bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Mineral Nutrition on Chemical Composition and Early Reproductive Development of Virginia Type Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Nicholaides J. J. , Cox F. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo nutrient solution studies, one involving levels of N, P, and S and the other involving levels of Ca, Mg, and K were conducted to determine the effect of mineral nutrition on the chemical composition and early reproductive development of a Virginia type peanut plant. None of the treatments significantly hastened time until flowering. Total flowers per plant were increased by increasing the N and Mg levels. Flowers per day per plant were affected similarly by the N treatments. Total pegs per plant were greatest with the medium P and low Ca treatments.In order to determine whether present fertilization practices have been producing the nutrient concentrations in peanut plants that would result in the maximum rate of early reproductive development, nutrient concentrations in the plants which produced the maximum early flowering and peg development in the greenhouse were compared with those of field‐grown Virginia type peanut plants at a comparable stage of growth. The N and Ca concentrations in the peanut plants that had produced the maximum early reproductive development in the greenhouse were considerably lower than those of the field‐grown peanut plants, while the P and Mg concentrations were higher than those found in the field‐grown peanut plants.
Dry Matter Accumulation in Eight Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Varieties1
Authors: Hanway J. J. , Weber C. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDry matter accumulation in different plant parts of eight soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) varieties was determined at developmental stages of growth during two growing seasons. Within varieties, rates of dry matter accumulation in different plant parts were similar in both years. From stages 5 to 9, daily rates of dry matter accumulation in the plant varied among varieties from 88 to 149 kg/ha/day. The rate of dry matter accumulation in seeds of all varieties, however, was similar at 99 kg/ha/day from 30 days after stage 5 to stage 10. Pods of all varieties increased in weight at a rate of 51 kg/ha/day from 20 days after stage 5 to stage 8. The rate of leaf fall was similar for all varieties, but time of leaf fall varied among varieties.
Effect of Branch Removal and Plant Populations at Equidistant Spacings on Yield and Light Use Efficiency of Soybean Canopies1
Authors: Beuerlein J. E. , Pendleton J. W. , Bauer M. E. , Ghorashy S. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of branch removal and three equidistant plant spacings on yield and light penetration of canopies of ‘Wayne’ soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) were studied at Urbana, Illinois. Newly formed branches were removed from plants grown in equidistant spacings of 25, 30, and 35 cm. Plots were highly fertilized and irrigated throughout the growing season.Seed yields increased with increased spacing of normal plants but decreased with increased spacing of plants without branches. A population (155,000 plants/ha) of plants without branches produced the greatest yield (4,397 kg/ha or 65.5 bu/acre). Plant height, lodging, stem weight and leaf area were greater in plants with branches than in plants without branches. Seed weight, leaf efficiency and leaf density were greater in plants without branches.
Turbulent Transport and Energy Balance as Affected by a Windbreak in an Irrigated Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris) Field1
Authors: Brown K. W. , Rosenberg Norman J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTurbulent exchange coefficients for sugar beets sheltered by corn windbreaks and unsheltered were calculated by means of an energy balance. Occasionally measurements were made within the boundary layer characteristic of the underlying surfaces at four locations in shelter and in the open field. At such times the coefficients were 25% lower on the average in the sheltered area. These results agree with the few available reports on this subject.Decreased exchange coefficient in the sheltered area acts to suppress the transport of sensible heat. The suppression of upward sensible heat transport in a Great Plains irrigated valley during the morning results in an increase in energy available for consumption as latent heat. During the afternoon, however, when sensible heat is advected to the crop, latent heat flux is lower in the sheltered crop than in the open field. Thus the total daily latent heat flux may be the same in both plots. The sheltered crop is subjected to a reduced evaporative demand, however, during periods when water stress is most likely.
