bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasmodium falciparum, anaemia and cognitive and educational performance among school children in an area of moderate malaria transmission: baseline results of a cluster randomized trial on the coast of Kenya
Authors: Halliday Katherine E. , Karanja Peris , Turner Elizabeth L. , Okello George , Njagi Kiambo , Dubeck Margaret M. , Allen Elizabeth , Jukes Matthew C.H. , Brooker Simon J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectives  Studies have typically investigated health and educational consequences of malaria among school‐aged children in areas of high malaria transmission, but few have investigated these issues in moderate transmission settings. This study investigates the patterns of and risks for Plasmodium falciparum and anaemia and their association with cognitive and education outcomes on the Kenyan coast, an area of moderate malaria transmission.Methods  As part of a cluster randomised trial, a baseline cross‐sectional survey assessed the prevalence of and risk factors for P. falciparum infection and anaemia and the associations between health status and measures of cognition and educational achievement. Results are presented for 2400 randomly selected children who were enrolled in the 51 intervention schools.Results  The overall prevalence of P. falciparum infection and anaemia was 13.0% and 45.5%, respectively. There was marked heterogeneity in the prevalence of P. falciparum infection by school. In multivariable analysis, being male, younger age, not sleeping under a mosquito net and household crowding were adjusted risk factors for P. falciparum infection, whilst P. falciparum infection, being male and indicators of poor nutritional intake were risk factors for anaemia. No association was observed between either P. falciparum or anaemia and performance on tests of sustained attention, cognition, literacy or numeracy.Conclusion  The results indicate that in this moderate malaria transmission setting, P. falciparum is strongly associated with anaemia, but there is no clear association between health status and education. Intervention studies are underway to investigate whether removing the burden of chronic asymptomatic P. falciparum and related anaemia can improve education outcomes.
What is driving people’s dissatisfaction with their own health care in 17 Latin American countries?
Authors: Kim Minah K. , Blendon Robert J. , Benson John M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackground  A number of expert reports have pointed to serious problems with health care in many Latin American countries and argued the need to reform and improve health‐care systems. In addition, the Ministers of Health of the Americas have stated that health systems should be accountable to citizens.Objective  This paper examines, in each of 17 Latin American countries, public dissatisfaction with the health care to which people have access, the proportion of people reporting problems with access to and the cost of health care and the factors that are most important in driving public dissatisfaction.Methods  Data are drawn from a 2007 Latinobarómetro survey of 19 212 adults interviewed face‐to‐face in 17 Latin American countries.Results  The proportion of people expressing dissatisfaction with their health care varies a great deal by country, as do the proportions reporting problems with access to and the cost of health care. Problems with access to care seem to matter most in trying to explain public dissatisfaction with their health care. More traditional measures of health outcomes and resources seem to matter less as drivers of dissatisfaction.Conclusions  For governments trying to improve their citizens’ satisfaction with the health care they receive, the highest priority would be improving people’s basic access to health‐care services. Also, it appears that democratic governments are seen as being more responsive to the public’s needs in health care.
Involving patients in treatment decisions – a delicate balancing act for Swedish dentists
Authors: Röing Marta , Holmström Inger Knutsson 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackground  This study focuses on patients’ participation in treatment decisions related to the delivery of oral health care in the social welfare state of Sweden. In 1985, the National Dental Service Act gave dental patients the right to take an active role in decisions regarding their treatment and, in doing so, strengthened them as consumers. Little is known how dentists in Sweden have adapted to this change.Objective  This study explores how dentists in Sweden perceive and experience involving patients in dental treatment decisions.Design  Data were collected from open‐ended interviews with nineteen dentists, and an inductive qualitative content analysis was chosen to analyse the transcribed interviews.Findings  Involving patients in treatment decisions appeared to be delicate balancing acts between the ideals of patient involvement and the reality of how it is practised in Sweden. These balancing acts in turn revealed obstacles to patient involvement and the role that economy can play on the decisions of some patients regarding their treatment.Conclusions  This study has given insight into a relationship in which some dentists in Sweden find it hard to adapt to and change their professional role with patients who appear to act more as consumers. For these dentists, better practice of patient involvement may require adoption of a more consumerist approach. However, in situations where economy influences patients’ treatment choices, the ideals of patient involvement may remain unattainable.
