bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implications of Research into Translator Invisibility
Authors: Hatim Basil 
Published: January 2011

AbstractEspousal of the cultural model in translation studies has been one of the more exciting developments in recent years. In this paper, an influential ap-proach representing this trend (outlined inVenuti 1995and related publications) is assessed and its many strengths indicated. Also discussed are issues which have been seen as weaknesses in the model (e.g. the minimal reliance on textual evidence and the lack of a consistent methodology). A number of proposals, primarily informed by critical linguistics and contrastive rhetoric, are put forward in an attempt to fill some of the gaps. English and Arabic provide the language pair for a set of analytic procedures which focus on the teaching of literary translation.
Names and Their Substitutes
Authors: Embleton Sheila 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The Astérix comic-book series, originally in French, is well-known and widely translated. Each book relates an adventurous episode in which the principal character is Astérix, a small, witty warrior from a fictional Gaulish village, the only village to have successfully resisted the Roman occupation. The series relies on many humorous techniques, but word-play and puns form an integral part. Much humour derives from the
names
used, combining various comic effects, particularly puns and double entendres. Thus the translator faces not only the usual problems in translating literary names, but also the problem of retaining these comic effects. This paper examines these problems and their solutions, based on a complete collection of name data from all 30 books in 4 languages (French original; English, German, Finnish translations), with numerous references to translations into other languages.
Arab Fatalism and Translation from Arabic into English
Authors: Farghal Mohammed 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The present paper shows that while the concept of fatalism is all-pervasive in Arabic, it is kept to a minimum in English. Consequently, the translator into English is unlikely to be able to conserve the fatalism of Arabic expressions. Four areas are used to draw evidence for this cultural barrier: death terms, discourse conditionals, tautological expressions, and proverbial expressions. In most cases, the translator is forced to adopt functional equivalents, despite the fact that fatalism is missed in the functionally corresponding expressions.
Twelfth-Century Toledo and Strategies of the Literalist Trojan Horse
Authors: Pym Anthony 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe scientific translating associated with twelfth-century Toledo remains a poorly understood phenomenon. Attention to its political dimension suggests that it should not be attached to the state-subsidized work carried out under Alfonso X after 1250 but is better explained in terms of Cluniac sponsorship of the first Latin translation of the Qur'an in 1142. This approach reveals grounds for potential conflict between the foreign scientific translators and the Toledo cathedral. Such conflict would nevertheless have been smoothed over by certain translation principles serving both scientific and religious interests. The foremost of these principles were literalism, secondary elaboration, the use of teamwork, the inferiorization of non-Latinist intermediaries, justification of conquest and the accordance of authority to non-Christian texts. Thanks to this shared regime, the Church helped scientific translations to enter Latin. But the translations brought with them a questioning spirit that would contest and eventually undermine Church authority.
La recherche en interprétation dans les pays d'Europe de I'Est:
Authors: Čeňková Ivana 
Published: January 2011

Résumé
L'auteur, interprète professionnelle, enseignante et chercheur, décrit l'évolution de la recherche en interprétation en Europe centrale et orientale à travers l'évocation de son parcours personnel en Tchécoslovaquie. Les principaux centres de recherche étaient Moscou et Leipzig, et la recherche se concentrait sur les aspects communicationnels de l'interprétation, sur l'équivalence et sur la "prévision probabiliste", avec des études par paires de langues spécifiques. Les premiers chercheurs étaient linguistes. Ils furent suivis par des interprètes professionnels diplômés en traduction ou en interprétation. L'article se termine par une description de l'activité de l'Institut de traductologie de l'Université Charles de Prague.
Headlining in Translation
Authors: Sidiropoulou Maria 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
A hundred translated article headlines appearing in the Greek press are contrasted to their originals in the English press. The cognitive, cultural and social constraints on headline formation observed relate to a higher degree of directness associated with the Greek version of the corpus, on the one hand, and differences with respect to 'thematic ' preferences, on the other. The quantity and quality of information to be included in the schematic category Headline, in Greek, differs: the quantity of information relates to the genre the article belongs to and the difference in quality is a result of a different 'macro-rule' application.
A Pragmatic Classification of LSP Texts in Science and Technology1
Authors: Göpferich Susanne 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Theoretical approaches towards a classification of texts and empirical analyses of individual text types have been pursued more or less independently of each other. Without reference to a common theoretical framework, the results obtained when analysing individual texts cannot be compared—making it impossible to relate the individual text types to each other, and thus determine the scope of validity of the features which turn out to be characteristic of a group of texts. For this reason, an approach towards a pragmatic text typology is presented which can serve as a framework for the analysis of various LSP text types. In the last part of the paper some implications of this typology for translation studies and translation didactics are described.
There Is Always a Teller In a Tale
Authors: Schiavi Giuliana 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This paper tracks down the translator's voice in the translated text; sees whether it can be included in a textual structure; and considers whether it can be regarded as part and parcel of a translated text, thus making the latter into something structurally different from an original text. The source is narrative texts, their translations, and the narratological approach to literature description.
Implicit Information in Literary Translation
Authors: Gutt Ernst-August 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAs an instance of human communication, literary translation operates by certain laws and principles assumed to be built into our human make-up. These 'natural laws' of communication give rise to implicit information and are responsible for its special characteristics, such as graded strength of communication and its correlates, including poetic effects. They furthermore determine the interdependence of text, context and successful communication, and limit communicability in incompatible contexts. One important contextual factor consists in what kind of interpretive resemblance the audience expects between translation and original. The ultimate test for a translation is whether or not it achieves with the target audience what the translator intended it to achieve, rather than whether it conforms to some translation-theoretical notion of equivalence.
Translating a Poem, from a Linguistic Perspective
Authors: Tabakowska Elżbieta 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
To bridge the unfortunate gap between "literature" and "language", literary critics, including critics of translation, should make use of what linguists have to say about language. Out of modern linguistic theories, Cognitive Linguistics seems particularly promising. On the basis of Robert Frost's poem "Nothing Gold Can Stay " and one of its Polish translations, the author demonstrates how intuitive interpretations and assessments are corroborated by a strictly linguistic analysis, which is carried out in the cognitivist vein. In particular, the interplay of two grammatical oppositions—between perfective and imperfective verb forms and between countable and mass nouns—is shown to be a means of direct symbolisation of meaning. Translation losses are then discussed—some unavoidable in view of systematic discrepancies between linguistic conventions, others a compromise imposed by the demands of versification.
Créativité et traduction
Authors: Ballard Michel 
Published: January 2011

