bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The farmer decision process In Purchasing herbicides
Authors: Funk Thomas 
Published: July 2010

Fluctuations in cattle and calf prices are examined in this study, using monthly data for Canada, for thaperiod 1958 to 1976. Prices for live animals along with wholesale and retail level prices were analyzed. Live cattle prices were. furthermore, studied by type of animals – finished steers, COWS, heifers, feeder steers and calves. The model is formulated on the hypothesis that wholesale prices of beef and veal are first discovered at the wholesale level and live animal and retail prices are then derived from the wholesale prices. Among the live animal prices, price of finished steers was hypothesized to be the price leader, whereas the other live animal prices were determined by it. The wholesale beef price was found to be highly supply flexible (the coefficient being ‐ 1.836), but this was not the case with veal. The flexibility coefficient for live steer (finished) prices with respect to wholesale prices was 0.925. Similarly, the flexibility coefficients for heifer and cow prices with respect to finished steer prices were 0.923 and 0.846. respectively. This suggests that the opportunity cost of females in the breeding herd helps determine the spread between their prices and those of finished steers. Despite the inclusion of economic variables, the study concluded that cyclical fluctuations remained.L'auteur examine dans cette etude les fluctuations des prix bovins et des veaux en utilisant des donnks mensuelles pour la ptriode 1958–1976. Les prix des animaux vivants ainsi que les prix de gros et de detail ont tte analyses dans cette h d e. En outre, l'auteur a entrepris une analyse des prix pour chaque categorie d'animaw – bouvillons A I'engrais. vaches, gtnisses, bouvillons A engraisser et veaux.Le modble explicatif sous‐jacent a ttk construit selon I'hypothhe que les prix de gros des veaux et des boeufs s'ktablissaient d'abord sur le march6 de gros. puis les prix des autres animaux vivants et de detail Ctaient ensuite dtduits de ce dernier prix. On a constatt que le prix de gros du boeuf Ctait sensible A toute variation de I'offre (le coefficient ttant & gal A 1,836). Le cas du veau est tout A fait different. Le coefficient de flexibititk pour les prix des bouvillons vivants (A engraisser) par rapport au prix de gros etait tgal A0.925. De la msme facon, les coefficients de flexibilitk du prix des vaches et du prix des gknisses par rapport au prix des bouvillons A l'engrah ttaient respectivement tgaux A 0,923 et 0.846. Ce fait suggbre que le c6ut d'opportunitk des vaches dans le troupeau reproducteur aide A determiner la difference de prix entre les prix des vaches et genisses d'une'part et celui des bouvitlons B l'engrais d'autre part. MalgrC l'inclusion de variables konomiques pertinentes, I'ttude a rtvkle une persistance des fluctuations cycliques.
A monthly price forecasting Model for cattle and calves
Authors: Kulshrestatha Surendra N. , Rosaasen K. A. 
Published: July 2010