Assessing patients’ involvement in decision making during the nutritional consultation with a dietitian
Authors: Vaillancourt Hugues , Légaré France , Lapointe Annie , Deschênes Sarah‐Maude , Desroches Sophie 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackground  Shared decision making (SDM) represents an interesting approach to optimize the impact of dietary treatment, but there is no evidence that SDM is commonly integrated into diet‐related health care.Objective  To assess the extent to which dietitians involve patients in decisions about dietary treatment.Methods  We audiotaped dietitians conducting nutritional consultations with their patients, and we transcribed the tapes verbatim. Three trained raters independently evaluated the content of the nutritional consultations using a coding frame based on the 12 items of the French‐language version of the OPTION scale, a validated and reliable third‐observer instrument designed to assess patients’ involvement by examining specific health professionals’ behaviours. Coding was facilitated by the qualitative research software NVivo 8. We assessed internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha and inter‐rater reliability with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).Results  Of the 40 dietitians eligible to participate in the study, 19 took part. We recruited one patient per participating dietitian. The overall mean OPTION score was 29 ± 8% [range, 0% (no patient involvement in the decision] to 100% [high patient involvement)]. The mean duration of consultations was 50 ± 26 min. The OPTION score was positively correlated with the duration of the consultation (r = 0.65, P < 0.01). Internal consistency and inter‐rater reliability were both good (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.72; ICC = 0.65).Conclusion  This study is the first to use a framework based on the OPTION scale to report on dietitians’ involvement of patients in decisions about patients’ dietary treatment. The results suggest that involvement is suboptimal. Interventions to increase patients’ involvement in diet‐related decision making are indicated.
Disruption of trans‐pityol‐mediated attraction by racemic trans‐conophthorin in twig beetle Pityophthorus pubescens
Authors: López S. , González M. , Iturrondobeitia J. C. , Goldarazena A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractTwig beetle Pityophthorus pubescens (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) has been previously associated with the Fusarium circinatum (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae), the pathogen causing pitch canker disease, in P. radiata stands of the Basque Country (Northern Spain). Laboratory and field studies were conducted to evaluate the response of the insect to the racemic mixture of the spiroacetal trans‐7‐methyl‐1,6‐dioxaspiro[4.5]decane, also known as conophthorin. In walking bioassays, addition of 10 and 100 ng of racemic trans‐conophthorin to 1 ng of (±)‐trans‐pityol elicited a negative response in males, whereas females did not show any significant preference. Catches of males in attractant‐baited traps were strongly reduced by racemic trans‐conophthorin at all release rates tested (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/day). In contrast, catches of females were not affected by any of the (±)‐trans‐conophthorin release rate.
Mobile connected dermatoscope and confocal laser scanning microscope: a useful combination applied in facial simple sensitive skin
Authors: Zha W. F. , Song W. M. , Ai J. J. , Xu A. E. 
Published: April 2012

SynopsisLittle is known as the effects of mobile connected dermatoscope services on diagnostic accuracy for sensitive skin. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) can non‐invasively measure the thickness of epidermis. Combination of the two devices to observe sensitive skin may receive unexpected effects. To evaluate the application effect on sensitive skin with the combination of Handyscope and confocal laser scanning microscope. Twenty simple sensitive‐skinned patients and 20 volunteers participated in the study. Cheek, typically, dermoscopic images were obtained from patients, and the changes in the skin texture were observed. Their epidermis thicknesses as well as the volunteers’ were measured so that the thicknesses of the two groups were compared. Dermoscopic pictures of the skin texture obviously showed that dilated capillaries looked like earthworms with pigmented patches more or less floating above, and skin roughness as well as deepened dermatoglyph were also conspicuously present in some patients. The mean epidermal thickness of the patients was 79.01 μm and the volunteers’ was 85.78 μm. The difference between the two groups reached 6.77 μm. There was a statistical significance (P = 0.001). Mobile connected dermatoscope and confocal laser scanning microscope might be the choice for simple sensitive skin investigation.
Development of the hypothalamus and pituitary in platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and short‐beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus)
Authors: Ashwell Ken W. S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe living monotremes (platypus and echidnas) are distinguished by the development of their young in a leathery‐shelled egg, a low and variable body temperature and a primitive teat‐less mammary gland. Their young are hatched in an immature state and must deal with the external environment, with all its challenges of hypothermia and stress, as well as sourcing nutrients from the maternal mammary gland. The Hill and Hubrecht embryological collections have been used to follow the structural development of the monotreme hypothalamus and its connections with the pituitary gland both in the period leading up to hatching and during the lactational phase of development, and to relate this structural maturation to behavioural development. In the incubation phase, development of the hypothalamus proceeds from closure of the anterior neuropore to formation of the lateral hypothalamic zone and putative medial forebrain bundle. Some medial zone hypothalamic nuclei are emerging at the time of hatching, but these are poorly differentiated and periventricular zone nuclei do not appear until the first week of post‐hatching life. Differentiation of the pituitary is also incomplete at hatching, epithelial cords do not develop in the pars anterior until the first week, and the hypothalamo‐neurohypophyseal tract does not appear until the second week of post‐hatching life. In many respects, the structure of the hypothalamus and pituitary of the newly hatched monotreme is similar to that seen in newborn marsupials, suggesting that both groups rely solely on lateral hypothalamic zone nuclei for whatever homeostatic mechanisms they are capable of at birth/hatching.
