bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Part 2 – primary health care workforce policy intricacies: multidisciplinary team1 case analysis
Authors: Félix‐Bortolotti Margot 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjective  To demonstrate the usefulness of theoretical framework in the analysis of complex policy issues related to primary health care (PHC) workforce for informed policy decisions and planning.Approach  The study links complexity theories with political economy and connects them to theoretical work on structure and agency to guide the analysis of the PHC workforce issues and their related ramifications. This theoretical framework guides as well the literature review. With this approach, it is possible to ascertain and disturb the linear thinking which tends to surround questions or issues related to PHC human resources.Conclusion  Workforce changes occur in a multifaceted structure of norms and values as well as within the policies, regulations and traditions, the ruling relations2 between professions, and between employers and employees. Similarly, changes in the population characteristics and in the political economy not only affect the demand for care but also have implications for the type of staff that can be hired.
The grey zones of birth and death
Authors: Glouberman Sholom 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRationale  The promise of science to find clear and distinct boundaries for birth and death seems to have failed. The more science advances the more blurred the boundaries become. An overview of the history and the current trajectory suggests that the more we advance the greater the blurring.Method  The paper examines the history of scientific advance in the areas of birthing and dying and traces the path for the early promise for definitive answers to the new more uncertain and ambiguous positions we have come to.Conclusions  The problems associated with birthing and dying increasingly require humanistic philosophical discussion rather than scientific experimentation.
Retracted: Nitric oxide enhances plant ultraviolet‐B protection up‐regulating gene expression of the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway
Authors: TOSSI VANESA , AMENTA MELINA , LAMATTINA LORENZO , CASSIA RAÚL 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThe link between ultraviolet (UV)‐B, nitric oxide (NO) and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway (PPBP) was studied in maize and Arabidopsis. The transcription factor (TF) ZmP regulates PPBP in maize. A genetic approach using P‐rr (ZmP+) and P‐ww (ZmP‐) maize lines demonstrate that: (1) NO protects P‐rr leaves but not P‐ww from UV‐B‐induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell damage; (2) NO increases flavonoid and anthocyanin content and prevents chlorophyll loss in P‐rr but not in P‐ww and (3) the NO scavenger 2‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide (cPTIO) blocks the UV‐B‐induced expression of ZmP and their targets CHS and CHI suggesting that NO plays a key role in the UV‐B‐regulated PPBP. Involvement of endogenous NO was studied in Arabidopsis nitric oxide dioxygenase (NOD) plants that express a NO dioxygenase gene under the control of a dexamethasone (DEX)‐inducible promoter. Expression of HY5 and MYB12, TFs involved in PPBP regulation, was induced by UV‐B, reduced by DEX in NOD plants and recovered by subsequent NO treatment. C4H regulates synapate esters synthesis and is UV‐B‐induced in a NO‐independent pathway. Data indicate that UV‐B perception increases NO concentration, which protects plant against UV‐B by two ways: (1) scavenging ROS; and (2) up‐regulating the expression of HY5, MYB12 and ZmP, resulting in the PPBP activation.
REDOX regulation of mitochondrial function in plants
Authors: GIRAUD ESTELLE , VAN AKEN OLIVIER , UGGALLA VINDYA , WHELAN JAMES 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTMitochondrial components dynamically change in response to environmental and developmental cues. However, the regulatory pathways that underlie these changes are largely unknown. A global analysis of changes in mitochondrial components at the transcript, protein and metabolite levels was undertaken, to gain a greater insight into how mitochondrial functions are regulated and respond to various internal or external cues. At the transcript level, large‐scale changes in groups of genes suggest the presence of co‐regulatory mechanisms for these components. Furthermore, the pathways that regulate these changes appear to be integrated into regulatory pathways that alter a variety of functions in cells. However, the changes in transcripts are not always observed at the protein or the metabolite level. This is likely to be due to post‐transcriptional levels of regulation and also the fact that in‐depth profiles, which have been obtained for transcripts from a variety of studies, are currently not available for proteins and metabolites. Thus, while transcripts for genes give us a picture of what the cells are ‘thinking’ in relation to mitochondrial components, some of these responses may be lost in translation.
