bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct quantitation of MHC‐bound peptide epitopes by selected reaction monitoring
Authors: Tan Chor Teck , Croft Nathan P. , Dudek Nadine L. , Williamson Nicholas A. , Purcell Anthony W. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe describe a cell‐free approach that employs selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in tandem mass spectrometry to identify and quantitate T‐cell epitopes. This approach utilises multiple epitope‐specific SRM transitions to identify known T‐cell epitopes and an absolute quantitation (AQUA) peptide strategy to afford AQUA. The advantage of a mass spectrometry‐based approach over more traditional cell‐based assays resides in the robustness and transferability of an SRM approach between laboratories and the ability of this strategy to detect multiple peptides simultaneously without the requirement of epitope‐specific reagents such as T‐cell lines. Thus, the SRM strategy for epitope quantitation will find application in studies of antigen density, the link between epitope abundance and immunogenicity, the dynamic range of epitope presentation and the abundance of T‐cell epitopes in disease.
Two novel ficolin‐like proteins act as pattern recognition receptors for invading pathogens in the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus
Authors: Wu Chenglin , Söderhäll Kenneth , Söderhäll Irene 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTo isolate pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)‐binding molecules, the bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus was used as an affinity matrix to find bacteria‐binding proteins in the plasma of the freshwater crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus. Two new bacteria‐binding ficolin‐like proteins (FLPs) were identified by 2‐DE and MS analysis. The FLPs have a fibrinogen‐related domain (FReD) in their C‐terminal and a repeat region in their N‐terminal regions with putative structural similarities to the collagen‐like domain of vertebrate ficolins and mannose binding lectins (MBLs). Phylogenetic analysis shows that the newly isolated crayfish FLP1 and FLP2 cluster separately from other FReD‐containing proteins. A tissue distribution study showed that the mRNA expression of FLP occurred mainly in the hematopoietic tissue (Hpt) and in the hepatopancreas. Recombinant FLPs exhibited agglutination activity of Gram‐negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila in the presence of Ca2+. The FLPs could bind to A. hydrophila, E. coli as well as S. aureus as judged by bacteria adsorption. Moreover, the FLPs may help crayfish to clear Gram‐negative bacteria, but not Gram‐positive bacteria which had been injected into the hemolymph. When Gram‐negative bacteria coated with FLPs were incubated with Hpt cells, a lower death rate of the cells was found compared with control treatment. Our results suggest that FLPs function as pattern recognition receptors in the immune response of crayfish.
Room‐temperature processing of π‐conjugated oligomers into uniaxially oriented monodomain films on coumarin‐based photoalignment layers
Authors: Wei Simon K.‐H. , Zeng Lichang , Marshall Kenneth L. , Chen Shaw H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPhotoalignment layers comprising Polymer 1 were prepared using linearly polarized UV‐irradiation for chloroform‐vapor annealing of π‐conjugated oligomer films, both processes conducted at room temperature. The resultant uniaxially oriented monodomain films exhibited S = 0.74 (at Pr = 0.90) and 0.82 (at Pr = 0.95) in OF and OF2T films, respectively, apparently limited by film dewetting in comparison to S = 0.82 ± 0.01 from thermal annealing on rubbed polyimide alignment and Polymer 1 photoalignment layers. The time to arrive at maximum S values varied from 5–10 s to 6–8 min on rubbed polyimide alignment layers and Polymer 1 photoalignment layer, respectively, because of favorable π–π interactions enhanced by rubbing. In contrast, PF2T could not be oriented on either type of alignment layers after annealing under saturated chloroform vapor up to 14 h. Annealing of an OF2T film under saturated chlorobenzene vapor at room temperature permitted lyotropic nematic mesomorphism to be observed in situ, which is equivalent to thermotropic nematic mesomorphism as the driving force behind thermal annealing. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Mechanical strength and water resistance of paperboard coated with long chain cellulose esters
