bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure, norms and normative theory in a re-defined English School: accepting Buzan's challenge
Authors: WILLIAMS JOHN 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article looks at the significance of Barry Buzan's 2004 reformulation of the English School from the perspective of the normative dimension of English School theory. Picking up a challenge that Buzan set, but which has largely gone unanswered, for those who see normative theory as a key aspect of the English School's contribution, the article assesses three possible responses. It rejects a stance denying the relevance of Buzan's approach to normative theory and is dissatisfied with a second line that distinguishes methodologically between Buzan's social structural theorising and an approach to normative theory that draws principally on political theory. Instead, it argues for the inherent normativity of Buzan's position because of its reliance on values, arguing that many of the analytical benefits of Buzan's approach can also be deployed normatively because of the way he highlights contested and competing dynamics in play at different times and at different levels. The article suggests that this has the potential to revive pluralism as a normative position in the English School in a way that retains and extends the enhanced analytical power that Buzan's reformulation offers.
The meaning of materiality: reconsidering the materialism of Gramscian IR
Authors: MCCARTHY DANIEL R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractGramsican approaches in International Relations (IR) have sought to outline the relationship between ideas and material forces in the construction of world order. Scholars working within this broad school have sought to emphasise that ideasarematerial forces, and must be considered as concrete historical structures (Cox, 1987) central to the establishment of particular historical and hegemonic blocs. This literature has primarily focused on the discursive construction of hegemony by international elites and the impact this has on political practices. While these insights are important in understanding the construction of world order, it is necessary to extend them to include the creation of actual physical structures – that is, it is vital to link the ideational aspects of hegemony with actual material processes. I will argue that a consideration of the role of technology provides an ideal vehicle for this process, building on the preliminary work of Bieler and Morton in this regard (2008). Technological structures are the product of particular cultural values and embed these cultural values within their very structure. Physical material factors thereby express ideational values constructed by specific social forces. Social practices are thus not only a function of the dominance of certain ideological formations, but also the product of the material environment itself and the manner in which the human metabolism with nature must function through these physical constructions.
The contribution of injury severity, executive and implicit functions to awareness of deficits after traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Authors: MORTON NICHOLAS , BARKER LYNNE 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDeficits in self-awareness are commonly seen after Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and adversely affect rehabilitative efforts, independence and quality of life (Ponsford, 2004). Awareness models predict that executive and implicit functions are important cognitive components of awareness though the putative relationship between implicit and awareness processes has not been subject to empirical investigation (Crosson et al., 1989; Ownsworth, Clare, & Morris, 2006; Toglia & Kirk, 2000). Severity of injury, also thought to be a crucial determinant of awareness outcome post-insult, is under-explored in awareness studies (Sherer, Boake, Levin, Silver, Ringholz, & Walter, 1998). The present study measured the contribution of injury severity, IQ, mood state, executive and implicit functions to awareness in head-injured patients assigned to moderate/severe head-injured groups using several awareness, executive, and implicit measures. Severe injuries resulted in greater impairments across most awareness, executive and implicit measures compared with moderate injuries, although deficits were still seen in the moderate group. Hierarchical regression results showed that severity of injury, IQ, mood state, executive and implicit functions made significant unique contributions to selective aspects of awareness. Future models of awareness should account for both implicit and executive contributions to awareness and the possibility that both are vulnerable to disruption after neuropathology. (JINS, 2010,16, 1089–1098.)
