bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutionalism, the Rule of Law, and the Cold War
Authors: Mahoney Joan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter explores the interaction of constitutionalism, the rule of law, and politics in the context of civil liberties in Britain during the Cold War. It is fairly well known that during what is known as the McCarthy period, the United States failed to observe the rule of law, despite the written Constitution and the Bill of Rights. It is less well known that there was no comparable red scare in Britain at the time. The one area in which there were actions by the British government that could be compared to those in the United States were in the introduction of processes to determine whether members of the civil service posed a security threat and to remove any who were deemed to do so. The chapter compares the way these processes were introduced and applied to see the interaction of constitutionalism, politics, and the rule of law in Britain and the United States in the early Cold War period. It concludes that the Bill of Rights failed to contain anti-Communism in the US during the Cold War period while politics did in Britain what constitutionalism did not do in the US.
Constitutional Law Meets Comparative Politics: Socio-economic Rights and Political Realities
Authors: Rosevear Evan , Hirschl Ran 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter presents comparative evidence of the lack of correlation between variations in court-based human rights protection for social welfare rights and the reality of welfare provisions in different countries. The extensive research done on the empirical relation between levels of welfare provision and various non-judicial factors is brought to bear on assessing the relationship between constitutional rights and their impact on inequality. The chapter examines the causal links between constitutional protection and the political salience of socio-economic inequality, poverty, and/or labour unions and other leftists forces and constituencies in a given polity; regional and international political economy factors that explain the expansion or shrinkage of public economy; the political context for ‘aspirational’ statements at the time of constitutionalization; levels of extra-constitutional commitment to, and existence of, a well developed welfare regime (Keynesian, Marxist-socialist, or otherwise) in that polity; attempts by courts to expand the ambit of their influence by acting when elected official will not; and the net effect of constitutionalization or of its prevalent modes of interpretation on the actual realization of welfare rights.
Judicial Constitutional Review as a Last Resort
Authors: Tuori Kaarlo 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter starts by outlining the chapter's moderately critical analysis of external constitutional review of legislation and moves on to describes the ex post concrete constitutional review of legislation introduced in 2000 as it relates to the Finnish case, which was added to the pre-existing system of abstract ex ante review exercised by the Constitutional Law Committee of Parliament. The latter is a quasi-judicial body composed of Members of Parliament and advised by constitutional experts whose opinions tend to be adopted by the Committee and are respected by the courts, but does not have to be followed by the Parliament. Ex post judicial review can bypass the legislation it considers ‘in evident conflict with the Constitution’ but the primary duty of the courts is to interpret legislation consistently with constitutional provisions. This is presented as a hybrid model which has retained a strong parliamentary involvement, although the chapter accepts that there is a certain juridification of legislative politics through the input of the Constitutional Law Committee of Parliament.
9 Phylogeny
Authors: Auletta Gennaro 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAfter having introduced the general concept of evolution, the action of natural selection is considered. The issue of populations of genotypes and phenotypes as well as the problem of variation are examined. Then, a short summary of the concept of species is provided. The relations between evolution and complexity theory are examined as well as a very helpful approach to evolution: Game theory. Another important question is: How many systems of inheritance there are? Then, an investigation into the problem of entropy and order at different time scales follows. Finally, the Baldwin effect is discussed and some general principles of evolution are considered.
10 Ontogeny
Authors: Auletta Gennaro 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAfter having considered the flow of information as an irreversible process during the life of an individual, the chapter deals with the three main stages of ontogeny: Development, maturity, and aging. Then, the intrinsic randomness of the organism as one of the main sources of variations among individuals is considered as well as the most important aspect in which the ontogenetic information control of the organism is displayed: The construction of environmental niches.
15 Behavior
Authors: Auletta Gennaro 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this chapter the first fundamental function connecting the three main subsystems of the brain (sensory–cognitive, emotional, motor–decisional) is presented: Behavior. After having studied the classical behaviorist approach to the problem and considered some of its intrinsic limitations, the school of ethology is presented, which has preferred observational studies on the field to laboratory experiments. Finally, the true revolutionary discovery of mirror neurons that allows us to treat the high forms of behavior as determined by the third-order representational system in a very precise and rich form is presented.
20 Intentionality and Conceptualization
Authors: Auletta Gennaro 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAfter having introduced some brief philosophical considerations, the nature of intentionality is considered. Then, the delicate issue of the extent to which children show intentionality is discussed. Successively concepts, schemata, and categories are again analyzed. We are now in the position to deal with one of the most difficult problems of this book: The nature of concepts. Finally, the issue of the relation between development and acquisition of concepts is discussed.
