bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ji-Ni-De-Xie ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus by modulating the bile acids metabolism and FXR/FGF15 signaling pathway
Authors: Tao Yiwen , Peng Fang , Wang Lijie , Sun Jiayi , Ding Yin , Xiong Shuangfeng , Tenzin Ugen , MiMa  , Nhamdriel Tsedien , Fan Gang 
Published: May 2024

Introduction: Ji-Ni-De-Xie (JNDX) is a traditional herbal preparation in China. It is widely used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in traditional Tibetan medicine system. However, its antidiabetic mechanisms have not been elucidated. The aim of this study is to elucidate the underlying mechanism of JNDX on bile acids (BAs) metabolism and FXR/FGF15 signaling pathway in T2DM rats.Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-QQQ-MS) and UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS technology were used to identify the constituents in JNDX. High-fat diet (HFD) combined with streptozotocin (45 mg∙kg−1) (STZ) was used to establish a T2DM rat model, and the levels of fasting blood-glucose (FBG), glycosylated serum protein (GSP), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), LPS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) were measured to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of JNDX. In addition, metagenomic analysis was performed to detect changes in gut microbiota. The metabolic profile of BAs was analyzed by HPLC-QQQ-MS. Moreover, the protein and mRNA expressions of FXR and FGF15 in the colon and the protein expressions of FGF15 and CYP7A1 in the liver of T2DM rats were measured by western blot and RT-qPCR.Results: A total of 12 constituents were identified by HPLC-QQQ-MS in JNDX. Furthermore, 45 chemical components in serum were identified from JNDX via UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS technology, including 22 prototype components and 23 metabolites. Using a T2DM rat model, we found that JNDX (0.083, 0.165 and 0.33 g/kg) reduced the levels of FBG, GSP, HOMA-IR, LPS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, TG, TC, and LDL-C, and increased ISI and HDL-C levels in T2DM rats. Metagenomic results demonstrated that JNDX treatment effectively improved gut microbiota dysbiosis, including altering some bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus and Bacteroides) associated with BAs metabolism. Additionally, JNDX improved BAs disorder in T2DM rats, especially significantly increasing cholic acid (CA) levels and decreasing ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) levels. Moreover, the protein and mRNA expressions of FXR and FGF15 of T2DM rats were significantly increased, while the expression of CYP7A1 protein in the liver was markedly inhibited by JNDX.Discussion: JNDX can effectively improve insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and inflammation in T2DM rats. The mechanism is related to its regulation of BAs metabolism and activation of FXR/FGF15 signaling pathway.
Beyond monetary value: how reward type drives cheating in a gender-judgment task
Authors: Chen Guan-Zhao , Zhao Fei-Fei , Li Hao-Ming , Wu Yu-Wei , Yan Wen-Jing 
Published: May 2024

BackgroundInvestigating the effects of monetary incentives on dishonest behavior provides valuable insights into human integrity and ethical decision-making processes. This study is conducted through the lens of self-concept maintenance theory.AimThe aim of this study is to examine the influence of different types of rewards (score-based vs. monetary) and their magnitude on dishonest behavior within a gender judgment task.MethodUsing a quantitative experimental design, this study involved 116 participants who were randomly assigned to conditions that differed in reward type (score or money) and magnitude (10 yuan vs. 50 yuan). Dishonest behavior was assessed using a gender judgment task with mechanisms to simulate conditions conducive to planned cheating.ResultsResults revealed significant differences in dishonesty rates between score and money conditions, with a higher proportion of dishonest participants observed in the score condition compared to the money condition. The timing of initial cheating was earlier in the score condition compared to the money condition. No significant differences were found in the proportion of dishonest participants, the cheating rate, or the timing of initial cheating across reward levels within either condition. The rate of cheating increased over time, suggesting a temporal dynamic in unethical decision making.ConclusionThe study demonstrates that the nature of rewards significantly influences the likelihood of dishonest behavior, with intangible score-based rewards facilitating rationalizations for dishonesty more readily than tangible financial incentives. These findings enrich the understanding of moral psychology by highlighting the complex interplay between reward types, ethical rationalization, and the dynamics of dishonest behavior.
Carbon nanostructures supported on Co/serpentinite for sulfentrazone removal
Authors: Diogo Emilay Baessa Teixeira , Vieira Angelica Fonseca Pinto , Nascimento Mayra Aparecida , Pinto Paula Sevenini , de Paula Fabiano Gomes Ferreira , Moreira Renata Pereira Lopes , Teixeira Ana Paula de Carvalho 
Published: May 2024

