bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stakeholder Legitimacy
Authors: Phillips Robert 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:This paper is a preliminary attempt to better understand the concept of legitimacy in stakeholder theory. The normative component of stakeholder theory plays a central role in the concept of legitimacy. Though the elaboration of legitimacy contained herein applies generally to all “normative cores” this paper relies on Phillips’s principle of stakeholder fairness and therefore begins with a brief description of this work. This is followed by a discussion of the importance of legitimacy to stakeholder theory as well as the general ambiguity of the term. A distinction is then drawn between normative and derivative legitimacy. Reference to this distinction helps distinguish between a relationship with the organization based on direct moral obligation and one based on the power to help or harm the organization. It is concluded that stakeholders who retain the ability to affect the organization arelegitimate(derivatively), but that this legitimacy is derived from the moral obligation owed other (normative) stakeholders and that the two sorts of legitimacy are importantly different from one another. An example of the normative/derivative distinction at work in managerial decision making is elaborated upon and managerial and research implications are then suggested.
Democracy and Private Discretion in Business
Authors: Dubbink Wim 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:Some critics raise moral objections against corporate social responsibility on account of its supposedly undemocratic nature. They argue that it is hard to reconcile democracy with the private discretion that always accompanies the discharge of responsibilities that are not judicially enforceable. There are two ways of constructing this argument: the “perfect-market argument” and the ‘social-power argument.” This paper demonstrates that the perfect-market argument is untenable and that the social-power argument is sometimes valid. It also asserts that the proponents of the perfect-market argument are mistaken in their assumption that perfect markets are conducive to democracy. There are strong reasons to hold that perfect markets are undesirable from a democratic point of view. A proper conceptualization and differentiation of the relation between “the private and the public” can make this clear. The proponents of the social-power argument sometimes maintain that the democratic deficit can be compensated for by consulting the stakeholders affected. Against this, I will argue that the social power argument has nothing to offer affected parties. Still, it will be shown that modern theory on corporate social responsibility is not well accommodated to the democratic deficit as revealed by the social power argument.
Organizational Justice: A Behavioral Science Concept with Critical Implications for Business Ethics and Stakeholder Theory
Authors: Hosmer LaRue Tone , Kiewitz Christian 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:Organizational justice is a behavioral science concept that refers to the perception of fairness of the past treatment of the employees within an organization held by the employees of that organization. These subjective perceptions of fairness have been empirically shown to be related to 1) attitudinal changes in job satisfaction, organizational commitment and managerial trust beliefs; 2) behavioral changes in task performance activities and ancillary extra-task efforts to assist group members and improve group methods; 3) numerical changes in the quantity, quality and efficiency of divisional outputs; and—though this is far more tentative—4) eventual changes in the competitive advantage and financial performance of the full organization. The authors propose that these constructs can be applied to all stakeholders, rather than just to the current employees of the firm, and that objective determinations of fairness by the managers can be related to subjective perceptions of fairness by the stakeholders that will result in the sequential series of attitudinal, behavioral and numerical changes that will lead to performance improvements. In short, the authors propose a normative stakeholder theory of the firm, based upon ethical principles, that will have testable descriptive hypotheses derived from the behavioral constructs.
Self-Selection Bias in Business Ethics Research
Authors: James Harvey S. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:Suppose we want to know whether the ethics of persons with one characteristic differ from the ethics of persons having another characteristic. Self-selection bias occurs if people have control over that characteristic. When there is self-selection bias, we cannot be sure observed differences in ethics are correlated with the characteristic or are the result of individual self-selection. Self-selection bias is germane to many important business ethics questions. In this paper I explain what self-selection bias is, how it relates to business ethics research, and how to correct for it. I also illustrate the correction process in an empirical analysis of the effect of organizational rank on worker ethics. Using data from the European Values Survey, I find that being a supervisor is positively correlated with worker ethics. However, I also find a negative self-selection effect. Workers with relatively lower ethics are selected into supervisory roles.
Revisiting the Global Business Ethics Question
Authors: Michaelson Christopher 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:A fundamental question of global business ethics is, “When moral business conduct standards conflict across borders, whose standards should prevail?” Western scholarship and practice tends to depict home country standards as “higher” or more “restrictive” or “well-ordered” than the “lower” standards of emerging market actors. As much as the question appears culturally neutral, many who ask it do so with a culturally-specific lens shaped by prevailing conditions of Western economic strength. However, the dominant economic powers of the future are not likely to be the same North American and Western European markets that have reigned supreme in the recent past. As corporations increasingly re-examine their political roles in global governance, we need also to re-examine the moral authority of global ethical norms so they do not merely reflect the dominant ideologies of the most economically powerful market actors.
