bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethics and Revelation: A Fragment
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter offers a brief excerpt from a 2008 essay which also included Chapter 5 in Volume I of this text (on Bernard Williams and truth's values) and Chapter 7 in Volume II (on nations) discusses both natural revelation and the different, historical revelation to Israel completed by Jesus of Nazareth. Ethics precedes faith in two ways: it bears on the love of truth that grounds ‘natural’ revelation, and it hears on the assessment of the reliability of purported bearers of historical revelation (prophets). Part of the historical revelation, moreover, is that its moral teachings are all accessible to reason.
Philosophy and God's Nature: Second Thoughts
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter offers a reflection on the treatment in Natural Law and Natural Rights (1980) of the question how the basic human goods and requirements of practical reasonableness are related to, or in Mark Murphy's words ‘detachable from’, the rational affirmability of God's existence and nature. (About that nature, the book was too austere and agnostic.) There is ‘detachability’ just to the extent that (say) physics can be done well without raising and pressing further questions about the origins of physical realities and laws. But rationality norms applicable across the whole field of human questioning require that when those questions are raised, in the appropriate (philosophical) discipline, they be answered by affirming the existence of divine causality in tandem with the natural causalities and intelligibilities known to the diverse human fields of inquiry and scholarly disciplines. Neither natural moral law nor any other intelligible order is safe for non-theists. The affirmation that God is love is not foundational, but dependent.
Secularism and ‘The Culture of Death’
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter was written for a conference in the wake of the encyclical Evangelium Vitae (1995), which spoke of ‘the culture of death’, referring to cultures in which the intending of death is legally or socially accepted. The meaning of ‘culture’ is first considered, and then the influence of secularism (considered in the light of Plato's analysis as in Chapter 3 of this volume, and of Owen Chadwick's tracing of the secularization of the European mind to the axiom that miracles do not happen. Topics considered include creative causality and providence, freedom of choice, dignity, Nietzsche, the significance of intention and its denial by many proportionalist theologians, and secularism by default.
2 Martha Gurney and the Anti-Slave Trade Movement, 1788–94
Authors: Whelan Timothy 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter explores the work of Martha Gurney (1733–1816), a staunch Baptist and the leading woman bookseller and publisher in London in the last quarter of the eighteenth century, during the first decade of the abolitionist movement in England. The chapter examines the fourteen abolitionist pamphlets Gurney published or sold between 1787 and 1794 and their place within the abolitionist movement, with special attention to An Address to the People of Great Britain, on the Propriety of Abstaining from West-India Produce (1791) by William Fox. The Address, the most widely distributed pamphlet of the eighteenth century, created widespread support for a nationwide boycott of sugar from the West Indies. Though Gurney and her pamphleteers were unable to persuade parliament to end the slave trade at that time, they laid the groundwork for the later work of Elizabeth Heyrick and the boycott movement of the 1820s.
4 The Dissenting Voice of Elizabeth Heyrick: An Exploration of the Links Between Gender, Religious Dissent, and Anti-Slavery Radicalism
Authors: Midgley Clare 
Published: October 2011

AbstractElizabeth Heyrick's 1824 pamphlet Immediate, not Gradual Abolition challenged the policy of amelioration and gradual emancipation adopted by the Anti-Slavery Society in Britain at its foundation in 1823, setting in motion debates that led to a fundamental shift in abolitionist policy in both Britain and the US. This chapter traces the religious wellsprings of Heyrick's outspoken radical abolitionism. It explores the roots in the milieu of late eighteenth-century provincial rational dissent, where religious and political radicalism were interlinked. It then examines the ways in which her radicalism was strengthened and sustained through her subsequent involvement in the Society of Friends at a time when Quaker women were asserting spiritual leadership through searing critiques of the increasing ‘worldliness’ of the male leaders of the Society.
