bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Advent of the Italians, 1651–56
Authors: Frandsen Mary E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Despite his oft-bemoaned status as a cash-strapped monarch-in-waiting, at some point in 1650 Prince Johann Georg decided to take the radical step of enhancing his own musical ensemble with Italians. His decision represents a fundamental change in his approach, for until this time the prince had either collaborated or consulted with Schütz in his various efforts to influence personnel decisions in his father's ensemble. By the fall of 1656, the recruitment and appointment of Italian musicians had solidified into a well-established practice. At the time of his father's death in 1656, the prince's ensemble not only exceeded the Hofkapelle in size, but also differed quite radically from that ensemble in its ethnic and confessional composition.
Johann Georg II and the Problem of Catholicism
Authors: Frandsen Mary E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In the complex religious history of Germany, Saxony stands as the “urevangelisches Land” and the birthplace of the Reformation. From the time of his protection of the Reformer himself following the 1521 Diet of Worms, the Elector of Saxony had played a pivotal role in the development of the new church; Ernestinian Saxony became Lutheran in 1525, and Albertinian Saxony followed suit in 1539–40. But after over 120 years of nearly unflagging stewardship of the new church by the incumbents of the office of Saxon elector, strong suspicions began to arise concerning Prince Johann Georg's fidelity to the “true religion,” and it was widely rumored that he would convert to Catholicism. Given the conflicts between contemporary reports and Johann Georg's statements on the subject, as well as his actions, it remains difficult to characterize the exact nature of the elector's own religious beliefs and confessional attitudes.
Musica pathetica: Style and Affect in the Dresden Concerto
Authors: Frandsen Mary E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Albrici and Peranda lived in an era when musicians and philosophers alike displayed a fascination with the “passions” or “affects”: the various states of emotion experienced by the human being. Not only did writers seek to distinguish between and quantify the essential emotions, they also sought to explain the phenomenon by which the exposure of the individual to certain stimuli, including musical sounds, could effect emotional change, and attempted to explain the psycho-physiological processes set in motion by such stimuli that in turn produced these emotional changes. Not surprisingly, music's ability to move the emotions of its listeners became a focus of theoretical inquiry during this era, as well as an aspect of its nature that was exploited in practical composition. In contrast to the sixteenth century, the manipulation of the listener's emotional state by means of text and music was now privileged as a primary objective of compositional activity.
Hierarchy, Circularity, and Double Reduction
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines a potential circularity in the idea that to identify with a desire is, roughly, to have a self-governing policy in favor of treating that desire as reason-providing. Without circularity, we cannot simply appeal to such treatment by the agent in the content of the policy by appeal to which we aim to understand identification. The solution is to appeal instead to a form of functioning of a desire—functioning as end-setting—that has two features. First, that functioning does not itself entail agential identification with that desire. But, second, if that functioning is in fact guided by a relevant self-governing policy in its favor, then the agent does identify with that desire and treat it as reason-providing. This chapter comments on Harry G. Frankfurt's views on hierarchy, discusses double reduction, and brings together both hierarchical and planning structures. It describes a complex range of ways in which higher-order intentions and policies can structure phenomena of agency and will.
Conclusion
Authors: Barnett Louise 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSwift did not categorize himself as a misogynist. After all, in addition to his enduring special relationships with two women whom he admired greatly, he liked many women as friends or protégées, enthusiastically praising their talents and generously motivating their intellectual development. He did refer to himself as a misanthrope, but one who made immunities for individuals. Whether this statement included women by default, it defines Swift's attitude to women as well as men. On a personal level he had, at all periods of his adult life, women friends whose company he enjoyed and who reciprocated his friendship.
LANDSCAPE
Authors: Maher Neil M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Chapter Two analyzes CCC conservation projects on a national scale, and links the landscape changes caused by such work to both a broadening of conservationist concerns and to Franklin Roosevelt's desire for political support from rural America. It argues that although Corps conservation work appeared haphazard and static, it actually evolved over time and involved two types of labor on a trio of rural landscapes. While the Corps began its work in forests, primarily in the far West, the Dust Bowl of 1934 forced CCC enrollees onto the nation's farms as well, both on the Great Plains and in the soil-eroded South. This first type of conservation work involving both reforestation and soil conservation not only embodied the goals of Progressive era conservationists, who advocated the efficient use of natural resources, but also popularized the New Deal throughout these rural regions. During the late-1930s the Corps expanded its work projects yet again, this time into the country's state and national parks where CCC enrollees built hiking trails, campgrounds, motor roads, and visitor centers to increase public access to outdoor recreation. This second type of Corps work, which echoed the Boy Scouts' desire to rejuvenate Americans through healthful contact with nature, represented a broadening of conservationist ideology beyond the wise use of natural resources to include concern for public health. Chapter Two concludes that the dueling progressive philosophies that influenced Franklin Roosevelt's creation of the CCC—those of the conservation movement and of the Boy Scouts—became physically realized across the New Deal landscape.
