bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photocyclization reactions. Part 7. Solvent and substituent effects in the synthesis of dihydrobenzofuranols using photocyclization of α‐(2‐acylphenoxy)toluenes and ethyl 2‐acylphenoxyacetates
Authors: Sharshira Essam Mohamed , Horaguchi Takaaki 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPhotocyclization reactions were carried out on α‐(2‐acylphenoxy)toluenes 1a‐e and 2‐acylphenoxy‐acetates 2a‐e in three solvents of different polarity (benzene, acetonitrile and methanol) to examine solvent and substituent effects on the cyclization of 1,5‐biradical intermediates to dihydrobenzofuranols. Irradiation of 1a‐e in benzene gave cis‐dihydrobenzofuranols cis‐4b‐e selectively in 14‐84% yields along with rearranged products, 2‐acylbenzophenones 5b‐d (23‐39% yields). Photocyclization of la‐e in acetonitrile or methanol gave a mixture of eis‐ and trans ‐dihydrobenzofuranols 4a‐e in 28‐81% yields and small amount of 2‐acylbenzophenones 5b‐c in 6‐12% yields. In polar acetonitrile or methanol, the cis and trans stereoselectivity of dihydrobenzofuranols decreased. The decrease in stereoselectivity was attributed to intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl group of 1,5‐biradicals and solvents. On the other hand, irradiation of esters 2a‐e in benzene afforded cis‐dihydrobenzofuranols cis‐13a‐e selectively in 48‐74% yields. Similarly, photocyclization of 2a‐e in acetonitrile or methanol produced dihydrobenzofuranols 13a‐e in a fair to good yields. In the photocyclization of 2b‐d, not only in nonpolar benzene but also in polar acetonitrile or methanol, increasing the size of alkyl group from methyl (R = Me) to ethyl or iso‐propyl group (R = Et or i‐Pr) gave cis‐dihydrobenzofuranols cis‐13b‐d predominantly. Conformational, solvent and substituent effects on the cyclization of 1,5‐biradicals and reaction pathways are discussed.
Direct conversion of hydroxy aromatic compounds to heteroarylamines via a one‐pot smiles rearrangement procedure
Authors: Weidner John J. , Peet Norton P. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract8‐Hydroxyquinoline (9) was converted to 8‐aminequinoline (10) in a one‐pot procedure involving alleviation with 2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropionamide (2) followed by Smiles rearrangement and hydrolysis, in 41% yield. The scope and limitations of this new procedure were explored with additional hydroxyquinolines.
Clay catalized rearrangement of phenyloxiranes
Authors: Martínez Roberto , Velasco Micaela , Martínez Ignacio , Menconi Italo , Ramfrez Alberto , Angeles Enrique , Regla Ignacio , López Rafael 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe reaction of phenyloxiranes with a clay produces aldehydes, ketones and cyclic ethers. This method has the advantage that experimental conditions are simple and the reagents used are cheaper.
