bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stretch Reflexes from the Main Pulmonary Artery to the Systemic Circulation
Authors: LEWIN RICHARD J. , CROSS CECIL E. , RIEBEN P. ANDRE , SALISBURY PETER F. 
Published: June 2012

In open-chest dogs, the greater and lesser circulations were perfused by a system of pumps and oxygenator. All blood was drained from the right heart and from the left atrium. in most experiments, there was no dissection around the pulmonary hila, the aorta, or the pulmonary artery. A 30-ml. balloon (Foley catheter) was inserted into the pulmonary artery through a stab wound in the wall of the right ventricle. Pressures were recorded in the pulmonary-artery balloon and in a femoral artery. In other experiments, the main pulmonary artery was distended with blood at known pressures after hydraulic isolation with ligatures and snares.
When the main pulmonary artery was distended proximal to its bifurcation, constriction of the systemic arteries occurred. This phenomenon was abolished by local anesthesia of the wall of the main pulmonary artery, by interrupting conduction in the vagi, by a sympatholytic drug, and by reflex systemic hypotension elicited by multiple small pulmonary emboli. The pressor reflex from the pulmonary artery to the systemic circulation was not influenced by changes of pulmonary blood flow or by inflation of other balloons in various chambers of the heart. Limitations inherent in the experimental procedure did not permit us to assign physiological significance to the phenomenon.
Medication for psychosis – consumption and consequences: The second Australian national survey of psychosis
Authors: Waterreus Anna , Morgan Vera A , Castle David , Galletly Cherrie , Jablensky Assen , Di Prinzio Patsy , Shah Sonal 
Published: June 2012

Background: Most people diagnosed with a psychotic disorder will be prescribed psychotropic medication. The second Australian national survey of psychosis provided a unique opportunity to examine the pharmacological treatment of psychotic disorders from the perspective of the consumer. The aim of this paper is to report on medication use, adherence and perceived efficacy, and to describe side effect profiles. Method: Data on self-reported medication use in the 4 weeks prior to interview, including type, duration, adherence, side effects and helpfulness was collected from participants interviewed in the course of the second Australian national survey of psychosis. Results: The majority (91.6%) of participants were using psychotropic medication: 89.0% of people aged 18–34 years and 93.5% of people aged 35–64 years. The most commonly used class of medication was antipsychotic medication (81.6%). In addition, 37.4% were using antidepressants, 26.7% were using mood stabilisers and 17.8% were using anxiolytics/hypnotics. Polypharmacy was common with almost two-thirds (63.4%) using more than one class of medication and over a quarter (28.1%) of people with schizophrenia using more than one antipsychotic. Many participants (84.4%) reported experiencing side effects. The side effect profile of people using atypical antipsychotics was on average better than that of people using typical antipsychotics. Most people (85.2%) felt their medication relieved their mental health symptoms and most (88.2%) medication was taken as prescribed. Conclusions: Many people with a psychotic disorder are receiving antipsychotics, with a substantial proportion also taking antidepressants, mood stabilisers and anxiolytics/hypnotics. Medication use differs by age group, diagnostic group and course of illness. Many people using antipsychotics describe significant impairment in their everyday life as a result of medication side effects. Users of typical antipsychotics reported more side effects and more impairment than people using atypical antipsychotics. Most of our participants were prescribed psychotropic medications, and most reported that they were taking them.
The historical institutionalism analysis of Taiwan’s administrative reform
Authors: Shih Mei-Chiang , Sun Milan Tung-Wen , Wang Guang-Xu 
Published: June 2012

