bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proteomics is not only a biomarker discovery tool
Authors: Martins‐de‐Souza Daniel 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe relatively young science of proteomics has been extensively used to identify biomarkers. However, a detailed and careful interpretation of proteomics data can also provide a clear picture of integrated biochemical systems, which can lead to a better comprehension of pathological processes. For example, the proteome analysis of human brain tissue from patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or multiple sclerosis compared with healthy controls has identified differentially expressed proteins that may not only be potential biomarkers but may also provide information that may increase the comprehension of these neurological disorders. Thus, proteomics is not only a biomarker discovery tool but can also identify potential players of relevance for diseases.
Studies on Advanced RDX/TATB Based Low Vulnerable Sheet Explosives with HTPB Binder
Authors: Joseph Michael D. , Jangid Suresh K. , Satpute Ravindra S. , Polke Bhagwan G. , Nath Tribhuran , Asthana Shri N. , Rao Alapati Subhananda 
Published: August 2009

AbstractHydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) based sheet explosives incorporating insensitive 1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB) as a part replacement of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) have been prepared during this work. The effect of incorporation of TATB on physical, thermal, and sensitivity behavior as well as initiation by small and high caliber shaped charges has been determined. Composition containing 85% dioctyl phthalate (DOP) coated RDX and 15% HTPB binder was taken as control. The incorporation of 10–20% TATB at the cost of RDX led to a remarkable increase in density (1.43→1.49 g cm−3) and tensile strength (10→15 kg cm−2) compared to the control composition RDX/HTPB(85/15). RDX/TATB/HTPB based compositions were found less vulnerable to shock stimuli. Shock sensitivity was found to be of the order of 20.0–29.2 GPa as against 18.0 GPa for control composition whereas their energetics in terms of velocity of detonation (VOD) were altered marginally. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG) studies brought out that compositions undergo major decomposition in the temperature region of 170–240 °C.
Thermal Behavior and Thermolysis Kinetics of the Explosive Trans‐1,4,5,8‐Tetranitro‐1,4,5,8‐Tetraazadecalin (TNAD)
Authors: Yan Qi‐Long , Li Xiao‐Jiang , Chen Zhi‐Qun , Ren Xiao‐Ning , Nie Li‐Hua 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTrans‐1,4,5,8‐Tetranitro‐1,4,5,8‐Tetraazadecalin (TNAD), a cyclic nitroamine, has been studied with regard to the kinetics and mechanism of thermal decomposition, using thermogravimetry (TG), IR spectroscopy, and pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC). The IR spectra of TNAD have also been recorded, and the kinetics of thermolysis has been followed by non‐isothermal TG. The activation energy of the solid‐state process was determined by using the Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa method. Compared with the activation energy obtained from the Ozawa method, the reaction mechanism of the exothermic process of TNAD was classified by the Coats‐Redfern method as a nucleation and nuclear growth (Avrami equation 1) chemical reaction (α=0.30–0.60) and a 2D diffusion (Valensi equation) chemical reaction (α=0.60–0.90). Ea and ln A were established to be 330.14 kJ mol−1 and 29.93 (α=0.30–0.60) or 250.30 kJ mol−1 and 21.62 (α=0.60–0.90).
Near Real‐Time Standoff Detection of Explosives in a Realistic Outdoor Environment at 55 m Distance
Authors: Pettersson Anna , Johansson Ida , Wallin Sara , Nordberg Markus , Östmark Henric 
Published: August 2009

AbstractStandoff identification of explosives at distances of up to 55 m has been performed by applying spontaneous Raman spectroscopy. This work has been focused on detection in a realistic environment, using an outdoors test field and performing experiments under varying weather conditions such as rain‐ or snowfall or bright sunshine. The instrumentation, based on a 532 nm pulsed laser source combined with gated detection, proved the performance insensitive to weather variations. Investigated HMEs and precursors were TATP, HMTD, HP, MEKP, NM, NB, and IPN; all in bulk quantities. The time needed for acquiring spectra was typically between single pulse (5 ns) and 10 s. Detection through green and brown glass bottles and PET bottles were tried and found viable.