The Rules on Interpretation: Misgivings, Misunderstandings, Miscarriage? The ‘Crucible’ Intended by the International Law Commission
Authors: Villiger Mark E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on the means of interpretation as codified in Articles 31 and 32 of the 1969 Vienna Convention. It also deals with the misgivings as to rules on interpretation, namely as to whether it is at all possible to establish rules of interpretation and to elicit the ‘correct’ meaning from a treaty term. It further discusses certain misunderstandings, in particular as to the relative structure of the means mentioned in Articles 31 and 32. The chapter finds that Articles 31 and 32 are not only contractually binding, they also enjoy a solid basis in customary international law. Overall, it can be said that these two provisions are among the most important ones of the entire 1969 Vienna Convention. They offer the interpreting agency considerable flexibility to adapt the various means of interpretation to the different types of treaties.
The European Courts and the Law of Treaties: The Continuing Story
Authors: Kuijper Pieter Jan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter presents a critical analysis of the case law of the European Court of Justice and of the General Court relating to the application of the international law of treaties. It covers the some forty cases in which the Courts have referred explicitly to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969, and a few more where this happened implicitly, during the period 1998–2010. Inevitably the emphasis falls on the application of the rules of treaty interpretation to the international agreements concluded by the European Union (EU), but also to the founding treaties of the EU itself. The Courts have been confronted with great regularity with questions relating to the law of treaties and thus have become increasingly sophisticated in their use of it. The recent accusation that the Court is adverse to international law seems to be based on a few dramatic cases, not on the steady stream of smaller cases in which the law of treaties plays a role.
The Metamorphosis of Jus Cogens: From an Institution of Treaty Law to the Bedrock of the International Legal Order?
Authors: Zemanek Karl 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
When the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties confirmed the existence of peremptory norms of international law (jus cogens) they were conceived, like Roman jus publicum, as absolute law that could not be altered by the will of individual States. Scholars then transformed the concept into the manifestation of public policy (ordre public). They also argued for widening the scope of its application to unilateral legal acts and customary international law. A recent trend in academic theory assigns jus cogens an essential role in the constitutionalization of international law, postulating it either as hierarchically higher order or as embodying the constitutional principles. In view of the rashness of scholars in proclaiming the peremptory character of norms and also of the inexpertness of the European and national courts in applying supposedly peremptory international norms in their decisions, it seems better to keep jus cogens at its original task.
An EroticAristeia
Authors: Brillet‐Dubois Pascale 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter evaluates the relationship of the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite to the Iliadic tradition. Taking into consideration the methodological approach of Neoanalysis, it is suggested that the narrative of the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite interacts with the narrative sequence of the Homeric aristeia. Attention is given throughout to the ways in which the Hymn to Aphrodite defines its own place in relation to the heroic traditions of Homeric epic. A thorough analysis of the Hymn's narrative structure is undertaken.
The SeventhHomeric Hymnto Dionysus
Authors: Jaillard Dominique 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the epiphanic nature of the narrative of the seventh Homeric Hymn to Dionysus in relation to the other Hymns in the collection, taking into account distinctions of length, and Dionysus' presentation elsewhere in Greek literature (including Euripides' Bacchae) and art. It is argued that the focalization of the seventh Hymn on the epiphany of Dionysus upon the ship of the Tyrsenian pirates is not simply the narration of a divine epiphany; rather one finds in the Hymn the epiphanic structuring of the narrative.
Homeric and Un‐Homeric Hexameter Hymns
Authors: Furley William D. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter explores the relationship of the Homeric Hymns to other early hexameter hymns and their possible genesis from theogonic hymns and cult myth. Comparison is made between the Hymns and Hesiod's Theogony and Works and Days, but also to the evidence for an Orphic hymnic theogony contained in the Derveni papyrus and the mock bird theogony in Aristophanes' Birds, among other texts. It is suggested that the Homeric Hymns may have developed as epicized elaborations of theogonic hymns.
