bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of tillage and direct drilling on soil properties during the growing season in a long-term barley mono-culture system
Authors: Pidgeon J. D. , Soane B. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSoil responses to deep (30–35 cm) and normal (15–20 cm) mouldboard ploughing, chisel ploughing and zero-tillage have been compared for 7 years in a field experiment growing continuous spring barley near Edinburgh. The soil was of variable texture, from moderately well-drained sandy loam overlying loam to imperfectly to poorly drained sandy clay loam overlying clay loam, classified as stagnogleyic brown earth to cambio stagnogley soil. Soils of this type derived from Carboniferous till are widely used for cereal production in south-east Scotland. Measurements of soil physical properties were made at crop emergence, midseason and at harvest to characterize seasonal and long-term responses to tillage and traffic. After the first 3 years bulk density responses varied little within or between seasons, showing a compacted horizon from 0–15 cm under zero-tillage and a looser horizon from 21–33 cm under deep ploughing compared with normal ploughing. Immediately below the depth of normal ploughing there was no difference in bulk density between this treatment and zero-tillage while in some years the chisel-ploughing treatment was denser. Moisture content responses on a weight basis, together with air-filled porosity responses, showed large differences between treatments particularly at the time of crop emergency, indicating substantial alterations in the soil profile hydrology. Expressed on a volume basis the increased moisture content near the surface under zero-tillage became more pronounced and the other effects disappeared. Cone resistance responses were proportionately larger than those for bulk density and showed one major difference in that below the depth of ploughing cone resistance was greater for zero-tillage than normal ploughing in the sixth and seventh seasons, but not previously. For bulk density, but probably not for cone resistance, there were no increases after the third season of zero-tillage, the soil reaching an equilibrium density for the current management practices and machinery usage.
The apparent digestibility of crude protein by non-ruminants and ruminants
Authors: Glover J. , Duthie D. W. 
Published: March 2009

The apparent digestibility of crude protein by the non-ruminants, pigs, horses, rats, man and the rabbit, is shown to be related to the crude protein content of the feed, and the form of the relationship is similar to that for ruminants. With non-ruminants the apparent digestibility of crude protein is markedly depressed by the crude fibre content of the feed, whereas with ruminants the depression is only slight. The relevant equations show that pigs are much more sensitive to crude fibre than horses and rabbits, and both the latter react more markedly to crude fibre than do the ruminants.Despite the apparently significant differences between the equations for the ruminant and nonruminant herbivores, it is shown that over the normal range of crude protein and crude fibre content in feedingstuffs suitable for herbivores, the apparent digestibility coefficient of crude protein is similar for all. In other words, despite different abilities to cope with crude fibre, the herbivores as a class digest crude protein in normal feeds to much the same extent. On the other hand, the pig, an omnivore, is shown to be very markedly affected by the crude fibre content of such feeds.
Investigations into the use of supplements for the control of hypomagnesaemia in dairy cows during the spring grazing period
Authors: Line C. , Head M. J. , Rook J. A. F. , Foot A. S. , Rowland S. J. 
Published: March 2009

1. Three experiments are described on the feeding of supplements of calcined magnesite, linseed cake and vitamin D to dairy cows for the control of hypomagnesaemia and the prevention of hypomagnesaemic tetany on spring pastures.2. A daily supplement of 2 oz. calcined magnesite either contained in 2 lb. of dredge corn cubes or 4 lb. dredge corn mix, or as a drench, gave adequate protection against the development of hypomagnesaemia in the fifty-six cows to which it was given.3. The supplements of 3½–4 lb. linseed cake and 12,500 i.u. vitamin D gave only partial protection.4. The economics of providing dairy herds with magnesite during the early grazing period is discussed.
The effect of hexoestrol implantation on growth, efficiency of food utilization and carcass quality in pigs
Authors: Morgan J. T. , Green F. R. , Costain R. A. , Williams E. F. 
