bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a DOPO‐containing melamine epoxy hardeners and its thermal and flame‐retardant properties of cured products
Authors: Xiong Yuanqin , Jiang Zhuojuan , Xie Yanyan , Zhang Xuyong , Xu Weijian 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this study, a novel Schiff base of melamine used as flame‐retardant curing agent for epoxy resins, was synthesized via condensation reaction of 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde with melamine, followed by the addition of 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphen‐anthrene 10‐oxide (DOPO) to the resulting imine linkage. The structure of DOPO‐containing melamine Schiff base (P‐MSB) was characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) and 31P‐NMR. The compound (P‐MSB) was used as a reactive flame retardant in o‐cresol formaldehyde novolac epoxy resin (CNE) to prepare flame‐retardant epoxy resins for electronic application. The thermal and flame‐retardant properties of the epoxy resins cured by various equivalent ratios phenol formaldehyde novolac (PN) and P‐MSB were investigated by the nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry, the thermogravimetric analysis, and limiting oxygen index test. The obtained results showed that the cured epoxy resins possessed high Tg (165°C) and good thermal stability (T5%, 321°C). Moreover, the P‐MSB/CNE systems exhibited higher limiting oxygen index (35) and more char was maintained in P‐MSB/CNE systems than that in PN/CNE system and the effective synergism of phosphorus–nitrogen indicated their excellent flame retardancy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Revisiting the IISS Small‐Gain Theorem through Transient Plus ISS Small‐Gain Regulation
Authors: Ito Hiroshi , Freeman Randy A. , Chaillet Antoine 
Published: June 2012

AbstractRecently, the small‐gain theorem for input‐to‐state stable (ISS) systems has been extended to the class of integral input‐to‐state stable (iISS) systems. Feedback connections of two iISS systems are robustly stable with respect to disturbance if an extended small‐gain condition is satisfied. It has been proved that at least one of the two iISS subsystems needs to be ISS for guaranteeing globally asymptotic stability and iISS of the overall system. Making use of this necessary condition for the stability, this paper gives a new interpretation to the iISS small gain theorem as transient plus ISS small‐gain regulation. The observation provides useful information for designing and analyzing nonlinear control systems based on the iISS small‐gain theorem.
Switched Second‐Order Sliding Mode Control with Partial Information: Theory and Application
Authors: Tanelli Mara , Ferrara Antonella 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis paper proposes a novel switched second order sliding mode (S‐SOSM) control strategy in a partial information setting, i.e., when only the sliding variable is accessible for measurements. Such a control approach allows one to deal with systems characterised by different levels of uncertainties associated with different regions of the state space and to accommodate different control objectives in the different regions by switching among appropriate SOSM controllers. The proposed approach is shown to ensure global finite‐time convergence to the origin of the closed‐loop system trajectory. The braking control of two‐wheeled vehicles is considered as a case‐study to test the controller performance.
Periodically Time‐Varying Memory State‐Feedback for Robust H2 Control of Uncertain Discrete‐Time Linear Systems
Authors: Ebihara Yoshio 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis study is concerned with the synthesis of periodically time‐varying memory state‐feedback controllers (PTVMSFCs) for discrete‐time linear systems. In our preceding studies, we have already established a solid theoretical basis for linear matrix inequality (LMI)‐based (robust) H
∞‐PTVMSFCs synthesis, and the goal of this paper is to extend those results to the H
2 performance criterion. In the H
2 case, the main difficulty stems from the fact that we have to ensure the existence of common auxiliary variables for multiple LMI conditions that are related to the Lyapunov inequality and the inequalities for bounding traces that characterize the H
2 norm. We can overcome this difficulty and derive a necessary and sufficient LMI condition for the optimal H
2‐PTVMSFC synthesis. On the basis of this result, we also consider robust H
2‐PTVMSFC synthesis for LTI systems with parametric uncertainties.