Children of Zeus in theHomeric Hymns
Authors: Felson Nancy 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter offers a reading of intergenerational conflict in the long Homeric Hymn to Apollo and the twenty‐eighth Hymn to Athena. Detailed attention is given to the relationship of the poem's narratives to the Hesiodic theogony, among other texts. It is argued that both of the Hymns treat the theme of intergenerational conflict, but that Apollo and Athena are ultimately portrayed as allies of Zeus, despite their potential for rebellion.
Governing Like Judges?
Authors: Hiebert Janet L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter expresses a sceptical stance about the extent to which bills of rights can be crafted in such a way as to avoid the damaging consequences of strong judicial review. Research on how bills of rights affect bureaucratic and political behaviour when developing and evaluating legislation in Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, shows that even ‘weak’ bills of rights lead to cautious executives who refrain from bringing forward legislation that might be considered inconsistent with judicial decisions. In this way, they may be said to ‘govern like judges’ producing legalistic legislation which distorts policy and political judgments regarding human rights concerns. It is as if judges were in the corridors of power at the time legislation is being developed. Moreover, the capacity of parliamentarians to oppose government legislation is reduced if the legislation is thought to be potentially inconsistent with relevant judicial rulings. The chapter therefore believes that weak form systems are unstable and will either revert to parliamentary supremacy of merge into strong court systems. It concludes that, however bills of rights are designed, and allowing for significant differences between Canada, New Zealand, and the UK, the idea of developing robust and effective systems of rights-based parliamentary scrutiny is unrealistic.
Inter-institutional ‘Rights Dialogue’ under the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act
Authors: Geddis Andrew 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the extent to which the ‘weak-form’ New Zealand Bill of Rights model promotes a ‘culture of justification’ within public authorities and fosters a ‘dialogue’ between different institutions of government. There is no clear evidence that it has the sort of impact of the legislative process outlined in Chapter 3. Similarly, there is no substantial impact on Parliament's activities as lawmaker through rights ‘vetting’ of proposed legislation by the Attorney-General, commentary by the Human Rights Commission or post-enactment interpretation of legislation, noting that New Zealand has no parliamentary human rights committee. Indeed the New Zealand Parliament seems relaxed about passing government legislation that the Attorney-General deems incompatible with the Bill of Rights. Illustrating these contentions in connection with the Electoral Finance Act 2007, and the Misuse of Drugs (Classification of BZP) Amendment Act 2008, the chapter concludes that New Zealand shows an example of weak-form Bills of Rights which Tushnet sees as reverting to parliamentary supremacy.
Messages from the Front Line: Parliamentarians’ Perspectives on Rights Protection
Authors: Evans Carolyn , Evans Simon 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Drawing on research relating to the Australian Federal Parliament, this chapter examines the argument that the new statutory bills of rights encourage parliaments to play a more significant role in the protection of rights. It identifies a number of constraints on the capacity of parliamentarians to undertake serious rights-based scrutiny of legislation, such as the lack of time, resources and expertise, the impact of party discipline in small legislatures, and the dominance of the executive. It reports the strong views of parliamentarians that parliaments can and should have a significant role in the protection of human rights and be able to resist the pressure to trust the executive on civil liberties. The chapter argues that empowering political representative is a crucial ingredient in the promotion of the political protection of human rights, and indicates some ways that this objective could be better achieved through the use of electronic technologies in accordance with ideas concerning e-democracy, including direct public input into public policy-making. More speculatively, the chapter suggests that parliamentary representation might be reformed to provide for a more team-based approach that could utilize a broader variety of talents.
Rights and the Citation of Foreign Law
Authors: Waldron Jeremy 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter addresses the specific issue of whether or not courts within jurisdictions that involve judicial review of legislation on human-rights grounds should cite foreign law. It argues that, whatever we think of the legitimacy of such powers, if they exist it is preferable that courts should be able to draw on the experience of comparable decisions in other jurisdictions. This enables courts to learn from the deliberations that have taken place elsewhere. It also generates more informed public debate on rights. Further the citation of foreign cases and statutes contributes to the harmonization of human rights law. However, improving the quality of human rights decision making and promoting the global consistency of human rights law should not be confused with the propriety of propriety of the judicial review in question.