Quantitative comparison and selection of home range metrics for telemetry data
Authors: Cumming Graeme S. , Cornélis Daniel 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAimHome range (HR) metrics are widely used in ecology and conservation, but the quantitative basis for choosing and parameterizing metrics is weak. Home range estimates are ecological and statistical hypotheses that must balance type I and type II errors. Here, we present and test a new approach to fine‐tuning and comparing HR estimates using the area under the curve (AUC) statistic.LocationTest data are taken from telemetry studies of 44 individual ducks in southern Africa and nine buffaloes in southern and western Africa.MethodsWe use a meta‐analysis of AUC statistics to compare the performance of four standard HR metrics on data from 44 ducks (two species) and nine African buffaloes.ResultsThe AUC method emerges as a useful and accessible statistical tool. It captures clear differences between HR estimators as well as providing a way of fine‐tuning parameters for an individual HR estimate. Code to run the HR AUC analyses in R is provided. As argued by others, we found that kernel density estimators offer the best combination of ecological and statistical validity, while estimators that use minimum convex polygons at any stage of the algorithm perform poorly and should be avoided.Main conclusionsThe AUC statistic provides a readily implementable and straightforward approach to comparing different HR metrics and to selecting parameters for individual metrics. It thus offers a valuable tool for conservation efforts that seek to define HRs for species or populations. The use of the AUC in this new context further contributes to solidifying the interface between species occurrence models and HR estimators.
Looking to the Future: Incorporating Genomic Information into Disparities Research to Reduce Measurement Error and Selection Bias
Authors: Shields Alexandra E. , Crown William H. 
Published: April 2012

ObjectiveTo extend recent conceptual and methodological advances in disparities research to include the incorporation of genomic information in analyses of racial/ethnic disparities in health care and health outcomes.Data SourcesPublished literature on human genetic variation, the role of genetics in disease and response to treatment, and methodological developments in disparities research.Study DesignWe present a conceptual framework for incorporating genomic information into the Institute of Medicine definition of racial/ethnic disparities in health care, identify key concepts used in disparities research that can be informed by genomics research, and illustrate the incorporation of genomic information into current methods using the example of HER‐2 mutations guiding care for breast cancer.Principal FindingsGenomic information has not yet been incorporated into disparities research, though it has direct relevance to concepts of race/ethnicity, health status, appropriate care, and socioeconomic status. The HER‐2 example demonstrates how available genetic information can be incorporated into current disparities methods to reduce selection bias and measurement error. Advances in health information infrastructure may soon make standardized genetic information more available to health services researchers.ConclusionGenomic information can refine measurement of racial/ethnic disparities in health care and health outcomes and should be included wherever possible in disparities research.
Detection of influenza A virus in live bird markets in Kenya, 2009–2011
Authors: Munyua Peninah M. , Githinji Jane W. , Waiboci Lilian W. , Njagi Leonard M. , Arunga Geoffrey , Mwasi Lydia , Murithi Mbabu R. , Macharia Joseph M. , Breiman Robert F. , Kariuki Njenga M. , Katz Mark A. 
Published: April 2012

Please cite this paper as: Munyua et al. (2013) Detection of influenza A virus in live bird markets in Kenya, 2009–2011. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 7(2), 113–119.Background  Surveillance for influenza viruses within live bird markets (LBMs) has been recognized as an effective tool for detecting circulating avian influenza viruses (AIVs). In Sub‐Saharan Africa, limited data exist on AIVs in animal hosts, and in Kenya the presence of influenza virus in animal hosts has not been described.Objectives  This surveillance project aimed to detect influenza A virus in poultry traded in five LBMs in Kenya.Methods  We visited each market monthly and collected oropharyngeal and cloacal specimens from poultry and environmental specimens for virological testing for influenza A by real time RT‐PCR. On each visit, we collected information on the number and types of birds in each market, health status of the birds, and market practices.Results  During March 24, 2009–February 28, 2011, we collected 5221 cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs. Of the 5199 (99·6%) specimens tested, influenza A virus was detected in 42 (0·8%), including 35/4166 (0·8%) specimens from chickens, 3/381 (0·8%) from turkeys, and 4/335 (1·2%) from geese. None of the 317 duck specimens were positive. Influenza was more commonly detected in oropharyngeal [33 (1·3%)] than in cloacal [9 (0·4%)] specimens. None of the 485 environmental specimens were positive. Virus was detected in all five markets during most (14/22) of the months. Ducks and geese were kept longer at the market (median 30 days) than chickens (median 2 days).Conclusions  Influenza A was detected in a small percentage of poultry traded in LBMs in Kenya. Efforts should be made to promote practices that could limit the maintenance and transmission of AIVs in LBMs.
