bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A framework for coupled deformation–diffusion analysis with application to degradation/healing
Authors: Mudunuru M.K. , Nakshatrala K.B. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYThis paper deals with the formulation and numerical implementation of a fully coupled continuum model for deformation–diffusion in linearized elastic solids. The mathematical model takes into account the effect of the deformation on the diffusion process, and the affect of the transport of an inert chemical species on the deformation of the solid. We then present a robust computational framework for solving the proposed mathematical model, which consists of coupled non‐linear partial differential equations. It should be noted that many popular numerical formulations may produce unphysical negative values for the concentration, particularly, when the diffusion process is anisotropic. The violation of the non‐negative constraint by these numerical formulations is not mere numerical noise. In the proposed computational framework, we employ a novel numerical formulation that will ensure that the concentration of the diffusant be always snon‐negative, which is one of the main contributions of this paper. Representative numerical examples are presented to show the robustness, convergence, and performance of the proposed computational framework. Another contribution of this paper is to systematically study the affect of transport of the diffusant on the deformation of the solid and vice versa, and their implication in modeling degradation/healing of materials. We show that the coupled response is both qualitatively and quantitatively different from the uncoupled response. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust imposition of Dirichlet boundary conditions on embedded surfaces
Authors: Hautefeuille Martin , Annavarapu Chandrasekhar , Dolbow John E. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYWe develop both stable and stabilized methods for imposing Dirichlet constraints on embedded, three‐dimensional surfaces in finite elements. The stable method makes use of the vital vertex algorithm to develop a stable space for the Lagrange multipliers together with a novel discontinuous set of basis functions for the multiplier field. The stabilized method, on the other hand, follows a Nitsche type variational approach for three‐dimensional surfaces. Algorithmic and implementational details of both methods are provided. Several three‐dimensional benchmark problems are studied to compare and contrast the accuracy of the two approaches. The results indicate that both methods yield optimal rates of convergence in various quantities of interest, with the primary differences being in the surface flux. The utility of the domain integral for extracting accurate surface fluxes is demonstrated for both techniques. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychological distress in cancer survivors: the further development of an item bank
Authors: Smith Adam B. , Armes Jo , Richardson Alison , Stark Dan P. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectiveAssessment of psychological distress by patient report is necessary to meet patients' needs throughout the cancer journey. We have previously developed an item bank to assess psychological distress but not evaluated it for cancer survivors. Our first aim in this study was to test whether we could extend our item bank to include cancer survivors. The second aim was to examine whether the item bank could assess positive affect as a single construct alongside negative psychological symptoms.MethodsResponses from 1315 cancer survivors to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) were considered for inclusion in a pre‐existing item bank created from a heterogeneous sample of 4914 cancer patients. Differential item functioning (DIF) was used to assess whether HADS responses drawn from the two samples were equivalent. Common‐item equating was used to anchor the shared (HADS) items, whilst the PANAS items were added. Item fit was evaluated at each stage, and misfitting items were removed. Unidimensionality was assessed with a principal components factor analysis.ResultsThe DIF analysis did not reveal any differences between the HADS item locations from the two samples. Three misfitting PANAS items were removed, resulting in a final unidimensional bank of 80 items with good internal reliability (α = 0.85).ConclusionThe new item bank is valid for use across the cancer journey, including cancer survivors, and modestly improves the assessment of all levels of psychological distress and positive psychological function. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suitability of Soxhlet Extraction to Quantify Microalgal Fatty Acids as Determined by Comparison with In Situ Transesterification
Authors: McNichol Jesse , MacDougall Karen M. , Melanson Jeremy E. , McGinn Patrick J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTo assess Soxhlet extraction as a method for quantifying fatty acids (FA) of microalgae, crude lipid, FA content from Soxhlet extracts and FA content from in situ transesterification (ISTE) were compared. In most cases, gravimetric lipid content was considerably greater (up to sevenfold) than the FA content of the crude lipid extract. FA content from Soxhlet lipid extraction and ISTE were similar in 12/18 samples, whereas in 6/18 samples, total FA content from Soxhlet extraction was less than the ISTE procedure. Re‐extraction of residual biomass from Soxhlet extraction with ISTE liberated a quantity of FA equivalent to this discrepancy. Employing acid hydrolysis before Soxhlet extraction yielded FA content roughly equivalent to ISTE, indicating that acidic conditions of ISTE are responsible for this observed greater recovery of FA. While crude lipid derived from Soxhlet extraction was not a useful proxy for FA content for the species tested, it is effective in most strains at extracting total saponifiable lipid. Lipid class analysis showed the source of FA was primarily polar lipids in most samples (12/18 lipid extracts contained <5% TAG), even in cases where total FA content was high (>15%). This investigation confirms the usefulness of ISTE, reveals limitations of gravimetric methods for projecting biodiesel potential of microalgae, and reinforces the need for intelligent screening using both FA and lipid class analysis.
