bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tocqueville's Interesting Error
Authors: Schudson Michael 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis chapter takes a look at Alexis de Tocqueville's error with regards to the role of newspapers in democratic life, and tries to show where his view of the press went off course. It suggests that news organizations can only be understood as one part of a multi-institutional complex of monitorial institutions and activities which hold the government accountable. The chapter stresses that journalism is one of the essential contributing factors to an effective democracy and examines the accountability function of journalism.
Soft News and the Four Oprah Effects
Authors: Baum Matthew A. , Jamison Angela 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the concept of soft news and introduces the Oprah Effect, defining the Oprah Effect as the influence of consuming soft news political content on vote choice. It then lists and discusses the four Oprah Effects, namely attention, knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour. The next section studies the responses of politicians to the Oprah effects.
Issue Framing
Authors: Nelson Thomas E. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis chapter addresses two important questions on issue frames, namely what they do and what they are. It notes that while framing has attracted a rather wide and diverse assortment of scholars and revealed a number of valuable empirical findings, it has left the entire field fragmented. The chapter then shows whether frames cheapen public discourse or not, and reveals that framing research can serve as a representation of the best in social science. It concludes that while political language may be confusing and disorderly, framing can serve as a tool to help people understand it.
Media Influences on Political Trust and Engagement
Authors: Moy Patricia , Hussain Muzammil M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis chapter studies the influence of the media on political trust and engagement, first defining political trust and political engagement, and then identifying its antecedents. Next, it looks at the key political outcomes of media coverage and the consumption of such coverages, showing that there are different key mechanisms where mass media can improve or limit political trust and political participation.
The Accuracy of Opinion Polling and its Relation to its Future
Authors: Traugott Michael 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the concept of accuracy and how to measure it. It presents a chronology of the accuracy of the presidential pre-election polls during the 2008 election, and then studies the various ways to estimate election outcomes that do not include polls conducted by the analyst. The chapter also examines the impact of new technologies and evolving voting procedures on the accuracy of polls.
Emotion and Public Opinion
Authors: Brader Ted , Marcus George E. , Miller Kristyn L. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis chapter looks at the role of emotion in public opinion, first discussing how emotion has been understood and theorized by various scholars. Next, it views the present research on the consequences of emotion for political behaviour and public opinion, and ends with a review of the contribution of emotion to the study of certain substantive domains. The chapter notes that the study of public opinion and emotion is a new but fast-growing field, one which promises to make huge contributions to the understanding of politics.
Attitude Organization in the Mass Public
Authors: Jacoby William G. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis chapter studies the attitude structure or organization within American public opinion, paying special attention to the three general questions from the research literature. It first explains how attitude structure can be differentiated and measured, and then looks at the contribution of ideology and partisanship in individual attitude structures. Finally, the chapter tries to determine whether there are any alternative mechanisms that serve to organize citizens' feelings on the different elements of the political world.
Public Opinion, the Media, and Economic Well‐Being
Authors: Barabas Jason 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis chapter centres on economic welfare and how it relates to the mass media and public opinion, defining ‘economic welfare’ as the financial well-being of the citizens in a nation. It lists the factors that contribute to economic well-being, such as personal or household income and housing conditions, and also examines the scholarly evidence which connects economic welfare experience or trends to public opinion through the mass media. The chapter also considers the policies, programs, and macroeconomic changes that can directly affect economic outcomes.
Public Opinion, the Media, and Social Issues
Authors: Egan Patrick J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis chapter studies the characteristics that social issues have in common, as well as their implications for public opinion, and then takes a look at empirical efforts, in order to define the set of political debates that should be called social issues. The next section discusses the broad trends in opinion on social issues and considers how much media coverage of these issues has changed along with public opinion. It also discusses the three explanations for the sources of attitudes on social issues, their strengths, and the extent to which they suggest the etiology of public opinion on social issues is unusual.
Big Government and Public Opinion
Authors: Panagopoulos Costas , Shapiro Robert Y. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This chapter explains how the public opinion towards big government in the United States can be best described, showing that the tensions between egalitarianism and individualism have continued, despite the high levels of public support for the American welfare state. It describes some patterns and trends, which may continue until changing conditions and circumstances modify them, and identifies some patterns and trends that should be carefully observed, such as the economy and partisan conflict.
Public Opinion, Foreign Policy, and the Media
Authors: Foyle Douglas C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis chapter reviews some areas of research that are related to foreign policy, public opinion, and the media, first suggesting that although the public attitudes on foreign policy seem to be structured and reasonable, there are still some relevant controversies which influence it. Next, it takes a look at the research on public opinion rallies, the use of force, the media, elections, and audience costs. The final part of the chapter discusses practical future directions for research, and concludes that opportunities still exist for development in public opinion and foreign policy research, international relations and American politics literature, and public opinion and foreign policy literature.
