bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple‐encoder layered space–time–frequency architecture with QR decomposition and M‐algorithm maximum‐likelihood detection
Authors: Huang Yuanliang 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper, to achieve the available spatial, temporal, and frequency diversities, and also to make the system implementation feasible for high‐speed orthogonal frequency division multiplexing multiple‐input multiple‐output multiplexing, a novel layered space–time–frequency (LSTF) transmitter architecture with multiple channel encoders is proposed with each independently coded information sub‐stream being threaded in the three‐dimensional (3‐D) space–time–frequency transmission resource array. The performance of a non‐iterative receiver consisting of a maximum‐likelihood detector with QR decomposition and M‐algorithm maximum‐likelihood detection is exploited, by employing irregular low‐density parity‐check code as the channel code. The threaded distribution of each coded information sub‐stream in the proposed LSTF architecture makes it achieve the spatial, temporal, and frequency diversities the same as the conventional single‐encoder LSTF architecture where coding is applied across the whole information stream, and simulation results show that the performance of the proposed multiple‐encoder LSTF architecture is very close to that of the conventional single‐encoder LSTF architecture. However, because of the use of multiple parallel encoders/decoders with a shorter codeword length, the proposed LSTF architecture has much lower hardware processing speed and complexity than that of the conventional LSTF architecture. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the Energetic Plasticizer Methyl‐NENA
Authors: Izsák Dániel , Klapötke Thomas M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe energetic plasticizer N‐methyl‐N‐(2‐nitroxyethyl)nitramine (2) and its precursor N‐methyl‐N‐(2‐nitroxyethyl)ammonium nitrate (1) were synthesized by nitration of 2‐(methylamino)ethanol and characterized by X‐ray crystallography, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 14N), vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman), mass spectrometry and differential thermal analysis. The sensitivities were determined according to BAM methods and the detonation parameters were calculated with the EXPLO5 computer program to identify them as potentially explosive compounds.
P–Tevolution and timing of a late Palaeozoic fore-arc system and its heterogeneous Mesozoic overprint in north-central Chile (latitudes 31–32°S)
Authors: WILLNER ARNE P. , MASSONNE HANS-JOACHIM , RING UWE , SUDO MASAFUMI , THOMSON STUART N. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn the late Palaeozoic fore-arc system of north-central Chile at latitudes 31–32°S (from the west to the east) three lithotectonic units are telescoped within a short distance by a Mesozoic strike-slip event (derived peakP–Tconditions in brackets): (1) the basally accreted Choapa Metamorphic Complex (CMC; 350–430°C, 6–9 kbar), (2) the frontally accreted Arrayán Formation (AF; 280–320°C, 4–6 kbar) and (3) the retrowedge basin of the Huentelauquén Formation (HF; 280–320°C, 3–4 kbar). In the CMC, Ar–Ar spot ages locally date white-mica formation at peakP–Tconditions and during early exhumation at 279–242 Ma. In a local garnet mica-schist intercalation (570–585°C, 11–13 kbar) Ar–Ar spot ages refer to the ascent from the subduction channel at 307–274 Ma. Portions of the CMC were isobarically heated to 510–580°C at 6.6–8.5 kbar. The age of peakP–Tconditions in the AF can only vaguely be approximated at ≥ 310 Ma by relict fission-track ages consistent with the observation that frontal accretion occurred prior to basal accretion. Zircon fission-track dating indicates cooling below ~ 280°C at ~ 248 Ma in the CMC and the AF, when a regional unconformity also formed. Ar–Ar white-mica spot ages in parts of the CMC and within the entire AF and HF point to heterogeneous resetting during Mesozoic extensional and shortening events at ~ 245–240 Ma, ~ 210–200 Ma, ~ 174–159 Ma and ~ 142–127 Ma. The zircon fission-track ages are locally reset at 109–96 Ma. All resetting of Ar–Ar white-mica ages is proposed to have occurred byin situdissolution/precipitation at low temperature in the presence of locally penetrating hydrous fluids. Hence syn- and postaccretionary events in the fore-arc system can still be distinguished and dated in spite of its complex heterogeneous postaccretional overprint.
