bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Note on the Variation of the Rate of Disinfection with Change in the Concentration of the Disinfectant
Authors: Watson Herbert Edmeston 
Published: May 2009

In a recent paper by Miss Chick on “The Laws of Disinfection”, it was pointed out that disinfection of bacteria is strictly analogous to a chemical reaction in which individual bacteria play the part of molecules. Thus, if n be the number of bacteria present at any time t during dis-infection, , where K is a constant. Also, if K1, K2 are these constants for two different temperatures is also constant, i.e. Arrhenius' formula for the temperature coefficient of chemical reactions holds good in the case of bacteria as well. In addition to this, it was found that the relation between the concentration of the disinfectant and the time of disinfection (that is, the time required to reduce the original number of bacteria by a given percentage) might abe approximately expressed by the empirical lawwhere C is the concentration at time t.
British Industrial Anthrax Part II
Authors: Page Cecil H. W. 
Published: May 2009

The result of bacteriological research indicates that the material infected is probably not large compared to the total amount used, and that in suspected samples of both hair and bristles anthrax bacilli can be isolated either by inoculation of animals or by plate cultivation.Difficulties are met with in the inoculation of animals owing to the presence of the bacillus of malignant oedema, which, unless special methods are used as shown by Duncan, will often mask the presence of the anthrax bacillus altogether.In separation by means of agar plates the presence of bacilli very closely resembling anthrax again leads to error. Three types of these bacilli have been met with in hair and bristles; viz.: Bac. A2 or Bac. anthracoides of Bainbridge, possibly the same as Bac. subtilis, the Bac. A1, and Bac. A. The last two do not exactly correspond with any known bacilli, and so far as we know at present are of little importance, but in view of the experiments of Gilruth showing that guinea-pigs, rabbits, and sheep can resist the inoculation of large doses of virulent anthrax bacilli completely, provided these organisms are mixed with a larger quantity of some other organisms which are non-pathogenic to these animals, and that a small amount of immunity to pure anthrax is conferred, it is certain that the presence of these anthrax-like bacilli, evidently closely related to the anthrax bacillus, cannot but be of benefit; and it is possible that further experiments may show that injections of them mixed with cultures of anthrax bacilli of varied virulence may confer a higher degree of immunity than do mixtures of anthrax with other non-pathogenic bacilli, as shown by Gilruth (1904).
Variation in Susceptibility of Guinea-pigs to Diphtheria Toxin
Authors: Sudmersen H. J. , Glenny A. T. 
Published: May 2009

1. A larger dose of toxin is necessary to kill a guinea-pig of the same weight in summer than in winter.2. The rate of growth of guinea-pigs is more rapid in the summer months.3. The weights of guinea-pigs are least affected by lethal doses in summer.4. For guinea-pigs of the same weight the fatal dose increases with the age.
On the Paratyphoid Group of Bacilli
Authors: Bainbridge F. A. , O'brien R. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. The term “paratyphoid group of bacilli” has been confined in the present enquiry to those strains which in their cultural characters and agglutination reactions are indistinguishable from B. suipestifer and B. paratyphosus (B). B. enteritidis Gaertner and B. paratyphosus (A) are excluded.2. The strains of bacilli belonging to the “paratyphoid” group can be separated into two classes by means of the absorption method, namely one group identical with recognised, standard strains of B. suipestifer and one identical with standard strains of B. paratyphosus (B); and we regard these two bacilli as separate organisms.3. In our experience, B. suipestifer has been found only in food or in outbreaks of acute illness attributable to food-poisoning, whereas B. paratyphosus (B) has been found in cases of paratyphoid fever or in persistent paratyphoid “carriers.”.4. We are disposed to put forward the suggestion indicated by these observations, that these two organisms have a different distribution in nature, the normal habitat of B. suipestifer being the alimentary canal of the pig (and other animals) and of food derived from such animals, whereas the normal habitat of B. paratyphosus (B) is the human alimentary tract (including the gall-bladder).5. The examination of cultures from the faeces and urine of 300 typhoid convalescents was completely negative, neither B. suipestifer nor B. paratyphosus (B) being obtained. These observations confirm those of other writers, and, apart from carrier cases, the occurrence of B. paratyphosus (B) in healthy human beings appears to be unknown in this country.Our thanks are due to Drs Fisher, Trautmann, Uhlenhuth, Williams, Rommeler, Prigge, Schern, Friedrichs, Savage and Fowler, who have very kindly supplied us with strains of bacilli for investigation.
The Influence of the Culture Medium on the Germination of Anthrax Spores, with special references to disinfection experiments
Authors: Hewlett R. Tanner , Hall G. Norman 
Published: May 2009

