bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structuring polycrystalline Fe‐Si‐Al steel surfaces by means of ion beam–the role of grain orientation
Authors: Šetina Batič Barbara , Jenko Monika 
Published: April 2010

AbstractElectrical steel (Fe‐Si‐Al alloy) surfaces were subjected to Ar+ ion beam irradiation at 10 keV beam energy and off‐normal sputtering conditions. The morphologies present were visualized by SEM and can be roughly divided into four classes: ripples oriented parallel to the ion beam direction, ripples oriented perpendicular to ion beam direction, smooth surfaces and rough faceted surfaces. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) results show that individual grains are compositionally homogebeous, therefore, the different patterns originate from differences in crystal orientations. The grain orientation was correlated to the pattern formed with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique and the results show that grains with similar orientation in the normal (Z) direction behave in a similar way. XPS analysis showed some Si enrichment of the surface layers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of Notch Signaling in Glioblastoma Targets Cancer Stem Cells via an Endothelial Cell Intermediate
Authors: Hovinga Koos E. , Shimizu Fumiko , Wang Rong , Panagiotakos Georgia , Van Der Heijden Maartje , Moayedpardazi Hamideh , Correia Ana Sofia , Soulet Denis , Major Tamara , Menon Jayanthi , Tabar Viviane 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly heterogeneous malignant tumor. Recent data suggests the presence of a hierarchical organization within the GBM cell population that involves cancer cells with stem-like behavior, capable of repopulating the tumor and contributing to its resistance to therapy. Tumor stem cells are thought to reside within a vascular niche that provides structural and functional support. However, most GBM studies involve isolated tumor cells grown under various culture conditions. Here, we use a novel three-dimensional organotypic “explant” system of surgical GBM specimens that preserves cytoarchitecture and tumor stroma along with tumor cells. Notch inhibition in explants results in decreased proliferation and self-renewal of tumor cells but is also associated with a decrease in endothelial cells. When endothelial cells are selectively eliminated from the explants via a toxin conjugate, we also observed a decrease in self-renewal of tumor stem cells. These findings support a critical role for tumor endothelial cells in GBM stem cell maintenance, mediated at least in part by Notch signaling. The explant system further highlighted differences in the response to radiation between explants and isolated tumor neurospheres. Combination treatment with Notch blockade and radiation resulted in a substantial decrease in proliferation and in self-renewal in tumor explants while radiation alone was less effective. This data suggests that the Notch pathway plays a critical role in linking angiogenesis and cancer stem cell self-renewal and is thus a potential therapeutic target. Three-dimensional explant systems provide a novel approach for the study of tumor and microenvironment interactions.
Nuclear winter
Authors: Robock Alan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractNuclear winter is the term for a theory describing the climatic effects of nuclear war. Smoke from the fires started by nuclear weapons, especially the black, sooty smoke from cities and industrial facilities, would be heated by the Sun, lofted into the upper stratosphere, and spread globally, lasting for years. The resulting cool, dark, dry conditions at Earth's surface would prevent crop growth for at least one growing season, resulting in mass starvation over most of the world. In addition, there would be massive ozone depletion, allowing enhanced ultraviolet radiation. More people could die in the noncombatant countries than in those where the bombs were dropped, because of these indirect effects. Nuclear proliferation is now expanding the threat. A nuclear war between India and Pakistan could produce so much smoke that it would produce global environmental change unprecedented in recorded human history. Although the number of nuclear weapons in the world has fallen from 70,000 at its peak in the 1980s to less than 10,000 currently deployed, a nuclear war between the United States and Russia could still produce nuclear winter. This theory cannot be tested in the real world. However, analogs can inform us about parts of the theory, and there are many that give support to the theory. They include the seasonal cycle, the diurnal cycle, forest, fires, volcanic eruptions, and dust storms on Mars. The only way to be sure to prevent the climatic effects of nuclear war is to rid the world of nuclear weapons. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Climate Models and Modeling > Knowledge Generation with Models
Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Evaluating Future Impacts of Climate Change
Malignant Melanoma Amongst Maori and New Zealand Europeans, 2000–2004
Authors: Hore Todd , Robinson Elizabeth , Martin Richard C. W. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundAlthough cutaneous melanoma (CM) is rare among dark‐skinned populations, it has been found that dark‐skinned patients diagnosed with CM tend to have greater Breslow thickness and therefore a worse prognosis.MethodsData was obtained from the New Zealand Cancer Registry pertaining to CM ICD‐10 codes from 2000 to 2004. This data was used to compare different ethnicities. We compared New Zealand Europeans with those identifying themselves as Maori. Incorrect or absent data, benign nevi, and melanoma in situ were all excluded from analysis. Only one data entry was accepted per patient to avoid the inclusion of metastases.ResultsOverall, 9004 patients were registered as being diagnosed with CM during 2000–2004, and 7120 with complete ethnicity data were analyzed. A total of 69 cases were identified as Maori. The incidence of CM among Maori is 2.7 per 100,000. Maori had significantly greater Breslow thickness compared with New Zealand Europeans (1.3 vs. 0.80 mm, P < 0.0001). There were differences in type of CM between the two groups (P < 0.00001); in particular, Maori had more acral CM (2.9% vs. 0.8%).ConclusionsCutaneous melanoma is much less common among Maori than among New Zealand Europeans, but Maori have a greater Breslow depth and therefore have a worse prognosis. Increased awareness on behalf of these groups and health care practitioners should assist in ensuring early detection, thereby improving the overall outcome in Maori.
“The Cancer Bond”: Exploring the Formation of Cancer Risk Perception in Families with Lynch Syndrome
Authors: Palmquist Aunchalee E. L. , Koehly Laura M. , Peterson Susan K. , Shegog Margarette , Vernon Sally W. , Gritz Ellen R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis study explores the social context of hereditary cancer risk perception in three families, an African‐American family, a Mexican‐American family, and a Caucasian family, each with Lynch Syndrome documented by a mismatch repair gene mutation. Communication network assessments measured family communication about cancer experiences and genetic testing information among a total of 26 participants. Participant narratives were evaluated to gain insight into how family cancer experiences and genetic testing information have shaped perceptions of cancer risk. Analysis of communication networks indicated that some families discussed cancer experiences to a greater extent than genetic testing information, and vice‐versa. Interviews elucidated that sharing both types of health information led participants to conceptualize linkages among a strong family history of cancer, genetic testing information, and cancer prevention strategies. Understanding how different types of family communication influence the formation of perceived hereditary disease risk may enhance efforts to tailor genetic counseling services for families.
Sniffing out social signals
Authors: Spehr M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In most mammals, conspecific chemical com­munication strategies control complex social and sexual behavior. Just a few years ago, our concept of how the olfactory system is orga­nized to ensure faithful transmission of so­cial information built on the rather simplis­tic assumption that two fundamentally dif­ferent classes of stimuli - ‘general’ odors ver­sus ‘pheromones’ - are exclusively detected by either of two sensory structures: the main olfactory epithelium or the vomeronasal or­gan. A number of exciting recent findings, however, revealed a much more complex and functionally diverse organizational struc­ture of the sense of smell. At least four ana­tomically segregated olfactory subsystems, some remarkably heterogeneous in their cel­lular composition, detect distinct, but partial­ly overlapping populations of sensory stimuli. Discerning how subsystem-specific receptor architectures and signaling pathways orches­trate the coding logic of social chemosignals, will ultimately shed new light on the neuro­physiological basis of social behavior.
