bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Casein Whey Wastewater Effects on Soil Permeability
Authors: McAuliffe K. W. , Scotter D. R. , MacGregor A. N. , Earl K. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWastewater containing casein whey can impede soil water movement. A single 35‐mm application of simulated whey effluent to “undisturbed” soil cores resulted in approximately a 50% reduction in the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K) within 2 days. Repetitive applications to some cores caused a K decrease of over 99%. Subsequently all cores showed signs of biologically induced recovery within 1 to 3 weeks of the final effluent application, and in some cores, particularly those containing earthworms, the final K value eventually exceeded the initial value. Both physical and biological processes appear responsible for the K decrease following effluent application, with the degree of physical pore blockage dependent upon the particulate matter in the effluent.A number of practical implications can be inferred from the results. To avoid reduction in saturated hydraulic conductivity an aerobic soil environment should be maintained, thus a land disposal site should never be overloaded so that ponding occurs. A spelling interval between applications is necessary to allow K recovery. Pore blockage would be lessened, but not eliminated, if suspended solids were removed from the effluent prior to irrigation.
Stream Transport of Nutrients Through a Wetland
Authors: Peverly J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe potential of managed wetlands to remove nutrients from agricultural drainage water was investigated by hydrographic and nutrient analyses for 2 years in Oak Orchard Creek, N.Y., which drains in series cultivated Histosols (upstream) and wetlands managed for waterfowl (downstream). Three stations were established, two above and one below the wetland. Creek‐water pH averaged about 7.4. Dissolved concentrations (mg/liter) ranged from 0 to 19 for N, 0.009 to 2 for P, 2 to 10 for K, 45 to 411 for Ca, and 10 to 102 for C, and were highest just below the cultivated areas. Eighty to ninety percent of the creek load was carried from December through March. The cultivated organic soils were a rich source of nutrients to the creek, and the managed wetlands acted as net nutrient sinks for N and P during the 2nd year only, when flow through the system was about half that in the 1st year. However, on an areal basis, much less nutrient material was lost from the wetlands than from other parts of the basin. The creek system seems to be N‐limited; P loads exceeded N loads during late summer. It is suggested that nutrient retention by wetlands depends on past nutrient history and current regulation of water movement through the system.
Sulfur Cycling in Douglas‐Fir on a Glacial Outwash Terrace
Authors: Stednick John D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn a study to determine if a temperate forest site would exhibit accelerated nutrient cycling or increased sulfur accumulation with an increased precipitation input of S, a second‐growth Douglas‐fir ecosystem (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb) Franco) on a glacial outwash terrace accumulated 2.2 kg ha−1 year−1 of S. Prior to Mount St. Helen's activity, an atmospheric input as precipitation of 8.9 kg ha−1 year−1 of sulfate‐S was augmented by an additional 8.1 kg ha−1 year−1 in throughfall. Sulfate‐sulfur leaching decreased with increased soil depth: 8.4 kg ha−1 year−1 leached through the forest floor, 10.5 through the A horizon, 6.7 through the B horizon, and 3.2 at 1.5 m in the C horizon. This S budget was not complete, since gaseous forms and movements were not monitored. Sulfate‐sulfur mobility accounted for an average 25% of the cation leaching through the soil profile. Sulfur utilization did not measurably change from a similar stand with lower S inputs. The increased SO4‐S input did not accelerate nutrient cycling, rather SO4‐S accumulated in the soil, presumably by sorption. Sulfate‐sulfur mobility is defined by the sorption mechanism within the soil.