Estimating the cost of smoking to the NHS in England and the impact of declining prevalence
Authors: Callum Christine , Boyle Seán , Sandford Amanda 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSmoking cost the National Health Service (NHS) in England in 1996 an estimated £1.4–£1.7 billion. In 1998, in Smoking Kills, the Government outlined an action plan for reducing smoking prevalence. This paper estimates 2006 costs and the impact of declining prevalence. Estimates are derived from costs, service use, and attributable proportions based on current and ex-smokers’ prevalence and relative risk compared with never-smokers. Comparable 1996 costs were estimated by substituting 1996 prevalence. Smoking-attributable hospital admissions cost the NHS an estimated £1 billion in 2006, outpatient attendances cost £190 million, general practitioner (GP) consultations £530 million, practice nurse consultations £50 million and GP prescriptions £900 million; £2.7 billion in total. This represents 5% of adult hospital admission costs, 4% outpatients, 11% GP and 8% practice nurse consultations and 12% of prescription costs. Smoking accounted for 24% of respiratory disease hospital admission costs and 16% of cancer and cardiovascular disease costs (people aged ⩾35 years). The 2006 cost is estimated to be 13% lower than if smoking had remained at 1996 levels. Smoking represents a substantial cost throughout the NHS. Significant savings are associated with a reduction in prevalence, but much of this stems from an earlier phase of the smoking epidemic. Securing future such savings requires further policies to reduce smoking prevalence.
Spatial justice: law and the geography of withdrawal
Authors: Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos Andreas 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWhile spatial justice could be the most radical offspring of law’s recent spatial turn, it remains instead a geographically informed version of social justice. The majority of the existing literature on the subject has made some politically facile assumptions about space, justice and law, thereby subsuming the potentially radical into the banal. In this article, I suggest that the concept of spatial justice is the most promising platform on which to redefine, not only the connection between law and geography, but more importantly, the conceptual foundations of both law and space. More concretely, the article attempts two things: first, a radical understanding of legal spatiality. Space is not just another parameter for law, a background against which law takes place, or a process that the law needs to take into consideration. Space is intertwined with normative production in ways that law often fails to acknowledge, and part of this article is a re-articulation of the connection. Second, to suggest a conception of spatial justice that derives from a spatial law. Such a conception cannot rely on given concepts of distributive or social justice. Instead, the concept of spatial justice put forth here is informed by post-structural, feminist, post-ecological and other radical understandings of emplacement and justice, as well as arguably the most spatial of philosophical discourses, that of Deleuze–Guattari and the prescribed possibilities of space as manifold.
Lines, barred lines. Movement, territory and the law
Authors: Brighenti Andrea Mubi 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper an attempt is made to analyse the complex relationship between law, territory and movement. Beginning with a quick overview of the notion of property, the paper suggests that this legal notion represents a way of imagining the practice of inhabiting the planet. Dwelling and travelling are explored as two alternative and complementary ways of inhabiting, and a closer inspection is paid to the moments when they confront each other both ideologically and practically. A territorial question is identified at the core of law, namely the issue of the movement of bodies in space (or motility), together with the control of such movements. From this perspective, movement is not simply one among the many objects over which law exerts control, rather law itself is a territorial endeavour, a movement that acts upon other movements.
The space of the city in reconstruction: the lawscapes of Barcelona and Berlin
Authors: Mazzoleni Chiara 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe momentous changes that have affected European cities over the last two centuries have had profound consequences for the configuration of urban space. Urban planning and architecture, torn between the dialectically opposed forces of permanence and change, particularly in building practices and the use of urban space, have had an important influence on the material construction of cities. The outcome was a strong focus on the individual architectural artefact and, at the same time, the spread of a process of atopical fragmentation of urban space and the gradual loss of status of contact space. The latter suffered a process of deterioration due to disaffection and abandonment of the practice and a rapid shift of interest towards space decontextualised and standardised by the networks. The recent experiences of Barcelona and Berlin have been a reaction to this impoverishment of the meaning of the city, drawing on the heuristic contribution of the Italian school of urban analysis to recover the constituent elements of urban space and the conventions that have determined the appearance of European cities and are part of the tacit understanding of their inhabitants.
