bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between commercial and traditional sugar-sweetened beverages and measures of adiposity in Costa Rica
Authors: Rhee Jinnie J , Mattei Josiemer , Campos Hannia 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectiveIncreasing trends in the consumption of commercial sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) have occurred in parallel with rising levels of obesity in Latin America, but data showing the relationship between these SSB and obesity are limited. The current study examined the association between commercial and traditional SSB and measures of adiposity in Costa Rica.DesignA cross-sectional analysis was conducted in which the exposure, SSB intake, was defined as frequency of daily servings of ‘fresco’ (a traditional home-made beverage), fruit drink (commercially available SSB), soda and fruit juice (made from fruits at home). Multivariate linear regression was used to estimate associations between SSB intake and BMI, waist-to-hip ratio and skinfold thickness.SettingCentral Valley, Costa Rica.SubjectsControls (n 2045) of a case–control study on diet and heart disease in Costa Rica.ResultsFresco, fruit drink, soda and fruit juice were consumed ≥1 time/d by 47 %, 14 %, 4 % and 14 % of the population, respectively. One serving/d of soda, fruit drink and fresco was associated with 0·89, 0·49 and 0·21 kg/m2 higher BMI, respectively (all P < 0·05). Fruit drink (≥1 serving/d) was associated with higher waist-to-hip ratio (P = 0·004), while soda and fresco were associated with higher skinfold thickness (P = 0·02 and 0·01, respectively). Associations with fruit juice intake were modest and not statistically significant. Other factors associated with higher BMI were higher income and less education, smoking and physical inactivity (all P < 0·05).ConclusionsIncreasing intake of commercially available SSB could be in part responsible for the high prevalence of obesity among Hispanic adults.
Linking institutions to economic performance: the role of macro-structures in micro-explanations
Authors: HÉDOIN CYRIL 
Published: April 2012

Abstract:Economists have been investigating the link between institutions and economic performance for several years. While econometric studies of this link have flourished, they are of limited use in understanding the causal mechanisms making some institutions responsible for economic performance. Several works using game theory and akin to the ‘new institutional economics’ have entertained the goal of developing micro-explanations of the institutions–performance link. Because game theory focuses on individuals’ actions and beliefs, game-theoretic studies of institutions are thought to oppose more ‘structuralist’ explanations that downplay the role of individual agents and put more emphasis on the importance of social (or ‘macro’) structures. This paper demonstrates that this claim is misconceived, as the micro-explanations produced by game-theoretic models must assume already existing macro-structures. Institutions produce downward effects, shaping each agent's action. Moreover, in a game-theoretic framework, macro-structures are constitutive of individual agency since, without them, agents would often be unable to choose. I illustrate this claim with the example of Avner Greif's study of the role of cultural beliefs in the economic organisation of medieval societies.
Controls on dissolved cobalt in surface waters of the Sargasso Sea: Comparisons with iron and aluminum
Authors: Shelley R. U. , Sedwick P. N. , Bibby T. S. , Cabedo‐Sanz P. , Church T. M. , Johnson R. J. , Macey A. I. , Marsay C. M. , Sholkovitz E. R. , Ussher S. J. , Worsfold P. J. , Lohan M. C. 
Published: April 2012

