bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delta-Like Ligand 4 Regulates Central Nervous System T Cell Accumulation during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Reynolds Nathanael D. , Lukacs Nicholas W. , Long Nancy , Karpus William J. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a CD4+ T cell-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS that serves as a model for multiple sclerosis. Notch receptor signaling in T lymphocytes has been shown to regulate thymic selection and peripheral differentiation. In the current study, we hypothesized that Notch ligand–receptor interaction affects EAE development by regulating encephalitogenic T cell trafficking. We demonstrate that CNS-infiltrating myeloid dendritic cells, macrophages, and resident microglia expressed Delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4) after EAE induction. Treatment of mice with a DLL4-specific blocking Ab significantly inhibited the development of clinical disease induced by active priming. Furthermore, the treatment resulted in decreased CNS accumulation of mononuclear cells in the CNS. Anti-DLL4 treatment did not significantly alter development of effector cytokine expression by Ag-specific T cells. In contrast, anti-DLL4 treatment reduced T cell mRNA and functional cell surface expression of the chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR6. Adoptive transfer of Ag-specific T cells to mice treated with anti-DLL4 resulted in decreased clinical severity and diminished Ag-specific CD4+ T cell accumulation in the CNS. These results suggest a role for DLL4 regulation of EAE pathogenesis through modulation of T cell chemokine receptor expression and migration to the CNS.
MicroRNA Regulation of Molecular Networks Mapped by Global MicroRNA, mRNA, and Protein Expression in Activated T Lymphocytes
Authors: Grigoryev Yevgeniy A. , Kurian Sunil M. , Hart Traver , Nakorchevsky Aleksey A. , Chen Caifu , Campbell Daniel , Head Steven R. , Yates John R. , Salomon Daniel R. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate specific immune mechanisms, but their genome-wide regulation of T lymphocyte activation is largely unknown. We performed a multidimensional functional genomics analysis to integrate genome-wide differential mRNA, miRNA, and protein expression as a function of human T lymphocyte activation and time. We surveyed expression of 420 human miRNAs in parallel with genome-wide mRNA expression. We identified a unique signature of 71 differentially expressed miRNAs, 57 of which were previously not known as regulators of immune activation. The majority of miRNAs are upregulated, mRNA expression of these target genes is downregulated, and this is a function of binding multiple miRNAs (combinatorial targeting). Our data reveal that consideration of this complex signature, rather than single miRNAs, is necessary to construct a full picture of miRNA-mediated regulation. Molecular network mapping of miRNA targets revealed the regulation of activation-induced immune signaling. In contrast, pathways populated by genes that are not miRNA targets are enriched for metabolism and biosynthesis. Finally, we specifically validated miR-155 (known) and miR-221 (novel in T lymphocytes) using locked nucleic acid inhibitors. Inhibition of these two highly upregulated miRNAs in CD4+ T cells was shown to increase proliferation by removing suppression of four target genes linked to proliferation and survival. Thus, multiple lines of evidence link top functional networks directly to T lymphocyte immunity, underlining the value of mapping global gene, protein, and miRNA expression.
