bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ritual and Moral Impurity in the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Klawans Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter reevaluates the dynamic between sin and impurity in the Hebrew Bible. It specifically schematizes the two main conceptions of impurity in the Hebrew Bible. Some correctives and challenges to the biblical scholarship are provided. The distinction between ritual and moral impurity in the Hebrew Bible is also considered. Ritual impurity is a contagious but generally impermanent sort of defilement, while moral impurity results from what are believed to be immoral acts. Moreover, the dietary laws between ritual and moral impurity are shown. The issue of gender is also taken up in order to shed some light on the ways in which these two systems relate to women, men, and sexuality in general.
Grice’s Theory of Conversational Inference
Authors: Atlas Jay David 
Published: October 2011

AbstractRichard Rorty wrote The Linguistic Turn, a collection of essays that discusses the philosophical methods employed by both various empiricists during the war and the philosophers of “ordinary language” in pre- and post-war Oxford. A third linguistic turn is experienced in philosophy which originated from the thoughts of philosophers such as W. V. O. Quine and Noam Chomsky. This turn had a lighter impact than the first two turns, and it is perceived as having more sophistication and tentativeness, and being more responsive to the requirements of theory construction. P. H. Nowell-Smith's notion of “contextual implication” coincided with Paul Grice's idea of a “conversational implication”, and from this emerged the Gricean aspect of this said linguistic turn. This chapter attempts to discuss how Grice came up with such an idea and how this was incorporated into a philosophical language theory.
Composition and Improvisation
Authors: Lehmann Andreas C. , Sloboda John A. , Woody Robert H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the activities of composition and improvisation as they relate musical performance, and focuses on everyday musical creativity rather than the rare incidences of genius. The generative acts of composing and improvising serve to increase the depth of a musician's understanding of musical structure, which in turn positively benefits his musical performance and learning by enhancing the skills of sight-reading, memorization, and creativity. The chapter explains several related points. First, the contemporary division between creating and recreating music rooted in history is found to refute the prevalence of generative musical behavior. This leads to the almost indistinguishable boundaries between the related activities of composition and improvisation. Second, creativity is found to involve trial-and-error, but with some regularities in the method. Lastly, children are determined to first engage in creative processes but are required to obtain an idea of what is aesthetically pleasing through formal training.
Epilogue
Authors: Atkinson Charles M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The incongruities between the flexibility inherent in the body of plainchant itself and the relative inflexibility of the ancient Greek system as a notational matrix came increasingly to be perceived as a problem that had to be solved. As a consequence, later authors developed their own solutions to the difficulties of rationalizing and notating problematic melodies. This chapter looks at three different approaches to this problem: those of Johannes (dictus Cotto vel Affligemensis), Marchetto da Padova, and the first treatise in the Berkeley manuscript (“Quoniam in antelapsis temporibus”).The three are linked together by the fact that they all respond to the problem as it is manifested in the Communion Beatus servus. Hence, that chant will serve as a kind of “rondo theme” for the chapter.
Mind as Computer
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTwo influential tools fueled the cognitive revolution: new statistical techniques and the computer. Both started as tools for data processing and ended up as theories of mind. This chapter extends the thesis of a tools-to-theories heuristic from statistical tools to the computer. It is divided into two parts. In the first part, it argues that a conceptual divorce between intelligence and calculation circa 1800, motivated by a new social organization of work, made mechanical computation conceivable. The tools-to-theories heuristic comes into play in the second part. When computers finally became standard laboratory tools in the 20th century, the computer was proposed, and with some delay accepted, as a model of mind.
How to Make Cognitive Illusions Disappear
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCognitive illusions have been linked to perceptual illusions, suggesting that they are “inevitable illusions”. This chapter criticizes the narrow norms that make humans look irrational and shows how to make inevitable illusions “evitable”. These so-called cognitive illusions largely disappear when one pays attention to conceptual distinctions. Cognitive illusions largely disappear due to the following: polysemy — not all probabilities are mathematical probabilities; a mathematical probability refers to a reference class, which may differ depending on the task; and natural frequencies facilitate Bayesian reasoning.
