bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergency Department Laboratory Evaluations of Fever Without Source in Children Aged 3 to 36 Months
Authors: Simon Alan E. , Lukacs Susan L. , Mendola Pauline 
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE:This article describes ordering of diagnostic tests, admission rates, and antibiotic administration among visits to US emergency departments (EDs) by children aged 3 to 36 months with fever without source (FWS).METHODS:The 2006–2008 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey–Emergency Department was used to identify visits by 3- to 36-month-old children with FWS. Percentages of visits that included a complete blood count (CBC), urinalysis, blood culture, radiograph, rapid influenza test, admission to hospital, and ceftriaxone and other antibiotic administration were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with ordering of a CBC and urinalysis.RESULTS:No tests were ordered in 58.6% of visits for FWS. CBCs were ordered in 20.5% of visits and urinalysis in 17.4% of visits. Even among girls with a temperature of ≥39°C, urinalysis was ordered in only 40.2% of visits. Ceftriaxone was given in 7.1% and other antibiotics in 18.3% of visits; 5.2% of the children at these visits were admitted to the hospital. In multivariate analysis, increased temperature, being female, and higher median income of the patient's zip code were associated with increased odds of having a CBC and urinalysis ordered. Being 24 to 36 months of age was associated with lower odds of receiving both a CBC and a urinalysis.CONCLUSIONS:Most US emergency department visits for FWS among children aged 3 to 36 months, physicians do not order diagnostic tests. Being female, having a higher fever, and higher median income of the patient's zip code were associated with ordering CBCs and urinalysis.
Changes in Body Mass During Elementary and Middle School in a National Cohort of Kindergarteners
Authors: Datar Ashlesha , Shier Victoria , Sturm Roland 
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE:
To analyze changes in BMI, according to gender and race/ethnicity, in a nationally representative cohort of children in the United States during their elementary and middle school years to identify critical periods of excess BMI gains.

METHODS:
The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Class monitored a nationally representative cohort of kindergarten students over 9 years (1998–2007). Height and weight measurements were available for 4240 white, 640 black, and 1070 Hispanic children in kindergarten and 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 8th grades. In each wave, we estimated the proportions of children with BMI values in each quartile of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reference-population distribution according to gender and race/ethnicity. We conducted nonparametric tests of differences in BMI distributions over time within racial/ethnic groups and across racial/ethnic groups in each wave. Piecewise linear growth models were estimated to test for specific time periods during which the largest gains in BMI percentiles occurred.

RESULTS:
Overall, nearly 40% of children started kindergarten with a BMI in the top quartile of the growth charts (BMI &gt; 75th percentile). This proportion increased significantly during the elementary school years, and the largest gains were between 1st and 3rd grades (5.8 percentage points), but there was no further increase during middle school. Increases in BMI percentiles over time were most notable among Hispanic children and black girls.

CONCLUSIONS:
The early school years might be a critical time for excess BMI gains, even among children with normal BMI values at kindergarten entry.
Improving Reporting of Outpatient Pediatric Medical Errors
Authors: Neuspiel Daniel R. , Stubbs Erin H. , Liggin Lori 
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE:
Limited information exists about medical errors in ambulatory pediatrics and on effective strategies for improving their reporting. We aimed to implement nonpunitive error reporting, describe errors, and use a team-based approach to promote patient safety in an academic pediatric practice.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
The setting was an academic general pediatric practice in Charlotte, North Carolina, that has ∼26 000 annual visits and primarily serves a diverse, low-income, Medicaid-insured population. We assembled a multidisciplinary patient safety team to detect and analyze ambulatory medical errors by using a reporter-anonymous nonpunitive process. The team used systems analysis and rapid redesign to evaluate each error report and recommend changes to prevent patient harm.

RESULTS:
In 30 months, 216 medical errors were reported, compared with 5 reports in the year before the project. Most reports originated from nurses, physicians, and midlevel providers. The most frequently reported errors were misfiled or erroneously entered patient information (n = 68), laboratory tests delayed or not performed (n = 27), errors in medication prescriptions or dispensing (n = 24), vaccine errors (n = 21), patient not given requested appointment or referral (n = 16), and delay in office care (n = 15), which together comprised 76% of the reports. Many recommended changes were implemented.