Spectrum of radiological appearances of necrotising external otitis: a pictorial review
Authors: Mehrotra P , Elbadawey M R , Zammit-Maempel I 
Published: August 2011

AbstractNecrotising external otitis, also known as malignant otitis externa, is an aggressive, resorptive osteomyelitis of the temporal bone. Although rare, necrotising external otitis is a potentially fatal disease, with complications which include temporomandibular joint osteomyelitis, sigmoid sinus thrombosis and meningitis. Imaging findings may be subtle, particularly in the early stages. We present a broad range of imaging findings which may occur in necrotising external otitis cases.
Wegener's granulomatosis mimicking skull base osteomyelitis
Authors: Sharma A , Deshmukh S , Shaikh A , Dabholkar J 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjective:To report a case of Wegener's granulomatosis mimicking skull base osteomyelitis.Case report:A case of Wegener's granulomatosis is reported in a diabetic woman presenting with facial palsy and hearing loss. The clinical course of the disease was very similar to that of skull base osteomyelitis, especially since the patient was diabetic and the ear swab was positive for pseudomonas. The definitive diagnosis was made based on clinical presentation, imaging and serum antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody testing. The patient was started on immunosuppressants, and her hearing loss and facial palsy recovered.Conclusion:Wegener's granulomatosis is a systemic disease with various manifestations. A high index of clinical suspicion is required to reach the correct diagnosis. The clinician should be alerted to the possibility of Wegener's granulomatosis in the presence of: systemic upset out of proportion to the apparent intensity of the local lesion; middle-ear disease failing to respond to conventional treatment; and a consistently raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
A study of the effect on accuracy of the introduction of a bellyboard as an immobilisation device to the radical radiotherapy treatment of prostate cancer patients
Authors: McIlwraith K A , Blyth C 
Published: August 2011

AbstractEnsuring reproducibility in any radiotherapy technique is vital to ensure that a geometric miss does not occur. Patient position and comfort play a major part in the reproducibility of setups.Purpose: To study the effect on accuracy of the introduction of a bellyboard to the existing prone technique used for radical radiotherapy treatment of prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: Thirty patients were treated using the bellyboard in the standard method. Portal images were compared with those of a control group of patients who had treatment with no rigid immobilisation. Patients in both groups were males with prostate cancer, who underwent radical radiotherapy treatment. Images were analysed using anatomy matching, and deviations from the isocentre were noted.Results: Statistical analysis of the results showed no statistical significance between the groups, though within the control group there were more deviations over 0.5 cm from the isocentre position than in the bellyboard group.Conclusions: Introduction of the bellyboard was seen to be equivalent to the use of the control technique. When the deviations from isocentre position were evaluated for each group, the control group had more deviations over 0.5 cm than the bellyboard group.
Ball Milling as a Tool Towards Solubility Problems in Synthesis – Simple and Solvent-free Preparation of K[B(CN)4]
Authors: Pawelke Roland 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA simple ball milling route to the tetrayanoborate anion is presented: The K[B(CN)4] synthesis is one fine example, how a synthesis problem based on solubility may be solved by a ball milling approach. The solid state 13C- and 11B-MAS-NMR spectra have been recorded.
Urban development, power relations, and water redistribution as drivers of wetland change in the Tampa Bay Region Socioecosystem
Authors: Crisman Thomas , Larsen Gina , Trettin Carl , Perkerson Ralph , Nilsson Kenneth , Thurman Paul , Adjei Cornelius , Lewis David , Akiwumi Fenda , Landry Shawn , Zarger Rebecca , Rains Mark , Feit Sharon , Bell Susan 
Published: August 2011

Abstractn/a
Changes in TNM stage, reoperation and 131‐I ablation rate during the use of newer methods for the preoperative diagnosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Karga H. , Mavroudis K. , Giagourta I. , Triantaphyllopoulou M. , Ktena V. , Kassi G. , Veloutsou H. , Papapetrou P. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryObjective  To define and discuss the changes of important risk factors and TNM staging over the last 40 years in patients operated on for differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), resulting from the introduction of newer sensitive diagnostic procedures in the preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules.Patients  We reviewed the medical records of 1251 patients with postoperative diagnosis of DTC who had undergone initial diagnosis, before surgery, at our unit, between 1971 and 2010. According to the period of diagnosis, the patients were divided into four groups (I, II, III, IV) corresponding to the four decades.Results  The mean age at diagnosis was unchanged over time for both papillary (PTC) and follicular thyroid cancer (FTC). A decrease in the proportion of FTC (group I vs group IV P < 0·01) and a concomitant increase in PTC/FTC ratio was observed particularly in group IV. The significant decrease in the proportion of tumour size of PTC (group I vs group IV, P < 0·01), the increase in the proportion of microcarcinomas, from 22·4% in group I to 53·0% in group IV, P < 0·001, and the decrease in the number of cases with features of aggressiveness have changed the TNM stage towards stages I and II. The overall frequency of patients at high risk was significantly decreased, from 8·0% in group I to 1·8% in group IV. The number of patients who underwent reoperation for the completion of tumour resection and/or radioiodine therapy significantly decreased over time.Conclusions  The evaluation of thyroid nodules using the newer diagnostic methods was useful in identifying DTC early. Consequently, the reoperation and thyroid remnant ablation rates were reduced.
