bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunity to tapeworms: acquired resistance toHymenolepis citelliin the mouse
Authors: Alghali Sidit. O. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe dynamics of secondary infections withHymenolepis citelliin mice are described. A primary infection of one and six cysticercoids for 21 days sensitized CFLP male mice against homologous challenge infections. Acquired resistance was manifested mainly as stunting/destrobilation of secondary worms. The severity of stunting depended on the intensity of the primary infection. Secondary worms were not expelled more rapidly than primary worms but the protective response retards growth early in challenge infections. Sensitization of mice for seven days with six or 24 cysticercoids did not confer a measurable protective response, whereas priming by the same regime for 21 days induced a significant Protective response. Acquired resistance to challenge waned with time in the absence of the primary Worms. The growth and survival of a six-cysticercoid primary infection was enhanced by the administration of the immunosuppressant drug cortisone acetate. Worms from cortisone-treated mice Were heavier than those from untreated controls. Acquired resistance to homologous challenge was also Partially ablated in cortisone-treated mice. It is suggested that rejection of primary infections and stunting/destrobilation of secondary worms may be immunologically mediated.
Studies on the Malayan forest rat filaria, Breinlia booliati: Periodicity and microfilaraemic patterns during the course of infection
Authors: yap Eu-Hian , Ho Beng-Chuan , Singh Mulkit , Kang Kim-Lian , Lim Boo-Liat 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTBreinlia booliati exhibited nocturnal subperiodicity in its natural host, Rattus sabanus in contrast to experimentally infected laboratory-reared albino rats which showed irregular fluctuations of microfilariae throughout the 24 hour cycle. All the infected albino rats showed a prepatent period between 11–14 weeks postinoculation. Three patterns of microfilaraemia were discerned during the course of infection. 38/49 rats displayed a single peak, 4/49 displayed 2 peaks about 12–15 weeks apart and 7/49 showed a sustained high plateau-like pattern of microfilaraemia.Cortisone had no effect on microfilarial levels when administered to rats near postpatcncy and some at postpatency.
On the Nematode and Trematode Parasites of some Small Mammals from the Inner Hebrides
Authors: Thomas R. J. 
Published: June 2009

(1) A survey was made of the trematode and nematode parasites of Apodemus sylvaticus, Clethrionomys glareolus and Sorex araneus from the islands of Raasay, Ulva and Scalpay.(2) The following species have been recorded:—A. sylvaticus:Trematodes—Lyperosomum villaBrachylaemus recurvumNematodes—Capillaria muris-sylvaticiHeligmosomum glareoli*Syphacia stroma
The Longevity of some Species of Helminth Parasites in Naturally Acquired Infections of the Lesser Black-backed Gull, Larus fuscus L., in Britain
Authors: Ellis Catherine , Williams I. C. 
Published: June 2009

