bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Notes on Beri-beri in the Malay Peninsula and on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)
Authors: Durham Herbert E. 
Published: May 2009

Finally, I must express my hearty thanks to the many medical men and others who have given me aid and hospitality in my wanderings after the truth about beriberi. I must mention particularly Dr Giddy and Captain Vincent on Christmas Island, Drs Ellis, Leask and Murray Robertson in Singapore, Drs Travers, Gimlette, Watson, McClosky and Mr Galloway in Selangor, and Drs M. J. Wright and Connolly in Perak, and Messrs Mason, Ponsford, Sanderson, and Hembrey in Pahang, without whose aid and kindness I could have seen but little. I must also thank my friend Dr G. S. Buchanan, Secretary of the Royal Commission on Arsenical Poisoning, for forwarding me much information.It would seem from my observations that certain of the current theories of the causation of beriberi will not account for the conditions which have been encountered by me. The dietetic or physiological, the unsound food, the arsenical, and the emanation theories all appear to be insufficiently in accordance with the attendant circumstances to have accounted for the spread of the disease.It is suggested that certain articles of diet, by virtue especially of containing phosphorised and fatty matters, may tend to ward off the disease when given in sufficient amounts. So far as there was any semblance of a positive result in the observations it is suggestive that beriberi is communicated from person to person more or less directly or through fomites as an actual infection. This infection is not of the nature of a septicaemia (since the internal organs at death prove sterile), but to a surface condition about the upper air passages. From the observation of the throats of a number of patients it is surmised that the redness which is therein seen, especially in early cases, may be intimately connected with the disease. The appearances and disappearances of beriberi and the more or less seasonal waves of prevalence of the disease are not unlike those which are seen in the case of the infective diseases which we meet with in this country. The proneness of the newcomer to suffer fits in also with such a view. The difficulty in tracing out the source of infection in a disease like diphtheria is often great, especially since we know that the causative organism may be carried by unsuspected refractory of immune persons or animals.With considerations such as these it is held by the writer that there is no inherent impossibility in explaining many of the circumstances connected with the spread of beriberi.Observed facts seem to show that beriberi should rather be considered in the light of a “gang” or “institutional” disease than as a “place” or “house” disease.
The Bactericidal Properties of Blood Serum: I. The Reaction-Velocity of the Germicidal Action of Normal Rabbit-Serum on B. coli commune and the Influence of Temperature thereon
Authors: Chick Harriette 
Published: May 2009

1. The action in vitro of normal rabbit-serum upon B. coli commune consists usually of three or more phases, the duration of which is inversely related to temperature.2. The latent period which occurs on first mixing bacteria and serum is followed by a period of bacterial growth, which in its turn yields to a period of bactericidal action. This may remain final or may be succeeded by a second period of growth.3. The germicidal action, both in case of normal rabbit-serum upon B. coli commune and of normal goat-serum upon B. typhosus, takes place in accordance with a logarithmic law so that death-rate remains proportional to the concentration of surviving bacteria.The bactericidal action of serum thus falls into line with all other cases of disinfection, hitherto investigated.4. The temperature coefficient of the bactericidal action of serum is low in comparison with that found for other germicides, being 2·84 per 10°C. rise in temperature for normal rabbit-serum and B. coli commune and 1·93 in the case of normal goat-serum and B. typhosus.5. Growth of B. coli commune in rabbit-serum takes place logarithmically so that the concentration of living bacteria after equal intervals of time form terms of a geometrical series.The calculated value of the generation-time is slightly greater than that obtaining in broth at the same temperature.6. The influence of temperature upon rate of bacterial growth in serum is comparable with the effect upon growth in other media. The generation-time is decreased 2·01-fold for a rise in temperature of 10°C.7. The separate processes of bacteinal growth and death in serum being similarly influenced by temperature, there is no support for the view that the significance of fever might be concerned with a tendency to encourage either process relative to the other.
The Regulation of Body Temperature in Extremes of Dry Heat
Authors: Hunt E. H. 
Published: May 2009

(1) Comfort and health can readily be maintained in dry heat where for long periods the air temperature is above that of the body.(2) The amount of water absolutely required, and actually consumed, is very large; and this is accounted for by the necessity for neutralising, in some circumstances, the whole heat of metabolism (requiring up to 6,000 c.c.) and in addition a variable but sometimes very large amount of heat added to the body by radiation and conduction.(3) A healthy man carries in his body a large reserve of water, this reserve being mainly stored in muscle and being so readily available that the percentage of water in the blood is not appreciably diminished even when several litres of water have been lost by sweating. If, however, it be extensively drawn on, replacement seems to occupy many hours, and this delay is an important factor, forming a strong argument against any undue or needless use of the stored water owing to restriction of drinking.
The Inhibitory Selective Action on Bacteria of Bodies related to Monochloracetic Acid (A Contribution to the Theory of Cell Intoxication.)
Authors: Penfold W. J. 
Published: May 2009

