bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Off label use of prescription medicines in children in outpatient setting in Estonia is common
Authors: Lass Jana , Irs Alar , Pisarev Heti , Leinemann Triin , Lutsar Irja 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTPurposeWe aimed to analyse the availability of paediatric information in Summaries of Product Characteristics (SPC) of ambulatory prescription medicines used in children and to compare the SPC information with other information sources.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional drug utilisation study based on national prescription database, we analysed all dispensed prescriptions to subjects of <19 years in 2007. We reviewed SPCs of drugs for paediatric information and categorised them as being labelled, off‐label and unlicensed.ResultsOf 467 334 prescriptions dispensed to 151 476 children, 69% were for labelled, 31% for off‐label and 0.05% for unlicensed drugs. The proportion of prescriptions for drugs being off‐label because of missing data was the highest in genitourinary group (97%) and dermatologicals (74%); off‐label use because of contraindication in the musculoskeletal group (69%). The highest proportion of off‐label drugs was among children aged less than 2 years and the lowest for 2–6‐year‐olds. Contraindicated medicines were most often prescribed to adolescents. Systemic drugs were more frequently prescribed according to the label than topical agents. SPCs were found often not to be comparable with the other information sources.ConclusionsWe show that one‐third of Estonian children treated with prescription medicines are exposed to drugs not labelled for paediatric use. We believe that this is not only partly due to the limited number of paediatric trials but also due to lack of up‐to‐date information in the SPCs. We suggest that paediatric information should be regularly updated in SPCs to ensure that it is based on the best currently available evidence. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using multimodal blends to elucidate the mechanism of flow‐induced crystallization in polymers
Authors: Okura Masayuki , Chambon Pierre , Mykhaylyk Oleksandr O. , Fairclough J. Patrick A. , Ryan Anthony J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe effect of polydispersity on the formation of flow‐induced, oriented morphology in polyolefins is investigated by polarized light imaging and small angle X‐ray scattering. A torsional shear flow was applied at different temperatures to model polyethylene blends (bimodal and trimodal hydrogenated polybutadienes) comprising of two kinds of long chains with different molecular weight (1080 and 1770 kDa) in a matrix of short chains (18 KDa), and the results were compared to those of polydisperse materials. While a single boundary associated with the threshold flow conditions for the onset of oriented morphology is observed in the bimodal blends, two boundaries corresponding to the orientation of the longest chains (1770 kDa) and next longest chains (1080 kDa) are detected in the trimodal blends. The results obtained, herein, are extended by inference to polydisperse polymers. It is demonstrated that the shear rate dependence of the critical specific work parameter for the onset of oriented morphology in polydisperse polymers is dictated by the molecular weight distribution and that the longest chains mainly control the process with some contribution from shorter chains involved in the formation of flow‐induced precursors at higher flow rates. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Evolutionary deployment optimization for service‐oriented clouds
Authors: Wada Hiroshi , Suzuki Junichi , Yamano Yuji , Oba Katsuya 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper focuses on service deployment optimization in cloud computing environments. In a cloud, an application is assumed to consist of multiple services. Each service in an application can be deployed as one or more service instances. Different service instances operate at different quality of service (QoS) levels depending on the amount of computing resources assigned to them. In order to satisfy given performance requirements, i.e. service level agreements (SLAs), each application is required to optimize its deployment configuration such as the number of service instances, the amount of computing resources to assign and the locations of service instances. Since this problem is NP‐hard and often faces trade‐offs among conflicting QoS objectives in SLAs, existing optimization methods often fail to solve it. mathrmE3‐R is a multiobjective genetic algorithm that seeks a set of Pareto‐optimal deployment configurations that satisfy SLAs and exhibit the trade‐offs among conflicting QoS objectives. By leveraging queueing theory, E3‐R estimates the performance of an application and aids defining SLAs in a probabilistic manner. Moreover, E3‐R automatically reduces the number of QoS objectives and improves the quality of solutions further. Experimental studies demonstrate that E3‐R efficiently obtains quality deployment configurations that satisfy given SLAs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing logic test set size while preserving fault detection
