bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrocortisone Diffusion Through Synthetic Membrane, Mouse Skin, and Epiderm™ Cultured Skin
Authors: Christensen John Mark , Chuong Monica Chang , Le Hang , Pham Loan , Bendas Ehab 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTObjectives.  The penetration of hydrocortisone (HC) from six topical over‐the‐counter products along with one prescription cream through cultured normal human‐derived epidermal keratinocytes (Epiderm™), mouse skin and synthetic nylon membrane was performed as well as the effect hydrating the skin by pre‐washing was explored using the Upright Franz Cell.Method and Results.  Permeation of HC through EpiDerm™, mouse skin and synthetic membrane was highest with the topical HC gel formulation with prewash treatment of the membranes among seven products evaluated, 198 ± 32 µg/cm2, 746.32 ± 12.43 µg/cm2, and 1882 ± 395.18 µg/cm2, respectively. Pre‐washing to hydrate the skin enhanced HC penetration through EpiDerm™ and mouse skin. The 24‐hour HC released from topical gel with prewash treatment was 198.495 ± 32 µg/cm2 and 746.32 ± 12.43 µg/cm2 while without prewash, the 24‐h HC released from topical gel was 67.2 ± 7.41 µg/cm2 and 653.43 ± 85.62 µg/cm2 though EpiDerm™ and mouse skin, respectively. HC penetration through synthetic membrane was ten times greater than through mouse skin and EpiDerm™. Generally, the shape, pattern, and rank order of HC diffusion from each commercial product was similar through each membrane.
A simple route to single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in a nonmodel species: identification and characterization of SNPs in the Artic ringed seal (Pusa hispida hispida)
Authors: OLSEN MORTEN TANGE , VOLNY VERONICA HIRSH , BÉRUBÉ MARTINE , DIETZ RUNE , LYDERSEN CHRISTIAN , KOVACS KIT M. , DODD RICHARD S. , PALSBøLL PER J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAlthough single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have become the marker of choice in the field of human genetics, these markers are only slowly emerging in ecological, evolutionary and conservation genetic analyses of nonmodel species. This is partly because of difficulties associated with the discovery and characterization of SNP markers. Herein, we adopted a simple straightforward approach to identifying SNPs, based on screening of a random genomic library. In total, we identified 768 SNPs in the ringed seal, Pusa hispida hispida, in samples from Greenland and Svalbard. Using three seal samples, SNPs were discovered at a rate of one SNP per 402 bp, whereas re‐sequencing of 96 seals increased the density to one SNP per 29 bp. Although applicable to any species of interest, the approach is especially well suited for SNP discovery in nonmodel organisms and is easily implemented in any standard genetics laboratory, circumventing the need for prior genomic data and use of next‐generation sequencing facilities.
Comparison of SNPs and microsatellites for fine‐scale application of genetic stock identification of Chinook salmon in the Columbia River Basin
Authors: HESS J. E. , MATALA A. P. , NARUM S. R. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractGenetic stock identification (GSI) is an important tool in fisheries management. Microsatellites (μSATs) have been the dominant genetic marker for GSI; however, increasing availability and numerous advantages of single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers make them an appealing alternative. We tested performance of 13 μSAT vs. 92 SNP loci in a fine‐scale application of GSI, using a new baseline for Chinook salmon consisting of 49 collections (n = 4014) distributed across the Columbia River Basin. In GSI, baseline genotypes for both marker sets were used independently to analyse a real fishery mixture (n = 2731) representing the total run of Chinook salmon passing Bonneville Dam in the Columbia River. Marker sets were evaluated using three criteria: (i) ability to differentiate reporting groups, (ii) proportion of correct assignment in mixture simulation tests and baseline leave‐one‐out analyses and (iii) individual assignment and confidence intervals around estimated stock proportions of a real fishery mixture. The μSATs outperformed the SNPs in resolving fine‐scale relationships, but all 105 markers combined provided greatest power for GSI. SNPs were ranked by relative information content based on both an iterative procedure that optimized correct assignment to the baseline and ranking by minor allele frequency. For both methods, we identified a subset of the top 50 ranked loci, which were similar in assignment accuracy, and both reached maximum available power of the total 92 SNP loci (correct assignment = 73%). Our estimates indicate that between 100 and 200 highly informative SNP loci are required to meet management standards (correct assignment > 90%) for resolving stocks in finer‐scale GSI applications.
