bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intoxigenic digital spaces? Youth, social networking sites and alcohol marketing
Authors: GRIFFITHS RICHARD , CASSWELL SALLY 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. To examine how young people in New Zealand engage with alcohol and reproduce alcohol marketing messages and alcohol‐related branding in ‘Bebo’, a popular social networking site (SNS) on the Internet. Design and Methods. Data are drawn from information posted on approximately 150 Bebo Web pages and analysed by way of textual analysis and cyberspace ethnography. Results. Social networking sites, such as Bebo, provide young people with a digital space in which to share a range of alcohol marketing messages via peer‐to‐peer transmission. Bebo also enables youth to communicate to one another how they consume alcohol and their views of alcohol marketing messages. The information being shared by young people who use Bebo is openly provided in the form of personal information, forum comments, digital photographs and answering quizzes about their engagement with alcohol. Discussion and Conclusions. Through this sharing of information in the digital Internet environment, young people are creating ‘intoxigenic social identities’ as well as ‘intoxigenic digital spaces’ that further contribute towards the normalisation of youth consumption of alcohol. A better understanding of how youth are using the Internet to share their experiences with alcohol and engagement with alcohol‐related messages is crucial to public health research as alcohol marketing practices rapidly evolve.[Griffiths R, Casswell S. Intoxigenic digital spaces? Youth, social networking sites and alcohol marketing. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010]
Alcohol pouring practices among 65‐ to 74‐year‐olds in Western Australia
Authors: WILKINSON CELIA , ALLSOP STEVE , CHIKRITZHS TANYA 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. Alcohol pouring practices have relevance to the validity of self‐reported alcohol consumption. However, little research has focused on older populations nor investigated relationships between volumes poured and participants' estimations of beverages in terms of Australian standard drinks. The aim of this study was to address these issues. Design and Methods. Interviews were conducted (in participants' homes) with 844 current drinkers, aged 65–74 years, from Perth, Western Australia. Participants poured their ‘usual’ serving of alcohol into their ‘usual’ drinking vessel and were asked questions regarding the volumes poured. Results. Older men poured drinks that were 32% larger than a standard drink (10 g of ethanol). The comparable figure for older women was 16%. However, over 25% of all men and 20% of all women indicated they would not record (in a self‐report assessment of consumption) the amount poured as one standard drink. Despite participants making corrections, men and women still underestimated amounts poured (men by 23% and women by 16%). Discussion and Conclusions. As with younger populations, older people pour drinks that are, on average, larger than standard drinks. To increase the accuracy of self‐reported consumption, it is recommended that researchers consider pouring practices and people's perceptions of alcohol volumes poured in relation to a standard drink. Further research on this issue may reduce the discrepancy between self‐reported levels of consumption and national per capita alcohol sales.[Wilkinson C, Allsop S, Chikritzhs T. Alcohol pouring practices among 65‐ to 74‐year‐olds in Western Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010]
Second‐Order Analysis of Multistory Building Frames by Marching Technique
Authors: WANG CHU‐KIA , TALABOC CARLITO P. 
Published: August 2010

A computer algorithm, expressed in the BASIC language, is described to make the second order analysis of multistory building frames by marching technique. Material property has to be linear elastic, and deformation due to axial force is ignored. Two second‐order effects are considered; they are the reduction of column stiffness due to the presence of axial force, and the inclusion of the overturning moment arising from the product of the column load and the sidesway.To minimize computer storage and running time, the marching technique is used wherein the global stiffness matrix is established one story at a time upon calling input data progressively downward beginning with the top story. Joint displacements of each story are expressed in terms of those of the story immediately below so that their values of the lowest story are obtained first. In this way, the largest inversion is of the size of the degree of freedom at any one story level. One file is used to store the intermediate information so that the joint displacements of each story, along with the moments at ends of all beams and columns in that story, may be computed progressively upward beginning with the lowest story.
Automation of Knowledge Organization and Acquisition
Authors: ZHANG X. J. , YAO J. T. P. 
Published: August 2010

In this paper, an ongoing investigation on the development of SPERIL Systems, which are knowledge‐based expert systems for damage assessment of existing structures, is described. The development of a new version, SPERIL‐3, is presented and the motivations for the development of this system are discussed. Specifically, knowledge organization and knowledge acquisition in this system are emphasized. The automation of knowledge acquisition is presented and discussed.In this paper, an ongoing investigation on the development of SPERIL systems, which are knowledge‐based expert systems for damage assessment of existing structures, is described. The development of a new version, SPERIL‐3, is presented and the motivations for the development of this system are discussed. Specifically, knowledge organization and knowledge acquisition in this system are emphasized. The automation of knowledge acquisition is presented and discussed.