1. B. coli (Escherich) produces papillated colonies and shows marked variability in the size of its colonies whenit is grown on agar to which phenylacetic acid has been added in the form of the sodium salt.The big and little colonies produce about the same amount of gas when tested on glucose.2. When B. coli (Escherich) is grown on agar containing monochlorhydrin it throws off variants similar to those produced when grown on monochloracetate of soda media. Speaking broadly they ferment alcohols with gas formation, and sugars without gas formation.3. B. lactis aerogenes grown on monochlorhydrin agar gives rise to variants unable to ferment glycerine.4. In cases of inhibitory bacterial selection by chemical agents a careful comparison of the surviving cells with the orginal strain from which they were derived is calculated to indicate that portion or function of the cell which is implicated in the cell's intoxication. This question does not seem to have been attacked hitherto from this standpoint.5. The cell ferments by virtue of their specific chemical affinities mayplay a part in cell intoxication.
Complement Fixation in Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Radcliffe J. A. D. 
Published: May 2009

1. A fresh emulsion of tubercle bacilli in salt solution when used as the antigen will give about 90 % of positive results in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, whilst in healthy persons the result is negative.2. In cases suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis, the results of this test conform closely to those given by a combination of the opsonic index test with injections of tuberculin, and so may be of value in diagnosis.3. Diseases other than tuberculosis have always been negative, but only a small number of such cases have been examined.4. An emulsion of tubercle bacilli when used as an antigen must be freshly prepared immediately before use, and should be made from a young subculture.5. Owing to the differences in complements, they should always be titrated in the presence of the antigen, and probably also in the presence of both antigen and normal serum.6. Exercise does not seem to affect the result of the reaction in any way, but a course of tuberculin treatment leads to an increase in the complement-fixing bodies of the serum in some cases.
The Australian Epidemic, 1914
Authors: Green A. B. 
Published: May 2009

(1) Inoculation of pathologically active crusts on guinea-pigs caused no reaction, and in this respect a marked difference was demonstrated clinically between the disease of which the crusts were a product, and vaccinia.(2) On calves the disease tended to show some vaccino-variolal relationship, from the appearance of its vesicles, but it appeared to be distinct on the one hand from vaccinia, and from variola on the other.(3) Calf experiments, two only in number, suggested that vaccinia and variola failed to protect against Australian disease, and that Australian disease failed to protect against vaccinia or variola.(4) On monkeys the vesicles of Australian disease were undistinguishable in appearance from those of vaccinia or variola, but the evidence for immunity relationship between Australian disease and vaccinia and variola was of the slightest; Australian disease affording no protection against vaccinia or variola, vaccinia possibly protecting against Australian disease in 25 per cent, of the cases, and variola possibly protecting against Australian disease in 40 per cent, of the cases. Vaccinia protected against variola in 100 per cent, of the cases, and variola against vaccinia in 50 per cent, of the cases.
Experiments on the Survival of B. typhosus in Sterilised and Unsterilised Soil
Authors: Mair W. 
Published: May 2009

1. The typhoid bacillus can survive in natural soil in large numbers for about 20 days and is still present in a living condition after 70 to 80 days.2. There is no evidence that the typhoid bacillus is capable of multiplying and leading a saprophytic existence in ordinary soil.3. In some samples of soil, but not in all, the typhoid bacillus dies out much more rapidly (in 11 days) if the soil has previously been subjected to sterilisation by steam under pressure. This is apparently due to the production of bactericidal substances during sterilisation.
The Testing of Antiseptics in Relation to their Use in Wound Treatment
Authors: Browning C. H. , Gulbransen R. 
Published: May 2009

