bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A CONTINGENCY FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION‐MAKING:
Authors: Yoder Diane E. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis article explores a contingency framework for environmental decisionmaking. This framework suggests when environmental decision‐makers will use certain decision‐making processes by arguing that the process used is contingent on the type of environmental problem confronted and the attributes of the decision being made. I examine environmental decision‐making from two points. First, in the policy and organizational behavior literatures, a shortage of decision typologies exists. Thus, the article suggests a general typology of decision‐making based on dichotomized categories, e.g., short‐term versus long‐term decisions, decisions made under certainty versus uncertainty, new versus redressed decisions. Second, I suggest a general classification of environmental problems and describe their characteristics. The two typologies are superimposed and predictions made for when certain decision processes will be used. By categorizing decision types and process conditions, one can suggest what processes best suit which decisions and offer suggestions for improving policy outcomes.
INTERNET FACILITATED OPEN MODELING:
Authors: Felleman John 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAdaptive Management is emerging as an important decision making approach for achieving sustainable environments. To be successful however, it requires the effective integration of ongoing systems modeling and participatory democracy. Information technologies hold great promise for supporting the knowledge access and multiparty communications necessary for effective adaptive management discourse. Open Modeling (OM), an integrated set of Internet‐facilitated dialog and analysis tools, is seen as the keystone of this enterprise. There is currently no federal or state policy which addresses OM. A preliminary OM classification scheme, and the major components of a robust OM System are identified. These can provide the framework for future policy analysis.
REINVENTING GOVERNMENT AND RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION:
Authors: Sych Lawrence 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIs the public sector really reinventing itself? Public transportation is a good test because it is highly sensitive to the reinventing government movement now so prominent on our policy agendas. This analysis develops prescriptively useful policy insights from five rural Michigan cases of reinventing local public transportation. The analysis finds that taskforce recommendations are modest attempts at reinvention. Significant change involving interorganizational coordination in a complex service such as public transportation is difficult to bring about. This difficulty is attributed to lack of goal consensus and resource instability. Local policy entrepreneurs, however, possess many more opportunities for promoting reinvention.
POLICY GOALS FOR EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND UNDERGRADUATE RETENTION:
Authors: Moller‐Wong Cheryl , Shelley Mack C. , Ebbers Larry H. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe warnings of declining education infrastructure offered by the National Commission on Excellence in Education in 1983 and the proposals for revitalizing education provided in national policy initiatives such as Goals 2000 provide powerful arguments for the systematic study of undergraduate retention and graduation. This article develops a system to monitor and facilitate institutional decisionmaking designed to improve student success and reduce attrition. The methodology may serve as a prototype to be adopted by colleges or universities across the country and help to inform national education planning and policymaking.
THE STATE SOCIALIST WELFARE SYSTEM and the POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PUBLIC HOUSING REFORM IN URBAN CHINA
Authors: Gu Edward X. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis aticle analyses China's housing reform against the background that a new housing policy has been implemented since 1988. The crucial point of the 1998 housing policy package is to stop the allocation system of state‐subsidized public housing. By changing this rule of the game, a major institutional obstacle to housing reform will be removed, and some unfeasible policy measures become feasible within the new institutional context.
Agenda Setting and the Blogosphere: An Analysis of the Relationship between Mainstream Media and Political Blogs
Authors: Wallsten Kevin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper asks: what is the relationship between the mainstream media and blog agendas? To be more precise, this paper tracks media coverage and blog discussion of 35 issues during the 2004 presidential campaign to test the hypothesis that the mainstream media agenda exerts a substantial impact on the blog agenda against the increasingly popular hypothesis that the blog agenda exerts a strong influence on the mainstream media agenda. Using a computer‐assisted, quantitative content analysis of ten randomly selected A‐list political blogs and 50 randomly selected, less popular political blogs over the five‐month period from July 1 to November 30, 2004, the author finds that on the vast majority of issues there was a complex, bidirectional relationship between mainstream media coverage and blog discussion rather than a unidirectional media or blog agenda‐setting effect.
The Politics of Regulatory Change: National Forest Management Planning under Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush
Authors: Davis Charles 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper examines regulatory change from the William J. Clinton administration through the presidency of George W. Bush by focusing on their respective efforts to alter national forest planning procedures mandated by the National Forest Management Act of 1976 (NFMA). While rule making has become an important alternative pathway for making policy, the strategies used to develop a new rule may vary among presidents because of differing values and management styles. Both presidents were adept at framing the planning regulation to reflect dominant values such as preserving ecosystems (Clinton) or administrative efficiency (Bush). Between‐administration differences in regulatory tactics also tended to alter the relative importance of institutional venues and, by extension, the influence exercised by differing political constituencies.
Photosensitivity to lomefloxacin. A clinical and photobiological study
Authors: Oliveira H. S. , Gonçalo M. , Figueiredo A. C. 
Published: September 2010

