bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Swimming against the tide: characteristics of Muslim‐Arab women in Israel who initiated divorce
Authors: Kulik Liat , Klein Dana 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe present study compared Muslim‐Arab women in Israel who initiated divorce (n=45) with those who stayed in stressful marital relationships (n=46). Based on an ecological approach and using a cross‐sectional design, we explored the differences between the two groups with regard to the following variables: personal resources (education, paid employment, hardiness, styles of coping with stressful situations, and egalitarian gender role ideology), spousal variables (evaluation of marital difficulties), and environmental resources (formal and informal support from the environment). The findings revealed that levels of education and rates of participation in the labor force were higher among the divorced women than among those who stayed in stressful marriages. In addition, the divorced women had a more egalitarian gender role ideology and tended to adopt problem‐focused styles for coping with stressful situations, whereas the married women tended to combine emotion‐focused and problem‐focused styles. The main difficulty experienced by the divorced women was the husbands' violence, whereas the married women primarily experienced difficulties related to the husbands' alcoholism or drug addiction. In light of the findings, practical recommendations are presented. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do zebrafish Rh proteins act as dual ammonia–CO2 channels?
Authors: Perry Steve F. , Braun Marvin H. , Noland Marie , Dawdy John , Walsh Patrick J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTransfer of the small gaseous molecules CO2 and NH3 across biological membranes, long thought to occur solely by simple diffusion, is now known to be facilitated by members of two multigene families: aquaporins (AQP) and rhesus (Rh) proteins. Although it is accepted that AQP1 and Rh proteins are involved in CO2 and NH3 transfer, respectively, the idea that a single channel can exhibit selectivity for both gases is controversial. Indeed, studies using the same in vitro model (human red blood cells) have provided evidence both for and against a role for Rh proteins as CO2 channels. Thus, this study was initiated to provide in vivo evidence for a dual function of Rh proteins as ammonia and CO2 channels. Here, we show that in zebrafish (Danio rerio), direct ammonia–CO2 competition experiments in adults or translational knockdowns of Rh proteins in larvae affects both ammonia and CO2 excretion. These results suggest that Rh proteins in zebrafish may be common pathways for transport of ammonia and CO2. J. Exp. Zool. 313A:618–621, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and spectroscopic properties of silver:dye composite nanoparticles with a double‐shell structure
Authors: Yoshida Akihito , Kometani Noritsugu 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe report a synthetic method and spectroscopic properties of double‐shell type (DS type) composite nanoparticles (NPs) composed of Ag NP core, spacer layer (inner shell), and cyanine dye J‐aggregate layer (outer shell). In this DS type NP, the spacer layer has an important role in promoting the J‐aggregation of cyanine dyes, which was examined by comparing the spectroscopic properties of the DS type NPs with that of the single‐shell type NPs. We show that the absorption spectra of DS type NPs have an interesting spectral line shape, a dip, when the plasmon energy of Ag core is close to the exciton energy of J‐aggregate shell, suggesting the presence of a strong interaction between molecular exciton and surface plasmon. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Amorphous metal nanocrystallization changes due to mechanical alloying
Authors: Bonastre Jordi , Escoda Lluïsa , Hernando Blanca , Sánchez‐Llamazares Jose Luís , Suñol Joan Josep 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA detailed knowledge of the temperature dependence of the transformed fraction is an essential issue in the development of nanomaterials and the control of their microstructure. In technical applications, the thermal stability of nanocrystalline alloys is a problem of fundamental interest in order to determine the useful working temperature ranges. The transformation diagrams give information relative to the stability and applicability of these materials. In this work the temperature–heating rate transformation diagram of a Co‐rich alloy obtained by mechanical alloying or rapid solidification was built using an isoconversional approach in order to obtain a good prediction even for low transformed fractions (0.1). (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Tracking down the catalytic hydrogenation of multilayer graphene
Authors: Schäffel Franziska , Warner Jamie H. , Bachmatiuk Alicja , Queitsch Ute , Rellinghaus Bernd , Büchner Bernd , Schultz Ludwig , Rümmeli Mark H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCatalytic hydrogenation is considered to be a key technological approach to structure graphene nanoribbons with desired and specific edge termination. In the present study the hydrogenation was catalyzed utilizing pre‐defined cobalt nanoparticles that act as knives to cut graphite substrates in a hydrogen atmosphere at elevated temperatures. Only catalyst particles that reside at an exposed graphite edge carve into the graphite thus leaving etch tracks behind. Particles lying on the flat graphite plane do not etch channels. Thorough morphological and structural characterization of the Co catalyst particles is carried out using aberration‐corrected low voltage high resolution electron microscopy. Based on our findings conclusions on the underlying hydrogenation mechanism are drawn that support the previously proposed interfacial hydrogen mechanism. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Increased potassium intake from fruit and vegetables or supplements does not lower blood pressure or improve vascular function in UK men and women with early hypertension: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Berry Sarah E. , Mulla Umme Z. , Chowienczyk Philip J. , Sanders Thomas A. B. 