(1) The antiseptic and bactericidal properties of Flavines and Brilliant Green. Extended investigations have confirmed the original values. It has been shown that the inferior potencies recorded by certain other workers depend on the use of methods unsuited for the observation of antiseptic properties, i.e. they fail to detect inhibition of bacterial activity i.e. bacteriostatic action, which is exhibited to a marked degree by flavine and brilliant green.(2) For the therapy of a local bacterial infection, as in a wound, such bacteriostatic action is of great value. It is not essential that the chemical agent should by itself actually kill the organisms. Highly successful results can be obtained by a co-operation of the antiseptic and the tissues, so that the pathogenic action of the organisms is restrained. The flavines in virtue of their low toxicity to mammalian tissues and their high bacteriostatic power are therefore specially suited to act as local therapeutic agents. In addition, the fact that they are not neutralised by admixture with serum enables them to be applied clinically by a relatively simple method which does not necessitate frequent renewal.(3) The “fundamental error” to which the method of testing chlorine antiseptics originally practised by Dakin, is liable, and which Dakin and Dunham have drawn attention to, has been shown not to affect our previous results with Chloramine-T. The difference between our values and the others is due to the fact that we employed 80 per cent. serum in the test.medium, which is much more active in neutralising this antiseptic than is 33 to 50 per cent. serum employed by Dakin and his co-workers.
A Study of Diphtheria Bacilli, with Special Reference to their Serological Classification
Authors: Smith J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMuch work has already been done in connection with the differentiation of true diphtheria bacilli from diphthomorphic organisms. Some observers have maintained that all disease producing strains could be distinguished from non-pathogenic types by their sugar reactions. Others have laid much stress on some particular forms of virulence test. More recently serological classification has been attempted in order to help to solve this problem.With regard to sugar reactions Graham-Smith (1908) found that certain strains produced acid in media containing saccharose, while Hine (1913), on the other hand, maintained that no true diphtheria bacillus could ferment this sugar. Eagleton and Baxter (1922) have shown that diphtheria bacilli, virulent and non-virulent, ferment glucose but do not produce any change in saccharose. Jordan and his collaborators (1922) have found that virulent and non-virulent bacilli fermented glucose and maltose and produced no change in saccharose and that their action on dextrin was variable.Work on the serological classification of these organisms has also shown some considerable variation. Havens (1920) isolated 206 strains of diphtheria bacilli. These represented cultures from acute cases, release cultures and cultures from healthy carriers. He found that these 206 strains could be divided into two serological groups, one group containing 169 strains, the other 37. There was no evidence of any cross agglutination. Durand (1920) isolated 255 strains of typical diptheria bacilli and after excluding those strains which would not form stable suspensions divided them into five groups, A. B. C. D. and E. containing 16, 8, 25, 61 and 40 strains respectively. Eighty-seven strains were found to be inagglutinable by these five sera but nevertheless could absorb agglutinins from such sera. His final figures for the five groups of bacilli are 18, 8, 31, 76 and 51. Durand and Guerin (1921) in a further paper showed that small isolated outbreaks were always due to the same type of bacillus. They also found that healthy carriers gave the same type of bacillus as was found in the cases arising from these sources of infection. Bell (1922) isolated 133 strains of B. diphtheriae indifferently collected from cases and carriers. He was able to agglutinate 80 per cent. of these strains by three monovalent sera. Group I contained 17 strains, Group II 8 strains, Group III 80 strains.In view of the results which have just been described it has appeared important to investigate further a considerable number of strains as encountered in routine work, not only as regards the serological characteristics of the organisms but also in regard to their morphology, their biochemical reactions, and their virulence for guinea-pigs.
Duration of Passive Immunity. Part II
Authors: Glenny A. T. , Hopkins Barbara E. 
Published: May 2009

1. Normal rabbits injected intravenously with diphtheria antitoxin obtained from a horse vary considerably both in regard to the duration of Phase B and the duration and the intensity of Phase C.2. Phase C, the phase of accelerated loss due to formation of precipitin appears sooner and is more pronounced in older rabbits.3. The early appearance and more rapid formation of antibody (precipitin) in certain rabbits is indicative of naturally acquired immunity.4. The highest concentration in the blood of rabbits injected subcutaneously with antitoxic horse serum is seen after 2 to 3 days, when it reaches approximately the same value as that of rabbits injected intravenously, and represents only one-third of the total antitoxin injected. Two hours after subcutaneous injection the antitoxic content is only one two-hundredth of that of a rabbit injected intravenously.
Bacillus bifidus: its Characters and Isolation from the Intestine of Infants.
Authors: Cruickshank Robert 
Published: May 2009

1.B. bifidus communis, first isolated and described by Tissier, is the predominant organism in the intestinal flora of healthy breast-fed infants in the early weeks of life. In films of the faeces at this period Gram-positive bacilli may constitute almost 99 per cent. of the organisms present.2.B. bifidusrequires fairly strict anaerobic conditions for its isolation in primary culture; but thereafter it grows readily in sub-cultures in the presence of oxygen.3.B. bifidusis a member of the acid-tolerant group of Gram-positive, faecal organisms. Although closely resemblingB. acidophilus, it is distinct from the latter morphologically and also in certain of its cultural characters. The results of agglutination reactions indicate that different strains ofB. bifidusare not serologically uniform.4. AlthoughB. bifidusis a very pleomorphic organism, no evidence was obtained in the present work that it could be changed into an aerobic, spore-bearing bacillus.5. The predominance ofB. bifidusin the intestinal flora of breast-fed infants appears to be closely related to the high degree of acidity of the faeces of these infants. It is probable that the predominance ofB. bifidusover other organisms is an important factor in preserving a healthy condition of the intestinal tract in the breast-fed infant.
An Analysis of an Influenza Epidemic in the New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy
Authors: Dudley Sheldon F. 
Published: May 2009

