bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Panel of Sputum-Based Genomic Marker for Early Detection of Lung Cancer
Authors: Jiang Feng , Todd Nevins W. , Li Ruiyun , Zhang Howard , Fang HongBin , Stass Sanford A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer death. Early detection of NSCLC will improve its outcome. We previously identified genetic signatures whose genomic copy number aberrations were associated with early stage NSCLC. Here, we aimed to develop a panel of genes that could be detected in sputum for NSCLC early detection. We first optimized a panel of genes by using an in situ minichip for measuring changes of the signatures in sputum of a case–control cohort of 49 NSCLC patients, 49 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and 49 healthy smokers. We then validated the genes in an independent cohort of 69 NSCLC patients and 65 noncancer subjects. The results were compared with those of sputum cytology. Fifteen genes showed significant differences of their copy number changes in sputum between NSCLC and both COPD and healthy subjects. A logistic regression model with the best prediction was built on the basis of 6 genes, ENO1, FHIT, HYAL2, SKP2, p16, and 14–3-3zeta. The composite of the 6 genes produced 86.7% sensitivity and 93.9% specificity in distinguishing stage I NSCLC patients from the noncancer individuals. Furthermore, the genes had higher sensitivity (86.9%) in identification of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) than in adenocarcinoma of the lungs (80.8%; P &lt; 0.05). Validation of the genes in the independent cohort confirmed their diagnostic power that also showed higher accuracy for lung SCCs than for sputum cytology. The gene panel could provide sputum-based markers that have the potential to improve early detection of lung SCCs. Cancer Prev Res; 3(12); 1571–8. ©2010 AACR.
Evaluation of the Research-Version TMPA Rainfall Estimate at Its Finest Spatial and Temporal Scales over the Rome Metropolitan Area
Authors: Villarini Gabriele 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The focus of this study is the evaluation of the research-version Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) rainfall product at its finest spatial and temporal resolutions (3-hourly and 0.25° × 0.25°) over the Rome, Italy, metropolitan area during the period from October 2008 to January 2009. Accurate ground reference rainfall estimates for two satellite pixels are obtained from a dense rain gauge network (22 rain gauges in one pixel and 16 in the other one). The evaluation is based on examination of time series, scatterplots, and survival functions, as well as measures of agreement and disagreement. The results of this study point to the importance of using the TRMM satellite for rainfall estimation. Suggestions in terms of minimum number of rain gauges required to estimate ground reference rainfall are also provided.
Characteristics of CALIPSO and CloudSat Backscatter at the Top Center Layers of Mesoscale Convective Systems and Relation to Cloud Microphysics
Authors: Platt C. M. R. , Vaughan M. A. , Austin R. T. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Following the discovery of anomalously high values of lidar integrated attenuated backscatter near the top center layers of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) observed by the NASA Lidar In-Space Technology Experiment (LITE), a search of Cloud Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) data on board the Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) platform revealed the same phenomena in a sample of eight MCSs investigated. The backscatter depolarization ratio also showed changes concurrent with the high integrated backscatter and either increased or decreased concurrently with the anomalous backscatter. Simultaneous CloudSat data in the A-Train formation showed a cloud-top altitude similar to that measured by CALIOP, indicating fairly large ice crystals were reaching cloud top. Based on previous work, the CALIOP and CloudSat returns were likely due to a mix of small ice droxtals or frozen drops extending in a continuous spectrum to large crystals composed of well-formed hexagonal columns, thick hexagonal plates, spheroids, and irregular particles. The CALIOP lidar would detect the whole spectrum whereas CloudSat would detect ice crystals greater than ∼30 μm in effective radius; there were apparently enough of such crystals to allow CloudSat to detect a cloud-top height similar to that found by CALIOP. Using such a model, it was estimated that the measured backscatter phase function in the most active part of the cloud could be reconciled approximately with theoretical values of the various crystal habits. However, it was harder to reconcile the changes in depolarization ratio given the absence of values of this parameter for small droxtal crystals.