Government restructuring has been discussed extensively in Taiwan for more than three decades, and the first NPM-style administrative reform programme, which emphasizes ‘a leaner and businesslike government’, was launched in 1996. Since then, NPM has been the key guideline producing a strong path-dependence effect for subsequent administrative reform programmes in Taiwan. This article examines the trajectory of administrative reform in Taiwan from 1949 to 2010, the latter being the year when the Organizational Act of the Executive Yuan was passed, which symbolically represents the end of the current phase of administrative reform. Similar to many Asian countries, exogenous and endogenous factors have induced efforts at administrative reform in Taiwan. Although it is argued that it is difficult to generate any common path of administrative reform among Asian countries, the analysis of the case in Taiwan may provide some observations for future discussions on this topic, such as evidence of political manipulation, the transformation of the role of the state, the desire for an indigenous reform strategy, and the demand to revitalize the civil service system. Points for practitioners 1. Administrative reform is a political process, and pubic servants have to deal with value conflicts carefully. 2. Professionalism and political neutrality are the two most important things in the administrative reform process. 3. Public servants can have a critical role in the administrative reform process when the critical juncture appears, but democratic values and public purposes should be the cornerstone for the bureaucrats in action.
Corruption control in the United States: law, values, and the political foundations of reform
Authors: Johnston Michael 
Published: June 2012

The United States is generally regarded as more successful than most other societies at controlling corruption. But how accurate is that picture? I argue that corruption control in the US is more problematical than index scores suggest. Much corruption in the United States flies beneath the radar; while legal institutions are credible the United States often ‘controls’ abusive uses of wealth by removing restrictions that elsewhere are the focus of corruption. That strategy may reduce high-level bribery, but major questions of justice and accountability remain. In liberal democracies such as the US, whose corruption can be seen as ‘influence markets’, value-based controls, many applied through political processes, are crucial. If the political order is perceived by most citizens as inherently corrupt, those kinds of controls may be seriously undermined. Points for practitioners Officials and others concerned with corruption control in liberal democracies should pay close attention to public opinion and social values, not just as a source of general guidance but as a barometer indicating the state of values-based corruption controls. While the separation of politics and administration remains important in many ways, in other respects healthy and competitive political processes can be critical, both in lending force and legitimacy to corruption controls and as indications of what citizens and civil society regard as integrity – or, as its absence. Most widely used corruption indicators will tell us little about these key dimensions of corruption control.
Citizens’ attitudes toward Open Government and Government 2.0
Authors: Nam Taewoo 
Published: June 2012

This empirical study sees Open Government and Government 2.0 as a new ends and means of e-government in the United States. The analysis of the data from the Pew Research Center’s national survey ( 2009 Government Online) highlights what influences American citizens’ attitudes toward Open Government and Government 2.0. This article presents four main findings. First, while the use of existing e-government services does not significantly influence attitudes toward Open Government, recent use of Government 2.0 does contribute to positive attitudes toward Government 2.0. Second, those who value transactions with e-government have a positive attitude regarding Open Government and Government 2.0. Third, general trust in government leads to a positive attitude toward the new ends and means of e-government. Finally, frequent Web use and broadband adoption do not affect citizens’ attitudes concerning the new modes of e-government. The study reveals that citizens’ attitudes toward government workings do not change much with the introduction of new goals and tools of e-government. Points for practitioners A government may gain considerable popular support from the public by introducing to citizens new objectives and channels for the existing e-government. However, government practitioners should know that offering new directives and technological tools does not necessarily guarantee a positive response from citizens. When new goals and vehicles of e-government reach citizens, a set of conventional determinants, such as perceived value of government services and general trust in government, shapes the collective attitude toward new modes of e-government. Practitioners need to assess leverage by those fundamental factors.
Breastfeeding Promotion Plan in Madrid, Spain
Authors: Flores-Antón Beatriz , Temboury-Molina Mª Carmen , Ares-Segura Susana , Arana-Cañedo-Argüelles Celina , Nicolás-Bueno Concepción , Navarro-Royo Cristina , Pardo-Hernández Alberto , Pallás-Alonso Carmen Rosa 
Published: June 2012

