bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the Henry's Constant of Dimethyl Selenide as a Function of Temperature
Authors: Guo Lei , Jury William A. , Frankenberger William T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Henry's constant (Kh) represents the equilibrium partitioning a gaseous compound between the vapor and liquid phases, and therefore is an important parameter describing the mobility of the compound in soil. Using the method of headspace analysis, we determined the Kh of dimethyl selenide (DMSe) at temperatures ranging from 4 to 40°C. The Kh value was derived by regression analysis of the liquid phase concentration observed at various liquid volumes based on mass balance. The dimensionless Kh of DMSe ranged from 0.032 to 0.135, corresponding to a liquid concentration that is 7 to 31 times higher than the vapor concentration. The nonlinear regression equation describing the dependence of Kh on temperature (T, °C) is Kh = 0.0248exp (0.0418T), indicating that a higher temperature favors partitioning of DMSe to the vapor phase and thus increases transport of DMSe from soil to the atmosphere.
Native Plant Restoration of Copper Mine Tailings: I. Substrate Effect on Growth and Nutritional Status in a Greenhouse Study
Authors: Kramer P. A. , Zabowski D. , Scherer G. , Everett R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCopper mine tailings are difficult to revegetate using native plants unless amendments are added to reduce acidity, decrease metal solubility, and improve nutrient availability. In this study, the effects of two amendments were tested for their ability to improve growth and survival of two native plant species growing in copper mine tailings. Unamended tailings from an abandoned copper mine in Washington State were compared with native soil, sandy gravel from local glacial outwash, tailings with a 15‐cm sandy gravel cap, and biosolids with sandy gravel over tailings. Two native plants, Sitka alder [Alnus viridis subsp. sinuata (Regel) A. Love & D. Love] and pearly everlasting [Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. f.], were grown in a greenhouse for 3 to 4 mo in pots of each substrate. Plant biomass was determined and elemental composition of plant tissues were compared among substrates. Survival of both species was 100% in all treatments, but biomass production varied greatly among treatments, with the highest growth in the biosolids and gravel amendment and lowest growth in unamended tailings. Nutrient content varied by species and substrate with high AI concentrations in Sitka alder. Results suggest that N availability is most limiting to pearly everlasting and P is most limiting to Sitka alder. Use of biosolids in conjunction with gravel appears to be an effective tailings amendment.
Long‐Term Plant Community Development on Topsoil Treatments Overlying a Phytotoxic Growth Medium
Authors: Sydnor Russell S. , Redente Edward F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe application of topsoil over phytotoxic mine waste materials is often the most effective method for establishing plant communities and protecting these communities from the inimical properties of such waste materials. However, long‐term data on the effectiveness of this type of remediation, as well as on cultural treatments used to enhance vegetation establishment on topsoil cover treatments, are lacking. Therefore, we evaluated long‐term plant community development on study plots where 60 cm of Paraho retorted oil shale was covered by various depths of topsoil. The study plots were drill seeded with native, introduced, or a combination of native and introduced species, and fertilized with one of three rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer following construction of the plots in 1977. Data collected 20 yr after seeding showed that total aboveground biomass was greatest on deeper topsoil depths and on plots seeded with introduced plant species. However, when considering the interaction between these two variables, we found that native species were as productive as introduced species on deeper topsoil depths and on the control. Relative plant species composition and plant species richness were greatly influenced by seed mixture treatments. Plots seeded with a particular seed mixture in 1977 were still highly dominated by those species originally seeded, and native seed mixture plots were more species rich than introduced seed mixture plots. Chemical analysis of the soil covers and underlying retorted shale suggests that leaching processes have moderated the once adverse chemical characteristics of the retorted shale.
