bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of white clover and fertilizer nitrogen on herbage production and chemical composition and soil water
Authors: Wilman D. , Hollington P. A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryEffects of seven levels of N application and three seeds mixtures were studied on two sites for 4 years. One seeds mixture comprised perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and two comprised perennial ryegrass with white clover (Trifolium repens L.). One site (Trefloyne) was 24 m above sea level on deep soil and the other (Pwllpeiran) was 328 m above sea level on relatively shallow soil. The plots were cut seven times per year.White clover grew very strongly at Trefloyne in the first 2 years, fixing 350 kg N/ha/year where no N was applied; the clover declined very markedly during the 3rd year and there was very little in the sward in the 4th year; quite large quantities of clover were harvested in the 1st year even where 600 kg N/ha were applied. At Pwllpeiran the yields of clover were never high, but the clover persisted well where no N was applied. At Trefloyne the indirect contribution of the clover (in increasing the yield of grass) was greater in the first than in the second half of the year; clover was later than grass to grow strongly in the spring, but the extra grass growth compensated for this, so that the seasonal distribution of total herbage yield was similar on a grass-clover sward receiving no fertilizer N to that on a grass sward receiving six applications of N per year. At Pwllpeiran, on the other hand, the indirect contribution of the clover tended to be greater in the second than in the first half of the year where no N was applied.The olover was similar to grass in phosphorus and potassium content and higher than grass in calcium and nitrogen. The clover was higher in nitrate-N content than grass grown without clover, at low levels of applied N, and increased the nitrate-N content of the grass growing with it.Water consumption at Trefloyne was greatest on swards which contained olover and on the swards without clover which received at least 400 kg N/ha/year. The effect of clover on soil water was apparent particularly in the lower horizons of the soil.
The maintenance requirement of the fattening cockerel with a note on a proposed new method for the determination of the surface area of birds
Authors: Southgate B. A. 
Published: March 2009

(1) The maintenance requirement of Light Sussex cockerels has been found by a feeding trial and comparative slaughter method. The maintenance requirement found was 22.1 calories per sq. m. of surface per hour. The net energy of the ration fed (Sussex ground oats: whole dried milk = 13 : 3) was 1.8 calories per gm.(2) A new method of determining the surface area of birds is described.(3) The value of K in the equation area = K has been found by this method to be 9.3.
Note on the chemical composition of bovine follicular fluid
Authors: Lutwak-Mann C. 
Published: March 2009

1. Follicular fluid was collected by aspiration from the ovaries of cows which had been treated with pregnant mare serum, and were killed 3–4 days after heat.2. Various chemical determinations have been carried out with samples of follicular fluid which, amongst others, was found to contain 39–43 mg./ 100 ml. of glucose, between 13 and 95 mg./100 ml. of lactic acid, and 0·8–3·0 mg./100 ml. of ascorbic acid.3. The effect of follicular fluid upon sperm fructolysis was examined; however, no effect other than that due to the glucose content of the follicular fluid, could be observed.
Comparative performance of calves from Bunaji (White Fulani) dams and Gharolais, three-quarter Friesian and Bunaji sires
Authors: Johnson A. O. , Bell T. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYComparative evaluation was made on the live weight and growth pattern of calves from Bunaji (White Fulani) cows sired by Charolais, three-quarters Friesian crossbreds (three quarters Friesian and one quarter Bunaji) and Bunaji bulls in 2 years. Twelve steers per breed were evaluated on carcass merit after 250 days postweaning feeding.Results showed that the Charolais half-cross and the Friesian three-eighth calves were heavier by up to 7, 23, 57 and 51 kg respectively at birth, weaning, 112 and 250 days after weaning than the Bunaji calves. The carcass data indicated superior slaughter weight and loin eye area in favour of the cross - breds, but no differences were found for dressed weight, dressing percentage, carcass grade and hide weight percentage among the breed groups. Carcass retail cuts showed heavier sirloin steaks and round steaks in favour of the cross-breds also.The results were indicative of the superior growth of the cross-breds and underlined their carcass potential which may be useful in upgrading the indigenous stock. In view of the small numbers of progeny per sire group, especially among the cross-breds, further work needs to be done to confirm the present trend.
Heat-induced changes in dry weight, leaf size and number of chloroplasts per cell in maize and cowpea shoots
Authors: Adelusi S. A. , Lawanson A. O. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYWhen etiolated seedlings of maize and cowpea were subjected to a heat stress of 45 °C for 8 h and subsequently illuminated, there was a retardation in the rates of leaf elongation and chloroplast formation, but the rate of increase in dry weight was not affected. However, a heat stress of 45 °C for 16 h decreased all the three rates measured, the effects being more pronounced with the longer duration of stress in the case of leaf elongation and chloroplast formation. The cowpea seedlings were more sensitive to heat than the maize seedlings. The decreased yield (dry weight) in the 16 h treatment was due, at least partly, to the heat-induced retardation of the growth of the photosynthetic apparatus.
Studies on carotene in relation to animal nutrition: Part I. The technique of carotene estimation in feeding stuffs
Authors: Seshan P. A. , Sen K. C. 
Published: March 2009

