bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Playing with Truth
Authors: Hammond Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Divertissement is directly related to the notion of play in the Pensées. The term emanates from man's corrupt nature and acts as an impetus to redirect him towards spiritual perfection. However, there still remains the question why play and divertissement should be so central to the human condition in the first place. Blaise Pascal is not unique in the seventeenth century in the importance which he attached to the notion of play. Although man is condemned to play on earth, this game is finite. Death puts an end to all games of chance. It is in this context that this chapter views L418, the Wager fragment. By opting out of a game in which he is a player, he is in effect wagering against the existence of God. The positive function of searching which is implicit within the movement associated with divertissement points towards the possible attainment of an eternal truth.
Principles of Public Service Broadcasting
Authors: Tracey Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn a public system, television producers acquire money to make programmes. In a commercial system, they make programmes to acquire money. However simple, this little epigram articulates the divergence of basic principles, the different philosophical assumptions, on which broadcasting is built. History and experience fashioned inside public broadcasting a definable canon, a set of principles and practices which came to constitute its purpose. They are the core theses around which the institution has been formed and shaped, which have guided its performance, and which powerfully suggest its potential worth. This chapter focuses on the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) in the early 1960s, a key figure from which years was Sir Arthur Fforde. The canons were also seen as a way of protecting ‘standards’, one more difficult concept to define and yet one which lay and lies at the very heart of the idea of public service broadcasting.
Cognitive Identification and Empathy
Authors: Grodal Torben 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates that emotional empathy and cognitive identification play a crucial role in the reception of visual fiction, and also that cognition and emotion are two different aspects of one information system. It uses an example from Psycho to illustrate the means by which cognitive identification causes empathy, because cognition is intimately linked to motivation. It analyses the intersubjective status of emotions and describes the cognitive labelling of emotions as a narrative strategy. It also discusses the way in which narrative processes can be described as homeostatic systems, that is, as an alternative to the psychoanalytic description of narration as driven by ‘narrative desire’. The chapter examines the applicability of two concepts of homeostasis — telic and paratelic motivation — as tools for describing visual fiction and entertainment.
Crime and Horror Fiction
Authors: Grodal Torben 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCrime fiction is a subgenre of canonical narratives. As a result of its narrative structure, it has a characteristic strong emphasis on cognitive control, compared with the typical canonical narrative in which cognitive control is more closely integrated with physical acts. This chapter considers the way in which crime fiction relates to canonical narratives, metanarratives, and horror fiction, the means by which it modifies empathic relations, and that by which thrillers and horror fiction furthermore rely on cognitive dissonance for creating effect.
‘A Devil on’t, the Woman Damns the Poet’: Aphra Behn's Fictions of Feminine Identity
Authors: Ballaster Ros 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the fiction of Aphra Bren. It argues that a properly historicist and feminist account of Behn's prose writing must cease to view Behn's texts as mere sources for biographical investigation, and recognize the fictional nature of the figure of the female writer, Apha/Astrea, who surfaces repeatedly in her narratives. The figure of the female artist in Behn's writing releases a meditation upon, and an unsettling of, the nature of the poetic and authorial identity. This in turn leads to an exploration of the women writer's capacity to produce meaning against the interpretative will of the reader, as well as the potential to capitalize upon the erotic and seductive effects of the text upon the reader for political purposes.
King Lear: Organized Incoherence
Authors: Fisch Harold 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter explores the view that King Lear is to a certain degree incoherent. It argues that the play is both strongly Christian and strongly Pagan, and that the two are not harmonized. However, having found himself and his play thus impaled on the horns of a dilemma, Shakespeare exploited that very situation for all it was worth, lighting up for us the discontinuities to which the dilemma gave rise and creating a super-agon which overshadows the agon enacted between the characters on the stage. This super-agon may be expressed in shorthand form as a contest between Job and Prometheus.
Love-Mad Women and the Rhetoric of Gentlemanly Medicine
Authors: Small Helen 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
John Mason Cox, John Conolly, Henry Maudsley, and Alexander Morison have had considerable influence on the way in which other disciplines, literary criticism, in this case, have thought about relations between medical science and wider English culture in the period. Conolly and Maudsley are frequently cited as men whose medical theories were aided and prejudiced by literary stereotypes. Morison's highly influential work on the physiognomy of the insane has been seen as strong evidence of Victorian medicine's attachment to literary models of female insanity and to a coercively normative concept of femininity. On closer reading, far from simply confirming narrow nineteenth-century ideals of femininity, each of their works exhibits considerable ambivalence towards the most pervasive stereotype of female insanity, the love-mad woman; and rather than indicating unproblematic continuities between medical and literary culture, their use of literary allusion more generally is shaped by highly specific professional pressures.
