bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suck Predicts Neuromotor Integrity and Developmental Outcomes
Authors: Poore Meredith A. , Barlow Steven M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNeonatal motor behavior predicts both current neurological status and future neurodevelopmental outcomes. For speech pathologists, the earliest observable patterned oromotor behavior is suck. Suck production requires effective coordination of an infant's oral sensorimotor system and is subject to a variety of neuromodulatory inputs. Demonstration and practice of coordinated suck serves as a biomarker for oral feeding skills neural integrity and is being assessed for its relation to neurodevelopmental outcomes (speech, cognition, and learning) by research teams in the United States, Europe, Japan, and Brazil. Suck may also serve as an intervention point to prevent feeding disorders and mitigate speech-language delays and disorders.
The Complexity of Transitioning to Oral Feeds in Preterm Infants
Authors: Zimmerman Emily A. , Barlow Steven M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTransitioning to oral feeds is one of the final tasks that preterm infants need to accomplish before discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. There are many types of pacifiers and nipples used to accelerate and encourage the development of feeding skills; however, little is known about the impact of the mechanical properties of these nipples on feeding among preterm infants, who often must endure prolonged periods of sensory deprivation, maladaptive inputs, and motor restriction. Many feeding specialists alternate between different nipple types on a trial-and-error basis in an attempt to find the most appropriate nipple type for the infant. Given the complexity of feeding, a more comprehensive understanding of the multiple neural interactions among suck, swallow, airway protection, pharyngoespophageal motility, and digestive mechanisms is needed. Delay or disruption of these processes during a critical phase in late gestation may prevent infants from transitioning successfully to oral feeds and may lead to poor neurodevelopmental outcomes.
2008 Zemlin Award in Speech Sciences Memorial Lecture: The Role of Auditory Feedback for the Control of Voice Fundamental Frequency and Amplitude
Authors: Larson Charles R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Previous research has failed to identify precise neural mechanisms involved in auditory feedback regulation of vocalization. The goal of this research project was to improve our understanding of neural mechanisms controlling the voice. Participants were instructed to sustain a vowel or repeat phrases during which perturbations in voice pitch or loudness feedback were presented. Voice signal averaging, neuroimaging, laryngeal electromyography, and cortical event-related potential techniques were used to measure vocal and neural responses to perturbed feedback. Pitch- and loudness-shifted voice feedback triggers small automatic corrective responses in voice fundamental frequency and amplitude during vowel or speech production. Larger responses during speech suggest task modulation of these responses. Larger responses were also recorded in individuals with Parkinson's disease and children with autism than in normal controls. Neural recording techniques revealed cortical activation during these responses. Cortical mechanisms are involved in generating corrective vocal responses to perturbations in voice auditory feedback. This system helps control the voice during speech and dynamically adjusts responses to meet vocal goals. Abnormally large responses in individuals with Parkinson's disease and autism suggest that the audio-vocal mechanisms just described may be involved in the speech and vocalizations of these individuals as well.
