bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Critique of Dialetheism
Authors: Littmann Greg , Simmons Keith 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Dialetheism is the view that there are true contradictions. The strongest argument in favour of dialetheism is that it alone allows us to solve semantic paradoxes like the liar paradox. This chapter presents two main criticisms of dialetheism. First, it argues that semantic pathology spreads to the dialetheist theory itself, putting into question the acceptability of the theory. Second, it argues that, even though dialetheism admits true contradictions, it is nevertheless subject to a revenge liar.
Simple Truth, Contradiction, and Consistency
Authors: Shapiro Stewart 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This paper argues that the dialetheist is subject to a criticism much like one that Priest levels against consistent theories of truth: there are certain notions and concepts that the dialetheist invokes (informally), but which he or she cannot adequately express, unless the meta-theory is (completely) consistent. Such notions include disagreement, simple truth, simple falsity, non-diatheia, and even consistency. The insistence on a consistent meta-theory would undermine the key aspect of dialetheism; namely, the uniformity of object language and meta-language.
Chapter 1 Land and Urban Politics
Authors: Hsing You‐tien 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 1 introduces the empirical and theoretical background of the project with its focus on the connection between land and urban politics. Persistent state land tenure in China has triggered fierce competition among state actors for land rents and territorial control, and provides an opportunity to reconsider theories of the state, power, and territory. Key differences between the concepts of “urbanization of the local state” and “state‐led urbanization” are also discussed. On the societal front, the land‐based regime of accumulation has fuelled distributional politics over land in different types of places, which offers an opportunity to add to geographers' theorization of location, locale, place, and territory. The second part is a methodological note on the challenges of doing fieldwork on the politics of land in China, and the author's strategies for data collection and interpretation. The chapter ends with an organizational overview of the book and brief summaries of each chapter.
Chapter 6 Township Governments as Brokers of Power and Property
Authors: Hsing You‐tien 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 6 moves to the third type of place examined in this book, the rural edge of the metropolitan region, where the influence of the metropolitan government gives way to low‐ranking township governments exercising informal power over rural land. Acting as power and property brokers between the state bureaucracy and peasants, township leaders try to avoid scrutiny from above while intensifying downward control over village land to develop illegal industrial, commercial, and residential projects. Townships' power and property brokerage is exemplified by their issuing of homeownership certificates that attract buyers of affordable homes but are not recognized by the state. Townships' limited formal power is secured through construction projects and expanded through the operation of the black market for property.
First Report of Phytophthora Blight of Lily Caused by Phytophthora nicotianae in China
Authors: Yang X. M. , Wang J. H. , Qu S. P. , Wang L. H. , Peng L. C. 
Published: May 2010

Lily (Lilium spp.) is an economically important cut flower in China. In August 2009, 30 to 40% of plants of lily cv. Siberia in a greenhouse for cut flower production in Yunnan, China were severely diseased. Infected plants developed water-soaked lesions and soft rot on the base of stems and leaves near the soil surface. As the disease progressed, stems bent and plants collapsed. Soft rot symptoms were observed on some bulbs and roots of severely diseased plants. Small, diseased tissue fragments (approximately 3 mm) were surface disinfected with 0.5% NaOCl and then plated to Phytophthora selective medium (10% V8 juice agar) (4). Inoculated dishes were incubated at 25°C in the dark. After 5 days, white colonies with abundant aerial mycelia developed from all plated tissue samples. The fungus had aseptate hyphae. Sporangia were papillate, both caducous and noncaducous, and the shape ranged from ovoid to spherical. The dimensions of sporangia were 30 to 62 × 21 to 46 μm. On the basis of morphological features, isolates were identified as Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced. BLAST analysis of the 835-bp fragment showed a 99% homology with the sequence of P. nicotianae AY833527. The nucleotide sequence has been assigned GenBank No. GU299778. PCR amplification of genomic DNAs using the P. nicotianae-specific primer pair ITS3-PNIC1 generated a 455-bp sequence (3). The result further confirmed the identity of P. nicotianae. Pathogenicity tests were conducted in the greenhouse on lily cv. Siberia grown in pots. Ten 3-month-old plantlets were inoculated by watering the wounded stem bases and soil surface with 30 ml of zoospore suspensions (105 spores per ml). Five uninoculated plantlets were used as controls. All plantlets were covered with plastic bags and incubated at room temperature (22 to 26°C) for 48 h. Inoculated plants developed initial symptoms of slight chlorosis and wilting of lower leaves. Within a 3-week period, all plants died due to soft rot of stem bases and leaves. The pathogen was reisolated from inoculated plants but not from control plants that were symptomless. P. nicotianae has been reported as the causal agent of Phytophthora blight on lily in Korea, Japan, and Hungary (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Phytophthora blight of lily in China. References: (1) J. Bakonyi et al. Plant Pathol. 50:795, 2001. (2) H. J. Jee and W. G. Kim. Plant Pathol. J. 14:452, 1998. (3) P. W. Tooley et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:1467, 1997. (4) X. B. Zheng. Phytophthora and Its Research Technology. Beijing. China Agriculture Press, Beijing, 1997.
Gene Knockdown of the N -Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor NR1 Subunit with Subcutaneous Small Interfering RNA Reduces Inflammation-induced Nociception in Rats
Authors: Tan Ping-Heng , Chia Yuan-Yi , Chow Lok-Hi , Chen Jieh-Jie , Yang Lin-Cheng , Hung Kuo-Chuan , Chen Hung-Shu , Kuo Chien-Hung 
Published: May 2010