A Biological Method for Evaluating Soil Nitrogen Availability and Forecasting Nitrogen Fertilizer Needs of Wheat1
Authors: Amir J. , Ephrat J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA biological method for evaluating N availability and forecasting N fertilizer needs of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is proposed.Spring wheat plants were grown in containers with 8 kg of soil from the field under consideration. Total N uptake, as determined 60 days after sowing (at the beginning of heading), indicated the potential response of the wheat crop in the field. The test of the method's suitability for practical use was based on the response of the wheat crop to N application in the field.The total N (in milligrams) taken up by the test plants was designated as the nitrogen index of the soil (NI). On the mineral loess soils of the semi‐arid Israeli Negev, wheat responded significantly to N fertilization only in fields with NI lower than 100.
Accumulation of N, P, and K by Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Plants1
Authors: Hanway J. J. , Weber C. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffects were studied of fertilizer applications for nodulating and non‐nodulating soybeans and of varieties on the amounts of N, P, and K accumulated in aboveground plant parts of soybeans at successive stages of plant development. Total accumulation of N, P, and K in the plants followed patterns similar to that of drymatter accumulation. Rates of accumulation were slow early in the season, but became rapid, and the nutrients accumulated at constant daily rates between stages 5 and 9. Approximately 79% of the total accumulation of these nutrients occurred during the 46‐day period between stages 5 and 9. Approximately half of the N, P, and K in the mature seeds were translocated from other plant parts, and the remaining half taken up from the soil and nodules during seed development. Fertilizer applications increased the amounts of N, P, and K accumulated by the plants. Nutrient accumulation was similar in 8 varieties.
Calcium Translocation in the Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Skelton B. J. , Shear G. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFruiting peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L.) were grown in pots of soil with some roots extending through the drainage hole into jars of water. Supplying 45Ca to the water in these jars for 2 to 4 days resulted in calcium uptake and translocation primarily to the vegetative portions of the plants, as measured by autoradiographs. When fruit of plants, having 45Ca supplied as described above, were lifted from the fruiting medium and exposed to the atmosphere to promote water loss from transpiration, radioactive calcium moved readily into them, while only traces of 45Ca were detected in fruit remaining in the soil.Peanut plants were grown so that the fruiting medium, consisting of nutrient free sand, was isolated from the rooting medium to study the effects on fruit development of varying water and calcium in the fruiting zone. Omission of water or intermittent watering of the fruiting medium resulted in an increased percentage of dead gynophores (pegs or fruiting stalks). Omission of calcium and/or water decreased the percentage of fruit containing seed, and also reduced the number of two‐segmented fruit. Calcium content of both pericarp and seed was decreased by omitting calcium and/water from the fruiting medium. Intermittent drying of a calcium‐free fruiting medium did not result in an increased movement of calcium into the fruit from the vegetative part of the plant, as compared with fruit in a continually moist calcium‐free medium.
Relationships between Tannin Content and Forage Digestibility in Sorghum1
Authors: Cummins D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo related sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrids, one bird‐resistant (high‐tannin grain, 10.5%) and one non‐bird‐resistant (low‐tannin grain, 4.2%), were harvested at the dough stage of grain maturity. In vitro dry matter digestibilities (IVDMD) and astringent tannin contents were determined on whole plant samples containing varying amounts of grain and on plant components from ensiled and non‐ensiled samples. IVDMD was correlated with percent grain in the non‐ensiled mixtures, but the rate of IVDMD increase was much less in the mixtures high in tannin (Y = 47.0 ‐f‐ 0.08X, r = 0.81) compared with the low‐tannin mixtures (Y = 43.7 + 0.21X, r = 0.99). Ensiling increased IVDMD, and this increase was greater in the high‐tannin hybrid (Y = 42.0 A + 0.23X, r = 0.98) than the low‐tannin hybrid (Y = 40.8 + 0.28X, r = 0.99). Loss of tannins from the grain of the high‐tannin hybrid on ensiling resulted in tannin contents equal to the low‐tannin hybrid. Tannin contents of the chaff, leaves, and stalks of the bird‐resistant hybrid were 9.7, 6.6, and 6.8%, respectively, and 7.8, 6.1, and 1.7% respectively in the non‐bird‐resistant hybrid. This tannin did not dissipate upon ensiling as did that in the grain of the high‐tannin hybrid. These results indicate that feed quality of silage made from bird‐resistant sorghums should be improved and closer to that of non‐bird‐resistant sorghum silage.