Dissolved cobalt (dCo), iron (dFe) and aluminum (dAl) were determined in water column samples along a meridional transect (∼31°N to 24°N) south of Bermuda in June 2008. A general north‐to‐south increase in surface concentrations of dFe (0.3–1.6 nM) and dAl (14–42 nM) was observed, suggesting that aerosol deposition is a significant source of dFe and dAl, whereas no clear trend was observed for near‐surface dCo concentrations. Shipboard aerosol samples indicate fractional solubility values of 8–100% for aerosol Co, which are significantly higher than corresponding estimates of the solubility of aerosol Fe (0.44–45%). Hydrographic observations and analysis of time series rain samples from Bermuda indicate that wet deposition accounts for most (>80%) of the total aeolian flux of Co, and hence a significant proportion of the atmospheric input of dCo to our study region. Our aerosol data imply that the atmospheric input of dCo to the Sargasso Sea is modest, although this flux may be more significant in late summer. The water column dCo profiles reveal a vertical distribution that predominantly reflects ‘nutrient‐type’ behavior, versus scavenged‐type behavior for dAl, and a hybrid of nutrient‐ and scavenged‐type behavior for dFe. Mesoscale eddies also appear to impact on the vertical distribution of dCo. The effects of biological removal of dCo from the upper water column were apparent as pronounced sub‐surface minima (21 ± 4 pM dCo), coincident with maxima in Prochlorococcus abundance. These observations imply that Prochlorococcus plays a major role in removing dCo from the euphotic zone, and that the availability of dCo may regulate Prochlorococcus growth in the Sargasso Sea.
Surprising conclusions from Deep Sea Drilling Projects
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

Long ago, the Mediterranean Sea acted like a giant rain pond, alternately filling with water and drying up many times as its access to the Atlantic opened and closed repeatedly. The process ceased five and a half million years ago, but the Mediterranean has continued in a precarious geological balance ever since.Scientists drew this unexpected conclusion following the Deep Sea Drilling Project's first expedition to the Mediterranean, which ended October 6, 1970. William B.F. Ryan of Columbia University's Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory and Kenneth J. Hsu of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology were co‐chief scientists aboard the drilling ship Glomar Challenger on Leg 13 of the DSDP, sponsored by the National Science Foundation.
NAPCA asks for halt to airline fuel dumping
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

The National Air Pollution Control Administration has asked airline officials to stop the dumping of jet fuel into the air after takeoff. This fuel seeps from the engines into holding tanks during stops. Such dumping is likely to increase air pollution problems in neighborhoods around airports.Citing National Airport in Washington, D.C., John T. Middleton, NAPCA's Commissioner, said castoff jet fuel amounts to an estimated 110 tons a year, and such quantities ‘could have significant effects on the health and welfare of people who live and work near the airport.’
United States National Committee”Tenth Meeting: Washington, D.C., October 19”20, 1970
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

A comprehensive review of Work Group activities and consideration of international arrangements and, particularly, post‐Decade proposals were the dominant items on the agenda at the tenth meeting of the United States National Committee for the International Hydrological Decade (USNC IHD).The meeting began with a brief discussion of the international aspects of environmental concerns, which includes hydrology, by Donald King, the Science Adviser to the Special Assistant Secretary of State for Environmental Affairs in the Office of Environmental Affairs (OEA). All U.S. IHD international dealings go through the State Department.
Call for rehearsal
Authors: Cohen Robert 
Published: April 2012

It is my conviction that the quality and timing of the AGU meetings would be much improved if each speaker were to rehearse his talk before colleagues. Such a rehearsal would improve the content, emphasis, and presentation of the talk and would also help to optimize informationtransfer at the meeting. Rehearsal is, in fact, the verbal counterpart of the editorial process.Authors submitting manuscripts to journals are willing that their drafts undergo editorial scrutiny, so by analogy, authors ought to be willing to rehearse their talks. A step in this direction would be to include a statement in each Call for Papers to the following effect: ‘The submission of an abstract to AGU constitutes a commitment by the author(s) that, in the event of acceptance, the speaker will rehearse the talk before colleagues.’
[Comment on “Mechanical Properties and Processes in the Mantle” by Sykes, Kay and Anderson] Disagreement With Terms
Authors: Tatsch J. H. 
Published: April 2012

Attention is invited to the misuse of the word ‘rheology’ by some of your writers. See, for example, ‘Mechanical Properties and Processes in the Mantle,’ by Sykes, Kay, and Anderson, in the December issue of EOS.The word ‘rheology,’ as defined in Dictionary of Geological Terms, Dolphin, 1962, page 423; and Glossary of Geology and Earth Sciences with Supplement, American Geological Institute, 1962, page 56, means a ‘study of the flowage of materials, particularly plastic flow of solids and flow of non‐Newtonian liquids’ (my italics).
The President's Page: Science for the people
Authors: Spillhaus A. F. 
Published: April 2012

