bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in basic science: have they benefited patients with cancer?
Authors: Dische Stanley 
Published: July 2009

Sir James McKenzie Davidson was a practising ophthalmic surgeon at the time of the report of Rontgen's discovery of X rays in December 1895. He was quick to perceive the potential application in medicine; within weeks he had built his own apparatus and by February 1896 was producing X-ray pictures, including one of the foot with six digits, which was published in a new journal The Archives of Skiagraphy. By the summer of 1897 he had visited Röntgen in Germany and moved to London in order to devote himself to radiology and was engaged in demonstrating its value widely in medicine. He did, for example, in that year, draw attention to the importance of X rays to the diagnosis of urinary calculi, publishing a radiograph of a bladder stone (Burrows, 1986).
McKenzie Davidson, a true pioneer in the application of radiology to medicine, through the two decades in which he worked prior to his untimely death in 1919, stressed the fundamental importance of a knowledge of physics and he himself was actively engaged applying it to radiology right up to the time of his death.
In the past 70 years radiology has expanded beyond the imagination of anyone, even the like of McKenzie Davidson. Diagnostic imaging has been divided into a number of separate disciplines and the therapeutic application has long since separated to become clinical oncology.
Mistaken identity of a neck mass
Authors: Warren M. J. , Walton J. 
Published: July 2009

A 64-year-old woman presented at another hospital with a 4 year history of an asymptomatic left sided neck mass. On examination it was firm, non-tender and non-pulsatile. In addition she had an enlarged left tonsil. Computed tomography (CT) was performed (Fig. 1).
Following a left tonsillectomy surgical exploration of the neck was commenced. This was abandoned because of haemorrhage and the patient was referred for further investigation.
Fractionated high dose rate versus low dose rate cervix cancer regimens
Authors: Brenner D. J. , Hall E. J. 
Published: July 2009

Dr Orton's comments are both interesting and pertinent. As the linear-quadratic (L-Q) model increases in complexity from its early two parameter version (α/β early, α/β late), it becomes correspondingly harder to tie down all the relevant parameters. In our model of GYN HDR late effects, which Dr Orton has refitted using further data from his survey (Orton, 1990; Orton et al, 1991), there are no less than eight (sic) parameters ([α, β, T ½]early, [α, β, T ½, K, r]late).
Book reviews
Authors: Lambert H. 
Published: July 2009