The presence of environmental contaminants is a major problem today. In this context, it is necessary to develop new sustainable materials to be used to remediate these contaminants. In this work, the serpentinite rock was impregnated with cobalt, 5%, 10% and 20% and used as a support for the synthesis of carbon nanostructures by CVD (chemical vapour deposition) process, at 900°C. This temperature was chosen due to the high thermal stability of the carbon source. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, thermal analysis, scanning and transmission microscopy. As expect the main phases formed were forsterite, Mg2SiO4, graphitic carbon and metallic cobalt. All the synthesis showed the formation of carbon structures as multiwalled carbon nanostructures over cobalt cores. The carbon structures showed good thermal stability, between 470 and 600°C. The higher the cobalt content, the higher the yield of the carbon structures synthesis, i.e. 14%, 23% and 37% for Serp5, Serp10 and Serp20, respectively. The produced materials were used to removal of the environmental contaminant sulfentrazone. After CVD process, the removal of sulfentrazone increase to 17.3%, 18.4% and 25.2% for Serp5, Serp10 and Serp20, respectively, showing an increase in sulfentrazone removal with the increase in carbon content. In addition, the percentage of sulfentrazone removal by Serp20 was greater at acidic pH values, decreasing from 41.7% to 12.7% with an increase from 2 to 10 in pH. The removal capacity obtained experimentally at a sulfentrazone concentration of 50 mg L−1 was equal to 14.9 mg g−1. According to literature and data obtained in this work, it was observed that the removal of contaminants from the aqueous medium occurred through two mechanisms: reduction of the organic compound by Co nanoparticles and adsorption carried out by carbon nanostructures.
Geometric modeling of phase ordering for the isotropic–smectic A phase transition
Authors: Zamora Cisneros David Uriel , Wang Ziheng , Dorval Courchesne Noémie-Manuelle , Harrington Matthew J. , Rey Alejandro D. 
Published: May 2024

BackgroundLiquid crystal (LC) mesophases have an orientational and positional order that can be found in both synthetic and biological materials. These orders are maintained until some parameter, mainly the temperature or concentration, is changed, inducing a phase transition. Among these transitions, a special sequence of mesophases has been observed, in which priority is given to the direct smectic liquid crystal transition. The description of these transitions is carried out using the Landau–de Gennes (LdG) model, which correlates the free energy of the system with the orientational and positional order.MethodologyThis work explored the direct isotropic-to-smectic A transition studying the free energy landscape constructed with the LdG model and its relation to three curve families: (I) level-set curves, steepest descent, and critical points; (II) lines of curvature (LOC) and geodesics, which are directly connected to the principal curvatures; and (III) the Casorati curvature and shape coefficient that describe the local surface geometries resemblance (sphere, cylinder, and saddle).ResultsThe experimental data on 12-cyanobiphenyl were used to study the three curve families. The presence of unstable nematic and metastable plastic crystal information was found to add information to the already developed smectic A phase diagram. The lines of curvature and geodesics were calculated and laid out on the energy landscape, which highlighted the energetic pathways connecting critical points. The Casorati curvature and shape coefficient were computed, and in addition to the previous family, they framed a geometric region that describes the phase transition zone.Conclusion and significanceA direct link between the energy landscape’s topological geometry, phase transitions, and relevant critical points was established. The shape coefficient delineates a stability zone in which the phase transition develops. The methodology significantly reduces the impact of unknown parametric data. Symmetry breaking with two order parameters (OPs) may lead to novel phase transformation kinetics and droplets with partially ordered surface structures.
Redemocratização, controle civil e reação
Authors: De Jesus Santos Eduardo Heleno , Costa Pinto Erika Kubik , Alves Vagner Camilo 
Published: May 2024