Authors: Havimo M. , Jalomäki J. , Granström M. , Rissanen A. , Iivanainen T. , Kemell M. , Heikkilä M. , Sipi M. , Kilpeläinen I. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLong chain cellulose esters (LCCE) are bio‐based materials, which are biodegradable, can be prepared from renewable materials, and have relatively good mechanical and barrier properties. In this study, we tested the feasibility of various LCCEs as a coating material for paperboard. Cellulose hexanoates (C6) and cellulose palmitates (C12) of various degrees of substitution were synthesized and tested as barriers. Coating of paperboard was performed by dissolving the LCCE to chloroform or acetone, and levelling the coating with wire bar coater to the surface of the paperboard. The coating gave hydrophobic surface to the paperboard, and significantly improved the water vapour barrier properties. Cellulose palmitate coatings were better water vapour barriers than cellulose hexanoate. However, polyethylene‐coated paperboard had markedly lower water vapour transmission rate than LCCEs used in this study. The LCCE coatings slightly improved the tensile strength of the paperboard. In order to find out the suitability of LCCEs for extrusion coating, the thermal behaviour of LCCEs were also assessed. The cellulose hexanoate starts to degrade thermally at 280°C and cellulose palmitate at temperature 320°C. These materials do not have a clear melting point, but they behave as amorphous materials, and turn gradually to viscous form as temperature increases from 170°C to 200°C. This indicates possibilities to use them in extrusion coating, at least if the viscosity is improved with suitable additives. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TISSUE BIOPSY AS A MEANS OF ASSESSING THE PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF FISHWAY PASSAGE
Authors: Pon L. B. , Hinch S. G. , Suski C. D. , Patterson D. A. , Cooke S. J. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTBeyond assessing passage efficiency of fishway structures, there is a need to examine the sublethal impacts of passage on the physiological condition of fish. Muscle and plasma samples were collected from pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) at four sites along a fishway and were compared in order to assess the effectiveness of these methods as they apply to fishway studies. Both plasma and muscle tissue revealed changes consistent with anaerobic activity when fish sampled from within the fishway were compared with field baseline estimates taken from fish sampled 50 m downstream of the fishway entrance. Plasma Cl−, osmolality and haematocrit increased significantly (all p < 0.01) during ascent, whereas muscle glycogen and phosphocreatine declined (both p < 0.03). Both plasma and muscle tissue collected from fish sampled at a site just upstream of the fishway showed physiological profiles that were consistent with metabolic recovery relative to physiological conditions during passage: plasma lactate, haematocrit and muscle lactate had decreased (all p < 0.01), and muscle phosphocreatine increased (p = 0.01). When examining the physiological changes that specifically occurred between the two sites within the fishway structure, we found no differences in plasma samples, but muscle lactate and water content both showed significant changes (both p < 0.05). These results are consistent with the greater sensitivity of muscle tissue than of blood to exercise‐related physiological changes and highlight the usefulness of sampling muscle tissue for assessing fishways that ascended in a short time. Fishway studies could benefit from greater inclusion of physiological tools and approaches to identify the costs of passage and areas of difficulty within a fishway. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precipitation of Copper Sulfide and its effect on the Microstructure and Properties of Steel
Authors: Liu Z. Z. , Kuwabara M. , Li B. H. , Kobayashi Y. , Nagai K. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe precipitation behavior of copper sulfides in strip cast and isothermal heat treated low carbon steel were investigated by SEM and TEM. The copper sulfides were classified as duplex inclusion of oxide and sulfide (OS), plate‐like copper sulfide (PS), shell‐like copper sulfide (SS), and nano‐scale copper sulfide (NS). Based on the experimental results, the formation mechanisms of these copper sulfides, as well as the effects of cooling rate and constituentes of steel on the competitive precipitation between copper sulfide and manganese sulfide were discussed. The effects of coppers sulfides on the mechanical properties as well as the formation of acicular ferrite in steel were also introduced.
