bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantum state transfer between light and matter via teleportation
Authors: Krauter H. , Sherson J.F. , Polzik E.S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractQuantum teleportation is an interesting feature of quantum mechanics. Entanglement is used as a link between two remote locations to transfer a quantum state without physically sending it – a process that cannot be realized utilizing merely classical tools. Furthermore it has become evident that teleportation is also an important element of future quantum networks and it can be an ingredient for quantum computation. This article reports for the first time the teleportation from light to atoms. In the experiment discussed, the quantum state of a light beam is transferred to an atomic ensemble. The key element of light‐atom entanglement created via a dispersive interaction lays the foundation for the protocol.
Light‐Stability of Poly(dialkylstannane)s
Authors: Choffat Fabien , Wolfer Pascal , Smith Paul , Caseri Walter 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis study deals with the stability of poly(dialkylstannane)s in solution and in the bulk, in particular under exposure to light, which was found to cause degradation more severely than water or oxygen. Decomposition of the poly(dialkylstannanes) under argon atmosphere in solution proceeded by an unzipping mechanism, most likely initiated by scission of a SnSn bond. While solvents and additives influenced polystannane degradation, the length of the alkyl groups was not particularly relevant, indicating that steric effects played a minor role in this process. In unreactive solvents, the polystannanes were the least stable and cyclic oligostannanes formed as decomposition products. Polystannanes in solution were found to be most stable in dichloromethane or styrene, which gave rise to the formation of Bu2(ClCH2)SnCl or poly(styrene), indicating that the polystannanes acted in the latter case as a photoinitiator. Addition of radical scavengers and selected dyes improved the stability of polystannanes toward light. Exposure of bulk poly(dialkylstannane)s to ambient caused the formation of (oligo‐)alkyltin‐oxides.magnified image
Numerical Simulations of the Effect of Microstructure on AC Conductivity of MWCNT/Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Sun Xinxin , Song Mo 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA continuum model is developed to investigate the microstructure‐dependent AC properties of MWCNT/polymer nanocomposites. The AC conductivity of the composite is increased by a higher curl ratio of MWCNTs. At a critical frequency ω0, the AC conductivity switches to a frequency‐dependent region. For high MWCNT content, the curl curliness of MWCNTs has only a weak influence on the AC conductivity. For medium MWCNT content, the AC conductivity became frequency‐dependent for low frequencies with decreasing curl ratio of MWCNTs, which cannot be explained by correlation length theory. An interpretation based on the linear circuit theory is given. With increasing size of MWCNT clusters, the critical frequency ω0 increases. It is also affected significantly by the crystallinity the polymer.magnified image
Preisgekrönte Fließbandarbeiter
Authors: Zündorf Ilse , Dingermann Theo 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEs sind Komplexe aus RNA‐Stücken und Proteinen, von denen soviel abhängt: die Ribosomen. Sie sorgen dafür, dass aus der genetischen Information die Moleküle entstehen, die für das Funktionieren unseres Körpers sorgen, wie Strukturproteine, Rezeptoren, Peptidhormone, Enzyme, Transportproteine, Antikörper und viele andere mehr. Wie das alles vonstatten geht, wurde maßgeblich von Venkatraman Ramakrishnan vom MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, Ada E. Yonath vom Weizmann‐Institut in Rehovot und Thomas A. Steitz von der Yale‐Universität in New Haven aufgeklärt. Sie erhielten jetzt zu gleichen Teilen den Chemie‐Nobelpreis.
Wirkstoffe gegen Wurm‐ und Protozoenerkrankungen und das Virustatikum Ribavirin. Medizinische Chemie einiger “Exoten”
Authors: Schlitzer Martin , Ortmann Regina , Form Imke 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSo heterogen wie die Erreger, so heterogen sind auch die Arzneistoffe gegen die verschiedenen Tropenkrankheiten. Oft stand der “glückliche Zufall” am Anfang der Entwicklung dieser Wirkstoffe, deren Wirkmechanismen nur zum Teil bekannt sind.
