bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of olefin copolymers as compatibilizers for polypropylene and high‐density polyethylene
Authors: Lin Yijian , Yakovleva Victoria , Chen Hongyu , Hiltner Anne , Baer Eric 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSome polyolefin elastomers were compared as compatibilizers for blends of polypropylene (PP) with 30 wt % high‐density polyethylene (HDPE). The compatibilizers included a multiblock ethylene–octene copolymer (OBC), two statistical ethylene–octene copolymers (EO), two propylene–ethylene copolymers (P/E), and a styrenic block copolymer (SBC). Examination of the blend morphology by AFM showed that the compatibilizer was preferentially located at the interface between the PP matrix and the dispersed HDPE particles. The brittle‐to‐ductile (BD) transition was determined from the temperature dependence of the blend toughness, which was taken as the area under the stress–strain curve. All the compatibilized blends had lower BD temperature than PP. However, the blend compatibilized with OBC had the best combination of low BD temperature and high toughness. Examination of the deformed blends by scanning electron microscopy revealed that in the best blends, the compatibilizer provided sufficient interfacial adhesion so that the HDPE domains were able to yield and draw along with the PP matrix. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of some new polyhydrazides by direct polycondensation in ionic liquid and their metallization through transition metal complexation
Authors: Abdolmaleki Amir , Varnamkhasti Somieh Kazemi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA series of new polyhydrazides has been synthesized via direct polycondensation of benzofuro[2,3‐b]benzofuran‐2,9‐dicarboxylic acid (BBDA) with dihydrazides in ionic liquids (ILs) as a new class of solvents, which have interesting properties, such as nonvolatility, high ionic concentration, good thermal stability, and nonflammability. Direct polycondensation is successfully proceeded in ILs and triphenyl phosphite (condensing agent) without any additional extra components, such as LiCl and pyridine, using in similar reactions in ordinary (IL can act as both solvent and catalyst). The polyhydrazides have been obtained in quantitative yield and their intrinsic viscosities ranged from 0.21 to 0.47 dL g−1. The polyhydrazides were characterized by means of IR, 1H‐NMR, inherent viscosity (ηinh), solubility test, TGA, DSC, CHN analysis, and ultraviolet λmax. They could be thermally converted into the corresponding poly(1,3,4‐oxadiazole)s approximately in the region of 210–330°C, as evidenced by the TGA thermograms.The polymers were readily soluble in several organic polar solvents, such as DMAc, N,N‐dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone and could be cast into flexible films. The polymer were metallized via complexation with various transition metal. The complexes were investigated by X‐ray diffraction, IR, and UV spectrophotometry. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Fabrication and characterization of solution cast MWNTs/PEI nanocomposites
Authors: Shao Lu , Bai Yong‐Ping , Huang Xu , Meng Ling‐Hui , Ma Jun 
Published: April 2009

AbstractUnder mild conditions with the aid of ultrasonic, multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have been functionalized by mixed acid treatment which was proved by FTIR and XPS. According to SEM, acid treatment on MWNTs decreased the thickness of the membrane. However, no devastating damage and fracture happened on MWNTs after acid treatment under mild conditions. Precipitation observation illustrated that the enhanced solubility of MWNTs in water, ethanol, and dimethylformaide (DMF). Further, MWNTs/polyetherimide (PEI) nanocomposite films have been prepared by the simple solution casting method. The dispersion of MWNTs in polyetherimide (PEI) matrix was observed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) which illustrated the improved dispersion for acid treated MWNTs in PEI. The adding of MWNTs in PEI decreased the dispersive component of surface energy and increased the polar component of surface energy, which resulted in the decrement of film surface energy. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the glass transition temperature of PEI increased by about 4°C after the introduction of MWNTs. This improvement was related to the better affinity between MWNTs and PEI matrix, which also resulted in the improvement of mechanical strength in MWNTs/PEI nanocomposites. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Fine disperse dyeable polypropylene fiber from polypropylene/polystyrene nano‐ceria blends