Love-Mad Women and Political Insurrection in Regency Fiction
Authors: Small Helen 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The themes of love-madness and war were clearly coming together in fiction of the early 1810s, albeit often in little more than an attempt to enliven otherwise jaded material. Lady Charlotte Bury's Self-Indulgence: A Tale of the Nineteenth Century and Louis Sidney Stanhope's Madelina: A Tale, Founded on Facts (1814) both fended off evident anxieties about the freshness of the convention by placing their love-mad women against the background of contemporary Anglo–French politics. The desire both to entertain and to disown the spectacle of rebellion is evident in the most notorious novel of the 1810s, showing interest in the madwoman as a symbol of Irish rebellion. Lady Caroline Lamb's Glenarvon was a kiss-and-tell account of her affair with Lord Byron. Meanwhile, Ivanhoe overturns the determining features of the love-madness convention, rewriting them in colours of violence.
Exiles in the Promised Land
Authors: Ekirch A. Roger 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Chesapeake society saw many troubles after the arrival of large number of convicts into Virginia and Maryland. Soon these white convicts turned servants dominated the ranks of black-workers on the plantations. During the third quarter of the 17th century, these white labourers started a civil war in the province. Many masterless men, servants, landless freemen, and scattered slaves started threatening the big planters. The province saw a series of uprisings during 1660 and 1670 which was followd by Bacon's Rebellion in 1676. Virginia also experienced an uprising when the convicts raised their voice against the Governor and the provincial authorities. Most convicts were young, male, experienced criminals and their past crimes and reports about their shipboard uprisings also showed that they were desperate to pose a threat and make themselves free.
Coming Home
Authors: Ekirch A. Roger 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Despite harsh punishments, during the 18th century a large number of convicts ran away from their masters in America without serving their time in employment as servants, and this became very common practice. Newspapers in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania were often published with notices of runaway convicts urging their capture. From the period 1746 to 1775 the Maryland Gazette published notices of around 993 separate Maryland convicts, an average of thirty-three runaways per year. A large portion of these runaways were male, out of 1401 Maryland and Virginia runaways during the mid-18th century nearly 95% were men and boys. Males comprised around 80% of all convicts and their masters were more likely to advertise for their male servants to be captured due to their greater value, while female servants were less willing to choose the runaway option.
Blood v. Blood Separation for cruelty, 1686–1704
Authors: Stone Lawrence 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter narrates the ill-treatment meted on Elizabeth Blood by her husband, Holcroft Blood, and analyzes the legal procedures involved in the ensuing law suit. As a result of the new and plausible-seeming evidence of adultery by Elizabeth, her suit for separation with Holcroft Blood was rejected by the Consistory Court. Despite this serious set-back, Elizabeth was obstinate enough to appeal her case to the Court of Arches. There she turned the tables on her accusers by having them summoned to an identification line-up. She appeared with six other women, and, when asked to pick her out, the three key witnesses to her alleged adultery with Brome all failed the test. Moreover, Mrs Boteler and her maid swore that Elizabeth never slept out of the house a single night during all the period she was supposed to have been living with Brome.
‘We’re all Rhodesians’
Authors: Godwin Peter , Hancock Ian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the existence of the national identity in Rhodesia. George Kay explains the formation of Rhodesian identity in terms of a confluence of the two distinct — southern African and British — traditions. Barry Schutz stresses that the Europeans arriving in Rhodesia before 1921 carried the attitudes and expectations of British South Africans rather than those of residential British nationals into their new settlement. Work provided one focus of identification and division. The 1969 census classified 102,741 Europeans as ‘economically active’, of whom one-quarter were employed in the government service.
‘Fourteen great years’
Authors: Godwin Peter , Hancock Ian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The war and the associated political change had an immense though varied impact on families and individuals. The effect on communities and institutions was mixed and wide ranging. There were obvious and profound differences between the wartime experiences of rural and urban Rhodesia. Contacts between the two Rhodesias were certainly close. A number of rural districts were emptied by the war.
