bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron Microscopy of Cocatalyst Nanostructures on Semiconductor Photocatalysts
Authors: Hondow Nicole S. , Chou Yi‐Hsin , Sader Kasim , Douthwaite Richard E. , Brydson Rik 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA thorough analytical electron microscopy investigation into the oxidized nickel cocatalyst structure on known photocatalytic materials NiTa2O6 and InTaO4 has been conducted. These photocatalyst materials have previously been reported in the literature to have activity in the splitting of water to form H2, and with the addition of a cocatalyst, such as NiO/Ni core shell nanoparticles, activity has been suggested to improve. Although important implications are placed on the effect of this cocatalyst, its structure has not previously been examined in detail. By using high resolution analytical transmission electron microscopy it has been determined that the structure is not as simple as suggested and, although a core shell metal/metal oxide structure is produced, in neither case is a perfect Ni/NiO composition obtained. In particular, in the case of the InTaO4 based material, the nominal NiO/Ni cocatalyst contains indium diffused into the nanoparticles from the photocatalyst support. The general implications of this result for the design of potential photocatalyst systems are discussed.
Predictive power of LDA to discriminate abnormal wine fermentations
Authors: Urtubia Alejandra , Roger Jean‐Michel 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWine fermentation is a critical step of winemaking. Unfavorable conditions can seriously affect the quality of the final product; however, it is difficult to anticipate these abnormal behaviors. In this study, the predictive power of stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA) was evaluated to discriminate the behavior of wine fermentation. Information on different chemical concentrations from 18 industrial wine fermentations of Cabernet Sauvignon was used in this study. The statistical procedure consisted of curve fitting with exponential curve, and Stepwise LDA applied to the parameters of the curve. This methodology was applied to different times between the beginning and the end of fermentation (72, 95, 100, 150, 200 and 400 h). The results revealed that between seven and eight, of the 28 variables studied, minimized the Standard Error of Cross‐Validation (SECV) for the different times. In almost all times studied, correlation coefficient of alcoholic degree, initial concentration of glucose, initial density and correlation coefficient of tartaric acid were the variables more discriminant, and they indicated some differences between a normal and an abnormal fermentation, which need to be corroborated with more information. In this work, before 95 h, it was not possible to minimize the prediction error and find the most discriminant variables. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new third‐order calibration method with application for analysis of four‐way data arrays
Authors: Fu Hai‐Yan , Wu Hai‐Long , Yu Yong‐Jie , Yu Li‐Li , Zhang Shu‐Rong , Nie Jin‐Fang , Li Shu‐Fang , Yu Ru‐Qin 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA novel third‐order calibration algorithm, alternating weighted residue constraint quadrilinear decomposition (AWRCQLD) based on pseudo‐fully stretched matrix forms of quadrilinear model, was developed for the quantitative analysis of four‐way data arrays. The AWRCQLD algorithm is based on the new scheme that introduces four unique constraint parts to improve the quality of four‐way PARAFAC algorithm. The tested results demonstrated that the AWRCQLD algorithm has the advantage of faster convergence rate and being insensitive to the excess component number adopted in the model compared with four‐way PARAFAC. Moreover, simulated data and real experimental data were analyzed to explore the third‐order advantage over the second‐order counterpart. The results showed that third‐order calibration methods possess third‐order advantages which allow more inherent information to be obtained from four‐way data, so it can improve the resolving and quantitative capability in contrast with second‐order calibration especially in high collinear systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First Synthesis of Dodecasubstituted Porphycenes
Authors: Kuzuhara Daiki , Yamada Hiroko , Yano Keiko , Okujima Tetsuo , Mori Shigeki , Uno Hidemitsu 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of dodecasubstituted porphycenes has not been reported, to date. Herein, the preparation of tetramethyloctaethylporphycene by a McMurry‐type coupling of 3,3′,4,4′‐tetraethyl‐5,5′‐diformyl‐2,2′‐bipyrrole was attempted at first, but dodecasubstituted porphycene was not successfully obtained and only pyrrolocyclophene was obtained. The structure of the pyrrolocyclophene was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy, FAB MS, and X‐ray crystal‐structure analysis. The pyrrolocyclophene was not successfully oxidized to porphycene. Then, the McMurry‐type coupling of bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene (BCOD)‐fused 5,5′‐diacyl‐2,2′‐bipyrroles was performed and tetra‐meso‐octa‐β‐substituted (dodecasubstituted) porphycenes were successfully obtained for the first time. The structures were determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystal‐structure analysis. The crystal structures and NMR spectra were compared carefully with octasubstituted porphycenes, and there was a good correlation between the position of the substituents, the N1N2 and N1N4 distances of the porphycene inner nitrogen atoms, and NMR chemical shifts of the inner NH protons, which expressed the strength of NH⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonding between N1 and N2. These results suggested that the BCOD structure was relatively compact compared with common alkyl groups and that was why the dodecasubstituted porphycenes were available this time. UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence properties are also discussed.
