bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arthropod-induced mortality in immature stages of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Tyndale-Biscoe M. , Wallace M. M. H. , Morton R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLaboratory and field experiments were carried out in Australia to determine the effect of arthropods in cattle dung on the survival of the eggs and larvae of Musca vetustissima Wlk. They were tested in the numbers in which they came to dung pads near Canberra, during the 1978–79 and 1979–80 seasons. Laboratory tests indicated that the mite Macrocheles glaber (Müll.), the hydrophilid Cercyon sp. and the histerid Saprinus sp. were all very effective predators. The native dung beetles Onthophagus granulatus Boh. and O. australis Guér. exerted only a marginal controlling effect; and the staphylinid and aphodiine beetles were found to be largely ineffective. The control exerted by the total field fauna when brought into the laboratory was considerable when one or more of the three species of effective predators was present. In the field trials, the control of M. vetustissima was further enhanced by the adverse influence of weather.
Morphological and cytological separation ofAmphorophoraBuckton (Homoptera: Aphididae) feeding on European raspberry and blackberry (Rubusspp.)
Authors: Blackman R. L. , Eastop V. F. , Hills M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAphids of the genusAmphorophoracollected from European raspberry,Rubus idaeus, have a chromosome complement of 2n(♀)=18, whereasAmphorophorafromR. fruticosusagg. (blackberry, brambles) have a basic chromosome complement of 2n(♀)=20. Canonical variates analysis based on eight characters measured on numerous samples of apterous virginoparae showed thatAmphorophoraon EuropeanRubuscan be separated morphologically into two groups consistent with the differences in host plant and karyotype, and these two groups are concluded to be separate species. The correct name for the aphid on raspberry that is a vector of European raspberry viruses isAmphorophora idaei(Börn.), and the species on blackberry isA. rubi(Kalt.). Simple biometric methods of discriminating betweenA. idaeiandA. rubibased on pairs of variables are suggested, and their reliability is discussed. Taxonomic problems in the European and North AmericanRubus-feeding species ofAmphorophoraare considered with particular reference to their importance in applied entomology.
Morphology and abnormalities of the reproductive organs of the cabbage root fly,Delia brassicae(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: Price Jean L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe genitalia and reproductive organs of a normal and of an abnormal type of cabbage root fly (Delia brassicae(Wied.)) are described. The abnormal type, possessing incomplete genitalia, was found in the Welles-bourne laboratory culture. The abnormal females were sexually attractive to males but were unable to copulate or lay eggs, whereas the abnormal males copulated but did not inseminate females. The age of females at oviposition and both larval and adult diets influenced the number of abnormal flies in subsequent generations.
Effects of certain chemosterilants and biologically active substances on the adult Mediterranean flour moth,Ephestia kuehniellaZeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Tan K. H. , Mordue W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOf 11 chemosterilants tested on adult males ofEphestia kuehniellaZell., only tepa induced complete sterility. It also induced complete sterility in females ofE. kuehniella. Hempa showed weak sterilising activity against adult males and had no sterility effect against the females, even at dose levels that induced high mortality. Cycloheximide induced slight sterility in the males. Carbaryl was inactive as a sterilising agent but induced some of the males to produce spermatophore sacs without mating. The latter effect was also induced in a few males by injection of tri-, penta- or hexamethylmelamines, which also induced significant infertility in eggs of untreated females mated with treated males. No structure-activity relationship existed in this group of compounds. Hemel also induced two mating aberrations: permanent copulation and sterile mating. A juvenile hormone analogue (a mixture of 3 hydrochlorinated farnesoates with activity about 1% of that of natural juvenile hormone) induced significant sterility in adult females ofE. kuehniellawhen applied topically. It also caused 38–41% reduction in oviposition at 50–80 μg/adult. However, at 100 μg/adult, the analogue completely inhibited mating in the females. Injected doses of melatonin also caused significant reduction in oviposition. At 5·3 μg/adult, it induced most of the eggs laid to undergo incomplete development. The effects of these compounds are discussed. The sterility indices of tepa against adult male and femaleE. kuehniellawere 19·5 and 9·2, respectively; that for hemel against males was 1·4.
