bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Hairy Nightshade in the Transmission of Different Potato virus Y Strains on Solanum tuberosum (L.)
Authors: Cervantes Felix A. , Alvarez Juan M. 
Published: June 2010

The complexity of the Potato virus Y (PVY) (Potyviridae: Potyvirus) pathosystem is affected by the presence of several virus strains that differ in their ability to produce tuber necrosis and by the presence of an alternate host that could increase the amount of inoculum in potato fields. Solanum sarrachoides (Sendtner) is an invasive weed from South America present in Pacific Northwest potato agro-ecosystems. It serves as reservoir of PVY and its most efficient vectors: the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). The role of S. sarracoides as vector and virus reservoir in PVY epidemiology was investigated through a series of laboratory and greenhouse experiments. We studied the symptoms produced in S. sarracoides upon infection with necrotic and non-necrotic strains of PVY and looked at the percentage of infection and titer accumulation of these strains. PVY infection in S. sarrachoides produced symptoms similar to those produced in PVY-infected potato plants. Mottling and yellowing were the main symptoms of infection observed in S. sarrachoides plants, especially by PVYO and PVYNTN infection. Greenhouse transmission studies revealed that PVY-infected S. sarrachoides increased the transmission rate of PVY necrotic strains by M. persicae. The necrotic strain PVYNTN reached higher titer in S. sarrachoides than in potato plants when compared to PVYO and PVYN:O These findings have broadened our understanding of the role and importance of S. sarrachoides in the PVY epidemiology in the potato ecosystems and could potentially be included in the development or optimization of virus management programs. Accepted for publication 15 March 2010. Published 26 May 2010.
Phase II Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of the Oral Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonist Casopitant (GW679769) Administered with Ondansetron for the Prevention of Postoperative and Postdischarge Nausea and Vomiting in High-risk Patients
Authors: Singla Neil K. , Singla Sonia K. , Chung Frances , Kutsogiannis Demetrios J. , Blackburn Linda , Lane Stephen R. , Levin Jeremey , Johnson Brendan , Pergolizzi Joseph V. 
Published: June 2010

Background
In recent years, there has been an increased interest in using a multimodal approach with combined agents to treat postoperative nausea and vomiting. This study evaluated whether the addition of an oral dose of the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist casopitant improved the antiemetic efficacy of an intravenous dose of ondansetron hydrochloride.

Methods
The authors enrolled 702 premenopausal or perimenopausal, nonsmoking, female patients aged 18-55 yr with a history of postoperative nausea and vomiting and/or motion sickness undergoing a laparoscopic or laparotomic gynecologic surgical procedure or laparoscopic cholecystectomy with general anesthesia. Subjects were randomized to one of five treatment arms: standard ondansetron 4 mg with casopitant at 0, 50, 100, or 150 mg, or 0 mg ondansetron with casopitant at 150 mg (the latter arm was considered an exploratory study group and was included in the safety analysis but not in the efficacy analysis).

Results
A significantly greater proportion of patients in all of the active casopitant plus ondansetron groups achieved a complete response (i.e., no vomiting, retching, rescue medication, or premature withdrawal) during the first 24 h postoperatively versus those in the ondansetron-alone group (59-62% vs. 40%, respectively; P = 0.0006). All active doses seemed to be well tolerated; headache, dizziness, and constipation were the most frequently reported adverse events.

Conclusions
Compared with ondansetron alone, the casopitant and ondansetron combination results in superior emesis prevention during the first 24 h postoperatively in female patients with known risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Lidocaine, Carbamazepine, and Imipramine Have Partially Overlapping Binding Sites and Additive Inhibitory Effect on Neuronal Na+Channels
Authors: Yang Ya-Chin , Huang Chen-Syuan , Kuo Chung-Chin 
Published: June 2010

Background
Despite the structural differences, local anesthetics, anticonvulsants, and tricyclic antidepressants exert similar use-dependent actions against voltage-gated Na channels, which may be contributory to pain control. The authors explore whether these drugs could doubly occupy the channel and exert synergic clinical effect.

Methods
The authors performed electrophysiologic recordings and quantitative analyses in mutant and native neuronal Na channels to investigate molecular interactions between different drugs.

