bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laboratory and Field Tests of Granular Soil-Cement Mixtures for Base Courses
Authors: Abrams Melvin S. 
Published: September 2009

This paper presents data on the strength and load-supporting properties of two substandard granular materials when treated with various quantities of cement and subsequently subjected to freezing-and-thawing action.
Tests were made both in the laboratory and in the field. Laboratory test results are presented in terms of bearing values and soniscope velocities on continuously moist-cured specimens and on companion specimens subjected to freezing-and-thawing cycles. Compressive strength and soniscope data are given on continuously moist-cured specimens. Field test results are given in terms of load-supporting values of the untreated and cement-treated materials. These values were obtained from load tests performed with a 12-in. diameter plate on 36 test panels 4 ft square. The panels were 4, 7 and 10 in. thick and the cement factor varied from 1.5 to 10 per cent. Tests were made over a 5-yr period.
The results show that an increase in cement content is accompanied by an increase in the durability and strength of the materials. There was little or no effect due to frost action on mixtures containing sufficient cement to be classified as hardened soil-cement. Freezing-and-thawing action had a detrimental effect upon mixtures which contained less cement than required to meet criteria based upon results from ASTM freezing-and-thawing and wetting-and-drying tests for hardened soil-cement. However, in all cases the capacity to support load of the cement-treated materials was greater than that of the untreated materials.
Numerical Film Reading Techniques for Interpretation of Liner-Propellant Interface of Solid Rocket Motors
Authors: Mascis Richard J. 
Published: September 2009

Numerical standards have been established for the interpretation of radiographs of large solid propellant propulsion units. One numerical method, commonly referred to as the density ratio, is obtained from a comparison of two film density readings taken with a densitometer in teh area of the radiograph containing the suspected defect. The resulting ratio may be used successfully as a standard to differentiate between a normal and a defective area.
Density scans taken normal to the area of the radiograph to be interpreted provide even more possibilities for quantitative analysis of radiographs. Automatic scanning densitometers have been developed which produce highly reliable density scans with relatively good speed. In addition to accuracy, density scans make possible the establishment of several numerical standards including the density ratio.
Numerical standards provide a vital tool for the evaluation of radiographs; relatively inexperienced radiographers can perform the production evaluation of radiographs (or gammagraphs) by using the density ratio or density scan system. Quantitative techniques will find wide application in the solid rocket field for the detection of internal flaws. Numerical inspection data will provide a system for the establishment of firm acceptance-rejection criteria.
Effect of Furnace Design on Fire Endurance Test Results
Authors: Seigel L G 
Published: September 2009

This paper is concerned with the influence of furnace design and operation on fire resistance ratings. Consideration is given to such factors as radiation and convection heat transfer, furnace pressure and gas flow, and dimensional effects.
As a result of this investigation, it is concluded that the total intensity of fire exposure maintained in the ASTM Methods E 119 furnace may not be affected seriously by furnace design so long as the thermocouples that control and indicate furnace temperature have approximately the same exposure to the fire as the specimen being tested. However, differences in furnace pressure and specimen size may cause serious differences in fire endurance test results.
New Criteria for Fire Endurance Tests
Authors: Bono J A 
Published: September 2009

