bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Procedure for the Sampling and Testing of Large Soil Cores
Authors: Watson K. K. , Lees S. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe significance of acquiring reliable data on the soil‐water characteristics of field soils is discussed in relation to the input requirements of computer‐based numerical models of the unsaturated flow process. A specification outlining the conditions to be fulfilled in sampling and testing a large soil core is then detailed. Equipment used in extracting a 40‐cm‐diam soil core is described together with relevant laboratory instrumentation.
Rate of Dissolution of Phosphate from Minerals and Soils
Authors: Olsen R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA laboratory technique was devised for conveniently measuring the rate of dissolution of phosphates in minerals and soils. The conditions imposed upon the samples were believed to be similar in several important respects to those in the close proximity of plant roots. An equation was derived which was reasonably descriptive of the dissolution process even in widely different soils. The technique was used to measure the rate of dissolution of a number of well‐characterized rock phosphate samples and of many soils. The data were found to rate the samples very well with regard to their value as a source of phosphate to plants. There was no apparent advantage of measuring rates of dissolution, however, over measuring amounts “available” by means of conventional single extraction techniques. Based upon the technique studied, a simple and apparently reliable extraction technique for routine evaluations of soil as a source of phosphate is described.
Chemical Conversion of Parathion on Soil Surfaces
Authors: Yaron Bruno 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemical conversion of parathion was studied on a range of sterile soils widely different in organic matter content and clay mineralogy. After 130 days' incubation at room temperature, conversion ranged between 3–23% for air‐dried samples and was < 10% for moist ones in all the soils studied. The conversion was found to proceed via hydrolysis of the phosphate ester bond. A conversion mechanism is proposed. The conversion was affected by soil constituents like clay and organic matter—the rate decreasing in the order:—kaolinite > montmorillonite > organic matter, this being inversely related to the adsorption affinity of these materials for parathion. This phenomenon is explained by assuming that surface catalysis of parathion occurs at specific active sites only. For almost all the soils studied, the presence of water apparently blocked the active sites required for parathion decomposition, indicating that the soils' catalytic activity is moisture dependent.
Microbial Degradation of Ametryn in Hawaiian Torrox and Hydrandept Surface Soils
Authors: Goswami Kishore P. , Green Richard E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDegradation of ring‐14C ametryn in autoclaved and inoculated surface soils with added C and N sources was measured for 60 days in a 14C balance study. The study involved periodic analysis for (i) total methanol‐extractable 14C, (ii) 14C‐polar products separated from the methanol extract by liquid‐liquid partitioning with chlorform, (iii) 14CO2 evolution, and (iv) 14C‐nonextractable residue by combustion. The results confirm that unlike the chemical breakdown of chloro‐s‐triazines, ametryn degradation in soil is predominantly a microbiological process which proceeds mainly through the initial N‐dealkylation pathway with some simultaneous formation of hydroxyatrazine. Gas chromatographic analysis showed partitioning of two possible N‐dealkylated products of ametryn metabolism into the aqueous phase of the chloroform/aqueous‐methanol system. Less than 7% of the applied ametryn was lost in autoclaved soils, but ametryn was rapidly degraded in inoculated soils. Ametryn disappearance was much faster in the Hilo soil (Typic Hydrandept) with 8.7% remaining at 60 days than in the Molokai soil (Typic Torrox) with 63.7% remaining. The extremely high surface area and high organic matter content of the Hydrandept surface soil were considered conducive to higher microbial activity in this soil. The major fraction of 14C‐degradation products was recovered in polar compounds with a lesser quantity residing in a nonextractable fraction; less than 0.2% was evolved as 14CO2. Evolution of 14CO2 at a given time was not governed either by the quantity of parent ametryn remaining nor by the concentration of polar products.