22 Development and Culture
Authors: Auletta Gennaro 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAfter having recalled Piaget’s main contribution to epigeny, his historical work on children’s postnatal development is considered. Then, some expansions of these frameworks into both directions, that of ontogeny and that of culture and social interaction, are worked out. The question of up to which point it is possible to speak of innate endowment of the child is raised. Finally, the important issue of culture is examined.
23 Language
Authors: Auletta Gennaro 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter deals with human natural languages, the most important and widespread form of symbolic system we know. The richness of this symbolic system relative to the so-called formal languages is likely to be a consequence of the fact that it has arisen at the evolutionary scale thanks to the contribution of spontaneous teleonomic processes, and not engineeringly. After having introduced some basic notions, the chapter deals with the most important linguistic school of the last decades, the cognitivist school led by N. Chomsky. Then, some specific problems are considered that do not seem to receive a satisfactory answer in that context: The articulatory problem, language modularity, the relations between syntax and semantics, the evolutionary origin of language and language acquisition by children. Many important developments have arisen from this school. The final part of the chapter is devoted to the issue of whether other primates are able to use language. Three different theoretical approaches and their results are analyzed.
24 Mind and Brain (Body)
Authors: Auletta Gennaro 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAs is well known, Descartes proposed treating the mind and the body as two different substances. The cost of modern philosophy having split the universe into two different substances was the blocking of any empirical investigation about consciousness and mind. As a matter of fact, the physical world is not only causally closed but is also directly involved in all other processes of our world at any level of complexity. This does not mean that mind cannot be considered as an emergent phenomenon. In the following, both the physical and the mental will be considered as relevant.After some introductory remarks, some philosophical positions are examined. Thereafter, a solution to the problem is proposed: to consider three kinds of interactions and interconnections: mind–physical world, mind–brain, brain–physical world. The consequence of this proposal is a new understanding of the integration of mind and body. Then, some philosophical questions are raised.
Sense identity
Authors: Horty John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines various available options to develop Frege's schematic explication for categorizing the range of particular statements as informative or uninformative as well as to settle questions of identity both between the senses of particular expressions and psychological states. Also demonstrated here is Frege's notion of sense itself with the idea of speakers as creatures subject to psychological limitations. Rather than classifying expressions as identical in sense simply on the basis of a priori equivalence, Frege's writings suggest a view of sense identity at least as strong as one's ordinary concept of synonymy, and very much stronger in the case of an ideal language.
Senses of incomplete expressions
Authors: Horty John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter attempts to discover the senses found in complex incomplete and defined expressions. It considers two alternatives on how the senses of these expressions can be reified within the semantic framework. The first alternative that is analyzed in this chapter is a kind of “de re” proposal in which complex incomplete and defined expressions are designated with particular basic procedures as their senses, just as if they were basic expressions. However, this is deemed problematic as an interpretation of Frege. Thus, the second alternative introduces complex incomplete senses along the lines of “macros” in computer languages to serve as its senses. Both alternatives are examined in this chapter.
British grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) abundance in 2008: an assessment based on aerial counts and satellite telemetry
Authors: Lonergan Mike , Duck Callan D. , Thompson Dave , Moss Simon , McConnell Bernie 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Lonergan, M., Duck, C. D., Thompson, D., Moss, S., and McConnell, B. 2011. British grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) abundance in 2008: an assessment based on aerial counts and satellite telemetry. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 2201–2209. Recent estimates of the total size of the British grey seal population have been based on fitting age-structured models to estimates of pup production. The estimates were sensitive to whether density-dependence was considered to act on fecundity or pup survival. This study provides an alternative estimate for abundance in 2008: 91 800 animals (95% confidence interval, CI, 78 400–109 900). The estimate is consistent with the results of existing models where population density influences pup survival. It suggests that reductions in fecundity are unlikely to have been the cause of the recent slowing of the rate of growth of the population. The estimate presented is based on aerial surveys of the entire Scottish coast and the east coast of England. The surveys were carried out in August of 2007–2009 and restricted to the 2 h each side of daylight low water. Data from 107 electronic tags deployed between 1995 and 2008 were used to estimate the proportion of animals hauled out during the surveys. Overall, the animals hauled out for 31% (95% CI 15–50%) of the survey windows. No significant effects on the proportion of animals hauled out were detected from year, location, age, sex, temperature, rainfall, or the timing of low tide.