COMMUNITY
Authors: Maher Neil M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This part of the book investigates how the Corps and its conservation work transformed local communities situated near the more than five thousand CCC camps scattered across the country. To do this, Chapter Four focuses on two local communities in particular and their relationship with nearby Corps camps. In Coon Valley, Wisconsin, residents embraced both conservation and the New Deal as agricultural production rose on local farms cooperating with the Corps' soil conservation camps. Residents from a second community, located near CCC camps developing Great Smoky Mountains National Park for outdoor recreation, also welcomed Corps conservation and the New Deal but for very different reasons. In the Smokies locals supported the CCC not because it increased natural resource production, as in Coon Valley, but rather because CCC projects such as the building of hiking trails, visitor centers, and motor roads promised increased tourism to the nearby national park. While the CCC helped popularize this alternative form of conservation based outdoor recreation throughout the country, during the mid-1930s a vocal minority in each of these communities began criticizing the Corps in particular, and the New Deal by association, for being environmentally unsound. Chapter Four concludes by introducing the leaders of this critique, Aldo Leopold in Coon Valley and Robert Marshall in the Great Smokies, and suggests that this local opposition by two of the most important figures in modern environmentalism would greatly shape both the conservation movement and the New Deal during the later Great Depression period.
EPILOGUE
Authors: Maher Neil M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The final chapter traces the CCC's legacy into the post–World War II period. It does so by focusing on the controversy, during the mid-to-late 1940s, surrounding the Bureau of Reclamation's plan to construct a hydroelectric dam in Dinosaur National Monument's Echo Park, which straddles the Utah—Colorado border. While environmental historians have long viewed the defeat of the Echo Park dam as one of the founding moments of the American environmental movement, this chapter argues that this victory by environmentalists was predicated on the Corps and its conservation work during the New Deal period. For instance, during the 1930s the CCC developed Dinosaur National Monument for outdoor recreation, a process that later brought outdoor enthusiasts into the anti-dam camp. Criticism of Corps conservation work during the early 1940s, however, raised public concern about the destruction of wilderness and ecological balance in the region as well. When the federal government announced plans for the Echo Park dam during the late 1940s, these concerns resurfaced and guided environmentalist opposition. This chapter ends by discussing the declining power of the federal government within postwar conservation, and concludes, somewhat ironically, that the strong hand of the New Deal helped make what eventually became environmentalism a more democratic movement.
Introduction
Authors: Agawu Kofi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the main topic of this book, which is musical meaning. The question “Does music have meaning?” has been asked ever since music became a subject of discourse. While some think that musical meaning is intrinsic, extrinsic, autonomous, or permanent, the chapters in this book provide an exercise in musical analysis. Several terms that are used in the following chapters are mentioned and defined here, such as semiotic adventures, music as discourse, and discourse.
The Early Servant Church
Authors: Collins John N. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
If the instance already discussed in Mark bears but dubious testimony to the existence among early Christians of the modern notion of “diakonia”—and leaves us with an intriguing problem of interpretation—to what extent do the others instances echo, to use Lemaire's phrase, the loving attitude of the master? Since the 12th century, the cardinal deacons of Rome have taken their titles from ancient churches that have the word “diaconia” in their name, as in Diaconia San Teodoro. Much earlier, according to the Liber Pontificalis, Pope Fabian (236–50) had divided the city into seven administrative regions under seven deacons who were responsible for temporal administration and for the implementation of the “frumentatio” or relief of the poor. Because the words “deacon” and “diaconia” are cognate, the opinion was, at least from the time of Baronius and as late as E. Hatch, that the “diaconiae” were the centers from which the deacons had distributed this relief. At the end of the last century, however, L. Duchesne showed that a connection is not sustainable.