Nutrient Dilution—Antagonism Effects in Corn and Snap Beans in Relation to Rate and Source of Applied Potassium
Authors: Terman G. L. , Allen S. E. , Bradford B. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGreenhouse pot experiments were conducted to compare responses of corn (Zea mays L.) and snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to 0 to 1,600 mg of K/pot as KNO3, KCl, and K2SO4 on K‐deficient soils (3 kg of soil/pot). Marked responses were obtained to applied K, which were similar among sources, except for a toxic salt effect of 1,600 mg of K as KCl. Marked reciprocal K‐N, K‐P, K‐Ca, and K‐Mg relationships with yield response to rates of applied K were attributed to both dilution and ion antagonism. The latter was most pronounced at higher K rates giving little or no additional yield response and resulting in decreased Ca, Mg, or P uptake. There was a close relationship between total N and total cation concentrations in corn leaves but not in bean leaves. This difference is attributed to absorption of much of the N as NO3‐N by corn and as biologically fixed NH2‐N by snap beans.
Application of Soil Taxonomy in Tidal Areas of the Southeastern United States
Authors: Coover J. R. , Bartelli Lindo J. , Lynn Warren C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral million hectares of soils of the southeastern United States are subject to inundation by tidal action. The influence of seawater is reflected in the higher proportions of Na and Mg in these soils than in surrounding upland soils or soils in fresh water marshes. Rise in sea level and subsidence of some coastal areas have combined to submerge soils. Diagnostic features such as argillic and spodic horizons were formed prior to submergence. Sulfides have accumulated in some soils. Other soils have features resulting from continuous saturation of sediments deposited in water. Organic materials have accumulated over extensive areas. Additions to Soil Taxonomy are proposed for further testing, including subgroups of Hydraquents and Sulfaquents and halic great groups of Alfisols, Entisols, and Histosols. Field observations indicate a need for refinement of the definition of sulfidic materials. Soil surveys of tidal areas are designed to meet the needs of potential users.
Effect of Added Salts on Nitrogen Release and Nitrate Levels in Forest Soils of the Washington Coastal Area
Authors: Heilman Paul 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe release and mineralization of N was studied in incubated samples of 10 forested soils from the Washington Coast which had been treated with a variety of salts. Salts were added in solution at 0.005, 0.05, and 0.2M concentrations and the samples were incubated at 27C for 7, 14, and 21 days. Release of NH4‐N plus NO3‐N increased with increase in the duration of incubation and concentration. The lowest concentration of salt increased N release over that from distilled water. The order of the effect of salts on release of N was AlCl3 > CaCl2 > KCl > K2SO4 > K2CO3 > K2HPO4.At the lowest concentration, salts had little effect on nitrate levels, but at higher concentrations, nitrification was reduced in all soils by chloride salts. Nitrification was also reduced by K2SO4 but the reduction was evident only at the highest concentration. In contrast, nitrification was increased in the majority of these soils by K2CO3 at the two higher concentrations and by K2HPO4 at the highest concentration. Of the four soils in which nitrification was not increased, three had the highest nitrification capability of all soils studied, as evidenced by the high levels of nitrate produced when incubated with water.Implications of the study concern the influence of fertilizers, lime, and ash from burning on availability of native soil N and formation of nitrate, and the effect in these soils of different N fertilizers on mineralization of soil N and nitrate levels.
Crop Response to Manganese Sources Applied with Ortho‐ and Polyphosphate Fertilizers
Authors: Mortvedt J. J. , Giordano P. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFine MnSO4, MnO, and MnEDTA were applied alone or with various granular and fluid ortho‐ and polyphosphate fertilizers to a Mn‐deficient Maumee 1s in three greenhouse pot experiments. Other nutrients were applied uniformly to the soil at nonlimiting rates. Forage yields and Mn uptake by oats (Avena sativa L.) were increased by all Mn applications. All three Mn sources applied alone were equally effective, but forage yields and Mn uptake were generally higher when these sources were applied with the phosphates. The Mn‐containing fertilizers were more effective with banded than with mixed application. The granular fertilizers in decreasing order of effectiveness as carriers of MnSO4 or MnO were: monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, and ammonium polyphosphate. Fluid polyphosphates generally were less effective than granular fertilizers as carriers of MnSO4 or MnO. This was related to formation of Mn‐phosphate reaction products of differing plant availability. Chelated Mn (MnEDTA) did not react with polyphosphates and was quite effective for plants when applied with all phosphate fertilizers.
