bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of nicotine on guided bone augmentation in rat calvarium
Authors: Saito Yuka , Sato Shuichi , Oginuma Tsuyoshi , Saito Yuichi , Arai Yoshinori , Ito Koichi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveA limited number of experimental animal studies and in vitro studies have confirmed that nicotine impairs bone healing, diminishes osteoblast function, causes autogenous bone graft morbidity, and decreases graft biomechanical properties. The aim of this study was the histomrphometric assessment of the effect of nicotine on guided bone augmentation in a rat model.Material and methodsTwenty‐four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a nicotine group and a control group. All animals received either nicotine (3 mg/kg) or saline 4 weeks before the surgical procedure and continued to receive nicotine or saline from surgery until death at 12 weeks. Two plastic caps were placed in the exposed calvaria of rats. Images of bone augmentation within the plastic caps were then taken using microfocus computed tomography (micro‐CT). Histological sections were cut along the same plane as that used for micro‐CT images.ResultsBone augmentation beyond the skeletal envelope occurred in both the nicotine and control groups. However, the nicotine group showed significantly smaller increases in bone volume and bone height than the controls.ConclusionNicotine jeopardized, but did not prevent, the process of guided bone augmentation in a rat model.
Towards a functional basis for predicting vegetation patterns; incorporating plant traits in habitat distribution models
Authors: Douma Jacob C. , Witte Jan‐Philip M. , Aerts Rien , Bartholomeus Ruud P. , Ordoñez Jenny C. , Venterink Harry Olde , Wassen Martin J. , van Bodegom Peter M. 
Published: January 2012

Reliably predicting vegetation distribution requires habitat distribution models (HDMs) that are ecologically sound. Current correlative HDMs are increasingly criticized because they lack sufficient functional basis. To include functional information into these models, we integrated two concepts from community ecology into a new type of HDM. We incorporated: 1) species selection by their traits in which only those species that pass the environmental filter can be part of the community (assembly theory); 2) that the occurrence probability of a community is determined by the extent to which the community mean traits fit the required traits as set by the environment. In this paper, our trait‐based HDM is presented and its predictive capacity explored.Our approach consists of two steps. In step 1, four plant traits (stem‐specific density and indicator values for nutrients, moisture and acidity) are predicted from four dominant environmental drivers (disturbance, nutrient supply, moisture supply and acidity) using regression. In step 2, these traits are used to predict the occurrence probability of 13 vegetation types, covering the majority of vegetation types across the Netherlands. The model was validated by comparison to the observed vegetation type for 263 plots in the Netherlands. Model performance was within the range of conventional HDMs and decreased with increasing uncertainty in the environment‐trait relationships and with an increasing number of vegetation types.This study shows that including functionality into HDMs is not necessarily at the cost of model performance, while it has several conceptual advantages among including an increased insight in the functional characteristics of the vegetation and sources of unpredictability in community assembly. As such it is a promising first step towards more functional HDMs. Further development of a trait‐based HDM hinges on replacing indicator values by truly functional traits and the translation of these relationships into mechanistic relationships.
HIV in pregnancy: an international perspective
Authors: Byrne Laura , Fakoya Ade , Harding Kate 
Published: January 2012

Key content:
The HIV epidemic continues to be a major challenge to global health.
Mother to child transmission accounts for 90% of HIV infections in childhood.
Transmission of HIV from mother to child is largely preventable.
The implementation of interventions to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV has been successful in the developed world.
Prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV in the developing world is limited by resources, lack of infrastructure and stigma.
Objectives:
To outline the interventions that have been shown to reduce mother to child transmission of HIV in both the developed and developing worlds.
To discuss the challenges in the prevention of mother to child transmission faced by the international community.
Ethical issues:
Should we take cost into account when writing guidelines for preventing mother to child transmission of HIV in resource‐poor settings?
Retracted: Magnetic resonance imaging of uterine abnormalities
Authors: Moyle Penelope , Mannelli Lorenzo , Shafi Mahmood , Sala Evis 
Published: January 2012

Key content
Congenital uterine abnormalities are a diverse and complex group of conditions which can cause anxiety and psychological distress because of infertility or issues with sexual identity.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most accurate technique for the study of the anatomy of the female pelvis and the method of choice for evaluation of congenital uterine anomalies.
