bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proteomics in Thyroid Tumor Research
Authors: Krause Kerstin , Jeßnitzer Beate , Fuhrer Dagmar , Führer-Sakel Dagmar 
Published: May 2009

Background: In recent years, “OMICS” technologies have paved novel ways for the broad-scale identification of molecular signatures and signaling pathways specific to tumorigenesis. Related to this are high hopes for the discovery of biomarkers facilitating diagnosis and prognosis of cancer as well as the option for pathway-targeted tumor treatment. Among the different OMICS methods, the potential of proteomics is just beginning to emerge, and according to the current literature, the proteome is to date the most feasible tool to reflect tumor biology.
Objective: In this review we discuss the application of proteomics to the field of thyroid tumor research.
Context: First, we provide an overview of different methods for protein expression profiling and then discuss specific requirements and challenges of thyroid proteomics. Furthermore, we summarize results of published proteomics studies on human thyroid tumors and finally explore perspectives of thyroid proteomics, which, combined with mRNA expression profiling and traditional biochemical methods, is increasingly contributing to an improved understanding of thyroid tumorigenesis and may in the future open novel avenues in thyroid cancer therapy.
An Update on Central Nervous System Stimulant Formulations in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Chavez Benjamin , Sopko Michael A , Ehret Megan J , Paulino Raphael E , Goldberg Kyle R , Angstadt Kristine , Bogart Gregory T 
Published: May 2009

Objective To review recent literature on the different stimulant preparations regarding efficacy and safety in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and describe advantages and disadvantages of the many available dosage formulations. Data Sources Literature retrieval was performed through PubMed/MEDLINE (2005–December 2008) using the terms methylphenidate, amphetamines, central nervous system stimulants, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In addition, reference citations from publications identified were reviewed and drug manufacturers were contacted for any possible additional references. Study Selection And Data Extraction Double-blind clinical trials found using the search criteria listed above were included for review. Open-label studies and studies prior to 2005 were included if no double-blind trials were published for that formulation within the time period reviewed. Data Synthesis The literature reviewed here demonstrates the efficacy and safety of stimulant medications in children and adolescents with ADHD. However, there are 19 different formulations of stimulants, leading to confusion and errors in prescribing and dispensing of these drugs. Knowing and understanding the advantages and disadvantages of the different formulations can lead to individualized treatment. Formulations like Concerta, Focalin-XR, Adderall-XR, and Vyvanse provide the convenience of once-daily dosing. Each of these provides varying amount of stimulants at different times of the day. Vyvanse has a unique delivery system that may lower the risk of patients abusing their medication. Daytrana gives patients more control over their dosing by being able to choose when the patch is removed; it is also a feasible alternative for children who cannot swallow pills. For patients who cannot swallow tablets or capsules, the capsules of Focalin-XR, Adderall-XR, Metadate-CD, and Ritalin-LA can be opened and sprinkled on applesauce. Conclusions Stimulants are effective medications to treat the symptoms of ADHD. The multiple available dosage forms allow for individualization of treatment.
Health Beliefs and Over-the-Counter Product Use
Authors: Häußinger Constanze , Ruhl Uwe E , Hach Isabel 
Published: May 2009

Background Pharmacists are often consulted as medical advisors. Given this case, customers and pharmacists should interact in a trustful way (eg, in terms of responding to customer's needs or recommending a different drug). Consideration of the health beliefs of the customer could improve the interaction between pharmacists and their clients and have a positive impact on medical adherence. Objective To examine the health beliefs of pharmacy customers in Germany, the impact of those beliefs on over-the-counter (OTC) medication use, and associations with sociodemographic variables. Methods By means of literature review and methodical surveys, a standardized questionnaire was designed that contained 68 items concerning health beliefs, habits of OTC product use, decision criteria that customers used when purchasing drugs, and information about the sociodemographic background of the participants. Main outcome measures were reliability (Cronbach's α) and correlations. A random sample of 58 pharmacies in Saxony, Germany (10 questionnaires per pharmacy), invited their customers to take part in our study. Results One hundred twenty-three questionnaires (response rate 53.48%) were completed and returned to us. The outcome suggests that there is a strong association between health beliefs and frequency of use or the type of OTC drug (eg, illness attributions: p < 0.05; preventive lifestyle: p < 0.05). There were no significant associations between sociodemographic variables and chosen drugs. Conclusions Health beliefs, in terms of the general attitude toward health and illness, illness attribution, prevention, and the attitude toward treatment strategies, influence the kind of remedy (conventional vs complementary medication) that consumers seek. These results may have implications for consultations in pharmacies or for product marketing.
