bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrate accumulation in soil profiles under seasonally open ‘sunlight greenhouses’ in northwest China and potential for leaching loss during summer fallow
Authors: Zhou J.‐B. , Chen Z.‐J. , Liu X.‐J. , Zhai B.‐N. , Powlson D. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractProduction of vegetables in greenhouses, having three solid walls and heated mainly or entirely by sunlight (‘sunlight greenhouses’), has expanded greatly in the northern areas of China. Excessive applications of manure and fertilizers are common, leading to nitrate accumulations in soil. We surveyed nitrogen application rates in more than 130 commercial greenhouses in Shaanxi Province, northwest China. Average application of fertilizer N was 753 and 600 kg/ha in the Yangling and Xian areas, respectively. In addition, N added in organic form in 31 greenhouses surveyed in Yangling averaged 699 kg/ha. We also surveyed nitrate in the soil profile in 70 commercial greenhouses. In 33 greenhouses in Yangling after harvest, the average NO3−‐N accumulation to 200 cm depth was 737 kg/ha; in 43 greenhouses in Xian it was 506 kg/ha to a depth of 100 cm. Vegetables are mainly grown during the winter, and in summer the plastic is removed and the soil left fallow, in part to allow accumulated salts in the soil to be leached out during a rainy period. But this procedure also leads to nitrate leaching. Nitrate loss depends on rainfall during the fallow period. In a wet year (2007), average N loss below 100 cm was estimated to be 158 kg/ha; but in a dry year (2006) nitrate accumulated in the profile, with little loss. In a wet year, summer fallow and removal of plastic is beneficial because it decreases salt accumulation in the upper soil layers. How to balance this with the loss of nitrate is a challenge for greenhouse management in the study region.
ANTI‐VIBRATION MOUNTINGS FOR AIRCRAFT CAMERAS
Authors: Fish R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDiscussion of the need for and functions of an anti‐vibration camera mounting is followed by the development of equations describing the effect of vibration upon image definition and further equations governing the nature of the vibrations experienced in an aircraft. The dynamics of resilient mountings are mathematically discussed under five headings and ways of choosing suitable design parameters in a number of typical cases are indicated. The testing of anti‐vibration mountings is investigated and the difficulties of detecting vibration by inspection of the negatives are considered.
BASKET PROCESSING OF PRINTS FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Eden J. A. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe classical method of processing contact prints in dishes is criticised as being very uneconomic. An alternative process is described for use when the exposure can be controlled by electronic printing. It is explained that this method very considerably reduces handling time, ensures an optimum quality of print, cuts the cost of chemicals by half, and occupies only a fraction of the space usually required for contact print production. The paper then describes a dark room layout and operating procedure which it is proposed to follow, designed to obviate the main bottleneck of contact printing which is concerned with the unwinding and subsequent winding up of long rolls of negative film.
DETERMINATION OF THE FLATNESS OF A SURFACE IN COMPARISON WITH A CONTROL PLANE
Authors: Hallert B. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe problem is to determine the flatness (the deflections) of the surfaces in comparison with a control plane of known and high precision, for instance a surface plate. The lack of flatness of the surface can be demonstrated with respect to a plane through three points which must be made accurately parallel to the control plane (the plate). The accuracy of the determination of the deflections of the surface is demonstrated and a criterion is constructed for judging whether an arbitrary point of the surface deviates significantly from the reference plane or not.†
THE RESURVEY OF THE SIX‐INCH MAPS OF SCOTLAND
Authors: Halliday A. J. D. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe lecturer described one of the tasks on which the Air Survey Branch of the Ordnance Survey is engaged–that of resurveying at 1/10560 scale parts of the Highlands of Scotland. The stages in which the work is done were described in sequence. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides and exhibits of which some are reproduced with this article.