Interactive Effects of Soil Amendments and Depth of Incorporation on Geyer Willow
Authors: Fisher K. T. , Brummer J. E. , Leininger W. C. , Heil D. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA greenhouse study was initiated to determine the effect that depth of incorporation of soil amendments had on growth of Geyer willow (Salix geyeriana Andersson) planted in fluvial mine tailing. Lysimeters were constructed to simulate a 60‐cm tailing profile with a static water table established at a depth of 62 cm. The amendment treatments (lime, organic matter, and lime plus organic matter) were each applied at three depths of incorporation (0–20, 0–40, and 0–60 cm). Aboveground current‐year's growth (CYG) from willow cuttings grown in treatments that contained lime was more than eightfold greater than that from willows grown in treatments that did not contain lime. Willows grown in the 0‐ to 60‐cm treatments produced 36% more aboveground CYG than those grown in 0‐ to 20‐cm treatments and 27% more than those grown in the 0‐ to 40‐cm treatments. Belowground CYG, averaged across all amendment treatments, also increased with depth of incorporation. Chemical analyses of the growth media indicated that the lime amendment increased pH of the mine tailing such that trace metals were made less bioavailable and, therefore, not phytotoxic. The addition of organic matter to the lime amendment proved to be beneficial for plant growth and reduced bioavailability of some metals. Willows from all treatments accumulated high concentrations of the metals Cd and Zn in aboveground CYG. Results from this study suggest that increased depth of incorporation of soil amendments into mine tailing can significantly enhance vegetative production of willow cuttings.
Mortality of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Two Soils with Different Physical and Chemical Properties
Authors: Mubiru D. N. , Coyne M. S. , Grove J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWild and domesticated animals can harbor a pathogenic Escherichia coli strain designated as O157:H7. Potential health problems could occur if strain O157:H7 is a more robust survivor in defecated waste than commonly used indicator bacteria. A laboratory study was conducted to assess E. coli O157:H7 survival relative to a nonpathogenie E. coli strain in two soils with different physical and chemical characteristics. Bacteria in the inoculated soils were enumerated on a weekly basis for 8 wk using a most probable number (MPN) technique. First‐order decay models were used to describe bacteria mortality in the soils. Decay series were described slightly better by a two‐stage function than by a single‐stage function. Strain O157:H7 exhibited similar mortality patterns to the nonpathogenic E. coli in the same soil environment. Both E. coli strains had greater mortality rates in Pope silt loam (coarse‐loamy, mixed, active, mesic Fluventic Dystrudept) than Zanesville silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Fragiudalf). Differences in available soil water probably were the overriding factor in E. coli survival. Escherichia coli O157:H7 survival could be modeled in the same way as nonpathogenic E. coli and appears to have a slightly higher mortality rate.
The Relationship of Nitrate Concentrations in Streams to Row Crop Land Use in Iowa
Authors: Schilling Keith E. , Libra Robert D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relationship between row crop land use and nitrate N concentrations in surface water was evaluated for 15 Iowa watersheds ranging from 1002 to 2774 km2 and 10 smaller watersheds ranging from 47 to 775 km2 for the period 1996 to 1998. The percentage of land in row crop varied from 24 to >87% in the 15 large watersheds, and mean annual NO3‐N concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 10.8 mg/L. In the small watersheds, row crop percentage varied from 28 to 87% and mean annual NO3‐N concentrations ranged from 3.0 to 10.5 mg/L. In both cases, nitrate N concentrations were directly related to the percentage of row crop in the watershed (p < 0.0003). Linear regression showed similar slope for both sets of watersheds (0.11) suggesting that average annual sudace water nitrate concentrations in Iowa, and possibly similar agricultural areas in the midwestern USA, can be approximated by multiplying a watershed's row crop percentage by 0.1. Comparing the Iowa watershed data with similar data collected at a subwatershed scale in Iowa (0.1 to 8.1 km2) and a larger midcontinent scale (7300 to 237 100 km2) suggests that watershed scale affects the relationship of nitrate concentration and land use. The slope of nitrate concentration versus row crop percentage decreases with increasing watershed size.