Authors: Kaminski Garrett , Ammann Paul 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLogic criteria demand inputs that guarantee detection of certain faults. One such criterion, MUMCUT, is composed of three criteria, where each constituent criterion ensures the detection of specific faults. In practice, the criteria may overlap in terms of faults detected, leading to redundant tests, but due to the fact that infeasible requirements do not result in tests, all the constituent criteria are needed. The key insight of this paper is that analysis of the feasibility of the constituent criteria can reduce test set size without sacrificing fault detection for specific faults. This paper introduces a new logic criterion, Minimal‐MUMCUT, and shows how it can apply to minimal DNF, minimal CNF, and general form Boolean expressions. With Minimal‐MUMCUT, a determination is made of which constituent criteria are feasible, and hence necessary, at the level of individual literals and terms. An empirical study found that Minimal‐MUMCUT reduces the test set size, without sacrificing fault detection, regardless of the predicate format. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laves Phases Ln1–xEuxMg2 (Ln = La, Sm) and the Hydride La0.9Eu0.1Mg2Hy≤7
Authors: Reichert Christian , Kohlmann Holger 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMixed crystal Laves phases Ln1–xEuxMg2 (Ln = La, Sm) were prepared from the elements by melting reactions and characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction. In the substitutional range 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5 cubic Laves phases of the MgCu2 type, for 0.8 ≤ x ≤ 1 (Ln = La) and 0.9 ≤ x ≤ 1 (Ln = Sm), respectively, hexagonal Laves phases of the MgZn2 type are formed, separated from each other by a miscibility gap. The dependence of the lattice parameters on the degree of substitution x follows closely a Vegard type behavior with a(La1–xEuxMg2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5)) = (8.798(3) + 0.00177(8)x) Å and a(Sm1–xEuxMg2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5)) = (8.629(2) + 0.00404(7)x) Å. Analysis of the unit cell volumes suggests europium to be divalent in all mixed Laves phases. Hydrogenation of the Laves phases as followed by in situ thermal analysis is exothermic for all compositions. For the hexagonal europium rich Laves phases the reaction products upon hydrogenation at 6 MPa hydrogen pressure in an autoclave are binary lanthanum hydride and EuMg2H6, the latter being unsubstituted according to lattice parameters refined by Rietveld analysis. For lanthanum‐rich compounds (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) ternary hydrides of the tetragonal LaMg2D7 type structure are formed, if the hydrogen pressure is high enough (11 MPa), and heating rates and reaction temperatures are kept low (373 K). The crystal structure of the new hydride La0.9Eu0.1Mg2Hy≤7 was refined from X‐ray powder diffraction data by Rietveld analysis (space group P41212, a = 6.2592(1) Å, c = 9.3759(3) Å, V = 367.322(2) Å3, Z = 4).
Viscoplastic Deformation from the DAE Perspective ‐ a Benchmark Problem
Authors: Scherf O. , Simeon B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractViscoplastic deformation is characterized by a combined system of balance and evolution equations. The application of the Finite Element Method results in a Differential‐Algebraic Equation (DAE) in time. The paper summarizes the most important points of the mathematical model and presents a benchmark problem for numerical comparisons. As computational example, the BDF‐2 method with stepsize control is applied.
A coupled finite‐volume/pseudospectral method
Authors: Droll P. , Schäfer M. , Louchart O. , Bontoux P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSpectral methods (SM) are accurate up to an arbitrary order provided the solution is smooth and the computational domain is simple. On the other hand, when the problem geometry has a complex shape, finite‐volume methods (FVM) have the advantage of being more flexible in fitting the domain boundaries by arbitrarily complex grids. The paper deals with the coupling of a spectral method and a finite‐volume method within a CFD code, enabling the combination of the advantages of both approaches. Considering some representative test cases the features of the coupled method are shown, where special emphasis is given to the coupling mechanism and to the accuracy and efficiency of the method.