Testing the Accuracy of Field Textures
Authors: Foss J. E. , Wright W. R. , Coles R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil texture influences a wide variety of pedological, physical, chemical, and biological processes; thus, this property is a natural criterion to use in a soil classification scheme. Although laboratory analyses provide data on soil textures, most of the determinations occur in the field. Accuracy of field textures is therefore an important part of separating soils on the landscape and predicting their suitability for various uses. The accuracy of 598 field textures from Maryland was 50%; that is, in 50% of the cases, the field‐textural class was in agreement with the USDA textural classification as determined by laboratory results. The highest accuracy was found with the sand, clay, sandy loam, and silt loam classes, with the agreement being 74, 73, 68, and 63%, respectively. When allowing an arbitrary 4% deviation around the textural class, the overall agreement increased to 67%. Errant field textures were generally associated with high contents of coarse fragments, free iron, organic matter, and very fine or coarse sands.
Use of Sorption‐Isotherms for Evaluating Potassium Requirements of Plants
Authors: Singh B. B. , Jones J. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA sorption‐isotherm technique was used to evaluate plant‐available K for potatoes (Solanum tuberosum var. ‘Russet Burbank’), celery (Apium graveolens ‘Utah Pascal No. 15’), tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum var. ‘Owyhee’) and beans (Phaseolus lunatus var. ‘Fordhook’) in a greenhouse study. Sorption equilibrium was reached after 24 hours. Desorption equilibrium was reached after 1 hour. A 95% yield of beans, tomatoes, celery, and potatoes was achieved with 7.2, 7.4, 11.1, and 13.6 µg/ml K in sorption‐equilibrium solution and 2.6, 2.7, 3.5, and 4.7 µg/ml K in desorption‐equilibrium solution, respectively. The energies of exchange, Ek, for these sorption equilibrium solution K levels were −2,500, −2,485, −2,360, and −2,300 calories/M, respectively. Increase in the equilibrium‐K levels beyond the level needed for 95% yield resulted in little or no change in the growth of these crops. The desorption‐equilibrium solution K levels for maximum yields in this study are in close agreement with the solution K levels of nutrient‐culture studies reported earlier. Tissue‐K concentrations for 95% yield were 1.78, 3.30, 3.60, and 4.65% in beans, celery, potatoes, and tomatoes, respectively. Potential use of this technique for determination of K requirement is discussed.
Potassium Release Characteristics of Selected Peruvian Soils
Authors: Oelsligle D. D. , Doll E. C. , Valverde C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo evaluate K release, 16 Peruvian soils were intensively cropped in growth chambers using the Stanford‐DeMent technique, and K was extracted with sodium tetraphenylboron (NaTPB) for varying periods. When 1‐g soil samples were equilibrated with solutions containing NaTPB for 0.25, 1, 10, 100, 1,000, and 2,000 hours, K extracted with NaTPB was linearly correlated with the logarithm of time from 10 to 1,000 hours. Rates of K release varied from −0.03 to 7.43 meq K/100 g soil per week. Large differences in the total amount of K removed in 2,000 hours (1.9 to 66.9 meq K/100 g soil) were related to the presence and apparent degree of crystallinity of illite in the clay fraction of the soils.Amounts of plant‐available K, as determined from cumulative K uptake by five successive 2‐week‐old oat (Avena sativa) crops, varied from 0.35 to 3.24 meq K/100 g soil, and rates of K uptake varied from 0.016 to 0.215 meq K/100 g soil per week. Omitting three soils which released relatively large amounts of K (two at low and one at high levels of exchangeable soil K), the uptake of K by the first oat crop was highly correlated with initial exchangeable soil K.
Mapping Accuracy of a Contemporary Soil Survey in an Urbanizing Area
Authors: Amos D. F. , Whiteside E. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMapping unit homogeneity was determined by the point‐intercept transect method for 12 mapping units representing nearly 60% of the land area in a contemporary soil survey of an urbanizing county in south‐central Michigan. By assigning a contrast value to each inclusion a “weighted contrast value” was established for each unit permitting a comparison of homogeneity among the units. Comparison of Miami drainage‐sequence map units revealed a deficiency in the concept of the moderately well drained member.At the series level “observation‐mapping unit agreement” improved an average of 22% when the mapping units were renamed to more accurately reflect their actual composition. Continuing refinement of taxa together with increased interpretive demand on the cartographic delineation would seem to necessitate quantification of mapping units in subsequent soil surveys.
