bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Rights Barriers for Displaced Persons in Southern Sudan
Authors: Pavlish Carol , Ho Anita 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPurpose:This community‐based research explores community perspectives on human rights barriers that women encounter in a postconflict setting of southern Sudan.Methods:An ethnographic design was used to guide data collection in five focus groups with community members and during in‐depth interviews with nine key informants. A constant comparison method of data analysis was used. Atlas.ti data management software facilitated the inductive coding and sorting of data.Findings:Participants identified three formal and one set of informal community structures for human rights. Human rights barriers included shifting legal frameworks, doubt about human rights, weak government infrastructure, and poverty.Conclusions:The evolving government infrastructure cannot currently provide adequate human rights protection, especially for women. The nature of living in poverty without development opportunities includes human rights abuses. Good governance, protection, and human development opportunities were emphasized as priority human rights concerns. Human rights framework could serve as a powerful integrator of health and development work with community‐based organizations.Clinical Relevance:Results help nurses understand the intersection between health and human rights as well as approaches to advancing rights in a culturally attuned manner.
A conjunctival lesion with histological features similar to large‐cell acanthoma of the skin
Authors: Ghazi Nicola G. , Patel Bina S. , Olsakovsky Leslie A. , White Kevin , Patterson James W. , Carter Bruce 
Published: August 2009

Large‐cell acanthoma (LCA) is a sharply demarcated epidermal lesion composed of large keratinocytes and characterized by hyperkeratosis, hypergranulosis and orthokeratosis. It usually affects actinically damaged skin. LCA is currently believed to be a distinct entity with an unclear pathogenesis and a benign biologic behavior. Here, we describe the first occurrence of LCA in the conjunctiva. The lesion recurred following initial excision, and later recurred as a carcinoma in situ following a second excision. This case suggests that LCA may have a malignant and transformation potential.Ghazi NG, Patel BS, Olsakovsky Leslie A, White K, Patterson JW. A conjunctival lesion with histological features similar to large‐cell acanthoma of the skin.
Olfaction in dentistry
Authors: Bromley SM , Doty RL 
Published: August 2009

Oral Diseases (2010) 16, 221–232Practitioners of oral medicine frequently encounter patients with complaints of taste disturbance. While some such complaints represent pathological processes specific to the gustatory system, per se, this is rarely the case. Unless taste‐bud mediated qualities such as sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami, chalky, or metallic are involved, ‘taste’ dysfunction inevitably reflects damage to the sense of smell. Such ‘taste’ sensations as chicken, chocolate, coffee, raspberry, steak sauce, pizza, and hamburger are dependent upon stimulation of the olfactory receptors via the nasopharynx during deglutition. In this paper, we briefly review the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the olfactory system, along with means for clinically assessing its function. The prevalence, etiology, and nature of olfactory disorders commonly encountered in the dental clinic are addressed, along with approaches to therapy and patient management.
Spatial patterns of association at local and regional scales in coastal sand dune communities
Authors: Forey Estelle , Lortie Christopher J. , Michalet Richard 
Published: August 2009

