bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Esterase activity in relation to insecticides resistance in the Egyptian cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.)
Authors: Riskallah M. R. , El‐Deeb W. M. , El‐Guindy M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe occurrence of esterases hydrolysing α‐naphthyl acetate (α‐NA) and β‐naphthyl acetate (β‐NA) in Spodoptera littoralis larvae was investigated colorimetrically in 2 susceptible (S) and 4 resistant (R) strains. The larvae of S. littoralis contained at least two enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of α‐NA and β‐NA. The activity towards β‐NA was twice as that against α‐NA. The comparative study between S‐ and R‐strains revealed that esterase activity in endrin R‐strain was nearly identical to that of S‐strains. On the other hand esterase activity in phosvel, fenitrothion, and matacil R‐strains was 2–3 times as that in S‐strains. Loss of resistance in these strains was reflected by a corresponding loss in esterases activity. It was concluded that resistance towards organophosphate and carbamate compounds and high esterase activity were physiologicaly connected.ZusammenfassungEsterase‐Aktivität in Beziehung zur Insektizidresistenz bei der Ägyptischen Baumwolleule, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.)Das Auftreten von Esterasen, die α‐Naphthylazetat (α‐NA) und β‐Naphthylazetat (β‐NA) hydrolisieren, wurde bei den Larven von Spodoptera littoralis colorimetrisch bei 2 empfindlichen (S) und 4 resistenten (R) Stämmen untersucht. Die Larven wiesen mindestens 2 Enzyme auf, welche die Hydrolyse von α‐NA und β‐NA katalysierten. Die Aktivität bei β‐NA war dabei doppelt so groß wie bei α‐NA. Vergleichende Studien zwischen S‐ und R‐Stämmen ergaben, daß die Esterase‐Aktivität bei einem Endrin‐R‐Stamm nahezu identisch mit jener von S‐Stämmen war. Andererseits war die Esterase‐Aktivität bei Phosvel‐, Fenitrothion‐ und Metacil‐R‐Stämmen 2‐3mal so groß wie bei S‐Stämmen. Ein Verlust der Resistenz zeigte sich bei diesen Stämmen durch einen entsprechenden Verlust der Esterase‐Aktivität. Es wird der Schluß gezogen, daß Resistenz gegen Organophosphate und Carbamate sowie eine hohe Esterase‐Aktivität physiologisch miteinander verbunden sind.
Aspects of the biology of Euura amerinae (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
Authors: Liston Andrew D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNotes on the biology and ecology of Euura amerinae (L.), a gall‐making sawfly on Salix and Populus, are presented. Substantial injury caused to the host was observed in heavily and persistantly attacked plants. Comparisons are made between this species and E. atra (L.).ZusammenfassungBeiträge zur Biologie von Euura amerinae (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)Es werden auf Grund eines sehr starken Auftretens von E. amerinae‐Gallen an Salix im südlichen Schottland Angaben über Verbreitung, Wirtspflanzen, Lebensweise, Parasiten und andere Feinde sowie Wirkung des Befalls auf die Wirtspflanzen dieser Blattwespe gemacht. Des weiteren werden die nahe verwandten Arten E. amerinae und E. atra verglichen.