This book is aimed at gynaecologists, oncologists and other cancer specialists using cytotoxic drugs to treat the whole range of gynaecological cancers. It also includes the management of breast cancer.
The book is divided into 20 chapters, many of which deal with an individual site—vulva, vagina, cervix, endometrium, ovary, fallopian tube and breast. There is also a chapter on the chemotherapeutic management of gestational trophoblastic tumours.
The first three chapters are devoted to the principles of cancer chemotherapy including basic cell biology, such as the cell cycle, and pharmacological aspects. The latter includes the development of new drugs, the classification of cytotoxic drugs and their individual therapeutic efficacy in gynaecological cancer. A separate chapter concentrates on the management of adverse effects of chemotherapy.
Chest radiography in the management of breast cancer
Authors: Moskovic E. , Parsons C. , Baum M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This study was undertaken to assess the utility of chest radiography (CXR) in the management of patients with breast cancer and to devise a suitable imaging policy for such patients. A retrospective analysis was performed of the case notes and the CXRs of a series of 141 patients presenting to this hospital in 1980 with a diagnosis of early breast cancer. Data retrieved covered the entire clinical course to date and included the number of CXRs performed for a clinical reason and the number performed as “routine”. Correlation of the result of every CXR requested to subsequent therapeutic decision-making throughout the complete clinical course of each patient was undertaken and the proportion of CXRs initiating a management change, or performed for a clinical reason, out of the total requested was assessed. A total of 1161 CXRs were performed on the 141 patients studied. Of these, only 174 (15%) were undertaken for a direct clinical reason and 987 (85%) were undertaken as part of “routine” follow-up procedures and had no impact on patient management. Four “routine” CXRs (&lt; 0.4%) demonstrated previously undiagnosed pulmonary metastases, in patients with no other history of metastatic disease. Thus, routine chest radiography is not a costeffective method of monitoring asymptomatic patients with breast cancer for metastasis. It is recommended that outside staging procedures for clinical trials, the CXR is used only to address a clinical problem relating specifically to the thorax. It is anticipated that the cessation of all other chest radiography in patients being followed up for breast cancer at this institution will have significant budgetary implications.
The labelling index in carcinoma of the uterine cervix: its correlation with tumour sterilization
Authors: Lagrange J. L. , Courdi A. , Chauvel P. , Gioanni J. , Ettore F. , Bongain A. , Duforestel Th. , Gillet J. Y. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The pre-treatment labelling index (LI) was measured in 72 patients with carcinoma of the cervix. It was not correlated with patient age, stage of the disease or histological grade. 46 patients underwent hysterectomy after intracavitary irradiation with or without external radiotherapy. The mean LI in patients with tumour sterilization or microscopic residue was significantly higher than in patients with gross disease. These results suggest that tumours with low LI may be difficult to sterilize with conventional therapeutic measures, or that doomed cells may require several weeks to be eliminated in tumours with low LI.
Reduction in the diameter of human hairs following irradiation
Authors: Sieber V. K. , Sugden E. M. , Alcock C. J. , Belton R. R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A measurable reduction in hair diameter was observed in human hairs following single exposures to γ-rays, 250 KeV X-rays, 8 MV photons and 10 MV electrons in the range 2.9–14.0 Gy. The data from the different types of radiation were pooled and fitted by linear regression with a slope of 2.34 ± 0.42% Gy−1. There was approximately 2.4% reduction in hair diameter per Gy exposure. It would appear that the measurement of damage to the matrix cells of growing human hairs exhibits potential for use in biological dosemetry, especially in cases of non-uniform overexposure.
Magnetic resonance imaging of penile rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Ganesan George S. , Cory David , Mitchell Michael E. , Jones Jeffrey A. 
Published: July 2009

In recent years the management of sarcomas of the penis has undergone a radical change. The trend of treatment has shifted away from mutilating surgery (Ashley & Edwards, 1957; Pratt & Ross, 1969), which often left the phallus functionally inadequate and the patient a psychological cripple, to one of conservation of the penis, in selected patients. Adjuvant chemotherapy and excision of the tumour with preservation of the penis has been shown to hold promising results in two patients (Pak etal, 1986; Dalkin & Zaontz, 1989). This has been made possible, largely because of improved chemotherapy of sarcomas in general (Hays etal, 1982a & b).
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been reported previously to be of value in the evaluation of penile pathology, such as Peyronie's disease, carcinoma of the urethra and metastases to the penis (Hricak et al, 1980; Hricak et al, 1988). This report illustrates the use of MR imaging in the staging and follow-up of a soft tissue sarcoma of the penis. This is the first reported case of the successful treatment of an infiltrating sarcoma of the penis, by chemotherapy alone. Evaluation of the response to chemotherapy is dependent on accurate and sensitive imaging modalities. MR imaging seems to fill this role admirably.
A 3-year-old white male presented with a mass, of 4 months duration, on the dorsum of his penis. The child was otherwise asymptomatic. Physical examination revealed a hard mass extending from the corona to the base and circumscribing the penis.
Now you see it… now you don't
Authors: Millar John S. 
Published: July 2009

