bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SUPPRESSION AND RETARDATION OF VITRINITE REFLECTANCE, PART 1. FORMATION AND SIGNIFICANCE FOR HYDROCARBON GENERATION
Authors: Carr A. D. 
Published: September 2010

Vitrinite consists of a number of macerals with varying morphology and reflectance. Although vitrinite reflectance (VR) generally increases with increasing depth of burial, a spread of values often occurs due to the presence of the different macerals. However, reports of suppressed and/or retarded VR values introduce a potential problem for the geologist attempting to assess the thermal maturity of a sedimentary basin.Suppression is defined as the reduction in reflectance resulting from:

•high liptinite contents
•the presence of aliphatic lipids and bitumens derived from associated liptinites;
•the generation of perhydrous (hydrogen/aliphatic‐rich) vitrinite in anaerobic and/or alkaline depositional environments;
•the occurrence of hydrogen‐ and aliphatic‐rich vitrinite originating from a particular flora.

Suppression occurs immediately after a sediment has been deposited, and continues to reduce the reflectance until the hydrogen/bitumen is removed from the structure. Although suppression has been recognised in many basins, it probably occurs more frequently than is currently recognised.Retardation, by contrast, refers to a thermochemical reduction in reaction rate resulting from the effects of overpressure in a sedimentary basin. Unlike suppression, retardation only occurs at depth in a basin due to the development of a pressure seal; retardation continues to occur as long as the overpressure remains. The presence of overpressured sediments in many sedimentary basins means that VR retardation probably occurs more frequently than is commonIy recognised.In this paper, methods for recognising suppression and retardation of VR together with examples of both phenomena are described, together with the implications for petroleum systems analysis resulting from the interpretation of suppression when the vitrinite reflectance is retarded. Suppression and retardation are not restricted to coals, and the recognition of either or both of these phenomena will add value to a petroleum systems analysis.
SEASONAL MOVEMENTS AND DIVE PATTERNS OF JUVENILE BAIKAL SEALS, PHOCA SIBIRICA
Authors: Stewart Brent S. , Petrov Eugene A. , Baranov E. A. , Ivanov A. Timonin M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe Baikal seal (Phoca sibirica) is confined to Lake Baikal in southern Siberia. The breeding distribution of seals in winter, when the lake is frozen over, is fairly well known, whereas their movements and foraging behaviors have been relatively unstudied. With satellite‐linked radio transmitters, we documented the movements and dive patterns of four juvenile Baikal seals from autumn through spring. The seals moved extensively in the lake, each covering minimal distances of 400–1,600 km between September and early May. They spent little time hauled out from September through May and, apparently, dived continuously. Dives were mostly to depths of lo‐50 m, though a few exceeded 300 m. Most lasted between 2 and 6 mm, within theoretical aerobic dive limits, although a few exceeded 40 min. The exceptionally long dives occurred while the seals were in areas of extensive ice cover, suggesting that they were, perhaps, under ice‐pilotage in search of breathing holes rather than foraging dives. Otherwise, the dive performances of these Baikal seals were, relative to body mass, similar to those of other well‐studied phocids. Movements and dive patterns of seals appeared to be primarily associated with seasonal and die1 movements of their primary prey, golomyanka and sculpins, and secondarily correlated with patterns of ice formation and thaw.
THE USE OF STABLE CARBON ISOTOPE ANALYSIS FOR DETERMINING THE DIETARY HABITS OF THE FLORIDA MANATEE, TRICHECHUS MANATUS LATIROSTRIS
Authors: Ames Audra L. , Van Vleet Edward S. , Sackett William M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe sloughed skin from three captive manatees at Lowry Park Zoological Garden (Tampa, Florida) was examined over a period of one year to determine its stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C). The food consumed by these manatees in a controlled diet was also sampled and its δ13C values determined. The sloughed skin δ13C values from the captive manatees were enriched by an average of +4.1%0 relative to lettuce (generally >98% of the diet) the animals consumed. δ13C values of the skin were shown to be related to changes in δ13C values of the lettuce.The stable carbon isotopic composition of internal tissues (liver, kidney, and blubber) and skin from dead, stranded manatees was also determined. These values were compared to values of vegetation that manatees are known to eat in the wild. The δ13C values of the internal tissues and skin of wild manatees were consistent with the range of δ13C values of their expected diet.
