bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Detached Shoot and Leaflet Inoculation Techniques to Screen Peanut Genotypes for Resistance to Rhizoctonia Limb Rot
Authors: Franke M. D. , Brenneman T. B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Identifying peanut genotypes with resistance to Rhizoctonia limb rot in the field is slow and costly. The objectives of this study were to compare detached leaflet and shoot inoculations as methods of screening for resistance to Rhizoctonia limb rot and to assess the relationship between genotype reactions in vitro and in the field. Eleven peanut germplasm selections and four cultivars, which exhibited a range of susceptibility to limb rot in previous field experiments in 1996 and 1997, were selected for evaluation. Detached lower reproductive limbs were suspended in Hoagland's solution and inoculated using a mixture of soil and oat seeds infested with Rhizoctonia solani. Detached leaflets on moistened filter paper in petri dishes were inoculated with hyphal plugs. Georgia Green and selections 512 and 283 were the most susceptible of all the genotypes to leaflet infections although Georgia Green is partially resistant to limb rot in the field. Disease levels for all genotypes were higher in the detached shoot inoculation study than in previous field experiments and symptoms observed were typical of those seen in the field. However, there was no correlation in relative susceptibility of the genotypes between the detached leaflet, shoot, or previous field experiments. Susceptibility of genotypes in the field may be determined by the combined resistance of the different plant parts or by factors not evaluated in this study. The detached shoot inoculation technique did not reproduce the same range of disease reactions on diverse peanut genotypes that were observed in the field experiments, but it did prove to be a good method of generating high levels of disease in vitro. The technique could probably be adapted to evaluate other factors such as relative fungicide performance or effects of environment on disease.
Effects of Application Method and Rate on Control of Sclerotinia Blight of Peanut with Iprodione and Fluazinam1
Authors: Damicone J. P. , Jackson K. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Two trials with iprodione and three trials with fluazinam were conducted to assess the effects of application method and rate on the control of Sclerotinia blight of peanut with fungicide. In order to concentrate the fungicides near the crown area where the disease causes the most damage, applications were made through a canopy opener with a single nozzle centered over the row to achieve a 30.5-cm-wide band (canopy opener), and through a single nozzle centered over the row to achieve a 46-cm-wide band (band). Broadcast applications were compared to these methods at rates of 0, 0.28, 0.56, and 1.12 kg/ha on the susceptible cultivar Okrun. Sclerotinia blight was severe, with &gt; 70% disease incidence and &lt; 2000 kg/ha yield for the untreated controls in each trial. Linear reductions in area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), but not final disease incidence, with iprodione rate were significant (P &lt; 0.05) for all methods of application. However, the rate of decrease did not differ among application methods. Linear increases in yield with rate of iprodione were greater for canopy opener compared to the band or broadcast applications. Only a 50% reduction in AUDPC and a maximum yield of &lt; 2700 kg/ha was achieved with iprodione using the best method. At the maximum rate of 1.12 kg/ha, fluazinam provided &gt; 75% disease control and &gt; 4000 kg/ha yield for all application methods. Differences in disease control and yield among application methods only occurred at the 0.28 and 0.56 kg/ha rates of fluazinam. Reductions in AUDPC with fluazinam rate were quadratic for all application methods, but AUDPC values were less for the canopy opener and band methods at 0.28 and 0.56 kg/ha compared to the broadcast methods. The yield response to rate for broadcast applications of fluazinam was linear. However, predicted yield responses to fluazinam rate were quadratic for the band and canopy opener methods and approached the maximum response at 0.84 kg/ha. Targeting fungicide applications using the band and/or canopy opener methods was beneficial for fluazinam at reduced rates. Disease control with iprodione was not adequate regardless of application method.
Field Survey of Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus in Georgia Peanut
Authors: Wells M. L. , Pappu H. R. , Culbreath A. K. , Todd J. W. , Brown S. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A field survey to determine the incidence of Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) in Georgia peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was conducted during the 1999 and 2000 growing seasons. Confirmation of INSV infection was made by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). During August 1999, a total of 504 symptomatic peanut plants were sampled from 42 fields representing 15 counties. Peanut plants showing symptoms of spotted wilt from 14, 15, and 15 counties were sampled during the early (June), mid (July), and late (August/September) periods of the 2000 growing season, respectively. During 2000, a total of 1433 peanut plants were sampled over the course of the survey. The 1999 survey yielded no INSV-positive peanut plants, while 87% of the plants sampled tested positive for TSWV. During the 2000 survey, INSV was detected from 2.0% of all peanut plants sampled, while TSWV was detected in 97.8% of all plants. All plants that tested positive for INSV also tested positive for TSWV. TSWV was detected from plants in each field. INSV was only detected from seven fields in four counties. Additionally, 90 peanut plants were tested for INSV in a Coffee County field in which that virus was detected in July 2000. TSWV was detected in 94% of those plants, while INSV was detected in 20% of the plants. Double infections were detected in 17% of the plants from the field in Coffee County. The natural incidence of another Tospovirus in peanut could have important management implications for peanut production systems.