A multi‐proxy study of anaerobic ammonium oxidation in marine sediments of the Gullmar Fjord, Sweden
Authors: Brandsma Joost , van de Vossenberg Jack , Risgaard‐Petersen Nils , Schmid Markus C. , Engström Pia , Eurenius Karinh , Hulth Stefan , Jaeschke Andrea , Abbas Ben , Hopmans Ellen C. , Strous Mark , Schouten Stefan , Jetten Mike S. M. , Damsté Jaap S. Sinninghe 
Published: January 2011

SummaryAnaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is an important process for nitrogen removal in marine pelagic and benthic environments and represents a major sink in the global nitrogen cycle. We applied a suite of complementary methods for the detection and enumeration of anammox activity and anammox bacteria in marine sediments of the Gullmar Fjord, and compared the results obtained with each technique. 15N labelling experiments showed that nitrogen removal through N2 production was essentially limited to the upper 2 cm of the sediment, where anammox contributed 23–47% of the total production. The presence of marine anammox bacteria belonging to the genus ‘Candidatus Scalindua’ was shown by 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison. FISH counts of anammox bacteria correlated well with anammox activity, while quantitative PCR may have underestimated the number of anammox bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies at this site. Potential nitrogen conversion by anammox ranged from 0.6 to 4.8 fmol N cell−1 day−1, in agreement with previous measurements in the marine environment and in bioreactors. Finally, intact ladderane glycerophospholipid concentrations better reflected anammox activity and abundance than ladderane core lipid concentrations, most likely because the core lipid fraction contained a substantial fossil component, especially deeper in the sediment.
An artificial biofilm induced secondary caries model for in vitro studies
Authors: Hayati F , Okada A , Kitasako Y , Tagami J , Matin K 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground:  The aim of this study was to establish a new in vitro model for biofilm induced secondary caries studies using an oral biofilm reactor.Methods:  An approximately 2 × 3 × 2 mm3 sized dentino‐enamel Class I cavity was prepared in the middle of a square‐shaped specimen from the mid‐labial portion of bovine incisors. The cavities were partially filled with either Clearfil AP‐X with SE‐Bond or Clearfil AP‐X without any bond. Artificial biofilms were then formed on the resin composite filled surfaces using three species of oral bacteria in an oral biofilm reactor for 20 hours followed by 7‐ or 30‐day incubation periods.Results:  The lesions were clearly visible on fluorescence microscopy and by scanning electron microscopy in the enamel at the interface of resin restorations in all samples. The data from image analysis showed that the lesion size was largest in the No‐bond samples with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Demineralization along the cavity wall extended deeper in No‐bond compared to SE‐Bond samples and penetration was significantly deeper in No‐bond 30‐day samples.Conclusions:  A primary artificial secondary caries model was established using biofilms for in vitro studies and the significance of using a bonding system could also be verified.
State‐level differences in the oral health of Australian preschool and early primary school‐age children
Authors: Lucas N , Neumann A , Kilpatrick N , Nicholson JM 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground:  This study compares oral health outcomes and behaviours for young Australian children by residential state or territory to determine whether state differences arise from individual exposures to risk factors.Methods:  Cross‐sectional data for 4606 2–3 year olds and 4464 6–7 year olds were obtained from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Outcome measures were parent‐reports of children’s caries experience, frequency of toothbrushing and dental services use.Results:  For 2–3 year olds, children from the Australian Capital Territory were less likely to have parent‐reported caries than children from other states, and more likely to brush their teeth twice daily and to have used dental services. For 6–7 year olds, optimal outcomes were observed in New South Wales for lowest caries experience, Western Australia for highest toothbrushing, and South Australia for highest dental services use. Adjustments for socio‐demographic predictors did not eliminate state differences in oral health.Conclusions:  Large state differences in the oral health of young children persisted after adjustment for individual socio‐demographic determinants, suggesting these arise from variations in the systems to promote and care for children’s oral health. Several states would benefit from a stronger emphasis on oral health promotion in young children, and disparities from a young age suggest the need for better engagement of early childhood professionals in oral health promotion.