Decadal-scale changes in southern California sciaenids under different levels of harvesting pressure
Authors: Miller Eric F. , Pondella Daniel J. , Beck D. Shane , Herbinson Kevin T. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Miller, E. F., Pondella II, D. J., Beck, D. S., and Herbinson, K. T. 2011. Decadal-scale changes in southern California sciaenids under different levels of harvesting pressure. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 2123–2133. A unique 38-year time-series of power-plant entrapment data collected across ∼170 km of the southern California coastline was examined to describe the decadal-scale trends in common Southern California Bight sciaenid abundance in relation to oceanographic conditions. Adult catches for five of seven species declined at differing rates and severity. Declines of up to 94% were detected in historically common species such as Genyonemus lineatus, whereas historically less abundant species have increased dramatically, e.g. Umbrina roncador (2626%). Over time, the entrapped community became increasingly influenced by species with more southerly distributions, indicated by a significant decline in the average latitudinal midpoint of the community. This shift was significantly related to rising ocean temperature and took place in the early to mid-1980s. The observed species-specific abundance changes in all species except Atractoscion nobilis were significantly correlated with sea surface temperature, nearshore plankton volumetric biomass, G. lineatus or Seriphus politus nearshore larval density, or a combination of these. Patterns in A. nobilis abundance were the most isolated, likely reflecting its standing as an intensively fished species, unlike the other six species evaluated. The consistent relationship with environmental indices strongly supported the notion of a faunal shift driven by bottom-up forcing.
Nutritional Profile of Whole‐Grain Soft Wheat Flour
Authors: Souza Edward J. , Guttieri Mary , Sneller Clay 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTWhole‐grain wheat flour is used in baking to increase fiber content and to provide vitamins from the bran layers of the kernel. We surveyed whole‐grain soft flour samples from North America to determine the nutritional profile using recently revised fiber quantification protocols, Codex 2009.1. Standard compositional and vitamin analyses were also included in the survey. Three separate studies were included in the survey: sampling of commercial whole‐grain soft wheat flour, a controlled study of two cultivars across three years and two locations, and a regional study of soft white and soft red grain from commercial grain production. The Codex method for fiber measurement estimated total fiber concentration in the commercial sampling at 15.1 g/100 g, dry weight basis (dwb). In the controlled research trial, the largest source of variation in total fiber concentration was attributed to year effects, followed by genotype effects. For the two locations used in this study, location effects on fiber concentration were significant but an order of magnitude less important than the year and genotype effects. The third study of regional variation within North America found limited variation for total fiber, with the resistant oligosaccharide fraction having the greatest variation in concentration. When all three studies were combined into a meta‐analysis, the average total fiber concentration was 14.8 g/100 g dwb. In the meta‐analysis, concentrations of folate, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and pyridoxine were lower than in previous summary reports. Vitamin E and pantothenic acid were the exceptions, with concentrations that were nearly identical to previous standard reports. Several other recent studies also point to current cultivars and production systems as producing lower concentrations of the essential vitamins than previously reported. The results suggest that vitamin concentrations in diets of populations using grain‐based diets from modern cereal‐production systems may require review to determine if previous assumptions of vitamin consumption are accurate.
Competition for Oxygen Among Oxidative Systems During Bread Dough Mixing: Consequences of Addition of Glucose Oxidase and Lipoxygenase on Yeasted Dough Rheology
Authors: Buche F. , Davidou S. , Pommet M. , Potus J. , Rouillé J. , Verté F. , Nicolas J. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe effect on O2 uptake during the mixing of yeasted dough, either unsupplemented or supplemented with glucose oxidase (GOX), horsebean flour (HB), soybean flour (SB), or combinations thereof, was studied using an airtight mixer. Two wheat flours with a low (flour A) and a high (flour B) content of free polyunsaturated fatty acids were used. Addition of HB or SB provokes a similar increase of O2 uptake for both wheat flours, whereas addition of GOX causes a larger increase for flour A than for flour B. When the wheat flours were supplemented with HB or SB, addition of GOX caused a small but significant increase of O2 uptake for flour A. This increase was not observed for flour B. The mixing tolerance of dough A, determined with the Chopin Consistograph, is increased by GOX addition. However, this effect is less pronounced when flour A is supplemented with HB or SB. Similarly, the relaxation index of dough B is decreased by GOX addition, but the decrease is less distinct in the presence of HB or SB. These results can be explained by a competition among yeast, GOX, and lipoxygenases (present in wheat, HB, and SB flours) for the O2 uptake by dough, which likely decreases the amount of hydrogen peroxide produced by GOX during dough mixing. This competition for O2 consequently also modifies the rheological properties of dough.
