bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wholegrain oat-based cereals have prebiotic potential and low glycaemic index
Authors: Connolly M. L. , Tuohy K. M. , Lovegrove J. A. 
Published: February 2012

Population studies show a positive association between increased dietary intake of wholegrains and reduced risk of cardiometabolic disorders. Consumption of wholegrain food has been associated with lower blood glucose and therefore may contribute to a low-glycaemic load diet. The ability to mediate a prebiotic modulation of gut microbiota has recently been suggested to have an inverse correlation with risk of cardiometabolic disease. To date very little work has been carried out on the functionality of wholegrain breakfast cereals in terms of glycaemic response or impact on gut microbiota. An investigation into identifying wholegrain-based breakfast cereals demonstrating both low glycaemic index (GI) and prebiotic attributes was performed. Afterin vitrodigestion, cereal samples were supplemented to pH-controlled anaerobic batch cultures of the human faecal microbiota. Total bacteria populations increased significantly (P < 0·05) in all treated cultures, and the fermentation of a wholegrain oat cluster cereal was associated with proliferation of theBifidobacteriumgenus (P = 0·02). Smaller, but significant increases in theBifidobacteriumgenus were observed for a further four oat-based cereals. Significant increases in theLactobacillus–Enterococcusgroup were observed for granola (P = 0·01), 100 % wholegrain aggregate (P = 0·04) and 70 % wholegrain loops (P = 0·01). Cereals demonstrating prebiotic potential were selected for GI determination in twelve healthy subjects. The wholegrain oat aggregate cereal achieved the lowest GI value (40), three other cereals ranged between 44 and 74, with instant porridge resulting in a GI value similar to the standard glucose control. The present study suggests that wholegrain oat-based breakfast cereals may be prebiotics and have the potential to have low GI.
Random mating and reproductive compatibility among Argentinean and southern Brazilian populations of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Rull J. , Abraham S. , Kovaleski A. , Segura D.F. , Islam A. , Wornoayporn V. , Dammalage T. , Tomas U. Santo , Vera M.T. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAs a prerequisite for area-wide application of the sterile insect technique in an area encompassing northern Argentina and southern Brazil, prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive compatibility among three geographically distant populations in the area was tested. In field cages, sexually mature adults of each population were found to be sexually compatible, mating duration was not affected by fly origin and there was no clear evidence of spatial partition of mating location. In the laboratory, homotypic and heterotypic crosses for all possible combinations displayed similar levels of fertility and yielded F1 adults without distortion of the sex ratio. Finally, F1 hybrid and parental adults produced equally viable F2 eggs. Put together, our results and those from earlier studies suggest that a large area, ranging from Buenos Aires to the surroundings of São Paulo, could be managed using a single A. fraterculus mass-reared strain. At the northern margin of this area, two A. fraterculus morphotypes appear to coexist in sympatry. We delineate future research to further delimit the distribution of the aff1 morphotype (Argentina-southern Brazil) and to gain insight into evolutionary patterns producing divergence and radiation of tropical fruit fly species.
Mode of inheritance of increased host acceptance in a seed beetle
Authors: Messina F.J. , Peña N.M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractColonization of a novel plant by herbivorous insects is frequently accompanied by genetic changes that progressively improve larval or adult performance on the new host. This study examined the genetic basis of adaptation to a marginal host (lentil) by the seed beetleCallosobruchus maculatus(F.). Quasi-natural selection in the laboratory rapidly increased the tendency to oviposit on lentil. The mode of inheritance of this increase in host acceptance was determined from crosses between three lentil-adapted lines and a line maintained on the ancestral host, mung bean. In each set of crosses, females from the lentil lines laid two to three times more eggs on lentil than did females from the mung-bean line. Hybrid females consistently displayed an intermediate level of host acceptance, which did not differ between reciprocal crosses. Alleles promoting greater oviposition on lentil thus were inherited additively, with no evidence of sex-linkage or cytoplasmic effects. In a time-course study, hybrid females initially resembled the parent from the mung-bean line, as few eggs were laid on lentil during the first 24 h. However, oviposition rates on lentil after 72 h were closer to the rate observed in the lentil-line parent. Inferences about additivity vs. dominance in genes affecting oviposition may, therefore, depend on experimental protocol. Comparison with earlier work suggests that inheritance patterns observed in crosses between recently derived selection lines (as in this study) may differ from those obtained in crosses between long-divergent geographic populations.
Examining variation in depressive symptoms over the life course: a latent class analysis
Authors: Mezuk B. , Kendler K. S. 
Published: February 2012