RNase Y is responsible for uncoupling the expression of translation factor IF3 from that of the ribosomal proteins L35 and L20 in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Bruscella Patrice , Shahbabian Karen , Laalami Soumaya , Putzer Harald 
Published: August 2011

SummaryRNase Y is a novel endoribonuclease affecting global mRNA metabolism. We show that this nuclease affects the expression of the Bacillus subtilis infC‐rpmI‐rplT operon, encoding translation initiation factor IF3 and the ribosomal proteins L35 and L20. This operon is autoregulated by a complex L20‐dependent transcription attenuation mechanism. L20 binds to a phylogenetically conserved domain on the 5′ untranslated region of the infC mRNA which mimics the L20 binding sites on 23S rRNA. We have identified a second promoter (P1) upstream of the previously identified promoter (P2). The P1, but not the P2, readthrough transcript is stabilized in a strain depleted for RNase Y. However, under these conditions infC biosynthesis is repressed threefold. We show that the unprocessed P1 transcript is non‐functional for IF3 translation but fully competent to express the co‐transcribed ribosomal protein genes. RNase Y cleavage of the P1 transcript creates an entry site for the 5′–3′ exonucleolytic activity of RNase J1 which degrades the infC mRNA when translation initiation efficiency is low. A second RNase Y cleavage is crucial for initiating degradation of the prematurely terminated infC leader RNAs, including the L20 operator complex, which permits efficient recycling of the L20 protein.
Down‐regulation of SymRK correlates with a deficiency in vascular bundle development in Phaseolus vulgaris nodules
Authors: SÁNCHEZ‐LÓPEZ ROSANA , JÁUREGUI DAVID , NAVA NOREIDE , ALVARADO‐AFFANTRANGER XÓCHITL , MONTIEL JESÚS , SANTANA OLIVIA , SANCHEZ FEDERICO , QUINTO CARMEN 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThe symbiotic interaction of legumes and rhizobia results in the formation of nitrogen‐fixing nodules. Nodulation depends on the finely coordinated expression of a battery of genes involved in the infection and the organogenesis processes. After Nod factor perception, symbiosis receptor kinase (SymRK) receptor triggers a signal transduction cascade essential for nodulation leading to cortical cell divisions, infection thread (IT) formation and final release of rhizobia to the intracellular space, forming the symbiosome. Herein, the participation of SymRK receptor during the nodule organogenesis in Phaseolus vulgaris is addressed. Our findings indicate that besides its expression in the nodule epidermis, in IT, and in uninfected cells of the infection zone, PvSymRK immunolocalizes in the root and nodule vascular system. On the other hand, knockdown expression of PvSymRK led to the formation of scarce and defective nodules, which presented alterations in both IT/symbiosome formation and vascular system.