Conclusion
Authors: Godwin Peter , Hancock Ian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
There are three concluding observations to be made about the Rhodesian experience of the war years. First, the White minority could not for long have withstood the combined pressure of the war and economic sanctions as they were applied in the late 1970s. Secondly, a combination of factors weakened Rhodesian resistance in the 1970s by creating or fostering tensions and uncertainties. Thirdly, the society which claimed to stand for certain principles was composed of peoples whose common interest was that they came, and stayed, for a good material existence. Rhodesia simply dispersed as the Whites left the country in their thousands.
The Urban Setting
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe towns represented in the states of Holland were the fundamental source of political power in the province, as they were throughout the history of the Dutch Republic from the first days of the revolt to the French invasion in 1795. These eighteen — the stemhebbende or voting — towns were the dominant element in the representative body, the states, which controlled the government of Holland. The nobility also had a voice in the states and was regarded in theory as representing not only its own interests, but those of both the countryside in general and of the towns which were not members of the states in their own right. The unrepresented towns and the countryside were governed by their own local institutions, and enjoyed a considerable amount of autonomy in local affairs, but they had no influence on the political life of the province outside their own areas.
The Stadhouder
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe stadhouder was the other pole of political power and leadership in Holland apart from the provincial states, and was the main moving force in the political life of the province for a good part of the century. However, the office was formally a subordinate one: the stadhouder was appointed, empowered, and instructed by the states. In this sense, and in perhaps only this sense, there is a parallel with the position of the raadpensionaris, who was also a subordinate official of the states capable of attaining supreme political leadership. No more than in this latter case is the formal constitutional position an adequate account of the strength of the stadhoudership in the practical politics of the 17th century. Before the revolt, the stadhouder was the representative, or viceroy, of the sovereign within Holland.
Religion and Politics in Holland
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOf all the factors affecting the way in which politics operated in Holland in the 17th century, the religious environment, if not necessarily the most important, is perhaps the one that is most difficult to evaluate and to understand. It is a truism to say that religion and politics could not be separated in 17th-century Europe, but one of the most interesting aspects of the history of Holland during this century is the extent to which a significant change in this respect was already becoming apparent. In short, the process of secularisation was beginning, but within an overall situation in which the influence of religion was still strong. It is not enough to look merely at the Reformed Church, for the religious diversity and relatively high degree of toleration that existed within the province were just as important in their political ramifications, though perhaps in less obvious ways.
Land Use and Distribution on the Pampas
Authors: ADELMAN JEREMY 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Unlike the Canadian west, the Argentine pampas were already host to considerable commercial activity by the 1880. For much of the 19th century landowners had dedicated themselves to the production of pastoral products. This chapter describes the political economy of the settlement, land use and rapid expansion of pastoral production, land tenure, and land distribution. The emerging cattle-ranching sector in Argentina offered great promise, since pastoral expansion was less circumscribed by the shortage of labour. The regime of property relations that emerged in the late 19th century had repercussions that were obvious once the phase of frontier expansion come to a close.
Agricultural Finance on the Frontier
Authors: ADELMAN JEREMY 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Creating a credit system to encourage the flow of resources to the frontier posed an enormous challenge to frontier expansion. Without credit, rapid commercialization for credit helped finance the procurement of technology and livestock necessary to run a farm. This chapter describes agricultural finance on the pampas and the prairies. The structure of rural finance on the pampas and the prairies differed markedly. The variance, conditioned by existing property relations, had to do with both the demand and supply of finance. The confluence of supply and demand for finance reinforced the property relations regime: ample finance allowed prairie farmers to spread across the grasslands to become the dominant class in the west, while exiguous finance kept tenants in an underclass position, and enhanced the power of the estancia, which enjoyed a better position to exploit financial resources.
Conclusion: The Frontier Legacy
Authors: ADELMAN JEREMY 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The differenciae specificae of prairie and pampean development lay in their property relation regimes. The distribution and use of land, labour, and capital established the context in which individuals — landowners, landless, tenants, and wage labourers — forged their strategies of material advancement. Property relations implied unforeseeable consequences in the long run: by buttressing property relations based on owner-occupation of the means of production, individuals undermined the financial stability of the regional economy of the prairies; and by enhancing the estancia-dominated pampas, individuals inhibited the development of technology or the forces of production.