BackgroundOlder adults have the lowest prevalence and incidence of major depressive disorder, although it has been hypothesized that this finding is due in part to differences in expression of psychopathology in later life. The aim of this study was to examine variation in depressive symptomatology in the general population across the lifespan.MethodData came from three sites of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Project (n=10 529). Depressive symptoms during the past 6 months were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify homogeneous groups of depressive symptomatology based on 16 individual symptoms, and to examine variation in the prevalence and composition of depression classes across age groups.ResultsThe DIS symptoms fit a four-class model composed of non-depressed (83.2%), mild depression (11.6%), severe depression (1.9%), and despondent (3.2%) groups. Relative to the non-depressed class, older age was inversely associated with being in the mild or severe depression class. The profile of the latent classes was similar across age groups with the exception of the despondent class, which was not well differentiated among the youngest adults and was not inversely associated with age.ConclusionsThe symptom profiles of depression are similar across age with the exception of the despondent class, which is more differentiated from severe depression among older adults. The findings demonstrate the benefit of examining individual symptoms rather than broad symptom groups for understanding the natural history of depression over the lifespan.
Foodborne outbreaks of shigellosis in the USA, 1998–2008
Authors: NYGREN B. L. , SCHILLING K. A. , BLANTON E. M. , SILK B. J. , COLE D. J. , MINTZ E. D. 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYWe examined reported outbreaks of foodborne shigellosis in the USA from 1998 to 2008 and summarized demographic and epidemiological characteristics of 120 confirmed outbreaks resulting in 6208 illnesses. Most reported foodborne shigellosis outbreaks (n = 70, 58%) and outbreak-associated illnesses (n = 3383, 54%) were restaurant-associated. The largest outbreaks were associated with commercially prepared foods distributed in multiple states and foods prepared in institutional settings. Foods commonly consumed raw were implicated in 29 (24%) outbreaks and infected food handlers in 28 (23%) outbreaks. Most outbreaks (n = 86, 72%) were caused by Shigella sonnei. Targeted efforts to reduce contamination during food handling at multiple points in the food processing and distribution system, including food preparation in restaurants and institutional settings, could prevent many foodborne disease outbreaks and outbreak-related illnesses including those due to Shigella.
On the origin of the ultradeep East Barents Sea basin
Authors: Gac Sébastien , Huismans Ritske S. , Podladchikov Yuri Y. , Faleide Jan Inge 
Published: February 2012

Very large subsidence, with up to 20 km thick sediment layers, is observed in the East Barents Sea basin. Subsidence started in early Paleozoic, accelerated in Permo‐Triassic times, finished during the middle Cretaceous, and was followed by moderate uplift in Cenozoic times. The observed gravity signal suggests that the East Barents Sea is at present in isostatic balance and indicates that a mass excess is required in the lithosphere to produce the observed large subsidence. Several origins have been proposed for the mass excess. We use 1‐D thermokinematic modeling and 2‐D isostatic density models of continental lithosphere to evaluate these competing hypotheses. The crustal density in 2‐D thermokinematic models resulting from pressure‐, temperature‐, and composition‐dependent phase change models is computed along transects crossing the East Barents Sea. The results indicate the following. (1) Extension can only explain the observed subsidence provided that a 10 km thick serpentinized mantle lens beneath the basin center is present. We conclude that this is unlikely given that this highly serpentinized layer should be formed below a sedimentary basin with more than 10 km of sediments and crust at least 10 km thick. (2) Phase changes in a compositionally homogeneous crust do not provide enough mass excess to explain the present‐day basin geometry. (3) Phase change induced densification of a preexisting lower crustal gabbroic body, interpreted as a mafic magmatic underplate, can explain the basin geometry and observed gravity anomalies. The following model is proposed for the formation of the East Barents Sea basin: (1) Devonian rifting and extension related magmatism resulted in moderate thinning of the crust and a mafic underplate below the central basin area explaining initial late Paleozoic subsidence. (2) East‐west shortening during the Permian and Triassic resulted in densification of the previously emplaced mafic underplated body and enhanced subsidence dramatically, explaining the present‐day deep basin geometry.
Hygroscopicity and composition of California CCN during summer 2010
Authors: Moore R. H. , Cerully K. , Bahreini R. , Brock C. A. , Middlebrook A. M. , Nenes A. 
Published: February 2012

