bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Air pollution exposure estimation using dispersion modelling and continuous monitoring data in a prospective birth cohort study in the Netherlands
Authors: Van den Hooven Edith H , Pierik Frank H , Van Ratingen Sjoerd W , Zandveld Peter YJ , Meijer Ernst W , Hofman Albert , Miedema Henk ME , Jaddoe Vincent WV , De Kluizenaar Yvonne 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Previous studies suggest that pregnant women and children are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of air pollution. A prospective cohort study in pregnant women and their children enables identification of the specific effects and critical periods. This paper describes the design of air pollution exposure assessment for participants of the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study from early pregnancy onwards in 9778 women in the Netherlands. Individual exposures to PM10 and NO2 levels at the home address were estimated for mothers and children, using a combination of advanced dispersion modelling and continuous monitoring data, taking into account the spatial and temporal variation in air pollution concentrations. Full residential history was considered. We observed substantial spatial and temporal variation in air pollution exposure levels. The Generation R Study provides unique possibilities to examine effects of short- and long-term air pollution exposure on various maternal and childhood outcomes and to identify potential critical windows of exposure.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Children Treated for High-Grade Gliomas: Children's Oncology Group L991 Final Study Report
Authors: Sands Stephen Alan , Zhou Tianni , O'Neil Sharon Helene , Patel Sunita K. , Allen Jeffrey , McGuire Cullen Patsy , Kaleita Thomas A. , Noll Robert , Sklar Charles , Finlay Jonathan Lester 
Published: February 2012

Purpose High-grade gliomas of the CNS are characterized by poor treatment response and prognosis for long-term survival. The Children's Oncology Group (COG) L991 study investigated the neuropsychological, behavioral, and quality of life (QoL) outcomes after treatment on the Children's Cancer Group (CCG) trial for high-grade gliomas (CCG-945). Patients and Methods Fifty-four patients (29 males, 25 females) with a median age of 8.8 years at diagnosis (range, 0.2 to 19.5 years) were enrolled at 25 institutions in North America, representing 81% of available survivors; median length of follow-up was 15.1 years (range, 9.5 to 19.2 years), and median age at study evaluation was 23.6 years (range, 11.3 to 36 years). Standardized tests of neuropsychological functioning and QoL were performed. Descriptive statistics summarized principal findings, and one-way analysis of variance identified potential predictors of outcomes. Results With an average follow-up time of 15 years, survivors demonstrated intellectual functioning within the low-average range. Executive functioning and verbal memory were between the low-average and borderline ranges. In contrast, visual memory and psychomotor processing speed were between the borderline and impaired ranges, respectively. Approximately 75% of patient reported overall QoL within or above normal limits for both physical and psychosocial domains. Nonhemispheric tumor location (midline or cerebellum), female sex, and younger age at treatment emerged as independent risk factors. Conclusion These results serve as a benchmark for comparison with future pediatric high-grade glioma studies, in addition to identifying at-risk cohorts that warrant further research and proactive interventions to minimize late effects while striving to ensure survival.
Expression of Tumor-Derived Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Its Receptors Is Associated With Outcome in Early Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
Authors: Pajares María J. , Agorreta Jackeline , Larrayoz Marta , Vesin Aurélien , Ezponda Teresa , Zudaire Isabel , Torre Wenceslao , Lozano María D. , Brambilla Elisabeth , Brambilla Christian , Wistuba Ignacio I. , Behrens Carmen , Timsit Jean-Francois , Pio Ruben , Field John K. , Montuenga Luis M. 
Published: February 2012

Purpose Antiangiogenic therapies targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway have yielded more modest clinical benefit to patients with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) than initially expected. Clinical data suggest a distinct biologic role of the VEGF pathway in the different histologic subtypes of lung cancer. To clarify the influence of histologic differentiation in the prognostic relevance of VEGF-mediated signaling in NSCLC, we performed a concomitant analysis of the expression of three key elements of the VEGF pathway in the earliest stages of the following two principal histologic subtypes: squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ADC). Patients and Methods We evaluated tumor cell expression of VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 1, and VEGFR2 using automatic immunostaining in a series of 298 patients with early-stage NSCLC recruited as part of the multicenter European Early Lung Cancer Detection Group project. A score measuring the VEGF signaling pathway was calculated by adding the tumor cell expression value of VEGF and its two receptors. The results were validated in two additional independent cohorts of patients with NSCLC. Results The combination of high VEGF, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2 protein expression was associated with lower risk of disease progression in early SCC (univariate analysis, P = .008; multivariate analysis, hazard ratio, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.92; P = .02). The results were validated in two independent patient cohorts, confirming the favorable prognostic value of high VEGF signaling score in early lung SCC. Conclusion Our results clearly indicate that the combination of high expression of the three key elements in the VEGF pathway is associated with a good prognosis in patients with early SCC but not in patients with ADC.
Changing environments and structure–property relationships in marine biomaterials
Authors: Waite J. Herbert , Broomell Christopher C. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryMost marine organisms make functional biomolecular materials that extend to varying degrees ‘beyond their skins’. These materials are very diverse and include shells, spines, frustules, tubes, mucus trails, egg capsules and byssal threads, to mention a few. Because they are devoid of cells, these materials lack the dynamic maintenance afforded intra-organismic tissues and thus are usually assumed to be inherently more durable than their internalized counterparts. Recent advances in nanomechanics and submicron spectroscopic imaging have enabled the characterization of structure–property relationships in a variety of extra-organismic materials and provided important new insights about their adaptive functions and stability. Some structure–property relationships in byssal threads are described to show how available analytical methods can reveal hitherto unappreciated interdependences between these materials and their prevailing chemical, physical and ecological environments.
Seascapes: the world of aquatic organisms as determined by their particulate natures
Authors: Jackson George A. 
Published: February 2012