The long accepted test procedure for determining the fire endurance of floor and roof assemblies, as described in ASTM Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials (Designation: E 119), is being questioned seriously. Skepticism has developed because the performance under fire exposure of structural members and assemblies has not corresponded with anticipated performance based on established properties of materials at elevated temperatures. The difference between predicted results and actual results is attributed to the test procedures used to implement provisions in the Standard which require restraint of the test specimen and imposition of loads to develop working stresses. Restraint of the test specimen has contributed so substantially to the performance that normal structural criteria such as deflection and collapse appear to be of limited value in judging fire endurance.
Research projects have established that significant improvement is brought about by the presence of restraint during fire tests. Individual steel beams have resisted collapse in fire tests for a 25 percent longer time when tested under restraint as compared with simply supported tests. Concrete members have shown in excess of 400 percent increase in fire resistance in comparative tests.
Certain constructions employing continuity and cantilevered sections have shown improved fire resistance as compared with simply supported structures.
Various revisions of the criteria in ASTM Methods E 119 have been proposed. Each of these, developed in 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, and 1969, provided partial solutions. With the exception of the 1969 proposal, which is before ASTM Committee E-5 at this writing, some features of each proposal have been criticized. The concepts of these proposals are examined in this paper, with a summary of the prevailing views. The impact on future designs of building construction for fire resistance and on the costs of building construction are so great as to make any changes in criteria a most important and difficult decision.
Elevated-Temperature Tensile and Creep Properties of Some Structural and Prestressing Steels
Authors: Harmathy T Z , Stanzak W W 
Published: September 2009

The tensile and creep characteristics of two structural steels (ASTM A36 and CSA G40.12) and a prestressing steel (ASTM A421), all three used extensively in the building industry, have been investigated. Information is presented concerning the initial portion of the stress-strain curve, the ultimate and yield strengths, the elongation, the reduction of area, and the two stress-dependent creep parameters, Z and εto, for temperatures up to 1200 and 1300 F.
The tensile data obtained for ASTM A36 steel seemed to agree with other reported data. The G40.12 steel exhibited somewhat unusual tensile behavior at about 700 F. For the ASTM A421 steel the natural scatter of the test data overshadowed the effect of crosshead speed (0.02 to 0.75 in./min) at temperatures below 700 F.
Harmathy's creep model seemed fairly well applicable to all three steels, and Clauss' rule concerning the creep rupture time to the two structural steels.
Automatic Transmission Fluid—a Dynamic Material Keeping Pace with Ever-Changing Requirements
Authors: Watt Andrew K. , Duckworth Ralph J. 
Published: September 2009

With Oldsmobile's introduction of the semi-automatic transmission in 1937 came the need for a transmission fluid with greater resistance to sludge and varnish formation than had been hitherto available.
In 1940, when Oldsmobile introduced it, the Hydra-Matic transmission demonstrated a need for other fluid characteristics, namely: (1) prevention of excessive foaming which results in heat build-up, volume expansion, and loss of the fluid from the transmission; (2) fluidity at temperatures down to −40 F to prevent clutch plate failures due to burned facings; and (3) controlled lubricity, to assure smooth clutch engagement and to discourage stickslip, which results in clutch engagement squawk. Other important transmission fluid characteristics are corrosion protection, lack of an objectionable odor, and nontoxicity. It must be compatible with synthetic rubber seals, with previous as well as current production transmissions, and other previously qualified transmission fluids.
Although reference will be made to the type A fluid qualification program and to some of its test procedures and history, the purpose of this paper is to relate briefly the previously untold experiences encountered during the 25-yr development of automatic transmission fluid.
Preoperative anemia associated in-hospital mortality and morbidity in isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Authors: Shirzad Mahmood , Karimi Abbasali , Dowlatshahi Samaneh , Ahmadi Seyed , Davoodi Saeed , Marzban Mehrab , Movahedi Namvar , Abbasi Kyomars , Tazik Mokhtar , Fathollahi Mahmood 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Anemia is an indisputable finding in patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) that can occur any time preoperatively. In presence of severe coronary artery disease, anemia can dramatically affect surgical outcomes. Therefore, we conducted this study to determine the effect of low preoperative hemoglobin (Hgb) on postoperative outcome in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). In all, 4432 patients who had undergone isolated CABG at Tehran Heart Center over the 2-year period from March 2006 to February 2008 were studied. All medical records of the aforementioned patients were derived from our hospital surgery data bank. After adjustment for confounders, the association of different preoperative levels of Hgb with risk of cardiac, pulmonary, infectious, and ischemic complications, and also with prolonged ventilation and resource utilization, were assessed in a multivariable model. After adjustment for confounders that may affect mortality and morbidities, we found that cardiac, infectious, ischemic, and pulmonary complications, as well as postoperative mortality, were significantly higher in anemic patients compared to those with normal Hgb levels. In addition, total ventilation time, total intensive care unit hour stay (ICU), hospital length of stay (HLOS), and postsurgery length of stay (PLOS) were significantly longer in anemic patients. We concluded that isolated CABG patients with preoperative anemia have significantly higher mortality and morbidity, and use more health care resources. Preoperative anemia is an independent variable for increased resource utilization, morbidity, and mortality.
Evaluation of quality of crushed-limestone and -siltstone for road aggregates
Authors: Khanal Shrawan , Tamrakar Naresh Kazi 
Published: September 2009