Fieber nach Tropenaufenthalt. Malaria ist die wichtigste Differenzialdiagnose
Authors: Burchard Gerd‐Dieter 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBei jedem Fieber nach Tropenaufenthalt an Malaria denken. Wenn die Malaria ausgeschlossen ist, an Typhus abdominalis denken. Bei Fieber, Hepatosplenomegalie und Panzytopenie an Kala‐Azar denken. Bei Fieber, hohen Entzündungsparametern und Oberbauchschmerzen nach Tropenaufenthalt (auch noch nach Jahren) an Amöbenleberabszess denken. Fieber und hohe Eosinophilie nach Tropenreise: an Katayama‐Fieber denken. Bei Fieber und Blutungszeichen an die seltene Möglichkeit eines viralen hämorrhagischen Fieber denken.
Klinik, Epidemiologie und Diagnostik tropischer Virusinfektionen. Tropische Viren nicht nur in den Tropen
Authors: Preiser Wolfgang 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObwohl viele Viruskrankheiten heutzutage in tropischen Ländern häufiger auftreten als hierzulande, sind nur wenige wirklich auf tropische Klimabedingungen angewiesen. Dazu zählen in erster Linie zahlreiche Arboviren, welche von Insekten und Zecken übertragen werden. Der Beitrag stellt die wichtigsten davon kurz vor, beschreibt die klinische Symptomatik und gibt Hinweise zur Diagnostik. Abschließend wird versucht, die aktuellen Veränderungen der Epidemiologie dieser Erreger im Zuge der Klimaerwärmung, aber auch anderer, vorwiegend menschengemachter, Faktoren zu verstehen.
Determinates of underutilization of amniocentesis among Israeli Arab women
Authors: Muhsen Khitam , Na'amnah Wasef , Lesser Yael , Volovik Irina , Cohen Dani , Shohat Tamy 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo study the determinants of amniocentesis underutilization among Israeli Arab Muslim women.MethodsPregnant women referred for amniocentesis (n = 476) were identified through family health centers (FHCs). Data on sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge of prenatal testing, and attitudes toward termination of pregnancy (TOP) were collected through interviews and from medical records.ResultsOf all women eligible for amniocentesis free of charge, only 17.9% (95% CI: 14.7–21.6) underwent the test. Women referred as a result of advanced maternal age underwent the test less often than those referred for other indications [13.5% and 25.0%, respectively, (p = 0.002)]. In multivariate analyses, determinants for amniocentesis underutilization among women referred for advanced maternal age were: being religious [OR 2.71 (95% CI 1.04–7.01)], perceiving amniocentesis a risky procedure [OR 3.25 (95% CI 1.28–8.20)], spouse's opposing TOP [OR 3.73 (95% CI 1.48–9.37)], less advanced age [OR 0.74 (95% CI 0.58–0.94)] and being a housewife [OR 2.59 (95% CI 0.96–6.95)]. In women referred for other reasons poor accessibility [OR 5.49 (95% CI 1.50–20.05)], perceiving amniocentesis a risky procedure [OR 3.45 (95% CI 1.17–10.17)] and spouse's opposing TOP [OR 7.47 (95% CI 2.46–22.63)] were the significant determinants.ConclusionsAny program aimed at increasing amniocentesis uptake among Muslim women should be directed to both partners and should emphasize the low risk for miscarriage following the test. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early communication of drug safety concerns: a feasibility study on enhancing interaction between the pharmaceutical industry and regulators
Authors: Swain Elizabeth , Morgan Sarah , Brewster Wendy , Kauser Shahin 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPurposeThe responsibility for monitoring the safety of marketed medicines is shared between regulatory authorities and the pharmaceutical industry and is underpinned by legal obligations on both sides. Both marketing authorisation holders (MAHs) and regulators initially evaluate and investigate potential safety concerns, and then work together on further review as appropriate. We wanted to test the feasibility of enhanced interaction between MAH and regulator via a regular monthly, two‐way communication of potential safety concerns between the MAHs and the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). It was envisaged that such a process would aid prioritisation and planning by both parties, avoid duplication of effort and support a collaborative approach for decision making.MethodsFour MAHs took part in the pilot, which was conducted between July 2007 and June 2008. Potential safety concerns were exchanged on a monthly basis. The MAH/MHRA proposed a timeline for evaluation of each potential safety concern. The pilot did not include serious public health issues which are immediately reported to regulatory authorities.ResultsDuring the pilot, 136 potential safety concerns were exchanged. Thirteen per cent of these resulted in a change to product information for health professionals and patients. There was concurrence between the MAHs and MHRA on timelines proposed for evaluation.ConclusionsThe pilot proved feasible for the companies involved and indicated potential benefits of a system for avoiding duplication of effort and supporting a collaborative approach to planning and prioritisation of investigation of potential safety concerns between pharmaceutical industry and regulatory authorities. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article was published online on December 27, 2009. An error was subsequently identified. This notice is included in the online and print versions to indicate that both have been corrected (08/01/10).