Dynamic Output Feedback Disturbance Rejection Controller Design
Authors: Chang Jeang‐Lin 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis paper considers the problem of simultaneously estimating the state and the unknown disturbance of a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) disturbed system, and designs the disturbance rejection controller according to the estimated information. Through use of a sliding mode observer to obtain the relation between the unknown disturbance and the system state, the original system is transformed into descriptor system form and the proportional derivative observer proposed to simultaneously estimate the state and the unknown disturbance. The estimation error is shown to be finally bounded in a small region. The controller algorithm developed in this paper can effectively avoid the peaking phenomenon. Finally, the feasibility and the performance of the proposed method are analyzed and demonstrated with a simulated example.
Multilayer Minimum Projection Method with Singular Point Assignment for Nonsmooth Control Lyapunov Function Design
Authors: Nakamura Hisakazu , Nakamura Nami 
Published: June 2012

AbstractControl Lyapunov function (CLF) design on a manifold is a difficult problem in control theory. To address this problem, we have proposed the multilayer minimum projection method. The method requires CLFs on different manifolds from the manifold where the control problem is defined. In this paper, we relax the requirement by desingularization of the functions on the manifolds.The paper focuses on the problem of desingularization in the multilayer minimum projection method. We show that the functions on other manifolds need not be CLFs by consideration of desingularization. Moreover, we propose a CLF design method by singular point assignment based on the advantage of desingularization. The method enables us to merge local CLFs into the global CLF.This paper proposes two CLF design methods: desingularization and singular point assignment. A CLF design example is provided for each method; the advantages of the proposed methods are confirmed by those two examples.
A comparison of absolute and relative changes in precipitation in multimodel climate projection
Authors: Baker Noel C. , Huang Huei‐Ping 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis study compares two methods of multimodel averaging for the future projection of precipitation based on the classically defined absolute and relative climate changes. In the relative change scheme, the multimodel average of the percentage changes in precipitation is multiplied by the observed present climate to form the future projection; this method is equivalent to applying unequal weighting to the absolute change scheme which potentially implies a bias correction. The new scheme and the classical equal weight scheme for the absolute change do not produce radically different large‐scale patterns of the trend in precipitation. Nevertheless, notable differences emerge in regional scales. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Studying the non‐thermal effects of terahertz radiation on E. coli/pKatG‐GFP biosensor cells
Authors: Demidova Elizaveta V. , Goryachkovskaya Tatiana N. , Malup Tatiana K. , Bannikova Svetlana V. , Semenov Artem I. , Vinokurov Nikolay A. , Kolchanov Nikolay A. , Popik Vasiliy M. , Peltek Sergey E. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractStudies of the impact of terahertz radiation on living objects present a significant interest since its use for security systems is currently considered promising. We studied the non‐thermal impact of terahertz radiation on E. coli/pKatG‐gfp biosensor cells. The Novosibirsk free electron laser (NovoFEL), which currently has the world's highest average and peak power, was used as the source of terahertz radiation. We demonstrated that exposure to terahertz radiation at the wavelengths of 130, 150, and 200 µm and a power of 1.4 W/cm2 induces changes in green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence values and thus induces the expression of GFP in E. coli/pKatG‐gfp biosensor cells. Possible mechanisms of the E. coli response to non‐thermal exposure to terahertz radiation are discussed. Bioelectromagnetics 34:15–21, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Between‐country comparison of whole‐body SAR from personal exposure data in Urban areas
Authors: Joseph Wout , Frei Patrizia , Röösli Martin , Vermeeren Günter , Bolte John , Thuróczy György , Gajšek Peter , Trček Tomaž , Mohler Evelyn , Juhász Péter , Finta Viktoria , Martens Luc 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn five countries (Belgium, Switzerland, Slovenia, Hungary, and the Netherlands), personal radio frequency electromagnetic field measurements were performed in different microenvironments such as homes, public transports, or outdoors using the same exposure meters. From the mean personal field exposure levels (excluding mobile phone exposure), whole‐body absorption values in a 1‐year‐old child and adult male model were calculated using a statistical multipath exposure method and compared for the five countries. All mean absorptions (maximal total absorption of 3.4 µW/kg for the child and 1.8 µW/kg for the adult) were well below the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) basic restriction of 0.08 W/kg for the general public. Generally, incident field exposure levels were well correlated with whole‐body absorptions (SARwb), although the type of microenvironment, frequency of the signals, and dimensions of the considered phantom modify the relationship between these exposure measures. Exposure to the television and Digital Audio Broadcasting band caused relatively higher SARwb values (up to 65%) for the 1‐year‐old child than signals at higher frequencies due to the body size‐dependent absorption rates. Frequency Modulation (FM) caused relatively higher absorptions (up to 80%) in the adult male. Bioelectromagnetics 33:682–694, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exposure of the Human Body to Professional and Domestic Induction Cooktops Compared to the Basic Restrictions
