bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immediate Provisionalization of NanoTite Implants in Support of Single‐Tooth and Unilateral Restorations: One‐Year Interim Report of a Prospective, Multicenter Study
Authors: Östman Pär‐Olov , Hupalo Markijan , Del Castillo Robert , Emery Robert W. , Cocchetto Roberto , Vincenzi Giampaolo , Wagenberg Barry , Vanassche Bruno , Valentin Andreas , Clausen Gerard , Hogan Paul , Goené Ronnie , Evans Christopher , Testori Tiziano 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTBackground: Clinical studies reporting immediate loading of endosseous implants for edentulous cases and for fixed partial restorations have been well documented with satisfactory survival rates. Implants with a recently developed, nanometer‐scale surface topography (NanoTite®, BIOMET 3i, Palm Beach Gardens, FL, USA), created by discrete crystalline depositions (DCD) of calcium phosphate nano‐crystals onto a dual acid‐etched (DAE) surface, show enhanced early fixation in preclinical studies when compared with DAE‐surfaced implants. These outcomes suggest DCD‐surfaced implants may be advantageous for immediate loading approaches.Objective: The aim of this prospective, multicenter, observational study is to report clinical outcomes for DCD‐surfaced implants placed in immediate functional support of single‐ and multi‐unit restorations according to an immediate loading protocol.Materials and Methods: One hundred eighty‐five patients enrolled at 15 international study centers received a total of 335 implants supporting 216 immediate provisionalizations consisting of 128 single‐tooth restorations and 88 fixed restorations. Of the 335 implants, 77% are located in posterior and 23% in anterior regions with 55.5% of the total in mandibles and 44.5% in maxillae. Patients were evaluated for implant mobility, gingival health, symptomatology, and radiographic outcomes.Results: At the time of this 1‐year interim report, a total of 17 failures have been observed in 11 patients, yielding a cumulative survival rate of 94.9%.Conclusion: Relative to other prospective, multicenter studies of immediately loaded implants with various surface enhancements, NanoTite implants perform comparatively well when immediately provisionalized with single‐tooth and fixed restorations.
A Comparison Study of the Osseointegration of Zirconia and Titanium Dental Implants. A Biomechanical Evaluation in the Maxilla of Pigs
Authors: Gahlert Michael , Röhling Stefan , Wieland Marco , Eichhorn Stefan , Küchenhoff Helmut , Kniha Heinz 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTObjectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the osseointegration of microstructured zirconia implants in comparison with sandblasted and acid‐etched (SLA) titanium implants in a biomechanical study.Materials: Zirconia implants (4.1 mm in diameter, 10 mm in length) were produced using a new low pressure injection molding technique. After that the implants were acid‐etched with hydrofluoric acid. Standard Ti‐SLA implants of the exact same shape served as controls. Six months after extraction of incisors 2 and 3, 16 adult pigs received a total of 64 implants in the maxillae. After 4, 8, and 12 weeks the animals were sacrificed, and 59 implants could be analyzed to removal torque (RTQ) testing.Results: The mean RTQ values for zirconia implants were 42.4 Ncm at 4 weeks, 69.6 Ncm at 8 weeks, and 69.3 Ncm at 12 weeks of healing, whereas RTQ values for the Ti‐SLA implants were 42.1 Ncm, 75.0 Ncm, and 73.1 Ncm at corresponding time intervals. There is no statistical difference in RTQ values between Ti‐SLA and zirconia implants at 8 weeks.Conclusions: Within the limits of the present study it was concluded that acid‐etching of zirconia implants enhances bone apposition resulting in RTQ values which were equivalent to that of Ti‐SLA.
Assessment of Maxillary Sinus Septa Using Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography: Etiological Consideration
Authors: Naitoh Munetaka , Suenaga Yutaka , Kondo Shintaro , Gotoh Kenichi , Ariji Eiichiro 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTBackground: Septum presence in the maxillary sinus complicates sinus floor elevation surgery, and so it is important that septa are accurately diagnosed on preoperative imaging.Purpose: Septa were observed regarding their relationship with the bony palate using cone‐beam computed tomography (CT).Materials and Methods: Thirty maxillary sinuses with dentate jaws of 15 dry skulls and a cone‐beam CT unit were used. A septum was defined as a pointed bone structure, and an exostosis was defined as a rounded bone structure. The occurrence and locations of maxillary sinus septa and exostoses of more than 2 mm in height were evaluated. Also, angles between the direction of septum and median palatine suture were measured on axial images.Results: Twelve septa of 11 maxillary sinuses (37%) and nine exostoses of nine maxillary sinuses (30%) were observed. Also, 42% of septa and 67% of exostoses were antero‐posteriorly aligned according to the transverse palatine suture. Moreover, the mean septum angle was 57.9 degrees in the anterior maxillary sinus region, and 101.8 degrees in the transverse palatine suture region, and significant differences were noted between them.Conclusion: Maxillary sinus septa and exostoses could be clarified regarding their relationship with the bony palate using cone‐beam CT.