Self‐sensing ionic polymer–metal composite actuating device with patterned surface electrodes
Authors: Kruusamäe Karl , Brunetto Paola , Graziani Salvatore , Punning Andres , Di Pasquale Giovanna , Aabloo Alvo 
Published: December 2009

AbstractElectroactive polymers are materials that change their properties (e.g. size and shape) while stimulated by an electric field/current. Conversely, they produce an electrical signal if bent. As both actuators and sensors, they are considered attractive for various applications, e.g. in biomedicine and robotics. Self‐sensing actuators made of these materials are still a topic of great interest among researchers. This paper proposes a new self‐sensing ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC) actuating device. By specially patterning the opposite metal electrodes of an IPMC strip, an actuator and a sensor are formed on a single piece of the material. Self‐sensitivity is attained by measuring the changing resistance of the sensor part of the structure. This paper introduces the methods for patterning the surface of an IPMC strip and measuring the resistance change during the actuator work cycle, and gives experimental evidence of the suitability of the proposed method for the realization of a smart motion actuator. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Gestational and neonatal‐onset hypothyroidism alters androgen receptor status in rat prostate glands at adulthood
Authors: Aruldhas Michael Maria , Ramalingam Neelamohan , Jaganathan Anbalagan , John Sashi Arokya Mary , Stanley Jone Arulrajadurai , Nagappan Arumugam Suriyam , Vasavan Jyothilakshmi , Kannan Annapoorna , Seshadri Venkatesh Nagamangalam 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBACKGROUNDInfertility associated with congenital and early childhood hypothyroidism is an important reproductive health problem in men. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism underlying hypothyroidism‐induced changes in the prostate gland, an androgen‐dependent organ that contributes a significant portion of the seminal plasma remains obscure. The present study tested the hypothesis “transient gestational‐ or neonatal‐onset hypothyroidism may have duration dependent and lobe specific effect on androgen receptor (AR) status in the prostate glands of adult rats.”METHODSHypothyroidism was induced in pregnant and lactating rats by feeding 0.05% methimazole (MMI) through drinking water during fetal and neonatal milestones of testicular and prostatic development. Pregnant dams had MMI exposure from 9th day post‐coitum (dpc) to14 dpc (group II) or 21 dpc (group III). Lactating mothers had MMI exposure from day 1 post‐partum (dpp) to 14 dpp (group IV) or up to 29 dpp (group V). AR status in the dorsolateral and ventral prostate lobes (DLP and VP) of the pups was assessed by RT‐PCR, western blot and radio receptor assay.RESULTSAR mRNA expression consistently decreased in the DLP of all groups, whereas it increased in VP of group III and V rats. AR protein consistently decreased in both DLP and VP of all experimental rats. AR nuclear ligand‐binding activity diminished in groups II and IV, whereas it increased in groups III and V.CONCLUSIONThe results obtained support the proposed hypothesis and indicate that an optimum thyroid activity during pre‐ and neonatal period determines AR status in the prostate glands at adulthood. Prostate 70: 689–700, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Some experimental aspects of the compression behaviour of boxes made up of G‐flute corrugated boards
Authors: Viguié Jérémie , Dumont Pierre J. J. , Desloges Isabelle , Mauret Évelyne 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe load‐bearing capacity of boxes made up of thin‐walled G‐flute corrugated boards was investigated by performing monotonic and cyclic compression tests on boxes of various geometries. Results provided a large experimental database on the influence of the box dimensions and compression velocities on buckling parameters such as critical load and the corresponding critical axial deformation. Cyclic loading tests permitted the detection of the onset of an irreversible strain state, which could be related to damage initiation and propagation in the microstructure of the panels of boxes. Moreover, main differences, which could be observed between G‐flute corrugated boards and folding boards, were emphasized. Finally, the ability of some usual modelling approaches to predict the critical load of boxes was discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Steel bracing systems for the seismic upgrading of RC structures