Evaluation of Diffusion for Inorganic‐Nitrogen Analysis of Natural Water and Wastewater
Authors: Khan S. A. , Mulvaney R. L. , Strle K. , Horgan B. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPublic concern that agricultural use of N fertilizers may have adverse effects on environmental quality and human health has led to a growing need for reliable data concerning the concentration of inorganic N in ground and surface water. A study was conducted to compare the accuracy and precision of simple Mason‐jar diffusion methods for quantitative determination of NH+4 and NO−3, in a wide variety of water and wastewater, relative to colorimetry, ion‐selective potentiometry, and steam distillation. Good agreement among methods was generally obtained with standard solutions prepared using deionized water; however, substantial differences often were observed with natural and anthropogenic samples, because of either Cl− interference in measurements with the NO−3 electrode or CO2−3 interference in distillation. Analytical accuracy also was evaluated by measuring recovery of N added as (NH4)2SO4 or KNO3, (6 mg N L−1). With most of the samples studied, quantitative recovery (97–103%) was not achieved by potentiometry or distillation. Quantitative recoveries usually were achieved by a manual Berthelot method for colorimetric determination of NH+4, whereas recovery was often incomplete when NO−3 analyses were performed with an automated flow‐injection system using Cd2+ reduction. Regardless of the sample matrix, diffusion was always accurate in measuring recovery of NH+4 or NO−3.
Denitrification in an Estuarine Headwater Creek within an Agricultural Watershed
Authors: Thompson Suzanne P. , Piehler Michael F. , Paerl Hans W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNonpoint agricultural surface water runoff has been identified as a significant contributor to watershed nitrogen (N) loading. Denitrification is thought to be a substantial sink for N inputs to estuaries. Denitrification rates and inorganic N concentrations were measured in Culvert Creek, NC for a 3‐yr period with an adaptation of the acetylene block technique using saturation kinetic incubations that provided estimated in situ and potential rates. Estimated in situ denitrification and inorganic N concentrations were elevated in portions of Culvert Creek, NC following fertilizer application at adjacent Open Grounds Farm. Statistical correlations indicated that denitrification in Culvert Creek was regulated by inorganic N, paticularly at headwater sites. Regulation was complex at estuarine sites, where dynamic hydrological conditions affected microbial processing of N through coupled nitrification‐denitrification. Potential denitrification rates were often an order of magnitude higher than estimated in situ rates. Potential denitrification showed a similar seasonal‐spatial pattern to that of nitrification at the most estuarine site, with lower rates at the mid‐creek sites where nitrification was inhibited during periods of anoxia. Annual N removal in Culvert Creek was estimated at 1.27% (in situ) or 68.70% (potential rates) of inputs. An estimated 11% of N inputs were removed via the nitrification‐denitrification pathway in Culvert Creek assuming that rates were closely coupled. Mean annual (1995–1997) creek denitrification rates of 2.17 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (in situ) and 90.52 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (potential) were within the range of rates measured in various freshwater wetland systems receiving agricultural drainage. In Culvert Creek, denitrification was a significant mediator of estuarine headwater N cycling.
Phosphorus Reactions and Leaching Potential in Soils Amended with Sewage Sludge
Authors: Siddique Muhammad Tariq , Robinson J. Stephen , Alloway Brian J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the leaching potential of P from a range of sewage sludge‐ or P fertilizer (monocalcium phosphate)‐amended topsoils that had different P contents. Leaching trials (70 d) were conducted in 30‐cm‐long PVC columns; P‐related parameters were then determined at different depths in the leached soils. In most cases, more (P < 0.01) P was released from the P‐fertilized than sludge‐treated soils. Increasing native Olsen P from 15 to 62 mg kg−1 had negligible effect on P release; however, there was a sharp increase in P leached between 92 and 134 (maximum) mg Olsen P kg−1. This increase was much greater in the P‐fertilized than sludge‐treated soils. At all depths in all leached soils, resin P decreased in the order: P fertilized > sludge > control. At the lowest depth (16–20 cm) of the leached soil, the degree of P sorption saturation decreased in the same order and was related curvilinearly (P < 0.001) to cumulative P leached (at 70 d). This relationship demonstrates the importance of P sorption saturation in controlling P leaching in sludge‐ and fertilizer‐treated soils. The more rapid rate of P saturation and P leaching in P‐fertilized than sludge‐treated soils emphasizes the role of the P source in adsorption‐desorption processes.
