bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detergents compared with each other and with antiseptics as skin ‘degerming’ agents
Authors: Lilly H. A. , Lowbury E. J. L. , Wilkins M. D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThree detergent preparations (bar soap, ‘Hibiscrub’ base and ‘LIC 76’), two antiseptic preparations (0·5% chlorhexidine in 95% ethyl alcohol and an alcohol jelly, ‘Alcogel’), and one antiseptic-detergent solution (4% chlorhexidine gluconate in a detergent base, ‘Hibiscrub’) were compared for their effectiveness, on a single use, in reducing the yield of bacteria from the hands of volunteers. The antiseptic and antiseptic-detergent preparations were more effective than the detergents, with a mean reduction in yield of skin bacteria of 96·0% after use of alcoholic chlorhexidine and of 81·2% after use of Hibiscrub. One of the detergents, LIC 76, appeared more effective than the others, causing a mean reduction in the yield of skin bacteria of 41·5%, compared with reductions of 4·6% by the Hibiscrub detergent base and an increase of 3·2% with bar soap; unlike the other detergents, LIC 76 was found to have appreciable bacteristatic and bactericidal properties.
Gastroenteritis in London and Jamaica: a clinical and bacteriological study
Authors: Ellis-Pegler R. B. , Higgs R. , Lambert H. P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe flora of both faeces and small bowel lumen was studied in children with gastroenteritis from London, England, and Kingston, Jamaica.Clinical and laboratory differences between these two groups are described.All bacterial groups in the faeces were greatly altered during gastroenteritis and this particularly affected anaerobic organisms. These changes generally reverted rapidly to normal after the illness.The small bowel flora was also altered during gastroenteritis; there was a tendency for a wider range of organisms including anaerobes to be isolated from the children in Jamaica than from those in England.
Escherichia coliin gastroenteritis of children in London and Jamaica
Authors: Ellis-Pegler R. B. , Lambert H. P. , Rowe B. , Gross R. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe jejunal and stool flora of children with gastroenteritis in London and in Jamaica was examined. Although bacterial colonization of the small bowel was commonly detected, it was unusual to find the same serotype ofE. coliin both jejunum and stool, and none of the jejunal strains ofE. coliproduced either heat-labile or heat-stable enterotoxin. Some strains ofE. colicausing infant gastroenteritis are neither toxigenic nor invasive, and other mechanisms must be sought to account for their pathogenicity.
Microbiological aspects of polyphosphate injection in the processing and chill storage of poultry
Authors: Mead G. C. , Adams B. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYDuring commercial processing of broiler chickens, injection of polyphosphate (Puron 604 or 6040) resulted in microorganisms being added to the deep breast muscle. The level of contamination was related to the microbiological condition of the injection solution.Injection of polyphosphate had no effect on the shelf-life of fresh chilled carcasses held at 1° or 10°C but changes were observed in the growth rate of microorganisms in the deep muscle and in the composition of the muscle microflora following storage.Cross-contamination of carcasses and the transfer of organisms from the skin to the deep muscle during injection was demonstrated with a marker strain ofClostridium perfringens. However, both processes were influenced by the number of marker organisms applied initially to the skin.The above findings are discussed in relation to the possible behaviour of any food poisoning bacteria present.
Nosocomial klebsiellas: II. Transfer in a hospital ward
Authors: Haverkorn Michael J. , Michel M. F. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYDuring a 6-month period an epidemiological survey of the carriage ofKlebsiellawas conducted in a hospital ward where no outbreak of nosocomial infection occurred. In this endemic situation the regular sampling of several sites on patients, members of the nursing staff, and the environment, and the biotyping ofKlebsiellamade it possible to analyse the patterns of transmission between sites. There was abundant evidence for striking transmission ofKlebsiellabetween the throat, hands, and faeces of patients. Transmission between patients seemed to be mainly through hands. The role of nurses' hands in transmission was not evident from this survey, probably due to the relatively long interval (a week) between samplings. Through the hands of patients, wash stands and the surrounding floor were contaminated withKlebsiella. The biotyping ofKlebsiellafacilitated the epidemiological analysis of the results.
Haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies against four prototype strains of influenza A virus in different age groups
Authors: Terzin A. L. , Djurišić S. , Vuković B. , Vujkov V. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSera of 197 apparently well persons were tested for residual haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against live Hong Kong/68, A/FM/47 and A/PR/34 strains. Sera of 62 well persons, regularly exposed to contacts with swine, were tested against an inactivated A/New Jersey/76 antigen.Those born some time before and during a certain influenza era showed a significantly greater proportion of homologous residual titres against the subtype prevailing in that influenza era, than those born after the termination of the same era.In each of the seven age groups tested both the percentage of positives and the geometric mean titres were usually highest against the Hong Kong strain (representing the most recent era); the next highest were those against the FM1 strain and the lowest were those against the PR8 strain (representing the most distant of these three influenza eras).The serological involvement of donors exposed to regular contacts with swine was relatively stronger against the New Jersey antigen than the response of other serum donors shown against the other three, more recent, prototypes of influenza virus A. The oldest age groups showed significantly lower antibody response against the PR8, FM1 and Hong Kong strains (but not against the New Jersey antigen) than the next one or two of the younger age groups.
The effect of relative humidity on swine vesicular disease virus in dried films before and during formaldehyde fumigation
Authors: Batty Elizabeth , Farmer Yvonne L. , Breame A. J. , Bruce W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSwine Vesicular Disease virus (SVDV) did not survive drying at high relative humidities (r.h.) but there was little virus loss at low r.h.Purified virus dried in films was inactivated by formaldehyde fumigation only at high r.h. Inactivation was also influenced by the suspending medium from which the virus was dried. Purified virus resuspended in distilled water and then dried, was rapidly killed, but that in tissue culture fluid survived.
Wound infections after surgery in a modern operating suite: clinical, bacteriological and epidemiological findings
Authors: Bengtsson Stellan , Hambraeus Anna , Laurell Gunnar 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA prospective study of 2983 operations in general and orthopaedic surgery during 3 years performed in four operating theatres in a modern operating suite was carried out in order to evaluate the importance of airborne infection. Weekly nose-and-throat samples were taken from the surgical staff and pre-operative samples were taken from the nose, throat, skin and perineum of the patients. The air contamination was followed by using settle plates, which showed low mean counts of total bacteria of between 9 and 15 c.f.u./m2/min, with mean counts of Staph. aureus of between 0.03 and 0.06 c.f.u./m2/min. No correlation was found between the total number of bacteria and the incidence of post-operative infections or between the amount of Staph. aureus in the air and post-operative Staph. aureus infections. It was concluded that further increases in ventilation could, at best, only marginally affect the incidence of post-operative infection.The post-operative wound-infection rate was 9.0%. In various types of surgery, the infection rates varied from 5.3% in clean operations to 47.6% in dirty surgery. About one third of the infections were classified as moderate or severe.Adverse patient factors, such as immunodeficiency, steroid treatment, intensive care, etc., increased the rate to 15.0%; in ‘normal’ patients it was 3.8%.Among the bacteria isolated, gram-negative bacilli (31% of wounds), often together with other bacteria, and Staph. aureus (28%) predominated, but in 25% no specimens were taken.Of 76 post-operative Staph. aureus infections, 32 were caused by the patients' own strains, and of the remaining 44 infections, 22, or 8% of all infections, could be traced to strains present in the air and/or the respiratory tracts of staff during the operation.The length of pre-operative hospital stay had no influence on the carrier rate of Staph. aureus in patients. The incidence of post-operative wound infection was significantly higher in patients carrying Staph. aureus and was even higher if these bacteria were found on the skin.Patients with wound infections stayed, on an average, 15 days longer than patients without infections. In serious infections the increase in duration of stay was > 20 days. Although infections were commoner in older patients, the average additional hospital stay of infected patients did not increase with age. If the post-operative infections studied in a concurrent retrospective study are taken into account more than 12 000 bed-days were due to post-surgical wound infections in the period studied or, in other words, some 12 beds (corresponding to 5.5% of the total) were always occupied by infected patients.