Background
Spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors have been demonstrated to play an important role in the facilitation and maintenance of nociception. To avoid adverse effects of blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the central nervous system, blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in peripheral nervous system is an ideal alternative. Transfection of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) into cells has been revealed to provide potent silencing of specific genes. In this study, the authors examined the effect of subcutaneous injection of siRNA targeting the NR1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor on silencing NR1 gene expression and subsequently abolishing inflammatory nociception in rats.

Methods
Male Sprague-Dawley rats received intradermal injection of NR1 siRNA and underwent injection of formalin or complete Freund's adjuvant. The flinch response and mechanical hypersensitivity by von Frey filaments were assessed. Then the messenger RNA and protein of NR1 in skin and dorsal root ganglion were analyzed.

Results
The results revealed that subcutaneous injection of 1 nmol NR1 siRNA effectively diminished the nociception induced by formalin and complete Freund's adjuvant stimuli and attenuated the level of NR1 messenger RNA and protein in skin and ipsilateral dorsal root ganglion. The antinociception effect and the inhibition of NR1 expression persisted for about 7 days after administration of NR1 siRNA.

Conclusions
The data of this study suggest that NR1 siRNA has potential therapeutic value in the treatment of inflammatory pain induced or maintained by peripheral nociceptor activity and support the potential application of this method to the study of nociceptive processes and target the validation of pain-associated genes.
Pungent General Anesthetics Activate Transient Receptor Potential-A1 to Produce Hyperalgesia and Neurogenic Bronchoconstriction
Authors: Eilers Helge , Cattaruzza Fiore , Nassini Romina , Materazzi Serena , Andre Eunice , Chu Catherine , Cottrell Graeme S. , Schumacher Mark , Geppetti Pierangelo , Bunnett Nigel W. 
Published: May 2010

Background
Volatile anesthetics such as isoflurane and halothane have been in clinical use for many years and represent the group of drugs most commonly used to maintain general anesthesia. However, despite their widespread use, the molecular mechanisms by which these drugs exert their effects are not completely understood. Recently, a seemingly paradoxical effect of general anesthetics has been identified: the activation of peripheral nociceptors by irritant anesthetics. This mechanism may explain the hyperalgesic actions of inhaled anesthetics and their adverse effects in the airways.

Methods
To test the hypothesis that irritant inhaled anesthetics activate the excitatory ion-channel transient receptor potential (TRP)-A1 and thereby contribute to hyperalgesia and irritant airway effects, we used the measurement of intracellular calcium concentration in isolated cells in culture. For our functional experiments, we used models of isolated guinea pig bronchi to measure bronchoconstriction and withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation with von Frey filaments in mice.

Results
Irritant inhaled anesthetics activate TRPA1 expressed in human embryonic kidney cells and in nociceptive neurons. Isoflurane induces mechanical hyperalgesia in mice by a TRPA1-dependent mechanism. Isoflurane also induces TRPA1-dependent constriction of isolated bronchi. Nonirritant anesthetics do not activate TRPA1 and fail to produce hyperalgesia and bronchial constriction.

Conclusions
General anesthetics induce a reversible loss of consciousness and render the patient unresponsive to painful stimuli. However, they also produce excitatory effects such as airway irritation and they contribute to postoperative pain. Activation of TRPA1 may contribute to these adverse effects, a hypothesis that remains to be tested in the clinical setting.
Learning Curves for Bag-and-mask Ventilation and Orotracheal Intubation
Authors: Komatsu Ryu , Kasuya Yusuke , Yogo Hisanori , Sessler Daniel I. , Mascha Edward , Yang Dongsheng , Ozaki Makoto 
Published: May 2010

Background
In this study, the authors determined the success and failure rates for interns learning bag-and-mask ventilation and orotracheal intubation. Their goal was to determine the amount of experience needed to perform these procedures correctly.

Methods
The authors recorded 695 bag-and-mask ventilations and 679 orotracheal intubations performed by 15 inexperienced interns during their 3 month-long anesthesia rotations. Learning curves for each procedure for each intern were constructed with both the standard and risk-adjusted cumulative sum methods. The average number of procedures required to attain a failure rate of 20% was estimated for each technique.

Results
Fourteen of 15 interns attained acceptable failure rates at bag-and-mask ventilation after 27 +/- 13 procedures, with a median (95% confidence interval) of 25 (15-32) procedures to cross the decision limit when considering all 15 interns. Nine of 15 interns attained acceptable failure rates at orotracheal intubation after 26 +/- 8 procedures, with a median of 29 (22-not estimable) procedures to cross the limit when considering all interns. The proportion of interns who attained acceptable failure rates for mask ventilation was greater than for tracheal intubation (93% vs. 60%, P = 0.025). Overall, our interns achieved a bag-and-mask ventilation failure rate of 20% or better after a median of 25 procedures; approximately 80% of interns achieved the goal after 35 procedures or less.

Conclusions
Participating interns developed mask ventilation skills faster than orotracheal intubation skills, and there was more variability in the rate at which intubation skills developed. A median of 29 procedures was required to achieve an 80% orotracheal intubation success rate.
A Comparison of Change in the 0–10 Numeric Rating Scale to a Pain Relief Scale and Global Medication Performance Scale in a Short-term Clinical Trial of Breakthrough Pain Intensity
Authors: Farrar John T. , Polomano Rosemary C. , Berlin Jesse A. , Strom Brian L. 
Published: May 2010

Background
Pain intensity is commonly reported using a 0-10 Numeric Rating Scale in pain clinical trials. Analysis of the change on the Pain Intensity Numerical Rating Scale as a proportion has most consistently correlated with clinically important differences reported on the patient's global impression of change. The correlation of data from patients with breakthrough pain with a Pain Relief Scale and a different global outcome measures will extend our understanding of these measures.

Methods
Data were obtained from the open titration phase of a multiple crossover, randomized, double-blind clinical trial comparing oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate with immediate-release oral morphine sulfate for the treatment of cancer-related breakthrough pain. Raw and percentage changes in the pain intensity scores from 1,307 episodes of pain in 134 oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate-naïve patients were correlated with the clinically relevant secondary outcomes of Pain Relief Verbal Response Scale and the global medication performance scale. The changes in raw and percentage change were assessed over time and compared with the ordinal Pain Relief Verbal Response Scale and Global Medication Performance Scale.

Results
The P value of the interaction between the raw pain intensity difference was significant (P = 0.034) for four 15-min time periods but not for the percentage pain intensity difference score (P = 0.26). We found similar results in comparison with the ordinal Pain Relief Verbal Response Scale (P = 0.0048 and P = 0.36 respectively) and global medication performance categories (P = 0.048 and P = 0.45, respectively).

Conclusion
The change in pain intensity in breakthrough pain was more consistent over time and when compared with both the Pain Relief Verbal Response Scale and the Global Medication Performance Scale when the percentage change is used rather than raw pain intensity difference.
Increased Leaf Size: Different Means to an End
Authors: Gonzalez Nathalie , De Bodt Stefanie , Sulpice Ronan , Jikumaru Yusuke , Chae Eunyoung , Dhondt Stijn , Van Daele Twiggy , De Milde Liesbeth , Weigel Detlef , Kamiya Yuji , Stitt Mark , Beemster Gerrit T.S. , Inzé Dirk 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe final size of plant organs, such as leaves, is tightly controlled by environmental and genetic factors that must spatially and temporally coordinate cell expansion and cell cycle activity. However, this regulation of organ growth is still poorly understood. The aim of this study is to gain more insight into the genetic control of leaf size in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) by performing a comparative analysis of transgenic lines that produce enlarged leaves under standardized environmental conditions. To this end, we selected five genes belonging to different functional classes that all positively affect leaf size when overexpressed: AVP1, GRF5, JAW, BRI1, and GA20OX1. We show that the increase in leaf area in these lines depended on leaf position and growth conditions and that all five lines affected leaf size differently; however, in all cases, an increase in cell number was, entirely or predominantly, responsible for the leaf size enlargement. By analyzing hormone levels, transcriptome, and metabolome, we provide deeper insight into the molecular basis of the growth phenotype for the individual lines. A comparative analysis between these data sets indicates that enhanced organ growth is governed by different, seemingly independent pathways. The analysis of transgenic lines simultaneously overexpressing two growth-enhancing genes further supports the concept that multiple pathways independently converge on organ size control in Arabidopsis.
Genetic variability, structure and assignment of Spanish and French pig populations based on a large sampling
Authors: Boitard S. , Chevalet C. , Mercat M.‐J. , Meriaux J. C. , Sanchez A. , Tibau J. , Sancristobal M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe Spanish and French pig populations share the common practice of quasi systematic paternity control of pure breed and composite line males. Ten microsatellite markers are in common between Spain and France controls, among the 17 markers used in France and the 13 used in Spain. After the adjustment of allele sizes, it is possible to merge the two datasets and to obtain a set of 5791 animals, including the vast majority of the males in the Duroc, Landrace, Large White and Piétrain French and Spanish breeds. Twelve French composite lines are also available. The genetic diversity analysis of these pig populations is presented, as well as the assignment of an individual to its breed. The effects of heterogeneous sampling across time and of relatedness among animals are also assessed. Consistent with the results of the previous studies, we found that different populations from the same breed clearly clustered together. In addition, all populations of this study, whether purebred or composite, are quite well differentiated from the other ones. As a result, we note that the 10 microsatellites commonly used for paternity control ensure a powerful detection of the breed of origin, with the power of detection being 95–99%. The detection of the exact population within breed is more difficult, but the power exceeds 70% for most of the populations. Practical implications include, for instance, the detection of outlier animals, crosses and admixture events.
Scale‐based freshwater conservation planning: towards protecting freshwater biodiversity in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa
Authors: RIVERS‐MOORE N. A. , GOODMAN P. S. , NEL J. L. 
Published: May 2010