Published: March 2009

An experiment is described in which 64 individually-fed pigs were used to investigate the effects of dietary protein status, administration of aureomycin and hexoestrol implantation on growth, efficiency of feed utilization and carcass conformation. The results of hexoestrol implantation and interactions with the other two variables only are reported here. The pigs were implanted at 120 lb. and again at 150 lb. and killed at 200 lb. live-weight.The main features of hexoestrol treatment were:1. Body length taken from the anterior edge of the aitch bone to the junction of first rib and sternum was significantly increased by 9·75 mm.2. The percentage lean in the carcass was increased by 0·82%, representing approximately 1¼ lb. more lean meat in a 155 lb. carcass. The water content of the lean was increased but not significantly.3. Body fat was reduced but this was not reflected in a significant change in back fat measurements.4. No changes could be detected in the thyroid or adrenals, but whereas male castrates showed little effect of treatment on other organs apart from a certain amount of urethritis, the intact female manifested major changes in the genital tract. The uterus in particular was greatly enlarged and ovarian activity obviously reduced. The implications of these effects are being examined.5. There was no response to treatment in terms of growth rate or efficiency of feed utilization.
Nitrogen fixation (C2H2reduction) in the rice rhizosphere soil as influenced by pesticides and methods of their application
Authors: Rao J. L. N. , Pasalu I. C. , Rao V. Rajaramamohan 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effect of pesticides on nitrogenase activity in rhizosphere soil from rice fields was investigated. The differential response of insecticides on nitrogenase depended on the method of field application. Results also showed that the differential response to the pesticides of. specific groups of nitrogen-fixing micro-organisms depended upon the method of application.Soil incorporation of carbofuran stimulated the rhizosphere nitrogenase, while endosulfan and hexachlorocyclohexane inhibited it. Carbofuran and hexachlorocyclohexane stimulated nitrogenase when applied to the standing water. Seedling root dips of isofenphos stimulated nitrogenase, while endosulfan, BPMC and carbaryl showed a variable effect. Quinalphos inhibited nitrogenase irrespective of method of application.
Equations for postnatal chemical composition of the fat-free empty body of sheep and cattle
Authors: Searle T. W. , Griffiths D. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYRegression analysis was used to examine the relationship between the weight of water, protein and ash (kg) and fat-free empty body (FFEB) weight (kg) in data from six published and one unpublished experiment conducted in this laboratory. The analysis involved 201 sheep divided into 12 groups which were either in positive growth, weight stasis, weight loss or compensatory growth prior to slaughter. Each of the relationships between water, protein or ash and FFEB was linear and could be expressed by a common slope. Small (though statistically significant) differences in intercept were found between treatments. The following overall equations provide a simple description of the data:water (kg) = 0·721 FFEB + 0·37, R.S.D. 0·18,protein (kg) = 0·215 FFEB - 0·22, R.S.D. 0·16,ash (kg) = 0·055 FFEB - 0·07, R.S.D. 0·09.Published data for cattle were also examined and corresponding equations are:water (kg) = 0·701 FFEB + 3·59, R.S.D. 2·6,protein (kg) = 0·234 FFEB - 2·00, R.S.D. 2·3,ash (kg) = 0·060 FFEB - 0·71, R.S.D. 1·8.It is suggested that these equations could be used in computer simulation models of growth to calculate FFEB gain (or loss) from nitrogen balance.
Studies of the skeleton of the sheep. III. The relationship between phosphorous intake and resorption and repair of the skeleton in pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Benzie D. , Boyne A. W. , Dalgarno A. C. , Duckworth J. , Hill R. 