Effects of Sulfuric Acid Rain on Major Cation and Sulfate Concentrations of Water Percolating Through Two Model Hardwood Forests
Authors: Lee Jeffrey J. , Weber David E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAcid precipitation falls on vast areas of forested land, including most of the eastern deciduous forest of the United States. Forest productivity, ground‐water quality, and surface waters might all be affected. To document and quantify ecosystem response to the onset of acid precipitation, simulated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) rain was applied to model forest plots of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and red alder (Alnus rubra Bong). One set of four plots (two alder and two maple) received a control rain consisting of a stock solution equilibrated with atmospheric CO2 to approximately pH 5.7. For three sets of four plots, sufficient H2SO4 was added to the stock solution to lower the pH to 4.0, 3.5, or 3.0. Nozzles were used to apply simulated acid rain at the rate of 2.8 mm/hour (maple) or 3.7 mm/hour (alder) for 3 hours/day, 3 days/week, throughout the year. Water samples were collected above and below the canopy, below the litter layer, and from 20‐cm and 1‐m depths below the surface of the soil.While constituents of the throughfall were similar to those of the simulated rain, the litter leachate (the actual input to the soil) had consistently higher concentrations of SO42−, Ca2+, and Mg2+, and higher pH, than the acid rain.For the first 6 months, SO42− adsorption by the soil prevented any apparent differences in the SO42−, Ca2+, or Mg2+ concentrations or the pH of samples taken from a depth of 20 cm from plots receiving either acid or control treatments. Then, SO42− concentrations at this depth on plots receiving the most acidic rain (pH 3.0) became increasingly higher than on the other plots until, after 3 years, they were approximately equal to SO42− concentrations in the rain. Soil solutions from the pH 3.5 and 4.0 treatments responded similarly starting 10 months and 1 year, respectively, after initiation of exposure to acid rain. Increased Ca2+, Mg2+, and, to a lesser extent, K+ concentrations and lowered pH in solutions from the 20‐cm depths occurred simultaneously with increased SO42− concentrations. At a depth of 1 m, no acid‐rain‐related effects were evident after 2.5 years exposure to pH 3.0 H2SO4 rain. Results showed that a hardwood canopy and litter layer can alter the input of chemicals to the soil from acid rain, that the relative sensitivity of ions to mobilization by acid rain is not the same for all components of an ecosystem, and that acid rain can alter the chemical composition of water within the root zone within a few years, even if the soil is a strong sulfate adsorber.
Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Barley Plots Treated with Ammonium Nitrate or Sewage Sludge
Authors: Mosier A. R. , Hutchinson G. L. , Sabey B. R. , Baxter J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractApplication of 56, 112, or 224 kg N ha−1 as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) (AN) to barley (Hordeum vulgare) plots in northeastern Colorado led to a marked, but short‐lived, increase in nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions that was linearly related to the amount of AN applied. The AN treatment effects became statistically insignificant after about 6 weeks. Compared with total N2O emissions of 0.54 kg N ha−1 from the control plots, totals from the AN‐treated plots ranged from 0.93 to 1.43 kg N ha−1, representing an average 0.5% of the fertilizer added. Nitrous oxide emissions from plots treated with 16.7 metric tons ha−1 dry anaerobically digested sewage sludge (SS) totaled 1.09 kg N ha−1 and exhibited temporal variability similar to that of AN‐treated plots, while the emissions from plots treated with 83.5 metric tons SS ha−1 were significantly larger than from the other treatments throughout the 155‐day study period and totaled 4.19 kg N ha−1. The increase in N2O emissions that results from application of organic or inorganic N amendments appears to be much smaller than assumed by models developed to describe the effect of agricultural fertilizers upon stratospheric ozone depletion.
Neutralization and Dissolution of High‐Calcium Fly Ash
Authors: Hodgson L. , Dyer Dan , Brown D. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe burning of coal for the production of energy is anticipated to increase tremendously during this decade. This will result in large quantities of fly ash that must be disposed of or utilized. One possible use of Ca‐rich fly ash is as a supplement to agricultural lime.The neutralization reactions of three high‐Ca fly ashes with HCl, and the concomitant dissolution of Ca, Mg, and Al are reported. The end products of the dissolution of the ash were measured under controlled and replicated conditions after 2 weeks of incubation. The acid neutralization was measured after 2 weeks and 6 months. The ratio of acid to fly ash varied from 0 to 15 meq H3O+/g ash. Plots of pH and the percent dissolution of Ca, Mg, and Al are reported for each system.The neutralization reaction for each fly ash showed three distinct buffer zones: a high‐pH region (pH 12.0‐10.5) accompanied by dissolution of Ca, a second region (pH 9.2‐8.5) with the concomitant dissolution of Mg, and a third region (below pH 4.2), in which Al was released from the fly‐ash matrix. The neutralization curve for an artificially prepared fly‐ash material followed the same trend.The neutralization capacity (NC) in meq H3O+/g ash at a particular pH value was predicted from the percent Ca and Mg contents over the pH range 8.0‐5.0 by the equation: NC = 4.08 + 1.20 (Mg) + 0.37 (Ca) − 0.75 (pH) (n = 63, r2 = 0.99, p < 0.0001) for the 2‐week period, and NC = 3.64 + 1.44 (Mg) + 0.32 (Ca) − 0.57 (pH) n = 48, r2 = 0.98, p < 0.0001), for the 6‐month period.Electron micrographs of untreated and acid‐treated fly ash exhibited deterioration of the particles and re‐crystallization of dissolved salts onto particle surfaces.
