bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oestrogenic activity in legumes
Authors: Drane Hilary M. , Saba N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe teat-length increases observed in wether lambs grazing pure legumes have been compared directly with the oestrogenic activity demonstrated in mice fed samples of these pastures.In the case of red clover, the mouse assay gives a good indication of the oestrogenic effect to be expected in the wethers. There was no such correlation when samples of clover and lucerne were tested. These were much more active in the wethers than would have been anticipated from the mouse assay, where lucerne and white clover appeared almost entirely lacking in oestrogenic activity.
Variation in the duration of gestation in the goat
Authors: Asdell A. 
Published: March 2009

(1) A large series of data on the duration of gestation in the goat has been analysed and the constants calculated.(2) The frequency curve is unimodal and symmetrical, suggesting a single factor or a variety of factors acting simultaneously as the cause for birth.(3) Slight breed differences exist in the duration of gestation in the goat as in other species examined.(4) There is a continuous variation in the duration of gestation with the time of year at which conception occurs. Spring conceptions give shorter gestations than autumn conceptions.(5) There is a distinct difference in the duration of gestation for young and older dams. This is related to the age of the dams and not to the order of the births. Gestation is shorter in the young animal than in the older.(6) In the goat the size of litter has little or no effect on the duration of gestation.(7) Constants for duration of gestation in other species have been obtained. Variability increases with the duration of oestrus and about half the variability in any species with a long oestrous period may be ascribed to this cause.(8) The factors involved in fixing the duration of gestation in the species examined are evidently the same in all cases, and probably culminate in a single agency responsible for terminating gestation.
The duration of pedigree herds in three breeds of cattle in relation to selective breeding.
Authors: Donald H. P. , El Itkiby A. A. 
Published: March 2009

In the breeding of animals like cattle which reproduce slowly relative to the working life of a breeder, time is a factor of major importance. A study has therefore been made of the duration of samples of pedigree herds in order to obtain some indication of the time actually spent by breeders in the selective breeding of dairy cattle.The samples consisted of pedigree Ayrshire, Jersey and Shorthorn herds, (a) established at various fixed times in the past; and (b) existing in 1939. The former were traced forwards, and the latter backwards, by means of herdbook registrations. Each sample contained not less than 300 herds, and the distribution of durations in each was considered in relation to the movement of population numbers in the whole breeds from which they were drawn.
The fungicidal properties of certain spray-fluids, V
Authors: Goodwin W. , Martin H. , Salmon E. S. 
Published: March 2009

(1) A solution of dicalcium hydrogen arsenate at a strength of 0·0125 per cent. As2O5 was fungicidal to the conidial stage of Sphaerotheca Humuli, while at 0·006 per cent. As2O5 it was not quite fungicidal.(2) Lime casein containing calcium hydroxide when added as a spreader to calcium arsenate was shown to reduce the fungicidal properties of the calcium arsenate spray.(3) A solution of calcium thioarsenate at a strength equivalent to 0·006 per cent. As2O5 was fungicidal to the above fungus, while at 0·003 per cent. As2O5 it was below fungicidal strength.(4) It is suggested that the increased fungicidal properties of the mixed lime sulphur-lead arsenate spray are due to the presence of calcium thioarsenates.
The effect on lactation of the length of the preceding calving interval and its relation to milking capacity, to age and to other factors of influence
Authors: Matson J. 
Published: March 2009

Herd statistics of cattle in India suggest that for animals of about 3500 lb. yield capacity a calving interval of rather less than a year will give the best results in the following lactation. For cattle whose yield capacity is 6000 lb. an interval of 420 days is desirable while one of less than 335 days is seriously injurious.Study of individual cows and their recorded histories reinforces the above conclusions and also suggests that the interval should be longer in early lactations than in late and progressively longer as the milking capacity increases.It also indicates that unrestricted access to the bull may prevent the real yield capacity of a cow being discovered.
Quality of potatoes in relation to soil and season II. The colour of the cooked potato
Authors: Wager H. G. 
Published: March 2009

