bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grade-Specific Expression of Insulin-like Growth Factor–Binding Proteins-2, -3, and -5 in Astrocytomas: IGFBP-3 Emerges as a Strong Predictor of Survival in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma
Authors: Santosh Vani , Arivazhagan Arimappamagan , Sreekanthreddy Peddagangannagari , Srinivasan Harish , Thota Balaram , Srividya Mallavarapu R. , Vrinda Marigowda , Sridevi Sambandam , Shailaja Bangalore C. , Samuel Cini , Prasanna Krishnarao V. , Thennarasu Kandavel , Balasubramaniam Anandh , Chandramouli Bangalore A. , Hegde Alangar S. , Somasundaram Kumaravel , Kondaiah Paturu , Rao Manchanahalli R.S. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Background: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)–binding protein (IGFBP) isoforms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human neoplasms including glioma. In view of this, we evaluated the expression of IGFBP isoforms (IGFBP-2, -3, and -5) during malignant progression of astrocytoma and their prognostic significance in glioblastoma.
Methods: The expression of IGFBP isoforms was analyzed in diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas by real-time quantitative PCR (n = 203) and immunohistochemistry (n = 256). Statistical methods were used to assess their grade-specific expression pattern and mRNA-protein intercorrelation. Survival analyses were done on a uniformly treated, prospective cohort of adult patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (n = 136) by using Cox regression models.
Results: The mean transcript levels of IGFBP-2 and -3 were significantly higher in glioblastomas (GBM) relative to anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), diffuse astrocytoma (DA), and controls whereas IGFBP-5 mRNA was higher in GBM relative to AA and controls (P &lt; 0.05). By immunohistochemistry, the mean labeling index of all isoforms was significantly higher in GBM compared with AA, DA, and control (P &lt; 0.05). A strong positive correlation was observed between their respective mRNA and protein expressions (P &lt; 0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed IGFBP-3 expression (hazard ratio, 1.021; P = 0.030) and patient age (hazard ratio, 1.027; P = 0.007) to be associated with shorter survival in glioblastoma.
Conclusions: This study shows the associations of IGFBP-2, -3, and -5 expression with increasing grades of malignancy in astrocytomas. IGFBP-3 is identified as a novel prognostic glioblastoma biomarker. The strong correlation between their mRNA and protein expression patterns suggests their role in the pathogenesis of these tumors.
Impact: IGFBP isoforms have emerged as biomarkers with diagnostic and prognostic utility in astrocytomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(6); 1399–408. ©2010 AACR.
Association of Anthropometric Characteristics with the Risk of Malignant Lymphoma and Plasma Cell Myeloma in a Japanese Population: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Kanda Junya , Matsuo Keitaro , Inoue Manami , Iwasaki Motoki , Sawada Norie , Shimazu Taichi , Yamaji Taiki , Sasazuki Shizuka , Tsugane Shoichiro 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground: Although Asian and Western populations differ markedly in anthropometric characteristics and the incidence of malignant lymphoma and plasma cell myeloma, few studies have evaluated the associations between these variables among Asian populations.Methods: We conducted a large-scale, population-based prospective study in a Japanese cohort that included 45,007 men and 49,540 women ages 40 to 69 years at baseline. During an average follow-up period of 13 years, 257 cases of malignant lymphoma and 88 of plasma cell myeloma were identified. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated with the use of a Cox regression model adjusted for potential confounders.Results: Compared with the 1st quartile, categorization in the 4th quartile for height showed a positive association with lymphoid neoplasm risk (HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.00-1.91), and the association was significant among men (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.11-2.66). A similar trend was observed for subcategories of malignant lymphoma, plasma cell myeloma, and non–Hodgkin lymphoma, albeit the associations were weak due to the small number of subjects in each category. In contrast, weight and body mass index were not associated with risk of lymphoid neoplasm.Conclusions: Height was positively associated with risk of lymphoid neoplasm in a Japanese population.Impact: Our data suggested that early life exposure to growth-related hormones, such as insulin-like growth factors and growth hormones, or genetic factors relating to height may affect the risk of lymphoid neoplasm. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(6); 1623–31. ©2010 AACR.
