bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploitation of plant and archaeal viruses in bionanotechnology
Authors: Evans David J. 
Published: July 2009

CPMV (cowpea mosaic virus), a plant virus, is a naturally occurring sphere-like nanoparticle, and is used as a synthon and/or template in bionanoscience. The virions formed by CPMV can be regarded as programmable nanobuilding blocks with a diameter of ∼30 nm. A range of molecules have been attached to this viral nanoscaffold, yielding stable nanoparticles that display multiple copies of the desired molecule. It has been shown that, in addition to surface amine groups, surface carboxy groups are also addressable, and a procedure has been developed that enables introduction of reactive thiols at the virion surface that avoids virus aggregation. Furthermore, the virions can be functionalized to form electroactive nanoparticles. Methods for the construction of arrays and multilayers, using a layer-by-layer approach, have been established. As proof of concept, for example, CPMV particles have been immobilized on surfaces and arranged in defined layers. Engineered variants of CPMV can be used as templates for mineralization with, for example, silica to give monodisperse robust silica nanoparticles of ∼32 nm. SIRV2 (Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 2), is a robust archaeal virus, resistant to high temperature and low pH. SIRV2 can act as a template for site-selective and spatially controlled chemical modification. Both the ends and the body of the virus, or the ends only, can be chemically addressed; SIRV2 can be regarded as a structurally unique nanobuilding block.
Differentiation between superficial and deep lobe parotid tumors by magnetic resonance imaging: usefulness of the parotid duct criterion
Authors: Imaizumi A. , Kuribayashi A. , Okochi K. , Ishii J. , Sumi Y. , Yoshino N. , Kurabayashi T. 
Published: July 2009

Background: The location of a parotid tumor affects the choice of surgery, and there is a risk of damaging the facial nerve during surgery. Thus, differentiation between superficial and deep lobe parotid tumors is important for appropriate surgical planning. Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of using the parotid duct, in addition to the retromandibular vein, for differentiating between superficial and deep lobe parotid tumors on MR images. Material and Methods: Magnetic resonance images of 42 parotid tumors in 40 patients were reviewed to determine whether the tumor was located in the superficial or deep lobe. In each case, the retromandibular vein and the parotid duct were used to locate the tumor. The parotid duct was only used in cases where the tumor and the duct were visualized on the same image. Results: Using the retromandibular vein criterion, 71% of deep lobe and 86% of superficial lobe tumors were correctly diagnosed, providing an accuracy of 81%. However, the accuracy achieved when using the parotid duct criterion was 100%, although it could be applied to only 28 of the 42 cases. Based on these results, we defined the following diagnostic method: the parotid duct criterion is first applied, and for cases in which it cannot be applied, the retromandibular vein criterion is used. The accuracy of this method was 88%, which was better than that achieved using the retromandibular vein criterion alone. Conclusion: The parotid duct criterion is useful for determining the location of parotid tumors. Combining the parotid duct criterion with the retromandibular vein criterion might improve the diagnostic accuracy of parotid tumor location compared to using the latter criterion alone.
Jørgensen number and arithmeticity
Authors: Callahan Jason 
Published: July 2009

The Jørgensen number of a rank-two non-elementary Kleinian group

Γ
\Gamma

is
\[

J
(
Γ
)
=
inf
{

|

t
r

2

X
−
4

|

+

|

t
r

[
X
,
Y
]
−
2

|

:
⟨
X
,
Y
⟩
=
Γ
}
.

J(\Gamma ) = \inf \{|\mathrm {tr}^2 X - 4| + |\mathrm {tr} [X, Y] - 2| : \langle X, Y \rangle = \Gamma \}.

\]
Jørgensen’s Inequality guarantees

J
(
Γ
)
≥
1

J(\Gamma ) \geq 1

, and

Γ
\Gamma

is a Jørgensen group if

J
(
Γ
)
=
1

J(\Gamma ) = 1

. This paper shows that the only torsion-free Jørgensen group is the figure-eight knot group, identifies all non-cocompact arithmetic Jørgensen groups, and establishes a characterization of cocompact arithmetic Jørgensen groups. The paper concludes with computations of

J
(
Γ
)