Dynamical versus statistical downscaling methods for ocean wave heights
Authors: Wang Xiaolan L. , Swail Val R. , Cox Andrew 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this study, dynamical and statistical downscaling methods for estimating seasonal statistics of significant wave heights (SWH) were intercompared, with the downscaling results being evaluated against the ERA40 wave data in terms of climatological characteristics and interannual variability. It was also shown that biases in climate‐model‐simulated climate and variability of the atmospheric circulation (or predictors in general) can result in large biases in the estimated climate and variability of SWH (or the predictand in general), and that such biases can be effectively diminished by using standardized predictor quantities in statistical downscaling models. In dynamical downscaling, however, model variability biases remain to be dealt with, whereas the effects of model climate biases can be reduced to some extent by replacing the climate‐model‐simulated wind climate with the observed one. Therefore, the dynamical approach was found to be not as good as the statistical methods in terms of reproducing the observed climate and interannual variability of the predictand, although it bears substantial similarity to the statistical methods in terms of projected possible future changes. Also, it was shown that the observed interannual variability of seasonal statistics (including extremes) can be better reproduced by using 12‐hourly, rather than seasonal, data in statistical downscaling. This stresses the importance of availability of higher‐resolution data from climate model outputs. Nevertheless, a non‐stationary extreme value model with covariates was found to be the best in reproducing the observed climate of extremes. All the statistical downscaling methods and the intercomparison results are applicable to other climate variables (not limited to ocean wave heights). Copyright © 2009 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesenchymal stem cells and insulin‐like growth factor‐I gene‐enhanced mesenchymal stem cells improve structural aspects of healing in equine flexor digitorum superficialis tendons
Authors: Schnabel Lauren V. , Lynch Maureen E. , van der Meulen Marjolein C.H. , Yeager Amy E. , Kornatowski Matthew A. , Nixon Alan J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTendinitis remains a catastrophic injury among athletes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have recently been investigated for use in the treatment of tendinitis. Previous work has demonstrated the value of insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) to stimulate cellular proliferation and tendon fiber deposition in the core lesion of tendinitis. This study examined the effects of MSCs, as well as IGF‐I gene‐enhanced MSCs (AdIGF‐MSCs) on tendon healing in vivo. Collagenase‐induced bilateral tendinitis lesions were created in equine flexor digitorum superficialis tendons (SDFT). Tendons were treated with 10 × 106MSCs or 10 × 106AdIGF‐MSCs. Control limbs were injected with 1 mL of phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS). Ultrasound examinations were performed att = 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Horses were euthanized at 8 weeks and SDFTs were mechanically tested to failure and evaluated for biochemical composition and histologic characteristics. Expression of collagen types I and III, IGF‐I, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), matrix metalloproteinase‐3 (MMP‐3), matrix metalloproteinase‐13 (MMP‐13), and aggrecanase‐1 (ADAMTS‐4) were similar in MSC and control tendons. Both MSC and AdIGF‐MSC injection resulted in significantly improved tendon histological scores. These findings indicate a benefit to the use of MSCs and AdIGF‐MSCs for the treatment of tendinitis. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:1392–1398, 2009
Sustained and localized in vitro release of BMP‐2/7, RANKL, and tetracycline from Flexbone, an elastomeric osteoconductive bone substitute
Authors: Xu Jianwen , Li Xinning , Lian Jane B. , Ayers David C. , Song Jie 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that synthetic composites containing a high percentage of osteoconductive biominerals well‐integrated with a hydrophilic polymer matrix can be engineered to provide both the structural and biochemical framework of a viable synthetic bone substitute. FlexBone, an elastic hydrogel‐mineral composite exhibiting excellent structural integration was prepared by crosslinking poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogel in the presence of 25 wt% nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite and 25 wt% tricalcium phosphate. Biologically active factors tetracycline, BMP‐2/7, and RANKL that stimulate bone formation and remodeling were encapsulated into FlexBone during polymerization or via postpolymerization adsorption. SEM and dynamic mechanical analyses showed that the encapsulation of tetracycline (5.0 wt%) did not compromise the structural integrity and compressive behavior of FlexBone, which could withstand repetitive megapascal‐compressive loadings and be securely press‐fitted into critical femoral defects. Dose‐dependent, sustained in vitro release of tetracycline was characterized by spectroscopy and bacterial inhibition. A single dose of 40 ng BMP‐2/7 or 10 ng RANKL pre‐encapsulated with 50 mg FlexBone, released over 1 week, was able to induce local osteogenic differentiation of myoblast C2C12 cells and osteoclastogenesis of macrophage RAW264.7 cells, respectively. With a bonelike structural composition, useful surgical handling characteristics, and tunable biochemical microenvironment, FlexBone provides an exciting opportunity for the treatment of hard‐to‐heal skeletal defects with minimal systemic side effects. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:1306–1311, 2009