Published: March 2009

1. The ash content of the skeleton of Cheviot ewes fed a daily ration containing about 4·5 g. of phosphorus fell by 18·8% between mid-gestation and mid-lactation, and 2 months after the end of lactation the loss was fully replaced.2. In ewes fed a daily ration containing about 1·5 g. of phosphorus the loss of skeletal ash was 39·9% at mid-lactation, and this was not replaced 2 months after the end of lactation. When the phosphorus intake was raised in mid-lactation from 1·5 to 4·5 g. repair was greater but was still not complete.3. Resorption was greater in bones rich in cancellous tissue, such as the cervical vertebrae, than in those rich in compact tissue, such as the shafts of long bones, but when severe resorption took place significant losses were found in the shafts of long bones as well as in other bones.4. Whole blood inorganic phosphorus values were very low, particularly during lactation, in ewes fed on the low-phosphorus ration. When extra phosphorus was fed from mid-lactation onwards blood phosphorus values rose to normal in less than four weeks, a much more rapid recovery than that which took place in the skeleton.5. Resorption of the skeletons of ewes on both moderate and low-phosphorus rations could be detected using radiographs taken of the radius in the living animal at mid-lactation, and severe resorption found in ewes fed on the low-phosphorus ration could be distinguished readily from the milder resorption found in ewes fed on the moderate-phosphorus ration.
Sweating in cattle. IV. Control of sweat glands secretion
Authors: Taneja G. C. 
Published: March 2009

Two calves (Aberdeen Angus and American Brahman) were used exposed to different combinations of wet- and dry-bulb temperatures in a psychromatric chamber at the Physiology Department of the University of Queensland. These animals were 7–8 months old when first exposed to heat.Effect of various drugs affecting the sympathetic nervous system (adrenaline, noradrenaline, Dibenamine, Priscol, atropine and acetylcholine) on the rate of cutaneous evaporation in calves was tested. Cutaneous evaporation was measured by means of a capsule before and after the administration of these drugs.Cutaneous evaporation increased with the introduction of adrenaline and was suppressed by the administration of Dibenamine. Noradrenaline and Priscol had no appreciable effect. Acetylcholine failed to stimulate sweating and atropine did not block the sweat glands.Sweat glands of cattle were, therefore, found to be functional and their innervation adrenergic. Cattle use sweat to prevent body temperature from rising, yet the amount of sweat secreted is not large enough to allow cattle to maintain thermoneutrality at high air temperatures.
Thyroid metabolism in sheep during pregnancy
Authors: Annison E. F. , Lewis D. 
Published: March 2009

1. The peripheral metabolism of thyroxine in sheep in pregnancy was investigated by measuring the rate of disappearance from blood of injected131I-thyroxine. Only limited changes in thyroid metabolism during pregnancy were observed. The rate of turnover of thyroxine slightly increased, but this was not accompanied by increased levels of plasma protein-bound iodine (PBI), or thyroxinebinding protein.2. In a 3·5-month foetus, the thyroid was active, and a marked concentration of iodide by the foetus was observed. The significance of this activity could not be assessed in the absence of knowledge on the placental passage of iodide or thyroxine in the sheep.3. Knowledge of thyroid metabolism is inadequate at present to explain any correlation between animal productivity and either hormone supplementation, or PBI concentration.
A second survey of losses associated with pregnancy and parturition in Yorkshire sheep
Authors: Leech F. B. , Sellers K. C. 
Published: March 2009

Data concerning a random sample of flocks in Yorkshire and Lancashire were collected, in the form of answers to a questionnaire. Information was received from 88% of the 272 farms approached.The present survey, a more detailed repetition of one performed in 1952–53, has extended the information already collected and enabled deductions to be made regarding the relationship between disease losses, breed and husbandry methods. The advantages and disadvantages of this type of survey are discussed.