Samples of potatoes were collected in three successive seasons from a wide range of soil types and their liability to stem-end blackening determined.Variety and season of growth affected the amount of stem-end blackening which developed.All soil types gave samples with a wide range of stem-end blackening, but the average amounts of blackening in samples from different soil types were shown to differ significantly. Samples from fen, blackland, sand, gravel, limestone and chalk blackened more than those from skirt, silt, warp, clay and boulder clay.The pH of the expressed sap of tubers was independent of the type of soil in which they were grown, but dependent on variety and locality of growth. No evidence that the pH of the tubers influenced the amount of stem-end blackening pigment was obtained.The yellowness of the flesh of tubers showed an approximately normal distribution. Slight evidence for an effect of soil type on the amount of yellow pigment was obtained.The work described above was carried out as part of the programme of the Food Investigation Board of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
The value of urea as a substitute for protein in the rations of dairy cattle: I. Field trials with dairy cows
Authors: Bartlett S. , Blaxter K. L. 
Published: March 2009

1. A large-scale experiment with 274 dairy cows has been carried out to determine whether urea can be a substitute for part of the protein requirement of the lactating. dairy cow.2. It has been emphasized that any proteinsparing effect of urea or other sources of non-protein nitrogen can only be determined in the proteindeficient animal and one of the experimental treatments was therefore designed to supply well below that minimum requirement of protein compatible with milk production.3. The addition of protein to such a ration increasing the percentage of crude protein in the production rations from 12·9 to 17·9 and the protein equivalent from 9·5 to 14·5 resulted in a significant increase in milk production. This gave ample confirmation of the protein deficiency of the low protein ration.
The effect of feeding iodinated casein to pigs
Authors: Braude R. 
Published: March 2009

Seven experiments are reported in which iodinated casein was fed to pigs. The daily doses varied from 0·25 to 1·5 g. of iodinated casein per pig daily for periods of several weeks. While the higher doses adversely affected the rate of growth of the pigs, the smaller doses were not sufficiently effective to have any practical importance.The thyroid glands of the pigs receiving the iodinated casein appeared to be slightly smaller in size, but their histological picture was not affected.
Seed disinfection: VII. Mechanical principles
Authors: Dillon Weston W. A. R. , Eric Taylor R. 
Published: March 2009

1. Substantial control of covered smut of wheat, Tilletia caries, was obtained when seed was treated with an approved organo-mercury seed disinfectant using both rotational and gravitational machines for mixing.2. Good control of leaf spot of oats, Helminthosporium Avenae, was also obtained, using an approved organo-mercury seed disinfectant and mixing grain and powder together in a model rotational-type machine.3. The model rotational machine gave an even mixing of grain and seed disinfectant with as few as forty-eight turns. Twenty-four turns was almost as effective but the mixing was much less even.4. The gravitational machine was not so efficient in producing an even mixing as the rotational machine as assessed by the control of covered smut of wheat.5. There was an indication that the rotational machine gave a better disease control.6. Improvement was effected in the efficiency of mixing with the gravitational machine by the addition of a felt lining to the feed hopper.
Magnesium deficiency in some crop plants in relation to the level of potassium nutrition
Authors: Walsh Thomas , O'Donohoe Thomas F. 
Published: March 2009