J(\Gamma )

for several non-cocompact Kleinian groups including some two-bridge knot and link groups.
TheTRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE2Gene Is Required for Auxin Synthesis and Diverse Aspects of Plant Development
Authors: Yamada Masashi , Greenham Katie , Prigge Michael J. , Jensen Philip J. , Estelle Mark 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe plant hormone auxin plays an essential role in plant development. However, only a few auxin biosynthetic genes have been isolated and characterized. Here, we show that the TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE2 (TIR2) gene is required for many growth processes. Our studies indicate that the tir2 mutant is hypersensitive to 5-methyl-tryptophan, an inhibitor of tryptophan synthesis. Further, treatment with the proposed auxin biosynthetic intermediate indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) and indole-3-acetic acid rescues the tir2 short hypocotyl phenotype, suggesting that tir2 may be affected in the IPA auxin biosynthetic pathway. Molecular characterization revealed that TIR2 is identical to the TAA1 gene encoding a tryptophan aminotransferase. We show that TIR2 is regulated by temperature and is required for temperature-dependent hypocotyl elongation. Further, we find that expression of TIR2 is induced on the lower side of a gravitropically responding root. We propose that TIR2 contributes to a positive regulatory loop required for root gravitropism.
The Paralogous GenesRADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATH1andSIMILAR TO RCD ONE1Have Partially Redundant Functions during Arabidopsis Development
Authors: Teotia Sachin , Lamb Rebecca S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATH1 (RCD1) and SIMILAR TO RCD ONE1 (SRO1) are the only two proteins encoded in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome containing both a putative poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase catalytic domain and a WWE protein-protein interaction domain, although similar proteins have been found in other eukaryotes. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases mediate the attachment of ADP-ribose units from donor NAD+ molecules to target proteins and have been implicated in a number of processes, including DNA repair, apoptosis, transcription, and chromatin remodeling. We have isolated mutants in both RCD1 and SRO1, rcd1-3 and sro1-1, respectively. rcd1-3 plants display phenotypic defects as reported for previously isolated alleles, most notably reduced stature. In addition, rcd1-3 mutants display a number of additional developmental defects in root architecture and maintenance of reproductive development. While single mutant sro1-1 plants are relatively normal, loss of a single dose of SRO1 in the rcd1-3 background increases the severity of several developmental defects, implying that these genes do share some functions. However, rcd1-3 and sro1-1 mutants behave differently in several developmental events and abiotic stress responses, suggesting that they also have distinct functions. Remarkably, rcd1-3; sro1-1 double mutants display severe defects in embryogenesis and postembryonic development. This study shows that RCD1 and SRO1 are at least partially redundant and that they are essential genes for plant development.
Review article: anti‐inflammatory mechanisms of action of Saccharomyces boulardii
Authors: POTHOULAKIS C. 
Published: July 2009

