bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of failure theories in assessing crisis management: The Columbia space shuttle disaster revisited
Authors: Boin Arjen , Fishbacher-Smith Denis 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
An adequate assessment of crisis management failure (and success) requires a validated causal theory. Without such a theory, any assessment of crisis management performance amounts to little more than a “just so” story. This is the key argument of this paper, which describes how hindsight biases and selective use of social science theory gave rise to a suggestive and convincing – but not necessarily correct – assessment of NASA's role in the Columbia space shuttle disaster (1 February 2003). The Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) identified NASA's organizational culture and safety system as a primary source of failure. The CAIB report reads as a stunning indictment of organizational incompetence: the organization that thrilled the world with the Apollo project had “lost” its safety culture and failed to prevent a preventable disaster. This paper examines the CAIB findings in light of the two dominant theoretical schools that address organizational disasters (normal accident and high reliability theory). It revisits the Columbia shuttle disaster and concludes that the CAIB findings do not sit well with the insights of these schools.
Like birds of a feather: the cultural origins of Iberian geological cooperation and the European Geological Map of 1896
Authors: CATALÁ-GORGUES JESÚS , CARNEIRO ANA 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper focuses on the relationships between Spanish and Portuguese geologists during the second half of the nineteenth century, and their cooperation in Iberian and European scientific projects, with particular emphasis on the geological map of Europe, whose publication, in 1896, was a symbolic demonstration of Prussia's capacity to dominate the whole continent. We argue that the period from 1857 to 1896 defined a cycle in the relationships between Spanish and Portuguese geologists marked by common generational aspirations, converging intellectual pursuits and political and ideological affinities associated with the intellectual and political movements which stirred the cultural and political life of both Iberian countries. At a time when the unification of Iberia was being discussed on both sides of the Spanish–Portuguese border, this background favoured and shaped cooperation between the Spanish and Portuguese Geological Surveys, in particular their participation in the geological map of Europe, which, nevertheless, coincided with the end of this cycle in Iberian geology.
An integrativein vitroapproach to analyse digestion of wheat polysaccharides and the effect of enzyme supplementation
Authors: Lafond Mickaël , Bouza Bernard , Eyrichine Sandrine , Bonnin Estelle , Crost Emmanuelle H. , Geraert Pierre-André , Giardina Thierry , Ajandouz El Hassan 
Published: April 2011

The digestion of polysaccharides from the wheat cultivars Caphorn and Isengrain was investigated, and the efficiency of an enzyme preparation was tested using the TNO gastrointestinal model (TIM-1). The apparent digestibility (AD) of carbohydrates was determined based on the measurement of organic matter (OM), total monosaccharides, reducing ends (RE) and end products (EP: glucose, maltose and xylobiose). The AD of the OM from Caphorn and Isengrain measured using caecectomised cockerels did not differ from that measured using TIM-1: 72·0 (sd2·6)v.70·6 (sd0·6) % for Caphorn (P = 0·580) and 73·0 (sd2·3)v.71·1 (sd1·9) % for Isengrain (P = 0·252). After the 6 h TIM-1 digestion, 41·4–58·9 % of the OM, RE and EP were recovered from the jejunal compartment and 18·3–27·1 % from the ileal compartment, while ileal deliveries and digestive residues constituted the remainder. A commercial enzyme cocktail tested at 0·2 μl/g of wheat improved TIM-1 digestibility of Caphorn and Isengrain polysaccharides: 3·9 % (P = 0·0203) and 3·4 % (P = 0·0058) based on the OM; 9·7 % (P < 0·0001) and 3·1 % (P = 0·031) based on the total glucose; 47·2 % (P < 0·0001) and 14·2 % (P = 0·0004) based on the RE, respectively. The enzyme cocktail improved the release of the EP for Caphorn (3·8 %,P = 0·008) but not for Isengrain ( − 0·8 %,P = 0·561). The higher efficiency of the enzyme supplementation on the digestion of Caphorn polysaccharides compared with Isengrain seems to be linked to the higher soluble carbohydrate contents and/or less ramified arabinoxylan of Caphorn.