Résumé
Il peut paraître étrange de parler de créativité en relation avec la traduction quand on sait à quel point on se plaît à souligner qu'il s'agit d'une activité seconde. Or la traduction requiert un très grand travail à l'intérieur de la langue d'arrivée qui fait du traducteur un authentique créateur. C'est ce travail de création de formes que l'on se propose d'explorer ici par une théorisation qui implique une structuration de l'équivalence dans le cadre de l'unité de traduc­tion.
Multilign: an algorithm to predict secondary structures conserved in multiple RNA sequences
Authors: Xu Zhenjiang , Mathews David H. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Motivation: With recent advances in sequencing, structural and functional studies of RNA lag behind the discovery of sequences. Computational analysis of RNA is increasingly important to reveal structure–function relationships with low cost and speed. The purpose of this study is to use multiple homologous sequences to infer a conserved RNA structure.
Results: A new algorithm, called Multilign, is presented to find the lowest free energy RNA secondary structure common to multiple sequences. Multilign is based on Dynalign, which is a program that simultaneously aligns and folds two sequences to find the lowest free energy conserved structure. For Multilign, Dynalign is used to progressively construct a conserved structure from multiple pairwise calculations, with one sequence used in all pairwise calculations. A base pair is predicted only if it is contained in the set of low free energy structures predicted by all Dynalign calculations. In this way, Multilign improves prediction accuracy by keeping the genuine base pairs and excluding competing false base pairs. Multilign has computational complexity that scales linearly in the number of sequences. Multilign was tested on extensive datasets of sequences with known structure and its prediction accuracy is among the best of available algorithms. Multilign can run on long sequences (&gt; 1500 nt) and an arbitrarily large number of sequences.
Availability: The algorithm is implemented in ANSI C++ and can be downloaded as part of the RNAstructure package at: http://rna.urmc.rochester.edu
Contact: david_mathews@urmc.rochester.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Isolated left ventricular non‐compaction in adults: clinical and echocardiographic features in 105 patients. Results from a French registry
Authors: Habib Gilbert , Charron Philippe , Eicher Jean‐Christophe , Giorgi Roch , Donal Erwan , Laperche Thierry , Boulmier Dominique , Pascal Cécile , Logeart Damien , Jondeau Guillaume , Cohen‐Solal Alain ,   on behalf of the Working Groups ‘Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathies’ and ‘Echocardiography’ of the French Society of Cardiology
Published: December 2010