Este artigo analisa a participação de militares de reserva em grupos de pressão política nos países do Mercosul. Estes grupos defendem o regime militar e ampliação dopapel tutelar dos militares. O discurso destas entidades se caracteriza pelo anticomunismo e pelo ressentimento com a democracia. O surgimento desses grupos aparece como resposta às tendências de controle civil e às interações entre partidos e setores militares.
Research on bubble-free Si/SiC hydrophilic bonding approach for high-quality Si-on-SiC fabrication
Authors: Gao Dingcheng , Liu Yu , Gao Yuan , Liu Yun , Chang Yongwei , Xue Zhongying , Wei Xing 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The electrical device fabricated by the Si-on-SiC substrate exhibits superior heat dissipation and minimal RF loss. However, a common challenge in hydrophilic direct bonding is the inevitable formation of bubbles at the Si/SiC interface, which compromises material utilization efficiency. To address this issue, a multi-bonding process was introduced in this research. Experimental findings revealed that this method effectively mitigated interfacial bubble formation, especially when incorporating a multi-step annealing–separating–bonding approach, yielding even more promising results. Ultimately, a bubble-free 3 × 3 cm2 Si-on-SiC substrate was fabricated. Material characterization techniques confirmed the high crystal quality and minimal surface roughness for the Si functional layer. Transmission electron microscopy further revealed the presence of an amorphous oxide layer (∼3.5 nm) at the interface, devoid of any defects or nanovoids. It is believed that with its excellent physical properties, Si-on-SiC will have a broader application prospect in extreme environments.
Use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for studying cognitive control in depressed patients: A systematic review
Authors: Hernández-Sauret Ana , Martin de la Torre Ona , Redolar-Ripoll Diego 
Published: May 2024

AbstractMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating mental disorder and the leading cause of disease burden. Major depressive disorder is associated with emotional impairment and cognitive deficit. Cognitive control, which is the ability to use perceptions, knowledge, and information about goals and motivations to shape the selection of goal-directed actions or thoughts, is a primary function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Psychotropic medications are one of the main treatments for MDD, but they are not effective for all patients. An alternative treatment is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Previous studies have provided mixed results on the cognitive-enhancing effects of TMS treatment in patients with MDD. Some studies have found significant improvement, while others have not. There is a lack of understanding of the specific effects of different TMS protocols and stimulation parameters on cognitive control in MDD. Thus, this review aims to synthesize the effectiveness of the TMS methods and a qualitative assessment of their potential benefits in improving cognitive functioning in patients with MDD. We reviewed 21 studies in which participants underwent a treatment of any transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol, such as repetitive TMS or theta-burst stimulation. One of the primary outcome measures was any change in the cognitive control process. Overall, the findings indicate that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) may enhance cognitive function in patients with MDD. Most of the reviewed studies supported the notion of cognitive improvement following TMS treatment. Notably, improvements were predominantly observed in inhibition, attention, set shifting/flexibility, and memory domains. However, fewer significant improvements were detected in evaluations of visuospatial function and recognition, executive function, phonemic fluency, and speed of information processing. This review found evidence supporting the use of TMS as a treatment for cognitive deficits in patients with MDD. The results are promising, but further research is needed to clarify the specific TMS protocol and stimulation locations that are most effective.
Effects of Earth’s Oblateness on Black Hole Imaging through Earth–Space and Space–Space Very Long Baseline Interferometry
Authors: Tamar Aditya , Hudson Ben , Palumbo Daniel C. M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Earth-based very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) has made rapid advances in imaging black holes. However, due to the limitations imposed on terrestrial VLBI by the Earth’s finite size and turbulent atmosphere, it is imperative to have a space-based component in future VLBI missions. This paper investigates the effect of the Earth’s oblateness, also known as the J
2 effect, on orbiters in Earth–space and space–space VLBI. The paper provides an extensive discussion on how the J
2 effect can directly impact orbit selection for black hole observations and how, through informed choices of orbital parameters, the effect can be used to a mission’s advantage, a fact that has not been addressed in previous space VLBI investigations. We provide a comprehensive study of how the orbital parameters of several current space VLBI proposals will vary specifically due to the J
2 effect. For black hole accretion flow targets of interest, we demonstrate how the J
2 effect leads to a modest increase in shorter-baseline coverage, filling gaps in the (u, v) plane. Subsequently, we construct a simple analytical formalism that allows isolation of the impact of the J
2 effect on the (u, v) plane without requiring computationally intensive orbit propagation simulations. By directly constructing (u, v) coverage using J
2-affected and J
2-invariant equations of motion, we obtain distinct coverage patterns for M87* and Sgr A* that show extremely dense coverage on short baselines as well as long-term orbital stability on longer baselines.
Exact Nonlinear Decomposition of Ideal-MHD Waves Using Eigenenergies
Authors: Raboonik Abbas , Tarr Lucas A. , Pontin David I. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a new method for exact decomposition of propagating, nonlinear magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) disturbances into their component eigenenergies associated with the familiar slow, Alfvén, and fast wave eigenmodes, and the entropy and field-divergence pseudoeigenmodes. First, the mathematical formalism is introduced, where it is illustrated how the ideal-MHD eigensystem can be used to construct a decomposition of the time variation of the total energy density into contributions from the eigenmodes. The decomposition method is then demonstrated by applying it to the output of three separate nonlinear MHD simulations. The analysis of the simulations confirms that the component wave modes of a composite wavefield are uniquely identified by the method. The slow, Alfvén, and fast energy densities are shown to evolve in exactly the way expected from comparison with known linear solutions and nonlinear properties, including processes such as mode conversion. Along the way, some potential pitfalls for the numerical implementation of the decomposition method are identified and discussed. We conclude that the exact, nonlinear decomposition method introduced is a powerful and promising tool for understanding the nature of the decomposition of MHD waves as well as analyzing and interpreting the output of dynamic MHD simulations.
Enhanced Acceleration and Escape of Hydrogen Pickup Ions Upstream from Mars by Interplanetary Shocks
Authors: He Linxia , Guo Jianpeng , Gui Ruoyu , Zhang Fan , Lin Haibo , Wei Yong , Liu Libo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The pickup process of newly ionized hydrogen (H) from the Martian extended exosphere represents an important H+ escape channel on Mars. It is generally believed that interplanetary (IP) shocks can accelerate the pickup ions and, in turn, affect the pickup process. However, the underlying processes inherent to the acceleration are not yet fully understood. Here, we concentrate on the dynamic processes involved in acceleration arising from IP shock compression. We examine two typical IP shock events characterized by a sudden increase in the average energy of upstream H+ pickup ions across the shock. The H+ pickup ions continuously enter the field of view of Supra-Thermal And Thermal Ion Composition or Solar Wind Ion Analyzer on board the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN spacecraft in a narrow angular range. Moreover, they correspond to a similar part of their respective ring distributions in velocity space. By comparing measured and theoretical H+ pickup ion energies, we attribute the more energetic H+ pickup ions to the enhanced convection electric field acceleration caused by the shock compression. An increase in the guiding center drift speed across the shock implies a higher escape rate of the H+ pickup ions. Furthermore, the pitch-angle scattering could facilitate the escape of the higher energy H+ pickup ions from Mars. The results may shed light on the understanding of the energization and escape of planetary pickup ions in the solar system.
On the Heating of the Slow Solar Wind by Imbalanced Alfvén-wave Turbulence from 0.06 to 1 au: Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter Observations
Authors: Bourouaine Sofiane , Perez Jean C. , Chandran Benjamin D. G. , Jagarlamudi Vamsee K. , Raouafi Nour E. , Halekas Jasper S. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this work we analyze plasma and magnetic field data provided by the Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter missions to investigate the radial evolution of the heating of Alfvénic slow wind by imbalanced Alfvén-wave (AW) turbulent fluctuations from 0.06 to 1 au. in our analysis we focus on slow solar-wind intervals with highly imbalanced and incompressible turbulence (i.e., magnetic compressibility C