1. Ninety-six lesser black-backed gulls, Larus fuscus L., captured at about 6 weeks of age, were kept in captivity for up to 2⅛ years. At intervals some gulls were killed and examined for helminth parasites, of which 14 species were found comprising 4 species of Trematoda, 5 species of Cestoda and 5 species of Nematoda.2. Nine of the 14 species are commonly found in Holarctic gulls and may be regarded as characteristic members of the helminth fauna of these birds. Six species are recorded from L. fuscus for the first time.3. The life span of different species of helminth parasites in L. fuscus varied from 2 months to 2⅛ years; few specimens lived in their host for more than one year. During captivity there was a marked decline in the variety of the helminth fauna of individual gulls, as well as a general decline in the incidence and intensity of infection with individual species of parasites. There was one exception, the tape-worm Tetrabothrius cylindraceus, which increased in incidence and maintained a fairly even intensity of infection in L. fuscus over 21 months. The results are discussed in relation to the ecology of the parasite and the host.
Uptake of diethylcarbamazine by microfilariae and adults of Litomosoides carinii and Dlpetalonema viteae
Authors: Srivastava† V. M. L. , Singh D. P. , Chatterjee R. K. , Sen A. B. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTMierofilariae of Litomosoides carinii and Dipetalonema viteae absorbed about ten times as much diethylcarbamazine (DEC) as did their adults, but bound much less. The higher uptake of DEC by the microfilariae might be related to the fact that DEC is microfilariae Binding of DEC: with the parasites supports the view that the microfilarcidal action begins with the fixation of the drug to the microfilariae.
The epidemiology of Echinococcu infection in Kuwait
Authors: Hassounah O. , Behbehani K. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractInfection of dogs with E. granulosus is recorded for the first time in the State of Kuwait and observations on 204 dogs from different suburbs showed an infection rate of 23.039%. Cattle, sheep, goats and camels killed for public consumption in the period 6th April to 6th May, 1975, in a slaughter house were inspected and the rate of infection with E. granulosus cysts was recorded. The possible methods of transmission from animals and dogs to man is discussed.
Tapeworms from Philippine birds, with three new species of Raillietina (Raillietina)
Authors: Deardorff Thomas L. , Schmidt Gerald D. , Kuntz Robert E. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract13 species of ccstodcs from 13 species of Philippine birds are reported from Palawan Island. Raillietina (R.) palawanensis n. sp., from Chalcophaps i. indica, has three or four testes, and a cirrus pouch 93 to 108 µm long, 28 to 45 µm wide, and its egg capsules are 10 to 12 µm long, seven to nine µm wide, each containing four to six eggs. Raillietina (R.) passeriformicola n. sp., from Gracula religiosa palawanensis, has seven to nine testes, and a cirrus pouch 134 to 170 µm long, 47 to 68 µm wide. Its egg capsules are 79 to 115 µm wide, containing 7 to 12 eggs each. Raillietina (R.) fischthali n. sp., from Ducula aenea palawanensis, has 12 to 15 testes, and a cirrus pouch 130 to 150 µm long, 52 to 72 µm wide. Its egg capsules are 130 to 200 µmi wide each containing 50 to 70 eggs. Raillietina (R.) johri Ortlepp, 1938, is redescribed. Anonchotaenia chauhani Mukherjee, 1965 is shown to be a junior synonym of A. gaugl Singh, 1952.
HaplorchoidesChen, 1949 (Haplorchinae: Heterophyidae) in freshwater fishes
Authors: Pande B. P. , Shukla R. P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTwo metacercariae ofHaplorchoides, recorded in the fingerlings of over a dozen species of freshwater fishes, are described and illustrated. Oyigerous flukes were recovered from older specimens of two species of fishes procured from the same locality. Comparison of taxonomic characters of the juveniles and adults suggests that they are conspecific. The metacercariae and adults are assigned to two new species,Haplorchoides pearsoniandH. mehrai. The observations, presented herein, necessitated a review of the species named under this genus and a revision of the generic diagnosis. The reports on fish intermediaries ofH. attenuatushave been enlarged.
Trematodiasis in Turkey: comparative efficacy of triclabendazole and niclofolan against natural infections of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in sheep
Authors: Güralp N. , Tinar R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA new fasciolicide, triclabendazole, tested at single oral dose rates of 5 and lOmg/kg body-weight, proved to be highly effective (>99%) against chronic field infections of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in sheep. The Performance of the new drug compared favourably with niclofolan at the recommended dose. Neither product was effective against Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Paramphistomum spp.
Toxocara canis infection in dogs in Beersheba, Israel
Authors: Cross Ellis M. , Zeitan Ronan , Torok Viola 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn the desert city of Beersheba, Israel, a survey was made of the infection rate of Toxocara canis in dogs. 3.0% of dogs destroyed at the municipal dog pound had intestinal T. canis. 7% of faecal samples gathered from day care centres throughout the city were shown to contain T. canis eggs. This low rate of infection could possibly be explained by the hot, arid climatic conditions which may render eggs non-infective or by the sandy soil in the area that may cover faeces containing T. canis ova and make the eggs unavailable to other dogs.