Fluctuations in cattle and calf prices are examined in this study, using monthly data for Canada, for thaperiod 1958 to 1976. Prices for live animals along with wholesale and retail level prices were analyzed. Live cattle prices were. furthermore, studied by type of animals – finished steers, COWS, heifers, feeder steers and calves. The model is formulated on the hypothesis that wholesale prices of beef and veal are first discovered at the wholesale level and live animal and retail prices are then derived from the wholesale prices. Among the live animal prices, price of finished steers was hypothesized to be the price leader, whereas the other live animal prices were determined by it. The wholesale beef price was found to be highly supply flexible (the coefficient being ‐ 1.836), but this was not the case with veal. The flexibility coefficient for live steer (finished) prices with respect to wholesale prices was 0.925. Similarly, the flexibility coefficients for heifer and cow prices with respect to finished steer prices were 0.923 and 0.846. respectively. This suggests that the opportunity cost of females in the breeding herd helps determine the spread between their prices and those of finished steers. Despite the inclusion of economic variables, the study concluded that cyclical fluctuations remained.L'auteur examine dans cette etude les fluctuations des prix bovins et des veaux en utilisant des donnks mensuelles pour la ptriode 1958–1976. Les prix des animaux vivants ainsi que les prix de gros et de detail ont tte analyses dans cette h d e. En outre, l'auteur a entrepris une analyse des prix pour chaque categorie d'animaw – bouvillons A I'engrais. vaches, gtnisses, bouvillons A engraisser et veaux.Le modble explicatif sous‐jacent a ttk construit selon I'hypothhe que les prix de gros des veaux et des boeufs s'ktablissaient d'abord sur le march6 de gros. puis les prix des autres animaux vivants et de detail Ctaient ensuite dtduits de ce dernier prix. On a constatt que le prix de gros du boeuf Ctait sensible A toute variation de I'offre (le coefficient ttant & gal A 1,836). Le cas du veau est tout A fait different. Le coefficient de flexibititk pour les prix des bouvillons vivants (A engraisser) par rapport au prix de gros etait tgal A0.925. De la msme facon, les coefficients de flexibilitk du prix des vaches et du prix des gknisses par rapport au prix des bouvillons A l'engrah ttaient respectivement tgaux A 0,923 et 0.846. Ce fait suggbre que le c6ut d'opportunitk des vaches dans le troupeau reproducteur aide A determiner la difference de prix entre les prix des vaches et genisses d'une'part et celui des bouvitlons B l'engrais d'autre part. MalgrC l'inclusion de variables konomiques pertinentes, I'ttude a rtvkle une persistance des fluctuations cycliques.
Alternative Methods of Estimating Export Demand: A Monte Carlo Comparison
Authors: Binkley James K. , McKinzie Lance 
Published: July 2010

A simple two‐country trading model is used to compare three methods of estimating export demand: ordinary least squares, two stage least squares, and two stage least squares applied to importer domestic equations (from which were derived excess demand). The performance of the estimators depends primarily on relative error variances around excess supply and demand. While there are situations where ordinary least squares performs well, it often gives very poor estimates. The third method is superior in the general case.On utilise un modèle classique d'analyse du commerce extérieur entre deux pays afin de comparer trois méthodes d'estimation de la demande pour l'exportalion. Ces méthodes utilisées pour quantifier la demande excédemaire correspondent respectivement à:

un simple modèle line'aire
un modèle général àéquations multiples
un modèle àéquations multiples s'appliquant uniquement aux fonctions d'offres et de demandes du pays importateur

Le rendement des coefficients estimés dépend, en majeure partie, de la variation relative de l'erreur associée aux offres et demandes excédentaires. En particulier, le simple modèle linéaire ne permet pas, sauf exception, d'estimer correctement les coefficients. Dans le cas général, la troisième méthode donne lieu à de meilleures estimations des coefficients.
Decision‐making Criteria for Purchasing Milk Quota at the Individual Farm Level
Authors: Stonehouse D. Peter , MacGregor Murray A. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryDairy farmers wishing to contemplate purchases of additional quota should first consider what the appropriate time horizon on their investment should be. If the chosen time horizon is one year or less, the problem of estimating how much they can afford to bid for quota can be solved with simple budgeting techniques. On the other hand, if the time horizon is taken as several years, and this would seem rational, then capital budgeting techniques are required. However, in either case, investment in additional quota should be compared with alternative investment opportunities before a final decision is made.Where capital budgeting techniques are used, a modification of the net present value approach permits the farmer to take account of his time preference for money, and allows calculation of the break‐even price, or the maximum affordable price to pay for additional quota. This approach necessitates the provision of estimates of the expected net returns from investing in quota for each year of the selected time horizon, as well as provision of estimates of the salvage value of the quota and an appropriate discount rate. The calculation of the expected net returns figures represents the most difficult task for the farmer. If expansion of milk shipments rests upon increasing output of milk per cow, then the short‐run production function and marginal cost curve provide the appropriate reference points. The expected net return on investment in quota is then given by the area under the marginal revenue line and above the relevant portion of the marginal cost curve.If, however, all short‐run variable input decisions have already been implemented at the optimum level, and expansion of milk shipments depends upon expanding the number of cows, or the “fixed” plant and equipment, or both, then the average total cost curve is the appropriate reference point. The expected net return on investment in quota is then represented by the difference between total net revenue at the new planned level of output and total net revenue at the existing level of output.
QUADRATIC SINGLE AND MULTI‐COMMODITY MODELS OF SPATIAL EQUILIBRIUM: A SIMPLIFIED EXPOSITION
Authors: Martin Larry J. 
Published: July 2010