B
= δ
B/B ≤ 0.25, plasma compressibility C

n
= δ
n/n ≤ 0.25, and normalized cross helicity σ

c
≥ 0.65). First, we estimate the AW turbulent dissipation rate from the wave energy equation and find that the radial profile trend is similar to the proton heating rate. Second, we find that the scaling of the empirical AW turbulent dissipation rate Q

W
obtained from the wave energy equation matches the scaling from the phenomenological AW turbulent dissipation rate Q
CH09 (with Q
CH09 ≃ 1.55Q

W
) derived by Chandran & Hollweg based on the model of reflection-driven turbulence. Our results suggest that, as in the fast solar wind, AW turbulence plays a major role in the ion heating that occurs in incompressible slow-wind streams.
Mechanisms of Fundamental Electromagnetic Wave Radiation in the Solar Wind
Authors: Krafft C. , Savoini P. , Polanco-Rodríguez F. J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Large-scale and long-term two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations performed for parameters relevant to type III solar radio bursts have provided new results on the generation mechanisms of fundamental electromagnetic waves radiated at the plasma frequency ω

p
. The paper first considers the nonlinear wave interaction process of electromagnetic decay (EMD) in a homogeneous solar wind plasma with an electron-to-ion temperature ratio T

e
/T

i
> 1. The dynamics of ion-acoustic waves (dispersion, spectra, growth/damping) is studied, and signatures confirming the three-wave interactions (cross-bicoherence, correlations between waves’ phases and between waves' growths, resonance conditions) are provided. The decisive role played in EMD by the backscattered Langmuir waves coming from the electrostatic decay (ESD) is demonstrated. EMD can be triggered by ion acoustic waves coming from the two cascades of the faster and more intense ESD. The same study is then performed in a solar wind plasma with random density fluctuations. In this case, EMD is not suppressed but develops only within plasma regions of reduced or quasi-uniform density. It coexists with linear mode conversion (LMC) of Langmuir waves into electromagnetic radiation, which is the fastest and most prominent process, as well as with ESD. LMC can lead to enhanced occurrence of EMD in the early stage. Moreover, the impact of T

e
/T

i
on electromagnetic energy growth and saturation is shown to be rather weak. Ion-acoustic waves are heavily damped at T

e
∼ T

i
, so that EMD is overcome by nonlinear induced scattering on thermal ions. In actual solar wind plasmas, EMD should be more easily observed in plasma regions weakly perturbed by the background density turbulence and where ion temperature is decreased.
Ultracool Dwarf Absolute Magnitude Versus Spectral Type Relations for Euclid and Roman Near-infrared Filters
Authors: Sanghi Aniket , Liu Michael C. , Dupuy Trent J. , Best William M. , Siverd Robert J. , Zhang Zhoujian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We synthesize Euclid Near Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer photometry for the Y

E

J

E

H

E
filters and Roman Wide Field Instrument photometry for the F106, F129, F146, F158, F184 and F213 filters using SpeX prism spectra and parallaxes of 688 field-age and 151 young (≲200 Myr) ultracool dwarfs (spectral types M6–T9). For the above filters, we derive empirical absolute magnitude-spectral type polynomial relations that enable the calculation of photometric distances for ultracool dwarfs to be observed with Euclid and Roman, in the absence of parallax measurements. The synthesized photometry can also be used to generate color–color figures to distinguish high-redshift galaxies from brown dwarf interlopers.