Field assessments of the impact of night-flying dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on the bush fly, Musca Vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae), in south-western Australia
Authors: Smith T. J. Ridsdill , Matthiessen J. N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effect of excluding the night-flying dung fauna, which included one abundant species of dung beetle (Scarabaeidae) in each of two areas, on the numbers of Musca vetustissima Wlk. emerging from cattle dung pads was studied in south-western Australia. Fresh dung pads were exposed to natural, daytime oviposition by M. vetustissima and half were covered at night. A test at one site before dung beetles emerged showed no effect of other nocturnal fauna on fly survival. In three experiments where Onthophagus ferox Har. was excluded, the numbers of flies emerging increased from 679 to 1019 per dung pad. In five experiments where Onitis alexis Klug was excluded, the number of flies emerging increased from 14 to 33 per dung pad. The mortality contributed by Onthophagus ferox was estimated to be around 27% and that by Onitis alexis around 15%.
Biological control of the floating fern Salvinia molesta in north-eastern Australia: plant-herbivore interactions
Authors: Forno I. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe curculionid Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder & Sands and the pyralid Samea multiplicalis Guenée were released in north-eastern Australia for the biological control of the floating fern Salvinia molesta. C. salviniae destroyed large areas of weed and was successful at coastal and elevated sites. At equilibrium, there was less than 1 adult/20 plants and only a few, very small plants at each site. The rate at which the weed was controlled varied with mat density. The moth did not reduce plant growth permanently at any site and did not interfere with the performance of the weevil.
Survey of enzyme variation in british populations of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on crops and weed hosts
Authors: Brookes C. P. , Loxdale H. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractElectrophoretic variation of eight enzymes (thirteen loci) including esterase-4 (EST-4, the enzyme conferring insecticide resistance) was studied in clones of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) from several localities in south-eastern England (major beet and rape growing areas) and from a site in mid-Scotland (a seed potato growing region). All loci except esterase-1/-2, which showed putative allelic variation with slow (EST-1) and fast (EST-2) bands, and EST-4, which occurred as three principal quantitative variants (susceptible (S), resistant (R1) and highly resistant (R2)), were found to be monomorphic. The occurrence of the insecticide-resistant variants is reported and shown to differ little from previous surveys, with frequencies of R1 aphids on rape in south-eastern England appearing close to fixation (>0·9), probably due to continued insecticide selective pressure. The general lack of qualitative (i.e. mobility) variation at the loci examined is thought to be due to the species having gone through tight population bottlenecks in the past, which have systematically eliminated the rarer alleles, driving the most common to fixation. Consequently, as the data suggest, only a small number of M. persicae genotypes may exist in Britain.
Phototactic response of Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) to yellow-coloured surfaces, and an attempt at commercial suppression using yellow barriers and trap trees
Authors: Samways M. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTrioza erytreae (Del Guercio), the vector of the serious citrus greening disease, was found to be highly attracted to yellow surfaces, particularly fluorescent yellow-green (about 530 nm). The phototactic response was used to develop a monitoring trap using 3M Saturn Yellow self-adhesive tape adhering to a glass or Perspex sheet. Transparent PVC foils smeared with a thin layer of clear polybutene were clipped in position over the Saturn Yellow surface and acted as the sticky catchment surface. A spectroradiometric comparison of new and weathered traps indicated only a 10% decrease in reflectance after one year. The traps were a sensitive indicator of psylla abundance. Valencia orchards in the Transvaal, South Africa, supported higher population levels than did navel orchards. A mass-trapping experiment was also done, and involved a cordon of yellow sticky polyethylene strips (Gundle Flexipipe smeared with polybutene) placed around an orchard. This perimeter barrier was combined with aldicarb-treated trap trees within the orchard in an attempt to reduce further the already low psylla numbers. Inside the experimental area there was no statistically significant drop in psylla numbers compared with the control trees outside. These poor economic results making use of the flight response of T. erytreae suggest that carefully integrated biological and chemical suppression of the psylla vector is at present the most practical entomological method for containing greening disease on mature trees.
Immunological investigation of prey-predator relationships for Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Authors: Kapuge Swarna Hewa , Danthanarayana W. , Hoogenraad Nicholas 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to examine the digestive tracts of potential predators collected from an experimental cabbage plot in Victoria, Australia, for antigens of Pieris rapae (L.). The rabbit serum used in the study was made against an extract of all immature stages of the prey species and was shown to interact with proteins representing all immature stages. The serum was also shown not to react with antigens from other pest species collected from the experimental plot or with predators not exposed to the prey. The main predators found using the assay were the labidurids Nala lividipes (Dufour) and Labidura riparia truncata Kirby, the staphylinid Thyreocephalus cyanopterus (Erichson) and the eusparassid Olios diana (L. Koch). These results agree closely with laboratory observations on predation. The assay was sensitive, allowing 2000 assays to be performed per millilitre of serum and thus a single serum collection of 20 ml permitted about 40 000 assays.