P‐glycoprotein expression in Helicobacter pylori‐positive patients: The influence of MDR1 C3435T polymorphism
Authors: OMAR Marhanis , CROWE Andrew , PARSONS Richard , EE Hooi , TAY Chin Yen , HUGHES Jeffery 
Published: April 2012

OBJECTIVE:  The aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) C3435T polymorphism had an influence on P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) expression in the upper gastrointestinal tract.METHODS:  A total of 76 patients who underwent upper gastroendoscopy at Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital in Western Australia from October 2010 to July 2011 were enrolled in the study. Antral and duodenal biopsies were collected for P‐gp examination. Blood samples were taken and analyzed for MDR1 C3435T polymorphism. H. pylori infection status was confirmed by culture and polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS:  A significant difference was found in P‐gp expression between H. pylori‐positive and H. pylori‐negative patients (P = 0.028). For the MDR1 C3435T polymorphism, the TT genotype had a significantly lower P‐gp expression compared with the CC genotype in antral specimens (P = 0.041). The homozygous TT genotype with H. pylori infection was also significantly different in P‐gp expression compared with H. pylori‐negative patients (P = 0.029).CONCLUSIONS:  P‐gp expression in the upper gastrointestinal tract is associated with H. pylori infection, and the TT genotype appeared to be associated with lower P‐gp expression than the CC genotype in the stomach.
Case of thoracoscopic right upper lobectomy for lung cancer with tracheal bronchus and a pulmonary vein variation
Authors: Yurugi Y , Nakamura H , Taniguchi Y , Miwa K , Fujioka S , Haruki T , Takagi Y , Matsuoka Y , Kubouchi Y 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA 58‐year‐old woman visited our hospital with the chief complaint of an abnormal chest shadow. Chest CT showed an 18‐mm ground‐glass opacity in the right upper lobe, which became enlarged over time, and lung cancer was suspected. At the same time, a tracheal bronchus originating directly from the trachea was observed. She underwent thoracoscopic right upper lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection. During surgery, in addition to the tracheal bronchus, a pulmonary vein variation was seen running dorsal to the pulmonary artery. Her postoperative course was uneventful. Tracheal bronchus is a rare anomaly, with an incidence of 0.1%–5%. Since tracheal bronchus is often accompanied by pulmonary vessel variations and may be associated with repeated previous infections, care should be taken when performing thoracoscopic lung resection.
Thoracic empyema due to migrated endoclips after laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Saito Y , Shibata S , Akayama K , Takahashi T 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe describe the case of a patient who developed right thoracic empyema 1 year after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The patient experienced right chest pain and swelling; radiography and CT showed an intrathoracic abscess penetrating the extrathoracic space and the presence of metal clips over the diaphragm. After drainage of the subcutaneous abscess, fluid accumulation decreased; bacterial examination showed no positive findings. Another year later, the patient's condition relapsed. We thought that the empyema may have been caused by endoclips that had migrated. We performed thoracoplasty and retrieved three endoclips from the intrathoracic empyema cavity. The patient showed good recovery after the operation.
The predictive validity of implicit measures of self‐determined motivation across health‐related behaviours
Authors: Keatley David , Clarke David. D. , Hagger Martin S. 
Published: April 2012

Objective. Research on health‐related behaviour has typically adopted deliberative models of motivation and explicit measures. However, growing support for implicit processes in motivation and health‐related behaviour has caused a shift towards developing models that incorporate implicit and explicit processes.Methods. The current research advances this area by comparing the predictive validity of a newly developed implicit measure of motivation from self‐determination theory (SDT) with explicit measures of motivation for 20 health‐related behaviours, in a sample of undergraduate students (N= 162). A dual systems model was developed to test whether implicit motivation provided unique prediction of behaviour.Results. Structural equation models for each behaviour indicated some support for the role of implicit measures; explicit measures and intention provided more consistent, significant prediction across most behaviours.Conclusions. This study provides some support for dual systems models, and offers an important contribution to understanding why some behaviours may be better predicted by either implicit or explicit measures. Future implications for implicit processes and SDT are outlined.Statement of contributionWhat is already known on this subject? Previous research has highlighted the unique effects of implicit processes on goal‐directed behaviour. Several studies have supported the role of implicit processes in motivation.What does this study add? The current study adds to the previous literature by investigating the role of implicit processes and self‐determination theory. Furthermore, the current study uses a relatively novel implicit measure across a wide range of behaviours. Finally, the current study incorporates a dual‐systems model to provide a conceptual understanding of the findings.