Nutritional evaluation of kale (Brassica oleracea) diets:3. Changes in plant composition induced by soil fertility practices, with special reference to SMCO and glucosinolate concentrations
Authors: McDonald R. C. , Manley T. R. , Barry T. N. , Forss D. A. , Sinclair A. G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYNitrogen (0, 150 kg N/ha), sulphur (0, 50, 150 kg S/ha) and molybdenum (0, 400 g sodium molybdate/ha) fertilizers were applied to kale sown in spring on soils either low (4 mg/kg, site L) or high (22 mg/kg, site H) in sulphate (SO4-S). The plots were harvested after growing periods of 100, 160 and 220 days. Dry-matter (D.M.) yields were determined on each occasion and comprehensive plant analyses carried out on material harvested at 160 days.Nitrogen application increased both the D.M. yield and nitrate content of kale grown at both sites, and increased S-methyl cysteine sulphoxide (SMCO) content in kale grown at site H and in the plots receiving S fertilizer at site L. Glucosinolate content was unaffected by N application in kale grown at site H, but was higher in the absence than in the presence of N in kale grown at site L. Molybdenum fertilizer had no effect upon D.M. yield or upon any aspect of plant composition.At site H, S fertilizer application produced a range of soil SO4-S values from 10 to 23 mg/kg on day 160 and had no effect upon either kale D.M. yield or composition. At site L, corresponding soil SO4-S values ranged from 4 to 9 mg/kg; as soil SO4-S was reduced, concentrations of plant sulphate declined first, followed by SMCO and then protein-S (% D.M.), with the reductions in SMCO and sulphate being more pronounced in the presence of N application. Glucosinolate and nitrate contents, and the yields of D.M. and protein N, were unaffected by restricting fertilizer S supply.It was concluded that SMCO synthesis in kale is stimulated by the application of N when soil SO4-S values are high, but is progressively reduced as soil SO4-S declines below 9–10 mg/kg, particularly if N is applied at the same time to stimulate synthesis of plant protein and hence the incorporation of S into protein. Use of this technique to produce kales of low SMCO content for animal feeding is discussed, utilizing tests to define soils initially low in SO4-S. It was further concluded that sulphate and SMCO function as storage of S that is taken up in excess of requirements for plant protein synthesis, thus explaining their ease of manipulation by soil fertility practices.
The effect of dietary oxalate on calcium, phosphorus and magnesium balances in horses
Authors: McKenzie R. A. , Blaney B. J. , Gartner R. J. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYNegative calcium and phosphorus balances were produced in two experiments on six horses fed diets containing 2·6 or 4·3% total oxalate. The main calcium and phosphorus loss was in faeces. The urinary loss of calcium was reduced and that of phosphorus increased. A positive balance of magnesium was maintained. No clinically significant changes in blood concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium or alkaline phosphatase were produced. The bulk of ingested oxalate was unaccounted for in faeces and urine. It is suggested that the intestinal bacterial flora utilized the oxalate. The results supported the hypothesis that dietary oxalate is the cause of equine nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism which arises when horses graze several tropical grass species.
Larvicidal effectiveness of three controlled-release formulations of Dursban and Dimilin onCulex pipiensL. andAedes aegypti(L.)
Authors: Saleh M. S. , Gaaboub I. A. , Kassem Sh. M. I. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThree plastic formulations of both Dursban and Dimilin were tested as controlledrelease pellets against larvae ofC. pipiensandA. aegypti. Each pellet had an initial concentration of 0·116 μg/l. Results showed that Dimilin did not appear to give as high percentages of larval mortality as Dursban although in most cases a clearly delayed inhibition of adult emergence was noted. Larval mortalities of 90–100% were obtained in 3–14 (in the case of Cpipiens) and 1–12 (in the case ofA. aegypti) days when the second instar larvae were treated with Dursban formulations. With the Dimilin formulations no more than 31% (in case ofC. pipiens) and 24% (in case ofA. aegypti) larval mortalities occurred up to 13–14 days until completion of pupation.The results obtained showed that formulation 1 (polyvinyl chloride + dibutyl phthalate + toxicant) was the most effective of the three tested ones, followed by formulations 2 (polyvinyl chloride + dibutyl phthalate + triton X·100 + toxicant) and 3 (polyvinyl chloride + dibutyl phthalate + triton X·100 + ammonium carbonate + citric acid + water + toxicant), respectively. This was so on the basis both of percentage of larval mortality and time post-treatment. The durations of effectiveness of Dursban pellets were 123, 94 and 86 days for the formulations 1, 2 and 3 respectively. However, on the basis of number of tests with over 90% larval mortality, formulation 2 gave the highest level (13 tests) followed by formulation 3 (12 tests) and finally formulation 1 (10 tests). Therefore, consideration must be given to the cumulative effect of these factors of activity when using these formulations for control of mosquito larvae. Activity indices also proved that there was no definite variation in the toxicity of both DDT-susceptible and resistant strains against these formulations. Such results were obtained with Dimilin which confirmed that formulation 3 was the most effective one. The durations of effectiveness were about 112–115 (11–67% inhibition of adult emergence), 111–113 (11–93% inhibition of adult emergence) and 102–113 (12–100% inhibition of adult emergence) days for formulations 1, 2 and 3, respectively, for the susceptible and resistant lines of C.pipiensandA. aegypti.
