bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of omeprazole paste in the treatment and prevention of gastric ulcers in horses
Authors: ANDREWS F. M. , SIFFERMAN R. L. , BERNARD W. , HUGHES F. E. , HOLSTE J. E. , DAURIO C. P. , ALVA R. , COX J. L. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryEquine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is very common among performance horses, with a reported prevalence of approximately 90% in racehorses, and also >50% in foals. Omeprazole, an acid pump inhibitor 5 times more potent than ranitidine, has been used with great success to treat EGUS. This multicentre study of Thoroughbred racehorses with endoscopically verified gastric ulcers was designed to demonstrate the efficacy of an equine oral paste formulation of omeprazole in the treatment and prevention of recurrence of EGUS. Of the 100 horses entered into the study, 25 were sham‐dosed for the full 58 days of the study. The remaining 75 horses all received omeprazole paste, 4 mg/kg bwt/day once daily for 28 days. At Day 28, 25 of treated horses continued on this dosing regimen while 25 received a half dose (2 mg/kg bwt once daily) and 25 horses were sham‐dosed. By Day 28, gastric ulcers were completely healed in 77% of omeprazole‐treated horses, while 92% were significantly (P<0.01) improved. In contrast, 96% of the sham‐dosed horses still had gastric ulcers at Day 28. The improvement was maintained in horses that continued on either a full dose or half dose of omeprazole paste until Day 58. However, in those horses that were removed from omeprazole treatment at Day 28, the incidence and severity of the gastric ulcers at the end of the study were similar to those horses that did not receive the omeprazole paste. This study demonstrates that omeprazole paste, 4 mg/kg bwtper os, once daily, is highly effective in healing gastric ulcers in Thoroughbred racehorses and that either a full dose or half dose of omeprazole paste effectively prevents the recurrence of EGUS. The study also indicates that gastric ulcers in untreated horses did not demonstrate a significant rate of spontaneous healing.
Treatment of gastric lesions in horses with pectin‐lecithin complex
Authors: VENNER M. , LAUFFS S. , DEEGEN E. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThis study compared the study of a pectin‐lecithin complex (Pronutrin)1 on gastric ulcer healing during an 11 day period in 2 groups of 12 horses each. Twenty‐four horses suffering from gastric lesions of differing severity were selected from a larger group of clinical cases on the basis of gastroscopic examination. Both gastric mucosal erosions as well as gastric ulcers were found in the 2 mucosal regions (pars nonglandularis and pars glandularis). The gastric mucosal lesions occurred predominantly in the pars nonglandularis in the vicinity of the margo plicatus. The 24 horses were divided equally into a treated group (Group A) and a control group (Group B). Twelve horses in Group A received Pronutrin, in a dose of 300 g/horse/day over a period of 10 days, whereas horses in Group B received no active substance. Gastroscopic examination was performed on Days 0 and 11. The degree of severity of the gastric erosions or gastric ulcers was evaluated independently in the 2 mucosal regions with the aid of a scoring system. Group A horses showed good acceptance of the product and no side effects were recorded. After the 10 day treatment phase, Group A showed a marked reduction in gastric mucosal lesions or disappearance of lesions, while untreated horses showed no change or, even, a deterioration on Day 11. Statistical calculation of efficacy revealed a highly significant reduction in gastric mucosal lesions in the pars nonglandularis and a significant reduction in gastric mucosal lesions in the pars glandularis in the treated horses. It would appear, however, that the treatment period of 10 days was too short, since the gastric mucosal lesions had often not completely healed in all horses. The results of this study in 24 horses with gastric lesions suggest that a pectin‐lecithin complex can have a beneficial effect on the healing of gastric ulcers.
In vivo transmission of impact shock waves in the distal forelimb of the horse
Authors: GUSTÅS P. , JOHNSTON C. , ROEPSTORFF L. , DREVEMO S. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThere is a high prevalence of lameness among Standardbred trotters, most commonly caused by noninfectious joint diseases, mainly related to training and competition. In this context, impact‐related shock waves transmitted through the skeleton and joints have been proposed to be one important factor in the development of osteoarthritis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the characteristic pattern of the events immediately following first contact, with a focus on thein vivotransmission of impact shock waves in the distal forelimb.Two horses were trotted by hand over a force plate. Recordings of 3‐D kinematics of the distal forelimb were carried out by use of a 240 Hz video system. Tri‐axial accelerometer data were collected from a bone‐mounted accelerometer on the midlateral side of the third metacarpal bone (McIII) and from another accelerometer attached to the lateral side of the hoof. Force plate and accelerometer data were sampled at 4.8 kHz using a 16‐bit A/D‐converter, synchronised with the kinematic data. The results indicate that the time lapse of the horizontal retardation of the hoof is an important factor in the attenuation of the impact. A shorter period of hoof braking showed higher amplitudes in the longitudinal retardation of McIII and a more rapid oscillation. This makes all parameters that affect the horizontal hoof braking potentially important to the orthopaedic health of the horse.
The effect of shoe material on the kinetics and kinematics of foot slip at impact on concrete