AbstractQuestions: Are positive understorey‐dominant associations important in physically severe dune communities and does the strength of positive associations vary with disturbance at the local scale and with stress at the regional scale? Do associational patterns observed at the neighbourhood scale predict diversity at higher scales?Location: Coastal sand dunes, Aquitaine (France).Methods: Associational patterns with five dominant species were recorded along a local gradient of disturbance and a 240‐km long regional gradient. Density, richness, cover and variance ratio of understorey species were recorded in quadrats located in dominant and in open areas. Spatial pattern of dominant plant species was recorded using a distance‐based method.Results: Positive understorey‐dominant associations were most frequent at both regional and local scale, although negative associations with understorey species were observed for one of the five dominants. At the regional scale, there was a shift in the magnitude of spatial associations, with higher positive associations in the most stressful sites, whereas spatial associations where not affected by the local disturbance gradient. Positive associations were not related to the size of the dominants but rather influenced by the identity of the dominant species.Conclusions: Our study highlights the potential crucial role of facilitation together with the importance of turnover of the dominants in explaining large‐scale variation in diversity. However, because positive associations may also be attributed to environmental heterogeneity or co‐occurrence of microhabitat preferences of species, experiments are needed to fully assess the relative importance of facilitation versus other drivers of community diversity.
Vardenafil Allows Successful Intercourse initiated Rapidly After Dosing in Japanese Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Nagao Koichi , Kobayashi Hideyuki , Fujikawa Keita , Tachibana Takashi , Iwamoto Yasuhiko , Ishii Nobuhisa , Turek Paul J. , Brant William O. , Kamidono Sadao 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Vardenafil is reported to improve success rates in the maintenance of an erection sufficient for completion of intercourse (SEP-3) compared with placebo in erectile dysfunction (ED) patients who attempted intercourse from as early as 15 minutes after dosing. However, these data were based on general ED patients, using time from administration to initiation of intercourse. It is unclear whether the results can be applied to difficult-to-treat ED patients, such as those with diabetes mellitus (DM), with the time between dosing and insertion into vagina.

Aim
To determine whether early onset of activity with vardenafil is also achievable in ED patients with DM.

Methods
Data from a 12-week Phase III clinical trial (randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group comparison) in Japanese men with ED and DM was used for analysis. In this study, patients received vardenafil 10 mg, 20 mg, or placebo, and were instructed to start sexual activity 1 hour after dosing. Mean per-patient SEP-3 success rates (intent-to-treat; ITT population), based on patient diary question, were calculated by the time between dosing and insertion. The least-squares means and nominal P values for differences versus placebo were derived by analysis of covariance with terms for baseline.

Main Outcome Measures
SEP-3 success rates in each time interval.

Results
The majority of inserts occurred between 60–90 minutes after dosing, but 100 of inserts in 52 patients occurred in the first 30 minutes. SEP-3 success rates in patients who inserted in each interval from 0–15 minutes (P = 0.0268), 15–30 minutes (P = 0.0094) through &gt; 120 minutes were all higher in vardenafil-treated patients than those in placebo.

Conclusions
In this retrospective analysis, a rapid onset of activity was also demonstrated in difficult-to-treat ED patients. Vardenafil improved successful intercourse rates compared with placebo in Japanese DM patients who inserted from as early as 15 minutes to &gt;120 minutes after dosing.
II. Slow Oscillations in Vaginal Blood Flow: Regulation of Vaginal Blood Flow Patterns in Rat by Central and Autonomic Mechanisms
Authors: Allers Kelly A. , Richards Natalie , Scott Liam , Sweatman Catherine , Cheung Jolenta , Reynolds David , Casey James H. , Wayman Chris 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
A new method for assessing female sexual arousal through changes in slow oscillatory patterns in vaginal blood flow was first described in the previous manuscript [1]. This method was translational and discriminated between normal healthy volunteers and women with female sexual arousal disorder.

Aim
These studies addressed the influence of autonomic and central nervous systems on slow vaginal blood flow oscillations in rats.

Methods
Vaginal blood flow oscillations were measured in urethane-anesthetized rodents using laser Doppler flowmetry. Acquired data were filtered for frequency analysis range of 0.013–2.5 Hz.

Main Outcome Meaures
Data were assessed for changes in a high frequency range (HF=0.6–2.5 Hz), and low frequency range (LF=0.013–0.6 Hz).

Results
The basal HF oscillatory component of vaginal blood flow was primarily vagally mediated, although could be modulated pharmacologically with p-chloroamphetamine in the absence of vagal innervation. The LF component could be modulated by antagonists of noradrenergic receptors but did not appear to be dependent upon tonic activation of sympathetic circuitry. The non-selective dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine induced changes in vaginal blood flow oscillations consistent with sexual arousal during metestrus in the presence of the peripheral antagonist domperidone but not in the presence of the centrally acting antagonist haloperidol. Electrical stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus induced an anti-arousal response in vaginal blood flow oscillations. These data demonstrated that manipulation of the central nervous system alone (via centrally acting apomorphine or electrical stimulation of the PVN) could produce either a pro-arousal or an anti-arousal response in vaginal blood flow oscillations. Alterations in the LF/HF ratio measured from vaginal laser Doppler flowmetry were independently regulated from vasculature in the trunk, the tongue, and electrocardiogram-derived heart rate variability, and were independent of overall vasocongestion of the vagina as measured by mean blood flow.

