bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trees never rest: the multiple facets of hydraulic redistribution
Authors: Nadezhdina Nadezhda , David Teresa S. , David Jorge S. , Ferreira Maria Isabel , Dohnal Michal , Tesař Miroslav , Gartner Karl , Leitgeb Ernst , Nadezhdin Valeriy , Cermak Jan , Jimenez Maria Soledad , Morales Domingo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe upward movement of water due to transpiration stops when soil water potential (Ψs) drops below leaf water potential (ΨL). Under these circumstances, water can move in any direction in the plant‐soil continuum through the passive conduits of roots and stems towards the lowest Ψs. This is generally termed as hydraulic redistribution (HR), but the positioning and orientation of the driving water potential gradient may vary. Any experimental method that can measure bi‐directional and low flows in the sapwood of roots and stems will be suitable to detect HR. Using one approach for measuring sap flow (the heat field deformation technique, HFD) in several forest species and sites across Europe, we were able to provide evidence on different types of HR: vertical hydraulic redistribution (VHR), horizontal hydraulic redistribution (HHR), foliar uptake (FU) and tissue dehydration (TD). VHR is the vertical water movement through roots in response to water potential differences between deep and topsoil, either hydraulic lift or hydraulic descent. HHR is the lateral water movement through roots in response to horizontal water potential gradients, namely under localised irrigation. FU is the water movement from crown to soil through stems when the crown is wetted by foggy weather. TD is the downward movement of water in stems or roots from above‐ground tree tissues to soil under prolonged drought or frost. Results from direct sap flow measurements indicated the vectoral and widespread nature of HR, a phenomenon of paramount importance for overall physiology and ecohydrology. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategies of family farms to strengthen their resilience
Authors: Darnhofer Ika 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResilience thinking offers a framework to emphasize dynamics and interdependencies across time, space and domains. It is based on understanding social–ecological systems as complex, and future developments as unpredictable, thus emphasizing adaptive approaches to management. In this paper the four clusters of factors that have been identified as building resilience in large‐scale social–ecological systems are applied at the farm level. Suggestions on how these factors could be operationalized at the farm level are derived from workshops held with family farmers in Austria. The results show that farmers understand change as unpredictable and unfolding, have a number of strategies to ensure the flexibility and adaptability of their farm and build extensive networks to diversify information and income sources. However, these strategies, while ensuring adaptability and transformability, compete for scarce resources. The farmers thus face trade‐offs between strategies that ensure the adaptive capacity of their farm over the long term and those ensuring profitability over the short term. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Modelling policies for multifunctional agriculture and rural development – a norwegian case study
Authors: Refsgaard Karen , Johnson Thomas G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper outlines the development and use of a simulation model designed to analyse multifunctional agriculture and rural development policy. The model was the core of the EU research project, TOP‐MARD (Towards a Policy Model for Multifunctional Agriculture and Rural Development). The TOP‐MARD project explored ways in which both market and non‐market ‘functions’ of agriculture and farm households interact with the process of economic development and the quality of life in a variety of rural territories, and how different kinds of policy influence these relationships. A model was developed in common between 11 European research partners and then adapted to the 11 study regions. In this paper the model is applied to the Norwegian study region, Hordaland County. The study concludes that reducing agricultural subsidies can lead to improvements in regional economic performance by releasing labour and capital to uses with higher returns and by creating positive feedback to the economy by improving environmental quality and overall quality of life. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Local strategic planning processes and sustainability transitions in infrastructure sectors
Authors: Truffer Bernhard , Störmer Eckhard , Maurer Max , Ruef Annette 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSustainability transitions have repeatedly been demanded in various economic sectors to confront global environmental problems. The present paper analyses the role of strategic planning processes for improving the prospects of achieving sustainable transitions in infrastructure sectors. Current planning approaches in these sectors tend to perpetuate the established socio‐technical configurations by neglecting context uncertainties, by ignoring radical system alternatives and by focusing on narrow value considerations. In order to improve the prospects for sustainable transitions, more reflexive and discursive strategic planning methods are needed. We present the ‘Regional Infrastructure Foresight’ methodology as a specific procedural proposal and analyse results from its application to a case study in the Swiss sanitation sector. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Soft‐coupling of national biophysical and economic models for improved understanding of feedbacks
Authors: Turner Graham M. , Baynes Timothy 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRather than attempting to create a single integrated economic–environment model of the Australian economy, this paper presents research on the linking or soft‐coupling of separate environment and economic models. The model of the environment is provided by the Australian Stocks and Flows Framework (ASFF), used to identify the significant physical challenges facing Australia in the decades ahead. To address the perceived issue of missing prices in the ASFF this research explores how the link with economic models can be made, and demonstrates several advantages of taking this approach. This paper shows the results of coupling the ASFF with two different economic models, a partial equilibrium model and a dynamic monetary circuit model, which differ substantially in their fundamental assumptions and representation of the way national economies function. This demonstrates the flexibility inherent in soft‐coupling separate models, as compared with the more common approach of using fully integrated models. We find coherence of the biophysical model with the partial equilibrium model is limited as the latter does not have a system‐wide extent. The coupling between biophysical and dynamic economic models demonstrates the role of increasing efficiency as a driver of economic growth and subsequent environmental degradation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Chromophoric Lewis Base Adducts of Methyltrioxorhenium: Synthesis, Catalysis and Photochemistry
Authors: Hauser Simone A. , Korinth Valentina , Herdtweck Eberhardt , Cokoja Mirza , Herrmann Wolfgang A. , Kühn Fritz E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA series of chromophoric Lewis base adducts of methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) was examined. The ligands were pyridine derivatives with different size of the aromatic system and variable substituents, thus providing a variation of electronic and steric parameters. The complexes were fully characterised (UV/Vis, IR and NMR spectroscopy, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and elemental analysis) and their stability constants in dichloromethane were determined by means of UV/Vis spectroscopy. Moreover, this report presents a study of the influence of these N‐donor ligands coordinated to MTO on the catalytic activity of epoxidation of 1‐octene. Each compound was tested twice; in a catalytic reaction under exclusion of light and in daylight. No significant differences in catalytic performance were found. The behaviour of the complexes under irradiation with UV light was investigated by means of 17O‐NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The herein exposed experiments aimed for probing potential beneficial effects of chromophoric N‐donor ligands in MTO adducts, as they might activate the catalytic system by providing additional energy for weakening bonds that have to be broken during the catalytic cycle.
A Series of Lanthanide Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on Biphenyl‐3,4′,5‐tricarboxylate: Syntheses, Structures, Luminescence and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Lin Zu‐Jin , Xu Bo , Liu Tian‐Fu , Cao Min‐Na , Lü Jian , Cao Rong 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA series of isostructural lanthanide metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) formulated as [Ln4(BPT)4(DMF)2(H2O)8]·(DMF)5·(H2O)3 {BPT = biphenyl‐3,4′,5‐tricarboxylate, Ln = Eu(1), Gd(2), Tb (3), Dy (4), Ho (5), or Er (6)} have beenhydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized. X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals that these complexes are isomorphous and isostructural, and each forms a three‐dimensional structure possessing one‐dimensional channels filled with lattice and coordinated water and DMF molecules. They show framework dynamics upon dehydration and rehydration. When heated above 220 °C for four hours, the crystallinity of the as‐prepared hydrated materials degrades completely to the amorphous dehydrated phases, but the structure is restored upon rehydration. Photoluminescence measurements show that complexes 1 and 3 are highly emissive at room temperature with quantum yields of 14.4 % and 60.9 %, respectively, but the yields unexpectedly fall to 5.2 % and 32.6 % after thermal treatment. The recovery of the quantum yields upon rehydration indicates that guest molecules enhance the luminescence rather than quench it. Results of magnetic measurements indicate that all complexes display antiferromagnetic behavior.
Integration of on‐chip peristaltic pumps and injection valves with microchip electrophoresis and electrochemical detection
Authors: Bowen Amanda L. , Martin R. Scott 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA microfluidic approach that integrates peristaltic pumping from an on‐chip reservoir with injection valves, microchip electrophoresis and electrochemical detection is described. Fabrication and operation of both the peristaltic pumps and injection valves were optimized to ensure efficient pumping and discrete injections. The final device uses the peristaltic pumps to continuously direct sample from a reservoir containing a mixture of analytes to injection valves that are coupled with microchip electrophoresis and amperometric detection. The separation and direct detection of dopamine and norepinephrine were possible with this approach and the utility of the device was demonstrated by monitoring the stimulated release of these neurotransmitters from a layer of cells introduced into the microchip. It is also shown that this pumping/reservoir approach can be expanded to multiple reservoirs and pumps, where one reservoir can be addressed individually or multiple reservoirs sampled simultaneously.
The development of mini pentameric STR loci for rapid analysis of forensic DNA samples on a microfluidic system
Authors: Aboud Maurice J. , Gassmann Marcus , McCord Bruce R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere is increasing interest in developing methods for portable DNA analysis in mass disasters and criminal identification. Currently most forensic STR DNA analysis is performed by CE; however, these instruments are not portable and require long sample run times. One potential solution is the development of microfluidic systems for DNA typing. Unfortunately, fairly long (ca. 20 cm) separation channels are usually required for the proper resolution of multiplexed STR loci used in human identification. Commercially available systems like the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer have a small footprint and utilize chips with shorter channels and reduced resolution. Such portable systems might be valuable for evidence screening in remote locations. However, due to their lower resolution, most standard 4 base STR loci and their inherent 2 base variants will not resolve on such systems. In this paper, we discuss the development of reduced length pentameric (5 base) STR amplicons. Pentameric STRs have fewer variant alleles and are easier to separate due to the wider spacing between alleles. By incorporating novel denaturing sieving polymers in a short microfluidic channel, we demonstrate efficient separations on these chips. Such an approach can serve as a useful tool for rapid microfluidic DNA typing.
Microchip‐ESI‐MS determination of dissociation constant of the lysozyme–NAG3 complex
Authors: Svobodová Jaroslava , Mathur Sonal , Muck Alexander , Letzel Thomas , Svatoš Aleš 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn on‐line microfluidic system for determination of dissociation constants of enzyme/substrate weak interactions by nanoESI‐MS is introduced. The microchip was designed to permit the enzyme and the substrate to mix by molecular diffusion in a pressure‐driven laminar flow. Introduction of reagent solutions into the chip was an optimized combination of a micropump and an autosampler to enable automation of the measurements. The system performance was tested for monitoring of non‐covalent interactions of hen egg white lysozyme with N‐acetyl glucosamine oligomers. Dissociation constant (KD) of the hen egg white lysozyme‐N‐acetyl glucosamine oligomer complex was determined by non‐linear regression analysis, and the range of KD values (39±6×10−6 and 19.6±8×10−6 M for manual and automated infusions, respectively) confirms the previously reported values. Such miniaturization of a continuous‐flow enzyme assay system to a microfluidic format can maximize the capabilities of mass spectrometric detection, reduce the sample size and analysis time required, as well as the associated costs for on‐line enzymatic kinetic studies.
Development of an integrated microfluidic instrument for unattended water‐monitoring applications
Authors: VanderNoot Victoria A. , Renzi Ronald F. , Mosier Bruce P. , Van de Vreugde James L. , Shokair Isaac , Haroldsen Brent L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField‐deployable detection technologies in the nation's water supplies have become a high priority in recent years. The unattended water sensor is presented which employs microfluidic chip‐based gel electrophoresis for monitoring proteinaceous analytes in a small integrated sensor platform. The instrument collects samples directly from a domestic water flow. The sample is then processed in an automated microfluidic module using in‐house designed fittings, microfluidic pumps and valves prior to analysis via Sandia's μChemLab™ module, which couples chip‐based electrophoresis separations with sensitive LIF detection. The system is controlled using LabVIEW software to analyze water samples about every 12 min. The sample preparation, detection and data analysis has all been fully automated. Pressure transducers and a positive control verify correct operation of the system, remotely. A two‐color LIF detector with internal standards allows corrections to migration time to account for ambient temperature changes. The initial unattended water sensor prototype is configured to detect protein biotoxins such as ricin as a first step toward a total bioanalysis capability based on protein profiling. The system has undergone significant testing at two water utilities. The design and optimization of the sample preparation train is presented with results from both laboratory and field testing.
Analyte transport past a nanofluidic intermediate electrode junction in a microfluidic device
Authors: Mao Xiuli , Reschke Brent R. , Timperman Aaron T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA glass microfluidic device is presented in which a microchannel is split into two regions with different electric fields by a nanochannel intermediate electrode junction formed by dielectric breakdown. The objective is to sink current through the nanochannel junction without sample loss or broadening of the band as it passes the junction. This type of performance is desired in many microfluidic applications, including the coupling of microchannel/CE with ESI‐MS, electrochemical detection, and electric field gradient focusing. The voltage offsets in this study are suitable for microchannel/CE‐ESI‐MS. Imaging of the transport of model anions and cations through the junction indicates that the junction exhibits nanofluidic behavior and the mean depth of the nanochannel is estimated to be ∼105 nm. The ion permselectivity of the nanochannel induces concentration polarization and enriched and depleted concentration polarization zones form on opposite sides of the nanochannel, altering the current and electric field distributions along the main microchannel. Anion transport efficiency past the junction was high, 96.0%, and varied little over the pH range of 4.0–8.0. In contrast, cation transport is much lower, and decreases from 72 to 11% from pH 4.0 to 8.0. Band broadening increases with increasing pH less than 70% over the pH range of 4.0–8.0. It is anticipated that this characterization will aid in the understanding and optimization of such junctions made from permselective membranes and porous glass.
A spring‐driven press device for hot embossing and thermal bonding of PMMA microfluidic chips
Authors: Chen Zhi , Zhang Luyan , Chen Gang 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA novel spring‐driven press device was designed and manufactured for hot embossing and thermal bonding of PMMA microfluidic chips in this work. This simple device consisted of two semi‐cylinder silicone rubber press heads, three steel clamping plates, and three compression springs that were assembled together using two screw bolts and two butterfly nuts. The three springs were clamped between the upper and the middle clamping plates, whereas the two press heads were assembled between the middle and the lower clamping plates. After an epoxy template covered by a PMMA plate or a PMMA channel plate together with a cover were sandwiched between two microscopic glass slides for embossing or bonding, respectively, they were clamped between the two elastic press heads of the press device by fastening the screw nuts on the upper clamping plate. Because the convex press heads applied pressure along the middle line of the glass slides, they would deform resulting in a negative pressure gradient from the middle to the sides so that air bubbles between the sandwiched parts could be squeezed out during embossing and bonding processes. High‐quality PMMA microfluidic chips were prepared by using this unique device and were successfully applied in the electrophoretic separation of several cations.
Application of capillary electrophoresis to predict crossover frequency of polystyrene particles in dielectrophoresis
Authors: White Christian M. , Holland Lisa A. , Famouri Parviz 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCE is used to calculate the zeta potential of polystyrene particles in order to estimate the surface conductivity of the particles. These values are used to predict the dielectrophoretic behavior, including the crossover frequency of particles under the influence of an AC electric field. Predictions for fluorescent polystyrene particles that are unmodified, carboxylate‐modified, or streptavidin‐modified are tested using miniaturized dielectrophoresis cells containing patterned gold quadrupole electrodes. The particle surface conductivities derived from CE separations differ from those derived from dielectrophoresis experiments by ≤0.003 S/m and serve as a guide to effectively select the suspending medium to generate a crossover frequency ∼0.5 MHz. Prediction of dielectrophoresis crossover frequency is limited by several factors, especially the accuracy and precision of the conductivity measurements for the particle and suspending medium. A rapid analysis of particles by CE is a viable alternative to determine zeta potential.
Recent developments in instrumentation for capillary electrophoresis and microchip‐capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Felhofer Jessica L. , Blanes Lucas , Garcia Carlos D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOver the last years, there has been an explosion in the number of developments and applications of CE and microchip‐CE. In part, this growth has been the direct consequence of recent developments in instrumentation associated with CE. This review, which is focused on the contributions published in the last 5 years, is intended to complement the articles presented in this special issue dedicated to instrumentation and to provide an overview of the general trends and some of the most remarkable developments published in the areas of high‐voltage power supplies, detectors, auxiliary components, and compact systems. It also includes a few examples of alternative uses of and modifications to traditional CE instruments.
A framework development for predicting the longitudinal dispersion coefficient in natural streams using an artificial neural network
Authors: Noori R. , Karbassi A.R. , Mehdizadeh H. , Vesali‐Naseh M. , Sabahi M.S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe main objective of the present investigation is to predict longitudinal dispersion coefficient (Kx) in natural streams using artificial neural network (ANN) technique based on most famous training functions such as Trainlm, Trainrp, Trainscg, Trainoss, and so on. To achieve the goal, hydraulic and geometric data (shear velocity, channel width, local flow depth, and mean longitudinal velocity) that are easily obtained in natural streams are used. First, we have tried to review the most well‐known of published work in the field due to find out deficiencies of them. Second, new approach of ANN model based on the famous training functions is applied for predicting Kx in natural streams and then the best architectures for each training functions is selected by trial and error. Finally, Levenberg‐Marquardt training function (Trainlm) is selected as the best choice for training the network parameters. Determination coefficient (R2) and mean absolute error for ANN (Trainrp) model were equal to 0.94 and 33 in the training and 0.95 and 30 in the testing steps, respectively. It is hoped that the presented methodology in the research, can be useful in river water quality management studies. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011.
Use of selected industrial waste materials in concrete mixture
Authors: Mesci Başak , Çoruh Semra , Ergun Osman Nuri 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this study, chromite industry waste and red mud were used in the production of concrete. They were ground and incorporated into concrete with the levels of 5%, 10% and 15% by the weight of binder. Ten mixtures were prepared with different proportions of both the chromite industry waste and the red mud. The experimental results indicate that the mixtures that were ground with 5% chromite industry waste and 5% red mud, substituted with Portland cement gave compressive strength performance similar to that of the reference mixture. A higher percentage of the chromite industry waste and the red mud (15%) replacement yielded lower strength values. The leaching tests that were carried out confirmed that the process makes it possible to obtain materials without major risks for the environment. This study shows that using waste materials in concrete to cost‐effective help solve some of the issues with solid waste problems. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011