Photosensitivity is an uncommon but characteristic side effect of quinolones, with a variable incidence for the different drugs. Several cases, considered either phototoxic or photoallergic, have been described with lomefloxacin use.During the last 4 years we studied 8 patients (mean age 69.4 years) with eczematous or acute sunburn‐like lesions in photo‐exposed areas, after taking lomefloxacin for a period of one week to several months. After drug withdrawal and systemic and/or topical corticosteroids, lesions cleared within one week to two months, with dischromia in one patient.Six to eight weeks thereafter, a photobiological study was performed. Minimal erythema dose (MED) for UVA and UVB were normal and photopatch tests with lomefloxacin, ofloxacin, ciproflaxacin and norfloxacin, tested at 1%, 5% and 10% in petrolatum and irradiated with 5 and 10 J/cm2 UVA were negative in 7 patients and 20 controls. Patient 1 had a positive photopatch test with lomefloxacin. One patient, who inadvertently reintroduced the drug before photopatch testing, developed a sharply limited erythematous reaction at 48 h in all irradiated areas, without aggravation at the sites of the quinolones patches.Our patients illustrate the polymorphism of clinical photosensitivity to lomefloxacin and represent the largest series in which photobiological studies have been performed. As in previous reports there are arguments favouring photoallergy, but phototoxicity appears to be the main mechanism of photosensitivity to quinolones, particularly in older patients with concomitant diseases and long‐term use of the drug.
Effect of photoreactivating light on UV radiation‐induced alterations in human skin
Authors: Whitmore S. E. , Potten C. S. , Chadwick C. A. , Strickland P. T. , Morison W. L. 
Published: September 2010

Background/Aims: Photoreactivating light (PRL) after ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure causes photoreversal of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers through the activation of photolyase. Although photoreversal has been demonstrated in the ‘three kingdoms of life,’ its existence in man remains controversial. We sought evidence for photoreversal in man.Methods and Results:Seven subjects were spot‐irradiated at two sites with 4 minimal erythema doses (MED) of solar‐simulating UVR. Of the two sites, one was then immediately exposed to a PRL source. Epidermal biopsies were taken immediately after exposure. No significant difference in the quantity of pyrimidine dimers was detected comparing the ‘UVR only’ site to the ‘UVR, PRL‐exposed’ site. Biopsies were repeated 24 h later and no significant difference in p53 protein expression or dendritic cell number was detected. However, the ‘UVR, PRL‐exposed’ site showed a greater reduction in pyrimidine dimer quantity.Conclusions: We found no evidence for a direct effect of PRL causing photoreversal of UVR‐induced pyrimidine dimers in man. Our results do, however, suggest that some indirect effect of PRL may enhance pyrimidine dimer repair in the 24‐h period following UVR exposure.
Solar UVR exposures of indoor workers in a Working and a Holiday Period assessed by personal dosimeters and sun exposure diaries
Authors: Thieden E. , Ågren M. S. , Wulf H. C. 
Published: September 2010