The Democratic Paradox
Authors: Shapiro Robert Y. , Jacobs Lawrence R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis chapter identifies the problems associated with the American democracy, particularly those related to the government's political leaders and other elites. It takes a look at the factors which drive the policy goals of the political elites, and notes that most of the new online media and traditional press have focused on strategically manipulating the political elites. The chapter also highlights the possible solutions for the American democracy, such as reform.
Spatial variations of microinvertebrates across different microhabitats of temporary floodplains of lower Okavango Delta, Botswana
Authors: Siziba Nqobizitha , Chimbari Moses J. , Masundire Hillary , Mosepele Ketlhatlogile 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTemporary floodplains of the Okavango Delta have been suggested as important nursery sites for juvenile fish. Fish production in the Delta is dependent on how well temporary floodplains are maintained. A study was conducted to understand how floodplains function so as to put measures in place that will sustain temporary floodplains in a high productive state. During high floods, distinct microhabitats (open water, sedges and inundated terrestrial grasses) develop in which microinvertebrate community structure was assessed across such habitats during the 2009–2010 flooding season. Depth was highest (ANOVA, P < 0.05) in the open‐water microhabitat and lowest within inundated grasses. Conductivity, total phosphorus and chlorophyll a were all highest (ANOVA, P < 0.05) within inundated grasses than in other microhabitats. A total of 46 microinvertebrate taxa were identified, and they were most diverse within the sedges. The abundance of microinvertebrates was highest (ANOVA, P < 0.05) within the inundated grasses and lowest within the open‐water zone. Given that microinvertebrates are an important food source for juvenile fish, their presence in high densities within inundated terrestrial grasses is a key determinant of fish production. This suggests the need for serious consideration of the importance of temporary floodplains when formulating conservation strategies for the Okavango Delta.
Protected area gap analysis of important bird areas in Tanzania
Authors: Sritharan Shakthi , Burgess Neil D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAnalyses of gaps in protected area (PA) coverage of species distributions have been carried out extensively for the past two decades, aiming to better locate new PAs and conserve species. In this study, progress to close gaps in the protection of the Important Bird Areas (IBAs) of Tanzania is assessed between 2002 and 2009, with a detailed GIS analysis from 2007 to 2009. Remaining gaps are ranked according to biological factors such as numbers of red list and restricted range avian species and social pressures such as human population, agriculture and density of the road network. Results show that there has been a 5.3% increase (7615.1 km2) in protection of IBAs between 2007 and 2009. Of the 27 remaining IBA protection gaps, three are of high, nine of medium and fifteen of low priority for action. The current IBA ‘gap area’ of 17,133.3 km2 contains around 26% forest, 13% shrubland, 9% grassland, 36% wetland and 12% agricultural land. This analysis provides a simple template for defining where further action to protect remaining IBA sites in Tanzania would lead to enhanced conservation of avian biodiversity in that country and provides a methodology for analysis leading to conservation action elsewhere in Africa.
The selective adhesion molecule inhibitor Natalizumab decreases multiple myeloma cell growth in the bone marrow microenvironment: therapeutic implications
Authors: Podar Klaus , Zimmerhackl Alexander , Fulciniti Mariateresa , Tonon Giovanni , Hainz Ursula , Tai Yu‐Tzu , Vallet Sonia , Halama Niels , Jäger Dirk , Olson Dian L. , Sattler Martin , Chauhan Dharminder , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryRecent advances regarding the introduction of anti‐adhesion strategies as a novel therapeutic concept in oncology hold great promise. Here we evaluated the therapeutic potential of the new‐in‐class‐molecule selective‐adhesion‐molecule (SAM) inhibitor Natalizumab, a recombinant humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody, which binds integrin‐α4, in multiple myeloma (MM). Natalizumab, but not a control antibody, inhibited adhesion of MM cells to non‐cellular and cellular components of the microenvironment as well as disrupted the binding of already adherent MM cells. Consequently, Natalizumab blocked both the proliferative effect of MM‐bone marrow (BM) stromal cell interaction on tumour cells, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐induced angiogenesis in the BM milieu. Moreover, Natalizumab also blocked VEGF‐ and insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1)‐induced signalling sequelae triggering MM cell migration. In agreement with our in vitro results, Natalizumab inhibited tumour growth, VEGF secretion, and angiogenesis in a human severe combined immunodeficiency murine model of human MM in the human BM microenvironment. Importantly, Natalizumab not only blocked tumour cell adhesion, but also chemosensitized MM cells to bortezomib, in an in vitro therapeutically representative human MM‐stroma cell co‐culture system model. Our data therefore provide the rationale for the clinical evaluation of Natalizumab, preferably in combination with novel agents (e.g. bortezomib) to enhance MM cytotoxicity and improve patient outcome.