Published: August 2010

K-rich fruit and vegetables may lower blood pressure (BP) and improve vascular function. A randomised controlled trial (ISRCTN50011192) with a cross-over design was conducted in free-living participants with early stages of hypertension (diastolic BP>80 and < 100 mmHg, not receiving BP-lowering medication) to test this hypothesis. Following a 3-week run-in period on a control diet, each subject completed four dietary 6-week dietary interventions (control+placebo capsules, an additional 20 or 40 mmol K+/d from fruit and vegetables or 40 mmol potassium citrate capsules/d) using a Latin square design with a washout period ≥ 5 weeks between the treatment periods. Out of fifty-seven subjects who were randomised, twenty-three male and twenty-five female participants completed the study; compliance to the intervention was corroborated by food intake records and increased urinary K+excretion; plasma lipids, vitamin C, folate and homocysteine concentrations, urinary Na excretion, and body weight remained were unchanged. On the control diet, mean ambulatory 24 h systolic/diastolic BP were 132·3 (sd12·0)/81·9 (sd7·9) mmHg, and changes (Bonferroni's adjusted 95 % CI) compared with the control on the diets providing 20 and 40 mmol K+/d as fruit and vegetables were 0·8 ( − 3·5, 5·3)/0·8 ( − 1·9, 3·5) and 1·7 ( − 3·0, 5·3)/1·5 ( − 1·5, 4·4), respectively, and were 1·8 ( − 2·1, 5·8)/1·4 ( − 1·6, 4·4) mmHg on the 40 mmol potassium citrate supplement, and were not statistically significant. Arterial stiffness, endothelial function, and urinary and plasma isoprostane and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations did not differ significantly between the diets. The present study provides no evidence to support dietary advice to increase K intake above usual UK intakes in the subjects with early stages of hypertension.
Role of different Escherichia coli hydrogenases in H+ efflux and F1Fo-ATPase activity during glycerol fermentation at different pH values
Authors: Blbulyan Syuzanna , Avagyan Arev , Poladyan Anna , Trchounian Armen 
Published: August 2010

Escherichia coli is able to ferment glycerol and produce H2 by different Hyds (hydrogenases). Wild-type whole cells were shown to extrude H+ through the F1Fo-ATPase and by other means with a lower rate compared with that under glucose fermentation. At pH 7.5, H+ efflux was stimulated in fhlA mutant (with defective transcriptional activator of Hyd-3 or Hyd-4) and was lowered in hyaB or hybC mutants (with defective Hyd-1 or Hyd-2) and hyaB hybC double mutant; DCCD (dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide)-sensitive H+ efflux was observed. At pH 5.5, H+ efflux in wild-type was lower compared with that at pH 7.5; it was increased in fhlA mutant and absent in hyaB hybC mutant. Membrane vesicle ATPase activity was lower in wild-type glycerol-fermented cells at pH 7.5 compared with that in glucose-fermented cells; 100 mM K+ did not stimulate ATPase activity. The latter at pH 7.5, compared with that in wild–type, was lower in hyaB and less in hybC mutants, stimulated in the hyaB hybC mutant and suppressed in the fhlA mutant; DCCD inhibited ATPase activity. At pH 5.5, the ATPase activities of hyaB and hybC mutants had similar values and were higher compared with that in wild-type; ATPase activity was suppressed in hyaB hybC and fhlA mutants. The results indicate that during glycerol fermentation, H+ was expelled also via F1Fo. At pH 7.5 Hyd-1 and Hyd-2 but not FhlA or Hyd-4 might be related to F1Fo or have their own H+-translocating ability. At pH 5.5, both Hyd-1 and Hyd-2 more than F1Fo might be involved in H+ efflux.
