bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asphalt Cements: Pen-Vis Number and Its Application to Moduli of Stiffness
Authors: McLeod NW 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Because of the false softening points of many Canadian asphalts due to the waxy crude oils from which they are derived, highly erroneous values for Pfeiffer's and van Doormaal's penetration index as a quantitative measure of the temperature susceptibility of asphalt cements occur. Consequently, it has been necessary to develop a different quantitative measure for temperature susceptibility, pen-vis number, which is based on an asphalt cement's penetration at 77°F (25°C) and viscosity in centistokes at 275°F (135°C). The development of the pen-vis number of an asphalt cement and its application to the determination of moduli of stiffness of asphalt cements and asphalt paving mixtures are described.
A Constant Tensile Stress Creep Testing Machine
Authors: Hostinský T , Čadek J 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A new constant tensile stress creep testing machine is described. The machine makes it possible to keep the stress constant within 0.1% up to a strain 0.45, assuming the volume of the specimen does not change during the test. The cam profile has been solved for specimen gage lengths of 50.0, 35.0, and 25.0 mm. The static counterbalance of the loading system ensures its high sensitivity, which, together with the minimizing of frictional forces, offers the possibility for the tensile stress to be accurately defined. Erratum to this paper appears in 4(4)
Instruments for Inspection of Coatings
Authors: Berger DM , Mroz SE 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The long expected life of a coating system depends on surface preparation, application of the coating, quality of the material, and good inspection practices. ASTM Committees D01.43 Coatings for Power Generation Facilities and ASTM D01.46 Industrial Protective Painting are concerned with inspection. Visual standards and instruments are used to inspect various nuclear grade coatings. Magnetic and eddy current gages are used for measuring film thickness. Holiday detectors and the Elecometer adhesion tester are a part of coating inspection.
Past, Present, and Potential Developments of Sulfate-Resisting Concretes
Authors: Kalousek GL , Porter LC , Harboe EM 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The relations between computed or measured C3A contents and sulfate deterioration of concrete and the modifying effects of C4AF on these relations are discussed. The poor performances of some high quality sulfate-resisting mortars and concretes and the anomalous effects of porosities of cement pastes are considered. Research indicates that the life expectancy of pozzolan concretes relates more to the kind of pozzolan than to limitations on amounts of C3A and C4AF of Types II and V cements. Future specifications should consider interrelations of pozzolan quality, W/C ratio, and rigorously defined porosity as primary factors in sulfate attack on concretes. Results showed that Type II and Type V cements used with the same pozzolans were equally effective in resisting sulfate attack. Present hypotheses on the effects of C4AF on sulfate attack or prevention of attack are not sufficiently developed for practical use.
Elevated Temperature Fatigue of Aluminum Alloy 5454 [Addendum to “Low Cycle Fatigue of Aluminum Alloys”]
Authors: Brodrick RF 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Fatigue data for aluminum alloy 5454 in the annealed condition and in the half-hard and stabilized condition, at a test temperature of 300°F (149°C), are given. These data are developed from load-controlled tests and cover the cyclic life region from about 1 × 105 to 2 × 106. The data supplement previously presented data from strain-controlled tests covering the cyclic life region below 1 × 104 cycles.
Corrosion and Dezincification of Brasses in Water
Authors: Skidmore KF , Schwartzbart H 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A study of the corrosion and, specifically, dezincification resistance of several commercial and proprietary red, semi-red, and yellow brasses in water is reported. The primary variables were the composition, method of manufacture, and thermomechanical history of the metal, the composition and temperature of the water, and the exposure time. Two types of tests were utilized: (1) static immersion tests of 17 days' duration in a solution specially formulated to reveal dezincification attack and (2) static immersion tests of one year's duration in a synthesized, aggressive, potable water at room and elevated temperatures. The principal findings were that sand-cast red and semi-red brasses (CDA Alloys 836, 844, and 848) exhibited excellent dezincification resistance, as did the newly developed yellow brasses. The CDA 377 forging brass had poor dezincification resistance. Lead pitting can occur in long time exposure to water on machined surfaces of cast leaded red and leaded semi-red brasses and in free cutting brass.
Uniaxial Tensile Strength of Cementitious Composites
Authors: Toutanji HA , El-Korchi T 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A brief review of various methods of measuring the uniaxial tensile strength of cementitious composites is presented. The pros and cons of these methods are described. Common problems associated with the traditional uniaxial tension testing techniques exist, and these problems arise from two areas: (1) stress concentration at gripping and (2) misalignment. These testing artifacts can significantly influence the test results, producing measurements that underestimate the intrinsic strength of the material. A novel approach for testing cementitious composites in tension is described. The test uses cylindrical bar specimens 9.5 mm in diameter and 120 mm in length. The specimens are fractured in a hydraulic chamber which allows specimen self-alignment. The advantages of using the technique are minimization of misalignment and stress concentration, larger specimen volume under stress, and determination of initiation of fracture.