An Integrated ComDuter Model to Aid the Planning of Concrete Structures
Authors: Aouad C. , Price A. D. F. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: This paper describes the general architecture of a prototypical micro CAD‐based integrated model being developed at Southborough University to aid the planning of in‐situ concrete structures. The model is based on the coupling of two low cost and powerful project management (Artemis 2000) and computer aided design systems (AutoCAD 10) through an intermediary package (dBase IV). The main aim of this model is automate the planning process of in‐situ concrete structures, particularly the generation of network plans, using data generated by CAD systems. The model functional specifications (i.e., modeling, drafting, quantities and materials scheduling, time analysis, cost analysis, and reporting) were established after a thorough review of current planning models, a detailed questionnaire survey conducted amongst the main UK and USA contractors on the current status of planning techniques and information technology applications, and a detailed study of the various problems facing CAD‐based models.This model consists of three individual sub‐systems: modelling, data transfer and planning. The integration of these individual sub‐systems has been achieved on an IBM PS/2 MODEL 70. This enables the generation of network plans in the AutoCAD package (modelling subsystem) which are then automatically transferred (data transfer sub‐system) to the Artemis system for time and cost analyses (planning sub‐system). This paper outlines the work done so far and illustrates the proposed concept with a simplified case study.
Intelligent Positioning of Mobile Cranes for Steel Erection
Authors: Raynar Karl A. , Smith Gary R. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The crane is the single most important equipment cost item required for erecting structural steel. Each time the crane moves to a new location, equipment time and labor time is lost. This research presents a computerized analysis method to minimize the number of moves required by a mobile crane to erect single story steel structures. The production rule system finds the optimum path for the crane and determines the steel erection sequence.Artificial intelligence techniques are employed to develop the production rule system. They system finds the optimum path for the crane and determines the steel erection sequence. The production rule system consists of three basic components. The first is a knowledge representation which describes the building and crane geometry. Second is the production rules for positioning the crane and sequencing the steel erection. These rules were structured from interviews with steel erectors and converted to logic based rules used in the program. Third is the control strategy which analyzes the various combinations of crane positions. The result is a microcomputer based Prolog program called PRECISE. This program finds the optimal crane positions and the structural members erected from each crane position.
Drawing Data File Pre‐processor in a Neutral Format—An Application in Sewage System Design
Authors: Freitas C. O. A. , Scheer S. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Sewage systems design includes computations and drafting. This paper is about the development of a drawing data file pre‐processor (generator) applied to sewage design. The numerical results are used to generate a file with the description of essential elements to be used in computer aided design (CAD) systems.The files are generated in a neutral data format, aiming at portability among CAD systems. This paper presents computer graphics standardization as a way to draw data file characterization.
Sloped Roofs for Architectural CAD Systems
Authors: Recuero A. , Cutiérrez J. P. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: An algorithm to calculate the geometrical data which describe a sloped roof covering a building with polygonal plan is presented here. The plan of the building may be any polygonal, simple or multiplyconnected (that is with interior courtyards). The inclination angle of every dope is separately given and can be different from the others. Therefore most practical cases can be solved using this algorithm, for instance roofs, with equally inclined slopes or with all the ridges at the same height, or shed, ridge, Mansard type, saw tooth, and butterfly roofs.The algorithm provides a separate geometrical description for every slope, which can be readily interpreted by any architectural CAD system. A comprehensive description of the algorithm is included, together with the source code of its implementation in Rocky Mountain BASIC and a set of illustrative examples showing how to solve some complicated cases.
Graphical Visualization of Physical Phenomena Simulated with the Finite Element Method
Authors: Faconti Ciorgio P. , Zani Nicola 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Scientific visualization is one of the emerging techniques used to represent large multi‐parameter data sets in a comprehensible way. Finite element method, as one of the largely used techniques to simulate the behavior of complex systems, typically produces large amounts of multidimensional data. This paper describes a visualization environment for the analysis of finite element data resulting from the integration of several techniques specifically optimized for the domain problem. In the first part of the paper introductory remarks are given on visualization and simulation. The finite element method is presented in more detail in order to keep the description of the system consistent with the paper. Subsequently, an overview of the logical functionality made available by the system is presented.In the second part of the paper, implemented algorithms dealing with the representation and the visualization of finite element data are detailed. Two different methodologies, together with their underlying algorithms, are considered which serve different purposes in the analysis task and in the dissemination of results.
