bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skeletal Fluorosis from Brewed Tea
Authors: Izuora Kenneth , Twombly Jennifer G. , Whitford Gary M. , Demertzis Jennifer , Pacifici Roberto , Whyte Michael P. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Background:
High fluoride ion (F−) levels are found in many surface and well waters. Drinking F−-contaminated water typically explains endemic skeletal fluorosis (SF). In some regions of Asia, however, poor quality “brick tea” also causes this disorder. The plant source of brick, black, green, orange pekoe, and oolong tea, Camellia sinensis, can contain substantial amounts of F−. Exposure to 20 mg F− per day for 20 yr of adult life is expected to cause symptomatic SF. High F− levels stimulate osteoblasts and enhance bone apposition but substitute for OH− groups in hydroxyapatite crystals and thereby result in skeletal fragility and perhaps lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Beginning in 2005, we showed that daily consumption of 1–2 gallons of instant tea made from this plant can lead to SF.

Aim:
We describe a 48-yr-old American woman who developed SF from brewed tea.

Patient and Methods:
Our patient had elevated bone mineral density revealed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (spine Z-score, +9.9), severe chronic bone and joint pain, and kyphosis after consuming 1–2 gallons of brewed orange pekoe tea daily for more than three decades. F− levels were high in her serum, urine, and clippings of fingernails and toenails, as well as in our reproduction of her beverage. Renal function was normal. She had vitamin D deficiency. Elevated serum PTH levels were unresponsive to adequate vitamin D supplementation. Pain resolved over several months when she stopped drinking tea and continued ergocalciferol.

Conclusion:
Our patient shows that SF can result from chronic consumption of large volumes of brewed tea.
Career decision difficulties post foundation training – the medical student perspective
Authors: Luther Vishal 
Published: May 2011

Objectives Since 2005, newly qualified doctors in the UK have had their time to prepare for career subspecialization application cut short to 16 months. To have enough time to become a competitive applicant, the choice of specialization may now have to be made as early as in medical school. This study aimed to assess how prepared medical students are towards committing to a specialty while in medical school, and their opinion about having to make such a decision. Design A cross-sectional questionnaire. A list of all career specialties available to doctors at the point of specialization was provided and asked students to rank their top choice. An assessment of the certainty of their choice was then determined. Setting Questionnaires were distributed at the end of an optional final year medical student academic meeting held at a leading London medical school university. Participants One hundred and thirty final year students attended the meeting. Questionnaires were distributed to all attenders; 115 responses were collected. Main outcome measures The certainty of career specialization choice was assessed in qualitative form, with responses ranging from ‘not likely’, ‘maybe’, ‘probably’, ‘almost certainly’ and ‘definitely’. Their feelings in having to decide upon career specialty while in medical school was assessed through either a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response. Results A total of 115 responses were collected. The second most common selection was the ‘undecided’ option at 15%. The highest certainty factor occurred at ‘maybe’ with 41% and progressively fewer responses occurred as the certainty factor increased, with only 10% at ‘definitely'; 95% voted ‘no’ to having to decide what they want to specialize in by the end of medical school. Conclusions The majority of students have yet to commit to a specialty and almost all agree that they should not have to decide what they want to specialize in by the end of medical school. There is thus greater responsibility from medical schools to incorporate more career discussions into their syllabus.
Unintended Pregnancy and Taxpayer Spending
Authors: Monea Emily , Thomas Adam 
Published: May 2011

CONTEXT: Nearly half of all pregnancies in the United States are unintended. These pregnancies likely represent a substantial cost to taxpayers, but national‐level estimates of these public costs have been lacking.
METHODS: Taxpayer spending on unintended pregnancy is measured by multiplying estimates of the 2001 incidence of publicly financed unintended pregnancy outcomes (abortions, fetal losses, births and need for infant medical care) by average per‐incident costs. Public savings that would result from preventing unintended pregnancies are estimated by assuming that the prevention of an unwanted pregnancy would save the full cost of financing the pregnancy, while the prevention of a mistimed pregnancy would save the cost of financing the pregnancy today minus the present value of the cost of financing the pregnancy when it eventually occurs.
RESULTS: Lower‐bound, mean and upper‐bound estimates of the annual cost of unintended pregnancy are, respectively, $9.6 billion, $11.3 billion and $12.6 billion. Corresponding estimates of the savings that would accrue to taxpayers by preventing unintended pregnancies are $4.7 billion, $5.6 billion and $6.2 billion. The mean estimate of the taxpayer cost per publicly subsidized unintended pregnancy is $9,000; the prevention of such a pregnancy would save taxpayers about half that amount.
CONCLUSIONS: The prevention of unintended pregnancy represents an important opportunity for the public to reap substantial savings, especially given the current fiscal climate. The enactment or expansion of cost‐effective policies to prevent unintended pregnancies is therefore a timely and sensible strategy.
The Public Costs of Births Resulting from Unintended Pregnancies: National and State‐Level Estimates
Authors: Sonfield Adam , Kost Kathryn , Gold Rachel Benson , Finer Lawrence B. 
Published: May 2011