Anemotactic strategy and optimum flight conditions for host-plant finding in the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: Nottingham S. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHourly trap catches of Delia radicum (L.) from opposite sides of host-plant (cabbage) and non-host-plant (carrot) plots in eastern England were analysed with respect to local wind direction, wind speed, temperature and humidity. More females were caught around host- than non-host-plant plots. They predominantly approached host-plant plots by upwind movement, but equal upwind and downwind movement occurred to non-host-plant plots. A generalized linear model revealed that wind speed and humidity influenced the total trap catch of females, with wind speeds below 2 m/s and relative humidities above 65% being most favourable to fly activity, while wind speed was the only variable having a significant effect on the trap catches of flies moving upwind to host-plant plots.
The origin of sheep blowfly,Lucilia cuprina(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), attractants in media infested with larvae
Authors: Eisemann C. H. , Rice M. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLaboratory bioassays with gravid females ofLucilia cuprina(Wiedemann) were used to isolate the source(s) of olfactory attractants emanating from larvae-infested media. Adults were not attracted by odours from axenic (micro-organism-free) larvae, but volatiles from xenic larvae were highly attractive. The attractants proved to be kairomones not pheromones, as odours from other species of calliphorids and a sarcophagid species were also attractive. Axenic, proteinaceous media produced a low level of attractive volatiles, which was increased by the activities of axenic larvae growing on the media. A greater degree of attraction occurred to odours from xenic media, and this too was much increased by the actions of growing larvae. The order of attractiveness of such volatiles is therefore: xenic with larvae >> xenic without larvae > axenic with larvae > axenic without larvae. It is concluded that larvae-infested media owe their great attractiveness to the volatiles produced by the action of micro-organisms, not to specific larval volatiles. Larval activity accentuates the output of attractive volatiles from both xenic and axenic proteinaceous media, possibly due to the effects of digestive enzymes, pH changes, mechanical mixing, warming or aeration or a combination of some or all of these factors.
The influence of larval phase on metabolic reserves, fecundity and lifespan of the african armyworm moth, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Gunn A. , Gatehouse A. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSpodoptera exempta (Walker), in common with several noctuid moths, exhibits a density-dependent phase polyphenism. The abdominal glyceride contents of both sexes at emergence were 2·5 to 6·1 times greater in the gregaria than in the solitaria phase moths. Abdominal and thoracic total protein levels, haemolymph total protein, glyceride and carbohydrate, and the relative quantities of tri-, di- and monoglycerides were comparable in the two forms. Weight-related fecundity was strongly influenced by larval phase. Females from solitaria larvae produced approximately half the numbers of eggs laid by those reared in crowded conditions, but this difference was only evident in moths allowed distilled water. Moths having access to sucrose laid comparable numbers of eggs, irrespective of phase. There were no differences in the levels of metabolic reserves in the eggs. Differences in glyceride content, preoviposition period, fecundity and lifespan were apparent between laboratory strains. The implications of these differences for migratory flight and reproduction in the field are discussed.
Management of cereal aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations and their natural enemies in winter wheat by alternate strip spraying with a selective insecticide
Authors: Carter Nick 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effect on aphid population development of creating natural enemy refuges by spraying only alternate strips of winter wheat with the aphid-specific insecticide pirimicarb at 140 g a.i./ha was compared with those in an unsprayed and a completely sprayed block in south-eastern England. The numbers of Sitobion avenae (F.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) increased rapidly in the unsprayed block and in the unsprayed strips to reach similar peak densities in early August. Natural enemy activity was similar in these two areas, indicating negligible movement of predators and parasitoids from the sprayed strips to the unsprayed strips. Instead, aphids re-colonized the sprayed strips more quickly than the sprayed block, and the peak density in the former was similar to those in the unsprayed areas.
The Developmental Stages of Bracon Tachardiae, Cam. (Hym.)