A NOTE ON EXPOSURE IN AIR PHOTOGRAPHY OF DESERT AREAS
Authors: Brock G. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt has been shown by controlled photography of a desert area that for vertical air photography of such terrain the effective photographic light intensity is proportional to the ground illuminance. Exposure tables based on the luminous density law, as used in tables for ground photography, give serious over‐exposure when applied to desert conditions, where the ground approximates to an unbroken plane.
LUNAR CARTOGRAPHY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Arthur D. W. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper gives a brief account of selenographic research at Yerkes Observatory under the direction of Dr. G. Kuiper. This involves the application of photogrammetric concepts and techniques in a context which is very different from that of aerial photogrammetry. The principal features of the programme are lunar photography, lunar cartography and the study of the lunar surface structures. Projected programmes deal more with the Moon's history and internal structure.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND LAND TENURE SURVEYS, UGANDA
Authors: Whittaker B. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe paper describes the difficulties, both technical and administrative, in survey for title of small rural holdings in Uganda, and is a follow‐up to a paper published in “The Photogrammetric Record” in 1959. No purely photogrammetrical method of survey is possible in present circumstances. In an attempt to reduce field costs and to undertake surveys on a sporadic basis for the more progressive farmers, a greater use of photo‐enlargements is being made, without relying on the enlargement for the restoration of boundaries.
PHOTOGEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE SAHARA
Authors: Richard R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractImmediately after the war, the Institut Francois du Pétrole was faced with the task of preparing accurate maps of vast areas of the Sahara for mineral prospecting and oil exploration. Photogeology was selected as the only technique that would give rapid results. The procedure for obtaining geological information from a stereo‐pair is explained and a description is given of the production of maps at scales from 1/50,000 to 1/200,000.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY–A WORM'S EYE VIEW
Authors: Shewell Brigadier H. A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree unrelated matters are discussed. Firstly, the recent rapid advances in the application of precision engineering, electronics and digital computers to photogrammetric surveying operations are shown to be likely to result in a change of emphasis; from the need for great skill in making each particular map, to the need for even greater skill in making machines which, once made, will make many maps, largely automatically. This in turn is likely to have far‐reaching effects on the type and training of persons employed in the profession. Secondly, an example is quoted which suggests that the value of photogrammetric methods, as an aid to the work of professions other than land surveying, is not sufficiently recognised by the teaching faculties of some of our universities. Ways and means of improving the situation are considered. Thirdly, after a brief historical survey of the birth and growth of the Photogrammetric Record, arguments for and against some possible changes in editorial policy are stated and certain conclusions reached.
THE KERN PG 2 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PLOTTER
Authors: Yzerman H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe author describes a new stereo‐plotter, the Kern PG 2, and gives a detailed explanation of the photogrammetric principles involved. The instrument depends on a unique selection of the five degrees of freedom required for the relative orientation. The mechanical construction is described with the aid of numerous illustrations and the author finally lists the practical procedures for setting the inner orientation and for accomplishing the relative orientation, absolute orientation and bridging.
THE RÉSEAU AS A MEANS OF DETECTING GROSS LACK OF FLATNESS OF FILM AT THE INSTANT OF EXPOSURE
Authors: Robinson G. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA brief description is given of experiments and tests which were initiated as a result of the detection of lack of flatness of the film in Ordnance Survey photography in 1953. A gradual standardisation of the testing routine is described and mention is made of the successful detection of a faulty magazine in 1962.
PLANE TABLE PHOTOGRAMMETRY WITH A LEICA CAMERA IN THE PUNJAB HIMALAYA
Authors: Solari F. , Wild D. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA Leica camera on an indexing head was used to obtain photographic panoramas from three stations on a mountaineering expedition to Lahul in 1958. The field calibration of the camera presented some problems and various methods of calculating the focal length were investigated; a more convenient form of the Hotine method was derived. A map of the area at a scale of 1:50,000 was plotted from the photographs. The authors conclude that a good 35‐mm. camera has some advantages over a plane table for exploration mapping.