Comparison of ITO prepared by capacitive RF magnetron sputtering and DC facing target sputtering as an anode on the organic light emitting diode
Authors: Kim Sang Ho , Yoon Chul 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIndium–tin‐oxide (ITO) deposited by conventional capacitive RF magnetron sputtering (rf MS), DC facing target sputtering (dc FTS) and two postannealed samples of these were compared. Comparison of the ITOs aimed at investigating the surface and microstructure effect on the electrical and optical properties of ITOs and how much those facts contribute to enhance the driving voltage and luminescence of build in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Two sputtering methods and postannealing gave ITOs of similar sheet resistivity but those have a different microstructure and surface morphologies. Accordingly, the OLED's performance was fairly different. At as deposited condition by both sputtering methods ITOs were not crystalline and the sheet resistances were ∼40 Ω/sq., after postannealing those showed a same (400) preferred growth orientation and the sheet resistances were increased to ∼100 Ω/sq. However, the surface roughness and microstructure were different. The surface roughness of ITO by dc FTS was 0.2 nm in rms at as deposited condition but increased to 1.5 nm after postannealing. While that by rf MS was 0.9 nm in fresh and was 5.4 nm after postannealing. Microstructure by dc FTS was equi‐axed, on the while that by capacitive rf MS was almost columnar. Current density–voltage–luminescence (I–V–L) characteristics of OLED showed better performances with ITO by dc FTS after postannealing which has equi‐axed grain structure with many fine needles like spikes at surface. For better hole injection at ITO surface that results in better I–V–L characteristics of OLED, therefore, the fine surface with relevant roughness and equi‐axed grains was seemed to be preferable.
Ferroelectricity and gradual melting in NaNO2 particles confined within porous alumina
Authors: Tien Cheng , Charnaya E. V. , Podorozhkin D. Yu. , Lee M. K. , Baryshnikov S. V. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractNMR and dielectric studies were carried out for ferroelectric NaNO2 embedded into porous alumina. 23Na spin‐lattice relaxation and static lineshape were measured within a large temperature range covering the ferroelectric phase transition in bulk sodium nitrite till NaNO2 melting. The coexistence of the crystalline and melted states of confined sodium nitrite was observed above 400 K, gradual melting being over at about 510 K. The solid portion of confined sodium nitrite bore ferroelectricity with phase transition temperature higher than that in bulk NaNO2. Correlation time of molecular mobility in the melted fraction was found and activation enthalpy was estimated.
The SILICOMB cellular structure: Mechanical and dielectric properties
Authors: Lira C. , Scarpa F. , Olszewska M. , Celuch M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this work, the mechanical and dielectric properties of a novel centresymmetric honeycomb structure (SILICOMB) are evaluated using finite element (FE) and finite difference time domain (FDTD) models as well as experimental results. The numerical analysis of the in‐plane mechanical properties has been carried out on the full scale and on the representative volume element (RVE) model. The FE model results are compared with the outcome of a series of experimental compressive tests carried out on core structures manufactured using fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique. The comparison with the set of results highlights the specific deformation mechanism of the repetitive cell geometry. Full‐wave FDTD analysis as well as quasi‐electrostatic calculations have been run to investigate in‐plane dielectric properties. Electromagnetic simulations, over a wide frequency band, allow the characterisation of the SILICOMB structure by two effective permittivity functions. Effective permittivity functions are frequency, polarisation and geometry dependent. Multiple geometry parameters to be used to design the honeycomb configurations for multifunctional applications are thus identified and discussed in the paper.