Neither Saints Nor Sinners
Authors: Myers Kathleen Ann 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book brings together the portraits and autobiographical texts of six 17th-century Latin American women, drawing on primary sources that include Inquisition and canonization records, confessional and mystic journals, and legal defenses and petitions. These sources illustrate how the development of institutions that examined individual merit according to a set of guidelines resulted in an “autobiographical boom” in which people began to dictate or write their life stories for confessors, bishops, lawyers, and judges. These writings provide a window through which we can see the interaction of women with religious and civic leaders and study the voices of early modern women, voices often absent from the more formal literary and historical genres of the period. In every case, the book finds, the women's stories are intricately woven with the larger political and religious movements of the period. The book examines the influence of the Counter Reformation, the interplay between colony and Empire, and the interface of individuals and institutional codes. The book shows that the ideal model for 17th-century Hispanic women was that of the women religious—silent, obedient, cloistered, and virginal. This role is the common ground for all six women studied. Each spent part of her life living as a nun or lay holy woman, yet many deviated significantly from the ideals of silence and obedience. The book concludes that women were neither entirely free from the limits of imposed models of behavior, nor totally constrained by them.
Redeemer of America
Authors: Lima Rosa De 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the saint-making process of America's first saint, Rosa de Lima. Through a reconstruction of her life story as an ascetic third-order Dominican in Lima and an examination of her canonization process from 1617 to 1691, one can glimpse the often inconsistent observation of rules of sainthood in the century after the Counter-Reformation, which had revised the Catholic Church's guidelines for sanctity. Rosa's choice to remain outside the convent as a lay religious woman and to follow extreme penitential practices reflected a largely unchanged expression of feminine affective piety and undermined the Counter-Reformation's attempts to curb individual spiritual practices and to cloister women.
Conclusions
Authors: Myers Kathleen Ann 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTwo key periods in time and two geographical centers framed the lives of the women discussed in this book. The first was Lima, Peru, in the early 1620s. It was there that America's most lauded saint, Rosa de lima, and one of America's most officially approved sinners, Catalina de Erauso, tuned into their respective paths to sanctity or notoriety. The setting for the lives of Catarina de San Juan, María de San José, and Sor Inés de la Cruz was New Spain in the late 1680 and early 1690. The only exception was Ursula Suaárez who wrote from Chile, and that there was no trace of a subsequent biographical rescripting of her life. The women and their clerical counterparts demonstrate how a single spiritual model, the perfecta religiosa, could produce a multiplicity of lives, life symbols, and their identities.
Social Learning and the Adoption of Innovations
Authors: Manski Charles F. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter studies the evolution of technological innovations when agents face “fundamental” learning limits: these limits derive from the idea that certain features of the environment in which innovations are evaluated may not be statistically identified, forcing agents to make decisions in the face of ambiguity. It further assumes that agents are rational decision makers, but places the agents in a context in which alternative perspectives on the environment are observationally equivalent. Manski shows that this environment can lead to complex innovation dynamics and can replicate the classical S-shaped pattern of innovation adoption.
The Italianate Hofkapelle of Johann Georg II, 1656–80
Authors: Frandsen Mary E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Throughout his reign, Johann Georg remained steadfast in his dedication to the cause of modern Italian sacred music. Despite the crushing burden of debt bequeathed to him by his father and a treasury perpetually characterized by a dearth of funds, he managed to maintain a musical ensemble that nearly matched those of Vienna and Munich in size, and which was similarly dominated by Italian musicians. The remarkable stability of the size of the Italianate component in the Hofkapelle throughout his reign testifies to the fact that, although his recruitment policies and procedures cannot easily be reconstructed today, Johann Georg was able to develop a successful (if somewhat unsystematic) strategy for attracting Italian musicians to Dresden. As a result, his court stood with those of Vienna, Munich, Innsbruck, and Warsaw as a major haven for Italian musicians in northern Europe.
Roma trapiantata: The New Sacred Concerto in Dresden
Authors: Frandsen Mary E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Albrici and Peranda, during their tenure in the Saxon Residenzstadt, took the repertoire of the Dresden court musical ensemble in a distinctly new musical direction. Calling upon their training and experience as students and church musicians in Rome, they effected the complete “Italianization,” or even “Romanization,” of the chapel repertoire. As a result, when viewed solely through the lens of the court musical ethos as defined by the works of Schütz, the corpus of concertos by Peranda and Albrici represents a discontinuity, and marks a sharp and sudden break with time-honored practices. But when these same works are regarded as the transplanted continuation of the Italian motet tradition, they reveal many continuities with the innovative repertoire composed in Italy, particularly in the papal city, during the previous two decades.
Musik im Gottesdienst: The Liturgical Year at the Dresden Court
Authors: Frandsen Mary E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The orders of worship in the court diaries demonstrate that from 1662, the form of the worship services adhered strictly to the models given in the elector's Kirchen-Ordnung. As a result, one sees great liturgical consistency in Dresden between 1662 and 1680. Given that the services on a particular day in the church calendar were celebrated in exactly the same manner from one year to the next, one can undertake an examination of the church year in Dresden by drawing upon liturgies celebrated in various years. The shape and flow of the liturgical year in Dresden as defined by music are explored through an examination of liturgical celebrations that took place throughout Johann Georg's reign. But as a combination of various aural and visual stimuli contributed to the totality of the worship experience at a seventeenth-century court, a number of other aspects of worship life are examined as well: chapel decorations, altar furnishings, communion vessels, liturgical vestments, and ceremonies performed by the palace guards prior to some of the worship services. Throughout this examination, the centrality of music's role continually rises to the foreground.