Conclusions
These data indicated that slow oscillations in vaginal blood flow from rodents may be utilized as an animal model of female sexual arousal. Changes in these oscillations are driven by the central nervous system and modulated by the autonomic nervous system.
The OsDHODH1 Gene is Involved in Salt and Drought Tolerance in Rice
Authors: Liu Wen‐Ying , Wang Mei‐Mei , Huang Ji , Tang Hai‐Juan , Lan Hong‐Xia , Zhang Hong‐Sheng 
Published: August 2009

Abstract In the present paper, we identified and cloned OsDHODH1 encoding a putative cytosolic dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) in rice. Expression analysis indicated that OsDHODH1 is upregulated by salt, drought and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), but not by cold. By prokaryotic expression, we determined the enzymatic activity of OsDHODH1 and found that overproduction of OsDHODH1 significantly improved the tolerance of Escherichia coli cells to salt and osmotic stresses. Overexpression of the OsDHODH1 gene in rice increased the DHODH activity and enhanced plant tolerance to salt and drought stresses as compared with wild type and OsDHODH1‐antisense transgenic plants. Our findings reveal, for the first time, that cytosolic dihydroorotate dehydrogenase is involved in plant stress response and that OsDHODH1 could be used in engineering crop plants with enhanced tolerance to salt and drought.
Osmopriming‐Regulated Changes of Plasma Membrane Composition and Function were Inhibited by Phenylarsine Oxide in Soybean Seeds
Authors: Zhuo Jiajin , Wang Weixiang , Lu Yun , Sen Wu , Wang Xiaofeng 
Published: August 2009

Abstract The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of osmoconditioning on chilling injury in chilling‐sensitive soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. Zhonghuang No. 22) seeds during imbibition. Low temperatures reduced the germination rate and no seed germinated at 1 °C. Osmoconditioning of seeds at 20 °C with a polyethylene glycol‐8000 (PEG8000) solution at 1.5 MPa for 72 h followed by drying back to their initial moisture content (MC) reduced their chilling sensitivity. The phenylarsine oxide (PAO), an inhibitor of protein tyrosinephosphatases, was used to investigate the possible involvement of phosphorylation‐dephosphorylation of Tyr residues in the plasma membrane composition and function when seeds were osmoconditioned. The results showed the germination of osmoconditioned seeds decreased significantly when PAO was added in PEG solution after chilling treatment. PAO inhibited changes in composition of plasma membrane phospholipids and fatty acid induced by osmocondition, indicated that tyrosine protein phosphorylation is involved in the regulatory mechanisms of osmocondition‐responsive chilling in soybean seeds. Western blot result further indicated that osmocondition treatment improved the activity of plasma membrane H+‐ATPase after chilling treatment, but this effect was abolished by PAO. The possible regulation mechanism by Tyr protein phosphorylation is discussed.
A Comparative Study on the Role of Cytokinins in Caryopsis Development in the Maize miniature1 Seed Mutant and Its Wild Type
Authors: Rijavec Tomaž , Kovač Maja , Kladnik Aleš , Chourey Prem S. , Dermastia Marina 
Published: August 2009