A 52-year-old female presented with a 6 month history of left iliac fossa pain and alteration of bowel habit. She was rather overweight but examination was otherwise unremarkable. A blood count revealed that she was anaemic with a haemoglobin level of 10.1 g d1−1. A barium enema was requested.
Two strictures in the mid-transverse colon were demonstrated (Figs 1 & 2). These appearances were unchanged by intravenous administration of Buscopan 20 mg (hyoscine butylbromide). What is your differential diagnosis?
These are long strictures affecting adjacent segments of an area of distorted bowel with an abrupt cut-off between normal and abnormal bowel. In some views there appears to be shouldering (Fig. 2). The lumen is circumferentially narrowed and there is a normally distended segment of bowel between the strictures.
The incidence and significance of fluid–fluid levels on computed tomography of osseous lesions
Authors: Davies A. M. , Cassar-Pullicino V. N. , Grimer R. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The demonstration of a fluid-fluid level (FFL) within an osseous lesion on computed tomography (CT) has been reported as suggestive of an aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) although FFLS have also been rarely found in association with other lesions. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of FFLS on CT in a group of ABCs and a series of patients presenting to a major tertiary referral centre for the treatment of bone tumours. An FFL was present on CT in 21 (84%) of the 25 ABCs and in 17 was multiple. FFLs are typical of the mid (“blow-out”) or late phase of development of an ABC and not the incipient (“permeative”) stage or where the internal architecture of the tumour has been disrupted by biopsy or previous surgery. In a 3-year period, 16 ABCs were found in 491 bone lesions referred to a bone tumour treatment centre. CT of the ABCs revealed FFLs in 14 (87.5%) cases. Within the same period, 728 CTs of these and other bone lesions were performed and FFLs were identified in two further cases: a massive telangiectatic osteosarcoma and a conventional osteosarcoma following chemotherapy. The diagnostic significance of an FFL on CT for ABC is: sensitivity = 87.5%, specificity = 99.7%, positive predictive value = 87.5%, negative predictive value = 99.7%, accuracy = 99.4%. An FFL within a bone lesion on CT remains strongly suggestive of an ABC although the radiologist should be wary of a rare telangiectatic osteosarcoma.
Bone mineral density in healthy normal women and reproducibility of measurements in spine and hip using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
Authors: Haddaway M. J. , Davie M. W. J. , McCall I. W. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Bone mineral density (BMD) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) has been measured in 394 healthy normal women. BMD is highest at the end of the 3rd decade and declines from 45 to 75 years by 0.0095 g/cm2/year in the lumbar spine and by 0.0052–0.0078 g/cm2/year in the upper femur depending on the site. BMD appears to increase in the 8th decade. Reproducibility (coefficient of variation (CV) of repeated measurements) was lowest in the lumbar spine (1.45%) and highest in Ward's triangle (4.29%). CV was not influenced by age at any site and by osteoporosis only in the femoral neck. BMD increased from L2 to L4 but the increase could not wholly be accounted for by the size of the vertebra, suggesting that the posterior elements were contributing to the observed increase of bone density.
Dysphagia paediatrica
Authors: Stephenson B. M. 
Published: July 2009