Bibliographies Made Easy: A Guide to Using Citation Software to Create Bibliographies
Authors: Vivek S. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractManaging references, inserting citations, and creating bibliographies take a considerable amount of our time in the academic world. Help is now available in the form of citation software that could easily help us produce highly professional bibliographies easily. This article provides a beginners guide to such software with tips on using them effectively. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 5:A.5D.1‐A.5D.7. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Economic burden of obesity in primary total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Dowsey Michelle M. , Liew Danny , Choong Peter F. M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the hospital inpatient costs between nonobese and obese patients and estimate the economic burden of obesity in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA).MethodsA cost identification study was conducted in a consecutive cohort of 530 patients who underwent TKA between 2006 and 2007 at a university‐affiliated tertiary referral center in Melbourne, Australia. Total hospital inpatient costs incurred at the study institution associated with the index surgery and subsequent related emergency presentations and readmissions during the episode of care were captured. Predictor variables of interest were obesity and body mass index (BMI), and the outcomes of interest were total hospital inpatient costs for the index surgery and episode of care, defined as the first 12 months following TKA. Multivariate linear regression techniques were used to examine the association between the predictors of interest and hospital costs, adjusting for clinically relevant variables.ResultsEconomic data were analyzed in 521 patients, of which 317 (60.8%) were obese. Obesity was associated with higher inpatient index surgery costs (+$1,226.89 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) $82.25, $2,371.52]; P = 0.036) and episode of care costs (+$1,821.36 [95% CI $244.93, $3,397.79]; P = 0.024). Each unit increase in BMI was also associated with higher inpatient index surgery costs ($128.91 [95% CI $34.53, $223.28]; P = 0.008) and total episode of care costs ($158.79 [95% CI $28.54, $289.05]; P = 0.017).ConclusionThe estimated significant additional annual obesity‐related expenditure reported in this study establishes a rationale to trial and evaluate interventions that target weight loss in obese patients undergoing TKA from both a quality of life and economic perspective.
Mathematics and the Sensible World: Representing, Constructing, Simulating
Authors: Dahan‐Dalmedico Amy 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe Paris‐based scientific historian Amy Dahan‐Dalmedico asks why a knowledge of numbers, algebra and abstract forms should be key to our understanding of the sensible world. As she reveals, mathematics, like the world itself, has shifted and fluctuated over time since its earliest origins in ancient Egypt. Evolving and morphing as a discipline, it has covered a diverse range of practices and theories. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IJP Explained: Parametric Mathematics in Practice
Authors: Legendre George L 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMathematics provides the underlying principles for	IJP Corporation, the London‐based practice, led by AD Guest‐Editor George L Legendre. Eschewing packaged software, IJP develops its own equations, while its spatial model is underwritten by mathematical surfaces. Legendre describes the pervasive influence of the discipline across the office's output. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lost in Parameter Space?
Authors: Scheurer Fabian , Stehling Hanno 
Published: July 2011

AbstractRather than eradicating the need for mathematics in architectural practice, computation has intensified it. As Fabian Scheurer and Hanno Stehling of designtoproduction explain, the uneven flow of a complex design from computer‐aided design (CAD) to computer‐aided engineering (CAE) and through to computer‐aided manufacturing (CAM) necessitates an understanding of abstract mathematical concepts that facilitate communication, precision and an accurate assessment of quality throughout the process. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implicit Fields© ‐ MOCAPE Shenzhen PRC
Authors: Legendre George L , Kahlen Max 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDuring late 2007, guest‐editor George L Legendre of IJP Corporation and Max Kahlen of Dyvik & Kahlen, Architecture, joined forces to develop a competition design for the Museum of Contemporary Art and Planning Exhibition (MOCAPE); in Shenzhen. One of the great challenges of the brief was the subdivision of a great expanse of programmed spaces. In order to tackle this, they created the design concept of ‘natural erosion’ for which they developed their own parametric surface model, the implicit field©. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Less Answers More Questions
Authors: McLean Will 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIs architecture heading for a ‘procedural mathematic cul‐de‐sac’? Are architects just too ready to settle for the ‘well‐defined certainty of parametricism’, having got stuck on a mathematics of pattern? Will McLean, Senior Lecturer at the University of Westminster, urges designers to open themselves up to the wider delights of mathematics and the full range of possibilities that the discipline has to offer. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why does starvation make bones fat?