Aggregates are important constituents of pavement structures. Performance of aggregate layers depends on particle shape, grading and composition and their physical, mechanical and chemical properties. Careful study of these properties allows evaluation of aggregates according to the international norms. There are huge rock outcrops surrounding the Kathmandu Valley. With growing construction in and around the Kathmandu Valley, demand of aggregates has become so high that limited quarry sites within the valley are not sufficient to meet the requirements. Therefore, search of rock outcrops from which suitable aggregates may be quarried is sought to meet the current and future demands of aggregates suitable not only for the building and infrastructures but also for the roads or transport networks in the country. This study aims in exploring and evaluating suitability of natural crushedrock aggregates in western Kathmandu, Nepal for unbound pavement structures. Mainly three kinds of rocks were identified from the outcrops of the study area; siliceous limestone, crystalline limestone and calcareous siltstone. Shape factor (F) ranges from 0.99 to 1.40 in most of the samples indicating their cubic to disc shape. Aggregates have high roughness indices and moderate roundness indices. Flakiness indices of the test samples vary from 14% to 25% and elongation indices from 75.49 to 90.79% indicating that the crushed samples yield very little flat and elongated particles, and huge equant particles, which is very desirable for aggregates. Dry density of samples ranges from 2495 to 2658 kg/m3. WAV varies from 0.20 to 0.67%. ACV ranges from 22-26% and aggregates are strong enough to resist against compressive load. LAA varies from 27 to 30 % and AIV ranges from 10 to 14% showing that the aggregates have good hardness. The average CBR value is 61.12%. SSV ranges from 4.37 to 11.64%. All these indices meet the BS standard, American standard and Nepal standard, and are acceptable for road base and sub base courses of unbound pavement in roads. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v12i0.2248 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 12, 2009, pp. 29-42
Late Pleistocene plant macro-fossils from the Gokarna Formation of the Kathmandu Valley, Central Nepal
Authors: Bhandari Sudarshan , Momohara Arata , Paudayal Khum N 
Published: September 2009

The Kathmandu Valley offers the best archive to study the Late Pleistocene climate in Nepal. The Gokarna Formation, constituting the middle part of the sedimentary sequence of the Kathmandu Valley comprises alternating layers of carbonaceous clay, silt, massive to parallel and large scale cross stratified, fine to coarse grained sands and occasional gravel layers, deposited at fluvio-deltaic and lacustrine environment. The organic rich layers of clay, silt, silty-sand and micaceous fine sand consists of abundant plant macro-fossils (fruit, seed and leaves). Plant macrofossils assemblage from the Gokarna Formation (thickness 28.5 m, Dhapasi section) in the northern part of the valley consists of 56 taxa from 35 families. Depending upon the available plant, seven macrofossil assemblages, DS-I to DS-VII in ascending order were established. The common tree and shrubs discovered from this section were Eurya, Ficus, Carpinus, Quercus, Alnus, Rubus, Pyracantha, Zizyphus, Carpinus, Boehmeria etc. Carex, Scirpus triqueter, Scirpus, Polygonum, Euphorbia, Oxalis, Mosla, Viola etc. were the common herbaceous taxa. The constant occurrence of subtropical and warm temperate taxa including Eurya, Ficus, Pyracantha and Zizyphus indicated that subtropical and warm temperate climate continued during the deposition of those macrofossil assemblages. However change in the constituents of those taxa and occurrence of taxa indicating cooler climatic condition like conifers and Betula may indicate minor fluctuation of climate during the deposition of the Gokarna Formation. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v12i0.2252 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 12, 2009, pp. 75-88
Dynamic modelling in slopes using finite difference program
Authors: Dhakal Subodh 
Published: September 2009