Suppression effect of the reduviid predator, Allaeocranum biannulipes (Montr, et Sign.) on populations of some storedproduct insect pests
Authors: AWADALLAH K. T. , TAWFIK M. F. S. , ABDELLAH M. M. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInteractions between different initial densities of the predator Allaeocrcmum biannulipes and its preys were investigated. Four initial densities (3, 6, 9 and 12 pairs/vial) and three preys, Corcyra cephalonica, Tribolium confusum and Anagasta kuehniella were checked at 15–26 °C and 45–60% r. H. Associating with the latter prey, the pest's population showed a negative response towards the increase of the initial density of the predator up to 9 pairs/vial. However, in association with the other two preys, a reverse trend took place.The appropriate initial density with which the predator could face its victim was checked against the prey A. kuehniella under two hygrotherimic conditions: 15–26 °C/45–60% r. H. and 22–23 °C/38–60% r. H. At the former conditions, the predator was most efficient as it was able, with the density of 6 pairs/vial, to build up its population and to suppress that of its prey. However, in summer months (22–23 °C/38–60% r. H.), conditions were in favour to the pest than to the predator and consequently, the highest density of the latter built with the intial density of 9 pairs/vial was associated with a relatively high density of the prey.ZusammenfassungZur Wirkung der Raubwanze Allaeocranum biannulipes (Montr. et Sign.) auf die Populationen einiger vorratsschädlicher InsektenEs wurden die Beziehungen zwischen verschiedener Anfangsdichte der Raubwanze A. biannulipes und der Enddichte ihrer Beutetiere Corcyra cephalonica, Tribolium confusum und Anagasta kuehniella bei 15–26°C und 45–60% rel. LF untersucht. Letzterer Schädling reagierte auf eine Zunahme der Anfangsdichte der Raubwanze bis hinauf zu 9 Paar/Gefäß mit einer Verminderung der Dichte. Jedoch war bei den beiden anderen Schädlingsarten ein umgekehrter Trend zu beobachten. Die optimale Anfangsdichte der Raubwanze wurde bei 2 Temperatur‐Luftfeuchte‐Bedingungen (15–26°/45–60% und 22–23°/38–60%) ermittelt. Bei der erstgenannten Bedingung war der Prädator am wirksamsten: er baute seine Population von 6 Paar/Gefäß ausgehend auf und reduzierte die Dichte seiner Beute. Dagegen wirkten die Sommerbedingungen (22–23°/38–60% zugunsten des Schädlings: eine Anfangsdichte von 9 Paar/Gefäß hatte eine relativ hohe Beutedichte zur Folge.
Comprehensive review on herbal medicine for energy intake suppression
Authors: Yuliana N. D. , Jahangir M. , Korthout H. , Choi Y. H. , Kim H. K. , Verpoorte R. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe obesity drug development is present not a bright and successful story. So far, drugs reported to be effective, either from synthetic or natural sources, mostly stimulated controversy because of serious adverse effects, which ended with stopping clinical trials or even withdrawal from the market. However, obesity and its comorbidities have become rapidly a major problem in both developed and developing countries. This has encouraged pharmaceutical companies and academia to keep on struggling on developing novel effective but safe obesity drugs, and on characterizing novel obesity drug targets. From existing scientific work on obesity drug discovery and commercial slimming preparations, compounds originating from nature, especially from plants, seem to be the first choice. Traditional belief that herbal medicine is safer than synthetic ones is one of the classical arguments, although scientifically this is not always true (e.g. ban on Ephedra). But in general, it has been widely acknowledged that a plant compound, with its unique scaffolds and rich diversity is an unlimited source of novel lead compounds. This paper aims to summarize all works focused on screening plant materials by targeting important pathways related to energy intake regulation, either by in vivo or in vitro experiments.
PRACTITIONERS' CORNER:Triangular Representation and Error Correction Mechanism in Cointegrated Systems
Authors: Cappuccio Nunzio , Lubian Diego 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTIn this paper we provide a proof of the ‘Granger representation theorem’ starting from Phillips' triangular representation of a cointegrated system. Proofs of the theorem have already been provided but starting either from the MA representation or from the AR representation. Conversely, we derive and characterize analytically the MA and the AR representations in terms of the parameters of the triangular system.
The Likelihood Ratio Test for the Rank of a Cointegration Submatrix*
Authors: Paruolo Paolo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper proposes a likelihood ratio test for rank deficiency of a submatrix of the cointegrating matrix. Special cases of the test include the one of invalid normalization in systems of cointegrating equations, the feasibility of permanent–transitory decompositions and of subhypotheses related to neutrality and long‐run Granger noncausality. The proposed test has a chi‐squared limit distribution and indicates the validity of the normalization with probability one in the limit, for valid normalizations. The asymptotic properties of several derived estimators of the rank are also discussed. It is found that a testing procedure that starts from the hypothesis of minimal rank is preferable.
