bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cytologic criteria of malignancy
Authors: Fischer Andrew H. , Zhao Chengquan , Li Qing Kay , Gustafson Karen S. , Eltoum Isam‐Eldin , Tambouret Rosemary , Benstein Barbara , Savaloja Lynnette C. , Kulesza Peter 
Published: April 2010

AbstractCytology and cell biology are two separate fields that share a focus on cancer. Cancer is still diagnosed based on morphology, and surprisingly little is known about the molecular basis of the defining structural features. Cytology uses the smallest possible biopsy for diagnosis by reducing morphologic “criteria of malignancy” to the smallest scale. To begin to develop common ground, members of the American Society of Cytopathology Cell Biology Liaison Working Group classify some of the “criteria of malignancy” and review their relation to current cell biology concepts. The criteria of malignancy are extremely varied, apparently reflecting many different pathophysiologies in specific microenvironments. Criteria in Group 1 comprise tissue‐level alterations that appear to relate to resistance to anoikis, alterations in cell adhesion molecules, and loss of apical–basal polarity. Criteria in Group 2 reflect genetic instability, including chromosomal and possibly epigenetic instability. Criteria in Groups 3 are subcellular structural changes involving cytoplasmic components, nuclear lamina, chromatin and nucleoli that cannot be accounted for by genetic instability. Some distinct criteria in Group 3 are known to be induced by cancer genes, but their precise structural basis remains obscure. The criteria of malignancy are not closely related to the histogenetic classification of cancers, and they appear to provide an alternative, biologically relevant framework for establishing common ground between cytologists and cell biologists. To understand the criteria of malignancy at a molecular level would improve diagnosis, and likely point to novel cell physiologies that are not encompassed by current cell biology concepts. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 795–811, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigating the microbial inactivation efficiency of a 25 L batch solar disinfection (SODIS) reactor enhanced with a compound parabolic collector (CPC) for household use
Authors: Ubomba‐Jaswa Eunice , Fernández‐Ibáñez Pilar , Navntoft Christian , Polo‐López M. Inmaculada , McGuigan Kevin G. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: A simple point‐of‐use solar disinfection (SODIS) reactor was designed to treat 25 L of water and was constructed from a methacrylate tube placed along the linear focus of a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) and mounted at 37° inclination. Experiments were carried out over a 7 month period by seeding a 106 CFU mL−1 concentration of Escherichia coli K‐12 in 25 L of well water or turbid water to mimic field conditions and determine the microbial effectiveness of the reactor.RESULTS: During periods of strong sunlight, complete inactivation of bacteria occurred in under 6 h, even with water temperatures < 40 °C. Under cloudy and low solar intensity conditions, prolonged exposure was needed. Turbid water (100 NTU) was disinfected in 7 h with water temperatures > 50 °C. No regrowth of bacteria occurred within 24 h and 48 h following solar disinfection. The construction cost of this prototype reactor was approximately US$ 200 but with an expected lifetime of 10 years, the running cost of the reactor is expected to be US$ 0.002 L−1.CONCLUSION: This study confirms that significant water disinfection can be achieved using a low cost CPC‐enhanced 25 L batch SODIS reactor. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of electrolytes on the reduction of 2,4‐dinitrotoluene by zero‐valent iron
Authors: Fan Jin‐Hong , Wang Hong‐Wu , Wu De‐Li , Ma Lu‐Ming 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Dinitrotoluenes (DNTs) are environmentally persistent, making the remediation of contaminated streams and groundwater difficult. Zero‐valent iron (Fe0) can be used as an electron source for the reduction of recalcitrant DNTs in waste‐water and thus enhance their biodegradability. However, little is known about the qualitative effects of major anions and cations present in waste‐water on the reduction of DNTs by Fe0.RESULTS: The presence of Na2SO4 and NaCl at levels between 0.25 and 2 mmol L−1 was observed to enhance the reactivity of Fe0 towards 2,4‐DNT. The positive effect of K2SO4 is stronger than that of Na2SO4 at the same level (1 mmol L−1). Varying (NH4)2SO4 from 0.1 to 1.0 mmol L−1 improved the efficiency of 2,4‐DNT degradation by Fe0. The effects of varying NaNO3 and NaNO2 from 0 mmol L−1 to 4.7 mmol L−1 and 0 mmol L−1 to 5.8 mmol L−1, respectively, were also investigated. Both NaNO3 and NaNO2 at low concentration improved the efficiency of 2,4‐DNT degradation by Fe0, however, at high concentration, inhibiting effects appeared.CONCLUSION: SO42−, Cl−, Na+, K+ and NH4+ notably enhanced 2,4‐DNT reduction by Fe0 at the tested concentrations. The positive effect of K+, Cl− was relatively stronger than that of Na+ and sulfate (SO42−). However, the effect of NH4+ was relatively weaker at concentrations greater than 1.0 mmol L−1. The presence of low concentrations of NO3− and NO2− promoted 2,4‐DNT reduction by Fe0 and inhibited the reaction. The results suggest that 2,4‐DNT reduction by Fe0 can be controlled by the ions composition of the waste‐water. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantum‐dots‐based detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 using RNA aptamer on chip
