bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON MORTALITY AND RECOVERY OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) EXPOSED TO BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER
Authors: van Frankenhuyzen Kees , Nystrom Carl W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSpruce budworm larvae were bioassayed against Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner to study the effect of temperature on the expression of toxicity. Temperatures between 16 and 28°C did not affect the ultimate level of toxicity (LC50). However, LT50’s increased from 2–8 days at 28°C to 11–20 days at 16°C, depending on concentration of the pathogen. When larvae were force-fed with a single dose, temperature had a similar effect on the time course of mortality without affecting the level of mortality. Feeding inhibition of force-fed larvae commenced immediately after dosing. Larvae that did not recover died without further feeding, even at lower temperatures when death occurred 2–3 weeks after dosing. Recovering larvae resumed feeding after 2 (28°C) to 6 (13°C) days. Recovered larvae took longer to develop and produced lighter pupae than untreated larvae. Our data suggest that temperature-dependent feeding and recovery did not contribute to quicker death at higher temperatures. Expression of the toxin itself appears to depend on temperature, possibly through the influence of temperature on metabolic rate of affected gut cells. Implications of these findings for the efficacy of spruce budworm control operations are discussed.
A RED COLOR MORPH OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (SAY) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Boiteau Gilles 
Published: November 2009

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), has a genetic system of great diversity and dynamic nature. This results in an enormous adaptability to a range of habitat conditions. Its genetic diversity is exemplified by the existence of color mutants (Tower 1906; Boiteau 1980, 1985).In the summer of 1986, a red-body mutant male beetle was found in a potato field on the grounds of the Research Station in Fredericton, N.B., Canada. No other red beetles could be found in spite of frequent monitoring of beetle populations. The specimen retains the normal black maculation throughout but all pale yellow to flavous areas of normal beetles have been replaced by the color red (Scarlet 19/3 of the Royal Horticultural Society Colour Charts, 1942). To the best of my knowledge, this is the first report of a red Colorado potato beetle in Canada. Previously, red potato beetles had only been reported from the semi-desertic area of Toluca, near Mexico City (Tower 1906).
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE EASTERN LARCH BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS SIMPLEX LECONTE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), IN NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Langor David W. , Raske Arthur G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractOverwintered adults of Dendroctorms simplex LeConte emerged in May and June and produced one generation and two broods in 1983 and 1984. Egg galleries were vertical, slightly sinuous, and significantly longer in first brood trees than in second brood trees . Females laid zero to four eggs per niche . The average number of eggs per gallery was significantly higher in first brood trees (48) than in second brood trees (31). Mean number of eggs per centimetre of gallery was 1.2 for both broods. Mean brood density was significantly higher in first brood trees (50 individuals per 100 cm2) than in second brood trees (23 per 100 cm2).Dendroctonus simplex has four larval instars. Development from egg to adult in the field averaged 60 and 70 days for first and second broods, respectively. Total development at 12, 18, and 24°C in the laboratory averaged 80, 42, and 39 days, respectively. Adult males were significantly smaller than females.
A REVISION OF THE SPECIES OFPRAONHALIDAY IN NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE)
Authors: Johnson James W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe genusPraonis revised. Thirteen North American species north of Mexico are recognized, including one new to science:P.carinumsp. nov.Praon cerasaphis(Fitch) andP.coloradenseAshmead are retained asSpecies inquirende. The female ofP.alaskenseAshmead and the male ofP.artemisaphisSmith are described for the first time.Praon nanusBaker,P.exsoletum palitansMuesebeck,P.agutiSmith, andP.negundinusSmith are placed in synonymy. The genusParapraonStary is considered a synonym ofPraonHaliday. A generic diagnosis ofPraonHaliday is given, and a key, diagnoses, and illustrations of North American species are provided.