Children's Geographies/Geographies of Children: Play, Work, Mobilities and Migration
Authors: Skelton Tracey 
Published: May 2009

AbstractGeographers play an important role in expanding our understanding of children's lives, socio‐spatial identities and material practices. As a sub‐discipline, Children's Geographies is experiencing exponential growth throughout the wider discipline of geography. There has been a tendency to corral Children's Geographies into special issues of journals and several of these are reviewed below. However, this article specifically draws upon geographical work cited in many places of the discipline and also highlights work from an extremely wide range of geographies across the globe. This paper provides a review of geographers’ investigations into a very well‐established theme of social science research connected with children, that of play. It considers the spatialities and geographies of children's play (and its counterpoint, work), playing and spaces for play. It also examines the newer and emerging themes of mobilities, children's use of outdoor, public spaces collectively grouped under the term ‘street’, and the role of children in migration and of migration in children's lives. Throughout it considers possibilities for future research with children.
Real‐time PCR quantification of haematopoietic chimerism after transplantation: a comparison between TaqMan and hybridization probes technologies
Authors: MARTINEZ‐LOPEZ J. , CROOKE A. , GRANDE S. , AYALA R. , JIMÉNEZ‐VELASCO A. , GAMARRA S. , MENEU J. C. , GILSANZ F. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThis study aimed to compare the sensitivity and accuracy of two methods of quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qrt‐PCR), in order to determine haematopoietic chimerism (CH): single nucleotide polymorphisms using TaqMan (TM) probes and insertion/deletion polymorphisms using Hybridization (Hyb) probes. A total of 106 samples from 20 patients who underwent allogenic stem cell transplantation (n = 14) or live‐donor liver transplantation (n = 6) were studied. The mean level of chimerism was 8.37% for the TM method and 7.73% in the Hyb method, which was not significantly different (P = 0.69). The Pearson correlation coefficient between the two methods was r = 0.91 (P < 0.001). The estimation of the regression line, using the Passing and Balbock method was Intercept A −0.0381 [95% confidence interval (CI) −0.1265 to 0.0296) and Slope B: 1.04609(95% CI 0.9349–1.161). Bland–Altman data showed that the standard deviations, which differed between the two methods (%Hyb–%TM), were 0.98 and −1.28. The accuracy and sensitivity of qrt‐PCR chimerism is independent of the method used if the optimization is adequate and satisfies the criteria for adequate study. Real‐time PCR, independent of the method adopted, is a very good tool for study levels of CH.
Schooling the Cognitive Monster: The Role of Motivation in the Regulation and Control of Prejudice
Authors: Monteith Margo J. , Lybarger Jill E. , Woodcock Anna 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMotivation has been a central construct in theoretical and empirical efforts to understand the nature of prejudice and stereotyping. We briefly review core motivational underpinnings of prejudice and stereotyping, focusing on aspects of the human condition that help to explain why we are so prone to bias. The strong propensity toward stereotyping and prejudice along with the automatic manner in which intergroup biases often operate have led researchers to question the controllability of such biases (e.g., Bargh's (1999) characterization of stereotyping as a ‘cognitive monster’ that could not be ‘chained’ through efforts at control). We revisit the issue of the controllability of stereotyping and prejudice in light of recent work examining the effects of motivations to control prejudice on regulatory processes. Although a top‐down approach to regulation has been emphasized in much past work (e.g., the conscious replacement of prejudiced associations with more egalitarian thoughts), there is growing evidence that more automated and less effortful bottom‐up regulation is also possible (i.e., a ‘schooling’ of the ‘cognitive monster’). Altogether, the accumulated evidence points to the limitations of dual‐process approaches when applied to understanding the control and regulation of prejudiced responses. The evidence argues instead for a more complex, dynamic, and multi‐level conceptualization of regulation.