A modified method of estimating the carotene content of plant material has been described in detail. The modifications include a combined aqueous and alcoholic potash hydrolysis of the original material before extraction is carried out.A statistical analysis and a recovery test have shown this method to be relatively more efficient than methods similar to those described by other workers.
Experiments on the use of chronic gonadotrophin (pregnancy urine extract) for the treatment of sterility in dairy cattle
Authors: Bottomley A. C. , Folley S. J. , Scott Watson Helen M. 
Published: March 2009

1. The fertility of three sterile bulls was restored by injections of human pregnancy urine extract (P.U.).2. Cows which failed to exhibit oestrus were treated by injections of P.U. Three out of five cows responded within 24 hours to intravenous injections of 5 c.c. P.U. (2500 rat units) and one out of four to an injection of 3 c.c. P.U.Two out of five cows responded immediately to a series of three intramuscular injections of 2 c.c. P.U. and one cow responded to a single intramuscular injection of 2 c.c. P.U. In addition four cows failed to respond immediately to four intramuscular injections of 2 c.c. P.U.3. Evidence was obtained which shows that treatment with P.U. at the time of service increases the fertility of cows which show regular oestrus but nevertheless fail to conceive. It is believed that this condition is often due (a) to failure to ovulate, and (b) to deficiency of progesterone following ovulation.We are grateful to Prof. R. Rae and Mr K. W. C. Campbell for their co-operation. Part of this work was carried out during the tenure by one of us (H.M.S.W.) of a Research Grant from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.
The hydrogen-ion concentration of the semen of the bull
Authors: Anderson J. 
Published: March 2009

1. The mean pH of 221 ejaculates of clinically normal bulls was 6·73 ± 0·020. Significant differences were noted between different bulls.2. There were highly significant negative correlations between the pH. of the ejaculates and the concentration of spermatozoa, the volume of ejaculate and the motility of the spermatozoa.3. The more acid the semen was on collection, the better was the motility retained on storage. Semen which retained its motility well became increasingly acid during storage. A change in the pH in the alkaline direction during storage had an adverse effect on motility. The more acid the pH on collection the less likely was a decrease in acidity during storage.
The water consumption of suckling sows
Authors: Garner F. H. , Sanders H. G. 
Published: March 2009

The water consumption was determined of thirty-seven Large White suckling sows that were tethered on grass. The mean consumption was 43 lb. a day, the variation between sows, and of particular sows from day to day, being particularly wide. The consumption was practically unaffected by weather and was nearly the same in summer and winter; it was impossible to demonstrate any relation between consumption and number or weight of litter, but there was evidence of a slight decrease as lactation progressed.It is evident from a brief discussion that exact balance experiments as to the partitions of water for its various uses in the body of the pig are badly needed. It is hoped that the facts given here may draw attention to this point which has been neglected in animal nutrition studies.
The function of the cuticle in relation to the porosity of eggs
Authors: Marshall W. , Cruickshank D. B. 
Published: March 2009

1. The porosity of egg is measured by the usual practice of estimating the weight loss under standard conditions. The porosity coefficient is expressed as the loss in weight in mg. per sq. cm. of egg surface per 24 hr. at 37°C.P coeff.=mg. cm.2 24 hr. 37°.2. It is shown that eggs of even curvature approximate closely to the ideal mathematical form of two hemi-prolate spheroids, differing in their eccentricities and meeting in the plane of their common minor axes. On this assumption the divergence between the observed and calculated long perimeter is only +0·618 per cent (five eggs) and between the observed and calculated volumes+3·78 per cent (seventy eggs).3. It is explained how, by taking the specific gravity of the egg to correct for departures from the theoretical form, it is possible to calculate the surface area with an error not exceeding 1 per cent.
The composition and digestibility, when fed to pigs, of three grades of meat meal of widely differing fat content
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Evans R. E. 
Published: March 2009