MONITORING WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) IN “GRANNY SMITH” APPLE BLOSSOM CLUSTERS
Authors: Terry L. Irene , DeGrandi-Hoffman Gloria 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe efficiency and accuracy of sampling western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis[Pergande]) from “Granny Smith” apple blossom clusters were analyzed during 1986–1987 to develop a sampling plan for research purposes. The accuracy of the “shake” method was compared with an “extraction” process of each of three blossom cluster types: pink, open, and petalless (petal fall). Thrip extractions from combined clusters revealed that a 9-s and 6-s “shake” removed 84 and 74%, of the thrips, respectively, but a 3-s “shake” removed 53%, and was more variable. Open blossom clusters always had higher thrips densities than either pink or petal fall clusters, regardless of the bloom state. The effects of cardinal position within trees were not consistent over time. Clusters from the top of the canopy had more thrips than lower canopy clusters, and apical clusters had more thrips than basal clusters during peak bloom. Variance component analyses indicated that thrips counts from clusters within tree were more variable than counts among trees, even when cluster types were analyzed separately. Two sets of indices (Iwao’s regression of mean crowding on mean density and Taylor’s regression of log variance on log mean density) for each cluster type indicated aggregated spatial patterns. Precision level sampling plans were developed using Iwao’s regression coefficients.
THE EFFECTS OF FOOD SUPPLY ON ADULT SIZE IN THE BUMBLE BEE BOMBUS TERRICOLA KIRBY (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Sutcliffe G.H. , Plowright R.C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCaptive colonies of Bombus terricola Kirby received pollen for 8, 14, or 24 h per day from the time of onset of second brood oviposition until colony decline. The pattern of change of worker body size over time, especially between the first and second broods, varied according to these experimental food regimes. The results indicate that conflicting results reported in the literature, with respect to changes in worker size over the course of colony development, probably can be regarded, at least in part, as the outcome of differences in food supply.
PROBABILITY ANALYSIS OF FLUCTUATIONS OF GRASSHOPPER POPULATIONS IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Mukerji M.K. , Hayhoe H.N. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDistribution of grasshopper populations was examined on a rural municipality (RM) basis over a 44-year period in Saskatchewan. A two-state Markov chain probability model was used to describe the transitional probabilities from high or low populations for different time steps. The analysis showed significant persistence of grasshopper populations in particular locations but the degree of persistence varied between RMs. The probability model was used to determine the expected duration of outbreaks or recessions. The potential usefulness of estimates of the expected duration of an outbreak is discussed in relation to crop protection.
DENSITY, DIVERSITY, AND EFFICIENCY OF POLLINATORS OF SAINFOIN, ONOBRYCHIS VICIAEFOLIA SCOP.
Authors: Richards K.W. , Edwards P.D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe density and efficiency of bumble bees, honey bees, and alfalfa leafcutter bees on sainfoin, Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop., grown in southern Alberta were studied. Six species of bees were identified as pollinators, with alfalfa leafcutter bees comprising 56% of the observations, honey bees 40%, and bumble bees 4%. The density of flowers over the season can be described as curvilinear. The mean number of flowers per raceme decreased significantly over the season. The rate of foraging by pollinator species from flower to flower varied and is described by multiple regression models. Julian date, hour of day, and flower density are the independent variables. More than 90% of the bees visited three or fewer flowers per raceme when 60% of the racemes had three or more flowers available for pollination. The bees foraged on sainfoin for about 12 h per day and average bee density increased significantly with the corresponding flower density. A theoretical approach used to predict the bee populations required to pollinate varying flower densities shows that the required population of bumble bees is about two-thirds that of honey bees or alfalfa leafcutter bees. The observed populations of pollinators did not correspond well with the derived values, probably because multiple visits per flower are required for fertilization.
SEASONAL DAMAGE BY INSECTS AND SQUIRRELS TO FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES OF BLACK SPRUCE, PICEA MARIANA (MILL.) B.S.P.
Authors: Prévost Y.H. , Laing J.E. , Haavisto V.F. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe seasonal damage to female reproductive structures (buds, flowers, and cones) of black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., was assessed during 1983 and 1984. Nineteen insects (five Orders) and the red squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (Erxleben), were found feeding on these reproductive structures. Collectively, these organisms damaged 88.9 and 53.5% of the cones in 1983 and 1984, respectively. In the 2 years, Lepidoptera damaged 61.8% of the cones in 1983 and 44.4% of the cones in 1984. The spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), and the spruce coneworm, Dioryctria reniculelloides Mut. and Mun., were the most important pests. Cones damaged by Lepidoptera could be classed into three categories: (a) severe, yielding no seeds; (b) moderate, yielding 22.3 seeds per cone; and (c) light, yielding 37.5 seeds per cone. Undamaged cones yielded on average 39.9 seeds per cone. Red squirrels removed 18.8% of the cones in 1983 and none in 1984. The spruce cone axis midge, Dasineura rachiphaga Tripp, and the spruce cone maggot, Lasiomma anthracinum (Czerny), caused minor damage in both years. Feeding by spruce cone axis midge did not reduce cone growth significantly or the number of viable seeds per cone, but feeding by the spruce cone maggot did. During both years new damage by insects to the female reproductive structures of the experimental trees was not observed after mid-July. In 1983 damage by red squirrels occurred from early to late September. In 1984 damage to cones on trees treated with dimethoate was 15.6% compared with 53.5% for untreated trees, without an increase in the number of aborted cones.