Fatty acid elongase is required for shoot development in rice
Authors: Ito Yukihiro , Kimura Fumiko , Hirakata Kazuma , Tsuda Katsutoshi , Takasugi Tomoaki , Eiguchi Mitsugu , Nakagawa Kiyotaka , Kurata Nori 
Published: February 2011

SummaryOrganisms are covered extracellularly with cuticular waxes that consist of various fatty acids. In higher plants, extracellular waxes act as indispensable barriers to protect the plants from physical and biological stresses such as drought and pathogen attacks. However, the effect of fatty acid composition on plant development under normal growth conditions is not well understood. Here we show that the ONION1 (ONI1) gene, which encodes a fatty acid elongase (β‐ketoacyl CoA synthase) involved in the synthesis of very‐long‐chain fatty acids, is required for correct fatty acid composition and normal shoot development in rice. oni1 mutants containing a reduced amount of very‐long‐chain fatty acids produced very small shoots, with an aberrant outermost epidermal cell layer, and ceased to grow soon after germination. These mutants also showed abnormal expression of a KNOX family homeobox gene. ONI1 was specifically expressed in the outermost cell layer of the shoot apical meristem and developing lateral organs. These results show that fatty acid elongase is required for formation of the outermost cell layer, and this layer is indispensable for entire shoot development in rice.
Root hair‐specific expansins modulate root hair elongation in rice
Authors: ZhiMing Yu , Bo Kang , XiaoWei He , ShaoLei Lv , YouHuang Bai , WoNa Ding , Ming Chen , Hyung‐Taeg Cho , Ping Wu 
Published: February 2011

SummaryRoot hair growth requires intensive cell‐wall modification. This study demonstrates that root hair‐specific expansin As, a sub‐clade of the cell wall‐loosening expansin proteins, are required for root hair elongation in rice (Oryza sativaL.). We identified a gene encodingEXPA17(OsEXPA17) from a rice mutant with short root hairs. Promoter::reporter transgenic lines exhibited exclusiveOsEXPA17expression in root hair cells. The OsEXPA17 mutant protein (OsexpA17) contained a point mutation, causing a change in the amino acid sequence (Gly104→Arg). This amino acid alteration is predicted to disrupt a highly conserved disulfide bond in the mutant. Suppression ofOsEXPA17by RNA interference further confirmed requirement for the gene in root hair elongation. Complementation of theOsEXPA17mutant with other root hair EXPAs (OsEXPA30 and Arabidopsis EXPA7) can restore root hair elongation, indicating functional conservation of these root hair EXPAs in monocots and dicots. These results demonstrate that members of the root hair EXPA sub‐clade play a crucial role in root hair cell elongation in Graminaceae.
Arabidopsis chloroplast lipid transport protein TGD2 disrupts membranes and is part of a large complex
Authors: Roston Rebecca , Gao Jinpeng , Xu Changcheng , Benning Christoph 
Published: February 2011

SummaryIn most plants the assembly of the photosynthetic thylakoid membrane requires lipid precursors synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Thus, the transport of lipids from the ER to the chloroplast is essential for biogenesis of the thylakoids. TGD2 is one of four proteins in Arabidopsis required for lipid import into the chloroplast, and was found to bind phosphatidic acid in vitro. However, the significance of phosphatidic acid binding for the function of TGD2 in vivo and TGD2 interaction with membranes remained unclear. Developing three functional assays probing how TGD2 affects lipid bilayers in vitro, we show that it perturbs membranes to the point of fusion, causes liposome leakage and redistributes lipids in the bilayer. By identifying and characterizing five new mutant alleles, we demonstrate that these functions are impaired in specific mutants with lipid phenotypes in vivo. At the structural level, we show that TGD2 is part of a protein complex larger than 500 kDa, the formation of which is disrupted in two mutant alleles, indicative of the biological relevance of this TGD2‐containing complex. Based on the data presented, we propose that TGD2, as part of a larger complex, forms a lipid transport conduit between the inner and outer chloroplast envelope membranes, with its N terminus anchored in the inner membrane and its C terminus binding phosphatidic acid in the outer membrane.
