bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parapatric diversification after post‐glacial range expansion in the gall flyUrophora cardui(Tephritidae)
Authors: Johannesen Jes , Drüeke Uta , Seitz Alfred 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAim Primary and secondary genetic clines in post‐glacial colonized regions have different implications for biogeographic distributions and the origin of species. Primary clines arisein situafter colonization as adaptive responses to environmental gradients, while secondary clines are caused by contact between vicariant lineages. Here we analyse primary versus secondary origin of a genetic cline in the tephritid flyUrophora carduiin Jutland, Denmark, in a post‐glacial landscape.Location Western Palaearctic.Methods Phylogeographic and demographic analyses ofU. carduibased on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genealogies, hierarchical genetic variance tests based on allozymes and distribution analysis of a rare allele from the Jutland cline.Results There was no phylogeographic divergence between the Jutland population ofU. carduinorth of the cline and neighbouring western European regional populations, which all shared the common western European mtDNA haplotype H1. At nuclear loci, by contrast, the North Jutland population was diverged above the mean level of divergence among regional populations and had no loss of genetic variation. A rare allozyme allele that was frequent in the cline area (up to 45%) and was missing north of the cline also occurred at low frequency (0–14%) elsewhere in the sampling range. Shallow phylogeographic divergence was observed between Russian and western European populations and between English and continental populations.Main conclusions The genetic variation patterns support primary cline evolution and parapatric divergence in Jutland following a demographic expansion of a western European ancestral source population ofU. cardui, and suggest cryptic refugia and/or selection in other European population assemblages. The patterns of intra‐specific regional divergence are discussed with respect to the interpretation of cryptic refugia in Europe after the most recent ice age.
Modern analogues from the Southern Urals provide insights into biodiversity change in the early Holocene forests of Central Europe
Authors: Chytrý Milan , Danihelka Jiří , Horsák Michal , Kočí Martin , Kubešová Svatava , Lososová Zdeňka , Otýpková Zdenka , Tichý Lubomír , Martynenko Vasiliy B. , Baisheva El’vira Z. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAim  The diversity changes that occurred in Central European forests during the early Holocene can be better understood using ecological knowledge of modern analogues of these forests, which occur in far Eastern Europe. Here we compare the diversity of vascular plants, bryophytes and snails among different forest types of the Southern Urals to provide insights into the palaeoecology of the vanished Central European forests.Location  Southern Ural Mountains, Bashkortostan, Russia.Methods  We recorded all species of vascular plants, ground‐dwelling bryophytes and land snails, and measured biotic and abiotic variables, in 100‐m2 plots located in four forest types dominated by different trees: Pinus sylvestris–Larix sibirica, Betula pendula–Populus tremula, Quercus robur and Acer platanoides–Tilia cordata–Ulmus glabra. These types correspond to the chronosequence of forest communities that occurred in Central Europe in the early Holocene.Results  The species richness of herb‐layer plants was most affected by the canopy‐transmitted light. The former three forest types had open canopy and were rich in species, whereas the Acer–Tilia–Ulmus forests were darker and poor in species. The species richness of ground‐dwelling bryophytes decreased from coniferous to broad‐leaved deciduous forests. In contrast, the highest species richness of snails was in the Acer–Tilia–Ulmus forests owing to the higher calcium content in the litter of these trees.Main conclusions  Based on the modern analogue of the Southern Ural forests, we propose the hypothesis that the late‐glacial open‐canopy pine and larch forests of Central European lowlands were rich in light‐demanding species of vascular plants, many of which were also typical of tall‐grass steppes or mesic grasslands. They also contained several species of ground‐dwelling bryophytes. The spread of birch, aspen and oak in the early Holocene reduced the local species richness of ground‐dwelling bryophytes but not of vascular plants. The subsequent spread of elm, lime, maple and ash caused canopy closure, a retreat of the light‐demanding herbs and a decline in the local species richness of vascular plants. Besides the increased shading by these tree species, their litter enriched soils in calcium, and enhanced decomposition and nutrient cycling. This supported an increase in the species richness of land snails.
