bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exposure to Low Amounts of Ultrasound Energy Does Not Improve Soft Tissue Shoulder Pathology: A Systematic Review
Authors: Alexander Lisa D. , Gilman David R.D. , Brown Derek R. , Brown Janet L. , Houghton Pamela E. 
Published: November 2009

BackgroundAlthough therapeutic ultrasound is commonly used to treat shoulder injuries, research to date on the ability of ultrasound to improve outcomes for shoulder pathologies is conflicting.ObjectiveThis study aimed to systematically and critically review available literature to ascertain whether beneficial effects of ultrasound were associated with certain shoulder pathologies or particular ultrasound treatment protocols.MethodsFive electronic databases were searched, and the included studies, identified through pair consensus, were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that utilized ultrasound for soft tissue shoulder injury or pain.Study Selection and Data ExtractionEight studies included in this review (n=586 patients, median PEDro score=8.0/10) evaluated various parameters, including the duration of patients' symptoms (0–12 months), duty cycle (20% and 100%), intensity (0.1–2.0 W/cm2), treatment time per session (4.5–15.8 minutes), number of treatments (6–39), and total energy applied per treatment (181–8,152 J).Data SynthesisInconsistent outcome measures among studies precluded meta-analysis; however, 3 RCTs showed statistically significant benefits of ultrasound, 2 of which examined calcific tendinitis. Studies that showed beneficial effects of ultrasound typically had 4 times longer total exposure times and applied much greater ultrasound energy per session (average of 4,228 J) compared with studies that showed no benefit of ultrasound (average of 2,019 J). No studies that delivered ≤720 J per session showed improvement in treatment groups.LimitationsCurrent research involving ultrasound treatment protocols that delivered low levels of ultrasound energy do not adequately address whether ultrasound can improve outcomes for shoulder disorders.ConclusionDetermining whether therapeutic ultrasound can affect soft tissue shoulder pathologies will require further research and systematic reviews that involve appropriate ultrasound treatment protocols.
Cellular transplantation for the nervous system: impact of time after preparation on cell viability and survival
Authors: Gobbel Glenn T. , Kondziolka Douglas , Fellows-Mayle Wendy , Uram Martin 
Published: November 2009

Object
Cell transplantation has shown promise for the treatment of various neurological disorders, but the factors that influence cell survival and integration following transplantation are poorly understood. In fact, little is known regarding how simple but potentially critical variables, including the method of cellular preparation and administration, might affect transplant success. The goal of the present study was to determine the impact of time between tissue preparation and implantation on cellular viability. Time can vary with cell preparation, delivery to the operating room, and surgical technique. This study was also designed to evaluate the sensitivity of various methods of assessing implant viability.

Methods
Cell lines of neural progenitor cells and bone marrow stromal cells were generated from healthy adult mice. On the day of experimentation, the cells were collected, suspended in a balanced salt solution, and sequentially assessed for viability for up to 3.5 hours based on their appearance under phase-contrast microscopy, their ability to retain a fluorescent dye, and their attachment to a cultivation surface for 24 hours.

Results
When viability was measured based on the ability of cells to retain a fluorescent dye, there was a decrease in viability of 10–15% each hour. Based on the ability of the cells to attach to a culture surface and grow for 24 hours, viability decreased more rapidly at approximately 20% per hour. In addition, only about one-third of the cells judged viable based on phase-contrast microscopy or acute dye retention were found to be viable based on plating, and only 10% of the cells initially judged as viable were still capable of survival after 3 hours in suspension.

Conclusions
The authors' results indicate that that there can be significant losses in viability between preparation and implantation and that more sophisticated methods of evaluation, such as the ability of cells to attach to a substrate and grow, may be required to detect decreases in viability. The time between preparation and implantation will be an important factor in clinical trial design.
Burst stimulation of the auditory cortex: a new form of neurostimulation for noise-like tinnitus suppression
Authors: De Ridder Dirk , Vanneste Sven , van der Loo Elsa , Plazier Mark , Menovsky Tomas , van de Heyning Paul 
Published: November 2009

Object
Tinnitus is an auditory phantom percept related to tonic and burst hyperactivity of the auditory system. Two parallel pathways supply auditory information to the cerebral cortex: the tonotopically organized lemniscal system, and the nontonotopic extralemniscal system, which fire in tonic and burst mode, respectively. Electrical cortex stimulation is a method capable of modulating activity of the human cortex by delivering stimuli in a tonic or burst way. Burst firing is shown to be more powerful in activating the cerebral cortex than tonic firing, and bursts may activate neurons that are not activated by tonic firing.

Methods
Five patients with an implanted electrode on the auditory cortex were asked to rate their tinnitus distress and intensity on a visual analog scale before and after 40-Hz tonic and 40-Hz burst (5 pulses at 500 Hz) stimulation. All patients presented with both high-pitched pure tone and white noise components in their tinnitus.

