bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Think strategically: Add value to your business
Authors: Bates Mary Ellen 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFor information professionals seeking to add value to their businesses, adapting to an evolving environment is critical. Identifying what to change starts by evaluating existing services, potential services to add or collaborate with, revenue sources, appealing opportunities and industry prospects. Both small and large projects offer value for information professionals. Smaller projects can fill gaps and smooth the income stream, while larger projects can offer expanded opportunities. One can nurture business opportunities by volunteering services, educating clients on services and capabilities, developing relationships based on confidence and trust and serving as a consultant.
Strategic communications: Making your marketing and website content work for your business
Authors: Carrero Andrea C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractEffective business marketing communications require that messages be tailored for the audience, reflecting an understanding of the reader's concerns and motivations. The message must directly address what is most relevant for the audience and inspire further interest in the information services or products offered. It must be written in sharp and concise language and should conclude with a call to action. The basic message can be presented through a variety of media, including brochures and articles, websites and webinars, Twitter messages and training events, and more, always branding the business consistently.
Challenges with context
Authors: Haller Thom 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIA ColumnRecollections of an information architecture class focusing on user experience brought out the importance of understanding context. One site overhaul project revealed internal problems rising from contrasting views of the stakeholders. The project served as a lesson about choices in site content and structure made by information architects to support end user information needs and organizational goals, rather than showcasing creative designs and personal preferences. Information architects should ask themselves how their choices differ when working with an organization that is clear about its goals for supporting knowledge, not simply presenting data without meaning or purpose.
Development of activity generation and behavior observation systems for distance learning
Authors: Dow Chyi‐Ren , Li Yi‐Hsung , Huang Lu‐Hui , Hsuan Pa 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDistance learning and e‐learning are popular and widely used technology in today's teaching environment; monitoring systems allow teachers to assess the learning state of their students. This study proposes a development of activity generation and behavior observation systems that allows teachers to assess the learning activities of their students. We use the concept of deterministic finite automaton to define learning activities. In the proposed system, teachers only need to click the drop‐down list items to manage learning activities. The proposed system also generates an activity recognizer after defining the activity. The activity recognizer can parse student‐learning logs allowing teachers to get the real‐time learning activities of students. When students are in abnormal learning states, teachers can immediately provide them with active guidance. The experiments in this study demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system. Experimental results show that students received higher grades and exhibited less abnormal learning with the proposed monitoring system. These results demonstrate that the proposed system provides teachers with a convenient interface for assisting their students. The proposed monitoring system improves the learning outcomes of students. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 22: 52–62, 2014
Study of the separation of simple binary and ternary mixtures of aromatic compounds
Authors: Binous Housam , Al‐Mutairi Eid , Faqir Naim 
Published: March 2011

AbstractConsider binary and ternary mixtures of aromatic compounds composed of benzene/toluene and benzene/toluene/p‐xylene, respectively. The present study shows how one can apply both mass and energy balance equations in order to understand the separation of such ideal mixtures by distillation. An adiabatic flash distillation problem is solved graphically for a mixture composed of benzene/toluene. Rigorous resolution of a steady‐state binary distillation problem, using Mathematica® and the same benzene/toluene mixture, shows perfect agreement with results obtained using HYSYS. Results of a dynamic simulation involving the solution of a relatively large system of differential algebraic equations are presented and discussed for the benzene/toluene mixture. SIMULINK© and Mathematica® are used to perform control of this binary distillation column. Finally, a steady‐state simulation of a simple multicomponent mixture, composed of benzene/toluene/p‐xylene, is studied and some qualitative results are drawn from both the temperature and composition profiles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 22: 87–98, 2014
Influence of Trivalent Metal Ions on the Metastable Zone Width of Ammonium Sulfate
Authors: Buchfink R. , Ulrich J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe metastable zone width (MZW) is a vital parameter for the design of industrial crystallization processes of inorganic salts and could be affected by the addition of impurities. Here, the effect of the trivalent ions Fe3+, Cr3+, and Al3+ on the MZW of ammonium sulfate was observed. All the experiments were performed with the help of ultrasonic speed measurements. Impurity concentrations up to 100 ppm at a solution pH of 4 increase the MZW depending on the metal ion. The pH value also showed a major influence on the effect of trivalent metal impurities. The results were compared to the distribution of metal‐aquo‐complexes existing in aqueous solutions contaminated by trivalent metal ions. The distribution was determined by using the computer‐based simulation software Hyss. The first hydrolysis product was identified to be active in widening the MZW.