Targeting Suboptimal Prescribing in the Elderly: A Review of the Impact of Pharmacy Services
Authors: Castelino Ronald L , Bajorek Beata V , Chen Timothy F 
Published: May 2009

Objective To review the currently available literature on the impact of interventions by pharmacists on suboptimal prescribing in the elderly. Data Sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts databases were searched for studies published between January 1992 and December 2008. Key words included medication review, drug regimen review, pharmaceutical services, pharmaceutical care, pharmacists, medications, appropriateness, suboptimal, underuse, aged, elderly, randomized controlled trial, inappropriate, prescribing, and intervention. Study Selection And Data Extraction To be included in the review, studies must have been conducted in patients 65 years or older, published in English, randomized and controlled, and must have included an intervention delivered by a pharmacist or had a pharmacist as a member of the intervention team. From each relevant study, the following data were extracted: study duration, country, number of patients, year of publication, objective, type and impact of the intervention, method used to assess suboptimal prescribing, and data concerning the quality of the study. Data Synthesis A total of 38 articles were identified, of which 12 matched our inclusion criteria. Seven articles included interventions initiated by pharmacists, and the remaining 5 described interventions in which the pharmacist was a part of the multidisciplinary team. A broad range of tools was used to measure prescribing appropriateness; we found that a consensus on the best approach has not been reached. Most of the studies involving pharmacists showed significant improvement in suboptimal prescribing at one or more time points. However, most of these interventions were directed toward reducing the overuse or misuse of medications. Conclusions Pharmacy services to reduce suboptimal prescribing have shown promising and noteworthy improvements. More research is needed to address the underutilization of medications in the elderly and healthcare impact of reducing suboptimal prescribing.
Assessment of Older Adults' Knowledge of and Preferences for Medication Management Tools and Support Systems
Authors: Lakey Susan L , Gray Shelly L , Borson Soo 
Published: May 2009

Background A variety of strategies are available to assist older adults who have difficulties managing medications. Little is known about older adults' knowledge of or willingness to use these strategies. Objective To assess older adults' current use of, knowledge of, and preferences for medication management tools and supports. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at a continuing care retirement community. All 152 independent-living residents were approached for participation. We developed a 6-page survey to gather information about knowledge of and preferences for medication management tools (eg, medi-sets, bubble-packs) and supports (eg, family, caregivers, regimen simplification). Information on demographic variables, medication management capacity, cognition, self-reported difficulty taking medications, and medication use were collected along with survey answers during an in-home interview. χ2 and t-tests were used to compare knowledge and preferences by complexity and organizer use. Results Our sample consisted of 109 participants ranging in age from 73 to 98 years (average 85.9). Most of the subjects were well educated (average 15.5 y of education), 98% were white, and 80% were female. The majority (82%) were using a medication tool, mainly simple, self-filled medi-sets (62%) and easy-open vials (55%). Knowledge about, use of, and preferences for other devices, including pharmacist-filled tools and programmable devices, were low. Participants who used medication organizers rated self-filled medi-sets higher than did non-users (4.7 vs 1.6; p < 0.01). Only 18% of participants had asked a provider to simplify their medications, while 40% did not realize that they could do so. Of those who did ask a provider, 80% asked a physician. Conclusions Educational strategies are needed to increase awareness of the pharmacist's role in facilitating medication management and the option of simplifying complex regimens. It is within the scope of pharmacy to provide this type of medication education.
Effects of Increasing Chinook Salmon Bag Limits on Alewife Abundance: Implications for Lake Michigan Management Goals
Authors: Claramunt Randall M. , Kolb Tracy L. , Clapp David F. , Hayes Daniel B. , Dexter James L. , Warner David M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
To predict effects of modifying the daily bag limit (DBL) on management of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and alewives Alosa pseudoharengus, we analyzed harvest and effort data collected from both charter and noncharter anglers during 1997–2005 in Michigan waters of Lake Michigan. Overall, the percent of anglers who caught the DBL of three Chinook salmon was low for charter (10.2%) and noncharter (3.3%) angler groups. However, during 1997–2005, the percent of anglers that caught their DBL increased from 3.3% to 26.5% for charter anglers and from 0.5% to 7.8% for noncharter anglers. To predict harvest under a higher DBL, we fit a discrete negative binomial distribution to the observed daily harvest distribution under the current DBL of three fish. We then used the fitted negative binomial to predict the daily harvest distribution under a DBL of five fish. Using this approach, the potential increase in the number of fish harvested with the higher DBL was minimal, but the additional harvest showed an increasing 1997–2005 trend from 315 to 7,301 fish for charter anglers and from 450 to 18,151 fish for noncharter anglers. There was a positive linear relationship between proportion of anglers harvesting the current DBL and harvest rates, which indicates that angler success is a function of Chinook salmon abundance. Using an age-structured deterministic population model and the production-conversion efficiency method, we estimated potential reduction in annual lakewide consumption of alewives by Chinook salmon resulting from a higher DBL. The reduction in consumption averaged 313 metric tons and increased from 28 (1997) to 935 metric tons (2005). We conclude that higher DBLs would have a relatively minor impact on lakewide forage fish abundance but would be more consistent with current management objectives.
