bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metagenomic approach studying the taxonomic and functional diversity of the bacterial community in a mesotrophic lake (Lac du Bourget – France)
Authors: Debroas Didier , Humbert Jean‐François , Enault François , Bronner Gisèle , Faubladier Michael , Cornillot Emmanuel 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe main goals of this work were to identify the metabolic pathways of the bacterial community in a lacustrine ecosystem and to establish links between taxonomic composition and the relative abundances of these metabolic pathways. For this purpose, we analysed a 16S rRNA gene library obtained by gene amplification together with a sequence library of both insert ends on c. 7700 fosmids. Whatever the library used, Actinobacteria was the most abundant bacterial group, followed by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Specific aquatic clades such as acI and acIV (Actinobacteria) or LD12 and GOBB‐C201 (Alphaproteobacteria) were found in both libraries. From comparative analysis of metagenomic libraries, the metagenome of this lake was characterized by overrepresentation of genes involved in the degradation of xenobiotics mainly associated with Alphaproteobacteria. Actinobacteria were mainly related to metabolic pathways involved in nucleotide metabolism, cofactors, vitamins, energy, replication and repair. Betaproteobacteria appeared to be characterized by the presence of numerous genes implicated in environmental information processing (membrane transport and signal transduction) whereas glycan and carbohydrate metabolism pathways were overrepresented in Bacteroidetes. These results prompted us to propose hypotheses on the ecological role of these bacterial classes in lacustrine ecosystems.
Evidence for structuring of bacterial community composition by organic carbon source in temperate lakes
Authors: Jones Stuart E. , Newton Ryan J. , McMahon Katherine D. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryWater entering lakes from the surrounding watershed often delivers large amounts of terrestrial‐derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC) that can contribute to aquatic bacterial production. However, research suggests that phytoplankton‐derived DOC is more labile than its terrestrial counterpart, owing to microbial processing of terrestrial‐derived DOC along its flow path to surface waters. The ratio of water colour (absorbance at 440 nm) to chlorophyll a has been suggested as a simple measure of the relative contribution of terrestrial and aquatic primary production to aquatic secondary production. To explore the correlation between primary DOC source and the occurrence of bacterial taxonomic groups, we conducted a survey of bacterial 16S rRNA gene composition in 15 lakes positioned along a water colour : chlorophyll a gradient. Our goal was to identify bacterial taxa occurrence patterns along the colour : chlorophyll a gradient that may indicate a competitive advantage for bacterial taxa using terrestrial or aquatic carbon. We observed a large number of bacterial taxa occurrence patterns suggestive of carbon substrate niche partitioning, especially when relatively highly resolved taxonomic groups were considered. Our survey supports the hypothesis that bacterial taxa partition along a carbon substrate source gradient and highlights carbon source–bacterial interactions that should be explored further.
Short‐term microbial and physico‐chemical variability in low‐temperature hydrothermal fluids near 5°S on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Perner Mirjam , Bach Wolfgang , Hentscher Michael , Koschinsky Andrea , Garbe‐Schönberg Dieter , Streit Wolfgang R. , Strauss Harald 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThis study examines the representativeness of low‐temperature hydrothermal fluid samples with respect to their chemical and microbiological characteristics. Within this scope, we investigated short‐term temporal chemical and microbial variability of the hydrothermal fluids. For this purpose we collected three fluid samples consecutively from the same spot at the Clueless field near 5°S on the southern Mid‐Atlantic Ridge over a period of 50 min. During sampling, the temperature was monitored online. We measured fluid chemical parameters, characterized microbial community compositions and used statistical analyses to determine significant differences between the samples. Overall, the three fluid samples are more closely related to each other than to any other tested habitat. Therefore, on a broad scale, the three collected fluid samples can be regarded as habitat representatives. However, small differences are apparent between all samples. One of the Clueless samples even displayed significant differences (P‐value < 0.01) to the other two Clueless samples. Our data suggest that the observed variations in fluid chemical and microbial compositions are not reflecting sampling artefacts but are related to short‐term fluid variability due to dynamic subseafloor fluid mixing. Recorded temporal changes in fact reflect spatial heterogeneity found in the subsurface as the fluid flows through distinctive pathways. While conservative elements (Cl, Si, Na and K) indicate variable degrees of fluid‐seawater mixing, reactive components, including Fe(II), O2and H2S, show that chemical and microbial reactions within the mixing zone further modify the emanating fluids on short‐time scales. Fluids entrain microorganisms, which modify the chemical microenvironment within the subsurface biotopes. This is the first study focusing on short‐term microbial variability linked to chemical changes in hydrothermal fluids.
