bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The significance of protective factors in the assessment of risk
Authors: Rennie Charlotte E. , Dolan Mairead C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackground Few studies have explored protective factors in the assessment of risk, despite acknowledgement that protective factors may play an important role.Aim To examine the significance of protective factors in assessment of risk using the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY).Method The SAVRY was completed on 135 male adolescents in custody in the UK. Data on previous offending and childhood psychopathology were collected. Participants were prospectively followed up at 12 months using data from the Home Office Police National Computer (HOPNC).Results Participants with protective factors were older when first arrested, were less prolific offenders and had fewer psychopathological problems. The number of protective factors present was significantly higher for participants who did not re‐offend during the follow‐up. The total number of SAVRY protective factors significantly predicted desistance at follow‐up and resilient personality traits constituted the only significant individual protective factor.Conclusions and implications Protective factors might buffer the effects of risk factors and a resilient personality may be crucial. Recognition of protective factors should be an essential part of the risk management process and for interventions with high‐risk adolescents to reduce re‐offending. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A classification of risk factors in serious juvenile offenders and the relation between patterns of risk factors and recidivism
Authors: Mulder Eva , Brand Eddy , Bullens Ruud , Van Marle Hjalmar 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackground There has been a lot of research on risk factors for recidivism among juvenile offenders, in general, and on individual risk factors, but less focus on subgroups of serious juvenile offenders and prediction of recidivism within these.Objective To find an optimal classification of risk items and to test the predictive value of the resultant factors with respect to severity of recidivism among serious juvenile offenders.Method Seventy static and dynamic risk factors in 1154 juvenile offenders were registered with the Juvenile Forensic Profile. Recidivism data were collected on 728 of these offenders with a time at risk of at least 2 years. After factor analysis, independent sample t‐tests were used to indicate differences between recidivists and non‐recidivists. Logistic multiple linear regression analyses were used to test the potential predictive value of the factors for violent or serious recidivism.Results A nine‐factor solution best accounted for the data. The factors were: antisocial behaviour during treatment, sexual problems, family problems, axis‐1 psychopathology, offence characteristics, conscience and empathy, intellectual and social capacities, social network, and substance abuse. Regression analysis showed that the factors antisocial behaviour during treatment, family problems and axis‐1 psychopathology were associated with seriousness of recidivism.Conclusions and implications for practice The significance of family problems and antisocial behaviour during treatments suggest that specific attention to these factors may be important in reducing recidivism. The fact that antisocial behaviour during treatment consists mainly of dynamic risk factors is hopeful as these can be influenced by treatment. Consideration of young offenders by subgroup rather than as a homogenous population is likely to yield the best information about risk of serious re‐offending and the management of that risk. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Referrals into services for offenders with intellectual disabilities: Variables predicting community or secure provision
Authors: Carson Derek , Lindsay William R. , O'Brien Gregory , Holland Anthony J. , Taylor John L. , Wheeler Jessica R. , Middleton Claire , Price Karen , Steptoe Lesley , Johnston Susan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackground There is a need for research to promote an understanding among service developers on why people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are referred to offender services in order for them to receive appropriate assessment and treatment. Previous studies investigating referrals into forensic ID services have concentrated on referral sources and administrative variables such as legal status.Aims To construct a predictive model for choice of service referral based on a comprehensive range of information about the clientele.Method We conducted a case record study of 336 people referred to community services and 141 to secure provision. We gathered information on referral source, demographics, diagnosis, index behaviour, prior problem behaviours and history of abuse.Results Comparisons revealed 19 candidate variables which were then entered into multivariate logistic regression. The resulting model retained six variables: community living at time of referral, physical aggression, being charged, referral from tertiary health care, diverse problem behaviour and IQ < 50, which correctly predicted the referral pathway for 85.7% of cases.Conclusions An index act of physical aggression and a history of diversity of problem behaviours as predictors against the likelihood of community service referral suggest that professionals have similar concerns about people with ID as they do about their more average offending peers; however, the more severe levels of ID mitigated in favour of community referral, regardless. Offenders with ID tend to be referred within levels of service rather than between them, for example, form tertiary services into generic community services. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption performance of nickel and cadmium ions onto brewer's yeast
Authors: Cui Longzhe , Wu Guiping , Jeong Tae‐seop 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe brewer's yeast was used as adsorbent for the removal of Ni(II) and Cd(II) metal ions from aqueous solution. The surface of the brewer's yeast had three main functional groups of sulfonate, carboxyl, and amine groups. The pH of solution played an important role on the uptake of metal ions, and optimum adsorption was obtained at pH 6. Acid solution (pH 3) was efficient for the desorption of Ni(II) and Cd(II) ions from loaded brewer's yeast and the desorption efficiency was higher than 90%. The rate of metal ions adsorption onto brewer's yeast was rapid with short contact time. The kinetics of the adsorption process was found to follow the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to fit the experimental data with Langmuir isotherm model having a better fit. The maximum uptakes of Ni(II) and Cd(II) by brewer's yeast were estimated to be 5.34 and 10.17 mg/g, respectively.