In a recent letter sent to the heads of a number of scientific societies, the Director of the National Science Foundation has requested the support of these societies in making the arguments that will ensure maintenance of a broad basic research effort during this period of rapidly shifting priorities. McElroy wrote:"One problem all of us in science have struggled with over the years is the demonstration by case of the payoff of basic scientific research. Every government science administrator has had the problem, and it is one which is likely to continue, especially since basic research depends so heavily upon public funds."
Joint efforts to measure environmental pollution
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

More than 170 experts from 32 countries and seven international organizations participated in a five‐day symposium in October on the Use of Nuclear Techniques in the Measurement and Control of Environmental Pollution. The meeting, which was held in Vienna and Salzburg, Austria, was organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).The wide program of the meeting included discussions of nuclear techniques in pollution studies, measurements of air pollutants and their dispersion, identification and analysis of water pollutants, environmental pollution by mercury and metallic compounds, movements of pollutants in water and soil, tracer techniques in coastal pollution studies, nuclear techniques and ecosystems, and sludge and wastewater treatment. Fifty‐four papers were presented.
Operational re‐entry accomplished by DSDP
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

The Deep Sea Drilling Project, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, completed successful operational use of the re‐entry technique to recover ancient deep‐sea sediment beneath the Caribbean Sea.Operating in water 13,000 feet deep in the Venezuelan Basin of the Caribbean, aboard the drilling research vessel Glomar Challenger, the expedition replaced a worn drill bit after drilling 2300 feet. They then re‐entered the same five‐inch bore hole at the bottom of the sea with a more‐than three‐mile drill string and drilled 200 additional feet to recover chert, hard limestone and crystalline rocks previously unattainable even to the DSDP drilling because of layers of chert, or flint‐like rock.
Early results of Bomex Air‐Sea Study announced
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

Scientists have found that the earth is less bright, the ocean more complex, and the air over the tropical Atlantic is hazier than they had believed. These are among the early findings of the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment, as analysis of the data proceeds.The field phase of the Bomex project was conducted from May through July 1969, when fleets of ships and aircraft, several satellites, a dozen buoys, and numerous other instruments gathered data from a cube of tropical sea and air.
Satellite geodesy: Interpretation
Authors: Rapp R. H. 
Published: April 2012

This report outlines the activity during the past 4 years in the area of interpreting geodetic data derived through procedures of satellite geodesy. No attempt has been made to synthesize the ideas of the various investigators; the report simply points out where the activity lies and briefly what it is.The procedures of dynamic satellite geodesy generally analyze the variations of the orbital elements of artifical satellites for various quantities of interest. Such analysis may yield estimates of the spherical harmonic coefficients of the earth's gravitational potential, their time variation, if any, observation station coordinates in a geocentric system, and other quantities on which the orbits and observation of satellites depend. Although many such quantities are of interest, in this paper we shall regard the potential coefficients and quantities derived from them as the basis for information that can be interpreted to learn more about the structure and behavior of the earth.
Fracture Mechanics and Earthquake Source Mechanisms Conference
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

The Geological Society of America will sponsor a Penrose Conference on Fracture Mechanics and Earthquake Source Mechanisms on September 27 through 30, 1971, at the Snowmass Mountain Chalet, Snowmass‐at‐Aspen, Colorado. The purpose of the conference is to bring together experts in the fields of rock mechanics and earthquake source mechanisms in order to develop a better understanding of the causes of earthquakes, and to focus attention on current research needs.Seven informal three‐hour sessions will review and discuss current research in friction, pore pressure, microearthquakes, seismic source mechanisms, and crustal deformation relevant to the source problem. Three informal geological field trips will be offered.
[Comment on “Call for rehearsal” by Robert Cohen] Endorsement for rehearsal
Authors: Krasnow Shelley 
Published: April 2012