Delivering Public Services in the Mixed Economy of Welfare: Perspectives from the Voluntary and Community Sector in Rural England
Authors: HARDILL IRENE , DWYER PETER 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe voluntary and community sector in England is playing an increasingly important role in the delivery of public services to older adults and in doing so they rely on unpaid volunteers. In this article, we draw on the findings of a recent qualitative study of the impact on the voluntary and community sector of delivering ‘low-level’ public services that promote independent living and wellbeing in old age. The fieldwork focused on services that help older adults aged 70+ living in remote rural communities across three English regions. Those charged with service delivery, which is increasingly the voluntary and community sector, face particular challenges, such as uncertain funding regimes and reliance on volunteer labour.
Algorithmic path planning of static robots in three dimensions using configuration space metrics
Authors: Roy Debanik 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYCollision-free path planning for static robots is a demanding manifold of contemporary robotics research, vastly due to the growing industrial applications. In this paper, a novel ‘visibility map’-based heuristic algorithm is used to generate near-optimal safe path for a three-dimensional congested robot workspace. The final path is obtainable in terms of joint configurations, by considering the Configuration Space of the task space. The developed algorithm has been verified initially by considering representative 2D workspaces, cluttered with different obstacles with regular geometries and then after with the spatial endeavour. A case study reveals the effectiveness of the developed modules of the configuration space mapping, pertaining to a five degrees-of-freedom low payload articulated robot.
Decentralized control for mobile robotic sensor network self-deployment: barrier and sweep coverage problems
Authors: Cheng Teddy M. , Savkin Andrey V. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYThis paper addresses the problems of barrier coverage and sweep coverage in a corridor environment with a network of self-deployed mobile autonomous robotic sensors. Using the ideas of nearest neighbor rules and information consensus, we propose a decentralized control law for the robotic sensors to solve the coverage problems. Numerical simulations illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The results in this paper demonstrate that such simple motion coordination rules can play a significant role in addressing the issue of coverage in a mobile robotic sensor network.
Typological implications of Kalam predictable vowels
Authors: Blevins Juliette , Pawley Andrew 
Published: April 2010

AbstractKalam is a Trans New Guinea language of Papua New Guinea. Kalam has two distinct vowel types: full vowels /a e o/, which are of relatively long duration and stressed, and reduced central vowels, which are shorter and often unstressed, and occur predictably within word-internal consonant clusters and in monoconsonantal utterances. The predictable nature of the reduced vowels has led earlier researchers, e.g. Biggs (1963) and Pawley (1966), to suggest that they are a non-phonemic ‘consonant release’ feature, leading to lexical representations with long consonant strings and vowelless words. Here we compare Kalam to other languages with similar sound patterns and assess the implications for phonological theory in the context of Hall's (2006) typology of inserted vowels. We suggest that future work on predictable vowels should explore the extent to which clusters of properties are explained by evolutionary pathways.
Near surface climate of the traverse route from Zhongshan Station to Dome A, East Antarctica
Authors: Ma Yongfeng , Bian Lingen , Xiao Cunde , Allison Ian , Zhou Xiuji 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSeasonal variation of temperature, pressure, snow accumulation, winds, and their harmonic analysis are presented by using the data from Zhongshan Station and three Automatic Weather Stations deployed between the East Antarctic coast and the summit of the ice sheet at Dome A for the period 2005–07. Results show that: 1) temperature, snow accumulation and specific humidity decrease with increasing elevation and distance from the coast, with snow accumulation decreasing from 199 mm water equivalent (w.e.) yr-1 at LGB69 (180 km from the coast) to 31 mm w.e. yr-1 at Dome A, 2) Dome A experiences an extremely low minimum temperature of -82.5°C with the monthly mean temperature below -50°C for eight months in contrast to Zhongshan Station which does not show any monthly mean temperatures below -20°C, 3) mean surface wind speed increases from the coast to the escarpment region, and then reduces rapidly towards the interior plateau with the strongest winds occurring at katabatic sites with the greatest surface slopes, 4) temperature and pressure all shows a distinct biannual oscillation with a main minimum in spring and a secondary minimum in autumn, differing slightly from station to station, and 5) winter temperature corelessness increases as a function of elevation and distance from the coast, from 0.260 at the coastal Zhongshan Station to 0.433 at Dome A.