CONCLUSIONS:
A voluntary, nonpunitive, multidisciplinary team approach was effective in improving error reporting, analyzing reported errors, and implementing interventions with the aim of reducing patient harm in an outpatient pediatric practice.
Larval Description of Copitarsia incommoda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Pogue Michael G 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The last instar of Copitarsia incommoda (Walker) is described for the first time. Specimens in this study were reared from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd., Chenopodiaceae), Bolivia, La Paz, 4 km S Viacha, Quipaquipani, 3,880 m. The larva of Copitarsia incommoda is compared with larvae of Copitarsia decolora (Guenée) and Copitarsia corruda Pogue and Simmons.
Diversity of Prominent Moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) in the Cloud Forests of Northeastern Ecuador, with Descriptions of 27 New Species
Authors: Miller James S , Thiaucourt Paul 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe prominent moth fauna (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) of Yanayacu Biological Station (Napo Province) in northeastern Ecuador was surveyed to assess which species at the site had been previously described and which were new to science. Taxonomic studies based on comparisons with type material revealed that, of the 67 Notodontidae recorded at Yanayacu, 54% were undescribed before 2009. In this article, 27 species belonging to 12 different genera in four subfamilies are newly described. These findings emphasize the remarkable levels of undocumented insect diversity found in Andean cloud forests, adding further strength to the argument that conservation efforts should focus on preserving such habitats.
Developmental Arrest in Mexican Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Irradiated in Grapefruit
Authors: Thomas Donald B , Hallman Guy J 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
When holometabolous insect larvae are exposed to a radiation treatment, morbidity or mortality are typically manifested during a major developmental transition, usually a transition involving ecdysis. Thus, early instars fail to develop into later instars or the later instars fail to pupate or pupariate. Over a range of sublethal doses of gamma radiation (increments of 0, 15, 20, 25, and 30 Gy) applied to third-instar Mexican fruit flies, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), infesting or implanted in grapefruits, Citrus paradisi Macfayden, survival decreased with increasing dose. At all radiation doses, the majority of treated larvae arrested development at pupal ecdysis, the transformation from a cryptocephalic to a phanerocephalic pupa. More than 96% of treated larvae died at, or before, reaching this transition at the highest dose tested (30 Gy). Contrary to expectations, the radiation treatment did not cause atrophy of the imaginai tissues, a result that we attribute to apoptosis.
On the Identity of Cereal Aphid Parasitoid WaspsAphidius uzbekistanicus,Aphidius rhopalosiphi, andAphidius avenaphis(Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) by Examination of COI Mitochondrial Gene, Geometric Morphometrics, and Morphology
Authors: Kos K , Petrović A , Starý P , Kavallieratos N G , Ivanović A , Toševski I , Jakše J , Trdan S , Tomanovič Ž 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn this study, the relationships among and the taxonomic status of three closely related parasitic wasps that are widely used as biological control agents of cereal aphids, Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetzki, Aphidius rhopalosiphi De Stefani Perez, and Aphidius avenaphis (Fitch), were examined. Genetic divergence at an average of 6% was recorded between A. uzbekistanicus and A. rhopalosiphi by using the mitochondrial (mt) gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI) barcoding region. Identical mtCOI gene sequences were observed in A. uzbekistanicus specimens that originated from Eurasia and in the North American species A. avenaphis. The haplotype fluctuation in A. rhopalosiphi specimens that originated from the west Palaearctic was an average of 1.5% (maximum, 2.4%). In contrast, specimens of A. uzbekistanicus from central and western parts of Eurasia were largely homogenous, with only a single mutation recorded in a specimen from eastern Europe (Serbia). The morphological and genetic diversity found in A. rhopalosiphi may suggest the existence of cryptic species, especially for lineages that have a large degree of mtCOI diversity and sympatric occurrence. The geometric morphometric analysis of stigma shape presented in this study demonstrated that members of A. uzbekistanicus have a shorter forewing r vein and a more elongated stigma, relative to those of A. avenaphis. Our research validates the use of stigma shape and flagellomere 1 color for morphological discrimination between wasp species.
Applications of State of the Art Anti-Jam Coring System - A Case Study
Authors: Zahid Salman , Khan Asif , Khalil Asif 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
OMV (Pakistan) Exploration G.m.b.H being a performance driven organization has always been keen to improve and optimize its performance by the applications of state of the art technologies.
The company operates 5 blocks in the middle Indus basin of Pakistan and is engaged in the drilling of HT gas wells. Core jamming in loose and inter-bedded reservoir pay zones has been a frequent occurrence in the wells drilled in these blocks which motivated the drilling team to seek new and advanced techniques to prevent it from happening.
The purpose of this paper is to share the experience of using Anti-Jam Coring System in high temperature gas fields of Pakistan. The main advantage of the system is to save trips and the provision to make up to three attempts in a single run in case jamming occurs while cutting the core. The paper discusses the experience of using this system for the first time for cutting core in exploratory (two) and development (one) wells. On the basis of offset wells, the use of such system was evaluated and then applied successfully to cut core in the in the reservoir sands. Upon recovering core on surface, it was found that the core jamming did occur but the coring job continued until the desired length was successfully cut. At the same interval in offset wells, it was possible to cut limited section of core only before jamming stopped any further coring progress.
The use of this system proved its worth as it helped in saving additional trips thereby yielding time and cost benefits to the operator. It is recommended to use in future where similar problems are anticipated.
Medically Unexplained Symptoms—A Perspective from General Practitioners in the Developing World
Authors: Husain Muhammad Ishrat , Duddu Venugopal , Husain Muhammad Omair , Chaudhry Imran Bashir , Rahman Raza , Husain Nusrat 
Published: November 2011

