bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategies for Minimising Carbon Emissions from Facilities whilst Improving Opex
Authors: Guinee Mike 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Conservatively, at least 4 million boe are consumed daily and around 500 million tonnes of CO2 emitted annually from upstream oil and gas operations worldwide. There is a huge economic prize and an urgent business need to improve upstream energy efficiency, particularly since the carbon emissions from this industry are alleged to be one of the major contributors towards climate change.
The UK government has just introduced targets to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions by 50% by 2025. Hence it is about to introduce increased legislation for carbon emissions from 2013 onwards that will impose significant additional Opex for all operators that, as yet, is not fully appreciated by the upstream industry. This additional levy may have the undesired affect of bringing forward the economic cessation of production date and reduce the ultimate recovery from each field.
This paper gives a concise background on the legislation, details of the regulatory framework and its likely impact on an asset’s CoP date. Lessons learned from over 200 energy assessments conducted in the UK and internationally will be shared as to how Operators can reduce their commercial exposure by using state-of-the art energy reduction tools and techniques. Selected case studies will be described with costs and benefits highlighted.
This experience has been gained by the author in reducing carbon emissions across a broad spectrum of Operators and asset types over the last twelve years. It will be shown that many of the tools and techniques provide quick fixes that can help to reduce carbon emissions by over 10%. This paper will also highlight how production is often increased as a desirable by- product of prudent and efficient energy management of operating assets, giving a positive rate of return for any investment needed to improve uptime and efficiency.
The Energy Technologies Institute's UK CO2 Storage Appraisal Project (UKSAP)
Authors: Gammer D. , Green A. , Holloway S. , Smith G. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The purpose of the UKSAP project is to provide a realistic, defensible and fully auditable estimate of the capacity of geological formations below the UK's coastal waters to store CO2. Drawing on the expertise of the project participants (10 UK organisations) and accessing existing public domain and commercially available data, the £3.9M project has created a web-enabled database and geographical information system (WDG). This covers all the potential storage volume in the North Sea, the East Irish Sea and the central English Channel. The WDG is designed to assist policy makers and potential participators in projects with high level assessments and planning.
Storage units in the WDG (several hundred) are described in terms of geographical, geological, geophysical and other data relevant to risks in their use, leading to estimates of their storage capacity and economic profile. The ETI will make the WDG accessible to the public after completion of the project in July 2011.
The paper will present the methodology used in creating the estimates and describe high level findings from analysis of the data. The functionality of the WDG will be outlined.
The Frigg Cessation Project
Authors: Berger Jean-Claude 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The Frigg Cessation Project was the largest decommissioning project undertaken in the past decade and included the removal of six topsides, three steel jackets and sealines with an estimated weight of 87.000 metric tonnes. The magnitude of the project and the fact that the field straddles the border between Norway and UK makes it unique. Both British and Norwegian statutes apply on Frigg, depending on the location of the platforms. It had been therefore necessary to find an agreement with the relevant authorities of both countries so that the decommissioning of the Frigg field can be handled as a single unit observing both sets of national statutes.
This paper presents a brief description of the Frigg field with its installations to be decommissioned and disposed of, the process and schedule followed by TOTAL to define the decommissioning scope including public consultation of the stakeholders and preparation of the cessation plans for submission to the regulatory bodies. It will also describe the contracting process followed for the award of the main contracts. Furthermore the paper will describe the main execution phases from the offshore hook down, the removal and transportation to the onshore disposal of the installations and will conclude with some lessons learned from this project.
Improved Characterization and Performance Assessment of Shale Gas Wells by Integrating Stimulated Reservoir Volume and Production Data
