bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utopian Landscapes and Ecstatic Journeys: Friedrich Nietzsche, Hermann Hesse, and Mircea Eliade on the Terror of Modernity
Authors: von Stuckrad Kocku 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAgainst the background of fascism and the disasters of two world wars, during the first decades of the twentieth century many European intellectuals were formulating negative responses to “modernity” and to what they regarded as the decline of human civilization. Often, these intellectuals sought for alternatives to the modern conditio humana and looked for solutions in religion, art, or philosophy. Friedrich Nietzsche’s conceptualization of the Dionysian and the Orphic is of particular importance for such a discourse of modernity. After introducing Nietzsche’s contribution as a referential framework, the article compares two representatives of this intellectual discourse: Hermann Hesse and Mircea Eliade. At first glance, Hesse, the writer and poet, does not seem to have much in common with Eliade, the scholar of religion and writer of novels. Upon closer examination, however, there are remarkable similarities in their work and their evaluation of the modern human condition. For Hesse, it was art, music, and literature that provided the antidote against the predicaments of modern culture. Eliade shared Hesse’s search for an alternative to the modern condition and found it in the pure religion outside of time and space, in the illud tempus of the homo religiosus. For him, it was shamanism in particular that provided a model for a contact with the absolute world of truth untouched by the “terror of history.” The article argues that these dialectical responses are part and parcel of the project of European “modernity” itself, rather than representing an “anti-modern” claim.
Filmreife Epiphanien im dritten Raum: Ein transreligiöser Kult in Mumbai
Authors: Keul István , Stausberg Michael 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis study introduces a religious group based in present-day Mumbai and led by two Indian (Parsi) Zoroastrians. The group can be characterized as transreligious, as it appeals to followers with varied religious affiliations, without claiming to establish a new religion. After looking at the two leaders’ biographies and tracing some of the important stages in their development from middle-class Parsi laypeople to their present status of “divine lights,” the essay examines their main mythological, theological, and iconographic features. A description and analysis of an important ritual event (a birthday darshan) is followed by devotees’ testimonies of “divine miracles” resulting from their encounter with the “divine lights.” After some glimpses at the followers’ day-to-day life, the essay ends with reflections on terminology, typology, and context.
The Role of Oceanic Heat Transport and Wind Stress Forcing in Abrupt Millennial-Scale Climate Transitions
Authors: Arzel Olivier , Colin de Verdière Alain , England Matthew H. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The last glacial period was punctuated by rapid climate shifts, known as Dansgaard–Oeschger events, with strong imprint in the North Atlantic sector suggesting that they were linked with the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Here an idealized single-hemisphere three-dimensional ocean–atmosphere–sea ice coupled model is used to explore the possible origin of the instability driving these abrupt events and to provide a plausible explanation for the relative stability of the Holocene. Focusing on the physics of noise-free millennial oscillations under steady external (solar) forcing, it was shown that cold climates become unstable, that is, exhibit abrupt millennial-scale transitions, for significantly lower freshwater fluxes than warm climates, in agreement with previous studies making use of zonally averaged coupled models. This fundamental difference is a direct consequence of the weaker stratification of the glacial ocean, mainly caused by upper-ocean cooling. Using a two-hemisphere configuration of a coupled climate model of intermediate complexity, it is shown that this result is robust to the added presence of a bottom water mass of southern origin. The analysis reveals that under particular conditions, a pronounced interdecadal variability develops during warm interstadials. While the nature of the instability driving the millennial oscillations is identical to that found in ocean models under mixed boundary conditions, these interstadial–interdecadal oscillations share the same characteristics as those previously found in ocean models forced by fixed surface fluxes. The wind stress forcing is shown to profoundly affect both the properties and bifurcation structure of thermohaline millennial oscillations across a wide range of variation of freshwater forcing. In particular, it is shown that the wind stress forcing favors the maintenance of thermally direct meridional overturning circulations during the cold stadial phases of Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles.