Influence of glycemic control on fetal lung maturity in gestations affected by diabetes or mild hyperglycemia
Authors: DE LUCA ANA KARINA CRISTIUMA , NAKAZAWA CRISTIANE YOSHIE , AZEVEDO BEATRIZ CAMARGO , RUDGE MARILZA VIEIRA CUNHA , DE ARAÚJO COSTA ROBERTO ANTONIO , CALDERON IRACEMA MATTOS PARANHOS 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjective. To evaluate the influence of glycemic control on fetal lung maturity in pregnancies affected by diabetes or mild hyperglycemia. Design. Cross‐sectional study. Setting. Level III maternity center. Population. A total of 187 pregnant women were submitted to routine amniocentesis for the assessment of fetal lung maturity up to 72 hours before delivery. Methods. Fetal lung maturity thresholds were: Clements‐positive at a dilution of 0.5; OD650 nm≥0.15; and lamellar body count (LBC) ≥ 32,000/μl. The relation of test results with adequate (≤6.7 mmol/l) or poor (>6.7 mmol/l) glycemic mean (GM) at term and at preterm was evaluated. Main outcome measure. Delay in fetal lung maturity when glycemic control was poor. Results. Glycemic control was adequate in 146 (78.1%) women. Clements maturity rates were higher at term (91.9%) than at preterm (64.7%) when GM ≤ 6.7 mmol/l (p<0.001), but not when control was inadequate. LBC median was higher at term (99.0; 62.0–154.0) than at preterm (66.5; 40.5–108.25) (p = 0.009) when GM ≤ 6.7 mmol/l, while GM > 6.7 mmol/l did not lead to any difference between these rates at term or preterm. When glycemic control was adequate, OD650 nm medians at term and at preterm were similar. However, when GM >6.7 mmol/l, OD650 nm median at term (0.29; 0.22–0.40) was higher than that observed at preterm (0.15; 0.12–0.18) (p<0.001). Conclusions. Our results suggest that in term pregnancies routine amniocentesis for the assessment of fetal lung maturity should be abandoned. In preterm pregnancies, or when glycemic control is inadequate it is recommended.
Reliability of magnetic resonance imaging in assessing myometrial invasion absence in endometrial carcinoma
Authors: SUH DAE‐SHIK , KIM JEONG KON , KIM KYU RAE , KIM DAE‐YEON , KIM JONG‐HYEOK , KIM YONG‐MAN , KIM YOUNG‐TAK , NAM JOO‐HYUN 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjective. This study evaluated the reliability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in assessing the absence of myometrial invasion in endometrial carcinoma patients, to identify candidates for conservative hormonal treatment. Methods. A total of 301 endometrial carcinoma patients who showed Stage I findings on preoperative MRI, and had received staging operations were reviewed retrospectively. We compared MRI findings of myometrial invasion with myometrial invasion levels reported by pathologists when surgical specimens were examined. Design. A descriptive study. Setting. Tertiary care gynecologic oncology clinic, Seoul, Korea. Population. A total of 301 endometrial carcinoma patients who showed Stage I findings on preoperative MRI, and had received staging operations. Main outcome measure. We compared MRI findings of myometrial invasion with myometrial invasion levels reported by pathologists when surgical specimens were examined. Results. Of 301 patients, 17 showed higher stages (FIGO Stages IIA through IIIC) on the final pathology of surgical specimen. Among the 284 patients with Stage I on histology reports, 124 showed no myometrial invasion on preoperative MRI (FIGO Stage IA). The negative predictive value (probability of absence of myometrial invasion) was 49.2%. MRI showed an accuracy of 59.2%, a sensitivity of 68.8%, a specificity of 74.4%, and an 86.9% positive predictive value, for myometrial invasion. Conclusions. MRI had a rather weak predictive value when used to assess absence of myometrial invasion. This should be borne in mind when choosing patients for conservative treatment of endometrial carcinoma.
Association between experiencing rape, police reporting, and self‐reported health among women visiting three gynecology clinics in Sweden
Authors: DAVIDSSON JOHANNA , BENJAMINSSON GABRIELLA , WIJMA BARBRO , SWAHNBERG KATARINA 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjective. To describe the frequency of police reporting among rape victims based on two hypotheses: (1) victims of rape more often report poor health than those who have not been victims of any abuse, and (2) victims who report abuse to the police are more likely to state poor self‐reported health than those who do not report any abuse. Design. Cross‐sectional questionnaire study. Setting. Three Swedish departments of obstetrics and gynecology. Sample. From an original sample of 2,439 women, those who had experienced rape and those who had no history of abuse were included (n = 1,319). Method. Analysis of associations between self‐reported poor health, rape, and police reporting among rape victims were assessed by multivariate models adjusted for type of abuse, perpetrator, and sociodemographic factors. Main outcome measures. Odds ratios (ORs) for poor health among rape victims. Results. Rape was seldom reported to the police (23.5%, 44/187). Both hypotheses were confirmed; rape victims more often state poor health than non‐abused women (adjusted OR 3.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.4–6.3), and women who had reported abuse to the police stated poor health more often than those who had not reported abuse to the police (adjusted OR 3.0; 95% CI 1.1–8.1). Conclusions. Three of four rape victims had not reported any abuse to the police, and those who had were more likely to report poor health. Rape myths are prevalent in society and affect how victims of sexual abuse are treated both by formal and informal support providers, which in turn may affect the recovery and health of victims. Our results send an urgent message to the current debate on sexual abuse against women: Why do women not report rape to the police?