Authors: Yu Chengbing , Jiang Chong , Chen Long , Chen Yanmo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe blend of polypropylene (PP) and atactic polystyrene (PS) hybrid with nano‐ceria (CeO2) was prepared for fine dyeable fiber. Nano‐CeO2 modified with stearic acid was in situ added to PS by radical suspension polymerization. The dispersion of hy‐PS with nano‐CeO2 in the PP crystals was investigated. The rheological behavior of the blend was similar to that of PP under the testing conditions, and the blend had stable spinning and drawing processability. The fine modified PP filaments were processed from the blend and had practical mechanical properties. The dyeability of the knitting fabrics from these filaments was studied. The increased amorphous content and the interface between PP and hy‐PS allowed the dye to penetrate the fiber, and the modified PP fiber had strong affinity to dye because of the complexation between cerium and dye. These effects resulted in improving K/S value and color fastness to soaping. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis, characterization, and thermal stability of PMMA/SiO2/TiO2 tertiary nanocomposites via non‐hydrolytic sol–gel method
Authors: Kuan Hsu‐Chiang , Chiu Shao‐Lung , Chen Chia‐Hsun , Kuan Chen‐Feng , Chiang Chin‐Lung 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this study, we use PMMA, tetraethoxysilane and titanium ethoxide to prepare tertiary nanocomposites via non‐hydrolytic sol–gel method. Boron trifluoride monoethylamine was used as catalyst. Silica and titanium dioxide are incorporated into nanocomposites to improve the thermal stability. Thermogravimetric analysis was used for rapid evaluation of the thermal stability of different materials. The integral procedural decomposition temperature has been correlated the volatile parts of polymeric materials and used for estimating the inherent thermal stability of polymeric materials. The thermal stability of hybrids increased with the contents of inorganic components. The inorganic components can improve the thermal stability of PMMA copolymer. Two methods have been used to study the degradation of hybrid during thermal analysis. These investigated methods are Kissenger', Ozawa's methods to classify the thermal stability of nanocomposites. The activation energies of hybrids were higher than that of the copolymer. From the results, silica and titania will enhance the thermal stability of PMMA. We use the solubility test to check the network structure of nanocomposites. The results show the residues of composites after extraction increase with the increasing of inorganic contents. We can conclude that the composites possess network structure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Fluorescent‐tagged no phosphate and nitrogen free calcium phosphate scale inhibitor for cooling water systems
Authors: Du Kun , Zhou Yuming , Wang Liuqian , Wang Yingying 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAllyloxy polyethoxy ether (APEO) and chloracetic acid were used to prepare allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate (APEC). 8‐hydroxy‐1,3,6‐pyrenetrisulfonic acid trisodium salt was reacted with allyl chloride to produce fluorescent monomer 8‐allyloxy‐1,3,6‐pyrene trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (AP). APEC and AP were copolymerized with maleic anhydride (MA) to synthesize AP tagged no phosphate and nitrogen free calcium phosphate inhibitor MA‐APEC‐AP. Structures of AP, APEO, APEC, and MA‐APEC‐AP were carried out by FTIR and 1H‐NMR. Different MA : APEC mole ratios were employed for the manufacture of MA‐APEC‐AP to study the effect of mole ratio on performance of MA‐APEC‐AP. Relationship between MA‐APEC‐AP's fluorescent intensity and its dosage was studied. MA‐APEC‐AP's calcium phosphate inhibition was compared with the down to date calcium phosphate inhibitor (MA)‐ammonium allylpolyethoxy sulphate (APES). The results indicate that capability of MA‐APEC‐AP is heavily depended on the mole ratio of MA : APEC. Correlation coefficient r of MA‐APEC‐AP's fluorescent intensity and its dosage is 0.9983, and detection limit of MA‐APEC‐AP is 2.03 mg L−1. MA‐APEC‐AP can be used to accurately measure polymer consumption on line besides providing excellent calcium phosphate inhibition. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of imine‐coupled polyphenols containing carbazole units
Authors: Kaya İsmet , Koyuncu Sermet 
Published: April 2009