Marriage, Property, and Law in Late Imperial Russia
Authors: Wagner William G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book provides a systematic study of civil law in late Imperial Russia. It shows that efforts to adjust family, property, and inheritance law to changing social and economic conditions often became intertwined with attempts to shape society in accordance with competing ideological ideals. Through a restructuring of the family's legal basis, members of the growing educated and professional strata of society in particular endeavoured to promote conflicting conceptions of authority, individuality, gender, and law. Legal reform also served for members of the emerging legal and medical professions as a way to establish their authority, often at the expense of the state administration and the Orthodox Church. Civil law in late Imperial Russia therefore constituted both an important medium for ideological redefinition and a field of battle for those seeking to reform, to overthrow, or to defend the ancient regime. Because this battle extended into the state bureaucracy, legislative change proved extremely difficult. Newly empowered by the 1864 judicial reform, the judiciary responded to legislative inaction by not merely adapting the law, but also by promoting an ideal of the family whose values and principles challenged those underlying the autocracy.
Local Government, Parliament, and the Problem of Poverty 1795–1819
Authors: Eastwood David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The realities of power within English rural counties were shaped more by the dynamics of local politics than by the formal instruments of statutory authority. In this sense the power of the magistracy as an institution rested as much on the recognized status of justices and the constantly elaborated machinery of the Quarter Sessions. This chapter discusses the role of the local government and parliament in addressing the problem of poverty. Poor-law policy was grounded in statute, but magistrates claimed considerable autonomy in shaping policy on the ground. Poverty and policy in the eighteenth century, the crisis of 1795 and changing the attitudes towards poverty, and the beginnings of reform are described.
Police, Punishment, and the Maintenance of Order
Authors: Eastwood David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the problem of police reform and punishment and prison in rural England. Central government acknowledged the logic of central funds being deployed to help finance centrally imposed policies when in 1846 grants-in-aid — inaugurated in 1845 and substantially extended in 1865 — gave central government much more leverage over local policy than it had enjoyed in the immediate aftermath of the 1835 Act.
The Danube Crossing and Gothic War
Authors: Heather P. J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the crossing of the Tervingi and the Greuthungi across the Danube, which unexpectedly led to the Gothic War, after Emperor Valens refused to bring the Greuthungi across the river. The war also led to the death of Valens, who was killed on a plain outside the city of Hadrianople. Based on the petitions of the Tervingi and the Greuthungi, these Goths came to the Danube because the Huns had destroyed their hold on lands north of the river. The chapter attempts to answer the question: why did peaceful co-operation degenerate into violence?
Alaric and the Move to Gaul
Authors: Heather P. J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the instability in Gotho-Roman relations. The revolt of Alaric, which led to the sacking of Rome and the Goths' move to Gaul, exploited imperial disunity and is usually seen as a general rising of Goths settled under the 382 treaty. The chapter also looks at the effects of Alaric's success, such as uniting the Tervingi and the Greuthungi, and forcing the Roman Empire to recognize any Gothic leaders as pre-eminent.
Central Places and Urban Networks
Authors: Scott Tom 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In the 1930s, German economic geographer Walter Christaller systematized the links between market centres of different sizes into a rank-order based on a predictable dispersion of central places and recognized the possibility of urban networks stretching along perceived lines of communication. In order to discover how well these theoretical approaches explain the rank-order of communities on the Upper Rhine, this chapter looks at four variables to illustrate the range of central functions and the intensity of relations with the surrounding countryside. They are: population size; the principal economic activity within the town and its diffusion through exports and at fairs and markets; the range of economic activity beyond the town which was controlled entirely and in part by the town's businessfolk (the extent of outwork, and share-cropping); and the provision of merchant capital in credit and banking.
Country Crafts and Regional Guilds
Authors: Scott Tom 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The two metropolises, Strasbourg and Basel, faced no sustained challenge to their ascendancy, even if they competed for commercial control of the southern stretch of the Upper Rhine. Rather, the centrality of the regional ‘county’ and lesser market towns was repeatedly challenged by economic competition in their own backyard. That competition took three principal forms: the towns resented the rise of craft production in the countryside, which eroded the traditional function of urban centres; they objected to the establishment of rural salt-chests, which infringed the lucrative urban monopoly on stapling salt; and they feared competition from new rural markets, some in franchised villages, others held informally at church-ales or at weddings, which undermined the autonomy of borough markets. The very existence of territorial guilds placed urban craftsmen on almost the same footing as rural artisans, thereby diluting the function of the lesser or district towns as central places. This chapter examines the grievances concerning country crafts and staples, and the possible countermeasures open to towns or territorial rulers.