Comparative Yields and Composition of Eight Tropical Leafy Vegetables Grown at Two Soil Fertility Levels1
Authors: Schmidt D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTropical leafy vegetables including Amaranthus cruentus L., Basella alba L., Brassica chinensis L., Brassica aleracea var. acephala D.C., Corchorus olitorius L., Ipomoea aquatica Forsk, Solanum melanocerasum Allioni, and Talinum triangulare Willd. were grown on plots of medium and high soil fertility at Akure, Nigeria. Average dry matter yields of edible leaves from medium and highfertility soils, respectively, were 1,970 and 3,339 kg/ha from 70 days' growth in 1966, and 2,839 and 5,133 kg from 120 days' growth in 1967. Amaranthus cruentus was the highest‐yielding species, in 1966 producing 3,473 kg/ha, compared to an average of 2,383 kg from Brassica chinensis, Corchorus, Solatium, and Talinum. Amaranthus, Basella, and Solatium were most responsive to high fertility. The Brassica spp. and Ipomoea produced relatively high yields with medium fertility.The dry matter of the leaves averaged approximately 5% total N, about three‐fourths of this being protein N. Solanum with 5.9% and Ipomoea with 5.4% had the highest total N contents. Leaves from the high‐fertility soil averaged 5.4% total N compared to 4.5% for leaves from medium fertility. Calcium contents ranged from 2,045 mg / 100 g dry matter in Amaranthus to 412 mg in Ipomoea. Basella had the highest iron content with 50 mg / 100 g dry matter compared to an average of 34 mg for the other seven species. Leaves from the medium‐ fertility plots contained an average of 22% more iron than those grown on high‐fertility plots.Relationships of the nutrient contents of leafy vegetables to the diets of people in southern Nigeria are discussed.
Survival and Growth of Cotton Plants Damaged by Windblown Sand1
Authors: Fryreat D. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCotton seedlings are easily damaged or destroyed by exposure to the abrasive action of windblown sand. The survival and recovery of damaged plants should be related to the moisture stress at the time of injury and the change in moisture stress following injury. Plants were grown in a greenhouse, exposed to windblown sand injury at 3 or 9 days of age, and returned to the greenhouse. The soil moisture content at exposure time was 7 (dry) or 11% (wet). The moisture content was constant or reversed at 3, 9, or 27 days after exposure.Cotton plant leaf area, height, and dry matter production (at 50 days of age), were significantly reduced by exposure to abrasive injury. Plant growth was delayed from 8 to 25 days, and the plants that recovered were shorter but had more leaf area per unit of height than plants not exposed. Plant survival for 3‐day‐oId plants abraded with blowing sand was 62 and 65% for a soil at 7 (dry) and 11% (wet) moisture, respectively. Plant survival for 9‐day‐old plants exposed to abrasive injury was 78 and 63% for the dry and wet soil respectively. Decreasing the soil moisture content of a wet soil 9 or 27 days after 3‐day‐old plants were exposed significantly decreased survival. When 9‐day‐old plants in a dry soil were exposed, increasing the soil moisture 3 days after exposure significantly decreased survival, but decreasing :he soil moisture of a wet soil 9 or 27 days after exposure significantly increased plant survival.Plant tissue destruction was observed as the leaves and hypocotyl became dark green or black. Thin sections of the tissue revealed a compression of the damaged cells rather than an actual abrading away of the plant material.
