bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sphaerospora molnari sp.nov. (Myxozoa:Myxosporea), an agent of gill, skin and blood sphaerosporosis of common carp in Europe
Authors: Lom Jiří , Dyková Iva , Pavlásková Milena , Grupcheva Ginka 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYSphaerospora molnari sp.nov. is described from the gills, skin and nasal pits of yearling carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) from ponds in the South Bohemian pond region of Czechoslovakia and one infected specimen from the river Danube in Bulgaria. Small vegetative stages, often massively pervading the infected tissue, produce 1 spore each. Spores are sub-spherical, 10·3 × 10·5 μm in size, with almost spherical polar capsules of equal size. The polar filaments are wound in wide coils that are almost parallel with the longitudinal axis of the spore. There are 2 uninucleate sporoplasm cells. Developmental stages and spores are also found in circulating blood. In the gills, S. molnari invades stratified epithelium of gill filaments and secondary lamellae causing branchial lesions and must be regarded as a serious pathogen of yearling carp. A new name, Sphaerospora chinensis sp.nov. is proposed for S. branchialis Lee & Nie in Chen (1973), pre-occupied by S. branchialis Razmashkin and Skrip-chenko, 1967.
Synthesis of macromolecules by the epithelial surfaces ofSchistosoma mansoni: an autoradiographic study
Authors: Wilson R. A. , Barnes P. E. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe use of tritiated leucine as a marker for protein synthesis and of tritiated glucosamine as a marker for polysaccharide/glycoprotein synthesis, is described. Adult worms were pulse-labelled by incubation in medium containing the substrate. Labelled worms were then incubated in chase medium, without labelled substrate, for varying lengths of time before fixation. The distribution of label which had been incorporated into macromolecules in the worm tissues, was examined by light and electron microscope autoradiography. It was estimated that the tegument and tegument cell bodies were the source of 67–80%, and the gut epithelium of 20–33%, of exportable leucine-containing protein. Conversely, the gut epithelium was the source of 72%, and the tegument cells 28%, of exportable glucosamine-containing polysaccharide. The specific activity of labelled protein reached a peak in the tegument cytoplasm after 1.5 h of chase incubation. Half of the labelled protein was secreted into the worm's environment by 3 h of chase incubation. The half-life of secretory protein in gut cells appears to be around 2 h. Labelled protein disappears from the gut lumen relatively rapidly but labelled polysaceharide remains in the lumen at high specific activity for at least 24 h. The major carbohydrate labelled may be the glycocalyx on the luminal surface of the gut epithelial cells. The results suggest that the bulk of worm secretions have a rapid turnover with a half-life of a few hours. Against this background of rapid mass secretion a slower process of membrane turnover would be difficult to detect and quantitatively small.
The effect of the expulsion phase ofTrichinella spiralisonHymenolepis diminutainfection in rats
Authors: Christie P. R. , Wakelin D. , Wilson M. M. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe effect of the intestinal changes brought about by the expulsion ofTrichinella spiralisin rats was studied in relation to the growth and survival of a concurrent infection withHymenolepis diminuta, a cestode not normally rejected by the rat in low-level infections. Growth ofH.diminutawas stunted in rats givenT.spiralisjust before, or after, infection withH.diminuta, the stunting being more pronounced when the cestode was given closer to the period of inflammation. There was no loss of the cestode from dual-infected rats and no evidence for destrobilation was found. LowerT.spiralisburdens had a correspondingly weaker effect on growth ofH.diminuta, and stunting was abolished by administration of the anti-inflammatory drug cortisone acetate. It is concluded that the stunting ofH.diminutais probably due to the non-specific inflammatory component of the rat's response toT.spiralisinfection.
Eimeria maxima: the use of enzyme markers to detect the genetic transfer of drug resistance between lines
Authors: Rollinson D. , Joyner L. P. , Norton C. C. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYEimeria maxima (Weybridge) and E. maxima (indentata) were distinguished by the electrophoretic mobility of phosphoglucomutase. This enzyme was used as a marker to detect the transfer of methyl benzoquate resistance between resistant and sensitive lines of these parasites.