Results
A significantly better suppression for narrowband noise tinnitus with burst stimulation in comparison with tonic stimulation (Z = −2.03, p = 0.04) was found. For pure tone tinnitus, no difference was found between tonic and burst stimulation (Z = −0.58, p = 0.56). No significant effect was obtained for stimulation amplitude (Z = −1.21, p = 0.23) and electrical charge per pulse (Z = −0.67, p = 0.50) between tonic and burst stimulation. The electrical current delivery per second was significantly different (Z = −2.02, p = 0.04).

Conclusions
Burst stimulation is a new form of neurostimulation that might be helpful in treating symptoms that are intractable to conventional tonic stimulation. Further exploration of this new stimulation design is warranted.
Long-term results of thalamic deep brain stimulation for essential tremor
Authors: Zhang Kai , Bhatia Sanjay , Oh Michael Y. , Cohen David , Angle Cindy , Whiting Donald 
Published: November 2009

Object
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (VIM) has proven to be efficacious in the treatment of essential tremor (ET). The authors report on long-term follow-up of a series of patients treated at 1 institution by 1 neurosurgeon.

Methods
Thirty-four patients with ET received unilateral or bilateral VIM DBS. The tremor and handwriting components of the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin clinical tremor rating scale were assessed pre- and postoperatively. Visual analog scale scores for overall patient satisfaction and tremor control were recorded. Stimulation parameters at different intervals after surgery were also recorded.

Results
The average follow-up period was 56.9 months. The average tremor score improved from 3.27 preoperatively to 0.64 postoperatively (on stimulation; p < 0.001) and the average handwriting score improved from 2.94 to 0.89 (p < 0.001). The average visual analog scale score for overall satisfaction was 8.12 and for tremor control was 1.43. Overall, there was an 80.4% improvement in tremor and 69.7% improvement in handwriting. In 12 patients both tremor and handwriting scores were compared between 57.3 months and 90.7 months after surgery and no significant changes were discovered. Comparison of stimulation parameters at onset and at 1–3, 3–5, 5–7, and > 7 years after surgery showed significant differences, with a gradual increase in stimulation parameters within 5 years after surgery. The overall hardware-related complication rate was 23.5%.

Conclusions
Deep brain stimulation of the VIM is an efficient and safe treatment for ET. Tremor and handwriting improvements in long-term follow-up are stable. The patients' perception of their outcome is quite good. However, tolerance may develop in some patients requiring changes in stimulation parameters.
Age- and time-dependent effects on functional outcome and cortical activation pattern in patients with median nerve injury: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Fornander Lotta , Nyman Torbjörn , Hansson Thomas , Ragnehed Mattias , Brismar Tom 
Published: November 2009

Object
The authors conducted a study to determine age- and time-dependent effects on the functional outcome after median nerve injury and repair and how such effects are related to changes in the pattern of cortical activation in response to tactile stimulation of the injured hand.

Methods
The authors studied 11 patients with complete unilateral median nerve injury at the wrist repaired with epineural suture. In addition, 8 patients who were reported on in a previous study were included in the statistical analysis. In the entire study cohort, the mean age at injury was 23.3 ± 13.4 years (range 7–57 years) and the time after injury ranged from 1 to 11 years. Sensory perception was measured with the static 2-point discrimination test and monofilaments. Functional MR imaging was conducted during tactile stimulation (brush strokes) of Digits II–III and IV–V of both hands, respectively.

Results
Tactile sensation was diminished in the median territory in all patients. The strongest predictor of 2-point discrimination was age at injury (p < 0.0048), and when this was accounted for in the regression analysis, the other age- and time-dependent predictors had no effect. The activation ratios (injured/healthy hand) for Digit II–III and Digit IV–V stimulation were positively correlated (rho 0.59, p < 0.011). The activation ratio for Digit II–III stimulation correlated weakly with time after injury (p < 0.041). The activation ratio of Digits IV–V correlated weakly with both age at injury (p < 0.048) and time after injury (p < 0.033), but no predictor reached significance in the regression model. The mean ratio of ipsi- and contralateral hemisphere activation after stimulation of the injured hand was 0.55, which was not significantly different from the corresponding ratio of the healthy hand (0.66).

