bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
μ‐EXAFS, μ‐XRF, and μ‐PL Characterization of a Multi‐Quantum‐Well Electroabsorption Modulated Laser Realized via Selective Area Growth
Authors: Mino Lorenzo , Gianolio Diego , Agostini Giovanni , Piovano Andrea , Truccato Marco , Agostino Angelo , Cagliero Stefano , Martinez‐Criado Gema , d’Acapito Francesco , Codato Simone , Lamberti Carlo 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn the past few years, strong efforts have been devoted to improving the frequency of optical‐fiber communications. In particular, the use of a special kind of integrated optoelectronic device called an electroabsorption modulated laser (EML) allows communication at 10 Gb s−1 or higher over long propagation spans (up to 80 km). Such devices are realized using the selective area growth (SAG) technique and are based on a multiple quantum well (MQW) distributed‐feedback laser (DFB) monolithically integrated with a MQW electroabsorption modulator (EAM). Since the variation in the chemical composition between these two structures takes place on the micrometer scale, in order to study the spatial variation of the relevant parameters of the MQW EML structures, the X‐ray microbeam available at the ESRF ID22 beamline is used. The effectiveness of the SAG technique in modulating the chemical composition of the quaternary alloy is proven by a micrometer‐resolved X‐ray fluorescence (μ‐XRF) map. Here, reported micrometer‐resolved extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (μ‐EXAFS) spectra represent the state of the art of μ‐EXAFS achievable at third‐generation synchrotron radiation sources. The results are in qualitative agreement with X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and micrometer‐resolved photoluminescence (μ‐PL) data, but a technical improvement is still crucial in order to make μ‐EXAFS really quantitative on such complex heterostructures.
Systematic labeling of twin pregnancies on ultrasound
Authors: Dias T. , Ladd S. , Mahsud‐Dornan S. , Bhide A. , Papageorghiou A. T. , Thilaganathan B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectiveCorrect labeling of twin fetuses is needed for consistency in assigning and interpreting longitudinal scan and prenatal screening/diagnostic results. The aim of this study was to describe a standard method of twin labeling in the first trimester of pregnancy and to assess the robustness of such a technique in predicting the presenting twin in subsequent scans and at delivery.MethodsThis was a retrospective first‐trimester study of all twin pregnancies assessed by ultrasonography at our center between 2000 and 2010. The fetus contained in the gestational sac closer to the maternal cervix was designated as Twin 1 and the relative orientation of the fetuses to each other was then defined as either lateral (left/right) or vertical (top/bottom). In discordant‐sex twins, their sex and presenting order on the final scan prior to delivery were documented and compared with the sex and birth order at delivery.ResultsA total of 416 twin pregnancies were seen during the study period. At the 11–14‐week scan 90.9% of twins were in lateral orientation while the remainder were oriented vertically. None of the vertically oriented twin pairs but 32 (8.5%) of the laterally oriented twin pairs changed their presenting order between the first and the last ultrasound scan prior to delivery. There were 108 discordant‐sex twins scanned in the third trimester, of which the birth order changed in 20.3% that were delivered by Cesarean section and in 5.9% of those delivered vaginally.ConclusionThe study demonstrates that antenatal labeling of twins according to laterality or vertical orientation is reliable. The technique ensures continuity of biometric assessment from serial scans at each visit, and as such should be adopted as the preferred method of twin labeling. Furthermore, the use of orientation for antenatal labeling of twins rather than assignment of a number based on proximity to the cervix, precludes any misconception regarding which twin will be born first and ensures that parents and pediatricians are aware of the significant likelihood of a peripartum switch. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint improvements for capacity and power‐efficiency of mobile WiMAX by relaying schemes
Authors: Liu Bao Yuan , Chang Shih Yu , Wang Tai Chi 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe mobile WiMAX standard promises to enable low‐cost mobile Internet applications over extensive areas and to meet the capacity requirements by combining advanced multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and relay transmission techniques. In this paper, we propose a solution to increase the channel capacity between wireless links and to conserve the average required uplink transmission power consumption simultaneously through deploying relay stations' (RSs) locations judiciously. Two relaying schemes, analogue (amplify and forward) relaying and digital (decode and forward) relaying from a mobile device to the base station (BS) through a relay node, are adopted with weighting filters to increase the channel capacity. Based on the enhanced channel capacity, a new manipulation way to save power is introduced by deploying RSs strategically where the branch‐and‐bound (BB) algorithm is applied to determine the placements of RSs. Our simulation results demonstrate the significant improvement of network capacity by applying the weighting filter techniques and the great power saving of the average total network power by utilizing the BB algorithm to arrange RSs locations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Evolution of Minimally Invasive Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Prachand Vivek N. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe number of bariatric operations performed annually in the U.S. for the treatment of severe obesity [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m2] has increased tenfold since the mid 1990s, with approximately 220,000 operations performed in 2009. This article reviews the evolution of laparoscopic bariatric surgery over the last 20 years. The results of the most common procedures are analyzed and current and future trends described.