Viral control of bacterial biodiversity – evidence from a nutrient‐enriched marine mesocosm experiment
Authors: Sandaa Ruth‐Anne , Gómez‐Consarnau Laura , Pinhassi Jarone , Riemann Lasse , Malits Andrea , Weinbauer Markus G. , Gasol Josep M. , Thingstad T. Frede 
Published: June 2009

SummaryWe demonstrate here results showing that bottom‐up and top‐down control mechanisms can operate simultaneously and in concert in marine microbial food webs, controlling prokaryote diversity by a combination of viral lysis and substrate limitation. Models in microbial ecology predict that a shift in the type of bacterial growth rate limitation is expected to have a major effect on species composition within the community of bacterial hosts, with a subsequent shift in the composition of the viral community. Only moderate effects would, however, be expected in the absolute number of coexisting virus–host pairs. We investigated these relationships in nutrient‐manipulated systems, under simulated in situ conditions. There was a strong correlation in the clustering of the viral and bacterial community data supporting the existence of an important link between the bacterial and viral communities. As predicted, the total number of viral populations was the same in all treatments, while the composition of the viral community varied. Our results support the theoretical prediction that there is one control mechanism for the number of niches for coexisting virus–host pairs (top‐down control), and another mechanism that controls which virus–host pairs occupy these niches (bottom‐up control).
Quantitative PCR reveals transient and persistent algal viruses in Lake Ontario, Canada
Authors: Short Steven M. , Short Cindy M. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryTo determine if different algal viruses (Phycodnaviridae) share common patterns of seasonal abundance, quantitative PCR methods were developed and applied to monitor the abundances of three different viruses in Lake Ontario, Canada over 13 months. Throughout the year, the abundances of two different phycodnavirus polB gene fragments (LO1b‐49 and LO1a‐68) varied by more than two orders of magnitude, peaked during the autumn months, and were lowest during the summer. The seasonal abundance patterns of these two virus genes were similar and both were detected in almost every sample, but LO1b‐49 was consistently an order of magnitude more abundant than LO1a‐68. LO1b‐49 reached a maximum abundance of 5413 ± 312 genes ml−1, whereas LO1a‐68′s abundance peaked at only 881 ± 113 genes ml−1. Another phycodnavirus polB fragment that was monitored (LO1b‐16) was detected in only a few samples, but reached a higher maximum concentration (6771 ± 879 genes ml−1) than either LO1b‐49 or LO1a‐68. The results of this year‐long investigation of virus gene abundances suggests that Lake Ontario's phycodnavirus community is composed of persistent viruses detectable throughout the year and transient viruses present in only a few sporadic samples. The results also suggest that some persistent algal viruses are able to survive at relatively low abundances through several seasons.
Velocity as a Predictor of Performance Satisfaction, Mental Focus, and Goal Revision
Authors: Elicker Joelle D. , Lord Robert G. , Ash Steven R. , Kohari Nicole E. , Hruska Bryce J. , McConnell Nicole L. , Medvedeff Megan E. 