Biopolitics and the regulation of vulnerability: the case of the female trafficked migrant
Authors: FitzGerald Sharron A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article interrogates the connections between normativity and geographical space. Specifically it focuses on the biopolitical discourses that operate around the idiom of the vulnerable female trafficked migrant in the United Kingdom. The article’s structure and argument question how state parties frame the notion of female vulnerability as a distinct biopolitical category. I argue that this process produces and sustains the perceived need for biopolitical regulation of the national community. I question how the state’s regulation of the bodies and behaviours of female trafficked migrants is entangled with anti-immigration agendas that aim to extend the power of the state extra-territorially.
Unreal City, Unreal Law
Authors: Wolcher Louis E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe law of the city degrades time to the dimension of space. The cityscape replaces a horizon made by woods, fields and streams with a jagged silhouette of rectilinear buildings, lots and thoroughfares. Geometrically speaking, a city street is a line that has been transected into segments called blocks. Blocks, in turn, are further segmented by the placement of individual buildings, which are enumerated as ‘addresses’ in the manner of sequenced moments on the universal timeline. The city, like the law, is produced by human hands according to the logic of the conceptual pairs which the idea of linear time makes possible: ‘cause and caused’, ‘ground and grounded’ and ‘means and end’. But there is something profoundly unreal about both of these institutional spaces: at the end of the day, the Unreal City mentioned in T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land corresponds to a sort of Unreal Law. Both the city and the law manifest freedom’s impossible attempt to realise its own antithesis by substituting space for time, being for becoming, reason for chance, justification for responsibility and redemption for tragedy.
Involvement of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 in EGF‐induced angiogenesis
Authors: Shen Kaikai , Sheng Yuchen , Ji Lili , Wang Zhengtao 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAngiogenesis is a process during which endothelial cells divide and migrate to form new capillaries from the preexisting blood vessels. The present study was designed to investigate whether MAPKs (mitogen‐activated protein kinases) play crucial roles in regulating EGF (epidermal growth factor)‐induced endothelial cell angiogenesis. Our results showed that EGF stimulated HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) proliferation in a concentration‐dependent manner, of which the maximum effective concentration of EGF was 10 ng/ml. Western blot analysis showed that EGF at 10 ng/ml significantly induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2) and p38 kinase at 5 min, while it induced the phosphorylation of JNK/SAPK (c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase/stress‐activated protein kinase) at 15 min. Further results showed that a JNK/SAPK inhibitor, SP600125, and a specific siRNA JNK/SAPK could both significantly inhibit EGF‐induced tube formation in HUVEC cells, and an ERK1/2 inhibitor PD098059 could also block the tube formation in some content, while a p38 inhibitor SB203580 failed to do so. Furthermore, only SP600125 significantly inhibited EGF‐induced HUVEC cell proliferation under no cytotoxic concentration, so did JNK/SAPK siRNA. In conclusion, JNK/SAPK and ERK1/2 signals therefore play critical roles in EGF‐mediated HUVEC cell angiogenesis.
DRIMM-Synteny: decomposing genomes into evolutionary conserved segments
Authors: Pham Son K. , Pevzner Pavel A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Motivation: The rapidly increasing set of sequenced genomes highlights the importance of identifying the synteny blocks in multiple and/or highly duplicated genomes. Most synteny block reconstruction algorithms use genes shared over all genomes to construct the synteny blocks for multiple genomes. However, the number of genes shared among all genomes quickly decreases with the increase in the number of genomes.
Results: We propose the Duplications and Rearrangements In Multiple Mammals (DRIMM)-Synteny algorithm to address this bottleneck and apply it to analyzing genomic architectures of yeast, plant and mammalian genomes. We further combine synteny block generation with rearrangement analysis to reconstruct the ancestral preduplicated yeast genome.