Relationship between Abundance and Morphology of Benthic Foraminifera Epistominella exigua: Paleoclimatic Implications
Authors: Saraswat R. , Deopujari A. , Nigam R. , Heniriques P. J. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The relationship between abundance (relative as well as absolute abundance) and morphology (size of the shell, number of chambers and proloculus size) of benthic foraminifera Epistominella exigua has been studied in a core to understand the influence of changing environmental conditions on its morphology and distribution. A total of 50 samples from the top 100 cm section of a gravity core collected from the southern Bay of Bengal Fan were used. The changes in abundance of E. exigua match well with variation in average proloculus size of E. exigua. An opposite relationship however, is observed between the abundance and size of E. exigua shells. The higher abundance corresponds with smaller E. exigua shells. Similarly, the increased E. exigua abundance matches with a decrease in the number of chambers. The increased abundance of E. exigua shows favourable conditions for its growth and survival. Thus the study indicates that during favourable conditions, while the number of chambers in the shells and the size of the shells of E. exigua decreases, more number of specimens have a larger proloculus. Since asexual reproduction results in megalospheric specimens with larger proloculus, smaller size and less number of chambers, it is inferred that E. exigua prefers an asexual mode of reproduction during favorable conditions. The findings can be used to apply morphological characteristics of E. exigua as a proxy to infer past climatic conditions.
Significance of Mineral Chemistry of Syenites and Associated Rocks of Elagiri Complex, Southern Granulite Terrane of the Indian Shield
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Sarmistha , Ray Jyotisankar , Chattopadhyay Basab , Sengupta Shyamal , Ghosh Biswajit , Mukhopadhyay Subrata 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The Elagiri complex (12°31' N: 78°35' E) represents one of the important silica - oversaturated syenite plutons of the Southern Granulite Terrane of the Indian shield. This article for the first time reports the mineral chemistry of the Elagiri complex and brings out important petrogenetic significance. The litho-members of Elagiri complex are intrusive into high grade country rocks viz. granite gneiss, amphibolite and pyroxene granulite. The country rocks are foliated bearing evidences of multiple folding and deformation. On the other hand, the constituent litho members of the Elagiri complex (syenites, gabbro and later intrusives marked by lamprophyre and carbonatite) show preservation of igneous layering in terms of discernible parallelism of the constituent minerals. The Elagiri complex shows presence of sharp contacts among litho members and marked absence of chilled facies peripheral to the margin. Electron microprobe data have been critically used to systematize the constituent mineral-phases of the different lithomembers of the complex. Geothermobarometric data indicate a temperature of equilibration in the range of ~700° to 500°C at ~2.0 to 5.2 kb which corresponds to shallow level (cf. 18.2 km) equilibration-depth of the complex. Field observations and mineral chemistry data suggest that liquid immiscibility plays an important role during the evolution of the Elagiri complex.
In vitro proteolysis of nematode FMRFamide-like peptides (FLPs) by preparations from a free-living nematode (Panagrellus redivivus) and two plant-parasitic nematodes (Heteroderaglycines and Meloidogyne incognita)
Authors: Masler E.P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractProteolytic activities in extracts from three nematodes, the plant parasites Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyneincognita, and the free-living Panagrellus redivivus, were surveyed for substrate preferences using a battery of seven FRET-modified peptide substrates, all derived from members of the large FMRF-amide like peptide (FLP) family in nematodes. Overall protease activity in P. redivivus was four- to fivefold greater than in either of the parasites, a result that might reflect developmental differences. Digestion of the M. incognita FLP KHEFVRFa (substrate Abz-KHEFVRF-Y(3-NO2)a) by M. incognita extract was sevenfold greater than with H. glycines extract and twofold greater than P. redivivus, suggesting species-specific preferences. Additional species differences were revealed upon screening 12 different protease inhibitors. Two substrates were used in the screen, Abz-KHEFVRF-Y(3-NO2)a and Abz-KPSFVRF-Y(3-NO2)a), which was digested equally by all three species. The effects of various inhibitor, substrate and extract source combinations on substrate digestion suggest that M. incognita differs significantly from P. redivivus and H. glycines in its complement of cysteine proteases, particularly cathepsin L-type protease.
Art. XI.—The Bṛhat-Saṇhitâ; or, Complete System of Natural Astrology of Varâha-mihira
Authors: Kern H. 
Published: March 2011