Background/Aim: The aim of this study was to quantify ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure of fully employed indoor workers during a Working Period and a Holiday Period in the summer months. A further aim was to investigate the correlation between individual personal UVR dosimeter reading and self‐reported data in a diary about sun exposure habits and to investigate whether skin type, age and gender influence sun exposure.Methods: The solar UVR, in standard erythema doses (SED) measured by UV sensitive spore‐film filter type personal dosimeters (VioSpor®), and sun exposure diaries were compared. The study included 44 healthy Danish adult indoor workers during a Working Period of a mean of 13 days and a Holiday Period of a mean of 17 days from June to September.Results: The individual total UVR exposure correlated significantly (P<0.001) in both the Holiday and Working Periods with individual total hours spent outdoors from 07:00 to 19:00 and with skin area exposure hours. There was no significant correlation between sun exposure dose and gender, age or skin type I‐IV, or between the individual solar exposure dose in the Working and the Holiday Period. However, subjects with UVR exposures in the upper quartile spent their Holiday Period in Southern Europe, and/or had been more than the mean time outdoors at the beach/sea and/or between 12:00 and 15:00. Subjects with UVR exposure in the lower quartiles spent their holidays in Denmark or Northern Europe and did not stay at the beach at all. They received an average solar UVR dose which was 22% of ambient in Denmark in the same period while subjects having their holidays in Southern Europe received as much as 90% of the ambient dose in Denmark.Conclusions: Despite information campaigns to avoid the midday sun, on average 35% of the recorded hours outdoors were spent between 12:00 and 15:00 in the Holiday Period. Total hours outdoors give the best estimate of the total sun exposure dose. Registration in a diary of total hours outdoors and whether the Holiday Period was in Northern or Southern Europe can be used to predict the solar exposure dose in a Holiday Period of a few weeks.
Total body exposure to ultraviolet radiation does not influence plasma levels of immunoreactive β‐endorphin in man
Authors: Wintzen Marjolein , Ostijn Dagmar M. J. D. , Polderman Marloes C. A. , Le Cessie Saskia , Burbach J. Peter H. , Vermeer Bert Jan 
Published: September 2010

Background/Aims: A growing number of reports support evidence of proopiomelanocortin (POMC)‐derived peptides in human skin cells, although not consistently. Also the effect of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on cutaneous and plasma levels of these POMC peptides has not been established unequivocally. We hypothesized that production of β‐endorphin (βE) may explain the sense of well‐being many people experience when sun‐bathing. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether exposure of the skin to UVR elevates plasma βE.Method: Healthy volunteers (n=26) received a single, weighted dose of 15 J/cm2 of UVA. Several times during the hour following irradiation, plasma βE‐ immunoreactivity (βE‐IR) was determined by radioimmunoassay. The effect of repeated exposure wasassessed in 35 patients treated with UVB, UVA, or UVA‐1. Plasma ACTH‐IR was monitored in parallel.Results: Overall, plasma levels of βE‐IR and ACTH‐IR showed no significant changes during the experiment, indicating that these peptides are not influenced by single or repeated exposures to UVR of different wavelengths.Conclusion: On the basis of these results, the skin does not appear to contribute significantly to the levels of circulating βE or ACTH. These data offer no support for the hypothesis that exposure to UVR leads to an increased concentration of circulating βE, which could contribute to the feeling of well‐being that often accompanies sun‐bathing.
Sunscreen standards tested with differently filtered solar simulators
Authors: Sayre Robert M. , Stanfield Joseph , Bush Andrew J. , Lott Dennis L. 
Published: September 2010

