bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE LARGE-SCALE TRANSPORT OF HEAT AND WATER IN THE TAUPO VOLCANIC ZONE OF NEW ZEALAND
Authors: WEIR GRAHAM 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA three-layer compartmental model of the geological structure in the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand is developed, based on the assumptions of isostasy (constant geostatic pressure at 25 km depth) and a constant rate of volcanism. The upper layer consists of volcanic infill to a depth of about 2500 m, then a middle layer of greywacke-like material to a depth of about 15 km, and a lower layer of andesitic-like material to a depth of 25 km. Our model assumptions predict that the area of each layer increases at a constant rate; that there is a constant ratio between the rate of energy production from volcanic activity and geothermal convection; and that there is the possibility of an abrupt change from rhyolitic to basaltic volcanism, if the middle layer becomes sufficiently thin. Two models are considered: a rifting and a spreading model. Both models predict the lower layer has an andesitic-like density. The spreading model has difficulty matching heat output with observed extension rates. The rifting model predicts the observed extension rates, but requires very deep circulation of groundwater to be consistent with observed chemical and isotopic properties of geothermal fluids.
AN ANALYTIC SOLUTION FOR ONE-DIMENSIONAL DISSIPATIONAL STRAIN-GRADIENT PLASTICITY
Authors: YOUNG ROGER 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAn analytic solution is developed for the one-dimensional dissipational slip gradient equation first described by Gurtin [“On the plasticity of single crystals: free energy, microforces, plastic strain-gradients”, J. Mech. Phys. Solids48 (2000) 989–1036] and then investigated numerically by Anand et al. [“A one-dimensional theory of strain-gradient plasticity: formulation, analysis, numerical results”, J. Mech. Phys. Solids53 (2005) 1798–1826]. However we find that the analytic solution is incompatible with the zero-sliprate boundary condition (“clamped boundary condition”) postulated by these authors, and is in fact excluded by the theory. As a consequence the analytic solution agrees with the numerical results except near the boundary. The equation also admits a series of higher mode solutions where the numerical result corresponds to (a particular case of) the fundamental mode. Anand et al. also established that the one-dimensional dissipational gradients strengthen the material, but this proposition only holds if zero-sliprate boundary conditions can be imposed, which we have shown cannot be done. Hence the possibility remains open that dissipational gradient weakening may also occur.
A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR THE ORIGINS OF GEOTHERMAL AND VOLCANIC ACTIVITY IN THE NORTH ISLAND OF NEW ZEALAND
Authors: MCNABB ALEX 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe current geothermal and volcanic activity in the North Island of New Zealand is explained as a consequence of Pacific and Australian plate interactions over the last 20 million years. The primary hypothesis is that the Kermadec subduction zone has for the last 20 million years or more been retreating in a south-easterly direction at about five centimetres per year. It is surmised that this motion and interaction with another subduction zone almost at right angles to it under the North Island resulted in plate tearing due to the incompatibility of the plate geometry where these subduction zones interacted. The nature and consequences of this plate tearing are partially revealed in published maps of the plate currently under the North Island. If the subducted parts of this plate, as shown in Eiby’s maps, [G. A. Eiby, “The New Zealand sub-crustal rift”, New Zeal. J. Geol. Geophy.7 (1964) 109–133] are straightened, then the plate edge lies on a curve giving a rough picture of their position before being torn and subducted by the Kermadec trench motion. This map of the tear suggests the shape of the edge of a missing plate segment torn from the plate, and implies a rotation of the upper North Island, clockwise approximately 20 degrees, about a point just south of the Thames estuary. A consequence of this plate tearing is that the solid retreating crustal wave generating magma pressure beneath the crest of the solid wave has the potential to inject significant basaltic magma into the crust through the tears. These intrusive magma fluxes have the ability to generate geothermal fields and rhyolitic lavas from crustal melts. This could explain the geothermal activity along the Coromandel peninsula five to seven million years ago, the ignimbrite outcrops about Lake Taupo and the current geothermal and volcanic activity stretching from Taupo to Rotorua.