The foregoing experiments conclusively show that a broth medium is quite unsuitable as a test culture medium to determine the vitality of anthrax spores in disinfection experiments, whereas agar is a suitable and delicate medium for the purpose, even when considerable traces of the disinfectant are carried over with the inoculation.The reason for this inefficiency of broth is not obvious. We thought that it might be due to the absence of bacillar forms in the sporing material, but the emulsion of spores heated to 80°C. for 15 minutes and then inoculated directly into broth gave good growths.Absence of oxygen might be another factor, but the results were the same when splinters of sterilised wood infected with anthrax spores were treated. The wood floated on the surface of the broth and so was subjected to a free supply of oxygen, yet no growths were obtained in broth when the splinters were soaked in the disinfectants, while good growths were obtained on agar. The control splinters gave good growths in broth. It may be that the anthrax spores are partially de-vitalised by the action of the disinfectant and that in this condition broth is a comparatively unsuitable culture medium for them. Prolonging the time of incubation of the broth cultures up to 10 or 14 days makes no difference. If a culture in broth shows no growth in 48 hours, a growth hardly ever appears with more prolonged incubation. Nor is this superiority of agar over broth as a culture medium confined to the emulsified disinfectants employed in these experiments, for similar results have been obtained with phenol, and with formaldehyde, the latter both in the fluid (formalin), and in the gaseous, conditions.
The Variation in the Mortality from Cancer of different Parts of the Body in Groups of Men of Different Social Status
Authors: Young Matthew 
Published: May 2009

This paper is the result of an attempt to determine if, in the different social classes obtained by a grading of a large section of the male working population of England and Wales for the triennial period 1910–12, as described by the Registrar-General in the Supplement to his 75th Annual Report, there was shown any special susceptibility to cancer in particular parts of the body. From a comparison of the standardised mortality-rates from cancer in 16 different sites in (1) men of three social grades, namely, the upper and middle classes, skilled workmen and unskilled workmen, (2) two sub-groups of the upper and middle classes and (3) men of two social classes, a higher and a lower intermediate to classes 1 and 3 and 3 and 5 respectively, it seems reasonable to draw the following conclusions:1. The mortality-rates from cancer in the majority of the parts of the body considered, including amongst others the tongue, oesophagus and stomach, which altogether account for 92 per cent, of the total deaths, are definitely higher in the men of lowest social status; the incidence decreases, though not always regularly, with ascent in the social scale.2. The mortality from cancer in other parts of the body, namely, the bowel, the prostate and probably the pancreas, is definitely highest, however, in men of the best social status.3. Though the relatively high cancer mortality-rates in these sites in the best social class may probably be attributed in some measure, which it is difficult or impossible to assess, to improved facilities for, and methods of diagnosis in this class, as compared with those in the lowest classes, this cannot be the whole explanation as the differences are considerable and as no increased mortality from cancer is evident in any of the sites except the pancreas with such an ascent in the social scale as takes place in passing from social group 1 b, to social group 1 a, where the influence of more skilful diagnosis might also be expected to reveal itself. If we may accept the mortality from hepatic cancer in the different social classes as an approximate index of the general accuracy of diagnosis of malignant disease therein, then varying accuracy of diagnosis can have little influence in producing the divergencies in mortality from cancer in these special sites that are found in the social groups under review.4. The excessive mortality from cancer of the bowel amongst males of the best social class cannot reasonably be ascribed to their habits of life such as high-feeding and easy-living or to their alleged greater liability to autointoxication. If this were so, cancer of the stomach and cancer of the rectum might also be expected to show a higher incidence in the same social class; the mortality-rates from cancer in these sites, however, are not higher in this class than in the lower social classes.
The Study of Epidemic Diseases Among Wild Animals
Authors: Elton Charles 
Published: May 2009