Maimonides and the Pre-Maimonidean Jewish Philosophical Tradition According to Hermann Cohen
Authors: Hughes Aaron W. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper examines Hermann Cohen’s idiosyncratic construction of a medieval Jewish philosophical tradition, focusing primarily, though not exclusively, on his Charakteristik der Ethik Maimunis. This construction, not unlike modern accounts, is filtered through the central place of Maimonides. For Cohen, however, Maimonides’ centrality is defined not by his systematization of Aristotelianism, but by his elevation of ethics over metaphysics. The ethical and pantheistic concerns of Maimonides’ precursors, according to this reading, anticipate his uniqueness. Whereas Shlomo ibn Gabirol’s pantheistic doctrine of emanation, for example, assigned little weight to ethics, Abraham ibn Daud rebelled against such a doctrine. Ibn Daud—much like Bahya ibn Paquda and Abraham ibn Ezra—becomes part of a Jewish philosophical tradition that culminates in Maimonides’ rejection of Aristotelian metaphysics. In particular, this paper examines the way in which Cohen envisaged the pre-Maimonidean philosophical tradition, putting his highly critical reading of Shlomo ibn Gabirol and his pantheistic obsession with prime matter in counterpoint with his more favorable readings of Abraham ibn Daud and Bahya ibn Paquda.
Hermann Cohen, Maimonides, and the Jewish Virtue of Humility
Authors: Erlewine Robert 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper explores Hermann Cohen’s engagement with, and appropriation of, Maimonides to refute the common assumption that Cohen’s endeavor was to harmonize Judaism with Western culture. Exploring the changes of Cohen’s conception of humility from Ethik des reinen Willens to the Ethics of Maimonides and Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism, this paper highlights the centrality of the collective Jewish mission to bear witness against the dominant order of Western civilization and philosophy in Cohen’s Jewish thought.
Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) Intersensor Calibration Using a Simultaneous Conical Overpass Technique
Authors: Yang Song , Weng Fuzhong , Yan Banghua , Sun Ninghai , Goldberg Mitch 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA new intersensor calibration scheme is developed for the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) to correct its scan-angle-dependent bias, the radar calibration beacon interference on the F-15 satellite, and other intersensor biases. The intersensor bias is characterized by the simultaneous overpass measurements with the F-13 SSM/I as a reference. This sensor data record (SDR) intersensor calibration procedure is routinely running at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and is now used for reprocessing all SSM/I environmental data records (EDR), including total precipitable water (TPW) and surface precipitation. Results show that this scheme improves the consistency of the monthly SDR’s time series from different SSM/I sensors. Relative to the matched rain products from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, the bias of SSM/I monthly precipitation is reduced by 12% after intersensor calibration. TPW biases between sensors are reduced by 75% over the global ocean and 20% over the tropical ocean, respectively. The intersensor calibration reduces biases by 20.6%, 15.7%, and 6.5% for oceanic, land, and global precipitation, respectively. The TPW climate trend is 1.59% decade−1 (or 0.34 mm decade−1) for the global ocean and 1.39% decade−1 (or 0.63 mm decade−1) for the tropical ocean, indicating related trends decrease of 38% and 54%, respectively, from the uncalibrated SDRs. Results demonstrate the large impacts of this calibration on the TPW climate trend.