This paper presents a somewhat simplified exposition of quadratic single and multi‐commodity models of spatial equilibrium. The intent is to facilitate their understanding by students and researchers. A graphical model is presented which illustrates the necessary conditions for spatial equilibrium. Then single commodity programming models with, first, quantities and, subsequently, prices in the decision domain are constructed. The equivalence of the graphical and programming models, as well as application of the necessary conditions as constraints in the programming models, are ilustrated. Finally, a multi‐commodity model with asymetric demand and supply coefficients is constructed as a primal‐dual formation in which the constraints are the necessary conditions for spatial equilibrium.Cet exposé présnte une interprétation assez simplifiée de modéles quadratiques d'équilibre spatial à produits individuels et multiples. Son dessein est de faciliter aux étudiants et aux rechercheurs leur compréhension de ces modèles. Un modèle graphique qui montre les conditions nécessaires à I'équilibre spatial est présenté. Ensuite, des modèles de programmation à produits individuels sont construits avec, premièrement, des quantités dans le domaine de la prise des décisions et, par la suite, avec des prix dans ce mème domaine. L'équivalence des modèles graphiques et des modèles de programmation, aussi bien que l'application des conditions nécessaires comme contraintes dans les modèles de programmation, y sont illustrés. Enfin, un modél à produits multiples, avec coefficient asymétriques de demande et d'offre, est construit comme formulation unique/double dans laquelle les contraintes sont les conditions nécessaires à l'équilibre spatial.
FEEDER CATTLE PRICE DETERMINATION IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Kulshreshtha Surendra N. , Bamford John A. 
Published: July 2010

This study presents results of a cross‐section analysis of feeder cattle prices at two Saskatchewan markets. The primary objective of the analysis was to identify factors which influence feeder cattle price variability, particularly those related to the quality of the animal, (i.e., average daily gain, and feed efficiency). Results indicate that disaggregate quality variables are a strong determinant of feeder cattle prices. During the sample period in this study, very large and large framed animals, and those with choice muscling were paid a premium over an animal of average frame and muscle. A positive but discontinuous relationship was observed between the price of the animal and lot size. The pre‐sort method of selling feeder cattle had a negative relationship with price, which reflected the relatively poor sorting of cattle at these sales. This, together with the fact that larger lots are mainly associated with the pre‐sorted method of selling, implies that if larger lots are obtained at the expense of homogeneity of the lot with respect to quality, the advantage of selling in larger lots may be partially offset.Cette étude présente les résultats de l'analyse d'une coupe en travers des prix de bovins d'engraissement à deux marches du Saskatchewan. L'objet essential de l'analyse ètait d'identifier les facteurs qui influencent la variabilité des prix de bovins d'engraissement, en particulier ceux qui ont rapport à la qualité de la bète (i.e. le moyen accroissement par jour et l'efficacité de l'alimentation). Les résultats indiquent que les variables de la qualité désagrégée déterminent fortement les prix des bovins d'engraissement. Pendant la prise d'énchantillons rapportée dans cette étude, les bestiaux de grande et de très grande ossature et ceux qui avaient la musculature de premier choix on été vendus à prime, de préféference à ceux qui avaient l'ossature et la musculature moyennes. On a observé des rapports positifs mais discontinus entre le prix d'une bète et la grandeur du lot. La méthode de vente qui consiste à trier d'avance le bovins d'engraissement avail un rapport négatif avec le prix, ce qui reflétait le triage de qualité inférieure ayant lieu à ces ventes. Ceci, ajouté au fait que les plus grands lots sont principalement associés avec la méthode de vente qui fait le tri d'avance implique que, si de plus grands lots sont obtenus aux dépens de l'homogénéité du lot quant à la qualité, donc l'avantage de vendre en plus grands lots peut ètre partielement réduite.
Social Costs of Supply‐Restricting Marketing Boards
Authors: Veeman Michele M. 
Published: July 2010

