bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate change mitigation and seasonal infestation patterns of citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri: implications for managing huanglongbing (HLB) disease in tangerine citrus
Authors: Endarto O , Wicaksono R C , Wuryantini S , Tarno H , Nurindah  
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, is a recognized vector of the devastating Huanglongbing (HLB) disease in citrus plants, posing a significant threat to global citrus production. As climate change continues to influence agroecological conditions, comprehending the population dynamics of this vector is imperative for effective disease management. This study delved into the relationship between climate variations and D. citri infestation patterns in tangerine citrus orchards from January to December 2018. Leveraging a dataset of 12 monthly observation sets, we comprehensively analyzed the abundance of the citrus psyllid population. Our investigation unveiled a clear association between climate variability and the incidence of citrus psyllid infestations and HLB occurrences. Importantly, our findings revealed that D. citri infestations were confined to the budding phase. Contrary to expectations, rainfall and temperature did not correlate positively with the development of the D. citri population or the prevalence of HLB disease in tangerine citrus. These results suggest other factors significantly affect HLB spread, impacting disease management. Further research is needed to identify and understand these factors, providing valuable insights for mitigating climate change’s impact on citrus cultivation.
Adapting to climate disparities: Implications for fruit fly populations in citrus orchards
Authors: Wuryantini S , Endarto O , Wicaksono R C , Istianto M , Affandi  
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the context of climate change, the agricultural sector faces the imperative of devising adaptive strategies to mitigate emerging challenges. This study aimed to know the relationship between climatic disparities and fruit fly populations in citrus orchards. Utilizing Steiner trap and Methyl Eugenol wooden blocks as monitoring, male annihilation controlling devices, and spraying protein bait, we conducted a comprehensive investigation across two distinct agroclimatic conditions. The main variations were monthly rainfall (mm), accentuating diverse agroclimatic dynamics. Surprisingly, an analysis comparing low rainfall (1-4 mm) to moderate rainfall (14-21 mm) periods did not affect fruit fly populations. Contrary to conventional assumptions, variations in only precipitation did not significantly impact fruit fly population dynamics. The critical factors were the dominant role of host plant availability and the efficacy of pest management practices in steering population trends. This study showed that climatic factors contribute to pest dynamics; however, they might not function as a single change factor. Instead, host plant availability and the implementation of effective pest control interventions held more significant influence. Based on the interconnected relationship between climate and pests, amid a continuously developing climate scenario, more careful management strategies are needed to increase the sustainability of citrus yields for food security and farmer welfare.
Virulence of the endophytic fungus, Trichoderma asperellum, against the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal)
Authors: Trizelia  , Rahma Haliatur , Syahrawati My 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) is the main pest on rice plants. The pest attack causes rice plants to become dry, brownish, and burnt. Brown planthoppers (BPH) can be controlled in various ways, such as by applying the endophytic fungus, Trichoderma asperellum. The study aimed to determine the virulence of five T. asperellum isolates against brown planthoppers. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design with six treatments and five replications. The treatment used T. asperellum isolates, namely SD327, PC21, A116, SD34, S2D11, and control. The concentration of Trichoderma used was 108 conidia/ml. The ANOVA and 5% LSD were used to analyze the data. The results showed that T. asperellum isolates could infect nymphs and adults of BPH. T. asperellum virulence in nymphs showed that all isolates had the same ability to kill the nymphs (40–48%). The percentage of emerged adults was lower in the PC211 isolate (214%). Applying T. asperellum to adults of BPH caused mortality between 30% - 46%. The highest adult mortality was recorded in the PC211 isolate with the mortality rate of 46% with an LT of 9.224 days. These isolate that was most effective in controlling the BPH population.
Current report of Silba adipata (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) attacking local fig (Ficus variegata) fruits in Bali: Molecular identification, invasion, and preference
Authors: Merta I N M , Supartha I W , Susila I W , Yuliadhi K A 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Silba adipata is a new pest attacking white cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) whose attack symptoms are similar to those of Bactrocera dorsalis. The S. adipata was also reported to attack local fig (Ficus variegata). This study aimed to ascertain the type of black fruit fly on F. variegata, the invasion time of S. adipata attack on F. variegata fruit, and the potential of F. variegata fruit extract as an attractant for the black fruit fly. The methods used for objectives (1), (2), and (3) were CO1 analysis, a survey method, and a preference test, respectively. The results showed that the species of black fruit fly that attacked local figs (F. variegata) in Bali was S. adipata. S. adipata invades fruit at the age of 10 weeks after the formation (WAF) of the ovary; the highest attack occurs on fruit 13 days after the formation of the ovary. Local fig fruit extract effectively attracts black fruit flies. Local fig extract was effective in attracting S. adipata to chili plants. Concentrations of 20%-100% were significantly effective in attracting adult S. adipata compared to the control. The extract concentration of 60% was highly effective in attracting S. adipata adults.