An evaluation of near infra-red reflectance analysis in some plant breeding programmes
Authors: Starr Carol , Morgan A. G. , Smith D. B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSome applications of near infra-red reflectance (NIR) analysis in plant breeding have been tested. Prediction of the nitrogen content of cereals, kale and beans, and nitrogen and oil in rapeseed was sufficiently accurate for screening purposes although wheat straw gave a less accurate result. The prediction of nitrogen content of wheat grain could be supplemented by the simultaneous estimation of grinding resistance and bran cleanliness, characters of importance for bread-making quality. Hagberg falling number, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) sedimentation volume and loaf volume could not be accurately predicted by NIR. Encouraging results were obtained for predicting malting quality of barley and the digestibility of kale samples.
Effect of green manures on yield and nitrogen requirement of sugar beet
Authors: Last P. J. , Draycott A. P. , Webb D. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFour field experiments in 1972–6 investigated the effect of undersowing trefoil or ryegrass in barley, and of fodder radish sown after barley, on yield and nitrogen requirement of following sugar beet. Autumn applications of isobutylidene diurea or glycoluril (slow-release nitrogen fertilizers) were also included for comparison with green manures. The plots were split in the following spring and dressings of 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N/ha as ‘Nitro-Chalk’ tested on the sugar-beet crop.The undersown green manure crops slightly decreased the yield of barley but, at the time of ploughing, returned up to 3·7 t dry matter/ha and 50 kg N/ha. In the absence of spring-applied nitrogen fertilizer for the sugar beet, green manures increased root and sugar yield, but when more than 50 kg N/ha was applied for the sugar beet they had no effect on yield. Autumn applications of nitrogen fertilizers such as isobutylidene diurea decreased the requirement for nitrogen in spring, but yields were no greater than from spring-applied nitrogen alone. Top and subsoils sampled in late winter and early summer from plots where green manures had been grown showed no detectable increase in soil organic carbon or total nitrogen, but soil mineral-nitrogen concentrations were increased slightly by green manures as was the potentially available mineralnitrogen released in an incubation test. It is concluded that, on loamy soils, green manures decrease the nitrogen requirement of sugar beet but give no benefits in yield which cannot be obtained from nitrogen fertilizer in spring before sowing the crop. assistance and Miss G. Smith for statistical analyses.
Conception rates with bull semen diluted in a glycerolized glycine-egg yolk-fructose buffer
Authors: Stower J. , Bud-Husaim P. 
Published: March 2009

1. A diluter for semen containing egg yolk, glycine, sodium citrate, fructose and glycerol is described.2. 2005 inseminations gave an over-all conception rate of 65·7% (90–120 days non-returns) after periods of storage varying from 24 to 196 hr.3. 401 inseminations after storage for 24–48 hr. gave a conception rate of 75·3%, compared with a conception rate of 60·0% on 398 inseminations after 96–144 hr. storage, using semen from the samecollections.4. A possible use for modified glycine diluters for nominated service at A.I. centres is suggested.