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 30, 826–833SummaryBackground  Saccharomyces boulardii, a well‐studied probiotic, can be effective in inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases with diverse pathophysiology, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and bacterially mediated or enterotoxin‐mediated diarrhoea and inflammation.Aim  To discuss the mechanisms of action involved in the intestinal anti‐inflammatory action of S. boulardii.Methods  Review of the literature related to the anti‐inflammatory effects of this probiotic.Results  Several mechanisms of action have been identified directed against the host and pathogenic microorganisms. S. boulardii and S. boulardii secreted‐protein(s) inhibit production of proinflammatory cytokines by interfering with the global mediator of inflammation nuclear factor κB, and modulating the activity of the mitogen‐activated protein kinases ERK1/2 and p38. S. boulardii activates expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma (PPAR‐γ) that protects from gut inflammation and IBD. S. boulardii also suppresses ‘bacteria overgrowth’ and host cell adherence, releases a protease that cleaves C. difficile toxin A and its intestinal receptor and stimulates antibody production against toxin A. Recent results indicate that S. boulardii may interfere with IBD pathogenesis by trapping T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes.Conclusions  The multiple anti‐inflammatory mechanisms exerted by S. boulardii provide molecular explanations supporting its effectiveness in intestinal inflammatory states.
Use of the Kidcope to identify socio‐economically diverse Spanish school‐age children's stressors and coping strategies
Authors: Pereda N. , Forns M. , Kirchner T. , Muñoz D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground  The process by which children cope with stressful events is a very relevant topic. However, few systematic efforts have been made to design age‐specific measures.Methods  This study examined problems commonly experienced by children, ages between 7 and 12 years, from two different sources: a primary school mainly enrolling families of medium socio‐economic status, and an after‐school social care centre from a socially and economically deprived neighbourhood. Data were obtained using the younger version of the Kidcope.Results  Almost 55% of the sample reported a problem related to others with no differences observed in age, gender or school group. The strategies that children considered the most effective were ‘social support’ (35%), ‘emotional regulation’ (33%) and ‘wishful thinking’ (32%). The children from disadvantaged backgrounds reported different problems mainly related with ‘victimization and violence’, ‘moving house’ and conflicts with ‘norms and rules’ and tended to use avoidant strategies to face them, which could be related to the perception of uncontrollability of these stressors.Conclusions  This study reported the first descriptive results in the type of problems and coping strategies of two different social groups of Spanish children using the Kidcope. The Kidcope can be useful to screen children for coping abilities at an early age living under stressful conditions in underprivileged sectors of society.
Mortality of Parkinson's disease by Hoehn–Yahr stage from community‐based and clinic series [Keelung Community‐based Integrated Screening (KCIS) no. 17)]
Authors: Liou Horng‐Huei , Wu Chia‐Yun , Chiu Yueh‐Hsia , Yen Amy Ming‐Fang , Chen Rong‐Chi , Chen Ta‐Fu , Chen Chih‐Chuan , Hwang Yuarn‐Chung , Wen Ying‐Rong , Chen Tony Hsiu‐Hsi 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPurpose  We aimed to quantify the mortality reduction by which the early detection of Parkinson's disease (PD) within a community‐based study could reduce the number of advanced cases.Methods  Data used in this study were derived from two community‐based surveys and from a clinical series of PD cases identified from a medical centre. The cumulative survival by Hoehn–Yahr (H–Y) scale was estimated and the mortality reduction derived from a community‐based survey was predicted.Results  A total of 117 PD patients were detected through two community‐based approaches. By comparing the H–Y stage distribution of screen‐detected cases with those from the clinical series, a 22.5% excess in the number of early PD (H–Y stage I and stage II) were identified with screening. The risk ratios of being H–Y stage III or severe for community‐based detected cases versus clinical series were 0.49 (95% confidence interval: 0.30–0.78). The total death rate adjusted by H–Y stage distribution was 21% and 28% for cases from community and clinical series, respectively.Conclusions  The present study revealed that early detection of PD through a community‐based survey may reduce 51% incidence of stage III or more severe PD at diagnosis, leading to a 25% reduction in mortality.
An audit of health education services within UK hospitals
Authors: Haynes Charlotte L. , Cook Gary A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRationale, aims and objective  UK public health policy requires hospitals to deliver health promotion services to patients for healthy lifestyles (i.e. health education), but there are currently few data on the health education delivered within hospitals. This audit aimed to collect data on the routine health education activities delivered to hospitalized patients to assess whether the following standards were met: 100% of hospitalized patients screened for smoking, alcohol use and obesity, 70% of smokers offered health education for smoking cessation and 50% of patients identified as misusing alcohol, obese, consuming an unhealthy diet and/or physically inactive delivered the appropriate health education.Methods  An audit of data contained in hospitalized patients' written medical case notes for evidence that the above standards were met. Nine hospitals in Greater Manchester in England participated.Results  Four hospitals screened all patients for smoking. None of the hospitals met the standards for screening alcohol or obesity. For health education delivery, all hospitals met the standard for diet, four for alcohol misuse and four for physical activity. None of the hospitals met the standards for smoking or obesity.Conclusions  Improvements in practice for screening of alcohol and obesity are required. While some hospitals appeared to meet standards for health education delivery for alcohol, diet and physical activity, given the poor screening procedures for these risk factors, we can not conclude that health education delivery was adequate.
Understanding health from a complex systems perspective
Authors: Topolski Stefan 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDoctors often use theory to inform medical practice. The current bio‐psycho‐social model of health may be advanced still further with theoretical rigour. Traditional fields of thermodynamics and newer fields of non‐linear dynamics including chaos theory and complex systems science can inform our understanding of the complexity of human health, illness and disease. Commonly accepted aspects of human health may be projected as probabilities over time creating curves of human health potential. Maximum health may be represented by maximum functional complexity. Complexity's relationship to entropy and energy can produce a complex surface that better models the human experience of health and illness from birth to death. Such a potential health trajectory uniting complexity and entropy expands upon earlier theories of health while allowing for unusual predictions and the novel opportunity to test and validate this model of human health.
Lessons from Jurassic Park: patients as complex adaptive systems
Authors: Katerndahl David A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRationale  With realization that non‐linearity is generally the rule rather than the exception in nature, viewing patients and families as complex adaptive systems may lead to a better understanding of health and illness. Doctors who successfully practise the ‘art’ of medicine may recognize non‐linear principles at work without having the jargon needed to label them.Methods  Complex adaptive systems are systems composed of multiple components that display complexity and adaptation to input. These systems consist of self‐organized components, which display complex dynamics, ranging from simple periodicity to chaotic and random patterns showing trends over time.Results  Understanding the non‐linear dynamics of phenomena both internal and external to our patients can (1) improve our definition of ‘health’; (2) improve our understanding of patients, disease and the systems in which they converge; (3) be applied to future monitoring systems; and (4) be used to possibly engineer change.Conclusion  Such a non‐linear view of the world is quite congruent with the generalist perspective.
‘It just doesn't seem to fit’. Environmental illness, corporeal chaos and the body as a complex system
Authors: Coyle Fiona J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEnvironmental illness (EI) still remains something of an enigma, despite attempts to squeeze it into the increasingly flexible framework of the biomedical model or label it as ‘psychogenic’. Consistently, environmentally ill bodies fail to respond to conventional medical tests, with the emergence of ambiguous, indecipherable or negative results. During a series of in‐depth interviews in Canada, both patients and environmental health practitioners advocated the need for an alternative paradigm from which to view EI. They also spoke of the complex nature of the illness, a conundrum that is currently being explored at the Nova Scotia Environmental Health Centre through an alternative epistemological framework: complexity theory. In this paper, I present a tentative proposal, based on the juxtaposition of theoretical insights from this new science to discourses emanating from patients and doctors. Specifically, I argue that the diverse symptoms of EI can be comprehended through a study of complexity theory, a conception that has positive implications for treatment.
Controlled dehydration of a biological sample using an alternative form of environmental SEM
Authors: NEDĚLA V. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryIn this study a non‐conductive biological sample is observed free of charging artefacts when placed on a cooled Peltier stage in the specimen chamber of an alternative form of the environmental scanning electron microscope, equipped with a specially designed hydration system. This system was used to create dynamically changing surrounding conditions leading to controlled dehydration of the sample enabling us to visualize the topographical structure of a rat tongue in the transition region between the liquid and the gas state of water in the microscope specimen chamber.
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum‐like lesions in association with thalassaemia major
Authors: Yu Shirley , Ming Andrew , Wegman Annette 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTA 33‐year‐old woman with a background of thalassaemia major presented with a 3‐month history of yellowish plaques on the back of her neck bilaterally and alterations in the texture of the skin in both axillae. Examination of these lesions showed yellowish cobblestone plaques and coalescing papules in both axillae. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE)‐like lesions were confirmed histopathologically. PXE‐like lesions in association with thalassaemia major are an uncommon occurrence. Due to the increase in the survival rate of thalassaemia major patients on treatment, the development of these lesions is likely to increase. The histopathological manifestation of these lesions mimics that of hereditary PXE and is associated with severe vascular complications. This case highlights the importance of recognising this rare disorder and the role dermatologists have in establishing the diagnosis and advising on appropriate screening for complications.
Primary umbilical melanoma
Authors: Cecchi Roberto , Pavesi Mario , Buralli Lauro , Rapicano Valentina , De Gaudio Cataldo 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTWe report a 72‐year‐old woman who presented with a primary melanoma of the umbilicus and periumbilical skin of 4 years' duration. Pathological examination of a biopsy specimen showed Clark's level IV, and tumour thickness 2.3 mm. The patient underwent preoperative lymphatic mapping followed by sentinel lymph node biopsy, and wide local excision of the primary tumour, including its attachment to the peritoneum. Because of the variations in vascularity and the residual embryonal connections of the umbilicus with the peritoneum and other intra‐abdominal organs, an aggressive surgical approach is recommended in the management of malignant umbilical tumours.
Prophylactic use of isepamicin and levofloxacin for transrectal prostate biopsy: A retrospective single center study
Authors: Shigemura Katsumi , Yasufuku Tomihiko , Yamashita Masuo , Arakawa Soichi , Fujisawa Masato 
Published: July 2009