Significance of sonographic characterization for managing subcentimeter thyroid nodules
Authors: Kwak Jin Young , Kim Eun-Kyung , Kim Min Jung , Son Eun Ju 
Published: July 2009

Background: Ultrasonography (US) is increasingly able to detect thyroid nodules, and the differentiation between malignant and benign nodules has been raising issues among both clinicians and patients, especially patients with non-palpable small nodules. It is important to diagnose thyroid cancer at an early stage, because it may reduce the risk of disease recurrence and possible mortality. Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of malignant sonographic features of subcentimeter thyroid nodules. Material and Methods: This study examined 815 subcentimeter thyroid nodules in 815 patients. A final diagnosis was determined using fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) or postoperative pathologic findings. Logistic regression tests were used to evaluate statistical relationships between US findings and thyroid carcinoma. Results: Of 534 lesions that showed suspicious US findings, 472 (88.4%) revealed malignancy upon cytopathology. Two hundred eighty-one lesions showed probably benign findings on US, and only 23 (8.2%) were malignant. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of US were 95.4%, 80.6%, 88.4%, and 91.8%, respectively. There was a significant difference between the two US groups in the percentages of malignancy, according to logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that this system of US classification can efficiently differentiate malignant subcentimeter nodules from benign nodules. Suspicious sonographic features can be useful criteria to decide whether a nodule should receive FNAB.
A dynamic infrared imaging-based diagnostic process for breast cancer
Authors: Joro R. , Lääperi A.-L. , Dastidar P. , Järvenpää R. , Kuukasjärvi T. , Toivonen T. , Saaristo R. , Soimakallio S. 
Published: July 2009

Background: Dynamic infrared (IR) imaging is an emerging functional imaging modality for the detection of breast cancer without evidence of optimal imaging and diagnostic application. Purpose: To evaluate dynamic IR imaging in breast cancer diagnostics by comparing a stepwise diagnostic scheme to digital mammography and postoperative histopathology. Material and Methods: Dynamic IR imaging of breasts was undertaken preoperatively with a long-wave quantum well (QWIP) and two mid-wave photovoltaic (PV) IR cameras in 10 cases (age 34–80 years) with breast cancer size 6–45 mm on mammography. Image stabilization, two-phase frequency analysis, and two image-processing algorithms were applied. Results: Combining image processing with frequency analysis proved advantageous in detecting breast cancer. The IR imaging process recognized the cancer area independently of tissue density, cancer size, and cancer appearance on mammography. Compared to histopathology, all cancers yielded abnormal analysis results, including one case of ductal carcinoma in situ. Evidence of lymphatic invasion in postoperative histopathology, imaging with PV camera, and image processing with the Wiener filtering combination correlated with highest confidence between normal and cancer tissue measured by the calculated superiority value. Conclusion: Dynamic IR imaging with image-processing-guided frequency analysis is a promising modality for breast cancer detection and may not have the tissue-dependent limitations of mammography. Our results encourage further work on medical IR imaging and comparison to established breast-imaging modalities.
