bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organization of the histaminergic system in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain: Neuron number, location, and cotransmitters
Authors: Sundvik Maria , Panula Pertti 
Published: April 2012

AbstractHistamine is an essential factor in the ascending arousal system (AAS) during motivated behaviors. Histamine and hypocretin/orexin (hcrt) are proposed to be responsible for different aspects of arousal and wakefulness, histamine mainly for cognitive and motivated behaviors. In this study we visualized the entire histaminergic neuron population in adult male and female zebrafish brain and quantified the histaminergic neuron numbers. There were 40–45 histaminergic neurons in both male and female zebrafish brain. Further, we identified cotransmitters of histaminergic neurons in the ventrocaudal hypothalamus, i.e., around the posterior recess (PR) in adult zebrafish. Galanin, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), and thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) were colocalized with histamine in some but not all neurons, a result that was verified by intracerebroventricular injections of colchicine into adult zebrafish. Fibers immunoreactive (ir) for galanin, GABA, TRH, or methionine‐enkephalin (mENK) were dense in the ventrocaudal hypothalamus around the histaminergic neurons. In histamine‐ir fibers TRH and galanin immunoreactivities were also detected in the ventral telencephalon. All these neurotransmitters are involved in maintaining the equilibrium of the sleep–wake state. Our results are in accordance with results from rats, further supporting the use of zebrafish as a tool to study molecular mechanisms underlying complex behaviors. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:3827–3845, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postnatal development of the amygdala: A stereological study in rats
Authors: Chareyron Loïc J. , Lavenex Pamela Banta , Lavenex Pierre 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe amygdala is the central component of a functional brain system regulating fear and emotional behaviors. Studies of the ontogeny of fear behaviors reveal the emergence of distinct fear responses at different postnatal ages. Here, we performed a stereological analysis of the rat amygdala to characterize the cellular changes underlying its normal structural development. Distinct amygdala nuclei exhibited different patterns of postnatal development, which were largely similar to those we have previously shown in monkeys. The combined volume of the lateral, basal, and accessory basal nuclei increased by 113% from 1 to 3 weeks of age and by an additional 33% by 7 months of age. The volume of the central nucleus increased only 37% from 1 to 2 weeks of age and 38% from 2 weeks to 7 months. At 1 week of age, the medial nucleus was 77% of the 7‐month‐old's volume and exhibited a constant, marginal increase until 7 months. Neuron number did not differ in the amygdala from 1 week to 7 months of age. In contrast, astrocyte number decreased from 3 weeks to 2 months of age in the whole amygdala. Oligodendrocyte number increased in all amygdala nuclei from 3 weeks to 7 months of age. Our findings revealed that distinct amygdala nuclei exhibit different developmental profiles and that the rat amygdala is not fully mature for an extended period postnatally. We identified different periods of postnatal development of distinct amygdala nuclei and cellular components, which are concomitant with the ontogeny of different fear and emotional behaviors. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:3745–3763, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanisms of Silicon Alkoxide Hydrolysis–Oligomerization Reactions: A DFT Investigation
Authors: Cheng Xueli , Chen Dairong , Liu Yongjun 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSilica aerogels possess a variety of unique and remarkable properties, but the mechanisms of silicon alkoxide, Si(OR)4, hydrolyses and oligomerization in the initial stage of sol–gel processes are still not well understood. On the basis of density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p)//B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) basis set level, the hydrolysis and oligomerization reactions of Si(OR)4 in neutral, acidic, and alkaline solutions were systematically investigated and we found that in acidic solutions the precursor Si(OCH3)4 was inclined to hydrolyze rather than to condense and the hydrolysis processes were energetically more favorable than the neutral ones. In alkaline solutions, the hydrolysis products oligomerize through an SN1 dimerization mechanism and the condensation rates are fast to form denser colloidal aerogels. Our calculations also testify that the subsequent cyclization reactions are energetically unfavorable.