Governing the Global Corporation: A Critical Perspective
Authors: Banerjee Subhabrata Bobby 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:In this article I provide a critical perspective on governing the global corporation. While the papers in the 2009 special issue of Business Ethics Quarterly explore the political role of corporations I argue that they lack a sophisticated analysis of power across institutional and actor networks. The argument that corporate engagement with deliberative democracy can enhance the legitimacy of corporations does not take into account the effects of institutional, material and discursive forms of power that determine legitimacy criteria. As a result corporate versions of citizenship mediate versions of social responsibility and morality, which are reflected in the institutional and political economic norms that are produced by this power/knowledge. In order to overcome the limits of corporate social responsibility there is a need to develop more democratic forms of global governance of corporations. A radical revisioning of democratic governance would also need to overcome the limits posed by sovereignty and would require new forms of multi-actor and multi-level translocal governance arrangements in an attempt to create forms of power that are more compatible with the principles of economic democracy.
Post-Westphalia and Its Discontents: Business, Globalization, and Human Rights in Political and Moral Perspective
Authors: Santoro Michael A. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:This article examines the presuppositions and theoretical frameworks of the “new-wave” “Post-Westphalian” approach to international business ethics and compares it to the more philosophically oriented moral theory approach that has predominated in the field. I contrast one author’s Post-Westphalian political approach to the human rights responsibilities of transnational corporations (TNCs) with my own “Fair Share” theory of moral responsibility for human rights. I suggest how the debate about the meaning of corporate human rights “complicity” might be informed by the fair share theory. While I point out that Post-Westphalians and moral philosophers may have fundamental disagreements about basic concepts such as legitimacy, justice, and democratic deliberation, I conclude that the Post-Westphalians have made a major contribution to the expansion of the field by presenting business ethicists with an opportunity to inform and guide debates about the potential future course of transnational governance.
High-Leverage Finance Capitalism, the Economic Crisis, Structurally Related Ethics Issues, and Potential Reforms
Authors: Nielsen Richard P. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:In this updated and revised version of his 2008 Society for Business Ethics presidential address, Richard Nielsen documents the characteristics and extent of the 2007–2009 economic crisis and analyzes how the ethics issues of the economic crisis are structurally related to a relatively new form of capitalism, high-leverage finance capitalism. Four types of high-leverage finance capitalism are considered: hedge funds; private equity-leveraged buyouts; high-leverage, subprime mortgage banking; and high-leverage banking. The structurally related problems with the four types of high-leverage finance capitalism converged in something of a perfect economic storm. Explanations for the crisis are offered in the context of the type of the high-leverage finance capitalism system that permitted and facilitated the economic crisis. Ethics issues and potential reforms are considered that may be able to mitigate the destructive effects of what Schumpeter referred to as the “creative destructive” effects of evolutionary forms of capitalism while realizing the Aristotelian economic ideal of creating wealth in such a way as to make us better people and the world a better place.
New Directions in Legal Scholarship: Implications for Business Ethics Research, Theory, and Practice
Authors: Hasnas John , Prentice Robert , Strudler Alan 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:Legal scholars and business ethicists are interested in many of the same core issues regarding human and firm behavior. The vast amount of legal research being generated by nearly 10,000 law school and business law scholars will inevitably influence business ethics research. This paper describes some of the recent trends in legal scholarship and explores its implications for three significant aspects of business ethics research—methodology, theory, and policy.
Accountability in a Global Economy: The Emergence of International Accountability Standards
Authors: Gilbert Dirk Ulrich , Rasche Andreas , Waddock Sandra 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:This article assesses the proliferation of international accountability standards (IAS) in the recent past. We provide a comprehensive overview about the different types of standards and discuss their role as part of a new institutional infrastructure for corporate responsibility. Based on this, it is argued that IAS can advance corporate responsibility on a global level because they contribute to the closure of some omnipresent governance gaps. IAS also improve the preparedness of an organization to give an explanation and a justification to relevant stakeholders for its judgments, intentions, acts and omissions when appropriately called upon to do so. However, IAS also face a variety of problems impeding their potential to help address social and environmental issues. The contribution of the four articles in this special section is discussed in the context of standards’ problems and opportunities. The article closes by outlining a research agenda to further develop and extend the scholarly debate around IAS.