The tensile strength values obtained using the hydraulic tension test technique are compared to those obtained by the traditional uniaxial tension tests. The average tensile strength of bigger size specimens, such as 16 mm in diameter and 120 mm in length, was predicted using the application of Weibull theory. Furthermore, these specimens were also tested using the hydraulic tension testing technique. The data show that the predicted values obtained using the application of Weibull theory compare well with the experimental values obtained by the novel teasion testing technique.
Temperature Dependencies of Elasticity Characteristics for Tellurium-Alloyed Gallium Arsenide
Authors: Troyanskii AI , Borisenko VA 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The influence of thermal loading on the elasticity characteristics of low-alloyed monocrystalline gallium arsenide has been studied by a precision ultrasonic method in the temperature range from 190 to 380 K. The deviation of the obtained temperature dependencies from some averaged curve is shown to be more appreciable in the first cycle of thermal loading than in subsequent ones.
The Influence of Test Piece Preparation on the Compressive Strength of Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Plastic
Authors: Häberle JG , Matthews FL 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
During a wide-ranging experimental study of compression testing of unidirectional fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP), covering several materials and test methods, it became apparent that the variability of data could be reduced by adopting a rigorous and consistent approach to all phases of specimen production. Details are given of the procedures adopted, together with results from an associated parameter study.
Behavior of Wood in Transverse Compression
Authors: Pellicane PJ , Bodig J , Mrema AL 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A finite element analysis program exists to evaluate the stress distribution in wood members subjected to perpendicular-to-grain (transverse) compression. In this study, the program was used to perform parameter studies to evaluate the effects of key variables on the distribution of stresses and the maximum stress concentrations in wood subjected to transverse compression. These variables included: specimen geometry (length/depth), loading geometry (loaded length/specimen length), and material properties (ratio of moduli of elasticity of the wood in the direction of loading/perpendicular to loading).
The results showed that a complex state of stress exists in members even when the load is distributed over the entire specimen surface. In particular, numerically-determined stresses nearly 3.5 times the nominal stress were found for certain combinations of input parameters. In addition, an empirically-derived equation is presented that estimates the magnitude of maximum stress concentration as a function of the three parameters investigated. The equation was developed with the use of multiple regression techniques and had a correlation coefficient of 0.958.
Back Face Strain Calibration for Crack Length Measurements
Authors: Shaw WJD , Zhao W 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A new calibration of back face strain (BFS) versus crack length a was developed. The calibration incorporates crack closure effects and is based upon a least squares multiple curvilinear regression analysis using seven specimens. Fatigue crack growth took place over a range of crack length to width ratios a/W from 0.2 to 0.8. The information was obtained under constant change in stress intensity factor ΔK using compact fractures toughness specimens of 2024-T351 aluminum alloy. In addition, two segular fatigue life crack propagation test conditions were used in the analysis database. The calibration function A*(a/W) is presented in a tubular form as well as in a polynomial equation format. The physical crack length was measured on both surfaces and later, after fracture, corrections of crack length were made for both curvature and plastic zone size. No effect of ΔK and specimen thickness on the calibration behavior was found to occur. The calibration equation was checked against crack lengths during fatigue crack growth behavior of both HSLA steel and mechanically alloyed aluminum materials and was found to be accurate.
Comparison of Asphalt Contents Measured with the Nuclear Gage and Extraction Methods
Authors: Parker F , Wu Y 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Asphalt content is a critical property for controlling the quality of hot mix asphalt. Currently two procedures, solvent extraction (ASTM D 2172, Test Method for Quantitative Extraction of Bitumen from Bituminous Paving Mixtures) and nuclear gage (ASTM D 4125, Test Method for Asphalt Content of Bituminous Mixtures by the Nuclear Method), are used to compare asphalt content. This paper uses field data and data from four laboratory round robin testings to compare asphalt contents measured by the two methods. Asphalt content measurements made by nuclear gages are higher, more accurate, and more precise than asphalt content measurements made by the centrifuge solvent extraction method.
The Determination of Single Edge-Notched Bend Specimen Load Line Displacement from Remotely Located Sensors in Elastic-Plastic Fracture Testing
Authors: KarisAllen KJ , Matthews JR 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
ASTM E 813 and E 1152 currently allow for the determination of specimen load point deflection from a remotely located sensor provided that machine compliance (determined from the loading portion of an unnotched bend bar) is removed. If the specimen sustains significant plastic brinelling at the load points, the result is a nonconservative estimate of deflection (and J) subsequent to maximum load. A procedure for the determination of machine compliance relationships for both loading and unloading conditions is presented. Unnotched bend bars of tempered SAE 4340 were tested to compare loading and unloading machine deflection relationships.
Monitoring Crack Advance Using Acoustic Emission and Combined Acoustic Emission and Potential Drop in Zr-2.5% Nb
Authors: Lin G , Skrzypek S , Li D , Eadie RL 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Experithental results are reported on the application of acoustic emission (AE) and combined acoustic emission and potential drop (PD) in crack advance measurement. Acoustic emission by itself is not a quantitastive technique for measuring crack advance. Compared with the application of only PD, using both simultaneously turns out to be quite beneficial. Used to measure delayed hydride cracking velocity in Zr-2.5% Nb, combined AE and PD, together with other techniques such as fractography, produces more reliable results with higher accuracy for isothermal conditions and particularly during temperature transients. Information about the correlation between AE and PD signals has been also obtained, which improves our understanding of the processes being studied.
A New Approach to Measuring Transverse Properties of Structural Tubing by a Ring Test—Experimental Investigation
Authors: Arsène S , Bai J 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The experimental investigation of a new approach to the ring test is presented in this paper. A new design of an optimized ring specimen geometry and ring testing system was used, which was described in an earlier paper. Based on the three-dimensional elastoplastic finite element modeling with contact, a procedure for determining the stress from the global force and the strain from the global displacement has been proposed. The influences of different parameters, such as yield strength, hardening rate, Young's modulus, and friction coefficient on these curves has been examined. A comparison has been made between the finite element modeling results and the ring test results on two materials. One is a model material (aluminum-silicon, an aluminum alloy reinforced by silicon particles) that has been widely investigated in our laboratory and the second is a material (Zircaloy) used in the nuclear industry.
Experimental Analysis of Bolted Joints in Wood
Authors: Patton-Mallory M , Pellicane PJ , Smith FW 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Two hundred forty-three experiments were conducted on bolted wood connections having a variety of aspect ratios (length of bolt in member/bolt diameter) and end distances with loading applied in tension and compression. Load-displacement (P-Δ) curves were generated for each test from which pertinent characteristic values were derived. Important connection characteristics observed included ultimate load and displacement, 5% offset load, proportional limit, and failure mode.
Results show the effects of connection geometry and load application on the strength and stiffness of single bolt connections. Among the most important of these are that tension and compression loadings produce different P-Δ behavior and failure modes. These differences are amplified or muted depending upon connection aspect ratio. Furthermore, connection aspect ratio and end distance interact to influence P-Δ behavior and failure mode.
An Automatic Procedure for Evaluation of Young's Modulus of Metallic Materials
Authors: Bray A , Barbato G , Franceschini F , Levi R , Romano D , Zompi A 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This paper concerns the automatic evaluation of Young's modulus of metallic materials. A procedure has been developed to support the experimental measurement process. A calculation scheme for an evaluation of the overall uncertainty of modulus value is presented according to ISO/IEC/OIML/BIPM guide by ISO TAG4/WG3. Some numerical experimental results are also provided.
Modeling Bolted Connections in Wood: A Three-Dimensional Finite-Element Approach
Authors: Patton-Mallory M , Smith FW , Pellicane PJ 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A three-dimensional (3-D) finite-element model was developed and verified which is capable of predicting the failure mode and load-deformation (P - Δ) behavior of a single bolted connection in wood. The 3-D geometry of the model is complemented by a trilinear orthotropic constitutive model for wood and an elastic-perfectly plastic constitutive characterization of the pin (bolt). The model accounted for the nonlinear behavior found in bolted wood connections associated with wood crushing and geometric nonlinearities at the wood/metal interface. A special contact element was used at the wood/pin interface to enforce a criterion of no pin penetration (i.e., strain compatibility) through the wood member.
Experimentally obtained P-Δ curves were compared against those obtained numerically. For all geometries studied, the model proved to capture the characteristics of the experimental analyses.
Evaluation of the Fracture Toughness of the Deep-Carburized Layer
Authors: Fu Y , Gu Y , Batchelor AW 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The composite nature of case-hardened materials, meaning the existence of the gradients of microstructure, toughness, and residual stresses, ensures that the fracture in the case layer is quite different from that of homogeneous materials. In this paper a new method to evaluate the fracture toughness of the deep-carburized layer is discussed. This method uses the “pop-in” phenomenon that happens when the crack propagates through the carburized layer. The results show that the “pop-in” phenomenon is caused by the gradient distribution of the fracture toughness, the microstructure, and the residual stresses in the carburized layer. The KIC-X (distance from notch) distribution curve calculated from the load and the crack length at the “pop-in” point is the basis for the evaluation of the fracture toughness.
Crack Arrest Fracture Toughness Testing of Naval Construction Steels
Authors: Burch IA , Ritter JC , Saunders DS , Underwood JH 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A program was undertaken to apply the ASTM E 1221 test method to two submarine steels exhibiting high ratios of toughness to yield stress. The objective was to measure the capacities of these steels and representative shipyard welds to arrest fast running cracks. Although the method is not a measure of dynamic toughness, it was considered to be a procedure capable of comparing the crack arresting abilities of these steels.
The work has shown that it is possible to follow ASTM E 1221 and obtain valid crack arrest fracture toughness results for materials with room temperature KJc as high as 240 MPa√m and a yield stress of 690 MPa using specimens of 50-mm thickness. The process did, however, have a high level of unreliability, necessitating a large number of tests and extensive re-testing to obtain valid results. Test temperatures below −60°C were required to obtain run-arrest events, and as such could not easily be related to material qualification procedures such as explosion bulge testing or to submarine operating temperatures.
Corrections for Triaxial Tests on Undisturbed Soils
Authors: Zhu JH , Anderson SA 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTriaxial shear tests on cohesive soils involve many sources of error. The membrane compliance, membrane resistance, and variations in cross-sectional area during testing are of significance in evaluating test results, especially when the test is conducted under low stress level conditions. The methods of correction to account for these three sources of error are briefly described and an overall correction procedure based on the soil behavior observed during the testing is developed. It is found from correction results that ignorance in making corrections accounting for the three above-mentioned effects will either overestimate or underestimate shear strength of the soil by as much as 30%.
Asphalt-Rubber Mixture Behavior and Design (Wet Process)
Authors: Goulias DG , Ali AH 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The use of natural and synthetic rubber for improving the properties of conventional asphalt materials has been investigated since the 1960s. Due to the additional complexity in understanding, designing, and producing rubber-modified binders and mixtures, high production cost, and in some cases conflicting reports regarding their performance, the development and use of these mixtures has been limited over the years. Recently, due to the provisions of the 1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) on the use of tire rubber in federally funded projects, several laboratory and field studies were undertaken.
This paper describes the laboratory results of asphalt-rubber binder and mixtures characterization with materials used in New Jersay pavement projects. Specifically, the reaction curve (i.e., viscosity versus time) and the results of traditional binder tests are presented. The effects of oxidation and aging during binder and mixture preparation and laydown operations were also examined. The modified mixtures were designed according to Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) recommendations for dense-graded rubber-modified mixtures (wet process) and compared with conventional asphalt mixtures. While the overall objective of this investigation is the development of an improved mix design methodology, using the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) recommendations for dynamic modulus testing, this paper presents the results from the initial evaluation of the mixtures. During this phase the possibility was considered of enhancing the traditional Marshall mix design with mixture behavior parameters since, first, a recent FHWA study concluded that the Marshall method provides saccessful designs for dense-graded rubber-modified mixtures, and, accond, many of the highway agencies are still using this method (and are expected to continue until the acquisition and full acceptance of the SHRP equipment in their routine operations). Thus, stiffness, toughness, and energy absorbed were evaluated for potential integration into the existing design methodology and are presented herein. The results from the tensile strength and resilient modulus evaluation are presented.
Stress-Strain Relationship of Common Wire Nails Under Reversed Cyclic Loading
Authors: Chui YH , Ni C 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Nailed timber joints are known to play an important role in the performance of light timber frame structures under extreme loading conditions such as those caused by hurricanes and earthquakes. Numerical modeling of nailed joint response to these loading conditions requires knowledge of, among other things, the load-displacement or stress-strain property of nails under reversed cyclic load. As part of an overall program of work to validate a finite element nailed joint model, a new test method was developed and a modified constitutive material model was adopted to characterize the through-zero cyclic stress-strain behavior of nails of different diameters. Four nail diameters ranging from 2.78 to 4.08 mm were evaluated using the proposed cyclic test and the conventional monotonic tension test methods. It is noted that the proposed constitutive model provides an excellent representation of the cyclic response of the nails. A comparison with monotonic test data reveals that yield stress under cyclic loading is higher than the corresponding monotonic test response, but the ultimate strength appears unaffected. Under cyclic loading the so-called Bauschinger and strain-softening effects are clearly evident. Elastic moduli are similar for the four nails tested. However, yield stress and strain reduce with any increase in nail diameter. The area enclosed by a hysteresis loop increases with increasing nail size.