Authors: Yin Jichao , Xie Jiang , Datta-Gupta Akhil , Hill A. Daniel 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Gas flow in shale gas reservoirs occurs primarily from ultra low permeability shale rocks through a complex network of natural and induced hydraulic fractures. Consequently, fracture parameters (conductivity and half length), fracture location and distribution are the dominant factors influencing well drainage volumes and shale gas well performance. Stimulated reservoir volume or SRV, estimated from microseismic event clouds or rate/pressure transient analysis, describes a measurement of overall reservoir volume impacted by fracture treatments. With SRV as well as the dynamic production/pressure response, reservoir simulation models can be calibrated to actual well performance in shale gas reservoirs leading to improved understanding, forecasting and future well placement.
In this paper, we first introduce a novel approach for computing well drainage volume for shale gas wells with multistage fractures and fracture clusters. Next, we calibrate the shale gas reservoir model by matching the drainage volume with the SRV within specified confidence limits. The matching of the SRV is done in addition to the traditional history matching of production/pressure response and further constrains the estimation of fracture parameters. An evolutionary algorithm with design of experiments is used for the assisted history matching. Sensitivities to various parameters such as fracture conductivity, fracture half lengths and rock compaction have also been investigated. The proposed approach has been applied to a generic shale gas well designed after a real field case. The results clearly indicate the benefits of including SRV during history matching, leading to improved fracture/matrix parameter estimation and performance forecasting. Our proposed approach provides an important tool that can be used to optimize well placement, fracture treatments and improve the economics of shale gas plays.
Improved Unconventional Gas Recovery With Energized Fracturing Fluids: Montney Example
Authors: Burke Lyle H. , Nevison Grant W. , Peters Wade E. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This February 2011 study compares the production and cost impacts of using energized and non-energized fracturing fluids on unconventional gas wells in the Montney formation. Analysis of roughly 24 to 36 months of gas production show significant benefit can be achieved from energized fracturing fluids and that their use warrants investigation in other unconventional oil and gas plays. There is illustrated potential for significant gas recovery improvement. There is also opportunity to reduce fracturing resources; the most significant of which is water and proppant consumption; there is also opportunity to reduce pumping rate and pressure in some instances. The potential environmental benefit of considerably lowering water consumption is attractive and may, in itself, justify their use. Energized fracturing treatments can cost more; however, the benefits are shown to far outweigh the incremental costs. The opportunity exists to improve unconventional well fracturing effectiveness and to reduce the resources used in those treatments by including nitrogen or carbon dioxide in the fracturing fluid.
Based on the comparative assessment completed on the subject Montney wells in the Dawson Area of N.E. British Columbia, the use of energized fluids is shown to generate significantly improved well performance over those wells fractured with non-energized fluids. On average each well stimulated with energized fluids is forecast to potentially recover between 1.1 to 2.2 times as much gas as non-energized fracturing treatments the Study Areas 1 and 3 respectively.
Area 1 Study compared the performance of Slick Water against Nitrified Slick Water and CO2 Foam fracturing treatments. The production analysis predicts an 11% incremental recovery improvement of 0.29 Bcf by using energized fluids. Though the treatment costs for the energized fracture treatments were seen to be higher, the value of this incremental recovery outweighs the additional cost with no incremental risk. Of note was the opportunity to reduce the fracturing fluid liquid volumes by over half with using CO2 Foam treatments rather than Slick Water. This shows the opportunity to improve production while also minimizing environmental impact. At marginal gas prices of $4.00/Mcf, the value of this incremental recovery approaches $1.4 MM from an incremental fracture cost investment of $500,000.
Area 3 Study compared the performance of Gelled Frac Oil against CO2 Foam fracturing treatments. The production analysis showed a 124% incremental recovery improvement of 3.75 Bcf by using energized fluid fracturing treatments. At marginal gas prices of $4.00/Mcf, the value of this incremental recovery approaches $14.8 MM, from an incremental fracture cost investment of $400,000.
Assessing Longitudinal Change in Coordination of the Paretic Upper Limb Using On-Site 3-Dimensional Kinematic Measurements
Authors: van Kordelaar Joost , van Wegen Erwin E.H. , Nijland Rinske H.M. , de Groot Jurriaan H. , Meskers Carel G.M. , Harlaar Jaap , Kwakkel Gert 
Published: September 2011

