bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the disease burden of Yi people by years of life lost in Shilin county of Yunnan province, China
Authors: Zhou Shang-Cheng , Cai Le , Wan Chong-Hua , Lv Yi-Ling , Fang Peng-Qian 
Published: June 2009

Abstract

Background
Years of Life Lost (YLL) is one of the methods used to estimate the duration of time lost due to premature death. While previous studies of disease burden have been reported using YLL, there have been no studies investigating YLL of Yi people in rural China. Yunnan Province ranks first in terms of Yi people in China. This paper uses YLL to estimate the disease burden of Yi people in Shilin county of Yunnan Province. This study aims to address the differentials about YLL between Yi people and Han people for providing useful information for health planning.

Methods
We applied the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) method created by WHO. YLL rate per 1,000 were calculated from medical death certificates in 2003 in Shilin Yi Nationality Autonomous County (Shilin county).

Results
The male had greater YLL rate per 1,000 than did the female almost in each age group. It demonstrated a higher premature mortality burden due to injuries in Shilin county. Among the top non-communicable diseases, respiratory diseases are the most common mortality burden. Yi people are still suffering from maternal conditions, with two times the burden rates of Han people. For Yi people, while malignant neoplasm was one of the least burden of disease for male, it was the greatest for female, which is the opposite to Han people.

Conclusion
Strategies of economic development should be reviewed to enhance the prevention and treatment of injuries, maternal conditions and respiratory diseases for Yi people.
Reproducibility and repeatability of measuring the electrical impedance of the pregnant human cervix-the effect of probe size and applied pressure
Authors: Jokhi Roobin P , Ghule Vidita V , Brown Brian H , Anumba Dilly OC 
Published: June 2009

Abstract

Background
The utility of cervical electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as a diagnostic tool is being investigated in clinical trials. We sought to assess the reliability of two different sizes of tetrapolar probes used in measuring cervical impedance.

Methods
Cervical transfer impedance was measured at 14 frequencies between 76 and 625 000 Hz from 11 pregnant subjects at term. Repeated measurements were taken with two probes (3 mm and 12 mm diameter) applied softly (approximately 0.7 Newton of force), and firmly (approximately 2.2 Newton) to the surface of the cervix by two observers. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV) and repeatability standard deviations (SD) were derived from these measurements and compared.

Results
Measurements taken by one observer were highly repeatable for both probes as demonstrated by high ICC and low CV values. Probe performance was improved further by firm application. Firm application of the 3 mm probe resulted in ICC values that ranged from 0.936 to 0.986 (p = 0.0001) and CV values between 1.0 and 3.4%. Firm pressure with the 12 mm probe resulted in ICC values that ranged between 0.914 and 0.988 (p = 0.0001) with CV values between 0.7 and 2.1%. In addition, the repeatability SD was low across all frequencies implying that there was low intra-observer variability. Measurements taken by 2 observers with firm application of the 12 mm probe demonstrated moderate reproducibility between 9.8 and 156 kHz, the frequency range in which previous clinical studies have shown predictive association between high cervical resistivity and vaginal delivery: ICC values ranged between 0.528 and 0.638 (p < 0.05), CV values were between 3.3 and 5.2% and reproducibility SD values were also low. In contrast the 3 mm probe demonstrated poor reproducibility at all study frequencies.

Conclusion
Measuring cervical resistivity by a single observer with both the 3 and 12 mm probes is highly repeatable whilst inter-observer reproducibility is poor with the 3 mm probe but moderately good when the 12 mm probe is firmly applied to the cervix in the frequency range 9.8 to 156 kHz, consistent with our observations of probe performance in clinical trials.
Interleukin-6 as an early marker for fat embolism
Authors: Yoga R , Theis JC , Walton M , Sutherland W 
Published: June 2009

Abstract

Background
Fat Embolism is a complication of long bone fractures, intramedullary fixation and joint arthroplasty. It may progress to fat embolism syndrome, which is rare but involves significant morbidity and can occasionally be fatal. Fat Embolism can be detected at the time of embolization by transoesophageal echocardiography or atrial blood sampling. Later, a combination of clinical signs and symptoms will point towards fat embolism but there is no specific test to confirm the diagnosis. We investigated serum Interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a possible early marker for fat embolism.