While numerous studies have demonstrated the essential role of magnesium in the normal development of plants, the information as to the soil conditions governing the availability of this nutrient is relatively limited. In general it is considered that a true lack of magnesium in the soil, such as might result from leaching or overcropping, is the main cause of magnesium deficiency in plants. This aspect of the problem has received considerable attention (Imp. Bureau, 1940). It has become evident in recent years, however, that the absorption of magnesium by plants may be depressed under the influence of an excess of other nutrients, notably potassium and calcium, in the soil. In some instances this has been noted to result in the onset of magnesium deficiency in plants, despite an apparently adequate concentration of this element in an easily available form in the soil as shown by chemical methods.The literature having a bearing on the inducement of magnesium deficiency in this manner has been reviewed by Walsh & Clarke (1944). These workers, from a study of magnesium deficiency chlorosis in tomatoes, showed that it was induced by heavy dressings of potassium causing a depression in magnesium uptake. While the effect of potassium alone in this respect was sufficient to induce the deficiency, it was also found that the sulphate radical played a prominent part. Where potassium was added other than in the form of the sulphate salt, the onset of the chlorosis was retarded and the symptoms were reduced in severity.
Inheritance of plant growth characters and their relation to yield in wheat substitution lines
Authors: Monyo J. H. , Whittington W. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAttempts were made to relate various parameters of growth in wheat substitution lines to final yield of grain and assess the extent to which such relationships could be useful as early predictors of yield. The associations were measured by calculating correlation coefficients, partial regression coefficients, standard partial regression coefficients and independent contribution to yield. Significant correlation coefficients were common but significant partial regression coefficients were rare. The remaining estimates provided a ranked order of characters associated with yield. Those parameters of vegetative growth showing most association with final yield were themselves related fairly directly to ear and grain size. It was concluded that direct estimates of yield must remain the most appropriate character on which to base selection in cereals.
The losses in the tower silo
Authors: Woodman Herbert Ernest , Amos Arthur 
Published: March 2009

An investigation has been described in which an attempt has been made to measure the losses of dry matter in a number of regularly spaced layers of silage contained in a tower silo, the immediate object being to determine theaverageloss of nutrient matter in the entire mass of material. The work was continued over the period of two silage seasons. The more important findings are summarised below:1. It is usually asserted by writers on ensilage that the attainment of such high temperatures as are necessary for the production of “sweet” silage necessarily involves an excessive loss of the dry matter of the crop as a consequence of the oxidation of carbohydrate. This statement has been shown to be erroneous both on theoretical grounds and on the grounds of actual measurements of the losses of dry matter entailed in the production of “sweet” silage. The amount of destruction of carbohydrate bears no significant relation to the temperature attained during preservation, and the factors of (a) juice drainage, (b) bacterial decomposition of carbohydrate, (c) partial spoiling by undesirable bacterial activity, as with “sour” silage, are of much greater significance in causing unduly large losses of carbohydrate.2. The results obtained in this investigation with crops containing from 26·5 to 33·9 per cent. of dry matter show that “acid brown” silage can be made in the tower silo with anaverageloss of dry matter equal to 5–6 per cent. of that contained in the green crop. It is further concluded that “sweet” silage, if made under good conditions, can also be produced in the tower silo with anaveragedry matter loss of the same order. With “green fruity” silage, theaverageloss under proper conditions of ensilage in tower silos is of the order of 8–9 per cent. The evidence affords strong disproof of the statement that the ensilage of green crops cannot be accomplished without large losses of nutrient matter.
The relationship between the chemical constitution of organic compounds and their toxicity to insects.
Authors: Tattersfield F. 
Published: March 2009

1. The various classes of insecticides are outlined, and the sense in which the term “contact insecticide” is used is denned as one which is brought into external contact with the insect, either as solid, liquid or vapour.2. An analysis is made of the relationships between chemical constitution and insecticidal action in the vapour phase. There is rough correlation between both the molecular weights and volatilities of organic compounds and toxicity, but it is probable that these relationships are only indirectly involved and that they indicate a connection of a more direct kind with some other property such as adsorption.3. An account is given of the toxicity to insects of certain plant products. The most potent of these are certain tropical leguminous plants used as fish-poisons. A brief account is given of the chemical derivatives found in these plants. One of them, “tubatoxin,” is one of the most potent contact insecticides known.4. A list of the groups of organic chemicals tested for their toxic action onAphis rumicisand the eggs ofSelenia tetralunariais given. A more detailed account is given for each group of the relationships between chemical constitution and insecticidal action. It is shown that the substitution of certain radicals in the benzene ring profoundly affects toxicity, but that toxic action depends not only upon the radicals but the number substituted and in certain cases upon their relative position.5. 3 : 5-Dinitro-o-cresol is shown to have a most powerful ovicidal effect.6. An examination of the toxicity of the fatty acids is made. It is shown that as the series is ascended toxicity increases up to undecylic acid, after which it declines.
Laterite and lateritic soils in Sierra Leone
Authors: Martin F. J. , Doyne H. C. 
Published: March 2009