On the Use of Slow Ascent Meter-Scale Sampling (SAMS) Radiosondes for Observing Overturning Events in the Free Atmosphere
Authors: Balsley Ben B. , Kantha Lakshmi , Colgan William 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
This note describes the development of a method for obtaining high vertical resolution (meter scale) measurements of basic meteorological quantities and turbulent overturns, using radiosondes with slow ascent rates. Although the method has some limitations, it can provide profiles of standard atmospheric variables from the surface to more than 20 km, with significantly improved vertical resolution. It can also help better identify regions of turbulent overturns. This correspondence presents some initial results demonstrating the occurrence of relatively small-vertical-scale overturns throughout the entire atmospheric column.
Internal and external interfaces in bilingual language development: Beyond structural overlap
Authors: Sorace Antonella , Serratrice Ludovica 
Published: December 2009

This article deals with the interface between syntax and discoursepragmatics/semantics in bilingual speakers. Linguistic phenomena at the interface have been shown to be especially vulnerable in both child and adult bilinguals; here we explore four variables that contribute to this vulnerability to different extents depending on the nature of the interface: underspecification, cross-linguistic influence, quantity and quality of the input, and processing limitations. We investigate the role played by the aforementioned variables in two recently completed studies. One compares the performance of English— Italian and Spanish—Italian bilingual children, monolingual English- and Italian-speaking children and adults on forced-choice grammaticality tasks on the distribution of overt and null subject pronouns in Italian and in English. The second explores bilingual and monolingual speakers’ sensitivity to the presence of definite articles in specific and generic plural noun phrases in Italian and in English. We show that over and above structural overlap, other factors must be We show that over and above structural overlap, other factors must be included to account for differences in the behavioural data in the two tasks and in different populations of bilinguals and monolinguals. We argue that processing factors play a non-trivial role in the difficulty encountered by bilinguals in coordinating syntax with contextual discourse-pragmatic information, regardless of the absence or presence of partial structural overlap. In the case of the internal coordination between syntax and semantics, processing factors may be less likely to affect bilinguals’ performance, while the extent of structural overlap and the associated internal formal features seem to play a more important role.
DNA Compaction on Histone Mimics Prepared from Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Takenaka Toshio , Zinchenko Anatoly A , Yoshikawa Kenichi , Murata Shizuaki 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Silica nanoparticles, the surface of which was modified by a 3-aminopropylsilyl group, compacted gene-size DNA in aqueous solutions in the presence of Na+ or K+. The DNA-compaction efficiency of histone-size (10 nm diameter) nanoparticles is greater than that of large (100 nm) nanoparticles under similar experimental conditions.
Synthesis of Gold Nanorods/Nanobelts and Their Potent Electrocatalytic Properties toward Ethanol Oxidation
Authors: Kumar S Ashok , Wang Sea-Fue , Yang Jen-Chang , Yeh Chun-Ting , Lu His-Chuan 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
This paper describes surfactant-free and template-free synthesis of gold nanorods/nanobelts (Au-NRBs) using ciprofloxacin (CF) as a reducing/stabilizing agent (a fluoroquinolone antibiotic). Synthesized Au-NRBs were stable and easily soluble in water. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV–visible spectroscopy are used for characterization of synthesized Au-NRBs. Indeed, synthesized Au-NRB-modified electrodes show high electrocatalytic properties toward oxidation of ethanol in alkaline solution (0.1 M NaOH).
The interplay between motivation, self‐efficacy, and approaches to studying
Authors: Prat‐Sala Mercè , Redford Paul. 
Published: December 2009

BackgroundThe strategies students adopt in their study are influenced by a number of social‐cognitive factors and impact upon their academic performance.AimsThe present study examined the interrelationships between motivation orientation (intrinsic and extrinsic), self‐efficacy (in reading academic texts and essay writing), and approaches to studying (deep, strategic, and surface). The study also examined changes in approaches to studying over time.SampleA total of 163 first‐year undergraduate students in psychology at a UK university took part in the study.MethodsParticipants completed the Work Preference Inventory motivation questionnaire, self‐efficacy in reading and writing questionnaires and the short version of the Revised Approaches to Study Inventory.ResultsThe results showed that both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation orientations were correlated with approaches to studying. The results also showed that students classified as high in self‐efficacy (reading and writing) were more likely to adopt a deep or strategic approach to studying, while students classified as low in self‐efficacy (reading and writing) were more likely to adopt a surface approach. More importantly, changes in students' approaches to studying over time were related to their self‐efficacy beliefs, where students with low levels of self‐efficacy decreased in their deep approach and increased their surface approach across time. Students with high levels of self‐efficacy (both reading and writing) demonstrated no such change in approaches to studying.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate the important role of self‐efficacy in understanding both motivation and learning approaches in undergraduate students. Furthermore, given that reading academic text and writing essays are essential aspects of many undergraduate degrees, our results provide some indication that focusing on self‐efficacy beliefs amongst students may be beneficial to improving their approaches to study.