The effect of air ionization on the air-borne transmission of experimental Newcastle disease virus infections in chickens
Authors: Estola Timo , mäkelä Paavo , Hovi Tapani 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe effect of artificial air-ionization on air-borne transmission of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection in chickens was studied in an isolated system consisting of two side-by-side cages with solid walls and a wire-gauze roof. During a 3-week observation period more than 90% of the uninoculated indicator chickens, housed in one of the cages, contracted the virus shed to the air by the NDV-inoculated, diseased birds in the neighbouring cage. This air-borne transmission of NDV was completely prevented by increasing the ion concentration in the test room by a constant negative corona discharge above the wire-gauze roof. On the other hand, spreading of the infection within a group of chickens housed in a single cage was not affected by air ionization.These and other results suggest that artificial air-ionization may protect animals from certain air-borne infections by interfering with microbial aerosol formation and/or by facilitating their decay.
The serological diagnosis of whooping cough
Authors: macaulay Margaret E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIndirect haemagglutination (IHA), agglutination and complement fixation tests (CFT) for Bordetella pertussis antibodies were compared on paired sera from 52 suspected cases of whooping cough and single sera from 83 children with no recent history of whooping cough. All three tests detected serotype antibodies 1, 2 and 3, but the IHA test was the most sensitive; in seven cases it was the only test to show a rise in titre. It is recommended, particularly with vaccinated children, that the serological diagnosis of whooping cough should be based upon a rise in titre. There should be a gap of at least 2–4 weeks between serum samples, depending on the age and vaccination state of the child. The CFT appears to detect a different antibody from that detected by the other two tests, and in three cases it was the only test to show a rise in titre.
The relative resistance of f2 bacteriophage to inactivation by disinfectants
Authors: Drulak Murray , Wallbank Alfred M. , Lebtag Ingrid 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYf2 bacteriophage in the presence of fetal calf serum (at a final concentration of 10%) was exposed to six commonly used disinfectants for times of 10, 20 and 30 sec. At the end of exposure times skim milk neutralized the disinfectant activity and residual virus was assayed using the plaque technique. The 6 disinfectants considered were Javex, sodium hydroxide, ethanol, Wescodyne, One Stroke Ves-Phene and Sonacide. A 0.25% (w/v) solution of sodium hydroxide and 1/50 Javex (1200 parts/106chlorine) were the most effective of the six disinfectants considered since 105f2 bacteriophage were inactivated in 30 seconds in each instance. Since a 0.25% (w/v) solution of sodium hydroxide had a pH of 12.5 this made it too caustic to use as a disinfectant in many practical situations. It was concluded therefore that Javex at some dilution less than 1/50 (greater than 1200 parts/106chlorine) was the most practical of the six disinfectants to use. Ethanol (95%, v/v) inactivated 103f2 bacteriophage in 30 seconds while 1/20 Wescodyne and undiluted Sonacide inactivated 101virus particles. Ves-Phene at a dilution of 1/50 was a completely ineffective virucide during the 30 sec exposure. The resistance of f2 bacteriophage to inactivation by these six disinfectants was compared with that of echovirus 11 and coxsackievirus B5. In all instances except exposure to undiluted Sonacide, f2 was comparable in resistance to inactivation and in many cases had greater resistance.
Measurement of endotoxins with the limulus test in burned patients
Authors: Jones R. J. , Roe E. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYHigh titres of endotoxin as measured by the Limulus test were usually found in burned patients who had raised body temperatures, and were colonized with gram-negative bacteria; also some infected patients showed raised endotoxin without a raised temperature.Patients vaccinated with an antipseudomonas vaccine rarely showed endotoxin in their plasma but occasional plasma samples from vaccinated patients had a high titre of endotoxin which appeared unrelated to infection or to a raised temperature in the patient.