Background and Purpose
It is largely unknown how adaptive motor control of the paretic upper limb contributes to functional recovery after stroke. This paucity of knowledge emphasizes the need for longitudinal 3-dimensional (3D) kinematic studies with frequent measurements to establish changes in coordination after stroke. A portable 3D kinematic setup would facilitate the frequent follow-up of people poststroke. This case report shows how longitudinal kinematic changes of the upper limb can be measured at a patient's home using a portable 3D kinematic system in the first 6 months poststroke.

Case Description
The outcomes of the upper-limb section of the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment (FMA), the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), and 3D kinematic analyses were obtained from a 41-year-old man with a left hemispheric stroke. Three-dimensional kinematic data of the paretic upper limb were collected during a reach-to-grasp task using a portable motion tracker in 5 measurements during the first 6 months after stroke. Data from an individual who was healthy were used for comparison.

Outcomes
The FMA and ARAT scores showed nonlinear recovery profiles, accompanied by significant changes in kinematic outcomes over time poststroke. Specifically, elbow extension increased, forward trunk motion decreased, peak hand speed increased, peak hand opening increased, and peak hand opening occurred sooner after peak hand speed.

Discussion
This case report illustrates the feasibility of frequently repeated, on-site 3D kinematic measurements of the paretic upper limb. Early after stroke, task performance was mainly driven by adaptive motor control, whereas adaptations were mostly reduced at 26 weeks poststroke. The presented approach allows the investigation of what is changing in coordination and how these changes are related to the nonlinear pattern of improvements in body functions and activities after stroke.
Management of Sternal Precautions Following Median Sternotomy by Physical Therapists in Australia: A Web-Based Survey
Authors: Tuyl Lara J. , Mackney Jennifer H. , Johnston Catherine L. 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundSternal precautions are utilized within many hospitals with the aim of preventing the occurrence of sternal complications (eg, infection, wound breakdown) following midline sternotomy. The evidence base for sternal precaution protocols, however, has been questioned due to a paucity of research, unknown effect on patient outcomes, and possible discrepancies in pattern of use among institutions.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate and document the use of sternal precautions by physical therapists in the treatment of patients following median sternotomy in hospitals throughout Australia, from immediately postsurgery to discharge from the hospital.DesignA cross-sectional, observational design was used. An anonymous, Web-based survey was custom designed for use in the study.MethodsThe questionnaire was content validated, and the online functionality was assessed. The senior cardiothoracic physical therapist from each hospital identified as currently performing cardiothoracic surgery (N=51) was invited to participate.ResultsThe response rate was 58.8% (n=30). Both public (n=18) and private (n=12) hospitals in all states of Australia were represented. Management protocols reported by participants included wound support (n=22), restrictions on lifting and transfers (n=23), and restrictions on mobility aid use (n=15). Factors influencing clinical practice most commonly included “workplace practices/protocols” (n=27) and “clinical experience” (n=22).LimitationsThe study may be limited by response bias.ConclusionsSignificant variation exists in the sternal precautions and protocols used in the treatment of patients following median sternotomy in Australian hospitals. Further research is needed to investigate whether the restrictions and precautions used are necessary and whether protocols have an impact on patient outcomes, including rates of recovery and length of stay.
A collective portrait of Greek industrialists
Authors: Agriantoni Christine 
Published: September 2011

Résumé La discussion sur la place de l’industrie dans la société grecque, ses dimensions et son rôle dans le développement de l’économie grecque au cours des 150 dernières années est souvent dominée par le syndrome de la comparaison avec le modèle des « pays pionniers », ce qui tend à sous-estimer, voire à nier, les réalités de l’industrialisation du pays – retardée, faible, tortueuse, dépendante (à votre guise), mais bien réelle – et à assigner des responsabilités de nature éthique à ses entrepreneurs. Dans une première partie, l’article cherche à présenter les principaux problèmes définissant la nature et le rythme de l’industrialisation de la Grèce et dans une seconde à caractériser le type de capacités entrepreneuriales qui s’est développé dans le secteur industriel de l’économie.
Sahara de tous les enjeux
Authors: Bourgeot André 
Published: September 2011

Qu’est devenu le Sahara depuis les limes romains, des voyageurs arabes aux dynasties almoravide et almorade conquérantes, en passant par la période coloniale, sans oublier le temps fort de l’indépendance avec l’OCRS (Organisation commune des régions sahariennes) ? Cette mise en perspective du Sahara s’attachera à appréhender quatre thèmes contextualisés. D’abord, la militarisation (américanisation ?) à l’issue des événements du 11 septembre 2001 qui généra la lutte mondiale contre le terrorisme. Elle s’exerça au Sahara dès le mois de septembre 2002. Puis, une analyse traitera de l’immigration clandestine, de son organisation et de l’utilisation des « migrants-marchandises » qui enrichissent bon nombre d’intermédiaires. Ensuite, un état des lieux relatif aux jihadistes d’AQMI permettra de présenter les processus de sanctuarisation dans le septentrion malien et les activités criminelles de ces groupes armés. Enfin, une attention particulière sera accordée à la guerre civile en Libye assortie d’hypothèses sur son évolution et ses conséquences dans l’ensemble de la sous-région.
Les nouveaux enjeux pétroliers de la zone saharienne
Authors: Augé Benjamin 
Published: September 2011

Le Sahara est l’une des dernières régions d’Afrique à être encore sous-explorée par les sociétés pétrolières. Cependant, depuis que les cours du brut se sont envolés, il y a une dizaine d’années, l’enclavement, principal obstacle de la région, a pu être surmonté grâce à l’accroissement exponentiel des budgets d’exploration. De plus, l’arrivée de sociétés étatiques, en particulier venant de Chine, a fait passer la rentabilité immédiate après la nécessité absolue de mettre au jour de nouvelles réserves. Cependant, l’étude des cas mauritanien, malien, nigérien et tchadien montre bien combien les situations sont différentes. Certains produisent déjà, comme la Mauritanie (en petite quantité) et le Tchad (le seul exportateur net de la région), tandis que le Niger produira dès 2012 et le Mali, par une sélection hasardeuse des compagnies, n’a pas vu un seul forage depuis des décennies. Ces quatre États se caractérisent aussi par leur absence totale de coopération dans ce domaine pétrolier. Cela serait pourtant nécessaire dans une zone si particulière en termes de climat, de géographie et de sécurité (AQMI et Touaregs).
Niger : un État à forte teneur en uranium
Authors: Grégoire Emmanuel 
Published: September 2011