Methods
An animal study was conducted to simulate a hip replacement in 31 adult male Sprague Dawley rats. The procedure was performed under general anesthesia and the animals divided into 3 groups: control, uncemented and cemented. Following surgery and recovery from anaesthesia, the rats allowed to freely mobilize in their cages. Blood was taken before surgery and at 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours to measure serum IL-6 levels. The rats were euthanized at 24 hours and lungs removed and stained for fat. The amount of fat seen was then correlated with serum IL-6 levels.

Results
No rats in the control group had fat emboli. Numerous fat emboli were seen in both the uncemented and cemented implant groups. The interleukin levels were raised in all groups reaching a peak at 12 hours after surgery reaching 100 pg/ml in the control group and around 250 pg/ml in the uncemented and cemented implant groups. The IL-6 levels in the control group were significantly lower than any of the implant groups at 12 and 24 hours. At these time points, the serum IL-6 correlated with the amount of fat seen on lung histology.

Conclusion
Serum IL-6 is a possible early marker of fat embolism.
Hook-up of GluA2, GRIP and liprin-α for cholinergic muscarinic receptor-dependent LTD in the hippocampus
Authors: Wu Long-Jun , Wang Yu-Tian , Zhuo Min 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The molecular mechanism underlying muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-dependent LTD (mAChR-LTD) in the hippocampus is less studied. In a recent study, a novel mechanism is described. The induction of mAChR-LTD required the activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), and the expression was mediated by AMPA receptor endocytosis via interactions between GluA2, GRIP and liprin-α. The hook-up of these proteins may result in the recruitment of leukocyte common antigen-related receptor (LAR), a PTP that is known to be involved in AMPA receptor trafficking. Interestingly, the similar molecular interaction cannot be applied to mGluR-LTD, despite the fact that the same G-protein involved in LTD is activated by both mAChR and mGluR. This discovery provides key molecular insights for cholinergic dependent cognitive function, and mAChR-LTD can serve as a useful cellular model for studying the roles of cholinergic mechanism in learning and memory.
Association of Parathyroid Adenoma and Pregnancy with Preeclampsia
Authors: Hultin Hella , Hellman Per , Lundgren Ewa , Olovsson Matts , Ekbom Anders , Rastad Jonas , Montgomery Scott M. 
Published: June 2009

Objective: Case reports have described associations between calcium metabolism disturbances and primary hyperparathyroidism with preeclampsia, suggesting parathyroid involvement in preeclampsia etiology. This study examines whether parathyroid adenoma, the main cause of hyperparathyroidism, diagnosed and treated before pregnancy is associated with preeclampsia.
Design: We conducted a register-based study to assess the association between parathyroid adenoma and subsequent preeclampsia.
Setting: Births among Sweden’s general population were studied.
Population: The study population included 52 women with a diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma and 519 without, all of whom had a subsequent singleton pregnancy between 1973 and 1997.
Methods: We performed a conditional logistic regression investigating the association of parathyroid adenoma with subsequent preeclampsia in the first singleton pregnancy with adjustment for potential confounding factors.
Main Outcome Measure: The main outcome was a diagnosis of preeclampsia that does not include women with prior chronic hypertension. To ensure that treatment of parathyroid adenoma was completed before pregnancy, those with a diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma made less than 2 yr before delivery (and the matched comparison women) were excluded.
Results: Statistically, parathyroid adenoma prior to delivery is significantly (P &lt; 0.001) associated with preeclampsia, producing an adjusted odds ratio of 6.89 (95% confidence interval, 2.30, 20.58).
Conclusion: A history of parathyroid adenoma should be viewed as a risk for preeclampsia.
A history of parathyroid adenoma is associated with an increased risk for pre-eclampsia in subsequent pregnancies.
Amputation surgery in children: an analysis of frequency and cause of early wound problems
Authors: Banza L N , Mkandawire N C , Harrison W J 
Published: June 2009