APPARENT LATERALIZED BEHAVIOR IN GRAY WHALES FEEDING OFF THE CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA COAST
Authors: Woodward Becky L. , Winn Jeremy P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA digital acoustic recording tag was used to examine the 3‐D orientation of gray whales feeding along the central British Columbia coast. A total of 96 feeding dives were recorded from six different whales. More than half (53.1%) of the whales' bottom time was spent rolled at an angle greater than 45°. Whales rolled an average of 2.9 times per feeding dive, and rolling behavior was often accompanied by a negative pitch angle. Out of 282 recorded rolls, 274 (97.2%) were to the right. Likewise, 98.5% of the total time spent rolled at an angle greater than 45° was spent rolled to the right. The gray whales in this study showed a significant right‐side bias on both an individual (P≤ 0.009) and group level (P < 0.001). Based on the findings of this study and previous reports of uneven baleen wear (Kasuya and Rice 1970), it is proposed that gray whales exhibit a population‐wide right‐side rolling bias similar in character to the 90/10 split of right handedness in humans.
THE TROPHIC ROLE OF MARINE MAMMALS IN THE NORTHERN GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE
Authors: Morissette L. , Hammill M. O. , Savenkoff C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe trophic role of apex predators was evaluated in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence ecosystem. An Ecopath model was developed for the period 1985–1987 prior to the collapse of commercially exploited demersal fish stocks in this area. Marine mammal trophic levels were estimated by the model at 4.1 for cetaceans, 4.4 for harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus), 4.7 for hooded seals (Cystophora cristata), 4.5 for gray seals (Halichoerus grypus), and 4.3 for harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Harp seals were the third most important predator on vertebrate prey following large Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and redfish (Sebastesspp.). Different seal species preyed on different levels of the food chain. Harp seals preyed on most trophic groups, whereas larger seals, such as gray seals and hooded seals, mainly consumed higher trophic levels. The model suggested that apex predators had a negative effect on their dominant prey, the higher trophic level fish, but an indirect positive feedback on the prey of their preferred prey, mainly American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides), flounders, skates, and benthic invertebrates. Our results suggest that both marine mammals and fisheries had an impact on the trophic structure.
Inclusion of Blended Lipid Solutions as Functional Ingredients to Alter the Fatty Acid Profile of Beef Patties
Authors: Lowder A.C. , Osburn W.N. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Beef patties formulated to contain beef fat, plant oil, and a rosemary extract to increase unsaturated fatty acid content and maintain desirable sensory attributes were compared to control beef patties formulated without plant oils. Treatment patties were formulated to a fat content of 10% or 20% by combining beef trimmings (6% fat) with 4% or 14% addition of a lipid blend. Blends contained 57% beef tallow, 0.3% rosemary extract, and 43% of high oleic safflower oil (SO), olive oil (OO), or corn oil (CO). Lipid oxidation, as measured by TBA values, of treatment patties were similar to control patties after 0 and 3 d of refrigerated (2 °C) storage and up to 56 d of frozen (−10 °C) storage. Cooked lipid blend patties having a fat content of 10% or 20% were similar to or higher than control patties for juiciness and were no different for other sensory attributes evaluated. At fat levels of 10% or 20%, oleic acid (18: 1) in cooked SO patties (46.1% and 50.3%, respectively) and OO patties (43.8% and 48.1%, respectively) was higher than the control (37.3% and 37.6%, respectively). Unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios at the 10% or 20% fat levels were higher in SO (1.37 and 1.60, respectively) and CO (1.40 and 1.48, respectively) patties than the control (0.97 and 0.94, respectively). Beef patties manufactured with varying lipid blends increased unsaturated fatty acid content and were similar in physical characteristics and sensory attributes of all beef patties formulated without lipid blends.Practical Application:  The development of healthier beef products that will be more appealing to consumers has long been an industry goal. The authors believe that lipid blends such as the one used in this study could be used to create such products, not only in the form of beef patties, but any number of processed meat products. Because the materials and equipment used to create the lipid blends in this study are widely available, their incorporation into meat products would represent a small capital investment. This is an important factor in bringing a reasonably priced, healthier product to consumers.