From Antiracism to Antiracisms
Authors: O’Brien Eileen 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAlthough antiracism has existed as long as there has been racism, social scientists’ attention to antiracism has increased in the past decade. In this essay, I argue that the body of scholarship on antiracism is characterized by three main strands: (1) a macro focus on the ideology and structure of antiracist social movement organizations, often attempting to distil ‘the real’ antiracism from others deemed not critical or radical enough to qualify; (2) a micro focus on what motivates individuals to become antiracist, usually concentrating more on whites and using an a priori assumption that people of colour are automatic antiracists; and (3) a more promising interest in the antiracisms of the racial middle (Latinos, Asians, multiracials). This latter focus is emerging with a handful of scholars largely outside the United States, questioning the assumptions of the previous two strands, and offering interesting potential for the future of the field.
Effect of MexXY Overexpression on Ceftobiprole Susceptibility in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Baum Ellen Z. , Crespo-Carbone Steven M. , Morrow Brian J. , Davies Todd A. , Foleno Barbara D. , He Wenping , Queenan Anne Marie , Bush Karen 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

Ceftobiprole, an anti-methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
broad-spectrum cephalosporin, has activity (MIC for 50% of strains tested, ≤4 μg/ml) against many
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
strains. A common mechanism of
P
.
aeruginosa
resistance to β-lactams, including cefepime and ceftazidime, is efflux via increased expression of Mex pumps, especially MexAB. MexXY has differential substrate specificity, recognizing cefepime but not ceftazidime. In ceftobiprole clinical studies, paired isolates of
P
.
aeruginosa
from four subjects demonstrated ceftobiprole MICs of 2 to 4 μg/ml at baseline but 16 μg/ml posttreatment, unrelated to β-lactamase levels. Within each pair, the level of
mexXY
RNA, but not
mexAB
,
mexCD
, and
mexEF
, increased by an average of 50-fold from baseline to posttreatment isolates. Sequencing of the negative regulatory gene
mexZ
indicated that each posttreatment isolate contained a mutation not present at baseline.
mexXY
expression as a primary ceftobiprole and cefepime resistance mechanism was further examined in isogenic pairs by using cloned
mexXY
and
mexZ
. Expression of cloned
mexXY
in strain PAO1 or in a baseline isolate increased the ceftobiprole MIC to that for the posttreatment isolate. In contrast, in posttreatment isolates, lowering
mexXY
expression via introduction of cloned
mexZ
decreased the ceftobiprole MIC to that for the baseline isolates. Similar changes were observed for cefepime. A spontaneous mutant selectively overexpressing
mexXY
displayed a fourfold elevation in its ceftobiprole MIC, while overexpression of
mexAB
, -
CD
, and -
EF
had a minimal effect. These data indicate that ceftobiprole, like cefepime, is an atypical β-lactam that is a substrate for the MexXY efflux pump in
P
.
aeruginosa
.
Data Mining Validation of Fluconazole Breakpoints Established by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Authors: Cuesta Isabel , Bielza Concha , Larrañaga Pedro , Cuenca-Estrella Manuel , Laguna Fernando , Rodriguez-Pardo Dolors , Almirante Benito , Pahissa Albert , Rodríguez-Tudela Juan L. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints classify
Candida
strains with a fluconazole MIC ≤ 2 mg/liter as susceptible, those with a fluconazole MIC of 4 mg/liter as representing intermediate susceptibility, and those with a fluconazole MIC > 4 mg/liter as resistant. Machine learning models are supported by complex statistical analyses assessing whether the results have statistical relevance. The aim of this work was to use supervised classification algorithms to analyze the clinical data used to produce EUCAST fluconazole breakpoints. Five supervised classifiers (J48, Correlation and Regression Trees [CART], OneR, Naïve Bayes, and Simple Logistic) were used to analyze two cohorts of patients with oropharyngeal candidosis and candidemia. The target variable was the outcome of the infections, and the predictor variables consisted of values for the MIC or the proportion between the dose administered and the MIC of the isolate (dose/MIC). Statistical power was assessed by determining values for sensitivity and specificity, the false-positive rate, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). CART obtained the best statistical power for a MIC > 4 mg/liter for detecting failures (sensitivity, 87%; false-positive rate, 8%; area under the ROC curve, 0.89; MCC index, 0.80). For dose/MIC determinations, the target was >75, with a sensitivity of 91%, a false-positive rate of 10%, an area under the ROC curve of 0.90, and an MCC index of 0.80. Other classifiers gave similar breakpoints with lower statistical power. EUCAST fluconazole breakpoints have been validated by means of machine learning methods. These computer tools must be incorporated in the process for developing breakpoints to avoid researcher bias, thus enhancing the statistical power of the model.