CONTEXT:Births resulting from unintended pregnancies are associated with substantial maternity and infant care costs to the federal and state governments; these costs have never been estimated at the national and state levels.METHODS:The proportions of births paid for by public insurance programs in 2006 were estimated, by pregnancy intention status, using data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System and similar state surveys, or were predicted by multivariate linear regression. Public costs were calculated using state‐level estimates of the number of births, by intention status, and of the cost of a publicly funded birth.RESULTS:In 2006, 64% of births resulting from unintended pregnancies were publicly funded, compared with 48% of all births and 35% of births resulting from intended pregnancies. The proportion of births resulting from unintended pregnancies that were publicly funded varied by state, from 42% to 81%. Of the 2.0 million publicly funded births, 51% resulted from unintended pregnancies, accounting for $11.1 billion in costs—half of the total public expenditures on births. In seven states, the costs for births from unintended pregnancies exceeded a half billion dollars.CONCLUSIONS:Public insurance programs are central in assisting American families in affording pregnancy and childbirth; however, they pay for a disproportionately high number of births resulting from unintended pregnancy. The resulting budgetary impact warrants increased public efforts to reduce unintended pregnancy.
Continuity and discontinuity in the semantics of the Latin preposition per: a cognitive hypothesis
Authors: Brucale Luisa , Mocciaro Egle 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
We propose a description of the semantic network of the Latin prepositional phrase per ‘through’ + Accusative in the early stage of this language. Drawing upon the insights of Cognitive Grammar, we analyze the role of the schematic import in the spread from basic to abstract meanings. Finally, we draw a map of the polysemous network of per, showing that the continuity of the different, but consistently linked, meanings does not necessarily imply the unidirectionality of the concrete-to-abstract shifts.
Word order in Latin locative constructions: a corpus study in Caesar’s De bello gallico
Authors: Skopeteas Stavros 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Classical Latin is a free word order language, i.e., the order of the constituents is determined by information structure rather than by syntactic rules. This article presents a corpus study on the word order of locative constructions and shows that the choice between a Theme-first and a Locative-first order is influenced by the discourse status of the referents. Furthermore, the corpus findings reveal a striking impact of the syntactic construction: complements of motion verbs do not have the same ordering preferences with complements of static verbs and adjuncts. This finding supports the view that the influence of discourse status on word order is indirect, i.e., it is mediated by information structural domains.
Ken Burns's The National Parks: America's Best Idea: Compelling Stories and Missed Opportunities
Authors: Linenthal Edward T. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Burns's documentary The National Parks: America's Best Idea offers compelling portraits of “American originals,” including John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, Stephen Mather, and Horace Albright. It offers breathtaking “god's-eye” views of national park landscapes. It offers fascinating biographies of Yellowstone and Yosemite, in particular the enduring tension between processes of preservation and commercialization. However, there were missed opportunities to focus on so-called historic sites, to inform viewers of the many enduring threats to the “park idea,” and to help viewers appreciate the creative potential of this idea in a new century.
Foundations of Nominal Techniques: Logic and Semantics of Variables in Abstract Syntax
Authors: Gabbay Murdoch J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe are used to the idea that computers operate on numbers, yet another kind of data is equally important: the syntax of formal languages, with variables, binding, and alpha-equivalence. The original application of nominal techniques, and the one with greatest prominence in this paper, is to reasoning on formal syntax with variables and binding.Variables can be modelled in many ways: for instance as numbers (since we usually take countably many of them); as links (since they may ‘point’ to a binding site in the term, where they are bound); or as functions (since they often, though not always, represent ‘an unknown’).None of these models is perfect. In every case for the models above, problems arise when trying to use them as a basis for a fully formal mechanical treatment of formal language. The problems are practical—but their underlying cause may be mathematical.The issue is not whether formal syntax exists, since clearly it does, so much as what kind of mathematical structure it is. To illustrate this point by a parody, logical derivations can be modelled using a Gödel encoding (i.e., injected into the natural numbers). It would be false to conclude from this that proof-theory is a branch of number theory and can be understood in terms of, say, Peano's axioms. Similarly, as it turns out, it is false to conclude from the fact that variables can be encoded e.g., as numbers, that the theory of syntax-with-binding can be understood in terms of the theory of syntax-without-binding, plus the theory of numbers (or, taking this to a logical extreme, purely in terms of the theory of numbers). It cannot; something else is going on. What that something else is, has not yet been fully understood.In nominal techniques, variables are an instance of names, and names are data. We model names using urelemente with properties that, pleasingly enough, turn out to have been investigated by Fraenkel and Mostowski in the first half of the 20th century for a completely different purpose than modelling formal language. What makes this model really interesting is that it gives names distinctive properties which can be related to useful logic and programming principles for formal syntax.Since the initial publications, advances in the mathematics and presentation have been introduced piecemeal in the literature. This paper provides in a single accessible document an updated development of the foundations of nominal techniques. This gives the reader easy access to updated results and new proofs which they would otherwise have to search across two or more papers to find, and full proofs that in other publications may have been elided. We also include some new material not appearing elsewhere.
Robust separations in inductive inference
Authors: Fulk Mark 
Published: May 2011