MRI allows detailed anatomical mapping which is paramount in understanding patient management and for the planning of any surgical procedure aimed at re‐establishing normal anatomy and/or fertility in these challenging cases.
Learning objectives
To learn about the optimal MRI techniques for assessing congenital uterine anomalies.
To recognise the specific MRI characteristics of a wide range of congenital uterine anomalies, including müllerian duct abnormalities, vaginal septa, hermaphroditism and complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.
Ethical issues
Should surgery be performed on infants with ambiguous genitalia?
What are people's attitudes generally about intersexuality?
Can non‐disclosure to a patient of their intersex condition be justified?
Vitrification of oocytes
Authors: Wood Maureen J 
Published: January 2012

Key content
Vitrified oocytes can retain a capacity for fertilisation and development which is similar to that of non‐cryopreserved sibling oocytes.
More than 450 births have resulted from assisted conception with vitrified oocytes.
Controlled studies are required before the efficiency of vitrification can be fully assessed.
Aspects of methodology and safety still need to be resolved before vitrification is accepted unreservedly as part of conventional assisted conception.
Learning objectives
To understand what is meant by vitrification and how it is achieved in practice.
To learn about the advantages and drawbacks of oocyte vitrification.
To have an overview of the success of assisted conception with vitrified oocytes.
To appreciate where questions remain to be answered about the methodology, safety and clinical outcome of vitrification.
Ethical issues
Should assisted conception be offered with donor oocytes that have not undergone full quarantine similar to that required for donated sperm and embryos?
PEEKING INSIDE THE BLACK BOX: TOWARD AN UNDERSTANDING OF SUPPLY CHAIN COLLABORATION DYNAMICS
Authors: FAWCETT STANLEY E. , FAWCETT AMYDEE M. , WATSON BRADLEE J. , MAGNAN GREGORY M. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTSupply chain collaboration is a vital dynamic capability — one that can deliver differential performance. Yet, few managers comprehend the nuanced complexities involved in assessing heterogeneously dispersed resources and bringing complimentary competencies together up and down the supply chain. As a result, gains from collaborative initiatives are often disappointing. Several literature streams including systems design, competency development (e.g., resource‐based view and relational view), and change management predict these outcomes. Building on insights from the literature, we sought to enrich theory of collaboration via inductive, interview‐driven research. Specifically, we conducted approximately 50 structured interviews at each of two points in time. Rigorous analysis of the interview firms' experience with collaborative initiatives provided insight into the motivations, resistors, enablers, and outcomes of collaboration. These insights form the foundation for a theoretical model to explain collaboration successes and failures as well as to provide prescriptions for using collaboration to achieve differential firm and supply chain performance.
Deviant Identity in Online Contexts: New Directives in the Study of a Classic Concept
Authors: Maratea R. J. , Kavanaugh Philip R. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis article provides an overview of emerging research into the concept of deviant identity by highlighting major new directions in cyber‐deviance scholarship. We suggest that the examination of deviance in online settings offers unique new insights into the processes of identity construction and reinforcement, role play, and the social organization of deviant communities. We conclude by considering developments that may advance the literature on deviant identity in real world spaces, as well as expand the conceptual utility of deviance for other subareas of sociology.
A ‘New’ Social Movement: US Labor and the Trends of Social Movement Unionism
Authors: Walsh Jane Schuchert 
Published: January 2012

Abstract“Social movement unionism” (SMU) is frequently understood as the antithesis to business unionism. While business unionism, often characterized as bureaucratic and hierarchical, dominated most of the second half of the 20th century, “SMU” showed resurgence in the 1990s. Some scholars argue that SMU should reach beyond the workplace and incorporate the community. Others seem to be proposing a strategy and understand SMU as tactically innovative and mobilizing in alliance with traditional social movements, such as the women’s, environmental, or immigrant rights movement. Some offer propositions about the social processes of a labor union and that SMU must be internally democratic. Finally, some advocate an internationalist component such as a link to global‐justice campaigns. In this article, I propose that SMU consists of an array of trends and is inclusive of these varied descriptions, strategies or processes. These trends include (1) rank‐and‐file mobilization, (2) leadership, (3) community‐based organizing, (4) worker centers, (5) corporate campaigns, and (6) transnational components. I draw on social movement and labor literatures to seek a broader understanding of this labor organizing form.
