bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
127 Utilizing predictive models for bone mineral content and bone mineral density as a tool to assess dietary phosphorous
Authors: Taylor William E , Crome Thomas A , McKibben Grace C , Ross Jason W , Lonergan Steven M , Steibel Juan P , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Dietary phosphorous is a necessary nutrient for bone development in pigs at all stages of its growing. Deficiencies in phosphorous decrease bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) and may be a causative of lameness. However, the normal range expected in whole body (WB) and individual bones for BMC and BMD in commercial pigs has been poorly defined. Therefore, our objectives were to 1) model normal WB bone density at multiple timepoints in wean to finish pigs, and 2) determine the extent to which individual bone (femur and 3rd metatarsal) BMC and BMD could predict WB BMC and BMD. Mixed sex pigs [Camborough (1050) x 337, PIC] were utilized and included freshly weaned ~21 d (n = 8), ~44 d of age (n = 24), ~84 d of age (n = 24) and ~154 d of age (n = 24). Pigs were individually penned. Excluding weaning age, at each age group pigs were randomly assigned to diets adequate, marginally deficient, or deficient in available phosphorus (avP) and fed for 3, 4, and 6 wk (age group 44, 84, 154, respectively). Within each age group, diets were formulated to meet nutrient and energy requirements except for avP and pigs fed ad libitum. On-test and off-test body weight (BW) and feed intake and gain to feed ratio were assessed for each age group. At the end of each feeding period, all pigs were euthanized and WB, femur (F) and 3rd metatarsal (M) BMC and BMD determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Data were analyzed using linear and generalized additive models that predicted response variables (BMC or BMD) as a function of BW or age. Only pigs fed adequate avP diets were used in the model fit. Pigs fed adequate avP diets increased BMD with age (0.22, 0.42, 0.84 and 1.10 g/cm2, days of age 21, 44, 84 and 154 respectively, P &lt; 0.001). Within day of age 84, marginally and deficient avP diets reduced BMC and BMD by 21 to 41% (P = 0.002) and 12 to 25% (P = 0.006), respectively. Within day of age 154, marginally and deficient avP diets reduced BMC and BMD by 9% (P = 0.05) and 6 to 8% (P = 0.06), respectively. Body weight record and individual bone (F and M) BMC and BMD from pigs fed deficient avP diets were used to predict WB BMC and BMD and the mean square error of prediction was selected as a criterion to evaluate the ability of the models to detect these inadequately fed pigs. Using the selected models, pigs fed nutritionally deficient diets were detected due to 2- to 7-fold increase in MSE of predicted WBMD or WBMC compared with pigs fed adequate diets. These models can be used to assess bone development and strength in growing pigs and to infer the adequacy of avP level supplied in their diets.
126 A nutritional solution based on calcidiol (25-OH-D3, HyD) and triterpenoid affects muscle protein synthesis pathways in grower-finisher pigs
Authors: Payling Laura , Romero Luis F , McCormack Ursula M M , Walsh Maria C , Roger Laurent , Calvo Estefania Perez 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
To boost profitability in pig production, it is important to achieve increased lean growth rates and maximize efficiency, especially in grower-finisher pigs where feed intakes are high. Molecular research, especially the study of gene expression, is a proven tool for understanding the precise mechanisms behind muscle tissue growth, including a recent focus on pathways such as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In the current work, gene expression analyses were used to study the mode of action of the combination of calcidiol (25-OH-D3, HyD) and triterpenoid, which has shown significant growth and efficiency improvements in grower-finisher pigs (McCormack et al., 2024). Three experimental diets were evaluated for 7 wk; Positive control: 0.7% total Ca, 0.36% total P, vit D3 at 1500IU/kg feed (PC), negative control: PC diet + 30% reduced Ca and 10% reduced P (NC), and NC diet with 1,500IU D3 in calcidiol form (25-OH-D3, HyD) and triterpenoid (NC+). At 19 wk of age, 16 animals per treatment were sacrificed and tissue samples were taken from the longissimus muscle and preserved in RNA later solution. The RNA was extracted, quality control checked, and mRNA sequenced using the Illumina platform with 150 base pair paired-end sequencing and 30M read depth. The sequenced data were aligned to the Sus scrofa reference