Feeling Inter‐ or Intramolecular Interactions with the Polymer Chain as Probe: Recent Progress in SMFS Studies on Macromolecular Interactions
Authors: Liu Ningning , Zhang Wenke 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSingle‐molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) opens new avenues for elucidating the structures and functions of large coiled molecules such as synthetic and biopolymers at the single‐molecule level. In addition, some of the features in the force–extension curves (i.e. force spectra) are closely related to primary/secondary structures of the molecules being stretched. For example, the long force plateau in the DNA stretching curve is related to the double‐helix structure. These features can be regarded as the force fingerprints of individual macromolecules. These force fingerprints can therefore be used as indicators/criteria of single‐molecule manipulation during the measurement of some unknown intra‐ or intermolecular interactions. By comparing the force spectra of a single polymer chain before and after interaction with other molecules, the mode/strength of such molecular interactions can be derived. This Review focuses on recent advances in AFM‐based SMFS studies on molecular interactions in both synthetic and biopolymer systems using a single macromolecular chain as probe, including interactions between nucleic acids and proteins, mechanochemistry of covalent bonds, conformation‐regulated enzymatic reactions, adsorption and desorption of biopolymers on a flat surface or from the nanopore of a carbon nanotube, and polymer interactions in the condensed state.
Prevalence of new psychoactive substances: A retrospective study in hair
Authors: Rust Kristina Yasmin , Baumgartner Markus R. , Dally Annika M. , Kraemer Thomas 
Published: April 2012

New psychoactive substances are conquering the drug scene. Police seize different colourful packages with exceptional names. They are declared as ‘bath salts’, ‘plant food’, or ‘research chemical powders’. Little is known about the actual prevalence of these drugs. Reanalysis of hair samples from routine cases concerning the presence of new psychoactive substances or ‘smart drugs’ should provide insight into changing patterns of designer drugs. All hair samples from 2009 and 2010 that originally tested positive for amphetamines or MDMA (N = 325) were reanalyzed for new or smart drugs such as 4‐fluoroamphetamine, piperazines (BZP, mCPP and TFMPP), cathinones (4‐MMC (mephedrone), methylone, butylone, ethylone, MDPV, methcathinone and cathinone), methylphenidate and ketamine. Hair snippets were extracted using a two‐step extraction procedure. The analytes were analyzed using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) (electrospray ionization; multiple‐reaction‐monitoring mode – information dependent acquisition – enhanced product ion scan).New psychoactive substances were found in 120 cases (37%). Concerning the piperazine drugs, mCPP was positive in 34 (10.5%) cases and TFMPP in one case. Five mCPP cases were also positive for trazodone, an antidepressant which is metabolized to mCPP. In 11 (3%) cases, 4‐MMC was detected. Concerning the smart drugs, methylphenidate was found in 16 (5%). Ketamine was found in 45 (14%) cases. 4‐Fluoroamphetamine was identified in 12 (4%) cases and methylone in one case.In conclusion, there is a high prevalence of these drugs. Consequently, at least the most common ones (e.g. mCPP, KET, 4‐MMC and 4‐FA) should be included in screening procedures in clinical and forensic toxicology. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel transgenic line using the Cre–lox system to allow permanent lineage‐labeling of the zebrafish neural crest
Authors: Rodrigues Frederico S.L.M. , Doughton Gail , Yang Bingjie , Kelsh Robert N. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAccurate lineage tracing is crucial to understanding of developmental and stem cell biology, but is particularly challenging for transient and highly dispersive cell‐types like the neural crest (NC). The authors report in this article a new zebrafish transgenic line Tg(‐4725sox10:Cre)ba74. This line expresses Cre under the control of a well‐characterized portion of the sox10 promoter and, by crossing to a floxed‐reporter line, the authors show in this article that expression in this line is consistent with those described for GFP reporter lines using the same promoter. Reporter expression is readily detected in patterns consistent with the early expression domains. Thus, the authors see all major groups (pigment, neural, and skeletal) of NC‐derived cell‐types, as well as cell‐types derived from the known non‐NC sites of sox10 expression, including otic epithelium and oligodendrocytes. This line provides an invaluable tool for the further study of zebrafish NC development and NC‐derived stem cells as well as that of the otic vesicle and oligodendrocytes. genesis 50:750–757, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐Assembly of ZnO Nanoparticles – An NMR Spectroscopic Study
Authors: Coppel Yannick , Spataro Grégory , Collière Vincent , Chaudret Bruno , Mingotaud Christophe , Maisonnat André , Kahn Myrtil L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe role of ligands (i.e. hexadecylamine, dodecylamine, or octylamine associated with oleic acid) on the formation of ZnO nanoparticle superlattice structures (NSSs) was investigated by NMR spectroscopy in C7D8. This full study demonstrates that ion‐paired ammonium carboxylates play a crucial role in NSS formation. Using different NMR spectroscopic experiments, such as 1H NMR, pulsed field gradient spin‐echo (PGSE) NMR, and NOESY, we evidenced that the introduction of long‐alkyl‐chain carboxylic acid molecules into a colloidal solution of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized by amine ligands leads to rearrangement of the amines on the surface of the NPs with the formation of ammonium carboxylate. This NMR spectroscopic study evidences the dependence of the nature of the ligands adsorbed on the NP surface on the colloid concentration. At high concentration, several ligand shells with a lot of ion‐paired ammonium carboxylate and inclusion of amine are observed. At low concentration, the ion‐paired ammonium carboxylate shells are replaced by amine shells. This NMR spectroscopic study suggests that the driving force of NSS formation is the presence of ion‐paired ammonium carboxylate shells around the nanoparticle.