1. Outbreaks of epidemic disease are common in populations of wild animals, including species little influenced by contact with the diseases of human beings or domestic animals.2. Such epidemics form one of the commonest factors responsible for fluctuations in numbers of wild mammals.3. An attempt is made to summarise the available published records of such epidemics (Section II), while certain unpublished records (communicated to me by naturalists) are contained in an Appendix.4. Little is known of the causes of these epidemics except in the cases of plague and tularaemia.5. The fluctuations in numbers of some wild mammal populations are sufficiently regular to make the forecasting of epidemics possible. This method is already applicable to wild mice.6. Mouse periodicities are discussed in detail, with special reference to epidemics and their causes, which are mainly obscure (Section III).7. Development of the forecasting methods described will make possible the prediction of many other wild mammal epidemics, and render intensive pathological and epidemiological studies more practicable than they have hitherto been.
Some Observations on the Immunity and Disability Caused by Vaccinia
Authors: Dudley Sheldon F. , May Percival M. 
Published: May 2009

1. In a group of boys, revaccinated 12 years after primary vaccination in infancy, 37 per cent, gave “immune” reactions to vaccine virus.2. Immune reactions were more than twice as common in those boys with two or more old vaccination scars than those with one.3. When the number of scars was held constant there was no tendency for groups with large scars to be more immune than those with small scars.4. The average area of a single old scar was smaller in the “immunes” than in the rest of the group.5. The substitution of a vaccination technique consisting of one insertion of lymph with a minimum of trauma, for two or three insertions by “crosshatched” scarifications was followed by nearly a threefold fall in the recorded vaccinia morbidity, and a halving of the number of days' sickness attributed to vaccinia.
The Effects of Excessive Intake of Magnesium by the Rat; Especially concerning the Factors Relating to the Production of Renal Calculi
Authors: Watchorn Elsie 
Published: May 2009

1. Rats taken from mixed stock diet and fed synthetic diet containing an excess of magnesium carbonate developed urinary calculi in a large number of cases.2. The incidence of calculi was much higher in the females.3. Addition of excess of calcium carbonate to the diet prevented the formation of calculi.4. Rats previously fed for a short time on the synthetic diet and normal salt mixture did not develop calculi, but suffered from severe catharsis.5. Rats on mixed stock diet had a more acid caecum and colon than those on synthetic diet.6. No significant alterations were found in the Ca, Mg or inorganic P of the blood on any of the diets.7. Extra magnesium, or calcium, or sodium carbonate lowered the urinary phosphate excretion.8. Extra magnesium or calcium had little effect upon the urinary excretion of the other, but tended in each case to lower the output.9. Changes in the sex organs brought about by excessive intake of magnesium are described.The writer wishes to thank Miss V. E. Leader for her watchful care of the rats.
The Spermicidal Powers of Chemical Contraceptives. IV. More Pure Substances
Authors: Baker John R. 
Published: May 2009

1. In the list showing all substances yet tested in the order of their spermicidal powers, the first four substances are all quinones.2. In the dihydroxybenzenes and their derivatives, the para-position of the two hydroxyl groups confers high spermicidal powers.3. In the trihydroxybenzenes and their derivatives, the para-position of two of the three hydroxyl groups confers high spermicidal powers.4. The introduction of a methyl group into quinones and into the di- and trihydroxybenzenes in certain positions increases the spermicidal power.5. In the hydroxybenzaldehydes and their derivatives, the ortho-position of the hydroxyl and aldehyde groups confers high spermicidal powers.6. Among the substances so far tested which may be found to be of practical use are orbhovanillin and methoxytoluquinone. These are highly spermicidal, sufficiently soluble and stable in solution. It remains to be seen whether they are harmless to the vagina.
Latent Infection withC. diphtheriaein Association with Bacterial Experience and Schick Immunity
Authors: Dudley Sheldon F. 
Published: May 2009