Auxeticity of cubic materials
Authors: Brańka A. C. , Heyes D. M. , Wojciechowski K. W. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA general expression for the directionally anisotropic Poisson's ratio (PR) of cubic materials under external pressure is discussed. It is expressed in terms of the elastic moduli ratios, X = G/K, Y = G/W, where K is the bulk modulus and G, W are shear moduli, and where the mechanical stability criteria are taken into account. The global maximum and global minimum PR surfaces are shown. In the X, Y‐plane, regions of different auxetic behavior are identified, and a straightforward way of classifying any cubic material as auxetic, nonauxetic, and completely auxetic is given. The domains of the different extreme directions, for which the PR shows either a global maximum or a global minimum for given X, Y, are identified and discussed. There are three extreme directions: [100], [110], and a novel, noncrystallographic one denoted as the V3‐direction. The main features of the V3 extreme direction and corresponding XY‐regions are described. It is found that the most extreme PR values can be achieved exclusively in the very limited domain of the X, Y‐plane, corresponding to the V3‐direction, and for X, Y → 0, the absolute value of the PR becomes unbounded. Analysis of literature data on real materials demonstrates that the great majority of cubic materials are nonauxetics or auxetics (with the [110] extreme direction). The materials possessing very large (i.e., PR > 2) and very small (i.e., PR < −1) PR values are identified.
Numerical and analytical modelling of multi‐layer adhesive–film interface systems
Authors: Chirima Gleny T. , Zied Khaled M. , Ravirala Naveen , Alderson Kim L. , Alderson Andrew 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper reports the use of finite element modelling (FEM) simulations of the through‐thickness Young's and shear moduli of alternating film–adhesive multi‐layer interface materials. The FEM results were compared with analytical modified rule of mixtures (RM) predictions. Two representative adhesives (‘low’ and ‘high’ Young's moduli, with respect to the film Young's modulus) were used in combination with both conventional and auxetic films. Enhancements in the Young's modulus and shear modulus of the interface were predicted for the low modulus adhesive systems for both conventional and auxetic films. The auxetic film–low modulus adhesive systems showed enhancements by at least a factor of 2 in the through‐thickness mechanical properties compared to the conventional film–low modulus adhesive systems. Of the high modulus adhesive systems, only the auxetic film system showed enhancements in through‐thickness mechanical properties. The conventional film–high modulus adhesive systems showed a decrease in the through‐thickness Young's and shear moduli.
Influence of carbon fibre on the through‐the‐thickness NPR behaviour of composite laminates
Authors: Harkati E. H. , Bezazi A. , Boukharouba W. , Scarpa F. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis work is concerned with the influence of carbon fibre, resin types and fibre volume fraction on the through the thickness Poisson's ratio of composite laminates. Different types of carbon fibres in various resins with several fibre volume fractions ranging between 65 and 80% are analysed to show the effect of each parameters on the values of the Poisson's ratios ν13 of the laminates balanced of the type [±θ]2S.
Therapeutic effect of the saponin fraction from Clematis chinensis Osbeck roots on osteoarthritis induced by monosodium iodoacetate through protecting articular cartilage
Authors: Wu Wenjun , Xu Xianxiang , Dai Yue , Xia Lunzhu 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of the saponin fraction from Clematis chinensis Osbeck roots (SFC) on an osteoarthritis model in rats and to explore its underlying mechanisms. Osteoarthritis was induced by intraarticular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) into knee joints of rats, and SFC and diclofenac were orally administered once a day for 28 consecutive days. Joint swelling, macroscopic observation, histological assessment and proteoglycan (PG) degradation were examined. In vitro, cultured rabbit chondrocytes were stimulated with MIA and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), respectively. The effects of SFC on MIA‐ and SNP‐induced chondrocyte injury were examined by MTT assay. It was shown that SFC (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) dose‐dependently reduced cartilage injury and PG degradation induced by MIA. Diclofenac (4 mg/kg) only slightly alleviated cartilage injury and PG degradation. SFC also prevented SNP‐ or MIA‐induced rabbit chondrocyte impairment. These results indicate that SFC is effective in ameliorating joint destruction and cartilage erosion in MIA‐induced osteoarthritic in rats, and the mechanisms of action for protecting articular cartilage are through preventing extracellular matrix degradation and chondrocyte injury. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a Large Animal Model for Investigating Resuscitation After Blast and Hemorrhage
Authors: Garner J. P. , Watts S. , Parry C. , Bird J. , Kirkman E. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackgroundBlast injuries are an increasing problem owing to the widespread terrorist threat, but hemorrhage remains the second leading cause of civilian trauma death. Against this background, increasing numbers of prehospital and military trauma organizations are advocating a hypotensive approach to resuscitation of the hypovolemic casualty, deliberately aiming not to achieve a normal blood pressure so as not to disturb any newly formed blood clots at the site of a vascular injury.MethodsThere are no data available to guide clinicians as to how best to resuscitate the blast‐injured casualty who has also suffered a hemorrhagic injury. A large‐scale program was initiated to examine this question and to offer clinical guidance on the optimal resuscitation strategy in such circumstances in terms of volume, type of fluid, speed of resuscitation, and appropriate endpoints. Before such experiments could be undertaken, a novel large animal model of blast and hemorrhage had to be devised and validated. This study outlines the derivation of such a large animal model utilizing terminally anesthetized Large White pigs exposed to a standardized primary blast wave followed by a controlled hemorrhage of 30% of the total blood volume.Results and conclusionThe preliminary results confirm the reliability and reproducibility of this model.