(1) The formation of laterite and lateritic soils in Sierra Leone has been studied and the mode of formation and the composition of these soils is described.(2) It is suggested that since the clay fraction is regarded as the most important fraction in determining the reactions of a soil the classification of laterite and lateritic soils should be based on an examination of the clay fraction. It is further suggested that where the silica/alumina ratio in the clay fraction falls below 2·0 the soil should be described as “lateritic,” and where this ratio falls below 1·33 the soil should be described as laterite.
Wart disease infection tests
Authors: Bryan H. 
Published: March 2009

A practical adaptation of a method devised by Miss Glynne for testing indoors the immunity or susceptibility of potato varieties to wart disease is described. The method consists of infecting by summer sporangia the young sprouts of the tubers under test. Extensive test has given such satisfactory results that there is little doubt that the method is infallible.The writer wishes to render his grateful thanks to Mrs N. McDermott, who has been actively associated with him throughout the work described and who is largely responsible for the technique employed; to Miss M. D. Glynne, of the Rothamsted Experimental Station, for her many helpful suggestions; to Mr W. H. Parker, Director of the National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge, for his assistance and advice; t o Dr R. N. Salaman for supplying material for test, and to Dr G. H. Pethybridge for his kindness in examining tubers sent to him.
An Examination of Methods for Determining Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in Soils. (With One Text-figure.)
Authors: Walkley Allan 
Published: March 2009

1. The details of the Dennstedt dry-combustion method for determining carbon in soils were described, and some simplifications suggested.2. The Bangor modified Kjeldahl method for carbon and nitrogen in soils requires carefully standardised heating. Errors may arise from contamination of sandy soils by material abraded during grinding in iron or porcelain mills.3. For many heavy soils the addition of water before the Kjeldahl digestion is convenient but not essential. For heavy alkaline soils with little organic matter it is advisable to grind the soil very finely and to add water.
The Placement of fertilizers: II. Cereals
Authors: Lewis A. H. , Strickland A. G. 
Published: March 2009

Results are reported of sixteen replicated experiments on spring-sown barley and oats in south-east England to compare fertilizer sown in the drills with fertilizer broadcast. In thirteen of the experiments, fertilizer in the drills gave significantly greater yields of grain and straw than fertilizer broadcast, in two of the experiments the differences between the two were not significant; in only one experiment was the grain yield significantly greater where the fertilizer was broadcast.Fertilizers were twice as effective when sown in the drills as when broadcast. On an average, broadcast fertilizer increased the yields of grain and straw by 4·0 and 6·3 cwt. per acre respectively. Drilling the fertilizer with the seed gave over double these increases, viz. 8·0 cwt. grain and 14·6 cwt. straw per acre.Drilling the fertilizer with the seed tended to delay brairding. The crop on the fertilizer-drilled plots soon caught up and overtook that on the fertilizer-broadcast plots. Drilling the fertilizer with the seed increased tillering and decreased weed-growth.Not more than about 3 cwt. of a soluble fertilizer per acre should be sown in the drills or the stand of plant may be poor. For the same amounts of soluble plant food, the higher the analysis of the fertilizer the less is the delay in brairding.The possibility of obviating the delay in brairding by sowing the fertilizer near, but not in contact with, the seed is briefly considered.
Further investigations of the nutritive value of swill: starch equivalent, and seasonal variation in the composition and feeding value of concentrated swill
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Evans R. E. 
Published: March 2009