EFFECTIVENESS OF MICROBIAL AND CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES IN CONTROL OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) ON POTATOES AND TOMATOES
Authors: Jaques Robert P. , Laing Daniel R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe control of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), by formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (B.t.) and other microbial agents and chemical insecticides was assessed in field plots of potatoes and tomatoes over a 5-year period. Applications of formulations of thuringiensin, the beta exotoxin of B.t., and of B.t. var. son diego (B.t.sd.) to potatoes reduced numbers of larvae of the potato beetle compared with the nontreated check and resulted in yields significantly greater than from the check plots and, in most cases, similar to yields from plots treated with carbofuran. Treatment of tomatoes with B.t.sd. reduced populations of larvae of the Colorado potato beetle compared with the nontreated check and increased yield of nondamaged fruit from plots. An initial application of carbofuran to potatoes or permethrin to tomatoes followed by applications of thuringiensin or B.t.sd. protected potatoes or tomatoes as well as did the chemical insecticide used alone in a treatment program. Applications of preparations of B.t. var. kurstaki or spores of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin or the microsporidium Vairimorpha necatrix (Kramer) did not reduce populations of the beetle.
LABORATORY FEEDING AND COLONIZATION OF NON-HOST LODGEPOLE PINE BY TWO POPULATIONS OF PISSODES STROBI (PECK) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Alfaro Rene I. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTwo populations of Pissodes strobi (Peck), one from Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr, and the other from Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm., were successfully induced to oviposit on the non-host lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. var latifolia. The number of egg punctures excavated on the non-host was smaller than that on either Sitka or Engelmann spruce. Survival from egg to adult was similar on the non-host and the host trees. The two weevil populations differed in the degree to which lodgepole pine met the nutritional requirements for weevil development, as measured by weight of weevils and developmental time from egg to adult. In choice-feeding experiments, weevils reared in lodgepole pine rejected this species and chose Sitka spruce, suggesting that feeding preference in P. strobi is genetically fixed and therefore cannot be changed by rearing the insects on the non-host tree. The importance of these findings is discussed in relation to the idea of weevil control through the development of weevil-resistant varieties.
INJURY TO PINUS PUMILA REGEL BY THE LARVAE OF CEPHALCIA VARIEGATA TAKEUCHI AND GILPINIA DAISETUSANA TAKEUCHI IN JAPAN, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVAE AND LIFE HISTORY OF CEPHALCIA VARIEGATA (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE, PAMPHILIIDAE)
Authors: Togashi Ichiji , Yoshida Nariaki 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPinus pumila Regel growing at Takanegahara Plateau of Mt. Taisetsu, Hokkaido, Japan, were damaged by larvae of Cephalcia variegata Takeuchi and Gilpinia daisetusana Takeuchi. The feeding behavior and life history of C. variegata are reported.
RATE OF DEVELOPMENT, REPRODUCTION, AND MASS-REARING OF APANTELES FUMIFERANAE VIER. (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS
Authors: Nealis V.G. , Fraser S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe temperature-dependent rate of development of the post-diapause larval and pupal stages of the spruce budworm parasitoid, Apanteles fumiferanae Vier., was estimated under controlled conditions. Parasitoid larvae required 289.0 degree-days (DD) above a threshold of 8.1 °C to complete development and the pupae required 106.2 DD above a threshold of 9.6 °C to complete development. Longevity of the adult wasp at several temperatures also was examined. Female wasps lived longer than male wasps at all temperatures. Wasps tended to mate more readily under natural than under artificial light conditions.Newly emerged female A. fumiferanae had few, if any, mature eggs in their ovaries. The number of mature eggs increased to a peak of 40–75 eggs, 4–12 days after eclosion of the adult. The pattern in number of ovipositions was similar to this pattern of egg availability. The daily rate of oviposition, however, was only about one-quarter the number of eggs available.These biological measurements are discussed in view of the development of a mass-rearing technique for this parasitoid.