Damage Intensity and Geographic Distribution of Oryctes rhinoceros on Coconut in Rote-Ndao, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia
Authors: Nenotek P S , Simamora A V , Hahuly M V , Nahas A E , Ludji R , Henuk J B D , Mudita I W , Pratama F , Kune M R B 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Oryctes rhinoceros poses a significant threat to coconut plants in several coconut-producing nations, including Rote Ndao District. Recognizing the distribution and severity of crop damage caused by this pest in Rote Ndao Regency is crucial for preemptively preventing pest outbreaks and evaluated the extent of the damage. This study aims estimate the damage intensity and to identify the geographic distribution of O. rhinoceros in the Rote Ndao District. Conducted through a mobile across central coconut production areas in every sub-district of Rote Ndao Regency, the study examined variables such as damage symptoms, damage intensity, and spatial data represented coordinate points. Analysis of damage intensity data involved calculating average values. These coordinates were then overlaid with administrative data for Ndao Regency to create a map illustrating the distribution of damage severity. The results showed that O. rhinoceros attack symptoms on coconut plants were in ninety-five villages in ten sub-districts in Rote Ndao Regency. This pest is categorized as a pest important because the damage intensity map was found in ten sub-districts in Rote Ndao Regency. Average damage intensity is 8.99%. Multiple approaches, including sanitation environmental, sex pheromones, and entomopathogenic fungi, are employed to manage this pest effectively.
The effectiveness of fruit trap as a trap to oil palm leaf-eating caterpillars (OPLEC) in Dharmasraya district, Indonesia
Authors: Ikhsan Z , Syarif Z , Jaya A P , Aisyah S , Yudha P A , Rizki K 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A fruit trap is a trap that uses fruit as an attractant to attract pests. The main target of this research was the imago of the oil palm leaf-eating caterpillar (OPLEC). The objectives of this study were to know the type and dominance of OPLEC, compare ability levels, and obtain the number of fruit traps that were effective in trapping OPLEC. This research was conducted at P.T. Sumber Andalas Kencana, Dharmasraya District. This research was a field experiment arranged in a randomized block design (RBD). The obtained data were analyzed by analysis of variance at a 5% level, then continued by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% level. The results showed that there were five species of OPLEC, namely Setothesea asigna, Amathusia phidippus, Setora nitens, Darna trima, and Mahasena corbetti, which were trapped. The best treatment in this research was five fruit traps, with the % of OPLEC trapped at 29,55%, and the average ability to trap OPLEC was 59 individuals. The fruit trap used as an OPLEC trap had a significant effect. The number of fruit traps dramatically affects the number of OPLEC trapped. The fewer traps used, the lower the number of OPLEC imago trapped.
Bees and wasps in the tropical lowland rainforest transformation in Jambi, Sumatra
Authors: Soegiarso A T P , Raffiudin R , Sayusti T , Atmowodi T , Kahono S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Bees and wasps are beneficial insects for the stability of ecosystem function. This study aimed to explore the bees and wasps and their relationship with the environmental factors in the three habitats, i.e., oil palm and rubber plantation, jungle rubber and adjacent villages in Harapan Forest, Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia. Bees and wasps were collected using sweeping method and the environmental factors were recorded during collection time. The correlation between the number of species and environmental factors was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Apis and Tetragonula were the two most common bees in all habitats and villages. The number of bee and wasp species in oil palm and rubber plantations was positively correlated with temperature and light intensity but negatively correlated with humidity. We found a higher number of bee species, i.e., 26 species, compared to seven species of wasps. The highest number of bees and wasps (16 species) was found in the oil palm plantation. Both jungle rubber and adjacent villages showed the lowest number of nine species of bees and wasps. Our study implied the importance of bees and wasps representing the herbivores and predators in these transformation habitats.
Species diversity of Odonata as a bioindicator of water pollution in the Batang Harau watershed, Tanah Datar District, West Sumatra
Authors: Berliani N , Kardiman R , Vauzia  , Satria R 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Batang Harau River was located in Nagari Paninjauan, X Koto District, Tanah Datar Regency, West Sumatra. The local community uses this river as a water source to carry out various daily activities, such as the irrigation of rice fields; household activities, and household waste disposal. The research aimed to analyze the comparison of dragonfly species diversity as a bioindicator for pollution in several habitat types (natural, rice fields, and settlements). The observations were made by exploring and walking along the river in the morning (9 am – 12 am) and evening (3 pm - 5 pm). The Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method was modified using a 20 m x 10 m plot, and all dragonflies found in this area were collected using an insect net. The data obtained were analyzed using the ShannonWienner diversity index, the Margalef species richness index, and Simpson’s dominance index. A total of 280 individuals, 12 species from 7 families, were collected in this study site. Most Odonata species were found in natural areas, followed by rice fields and settlements. The environmental conditions have affected the diversity of Odonata. The odonates can be used as bioindicators of the aquatic environment, especially in the suborder Zygoptera, which is dominantly found in natural habitats.