Authors: Christ Andreas , Guldimann René , Bühlmann Barbara , Zefferer Marcel , Bakker Jurriaan F. , van Rhoon Gerard C. , Kuster Niels 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe investigated whether domestic and professional induction cooktops comply with the basic restrictions defined by the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Based on magnetic field measurements, a generic numerical model of an induction cooktop was derived in order to model user exposure. The current density induced in the user was simulated for various models and distances. We also determined the exposure of the fetus and of young children. While most measured cooktops comply with the public exposure limits at the distance specified by the International Electrotechnical Commission (standard IEC 62233), the majority exceeds them at closer distances, some of them even the occupational limits. The maximum current density in the tissue of the user significantly exceeds the basic restrictions for the general public, reaching the occupational level. The exposure of the brains of young children reaches the order of magnitude of the limits for the general public. For a generic worst‐case cooktop compliant with the measurement standards, the current density exceeds the 1998 ICNIRP basic restrictions by up to 24 dB or a factor of 16. The brain tissue of young children can be overexposed by 6 dB or a factor of 2. The exposure of the tissue of the central nervous system of the fetus can exceed the limits for the general public if the mother is exposed at occupational levels. This demonstrates that the methodology for testing induction cooktops according to IEC 62233 contradicts the basic restrictions. This evaluation will be extended considering the redefined basic restrictions proposed by the ICNIRP in 2010. Bioelectromagnetics 33:695–705, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electric fields caused by blood flow modulate vascular endothelial electrophysiology and nitric oxide production
Authors: Trivedi Darshan P. , Hallock Kevin J. , Bergethon Peter R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractEndothelial cells are exposed to a ubiquitous, yet unexamined electrical force caused by blood flow: the electrokinetic vascular streaming potential (EVSP). In this study, the hypothesis that extremely low frequency (ELF) electric fields parameterized by the EVSP have significant biological effects on endothelial cell properties was studied by measuring membrane potential and nitric oxide production under ELF stimulation between 0 and 2 Hz and 0–6.67 V/m. Using membrane potential and nitric oxide sensitive fluorescent dyes, bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) in culture were studied in the presence and absence of EVSP‐modeled electric fields. The transmembrane potential of BAECs was shown to depolarize between 1 and 7 mV with a strong dependency on both the magnitude and frequency of the isolated ELF field. The findings also support a field interaction with a frequency‐dependent tuning curve. The ELF field complexly modulates the nitric oxide response to adenosine triphosphate stimulation with potentiation seen with up to a sevenfold increase. This potentiation was also frequency and magnitude dependent. An early logarithmic phase of NO production is enhanced in a field strength‐dependent manner, but the ELF field does not modify a later exponential phase. This study shows that using electric fields on the order of those generated by blood flow influences the essential biology of endothelial cells. The inclusion of ELF electric fields in the paradigm of vascular biology may create novel opportunities for advancing both the understanding and therapies for treatment of vascular diseases. Bioelectromagnetics 34:22–30, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
One‐year outcomes of consecutive patients treated by endeavor zotarolimus and resolute zotarolimus stents: The impact of polymer coating in drug‐eluting stent technology
Authors: Talarico Giovanni Paolo , Burzotta Francesco , Trani Carlo , Tommasino Antonella , Niccoli Giampaolo , Porto Italo , Leone Antonio Maria , Mongiardo Rocco , Schiavoni Giovanni , Crea Filippo 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundPolymer‐coating represents a key component of drug‐eluting stent (DES) technology and its possible impact on vessel‐wall healing is a matter of debate. The clinical impact of different polymer‐coating may be assessed by comparing the outcome of patients treated by DES having the same stent platform and drug, and differing in the polymer. Thus, we compared the clinical outcome of patients treated by Endeavor Zotarolimus‐eluting stent (E‐ZES) and Resolute Zotarolimus‐eluting stent (R‐ZES) as they differ in the polymer‐coating only.MethodsAt our Institution, E‐ZES was available during a first period and then it was substituted by the R‐ZES during a second period. Clinical, angiographic, and procedural data were prospectively collected. Clinical follow‐up was prospectively obtained up to 1‐year. Primary endpoint was the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 12‐month.ResultsA total of 467 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention were enrolled: 233 patients treated with E‐ZES and 234 with R‐ZES. Patients treated by R‐ZES had similar clinical characteristics and worse angiographic characteristics compared with those treated by E‐ZES. At 12‐month follow‐up, MACE rate was significantly lower in the R‐ZES group compared with E‐ZES group (4.2% vs. 14.6%; P < 0.01). This difference was due to nonsignificantly lower rates of death and myocardial infarction and to significant lower rate of target‐lesion‐revascularization (R‐ZES 3.4% vs. E‐ZES 10.3%, P < 0.01).ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that the clinical outcome of patients treated by DES differing for the polymer coating only may be different. Polymer coating is a pivotal, probably underrated, component of DES technology which may influence the clinical performance of DES. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The transradial approach for carotid artery stenting
Authors: Etxegoien Nicholena , Rhyne Diana , Kedev Sasko , Sachar Ravish , Mann Tift 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundCarotid artery stenting (CAS) is an alternative to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for revascularization of the internal carotid artery (ICA). CAS from the femoral approach may be problematic due to peripheral vascular disease, anatomical variations of the aortic arch, and access site complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the right radial approach (RRA) for CAS.MethodsA retrospective analysis of all patients who had undergone transradial (TR) CAS at two centers was performed. Demographics, the technique used to deploy the sheath in the common carotid, procedural details, results, and complications were evaluated.ResultsCAS was attempted from TR in 382 patients (mean age 68, 70% male). CAS was successful in 347/382 (91%) patients; 201/216 (93%) right CA, 14/16 (88%) bovine left CA, 132/150 (88%) left CA. The specific technique varied with the anatomy. Seven different carotid artery stents (51% Xact) and seven different distal embolic protection devices were used. Adverse events included two major strokes (0.6%) one of whom died, three minor strokes (1%), and no myocardial infarction at 30 days. No bleeding complications occurred although 23 (6%) of patients had asymptomatic postprocedure radial occlusion. Inadequate catheter support at the origin of the CCA was the technical cause of failure in the unsuccessful cases which were then completed from femoral access as part of the same procedure.ConclusionThe transradial approach is an alternative for CAS in the presence of factors that increase the risk or difficulty of femoral access. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enantioseparation of Racemic Mixtures Based on Solvent Sublation
Authors: Jiao Feipeng , Yang Weijie , Wang Fen , Tian Lingxing , Li Lin , Chen Xiaoqing , Mu Kelang 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTA method of solvent sublation was developed for the enantioseparation of racemic ofloxacin (rac Oflx) and racemic tryptophan (rac Trp). In this method, dibenzoyl‐L‐tartaric acid (L‐DBTA) and di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) were used as chiral coextractants and foamer, respectively. Several important parameters influencing the separation performances, such as pH in aqueous phase, concentrations of rac mixtures, L‐DBTA, D2EHPA, and SDS, were investigated. Under the optimal operation conditions, the enantiomeric excess and enantioselectivity were 60.08% and 5.58 for Oflx and 65.09% and 6.31 for Trp, respectively. The yields of D‐enantiomer and L‐enantiomer were 34.23% and 8.54% for Oflx and 18.59% and 3.93% for Trp, respectively. The results suggest that the enantioselectivities have been enhanced compared with the traditional chiral extraction. This technique is an efficient chiral separation method, with many advantages such as low expenditures of organic solvent, low consumption of chiral extractant, and easy realization of multistage operation. Chirality 24:661‐667, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Facile Approach to Fabricate Water‐soluble Au‐Fe3O4 Nanoparticle for Liver Cancer Cells Imaging
Authors: Liang Zhongshi , Wu Xianrong , Xie Yegui , Liu Shunying 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAu‐Fe3O4 nanoparticles were widely used as nanoplatforms for biologic applications through readily further functionalization. Dopamine (DA)‐coated superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles (DA@Fe3O4) have been successfully synthesized using a one‐step process by modified coprecipitation method. Then 2–3 nm gold nanoparticles were easily conjugated to DA@Fe3O4 nanoparticles by the electrostatic force between gold nanoparticles and amino groups of dopamine to afford water‐soluble Au‐Fe3O4 hybrid nanoparticles. A detailed investigation by dynamic light scatting (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were performed in order to characterize the physicochemical properties of the hybrid nanoparticles. The hybrid nanoparticles were easily functionalized with a targeted small peptide A54 (AGKGTPSLETTP) and fluorescence probe fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) for liver cancer cell BEL‐7402 imaging. This simple approach to prepare hybrid nanoparticles provides a facile nanoplatform for muti‐functional derivations and may be extended to the immobilization of other metals or bimolecular on SPIO surface.
