bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling spatial and temporal variability of hydrologic impacts of climate change in the Fraser River basin, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Shrestha Rajesh R. , Schnorbus Markus A. , Werner Arelia T. , Berland Anne J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis paper presents a modelling study on the spatial and temporal variability of climate‐induced hydrologic changes in the Fraser River basin, British Columbia, Canada. This large basin presents a unique modelling case due to its physiographic heterogeneity and the potentially large implications of changes to its hydrologic regime. The macro‐scale Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrologic model was employed to simulate 30‐year baseline (1970s) and future (2050s) hydrologic regimes based on climate forcings derived from eight global climate models (GCMs) runs under three emissions scenarios (B1, A1B and A2). Bias Corrected Spatial Disaggregation was used to statistically downscale GCM outputs to the resolution of the VIC model (1/16°). The modelled future scenarios for the 11 sub‐basins and three regions (eastern mountains, central plateau and coastal mountains) of the FRB exhibit spatially varied responses, such as, shifts from snow‐dominant to hybrid regime in the eastern and coastal mountains and hybrid to rain‐dominant regime in the central plateau region. The analysis of temporal changes illustrated considerable uncertainties in the projections obtained from an ensemble of GCMs and emission scenarios. However, direction of changes obtained from the GCM ensembles and emissions scenarios are consistent amongst one another. The most significant temporal changes could include earlier onsets of snowmelt‐driven peak discharge, increased winter and spring runoff and decreased summer runoff. The projected winter runoff increases and summer decreases are more pronounced in the central plateau region. The results also revealed increases in the total annual discharge and decreases in the 30‐year mean of the peak annual discharge. Such climate‐induced changes could have implications for water resources management in the region. The spatially and temporally varied hydro‐climatic projections and their range of projections can be used for local‐scale adaptation in this important water resource system for British Columbia. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal controls on stream chemical export across diverse coastal watersheds in the USA
Authors: Barco Janet , Gunawan Stephanie , Hogue Terri S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe current study focuses on understanding key factors controlling geochemical export in eight diverse coastal watersheds at seasonal and annual time scales. Geochemical, atmospheric and hydrologic data across a range of hydro‐climatic regimes and varying land uses were investigated and relationships analysed. A hyperbolic dilution model was fitted for each watershed system to evaluate discharge–concentration relationships. Nitrate concentration effects were observed in watersheds exposed to high atmospheric deposition rates as well as agricultural watersheds, whereas urban watersheds showed nitrate dilution effects. Dilution patterns were observed for calcium, magnesium and sulfate for almost all watersheds. Seasonal loads for almost all constituents were noted to be mainly driven by hydrologic seasonality, but are also dependent on inputs (atmospheric deposition and land use sources). Understanding the primary controls on hydro‐chemical interactions is critical for developing and refining predictive water quality models, especially in coastal watersheds where sensitive downstream ecosystems act as receiving waters for upstream pollutant loads. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Olive oil intake and breast cancer risk in the Mediterranean countries of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study
Authors: Buckland Genevieve , Travier Noemie , Agudo Antonio , Fonseca‐Nunes Ana , Navarro Carmen , Lagiou Pagona , Demetriou Christiana , Amiano Pilar , Dorronsoro Miren , Chirlaque María‐Dolores , Huerta José‐María , Molina Esther , Pérez Maria‐José Sánchez , Ardanaz Eva , Moreno‐Iribas Conchi , Quirós J. Ramón , Naska Androniki , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Giurdanella Maria Concetta , Tumino Rosario , Agnoli Claudia , Grioni Sara , Panico Salvatore , Mattiello Amalia , Masala Giovanna , Sacerdote Carlotta , Polidoro Silvia , Palli Domenico , Trichopoulou Antonia , González Carlos A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAlthough there is some evidence suggesting that olive oil could reduce breast cancer (BC) risk, the epidemiological data are still relatively limited, not entirely consistent and mainly based on case–control studies. Therefore, we prospectively assessed the association between olive oil and BC risk in postmenopausal women from the Mediterranean cohorts within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. The analysis included 62,284 postmenopausal women recruited from Spain, Italy and Greece who had complete dietary data (collected from validated country‐specific dietary questionnaires). The risk of BC (overall and by hormone receptor subtypes) was assessed using hazards ratios (HRs) obtained from Cox proportional hazards regression, while adjusting for known BC risk factors. After a mean follow‐up of 9 years, 1,256 women were diagnosed with a primary incident invasive BC. The multivariate HRs for BC risk by olive oil intake (highest vs. lowest tertile of g/day/2,000 kcal) were 1.07 (95% CI = 0.91–1.25) in the adjusted model, 1.06 (95% CI = 0.91–1.24) in the model additionally adjusted for reproductive‐related factors and 1.10 (95% CI = 0.92–1.31) for the model additionally adjusted for dietary factors. There was no association between olive oil and risk of estrogen or progesterone receptor‐positive tumors, but a suggestion of a negative association with estrogens and progesterone receptor‐negative tumors. The results from our prospective study showed that olive oil consumption during adult life was not associated with the risk of BC. However, larger prospective studies are still needed to explore possible differences related to hormone receptor status.