The finite difference program FLAC is used for dynamic modelling of slopes whereby the relationship of the slope geometry, earthquake input signals (mainly frequency of the wave) and the material properties with amplification of vibration on the surface are investigated. At the same time, the influence of varying input frequencies is also investigated. The higher slopes were amplified most by the lower input frequency whereas the reverse was true for the smaller slopes. The overall magnitude of the amplification was maximum with input signals of higher frequency and lower slope heights. The horizontal amplification as much as 17 (horizontal acceleration in the order of 1.7g) was obtained for the normal limestone slope with 20 m height when an input signal of 15 Hz frequency was applied. This experiment revealed that for extremely lower values of shear modulus, there was mostly attenuation instead of amplification and for extremely high values of shear modulus, amplification was negligible as compared to the certain range of intermediate shear modulus. Maximum amplification in the order of 6.5 (horizontal acceleration of 0.66g) was achieved for the shear modulus of 3000 MPa where slope height was of 40 m. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v12i0.2253 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 12, 2009, pp. 88-94
Bone manganese as a biomarker of manganese exposure: A feasibility study
Authors: Pejović‐Milić Ana , Aslam  , Chettle David R. , Oudyk John , Pysklywec Michael W. , Haines Ted 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackgroundThere is a need for a diagnostic tool with the ability to measure cumulative exposure to manganese (Mn) in the workplace. Measuring bone Mn levels with in vivo neutron activation analysis (IVNAA) could serve as a biomarker of past exposure. Bone Mn levels of welders were measured and compared to the levels found in subjects without exposure to the element.MethodForty subjects (30 welders and 10 controls) were recruited. An occupational history was obtained and subjects underwent IVNAA bone Mn measurements.ResultsThe mean bone Mn levels were (2.9 ± 0.4) and (0.1 ± 0.7) µg Mn/g Ca for welders and controls, respectively (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThis project, the first of its kind, reports differences in bone Mn between Mn‐exposed welders and non‐occupationally exposed subjects. It appears that bone Mn levels do reflect differences in the occupational exposure of welders. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:742–750, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Utilizing hospital discharge data (HD) to compare fatal and non‐fatal work‐related injuries among Hispanic workers in New Jersey
Authors: McGreevy K. , Lefkowitz D. , Valiante D. , Lipsitz S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackgroundThis study explores the utilization of Hospital Discharge (HD) data to obtain estimates of work‐related non‐fatal injuries rates in NJ to determine if Hispanics workers have an increased risk of specific work‐related injuries. In addition, HD data are used to compare the rate ratios between fatal and non‐fatal injuries in this population to demonstrate the effectiveness of using HD as a surveillance tool for monitoring injury trends and performing evaluations.MethodsSeveral types of fatal and non‐fatal injuries were modeled using Poisson regression with the following predictor variables: gender, ethnicity, and year. The estimated number of workers by ethnicity employed in NJ each year was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, DataFerrett, Current Population Survey, November 2006, a data mining tool which accesses CPS data.ResultsThese analyses, utilizing estimates of working population at‐risk, indicate that Hispanic workers have an increased risk of four particular work‐related injuries compared with non‐Hispanics, and Hispanics were injured at a younger age than non‐Hispanics. In addition the rankings of the rate ratios from the comparison between non‐fatal and fatal risk estimates were similar; indicating that occupational surveillance of non‐fatal injuries is a viable component to be considered.ConclusionsHD data are effective for monitoring trends over time across ethnic groups and injury types. Therefore, non‐fatal injury surveillance should be considered for targeting specific worker populations for interventions to reduce exposure to workplace hazards, and can be a valuable surveillance tool in efforts to reduce occupational injuries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:146–152 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and In‐vitro Activity of 4′‐Modified Analogues of ddA as Potent Anti‐HIV Agents