Bias and error in using survey records for ponderosa pine landscape restoration
Authors: Williams Mark A. , Baker William L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAim Public land survey records are commonly used to reconstruct historical forest structure over large landscapes. Reconstruction studies have been criticized for using absolute measures of forest attributes, such as density and basal area, because of potential selection bias by surveyors and unknown measurement error. Current methods to identify bias are based upon statistical techniques whose assumptions may be violated for survey data. Our goals were to identify and directly estimate common sources of bias and error, and to test the accuracy of statistical methods to identify them.Location Forests in the western USA: Mogollon Plateau, Arizona; Blue Mountains, Oregon; Front Range, Colorado.Methods We quantified both selection bias and measurement error for survey data in three ponderosa pine landscapes by directly comparing measurements of bearing trees in survey notes with remeasurements of bearing trees at survey corners (384 corners and 812 trees evaluated).Results Selection bias was low in all areas and there was little variability among surveyors. Surveyors selected the closest tree to the corner 95% to 98% of the time, and hence bias may have limited impacts on reconstruction studies. Bourdo’s methods were able to successfully detect presence or absence of bias most of the time, but do not measure the rate of bias. Recording and omission errors were common but highly variable among surveyors. Measurements for bearing trees made by surveyors were generally accurate. Most bearings were less than 5° in error and most distances were within 5% of our remeasurements. Many, but not all, surveyors in the western USA probably estimated diameter of bearing trees at stump height (0.3 m). These estimates deviated from reconstructed diameters by a mean absolute error of 7.0 to 10.6 cm.Main conclusions Direct comparison of survey data at relocated corners is the only method that can determine if bias and error are meaningful. Data from relocated trees show that biased selection of trees is not likely to be an important source of error. Many surveyor errors would have no impact on reconstruction studies, but omission errors have the potential to have a large impact on results. We suggest how to reduce potential errors through data screening.
Experimental design and taxonomic scope of fragmentation studies on European mammals: current status and future priorities
Authors: MORTELLITI Alessio , AMORI Giovanni , CAPIZZI Dario , RONDININI Carlo , BOITANI Luigi 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT

Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and habitat degradation are the greatest threats to mammals in Europe and the rest of the world. Despite the fact that extensive literature exists, no comprehensive review or synthesis is available to date and this may slow down scientific progress and hamper conservation efforts.
The goal of this study is to understand if and in what direction progress has been made in the study of the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on the spatial distribution of European terrestrial mammals. Firstly, we carry out a general synthesis which is structured around 11 key points. The aim of this point‐by‐point analysis is to identify trends, knowledge gaps and any significant bias in the available literature, and to highlight strengths and shortfalls of the different approaches which have to date been applied. Secondly, we follow a species‐specific systematic approach: for each species, we synthesise key results.
Our results show how substantial progress has been hampered for several reasons including: a large predominance of small‐scale field studies of short duration, and a generalised lack of control of: (i) confounding variables; (ii) spatial autocorrelation; and (iii) false absences. Also, despite the relatively high number of studies, few were theoretical studies and even fewer were meta‐analyses. The lack of meta‐analyses is likely to be due to the small amount of crucial details included in the publications, such as model parameters or information on the landscape context (such as the amount of residual forest cover).
We synthesise the main results for 14 species. The level of progress is highly variable: for some species, such as the red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris, a series of long‐term, large‐scale process‐oriented studies has allowed an in‐depth understanding of its ecology in fragmented landscapes. On the other hand, with other species such as the bank vole Myodes glareolus, despite a relatively large number of field studies, little progress has been made.