Status of the Arachis Germplasm Collection at ICRISAT
Authors: Upadhyaya H. D. , Ferguson M. E. , Bramel P. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
ICRISAT maintains a substantial Arachis germplasm collection of 14,723 accessions, comprising 14,310 accessions of cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) from 92 countries and 413 accessions of wild species representing 43 taxa. All germplasm is freely available for distribution. Forty-five percent of the cultivated peanut collection is of var. hypogaea, followed by 35.7% var. vulgaris and 16.1% var.fastigiata. Varieties hirsuta and aequatoriana are represented by 20 and 15 accessions, respectively. All passport and characterization data are accessible through the internet. To enhance the utilization of the collection and understand the diversity it contains, efforts have focused on characterization and documentation of the collection and the formation of a core of 1704 A. hypogaea accessions. These are representative of the genetic diversity in the entire collection. The core provides an entry point into the collection and is currently being evaluated for maturity, biotic, and abiotic stress resistance and quality parameters, including aflatoxin contamination. A subset of the core is used in prescreening for polymorphic molecular markers. Evaluation of the wild Arachis collection to major abiotic stresses is a continuing process. Future efforts in both the wild and cultivated collections will focus on germplasm exchange and acquisition, and specific regions for future collections are identified. The development of molecular markers for diversity assessments in all Arachis taxa and alternative strategies for utilization of the wild species are also important areas of research.
Progress in the Development of Tissue Culture and Transformation Methods Applicable to the Production of Transgenic Peanut
Authors: Ozias-Akins P. , Gill R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Genetic engineering is a tool for crop improvement that extends our access to beneficial traits beyond sexuallycompatible crosses. Genes from virtually any organism can be cloned and introduced into peanut. Gene function can be influenced by the regulatory elements used to control expression aswell as the genome context of the integration site(s) where one or multiple copies of the trans genes are inserted. Methods for the production of transgenic peanut (Arachishypogaea L.) that are based on biological or direct DNA transfer have been developed over the last decade. The most reliable method for the introduction of foreign DNA is microprojectile bombardment of embryogenic tissue cultures. With the use of a selectable marker gene for hygromycin resistance, transgenic plants can be recovered in 12-14 mo. Transgenic peanuts resistant to the lesser cornstalk borer have been produced with the objective of reducing aflatoxin contamination by decreasing insect damage to developing pods. The future application of this tool to increase pest resistance and enhance quality traits in peanut has enormous potential.
Evolving Political Issues Affecting International Exchange of Arachis Genetic Resources
Authors: Williams K. A. , Williams D. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
While plant genetic resources continue to be essential for world food security, the exchange of these resources between countries has become increasingly encumbered during recent years. The free and open access to genetic resources that previously was considered the “common heritage of mankind” has been fundamentally changed by international multilateral agreements that recognize national sovereignty over genetic resources. Since the entry into force of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1993, many countries have implemented laws regulating access to their genetic resources. The development of legislation in several countries comprising the primary areas of origin and diversity of Arachis makes issues associated with germplasm exchange particularly relevant to investigators working with peanut. This paper describes some recent USDA experiences with obtaining access in Latin American countries harboring peanut genetic resources. Also discussed are implications and prospects for future international germplasm exchange, including aspects of collaborative research and benefit sharing with germplasm donor countries. Within this new political climate, the establishment of mutually beneficial precedents for accessing foreign genetic resources will be crucial for ensuring the continued exchange, conservation, and use of Arachis germplasm in the future.
New Directions for Collecting and Conserving Peanut Genetic Diversity
Authors: Williams D. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Existing strategies for collecting and conserving peanut genetic diversity need to be reassessed and updated in light of recent collecting efforts, technological advances, and the new political climate affecting international germplasm access and exchange. In the Americas, important taxonomic and geographical gaps in the collections still need to be filled before the full extent of peanut genetic diversity, both wild and cultivated, can be known from the crop's hemisphere of origin. Moreover, reports of peanut genetic erosion in Asia and Africa need to be investigated and addressed. The current global trend to implement national legislation regulating access to genetic resources presents new challenges for organizing and conducting plant explorations in other countries, making international partnerships more important than ever. The use of innovative new tools and methods for assessing, locating, and conserving crop genetic diversity, such as Geographical Information Systems and on-farm conservation, has recently increased. These new tools, methods, and partnerships are proposed as key elements for an updated strategy to help ensure that the unfinished work of collecting and conserving peanut diversity can be successfully continued into the 21st century.