1. Victory to the Allsoul, the source of life, the inseparable ornament of heaven, the Sun, who is adorned with a crown of a thousand beams like unto liquid gold!2. After studying the subject matter which former Seers have revealed with infallible truth, I purpose to treat of the same in an easy style, and in verses neither too few nor too many.
Art. XIX.—Women Leaders of the Buddhist Reformation
Authors: Bode Mabel 
Published: March 2011

Chaṭṭhe jhāyīnaṃ yadidaṃ Nandāti jhānābhiratānaṃ Nandā therī aggā ti dasseti.Sā kira Padumuttarabuddhakāle Haṃsavatiyaṃ kulagehe paṭisandhiṃ. gahetvā aparabhāge Satthu dhammaṃ suṇantī Satthāram ekaṃ bhikkhuniṃ jhānabhiratānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapetum disvā adhikārakammaṃ katvā taṃ ṭhānantaraṁ patthesi.
Art. XXIII.—Further Notes on the MSS. of the Turkī Text of Bābar's Memoirs
Authors: Beveridge Annette S. 
Published: March 2011

For convenience of reference, the following list of MSS. which have existed or do exist is reproduced from the J.R.A.S., July, 1900:—I. Bābar's autograph MS.II. Khwāja Kilān's MS.III. (Humāyūn's transcript.)IV. Elphinstone MS.V. British Museum MS.VI. India Office MS. (Bib. Leydeniana).VII. Asiatic Society of Bengal MS.VIII. Mysore MS. (Tīpū's).IX. Bibliotheca Lindesiana MS.X. Hyderābād MS.XI. St. Petersburg University Library MS.XII. St. Petersburg Foreign Office MS.XIII. St. Petersburg Asiatic Museum MS. (Senkovskī).XIV. Bukhārā MS.XV. Nazar Bay Turkestānī MS.
XVII. The Meaning of Adhakosikya in the Seventh Pillar-Edict of Asoka
Authors: Fleet J. F. 
Published: March 2011

In the seventh pillar-edict of Aśōka, inscribed on the so-called Delhi-Siwālik column, there is a passage which runs as follows: see IA, 13. 310, text lines 2, 3, and facsimile; and EI, 2. 270, text:—Dēvānaṁpiyē Piyadasi lājā hēvaṁ āhā magēsu pi mē nigōhāni lōpāpitāni chhāy-ōpagāni hōsaṁti pasu-munisānaṁ aṁbāvaḍikyā lōpāpitā aḍhakōsikyāni pi mē udupānāni khānāpāpitāni niṁisiḍhiyā cha kālāpitā āpānāni mē bahukāni tata-tata kālāpitāni paṭībhōgāyē pasu-munisānaṁ.
XVI. The Ahuna Vairya, with its Pahlavi and Sanskrit Translations
Authors: Mills Lawrence 
Published: March 2011