Ultrasensitive Genotypic Detection of Antiviral Resistance in Hepatitis B Virus Clinical Isolates
Authors: Fang Jie , Wichroski Michael J. , Levine Steven M. , Baldick Carl J. , Mazzucco Charles E. , Walsh Ann W. , Kienzle Bernadette K. , Rose Ronald E. , Pokornowski Kevin A. , Colonno Richard J. , Tenney Daniel J. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

Amino acid substitutions that confer reduced susceptibility to antivirals arise spontaneously through error-prone viral polymerases and are selected as a result of antiviral therapy. Resistance substitutions first emerge in a fraction of the circulating virus population, below the limit of detection by nucleotide sequencing of either the population or limited sets of cloned isolates. These variants can expand under drug pressure to dominate the circulating virus population. To enhance detection of these viruses in clinical samples, we established a highly sensitive quantitative, real-time allele-specific PCR assay for hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA. Sensitivity was accomplished using a high-fidelity DNA polymerase and oligonucleotide primers containing locked nucleic acid bases. Quantitative measurement of resistant and wild-type variants was accomplished using sequence-matched standards. Detection methodology that was not reliant on hybridization probes, and assay modifications, minimized the effect of patient-specific sequence polymorphisms. The method was validated using samples from patients chronically infected with HBV through parallel sequencing of large numbers of cloned isolates. Viruses with resistance to lamivudine and other
l
-nucleoside analogs and entecavir, involving 17 different nucleotide substitutions, were reliably detected at levels at or below 0.1% of the total population. The method worked across HBV genotypes. Longitudinal analysis of patient samples showed earlier emergence of resistance on therapy than was seen with sequencing methodologies, including some cases of resistance that existed prior to treatment. In summary, we established and validated an ultrasensitive method for measuring resistant HBV variants in clinical specimens, which enabled earlier, quantitative measurement of resistance to therapy.
Safety and Outcomes of Open-Label Deferasirox Iron Chelation Therapy for Mucormycosis
Authors: Spellberg Brad , Andes David , Perez Mario , Anglim Anne , Bonilla Hector , Mathisen Glenn E. , Walsh Thomas J. , Ibrahim Ashraf S. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT
We sought to describe the safety profile of open-label, adjunctive deferasirox iron chelation therapy in eight patients with biopsy-proven mucormycosis. Deferasirox was administered for an average of 14 days (range, 7 to 21) at 5 to 20 mg/kg of body weight/day. The only adverse effects attributable to deferasirox were rashes in two patients. Deferasirox treatment was not associated with changes in renal or liver function, complete blood count, or transplant immunosuppressive levels. Thus, deferasirox appears safe as an adjunctive therapy for mucormycosis.
Mitochondrial DNA Depletion in Rat Liver Induced by Fosalvudine Tidoxil, a Novel Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Prodrug
Authors: Venhoff Ana C. , Lebrecht Dirk , Reuss Frank U. , Heckl-Östreicher Brigitte , Wehr Roland , Walker Ulrich A. , Venhoff Nils 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTFosalvudine tidoxil is a prodrug derived from the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor 3-deoxy-3-fluorothymidine (FLT; alovudine). FLT effectively inhibits resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1, but its clinical development was stopped due to bone marrow and liver toxicity. In this study, we examined the long-term in vivo effects of fosalvudine tidoxil on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contents in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats received fosalvudine tidoxil (15, 40, or 100 mg/kg of body weight/day) by oral gavage during a period of 8 weeks. Didanosine (100 mg/kg/day) was used as a positive control for mitochondrial toxicity. mtDNA levels in liver, gastrocnemius muscle, sciatic nerve, and inguinal fat pad tissues were quantified by real-time PCR. In hepatic mitochondria, fosalvudine tidoxil induced significant mtDNA depletion. At doses of 15, 40, and 100 mg/kg, the mean hepatic mtDNA values were 62, 64, and 47% of control values, respectively. Rats exposed to 100 mg/kg of fosalvudine tidoxil, unlike all other groups, had slightly elevated levels of glutamate pyruvate transaminase in sera. Didanosine induced a loss of mtDNA (to 48% of the control level) similar to that induced by fosalvudine tidoxil. mtDNA levels in skeletal, neural, and adipose tissues in the negative control and treatment groups were similar. Our results suggest that fosalvudine tidoxil induces mitochondrial hepatotoxicity and that this effect warrants scrutiny in clinical trials.
