bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic and environmental contributions to variation in baboon cranial morphology
Authors: Roseman Charles C. , Willmore Katherine E. , Rogers Jeffrey , Hildebolt Charles , Sadler Brooke E. , Richtsmeier Joan T. , Cheverud James M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe development, function, and integration of morphological characteristics are all hypothesized to influence the utility of traits for phylogenetic reconstruction by affecting the way in which morphological characteristics evolve. We use a baboon model to test the hypotheses about phenotypic and quantitative genetic variation of traits in the cranium that bear on a phenotype's propensity to evolve. We test the hypotheses that: 1) individual traits in different functionally and developmentally defined regions of the cranium are differentially environmentally, genetically, and phenotypically variable; 2) genetic covariance with other traits constrains traits in one region of the cranium more than those in others; 3) and regions of the cranium subject to different levels of mechanical strain differ in the magnitude of variation in individual traits. We find that the levels of environmental and genetic variation in individual traits are randomly distributed across regions of the cranium rather than being structured by developmental origin or degree of exposure to strain. Individual traits in the cranial vault tend to be more constrained by covariance with other traits than those in other regions. Traits in regions subject to high degrees of strain during mastication are not any more variable at any level than other traits. If these results are generalizable to other populations, they indicate that there is no reason to suppose that individual traits from any one part of the cranium are intrinsically less useful for reconstructing patterns of evolution than those from any other part. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:1–12, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bias and accuracy of age estimation using developing teeth in 946 children
Authors: Liversidge Helen M. , Smith B. Holly , Maber Melissa 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDeveloping teeth are used to assess maturity and estimate age in several disciplines. The aim of the study was to determine which of the most well known dental age estimation methods was best at estimating age. The target sample of dental radiographs (N = 946, ages 3–16) was described by Maber et al. (Forensic Sci Int 159 (2006) S68–S73). Seven mandibular permanent teeth (I1–M2) were assessed, and dental age was calculated using four dental maturity scales and fifteen methods that use data for individual teeth. The mean difference between dental age and real age was calculated (bias) as well as several other measures of accuracy (mean/median absolute difference, percentage aged to within six months and to within 10% of real age). Most methods estimated age with significant bias and standard deviation of bias ranged from 0.86 to 1.03 years. Analysis by age group showed most methods over‐aged younger children, and considerably under‐aged older children. The method that performed best was the dental maturity scale of Willems et al. (J Forensic Sci 46 (2001) 893–895) with bias of −0.14 ± 0.86 years (N = 827), mean absolute difference of 0.66 years, 71% aged to 10% or less of age, and 49% aged to within six months. Two individual teeth, P2 and M2, estimated age with bias not significantly different to zero for most formation stages using methods based on a large reference sample (L9a Demirjian stages) and a uniform age distribution (N25a Moorrees stages). Standard deviation of bias was least for early crown stages and most for late root stages. Methods that average ages for individual teeth improve if schedules for ‘mean age entering a stage’ are adjusted for prediction. Methods that directly calculate ‘mean age within stage’ can be improved by drawing from a uniform age distribution. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Encephalization, expensive tissues, and energetics: An examination of the relative costs of brain size in strepsirrhines