THE ESSENTIAL SPECTRUM OF A PERTURBED OPERATOR ARISING IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS
Authors: FAIERMAN M. , MENNICKEN R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDescloux and Geymonat considered a model problem in two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics and conjectured that the essential spectrum has an explicitly given band structure. This conjecture was recently proved by Faierman, Mennicken, and Möller by reducing the problem to that for a 2×2 block operator matrix. In a subsequent paper Faierman and Mennicken investigated the essential spectrum for the problem arising from a particular type of perturbation of precisely one of the operator entries in the matrix representation cited above of the original problem considered by Descloux and Geymonat. In this paper we extend the results of that work by investigating the essential spectrum for the problem arising from particular types of perturbations of all but one of the aforementioned operators. It remains an open question whether one can perturb the exceptional operator in such a way as to leave the essential spectrum unchanged.
Picante: R tools for integrating phylogenies and ecology
Authors: Kembel Steven W. , Cowan Peter D. , Helmus Matthew R. , Cornwell William K. , Morlon Helene , Ackerly David D. , Blomberg Simon P. , Webb Campbell O. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Summary: Picante is a software package that provides a comprehensive set of tools for analyzing the phylogenetic and trait diversity of ecological communities. The package calculates phylogenetic diversity metrics, performs trait comparative analyses, manipulates phenotypic and phylogenetic data, and performs tests for phylogenetic signal in trait distributions, community structure and species interactions.
Availability: Picante is a package for the R statistical language and environment written in R and C, released under a GPL v2 open-source license, and freely available on the web (http://picante.r-forge.r-project.org) and from CRAN (http://cran.r-project.org).
Contact: skembel@uoregon.edu
Voyage of the argonauts in the pelagic realm: physiological and behavioural ecology of the rare paper nautilus, Argonauta nouryi
Authors: Rosa Rui , Seibel Brad A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractRosa, R., and Seibel, B. A. 2010. Voyage of the argonauts in the pelagic realm: physiological and behavioural ecology of the rare paper nautilus, Argonauta nouryi. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1494–1500. The metabolic demands of a rare paper nautilus, Argonauta nouryi, in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) are evaluated. After adjusting for temperature and size, the rates of oxygen consumption and of aerobic and anaerobic metabolic potential (as evidenced by citrate synthase and octopine dehydrogenase activities, respectively) of A. nouryi were much higher than those in holopelagic octopods that exhibit float-and-wait predation strategies. In fact, the rates were similar to those found in small epipelagic squids and benthic octopods. The critical oxygen partial pressure was 4.9 kPa at 20°C, suggesting that the strong oxygen minimum layer found at intermediate depths in the ETP may constrain the vertical distribution of A. nouryi to the upper few metres of the water column. We also report the occurrence of a chain of shelled females at the surface, in which each animal was attached, as if on the benthos, to the next individual in the chain. Although it may constitute an effective strategy to increase the rates of mate encounter in the vast open ocean, there may be an important ecological trade-off for such behaviour, namely the increase in visibility at the surface with concomitant attraction of predators.