‘I start my day by thinking about what we’re going to have for dinner’– a qualitative study on approaches to food‐related activities among elderly men with somatic diseases
Authors: Kullberg Kerstin , Björklund Anita , Sidenvall Birgitta , Åberg Anna Cristina 
Published: July 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 227–234

‘I start my day by thinking about what we’re going to have for dinner’– a qualitative study on approaches to food‐related activities among elderly men with somatic diseases The aim of this study was to address the question of how older men with somatic diseases living in their own home approach the question of food‐related activities (FRA). Further, any adaptations of these activities necessitated by effects of diseases and of altered life circumstances were explored. Interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of 18 co‐living and single‐living men, 64–84 years old. They were diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis or stroke. In the analysis, a thematic framework was used. The findings revealed three food‐related approaches, namely ‘Cooking as a pleasure’, describing joy in cooking; ‘Cooking as a need’, indicating no habits or skills in cooking; and ‘Food is served’, that is, being served meals by a partner. It was found that gender‐related roles in particular, but also changed life circumstances, activity limitations, personal interests, and a wish to maintain continuity and independence, affected the men’s approaches to these activities. This knowledge may be useful in attempts to facilitate and support FRA among elderly men with diseases. Health care efforts to promote FRA should preferably be individualised in respect to older men’s approaches to these activities.
Synergistic sex pheromone components of the grey‐spotted tussock moth, Orgyia ericae
Authors: Chen Guo‐Fa , Sheng Mao‐Ling , Li Tao , Millar Jocelyn G. , Zhang Qing‐He 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe grey‐spotted tussock moth, Orgyia ericae Germar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), is an important pest of deciduous trees and woody scrublands in northern China. In a field trapping experiment conducted during the flight of the first generation of 2009, synthetic (Z)‐6‐heneicosen‐11‐one, a common Orgyia spp. sex pheromone component, attracted O. ericae males. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analyses (full scan or selected ion‐monitoring mode) of pheromone gland extracts from females revealed the presence of a major, a minor, and a trace component, i.e., (6Z,9Z)‐heneicosa‐6,9‐diene, (6Z,9Z)‐tricosa‐6,9‐diene, and (Z)‐6‐heneicosen‐11‐one, respectively. Field experiments during the flight of the second generation showed that (6Z,9Z)‐tricosa‐6,9‐diene, the minor component, was inactive alone or in any combination with the other two components, whereas (6Z,9Z)‐heneicosa‐6,9‐diene and (Z)‐6‐heneicosen‐11‐one were weakly attractive when tested individually. However, traps baited with a binary blend of (6Z,9Z)‐heneicosa‐6,9‐diene and (Z)‐6‐heneicosen‐11‐one caught seven‐fold more moths than any other treatment (except the ternary blend), indicating a strong synergistic interaction between the two components. The analytical and field trapping data suggested that (6Z,9Z)‐heneicosa‐6,9‐diene and (Z)‐6‐heneicosen‐11‐one are likely the key sex pheromone components of female O. ericae. This synergistic blend will be useful as an efficient monitoring tool, and possible control tool, to combat this economically and ecologically important forest defoliator.
Operative treatment of stress fractures of the proximal second metatarsal
Authors: Sarimo J. , Orava S. , Alanen J. 
Published: July 2010

Proximal stress fractures of the second metatarsal are rare. They have been reported mainly in classical ballet dancers. Non‐operative treatment has usually led to good results and rapid return to full activities.We present a series of nine cases with stress fractures of the proximal second metatarsal. The patients were all actively involved in sports. None of them were dancers. In all of these patients non‐operative treatment lasting for an average of 13 months had failed.All of the patients were operated on using the same method. In the operation drilling was performed around and through the fracture line. The patients were followed for an average of 38 months. All except one of the patients were able to return to their prior level of activity within 4–6 months.In conclusion if non‐operative treatment fails surgery seems to give good results in most patients with a stress fracture of the proximal second metatarsal.
Global changes in anaerobic fitness test performance of children and adolescents (1958–2003)
Authors: Tomkinson G. R. 