Results
The authors demonstrate significant interactions between F1764 and W1716, two residues reported for local anesthetic binding, indicating uncertainties to conclude a common drug-binding site by mutation data. Therefore, the authors performed detailed functional studies in native neurons. Quantitative analyses of the inactivation curve shift argue against effective double occupancy of different drugs. For example, the shift of 20.9 +/- 1.3 mV in the simultaneous presence of 10 microm imipramine, 100 microm lidocaine, and 100 microm phenytoin is consistent with the one-site (21.5 mV) rather than the two-site (30.5-33.8 mV) or three-site (42.7 mV) predictions. However, there is a deviation from the recovery courses predicted by one site if lidocaine or imipramine coexists with anticonvulsants. Moreover, gating state dependence of macroscopic-binding rates markedly differs between imipramine and carbamazepine.

Conclusions
Carbamazepine, lidocaine, and imipramine bind to a common site with the common aromatic motif. External to the aromatic site, there is another weaker and less gating-dependent site for the tertiary amine chain in the latter two drugs. Concomitant clinical use of these drugs, thus, should have at most a simple additive but not a synergistic inhibitory action on Na currents.
Hypercapnic Acidosis Reduces Oxidative Reactions in Endotoxin-induced Lung Injury
Authors: Nichol Alistair D. , O'Cronin Donall F. , Naughton Finola , Hopkins Natalie , Boylan John , McLoughlin Paul 
Published: June 2010

Background
Hypercapnic acidosis frequently occurs when patients with acute lung injury are initially ventilated with low tidal volume "protective" strategies. Hypercapnic acidosis per se, in the absence of any change in tidal volume or airway pressure, is protective when instituted before the onset of injury. However, the mechanisms by which hypercapnic acidosis confers this protection are incompletely understood, in particular, the effects on pulmonary oxidative reactions, which are potent mediators of tissue damage, have not been previously examined in vivo.

Methods
After anesthesia, tracheostomy, and the intratracheal instillation of endotoxin to establish lung injury, rats were mechanically ventilated for 6 h in normocapnia (21% O2, 0% CO2). Rats were then randomized to either normocapnic (21% O2, 0% CO2) or hypercapnic (21% O2, 5% CO2) ventilation and a nonspecific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (N-monomethyl-L-arginine) or vehicle. Dihydrorhodamine was administered intravenously, and the lungs were removed for determination of the oxidative formation of rhodamine by spectrofluorimetry after 20 min. Thus, rats were randomly assigned to either: normocapnia-endotoxin (n = 12), normocapnia-endotoxin-N-monomethyl-L-arginine (n = 9), hypercapnia-endotoxin (n = 11), or hypercapnia-endotoxin-N-monomethyl-L-arginine (n = 10).

Results
Hypercapnic acidosis significantly reduced the pulmonary oxidative reactions in the inflamed lung compared with normocapnia. Nitric oxide synthase blockade did not alter endotoxin-induced oxidative reactions.

Conclusions
Hypercapnic acidosis reduced oxidative reactions in the acutely injured lung in vivo, within minutes of onset and was not reliant on nitric oxide-dependent peroxynitrite production. This rapid onset antioxidant action is a previously undescribed mechanism by which hypercapnic acidosis could act, even when acute lung injury is well established.
Calcium Signaling in Intact Dorsal Root Ganglia
Authors: Gemes Geza , Rigaud Marcel , Koopmeiners Andrew S. , Poroli Mark J. , Zoga Vasiliki , Hogan Quinn H. 
Published: June 2010

Background
Ca is the dominant second messenger in primary sensory neurons. In addition, disrupted Ca signaling is a prominent feature in pain models involving peripheral nerve injury. Standard cytoplasmic Ca recording techniques use high K or field stimulation and dissociated neurons. To compare findings in intact dorsal root ganglia, we used a method of simultaneous electrophysiologic and microfluorimetric recording.

Methods
Dissociated neurons were loaded by bath-applied Fura-2-AM and subjected to field stimulation. Alternatively, we adapted a technique in which neuronal somata of intact ganglia were loaded with Fura-2 through an intracellular microelectrode that provided simultaneous membrane potential recording during activation by action potentials (APs) conducted from attached dorsal roots.