Amputation surgery in children is a relatively uncommon procedure. The objective of our study was to determine the incidence of complications in this type of surgery as well as any related factors. The results of our retrospective study of children aged between one and 18 years, over a five-year period were collected and analysed. The most frequent indications for amputation were congenital limb deformities (60%). Trauma, tumours, infection and other rare conditions were less common. Results also revealed that in our hospital the wound infection rate was 38 %, the wound breakdown rate was 11 % and the general wound sepsis rate was around 1%. More complications were observed following through-knee amputation. We had noticed fewer complications (25%) when the surgery was performed by a consultant than when it was performed by a junior trainee (66%).
An Empirical Analysis of Contract Structures in IT Outsourcing
Authors: Chen Yuanyuan , Bharadwaj Anandhi 
Published: June 2009

Outsourcing of information technology (IT) services has received much attention in the information systems (IS) literature. However, considerably less attention has been paid to actual contract structures used in IT outsourcing (ITO). Examining contract structures yields important insights into how the contracting parties structure the governance provisions and the factors or transaction risks that influence them. Based on insights from prior literature, from practicing legal experts, and through in-depth content analysis of actual contracts, we develop a comprehensive coding scheme to capture contract provisions across four major dimensions: monitoring, dispute resolution, property rights protection, and contingency provisions. We then develop an empirical data set describing the contract structures across these distinct dimensions, using a sample of 112 ITO contracts from the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) database from 1993 to 2003. Drawing on transaction cost, agency, and relational exchange theories, we hypothesize the effects of transaction and relational characteristics on the specific contractual provisions, as well as on overall contract extensiveness. Furthermore, we examine how these associations vary under conditions of fixed price and time and materials pricing structures. The results provide good support for the main hypotheses of the study and yield interesting insights about contractual governance of ITO arrangements.
A NOTES-ról és az általa létrehívott egyéb minimálisan invazív sebészeti technikákról (hibrid NOTES, NOTUS, SPS, SILS), valamint a sebészeti szemléletre gyakorolt hatásukrólr
Authors: Lukovich Péter , Kupcsulik Péter 
Published: June 2009

Absztrakt
2004-ben egy új technikával ismerkedett meg a világ, melyet természetes szájadékokon keresztüli endoscopos sebészetnek (NOTES) neveztek el. A módszerrel kapcsolatosan kérdések sora fogalmazódott meg, s bár számos problémára a mai napig nem sikerült megoldást találni, egyre újabb cikkek jelennek meg a módszer humánalkalmazásáról. A fennálló megoldatlan kérdések megkerülésére számos új műtéttechnikai megoldást fejlesztettek ki (hibrid NOTES, NOTUS, SPS, SLIS stb.), mely a problémákat ugyan nem küszöböli ki teljesen, egyes esetekben mégis reális megoldást jelenthet. Ismeretük és kritikus elemzésük fontos a kor sebészének. A módszerek bármelyikének alkalmazása a korábban lefektetett sebészeti és flexibilis endoscopos elvek felülvizsgálatát igényli. Bár ezeket sok esetben axiómaként kezelik, léteznek irodalmi adatok a tőlük eltérő kezelési elvekre is. A természetes szájadékokon keresztüli sebészet által felvetett szokásos kérdések (melyik behatolási kapu a legalkalmasabb, hogyan zárjuk a viscerotomiás nyílást, hogyan előzzük meg az infekciót, ki fogja végezni a NOTES-műtétet), kritikus elemzése csak a korábban “gold standard”-ként alkalmazott technikák okozta szövődmények (pl. laparoscopos műtétek utáni sebinfekció, sérv) tükrében érdemes. Humánadatok szerint a NOTES-műtét minimális fájdalommal jár, a betegek általában aznap elhagyhatják a kórházat. Elegendő-e ilyen rövid posztoperatív observatio, és elhagyható-e a cholecystectomia utáni drainage? A humáneredmények alkalmasak az új technikával kapcsolatos korai következetések levonására is. A laparoscopia fejlődése során felmerült problémák retrospektív elemzése lehetőséget teremthet a NOTES fejlődése során elkövethető hibák elkerülésére.
Buckling of Tubulars in Simulated Field Conditions
Authors: Menand S. , Sellami H. , Tijani M. , Akowanou J. , Simon C. 
Published: June 2009