Numerical Simulation of Partially Premixed Combustion using the Flamelet Approach
Authors: Herrmann M. , Terhoeven P. , Binninger B. , Peters N. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPartially premixed combustion in the flamelet regime as simulated using the two‐scalar level set approach. It combines the flamelet models developed for non‐premixed and premixed Combustion. In the flamelet regime the calculation of the chemical processes can be separated from the pow calculation, so that the flow solver need not resolve any chemical scales. To account for the combustion controlling mechanisms, mixing and flame propagation, transport equations are solved for the mixture fraction Z and the level set function G. These quantities and the scalar dissipation rate X serve as input parameters for pre‐calculated triple flame libraries which provide the chemical composition of the flow and the burning velocity sl. A hybrid tracking capturing scheme is used to solve the governing equations.
Abstract data structures for a finite element package.: Design principles of ALBERT
Authors: Schmidt A. , Siebert K. G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAlbert is an Adaptive multi‐Level finite element toolbox using Bisectioning refinement and Error control by Residual Techniques. Its design is based on appropriate data structures holding geometrical, finite element, and algebraic information. Using such data structures, abstract adaptive methods for stationary and tame dependent problems, assembly tools for discrete systems, and dimension dependent tasks like mesh modifications can be provided in a library. This allows dimension‐independent development and programming of a general class of applications. In ALBERT, hierarchical 2d and 3d meshes are stored in binary trees. Several sets of finite elements can be used on the same mesh, either using predefined ones, or by adding new sets for special applications. Depending on the currently used finite element spaces, all degrees of freedom are automatically managed during mesh modifications.
Experiments, Modelling and Analysis of Friction and Impact Oscillators
Authors: Hinrichs N. , Oestreich M. , Popp K. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDuring the past decade nonsmooth dynamical systems have become increasingly important in engineering and other applied sciences as nonsmooth effects are genuinely taken into account and are no longer smoothed out. Due to the lack of smoothness classical mathematical methods are applicable only to a limited degree and require extensions both for analytical and numerical methods. In the present paper the dynamics of nonsmooth oscillators with impact and friction are investigated numerically and by experiments.
Identification and Analysis of Nonlinear Transition Scenarios using NOLOT/PSE
Authors: Hein S. T. , Stolte A. , Dallmann U. Ch. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLaminar‐turbulent transition of quasi‐three‐dimensional boundary‐layer flows is investigated by nonlinear nonlocal instability theory based on parabolized stability equations (PSE). A strong TS‐CF interaction scenario is described, which leads to a rapid rise in skin‐friction coefficient indicating imminent breakdown of the laminar flow. The GF‐CF interaction studies reproduce amplitude saturation observed in experiment, but do not provide an explanation for the final breakdown in crossflow‐dominated boundary layers yet.
Numerische Simulation der räumlichen und zeitlichen Entwicklung lokaler Störungen in Grenzschichten
Authors: Laurien E. , Demuth R. , Heiken S. , Hillmann U. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDie Entwicklung lokaler Störungen endlicher Amplitude in Grenzschichten ward durch Integration der vollständigen Navier‐Stokes Gleichungen numerisch simuliert. Nichtlineare Anfachungsmechanismen führen über die Streckung einer anfangs vorgegebenen Wirbelstruktur zur Ausbildung freier Scherschichten. In späteren Entwicklungsstadien bildet sich die charakteristische Pfeilspitzenform eines Turbulenzflecks aus, wie er bei der sog. Bypass‐Transition in Experimenten beobachtet wird.