In a semi-closed institution, Greenwich Hospital School:1. There was no constant relation between the prevalence of cases and carriers of virulent, or avirulent, diphtheria bacilli.2. Carrier rates showed a seasonal periodicity with a maximum in the autumn and a minimum in the winter school term.3. High rates for carriers of virulent bacilli were found in the absence of clinical diphtheria and presence of numerous Schick susceptibles.4. As much as 40 per cent. of a random sample of healthy boys, none of whom contracted diphtheria, were discovered to harbour diphtheria bacilli (M.D.)1within 1 year, during which the average carrier rate in the sample was 6·8 per cent.5. The carrier rate for avirulent diphtheria bacilli, among boys recently infected with virulent, was three times the expected rate.6. The carrier rate for virulent diphtheria bacilli, among boys recently infected with avirulent, was no higher than the expected rate.7. The frequency of avirulent diphtheria bacilli infections was twice as great among Schick susceptibles as among Schick immunes.8. Carriers of virulent bacilli (with five exceptions) were always found to have Schick-negative reactions, in spite of their being more frequent among the junior members of the institution.9. Carriers of avirulent diphtheria bacilli were as common among the senior as the juniorSchick-immunemembers of the school.10. Carriers of avirulent bacilli were less frequently found in those Schick-susceptible members of the community who were most quickly immunised by artificial diphtheria antigens.11. The hypothesis that, when a Schick susceptible is infected with virulent diphtheria bacilli, the latter often acquire avirulence, could satisfactorily explain many anomalies in the distribution of latent infection with diphtheria bacilli and Schick immunity.[Since this article went to press I have received a reprint from A. Garrido-Morales and 0. Costa (“ The Mechanism of Natural Immunity to Diphtheria,”Amer. J. Hyg. (1931),14, 89), who describe the distribution of diphtheria carrier infection and Schick immunity in a school at San Juan, Porto Rico. In the main their results parallel those obtained at G.H.S. The most important difference between the tropical and G.H.S. observations was found in a sample of children, who were Schick tested and swabbed synchronously, in which the frequency of virulent carrier infections was greater among Schick susceptibles than Schick immunes. (However, only 9 T.C.D. infections were found among 642 children, but 5 of these were discovered among the 194 Schick susceptibles in this group.)—S. F. D.]
Streptococcus Mucosus Lyticus
Authors: Dudgeon Leonard S. , Derry D. C. L. 
Published: May 2009

1. Seven strains of Strept. mucosus are described which have the following characteristics: large “mucous” colonies on serum agar and other media referred to in the text, with a subsequent particular form of lysis; no growth occurred on gelatin at 22° C., although the organisms were still viable on this medium after 10 days at this temperature; inulin was fermented and milk acidified without any clot formation; the organisms were only partially soluble in bile.2. All our strains were isolated from patients suffering from acute infections of the respiratory tract.3. Inflammatory and suppurative lesions were produced in rabbits and guinea-pigs by inoculation of the live organisms.4. Vaccines may prove highly toxic when injected subcutaneously even in small doses into patients suffering from these infections.5. Immune sera containing precipitins were formed in rabbits inoculated with the live organisms, but not when filtered toxins or dead cultures were employed.6. Precipitin antigens were obtained by high-speed centrifugalisation of serum-broth cultures until the supernatant fluid was glass clear, and from centrifugalised suspensions in saline from egg cultures, but after filtration of the cultures through a Seitz filter or Berkefeld V candle the filtrates were inert.
The Estimation of Proteins by the Precipitation Reaction
Authors: Taylor G. L. , Adair G. S. , Adair Muriel E. 
Published: May 2009