AbstractResults in recursion-theoretic inductive inference have been criticized as depending on unrealistic self-referential examples. J. M. Bārzdiņš proposed a way of ruling out such examples, and conjectured that one of the earliest results of inductive inference theory would fall if his method were used. In this paper we refute Bārzdiņš' conjecture.We propose a new line of research examining robust separations; these are defined using a strengthening of Bārzdiņš' original idea. The preliminary results of the new line of research are presented, and the most important open problem is stated as a conjecture. Finally, we discuss the extension of this work from function learning to formal language learning.
The independence property in generalized dense pairs of structures
Authors: Berenstein Alexander , Dolich Alf , Onshuus Alf 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe provide a general theorem implying that for a (strongly) dependent theoryTthe theory of sufficiently well-behaved pairs of models ofTis again (strongly) dependent. We apply the theorem to the case of lovely pairs of thorn-rank one theories as well as to a setting of dense pairs of first-order topological theories.
Borel structures and Borel theories
Authors: Hjorth Greg , Nies André 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe show that there is a complete, consistent Borel theory which has no “Borel model” in the following strong sense: There is no structure satisfying the theory for which the elements of the structure are equivalence classes under some Borel equivalence relation and the interpretations of the relations and function symbols are uniformly Borel.We also investigate Borel isomorphisms between Borel structures.
Necessary use of induction in a reversal
Authors: Neeman Itay 
Published: May 2011

AbstractJullien's indecomposability theorem (INDEC) states that if a scattered countable linear order is indecomposable, then it is either indecomposable to the left, or indecomposable to the right. The theorem was shown by Montalbán to be a theorem of hyperarithmetic analysis, and then, in the base system RCA0 plus induction, it was shown by Neeman to have strength strictly between weak choice and comprehension. We prove in this paper that induction is needed for the reversal of INDEC. that is for the proof that INDEC implies weak choice. This is in contrast with the typical situation in reverse mathematics, where reversals can usually be refined to use only induction.
Expressing cardinality quantifiers in monadic second-order logic over chains
Authors: Bárány Vince , Kaiser Łukasz , Rabinovich Alexander 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe investigate the extension of monadic second-order logic of order with cardinality quantifiers “there exists uncountably many sets such that…” and “there exists continuum many sets such that … ”. We prove that over the class of countable linear orders the two quantifiers are equivalent and can be effectively and uniformly eliminated. Weaker or partial elimination results are obtained for certain wider classes of chains. In particular, we show that over the class of ordinals the uncountability quantifier can be effectively and uniformly eliminated. Our argument makes use of Shelah's composition method and Ramsey-like theorem for dense linear orders.
Stable embeddedness and NIP
Authors: Pillay Anand 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe give some sufficient conditions for a predicate P in a complete theory T to be “stably embedded”. Let be P with its “induced ∅-definable structure”. The conditions are that (or rather its theory) is “rosy”. P has NIP in T and that P is stably 1-embedded in T. This generalizes a recent result of Hasson and Onshuus [6] which deals with the case where P is o-minimal in T. Our proofs make use of the theory of strict nonforking and weight in NIP theories ([3], [10]).
A proof-theoretic treatment of λ-reduction with cut-elimination: λ-calculus as a logic programming language
Authors: Gabbay Michael 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe build on an existing a term-sequent logic for the λ-calculus. We formulate a general sequent system that fully integrates αβη-reductions between untyped λ-terms into first order logic.We prove a cut-elimination result and then offer an application of cut-elimination by giving a notion of uniform proof for λ-terms. We suggest how this allows us to view the calculus of untyped αβ-reductions as a logic programming language (as well as a functional programming language, as it is traditionally seen).
A random set which only computes strongly jump-traceable c.e. sets
Authors: Greenberg Noam 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe prove that there is a , 1-random set Y such that every computably enumerable set which is computable from Y is strongly jump-traceable.We also show that for every order function h there is an ω-c.e. random set Y such that every computably enumerable set which is computable from Y is h-jump-traceable. This establishes a correspondence between rates of jump-traceability and computability from ω-c.e. random sets.
Hechler's Theorem for tall analytic P-ideals
Authors: Farkas Barnabás 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe prove the following version of Hechler's classical theorem: For each partially ordered set (Q, ≤) with the property that every countable subset of Q has a strict upper bound in Q, there is a ccc forcing notion such that in the generic extension for each tall analytic P-ideal (coded in the ground model) a cofinal subset of is order isomorphic to (Q, ≤).
Klotho Depletion Contributes to Increased Inflammation in Kidney of the db/db Mouse Model of Diabetes via RelA (Serine)536 Phosphorylation
Authors: Zhao Yanhua , Banerjee Srijita , Dey Nilay , LeJeune Wanda S. , Sarkar Partha S. , Brobey Reynolds , Rosenblatt Kevin P. , Tilton Ronald G. , Choudhary Sanjeev 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
Klotho is an antiaging hormone present in the kidney that extends the lifespan, regulates kidney function, and modulates cellular responses to oxidative stress. We investigated whether Klotho levels and signaling modulate inflammation in diabetic kidneys.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Renal Klotho expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblot analysis. Primary mouse tubular epithelial cells were treated with methylglyoxalated albumin, and Klotho expression and inflammatory cytokines were measured. Nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation was assessed by treating human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 and HK-2 cells with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the presence or absence of Klotho, followed by immunoblot analysis to evaluate inhibitor of κB (IκB)α degradation, IκB kinase (IKK) and p38 activation, RelA nuclear translocation, and phosphorylation. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was performed to analyze the effects of Klotho signaling on interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 promoter recruitment of RelA and RelA serine (Ser)536.