In vitro genotoxicity/antigenotoxicity testing of some conjugated linoleic acid isomers using comet assay
Authors: Blasi Francesca , Dominici Luca , Moretti Massimo , Villarini Milena , Maurelli Silvia , Simonetti Maria Stella , Damiani Pietro , Cossignani Lina 
Published: April 2012

AbstractRecently CLA isomers have received considerable attention as potential anti‐cancer agents. The aim of the study was to assess the genotoxicity/antigenotoxicity in vitro of linoleic acid (LA, c,c‐C18:2, Δ‐9), CLA isomer mixtures and homogeneous CLA TAGs (TriCLA) using the comet assay, to evaluate the effects on the extent of DNA injury in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. The study was carried out both on commercial CLA (CLAc) and on CLA synthesized from grapestone oil (CLAg). The CLA isomer mixtures had different isomer profiles, determined by silver‐ion HPLC (Ag+‐HPLC), in particular CLAc was characterized by four main isomers (t8,c10; c9,t11; t10,c12; c11,t13), while CLAg showed two main isomers (c9,t11; t10,c12). As regards antigenotoxicity testing, LA, TriCLAg, and above all TriCLAc were effective antigenotoxic compounds against ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) induced genotoxicity, while LA and CLAg were almost equally effective against 4‐nitroquinoline N‐oxide (4NQO) induced DNA damage. Both TriCLAc and TriCLAg showed an increased antigenotoxic activity toward EMS and a lower antigenotoxic activity toward 4NQO, with respect to both CLAc and CLAg. The higher capability of CLAg with respect to CLAc in counteracting the genotoxicity of 4NQO could be due to the different CLA isomer composition.Practical applications: CLA isomers have shown many beneficial health effects both on animals and humans. They are widely used in nutritional supplements, as CLA improves body composition by reducing fat storage. In this regard it is very important to know, besides the chemical and analytical aspects, also genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of different CLA mixtures. To our best knowledge, few results have been reported on CLA antigenotoxic properties by the comet assay, and no data could be retrieved in the literature for TriCLA antigenotoxicity testing. The obtained results are interesting in that they can increase the knowledge on particular fatty acids used in commercial supplements.
Molecular Diversity of Three‐Component Reactions of N‐Benzylbenzimidazolium Salts, Isatin, and Malononitrile or Ethyl Cyanoacetate
Authors: Hui Li , Li Hong‐Yan , Yan Chao‐Guo 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe three‐component reactions of N‐benzylbenzimidazolium salts, isatins, and malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate showed very interesting molecular diversity depending on the structures of the benzimidazolium salts. The reactions of N‐benzyl‐N′‐p‐nitrobenzylbenzimidazolium salts gave a series of zwitterionic salts in good yields. Under similar reaction conditions the reactions of N‐benzyl‐N′‐phenacylbenzimidazolium salts resulted in the unexpected products with opening of the imidazole ring.