Hydrolytic Ring Opening Reactions of Pyromellitic Dianhydride for Divalent Transition Metal Carboxylate Complexes
Authors: Tao Bo , Xia Hua , Huang Chao‐Xin , Li Xiao‐Wei 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe hydrolytic ring opening reactions of pyromellitic dianhydride is an effective method to prepare transition metal carboxylate complexes. In this paper, two dinuclear complexes [Ni2(2,2′‐bipy)2(btec)(H2O)6]·2H2O (1) and [Cd2 (phen)4(H2O)2(H2btec)]·H2btec·2H2O (2) (H4btec = 1,2,4,5‐benzenetetracarboxylic acid, phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline, and 2,2′‐bipy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) were synthesized by slow diffusion methods and their structures were determined byX‐ray structure analysis. In both structures metal atoms are in distorted octahedral environments and they are linked by bis‐monodentately coordinated 1,2,4,5‐benzentetracarboxylate ligands as bridging units. The crystalline compounds, which are insoluble in water as well as common organic solvents, have been characterized in the solid‐state by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, IR, and diffuse reflectance UV/Visspectroscopy. Moreover, the study of the physical properties of complex 2 demonstrates that it exhibits blue fluorescence emission in the solid state at room temperature.
Verallgemeinerte Luenberger‐Beobachter für lineare Deskriptorsysteme
Authors: Müller P. C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDer Entwurf von Beobachtern für lineare Deskriptorsysteme beruht bisher entweder auf einem singulären Übertragungssystem oder auf einem regulären Luenberger‐Beobachter unter der scharfen Voraussetzung der R‐ und I‐Beobachtbarkeit. In diesem Beitrag wird aufgrund der Weierstrass‐Kronecker‐kanonischen Darstellung eines linearen Deskriptorsystems gezeigt, wie unter alleiniger Voraussetzung der R‐Beobachtbarkeit ein Luenberger‐Beobachter reduzierter Ordnung zur Schätzung der Deskriptorvariablen entworfen werden kann. Die Besonderheit dabei ist, daß in gewissen Fällen auch Ableitungen der Steuereingangsgrößen dem Beobachter aufgeschaltet werden müssen. Insgesamt liegt damit ein wesentlich einfacher vorzunehmender Beobachter‐Entwurf vor.
Ein Vorschlag für eine Normalform von Deskriptorsystemen
Authors: Kurt Schlacher , Werner Haas , Andreas Kugi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDieser Beitrag behandelt geometrische Methoden für die Analyse und den Entwurf von Regelungssystemen, deren Regelstrecke durch implizite, gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen beschrieben werden, die linear in den Zeitableitungen sind. Basierend auf Methoden der äußeren Differentialrechnung werden diese impliziten Systeme in eine spezielle Form so übergeführt, daß sich grundlegende Analyse‐ und Entwurfsmethoden expliziter Systeme auf diesen Fall erweitern lassen. Im speziellen wird dies für das Erreichbarkeits‐ und Beobachtbarkeitsproblem, sowie für die Methoden der Eingangs‐Ausgangs‐ und Eingangs‐Zustands‐Linearisierung gezeigt.
Transient Numerical Simulation of Combustion in Inert Porous Media
Authors: Knabner P. , De Neef M. J. , Summ G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper presents methods for the time‐dependent numerical solution of a two‐dimensional model governing combustion an inert porous media. The spatial discretization is based on a mixed finite element method for the flow problem and a cell‐centered finite volume scheme for the transport equations. Some results of numerical simulations show the influence of a jump in the porosity of the solid matrix on the localization of the combustion zone.
Designs of experiments in a polynomial regression when there is uncertainty about the degree
Authors: Dette Holger 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIf an experimenter wants to determine the degree of a polynomial regression on the basis of a sample of observations, Anderson (1962) showed that the following method is optimal. Starting with the highest (specified) degree the procedure is to test in sequence whether the coefficients are 0. In this paper optimal designs for Anderson's procedure are described explicitly. The optimal design maximizes the minimum power of a given set of alternatives.
The Multi‐Point Approximation Method in a Parallel Computing Environment
Authors: Keulen Fred Van , Toropov Vassili V. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe Multi‐point Approximation Method (MAM) replaces an optimization problem by a sequence of approximate ones. The corresponding approximate response functions are sample and often explicit in terms of the design variables. Each step of the Optimization process involves several implicit function evaluations before identification of the approximation functions by weighted least‐squares fitting takes place. The present paper addresses alternative planning of implicit function evaluations in order to enhance both robustness and efficiency in parallel computer environments, especially heterogeneous networks.