MR spectroscopy in opiate maintenance therapy: association of glutamate with the number of previous withdrawals in the anterior cingulate cortex
Authors: Hermann Derik , Frischknecht Ulrich , Heinrich Milena , Hoerst Mareen , Vollmert Christian , Vollstädt‐Klein Sabine , Tunc‐Skarka Nuran , Kiefer Falk , Mann Karl , Ende Gabriele 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTPre‐clinical research indicates that opioids reduce extracellular glutamate in acute opioid treatment, whereas during withdrawal, glutamatergic neurotransmission is increased and withdrawal symptoms can be blocked by glutamate receptor antagonists. The glutamate hypothesis of addiction suggests that withdrawal‐associated hyperglutamatergic states destabilize the glutamatergic system chronically and contribute to relapse. magnetic resonance spectroscopy at three tesla optimized for glutamate assessment (TE 80 ms) was performed in the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC) and frontal white matter (fWM) of 17 opiate‐dependent patients during opiate maintenance therapy and 20 healthy controls. Controlling for age and gray matter content, glutamate in the ACC was positively associated with the number of previous withdrawals. For glutamate + glutamine (Glx), a significant group–age interaction was found. Whereas Glx declines with age in healthy controls, Glx increases with age in opiate‐dependent patients. The number of previous withdrawals did not correlate with age. In fWM spectra, increased Cho concentrations were observed in opiate‐dependent patients. Both new findings, the positive correlation of glutamate and previous withdrawals and increasing Glx with age in contrast to an age‐dependent Glx decrease in controls indicate a destabilization of the glutamate system in opiate‐dependent patients and support the glutamate hypothesis of addiction. Increased Cho concentrations in fWM corroborate findings of WM abnormalities in opioid‐dependent subjects.
Evidence that vasopressin V1b receptors mediate the transition to excessive drinking in ethanol‐dependent rats
Authors: Edwards Scott , Guerrero Miguel , Ghoneim Ola M. , Roberts Edward , Koob George F. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTAlcoholism is a devastating condition that represents a progression from initial alcohol use to dependence. Although most individuals are capable of consuming alcohol in a limited fashion, the development of alcohol dependence in a subset of individuals is often associated with negative emotional states (including anxiety and depression). Since the alleviation of this negative motivational state via excessive alcohol consumption often becomes a central goal of alcoholics, the transition from initial use to dependence is postulated to be associated with a transition from positive to negative reinforcement mechanisms. Vasopressin is a neuropeptide known to potentiate the effects of CRF on the HPA axis, and emerging evidence also suggests a role for centrally located vasopressin acting on V1b receptors in the regulation of stress‐ and anxiety‐like behaviors in rodents. The present study determined state‐dependent alterations in vasopressin/V1bR signaling in an animal model of ethanol dependence. The V1bR antagonist SSR149415 dose‐dependently reduced excessive levels of ethanol self‐administration observed in dependent animals without affecting the limited levels of ethanol drinking in non‐dependent animals. Ethanol self‐administration reduced V1b receptor levels in the basolateral amygdala of non‐dependent animals, a neuroadaptation that could theoretically facilitate the positive reinforcing effects of alcohol. In contrast, V1bR levels were seemingly restored in ethanol‐dependent rats, a switch that may in part underlie a transition from positive to negative reinforcement mechanisms with dependence. Together, our data suggest a key role for vasopressin/V1bR signaling in the transition to ethanol dependence.