Islamophobia in Classrooms, Media, and Politics
Authors: Zaal Mayida 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSocial and political tensions heightened after the attacks of 9/11 have created an increase in Islamophobia. Historically, vilified depictions of Muslims have legitimized discriminatory acts against Muslim Americans. In this context, Islamophobia has infiltrated our classrooms, making it urgent for educators to develop a critical pedagogical stance that counters discrimination and demystifies stereotypes against Muslim American students.
Small zebrafish in a big chemical pond
Authors: Helenius I. Taneli , Joanna Yeh J.‐R. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe number of possible small organic molecules of different structure is virtually limitless. One of the main goals of chemical biologists is to identify, from this “chemical space”, entities that affect biological processes or systems in a specific manner. This can lead to a better understanding of the regulation and components of various biological machineries, as well as provide insights into efficacious therapeutic targets and drug candidates. However, the challenges confronting chemical biologists are multiple. How do we efficiently identify compounds that possess desirable activities without unwanted off‐target effects? Once a candidate compound has been found, how do we determine its mode of action? In this Prospects piece, we call attention to recent studies using embryonic and larval zebrafish to illustrate the breadth and depth of questions in chemical biology that may be addressed using this model, and hope that they can serve as catalysts for future investigational ideas. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 2208–2216, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative genomic structures of Mycobacterium CRISPR‐Cas
Authors: He Liming , Fan Xiangyu , Xie Jianping 
Published: March 2012

AbstractClustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) are inheritable genetic elements of many archaea and bacteria, conferring acquired immunity against invading nucleic acids. CRISPR might be indicative of the bacterial niche adaptation and evolutionary. Mycobacterium is an important genus occupying diverse niches with profound medical and environmental significance. To present a comparative genomic landscape of the Mycobacterium CRISPR, the feature of mycobacterium CRISPR structures with sequenced complete genomes were bioinformatically analyzed. The results show that CRISPR structures can be found among 14 mycobacteria, and all loci are chromosomally located. Long CRISPRs present in three species, namely M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and M. avium. Integrated CRISPR‐Cas system can only be found in M. tuberculosis and M. bovis, with highly conserved repeat sequences, very short leaders, and promoterless. M. tuberculosis and M. bovis repeat sequences cannot form stable RNA secondary structure, consistent with a Cas6‐binding sequence. M. avium repeat sequences can form classical stem‐loop structure. A three‐step model of M. tuberculosis CRISPR‐Cas system action was put forward based on the composition and function of cas genes cluster. M. tuberculosis and M. bovis CRISPRs might interfere with the invading nucleic acids, but have somehow lost the capacity to incorporate new spacers and co‐evolve with corresponding mycobacteriophages. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 2464–2473, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation of Sb2O3‐loaded Activated Carbon Particle Electrode and Its Electrocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange in a Three‐dimensional Electrode Cell
Authors: Cao Guiping , Su Jian , Lu Jilai , Zhang Jintao , Liu Qingjian 
Published: March 2012

AbstractElectrocatalysis on the degradation of methyl orange is investigated using Sb2O3‐loaded activated carbon (Sb2O3/AC), a new particle electrode. The electrode was prepared by an impregnation method. An orthogonal array with four factors and three levels was selected to carry out the experiment. Electrocatalysis on the degradation of methyl orange through Sb2O3/AC was characterized by a series of parameters, including the amount of the particle electrode, the concentration of Na2SO4, the cell voltage, and the electrolysis time, and the results were compared with those of a conventional AC particle electrode. The results indicate that calcination temperature has the greatest impact on the catalytic activity of the particle electrode. The optimal conditions for preparing the Sb2O3/AC electrode include an 8 mL SbCl3 solution, 90 min hydrolysis time, 400 °C calcination temperature, and 180 min calcination time. As well, the degradation efficiency of the Sb2O3/AC electrode is consistently higher than that of the AC electrode under the same electrolysis conditions. The electrochemical oxidation of methyl orange of both electrodes conformed to pseudo first‐order kinetics, but the rate constant of the Sb2O3/AC electrode was 2.29 times that of the AC electrode; this is likely due to the high electrocatalytic activity of the experimental electrode. The electrocatalysis results exhibited the synergetic effects of AC and Sb2O3 in the new particle electrode.