Insect pests incidence of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the dryland of Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Authors: Simamora A V , Nope J D , Nenotek P S , Hahuly M V , Mahayasa I N W , Kasim M 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The presence of insect pests is one of the obstacles in efforts to increase peanut production in Kupang District. This study aimed to evaluate farmers’ knowledge of peanut insect pests and assess their adopted control measures and to identify the types of insect pests and their respective incidence rates in peanut crops. Within each sub-district, two villages were selected on the advice of the local extension agents; five farmers were interviewed using predefined checklists. The checklists were designed to gather information about the farmers’ awareness of various pests affecting their peanut crops and the measures they employed to safeguard their crops. The second part of the study involved examining peanut fields in the chosen locations to assess pest infestation. The results revealed that farmers demonstrated a comprehensive understanding of the insect pests frequently linked to peanut cultivation, but the majority of farmers (64.3%) did not try to control insect pests on their peanut plants. Five insect pests were identified on peanut plants: Aphis craccivora, Anoplocnemis phasiana, Aulacophora indica, Chrysodeixis chalcites, and Lamprosema indicata. The incidences of the identified pests varied between 14.1% to 26.8%. Lamprosema indicata exhibited the lowest incidence, while Aphis craccivora had the highest.
Biology and demographic statistics of fall armyworm fed on corn leaves at the laboratory
Authors: Reflinaldon  , Fuada T N , Yaherwandi  
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Spodoptera frugiperda was a new invasive species in Indonesia in 2019, causing an outbreak in Indonesia’s corn-producing areas. Information on the life cycle and potency of population growth of S. frugiperda is required to strengthen local management. The biology and demographic statistics of S. frugiperda were studied in laboratory conditions. The larvae were collected from corn in Padang for mass rearing by feeding with corn leaves until adulthood. The eggs resulting from rearing were used as the cohort to observe biological and demographic statistics parameters. The development time of the egg was three days while larvae 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th were 1-3, 2-4, 2-4, 2-4, 2-5, and 4-6 days respectively. Prapupae and pupae were 1-2 and 7-9 days, while male and female adults were 2-11 and 6-15 days, respectively. Preoviposition, oviposition, and post-oviposition were each 3-9, 1-4, and 1-2 days. The fecundity reaches 182,78 eggs per female adult. The net reproductive rate of 50.43 females/female/generation, a gross reproductive rate of 269 individuals per generation, an intrinsic rate of increase of 0.2 day−1 with mean generation time (T) 37.34 days, and a doubling time (DT) requiring 2.31 days.
Feeding assimilation of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae on several host types
Authors: Nelly N , Lina E C , Aini M 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is a pest that is easy to adapt and quickly develops. S. frugiperda can switch to crops other than maize as the primary host. Food assimilation must be tested to determine which plants S . frugiperda larvae prefer. This research was conducted to determine the feeding assimilation of S. frugiperda larvae and determine plants that can be alternative hostsinstead of maize . This study was arranged using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments and five replications to obtain 15 experimental units. Larvae feed consists of rice, maize, and Napier grass. Feed is given during their 3rd instar stage until it becomes a prepupa. The suitability of plants as a food source for insects can be determined by a food assimilation test calculated using the Gravimetric method. The findings from the observations of food assimilation of S. frugiperda larvae in larvae-fed maize had higher consumption rate, growth rate, and digestibility than larvae-fed Napier grass. The conversion efficiency of digested food in grass-consuming larvae is 24.173%, higher than maize, 10.227%, and rice 0.00%. In compliance, the efficiency of food utilization was higher for larvae-fed Napier grass compared to those fed maize and rice.