Simplified Drift Evaluation of Wall‐Frame Structures
Authors: Valles Rodolfo E. , Kunnath Sashi K. , Reinhorn Andrei M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: An idealized model for analysis of multistory buildings subjected to lateral loads is presented. Using a simplified structural model composed of connecting beams and columns, along with a rapid condensation procedure, an approximated lateral stiffness matrix is obtained from which the lateral deformations can be quickly determined. The proposed model is suitable either for preliminary analysis or for quick verification of more complex computational procedures.Commonly used analytical procedures are based on one of the following two approaches: (i] rapid evaluation of story drifts based on oversimplification of structures as specified primarily by building codes (shear systemslstick models), and (ii) detailed modeling of buildings as an assemblage of structural members combined with refined analysis of each individual component (finite element analysis). While the former approach requires only a small amount of data and simple hand computations to carry out the analysis, the latter requires an abundance of information and fairly complicated and elaborate computations requiring computers. However, the first approach leads only to very approximate results often invalidated by severe assumptions and restrictions while the second method produces results which are more comprehensive and accurate.The idealization proposed in this paper is a rational combination of the two approaches leading to more accurate results with only a minimal amount of data. The simplification is obtained by assuming contraflexure points at mid spans of horizontal beams, but not extending the same simplification to vertical elements, as is typically done in simplified design and code approaches. This allows a simple representation of beams as rotational springs coupled to vertical cantilevers representing the columns. The ensuing matrix computations on a vastly reduced and diagonalized stiffness matrix can be carried out with ease on microcomputers.Using the procedure outlined herein, the internal forces in members can be reasonably obtained, and axial stresses can be roughly estimated. An application of the proposed technique is presented using two sample buildings and are compared with results of more rigorous and accurate procedures.
Stochastic Simulation of Construction Bidding and Project Management
Authors: Rizk Simaan M. Abou 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: A stochastic simulation model of a project management game was developed to assist in training estimators in developing bidding strategies in construction. This paper discusses the development of the conceptual gaming model for bidding on construction projects and the implementation of the model on portable software. The model simulates the actual bidding in construction by creating projects, initiating random phenomena, and keeping track of the performance of the individual players of the game. Upon conclusion of the game the winner is selected as the player that maximizes his relative return on the original investment assigned to him by the game.The paper describes the underlying construction management concepts and the bidding process in general. The database management model is then detailed focusing on the requirements and strategy behind the development of the various databases. The paper also describes the various models utilized in simulating the involved random processes. Finally the operation of the program is introduced and its use in educating construction engineers and managers is highlighted.
Design of Glass‐Fibre‐Reinforced Plastic Bolted Connections
Authors: Erki M. A. , Rosner C. N. , Dutta A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Glass‐fibre‐reinforced plastics (GFRP) have characteristics that make them highly attractive for light‐weight military footbridges, which can be easily hand‐assembled, dismantled and effectively transported on foot into remote, inaccessible regions, or in rough mountainous terrain. For this type of structure, the choice of bolted connections represents a practical type of connection for joining the major structural components.This paper discusses some of the main issues in the design of GFRP bolted connections, with three computer analyses to assist the designer. First, material properties of GFRP are reviewed. The designer has the choice of either ordering prefabricated members, with fixed fibre lay‐up configurations, or specifying the lay‐up optimized for a particular application. An example of how to use a program to assist in choosing the best lay‐up of fibres in a GFRP laminate is given. If the connection is designed using a limit states approach, the material resistance factors need to be determined. A computer model to calculate approximate resistance factors is discussed. Finally, a computer model based on the finite element method to predict the short‐term load‐displacement behaviour of GFRP bolted connections is presented. The model combines two planar analyses to account for deformations in the GFRP members and the contribution of the fastener flexibility on the joint performance.
The Role of Computers in Education
Authors: Humar J. L. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The human brain has the unique ability to acquire learning through a structured process of education. However, to be effective the educational process should be interactive and individualized, provide appropriate feedback, and be paced for the learner. Individualized teaching is not possible in the format of an organized classroom lecture or through the medium of a textbook. On the other hand, these provide the only practical means of educating the vast numbers of students.Computers now provide us with the opportunity to restore at least some of the essential attributes of an effective teaching process. Properly utilized, computer‐assisted learning can create an educational environment in which the student is an active participant and carries on a continuous dialogue with the computer. The student controls the pace and, often, the sequence in which the information is presented. The computer can provide continuous feedback, can permit frequent testing, and allow branching to alternative educational material depending on the measured ability of the student.The essential ingredients of an effective learning process, as identified by research in behavioural psychology are outlined in the paper. The role that computers can play in the educational process is discussed. The methodology of computer‐assisted learning (CAL) is described and illustrated by several examples of CAL programming. Some comments are also made on the future trends.
