bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cenozoic unroofing history of the Ladakh Batholith, western Himalaya, constrained by thermochronology and numerical modelling
Authors: Kirstein L.A. , Foeken J.P.T. , van der Beek P. , Stuart F.M. , Phillips R.J. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract:
The Ladakh Batholith is part of the Transhimalayan Plutonic Belt, which crops out north of the Indus Suture Zone. We propose that the exhumation history of the Ladakh Batholith is linked to the tectonic, magmatic and erosion history of the Karakoram terrane and SW Tibet. We present new multiple low-temperature thermochronometry data (zircon (U–Th)/He, apatite fission-track and apatite (U–Th)/He) to gain insight into the cooling history of the Ladakh Batholith and recognize key periods in the evolution of the region. From the Indus Valley northwards the ages decrease across the batholith for all three thermochronometers applied. A model is proposed in which magmatism in the Ladakh Batholith ceased in the Late Eocene and initial denudation was driven by topographic uplift caused by collision. Southward tilting of the batholith occurred in the Late Palaeogene. This tilting resulted in an asymmetric topography with increasing elevation to the north. Strong erosion occurred in this northern region whereas the southern margin was affected by northwards thrusting of the Indus Molasse. For the first time, clear temporal and spatial variations in exhumation rate are identified in this region, highlighting why sampling strategy is critical in documenting exhumation changes in active tectonic settings.

Supplementary material:

Sample co-ordinates from the Ladakh Batholith, sample preparation and fission-track age measurements of apatite grains and grain size dimensions are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18350
.
Facies analysis and sea-level change at the Guadalupian–Lopingian Global Stratotype (Laibin, South China), and its bearing on the end-Guadalupian mass extinction
Authors: Wignall P.B. , Védrine S. , Bond D.P.G. , Wang W. , Lai X.-L. , Ali J.R. , Jiang H.-S. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract:

The Guadalupian–Lopingian boundary stratotype at Penglaitan, and the nearby Tieqiao section, near Laibin, South China, record a series of major environmental changes within the Jiangnan Basin during a Mid-Permian biotic crisis. The sequence-stratigraphic, petrographic and palaeontological record of these sections has been studied and the associated strontium isotopic fluctuations have been assayed. Mass extinction of fusulinid foraminifers is most clearly associated in time with onset of volcanism and a relative sea-level fall that led to the establishment of mid-ramp conditions (Laibin Limestone) in settings that were previously dominated by radiolarian mudstones. The regression also coincides with a low point of
87
Sr/
86
Sr ratios. The lowstand deposits contain mafic scoriaceous grains that record pyroclastic volcanism probably centred in the Emeishan flood basalt province 800 km to the west of Laibin. Thus, unusually violent eruptions associated with flood basalts in this province may have contributed to the environmental stresses responsible for the extinction event. Subsequent environmental changes included transgression, spread of dysoxic waters, indicated by populations of small pyrite framboids, and a major negative C-isotope excursion. All these phenomena have been previously related to the end-Guadalupian extinction but they in fact post-date the crisis because a post-extinction fauna of foraminifers is encountered at this time.