A 3½-year-old girl presented with a 6 month history of recurrent chest infections and weight loss. Clinical examination was unremarkable. A barium swallow was performed as she suffered from intermittent vomiting and regurgitation of food (Fig. 1). What does this show and what is the differential diagnosis? What further investigations would be appropriate?
The radiological report suggested food debris above a stricture or vascular ring. A flexible endoscopy was performed which revealed food debris overlying an inflamed and oedematous mucosa which was also pulsatile. She then underwent selective aortic arteriography which showed no evidence of a vascular abnormality.
Computed tomographic assessment of intraperitoneal fluid distribution prior to intraperitoneal chemotherapy for ovarian cancer
Authors: Hughes P. M. , Zammit-Maempel I. , Murphy D. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPCT) is under evaluation in patients with ovarian cancer. Computed tomographic peritoneography (CTP) prior to IPCT establishes the distribution of the infusate, which if complete, demonstrates the patient's suitability for this method of treatment. We report our method of CTP and describe the intraperitoneal fluid distribution and complications encountered in 28 patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma being considered for IPCT.
Cranial stereotactic multiple arc radiotherapy; treatment planning using angiographic images
Authors: Thomson E. S. , Clegg P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Stereotactic multiple arc radiotherapy (SMART) is an irradiation technique developed to treat small intracranial lesions. Calculation of absorbed-dose patterns for this treatment has traditionally involved complex computer programs incorporating algorithms designed to reconstruct the shape of the patient's head from computerized tomography (CT) images. A large proportion of the patients treated with SMART, however, have arteriovenous malformations for which angiography provides a better idea of lesion size and position than CT. This paper describes a computer program developed at St Bartholomew's Hospital which enables calculation of absorbed dose for a SMART treatment directly from angiographic radiographs, avoiding the need for CT. The program is compared with the existing CT-based treatment planning program.
Computer-assisted generation of multi-leaf collimator settings for conformation therapy
Authors: Hounsell A. R. , Sharrock P. J. , Moore C. J. , Shaw A. J. , Wilkinson J. M. , Williams P. C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Techniques for the automatic set up of the individual leaf positions of a Philips multi-leaf collimator system to cover a defined target volume are described. Tumour outline data for multi-field treatments may be obtained from one of two techniques, either from simulator images or from cross-sectional computed tomography (CT) slices. In the first technique, simulator images are digitized directly from image intensifier video signals or from conventional film radiographs using a CCD camera. Corrections for image distortion are carried out before reformatting the digitized images to a common data structure. Target outlines are subsequently traced interactively on the digital image to create an outline file. In the second technique, target volumes are defined on several individual CT slices and these are then used to obtain projected graphical views from any desired angle. In both techniques, a scaled graphical representation of leaf positions is then displayed and set relative to the outer edge of the target outline. Both techniques allow interactive repositioning of single leaves when required, or the operator can specify a margin around the projected target volume. Leaf prescription data files are created and are transferred via a Decnet-OSI-Opennet network link to an Intel microcomputer, which is used to drive the device itself. Examples of both techniques are given.
Dystrophic umbilical artery calcifications in an infant
Authors: Beluffi G. , Fiori P. , Pandiscia A. T. 
Published: July 2009

The radiological observation of calcification within an obliterated umbilical artery is a rare occurrence in children. Only a few papers in the literature deal with this subject (Currarino & Weinberg, 1985; Sirinelli et al, 1989); a total of 10 cases have been reported. The case described here is the only one observed in the last ten years in our Section of Paediatric Radiology. During this time 4200 infants underwent pelvic X-ray examination for suspected congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH) and 13 500 children of different ages underwent abdominal radiography for various reasons.
A 6-month-old girl was referred to the Section the Paediatric Radiology of the IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, for a pelvic radiograph to exclude CDH. There was no history of perinatal disease, infections or oedema of the lower limbs.
A case of malignant hypertension
Authors: Williams P. H. , Hemingway A. P. 
Published: July 2009