Authors: Devlin Maureen J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBody fat, or adipose tissue, is a crucial energetic buffer against starvation in humans and other mammals, and reserves of white adipose tissue (WAT) rise and fall in parallel with food intake. Much less is known about the function of bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT), which are fat cells found in bone marrow. BMAT mass actually increases during starvation, even as other fat depots are being mobilized for energy. This review considers several possible reasons for this poorly understood phenomenon. Is BMAT a passive filler that occupies spaces left by dying bone cells, a pathological consequence of suppressed bone formation, or potentially an adaptation for surviving starvation? These possibilities are evaluated in terms of the effects of starvation on the body, particularly the skeleton, and the mechanisms involved in storing and metabolizing BMAT during negative energy balance. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Moderne biomolekulare Massenspektrometrie und ihre Bedeutung für die Erforschung der Struktur, der Dynamik und des Aufbaus von Viren
Authors: Uetrecht Charlotte , Heck Albert J. R. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractEntwickelt vor über einem Jahrhundert und beliebter denn je, findet die Massenspektrometrie als analytisches Verfahren heute in beinahe allen Bereichen der Naturwissenschaften Anwendung. Entwicklungen in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten ermöglichten die Erforschung von Proteinen, sogar intakten Proteinkomplexen, und eine ernsthafte Nutzung in der Strukturbiologie. In diesem Aufsatz beschreiben wir die wachsende Bedeutung der Massenspektrometrie und ihrer technischen Spielarten für die Strukturbiologie anhand einer ausführlichen Betrachtung der strukturellen Virologie. Wir gehen auf die Entwicklung der Massenspektrometrie zu einem Werkzeug ein, das einzigartige Informationen über Struktur, Konformation, Topologie, Aufbau und Funktion von viralen Protein(komplex)en liefern kann, was schließlich in der direkten Analyse von intakten Viruskapsiden mit einer Masse von mehreren Millionen Dalton gipfelt. Die Massenspektrometrie wird heute zur Bearbeitung weitreichender Fragen der Virologie genutzt und hilft so z. B. zu klären, wie Viren aufgebaut werden und wie sie mit ihrem spezifischen Wirt interagieren.
Effects of crystal phase transformation on tensile properties of polybutene‐1/cellulose composites
Authors: Nakatani Hisayuki , Yamada Yuuta , Takahashi Yuuta , Terano Minoru 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMorphologies and tensile properties of polybutene‐1 (PB), PB/fibrous cellulose (FC), and the PB/silanized FC with 3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) composites were studied. The scanning electron microscope micrographs exhibited the adherent PB parts on the FC and the silanized FC, suggesting that there was a certain affinity of PB to them. The spherulite observation suggested that there existed a secondary bonding between the PB and the FC or the silanized FC. These tensile properties were remarkably affected by the PB crystal phase transformation from the metastable tetragonal (II) to the stable hexagonal (I) phase. The transformation caused the ageing embrittlement even at r.t. In particular, the ageing embrittlement rate of the PB/silanized FC was much higher than other samples. Because the silanized FC became the excellent nucleating agent for the PB crystallization, the PB/silanized FC was found to easily form the thicker lamella having a higher probability of containing a crystal defect to serve as a starting point of the transformation. The higher transformation rate depended on the thicker lamella formation rate and its amount. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of molecular weight and content of PDMS on morphology and properties of silicone‐modified epoxy resin
Authors: Sobhani Sarah , Jannesari Ali , Bastani Saeed 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTo achieve a stable blend of a bisphenol A type epoxy resin and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), reaction between hydroxyl (OH) groups of the epoxy and silanol groups of hydroxyl‐terminated(HT) PDMS has been investigated. The chemical structures of the HTPDMS‐modified epoxies were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. To allow further understanding of the influence of viscosity and content of HTPDMS on the blend morphology, four different viscosities of HTPDMS were used in three content levels. The morphologies of modified epoxy resins were observed with optical microscopy. The modified epoxies were cured with a cycloaliphatic polyamine. The morphologies of modified epoxies were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) technique. The cured films showed droplet in matrix morphology with different mean droplets size which was influenced by the viscosity and the content of the incorporated HTPDMS. To illustrate the effect of the morphologies of the cured samples on mechanical properties, tensile strength tests were performed. The introduction of HTPDMS into the epoxy altered the tensile behavior according to its viscosity and content. Surface properties of the cured films were evaluated by sessile drop method. The results clearly indicate that the hydrophilic surface of the epoxy turns to a hydrophobic one due to the modification with HTPDMS. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