Authors: Roh Changhyun , Lee Ho‐Young , Kim Sang‐Eun , Jo Sung‐Kee 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Over 170 million people, more than 3% of the world's population, suffer from the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the rate of death from liver‐related mortality to HCV has increased. In respect of this, the development of assays for biological imaging should be urgently considered as an essential factor in diagnosis.RESULTS: A novel HCV‐detecting technique using a nanoparticle‐supported aptamer probe was demonstrated. With the aid of nanoparticle quantum dots (QDs) with carboxyl group as an imaging probe, and 5′‐end‐amine‐modified RNA oligonucleotide as a capturing probe, target HCV NS3 was visually detected on chip. The QDs‐based RNA aptamer for HCV NS3 showed high selectivity and specificity against other protein such as BSA. The detection limit of HCV NS3 protein was 5 ng mL−1 level.CONCLUSION: With a novel strategy for protein–aptamer interaction, the feasibility of applying QDs‐based fluorescent detection technique to HCV viral protein assay for the development of a protein biochip was demonstrated. This scheme of QDs‐mediated imaging with a target‐oriented specific RNA aptamer for the detection of infectious HCV diseases provides an efficient strategy and a promising new platform for monitoring applications. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
MRT Letter: Optimal composite depth function for 3D shape recovery of microscopic objects
Authors: Majid Abdul , Mahmood Muhammad Tariq , Choi Tae‐Sun 
Published: April 2010

AbstractGenerally, in shape from focus techniques, a single focus measure is used in estimating the three‐dimensional structure of microscopic objects. However, the performance of a single focus measure is limited to estimate accurately the depth map of diverse type of objects. To cope with this problem, we propose genetic programming based novel approach by developing an optimal composite depth (OCD) function for accurate depth estimation. This OCD function optimally combines the initial depth and focus information extracted from individual focus measures. An improved performance of this function is reported for synthetic and real world microscopic objects. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nanohybrid versus nanofill composite in class I cavities: Margin analysis after 12 months
Authors: de Andrade Ana Karina Maciel , Duarte Rosângela Marques , Guedes Lima Severino Jackson , Passos Tibério Andrade , Lima Kenio Costa , Montes Marcos Antônio Japiassú Resende 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis study evaluates the margin of a nanofill, a nanohybrid, and a conventional microhybrid composite in restorations in occlusal cavities of posterior teeth after 12 months. Forty‐one patients, each with three molars affected by primary caries or the need to replace restorations, participated in this research. The teeth were restored with a nanofill (Filtek Z350), a nanohybrid (Esthet‐X), and a microhybrid as a control (Filtek Z250). Ten patients were selected randomly, and the three restorations were molded with a low‐viscosity polyvinyl siloxane material. The molds were poured with epoxy resin, gold‐sputter coated, observed by scanning electron microscopy, and classified as: “perfect margin,” “marginal irregularity,” “marginal gap,” “marginal fracture,” or “artifact.” For statistical analysis, the Wilcoxon and Friedman nonparametric tests and paired‐samples t‐test were used (significance level of 5%). The performance of the three materials was compared after 1 week and 12 months. No statistically significant differences were detected for all criteria (P > 0.05). When each composite was compared over time, statistically significant differences were found for the criterion, perfect margins (Esthet‐X and Filtek Z350, P < 0.05). The materials performed satisfactorily over the 12‐month‐observation period, but all composites under investigation showed a certain amount of deterioration relating to marginal quality over time. Microsc. Res. Tech. 74:23‐27, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The development of PET radioligands for imaging the translocator protein (18 kDa): What have we learned?