Detection of ecdysteroids in the human trematode,Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Torpier G. , Hirn M. , Nirde P. , De Reggi M. , Capron A. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYFreeze fracture study ofSchistosoma mansonimembrane differentiation enabled us to describe the characteristic features of the tegumental membrane complex at various stages of development of this parasite. The observation of a membrane exuviation during the 10–20 day period of infection of the definitive host led us to search for possible hormonal control. The development of an appropriate radioimmunoassay has allowed the detection of significant production of ecdysteroids in a human platyhelminth. This hormonal material undergoes level variation during the development of post-cercarial stages ofS. mansoniand its precise chemical characterization is presently being investigated.
The activity of acid proteases hydrolysing haemoglobin in parasitic helminths with special reference to interspecific and intraspecific distribution
Authors: Maki Jun , Furuhashi Asami , Yanagisawa Toshio 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYAcid proteases hydrolysing haemoglobin, first described by Timms & Bueding (1959), were studied to investigate the interspecific and intraspecific distribution in adult parasitic helminths. Acid protease activity was detected in a variety of adult helminths, irrespective of their habitats, namely, parasitic nematodes,Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Dirofilaria immitis, Trichuris murisandAscaris suum, a trematode,Paramphistomumsp. and cestodes,Diphyllobothrium erinaceiandHymenolepis nana. Much higher specific activity was observed in the blood nematodes,A. cantonensisandD. immitisthan in the gastro-intestinal helminths examined. The intraspecific distribution of the acid protease activity within organs was studied in those nematodes from which the organs could be anatomically separated. The highest specific activity was observed in the intestine ofA. cantonensis, D. immitisandA. suum. The activity was also found in other organs of these nematodes, namely, the reproductive organs and the body wall, but to a much lesser extent. The pH optima for the hydrolysis of haemoglobin were found to be in the pH range of 3·1 to 4·6. Each of the enzyme solutions from the 7 species of helminths hydrolysed haemoglobin faster than the other proteins examined but some activity on myoglobin, casein, albumin and other proteins was demonstrated. Pepstatin, a potent inhibitor of carboxyl proteases, inhibited the hydrolysis of haemoglobin by the acid proteases of the 7 species of the parasites. Acid protease activity fromA. cantonensisandA. suumwas not inhibited in the presence of thiol-, serine- and metallo-protease inhibitors at a concentration of 10−6M. This fact, together with the inhibitory effect of pepstatin, suggests that the enzyme activity is likely to be due to carboxyl protease(s). Acid proteases such as cathepsin D and pepsin were simultaneously used for comparison of some enzymological characteristics. The substrate specificity of the enzyme solutions from the helminths seemed to resemble that of cathepsin D rather than that of pepsin. The effects of pH and pepstatin on the acid protease activity of the helminths were similar to those on pepsin and cathepsin D.
Development of Theileria parva (Theiler, 1904) in the gut of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Neumann, 1901)
Authors: Schein E. , Warnecke M. , Kirmse P. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe life-cycle of Theileria parva in the gut of the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus was investigated in Giemsa-stained smears and in wet preparations under the phase-contrast microscope. The different developmental stages of T. parva were seen in a large proportion of specially-selected R. appendiculatus tickes. After the intra-erythorcytic merozoites were engorged by the ticks during a blood meal, the following development was observed. (1) In the lumen of the gut of infected nymphs, spindle-shaped microgamonts developed out of the ring-forms. These broke up into several thread-like microgameters after nuclear division and development of thread-like cytoplasmic projections. The ring-froms developed into round-forms of 3–4 μm in diameter which are considered to be macrogametes. (2) From the 6th day after repletion, zygotes with a clear zone in the centre appeared in the epithelial cells of the tick's gut. A steady increase in size and a progressively denser cytoplasm were observed up to the 3rd day after moulting to adult ticks. (3) Subsequently a slightly angular, retort-like stage developed by invagination inside the rounded zygotes, and from the 5th day after moulting this stage developed further into a club-shaped kinete. The kinetes propelled themselves in the gut by active gliding movements.