Palaeoseismology of the Vilariça Segment of the Manteigas-Bragança Fault in northeastern Portugal
Authors: Rockwell Thomas , Fonseca João , Madden Chris , Dawson Tim , Owen Lewis A. , Vilanova Susana , Figueiredo Paula 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe Manteigas-Bragança fault is a major, 250-km-long, NNE-striking, sinistral strike-slip structure in northern Portugal. This fault has no historical seismicity for large earthquakes, although it may have generated moderate (M5+) earthquakes in 1751 and 1858. Evidence of continued left horizontal displacement is shown by the presence of Cenozoic pull-apart basins as well as late Quaternary stream deflections. To investigate its recent slip history, a number of trenches were excavated at three sites along the Vilariça segment, north and south of the Douro River. At one site at Vale Meão winery, the occurrence of at least two and probably three events in the past 14.5 ka was determined, suggesting an average return period of about 5–7 ka. All three events appear to have occurred as a cluster in the interval between 14.5 and 11 ka, or shortly thereafter, suggesting a return period of less than 2 ka between events within the cluster. In the same area, a small offset rill suggests 2–2.5 m of slip in the most recent event and about 6.1 m after incision below ac. 16 ka alluvial fill event along the Douro River. At another site along the Vilariça River alluvial plain, NE of the Vale Meão site, several trenches were excavated in late Pleistocene and Holocene alluvium, and exposed the fault displacing channel deposits dated to between 18 and 23 ka. In a succession of closely spaced parallel cuts and trenches, the channel riser was traced into and across the fault to resolvec. 6.5 m of displacement after 18 ka andc. 9 m of slip afterc. 23 ka. These observations yield a slip rate of 0.3–0.5 mm/a, which is consistent with earlier estimates. Combining the information on timing at Vale Meão winery and displacement at Vilariça argues for earthquakes in the M7+ range, with coseismic displacements of 2–3 m. This demonstrates that there are potential seismic sources in Portugal that are not associated with the 1755 Lisbon earthquake or the Tagus Valley, and, although rare, large events on the Vilariça fault could be quite destructive for the region. This work provides an analogue for the study of active faulting in intracontinental settings and supports the view that earthquakes within intracontinental settings tend to cluster in time. In addition, this study highlights the usefulness and application of multiple field, remote sensing and geochronological techniques for seismic hazard mitigation.
Palaeoearthquake surface rupture in a transition zone from strike-slip to oblique-normal slip and its implications to seismic hazard, North Island Fault System, New Zealand
Authors: Mouslopoulou Vasiliki , Nicol Andrew , Little Timothy A. , Begg John G. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract

The North Island Fault System (NIFS) is the longest and highest slip-rate active strike-slip fault system within the Hikurangi subduction margin in New Zealand, accommodating up to 10 mm/a of the margin-parallel plate motion. Displacement of landforms over the last
c.
30 ka indicates a gradual northward change from right-lateral strike-slip to oblique-normal slip along the northern NIFS and within 60 km of its intersection with the active Taupo Rift. This change is expressed by a
c.
60° increase in the pitch of the slip vectors. We use fault data from 20 trenches and displacements along active traces to explore whether changes in late Quaternary fault kinematics principally arise due to earthquake rupture arrest and/or variations in slip vector pitch during individual earthquakes that span the kinematic transition zone. Results show that earthquake rupture arrest occurs along the strike of the NIFS, with at least 60–80% of all events during the last 10–13 ka terminating across the zone of late Quaternary (
c.
30 ka) transition from strike-slip to oblique-normal slip. The strike of the faults across the kinematic transition is unchanged, and we suggest that rupture was arrested there due to a 20–30° northward shallowing of fault-dip across this zone. Rupture arrest limits earthquake lengths and magnitudes which, when combined with recurrence intervals from trenching, locally decreases the seismic hazard in the region of the faults. Simple kinematic earthquake slip models, which simulate the addition of slip vectors during individual earthquakes, suggest that rupture arrest was accompanied by a northward steepening of slip vectors during individual earthquakes. Changes in coseismic slip vectors may arise due to the northward decrease in fault dip and associated steepening of the principal compressive stress axis (σ
1
) which, in turn, is due to fault interactions between the NIFS and the adjacent active Taupo Rift.
Advances and limitations of the Environmental Seismic Intensity scale (ESI 2007) regarding near-field and far-field effects from recent earthquakes in Greece: implications for the seismic hazard assessment
Authors: Papanikolaou I. D. , Papanikolaou D. I. , Lekkas E. L. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The new Environmental Seismic Intensity scale (ESI 2007), introduced by INQUA, incorporates the advances and achievements of palaeoseismology and earthquake geology and evaluates earthquake size and epicentre solely from the earthquake environmental effects (EEE). This scale is tested and compared with traditional existing scales for the 1981 Alkyonides earthquake sequence in the Corinth Gulf (Ms=6.7, Ms=6.4, Ms=6.3), the 1993 Pyrgos event (Ms=5.5) and the 2006 Kythira event (Mw=6.7). These earthquakes were of different magnitudes, focal mechanisms and focal depths and produced well-documented environmental effects. The ESI 2007 intensity values and the isoseismal pattern for the 1993 Pyrgos and the 2006 Kythira events are similar to those resulting from the traditional scales, demonstrating that for moderate intensity levels (VII and VIII) the ESI 2007 and the traditional scales comply well. In contrast, the 1981 Alkyonides earthquake sequence shows that there is an inconsistency between the ESI 2007 and the traditional scales both in the epicentral area, where higher ESI 2007 intensity values have been assigned, and for the far‐field effects. The ESI 2007 scale offers higher objectivity in the process of assessing macroseismic intensities, particularly in the epicentral area, than traditional intensity scales that are influenced by human parameters. The ESI 2007 scale follows the same criteria–environmental effects for all events and can compare not only events from different settings, but also contemporary and future earthquakes with historical events. A reappraisal of historical earthquakes so as to constrain the ESI 2007 scale may prove beneficial for seismic hazard assessment by reducing the uncertainty implied in the attenuation laws, which constitute one of the most important seismic hazard parameters.