Authors: Luus Christopher , Hanani Raphy , Reynolds Aaron , Kassiou Michael 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe translocator protein (TSPO; 18 kDa), formerly known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), is minimally expressed in the healthy brain. On the other hand, increased levels of TSPO have been noted in brain disorders for which an immune response is elicited. This increase in TSPO expression has been reported to coincide with the process of microglial activation making the measurement of TSPO density a useful indicator of active brain disease. To this end several new classes of TSPO positron emission tomography radioligands have been developed and evaluated. However, the incomplete pharmacological characterization of the TSPO and its ligands as well as differences in pathophysiology, pharmacology and molecular nature across species and tissue types means that caution must be exercised when comparing data obtained with various TSPO radioligands. A re‐evaluation of our interpretation of imaging data, which better correlates with our current understanding of TSPO pharmacology in disease, requires consideration. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of quadruple corner‐cut ridged square waveguide by hybrid mode‐matching boundary‐element method
Authors: Tao Yun , Shen Zhongxiang , Zheng Boyu 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this paper, the square waveguide with quadruple corner‐cut ridges is analyzed using the hybrid mode‐matching boundary‐element method. Because of its symmetry, only a quarter of its cross‐section needs to be considered and it is then divided into three regions. The electromagnetic field components in two regular regions can be obtained using the mode‐matching method and the third irregular region is discretized using the boundary‐element method. The combination of two methods produces one matrix equation, from whose determinant the cutoff wavenumbers of waveguide modes can then be computed. This hybrid technique takes advantage of the mode‐matching method's high efficiency and the boundary‐element method's versatility. The convergence of this hybrid method is studied, and numerical results are compared with the conventional boundary‐element method and commercial finite‐element software package, which shows that our hybrid method can achieve the same accuracy with much less time. The influence of the cut‐corners on the cutoff wavenumbers of the dominant and higher‐order modes is then examined. A simple approximate equation is found to accurately predict the cutoff wavenumber of TE20 mode. The single‐mode bandwidth of a quadruple ridged square waveguide is calculated thereafter, which shows that this corner‐cut structure can provide a broader bandwidth compared to the one without cut‐corners. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using WCS‐FDTD method to simulate various cylindrical metallic enclosures
Authors: Chen Juan , Tian Chunming 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe weakly conditionally stable (WCS) finite‐difference time‐domain (WCS‐FDTD) method in the cylindrical coordinate system is employed to compute the electromagnetic coupling and shielding of various cylindrical enclosures. In the WCS‐FDTD method, a larger time‐step size than that allowed by the Courant–Friedrich–Levy stability condition limitation can be set because the algorithm of this method is WCS. Consequently, an increase in computational efforts caused by fine cells due to thin sots can be prevented. The results from the WCS‐FDTD method agree well with the results from the conventional FDTD method, and the required CPU time for the WCS‐FDTD method is much shorter than that for the FDTD method. Careful investigation of different aspects of the shielding properties of the cylindrical enclosures is performed, and the shielding performance of the cylindrical enclosure and rectangular enclosure is compared. The result obtained in this paper can be used to design a practical cylindrical shielding enclosure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A modified MPPT control loop for PV/battery‐charging system using PI controller optimally tuned with GA