Authors: PARDOE C. H. , McGUIGAN M. P. , ROGERS K. M. , ROWE L. L. , WILSON A. M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryPrevious studies on shoeing have demonstrated that shoe material alters the time taken from foot impact to the foot stopping sliding (slip time) and the distance slid. These are assumed to reflect differences in the craniocaudal ground reaction force (GRF) between the shoe and the ground during foot slip. This study tested the hypothesis that the slip time and distance are reflected in the resistance to slippage of the foot after impact.The forefeet of 8 horses were shod in horseshoes constructed of steel, plastic and rubber. Each horse was trotted for 8 placements per forefoot in each shoe type over a concrete topped forceplate and simultaneous kinematic data recorded at 240 Hz. Slip distance and slip time were calculated from the kinematic data and craniocaudal (Fy), and vertical (Fz) GRFs determined during slip and averaged for each shoe type.The slip time and distance were variable between runs in all 3 shoe types, and there was no significant difference between the mean values for the 3 shoe types. Fy reached a value of 0.98 0.17 N/kg during slip in the plastic shoes which was significantly lower than the rubber shoes, at 1.13 ± 0.17 N/kg, P = 0.02. The Fy/Fz ratio (a measure of dynamic friction) was significantly lower in the plastic shoes, 0.34 ± 0.08, compared to the steel shoes, 0.46 ± 0.04, P = 0.003.This study is being extended to investigate effects of shoe slippage at the end of the stance phase and the energy dissipation during foot slip in the different shoe types. Future investigations should aim to identify the optimum slip characteristics to modulate loading (magnitude and rate) during impact, with the aim of reducing the risk of injury.
Normal three‐dimensional behaviour of the metacarpophalangeal joint and the effect of uneven foot bearing
Authors: CHATEAU H. , DEGUEURCE C. , JERBI H. , CREVIER‐DENOIX N. , POURCELOT P. , AUDIGIÉ F. , PASQUI‐BOUTARD V. , DENOIX J.‐M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to quantify small amplitude rotational movements in the metacarpophalangeal joint (MPJ) of the horse and to measure the influence of asymmetric placement of the foot on these articular angles. Trihedrons, supporting kinematic markers defining a local frame, were screwed into the third metacarpal bone and the proximal phalanx of 4 isolated forelimbs. The limbs were loaded in a press, and the lateral or medial aspects of the foot were raised alternately by a 12° wedge. The use of the joint coordinate system permitted the simultaneous and continuous computing of the 3 angles of rotation of the joint. During neutral loading, the extension of the MP.I*** (38.4 ± 8.7°) was associated with lateral axial rotation of the proximal phalanx (1.8 ± 0.9°). Addition of a lateral wedge induced medial rotation (‐0.9 ± 0.2°) and abduction (2.1 ° 0.4) of the proximal phalanx. The opposite phenomenon was observed with a medial wedge. These quantitative results confirmed the combination of axial rotation and widening of the articular space on the opposite side to the raised part of the foot that had earlier been observed in semi‐quantitative studies. Despite the high congruence of this joint, this study demonstrated the significant influence of uneven bearing of the foot on the three‐dimensional (3‐D) behaviour of the MPJ. Even though the amplitude of these movements remained small, their biomechanical effects should be considered to improve our understanding of MPJ injuries and to rationalise exercise management and corrective shoeing in the lame horse.
Coordinated changes of kinematics and muscle fibre properties with prolonged endurance training
Authors: RIVERO J. L. L. , SERRANO A. L. , QUIROZ‐ROTHE E. , AGUILERA‐TEJERO E. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between kinematic variables and muscle characteristics by determining (1) if heavy endurance training alters these variables and (2) if such modifications occur in a coordinated manner. Fifteen Andalusian stallions age 41‐45 months were used. Five horses were used as controls and 10 horses underwent a training programme based on aerobic exercise for 8 months. Intensity of exercise was adjusted individually for each horse according to a standardised exercise test. Stride kinematic characteristics at the trot were analysed by videography andgluteus mediusmuscle biopsies were removed before and after the experiment. Muscle samples were analysed immunohistochemically for fibre types and fibre sizes. After training, stride frequency increased (6%, P<0.05), whereas stride duration and stance time of the stride decreased (6 and 10% respectively, P<0.05 in both). The percentage oftype IIAfibres increased (25%, P<0.01), whereas the percentage oftype IIXfibres decreased (80%, P<0.001). Training had no significant effect on the percentage oftypes IIAXandIfibres. After training, mean lesser fibre diameters oftypes IandIIAfibres increased (13 and 10%, respectively; P<0.05). These results suggest that prolonged endurance training alters kinematic and muscle fibre properties in a coordinated manner, reflecting a greater stability and more efficient propulsion associated with an increase in muscle fatigue resistance and strength. This adaptive response has an impact on athletic performance.
Motion pattern of the toelt of Icelandic horses at different speeds
Authors: ZIPS S. , PEHAM C. , SCHEIDL M. , LICKA T. , GIRTLER D. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe toelt of the Icelandic horse is a symmetric 4‐beat gait, with alternating single and double support phases. By definition, the duration of the diagonal and ipsilateral stance phases should be similar. The aim of this study was to investigate the stride characteristics of horses ridden at toelt, and to compare these to previous descriptions of this gait. The kinematics of 23 Icelandic horses was measured using the Expert Vision System. Mature and sound horses, used for pleasure riding and/or competitions, were ridden at toelt at 3 different speeds. For each horse, 10 strides were measured at toelting speeds of 2.9 m/s (s.d. 0.28), 3.7 m/s (s.d. 0.29) and 4.7 m/s (s.d. 0.53). Seven horses showed true toelt pattern at one or 2 speeds. At the highest speed, 60% of all motion cycles showed the pattern of 4‐beat pace. This investigation shows that the previously described toelt pattern is present only over a narrow speed range, and toelt at extended speed is, in fact, a 4‐beat pace or rarely a 4‐beat trot.
Strain accommodation at the lateral margin of an active transpressive zone: geological and seismological evidence from the Lebanese restraining bend
Authors: GRIFFITHS H. M. , CLARK R. A. , THORP K. M. , SPENCER S. 
Published: June 2010