Hydroxydialkylamino Cruciforms: Amphoteric Materials with Unique Photophysical Properties
Authors: McGrier Psaras L. , Solntsev Kyril M. , Zucchero Anthony J. , Miranda Oscar R. , Rotello Vincent M. , Tolbert Laren M. , Bunz Uwe H. F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractTwo amphoteric cruciforms 6 and 7 (XF; 4,4′‐[(1E,1′E)‐(2,5‐bis{[4‐(dibutylamino)phenyl]ethynyl}‐1,4‐phenylene)bis(ethene‐2,1‐diyl)]diphenol, 4,4′‐[{2,5‐bis[(E)‐4‐(dibutylamino)styryl]‐1,4‐phenylene}bis(ethyne‐2,1‐diyl)]diphenol) were prepared by a Horner reaction followed by a Sonogashira coupling and subsequent deprotection. The XFs display significant changes in absorption and emission when exposed to trifluoroacetic acid, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, and metal triflates. The substitution pattern of 6 and 7 leads to spatial separation of the frontier molecular orbitals, which allows the HOMO or LUMO of the XF to be addressed independently by acidic or basic agents. XF 6, which has hydroxyl groups on the styryl axis, displays changes in emission color upon exposure to ten amines in eight different solvents. The change in fluorescence upon the addition of amines was analyzed by linear discriminant analysis. These XFs may have potential in sensor applications for metal cations and amines.
Reduction of oxides of nitrogen in vent gases
Authors: Streight H. R. L. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractOxides of nitrogen are present in the effluent gases from nitric acid and nylon intermediates plants and if released in sufficient quantity they could be objectionable owing to their intensive reddish‐brown color and to their corrosive and poisonous nature. A paper study showed that the oxides of nitrogen could be reduced by absorption in an alkaline solution. Based on pilot plant tests, a large fume abatement unit was designed, installed, and operated in a satisfactory manner to reduce the concentration of the oxides of nitrogen. In 1956, the color of the combined effluent gases was practically eliminated when a more economic waste ammonia‐caustic liquor replaced the dilute caustic scrubbing solution and finely dispersed ammonium salts were removed in a Venturi scrubber. The method may be used to eliminate the objectionable brownish‐red color of effluent gases leaving a nitric acid plant.
The leaching of manganese from pyrolusite ore by pyrite
Authors: Thomas G. , Whalley B. J. P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA new method of leaching low‐grade manganese ore (< 5% Mn) utilizing pyrite as a reagent was developed. By heating an aerated slurry of ore and pyrite and by recycling the leach liquor at controlled acidity to attack fresh ore, a manganous sulphate solution free of iron was obtained which when heated to about 175°C., yielded manganous sulphate monohydrate. During the leaching process, iron in the liquor was alternately oxidized by the pyrolusite and reduced by the pyrite. In an alternative leaching procedure, the heating of an aqueous slurry of pyrite in an autoclave first under oxygen pressure and then in the absence of oxygen produced an acidic ferrous sulphate solution suitable for the subsequent leaching of pyrolusite ore at ambient temperatures.