The composition, both organic and inorganic, and the digestibility of three grades of meat meal of widely differing fat content have been investigated. Large White hogs were used in the digestion trials.The methods of manufacture of the meat meals have been described. They contained, on the basis of dry matter, 18·8, 11·1 and 3·2 per cent of fat respectively.All three grades had a very high digestibility. The digestion coefficient of the main constituent, namely, the crude protein, ranged from 87·9 per cent in grade C (low fat) to 93·9 per cent in grade B (medium fat), these values comparing satisfactorily with the corresponding value for white fish meal, namely, 90·2 per cent.The pigs digested the fat of the meat meals very efficiently. The fat of the grade A meat meal, forming 18·8 per cent of the dry matter, was digested to the extent of 95·4 per cent.The grade B meat meal (medium fat) was the most digestible of the three grades tested. This is the grade that is marketed for feeding to livestock. The slightly lower digestibility of grade A (high fat) is attributed to the influence of the high fat content in causing a slight lowering of the extent to which the crude protein is digested.The grade C meat meal (low fat) was produced from the grade B by “de-greasing” with petroleum benzine at 300° F. The results suggest that this process may result in a distinct lowering of the digestibility of the meal. The grade C meat meal is the most comparable with white fish meal in both digestible and mineral composition. In comparing the meat meals with white fish meal, however, it must be kept in mind that the former contain a much higher proportion of non-protein nitrogenous material.
Factors affecting the proportions of cross-bred and selfed seed obtained from field bean (Vicia faba L.) crops
Authors: Bond D. A. , Pope M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYWinter bean crops, mainly of the variety Throws MS, were surveyed for proportions of cross-bred seed, using hilum colour as a genetic marker. In 1971 a significantly greater proportion of cross-breds was detected in random samples taken from the centre than in similar samples from the border of three fields and from the total of all seven fields. An hypothesis is proposed that pod setting at the centre was limited more than at the border by a factor such as plant competition and chocolate spot at a time when selfing was enforced due to a general lack of bee visitation, or else inbred embryos aborted more under the stress of disease in the centre. No differences between centre and border were found in 1972 except for a greater proportion of cross-breds from the border of a Maris Beagle field and this only applied to parent plants of certain genotypes.Significant differences were also found between fields and between seasons. There was a significant regression of percentage selfing on field size but there was no evidence that bees failed to penetrate to the centre of large fields.Implications for variety development, testing and purity are discussed.
The oestrous cycle of the mare following removal of the foetus at various stages of pregnancy
Authors: Day F. T. 
Published: March 2009

1. The removal of the foetus between the 51st and 105th day of pregnancy in the mare, did not have any detrimental effect in seven Welsh pony mares.2. The subsequent oestrous cycles of the mares did not appear to be influenced by the stage of pregnancy at which the foetus was removed.
The quality factor in feeding stuffs
Authors: Murray J. Alan 
Published: March 2009

SummaryNutritive values can be resolved into two factors-quantity and quality. The former is represented by the gross energy and the latter by the coefficient of availability (D/T – 0·35), where T is total and D digestible organic matter.In the natural, vegetable feeding stuffs the gross energy of the total organic matter is practically the same in all cases except those which are peculiarly rich in oil and protein (cakes, etc.). The coefficient may therefore be applied directly to the total organic matter and, subject to a correction in the case of cakes, nutritive values may be expressed in terms of available organic matter (D–0·35T). These terms may be translated into energy values or starch equivalents by simple multiplication.The method is simple and illuminating. It shows that the nutritive value of the total organic matter depends almost entirely upon its digestibility and, except in the case of cakes, only to a negligible extent upon its chemical composition. Nutritive value is not proportional to digestibility but a linear function of the same, and in substances of low digestibility, slight change in digestibility may cause manifold alteration in nutritive value.
A preliminary investigation of the development of structural constituents in the barley plant (With three text-figures.)
Authors: Norman A. G. 
Published: March 2009