Objectives:  To evaluate the combination of isepamicin and levofloxacin in the prophylaxis of infectious complications associated with prostate biopsy (PBX).Methods:  A total of 586 patients who underwent transrectal PBX in a single center were included in this retrospective analysis. They received 400 mg isepamicin once just before PBX plus 300 mg oral levofloxacin each day for three days as a rule. Clinical and laboratory data were evaluated.Results:  A total of three (0.51%) patients presented a febrile complication after PBX. All of them were diagnosed as acute prostatitis. Serum white blood cell count and C‐reactive protein in the 131 patients whose laboratory data were available for statistical analyses did not rise significantly after PBX.Conclusions:  Isepamicin plus fluoroquinolone can be considered a valuable regimen for antibiotic prophylaxis of PBX.
The bacterial genus Collimonas: mycophagy, weathering and other adaptive solutions to life in oligotrophic soil environments
Authors: Leveau Johan H. J. , Uroz Stéphane , De Boer Wietse 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThis minireview provides a synopsis of past and present research on the biology and ecology of members of the bacterial genus Collimonas. From the distribution, abundance and functional behaviours of these so‐called collimonads emerges a general picture of bacterial adaptation to low‐nutrient soil environments. Among these adaptations is the ability to extract nutrients from living fungi (mycophagy) and from rocks and minerals (weathering). This unique combination of properties will be discussed in the context of other interactions that collimonads have with their biotic and abiotic surroundings, such as the ability to inhibit fungal growth (fungistasis), protect plant roots from fungal disease (biocontrol), and degrade natural polymers and synthetic pollutants (biodegradation). Future research on Collimonas is expected to take advantage of the genomic tools and resources that are becoming available to uncover and describe the genes and gene functions that distinguish this group of bacteria and are the basis for its phenotypes. Potential applications of collimonads include the control of unwanted fungi, for example in agriculture, their use as biological indicators of soil quality and fertility, and as a source of bioactive compounds.