Abstract We report here on a comparative developmental profile of plant hormone cytokinins in relation to cell size, cell number and endoreduplication in developing maize caryopsis of a cell wall invertase‐deficient miniature1 (mn1) seed mutant and its wild type, Mn1, genotype. Both genotypes showed extremely high levels of total cytokinins during the very early stages of development, followed by a marked and genotype specific reduction. While the decrease of cytokinins in Mn1 was associated with their deactivation by 9‐glucosylation, the absolute and the relative part of active cytokinin forms was higher in the mutant. During the exponential growth phase of endosperm between 6 d after pollination and 9 d after pollination, the mean cell doubling time, the absolute growth rate and the level of endoreduplication were similar in the two genotypes. However, the entire duration of growth was longer in Mn1 compared with mn1, resulting in a significantly higher cell number in the Mn1 endosperm. These data correlate with the previously reported peak levels of the Mn1‐encoded cell wall invertase‐2 (INCW2) at 12 d after pollination in the Mn1 endosperm. A model showing possible crosstalk among cytokinins, cell cycle and cell wall invertase as causal to increased cell number and sink strength of the Mn1 developing endosperm is discussed.
Stars with planets and the thick disc
Authors: Gonzalez Guillermo 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
We employ three samples of nearby stars that include stars hosting Doppler-detected planets to test a recent finding by Haywood that the incidence of planets is greater among transition and thick disc stars than it is among thin disc stars in the range [Fe/H]≤−0.20 dex; this implies that distance from the Galactic Centre is the causative factor for planet formation, not [Fe/H]. Thick disc stars with planets do have a smaller mean [Fe/H] value than thin disc stars over this range in [Fe/H], and the most [Fe/H]-poor stars with planets tend to have more negative Vlsr values. However, if we compare stars with planets according to mass abundance of the refractory elements important for planet formation (Mg, Si, Fe), then thick disc and [Fe/H]-poor thin disc stars with planets have similar distributions. There is no need to invoke a new mechanism for giant planet formation to account for the distributions of stars with planets among dwarf stars.
Off-Label Prescribing: A Call for Heightened Professional and Government Oversight
Authors: Dresser Rebecca , Frader Joel 
Published: August 2009

Off-label prescribing is an integral part of contemporary medicine. Many patients benefit when they receive drugs or devices under circumstances not specified on the label approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). An off-label use may provide the best available intervention for a patient, as well as the standard of care for a particular health problem. In oncology, pediatrics, geriatrics, obstetrics, and other practice areas, patient care could not proceed without off-label prescribing. When scientific and medical evidence justify off-label uses, physicians promote patients’ interests by prescribing products off label.Off-label prescribing can also harm patients, however. The potential for harm is greatest when an offlabel use lacks a solid evidentiary basis. A 2006 study examining prescribing practices for 169 commonly prescribed drugs found high rates of off-label use with little or no scientific support. Researchers examining off-label use in U.S. children’s hospitals concluded, “[W]e still have incomplete knowledge about the safety and efficacy of many medications commonly used to treat children across a range of drug classes and clinical diagnoses.”
The Constitutionality of Mandates to Purchase Health Insurance
Authors: Hall Mark A. 
Published: August 2009