AbstractImine coupled phenolic monomers containing carbazole unit were synthesized in four steps. The monomers were polymerized via oxidative polycondensation by air as oxidant in an aqueous alkaline medium at 50°C. The structures of compounds were confirmed by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared, and 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR techniques. The conductivity measurements of these polymers were made by the four‐point probe technique and iodine was used as doping agent. The highest occupied molecular orbital, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, and electrochemical and optical band gap values were calculated by the results of the UV–vis and the cyclic voltammetry measurement, respectively. The number‐average molecular weight, weight‐average molecular weight, and polydispersity index values were determined by the size exclusion chromatography technique. Also, thermal behavior of these polymers was determined by thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis measurements in a N2 atmosphere between 20 and 1000°C. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Efficacy of waterborne polyurethane to prevent the enzymatic attack on paper‐based materials
Authors: Boileau Celine , Pessanha Sofia , Tardif Chantal , Castro Kepa , Proietti Noemi , Capitani Donatella , Vicini Silvia , Madariaga Juan Manuel , Carvalho Maria Luisa , Princi Elisabetta 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe chemical and biological deterioration of paper‐based materials is mainly due to the degradation of its main component, the cellulose. However, paper also contains small amounts of organic and inorganic additives which might influence its biodegradability.To protect the paper‐based materials against various degradative agents, coating treatments with polymeric materials might be developed. In this study, the protective effect of commercial waterborne polyurethanes (WPU) against an enzymatic attack was investigated.Uncoated and coated samples with WPU of newsprint were subjected to degradation by enzymatic complexes (cellulosomes) produced by Clostridium cellulolyticum for different incubation times and then characterized using several analytical techniques (energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman and infrared spectroscopy) with the aim to assess if waterborne polyurethanes can be used in paper conservation, looking at their efficacy against the biodegradation induced by enzymes.The selected waterborne polyurethanes showed a high effectiveness in the protection of paper‐based materials when they were submitted to the enzymatic attack. Indeed, their presence delayed the destruction of the cellulose matrix and the release of both soluble sugars and paper additives. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis, characterization, and kinetic of thermal degradation of oligo‐2‐[(4‐bromophenylimino)methyl]phenol and oligomer‐metal complexes
Authors: Kaya İsmet , Solguntekin Ahmet 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOligo‐2‐[(4‐bromophenylimino)methyl]phenol (OBPIMP) was synthesized from the oxidative polycondensation reaction of 2‐[(4‐bromophenylimino)methyl]phenol (BPIMP) with air and NaOCl oxidants in an aqueous alkaline medium between 50 and 90°C. The yield of OBPIMP was found to be 67 and 88% for air and NaOCl oxidants, respectively. Their structures were confirmed by elemental and spectral such as IR, ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (UV–vis), 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR analyses. The characterization was made by TG‐DTA, size exclusion chromatography, and solubility tests. The resulting complexes were characterized by electronic and IR spectral measurements, elemental analysis, AAS, and thermal studies. According to TG analyses, the weight losses of OBPIMP, and oligomer‐metal complexes with Co+2, Ni+2, and Cu+2 ions were found to be 93.04%, 59.80%, 74.23%, and 59.30%, respectively, at 1000°C. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of these compounds investigated by Coats‐Redfern, MacCallum‐Tanner, and van Krevelen methods. The values of the apparent activation energies of thermal decomposition (Ea), the reaction order (n), preexponential factor (A), the entropy change (ΔS*), enthalpy change (ΔH*), and free energy change (ΔG*) obtained by earlier‐mentioned methods were all good in agreement with each other. It was found that the thermal stabilities of the complexes follow the order Cu(II) > Co(II) > Ni(II). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and properties of dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐EVA/epoxy blends