Soil Salinity Effects on Absorption of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Protein Synthesis by Coastal Bermudagrass1
Authors: Langdale G. W. , Thomas J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe interaction of artificially salinized soil and N‐P fertilization on dry‐matter production and protein synthesis of coastal bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] was studied in a greenhouse environment. Saline solutions were prepared in concentration multiples with the same ionic ratios as the available irrigation water to develop four treatments with electrical conductivities (EC) of 0, 4.8, 9.6, and 14.4 mmhos/cm. After salinewater equilibration of a Brennan fine sandy loam soil (Typic Haplustalf), fertilizer treatments were applied in a factorial arrangement with N rates of 0, 67, 133, and 200 mg/kg of soil and P rates of 0, 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg of soil.No response was obtained from P fertilization. Significant interactions occurred for both dry‐matter and protein‐N yields with soil salinity and N supply treatments. Soil salinities of 5.3 and 6.6 mmhos/cm yielded the most dry matter and protein N, respectively, in the presence of N fertilizer. Reduction in soluble N (nonprotein) occurred at the most efficient levels of protein‐N synthesis. Although N requirements decreased as soil salinity increased, N fertilization offset effects of salinity up to 9.6 mmhos/cm. Dry‐matter and protein syntheses were seriously restricted at the 14.4 mmhos/cm salinity level; however, salinity levels did not restrict N absorption by coastal bermudagrass.
Water Relations and Growth of Cotton as Influenced by Salinity and Relative Humidity1
Authors: Hoffman G. J. , Rawlins S. L. , Garber M. J. , Cullen E. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil salinity and atmospheric relative humidity influence plant growth, but few data are available showing the interaction between them. This interaction was studied with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in four sunlit climate chambers at temperatures cycling daily between 38 and 26 C. Relative humidity was controlled at 25, 40, 65, and 90%. The root medium was maintained at osmotic potentials of −0.4, −5, −10, and −15 bars.Relative humidity significantly affected shoot growth only in the 90% relative humidity treatment, where growth was increased about 40%. The shoot‐to‐root ratio at high humidities was at least double the ratio at low humidities. The 50% yield decrement based on leaf area or plant dry weight occurred at an osmotic potential of –5 bars. Because the anthers of the cotton flowers in the 25 and 90% relative humidity treatments did not dehisce, seed cotton yields at these relative humidities were essentially zero. Seed cotton yields per plant at 40 and 65% relative humidities were comparable to or greater than field yields.Transpiration per unit leaf area for the entire experiment increased an average of 80% for all salinity levels as the relative humidity decreased from 90 to 25% and decreased slightly with increasing salinity in all humidity treatments. Transpiration per unit leaf area decreased as the plants matured and tended to approach the same value for all treatments near the end of the experiment.The relative yield of dry matter and leaf area as a function of salinity was the same at all relative humidities, indicating that no interaction between salinity and relative humidity occurred.
Salt Tolerance of Safflower Varieties (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) during Germination1
Authors: Ghorashy S. R. , Sionit N. , Kheradnam M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVarietal differences with respect to salt tolerance have been observed in various crop species. Knowledge of such differences in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is of potential importance. Effects of seven salinity levels (0 to 2% NaCl) on germination of three safflower varieties were determined under controlled temperature (30 ± 2 C). The varieties were ‘Ute,’ Iranian local 3151, and Iranian local 2811. The three varieties showed a similar trend in germination reduction as salinity increased from 0 to 1% NaCl. However, Iranian local 3151 showed the least reduction in percent germination, as compared with the other two at NaCl concentrations greater than 1%.
Nitrogen Metabolism of Stargrass as Affected by Nitrogen and Soil Salinity1
Authors: Langdale G. W. , Thomas J. R. , Littleton T. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInteractive effects of soil salinity and N fertilizer on stargrass (Cynodon plectostachyus (K. Schum.) Pilger) growth and N metabolism were investigated. Nitrogen contents were partitioned to study the effects of substrate salinities on hydrolysis of protein‐N and the accumulation nonprotein‐N assimilates. Mixed chloride‐sulfate solutions of the same ionic ratios and electrical conductivities (EC) of 4.8, 9.6, and 14.4 mmhos/cm were equilibrated with Brennan fine sandy loam (Typic Haplustalf) soil, after which N was applied in a factorial arrangement at rates of 0, 67, 133, and 200 mg/kg of soil.Nitrogen fertilizer interacted significantly with soil salinity to stimulate dry matter and protein‐N yields at the 4.8‐mmhos/cm level. No evidence of a toxic nonprotein‐N accumulation in plant tissue was observed even with high N fertilization at this salinity level. The 9.6‐mmhos/cm salinity treatment was considerably more deleterious to dry matter than to protein‐N production processes. Dry matter production and protein‐N synthesis were severely inhibited at the 14.4.mmhos/cm salinity level although NO3‐N appeared to be adequately absorbed and reduced.