Summary
The interactions between planktonic organisms and their aquatic environment are mediated by diffusive processes on the scale of millimeters and smaller. The uptake of nutrients and food and the release of metabolic products creates localized patchiness that diffusive processes homogenize. Organism size determines, to a large extent, the character of these interactions. This paper builds a framework for considering these interactions, starting with an analysis of the diffusive environment around individual organisms and concluding with an integration over a range of organism sizes to describe aggregated properties. Several examples show the importance of the size-based abundance of organisms and other particles in determining the duration, spatial extent and frequency of environmental cues. One implication of these results is that microbial chemotactic behavior does not help them to find and utilize the majority of nutrient releases.
Biogenic inputs to ocean mixing
Authors: Katija Kakani 
Published: February 2012

Summary
Recent studies have evoked heated debate about whether biologically generated (or biogenic) fluid disturbances affect mixing in the ocean. Estimates of biogenic inputs have shown that their contribution to ocean mixing is of the same order as winds and tides. Although these estimates are intriguing, further study using theoretical, numerical and experimental techniques is required to obtain conclusive evidence of biogenic mixing in the ocean. Biogenic ocean mixing is a complex problem that requires detailed understanding of: (1) marine organism behavior and characteristics (i.e. swimming dynamics, abundance and migratory behavior), (2) mechanisms utilized by swimming animals that have the ability to mix stratified fluids (i.e. turbulence and fluid drift) and (3) knowledge of the physical environment to isolate contributions of marine organisms from other sources of mixing. In addition to summarizing prior work addressing the points above, observations on the effect of animal swimming mode and body morphology on biogenic fluid transport will also be presented. It is argued that to inform the debate on whether biogenic mixing can contribute to ocean mixing, our studies should focus on diel vertical migrators that traverse stratified waters of the upper pycnocline. Based on our understanding of mixing mechanisms, body morphologies, swimming modes and body orientation, combined with our knowledge of vertically migrating populations of animals, it is likely that copepods, krill and some species of gelatinous zooplankton and fish have the potential to be strong sources of biogenic mixing.
Silence, Disobedience, and African Catholic Sisters in Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Higgs Catherine 
Published: February 2012

Abstract:This article considers the choices made during the apartheid era by Catholic sisters who were members of one of the largest orders for African women, the Montebello Dominicans, based in KwaZulu-Natal, and one of the smallest orders, the Companions of Saint Angela, based in Soweto, the sprawling African township to the southwest of Johannesburg. The Montebellos took an apolitical stance and embraced “silence,” but they could not avoid the political tensions that defined KwaZulu-Natal. The Companions became activists, whose “disobedience” brought them into direct confrontation with the state. History, region, ethnicity, and timing help explain what it meant for African women religious to be apolitical, and what it meant to be politicized, in the context of state repression so effective that every action could be interpreted as a political act.
Revisiting “Mandingization” in Coastal Gambia and Casamance (Senegal): Four Approaches to Ethnic Change
Authors: Thomson Steven 
Published: February 2012

Abstract:“Mandingization,” the gradual process of cultural change whereby Jola peoples of the Casamance region of southern Senegal are becoming more like their Mandinka neighbors, is analyzed in this article as comprising four distinguishable processes: ethnogenesis, ethnocultural drift, ethnic osmosis, and ethnic strategizing. By distinguishing among these four processes and analyzing their interaction, we can understand the dynamics of Mandingization more clearly and also derive insights for understanding ethnic change generally. The current moment of ethnic change in The Gambia includes a resurgence in Karon Jola ethnic identity, but we need to view this process as contingent, not yet accomplished, and a challenge to the pattern of Mandinka dominance in a time of broader social change.
The Participation of SADC and ECOWAS in Military Operations: The Weight of National Interests in Decision-Making
Authors: Tavares Rodrigo 
Published: February 2012

