bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hitchhiker's guide to Xenopus genetics
Authors: Abu‐Daya Anita , Khokha Mustafa K. , Zimmerman Lyle B. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA decade after the human genome sequence, most vertebrate gene functions remain poorly understood, limiting benefits to human health from rapidly advancing genomic technologies. Systematic in vivo functional analysis is ideally suited to the experimentally accessible Xenopus embryo, which combines embryological accessibility with a broad range of transgenic, biochemical, and gain‐of‐function assays. The diploid X. tropicalis adds loss‐of‐function genetics and enhanced genomics to this repertoire. In the last decade, diverse phenotypes have been recovered from genetic screens, mutations have been cloned, and reverse genetics in the form of TILLING and targeted gene editing have been established. Simple haploid genetics and gynogenesis and the very large number of embryos produced streamline screening and mapping. Improved genomic resources and the revolution in high‐throughput sequencing are transforming mutation cloning and reverse genetic approaches. The combination of loss‐of‐function mutant backgrounds with the diverse array of conventional Xenopus assays offers a uniquely flexible platform for analysis of gene function in vertebrate development. genesis 50:164–175, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From expression cloning to gene modeling: The development of Xenopus gene sequence resources
Authors: Gilchrist Michael J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe Xenopus community has made concerted efforts over the last 10–12 years systematically to improve the available sequence information for this amphibian model organism ideally suited to the study of early development in vertebrates. Here I review progress in the collection of both sequence data and physical clone reagents for protein coding genes. I conclude that we have cDNA sequences for around 50% and full‐length clones for about 35% of the genes in Xenopus tropicalis, and similar numbers but a smaller proportion for Xenopus laevis. In addition, I demonstrate that the gaps in the current genome assembly create problems for the computational elucidation of gene sequences, and suggest some ways to ameliorate the effects of this. genesis 50:143–154, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantifying population-level risks using an individual-based model: Sea otters, Harlequin Ducks, and the Exxon Valdez oil spill
Authors: Harwell Mark A , Gentile John H , Parker Keith R 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Ecological risk assessments need to advance beyond evaluating risks to individuals that are largely based on toxicity studies conducted on a few species under laboratory conditions, to assessing population-level risks to the environment, including considerations of variability and uncertainty. Two individual-based models (IBMs), recently developed to assess current risks to sea otters and seaducks in Prince William Sound more than 2 decades after the Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS), are used to explore population-level risks. In each case, the models had previously shown that there were essentially no remaining risks to individuals from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) derived from the EVOS. New sensitivity analyses are reported here in which hypothetical environmental exposures to PAHs were heuristically increased until assimilated doses reached toxicity reference values (TRVs) derived at the no-observed-adverse-effects and lowest-observed-adverse-effects levels (NOAEL and LOAEL, respectively). For the sea otters, this was accomplished by artificially increasing the number of sea otter pits that would intersect remaining patches of subsurface oil residues by orders of magnitude over actual estimated rates. Similarly, in the seaduck assessment, the PAH concentrations in the constituents of diet, sediments, and seawater were increased in proportion to their relative contributions to the assimilated doses by orders of magnitude over measured environmental concentrations, to reach the NOAEL and LOAEL thresholds. The stochastic IBMs simulated millions of individuals. From these outputs, frequency distributions were derived of assimilated doses for populations of 500 000 sea otters or seaducks in each of 7 or 8 classes, respectively. Doses to several selected quantiles were analyzed, ranging from the 1-in-1000th most-exposed individuals (99.9% quantile) to the median-exposed individuals (50% quantile). The resulting families of quantile curves provide the basis for characterizing the environmental thresholds below which no population-level effects could be detected and above which population-level effects would be expected to become manifest. This approach provides risk managers an enhanced understanding of the risks to populations under various conditions and assumptions, whether under hypothetically increased exposure regimes, as demonstrated here, or in situations in which actual exposures are near toxic effects levels. This study shows that individual-based models are especially amenable and appropriate for conducting population-level risk assessments, and that they can readily be used to answer questions about the risks to individuals and populations across a variety of exposure conditions. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012; 8: 503–522. © 2012 SETAC
Catholic Counselor's Book Shelf
Authors: Sullivan Daniel C. 