Application of INQUA Environmental Seismic Intensity Scale to recent earthquakes in Japan and Taiwan
Authors: Ota Yoko , Azuma Takashi , Lin Yu-nong Nina 
Published: June 2009

Abstract

The INQUA Environmental Seismic intensity scale (ESI 2007 scale) is a new seismic intensity scale proposed by the Subcommission on Palaeoseismology, INQUA, based on seismically induced ground effects. This intensity scale is expected to be useful for evaluation of detailed areal distribution of seismic intensity and also for the evaluation of intensity of palaeoearthquakes. We selected four great earthquakes to map ESI 2007 scale distribution: the 1995 Kobe; the 2004 Chuetsu, Japan; the 1935 Hsinchu-Taichung; and the 1999 Chichi, Taiwan. Proposed ESI 2007 scale maps from these areas are the mesh maps with a grid of about 1 km
2
, showing more detailed intensity patterns than those previously provided by the Japan Meteorological Agency and the Central Weather Bureau for the four areas. Different responses of ground effects to the earthquakes, depending on local differences of geological materials near the surface and morphological condition of each site, are more clearly expressed by the ESI 2007 scale map, because of the large number of observed sites by the evaluation of ESI 2007 scale. Calibration exercise also reveals, however, that the classification of ESI 2007 scale needs some improvement.
Prehistoric seismicity-induced liquefaction along the western segment of the strike-slip Kunlun fault, northern Tibet
Authors: Lin Aiming , Guo Jianming 
Published: June 2009

Abstract

The 2001 M
w
7.8 Kunlun earthquake occurred in northern Tibet, and produced a 450-km-long surface rupture zone along the western segment of the strike-slip Kunlun fault. There are, however, no historic or instrumental records of large earthquakes in this fault segment. Field investigations of liquefaction structures and radiocarbon dating results reveal that at least three large earthquakes, including the 2001 earthquake, occurred in the western segment of the Kunlun fault during the past seven to nine centuries. Liquefaction structures formed in alluvial deposits composed of sand-gravel yielding
14
C ages of 679–901 yr
bp
are observed on the current stream channel which is sinistrally offset 75–82 m, including 3–6 m displacement produced by the 2001 event. On the basis of the field investigations and
14
C dating results, we conclude that the liquefaction structures and subsequent faulting events were caused by at least two large earthquakes of M>7 prior to the 2001 earthquake and the average recurrence interval of large earthquakes is estimated to be about 400 years in the late Holocene.
