectuated, the author also looks at the role of discourse in the evolution of trade law in the last two decades. The book also paves the way for further research necessary to design a fully-fledged reform proposal of the EU framework for transfer of personal data outside the EEA.