Contact: kspham@cs.ucsd.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
ICPS: an integrative cancer profiler system
Authors: Zhang Xin-yu , Shi Lin , Liu Yan , Tian Feng , Zhao Hai-tao , Miao Xiao-ping , Huang Ming-lie , Zhu Xiao-yan 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Founded upon the database of 570 public signatures, ICPS is a web-based application to obtain biomarker profiles among 11 common cancers by integrating genomic alterations with transcription signatures on the basis of a previously developed integrative pipeline. ICPS supports both public data and user's in-house data, and performs meta-analysis at a cancer subtype level by combining heterogeneous datasets. Finally, ICPS returns the robust gene signature containing potential cancer biomarkers that may be useful to carcinogenesis study and clinical cancer diagnosis.
Availability: http://server.bioicps.org
Contact: zhxy@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn; zxy-dcs@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
Deep and wide digging for binding motifs in ChIP-Seq data
Authors: Kulakovskiy I. V. , Boeva V. A. , Favorov A. V. , Makeev V. J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Summary: ChIP-Seq data are a new challenge for motif discovery. Such a data typically consists of thousands of DNA segments with base-specific coverage values. We present a new version of our DNA motif discovery software ChIPMunk adapted for ChIP-Seq data. ChIPMunk is an iterative algorithm that combines greedy optimization with bootstrapping and uses coverage profiles as motif positional preferences. ChIPMunk does not require truncation of long DNA segments and it is practical for processing up to tens of thousands of data sequences. Comparison with traditional (MEME) or ChIP-Seq-oriented (HMS) motif discovery tools shows that ChIPMunk identifies the correct motifs with the same or better quality but works dramatically faster.
Availability and implementation: ChIPMunk is freely available within the ru_genetika Java package: http://line.imb.ac.ru/ChIPMunk. Web-based version is also available.
Contact: ivan.kulakovskiy@gmail.com
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Discriminating between Posidonia oceanica meadows and sand substratum using multibeam sonar
Authors: Di Maida Germana , Tomasello Agostino , Luzzu Filippo , Scannavino Antonino , Pirrotta Maria , Orestano Carla , Calvo Sebastiano 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Di Maida, G., Tomasello, A., Luzzu, F., Scannavino, A., Pirrotta, M., Orestano, C., and Calvo, S. 2011. Discriminating between Posidonia oceanica meadows and sand substratum using multibeam sonar. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 12–19. High-resolution, multibeam sonar (MBS) (455 kHz) was used to identify two typologies of seabed 8 m deep: Posidonia oceanica meadow and sandy substratum. The results showed that the heterogeneity of the architecture of the P. oceanica canopy and the relatively simple morphology of a sandy substratum can be detected easily by statistical indices such as standard deviation or range-of-beam depth. Based on these indices, an automated classification was performed for seabed mapping. The overall classification accuracy was as high as 99 and 98% in October and January, respectively. The probability that P. oceanica in situ was omitted on the map was <7%, whereas the probability that an area classified as P. oceanica on the map did not correspond to the seagrass in situ was consistently negligible. Based on these results, high-resolution MBS can be considered to be an accurate tool for mapping P. oceanica and sand substrata, and its discriminating power seems to be independent of season (autumn or winter).
Predictors of Recovery After Conservative Treatment of AO-Type A Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Without Neurological Deficit
Authors: Vorlat Peter , Leirs Geert , Tajdar Farhad , Hulsmans Heinz , De Boeck Hugo , Vaes Peter 
Published: August 2010

Study Design.
Prospective, correlational, exploratory, clinical research.

Objective.
To identify the factors determining a patient's recovery after conservative treatment of compression fractures of the thoracolumbar spine.

Summary of Background Data.
The reported results of compression fractures are poor. These results are not influenced by the severity of compression, the fracture site, or the residual deformity. Otherwise, the factors that determine a patient's recovery are unknown.

Methods.
In 48 conservatively treated patients the preinjury versus the 12-month follow-up differences (Δ) in back pain (visual analogue scale for pain), Oswestry disability index (ODI), and the Greenough and Fraser low back outcome scale were prospectively recorded. For these differences and for time lost from work and satisfaction, multiple linear regressions with combinations of 16 factors were performed.