THE THOMPSON‐WATTS PLOTTER MODEL 2
Authors: Thompson E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper discusses the principal changes made to the Thompson‐ Watts plotter Model 1 as a result of experience gained with that instrument under test and in production. Some test results with the new instrument, Model 2, are given at the end of the paper. The opportunity is also taken to describe the variable magnification system of the instrument, not changed from Model 1.
A SLIDE RULE FOR THE COMPUTATION OF PRECISION TURNS IN AIR SURVEY NAVIGATION
Authors: Walker E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCalculated precision turns can be valuable as an aid to visual navigation at all scales and under all conditions of air survey navigation. The turns can be performed either at a given rate of turn or at a given angle of bank, and a slide rule has been developed at the International Training Centre for Aerial Survey, Delft, on which the necessary calculations for either case can be performed quickly and easily. The accuracy of location aimed at is such that the threshold of the new run presents an angle‐off of not more than 3° on the completion of the turn. Examples show that this can be achieved in normal practice.
SWEDISH TEST FIELDS FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Hallert B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRather than rely on laboratory calibration, test fields have been established in Sweden to enable photography from a tower or aircraft, and so simulate as nearly as possible actual operational conditions. Repeated experiments, followed by analysis of photography, and the application of statistical tests, have allowed the geometrical quality of the aerial photograph to be assessed, and systematic and irregular errors to be distinguished.
THE EXPLICIT SOLUTION OF THE SINGLE PICTURE RESECTION PROBLEM, WITH A LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT TO REDUNDANT CONTROL
Authors: Smith A. D. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt does not seem to be widely recognised that the solution of the space resection problem from measurements made on a single photograph of three ground control points is not unique. There are, in general, four solutions, so that either the camera orientation must be approximately known (as is the case for near vertical photography) or extra control must be used to discriminate between these solutions. The iterative solution commonly used will only yield one solution, which will be correct if the photography is nearly vertical, but which is liable to be wrong in the general case. An explicit solution is therefore preferred since all solutions may be examined in the light of such extra control as is available. This paper gives a method for such a solution and shows how the discrimination should be used. The paper goes on to derive a method of adjusting the result to redundant control by least squares.
THE METHOD OF ADJUSTMENT OF INDEPENDENT MODELS. HUDDERSFIELD TEST STRIP
Authors: Williams V. A. , Brazier H. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper describes a test of A.I.M. (Aerotriangulation by the Observation of Independent Models) originally reported at I.S.P. Commission III Symposium at Delft, August 1964. After an account of the test data, observational and computational procedure, the results are given. The main conclusion is that the technique gives adequate accuracy for mapping by the normal photo‐plotter combinations.
THE COMPUTATION OF SINGLE STRIPS IN PLAN
Authors: Thompson E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper discusses a simple method of computing independent strips under certain reasonable approximations. It is shown that, if the method is regarded as if it were computation by polynomials, the order of the polynomial is decided by the nature of the control provided and not by the number of controlled models. This conclusion should throw some light on the vexed (and perennial) problem of the choice of orders for polynomials.
THE USE OF COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHY FOR LARGE‐SCALE MAPPING
Authors: Woodrow H. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOrdnance Survey experimental work has shown that colour film developed to a reversed positive image is best suited to the photogrammetric problems of large‐scale mapping. Tests have shown no difference in accuracy between maps produced from colour photography and those produced from monochrome photography. The economy of using colour photography in this field has yet to he demonstrated.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND CIVIL ENGINEERING IN FRANCE
Authors: Baussart M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the field of civil engineering, and chiefly of motorway studies, the development of photogrammetry lies through the evolution of conventional methods and the adaptation of actual techniques. Emphasis is placed upon the importance of photo‐interpretation for the preliminary plan; the separation of the graphically drawn planimetry from the directly recorded altimetric data; the electronic computation of data using interpolation surfaces and “smoothing” methods; and the automatic drafting of results as plans, models, sections, profiles or perspective views. The author thinks that these developments may modify photogrammetric processes in topographic mapping and he calls for the improvement of some instruments.