genome (Sscrofa11.1) using Kallisto. Data were normalized and analyzed for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between treatments using DeSeq2. Genes were assigned to biological pathways using Biofractal’s customisation of the Reactome pathway database. For statistical analysis, RNA integrity number and treatment were included in the model. In the PC compared with the NC, there were 71 DEGs using a false discovery rate (FDR) of &lt; 0.10. Altered pathways included the inhibition of cellular stress pathways and increased cell turnover in the muscle of PC compared with NC pigs. In the NC+ compared with the NC, there were 155 DEGs (FDR &lt; 0.10). The most significantly upregulated gene in the NC+ treatment was adenylate cyclase (FDR &lt; 0.001), an upstream regulator of several pathways related to energy metabolism and muscle protein synthesis. This mechanism was confirmed in the pathway analysis, which found that the NC+ treatment activated PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB, a pathway that inhibits muscle atrophy. Furthermore, the NC+ treatment activated several pathways related to muscle growth, including the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). In this study the addition of calcidiol (25-OH-D3, HyD) and triterpenoid to the diet was found to specifically affect molecular pathways in the muscle of grower-finisher pigs involved in both the inhibition of muscle breakdown as well as activating muscle growth.
131 DNA methylation profile in bovine fetal liver is affected by maternal vitamin and mineral supplementation during early gestation
Authors: Anas Muhammad , Ward Alison K , McCarthy Kacie L , Borowicz Pawel P P , Reynold Lawrence P P , Caton Joel S , Dahlen Carl R , Diniz Wellison J j S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Early gestation is the critical period for successful pregnancy establishment. During this period, maternal nutrition affects fetal development with potentially long-lasting consequences on offspring performance. Despite the known effects of vitamins and minerals on embryonic development, supplementation is still not a widely adopted practice. Here we focused on the effects of maternal vitamin and mineral supplementation from pre-breeding to d 83 of gestation. We hypothesized that the DNA methylation pattern of genes involved with fetal hepatic metabolism and function would be altered in response to vitamin and mineral supplementation during early gestation. Sixteen Angus crossbred heifers (~16 mo of age) were randomly assigned to either a treatment (vitamin and mineral supplementation, VTM, n = 8) or control (corn-based carrier without supplementation, NoVTM, n = 8) group. Supplemented heifers received 0.45 kg •heifer-1•d-1 of to provide 113 g of vitamin-mineral premix (Purina Wind & Rain Storm All-Season 7.5 Complete, Land O’Lakes, Inc., Arden Hills, MN) from d 71 to 148 before breeding to d 83 of gestation. All heifers received 100% of NRC recommended nutritional requirements targeting 0.28 kg •heifer-1•d-1 of gain. The heifers were bred through artificial insemination following a 7-d Co-Synch + CIDR estrus synchronization protocol. All pregnant heifers were surgically ovariohysterectomized on d 83, and liver samples were collected from the fetuses. DNA methylation profiles from 16 fetuses (8 per treatment) were determined using Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS). The analysis was conducted using methylKit pipeline where data was normalized using principal components. We identified 794 differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) for the control (NoVTM) vs VTM comparison. Most of the DMCs were found in introns followed by intergenic, promoter, and exonic regions. Among these DMCs, 60% (479) were hypermethylated and 40% (315) were hypomethylated, potentially regulating 739 nearby genes (FDR &lt; 0.1). Biological processes over-represented by these genes included transport of ions through voltage gated channels (KCNK13, KCNT1, CACNA1B, KCNK9, LRRC55, KCNAB2, CACNA1S, KCNJ2, CACNG5, CLIC5, TPCN2, KCNQ1), which may be associated to pregnancy establishment by inducing pregnancy-associated relaxation and uterine artery dilatation. Some genes associated with structural development were also regulated by VTM supplementation (i.e., TIAM1, COL18A1, DYSF, BMP10, RXRA, EHMT1, COL4A2, PLEC, ZFAT, MTMR2, NAV1, ANHX, ACACB, and LIMK2). Collectively, these results suggest that periconceptual maternal vitamin and mineral supplementation affects the methylation pattern and potentially regulates the expression of genes involved in fetal liver development and ion transport.