Results
Field stimulation at levels necessary to activate neurons generated bath pH changes through electrolysis and failed to predictably drive neurons with AP trains. In the intact ganglion technique, single APs produced measurable Ca transients that were fourfold larger in presumed nociceptive C-type neurons than in nonnociceptive Abeta-type neurons. Unitary Ca transients summated during AP trains, forming transients with amplitudes that were highly dependent on stimulation frequency. Each neuron was tuned to a preferred frequency at which transient amplitude was maximal. Transients predominantly exhibited monoexponential recovery and had sustained plateaus during recovery only with trains of more than 100 APs. Nerve injury decreased Ca transients in C-type neurons, but increased transients in Abeta-type neurons.

Conclusions
Refined observation of Ca signaling is possible through natural activation by conducted APs in undissociated sensory neurons and reveals features distinct to neuronal types and injury state.
Effect of Just-in-time Simulation Training on Tracheal Intubation Procedure Safety in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Nishisaki Akira , Donoghue Aaron J. , Colborn Shawn , Watson Christine , Meyer Andrew , Brown Calvin A. , Helfaer Mark A. , Walls Ron M. , Nadkarni Vinay M. 
Published: June 2010

Background
Tracheal intubation-associated events (TIAEs) are common (20%) and life threatening (4%) in pediatric intensive care units. Physician trainees are required to learn tracheal intubation during intensive care unit rotations. The authors hypothesized that "just-in-time" simulation-based intubation refresher training would improve resident participation, success, and decrease TIAEs.

Methods
For 14 months, one of two on-call residents, nurses, and respiratory therapists received 20-min multidisciplinary simulation-based tracheal intubation training and 10-min resident skill refresher training at the beginning of their on-call period in addition to routine residency education. The rate of first attempt and overall success between refresher-trained and concurrent non-refresher-trained residents (controls) during the intervention phase was compared. The incidence of TIAEs between preintervention and intervention phase was also compared.

Results
Four hundred one consecutive primary orotracheal intubations were evaluated: 220 preintervention and 181 intervention. During intervention phase, neither first-attempt success nor overall success rate differed between refresher-trained residents versus concurrent non-refresher-trained residents: 20 of 40 (50%) versus 15 of 24 (62.5%), P = 0.44 and 23 of 40 (57.5%) versus 18 of 24 (75.0%), P = 0.19, respectively. The resident's first attempt and overall success rate did not differ between preintervention and intervention phases. The incidence of TIAE during preintervention and intervention phases was similar: 22.0% preintervention versus 19.9% intervention, P = 0.62, whereas resident participation increased from 20.9% preintervention to 35.4% intervention, P = 0.002. Resident participation continued to be associated with TIAE even after adjusting for the phase and difficult airway condition: odds ratio 2.22 (95% CI 1.28-3.87, P = 0.005).