Influence of Cell Integrity on Textural Properties of Raw, High Pressure, and Thermally Processed Onions
Authors: Gonzalez M.E. , Jernstedt J.A. , Slaughter D.C. , Barrett D.M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract: The integrity of onion cells and its impact on tissue texture after high pressure and thermal processing was studied. The contribution of cell membranes and the pectic component of cell walls on the texture properties of onion tissue were analyzed. Neutral red (NR) staining of onion parenchyma cell vacuoles was used for the evaluation of cell membrane integrity and microscopic image analysis was used for its quantification. The content of methanol in tissue as a result of pectin methylesterase activity was used to evaluate the pectin component of the middle lamella and cell walls and the hardening effect on the tissue after processing. High pressure treatments consisted of 5‐min holding times at 50, 100, 200, 300, or 600 MPa. Thermal treatments consisted of 30‐min water bath exposure to 40, 50, 60, 70, or 90 °C. In the high pressure treatments, loss of membrane integrity commenced at 200 MPa and total loss of membrane integrity occurred at 300 MPa and above. In the thermal treatments, membrane integrity was lost between 50 and 60 °C. The texture of onions was influenced by the state of the membranes and texture profiles were abruptly modified once membrane integrity was lost. Hardening of the tissue corresponded with pressure and temperature PME activation and occurred after membrane integrity loss.Practical Application: The texture of vegetables is an important quality attribute that affects consumer preference. Loss of textural integrity also indicates that other biochemical reactions that affect color, flavor, and nutrient content may occur more rapidly. In this study, we analyzed changes in the texture of onions after preservation with heat and high pressure.
Relating Instrumental Texture, Determined by Variable‐Blade and Allo‐Kramer Shear Attachments, to Sensory Analysis of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Fillets
Authors: Aussanasuwannakul Aunchalee , Kenney Patrick Brett , Brannan Robert G. , Slider Susan D. , Salem Mohamed , Yao Jianbo 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Texture is one of the most important quality attributes of fish fillets, and accurate assessment of variation in this attribute, as affected by storage and handling, is critical in providing consistent quality product. Trout fillets received 4 treatments: 3‐d refrigeration (R3), 7‐d refrigeration (R7), 3‐d refrigeration followed by 30‐d frozen storage (R3F30), and 7‐d refrigeration followed by 30‐d frozen storage (R7F30). Instrumental texture of raw and cooked fillets was determined by 3 approaches: 5‐blade Allo‐Kramer (AK) and variable‐blade (VB) attachment with 12 blades arranged in perpendicular (PER) and parallel (PAR) orientations to muscle fibers. Correlation between instrumental texture and sensory hardness, juiciness, elasticity, fatness, and coarseness was determined. Muscle pH remained constant at 6.54 to 6.64. Raw fillets lost 3.66% of their original weight after 30‐d frozen storage. After cooking, weight loss further increased to 15.97%. Moisture content decreased from 69.11 to 65.02%, while fat content remained constant at 10.41%. VBPER detected differences in muscle sample strength (P= 0.0019) and demonstrated effect of shear direction reported as maximum force (g force/g sample). AKPER detected differences in energy of shear (g × mm; P= 0.0001). Fillets that received F30 treatments were less extensible. Cooking increased muscle strength and toughness. Force determined by VBPER was correlated with sensory hardness (r= 0.423, P= 0.0394) and cook loss (r= 0.412, P= 0.0450). VB attachment is accurate, valid, and less destructive in fillet texture analysis.Practical Application:  A new shearing device was validated with sensory analysis. Settings and parameters obtained could be used to define fillet texture quality associated with muscle fiber orientation.