129 Evaluating effects of myostatin loss-of-function mutation on piglets for potential causes of early mortality
Authors: Burris Elli S , Dilger Anna 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Pigs with an engineered myostatin loss-of-function mutation in exon 3 (-1T) experience perinatal mortality of unknown cause. From 36 litters resulting from matings of sows and boars both heterozygous for the mutation, 240 total piglets were born but only 14% (5/35) of piglets with myostatin loss-of-function mutation survived or were viable beyond postnatal d 3. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effects of this myostatin loss-of-function mutation on piglet organ and muscle development and blood parameters to determine potential causes of this excess mortality. Blood was collected for complete blood count and then piglets (n = 50) were euthanized at postnatal d 3. Piglets were dissected and longissimus muscle, semitendinosus muscle, heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, pancreas, spleen, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, testicles or female reproductive tract, and tongue were weighed. Front girth, back girth, and snout to rump were measured. Loin samples were used to genotype piglets into one of three groups: wild type (WT; unmutated myostatin, n = 13), heterozygous (HET, n = 21) and myostatin mutant (MKO, n = 10). Data were analyzed as a two-way ANOVA using the MIXED procedure of SAS to determine the effect of sex, genotype, and their interaction. Body weight (P = 0.67) and front girth (P = 0.13) were not different between genotypes, but back girth was reduced (P = 0.04) in MKO by 2.3 cm compared with WT and by 2.1 cm compared with HET piglets. MKO piglets had lighter (P ≤ 0.03) hearts, livers, kidneys, pancreases, spleens, stomachs, and small intestine compared with HET and WT piglets, on both an absolute basis and as a percentage of body weight. In general, compared with other other genotypes, MKO organs were 5 to 19% lighter. Surprisingly, muscle weights, both longissimus and semitendinosus muscles, were not different (P ≥ 0.15) between genotypes, either on an absolute basis or as a percentage of body weight. White blood cell count was not different; however, neutrophil count was increased in MKO compared with other genotypes. These data suggest that underdeveloped or undersized organs in MKO piglets may compromise their survivability. Additionally, increased neutrophil counts may be indicative of a stress response in MKO piglets.
133 The effect of sire lines and endpoint cooking temperature on consumer eating experience and visual appeal in pork loin chops
Authors: McDonald Jonathan J , Field Brandon , Harsh Bailey , Dilger Anna 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Prior research and public perception of pork suggest breed influence visual characteristics like color and size and palatability traits like tenderness and flavor of pork chops. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess consumer perception of visual appeal and palatability of pork loin chops from three sire lines cooked to two different degrees of doneness (DOD). Boneless pork loins from three sire lines (Duroc, Berkshire, and Synthetic) were aged to 14 d post-mortem. Loin quality was then measured, and 2.54-cm chops were frozen from each loin. Chops from each sire line were overwrap-packaged in sets of two and displayed in a retail case with two representative packages per sire line. Panelists rated each package for color, marbling, and size on a just about right (JAR) scale and then indicated their overall liking of each package. Chops from each sire line were cooked to either 63°C or 71°C, cut into 1-cm cubes and two samples from each chop were served to each consumer. Panelists rated 6 samples, each sire line and DOD, for tenderness, flavor, and juiciness on a JAR scale and then rated overall liking. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in SAS 9.4 with panelist age range serving as an influence effect for all panel data. Berkshire chops did not differ (P &gt; 0.08) in redness from other chops, but required 0.13 kg less force to shear, and had a 16.23 cm2 smaller LEA compared with Synthetic and Duroc chops (P &lt; 0.02). Duroc chops had the greatest marbling (P &lt; 0.04) but did not differ in visual color score from other treatments (P &gt; 0.10). There were no differences in consumer visual evaluations (P &gt; 0.45), with traits from all sire lines averaging between 43 and 57 (JAR = 50). Sire line also did not alter visual liking (P = 0.94). There were tendencies for interactions (P &gt; 0.09) between DOD and sire line for consumer sensory evaluation. In general, consumers rated Berkshire chops cooked to 63°C more favorably than other sire line and DOD combinations. Consumers rated chops with different DOD similarly for tenderness and flavor, but tended to score juiciness of chops cooked to 63°C closer to JAR (P = 0.07). Duroc chops were the least tender and least acceptable (P &lt; 0.05). Berkshire chops were juicer than Duroc and Synthetic chops (P &lt; 0.02). Overall, consumers scored all chops between 3.1 and 12.3 units below the JAR line (100-unit scale) regardless of sire line or DOD for tenderness, juiciness, and flavor with overall acceptability within 10 units of neither like nor dislike, which may be indicative of consumers general negative perceptions of pork loin chops.
