bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scleral and suprachoroidal foreign body in a dog – a case report
Authors: Welihozkiy Anja , Pirie Christopher G. , Pizzirani Stefano 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA 2‐year‐old male castrated Springer Spaniel with a 3‐week history of waxing and waning right sided exophthalmos, periorbital swelling, chemosis, and fundic changes was examined. Ophthalmic examination of the right eye revealed slight chemosis and nictitating membrane protrusion. Indirect ophthalmoscopy showed an approximately 8 mm peripapillary hyporeflective tapetal lesion with subretinal edema consistent with a bulbar/retrobulbar disease process. Inflammatory or neoplastic diseases were the main differential diagnoses. Ancillary diagnostics (ocular ultrasound and computed tomography) showed a focal, poorly defined dense tissue involving the caudomedial aspect of the right globe, adjacent to the optic nerve head without apparent orbital involvement. Considering the duration, location, and severity of the clinical findings, enucleation of the right globe was performed. Histopathology revealed focal thickening of the posterior wall with severe pyogranulomatous inflammation, surrounding a foreign body most consistent with plant material embedded between the sclera and the choroid (suprachoroidal). This report describes a rare case of a scleral/suprachoroidal foreign body (plant material), and outlines the difficulty of establishing an etiological diagnosis using standard ocular imaging.
Adipose tissue dysfunction and hypertriglyceridemia: mechanisms and management
Authors: van de Woestijne A. P. , Monajemi H. , Kalkhoven E. , Visseren F. L. J. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryElevated plasma triglyceride levels, as often seen in obese subjects, are independently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. By secreting adipokines (such as adiponectin and leptin) and other proteins (such as lipoprotein lipase and cholesteryl ester transferase protein), adipose tissue affects triglyceride metabolism. In obesity, adipocyte hypertrophy leads to many changes in adipocyte function and production of anti‐ and pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, free fatty acids are released into the circulation contributing to insulin resistance. Adipose tissue dysfunction will eventually lead to abnormalities in lipid metabolism, such as hypertriglyceridemia (due to increased hepatic very‐low‐density lipoprotein production and decreased triglyceride hydrolysis), small dense low‐density lipoprotein particles, remnant lipoproteins and low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, all associated with a higher risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases. The clinical implications of elevated plasma triglycerides are still a matter of debate. Understanding the pathophysiology of adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity, which is becoming a pandemic condition, is essential for designing appropriate therapeutic interventions. Lifestyle changes are important to improve adipose tissue function in obese patients. Pharmacological interventions to improve adipose tissue function need further evaluation. Although statins are not very potent in reducing plasma triglycerides, they remain the mainstay of therapy for cardiovascular risk reduction in high‐risk patients.
Target‐mask shape congruence impacts the type of metacontrast masking
Authors: MAKSIMOV MARGUS , MURD CAROLINA , BACHMANN TALIS 
Published: July 2011

Maksimov, M., Murd, C. & Bachmann, T. (2011). Target‐mask shape congruence impacts the type of metacontrast masking. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 524–529.Visual metacontrast masking may depend on the time intervals between target and mask in two qualitatively different ways: in type‐A masking the smaller the mask delay from target the stronger the masking while in type‐B masking maximal masking effect is obtained with a larger temporal delay of the mask. Variability in the qualitative apperance of masking functions has been explained by variability in stimuli parameters and tasks. Recent research on metacontrast masking has surprisingly shown that both of these types of functions can be found with an identical range of stimulation parameters depending on individual differences between observers. Here we show that obtaining clear‐cut type‐A masking depends on whether target and mask shapes are congruent or incongruent and whether observers use the cues available due to the congruence factor. Conspicuously expressed type‐A masking is selectively associated with incongruent target‐mask pairings. In the latter conditions target identification level significantly drops with the shortest target‐to‐mask delays.
The Relations between Infant Negative Reactivity, Non‐maternal Childcare, and Children's Interactions with Familiar and Unfamiliar Peers
Authors: Almas Alisa N. , Degnan Kathryn Amey , Fox Nathan A. , Phillips Deborah A. , Henderson Heather A. , Moas Olga L. , Hane Amie Ashley 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe present study examined the influence of children's experiences during non‐maternal childcare on their behavior toward unfamiliar peers. Participants included children classified as negatively reactive at four months of age (N = 52) and children not negatively reactive (N = 61), who were further divided into those who experienced non‐maternal care and those who did not. Children were observed during childcare at 24 months of age and in the laboratory with an unfamiliar peer at 24 and 36 months of age, where their wariness, dysregulation, and social engagement were assessed. Within the negatively reactive childcare group, children's positive interactions with peers during childcare at 24 months predicted lower levels of wariness toward an unfamiliar peer at 36 months. This relation was not significant for children not classified as negatively reactive. The findings suggest that the influence of non‐maternal childcare is dependent on a child's temperament and on the nature of peer interactions during care.
Caregiver Emotional Expressiveness, Child Emotion Regulation, and Child Behavior Problems among Head Start Families
Authors: McCoy Dana Charles , Raver C. Cybele 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe present study examined the relationships between caregivers' self‐reported positive and negative emotional expressiveness, observer assessments of children's emotion regulation, and teachers' reports of children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors in a sample of 97 primarily African American and Hispanic Head Start families. Results indicated that higher caregiver negativity and lower child emotion regulation independently predicted more internalizing behavior problems in children. Additionally, children's externalizing behavior problems were negatively predicted by caregivers' self‐reports of positive emotional expressiveness. Importantly, results also suggested that caregivers' emotional expressiveness and children's behavioral problems may be non‐linearly related, and that child gender may play an important moderating role. These results emphasize the importance of family emotional climate and child emotion regulation in the behavioral development of preschool‐age children, and highlight the need for improved theoretical and practical understanding of socioemotional development in diverse populations.
Longitudinal Pathways between Maternal Mental Health in Infancy and Offspring Romantic Relationships in Adulthood: A 30‐year Prospective Study
Authors: Slominski Lisa , Sameroff Arnold , Rosenblum Katherine , Kasser Tim 
Published: July 2011