Cognitive impairment in nondemented oldest‐old: Prevalence and relationship to cardiovascular risk factors
Authors: Peltz Carrie B. , Corrada María M. , Berlau Daniel J. , Kawas Claudia H. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence and types of cognitive impairment in a sample of nondemented participants aged ≥90 (the oldest‐old) and to examine the relationships between cognitive impairment and cardiovascular risk factors.ParticipantsThe participants were 420 nondemented individuals from The 90+ Study, a study of aging and dementia in the oldest‐old. These participants were categorized into four nonoverlapping groups: normal cognition, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), nonamnestic MCI (naMCI), and other cognitive impairment (OCI). History of cardiovascular risk factors was assessed through self‐report.ResultsThe overall prevalence of cognitive impairment in nondemented participants was 34.0% (95% CI: 29.5–38.5). The prevalence of OCI was highest (17.4%; 95% CI: 13.9–21.4), followed by aMCI (8.3%; 95% CI: 5.9–11.4) and naMCI (8.3%; 95% CI: 5.9–11.4). Normal cognition was present in 66.0% (95% CI: 61.2–70.5) of participants. History of hypertension and stroke were the only risk factors that varied between the groups, occurring more frequently in participants with naMCI (χ2 = 3.82; P < .05) and OCI (χ2 = 5.51; P < .05).ConclusionsThis study found a high prevalence of cognitive impairment in a sample of nondemented oldest‐old. We did not find a strong relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and the cognitive impairment groups, other than between hypertension and naMCI and stroke and OCI. Future studies comparing the incidence of dementia in these groups will ultimately determine their predictive utility in the oldest‐old.
Do waterfalls have value in themselves? A metamorphosis in the values of the Gimel waterfall in France
Authors: Haghe Jean-Paul 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This paper describes the change of value ascribed to a waterfall (the Gimel fall in France) from the early 20th to present. Two movements of valuation are studied. The first movement corresponds to the transformation of the waterfall into a touristic site. This was triggered by Gaston Vuillier, a painter who fell in love with the site and decided to protect it; in this case the value changed from non-anthropocentric instrumental value to anthropocentric instrumental and extrinsic value. The second movement, which began at the end of the 20th century, demonstrates new environmental perceptions which have changed the valuation of the site from a non-anthropocentric intrinsic value to an anthropocentric instrumental value.
The problems of reforming of the International Stratigraphic Chart in terms of evolution of ecosystems (by the example of the Lower Paleozoic)
Authors: Kanygin A.V. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The hierarchial structure and conceptual bases of the International Stratigraphic Chart (ISC) were created during the first eight sessions of the International Geological Congress (IGC) (1878–1900) by the systematization and unification of mainly the West European regional stratigraphic references, except the Permian and, partly, Carboniferous systems with stratotypes in the Russian territory. In the next stage, the structure was refined and supplemented by on the basis of the same principles. Since the middle 1980s, a radical ISC reforming has been performed in the framework of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), which revealed the contradictory tendencies in the development of modern stratigraphy. They are expressed first of all in the principal difference between the new methodology of the “rational” substantiation of global stratigraphic references adopted by the ICS and the real practice of the development of their regional equivalents based not on the choice of chronometric markers for global correlations but on the revealing of natural geohistorical stages in the evolution of ecosystems, using the total set of paleontological, sedimentological, and isotope-chronometric data. The new approach is based mainly on the concept of the self-sufficiency of limiting types, i.e., monotaxon markers for graduating the ISC, which replace the stratotypes of subunits, their integral complex characteristics, reflecting the trends and periodicity of the Earth’s evolution. The negative consequences of this “rational” substantiation and revision of the stratigraphic references of the ISC are particularly obvious by the example of innovations in the subdivision of the Cambrian and Ordovician systems on the comparison of the new series and stages adopted by the ICS with the global ecosystem rebuildings in the Early Paleozoic.
