bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlled Synthesis and Photoluminescent Properties of Cu2O Microcrystals with Different Morphologies
Authors: Qin Zengming , Zhou Baibin , Yin Yongkui , Sun Yuzeng 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Cu2O microcrystals with cubic, spherical, and octahedral morphologies were easily synthesized in aqueous solution under the assistance of ultrasonic irradiation. The obtained products were characterized by using X-ray power diffractometry (XRD) and field emission scanning electronic microscopy (FE-SEM). The morphologies of Cu2O microcrystals could be controlled by simply adjusting NaOH concentration. It is believed that the difference in the growth rate of Cu2O crystal facets led to the formation of different morphologies of microcrystals, which exhibited good room-temperature photoluminescence properties with new green emission peaks at 530 nm, making them have potential applications as phosphors and biolabels.
Rapid and Specific Quantification of Ethylene Glycol Levels
Authors: Juenke JoEtta M. , Hardy Lindsay , McMillin Gwendolyn A. , Horowitz Gary L. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Ethylene glycol ingestion, accidental or intentional, can be a life-threatening emergency. Assays are not available from most clinical laboratories, and, thus, results often require many hours or days to obtain. Enzymatic assays, adaptable to automated chemistry analyzers, have been evaluated, but they have been plagued by analytic problems. With an alternative method of data analysis applied to an existing enzymatic assay, a modified assay was developed and validated on 2 different automated chemistry systems. Compared with a previously validated method based on gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, the modified enzymatic assay showed excellent agreement on patient samples (y = 1.0227x −1.24; r2 = 0.9725), with a large analytic measuring range (2.5–300 mg/dL [0.4–48.4 mmol/L]). Interferences from propylene glycol, various butanediols, and other related compounds were almost entirely eliminated; when present, they generated error flags rather than falsely elevated ethylene glycol results. This modified assay should make it possible for more clinical laboratories to offer ethylene glycol measurements.
Spectrin Isoforms
Authors: Wolgast Lucia R. , Cannizzarro Linda A. , Ramesh K. H. , Xue Xiaonan , Wang Dan , Bhattacharyya Pritish K. , Gong Jerald Z. , McMahon Christine , Albanese Joseph M. , Sunkara Jaya L. , Ratech Howard 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Spectrins are large, rod-like, multifunctional molecules that participate in maintaining cell structure, signal transmission, and DNA repair. Because little is known about the role of spectrins in normal hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis, we immunohistochemically stained bone marrow biopsy specimens from 81 patients for αI, αII, βI, and βII spectrin isoforms in normal reactive marrow (NRM), myelodysplastic syndrome, myeloproliferative neoplasm, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with well-characterized cytogenetic abnormalities, acute erythroid leukemia (EryL), and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (MegL). In NRM, spectrin isoforms were differentially expressed according to cell lineage: αI and βI in erythroid precursors; αII and βII in granulocytes; and βI and βII in megakaryocytes. In contrast, 18 (44%) of 41 AMLs lacked αII spectrin and/or aberrantly expressed βI spectrin (P = .0398; Fisher exact test) and 5 (100%) of 5 EryLs expressed βII spectrin but lacked βI spectrin. The frequent loss and/or gain of spectrin isoforms in AMLs suggests a possible role for spectrin in leukemogenesis.
Deaf Children’s Concept Formation in Mathematics
Authors: Foisack Elsa 
Published: July 2011

The question of why deaf children have difficulties in learning mathematics is the basis of this study. The aim of the study is to illuminate deaf children’s concept formation in mathematics by describing how some deaf children express themselves and act on their way towards understanding two basic concepts: the concept of multiplication with whole numbers and the concept of length.Theories developed by Feuerstein are used in order to describe how deaf children develop concepts, and to investigate possibilities to help deaf children develop their cognitive potential in a more effective and adequate way. Concept maps illustrate steps and pathways taken by the pupils. The importance of language in concept formation, with focus on sign language is illuminated.The children in this study were pupils in a School for the Deaf, a bilingual school with the languages Swedish Sign Language and Swedish. Seven 11-year-old pupils, all the pupils in one group in grade 4, were studied. Video recordings were made of pupil-teacher interactions in problem solving situations in sign language only, with paper and pencil, with learning materials, and with real things.A large variability in the pupils’ ability to solve the problems was found depending on different factors identified by Feuerstein, e.g., self-confidence, looking for meaning, search of challenge, intention to finish the work, and use of known facts. No difference was found concerning the steps towards comprehension of the concepts for the deaf pupils in the study compared to those of hearing pupils. In accordance with earlier studies, it was found that the deaf pupils needed more time to learn mathematics than hearing pupils normally do. As a consequence, they may learn certain concepts at a later age, and the pathways towards comprehension may vary compared to those of hearing pupils. The structure of sign language and the lack of an established terminology in mathematics are also of importance.The bilingual situation for deaf pupils is a reason for developing methods of teaching mathematics to deaf pupils alternative to methods used today.
Characteristics Associated With Intending and Achieving a Planned Home Birth in the United Kingdom: An Observational Study of 515,777 Maternities in the North West Thames Region, 1988–2000
Authors: Nove Andrea , Berrington Ann , Matthews Zoë 
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aims to identify factors that have an independent association with planned home birth. It investigates the social, demographic, and obstetric profile of those who choose home birth as compared with those choosing hospital birth. This crucial evidence is lacking in the U.K. context and is needed when comparing pregnancy outcomes of different birth settings. Otherwise, the comparison is problematic because observed differences in incidence of pregnancy outcomes may be due to the fact that different types of women choose different birth settings. It is important to understand these differences in order to control for them.METHOD: This is an observational study involving secondary analysis of computerized maternity records from 15 hospitals in the former North West Thames Regional Health Authority (RHA) area. All pregnancies that resulted in a live or stillbirth in the years 1988–2000 are included (N = 515,777). Two binary logistic regression models are used: one with intended place of birth at booking as the outcome and the other with actual place of birth as the outcome.RESULTS: Women who are parous, White European, aged 30 and older, living in a relatively affluent area, and partnered are most likely to intend a home birth. Among those who intend a home birth at the end of pregnancy, predictors of achieving a home birth include an uncomplicated and relatively short labor, being parous, a low-risk pregnancy, and being White European. The hospital providing maternity care predicts the outcome for both models.CONCLUSIONS: Key variables robustly predict an intention to deliver at home and the achievement of a planned home birth. Studies comparing the outcomes of different birth settings in the United Kingdom should control for these variables.
Existence and stability of steady-state solutions of the shallow-ice-sheet equation by an energy-minimization approach
Authors: Jouvet Guillaume , Rappaz Jacques , Bueler Ed , Blatter Heinz 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe existence of solutions of the non-sliding shallow-ice-sheet equation on a flat horizontal bed with a mass balance linearly depending on altitude is proven for fixed margins. Free-margin solutions for the same mass balance do not exist. Fixed-margin solutions show unbounded shear stress and nonzero mass flux at the margin. Steady-state solutions with realistic margins, vanishing ice flux and vanishing shear stress are found numerically for ice sheets with Weertman-type sliding.
Thin-blade penetration resistance and snow strength
Authors: Borstad C.P. , McClung D.M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA thin-blade snow hardness gauge was developed that measures penetration resistance over a length scale (on the order of 10–100 grain contacts) relevant to the fracture of slab avalanches. A thin blade was chosen to measure the ruptures of bonds and grain structures and minimize the effects of snow compaction during penetration. The apparatus consists of a 10 cm wide, 0.6 mm thick stainless-steel blade attached to a digital push–pull gauge. Blade penetration measurements are easy to conduct in the field and laboratory and required no post-processing or subjective interpretation. Measurements were conducted in snow pits to test the effects of penetration rate, blade orientation and blade width. The blade hardness index, defined as the maximum force of penetration, is a highly repeatable measure across observers compared to the hand hardness test. The blade hardness index was a better variable than the density for correlating with tensile strength measurements in a cold laboratory and with a cohesive strength measure in the field. As strength is one of the most important parameters in the fracture mechanics of slab avalanches, the strong correlation between thin-blade penetration and strength should benefit future slope stability evaluations using this gauge.
Seismic sensor array for monitoring an avalanche start zone: design, deployment and preliminary results
Authors: Van Herwijnen Alec , Schweizer Jürg 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn snow, acoustic emissions originate from the breaking of bonds between snow crystals and the formation of cracks. Previous research has shown that acoustic signals emanate from a natural snowpack. The relation between these signals and the stability of the snowpack has thus far remained elusive. Studies on other hazardous gravitational processes suggest that damage accumulation precedes major failure. If increased cracking activity could be detected in snow this might be used for avalanche prediction. We report on the development of a seismic sensor array to continuously monitor acoustic emissions in an avalanche start zone. During three winters, over 1400 sensor days of continuous acoustic data were collected. With the aid of automatic cameras and a microphone the main types of background noise were identified. Seismic signals generated by avalanches were also identified. Spectrograms from seismic signals generated by avalanches exhibit a unique triangular shape unlike any source of background noise, suggesting that automatic detection and classification of events is possible. Furthermore, discriminating between loose-snow and snow-slab avalanches is possible. Thus far we have not identified precursor events for natural dry-snow slab avalanche release. Detailed investigation of one dry-snow slab avalanche showed that signals observed prior to the release originated from background noise or small loose-snow avalanches.
Mountain glacier velocity variation during a retreat/advance cycle quantified using sub-pixel analysis of ASTER images
Authors: Herman Frédéric , Anderson Brian , Leprince Sébastien 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCoverage of ice velocities in the central part of the Southern Alps, New Zealand, is obtained from feature tracking using repeat optical imagery in 2002 and 2006. Precise orthorectification, co-registration and correlation is carried out using the freely available software COSI-Corr. This analysis, combined with short times between image acquisitions, has enabled velocities to be captured even in the accumulation areas, where velocities are lowest and surface features ephemeral. The results indicate large velocities for mountain glaciers (i.e. up to ∼5 m d−1) as well as dynamic changes in some glaciers that have occurred between 2002 and 2006. For the steep and more responsive Fox and Franz Josef Glaciers the speed increased at the glacier snout during the advance period, while the low-angled and debris-covered Tasman Glacier showed no measurable velocity change. Velocity increases on the steeper glaciers are the result of an observed thickening and steepening of the glacier tongues as they moved from a retreat phase in 2002 to an advance phase in 2006. This contrasting behaviour is consistent with historic terminus position changes. The steeper glaciers have undergone several advance/retreat cycles during the observation period (1894 to present), while the low-angled glacier showed little terminus response until retreat resulting from the accelerating growth of a proglacial lake commenced in 1983.
Permanent fast flow versus cyclic surge behaviour: numerical simulations of the Austfonna ice cap, Svalbard
Authors: Dunse Thorben , Greve Ralf , Schuler Thomas Vikhamar , Hagen Jon Ove 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA large part of the ice flux within ice caps occurs through spatially limited fast-flowing units. Some of them permanently maintain fast flow, whereas others operate in an oscillatory mode, characterized by short-lived active phases followed by long quiescent phases. This surge-type behaviour results from intrinsic rather than external factors, thus complicating estimates of glacier response to climate change. Here we present numerical model results from Austfonna, an ice cap on Svalbard that comprises several surge-type basins. Previous studies have suggested a thermally controlled soft-bed surge mechanism for Svalbard. We systematically change the parameters that govern the nature of basal motion and thereby control the transition between permanent and oscillatory fast flow. Surge-type behaviour is realized by a relatively abrupt onset of basal sliding when basal temperatures approach the pressure-melting point and enhanced sliding of marine grounded ice. Irrespective of the dynamic regime, the absence of considerable volumes of temperate ice, both in the observed and simulated ice cap, indicates that fast flow is accomplished by basal motion over a temperate bed. Given an idealized present-day climate, the equilibrium ice-cap size varies significantly, depending on the chosen parameters.
A new cycle of jökulhlaups at Russell Glacier, Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland
Authors: Russell Andrew J. , Carrivick Jonathan L. , Ingeman-Nielsen Thomas , Yde Jacob C. , Williams Meredith 
Published: July 2011

AbstractJökulhlaups in 2007 and 2008 from an ice-dammed lake at the northern margin of Russell Glacier, West Greenland, marked the onset of a renewed jökulhlaup cycle after 20 years of stability. We present a record of successive ice-dammed lake drainage events and associated ice-margin dynamics spanning ∼25 years. Robust calculations of lake volumes and peak discharges are made, based on intensive field surveys and utilizing high-spatial-resolution orthophotographs of the lake basin and ice margin. These data enable identification of controls on the behaviour of the ice-dammed lake and provide the first field-based examination of controls on jökulhlaup magnitude and frequency for this system. We find that Russell Glacier jökulhlaups have a much higher peak discharge than predicted by the Clague–Mathews relationship, which we attribute to an unusually short englacial/subglacial routeway and the presence of a thin ice dam that permits incomplete sealing of jökulhlaup conduits between lake drainage events. Additionally, we demonstrate that the passage of jökulhlaups through an interlinked system of proglacial bedrock basins produces significant attenuation of peak discharge downstream. We highlight that improved understanding of jökulhlaup dynamics requires accurate information about ice-dammed lake volume and ice-proximal jökulhlaup discharge.
Mass-balance terms revisited
Authors: Cogley J. Graham 
Published: July 2011

AbstractFor 40 years Anonymous (J. Glaciol., 8(52), 1969) has been the effective standard of glacier mass-balance terminology. It grew out of a concern for clarity in the communication of information, and has guided thinking about mass balance in many ways. Certain ambiguities and gaps in its conceptualization have become more evident with the passage of time, and some have been aggravated by ad hoc extensions of and deviations from the standard. Methodological progress means that a review of the terminology of Anonymous (1969) is now timely, and a forthcoming glossary to be published by the International Association of Cryospheric Sciences addresses this need. There are good reasons for being concerned about clear terminology, but consistent usage by the members of a large community cannot be secured other than by consensus.
Recent advances in remote sensing of seasonal snow
Authors: Nolin Anne W. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractRemote sensing offers local, regional and global observations of seasonal snow, providing key information on snowpack processes. This brief review highlights advancements in instrumentation and analysis techniques that have been developed over the past decade. Areas of advancement include improved algorithms for mapping snow-cover extent, snow albedo, snow grain size, snow water equivalent, melt detection and snow depth, as well as new uses of instruments such as multiangular spectroradiometers, scatterometry and lidar. Limitations and synergies of the instruments and techniques are discussed, and remaining challenges such as multisensor mapping, scaling issues, vegetation correction and data assimilation are identified.
Understanding jökulhlaups: From tale to theory
Authors: Björnsson Helgi 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe study of jökulhlaups has advanced from describing them qualitatively to measuring systematically on site their discharge curves and source geometry, as well as investigating conditions when particular floods were initiated. In the early days of this science, hypotheses were formulated which attempted to explain the processes responsible for unstable flood growth. The general theory of time-dependent turbulent water flow through intraglacial conduits marked a breakthrough in understanding jökulhlaup hydraulics and has since remained a classical foundation for jökulhlaup studies. This theory described flood evolution in terms of water input into the upper end of a tunnel leading from a reservoir, taking account of sensible stored lake heat and geometry. Such a tunnel expands by positive feedback, since its ice walls melt through frictional heat produced by the flowing water. While this model successfully described jökulhlaups in which the discharge hydrograph increases more or less exponentially over time, other floods were observed which are in stark contrast. In them, pressurized floodwater propagates in a turbulent subglacial water sheet which opens and expands a system of conduits, with an extremely rapid linear rise in discharge. The rushing water enlarges its subglacial pathway not only by melting the ice around it but also by lifting, deforming and fracturing it. Subsequent drainage is nourished by two different sources, with conduit growth being controlled not only by water input at the upper end of the flood path but also by further water joining in, all the way to the edge of the glacier. Moreover, the trigger for releasing meltwater from glacial lakes has been seen to be either of two conduit opening mechanisms, which also determine whether a turbulent subglacial water sheet will result or not. On the one hand, drainage may begin by expanding already existing conduits, in which case the pressure remains lower than that of the ice overburden at the dam and the conduits grow slowly. On the other hand, lake levels may rise until flotation of the ice dam, abruptly opening a sufficient gap for water to propagate as a sheet flow. In order to explain which of these two initiation mechanisms will act, further studies are required into the structure of hydrological drainage systems under ice dams and into their linkage with these two mechanisms. Although current theoretical models of jökulhlaups drainage have managed to reproduce the observed discharge patterns, inconsistencies with the observed behaviour of subglacial drainage systems along the flood path demand further exploration of the actual hydraulic and glaciodynamic processes of jökulhlaups.
Surgical Management of Adult Onset Age-Related Distance Esotropia
Authors: Mittelman David 
Published: July 2011

Purpose:
To study the effects of bilateral medial rectus recession for the management of adult onset age-related distance esotropia.

Methods:
Ten patients with adult onset age-related distance esotropia measuring 14 prism diopters or greater underwent bilateral medial rectus recession to eliminate the need for prism glasses.

Results:
In all but one case, the diplopia completely resolved postoperatively, with a median residual deviation of 1 prism diopter esophoria for distance and 2 prism diopters exophoria at near.

Conclusion:
Bilateral medial rectus recession is a useful technique for the management of adult onset age-related distance esotropia.
Management of Unilateral Versus Bilateral Lacrimal Drainage System Dysfunction in Down Syndrome
Authors: Al-Faky Yasser H. , Mousa Ahmad , Alkhiary Hattan T. , Al-Mosallam Abdul Rahman 
Published: July 2011

Purpose:
To evaluate treatment outcomes of unilateral versus bilateral congenital nasolacrimal duct (NLD) obstruction in patients with Down syndrome and highlight the effect of associated features that could result in poor outcomes.

Methods:
A total of 34 lacrimal drainage systems (LDSs) were treated in 22 patients with Down syndrome who had a mean age of 47 (± 41.8) months. Charts of patients with Down syndrome with congenital NLD obstruction who had been treated in a university hospital with irrigation, probing, and intubation between 1998 and 2008 were reviewed. Clinical features were correlated to the documented intraoperative observations and postoperative results.

Results:
Patients with unilateral disease had a higher success rate (n = 10; 90%) than bilateral cases (n = 24; 45.8%) regardless of the procedure type. Most of the treated LDSs in patients older than 64 months were successful (n = 11 of 12; 91.7%). Single LDSs that underwent irrigation only (2.9%) failed, probing had 60% success (n = 10; 29.4%), and intubation had 60.9% success (n = 23; 67.7%). Four LDSs were treated successfully by Y-V plasty simultaneously with intubation. Lower-end NLD obstruction at the level of Hasner’s valve showed a 100% success rate (n = 7) compared with multiple obstructions with a 41.7% success rate (n = 27).

Conclusion:
Unilateral disease and lower-end NLD obstruction are good prognostic factors. Careful punctal evaluation and management is advisable, and a possible delay of operative intervention in bilateral cases in patients 5 years and older aimed at improving hypotonia may be a wise decision.