A study of black liquor oxidation in towers packed with asbestos cement plates
Authors: Murray F. E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe process of black‐liquor oxidation is treated theoretically and an equation is derived for design purposes. Capacity coefficients were determined experimentally for two different arrangements of asbestos‐cement packing sheets. Data include those obtained from a study of a full‐scale commercial oxidation unit as well as those from an investigation using a pilot‐scale experimental tower with a modified arrangement of asbestos‐cement packing. Results from the pilot‐scale study indicate that the modified packing yields higher capacity coefficients than the packing in the full‐scale unit although the mass‐transfer coefficients are very similar for both packings using the pilot‐scale tower under rigorously controlled flow conditions, it was found that the capacity coefficients increase with increase in liquor flow rate and are virtually unaffected by changes in air‐flow rate when this is sufficiently high to provide adequate oxygen for the reaction. The significance of the experimental results is discussed in detail.
The mechanics of moving vertical fluidized systems: III. Application to cocurrent countergravity
Authors: Struve D. L. , Lapidus L. , Elgin J. C. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPrevious studies in this laboratory have verified the assumption of a single fundamental relation between void fraction and slip velocity for counter‐current flow and batch fluidization of solid rigid particles in water. The present investigation was undertaken to test the applicability of a generalized theoretical analysis to the case of cocurrent counter‐gravity flow.The cocurrent countergravity flow and batch fluidization of two ideal fluidized systems were studied experimentally in a 1 in. diameter column. The systems were 0.0184 in. diameter glass spheres‐water and 0.00396 in. diameter glass spheres‐water. Holdup, pressure drop, and fluid and particle velocities were measured for the cocurrent counter‐gravity flow experiments. Holdup and fluid velocity were measured for the batch fluidization runs.Calculated slip velocities for cocurrent counter‐gravity flow and batch fluidization gave a single curve when plotted against holdup. It is therefore concluded that the experimental results support the validity of the basic assumption for the cocurrent countergravity flow of liquid‐solid systems.The experimental data for cocurrent countergravity flow are in excellent agreement with the operating diagram (holdup as a function of fluid and particle velocities) for cocurrent countergravity flow determined from the holdup‐slip velocity relationship obtained from the batch fluidization experiments. Stable operation in the cocurrent counter gravity flow region where the fluid velocity is less than the single particle transport velocity is possible provided there is mechanical support for the solids and the solids flow rate is controlled at the bottom of the column. The application of the theory to the prediction of behaviour in compound cocurrent countergravity flow fluidized systems is demonstrated.
Some experiments on orifice sprays
Authors: Ranz William E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNew approaches to studies of spray systems were demonstrated by a series of experiments involving liquid jets spraying in liquids. Attention was focused on those conditions where the stresses causing breakup arose from the inertia of the surroundings and where the induced motion of the surroundings controlled the characteristics of the spray zone in front of the orifice. Experiments and analysis involved principle of balanced stresses, dispersion angle, motion of induced phase, development of spray zone, and drop size.
End effect corrections in heat and mass transfer studies
Authors: Johnson A. I. , Hamielec A. , Ward D. , Golding A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRecently, considerable effort has been made to investigate mechanisms of heat and mass transfer to drops or bubbles passing through a continuous liquid medium. Many of these studies have been hampered by the unavailability of accurate methods for determining end effects.This paper outlines methods of plotting efficiency measurements for the overall transfer process so that both the magnitude of the end effects and the mechanism of the steady fall or rise period may be investigated. The examples are drawn from mass transfer with resistance inside the dispersed phase and from heat transfer with resistance in both phases. For resistance in one phase the methods are straight line extrapolations.Various mechanisms of transfer inside drops have been studied to test the methods of determining end effects.