Control of effector export by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion proteins PcrG and PcrV
Authors: Lee Pei‐Chung , Stopford Charles M. , Svenson Amanda G. , Rietsch Arne 
Published: January 2010

Summary Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses a type III secretion system to inject protein effectors into a targeted host cell. Effector secretion is triggered by host cell contact. How effector secretion is prevented prior to cell contact is not well understood. In all secretion systems studied to date, the needle tip protein is required for controlling effector secretion, but the mechanism by which needle tip proteins control effector secretion is unclear. Here we present data that the P. aeruginosa needle tip protein, PcrV, controls effector secretion by assembling into a functional needle tip complex. PcrV likely does not simply obstruct the secretion channel because the pore‐forming translocator proteins can still be secreted while effector secretion is repressed. This finding suggests that PcrV controls effector secretion by affecting the conformation of the apparatus, shifting it from the default, effector secretion ‘on’ conformation, to the effector secretion ‘off’ conformation. We also present evidence that PcrG, which can bind to PcrV and is also involved in controlling effector export, is cytoplasmic and that the interaction between PcrG and PcrV is not required for effector secretion control by either protein. Taken together, these data allow us to propose a working model for control of effector secretion by PcrG and PcrV.
Comparison of the TBARS Assay and BODIPY C11 Probes for Assessing Lipid Peroxidation in Red Deer Spermatozoa
Authors: Domínguez‐Rebolledo ÁE , Martínez‐Pastor F , Fernández‐Santos MR , Del Olmo E , Bisbal A , Ros‐Santaella JL , Garde JJ 
Published: January 2010

ContentsSeveral methods are used to measure lipid peroxidation (LPO) in spermatozoa. The objective of this study was comparing the thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) method and the BODIPY 581/591 C11 (B581) and BODIPY 665/676 C11 (B665) fluorescent probes to measure induced peroxidative damage in thawed epididymal spermatozoa from Iberian red deer. Samples from three males were thawed, pooled, diluted in PBS, incubated at room temperature and assessed at 0, 3, 6 and 24 h under different experimental conditions: Control, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 0.1 mm or 1 mm, or tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBH) 0.1 mm or 1 mm. LPO was assessed by the TBARS assay [malondialdehyde (MDA) detection] and by the fluorescence probes B581 and B665 (microplate fluorimeter and flow cytometry). Increasing MDA levels were only detectable at 1 mm of TBH or H2O2. Both fluorescence probes, measured with fluorometer, detected significant increases of LPO with time in all treatments, except Control. Flow cytometry allowed for higher sensitivity, with both probes showing a significant linear relationship of increasing LPO with time for all oxidizing treatments (p < 0.001). All methods showed a good agreement, except TBARS, and flow cytometry showed the highest repeatability. Our results show that both B581 and B665 might be used for LPO analysis in Iberian red deer epididymal spermatozoa, together with fluorometry or flow cytometry. Yet, the TBARS method offered comparatively limited sensitivity, and further research must determine the source of that limitation.
A Wittgensteinian Solution to the Sorites
Authors: Ben‐Yami Hanoch 
Published: January 2010

AbstractI develop a solution to the Sorites Paradox, according to which a concatenation of valid arguments need not itself be valid. I specify which chains of valid arguments are those that do not preserve validity: those that pass the vague boundary between cases where the relevant concept applies and cases where that concept does not apply. I also develop various criticisms of this solution and show why they fail; basically, they all involve a petitio at some stage. I criticise the conviction that if every short argument in a long concatenated argument is valid, so is the long argument: it is, I argue, the result of an unjustified generalisation from the case of arguments that do not employ vague concepts (as in mathematics) to arguments that do employ them. My approach is Wittgensteinian in its “leaving everything as it is,” in its claiming that the “beginning” has been searched too far back (see paper's epigraph) and in its claim that the paradox was generated by a misapplication of a partial picture of the behaviour of arguments. I conclude my paper by comparing and contrasting my approach to the few precedents found in the vagueness literature and by answering a few additional objections that were raised there.