IX. A single additional word upon the Pahlavi, Sanskrit, and Persian Commentaries is needed here.It has been sometimes carelessly supposed that all the commentaries upon the Avesta are those which appear in the secondary stage of the Avesta language, with their Sanskrit and Persian translation, but of this Ahnnaver we have at Yasna XIX an interesting discussion of a very representative character, and in the original Avesta language, though it is not impossibly, yet I think hardly probably, a retranslation from an extinct Pahlavi original. A translation of its Avesta text into English will be found in the thirty-first volume of the Sacred Books of the East at the place designated by the page number. This text itself is actually a commentary upon the Avesta Ahunaver, but it has also—as said above—in due course, its own separate and entire (?) Pahlavi translation-text in the body of the Pahlavi Yasna, which has been edited by the present writer with all the MSS. collated, and in its deciphered form, in the Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Band vi, a translation of it into English having followed in the JRAS.; and it—this Paldavi translation-text—has also its own Sanskrit translation in the course of Nēryōsangh's translation at the place, with its Persian translation, like those of the Gāθic Sections, which appear in my addition of the Gāthas. The treatment of their original, the Avesta-Ahuna, in both this Avesta Commentary upon the Avesta-Ahuna and in its—this Avesta Commentary's—translation into Pahlavi—always, of course, a necessary distinction—is somewhat artificial and erratic when regarded as a tentatively exact and exhaustive exposition; but it has, perhaps, all the more its own interest, in spite of that very necessary defect, if not in consequence of it, as being a fine specimen of the products of the later Sasanian schools; and, as may be seen above, it is unexpectedly important on account of some of its expressions, which have created much discussion in the matter of the history of the Christian Logos Doctrine.
XIX. A Nepalese Vajra
Authors: de la Vallée Poussin L. , Thomas F. W. 
Published: March 2011

The three texts deciphered below appear on a vajra, the property of Mr. G. D. Sofoulis of Shanghai, a photograph of which has been lent to the Egyptian and Oriental Society of Manchester by Mr. F. Evans.According to the description received the vajra is 37 inches long and from 1¾ to 2 inches wide. It weighs about 5 lb. The blade is made of steel, which is 28½ inches long and is pointed and sharpened on both sides. The inscriptions and the handle are made of pure Chinese or Indian gold and with twenty-four pieces of red and blue stones (corals and others), some of which are lost.
VII. Further Arabic Inscriptions on Textiles
Authors: Guest A. R. 
Published: March 2011

In the Journal for 1906 there were published some Arabic inscriptions on textiles in the South Kensington Museum. Two more Arabic inscriptionś on textiles may now be brought to notice. One of them is taken from a Russian publication; the other is from a piece of stuff in the Museum. Mr. A. F. Kendrick, of the Museum, has drawn attention to these specimens, and, as before, has kindly supplied the descriptions of the stuffs. The objects are:—1. From Wladimir Bock. Coptic Art: Coptic Figured Textiles [Text in Russian]. Moscow, 1897.
The Honan Relics: a New Investigator and some Results
Authors: Hopkins L. C. 
Published: March 2011

It is a genuine pleasure to report the accession of another Chinese critic and investigator of the Shang dynasty writing, in the person of Mr. Wang Kuo-wei of Hai-ning Chou , in the Central Chinese Province of Chehkiang.I propose to lay before the readers of the Journal one or two of the more interesting results of his decipherments, together with a few notes of my own upon these.
A Short Anthology of Guran Poetry
Authors: Soane E. B. 
Published: March 2011

The Anthology is a manuscript furnished by Dr. Sa'iīd, of Sina, to the British Museum, numbered Or. 6444; the writer is working from a photographic reproduction made for him in 1908 by order of Mr. A. G. Ellis.The distance from the Oriental Department of the British Museum and absence of sufficient books of reference—this article is being written in Sulaimania, South Kurdistan—is a handicap on adequate comparison of words.
Cerebralization in Sindhi
Authors: Turner R. L. 
Published: March 2011

One of the striking differences between the phonetic systems of Indo-Aryan and its parent Indo-European is the existence in the former of the cerebral series of sounds as well as the dental. These appear among the stops, the nasals, the sibilants, and later among the liquids also. Thus opposed to Indo-European t th d dh, n, s z, l r we find in the various Indo-Aryan languages the two series—t th d dh, n, s *z, l rṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh, ṇ, ṣ *ẓ, ḷ ṛ ṛh.Of these, *z *ẓ belong to the prehistoric and ṛ ṛh to the modern period.
The Mahmal of the Moslem Pilgrimage
Authors: Robinson Arthur E. 
Published: March 2011

It is very improbable that the Mahmal, which formed such a prominent object in the procession of the “Kiswat en Nebi” at Cairo and the pilgrim caravans from Egypt and Syria, will be seen in the Hejaz again.There are very strong political and religious reasons against its introduction into the ceremonies at Mecca. As the practice of sending a Mahmal to Mecca was adopted by an Indian Prince and the late Sultan of Darfur, it might be of use to trace the origin and purport of this very curious custom in Islam.
Balāḏurī and Ḥamza Iṣfahānī on the Migration of the Parsees
Authors: Inostrantsev C. 
Published: March 2011