Combination Therapy with Paromomycin-Associated Stearylamine-Bearing Liposomes Cures Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis through Th1-Biased Immunomodulation
Authors: Banerjee Antara , De Manjarika , Ali Nahid 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by the parasiteLeishmania donovaniis a potentially fatal disease. Available limited drugs are toxic, require prolonged treatment duration, and are costly. A low-cost parenteral formulation of paromomycin sulfate (PM) has recently been approved for the treatment of VL. Monotherapy with PM runs the risk of development of resistance. Hence, efforts are needed to develop a combination therapy of PM with other drugs to shorten the duration of treatment and prolong the effective life of the drug. PM was formulated with leishmanicidal stearylamine (SA)-bearing phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes for low-dose therapy.In vitroandin vivoantileishmanial effects of the combination drug were determined. The immunomodulatory role of PC-SA-PM was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry. Excluding the spleen, for which the therapeutic effect was additive, a remarkable synergistic activity toward cure and prophylaxis with a single-shot low-dose treatment with PC-SA-associated PM was achieved with BALB/c mice. PC-SA-PM showed an immunomodulatory effect on CD4+and CD8+T cells for gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production and downregulated disease-associated interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) to almost negligible levels. Such combination chemotherapy may provide a promising alternative for the cure of leishmaniasis, with a plausible conversion of the host immune response from a disease-promoting pattern to a Th1-biased response indicative of long-term resistance.
Antimicrobial Resistance in More than 100,000
Escherichia coli
Isolates According to Culture Site and Patient Age, Gender, and Location
Authors: Sahuquillo-Arce José Miguel , Selva María , Perpiñán Hèctor , Gobernado Miguel , Armero Carmen , López-Quílez Antonio , González Francisco , Vanaclocha Hermelinda 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

Escherichia coli
and the antimicrobial pressure exerted on this microorganism can be modulated by factors dependent on the host. In this paper, we describe the distribution of antimicrobial resistance to amikacin, tobramycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin clavulanate, cefuroxime, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, and trimetoprim-sulfametoxazole in more than 100,000
E. coli
isolates according to culture site and patient age, gender, and location. Bayesian inference was planned in all statistical analysis, and Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation was employed to estimate the model parameters. Our findings show the existence of a marked difference in the susceptibility to several antimicrobial agents depending on from where
E. coli
was isolated, with higher levels of resistance in isolates from medical devices, the respiratory system, and the skin and soft tissues; a higher resistance percentage in men than in women; and the existence of a clear difference in antimicrobial resistance with an age influence that cannot be explained merely by means of an increase of resistance after exposure to antimicrobials. Both men and women show increases in resistance with age, but while women show constant levels of resistance or slight increases during childbearing age and greater increases in the premenopausal age, men show a marked increase in resistance in the pubertal age. In conclusion, an overwhelming amount of data reveals the great adaptation capacity of
E. coli
and its close interaction with the host. Sex, age, and the origin of infection are determining factors with the ability to modulate antimicrobial resistances.
Therapeutic Efficacy of Halocidin-Derived Peptide HG1 in a Mouse Model of Surgical Wound Infection with Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Lee Young Shin , Shin Yong Pyo , Shin Seo Hwa , Park Seungmi , Kim Myung Hwa , Lee In Hee 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the therapeutic potential of HG1, an antimicrobial peptide, as a novel topical antibiotic by the use of a mouse surgical wound model of infection with methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
. First, we attempted to determine whether or not HG1 infiltrated into the dermis when topically administered. Second, we evaluated the antibiotic effects of HG1 on skin infection via bacterial-enumeration and microscopic analyses. The results showed that topically administered HG1 was capable of penetrating into the dermis at the infection site, where it exerted its antimicrobial effects.
Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1-Positive Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
: a French Multicenter Prospective Study in 2008
Authors: Robert Jérôme , Tristan Anne , Cavalié Laurent , Decousser Jean-Winoc , Bes Michèle , Etienne Jerome , Laurent Frédéric 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

The epidemiology of community-acquired methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(CA-MRSA) differs from country to country. We assess the features of the ST80 European clone, which is the most prevalent PVL-positive CA-MRSA clone in Europe, and the TSST-1 ST5 clone that was recently described in France. In 2008, all MRSA strains susceptible to fluoroquinolones and gentamicin and resistant to fusidic acid that were isolated in 104 French laboratories were characterized using
agr
alleles,
spa
typing, and the staphylococcal cassette chromosome
mec
element and PCR profiling of 21 toxin genes. Three phenotypes were defined: (i) kanamycin resistant, associated with the ST80 clone; (ii) kanamycin and tobramycin resistant, associated with the ST5 clone; and (iii) aminoglycoside susceptible, which was less frequently associated with the ST5 clone. Among the 7,253 MRSA strains isolated, 91 (1.3%) were ST80 CA-MRSA (89 phenotype 1) and 190 (2.6%) were ST5 CA-MRSA (146 phenotype 2, 42 phenotype 3). Compared to the latter, ST80 CA-MRSAs were more likely to be community acquired (80% versus 46%) and found in young patients (median age, 26.0 years versus 49.5 years) with deep cutaneous infections (48% versus 6%). They were less likely to be tetracycline susceptible (22% versus 85%) and to be isolated from respiratory infections (6% versus 27%). The TSST-1 ST5 clone has rapidly emerged in France and has become even more prevalent than the ST80 European clone, whose prevalence has remained stable. The epidemiological and clinical patterns of the two clones differ drastically. Given the low prevalence of both among all staphylococcal infections, no modification of antibiotic recommendations is required yet.
Efficacy of the New Lantibiotic NAI-107 in Experimental Infections Induced by Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Positive Pathogens
Authors: Jabés Daniela , Brunati Cristina , Candiani GianPaolo , Riva Simona , Romanó Gabriella , Donadio Stefano 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

NAI-107 is a novel lantibiotic active against Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA), glycopeptide-intermediate
S. aureus
(GISA), and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). The aim of this study was to evaluate the
in vivo
efficacy of NAI-107 in animal models of severe infection. In acute lethal infections induced with a penicillin-intermediate
Streptococcus pneumoniae
strain in immunocompetent mice, or with MRSA, GISA, and VRE strains in neutropenic mice, the 50% effective dose (ED
50
) values of NAI-107 were comparable or lower than those of reference compounds, irrespective of the strain and immune status (0.51 to 14.2 mg/kg of body weight for intravenous [i.v.] NAI-107, 5.1 to 22.4 for oral linezolid, and 22.4 for subcutaneous [s.c.] vancomycin). In
t
he granuloma pouch model induced in rats with a MRSA strain, intravenous NAI-107 showed a dose-proportional bactericidal activity that, at a single 40-mg/kg dose, compared with 2 20-mg/kg doses at a 12-h or 24-h interval, caused a 3-log
10
-CFU/ml reduction of viable MRSA in exudates that persisted for more than 72 h. Rat endocarditis was induced with a MRSA strain and treated for five consecutive days. In a first experiment, using 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg/day, and in a second experiment, when 10 mg/kg at 12-h intervals was compared to 20 mg/kg/day, intravenous NAI-107 was effective in reducing the bacterial load in heart vegetations in a dose-proportional manner. Trough plasma levels, as determined on days 2 and 5, were several times higher than the NAI-107 minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). NAI-107 binding to rat and human serum ranges between 93% and 98.6%. The rapid bactericidal activity of NAI-107 observed
in vitro
was thus confirmed by the efficacy in several models of experimental infection induced by Gram-positive pathogens, supporting further investigation of the compound.