The manufacture of chemical cellulose from wood
Authors: Wayman M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper discusses progress made and problems associated with the manufacture of chemically pure cellulose from wood. The yield of pure cellulose which can be obtained from any wood species is limited by the chemical composition of the wood starting material. An examination of the chemical composition of various native wood species emphasizes the special potential of the genus Populus. Improved yield and good economy of manufacture of cellulose depends on the development of purification processes which are effective on less thoroughly digested wood. Conditions are developed for the most effective way of carrying out extraction of raw pulp with hot caustic soda. These include very high consistencies and very short times at high temperatures. The best conditions for extraction with strong caustic soda at low temperature are also reviewed. The need for properly designed equipment for both these processes is stressed. The special problem of removal of mannan is discussed. Two objectives are put forth: a more economical cellulose with today's standard of purity and chemically pure cellulose from wood.
Methods of noise control
Authors: Embleton T.F.W. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe best method of noise control is elimination of the noise at its source by modification of the noise producer; in certain cases this may not be possible since the normal functioning of the noisy device would be impaired. Alternatively the source may be enclosed, either completely or partially so as to shield the observer from the source. A third method involves the treatment of surfaces in the room containing the observer and noise source to absorb the noise as it is propagated through the room. Finally the observer, or at least his ears, may be enclosed by a soundproof booth or the wearing of ear defenders.Examples of the successful quietening of pieces of machinery will be discussed, including the couch roll of a paper making machine. A reduction of 15–20 decibels in sound pressure level has been achieved without interference with the paper making qualities of the roll.
Tray drying of fine powders
Authors: Wheat J. A. , Macleod D. A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDrying rates of finely powdered aluminum soaps and diatomaceous silicas were determined in a tray dryer. The weight of solid on the tray was automatically recorded. As expected for fine powders, plots of drying rate against moisture content were concave downward. The data were correlated by equations of the form N = aXG0.625 where N is the drying rate in lb./(hr.) (sq.ft.) and XG is the free moisture content in lb. of water per lb. of dry solid. A straight line was obtained by plotting log a for aluminum stearate against the reciprocal of absolute temperature and a similar relationship was assumed to hold for the other materials which were dried at two temperatures only. Intercepts of the temperature plots seemed to depend upon bulk density or average particle size but no general correlation was possible.
Empirical correlation of azeotrope data: An extension of the meissner‐greenfield correlation
Authors: Madonis J. A. , Johnson A. I. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe Meissner‐Greenfield correlations of azeotrope composition and boiling point have been checked with new data with satisfactory results except in the cases of hydrocarbons—acids and halogen hydrocarbons—acids.A modification of these correlations for azeotrope composition has been extended to other combinations of organic liquids where the deviations from Raoult's law can be predicted from the hydrogen bonding characteristics of the components.A simple empirical linear equation for azeotrope boiling point has been applied to most of the cases included in the above correlation.
A note on thermodynamic consistency of ternary vapor‐liquid equilibrium data
Authors: Li James C. M. , Lu Benjamin C.‐Y. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractGraphical and numerical integration methods are proposed for testing the thermodynamic consistency of ternary vapor‐liquid equilibrium data, in which the integration of the Gibbs‐Duhem equation can be performed under isothermal and isobaric conditions. No data‐fitting procedure is involved in the proposed methods, therefore the uncertainty as to whether the deviations are due to experimental errors or to the inadequacy of the employed equation can be avoided. When one part of the data is less precise than the others, the proposed method may be employed to detect the inconsistent part.
Some thermodynamic properties of the system formic acid‐water
Authors: Plewes A. C. , Pei D. C. , Code R. K. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe integral latent heats of vaporization of formic acid‐water mixtures at 760 mm. Hg. are reported and used to prepare an enthalpy‐concentration chart for the system. The data provided a basis for the estimation of the heats of mixing in the vapor phase, and the results indicate that the exothermic heat of mixing may be attributed to the partial dimerization of monomeric formic acid coupled with the association of water and acid molecules.Vapor‐liquid equilibria data for the system are also reported.
Rate control in the hydrometallurgical preparation of uranium dioxide
Authors: Wiles D. R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRecent studies of the hydrogen‐precipitation of uranium dioxide from alkaline carbonate solutions have been extended. It was revealed that the reduction takes place in two phases. The first of these is the one described by Forward and Halpern. The second stage, much slower than the first, appears to be associated with the complete covering of the catalyst by the solid product. It is shown that while quantitative information is unreliable, a good qualitative description of the second‐stage reaction can be based on the diffusion of reactants through this product layer to the catalyst surface.