Published: January 2012

PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION: Thomas C. CampanelleREADINGS FOR CATHOLIC COUNSELORS: Brother Philip Harris, O.S.F., and Brother Lawrence Joseph, F.M.S., EditorsSEX GUIDANCE FOR YOUR CHILD: Edited by Helen I. Driver, Ph.D.TESTING BULLETIN OF THE PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS OF THE ARCHDIOCESE OF DETROIT: California Test Bureau, Monterey, California, 18 pp.
TWO‐THIRDS OF AN EXPERIMENT: Another Chapter in the Story of NOC—Second Annual Report to the Carnegie Corporation of New York
Authors: Keller Franklin J. 
Published: January 2012

In the June 1934 issue of Occupations, the Vocational Guidance Magazine appeared “The First Year,” which constituted the first annual report of the National Occupational Conference to the Carnegie Corporation. Now, a year later, we publish another chapter in the story of NOC, bringing the record down to February 1, 1935, with allusions to events and developments since that date. On March 4 and 5, as noted in the text, the members of the Conference met at the Hotel Roosevelt in New York City for a two‐day session. In group and general meetings the activities of NOC during its first two years of existence were discussed, and recommendations made for its future program.The membership formed itself into six groups for discussion of particular phases of the work and for the formulation of recommendations and suggestions in the particular areas indicated by the following assignments of subject: Guidance and Occupational Adjustment—Programs and Activities; Research—Individual and Occupational; Publications and Radio; Field Service; Industry, Government, and NOC; and Occupational Adjustment at the College Level. The recommendations and suggestions which received the approval of the Conference in plenary session are incorporated in the following report of the Director.The report, under appropriate headings, describes the accomplishment in the more general areas—dissemination, research, and cooperation—in which NOC has sought to render services to workers and agencies in the field of vocational guidance and occupational adjustment. It discusses some of the major problems existing in the field, and indicates some of the tasks remaining to be done, whether by NOC or by other agencies. The report, however, does not undertake to set forth in detail a program of future NOC activity, but reveals the broad scope of possibilities within which such a program will be determined by action of the Executive Committee. The Director of the Conference has submitted to the committee a number of specific recommendations which are now under consideration.
Morphology of the proximal femur differs widely with age and sex: Relevance to design and selection of femoral prostheses
Authors: Casper David S. , Kim Gregory K. , Parvizi Javad , Freeman Theresa A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe ability of uncemented femoral stems to osseointegrate properly depends largely on their fit in the proximal femur. We evaluated the topography of the proximal femur and determined differences based on age and sex. Retrospectively, anteroposterior radiographs from 312 (168 male, 144 female) pre‐operative total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients (age of 21–85 years) were collected. Radiographic measurements were taken at 10 mm intervals along the length of the femur. Variables including canal flare index (CFI) and cortical index (CI) were calculated. Data were binned into three age groups and separated by sex for comparison. Measurements showed that CFI decreased with age for both sexes; however, females demonstrated a greater decrease. Decrease in flare occurred primarily on the lateral side. CI also decreased with age, the most pronounced drop occurring in older females. A clear difference exists between male and female proximal femoral geometry. This decrease is most likely attributed to the loss of cortical bone. The medial component likely demonstrates less loss of flare due to strong compressive forces that are transmitted through this portion of the femur. These results demonstrate the necessity of considering age and sex when selecting a proper prosthesis. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1162–1166, 2012
Characterization and identification of iridoid glucosides, flavonoids and anthraquinones in Hedyotis diffusa by high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu E‐Hu , Zhou Ting , Li Guo‐Bin , Li Jing , Huang Xiu‐Ning , Pan Feng , Gao Ning 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe multiple bioactive constituents in Hedyotis diffusa Willd. (H. diffusa) were extracted and characterized by high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐ESI‐MSn). The optimized separation condition was obtained using an Agilent ZorBax SB‐C18 column (4.6×150 mm, 5 μm) and gradient elution with water (containing 0.1% formic acid) and acetonitrile (containing 0.1% formic acid), under which baseline separation for the majority of compounds was achieved. Among the compounds detected, 14 iridoid glucosides, 10 flavonoids, 7 anthraquinones, 1 coumarin and 1 triterpene were unambiguously identified or tentatively characterized based on their retention times and mass spectra in comparison with the data from standards or references. The fragmentation behavior for different types of constituents was also investigated, which could contribute to the elucidation of these constituents in H. diffusa. The present study reveals that even more iridoid glycosides were found in H. diffusa than hitherto assumed. The occurrence of two iridoid glucosides and five flavonoids in particular has not yet been described. This paper marks the first report on the structural characterization of chemical compounds in H. diffusa by a developed HPLC‐ESI‐MSn method.