Numerical study of separated cross‐flow near a two‐dimensional rough wall with narrow apertures and suction
Authors: Mokamati Satya , Olson James A. , Gooding Robert W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe turbulent flow (Re = 1.5 × 105) near a rough wall with narrow apertures has been numerically analysed to study the effect of the aperture geometry and wall suction on the flow characteristics. The aperture entry geometry is characterized by roughness height and roughness width. The roughness height is varied from 0.3 to 1.2 mm and roughness width is varied from 2.6 to 4.0 mm. The wall suction is characterized by slot velocity which is varied from 0.25 to 5 m/s. The flow characteristics in terms of fluid streamlines, flow resistance, wall pressure, and wall shear have been presented for several cases. The results show that the flow through the apertures is dominated by a separation vortex that covers the aperture. As roughness height increased (or slope of the roughness), the vortex size increased. With increasing wall suction, the vortex size decreased and moved towards the aperture opening. The flow resistance characterized by pressure drop across the aperture is significantly high for very low wall suction and it is increased with increasing roughness slope. At higher wall suction the slot velocity and roughness geometry has less influence on flow resistance. Wall pressure and skin friction coefficients are dependent on the ratio of roughness height to width.
Effects of higher order chemical reaction on micropolar fluid flow on a power law permeable stretched sheet with variable concentration in a porous medium
Authors: Rahman M. M. , Al‐Lawatia M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAn analysis has been carried out to obtain the effects of higher order chemical reaction on flow and mass transfer characteristics of micropolar fluids past a nonlinear permeable stretching sheet immersed in a porous medium with variable concentration of the reactant. The local similarity solutions for the flow, microrotation and mass transfer are obtained numerically and are illustrated graphically for various material parameters. Comparisons carried out with results from previously published work present excellent agreement. The results show that rate of mass transfer from the sheet to the surrounding fluid decreases significantly with the increase of nonlinear stretching parameter and increases with the increase of concentration parameter. The mass transfer of the reactive species strongly depends on the reaction rate parameter as well as order of the chemical reaction. It is stronger for the first‐order reaction than that for the higher order reaction. The rate of surface mass transfer decreases with the increase of the Darcy parameter. The results also show that the effect of these parameters on the micropolar fluids are less compared to the Newtonian fluids.
Electrochemical bleaching of kraft bagasse pulp using a new cell design
Authors: El‐Ashtoukhy El‐Sayed Z. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn situ single‐stage electrochemical bleaching of kraft bagasse pulp was carried out in a cylindrical agitated vessel fitted with four graphite rod anodes and a cylindrical stainless steel screen cathode, using NaCl as an electrolyte. The effect of current density, pH, NaCl concentration, impeller rotational speed, temperature, and pulp consistency on the rate of bleaching was studied. It was found that the rate of bleaching increased with increasing current density, NaCl concentration, and temperature and decreased with increasing pH and pulp consistency. The effect of temperature was found to fit Arrhenius equation with an activation energy of 0.515 kcal/mol, which denotes a diffusion‐controlled mechanism. Energy consumption (EC) calculation showed that EC ranged from 0.225 to 3.11 kWh/kg dry pulp depending on the current density. The strength of bleached pulp was little affected by bleaching lying within an acceptable range.
Soft measurement of pulp suspension flow velocity based on wavelet transform
Authors: Zhou Qiang 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA soft measurement technique is presented, which the pulp suspension flow velocity (PSFV) can be obtained by analysis of pulp fibre consistency signal without using the flow sensor or flow meter. Doppler Effect in pulp fibre consistency signal, which is caused by the relative motion between pulp suspension flowing in pulp pipe and consistency sensor fixed in the pipe, is discovered on the basis of studying the structure of pulp suspension and the properties of pulp fibre consistency signal, and it is proved by wavelet transform (WT) in this paper. WT are used to analyse pulp fibre consistency signal based on Doppler Effect. PSFV can be determined by the average period of WT which is used to analyse pulp fibre consistency signal based on Doppler Effect. The corresponding tests indicate that the measurement technique is feasible with high precision and better dynamic characteristics.
The effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate on mean drop size in a horizontal mixer–settler extractor
Authors: Khakpay Amir , Abolghasemi Hossein , Montazer‐Rahmati Mohammad M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe effects of surfactant concentration, impeller speed, and holdup on mean drop diameter, D32, during emulsification have been studied in a mixer–settler. Two well‐defined regions for the dependence of D32 on surfactant concentration were observed. At low surfactant concentrations, D32 decreased significantly with an increase in surfactant concentration, whereas D32 did not depend on surfactant concentration at high surfactant concentrations. The decreasing rate of change of D32 with impeller speed and the increasing rate of change of D32 with holdup both decreased when a surfactant was added to the system. Moreover, an empirical correlation has been derived to predict D32.
A Bayesian experimental design approach for assessing new product performance: An application to disinfectant formulation
Authors: Omidbakhsh Navid , Duever Thomas A. , Elkamel Ali , Reilly Park M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a Bayesian methodology for computer‐aided experimental design for hydrogen peroxide formulations. Hydrogen peroxide is one of the oldest known active antimicrobial chemicals and is used in many cleaning/disinfecting formulations. It is favourable as an active antimicrobial in that it degrades only to water and oxygen, and does not contaminate the environment. However hydrogen peroxide is difficult to stabilise, and disinfecting products based on it soon lose their antimicrobial activity. Moreover, regulatory agencies such as U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Health Canada require that disinfecting products do not lose more than 5–10% of their active concentration throughout their shelf life. Therefore, it is very important while formulating hydrogen peroxide‐based products to test for their stability. An effective way to improve hydrogen peroxide stability in a solution is to use stabilisers. It is desired to use these chemicals in as low concentrations as possible for environmental and economic considerations. On the other hand, due to tight market competition, the new products need to be formulated as quickly as possible, and therefore there is limited time to ensure product stability.In this paper, prior information has been used in the form of a model, based on historical experiments. A Bayesian D‐optimality criterion is used to design a few additional experiments so that the resulting model can have an acceptable prediction power. It is shown that a design which uses the Bayesian D‐optimality criterion taking advantage of prior information can be more efficient than even a resolution IV fractional factorial design in the sense that using fewer trials gives a model with equivalent prediction capability. This can be critical where experiments are expensive to perform.
Cinetique de la reduction de l'acetate de CoIII dans l'acide acetique
Authors: Jean Lozar , Bernard Lafage 
Published: January 2010

AbstractOn étudie par spectrophotométrie dans le visible (470–820 nm) la cinétique de réduction de l'acétate de ${\rm Co}^{{\rm III}}$ dans l'acide acétique, entre 35°C et 80°C. On met en évidence par la présence d'un point isobestique à λ = 670 nm deux complexes du ${\rm Co}^{{\rm III}}$, ${\rm Co}_\alpha {}^{{\rm III}}$ et ${\rm Co}_\beta {}^{{\rm III}}$. La déconvolution des spectres permet d'accéder aux absorbances des diverses espèces et de proposer le mécanisme suivant:

Les constantes de vitesse et les énergies d'activation des trois étapes élémentaires de la réaction sont obtenues. La détermination des spectres de ${\rm Co}_\alpha {}^{{\rm III}}$ et ${\rm Co}_\beta {}^{{\rm III}}$ permet d'identifier ${\rm Co}_\alpha {}^{{\rm III}}$ avec le complexe ${\rm Co}^{{\rm IIIs}}$ déjà connu.
Equation of state for gaseous nitrogen determined from isotropic model potentials
Authors: Monago K. O. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA four‐term virial equation of state was combined with isotropic potential models to predict accurate volumetric and caloric thermodynamic properties of nitrogen in the gas phase. The parameters of the model potentials were determined from a fit to acoustic data alone; no other data was used. For nitrogen, it was only necessary to approximate the fourth virial coefficient at the level of interactions that contained no more than one triplet potential; higher order approximations offered no further advantage. It was shown that the four‐term virial equation was more accurate than the three‐term analogue. It was found that predicted virial coefficients became consistent with experimental values when temperature was >150 ± 30 K; conversely, below this range virial coefficients predicted by the model did not agree with experiment. It was believed that predicted fourth virial coefficient was reliable and accurate only above about 150 K. Predicted compressibility factors deviated by <0.05% at pressures of up to 10–12 MPa, or densities up to 4 mol/dm3 (≈0.4ρc), only when temperature was >220 K. Values of enthalpy predicted from the equation of state showed good agreement with experimental data.