Modeling the Influence of Microstructure in Rolling Contact Fatigue
Authors: Alley Erick S. , Sawamiphakdi Krich , Anderson Patrick I. , Neu Richard W. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Crack nucleation, first spall generation, and spall growth in rolling contact fatigue (RCF) are known to be highly sensitive to the heterogeneity of the microstructure. Yet the current state-of-the-art in the design of high performance bearing materials and microstructures is highly empirical requiring substantial lengthy experimental testing to validate the reliability and performance of these new materials and processes. We have laid the groundwork necessary to determine the influence of microstructure in RCF to aid in the development and processing of bearing steels. Microstructure attributes that may control the fatigue behavior are explicitly modeled in a 41xxx steel. The methodology is demonstrated by studying the role of an aluminum oxide inclusion embedded in a matrix of tempered martensite and retained austenite. The matrix is represented by crystal plasticity, which provides more realistic accumulations of localized plastic strains with cycling compare to homogenized J2 plasticity. As a demonstration of the approach, the relative influence of the volume fraction of retained austenite on RCF is evaluated.
Evaluation of the Stiffness and Volumetric Behaviors of Medium Dense Sand under Principal Stress Rotations
Authors: Chang Kuang-Tsung , Ge Louis , Sture Stein 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEffects of principal stress rotations are important features of granular materials. Experimental data obtained in directional shear cell experiments for dense sand are re-analyzed and re-evaluated in terms of distortional (shear+deviatoric responses) and volumetric behaviors. Principal stress rotations in loading cause greater initial contraction but greater dilation in further shear deformation. In particular, principal stress rotations in unloading cause relatively greater contraction. The mechanisms of principal stress rotation effects on sand behavior are illustrated and interpreted. Rotations of principal stresses can mobilize more sand particles in various orientations facilitating particle rearrangement. Therefore, principal stress rotations cause greater contraction if sand tends to contract under shear but greater dilation if sand tends to dilate under shear. Loading and unloading with significant principal stress rotations are common stress states for underground soils during non-proportional foundation loading, excavation, and tunneling. The effects of principal stress rotations on the volumetric behavior of sands are important phenomena when analyzing settlements in the field involving these geotechnical problems.
Dominus noster vult. Anmerkungen zur päpstlichen Gesetzgebung im SpätmittelalterDominus noster vult. Reflections on Papal Legislation in the Later Middle Ages
Authors: Meyer Andreas 
Published: December 2009

Zusammenfassung
Ausgangspunkt ist die widersprüchliche Beobachtung, daß zeitgenössische Chronisten und Verfasser von Traktaten die päpstlichen Kanzleiregeln für viele Übel ihrer Zeit verantwortlich machten, die Regeln dennoch oft kopiert und in die eigene Bibliothek gestellt, also als nützlich betrachtet wurden. Kanzleiregeln zeigen, wie die Kurie die ständig wachsende Nachfrage nach Privilegien, Benefizien und Dispensen zu stillen versuchte. Sie interpretierten die päpstliche Signatur auf den Suppliken, enthielten die Kompetenzen des Vizekanzlers, regelten den Geschäftsgang der Briefe und deuteten die päpstliche Verfügungsgewalt über die Kirche in bezug auf Reservationen und auf Prärogativen. Die Kritik entfachte sich an den Reservationen, in denen man die Ursache aller Mißstände sah, die aber in der auf Reskripten basierenden Verwaltung der Kurie nötig waren, weil sie Rechtssicherheit schufen, indem sie die Zuständigkeit festlegten. Da nach 1316 keine Sammlung des neuen Kirchenrechts mehr erfolgte, gerieten die Kanzleiregeln als Ersatzkodifikation ins Schußfeld der Reformer. Angesichts der Bittstellermassen versuchten die Päpste mittels Vorrechten, das System am Laufen zu halten. Weil die Suppliken um Anwartschaften das Angebot an freiwerdenden Pfründen übertrafen, erhielten bestimmte Kreise in Kanzleiregeln festgehaltene Vorrechte, was die Chancen der anderen schmäler te. Zudem kassierten Bonifaz VIII. und seine Nachfolger die Rechtstitel ihrer Vorgänger, die noch zu keinem Erfolg geführt hatten. Auch diese Widerrufe stehen in den Kanzleiregeln. Wer nicht wußte, was wie neu geregelt wurde, fand sich im Heer der Frustrierten wieder. Aber nicht Verbote, sondern erst anders gesetzte Anreize boten den Ausweg aus dem Dilemma.