Objectives: In this study, we explored the attitudes toward Medically Unexplained Symptoms (MUS) of 500 general practitioners (GPs) in Karachi, Pakistan. Using a questionnaire previously developed by Reid et al. (2001), we aimed to investigate whether GPs' attitudes toward medically unexplained symptoms are similar to those of GPs in the developed world. Methods: Five hundred GPs on the database of primary care centers at the Pakistan Institute of Learning and Living in Karachi were all sent a covering letter explaining the purpose of the survey with a case vignette, a questionnaire, and a stamped addressed envelope. One month later, non-respondents received a telephone call from an investigator to remind them of the study. Results: Of the 429 respondents, 68.5% (294) were male and 31.5% (135) female. Although 80.2% of respondents felt that the main role of GPs was to provide support and reassurance, 76.9% of respondents also agreed that GPs had a role in referring patients with MUS for further investigations to identify a cause. Two hundred and four (47.55%) respondents agreed that somatization was useful concept, only 146 (34.03%) felt that there was effective treatment for it. Conclusion: For the most part, Pakistani GPs' attitudes toward MUS are not very different to those of their counterparts in the West. Both agree that the GP has an important role in providing reassurance and counseling. However, our survey also shows that Pakistani GPs are less likely to place emphasis on an underlying psychiatric diagnosis and tend to focus on looking for an underlying physical cause.
Assessment of Suny Upstate Medical University's Child Telepsychiatry Consultation Program
Authors: Lau Mary E. , Way Bruce B. , Fremont Wanda P. 
Published: November 2011