Background: Promotion and protection of breastfeeding is a public health objective. In April 2009, health authorities in the Madrid region in central Spain signed a collaboration agreement with The United Nations Children’s Fund and created a breastfeeding committee. Objective: To report the creation and implementation of a plan to promote and improve the quality of breastfeeding care in public hospitals in the region of Madrid, according to the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) standards. Methods: The action plan included institutional commitment; creation of a breastfeeding committee in each hospital; outcome analyses, staff training, creation of educational materials; and dissemination of activities. The plan was adopted by the 19 non-BFHI-designated public maternity units in the Madrid region. Each hospital completed a modified version of the World Health Organization self-assessment questionnaire in 2009 (pre-intervention) and again in 2011. Results: Thirteen maternity units (68.4%) established a breastfeeding committee, and 32 months after implementation of the plan, the other 6 hospitals have created one. Nine training courses have been carried out to train professional experts on breastfeeding as trainers. The 271 trainers provided 18-hour breastfeeding courses for 1423 professionals. In 2009, there was only 1 BFHI-accredited hospital. Currently, 52.6% of the other 19 hospitals have some level of accreditation, and 2 are fully accredited. Conclusions: An intervention to improve the quality of breastfeeding care based on an organized regional approach to the BFHI was useful for BFHI implementation.
Content validity of the comprehensive international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF) core set for low back pain from the perspective of physicians: a Delphi survey
Authors: Glocker Catherine , Kirchberger Inge , Gläßel Andrea , Fincziczki Agnes , Stucki Gerold , Cieza Alarcos 
Published: June 2012

Objectives: The ‘Comprehensive ICF Core Set for low back pain (LBP)’ is an application of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and represents the typical spectrum of problems in functioning of patients with LBP. The objective of this study was to validate this ICF Core Set from the perspective of physicians. Methods: Physicians experienced in the treatment of LBP were asked about the patients’ problems, patients’ resources and aspects of environment that physicians take care of in a three-round survey using the Delphi technique. Responses were linked to the ICF. Results: Seventy-one physicians in 36 countries named 707 concepts that covered all ICF components. One hundred ninety-three ICF categories were linked to these answers. Three ICF categories were not represented in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP although at least 75% of the participants have rated them as important. Twenty-six concepts were linked to the not yet developed ICF component personal factors and 21 issues were not covered by the ICF. Discussion: The high percentage of ICF categories represented in the ICF Core Set for LBP indicates good content validity from the perspective of the physicians. However, some issues were raised that were not covered and need to be investigated further.
Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibition is a novel therapeutic strategy targeting tumor in the bone marrow microenvironment in multiple myeloma
Authors: Tai Yu-Tzu , Chang Betty Y. , Kong Sun-Young , Fulciniti Mariateresa , Yang Guang , Calle Yolanda , Hu Yiguo , Lin Jianhong , Zhao Jian-Jun , Cagnetta Antonia , Cea Michele , Sellitto Michael A. , Zhong Mike Y. , Wang Qiuju , Acharya Chirag , Carrasco Daniel R. , Buggy Joseph J. , Elias Laurence , Treon Steven P. , Matsui William , Richardson Paul , Munshi Nikhil C. , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) has a well-defined role in B-cell development, whereas its expression in osteoclasts (OCs) further suggests a role in osteoclastogenesis. Here we investigated effects of PCI-32765, an oral and selective Btk inhibitor, on osteoclastogenesis as well as on multiple myeloma (MM) growth within the BM microenvironment. PCI-32765 blocked RANKL/M-CSF–induced phosphorylation of Btk and downstream PLC-γ2 in OCs, resulting in diminished TRAP5b (ED50 = 17nM) and bone resorption activity. PCI-32765 also inhibited secretion of multiple cytokines and chemokines from OC and BM stromal cell cultures from both normal donors (ED50 = 0.5nM) and MM patients. It decreased SDF-1–induced migration of MM cells, and down-regulated MIP1-α/CCL3 in MM cells. It also blocked MM cell growth and survival triggered by IL-6 or coculture with BM stromal cells or OCs in vitro. Importantly, PCI-32765 treatment significantly inhibits in vivo MM cell growth (P < .03) and MM cell–induced osteolysis of implanted human bone chips in SCID mice. Moreover, PCI-32765 prevents in vitro colony formation by stem-like cells from MM patients. Together, these results delineate functional sequelae of Btk activation mediating osteolysis and growth of MM cells, supporting evaluation of PCI-32765 as a novel therapeutic in MM.
Implementation of ICD-10 in Canada: how has it impacted coded hospital discharge data?
Authors: Walker Robin L , Hennessy Deirdre A , Johansen Helen , Sambell Christie , Lix Lisa , Quan Hude 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Background
The purpose of this study was to assess whether or not the change in coding classification had an impact on diagnosis and comorbidity coding in hospital discharge data across Canadian provinces.