Vaccination against influenza: a five-year study in the Post Office
Authors: Smith J. W. G. , Pollard R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn injection of influenza vaccine was offered to approximately 60 000 Postal and Telecommunications staff at the beginning of five successive winters. The sickness absence of this group, which included those who accepted the offer of vaccine as well as those who did not, was compared throughout the winter with that of a similar number of employees who were not offered vaccine. The two groups, ‘vaccinated’ and control, comprised the staff of nearly 400 Post Office units scattered throughout Great Britain, the units of the two groups being matched as far as practicable for numbers employed, type of work, region and type of location.The proportion who accepted vaccine fell from 42% in the first year (when only 26 000 Telecommunications employees were offered vaccine) to 35% in the second year, and 25% by the fifth year.With the exception of Telecommunications employees in 1972–73, the sickness absence rate of the group offered vaccine was less than that of the group not offered vaccine, and the difference was evident during the winter observation periods both when influenza was prevalent and when it was not. In the last four years of the study the average difference in sickness absence between the ‘vaccinated’ and control groups was 1.26 days per 100 employees per week during and 1.12 days outside the influenza periods. Moreover, the difference during the influenza periods was greater than could be expected from the acceptance rate of vaccine and the estimated attack rate of influenza. The apparent reduction in sickness absence of the group offered vaccine in comparison with the groupnot offered vaccine represented an appreciable saving in cost.It is suggested than an annual influenza vaccination campaign in industry may produce financial benefit, but that only a proportion of the benefit is due to an improvement in health.
Bacteriostasis ofEscherichia coliby milk: IV. The bacteriostatic antibody of human milk
Authors: Dolby Jean M. , Honour Pauline 
Published: May 2009

summaryBacteriostatic activity for milk-sensitive and milk-resistant strains ofEscherichia coliis reduced when IgA is removed from milk by precipitation. Lysozyme is not involved in bacteriostasis and can be removed without loss of activity; heavy bentonite absorption however removes some lactoferrin causing partial loss of activity.The heat-labile antigen eliciting bacteriostatic antibody forE. coliis present in milk-sensitive and milk-resistant strains and in some other Enterobacteriaceae, e.g. salmonella; it cross reacts with the antigen in others, e.g. proteus and enterobacter. The antibody is therefore likely to be present in all human milk as a result of the normal commensal gut flora and with widespread activity.
Growth agglutination and growth inhibition tests in the diagnosis of brucellosis
Authors: Mittal K. R. , Tizard I. R. 
Published: May 2009

summaryGrowth agglutination and growth inhibition tests were established for the diagnosis ofBrucella abortusinfection. The former involves the agglutination of living organisms while the latter is a bactericidal test. Using mouse, guinea-pig, rabbit and bovine serum it was shown that the growth agglutination test is approximately ten times, and the growth inhibition test one hundred times, more sensitive than the conventional tube agglutination test. It is suggested that these techniques may be of assistance in diagnosing bovine brucellosis in situations in which the tube agglutination test results are suspected of being falsely negative.
Laboratory tests of seven rodenticides for the control of Mastomys natalensis
Authors: Gill J. E. , Redfern R. 
Published: May 2009

summaryLaboratory feeding tests were carried out to assess the efficacy of seven rodenticides against Mastomys natalensis. The poisons (warfarin, coumatetralyl, difenacoum, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, calciferol and zinc phosphide) were all toxic at the concentrations normally used against Rattus norvegicus (Berk.), although several were unpalatable. Trials are now needed to demonstrate the relative efficacy of these poisons in the field, but it is likely that, given suitable bait formulations, they would all be useful as practical control agents.
Studies on the heat resistance ofBacillus cereusspores and growth of the organism in boiled rice
Authors: Parry Jennifer M. , Gilbert R. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA comparison was made of the heat resistance ofBacillus cereusspores at 95° C. Spores of serotype 1 strains were more resistant than those of the other types tested. However, there was little difference in the growth rate of the various serotypes in boiled rice at 22° C. Most samples of uncooked rice contained multiple serotypes ofB. cereus.These results indicate that the cooking procedure used for the preparation of cooked rice is likely to be selective for certain serotypes, and this is the most likely reason why type 1 is the most common serotype implicated in outbreaks of food poisoning and can be isolated from many routine samples of cooked rice.