New low bandgap conjugated polymer derived from 2, 7‐carbazole and 5, 6‐bis(octyloxy)‐4, 7‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl) benzothiadiazole: Synthesis and photovoltaic properties
Authors: Ding Ping , Chu Cheng‐Che , Zou Yingping , Xiao Dequan , Pan Chunyue , Hsu Chain‐Shu 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTo develop conjugated polymers with low bandgap, deep HOMO level, and good solubility, a new conjugated alternating copolymer PC‐DODTBT based on N‐9′‐heptadecanyl‐2,7‐carbazole and 5, 6‐bis(octyloxy)‐4,7‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)benzothiadiazole was synthesized by Suzuki cross‐coupling polymerization reaction. The polymer reveals excellent solubility and thermal stability with the decomposition temperature (5% weight loss) of 327°C. The HOMO level of PC‐DODTBT is ‐5.11 eV, indicating that the polymer has relatively deep HOMO level. The hole mobility of PC‐DODTBT as deduced from SCLC method was found to be 2.03 × 10−4 cm2/Versus Polymer solar cells (PSCs) based on the blends of PC‐DODTBT and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) with a weight ratio of 1:2.5 were fabricated. Under AM 1.5 (AM, air mass), 100 mW/cm−2 illumination, the devices were found to exhibit an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.73 V, short‐circuit current density (Jsc) of 5.63 mA/cm−2, and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.44%. This photovoltaic performance indicates that the copolymer is promising for polymer solar cells applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Influence of selected photoinitiators on important properties of photoreactive acrylic pressure‐sensitive adhesives
Authors: Czech Zbigniew , Butwin Agnieszka , Głuch Urszula , Kabatc Janina 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPhotoreactive solvent‐borne pressure‐sensitive adhesives are not commercially available in the market. The reason for it is that the UV‐initiated crosslinking has sense only in the case of solvent‐free self‐adhesive systems. Investigations conducted in Institute of Chemical Organic Technology have shown that the photoreactive solvent‐borne acrylic PSA are conventional crosslinked solvent‐borne acrylic PSA used as crosslinking agents typical metal chelates as titanium acetylacetonate (TiACA), aluminum acetylacetonate (AlACA) or thermal reactive crosslinker melamine‐formaldehyde resin Cymel 303 clear considered. The main purpose of the investigation was to study the influence of diverse photoinitiators on main properties, such as shrinkage, tack, peel adhesion, and shear strength of solvent‐based acrylic pressure‐sensitive adhesives. The interesting alternative to conventional photoinitiators is unsaturated photoinitiators described in this article. Following unsaturated photoinitiators were used: 4‐acryloyloxy benzophenone, 4‐acryloyloxyethoxy benzophenone, and 4‐acryloyloxybutoxy benzophenone. The influence of the crosslinking agents or crosslinking methods was determined in relation to the reaction time and to the concentration versus adhesion properties. The increase of photoinitiator concentration causes in the decrease of the shrinkage. Increasing the UV dose during the crosslinking of acrylic PSA film leads clearly to better shrinkage resistance. The best results of the lowest shrinkage value of 0.35% were given by using 4‐acryloyloxy benzophenone. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effects of incorporating technique and silver colloid content on antibacterial performance for thermoplastic films
Authors: Pongnop Wedchayan , Sombatsompop Kwannate , Kositchaiyong Apisit , Sombatsompop Narongrit 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAntibacterial efficacies of various thermoplastics, such as medium‐density polyethylene (MDPE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containing nano‐silver colloids were studied under a wide range of testing conditions. The effects of nano‐silver colloid content and the silver‐polymer contact time were of our main interests and quantitatively assessed by shake flask method coupled with a plate‐count‐agar (PCA) technique using Escherichia coli as testing bacteria. Two different methods were used for incorporating the nano‐silver colloids into the thermoplastics, these being spray‐coating and melt‐blending techniques. The experimental results suggested that all neat thermoplastics alone could not generally inhibit the E. coli growth, suggesting that all thermoplastics exhibited nonbactericidal behavior. However, neat PVC appeared to show a retarding