Soil Changes Resulting from Cropping
Authors: Skidmore E. L. , Carstenson W. A. , Banbury E. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe need to document further the changes in soil properties from various cropping systems and the uniqueness of a long‐time cultivated field adjacent to buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides) pasture prompted us to evaluate soil‐property changes of a Keith silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic, Aridic Argiustolls), characteristic of that pasture and field. In the fall of 1973, we broke the sod of the buffalograss pasture for analysis. Soil samples were obtained from the pasture (newly broken sod) and the adjacent cultivated field. The wet aggregates from the pasture were stabler as compared with the cultivated field for both flash and vacuum wetting. However, the dry aggregates from the cultivated field were slightly stabler than those from the pasture. The average clod densities were 1.7 and 1.3 g cm‐3 from the tilled and pasture soils, respectively. The pasture soil was also much more permeable. The constant infiltration rate (after 6 hours of infiltration) averaged 0.95 and 0.13 cm hr‐1 for pasture and cultivated soils, respectively. Because of the general deterioration of many of the physical properties of its soil, the cultivated field will require special management consideration.
A Technique for Installing Induction Coils in a Profile with Minimum Soil Disturbance
Authors: Spotts J. W. , Brown K. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDetails of a technique are given which can be used to position induction coils in an undisturbed soil profile to study the shrinking and swelling within the soil profile with changing moisture content. The specially designed apparatus consists of a soil cutting blade which can be advanced horizontally from an access hole into the soil at the desired depth. The induction coils are installed in the slots after the holes have been cut. Installations have been made successfully at depths as great as 2 m.
A Device for Isolating Field Soil Columns with Minimum Disturbance
Authors: Brown K. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA device is described which can be used to dig a ditch to isolate soil blocks in the field. The ditch can be as deep as 1.5 m with a width of 2.5 cm thus minimizing the amount of soil disturbance in individual blocks. The necessary equipment can be fabricated in a well equipped shop with a minimum of expense.
Injecting and Sampling Equipment for Studying Mobility of Pesticides in a Soil Profile
Authors: Wilson L. E. , Lavy T. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe injecting equipment described allows one to conveniently and accurately apply a liquid treatment to an exact location and specific soil depth. The sampling equipment facilitates the precise relocation of the point of injection. By sampling at 2.5‐cm vertical intervals, the extent of downward movement can be accurately determined. The equipment was designed to minimize smear and compaction which can occur during sampling of moist soils.
A Model for the Simultaneous Production and Diffusion of Ferrous Iron in Submerged Soils
Authors: Harmsen K. , van Breemen N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe model describes the distribution of dissolved ferrous iron as a function of time and depth in a flooded soil profile consisting of three distinct horizons. In this soil profile, the production of dissolved ferrous iron is high and constant with depth in the surface horizon, low and constant with depth in the subsoil, and varies linearly with depth between these two values in the intermediate horizon. The Fe2+ concentration is found as the difference of the rate of ferrous iron production, integrated over time and a diffusion term consisting of an infinite series of the third and fifth repeated integral of the complementary error function. The parameters considered are (i) three constants specifying the dependence of the ferrous iron formation on time and depth, (ii) the depths of the three horizons, and (iii) the apparent diffusion coefficient. As shown by one example, the general solution can be greatly simplified for many cases of practical interest. The inherent assumptions of the model and its application to actual water‐logged soils are discussed.