Cost of Aflatoxin to the Farmer, Buying Point, and Sheller Segments of the Southeast United States Peanut Industry
Authors: Lamb M. C. , Sternitzke D. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Aflatoxin in peanut imposes considerable economic cost to the southeast U.S. peanut industry. A federal marketing agreement administered by the Peanut Administrative Committee ensures the consumer that only edible quality peanuts are allowed entry into edible markets. The 1993-1996 crop years were analyzed to estimate the net cost due to aflatoxin to the farmer, buying point, and sheller segments of the southeast peanut industry. Farmer stock peanuts are examined for visible Aspergillus flavus, the mold primarily responsible for aflatoxin contamination in peanut. Detected lots with aflatoxin (Segregation III) are removed from edible channels because the lot is presumed to be at high risk for aflatoxin contamination and the value of farmer stock peanuts is reduced. The farmer segment net cost due to Segregation III lots averaged $2,595,937 per year. Segregation III lots are generally placed under loan in the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC). Buying points are paid to handle peanuts for CCC, but at a lower rate per ton than commercial commissions; thus, a loss is incurred to the buying point segment. Buying point losses from handling Segregation III lots average $532,585 annually. The southeast peanut sheller segment incurred the highest cost associated with aflatoxin. The majority of the cost was due to the purchase of Segregation I farmer stock that required further processing due to the aflatoxin contamination found via chemical testing. The average net annual cost to the southeast sheller segment over the 4-yr period was $22,697,737. Segregation III lots and aflatoxin cost the farmer, buying point, and sheller segments of the southeast U.S. peanut industry $25,825,259 annually. On a total Segregation I farmer stock basis, aflatoxin cost the southeast peanut industry an average of $25.53/Mg and an average $69.34/ha.
Timing of Aldicarb Applications to Control Meloidogyne arenaria in Peanut1
Authors: Rich J. R. , Gorbet D. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Four fieldtrialswere conductedin northwest Florida to determine the efficacyofaldicarb appliedat varyingtime intervals after planting on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) to manage the peanut root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne arenaria. Initial treatments with aldicarb (Temik 15G), fenamiphos (Nemacur 15G), and phorate (Thimet 15G) were made at planting of peanut cv. Southern Runner. The chemicals were applied as 20-cm-wide bands over the open seed furrow using a tractor-mounted Gandy applicator. Post-plant treatments were made with a Gandy applicator at time intervals from 28 to 104 dafter planting as 36-cm-wide bands over the row centers. Post-harvest M. arenaria population densities were affected little by any chemical treatment compared to the control. The efficacy of the chemical treatments was variable and averaged onlya 295-kglha yield increase for the single at-plant applications of aldicarb compared to the control. Allat-plant + post-plant aldicarb treatments increased yield over the control by an average of712 kg¡ ha. Results from these trials did not establish a single optimal time for post-plant application of aldicarb on peanut. Data from these tests, however, indicated that a post-plant aldicarb treatment can be applied latter than previously recommended in Florida.
Geographical Distribution of Genetic Diversity in Arachis hypogaea
Authors: Holbrook C. C. , Isleib T. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The U.S. maintains a large (&gt; 8000 accessions) and genetically diverse collection of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm. It is costly to screen all accessions within this collection for traits that could be useful in cultivar development. The objective of this research was to identify countries of origin that are rich sources of resistance to important peanut diseases. This would allow peanut breeders to focus their efforts on smaller subsets of the germplasm collection. Accessions in the peanut core collection were evaluated for resistance to late (Cercosporidium personatum Berk. & M. A. Curtis) and early (Cercospora arachidicola Hori) leaf spot, tomato spotted wilt Tospovirus (TSWV), the peanut root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood race 1], and Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR)[Cylindrocladium crotalarie (Loos) Bell & Sobers]. These data then were examined to determine if genes for resistance clustered geographically. Several geographical areas that appear to be rich sources for disease-resistant genes were identified. China had a relatively large number of accessions with resistance to the peanut root-knot nematode. Peru appeared to be a rich source of material with resistance to CBR. Resistance to late leaf spot was more frequent than expected in accessions from Bolivia and Ecuador. Bolivia was also a valuable source of resistance to early leaf spot. Early leaf spot resistance also was more prevalent than expected in accessions from India, Nigeria, and Sudan. India, Israel, and Sudan were valuable origins for material with resistance to TSWV. Accessions with multiple disease resistance were most common in India, Mozambique, and Senegal. This information should enable plant breeders to utilize more efficiently the genes for disease resistance that are available in the U.S. germplasm collection.