We present an overview and analysis of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) sampled in California by a NOAA WP‐3D aircraft during the 2010 CalNex project. Four distinct geographical regions are characterized, including the Los Angeles basin, the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys, and the eastern Pacific Ocean west of southern California. Median size distributions in the Central Valley were unimodal (Dg ∼ 25 nm) with a larger fraction of organic species and smaller fraction of nitrate species in the Sacramento Valley aerosol than in the San Joaquin Valley aerosol. Size distributions in the Los Angeles basin and marine outflow were bimodal (geometric mean diameter, Dg ∼ 30, 90–100 nm) with similar organic fractions and some replacement of nitrate with sulfate in the marine outflow. Both fine particle and CCN concentrations were found to decrease rapidly above the planetary boundary layer (∼2 km altitude), with CCN concentrations in the boundary layer ranging from ∼102–104 cm−3 STP, while fine particle concentrations (0.004–1 μm diameters) ranged from ∼103–105 cm−3STP. The CCN‐active number fraction varied between 0–100% in the Los Angeles Basin and Marine Outflow, but was substantially lower (0–40%) in the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys. Values of the hygroscopicity parameter,κ, inferred from the CCN measurements varied from 0.1–0.25, with the highest values in the marine outflow and the lowest values in the Sacramento Valley. The κvalues agreed well with the predictions based on size‐resolved aerosol composition, but were overpredicted by almost twofold when size‐averaged composition was used. CCN closure was assessed for simplified compositional and mixing state assumptions, and it was found that assuming the aerosol to be internally mixed overpredicted CCN concentrations by 30–75% for all air mass types except within the Sacramento Valley, where good closure (overprediction < 10%) was achieved by assuming insoluble organics. Assuming an externally‐mixed aerosol fraction or incorporating size‐resolved composition data improved closure in the other three regions, consistent with the bimodal nature of the aerosol size distribution.
Heat-shock proteins attenuate SERCA inactivation by the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2: possible implications for the ER Ca2+-mediated apoptosis
Authors: Dremina Elena S. , Sharov Victor S. , Schöneich Christian 
Published: February 2012

We have demonstrated previously that Bcl-2 and Bcl-2Δ21, a C-terminally truncated Bcl-2 sequence, inactivate SERCA (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase) 1 in isolated SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum), accompanied by a translocation from CRDs (caveolae-related domains) of the SR. In the present study, we obtained evidence for the interaction of Bcl-2 with SERCA2b in C2C12 myoblasts and HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cells. Bcl-2 and SERCA2b co-immunoprecipitated from lysate and microsomal fractions of Bcl-2-overexpressing cells. However, Bcl-2 overexpression resulted only in a slight translocation from the CRDs and no significant SERCA inactivation. In isolated HEK-293 cell microsomes, incubation with Bcl-2Δ21 afforded SERCA2b inactivation and some translocation. HSP (heat-shock protein) 70, HSP90, HSP27 and α-crystallin attenuated Bcl-2Δ21-dependent SERCA2b inactivation. An in vitro mechanistic study with the SERCA1 isoform shows that HSP70 (i) protects SERCA1 from the inactivation by Bcl-2Δ21, (ii) inhibits SERCA1 translocation from CRD fractions, and (iii) prevents the Bcl-2Δ21-dependent loss of FITC labelling. Our data demonstrate that the mechanism of SERCA inactivation by Bcl-2 established in vitro for the SERCA1 isoform can be extended to the main housekeeping SERCA2b isoform, and that functional interactions of SERCA2b and Bcl-2 in the cell may be modulated by HSP70 and other chaperones and stress-regulated proteins.
MEF2 is regulated by CaMKIIδ2 and a HDAC4–HDAC5 heterodimer in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Ginnan Roman , Sun Li Yan , Schwarz John J. , Singer Harold A. 
Published: February 2012