Bred Vector and ENSO Predictability in a Hybrid Coupled Model during the Period 1881–2000
Authors: Tang Youmin , Deng Ziwang 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
In this study, a breeding analysis was conducted for a hybrid coupled El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) model that assimilated a historic dataset of sea surface temperature (SST) for the 120 yr between 1881 and 2000. Meanwhile, retrospective ENSO forecasts were performed for the same period. For a given initial state, 15 bred vectors (BVs) of both SST and upper-ocean heat content (HC) were derived. It was found that the average structure of the 15 BVs was insensitive to the initial states and independent of season and ENSO phase. The average structure of the BVs shared many features already seen in both the final patterns of leading singular vectors and the ENSO BVs of other models. However, individual BV patterns were quite different from case to case. The BV rate (the average cumulative growth rate of BVs) varied seasonally, and the maximum value appeared at the time when the model ran through the boreal spring and summer. It was also sensitive to the strength of the ENSO signal (i.e., the stronger ENSO signal, the smaller the BV rate).
Furthermore, ENSO predictability was explored using BV analysis. Emphasis was placed on the relationship between BVs, which are able to characterize potential predictability without requiring observations, and actual prediction skills, which make use of real observations. The results showed that the relative entropy, defined using breeding vectors, was a good measure of potential predictability. Large relative entropy often leads to a good prediction skill; however, when the relative entropy was small, the prediction skill seemed much more variable. At decadal/interdecadal scales, the variations in prediction skills correlated with relative entropy.
Circulation Mechanisms of Kenya Rainfall Anomalies
Authors: Hastenrath Stefan , Polzin Dierk , Mutai Charles 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Expanding earlier studies on the boreal spring and autumn rainy seasons in equatorial East Africa, pending challenges on the mechanisms of rainfall variability, are investigated. Eastward pressure gradient and slack south Indian Ocean trade winds allow surface equatorial westerlies in spring and autumn. Complementing that, upper-tropospheric easterlies are required for the development of a zonal vertical circulation cell along the Indian Ocean equator. Because of the summer warming and high stand of upper-tropospheric topography over South Asia, strong upper-tropospheric easterlies over the tropical northern and equatorial Indian Ocean persist from summer into autumn, thus allowing the development of a zonal vertical circulation cell. By contrast, the winter cooling entails low stand of upper-tropospheric topography in the north, thus hindering easterlies over the equator. Consequently, an equatorial zonal circulation cell does not develop in boreal spring. The equatorial zonal circulation cell, with subsidence over East Africa, strongly controls the boreal autumn rains, as evidenced in their tight correlation with the equatorial westerlies. In a related vein, rain gauge stations show much shared variance in boreal autumn as compared to spring. Plausibly consistent with this, boreal autumn rather than spring has brought the extreme flood and drought disasters in the course of the past half-century.
On the Persistence and Predictability Properties of North Atlantic Climate Variability
Authors: Franzke Christian , Woollings Tim 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The persistence and climate noise properties of North Atlantic climate variability are of importance for trend identification and assessing predictability on all time scales from several days to many decades. Here, the authors analyze these properties by applying empirical mode decomposition to a time series of the latitude of the North Atlantic eddy-driven jet stream. In previous studies, it has been argued that a slow decay of the autocorrelation function at large lags suggests potential extended-range predictability during the winter season. The authors show that the increased autocorrelation time scale does not necessarily lead to enhanced intraseasonal predictive skill. They estimate the fraction of interannual variability that likely arises due to climate noise as 43%–48% in winter and 70%–71% in summer. The analysis also indentifies a significant poleward trend of the jet stream that cannot be explained as arising from climate noise. These findings have important implications for the predictability of North Atlantic climate variability.
