bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language is Grounded in Action
Authors: GLENBERG ARTHUR , KASCHAK MICHAEL 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes what appear to be insurmountable theoretical and empirical problems with the current standard psychological approach to meaning based on abstract, a modal, and arbitrary symbols. It offers an alternative theory of meaning grounded in human action, and the Indexical Hypothesis, which describes how language is understood in terms of action. The chapter reviews some recent research supporting the hypothesis, including the Action-sentence Compatibility Effect, an effect that shows that the mere understanding of a sentence can interfere with taking an action in direction contrary to that implied by the sentence. This direct link between understanding and action is difficult for abstract symbol theory to accommodate, whereas it provides strong support for the Indexical Hypothesis.
Verbs and Directions: The Interaction of Geometry and Function in Determining Orientation
Authors: HABEL CHRISTOPHER 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Describing verbally changes in space is based on the ability to focus on spatial properties and relations. Change of orientation is a specific type of spatial change, which has to be expressed by special verbs, for example the German drehen (‘turn’). Furthermore, there are adverbials peculiar to modifying a change of orientation VPs, for example, rechtsherum (‘clockwise’). This chapter uses situations of turning, verbally encoded by drehen-descriptions to exemplify the linguistic principles of encoding Orientation and Change of Orientation: The Bearer of Turning, that is the object that performs a change of orientation, provides a Front-Axis, whose direction changes during the temporal phase focused in the utterance. In selecting the front-axis and choosing relations to describe specific properties, as final orientation or direction of turning, speakers' assumptions about functional properties and relations are the frame for establishing the spatial concept fundamental for verbalization, namely orientation.
Between Space and Function: How Spatial and Functional Features Determine the Comprehension of between
Authors: VAN DER ZEE EMILE , WATSON MATT 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
It is often assumed that the spatial meaning of between is only based on spatial features (geometrically definable cognitive representations). This chapter first considers how spatial features represent the meaning of between. It then considers a possible impact of visual functional features (visually perceived spatial features, like cartoon-like eyes, that invite a particular object categorization, such as ‘this is an animal’), linguistic functional features (lexical concepts inviting a particular categorization, as derived from ‘this is a thumb’), general functional features (features contributed by cognitive processes found across cognitive systems, like cognitive effort), and dynamic–kinematic features (features specifying actual or potential interactions between physical entities). After considering why between can correspond to more than one spatial prototype, the chapter discusses which of the above features are lexical features, which features are contextual features, and how features of different types may interact to specify the meaning of between in context.
Towards a Classification of Extra-geometric Influences on the Comprehension of Spatial Prepositions
Authors: COVENTRY KENNY , GARROD SIMON 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
There is much empirical evidence showing that factors other than the relative positions of objects in Euclidean space are important in the comprehension of a wide range of spatial prepositions in English and other languages. However, attempts at classifying so-called extra-geometric constraints have not been forthcoming. This chapter surveys experimental evidence for extra-geometric constraints, and provides the first attempt at classifying these influences. It argues that extra-geometric influences are basically of two types: dynamic-kinematic aspects of scenes, and knowledge of the functions of objects and how they usually interact with each other in particular situations. It reviews evidence for each of these parameters across a range of types of preposition, and reports some new data showing the influence of extra-geometric variables on the comprehension of between. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications the empirical data and resultant classification have for models of spatial language comprehensions.
Path Expressions in Finnish and Swedish: The Role of Constructions
Authors: NIKANNE URPO 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the differences in those Swedish and Finnish path expressions that include more than one instance of a preposition (or locative case) referring to goal-direction without a coordinating junction ‘and’ (e.g., John ran from home to the supermarket to the bank). It turns out that these kinds of structures are allowed both in Swedish and Finnish under certain conditions. However, the same syntactic form refers to different meanings in Swedish and Finnish. In Swedish, the consecutive ‘to’-phrases refer to a sequence of places along the path (‘first to the bank then to the supermarket’) whereas in Finnish the structure refers to places one is inside the other (‘the bank inside the supermarket’).
1 Introduction
Authors: KRAMER MATTHEW H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter summarizes the book as a whole, and distinguishes three different dimensions or conceptions of morality: morality versus immorality, morality versus prudence, and morality versus non-normative factuality. Natural-law theorists who oppose legal positivism by insisting on necessary connections between law and morality have focused on one or more of those dimensions of morality when presenting their arguments.