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META‐ANALYSIS OF WILLINGNESS‐TO‐PAY VALUES: THE CASE OF MALARIA CONTROL INTERVENTIONS
Authors: Trapero‐Bertran M. , Mistry H. , Shen J. , Fox‐Rushby J. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThe increasing use of willingness to pay (WTP) to value the benefits of malaria control interventions offers a unique opportunity to explore the possibility of estimating a transferable indicator of mean WTP as well as studying differences across studies. As regression estimates from individual WTP studies are often assumed to transfer across populations it also provides an opportunity to question this practice.Using a qualitative review and meta analytic methods, this article determines what has been studied and how, provides a summary mean WTP by type of intervention, considers how and why WTP estimates vary and advises on future reporting of WTP studies.WTP has been elicited mostly for insecticide‐treated nets, followed by drugs for treatment. Mean WTP, including zeros, is US$2.79 for insecticide‐treated nets, US$6.65 for treatment and US$2.60 for other preventive services. Controlling for a limited number of sample and design effects, results can be transferred to different countries using the value function. The main concerns are the need to account for a broader range of explanators that are study specific and the ability to transfer results into malaria contexts beyond those represented by the data. Future studies need to improve the reporting of WTP. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of soil moisture heterogeneity length scale and gradients on daytime coupled land‐cloudy boundary layer interactions
Authors: Huang Hsin‐Yuan , Margulis Steven A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractUsing a coupled large‐eddy simulation–land surface model framework, the impact of two‐dimensional soil moisture heterogeneity on the cloudy boundary layer under varied free‐atmosphere stabilities is investigated. Specifically, the impacts of soil moisture heterogeneity length scale and heterogeneity in terms of soil moisture gradients on micrometeorological states, surface fluxes, boundary layer characteristics, and cloud development are examined. The results show that mesoscale circulations due to surface heterogeneity in soil moisture play an important role in transferring water vapour within the boundary layer and in regulating cloud distribution at the entrainment zone, which, in turn, provides feedbacks on boundary layer/surface energy budgets. The initial domain‐averaged soil moisture is identical for all homogenous and heterogeneous cases; however, the soil moisture heterogeneity in gradient and length scale between dry and wet regions has a significant impact on the estimates of near‐surface micrometeorological properties and surface fluxes, which further affect the boundary layer states and characteristics. Both liquid water potential temperature and liquid water mixing ratio increase with an increasing soil moisture gradient, whereas the amount of specific humidity decreases. Heterogeneity length scale and free atmosphere stability also amplify these impacts on the boundary layer structure and cloud formation. In a low atmospheric stability condition that potentially allows for a deeper boundary layer and a higher entrainment rate, cloud base height and cloud thickness significantly increase as the soil moisture gradient and length scale increase. Analysis to differentiate the influences of surface heterogeneity type (i.e. length scale vs gradient) shows that in general soil moisture gradient provides a larger impact than heterogeneity length scale, although the heterogeneity length scale is large enough to initiate circulation features responsible for differences in the coupled system between homogeneous and heterogeneous soil moisture cases. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SEC/PCAOB auditor issues
Authors: Weirich Thomas R. , Ciesielski Jack T. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe American Institute of Certified Public Accountants held its 39th annual Current Securities and Exchange Commission and Public Company Accounting Oversight Board Developments Conference in Washington, DC, on December 5–7, 2011. A number of key themes at the conference focused on International Financial Reporting Standards, and the role of management and the audit committee in providing meaningful and transparent information to third parties. Also, at this year's conference, the auditing profession was reminded of its responsibility for high‐quality audits.The authors of this article highlight the main auditing issues presented at the conference, as well as some of the key accounting issues that auditors need to focus on, to enhance the credibility and reliability of financial statements. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigation of the NMDA receptor complex: Radiolabeling, regional distribution and initial characterization of 123I‐dextrorphan binding sites in rat brain
Authors: Gildehaus F. J. , Li H. F. , Linke R. , Dresel S. , Hahn K. , Tatsch K. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe NMDA receptor is involved in a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Dextrorphan is a selective noncompetitive antagonist of the activated NMDA sub‐family of ionotropic glutamate receptors. The distribution of 3H‐dextrorphan binding sites appears qualitatively similar to the distribution of NMDA receptors. In biodistri‐bution studies with n.c.a. 123I radiolabeled dextrorphan the initial uptake in brain was moderate (0.36% I.D./g, 15 min. p.i.) but after 2 hrs 50% of the initial activity still remained in the brain. The regional binding sites are heterogeneously distributed throughout the rat forebrain. After treatment with MK‐801 a reduction up to 25% in the regional uptake of 123I‐dextrorphan was observed.