Cultivar and growing area effects on minor compounds of olive oil from autochthonous and European introduced cultivars in Tunisia
Authors: Dabbou Samia , Issaoui Manel , Esposto Sonia , Sifi Samira , Taticchi Agnese , Servili Maurizio , Montedoro Gian Francesco , Hammami Mohamed 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Antioxidant profile and volatile compounds were characterized in three virgin olive oils from European countries introduced and cultivated under the same orchard conditions in comparison to some autochthonous cultivars planted in different areas of Tunisia.RESULTS: Significant differences were observed between the oils. α‐Tocopherol content is more important in autochthonous Tunisian cultivars (cvs), higher (400 mg kg−1) than in European cvs. Total phenols showed that Chétoui cv. (grown in Zaghouan) had the highest level (446 mg kg−1), followed by Koroneiki (403 mg kg−1) and Chétoui cvs (grown in Béja) (398 mg kg−1). Koroneiki oils had the highest content of (3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol and (p‐hydroxyphenyl)ethanol (20.5 and 43.5 mg kg−1, respectively), whereas (3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol was not detected in Arbequina, Arbosana or Chemlali cvs (grown in Sahel). Chétoui cv. presented the highest content of dialdehydic form of decarboxymethyl elenolic acid linked to (3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol (171 mg kg−1), whereas Chemlali (Sahel) cv. had the lowest content (29.6 mg kg−1). The volatile compounds showed an increase in C6 compounds and decrease in pentene isomers in olive oils from varieties cultivated in other growing areas.CONCLUSION: Virgin olive oils studied demonstrate that the differences in phenols, tocopherol levels and volatile profiles may be explained by genetic factors and geographic areas, particularly altitude. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
The outcome of sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer patients with preoperative surgical biopsy
Authors: Leidenius Marjut H.K. , Vironen Jaana H. , von Smitten Karl A.J. , Heikkilä Päivi S. , Joensuu Heikki 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the study was to evaluate the outcome of sentinel node biopsy (SNB), especially the medium term axillary recurrence rate after negative SNB in patients with preoperative surgical biopsy (SB).Patients and MethodsThe study included 1,641 patients with a histological stage T1 tumours and SNB. In 77 patients, the diagnosis was obtained with SB, while 1,564 patients had underwent needle biopsy (NB) only. Axillary clearance was omitted in 56 SB patients and 921 NB patients after negative SNB. The median duration of follow‐up in these patients was 54 months.ResultsNone of the SB patients had axillary recurrences during the follow‐up. Six NB patients had isolated axillary recurrences while three patients had concomitant local and axillary recurrences. There were no differences in local or distant recurrences or breast cancer deaths between the SB and the NB patients.ConclusionsSNB seems a feasible axillary staging method in patients with histological stage T1 tumour also after preoperative SB. The risk of axillary recurrence after negative SNB is negligible in these patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:420–423. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymmetric flow field‐flow fractionation of liposomes: optimization of fractionation variables
Authors: Hupfeld Stefan , Ausbacher Dominik , Brandl Martin 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of ionic strength of the carrier liquid, cross flow rate, focus flow rate, and sample load on the retention behavior of liposomes in asymmetric flow field‐flow fractionation (AF4). Two differently prepared samples of large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) were used. Experiments were performed varying the factors systematically and evaluating their effect on both retention behavior of the liposomes and on particle size as obtained from online coupled multi‐angle light scattering (MALS) analysis. The results showed that the focus flow rate had the least influence on the elution of liposomes. Elution of LUV is mainly governed by the chosen cross flow condition and ionic strength of the carrier liquid as well as its sample load. Optimal fractionation and size analysis were achieved using a sample load of about 10 μg, a cross flow gradient from 1.0 to 0.1 mL/min over 35 min and a carrier solution of NaNO3 with a concentration of 10 mM.