VSMCs (vascular smooth muscle cells) dedifferentiate from the contractile to the synthetic phenotype in response to acute vascular diseases such as restenosis and chronic vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, and contribute to growth of the neointima. We demonstrated previously that balloon catheter injury of rat carotid arteries resulted in increased expression of CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) IIδ2 in the medial wall and the expanding neointima [House and Singer (2008) Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28, 441–447]. These findings led us to hypothesize that increased expression of CaMKIIδ2 is a positive mediator of synthetic VSMCs. HDAC (histone deacetylase) 4 and HDAC5 function as transcriptional co-repressors and are regulated in a CaMKII-dependent manner. In the present paper, we report that endogenous HDAC4 and HDAC5 in VSMCs are activated in a Ca2+- and CaMKIIδ2-dependent manner. We show further that AngII (angiotensin II)- and PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)-dependent phosphorylation of HDAC4 and HDAC5 is reduced when CaMKIIδ2 expression is suppressed or CaMKIIδ2 activity is attenuated. The transcriptional activator MEF2 (myocyte-enhancer factor 2) is an important determinant of VSMC phenotype and is regulated in an HDAC-dependent manner. In the present paper, we report that stimulation of VSMCs with ionomycin or AngII potentiates MEF2's ability to bind DNA and increases the expression of established MEF2 target genes Nur77 (nuclear receptor 77) (NR4A1) and MCP1 (monocyte chemotactic protein 1) (CCL2). Suppression of CaMKIIδ2 attenuates increased MEF2 DNA-binding activity and up-regulation of Nur77 and MCP1. Finally, we show that HDAC5 is regulated by HDAC4 in VSMCs. Suppression of HDAC4 expression and activity prevents AngII- and PDGF-dependent phosphorylation of HDAC5. Taken together, these results illustrate a mechanism by which CaMKIIδ2 mediates MEF2-dependent gene transcription in VSMCs through regulation of HDAC4 and HDAC5.
Effect of nitric oxide on the daunorubicin efflux mechanism in K562 cells
Authors: Curta Juliana Costa , de Moraes Ana Carolina Rabello , Licínio Marley Aparecida , Costa Aline , Santos‐Silva Maria Cláudia 
Published: February 2012

AbstractNO (nitric oxide) donating drugs have been investigated for their important role in the sensitization of neoplastic cells to chemotherapy drugs. The goal of this work was to investigate the involvement of NO in the resistance of K562 cells to DNR (daunorubicin). Only simultaneous addition of DNR and SNAP (S‐nitroso‐N‐acetyl‐dl‐penicillamine) caused significant cell death by apoptosis. Combination of the compounds decreased Bcl‐2 and survivin, and increased Bax and active‐caspase 3 expression. Fluorescence microscope and cytometric analysis showed that DNR and SNAP together caused DNR intracellular accumulation in K562 cells. RT—PCR (reverse transcription—PCR) analysis showed that DNR and SNAP, alone or in association, produced significant decreases in lrp expression. abcc1 gene expression was unaffected by the presence of SNAP, but when treated with DNR there was a small reduction that was intensified by DNR and SNAP in combination. The transport mechanism involved in the resistance to DNR in K562 cells involves ABCC1 and LRP (lung resistance protein) resistance proteins. DNR and SNAP inhibition of the expression of these proteins occurs by distinct mechanisms, and this disrupts the K562 resistance to DNR.
A Comparison of Developmental Social–Pragmatic and Naturalistic Behavioral Interventions on Language Use and Social Engagement in Children With Autism
Authors: Ingersoll Brooke , Meyer Katherine , Bonter Nicole , Jelinek Sara 
Published: February 2012

Purpose
Developmental social–pragmatic and naturalistic behavioral interventions share a number of features, but they differ in their use of facilitative strategies and direct elicitation of child language. In this study, the authors investigated whether these approaches produce different language and social outcomes in young children with autism.

