bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water wave transients in an ice-covered channel
Authors: Nzokou François , Morse Brian , Robert Jean-Loup , Richard Martin , Tossou Edmond 
Published: April 2011

Many studies show that the propagation of a breakup water surge in impeded rivers (ice cover present) differs from the unimpeded case. Some of the differences are due to ice sheet breaking into pieces as the wave travels downstream while others are due to the effect of a fissured but otherwise intact ice cover’s resistance to motion. This is the subject of this paper: water waves that are sufficiently strong to break the cover away from the banks but not strong enough to create transverse cracks. Although some analytical solutions exist for the propagation of these transients for simple cases, for the first time in the literature, this paper introduces numerical solutions using a FEM model (HYDROBEAM) that simulates this interaction using the one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations appropriately written for rivers having an intact fissured floating ice cover coupled with a classic beam equation subject to hydrostatic loads (often referred to as a beam on an elastic foundation). The governing equations are numerically expressed and are solved using a finite element method (FEM) for the hydrodynamic and ice beam equations separately. A coupling technique is used to converge to a unique solution at each time step (for more information on the numerical characteristics of the model, see companion paper presented by the authors in this issue). The coupled model, gives a first and unique opportunity to compare the simplified analytical solutions to the full numerical solutions. A parametric analysis is herein presented that quantifies the impact of the ice cover's presence and stiffness on wave attenuation and wave celerity as well as to quantify tensile stresses generated in the ice sheet as a function of ice properties (thickness and strength) and channel shape (rectangular and trapezoidal). In general, for rectangular channels, it was found that the simplified analytical solutions are quite representative of the phenomenon namely that short wave transients are affected by the cover’s stiffness but long waves (>400 m) are not.
Lung Cancer Diagnosis from Proteomic Analysis of Preinvasive Lesions
Authors: Rahman S.M. Jamshedur , Gonzalez Adriana L. , Li Ming , Seeley Erin H. , Zimmerman Lisa J. , Zhang Xueqiong J. , Manier M. Lisa , Olson Sandra J. , Shah Ronak N. , Miller Alison N. , Putnam Joe B. , Miller York E. , Franklin Wilbur A. , Blot William J. , Carbone David P. , Shyr Yu , Caprioli Richard M. , Massion Pierre P. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Early detection may help improve survival from lung cancer. In this study, our goal was to derive and validate a signature from the proteomic analysis of bronchial lesions that could predict the diagnosis of lung cancer. Using previously published studies of bronchial tissues, we selected a signature of nine matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) mass-to-charge ratio features to build a prediction model diagnostic of lung cancer. The model was based on MALDI MS signal intensity (MALDI score) from bronchial tissue specimens from our 2005 published cohort of 51 patients. The performance of the prediction model in identifying lung cancer was tested in an independent cohort of bronchial specimens from 60 patients. The probability of having lung cancer based on the proteomic analysis of the bronchial specimens was characterized by an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.77 (95% CI 0.66–0.88) in this validation cohort. Eight of the nine features were identified and validated by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. These results show that proteomic analysis of endobronchial lesions may facilitate the diagnosis of lung cancer and the monitoring of high-risk individuals for lung cancer in surveillance and chemoprevention trials. Cancer Res; 71(8); 3009–17. ©2011 AACR.
Transcriptional Control of Cellular Metabolism by mTOR Signaling