Love Dramas
Authors: Barnett Louise 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSwift's general censure of women as a frolicsome sex offers a context for his praise of the two women with whom he had lasting and admiring relationships, Stella and Vanessa. In fact, he praises the two favored women only by picturing them as distinct from all other women, who are, for him, terrible. The women Swift liked and approved for their nonphysical attributes had bodies, too, but he preferred to look away from this reality and foreground those character traits that qualified them for his friendship. References to the beauty of Stella and Vanessa are abstract and speedily presented; in the poems for Stella, allusions to her physical person typically draw focus to the effects of age. Bodies hint the sexual relationship Swift did not want to have with Stella or Vanessa, or indeed, once the pattern of his adult life was made, with any woman.
Brahms, Intermezzo in E Minor, op. 119, no. 2 (1893), and Symphony no. 1/ii (1872–1876)
Authors: Agawu Kofi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the possible frame of an analysis of music as discourse. This analysis is especially for works whose thematic surfaces are not overtly or topically differentiated, the boundaries of whose building blocks seem porous and fluid, and whose tendencies toward continuity override those toward discontinuity. The chapter looks at two of Brahms' compositions and aims to shed light on his procedures in general, as well as on the specific strategies employed in these two works.
Beethoven, String Quartet, op. 130/i (1825–1826), and Stravinsky,Symphonies of Wind Instruments(1920)
Authors: Agawu Kofi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter looks at two works that may serve to provide better understanding of the concept of musical discourse as essentially being a discourse of repetition. The analysis in this chapter is similar to that given in the other chapters: this chapter comments on the building blocks of each work separately and then concludes with remarks of a directly comparative nature.
First Encounters
Authors: Brinner Benjamin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
A ceremony was held on the West Bank to mark one of the first stages in the implementation of the 1993 Oslo Peace Accords between Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization. This was a closed event, marked by considerable tension. Most of the people present probably had had few peaceful or pleasant encounters with members of the other side, certainly not on a more or less equal footing. A few years later an audience gathered at a crafts fair below the walls of the Old City to hear another band, Bustan Abraham. The outdoor stage was situated in a park that lies between the centuries-old stone walls and the modern city. This book is about particular people, the situations in which they find themselves, and the paths that they make for themselves in this far-from-perfect world.
Israeli Musical Life
Authors: Brinner Benjamin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The courtyard of the Hebrew Union College in West Jerusalem fills with a mix of Israeli adults and rowdy Colorado teenagers on a summer trip to Israel. Rows of plastic armchairs face a temporary stage flanked by speaker towers and banks of colored stage lights. Shlomo Bar, the leader of Habreira Hativ'it, enters last and sits on a high stool in front of and higher than the arc of musicians on chairs. Bar tells the audience in Hebrew how happy he is to perform in Jerusalem. This chapter surveys musical life in Israel in the late twentieth century to highlight Jewish musicians' motivations to explore new directions that incorporated elements of Middle Eastern music, often in collaboration with Arab musicians. The portrayal of Israeli culture and society as dominated by Ashkenazi Jews of European origin is too simplistic. The hegemony of European cultural and social forms is linked.
Yair Dalal
Authors: Brinner Benjamin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Yair Dalal occupies an intermediate position in the constellation of musical possibilities that encompasses Alei Hazayit and Bustan Abraham. With an international reputation for performing music that is both “ethnic” and Israeli, he draws on a greater variety of musical resources than the former, but fewer than the latter. The three most important areas in which the inclusion of Yair complicates and extends our view of this field of cultural production are his social and cultural activism, his choice and presentation of musical sources, and the unusually diverse array of musicians with whom he has worked. He studied violin at the Givatayim Conservatory from the age of eight to eighteen. As a teenager he turned away from his parents' music, showing greater interest in the Beatles and other Anglo-American rock, only picking up the 'ud in his early twenties.
Musical Mixtures—Fusion of Styles and Styles of Fusion
Authors: Brinner Benjamin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The chapter title indicates both the centrality of this activity and the diverse ways in which musicians have undertaken it, while foregrounding a problematic label. Fusion denotes the combination of disparate elements into a whole, but for some musicians it connotes shallowness due to the popularity of the term in world music circles and the perceived superficiality of much of the music advertised as fusion. The term hybrid is an unattractive substitute in the eyes of musicians whom I have queried and its biological connotations are problematic for the analyst, particularly due to links to racialized discourses that assume certain “essences” to be mixed through interbreeding. The four sections of this chapter address stylistic mixture from different perspectives. The first two discuss the methods of combination and the sources from which elements are drawn.