Objectives: The project assesses the child telepsychiatry services provided by SUNY Upstate psychiatrists to several county mental health clinics in central New York State. Method: Data for 45 patients was extracted from pre-consultation forms completed by the referring clinic and post-consultation summaries completed by the Upstate psychiatrists that occurred between July 13, 2009 and May 12, 2010. The study identified characteristics of patients for whom telepsychiatry consultations were sought, why they were sought, and reviewed recommended changes in therapy and medication provided by the telepsychiatry consultant. Results: Analysis of the data showed that there was a large variation in patient characteristics such as age (from age 3 to 17), current living situation, and psychological symptoms. In addition to a family history of mental illness (80%), the most common symptoms were physical aggression (60.0%), defiant/oppositional behavior (57.8%), and attentional problems (55.6%). The most common reason for referral was diagnostic clarification (67%). The child telepsychiatrist recommended a change in medication for most (80.8%) of the patients who were on medications, and to begin medications for most (63.2%) who were not receiving medication at the time of consult. Further, the telepsychiatrist often recommended the addition of family therapy (71.1%) and counseling at school (17.8%). Conclusion: The child telepsychiatric program at Upstate seemed effective. It reached a large variety of children with significant mental disorders. The consultants provided diagnostic clarification and recommended modification of treatment for most. However, this assessment is limited as examined as it did not include follow-up information on whether consultant recommendations were followed and, if they were, whether they were effective.
SirT1 Regulates Adipose Tissue Inflammation
Authors: Gillum Matthew P. , Kotas Maya E. , Erion Derek M. , Kursawe Romy , Chatterjee Paula , Nead Kevin T. , Muise Eric S. , Hsiao Jennifer J. , Frederick David W. , Yonemitsu Shin , Banks Alexander S. , Qiang Li , Bhanot Sanjay , Olefsky Jerrold M. , Sears Dorothy D. , Caprio Sonia , Shulman Gerald I. 
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE
Macrophage recruitment to adipose tissue is a reproducible feature of obesity. However, the events that result in chemokine production and macrophage recruitment to adipose tissue during states of energetic excess are not clear. Sirtuin 1 (SirT1) is an essential nutrient-sensing histone deacetylase, which is increased by caloric restriction and reduced by overfeeding. We discovered that SirT1 depletion causes anorexia by stimulating production of inflammatory factors in white adipose tissue and thus posit that decreases in SirT1 link overnutrition and adipose tissue inflammation.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We used antisense oligonucleotides to reduce SirT1 to levels similar to those seen during overnutrition and studied SirT1-overexpressing transgenic mice and fat-specific SirT1 knockout animals. Finally, we analyzed subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies from two independent cohorts of human subjects.

RESULTS
We found that inducible or genetic reduction of SirT1 in vivo causes macrophage recruitment to adipose tissue, whereas overexpression of SirT1 prevents adipose tissue macrophage accumulation caused by chronic high-fat feeding. We also found that SirT1 expression in human subcutaneous fat is inversely related to adipose tissue macrophage infiltration.

CONCLUSIONS
Reduction of adipose tissue SirT1 expression, which leads to histone hyperacetylation and ectopic inflammatory gene expression, is identified as a key regulatory component of macrophage influx into adipose tissue during overnutrition in rodents and humans. Our results suggest that SirT1 regulates adipose tissue inflammation by controlling the gain of proinflammatory transcription in response to inducers such as fatty acids, hypoxia, and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Diabetes and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Cereda Emanuele , Barichella Michela , Pedrolli Carlo , Klersy Catherine , Cassani Erica , Caccialanza Riccardo , Pezzoli Gianni 
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE
Diabetes has been associated with chronic neurodegeneration. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the relationship between pre-existing diabetes and Parkinson’s disease (PD).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Original articles in English published up to 10 May 2011 were searched for in electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, and Scopus) and by reviewing references of eligible articles. Prospective cohort and case-control studies providing risk and precision estimates relating to pre-existing diabetes and PD were considered eligible.

RESULTS
Nine studies/1,947 citations (cohort, N = 4; case-control, N = 5) fulfilled inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. In prospective studies, the onset of diabetes before onset of PD was found to be a risk factor for future PD (relative risk [RR] = 1.37 [95%CI 1.21–1.55]; P &lt; 0.0001). This association was confirmed by secondary analyses based on estimates derived after the exclusion of participants who had vascular disease at baseline and/or who developed vascular disease during follow-up (RR = 1.34 [1.14–1.58]; P &lt; 0.001) and by sensitivity analyses addressing the association with diabetes at baseline or during follow-up. However, the association found for case-control studies was not significant (odds ratio [OR] 0.75 [95%CI 0.50–1.11]; P = 0.835). Sensitivity analysis based on estimates adjusted for BMI confirmed the lack of a relationship between PD and diabetes (OR 0.56 [0.28–1.15]; P = 0.089).