New Method of Identification of Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials
Authors: Rikards R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA new numerical‐experimental method for identification of mechanical properties of composite materials is outlined. For the first time it is proposed to use the design of experiments to solve the identification problems. The basic idea of the proposed approach is that a simple mathematical model is determined only by the information about the response of the material in the reference points of the design of experiments. Therefore, a significant reduction (about 50‐100 times) of calculations of identification functional can be achieved in comparison with using a conventional methods of minimization. Examples of identification of elastic properties of laminated composites from the measured eigenfrequencies of the rectangular plates are discussed.
Discussion of d'Alembert's Principle for Non‐Smooth Unilateral Constraints
Authors: Glocker C. H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn optimization theory the tangent cone and the contingent cone are used to classify the regularity properties of sets at a given point. If both cones coincide the set is called tangentially regular, otherwise we speak of a reentrant corner. A third cone, the normal cone, is defined by the polarity with respect to the tangent cone, which is commonly egresses an terms of a variation inequality. This concept, directly applied to rigid body dynamics, allows an easy classification of possible Constraints. We define constraint forces to be the elements of the normal cone, whereas virtual displacements have to be taken from the contingent cone. A combination of both, the constraint forces and the virtual displacements, consitutes the Principle of d'Alembert as long as the constraints are tangentially regular. In the other case alternative formulations will be discussed.
Symmetries and scaling‐laws in turbulence
Authors: Oberlack M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA new turbulence approach based on Lie‐group analysis is presented. It unifies a large set of self‐similar solutions for the mean velocity of stationary parallel turbulent shear flows. The theory is derived from the Reynolds averaged Navier‐Stokes equations, the fluctuation equations, and the velocity product equations, which are the dyad product of the velocity fluctuations with the equations for the velocity fluctuations. For the plane case the results include the logarithmic law of the wall, an algebraic law, the viscous sublayer, the linear region in the centre of a Couette flow and in the centre of a rotating channel flow, and a new exponential mean velocity profile that corresponds to the mid‐wake region of high Reynolds number flat‐plate boundary layers. The algebraic scaling law conforms to both the centre and the near wall regions of turbulent channel flows. For a non‐rotating and a moderately rotating pipe about its axis an algebraic law was found for the axial and the azimuthal velocity near the pipe‐axis with both laws having equal scaling exponents. In case of a rapidly rotating pipe a new logarithmic scaling law for the axial velocity is developed.
Multiscale Modeling of Highly Heterogeneous MMCs
Authors: Antretter T. , Fischer F. D. , Plankensteiner A. F. , Rammerstorfer F. G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA hierarchical modeling concept incorporating different material descriptions at appropriate length scales is presented and applied to High Speed Steel (HSS) in order to quantify the overall thermomechanical behavior. Such materials can be viewed as particulate metal matrix composites (MMCs) with a strongly clustered arrangement of linear‐elastic carbidic particles in an elastic‐plastic martensitic‐austenitic matrix. On the mesoscale mean field methods are used to describe the effective material behavior of the mesophases depending on instantaneous constituent properties and local fields. Plastic strains in the matrix show a strongly inhomogeneous distribution which hardly can be predicted by standard micromechanics based methods neglecting the mesostructure. On the microscale the influence of the geometrical paramters describing the stress distribution inside the inclusions is studied by means of quasi‐random structure unit cells. Statistical methods are employed in order to quantify the relationship between particle size and their probability of fracture. The role of residual stresses due to quenching of the material prior to mechanical loading and their beneficial effect on the particles is emphasized.
A‐Posteriori Error Estimation and Adaptivity for the Finite Element Method Using Duality Principles
Authors: Cirak F. , Ramm E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe present study introduces the concept of error estimation for locally and globally defined variables an structural mechanics. As a basic component of the formulation a dual problem specifically designed for the variables in mind is defined. The influence of the errors of the entire spatial or temporal domain on the local error of the specific variable is filtered out by the corresponding dual (influence) problem. The duality techniques are related to the principle of Betti ‐Maxwell and can be used for error estimation with respect to various locally or globally defined variables.