This letter is in reference to the comments made by Robert Cohen in the February Forum (‘Call for Rehearsal’).Having been exposed during my career to a considerable number of scientific papers presented at various society meetings, I must endorse Cohen's suggestion most enthusiastically. I must confess that the presentation of many papers is painfully poor. Cohen's suggestion that the talk be subjected to an oral review is a very good one. But I would like to add that even if this is not possible, practice by the author in advance of the meeting would effect an improvement in the smoothness of the presentation.
Fight against mercury
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

A noted scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution recently urged members of the New Bedford, Massachusetts, fishing industry to fight the use of mercury in agriculture and industry by contacting their congressmen and lobbyists in Washington.‘The fishing industry has a responsibility to exert pressure on federal agencies to minimize the use of mercury by agriculture and industries that are still introducing mercury into the environment,’ said John M. Hunt, a senior scientist and Chairman of the Chemistry Department at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. ‘If it doesn't, then we're going to see an increase in the mercury level in marine organisms.’
Sediments as pollution clues
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

Three University of Rhode Island engineers believe that measuring the pollutant concentration in estuarine sediments is usually more revealing and important in establishing the quality of an estuary than measuring the pollutant concentration in its water. In a recently completed study of the sediment in Narragansett Bay, the researchers, all from the URI Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, found that pollutant materials in bottom sediments usually stay for a significantly longer time and are more stable than pollutant materials in water.The study was completed by Vito A. Nacci, who hasa joint appointment with the URI Department of Ocean Engineering, Calvin P.C. Poon, and Milton T. Huston, a research associate.
Oceanographic Office opens files containing data on coastal ecology
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

Oceanographic data taken as much as 20 years ago from American, Canal Zone, and Puerto Rican coastal waters as part of a program for the defense of those areas will help provide today's scientists with a base on which to determine whether or not significant pollution has invaded those waters.Oceanographic data, which graphically depict the ecology of the waters in thirteen major harbors and their seaward approaches, have been turned over to the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC).
NSF launches major ocean study
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

The first awards in support of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration were recently announced by William D. McElroy, Director of the National Science Foundation. The awards, totaling $3 million, will fund a project to provide information about levels of pollutants and of fission and waste products in the sea, oceanic mixing, and the production of organic matter in the oceans.Called GEOSECS, (Geochemical Ocean Sections Study) the project is the first major research effort in the IDOE, a multi‐nation investigation of oceanic problems that affect man.
Environmental impact of industrial and civil construction to get close federal scrutiny
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

The environmental impact of all federally related construction work will soon come under close government scrutiny before necessary approvals are granted, according to a leading environmental specialist, John M. Heckard of Dames and Moore, a consulting engineering firm specializing in applied earth sciences.‘Companies should be aware that what is happening now in the nuclear power field will soon be common for general industry,’ said Heckard. ‘The Atomic Energy Commission requires that facilities under its jurisdiction submit Environmental Reports measuring their environmental impact before granting them necessary permits. But AEC is only the first government agency to implement ERs under the National Environmental Policy Act. Other federal agencies will call for similar reports for every construction effort involving federal funds, licenses, or public lands,’ Heckard said.
1972 USGS budget aimed at attacking resource and environmental problems
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

The fiscal year 1972 budget estimate for the U.S. Geological Survey amounts to $121,207,000—a gross increase of $9,857,000 over the current fiscal year.‘The proposed budget,’ said USGS Director William T. Pecora, ‘is aimed at providing a balanced program of mapping, investigations, and inventorying of the land, mineral, and water resources of the United States, and supervision of mineral leases on public and Indian lands and the outer continental shelf.’
New products
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