1. The amount of crystallisable albumin in egg-white and the amount of total globulin in horse serum have been estimated by means of the precipitation reaction. The results are in good agreement with those obtained by other methods.2. For such estimations it appears advisable to use only antisera prepared against individual proteins.3. A description of the manufacture and the characteristics of the pure proteins used is appended.
A Simple Blood Tellurite Medium for the Isolation of C. Diphtheriae
Authors: Horgan E. S. , Marshall Alex. 
Published: May 2009

1. A simple blood-tellurite medium has been described which is absolutely selective for C. diphtheriae and the diphtheroids. In many cases diagnosis at sight of the colonies is possible after 24 hours' incubation. The medium is especially useful for the isolation of carriers when diphtheria bacilli are present in very scanty numbers.2. The existence of two main types of C. diphtheriae has been confirmed.
An Organism resembling the Newcastle Type of Dysentery Bacillus associated with Cases of Dysentery
Authors: Downie A. W. , Wade E. , Young J. A. 
Published: May 2009

Six strains of an organism associated with and apparently etiologically related to clinical cases of dysentery have been described. Five of these strains were isolated from cases in a town in Lancashire and the other from a case in Nigeria.These strains seem to be identical with the Newcastle dysentery bacillus described by Clayton and Warren except for the apparently constant difference in the action on mannite. Their relationship to the Flexner group of dysentery bacilli has been discussed.
The Nature of Antibodies
Authors: Eastwood Arthur 
Published: May 2009

It is best to begin with antibodies which conform to their original definition as new serological properties attributable to an antigenic stimulus.Their origin is still disputed. They are often regarded as cellular secretions due to adsorption or ingestion of antigen. For my part, I consider that they are formed in the plasma by filtration through capillary endothelium which has adsorbed antigen.The precise specificity which characterises many antibodies is difficult to explain. I have suggested that it may be due to an interplay of reactions between the dextro- and laevo-rotatory forms of particular combining affinities.But antibodies are not always the exact counterparts of their antigens. I have discussed some of the possible reasons why animal idiosyncrasies may be responsible for irregular results. A defective yield may also be due to the antigen, which may be present in a masked condition.It is often taken for granted that the characters of the antibodies found in the serum of an actively immunised animal are identical with those actually present in the animal's circulation. I have given reasons for thinking that this assumption is frequently erroneous.Coming now to the more elastic conceptions of “antibodies,” which relate to properties not attributable to an antigenic stimulus, the part played by alexin in the circulation of the normal animal has first to be considered. It is not a distinctive chemical entity, nor is it simply a chemico-physical condition of the plasma; it is a complex of chemical and physical factors which defy analysis. The dual mechanism represented in vitro between alexin and “immune body” does not afford a true picture of alexin's activities in vivo.The humoral factors in natural resistance are too complex to be regarded as a dual mechanism. The difference between susceptibility and resistance often depends on that precise sequence of events in the plasma's activities which is peculiar to the species or even to the individual.Acquired immunity is a reconstruction of the normal mechanism, with the emergence of a definitely new property. It is not simply the introduction of a new antibody but involves also utilisation, with readjustment, of the complex biological conditions normally present. As a result of the antigenic stimulus: (1) antibodies may be formed which are the precise mirrors of their antigens; (2) by a similar but less precise mechanism, antibodies may arise which are not the exact counterpart of any particular antigen; (3) the antigenic stimulus may lead to complex humoral changes which are not identifiable as antibodies.Current opinions on immunological principles, as expressed by well known authorities, exhibit divergencies which cannot be satisfactorily reconciled with each other. There is, however, general recognition that the present status of knowledge is highly deficient. Though the time is not yet ripe for anything like a finally satisfactory reconstruction of these principles, efforts in this direction are needed, with readjustment of the old ideas by the aid of hypotheses about what is going on in the living body.