Background: The COLIPA standard for solar simulators permits a range of spectral filtration. Published studies comparing the SPFs of sunscreen formulas show that a range of SPFs is generally expected between laboratories. Specifically, three studies determining the SPFs of sunscreen standards have been performed in a series of laboratories and differences exceeding 50% have been reported. No studies to date have specifically examined potential differences in performance of Standard Sunscreen Test Formulas with varying solar simulator spectra within the permitted range of optical filtration.Methods: In a paired clinical trial, two SPF standard sunscreen formulas were tested using two solar simulators that complied with the COLIPA standard for solar simulators but were filtered differently. One solar simulator was filtered as supplied by the manufacturer and delivered a high percentage of UVB; the other solar simulator was modified by removing the visible absorbing filter to deliver energy more closely resembling sunlight in the UVA‐1 part of the spectrum, with a lower percentage of UVB.Results and Conclusion: The result was that the SPF of each standard sunscreen was almost 50% greater with the unmodified solar simulator than with the modified solar simulator. In vitro evaluation of the sunscreen standards predicted similar differences due to the spectral differences of the solar simulators, which appears to rule out reciprocity failure. However, reciprocity failure of the control MEDs was observed. The total intensity of the modified lamp was approximately 3 times that of the unmodified lamp.
Monochromatic excimer light (308 nm) in the treatment of prurigo nodularis
Authors: Saraceno Rosita , Nisticò Steven P. , Capriotti Elisabetta , De Felice Catia , Rhodes Lesley E. , Chimenti Sergio 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThree hundred and eight nanometre excimer light has been reported to be safe and effective in the treatment of chronic skin diseases, but the range of potential applications has not been fully explored. Our objective was to assess the efficacy of monochromatic excimer light (MEL) in the treatment of prurigo nodularis (PN). Eleven patients were enrolled in this pilot study. Patients were treated weekly and an average of eight sessions of MEL was given. Follow‐up was 4 months. Partial or complete clinical and histological remission was observed in all patients who completed the study (81%).
Clinical effect of vitamin D3 analogues is not inactivated by subsequent UV exposure
Authors: Adachi Yuka , Uchida Naoko , Matsuo Tomoo , Horio Takeshi 
Published: September 2010

SummaryBackground: Combining phototherapy with topical vitamin D3 analogues is a useful therapy for the treatment of psoriasis by reducing the cumulative UV dose required for clearance of lesions. Experimental investigations demonstrated that calcipotriol is degraded by UV radiation, and suggested that calcipotriol should be applied after phototherapy but not immediately before.Methods: Calcipotriol or maxacalcitol ointment was topically applied to psoriatic plaques of six patients immediately before or after phototherapy on the right or left side of the body, respectively.Results: Topical application of vitamin D3 analogues either before or after irradiation by psoralen and UVA radiation (PUVA) or narrow‐band (NB)‐UVB showed exactly similar effects in all patients.Conclusion: Therapeutic effects of vitamin D3 analogues are not clinically inactivated by subsequent irradiation with PUVA or NB‐UVB phototherapy.
Efficacy of UVA1 phototherapy in 230 patients with various skin diseases
Authors: Rombold S. , Lobisch K. , Katzer K. , Grazziotin T. C. , Ring J. , Eberlein B. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryObjective: Investigation of the efficacy of ultraviolet (UV) A1 phototherapy on atopic eczema, scleroderma, granuloma annulare, urticaria pigmentosa, prurigo nodularis, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, T‐cell lymphoma, keratosis lichenoides chronica, chronic urticaria and some rare, sclerosing skin diseases.Methods: The data of 230 patients treated with low‐dose, medium‐dose and high‐dose UVA1 therapy during 6 years were retrospectively analysed. The mean single dose (J/cm2), the mean number of irradiations and the mean total dose (J/cm2) were evaluated. The efficacy of phototherapy was assessed by a grading scale and the number of patients was given in percentage for each group.Results: Good therapeutic effects of UVA1 therapy were shown in patients with atopic eczema, scleroderma, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, keratosis lichenoides chronica, prurigo nodularis and with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Positive effects in some patients were seen in the urticaria pigmentosa and granuloma annulare group, no change to slight improvement was seen in most of the patients with rare, sclerosing skin diseases and no effect was seen in the chronic urticaria group.Conclusion: Besides topical and systemic therapy, UVA1 radiation is a good option of treatment in various skin diseases. It is one of the first‐line treatments for several sclerotic diseases and it often improves pruritus considerably.
Hypocotyls of Lepidium meyenii (maca), a plant of the Peruvian highlands, prevent ultraviolet A‐, B‐, and C‐induced skin damage in rats
Authors: Gonzales‐Castañeda Cynthia , Gonzales Gustavo F. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryBackground: Lepidium meyenii (maca) is a plant that grows exclusively in the Peruvian Central Andes, where ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is predominant.Objective: Determine if two extracts of maca can provide dermal protection against UVR.Methods: We have administered two maca extracts (0.13 mg/ml), one obtained after boiling and the other without boiling, on the dorsal surface of male Holtzman rats exposed to UVC radiation once a week during 3 consecutive weeks. A dose–response effect of an aqueous extract of maca after a boiling process under exposure of rats to UVA, UVB, or UVC was also studied. A commercial sunscreen was used as a positive control.Results: UVR caused significant increase in skin epidermal thickness. The epidermal height in animals treated with maca was similar to those who did not receive UVR. The aqueous extract of maca after a boiling process had better effect than maca extract without a boiling process. A dose–response effect was observed with increasing doses of aqueous extract of maca after a boiling process. Maca extract had benzyl glucosinolates and polyphenols.Conclusions: Maca extracts protect the skin of rats against UV irradiations and can be suggested as an alternative means of solar protection.
Narrowband ultraviolet B radiation suppresses contact hypersensitivity
Authors: Shintani Yoichi , Yasuda Yoko , Kobayashi Keiko , Maeda Akira , Morita Akimichi 
Published: September 2010