Missense SNP of the MC1R gene is associated with plumage variation in the Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus)
Authors: Zhan X. J. , Dixon A. , Fox N. C. , Bruford M. W. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryA single nucleotide polymorphism (MC1R: c.376A>G) in the MC1R gene was found to be highly correlated with pigment phenotype in the Gyrfalcon. Homozygous genotypes c.376GG and c.376AA were found to dominate the extreme white and dark plumage types respectively, and heterozygotes occurred mainly in intermediate phenotypes. However, some heterozygotes were associated with extreme phenotypes, indicating that melanism/albinism might also involve other loci.
Hereditary lysozyme amyloidosis – phenotypic heterogeneity and the role of solid organ transplantation
Authors: Sattianayagam P. T. , Gibbs S. D. J. , Rowczenio D. , Pinney J. H. , Wechalekar A. D. , Gilbertson J. A. , Hawkins P. N. , Lachmann H. J. , Gillmore J. D. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract.  Sattianayagam PT, Gibbs SDJ, Rowczenio D, Pinney JH, Wechalekar AD, Gilbertson JA, Hawkins PN, Lachmann HJ, Gillmore JD (University College London Medical School, London, UK). Hereditary lysozyme amyloidosis – phenotypic heterogeneity and the role of solid organ transplantation. J Intern Med 2012; 272: 36–44.Objectives.  Lysozyme amyloidosis (ALys) is a form of hereditary systemic non‐neuropathic amyloidosis, which is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. Lysozyme, which is the amyloidogenic precursor protein in ALys, is a ubiquitous bacteriolytic enzyme synthesized by hepatocytes, polymorphs and macrophages. The aim of this study is to describe the phenotype and outcome of patients with ALys including the role of solid organ transplantation.Design.  Retrospective evaluation of patients with ALys.Setting.  UK National Amyloidosis Centre.Patients.  All 16 patients with ALys followed at the centre.Results.  A family history of amyloidosis was present in every affected individual. Although the phenotype was broadly similar amongst those from the same kindred, there were marked phenotypic differences between kindreds who possessed the same amyloidogenic mutation. Symptomatic gastrointestinal (GI) amyloid was prevalent, and macroscopically visible amyloidotic lesions were present in nine of 10 patients who underwent GI endoscopy. All symptomatic ALys individuals had hepatic amyloid. Four patients received orthotopic liver transplants (OLT), three for spontaneous hepatic rupture and one case, who had extensive hepatic amyloid and a strong family history of hepatic rupture, pre‐emptively. All of the liver grafts were functioning at censor 1.7, 5.8, 9.0 and 11.0 years after OLT. Five patients had progressive amyloidotic renal dysfunction culminating in end‐stage renal failure, three of whom underwent renal transplantation (RTx). There was no evidence of renal allograft dysfunction at censor 6.6, 1.8 and 0.8 years after RTx.Conclusions.  Lysozyme amyloidosis is a disease of the GI tract, liver and kidneys, which has a slow natural history. There was a clear family history in all cases within this cohort, demonstrating a high clinical penetrance in the presence of an amyloidogenic lysozyme mutation. There is currently no amyloid‐specific therapy for the condition which is managed symptomatically. OLT and RTx appear to be successful treatments for patients with liver rupture or end‐stage renal disease, respectively, with excellent outcomes in terms of medium‐term graft function and patient survival.
Convergence and divergence in gene expression profiles induced by leaf senescence and 27 senescence‐promoting hormonal, pathological and environmental stress treatments
Authors: GUO YONGFENG , GAN SU‐SHENG 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTIn addition to age and developmental progress, leaf senescence and senescence‐associated genes (SAGs) can be induced by other factors such as plant hormones, pathogen infection and environmental stresses. The relationship is not clear, however, between these induced senescence processes and developmental leaf senescence, and to what extent these senescence‐promoting signals mimic age and developmental senescence in terms of gene expression profiles. By analysing microarray expression data from 27 different treatments (that are known to promote senescence) and comparing them with that from developmental leaf senescence, we were able to show that at early stages of treatments, different hormones and stresses showed limited similarity in the induction of gene expression to that of developmental leaf senescence. Once the senescence process is initiated, as evidenced by visible yellowing, generally after a prolonged period of treatments, a great proportion of SAGs of developmental leaf senescence are shared by gene expression profiles in response to different treatments. This indicates that although different signals that lead to initiation of senescence may do so through distinct signal transduction pathways, senescence processes induced either developmentally or by different senescence‐promoting treatments may share common execution events.