In my examination of the tradition relating to the migration of the Parsees to India, in connection with the condition of the Muslim world in the middle of the seventh century, I have noted the account given by Balāḏurī (ed. De Goeje, 392), who states in his narrative of the conquest of Kirmān by the Arabs that a number of the Parsees sailed away in ships over the sea, i.e. in the direction of India. My point of view on this subject, as generally on all the materials which we possess relative to this question, I have formulated before: here I would merely reiterate that this account consists of two words only, unaccompanied by further explanations, of which one may be said to be obscure. Similar accounts in an expanded form exist in Arabic literature, and I think that it may be useful to give the following extract from an Arabic writer of recognized authority, albeit of later date—Yāqūt, who, in his famous Geographical Dictionary (ed. Wüstenfeld, iii, 31), has the following under Subuḏān:—“Subuḏān. Ḥamza ibn al-Ḥasan relates the following. Four farsakhs from Baṣra is the town Ubulla on the shore of the Crooked Tigris (sc. Shaṭṭ al-'Arab); the inhabitants of this town were Persians, labouring on the sea. When the Arabs came near them, they loaded 400 ships with as much of their possessions as possible, and with provisions, and sailed away.
The Manichæan Fasts
Authors: Henning W. B. 
Published: March 2011

In an excursus to his article on “The Early Sasanians” in BSOAS., xi, 42 sqq., S. H. Taqizadeh has given a full and illuminating discussion of the Manichæan two-day fasts which preceded the feast of the Bema. All hitherto known about these fasts is contained in a passage in the K. al-Fihrist, 333, 28–334, 1, which runs as follows:—As regards the fasting—(1) when the sun is in Sagittarius and the moon is full, they fast two days without break,(2) then when the New Light appears, they fast two days without break,(3) after this, they fast two days when the moon is full (and the sun is) in Capricornus,(4) then when the New Light appears and the sun is in Aquarius and eight days have passed of the (lunar) month, they fast for thirty days, but break the fast each day at nightfall.
The Plague and its Effects upon the Mamlûk Army
Authors: Neustadt David 
Published: March 2011

From the close of the eighth century A.H. till the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in A.H. 922 the Mamlûk army underwent a slow but steady decline. There were three main causes:—(a) Economic: the exhaustion of Egypt's rich resources due to the predatory economic system of the Mamlûks.(b) Military: deterioration of discipline in the army; its excessive occupation with politics; the corrupt practice in one section of the army to obtain, for payment, exemption from participation in military expeditions; neglect of the traditional military training (based mainly on the furûsiyya games); the insufficient use of new methods of warfare arising from the introduction of firearms.(c) Reduced manpower: the continuous decrease of the population in the native countries of the Mamlûks (especially the steppes of Southern Russia and the Caucasus); the outbreaks of plague in Egypt.
Rāmisht of Sīrāf, a Merchant Millionaire of the Twelfth Century
Authors: Stern S. M. 
Published: March 2011

The geographer Ibn Ḥawqal, who wrote his invaluable description of the Muslim world in the 10th century, devotes a paragraph to Sīrāf, the great port of the Persian Gulf. In the 12th century an anonymous author made an epitome of Ibn Ḥawqal's book, adding, however, a number of remarks concerning his own period. In the description of Sīrāf he interpolated the following passage:Its inhabitants are very rich. I was told that one of them, feeling ill, made his testament; the third part of his fortune, which he had in cash, amounted to a million dīnārs, not counting the capital which he laid out to people who undertook to trade with it on commenda basis. Then there is Rāmisht, whose son Mūsā I have met in Aden, in the year 539; he told me that the silver plate used by him was, when weighed, found to be 1,200 manns. Mūsā is the youngest of his sons and has the least merchandise; Rāmisht has four servants, each of whom is said to be richer than his son Mūsā. I have met 'Alī al-Nīlī from the countryside of al-Ḥilla, Rāmisht's clerk, and he told me that when he came back from China twenty years before, his merchandise was worth half a million dīnārs; if that is the wealth of his clerk, what will he himself be worth! It was Rāmisht who removed the silver water-spout of the Ka'ba and replaced it with a golden one, and also covered the Ka'ba with Chinese cloth, the value of which cannot be estimated. In short, I have heard of no merchant in our time who has equalled Rāmisht in wealth or prestige.