CARMEN: a practical approach to metadata management
Authors: Jessop Mark , Weeks Mike , Austin Jim 
Published: August 2010

The Code Analysis Repository & Modelling for E-Neuroscience (CARMEN) project aims to enable broad sharing of resources, through the provision of a secure, online environment for storage and curation of data, analysis code and experimental protocols, together with the ability to execute data analysis. While the CARMEN system is initially focused on electrophysiology data, it is equally applicable to many domains outside neuroscience.
Metadata are essential for a system such as CARMEN that has the potential to store thousands of data collections and analysis codes; without metadata, resource discovery, interpretation, evaluation and re-use would be severely impeded. Therefore, when any resource (data, service or workflow) is added to the system, users must provide adequate descriptions. These descriptions form a metadata repository that is searchable to allow users to find any kind of resource held in the system, assuming that the user has appropriate access rights.
This paper discusses and explores the project’s approach to implementing such a metadata repository that meets both system requirements and user expectations. Initial approaches were refined after user evaluations, and a more practical approach was followed that better aligned with the aims of the users and the project as a whole.
In Vitro Screen to Obtain Widespread, Transgenic Expression in the Mouse
Authors: Nagy Andras , Gertsenstein Marina , Vintersten Kristina , Behringer Richard 
Published: August 2010

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes the steps for creating widespread (ubiquitous-like) transgenic expression using embryonic stem (ES) cell-mediated transgenesis. The use of ES cells results in mostly a single-copy or low-copy-number integration. Several hundred different integration sites can occur in a single experiment. The in vitro expression of these clones can be assayed before a decision is made about introducing the candidate cell line(s) into the mouse. The Cre excision-conditional transgene vector has an easy readout for the nature of transgene expression. Upon introduction into ES cells, such transgenes will express βgeo only, which confers G418 resistance on the cells. Staining the cells for lacZ is an easy way to characterize expression in undifferentiated and in vitro-differentiated ES cells.
Dissection of Drosophila Larval Body-Wall Muscles
Authors: Ramachandran Preethi , Budnik Vivian 
Published: August 2010

INTRODUCTIONOver the last two decades, the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction has gained immense popularity as a model system for the study of synaptic development, function, and plasticity. With this model, it is easy to visualize synapses and manipulate the system genetically with a high degree of temporal and spatial control, which makes it ideal for resolving problems in synaptic physiology and development. A number of different techniques have been used to dissect third-instar larval preparations to expose the body-wall muscles. Here, we describe a procedure that uses magnetic chambers and pins to allow for fine control in spreading the larval body wall.
Internalization and Trafficking Assay for Drosophila Larvae
Authors: Ramachandran Preethi , Budnik Vivian 
Published: August 2010

INTRODUCTIONOver the last two decades, the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction has gained immense popularity as a model system for the study of synaptic development, function, and plasticity. With this model, it is easy to visualize synapses and manipulate the system genetically with a high degree of temporal and spatial control, which makes it ideal for resolving problems in synaptic physiology and development. This protocol describes an assay that can be used for observing the cycling of transmembrane proteins at the plasma membrane and their trafficking within cells when there are antibodies available that bind cell-surface epitopes in vivo.