Results.
At 1 year, patients with an income-insurance were 9% (P = 0.096) more disabled than those without. They reported a 15% less favorable global outcome and 27% less participation. Smokers were 13% (P = 0.010) more disabled and 11% (P = 0.044) less satisfied. With each increase of the AO-fracture type from A1 to A3 the disability was 8% worse. Patients with pre-existent chronic low back pain (CLBP) returned two points (on a visual analogue scale [VAS] pain total of 10) more closely (P = 0.041) to their preinjury pain level than those without but were 21% (P = 0.001) less satisfied. Our model offers an explanation for more than 25% of the variability of ΔODI and of the satisfaction. For sick leave, no significant predictors were found.

Conclusion.
Smoking and insurance status are the strongest negative predictors for recovery. LBP patients returned more closely to their preinjury back pain level, but were less satisfied. The AO fracture type had a marked influence on disability, the sagittal deformity had not. The time lost from work did not depend on patient or injury-related factors.

Level of Evidence: N/A
Suppression of the Vacuolar Invertase Gene Prevents Cold-Induced Sweetening in Potato
Authors: Bhaskar Pudota B. , Wu Lei , Busse James S. , Whitty Brett R. , Hamernik Andy J. , Jansky Shelley H. , Buell C. Robin , Bethke Paul C. , Jiang Jiming 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPotato (Solanum tuberosum) is the third most important food crop in the world. Potato tubers must be stored at cold temperatures to prevent sprouting, minimize disease losses, and supply consumers and the processing industry with high-quality tubers throughout the year. Unfortunately, cold storage triggers an accumulation of reducing sugars in tubers. High-temperature processing of these tubers results in dark-colored, bitter-tasting products. Such products also have elevated amounts of acrylamide, a neurotoxin and potential carcinogen. We demonstrate that silencing the potato vacuolar acid invertase gene VInv prevents reducing sugar accumulation in cold-stored tubers. Potato chips processed from VInv silencing lines showed a 15-fold acrylamide reduction and were light in color even when tubers were stored at 4°C. Comparable, low levels of VInv gene expression were observed in cold-stored tubers from wild potato germplasm stocks that are resistant to cold-induced sweetening. Thus, both processing quality and acrylamide problems in potato can be controlled effectively by suppression of the VInv gene through biotechnology or targeted breeding.
Cloning, expression, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of a human condensin SMC2 hinge domain with short coiled coils
Authors: Kawahara Kazuki , Nakamura Shota , Katsu Yasuhiro , Motooka Daisuke , Hosokawa Yuki , Kojima Yukiko , Matsukawa Keiko , Takinowaki Hiroto , Uchiyama Susumu , Kobayashi Yuji , Fukui Kiichi , Ohkubo Tadayasu 
Published: August 2010

In higher eukaryotes, the condensin complex, which mainly consists of two structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) subunits, SMC2 (CAP-E) and SMC4 (CAP-C), plays a critical role in the formation of higher order chromosome structures during mitosis. Biochemical and electron-microscopic studies have revealed that the SMC2 and SMC4 subunits dimerize through the interaction of their hinge domains, forming a characteristic V-shaped heterodimer. However, the details of their function are still not fully understood owing to a lack of structural information at the atomic level. In this study, the human SMC2 hinge domain with short coiled coils was cloned, expressed, purified and crystallized in the orthorhombic space groupC222 in native and SeMet-derivatized forms. Because of the poor diffraction properties of these crystals, the mutant Leu68→SeMet was designed and crystallized in order to obtain the experimental phases. The SeMet-derivatized crystals of the mutant belonged to space groupP3212, with unit-cell parametersa=b= 128.8,c = 91.4 Å. The diffraction data obtained from a crystal that diffracted to 2.4 Å resolution were suitable for SAD phasing.