An Adaptive Finite Element Method for Problems in Perfect Plasticity
Authors: Rannacher R. , Suttmeier F. T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe present recent progress in the development of an self‐adaptive finite element solver for problems in elastoplasticity. The adaptive mesh generation is based on a posteriori error estimates which are derived via duality arguments yielding bounds for functionals of the error. The application of this approach for the stationary Hencky model is well understood. Its formal extension to the non‐stationary Prandtl‐Reuss model within the context of an implicit load‐stepping process works surprisingly well. This effect is theoretically explained.
Adaptive Refinement of the Generalized Cell Mapping
Authors: Guder R. , Kreuzer E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFor the prediction of the long term behavior and global analysis of nonlinear dynamical systems the generalized cell mapping is an efficient and powerful numerical tool. The only drawback of this method is the enormous computational effort for higher‐dimensional systems. We overcome this problem by several adaptive refinement steps of a very rough starting cell grid, where the adaption is controlled by the long‐term dynamics of the system. We illustrate the efficiency by examples.
A Comparison of Various Methods for the Stability Analysis of the Relative Equilibria of a Rotating Pendulum
Authors: Krupa M. , Schagerl M. , Steindl A. , Steiner W. , Troger H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWith the example of a rotating pendulum four different methods for the stability analysis of its relative equilibria are compared. In particular new developments in the stability theory of symmetric Hamiltonian systems like the Reduced Energy Momentum method are compared with classical approaches such as Routh's method.
Gedächtniseffekte in zirkulierenden Strömungen
Authors: Böhme G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractElastische Flüssigkeiten besitzen ein Gedächtnis für frühere Deformationszustände. Geeignete integrale Stoffmodelle verknüpfen den aktuellen Spannungszustand in der Flüssigkeit mit der materiellen Verzerrungsgeschichte, die längs der Bahnlinien erlebt wurde. Bei zirkulierenden Strömungen, die im Eulerschen Sinne stationär sand, genügt ein einziger Bahnlinienumlauf, um die gesamte Vergangenheit zu, “bewältigen”. Diese Erkenntnis und ihr Nutzen bei der numerischen Simulation mehrdimensionaler Strömungen werden hier näher erläutert. Beispielhaft werden Gedächtniseffekte anhand einer axialsymmetrischen Strömung diskutiert.
Strömungseigenschaften und Stoffeigenschaften von Polymerlösungen
Authors: Gampert B. , Hahn H. , Eich T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn dieser Arbeit werden rheologische und rheooptische Untersuchungen zur Charakterisierung des Fließverhaltens von Polymerlösungen vorgestellt. Weiterhin wird das fluiddynamische Verhalten, der Polymerlösungen, in verschiedenen Strömungsfeldern untersucht. Die Auswertung der Experimente ergab, daß insbesondere die Lösungsstruktur sowie die viskoelastischen Materialeigenschaften, dos Fließverhalten, entscheidend beeinflussen können.
The Dissipation‐Inequality of Rate‐Independent Thermoplasticity
Authors: Bertram A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn real processes involving large plastic deformations a major part of the stress power will be dissipated and involves thermodynamical changes that cannot be neglected. A framework for the description of thermoplastic processes based on the notion of isomorphic thermoelastic ranges is suggested. Within this framework, consistent flow and hardening rules as well as necessary and sufficient conditions for the second law to hold are derived for the rate‐independent case.
Analysis and Simulation of Nonwoven Textures
Authors: Scholz Michael , Claus Bernhard 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNonwoven fabrics are widely used in a variety of different fields. They consist of bonded fibers which are more or less randomly distributed (in particular they are not woven), and in all applications the homogeneity of the fabric is an important feature which is critical to the quality of the fabric. We evaluate the homogeneity (cloudiness) by decomposing an image of a nonwoven into different scales, evaluating the homogeneity on each scale and combining these results into a single number which represents a measure of the overall „cloudiness”︁ of the fabric in the image. Simulation of images of nonwovens with a predefined degree of homogeneity (on each of the considered scales) is of importance because these images can be used to calibrate the image acquisition system. In particular we use Markov Random fields to generate the characteristic texture for each scale after first identifying the respective model parameters. We then combine these different images to yield an „artificial”︁ image of a nonwoven.