Alpha‐synuclein and heroin craving in opiate‐dependent patients on injectable heroin maintenance
Authors: Dürsteler‐MacFarland Kenneth M. , Brugger Isabelle , Bönsch Dominikus , Schmid Otto , Kornhuber Johannes , Bleich Stefan , Wiesbeck Gerhard A. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTResearch suggests that alpha‐synuclein (SNCA) and NACP‐Rep1, a polymorphic complex microsatellite repeat ~10 kb upstream of the SNCA gene translational start, may be involved in substance‐use behaviors and craving. This study was the first to examine the effects of diacetylmorphine (DAM) on peripheral SNCA protein expression along with craving in opiate‐dependent patients and to compare their NACP‐Rep1 allele lengths with those of healthy controls. Using an experimental design, opiate‐dependent patients on injectable heroin maintenance were investigated at four time points, twice pre‐ and post‐injection of DAM. SNCA protein levels of 30 DAM‐maintained patients were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Participant‐rated effects were assessed in 42 patients by Tiffany's Heroin Craving Questionnaire (HCQ), Gossop's Short Opiate Withdrawal Scale and Visual Analogs. NACP‐Rep1 alleles of 42 patients and 101 controls were analyzed. One‐way repeated‐measures ANOVAs provided significant overall effects for SNCA protein content (P = 0.028), craving (P < 0.001), withdrawal symptomatology (P < 0.001) and mood (P < 0.001), indicating that DAM injections may not only reduce craving but also SNCA protein expression. However, there was no association between protein expression and craving. Relative to controls, patients had significantly longer NACP‐Rep1 alleles (P < 0.001). NACP‐Rep1 allele lengths correlated positively with HCQ total scores averaged across all time points (r = 0.420; P = 0.006) as well as with post‐DAM HCQ total scores in the morning (r = 0.488, P = 0.001) and afternoon (r = 0.423, P = 0.005). The findings provide evidence of a contributory role of SNCA and NACP‐Rep1 for opiate dependence.
Role of ghrelin in food reward: impact of ghrelin on sucrose self‐administration and mesolimbic dopamine and acetylcholine receptor gene expression
Authors: Skibicka Karolina P. , Hansson Caroline , Egecioglu Emil , Dickson Suzanne L. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThe decision to eat is strongly influenced by non‐homeostatic factors such as food palatability. Indeed, the rewarding and motivational value of food can override homeostatic signals, leading to increased consumption and hence, obesity. Ghrelin, a gut‐derived orexigenic hormone, has a prominent role in homeostatic feeding. Recently, however, it has emerged as a potent modulator of the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward pathway, suggesting a role for ghrelin in food reward. Here, we sought to determine whether ghrelin and its receptors are important for reinforcing motivation for natural sugar reward by examining the role of ghrelin receptor (GHS‐R1A) stimulation and blockade for sucrose progressive ratio operant conditioning, a procedure used to measure motivational drive to obtain a reward. Peripherally and centrally administered ghrelin significantly increased operant responding and therefore, incentive motivation for sucrose. Utilizing the GHS‐R1A antagonist JMV2959, we demonstrated that blockade of GHS‐R1A signaling significantly decreased operant responding for sucrose. We further investigated ghrelin's effects on key mesolimbic reward nodes, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc), by evaluating the effects of chronic central ghrelin treatment on the expression of genes encoding major reward neurotransmitter receptors, namely dopamine and acetylcholine. Ghrelin treatment was associated with an increased dopamine receptor D5 and acetylcholine receptor nAChRβ2 gene expression in the VTA and decreased expression of D1, D3, D5 and nAChRα3 in the NAcc. Our data indicate that ghrelin plays an important role in motivation and reinforcement for sucrose and impacts on the expression of dopamine and acetylcholine encoding genes in the mesolimbic reward circuitry. These findings suggest that ghrelin antagonists have therapeutic potential for the treatment of obesity and to suppress the overconsumption of sweet food.