Summary1. River systems have strong linear linkages. Innovative solutions to capture these linkages are required from aquatic conservation planners.2. We apply an approach to freshwater conservation planning to freshwater ecosystems of KwaZulu‐Natal (South Africa), using generic conservation planning software. We used a two‐step, hierarchical process to capture catchment‐ and local‐scale dynamics, where priority primary catchments were first identified and then used at a second level for selecting priority subcatchments, which served as planning units at a finer scale.3. We set quantitative targets for defined freshwater biodiversity features. Priority planning units at both catchment levels were selected using modified weighted cost discounts and penalties, which included the presence of priority estuaries and free‐flowing rivers, planning units falling within priority primary catchments, planning units identified as important in an existing terrestrial conservation plan and the degree of catchment degradation. Ecological processes were incorporated by discounting planning units important for surface and groundwater yield.4. Upstream–downstream connectivity was achieved by linking adjoining subcatchments associated with main rivers and wetlands and enhanced by setting high targets for subcatchments through which eels (Anguilla mossambica) must migrate.5. The hierarchical approach of selecting priority primary catchments and using these to affect subcatchment costs, plus the use of high targets for migratory fish species, is applicable to any freshwater conservation plan to favour planning unit selection within selected basins, while facilitating connectivity in upstream–downstream subcatchments.
Loss of the actin‐like protein MamK has pleiotropic effects on magnetosome formation and chain assembly in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense
Authors: Katzmann Emanuel , Scheffel André , Gruska Manuela , Plitzko Jürgen M. , Schüler Dirk 
Published: May 2010

SummaryMagnetotactic bacteria synthesize magnetosomes, which are unique organelles consisting of membrane‐enclosed magnetite crystals. For magnetic orientation individual magnetosome particles are assembled into well‐organized chains. The actin‐like MamK and the acidic MamJ proteins were previously implicated in chain assembly. While MamK was suggested to form magnetosome‐associated cytoskeletal filaments, MamJ is assumed to attach the magnetosome vesicles to these structures. Although the deletion of either mamK in Magnetospirillum magneticum, or mamJ in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense affected chain formation, the previously observed phenotypes were not fully consistent, suggesting different mechanisms of magnetosome chain assembly in both organisms. Here we show that in M. gryphiswaldense MamK is not absolutely required for chain formation. Straight chains, albeit shorter, fragmented and ectopic, were still formed in a mamK deletion mutant, although magnetosome filaments were absent as shown by cryo‐electron tomography. Loss of MamK also resulted in reduced numbers of magnetite crystals and magnetosome vesicles and led to the mislocalization of MamJ. In addition, extensive analysis of wild type and mutant cells revealed previously unidentified ultrastructural characteristics in M. gryphiswaldense. Our results suggest that, despite of their functional equivalence, loss of MamK proteins in different bacteria may result in distinct phenotypes, which might be due to a species‐specific genetic context.
Bacterial protein acetylation: the dawning of a new age
Authors: Hu Linda I. , Lima Bruno P. , Wolfe Alan J. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryProtein acetylation has historically been considered a predominantly eukaryotic phenomenon. Recent evidence, however, supports the hypothesis that acetylation broadly impacts bacterial physiology. To explore more rapidly the impact of protein acetylation in bacteria, microbiologists can benefit from the strong foundation established by investigators of protein acetylation in eukaryotes. To help advance this learning process, we will summarize the current understanding of protein acetylation in eukaryotes, discuss the emerging link between acetylation and metabolism and highlight the best‐studied examples of protein acetylation in bacteria.