bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscle characteristics and plasma lactate and ammonia response after racing in Standardbred trotters: relation to performance
Authors: RONÉUS N. , ESSÉN‐GUSTAVSSON B. , LINDHOLM A. , PERSSON S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryBlood samples from the jugular vein and muscle biopsies (gluteus medius) In 25 Standardbred trotters were obtained 5–10 min after racing. The biopsies were analysed for fibre type composition and enzymatic profile and blood samples for plasma lactate and ammonia concentrations.Muscle characteristics, plasma lactate and ammonia concentrations after racing were compared with each horse's Individual performance index (IPI). The IPI is calculated annually from the Individual horse's racing performance (% placing 1, 2 or 3, total annual earnings, average earning per start, and best racing record), respectively, converted to and expressed as a percentage deviation from the average record of the same sex and age group.The IPI values were 100–116. Plasma lactate concentrations were 15.0–42.7 mmol/l (mean 31.3 nunol/l) and ammonia concentrations 65–210 μmOl/l (mean 141 μmol/l) after racing.Fibre type composition varied among horses (range 9–27% fortype I, 32–54% forType IIA, and 27–46% forType IIB). Fibre type composition, enzyme activities, plasma lactate and ammonia responses to racing were not correlated to IPI, Ten of the horses also performed a submaximal test on the track, consisting of 5 incremental 1000 m heats at approximate speeds of 9.1, 9.5, 10.0, 10.5, and 11.1 m/s. Immediately after each beat a blood sample was drawn from the jugular vein for plasma lactate analysis. Plasma lactate response to exercise differed between horses, but no correlation was seen with IPI.Muscle characteristics, plasma lactate and ammonia concentrations after racing and lactate response to a submaximal track test did not correlate with current race performance expressed as IPI In a group of horses with average or better performance capacity at the time of testing. Analysis of lactate and ammonia in blood after racing is not a valuable tool to predict an individual performance index.
Hydrocortisone levels in the urine and blood of horses treated with ACTH
Authors: CALONI F. , SPOTTI M. , VILLA R. , MARIANI C. , MONTANA M. , POMPA G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAn investigation was undertaken to demonstrate whether therapeutic treatment with ACTH raises hydrocortisone (cortisol) levels in horse urine above the limit (1000 ng/ml) established by the International Conference of Racing Authorities with the aim of controlling the abuse of cortisol and ACTH in equine sports. ACTH (200 iu) was administered i.m. to 3 Thoroughbred horses; urine and blood samples were collected at intervals afterwards and analysed by an immunoenzymatic system (ELISA) and HPLC‐MS. To ascertain post exercise cortisol levels in untreated horses, 101 urine and 103 serum samples were taken from horses immediately after racing and analysed by ELISA. The peak urine level of cortisol, detected 8 h after ACTH administration, was around 600 ng/ml using either ELISA or HPLC‐MS. The peak serum cortisol concentration was found to be around 250 ng/ml by ELISA, but consistently less by HPLC‐MS. Mean cortisol levels in post race horses were 135.1 ± 72.1 ng/ml in urine and 90.1 ± 41.7 ng/ml in serum. High levels of the metabolite 20β‐dihydrocortisol in urine and the cortisol precursor 11β‐desoxycortisol in serum were found. The latter showed high cross‐reactivity with cortisol on ELISA. In our experiment, treatment with ACTH 200 iu i.m. did not raise urinary cortisol levels above the 1000 ng/ml threshold proposed by the ICRA.