Synthesis, Antitumor and Apoptosis Inducing Activities of Novel 5‐Fluorouracil Derivatives of Rare Earth (Sm, Eu) Substituted Polyoxometalates
Authors: Feng Changgen , Gan Qiang , Liu Xia , He Hongyou 
Published: June 2012

AbstractTwo novel 5‐fluorouracil derivatives of rare earth (Sm, Eu) substituted polyoxometalates, K9(C4H4FN2O2)2Sm(PW11O39)2·11H2O (FSmPW) and K9H(C4H4FN2O2)Eu(PW11O39)2·11H2O (FEuPW) were synthesized and characterized by element analysis, ICP, FT‐IR, 1H NMR and XRD analysis. Thermal stability analysis was performed by TG and FT‐IR. The results of MTT assay show that FSmPW and FEuPW have higher cytotoxicity than known compound C4H4FN2O2H2PW12O40·8H2O, and the IC50 values of FSmPW and FEuPW are 4.20, 3.49 µmol·L−1 against HeLa cells and 4.62, 7.19 µmol·L−1 against HepG‐2 cells. Apoptosis analysis reveals the apoptosis inducing activity of the two compounds, which may play an important role in the cytotoxicity of polyoxometalates.
Responsive Gels with the Polymer Containing Alternating Naphthalene Diimide and Fluorinated Alkyl Chains: Gel Formation and Responsiveness as Well as Electrical Conductivity of Polymer Thin Films
Authors: Luo Hewei , Liu Zitong , Cai Zhengxu , Wu Liusuo , Zhang Guanxin , Liu Chenyang , Zhang Deqing 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA new electroactive polymer 1 with alternating NDI (naphthalene diimide) moieties and fluorinated alkyl chains was prepared and characterized. Gels of polymer 1 were formed in several solvents. Interestingly, gels of polymer 1 exhibited responsiveness toward N2H4, F− and CN−. Absorption and ESR spectroscopic studies revealed that such responsiveness is owing to the reduction of NDI moieties into the respective NDI.−. In addition, thin films of polymer 1 were easily prepared with spin‐coating technique and the electrical conductivity of thin films reached 52.4 S/m after exposure to N2H4 vapor.
Syntheses and Structures of Three Copper Coordination Polymers Based on Bis(triazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzene
Authors: Ge Haiyan , Peng Yanfen , Ding Jiangang , Li Baolong , Zhang Yong 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThree copper(II) coordination polymers [Cu(mbtz)2(NCS)2]n (1), [Cu(mbtz)2Cl2]n (2) and [Cu(mbtz)(btec)0.5]n (3) (mbtz=1,3‐bis(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzene, btec=1,2,4,5‐benzenetetracarboxylate) were synthesized. In 1 and 2, two mbtz ligands are wrapped around each other and are held together by Cu(II) atoms to form one‐dimensional double chain. In 3, each btec ligand connects four Cu(II) atoms through its four carboxylate groups, resulting in a planar two‐dimensional [Cu(btec)0.5]n network. The Cu(II) atoms are further coordinated mbtz ligands to fulfil their coordination geometry and construct new [Cu(btec)0.5(mbtz)]n network. 2 and 3 further form the three‐dimensional network through the π···π stacking interactions between the mbtz ligands. The thermal stabilities of 1, 2 and 3 were measured.