Religion und Politik im späten Rußländischen Reich
Authors: Frings Andreas 
Published: December 2009

Zusammenfassung
Die bisherigen Forschungsergebnisse zu der Frage, ob es wechselseitige Verzahnungen zwischen Politik und Religion im Rußländischen Reich gab und wie das die Beziehungen zwischen Kirche und Welt, Politik und Religion veränderte, lassen erkennen, daß hier in den letzten Jahren grundlegend neue Einsichten gewonnen wurden, die auch zu der übergeordneten Fragestellung nach der langen Persistenz des Rußländischen Reiches einiges beitragen können. Der Staat stützte sich in vielfältiger Weise auf die religiöse und konfessionelle Vielfalt, indem er eine Religion vor anderen durch Monopole auszeichnete (die orthodoxe Kirche), andere vor Heterodoxien zu bewahren suchte, wieder andere durch die Förderung von Heterodoxien einzudämmen suchte und schließlich manche von ihnen als gefährlich in ihrer Tätigkeit drastisch einzuschränken suchte  in der Regel ohne größeren Erfolg. Die einzelnen Religionen wiederum reagierten in Abhängigkeit von ihren je unterschiedlichen Ausgangsbedingungen sehr verschieden auf die Herausforderungen des Staates und die sich wandelnden sozio-ökonomischen Bedingungen. Hervorzuheben ist dabei, daß die jüngere rußlandhistorische Forschung keineswegs bei institutionengeschichtlichen Darstellungen stehengeblieben ist.
Freikauf in Staatsregie. Militärische Stellvertretung im Großherzogtum Hessen 1835/36 bis 1866 Buy-off through Government Agencies. Military Substitution in the Grand Duchy of Hesse 1835/36 to 1866
Authors: Sicken Bernhard 
Published: December 2009

Zusammenfassung
Nach 1815 wurde in vielen deutschen Staaten die allgemeine Wehrpflicht eingeführt. Diese war nötig geworden, um die Vergrößerung der Armeen möglich zu machen. Die allgemeine Verpflichtung zum Wehrdienst enthielt allerdings die Möglichkeit, sich von einem Ersatzmann vertreten zu lassen. Der Aufsatz analysiert den Austausch der Rekruten durch Stellvertreter sowie die damit verbundenen Ausgaben im Großherzogtum Hessen. Dabei wird besonders auf den Anspruch der Regierung fokussiert, die Rekruten, die für die Armee von großer funktioneller Bedeutung waren, in ihrem Sinne zu beeinflussen. Das politische Ziel war es, ihre Loyalität zu stärken, da die meisten Unteroffiziere aus den Rängen der Wehrpflichtigen stammten. Sie mussten die militärische Ordnungs aufrecht erhalten und sie den neuen Rekruten beibringen. Daher war eine Auswahl unter den Rekruten durch die Regierung zweckdienlich und wurde trotz liberaler Gegenwehr in den 1830er Jahren durchgeführt. Das Kriegsministerium gründete zu diesem Zweck das Einstandbüro, das für den Austausch der Rekruten durch Ersatzmänner verantwortlich war. Ein Versicherungsunternehmen, die Assekuranzanstalt, unterstützte das Büro mit den notwendigen Geldern, wodurch die Regierung die kommerziellen Rekrutieranstalten um ihre Geschäftsgrundlage brachte und diese Form der Armeevergrößerung monopolisierte. Dass es möglich war, eine derartige Versicherung gegen den Militärdienst abzuschließen, war Gegenstand der Kritik. Jedoch gab es auch in anderen deutschen Staaten die Möglichkeit, durch den Ersatz eines Rekruten Geld zu verdienen, was die hessische Praxis, Geld gegen Freiheit einzutauschen, in einen strukturellen Kontext stellt.