Quantitative Estimation of Multiple miRNAs and mRNAs from a Single Cell
Authors: Joglekar Mugdha V. , Wei Chiju , Hardikar Anandwardhan A. 
Published: August 2010

INTRODUCTIONAlthough all cells of an individual contain the same genetic material, each cell is unique with respect to its gene expression profile. Recent studies have demonstrated that small regulatory noncoding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), negatively regulate gene expression by targeting mature messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Understanding the abundance of miRNAs and target gene transcripts from a single cell has therefore gained importance in research and clinical fields. In several circumstances, multiple gene transcript analysis of single cells from heterogenous populations provides an important tool in assessing variability in gene expression within a population. Transcript analysis at the single-cell level is also necessary when the starting material is limited, such as in the case of fetal cells present in the amniotic fluid. Here, we provide a protocol for simultaneous detection of miRNAs and multiple gene transcripts from a single cell using TaqMan-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The protocol details isolation of RNA from single cells, cDNA synthesis, and transcript detection via TaqMan real-time PCR. This method can be used for efficacious detection of at least 10 different gene transcripts (single-plex) or five different gene transcripts and five miRNAs from a single cell, or, using gene specific primer-probes for duplex PCR, up to 20 different gene transcripts. The entire procedure from isolation of RNA to acquisition of real-time PCR data takes 8 h.
Achieving quality in day care for young children
Authors: LINDON JENNIE , LINDON LANCE 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. In a service such as day care, different beliefs about appropriate child care and family patterns make quality a relative concept. However, service providers should work towards overall aims and specific goals established on values and beliefs about day care.It is argued that the day care service needs to tackle the definition of quality, for the job satisfaction of the service providers, for the well being of the children involved and for the satisfaction and peace of mind of the parents. The day care service needs to take heed of the customers of the service—the children and the parents—and to move from a position of apology and defence to a positive evaluation of what quality can meanThe article expands a presentation by one of the authors (JL) to the Values and Quality in Day Care Seminar, organised by the National Children's Bureau Under Fives Unit on 16 February 1988
Immunomodulating effects of endotoxin in mouse models of allergic asthma
Authors: Zhu Z. , Oh S. Y. , Zheng T. , Kim Y‐K. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryEndotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a cell wall component of Gram‐negative bacteria. Like aeroallergens, LPS is ubiquitous in our living environment. Epidemiology studies in young children have found that LPS exposure at home is inversely correlated with the development of atopic diseases, thus the ‘hygiene hypothesis’ for allergic diseases. However, positive association has also been found between indoor LPS exposure and the development of wheezing or asthma in children. In humans, experimental exposure to LPS in the airways can cause inflammatory responses and lung function changes directly or modulate responses to allergens indirectly, particularly in those with asthma. In animal studies, experimental exposure to LPS has generated some conflicting, sometimes opposite, results in host responses to allergen stimulation. In this article, we will review recent advances in our understanding of the immunomodulating effects of LPS on allergen‐induced responses and analyse some of the possible reasons for the inconsistent findings. Cite this as: Z. Zhu, S. Y. Oh, T. Zheng and Y‐K. Kim, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 536–546.
Characterization of an anti-idiotypic MoAb bearing an internal image of the receptor-binding epitope of cholera toxin
Authors: LUCAS G P , CAMBIASO C L , VAERMAN J P 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA mouse anti-cholera toxin (CT) MoAb, mAb1, specific for the GM1-binding epitope of CT, was used to raise a syngeneic anti-idiotypic MoAb, mAb2. Purified mAb2 was specific for mAb1 as shown by latex particle counting immunoassay and ELISA. Several experiments of competition between mAb2 and CT for binding to mAb1 demonstrated that mAb2 bore an internal image of the GM1-binding epitope of CT. Binding of mAb2 to GM1 unambiguously corroborated the mAb1-paratopic specificity of mAb2. Furthermore, mAb2 acted as a CT-surrogate antigen: rabbits injected with mAb2 produced some anti-CT antibodies, Ab3, which resembled mAb1 in specificity as expected. The potential use of this mAb2 as vaccine or as prophylactic agent to prevent CT from binding to its cellular receptor is discussed.