Published: June 2009

In a longitudinal study, the authors examined the role of students' rate of progress, or velocity, in goal‐striving over one semester of a college‐level Introductory Psychology course. At both mid‐course and near end‐of‐course time periods, results demonstrated that velocity uniquely contributed to the prediction of students' performance satisfaction, mental focus, and goal revision, above and beyond the influence of performance‐goal discrepancies and ability. Specifically, velocity demonstrated main effects on performance satisfaction and mental focus. Velocity significantly interacted with goal importance in the prediction of goal revision. The authors call for increased attention to the role of velocity in self‐regulation.Dans une étude longitudinale, les auteurs examinent le rôle du taux de progrès des étudiants ou leur rapiditéà atteindre des buts sur un semestre pour un cours d'introduction à la psychologie en faculté. Deux mesures ont été faites: l'une à la moitié du semestre et l'autre à la fin de ce même semestre. Les résultats montrent que uniquement la rapidité contribue à prédire la satisfaction de la performance des étudiants, la concentration, et la révision de l'objectif quels que soient les écarts entre le but de la performance et les capacités. Plus spécifiquement, la rapidité a des effets importants sur la satisfaction de la performance et la concentration. La rapidité interagit significativement avec l'importance des buts dans le cas où l'on envisage leur révision. Les auteurs soulignent le rôle de la rapidité sur l'auto‐régulation.
Endoluminal isoproterenol reduces renal pelvic pressure during semirigid ureterorenoscopy: a porcine model
Authors: Jakobsen Jørn S. , Jung Helene U. , Gramsbergen Jan B. , Osther Palle J. , Walter Steen 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects on the pressure‐flow relation of renal pelvic pressure during semirigid ureterorenoscopy and endoluminal perfusion of isoproterenol (ISO) 0.1 µg/mL, with emphasis on local effects and cardiovascular side‐effects, as topically administered ISO effectively and dose‐dependently causes relaxation of the upper urinary tract in pigs with no concomitant cardiovascular side‐effects.MATERIALS AND METHODSIn anaesthetized female pigs (60 kg), 16 macroscopically normal upper urinary tract systems were subjected to ureterorenoscopy. Via a subcostal incision a 6‐F catheter was placed in the renal pelvis for pressure measurements, and a semirigid ureteroscope (7.8 F) was inserted retrogradely in the renal pelvis, through which the pelvis was perfused. The blood pressure and heart rate were recorded. The increase in renal pelvic pressure was examined with increasing flow rates (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 25 and 33 mL/min) with saline alone or saline + ISO 0.1 µg/mL. Perfusion was initiated on the left side, with randomization for adding ISO or not. Thereafter perfusion was done on the right side as a control in each pig. The surgeons were unaware of whether ISO was added or not.RESULTSThe mean (sd) baseline pelvic pressures in the saline and ISO group were 28 (7.1) and 25 (9.8) mmHg, respectively, with no significant difference (P = 0.079). Endoluminal perfusion with ISO significantly inhibited the pelvic pressure increase to perfusion at all perfusion rates. The pressure‐flow relation was linear; the maximum relaxation (27%) was obtained at 4 mL/min, from 52 to 38 mmHg during saline alone and ISO 0.1 µg/mL perfusion, respectively. The mean blood pressure did not change significantly (P = 0.330). The mean (sd) heart rate in the saline and ISO group were 109 (4.5) and 97 (2.1) beats/min, respectively (P < 0.001), i.e. a markedly greater rate in the saline than in the ISO group.CONCLUSIONThe pressure‐flow relation during semirigid ureterorenoscopy was linear. ISO 0.1 µg/mL in saline significantly reduced the pressure‐flow relation during semirigid ureterorenoscopy in this porcine model. ISO might be a potential additive to the irrigation fluid during upper urinary tract endoscopic procedures, minimizing pressure increases due to irrigation and manipulation.