Published: July 2010

Aim: To quantify the global changes in anaerobic fitness (operationalized as power and speed test performance) of children and adolescents.Methods: Following an extensive review of the literature, 32 studies examining secular changes in power and speed test performance of children and adolescents were analysed. Performance changes were calculated at the country × age × sex × test level using weighted least‐squares regression, and were expressed as a percentage of the weighted mean value for all data points in the regression. Negative values indicated performance declines, and positive values indicated improvements.Results: Changes in power (n=20 802 925) and speed (n=28 320 308) test performance were calculated for 6–19 year olds from 27 countries and five geographical regions, for the period 1958–2003. Overall, power and speed test performances improved at +0.03% and +0.04% per annum, respectively. Performance changes were remarkably similar for boys and girls, and children and adolescents, and somewhat similar for different geographical regions, and high and low income economies. The pattern of change was reasonably consistent over time.Conclusion: The relative stability in anaerobic fitness test performances in recent decades could be due to the negating effects of increases in fat mass and fat‐free mass on anaerobic performance.
The reduction of physical activity reflects on the bone mass among young females: a follow‐up study of 142 adolescent girls
Authors: Rautava E. , Lehtonen‐Veromaa M. , Kautiainen H. , Kajander S. , Heinonen O. J. , Viikari J. , Mottonen T. 
Published: July 2010

AIM: Maintenance of positive effects of physical activity on growing bone is unknown. Physical activity was associated with increased BMC and BMD in a 7‐year follow‐up with 142 adolescent girls. Marked reduction in physical activity had an unfavorable effect on bone measurements, which is an important finding when the prevention of osteoporosis is considered.INTRODUCTION: Environmental factors influence quality and durability of bone. Physical activity, with high‐impact weight bearing activity during puberty in particular, has been shown to have a beneficial effect on growing bone. Only few studies have been published on the maintenance of these effects.METHODS: At baseline, 142 girls aged 9–15 years participated in the present 7‐year follow‐up study. Growth and development, physical activity and intakes of calcium and vitamin D were recorded at intervals. BMC and BMD measurements were repeated using DXA. Based on the recording of physical activity during the follow‐up measurements, the effect of the reduction in physical activity was examined with the bone measurements, and the measurements in the tertiles based on the amount of physical activity during the whole follow‐up period were compared.RESULTS: Physical activity was positively associated with the development of BMC and BMD during the follow‐up. The mean BMC of the lumbar spine increased 1.69 g (3%) (P=0.021) more among those girls who maintained the physical activity level as compared with those who reduced it during last 4 years. In the femoral neck, the corresponding difference was 0.14 g (4.6%) (P=0.015) between the same two groups of girls. The mean increases in BMC at lumbar spine and femoral neck were more substantial among those girls having the highest physical activity levels during the 7‐year follow‐up (46.7% and 22.6%) as compared with those having the lowest physical activity levels (43.3% and 17.4%, respectively).CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study show that regular physical activity is valuable in preserving the peak bone mass acquired at puberty in particular. Many of the girls who markedly reduced their activity levels lost bone in their femoral neck before their 25th birthday.
AGE AND EFFICIENCY IN PUBLIC AGRICULTURAL POLICY: THE CASE OF ONTARIO1
Authors: Kulshreshtha S.N 
Published: July 2010

Casual impressions suggest that some of the least efficient farm units are those operated by older farmers. This view has become embodied in the fabric of thinking about agriculture, and into a variety of public and private policies designed to remove older farmers from agriculture or to discourage them from expanding their farm operations. This article takes a closer look at the validity of the underlying assumption. Based on Ontario data for 1965, there seems real reason to question whether older farmers differ materially in levels of efficiency as compared with younger farmers, and there is therefore a new reason to re‐examine attitudes and policies employing or based upon agricultural age restrictions.L'AGE ET ľEFFICACITE FACTEURS DVNE POLIQUE PUBLIQUE EN AGRICULTURE: LE CAS DE ľONTARIO ‐ Les impressions momentanées suggerent que certaines des unités agricoles les moins efficaces sont celles qui sont exploitées par les plus vieux agriculteurs. Ce point de vue est devenu enraciné dans ľensemble des idées concernant ľagriculture, et dans une gamme de politiques publiques et privées destinées à séparer les agriculteurs de ľagriculture ou à décourager leurs plans ďexpansion de leur exploitation agricole. Le présent article examine plus minutieusement la justesse de ľhypothèse sous‐jacente. Fondé sur les données de ľOntario pour 1965, il semble y avoir une bonne raison de se demander si les plus vieux agriculteurs diffèrent sensiblement quant aux niveaux ďefficacité par rapport aux plus jeunes agriculteurs, et il existe done une nouvelle raison de réexaminer les attitudes et les politiques employées ou fondées sur des restrictions agricoles quant àľàge.