A 44-year-old woman presented with a 3 day history of central visual field impairment in the left eye, which had not changed since onset. The only past medical history of note was that during both pregnancies she had been hypertensive, for which she had required hospital admission. She had not been investigated post-partum and was on no anti-hypertensive medication.
On examination, she had a tachycardia of 112 per min with no radio-femoral delay, a blood pressure of 240/130 in both arms and a bruit audible over the left renal area. No abdominal mass was palpable. Fundoscopy showed a blot haemorrhage in the left retina, bilateral papilloedema with blurred disc margins and arteriovenous nipping. Urinalysis revealed proteinuria.
The basal turn of the cochlea
Authors: Phelps Peter D. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The coils of the cochlea are now readily demonstrated by thin-section high-resolution computed tomography (CT) in the axial plane. This assessment has become important in severely deaf patients who are candidates for cochlear implant surgery. The commonest abnormality shown in these cases is post-meningitic or tympanogenic labyrinthitis ossificans, which can obstruct the passage of the electrode. Severe otosclerosis can cause a similar problem. Congenital deformities of the labyrinth are rarely suitable for implantation, but the procedure may be indicated for the true Mondini deformity. Implantation is contraindicated for severe dysplasia of the cochlea and for the recently described variety of x-linked deafness with deficient bone at the fundus of the internal auditory meatus.
Magnetic resonance imaging of extracranial head and neck tumours
Authors: Kabala J. , Goddard P. , Cook P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the investigation of head and neck tumours (excluding those primarily arising from the central nervous system or orbits) has been investigated. Follow-up data were obtained on 45 scans on 42 patients. MRI provided significant additional information compared with computed tomography (CT) in nine out of 17 (53%) scans performed for staging purposes. In the assessment of 19 patients with suspected tumour recurrence, MRI demonstrated a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 80% and an accuracy of 89%.
Quality assurance of computer controlled radiotherapy treatments
Authors: Morgan Helen M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
There is a need in conformal therapy, as in any radiation therapy, for adequate quality assurance of the treatment plan and the delivery of the treatment. This paper examines quality assurance of two methods of conformal treatment, on a cobalt treatment unit using computer control. Each of the two methods demonstrates a different aspect of computer controlled treatments. Following completion of each treatment plan, an additional “quality assurance plan” is prepared. This is used to assess the integrity of the treatment plan, and the precision with which the computer controls the treatment unit. A simple method, using solid state detectors in a Perspex phantom, is used to validate the dosimetry of the “quality assurance plan”. Quality assurance of the computer control is performed daily prior to treatments. At each treatment, parameters identifying the start position and final position of the computer controlled couch movements and the exposure time are noted by the radiographers. Comparison of the recorded movement of the treatment couch and the exposure time with that intended during each course of treatment has demonstrated, inter alia, limitations on couch speed control at speeds of less than 10 mm per min.
New evidence that tamoxifen does not induce osteoporosis: a nuclear activation analysis and absorptiometry study
Authors: Kalef-Ezra J. , Glaros D. , Klouvas G. , Hatzikonstantinou J. , Karantanas A. , Siamopoulos K. C. , Pavlidis N. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The possibility of increased risk for osteoporosis in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen was investigated. 26 patients aged 41–65 years without skeletal metastases were studied. All patients were treated with 20 mg/d tamoxifen for a mean time of 22 months. The data obtained by in vivo neutron activation analysis of the phosphorus content in hands, were supplemented with data obtained by single photon absorptiometry in the forearm and radiographic morphometry. Comparison of the data with that of age and sex matched normal controls showed that breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen are not prone to osteoporosis.
Radical treatment of angiosarcoma of the scalp using megavoltage electron beam therapy
Authors: Sagar Stephen M. , Pujara Chandrakant M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Angiosarcoma of the scalp is a multifocal neoplasm that is often initially managed by wide excision and surgical reconstruction. Invariably, adjuvant radiotherapy is required to improve local control. Primary radical radiotherapy to the scalp is not well documented. The major limitation is the technical problem of treating homogeneously an extensive superficial curved volume. We describe a practical technique that can be administered with a standard linear accelerator capable of high-energy electron production. The technique uses a multiple abutted fixed field set-up at constant source to surface distance and the patient is immobilized in a custom wax helmet which also serves to optimize the electron absorbed dose in the treatment volume. Surgical excision and reconstruction is reserved for the salvage of local relapse.
The disappearing bladder—modifying imaging techniques after rectal excision
Authors: Peh W. C. G. , Chokshi N. C. , Young C. H. 
Published: July 2009

Urological complications after abdomino-perineal excision of the rectum are well recognized. One complication is chronic urinary retention, which occurs in 14–50% of patients (Watson & Williams, 1952; Buckwalter et al, 1955; Eickenberg et al, 1976; Neal et al, 1982; Watters et al, 1983). The three main theories explaining causes of bladder dysfunction are direct nerve injury, loss of bladder support and pericystitis (Buckwalter et al, 1955; Eickenberg et al, 1976). Vesical neuropathy is now generally accepted as the main cause of urinary retention and this has been reflected in the emphasis on urodynamic studies, conducted mostly by urologists (Rankin, 1969; Fowler, 1973; Fowler et al, 1978; Neal et al, 1982; Chang & Fan, 1983; Lupton, 1986).
We present two male patients who developed posterior–inferior bladder prolapse subsequent to rectal excision and illustrate the modifications of standard imaging technique required to demonstrate the altered anatomy.