Apparent Adsorption and Microbial Degradation of Phenol by Soil
Authors: Scott H. D. , Wolf D. C. , Lavy T. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption of labile organic chemicals by soil and sediment surfaces may be influenced by degradation of the parent molecule. The objective of this study was to determine effects of pretreatment, equilibrium time, and concentration on adsorption of the labile organic chemical phenol by two soils: Captina silt loam (Typie Fragiudult) and Palouse silt loam (Ultic Haploxeroll). Adsorption of phenol by soil was determined by radioassay using the “batch” technique. Since loss from solution is equated with adsorption with the batch method, degradation of phenol is also recorded as adsorption. Therefore, the term “apparent adsorption” was used to describe the total disappearance from solution, which included adsorption plus decomposition.The apparent adsorption of phenol was influenced by pretreatment, equilibration time, and concentration applied. Adsorption of phenol was low, as evidenced by Freundlich K values of 0.57 and 1.19 for the sterile Captina and Palouse soils, respectively. The addition of water, glucose, or nutrient broth to the non‐sterile soil increased the apparent adsorption by reducing the phenol concentration in the solution phase. As equilibration time increased, the apparent adsorption of phenol by the non‐sterile soil also increased. When compared with the sterilized soil, this increase suggested that the loss of phenol from solution was largely due to microbial decomposition. As the concentration of phenol increased, there was a corresponding increase in the lag phase and a decrease in the degradation rate constant indicating inhibition and microbial activity by phenol at higher concentrations. The length of time in the lag phase was linearly related to the log of the phenol concentration. At a given concentration, the lag phase of the Captina soil was longer and more sensitive to changes in phenol concentration than was the lag phase in the Palouse soil. This was attributed to its lower phenol adsorption, organic matter content, and initial microbial population.
Seasonal Stream Temperature Changes Following Forest Harvesting
Authors: Rishel Gregg B. , Lynch James A. , Corbett Edward S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExposing headwater streams to direct solar radiation by removing forest cover has the potential to cause drastic changes in streamwater temperature regimes. A study was conducted to evaluate the maximum potential impacts and to evaluate the effectiveness of management practices used to control these detrimental effects. The control watershed approach was utilized.A clearcut‐herbicide experiment on a small, headwater stream increased maximum stream temperatures as early as February and as late as November. The average monthly maximum stream temperature increase was 4.4°C. Stream temperatures above 21°C occurred nearly every day during the summer. Stream temperatures above 25°C were recorded as early as May. The highest stream temperature recorded was 32°C. On an adjacent forested watershed, stream temperatures rarely exceeded 20°C; the highest recorded temperature was 22°C. Minimum stream temperatures on the clearcut‐herbicided watershed increased an average of 2°C during the summer months, but were as much as 3.9°C lower during the fall and winter months. Diurnal fluctuations in stream temperature were also increased. Diurnal fluctuations as high as 17°C occurred on the clearcut‐herbicided watershed compared with only 4°C on the forested watershed. On an adjacent commercially clearcut watershed, where a buffer zone was left along the perennial stream channels, only slight changes in stream temperature were observed. The average monthly maximum stream temperature increase was <1°C; the highest temperature recorded was 23°C. Minimum temperatures remained generally unchanged.
