bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tectonic Boundary Conditions for Climate Reconstructions, Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics, No. 39.
Authors: Ruddiman William F. 
Published: October 2011

Although most of Earth's early historical record has been destroyed by plate‐tectonic recycling of rocks, the blurry outline of its tectonic history comes slowly into focus in geologic records from the last 400 million years. One by one, past configurations of its major geographic features—outlines of continents and oceans, and subaerial and subsea topography—become resolvable in varying degree from surviving geologic evidence.Earlier in this century this kind of information inspired geoscientists to concoct hypotheses to explain the many observations of past climate changes emerging from studies of sedimentary rocks. Tectonic hypotheses of climate change proliferated, unconstrained by rigorous testing. In the last 2 decades, since pioneering work in the early 1980s by Eric Barron, climate models have been used to put quantitative constraints on these ideas, producing an ongoing scientific revolution in our understanding of long‐term climate change.
Exciting, unsettling changes in store for physical oceanography
Authors: Royer Thomas , Young William 
Published: October 2011

The U.S. physical oceanographic community is entering a period of change that is both exciting and unsettling. Very critical problems face it, and how they are dealt with could determine if physical oceanography will survive as we know it today.The number of physical oceanographers has increased rapidly. But several large field programs are reaching the end of their data collection phases, and the growth in federal science budgets seems to have stagnated, at least in comparison with the “golden years” still fresh in the memory of many senior scientists. At the same time, technology is providing new tools for making ocean observations and expanding computational capacity. We are progressing from the dark ages, when ocean processes were seen dimly, if at all, into an era where those processes are brilliantly revealed with these new observational and analytical techniques.
Pollution dips in North America
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

Industrial pollution declined 2.3% in the United States and Canada in 1996, continuing a dip during the previous 2 years, according to the Commission for Environmental Cooperation's (CEC) August 10 report, “Taking Stock 1996.” The report says the decline also continues beyond 1996.Large manufacturing facilities in the United States and Canada that reported information to CEC produced 1.225 billion kg of pollution in 1996, compared to 1.254 billion kg in 1995, the report says.
Reconstructing Turkey
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

Forty‐five seconds. That's all it took to turn Turkey upside down. Economic losses from the earthquake that struck the western part of the country at 3:01 a.m. local time on August 17, 1999 could equal $3 to $6.5 billion in direct costs, according to a September 14 World Bank assessment. Costs could rise significantly when accounting for all indirect and secondary costs.Reconstructing the estimated 20,000 buildings that collapsed or were heavily damaged, and accounting for emergency relief, lost production, jobs, and tourism, relocating people, and other items could add up to a total of at least a 1.5–3.3% reduction in the nation's GNP for 1999, according to the World Bank.
Ecosystem restoration a challenge for unified hydrologic science
Authors: Nuttle William K. 
Published: October 2011

Will a unified, but increasingly interdisciplinary hydrologic science provide the knowledge now needed by water managers to restore and conserve regional ecosystems? Or will divisions present in hydrologic science compel managers themselves to gather and synthesize information developed in narrow subfields of water‐related science?On July 1,1999, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers announced a plan that would spend $8 billion over the next 20 years for the “primary and overarching purpose” of restoring the natural ecosystems of south Florida, in particular the vast wetlands of the Everglades and adjacent coastal areas. This plan signals a radical expansion in the goals for water management in south Florida to include responsibility for the health and sustainability of regional ecosystems.
Extensive research on Loma Prieta improves understanding of earthquakes
Authors: Holzer Thomas L. 
Published: October 2011

Research on the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake, probably the most thoroughly documented in American history, has dramatically improved our understanding of the complexity of earthquakes and of how society can reduce risk and improve response in connection with large natural disasters. The magnitude 6.9 earthquake was the largest and most damaging to strike an American urban area since the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Loma Prieta's 10th anniversary is October 17.Loma Prieta began without immediate foreshock activity about 100 km southeast of San Francisco (37°03.6′N, 121°88.3′W) on October 17, 1989, at 5:04 p.m. PDT (00:04:15.2 UTC., October 18).The quake killed 63 people, and another 350 were hospitalized. Estimates of total property losses range from $6 billion to $10 billion. Its dramatic timing, interrupting the World Series in San Francisco, and its striking images—a pancaked freeway, a fallen span of a major transbay bridge, and burning collapsed apartments—piqued public interest. It also prompted the U.S. Congress to authorize supplemental funding to the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) agencies—USGS, National Science Foundation, Federal Emergency Management Agency and National Institute of Standards and Technology—to support research in order to learn from the tragedy.
A whole lotta shaking
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has just released a new set of maps that provides detailed information about the 31,196 earthquakes that have rattled the San Francisco Bay area in north‐central California between 1967 and 1993.The maps indicate magnitudes, epicenters, and depths of the earthquakes, as well as the direction of slip and orientation of the fault on which it occurs, among other information.
Northeastern Caribbean topography gets a digital upgrade from laser altimetry
Authors: Jansma Pamela , Mattioli Glen , Matias Audeliz , Harding David 
Published: October 2011