Method
The authors used an ABACAD design to compare the effects of a developmental social–pragmatic, naturalistic behavioral, and combined intervention on language type and function and social engagement in 5 children with autism.

Results
Milieu teaching and the combined intervention produced higher rates of language targets than did responsive interaction. An analysis of the type and function of language targets suggested that differences between conditions were driven primarily by prompted—and, to a lesser extent, spontaneous—requests. Social engagement ratings were higher during each intervention than at baseline, but differences between treatment conditions were not consistent across children.

Conclusions
For children with autism, naturalistic interventions that use direct elicitation of child language lead to greater short-term gains in the use of expressive language targets—in particular, prompted requests—than interventions that use facilitative strategies only. All 3 naturalistic language interventions can promote social engagement. For some children, the combined use of direct elicitation and responsiveness-based strategies may enhance treatment response.
Monosyllabic Mandarin Tone Productions by 3-Year-Olds Growing Up in Taiwan and in the United States: Interjudge Reliability and Perceptual Results
Authors: Wong Puisan 
Published: February 2012

PurposeThe author compared monosyllabic Mandarin lexical tones produced by 3-year-old Mandarin-speaking children growing up in Taiwan and in the United States.MethodFollowing the procedures in Wong, Schwartz, and Jenkins (2005), the author collected monosyllabic tone productions from 3-year-old Mandarin-speaking children in Taiwan and low-pass filtered them to eliminate lexical information but retain tone information. Five Mandarin-speaking adults residing in Taiwan categorized these filtered tones and those produced by the Mandarin-speaking children growing up in the United States, the latter of which was reported in Wong et al. (2005). Agreements on tone categorization by judges residing in Taiwan and in the United States were evaluated. Tone accuracy of children growing up in Taiwan and the United States were examined and compared.ResultsThe Mandarin-speaking judges residing in the United States and in Taiwan showed high agreements on tone categorization. None of the 4 tones produced by the Mandarin-speaking children growing up in the United States and in Taiwan was adultlike.Children in Taiwan made more errors in Tone 2 and Tone 4 than didMandarin-speaking children growing up in the United States. Accuracy rates of Tone 1 and Tone 3 were comparable in the 2 groups of children.ConclusionMandarin tone acquisition is a protracted process. Three-year-old Mandarin-speaking children growing up in Taiwan and the United States show similar developmental patterns and have not yet produced monosyllabic tones with adultlike accuracy.
Theoretical study of the geometries and dissociation energies of molecular water on neutral aluminum clusters Aln (n = 2–25)
Authors: Liu Yiliang , Hua Yawen , Jiang Ming , Jiang Gang , Chen Jun 
Published: February 2012

Geometries and dissociation energies of water molecules on Aln (n = 2–25) clusters were investigated using density functional theory with all electron relativistic spin-polarized calculations under the generalized gradient approximation. An extensive structure search was performed to identify the low-energy conformations of AlnH2O complexes for each size. Optimal adsorption sites were assigned for low-energy isomers of the clusters. Size and site specific dependences were studied for the AlnH2O complexes in stabilities, geometries, adsorption energies, dissociation energies, Al–O bond lengths, and other characteristic quantities. The stabilities and geometries revealed that H atom in H2O is not inclined to bond with Al atoms. The most stable AlnH2O configurations for each size tend to correspond to the most stable bare Aln cluster except of Al6 and Al24 clusters. The HO bond lengths increase generally 0.01 Å with respect to the isolated H2O in all of the adsorption complexes. The dissociation energy of an isolated H2O into HO and H was 5.39 eV, which decreased about two-thirds to the energy range of 0.83–2.12 eV with the help of Aln clusters. In spite of the fluctuations, the dissociation energies of AlnH2O complexes rise with the size increasing as a whole. In addition, we also found that the bare Aln clusters with high vertical ionization potentials usually have high dissociation energies of H2O in the corresponding adsorption models. The energetically preferred spin-multiplicity of all the odd-n AlnH2O complexes is doublet, and it is singlet for all the even-n complexes with exception of Al2H2O which is triplet.