The role of matrix metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of abdominal wall hernias
Authors: Antoniou S. A. , Antoniou G. A. , Granderath F. A. , Simopoulos C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSurgical treatment of abdominal wall hernia has been based for many decades on observational evidence, as the disease physiopathology was ambiguous. The long‐standing hypothesis of abnormal collagen metabolism as a causative factor of hernia disease seems to become substantiated by modern investigations, demonstrating a link between abnormal matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and abdominal wall hernia. Current evidence suggests a strong correlation between MMP‐2 and direct inguinal hernia, while the role of this MMP in indirect, incisional and recurrent hernias has not been completely elucidated yet. Furthermore, MMP‐1 and MMP‐13 seem to be implicated in the physiopathology of recurrent hernia, while limited data link MMP‐1 also with incisional hernia formation. Despite the importance of MMP‐9 in wound healing mechanisms, its role in hernia pathogenesis has not been adequately investigated. Future research is expected to decipher the complex physiopathological mechanisms of hernia development and provide a basis for potential therapeutic applications.
Preparing to fledge: the adrenocortical and metabolic responses to stress in king penguin chicks
Authors: Corbel Hélène , Geiger Sylvie , Groscolas René 
Published: July 2009

Summary 1. Modulating the adrenocortical response to stress and the corresponding mobilization of energy substrates allows animals to cope with energy‐demanding challenges imposed by ecological constraints. Whether such a modulation occurs during the fledging process of the king penguin chick (Aptenodytes patagonicus) was examined. In this seabird species, fledging is associated with moult completion, prolonged fasting and transition from terrestrial to marine life. 2. Specifically, it was tested whether the adrenocortical and metabolic responses to a capture‐handling stress i. depended on the developmental/moulting status of pre‐fledging birds, ii. were affected by their nutritional status, and iii. were inter‐related. 3. The adrenocortical response was 2–3 times lower at moult end and fledging than at the onset of moult, 1 month earlier. No direct evidence for a link between the adrenocortical response and moult‐related changes in circulating thyroid hormones was obtained. 4. At the onset of moult, chicks were in a nutritional status corresponding to phase I of fasting whereas those at moult end and fledging were in phase II of fasting. Thus, the adrenocortical response depended on nutritional status, being blunted during phase II when body proteins were spared and fat stores preferentially mobilized. 5. The metabolic response to acute stress was characterized by an increase in plasma glucose, NEFA and uric acid and by a decrease in plasma β‐hydroxybutyrate. Differences in this response between phase I and phase II fasting chicks suggest that the mix of energy substrates used to fuel energy demand during acute stress is the same as that routinely fuelling daily energy expenditure. We obtained no evidence for an interaction between corticosterone and metabolic responses. 6. Overall, the results suggest that, in pre‐fledging king penguin chicks, the nutritional rather than the developmental/moulting status modulates the adrenocortical and metabolic responses to an acute stress. The possible adaptive function of the blunting of these responses by the time of fledging is discussed.
Impact of insect defoliation on forest carbon balance as assessed with a canopy assimilation model
Authors: SCHÄFER KARINA V. R. , CLARK KENNETH L. , SKOWRONSKI NICHOLAS , HAMERLYNCK ERIK P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDisturbances such as fire, hurricanes, and herbivory often result in the net release of CO2from forests to the atmosphere, but the magnitude of carbon (C) loss is poorly quantified and difficult to predict. Here, we investigate the carbon balance of an oak/pine forest in the New Jersey Pine Barrens using the Canopy Conductance Constrained Carbon Assimilation (4C‐A) model. The 4C‐A model utilizes whole‐tree sap‐flux and leaf‐level photosynthetic gas exchange measurements at distinct canopy levels to estimate canopy assimilation. After model parameterization, sensitivity analyses, and evaluation against eddy flux measurements made in 2006, the model was used to predict C assimilation for an undisturbed year in 2005, and in 2007 when the stand was completely defoliated for 2–3 weeks during an infestation of gypsy moths (Lymantria disparL.). Following defoliation, only 50% of the foliage reemerged in a second flush. In 2007, canopy net assimilation (AnC), as modeled with the 4C‐A, was reduced to approximately 75% ofAnCin 2006 (940 vs. 1240 g C m−2 a−1). Overall, net primary production (NPP) in 2007 was approximately 240 g C m−2 a−1(vs. 250 g C m−2 a−1in 2006), with 60% of NPP allocated to foliage production, a short‐term carbon pool. Woody biomass accumulation, a long‐term carbon pool, was reduced by 20% compared with the previous year (72 vs. 57 g C m−2 a−1in 2006 and 2007, respectively). The overall impact of the defoliation spanned 21% of upland forests (320 km2) in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, representing a significant amount of overall C not being taken up from the atmosphere by the forest, thus not accumulated in the biosphere.