Authors: Glover P. M. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThe egg, the five larval instars, cocoon, prepupa and pupa of Bracon tachardiae, Cameron, are described.Two series of larvae, one male and one female, occur, these series overlap very considerably and it is only towards the maximum and minimum of the range that larvae are respectively entirely female or male.It is shown that the five larval instars of B. tachardiae may be grouped by the widths of the head-capsule, and that an instar can be characterised by the head-width, particularly if only averages are considered. The actual range of head-width in each instar is rather large, and in some cases the extremes overlap. In actual practice head-width is a safe indication of the instar of a larva as the extremes rarely occur; the widths calculated on Dyar's principle also approximate sufficiently closely to the observed widths to preclude the chance of an ecdysis having been overlooked.The length of the mandible is for practical purposes identical in a larva of any given instar and in its exuviae. The larval instars and their exuviae can be grouped by the lengths of the mandibles, particularly if averages are considered; the range for a given instar is wide but the extremes do not overlap. The lengths calculated on Dyar's head-width principle approximate closely with the observed lengths, sufficiently so to preclude the possibility of overlooking an ecdysis, and making possible the identification of the instar of fixed and mounted specimens of larvae or exuviae, for which purpose head-width is useless.The factors of increase of head-width and mandibular length are fairly similar, falling near to 3 √2 =1.26, and for practical purposes one may be substituted for the other, the calculated widths and lengths so obtained still approximating to the observed widths and lengths.Various uses of this fact are indicated. Preliminary investigations point to the fact that similar observations apply to Aphrastobracon flavipennis, Ashm., an ectoparasite of Eublemma scitula, Ramb. It is suggested that similar observations may be true for other ectoparasitic Braconids.The growth of the body of the larva from instar to instar is independent of the growth of the head-capsule, larvae increasing in weight and in volume by a figure lying between 3 and 4 times from instar to instar. The actual figure obtained theoretically for volume increase was 3–6. The head-size increases by the usual double at each moult.
The Alimentary Canal, its Appendages, Salivary Glands and the Nervous System of the adult Female Lac Insect, Laccifer lacca, Kerr (Coccidae)
Authors: Negi P. S. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryOwing to the deposition of resin, the females assume two shapes, one somewhat circular in which the mouth-parts are situated ventrally about the middle of the body, and the other pyriform, in which the mouth-parts are situated at the extreme anterior end. In the former type of females the mouth-parts are posteriorly directed and in the latter anteriorly. The rostrum lies outside the body cavity between the anterior pair of oral lobes. The rostralis opens into the pharynx which lies in the tentorium. The oesophagus is elongated and passes into the colo-rectum to be succeeded by the convoluted ventriculus. The ventriculus on leaving the colo-rectum leads into the intestine, which is marked into the mid and hind intestine by the junction of the ampulla of the Malpighian tubes. The intestine after forming a loop round the greater part of the colo-rectum re-enters it close to the point of its commencement from it and continues closely attached to the outer side of the ventriculus from its distal to its proximal end; after this it comes out of the colo-rectum and runs alongside it to open into it near the anterior third of its length. The convolutions inside the colo-rectum are comprised of the ventriculus and the part of the hind intestine running outer to it. The “colon caecum” is absent. The colo-rectum opens at the anus situated at the posterior end of the insect and is divided into colon and rectum by the opening of the intestine into it.The salivary glands consist of two branches of ovoid and spherical bodies. The common duct of the salivary gland of each side runs close to the ventral ganglion and joins the opposite duct to form the terminal duct near its anterior end, which then opens into the pharynx.The nervous system consists of a bilobed cerebral ganglion which lies anteriorly to the mouth-parts in females in which the tentorium is directed posteriorly, and either laterally or ventrally to it in females in which the tentorium is directed anteriorly and lies at the extreme anterior end. The cerebral ganglion is joined by a pair of connectives to the ventral ganglion, which lies dorsal to the tentorium in females in which it is directed posteriorly, and posterior to the tentorium in which it is directed anteriorly and lies at the extreme anterior end. The ventral ganglion is followed by the nerve chord, which varies in length in either type of female. The main nerves arising from the central nervous system are described.
Prediction of temperatures in cattle dung for estimating development times of coprophilous organisms
Authors: Matthiessen J. N. , Palmer M. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn studies in Western Australia, temperatures in air and one- and two-litre pads of cattle dung set out weekly and ranging from one to 20 days old were measured hourly for 438 days over all seasons, producing 1437 day x dung-pad observations. Daily maximum temperatures (and hence thermal accumulation) in cattle dung pads could not be accurately predicted using meteorological data alone. An accurate predictor of daily maximum dung temperature, using multiple regression analysis, required measurement of the following factors: maximum air temperature, hours of sunshine, rainfall, a seasonal factor (the day number derived from a linear interpolation of day number from day 0 at the winter solstice to day 182 at the preceding and following summer solstices) and a dung-pad age-specific intercept term, giving an equation that explained a 91·4% of the variation in maximum dung temperature. Daily maximum temperature in two-litre dung pads was 0·6°C cooler than in one-litre pads. Daily minimum dung temperature equalled minimum air temperature, and daily minimum dung temperatures occurred at 05.00 h and maximum temperatures at 14.00 h for one-litre and 14.30 h for two-litre pads. Thus, thermal summation in a dung pad above any threshold temperature can be computed using a skewed sine curve fitted to daily minimum air temperature and the calculated maximum dung temperature.