A MODEL OF ION TRANSPORT IN CONJUGATED POLYMERS
Authors: BURNELL JOHN 
Published: November 2009

AbstractUnderstanding ion transport in conjugated polymers is essential for developing mathematical models of applications of these materials. Previous experimental studies have suggested that cation transport in a conjugated polymer could be either diffusion or drift controlled, with debate over which dominates. In this paper we present a new model of cation transport that explains most of the features seen in a set of recent experiments. This model gives good agreement with measured concentration profiles, except when the profile has penetrated the polymer by more than 60%. The model shows that both diffusion and drift processes can be present. An application of a micro-actuator based on a conjugated polymer is presented to demonstrate that this technology could be used to develop a micro-pump.
NUMERICAL DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL CONDITIONS FOR THERMAL IGNITION
Authors: LUO W. , WAKE G. C. , HAWK C. W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIgnition or thermal explosion in an oxidizing porous body of material can be described by a dimensionless reaction–diffusion equation of the form ∂tu=∇2u+λe−1/u. Here such equations will be formulated in symmetrically shaped bounded regions Ω, effectively reducing the mathematical formulation to that of one dimension. This is critically re-examined from a modern perspective using numerical methods. A computer algorithm is constructed and used to carry out a broad-ranging evaluation of the watershed critical initial temperature conditions for thermal ignition of nonuniform assemblies. It is then shown how the resulting mathematical structure for the ignition threshold curves can be correlated by a hyperbolic conic section with a high degree of accuracy over the full range of positive ambient temperature values. However, this sometimes over-predicts (which is bad) and sometimes under-predicts (which is good) the critical initial condition. The definition of additional dimensionless parameters is found to generate further simplification, leading to a universal correlating form capable of collapsing the entire solution space onto a single line in the plane of the new variables. In addition, this study considers the physically intuitive conjecture that spatial moments of the initial temperature profile ought to possess a direct mathematical link to the critical ignition threshold. As such, the mth-order spatial moment of the critical total energy content integrals is defined, and an empirical result is derived stating that certain orders of this moment should be insensitive to changes in ambient temperature and initial shape profile and may be considered functionally dependent on the dimensionless eigenvalue only, within some quantifiable error band. Spatial moment integrals, based on computed critical threshold conditions, are found to support this conjecture, with the best accuracy obtained for the second-order moments.
The use of carrageenan or gellan gum to control caramel rheology
Authors: Barra G. , Chisholm H. , Mitchell J. 
Published: November 2009

Caramel is a material of major importance for the confectionery industry. It consists of an emulsion with a continuous phase of sugar syrups and some protein. It has a water content in the range 5-15% which is controlled by the cooking conditions.
It is shown that in the absence of added hydrocolloid, flow behaviour at the temperatures of interest to depositing and moulding is Newtonian. Incorporation of low levels (∼0.1%) of carrageenan or gellan gum has significant effects on caramel rheology and associated product properties such as cold flow. The hydrocolloid containing material shows some elastic behaviour when measured in oscillation and by creep, and a departure from Newtonian behaviour in steady shear viscometry. Measurements of extensional viscosity using a capillary rheometer demonstrate that the Trouton ratio significantly increases on carrageenan addition. The results are another indication of the ability of carrageenan and gellan to form networks in high sugar environments.
Therapeutic Factors in Group Counseling: Implications for Audiologic Rehabilitation
Authors: Erdman Sue Ann 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to describe therapeutic factors that constitute mechanisms of change in group intervention. These therapeutic factors occur in groups with varied populations in varied settings and have important implications for group approaches to aural/audiologic rehabilitation. Factors included in the review are universality, instillation of hope, imparting information, altruism, imitative behavior, group cohesion, interpersonal learning, development of socializing techniques, recapitulation of the family, catharsis, and existential issues. The discussions largely are based on Irvin Yalom’s therapeutic factors but include references from a wide-range of sources throughout the medical, psychological, and rehabilitative fields.