Summary1. Barley plants, carefully sampled, were harvested weekly during the season. Growth measurements were made and various analyses carried out on the dried material.2. Both ash and protein showed an initial increase followed by a steady fall as development proceeded.3. The Cross and Bevan cellulose fraction, which may be taken as the natural cellulosic fabric of the plant, increased from 30 to 53 per cent., showing an initial peak, and later a stationary period.4. The amount of cellulosan (or associated polysaccharide) in the cellulose increased with development, and markedly so after the point at which growth increments lessened.15. Lignin increased steadily until the last week or so, the fall then probably being due to the increased weight of the grain with respect to the straw.
Seed dormancy and germination in Rottboellia exaltata
Authors: Thomas P. E. L. , Allision J. C. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYEight laboratory and three field experiments were made on seed of Rottboellia exaltata, a grass weed of maize.Seed stored dry, indoors or outside, either on the soil surface or buried, was unable to germinate for 5–6 months after being shed. Its ability to germinate then increased rapidly, reaching 50–70% by 8–9 months, and, indoors, continued to increase slowly to reach 80% by about ayear after being shed. Periodic wetting hastened the increase in ability to germinate of seed kept indoors or on the soil surface, but slowed down that of buried seed. When germination was tested with husks removed the ability of the caryopses to germinate began increasing soon after seed was shed, reaching 60% after 3 months and, later, up to 85–95% in different experiments. Dehusking was only effective if the inner bracts as well as the outer husks were removed, but pricking a hole through the husk and inner bracts had an effect similar to removing them. Germination decreased when in-husk seed was immersed in water before being incubated, whether this was done in air or oxygen, or in light or light/darkness, and increased again when seed was dried or its husks pierced before incubation. Wetting and drying in light, but not in darkness, increased germination of in-husk seed, and constant high temperature enhanced the increase.When seed was buried in soil at a range of depths between 2·5 and 30 cm, the more deeply situated seed remained viable for longer than that near the surface, but there was little viable seed at any depth after 4 years. Many seedlings emerged in the first two rainy seasons after shedding of seed was prevented in an infested field which was ploughed each dry season, but by the third season the number of seedlings had greatly decreased and in the fifth season no seedlings emerged. Most of the seedlings emerging in maize fields came from seeds situated near the surface of the soil.
Regression models to predict herbage production and digestibility in a non-regular sequence of cuts
Authors: Edelsten P. R. , Corrall A. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYRegression models were constructed to predict the yields and digestibilities of herbage cut in different sequences of harvests.The yield model used a seasonal production curve modified by the effects of defoliation. Values for the model parameters were obtained by fitting the model to experimental data using a non-linear regression procedure. When these parameters were used, to predict treatment effects in another series of experimental data, good agreement was obtained. The digestibility model incorporated the effect on digestibility time of year, regrowth time and yield.Using the models to interpolate between the results of cutting experiments, annual yields were shown to increase with the date of first cut and also with the interval between subsequent cuts, whereas the average digestibility of the harvested material ecreased with the date of first cut and with the subsequent cutting interval. Finally, a procedure was devised for combining the two models in order to find an optimum cutting strategy for a hypothetical animal production system.
Performance of ewes and lambs on perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot, tall fescue and timothy pastures under upland conditions
Authors: Davies D. A. , Morgan T. E. H. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe performance of Welsh Mountain ewes and their single Clun-cross lambs on swards of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) was studied over 3 years (1975–1977) at a site 305 m O.D. in mid-Wales. Under a rotational grazing regime at a fixed stocking rate of 25 ewes and lambs/ha, mean daily lamb live-weight gain over the 84 days experimental period from early May to late July was 24 g higher on timothy than on perennial ryegrass and tall fescue and 35 g higher than on cocksfoot. Averaged for the 3 years the mean daily lamb live-weight gains were 194, 170, 170 and 159 g on timothy, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue and cocksfoot respectively. There were, however, marked interactions with years.Ewe live-weight change varied considerably between grasses and years with cocksfoot poorer than timothy and perennial ryegrass. Mean ewe live-weight change ranged from an overall loss of 39 g/day in 1975 to a gain of 34 g/day in 1977.Differences detected in animal performance between the four grass species altered during the 84 days of the experiment. Timothy and to a lesser extent tall fescue produced better animal performance early in the season whereas perennial ryegrass came into prominence during July.The results are discussed in relation to the present and potential use of the grass species under upland conditions.
Fattening studies with cross-bred (European×Zebu) bulls: 2. Rate and efficiency of gain on diets of maize residues and concentrate
Authors: Gebrewolde A. , O'Donovan P. B. , Gebremariam H. , Kebede B. , Galal E. S. E. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTwo fattening experiments are reported with 60 cross-bred bulls. In the first experiment three pen groups (9–16 months old) of eight Simmental, eight Friesian and eight Jersey crosses, from Boran and Barca dams, were fed for 98 days on a common diet consisting of maize cobs, molasses and concentrate. There were no significant differences among sire or dam breeds, with the Barca cross bulls performing non-significantly better than the Boran crosses. Simmentals and Friesians consumed about the same amount of feed and the latter were the most efficient feed converters. In the second experiment, 36 bulls ranging from 11 to 18 months of age were fed for 51 days diets consisting of either 30 or 50% maize stalks and concentrate; maize stalks were replaced by maize/sorghum silage for the next 61 days. There were no significant differences in rate of gain between sire breeds. Bulls from Boran dams gained faster (P < 0·01) than those from Horro dams while a higher (P < 0·05) daily gain was recorded for the diet with the lower than with the higher percentage of maize stalks.
Systematic mixed versus pure stands of wheat genotypes
Authors: Sharma S. N. , Prasad Rajendra 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA field experiment was made in the wheat growing season (November–April) of 1973–4 at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to compare pure and systematic mixed stands of three wheat genotypes differing in plant height. The systematic mixed stands were made to give prismatic and columnar canopy patterns. Grain yield of wheat was significantly greater in the mixed stands than the mean yield in the pure stands; the two mixed stands did not differ significantly. The grain yield in the mixed stands was almost the same or slightly more than that of the largest yielding genotype in its pure stand. When grown in the mixed stand the tall genotype yielded more than in a pure stand but the dwarf genotype yielded less.