Functional interactions between 5‐HT2Aand presynaptic 5‐HT1Areceptor‐based responses in mice genetically deficient in the serotonin 5‐HT transporter (SERT)
Authors: Fox Meredith A , Stein Alison R , French Helen T , Murphy Dennis L 
Published: January 2010

Background and purpose: Despite decreased presynaptic 5‐HT1Aand altered 5‐HT2Areceptor function in genetically‐deficient serotonin (5‐HT) transporter (SERT) mice, the 5‐HT1Areceptor antagonist N‐[2‐[4‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)‐1‐piperazinyl]ethyl]‐N‐2‐pyridinylcyclohexanecarboxamide maleate salt (WAY 100635) still induced head twitches in these mice, a well‐established 5‐HT2Areceptor‐mediated response.Experimental approach: Interactions between 5‐HT1Aand 5‐HT2Areceptors were assessed using the head‐twitch response following 5‐HT1Aand 5‐HT2Areceptor agonists and antagonists in SERT wild‐type (+/+), heterozygous (+/−), and knockout (−/−) mice. The role of brain 5‐HT availability in WAY 100635 induced head twitches was also examined.Key results: WAY 100635 induced head twitches in a SERT gene‐dose dependent manner, inducing 5‐fold more head twitches in SERT −/− versus SERT +/+ mice. In SERT −/− mice, inhibition of 5‐HT synthesis with p‐chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) markedly depleted tissue 5‐HT in all five brain areas examined and abolished WAY 100635 induced head twitches. Further, the selective 5‐HT reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine increased WAY 100635 induced head twitches in SERT +/+ and +/− mice. Head twitches following the 5‐HT2Areceptor agonist (+/−)‐2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodophenyl‐2‐aminopropane (DOI) were robust in SERT +/+ and +/− mice but much reduced in SERT −/− mice. DOI‐induced head twitches were decreased by the 5‐HT1Aagonist 8‐hydroxy‐2‐(di‐n‐propylamino)tetralin (8‐OH‐DPAT) in SERT +/+ and +/− mice. All drug‐induced head twitches were blocked by the 5‐HT2Areceptor antagonist a‐Phenyl‐1‐(2‐phenylethyl)‐4‐piperidinemethanol (MDL 11,939).Conclusions and implications: These data show that indirect activation of 5‐HT2Areceptors via blockade of presynaptic 5‐HT1Areceptors potentiated head‐twitch responses, suggesting functional interactions between these receptors, interactions affected by altered 5‐HT availability. Our findings strongly support the correlation of WAY 100635 induced head twitches with increased 5‐HT availability, induced genetically or pharmacologically.
δ‐Aminolevulinic acid is a substrate for the amino acid transporter SLC36A1 (hPAT1)
Authors: Frølund S , Marquez OC , Larsen M , Brodin B , Nielsen CU 
Published: January 2010

Background and purpose: δ‐Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is used in cancer patients for photodynamic diagnosis or therapy. Oral administration of ALA has been used in patients with prostate and bladder cancer. The present aim was to investigate the mechanism of intestinal absorption of ALA and its transport via the amino acid transporter SLC36A1.Experimental approach: In vitroinvestigations of ALA affinity for and uptake via SLC36A1 and SLC15A1 were performed in Caco‐2 cell monolayers. Interaction of ALA with SLC15A1 was investigated in MDCK/SLC15A1cells, whereas interactions with SLC36A1 were investigated in COS‐7 cells transiently expressing SLC36A1.Key results: ALA inhibited SLC36A1‐mediatedl‐[3H]Pro and SLC15A1‐mediated [14C]Gly‐Sar uptake in Caco‐2 cell monolayers with IC50values of 11.3 and 2.1 mM respectively. In SLC36A1‐expressing COS‐7 cells, the uptake of [14C]ALA was saturable with aKmvalue of 6.8 ± 3.0 mM and aVmaxof 96 ± 13 pmol·cm−2·min−1. Uptake of [14C]ALA was pH and concentration dependent, and could be inhibited by glycine, proline and GABA. In a membrane potential assay, translocation of ALA via SLC36A1 was concentration dependent, with aKmvalue of 3.8 ± 1.0 mM. ALA is thus a substrate for SLC36A1. In Caco‐2 cells, apical [14C]ALA uptake was pH dependent, but Na+independent, and completely inhibited by 5‐hydroxy‐l‐tryptophan andl‐4,4′‐biphenylalanyl‐l‐proline.Conclusions and implications. ALA was a substrate for SLC36A1, and the apical absorption in Caco‐2 cell was only mediated by SLC36A1 and SLC15A1. This advances our understanding of intestinal absorption mechanisms of ALA, as well as its potential for drug interactions.