Economic Guidelines for Mobilizing Labour and Management in Canadian Agriculture1
Authors: Plannt Darrel 
Published: July 2010

This paper examines the role of management in stimulating economic growth. It sees the adjustment problem as the fundamental problem in Canadian agriculture and suggests ways of speeding the process. Recognizing that the individual farmer is the focal point of the adjustment process, the paper reviews the many kinds of adjustments possible, and suggests a new rural counselling service to help achieve the adjustment potentials. LIGNES DIRECTRICES ÉCONOMIQUES POUR LA MOBILISATION DE L'EMPLOYÉ ET DE L'EMPLOYEUR DANS L'AGRICULTURE CANADIENNE–Le présent mémoire examine le rôle de la gestion dans la stimulation de l'accroissement économique. II considère le problème d'ajustement comme le problème fondamental dans l'agriculture canadienne et suggère des moyens d'accélérer le processus. Reconnaissant que l'agriculteur luiméme est le point tournant du processus d'ajustement, le mémoire passe en revue les nombreux genres d'ajustements possibles et suggère un nouveau service rural d'orientation pour aider à atteindre les possibilités d'ajustement.
The Demand for Agricultural Economists by Agri‐Business To 1980*
Authors: McRorie H. D. 
Published: July 2010

Employing a breakdown of the agri‐business sector into farm types, the author evaluates potential employment prospects in each sector. The most attractive prospects for employment growth appear to exist in financial institutions and business management services. In all cases, however, the future prospect will be directly related to the abilities of the persons and the relevance of the agricultural economics training they have received.LA DEMANDE EN ÉCONOMISTES AGRICOLES DANS LE SECTEUR AGR1COLE COMMERCIAL JUSQU À 1980 – Ayant au préalable classé l'agro‐industrie en quelques types de firmes, fauteur évalue les perspectives possibles d'emploi dans chaque secteur. Les perspectives les plus attrayantes d'emploi accru semblent se situer dans les institutions financières et les services de gestion commerciale. Toutefois, dans tous les cos, les perspectives seront directement reliées aux talents des personnes et à la valeur de la formation reçue en économie agricole.
Evaluation of Public Research Programs in Agriculture*
Authors: Apdarawewa A. B. 
Published: July 2010

In recent years, institutions and organizations have expressed concern regarding the management of public resources committed to research including those allocated to agricultural research. While many factors contribute to the growing demand to improve and formalize research management, less effort has been directed towards the development of uniform and valid approaches to decision‐making in research. This paper discusses briefly the present allocation of resources in agricultural research and presents a system of resource allocation based on the ex ante evaluation of research projects. The problems in the practical application of the model to research programs are enumerated. While indicating the potential gains from evaluating research programs, it is demonstrated that caution must be exercised in applying, without modification, purely economic criteria to socially oriented investments. ÉVALUATION DES PROGRAMMES PUBLICS DE RECHERCHES EN AGRICULTURE–Au cours des dernières années, des institutions et organismes ont exprimé une certaine inquiétude au sujet de la gestion des ressources publiques consacrees à la recherche, y compris celles qui sont dédiées à la recherche agricole. Alors que plusieurs facteurs contribuent à la demande croissante d'amélioration et de standardisation de la gestion en recherches, moins d'efforts ont été fails en vue du développement d'approches uniformes et valables à une prise de décision en recherches.Cet exposé discute brièvement de la présente affectation des ressources aux recherches en agriculture et offre une répartition systématique des ressources fondée sur une évaluation subjective préalable des projets de recherches. Les problèmes de l'application pratique du modèle aux programmes de recherche sont énumeres. Alors qu'il indique les avantages possibles de programmes dévaluation en recherches, on y démontre qu'il faut être avisé dans l'application, sans changement, de critères purement économiques à des investissements visant la société.