Projected Future Seasonal Changes in Tropical Summer Climate
Authors: Sobel Adam H. , Camargo Suzana J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The authors analyze changes in the tropical sea surface temperature (SST), surface wind, and other fields from the twentieth to the twenty-first century in climate projections using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) multimodel ensemble, focusing on the seasons January–March (JFM) and July–September (JAS). When the annual mean change is subtracted, the remaining “seasonal changes” have robust, coherent structures. The JFM and JAS changes resemble each other very closely after either a change of sign or reflection about the equator. The seasonal changes include an increase in the summer hemisphere SST and a decrease in the winter hemisphere SST. These appear to be thermodynamic consequences of easterly trade winds strengthening in the winter subtropics and weakening in the summer subtropics. These in turn are associated with the weakening and expansion of the Hadley circulation, documented by previous studies, which themselves are likely consequences of changes in extratropical eddies. The seasonal SST changes influence the environment for deep convection: peak precipitation in the summer hemisphere increases by around 10% and convective available potential energy (CAPE) increases by as much as 25%. Comparable fractions of these changes are attributable to the annual mean change and the seasonal changes, though the two have very different spatial structures. Since the annual mean change is marked by relative warming in the Northern Hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere, the seasonal changes oppose the annual mean change in JFM and enhance it in JAS.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion: The Main Driver of Twentieth-Century Atmospheric Circulation Changes in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Polvani Lorenzo M. , Waugh Darryn W. , Correa Gustavo J. P. , Son Seok-Woo 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The importance of stratospheric ozone depletion on the atmospheric circulation of the troposphere is studied with an atmospheric general circulation model, the Community Atmospheric Model, version 3 (CAM3), for the second half of the twentieth century. In particular, the relative importance of ozone depletion is contrasted with that of increased greenhouse gases and accompanying sea surface temperature changes. By specifying ozone and greenhouse gas forcings independently, and performing long, time-slice integrations, it is shown that the impacts of ozone depletion are roughly 2–3 times larger than those associated with increased greenhouse gases, for the Southern Hemisphere tropospheric summer circulation. The formation of the ozone hole is shown to affect not only the polar tropopause and the latitudinal position of the midlatitude jet; it extends to the entire hemisphere, resulting in a broadening of the Hadley cell and a poleward extension of the subtropical dry zones. The CAM3 results are compared to and found to be in excellent agreement with those of the multimodel means of the recent Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) and Chemistry–Climate Model Validation (CCMVal2) simulations. This study, therefore, strongly suggests that most Southern Hemisphere tropospheric circulation changes, in austral summer over the second half of the twentieth century, have been caused by polar stratospheric ozone depletion.
The Seasonal Structure of Temperature Trends in the Tropical Lower Stratosphere
Authors: Free Melissa 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Radiosonde data show a large seasonal difference in trends since 1979 in the tropical lower stratosphere, with a maximum cooling of ∼1 K decade−1 in December and January and a minimum in March or April at 50 mb between 10°N and 10°S. The statistically significant difference of up to ∼1 K decade−1 between trends in December and those in March amounts to up to 20% of the climatological seasonal cycle. Although the size of annual mean cooling trends differs substantially among datasets, the seasonal pattern of trends is similar in all six radiosonde datasets used here and is consistent with MSU satellite data for the lower stratosphere. This greater cooling in boreal winter essentially disappears below 100 mb, and the troposphere has a different and smaller seasonal trend pattern.
Trends in the tropical stratosphere show an inverse relationship with those in the Arctic for 1979–2009, which might be related to changes in stratospheric circulation. In most radiosonde data, however, the seasonal pattern of tropical trends at 50 mb since 1979 seems to come from a seasonal difference in the size of the stratospheric cooling in the mid-1990s, and trends for longer time periods or those for 1995–2009 do not show the same seasonal dependence. Whether the strengthening of the seasonal cycle in the stratosphere represents a long-term change related to greenhouse gas forcing, a shorter-lived shift related to ozone depletion or unforced interdecadal variability requires careful further study.
Instabilities in an Internal Solitary-like Wave on the Oregon Shelf
Authors: Lamb Kevin G. , Farmer David 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Observations of internal solitary-like waves (ISWs) on the Oregon Shelf suggest the presence of Kelvin–Helmholtz billows in the pycnocline and larger-scale overturns at the back of the wave above the pycnocline. Numerical simulations designed to explore the mechanisms responsible for these features in one particular wave reveal that shear instabilities occur when (i) the minimum Richardson number Ri in the pycnocline is less than about 0.1; (ii) Lx/λ &gt; 0.8, where Lx is the length of the unstable region with Ri &lt; 0.25 and λ is a half wavelength of the wave; and (iii) a linear spatial stability analysis predicts that ln(af/ai) &gt;≈ 4, where ai and af are the amplitudes of perturbations entering and leaving the unstable region. The maximum energy loss rate in our simulations is 50 W m−1, occurring at a frequency 8% below that with the maximum spatial growth rate.
The observations revealed the presence of anomalously light fluid in the center of the wave above the pycnocline. Simulations of a wave encountering a patch of light surface water were used to model this effect. In the presence of a background current with near-surface shear, the simulated ISW has a trapped surface core. As this wave encounters a patch of lighter surface water, the light surface water at first passes beneath the core. Convective instabilities set in and the light fluid is entrained into the core. This results in the formation of overturning features, which exhibit some similarities with the observed overturns.