Cinnamaldehyde enhances in vitro parameters of immunity and reduces in vivo infection against avian coccidiosis
Authors: Lee Sung Hyen , Lillehoj Hyun S. , Jang Seung I. , Lee Kyung Woo , Park Myeong Seon , Bravo David , Lillehoj Erik P. 
Published: April 2011

The effects of cinnamaldehyde (CINN) on in vitro parameters of immunity and in vivo protection against avian coccidiosis were evaluated. In vitro stimulation of chicken spleen lymphocytes with CINN (25–400 ng/ml) induced greater cell proliferation compared with the medium control (P < 0·001). CINN activated cultured macrophages to produce higher levels of NO at 1·2–5·0 μg/ml (P < 0·001), inhibited the growth of chicken tumour cells at 0·6–2·5 μg/ml (P < 0·001) and reduced the viability of Eimeriatenella parasites at 10 and 100 μg/ml (P < 0·05 and P < 0·001, respectively), compared with media controls. In chickens fed a diet supplemented with CINN at 14·4 mg/kg, the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-15 and interferon-γ transcripts in intestinal lymphocytes were 2- to 47-fold higher (P < 0·001) compared with chickens given a non-supplemented diet. To determine the effect of CINN diets on avian coccidiosis, chickens were fed diets supplemented with CINN at 14·4 mg/kg (E. maxima or E. tenella) or 125 mg/kg (E. acervulina) from hatch for 24 d, and orally infected with 2·0 × 104 sporulated oocysts at age 14 d. CINN-fed chickens showed 16·5 and 41·6 % increased body-weight gains between 0–9 d post-infection (DPI) with E. acervulina or E. maxima, reduced E. acervulina oocyst shedding between 5–9 DPI and increased E. tenella-stimulated parasite antibody responses at 9 DPI compared with controls.
Fatty acid intakes of children and adolescents are not in line with the dietary intake recommendations for future cardiovascular health: a systematic review of dietary intake data from thirty countries
Authors: Harika Rajwinder K. , Cosgrove Maeve C. , Osendarp Saskia J. M. , Verhoef Petra , Zock Peter L. 
Published: April 2011

Fatty acid composition of the diet may influence cardiovascular risk from early childhood onwards. The objective of the present study was to perform a systematic review of dietary fat and fatty acid intakes in children and adolescents from different countries around the world and compare these with the population nutrient intake goals for prevention of chronic diseases as defined by the WHO (2003). Data on fat and fatty acid intake were mainly collected from national dietary surveys and from population studies all published during or after 1995. These were identified by searching PubMed, and through nutritionists at local Unilever offices in different countries. Fatty acid intake data from thirty countries mainly from developed countries were included. In twenty-eight of the thirty countries, mean SFA intakes were higher than the recommended maximum of 10 % energy, whereas in twenty-one out of thirty countries mean PUFA intakes were below recommended (6–10 % energy). More and better intake data are needed, in particular for developing regions of the world, and future research should determine the extent to which improvement of dietary fatty acid intake in childhood translates into lower CHD risk in later life. Despite these limitations, the available data clearly indicate that in the majority of the countries providing data on fatty acid intake, less than half of the children and adolescents meet the SFA and PUFA intake goals that are recommended for the prevention of chronic diseases.
Assessing host–parasite specificity through coprological analysis: a case study with species of Corynosoma (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) from marine mammals
Authors: Aznar F.J. , Hernández-Orts J. , Suárez A.A. , García-Varela M. , Raga J.A. , Cappozzo H.L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this paper we report an investigation of the utility of coprological analysis as an alternative technique to study parasite specificity whenever host sampling is problematic; acanthocephalans from marine mammals were used as a model. A total of 252 scats from the South American sea lion, Otaria flavescens, and rectal faeces from 43 franciscanas, Pontoporia blainvillei, from Buenos Aires Province, were examined for acanthocephalans. Specimens of two species, i.e. Corynosoma australe and C. cetaceum, were collected from both host species. In sea lions, 78 out of 145 (37.9%) females of C. australe were gravid and the sex ratio was strongly female-biased. However, none of the 168 females of C. cetaceum collected was gravid and the sex ratio was not female-biased. Conversely, in franciscanas, 14 out of 17 (82.4%) females of C. cetaceum were gravid, but none of 139 females of C. australe was, and the sex ratio of C. cetaceum, but not that of C. australe, was female-biased. In putative non-hosts, the size of worms was similar to that from specimens collected from prey. Results suggest that both acanthocephalans contact sea lions and franciscanas regularly. However, C. australe and C. cetaceum cannot apparently reproduce, nor even grow, in franciscanas and sea lions, respectively. Coprological analysis may represent a useful supplementary method to investigate parasite specificity, particularly when host carcasses are difficult to obtain.