Problems of Paleogene stratigraphy and paleogeography in the middle latitudes of Eurasia
Authors: Akhmet’ev M.A. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The present-day notions of the Paleogene history, paleogeography, and paleobiogeography of Central Asia middle latitudes are based on studies carried by A.L. Yanshin in the second quarter of the 20th century. Here, main phases in the geologic history of the West Siberian and Turan Plates and Turgai depression are considered. In the Paleocene and Eocene, these regions were key links of a continuous meridional marine communication system connecting the Tethys and Arctic Oceans. Before the emergence of the latitudinal Alpine–Himalayan orogenic belt, the Tethys and its marginal seas formed a united shelf area. The closest linkage of the water bodies and biota exchange between them existed in the Thanetian and in the first half of the Ypresian. There was intense heat transfer from tropical to higher latitudes through the entire system of epeiric seas and straits. From the end of the Paleocene, this system was supplemented and complicated by latitudinal straits that ensured the connection of the seas of the Northern Peri-Tethys with the Northern Sea basin and the Atlantic. The combination of two sea systems determined the climatic history of this region from the Paleocene till the Late Eocene. The Arctic Basin influenced mainly the structure of cold-water benthos, and the Tethys, the composition of planktonic biota in the photic zone. During the Bartonian and Priabonian, in the last phase of marine sedimentation, the West Siberian epeiric sea was completely isolated from the Arctic Basin and connected only with the Turan sea through the Turgai strait. The Azolla beds accumulated during the low stand of the World Ocean in desalted surface waters and in disoxic bottom waters inhabited by depauperated benthos. At the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, the drainage of the Tavda–Chegan sea was followed by the formation of an N-S-directed river network in the vast areas of West Siberia, Turgai, and the northern cis-Aral region. The climate was unstable, moderately warm to subtropical, with variable humidity. The formation of the Turgai ecotype of mesophytic conifer-broadleaved flora was completed by the end of the Early Oligocene.
Seismostratigraphic analysis of Paleogene deposits in the northern Aral area and northeastern Ustyurt
Authors: Antipov M.P. , Bykadorov V.A. , Volozh Yu.A. , Shlezinger A.E. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Seismostratigraphic analysis of Paleogene deposits in northeastern Ustyurt was carried out. Four seismostratigraphic complexes have been recognized: Paleocene–Ypresian, Lutetian–Bartonian (Tasaran unit), Bartonian–Priabonian (Saksaul’skaya–Chegan), and Oligocene. We have established for the first time the clinoform structure of the Tasaran and Saksaul’skaya–Chegan complexes, which explains various concepts of their age. Seismostratigraphic analysis must be an integral part of stratigraphic research, which will significantly increase the reliability of correlation between geological sequences.
Arid sedimentation in the oceans and atmospheric particulate matter
Authors: Lisitzin A.P. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Recent studies on the continental sources of aerosol production, transport and deposition to the ocean (natural sink) allowed us to recognize the possibility of long-range high-altitude (transoceanic) transport of aerosol dust of specific composition and properties. The dust consists of fine (micro- and nanosized) particles (94%, less than 2 μm) originated in the arid (undrained) tropical and subtropical regions extending into the oceans and are similar in composition to deep-sea (pelagic) red clays. Satellite and aircraft observation data were used to track trajectories of long-range (and transoceanic) transport of dust clouds. These data were coupled with direct shipboard measurements on ice core records and data on nuclear explosions and volcanic eruptions.
Several zones of arid sedimentation were identified based on climatic conditions (shortage of water), conditions of dust production, wind-blown transport at different altitudes and deposition onto the ocean surface. The main transport occurs at two altitude scales (from land to the cloud top and above) (5–7 km) where wind speed of 300 km/h will be critical for a long-range transport.
Three types of transport are identified based on the particle dynamics, composition and properties: 1—local (0–10 km from the source); 2—regional (100–1000 km); 3—global (over 1000 km). The finer particles are a product of local-scale transport with a total flux of 1.6 billion t/yr, which is almost equal to the net influx of the riverine terrigenous material to the pelagic zones of the oceans (outside the marginal filters). There are four main sources of aerosol dust, which is transported and deposited over arid oceanic regions. The arid oceanic regions account for about 1/3 of the modern ocean surface. During glacial periods, the sea-level drop of 100–120 m caused a significant increase in the size of arid regions due to the exposure of the shelf areas, which is equal to the area of the African continent. This caused 3–5 times higher dust emission, a decrease in the heat flux and in the transparency of the atmosphere. Comparison of ice core records and deep drilling data provide basis for studies on the ancient arid sedimentation.