Improved labeling procedure of [18F]FFNP for in vivo imaging of progesterone receptors
Authors: Al‐Qahtani M. H. , Mccarthy T. J. , Welch M. J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractFluorine‐18 labeled ligands for steroid hormone receptors have allowed in vivo imaging of breast tumors containing estrogen (ER) and progestin receptors (PgR) (1–3). The endo isomer of [18F]FFNP (2), 21‐[18F]FIuoro‐16α,17α‐[(7?)‐(l'‐α‐furylmethylidene)‐19‐norpregn‐4‐ene‐3, 20‐dione, was predicated to be a good radioligand with potential for imaging because it has high relative binding affinity to the PgR (190%) (4–5). In vivo biodistribution experiments in rats, showed a high target site‐selective uptake of the [18F]FFNP in the uterus and the ovaries (4).The current work was directed toward improving both the radiochemical yield and the specific activity of the [18F]FFNP (2), because of on going clinical interest in using this compound in humans. The radiosynthesis of [18F]FFNP (2) has been previously reported (4) using the displacement of the 21‐triflate precursor (endo; 1) in the presence of n‐Bu4NOH/18F in THF at room temperature. HPLC purification was carried out using semipreparative techniques on a Whatman Magnum 9/50‐silica (0.9 cm × 50 cm) column. This method gave only 2 — 13% radiochemical yield of [18F]FFNP (2) and an effective specific activity of 1239 Ci/mmol.Here we report our initial finding on the facilitated radiosynthesis of [18F]FFNP (2) by nucleophilic substitution with [18F]KF/Kryptofix‐222 which leads to an improved radiochemical yield (45% ± 4%, n = 6). Yields are based on resolubilized activity and are decay corrected to the start of synthesis.
Ring‐and side‐chain‐substituted MIBG analogues
Authors: Vaidyanathan G. , Shankar S. , Affleck D. J. , Slade S. A. , Welsh P. , Zalutsky M. R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn our effort to develop an MIBG analogue with optimised targeting capabilites, we have synthesized a number of ring‐ and side‐chain substituted analogues of MIBG and evaluated their lipophilicity, stability in vitro, uptake in SK‐N‐SH human neuroblastoma cells and tissue distribution in normal mice. Previously, uptake similar to or higher than that for MIBG in canine adrenal medulla and pheochromocytoma patients has been reported for 4‐amino‐3‐iodobenzylguanidine (pAIBG) and 4‐hydroxy‐3‐iodobenzylguanidine (HIBG), which are polar substituent‐containing MIBG derivatives (1, 2). However, these two compounds have not been evaluated with respect to their uptake in neuroblastoma cells in vitro. The novel compounds developed in this study were evaluated in comparison with HIBG and pAIBG.
3‐({2, 4‐dimethyl‐5‐[123I]IODO}benzylidene) anabaseine: A potent spect agent for imaging lung cancer
Authors: Zhang J. H. , Akula M. R. , Kabalka G. W. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among American men and women with a mortality rate of >90% within five years of diagnosis (1). Unlike cancers at other organ sites which have declined during the past decade, the incidence of lung cancer continues to rise, particularly in women and black Americans (2). This trend will further escalate within the next three decades due to a sharp increase in teenage smoking. Cancers at other organ sites such as breast and prostate, are more than twice as common but their cure rates are 80 and 70%, respectively, because of early detection and available therapeutic regimen based on identified mechanisms of the diseases. The family of neuroendocrine lung tumors [carcinoids, atypical carcinoids, and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)] accounts for 35% of all human lung cancer cases (2). The early detection of these tumors is of great significance as it helps physicians plan for effective treatment.
Preparation of an I‐124 labelled doxorubicin conjugate for in vivo assessment of polymer targeted anticancer therapy
Authors: Hadfield J. A. , Pietrzynski G. , Bailey J. , Alakhov V. , Sosabowski J. K. , Zweit J. , Ranson M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA lipophilic doxorubicin derivative (DOXIB), as a potential PET radiotracer for DOX/polymer targeting, has been prepared and characterised against DOX.