In Vitro
Antibacterial Activity of Modithromycin, a Novel 6,11-Bridged Bicyclolide, against Respiratory Pathogens, Including Macrolide-Resistant Gram-Positive Cocci
Authors: Sato Takafumi , Tateda Kazuhiro , Kimura Soichiro , Iwata Morihiro , Ishii Yoshikazu , Yamaguchi Keizo 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

The
in vitro
activities of modithromycin against Gram-positive and -negative respiratory pathogens, including macrolide-resistant cocci with different resistance mechanisms, were compared with those of other macrolide and ketolide agents. MICs were determined by the broth microdilution method. All 595 test strains used in this study were isolated from Japanese medical facilities. The
erm
(ribosome methylase) and/or
mef
(efflux pump) gene, which correlated with resistance to erythromycin as well as clarithromycin and azithromycin, was found in 81.8%, 21.3%, and 23.2% of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
,
Streptococcus pyogenes
, and methicillin-susceptible
Staphylococcus aureus
(MSSA) strains, respectively. Modithromycin showed MIC
90
s of 0.125 μg/ml against these three cocci, including macrolide-resistant strains. In particular, the MIC of modithromycin against
ermB
-carrying
S. pyogenes
was ≥32-fold lower than that of telithromycin. The activities of modithromycin as well as telithromycin were little affected by the presence of
mefA
or
mefE
in both streptococci. Against Gram-negative pathogens, modithromycin showed MIC
90
s of 0.5, 8, and 0.031 μg/ml against
Moraxella catarrhalis
,
Haemophilus influenzae
, and
Legionella
spp., respectively. The MICs of modithromycin against
M. catarrhalis
and
H. influenzae
were higher than those of telithromycin and azithromycin. However, modithromycin showed the most potent anti-
Legionella
activity among the macrolide and ketolide agents tested. These results suggested that the bicyclolide agent modithromycin is a novel class of macrolides with improved antibacterial activity against Gram-positive cocci, including telithromycin-resistant streptococci and intracellular Gram-negative bacteria of the
Legionella
species.
Resolution of
Staphylococcus aureus
Biofilm Infection Using Vaccination and Antibiotic Treatment
Authors: Brady Rebecca A. , O'May Graeme A. , Leid Jeff G. , Prior Megan L. , Costerton J. William , Shirtliff Mark E. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus
infections, particularly those from methicillin-resistant strains (i.e., MRSA), are reaching epidemic proportions, with no effective vaccine available. The vast number and transient expression of virulence factors in the infectious course of this pathogen have made the discovery of protective antigens particularly difficult. In addition, the divergent planktonic and biofilm modes of growth with their accompanying proteomic changes also demonstrate significant hindrances to vaccine development. In this study, a multicomponent vaccine was evaluated for its ability to clear a staphylococcal biofilm infection. Antigens (glucosaminidase, an ABC transporter lipoprotein, a conserved hypothetical protein, and a conserved lipoprotein) were chosen since they were found in previous studies to have upregulated and sustained expression in a biofilm, both
in vitro
and
in vivo
. Antibodies against these antigens were first used in microscopy studies to localize their expression in
in vitro
biofilms. Each of the four antigens showed heterogeneous production in various locations within the complex biofilm community in the biofilm. Based upon these studies, the four antigens were delivered simultaneously as a quadrivalent vaccine in order to compensate for this varied production. In addition, antibiotic treatment was also administered to clear the remaining nonattached planktonic cells since the vaccine antigens may have been biofilm specific. The results demonstrated that when vaccination was coupled with vancomycin treatment in a biofilm model of chronic osteomyelitis in rabbits, clinical and radiographic signs of infection significantly reduced by 67 and 82%, respectively, compared to infected animals that were either treated with vancomycin or left untreated. In contrast, vaccination alone resulted in a modest, and nonsignificant, decrease in clinical (34% reduction) and radiographic signs (9% reduction) of infection, compared to nonvaccinated animal groups untreated or treated with vancomycin. Lastly, MRSA biofilm infections were significantly cleared in 87.5% of vaccinated and antibiotic-treated animals, while antibiotics or vaccine alone could not significantly clear infection compared to controls (55.6, 22.2, and 33.3% clearance rates, respectively). This approach to vaccine development may lead to the generation of vaccines against other pathogenic biofilm bacteria.