Distribution of Phosphorus in Soils Irrigated with Municipal Waste‐Water Effluent: A 5‐Year Study
Authors: Latterell J. J. , Dowdy R. H. , Clapp C. E. , Larson W. E. , Linden D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis 5‐year field study of phosphate (PO4) management was conducted on Waukegan silt loam (Typic Hapludoll) soil, which has a water table at about the 140‐ to 150‐cm depth. The results of municipal waste‐water irrigation, with annual application means of 0, 126, and 237 cm, indicates that in terms of PO4 management, soils receiving comparable quantities of PO4 from either waste water or mineral fertilizer (rates for good crop management) behaved in similar manner. Sharp increases in organic‐P were found in the surface horizon of soil receiving effluent, while increased levels of available‐P were observed to a depth of 60 cm in the high‐treatment area (mean annual P addition of 160 kg/ha). Phosphate‐adsorption studies, with the aid of the Langmuir equation, showed that the adsorption power of soil from the higher effluent application rates (237 cm/year) had been reduced. This was substantiated by higher P concentrations (0.01 vs. 0.07 mg/liter) observed in soil water at the 60‐cm depth of the high‐treatment areas. These observations were fitted into a simplified model that described the fate of effluent PO4 applied to soil.
A Contribution to Simplified Models of Field Solute Transport
Authors: Rose C. W. , Chichester F. W. , Williams J. R. , Ritchie J. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBased on mass conservation of water and solute, general one‐dimensional theory is given for predicting change in mean solute penetration or depth of solute peak (α) for solutes which undergo no processes other than convection, dispersion, and diffusion. Assuming a soil drains to a field capacity at which the volumetric water content is θf, the theory shows that dα/dt = q/θfc, where q is the volume flux density of solution past the depth, α.For convenience of calculation, this theory is also cast in discontinuous form, allowing calculation of α for any known sequence of infiltration and evapotranspiration events where θfc is also known as a function of depth. This theory was applied to data from two different field experiments employing undisturbed and back‐filled lysimeters, respectively. Predicted time of emergence in the percolate from the lysimeters of the solute peak resulting from fertilizers applied to the surface was compared with observation. Agreement between the two was obtained within the limits of experimental uncertainty.
Solid Phase Forms of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge‐Treated Soils
Authors: Emmerich W. E. , Lund L. J. , Page A. L. , Chang A. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA sequential extraction procedure was used to fractionate Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn in sludge‐treated soils into the designated forms of exchangeable, adsorbed, organically bound, carbonate, and residual. Samples were obtained from a soil column study where anaerobically digested sewage sludge in either liquid or air‐dried form was mixed into the top 15 cm of three reconstructed soil profiles and leached for 25 months with Colorado River water. The applied sewage sludge and uncontaminated soil samples were also sequentially extracted. The metals added into the soil had not moved out of the sludge‐soil layers during the course of leaching. The chemical forms present in the sludge‐soil layers at the termination of the leaching process were compared with those initially present in the soil and sludge. Most of each of the metals studied in the columns were found in the organically bound, carbonate, or residual forms, with the relative distribution among these forms depending on whether samples were taken in or below the sludge‐soil layer. Less than 36% of each metal in the sewage sludge was in the residual form, while, except for Cd, the soils contained > 65% of each metal studied in this form. It appeared that Cd, Ni, and Zn were all shifting to the residual form. The chemical forms of Cu had not changed significantly during the study. The occurrence of metals in the stable organically bound, carbonate, and residual forms in the sludge, coupled with a shift toward the more stable form (residual) after soil incorporation, contributed to the lack of metal movement in the soil profiles.
Predicted Solution Phase Forms of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge‐Treated Soils
Authors: Emmerich W. E. , Lund L. J. , Page A. L. , Chang A. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemical speciation of selected elements in the soil solution of sewage sludge‐treated soils was studied with aid of the computer program, GEOCHEM. Soil solutions were obtained by the saturation extract method from reconstructed soil profiles where anaerobically digested sewage was incorporated into the top 15 cm of the soil and the soils were leached for 25 months. Total concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn in the soil solutions were elevated by the sewage sludge addition, but in most cases were within ranges found in a survey of soils untreated with sludge. Concentrations of the metals were so low that their contribution to metal movement over the duration of the study was negligible. Concentration changes in solution metals across the sludge‐soil interface in most columns was dramatic. For Cd, Ni, and Zn between 50 and 60, 60 and 70 and 60 and 70%, respectively, of the total metal in solution was found to be in the free ionic form. Copper was almost exclusively in organically compelxed forms in sludge‐soil layers, and below these layers the form of Cu shifted to the free ionic form as the pH decreased. Activities of the metals indicated undersaturation with respect to established minerals in soils.
Cadmium Availability to Sudangrass Grown on Soils Amended with Sewage Sludge and Fly Ash
Authors: Adriano D. C. , Page A. L. , Elseewi A. A. , Chang A. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGreenhouse experiments were conducted using sudangrass (Sorghum vulgare L.) as an indicator crop to evaluate the feasibility of co‐recycling sewage sludge and coal fly ash on croplands. The rationale was that the contrasting acid‐base properties of the two waste materials would be complementary, i.e., the acidifying tendency of protons from organic matter decomposition and N mineralization when applying sludge would offset the alkalizing tendency of the hydrolysis of CaO and MgO in fly ash. The fly ash, derived from lignite coal, was effective in raising the soil pH. Alkalinity and salinity were the two most immediate and apparent effects of fly ash application on soil properties; the former depressed Cd concentrations and uptake by plants, while the latter reduced plant growth. Leaching and carbonation of unweathered fly ash alleviated the salinity problem permitting much larger quantities of ash to be applied to soils without adverse effects on plant growth. Weathering, induced by carbonation, not only maintained the fly ash pH buffering capacity but also reduced its harmful salinizing effect. Large increases in soil pH caused by fly ash addition, concomitant with large reductions in Cd uptake by plants, indicate the potential for fly ash as a companion soil amendment for sludge.
Trace Metal Deposition in an Agricultural Environment Near the Chalk Point Generating Station
Authors: Mastradone Paul J. , Mulchi Charles L. , Armbruster James A. , Douglass Lawrence W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDustfall deposition samples were collected during the months of June, July, and August for 2 years prior (1973 and 1974) and 2 years following (1976 and 1977) the addition of an oil‐fired, 660 MW generating unit (No. 3) to two 330 MW coal‐fired units (No. 1 & 2) at Chalk Point located in Prince Georges County, Md. Triplicate collectors were placed at 12 research sites located at distances of 1.6, 4.8, and 9.6 km in the north, east, south, and west directions from the power plant and were analyzed for water‐insoluble particulate matter and soluble and water‐insoluble Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Ni contents.The average rates of deposition for water‐insoluble particulates declined from 4.73 ± 3.67 g m−2 month−1 during 1973 and 1974 to 1.9 ± 1.79 g m−2 month−1 during 1976 and 1977. The reductions in particulate deposition rates coincided with a 37% reduction in power generation output from Units 1 and 2 and the onset of Unit 3 operations.Prior to Unit 3 operations, soluble and total Ni deposition rates were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) related to direction; however, the rates of Cu, Mn, and Pb deposition were observed to be significantly (p < 0.05) higher at 1.6‐km than at 4.8‐ or 9.6‐km distances from the facility. After Unit 3 began operating, rates for Cu, Mn, Zn, and Pb deposition were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced and showed no relationships to distance or directions from the source. The shifts in soluble Ni and soluble Pb deposition rates from pre‐ to post‐Unit 3 operations were particularly noteworthy. The concentrations of Cu, Mn, and Zn in water‐insoluble particulates were higher with increased distance and showed significant (p < 0.05) increases after Unit 3 began operation.The relative rankings for average rates of total deposition for the five metals during pre‐Unit 3 operations were Pb (191 µg m−2 day−1) > Cu ≅ Zn > Mn > Ni (11 µg m−2 day−1), which changed to Cu (98 µg m−2 day−1) > Pb ≅ Zn > Mn > Ni (12 µg m−2 day−1) after Unit 3 began operations.