Authors: Yecies Jessica L. , Manning Brendan D. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Tumor cells are characterized by adaptations in cellular metabolism that afford growth and proliferative advantages over normal cells and, thus, contribute to cancer pathophysiology. There is an increasing appreciation of the fact that oncogenic signaling controls the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells; however, the mechanisms and critical players are only beginning to be elucidated. Recent studies have revealed that mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), a master regulator of cell growth and proliferation downstream of oncogenic signaling pathways, controls specific aspects of cellular metabolism through the induction of metabolic gene expression. mTORC1 activation is sufficient to promote flux through glycolysis and the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway, as well as to stimulate de novo lipogenesis, all processes that are important in tumor biology. As mTORC1 signaling is aberrantly elevated in the majority of genetic tumor syndromes and sporadic cancers, this pathway is poised to be a major driver of the metabolic conversion of tumor cells. Cancer Res; 71(8); 2815–20. ©2011 AACR.
Cytoplasmic CUL9/PARC Ubiquitin Ligase Is a Tumor Suppressor and Promotes p53-Dependent Apoptosis
Authors: Pei Xin-Hai , Bai Feng , Li Zhijun , Smith Matthew D. , Whitewolf Gabrielle , Jin Ran , Xiong Yue 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A wide range of cell stresses, including DNA damage, signal to p53 through posttranslational modification of p53. The cytoplasmic functions of p53 are emerging as an important constituent of role of p53 in tumor suppression. Here, we report that deletion of the Cul9 (formerly Parc) gene, which encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase that binds to p53 and localizes in the cytoplasm, resulted in spontaneous tumor development, accelerated Eμ-Myc–induced lymphomagenesis, and rendered mice susceptible to carcinogenesis. Cul9-p53 double-mutant mice exhibited indistinguishable tumor phenotypes as p53 single-mutant mice, indicating that the function of Cul9 in tumor suppression is largely mediated by p53. Deletion of Cul9 had no significant effect on cell-cycle progression, but attenuated DNA damage–induced apoptosis. Ectopic expression of wild-type CUL9, but not a point mutant CUL9 deficient in p53 binding, promotes apoptosis. These results show CUL9 as a potential p53-activating E3 ligase in the cytoplasm. Cancer Res; 71(8); 2969–77. ©2011 AACR.
Identification of an Unintended Consequence of Nrf2-Directed Cytoprotection against a Key Tobacco Carcinogen plus a Counteracting Chemopreventive Intervention
Authors: Paonessa Joseph D. , Ding Yi , Randall Kristen L. , Munday Rex , Argoti Dayana , Vouros Paul , Zhang Yuesheng 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
NF-E2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a major cytoprotective gene and is a key chemopreventive target against cancer and other diseases. Here we show that Nrf2 faces a dilemma in defense against 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP), a major human bladder carcinogen from tobacco smoke and other environmental sources. Although Nrf2 protected mouse liver against ABP (which is metabolically activated in liver), the bladder level of N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4-aminobiphenyl (dG-C8-ABP), the predominant ABP–DNA adduct formed in bladder cells and tissues, was markedly higher in Nrf2+/+ mice than in Nrf2−/− mice after ABP exposure. Notably, Nrf2 protected bladder cells against ABP in vitro. Mechanistic investigations showed that the dichotomous effects of Nrf2 could be explained at least partly by upregulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT). Nrf2 promoted conjugation of ABP with glucuronic acid in the liver, increasing urinary excretion of the conjugate. Although glucuronidation of ABP and its metabolites is a detoxification process, these conjugates, which are excreted in urine, are known to be unstable in acidic urine, leading to delivery of the parent compounds to bladder. Hence, although higher liver UGT activity may protect the liver against ABP, it increases bladder exposure to ABP. These findings raise concerns of potential bladder toxicity when Nrf2-activating chemopreventive agents are used in humans exposed to ABP, especially in smokers. We further show that 5,6-dihydrocyclopenta[c][1,2]-dithiole-3(4H)-thione (CPDT) significantly inhibits dG-C8-ABP formation in bladder cells and tissues but does not seem to significantly modulate ABP-catalyzing UGT in liver. Thus, CPDT exemplifies a counteracting solution to the dilemma posed by Nrf2. Cancer Res; 71(11); 3904–11. ©2011 AACR.
Comparison of two murine models of thrombosis induced by atherosclerotic plaque injury
Authors: Hechler Béatrice , Gachet Christian 
Published: April 2011