4 Requirements, Reasons, and Raz: Legal Positivism and Legal Duties
Authors: KRAMER MATTHEW H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Although Joseph Raz is in most respects a legal positivist, he shares with some natural-law theorists the view that every legal system — by virtue of its status as a legal system — claims to be possessed of morally binding authority. This chapter undertakes a critique of Raz’s view, by maintaining that perfectly credible legal systems can exist without explicitly or implicitly claiming to be possessed of any morally binding authority.
5 The Law in Action: a Study in Good and Evil
Authors: KRAMER MATTHEW H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter undertakes a defense of legal positivism against the assaults of Michael Detmold, who purports to have established the existence of important necessary connections between law and morality. It maintains that Detmold has conflated distinct dimensions of morality (which are disentangled in this book’s opening chapter), and that his natural-law theory collapses when the distinctions among those different dimensions are duly noted.
6 Also among the Prophets: Some Rejoinders to Ronald Dworkin’s Attacks on Legal Positivism
Authors: KRAMER MATTHEW H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter responds to Ronald Dworkin’s numerous criticisms of H. L. A. Hart’s legal positivism. It first lengthily challenges Dworkin’s model of adjudication and law-ascertainment, and then repels his efforts to establish necessary connections between law and morality. His efforts, like those of Detmold (examined in Chapter 5), have run together the distinct dimensions of morality.
7 Disclaimers and Reassertions
Authors: KRAMER MATTHEW H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter recapitulates some of the principal ideas developed in the preceding six chapters, with particular emphasis on the fact that legal positivists deny the existence of any significant necessary connections between law and morality but do not deny the existence of numerous contingent connections between those two phenomena. It also lays the groundwork for Chapter 9 by emphasizing that the moral status of a legal system hinges crucially on its moral superiority or inferiority to other legal systems that are reasonably attainable.
Ethnosyntax
Authors: Enfield N. J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book provides a new approach to the ‘ethnosyntax’ concept — the proposition that the grammar of a language is intimately linked to the culture of its speakers. It focuses on three related issues: how far culture accounts for linguistic variation; how culture and grammar are connected; and to what extent one may constitute the other. It looks, for example, at the ways in which grammatical (including semantic) resources may be constrained by social values, and at the possible sociocultural significance of grammatical devices. The chapters add to the renewed debate among linguists and anthropologists on the relationship between grammar, culture, and cognition. The book represents a wide range of research traditions, some of which have not until now explicitly addressed the grammar and culture issue. It considers the subject in the context of a wide range of cultures in North America, Europe, and Australasia.
Masculine and Feminine in the Northern Iroquoian Languages
Authors: CHAFE WALLACE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes a morphological pattern in which there is obvious bias toward masculine gender paired with ambiguity and lack of distinctiveness in the expression of feminine gender. It then describes the ancient culture pattern in which males had a conspicuous, flamboyant, constantly changing, and individualized role that contrasted with the stable, undifferentiated, background role of women. The chapter discusses the plausibility of hypothesizing a motivational relation between the culture pattern and the morphology. Using Northern Iroquoian culture as a case study, the chapter shows that the correspondence between morphology and culture is no longer present in certain areas, and that the morphological backgrounding of feminine gender does not quite reflects the role of women in Iroquoian society.
A Study in Unified Diversity: English and Mixtec Locatives
Authors: LANGACKER RONALD W 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on unity-in-diversity in the domain of locative expressions. It discusses why languages vary greatly in how they code this fundamental aspect of human experience. The chapter examines two languages — English and Mixtec — whose representations of spatial relationships are strikingly different. A comparison of their descriptions in cognitive grammar elucidate the specific nature of both their divergence and their commonality. The frequent path of grammaticalization whereby nouns evolve into adpositions is also discussed.
English Causative Constructions in an Ethnosyntactic Perspective: Focusing on Let
Authors: WIERZBICKA ANNA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on one area of ‘cultural elaboration’ in grammar, namely, on the elaboration of causal relations in modern English. Topics discussed include causation and patterns of social interaction, natural semantic language as a tool for studying ethnosyntax, the meaning of causatives in a cross-linguistic perspective, German lassen constructions, and English let constructions, and comparison of Russian and German.