Myxomatosis: the emergence of male and female European rabbit fleasSpilopsyllus cuniculi(Dale) from laboratory cultures
Authors: Shepherd Rosamond C. H. , Edmonds J. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe sex ratios and the emergence patterns of the European rabbit flea bred under animal house conditions were examined. An overall preponderance of female fleas was found. This was due to the greater preponderance of female fleas in the primary emergence, whereas the sex ratios in the secondary emergence were about 1:1.
The susceptibility ofBandicota bengalensisfrom Rangoon, Burma to several anticoagulant rodenticides
Authors: Brooks Joe E. , Htun Pe Than , Naing Hla 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe baseliiie susceptibility of the lesser bandicoot rat,Bandicota bengalensis, from Rangoon, Burma, to five anticoagulant rodenticides was established with no-choice feeding in the laboratory. The susceptibility of lesser bandicoots to the several poisons (brodifacoum, difenacoum, diphacinone, coumatetralyl, and warfarin) was such that they were offered at a 0·001 % concentration.B. bengalensiswas most susceptible to brodifacoum, and in descending order, difenacoum, coumatetralyl, diphacinone and warfarin. In comparison withRattus norvegicuson warfarin at 0·005 %,B. bengalensisproved more susceptible. Feeding tests at 0·005 % concentration indicated that a 1-day feeding on broclifacoum and difenacoum would result in complete mortality, whereas coumatetralyl and warfarin would require 4 days feeding to a 100 % kill. Brodifacoum and difenacoum are recommended at 0·002–0·005 % bait concentrations and coumatetralyl at 0 001 % concentrations for the control ofB. bengalensisin the field in Rangoon. The use of any anticoagulant material in rat control should be alternated with acute toxicants to retard the possible development of anticoagulant resistance.
Hepatitis B serology in Greek prostitutes: significance of the different serum markers
Authors: Kaklamani Evangelia , Kyriakidou Athena , Trichopoulos Dimitri , Papoutsakis George , Koumandaki Ivoni , Karalis Dimitri 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYOne hundred and ninety-eight prostitutes (mean age 41·8 years) and 117 control women of low socio-economic class (mean age 43·8 years) were tested by solid-phase radioimmunoassay for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), its antibody (anti-HBs) and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). The prevalence of HBsAg was higher among prostitutes (11% v. 4%, P ∼ 0·06). This difference was accounted for by the higher infection rate of prostitutes to hepatitis B virus (HBV) (97% v. 45%, P < 10−6), since the proportion of HBsAg carriers among those infected was practically the same between the two groups (11% v 9%). Among the previously infected prostitutes who did not become carriers the majority (75%) were positive for both anti-HBc and anti-HBs, whereas among control women about half (52%) were positive only for anti-HBc.
Human toxoplasma infection
Authors: Beverley J. K. A. , Beattie C. P. , Roseman Cissie 
Published: May 2009

1. By the dye test, toxoplasma antibodies in titres of 1/4 or more, were found in the sera of 25% of a sample of adult population of Sheffield.2. Significantly higher, when strength as well as number was considered, were the reactions of the sera of veterinary surgeons and abattoir workers.3. Still higher were the reactions of the sera of those who handled rabbits. Highest of all were those of rabbit trappers.4. Toxoplasma antibodies active to a titre of 1/40 in the dye test were found in 34% of wild rabbits and, to a titre of 1/160, in 5%.Thanks are due to the hundreds of volunteers who made the survey possible. The Medical Officers of Health of Sheffield, Leeds and Manchester and the veterinary officers, superintendents of markets and food inspectors in these cities made admirable arrangements, which are gratefully recorded, for the obtaining of specimens. Valuable advice and help in obtaining samples from rabbits were given by officers of the Pests Control Division of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and by their trappers. Dr Marmion supplied some of the sera from veterinary surgeons. The assistance of the technical staff of the Bacteriology Department, University of Sheffield, is gratefully acknowledged. The work was assisted by a grant to C.P.B. from the Medical Research Council.