A novel neutralization sensitive and subdominant RAP-1-related antigen (RRA) is expressed byBabesia bovismerozoites
Authors: SUAREZ CARLOS E. , LAUGHERY JACOB M. , BASTOS REGINALDO G. , JOHNSON WENDELL C. , NORIMINE JUNZO , ASENZO GUSTAVO , BROWN WENDY C. , FLORIN-CHRISTENSEN MONICA , GOFF WILL L. 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYObjective.TheBabesia bovisgenome encodes arap-1related gene denominated RAP-1 related antigen (RRA). In this study, we analysed the pattern of expression, immunogenicity and functional relevance of RRA.Methods.Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the program Phylip. Expression ofrrawas analysed by Northern blots, RT-PCR, immunoprecipitation, Western blots and immunofluorescence. RRA antigenicity was tested by T-cell proliferation and Western blot analysis, and functional relevance was determined in anin vitroneutralization assay.Results.RRA is more closely related to RAP-1b ofBabesia bigeminathan toB. bovisRAP-1, and it is highly conserved among distinct strains. Transcriptional analysis suggests lower numbers ofrratranscripts compared torap-1.Immunoprecipitation of metabolically labelledB. bovisproteins with antibodies against synthetic peptides representing predicted antigenic regions of RRA confirmed the expression of a ∼43 kDa RRA in cultured merozoites. Antibodies present inB. bovishyperimmune sera, but not in field-infected cattle sera, reacted weakly with recombinant RRA, and no significant stimulation was obtained using recombinant RRA as antigen in T-cell proliferation assays, indicating that RRA is a subdominant antigen. Antibodies against RRA synthetic peptides reacted with merozoites using immunofluorescence, and were able to significantly inhibit erythrocyte invasion inin vitroneutralization tests, suggesting functional relevance for parasite survival.Conclusion.B. bovisexpress a novel subdominant RAP-1-like molecule that may contribute to erythrocyte invasion and/or egression by the parasite.
Intensity-dependent host mortality: what can it tell us about larval growth strategies in complex life cycle helminths?
Authors: BENESH D. P. 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYComplex life cycle helminths use their intermediate hosts as both a source of nutrients and as transportation. There is an assumed trade-off between these functions in that parasite growth may reduce host survival and thus transmission. The virulence of larval helminths can be assessed by experimentally increasing infection intensities and recording how parasite biomass and host mortality scale with intensity. I summarize the literature on these relationships in larval helminths and I provide an empirical example using the nematodeCamallanus lacustrisin its copepod first host. In all species studied thus far, includingC. lacustris, overall parasite volume increases with intensity. Although a few studies observed host survival to decrease predictably with intensity, several studies found no intensity-dependent mortality or elevated mortality only at extreme intensities. For instance, no intensity-dependent mortality was observed in male copepods infected withC. lacustris, whereas female survival was reduced only at high intensities (>3) and only after worms were fully developed. These observations suggest that at low, natural intensity levels parasites do not exploit intermediate hosts as much as they presumably could and that increased growth would not obviously entail survival costs.