AimsThe clinical features, prognosis, and even definition of left ventricular non‐compaction (LVNC) are still the subject of much debate. The aim of this registry was to describe the clinical, echocardiographic, and prognostic features of LVNC in France. The main endpoint was to assess clinical and echocardiographic predictors of adverse outcome, defined as death or heart transplantation.Methods and resultsBetween 2004 and 2006, 154 suspected cases of LNVC were identified from a nationwide survey in France. The diagnosis of LVNC was confirmed in 105 cases by echocardiographic evaluation in a core laboratory. Clinical and echocardiographic data for the 105 cases of LVNC are presented. Left ventricular non‐compaction was first detected from heart failure symptoms in 45 patients, rhythm disorders in 12, and familial screening in 8. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was <30% in 46% of patients, but ≥50% in 16%. The latter had less symptoms of severe heart failure (11 vs. 54%, P = 0.001), but similar extension of the NC zone. During 2.33 ± 1.47 years of follow‐up, several complications occurred, including severe heart failure in 33 patients, transplantation in 9, ventricular arrhythmia in 7, embolic events in 9, and death in 12. Factors associated with death or heart transplantation were NYHA 3 or 4 (HR = 6.69; P = 0.0007), high LV filling pressures (HR = 7.59; P = 0.001), LVEF (HR = 0.93; P = 0.006), and hospitalization for heart failure (HR = 13.55; P < 0.0001).ConclusionIn this large reported series of LVNC, we observed that: (i) Left ventricular non‐compaction was detected by familial screening in asymptomatic patients in 8% of cases. (ii) Left ventricular non‐compaction was frequently over‐diagnosed by echocardiography. (iii) Patients identified as LVNC presented with a high risk of severe complications, transplantation or death and needed close follow‐up.
Arabidopsis NPCC6/NaKR1 Is a Phloem Mobile Metal Binding Protein Necessary for Phloem Function and Root Meristem Maintenance
Authors: Tian Hui , Baxter Ivan R. , Lahner Brett , Reinders Anke , Salt David E. , Ward John M. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
SODIUM POTASSIUM ROOT DEFECTIVE1 (NaKR1; previously called NPCC6) encodes a soluble metal binding protein that is specifically expressed in companion cells of the phloem. The nakr1-1 mutant phenotype includes high Na+, K+, Rb+, and starch accumulation in leaves, short roots, late flowering, and decreased long-distance transport of sucrose. Using traditional and DNA microarray-based deletion mapping, a 7-bp deletion was found in an exon of NaKR1 that introduced a premature stop codon. The mutant phenotypes were complemented by transformation with the native gene or NaKR1-GFP (green fluorescent protein) and NaKR1-β-glucuronidase fusions driven by the native promoter. NAKR1-GFP was mobile in the phloem; it moved from companion cells into sieve elements and into a previously undiscovered symplasmic domain in the root meristem. Grafting experiments revealed that the high Na+ accumulation was due mainly to loss of NaKR1 function in the leaves. This supports a role for the phloem in recirculating Na+ to the roots to limit Na+ accumulation in leaves. The onset of root phenotypes coincided with NaKR1 expression after germination. The nakr1-1 short root phenotype was due primarily to a decreased cell division rate in the root meristem, indicating a role in root meristem maintenance for NaKR1 expression in the phloem.
LAP6/POLYKETIDE SYNTHASE AandLAP5/POLYKETIDE SYNTHASE BEncode Hydroxyalkyl α-Pyrone Synthases Required for Pollen Development and Sporopollenin Biosynthesis inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Kim Sung Soo , Grienenberger Etienne , Lallemand Benjamin , Colpitts Che C. , Kim Sun Young , Souza Clarice de Azevedo , Geoffroy Pierrette , Heintz Dimitri , Krahn Daniel , Kaiser Markus , Kombrink Erich , Heitz Thierry , Suh Dae-Yeon , Legrand Michel , Douglas Carl J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPlant type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) catalyze the condensation of malonyl-CoA units with various CoA ester starter molecules to generate a diverse array of natural products. The fatty acyl-CoA esters synthesized by Arabidopsis thaliana ACYL-COA SYNTHETASE5 (ACOS5) are key intermediates in the biosynthesis of sporopollenin, the major constituent of exine in the outer pollen wall. By coexpression analysis, we identified two Arabidopsis PKS genes, POLYKETIDE SYNTHASE A (PKSA) and PKSB (also known as LAP6 and LAP5, respectively) that are tightly coexpressed with ACOS5. Recombinant PKSA and PKSB proteins generated tri-and tetraketide α-pyrone compounds in vitro from a broad range of potential ACOS5-generated fatty acyl-CoA starter substrates by condensation with malonyl-CoA. Furthermore, substrate preference profile and kinetic analyses strongly suggested that in planta substrates for both enzymes are midchain- and ω-hydroxylated fatty acyl-CoAs (e.g., 12-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA and 16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA), which are the products of sequential actions of anther-specific fatty acid hydroxylases and acyl-CoA synthetase. PKSA and PKSB are specifically and transiently expressed in tapetal cells during microspore development in Arabidopsis anthers. Mutants compromised in expression of the PKS genes displayed pollen exine layer defects, and a double pksa pksb mutant was completely male sterile, with no apparent exine. These results show that hydroxylated α-pyrone polyketide compounds generated by the sequential action of ACOS5 and PKSA/B are potential and previously unknown sporopollenin precursors.
HdcB, a novel enzyme catalysing maturation of pyruvoyl‐dependent histidine decarboxylase
Authors: Trip Hein , Mulder Niels L. , Rattray Fergal P. , Lolkema Juke S. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryPyruvoyl‐dependent histidine decarboxylases are produced as proenzymes that mature by cleavage followed by formation of the pyruvoyl prosthetic group. The histidine decarboxylation pathway of Streptococcus thermophilus CHCC1524 that consists of the pyruvoyl‐dependent histidine decarboxylase HdcA and the histidine/histamine exchanger HdcP was functionally expressed in Lactococcus lactis. The operon encoding the pathway contains in addition to the hdcA and hdcP genes a third gene hdcB. Expression of different combinations of the genes in L. lactis and Escherichia coli followed by analysis of the protein products demonstrated the involvement of HdcB in the cleavage of the HdcA proenzyme. The HdcA proenzyme and HdcB protein were purified to homogeneity and cleavage and activation of the histidine decarboxylase activity was demonstrated in vitro. Substoichiometric amounts of HdcB were required to cleave HdcA showing that HdcB functions as an enzyme. In agreement, expression levels of HdcB in the cells were low relative to those of HdcA. The turnover number of HdcB in vitro was extremely low (0.05 min−1) which was due to a very slow association/dissociation of the enzyme/substrate complex. In fact, HdcB was shown to co‐purify both with the HdcA S82A mutant that mimics the proenzyme and with the mature HdcA complex.
How much longer will Africa have to depend on western nations for support of its capacity‐building efforts for biomedical research?
Authors: Laabes Emmanuel Philip , Desai Rizwana , Zawedde Stella Muyanja , Glew Robert Hayes 
Published: January 2011