Abstract:Over the last decade, African regional organizations have gained considerable scope in peacekeeping and peace enforcement. Two subregional organizations in particular, ECOWAS and SADC, have gathered significant experience in military interventions in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea Bissau, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. This article assesses the decision-making processes of both organizations ahead of the interventions and concludes that African states participate in military interventions for reasons of national and personal interests rather than humanitarian reasons or out of a primary interest in preserving regional stability. The article draws from extensive fieldwork in four African countries.
Awakened, Awaiting, or Meditating? Readdressing a Silla Period Image from the Buddha Valley on Mount Nam
Authors: Kim Sunkyung 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
This paper examines the identity and historical context of an enigmatic image from Pulgok, a religious site on Mount Nam from the Silla period in Korea. It examines both the image and its frame, a cave-shaped niche, in an attempt to focus on the latter’s role as an integral part of the entire representational scheme. The Pulgok image, rendered in a fashion unique among works of Korean Buddhist art, reflects the idea of meditation inside a cave, a revered practice with a long history in Buddhist circles, and is related to the depiction of the Awakened as a keeper and transmitter of the Buddha’s teaching.
Marketing Assimilation: The Press and the Formation of the Japanese-Korean Colonial Relationship
Authors: Caprio Mark E. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
With the August 1910 annexation of Korea, the Japanese initiated efforts to redefine their relationship with their new colonial subjects. To this end Seoul’s trilingual media served as an indispensible agency to inform the peninsula’s residents of Japan’s colonial policy and to suggest ways for its development. From the start the Japanese administration clearly advertised its policy as assimilation and used the media to market a new Japanese-Korean relationship to the residents of the peninsula. The messages that appeared in these presses varied and even contradicted each other. Articles carried in the English-language Seoul Press often advertised the Japanese-Korean relationship as amicable and predicted that the two people’s assimilation would be accomplished with relative ease. The Korean-language Maeil sinbo emphasized the changes that Koreans would have to make to attain a level of civilization that qualified them as Japanese imperial subjects. Contrary to the English-language press, it saw assimilation’s success emerging after the people engaged in a long, gradual effort to modernize. Finally, the Japanese-language Keijō shinpō, also aware of the difficulties that historically accompanied assimilation efforts, warned that for assimilation to have a chance at success the Japanese settler would have to adopt a positive image of the Korean people and a cooperative stance toward Japanese administrative efforts. The contradictions found in these messages accented a fundamental problem that Japan’s assimilation policy would face in Korea: the anti-Korean attitudes harbored by Japanese residents in Korea and the discriminative practices evident in Japanese administrative policies neutralized efforts by those Japanese and Koreans who accepted Japan’s colonial rhetoric and strove to advance this new relationship.
The Ends of New Americanism
Authors: Wiegman Robyn 
Published: February 2012

This essay responds to the New Literary History editorial query to assess the "state of American Studies" by arguing that such efforts of assessment are the state of the field. While scholars today applaud or lament the field's transnational turn, Wiegman contextualizes it in the context of long standing scholarly debate over the shape of Americanist knowledge. By reading the discourse of the state of the field as a key characteristic of the New American Studies, Wiegman explores what is at stake for practitioners in a field devoted to self-description and perpetual reinvention.
A Systematic Approach to Optimizing the Maintenance Work as Experienced on the Frigg Field
Authors: Endresen Per S. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT
The paper presents the basic principles used for developing the maintenance programme applied at the Frigg field. By systematically training of personnel clearly defined operational responsibility, splitting the maintenance work in "first degree", preventive and breakdowns, and "ad hoc", it has been possible to reduce the permanent maintenance team considerably. Due to this and due to extensive use of "unit price" and "lumpsum" contracts, the overall maintenance budget is significantly reduced.
Determinants of Cutaneous Injection-Related Infections Among Injection Drug Users at an Emergency Department
Authors: Lloyd-Smith Elisa , Tyndall Mark , Zhang Ruth , Grafstein Eric , Sheps Sam , Wood Evan , Montaner Julio , Kerr Thomas 
Published: February 2012

Introduction:
Cutaneous injection-related infections (CIRI) are a primary reason injection drug users (IDU)
access the emergency department (ED).

Methodology:

Using Cox proportional hazard regression, we examined predictors of ED use for CIRI, stratified by sex,
among 1083 supervised injection facility (SIF) users.