Conditional Capture Probability of Scaphirhynchus spp. in Drifting Trammel Nets
Authors: Guy Christopher S. , Oldenburg Eric W. , Gerrity Paul C. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus and shovelnose sturgeon S. platorynchus are commonly sampled using drifting trammel nets in the Missouri and Mississippi river basins. Despite the fact that drifting trammel nets have been used for decades to sample these species, little is known about the capture efficiency of this gear. We estimated conditional capture probability for drifting trammel nets over known locations of pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon. In addition, we examined several variables that were predicted to influence the success of capturing a pallid sturgeon or shovelnose sturgeon in a drifting trammel net. Conditional capture probability (the conditioning factor was known presence) varied from 0.37 on the first attempt to 0.51 on the second attempt. None of the variables measured were useful in explaining the success of sampling a fish in a drifting trammel net. Drifting trammel nets are relatively efficient, and we suggest that they continue to be used to sample pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon in large turbid rivers. The high variability in catch per unit effort associated with sampling pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon using drifting trammel nets reported in the literature is probably related to the their low abundance (primarily pallid sturgeon) and patchy distribution (both species). Thus, using sampling designs appropriate for species with low abundance or patchy distributions rather than sampling designs commonly used for abundant species with ubiquitous distributions will require less effort because drifting trammel nets are relatively efficient.
Study and Application of Reservoir Protection Fluid System for Drilling & Completion Using Oil-film Method
Authors: Jiang G. C. , Ji C. F. , Ma X. P. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
To protect reservoir during drilling, the upper drilling fluid is generally converted into reservoir protection fluid by adding proper graded temporary plugging materials based on the average radius of pore throat in reservoir, coupled with colloid filling particles. However, the fluid converted has a better temporary plugging effect on only some well section but all well sections, because of wide distribution of average radius of pore throat in reservoir. Aiming at present problems of reservoir protection drilling & completion fluid technology and reservoir characteristics such as strong heterogeneity, wide distribution of pore diameter, difficultly accurate prediction of pore diameter in reservoir etc, broad-spectrum oil-film fielding temporary plugging agent GPJ was developed and the oil-film method used for reservoir protection drilling & completion fluid systems were established. The lab evaluation and field tests showed that not only there is a good compatibility between GPJ and common drilling fluid systems but also plugging rate and recovery rate of cores treated by the developed systems both are over 90%, field test skin factor is close to zero, thus the developed systems have a better reservoir protection effect than conventional systems and can help to increase daily oil production.
Hydrate Blockage in Subsea Water Injection Wells - Causes and Preventive Procedures
Authors: Rodrigues Valdo F. , Frota Helder M. , Loures Luiz G. , Siqueira Fernando D. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Hydrate blockage has been a problem in Campos Basin subsea producer wells for a long time. Although hydrate formation was not expected in sea water injection wells there were some occurrences in Campos Basin. The formation of hydrate requires the presence of water and gas at low temperature and high pressure condition. As the subsea sea water injection wells always present water at low temperature and high pressure, the missing link to form hydrate is gas. Thus, to explain the occurrence of hydrate blockage in these wells one has to explain how and when gas enters into the well. A study was carried out to determine the causes of gas inflow into the injection strings and to make recommendations on the proper procedures and equipments to avoid hydrate blockage. The literature survey and the Campos Basin occurrences showed initially that gas segregation, water hammer effects and crossflow were the most probable causes for gas inflow during injection plant shutdowns or long time waiting for injection. The crossflow was ignored because the formations are homogeneous in all the cases. The water hammer effects were analyzed with a numerical simulator developed in the study. The final analyses revealed that gas segregation was the cause of hydrate blockage in the water injection wells studied. Other relevant conclusions are that down hole valves, such as deep subsurface safety valves and backflow valves are useless to prevent gas inflow and that water hammer effects can be managed in the sea water injection plant. This paper presents recommendations for water injection wells startups, regarding hydrate prevention, which can be useful for any subsea water injection project.
Novel Chelating-Based Technology Application in Complex and Heterogeneous Injector Wells in the Algyo Field, Hungary
Authors: Urraca Martin , Udvari Ferenc 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The geologically complex Algyo field, discovered in 1965, is the largest hydrocarbon occurrence in Hungary, consisting of more than 40 oil-and-gas-bearing layers. The Ap-13, is one of the biggest reservoirs and encompasses a myriad of challenges: it is a depleted (180 bars reservoir pressure at 2400 m) layered dirty sandstone reservoir with a low permeability of approximately 15 mD, containing saturated oil. The 122°C temperature, complex mineralogy, poor consolidation, and a wide range of sources of potential formation damage make any stimulation a challenging and detailed process.
Water injection is one the most commonly used exploitation method because of its favorable results. Sustained injection rate with delimited surface pressure is necessary to maintain the operational and economical advantages; however, formation damage severely impacts the injection trend.
Conventional stimulation systems such as acid outside-phase emulsion and regular mud acids have been used in the past on Algyo injector wells to improve injectivity by targeting the possible sources of damage such as iron compounds, calcite, hydrocarbons, clays, and sand; however, the effectiveness of these treatments has had a limited effective time frame of a few months, with suspected rock disintegration in the near-wellbore area.
Through virtual geochemical simulation and laboratory testing, a novel chelating system was identified as the most suitable technology to efficiently stimulate the Ap-13 reservoir and overcome the inherent extreme conditions.
Three injector wells were treated with this technology, and now, two years later, stable injection rates at optimum surface pressures are still maintained. These favorable results have widened the potential application of the technology to oil and gas wells, and laboratory testing has been optimized through virtual geochemical simulation. Furthermore, the operational risk of stimulation treatment is reduced where no cores are available, such as old wells, or when timing is a constraint, as in exploration wells.
Silanol Resin Consolidation System for Deepwater Completions and Production Optimization
Authors: Kurawle Irfan , Mahalle Nakul , Kaul Mohit , Nair Amith , Kulkarni Nikhil 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Sand control has traditionally been one of the biggest problems affecting production facilities and the design of surface equipment leading to escalation of project costs. With industry venturing into deeper waters and rising crude prices it's essential to develop complete and forget techniques for offshore locations most probable to produce sand. Hence a proper analysis for sand prediction and management has been at the forefront in research by many companies.
The most viable alternative today being gravel packs although requiring constant attention as seen through various literature reviews. We emphasized on the chemical consolidation technique for sand control which has been overlooked but is promising considering escalating maintenance costs. We would like to introduce a new resin consolidation system which is cost effective and withstand very high pressures and temperature ranges from 50 °F to 450 °F. The resin consists of Aromatic Polyesteramide and Tri-alkoxy organo silane based consolidation system. The chemicals combine together on contact with formation water to essentially hydrolyze it at the sites to form a strong silanol adhesive which bonds the grains together thus giving a highly strong bond. The highlight of the paper is the process of consolidation which is site specific thus preventing the considerable loss in porosity and permeability as is generally seen in chemical consolidation systems. The paper describes the complete properties of the polymer resin system and the process of consolidation with the new system. In addition it describes the advantages of being environmental friendly and easier to handle with comparison to certain furan based resin systems that are currently used in the industry and have handling issues.
An Alternative Method for Predicting Injectivity Decline in Produced Water Re-Injection
Authors: Bai Mao , McLennan John , Standifird William 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In this paper, a semi-empirical method for evaluating the injectivity decline in a produced water reinjection operation is proposed. The characteristics of injectivity decline during the pumping of produced water are represented as two-stage behavior - an early exponential decay and a late linear declining injectivity. The analytical modeling of coupled flow-transport phenomena for a two-layered medium reveals that the particle deposition during produced water re-injection constitutes a critical component of two stage decay-fading responses. The method was validated through matches between the modeling results and field measurements. The investigated concepts and developed technologies detailed in this paper can be applied directly to the produced water re-injection operations in order to predict possible injectivity decline and assist in understanding the mechanisms behind the decline phenomenon.