An attempt has been made in the present communication to assess the value for pigs of urban swill collected during the winter months, when the main ingredients are potato peelings, cabbage leaves and other vegetable residues, and also during the summer months, at which period of the year the quality of the swill is at its lowest level, the product containing substantial proportions of pea pods, cabbage leaves and cabbage stalks. The form known as concentrated swill was used in the digestion trials, since regular and adequate supplies of this could be guaranteed, and, being already cooked, it did not require any heat treatment before feeding.Chemical analysis showed that the winter swill, on account of the presence of the potato peelings, was distinctly richer in N-free extractives than the summer product. The latter, however, was richer i n protein and lime, and, as a result of the replacement of potato peelings by pea pods as the main ingredient, displayed a much more fibrous character than the winter swill.
Infertility and neonatal mortality in the sow I. Lifetime performance and reasons for disposal of sows
Authors: Pomeroy R. W. 
Published: March 2009

1. A survey of the reasons for disposal of 1000 sows from farms in a selected area of East Anglia showed that the most important causes of sow wastage were ‘failure to breed’, ‘piglet mortality’, ‘old age’ and ‘low fertility’ which together accounted for 64·3% of the sows.2. The average length of breeding life was 3·75 litters per sow and the modal number of litters was only two. This expectation of life is very short but is in agreement with an earlier estimate based on Breed Society records.3. Failure to breed was the most important cause of sow wastage and accounted for 21·4% of the sows. The incidence of reproductive failure was greatest in young sows and of all the sows discarded as sterile 30·3% were discarded after having had only one litter. Cases of failure to breed were divisible into two broad groups.
The nutritive value for ruminants of a complete processed diet based on barley straw
Authors: Wainman F. W. , Blaxter K. L. , Pullar J. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYCalorimetric experiments were made with a complete extruded diet for ruminants, ‘Ruminant Diet A’ prepared by Messrs U.K. Compound Feeds Ltd. Twelve determinations of energy and nitrogen retention were made using sheep and it was found that the diet had a metabolizable energy value of 2–32 kcal/g organic matter, and the net availabilities of its metabolizable energy were 42–7 % for fattening and 68–0 % for maintenance. These values agreed well with those predicted from equations published by the Agricultural Research Council. On a dry basis the starch equivalent was 38–3 %.
Grazing management practices and their relationship to the behaviour and grazing habits of cattle
Authors: Johnstone-Wallace D. B. , Kennedy Keith 
Published: March 2009

1. The grazing habits of Aberdeen-Angus and Hereford beef cows, on pasture without supplementary feed, were studied over continuous periods of 24 hr. during the months of July, August and September. The pastures were from 3 to 7 acres in extent and contained a good growth of Kentucky bluegrass and wild white clover, with an average moisture content of 72 %.2. During each 24 hr. period the cows spent from 7 to 8 hr. only in grazing, whatever the length of the herbage. Of this time, only some 5 hr. could be counted as actually employed in gathering herbage, as the remainder was spent in walking short distances and in selecting the area to be grazed. On the average 60 % of the grazing was performed by day, when the average distance travelled was 2 miles, and 40 % by night, when the cows travelled only about half a mile. With a dense sward of from 4 to 5 in. in height, representing about 4500 lb. green herbage to the acre, each cow was able to consume about 150 lb. of green herbage, or 32 lb. of dry matter, daily. As the amount of green herbage decreased through grazing to 2200 and 1100 lb. respectively, the daily intake was correspondingly reduced to 90 lb. (20 lb. dry matter) and 45 lb. (10 lb. dry matter). On a pasture containing about 5000 lb. green herbage of about 10 in. in height, the average daily intake was only 70 lb. (20 lb. dry matter).3. Records were made also (the average figure for the 24 hr. period being given in parentheses) of time spent in lying down (12 hr.); time spent in cudding (7 hr.); frequency of defaecation (12); amount of manure (46 lb., covering an area of 8 sq. ft.); frequency of urination (9); frequency of drinking (once only, usually in late afternoon); and frequency of suckling calf (3, each for about 15 min. at 8 hr. intervals).4. The application of the results to pasture management is discussed.