Breast Cancer Care in Developing Countries
Authors: Agarwal Gaurav , Ramakant Pooja , Sánchez Forgach Ernesto R. , Rendón Jorge Carrasco , Chaparro Juan Manuel , Basurto Carlos Sánchez , Margaritoni Marko 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackgroundBreast cancer is the commonest cancer of women the world over, and its incidence is rising, especially in developing countries, where the disease poses a major health care challenge. This growing incidence in developing countries reflects the advanced stage at diagnosis, low levels of public awareness of the risk for the disease, and poor medical infrastructure and expertise, with the resultant poor treatment outcomes.MethodsThis article provides a collective edited summary of the presentations at the symposium titled “Breast Cancer Care in Developing Countries,” held as part of the Breast Surgery International program at the International Surgical week 2007, Montreal, Canada, August 2007. The aim of the presentations was to bring out the diverse clinical pathological and outcomes‐related facts of breast cancer care available to women in several countries. As the incidence of breast cancer continues to rise steadily in the developing world, the lack of awareness of this disease and the absence of breast cancer screening programs make it almost certain that the majority of breast cancers are diagnosed at an advanced stage. In addition, the quality of care available for breast cancer patients varies widely according to where the patient is treated.ResultsThough there are some centers of excellence providing multimodality protocol‐based treatment on a par with the best anywhere in the world, most breast cancer patients receive inadequate and inappropriate treatment because of a lack of high‐quality infrastructure—and sometimes skills—and, above all, because of limited financial resources.ConclusionsIn countries where these limitations are present, there is a need to emphasize public health education, promoting early diagnosis. In addition, resources must be directed toward the creation of more public facilities for cancer treatment. As these goals are met, it is likely that there will be a much‐needed improvement in breast cancer care in developing countries.
Clinical Outcome of Malignant Biliary Obstruction Caused by Metastatic Gastric Cancer
Authors: Migita Kazuhiro , Watanabe Akihiko , Yoshioka Tetsuya , Kinoshita Shoichi , Ohyama Takao 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe clinical outcome of malignant biliary obstruction caused by metastatic gastric cancer remains unclear. This study was designed to evaluate the clinical outcome and predictive factors of survival in patients who underwent percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) for malignant biliary obstruction caused by metastatic gastric cancer.MethodsBetween April 1997 and March 2006, 38 consecutive patients with malignant biliary obstruction caused by metastatic gastric cancer were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent PTBD.ResultsAfter PTBD, serum bilirubin levels significantly decreased in 29 (76%) of 38 patients. Pruritus, fever, jaundice, anorexia, abdominal pain, and general fatigue improved significantly in 100%, 100%, 78%, 64%, 53%, and 48% of patients, respectively. Early complications related to the intervention occurred in ten patients. Seven patients developed symptoms of recurrent jaundice or cholangitis. Overall median survival was 79 days, and 6‐month and 1‐year survival rates after PTBD were 39.5% and 13.2%, respectively. Serum bilirubin level after PTBD (P < 0.0001), chemotherapy after PTBD (P < 0.0001), and performance status at presentation (P = 0.0363) were found to be independent predictors of survival.ConclusionPTBD with metallic stent placement is a safe and effective palliation for patients with malignant biliary obstruction caused by metastatic gastric cancer. Our results suggest that patients in good clinical condition are candidates for aggressive treatment with a combination of PTBD with metallic stent placement and chemotherapy.
