bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical stress induces production of angiogenic regulators in cultured human gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts
Authors: Yoshino Hiroyuki , Morita Ikuo , Murota Sei‐itsu , Ishikawa Isao 
Published: November 2010

Background:  As periodontal tissues are constantly exposed to mechanical stress during mastication, the relationship between mechanical stimulation and biochemical phenomena has been extensively investigated.Objectives:  The aim of the present study was to assess the change in the production of angiogenic regulators produced by human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLF), cultured on a flexible substrate, before and after application of cyclic tensile stretching.Materials and methods:  Both cell types were stretched in a Flexercell Strain Unit to 7, 14 and 21% elongation, at a frequency of 12 cycles/min. Medium cultured with HGF or HPLF was examined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Western blotting of pigment epithelium‐derived factor (PEDF) and in vitro angiogenesis assay. The residual cells were analyzed by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for both VEGF and PEDF mRNA expression.Results:  Stretching increased the VEGF mRNA level and VEGF secretion in both HGF and HPLF. The concentration of VEGF in the conditioned medium of the stretched HPLF was almost the same as that of stretched HGF. In the in vitro angiogenesis assay, the conditioned medium of HPLF after stretching showed a dramatic increase in tube formation. In contrast, stretched HGF did not show enhanced tube formation, despite the increase in VEGF secretion by stretched HGF. The mRNA levels of PEDF, an inhibitor of angiogenesis, were higher in HGF than HPLF. The protein level of PEDF in HGF was also higher than that in HPLF.Conclusion:  These findings suggest that under mechanical stress HPLF promotes angiogenesis via expression of VEGF, whereas under the same conditions angiogenesis is not promoted in HGF, due to the expression of PEDF.
Polymorphisms in the +252(A/G) lymphotoxin‐alpha and the −308(A/G) tumor necrosis factor‐alpha genes and susceptibility to chronic periodontitis in a Czech population
Authors: Fassmann Antonin , Holla Lydie Izakovicova , Buckova Dana , Vasku Anna , Znojil Vladimir , Vanek Jiri 
Published: November 2010

Background:  Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that leads to irreversible attachment loss, bone destruction and eventually tooth loss. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a pluripotent proinflammatory cytokine that is able to induce tissue destruction and bone resorption, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.Methods:  In this study, we investigated an association between chronic periodontitis and two previously described bi‐allelic polymorphisms in the TNF locus: a G to A transition at position −308 in the 5′promoter region of the TNF‐α gene and an NcoI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the first intron (position +252A/G) of the lymphotoxin α (LT‐α) gene. Genomic DNA was obtained from 132 patients with chronic periodontitis together with 114 age‐ and gender‐matched unrelated control subjects.Results:  The TNF‐α (−308G/A) polymorphism itself showed no association with chronic periodontitis, whereas the frequency distribution of the LT‐α (+252A/G) genotypes showed statistically significant differences between patients and the reference group. The proportion of individuals carrying the LT‐α 1/1 genotype was significantly lower in the group of patients with chronic periodontitis (0.8%) than in the control group (8.8%) (P < 0.0094, Pcorr < 0.05). However, the significant differences in the frequencies of the combined genotypes (TNF‐α and LT‐α) between the control and the patient groups were found using a simulation by applying the Monte‐Carlo method (P < 0.01).Conclusion:  Our data suggest that combined genotypes composed of the TNF‐α and LT‐α gene polymorphisms may influence the susceptibility to chronic periodontitis. We also showed that, comparing the two genes, the 1/1 genotype of the NcoI polymorphism in the first intron of the LT‐α gene is a more informative marker and it may be one of the protective genetic factors against chronic periodontitis in our population.
In vivo administration of recombinant TNF‐α promotes bone resorption in mice
Authors: Gašperšič Rok , Štiblar‐Martinčič Draga , Osredkar Joško , Skalerič Uroš 
Published: November 2010

Background:  In vitro studies demonstrated that proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) modulates bone metabolism.Objective:  The aim of our study was to confirm the ability of TNF‐α to induce osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in an in vivo experiment, with the use of calvarial model in mice.Materials and methods:  Twenty C57‐Black mice were divided into four groups with five animals in each. The first group was infused subcutaneously on their back with recombinant mouse (rm) TNF‐α via osmotic minipumps for 3 d, the second group was similarly infused with phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), the third group was infused with rmTNF‐α to the region above the parietal bone and the fourth group with PBS in the same manner. Number of osteoclasts on parietal bone was determined morphometrically. Serum calcium and phosphates were monitored colorimetrically.Results:  Serum calcium level and number of osteoclasts on parietal bone were significantly greater after infusion of rmTNF‐α above the parietal bone, whereas after subcutaneous delivery these parameters were similar to the control group.Conclusion:  We are concluding that TNF‐α has the ability to change the bone metabolism in a paracrine manner only.
Changes in gingival crevicular fluid matrix metalloproteinase‐8 levels during periodontal treatment and maintenance
Authors: Kinane D. F. , Darby I. B. , Said S. , Luoto H. , Sorsa T. , Tikanoja S. , Mäntylä P. 
Published: November 2010

Objectives:  The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of scaling and root planing (SRP) and the maintenance phase of treatment on the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) levels.Materials and methods:  Clinical measurements and GCF samples were taken from four sites in 20 adult periodontitis patients before and after SRP and during a 3‐month maintenance phase of treatment. MMP‐8 levels were measured from GCF samples by time‐resolved immunofluorometric assay (IFMA) with monoclonal antibodies.Results:  SRP improved the clinical indices as would be predicted, 6.1 mm (SD = 1.4) at baseline compared with 4.3 mm (SD = 1.6) post‐treatment (P < 0.001). Attachment level (AL) reduced but not significantly between these two visits 13.4 mm (SD = 2.4) compared with 12.8 mm (SD = 2.4) (P < 0.08) post therapy. GCF MMP‐8 levels reduced after initial treatment from 33.8 μg/30 s sample to 23.5 μg/30 s, which just failed to reach statistical significance (P = 0.07). However, when MMP‐8 levels were expressed as a concentration, the differences following initial therapy were significant (54.1 ng/μL at baseline compared with 34.2 ng/μL post treatment; P < 0.005). The difference, however, between the baseline MMP‐8 levels (33.8 ng/30 s) and the final visit (16 ng/30 s) following maintenance was markedly significant (P < 0.001) for both absolute amounts and on a concentration basis.Conclusion:  In conclusion, clinical improvement following SRP was associated with significant reductions in MMP‐8 levels. The GCF concentration of MMP‐8 decreased after initial therapy but reduced even more dramatically (approximately 50%) following a 3‐month period of maintenance (P < 0.001).
Lethal photosensitization of periodontal pathogens by a red‐filtered Xenon lamp in vitro
Authors: Matevski Donco , Weersink Robert , Tenenbaum Howard C. , Wilson Brian , Ellen Richard P. , Lépine Guylaine 
Published: November 2010

Background:  The ability of Helium–Neon (He–Ne) laser irradiation of a photosensitizer to induce localized phototoxic effects that kill periodontal pathogens is well documented and is termed photodynamic therapy (PDT).Objectives:  We investigated the potential of a conventional light source (red‐filtered Xenon lamp) to activate toluidine blue O (TBO) in vitro and determined in vitro model parameters that may be used in future in vivo trials.Materials and methods:  Porphyromonas gingivalis 381 was used as the primary test bacterium.Results:  Treatment with a 2.2 J/cm2 light dose and 50 µg/ml TBO concentration resulted in a bacterial kill of 2.43 ± 0.39 logs with the He–Ne laser control and 3.34 ± 0.24 logs with the lamp, a near 10‐fold increase (p = 0.028). Increases in light intensity produced significantly higher killing (p = 0.012) that plateaued at 25 mW/cm2. There was a linear relationship between light dose and bacterial killing (r2 = 0.916); as light dose was increased bacterial survival decreased. No such relationship was found for the drug concentrations tested. Addition of serum or blood at 50% v/v to the P. gingivalis suspension prior to irradiation diminished killing from approximately 5 logs to 3 logs at 10 J/cm2. When serum was washed off, killing returned to 5 logs for all species tested except Bacteroides forsythus (3.92 ± 0.68 logs kill).Conclusions:  The data indicate that PDT utilizing a conventional light source is at least as effective as laser‐induced treatment in vitro. Furthermore, PDT achieves significant bactericidal activity in the presence of serum and blood when used with the set parameters of 10 J/cm2, 100 mW/cm2 and 12.5 µg/ml TBO.
Application of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to the analysis of microbial communities of subgingival plaque
Authors: Fujimoto C. , Maeda H. , Kokeguchi S. , Takashiba S. , Nishimura F. , Arai H. , Fukui K. , Murayama Y. 
Published: November 2010

Objectives:  Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was applied to the microbiologic examination of subgingival plaque.Materials and methods:  The PCR primers were designed from conserved nucleotide sequences on 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16SrDNA) with GC rich clamp at the 5′‐end. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using the primers and genomic DNAs of typical periodontal bacteria. The generated 16SrDNA fragments were separated by denaturing gel.Results:  Although the sizes of the amplified DNA fragments were almost the same among the species, 16SrDNAs of the periodontal bacteria were distinguished according to their specific sequences. The microflora of clinical plaque samples were profiled by the PCR‐DGGE method, and the dominant 16SrDNA bands were cloned and sequenced. Simultaneously, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia were detected by an ordinary PCR method. In the deep periodontal pockets, the bacterial community structures were complicated and P. gingivalis was the most dominant species, whereas the DGGE profiles were simple and Streptococcus or Neisseria species were dominant in the shallow pockets. The species‐specific PCR method revealed the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis and P. intermedia in the clinical samples. However, corresponding bands were not always observed in the DGGE profiles, indicating a lower sensitivity of the DGGE method.Conclusion:  Although the DGGE method may have a lower sensitivity than the ordinary PCR methods, it could visualize the bacterial qualitative compositions and reveal the major species of the plaque. The DGGE analysis and following sequencing may have the potential to be a promising bacterial examination procedure in periodontal diseases.
Seasonal reproduction in a fluctuating energy environment: Insolation-driven synchronized broadcast spawning in corals
Authors: Ananthasubramaniam Bharath , Nisbet Roger , Morse Daniel , Doyle Francis 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Background/Question/Methods:
Colonies of spawning corals reproduce in mass-spawning events, in which polyps within each colony release sperm and eggs for fertilization in the water column, with fertilization occurring only between gametes from different colonies. Participating colonies synchronize their gamete release to a window of a few hours once a year (for the species Acropora digitifera we study experimentally). This remarkable synchrony is essential for successful coral reproduction and thus, maintenance of the coral reef ecosystem that is currently under threat from local and global environmental effects such as pollution, global warming and ocean acidification. The mechanisms determining this tight synchrony in reproduction are not well understood, although several influences have been hypothesized and studied including lunar phase, solar insolation, and influences of temperature and tides. Moreover, most corals are in a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae (Symbiodinium spp.) that live within the host tissue. Experiments supported by detailed bioenergetic modeling of the coral-algae symbiosis have shown that corals receive >90% of their energy needs from these symbionts. We develop a bioenergetic integrate-and-fire model in order to investigate whether annual insolation rhythms can entrain the gametogenetic cycles that produce mature gametes to the appropriate spawning season, since photosynthate is their primary source of energy. We solve the integrate-and-fire bioenergetic model numerically using the Fokker-Planck equation and use analytical tools such as rotation number to study entrainment.

Results/Conclusions:
In the presence of short-term fluctuations in the energy input, our model shows that a feedback regulatory mechanism is required to achieve coherence of spawning times to within one lunar cycle, in order for subsequent cues such as lunar and diurnal light cycles to unambiguously determine the “correct” night of spawning. Entrainment to the annual insolation cycle is by itself not sufficient to produce the observed coherence in spawning. The feedback mechanism can also provide robustness against population heterogeneity due to genetic and environmental effects. We also discuss how such bioenergetic, stochastic, integrate-and-fire models are also more generally applicable: for example to aquatic insect emergence, synchrony in cell division and masting in trees.
108 years of change in spatial pattern following selective harvest of aPinus ponderosastand in northern Arizona, USA
Authors: Sánchez Meador A.J. , Moore M.M. , Bakker J.D. , Parysow P.F. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractQuestions:How did an initial tree harvest in 1894 influence the spatial and temporal patterns ofPinus ponderosarecruitment? How do these patterns compare to our understanding ofP. ponderosastand dynamics prior to Euro‐American settlement? How might spatial pattern information, particularly with respect to patch characteristics, inform current restoration and management practices?Location:A 2.59‐ha permanent sample plot in the Fort Valley Experimental Forest, Flagstaff, Arizona. The plot was selectively harvested in 1894 and measured in 1909 and 2002.Methods:We used historical stem‐map and ledger data, contemporary data, and dendrochronological techniques to reconstruct stand structure (tree size, age, location) in three scenarios: (1) unharvested (1909), (2) harvested (1909), and (3) contemporary (2002). We used Clark and Evans' R, Ripley'sK(t) univariate analysis, and correlogram analysis to assess the spatial pattern in each scenario. We also used Ripley'sK12(t) bivariate analysis and tree age data to examine spatial and temporal recruitment patterns as observed in the contemporary scenario.Results and Conclusions:The unharvested stand was aggregated at scales up to 28 m. The selective harvest accentuated the spatial patchiness of the stand in 1909 and changed spatial patterns by homogenizing tree size within patches. By 2002, the stand was a single patch dominated by small trees. Post‐harvest recruitment patterns were not spatially random;Pinusseedlings initially established in natural grass openings and then proceeded to fill‐in stump patches created by harvesting. Knowledge of spatial pattern should be explicitly incorporated into restoration activities in these forests.
Mammals, agri‐environment schemes and set‐aside – what are the putative benefits?
Authors: MACDONALD D. W. , TATTERSALL F. H. , SERVICE K. M. , FIRBANK L. G. , FEBER R. E. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

The impacts of agricultural intensification on farmland wildlife have been the subject of increasing concern, particularly over the last two decades. Population declines have occurred for a number of mammalian species, sometimes drastically so, and changes in farming practice are believed to be significant contributory factors.
The major policy instruments for delivering environmental benefits on farmland are agri‐environment schemes. These encourage farmers to adopt more environmentally sensitive farming practices to promote farmland biodiversity. Additionally, compulsory set‐aside, which reduces agricultural surplus, could also have positive impacts on wildlife. In this paper we consider some of the putative benefits of agri‐environment schemes and set‐aside for mammals.
We review how establishment and management options within agri‐environment schemes and set‐aside might affect habitat resources for mammals. For example, conservation headlands increase plant and invertebrate resources within the crop edge for mammals such as wood mice. Grassy field margins can support communities of smaller mammals, and hedgerows may act as important commuting and hunting routes. Their potential will depend on factors such as seed mixtures used, timing and severity of cutting, and length of time they have been in place.
At a farm level, habitat heterogeneity may be increased through organic agriculture, which is supported by some agri‐environment schemes. Studies suggest significant benefits to mammals, including wood mice and bats. However, it is increasingly recognized that effective conservation of farmland mammals must seek solutions at the landscape scale, addressing such issues as habitat connectivity between farms. One approach may be the better targeting of scheme agreements.
We suggest that agri‐environment schemes and set‐aside can contribute to the conservation of mammals on farmland. Recent policy changes are likely to have further positive impacts on farmland wildlife but appropriate mammal monitoring programmes must be developed rigorously to assess their effects.
Wilhelm von Humboldt, Fichte, and the Idéologues (1794–1805)
Authors: Sweet Paul R. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
This paper – whose point of departure is Hans Aarsleff s thesis that the intellectual environment provided by the Idéologues in the years 1798–1801 decisively influenced Humboldt’s resolve to make the study of language his central intellectual preoccupation and decisively shaped his ideas about language – comes to the following conclusions: (1) In his years in Jena (1794–97) Humboldt’s concern with problems of language was already manifest, and formulations characteristic of his mature linguistics already appear in his writings. At this time he became intimately conversant with Fichte’s philosophy and Fichtean concepts made a lasting imprint on his approach to general grammar. Humboldt, however, did not cast aside altogether what he had absorbed from the tradition of Locke and the Enlightenment. He remained firmly committed to empirical methods in what he considered their appropriate sphere. (2) In his first year in Paris (1798) Humboldt confronted head-on the leading Idéologues with a critique from a Kantian-Fichtean standpoint, but he manifested no preoccupation with the Idéologues’ ideas about linguistic matters per se. During his later years in Paris he found a more congenial intellectual partner in Joseph Degérando, and serious exchanges about linguistic questions did occur, with Humboldt however as the dominant partner. Meanwhile Humboldt’s fascination with the Basques was the wedge opening up an approach to the philosophy of language based on detailed study of many languages. In moving in this direction he was propelled mainly by an inner dynamic rather than by intellectual ‘influences’. Or so it would seem. Meanwhile he became disenchanted with philosophical systems. (3) A subsidiary theme is Humboldt’s relations with Herder.
Neo-aristotelian grammar in 17th-century England
Authors: Subbiondo Joseph L. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
In his Herm’œlogium; or an Essay at the Rationality of Speaking of 1659 Basset Jones intended to supplement William Lily’s (c. 1468–1522) popular 16th-century grammar, which had received the endorsement of Edward VI. Written in English and Latin, Lily’s grammar through its many editions not only set the standard for Latin grammars, but it also established the style for the first and subsequent grammars of English. Jones realized that Lily’s grammatical model, with its emphasis solely on the classification and arrangement of material according to the classic paradigms for conjugation and declension, ignored the philosophy of grammar which was necessary for an understanding of the relationship of language and thought.
Skinner and Chomsky thirty years later
Authors: Andresen Julie T. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
This paper offers a historiographie account of the fate of B. F. Skinner’s famous 1957 book Verbal Behavior and N. Chomsky’s more-famous review of it that appeared in Language in 1959. For the period from the late 1950s, four reasons are identified to explain the repression of Skinner’s behaviorist approach to language with respect to Chomsky an generativism: (i) cognitive taste; (ii) the legacy of the 1960s; (iii) the power of essentializing humanism, and (iv) the discipline of linguistics as it conceived of itself through its textual tradition. The paper argues, furthermore, that changes in the same four categories have provided a more positive climate for behaviorism in the late 1980s. As a result of these recent changes, the paper proposes that Skinner’s place in the historical record of linguistics be reconsidered, along with that of V. N. Vološinov whose approach to language is favorably compared to Skinner’s.
A brief history of American Sociolinguistics 1949–1989
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
American sociolinguistics was created by a set of ideas, social influences and fortunate comings-together of like-minded scholars in a fortuitous rather than carefully orchestrated manner. Very little attention has been given to the birthing of sociolinguistics and this paper recounts some of these ideas, social conditions and comings-together so that contemporary scholars can have some insights into how this field developed. It is difficult, if not impossible, to separate the growth of sociolinguistics from the influences of the theoretical paradigms prevalent at any given period of its growth. Several disciplines influenced its creation and development and the summer months of 1964 brought things into focus to the extent that virtually all subsequent advances in the field can be seen to have dependence on that very crucial period. This paper treats not only where American sociolinguistics came from but also how it has changed, its methodologies, its cross-disciplinary struggles, its current status, and prospects for its future growth.