Recent Research Progress of Red Phosphors for PDPs Applications
Authors: Wang Yuhua , Zhang Feng , Liu Bitao , Wen Yan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe commercial vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) red phosphor (Y, Gd)BO3:Eu3+ has low luminous efficiency and poor color purity. Our work aims to overcome this drawback and we mainly devote to investigating the luminescence mechanism, improving the commercial red phosphor, and seeking for new red emitting VUV materials with high efficiency. Based on the investigation of the photoluminescence mechanism of VUV phosphors, both the luminous efficiency and the color purity of (Y, Gd)BO3:Eu3+ are improved. Additionally, a series of novel VUV red phosphors have been developed, such as (Gd,Y)Al3(BO3)4:Eu3+ and (La,Gd)P3O9:Eu3+. This presentation is a review about the recent research progress of red phosphors for plasma displays (PDPs) applications in our group.
Computer‐controlled, MR‐compatible foot‐pedal device to study dynamics of the muscle tendon complex under isometric, concentric, and eccentric contractions
Authors: Sinha Shantanu , Shin David D. , Hodgson John A. , Kinugasa Ryuta , Edgerton V. Reggie 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPurpose:To design a computer‐controlled, magnetic resonance (MR)‐compatible foot pedal device that allows in vivo mapping of changes in morphology and in strain of different musculoskeletal components of the lower leg under passive, isometric, concentric, and eccentric contractions.Materials and Methods:A programmable servomotor in the control room pumped hydraulic fluid to rotate a foot‐pedal inside the magnet. To validate the performance of the device, six subjects were imaged with gated velocity‐encoded phase‐contrast (VE‐PC) imaging to investigate the dynamics of muscle and aponeurotic structures.Results:Artifact‐free VE‐PC imaging clearly delineated different muscle compartments by differences in distribution of mechanical strains. High repeatability of contraction cycles allowed establishing that fascicles lengthened 6.1% more during passive compared with eccentric contractions. Aponeurosis separation during passive (range between three locations: −2.6≈1.3 mm) and active (range: −2.4≈1.6 mm) contractions were similar but significantly different from concentric (range: −0.9≈3.3 mm), with proximal and distal regions showing mostly negative values for the first two modes, but positive for the last.Conclusion:The device was sufficiently robust and artifact‐free to accurately assess, using VE‐PC imaging, physiologically important structure and dynamics of the musculotendon complex. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:405–410. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vivo assessment of age‐related brain iron differences by magnetic field correlation imaging
Authors: Adisetiyo Vitria , Jensen Jens H. , Ramani Anita , Tabesh Ali , Di Martino Adriana , Fieremans Els , Castellanos Francisco X. , Helpern Joseph A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPurpose:To assess a recently developed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique called magnetic field correlation (MFC) imaging along with a conventional imaging method, the transverse relaxation rate (R2), for estimating age‐related brain iron concentration in adolescents and adults. Brain region measures were compared with nonheme iron concentrations (CPM) based on a prior postmortem study.Materials and Methods:Asymmetric spin echo (ASE) images were acquired at 3T from 26 healthy individuals (16 adolescents, 10 adults). Regions of interest (ROIs) were placed in areas in which age‐related iron content was estimated postmortem: globus pallidus (GP), putamen (PUT), caudate nucleus (CN), thalamus (THL), and frontal white matter (FWM). Regression and group analyses were conducted on ROI means.Results:MFC and R2 displayed significant linear relationships to CPM when all regions were combined. Whereas MFC was significantly correlated with CPM for every individual region except FWM and detected significantly lower means in adolescents than adults for each region, R2 detected significant correlation and lower means for only PUT and CN.Conclusion:Our results support the hypothesis that MFC is sensitive to brain iron in GM regions and detects age‐related iron increases known to occur from adolescence to adulthood. MFC may be more sensitive than R2 to iron‐related changes occurring within specific brain regions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:322–331. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recent climate change in the Arabian Peninsula: annual rainfall and temperature analysis of Saudi Arabia for 1978–2009
