bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Australian and Canadian managerial values: a review
Authors: Wolak Arthur 
Published: May 2009

PurposeAlthough Australia and English Canada share common British colonial origins, they have not evolved into identical cultures. This is likely because they do not share an identical pattern of cultural values. Research has shown that, while common values certainly exist, each nation's dominant values are neither identical for all values nor are specific common values necessarily shared to the same degree. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast seven key values studies and considers their managerial implications.Design/methodology/approachThis review of comparative values studies helps identify, through analysis and comparison with other cultures, subtle differences between Australian and Canadian cultural values.FindingsDistinct Australian and Canadian value profiles emerge when each culture is contrasted with other, especially Anglo‐based, cultures. However, the studies in this review do not explore in great detail how such values became prominent cultural markers. This review therefore suggests that the impact of Anglo‐Celtic immigrants during each nation's formative periods may be a primary underlying cause that deserves further study.Research limitations/implicationsThe studies rely on various value scales to identify cultural similarities and differences. Such studies are cross‐sectional and do not analyze the results from a longitudinal or historical perspective. Nonetheless, reviewing these values studies contributes to the understanding of contemporary Australia, English Canada, and their respective managerial cultures. This review does not examine French Canadian values studies because of this analysis' focus on Anglo cultures to determine distinctions among dominant values and to suggest reasons for differences among those sharing a common British colonial heritage.Practical implicationsThis review informs practicing managers in Australia, Canada, and others considering entering these cultures, which values haven proven culturally important and how local values could impact managerial decision‐making behavior.Originality/valueGiven a lack of research directly comparing Australian and Canadian cultural and/or managerial values, this review of significant comparative values studies helps identify distinctions worthy of further investigation. The critical discussion considers limitations of the current literature, as well as areas for future research that include ethno‐cultural factors in organizational research that are important for domestic enterprises and multinational corporations entering each market.
Rapid prototyping of anatomically shaped, tissue‐engineered implants for restoring congruent articulating surfaces in small joints
Authors: Woodfield T. B. F. , Guggenheim M. , Von Rechenberg B. , Riesle J. , Van Blitterswijk C. A. , Wedler V. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackground:  Preliminary studies investigated advanced scaffold design and tissue engineering approaches towards restoring congruent articulating surfaces in small joints.Materials and methods:  Anatomical femoral and tibial cartilage constructs, fabricated by three‐dimensional fibre deposition (3DF) or compression moulding/particulate leaching (CM), were evaluated in vitro and in vivo in an autologous rabbit model. Effects of scaffold pore architecture on rabbit chondrocyte differentiation and mechanical properties were evaluated following in vitro culture and subcutaneous implantation in nude mice. After femoral and tibial osteotomy and autologous implantation of tissue‐engineered constructs in rabbit knee joints, implant fixation and joint articulation were evaluated.Results:  Rapid prototyping of 3DF architectures with 100% interconnecting pores promoted homogeneous distribution of viable cells, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen type II; significantly greater GAG content and differentiation capacity (GAG/DNA) in vitro compared to CM architectures; and higher mechanical equilibrium modulus and dynamic stiffness (at 0.1 Hz). Six weeks after implantation, femoral and tibial constructs had integrated with rabbit bone and knee flexion/extension and partial load bearing were regained. Histology demonstrated articulating surfaces between femoral and tibial constructs for CM and 3DF architectures; however, repair tissue appeared fibrocartilage‐like and did not resemble implanted cartilage.Conclusions:  Anatomically shaped, tissue‐engineered constructs with designed mechanical properties and internal pore architectures may offer alternatives for reconstruction or restoration of congruent articulating surfaces in small joints.
Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk from buffaloes fed a mustard oil‐based diet
Authors: KATHIRVELAN C , TYAGI A K 
Published: May 2009

Fifteen Murrah buffaloes were distributed in groups I, II and III. The group I animals were fed with groundnut cake‐based concentrate, group II animals with mustard cake‐based concentrate and group III with 2% of mustard oil added to the group II feed. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) estimation in milk was done by using GC. The average total CLA contents (mg/g milk fat) in the three groups were 6.84, 12.12 and 19.50 mg/g of fat respectively. Hence it was concluded that addition of 2% mustard oil resulted in a 185% increase in milk fat total CLA content.