Effect of Sodium Hydroxide Addition on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions of Toluene Flames
Authors: Wei Yu‐Ling 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAddition of sodium hydroxide solution into organic flames has been extensively investigated to reduce soot formation; nevertheless, data on the effect of metal salt solution on the formation of hazardous air pollutants of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are rather scarce. A laboratory‐scale liquid‐injection incinerator was used to incinerate toluene, which resembled a waste or used solvent. Solid‐phase and gas‐phase PAHs in the flue gases were sampled, treated, and analyzed using a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). The experimental parameters included equivalence ratio and concentration of added sodium hydroxide solution. The incineration temperature was 750°C and the nominal gas residence time was approximately 2.5 s. Results indicated that particles might play a very active role in the formation of PAHs under all experimental conditions. Further, under oxygen‐rich incineration, addition of sodium hydroxide solution caused a considerable increase of the sixteen solid‐phase priority pollutant PAHs (pp‐PAHs); while for oxygen‐lean toluene flame the effect of addition of NaOH solution on solid‐phase PAH was only slight. This greater solid‐phase PAH content on soot of the oxygen‐rich NaOH‐seeded toluene flames suggested that the radical catalysis cycle of NaOH to NaO2 to Na to NaO, then back to NaOH (Zamansky et al., 1999) might have affected the solid‐phase PAH measurements. We speculate that hydrogen atoms were abstracted from hydrocarbons to form H2O and 16 pp‐PAHs by OH radicals that were produced via the sodium catalysis cycle.
Evaluating Soil Tests to Predict Bermudagrass Growth in Drinking Water Treatment Residuals with Phosphorus Fertilizer
Authors: Basta N. T. , Zupancic R. J. , Dayton E. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDrinking water treatment residuals (WTRs) may serve as a soil substitute to revegetate disturbed land. This study evaluated the use of WTRs as a soil substitute and the ability of soil tests to predict P adequacy. We measured properties and nutrient content of three WTRs (Wister, Mohawk, and ABJ) and a control soil. Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. Greenfield] was grown with four P treatments (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg P kg−1). We measured available P by water, Mehlich 3 (M3P), and Olsen P soil extraction. Mean cumulative bermudagrass yields, across P treatments, were soil (20.6 g), Mohawk (23.6 g) > Wister (9.6 g) > ABJ (1.1 g). Tissue P concentrations were below adequate for WTR and available P in WTR was deficient for Wister and ABJ. Fertilizer P addition did not increase yield or tissue P of bermudagrass grown on WTR. However, bermudagrass grown on soil had increased yield and tissue P with fertilizer addition. The available P measured by soil tests was adequate for Mohawk and inadequate for ABJ, Wister, and soil. Although the M3P and OIsen P soil tests predicted P responses on some WTRs, with fertilizer addition, there was not a yield or tissue response. Water soluble P or Olsen P provide information on the ability of the WTR to support growth but not the ability to predict P adequacy. The M3P soil test overestimated plant availability of P in WTR due to the dissolution of P adsorbed by amorphous Al. Water extracts were the best predictor of P adequacy in WTR and should be used to determine P fertilizer additions to WTR.
Loss of Bromide in a Wetland Tracer Experiment
Authors: Whitmer Shawn , Baker Larry , Wass Roland 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBromide recovery during tracer tests conducted in 12 wetland research cells averaged 48%. Loss of water by infiltration, analytical biases, and inadequate measurement period were rejected as causes of low bromide recovery. The nonconservative behavior of bromide was probably caused by plant uptake. Investigators conducting bromide tracer studies in wetlands should recognize that bromide may be not be conservative in wetlands, particularly during periods of rapid plant growth.