An Innovative Calibration Method for the Inversion of Satellite Observations
Authors: Aires Filipe , Bernardo Frédéric , Brogniez Héléne , Prigent Catherine 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Retrieval schemes often use two important components: 1) a radiative transfer model (RTM) inside the retrieval procedure or to construct the learning dataset for the training of the statistical retrieval algorithms and 2) a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model to provide a first guess or, again, to construct a learning dataset. This is particularly true in operational centers. As a consequence, any physical retrieval or similar method is limited by inaccuracies in the RTM and NWP models on which it is based. In this paper, a method for partially compensating for these errors as part of the sensor calibration is presented and evaluated. In general, RTM/NWP errors are minimized as best as possible prior to the training of the retrieval method, and then tolerated. The proposed method reduces these unknown and generally nonlinear residual errors by training a separate preprocessing neural network (NN) to produce calibrated radiances from real satellite data that approximate those radiances produced by the “flawed” NWP and RTM models. The final “compensated/flawed” retrieval assures better internal consistency of the retrieval procedure and then produces more accurate results. To the authors’ knowledge, this type of NN model has not been used yet for this purpose. The calibration approach is illustrated here on one particular application: the retrieval of atmospheric water vapor from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and the Humidity Sounder for Brazil (HSB) measurements for nonprecipitating scenes, over land and ocean. Before being inverted, the real observations are “projected” into the space of the RTM simulation space from which the retrieval is designed. Validation of results is performed with radiosonde measurements and NWP analysis departures. This study shows that the NN calibration of the AMSR-E/HSB observations improves water vapor inversion, over ocean and land, for both clear and cloudy situations. The NN calibration is efficient and very general, being applicable to a large variety of problems. The nonlinearity of the NN allows for the calibration procedure to be state dependent and adaptable to specific cases (e.g., the same correction will not be applied to medium-range measurement and to extreme conditions). Its multivariate nature allows for a full exploitation of the complex correlation structure among the instrument channels, making the calibration of each single channel more robust. The procedure would make it possible to project the satellite observations in a reference observational space defined by radiosonde measurements, RTM simulations, or other instrument observational space.
A New Definition of the Virtual Temperature, Valid for the Atmosphere and the CO2-Rich Air of the Vadose Zone
Authors: Kowalski Andrew S. , Sánchez-Cañete Enrique Pérez 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In speleological environments, partial pressures of carbon dioxide (CO2) are often large enough to affect overall air density. Excluding this gas when defining the gas constant for air, a new definition is proposed for the virtual temperature Tυ that remains valid for the atmosphere in general but furthermore serves to examine the buoyancy of CO2-rich air in caves and other subterranean airspaces.
Characterization of Momentum Transport Associated with Organized Moist Convection and Gravity Waves
Authors: Lane Todd P. , Moncrieff Mitchell W. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Tropical convection is inherently multiscalar, involving complex fields of clouds and various regimes of convective organization ranging from small disorganized cumulus up to large organized convective clusters. In addition to being a crucial component of the atmospheric water cycle and the global heat budget, tropical convection induces vertical fluxes of horizontal momentum. There are two main contributions to the momentum transport. The first resides entirely in the troposphere and is due to ascent, descent, and organized circulations associated with precipitating convective systems. The second resides in the troposphere, stratosphere, and farther aloft and is caused by vertically propagating gravity waves. Both the convective momentum transport and the gravity wave momentum flux must be parameterized in general circulation models; yet in existing parameterizations, these two processes are treated independently. This paper examines the relationship between the convective momentum transport and convectively generated gravity wave momentum flux by utilizing idealized simulations of multiscale tropical convection in different wind shear conditions. The simulations produce convective systems with a variety of regimes of convective organization and therefore different convective momentum transport properties and gravity wave spectra. A number of important connections are identified, including a consistency in the sign of the momentum transports in the lower troposphere and stratosphere that is linked to the generation of gravity waves by tilted convective structures. These results elucidate important relationships between the convective momentum transport and the gravity wave momentum flux that will be useful for interlinking their parameterization in the future.