Conclusions
Following a median nerve injury (1–11 years after injury) there may be an initial increase in the volume of the cortical representation, which subsequently declines during the restoration phase. These dynamic changes may involve both median and ulnar nerve cortical representation, because both showed negative correlation with time after injury. These findings are in agreement with animal studies showing that cortical plasticity is an important mechanism for functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury and repair.
Visualization of Multiprotein Complexes by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Schrum Adam G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMultiprotein complexes and other protein‐protein interactions play important roles in virtually all cellular processes. Analysis of coimmunoprecipitation of protein complexes by flow cytometry (IP‐FCM, or “the fly‐p” method) provides a sensitive means to measure these interactions in the native/nondenatured state. First, immunoprecipitating antibodies are covalently coupled to polystyrene latex beads whose low autofluorescence is compatible with flow cytometry. These antibody‐coupled beads are used to immunoprecipitate a specific protein (primary analyte) present in cell lysates. Finally, the protein complexes associated with the beads are probed with fluorochrome‐conjugated antibodies specific for interaction partners, or secondary analytes, that may be associated with the primary analyte. The use of quantitative flow cytometric methodology can allow the semiquantitative fluorescence data generated to be converted into estimated numbers of coassociated molecules on the beads. The method represents a robust technique to assess native protein‐protein interactions without requiring genetic engineering or large sample sizes. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 87:5.9.1‐5.9.14. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fermentation and oxygen transfer characteristics in recombinant human growth hormone production by Pichia pastoris in sorbitol batch and methanol fed‐batch operation
Authors: Çalık Pınar , İnankur Bahar , Soyaslan Elif Ş. , Şahin Merve , Taşpınar Hatice , Açık Eda , Bayraktar Eda 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The influence of methanol feed rate on recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) production by Pichia pastoris hGH‐Mut+ in medium containing sorbitol was investigated at three different specific growth rates (µ), namely, 0.02 (MS‐0.02), 0.03 (MS‐0.03), and 0.04 (MS‐0.04).RESULTS: Increasing methanol feed rate above MS‐0.03 did not affect sorbitol consumption, showing that µ = 0.03 h−1 is a threshold limiting value, above which sorbitol utilization became independent of methanol feed rate. Moreover, when sorbitol was consumed, no further cell growth was observed. Increase in methanol feed rate triggered cell synthesis and the highest cell concentration was obtained at MS‐0.04 as 48 g L−1 (t = 18 h); whereas, the highest rhGH production, 270 mg L−1, was obtained at MS‐0.03 as a consequence of lower extracellular protease production and higher AOX activity (41 U g−1 CDW). Oxygen uptake rate increased with increasing µ, having the maximum value, 76.6 mmol m−3 s−1, at MS‐0.04. KLa had a tendency to increase with µ, having a maximum value of 0.15 s−1 at MS‐0.04 (t = 15 h).CONCLUSION: By considering rhGH concentration and oxygen transfer characteristics, the bioprocess can be improved by a two‐stage feeding strategy, operating at MS‐0.04 at the beginning of fermentation, and thereafter shifting to MS‐0.03. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Preliminary findings on the Virtual Environment for Radiotherapy Training (VERT) system: simulator sickness and presence
Authors: Flinton David M. , White Nick 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground:Virtual environments in medical education are becoming increasingly popular as a learning tool. However, there is a large amount of evidence linking these systems to adverse effects that mimic motion sickness. It is also proposed that the efficacy of such systems is affected by how well they engage the user, which is often referred to as presence.Purpose:This primary purpose of this study was to look at the side effects experienced and presence in the Virtual Environment for Radiotherapy Training (VERT) system which has recently been introduced.Method:A pre-VERT questionnaire was given to 84 subjects to ascertain general health of the subjects. The simulator sickness questionnaire was utilised to determine the side effects experienced, whereas the igroup presence questionnaire was used to measure presence. Both questionnaires were given immediately after use of the VERT system.Results:The majority of symptoms were minor; the two most commonly reported symptoms relating to ocular issues. No relationship was seen between simulator sickness and presence although subjects with a higher susceptibility to travel sickness had reported higher levels of disorientation and nausea. There was also a decrease in involvement with the system in subjects with a higher susceptibility to travel sickness.
Seismologists and Statisticians Establish New Research Targets: Sixth International Workshop on Statistical Seismology (StatSei 6); Lake Tahoe, California, 12–16 April 2009
Authors: Schorlemmer Danijel , Jackson David D. 
Published: November 2009

Statistical seismology has become a vital international research field, exploring earthquake probabilities, models of earthquake occurrence, ground motion, and hypothesis testing. It draws on mathematics, physics, and geology and informs public policy and risk management.About 80 participants attended the Sixth International Workshop on Statistical Seismology (StatSei 6) in California. The Southern California Earthquake Center hosted this meeting with support from the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability (CSEP). As in previous StatSei workshops, participants reported significant progress in understanding earthquake spatial, temporal, and size distributions and earthquake triggering, and in the forecasting power of physical and statistical models. Many of these models involve fractal behavior with power law distributions both of earthquake sizes and of distances and times between events.
Arctic Report Card
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: November 2009