Earthquake source parameters at the sumatran fault zone: Identification of the activated fault plane
Authors: Kasmolan Madlazim , Santosa Bagus , Lees Jonathan , Utama Widya 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFifteen earthquakes (Mw 4.1–6.4) occurring at ten major segments of the Sumatran Fault Zone (SFZ) were analyzed to identify their respective fault planes. The events were relocated in order to assess hypocenter uncertainty. Earthquake source parameters were determined from three-component local waveforms recorded by IRIS-DMC and GEOFON broadband lA networks. Epicentral distances of all stations were less than 10°. Moment tensor solutions of the events were calculated, along with simultaneous determination of centroid position. Joint analysis of hypocenter position, centroid position, and nodal planes produced clear outlines of the Sumatran fault planes. The preferable seismotectonic interpretation is that the events activated the SFZ at a depth of approximately 14–210 km, corresponding to the interplate Sumatran fault boundary. The identification of this seismic fault zone is significant to the investigation of seismic hazards in the region.
The Culver-Pfeifer-Monessen Trilogy: A Legal Economic Note
Authors: Wolfson Melville Z. , Wolfson Shael N. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
An amount to cover a future loss of earnings is more valuable to the plaintiff if he received the amount today than if he received the same amount in the future. Therefore, if you decide to award plaintiff an amount for lost future earnings, you must discount it to present value by considering what return would be realized on a relatively risk-free investment. (From Section 4.12 of the pattern jury instructions of the U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeal)
The intensification of rapid reactions for multiphase systems in a microchannel reactor by packing microparticles
Authors: Su Yuanhai , Zhao Yuchao , Jiao Fengjun , Chen Guangwen , Yuan Quan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this study, the nitration of o‐nitrotoluene (NT) with mixed acid as a model fast liquid–liquid multiphase reaction was conducted in the packed and nonpacked microchannel reactors. Better reaction performance could be obtained in the packed microchannel reactor compared with the nonpacked microchannel reactor because of its excellent mass transfer performance. The conversion of NT reached 94% in the packed microchannel reactor even when the reaction time was less than 3 s. A parameter, which represented the coupling of mass transfer and residence time in microdevices, was proposed for explaining and anticipating nitration process in microchannel reactors. In addition, the effects of some operating parameters on reaction performance, such as the composition of mixed acid and reaction temperature, were also investigated experimentally. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Condensation mechanism and influencing factor of stability of complicated silicic acid system
Authors: Li Liaosha , Lu Tingting 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne complicated silicic acid system, containing Al3+, Mg2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+, is prepared through acidolysis of blast furnace slag. By investigating its gel time concerned with pH value, compared with that of ordinary silicic acid system, it is shown condensation reaction existing and efficiently controlling gelling characteristics of complicated silicic acid system by regulating pH values. The results are validated by FT‐IR spectra analysis. With nonionic surfactant employed, the gel time is increased from 11 to 312 h, more suitable to control gel time than anionic surfactant. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Experimental profiles of lateral mixing of feed particles in a three‐dimensional fluidized bed
Authors: Liu Daoyin , Chen Xiaoping 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSolids mixing data of high quality is one of the most crucial steps for quantitative studies, but it is a difficult task to obtain in a fluidized bed especially with a 3D configuration. Therefore a novel sampling technique is developed with bed collapse method, for measuring lateral mixing of feed particles in a 3D fluidized bed. The sampling tool is designed using a “bottom‐to‐top sampling” idea. Its development, configuration and measurement repetition are discussed in detail. The effects of mixing time, fluidizing gas velocity, and particle size of bed material on the tracer distribution are investigated. A quantitative comparison of lateral dispersion coefficient shows that our results agree fairly well with measurements and predictions of correlations for lab‐scale fluidized systems in previous studies. The presented 2D profiles of the lateral mixing can be used to validate fundamental solids mixing models or verifying convenient measurement techniques. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011