Characterisation of the type and location of fractures of the third metacarpal/metatarsal condyles in 135 horses in central Kentucky (1986–1994)
Authors: ZEKAS LISA J. , BRAMLAGE L. R. , EMBERTSON R. M. , HANCE S. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe objective of this retrospective study was to provide a detailed description of the characteristics of condylar fractures represented in a population of 135 horses who sustained 145 fractures. Records and radiographic studies were examined. Fifty‐nine percent of the horses were male and the majority Thoroughbreds. The distribution of fractures was 37% incomplete‐nondisplaced, 30% complete‐nondisplaced and 32% complete‐displaced. The right front was more likely to sustain a complete‐displaced fracture, whereas the left front was more likely to sustain an incomplete‐nondisplaced fracture. Forelimbs (81%) and lateral condyles (85%) were more likely to be involved. Contrary to previous studies, the right forelimb was slightly more often involved than the left Fractures tended to involve the middle portion of the condyle (59%). The mean length of all fractures was 75 ± 3.8 mm. Axial fractures and medial condyle fractures tended to be longer. Fifteen percent of the fractures had definitive articular comminution. Ninety‐five percent of fractures with articular comminution were associated with complete fractures. When fractures entered the middle area of the condyle, 23% had articular comminution. Eight of the fractures spiralled, all involved forelimbs. Concurrent lesions included proximal phalanx chip fractures, sesamoid fractures, sesamoiditis, proximal phalanx fractures, ‘splint’ bone periostitis and ligamentous injuries. The complete description of the fractures in this group of horses allows us better to define the condylar fracture, compare these fractures to previous studies and establish new data for use in defining prognosis.
Effect of parturition on levels of vitamins A and E and of β‐carotene in plasma and milk of mares
Authors: SCHWEIGERT F. J. , GOTTWALD C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe objective of this study was to investigate in mares the effect of parturition on plasma and milk levels of retinol, β‐carotene, α‐tocopherol and cholesterol over 12 weeks around parturition. In blood plasma of horses around parturition an increase of all these components was observed. This increase was most impressive in β‐carotene (P<0.05) and less pronounced for vitamin E, vitamin A and cholesterol. The magnitude of increase around parturition corresponded well with the magnitude of accumulation in colostrum; levels of β‐carotene in colostrum were 65 times higher compared to mature milk while vitamin A, vitamin E and cholesterol were only 3 to 8 times higher. β‐carotene concentrations in colostrum were positively correlated with corresponding plasma levels (r = 0.9; P<0.001). Reasons for the increase in plasma β‐carotene around parturition may include an improved absorption of carotene and/or reduced conversion into vitamin A as well as mobilisation from tissue storages or a reduced uptake in tissues other than the mammary gland. In conclusion, the results may point to possible component‐ and species‐specific differences involved in the transfer of fat‐soluble vitamins, β‐carotene and cholesterol from blood plasma into colostrum.
The characteristics of intestinal injury peripheral to strangulating obstruction lesions in the equine small intestine
Authors: GERARD M. P. , BLIKSLAGER A. T. , ROBERTS M. C. , TATE L. P. , ARGENZIO R. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryRecent studies suggest that horses requiring surgical correction of strangulating intestinal obstruction may develop post operative complications as a result of ischaemia/ reperfusion injury. Therefore, the mucosal and serosal margins of resected small intestine from 9 horses with small intestinal strangulating lesions were examined for evidence of ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Severe mucosal injury and marked elevations in myeloperoxidase activity were detected at ileal resection margins (n = 4), whereas the mucosa from proximal jejunal (n = 9) and distal jejunal (n = 5) resection margins was normal. However, the serosa from jejunal resection margins had evidence of haemorrhage and oedema, and the proximal jejunal serosa had significantly increased numbers of neutrophils. Histological injury in ileal stumps is indicative of the inability fully to resect the ileum in horses with distal small intestinal strangulations. One of 4 horses subjected to ileal resection was subjected to euthanasia and found to have a necrotic ileal stump. Evidence of serosal injury and neutrophil infiltration in the proximal jejunal resection margins may predispose horses to post operative adhesions. Four of 8 horses discharged from the hospital suffered from recurrent colic in the post operative period.