An airborne laser altimeter especially designed for profiling topography beneath dense vegetation has collected high‐resolution digital topographic data in the northeastern Caribbean and the Lesser Antilles island arc (Figure 1a) that will be used to assess the tectonic geomorphology of this slowly uplifting, rapidly weathering area. A key aspect of the instrument for tropical regions is its ability to differentiate between canopy and ground returns by recording the full laser backscatter signal, such that true ground elevation and vegetation height are sampled [Harding et al., 1994].Deployed in 1997, the altimeter, known as the Scanning Lidar Imager of Canopies by Echo Recovery (SLICER),was developed by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.The information from SLICER is expected to give insight into the distribution of Neogene displacement zones and to furnish constraints for three‐dimensional elastic models of an obliquely convergent plate boundary It also will permit analysis of the interplay between tectonism and volcanism on the evolution of a tropical oceanic island arc and provide ground verification for digital topography acquired by synoptic methods.
Bouncing back from Hurricane Floyd
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

Hurricane Floyd swamped much of coastal North Carolina in October, and many residents are still drying off. In Floyd's aftermath, as the state faces the largest property buyout program in its history U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Director James Lee Witt says that people should turn the damage into an opportunity to make their communities disaster‐resistant and better‐planned.“As you prepare for this buyout, I hope North Carolina will become a model for the rest of the country for converting disaster prevention into an opportunity for community‐wide planning,” Witt said at an October 26 meeting of the North Carolina League of Municipalities in Greensboro.
New mantle convection model may reconcile conflicting evidence
Authors: Albarède Frnacis , van der Hilst Rob D. 
Published: October 2011

Recently, a new model for mantle convection was proposed that may be more realistic than previous standard models. Exciting questions remain, of course, but we believe it can be used to reconcile otherwise conflicting evidence from different research fields and thus provide a new framework for further studies of convection.Drawing on some of our own recent work [Albarède, 1998] and that of others we further explore the model proposed by Kellogg et al. [1999] and Van der Hilst and Karason [1999]. The new view considers that a deep layer, chemically distinct from the overlying layers, occupies roughly the lower third of the mantle. Such a deep layer would host a substantial fraction of the terrestrial heat producing elements and help close the budget of some critical isotopic systems.The subtle trade‐off between chemical and thermal density variations produces significant dynamic topography, which complicates its seismic detection but facilitates downwelling slabs to pierce through it. Thermal plumes would form at the transition between the boundary layer and the overlying part of the convective mantle. Severing the tie between the depleted and less depleted and outgassed reservoirs and the seismologically identified upper and lower mantle, separated by the 660‐km discontinuity, seems to go a long way toward reconciling the otherwise conflicting pieces of evidence.
Lost in the ozone
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

While the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) appeals a May 1999 court order blocking its authority to implement a stringent, 8‐hour standard for ground‐level ozone, the agency in October proposed reinstating its 1‐hour smog standard.The 1‐hour standard is a “safety net” to guarantee protection of public health during what could be a 2‐year appeals process, according to EPA.The standard would affect nearly 3000 U.S. counties. EPA had revoked the 1‐hour standard in 1998 in areas that had clean air for 3 consecutive years, in order to smooth a transition for the more stringent 8‐hour standard.
Gas, fire, and water
Authors: Hovland Martin 
Published: October 2011

From the detailed report of the International Tsunami Survey Team (ITST) (Eos, March 2, 1999), it seems that we now can add two more hazards to tsunami events [Kawata et al., 1999]: the release of toxic gases and the ignition and combustion of flammable gases.This conclusion can be drawn from the investigation of last July's Papua New Guinea tsunami disaster: “The team also tried to explain reports of sea bubbling, foul smelling gas, and warm water stinging the eyes.” Among the questions and observations of the local people were “eyewitness descriptions of the tsunami as an ”infernal wall of water with fire sparkles flying.“The inferred conclusion, that the tsunami involved an underwater source of fire, would also be suggested by severe burns widely observed on the dead.” [Kawata et al, 1999].
The Bering Sea in 1998: The second consecutive year of extreme weather‐forced anomalies
Authors: Hunt G. L. , Baduini C. L. , Brodeur R. D. , Coyle K. O. , Kachel N. B. , Napp J. M. , Salo S. A. , Schumacher J. D. , Stabeno P. J. , Stockwell D. A. , Whitledge T. E. , Zeeman S. I. 
Published: October 2011