Schistosoma mansoni: complement activation in human and rodent sera by living parasites of various developmental stages
Authors: Ruppel A. , Rother U. , Vongerichten H. , Diesfeld H. J. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYLivingSchistosoma mansoniof various developmental stages were studied with respect to their ability to activate the complement system in sera of humans, mice and rats. Immunofluorescence assays demonstrated that binding of human C3 occurred on fresh schistosomula as well as on schistosomula prepared from mouse lymph-nodes or lungs and on adult schistosomes. However, rodent C3 was deposited only on fresh schistosomula. Deposition of human C3 on the worms' surface required activation of the complement system. The alternative pathway was shown to be involved in deposition of human C3 on schistosomes of all ages, whereas activation of the classical pathway was demonstrable only with fresh schistosomula. Immunoelectrophoretic studies demonstrated a dose-dependent cleavage of human C3 and conversion of factor B by living adult schistosomes. The results demonstrate that the ability of living schistosomes to activate complementin vitrois dependent not only on their developmental stage but also on the species of the serum.
Infections with a Malaysian dog strain of Ancylostoma ceylanicum in outbred, inbred and immunocompromised mice
Authors: Carroll S. M. , Grove D. I. , S. H. J. , Mitchella G. F. , Whitten L. K. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe course of infection with a Malaysian dog strain of Ancylostoma ceylanicum was investigated in 15 inbred strains of mice, in outbred and inbred mice immunosuppressed with prednisolone, and in immuno-deficient hypothymic mice. Oral, percutaneous and subcutaneous routes of infection, in both sexes of mice, were assessed. In only one instance was a single small adult male worm found. Following oral infection, larvae migrated from the stomach to the large bowel and then a proportion of worms penetrated the perianal skin. This was followed by the appearance of larvae in the lungs. Living 3rd-stage larvae were seen in the anterior small intestine, perianal skin and lungs for the 6 weeks of the study, with peak recoveries being at 12 h, 8 days and 3 weeks, respectively. It is clear that systemic migration of larvae occurs after oral infection, and it is possible that recirculation may occur. Only a small percentage of larvae penetrated the abdominal skin after being administered percutaneously. In subcutaneous infections, a small proportion of larvae moved rapidly from the site of injection and were recovered from the lungs 2 h after infection. Most larvae, however, migrated from the injection site over the ensuing few days. Living 3rd-stage larvae were seen in the lungs and in the small intestine for the 4 weeks of observation. The strain of A. ceylanicum employed does not complete its development in mice. Nevertheless, this model offers significant potential for studying the immune responses, as well as investigating the means by which these parasites evade host defences.
Cross-reactive surface antigens on three stages ofBrugia malayi,B. pahangiandB. timori
Authors: Maizels R. M. , Partono F. , Oemijati Sri , Denham D. A. , Ogilvie Bridget M. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYSurface antigens of three stages of three species of the filarial nematode genusBrugiahave been analysed by radio-iodination and immunoprecipitation. These surface antigens have been shown to be characteristic for each stage by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. For example, infective larvae and adult worms have relatively complex patterns while microfilariae have few bands which are not found when other stages are radio-isotope labelled by the same technique. The surface antigens ofBrugia malayi,B. timoriandB. pahangiadult worms are all closely homologous, as are the surface antigens of infective larvae of the same three species, and of microfilariae ofB. malayiandB. pahangi. Immunoprecipitation revealed that antibody raised in mice against one stage or species reacted with surface antigens from other stages and species. For example, sera raised againstB. pahangimale adults reacted strongly with surface antigens from all three species. This cross-reactivity was dominant despite the apparent stage-specificity of the surface pattern seen on SDS-PAGE analysis. Moreover, in cross-immunization experiments, infective larvae were able to stimulate a secondary antibody response in mice previously primed with microfilarial surface antigens. The major microfilarial surface antigens (of mol. wt 65−70000 Daltons) were recognized by serum antibody from microfilariae-, infective larvae- or adult-infected animals. Thus, although the dominant antigens from each stage are of different molecular weight, cross-reactions with stage-specific antisera suggest that there must be shared epitopes onBrugiasurface antigens from each stage. Such shared antigenic determinants dominate the immune response, although other evidence, including the differences in molecular weight, indicates the existence of stage-and species-specific components.
Correlation between the morphology and infectivity of Theileria lawrencei developing in the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
Authors: Young A. S. , Purnell R. E. , Kimber C. D. , Payne R. C. 
Published: June 2009

Adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks, infected as nymphs by feeding them on an African buffalo harbouring Theileria lawrencei, were applied to the ears of rabbits.Equal numbers of the feeding ticks were removed daily from rabbits and either dissected and processed so that parasites in their salivary glands could be examined morphologically and classified, or ground in Eagle's Minimal Essential Medium, to harvest parasites from the ticks in the resultant supernatant fluid. The infectivity of the supernatant fluid was tested by inoculation of aliquots into groups of susceptible cattle.It was found that supernatant fluids produced from day 0 to day 2 fed ticks were uninfective to cattle but those produced from 3 to 9 days were infective. The most infective supernatant fluid was produced from 6 day fed ticks.The reactions resulting in cattle were correlated with the number and morphology of parasites in sections of salivary glands and it was found that mature parasites coincided with infectivity of the supernatant fluid to cattle.From the reactions in cattle inoculated with supernatant fluids from 5 and 6 day fed ticks it was concluded that this method of harvesting parasites was efficient.Examination of the salivary glands of a representative sample of a T. lawrencei infected tick batch is a potential means of screening material for T. lawrencei stabilates.
The effects of gamma-irradiation on migration and survival of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula in mice
Authors: Bickle Q. D. , Dobinson T. , James E. R. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYInfections with irradiated Schistosoma mansoni were established by intramuscular (i.m.) injection of mechanically transformed schistosomula. A dose of 2·3 krad. allowed persistence of a small proportion of worms to adulthood, and of these survivors the majority of the female worms were sexually sterile. However, a small proportion of 2·3 krad. irradiated females and a larger proportion of similarly irradiated males were capable of pairing successfully with non-irradiated partners. Radiation in the range 2·3 to 10 krad. resulted in slightly reduced peak recoveries from the lungs while 20 krad. resulted in a much reduced and 40 krad. a virtual absence of survival to the lung stage. Increasing doses of radiation in the range 2·3 to 10 krad. resulted in successively fewer parasites reaching the liver. Thus, the major sites of the radiation-induced mortality appeared to be as follows: 2·3 krad., mainly in the liver; 4 krad., in the lungs and liver; 10 krad., mainly in the lungs; 20 krad., at the injection site and in the lungs and 40 krad., mainly at the injection site. The infections studied here showed reduced survival following exposure to high doses of radiation compared with the infections, established as percutaneously applied cercariae, which have been reported by other workers. Possible reasons for the disparity are discussed.
Ovarian development of Corynosoma semerme (Acanthocephala) during experimental infections in rats
Authors: Peura Raija , Valtonen E. Tellervo , Crompton D. W. T. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe general structure and aspects of the development of the ovaries of the palaeacanthocephalan Corynosoma semerme were studied by transmission electron microscopy using worms varying in age from 18 to 90 h obtained from experimental primary infections in hydrocortisone-treated rats instead of seals, which serve as the natural definitive hosts. The observations can be interpreted to show that the immature ovaries become transformed relatively rapidly from cellular spheres to the more complex mature ovaries consisting of the supporting and oogonial syncytia and the germ-line cells. The supporting syncytium developed before the oogonial syncytium. The cytological appearance of ovaries from worms from rats was found to be similar to that of ovaries from mature worms of unknown age from naturally infected seals. Ecological evidence is considered to suggest that the rapid maturation of C. semerme in rats may also occur when the parasite becomes established in seals.