The analysis of an epidemic of influenza in the New Zealand division of the Royal Navy confirms the following hypotheses which were suggested by previous studies of the same and other diseases.(1) The type of influenza in different places, especially if they are more or less isolated areas, such as islands or ships, tends to assume special characters as regards infectivity, virulence, and clinical type1. In this respect the influenza virus, or viruses, are only following a well-known biological “law,” namely, that isolation tends to encourage the evolution of new varieties and species. A classical example of this “law” is found in Darwin's reference to the fact that each island of the Galapagos Archipelago has its own special flora and fauna—similar to but yet different from that of the other islands.(2) One wave of influenza, even if of a different type, will confer considerable immunity to a subsequent wave not only on the victims attacked, but also on those who apparently escaped infection during the first wave.(3) The brunt of the morbidity of influenza (and other infections) is borne by recruits and junior ratings, not because they are, on the whole, younger, but because they have had less time than the senior men to adapt themselves, by means of auto-vaccination, to the bacterial environment of crowded ships or barracks.The effect of bacterial adaptation to environment is often overlooked. Hence other factors, such as physical fitness, are often given more credit than they deserve as preservers of the public health.(4) Senior ratings mixed with recruits suffer a higher morbidity from infectious disease than they do under similar circumstances in the absence of recruits. This statement, if true, should have a most important practical bearing on military medical administration. The phenomenon is probably due to increased velocities of infection (due to the higher infectibility of the recruits) breaking down the herd immunity of the senior men.(5) In this epidemic New Zealanders suffered more from influenza than the British sailors not, as usually supposed, because of the mere fact of being born in New Zealand, but because all the recruits and the bulk of the junior ratings were New Zealanders.
A Spontaneous Epidemic in Mice associated with Morgan's Bacillus, and its bearing on the Aetiology of Summer Diarrhoea
Authors: Wilson G. S. 
Published: May 2009

Two epidemics among mice are described that were closely associated with Morgan's No. 1 bacillus. In both of these epidemics the mice, which were fed on oats and raw beef, were found at autopsy to be suffering from peculiar lesions—an advanced degree of anaemia, pale and swollen kidneys, and general pallor and dryness of the tissues—not hitherto encountered in any other epidemic. Evidence is advanced to show thatBact. morganiwas the specific cause of these epidemics; and it is suggested that the peculiar lesions described were the result of a chronic intestinal infection with this organism.The close analogy existing between the bacteriological findings in summer diarrhoea and in our experiments is discussed. The tentative conclusion is advanced that summer diarrhoea is not a bacteriological entity, but is a disease that can be caused by a number of different members of the non-lactose-fermenting group.
The Value of Non-specific Agglutination in the Differentiation of the Genus Brucella
Authors: Ross G. R 
Published: May 2009

(1) Non-specific agglutination as tested by thermo-agglutination, peptone agglutination, lactic acid agglutination and Michaelis' acid agglutination falied in the primary object of differentiating between Br. melitensis and Br. abortus.(2) Thermo-agglutination was only observed in strains of Br. paramelitensis.(3) With peptone agglutination no strain gave a positive result.(4) The results of lactic acid agglutination and Michaelis' acid agglutination ran practically parallel. No distinction could be observed between Br. melitensis and Br. abortus. Strains of both of remote origin gave slight agglutination with lactic acid while recently isolated strains of Br. abortus were negative. Very definite agglutination, however, was observed by both methods with paramelitensis and paraabortus strains, but no differentiation was possible between such strains.
On Slow Lactose FermentingB. Coliin Urinary and Intestinal Infections
Authors: Dudgeon Leonard S. , Pulvertaft R. J. V. 
Published: May 2009

(a) The slow lactose fermenting bacilli which we have investigated cause an acute febrile illness in man. The general symptoms may be so severe that the diagnosis of typhoid and paratyphoid fever has been made. Such cases are invariably due to an acute infection of the urinary tract, more specially acute pyelitis or pyelo-nephritis, but the general symptoms may be so severe at the onset of the illness that the urinary manifestations are masked.(b) Three fatal cases have occurred.(c) In cases of acute diarrhoea, with or without blood and mucus, these bacilli may be present in pure culture in the faeces.(d) Chronic urinary infections due to these bacilli are uncommon.(e) The bacillus of so-calledcolumbensisfever is allied to these bacilli.