SummaryBackground/purpose: A main mechanism responsible for the efficacy of narrowband ultraviolet (UV)B is thought to be the induction of apoptosis in pathogenetically relevant cells. Narrowband UVB therapy, however, generally induces a relatively long remission period. Recently, evidence that UVB radiation induces regulatory T (Treg) cells was reported. Based on these findings, we examined whether narrowband UVB suppresses contact hypersensitivity (CHS) by inducing Treg cells.Methods: The shaved abdomens of C3H/HeN mice were irradiated with broadband or narrowband UVB. CHS was defined as an ear‐swelling response. To examine whether tolerance can be induced by adoptive transfer, lymph node cells from UVB‐irradiated mice were injected into naïve mice before sensitization and CHS challenge.Results: Narrowband UVB exposure dose dependently suppressed CHS. Significant suppression was observed at doses between 1000 and 3000 mJ/cm2 (P<0.05). The suppressive effect achieved with 1000 mJ/cm2 narrowband UVB was very similar to the effect achieved with 100 mJ/cm2 broadband UVB. The suppressive effects on CHS were transferred to naïve mice by the injection of lymph node cells from tolerant mice.Conclusion: Narrowband UVB induced local and systemic suppression of CHS. In addition, narrowband UVB induces tolerance to CHS and the suppressive effects were transferable to naïve mice.
A comparative study of different treatment frequencies of psoralen and ultraviolet A in psoriatic patients with darker skin types (randomized‐controlled study)
Authors: El‐Mofty Medhat , El Weshahy Hany , Youssef Randa , Abdel‐Halim Mona , Mashaly Heba , El Hawary Marwa 
Published: September 2010

SummaryBackground: Photochemotherapy psoralen and ultraviolet A (PUVA) is a viable option for treatment of psoriasis. However, concerns about its side effects have raised the need to change current PUVA protocols. The aim of this study is to determine whether reducing the treatment frequency of PUVA to twice/week instead of three times/week would affect the efficacy of PUVA therapy.Patients and methods: The study included 20 psoriatic patients, randomized into two groups, 10 patients in each group. The first group received two weekly sessions, the second group received three. The study lasted until complete clearance or for 12 weeks (endpoint). Psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score was done prior to therapy, at mid therapy and at end of therapy (PASI final).Results: No significant different in PASI final and in the percentage of reduction of PASI score between both groups (P value >0.05) was found. However, a significant difference in the total number of sessions and the total cumulative UVA doses between both groups was found (P value <0.001).Conclusion: Our study suggests reducing PUVA frequency and the cumulative UVA dose does not compromise the efficacy of PUVA, but it may improve its benefit/risk ratio.Restrictions: Few number of cases.
Local anesthesia in dermatology
Authors: Wetzig Tino , Averbeck Marco , Simon Jan C. , Kendler Michael 
Published: September 2010

SummaryLocal and regional anesthetic procedures are an integral part of daily dermatological practice. Safe and effective analgesia in skin and soft tissues is crucial for otherwise painful diagnostic or therapeutic interventions. Tumescent local anesthesia allows for pain‐free interventions that previously had to be done by using general anesthesia. Older patients with multiple co‐morbidities are especially suited for local anesthetic procedures, because they may significantly reduce surgical risks. For dermatologists, the knowledge of mode of action and toxicity of local anesthetics, as well as the emergency management of their potential complications, is essential.