Results:

Over a four-year period, 289 (27%) visited the ED for CIRI, yielding an incidence density for females of 23.8
(95% confidence interval (CI): 19.3 – 29.0) and males of 19.2 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 16.7 – 22.1). Factors
associated with ED use for CIRI among females included residing in the Downtown Eastside (DTES) (adjusted hazard
ratio [AHR] = 2.06 [1.13 – 3.78]) and being referred to hospital by SIF nurses (AHR = 4.48 [2.76 – 7.30]). Among males,
requiring assistance with injection (AHR = 1.38 [1.01 – 1.90]), being HIV-positive (AHR = 1.85 [1.34 – 2.55]), and being
referred to hospital by SIF nurses (AHR = 2.97 [1.93 – 4.57]) were associated with an increased likelihood of an ED visit
for CIRI.

Conclusion:

These results suggest SIF nurses have facilitated referral of hospital treatment for CIRI, highlighting the need
for continued development of efficient and collaborative efforts to reduce the burden of CIRI.
CFD modeling of Dalmarnock uncontrolled fire test
Authors: Mijorski Sergey , Stankov Peter 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The study describes a CFD based modeling of a fire in multi-storey apartments building. The model parameters are taken from a fire experiment with uncontrolled ventilation conditions. The aim of the current work is to describe some features and difficulties of fire CFD modeling in close compartments. The instrument used for CFD modeling was Fire Dynamic Simulator. The analysis is made in terms of fire development in an apartment and influence of wind velocity changes on temperature fields
Energy management of electric and hybrid vehicles dependent on powertrain configuration
Authors: Varga Bogdan 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Electric and hybrid vehicles are going to become the most reliable source of transport for future years. The CO2 and NOx targets in Euro 6 normative puts the producers of vehicles in a dilemma, whether to adapt the internal combustion engines further, or to develop hybrid or electric power trains that are going to reach the pollution limit of the future norms or to go below that. Before acting a well-developed strategy in determining the optimum power flow has to be developed by producers; CRUISE software is a tool with the unique and special characteristics to determine the optimum in this highly important area.
Whether electric vehicle, electric vehicle with range extender or a hybrid with CVT or planetary gearbox, the complexity of the mathematical modules remains the same, giving the developer the possibility to create complex functions and distinctive characteristics for each component of the vehicle.
With such a powerful tool it becomes extremely easy to evaluate the energy flow in all directions, from electric machine to the battery, from electric machine to the power generator, and from the electric machine to the internal combustion engine. Applying to the (Electric Vehicle, Electric Vehicle with Range Extender, Hybrid vehicle with CVT, Hybrid vehicle with planetary gear set) the ECE-15 in a virtual environment (urban driving cycle) the simulation results show a different usage, rate of storage and efficiency concerning the energy, this being dependent of the power train configuration in most part.
Femoral Neck Stress Fracture and Femoroacetabular Impingement
Authors: Taylor-Haas Jeffery A. , Paterno Mark V. , Shaffer Michael 
Published: February 2012

The patient was a 34-year-old male recreational marathon runner referred to a physical therapist with a chief complaint of worsening right lateral hip pain of 3 months duration that was insidious in nature. Following a physical examination, the physical therapist discussed his suspicions with the referring physician. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed findings consistent with a stress fracture at the inferomedial right femoral neck, a mild cam-type deformity of the right femoral neck, and a mild degree of heterogeneity of the right superior anterior labrum, representing a possible tear. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(11):905. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.0423
La parure de la sépulture féminine 43 de Vron (Somme)
Authors: Welch Martin 
Published: February 2012

L’ensemble d’objets signalés entre 1950 et 1960 comme provenant de la tombe 43 de Vron a une réelle importance, du fait qu’il comporte une paire de fibules assorties se rattachant à une tradition caractéristique
du Sud de la Scandinavie (type des fibules du Jutland de Haseloff, groupes B et C). Les deux fibules, ainsi que la
tête de fourreau de couteau associée, ont un décor moulé animalier (ou humano-animalier) dans le style 1 de
Salin, et l’on peut proposer pour leur fabrication une fourchette se situant dans le premier tiers du VIe siècle.
Elles pourraient être attribuées à un atelier du Kent où travaillait un orfèvre venu de Scandinavie, mais elles pourraient aussi bien avoir été exportées depuis la région du Jutland. La comparaison géographiquement la plus proche est avec la fibule de la tombe 10 de Saint-Brice (Tournai, Belgique), qui renvoie aussi à la tombe 14 d’Apple Down (Compton, Ouest Sussex). Il est regrettable qu’ait survécu seulement un petit nombre des perles de verre de ce qui était probablement un ou des colliers, et que cet important ensemble funéraire du VIe siècle n’ait pas été mieux enregistré. Au total, il convient de signaler que l’ensemble de Vron, avec son caractère typiquement scandinave, se différencie des autres exportations d’objets métalliques fabriqués dans le Kent au VIe siècle, incluant les fibules cupelliformes et les petites fibules à tête rectangulaire que l’on retrouve dans de nombreuses nécropoles au niveau des régions côtières septentrionales de la France, du Cotentin à l’Ouest, à la Belgique à l'Est.