Short‐term development of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine requires N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate‐ and nicotinic‐dependent mechanisms in the nucleus accumbens
Authors: Degoulet Mickaël , Rostain Jean‐Claude , Abraini Jacques H. , David Hélène N. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTRepeated administration of psychostimulant drugs, such as amphetamine, induces an enhanced behavioral response to subsequent drug challenge. This behavioral sensitization is proposed to model the increased drug craving observed in human psychostimulant abusers. Current thinking is that the ventral tegmental area, but not the nucleus accumbens, plays a critical role in the development of behavioral sensitization. Here, we report that the concomitant blockade of glutamatergic and nicotinic ionotropic receptors in the core of the nucleus accumbens blocks the development of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine and further abolishes the increase in extracellular dopamine release induced by amphetamine in the nucleus accumbens. These findings demonstrate that the development of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine depends, in addition to the well‐known role of the ventral tegmental area, on glutamatergic and nicotinic‐dependent mechanisms in the core of the nucleus accumbens and further indicate that the dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway must be viewed as a single coordinated system of critical importance in the development of behavioral sensitization to psychostimulant drugs.
Collaboration and co‐ownership in research: dynamics and dialogues between patient research partners and professional researchers in a research team
Authors: Nierse Christi J. , Schipper Karen , van Zadelhoff Ezra , van de Griendt Joos , Abma Tineke A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackground  Different strategies by which patients can be involved in research include consultation, control and collaboration. This article focuses on collaboration within research teams and considers this with reference to a research project about setting a social–scientific agenda for health research from the perspectives of patients with a chronic kidney disease (CKD).Objective  To examine the dynamics and dialogues in a collaboration between patient research partners and professional researchers.Design  A responsive methodology was used in the research project. Two patient research partners participated in the research team. Twenty‐seven patients with CKD and parents of young children with CKD were interviewed, seven focus groups were organized and observations were held at a dialysis centre.Results  During the collaboration, the research partners and professional researchers engaged in a mutual learning process in all stages of the project. The professional researchers gave the research partners a sense of ownership in the research process. The research partners could relate to the lives of patients by using their experiential knowledge. In the context of collaborative working, this helped shape an agenda for research.Conclusion and discussion  The active involvement of patients as research partners can add value to a research strategy, especially when research partners and professional researchers engage in a dialogue that is open, inclusive and deliberative. Issues for discussion include the possibility of ‘over‐involvement’, the research profile and training of research partners and whether participation of patients is restricted to certain types of research.
Outcomes in pediatric solid‐organ transplantation
Authors: LaRosa Christopher , Jorge Baluarte H. , Meyers Kevin E. C. 
Published: February 2011

LaRosa C, Jorge Baluarte H, Meyers KEC. Outcomes in pediatric solid‐organ transplantation.  Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15:128–141. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Pediatric solid‐organ transplantation is an increasingly successful treatment for organ failure. Five‐ and 10‐yr patient survival rates have dramatically improved over the last couple of decades, and currently, over 80% of pediatric patients survive into adolescence and young adulthood. Waiting list mortality has been a concern for liver, heart, and intestinal transplantation, illustrating the importance of transplant as a life‐saving therapy. Unfortunately, the success of pediatric transplantation comes at the cost of long‐term or late complications that arise as a result of allograft rejection or injury, immunosuppression‐related morbidity, or both. As transplant recipients enter adolescence treatment, non‐adherence becomes a significant issue, and the medical and psychosocial impacts transition to adulthood not only with regard to healthcare but also in terms of functional outcomes, economic potential, and overall QoL. This review addresses the clinical and psychosocial challenges encountered by pediatric transplant recipients in the current era. A better understanding of pediatric transplant outcomes and adult morbidity and mortality requires further ongoing assessment.