125 Effects of Saccharmyces yeast postbiotics on nursey pig muscle fiber cross-sectional area and oxidative capacity
Authors: Alambarrio Daniela A , Vaughn Mathew A , Kim Sung Woo , Gonzalez John M 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to determine effects of dietary supplementation of Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics (celluTEIN, Puretein Bioscience, LLC, Minneapolis, MN) on nursery pig muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), isoform, and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) staining intensity. Newly weaned pigs [n = 32; 16 barrows and 16 gilts; 21 d of age, body weight (BW) 6.05 ± 0.24 kg] were stratified by BW within sex, placed in individual pens, and randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments within each two-pig strata. Dietary treatments included pigs supplemented 0 (CON; n = 16) or 175 g/ton (CT; n = 16) of celluTEIN to their standard three-phase nursery ration. Pigs were harvested at d 35 of feeding and the longissimus lumborum muscle was collected for mean SDH staining intensity and immunohistochemistry analyses. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with pig as the experimental unit and treatment as the fixed effect. Statistical significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05. There were no treatment effects on type I and type IIB muscle fiber CSA (P &gt; 0.14), but CT pigs had greater type IIA and type IIX muscle fiber CSA compared with CON (P &lt; 0.05). When not analyzed by fiber isoform, pigs fed CT had a greater (P = 0.02) average muscle fiber CSA than CON pigs. There were no treatment effects on muscle fiber type percentage or SDH intensity of all fiber types (P ≥ 0.23); however, when calculated as a muscle fiber CSA ratio, CT type IIA fibers had a smaller ratio (darker staining/µm2) than CON type IIA fibers (P = 0.05). There were no treatment effects for type I, IIX, and IIB ratios (P &gt; 0.21). In conclusion, supplementing Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics during the nursery period increased muscle fiber hypertrophy and type IIA fiber oxidative capacity.