Authors: Barrickman Nancy L. , Lin Maggie J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe evolution of encephalization requires that energetic challenges be met. Several hypotheses, such as the maternal energy and expensive tissue hypotheses, have been proposed to explain how some species are able to provide adequate energetic resources for large brains. The former incorporates maternal investment strategies, such as extended life history and elevated resting metabolic rate, which contribute to the growth of a large brain. The latter incorporates the reduction of gut size, which increases available energy for the maintenance of adult brain size. This study examines a sample of strepsirrhines, testing the hypothesis that encephalized species utilize some combination of the above‐mentioned strategies. Infants and juveniles from three species at the Duke Lemur Center (DLC) were measured periodically to arrive at head and body growth trajectories. These data were used to determine the energetic tradeoff among the offspring. The examination of gestation length, weaning age, intestinal size and resting metabolic rate was used to assess adult brain maintenance and maternal energetic contribution. The results reveal thatDaubentonia, the most encephalized and thus human‐like of the lemurs, does not experience an energetic trade‐off between brain and body during ontogeny, but does exhibit a trade‐off between extensive brain growth and possibly reduced intestinal growth. Also, maternal energy is utilized. Encephalized lemurs, such asDaubentonia, have higher resting metabolic rate, while encephalized lorisiforms have a longer period of gestation. These results demonstrate that there are several strategies for meeting the energetic demands of encephalization, and they can be manifested differentially across taxa. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The influence of body proportions on femoral and tibial midshaft shape in hunter‐gatherers
Authors: Shaw Colin N. , Stock Jay T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVariation in femoral and tibial diaphyseal shape is used as an indicator of adaptation to patterns of terrestrial mobility. Recent experimentation has implied that lower limb diaphyseal shape may be primarily influenced by lower limb length, and less so by mobility patterns. If valid, this would, at most, render previous interpretations of mobility patterns based on analyses of diaphyseal shape questionable, and, at least, require additional standardization that considers the influence of limb length. Although the consequences could be profound, this implication has yet to be directly tested. Additionally, the influence of body breadth on tibial shape (and to a lesser extent femoral shape) remains uncertain. Tibial and femoral cross‐sectional midshaft shape measurements, taken from nine Pleistocene and Holocene skeletal populations, were compared against lower limb length, limb segment length, and bi‐iliac breadth. Generally, limb length and limb segment length do not significantly influence femoral or tibial midshaft shape. After controlling for body mass greater bi‐iliac breadth is associated with a relative mediolateral strengthening of the femoral midshaft, while the influence of a wider body shape (BIB/length) is associated with a relative M‐L strengthening of the tibia and femur of males, and the tibia of females. We conclude that; (1) mechanical interpretations of lower limb diaphyseal shape are most parsimonious due to the lack of evidence for a consistent relationship between segment length and shape; however, (2) further work is required to investigate the influence of bi‐iliac breadth on both femoral and tibial midshaft shape. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photoluminescent and oxygen sensing properties of core–shell nanospheres based on a covalently grafted ruthenium(II) complex
Authors: Wang Shuli , Li Bin , Zhang Liming , Liu Lina , Wang Yinghui 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSiO2 nanospheres coated with silica chemically doped with a ruthenium complex [Ru(Bphen)2PhenSi]Cl2 (denoted as Ru, there Bphen = 4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthrolin, PhenSi = modified 1,10‐phenathroline) were prepared using a simple solution‐based method. Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) showed that the pure SiO2 nanospheres with a mean diameter of ∼185 nm were successfully coated with Ru complex–chemically doped SiO2 shell with a thickness of ∼45 nm. The obtained core‐shell nanosphere materials exhibited bright red triplet metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) emission, and their photoluminescent intensity was sensitive to oxygen concentration. These properties make them promising candidates for biomarkers and optical oxygen sensors, which can measure the O2 concentration in biological fluids. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of T cell–dependent and RANKL‐dependent osteoclastogenic processes associated with high levels of bone mass in interleukin‐15 receptor–deficient mice