This article uses the concepts of economic surplus to assess the transfer and social cost effects of the national supply management programs for poultry products. The focus is on analytical and methodological issues and problems of identifying and quantifying these effects. It is apparent that different estimating methods and assumptions lead to considerable differences in the social cost estimates. Nonetheless, short‐run losses in allocative efficiency are relatively minor compared to the transfer effects. However, the potential long‐run losses in efficiency are substantial.Cet article utilise les concepts de surplus économiques pour évaluer les effets de transfert et de coúts sociaux dans les programmes hationaux de gestion de I'approvisionnement en volailles. Nous porterons notre attention sur les questions analytiques et méthodologiques et sur les problémes d'identification et de quantification de ces effets. II est évident que des méthoaes devaluation et des hypothéses différentes entraínent des differences considé fOlOrables dans Vestimation des coÜts sociaux. Pourtant, lespertes à court terme dues à une mauvaise distribution sont relativement minimes par rapport aux effets de transfert. Mais les pertes à long terme, pertes potentielles en efficacité sont substantielles.
The Welfare Effects of Export Constraints on the Canadian Feed Grain Market
Authors: Carter C. A. , Hickson A. B. , Kraft D. F. 
Published: July 2010

Export constraints have an important effect on the domestic pricing of feed grains since they increase the supplies of feed grain available for domestic consumption. This paper examines and quantifies the welfare effects of “physical” and “institutional” export constraints before and after the adoption of the Domestic Feed Grains Policy (1974).Les contraintes à l'exportation ont un effet important sur l‘établissement du prix intérieur des céréales fourragères, car elles accroissent les stocks de céréales fourragères disponibtes pour la consommation intérieure. Le présent document examine et quantifie les effets sur le bien‐étre des contraintes “physiques” et “institutionnelles”à l'exportation avant et apres l'adoption de la politique des céréales fourrageres du Canada (1974).
An Input‐Output Analysis of the Impacts of Increased Export Demand for Saskatchewan Products
Authors: Gould B. W. , Kulshreshtha S. N. 
Published: July 2010

Recent efforts to expand the level of Saskatchewan's exports are expected to generate significant impacts in terms of provincial levels of household income, gross domestic product, and gross output. Besides these economic effects, increased export activity will likely impact the level of provincial resource use. A combined input‐output/resource demand model is formulated which allows for both economic and resource use impact analyses of agricultural and non‐agricultural export policies. The resources considered explicitly in the model include the level of employment, energy and water use. In this paper, the model is used to evaluate the impacts of increases in the level of provincial exports of: (i) live cattle and calves, (i i) wheat and other grains, (iii) meat and meat products, (iv) crude oil, and (v) potash.Summary and Implications of the ResultsFive export scenarios were analyzed in this study. These included increases in the level of exports of: live cattle, slaughtered meat and meat products, grains, including wheat and other grains, crude oil, and potash. Each of these exports has a unique impact in terms of both absolute and relative values of several economic and resource demand criteria. A summary of rankings of the various scenarios' impacts is presented in Table 8. These rankings are based on the value of the economic and resource multipliers generated by each export scenario.The above table indicates that there may exist trade‐offs, in terms of the promotion of one type of commodity export versus another. For example, in terms of employment impacts, scenario B (meat and meat products) generates the largest impacts per dollar of final demand. Alternatively, this scenario is least preferred in terms of the contribution to provincial GDP and imports while at the same time requiring large amounts of energy.The results presented in this paper can be applied for an analysis of regional economic development policies. That is, this type of analysis can be incorporated into a more general policy analysis of alternative regional development strategies. In this paper, only the benefits of expanded exports are estimated. The other side of the equation, of course, represents the costs of achieving these increased export levels. Examination of the excess capacity, investment needed to expand output and the opportunity cost of investment capital are important ingredients of the costs of achieving increased levels of export. However, in spite of these limitations, this study has shown that regional policy makers must be cognizant of the macro‐level economic as well as resource use impacts of continued development of export markets.
Trade Preferences for Developing Countries: An Analysis of Canada's Trade with the Caribbean Basin
Authors: Farrell Carlyle A. J. , Tyrchniewicz Edward W. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThis paper analyzes the potential impact of Canada's newest trade preference agreement with the Caribbean Basin. The analysis shows that overall static trade expansion gains are limited to £536,000 per year and are confined to a narrow range of commodities. Greatest potential is found to exist in fresh vegetables, cocoa and chocolate products and sauces. The analysis also shows that more than 87% of the gains from trade expansion will redound to the benefit of Jamaican entrepreneurs.
A Sequential Choice Alternative to the Travel Cost Model
Authors: Adamowicz Wiktor , Jennings Sarah , Coyne Alison 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe travel cost model is the standard model used in the recreation demand area. This model assumes that the decision on the number of trips in a given time period (a season, for example) to a particular site is determined at the beginning of the time period. For certain types of recreation activity, it may be better to model the decision to take a trip to a given site as a function of the outcome of previous trips and the realization of random variables on previous trips (as well as travel and time costs). The spatial choice behavior itself may be sequential in nature rather than continuous.In this paper, a model is developed which specifies the choice of a discrete number of sequentially chosen trips to a given site as a function of site‐specific variables and values realized on previous trips. This model improves upon the existing travel cost model by specifying discrete integer values for the number of trips, developing an explicit relationship between trips taken and the number of days spent on each trip, and allowing intra‐seasonal effects to determine the probability of taking an additional trip. A comparison is made between the traditional travel cost model estimates of consumer's surplus and the estimates from this sequential discrete choice model.
Quality Changes and the Volume of Trade: A Geometric Approach
Authors: Larue Bruno , Lapan Harvey E. 
Published: July 2010

This paper investigates the relationship between product quality and the volume of trade using the characteristic approach in the context of a simple general equilibrium trade model. It is shown that increasing the quality of the import good induces an increase (fall) in the volume of imports when the import demand is elastic (inelastic). It is also shown that the volume of trade is not necessarily reduced when the quality of the import good is uncertain. Given the situation in the world wheat market, these results provide some support for Canada's concerns over quality and the reliability of its grading and inspection services.Ce papier a pour but d'analyser les effets d'un changement dans la qualité des importations sur le volume des importations de même que sur la répartition de la production domestique. Le modèle utilisé en est un D'équilibre général et expoloite les avantages d'une fonction d'utilité ayant des caractéristiques comme arguments. II est démontré que l'effet d'un changement de qualité sur le volume des importations dépend de l'élasticité pour le demande des importations. Le volume d'importations dans un environnement incertain n'est pas nécessarement moins élevé que dans une situation ou il n'y a pas d'incertitude dans la qualité des importations. Nos résultats, lorsqu'appliqués au marché mondial du blé, supportent la position du Canada en ce qui a trait à la qualité de son blé et l'intégrité de ses services d'inspection et de classement.
Basis Pricing, Futures‐Cash Price Transmission and Appropriate Hedge Ratios: The Case of the Soybean Market in Ontario
Authors: Braga Francesco S. 
Published: July 2010

The academic literature on the determination of risk‐minimizing hedge ratios has apparently ignored the potential impact that the pricing strategies adopted by the grain elevators may have on the futures‐cash price transmission, and therefore on the determination of the correct hedge ratio. This paper addresses this problem from a theoretical perspective, and then develops a model that is applied to the soybean market in Chatham, Ontario.La littérature académique concernant la détermination des ratios de couverture à terme minimisant le risque a apparemment ignoré l'impact potential des stratégies des faiseurs de prix sur un marché sur la relation entre les prix spot et les prix à terme. II est possible que de ce fait ces stratégies influencent également la détermination du vrai ratio de couverture. Ce papier traite ce problème d'un point de vue théorique, puis vérifie ces résultats en les appliquant au cas du marché du soja à Chatham, Ontario.