Emulsion Fractionation of Coconut Oil: A New Fractionation Technology
Authors: Chaleepa K. , Ulrich J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFractional crystallization technologies are commonly used to modify the triglyceride compositions of fats in order to extend their utilization. Improvements in solid fat properties to stabilize fat products are of great interest. For this purpose, a new fractionation process based on crystallization of low‐viscous emulsions, the so‐called emulsion fractionation process, has been developed using model emulsions of coconut oil, water, and sucrose ester laurate (L‐195). The experimental results confirm the superior performance in phase separation of this new concept, leading to a higher quality and quantity of coconut stearin in comparison to conventional processes. Since the emulsion fractionation process involves only water and a food emulsifier, it is environmentally friendly and has the potential to be a promising alternative in oil and fat fractionation technologies.
Fractionation of Organic and Inorganic Compounds from Black Liquor by Combining Membrane Separation and Crystallization
Authors: Niemi H. , Lahti J. , Hatakka H. , Kärki S. , Rovio S. , Kallioinen M. , Mänttäri M. , Louhi‐Kultanen M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSeparation of organic and inorganic compounds from black liquor was investigated. Black liquor from the pulp and paper industry contains hundreds of different compounds and several high‐value organic chemicals are formed during alkaline pulping. These organic compounds can be used in the fine chemicals, pharmaceutical and food industries. The main aim of this study was to recover and purify high value‐added organic compounds (organic acids) from lignin and inorganic compounds by combining membrane filtration, acid precipitation and cooling crystallization. The effect of membrane filtration on the efficiency of precipitation and crystallization was also studied. A number of separation methods were studied under a variety of operating conditions. The results showed that a combination of membrane separation and crystallization is an efficient method for recovering and purifying valuable organic compounds in black liquor. The amount of major impurities in black liquor could be reduced significantly.
Exploring the Conformational and Biological Versatility of β‐Turn‐Modified Gramicidin S by Using Sugar Amino Acid Homologues that Vary in Ring Size
Authors: Knijnenburg Annemiek D. , Tuin Adriaan W. , Spalburg Emile , de Neeling Albert J. , Mars‐Groenendijk Roos H. , Noort Daan , Otero José M. , Llamas‐Saiz Antonio L. , van Raaij Mark J. , van der Marel Gijs A. , Overkleeft Herman S. , Overhand Mark 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMonobenzylated sugar amino acids (SAAs) that differ in ether ring size (containing an oxetane, furanoid, and pyranoid ring) were synthesized and incorporated in one of the β‐turn regions of the cyclo‐decapeptide gramicidin S (GS). CD, NMR spectroscopy, modeling, and X‐ray diffraction reveal that the ring size of the incorporated SAA moieties determines the spatial positioning of their cis‐oriented carboxyl and aminomethyl substituents, thereby subtly influencing the amide linkages with the adjacent amino acids in the sequence. Unlike GS itself, the conformational behavior of the SAA‐containing peptides is solvent dependent. The derivative containing the pyranoid SAA is slightly less hydrophobic and displays a diminished haemolytic activity, but has similar antimicrobial properties as GS.
Highly Photoactive Porous Anatase Films Obtained by Deformation of 3D Mesostructures
Authors: Kimura Tatsuo , Yamauchi Yusuke , Miyamoto Nobuyoshi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA transparent film of three‐dimensional (3D) hexagonal (P63/mmc) mesostructured titania was fabricated according to a modified procedure using triblock copolymer Pluronic P123. The precursor solution was diluted with ethanol and spin‐coated to afford a transparent film with a thickness of less than 100 nm. The mesostructure was maintained (deteriorated) at 400 °C, converted to regularly arranged anatase nanopillars with sufficient porosity at 550 °C, and deformed at 700 °C to nanocrystals with intercrystalline mesospaces. The mesostructural variation was related to the degree of shrinkage of the film owing to condensation and crystallization of the titania frameworks. An anatase nanocrystal film having sufficient porosity and high crystallinity was most active in the photodegradation of methylene blue. Such intercrystalline mesospaces can be controlled by regular deformation of 3D mesostructures through anatase nanopillar structures. In addition to adequate crystallinity of the titania frameworks, smooth diffusion of target organic molecules and/or degraded organic compounds was important for effective photodegradation.