Experimental and computational characterization of hydrodynamic expansion of a preformed plasma from thin-foil target for laser-driven proton acceleration
Authors: SAGISAKA AKITO , NAGATOMO HIDEO , DAIDO HIROYUKI , PIROZHKOV ALEXANDER S. , OGURA KOICHI , ORIMO SATOSHI , MORI MICHIAKI , NISHIUCHI MAMIKO , YOGO AKIFUMI , KADO MASATAKA 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe characterize the electron density distributions of preformed plasma for laser-accelerated proton generation. The preformed plasma of a titanium target 3 μm thick is generated by prepulse and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) of a high-intensity Ti:sapphire laser and is measured with an interferometer using a second harmonic probe beam. High-energy protons are obtained by reducing the size of the preformed plasma by changing the ASE duration before main pulse at the front side (laser incidence side) of the target. Simulation results with two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic code are close to the experimental results for low-density region ~4 × 1019 cm−3 at the front side. In the high-density region near to the target surface, the interferometry underestimates the density due to the substantial refraction. The characterization of hydrodynamic expansion with the interferometer and simulation is a useful tool for investigation of high-energy proton generation.
A new species of Petractis (Ostropales s. lat., lichenized Ascomycota) from Wales
Authors: ORANGE Alan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPetractis nodispora is described as a new species, characterized by an endolithic thallus with Trentepohlia as photobiont, immersed apothecia, 3-septate, halonate ascospores, and very distinctive multicellular conidia. Nuclear ribosomal SSU and LSU sequences show that it is closely related to P. luetkemuelleri, but its relationship to the type species of Petractis, P. clausa, is unclear.
Artificially transformed schistosomula ofSchistosoma mansoni: mechanism of acquisition of protection against antibody-mediated killing
Authors: Tavares C. A. P. , Cordeiro M. N. , Mota-Santos T. A. , Gazzinelli G. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryIncorporation of labelled amino acid into tegumental proteins and acquisition of protection by schistosomula against antibody-mediated killingin vitrowere simultaneously stimulated by serum factors and inhibited by puromycin. Comparison of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns with fluorographic autoradiography indicates that the majority of proteins in the parasite tegument were labelled with the isotope after incubation for 3 h. No new, clearly defined band was observed in the autoradiography pattern. During this period a decreasing susceptibility of the schistosomula to antibody plus complement was observed. Quantitative fluorescence assay shows that schistosomula insensitive to antibody plus complement were still able to bind the same amount of antibody as the unprotected parasites. Pre-culture of schistosomula in the presence of inactivated normal rabbit serum also decreased the susceptibility of the parasites to thein vivokilling mechanism.
Studies on Trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense: IV. Experimental immunization of mice against tsetse fly Challenge
Authors: Nantulya V. M. , Doyle J. J. , Jenni L. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryGroups of mice were exposed to multiple bites by tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans morsitans) infected with a clone of Trypanosoma congolense spread over a period of 8 days. The mice were subsequently treated with Berenil 10 days after the first fly bite as were uninfected control mice. The group of mice which received 12–15 infectious fly bites on two occasions, 21 days apart, were subsequently resistant to infection when re-challenged by flies infected with the same clone of T. congolense. These mice were also immune to challenge by flies infected with a different bloodstream variable antigen type derived from this same stock. The immunity was stock-specific and directed against the metacyclic forms of the parasite, but was short-lived.
Studies of antigens inPlasmodium yoelii
Authors: Panton Lindsey J. , Knowles G. , Walliker D. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryAntigens of three lines of the rodent malaria parasitePlasmodium yoeliihave been studied using crossed immunoelectrophoresis.P. y. yoeliiline A1is a mild line which is restricted to reticulocytes.P. y. yoeliiline YM andP. y. nigeriensisline D1are virulent infections which multiply in both immature and mature erythrocytes. One antigen, designated Py-1, was found to differ in its electrophoretic mobility between the lines, being fast (F) in lines A1and YM and slow (S) in line D1. Antigen Py-1 also varied in quantity among the three lines; greater amounts were detected in parasites inhabiting mature erythrocytes than in those in reticulocytes. These characters were stable during blood and mosquito passage.
Field trials of an asexual blood stage malaria vaccine: studies of the synthetic peptide polymer SPf66 in Thailand and the analytic plan for a phase IIb efficacy study
Authors: Ballou W. R. , Blood J. , Chongsuphajaissidhi T. , Gordon D. M. , Heppner D. G. , Kyle D. E. , Luxemburger C. , Nosten F. , Sadoff J. C. , Singhasivanon P. , White N. J. , Webster K. H. , Wittes J. , Wongsrichanalai C. 
Published: June 2009