Dynamic Simulation of a Rockfall Fence by the Discrete Element Method
Authors: Mustoe G. G. W. , Huttelmaier H. P. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: This paper presents a novel numerical model for the dynamic simulation of a rockfall prevention fence using the discrete element method (DEM). An approximate two‐dimensional DEM model provides the basis for an efficient numerical technique for solving three‐dimensional fence‐rock dynamic impact situations. It is shown that the computational results can provide the structural engineer with quantitative information concerning the overall fence design parameters.The dynamics simulation software was developed on an Intel based CPU 80486 microcomputer. This hardware environment was also used to perform the dynamic analyses which are described herein.
The clinical subject: adolescents in a cleft‐palate clinic
Authors: Silverman David 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe paper examines the format and some interactional dilemmas of outpatient consultations in a clinic for cleft lip and palate. Three problems are addressed. First, the adolescent patient's status as a ‘consumer’ is problematic: it is ambiguous whether they can be entrusted with decision‐making on their own behalf. Second, there is the problematic status of parents’ rights. Third, the policy implications of these problems are raised in relation to the conduct of child‐centred’ medicine. It is suggested that socializing the clinic may reinforce, rather than undercut, professional dominance.
The interdisciplinary curriculum: from social medicine to postmodernism
Authors: Turner Bryan S. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAcademic specialisation has often been criticised, because it brings about a narrow and partial orientation to research and teaching. Hence interdisciplinarity often appears to be a positive and alternative framework for the progressive reorganisation of higher education curricula. This paper examines various aspects of the development of interdisciplinarity in relation to the medical curriculum, locating these changes in the social context of the development of scientific medicine. These interdisciplinary perspectives are illustrated by an examination of four cases (social medicine, sociology of health and illness, the interdisciplinary research centre, and the postmodern melange) which necessarily imply some critical appraisal of the medical profession and its status in society, because they implicitly or explicitly suggest new approaches to the medical curriculum. However, these four examples indicate that the notion of ‘interdisciplinarity’ covers a variety of very different perspectives on curriculum reform in higher education. Social medicine and the sociology of health and illness have been typically critical evaluations of monodisciplinary assumptions about medical intervention and medical training. By contrast, the research centre orientation, which followed the Rothschild Report, has been primarily a response to financial constraints. The development of postmodernism in social theory has also involved a challenge to the unitary assumptions of monodisciplinarity, but there may be a convergence between the commercialisation of medicine and the emergence of postmodernistic criticism of the conventional medical curriculum, in which case interdisciplinarity will produce a fragmentary pastiche of disciplines rather than intellectual integration.
Lay epidemiology and the prevention paradox: the implications of coronary candidacy for health education
Authors: Davison Charlie , Smith George Davey , Frankel Stephen 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the appropriateness of current attempts to prevent chronic disease through behavioural change. Based on extensive ethnographic research in South Wales, the paper suggests that, within contemporary British health culture, there exists a well developed lay epidemiology which has a significant bearing on the public plausibility of modern health promotion messages. The paper describes the notion of the coronary candidate (the ‘kind of person who gets heart trouble’) and discusses the operation of the idea in everyday life. The manner by which lay epidemiology and the population approach to health promotion construct the ‘prevention paradox’ within the social world is outlined. In conclusion it is suggested that lay epidemiology readily accommodates official messages concerning behavioural risks within the important cultural fields of luck, fate and destiny. This simultaneously constitutes a rational way of incorporating potentially troublesome information, and a potential barrier to the aims of health education.
Ethnicity and infant deaths: the implications of recent statistical evidence for materialist explanations
Authors: Andrews Ahmed , Jewson Nick 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe paper begins with a summary of recent OPCS data on ethnic inequalities in infant deaths, emphasizing the diversity of trends which they demonstrate. It continues by reviewing the implications of this evidence for materialist, and other, explanations of health inequalities. It is suggested that further progress in developing explanations for patterns of ethnic minority infant mortality would be facilitated by greater refinement of indices of economic deprivation and ethnicity.