Authors: Djaafar Souad , Pierroz Dominique D. , Chicheportiche Rachel , Zheng Xin Xiao , Ferrari Serge L. , Ferrari‐Lacraz Sylvie 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveT cell production of RANKL, interferon‐γ (IFNγ), and other cytokines in inflammatory processes such as rheumatoid arthritis or secondary to conditions such as estrogen deficiency stimulates osteoclast activity, which leads to bone resorption and bone loss. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of interleukin‐15 (IL‐15), a master T cell growth factor whose role in bone remodeling remains unknown.MethodsWe used mice lacking the IL‐15 receptor (IL‐15Rα−/−) to investigate the effects of IL‐15 on osteoclast development, T cell and dendritic cell activation in vitro and in vivo, bone mass, and microarchitecture in intact and ovariectomized (OVX) mice.ResultsIn wild‐type (WT) animals, IL‐15 and RANKL provided a costimulatory signal for osteoclast development. Spleens from IL‐15Rα−/− mice contained few c‐Kit+ osteoclast precursors, and the expression of NF‐ATc1 and the osteoclastogenic response to RANKL were impaired. In addition, dendritic cell–dependent and T cell–dependent mechanisms of osteoclast activation, including RANKL and IFNγ production, were impaired in IL‐15Rα−/− mice. In turn, IL‐15Rα−/− T cells failed to stimulate WT osteoclasts, whereas WT T cells failed to stimulate IL‐15Rα−/− osteoclasts. Compared with WT mice, both intact and OVX IL‐15Rα−/− mice had significantly greater bone mineral density and microarchitecture, including a higher trabecular bone volume fraction and cortical thickness. The numbers of osteoclasts on the bone surface as well as markers of bone turnover were significantly decreased in IL‐15Rα−/− mice.ConclusionIn the absence of IL‐15 signaling, several converging mechanisms of osteoclastogenesis are inhibited, both directly and indirectly, through T cells, which leads to a high bone mass phenotype. Targeting the IL‐15 pathway may represent a novel therapeutic approach to treating primary and secondary osteoporosis.
Testbed for evaluation of vehicular detection systems
Authors: Chitturi Madhav V. , Medina Juan C. , Benekohal Rahim (Ray) F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReliable and robust detection systems are the cornerstone in the efficient and proper functioning of vehicle infrastructure integration. This paper presents the design and implementation of a testbed for evaluating vehicular detection systems. The development of the testbed involved design of the hardware setup required for real‐time monitoring of the sensors, programming the devices for data capture, and development of algorithms to automate the analysis of the recorded data. The methodology used to calibrate and validate the algorithms to automate the analysis of the data is presented as well. Although the testbed is presented in the context of evaluation of video detection systems at signalized intersections, it can be used for evaluating any vehicular detection systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hexamer oligonucleotide topology and assembly under solution phase NMR and theoretical modeling scrutiny
Authors: Evstigneev Maxim P. , Parkinson John A. , Lantushenko Anastasia O. , Kostjukov Viktor V. , Pahomov Valery I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe entire family of noncomplementary hexamer oligodeoxyribonucleotides d(GCXYGC) (X and Y = A, G, C, or T) were assessed for topological indicators and equilibrium thermodynamics using a priori molecular modeling and solution phase NMR spectroscopy. Feasible modeled hairpin structures formed a basis from which solution structure and equilibria for each oligonucleotide were considered. 1H and 31P variable temperature‐dependent (VT) and concentration‐dependent NMR data, NMR signal assignments, and diffusion parameters led to d(GCGAGC) and d(GCGGGC) being understood as exceptions within the family in terms of self‐association and topological character. A mean diffusion coefficient D298 K = (2.0 ± 0.07) × 10−10 m2 s−1 was evaluated across all hexamers except for d(GCGAGC) (D298 K = 1.7 × 10−10 m2 s−1) and d(GCGGGC) (D298 K = 1.2 × 10−10 m2 s−1). Melting under VT analysis (Tm = 323 K) combined with supporting NMR evidence confirmed d(GCGAGC) as the shortest tandem sheared GA mismatched duplex. Diffusion measurements were used to conclude that d(GCGGGC) preferentially exists as the shortest stable quadruplex structure. Thermodynamic analysis of all data led to the assertion that, with the exception of XY = GA and GG, the remaining noncomplementary oligonucleotides adopt equilibria between monomer and duplex, contributed largely by monomer random‐coil forms. Contrastingly, d(GCGAGC) showed preference for tandem sheared GA mismatch duplex formation with an association constant K = 3.9 × 105M−1. No direct evidence was acquired for hairpin formation in any instance although its potential existence is considered possible for d(GCGAGC) on the basis of molecular modeling studies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 1023–1038, 2010.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
R&D activity in Canada: does corporate ownership structure matter?