Presence of Heterobasidion infections in Norway spruce stumps 6 years after treatment with Phlebiopsis gigantea
Authors: Rönnberg J. , Cleary M. R. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryNatural colonization by the root and butt rot causing fungi Heterobasidion spp. on Norway spruce (Picea abies) stumps following thinning and treatment with the biological control agent Phlebiopsis gigantea was investigated on three sites in southern Sweden 6 years after treatment. The fully treated stumps and control stumps were excavated and sampled to compare the survival of Heterobasidion spp. in the long term. Six years post‐treatment, 47 and 11% of untreated and treated stumps, respectively, had Heterobasidion infection. There was no difference in the relative infected area in discs collected from the butt and the roots for the different treatments. Control efficacy was 83% for treated stumps. After 6 years, there were no apparent differences between the remaining infections in treated compared with those in untreated stumps regarding the number of colonies, their size or relative infection area. Although infections, 3 months after treatment with P. gigantea, were significantly fewer and smaller than in untreated stumps, Heterobasidion inoculum can survive for at least 6 years in the stump and, when it does, constitute a risk for neighbouring trees.
Efficacy of sulphur on Tuta absoluta and its side effects on the predator Nesidiocoris tenuis
Authors: Zappalà L. , Siscaro G. , Biondi A. , Mollá O. , González‐Cabrera J. , Urbaneja A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), is one of the major pests of tomato crop. Since its detection in the Mediterranean basin, it has been commonly controlled using chemical insecticides. However, inoculation and conservation of predatory mirids, integrated with sprays of selective insecticides, has been demonstrated to be a cost‐effective strategy for controlling this pest. In this work, we tested the efficacy of two sulphur formulations, dustable and wettable powder, for controlling T. absoluta on tomato under greenhouse and open‐field conditions. In addition, the side effects of both sulphur formulations on the predator, Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter), were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Dustable sulphur, applied weekly on tomato seedlings artificially infested with T. absoluta in greenhouse conditions, significantly reduced the infestation levels and was demonstrated to have a repellent effect on oviposition. Wettable sulphur was not effective for controlling T. absoluta populations in both greenhouse and open‐field experiments. In the side effect trials conducted with N. tenuis, only dustable sulphur resulted in being moderately harmful as a fresh residue and slightly harmful as a 7‐day‐old residue; no effects were recorded exposing the predator to 14‐day‐old sulphur residues. In contrast, wettable sulphur was classified as harmless to N. tenuis. Our results suggest that the use of sulphur, especially as dustable powder, could be considered as a tool in T. absoluta management strategies, although its side effects on N. tenuis should be taken into account. The implications of these results for the use of sulphur formulations in pest and disease management programmes in tomato crops are discussed.
Outdoor air pollution and respiratory health in Asia
Authors: CHUNG KIAN FAN , ZHANG JUNFENG , ZHONG NANSHAN 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTWith the rapid economic development occurring in the last decade in many countries of Asia, the level of air pollution has increased from both industrial and motor vehicle emissions. Compared with Europe and North America, the potential health effects of this increasing air pollution in Asia remain largely unmeasured. Recent data published by the Health Effects Institute from some major cities in India and China reveal that a 10 µg/m3 increase in PM10 was associated with an increase in mortality of 0.6% in daily all‐natural cause mortality, with higher risks being found at extremes of high temperatures and in the lowest economically advantaged population. Other Asian studies have confirmed the link between hospital admissions for the worsening of COPD and the increase in asthma prevalence to levels of outdoor air pollutants. Although potential health effects appear to be similar to already‐published Western data, it is important that further studies be carried out in Asia that will inform the public and the authorities of the necessity to curb levels of outdoor air pollutants to acceptable levels.
A systematic review of treatment guidelines for metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Edwards M. S. , Chadda S. D. , Zhao Z. , Barber B. L. , Sykes D. P. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAim  A systematic review of treatment guidelines for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) was performed to assess recommendations for monoclonal antibody therapy in these guidelines.Method  Relevant papers were identified through electronic searches of MEDLINE, MEDLINE In Process, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library; through manual searches of reference lists; and by searching the Internet.Results  A total of 57 relevant guidelines were identified, 32 through electronic database searches and 25 through the website searches. The majority of guidelines were published between 2004 and 2010. The country publishing the most guidelines was the USA (12), followed by the UK (10), Canada (eight), France (eight), Germany (three), Australia (two), Spain (two) and Italy (one). In addition, eight European and three international guidelines were identified. As monoclonal antibody therapy for mCRC was not introduced until 2004, no firm recommendations for monoclonal antibody therapy were made in guidelines published between 2004 and 2006. Recommendations for monoclonal antibody therapy first appeared in 2007 and evolved as more data became available. The most recent international, European and US guidelines recommend combination chemotherapy with the addition of a monoclonal antibody for the first‐line treatment of mCRC. Second‐line treatment depends on the first‐line regimen used. For chemoresistant mCRC, cetuximab or panitumumab are recommended as monotherapy in patients with wild‐type KRAS tumours.Conclusion  The study indicates that recent treatment guidelines have recognized the role of monoclonal antibodies in the management of mCRC, and that treatment guidelines should be updated in a timely manner to reflect the most recently available data.