SummaryAdvances in biomedical research techniques have resulted in the conquest of many diseases and the improvement in the health and well‐being of populations, yet sub‐Saharan Africa continues to lag behind western nations in terms of research infrastructure and capacity. The increasing numbers of links and collaborations between western institutions of higher learning and teaching hospitals and universities in sub‐Saharan Africa have undoubtedly promoted scholarly research activity on the continent. However, most of the research agenda is, understandably, dominated by western collaborators who provide the much needed funding. Given the recent exposure by events on Wall Street of the frailties of western economies, Africa urgently needs to look inwards in its quest to train biomedical researchers of repute and to secure funding for its capacity‐building needs.
Effect of Intrauterine Infusion with Liquid Paraffin on Phagocytes Migrating to Mucus of External os of the Cervix in Cows
Authors: Lu W , Zabuli J , Kuroiwa T , Tanaka T , Kamomae H 
Published: December 2010

ContentsThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of intrauterine infusion with liquid paraffin (LP) on phagocytic migration into the uterus of cows. Smears of swab samples of the external os of the cervix and discharges collected inside the vagina were obtained in multiparous dairy cows (n = 10) that had been infused with 50 ml of LP (LP group: n = 5) or physiological saline (PS group: n = 5) on day 10 or 11 after ovulation (day 0: ovulation). The samples were collected for cytological examination 0 (just before), 0.25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h after LP or PS infusion and then at daily intervals until subsequent ovulation. The number of neutrophils increased significantly (p < 0.05) for 8 days compared with the pre‐infusion level in the LP group and for 2 days in the PS group. The average numbers of neutrophils in the LP group were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than those in the PS group on 3, 4, 5 and 8 days after infusion. The number of monocytes from 6 h to 8 days after LP infusion was significantly higher than that before infusion (p < 0.05). The average numbers of monocytes at 4 and 6 h and 1 day after infusion in the LP group were significantly higher than those in the PS group. These findings indicate that LP stimulates phagocytic migration into the uterine lumen in cows and that LP infusion into the uterus might enhance uterine defence mechanisms during uterine infection.
Expression of Pluripotency Genes in Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Amniotic Fluid Cells
Authors: Yadav PS , Mann A , Singh V , Yashveer S , Sharma RK , Singh I 
Published: December 2010

ContentsRecent findings suggest that mammalian amniotic fluid (AF) is a source of multipotent stem cells (SCs), which can be used in regenerative medicine and assisted reproduction. We report the isolation, culture and characterization of amniotic fluid‐derived cells from pregnant water buffalo uterus. These undifferentiated AF cells expanded without feeder layer over a period of 100 days up to passages 20 and the expression of alkaline phosphatase (AP), Oct‐4, Nanog and Sox‐2, GAPDH and β‐actin could be detected by RT‐PCR. The cells exhibited uniform morphology and normal chromosome number. The up‐regulation or down‐regulation of transcription factors of each gene varied with passage number. We conclude that putative bubaline AF cells can be cultured and maintained in vitro for a prolonged period and offer a potential source of multipotent cells for applications including assisted reproduction in buffalo.