Transgenic inhibition of astroglial NF‐κB leads to increased axonal sparing and sprouting following spinal cord injury
Authors: Brambilla Roberta , Hurtado Andres , Persaud Trikaldarshi , Esham Kim , Pearse Damien D. , Oudega Martin , Bethea John R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe previously showed that Nuclear Factor κB (NF‐κB) inactivation in astrocytes leads to improved functional recovery following spinal cord injury (SCI). This correlated with reduced expression of pro‐inflammatory mediators and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, and increased white matter preservation. Hence we hypothesized that inactivation of astrocytic NF‐κB would create a more permissive environment for axonal sprouting and regeneration. We induced both contusive and complete transection SCI in GFAP‐Inhibitor of κB‐dominant negative (GFAP‐IκBα‐dn) and wild‐type (WT) mice and performed retrograde [fluorogold (FG)] and anterograde [biotinylated dextran amine (BDA)] tracing 8 weeks after injury. Following contusive SCI, more FG‐labeled cells were found in motor cortex, reticular formation, and raphe nuclei of transgenic mice. Spared and sprouting BDA‐positive corticospinal axons were found caudal to the lesion in GFAP‐IκBα‐dn mice. Higher numbers of FG‐labeled neurons were detected immediately rostral to the lesion in GFAP‐IκBα‐dn mice, accompanied by increased expression of synaptic and axonal growth‐associated molecules. After transection, however, no FG‐labeled neurons or BDA‐filled axons were found rostral and caudal to the lesion, respectively, in either genotype. These data demonstrated that inhibiting astroglial NF‐κB resulted in a growth‐supporting terrain promoting sparing and sprouting, rather than regeneration, of supraspinal and propriospinal circuitries essential for locomotion, hence contributing to the improved functional recovery observed after SCI in GFAP‐IκBα‐dn mice.
Agouti protein, mahogunin, and attractin in pheomelanogenesis and melanoblast‐like alteration of melanocytes: a cAMP‐independent pathway
Authors: Hida Tokimasa , Wakamatsu Kazumasa , Sviderskaya Elena V. , Donkin Andrew J. , Montoliu Lluis , Lynn Lamoreux M. , Yu Bin , Millhauser Glenn L. , Ito Shosuke , Barsh Gregory S. , Jimbow Kowichi , Bennett Dorothy C. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryMelanocortin‐1 receptor (MC1R) and its ligands, α‐melanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH) and agouti signaling protein (ASIP), regulate switching between eumelanin and pheomelanin synthesis in melanocytes. Here we investigated biological effects and signaling pathways of ASIP. Melan‐a non agouti (a/a) mouse melanocytes produce mainly eumelanin, but ASIP combined with phenylthiourea and extra cysteine could induce over 200‐fold increases in the pheomelanin to eumelanin ratio, and a tan‐yellow color in pelletted cells. Moreover, ASIP‐treated cells showed reduced proliferation and a melanoblast‐like appearance, seen also in melanocyte lines from yellow (Ay/a and Mc1re/ Mc1re) mice. However ASIP‐YY, a C‐terminal fragment of ASIP, induced neither biological nor pigmentary changes. As, like ASIP, ASIP‐YY inhibited the cAMP rise induced by αMSH analog NDP‐MSH, and reduced cAMP level without added MSH, the morphological changes and depigmentation seemed independent of cAMP signaling. Melanocytes genetically null for ASIP mediators attractin or mahogunin (Atrnmg‐3J/mg‐3J or Mgrn1md‐nc/md‐nc) also responded to both ASIP and ASIP‐YY in cAMP level, while only ASIP altered their proliferation and (in part) shape. Thus, ASIP–MC1R signaling includes a cAMP‐independent pathway through attractin and mahogunin, while the known cAMP‐dependent component requires neither attractin nor mahogunin.