Trypanosomatids are common and diverse parasites ofDrosophila
Authors: WILFERT L. , LONGDON B. , FERREIRA A. G. A. , BAYER F. , JIGGINS F. M. 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYDrosophila melanogasteris an important model system of immunity and parasite resistance, yet most studies use parasites that do not naturally infect this organism. We have studied trypanosomatids in natural populations to assess the prevalence and diversity of these gut parasites. We collected several species ofDrosophilafrom Europe and surveyed them for trypanosomatids using conserved primers for two genes. We have used the conserved GAPDH sequence to construct a phylogenetic tree and the highly variable spliced leader RNA to assay genetic diversity. All 5 of the species that we examined were infected, and the average prevalence ranged from 1 to 6%. There are several different groups of trypanosomatids, related to other monoxenous Trypanosomatidae. These may represent new trypanosomatid species and were found in different species of EuropeanDrosophilafrom different geographical locations. The detection of a little studied natural pathogen inD. melanogasterand related species provides new opportunities for research into both theDrosophilaimmune response and the evolution of hosts and parasites.
Characterization of acid phosphatases from marine scuticociliate parasites and their activation by host's factors
Authors: SALINAS I. , MAAS E. W. , MUÑOZ P. 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYScuticociliates are histophagous marine parasites that cause mortality in fish. Acid phosphatases (AcPs) are considered virulence factors and they are used by different parasites to dephosphorylate host molecules. The aim of this work was to characterize the AcPs from 3 scuticociliate species,Uronema marinum, Miamiensis avidusandParauronema virginianum, which parasitize marine finfish species. We identified AcP activity (pH 5·2) with differential cellular distribution in the 3 parasite species. Native gel electrophoresis of ciliate lysates revealed the presence of 1 high molecular weight AcP activity band inM. avidus(tartrate-sensitive), several low molecular weight AcPs inU. marinumand 1 low molecular weight band only inP. virginianum(tartrate-resistant). Scuticociliate AcP was inhibited by specific inhibitors of tyrosine protein phosphatases. AcP decreased upon starvation but rapid reactivation occurred following exposure to skin mucus. Groper (Polyprion oxygeneios) peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) and, to a lesser extent, red blood cells, also increased AcP activity. Protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1b was primarily detected in the plasma membrane ofM. avidusand ingestion of groper PBLs upregulated its expression.M. avidusrecovered from experimentally infected groper had greater levels of PTP1b expression than the injected suspension. The present results highlight the importance of PTPs in histophagous parasites and their interaction with fish host's factors.
Cannabis use and psychosis: re-visiting the role of childhood trauma
Authors: Houston J. E. , Murphy J. , Shevlin M. , Adamson G. 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundCannabis consumption continues to be identified as a causal agent in the onset and development of psychosis. However, recent findings have shown that the effect of cannabis on psychosis may be moderated by childhood traumatic experiences.MethodUsing hierarchical multivariate logistic analyses the current study examined both the independent effect of cannabis consumption on psychosis diagnosis and the combined effect of cannabis consumption and childhood sexual abuse on psychosis diagnosis using data from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007 (n=7403).ResultsFindings suggested that cannabis consumption was predictive of psychosis diagnosis in a bivariate model; however, when estimated within a multivariate model that included childhood sexual abuse, the effect of cannabis use was attenuated and was not statistically significant. The multivariate analysis revealed that those who had experienced non-consensual sex in childhood were over six times [odds ratio (OR) 6.10] more likely to have had a diagnosis of psychosis compared with those who had not experienced this trauma. There was also a significant interaction. Individuals with a history of non-consensual sexual experience and cannabis consumption were over seven times more likely (OR 7.84) to have been diagnosed with psychosis compared with those without these experiences; however, this finding must be interpreted with caution as it emerged within an overall analytical step which was non-significant.ConclusionsFuture studies examining the effect of cannabis consumption on psychosis should adjust analyses for childhood trauma. Childhood trauma may advance existing gene–environment conceptualisations of the cannabis–psychosis link.