From Common Ground to Syntactic Construction: Associated Path in Warlpiri
Authors: SIMPSON JANE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses how one might examine the Narrow Ethnosyntax Hypothesis. It expands on Wierzbicka's suggestions for finding likely constructions and discusses pitfalls to avoid, such as alternative possible explanations for the frequency and productivity of intensifiers. The chapter illustrates a procedure for carrying out ethnosyntax using as an example the incipient grammaticalization associated path in a language whose speakers form a relatively homogeneous group, and about whom a number of ethnographies have been written.
Reading Silence: Crayonné au théâtre
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the prose poem, Crayonné au théâtre, where Mallarmé reinvents journalism to show how all literature is a form of theatre. The poem may be understood as Mallarmé's ‘critical performance’ of poetry as the supreme art form, for it brings to the contingency of drama criticism the type of patterning which informs his verse and prose poems.
Rhythms of Being
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers Mallarmé's view of the theatre and the role of the poet. Mallarmé singles out certain spectacles as epitomes of his ideal theatre. Ballet is a display of ‘purs motifs rythmiques de l' être’. Ballet foregrounds the rhythms of our terrestrial being and consecrates the ‘treasured’ contingencies of our day-to-day lives in a proof. As dance brings rhythm to the contingencies of bodily movement, so the poem may bring rhyme to the caprice of our existence.
The Silence of the Object
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that Mallarmé repeatedly performs a secular ritual of praise and offering in honour of his fellow human beings. From his earliest juvenilia to his final sonnet, he is constantly dedicating his writing to others and to the triumphs of the human endeavour. For Mallarmé, the poetic act was not simply a question of forging new linguistic relationships but also of establishing connections between himself and others, and between humanity and the phenomenal reality by which it is surrounded.
Conclusion: Silence and the Book
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that Mallarmé viewed the phenomenal world as one which reaches out silently and directly to the poet. Moved to reverie and ‘seduced’ by what he sees, this spokesman will use words in such a way that the ‘veiled’ (mysterious) quality of the phenomenal world remains intact while having yet delivered up the now transparent ‘secret’ of its significance. The poet's linguistic journey begins in the unmediated silence of circumstances and ends in the obliquity and paradox of a silence which speaks louder than words, the ‘breathtaking’ silence created by poetry itself.
Plautus and Hannibal
Authors: LEIGH MATTHEW 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Plautine slave and history. It adds that the Plautine moment and Hannibalic moment coincide and the two major themes are both resonant of the shock of the Second Punic War. It explains that the Plautus who emerges from this investigation is on whose comedies persistently touch the rawest of nerves in the audience for whom he writes. It offers an initial investigation of stereotypical Roman views of Carthaginian ethnicity and shows the exploitation of just such views in the Poemulus of Plautus.
City, Land, and Sea: New Comedy and the Discourse of Economies
Authors: LEIGH MATTHEW 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines the potential for New Comedy to create oppositional relationships between the scenic and extra-scenic worlds. It also analyses how these might relate to polarities prominent in philosophy, rhetoric, and diatribe. Moreover, although the texts on which this study hopes to build its case are necessarily drawn from a very broad period, it aims to demonstrate their applicability to acutely contemporary concerns for the Rome of the 2nd century BC.
The International Protection of Individual Rights Before 1939
Authors: SIMPSON A. W. BRAIN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In 1939, there existed at the international level no universal or regional arrangements protecting individuals against their own governments. This chapter traces the institutions and arrangements which did then exist: the antecedents to the rise of international human rights protection. These included the right of humanitarian intervention, the embryonic humanitarian law of war, the notion of international personal responsibility for war crimes, the movement to suppress the slave trade, and the system of protection for minorities, originally under the capitulations, and later under treaties. It includes an account of minority protection under the League of Nations, and of the elaborate system established temporarily for Upper Silesia.
The Growing Disillusion
Authors: SIMPSON A. W. BRAIN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of the United Nations negotiations in 1949 and 1950, and the continuing conflicts over the drafting of the covenant, which led the British negotiators to complete disillusion with the process. By this time however Britain had transferred its attention to the European negotiations, and in 1950 the text of the European Convention had been adopted by the Council of Europe.
Ratification and its Consequences
Authors: SIMPSON A. W. BRIAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the rejection of the proposal by Gladwyn Jebb that the UK should now take no further part in the United Nations negotiations, and describes the US change of policy, provoked by the proposed Bricker amendment to the US constitution, which led the US to give up its leading role in human rights protection. It described the decision to extend the European Convention, but not its First Protocol, to the colonial empire, at a time when there had arisen a number of colonial insurrections, most notably in Malaya, Cyprus, and Kenya, where its provisions could not be fully implemented. It gives an account of the processes whereby, as colonies became independent, bills of rights came to be incorporated in some of their constitutions, dealing in particular with the Sudan, Ghana, Nigeria and Malaya, and with the Radcliffe proposals for Cyprus.