Summary
First, this paper presents the new developments integrated in a recently advanced model for drillstring mechanics and takes into account the buckling phenomenon in any actual well trajectory. Second, this paper shows the influence of tortuosity and friction on the buckling phenomenon for some practical and critical cases met in the drilling industry. These tortuosity and friction effects are demonstrated with an experimental setup that confirms theoretical features. Finally, we compare results obtained from existant models with results obtained from our new model to evaluate the tortuosity and friction effects on the critical buckling load found in the literature.
High-speed deformation of titanium during dynamic channel-angular pressing
Authors: Zel'dovich Vitaly , Shorokhov Eugeny , Frolova Natalya , Zhgiliev Igor , Kheifetz Alexey , Khomskaya Irina 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
A titanium sample was deformed using dynamic channel-angular pressing using a shock loading technique. The structural changes and the cracking behavior occurring during the high-speed deformation were studied by metallographic inspection. A geometrical method of determining the amount of uniform shear strain upon equal-channel angular pressing is suggested. The localized deformation leads to the appearance of adiabatic shear bands. Two types of adiabatic shear bands were observed that intersect the sample in either the longitudinal or transverse directions. The occurrence of recrystallization inside the bands indicates local heating of the material to 770 – 870 K. The morphology of the adiabatic shear bands can be described as a multilayer structure. The width of bands is up to 100 m.
Microstructural evolution of equal-channel angular pressed interstitial-free steel
Authors: Máthis Kristián , Krajnák Tomáš , Janeček Miloš , Dopita Milan , Seop Kim Hyoung 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) belongs to advanced technologies for improving mechanical properties of materials. In the present work, the influence of the number of ECAP passes using route BC on both grain size and mechanical properties of interstitial-free steel was investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy, electron back-scattering diffraction, and microhardness testing. It was found that the grain size decreases with the increasing number of passes. At the same time, an increase in microhardness was observed. The evolution of microstructure with increasing strain imposed through ECAP, in particular the process of grain fragmentation and the formation of high-angle boundaries were also examined.
Preparation of ultrafine-grained twin-roll cast AlMg3 sheets by accumulative roll bonding
Authors: Homola Petr , Slámová† Margarita , Sláma Peter , Cieslar Miroslav , Karlík Miroslav 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Accumulative roll bonding is a method for achieving grain refinement of metallic materials by severe plastic deformation, resulting in strength superior to that of conventionally manufactured sheets. The method has been successfully used by the authors to prepare bulk ultrafine-grained sheets from pure aluminium and several twin-roll cast aluminium alloys. The present paper summarizes the results of a study aimed at monitoring the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties during the accumulative roll bonding process of a twin-roll cast AlMg3 (AW – 5754) alloy. Moreover, the annealing behaviour of the roll-bonded sheets is compared with the behaviour of conventionally rolled counterparts.
Study of the recrystallization of AW-5049 and AW-5754 twin-roll cast alloys by EBSD
Authors: Uhlíř Jaromír , Slámová† Margarita , Homola Petr 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The paper presents the results of an investigation of the annealing response of sheets prepared from two twin-roll continuous cast aluminium – magnesium alloys. Sheets of 1 mm thickness prepared by cold rolling with 80 % reduction in thickness were annealed using an industrial regime with slow heating, holding at 350 °C and slow cooling. Hardness measurements and tensile tests allowed estimation of the magnitude of deformation recovery at different annealing stages. The evolution of the grain structure was studied by electron backscatter diffraction in a scanning electron microscope. The recrystallization in AW-5754 occurs at lower temperatures than in the AW-5049 material. The recrystallized grains are finer in the former alloy. The tensile properties of both AW-5754 and AW-5049 sheets are isotropic. Soft AW-5754 sheets exhibit less pronounced texture than AW-5049 ones.
Stability of microstructure in silver processed by severe plastic deformation