Global Mobility and Penal Order: Criminalizing Migration, A View from Europe
Authors: Barker Vanessa 
Published: January 2012

AbstractGlobalization has increased the flow of people across Europe, bringing economic expansion and ethnic diversity. Open political borders have enhanced European integration and interdependence, creating a cosmopolitan European Union full of transnational citizens. Alongside this increased mobility, state coercion has been quietly on the rise. Since 1990, nearly every European democracy has increased incarceration, locking up common criminals and those perceived to be outsiders. Foreign nationals are overrepresented in nearly every European prison, making up over 50 percent of the prison population in Greece, 35 percent in Spain and Italy, for example, or 28 percent in Sweden. At the same time, the intensification of border control – the regulation of both territory and group membership – has subjected a growing number of people to detention and expulsion, as immigration itself has become, in part, criminalized. The controversial expulsion of the Roma, EU citizens, from France in the summer of 2010 and the large scale detention of North African migrants in Lampedusa, Italy during the Arab Spring of 2011, among other events, graphically illustrate the rise of state coercion, directed particularly against those perceived to be foreigners and mobile. This article analyzes the current state of the literature that brings us closer to understanding how and why European democracies resort to the criminal law and penal sanctioning to resolve broader conflicts over globalization, national identity, and economic restructuring by excluding others and by desperately trying to control and contain mobility.
Evaluation of a posterior vitreous detachment: a comparison of biomicroscopy, B‐scan ultrasonography and optical coherence tomography to surgical findings with chromodissection
Authors: Kičová Nadia , Bertelmann Thomas , Irle Sebastian , Sekundo Walter , Mennel Stefan 
Published: January 2012

Abstract.Purpose:  To find the most reliable and efficient noninvasive technique to clinically detect a posterior vitreous detachment.Methods:  In a prospective study of 30 eyes in 30 patients with macular pucker or macular hole formation, the posterior vitreous cortex was examined 1 day prior to a scheduled vitrectomy. Three independent investigators classified the posterior vitreous cortex of each eye as ‘attached’ or ‘detached’ via slit‐lamp biomicroscopy (BM), 10‐MHz B‐scan ultrasonography (I³ Innovative Imaging Inc.), and optical coherence tomography [OCT III Stratus® (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc.) and RTVue‐100 OCT (Optovue Corp.)]. These preoperative findings were then compared during a triamcinolone acetonide‐assisted vitrectomy 1 day later.Results:  Triamcinolone acetonide‐assisted vitrectomy showed in 60% a posterior vitreous detachment and in 40% an attached posterior vitreous cortex. Preoperatively conducted B‐scan ultrasonography and BM revealed the highest, correct evaluation of the posterior vitreous status. The prediction of the OCT was confirmed intraoperatively in 12.5%. In all other cases, the evaluation by OCT was not possible or was inadequate.Conclusion:  The prognostic most reliable but investigator‐dependent methods to clinically detect whether the posterior vitreous cortex is detached are B‐scan ultrasonography and BM. The objective technique of the high‐resolution, two‐dimensional time‐domain OCT allows only in a few cases a clear differentiation of preretinal structures.