Lentigines, laser, and melanoma: A case series and discussion
Authors: Stankiewicz Kelly , Chuang Gary , Avram Mathew 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSolar lentigines are considered one of the earliest signs of photoaging and are an extremely common cosmetic complaint. Successful removal of these lesions can be achieved with laser and non‐laser light sources, and is one of the most frequently performed cosmetic procedures in laser centers. Distinguishing a benign lentigo from other pigmented lesions can sometimes be challenging, even for a trained dermatologist. We report a series of three patients who presented to our laser center within 2 months of one another for cosmetic removal of pigmented lesions that were found to be melanoma. One patient was referred by another dermatologist, one by a physician family member, and the other presented on his own. These cases highlight the need for careful evaluation of pigmented lesions prior to laser treatment, regardless of the source of the referral. In this article, we will review the diagnostic and treatment differences between lentigines and their malignant counterparts, and examine the role of laser in both. Lasers Surg. Med. 44:112–116, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An improved coverage and spatial resolution—using dual injection dynamic contrast‐enhanced (ICE‐DICE) MRI: A novel dynamic contrast‐enhanced technique for cerebral tumors
Authors: Li Ka‐Loh , Buonaccorsi Giovanni , Thompson Gerard , Cain John R. , Watkins Amy , Russell David , Qureshi Salman , Evans D. Gareth , Lloyd Simon K. , Zhu Xiaoping , Jackson Alan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA new dual temporal resolution‐based, high spatial resolution, pharmacokinetic parametric mapping method is described ‐ improved coverage and spatial resolution using dual injection dynamic contrast‐enhanced (ICE‐DICE) MRI. In a dual‐bolus dynamic contrast‐enhanced‐MRI acquisition protocol, a high temporal resolution prebolus is followed by a high spatial resolution main bolus to allow high spatial resolution parametric mapping for cerebral tumors. The measured plasma concentration curves from the dual‐bolus data were used to reconstruct a high temporal resolution arterial input function. The new method reduces errors resulting from uncertainty in the temporal alignment of the arterial input function, tissue response function, and sampling grid. The technique provides high spatial resolution 3D pharmacokinetic maps (voxel size 1.0 × 1.0 × 2.0 mm3) with whole brain coverage and greater parameter accuracy than that was possible with the conventional single temporal resolution methods. High spatial resolution imaging of brain lesions is highly desirable for small lesions and to support investigation of heterogeneity within pathological tissue and peripheral invasion at the interface between diseased and normal brain. The new method has the potential to be used to improve dynamic contrast‐enhanced‐MRI techniques in general. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ROR2 is a novel prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in leiomyosarcoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumour
Authors: Edris Badreddin , Espinosa Iñigo , Mühlenberg Thomas , Mikels Amanda , Lee Cheng‐Han , Steigen Sonja E , Zhu Shirley , Montgomery Kelli D , Lazar Alexander JF , Lev Dina , Fletcher Jonathan A , Beck Andrew H , West Robert B , Nusse Roel , van de Rijn Matt 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSoft‐tissue sarcomas are a group of malignant tumours whose clinical management is complicated by morphological heterogeneity, inadequate molecular markers and limited therapeutic options. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have been shown to play important roles in cancer, both as therapeutic targets and as prognostic biomarkers. An initial screen of gene expression data for 48 RTKs in 148 sarcomas showed that ROR2 was expressed in a subset of leiomyosarcoma (LMS), gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) and desmoid‐type fibromatosis (DTF). This was further confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on 573 tissue samples from 59 sarcoma tumour types. Here we provide evidence that ROR2 expression plays a role in the invasive abilities of LMS and GIST cells in vitro. We also show that knockdown of ROR2 significantly reduces tumour mass in vivo using a xenotransplantation model of LMS. Lastly, we show that ROR2 expression, as measured by IHC, predicts poor clinical outcome in patients with LMS and GIST, although it was not independent of other clinico‐pathological features in a multivariate analysis, and that ROR2 expression is maintained between primary tumours and their metastases. Together, these results show that ROR2 is a useful prognostic indicator in the clinical management of these soft‐tissue sarcomas and may represent a novel therapeutic target. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Event‐Based Approach for Comparing the Performance of Methods for Prospective Medical Product Monitoring
Authors: Gagne Joshua J. , Walker Alexander M. , Glynn Robert J. , Rassen Jeremy A. , Schneeweiss Sebastian 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTBackgroundProspective medical product monitoring is intended to alert stakeholders about whether and when safety problems are identifiable in longitudinal electronic healthcare data. Little attention has been given to how to compare methods in this setting.PurposeTo explore aspects of prospective monitoring that should be considered when comparing method performance and to develop a metric that explicitly accounts for these considerations.MethodsWe reviewed existing metrics and propose an event‐based approach that classifies exposed outcomes according to whether a prior alert was generated.ResultsIn comparing performance of methods for prospective monitoring, three factors must be considered: (1) accuracy in alerting; (2) timeliness of alerting; and (3) the trade‐offs between the costs of false negative and false positive alerting. Traditional scenario‐based measures of accuracy, such as sensitivity and specificity, which classify only at the end of monitoring, fail to appreciate timeliness of alerting and impose fixed tradeoffs between false positive versus false negative consequences. We provide an expression that summarizes event‐based sensitivity (the proportion of exposed events that occur after alerting among all exposed events in scenarios with true safety issues) and event‐based specificity (the proportion of exposed events that occur in the absence of alerting among all exposed events in scenarios with no true safety issues) by taking an average weighted by relative costs of false positive and false negative alerting.ConclusionsThe proposed approach explicitly accounts for accuracy in alerting, timeliness in alerting, and the trade‐offs between the costs of false negative and false positive alerting. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of fluorescent, dansyl end‐functionalized PMMA and poly(methyl methacrylate‐b‐phenanthren‐1‐yl‐methacrylate) diblock copolymers, at ambient temperature
Authors: Haridharan Neelamegan , Bhandary Rajesh , Ponnusamy K. , Dhamodharan Raghavachari 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe polymerization of MMA, at ambient temperature, mediated by dansyl chloride is investigated using controlled radical polymerization methods. The solution ATRP results in reasonably controlled polymerization with PDI < 1.3. The SET‐LRP polymerization is less controlled while SET‐RAFT polymerization is controlled producing poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with the PDI < 1.3. In all the cases, the polymerization rate followed first order kinetics with respect to monomer conversion and the molecular weight of the polymer increased linearly with conversion. The R group in the CTAs do not appear to play a key role in controlling the propagation rate. SET‐RAFT method appears to be a simpler tool to produce methacrylate polymers, under ambient conditions, in comparison with ATRP and SET‐LRP. Fluorescent diblock copolymers, P(MMA‐b‐PhMA), were synthesized. These were highly fluorescent with two distinguishable emission signatures from the dansyl group and the phenanthren‐1‐yl methacrylate block. The fluorescence emission spectra reveal interesting features such as large red shift when compared to the small molecule. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Photoinduced depolymerization in poly(olefin sulfone) films comprised of volatile monomers doped with a photobase generator