Geological, geomorphological, and seismological data are used to postulate the existence of a lateral domain‐bounding fault, the Roum fault zone in SW Lebanon. The fault zone accommodates transpression at the margins of the Lebanese restraining bend, abruptly dividing the transpressional Mount Lebanon (Jebel Barouk) uplift from the extension of the Tyre Nabatiye plateau.
Transpressional deformation at the SW margin of the restraining bend is mainly seen through large scale folding trending parallel to the restraining bend. Such folding is thought to be accommodated laterally along a 100 km length of fault zone in SW Lebanon, the Roum fault zone. Mapped lineaments and topographic expression show the fault zone to die out to the south of Beirut. Offsets of incised river valleys decrease northwards from 7.2 km to 0.2 km along the length of the fault zone over a distance of 80 km, also inferring a postulated fault tip to the south of Beirut. Strain gradients along both sides of the fault zone wall rocks shows several deformation mechanisms to be involved; pressure solution, folding, distributed shear, and normal faulting. The postulated fault tip coincides with the extent of transpression of the Mount Lebanon block.

A new seismicity catalogue (2100
BC–AD
1995: 32–35°N, 34–37°E: 1725 events: all magnitudes converted to ISN‐reported M
L
) was compiled from published sources. Seismicity is apparently sparse around the northern Yammouneh fault but concentrates in SW Lebanon, especially in a diffuse 50–100 km wide zone around the southern Roum fault zone. Epicentral uncertainties are typically 10–25 km for modern reporting, although depths are poorly known. The seismic b‐value is 0.75 ± 0.07 for the Beirut area compared to 0.88 ± 0.09 for the Dead Sea transform to the south: mapping of
b
‐values for the SW Lebanon area suggests a gradual reduction northward along the Roum fault zone.