RESULTS
Renal Klotho mRNA and protein were significantly decreased in db/db mice, and a similar decline was observed in the primary cultures of mouse tubule epithelial cells treated with methylglyoxal-modified albumin. The exogenous addition of soluble Klotho or overexpression of membranous Klotho in tissue culture suppressed NF-κB activation and subsequent production of inflammatory cytokines in response to TNF-α stimulation. Klotho specifically inhibited RelA Ser536 phosphorylation as well as promoter DNA binding of this phosphorylated form of RelA without affecting IKK-mediated IκBα degradation, total RelA nuclear translocation, and total RelA DNA binding.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that Klotho serves as an anti-inflammatory modulator, negatively regulating the production of NF-κB–linked inflammatory proteins via a mechanism that involves phosphorylation of Ser536 in the transactivation domain of RelA.
Inhibition of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Restores Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Untreated Type 1 Diabetic Mice
Authors: Krause Matthew P. , Moradi Jasmin , Nissar Aliyah A. , Riddell Michael C. , Hawke Thomas J. 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
Type 1 diabetes leads to impairments in growth, function, and regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been clearly defined.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
With the use of Ins2WT/C96Y mice (model of adolescent-onset type 1 diabetes), muscle regeneration was characterized in terms of muscle mass, myofiber size (cross-sectional area), and protein expression. Blood plasma was analyzed for glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, insulin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). PAI-039, an effective inhibitor of PAI-1, was orally administered to determine if PAI-1 was attenuating muscle regeneration in Ins2WT/C96Y mice.

RESULTS
Ins2 WT/C96Y mice exposed to 1 or 8 weeks of untreated type 1 diabetes before chemically induced muscle injury display significant impairments in their regenerative capacity as demonstrated by decreased muscle mass, myofiber cross-sectional area, myogenin, and Myh3 expression. PAI-1, a physiologic inhibitor of the fibrinolytic system and primary contributor to other diabetes complications, was more than twofold increased within 2 weeks of diabetes onset and remained elevated throughout the experimental period. Consistent with increased circulating PAI-1, regenerating muscles of diabetic mice exhibited excessive collagen levels at 5 and 10 days postinjury with concomitant decreases in active urokinase plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Pharmacologic inhibition of PAI-1 with orally administered PAI-039 rescued the early regenerative impairments in noninsulin-treated Ins2WT/C96Y mice.

CONCLUSIONS
Taken together, these data illustrate that the pharmacologic inhibition of elevated PAI-1 restores the early impairments in skeletal muscle repair observed in type 1 diabetes and suggests that early interventional studies targeting PAI-1 may be warranted to ensure optimal growth and repair in adolescent diabetic skeletal muscle.