Authors: Jiang Xueliang , Hu Kai , Zhou Aijun 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA method concerning with the simultaneous reinforcing and toughening of polypropylene (PP) was reported. Dynamical cure of the epoxy resin with 2‐ethylene‐4‐methane‐imidazole (EMI‐2,4) was successfully applied in the PP/maleic anhydride‐grafted ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (MAH‐g‐EVA), and the obtained blends named as dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐EVA/epoxy blends. The stiffness and toughness of the blends are in a good balance, and the smaller size of epoxy particle in the PP/MAH‐g‐EVA/epoxy blends shows that MAH‐g‐EVA was also used as a compatibilizer. The structure of the dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐EVA/epoxy blends is the embedding of the epoxy particles by the MAH‐g‐EVA. The cured epoxy particles as organic filler increases the stiffness of the PP/MAH‐g‐EVA blends, and the improvement in the toughness is attributed to the embedded structure. The tensile strength and flexural modulus of the blends increase with increasing the epoxy resin content, and the impact strength reaches a maximum of 258 J/m at the epoxy resin content of 10 wt %. DSC analysis shows that the epoxy particles in the dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐EVA/epoxy blends could have contained embedded MAH‐g‐EVA, decreasing the nucleating effect of the epoxy resin. Thermogravimetric results show the addition of epoxy resin could improve the thermal stability of PP, the dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐EVA/epoxy stability compared with the pure PP.Wide‐angle x‐ray diffraction analysis shows that the dynamical cure and compatibilization do not disturb the crystalline structure of PP in the blends. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Thermal decomposition behavior of carbon‐nanotube‐reinforced poly(ethylene 2,6‐naphthalate) nanocomposites
Authors: Kim Jun Young , Park Hawe Soo , Kim Seong Hun 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPolymer nanocomposites based on poly (ethylene 2,6‐naphthalate) (PEN) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared by direct melt blending with a twin‐screw extruder. Dynamic thermogravimetric analysis was conducted on the PEN/CNT nanocomposites to clarify the effect of CNTs on the thermal decomposition behavior of the polymer nanocomposites. The thermal decomposition kinetics of the PEN/CNT nanocomposites was strongly dependent on the CNT content, the heating rate, and the gas atmosphere. On the basis of the thermal decomposition kinetic analysis, the variation of the activation energy for thermal decomposition revealed that a very small quantity of CNTs substantially improved the thermal stability and thermal decomposition of the PEN/CNT nanocomposites. Morphological observations demonstrated the formation of interconnected or network‐like structures of CNTs in the PEN matrix. The unique character of the CNTs introduced into the PEN matrix, such as the physical barrier effect of CNTs during thermal decomposition and the formation of interconnected or network‐like structures of CNTs, resulted in the enhancement of the thermal stability of the PEN/CNT nanocomposites. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Cellulose/syndiotactic polypropylene composites: Effects of maleated polypropylene as a compatibilizer and silanized cellulose on the morphology and tensile properties
Authors: Nakatani Hisayuki , Hashimoto Kazuya , Miyazaki Kensuke , Terano Minoru 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTo improve the interaction between syndiotactic polypropylene (SPP) and fibrous cellulose (FC), the effects of the addition of maleated polypropylene (MAPP) and FC surface modification with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) on SPP/FC composites were studied with respect to the morphology and the tensile properties. The addition of MAPP brought about an improvement in the interfacial adhesion between SPP and FC according to scanning electron microscopy observations and tensile testing. This improvement was, however, less effective than the improvement in the interfacial adhesion between isotactic polypropylene (IPP) and FC. SPP and MAPP partially or microscopically phase‐separated because of the IPP‐like polymer chain structure of MAPP. With respect to the compatibility between SPP and FC, FC surface modification with APTES was more suitable. The increase in Young's modulus was remarkable in the SPP/silanized FC composite with APTES. The tensile strength of the SPP/silanized FC composite with APTES was, however, considerably lower than that of the SPP/FC/MAPP composite. These results suggest that interfacial improvement between SPP and FC requires a compatibilizer or a surface modifier with a suitable primary structure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Properties of different chitosan/low‐density polyethylene antibacterial plastics