SummarySeveral years ago the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) initiated an independent analysis of the candidate malaria blood stage vaccine SPf66. WRAIR contracted for the synthesis and formulation of SPf66 in United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inspected laboratories within the U.S., and in 1992, filed an Investigational New Drug (IND) application with the FDA. Preclinical studies indicated that the vaccine could be synthesized to meet its release specifications, and when adjuvanted with alum, was essentially equivalent to Colombian produced SPf66 in regards to immunogenicity in preclinical studies of rodents and primates, and in human volunteers in Phase I studies. The goal of these efforts was ultimately to conduct a Phase IIb field trial to determine the safety and efficacy of SPf66 produced under current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). Such a trial is currently underway in a malaria endemic refugee camp along the Thai–Burmese border. Here we briefly describe the study and present the formal analytic plan that was submitted to regulatory authorities in the United States for analysis of the study results. We believe such independent confirmatory studies are an essential part of the vaccine development process and are required to provide important data regarding the safety and efficacy of candidate vaccines in diverse geographical regions, and as a means to assess their role in the context of broader malaria control programmes.
Note of a case of Intestinal Infection in Man, with the Larva of Homalomyia canigularis
Authors: Soltau A. Bertram 
Published: June 2009

The specimen of the larva of H. canicalaris was obtained from the stool of an adult man, who gave the following history:He had been in good health and had not been conscious of any intestinal disorder. On the morning of the 28th of May he happened to look down into the pan of the closet after passing a motion and noticed that there was considerable movement taking place in the motion, which was partially formed. This movement was due to the presence of a large number of larvae, several of which crawled up the edge of the pan. He secured one and brought it to me in a bottle, and it was then alive and moving vigorously about the bottle. It maintained its vitality so long as it was in my possession, and until it was despatched to Cambridge for identification.
Aerial contamination as a fallacy in the study of amoebic infections by cultural methods
Authors: Wells R. T. 
Published: June 2009

Dysentery is usually classified as (i) bacillary, and (ii) amoebic.In 1898 Shiga described a bacillus (B. dysenteriae, also known as Shiga's bacillus), as the cause of epidemic dysentery in Japan. Since then his observations have been, in the main, confirmed. Other varieties of dysentery bacilli have been described and “Bacillary Dysentery” seems now to be a well-defined disease capable of study by ordinary bacteriological methods.
Liver Rot of Sheep, and Bionomics of Limnaea truncatula in the Aberystwyth Area
Authors: Walton Chas. L. 
Published: June 2009

1. Certain flocks in the Aberystwyth Area having suffered considerably from Liver Rot, a Survey of the Agricultural Zoology was carried out between October, 1913, and October, 1916, special attention being given to the above disease and the bionomics of the host snail L. truncatula.2. The Area comprised some 250 sq. miles of North Cardiganshire, etc., including Plynlymon, and falls into six natural divisions.3. The presence of the disease has caused a number of local modifications in farm practice, designed to prevent, or mitigate losses. The disease was found to be on the wane within the Area, though endemic in certain places.4. L. truncatula and L. peregra are the only abundant local species of the Genus. Considerable differences occur in the distribution of these two species. L. peregra was only studied in order to better understand the habits of L. truncatula. This latter species occurs in shallow water floored with Diatomaceous clayey mud, and is absent from soft mud, and peat. There is a marked coincidence between the distribution of clay and L. truncatula, and L. truncatula and Liver Rot.5. The growth of the snails takes place throughout the year unless interrupted by drought or severe frost. Ova are deposited in March–April and hatch in May. The resulting snails, when they become adults, measure about 5 mm. in length. They in turn deposit ova during June–July. Drought usually limits further progress until the late Autumn, the snail being often very scarce during August–September.6. Desiccation speedily kills L. truncatula. Local environmental conditions—rainfall, aspect, soil, vegetation, etc.—play a very important part in respect to its survival. Rainfall and its distribution through the year is the most important factor governing the increase, spread, and infectivity of the snail.7. The ova masses dry rapidly and then resemble a hard inconspicuous scale. They resume their former size and shape when moisture returns, and many appear to be able to hatch subsequently, though the amount of desiccation they will withstand is not yet determined. In spite of prolonged droughts, L. truncatula re-appears, unless ditches, etc., have been cleaned out.8. Roadside ditches are very frequently inhabited by infected snails and the drainage from them may be the cause of cases of rot.9. Cercariae of D. hepaticum were obtained from L. truncatula in large numbers practically throughout the year; but not from snails measuring less than 4·5 mm. in length. Seventy cercariae were given off naturally, within 48 hours, from one specimen measuring 7 mm. in length. Heavily parasitized snails are adversely affected. A few cercariae, resembling those of D. hepaticum were obtained once from L. peregra.
Urethral Spirochaetosis
Authors: Macfie J. W. Scott 
Published: June 2009