Authors: Nafeh Abd El‐Shafy A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this study, a stand‐alone photovoltaic (PV)/battery‐charging system is proposed to efficiently charge a lead–acid battery with the available maximum power from the PV array. The relative sizing of the battery characteristics with respect to the PV array characteristics is indicated. The maximum‐power‐point (MPP)‐tracking operation is achieved through developing a new control loop, which is based on using the incremental conductance algorithm and the PI controller. The parameters of the PI controller are optimally tuned using the genetic algorithm (GA) by minimizing the integral of squared error and settling time. The proposed system was simulated twice by using MATLAB‐SIMULINK and by writing the appropriate MATLAB code in an M‐file. The SIMULINK model was designed to investigate the performance of the proposed system, whereas the M‐file model was designed to be used with the GA tool under MATLAB software, to optimally tune the PI controller. The simulation results indicated a rapid tracking capability for the PV array MPPs and a good matching between the PV array and the battery under various charging conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Raman spectroscopic study of the antimony mineral klebelsbergite Sb4O4(OH)2(SO4)
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Bahfenne Silmarilly 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMany minerals based upon antimonite and antimonate anions remain to be studied. Most of the bands occur in the low wavenumber region, making the use of infrared spectroscopy difficult. This problem can be overcome by using Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectra of the mineral klebelsbergite Sb4O4(OH)2(SO4) were studied and related to the structure of the mineral. The Raman band observed at 971 cm−1 and a series of overlapping bands are observed at 1029, 1074, 1089, 1139 and 1142 cm−1 are assigned to the SO42−ν1 symmetric and ν3 antisymmetric stretching modes, respectively. Two Raman bands are observed at 662 and 723 cm−1, which are assigned to the SbO ν3 antisymmetric and ν1 symmetric stretching modes, respectively. The intense Raman bands at 581, 604 and 611 cm−1 are assigned to the ν4 SO42− bending modes. Two overlapping bands at 481 and 489 cm−1 are assigned to the ν2 SO42− bending mode. Low‐intensity bands at 410, 435 and 446 cm−1 may be attributed to OSbO bending modes. The Raman band at 3435 cm−1 is attributed to the OH stretching vibration of the OH units. Multiple Raman bands for both SO42− and SbO stretching vibrations support the concept of the non‐equivalence of these units in the klebelsbergite structure. It is proposed that the two sulfate anions are distorted to different extents in the klebelsbergite structure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capacity of selected ionic liquids as alternative EP/AW additive
Authors: Schneider Ameneh , Brenner Josef , Tomastik Christian , Franek Friedrich 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this paper, it is shown that specific ionic liquids have great potential to be used as additives for tribological applications. The results promise a high load carrying capacity; especially for the cation 3‐Octhylthiazolium and long term stability up to temperatures of 120°C is given. However, only extreme pressures/anti‐wear properties are examined in detail with the selected test method. Friction modifier (FM) effectiveness cannot easily be demonstrated, because of the good performance of the selected base stock. Nevertheless, ionic liquids in general did not change the FM characteristic of the base oil in a negative way. A promising potential for ionic liquids to replace a majority of additives in tribological systems is given. Methods used are Schwing‐Reib‐Verschleiß test according to DIN ASTM D 5706, and Four Ball Tests according to DIN 51360. Mechanisms related to additives in lubricants are investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of soil compositions on the electrochemical corrosion behavior of carbon steel in simulated soil solution
Authors: Liu T. M. , Wu Y. H. , Luo S. X. , Sun C. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this study, effect of cations, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and anions, SO42–, HCO3–, NO3– on electrochemical corrosion behavior of carbon steel in simulated soil solution was investigated through potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results indicate that the Ca2+and Mg2+ can decrease the corrosion current density of carbon steel in simulated soil solution, and K+, SO42–, HCO3–, and NO3– can increase the corrosion density. All the above ions in the simulated soil solution can decrease its resistivity, but they have different effect on the charge transfer resistivity. This finding can be useful in evaluating the corrosivity of certain soil through chemical analysis, and provide data for construction engineers.