Abnormalities of object visual processing in body dysmorphic disorder
Authors: Feusner J. D. , Hembacher E. , Moller H. , Moody T. D. 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundIndividuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) may have perceptual distortions for their appearance. Previous studies suggest imbalances in detailed relative to configural/holistic visual processing when viewing faces. No study has investigated the neural correlates of processing non-symptom-related stimuli. The objective of this study was to determine whether individuals with BDD have abnormal patterns of brain activation when viewing non-face/non-body object stimuli.MethodFourteen medication-free participants with DSM-IV BDD and 14 healthy controls participated. We performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while participants matched photographs of houses that were unaltered, contained only high spatial frequency (HSF, high detail) information or only low spatial frequency (LSF, low detail) information. The primary outcome was group differences in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes.ResultsThe BDD group showed lower activity in the parahippocampal gyrus, lingual gyrus and precuneus for LSF images. There were greater activations in medial prefrontal regions for HSF images, although no significant differences when compared to a low-level baseline. Greater symptom severity was associated with lower activity in the dorsal occipital cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex for normal spatial frequency (NSF) and HSF images.ConclusionsIndividuals with BDD have abnormal brain activation patterns when viewing objects. Hypoactivity in visual association areas for configural and holistic (low detail) elements and abnormal allocation of prefrontal systems for details are consistent with a model of imbalances in global versus local processing. This may occur not only for appearance but also for general stimuli unrelated to their symptoms.
A Campanian Vessel Foot from Silchester
Authors: Crummy Nina 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn 2009 a leaded bronze vessel foot topped by a figure of Harpocrates was found in a Neronian or early Flavian levelling deposit on the University of Reading's excavations in Insula IX at Silchester. Comparanda point to the foot originally having been fitted to a vessel for cooking or for heating liquids that was made in Campania in the Tiberian or early Claudian period. Its recovery is further evidence that a high-status early Roman building was located close to Insula IX.
Romano-British Reuse of Prehistoric Ritual Sites
Authors: Hutton Ronald 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMuch interest has been taken recently in the reuse of prehistoric ceremonial sites during later prehistory and early history, but only limited attention has been paid to this phenomenon during the Romano-British period. This article seeks to build on existing work by making a detailed study of such activity in three specific cases: the limestone caves of the Bristol Channel region, the Neolithic chambered tombs of the Cotswold-Severn area and the Peak District, and the three most spectacular prehistoric monuments of the Wessex chalklands: Stonehenge, the Avebury complex and the Uffington White Horse.
Epidemiology of Falls in Older Age
Authors: Peel Nancye May 
Published: April 2011

RÉSUMÉLes chutes chez les personnes agées sont une préoccupation de la santé publiquedans le monde entier en raison de leur fréquence et les conséquences néfastes en terms de morbidité, mortalité et de la qualité de vie, ainsi que leur impact sur les services et les coûts du système de santé. Cette étude épidémiologique décrit la charge de la santé publique de chutes et de blessures liées aux chutes et l’impact sur les chutes du vieillissement de la population. L’ampleur du problème est décrit en termes du classement des chutes et la mesure des résultats, y compris l’incidence des chutes et des blessures liées dans tous les milieux, les déterminants socio-démographiques, les tendance internationales, et le coût des chutes et des blessures liées aux chutes. Enfin, des approches de santé publique afin de minimiser les risques de chutes et la demande conséquente sur les ressources de soins de santé sont récommandés.
Costs of illness due to endemic cholera
Authors: POULOS C. , RIEWPAIBOON A. , STEWART J. F. , CLEMENS J. , GUH S. , AGTINI M. , SUR D. , ISLAM Z. , LUCAS M. , WHITTINGTON D. ,   the DOMI Cholera COI Study Group
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYEconomic analyses of cholera immunization programmes require estimates of the costs of cholera. The Diseases of the Most Impoverished programme measured the public, provider, and patient costs of culture-confirmed cholera in four study sites with endemic cholera using a combination of hospital- and community-based studies. Families with culture-proven cases were surveyed at home 7 and 14 days after confirmation of illness. Public costs were measured at local health facilities using a micro-costing methodology. Hospital-based studies found that the costs of severe cholera were US$32 and US$47 in Matlab and Beira. Community-based studies in North Jakarta and Kolkata found that cholera cases cost between US$28 and US$206, depending on hospitalization. Patients' cost of illness as a percentage of average monthly income were 21% and 65% for hospitalized cases in Kolkata and North Jakarta, respectively. This burden on families is not captured by studies that adopt a provider perspective.