CONCLUSIONS
Although data from cohort studies suggest that diabetes is a risk factor for PD, there is no conclusive evidence on this association. Further prospective studies focused on putative pathogenic pathways and taking a broad range of confounders into account is required to clarify this relationship.
Osteochondral autograft transfer for the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the medial femoral condyle in dogs
Authors: Yeadon R. , van Terheijden C. , Smith T. J. , Fitzpatrick N. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryObjective: To describe the clinical application of osteochondral autograft transfer procedure for the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the canine medial femoral condyle and to report clinical and force plate outcomes.Methods: Osteochondral autograft transfer (OATS™; Arthrex, Naples FL, USA) instrumentation was employed in six stifle joints of five dogs. Clinical examination was performed preoperatively and at two to three weeks, six to eight weeks, 12–18 weeks and at >22 months postoperatively. Radiography and arthroscopy were performed preoperatively and 12–18 weeks postoperatively. The followup examinations performed at 22 to 56 months included radiography, questionnaire completion with the owner, and force plate gait evaluation.Results: Articular surface reconstruction was radiographically (for 6 stifle joints) and arthroscopically (for 5 stifle joints) maintained at 12–18 weeks. Subjectively-assessed lameness resolved in five out of six stifles by the 12 to 18 week reassessment. Morbidity included lateral patellar luxation at seven weeks and cranial cruciate ligament rupture at 11 months postoperatively. At the >22 month re-evaluation examination, subjectively-assessed lameness and signs of discomfort were minimal. Owner perceptions of outcome were positive; force plate assessment of gait indicated that weight bearing on three out of six OAT implanted limbs was less than the contralateral limb, but these comparisons were not evaluated statistically. A progression in the development of osteophytes was radiographically evident.Clinical significance: The OAT procedure can reconstruct medial femoral condyle OCD defects in dogs. Long-term lameness and progressive osteophytosis may occur but can be associated with other pathology such as cruciate ligament insufficiency.
Significant demographic and fine‐scale genetic structure in expanding and senescing populations of the terrestrial orchid Cymbidium goeringii (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Chung Mi Yoon , Nason John D. , Chung Myong Gi 
Published: November 2011

• Premise of the study: Fine‐scale genetic structure (FSGS) in plants is influenced by variation in spatial and temporal demographic processes. To determine how demographic structure and FSGS change with stages of population succession, we studied replicate expanding and senescing populations of the Asian terrestrial orchid Cymbidium goeringii.• Methods: We used spatial autocorrelation methods (O‐ring and kinship statistics) to quantify spatial demographic structure and FSGS in two expanding and two senescing populations, also measuring genetic diversity and inbreeding in each.• Key results: All populations exhibited significant aggregation of individuals and FSGS at short spatial scales. In expanding populations, this finding was associated with high recruitment rates, suggesting restricted seed dispersal. In senescing populations, recruitment was minimal, suggesting alternative mechanisms of aggregation, perhaps including spatial associations with mycorrhizal fungi. All populations had significant evidence of genetic bottlenecks, and inbreeding levels were consistently high.• Conclusions: Our results indicate that different successional stages can generate similar patterns of spatial demographic and genetic structure, but as a consequence of different processes. These results contrast with the only other study of senescence effects on population genetic structure in an herbaceous perennial, which found little to no FSGS in senescing populations. With the exception of populations subject to mass collection by orchid sellers, significant FSGS is characteristic of the 16 terrestrial orchid species examined to date. From a conservation perspective, this result suggests that inference of orchid population history will benefit from analyses of both FSGS and demographic structure in combination with other ecological field data.