In 1998, anomalous conditions in the Bering Sea included elevated heat content of the water, cross‐shelf advection of zooplankton and larval fish, major changes in the structure of the zooplankton community, and an unprecedented second observation of a large‐scale bloom of the coccolithophorid phytoplankton, Emiliania huxleyi. Some of these anomalies appear to be related to the unusual weather patterns of 1997 and 1998, while the causes of others remain unknown.The Bering Sea is located in the northernmost part of the North Pacific Ocean, and its broad eastern continental shelf constitutes approximately 44%of its area. Because Pacific water must pass through the Bering Sea before entering the Arctic, climatic events in the Bering affect heat and biogeochemical transport to the Arctic. The Bering Sea, in particular its broad eastern shelf region, is also the site of some of the worlds major fisheries. It contributes over half of the U.S. fishery production, with a commercial catch worth one billion dollars in 1997.
Challenges add up in quantifying radiative impact of mineral dust
Authors: Sokolik Irina N. 
Published: October 2011

Predicting the diverse radiative impact of mineral dust has several significant, related challenges. One is to quantify the complex spatial and temporal variations of dust burden. Another is to quantitatively relate the properties of dust and its radiative effects to dust life cycle in the atmosphere.The basic physics behind the processes governing the production, transport, and evolution of mineral aerosols are understood. But the state‐of‐the‐art climate and chemistry model predictions rely heavily on oversimplified parameterizations of some of these processes while ignoring others. As a result the magnitude and even the sign of dust net (solar plus IR) direct radiative forcing of climate remains unclear. Interdisciplinary research efforts to integrate modeling with the laboratory, in situ, and satellite measurements could provide a new perspective on improving quantification.
Brownfield showcases
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

A project to reclaim brownfields, or once‐contaminated sites, took a step forward on December 6 with the U.S. federal government expanding its brownfields showcase communities initiative to add 10 additional cities to the 6 previously included.In cities including Dallas, Texas and Glen Cove, New York, public and private partnerships have helped to clean up brownfields and reuse the areas to revive local economies. These new showcase cities are now eligible for broader federal assistance and coordinated technical support.
“ProVention” may be the best medicine
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

With human and economic costs of natural disasters rising, a new international initiative launched on February 2 aims to reduce “preventable” costs of natural disasters in the developing world.“ProVention,” a consortium including the World Bank, governments, and institutions, hopes to promote safety by raising awareness of disaster‐related risks; to support public policies that reduce the risk of natural and technological disasters; to develop governments' ability to anticipate and respond to disasters; and to explore ways to provide low‐income groups with safety nets,such as insurance cover.
USGS director discusses agency goals, budget, and restructuring
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

In 1995, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) lay on life support as a conservative wave in Congress almost swept aside the agency. The Heritage Foundation, a Washington, D.C. think tank, also targeted the USGS for elimination. That bureaucratic scare convinced the Department of the Interior agency to raise its visibility among decision‐makers and highlight the societal benefits of its scientific research.USGS Director Charles “Chip” Groat sat down with Eos in February for a wide‐ranging, exclusive interview about the agency's goals, budget, administrative restructuring, and other topics.
Not so Great Lakes?
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

In 1965, Frank Sinatra won the Grammy Award for his album, “September of My Years;” “Early Bird,” the first commercial communications satellite, was launched; and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was arrested in Selma, Alabama, during demonstrations against voter‐registration rules.The year 1965 was also the last time water levels in the U.S. Great Lakes were as low as they are now.
Developing powers
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

Three new reports commissioned by the Pew Center on Global Climate Change examine the electric power sectors in Argentina, Brazil, and China, and the potential impact that energy use in each country has on climate change.In 1999, Argentina voluntarily agreed to lower its greenhouse gas emissions to 2 10% below projected emissions for 2012. The report looks at additional steps that could further reduce emissions, including adopting policies that favor renewable energy sources and nuclear power, and increasing energy efficiency by end‐users.
Remote foreign policy
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

Remote sensing has played an important role in U.S. foreign policy at least since 1962, when the Kennedy Administration released images taken from high altitude airplanes of Soviet missiles on Cuban soil. Since then, remote sensing also has helped with environmental monitoring, understanding and responding to severe weather events and natural and industrial disasters, and international law enforcement.The U.S. State Department on June 6 announced several new initiatives to promote the use of remote sensing in the foreign policy arena. The department requested the National Academy of Sciences to establish a panel of experts from government, industry, and academia to review the role of remote sensing in foreign policy development.
Stream gages threatened by lack of funding
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is hoping that members of the House of Representatives take a careful look at a list it is now circulating that names dozens of specific stream gages that have been scheduled to be constructed, reactivated, or hardened against failure, but that could be delayed if Congress does not appropriate sufficient funding. Forewarned are dozens of congressmen, including those whose districts encompass the Sacramento River at Sacramento, California; Cowskin Creek at Highway 54 at Wichita, Kansas; the Red River at Grand Forks, North Dakota; and the Potomac River at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.The Clinton Administration has requested a fiscal year 2001 increase of $4 million to USGS' $90 million annual budget for stream gages. The Survey funds about half of the cost of the network, with cost‐sharing partners providing the rest. However, a recent House Appropriations Subcommittee mark‐up would result in the loss of about 115 gages, which is about 2% of the 7000 gages in the USGS network, according to a brief prepared by the USGS budget office. The subcommittee provides $1.7 million for water activities under the USGS Real Time Hazards Initiative, but fails to cover $2.3 million in pay raises and anticipated uncontrollable costs, the brief indicates.
Wave support for ocean day resolution
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