Pharmacokinetics of Posaconazole Administered Orally or by Nasogastric Tube in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Dodds Ashley Elizabeth S. , Varkey Jay B. , Krishna Gopal , Vickery Donna , Ma Lei , Yu Xin , Malavade Darshana , Goodwin Megan , Perfect John R. , Power Eddie 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

The use of a nasogastric tube is one means of administering antifungal therapy to critically ill patients unable to receive medication via the oral route. This was a phase 1, open-label, single-center, randomized, crossover study of posaconazole administered via nasogastric tube in healthy volunteers. Each subject received two 400-mg single doses of posaconazole, one administered orally and one administered by nasogastric tube, with a 7-day washout period between each dose. Posaconazole was administered 5 to 10 min after subjects received a nutritional supplement. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were obtained up to 120 h postdose. The analysis of variance estimate of the study population suggests that the posaconazole nasogastric tube administration least-square mean values of observed maximum concentration (
C
max
), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) to the last measurable concentration, and AUC to time infinity were 81%, 76%, and 77%, respectively, of the corresponding oral administration values. The reason for lower
C
max
and AUC values when posaconazole is administered via the nasogastric tube route is not known. Oral and nasogastric tube administration of a single 400-mg dose of posaconazole suspension was safe and well tolerated in healthy adult subjects. The incidence and nature of treatment-emergent adverse events were similar with both administration routes, and no serious adverse events or clinically significant laboratory test or vital sign abnormalities were reported. Obtaining plasma posaconazole concentrations may be warranted when posaconazole is given to patients via a nasogastric tube to ensure adequate posaconazole exposure. Strategies that have been shown to enhance posaconazole exposure (such as splitting the dose and minimizing the use of proton pump inhibitors) may also be used.
Novel Anion Liposome-Encapsulated Antisense Oligonucleotide Restores Susceptibility of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusand Rescues Mice from Lethal Sepsis by TargetingmecA
Authors: Meng Jingru , Wang Hui , Hou Zheng , Chen Tao , Fu Jingguo , Ma Xue , He Gonghao , Xue Xiaoyan , Jia Min , Luo Xiaoxing 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTβ-Lactam resistance in methicillin (meticillin)-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) is caused by the production of an additional low-affinity penicillin-binding protein 2a, which is encoded by themecAgene. The disruption ofmecAmay inhibitmecAexpression and thereafter lead to the restoration of MRSA susceptibility to β-lactams. In this study, we developed a novel anionic liposome for encapsulating and delivering the complexes of a specific anti-mecAphosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (PS-ODN833) and polycation polyethylenimine (PEI). The efficiencies of liposome encapsulation of the complexes were around 79.7% ± 2.7%. The liposomes showed sustained release of PS-ODN833 at 37°C but very low levels of release at 4°C and room temperature. The addition of the encapsulated anti-mecAPS-ODN833-PEI complex to cultures of MRSA strains caused 45, 76, 82, and 93% reductions inmecAexpression, accompanied by the inhibition of MRSA growth on Mueller-Hinton agar containing oxacillin (6 μg/ml) in a concentration-dependent manner. The encapsulated-PS-ODN833 treatment also reduced the MICs of five of the most commonly used antibiotics for MRSA clinical isolates to values within the sensitivity range and rescued mice from MRSA-caused septic death by downregulatingmecA. The survival rates of septic mice increased from 0% for the control group to 53% for the PS-ODN833-treated group. The results were associated with reductions of bacterial titers in the blood of surviving mice. The findings of the present study indicate that an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeted tomecAcan significantly restore the susceptibility of MRSA to existing β-lactam antibiotics, providing an apparently novel strategy for treating MRSA infections.