effect for the E. coli growth. In addition, coating silver colloid onto all types of thermoplastic substrates could inhibit the E. coli growth up to 99.9% at the optimum silver content of 50 ppm for PS, PET and PVC and of 75 ppm for MDPE. The optimum contact time for all thermoplastics was 150 min. Among the thermoplastics used, PVC exhibited the highest % E. coli reduction, and this was confirmed by the higher silver content via Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) technique. For a given silver content, the spray‐coating technique could give better dispersion level of silver throughout the thermoplastic films and this led to more effective antibacterial performance as compared with the dry‐blending technique. In PVC sample, the contact angle value appeared to increase with the addition of silver content for both incorporating techniques. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Use of sulfonation procedure for the development of thermally stabilized isotactic polypropylene fibers prior to carbonization
Authors: Karacan Ismail , Benli Huseyin 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThermally stabilized isotactic polypropylene fibers were developed using sulfonation procedure prior to carbonization stage. Sulfonation was performed to make the fibers infusible, intractable, and insoluble with concentrated sulfuric acid (approx. 95–97% conc.) at a temperature of 120°C for sulfonation times ranging from 0.5 to 8 h. Sulfonation results in highly crosslinked structures which are thermally stabilized thus making the structure suitable to withstand the high temperatures involved in the carbonization stages. Structural characterization of sulfonated polypropylene fiber was carried out using combination of elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and infra‐red spectroscopy techniques with the aim of following the structural developments at a molecular level. Precursor fibers sulfonated for sulfonation times of 6 h or longer retained up to 46% of their mass at 1000°C. DSC and IR‐spectroscopy observations indicate the gradual loss of isotacticity and crystallinity with the progress of sulfonation treatment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Doxorubicin‐loaded ultrafine PEG‐PLA fiber mats against hepatocarcinoma
Authors: Lu Tiancheng , Jing Xiabing , Song Xiangfu , Wang Xiuran 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate both cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities of implantable doxorubicin hydrocloride (Dox)‐loaded diblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(L‐lactic acid) (PEG‐PLA) fiber mats (hereafter medicated mats). For in vitro evaluation, SMMC7721 cells were directly exposed to the medicated fiber mats, followed with MTT assay. For in vivo evaluation, the medicated mats were locally implanted into H22 tumor‐bearing mice, followed with detection of Fas protein and flow cytometry analysis. The results showed that in vitro cytotoxicity of medicated fibers were sustained throughout the whole experiment process with the degradation of fiber matrix, while that of pure Dox was reduced in six days; medicated fibers had superior in vivo anticancer activities to pure Dox (P < 0.01). In conclusion, Doxorubicin‐loaded PEG‐PLA electrospun fiber mats had the properties of loading doxorubicin hydrochloride (Dox) and sustained release of Dox from medicated fiber matrix and apparently retained both in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo anticancer activities in a long term. Medicated fiber mats are therefore suitable for a local therapy device. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Nanocomposites based on ionene–bentonite used to treat oily water
Authors: Mansur Claudia R. E. , Oliveira Roberta S. , Akeda Vanessa , Queirós Yure G. C. , Spinelli Luciana S. , Lucas Elizabete F. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA large number of processes are used to treat the oily water (oil emulsions in water) produced in the petroleum industry. The treatment strategy depends not only on the strictness of the environmental requirements in the jurisdiction where the water is discharged, but also on the relative treatment cost. The present study reports tests to assess the effectiveness of removing oil from oily water by adsorption in polymer nanocomposites. These composites were prepared from ionenes (cationic polyelectrolytes) and sodium bentonite or organophilic bentonite. They were characterized by infrared spectrometry, thermogravimetry, X‐ray fluorescence, and X‐ray diffraction. The oil‐removal effectiveness was evaluated by mixing nanocomposites and oily water in a shaker bath (batch test). In the tests conducted only with treated sodium bentonite and organophilic bentonite, the oil removal was ∼ 70%, whereas the use of polymer nanocomposites raised the adsorption of oil to ∼ 90%. These values depended on the mass of material, concentration of oil in the contaminated water, and the contact time. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011