Experimental Research With Synthetic Copolymer‐Coated Cardiopulmonary Bypass Circuits: Inflammatory and Thrombogenicity Analysis
Authors: Gabriel Edmo Atique , Montevilla Fredy Max Ayala , Chida Valeria Vieira , Dias Fabio Nunes , Montoya Cynara Viterbo , Otsubo Hiroaki , Pires Zenício Francisco , Nogaroto Sergio Luiz 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis study aimed to assess complement system activation and index of thrombogenicity and platelet aggregation between synthetic copolymer‐coated cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit and conventional CPB circuit. Twenty‐six pigs were equally divided into two groups—the conventional group and the coated group. They were placed on CPB for 90 min, and blood samples were collected at three different time points (T0, right before CPB establishment; T1, 45 min after starting CPB; and T2, 90 min after starting CPB) to measure total count of inflammatory cells (leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets) and serum levels of fraction C3 of complement system. Upon completion of the 90‐min CPB, fragments of different compartments of the CPB circuit were taken for assessing index of thrombogenicity and platelet aggregation. There were no differences between both groups regarding total count of leukocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes; however, there was a lower count of platelets at T2 in the coated group (P = 0.020). The serum level of fraction C3 was lower in the coated group at T1 (P = 0.020) and T2 (P = 0.017). Higher index of thrombogenicity and platelet aggregation were detected in the conventional group (77% of the animals within the conventional group) than in the coated group (46% of the animals within the coated group). In conclusion, in heart surgery requiring CPB, the use of synthetic copolymer‐coated CPB circuit may be useful to reduce complement system activation, as well as attenuating index of thrombogenicity and platelet aggregation.
Osmolal Gap in Hemodialyzed Uremic Patients
Authors: Griveas Ioannis , Gompou Athina , Kyritsis Ilias , Papatheodorou Georgios , Agroyannis Ioannis , Tsakoniatis Manolis , Kapeleris Evaggelos , Vrachnes Sotiris 
Published: August 2011

AbstractOsmolality is an expression of the number of particles in a given weight of solvent (mOsm). Measured osmolality is determined by the osmometer, and calculated osmolality is estimated by 2xNa + UN/2.8 + glucose/18. The difference between measured and calculated osmolality is the osmolal gap. The purpose of the present study is to determine the measured and the calculated osmolality and the osmolal gap in hemodialyzed uremic patients, pre‐ and post‐hemodialysis (HD). In 24 uremic patients under regular HD, blood samples pre‐ and post‐HD were collected, and serum osmolality measured (osmometer) and calculated (2xNa + UN/2.8 + glucose/18) and the osmolal gap (measured—calculated osmolality) were determined. Also, the same parameters were determined in 22 healthy subjects (control). According to our findings, the measured osmolality in patients is significantly higher pre‐ and post‐HD in comparison to that of controls, but post‐HD is significantly lower than pre‐HD. Also, calculated osmolality is significantly higher pre‐ and post‐HD in comparison to that of controls, but the value post‐HD is significantly lower than the pre‐HD. The osmolal gap of patients pre‐HD (11 ± 2.08) and post‐HD (7.29 ± 1.94) is significantly higher (P < 0.001) in comparison to that of controls (3.18 ± 1.46); also, the value post‐HD is significantly decreased in comparison to the value pre‐HD (P < 0.001). Uremic hemodialyzed patients present high measured and calculated osmolality pre‐HD that remains high post‐HD in comparison to that of controls in spite of the significant decrease post‐HD in comparison to that of pre‐HD. Also, the osmolal gap is high pre‐HD and, in spite of the decrease, remains high post‐HD. In comparison to that of controls, the high osmolal gap indirectly indicates the presence of unidentified endogenous osmoles in the serum of uremic patients which partly are removed during HD.