The Politics of Containment
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractArguments for containment come in diverse forms. Some of these precede, or have developed adjacently to, the post/modern critique of the subject, since containment theories have always recognised that identity is an effect of the social domains which subversion and transgression would contest. Containment theory is sometimes seen as having little to do with the materialist critique, and is sometimes conveniently disavowed, often by gestural materialists, as a kind of bourgeois intellectual bad faith. However, Raymond Williams, for one, knew otherwise and gave an astute summary of the crucial issue. To that end, his account is indebted to but also departs from a European Marxist tradition of cultural critique, one which has recognised the complexity and indirect effectiveness of domination, and is acutely aware of the fact that human potentialities have not only been savagely repressed, but also abandoned and repudiated by their former adherents and those with most to gain from them.
Freud's Theory of Sexual Perversion
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter is a sketch of Sigmund Freud's theory, as expounded in Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, and further elaborated in later works. First, it explores the way Freud addresses the paradoxical dynamic of perversion; a theory more challenging than most contemporary versions of psychoanalysis allow — even those which have sought to use Freud in the name of a progressive sexual politics. In fact, since Freud, we are faced not only with the crassness of Sandor Feldman's version of perversion but also, within more sophisticated versions of psychoanalysis, with a disregard of Freud's much more challenging account of perversions. It is part of the longer argument that the perverse dynamic begins to undermine key aspects of the psychoanalytic project itself, just as it did within theology earlier.
From the Polymorphous Perverse to the Perverse Dynamic
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe undifferentiated desire of polymorphous perversity, liberated into its own truth, freed from repressive constraint, could become an inherently subversive force. In Life against Death, Norman O. Brown argued that our survival, as individuals and as a species facing the possibility of nuclear destruction, depended on undoing repression. Such notions of what might actually comprise a liberated desire, polymorphous or otherwise, were revealingly culture-bound. Thus, even as he spoke of a transhistorical instinctual structure, Wilhelm Reich, the most famous of all sexual radicals, articulated it in terms which presupposed heterosexual genital norms. The perverse dynamic also suggests that the anthropologist's boundary between the lawful and the illicit is not so much a dividing line as the visible manifestation of an overlap. Something like this is true of John Rechy's gay cruising grounds, which are all public spaces and places where straight and gay men both go without mixing or meeting.
Early Modern: Cross-Dressing in Early Modern England
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHumanist transgression in the name of authenticity has never been able to comprehend the kind of transgression peformed in the name of inversion, perversion, and reinscription. ‘Inversion’ could signify reversal of position and/or reversal of direction, both being inimical to effective government and social control. So it is worth recalling at the outset of this discussion that it is in these senses that the female cross-dresser of early 17th-century England could be described as an ‘invert’ or ‘pervert’. One might also usefully recall that to cross is not only to traverse, but to mix and to contradict; also that cross-dressing potentially involves both inversion and displacement of gender binaries. The controversy over dress was no less complex than the social shifts which provoked it.
The Charisma of Italy
Authors: Erskine-Hill Howard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
On 23 July I553 Mr John Lock, on his voyage to Jerusalem, glimpsed ‘the white walles’ of the fortified city of Ragusa, on the coast of Dalmatia or, by its ancient name, Illyria. Ragusa was, however, more than a fortified city. It was an ancient sovereign republic, with a system of government that differed from, though it somewhat resembled, that of Genoa, and which was maintaining itself as an important maritime and trading city on the fringe of the Ottoman Empire. When finally destroyed by the armies of Napoleon, it would have subsisted for a thousand years. Nothing might seem more remote from English political awareness than the longevity and constitution of the little republic of Ragusa, and at the time of Lock's voyage that was perhaps the case. Yet such were the historical changes to take place in England that, just over a century later, in I659, a tract entitled Government Described…, setting forth the constitution of Ragusa, was one of several in the debate conducted by James Harrington, Matthew Wren, and others, concerning the merits and resilience of the republican form of government.
Defeat and the Relevance of Epic
Authors: Erskine-Hill Howard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Milton and Dryden, though conventionally considered to belong to different phases of English literary culture, inhabited the same historical world. They were part-contemporaries (Dryden living through the major crises of Milton's career) and each, towards the end of his life, survived a change of state, Milton the revolution of 1660, Dryden that of 1688, in which almost all his political hopes were dashed. Each of them produced an epic poem, Dryden's Aeneis being a sufficiently independent version of its original to sustain comparison with Milton's original Christian epic, Paradise Lost, which was sufficiently aware of the Aeneid to make comparison with Dryden's Aeneis a matter of interest. Before the forcing away of James II Dryden wrote, in support of that monarch and of the Catholic faith they now shared, his greatest and most mysterious long poem, The Hind and the Panther (1687). To some, perhaps, Catholicism seemed to be enjoying a triumph in that year; to the intelligent and politically sagacious Drydenthe scene was lit as much by portents of disaster as of ‘James his late nocturnal victory’ (II. 655) of Sedgernore. There could hardly be a less triumphalist poem, politically speaking, than The Hind and the Panther. Like certain of Milton's later writings to Oliver Cromwell it conveys anxiety about the future. Like Paradise Regained it is a poem of temptation and isolation, of argument, statement, and counter-statement. Utterly different in faith and form, each poem is at heart a vision of the Word in the wilderness and in each the dangers of the secular kingdom are never far from view. The poets have so much in common, but are yet so different, that they could be subjects of a parallel-life study, such as one finds in Plutarch.