Third-Party Payment for Auditory Rehabilitation
Authors: White Steven C. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This article provides updated information on third party reimbursement for auditory rehabilitation services provided by speech-language pathologists and audiologists. Differences between the coverage for auditory rehabilitation provided by Medicare, Medicaid, and private health plans are described. Coding and permissible auditory habilitation/rehabilitation services for implanted patients are explained.
The ICF: A Classification System and Conceptual Framework Ideal for Audiological Rehabilitation
Authors: Gagné Jean-Pierre , Jennings Mary Beth , Southall Kenneth 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In 2001, the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health, commonly referred to as the ICF (WHO, 2001), which is a biopsychosocial classification system of health. It provides a common framework for describing consequences of health conditions and specifically for understanding the dimensions of health and functioning. The ICF is particularly relevant for rehabilitation sciences because the health conditions of people seeking rehabilitation services are typically chronic and the associated impairments cannot be cured. The present article highlights some key differences between a curative and a rehabilitative approach to health services. Then, the components of the IFC are defined, described, and illustrated. The main characteristics of the classification system are outlined. Finally, some important features associated with the use of the ICF as a conceptual framework for clinical services in rehabilitative audiology are presented.
Implementation of device therapy (cardiac resynchronization therapy and implantable cardioverter defibrillator) for patients with heart failure in Europe: changes from 2004 to 2008
Authors: van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , Maass Alexander H. , Priori Silvia G. , Stolt Pelle , van Gelder Isabelle C. , Dickstein Kenneth , Swedberg Karl 
Published: November 2009

AimsHeart failure (HF) patients increasingly receive device therapy, either an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) or a biventricular pacemaker, also called cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), or a CRT device with an ICD (CRT‐D). However, epidemiological data on the use of device therapy in Europe are limited.Methods and resultsData on implantation rates for conventional pacemakers, ICD, CRT, and CRT‐D in 15 Western European countries were obtained from the Eucomed Registry for the 5‐year period 2004–2008. Implantation of conventional pacemakers increased by 9% in Europe over the 5 years (reaching 907/million in 2008) and there were significant differences between countries. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantations increased by 75% from 80/million in 2004 to 140/million in 2008, and differences between countries were larger than those for conventional pacemakers. Implantation rates for CRT‐P alone increased slightly from 2004 to 2006, but remained at 25/million thereafter in Europe overall. The total number of CRT implants (CRT‐P and ‐D) markedly increased from 46/million in 2004 to 99/million in 2008 (115%), but this was mainly due to more CRT‐D implants, i.e. an increase in the proportion of CRT‐D (from 55% in 2004 to 75% in 2008). Implantation rates for ICD, CRT, and CRT‐D remained markedly different throughout the study period between countries.ConclusionImplantation rates of devices for HF, in particular ICD and CRT‐D, have increased significantly between 2004 and 2008 in Europe, but there remain major differences between countries.
The biological impact of overflowing sands around a marine aggregate extraction site: Dieppe (eastern English Channel)
Authors: Desprez M. , Pearce B. , Le Bot S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Desprez, M., Pearce, B., and Le Bot, S. 2010. The biological impact of overflowing sands around a marine aggregate extraction site: Dieppe (eastern English Channel). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 270–277. The study investigates the physical impact of sediment deposition associated with aggregate dredging at a site off Dieppe, and the consequences for benthic fauna. Sampling stations were sited across potential zones of impact classified as high, moderate, and low deposition, depending on their proximity to dredging activities and their position relative to the net sediment transport route. Samples were also taken west of the dredge site outside the zone of likely impact (no deposition). A strong gradient was observed from the sediments dominated by fine sands in the high and moderate deposition zones, through to coarse sands and gravels in the low and no deposition zones. The benthic fauna sampled from the deposits of fine sand in the high and moderate deposition zones were sparse compared with the coarser deposits sampled from the low and no deposition zones. There was a strong correspondence between the distribution of different sediment fractions and the associated benthic fauna, with a weighted Spearman rank correlation of 0.638, higher than reported in related studies. This suggests that in deposition areas such as this, biological interactions play a less important role in shaping communities than the changes in the physical environment, which may have a greater impact on the biological communities.