Methods
This study examined eight years (fiscal years 1998 to 2005) of hospital records from the Hospital Person-Oriented Information database (HPOI) derived from the Canadian national Discharge Abstract Database. The average number of coded diagnoses per hospital visit was examined from 1998 to 2005 for provinces that switched from International Classifications of Disease 9th version (ICD-9-CM) to ICD-10-CA during this period. The average numbers of type 2 and 3 diagnoses were also described. The prevalence of the Charlson comorbidities and distribution of the Charlson score one year before and one year after ICD-10 implementation for each of the 9 provinces was examined. The prevalence of at least one of the seventeen Charlson comorbidities one year before and one year after ICD-10 implementation were described by hospital characteristics (teaching/non-teaching, urban/rural, volume of patients).

Results
Nine Canadian provinces switched from ICD-9-CM to ICD-I0-CA over a 6 year period starting in 2001. The average number of diagnoses coded per hospital visit for all code types over the study period was 2.58. After implementation of ICD-10-CA a decrease in the number of diagnoses coded was found in four provinces whereas the number of diagnoses coded in the other five provinces remained similar. The prevalence of at least one of the seventeen Charlson conditions remained relatively stable after ICD-10 was implemented, as did the distribution of the Charlson score. When stratified by hospital characteristics, the prevalence of at least one Charlson condition decreased after ICD-10-CA implementation, particularly for low volume hospitals.

Conclusion
In conclusion, implementation of ICD-10-CA in Canadian provinces did not substantially change coding practices, but there was some coding variation in the average number of diagnoses per hospital visit across provinces.
Effects of high-fat diet and physical activity on pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 in mouse skeletal muscle
Authors: Rinnankoski-Tuikka Rita , Silvennoinen Mika , Torvinen Sira , Hulmi Juha J , Lehti Maarit , Kivelä Riikka , Reunanen Hilkka , Kainulainen Heikki 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Background
The expression of PDK4 is elevated by diabetes, fasting and other conditions associated with the switch from the utilization of glucose to fatty acids as an energy source. It is previously shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), a master regulator of energy metabolism, coactivates in cell lines pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK4) gene expression via the estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα). We investigated the effects of long-term high-fat diet and physical activity on the expression of PDK4, PGC-1α and ERRα and the amount and function of mitochondria in skeletal muscle.

Methods
Insulin resistance was induced by a high-fat (HF) diet for 19 weeks in C57BL/6 J mice, which were either sedentary or with access to running wheels. The skeletal muscle expression levels of PDK4, PGC-1α and ERRα were measured and the quality and quantity of mitochondrial function was assessed.

Results
The HF mice were more insulin-resistant than the low-fat (LF) -fed mice. Upregulation of PDK4 and ERRα mRNA and protein levels were seen after the HF diet, and when combined with running even more profound effects on the mRNA expression levels were observed. Chronic HF feeding and voluntary running did not have significant effects on PGC-1α mRNA or protein levels. No remarkable difference was found in the amount or function of mitochondria.