Narrativity and the Case against Contradiction
Authors: Sturgess Philip J. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the single concept which seems crucially instrumental to both deconstructors and Marxists in their interpretative efforts. This concept is basically that of contradiction. In the deconstructive case, the critics in question produce both their own formulations, such as ‘double logics’ or ‘self-deconstruction’, and their own definitions to deal with the problem, and the author's own critique is based on these formulations and definitions. Nevertheless, both categories of critic claim that from a certain angle of analysis many or even most narratives will be logically incoherent in their internal organization. The chapter concentrates on the work of two influential critics of a Marxist persuasion, Terry Eagleton and Pierre Macherey. The critique has a dual aspect. It seeks to question the way in which the concept of contradiction is applied by Eagleton and Macherey, and in doing so it seeks to advance an opposing theoretical approach based on the concept of a logic of narrativity.
Introduction
Authors: Flint Kate 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with five images which depict women readers absorbed in texts, apparently oblivious to artist and observer. One of the paintings, Ralph Hedley’s Seeking Situations (1904), serves to alert one to the proximity of textuality and sexuality in discourses of reading throughout the Victorian and early Edwardian period. This book offers suggestions as to why ‘the woman reader’ was an issue addressed with such frequency throughout the period. It treats reading both as a leisure activity and as an essential component of more formal education, whether this education was home based or, increasingly, obtained at school. The study of literature, in particular, became an area for discussion as girls’ education widened in availability and seriousness in the second half of the nineteenth century. The book presents a variety of accounts of reading, providing evidence of the wide-ranging practices of particular girls and women throughout the period; their opportunities for obtaining books and the differing degrees of supervision exercised over their consumption of print.
An Introduction
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book explores some of the processes and the playing companies which helped to produce William Shakespeare. The groupings that made the playing companies into teams usually worked individualistically, in competition with one another. Their individualism, like their professionalism, was driven by the common need for money. They were a peculiar, unique, new phenomenon in London and in the country at large. Even their place in society was anomalous, since they functioned as workers in time of carnival. We already have histories of the theatres that the different companies used, studies of the staging practices, biographies of individual players, and even histories of some individual companies. This book is an attempt at the largest context, a comprehensive history of the companies which generated the London plays and first put them on stage. As in any study of historical process, the principal concern in this book is change and the processes that determined change. It follows the London companies through all the more general transformations and looks at the history of the individual companies.
The Changes of 1603
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAmong the inferences that can be made from the hints thrown out by the Privy Council in the years after the great settlement of 1594, one of the most potent for the players is the new policy over playing-places in the London area. Up to 1594, the playing companies that were ‘at home’ in London had to use a multitude of venues for their performances. The Queen’s Men are known to have played at different times at all the city inns that were used for plays and at every one of the amphitheatres, the Theatre, the Curtain, and the Rose. There is nothing to tell what governed this spread of activity, except the fact of the playhouses being built in the suburbs outside the direct jurisdiction of the city, the location of the inns inside that jurisdiction, and the evident preference of the companies to play inside the city whenever they could, rather than in the suburbs. It also took time for the expectation of travelling to give place to the expectation of playing in only one venue indefinitely.
The Early Elizabethan Companies: Berkeley’s, Essex’s, Rich’s, Lane’s, Clinton’s, Lincoln’s, Warwick’s, and Sussex’s
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn the twenty years up to the formation of the Queen’s Men in 1583, a total of eleven adult playing companies performed at court in London. Of these eleven companies, Howard’s, Hunsdon’s, and Derby’s proved to be durable well past the cut-off point when the Queen’s Men took their leaders. The remaining eight are Berkeley’s Men, Lady Essex’s Men, Rich’s Men, Lane’s Men, Clinton’s Men, Lincoln’s, Warwick’s Men, and Sussex’s Men. This chapter looks at the history of these companies, their performances, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, and their travelling records.