(1) In the discharge from a case of acute urethritis spirochaetes were found which it is believed were the causal agent of the disease.(2) The spirochaetes were most commonly 8μ to 12μ in length, and showed four or five spirals; but the range in the three hundred parasites measured was from 5μ, to 20μ. They appeared to multiply both by longitudinal and transverse division and by the formation of coocoid bodies. The parasites passed through an intracellular phase which seemed to be as follows: some of the spirochaetes enter the epithelial scales lining the urethra, become quiescent, and break up into coccoid bodies. These bodies multiply so as to form masses of granules from which young spirochaetes develop, grow to about the normal size, and eventually escape.(3) The name Spirochaeta urethraeis proposed for the parasite.
Considerations regarding an outbreak of Malaria at Morib, Federated Malay States
Authors: Strickland C. 
Published: June 2009

Consideration of the outbreak of fever at Morib in Selangor, Federated Malay States, impresses us with the great practical importance of obtaining an exact comparative infectivity table of the various anophelines, compiled on a comprehensive basis; it is only by accurate study of a disease and the factors responsible for it, that it can be successfully combated.At Morib we can only rely on general considerations and conclude that the species ludlowi has been causing most of the trouble.It would seem that the reason that hill-land malaria in Malaya, and perhaps India, is so difficult to get, rid of is because it is conveyed by mosquitoes of high infectivity and low prevalence, whereas low-land malaria can be easily allayed because it is conveyed by mosquitoes of low infectivity and high prevalence. It is a corollary to this that if malaria in any community can be easily allayed, it is caused by mosquitoes which possess low infectivity.
Some Observations on the Biology and Structure of Ornithodorus moubata, Murray. Together with a Note on the External Characters which serve to differentiate the Sexes
Authors: Cunliffe N. , Nuttall G. H. F. 
Published: June 2009

1. Copulation between individuals of the two species O. moubata, and O. savignyi may occur, and the stimulus of coition may induce oviposition, the eggs being non-fertile.2. There is no evidence of parthenogenesis in this species, nor do these ticks undergo ecdysis after reaching maturity.3. An increase in temperature of 8° C. from 22° C. (a) doubles the.rate of oviposition, (b) decreases the fertility of the eggs by 30 per cent., (c) reduces the longevity of the female tick from 715 to 397 days, i.e. by 40 per cent, and (d) approximately halves the period required for metamorphosis, under laboratory conditions. Under these conditions at 37° C., reproduction is inhibited, and the longevity of the female is reduced by 80 per cent.4. An individual may undergo from four to eight ecdyses before reaching maturity, the great majority of the males appearing after the fifth ecdysis and the females about equally after the fifth and sixth ecdyses.5. Engorgement can take place one or two days after emergence, at any stage, the average time required being three-quarters of an hour. There is great variation in the extent of engorgement at each stage, but this is not correlated with the ecdysis period. The largest meal may be taken either before or after an individual reaches maturity.6. Moisture has an adverse influence on the vitality of the individual, excess of moisture inhibiting growth.7. An approximation to the stage of development attained can be made after the study of the structure of the hypostome, leg and spiracle. The larval and first four nymphal stages are fairly well differentiated, much more so than the later stages, but variation due to nutrition requires further study.