The Geriatric Floating Interdisciplinary Transition Team
Authors: Arbaje Alicia I. , Maron David D. , Yu Qilu , Wendel V. Inez , Tanner Elizabeth , Boult Chad , Eubank Kathryn J. , Durso Samuel C. 
Published: January 2010

Older adults often receive suboptimal care during hospitalizations and transitions to postacute settings. Inpatient geriatric services have been shown to increase care quality but have not improved patient outcomes consistently. Acute Care for the Elderly units improve patient outcomes but are resource intensive. Transitional care has been shown to reduce hospital readmissions and healthcare costs. This article describes the Geriatric Floating Interdisciplinary Transition Team (Geri‐FITT), a model that combines the strengths of inpatient geriatric evaluation and comanagement and transitional care models by creating an inpatient comanagement service that also delivers transitional care. The Geri‐FITT model is designed to improve the hospital care of older adults and their transitions to postacute settings. In Geri‐FITT, a geriatrician–geriatric nurse practitioner team assesses patients, comanages geriatric syndromes, provides staff education, encourages patient self‐management, communicates with primary care providers, and follows up with patients soon after discharge.This pilot cohort study of Geri‐FITT included hospitalized patients aged 70 and older on four general medicine services (two Geri‐FITT, two usual care) at an academic medical center (N=717). The study assessed the effect of Geri‐FITT on patients' care transition quality (Care Transitions Measure) and their satisfaction with hospital care (four questions). The results indicate that Geri‐FITT is associated with slightly higher, though not statistically significantly so, quality care transitions and greater patient satisfaction with inpatient care.Geri‐FITT may be a feasible approach to enhancing inpatient management and transitional care for older adults. Further study of its effect on these and other outcomes in other healthcare settings seems warranted.
Nasogastric Aspiration and Lavage in Emergency Department Patients with Hematochezia or Melena Without Hematemesis
Authors: Palamidessi Nicholas , Sinert Richard , Falzon Louise , Zehtabchi Shahriar 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectives:  The utility of nasogastric aspiration and lavage in the emergency management of patients with melena or hematochezia without hematemesis is controversial. This evidence‐based emergency medicine review evaluates the following question: does nasogastric aspiration and lavage in patients with melena or hematochezia and no hematemesis differentiate an upper from lower source of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding?Methods:  MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and other databases were searched. Studies were selected for inclusion in the review if the authors had performed nasogastric aspiration (with or without lavage) in all patients with hematochezia or melena and performed esophagogastroduodenal endoscopy (EGD) in all patients. Studies were excluded if they enrolled patients with history of esophageal varices or included patients with hematemesis or coffee ground emesis (unless the data for patients without hematemesis or coffee ground emesis could be separated out). The outcome was identifying upper GI hemorrhage (active bleeding or high‐risk lesions potentially responsible for hemorrhage) and the rate of complications associated with the nasogastric tube insertion. Quality of the included studies was assessed using standard criteria for diagnostic accuracy studies.Results:  Three retrospective studies met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. The prevalence of an upper GI source for patients with melena or hematochezia without hematemesis was 32% to 74%. According to the included studies, the diagnostic performance of the nasogastric aspiration and lavage for predicting upper GI bleeding is poor. The sensitivity of this test ranged from 42% to 84%, the specificity from 54% to 91%, and negative likelihood ratios from 0.62 to 0.20. Only one study reported the rate complications associated with nasogastric aspiration and lavage (1.6%).Conclusions:  Nasogastric aspiration, with or without lavage, has a low sensitivity and poor negative likelihood ratio, which limits its utility in ruling out an upper GI source of bleeding in patients with melena or hematochezia without hematemesis.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:126–132 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine