bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of complex fluvial systems using remote sensing of spatial and temporal water level variations in the Amazon, Congo, and Brahmaputra Rivers
Authors: Jung Hahn Chul , Hamski James , Durand Michael , Alsdorf Doug , Hossain Faisal , Lee Hyongki , Hossain A. K. M. Azad , Hasan Khaled , Khan Abu Saleh , Hoque A.K.M. Zeaul 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission will provide global, space‐based estimates of water elevation, its temporal change, and its spatial slope in fluvial environments, as well as across lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, and floodplains. This paper illustrates the utility of existing remote sensing measurements of water temporal changes and spatial slope to characterize two complex fluvial environments. First, repeat‐pass interferometric SAR measurements from the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite are used to compare and contrast floodplain processes in the Amazon and Congo River basins. Measurements of temporal water level changes over the two areas reveal clearly different hydraulic processes at work. The Amazon is highly interconnected by floodplain channels, resulting in complex flow patterns. In contrast, the Congo does not show similar floodplain channels and the flow patterns are not well defined and have diffuse boundaries. During inundation, the Amazon floodplain often shows sharp hydraulic changes across floodplain channels. The Congo, however, does not show similar sharp changes during either infilling or evacuation. Second, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission measurements of water elevation are used to derive water slope over the braided Brahmaputra river system. In combination with in situ bathymetry measurements, water elevation and slope allow one to calculate discharge estimates within 2.3% accuracy. These two studies illustrate the utility of satellite‐based measurements of water elevation for characterizing complex fluvial environments, and highlight the potential of SWOT measurements for fluvial hydrology. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and temporal deformation characteristics of marine alluvial deposits due to land reclamation: implications from InSAR observation and geotechnical estimate
Authors: Jiang Liming , Lin Hui , Zhao Qing 
Published: February 2010

AbstractGround deformation of reclaimed land is a key issue for reclamation design, construction and sustainable development in coastal areas as this consolidation process of the underlying compressible marine sediment sequences over very long‐time periods could lead to damage of both ground constructions and underground facilities. In this case study, we have investigated the spatial and temporal characteristics of residual reclamation settlement of Chek Lap Kok Airport, Hong Kong, one of the largest land reclamation projects worldwide. A total of 25 time series ENVISAT ASAR datasets, acquired between December 2003 and October 2008, were used to retrieve settlement rates and deformation history at high resolution and accuracy by means of advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR). The InSAR‐derived results show a fairly homogenous and stable pattern in the sectors of the airport site corresponding to the two original islands of Chek Lap Kok and Lam Chau. In contrast, a relatively high spatial settlement variability, ranging from moderate (3–7?mm/yr) to strong (>10?mm/yr) settlement rates, was discovered within the majority of the reclaimed portion of the airport. A joint analysis of InSAR observations and geological materials indicates that the variability of the recorded residual settlement was highly correlated with the variations of thickness and pre‐consolidation state of alluvial deposits below the reclamation. A quantitative comparison analysis also has been carried out between time series InSAR observations and theoretical estimates of residual settlement modelled by geotechnical investigations. The results imply that a primary consolidation process in alluvial deposits below the reclamation might be delayed with respect to the predicted results and may still have been occurring in most reclaimed areas during the investigation period (2003–2008); the time to complete it could stretch to decades depending on hydraulic conductivity and natural drainage conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying lateral root reinforcement in steep slopes – from a bundle of roots to tree stands