Authors: Di Vito Jackie , Laurin Claude , Bozec Yves 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study examines the link between ownership structures and R&D activities in Canada. We hypothesize that highly concentrated ownership structures or the presence of controlling minority shareholders negatively affects R&D intensity of Canadian manufacturing firms. Our results show that the concentration of voting rights is negatively related to the level of R&D expenditure and R&D outcomes. Furthermore, we show that the level of separation between the voting and cash flow rights held by dominant shareholders of “Controlling Minority Structure” firms has a positive effect on R&D intensity but a negative effect on R&D outcomes. Copyright © 2010 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical study of drop spreading over saturated pores
Authors: Lunkad Siddhartha F. , Maiti R. N. , Buwa Vivek V. , Nigam K. D. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNumerical study of the dual effect of pores in liquid spreading over porous surface (flat and spherical) whereby liquid movement is facilitated as well as restricted (visualised by Khanna and Nigam [Khanna and Nigam, Chem. Eng. Sci. 57, 3401–3405 (2002)]) is presented to improve the present understanding of wetting. Using the volume of fluid (VOF) method in a two‐dimensional solution domain, the influence of various parameters viz. drop volume, pore density, surface wettability and liquid properties on the liquid spreading over 2D pellets with saturated pores was numerically investigated. Simulation results were found to capture the key features of the liquid spreading over non‐porous and porous surfaces qualitatively. The variation of spread factor and the apex height of liquid film with time were in a good qualitative agreement with the concept of dual action of pores. The liquid spreading was observed to have a direct proportionality with the pore density, that is, higher the number of pores, better was the liquid spreading. It was also observed that the influence of the pores on the liquid spreading was reduced with decrease in the surface wettability. It is expected that this numerical analysis of the liquid droplet spreading over saturated porous surface will be useful for better understanding of the physics of drop and pore (saturated) interactions.
Surface fractal dimension of rice hull‐derived charcoal from a fluidized‐bed reactor
Authors: Fan L. T. , Boateng A. A. , Walawender W. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDisposal of or energy recovery from rice hull can be accomplished by pyrolysis, a heterogeneous reaction whose rate tends to depend on the area of the solid reactant surface. In the present work, the surface fractal dimension, dSF an intrinsic quantitative measure for characterizing irregular particle surfaces, has been determined for rice hull as 2.42. The values of dSF of hull‐derived charcoal particles at a retention time of 30 s in a fluidized bed have been determined to be 2.79 at 848 K and 3.00 at 973 and 1173 K, thereby indicating the development of a highly porous network with increasing temperature.
Absorption of carbon monoxide with reversible reaction in cualcl4‐toluene‐complex solutions
Authors: Gholap Raghuraj V. , Chaudhari Raghunath V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe absorption of CO in CuAlCl4‐toluene‐complex solutions was studied in a stirred reactor. The reaction was found to occur in a fast reaction regime. The effect of CO partial pressure, CuAlCl4‐toluene‐complex concentration and temperature on the rate of absorption was studied. The results have been interpreted using a theoretical model for mass transfer with reversible chemical reaction and the rate parameters were determined. The equilibrium constants were also determined experimentally. An interesting observation showing a decrease in the rate with an increase in temperature was made for this system. This is explained on the basis of a higher activation energy for the reverse reaction. The activation energies evaluated for the forward and reverse reactions are 32.93 and 97.42 kJ/mol, respectively.
Size distribution of the particles entrained from fluidized beds: Gas humidity effects
Authors: Baron T. , Hazlett J. D. , Bergougnou M. A. , Briens C. L. , Galtier P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperimental results obtained with 65 μm sand and 69 μm cracking catalyst showed that the smallest particles were not the most easily elutriated from fluidized beds of mixed size particles. This is in contradiction with the assumption applied to existing models for the prediction of the flux and size distribution of particles elutriated from a fluidized bed. The smallest particles cannot be removed by elutriation from a mixture of particles of various sizes.The smallest particles may be agglomerated with larger particles. Increasing the gas humidity, which would presumably reduce electrostatic effects, did not greatly affect the size distribution of the elutriated particles.