Dispersal and Germination Dynamics of Broadleaf Filaree, Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol1
Authors: Young James A. , Evans Raymond A. , Kay Burgess L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractErodium species are important forage plants in the western United States, Australia, and other areas with similar climate. Knowledge of the germination and seedbed ecology of Erodium species will aid in efficient management of rangelands where these annuals occur. Dispersal, self‐burying, and seed germination of the indehiscent fruits of broadleaf filaree (Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol.) were investigated. Field dispersal and laboratory germination in relation to temperature and germination enhancement experiments were conducted. The complex fruit consists of an indurate tipped corpusculum that contains the seed; the spirillium (coiled portion of the awn); and the flagellum (hairlike terminal of the awn). The three parts are a highly efficient mechanism for self‐burial. Indehiscent seeds are impermeable to water at first. This hard seed dormancy breaks during the summer in a natural seedbed condition, but persists if the fruits are stored under dry conditions. The natural mechanism of breaking dormancy involves mechanical action of the fruit breaking the hilum of the seed. The dormancy can be overcome artificially by soaking fruits in concentrated sulfuric acid or by exposing the seeds to diurnal fluctuations of temperature and relative humidity. Artificial hourly temperature fluctuation will accelerate the breaking of dormancy. Seeds that will imbibe water have an optimum germination at relatively cool temperatures, but considerable germination occurs with warm day temperatures and extreme diurnal fluctuations.
Potassium and Sodium Interrelations in Growth and Alkali Cation Content of Safflower1
Authors: Aslam M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractApplication of Na often improves the growth of many crop plants resistant to Na. Part of this is due to “sparing” action of Na on K. Often Na improves the growth of some species regardless of K level. It has been suggested that safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) also responds to Na even in the presence of ample K. However, the information regarding the interactions of Na and K in this plant is scanty. This paper reports the effects of Na at different levels of K on the growth and accumulation of alkali cations in different parts of the plant.The plants were grown for 24 days in nutrient solutions under controlled environments. The nutrient solutions contained six levels (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 meq/liter) of K and 2 levels (0 or 4 meq/liter) of Na. Other nutrients were supplied at their optimum concentrations.Both growth and alkali cation content of the plants were affected by K and Na treatments. Sodium increased the plant growth by about 40 to 50% at all K treatments. Visual K deficiency symptoms were delayed and were less severe when Na was added to the treatment solutions as compared to the treatment where no Na was supplied.Potassium concentrations in all above ground plant parts were directly related to K treatments. Potassium concentrations were lower in older blades than in younger blades when plants were K deficient, regardless of Na treatment. With more supplied, K concentrations were higher in the older leaves than in the younger. Addition of Na to the treatment solutions depressed the K concentration in all plant parts studied when K was deficient. However, in younger blades this effect was noticed even at higher K supply. Sodium concentrations in the above ground plant parts were strongly reduced by excess K in the solutions. Potassium and Na concentrations in the stem were higher as compared to other above ground plant parts.Calcium and Mg concentrations in the stem and older blades decreased with increase in K regardless of Na treatments. The older blades had higher concentrations of Ca and Mg than the other above ground plant parts. Addition of Na to the treatment solutions did not affect the accumulation of Ca in any plant part, whereas the Mg concentrations in all above ground plant parts were significantly increased by Na treatment.Information gained from these studies indicates that application of Na to safflower can give better growth and Na can also substitute for K especially when K supply is low.