Authors: Hong Joon Hee , Oh Chang Hyun 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper reports the synthesis of novel 4′‐hydrophobic pocket deoxythreosyl C‐nucleosides. The key threose‐like intermediates 9 and 14 were constructed from acyclic ketone derivatives, respectively. The antiviral activities of the synthesized compounds against the HIV‐1, HSV‐1, HSV‐2, and HCMV viruses were evaluated. The 9‐deaza‐adenine derivatives 10 and 20 showed good anti‐HIV activity without exhibiting significant cytotoxicity.
Modification of pulse sequences reduces occupational exposure from MRI switched gradient fields: Preliminary results
Authors: Wilén Jonna , Hauksson Jón , Mild Kjell Hansson 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe gradient fields in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will in some circumstances exceed the ICNIRP guidelines of occupational electromagnetic field exposure when personnel are near the scanner during MRI scanning. In this work we have shown that using commercially available modified sequences for noise reduction purposes, exposure will decrease by a factor of 1.5 with preserved image quality. This is a first step toward optimizing occupational exposure within the scanner room without affecting image quality. Bioelectromagnetics 31:85–87, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of The Splitting Approach to Solve Population Balance Equations in Chemical Processes
Authors: Bastani D. , Baghaei A. , Sarrafi A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDifferent processes in chemical industries deal with particles and multiphase flow. In such processes, particle or bubble size distribution (PSD) influences the final product quality and also process design. On the other hand, solutions to the dominant hydrodynamic and thermo‐kinetic equations ignoring these distributions will make it impossible to accurately simulate these processes. Solutions to population balance equations (PBE's) are needed to attain the PSD. One of the most common methods for the solution of a PBE is the classes method (CM). However, as this method requires a large number of classes to give a reasonable result, it needs a huge amount of calculations and time. To overcome this problem, in this paper, a variant of the CM is proposed in which particles in different classes are transformed to new classes in two steps with the application of the operator splitting technique. In the first step, the particles are aggregated and broken up to form three parallel types of groups, namely: groups formed from aggregated particles, groups formed from broken‐up particles, and finally, a group formed from non‐altered particles. In the second step, these parallel groups are combined to redefine classes for the next time step. Finally, results of this method, which could be called the parallel groups classes method (PGCM), for different coalescence and breakage kernels are compared with those obtained using the analytical solution and the CM. Excellent agreement of the results from the PGCM with the analytical solution reveals its effectiveness and accuracy; which will give it an advantage over the CM.
Preparative conversion of chloralamides to 2,5‐diaryl‐3a,6a‐dihydro‐[1,3]thiazolo[4,5‐d][1,3]thiazoles with the Lawesson reagent
Authors: Demydchuk Bogdan A. , Brovarets Vladimir S. , Vasilenko Alexander N. , Drach Boris S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBased on readily available chloralamides, a preparative method for the synthesis of hitherto unknown 2,5‐diaryl‐3a,6a‐dihydro[1,3]thiazolo[4,5‐d][1,3]thiazoles with the Lawesson reagent has been elaborated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:677–681, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20493
N → C2 → C3 migration of the dichlorophosphino group in the synthesis of phosphorylated NH‐pyrroles
Authors: Chaikovskaya Aleksandra A. , Dmytriv Yurii V. , Shevchuk Nadiya V. , Smaliy Radomyr V. , Pinchuk Aleksander M. , Tolmachev Andrey A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA successive N → C2 → C3 migration of the dichlorophosphino group has been found to occur in phosphorylation of unsubstituted pyrrole with phosphorus trichloride. As a result of this migration, a number of hitherto unknown C‐phosphorylated N‐unsubstituted pyrroles have been obtained. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:671–676, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20495