8 The Organism as a Semiotic and Cybernetic System
Authors: Auletta Gennaro 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHere, the concept of sign is introduced as well as those of teleonomic and teleologic mechanisms. The crucial notions of information control and functional equivalence classes are worked out. Chemotaxis is studied as an example of biological cybernetic system. Finally, the notion of biological self is introduced.
17 Memory
Authors: Auletta Gennaro 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this chapter, the third fundamental functionality of the brain is examined: Memory. After a short presentation of the nature of memory and of its fundamental features, the chapter introduces the relevant neural mechanisms. This will allow us to deal with the fundamental difference between procedural and declarative memory, which turns out to be connected with two different functions, namely learning and memory. Finally, the problem of the stages of memory consolidation is discussed, starting with the traditional distinction between a short-term and a long-term memory. It shall be seen that it is convenient to establish a dichotomy between active and inactive memory.
Definitions
Authors: Horty John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFrege's theory of definition is the subject of this chapter. The chapter focuses on the apparent conflict between two of its central tenets. The first is the requirement of fruitfulness which suggests the idea that definitions should make it possible to prove things that we could not have proved otherwise. However, in interpreting Frege's notion of fruitfulness, the focus has been on a weak, psychological reading. The second tenet of discussion is the requirement of eliminability which proposes the idea that an expression containing defined symbols should share its sense with the expression that results when those symbols have been eliminated.
A simple semantic model
Authors: Horty John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter gives a precise semantic framework in which senses can be assigned with definite structures. It aims to examine the robust interpretation of fruitfulness of both defined expressions and “incomplete” expressions in accordance to which the presence of defined and incomplete expressions actually alter the structure of expressible senses. The framework illustrated would be explicitly procedural with the sense of an expression interpreted as a procedure for determining its referent. Given that it is not a standard kind of framework in formal semantics, the chapter begins with a basic definition of the interpretation itself.
Bycatch in South Africa's inshore trawl fishery as determined from observer records
Authors: Attwood Colin G. , Petersen Samantha L. , Kerwath Sven E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Attwood, C. G., Petersen, S. L., and Kerwath, S. E. 2011. Bycatch in South Africa's inshore trawl fishery as determined from observer records. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 2163–2174. Ship-based observer data were analysed to describe the volume, composition, utilization, and size structure of catches made by South Africa's inshore trawlers. The sampling rate was 3.5% of all trawls, including unsorted and discard samples. In all, 137 nominal species were recorded. Analysis of species composition separated the trawling grounds into seven areas, providing a framework for stratifying the ground for catch estimation and for selection of representative areas for conservation. The target species, Merluccius capensis and Austroglossus pectoralis, made up 58% of the pre-discard catch. Trachurus trachurus, Pterogymnus laniarius, Raja spp., and Chelidonichthys spp. constituted another 23%. Pre-discard catch volumes of the entire fleet were estimated. The average annual pre-discard catch of M. capensis and A. pectoralis was 9653 and 504 t, respectively, closely matching landing statistics. Argyrosomus inodorus, Rhabdosargus globiceps, Argyrozona argyrozona, and Atractoscion aequidens averaged 294, 230, 107, and 83 t annually, respectively, indicating significant overlap with the handline fishery for A. inodorus and A. argyrozona. A comparison of species composition in unsorted and discard samples revealed the species being preferentially retained. Argyrosomus inodorus and A. aequidens were trawled mainly below their size at maturity. Management needs to consider other species when determining catch or effort limits and area restrictions.