AbstractLongitudinal pathways between maternal mental health in infancy and offspring romantic relationship outcomes in adulthood were examined using a 30‐year prospective longitudinal study of 196 mothers and their children. Structural equation modeling revealed that maternal mental health at 30 months was related to offspring relationship status and relationship attachment insecurity at 30 years. The adolescent variables of offspring mental health and parental relationship status mediated the link between maternal mental health and offspring relationship status. In addition, adolescent mental health and family conflict mediated the pathway between maternal mental health and offspring attachment insecurity. These results highlight the importance of individual and parental mental health to romantic relationship outcomes, and emphasize the value of taking a developmental approach to the study of romantic relationships.
The Role of Respect in the Relation of Aggression to Popularity
Authors: Kuryluk Amanda , Cohen Robert , Audley‐Piotrowski Shannon 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCan aggressive children be popular with peers? Generally, sociometric popularity (liking nominations) has been shown to be negatively associated with aggression, and perceived popularity (popularity nominations) has been shown to be positively associated with aggression. The thesis of the present research was that being respected by peers moderates the relation between aggression and popularity. For both third‐ through sixth‐grade boys (N = 107) and girls (N = 117), perceived popularity by peers was positively associated with nominations for aggression (both overt and relational) only for children high in respect. Aggression was negatively associated with sociometric popularity for girls who were low in respect; sociometric popularity for girls high in respect was not related to aggression nominations. In sum, aggressive children were considered to be popular only if they were respected; aggressive girls were not disliked if they were respected.
The Search for Coordination: The Case of the Central Policy Review Staff and Social Policy Planning, 1971–77
Authors: Lewis Jane 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe Central Policy Review Staff (CPRS) attempted to create an ambitious strategy for the horizontal coordination of social policy in the UK during the early 1970s. The attempt – inspired largely by planning, programming and budgeting systems – was a failure, and gave way to a much modified ‘joint framework for social policies’ in 1975. Recent research has compared the CPRS's joint framework approach to the Labour government's promotion of ‘joined‐up government’ (JUG) in the 2000s. This article provides a case study of the CPRS's work on social policy planning, using archival sources. The case study addresses themes that remain significant, particularly approaches to and the politics of horizontal coordination. Finally, the article makes a modest attempt to signal the differences between the 1970s' approach and ‘JUG’.
Root and Branch Restructuring to Achieve Major Cuts: The Social Policy Programme of the 2010 UK Coalition Government
Authors: Taylor‐Gooby Peter 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe 2010 Coalition has set itself the challenge of combining an unprecedentedly rapid and profound retrenchment with a fundamental restructuring of the public sector, both to be accomplished within five years. The immediate justification is a presumed need to reduce national indebtedness. The longer‐term goal is to shrink the state, free up the market and set British political economy on a new course.The programme has encountered a number of set‐backs and some elements appear more likely to be realized than others. This article considers the objectives of the Coalition programme and the likely outcomes, using evidence from a number of sources including comparisons with the experience of retrenchment elsewhere and analysis of previous rounds of public spending cut‐backs.
Combining classifiers under probabilistic models: experimental comparative analysis of methods
Authors: Kurzynski Marek , Wozniak Michal 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis work will present a review of the concept of classifier combination based on the combined discriminant function. We will present a Bayesian approach, in which the discriminant function assumes the role of the posterior probability. We will propose a probabilistic interpretation of expert rules and conditions of knowledge consistency for expert rules and learning sets. We will suggest how to measure the quality of learning materials and we will use the measure mentioned above for an algorithm that eliminates contradictions in the rule set. In this work several recognition algorithms will be described, based on either: (i) pure rules, or; (ii) rules together with learning sets. Furthermore, the original concept of information unification, which enables the formation of rules on the basis of learning set or learning set on the basis of rules will be proposed. The obtained conclusions will serve as a spring‐board for the formulation of new project guidelines for this type of decision‐making system. At the end, experimental results of the proposed algorithms will be presented, both from computer generated data and for a real problem from the medical diagnostics field.
Changes in the diet of coastal otters after the Prestige oil spill (Galicia, north‐west Spain)
Authors: Romero R. , Guitián J. , Ruiz‐Olmo J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn November 2002 the Prestige tanker spilled 59 000 tonnes of oil off Galicia (north‐west Spain) and contaminated a vast coastal area extending from northern Portugal to Brittany (France). Two study areas, a coastal lagoon (1 sample point) and a stretch of rocky coast (includes 5 sample points), were selected to examine changes on the diet of ottersLutra lutraL. before and after the oil spill. Diet was assessed from 1103 spraints, 553 collected in 2000, before the spill and 550 in 2003, after the spill. In the coastal lagoon, after spill, spraints contained more shrimp (Palaemonsp.), more prey of marine origin, and fewer gobies (Pomatoschistussp.) and eelsAnguilla anguilla. A decline of the eel population in the coastal lagoon may have caused otters to make more frequent visits to the sea. On the rocky coast, spraints contained more blennids in 1 of the 5 sampling points, however, the seasonal patterns of the principal prey species (Blennidae, Gadidae and Labridae) were similar across the 2 years of study. The differences may be attributed to common interannual variations in the diet of marine otters, but the design of this study cannot assess the degree of natural variation in the diet of coastal otters before the oil spill.
Location of the placenta or the umbilical cord insertion site in the lowest uterine segment is associated with low maternal blood pressure
Authors: Hasegawa J , Sekizawa A , Farina A , Nakamura M , Matsuoka R , Ichizuka K , Okai T 
Published: July 2011