Authors: Schwarz M. , Lehmann P. , Or D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA review of present modelling approaches for root reinforcement in vegetated steep hillslopes reveals critical gaps in consideration of plant–soil interactions at various scales of interest for shallow landslide prediction. A new framework is proposed for systematic quantification of root reinforcement at scales ranging from single root to tree root system, to a stand of trees. In addition to standard basal reinforcement considered in most approaches, the critical role of roots in stabilizing slopes through lateral reinforcement is highlighted. Primary geometrical and mechanical properties of root systems and their function in stabilizing the soil mass are reviewed. Stress–strain relationships are considered for a bundle of roots using the formalism of the fiber bundle model (FBM) that offers a natural means for upscaling mechanical behavior of root systems. An extension of the FBM is proposed, considering key root and soil parameters such as root diameter distribution, tortuosity, soil type, soil moisture and friction between soil and root surface. The spatial distribution of root mechanical reinforcement around a single tree is computed from root diameter and density distributions based on easy to measure properties. The distribution of root reinforcement for a stand of trees was obtained from spatial and mechanical superposition of individual tree values with regard to their positions on a hillslope. Potential applications of the proposed approach are illustrated in a numerical experiment of spatial strength distribution in a hypothetical slope with 1000 trees randomly distributed. The analyses result in spatial distribution of weak and strong zones within the soil where landslide triggering is expected in large and continuous zones with low reinforcement values. Mapping such zones would enhance the quality of landslide susceptibility maps and optimization of silvicultural measures in protection forests. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐geomorphology determines community structure of biological soil crusts at small scales
Authors: Li Xin‐Rong , He Min‐Zhu , Zerbe Stefan , Li Xiao‐Jun , Liu Li‐Chao 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBiological soil crusts (BSCs) are ubiquitous communities of diminutive organisms such as cyanobacteria, green algae, lichens, mosses and others associated closely with particles of surface soil, forming a cohesive thin horizontal layer. The ecological roles of BSCs affecting soil nutrient cycling, stability and hydrological processes, influencing the germination and establishment of vascular plants, and serving as habitats for numerous arthropods and microorganism have been well documented. We tested the hypothesis that micro‐geomorphological features determine the spatial distribution of BSCs by reallocating related abiotic resources at small‐ and medium‐scales in the Tengger Desert. Our results showed that higher soil pH and higher total potassium content in topsoil positively correlated with the colonization of cyanobacteria and algae in the earliest successional stages of BSCs, while increasing dust deposition onto the topsoil enhanced the development of lichen and mosses in the later stages of BSCs. Increasing soil moisture raised the proportion of mosses and lichen in BSCs, this will possibly change the ecological functions of BSCs, such as nitrogen‐fixation by cyanobacteria, due to the conversion from a complex to relative simple type of BSC. Micro‐geomorphology has created various habitats at a small‐scale affecting colonization and development of cryptogams. This paper considers the contribution of micro‐geomorphology to biodiversity in the extreme arid desert systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impacts of sediment retention by dams on delta shoreline recession: evidences from the Krishna and Godavari deltas, India
Authors: Rao K. Nageswara , Subraelu P. , Kumar K.Ch.V. Naga , Demudu G. , Malini B. Hema , Rajawat A.S. , Ajai  
Published: February 2010

AbstractRiver deltas are the major repositories of terrestrial sediment flux into the world's oceans. Reduction in riverine inputs into the deltas due to upstream damming might lead to a relative dominance of waves, tides and currents that are especially exacerbated by coastal subsidence and sea‐level rise ultimately affecting the delta environment. Analysis of multi‐date satellite imagery and maps covering the Krishna and Godavari deltas along the east coast of India revealed a net erosion of 76 km2area along the entire 336‐km‐long twin delta coast during the past 43 years (1965–2008) with a progressively increasing rate from 1·39 km2 yr−1between 1965 and 1990, to 2·32 km2 yr−1during 1990–2000 and more or less sustained at 2·25 km2 yr−1during 2000–2008. At present the Krishna has almost become a closed basin with decreased water discharges into the delta from 61·88 km3during 1951–1959 to 11·82 km3by 2000–2008; and the suspended sediment loads from 9 million tons during 1966–1969 to as low as 0·4 million tons by 2000–2005. In the case of the Godavari delta, although the water discharge data do not show any major change, there was almost a three‐fold reduction in its suspended sediment loads from 150·2 million tons during 1970–1979 to 57·2 million tons by 2000–2006. A comparison of data on annual sediment loads recorded along the Krishna and Godavari Rivers showed consistently lower sediment quantities at the locations downstream of dams than at their upstream counterparts. Reports based on bathymetric surveys revealed considerable reduction in the storage capacities of reservoirs behind such dams. Apparently sediment retention at the dams is the main reason for the pronounced coastal erosion along the Krishna and Godavari deltas during the past four decades, which is coeval to the hectic dam construction activity in these river basins. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Catastrophic rock avalanche 3600 years BP from El Capitan, Yosemite Valley, California
Authors: Stock Greg M. , Uhrhammer Robert A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLarge rock slope failures from near‐vertical cliffs are an important geomorphic process driving the evolution of mountainous landscapes, particularly glacially steepened cliffs. The morphology and age of a 2·19 × 106 m3 rock avalanche deposit beneath El Capitan in Yosemite Valley indicates a massive prehistoric failure of a large expanse of the southeast face. Geologic mapping of the deposit and the cliff face constrains the rock avalanche source to an area near the summit of ∼8·5 × 104 m2. The rock mass free fell ∼650 m, reaching a maximum velocity of 100 m s−1, impacted the talus slope and spread across the valley floor, extending 670 m from the base of the cliff. Cosmogenic beryllium‐10 exposure ages from boulders in the deposit yield a mean age of 3·6 ± 0·2 ka. The ∼13 kyr time lag between deglaciation and failure suggests that the rock avalanche did not occur as a direct result of glacial debuttressing. The ∼3·6 ka age for the rock avalanche does coincide with estimated late Holocene rupture of the Owens Valley fault and/or White Mountain fault between 3·3 and 3·8 ka. The coincidence of ages, combined with the fact that the most recent (AD 1872) Owens Valley fault rupture triggered numerous large rock falls in Yosemite Valley, suggest that a large magnitude earthquake (≥M7.0) centered in the south‐eastern Sierra Nevada may have triggered the rock avalanche. If correct, the extreme hazard posed by rock avalanches in Yosemite Valley remains present and depends on local earthquake recurrence intervals. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel adaptive solution of coupled Rayleigh–Bénard–Marangoni problems with the Navier‐slip
Authors: Peterson J. W. , Carey G. F. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis study deals with modeling certain nonlinear interactions that give rise to cellular flow in heated thin fluid layers with thermocapillary surface‐tension at the free surface. Of particular interest in these Rayleigh–Bénard–Marangoni (RBM) studies is the effect of varying roughness (stick and slip) on the base or sides of the fluid container. This stick‐slip behavior at container boundaries and thermocapillary shear stress at the free surface may lead to strongly varying local gradients in the solution that are addressed here using local adaptive mesh refinement. In turn, these local effects influence the global structure of cell patterns resulting from competing buoyancy, surface‐tension and stick‐slip effects. This behavior is illustrated by the results of numerical simulations of cellular flow structure in containers of varying aspect ratio and with spatially varying base boundary treatments. Details of the Navier‐slip approximation and the adaptive mesh refinement strategy are given, together with a brief description of the relevant features of the parallel adaptive software framework, LibMesh, and associated algorithms employed in the present simulations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of situational goals and audience on self‐reported emotion experience and expression: Dutch and South Korean children compared
Authors: Novin Sheida , Rieffe Carolien , Mo Theresa J. H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPrevious research demonstrates that cultural concerns affect emotional lives. However, the question remains to what extent salient cultural concerns influence emotion experience and expression. In the present study, the role of (i) individualistic versus collectivistic goals and (ii) presence of an authority figure (father) versus an equal status figure (peer), were systematically investigated in 24 Dutch and 23 South Korean children's (a) negative emotion experience and (b) emotion expression and motives using hypothetical conflict situations. The results reveal that for children from both cultures emotion experience did not vary