Authors: Almazroui Mansour , Nazrul Islam M. , Athar H. , Jones P. D. , Rahman M. Ashfaqur 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe rainfall and temperature climatology over the Arabian Peninsula are analysed on an annual basis using various gridded datasets. For Saudi Arabia, the area of which represents almost 80% of the Peninsula, the climatic datasets from its 27 ground observations are analysed for the period 1978–2009, with additional gridded datasets used to describe the observed state and change of the present climate. The gridded datasets represent well the very dry (40–80 mm) area over the world's largest sand desert (Rub Al‐Khali), the dry (80–150 mm) area over middle‐to‐north of Saudi Arabia, and the wettest (>150 mm) region in the southwest of the Peninsula. The annual temperature is relatively high (24–27 °C) in the middle‐to‐south of the Peninsula and low (<21 °C) in the northwest and southwest. The highest temperature (>27 °C) is obtained over the Rub Al‐Khali. Over Saudi Arabia, the observed annual rainfall showed a significant decreasing trend (47.8 mm per decade) in the last half of the analysis period, with a relatively large interannual variability, while the maximum, mean and minimum temperatures have increased significantly at a rate of 0.71, 0.60, and 0.48 °C per decade, respectively. This information is invaluable to consider in any climate impact assessment studies in Saudi Arabia. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Enzymatic synthesis of rose aromatic ester (2‐phenylethyl acetate) by lipase
Authors: Kuo Chia‐Hung , Chiang Shu‐Hua , Ju Hen‐Yi , Chen Yu‐Min , Liao Ming‐Yuan , Liu Yung‐Chuan , Shieh Chwen‐Jen 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: 2‐Phenylethyl acetate (2‐PEAc) is a highly valued natural volatile ester with a rose‐like odour that is widely used to add scent or flavour to cosmetics, soaps, foods and drinks. In this study, 2‐PEAc was synthesised enzymatically by transesterification of vinyl acetate with 2‐phenethyl alcohol catalysed by immobilised lipase (Novozym® 435) from Candida antarcticRESULTS: Response surface methodology and a three‐level/three‐factor Box–Behnken design were used to evaluate the effects of time, temperature and enzyme amount on the molar conversion % of 2‐PEAc. The results showed that temperature was the most important variable. Based on the ridge max analysis results, optimum enzymatic synthesis conditions were predicted as a reaction time of 79 min, a temperature of 57.8 °C and an enzyme amount of 122.5 mg. The predicted and experimental yields were 86.4 and 85.4% respectively.CONCLUSION: Three immobilised lipases were screened and 15 reaction conditions were tested in order to find the combination for maximum yield. The optimisation of 2‐PEAc synthesis catalysed by Novozym® 435 was successfully developed. The kinetic study of this transesterification reaction showed that it followed an ordered ping‐pong bi‐bi mechanism without any inhibition by reactants. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Bioaccessible nutrients and bioactive components from fortified products prepared using finger millet (Eleusine coracana)
Authors: Oghbaei Morteza , Prakash Jamuna 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Finger millet (Eleusine coracana), a staple food in semi‐arid parts of the world, is a rich source of nutrients and bioactive components comparable to rice and wheat but with higher fibre content. Unprocessed and processed finger millet (whole flour (WFM), sieved flour (SFM), wafers and vermicelli with altered matrices (added Fe or Zn or reduced fibre)) were analysed for chemical composition, bioaccessible Fe, Zn and Ca, in vitro digestible starch (IVSD) and protein (IVPD) and bioactive components (polyphenols and flavonoids).RESULTS: WFM and SFM flours differed significantly in their composition. Sieving decreased the content of both nutrients and antinutrients in WFM but increased their digestibility/bioaccessibility. WFM products with Zn and Fe showed highest IVPD, whereas SFM products with Fe showed highest IVSD. Products with externally added Fe and Zn showed maximum bioaccessibility of Fe and Zn respectively. WFM had the highest levels of total polyphenols and flavonoids, 4.18 and 15.85 g kg−1 respectively; however, bioaccessibility was highest in SFM vermicelli.CONCLUSION: The availability of nutrients and bioactive components was influenced by both processing methods and compositional alterations of the food matrix in finger millet products, and bioaccessibility of all constituents was higher in vermicelli (wet matrix) than in wafers (dry matrix). Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Citizen science and observer variability during American pika surveys
Authors: Moyer‐Horner Lucas , Smith Matthew M. , Belt Jami 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWithin‐ and between‐group observer variability can confound scientific discovery. If observer variability can be quantified and is addressed, data collected by participants with wide ranges of experience and training can yield more reliable inferences. The American pika (Ochotona princeps) is a mammalian sentinel of climate change that has received consideration for listing under the United States Endangered Species Act. As a result, numerous pika monitoring initiatives have been started throughout the mountains in western North America. Some initiatives employ research teams of biological science technicians (professionals), whereas many rely on networks of citizen scientists, or volunteers, for data collection. To date, few studies have quantified observer variability during pika surveys; none have explored the reliability of professional crews or volunteers. We conducted pika surveys in Glacier National Park, Montana, to quantify observer variability. We investigated observer variability 1) among a crew of professionals, 2) among volunteers, and 3) between professionals and volunteers. Professionals were more consistent at identifying pika signs and estimating potential home ranges and consistently found more pika signs than did the volunteers, with the exception of pika sightings. Estimates of pika occupancy were consistent at each site among volunteers conducting sitting surveys. We suggest that sitting surveys conducted by volunteers can reliably detect pika site occupancy. However, data on population dynamics of pikas (e.g., density) should be collected by professionals. Observer variability analyses of this nature should be common practice for wildlife‐resource managers and scientists, especially with observers of varying levels of experience and motivation. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
USING THE 137Cs TECHNIQUE TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF SOIL REDISTRIBUTION ON SOIL ORGANIC CARBON AND TOTAL NITROGEN STOCKS IN AN AGRICULTURAL CATCHMENT OF NORTHEAST CHINA
Authors: Li Q. Y. , Fang H. Y. , Sun L. Y. , Cai Q. G. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTSoil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks can be affected by soil erosion and this is of great significance in relation to global environmental concern about environmental change. This study investigated the spatial patterns of 137Cs, SOC and TN as well as their relationships for an agricultural catchment and presents a budget analysis of the redistributions of SOC and TN for the period 1954–2010. 137Cs, SOC and TN inventories were found to be significantly correlated, and the application of the137Cs technique proved to be useful for evaluating SOC and TN dynamics in the Luvic Phaeozem soil typical of the Chinese black soil region. Spatial patterns of soil, SOC and TN were greatly influenced by shelterbelts/windbreaks within the study catchment. Higher 137Cs, SOC and TN stocks were generally found upwind of the shelterbelts and at the study catchment outlet, whereas lower stocks of 137Cs, SOC and TN occurred behind the shelterbelts (i.e. in the lee). The total net losses of SOC and TN over the past 56 years were approximately 152 and 11 t respectively, with 47 and 38 per cent of the eroded SOC and TN in soils redeposited within the study catchment, respectively. Based on the relationships of soil, SOC and TN in the investigated catchment, erosion‐induced SOC and TN losses per year are around 1·2 × 106 and 0·1 × 106 t for the typical black soil region of Northeast China. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.