Improving Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temperature Accuracies Using Water Vapor Profile Data
Authors: Barton Ian J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Analyses based on atmospheric infrared radiative transfer simulations and collocated ship and satellite data are used to investigate whether knowledge of vertical atmospheric water vapor distributions can improve the accuracy of sea surface temperature (SST) estimates from satellite data. Initially, a simulated set of satellite brightness temperatures generated by a radiative transfer model with a large maritime radiosonde database was obtained. Simple linear SST algorithms are derived from this dataset, and these are then reapplied to the data to give simulated SST estimates and errors. The concept of water vapor weights is introduced in which a weight is a measure of the layer contribution to the difference between the surface temperature and that measured by the satellite. The weight of each atmospheric layer is defined as the layer water vapor amount multiplied by the difference between the SST and the midlayer temperature. Satellite-derived SST errors are then plotted against the difference in the sum of weights above an altitude of 2.5 km and that below. For the simple two-channel (with typical wavelengths of 11 and 12 μm) analysis, a clear correlation between the weights differences and the SST errors is found.
A second group of analyses using ship-released radiosondes and satellite data also show a correlation between the SST errors and the weights differences. The analyses suggest that, for an SST derived using a simple two-channel algorithm, the accuracy may be improved if account is taken of the vertical distribution of water vapor above the ocean surface. For SST estimates derived using algorithms that include data from a 3.7-μm channel, there is no such correlation found.
Multiwavelet Discontinuous Galerkin-Accelerated Exact Linear Part (ELP) Method for the Shallow-Water Equations on the Cubed Sphere
Authors: Archibald Rick , Evans Katherine J. , Drake John , White James B. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
In this paper a new approach is presented to increase the time-step size for an explicit discontinuous Galerkin numerical method. The attributes of this approach are demonstrated on standard tests for the shallow-water equations on the sphere. The addition of multiwavelets to the discontinuous Galerkin method, which has the benefit of being scalable, flexible, and conservative, provides a hierarchical scale structure that can be exploited to improve computational efficiency in both the spatial and temporal dimensions. This paper explains how combining a multiwavelet discontinuous Galerkin method with exact-linear-part time evolution schemes, which can remain stable for implicit-sized time steps, can help increase the time-step size for shallow-water equations on the sphere.
Surface Analysis near and within the Tipton, Kansas, Tornado on 29 May 2008
Authors: Lee Bruce D. , Finley Catherine A. , Samaras Timothy M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Data collected by a mesonet within the near-tornado environment and in the Tipton tornado on 29 May 2008 provided a rare opportunity to analyze rear-flank downdraft (RFD) outflow properties closely bounding a tornado and to characterize parcel thermodynamics being ingested into a tornado from the rear-flank downdraft. Parcels moving into the tornado on its right flank had very small negative buoyancy and considerable potential buoyancy. Measurements within and very near the tornado showed similar buoyancy characteristics to the storm inflow. Analyzed surface divergence and videographic evidence indicated that the RFD outflow just to the right and wrapping in front of the tornado was supported by parcels moving out of a narrow downdraft bordering the right flank of the tornado. Surface flow field analysis showed that parcels moved out of the downdraft-associated divergence region and into the right side of, as well as in front of, the tornado. An internal RFD surge boundary was positioned roughly 0.5 km in front of the eastern edge of the analyzed divergence region and implied downdraft.
The broader RFD outflow thermodynamic characteristics were consistent with recent research with only small negative buoyancy and substantial potential buoyancy; however, convective inhibition was considerably higher than typically found in other tornadic cases. This latter characteristic was emblematic of the broader storm environment on this day. Parcels making up the RFD outflow originated from low-levels, consistent with recent findings for tornadic rear-flank downdrafts and in contrast to past historical indications for the rear-flank downdraft source region.
Interpolation of LES Cloud Surfaces for Use in Direct Calculations of Entrainment and Detrainment
Authors: Dawe Jordan T. , Austin Philip H. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Direct calculations of the entrainment and detrainment of air into and out of clouds require knowledge of the relative velocity difference between the air and the cloud surface. However, a discrete numerical model grid forces the distance moved by a cloud surface over a time step to be either zero or the width of a model grid cell. Here a method for the subgrid interpolation of a cloud surface on a discrete numerical model grid is presented. This method is used to calculate entrainment and detrainment rates for a large-eddy simulation (LES) model, which are compared with rates calculated via the direct flux method of Romps. The comparison shows good agreement between the two methods as long as the model clouds are well resolved by the model grid spacing. This limitation of this technique is offset by the ability to resolve fluxes on much finer temporal and spatial scales, making it suitable for calculating entrainment and detrainment profiles for individual clouds.