The 2009 annual update of the Arctic Report Card, issued on 22 October, indicates that “warming of the Arctic continues to be widespread, and in some cases dramatic. Linkages between air, land, sea, and biology are evident.” The report, a collaborative effort of 71 national and international scientists initiated in 2006 by the Climate Program Office of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), highlights several concerns, including a change in large‐scale wind patterns affected by the loss of summer sea ice; the replacement of multiyear sea ice by first‐year sea ice; warmer and fresher water in the upper ocean linked to new ice‐free areas; and the effects of the loss of sea ice on Arctic plant, animal, and fish species.“Climate change is happening faster in the Arctic than any other place on Earth—and with wide‐ranging consequences,” said NOAA administrator Jane Lubchenco. “This year's Arctic Report Card underscores the urgency of reducing greenhouse gas pollution and adapting to climate changes already under way.”
Arctic Conference Brings Together All Natural Science Disciplines: UK Arctic Science Conference; Southampton, United Kingdom, 13–15 July 2009
Authors: Bacon Sheldon , Leakey Ray 
Published: November 2009

The profile of Arctic science in a warming world is growing ever higher, given ongoing and likely future changes to all aspects of Arctic climate. In addition, progress in any field of Arctic science usually requires an understanding of several directly related fields. To foster interdisciplinary connections, the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (NOCS) funded and hosted a 3‐day multidisciplinary meeting to bring together U.K. Arctic scientists of all natural science disciplines.The meeting comprised seven sessions for spoken presentations on physical oceanography; atmosphere and methane; terrestrial glaciology; terrestrial biogeochemistry and ecology, and geosciences; sea ice; marine biogeochemistry and ecology; and climate and paleorecords. A poster session included an additional category on data and information. The conference report and a description of the meeting scope are available at http://www.ukarcticscience.org/.
Pests and pathogens.
Authors: Dixon G. R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter describes the different forms of crop loss caused by pests and pathogens in Brassica crops, including land capital value and direct yield loss. It identifies the major pests (insects, nematodes, molluscs and vertebrates) and pathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses and mycoplasma-like organisms) and highlights the importance of crop monitoring and forecasting for their control.
Genetics and breeding.
Authors: Lindhout P. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter summarizes the achievements of tomato breeders over the last century and the developments in research. It covers genetic variation within the genus Lycopersicon, diversity among and within wild species of Lycopersicon, collection and preservation of genetic resources, cytogenetics, molecular linkage maps, applications of molecular markers, map-based cloning, history of tomato breeding (breeding for resistance to biotic stress and abiotic factors, for specific production systems, or for quality), seed production, biotechnology, and transgenic or genetically modified organisms.
Irrigation and fertilization.
Authors: Peet M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter provides irrigation and fertilization guidelines for tomato crop production, and highlights the water and fertilization requirements of the plant at different stages of development, interactions between nutrients, response to deficiencies and excesses of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, and interactions between watering and fertilization regimes as they relate to various physiological disorders (blossom-end rot, goldspot, oedema, fruit cracking and russeting).
Light relations.
Authors: Grappadelli L. C. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter covers the main aspects of tree light relations, beginning with a definition of the main physical properties of light, followed by an examination of physiological aspects in trees related to light utilization such as photosynthesis and translocation. The basis of orchard productivity, light effects on plant physiological parameters, and controlling light levels in orchards by bagging, use of reflectants and shading are discussed.
Flower and fruit thinning and vegetative: fruiting balance.
Authors: Byers R. E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

The history of flower and fruit thinning, along with the commercially important physiological effects of thinning are discussed. Adjuvants and thinning chemicals and their physiological effects, as well as their applications are presented. The influence of photosynthetic reserves on the fruit set and chemical thinning of apples following ovule fertilization are also discussed. Notes are presented on chemicals that induce flower bud formation without thinning.
Core resources and attractors: the essence of destination appeal.
Authors: Ritchie J. R. B. , Crouch G. I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter examines the factors that motivate individuals to choose one particular destination over the myriad other possibilities. When all the complexities of destination choice are stripped away, it is essentially the core resources and attractors that underlie the basic desire to travel to a given destination. These also provide the foundation for an exciting and memorable destination experience. The core resources and attractors are of seven major types.
Qualifying and amplifying determinants: parameters that define destination potential.
Authors: Ritchie J. R. B. , Crouch G. I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter examines qualifying and amplifying determinants, which represent factors whose effect on the competitiveness of a tourist destination is to define its scale, limit or potential. Qualifying and amplifying determinants or conditioners are factors of competitiveness that either moderate, modify, mitigate and filter, or magnify, strengthen, enhance and augment the impact of all other determinants. A destination may, for example, be inherently competitive because it is innately attractive, is well managed and possesses strong supporting resources, but still be uncompetitive because the situation it finds itself in qualifies this potential in one or more significant ways. Conversely, a destination which is intrinsically weak may have its tourism potential boosted by some amplifying factor which enables the destination to attract a larger market share than its traditional touristic qualities would suggest vis-a-vis its competitors.