The Muzaffarabad, Pakistan, earthquake of 8 October 2005: surface faulting, environmental effects and macroseismic intensity
Authors: Ali Zahid , Qaisar Muhammad , Mahmood Tariq , Shah Muhammad Ali , Iqbal Talat , Serva Leonello , Michetti Alessandro M. , Burton Paul W. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The Mw 7.6 Muzaffarabad earthquake of 8 October 2005, occurred on a lateral equivalent of the main ramp of the Hymalaia frontal thrust, and is the result of the collision tectonics between the Indian and Eurasian plates. The epicentre was located near the town of Basantkot (Muzaffarabad), and the focal depth was about 13 km. The Muzaffarabad earthquake provides unequivocal evidence about the localization of severe damage, intense ground shaking and secondary environmental effects near the surface expression of the source fault. We analyse its nature, and impact on man-made structures and the physical environment, on the basis of a detailed survey and macroseismic study of the affected areas conducted by the Micro Seismic Studies Programme (MSSP) Team (Ishfaq Ahmad Research Laboratories, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission) immediately after the mainshock, assisted by a careful review of the subsequent data and literature. In the course of the field survey, the displacement and surface expression of the causative fault, and accompanying secondary environmental effects were observed at a number of places along a capable thrust fault structure. We refer to this structure as the Kashmir Thrust (KT) capable fault following the terminology of local research geologists in Pakistan; the seismological evidence of this structure is already known in the literature as the Indus–Kohistan Seismic Zone. A complex, clearly segmented, at least 112-km-long surface rupture was mapped along the KT. The maximum values of vertical displacement (on the order of 4 to 7 m) were observed mainly between Muzaffarabad and Balakot, along the central segment of the rupture (52 km) associated with maximum slip at depth and a major portion of the energy release. Both the NW Alai segment (38 km) and SE Bagh segment (22 km) are characterized by scattered minor surface ruptures with a few centimetres of displacement, accompanied by extensive surface cracking, landslides and severe damage, concentrated in a narrow belt along the fault trace. A maximum intensity of XI on the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale and on the Environmental Seismic Intensity scale (ESI 2007) was recorded in the epicentral area between Muzaffarabad and Balakot. Extremely severe damage and very important secondary environmental effects in the hanging wall adjacent to the trace of the causative fault plane are mainly due to near-fault strong motion and rupture directivity effects. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present field observations over the whole near-field of the earthquake, and to include the intensity map of the entire meizoseismal region.
Bortezomib Alone or in Combination with the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor JNJ-26481585: Effect on Myeloma Bone Disease in the 5T2MM Murine Model of Myeloma
Authors: Deleu Sarah , Lemaire Miguel , Arts Janine , Menu Eline , Van Valckenborgh Els , Vande Broek Isabelle , De Raeve Hendrik , Coulton Les , Van Camp Ben , Croucher Peter , Vanderkerken Karin 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Velcade) is currently approved as second-line treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). MM-related bone disease is one of the most debilitating complications of MM. Besides supportive care with biphosphonates, which have proven efficacy in reducing and delaying skeletal-related events, there is no specific treatment of lytic bone lesions. The present study investigated the effect of bortezomib alone or in combination with a hydroxamate-based histone deacetylase inhibitor, JNJ-26481585 on tumor burden, and MM bone disease in the 5T2MM model. Injection of 5T2MM cells into C57Bl/KaLwRij mice resulted in MM bone disease, characterized by an increase in the percentage osteoclasts, a decrease in osteoblasts, trabecular bone volume, trabecular number, and the development of bone lesions. Treatment of 5T2MM-bearing mice with bortezomib significantly reduced tumor burden, angiogenesis, and MM bone disease. More importantly, the combination of bortezomib with JNJ-26481585 resulted in a more pronounced reduction of osteoclasts and increase of osteoblasts, trabecular bone volume, and trabecular number compared with bortezomib as single agent. These data suggest that bortezomib has bone remodeling properties that can be improved in combination with low dose JNJ-26481585. The study indicates that this combination therapy could be a useful strategy for the treatment of MM patients, especially in those patients with skeletal complications. [Cancer Res 2009;69(13):5307–11]
Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Infection of IFNγ Unresponsive Mice: A Small Animal Model for Gammaherpesvirus-Associated B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disease