Carotenoid Value Addition of Cereal Products by Monoculture and Mixed‐Culture Fermentation of Phaffia rhodozyma and Sporobolomyces roseus
Authors: Ananda Nanjundaswamy , Vadlani Praveen V. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTCarotenoid value addition of corn whole stillage by red yeast fermentation has yielded astaxanthin‐ and β‐carotene‐enriched distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) for animal feed. In this study, commonly used animal feeds (rice bran, wheat bran, milo whole stillage, and soybean products) were subjected to carotenoid value addition. Phaffia rhodozyma and Sporobolomyces roseus monoculture and mixed‐culture submerged fermentation of these substrates supplemented with 5% glycerol were analyzed for astaxanthin, β‐carotene, and residual glycerol. Among all the substrates, full‐fat rice bran and full‐fat soy flour resulted in the highest astaxanthin (80 μg/g by P. rhodozyma) and β‐carotene yields (836 μg/g by S. roseus). P. rhodozyma produced the highest astaxanthin yield on each substrate, whereas depending on the substrate, either the mixed culture or S. roseus monoculture produced the highest β‐carotene yield. Soy hull was a poor substrate for carotenoid value addition. Both yeasts used glycerol as a carbon source for carotenoid production. This study shows that substrates influence the carotenoid yield. However, it is impossible to dissect the effect of specific nutrients on carotenoid production in complex biological substrates. Carotenoid value addition of these substrates provides as much as or more than the required daily dosage of carotenoids in animal feed.
Effects of CYP3A4 inhibition and induction on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tolvaptan, a non‐peptide AVP antagonist in healthy subjects
Authors: Shoaf Susan E. , Bricmont Patricia , Mallikaarjun Suresh 
Published: October 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Before these trials were done, the effects of CYP3A4 inhibition and induction on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of tolvaptan in healthy subjects were unknown. As tolvaptan is a CYP3A4 substrate, knowing the effects of inhibition and induction on CYP3A4‐mediated metabolism was important for dosing recommendations.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• This paper describes the changes in tolvaptan PK and PD following inhibition or induction of CYP3A4 and explores the mechanisms behind the disparity seen between tolvaptan PK and effects on urine output. It also discusses the concentrations at which tolvaptan produces its maximal response on urine output and the timing of the onset and offset of this response.AIMS In vitro studies indicated CYP3A4 alone was responsible for tolvaptan metabolism. To determine the effect of a CYP3A4 inhibitor (ketoconazole) and a CYP3A4 inducer (rifampicin) on tolvaptan pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD), two clinical trials were performed.METHODS For CYP3A4 inhibition, a double‐blind, randomized (5:1), placebo‐controlled trial was conducted in 24 healthy subjects given either a single 30 mg dose of tolvaptan (n= 19) or matching placebo (n= 5) on day 1 with a 72 h washout followed by a 3 day regimen of 200 mg ketoconazole, once daily with 30 mg tolvaptan or placebo also given on day 5. For CYP3A4 induction, 14 healthy subjects were given a single dose of 240 mg tolvaptan with 48 h washout followed by a 7 day regimen of 600 mg rifampicin, once daily, with 240 mg tolvaptan also given on the seventh day.RESULTS When co‐administered with ketoconazole, mean Cmax and AUC(0,∞) of tolvaptan were increased 3.48‐ and 5.40‐fold, respectively. Twenty‐four hour urine volume increased from 5.9 to 7.7 l. Erythromycin breath testing showed no difference following a single dose of tolvaptan. With rifampicin, tolvaptan mean Cmax and AUC were reduced to 0.13‐ and 0.17‐fold of tolvaptan administered alone. Twenty‐four hour urine volume decreased from 12.3 to 8.8 l.CONCLUSIONS Tolvaptan is a sensitive CYP3A4 substrate with no inhibitory activity. Due to the saturable nature of tolvaptan's effect on urine excretion rate, changes in the pharmacokinetic profile of tolvaptan do not produce proportional changes in urine output.