Pays pauvre, le Niger espère connaître un second boom de l’uranium. La course aux matières premières à laquelle se livrent les pays du Nord et les pays émergents lui a permis d’engranger des recettes financières importantes. De plus, cette compétition a instauré un climat de concurrence marqué par une redistribution géopolitique et économique des cartes, qui s’est traduite par la fin du monopole de la France sur ses exportations de yellow cake (concentré d’uranium) : l’hégémonie du groupe Areva a été battue en brèche par l’arrivée de sociétés chinoises qui convoitent les richesses minières et pétrolières de l’Afrique indispensables au développement de leur pays. Pour comprendre les nouveaux enjeux et les rapports de force dont l’uranium du Niger est désormais l’objet, l’article analyse l’impact de son exploitation sur sa vie politique intérieure et étrangère ainsi que sur son économie. En conclusion, il s’interroge sur les conséquences pour le Niger de l’accident survenu à la centrale nucléaire de Fukushima.
Modeling of Influenza-Specific CD8+ T Cells during the Primary Response Indicates that the Spleen Is a Major Source of Effectors
Authors: Wu Hulin , Kumar Arun , Miao Hongyu , Holden-Wiltse Jeanne , Mosmann Timothy R. , Livingstone Alexandra M. , Belz Gabrielle T. , Perelson Alan S. , Zand Martin S. , Topham David J. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The biological parameters that determine the distribution of virus-specific CD8+ T cells during influenza infection are not all directly measurable by experimental techniques but can be inferred through mathematical modeling. Mechanistic and semimechanistic ordinary differential equations were developed to describe the expansion, trafficking, and disappearance of activated virus-specific CD8+ T cells in lymph nodes, spleens, and lungs of mice during primary influenza A infection. An intensive sampling of virus-specific CD8+ T cells from these three compartments was used to inform the models. Rigorous statistical fitting of the models to the experimental data allowed estimation of important biological parameters. Although the draining lymph node is the first tissue in which Ag-specific CD8+ T cells are detected, it was found that the spleen contributes the greatest number of effector CD8+ T cells to the lung, with rates of expansion and migration that exceeded those of the draining lymph node. In addition, models that were based on the number and kinetics of professional APCs fit the data better than those based on viral load, suggesting that the immune response is limited by Ag presentation rather than the amount of virus. Modeling also suggests that loss of effector T cells from the lung is significant and time dependent, increasing toward the end of the acute response. Together, these efforts provide a better understanding of the primary CD8+ T cell response to influenza infection, changing the view that the spleen plays a minor role in the primary immune response.
Elf3 Regulates Allergic Airway Inflammation by Controlling Dendritic Cell-Driven T Cell Differentiation
Authors: Kushwah Rahul , Oliver Jordan R. , Wu Jing , Chang Zhijie , Hu Jim 
Published: September 2011

AbstractElf3 belongs to the Ets family of transcription factors and has been implicated in inflammation. Elf3 is highly expressed in the lungs, and Elf3−/− mice are impaired in IL-6 production after intranasal LPS exposure. To identify the role of Elf3 in Th17-driven pulmonary inflammation, we have performed epicutaneous sensitization of Elf3−/− mice with OVA followed by airway OVA challenge and have identified Elf3−/− mice to be impaired in induction of Th17 response, attributable to impairment of IL-6 production by dendritic cells (DCs). However, increased serum levels of OVA-specific IgG1 and IgE were observed, pointing toward an exaggerated Th2 response. To study Th2 response, we performed i.p. sensitization of Elf3−/− mice with OVA and confirmed loss of Elf3 to result in an aggravated Th2 response, characterized by increased generation of IL-4–producing T cells, increased levels of OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 Ab titers, and increased serum levels of Th2 cytokines, together with extensive inflammation and mucus production in airways. Elf3−/− DCs were impaired in priming Th1 differentiation, which, in turn, promoted Th2 differentiation. This was mediated by the ability of Elf3−/− DCs to undergo hypermaturation but secrete significantly lower levels of IL-12 in response to inflammatory stimuli. The impairment of IL-12 production was due to impairment of IL-12p40 gene induction in Elf3−/− DCs in response to inflammatory stimuli. Taken together, our study identifies a novel function of Elf3 in regulating allergic airway inflammation by regulating DC-driven Th1, Th2, and Th17 differentiation.
A pictorial essay: Radiology of lines and tubes in the intensive care unit
Authors: Jain Sanjay N 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA variety of devices are used in the intensive care unit for long durations. Each one of them is a double-edged sword: intended to save life, but life-threatening if in the wrong place. Hence, it is important to periodically check that these devices are correctly placed so as to prevent complications. The portable chest radiograph is of tremendous value in this context.