Understanding the interplay of defects, oxygen, and strain in 2D materials for next-generation optoelectronics
Authors: Kumar Keerthana S , Dash Ajit Kumar , Sabreen H Hasna , Verma Manvi , Kumar Vivek , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Gautam Gopalakrishnan Sai , Singh Akshay 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides are leading materials for next-generation optoelectronics, but fundamental problems stand enroute to commercialization. These problems include, firstly, the widely debated defect- and strain-induced origins of intense low-energy broad luminescence peaks (L-peaks) observed at low temperatures. Secondly, the role of oxygen in tuning the properties via chemisorption and physisorption is intriguing but challenging to understand. Thirdly, our physical understanding of the benefits of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) encapsulation is inadequate. Using a series of samples, we decouple the contributions of oxygen, defects, adsorbates, and strain on the optical properties of monolayer MoS2. The defect origin of the L-peak is confirmed by temperature- and power-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements, with a dramatic redshift of ∼130 meV for oxygen-assisted chemical vapour deposition (O-CVD) samples compared with exfoliated samples. Anomalously, the O-CVD samples show high A-exciton PL at room temperature (cf exfoliated), but reduced PL at low temperatures, attributed to the strain-induced direct-to-indirect bandgap crossover in low-defect O-CVD MoS2. These observations are consistent with our density functional theory calculations and are supported by Raman spectroscopy. In the exfoliated samples, the charged O adatoms are identified as thermodynamically favourable defects, and create in-gap states. The beneficial effect of encapsulation originates from the reduction of charged O adatoms and adsorbates. This experimental–theoretical study uncovers the type of defects in each sample, enables an understanding of the combined effect of defects, strain, and oxygen on the band structure, and enriches our understanding of the effects of encapsulation. This work proposes O-CVD as a method for creating high-quality materials for optoelectronics.
Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using Ligustrum lucidum extract, and the antioxidant and antifungal evaluation
Authors: Ogwuegbu Mercy C , Ayangbenro Ayansina S , Mthiyane Doctor M N , Babalola Olubukola O , Onwudiwe Damian C 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Biosynthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using plant extract is an inexpensive, simple, rapid, and environmentally friendly approach to obtaining nanoparticles for biological applications. Herein, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) were successfully synthesized using an aqueous extract from Ligustrum lucidum leaves. The structural, optical, and morphological characteristics of the nanoparticles were assessed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-visible spectrophotometer, transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), and energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX). Nanocrystalline CuO with an average crystalline size of 22.0 nm and a band gap energy of 1.4 eV were confirmed from the XRD and UV-vis spectrophotometer, respectively. Morphological studies showed spherical nanoparticles, whose particle size estimation (30 ± 5 nm) agrees with the crystalline size deduced from the XRD pattern. A free radical scavenging activity of the CuO nanoparticles, evaluated using the 1, 1-diphenhyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, showed that it exhibited high antioxidant activity (IC50: 63.35 μg ml−1) that is concentration dependent. Antifungal evaluation using four different fungal strains (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, and Trichoderma harzianum) indicated a direct relationship between the potency of the particles and their concentration, with 1 ppm solution exhibiting the highest potency. The green synthesized CuO-NPs using Ligustrum lucidum may be potentially used as an antioxidant and antifungal agent for therapeutic applications.
Cleaning of two mirrors in the first mirror unit using radiofrequency capacitively coupled plasma
Authors: WANG 王 Chenxue 晨雪 , YAN 鄢 Rong 容 , LIU 刘 Yuming 玉明 , XU 徐 Su 苏 , MU 穆 Lei 磊 , ZHENG 郑 Wei 薇 , DING 丁 Rui 锐 , CHEN 陈 Junling 俊凌 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
First mirror (FM) cleaning, using radio frequency (RF) plasma, has been proposed to recover FM reflectivity in nuclear fusion reactors such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). To investigate the influence of simultaneous cleaning of two mirrors on mirror cleaning efficiency and uniformity, experiments involving single-mirror cleaning and dual-mirror cleaning were conducted using RF capacitively coupled plasma in the laboratory. For the test and simultaneous cleaning of two mirrors, the FM and second mirror (SM), both measuring 110 mm × 80 mm, were placed inside the first mirror unit (FMU). They were composed of 16 mirror samples, each with a dimension of 27.5 mm × 20 mm. These mirror samples consist of a titanium–zirconium–molybdenum alloy substrate, a 500 nm Mo intermediate layer and a 30 nm Al2O3 surface coating as a proxy for Be impurities. The cleaning of a single first mirror (SFM) and the simultaneous cleaning of the FM and SM (DFM and DSM) lasted for 9 h using Ar plasma at a pressure of 1 Pa. The total reflectivity of mirror samples on the DSM did not fully recover and varied with location, with a self-bias of −140 V. With a self-bias of −300 V, the total reflectivity of mirror samples on the SFM and DFM was fully recovered. The energy dispersive spectrometer results demonstrated that the Al2O3 coating had been completely removed from these mirror samples. However, the mass loss of each mirror sample on the SFM and DFM before and after cleaning varied depending on its location, with higher mass loss observed for mirror samples located in the corners and lower loss for those in the center. Compared with SM cleaning, the simultaneous cleaning of two mirrors reduced the difference between the highest and lowest mass loss. Furthermore, this mass loss for the mirror samples of the DFM facing the DSM was increased. This indicated that mirror samples cleaned face to face in the FMU simultaneously could influence each other, highlighting the need for special attention in future studies.