Authors: Sasaki Takeo , Kondo Takayuki , Noro Motoki , Saida Kazuya , Yaguchi Hiroaki , Naka Yumiko 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPhotoinduced depolymerization of poly(olefin sulfone)s mixed with a photobase generating compound was investigated. Irradiation of 254 nm UV light to films comprising of a mixture of a photobase generating compound and poly(olefin sulfone)s with volatile monomers caused photoinduced depolymerization and the irradiated part of the film vaporized. The effect of the poly(olefin sulfone) structure on the photoinduced depolymerization process was investigated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Virulence of select entomopathogenic fungi to the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Gouli Vladimir , Gouli Svetlana , Skinner Margaret , Hamilton George , Kim Jae Su , Parker Bruce L 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe brown marmorated stink bug. Halyomorpha halys, (BMSB) is an exotic pest causing damage to fruits and vegetables. They also transmit diseases. Integrated pest management strategies are lacking for this invasive. For the first time, information is presented on the virulence of several entomopathogenic fungi against BMSB. Three Beauveria bassiana and two Metarhizium anispoliae isolates were bioassayed against adult BMSB. One B. bassiana isolate was the active ingredient in BotaniGard® which produced 85 and 100% mortality in 9 and 12 days post treatment, respectively. Experimental isolates ERL 1170 and ERL 1540 were also efficacious. Metarhizium anispoliae isolates produced lower mortalities than the B. bassiana isolates. Data presented showed the potential for management of BMSB with entomopathogenic fungi. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Shock collars as a site‐aversive conditioning tool for wolves
Authors: Rossler Shawn T. , Gehring Thomas M. , Schultz Ronald N. , Rossler Michael T. , Wydeven Adrian P. , Hawley Jason E. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractReduction of livestock losses from predators is a complex problem that requires the integration of lethal and nonlethal management tools. During 2005 and 2006, we tested shock collars for conditioning wild wolves (Canis lupus) in Wisconsin, USA, to avoid bait sites over an 80‐day period. Treatment wolves (n = 10) visited shock zones less and spent less time at shock zones compared to control wolves (n = 4) during 40‐day shock periods and 40‐day post‐shock periods. Treatment wolves remained away from shock zones for a greater number of days compared to control wolves. A smaller proportion of treatment pack members visited shock zones during shock and post‐shock periods compared to control packs. Shock collars conditioned treatment wolves to avoid bait sites for >40 days and reduced visitation by other pack members. We also demonstrated the application of shock collars at the scale of livestock farms. Shock collars could serve as a useful nonlethal tool for managing livestock depredations, particularly in chronic problem areas and with endangered populations. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Validität des Tests zur Überprüfung des Erreichens der Bildungsstandards in Mathematik
Authors: Hartig Johannes , Frey Andreas 
Published: January 2012

Zusammenfassung. Auf Basis einer Stichprobe von N = 9 577 Schülerinnen und Schülern neunter Klassen aus Deutschland werden Gemeinsamkeiten und die empirische Abgrenzbarkeit der mit dem Test zur Prüfung des Erreichens der Bildungsstandards in Mathematik erhobenen Kompetenz und den bei PISA 2006 gemessenen Kompetenzen untersucht. Latente Korrelationen aus mehrdimensionalen Raschmodellen zeigen einen sehr hohen Zusammenhang (r = .94) zwischen den mit dem Bildungsstandards-Test und mit dem PISA-Test erfassten mathematischen Kompetenzen. Die Zusammenhänge zwischen Bildungsstandards Mathematik und den bei PISA erhobenen Kompetenzen im Lesen und in den Naturwissenschaften fallen erwartungsgemäß niedriger aus (r = .75 und r = .85). In Mehrebenen-Raschmodellen wurden die Varianzanteile geschätzt, die sich durch Unterschiede zwischen Schulen erklären lassen. Die schulspezifische Leistungsvarianz für den Bildungsstandards-Test ist mit 59% deutlich höher als für die PISA-Tests (45% bis 49%). Das Ergebnis stützt die Annahme einer stärkeren curricularen Validität des Bildungsstandards-Tests und illustriert zudem, dass korrelative Zusammenhänge allein als Validierungskriterium ein unvollständiges Bild zeichnen.