Risk factors for positive findings in patients with high‐grade T1 bladder cancer treated with transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TUR) and bacille Calmette‐Guérin therapy and the decision for a repeat TUR
Authors: Orsola Anna , Cecchini Lluís , Raventós Carles X. , Trilla Enric , Planas Jacques , Landolfi Stefania , De Torres Inés , Morote Juan 
Published: June 2009

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVETo determine factors predictive of positive findings at the 3‐month follow‐up evaluation (after transurethral resection of bladder tumour [TUR] and bacille Calmette‐Guérin [BCG] therapy) in patients with initial high‐grade (HG)T1 bladder cancer, and to assess the depth of lamina propria (LP) invasion and effectiveness of BCG therapy.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn all, 138 patients with initial HGT1‐transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) were prospectively assigned, after TUR + BCG and according to depth of LP invasion, to a postBCG‐TUR (T1b) or cystoscopy/cytology (T1a) at 3 months. Any finding at 3 months was considered positive. The predictive value of 11 clinical and pathological variables was assessed by chi‐squared, Mann–Whitney U and multivariate logistic regression.RESULTSOf the 138 patients (14 women, mean age 69 years), 42% had T1a and 58% T1b TCC. Tumour size and carcinoma in situ (CIS) were significantly associated with positive findings and present in 26% (36/138) of the patients. The postBCG‐TUR (T1b cases), was positive in 31% (25/80), including seven infiltrating tumours. On multivariate analysis, again a tumour size of >3 cm (odds ratio, OR, 7.02) and associated CIS (OR 5.4) were significantly related to a positive postBCG‐TUR. A secondary finding was that at 20.3 months; patients with T1a TCC, who did not undergo a repeat TUR, did not have increased progression; only 3% (two of 58) had progressed compared with 21% (17/80) of those with T1b/c TCC (P < 0.002).CONCLUSIONSIn initial HGT1‐TCC, tumour size and CIS were predictive factors of positive findings at 3 months after the initial TUR + BCG therapy. Patients with HGT1‐TCC invading the LP (T1b TCC) had a seven times higher risk of a positive repeat TUR if the initial tumour was >3 cm and a five‐fold increased risk if associated with CIS. The repeat TUR after BCG therapy allowed confirmation of complete resection and pathological evaluation of the BCG response. Although data are still preliminary, the strategy of performing a repeat TUR only in cases with LP involvement, i.e. T1b TCC, did not increase the risk of progression in cases with T1a TCC.
Cardinal Pole's Special Agent: Michael Throckmorton, c.1503–1558
Authors: OVERELL ANNE 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMichael Throckmorton is best known for his peripatetic career as Cardinal Pole's agent. This article underlines the anxieties and dangers of that role, undertaken amidst fears that English agents would assassinate the cardinal. It also investigates Throckmorton's private life as a student in Italy in the 1530s and as a family man, one of a large clan divided by religion. Using the new evidence of his book inventory, it suggests that Throckmorton was a humanist, in whose library editions of the classics were outnumbered by medical texts. His ownership of banned or suspect religious works is set in the context of his friendship with the spirituali in Pole's household at Viterbo, especially the reformer‐poet Marcantonio Flaminio. In 1553 Throckmorton carried to Queen Mary the papal bull making Pole the legate responsible for England's reconciliation. After delicate negotiations in England, Throckmorton returned to Mantua and died there in 1558, partly protected from the religious and political turmoil which afflicted Pole's last years. The article concludes by relating Throckmorton's life to wider contemporary experience: European perceptions of English religious change, the ‘medical renaissance’, Marian persecution, and the complexities faced by erstwhile spirituali.
Taming Madness: Moral Discourse and Allegory in Counter‐Reformation Spain
Authors: TAUSIET MARÍA 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn the early modern period, madness assumed an important role in European thought and to a certain extent replaced the obsession with death which had characterized the preceding centuries. Like death before it, madness was seen as a means of accessing truth, but this was now an incomplete truth full of ambivalence and ambiguity since folly was being reclaimed as a relative form of reason. This article examines how this new vision of madness influenced Spanish thought in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Overall, it can be said that the positive and liberating view of madness, as conveyed by Erasmus, predominated in Spain until the end of the sixteenth century. Thereafter, the spirit of the Counter‐Reformation tried gradually to constrain the omnipresent madness, associating it with the most reprehensible of vices, while understanding sanity to be the cultivation of Christian virtues. Despite attempts by a reductionist moral discourse to tame madness, however, it proved to be an unmanageable beast which continued to multiply and display a thousand and one difference faces.