Development of a novel set of Gateway‐compatible vectors for live imaging in insect cells
Authors: Maroniche G. A. , Mongelli V. C. , Alfonso V. , Llauger G. , Taboga O. , del Vas M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractInsect genomics is a growing area of research. To exploit fully the genomic data that are being generated, high‐throughput systems for the functional characterization of insect proteins and their interactomes are required. In this work, a Gateway‐compatible vector set for expression of fluorescent fusion proteins in insect cells was developed. The vector set was designed to express a protein of interest fused to any of four different fluorescent proteins [green fluorescent protein (GFP), cyan fluorescent protein (CFP), yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and mCherry] by either the C‐terminal or the N‐terminal ends. Additionally, a collection of organelle‐specific fluorescent markers was assembled for colocalization with fluorescent recombinant proteins of interest. Moreover, the vector set was proven to be suitable for simultaneously detecting up to three proteins by multiple labelling. The use of the vector set was exemplified by defining the subcellular distribution of Mal de Río Cuarto virus (MRCV) outer coat protein P10 and by analysing the in vivo self‐interaction of the MRCV viroplasm matrix protein P9‐1 in Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments. In conclusion, we have developed a valuable tool for high‐throughput studies of protein subcellular localization that will aid in the elucidation of the function of newly described insect and virus proteins.
Reducing surgical nurses’ aseptic practice‐related stress
Authors: Aholaakko Teija‐Kaisa 
Published: September 2011

Aims and objectives.  This paper aims to explore aseptic practice‐related stress in surgery. The objectives are to define stress‐related factors and the means to reduce the stress.Background.  Occupational stress is related to personal characteristics: job satisfaction and physiological and psychological well‐being. The stress symptoms are often classified as part of a negative mood. Nurses have expressed stress when deadening their conscience to external demands with co‐workers or internal working role‐related demands. Surgery nurses expect fair division of work and compliance with rules. The hospital management, technology and the medical profession, instead of the needs of the patient, are recognised as a danger in the development of surgery nurses’ role.Design.  A qualitative stimulated recall interview was performed in the surgery of the university hospital.Methods.  Thirty‐one operations were videotaped, and 31 nurses interviewed during videotape stimulation. The 1306 text pages were transcripted and analysed by a qualitative membership categorisation device analysis.Results.  The analysis revealed aseptic practice‐related stress which constructed a sixteen level category. The membership categorisation identified connections between qualitatively attributed personnel and seven stress factors: working experience; time; equipment; person; patient; working morals and power. Final analysis revealed nurses reducing aseptic practice‐related stress by safe, peaceful, competent and relative means.Conclusions.  The aseptic practice‐related stress varied from positive motivating feelings to exhaustion. The stress was experienced by medical and nursing co‐workers and reduced by means which varied according to expertise and co‐workers.Relevance to clinical practice.  This study showed needs for both the shared multiprofessional documentation of aseptic practice and better adherence to recommendations. Constructive means are useful when solving conflicts and replacing person‐related aseptic practice with evidence‐based. They may support nurses’ professional growth, reduce their stress and increase the surgical patient’s safety.
Distribution patterns of tropical woody species in response to climatic and edaphic gradients
Authors: Toledo Marisol , Peña‐Claros Marielos , Bongers Frans , Alarcón Alfredo , Balcázar Julio , Chuviña José , Leaño Claudio , Licona Juan Carlos , Poorter Lourens 
Published: September 2011

Summary1. The analysis of species distribution patterns along environmental gradients is important for understanding the diversity and ecology of plants and species responses to climate change, but detailed data are surprisingly scarce for the tropics.2. Here, we analyse the distribution of 100 woody species over 220 1‐ha forest plots distributed over an area of c. 160 000 km2, across large environmental gradients in lowland Bolivia and evaluate the relative importance of climate and soils in shaping species distribution addressing four multivariate environmental axes (rainfall amount and distribution, temperature, soil fertility and soil texture).3. Although species abundance was positively related to species frequency (the number of plots in which the species is found), this relationship was rather weak, which challenges the view that most tropical forests are dominated at large scales by a few common species.4. Species responded clearly to environmental gradients, and for most of the species (65%), climatic and soil conditions could explain most of the variation in occurrence (R2 > 0.50), which challenges the idea that most tropical tree species are habitat generalists.5. Climate was a stronger driver of species distribution than soils; 91% of the species were affected by rainfall (distribution), 72% by temperature, 47% by soil fertility and 44% by soil texture. In contrast to our expectation, few species showed a typical unimodal response to the environmental gradients.6. Synthesis. Tropical tree species specialize for different parts of the environmental gradients, and climate is a stronger driver of species distribution than soils. Because climate change scenarios predict increases in annual temperature and a stronger dry season for tropical forests, we may expect potentially large shifts in the distribution of tropical trees.