Hydrogen‐Bond Networks in Water Clusters (H2O)20: An Exhaustive Quantum‐Chemical Analysis
Authors: Tokmachev Andrei M. , Tchougréeff Andrei L. , Dronskowski Richard 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWater aggregates allow for numerous configurations due to different distributions of hydrogen bonds. The total number of possible hydrogen‐bond networks is very large even for medium‐sized systems. We demonstrate that targeted ultra‐fast methods of quantum chemistry make an exhaustive analysis of all configurations possible. The cage of (H2O)20 in the form of the pentagonal dodecahedron is a common motif in water structures. We calculated the spatial and electronic structure of all hydrogen‐bond configurations for three systems: idealized cage (H2O)20 and defect cages with one or two hydrogen bonds broken. More than 3 million configurations studied provide unique data on the structure and properties of water clusters. We performed a thorough analysis of the results with the emphasis on the cooperativity in water systems and the structure‐property relations.
Chemical address tags of fluorescent bioimaging probes
Authors: Shedden Kerby , Rosania Gus R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractChemical address tags can be defined as specific structural features shared by a set of bioimaging probes having a predictable influence on cell‐associated visual signals obtained from these probes. Here, using a large image dataset acquired with a high content screening instrument, machine vision and cheminformatics analysis have been applied to reveal chemical address tags. With a combinatorial library of fluorescent molecules, fluorescence signal intensity, spectral, and spatial features characterizing each one of the probes' visual signals were extracted from images acquired with the three different excitation and emission channels of the imaging instrument. With multivariate regression, the additive contribution from each one of the different building blocks of the bioimaging probes toward each measured, cell‐associated image‐based feature was calculated. In this manner, variations in the chemical features of the molecules were associated with the resulting staining patterns, facilitating quantitative, objective analysis of chemical address tags. Hierarchical clustering and paired image‐cheminformatics analysis revealed key structure–property relationships amongst many building blocks of the fluorescent molecules. The results point to different chemical modifications of the bioimaging probes that can exert similar (or different) effects on the probes' visual signals. Inspection of the clustered structures suggests intramolecular charge migration or partial charge distribution as potential mechanistic determinants of chemical address tag behavior. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Functional and molecular characterization of NOS isoforms in rat neutrophil precursor cells
Authors: Kumar Sachin , Jyoti Anupam , Keshari Ravi Shankar , Singh Manish , Barthwal Manoj Kumar , Dikshit Madhu 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPrevious studies from this laboratory have demonstrated importance of neutrophil‐derived nitric oxide (NO) in free radical generation, characterized nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms, and have reported subcellular distribution of NOS in rat peripheral neutrophils. Maximum number of neutrophils are added per day to the circulation from bone marrow, thus neutrophils might add substantial amount of NO in the bone marrow. NO generating ability and NOS isoforms characteristics in bone marrow neutrophil precursor cells is, however, still unexplored. This study was, therefore, undertaken to investigate NO generation ability and the molecular/biochemical characteristics of NOS isoforms in neutrophil precursor cells. The neutrophil precursors were separated on Percoll density gradient and characterized by Giemsa staining, CD markers, and by their size and granularity at various stages of maturation as Bands 1, 2, and 3. Mature neutrophils were efficient in free radical generation and phagocytosis, whereas immature cells had more mitochondria and myeloperoxidase. Amount of NO augmented from immature to mature neutrophils as assessed by fluorescent probe DAF‐2DA and Griess reagent. Measurement of NOS enzyme activity further confirmed the functional status of NOS in these cells. NOS isoforms were differentially expressed during neutrophil maturation as confirmed by enzyme activity, Western blotting, flowcytometry, and RT‐PCR. Expression of nNOS was predominantly stable in all the stages of neutrophil maturation. iNOS expression was, however, consistently augmented during maturation, whereas eNOS expression was downregulated with neutrophil maturation. Furthermore, all NOS isoforms proteins were distributed in cytosol as well as nucleus as assessed by confocal microscopy. This study for the first time report biochemical and molecular characteristics of NOS isoforms in rat neutrophil precursor cells. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Merits of a more integrated approach to environmental assessments
Authors: Weingarten Elke 
Published: January 2010

AbstractUnder the maxim of ‘better regulation’, the European Commission is aiming to simplify and improve the European regulatory framework in order to reduce bureaucracy and to foster economic growth. Against this background, the integration of requirements presents one option for responding to the challenge of carrying out various environmental assessments stipulated by a number of European environmental directives. Although integrative, cross‐sectional approaches have been established by some European directives, such as the Directive on Environmental Impact Assessment, the member states currently make little use of these options when implementing the directives into national law. Based on a review of European directives as well as related German regulations, this article outlines an approach for an integrative environmental assessment that aims to enhance the integrative effects and reduce duplication resulting from different environmental assessments. The investigation shows that the different assessment procedures as outlined by European and German legislation can be successfully integrated without necessarily lowering the standards set by these regulations. Given that the relevant directives are binding for all member states, the proposed assessment structure can easily be applied to other member states and, where necessary, modified to suit national requirements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.