These observations are interpreted as the signature of a fault zone whose tip lies to the south of Beirut. The transition from transpression to extended crust, at the western edge of the Lebanese restraining bend, is accommodated along a 100 km length of fault zone. Decreasing seismic activity (over the time of the catalogue) and seismic
b
‐values imply a differing style or mechanism of faulting in the short term along the Roum fault zone, toward Beirut.
A model for a continental accretionary wedge developed by oblique collision: the NE Bohemian Massif
Authors: SCHULMANN KAREL , GAYER RODNEY 
Published: June 2010

Structural and metamorphic investigations of the northeastern margin of the Bohemian Massif indicate three main sequential Devonian–Carboniferous tectonic events: (1) Devonian rifting; (2) Early Carboniferous oblique underthrusting and formation of a continental accretionary wedge; (3) eduction of the wedge and Late Carboniferous transpression.
Devonian rifting of the Brunia microcontinent resulted in the formation of two crustal‐scale boudins associated with the development of two syn‐rift Devonian basins. This extensional template strongly influenced the nature of the ensuing Variscan contractional deformation. Early Carboniferous (350–330 Ma), progressive, highly oblique underthrusting of the two crustal boudins beneath the Lugian terrane to the west, generated syn‐deformational Barrovian metamorphism and the formation of a continental accretionary wedge. The wedge was further compressed by continued underthrusting of Brunia which resulted in the successive vertical extrusion (eduction) of an upper and lower allochthon, derived from the more deeply underthrust crustal boudin. The eduction was terminated by a Late Carboniferous (330–310 Ma) transpressional event resulting from continued plate convergence. Release of mantle‐derived magma during late‐stage eduction thermally softened the transpressional zones in the more external parts of the wedge. The resultant differential displacements gave rise to extensional unroofing of the internal part of the wedge.
U–Pb geochronology of Neoproterozoic and Caledonian tectonothermal events in the East Greenland Caledonides
Authors: WATT G. R. , KINNY P. D. , FRIDERICHSEN J. D. 
Published: June 2010

The East Greenland Caledonides occupy a crucial position in plate-tectonic reconstructions of the Late Mesoproterozoic to Early Neoproterozoic Grenville–Sveconorwegian belt. We present new field and isotopic data from the northern Stauning Alper which indicate that the 1050–930 Ma history of the area was characterized by deposition of extensive clastic sequences. Sources of detritus were dominated by rocks of Mesoproterozoic age, with only limited contributions from Archaean sources, suggesting deposition at a distance from the present Caledonian foreland. A Neoproterozoic granite (938±13 Ma) provides evidence for thermal perturbation at a time of extensional collapse and uplift recorded in NW Scotland, the Grenville Belt of Canada, Labrador and the Sveconorwegian of SW Sweden and southern Norway. Widespread anatexis in the northern Stauning Alper at
c.
430–425 Ma resulted from both collisional melting and decompression melting on uplift contemporaneous with the early part of orogenic collapse of the Caledonian Fold Belt. Caledonian deformation was focused at the zone of most extensive granite emplacement. Isotopic evidence suggests that Caledonian granites, previously thought to be entirely post-kinematic, actually predate late Caledonian extension.
Detrital zircon geochronology and provenance of the Torridonian, NW Scotland
Authors: RAINBIRD ROBERT H. , HAMILTON MICHAEL A. , YOUNG GRANT M. 
Published: June 2010

Between 30 and 50 single detrital zircons from each of four specimens of the Stoer Group and two specimens from the unconformably overlying Torridon Group were analysed on the GSC SHRIMP II ion probe.
207
Pb/
206
Pb ages of zircons from the Stoer Group range between 3.00 and 1.74 Ga with 95% concentrated between 2.93 and 2.48 Ga. The Bay of Stoer Formation has a small mode
c.
2.55 Ga, matching overgrowth ages on some older grains. A few grains between 1.92 and 1.74 Ga occur in each of the Stoer Group specimens. These data are consistent with conventional provenance information and sedimentology, which indicate that the bulk of the Stoer Group probably was derived from local basement of the Lewisian Gneiss Complex and that deposition occurred adjacent to basin-margin growth faults. The two Torridon Group samples have similar detrital zircon age profiles with distinctive modes at 1.80 Ga, 1.66 Ga and 1.10 Ga, interpreted to represent sources of Ketilidian, Labradorian and Grenvillian affinity, respectively. A less well defined cluster
c.
2.85–2.55 Ga reflects reworking of the underlying Stoer Group and possibly direct contribution from the Lewisian Gneiss Complex. The youngest concordant detrital zircon yields a maximum age of 1060±18 Ma for the Torridon Group (Applecross Formation). Our data, together with palaeocurrents from the Applecross Formation, suggest that the Torridon Group could have been deposited by a late to post-Grenvillian intermontane or foreland trunk river system flowing northeasterly, parallel to the Grenvillian orogenic belt.
Cambrian palaeomagnetic data from Baltica: implications for true polar wander and Cambrian palaeogeography
Authors: TORSVIK TROND H. , REHNSTRÖM EMMA F. 
Published: June 2010