Effects of biological invasions on forest carbon sequestration
Authors: PELTZER D. A. , ALLEN R. B. , LOVETT G. M. , WHITEHEAD D. , WARDLE D. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThere has been a rapidly developing literature on the effects of some of the major drivers of global change on carbon (C) sequestration, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment, land use change, nitrogen (N) deposition and climate change. However, remarkably little attention has been given to one major global change driver, namely biological invasions. This is despite growing evidence that invasive species can dramatically alter a range of aboveground and belowground ecosystem processes, including those that affect C sequestration. In this review, we assess the evidence for the impacts of biological invaders on forest C stocks and C sequestration by biological invaders. We first present case studies that highlight a range of invader impacts on C sequestration in forest ecosystems, and draw on examples that involve invasive primary producers, decomposers, herbivores, plant pathogens, mutualists and predators. We then develop a conceptual framework for assessing the effects of invasive species on C sequestration impacts more generally, by identifying the features of biological invaders and invaded ecosystems that are thought to most strongly regulate C in forests. Finally we assess the implications of managing invasive species on C sequestration. An important principle that emerges from this review is that the direct effects of invaders on forest C are often smaller and shorter‐term than their indirect effects caused by altered nutrient availability, primary productivity or species composition, all of which regulate long‐term C pools and fluxes. This review provides a conceptual basis for improving our general understanding of biological invaders on ecosystem C, but also points to a paucity of primary data that are needed to determine the quantitative effects of invaders on ecosystem processes that drive C sequestration.
Relating juvenile migration timing and survival to adulthood in two species of threatened Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)
Authors: Scheuerell Mark D. , Zabel Richard W. , Sandford Benjamin P. 
Published: July 2009

Summary 1.
Migration timing in animals has important effects on life‐history transitions. Human activities can alter migration timing of animals, and understanding the effects of such disruptions remains an important goal for applied ecology. Anadromous Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) inhabit fresh water as juveniles before migrating to the ocean where they gain >90% of their biomass before returning to fresh water as adults to reproduce. Although construction of dams has delayed juvenile migration for many populations, we currently lack a synthesis of patterns in migration timing and how they relate to subsequent survival to adulthood for Pacific salmon, especially for at‐risk populations. 2.
We studied two groups of Pacific salmon from the Columbia River basin in the northwestern United States currently listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. We examined how the proportion of juveniles surviving to return as adults varied with year of migration, date of arrival in the estuary, water temperature and coastal ocean upwelling using data from over 40 000 individually tagged Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss. 3.
In general, models with year, day and day2 had much better support from the data than those with temperature and upwelling. For Chinook salmon, we also found a residual effect of temperature after controlling for day, but the effect was small for steelhead. 4.  For both species, juveniles migrating from early to mid‐May survived 4–50 times greater than those migrating in mid‐June. As expected, however, the estimated peak in survival varied among years, presumably reflecting interannual variation in the nearshore physical environment and trophic dynamics that affect salmon during the critical juvenile life stage. 5.
Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate a possible management objective would be to speed arrival to the estuary by increasing springtime river flows. These findings also provide some insight into the mechanisms underlying seasonal differences in survival patterns, but additional studies are needed to better resolve the issue. Future changes to river flow and water temperature associated with climate change and human activities may further alter migration timing, and thus this phenomenon deserves further attention.