Equine dental disease Part 1: A long‐term study of 400 cases: disorders of incisor, canine and first premolar teeth
Authors: DIXON P. M. , TREMAINE W. H. , PICKLES KIRSTIE , KUHNS LORNA , HAWE CARLYN , McCANN JACQUI , McGORUM B. , RAILTON D. I. , BRAMMER STEPHANIE 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA review of 400 horses referred because of dental disorders showed 44 cases to suffer from primary disorders of their incisors and 11 from canine or 1st premolar teeth disorders. The remaining 345 horses suffered from primary disorders of the cheek teeth. Disorders of incisors included traumatic damage to teeth and their supporting bones, retained deciduous, displaced and supernumerary incisors; brachygnathia and abnormalities of wear, with most of the latter disorders being secondary to primary disorders of the cheek teeth Only 3 cases of apical infection of incisors were recognised. Most cases of fractured incisors responded well to conservative therapy. Retained deciduous incisors were extracted, but most cases with supernumerary and displaced incisors, or brachygnathia were treated conservatively. Most disorders of the canine and 1st premolar were developmental displacements that caused bitting problems (abnormalities of head movement associated with the bit), and these cases responded well to extraction of the displaced teeth.
Cardiovascular demands of competition on low‐goal (non‐elite) polo ponies
Authors: MARLIN D. J. , ALLEN J. C. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryKnowledge of the competitive demands of different sports or activities is important for designing appropriate training programmes to ensure that animals reach a sufficient level of fitness to reduce the risk of overexertion and injury or illness and to achieve the best possible performance in relation to an individual's genetic potential. Whilst the physiological demands of many equestrian sports have been described, to the best of our knowledge the cardiovascular demands of polo have not. The aims of the present study were therefore to record heart rate during and after competitive polo games in a group of low‐goal (non‐elite) polo ponies in order to describe the absolute heart rates during play, the relationship of these heart rates to maximal heart rate and the characteristics of a typical chukka in terms of effort. Six low‐goal polo ponies were studied during a total of 59 chukkas. Heart rate was monitored continuously before, during and after competition using a commercial heart rate monitor. Maximal heart rate was determined with field and treadmill incremental exercise tests and used to express work intensity in terms of time during play that each ponies heart rate was less than 75% HRmax, between 75 and 90% HRmaxand greater than 90% HRmax. Mean maximum heart rate was not different during play or during field and treadmill exercise tests; 215 ± 7 (mean ± s.d.), 211 ± 7 and 213 ± 2 beats/min, respectively (P>0.05). Mean heart rate for all ponies over all chukkas was 166 ± 6 beats/min with a mean chukka duration of 611 ± 18 s. Of this time, 44 ± 7% of the time was spent below 75% HRmax, 39 ± 8% between 75 and 90% HRmaxand 17 ± 8% of time above 90% HRmax. When only one chukka had been played, there was a good correlation between mean heart rate during play and 3 min recovery heart rate (r = 0.63, P<0.001). Based on these observations, it is proposed that low‐goal polo places moderate to high stress on the cardiovascular system.
Disposition and tolerance of suxibuzone in horses
Authors: JARAIZ M. V. , RODRIGUEZ C. , ANDRES M. D. SAN , GONZALEZ F. , ANDRES M. I. SAN 
Published: April 2010

SummarySuxibuzone (SBZ), a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, was administered to 6 horses at a dose rate of 7.5 mg/kg bwt by intravenous (i.v.) route. Plasma and synovial fluid concentrations of suxibuzone and its main active metabolites, phenylbutazone (PBZ) and oxyphenbutazone (OPBZ), were measured simultaneously by a sensitive and specific high‐performance liquid chromatographic method. The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis. Plasma SBZ concentrations rapidly decreased and were not detectable beyond 20 min after treatment. The parent drug was not detected in any synovial fluid samples. Average maximum plasma concentrations of PBZ (16.43 μg/ml) and OPBZ (2.37 μg/ml) were attained at 0.76 and 7.17 h, respectively. The mean residence time (MRT) of PBZ was 6.96 h in plasma. Oxyphenbutazone plasma concentrations were below those reached by phenylbutazone during the first 12 h after suxibuzone administration, even though its values were detectable for at least 24 h (MRT = 10.65 h). Plasma concentrations of PBZ and OPBZ exceeding EC50and IC50of TXB2and PGE2were reached by at least 12 h. Synovial fluid concentrations of PBZ and OPBZ were 2.87 ± 0.37 μg/ml and 0.97 ± 0.08 ug/ml at 9 h after suxibuzone administration and exceeded IC50of PGE2for at least this time. In the present study, suxibuzone was well tolerated following i.v. injection.