A reliable Early Cambrian (
c.
535 Ma) and a preliminary Late Cambrian (
c.
500 Ma) palaeomagnetic pole from Baltica (Sweden) overlap within uncertainty, and they are also broadly compatible with Vendian (
c.
583 Ma) palaeomagnetic data. Apparent polar wander for Baltica amounts to less than 25° between 583 and 500 Ma and, therefore, negates recent speculations that the Earth tipped 90° during the Early Cambrian (true polar wander).

Throughout Vendian and Cambrian times, Baltica lay at southerly latitudes (
c.
30–60°S). Baltica was geographically inverted, and present-day northern Baltica faced the NW margin of Gondwana which covered the south pole. Laurentia-Eastern Baltica and Laurentia–West Gondwana were separated by the Iapetus Ocean, while the Ægir Sea separated Western Baltica from the Taimyr region of Siberia. During the Cambrian Baltica probably moved eastward along the Gondwana margin, and by
c.
515–520 Ma subduction in the Ægir Sea was initiated. A major event is recognized in Late Cambrian or Early Ordovician times (
c.
500–478 Ma) when Baltica must have undergone a 55° counter-clockwise rotation in
c.
22 million years (3°/Ma). We relate this to the early Caledonian Finnmarkian Orogeny which involved arc–continent collision following subduction.
Large-scale slumping deduced from structural and sedimentary features in the Lower Palaeozoic Anglo-Brabant fold belt, Belgium
Authors: DEBACKER T. N. , SINTUBIN M. , VERNIERS J. 
Published: June 2010

Distinguishing slump folds from tectonic folds in poorly exposed areas can be difficult, especially when the scale of the slump folds exceeds outcrop scale. In the southeastern part of the single-phase deformed, Lower Palaeozoic Anglo-Brabant fold belt a comparison of cleavage/fold relationships and stratigraphic polarity shows that a 200 m thick interval of middle Caradoc fine-grained turbidites in the core of a large synform was overturned prior to tectonic deformation. This overturning is attributed to large-scale slumping, which was most likely a result of middle Caradoc seismic activity.
The exposed portion of the large slump sheet contains only a few small slump folds and intraformational breccias, making up less than 5% of the exposed thickness. If the beds were not overturned, large-scale slumping would never be suspected and the small slump folds would probably be interpreted as localized features in an overall ‘stable’ sedimentary pile. This may explain why so few ancient large-scale slides and slumps have been reported: the small amount of internal deformation makes them very difficult to recognize, especially when dealing with poorly exposed areas. As such, large ancient slides and slumps may be more common than suggested by the geological literature.
Stacking pattern of cyclic carbonate platform strata: Lower Cretaceous of southern Apennines, Italy
Authors: RASPINI ARTURO 
Published: June 2010

Detailed sedimentological analysis of Aptian/Albian shallow-water carbonate platform strata from Monte Faito, southern Italy, reveal composite sea-level change. The organization of the lithofacies and their related diagenetic overprint have allowed the identification of 50 elementary cycles. They often show exposure-related diagenetic features superimposed on subtidal deposits, suggesting drops of relative sea level.
Elementary cycles are grouped into 16 bundles forming six superbundles. The hierarchical organization of the cycles are interpreted to be related to composite eustatic sea-level fluctuations driven by the Earth’s orbital perturbation in the Milankovitch frequency band. Moreover, the systematic variation of superbundle thickness and the general evolution of the lithofacies reflects variations of accommodation potential defining longer-term environmental changes.
Different lithofacies forming elementary cycles are frequently separated by bedding planes that, when viewed in a sequence stratigraphic context, are interpreted as transgressive surfaces, maximum flooding surfaces or sequence boundaries. This allows the recognition of lowstand, transgressive and highstand deposits in the cyclic units.
Considering both the bundle/superbundle ratio and the sequence stratigraphic interpretation of the superbundles, a chronostratigraphic diagram illustrating both gaps at bundle level and their expected location along the section was created. It establishes that the section developed over about 2.4 Ma.