On the Ease of (Dis)believing: The Role of Accessibility Experiences in Credibility Judgments
Authors: Ask Karl , Greifeneder Rainer , Reinhard Marc‐André 
Published: July 2012

SummaryCredibility judgments are common and consequential in many applied settings. Although much research has addressed human observers' ability to discriminate true and deceptive statements, less is known about the psychological processes involved in such judgments. Here, it is proposed that the process of mustering evidence for or against credibility is reflected in a feeling‐based form (ease‐of‐retrieval) and that such feelings can be used as a basis for credibility judgments. The results of an experiment show, as predicted, that the perceived ease with which participants could identify clues strongly influenced credibility judgments. Ironically, mustering more clues in support of a truthful account lowered credibility judgments; in contrast, mustering more clues in support of a deceptive account increased credibility judgments. Mediation analyses suggest that this is because participants relied on a feeling‐based as opposed to content‐based judgment strategy. Practical implications are discussed, and theoretical issues regarding the process of credibility judgment are raised. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Confirmation Bias in General Aviation Lost Procedures
Authors: Gilbey Andrew , Hill Stephen 
Published: July 2012

SummaryPilots, students and orienteers completed three tasks in which they imagined that they were lost. For each task, participants were provided with a map and instructed to select one of three provided features to help them decide if they were at a certain (incorrect) location. One feature was unique to the correct location; the other two features were consistent with locations in both the incorrect location and the correct location. The unique feature was therefore the ‘correct’ choice to make. Only orienteers chose the unique feature at a rate significantly higher than chance; all other groups performed either at or worse than expected by chance. Attempts to increase the rate of disconfirming choices were largely ineffective. Findings suggest that when they are lost, both pilots and psychology students, but not orienteers, adopt a confirmatory approach to ascertain their location, which may put pilots who are already lost at even greater risk. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrahigh Specific Capacitances for Supercapacitors Achieved by Nickel Cobaltite/Carbon Aerogel Composites
Authors: Chien Hsing‐Chi , Cheng Wei‐Yun , Wang Yong‐Hui , Lu Shih‐Yuan 
Published: July 2012

AbstractNickel cobaltite, a low cost and an environmentally friendly supercapacitive material, is deposited as a thin nanostructure of 3–5 nm nanocrystals into carbon aerogels, a mesoporous host template of high specific surface areas and high electric conductivities, with a two‐step wet chemistry process. This nickel cobaltite/carbon aerogel composite shows ultrahigh specific capacitances of around 1700 F g−1 at a scan rate of 25 mV s−1 within a potential window of −0.05 to 0.5 V in 1 M NaOH solutions. The composite also possesses an excellent high rate capability manifested by maintaining specific capacitances above 800 F g−1 at a high scan rate of 500 mV s−1, and an outstanding cycling stability demonstrated by a negligible 2.4% decay in specific capacitances after 2000 cycles. The success is attributable to the fuller utilization of nickel cobaltite for pseudocapacitance generation, made possible by the composite structure enabling well exposed nickel cobaltite to the electrolyte and easy transport of charge carriers, ions, and electrons, within the composite electrode.
Continuous Control of Charge Transport in Bi‐Deficient BiFeO3 Films Through Local Ferroelectric Switching
Authors: Kim Tae Heon , Jeon Byung Chul , Min Taeyoon , Yang Sang Mo , Lee Daesu , Kim Yong Su , Baek Seung‐Hyub , Saenrang Wittawat , Eom Chang‐Beom , Song Tae Kwon , Yoon Jong‐Gul , Noh Tae Won 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIt is demonstrated that electric transport in Bi‐deficient Bi1‐δFeO3 ferroelectric thin films, which act as a p‐type semiconductor, can be continuously and reversibly controlled by manipulating ferroelectric domains. Ferroelectric domain configuration is modified by applying a weak voltage stress to Pt/Bi1‐δFeO3/SrRuO3 thin‐film capacitors. This results in diode behavior in macroscopic charge‐transport properties as well as shrinkage of polarization‐voltage hysteresis loops. The forward current density depends on the voltage stress time controlling the domain configuration in the Bi1‐δFeO3 film. Piezoresponse force microscopy shows that the density of head‐to‐head/tail‐to‐tail unpenetrating local domains created by the voltage stress is directly related to the continuous modification of the charge transport and the diode effect. The control of charge transport is discussed in conjunction with polarization‐dependent interfacial barriers and charge trapping at the non‐neutral domain walls of unpenetrating tail‐to‐tail domains. Because domain walls in Bi1‐δFeO3 act as local conducting paths for charge transport, the domain‐wall‐mediated charge transport can be extended to ferroelectric resistive nonvolatile memories and nanochannel field‐effect transistors with high performances conceptually.