Authors: Mazzolani Federico M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractReinforced concrete constructions represent the largest part of the built heritage in the Euro‐Mediterranean region because they characterize the related principal way of construction during the 20th Century. The widespread high seismic vulnerability of such constructions is mainly due to the fact that, primarily in the case of structures erected more than 20 years ago, they are usually designed to resist gravitational loads only. Hence, the possibility of resisting horizontal actions, e.g. seismic, is essentially due to overstrength effects. Considering the enormous diffusion of reinforced concrete constructions designed for vertical loads only, in recent years we have seen a growing interest in the establishment and development of innovative seismic protection systems able to improve the seismic behaviour of such constructions and also retain their original structural features. This paper describes the use of metallic bracing systems for the seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete buildings designed for vertical loads only. Both the experimental and numerical results of the studies carried out on these systems within the scope of the ILVA‐IDEM Italian research project and the PROHITEH EC‐funded project are shown.
Association of intronic polymorphism rs3773364 A>G in synapsin‐2 gene with idiopathic epilepsy
Authors: Lakhan Ram , Kalita J. , Misra U.K. , Kumari Ritu , Mittal Balraj 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn epilepsy, there is a tendency towards recurrent unprovoked seizures. Seizures result due to the excessive electrical misfiring in the brain between neurons and disturbance in neurotransmitter release. Several gene products affect the behavior of these neurons by regulating neurotransmission via several mechanisms. One such gene, Synapsin‐2 (SYN2), involved in synaptogenesis is also reported to regulate the neurotransmitter release. We hypothesized that SYN2 gene and its polymorphisms could affect the process of epileptogenesis and therapeutic response in humans. In this hospital‐based study, we enrolled 372 patients with epilepsy and 199 control subjects. We selected rs3773364 A>G polymorphism in SYN2 gene and analyzed its distribution in north Indian patients with epilepsy and control subjects. Genotyping was carried out by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) method. According to the results obtained, SYN2 “AG” genotype frequency was significantly higher in patients with epilepsy versus control subjects in north Indian population (P = 0.02, OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.06–2.26). After subclassification, we observed higher frequency of AG genotype in idiopathic patients as compared to control subjects (P = 0.01, OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.08–2.56). There were no significant differences in genotypic (AG: OR = 0.80, P = 0.377; GG: P = 0.628, OR = 1.17) or allelic (P = 0.86, OR = 1.03) frequency distributions in patients with multiple drug resistance versus patients with drug‐responsive epilepsy. Results from our study indicate the involvement of SYN2 gene polymorphism in conferring risk to epilepsy; however, the genetic variant does not seem to modulate drug‐response in epilepsy pharmacotherapy. Synapse 64:403–408, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cesarean section scar defects: agreement between transvaginal sonographic findings with and without saline contrast enhancement
Authors: Vikhareva Osser O. , Jokubkiene L. , Valentin L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the agreement between transvaginal ultrasound examinations performed before and at saline contrast sonohysterography (SCSH) with regard to number, size and shape of Cesarean section (CS) scar defects.MethodsIn all, 108 women underwent transvaginal ultrasound examination with SCSH at least 6 months after CS: 68 had undergone one CS, 32 two CSs and eight women had undergone at least three CSs. The ultrasound examiner was blinded to the number of CSs and to the obstetric history. The number and shape of CS scar defects were determined subjectively, and any scar defect was estimated subjectively to be large or not large. Measurements of the scar defects were also taken. Results obtained before and at SCSH were compared.ResultsMost scar defects were triangular in shape. The shape did not change at SCSH, but the ultrasound examiner found it easier to delineate the borders of the scar defects at SCSH than at unenhanced ultrasound examination. More scar defects were seen and more scar defects were classified as large at SCSH than