Conclusions
Brief just-in-time multidisciplinary simulation-based intubation refresher training did not improve the resident's first attempt or overall tracheal intubation success.
The effect of emphysema on lung function and survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: KURASHIMA Kazuyoshi , TAKAYANAGI Noboru , TSUCHIYA Noriko , KANAUCHI Tetsu , UEDA Miyuki , HOSHI Toshiko , MIYAHARA Yosuke , SUGITA Yutaka 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  In this study the prevalence, lung function and prognosis of IPF combined with emphysema were evaluated.Methods:  Consecutive patients with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) on high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT), with or without emphysema, were assessed retrospectively. The area of fibrosis in the base of the lungs was assessed by HRCT as minimal (<2 cm from the subpleura), moderate (≥2 cm from the subpleura, <1/3 of the area of the base of the lungs) or severe (≥1/3 of the area of the base of the lungs).Results:  Among 660 patients with UIP on HRCT, 221 showed upper‐lobe emphysema. Pulmonary function results for patients with UIP and UIP/emphysema, respectively, were: FVC, 71.8% and 87.1%; FEV1%, 86.7% and 87.9%; and DLCO, 74.3% and 65.2% of predicted. The relationship between FVC, the extent of fibrosis and survival was investigated in 362 patients with records of pulmonary function tests and no lung cancer at the time of entry into the study. Although the extent of fibrosis was similar between the groups, 71.3% of UIP patients met the lung volume criteria for IPF (FVC <80% of predicted), whereas only 26.5% of UIP/emphysema patients met the lung volume criteria for IPF. Median survival was 7.5 years in the UIP group and 8.5 years in the UIP/emphysema group.Conclusions:  Emphysema was a common finding in patients with UIP. Patients with UIP and emphysema had greater lung volumes and better survival compared with those with UIP alone.
Importance of Antirabies Revaccination for an Adequate Antirabies Protection in Bovine Newborns
Authors: Filho O. A. , Megid J. , Geronutti L. , Ratti J. , Kataoka A. P. A. G. , Martorelli L. F. A. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT
The transfer of antirabies immunoglobulins in cows that were prime vaccinated and cows that were revaccinated against rabies correlated to the serum titers in their offspring was evaluated. The results demonstrated that revaccination against rabies during pregnancy induces neutralizing antibody titers at a protective level that are transferred directly to calves through colostrum and reinforce the importance of revaccination for improved colostral antibody transfer and offspring protection against rabies.
Antigen Specificity of the Humoral Immune Response toMycoplasma haemofelisInfection
Authors: Peters Iain R. , Helps Chris R. , Gruffydd-Jones Timothy J. , Day Michael J. , Tasker Séverine 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to characterize the antigenic specificity of the humoral immune response made by cats infected with the feline hemoplasma,Mycoplasma haemofelis.A crudeM. haemofelisantigen preparation was prepared from red blood cells (RBCs) collected from a cat at the time of a high level of bacteremia. Plasma samples were collected from six cats before and after experimental infection withM. haemofelis, with regular sampling being performed from 15 to 149 or 153 days postinfection (dpi). Preinfection RBC membrane ghosts were prepared from these six cats and used to identify erythrocyte proteins that may have contaminated theM. haemofelisantigen preparation. TheM. haemofelisantigen preparation comprised 11 protein bands. The immunodominant bands on Western blotting with infected cat plasma had molecular masses of 78, 68, 60, 48, and 38 kDa. Most cats (n= 5) had plasma antibody that reacted with at least one band (always including the one of 68 kDa) at 15 dpi, and all cats were seroreactive by 29 dpi. The maximum number of antibodies from an individual animal specific for an antigen was identified in plasma collected from 57 to 99 dpi. Contamination of theM. haemofelisantigen preparation with RBC membrane proteins was observed. The contaminating RBC proteins had molecular masses of from 71 to 72 kDa (consistent with band 4.2) and 261 and 238 kDa (consistent with spectrin), and these were recognized by all plasma samples. A range ofM. haemofelisantigens is recognized by cats infected experimentally with the organism. These represent possible targets for immunoassays, but care must be taken to prevent false-positive results due to host protein contamination.
Resistance of
Acanthamoeba
Cysts to Disinfection Treatments Used in Health Care Settings
Authors: Coulon Céline , Collignon Anne , McDonnell Gerald , Thomas Vincent 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

Free-living amoebae that belong to the genus
Acanthamoeba
are widespread in the environment, including water. They are responsible for human infections and can host pathogenic microorganisms. Under unfavorable conditions, they form cysts with high levels of resistance to disinfection methods, thus potentially representing a threat to public health. In the present study we evaluated the efficacies of various biocides against trophozoites and cysts of several
Acanthamoeba
strains. We demonstrated that disinfectant efficacy varied depending on the strains tested, with environmental strains demonstrating greater resistance than collection strains. Trophozoites were inactivated by all treatments except those using glutaraldehyde as an active compound: for these treatments, we observed resistance even after 30 min exposure. Cysts resisted many treatments, including certain conditions with glutaraldehyde and other biocides. Moist heat at 55°C was not efficient against cysts, whereas exposure at 65°C was. Several chemical formulations containing peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, or
ortho
-phthalaldehyde presented greater efficacy than glutaraldehyde, as did ethanol and sodium hypochlorite; however, some of these treatments required relatively long incubation times to achieve cyst inactivation. Amoebal cysts can be highly resistant to some high-level disinfectants, which has implications for clinical practice. These results highlight the need to consider the effective disinfection of protozoa in their vegetative and resistant forms due to their intrinsic resistance. This is important not only to prevent the transmission of protozoa themselves but also due to the risks associated with a range of microbial pathogens that are found to be associated intracellularly with these microorganisms.
Meningitis Caused by
Escherichia coli
Producing TEM-52 Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase within an Extensive Outbreak in a Neonatal Ward: Epidemiological Investigation and Characterization of the Strain
Authors: Moissenet Didier , Salauze Béatrice , Clermont Olivier , Bingen Edouard , Arlet Guillaume , Denamur Erick , Mérens Audrey , Mitanchez Delphine , Vu-Thien Hoang 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

Outbreaks caused by
Enterobacteriaceae
isolates producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) in neonatal wards can be difficult to control. We report here an extensive outbreak in a neonatal ward with a case of meningitis caused by an ESBL-producing
Escherichia coli
strain. Between 24 March and 29 April 2009, among the 59 neonates present in the ward, 26 neonates with ESBL-producing
E
.
coli
rectal colonization were detected (44%). One of the colonized neonates developed meningitis with a favorable outcome after treatment combining imipenem, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin. Despite strict intensification of hygiene and isolation procedures for more than 1 month, ward closure to new admissions was necessary to control the outbreak. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis performed on 31 isolates recovered from 26 neonates and two mother's milk samples showed a clonal strain. ESBL PCR assays indicated that the strain harbored a TEM-52 ESBL encoded by an IncI1 replicon. Phylogenetic analysis by multilocus sequence typing showed that the strain belonged to rare phylogenetic group C, which is closely related to group B1 but appears as group A by the triplex PCR phylogrouping method. The strain harbored the virulence genes
fuyA
,
aer
, and
iroN
and was virulent in a mouse model of septicemia. This work indicates the high potential of colonization, transmission, and virulence of some ESBL-producing
E
.
coli
clones.
Detection of “
Candidatus
Neoehrlichia mikurensis” in Two Patients with Severe Febrile Illnesses: Evidence for a European Sequence Variant
Authors: von Loewenich Friederike D. , Geißdörfer Walter , Disqué Claudia , Matten Jens , Schett Georg , Sakka Samir G. , Bogdan Christian 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

Recently, a new genus of
Anaplasmataceae
termed “
Candidatus
Neoehrlichia” was discovered in ticks and rodents. Here, we report on two patients who suffered from febrile bacteremia due to “
Candidatus
Neoehrlichia mikurensis” associated with thrombotic or hemorrhagic events. 16S rRNA and
groEL
gene sequencing provided evidence of three groups of sequence variants.
Identification ofPaecilomyces variotiiin Clinical Samples and Settings
Authors: Houbraken Jos , Verweij Paul E. , Rijs Anthonius J. M. M. , Borman Andrew M. , Samson Robert A. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTPaecilomyces variotiiis a commonly occurring species in air and food, but it is also associated with many types of human infections and is among the emerging causative agents of opportunistic mycoses in immunocompromised hosts.Paecilomycescan cause hyalohyphomycosis, and two species,Paecilomyces lilacinusandP. variotii, are the most frequently encountered organisms. In the present study, a set of 34 clinical isolates morphologically identified asP. variotiiorP. lilacinuswere formally identified by sequencing intergenic transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (including 5.8S rDNA) and a part of the β-tubulin gene. Three isolates were identified asP. lilacinus, and five of the presumptiveP. variotiiisolates did not belong to the genusPaecilomycesbut were identified asTalaromyces eburneus(anamorph,Geosmithia argillacea) orHamigera avellanea(anamorph,Merimbla ingelheimense). Applying the most recent taxonomy, we found that the clinicalP. variotiiisolates could be identified asP. variotiisensu stricto (14 strains),P. formosus(11 strains), andP. dactylethromorphus(1 strain). These data indicate thatP. formosusoccurs in clinical samples as commonly asP. variotii. Susceptibility tests showed that the antifungal susceptibility profiles ofP. variotii,P. formosus, andP. dactylethromorphusare similar and that all strains tested were susceptible to amphotericin Bin vitro.P. lilanicus,T. eburneus, andH. avellaneahad different susceptibility profiles; and flucytosine and voriconazole were the least active of the antifungal drugs tested against these species. Our results indicate that correct species identification is important to help guide appropriate antifungal therapy.