Hydrodynamique et transfert gaz‐liquide dans un réacteur verlifix rempli de différents garnissages
Authors: Tahraoui K. , Ronze D. , Zoulalian A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractL'étude porte sur différents réacteurs triphasés du type Verlifix constitués par l'association en série d'un venturi à jet placé en amont d'une colonne remplie d'un garnissage. Les écoulements de gaz et de liquide se font à co‐courant descendant. Quatre types de garnissage ont été disposés dans la colonne, à savoir: des anneaux Raschig, des blocs de monolithe alvéolaire, des particules d'alumine microporeuses et des billes de verre. Pour les quatre supports et pour des conditions opératoires fixées, nous mesurons certaines caractéristiques hydrodynamiques du lit fixe et du réacteur et les caractéristiques de transfert gaz‐liquide du co'té liquide du réacteur dans son ensemble. Les différentes mesures permettent de mettre en évidence l'influence du type de garnissage sur les grandeurs mesurées et plus particulièrement sur le coefficient de transfert volumique du réacteur.
Air bubble holdup in quiescent wood pulp suspensions
Authors: Pelton Robert , Piette Richard 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAir bubbles were injected into the bottom of a column filled with an aqueous suspension of wood pulp fibers to permit measurement of the probability that the bubbles escape the fiber network to reach the surface. Escape probabilities were measured as functions of bubble volume, pulp consistency (weight fraction of fibers), and pulp type. For a given consistency, larger bubbles rose through the column whereas smaller bubbles were held up in the fiber network. The higher the consistency, the greater the bubble diameter required for escape. The minimum buoyancy forces required for bubble escape were correlated with estimates of the yield stress of the fiber network.
Combined buoyancy effects of thermal and mass diffusion on laminar forced convection in the thermal entrance region of horizontal square channels
Authors: Lin J. N. , Chou F. C. , Yan W. M. , Tzeng P. Y. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHeat and mass transfer in laminar mixed convection in the thermal entrance region of horizontal square channels is investigated by using the vorticity‐velocity formulation of the Naiver‐Stokes equations. The numerical results, including the developments of temperature and concentration contours, Nuz and friction coefficient ratios, fRe / (fRe)0, are presented for an air‐water system. The effects of bottom wall temperature and the relative humidity on the momentum, heat and mass transfer in the flow are examined in detail. Results show that the influences of the evaporation of the water vapor along the wetted wall on the heat and mass transfer and the ratio fRe / (fRe)0 are rather substantial.
The temperature‐scanning adiabatic plug‐flow reactor
Authors: Wojciechowski B. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis work introduces the Temperature‐Scanning Adiabatic Plug‐Flow Reactor (TSAR‐PF), a fast and efficient method for studying kinetics. The proposed method of operation and data reduction offers an attractive alternative to the isothermal methods presently used in kinetic studies and catalyst evaluation and reduces the labour required to collect such data by some orders of magnitude, making studies over a broad range of conditions possible at reasonable cost.The proposed experimental method involves ramping (scanning) of the input temperature to an adiabatic plug‐flow reactor while recording both conversion and output temperature. The interpretation of this data to yield rate parameters is described.
Simultaneous methanol removal and destruction from wastewater in a trickle‐bed reactor
Authors: Cheng S. , Chuang K. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe stripping of methanol from wastewater was studied in a trickle‐bed reactor packed with a mixture of hydrophobic catalyst and hydrophilic support. The process involves air stripping of methanol followed by a gas phase oxidation of methanol into CO2 and H2 O over a platinum catalyst. At temperatures between 25 and 70°C, the overall rate was found to be controlled by the stripping step. Since the oxidation results in a lower concentration of methanol in the gas phase, the increased driving force for interfacial mass transfer leads to higher overall methanol removal efficiency.