bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osteocytic network is more responsive in calcium signaling than osteoblastic network under fluid flow
Authors: Lu X Lucas , Huo Bo , Chiang Victor , Guo X Edward 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Osteocytes, regarded as the mechanical sensor in bone, respond to mechanical stimulation by activating biochemical pathways and mediating the cellular activities of other bone cells. Little is known about how osteocytic networks respond to physiological mechanical stimuli. In this study, we compared the mechanical sensitivity of osteocytic and osteoblastic networks under physiological-related fluid shear stress (0.5 to 4 Pa). The intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) responses in micropatterned in vitro osteoblastic or osteocytic networks were recorded and analyzed. Osteocytes in the network showed highly repetitive spikelike [Ca2+]i peaks under fluid flow stimulation, which are dramatically different from those in the osteoblastic network. The number of responsive osteocytes in the network remained at a constant high percentage (&gt;95%) regardless of the magnitude of shear stress, whereas the number of responsive osteoblasts in the network significantly depends on the strength of fluid flow. All spatiotemporal parameters of calcium signaling demonstrated that osteocytic networks are more sensitive and dynamic than osteoblastic networks, especially under low-level mechanical stimulations. Furthermore, pathway studies were performed to identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for the differences in [Ca2+]i signaling between osteoblastic and osteocytic networks. The results suggested that the T-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) expressed on osteocytes may play an essential role in the unique kinetics of [Ca2+]i signaling in osteocytic networks, whereas the L-type VGCC is critical for both types of cells to release multiple [Ca2+]i peaks. The extracellular calcium source and intracellular calcium store in ER-, ATP-, PGE2-, NO-, and caffeine-related pathways are found to play similar roles in the [Ca2+]i signaling for both osteoblasts and osteocytes. The findings in this study proved that osteocytic networks possess unique characteristics in sensing and processing mechanical signals. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Odanacatib treatment increases hip bone mass and cortical thickness by preserving endocortical bone formation and stimulating periosteal bone formation in the ovariectomized adult rhesus monkey
Authors: Cusick Tara , Chen Charles M , Pennypacker Brenda L , Pickarski Maureen , Kimmel Donald B , Scott Boyd B , Duong Le T 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Odanacatib (ODN) is a selective and reversible inhibitor of cathepsin K (CatK). Previously, ODN was shown to increase bone mineral density (BMD) and maintained normal bone strength at the spine in ovariectomized (OVX) rhesus monkeys. Here, we further characterize the effects of ODN on BMD, bone strength, and dynamic histomorphometric analyses of the hip from the same monkeys. Animals were treated for 21 months with vehicle, 6 or 30 mg/kg ODN (p.o., q.d.). ODN increased femoral neck (FN) BMD by 11% and 15% (p &lt; 0.07) and ultimate load by 25% (p &lt; 0.05) and 30% (p &lt; 0.01) versus vehicle. Treatment-related increases in ultimate load positively correlated with the increased FN BMD, bone mineral content (BMC), and cortical thickness. Histomorphometry of FN and proximal femur (PF) revealed that ODN reduced trabecular and intracortical bone formation rate (BFR) but did not affect long-term endocortical BFR. Moreover, ODN stimulated long-term FN and PF periosteal BFR by 3.5-fold and 6-fold with the 30 mg/kg dose versus vehicle, respectively. Osteoclast surfaces were either unaffected or trended higher (∼twofold) in endocortical and trabecular surfaces in the ODN group. Lastly, ODN increased cortical thickness of FN by 21% (p = 0.08) and PF by 19% (p &lt; 0.05) versus vehicle after 21 months of treatment. Together, both doses of ODN increased bone mass and improved bone strength at the hip. Unlike conventional antiresorptives, ODN displayed site-specific effects on trabecular versus cortical bone formation. The drug provided marked increases in periosteal bone formation and cortical thickness in OVX monkeys, suggesting that CatK inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of osteoporosis. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Lack of expression of SERPINF1, the gene coding for pigment epithelium-derived factor, causes progressively deforming osteogenesis imperfecta with normal type I collagen
Authors: Venturi Giacomo , Gandini Alberto , Monti Elena , Carbonare Luca Dalle , Corradi Massimiliano , Vincenzi Monica , Valenti Maria Teresa , Valli Maurizia , Pelilli Enrico , Boner Attilio , Mottes Monica , Antoniazzi Franco 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a clinically heterogeneous heritable connective tissue disorder, characterized by low bone mass and reduced strength, which result in susceptibility to fracture and bone deformities. In most cases it is caused by dominant mutations in type I collagen genes, COL1A1 and COL1A2. Recessive forms, which collectively account for approximately 5% of cases of osteogenesis imperfecta detected in North America and Europe, are caused instead by mutations in various genes coding for proteins involved in collagen posttranslational modifications, folding, and secretion. A novel disease locus, SERPINF1, coding for pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), has been found recently. In SERPINF1 mutants described so far, synthesis, posttranslational modification, and secretion of type I collagen were reported to be normal. Here we describe three siblings born to consanguineous parents, who show an initially mild and then progressively worsening form of OI with severe deformities of the long bones. They are homozygous for a frameshift mutation in exon 4 of the SERPINF1 gene, which leads to lack of the transcription/translation product, likely a key factor in bone deposition and remodeling. Synthesis and secretion of type I collagen are normal. Clinical, radiographic, histological, and histomorphometric data from the proband are reminiscent of the distinctive features of type VI OI. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The stability of small helical gold nanorods: A relativistic density functional study
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Jing , Hamilton Ian , Krawczyk Robert P. , Schwerdtfeger Peter 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMultistrand 7‐1 helical Au24, Au32, and Au40 structures with three, four, and five gold atoms in the central strand and 21, 28, and 35 gold atoms in the coaxial tube are investigated using relativistic density functional theory. We demonstrate that these helical gold nanorods are stable structures with a rather large HOMO–LUMO gap, a large binding energy per atom, a very large vertical dissociation energy, and an extremely large electron affinity. On the basis of the atomic charges and the nature of the frontier orbitals, they are also expected to have strong selective reactivity toward electrophiles and nucleophiles. Furthermore, we show that these helical Aun structures and, in particular, the helical Au40 structure are competitive energetically and chemically with respect to alternate cage and compact Aun structures. We consider two fragmentations of the helical Au40 structure and perform a density of states analysis to examine both charge transfer and electronic polarization. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2012
Reproducibility of sonographic measurement of thickness and echogenicity of the plantar fascia
Authors: Cheng Ju‐Wen , Tsai Wen‐Chung , Yu Tung‐Yang , Huang Kuo‐Yao 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground.To evaluate the intra‐ and interrater reliability of ultrasonographic measurements of the thickness and echogenicity of the plantar fascia.Methods.Eleven patients (20 feet), who complained of inferior heel pain, and 26 volunteers (52 feet) were enrolled. Two sonographers independently imaged the plantar fascia in both longitudinal and transverse planes. Volunteers were assessed twice to evaluate intrarater reliability. Quantitative evaluation of the echogenicity of the plantar fascia was performed by measuring the mean gray level of the region of interest using Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine viewer software.Results.Sonographic evaluation of the thickness of the plantar fascia showed high reliability. Sonographic evaluations of the presence or absence of hypoechoic change in the plantar fascia showed surprisingly low agreement. The reliability of gray‐scale evaluations appears to be much better than subjective judgments in the evaluation of echogenicity. Transverse scanning did not show any advantage in sonographic evaluation of the plantar fascia.Conclusions.The reliability of sonographic examination of the thickness of the plantar fascia is high. Mean gray‐level analysis of quantitative sonography can be used for the evaluation of echogenicity, which could reduce discrepancies in the interpretation of echogenicity by different sonographers. Longitudinal instead of transverse scanning is recommended for imaging the plantar fascia. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011
A syringe‐focused ultrasound device for simultaneous injection of DNA and gene transfer
Authors: Li Yuanli , Wang Jue , Grebogi Celso , Foote Michael , Liu Feng 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackgroundAlthough known for its success in ameliorating muscle disorders, ultrasound (US)‐mediated gene transfer in skeletal muscle has recently shown potential for treating a wide range of therapeutic applications. The disadvantages of the technique, however, including its relatively low transfer efficiency and toxic effects resulting in tissue damage, have impeded clinical progress. We describe a novel syringe‐focused US device of our design that combines simultaneous DNA injection and US irradiation to resolve these issues, achieving improved DNA uptake for high expression and lowering the incidence of tissue injury.MethodsThe novel, syringe‐focused US device was used to introduce purified plasmid DNA encoding human neprilysin (hNEP) into mouse hindlimb skeletal muscle concurrent with US protocol (1.7 MHz, 1 W/cm2, 1‐min exposure time). hNEP expression was measured in local skeletal muscle, blood serum and brain by immunoassay at different post‐injection time points. The incidence of muscle fiber damage was subsequently assessed by Evans Blue dye (EBD) uptake using fluorescence microscopy.ResultsThe syringe‐US device at the first time enabled simultaneous combination of DNA transfer and US stimulation gives rise to two months of gene expression of the encoded polypeptide as it is measured, at the same time as withstanding minor tissue damage. In addition, DNA injection without US treatment failed to induce hNEP expression.ConclusionsThis new technique provides a simple, safe and efficient nonviral gene delivery approach in skeletal muscle and shows promising applications for gene therapy of human disease, such as Alzheimer's disease. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topography and ultrastructure of the tegument of Lecithochirium musculus (digenea: Hemiuridae), a parasite of the European eel Anguilla anguilla (osteichthyes: Anguillidae)
Authors: Filippi Jean‐José , Quilichini Yann , Foata Joséphine , Marchand Bernard 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe tegumental ultrastructure of the stomach fluke Lecithochirium musculus was studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The surface of the tegument was smooth and covered by transverse cytoplasmic ridges. Cobblestone‐like units of the tegument were observed on the ventral surface. Invagination and evagination of the ecsoma induced variations in the tegumental surface. The ultrastructural study revealed that the tegument of L. musculus had a typical syncytial organization with a distal cytoplasm lying over a basal matrix and cytons. Two types of intra‐tegumental sensory structures were observed. Type 1 sensory receptor was a domed‐like fusiform structure consisting of a smooth elevation of the tegument. Four receptors of this type were observed on the anterior dorsal surface of the fluke. Three nerve bulbs filled with electron‐lucent material and mitochondria composed this receptor. Hemispherical electron‐dense collars were observed at the top of the nerve bulbs. Striated rootlets laid just beneath the hemispherical electron‐dense collars. Type 2 sensory receptor presented two morphological variations, i.e., a bulb‐like monolobed structure, and a bulb‐like bilobed structure observed at two different degrees of evagination. For both variations, the nerve bulb enclosed mitochondria, electron‐lucent material, and a conical electron‐dense collar from which extended a striated rootlet. Numerous sensory receptors of this type were observed around the ventral sucker. J. Morphol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regional variation in morphology of vertebral centra and intervertebral joints in striped bass, Morone saxatilis
Authors: Nowroozi B.N. , Harper C.J. , De Kegel B. , Adriaens D. , Brainerd E.L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe vertebral column of fishes has traditionally been divided into just two distinct regions, abdominal and caudal. Recently, however, developmental, morphological, and mechanical investigations have brought this traditional regionalization scheme into question. Alternative regionalization schema advocate the division of the abdominal vertebrae into cervical, abdominal, and in some cases, transitional regions. Here, we investigate regional variation at the level of the vertebrae and intervertebral joint (IVJ) tissues in the striped bass, Morone saxatilis. We use gross dissection, histology, and polarized light imaging to quantify vertebral height, width, length, IVJ length, IVJ tissue volume and cross‐sectional area, and vertical septum fiber populations, and angles of insertion. Our results reveal regional differences between the first four (most rostral) abdominal vertebrae and IVJs and the next six abdominal vertebrae and IVJs, supporting the recognition of a distinct cervical region. We found significant variation in vertebral length, width, and height from cranial to caudal. In addition, we see a significant decline in the volume of notochordal cells and the cross‐sectional area of the fibrous sheath from cranial to caudal. Further, polarized light imaging revealed four distinct fiber populations within the vertical septum in the cervical and abdominal regions in contrast with just one fiber population found in the caudal region. Measurement of the insertion angles of these fiber populations revealed significant differences between the cervical and abdominal regions. Differences in vertebral, IVJ, and vertical septum morphology all predict greater range of motion and decreased stiffness in the caudal region of the fish compared with the cervical and abdominal regions. J. Morphol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Minocycline protects SH‐SY5Y cells from 6‐hydroxydopamine by inhibiting both caspase‐dependent and ‐independent programmed cell death