The DK 06 Multi‐Dekameter measures the dielectric loss and dielectric constant of any sample, with the highest accuracy, using a built‐in generator that can be continuously varied from 100 kc to Mc. Dielectric constant determinations over the range of 1 to 90 can be made, using any of a variety of water jacketed sample holding cells suitable for organic as well as inorganic compounds in liquid, paste, sheet, granulate, or film state. Special cells are available for immersion method analyses of foils (ASTM D 1531 59T) or powders. Dielectric constant measurements are based on the heterodyne beat system, with tuning indication by a built‐in oscilloscope and synchronization reading from a 4000 division condenser scale, while the dielectric loss is obtained by the difference substitution technique. Moisture analyses, as well as determinations of oxidation, polymerization, distillation, and other chemical processes can be easily accomplished.For further information concerning the DK 06 Multi‐Dekameter, write Kahl Scientific Instrument Company, P.O. Box 1166, El Cajon, California 92022.
Lunar Seismology
Authors: Latham Gary V. 
Published: April 2012

The past 4 years have marked the beginning of a new era in lunar exploration. With the successful landing of instruments on the lunar surface by unmanned spacecrafts of the Luna, Ranger, and Surveyor series, and finally the first manned landing on the moon in July 1969, as part of the Apollo program, direct measurements of the physical and chemical properties of the moon have become a reality.Thus far we have had the opportunity to record data from two lunar seismic stations installed by the astronauts during Apollo missions 11 and 12 as part of an integrated set of geophysical experiments called ALSEP (Apollo lunar surface experiments package). The combined recording time from these stations was 13 months at the time of this writing, but there was no overlap in operation to permit recording the same event at two stations. Results from the analysis of these data have been presented by the seismic experiment team in six papers [Latham et al., 1969, 1970a, b, c, d; Ewing et al., 1970].
Man‐made earthquakes and earthquake prediction
Authors: Healy J. H. , Pakiser L. C. 
Published: April 2012

Convincing evidence that man can trigger earthquakes has been developed since the 1963–1967 report. The fact that man can start earthquakes has increased our understanding of earthquake mechanisms and reinforced our judgment that we are approaching the possibility of earthquake prediction.Traditionally, seismologists have avoided the subject of earthquake prediction because of its distasteful association with people who claim to be able to predict earthquakes by mystical nonscientific methods. Research on prediction has been intensified since the reports of the Panel on Earthquake Prediction [Press, 1965] and the Interagency Working Group for Earthquake Research [Pecora, 1968],. however, and it is appropriate to assess our progress toward that goal. Pakiser et al. [1969] and Oliver [1970] have also summarized recent U.S. progress toward earthquake prediction.
Structure, composition, and state of the core
Authors: Bolt Bruce A. 
Published: April 2012

Since 1967 two major advances in our knowledge of the core and core‐mantle boundary have occurred. First, the giant large‐amplitude seismic array (Lasa) in Montana provided convincing observations of reflections (PKiKP) from the inner‐core boundary (ICB); second, evidence grew that a low‐velocity shell existed in P and S above the mantle‐core boundary (MCB).After the recent energetic studies of the upper mantle, there are signs of quickening geophysical interest in the physical state of the earth's core. The precise nature of the striking structural discontinuities that define the MCB and ICB is of importance to solid‐state physics, to geochemistry, and to geophysics. In particular, laboratory shock‐wave results must be matched against the seismological inferences.
Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism U.S. National Report, 1967”1971 Fifteenth General Assembly, IUGG: Magnetic Surveys
Authors: Fabiano E. B. 
Published: April 2012

As a result of increased survey activities by satellites and marine vessels, it is likely that more geomagnetic data have been recorded in the past 4 years than in any previous 4‐year interval.From marine magnetic surveys, measurements of total intensity have provided data that have contributed significantly to the newer concepts of sea‐floor spreading and continental drift [Allan, 1969]. Magnetic measurements in the oceans will continue to be a major tool in the exploration of the sea floor and its underlying crust and mantle.