‘By These Means the Sacred Discourses Sink More Deeply into the Minds of Men’: Music and Education in Elizabethan England
Authors: WILLIS JONATHAN 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis article seeks to cast fresh light on the connections between music, education and the Reformation in Elizabethan England. Plato and Aristotle attributed to music a sovereign role and efficacy in education, and these notions were seized upon by religious reformers during the sixteenth century. The power of music to aid in the processes of learning and the absorption of holy doctrine made it an invaluable tool of religious pedagogy even in the eyes of Puritan critics of music in public worship. During the Renaissance, music was squeezed out of the majority of formal school curricula, but the practice of metrical psalmody in schools was more common than this might suggest. The laity more generally were the target of a panoply of religious instructional musical forms, including hymns, graces, and other scriptural, liturgical and catechetical versifications. Almost half of all Elizabethan godly ballads were written with a didactic function in mind and, while they rarely communicated a complex doctrinal or theological message, they sat comfortably within a staunchly Protestant conception of belief as practice. Elizabethan society was a musical place, and the education and eventual Protestantization of the Elizabethan people was, at least in part, a musical phenomenon.
Jesuits, Propaganda and Faith Healing in the Dutch Republic
Authors: DE WAARDT HANS 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn the 1570s the structure of the Catholic Church had collapsed in the Dutch Republic, but soon after 1580 a process of reconstruction set in. At first exorcism and other types of faith healing were deployed by both secular and regular Catholic clergy. In time the secular clergy became less willing to respond to requests for this type of assistance. The regular clergy and particularly the Jesuits continued, however, to render this service just as frequently as before. The Jesuits did this in order to convert Protestants but after 1650 the secular clergy came to replace the Protestants as their main opponent. In the eyes of the Jesuits many secular priests were Jansenists and the production of miracles was now largely intended to increase support for the Jesuits among lay Catholics. In 1703 this conflict resulted in a schism in the Dutch Catholic Church.
Politics and the ‘Heauenly Sonnets’: George Wither's Religious Verse, 1619–1625
Authors: HACKETT KIMBERLEY J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn the last years of his reign, James I experienced an unprecedented level of opposition to his government of England. Whilst the king remained committed to negotiating a Spanish bride for his son and refused to intervene to assist Protestants internationally, his subjects protested, railed and implored against royal policy. The bold and controversial satires of the poet George Wither are often employed by historians as examples of this political opposition. However, assigning Wither to the role of outspoken satirist in the early 1620s relies on neglecting his religious verse as irrelevant and at times contradictory to the ideology perceived in his secular poetry. This article seeks to restore the political value in Wither's religious verse and to demonstrate the consistency of purpose that can be identified throughout his works. Wither's biblical translations and spiritual compositions continued to uphold the Protestant, humanist ideals of his satires and functioned specifically to promote interest in the Protestant cause on the continent. This development of a more complete picture of Wither contributes towards a more nuanced understanding of the diverse and intricate nature of early Stuart political thought.
Acne's relationship with psychiatric and psychological morbidity: results of a school‐based cohort study of adolescents
Authors: Magin PJ , Pond CD , Smith WT , Goode SM 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackground  There is a considerable number of studies linking acne with psychological and psychiatric morbidities, although this literature is not entirely consistent and is largely cross‐sectional in methodology.Objective  This study aims to establish the relationship of acne and psychological and psychiatric morbidity in adolescents in a community setting and, via a longitudinal methodology, provide evidence for causality in the relationship.Methods  The study was a 12‐month cohort study. Two hundred and forty‐four students in Years 8, 9 and 11 (ages 14–17) at four Australian high schools were assessed at baseline 6 months and 12 months. Presence and severity of acne were assessed, along with a number of psychological and psychiatric morbidities and personality traits (depression, anxiety, overall psychiatric morbidity, self‐consciousness, neuroticism and introversion/extraversion) and other demographic variables.Results  Of the 244 participating students, 209 (86%) completed all three rounds of data collection. A further 26 (11%) completed two rounds. The study failed to demonstrate an association of the presence of acne or of acne severity with the examined measures of psychological and psychiatric morbidity, and no evidence for an effect of acne in their causation.Conclusion  The relationship of acne and psychological morbidities found in previous health care settings was not found in this community sample. This may be due to differences between community and clinical acne populations. Other possible reasons for this finding are attenuation of psychological morbidity in subjects in this study by successful acne treatment, and the role of personality traits in the complex relationship between acne and psychological morbidities. It is suggested that this relationship would be best investigated by means of longer‐term cohort studies enlisting subjects at an zearly age, prior to the onset of acne.