Review article: metoclopramide and tardive dyskinesia
Authors: RAO A. S. , CAMILLERI M. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryBackground Metoclopramide is a dopamine receptor antagonist which has been used for treatment of a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms over the last thirty years. In 2009, the FDA issued a black box warning regarding long‐term or high‐dose use of this medication because of the risk of developing tardive dyskinesia.Aims To review the mechanism of action and pharmacokinetic properties of metoclopramide, the risk of metoclopramide‐induced tardive dyskinesia, potential mechanisms that may alter and to summarize the clinical context for appropriate use of the drug.Methods We conducted a PubMed search using the following key words and combined searches: metoclopramide, neuroleptics, tardive dyskinesia, incidence, prevalence, dopamine, receptors, pharmacokinetic, pharmacology, pharmacogenetics, DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism, cytochrome P450, p‐glycoprotein, risk factors, gastroparesis, outcome, natural history.Results Available data show that risk of tardive dyskinesia from metoclopramide use is likely to be <1%, much less than the estimated 1–10% risk previously suggested in national guidelines. Tardive dyskinesia may represent an idiosyncratic response to metoclopramide; pharmacogenetics affect pharmacokinetic and dopamine receptor pharmacodynamics in response to neuroleptic agents that cause similar neurological complications.Conclusion Community prevalence and pharmacogenetic mechanisms involved in metoclopramide‐induced tardive dyskinesia require further study to define the benefit‐risk ratio more clearly.
The cost‐effectiveness of macrogol 3350 compared to lactulose in the treatment of adults suffering from chronic constipation in the UK
Authors: TAYLOR R. R. , GUEST J. F. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground  It is unknown whether macrogol 3350 (Movicol) affords the UK’s National Health Service (NHS) a cost‐effective addition to the current range of laxatives.Aim  To estimate the cost‐effectiveness of macrogol 3350 compared with lactulose in the treatment of chronic constipation, from the perspective of the UK’s NHS.Methods  A decision model depicting the management of chronic constipation was constructed using clinical outcomes and resource use values derived from patients suffering from chronic constipation in The Health Independent Network (THIN) database. The model was used to estimate the cost‐effectiveness of a GP prescribing macrogol 3350 instead of lactulose to treat adults ≥18 years of age suffering from chronic constipation.Results  Sixty‐eight percent of patients given macrogol 3350 were successfully treated within 6 months after starting treatment compared to 60% of patients given lactulose.Patients’ health status at 6 months was estimated to be 0.458 and 0.454 quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) in the macrogol 3350 and lactulose groups respectively. The total 6‐monthly NHS cost of initially treating patients with macrogol 3350 or lactulose was estimated to be £420 (US $688) and £419 (US $686) respectively. Hence, the cost per QALY gained with macrogol 3350 was estimated to be £250 (US $410).Conclusion  Macrogol 3350 affords the NHS a cost‐effective addition to the range of laxatives available for this potentially resource‐intensive condition. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 302–312
The role of iodine in hypersensitivity reactions to radio contrast media
Authors: Scherer K. , Harr T. , Bach S. , Bircher A. J. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryIntroduction
Hypersensitivity reactions to iodinated radio contrast media (RCM) are either immediate‐type (IT) or delayed reactions (DT). In IT, the pathomechanism is unclear. In DT, delayed positive patch (PT) and intradermal tests (IDT) and RCM‐specific T cells suggest a T cell‐mediated mechanism. In both, the role of iodine has not been clarified; however, patients are often labelled as ‘iodine allergic’. Occasionally, positive skin tests to iodine‐containing drugs are observed.Objective
We investigated the presence of hypersensitivity to iodine in patients with a history of hypersensitivity reactions to RCM.Methods
Nineteen patients with a history of IT (n=9) or DT (n=10) to RCM were investigated. Skin prick tests, IDT and PT with several RCM and iodine formulations were carried out. All underwent oral provocation with Lugol's solution (LS). Two patients each with iodine mumps, contact dermatitis to iodized antiseptics and chronic idiopathic urticaria served as control or proof of concept.Results
In the IT group, skin tests were positive in three out of nine patients to one RCM. One patient with negative skin tests reacted twice to oral iodine with urticaria. In the DT group, sensitization to one or several RCM was identified in 10 out of 10 patients. In seven out of 10 patients, additional sensitizations to the iodine formulations were found. Two patients developed a mild exanthema after oral provocation with LS.Conclusion
We have previously demonstrated in patients with iodine mumps that an oral challenge with LS is a valid means to elicit hypersensitivity reactions to iodine. In 19 patients, we showed that iodine is rarely the eliciting agent in hypersensitivity reactions to RCM. Only one patient with a late urticaria to an RCM with a late urticaria to LS and two patients with DT and broad sensitization to all RCM tested reacted to LS with an exanthema. In most cases, more likely the RCM molecules and not iodine are the eliciting compounds. Cite this as: K. Scherer, T. Harr, S. Bach and A. J. Bircher, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 468–475.