Please cite this paper as: Hasegawa J, Sekizawa A, Farina A, Nakamura M, Matsuoka R, Ichizuka K, Okai T. Location of the placenta or the umbilical cord insertion site in the lowest uterine segment is associated with low maternal blood pressure. BJOG 2011;118:1464–1469.Objective  To evaluate whether placental abnormalities and umbilical cord insertion site affect the occurrence of pre‐eclampsia and maternal blood pressure.Design  Case–control study.Setting  Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.Population  A total of 5722 consecutive women who delivered singleton infants were included in the study.Methods  The associations of placental abnormalities, the location of the placenta, the location of the cord insertion site, and maternal background with the occurrence of pre‐eclampsia and maternal blood pressure at the term of pregnancy were analysed.Main outcome measure  Pre‐eclampsia and maternal blood pressure at the term of pregnancy.Results  Pre‐eclampsia was observed in 236 women (4.1%). Pre‐eclampsia was frequently observed in women with placental form abnormalities (odds ratio 3.0) and infarction of the placenta (odds ratio 5.3). Pre‐eclampsia was observed in 0 and 4.1% of women with and without placenta praevia, respectively (P = 0.004), and in 0 and 2.5% of women with and without low cord insertion during the first trimester, respectively (P = 0.018). After adjustment for confounding variables, the multivariate regression analyses revealed reductions of 8.4 and 5.0 mmHg in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively, in women with placenta praevia compared with women without placenta praevia, and reductions of 4.3 and 3.1 mmHg in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively, in women with low cord insertion during the first trimester compared with women without low cord insertion.Conclusion  Not only placenta praevia but also low cord insertion are associated with low frequencies of pre‐eclampsia and low maternal blood pressure.
The association of maternal age with placental weight: a population‐based study of 536 954 pregnancies
Authors: Haavaldsen C , Samuelsen SO , Eskild A 
Published: July 2011