The First Cyprus Case
Authors: SIMPSON A. W. BRAIN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the attempts by Greece to internationalize her dispute with the UK over the EOKA movement in Cyprus, and the allegations of human rights violations there, and of the consternation in London when Greece formerly began proceedings against the UK under the European Convention in Application 176/56. It describes the processes whereby the decision was taken to resist this application within the terms of the Convention, and gives a detailed account of the conduct of the case, the arguments on admissibility, concessions proposed and made by the UK, the texts of the documents submitted by the parties, and the attempts to achieve a friendly settlement. It describes the appointment of a sub-commission to investigate the facts, and the considerable but eventually unsuccessful attempts to prevent it visiting Cyprus.
Multilateral Arms Control
Authors: Shelton Dinah , Gualtieri David S , Kellman Barry , Williamson Richard L. Jr. , Shelton Dinah , Chayes Abram 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents three case studies that analyze the interplay between hard and soft law in the area of multilateral arms control, from nuclear weapons to land mines. The first study looks at the various key decisions taken by weapons control supplier groups to restrict transfers of specific technology. The second study analyzes the complex interweaving of hard and soft law for the protection of nuclear materials to ensure responsible control over nuclear materials and prevent nuclear weapons proliferation. The third study traces the development of the norm against anti-personnel land mines from soft law to hard law.
Energy Security and the Development of International Energy Markets
Authors: Konoplyanik Andrei 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the evolution of the concept of energy security in a broader historical perspective, from the economic, financial, and legal points of view. It addresses energy security from the energy investment cycle perspective. It notes that each particular stage of market development demands its most effective set of legal instruments to protect investors' flow of capital and energy materials and products, and to minimise volume and price risks, and thus to provide energy security. It considers the Energy Charter process and its instruments, including the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) as the first multilateral investment and trade treaty in energy. It adds that the ECT provides both security of energy supply and security of energy demand in a competitive, open, and transparent global energy market.
Shared Competences and Multi-Faceted Concepts—European Legal Framework for Security of Supply
Authors: Hancher Leigh , Janssen Sally 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines various European Community initiatives which have been adopted with a view to guaranteeing and promoting the security of energy supply. It explains that this concept includes not only physical and technical security in terms of access to resources, but also reliability, affordability, and continuity of supply. It argues that despite or even because of market integration, security of supply concerns remain paramount. It adds that as a result of legislative harmonisation, in particular following the entry into force of the new Electricity and Gas Directives, it may well be that member states will be required to pursue their energy policy objectives in relation to supply security and reliability through specific kinds of instrument. It examines the issue of the division of competences between the Community policy initiatives in the energy sector, which have a close bearing on security of supply, and discusses recent legislative measures.
Regional and National Frameworks for Energy Security in Africa
Authors: Omorogbe Yinka 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the energy security in Africa. It describes Africa as blessed with abundant energy resources, more than enough to supply her needs. It adds that Africa is underdeveloped, with almost all the countries being classified as low in development, and half ranking amongst the least developed in the world. It notes that development is impossible, or at most an uphill task, in any place where there is no access to conventional energy. It explains that the difference between the rural dweller in a village in Africa and a city dweller lies in the amount of energy available for his use. The chapter is a discourse on energy security in Africa, primarily through the study of continental initiatives under the auspices of the African Union, and on sub-regional cooperative efforts that are aimed at addressing the issue of energy security in west and southern Africa.
Energy Security as Denmark's Heavy-Handed Regulation Loosens
Authors: Rønne Anita 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Danish experience in energy security matters. It describes and evaluates the existing constraints, the available options, and the means chosen to meet the challenge of safeguarding energy supplies. It provides an account of the Danish resource base, where indigenous oil and gas production has had a huge impact on the development of the energy policy — which is also summarized. It then conducts a cross-sector review of crisis management systems in Denmark. The major part of this chapter focuses on the individual energy sectors. It notes that in each sector it is considered how security of supplies — be it primary or secondary energy sources — are safeguarded, and how potential shortfalls are avoided. It highlights the constraints and options for Denmark to secure energy for society.