Australian Dental Research Fund Trebitsch Scholarship* Efficacy of antifungal prophylaxis in bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Quirk Paul C. , Osborne Peter J. , Walsh Laurence J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractOral candidal infection is a common problem in bone marrow transplantation. This prospective study compared the effectiveness of antifungal prophylaxis with topical antifungals (nystatin and amphotericin B suspensions) versus oral fluconazole in 196 patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Oral candidosis occurred frequently in the group receiving topical antifungals (61/113, 54%), but was rare in the group receiving fluconazole (6/83, 7%). The difference in efficacy between the two groups was highly significant (p<0.00001). There was no difference in the incidence of suspected systemic fungal infection between the two groups. While nausea was a problem with antifungal suspensions, no significant adverse reactions to fluconazole occurred. Because of greater efficacy in preventing oral candidosis and better patient tolerance, oral fluconazole is preferred to antifungal suspensions for prophylactic use in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation.
The stability of facial osteotomies. 3. Chin advancement
Authors: Hoffman Gary R. , Moloney Frank B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSurgical repositioning of the chin can be used to improve function and aesthetics. The most commonly employed technique involves a sectioning of the lower border of the anterior mandible, thus allowing a sliding movement of the chin. It is generally accepted that the maintenance of a soft tissue attachment provides a clinically stable skeletal and predictable soft tissue change with minimal postoperative osseous resorption.Part 3 of this series of papers addresses the issues of treatment planning, surgical technique and clinical indications for undertaking advancement genioplasty. These, combined with the surgeon's artistic sense of facial harmony, are pre‐conditions necessary for successful chin surgery.
Serum alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphate levels following clinical use of natural coral
Authors: Alpaslan Gökhan , Alpaslan Cansu , Bilgihan Ayşe , Yamahk Kemal 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMeasurement of alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity is the most commonly used serum marker to assess bone formation. In this present study serum alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphate were measured in 12 patients where natural coral was implanted in surgical bony defects. Blood samples were obtained preoperatively which served as control, and at 1, 7, 15, and 30 days. No statistically significant increase in serum alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphate was observed.
The stability of facial osteotomies. 1. The evolution of maxillary, mandibular and chin osteotomies
Authors: Hoffman Gary R. , Moloney Frank B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSurgical repositioning of the dento‐skeletal components of the face, combined with appropriate orthodontic treatment, can be used to improve function and aesthetics. An extensive number of osteotomies are performed within the maxillofacial region. The most common of these are the Le Fort I osteotomy of the maxilla, the bilateral sagittal split osteotomy of the mandibular ramus, and the horizontal osteotomy of the anterior mandible. The attainment of three dimensional stability following corrective jaw surgery continues to be a major problem in the post‐surgical period, in spite of the widespread adoption of rigid internal osteosynthesis.The evolution of these osteotomies to advance dento‐skeletal components is traced from their inception to the present day and the concept of stability is explained (Part I). This serves as a prelude to an investigation into the stability of these procedures, undertaken in isolation or combination, to advance selected segments of the mid‐ and lower face (Parts 2, 3, 4, 5).
Cementation of vented crowns with low deformation
Authors: Wilson Peter R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCrown deformation during cementation was measured with a circumferential strain gauge. The effects of different seating forces (3,10 and 25 N), three different cements (Phosphacap, Ketac‐cem Applicap and Fuji‐cap I) and the presence or absence of venting on deformation and seating discrepancy were investigated. Forty (im of cement space was provided for all experiments. Venting increased deformation and reduced seating discrepancy, whilst increased force increased deformation and decreased seating discrepancy. Ketac‐cem Applicap allowed the lowest seating discrepancy with median crown deformation. It was possible, by using venting, low forces (10 N) and Ketac‐cem Applicap, to achieve a low marginal discrepancy with low crown deformation. Venting also diminished the seating discrepancy to acceptable levels when higher forces (25 N) were used with Phosphacap.