Conclusions
Our results support the view that insulin resistance is not mediated by the decreased qualitative or quantitative properties of mitochondria. Instead, the role of PDK4 should be contemplated as a possible contributor to high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance.
Prenatal activation of Toll-like receptors-3 by administration of the viral mimetic poly(I:C) changes synaptic proteins, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and neurogenesis markers in offspring
Authors: Forrest Caroline M , Khalil Omari S , Pisar Mazura , Smith Robert A , Darlington Lynda Gail , Stone Trevor W 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Background
There is mounting evidence for a neurodevelopmental basis for disorders such as autism and schizophrenia, in which prenatal or early postnatal events may influence brain development and predispose the young to develop these and related disorders. We have now investigated the effect of a prenatal immune challenge on brain development in the offspring. Pregnant rats were treated with the double-stranded RNA polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C); 10 mg/kg) which mimics immune activation occurring after activation of Toll-like receptors-3 (TLR3) by viral infection. Injections were made in late gestation (embryonic days E14, E16 and E18), after which parturition proceeded naturally and the young were allowed to develop up to the time of weaning at postnatal day 21 (P21). The brains of these animals were then removed to assess the expression of 13 different neurodevelopmental molecules by immunoblotting.

Results
Measurement of cytokine levels in the maternal blood 5 hours after an injection of poly(I:C) showed significantly increased levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), confirming immune activation. In the P21 offspring, significant changes were detected in the expression of GluN1 subunits of NMDA receptors, with no difference in GluN2A or GluN2B subunits or the postsynaptic density protein PSD-95 and no change in the levels of the related small GTPases RhoA or RhoB, or the NMDA receptor modulator EphA4. Among presynaptic molecules, a significant increase in Vesicle Associated Membrane Protein-1 (VAMP-1; synaptobrevin) was seen, with no change in synaptophysin or synaptotagmin. Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), as well as the neurogenesis marker doublecortin were unchanged, although Sox-2 levels were increased, suggesting possible changes in the rate of new cell differentiation.

Conclusions
The results reveal the induction by prenatal poly(I:C) of selective molecular changes in the brains of P21 offspring, affecting primarily molecules associated with neuronal development and synaptic transmission. These changes may contribute to the behavioural abnormalities that have been reported in adult animals after exposure to poly(I:C) and which resemble symptoms seen in schizophrenia and related disorders.
Association Between Colonoscopy and Colorectal Cancer Mortality in a US Cohort According to Site of Cancer and Colonoscopist Specialty
Authors: Baxter Nancy N. , Warren Joan L. , Barrett Michael J. , Stukel Therese A. , Doria-Rose V. Paul 
Published: June 2012

Purpose We designed this study to evaluate the association of colonoscopy with colorectal cancer (CRC) death in the United States by site of CRC and endoscopist specialty. Methods We designed a case-control study using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)–Medicare data. We identified patients (cases) diagnosed with CRC age 70 to 89 years from January 1998 through December 2002 who died as a result of CRC by 2007. We selected three matched controls without cancer for each case. Controls were assigned a referent date (date of diagnosis of the case). Colonoscopy performed from January 1991 through 6 months before the diagnosis/referent date was our primary exposure. We compared exposure to colonoscopy in cases and controls by using conditional logistic regression controlling for covariates, stratified by site of CRC. We determined endoscopist specialty by linkage to the American Medical Association (AMA) Masterfile. We assessed whether the association between colonoscopy and CRC death varied with endoscopist specialty. Results We identified 9,458 cases (3,963 proximal [41.9%], 4,685 distal [49.5%], and 810 unknown site [8.6%]) and 27,641 controls. In all, 11.3% of cases and 23.7% of controls underwent colonoscopy more than 6 months before diagnosis. Compared with controls, cases were less likely to have undergone colonoscopy (odds ratio [OR], 0.40; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.43); the association was stronger for distal (OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.21 to 0.27) than proximal (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.64) CRC. The strength of the association varied with endoscopist specialty. Conclusion Colonoscopy is associated with a reduced risk of death from CRC, with the association considerably and consistently stronger for distal versus proximal CRC. The overall association was strongest if colonoscopy was performed by a gastroenterologist.