Please cite this paper as: Haavaldsen C, Samuelsen S, Eskild A. The association of maternal age with placental weight: a population‐based study of 536 954 pregnancies. BJOG 2011;118:1470–1476.Objective  To study the association of maternal age with placental weight, birthweight and placental weight/birthweight ratio.Design  Population‐based study.Setting  Medical Birth Registry of Norway.Population  All singleton births in Norway in the period 1999–2008 (n = 536 954).Methods  Z‐scores of placental weight and birthweight were calculated and divided into deciles. The proportions with a small or a large placenta were calculated within each maternal age group. Also, the odds ratios of having a small (lowest decile) and a large (highest decile) placenta, according to maternal age, were estimated, with and without adjustment for birthweight in grams, parity, smoking, pre‐eclampsia and diabetes.Main outcome measures  Placental weight, birthweight and placental weight/birthweight ratio.Results  The mean placental weight increased with maternal age: 647.1 g in women below the age of 20 years and 691.3 g in women aged 45 years or older. Among the oldest group of women (≥45 years) 15.8% of placentas were in the highest decile of placental weight z‐score, whereas this was true for just 7.0% of women below the age of 20 years (Wald test, P < 0.001). Using women younger than 20 years of age as a reference, the odds ratio for having a placenta in the highest decile of placental weight z‐score was 2.50 (95% CI 1.92–3.26) for women aged 45 years or older, after adjustment for offspring birthweight, parity, maternal smoking, pre‐eclampsia and diabetes.Conclusion  We found an association between increased placental weight and maternal age, and this finding may be important in understanding the causes of adverse events associated with high maternal age.
The Rieske oxygenase DAF‐36 functions as a cholesterol 7‐desaturase in steroidogenic pathways governing longevity
Authors: Wollam Joshua , Magomedova Lilia , Magner Daniel B. , Shen Yidong , Rottiers Veerle , Motola Daniel L. , Mangelsdorf David J. , Cummins Carolyn L. , Antebi Adam 
Published: July 2011

SummaryBile acids are cholesterol‐derived signaling molecules that regulate mammalian metabolism through sterol‐sensing nuclear receptor transcription factors. In C. elegans, bile acid‐like steroids called dafachronic acids (DAs) control developmental timing and longevity by activating the nuclear receptor DAF‐12. However, little is known about the biosynthesis of these molecules. Here, we show that the DAF‐36/Rieske oxygenase works at the first committed step, converting cholesterol to 7‐dehydrocholesterol. Its elucidation as a cholesterol 7‐desaturase provides crucial biochemical evidence that such oxygenases are key steroidogenic enzymes. By controlling DA production, DAF‐36 regulates DAF‐12 activities for reproductive development and longevity and may illuminate related pathways in metazoans.
Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid‐terpenoid entourage effects
Authors: Russo Ethan B 
Published: July 2011

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been the primary focus of cannabis research since 1964, when Raphael Mechoulam isolated and synthesized it. More recently, the synergistic contributions of cannabidiol to cannabis pharmacology and analgesia have been scientifically demonstrated. Other phytocannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabigerol and cannabichromene, exert additional effects of therapeutic interest. Innovative conventional plant breeding has yielded cannabis chemotypes expressing high titres of each component for future study. This review will explore another echelon of phytotherapeutic agents, the cannabis terpenoids: limonene, myrcene, α‐pinene, linalool, β‐caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, nerolidol and phytol. Terpenoids share a precursor with phytocannabinoids, and are all flavour and fragrance components common to human diets that have been designated Generally Recognized as Safe by the US Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory agencies. Terpenoids are quite potent, and affect animal and even human behaviour when inhaled from ambient air at serum levels in the single digits ng·mL−1. They display unique therapeutic effects that may contribute meaningfully to the entourage effects of cannabis‐based medicinal extracts. Particular focus will be placed on phytocannabinoid‐terpenoid interactions that could produce synergy with respect to treatment of pain, inflammation, depression, anxiety, addiction, epilepsy, cancer, fungal and bacterial infections (including methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Scientific evidence is presented for non‐cannabinoid plant components as putative antidotes to intoxicating effects of THC that could increase its therapeutic index. Methods for investigating entourage effects in future experiments will be proposed. Phytocannabinoid‐terpenoid synergy, if proven, increases the likelihood that an extensive pipeline of new therapeutic products is possible from this venerable plant.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐7
A Special Configuration of Lead Zirconate Titanate Multilayer Stack with Superior Electrical and Optical Properties
Authors: Zhang Ting , Hu Gu‐Jin , Bu Hai‐Jun , Cong Rui , Chen Xin , Yu Guo‐Lin , Meng Xiang‐Jian , Chu Jun‐Hao , Dai Ning 
Published: July 2011

A unique configuration of PbZr0.4Ti0.6O3 multilayer stack was designed and grown on F‐doped tin oxide thin film by spin casting and annealing process. The multilayer system exhibits a broad reflection band with peak reflectivity over 95% and band width no < 40 nm, a dielectric constant of 520 and dielectric tunability of ~49% at 1 MHz, a remanent polarization of 46.8 μC/cm2, and a polarization loss of < 5% after 109 polarization switching cycles, rendering excellent performance as 1D photonic crystals and as ferroelectric and dielectric media. This material structure may find application in photonic band‐gap engineering, microwave tunable devices, and integrated optoelectronics.