Application of 10‐ethyl‐acridine‐3‐sulfonyl chloride for HPLC determination of aliphatic amines in environmental water using fluorescence and APCI‐MS
Authors: You Jinmao , Zhao Huaixin , Sun Zhiwei , Xia Lian , Yan Tao , Suo Yourui , Li Yulin 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA simple, sensitive method for the determination of aliphatic amines based on a sulfonylation reaction using 10‐ethyl‐acridine‐3‐sulfonyl chloride (EASC) as pre‐column labeling reagent with fluorescence detection and APCI‐MS identification has been developed. The labeled derivatives exhibited high stability and were enough to be efficiently analyzed by HPLC with an excitation maximum at λex 270 nm and an emission maximum at λem 430 nm. Identification of derivatives was carried out by online post‐column MS in positive‐ion mode. Comparing with the widely used 5‐dimethylaminonaphthalene‐1‐sulfonylchloride (Dansyl‐Cl), EASC‐amine derivatives not only exhibited high fluorescence but also exhibited excellent MS ionizable potential. Detection limits obtained from 0.10 pmol injection, at a S/N of 3, were 4.0–12.7 fmol. The mean intra‐ and inter‐assay precision for all aliphatic amine levels were <3.84 and 3.21%, respectively. Excellent linear responses were observed with coefficients of >0.9995.
Characterization of poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐ poly(ε‐caprolactone) by two‐dimensional liquid chromatography
Authors: Ahmed Hasnat , Trathnigg Bernd 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBlock copolymers of ethylene oxide and ε‐caprolactone were synthesized by microwave‐assisted polymerization of ε‐caprolactone with polyethylene glycol monomethyl ethers as initiator. The samples thus obtained were characterized by two‐dimensional liquid chromatography with liquid chromatography at critical conditions as the first and liquid exclusion adsorption chromatography as the second dimension. A full baseline separation of all oligomers could be achieved in both dimensions.
Direct estimation of an element of order matrix from 1H NMR spectra of strongly dipolar coupled spins
Authors: Manjunatha Reddy G. N. , Suryaprakash N. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractNMR spectra of molecules oriented in thermotropic liquid crystalline media provide information on the molecular structure and order. The spins are generally strongly dipolar coupled and the spectral analyses require the tedious and time consuming numerical iterative calculations. The present study demonstrates the application of multiple quantum spin state selective detection of single quantum transitions for mimicking the homonuclear decoupling and the direct estimation of an element of ordering matrix. This information is utilized to estimate the nearly accurate starting dipolar couplings for iterative calculations. The studies on the spectra of strongly dipolar coupled five and six interacting spin systems are reported. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solving the advection–diffusion equation on unstructured meshes with discontinuous/mixed finite elements and a local time stepping procedure
Authors: El Soueidy Ch. P. , Younes A. , Ackerer P. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractExplicit schemes are known to provide less numerical diffusion in solving the advection–diffusion equation, especially for advection‐dominated problems. Traditional explicit schemes use fixed time steps restricted by the global CFL condition in order to guarantee stability. This is known to slow down the computation especially for heterogeneous domains and/or unstructured meshes. To avoid this problem, local time stepping procedures where the time step is allowed to vary spatially in order to satisfy a local CFL condition have been developed.In this paper, a local time stepping approach is used with a numerical model based on discontinuous Galerkin/mixed finite element methods to solve the advection–diffusion equation. The developments are detailed for general unstructured triangular meshes.Numerical experiments are performed to show the efficiency of the numerical model for the simulation of (i) the transport of a solute on highly unstructured meshes and (ii) density‐driven flow, where the velocity field changes at each time step.The model gives stable results with significant reduction of the computational cost especially for the non‐linear problem. Moreover, numerical diffusion is also reduced for highly advective problems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“I'm a mother first”: The influence of mothering in the decision‐making processes of battered immigrant Latino women
Authors: Kelly Ursula A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractHealthcare providers (HCPs) may be perplexed by the decision‐making processes of battered Latino women in situations involving intimate partner violence (IPV). In particular, decisions may appear contradictory and hazardous to the women's children. The findings of this interpretive descriptive study reveal that the mothering role was central to battered Latina mothers' decisions. The mothers strove to prioritize, protect, and provide for their children in every way, including managing the abuse and avoiding IPV disclosure to HCPs. Disparate understandings of the women's decisions and mothering create a Catch‐22 between battered Latina mothers and their HCPs. A trusting mother‐HCP relationship is necessary for effective screening and intervention for IPV. This requires HCPs' understanding of these mothers' decisions and changes in clinical practice. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 32:286–297, 2009