Three‐Dimensional Open‐Frameworks Based on LnIIIIons and Open‐/Closed‐Shell PTM Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, Luminescence, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Datcu Angela , Roques Nans , Jubera Véronique , Imaz Inhar , Maspoch Daniel , Sutter Jean‐Pascal , Rovira Concepció , Veciana Jaume 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA series of isostructural open‐framework coordination polymers formulated as [Ln(dmf)3(ptmtc)] (Ln=Sm (1), Eu (2), Gd (3), Tb (4), Dy (5); PTMTC=polychlorotriphenylmethyl tricarboxylate) and [Ln(dmf)2H2O(αH‐ptmtc)] (Ln=Sm (1′), Eu (2′), Gd (3′), Tb (4′), Dy (5′)) have been obtained by treating LnIIIions with PTMTC ligands with a radical (PTMTC3−) or a closed‐shell character (αH‐PTMTC3−). X‐ray diffraction analyses reveal that these coordination polymers possess 3D architectures that combine large channels and fairly rare lattice complexTconnectivity. In addition, these compounds show selective framework dynamic sorption properties. For both classes of ligands, the ability to act as an antenna in Ln sensitization processes has been investigated. No luminescence was observed for compounds1–5, and3′because of the PTMTC3−ligand and/or GdIIIion characteristics. Conversely, photoluminescence measurements show that1′,2′,4′, and5′emit dark orange, red, green, and dark cyan metal‐centered luminescence. The magnetic properties of all of these compounds have been investigated. The nature of the {Ln–radical} exchange interaction in these compounds has been assessed by comparing the behavior of the radical‐based coordination polymers1–5with those of the compounds with the diamagnetic ligand set. While antiferromagnetic {Sm–radical} interactions are found in1, ferromagnetic {Ln–radical} interactions propagate in the 3D architectures of3,4, and5(Ln=Gd, Tb, and Dy, respectively). This procedure also provided access to information on the {LnLn} exchange existing in these magnetic systems.
β‐Protic Pyrazole and N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis, Properties, and Metal–Ligand Cooperative Bifunctional Catalysis
Authors: Kuwata Shigeki , Ikariya Takao 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis Minireview provides an overview of the chemistry of pyrazole and N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes bearing an NH group at the β‐position to the metal. The synthesis and structures as well as the Brønsted acidic nature of the β‐NH group are described in detail. These complexes are attractive candidates for novel metal–ligand cooperative bifunctional catalysts, which would benefit highly effective molecular and energy transformations.
Development of a Concise Synthesis of (−)‐Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Zhang Ting 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe report a full account of our work towards the development of an eight‐step synthesis of anti‐influenza drug (−)‐oseltamivir (Tamiflu) from commercially available starting materials. The final synthetic route proceeds with an overall yield of 30 %. Key transformations include a novel palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation reaction (Pd‐AAA) as well as a rhodium‐catalyzed chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselective aziridination reaction.
Lewis Acid/Base Catalyzed [2+2]‐Cycloaddition of Sulfenes and Aldehydes: A Versatile Entry to Chiral Sulfonyl and Sulfinyl Derivatives
Authors: Koch Florian M. , Peters René 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe first catalytic asymmetric synthesis of β‐sultones is reported. This development has enabled a rapid access to a number of highly enantioenriched biologically interesting sulfonyl and sulfinyl compound classes, which makes use of the inherent ring strain of the four‐membered heterocycles. The products possess either two vicinal stereocenters, such as in β‐hydroxy‐sulfonamides, ‐sulfonates, ‐sulfones, ‐sulfonic acids, ‐sulfinic acids, γ‐sultines, and γ‐sultones or a single stereocenter, such as in α‐branched alkyl or allyl sulfonic acids. This work also represents the first application of sulfene intermediates in asymmetric catalysis. The reactivity of a sulfene normally acting as an electrophile could be reverted by the formation of a nucleophilic zwitterionic sulfene–amine adduct. To achieve a combination of high enantioselectivity and reactivity, cooperative catalytic action of a chiral nucleophilic tertiary amine (the cinchona alkaloid derivative diydroquinine 2,5‐diphenyl‐4,6‐pyrimidinediyl diether ((DHQ)2PYR)) and Bi(OTf)3 or In(OTf)3 was of primary importance.