Aeration in tower‐type fermenters
Authors: Murphy D. , Clark D. S. , Lentz C. P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe effects of air flow rate, oxygen partial pressure, aeration disk size and porosity, liquid height, and surface‐active agents on aeration were studied in two unstirred towers or column‐type vessels of different diameters using the sodium sulphite oxidation method. The coefficient of oxygen transfer increased with air flow rate up to the “flooding” point. The air flow rate required to cause “flooding” was increased by increasing the area of the aeration disk relative to the cross‐sectional area of the tower. Within limits, aeration was improved by using disks of finer porosity. Under most conditions the coefficient of oxygen transfer was much higher in the small tower. The coefficient of transfer was not affected by liquid height in the tower, but efficiency of absorption increased with height. Aeration was adversely affected by all surface active agents tested.
The effect of pressure on the enthalpy of gases
Authors: Kordbachen Reza , Tien Chi 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA generalized enthalpy‐correction chart based on the law of corresponding states was constructed using the compressibility factor information reported by Nelson and Obert(6, 7). The range of pressures covered the region from Pr = 0.02 to Pr = 40, and the temperature extended from Tr = 0.265 to Tr = 12.5. The results produced from the correlation of this work have been found to agree with those obtained from some of the more sophisticated methods already presented in the literature.
Removal of a mist in a fluidized bed
Authors: Scott D. S. , Guthrie D. A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe removal of droplets from a dioctyl phthalate mist by a fluidized bed of silica gel was studied. The mist used had a narrow range of droplet diameters, which averaged 0.87 microns in size. Silica gel particles were in the range of −150 mesh to +200 mesh.It was found that removal efficiencies were only slightly affected by a 50% change in inlet mist concentration, or by a 300% variation in depth of the fluidized bed. Collection efficiencies varied from about 90% at low superficial gas velocities to 70% at high velocities.It is shown from these results that collection is primarily by particle diffusion. Results can be correlated in terms of equations for mass transfer in fluidized beds. The possible uses of a fluidized bed as a collecting device are discussed.
Nuclear grade uranium tetrafluoride by the moving bed process
Authors: Hueston F. H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAfter two years of research and development in the pilot plant stages, a plant for the production of nuclear grade uranium tetrafluoride by the Moving Bed Process has been designed, built, and successfully operated at Eldorado's Port Hope Refinery. This is the only production facility in the world using the moving bed technique for the production of UF4.An exceptionally high grade uranium tetrafluoride, low in unconverted uranium oxides and uranyl fluoride can be obtained. A large percentage of the production exceeds 99% uranium tetrafluoride. Total metal contamination is less than 150 ppm.
Critical velocity of gas
Authors: Buthod A. P. , Tien Chi 
Published: February 2011

AbstractExpression of critical velocity, based on thermodynamic consideration was obtained and is given by the following equation:magnified imageor the ratio between the critical velocity and that of a corresponding ideal gas is given bymagnified imageNumerical values of X and Y were computed and presented on the generalized plot basis. Together with the value of heat capacity, this method enables the rapid calculation of critical velocity of real gas when the deviation from ideal gas behavior is significant.
Oxidation of ethylene using silver catalyst coated strips in an inert fluidized bed
Authors: Echigoya E. , Osberg G. L. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFluidized bed tests with silver catalysts used in the oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide showed fluidization instabilities due to catalyst agglomeration. One method of avoiding the agglomeration problem, yet utilizing the excellent heat transfer property of a fluidized bed, is by the immersion of fixed catalyst coated strips in an inert fluidized bed. Small scale tests with this method, have shown that excellent temperature control can be achieved without serious adverse effects on catalyst performance. Kinetic data are presented for a limited range of flow conditions, and are correlated by an empirical rate equation of the formmagnified image