While many scientists decry the lack of resources and attention for ocean research and conservation efforts in the United States, there is a good chance that oceans will soon receive at least a symbolic day in the Sun each year in the U.S.By a vote of 387‐28, the U.S. House of Representatives on July 11 adopted House Resolution 415, expressing the sense of that body that a National Ocean Day should be established “to recognize the significant role the ocean plays in the lives of the nation's people, and the important role the nation's people must play in the continued life of the ocean.”
Law sets up oceans commission
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

In an anticipated move, U.S. President Bill Clinton on August 7 signed into law the Oceans Act of 2000.The bipartisan legislation, which takes effect on January 20,2001, establishes a commission on ocean policy to examine federal ocean policy and environmental and economic trends affecting oceans and coasts.The act—which grew out of a call issued by Clinton at the National Oceans Conference in Monterey, California in 1998—requires the commission to submit recommendations to Congress and the president within 18 months of its appointment, and for the President to submit proposals to Congress about the use and stewardship of ocean and coastal resources.
Down on the farm
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) on August 17 put money down on one of these energy sector innovations, with $8 million in funding over the next 3 years for a dozen projects to encourage the U.S. bio‐based products industry. The agency will fund 6 graduate‐level university programs to support training in bio‐based products.In addition, 6 research and development projects use biomass—crops, trees, and agricultural residues—for the manufacture of plastics, paints, and adhesives. One project is a joint program of Pittsburg State University in Kansas and B. F. Goodrich to convert vegetable oils into functionalized oils for high‐performance plastics.
Comment [on “Sea level rise shown to drive coastal erosion”]
Authors: Sallenger Asbury H. , Morton Robert , Fletcher Charles , Thieler E. Robert , Howd Peter 
Published: October 2011

In a recent article (Eos, Trans., AGU, February 8, 2000, p.55), Leatherman et al. [2000] state that they have confirmed an association between sea‐level rise and coastal erosion. Applying their results to the New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland coasts and using a projected sea‐level rise, the authors predict that by 2050 the shoreline will recede 60 m, about two times the average beach width.However, Leatherman et al. [2000] have not convincingly quantified a relationship between sea‐level rise and shoreline erosion.We do not agree with their rationale for subsetting their data, and they have not considered other explanations for a background erosion along the U.S. east coast. Furthermore, their future projections are not supported by their analyses.
In Memoriam
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Howard Myers died in September 2000, at age 72. He had been a member (Planetology) since 1971.Richard E. Ewing has been elected to the Board of Directors for the National Space Biomedical Research Institute, a consortium of research institutions that focuses on research for human exploration of space. Projects concentrate on space health issues such as bone loss, sleep disturbances, nutrition, and radiation exposure.
Nominations sought for Sullivan and Perlman Journalism Awards
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

AGU members are encouraged to submit nominations for two journalism awards that recognize excellence in science reporting for the general public: the Walter Sullivan Award for Excellence in Science Journalism—Features and the David Perlman Award for Excellence in Science Journalism—News.They are open to science writers, producers, editors, and directors for work in any medium (except books) that was first published during 2000.The difference in criteria for the two awards mainly concerns the amount of time available to produce the work: one week or less for the Perlman Award, and more than one week for the Sullivan Award.The awards consist of a plaque and $2,000, presented at AGU's Spring or Fall Meeting.
Measuring geologic time on Mars
Authors: Doran Peter T. , Forman Steven L. , Sturchio Neil C. , Clifford Stephen M. , Papanastassiouje Dimitri A. 
Published: October 2011

Recent images from Mars show compelling evidence of near‐surface flowing water, aeolian activity, slope processes, and ice cap evolution that underscores the dynamic geologic history of the planet.Establishing an accurate chronology for Martian planetary features is critical for addressing fundamental questions about the evolution of the planet's surface and atmosphere and the differentiation of its interior. For example, how long was standing water on the surface? If life did evolve on Mars, did it occur before or after the evolution of life on Earth?