The Hypolipidemic Effect of an Ethyl Ester of Algal‐Docosahexaenoic Acid in Rats Fed a High‐Fructose Diet
Authors: Ryan Alan S. , Bailey‐Hall Eileen , Nelson Edward B. , Salem Norman 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPreclinical and clinical studies demonstrate that the omega‐3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as a triacylglycerol (TAG) or an ethyl ester are protective against cardiovascular disease. Both have significant TAG‐lowering effects. We developed a concentrated ethyl ester of DHA (MATK‐90, 900 mg/g) using microalgae as its source. This study evaluated the effects that different doses of MATK‐90 had on lipid levels and clinical parameters in male Wistar rats fed a high‐fructose diet used to induce hypertriglyceridemia (TAG ≥ 300 mg/dL). Effects of MATK‐90 were compared to those produced by a pharmaceutical product (Lovaza, formerly Omacor, P‐OM3; 465 mg EPA + 375 mg DHA), a TAG oil used in food (DHASCO, algal‐DHA, 40% DHA by weight), and a control (corn oil). Doses of MATK‐90 (0.6, 1.3, 2.5, 5.0 g kg−1 day−1), algal‐DHA (2 g DHA kg−1 day−1), and P‐OM3 (5.0 g kg−1 day−1) were administered by oral gavage for 28 days. A significant dose‐related decrease was observed in TAG and cholesterol levels in all but the lowest dose of MATK‐90 treatment group vs. control. The high‐dose group of MATK‐90 and the P‐OM3 group produced similar reductions in TAG levels.
Calcitonin gene‐related peptide increases proliferation of human HaCaT keratinocytes by activation of MAP kinases
Authors: Yu Xiao‐Jing , Li Chun‐Yang , Xu Yong‐Hao , Chen La‐Mei , Zhou Chun‐Lei 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPsoriasis is a chronic disease characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation and inflammation. It has been demonstrated that the expression of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) is elevated in psoriasis lesions and CGRP‐containing neuropeptide nerve fibers are denser in the psoriatic epidermis. CGRP has been previously described to influence proliferation of several cell types, such as Schwann cell, tracheal epithelial cells, and human gingival fibroblasts. In the present study, we determined the effect of CGRP on HaCaT keratinocyte proliferation and the role of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in CGRP induced keratinocyte proliferation. Our data indicate CGRP increased [3H]‐thymidine incorporation and MTT activity of HaCaT in a concentration‐dependent manner. CGRP also enhanced serum‐induced HaCaT cell proliferation. HaCaT cells cultured with CGRP had a significant increase in phosphorylated ERK1/2, p38 and JNK, and CGRP induced DNA synthesis was inhibited by PD 98059 or SB 203580, selective inhibitors of MAP kinase kinase (MEK, which is upstream from ERK) and p38, respectively. These findings suggest that HaCaT cell proliferate in response to CGRP, which is mediated by phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK.
ENGLISH FUNDING OF THE SCOTTISH ARMIES IN ENGLAND AND IRELAND, 1640–1648
Authors: STEWART LAURA A. M. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThe rebellion against Charles I's authority that began in Edinburgh in 1637 involved the Scots in successive invasions of England and armed intervention in Ireland. Historians have almost universally taken a negative view of Scottish involvement in these wars, because it has been assumed that the Scottish political leadership sacrificed all other considerations in order to pursue an unrealistic religious crusade. This article suggests that aspects of the Anglo-Scottish relationship need to be reappraised. Using estimates of English payments to the Scots during the 1640s, it will be argued that the Scottish leadership made pragmatic political decisions based on a practical appreciation of the country's military and fiscal capacity. Substantial payouts from the English parliament enabled the Scottish parliamentary regime to engage in military and diplomatic activities that the country could not otherwise have afforded. The 1643 treaty that brought the Scots into the English Civil War on the side of parliament contrasts favourably with the 1647 Engagement in support of the king. It will be shown that, although the English parliament did not honour all of its obligations to the Scots, it does not automatically follow that the alliance was a failure in financial terms.