Modelling asphaltene deposition in turbulent pipeline flows
Authors: Eskin D. , Ratulowski J. , Akbarzadeh K. , Pan S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAsphaltene deposition is one of the important problems of oil production that requires an accurate predictive modelling. We developed an asphaltene deposition model in a pipeline. The model is based on data, which are obtained by experiments performed in a Couette device, where the inner cylinder rotates, and deposition on the outer wall is studied. A detailed theoretical analysis of an applicability of a Couette device for imitation of the asphaltene deposition in a pipe flow is presented. The model developed is based on first principles and consists of the two major modules: (1) a sub‐model describing the particle size distribution evolution in time in a Couette device, and along a pipe; (2) a sub‐model for calculating the particle transport to the wall. A population balance model is employed for modelling the particle size evolution. A concept of the critical particle size is introduced; only particles that are smaller than the critical size can deposit.The model developed contains only three parameters that are determined experimentally using a Couette device. The model of asphaltene deposition in a Couette device allows accurate describing the deposit mass growth in time. Performance of the deposition model for a pipeline with the coefficients obtained by a laboratory Couette device is also illustrated.Le dépôt d'asphaltènes est un des problèmes majeurs de l'industrie pétrolière et nécessite des modèles prédictifs fiables. Nous avons développé un modèle de dépôt d'asphaltènes en conduite pétrolière. Le modèle est basé sur des données obtenues expérimentalement par un système Couette avec cylindre intérieur tournant. Le dépôt sur les parois extérieures, fixes, est alors étudié. Une analyse théorique détaillée de l'applicabilité d'un système Couette à l'étude du dépôt d'asphaltènes en écoulement dans une conduite pétrolière est présentée. Le modèle développé est basé sur des principes fondamentaux et consiste en deux principaux modules: (1) un premier module décrivant l'évolution de la distribution de taille des particules avec le temps dans un système Couette et le long d'une conduite, (2) un deuxième module pour le calcul du transport des particules vers la paroi. Un modèle d'équilibre de population (population balance model) est utilisé pour modéliser l'évolution de la taille des particules. Un concept de « taille critique » est alors défini: seules les particules plus petites que cette taille peuvent se déposer. La modélisation contient seulement trois paramètres qui sont déterminés expérimentalement sur un appareil de type Couette. Le modèle permet une description fiable de l'augmentation de la masse de dépôt avec le temps. Les résultats de ce modèle appliqués à une conduite pétrolière avec les paramètres obtenus en laboratoire sur un système Couette sont également démontrés. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Machine computations for transient stagewise processes
Authors: Yesberg D. , Johnson A. I. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA review of recent work on transient stagewise mass transfer processes is presented, with particular emphasis on numerical and analog solutions for the partial differential difference equations involved. The numerical or analog solutions are relatively simple, whereas the analytical solution even of the linearized equation is quite involved.An example of gas absorption is considered in which the equations are linearized, and solved numerically as well as by the use of a resistance network analog. These particular methods of solution had not previously been used for this problem, and the present work is compared with previous solutions. The novel feature of the method of solution is the representation of the time derivative by a backward finite difference to produce a set of simultaneous algebraic equations, which may be solved most easily by matrix inversion programmed on a digital computer.
Preparation of aluminum octanoate and aluminum isooctanoate
Authors: Wheat J. A. , MacLeod D. A. , Dunlop R. G. , Sheffer H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTwo aluminum soaps have been prepared as hydrocarbon gelling agents. The aluminum soap of 2‐ethylhexanoic acid (Octal) was successfully prepared by a pilot plant continuous process which utilized a flash mixer. Optimum process conditions and the effect of important process variables were determined. There was a seasonal cycle of short gelling times and low gel consistencies in the summer months and high results in the winter. The cause of the cycle is not known.Aluminum isooctanoate (Isooctal) was prepared continuously and batchwise on both a laboratory and pilot plant scale. The continuously prepared products were not satisfactory. Good Isooctals were prepared batchwise and pilot plant results were the same as those obtained in the laboratory. Gel consistencies showed a seasonal cycle but thickening rates did not.
The upward vertical flow of air‐water mixtures: III. Effect of gas phase density on flow pattern, holdup and pressure drop
Authors: Brown R. A. S. , Sullivan G. A. , Govier G. W. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractResults of measurements of pressure drop and holdup are reported over a range of air and water rates for the upward vertical flow of air‐water mixtures in a 1.50 inch I.D. tube with average air densities ranging from 0.092 to 0.552 lb./ft.3 Superficial water velocities were between 0.0695 and 7.35 ft./sec.The data are analyzed by the method first suggested by Govier, Radford and Dunn and later used by Govier and Short. This involves the division of the flow range into four regimes on the basis of the pressure drop curves (to aid correlation of flow pattern and holdup data) and the separation of the unit pressure drop into hydrostatic and irreversible components. A superficial friction factor is calculated from the irreversible component of the unit pressure drop.The average density of the gas phase has a more or less marked effect on all three regime transitions. The transitions all shift similarly to lower air‐water discharge volume ratios with increasing gas phase density. While the flow patterns were not directly observed in the investigation here reported, the flow pattern transitions would be expected to behave similarly.Over the range investigated, the gas phase density has little or no effect on the superficial friction factor. The holdup ratio is unaffected by the gas phase density in Regimes I and II but is significantly affected in Regimes III and IV.
Photocatalytic Activity of Combustion Synthesized Nanocrystalline CeAlO3
Authors: Deshpande Parag A. , Aruna S. T. , Madras Giridhar 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe photocatalytic activity of combustion synthesized nanocrystalline CeAlO3 was determined for the degradation of four anionic and four cationic dyes. The perovskite oxide showed high‐photocatalytic activity and a complete degradation of all the dyes was possible within 2 h. The photocatalytic activity of the compound was comparable with the activity of the commercial Degussa P‐25 TiO2 catalyst. The degradation of dyes was found to follow first order kinetics and the first order degradation rate constants were determined.