Efficient Degradation of Lignocellulosic Plant Biomass, without Pretreatment, by the Thermophilic Anaerobe “
Anaerocellum thermophilum
” DSM 6725
Authors: Yang Sung-Jae , Kataeva Irina , Hamilton-Brehm Scott D. , Engle Nancy L. , Tschaplinski Timothy J. , Doeppke Crissa , Davis Mark , Westpheling Janet , Adams Michael W. W. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

Very few cultivated microorganisms can degrade lignocellulosic biomass without chemical pretreatment. We show here that “
Anaerocellum thermophilum
” DSM 6725, an anaerobic bacterium that grows optimally at 75°C, efficiently utilizes various types of untreated plant biomass, as well as crystalline cellulose and xylan. These include hardwoods such as poplar, low-lignin grasses such as napier and Bermuda grasses, and high-lignin grasses such as switchgrass. The organism did not utilize only the soluble fraction of the untreated biomass, since insoluble plant biomass (as well as cellulose and xylan) obtained after washing at 75°C for 18 h also served as a growth substrate. The predominant end products from all growth substrates were hydrogen, acetate, and lactate. Glucose and cellobiose (on crystalline cellulose) and xylose and xylobiose (on xylan) also accumulated in the growth media during growth on the defined substrates but not during growth on the plant biomass.
A. thermophilum
DSM 6725 grew well on first- and second-spent biomass derived from poplar and switchgrass, where spent biomass is defined as the insoluble growth substrate recovered after the organism has reached late stationary phase. No evidence was found for the direct attachment of
A. thermophilum
DSM 6725 to the plant biomass. This organism differs from the closely related strain
A. thermophilum
Z-1320 in its ability to grow on xylose and pectin.
Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus
DSM 8903 (optimum growth temperature, 70°C), a close relative of
A. thermophilum
DSM 6725, grew well on switchgrass but not on poplar, indicating a significant difference in the biomass-degrading abilities of these two otherwise very similar organisms.
Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay for QPX (Thraustochytriidae), a Parasite of the Hard Clam (
Mercenaria mercenaria
)
Authors: Liu Qianqian , Allam Bassem , Collier Jackie L. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT
We developed a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay targeting the rRNA internal transcribed spacer region of the hard clam pathogen QPX. The qPCR assay was more sensitive than was histology in detecting clams with light QPX infections. QPX was detected in 4 of 43 sediment samples but in none of 40 seawater samples.
Syntrophic Degradation of Cadaverine by a Defined Methanogenic Coculture
Authors: Roeder Julia , Schink Bernhard 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

A novel, strictly anaerobic, cadaverine-oxidizing, defined coculture was isolated from an anoxic freshwater sediment sample. The coculture oxidized cadaverine (1,5-diaminopentane) with sulfate as the electron acceptor. The sulfate-reducing partner could be replaced by a hydrogenotrophic methanogenic partner. The defined coculture fermented cadaverine to acetate, butyrate, and glutarate plus sulfide or methane. The key enzymes involved in cadaverine degradation were identified in cell extracts. A pathway of cadaverine fermentation via 5-aminovaleraldehyde and crotonyl-coenzyme A with subsequent dismutation to acetate and butyrate is suggested. Comparative 16S rRNA gene analysis indicated that the fermenting part of the coculture belongs to the subphylum
Firmicutes
but that this part is distant from any described genus. The closest known relative was
Clostridium aminobutyricum
, with 95% similarity.
Construction and Characterization of Three Lactate Dehydrogenase-NegativeEnterococcus faecalisV583 Mutants
Authors: Jönsson Maria , Saleihan Zhian , Nes Ingolf F. , Holo Helge 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThe roles of the twoldhgenes ofEnterococcus faecaliswere studied using knockout mutants. Deletion ofldh-1causes a metabolic shift from homolactic fermentation to ethanol, formate, and acetoin production, with a high level of formate production even under aerobic conditions. Ldh-2 plays only a minor role in lactate production.
Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria and Archaea in Groundwater Treatment and Drinking Water Distribution Systems
Authors: van der Wielen Paul W. J. J. , Voost Stefan , van der Kooij Dick 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

The ammonia-oxidizing prokaryote (AOP) community in three groundwater treatment plants and connected distribution systems was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and sequence analysis targeting the
amoA
gene of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA). Results demonstrated that AOB and AOA numbers increased during biological filtration of ammonia-rich anoxic groundwater, and AOP were responsible for ammonium removal during treatment. In one of the treatment trains at plant C, ammonia removal correlated significantly with AOA numbers but not with AOB numbers. Thus, AOA were responsible for ammonia removal in water treatment at one of the studied plants. Furthermore, an observed negative correlation between the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in the water and AOA numbers suggests that high DOC levels might reduce growth of AOA. AOP entered the distribution system in numbers ranging from 1.5 × 10
3
to 6.5 × 10
4
AOPs ml
−1
. These numbers did not change during transport in the distribution system despite the absence of a disinfectant residual. Thus, inactive AOP biomass does not seem to be degraded by heterotrophic microorganisms in the distribution system. We conclude from our results that AOA can be commonly present in distribution systems and groundwater treatment, where they can be responsible for the removal of ammonia.
Probiotic Properties of the 2-Substituted (1,3)-β-
d
-Glucan-Producing Bacterium
Pediococcus parvulus
2.6
Authors: Fernández de Palencia Pilar , Werning María Laura , Sierra-Filardi Elena , Dueñas María Teresa , Irastorza Ana , Corbí Angel L. , López Paloma 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

Exopolysaccharides have prebiotic potential and contribute to the rheology and texture of fermented foods. Here we have analyzed the in vitro bioavailability and immunomodulatory properties of the 2-substituted (1,3)-β-
d
-glucan-producing bacterium
Pediococcus parvulus
2.6. It resists gastrointestinal stress, adheres to Caco-2 cells, and induces the production of inflammation-related cytokines by polarized macrophages.
Parasporal Body Formation via Overexpression of the Cry10Aa Toxin of
Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp.
israelensis
, and Cry10Aa-Cyt1Aa Synergism
Authors: Hernández-Soto Alejandro , Del Rincón-Castro M. Cristina , Espinoza Ana M. , Ibarra Jorge E. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp.
israelensis
is the most widely used microbial control agent against mosquitoes and blackflies. Its insecticidal success is based on an arsenal of toxins, such as Cry4A, Cry4B, Cry11A, and Cyt1A, harbored in the parasporal crystal of the bacterium. A fifth toxin, Cry10Aa, is synthesized at very low levels; previous attempts to clone and express Cry10Aa were limited, and no parasporal body was formed. By using a new strategy, the whole Cry10A operon was cloned in the pSTAB vector, where both open reading frames ORF1 and ORF2 (and the gap between the two) were located, under the control of the
cyt1A
operon and the STAB-SD stabilizer sequence characteristic of this vector. Once the acrystalliferous mutant 4Q7 of
B. thuringiensis
subsp.
israelensis
was transformed with this construct, parasporal bodies were observed by phase-contrast microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Discrete, ca. 0.9-μm amorphous parasporal bodies were observed in the mature sporangia, which were readily purified by gradient centrifugation once autolysis had occurred. Pure parasporal bodies showed two major bands of ca. 68 and 56 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. These bands were further characterized by N-terminal sequencing of tryptic fragments using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis, which identified both bands as the products of ORF1 and ORF2, respectively. Bioassays against fourth-instar larvae of
Aedes aegypti
of spore-crystal complex and pure crystals of Cry10Aa gave estimated 50% lethal concentrations of 2,061 ng/ml and 239 ng/ml, respectively. Additionally, synergism was clearly detected between Cry10A and Cyt1A, as the synergistic levels (potentiation rates) were estimated at 13.3 for the mixture of Cyt1A crystals and Cry10Aa spore-crystal complex and 12.6 for the combination of Cyt1A and Cry10Aa pure crystals.