Functional Silica Nanoparticles for Redox‐Triggered Drug/ssDNA Co‐delivery
Authors: Ma Xing , Nguyen Kim Truc , Borah Parijat , Ang Chung Yen , Zhao Yanli 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSNP) based co‐delivery system is developed in order to deliver simultaneously drug and single strand DNA (ssDNA) in a controlled manner. Negatively charged ssDNA as a model gene is immobilized onto the surface of positively charged ammonium‐functionalized MSNPs through electrostatic interaction, effectively blocking the loaded drugs within the mesopores of MSNPs. When the pre‐installed disulfide bond on the ammonium unit is broken by the addition of the reducing agent such as dithiothreitol or glutathione, the ssDNA network on the surface is freed, leading to the release of the loaded drug molecules from the mesopores. The cell investigations indicate that the functional nanoparticles have a very low cytotoxicity under the concentrations measured. The doxorubicin‐loaded and ssDNA‐coated nanoparticles show an enhanced cellular internalization, leading to a successful drug/ssDNA co‐delivery in vitro for significant apoptosis of Hela cancer cells as compared with that of free doxorubicin. The obtained experimental results indicate promising applications of the functional nanoparticles in cancer treatment.
Synthesis and characterization of perfluorinated acrylate–methyl methacrylate copolymers
Authors: Çanak Tuba Çakır , Hamuryudan Esin , Serhatlı İ. Ersin 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA novel perfluorinated acrylic monomer 3,5‐bis(perfluorobenzyloxy)benzyl acrylate (FM) with perfluorinated aromatic units was synthesized with 3,5‐bis(perfluorobenzyl)oxybenzyl alcohol, acryloyl chloride, and triethylamine. Copolymers of FM monomer with methyl methacrylate (MMA) were prepared via free‐radical polymerization at 80°C in toluene with 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. The obtained copolymers were characterized by 1H‐NMR and gel permeation chromatography. The monomer reactivity ratios for the monomer pair were calculated with the extended Kelen–Tüdos method. The reactivity ratios were found to be r1 = 0.38 for FM, r2 = 1.11 for MMA, and r1r2 < 1 for the pair FM–MMA. This shows that the system proceeded as random copolymerization. The thermal behavior of the copolymers was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The copolymers had only one glass‐transition temperature, which changed from 46 to 78°C depending on the copolymer composition. Melting endotherms were not observed in the DSC traces; this indicated that all of the copolymers were completely amorphous. Copolymer films were prepared by spin coating, and contact angle measurements of water and ethylene glycol on the films indicated a high degree of hydrophobicity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Bulk grafting of poly(styrene‐alt‐maleic anhydride) onto preirradiated polyolefin membranes in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Wang Yi‐Ming , Shao Song‐Hai , Lin Fei 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTo take advantage of the property of supercritical carbon dioxide as both a solvent and swelling agent, the bulk grafting of poly(styrene‐alt‐maleic anhydride) [P(MAH‐alt‐St)] onto preirradiated polyolefin membranes was performed by a combination of γ‐ray‐preirradiation‐induced graft copolymerization and supercritical fluid‐swollen polymerization. The trapped radicals on the polyolefin backbones were uniformly distributed by γ‐ray irradiation under a nitrogen atmosphere. Subsequently, these polymeric trapped radicals initiated the alternating copolymerization of styrene (St) and maleic anhydride (MAH) infused into the swollen polymer matrix with the aid of supercritical CO2. It was important that the graft copolymers were relatively pure without any contaminants, including homopolymers, monomers, and initiators. The experimental results show that the degree of grafting could be easily controlled. In addition, St/MAH could synergistically promote the bulk grafting process and strongly effect on the alternating trend; this was confirmed by element analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Soxhlet extraction, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the P(MAH‐alt‐St) was covalently bonded to the polymeric backbones. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the alternating graft chains were uniformly dispersed throughout the 5‐mm thickness of the polymer membranes on the nanometer scale. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Rheology and morphology of nanosilica‐containing polypropylene and polypropylene/liquid crystalline polymer blend
Authors: Foudazi Reza , Nazockdast Hossein 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe studied the rheology and morphology of hydrophilic and hydrophobic silica containing polypropylene (PP) and PP/liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) blend. It was found that hydrophilic silica has higher tendency for aggregation and forms bigger aggregate size. The lower percolation threshold and the higher fractal dimension for hydrophilic silica are due to its stronger particle–particle interaction compared with the hydrophobic one. Although the hydrophobic silica has lower thickening capability and lower coalescence hindrance by aggregates, its presence at the interface of PP/LCP blend results in smaller droplet size and higher elasticity of hybrid samples in comparison to hydrophilic silica. These results confirm that the hydrophobic silica has a compatibilization capability for PP/LCP blend, whereas the hydrophilic silica mostly works as a thickening agent and suppresses the coalescence. We suggested that for comparison of different particulate compatibilizers, the elasticity of filled blend sample against filled matrix phase can be used in high and low frequency ranges. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013