Effect of Tropical Waves on the Tropical Tropopause Transition Layer Upwelling
Authors: Ryu Jung-Hee , Lee Sukyoung 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
An initial-value problem is employed with a GCM to investigate the role of the convectively driven Rossby and Kelvin waves for tropopause transition layer (TTL) upwelling in the tropics. The convective heating is mimicked with a prescribed heating field, and the Lagrangian upwelling is identified by examining the evolution of passive tracer fields whose initial distribution is identical to the initial heating field. This study shows that an overturning circulation, induced by the tropical Rossby waves, is capable of generating the TTL upwelling. Even when the heating is placed in the eastern Pacific, the TTL upwelling occurs only over the western tropical Pacific, indicating that the background flow plays a crucial role. The results from a Rossby wave source analysis suggest that a key feature of the background flow is the strong absolute vorticity gradient associated with the Asian subtropical jet. In addition, static stability is relatively weak over the western Pacific, suggesting that this may also contribute to the TTL upwelling in that region.
The background flow also modulates the internal Kelvin waves in such a manner that the coldest region in the TTL (resembling the observed “cold trap”) occurs over the western tropical Pacific. As a consequence, the upwelling air, induced by the meridional momentum flux of the Rossby wave, passes through the cold trap generated by the Kelvin wave. Since in reality the background flow is shaped by the convective heating, the climatological western tropical Pacific heating is ultimately responsible for both the TTL upwelling and the cold trap; however, both processes are realized indirectly through its impact on the background flow and the generation of the tropical waves.
Numerical Simulation of Radial Cloud Bands within the Upper-Level Outflow of an Observed Mesoscale Convective System
Authors: Trier S. B. , Sharman R. D. , Fovell R. G. , Frehlich R. G. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Turbulence affecting aircraft is frequently reported within bands of cirrus anvil cloud extending radially outward from upstream deep convection in mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). A high-resolution convection permitting model is used to simulate bands of this type observed on 17 June 2005. The timing, location, and orientation of these simulated bands are similar to those in satellite imagery for this case. The 10–20-km horizontal spacing between the bands is also similar to typical spacing found in a recent satellite-based climatology of MCS-induced radial outflow bands.
The simulated bands result from shallow convection in the near-neutral to weakly unstable MCS outer anvil. The weak stratification of the anvil, the ratio of band horizontal wavelength to the depth of the near-neutral anvil layer (5:1 to 10:1), and band orientation approximately parallel to the vertical shear within the same layer are similar to corresponding aspects of horizontal convective rolls in the atmospheric boundary layer, which result from thermal instability. The vertical shear in the MCS outflow is important not only in influencing the orientation of the radial bands but also for its role, through differential temperature advection, in helping to thermodynamically destabilize the environment in which they originate.
High-frequency gravity waves emanating from the parent deep convection are trapped in a layer of strong static stability and vertical wind shear beneath the near-neutral anvil and, consistent with satellite studies, are oriented approximately normal to the developing radial bands. The wave-generated vertical displacements near the anvil base may aid band formation in the layer above.
Seasonal Synchronization of ENSO Events in a Linear Stochastic Model*
Authors: Stein Karl , Schneider Niklas , Timmermann Axel , Jin Fei-Fei 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A simple model of ENSO is developed to examine the effects of the seasonally varying background state of the equatorial Pacific on the seasonal synchronization of ENSO event peaks. The model is based on the stochastically forced recharge oscillator, extended to include periodic variations of the two main model parameters, which represent ENSO’s growth rate and angular frequency. Idealized experiments show that the seasonal cycle of the growth rate parameter sets the seasonal cycle of ENSO variance; the inclusion of the time dependence of the angular frequency parameter has a negligible effect. Event peaks occur toward the end of the season with the most unstable growth rate.
Realistic values of the parameters are estimated from a linearized upper-ocean heat budget with output from a high-resolution general circulation model hindcast. Analysis of the hindcast output suggests that the damping by the mean flow field dominates the seasonal cycle of ENSO’s growth rate and, thereby, seasonal ENSO variance. The combination of advective, Ekman pumping, and thermocline feedbacks plays a secondary role and acts to enhance the seasonal cycle of the ENSO growth rate.