Reclamation of Soils Contaminated with Radioactive Strontium
Authors: Lagerwerff J. V. , Kemper W. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEvesboro loamy sand, Sassafras sandy loam, and Fort Collins silt loam were treated with a mixed Ca‐Sr solution to give about 95% saturation with Ca and 5% saturation with Sr. Samples of these soils were placed in acrylic cylinders and leached with 0.06N CaCl2 to remove Sr. The leachings were mechanically controlled at various rates for different periods of time. Extracting the leached soil samples with 1N HCl yielded residual Sr equal to 0.43, 0.47, and 0% of the Sr exchange capacity of the Evesboro, Sassafras, and Fort Collins soils, respectively. There was general agreement between Sr concentrations measured at various depths and those calculated on the basis of the Lapidus‐Amundson equation, especially so with heavier soils. The Evesboro and Fort Collins soils were also tagged with carrier‐free 85Sr and, mounted in columns, leached with 0.06N solutions of either CaCl2 or SrCl2. The removal of 85Sr was more complete from the Evesboro than from the Fort Collins soil, and from the center than from the edge of the columns. Short‐term leaching capability of SrCl2 exceeded that of CaCl2 where 85Sr was present in amounts small enough to be adsorbed mostly on specific soil adsorption sites. Where larger amounts of 85Sr had been adsorbed, Ca was equally effective as Sr in replacing the contaminant.
Distribution and Some Properties of Loess in Southeentral and Southeastern Idaho
Authors: Lewis G. C. , Fosberg M. A. , McDole R. E. , Chugg J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe extensive loess deposits of southcentral and southeastern Idaho have been delineated and mapped. Depth of the loess over much of this area is between 50 to 100 cm thick. The thickest loess deposits are south and east of the Snake River where depths of loess up to 36 m have been measured. Thickest loess deposits are parallel and immediately adjacent to the Snake River. Loess source in the uplands in southeastern Idaho appears to be the Snake River Plain. No pattern of loess sorting was evident on the Snake River Plain; however, there was sorting in the uplands to the southeast of the plain and perpendicular to the Snake River.
Relationship of Geomorphology to Origin and Distribution of a High Charge Vermiculitie Soil Clay
Authors: Lietzke D. A. , Mortland M. M. , Whiteside E. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA large quantity, up to 560 kg/ha, of elemental K fertilizer was required to obtain optimum yields and quality of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in a fertility trial. The fertility trial was on a low well‐drained terrace of the St. Joseph River at Sodus Horticultural Experiment Farm located in Berrien County, Michigan.The surface layer of the soil contained 15% clay with a Ca/Mg cation exchange capacity of 115 meq/100 g. This clay was capable of fixing about 94% of the applied K fertilizer.A study of the glacial geology and more recent geomorphology in the area was done in order to determine the distribution and possible origin of the vermicultic soil clay at the study site.The geomorphic study showed that the oldest land surface had acid leached soils with the surface layer containing considerable chloritized vermiculitic clays but little or no vermiculite. In contrast the younger well‐ and moderately well‐drained river terraces had soils that were higher in pH, and the surface layers contained vermiculitic clay but very little chloritized vermiculite.Analysis of the soils on the river terraces showed a relationship of vermiculitic clay content to soil pH. If the soil pH was > 7.5 or < about 6.3 the vermiculite content of the surface layer dropped sharply.The vermiculite in the river terrace soils is apparently derived from chloritized vermiculitic soil clays that were eroded from the older upland soils. The change in pH of the environment from acid to neutral or mildly alkaline plus abundant organic matter, under suitable conditions, evidently triggers a dechloritization reaction involving an aluminate or organic complexing mechanism.
Thick Bh Horizons in the North Carolina Coastal Plain: II. Physical and Chemical Properties and Rates of Organic Additions from Surface Sources
Authors: Holzhey C. S. , Daniels R. B. , Gamble E. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThick Bh horizons in siliceous sands of the North Carolina Coastal Plain have essentially no extractable iron, and very small quantities of calcium, magnesium, and potassium. Aluminum is the dominant cation and the exchange properties of the Bh horizons are dominated by Al and organic carbon.One to two grams of total Ca, Mg, and Na/m2 per yr are being added to these soils by rainfall and recycling. From 3 to 40 g of carbon/m2 per yr is available to move into the solution below 10 cm. This is enough carbon to develop a Bh horizon 7 m thick in < 30,000 years.The mechanism that immobilizes the carbon to form the Bh horizon is open to question. It is postulated that bases, pH changes, or other aspects of the chemical environment may have immobilized the carbon initially, but these causes have subsequently been removed or changed through leaching. Another alternative, is organo‐mineral bonding such as with silica on quartz surfaces that may be the major factor in the immobilization of carbon.