before: among the 100 women who had undergone one or two CSs, 16 additional women had large defects at SCSH, whereas no woman with a large defect before SCSH had no defect or only a small defect at SCSH. The length and height of the defects were larger at SCSH than before: mean difference 2 mm and 1 mm in women who had undergone one CS, and mean difference 4 mm and 2 mm in the lowest‐positioned scar in women who had undergone two CSs.ConclusionsIn non‐pregnant women CS scars were better evaluated at SCSH than at unenhanced ultrasound examination, because the demarcations of scar defects were more clearly delineated at SCSH than before. More defects were detected and more defects were classified as large at SCSH. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence and perinatal outcome of dichorionic and monochorionic twins with nuchal translucency above the 99th percentile and normal karyotype
Authors: Goncé A. , Borrell A. , Meler E. , Arigita M. , Martínez J. M. , Botet F. , Sánchez A. , Gratacós E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence of and perinatal outcome associated with increased nuchal translucency thickness (NT) > 99th percentile in dichorionic and monochorionic twins with normal karyotype.MethodsTwo hundred and six consecutive twin pregnancies (166 dichorionic and 40 monochorionic) underwent an NT scan during a 4‐year period. In those with NT > 99th percentile and normal karyotype, we performed first‐ and second‐trimester anomaly scans, fetal echocardiography at 14–16 and 20–22 weeks, maternal serology and, in monochorionic pregnancies, serial ultrasound examinations every other week. Perinatal outcome was recorded.ResultsThere were 10 (4.95%) pregnancies in which one of the fetuses had NT > 99th percentile and normal karyotype, including five fetuses (1.5%) in dichorionic and five (6.25%) in monochorionic pregnancies. During the same period the prevalence of NT > 99th percentile and normal karyotype in singleton pregnancies studied in our center was 2.6%. Among the 10 twins affected, six (60%) were diagnosed with structural abnormalities (three dichorionic and three monochorionic), and two intrauterine fetal demises occurred (one dichorionic and one monochorionic). Thus, the perinatal outcome was normal in only two of the pregnancies, one dichorionic and one monochorionic.ConclusionsThe prevalence of NT > 99th percentile in dichorionic twins with a normal karyotype is similar to that in singletons. In monochorionic twins we confirmed previous studies reporting an increased prevalence compared with singletons. NT > 99th percentile with a normal karyotype in twins was associated with a high rate of fetal abnormalities and/or fetal demise (overall 80%) irrespective of chorionicity. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Episodic memory versus episodic foresight: Similarities and differences
Authors: Suddendorf Thomas 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThere are logical and empirical grounds that link episodic memory and the ability to imagine future events. In some sense, both episodic memory and episodic foresight may be regarded as two sides of the same capacity to travel mentally in time. After reviewing some of the recent evidence for commonalities, I discuss limits of these parallels. There are fundamental differences between thinking about past and future events that need to be kept in clear view if we are to make progress in understanding the nature of mental time travel. The reviewed evidence suggests that mental time travel is based on a complex system selected not for accuracy about past and future per se, but for fitness benefits. Functional analyses promise to lead to fruitful avenues for future research. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Memory
Neuroscience > Cognition
Democratization, media and elections: Electoral reform in Mexico
Authors: Arechavaleta Carlos Manuel Rodríguez 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The two last elections in Mexico – one for president, the other legislative – have taken place in an atmosphere of growing competitiveness and high political uncertainty, which has strained relations among the players involved. The electoral governance of increasingly inclusive regulations which facilitated the development of a moderate multiparty democracy seems not to guarantee the legitimacy and quality of the electoral process. The article analyzes the electoral reforms of 2008 with an emphasis on the media and the effect of reforms on the behavior of the different players involved: the parties, the dual structure of the media, the arbiter, and the audiences–voters.