Can North Atlantic Sea Ice Anomalies Account for Dansgaard–Oeschger Climate Signals?*
Authors: Li Camille , Battisti David S. , Bitz Cecilia M. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
North Atlantic sea ice anomalies are thought to play an important role in the abrupt Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) cycles of the last glacial period. This model study investigates the impacts of changes in North Atlantic sea ice extent in glacial climates to help provide geographical constraints on their involvement in D–O cycles. Based on a coupled climate model simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum (21 ka), the Nordic seas and western North Atlantic (broadly, south of Greenland) are identified as two plausible regions for large and persistent displacements of the sea ice edge in the glacial North Atlantic. Sea ice retreat scenarios targeting these regions are designed to represent ice cover changes associated with the cold-to-warm (stadial-to-interstadial) transitions of D–O cycles. The atmospheric responses to sea ice retreat in the Nordic seas and in the western North Atlantic are tested individually and together using an atmospheric general circulation model. The Nordic seas ice retreat causes 10°C of winter warming and a 50% increase in snow accumulation at Greenland Summit; concomitant ice retreat in the western North Atlantic has little additional effect. The results suggest that displacements of the winter sea ice edge in the Nordic seas are important for creating the observed climate signals associated with D–O cycles in the Greenland ice cores.
On Cyclonic Tracks over the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Flocas Helena A. , Simmonds Ian , Kouroutzoglou John , Keay Kevin , Hatzaki Maria , Bricolas Vicky , Asimakopoulos Demosthenes 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In this study, an updated and extended climatology of cyclonic tracks affecting the eastern Mediterranean region is presented, in order to better understand the Mediterranean climate and its changes. This climatology includes intermonthly variations, classification of tracks according to their origin domain, dynamic and kinematic characteristics, and trend analysis. The dataset used is the 1962–2001, 2.5° × 2.5°, 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40). The identification and tracking of the cyclones was performed with the aid of the Melbourne University algorithm. It was verified that considerable intermonthly variations of track density occur in the eastern Mediterranean, consistent with previous studies for the entire Mediterranean, while further interesting new features have been revealed. The classification of the tracks according to their origin domain reveals that the vast majority originate within the examined area itself, mainly in the Cyprus area and the southeastern Aegean Sea, while the tracks that originate elsewhere most frequently enter from the west. Deeper cyclones follow the southwest track originating from the area between Algeria and the Atlas Mountains. A greater size characterizes the westerly tracks (southwest, northwest, and west), while the northwest tracks propagate faster over the study area. A negative trend of the track frequency was found on an annual basis that can be mostly attributed to the winter months, being associated with variations in the baroclinicity. This negative trend is more prominent for the westerly and northeasterly tracks, as well as for those originating in the northern part of the examined area.
Climate of West Antarctica and Influence of Marine Air Intrusions*
Authors: Nicolas Julien P. , Bromwich David H. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
High-resolution numerical weather forecasts from the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) archive are used to investigate the climate of West Antarctica (WA) during 2006–07. A comparison with observations from West Antarctic automatic weather stations confirms the skill of the model at simulating near-surface variables. AMPS cloud cover is also compared with estimates of monthly cloud fractions over Antarctica derived from spaceborne lidar measurements, revealing close agreement between both datasets. Comparison with 20-yr averages from the Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) dataset demonstrates that the 2006–07 time period as a whole is reflective of the West Antarctic climate from the last two decades. On the 2006–07 annual means computed from AMPS forecasts, the most salient feature is a tongue-shaped pattern of higher cloudiness, accumulation, and 2-m potential temperature stretching over central WA. This feature is caused by repeated intrusions of marine air inland linked to the sustained cyclonic activity in the Ross and western Amundsen Seas. It is further enhanced by the ice sheet’s topography and by the mid–low-tropospheric wind flow on either side of the central ice divide. Low pressures centered over the Ross Sea (as opposed to the Bellingshausen Sea) are found to be most effective in conveying heat and moisture into WA. This study offers a perspective on how recent and projected changes in cyclonic activity in the South Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean may affect the climate and surface mass balance of WA.