A Bioinformatics Approach to the Identification, Classification, and Analysis of Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycoproteins
Authors: Showalter Allan M. , Keppler Brian , Lichtenberg Jens , Gu Dazhang , Welch Lonnie R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) are a superfamily of plant cell wall proteins that function in diverse aspects of plant growth and development. This superfamily consists of three members: hyperglycosylated arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), moderately glycosylated extensins (EXTs), and lightly glycosylated proline-rich proteins (PRPs). Hybrid and chimeric versions of HRGP molecules also exist. In order to “mine” genomic databases for HRGPs and to facilitate and guide research in the field, the BIO OHIO software program was developed that identifies and classifies AGPs, EXTs, PRPs, hybrid HRGPs, and chimeric HRGPs from proteins predicted from DNA sequence data. This bioinformatics program is based on searching for biased amino acid compositions and for particular protein motifs associated with known HRGPs. HRGPs identified by the program are subsequently analyzed to elucidate the following: (1) repeating amino acid sequences, (2) signal peptide and glycosylphosphatidylinositol lipid anchor addition sequences, (3) similar HRGPs via Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, (4) expression patterns of their genes, (5) other HRGPs, glycosyl transferase, prolyl 4-hydroxylase, and peroxidase genes coexpressed with their genes, and (6) gene structure and whether genetic mutants exist in their genes. The program was used to identify and classify 166 HRGPs from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) as follows: 85 AGPs (including classical AGPs, lysine-rich AGPs, arabinogalactan peptides, fasciclin-like AGPs, plastocyanin AGPs, and other chimeric AGPs), 59 EXTs (including SP5 EXTs, SP5/SP4 EXTs, SP4 EXTs, SP4/SP3 EXTs, a SP3 EXT, “short” EXTs, leucine-rich repeat-EXTs, proline-rich extensin-like receptor kinases, and other chimeric EXTs), 18 PRPs (including PRPs and chimeric PRPs), and AGP/EXT hybrid HRGPs.
Effects of UV Radiation and Diet on Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Skin, Ocular Tissue and Dorsal Muscle of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Held in Outdoor Rearing Tanks
Authors: Arts Michael T. , Browman Howard I. , Jokinen Ilmari E. , Skiftesvik Anne Berit 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe effect of UV radiation (UVR) on juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was assessed by measuring the fatty acid (FA) profiles of muscle, dorsal and ventral skin, and ocular tissues following 4‐month long exposures to four different UVR treatments in outdoor rearing tanks. Fish were fed two different diets (Anchovy‐ and Herring‐oil based) that differed in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations. Anchovy‐fed salmon had higher concentrations of ALA (alpha‐linoleic acid; 18:3n‐3), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid; 20:5n‐3) and DPA (docosapentaenoic acid, 22:5n‐3) in their muscle tissues than fish fed the Herring feed. Fish subjected to enhanced UVB levels had higher concentrations of LIN (linolenic acid, 18:2n‐6) and ALA, total omega‐6 FA and SAFA (saturated fatty acids) in their tissues compared with fish in reduced UV treatments. Concentrations of ALA, LIN, GLA (gamma‐linolenic acid; 18:3n‐6), EPA, PUFA and total FA were higher in ventral skin of fish exposed to enhanced UVB compared with fish in reduced UV treatments. Salmon exposed to reduced UV weighed more per‐unit‐length than fish exposed to ambient sunlight. The FA profiles suggest that fish exposed to UV radiation were more quiescent than fish in the reduced UV treatments resulting in a buildup of catabolic substrates.
Effect of midazolam on memory: a study of process dissociation procedure and functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Tian S. Y. , Zou L. , Quan X. , Zhang Y. , Xue F. S. , Ye T. H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTo assess the effects of midazolam on explicit and implicit memories, 12 volunteers were randomly divided into the two groups: one with an Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation score of 3 (mild sedation) and one with a score of 1 (deep sedation). Blood oxygen‐level‐dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging was measured before and during an auditory stimulus, then with midazolam sedation, and then during a second auditory stimulus with continuous midazolam sedation. After 4 h, explicit and implicit memories were assessed. There was no evidence of explicit memory at the two levels of midazolam sedation. Implicit memory was retained at a mild level of midazolam sedation but absent at a deep level of midazolam sedation. At a mild level of midazolam sedation, activation of all brain areas by auditory stimulus (as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging) was uninhibited. However, a deep level of midazolam sedation depressed activation of the superior temporal gyrus by auditory stimulus. We conclude that midazolam does not abolish implicit memory at a mild sedation level, but can abolish both explicit and implicit memories at a deep sedation level. The superior temporal gyrus may be one of the target areas.