Sensory Characteristics and Consumer Acceptability of Fermented Soybean Paste (Doenjang)
Authors: Kim H.G. , Hong J.H. , Song C.K. , Shin H.W. , Kim K.O. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This study was conducted to examine the sensory profiles of fermented soybean paste (Doenjang), to understand consumers’ acceptability of different types ofDoenjangsamples and to identify the sensory characteristics that drive consumer acceptability ofDoenjangproducts. Descriptive analysis and consumer acceptability test were conducted for 7 different types ofDoenjangsamples. The samples included 2 types ofDoenjangmade by either traditional or commercially modified methods. For the descriptive analysis, 8 trained panelists developed and evaluated 31 descriptors. There were significant differences in all 31 attributes among the samples. Principal component analysis was also performed to summarize the sensory characteristics of the samples. In consumer testing, 200 consumers evaluated the acceptability ofDoenjangsamples. Significant differences in consumer acceptability were observed among the samples. The consumers preferred theDoenjangsamples manufactured using a commercially modified method. In overall point of view, most consumers liked theDoenjangsamples that had strong “sweet” and “MSG (monosodium glutamate)” tastes. It appears that “sweet” and “MSG” tastes are the drivers of liking forDoenjang. “Salty” taste, “meju,”“traditional Korean soy sauce,” and “fermented fish” odor/flavors seem to be the drivers of disliking forDoenjang. Cluster analysis identified 3 subconsumer segments sharing a common preference pattern for the 7 samples within a cluster. The results showed that each consumer cluster preferred differentDoenjangsamples. External preference mapping was performed to establish the relationships between the sensory attributes and consumer acceptability in each cluster.Practical Application: Consumption of the fermented soybean products is gradually expanding around the world, due to their various health benefits. Therefore, understanding sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability ofDoenjangare becoming increasingly important. The intense and complex flavor characteristics ofDoenjangmake it difficult to obtain a comprehensive sensory profiling and drivers of liking. The finding of this study can be applied to development of a new product that has better consumer acceptability. Also this study can be a useful and effective guideline to researchers who intend to examine the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of fermented soybean pastes.
Sensitivity of Stream flow and Water Table Depth to Potential Climatic Variability in a Coastal Forested Watershed1
Authors: Dai Zhaohua , Trettin Carl C. , Li Changsheng , Amatya Devendra M. , Sun Ge , Li Harbin 
Published: September 2010

Dai, Zhaohua, Carl C. Trettin, Changsheng Li, Devendra M. Amatya, Ge Sun, and Harbin Li, 2010. Sensitivity of Streamflow and Water Table Depth to Potential Climatic Variability in a Coastal Forested Watershed.Journal of the American Water Resources Association(JAWRA) 1–13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00474.xAbstract: A physically based distributed hydrological model, MIKE SHE, was used to evaluate the effects of altered temperature and precipitation regimes on the streamflow and water table in a forested watershed on the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain. The model calibration and validation against both streamflow and water table depth showed that the MIKE SHE was applicable for predicting the streamflow and water table dynamics for this watershed with an acceptable model efficiency (E > 0.5 for daily streamflow and >0.75 for monthly streamflow). The simulation results from changing temperature and precipitation scenarios indicate that climate change influences both streamflow and water table in the forested watershed. Compared to current climate conditions, the annual average streamflow increased or decreased by 2.4% with one percentage increase or decrease in precipitation; a quadratic polynomial relationship between changes in water table depth (cm) and precipitation (%) was found. The annual average water table depth and annual average streamflow linearly decreased with an increase in temperature within the range of temperature change scenarios (0‐6°C). The simulation results from the potential climate change scenarios indicate that future climate change will substantially impact the hydrological regime of upland and wetland forests on the coastal plain with corresponding implications to altered ecosystem functions that are dependent on water.
Potential Impact of Climate Change on Hurricane Flooding Inundation, Population Affected and Property Damages in Corpus Christi1
Authors: Frey Ashley E. , Olivera Francisco , Irish Jennifer L. , Dunkin Lauren M. , Kaihatu James M. , Ferreira Celso M. , Edge Billy L. 
Published: September 2010

Frey, Ashley E., Francisco Olivera, Jennifer L. Irish, Lauren M. Dunkin, James M. Kaihatu, Celso M. Ferreira, and Billy L. Edge, 2010. Potential Impact of Climate Change on Hurricane Flooding Inundation, Population Affected and Property Damages in Corpus Christi. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1–11. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00475.xAbstract:  The effect of climate change on storm‐surge flooding and the implications for population and structural damages on the city of Corpus Christi, Texas, was investigated. The study considered the influence of sea level rise and hurricane intensification, both influenced by climate change. Combinations of future carbon dioxide equivalent emission rates and carbon dioxide doubling sensitivities, based on findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, were considered to define future climate scenarios. A suite of physically based numerical models for hurricane winds and the resulting waves, surge, and morphological change at the coast were used to determine flooded areas, population affected, and property damages for Hurricanes Bret, Beulah, and a version of Carla shifted south from its original track, under present and predicted future climate conditions. A comparison of the economic damages for current climate conditions and for the 2080s climate scenario shows that, for Carla (shifted), there will be an increase in the range of $270‐1,100 million; for Beulah, of $100‐390 million; and, for Bret, of $30‐280 million. A similar analysis was also conducted for 2030s predicted climate scenarios. Overall, the comparison of the results for the different climate conditions indicates what the destructive consequences of climate change could be, even within the somewhat short time frame of 80 years considered here.