A Question of Diplomacy
Authors: Collins John N. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Papyri of the century or two either side of the first century of the Christian era turn out to be a disappointment if we approach them thinking they will provide down-to-earth illustrations of how our cognate words for “diakonia” fitted into the everyday language of Greeks or come up with valuable sidelights on literary usage. BGU 597 is one of only two private letters attesting the common noun, and for its meaning there H. Lietzman suggested “cowherd”, although he was aware that such a meaning was out of character with uses of the word in literature and epigraphy. There is no mistaking that the common noun is being used as a personal name when it appears as part of the conventional formula for double names. The fact that the word was also current as a personal name means that it would easily settle as a kind of nickname. This chapter also examines the document mentioning a city called Panopolis, a major center within the Thebaid of Upper Egypt.
Emissaries in the Church
Authors: Collins John N. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
We have been looking at the cognate words for “diakonia” as designations for missions and for roles within missions beyond the confines of early Christian communities. The same words also signify commissions within communities. This chapter begins with three instances in Paul relating to both Christ and the imperial power as under mandate from the other world. The first two phrases express either two separate objectives—“for the equipment of the saints, for the work of ministry”—which effectively and naturally accommodate “ministry” as the work of the teachers, or only one objective—“to equip the saints for the work of ministry”. The third phrase “for building up the body of Christ” expresses the overall purpose of the gifts and is achieved through doctrinal solidarity.
Homophobia (2): Theories of Sexual Difference
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSeveral kinds of difference figure in contemporary cultural theory but two especially: sexual difference and cultural difference, with each of these complicated by a third kind of difference which construes meaning and identity in terms of difference or, more exactly, differential relations, the ‘semiotic difference’. The homosexual is significantly implicated in both sexual and cultural differences, and for two main reasons. First because he or she has been regarded as one who fears the difference of the ‘other’ or opposite sex. Secondly, contrary to what the foregoing theory implies, she or he has, in historical actuality, embraced both cultural difference and racial difference. This crossing constitutes a complex, difficult history, one from which we can learn. This chapter argues for the importance of this history for all three kinds of difference — sexual, cultural, and semiotic — as they figure in current theory.
A Logic of Narrativity
Authors: Sturgess Philip J. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter shows how the concept of narrativity can be used as the guiding principle for a certain kind of critical method. Specifically, it shows how the concept becomes critically useful once it is thought of as having a determining logic of its own, a logic sometimes related directly but far more often related deviously and deceptively to that logic discernible in the conduct of a novel's represented characters, and of the world they inhabit.
Narrativity and Double Logics
Authors: Sturgess Philip J. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The most significant challenge to the concept of a logic of narrativity arises from those theoretical movements which emphasize the absence of self-consistency in narratives. This approach to narrative has been part of conventional wisdom for a considerable time now, and the time seems ripe to redress the balance. The wisdom in question has arisen from two main sources. First, from a certain brand of Marxist criticism as practised by critics such as Pierre Macherey and Terry Eagleton, who claim to detect the presence of contradiction in all manner of texts. Secondly, from the exponents of deconstruction, a practice which in Jonathan Culler's words ‘undertakes a double reading, describing the ways in which lines of argument in the texts it is analysing call their premises into question’. This chapter focuses on contesting the deconstructive argument.
Narrativity, Structure, and Spatial Form
Authors: Sturgess Philip J. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Chapters 3 and 4 discussed the main theoretical challenges to a logic of narrativity. This chapter considers two analytical approaches which provide useful and interesting insights into narrative ontology, and which are not bent on wholly subverting conventional expectations about the functioning of narratives, although they might wish to refine these expectations. Both approaches, however, tend to ignore the question of narrativity and thus ignore the enabling force itself of narrative.
Narrativity and the French Perspective
Authors: Sturgess Philip J. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to French critics whose work can be aligned in some degree or other with the author's own conceptual approach. The chapter is divided into two sections. The first section considers various French theories in so far as they claim to account for the logical or chronological and causal aspects of narrative, since an awareness of these aspects forms the basis of a logic of narrativity. Amongst the works discussed is a collection of essays edited by Dorian Tiffeneau, entitled La Narrativité, which is the only full-scale work produced so far that concentrates exclusively on the concept in question. The second section looks in some detail at the work of a single critic, Roland Barthes.