Authors: Zhang Hui Zhen , He Zhi Cai , Liu Gui Hua , Qiao Yun Zhou 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA series of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) antibacterial functional plastics were prepared by mechanical blending with commercial chitosan (CS), self‐made water‐soluble chitosan (W‐CS), and microchitosan as antibacterial agents. The effects of the antibacterial agent content on the elongation at break of the obtained plastics were tested, and the bacteriostatic effects against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Proteus species were investigated. The results indicate that the elongation at break of LDPE with antibacterial agent decreased and had a slower decline when the mass ratio of CS to LDPE was greater than 0.5 : 100. The LDPE‐based plastics showed different antibacterial activities against the three experimental strains, and plastics with W‐CS exhibited the best antibacterial activity against B. subtilis. However, the antibacterial content had little effect on the antibacterial ratio. Moreover, 6‐week soil burial tests indicated that the addition of CS caused a decrease in the resistance of LDPE to microbiological deterioration in a natural environment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Lentivirus‐Mediated Small Interfering RNA Targeting VEGF‐C Inhibited Tumor Lymphangiogenesis and Growth in Breast Carcinoma
Authors: Guo Baoliang , Zhang Yafang , Luo Guoqing , Li Lichun , Zhang Jianguo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLymph node metastasis is a major prognostic factor for patients with breast cancer. The activation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐C plays a key role in lymph node metastasis through promoting lymphangiogenesis. Thus, we attempted to elucidate whether small interfering RNAs (siRNA) targeting VEGF‐C could suppress lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in vivo. A lentivirus‐based VEGF‐C siRNA vector was infected into breast cancer cells and a xenograft model. The expression of VEGF‐C mRNA and protein were quantified by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (QRT‐PCR), immunohistochemistry, and western blot analysis. The effect of VEGF‐C siRNA on breast cancer cells was investigated by an invasion assay. Lymphangiogenesis was analyzed with anti‐LYVE‐1 and anti‐D2‐40 by immunohistochemical analysis. Lentivirus‐mediated VEGF‐C siRNA stably reduced VEGF‐C mRNA and protein expression. VEGF‐C siRNA inhibited the invasive ability of breast cancer cells in vitro. Five weeks after intratumoral injection, the tumor volume was significantly smaller in the VEGF‐C siRNA group than in the control scramble siRNA group in the MDA‐MB‐231 cell xenograft model. The numbers of LYVE‐1 and D2‐40 positive vessels per microscopic field were significantly decreased in the VEGF‐C siRNA group, which indicates that VEGF‐C siRNA inhibited lymphangiogenesis. Moreover, lymph node metastasis was significantly suppressed by VEGF‐C siRNA in vivo. In conclusion, these results indicate that lentivirus‐mediated VEGF‐C siRNA offers a new approach for therapeutic intervention to prevent tumor growth and lymphatic metastasis of breast cancer. Anat Rec, 292:633–639, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Histological and Immunohistochemical Analysis of Lymphoid Tissues of the Tasmanian Devil
Authors: Kreiss Alexandre , Obendorf David L. , Hemsley Susan , Canfield Paul J. , Woods Gregory M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTasmanian devil lymphoid tissues (thymus, spleen, and lymph node) from seven animals, including pouch young, juvenile, and adult devils, were investigated using histological and immunohistochemical techniques. Antibodies against the conserved intracytoplasmic portion of CD3 and CD79b (T‐ and B‐cell markers, respectively) and MHC II were used to label immune cells. The thymus from the juvenile devils and the pouch young had CD3+ cells that were primarily located in the medulla of the organ. The spleen consisted of red and white pulp areas with characteristic lymphoid follicles with CD79b+ and MHC II+ cells and nonfollicular T‐cell‐dominated periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths. Peripheral lymph nodes presented three distinct regions, outer cortex and medulla (both with primarily CD79b+ and MHC II+ cells) and paracortex (mainly CD3+ cells). Tissue architecture and distribution of the immune cells were similar to that seen in eutherian mammals and other marsupials, indicating that the Tasmanian devil has all the structural elements necessary for effective adaptive immunity. Anat Rec, 292:611–620, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.