Pensions sociales et apprentissage en matière de politiques publiques: l'exemple de l'Afrique du Sud
Authors: Casey Bernard H. , McKinnon Roddy 
Published: September 2010

RésuméDepuis une dizaine d'années, en particulier depuis la publication des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement, les régimes de retraite sociaux suscitent l'intérêt des acteurs qui se préoccupent du bien‐être des personnes âgées dans cette grande partie du monde où les régimes de prestations de vieillesse formels, financés par des cotisations, ne couvrent qu'une minorité de la population. Les organisations internationales ont porté leur attention sur ces régimes et certaines d'entre elles considèrent qu'ils ont un rôle important à jouer. Toutefois, les informations dont on dispose sur leur nature, leur fonctionnement et leur capacitéà atteindre les objectifs qui leur sont assignés restent limitées. Un processus d'apprentissage s'est engagé, non seulement dans les organisations internationales, mais aussi dans la région où leur rôle est le plus important — l'Afrique australe. Ce processus d'apprentissage doit être encouragé et l'Association internationale de la sécurité sociale a un rôle à y jouer.
Grenzüberschreitendes politisches Lernen bei Gesundheitsreformen: Der Fall der Diagnosis Related Groups
Authors: Schmid Achim , Götze Ralf 
Published: September 2010

AuszugBeobachtungen über die Konvergenz von Gesundheitssystemen und die Verbreitung von Ideen, Wissen und Strategien über die Landesgrenzen hinweg haben die Frage aufgeworfen, wie die Länder von den Erfahrungen anderer lernen. Dieser Artikel untersucht die Rolle des grenzüberschreitenden politischen Lernens im Hinblick auf die Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs). Wir geben einen Überblick über die Verbreitung dieses Politikinstruments und analysieren die Umsetzung von DRGs in drei Ländern, die diese kürzlich eingeführt haben: Deutschland, die Schweiz und die Niederlande. Die drei Fälle zeigen, dass für die Umsetzung dieses Instruments ausführliche Studien, die Zusammenarbeit der Interessengruppen und die Anpassung auf landesspezifische Bedürfnisse nötig waren. Die Länder lernten aus den Erfahrungen im Ausland, aber erst mit der Einführung eines gesetzlichen Rahmens für den Wettbewerb zwischen Krankenkassen traten die DRGs wirklich auf die politische Agenda. Während Deutschland und die Schweiz auf ausländische DRG‐Modelle zurückgriffen, entwickelten die Niederlande ein eigenes Casemix‐System zur Klassifizierung von Patienten.
Leistungen für Kranke und Behinderte: Was steht hinter der Konvergenz der Politik?
Authors: Prinz Christopher , Tompson William 
Published: September 2010

AuszugIm vorliegenden Beitrag untersuchen wir die Gründe für die offensichtliche Konvergenz der Politik bei Kranken‐ und Behindertenleistungen in der OECD und befassen uns mit der Frage, ob und inwieweit die Konvergenz der Politik ein Produkt politischer Lernprozesse ist. Wir kommen zu dem Schluss, dass die Konvergenz eher ein Ergebnis der Nachahmung von Politik als des Lernens ist und dass (aus früheren Fehlern) mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit innerhalb von Ländern als grenzüberschreitend gelernt wird. Angesichts der begrenzten Datenlage in Bezug auf das, was funktioniert, wenn es um die Gestaltung von Maßnahmen geht, die sowohl eine angemessene Einkommenssicherheit gewährleisten als auch Anreize zur Teilnahme am Arbeitsmarkt bieten, richten die Regierungen ihren Blick auf das Ausland oder auf Einrichtungen wie die OECD, um mögliche Modelle oder Anregungen zur Abstützung einer Reform zu finden. Die Umsetzung solcher Ideen in durchführbare Maßnahmen erfordert jedoch eine hohe Sensibilität für den institutionellen und den volkswirtschaftlichen Kontext — insbesondere die Rolle der Sozialpartner und die Natur bereits bestehender Maßnahmen. Bei der Umsetzung der Maßnahmen kann solches kontextorientiertes Lernen entscheidend sein.