Authors: Lee Katherine S. , Groshong Steve D. , Cool Carlyne D. , Kleinschmidt-DeMasters Bette K. , van Dyk Linda F. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractGammaherpesviruses are tightly controlled by the host immune response, with gammaherpesvirus-associated malignancies prevalent in immune-suppressed individuals. Previously, infection of IFNγ-unresponsive mice with gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) showed that IFNγ controlled chronic infection, limiting chronic diseases including arteritis and pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we show that γHV68-infected IFNγ receptor–deficient (IFNγR−/−) mice uniformly develop angiocentric inflammatory lesions in the lung. Prolonged infection revealed a range of outcomes, from spontaneous regression to pulmonary lymphoma. By 12 months of infection, 80% of mice had lymphoid hyperplasia or pulmonary lymphoma; 45% of infected mice developed frank tumors between 5 and 12 months postinfection, with some mice showing systemic involvement. Lymphomas were composed of B lymphocytes and contained latently infected cells. Although IFNγR−/− mice control chronic γHV68 infection poorly, both early and late pathologies were indistinguishable between wild-type and reactivation-defective virus infection, indicating that, in contrast with other previously described γHV68-associated pathologies, these chronic diseases were not dependent on the reactivation of latent infection. This distinct combination of latent infection and defined host defect led to a specific and consistent lymphoproliferative disease. Significantly, this mouse model of virus-associated pulmonary B-cell lymphoma closely mimics the full spectrum of human lymphomatoid granulomatosis, an EBV-associated malignancy with no effective treatment. [Cancer Res 2009;69(13):5481–9]
3,3′-Diindolylmethane Enhances Chemosensitivity of Multiple Chemotherapeutic Agents in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Banerjee Sanjeev , Wang Zhiwei , Kong Dejuan , Sarkar Fazlul H. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Clinical management of pancreatic cancer is a major problem, which is in part due to both de novo and acquired resistance to conventional therapeutics. Here, we present in vitro and in vivo preclinical evidence in support of chemosensitization of pancreatic cancer cells by 3,3-diindolylmethane (DIM), a natural compound that can be easily obtained by consuming cruciferous vegetables. DIM pretreatment of pancreatic cancer cells led to a significantly increased apoptosis (P &lt; 0.01) with suboptimal concentrations of chemotherapeutic agents (cisplatin, gemcitabine, and oxaliplatin) compared with monotherapy. It is known that resistance to chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer is associated with constitutively activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which becomes further activated by chemotherapeutic drugs. Our data provide mechanistic evidence for the first time showing that DIM potentiates the killing of pancreatic cancer cells by down-regulation of constitutive as well as drug-induced activation of NF-κB and its downstream genes (Bcl-xL, XIAP, cIAP, and survivin). Most importantly, using an orthotopic animal model, we found reduction in tumor size (P &lt; 0.001) when DIM was given in combination with oxaliplatin compared with monotherapy. This was accompanied by loss of phospho-p65 and down-regulation of NF-κB activity and its downstream genes (Bcl-xL, survivin, and XIAP), which correlated with reduced cell proliferation (as assessed by Ki-67 immunostaining of tumor specimens) and evidence of apoptosis [as assessed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymease cleavage and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining]. These results provide strong in vivo evidence in support of our hypothesis that DIM could abrogate chemotherapeutic drug (cisplatin, gemcitabine, and/or oxaliplatin)–induced activation of NF-κB, resulting in the chemosensitization of pancreatic tumors to conventional therapeutics. [Cancer Res 2009;69(13):5592–600]
Changes in Gene Expression Predicting Local Control in Cervical Cancer: Results from Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0128
Authors: Weidhaas Joanne B. , Li Shu-Xia , Winter Kathryn , Ryu Janice , Jhingran Anuja , Miller Bridgette , Dicker Adam P. , Gaffney David 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the potential of gene expression signatures to predict response to treatment in locally advanced cervical cancer treated with definitive chemotherapy and radiation.
Experimental Design: Tissue biopsies were collected from patients participating in Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0128, a phase II trial evaluating the benefit of celecoxib in addition to cisplatin chemotherapy and radiation for locally advanced cervical cancer. Gene expression profiling was done and signatures of pretreatment, mid-treatment (before the first implant), and “changed” gene expression patterns between pre- and mid-treatment samples were determined. The ability of the gene signatures to predict local control versus local failure was evaluated. Two-group t test was done to identify the initial gene set separating these end points. Supervised classification methods were used to enrich the gene sets. The results were further validated by leave-one-out and 2-fold cross-validation.
Results: Twenty-two patients had suitable material from pretreatment samples for analysis, and 13 paired pre- and mid-treatment samples were obtained. The changed gene expression signatures between the pre- and mid-treatment biopsies predicted response to treatment, separating patients with local failures from those who achieved local control with a seven-gene signature. The in-sample prediction rate, leave-one-out prediction rate, and 2-fold prediction rate are 100% for this seven-gene signature. This signature was enriched for cell cycle genes.
Conclusions: Changed gene expression signatures during therapy in cervical cancer can predict outcome as measured by local control. After further validation, such findings could be applied to direct additional therapy for cervical cancer patients treated with chemotherapy and radiation.