ENTOMOPHAGA GRYLLI (FRESENIUS) INFECTIONS IN GRASSHOPPER (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) POPULATIONS IN SASKATCHEWAN AND ALBERTA, 1985–1986
Authors: Erlandson M. A. , Johnson D. L. , Olfert O. O. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA survey of grasshopper populations in Saskatchewan and Alberta indicated that the fungal disease caused by Entomophaga grylli (Fresenius) pathotype II was present in melanopline grasshoppers in 1985 and 1986. The disease was more prevalent and widespread in 1986, being found at 44% of 128 survey sites in Saskatchewan compared with 11% of 190 sites in 1985. In Alberta a high incidence (≥ three per 100 m2) of infected grasshoppers was found at 6% of 1746 sites in 1986 as compared with less that 1% of 2055 sites in 1985. Levels of infection based on cadaver densities at sites with high incidence of disease in Saskatchewan were similar in both years ranging from 3 to 28% for the total population. Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) was the predominant host species for E. grylli pathotype II; M. sanguinipes (Fabricius) was less affected. Entomophaga grylli pathotype I was isolated from Camnula pellucida (Scudder) hosts from a few sites in both Saskatchewan and Alberta in 1986.
UN NOUVEAU TINOCALLIS SUR ULMUS, ORIGINAIRE D’ASIE CENTRALE ET SEMBLABLE À T. SALTANS (NEVSKY) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Remaudière G. , Quednau F. W. , Heie O. E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTwo different species of Tinocallis were previously confused under the name T. saltans (Nevsky). The status of the true T. saltans is established by designation of a lectotype from the Nevsky syntype series. The alate vivipara, embryo, alatoid nymph, male, and ovipara of T. nevskyi sp. nov. are described and compared with T. saltans. The new aphid is known from Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan and it recently appeared in Europe. A new synonymy is established: T. yinchuanensis Zhang, 1980 = T. saltans (Nevsky, 1929).
PATHOGENICITY OF NOSEMA FUMIFERANAE (THOMSON) (MICROSPORIDA) IN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEMENS), AND IMPLICATIONS OF DIAPAUSE CONDITIONS
Authors: Bauer Leah S. , Nordin Gerald L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA standardized bioassay procedure was used to determine median lethal doses (LD50) of the microsporidium, Nosema fumiferanae (Thom.), on newly molted fourth- and fifth-instar eastern spruce budworm larvae (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)). The LD50 for fifth-instar larva was 1.23 × 106 ± 2.82 × 105 spores. The fourth-instar LD50 was 2.23 × 104 ± 4.30 × 103 spores per larva for populations experiencing prolonged post-diapause cold storage or an elevated temperature during diapause and 2.00 × 105 ± 6.66 × 104 spores per larva for populations not experiencing stressful conditions during and after diapause. Median lethal times (LT50) ranged from 6 to 19 days, depending on instar and dose level. Sublethal responses of fourth- and fifth-instar larvae inoculated with serial dilutions of spores were estimated by significant linear models. These regressions were negative for pupal weight and adult longevity and positive for development time (duration of instar VI). Inoculations of newly molted sixth-instar larvae produced similar models, although development time was not significantly affected. Insects reared following stress during and after diapause had consistently longer developmental times. The importance of prolonged developmental time on disease expression and insect susceptibility is discussed.
FECUNDITY OF MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (F.) IN TWO CRESTED WHEATGRASS PASTURES
Authors: Sanchez Norma E. , Onsager Jerome A. , Kemp William P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractOviposition rate (eggs per ♀-degree-day) and fecundity (total number of eggs per ♀) were measured in two populations of Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) under natural conditions during two seasons (1984, 1985). Differences in fecundity between the two seasons were indirectly associated with differences in time of hatching. In 1985, females hatched earlier and had shorter preoviposition periods, greater longevities, and higher oviposition rates; consequently, fecundity averaged about three-fold greater than in 1984. Longevity appeared to be the most important single determinant of fecundity. Maximum fecundity was 73.2 eggs (equivalent to four pods) and mean fecundity ranged between 10.1 and 28.9 eggs per female.
TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES TO THE ALFALFA LEAFCUTTER BEE, MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA F. (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE), ESTABLISHED BY THREE EVALUATION METHODS
Authors: Charnetski W. A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThree methods—tube chambers (ventilated and unventilated), petri dish chambers, and field cages—were used to evaluate the toxicity of deltamethrin, trichlorfon, and methoxychlor deposits on alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., to 1- to 7-day-old alfalfa leafcutter bees, Megachile rotundata (F.), 24 and 48 h after exposure. In unventilated tube chambers, all three insecticides were significantly toxic to male bees after 24 and 48 h, but only deltamethrin and trichlorfon were significantly toxic to female bees after 24 h. In ventilated tube chambers, only deltamethrin was significantly toxic by contact and then only to male bees at 24 h. Significant vapor action was observed only for trichlorfon and only in unventilated tube chambers. By the petri dish method, only deltamethrin caused significant mortality to male and female bees. However, bee mortality increased significantly between 24 and 48 h. By the field cage method, there was no significant difference in mortality among treatments and controls within the 24- and 48-h evaluations. Bee mortality in the controls was much higher in the petri dish and field cage methods than in either of the two variations of the tube chamber method. The three evaluation methods are compared and the need for a standardized laboratory evaluation procedure is discussed.
ESTIMATING ATTACK AND BROOD TOTALS AND DENSITIES OF THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE IN INDIVIDUAL LODGEPOLE PINE TREES
Authors: Safranyik L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA method was developed for estimating attack and brood totals of the mountain pine beetle in part or all of the infested bole of individual lodgepole pine trees. The method requires measurement of tree height, tree diameter at 1.37 m, and maximum height of attack, and tallying of brood and attacks on paired 20 cm by 30 cm samples centered at 1.22 m on the bole. Attack and brood totals are estimated in two ways: (1) as a product of the variables (a) total bole surface area, (b) proportion of bole surface area infested, and (c) mean attack/brood density; and (2) regression on the combined variables of tree diameter, infested height, and attack/brood density at 1.22 m on the bole. An approach to developing variance estimates for brood and attack totals is discussed.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE BRACONID SUBFAMILY OPIINAE (HYMENOPTERA)
Authors: Wharton Robert A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe tribal and subtribal structure of the braconid subfamily Opiinae is dismantled, and several changes in the generic classification are made. Thoracoplites Fischer and Aspilodemon Fischer are removed from the Opiinae. Utetes Foerster and Pseudorhinoplus Fischer are elevated to generic rank and Bracanastrepha Brèthes is treated as a subgenus of Utetes. Five generic names currently in use are treated as synonyms of Opius Wesmael, Rhinoplus Foerster is synonymized with Biosteres Foerster, and Kephalosema Fischer is synonymized with Hydrangeocola Brèthes. Relationships of species groups formerly included in the subtribe Biosterina are discussed in phylogenetic terms.
DYSCHIRIUSOF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO: DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES WITH KEYS TO SPECIES GROUPS AND SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Authors: Bousquet Y. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe genusDyschiriusincludes 56 North American species which are arranged in 13 species groups. Keys are provided for the species groups and the species. Four new species are described:D.sculptusBousquet (type locality: Pass-a-Grille Beach, Florida);D.ferrugineusBousquet (type locality: Goose Island State Park, Texas);D.larochelleiBousquet (type locality: 6 mi. S Lake Placid, Florida); andD.comatusBousquet (type locality: Highlands Hammock, Florida). Six species names are placed in synonymy for the first time. They are (with the junior synonym listed first):D.arizonicusVan Dyke 1943 =D.interiorFall 1922;D.duplicatesFall 1901 =D.affinisFall 1901;D.desertusFall 1925 =D.perversusFall 1922;D.subpunctatusHatch 1949 =D.sphaericollis(Say 1825);D.basalisLeConte 1857 andD.transmarinusMannerheim 1853 =D.integerLeConte 1851. The adult and larval character states of the genus are listed and comments are provided for each species group.