Fulvic acid studies: evidence for a polycarboxylate co‐ordination mode at soil pH
Authors: CRESSEY P. J. , MONK G. R. , POWELL H. K. J. , TENNENT D. J. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe reactions of two fulvic acid samples with Cu2+ and Cd2+ have been studied by potentiometric titration (pH and ion selective electrode). The metal‐uptake curves for samples initially rendered ‘metal‐free’ by a precipitation‐solvent extraction technique resemble those for citric and malic acids at soil pH (4–6.5). The presence of aliphatic and aromatic components was established by 13C nmr spectroscopy; the presence of phenolic components was inferred from pH titrations. It is shown that a polycarboxylate component (simulated by citrate) would mask reactions of phenolic components with metals in weakly acidic and neutral media. The mode of coordination between fulvic acid and metals will vary with pH and with the metal: fulvic acid ratio.
Chemical structure of terrestrial humus materials formed from different vegetation characterized by solid‐state 13C NMR with CP‐MAS techniques
Authors: VN M. KROSSH A , BJORGUM J. O. , KRANE J. , STEINNES E. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYEleven samples of terrestrial humus from different vegetational backgrounds were examined with solid‐state 13C NMR using cross‐polarization and magic‐angle spinning (CP‐MAS). In addition, all the samples were run with a dipolar dephasing pulse sequence for non‐quarternary carbon suppression (NQS). The humus samples all appeared to contain small amounts of aromatic substances and larger amounts of aliphatic compounds. Most of the samples contained considerable amounts of hydroxyl groups and acetals, which originate mainly from carbohydrates. No correlations were found between vegetational background and chemical structure.
Soil organic matter, air encapsulation and water‐stable aggregation
Authors: SULLIVAN L. A. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA re‐interpretation of published data shows: firstly, that the hydrophobic properties of soil organic matter can increase the amount of air encapsulation within soil materials during water uptake; and secondly, that this increased air encapsulation can reduce water uptake rates sufficiently to prevent slaking. This aggregate stabilizing mechanism suggests novel approaches to soil management, based on the production of non‐uniformly distributed hydrophobic organic matter within intra‐aggregate pores, that could be used to improve soils whose aggregates fail when wetted rapidly.
Alteration of soil thermal properties by structure formation
Authors: KAUNE A. , TURK T. , HORN R. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYTemperatures were measured in a disturbed and a structured loess soil to study the influence of aggregation on thermal properties. The disturbance was done by mechanically destroying soil aggregates, and the structured soil was obtained by subjecting the disturbed soil to several irrigation and drying cycles. In all soils, five harmonics of a Fourier‐series representation accounted for ≥99% of the variance of daily soil surface temperatures, and two to three harmonics did so below the soil surface. For soil water contents between 0.04 and 0.23 m3 m‐3, the apparent thermal diffusivity, computed by the harmonic method, was higher in the structured soil than in the disturbed soil. The same was true for the apparent thermal conductivity, since the volumetric heat capacities of both the disturbed and structured soil were similar. The differences in the apparent thermal diffusivity and conductivity were attributed to increased heat conduction and water vapour transport in the structured soil.
The indicator approach to categorical soil data
Authors: BIERKENS M. F. P. , BURROUGH P. A. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYIn this paper, the first of two, we present the indicator approach to describe the spatial variability of categorical soil data. Indicator kriging is used to obtain conditional probabilities of soil data classes at unsampled locations. A new concept of map purity is defined. Using Sequential Indicator Simulation (SIS), equiprobable realizations of classified maps can be drawn which reflect the probability of occurrence of each class and honour the observed spatial connectivity patterns of the classes and the classes found at the observation sites. When categorical data are used for land resources assessment, the uncertainties accruing from map impurities can be assessed by performing the analysis on each of the maps generated by SIS. In Part I1 of this series, the methods are demonstrated using a case study on the mapping of water table classes and a land use suitability analysis for pasture.