Fully reliable error control in the h‐p‐version of FEM
Authors: Carstensen C. , Funken S. A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSome approaches in the a posteriori error analysis of finite element methods (FEM) are based on the regularity of the exact solution or on a saturation property of the numerical scheme. For coarse meshes those asymptotic arguments are difficult to recast into rigorous error bounds. Here, we will provide reliable computable error bounds which are efficient and complete in the sense that constants are estimated as well. A localisation via a partition of unity yields problems on small domains. Two fully reliable estimates are established, the sharper one solves an analytical interface problem with residuals following Babugka and Rheinboldt. The second estimate yields a modification of the standard residual‐based a posteriori estimate with explicit constants computed from local analytical eigenvalue problems. Emphasis is on the efficiency of the computed error bound, which can be monitored. For some class of triangulations and the h‐version we show that the efficiency constant is smaller than 2.5 and grows only weakly for the h‐p‐version. Numerical experiments support and illustrate the theoretical results.
On a general concept for structured media with evolving defects
Authors: Stumpf H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this paper we present some main aspects for the modelling of structured continua with evolving defects. Taking into account that the evolution of defects as voids, shearbands, cracks and also of phase boundaries in two‐phase materials is governed by non‐classical forces, so‐called configurational forces, we have to generalize the concepts of classical and structured continua to describe the evolution of macro‐ and micro‐defects in moving material bodies.Taking a very general kinematical model as point of departure we introduce generalized deformation and strain measures and derive macro‐ and micro‐balance laws for deformational and configurational forces postulating a generalized action integral. Assuming that the thermodynamical process is governed by two potentials a dissipation inequality is derived via a generalized Weierstrass excess function.
Maximum entropy principle and texture formation
Authors: Arminjon M. , Imbault D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe macro‐to‐micro transition in a heterogeneous material is envisaged as the selection of a probability distribution by the Principle of Maximum Entropy (MAXENT). The material is made of constituents, e.g. given crystal orientations. Each constituent is itself made of a large number of elementary constituents. The relevant probability is the volume fraction of the elementary constituents that belong to a given constituent and undergo a given stimulus. Assuming only obvious constraints in MAXENT means describing a maximally disordered material. This is proved to have the same average stimulus in each constituent. By adding a constraint in MAXENT, a new model, potentially interesting e.g. for texture prediction, is obtained.
Description of fretting damage by contact mechanics
Authors: Fouvry S. , Kapsa Ph. , Vincent L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFretting damage is often the origin of catastrophc failure or loss of functionality in many industrial applications. Considered to be a plague for modem industry, this contact loading is encountered in all quasi‐static loadings submitted to vibration and thus concerns many industries. The purpose of this presentation is to develop different mechanical tools allowing a finest understanding of the sliding condition and a better quantification of the fretting damages whch are respectively the crack nucleation through the contact and the wear induced by debris formation.
Friction Models with discrete Layers
Authors: Georg‐Peter Ostermeyer 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLooking for energy flows inside friction phenomena leads to special formulation of boundary layer in contact regions. The paper presents a local superatom‐discretisation, a special mesoscopic particle approach similar to molecular dynamic techniques, but with respect to thermodynamic laws the particles have inner variables, which indicate temperature information of the particle for instance.The friction model with discrete layers allows prediction of temperature distributions during the friction process.
Multigrid Methods for the fast Numerical Simulation of Coupled Magnetomechanical Systems
Authors: Schinnerl M. , Schöberl J. , Kaltenbacher M. , Langer U. , Lerch R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA recently developed calculation scheme for the numerical simulation of the transient behavior of magnetomechanical systems is presented. The scheme is based on the Finite‐Element‐Method (FEM) and allows the precise numerical calculation of dynamic rigid motions as well as deformations of magnetic and non‐magnetic materials an a magnetic field. The solution process is considerably accelerated by using different grids for the mechanical and the magnetic field and solving the coupled system with an implicit Multigrid Method (MG).The applicability of the developed calculation technique will be demonstrated by the 30 computation of the transient behavior of an magnetically excited aluminum plate. Thereby, the parabolic PDE of the magnetic field has to be coupled to the hyperbolic PDE of the mechanical field. Numerical simulation results show good agreement with measured data.
Parameter Identification of Constitutive Models for Fluidsaturated Porous Media within an FE‐Setting
Authors: Mahnken R. , Steinmann P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this contribution an FE‐algorithm for parameter identification of geometrically‐linear fluid‐saturated porous media is proposed, in which non‐uniform distributions of the state variables such as stresses, strains and excess pore fluid pressure gradient are taken into account. Thereby, a least‐squares functional consisting of experimental and simulated data is minimized, and where the simulated data are obtained with the FE‐method. In order to improve the efficiency of the minimization process, a gradient‐based optimization algorithm is applied, and therefore the corresponding sensitivity analysis is briefly explained. The performance of the strategy is demonstrated for a slope stability problem.
Dynamik isotroper Sandwichplatten mit asymmetrisch angeordneten Schichten
Authors: Adam C. , Heuer R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Schwingungsantwort mäßig dicker Sandwichplatten mit drei homogenen, isotropen und asymmetrisch aufgebauten Schichten berechnet, wobei keine Einschränkung für die Verhältniswerte der Schichtdicken und Schubmoduli getroffen werden soll. Speziell wird das dynamische Verhalten von polygonalen, frei drehbar gelagerten Platten mit Randversteifung untersucht. In jeder Schicht werden neben der Biegesteifigkeit auch Schubdeformation und Rotationsträgheit berücksichtigt. Es zeigt sich, daß sich die Durchbiegung, analog zur Mindlin'schen Theorie für homogene Platten, aus einem entkoppelten Randwertproblem vierter Ordnung berechnen läßt.
Interactions between Microstructure and Plastic Instabilities in Al‐Zn‐Mg‐Cu Alloy
Authors: Thevenet D. , Mliha‐Touati M. , Zeghloul A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn recent years, inhomogeneous plastic deformation associated with the Portevin‐Le Châtelier (PLC) has received a renewed attention. The PLC effect, commonly called 'jerky flow' or Serrated yielding; is the result of dynamic strain ageing due to dynamic interactions between mobile dislocations, temporarily arrested at obstacles, and dissolved alloying atoms, which diffuse towards dislocations ]1[ So, the microstructure can have an important role on the PLC phenomenon and efforts to understand these mechanisms were the subject of previous researches ]2, 3[ In this work, essentially experimental, we have changed the ageing conditions in order to investigate the effects of precipitates on the jerky flow and its characteristics.
Stress Analysis of Buried Pipelines due to Seismic Motions
Authors: Kocács Á. , Szabó Z. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe paper deals with the comparison of different soil‐pipe interaction models on the stems distribution in buried pipelines due to seismic motions. The effect of soil is modeled by springs attached to the pipeline. We showed, that linear characteristics am inappropriate, however, by using nonlinear springs the model is sensitive on the correct load formulation.
On the Numerical Analysis of the Contact Problems at Crane Mechanisms
Authors: Iztok Potrc , Matjaz Sraml 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn several construction components of crane mechanisms, contact loading is very important, which results in the need for the non‐linear analysis. The numerical treatment of contact problems was performed by the finite element method (FEM). The algorithm of the stiffness update with friction, based on the penalty function method, is included in the numerical calculation of the above mentioned contact problems. The potential contact areas are defined throughout the slide‐line contact elements, which enable the handling of the seperation and sliding of the finite amplitude between the deformable bodies.
An Efficient Method for the Treatment of Bounded Elastic Bodies With Many Cracks
Authors: Rafiee S. , Gross D. , Seelig Th. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPresented is a hybrid numerical‐analytical method for the investigation of linear elastic bodies containing many straight (2D) or penny‐shaped (90) cracks. The method of 'pseudo tractions' and its evaluation according to Kachanov (Kachanov, 1998), based on closed form solutions for cracks in unbounded domains, is extended to bounded domains by combination with a boundary element method (BEM). The influence of the boundary on stress singularities of interacting cracks is analyzed. Furthermore, the overall elastic behavior of a finite body containing distributed cracks in various configurations is investigated.