IL‐33: a tissue derived cytokine pathway involved in allergic inflammation and asthma
Authors: Smith D. E. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryBesides classic T cell‐derived T‐helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines such as IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐13, tissue‐produced cytokines such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL‐25 and IL‐33 are now recognized as important contributors to allergic inflammation. IL‐33 is produced by various tissue dwelling cells and broadly enhances allergic inflammation through its effects on hematopoietic cell types. The environmental or endogenous triggers that provoke IL‐33 cellular release may be associated with infection, inflammation or tissue damage. This review summarizes the wide range of documented IL‐33 activities on human cellular mediators of inflammation as well as genetic evidence that IL‐33 contributes to disease. Finally, there will be a discussion of still unanswered questions regarding the mechanisms by which cytokine activity is generated and IL‐33's relationship with other Th2‐associated cytokines. Cite this as: D. E. Smith, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 200–208.
Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy restores human dendritic cell innate immune function
Authors: Tversky J. R. , Bieneman A. P. , Chichester K. L. , Hamilton R. G. , Schroeder J. T. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryBackground
We recently reported that human blood dendritic cells from allergic subjects have impaired IFN‐α production following toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9)‐dependent innate immune stimulation. It is not known how subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (SCIT) affects dendritic cell immune responses.Objective
The aim of this study is to determine how SCIT affects human dendritic cell function.Methods
Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) were isolated from the blood of seven dust mite allergic subjects at baseline and upon reaching a standard SCIT maintenance dose that included dust mite and other aeroallergens. Cells were stimulated with various adaptive and innate immune receptor stimuli, or media alone for 20 h with secreted cytokine levels determined by ELISA. A portion of the cells were used to measure intracellular signalling proteins by flow cytometry. Humoral immune responses were measured from plasma.Results
SCIT resulted in a threefold increase in PBMC production of IFN‐α in response to CpG at 100 nm (P=0.015) and at 500 nm (P=0.015), n=7. The predominant cell type known to produce IFN‐α in response to CpG (CpG ODN‐2216) and other TLR9 agonists is the pDC. As expected, a robust innate immune response from isolated pDCs was re‐established among allergic subjects undergoing SCIT resulting in a fivefold increase in IFN‐α production in response to CpG at 500 nm (P=0.046), n=7. In contrast, IL‐6 production was unaffected by SCIT (P=0.468). Consistent with published reports, IgG4 blocking antibody increased 10‐fold with SCIT (P=0.031), n=7. There was no significant increase in the frequency of pDCs or the expression of TLR9 that would account for the rise in IFN‐α production.Conclusions
Allergen immunotherapy increases dendritic cell TLR9‐mediated innate immune function, which has previously been shown to be impaired at baseline in allergic subjects. Cite this as: J. R. Tversky, A. P. Bieneman, K. L. Chichester, R. G. Hamilton and J. T. Schroeder, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 94–102.