SummaryArterial thrombosis occurs at sites of erosion or rupture of atherosclerotic vascular lesions. To better study the pathophysiology of this complex phenomenon, there is a need for animal models of localised thrombosis at sites of atherosclerotic lesions with closer resemblance to the human pathology as compared to commonly used thrombosis models in healthy vessels. In the present study, we describe and compare a new model of thrombosis induced by atherosclerotic plaque rupture in the carotid artery from ApoE-/- mice using a suture needle to a milder model of ultrasound-induced plaque injury. Needle injury induces atherosclerotic plaque rupture with exposure of plaque material and formation of a thrombus that is larger, nearly occlusive and more stable as compared to that formed by application of ultrasounds. These two models have common features such as the concomitant involvement of platelet activation, thrombin generation and fibrin formation, which translates into sensitivity toward both antiplatelet drugs and anticoagulants. On the other hand, they display differences with respect to the role of the platelet collagen receptor GPVI, the plaque rupture model being less sensitive to its inhibition as compared to the ultrasound-induced injury, which may be related to the amount of thrombin generated. These models represent an improvement as compared to models in healthy vessels and may help identify specific plaque triggers of thrombosis. They should therefore be useful to evaluate new antithrombotic targets.
Benefit of Intensive Statin Therapy in Women
Authors: Truong Quynh A. , Murphy Sabina A. , McCabe Carolyn H. , Armani Annemarie , Cannon Christopher P. 
Published: April 2011

Background—
Despite the known benefit of intensive statin therapy for reducing future cardiovascular events, its effectiveness in women has been questioned by some.

Methods and Results—

In the Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy—Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 (PROVE IT-TIMI 22) trial, 911 (21.9%) women and 3251 (78.1%) men were randomized to intensive statin (atorvastatin 80 mg) versus standard therapy (pravastatin 40 mg) therapy for a median duration of 2.1 years. The primary end point was death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina; revascularization (occurring after 30 days); or stroke. Safety end points included elevations in liver function tests, creatine kinase, and myalgias/myositis. Women had a reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) of 42.8% from baseline at 30 days (to a median of 60 mg/dL) in the intensive therapy arm, with 88.8% reaching the LDL goal of <100 mg/dL and 65.0% of <70 mg/dL, compared with a 16.8% reduction in LDL (to a median of 88 mg/dL) in the standard therapy arm. Women receiving intensive statin therapy had a significant 25% relative reduction over standard dose (hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.99;
P
=0.04) for the primary composite end point compared with a 14% reduction for men (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99;
P
=0.04;
P
-interaction, 0.38). No differences were observed between sexes for safety (all
P
-interaction ≥0.11).

Conclusions—
This trial provides evidence that both women and men derived benefit from intensive statin therapy after acute coronary syndrome, and thus, sex should not be a factor in determining who should be treated with intensive statin therapy.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00382460.
Aristotle on Various Types of Alteration in De Anima II 5
Authors: Bowin John 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn De Anima II 5, 417a21-b16, Aristotle makes a number of distinctions between types of transitions, affections, and alterations. The objective of this paper is to sort out the relationships between these distinctions by means of determining which of the distinguished types of change can be coextensive and which cannot, and which can overlap and which cannot. From the results of this analysis, an interpretation of 417a21-b16 is then constructed that differs from previous interpretations in certain important respects, chief among which is its characterization of transitions from first potentiality to first actuality, e.g., learning, not as ‘ordinary’, but rather as acquisitions of natural dispositions or faculties.
Shame, Guilt and Morality
Authors: Teroni Fabrice , Bruun Otto 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe connection between shame, guilt and morality is the topic of many recent debates. A broad tendency consists in attributing a higher moral status and a greater moral relevance to guilt, a claim motivated by arguments that tap into various areas of morality and moral psychology. The Pro-social Argument has it that guilt is, contrary to shame, morally good since it promotes pro-social behaviour. Three other arguments claim that only guilt has the requisite connection to central moral concepts: the Responsibility Argument appeals to the ties between guilt and responsibility, the Autonomy Argument to the heteronomy of shame and the Social Argument to shame's link with reputation. In this paper, we scrutinize these arguments and argue that they cannot support the conclusion that they try to establish. We conclude that a narrow focus on particular criteria and a misconception of shame and guilt have obscured the important roles shame plays in our moral lives.
A Century of America on Chinese Screens
Authors: Xiao Zhiwei 
Published: April 2011

AbstractNo serious study has been published on how Chinese filmmakers have portrayed the United States and the American people over the last century. The number of such films is not large. That fact stands in sharp contrast not only to the number of "China pictures" produced in the United States, which is not surprising, but also in contrast to the major role played by Chinese print media. This essay surveys the history of Chinese cinematic images of America from the early twentieth century to the new millennium and notes the shifts from mostly positive portrayal in the pre-1949 Chinese films, to universal condemnation during the Mao years and to a more nuanced, complex, and multi-colored presentation of the last few decades.
Polarimetric Radar Analysis of Raindrop Size Variability in Maritime and Continental Clouds
Authors: Wilson James W. , Knight Charles A. , Tessendorf Sarah A. , Weeks Courtney 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDuring the Queensland Cloud Seeding Research Program, the “CP2” polarimetric radar parameter differential radar reflectivity Zdr was used to examine the raindrop size evolution in both maritime and continental clouds. The focus of this paper is to examine the natural variability of the drop size distribution. The primary finding is that there are two basic raindrop size evolutions, one associated with continental air masses characterized by relatively high aerosol concentrations and long air trajectories over land and the other associated with maritime air masses with lower aerosol concentrations. The size evolution difference is during the growth stage of the radar echoes. The differential radar reflectivity in the growing continental clouds is dominated by large raindrops, whereas in the maritime clouds differential reflectivity is dominated by small raindrops and drizzle. The drop size evolution in many of the maritime air masses was very similar to those observed in the maritime air of the Caribbean Sea observed with the NCAR S-band polarimetric radar (S-Pol) during the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) experiment. Because the tops of the Queensland continental clouds ascended almost 2 times as fast as the maritime ones in their growth stage, both dynamical and aerosol factors may be important for the systematic difference in drop size evolution. Recommendations are advanced for future field programs to understand better the causes for the observed variability in drop size evolution. Also, considering the natural variability in drop size evolution, comments are provided on conducting and evaluating cloud seeding experiments.
Path-Average Rainfall Estimation from Optical Extinction Measurements Using a Large-Aperture Scintillometer
Authors: Uijlenhoet R. , Cohard J.-M. , Gosset M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe potential of a near-infrared large-aperture boundary layer scintillometer as path-average rain gauge is investigated. The instrument was installed over a 2.4-km path in Benin as part of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) Enhanced Observation Period during 2006 and 2007. Measurements of the one-minute-average received signal intensity were collected for 6 rainfall events during the dry season and 16 events during the rainy season. Using estimates of the signal base level just before the onset of the rainfall events, the optical extinction coefficient is estimated from the path-integrated attenuation for each minute. The corresponding path-average rain rates are computed using a power-law relation between the optical extinction coefficient and rain rate obtained from measurements of raindrop size distributions with an optical spectropluviometer and a scaling-law formalism for describing raindrop size distribution variations. Comparisons of five-minute rainfall estimates with measurements from two nearby rain gauges show that the temporal dynamics are generally captured well by the scintillometer. However, the instrument has a tendency to underestimate rain rates and event total rain amounts with respect to the gauges. It is shown that this underestimation can be explained partly by systematic differences between the actual and the employed mean power-law relation between rain rate and specific attenuation, partly by unresolved spatial and temporal rainfall variations along the scintillometer path. Occasionally, the signal may even be lost completely. It is demonstrated that if these effects are properly accounted for by employing appropriate relations between rain rate and specific attenuation and by adapting the pathlength to the local rainfall climatology, scintillometer-based rainfall estimates can be within 20% of those estimated using rain gauges. These results demonstrate the potential of large-aperture scintillometers to estimate path-average rain rates at hydrologically relevant scales.
Unpacking neo-liberal technologies of government in Australian higher education social work departments
Authors: Bay Uschi 
Published: April 2011

• Summary: This article analyses how neo-liberal and managerialist policies, over the last two decades in Australia, have positioned university staff as self-managing individuals. Social work academics are positioned as ‘free agents . . .empowered to act on their own behalf while ‘‘steered from a distance’’ by ‘‘policy norms and rules of the game’’ (Marginson, 1997, p. 63, italics added). Using governmentality theories as developed by Bacchi (2009), Burchell, Gordon, and Miller (1991), Dean (1996, 1999a, 1999b), Foucault (1983, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991), Hindess (1997, 2003), Miller (1992), Barry, Osborne, and Rose (1996) and Rose (1999) and an analysis of how staff are positioned in higher education settings is explored. • Findings: This article identifies the ways neo-liberal policy and managerialism operates to enable power relations that both individualize and totalize academic staff, including social work academics. Efforts to transform power relations require an understanding of how particular situations are problematized and the identification of the governmental technologies employed to constitute the political identities of social work academics. • Applications: Identifying how neo-liberal technologies of government affect social work academics could stimulate a renewed struggle for change and reinvigorate political action in social work university departments and social work settings more broadly.
Still doing what we do: Defining social work in the 21st century
Authors: Staniforth Barbara , Fouché Christa , O'Brien Michael 
Published: April 2011

• Summary: Members of the Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers (ANZASW) were asked to provide their definition of social work. Over 300 responses were analysed thematically in order to determine if practitioner views corresponded to recent shifts in social work education and theory which emphasized the importance of social change, strengths based perspectives and the importance of local and indigenous contexts. • Findings: The findings demonstrate that while there was some recognition of social change and strengths-based perspectives in the definitions of social work provided, that those working in the field remain focused on ‘helping individuals, families and groups’ engage in change. Respondents did not, for the most part, acknowledge local or indigenous perspectives in their definitions. • Applications: Results from this study may be useful for social work professional organizations, and social work educators, students and future researchers who are interested in the definition of social work and its scopes of practice.
Neoliberalism and Australian social work: Accommodation or resistance?
Authors: Wallace John , Pease Bob 
Published: April 2011

• Summary: Since the mid-1970s the Australian welfare state has faced a continuing crisis of resourcing and legitimation. Social work as a central entity within the welfare state has been challenged in terms of to its value base and relevance. As with much of the Western world, this challenge has been heightened with the rise of neoliberalism, which has pervaded most aspects of Australian society. Neoliberalism has consequently had a profound effect upon Australian social workers. The challenges to the Australian welfare state and social work are from without and within, by neoliberal ideas and its practices. • Findings: While neoliberalism’s relationship to social work as a broad theme is explored in the literature, the complexity of marketization and inclusive aspects have not been considered in any detail in relation to social work. The evidence in the Australian context is even slimmer, and as a consequence the particularity of the Australian welfare state and its relationship to neoliberalism, and the consequences for Australian social work, remains largely untested. Furthermore, while there are some indications of the day to day impact on social work in the context of a post-welfare state regime, little work has been conducted on the capacity of neoliberalism to infiltrate social work through its new institutions of the social and thus become embedded in social work. • Application: This article lays the foundations for a research project to examine the extent to which neoliberalism has become embedded in Australian social work and how social workers and social work educators are responding to these hegemonic influences. What are the ways in which social workers have become complicit in neoliberalism? Is Australian social work part of the neoliberal project to the point where neoliberalism has become part of its understandings and everyday activity? It is hoped that through this research, a more sophisticated understanding of the impact of neoliberalism on social work will contribute to the revitalization of critical social work in Australia and forms of resistance to the neoliberal project.