Neotyphodium endophyte increases Achnatherum inebrians (drunken horse grass) resistance to herbivores and seed predators
Authors: ZHANG X X , LI C J , NAN Z B , MATTHEW C 
Published: September 2011

Zhang XX, Li CJ, Nan ZB & Matthew C (2011). Neotyphodium endophyte increases Achnatherum inebrians (drunken horse grass) resistance to herbivores and seed predators. Weed Research 52, 70–78.SummaryAchnatherum inebrians (drunken horse grass), a grass that is intoxicating to grazing animals and commonly found within native grasslands of China, is host to a symbiotic endophyte, Neotyphodium gansuense. In laboratory tests, N. gansuense infections of A. inebrians increased mortality rates and reduced the survival of an aphid Rhopalosiphum padi and a mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Both species demonstrated a quantitative preference for feeding on endophyte‐free (E−) compared with endophyte‐infected (E+) leaves. In the field, populations of the two species were lower on E+ compared with E− specimens for most of the growing season. Results of tests with a grasshopper species (Oedaleus decorus) gave similar results. A species of seed‐harvesting ant (Messor aciculatus) showed a preference for collecting E− seeds. These results demonstrate that the anti‐herbivore activity of E+ A. inebrians is effective against a wide range of arthropod groups. Thus, the Neotyphodium endophyte may help this grass to improve its invasive ability and, therefore, broaden its range.
Risk factors for severe pediatric food anaphylaxis in Italy
Authors: Calvani Mauro , Cardinale Fabio , Martelli Alberto , Muraro Antonella , Pucci Neri , Savino Francesco , Zappalà Daniela , Panetta Valentina ,   the Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (SIAIP) anaphylaxis’ study group
Published: September 2011

To cite this article: Calvani M, Cardinale F, Martelli A, Muraro A, Pucci N, Savino F, Zappalà D, Panetta V, the Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (SIAIP) anaphylaxis’ study group. Risk factors for severe pediatric food anaphylaxis in Italy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011: 22: 813–819.AbstractBackground:  Little is known about the cause of food‐induced anaphylaxis in children or about the factors that might affect its clinical severity.Objective:  The aim of this study was to investigate the cause of food‐induced anaphylaxis in children in Italy and to identify factors that could influence the appearance of symptoms and the severity of anaphylaxis.Methods:  One hundred and sixty‐three children with anaphylaxis consecutively attending 29 outpatient allergy clinics throughout Italy were enrolled in this prospective study. Information about past anaphylaxis episodes was collected with a standardized questionnaire. Food sensitization was evaluated by skin‐prick test.Results:  A clinical history of asthma increased the risk of wheezing [odds ratio (OR) 2.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–4.5] and respiratory arrest (OR 6.9; 95% CI 1.4–34.2). A clinical history of chronic/relapsing gastrointestinal symptoms increased the risk of vomiting (OR 2.1; 95% CI 0.9–4.3), hypotension (OR 7.9; 95% CI 1.9–32.0), and bradycardia/cardiac arrest (OR 9.2; 95% CI 0.9–91.3). The severity of present and previous episodes was similar only in patients with mild or moderate anaphylaxis. Peanut and egg were the most frequent causes of severe anaphylaxis.Conclusions:  A clinical history of asthma and chronic/relapsing gastrointestinal symptoms (probably linked to food allergy) may predict the development of respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms and the severity of anaphylaxis.
First Report of an Aster Yellows Phytoplasma as the Cause of Rose Balsam Phyllody in China
Authors: Li Zhengnan , Zhang Lei , Liu Ping , Bai Yaobo , Wu Yunfeng 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn July 2010, symptoms suggestive of phytoplasma infection were observed on Rose Balsam (Impatiens balsamina) around Yangling, China. Nested polymerase chain reaction with universal 16S rDNA phytoplasma primers P1/P6 and R16F2n/R16R2 yielded amplicons of expected size (1.2 kb) from all symptomatic, but not asymptomatic, leaf samples. Sequencing results and NCBI BLASTn analysis of the 1246 bp products (R16F2n/R16R2) showed that the phytoplasma belonged to group 16SrI. Restriction fragment length polymorphism and phylogenetic analysis showed the phytoplasma had a close relationship to subgroup 16SrI‐D. This is the first report of a phytoplasma infecting Rose Balsam.