Entspannung, Sicherheit und Ideologie in der sowjetischen Politik 1969 bis 1979. Zur Vorgeschichte des NATO-DoppelbeschlussesDétente, Security and Ideology in Soviet Policy 1969 to 1979. Developments before the NATO´s twin-track decision
Authors: Wettig Gerhard 
Published: December 2009

Zusammenfassung
Nach dem gescheiterten Versuch, die NATO auszuschalten, suchte sich der Kreml diesem Ziel durch die Bereitschaft zu weitreichenden zwischenstaatlichen Übereinkünften zu nähern. Der damit erreichten »politischen Entspannung« sollte anschließend die »militärische Entspannung« folgen. Eine Propagandakampagne unter dieser Leitparole sollte den Westen zu einseitiger Abrüstung nötigen, während sich die UdSSR darauf vorbereitete, gemäß der ideologisch begründeten Vorgabe einer »zuverlässigen Verteidigung« die Fähigkeit zum präemptiven nuklearen Erstschlag gegen Westeuropa zu gewinnen. Das Streben sowohl nach sukzessiver Aushöhlung der NATO durch ein sich entwickelndes gesamteuropäisches Sicherheitssystem als auch nach kontinentaler Überlegenheit aufgrund der SS-20-Rüstung waren geeignet, die Sowjetunion zur dominierenden Macht zu machen.
The impact of climate change on future frontal variations of Briksdalsbreen, western Norway
Authors: Laumann Tron , Nesje Atle 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA flowline model, coupled with a surface mass-balance model forced by climate data from Bergen, was used to simulate future frontal changes of Briksdalsbreen, a western outlet glacier from Jostedalsbreen, western Norway, under various future climate scenarios. The model was used to calculate the time-lag of frontal response to a sudden and short change in the mass balance. According to the model, the front has a time-lag for maximum advance rate of 4–5 years, in close agreement with previous studies. The response time for Briksdalsbreen was calculated by running the model for 200 years with different mass-balance perturbations. For mass-balance perturbations of +0.3 and +0.6 m w.e. the model yields response times of 52 and 60 years, respectively. We ran the model from 1963 to 2007 with measured mass-balance data, and from 2007 to 2085 using calculated mass balances from 12 different climate scenarios. The model predicts retreat up the steep valley from the lake inlet, with a total frontal retreat of 2.5–5.0 km by 2085. A spectacular icefall, one of the main tourist attractions in western Norway, may thus disappear and the glacier may become a plateau glacier that will gradually melt down.
Granulometric investigations of snow avalanches
Authors: Bartelt Perry , McArdell Brian W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAvalanche deposits consist of rounded granules composed of aggregates of snow and ice particles. The size of the granules is related to vertical shear gradients within the flow; studying the granule-size distribution may be useful in understanding the flow and stopping of avalanches. We applied a sediment-size sampling method to measure snow granule-size distributions at different depositional environments on two dry and two wet avalanche deposits at three field sites. The granule-size distributions are approximately log-normal, similar to many natural sediment deposits. The median granule size in the wet and dry avalanches varies between 65 and 162 mm. Wet avalanches tend to produce more large granules than dry avalanches, indicating both smaller flow velocities and near-surface shear gradients. Granule size is similar in frontal lobes and levee deposits, suggesting that levee formation occurs independently of the size segregation at the avalanche front.