Carbonate sedimentation in the Meso-Neoproterozoic basins in southern East Siberia and some problems of evolution of reef formation in the Precambrian
Authors: Khabarov E.M. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Diverse stromatolitic structures are recognized in the Meso-Neoproterozoic basins in southern East Siberia: simple (bioherms and biostromes), individual, barrier, shore reefs and reef-like structures, and large reef-like banks. These data and results of macro- and microscopic studies of stromatolites point to the leading role of microbial communities in the production of primary carbonate material. Most of the carbonate mud was supplied to the deep-water shelf zones, slopes, and plains of the Meso-Neoproterozoic East Siberian basins from shallow-water shelves. Analysis of the materials from almost all Precambrian carbonate complexes shows that the microbial communities have played the leading role in the generation of carbonate material since the Late Mesoarchean. Both the shallow- and deep-water Precambrian carbonate sedimentary systems have much in common with the Phanerozoic ones. Their diversity and development are controlled by a number of factors, which exert different effects in geodynamically different basins, and the carbonate systems of different ranks are fine indicators of various events in the basin evolution, from the low-amplitude eustatic fluctuations of the sea level to the global epochs of flooding and highstand of supercontinents. The absence of lime-producing organisms in the Precambrian determined the similar composition of carbonate rocks and sometimes the indistinct structure-morphologic differentiation of the Precambrian organogenic structures. The evolution of reef systems in the Precambrian was determined first of all by the evolution of the lithosphere, which periodically led to the formation and cessation of development of basins favorable for the mass evolution of microbial communities, and by the structural complication of microbial communities producing stromatolites. The epochs of stromatolite formation reduction and destruction of sea basins correlate well with the global epochs of the formation and highstand of supercontinents.
The geochemical and isotope (Sr, C, O) characteristics of the Vendian–Cambrian carbonate deposits of the Azyr-Tal Ridge (Kuznetsk Alatau): chemostratigraphy and sedimentogenesis environments
Authors: Letnikova E.F. , Kuznetsov A.B. , Vishnevskaya I.A. , Terleev A.A. , Konstantinova G.V. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Results of isotope (Sr, C, and O) and geochemical studies of the carbonate deposits of the Yenisei Group of the Azyr-Tal Ridge (Kuznetsk Alatau) are presented. Using the Sr and C isotope chemostratigraphy, the age restrictions for these deposits have been made. It is shown that the sediments of the Charyshtag, Bidzha, and Martyukhina Formations and the lower part of the Sorna Formation accumulated in the Late Vendian and Early Cambrian, at 580–530 Ma, and those of the upper part of the Sorna Formation, at 525–517 Ma. Their successive accumulation in the same sedimentary basin is not confirmed by the performed geochemical studies. The deposits of the upper part (members 2 and 3) of the Sorna Formation accumulated in a sedimentary basin of other type as compared with the rest underlying deposits of the Yenisei Group. For example, at least two types of shallow-water sea basins are recognized within Kuznetsk Alatau in the Late Vendian: shelf, localized within a block with a passive tectonic regime (Charyshtag, Bidzha, and Martyukhina Formations and lower part of the Sorna Formation), and oceanic, where accumulation proceeded within oceanic islands with underwater hydrothermal activity (upper part of the Sorna Formation).
Changing ichnofossil composition in the Callovian–Oxfordian sediments of the West Siberian basin as a reflection of sedimentation cyclicity
Authors: Yan P.A. , Vakulenko L.G. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
We summarize the results of the integrated lithologic and ichnofacies studies of the Callovian–Oxfordian sediments in the West Siberian sedimentary basin on the basis of core samples from more than 200 wells. In the sections of various structurefacies zones, ten ichnofossils of the ichnofacies Skolithos, Cruziana, and Zoophycos have been identified and spatial variations in the species composition of ichnofacies assemblages have been traced. It has been found that lateral and vertical variations in the ichnofossil distribution agree with the regional structural patterns of the Vasyugan Horizon and are related to the Callovian–Oxfordian cyclic turnovers of the basin depositional systems.
Structure and depositional environment of the Vasyugan Horizon (Upper Bathonian–Oxfordian) in the Aleksandrovskoe arch area (West Siberia)
Authors: Vakulenko L.G. , Dul’tseva O.V. , Burleva O.V. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
An integrated sedimentological study of the Vasyugan Horizon in the Aleksandrovskoe arch area was performed, during which its depositional environments were reconstructed and a series of paleogeographic maps was plotted. It has been established that shallow-marine, marginal-marine, transitional, and continental depositional environments existed here at various stages. Most of the arch area is characterized by sections of the transitional Naunak–Vasyugan and Vasyugan–Naunak types; the westernmost part, by sections of the Vasyugan type, and the easternmost part, by sections of the Naunak type. The sand beds of the J1 horizon are low-quality reservoirs, whereas those on the western slope and the northern pericline of the Aleksandrovskoe arch are of better quality.
A tectonogeodynamic model for the junction zone between the Fennoscandian and Sarmatian segments of the East European Platform
Authors: Garetsky R.G. , Karatayev G.I. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Seismic gravity modeling along the Eurobridge-96–Eurobridge-97 DSS geotransects has shown that the Central Belarus suture zone formed in the Paleoproterozoic as a results of the subduction and collision processes at the convergent junction of the Fennoscandian and Sarmatian segments of the East European Platform. The influence of pre-Riphean processes on the subsequent tectonic events occurring on the territory of Belarus during the Phanerozoic has been established.