Authors: Gubicza Jenő , Chinh Nguyen Q. , Lábár János L. , Tichy Géza , Hegedűs Zoltán , Xu Cheng , Langdon Terence G. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The stability of the microstructure of pure silver processed by equal channel angular pressing at room temperature was studied by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray line profile analysis. After processing by 1 pass the microstructure was stable, whereas after 8 passes a static recovery/recrystallization of the severely deformed microstructure was observed a long time after deformation when the material was stored at room temperature. This unusual behavior is attributed to the high degree of dislocation dissociation due to the very low stacking fault energy of silver. The highly dissociated dislocations may be annihilated a long time after deformation due to thermal activation assisted by stresses which evolve in the severely deformed microstructures.
Effects of grain growth on microhardness and coercivity in electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel
Authors: Vidrich Gabriele , Flejszar Aneta , Mielczarek Agnieszka , Riehemann Werner 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Nickel specimens with various grain sizes were produced by electrochemical deposition. As-deposited pure nickel had a mean grain size of 300 nm. By dispersing nanoscaled SiO2- and Al2O3-particles in the electrolyte it was possible to reduce the grain size by incorporation of these particles into the growing nickel matrix. The grain sizes were 150 nm and 60 nm for the Al2O3- and SiO2-reinforced nanocomposite, respectively. Microhardness and coercivity of all samples were measured immediately after electrodeposition and after successive isochronal heat treatments with increasing annealing temperature. Grain growth of the samples could be observed by a decrease in hardness as well as coercivity with increasing annealing temperature.
ALCHEMI study of chromium doped iron-aluminides
Authors: Veselý Jozef , Cieslar Miroslav , Slámová Margarita 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Mechanical properties of intermetallic iron-aluminides are strongly influenced by thermal pretreatment, stoichiometry and additional alloying elements.
In the present study samples of FeAl and FeAl alloyed with Cr annealed at different temperatures were investigated. A revised ALCHEMI technique (Atom Location by CHanneling Enhanced MIcroanalysis) was employed to study site occupancies. The orientation dependences of characteristic X-ray yields were measured. Dynamic electron diffraction conditions with the systematic row excitation (planar ALCHEMI) were used. Experimental data were fitted by a theoretical calculation based on Bloch wave method.
The distribution of elements on individual sublattices was obtained and preferential occupation of Al sites by Cr was confirmed.
Intermetallic compounds at the interface between Sn–Cu(–Ni) solders and Cu substrate
Authors: Harcuba Petr , Janeček Miloš , Slámová† Margarita 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The influence of Cu content and Ni addition on the morphology and the growth kinetics of the intermetallic compound (IMC) layer formed at the interface of liquid Sn – Cu-based solders and the Cu substrate were investigated. The effects of temperature and reaction times on IMC morphology and thickness were studied. The reaction of a Sn-1.4Cu alloy with the substrate leads to the formation of a layer of Cu6Sn5 (-phase) of typical scallop morphology. At long reaction times, a Cu3Sn (-phase) is observed at the interface between the Cu substrate and the Cu6Sn5 layer. A small nickel addition to a Sn-0.6Cu alloy significantly changes the IMC morphology, accelerates its growth kinetics, prevents the formation of the Cu3Sn layer and reduces the rate of substrate dissolution. The effective activation energy of growth of the IMC layer in the Sn – Cu – Ni alloy was determined.
The effect of the microstructure on elastic properties of a polycrystalline stoichiometric NiAl
Authors: Witczak Przemysław , Witczak Zbigniew 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Elastic constants for a polycrystalline stoichiometric NiAl intermetallic obtained via different processing routes were measured using ultrasonic methods. Samples having various porosity, (0 – 0.1), texture, and 0.2 – 200 μm grain size were produced by combined operations of casting or self-sustaining high-temperature synthesis, followed by hot hydrostatic extrusion and/or hot isostatic pressing. It was shown that the bulk modulus, as a quantity independent of crystallographic texture, depends on porosity according to an exponential relationship. Elastic properties of near theoretical density materials having various grain sizes were measured under high hydrostatic pressure ranging up to 1 GPa. Parameters of the equation of state were determined. The values of bulk moduli and their first pressure derivatives for the nanostructured material under investigation and of single crystals appeared to be the same.