Status of the Arachis Germplasm Collection in the United States
Authors: Holbrook C. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
An extensive working collection of Arachis germplasm is maintained by the USDA at the Southern Regional Plant Introduction Sta. in Griffin, GA. Much of this collection is maintained also under long-term seed storage at the Nat. Seed Storage Lab. in Ft. Collins, CO. The working collection consists of 9027 accessions of A. hypogaea and 684 accessions of Arachis species. About half of the A. hypogaea accessions are unimproved landraces collected in the crop's centers of diversity in South America. The other half is comprised of germplasm obtained from countries outside of South America. The U.S. germplasm collection of peanut was the first major germplasm collection to have a working core collection. Research has verified that this core collection can be used to improve the efficiency of germplasm utilization. This has stimulated a great amount of germplasm evaluation work and has resulted in the identification of numerous sources of resistance to several economically significant pathogens. Considerable efforts in the U.S. also have been devoted to the use of wild species of Arachis for sources of resistance to pathogens. Programs are ongoing to introgress high levels of resistance or immunity to early (Cercospora arachidicola Hori) and late (Cercosporidium personatum Berk. & M.A. Curtis) leaf spots, nematodes, and viruses. Genetic resources have been particularly useful in adding disease resistance to peanut cultivars. This has had a significant economic impact on U.S. peanut farmers. The largest impacts have been from the development of cultivars with resistance to Sclerotinia blight (Sclerotinia minor Jagger), the peanut root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood race 1], and tomato spotted wilt Tospovirus. Use of these resistant cultivars has an estimated economic impact of more that $200 million annually for U.S. peanut producers.
Impact of Grameen Bank micro credit on change in livelihood status of women beneficiaries
Authors: Kuhinur S , Rokonuzzaman M 
Published: April 2010

Grameen Bank (GB) is one of the largest NGO working with the socio-economic upliftment of the poor section, specially women of the society. The main focus on the present study is to determine change in livelihood status of women beneficiaries of GB in twenty selected centers of Jaforgonj north of Debidwar branch under Comilla district; and to identify the existing problems faced by GB participants. Data were collected from 100 randomly selected sample (15% of population), out of population size 663 of GB beneficiaries. Data indicated that change in livelihood status scores of the respondents varied from 4 to 24. The average change in livelihood status score was 13.94. The largest proportion (62 percent) of women belonged to medium, compared to 25 percent and 13 percent belong to low and high change in livelihood status categories respectively. Results of t-test on change of livelihood status in three dimensions namely ‘change of farm and house hold materials', ‘change of housing, health and sanitation' and ‘change of annual family income' in terms of ‘before' and ‘after' involvement were found highly significant. Out of 11 selected characteristics, education, annual income, credit availability, communication with GB employee and staff and attitude towards micro-credit program of GB were positively significant and only age and non-localite behaviour were negatively significant with dependent variable of change in livelihood status. Family size, farm size, organizational participation and attitude towards community did not show any significant relationship with change in livelihood status. Problems faced by beneficiaries in respect of ‘lack of sufficient amount of credit' was the most serious problems, credit disbursement delayed was the second problem and the third problem was ‘belief on dogmatism and fatalism' with problem index 199 among the six existing problems. Keywords: Grameen Bank; Micro credit; Livelihood status; Women beneficiaries DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4750 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 381-386, 2009
TRIF Signaling Stimulates Translation of TNF-α mRNA via Prolonged Activation of MK2
Authors: Gais Petra , Tiedje Christopher , Altmayr Felicitas , Gaestel Matthias , Weighardt Heike , Holzmann Bernhard 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The adapter protein TRIF mediates signal transduction through TLR3 and TLR4, inducing production of type I IFNs and inflammatory cytokines. The present study investigates the mechanisms by which TRIF signaling controls TNF-α biosynthesis. We provide evidence that, in LPS-stimulated murine dendritic cells, TRIF stimulates TNF-α biosynthesis selectively at the posttranscriptional level by promoting mRNA translation. In the absence of functional TRIF, the production of TNF-α protein was severely impaired, whereas TNF-α mRNA levels and stability, as well as transcriptional activity of the Tnfa gene, were not affected. Similarly, TRIF was required for production of LPS-induced TNF-α protein, but not of mRNA, in bone marrow-derived macrophages. In peritoneal macrophages, however, TRIF was also required for normal induction of TNF-α mRNA, suggesting cell type-related functions of TRIF. The influence of TRIF on dendritic cell TNF-α production was independent of type I IFNs. TRIF was required for prolonged activation of MAPKs in LPS-stimulated dendritic cells but was dispensable for the activation of NF-κB. Inhibition of late p38 activity attenuated LPS-stimulated elevation of TNF-α protein but not mRNA levels. The p38 effector kinase MK2 was directly activated through the TRIF pathway of TLR4. Importantly, stimulation of Mk2−/− cells through TLR3 or TLR4 severely impaired TNF-α protein production but did not affect TNF-α mRNA induction. Together, these results indicate that the TRIF signaling pathway promotes TNF-α mRNA translation through activation of the protein kinase MK2.