Observations on the antigenicity and serological relationships of stocks ofTrypanosoma congolensefrom East and West Africa
Authors: Luckins A. G. , Gray A. R. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYAntigenic relationships of 4 stocks ofTrypanosoma congolensefrom different parts of Africa were examined by immunofluorescence (IFAT) and neutralization tests. Antisera to each stock were obtained from rabbits infected with trypanosomes transmitted byGlossina morsitans. Trypanosomes for use as antigens were obtained from local skin reactions developing on rabbits infected with 2 of the stocks. Using the IFAT and antisera at end-point dilutions approximately 40% of the trypanosomes fluoresced strongly and a further 30% less intensely with homologous antisera, indicating antigenic heterogeneity among the trypanosomes developing in the skin. Using antisera at low dilutions some samples gave cross-reactions with trypanosomes of heterologous stocks, but at higher dilutions there were no cross-reactions with either of the antigens. The lack of cross-reactions at high antiserum dilutions was interpreted as indicating antigenic differences between the 4 trypanosome stocks. Using neutralization tests only homologous antisera reduced the infectivity of trypanosome suspensions. Overall, these observations indicated that there were at least 3 different strains ofT. congolenseamong the 4 stocks examined.
Characterization ofTrypanosoma congolenseserodemes in stocks isolated from cattle introduced onto a ranch in Kilifi, Kenya
Authors: Masake R. A. , Nantulya V. M. , Musoke A. J. , Moloo S. K. , Nguli K. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYA herd of 20 cattle was introduced on a ranch in Kilifi, Coast Province of Kenya, where they were in contact withGlossina austenifor 6 months. In total, 65 trypanosome isolates were made from these animals. Examination of the isolates revealed that 61 wereTrypanosoma congolenseand 4 wereT. theileri. Out of the 61T. congolenseisolates, 55 were successfully passaged and cloned in mice to provide trypanosome populations for further analyses. The stocks and their clones were inoculated into goats on which teneralG. morsitans centraliswere later fed in order to provide metacyclics for use in serodeme analysis. Identification of serodemes was carried out by indirect immunofluorescence and neutralization using antimetacyclic hyperimmune sera prepared in mice against metacyclics of cloned trypanosome populations. So far 4 serodemes have been identified in 8 stocks and 7 clones. Each of the 9 stocks contained a mixture of at least 2 of the 4 serodemes identified. Furthermore, stocks isolated sequentially from individual animals contained the same serodemes despite repeated treatment with a curative dose (6 mg/kg body weight) of Berenil between isolations. From the latter finding, it can be inferred that the 4 serodemes were present on the ranch throughout the study period.
Inhibition of development of Ostertagia ostertagi – effect of temperature on the infective larval stage
Authors: Smeal M. G. , Donald A. D. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYPopulations of Ostertagia ostertagi established from fresh larvae and from larvae stored at 4 °C for up to 12 weeks contained about 10% inhibited early 4th-stage larvae. This value rose to 21% after 16 weeks, due to an increase in numbers of inhibited larvae while adult numbers remained unchanged. Storage at 15 °C had no effect. In the case of larvae stored at 4 °C for 8 weeks, increasing the larval dose to 90000 had no significant effect on the proportion of the dose which was inhibited. The response to low temperature storage was much weaker than in previously reported studies on British populations, which accords with our earlier conclusion that low temperature cannot be the effective stimulus for inhibition in Australia.
Distinction of African trypanosome species using nucleic acid hybridization
Authors: Massamba N. N. , Williams R. O. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYWe have performed restriction endonuclease digestion of nuclear DNAs, combined with gel electrophoresis and molecular hybridization to characterize different Trypanosoma brucei brucei stocks and to identify trypanosome species. Cloned DNA complementary to the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for different variable surface glycoproteins (VSGs) of T. b. brucei stock LUMP 227 was used to examine differences in genomic DNAs from T. b. brucei stocks and from various other trypanosome species. These cDNA reagents differentiated the stocks of T. b. brucei and also distinguished the trypanosome species. Our data also show that a T. b. brucei nuclear DNA fragment used as a probe in molecular hybridization analysis provides an appropriate marker in determining trypanosome species. We have extended our analysis of trypanosome nuclear DNA by developing a simple and rapid spot test, for the identification of trypanosome species, which can be carried out using crude materials such as isolated parasites, infected whole blood and tsetse saliva. The procedure is species-specific, sensitive to the level of 104 organisms and is suitable for use under field conditions. Thus, with appropriate sequences for hybridization, the procedure has obvious applications for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis.