bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laser fusion with nonlinear force driven plasma blocks: Thresholds and dielectric effects
Authors: Hora H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAnomalous interaction of picosecond laser pulses of terawatt to petawatt power is due to suppression of relativistic self-focusing if prepulses are cut-off by a contrast ratio higher than 108, resulting in quasi-neutral directed plasma blocks with deuterium tritium ion current densities above 1011A/cm2. This is still not high enough for ignition of solid-state density deuterium tritium because the energy flux densityE* has to be higher than the threshold of 4 ×108J/cm2obtained within the theory of Chu (1972). A revision of this evaluation shows a reduction of this threshold by a factor 20 if the later discovered inhibition factors for thermal conduction because of double layer effects as well as the shorter stopping lengths of the alpha particles due to collective effects are taken into account. Under these relaxed conditions, the parameters of nonlinear force generated blocks of dielectrically increased thickness for deuterium tritium ignition with directed ions of energies near the 80 keV resonances are discussed.
Climate variability and Ross River virus infections in Riverland, South Australia, 1992–2004
Authors: BI P. , HILLER J. E. , CAMERON A. S. , ZHANG Y. , GIVNEY R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYRoss River virus (RRV) infection is the most common notifiable vector-borne disease in Australia, with around 6000 cases annually. This study aimed to examine the relationship between climate variability and notified RRV infections in the Riverland region of South Australia in order to set up an early warning system for the disease in temperate-climate regions. Notified data of RRV infections were collected by the South Australian Department of Health. Climatic variables and monthly river flow were provided by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and South Australian Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation over the period 1992–2004. Spearman correlation and time-series-adjusted Poisson regression analysis were performed. The results indicate that increases in monthly mean minimum and maximum temperatures, monthly total rainfall, monthly mean Southern Oscillation Index and monthly flow in the Murray River increase the likelihood, but an increase in monthly mean relative humidity decreases the likelihood, of disease transmission in the region, with different time-lag effects. This study demonstrates that a useful early warning system can be developed for local regions based on the statistical analysis of readily available climate data. These early warning systems can be utilized by local public health authorities to develop disease prevention and control activities.
AKARI IRC survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud: A new feature in the infrared color—magnitude diagram
Authors: Ita Yoshifusa , Onaka Takashi , Kato Daisuke ,   the AKARI LMC survey team
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe observed an area of 10 deg2 of the Large Magellanic Cloud using the Infrared Camera on board AKARI. The observations were carried out using five imaging filters (3, 7, 11, 15, and 24 μm) and a dispersion prism (2 − 5 μm, λ/Δλ ~ 20) equipped in the IRC. The 11 and 15 μm data, which are unique to AKARI IRC, allow us to construct color-magnitude diagrams that are useful to identify stars with circumstellar dust. We found a new sequence in the color-magnitude diagram, which is attributed to red giants with luminosity fainter than that of the tip of the first red giant branch. We suggest that this sequence is likely to be related to the broad emission feature of aluminium oxide at 11.5 μm.
The properties of molecular clouds across the Magellanic System
Authors: Mizuno Norikazu 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMost stars form in Giant Molecular Clouds (GMCs) and regulate the evolution of galaxies in various respects. The formed stars affect the surrounding materials strongly via their UV photons, stellar winds, and supernova explosions, which lead to trigger the formation of next-generations of stars in the GMCs. It is therefore crucial to reveal the distribution and properties of GMCs in a galaxy. The Magellanic System is a unique target to make such detailed comprehensive study of GMCs. This is because it is nearby and the LMC is nearly face-on, making it feasible to unambiguously identify associated young objects within GMCs. Recent millimeter and sub-millimeter observations in the Magellanic System have started to reveal the distribution and properties of the individual GMCs in detail and their relation to star formation activities. From the NANTEN CO surveys, three types of GMCs can be classified in terms of star formation activities; Type I is starless, Type II is with H ii regions only, and Type III is associated with active star formation indicated by huge H ii regions and young star clusters. The further observations to obtain detailed structure of the GMCs by Mopra and SEST and to search for the dense cores by ASTE and NANTEN2 in higher tansition lines of CO have been carried out with an angular resolution of about 5 to 10 pc. These observations revealed that the differences of the physical properties represent an evolutionary sequence of GMCs in terms of density increase leading to star formation. Type I and II GMCs are at the early phase of star formation where density does not yet become high enough to show active star formation, and Type III GMCs represent the later phase where the average density is increased and the GMCs are forming massive stars.
Insights from Spitzer on massive star formation in the LMC
Authors: Indebetouw Rémy , Whitney Barbara A. , Sewilo Marta , Robitaille Thomas , Meixner Margaret ,   the (rest of the) SAGE team
Published: March 2009

AbstractSpitzer's sensitive mid-IR photometric surveys of the Magellanic Clouds provide a relatively extinction-free census of star formation activity, and sub-parsec resolution permits the study of individual massive protostars and small clusters. Using the SAGE survey of the LMC, we identify over 1000 massive YSO candidates by their MIR colors. Analysis of their spectral energy distributions (SEDs) constrains the stellar content and evolutionary state, beginning to realize for the first time the unique potential of the Clouds to study an entire galaxy's population of individual protostars. We probe the physics underlying the Schmidt-Kennicutt scaling law by analyzing how it begins to break down at 10–100 pc spatial scales. MIR spectroscopic surveys currently underway like SAGE-SPEC will enable us to couple the circumprotostellar dust distribution (the evolutionary state reflected in the SED) with the physical state of the gas, dust and ice.
Spatial variations in the star formation history of the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Gallart Carme , Meschin Ingrid , Aparicio Antonio , Stetson Peter B. , Hidalgo Sebastián L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBased on the quantitative analysis of a set of wide-field color—magnitude diagrams reaching the old main sequence-turnoffs, we present new LMC star-formation histories, and their variation with galactocentric distance. Some coherent features are found, together with systematic variations of the star-formation history among the three fields analyzed. We find two main episodes of star formation in all three fields, from 1 to 4 and 7 to 13 Gyr ago, with relatively low star formation around ≃ 4–7 Gyr ago. The youngest age in each field gradually increases with galactocentric radius; in the innermost field, LMC 0514–6503, an additional star formation event younger than 1 Gyr is detected, with star formation declining, however, in the last ≃ 200 Myr. The population is found to be older on average toward the outer part of the galaxy, although star formation in all fields seems to have started around 13 Gyr ago.
Pulsating variable stars in the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Clementini Gisella 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPulsating variable stars can be powerful tools to study the structure, formation and evolution of galaxies. I discuss the role that the Magellanic Clouds' pulsating variables play in our understanding of the whole Magellanic System, in light of results on pulsating variables produced by extensive observing campaigns like the MACHO and OGLE microlensing surveys. In this context, I also briefly outline the promise of new surveys and astrometric missions which will target the Clouds in the near future.
On the huge mass loss of B[e] supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Kraus M. , Fernandes M. Borges , de Araújo F. X. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractB[e] supergiants are known to possess circumstellar disks in which molecules and dust can form. The formation mechanism and the resulting structure of these disks is, however, still controversial. Nevertheless, to protect the disk material from the dissociating stellar radiation and to allow for dust formation in the vicinity of a luminous supergiant star, the amount of mass comprised within these disks must be huge. We study the amount of hydrogen neutral material by means of an analysis of the strong [O i] emission lines in our optical high-resolution FEROS spectra of two B[e] supergiants, the edge-on system S 65 in the SMC, and the pole-on system R 126 in the LMC. In addition, we study the possible disk dynamics of S 65, based on a simultaneous line-profile modeling. We find that the [O i] emission lines in S 65 must originate either from an outflowing disk, in which the outflow velocity is slowly decreasing outwards, or from a Keplerian rotating ring, resulting from an ejection event.
Magellanic type galaxies throughout the Universe
Authors: Wilcots Eric M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe Magellanic Clouds are often characterized as “irregular” galaxies, a term that implies an overall lack of organized structure. While this may be a fitting description of the Small Cloud, the Large Magellanic Cloud, contrary to popular opinion, should not be considered an irregular galaxy. It is characterized by a distinctive morphology of having an offset stellar bar and single spiral arm. Such morphology is relatively common in galaxies of similar mass throughout the local Universe, although explaining the origin of these features has proven challenging. Through a number of recent studies we are beginning to get a better grasp on what it means to be a Magellanic spiral. One key result of these works is that we now recognize that the most unique aspect of the Magellanic Clouds is not their structure, but, rather, their proximity to a larger spiral such as the Milky Way.
ON CULTURAL CAPITAL AND TASTE
Authors: Karadag Meltem 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT
Through the application of Bourdieu's ideas of culture and cultural capital to a specific city located in Southeastern Turkey, this article identifies the forms of cultural capital, including education and consumption, that became important in class formation since the end of the nineteenth century. The article identifies changes in the historical forms which symbolic and cultural capital have taken. In this city, as non-Western pre-capitalist culture was abandoned, partly due to forced modernization, previous patterns of hierarchies that generated the social groups/relations began to transform. While a nuanced set of practices were distinguishing features of social life, the whole set of practices of generosity, kindness or politeness was filtered through the prism of paternalist domination. From the end of the nineteenth century onwards, however, a symbolic struggle involved questions of taste and culture. Drawing on the struggle between the ‘old’ and ‘new’ wealth, this article scrutinises the role of cultural capital in class formation from a historical perspective in relation to family, embodiment and education.
Introduction
Authors: Rotman Andy 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Divyāvadāna, an early and important collection of Indian Buddhist narratives, and the ways that Buddhism is configured within the text as a visual practice. The chapter then attempts to locate the value of this practice within a market-based morality in which merit is the principle commodity. This form of Buddhism has close ties with mercantilism, and acts of faith within this moral economy are investments that follow a contractual logic. The chapter then introduces the specifics of the chapters to follow.
1 Seeing and Knowing
Authors: Rotman Andy 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Part I focuses on the practice of śraddhā, the causes and conditions that lead to its arising and the subsequent behavior that its arising entails. This analysis begins, in chapter 1, with an analysis of the Koṭikarṇa-avadāna, focusing on the close connection between śraddhā and seeing. Seeing and śraddhā are intertwined, and the discourse of the latter necessitates an understanding of the role of the former for moral action. Within this matrix, seeing is believing, seers are authorities, seeing is authoritative, and believing is seeing.
Identifying functional modules using expression profiles and confidence-scored protein interactions
Authors: Ulitsky Igor , Shamir Ron 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Microarray-based gene expression studies have great potential but are frequently difficult to interpret due to their overwhelming dimensions. Recent studies have shown that the analysis of expression data can be improved by its integration with protein interaction networks, but the performance of these analyses has been hampered by the uneven quality of the interaction data.
Results: We present Co-Expression Zone ANalysis using NEtworks (CEZANNE), a novel confidence-based method for extraction of functionally coherent co-expressed gene sets. CEZANNE uses probabilities for individual interactions, which can be computed by any available method. We propose a probabilistic model and a weighting scheme in which the likelihood of the connectivity of a subnetwork is related to the weight of its minimum cut. Applying CEZANNE to an expression dataset of DNA damage response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we recover both known and novel modules and predict novel protein functions. We show that CEZANNE outperforms previous methods for analysis of expression and interaction data.
Availability: CEZANNE is available as part of the MATISSE software at http://acgt.cs.tau.ac.il/matisse.
Contact: rshamir@tau.ac.il
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The PickPocket method for predicting binding specificities for receptors based on receptor pocket similarities: application to MHC-peptide binding
Authors: Zhang Hao , Lund Ole , Nielsen Morten 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Receptor–ligand interactions play an important role in controlling many biological systems. One prominent example is the binding of peptides to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules controlling the onset of cellular immune responses. Thousands of MHC allelic versions exist, making determination of the binding specificity for each variant experimentally infeasible. Here, we present a method that can extrapolate from variants with known binding specificity to those where no experimental data are available.
Results: For each position in the peptide ligand, we extracted the polymorphic pocket residues in MHC molecules that are in close proximity to the peptide residue. For MHC molecules with known specificities, we established a library of pocket-residues and corresponding binding specificities. The binding specificity for a novel MHC molecule is calculated as the average of the specificities of MHC molecules in this library weighted by the similarity of their pocket-residues to the query. This PickPocket method is demonstrated to accurately predict MHC-peptide binding for a broad range of MHC alleles, including human and non-human species. In contrast to neural network-based pan-specific methods, PickPocket was shown to be robust both when data is scarce and when the similarity to MHC molecules with characterized binding specificity is low. A consensus method combining the PickPocket and NetMHCpan methods was shown to achieve superior predictive performance. This study demonstrates how integration of diverse algorithmic approaches can lead to improved prediction. The method may also be used for making ligand-binding predictions for other types of receptors where many variants exist.
Contact: mniel@cbs.dtu.dk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Ethics in Primary Care: Theory and Practice
Authors: Gillies John C M 
Published: March 2009

“Writing prescriptions is easy, but otherwise coming to an understanding with people is hard.” Kafka, K. In: ‘A country doctor’ (translated Bamforth, 1999 ). The study of medical ethics has been a part of medicine since ancient times. Ethics is a term for various ways of understanding, examining and deciding what is a good moral life. Medical ethics (or bioethics in North America and other countries) is the study of ethics applied to medicine. This article will describe ethical principles, approaches and theories, how they may be used in the assessment process of nMRCGP and their relevance to the world of decision making in primary care.
Grapevine MATE-Type Proteins Act as Vacuolar H+-Dependent Acylated Anthocyanin Transporters
Authors: Gomez Camila , Terrier Nancy , Torregrosa Laurent , Vialet Sandrine , Fournier-Level Alexandre , Verriès Clotilde , Souquet Jean-Marc , Mazauric Jean-Paul , Klein Markus , Cheynier Véronique , Ageorges Agnès 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn grapevine (Vitis vinifera), anthocyanins are responsible for most of the red, blue, and purple pigmentation found in the skin of berries. In cells, anthocyanins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and accumulated into the vacuole. However, little is known about the transport of these compounds through the tonoplast. Recently, the sequencing of the grapevine genome allowed us to identify genes encoding proteins with high sequence similarity to the Multidrug And Toxic Extrusion (MATE) family. Among them, we selected two genes as anthocyanin transporter candidates and named them anthoMATE1 (AM1) and AM3. The expression of both genes was mainly fruit specific and concomitant with the accumulation of anthocyanin pigment. Subcellular localization assays in grapevine hairy roots stably transformed with AM1∷ or AM3∷green fluorescent protein fusion protein revealed that AM1 and AM3 are primarily localized to the tonoplast. Yeast vesicles expressing anthoMATEs transported acylated anthocyanins in the presence of MgATP. Inhibitor studies demonstrated that AM1 and AM3 proteins act in vitro as vacuolar H+-dependent acylated anthocyanin transporters. By contrast, under our experimental conditions, anthoMATEs could not transport malvidin 3-O-glucoside or cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, suggesting that the acyl conjugation was essential for the uptake. Taken together, these results provide evidence that in vitro the two grapevine AM1 and AM3 proteins mediate specifically acylated anthocyanin transport.
Acinic cell carcinoma‐papillary cystic variant. Pitfalls of fine needle aspiration diagnosis: study of five cases and review of literature
Authors: Mosunjac M. B. , Siddiqui M. T. , Tadros T. 
Published: March 2009

Objectives:  Acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) accounts for 12–17% of primary salivary gland carcinomas and 3.4% of all salivary gland neoplasms. ACC‐papillary cystic variant (PCV) is a distinct subtype with clear‐cut and well‐defined morphological features as revealed in tissue sections, but it is more difficult to diagnose accurately on fine needle aspiration (FNA). The aim of this article was to discuss the causes of the erroneous interpretation as well as to draw attention of practicing pathologists to this rare and unique variant of ACC.Methods:  A computerized search of surgical and cytopathology files identified five diagnoses of ACC‐PCV that were preceded by an FNA performed in‐house with available slides for review. Cytological features were compared to histomorphological features of excisional surgical pathology specimens.Results:  Cytomorphological findings from these ACC‐PCV cases have varied features that can be broadly divided in two major subtypes: hypocellular cystic specimens containing histiocyte‐like vacuolated cells (two cases) and more cellular specimens containing papillary clusters of cells with a polymorphous appearance including granular cells, vacuolated cells and nondescript small cuboidal cells (three cases).Conclusions:  Hypocellular, cyst‐like specimens pose a diagnostic problem when using FNA, as they can easily be misinterpreted as a benign cyst of the salivary gland. Our review of cases found certain ‘red flags’ that should prompt pathologists to further investigate the true acinic origin of hypocellular cystic specimens. On close morphological examination, these specimens revealed the presence of tight cellular clusters, distinct cytoplasmic borders, larger nuclei with distinct nucleoli and binucleated cells.
A single ThinPrep® slide may not be representative in all head and neck fine needle aspirate specimens
Authors: Anderson C. E. , Duvall E. , Wallace W. A. 
Published: March 2009

Objectives:  Ideally, head and neck aspiration should be performed by trained aspirators within the setting of a one‐stop clinic, where smeared material is available for immediate assessment. However, this may not always be possible for practical reasons and the use of liquid‐based techniques in head and neck cytology is increasing. Although liquid‐based cytology has been extensively validated for use in gynaecological cytology, no studies have investigated whether or not a single ThinPrep® slide is representative for head and neck aspirate specimens. We performed a prospective audit of head and neck fine needle aspiration specimens processed by the ThinPrep® method to investigate whether a single ThinPrep® slide was representative.Methods:  A prospective audit of 115 consecutive head and neck aspirates was carried out. A single ThinPrep® slide was prepared and a diagnosis recorded. The remainder of the specimen was then spun down and prepared as a cell block. The ThinPrep® and cell block diagnoses were compared.Results:  In 36 cases (31%), the cell block provided additional information that contributed to the diagnosis. In 14 (12%), the cell block was regarded as essential to the diagnosis.Conclusions:  A single ThinPrep® slide may not provide representative diagnostic material in all head and neck aspirates. This should be taken into consideration when contemplating the use of liquid‐based methods for non‐gynaecological cytology.