The Case for Decoupled Armed Interventions
Authors: Etzioni Amitai 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis article suggests that if the humanitarian goals of armed interventions are decoupled from coerced regime change and nation building, they can be carried out effectively and at rather low costs. In addition, the standard for justifying a humanitarian intervention must be set at a high level (to be specified below). We shall see that this high level is justified by strong normative reasons and not merely prudential ones. The thesis for narrowly crafted armed humanitarian interventions is supported in the following pages by showing that a mixture of idealism and hubris drives the West to assume that it can achieve much more, and that its repeated failure to accomplish these expansive goals is leading to calls to avoid armed humanitarian interventions—including those missions whose normative standing is strong and which can be carried out effectively. The observation that nations can employ non lethal (normative and economic) means to promote human rights and democracy further supports the thesis that the use of force should be reserved to large scale saving of life and not to be allowed to morph into coerced regime change, not to mention futile attempts at nation building.
Retroperitoneal approach for laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with stripping technique: Extracorporeal ligation of ureter and ureteral catheter
Authors: Nakamura K. , Nagata D. , Kajikawa K , Kobayashi I , Zennami K , Nishikawa G , Yoshizawa T , Tobiume M , Aoki S , Yamada Y , Sumitomo M 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIntroductionThe pluck and stripping techniques are used for lower ureter management in renal pelvic cancer patients. Herein, we report our experience of extracorporeal ligation of the ureter and the ureteral catheter through the trocar port, which differs from conventional laparoscopic ligation in the retroperitoneal space. This technique was selected to reduce the time needed for ureter management using the stripping technique and to provide secure ligation.Materials and Surgical TechniqueWe performed this stripping technique in patients with T1 and T2 stage renal pelvic cancer without imaging‐evident lymph node metastasis. After transurethrally placing a ureteral catheter, we resected the circumference of the ureteral orifice. After laparoscopic nephrectomy via a retroperitoneal approach, the ureteral catheter and distal ureter were ligated extracorporeally. The catheter was pulled to invaginate the ureter so it could then be pulled through the external urethral orifice.DiscussionThis technique of extracorporeal ligation ensures more a secure ligation of the ureter and ureteral catheter. This modified stripping technique does not require lower ureter management with laparotomy, and it is also useful in shortening the operative time. This method is effective for relatively early stage renal pelvic cancer.
Inhibition by chlorpromazine of the effects of dopamine on the dog kidney
Authors: Brotzu Giovanni 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Dopamine-induced vasodilatation in the renal artery of the dog is reversed by chlorpromazine while the vasodilatation produced by isoprenaline is not. Pronethalol has the entirely opposite actions on this preparation. The infusion of dopamine into the renal artery enhances the kidney output of water, sodium, potassium and urea. These effects are also reversed by chlorpromazine.
The effects of some tetracyclines on synchronously growing cultures of Escherichia coli B/r
Authors: Collett John H , Collett Catherine , Martin Alfred N , Cammarata Arthur 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Samples of synchronously growing cultures of Escherichia coli B/r removed at predetermined time intervals after synchronization were added to solutions containing bactericidal concentrations of tetra-cycline. Three active antibacterials, 7-nitro-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline, 9-amino-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline and 6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline, and one inactive compound, 7-chloroisotetra-cycline, were studied. Survival curves for the active agents, determined using samples of culture differing in age, were of constant slope for a given tetracycline. It is concluded that interruption of protein synthesis is the primary mode of action at bactericidal concentrations of tetracyclines, the same process as has been established for the action of the tetracyclines at the lower bacteriostatic concentrations.
The preparation and intravenous anaesthetic activity of tetrahydrofuran-3-ols
Authors: Bamford D G , Biggs D F , Cuthbert M F , Grant H N , Lee G E , Pulsford D W , Wragg W R 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
A number of tetrahydrofuran-3-ols have been prepared and examined for intravenous anaesthetic activity. The compounds studied had low intrinsic anaesthetic activity and there was an inverse relation between anaesthetic activity or toxicity and solubility in water. It was considered unlikely that compounds comparable in activity to thiopentone or methohexitone would be found in this series.