between situational goals and the audience present, however their emotion expression did. More specifically, cultural differences in how negative emotions would be expressed appeared in ‘father’ situations and not in ‘peer’ situations. Cultural differences in children's motives for emotion expression were revealed in situations with a collectivistic goal and not when an individualistic goal was presented. Moreover, within group analyses indicate that Dutch children's emotion expressions were more context‐sensitive than those of South Korean children. These results indicate that some situational features corresponding to cultural concerns partly explained cultural differences, whereas other features did not, helping to improve our understanding about variation in the emotional lives of different cultural groups. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinicopathological and protein characterization of BRAF‐ and K‐RAS‐mutated colorectal cancer and implications for prognosis
Authors: Zlobec Inti , Bihl Michel P. , Schwarb Heike , Terracciano Luigi , Lugli Alessandro 
Published: February 2010

AbstractRecent evidence highlights the potential prognostic and predictive value of BRAF and K‐RAS gene alterations in patients with colorectal cancer. However, a comprehensive evaluation of BRAF and K‐RAS mutations and their specific clinicopathological features, histomorphological presentation and effect on protein expression have not been systematically analyzed. The aim of this study was to characterize the clinicopathological, histomorphological and protein expression profiles of BRAF‐ and K‐RAS‐mutated colorectal cancers and determine their impact on patient survival. Molecular analysis for microsatellite instability (MSI), K‐RAS and BRAF was carried out on paraffin‐embedded samples from 404 patients with primary colorectal cancer. Using tissue microarrays, 36 tumor‐associated and 14 lymphocyte/inflammatory‐associated markers were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. BRAF mutation was associated with right‐sided tumor location (p < 0.001), higher tumor grade (p = 0.029), absence of peritumoral lymphocytic inflammation (p = 0.026) and MSI‐H (p < 0.001). In right‐sided tumors, loss of CDX2 expression was observed in 23 of 24 cases (95.8%). BRAF mutation was a poor prognostic indicator in patients with right‐sided disease (p = 0.01). This result was maintained in multivariable analysis (p < 0.001; HR = 2.82; 95% CI: 1.5–5.5) with pT, pN and vascular invasion and independent of CDX2 expression. K‐RAS mutation, in contrast, was not associated with any of the features analyzed. BRAF gene mutation is an adverse prognostic factor in right‐sided colon cancer patients independent of MSI status and, moreover, in patients with lymph node‐negative disease. These results indicate that molecular analysis for BRAF may be a useful biomarker for identifying patients with right‐sided colon cancer with poor outcome who may benefit from a more individualized course of therapy.
Instrumental variables regressions with uncertain exclusion restrictions: a Bayesian approach
Authors: Kraay Aart 
Published: February 2010

SUMMARYThe identification of structural parameters in the linear instrumental variables (IV) model is typically achieved by imposing the prior identifying assumption that the error term in the structural equation of interest is orthogonal to the instruments. Since this exclusion restriction is fundamentally untestable, there are often legitimate doubts about the extent to which the exclusion restriction holds. In this paper I illustrate the effects of such prior uncertainty about the validity of the exclusion restriction on inferences based on linear IV models. Using a Bayesian approach, I provide a mapping from prior uncertainty about the exclusion restriction into increased uncertainty about parameters of interest. Moderate prior uncertainty about exclusion restrictions can lead to a substantial loss of precision in estimates of structural parameters. This loss of precision is relatively more important in situations where IV estimates appear to be more precise, for example in larger samples or with stronger instruments. I illustrate these points using several prominent recent empirical papers that use linear IV models. An accompanying electronic table allows users to readily explore the robustness of inferences to uncertainty about the exclusion restriction in their particular applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring the impact of nonignorability in panel data with non‐monotone nonresponse
Authors: Xie Hui , Qian Yi 
Published: February 2010