LIMITATIONS OF RESOLVING POWER AS A MEASURE OF IMAGE QUALITY IN AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Brock G. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhotography of models and modulation transfer function analysis have been used to investigate the common belief that in aerial photography large‐scale images are preferable to small‐scale images, even when the resolving power in terms of ground dimensions is the same. The belief was found to be justified for two extreme cases representing, respectively, a small scale, mainly grain‐limited system, and a large scale, wholly lens‐limited system, for which the ground resolutions were equal on three‐bar targets of 3 to 1 contrast (modulation 0–5). Resolving power tests would have been misleading for these two systems even at a target contrast of less than 2 to 1 (modulation less than 0–3).
CORRECTIONS TO X‐PARALLAXES
Authors: Thompson E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper modifies the well‐known formula that corrects x‐parallaxes for tilt. It shows how we can make significant improvements in accuracy with a no more complicated formula, in which the effects of ground relief are completely removed; and how we can reduce the second‐order errors due to lateral (w) tilts by very large factors in favourable cases.
AERIAL SURVEY: COLONY OF HONG KONG
Authors: Dawe H. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper describes the planning and implementation of a very extensive aerial survey contract undertaken by Hunting Surveys on behalf of the Hong Kong Government. From photography carried out during January and February 1963, photogrammetric plotting at 1 : 600 and 1 : 1200 proceeded steadily over a period of 5 years to the point where all but the highest land in the Colony had been surveyed at one or other of these two large scales.The problems arising from the rather unique terrain conditions and the urban and industrial development of Hong Kong are dealt with mainly from the photographic and photogrammetric aspect but reference is made to the contribution of the Crown Lands and Survey Office of the Public Works Department of Hong Kong, who provided all ground control and undertook field verification.
SOME ASPECTS OF PHOTOGRAPHY IN AIRBORNE SENSING
Authors: Lamboit P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe paper discusses aspects of air photography and electronic processes which produce imagery by infra‐red radiation and by radar waves. After preliminary comments on lenses, laboratory techniques and colour photography, the author indicates certain advantages in simultaneous photography using black and white, infra‐red and colour films. Moreover, information is given on simultaneous photography by satellite and the paper terminates with a resume of methods that are used to obtain imagery by infra‐red radiation and by radar.
THE INTERPRETATION AND MAPPING OF VEGETATION AND OTHER GROUND SURFACE FEATURES FROM AIR PHOTOGRAPHS OF MOUNTAINOUS AREAS IN NORTH WALES
Authors: Goodier R. , Grimes B. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe paper describes work undertaken in North Wales in 1967 and 1968 in which panchromatic and colour air photographs were used in the mapping of vegetation and in the study of other ground surface features. The problems of relating a priori classification schemes to the categories distinguished by air photo‐interpretation are discussed and the case stated for developing classifications which enable more benefit to be derived from the advantages of air photo‐ecology.
PRECISION PHOTOGRAMMETRY AT CLOSE RANGES WITH SIMPLE CAMERAS
Authors: Schwidefsky K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhotogrammetry at close ranges can be applied to solve a great number of interesting and important non‐topographical problems. The author presents and illustrates a dozen examples taken from the fields of engineering and architecture, most of them involving work performed in his laboratory. In order to introduce modern photogrammetry to the engineer's working methods, it must, as far as possible, be made independent of the existence of surveying cameras. Three different, well‐tried types of simple camera are illustrated. If precise and reliable results are desired, three requirements must be fulfilled: careful calibration of the camera, a sufficient number of control points and, as a rule, a medium‐sized computer to enable a numerical treatment of the problems.
THE YELL AERIAL TRIANGULATION EXPERIMENT
Authors: Sowton M. , Eden J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe paper considers the experimental comparison of a method of aerial triangulation in previous experimental use by Eden and the standard Ordnance Survey method using stereocomparators. The accuracy of plan fixations was high by both methods, with Eden's method providing the better result. A comparison is made of the times taken under experimental conditions for both methods.
THE CP1 PLOTTER: SETTING PROCEDURE AND RESULTS
Authors: Thompson E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe CP1 plotter has been described in an earlier paper†, referred to below as N.P.P. (Thompson, 1971), and here we continue with an examination and outline of the setting procedure and give some results obtained with the first production instrument. A feature of the setting procedure is its close resemblance to that used with the normal, “intersection type”, plotters although the latter differ considerably in principle and construction from the CP1. The results speak for themselves.
A GENERALISED ANALYTICAL RELATIVE ORIENTATION PROCEDURE AND ITS APPLICATION TO APOLLO 14 CLOSE UP PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE LUNAR SURFACE
Authors: Arthur D. W. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractClose up photographs of the lunar surface obtained by the Apollo 14 astronauts presented unusual problems in relative orientation caused by essentially different directions of the camera axes. The problem was resolved by dividing each large unknown rotation into two parts, one of which was a large known part and the other was a small unknown part. The method succeeds when the unknown rotation elements can be initially estimated to about 10°.
A METHOD OF OBTAINING PLATE CO‐ORDINATES FROM THE MODEL CO‐ORDINATES OF A PLOTTING INSTRUMENT
Authors: Jeyapalan K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn analytical methods of photogrammetry, plate co‐ordinates are obtained from stereocomparator and monocomparator observations. These specialist instruments are too costly an investment for small organisations. The paper describes a method of obtaining plate co‐ordinates from model co‐ordinates and gives the results of a test experiment.
THE OTTAWA CONGRESS
Authors: Brock G. C. , Petrie G. , Thompson E. H. , Grist M. W. , Francis D. A. , Dalgleish A. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe International Society for Photogrammetry held the XIIth International Congress at Ottawa during July and August 1972. The authors comprised a panel which engaged in discussion upon the Congress at a meeting of the Photogrammetric Society on 17th October, 1972.
THE USE OF PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS FOR TRAFFIC DATA COLLECTION
Authors: Garner J. B. , Uren J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral problems are encountered when collecting traffic information by conventional methods and which leave scope for the development of more comprehensive techniques. This paper reviews the potential of different types of photography as an effective means of obtaining comprehensive traffic information. Comparisons between conventional methods and photographic methods are made. The different types of available photography are discussed, together with their uses in the field of traffic data acquisition. Finally, the paper assesses the use of automatic and semiautomatic methods of photographic data analysis in this context.
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DIGITISING AND EDITING UNDER COMPUTER CONTROL
Authors: Masry S. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDigitising from a photogrammetric instrument can be controlled by a unit specially designed for this purpose, or by a digital control computer. In the latter case, the digitising system is more flexible since alterations and additions to the real‐time programs can easily be made to effect different digitising applications. The control computer can also be used in processing the digitised data.The use of such digital control in photogrammetry is as yet limited. The reasons are examined. The characteristics and real‐time requirements of a computer controlled digitising system are stated. Different digitising and recording modes, identification numbers and editing arrangements are then given to illustrate the flexibility and limitations of such a system.
THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF CONSTRUCTIONAL DISPLACEMENTS OF A ROCKFILL DAM
Authors: Moore J. F. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA phototheodolite was used during the construction of Llyn Brianne dam to provide stereoscopic coverage of both upstream and downstream shoulders of the dam at each of eight stages of construction. Ground control was established on the valley sides, together with 80 targeted points at various levels on the dam as it progressed. The co‐ordinates of the targeted points were determined numerically using a Wild A7. Three dimensional displacements were determined from the change of position to an average accuracy of 0–05 m. Agreement was obtained with independent and more precise measurements and comparisons are made with the upstream displacements. The assumptions of an analytical prediction technique are examined. Profile lines through the dam were also obtained numerically to record the progressing shape of the dam.