Authors: Ossola Bernardino , Lantto Tiina A. , Puttonen Katja A. , Tuominen Raimo K. , Raasmaja Atso , Männistö Pekka T. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMinocycline, a tetracyclic antibiotic, exerts both antiinflammation by acting on microglia and a direct protection on neurons by inhibiting the apoptotic machinery at various levels. However, we are not aware of any study investigating the effects of minocycline on caspase‐independent programmed cell death (PCD) pathways. This study investigated these alternative pathways in SH‐SY5Y cells, a human dopaminergic cell line, challenged with 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA). Minocycline exhibited neuroprotection and inhibition of the toxin‐induced caspase‐3‐like activity, DNA fragmentation, and chromatin condensation, hallmarks of apoptosis. Moreover, we revealed that 6‐OHDA also activated caspase‐independent PCDs (such as paraptosis), which required de novo protein synthesis. Additionally, by separately monitoring caspase‐dependent and caspase‐independent pathways, we showed that inhibition of apoptosis only partially explained the protective effect of minocycline. Moreover, we observed that minocycline reduced the protein content of cells but, unexpectedly, increased the protein synthesis. These findings suggest that minocycline may actually increase protein degradation, so it may also accelerate the clearance of aberrant proteins. In conclusion, we report for the first time evidence indicating that minocycline may inhibit PCD pathways that are additional to conventional apoptosis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analyses of annual and seasonal maximum daily rainfall accumulations for Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania
Authors: Villarini Gabriele 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAnnual and seasonal maximum daily rainfall time series from 44 rain gages in Romania, Ukraine, and Moldova are used to examine questions related to the validity of the stationarity assumption, the dependence of extreme rainfall on elevation, and its upper tail properties during the 20th century. Analyses are performed both at the annual and seasonal scales. The validity of the stationarity assumption is examined by testing the records for abrupt and slowly varying changes. The presence of change‐points in the mean and variance of the daily maximum rainfall distribution is assessed using the nonparametric Pettitt test, while the presence of monotonic patterns is examined using the nonparametric Mann‐Kendall and Spearman tests. These results indicate that most of the violations of the stationarity assumption are related to abrupt rather than slowly varying changes, and that it is difficult to detect an anthropogenic climate change signal in these records. The generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution is used as modelling framework to investigate the dependence of extreme rainfall on elevation and its upper tail properties. Both at the annual and seasonal scales there is no strong dependence of the parameters of the GEV distribution on elevation. These records point to an unbounded‐above and heavy‐tail behaviour, and discussion of these upper tail properties in light of mixtures of different rainfall‐generating mechanisms is provided. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Integration and organization of trauma memories and posttraumatic symptoms
Authors: O'Kearney Richard , Hunt Aliza , Wallace Nancy 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTo examine the connection between trauma memory integration in personal memory, memory organization, and posttraumatic symptom severity, 47 trauma‐exposed adults undertook an event‐cuing task for their trauma memory and for a memorable nontraumatic negative event. Measures of integration provided by self‐endorsement, rated by naïve judges, or calculated from the language of the memories, did not significantly predict posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity after adjusting for age, time since the event, anxiety when disclosing, familiarity of the memory, and integration of nontrauma memory. Less use of casual connectives in the trauma memory narrative was associated with higher trauma‐related avoidance (r = .33; p = .03), whereas self‐rating of the trauma memory as disorganized was associated with higher overall symptom severity (r = .42; p = .006).