SUMMARYThe analysis of panel data with non‐monotone nonresponse often relies on the critical and untestable assumption ofignorablemissingness. It is important to assess the consequences of departures from the ignorability assumption. Non‐monotone nonresponse, however, can often make such sensitivity analysis infeasible because the likelihood functions for alternative models involve high‐dimensional and difficult‐to‐evaluate integrals with respect to missing outcomes. We develop an extension of the local sensitivity method that overcomes computational difficulty and completely avoids fitting alternative models and evaluating these high‐dimensional integrals. The proposed method is applicable to a wide range of panel outcomes. We apply the method to a Smoking Trend dataset where we relax the standard ignorability assumption and evaluate how smoking‐trend estimates in different groups of US young adults are affected by alternative assumptions about the missing‐data mechanism. The main finding is that the standard estimate in the black male group is sensitive to nonignorable missingness but those in other groups are reasonably robust. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Profile of toll‐like receptor–positive cells in septic and aseptic loosening of total hip arthroplasty implants
Authors: Pajarinen Jukka , Cenni Elisabetta , Savarino Lucia , Gomez‐Barrena Enrique , Tamaki Yasunobu , Takagi Michiaki , Salo Jari , Konttinen Yrjö T. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDistinction between the two major complications of total hip replacement surgery, septic bacterial culture‐positive and aseptic bacterial culture‐negative osteolysis and loosening, is difficult due to the eventual role of bacterial remnants and biofilms, which are recognized by cells provided by toll‐like receptors (TLRs) of the innate immune system. It was hypothesized that cell typing and TLR mapping might provide new information on the pathomechanisms of loosening. To test this hypothesis, septic (n = 10) and aseptic (n = 5) interface tissue as well as mildly inflamed osteoarthritic synovial membrane (n = 5) samples were characterized and compared using antibodies against several cell line‐specific markers, including fibroblast, monocyte/macrophage, T cell, B cell, plasma cell and neutrophil markers, and TLRs. In osteoarthritic synovium, TLR‐positive cells were restricted to surface tissues and only few inflammatory cells were detected, whereas aseptic interface was heavily infiltrated with monocyte/macrophages, which were also the major TLR‐positive cell type rendering the tissue reactive to TLR ligands. Interestingly, septic cases contained also neutrophil and lymphocyte infiltrates of which especially B‐cell infiltrates might be clinically useful in discriminating the two major complications of the joint replacement surgery. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Efficacy of continued alendronate for fractures in women with and without prevalent vertebral fracture: The FLEX Trial
Authors: Schwartz Ann V , Bauer Douglas C , Cummings Steven R , Cauley Jane A , Ensrud Kristine E , Palermo Lisa , Wallace Robert B , Hochberg Marc C , Feldstein Adrianne C , Lombardi Antonio , Black Dennis M ,   for the FLEX Research Group
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In the Fracture Intervention Trial (FIT) Long Term Extension (FLEX) Trial, 10 years of alendronate (ALN) did not significantly reduce the risk of nonvertebral fractures (NVFs) compared with 5 years of ALN. Continuing ALN reduced the risk of clinical but not morphometric vertebral fractures regardless of baseline vertebral fracture status. In previous studies, ALN efficacy for NVF prevention in women without prevalent vertebral fracture was limited to those with femoral neck (FN) T-scores of −2.5 or less. To determine whether the effect of long-term ALN on fracture differs by vertebral fracture status and femoral neck (FN) T-score, we performed a post hoc analysis using FLEX data, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial among 1099 postmenopausal women originally randomized to ALN in the FIT with mean ALN use of 5 years. In the FLEX Trial, women were randomized to placebo (40%) or ALN 5 mg/day (30%) or ALN 10 mg/day (30%) for an additional 5 years. Among women without vertebral fracture at FLEX baseline (n = 720), continuation of ALN reduced NVF in women with FLEX baseline FN T-scores of −2.5 or less [relative risk (RR) = 0.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26–0.96] but not with T-scores of greater than −2.5 and −2 or less (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.37–1.66) or with T-scores of greater than −2 (RR 1.41, 95% CI 0.75–2.66; p for interaction = .019). Continuing ALN for 10 years instead of stopping after 5 years reduces NVF risk in women without prevalent vertebral fracture whose FN T-scores, achieved after 5 years of ALN, are −2.5 or less but does not reduce risk of NVF in women whose T-scores are greater than −2. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research