Many proposals to reform health care finance and delivery require individuals or private employers to pay for private health insurance. Senators Ron Wyden and Robert Bennett’s Healthy Americans Act, for instance, would require every adult person who is not covered by a public program to purchase health insurance. Similarly, President Obama’s campaign proposal requires that parents arrange for coverage of their minor children and that all but small employers pay a tax if they do not provide their workers health insurance.This paper addresses the constitutionality of such proposals. Compulsory health insurance might raise constitutional concerns because there is no existing social legislation that serves as a perfect legal analogy to an individual mandate for private health insurance. Insurance mandates are familiar in other contexts, such as automobile liability, but they present an easier case for constitutionality because they are a condition of exercising a privilege, such as driving a car.
A partnership model of early intervention in psychosis programme – a Canadian experience
Authors: Oyewumi Lamidi Kola , Savage Troy 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAim: To describe how a new partnership model of early intervention in psychosis, early intervention in psychosis (EIP) programme delivery in Canada attracted the interest of the community and acquired government funding.Methods: The process by which a few individuals used a conceptual framework of integrated, collaborative, flexible and recovery focused principles to engage community partners and attract government funding is described.Results: The establishment of a small EIP programme and its expansion to a regional programme serving an area of 20 000 square kilometers and a population of approximately 500 000 people were achieved. A programme specific logic prototype was developed. A synergy of public, private and academic services emerged with an infrastructure for ongoing cohesiveness and productivity. Annual clinic visits increased from 641 in 2002 to 1904 in 2007 and annual new patients enrollments grew from 46 to 128 within the same period. Staffing grew from an interdisciplinary staff of 1.5 full‐time equivalent (FTE) to the current 10.0 FTE.Conclusions: A carefully orchestrated programme organization that is inclusive rather than exclusive can produce a balance of evidence‐based best practices in client focused service, community mental health integration and academic productivity.
Paediatric major depressive disorder: neurobiology and implications for early intervention
Authors: Cullen Kathryn , Klimes‐Dougan Bonnie , Kumra Sanjiv , Schulz S. Charles 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAim: Paediatric major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with chronicity and poor outcomes. The goals of this review are (i) to integrate how developing biological systems contribute to the pathophysiology of paediatric MDD, and (ii) to consider the role of early intervention for depressed youth.Methods: A developmental perspective is applied herein to review and integrate key neurobiological systems that are implicated in paediatric MDD. We also review recent treatment research for adolescents with MDD.Results: Available evidence in paediatric and adult populations support an integrative model for the pathophysiology of MDD that involves fronto‐limbic neural circuitry and the neuroendocrine stress response system. Evidence from treatment research supports the efficacy of available treatments modalities, including antidepressant medications, cognitive behavioral therapy, and their combination, for the majority of adolescents with moderate to severe MDD.Conclusions: Since the biological systems implicated in MDD mature through adolescence, adolescents may be more susceptible to developing depression but also may be more amenable to treatment interventions. Early identification and treatment of paediatric MDD may be able to divert negative trajectories and lead to improved outcomes.
Obstetric complications and risk for conversion to psychosis among individuals at high clinical risk
Authors: Mittal Vijay A. , Willhite Rachael , Daley Melita , Bearden Carrie E. , Niendam Tara , Ellman Lauren M. , Cannon Tyrone D. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAim: Examining risk factors among high‐risk populations stands to inform treatment and to elucidate our understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Despite substantial evidence implicating the incidence of obstetric complications (OCs) as a risk factor for schizophrenia, little is known about the relationship between OCs and risk for conversion among high‐risk individuals.Methods: We prospectively followed individuals at high risk for developing psychotic disorders for a two‐year period to determine if a history of OCs is associated with conversion.Results: Individuals who converted to psychosis had significantly more OCs when compared to non‐converting participants; a history of OCs was associated with increased odds of conversion (odds ratio = 4.90, confidence interval :1.04/22.20). OCs were positively associated with prodromal symptomatology.Conclusions: To date, this report represents the first empirical evidence suggesting that OCs confer increased risk of conversion to psychosis. It is possible that OCs interact with brain maturational processes in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and can serve as a risk marker.
The Somerset team for early psychosis
Authors: Burbach Frank R. , Grinter David J. , Bues Sonia E. A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAim: To describe the development of an early intervention (EI) service in Somerset, and evaluate the progress after the first 2 years.Method: The Somerset Team for Early Psychosis (STEP) has been developed in stages from 2003 to the present ‘hub‐and‐spoke’ model. The framework, which the team operates, is outlined, the assessment and outcome measures are presented, and the interventions, with the emphasis on working with families, are discussed.Results: Two hundred fifty‐nine referrals have been received in the first 2 years, with the caseload currently standing at 153. The mean duration of untreated psychosis of STEP clients was just over 9 months; when those who developed psychosis before 2004 (pre‐STEP) were removed, this was reduced to 6.4 months. Eighty‐four per cent of STEP clients have had their families involved with our service in some way. Relapse rates of clients in the service for over 12 months have been encouragingly low (17%).Conclusions: We reflect on the challenges faced in relation to the EI service model described in the Department of Health's Policy Implementation Guide and, in particular, on having successfully built on the existing family interventions service.