Developing a hardening process for steel micro components in a drop‐tube furnace
Authors: von Bargen R. , von Hehl A. , Zoch H.‐W. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDue to the rising demand for small high‐performance products needed in wide sections of applications (for example automotive, micro electronics) the requirements for micro components concerning size scale (miniaturizing), quantity, costs and quality require new micro production processes to be developed. Dealing with the challenges of micro production the Collaborative Research Center 747 (CRC) “Micro Cold Forming” funded by the German Research Foundation was established at the University of Bremen in 2007. One of the elementary process steps during production is the heat treatment. The heat treatment process is responsible for the adjustment of the material properties in order to ensure the ability to form and furthermore to obtain the required mechanical properties. Given the challenges of handling the small and extremely sensitive components with an approximate volume of a cubic millimeter a new heat treatment process has been developed. An integrated 5.5 m high vertical drop‐tube furnace enables a short‐term austenitisation of steel components during falling. At the bottom of the furnace the quenching takes place by using water or ambient air as quenching medium. By this procedure the hardness of soft‐annealed components made of steel quality C100 could be increased from 2196 ± 241 HM 0.05/5.0 (revalued 254 ± 45 HV 0.005) up to nearly 6700 HM 0.05/5.0 (revalued 1050 HV 0.005).In der Produktion von Mikrobauteilen nehmen die Anforderungen in Bezug auf Baugröße (Miniaturisierung), Stückzahl, Stückpreis und Qualität immer mehr zu. Die dabei auftretenden Herausforderungen werden seit 2007, im von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft geförderten Sonderforschungsbereich 747 “Mikrokaltumfomen”, an der Universität Bremen interdisziplinär angegangen. Einer der elementaren Fertigungsschritte in einer Prozesskette ist die Wärmebehandlung. Zum einen dient sie der Einstellung von Gefügeeigenschaften, die eine Kaltumformung, mit möglichst geringem Energie‐ und Krafteinsatz ermöglichen. Zum anderen muss nach der Umformung in vielen Fällen das Werkstück noch einmal wärmebehandelt werden, um die Gebrauchseigenschaften, zum Beispiel in Bezug auf die Festigkeit, einzustellen. Unter Berücksichtigung der Schwierigkeiten, welche beim konventionellen Chargieren von kleinen und empfindlichen Mikrobauteilen, mit einem Raumvolumen kleiner einem Kubikzentimeter, auftreten würden, wurde ein neuer Wärmebehandlungsprozess inklusiv Anlagentechnik entwickelt. Das Härten von Mikrobauteilen aus Stahl, in diesem Fall C100, wird in einem 5,5 m hohen vertikalen Fallrohrofen bei Temperaturen oberhalb von 1100°C, durch ein Kurzzeitaustenitisieren mit anschließender Abschreckung an ruhender Luft oder in Wasser durchgeführt. Mittels dieser Wärmebehandlung konnte die Härte des weichgeglühten Materials von 2196 ± 241 HM 0.05/5.0 (umgewertet 254 ± 45 HV 0.005) auf bis zu 6700 HM 0.05/5.0 (umgewertet 1050 HV 0.005) gesteigert werden.
Use of Ti in hard metal alloys – Part I: structural and microstructural analysis
Authors: Lamim J. D. , de Oliveira H. C. P , Batista A. C. , Guimarães R. S. , Filgueira M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractNanosized WC, and binders Co, Ti and Ti‐Co, are used to process hardmetals. Titanium (Ti) was proposed to reduce and even replace the Co in these composites, verifying the effectiveness of the new binders. Samples of nanosized WC with 10 wt% Co, 9 wt% WC 1 wt% Ti – Co, WC‐10 wt% Ti were cold compacted at 200 MPa and sintered at 1500°C during 1 hour under vacuum of 10–2 mbar for the processing of hardmetal were performed. The structural characterization by X‐ray diffraction and microstructure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDS microanalysis of the sintered material. We observed the presence of the W2C phase in the sintered samples, and Co3W phases in the samples with Co content and a good distribution of binder phase, leading to formation of small “pool” of Co and Ti and small porosity and well distributed. It was proved that using Ti as binder phase, the neta phase formation was avoided.