Strategic stakeholder orientations and performance consequences—a case of private nonprofit performing arts in the US
Authors: Hsieh Jasper 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

This paper borrows a market orientation perspective in considering how organizations behave toward stakeholders and the implications on performance in the institutional performing arts environment. To investigate the relationship between stakeholder orientations and organizational performance, both interviews and a survey instrument were used. Using nonprofit performing arts organizations in three metropolitan areas of Northwestern US as a sample frame, primary data was collected from leading directors of these organizations. The results generally indicate a positive relationship between stakeholder orientation and organizational performance. Complex relationships between dimensions of stakeholder orientation and performance consequences were also observed.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermally denatured state determines refolding in lipase: Mutational analysis
Authors: Ahmad Shoeb , Rao Nalam Madhusudhana 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIrreversibility of thermally denatured proteins due to aggregation limits thermodynamic characterization of proteins and also confounds the identification of thermostable mutants in protein populations. Identification of mutations that prevent the aggregation of unfolded proteins provides insights into folding pathways. In a lipase from Bacillus subtilis, evolved by directed evolution procedures, the irreversibility due to temperature‐mediated aggregation was completely prevented by a single mutation, M137P. Though the parent and the mutants unfold completely on heating, mutants having substitutions M137P, along with M134E and S163P, completely or partially prevent the formation of aggregation‐prone intermediate(s) at 75°C. The three mutants show only a marginal increase in free energy of unfolding (ΔG), however, the profiles of the residual activity with temperature shows remarkable shift to higher temperature compared to parent. The intermediate(s) were characterized by enhanced binding of bis‐ANS, a probe to titrate surface hydrophobicity, aggregation profiles and by estimation of soluble protein. Inclusion of salt in the refolding conditions prevents the reversibility of mutant having charge substitution, while the reversibility of mutant with the introduction of proline was unaffected, indicating the role of charge mediated interaction in M134E in preventing aggregation. Partial prevention of thermal aggregation in wild‐type lipase with single substitution, M137P, incorporated by site‐directed mutagenesis, suggests that the affect of M137P is independent of the intrinsic thermostability of lipase. Various effects of the mutations suggest their role is in prevention of the formation of aggregation prone intermediate(s). These mutations, describe yet another strategy to enhance the thermotolerance of proteins, where their influence is observed only on the denatured ensemble.
Black holes, first‐order flow equations and geodesics on symmetric spaces
Authors: Perz J. , Smyth P. , Van Riet T. , Vercnocke B. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFor both extremal and non‐extremal spherically symmetric black holes in theories with massless scalars and vectors coupled to gravity, we derive a general form of first‐order gradient flow equations, equivalent to the equations of motion. For theories that have a symmetric moduli space after a dimensional reduction over the timelike direction, we discuss the condition for such a gradient flow to exist.
Confinement and non‐perturbative tachyons in brane‐antibrane systems
Authors: Gutiérrez N. , Lozano Y. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe present a worldvolume effective action suitable for the study of the confined phase of a

system at weak coupling, and we identify the mechanism by which the fundamental string arises from this action when the Dp and the

annihilate. We construct an explicit dual action, appropriate for the strong coupling regime, which realizes a generalized Higgs‐Stückelberg phase for the (relative) (p‐2)‐form dual to the (overall) BI vector, the mechanism put forward by Yi and collaborators for realizing non‐perturbatively the breaking of the overall U(1) gauge group. Our results provide an explicit realization of the perturbative breaking of the overall U(1) in a way that is consistent with the duality symmetries of String Theory.
Particle astrophysics of nonlinear supersymmetric general relativity
Authors: Shima K. , Tsuda M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAn explanation of relations between the large scale structure of the universe and the tiny scale structure of the particle physics, e.g. the observed mysterious relation between the (dark) energy density and the dark matter of the universe and the neutrino mass and the SUSY breaking mass scale of the particle physics may be given by the nonlinear supersymmetric general relativity (NLSUSY GR). NLSUSY GR shows that considering the physics before/of the big bang (BB) of the universe may be significant and may give new insight to unsolved problems of the low energy particle physics, cosmology and their relations.