Biochemical Characterization and Differential Expression of a 16.5-Kilodalton Tegument-Associated Antigen from the Liver Fluke Fasciola hepatica
Authors: Gaudier José F. , Cabán-Hernández Kimberly , Osuna Antonio , Espino Ana M. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTA cDNA encoding a 16.5-kDa protein termed FhTP16.5 was identified by immunoscreening of a cDNA library fromFasciola hepaticaadult flukes using pooled sera from rabbits infected withF. hepaticafor 4 weeks. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qPCR) analysis revealed that FhTP16.5 is not expressed in unembryonated eggs. It is poorly expressed in miracidia and highly expressed at the juvenile and adult stages; however, significant differences were found between the expression levels of FhTP16.5 in juveniles versus adult flukes. Recombinant FhTP16.5 was expressed at high levels inEscherichia coli, purified by affinity chromatography, and used to raise anti-FhTP16.5 polyclonal antibodies in rabbits. Immunoblot analysis using the anti-FhTP16.5 IgG antibody identified FhTP16.5 in crude and tegumental extracts and in excretory-secretory products ofF. hepatica. The protein was not detected in crude extracts ofSchistosoma mansoniorSchistosomajaponicum. Antibodies to FhTP16.5 were detected in the sera of rabbits at 3 to 12 weeks ofF. hepaticainfection as well as in the sera of humans with chronic fascioliasis; these findings suggest that FhTP16.5 could be a good antigen for serodiagnosis of fascioliasis. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that FhTP16.5 localizes to the surface of the tegument of various developmental stages and in parenchymal tissues of the adult fluke. Such specific localization makes FhTP16.5 an attractive target for immunoprophylaxis or chemotherapy.
Evaluation of a High-Throughput Diagnostic System for Detection of HIV-1 in Dried Blood Spot Samples from Infants in Mozambique
Authors: Jani Ilesh V. , Sabatier Jennifer , Vubil Adolfo , Subbarao Shambavi , Bila Dulce , de Sousa Amina , Mabunda Nédio , Garcia Albert , Skaggs Beth , Ellenberger Dennis , Ramos Artur 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
We performed a comparative analysis between Roche Amplicor HIV-1 DNA test and CAPTAQ assay for the detection of HIV in 830 dried blood spot (DBS) pediatric samples collected in Mozambique. Our results demonstrated no statistical difference between these assays. The CAPTAQ assay approached nearly 100% repeatability/accuracy. The increased throughput of testing with minimal operator interference in performing the CAPTAQ assay clearly demonstrated that this method is an improvement over the Roche Amplicor HIV-1 DNA test, version 1.5.
Development of a Human Herpesvirus 6 Species-Specific Immunoblotting Assay
Authors: Higashimoto Yuki , Ohta Akane , Nishiyama Yukihiro , Ihira Masaru , Sugata Ken , Asano Yoshizo , Peterson Daniel L. , Ablashi Dharam V. , Lusso Paolo , Yoshikawa Tetsushi 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
In order to assess the full spectrum of human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A)- and HHV-6B-associated diseases, we sought to develop an HHV-6 species-specific serological assay based on immunoblot analysis. The immunodominant proteins encoded by open reading frame U11, p100 for HHV-6A (strain U1102) and 101K for HHV-6B (strain Z29), were selected to generate virus species-specific antigens. Recombinant p100 and 101K were produced in a prokaryotic expression system. The expression of these proteins was confirmed by using anti-His tag and 101K-specific monoclonal antibodies. HHV-6 species-specific antibodies were detected by immunoblotting in patient sera. Eighty-seven serum samples obtained from various subjects were utilized to determine the reliability of the method for clinical use. Ten of twelve exanthem subitum convalescent-phase sera reacted exclusively with 101K, whereas none of twelve acute-phase sera reacted with either protein. Two of three sera collected from HHV-6A-infected patients reacted with p100 and 101K. Although all five acute and convalescent-phase sera obtained from transplant recipients reacted exclusively with 101K, two of six convalescent-phase sera obtained from patients with drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome reacted with both p100 and 101K. Of 38 sera obtained from healthy adults, 31 were positive for 101K antibody, while 4 reacted with both proteins. However, PCR analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and saliva from these subjects did not detect HHV-6A DNA. In conclusion, this novel serological assay based on immunoblot analysis using recombinant HHV-6A p100 and HHV-6B 101K allowed us to discriminate between HHV-6A- and HHV-6B-specific antibodies.