Supporting forelimb lameness: clinical judgement vs. computerised symmetry measurement
Authors: PEHAM C. , LICKA THERESIA , GIRTLER D. , SCHEIDL M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe aim of this study was to compare supporting forelimb lameness determined by a motion analysis system with the subjective grading of a trained equine orthopaedic surgeon. Trotting on a treadmill, 29 individuals with a supporting forelimb lameness were measured with the SELSPOT II system and judged by the clinician. The vertical motion of the head was measured, analysed using Fourier transform, and the percentages of symmetry determined. The veterinarian evaluated the lameness and graded it according to a clinical routine. Veterinarian and system for motion analysis assigned the lameness to the same leg in all cases, but the grading of the lameness differed in 6 out of 29 cases. The results of this study indicate that motion analysis can be used as an informative tool supporting the subjective veterinary judgement.
Factors involved in the prognosis of equine laminitis in the UK
Authors: CRIPPS P. J. , EUSTACE R. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe significance of clinical and radiological parameters as prognostic indicators for laminitis, ‘founder’ and ‘sinking syndrome’ was studied using case records of 216 horses and ponies. Five animals were destroyed without treatment and were not included in the results of the study. One hundred and sixty‐two (77%) animals returned to athletic soundness; 7 animals (3%) did not regain full athletic function, 42 animals (20%) died or were destroyed. Cases were assigned to 4 groups on the basis of initial clinical examination alone. These groups were laminitis, acute founder, ‘sinker’ and chronic founder. This grouping was found in itself to be the most important prognostic parameter which was studied. Stepwise regression analysis of the data from animals by group indicated that the radiological measurement of founder distance, was the most significant radiological prognostic measurement for acute founder cases. Less significant prognostic parameters were the severity of lameness, rotation angles, the presence of solar prolapse, and the number of feet affected. The height of the animal at the withers was not significantly related to outcome. The prognosis for horses was not significantly different from that for ponies.
A serological and clinical follow‐up in horses with confirmed equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis
Authors: ARTURSSON KARIN , GUNNARSSON A. , WIKSTRÖM ULLA‐BRITT , ENGVALL EVA OLSSON 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFor diagnosis of equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (EGE) serological testing of antibodies toEhrlichia equiis frequently used. An elevated antibody level is often misinterpreted as confirmative of active infection and results in treatment with antibiotics. If only seropositivity is considered as the diagnostic criterium, many horses showing convalescence titres will be treated. This study was undertaken to obtain information about the kinetics of antibodies during the course of infection and, for this purpose, 45 horses with clinical signs of EGE and confirmed ehrlichiaemia were monitored serologically and clinically over time. For a correct handling of cases with suspected EGE, the following results should be helpful: (i) 44% of the horses in the acute ehrlichiaemic stage were found to be serologically positive toE. equi;(ii) all horses showed a rapid increase in antibody titre, reaching maximum value within a month after the ehrlichiaemic stage; (iii) when 8 months had passed, titres had decreased, but 18 of 24 examined horses were still serologically positive; (iv) after 12–15 months most of the horses (n = 10) were serologically negative; and (v) the period required for complete clinical recovery varied from one day up to 6 months after antibiotic treatment.
The role of subchondral bone in joint disease: a review
Authors: KAWCAK C. E. , McILWRAITH C. W. , NORRDIN R. W. , PARK R. D. , JAMES S. P. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySubchondral bone plays a role in the pathogenesis of osteochondral damage and osteoarthritis in horses and humans. Osteochondral fragmentation and fracture, subchondral bone necrosis and osteoarthritis are common diseases in athletic horses, and subchondral bone is now thought to play an integral role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. There have been numerous research efforts focused on articular cartilage damage and its pathogenesis, yet comparatively little effort focused on subchondral bone pathology or the coordinated disease states of the osteochondral tissues. The purpose of this report is to review the current understanding of osteochondral disease in all species and its application to equine research and practice. It can be concluded from this review that our current understanding of osteochondral disease is based on clinical and pathological sources; and that the lack of information about joint tissue adaptation and disease has hampered objective studies of osteochondral tissues.
Upregulation of mRNA of interleukin‐1 and ‐6 in subchondral cystic lesions of four horses
Authors: svon RECHENBERG B. , LEUTENEGGER C. , ZLINSKY K. , McILWRAITH C. W. , AKENS M. K. , AUER J. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis study investigated the potential association of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) in subchondral cystic lesions (SCL) in horses. With the technique of in situ hybridisation in paraffin sections of fibrous tissue of SCL and quantitative real‐time PCR in fresh frozen fibrous tissue and undecalcified bone sections of SCL embedded in acrylic resin, upregulation of mRNA of both cytokines could be demonstrated. mRNA of IL‐1β was upregulated at the periphery of the cystic lesion adjacent to normal bone, whereas IL‐6 mRNA was upregulated within the fibrous tissue found within the centre of the SCL. It was concluded that both cytokines are associated in pathological bone resorption observed in SCL and, in combination with increased production of prostaglandin E2, may be responsible for the slow healing, maintenance or further expansion of the cystic lesions.
Neurological disease associated with EHV‐1‐infection in a riding school: clinical and virological characteristics
Authors: van MAANEN C. , van OLDRUITENBORGH‐OOSTERBAAN M. M. SLOET , DAMEN E. A. , DERKSEN A. G. P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAn outbreak of neurological disease caused by EHV‐1 infection is described with emphasis on diagnosis and prognosis for recumbent horses. In April 1995, an outbreak of the neurological form of Equine herpesvirustype 1(EHV ‐ 1) occurred in a well‐managed riding school with 41 horses: 34 horses showed a temperature spike and 20 some degree of neurological signs, of which 10 were nursed intensively in the indoor arena of the riding school for 3 to 20 days, 8 having to be maintained in slings for 2–18 days, while 9 needed bladder catheterisation b.i.d. for 2–16 days. Within the first 3 days, one horse was subjected to euthanasia and another horse died.Postmortemexamination revealed a mild vasculitis with perivascular mononuclear cuffing and axonal degeneration in the central nervous system.Clinical diagnosis was confirmed by serology and virology: 28 horses seroconverted in one or more tests during the outbreak, whereas 12 had already high CF and SN titres in the first sample, suggestive of recent infection. Virus was isolated from nasal swabs of 4 horses, and identified as EHV‐1 with type‐specific monoclonal antibodies. Restriction enzyme analysis revealed that the EHV‐1 strains from this outbrék belonged to genome type EHV‐1.IP. The electropherotypes were identical to those from another, epidemiologically unrelated, outbreak of neurological disease 2 months earlier. The timing of the temperature spikes and seroconversions indicated that the infection was probably introduced by a horse purchased 3 weeks before neurological signs occurred.At follow‐up one year later, the 10 horses that showed mild neurological signs had recovered completely. Of the 8 horses that survived intensive care, 3 had returned to around their former performance level (2 of which had been in slings), while the other 5 had become pasture‐sound. At follow‐up 4 years later, all pasture‐sound horses had been subjected to euthanasia because of persistent mild ataxia and incontinence. In conclusion, the prognosis for recumbent horses due to EHV‐1 infection is grave. For virological diagnosis, extensive and strategic sampling of febrile in‐contact horses is required, and the EHV‐1‐specific glycoprotein G (gG) ELISA is a valuable tool for specific serological diagnosis of EHV‐1 infection causing neurological disease.
External quality assessment scheme for parasite serology; a review of the scheme design and performance
Authors: Collier S , Manser M , Chiodini P L 
Published: April 2010

BackgroundAn external quality assessment (EQA) scheme for parasite serology was introduced in April 2005 as a tool to measure how well laboratories were performing in parasite serodiagnosis.Aim and MethodsTo review the scheme design and performance from its beginning until January 2008.ResultsThe numbers of participating laboratories gradually increased during the review period and was 28 in January 2008. The results showed that the standard of reporting was extremely high and there was an encouraging trend towards improvement in the overall percentage of correct reports. The most common error made was the returning of false negative results forStrongyloidesantibodies.ConclusionIt is hoped that this scheme will lead to a more standardised approach to the serological diagnosis of parasitic infection.