Ab initio calculations and RRKM/Master Equation modeling of chloroalkanes → alkenes + HCl reactions for use in comparative rate studies
Authors: Burgess Jr. Donald R. , Manion Jeffrey A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis paper reports computations that were done in conjunction with an experimental study, reported in an accompanying paper, involving single pulse shock tube measurements of the thermal decomposition of 2‐chloropropane, chlorocyclopentane, and chorocyclohexane. The overall aim of the combined work is to provide a well‐defined, self‐consistent, and reliable set of rate constants for those species over an extended temperature range for use as reference reactions in comparative rate studies. To provide additional validation of the results for the compounds of direct interest, the dehydrochlorination reactions of the related compounds chloroethane, 1‐chloropropane, and 2‐chlorobutane are also considered. The present work reviews and summarizes the literature information regarding the molecular properties, thermochemistry, and chemical kinetic data for the above six alkyl chlorides. Quantum chemical methods are used to compute the structure and energies of reactants, products, and transition states and the fundamental nature of these types of reaction (four‐centered “semi‐ion pair” transition states) is discussed. The experimental and theoretical results are compared in detail, and uncertainties are assessed. The computations are used, in conjunction with experimentally determined rate constants, to develop Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM)/Master Equation models and thereby allow extrapolation of the experimental data over an extended range of temperatures. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*This article is a U.S. Government work and, as such, is in the public domain of the United States of America.
Int J Chem Kinet 44: 369–385, 2012
Standard reactions for comparative rate studies: Experiments on the dehydrochlorination reactions of 2‐chloropropane, chlorocyclopentane, and chlorocyclohexane
Authors: Awan Iftikhar A. , Burgess Jr. Donald R. , Tsang Wing , Manion Jeffrey A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSingle pulse shock tube studies of the thermal dehydrochlorination reactions (chlorocyclopentane → cyclopentene + HCl) and (chlorocyclohexane → cyclohexene + HCl) at temperatures of 843–1021 K and pressures of 1.4–2.4 bar have been carried out using the comparative rate technique. Rate constants have been measured relative to (2‐chloropropane → propene + HCl) and the decyclization reactions of cyclohexene, 4‐methylcyclohexene, and 4‐vinylcyclohexene. Absolute rate constants have been derived using k(cyclohexene → ethene + butadiene) = 1.4 × 1015 exp(−33,500/T) s−1. These data provide a self‐consistent temperature scale of use in the comparison of chemical systems studied with different temperature standards. A combined analysis of the present results with the literature data from lower temperature static studies leads to

k(2‐chloropropane) = 10(13.98±0.08) exp(−26, 225 ± 130) K/T) s−1; 590–1020 K; 1–3 bar
k(chlorocylopentane) = 10(13.65 ± 0.10) exp(−24,570 ± 160) K/T) s−1; 590–1020 K; 1–3 bar
k(chlorocylohexane) = 10(14.33 ± 0.10) exp(−25,950 ± 180) K/T) s−1; 590–1020 K; 1–3 bar

Including systematic uncertainties, expanded standard uncertainties are estimated to be about 15% near 600 K rising to about 25% at 1000 K. At 2 bar and 1000 K, the reactions are only slightly under their high‐pressure limits, but falloff effects rapidly become significant at higher temperatures. On the basis of computational studies and Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM)/Master Equation modeling of these and reference dehydrochlorination reactions, reported in more detail in an accompanying article, the following high‐pressure limits have been derived:

k∞ (2‐chloropropane) = 5.74 × 109T1.37 exp(−25,680/T) s−1; 600–1600 K
k∞ (chlorocylopentane) = 7.65 × 107T1.75 exp(−23,320/T) s−1; 600–1600 K
k∞ (chlorocylohexane) = 8.25 × 109T1.34 exp(−25,010/T) s−1; 600–1600 K

© 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*This article is a U.S. Government work and, as such, is in the public domain of the United States of America.
Int J Chem Kinet 44: 351–368, 2012