130 Parity affects mammary development in late-pregnant swine
Authors: Farmer Chantal , Johannsen Jakob C , Gillies Caroline , Huber Lee-Anne , Hovey Russell C 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This project was undertaken to determine if mammary development at the end of gestation differs between primiparous and multiparous sows. During gestation, primiparous (n = 19) and multiparous (parities 2 and 3, n = 17) Yorkshire × Landrace sows were fed one daily meal of a conventional corn-based diet. Amounts fed were based on body weight (BW) and backfat thickness at mating. On d 110 ± 1 of gestation, a jugular blood sample was obtained from all sows to measure IGF-1, glucose, FFA and urea. Sows were then weighed and their backfat thickness measured before euthanasia. Mammary glands from one side of the udder (7 glands) were dissected for compositional analyses. The fifth gland of the contralateral row of mammary gland was sampled for histology and immunohistochemical localization of Ki67. There was less total parenchyma (1,437.4 vs 2,004.7 ± 127.1 g) and total extra-parenchymal tissue (1,691.0 vs 2,407.0 ± 125.3 g; P &lt; 0.001) in mammary gland of primiparous compared with multiparous sows. When these values were expressed per kg BW (respective means of 226.0 and 284.0 ± 2.7 kg for primiparous and multiparous sows), there was no difference for either parenchyma or extra-parenchymal tissue across parity groups (P &gt; 0.05). Parity altered all components within the parenchyma (P &lt; 0.001). Specifically, parenchymal tissue from primiparous sows had greater fat and DM percentages, decreased protein percent, and reduced concentrations of DNA (6.59 vs 9.35 ± 0.53 mg/g DM) and RNA (7.76 vs 12.33 ± 0.70 mg/g DM) than that from multiparous sows. On the other hand, the circumference of alveolar lumens was greater in primiparous than multiparous sows (P &lt; 0.001), and the percentage of epithelial cells that were positive for Ki67, an indicator of cell proliferation, also tended to be greater in primiparous sows (P = 0.07). Circulating concentrations of IGF-1 were greater in primiparous than multiparous sows (45.0 vs 27.3 ± 2.8 ng/mL, P &lt; 0.001). None of the other blood variables were affected by parity (P &gt; 0.10). Results show a marked effect of parity on mammary gland development in swine. At the end of gestation, primiparous sows had less developed mammary parenchyma with a tendency for a greater rate of proliferation than multiparous sows. Such a difference could affect the response of mammary tissue to various nutritional or endocrine signals. This information is crucial for developing optimal management strategies that will maximize sow milk yield.
128 Effects of dietary hybrid rye on quality and consumer acceptability of pork from pigs raised under organic conditions
Authors: Kavanagh Megan , Lima Gabriella , Hilbrand Adrienne , Cox Ryan , Johnston Lee J , Li Yuzhi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In organic pig production, hybrid rye grain and straw can be used as feed and bedding, respectively, to reduce production costs. However, there is a concern that replacing corn with hybrid rye in pig diets may affect pork quality. In this study, we investigated whether inclusion of hybrid rye in pig diets can affect quality and consumer acceptability of pork from organically raised pigs. Pigs [n = 200, initial body weight (BW) = 26.8±3.5 kg, 10 wk of age] were assigned to Control or Rye treatments (50 pigs/pen; 2 pens/treatment) within a hoop barn and stratified for BW and sex across pens. Control pigs received corn, soybean meal-based diets. Rye pigs were fed diets in which hybrid rye replaced 50% of the corn in control diets. Near market BW (average = 127 kg, 22 wk of age), 8 pigs per pen (4 barrows and 4 gilts) closest to the average BW of all pigs in the pen were selected for evaluation of pork quality and consumer acceptability. Carcass pH at 45 min and 24 h postmortem in the ham, and objective color scores (L*, a*, b*), shear force, and subjective color and marbling scores were collected from a loin chop. Loin chops were kept at or below -18°C until a consumer taste panel was conducted to assess overall liking, flavor liking, texture liking, toughness, juiciness, and off-flavor of pork from the cooked loin chops. Liking ratings were made on 120-point scales (0 - strongest dislike imaginable, 120 - strongest like imaginable). Toughness, juiciness, and off-flavor were ranked on 20-point scales (0 - none, 20 - extremely tough, juicy, or intense, respectively). Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure, Frequency procedure with chi-square test of SAS. Measures of pork quality (pH at 45 min and 24 h, a*, b*, shear force, and subjective marbling and color scores) were not different between treatments (Table 1). Pigs fed Control diets displayed a greater (P = 0.006) L* reading than Rye-fed pigs indicating that pork from Control pigs was lighter in color than Rye-fed pigs. Generally, the taste panel did not detect a difference in acceptability of pork from Control and Rye-fed pigs. Juiciness and off flavor were scored very similarly by panelists. However, pork from Rye-fed pigs tended (P = 0.075) to be tougher than pork from Control pigs. Liking attributes (overall liking, flavor liking, and texture liking) were scored similarly between Rye-fed and Control pigs and generally better than neutral (neutral=60/120) by panelists. These data suggest that replacing 50% of corn with hybrid rye in diets for growing-finishing pigs will not negatively impact quality or consumer acceptability of pork.