bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased blood glucose variability during therapeutic hypothermia and outcome after cardiac arrest*
Authors: Cueni-Villoz Nadine , Devigili Alessandro , Delodder Frederik , Cianferoni Silvia , Feihl François , Rossetti Andrea O. , Eggimann Philippe , Vincent Jean-Louis , Taccone Fabio S. , Oddo Mauro 
Published: June 2011

Objective:
Hypothermia impairs blood glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. However, the impact of therapeutic hypothermia on blood glucose levels and insulin requirements is unknown. We analyzed blood glucose variability during therapeutic hypothermia in patients with coma after cardiac arrest and examined its impact on outcome.

Design:
Prospective observational study.

Setting:
Two university hospital medical/surgical intensive care units.

Patients:
Comatose cardiac arrest patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia (33°C, 24 hrs).

Interventions:
Insulin therapy (blood glucose target 6–8 mmol/L [110–150 mg/dL]), according to a written algorithm, with nurse-driven adjustment of insulin dose.

Measurements and Main Results:
Two-hundred and twenty patients (median age 61 yrs, median time to return of spontaneous circulation 20 min) were studied. Two time periods, comparable in duration, were categorized: therapeutic hypothermia (stable maintenance phase) and normothermia (after rewarming). Blood glucose variability was defined as the difference between maximum and minimum blood glucose concentration during each time period. Mean blood glucose (8.3 ± 2.3 vs. 7.1 ± 1.3 mmol/L), blood glucose variability (5.7 ± 3.9 vs. 3.7 ± 3.6 mmol/L), and insulin dose (2 ± 2 vs. 1 ± 1 U/h) were higher during therapeutic hypothermia compared to normothermia (all p < .001). Higher mean blood glucose (7.9 ± 1.8 mmol/L in survivors vs. 8.7 ± 2.6 mmol/L in nonsurvivors, p = .02) and increased blood glucose variability (4.9 ± 3.5 vs. 6.5 ± 4.1 mmol/L, p = .003) during therapeutic hypothermia were associated with mortality. After adjusting for time to return of spontaneous circulation, initial arrest rhythm, and cardiac arrest etiology, increased blood glucose variability during therapeutic hypothermia, but not mean blood glucose level, was an independent predictor of inhospital mortality (odds ratio for death 1.10 [confidence interval 1.02–1.19], p = .016).

Conclusions:
Mild therapeutic hypothermia is associated with higher blood glucose levels, increased blood glucose variability, and greater insulin requirements compared to the postrewarming normothermic phase. Increased blood glucose variability during therapeutic hypothermia is a predictor of inhospital mortality after cardiac arrest, independent of injury severity and mean blood glucose levels.
Comparison of airway pressure release ventilation to conventional mechanical ventilation in the early management of smoke inhalation injury in swine*
Authors: Batchinsky Andriy I. , Burkett Samuel E. , Zanders Thomas B. , Chung Kevin K. , Regn Dara D. , Jordan Bryan S. , Necsoiu Corina , Nguyen Ruth , Hanson Margaret A. , Morris Michael J. , Cancio Leopoldo C. 
Published: June 2011

Objective:
The role of airway pressure release ventilation in the management of early smoke inhalation injury has not been studied. We compared the effects of airway pressure release ventilation and conventional mechanical ventilation on oxygenation in a porcine model of acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by wood smoke inhalation.

Design:
Prospective animal study.

Setting:
Government laboratory animal intensive care unit.

Patients:
Thirty-three Yorkshire pigs.

Interventions:
Smoke inhalation injury.

Measurements and Main Results:
Anesthetized female Yorkshire pigs (n = 33) inhaled room-temperature pine-bark smoke. Before injury, the pigs were randomized to receive conventional mechanical ventilation (n = 15) or airway pressure release ventilation (n = 12) for 48 hrs after smoke inhalation. As acute respiratory distress syndrome developed (PaO2/Fio2 ratio <200), plateau pressures were limited to <35 cm H2O. Six uninjured pigs received conventional mechanical ventilation for 48 hrs and served as time controls. Changes in PaO2/Fio2 ratio, tidal volume, respiratory rate, mean airway pressure, plateau pressure, and hemodynamic variables were recorded. Survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. PaO2/Fio2 ratio was lower in airway pressure release ventilation vs. conventional mechanical ventilation pigs at 12, 18, and 24 hrs (p < .05) but not at 48 hrs. Tidal volumes were lower in conventional mechanical ventilation animals between 30 and 48 hrs post injury (p < .05). Respiratory rates were lower in airway pressure release ventilation at 24, 42, and 48 hrs (p < .05). Mean airway pressures were higher in airway pressure release ventilation animals between 6 and 48 hrs (p < .05). There was no difference in plateau pressures, hemodynamic variables, or survival between conventional mechanical ventilation and airway pressure release ventilation pigs.

Conclusions:
In this model of acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by severe smoke inhalation in swine, airway pressure release ventilation-treated animals developed acute respiratory distress syndrome faster than conventional mechanical ventilation-treated animals, showing a lower PaO2/Fio2 ratio at 12, 18, and 24 hrs after injury. At other time points, PaO2/Fio2 ratio was not different between conventional mechanical ventilation and airway pressure release ventilation.
Transcription Factor–Dependent Chromatin Remodeling at Heat Shock and Copper-Responsive Promoters in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Strenkert Daniela , Schmollinger Stefan , Sommer Frederik , Schulz-Raffelt Miriam , Schroda Michael 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
How transcription factors affect chromatin structure to regulate gene expression in response to changes in environmental conditions is poorly understood in the green lineage. To shed light on this issue, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation and formaldehyde-assisted isolation of regulatory elements to investigate the chromatin structure at target genes of HSF1 and CRR1, key transcriptional regulators of the heat shock and copper starvation responses, respectively, in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Generally, we detected lower nucleosome occupancy, higher levels of histone H3/4 acetylation, and lower levels of histone H3 Lys 4 (H3K4) monomethylation at promoter regions of active genes compared with inactive promoters and transcribed and intergenic regions. Specifically, we find that activated HSF1 and CRR1 transcription factors mediate the acetylation of histones H3/4, nucleosome eviction, remodeling of the H3K4 mono- and dimethylation marks, and transcription initiation/elongation. By this, HSF1 and CRR1 quite individually remodel and activate target promoters that may be inactive and embedded into closed chromatin (HSP22F/CYC6) or weakly active and embedded into partially opened (CPX1) or completely opened chromatin (HSP70A/CRD1). We also observed HSF1-independent histone H3/4 deacetylation at the RBCS2 promoter after heat shock, suggesting interplay of specific and presumably more generally acting factors to adapt gene expression to the new requirements of a changing environment.
Identification and expression analysis of the genes involved in serotonin biosynthesis and transduction in the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus
Authors: Watanabe T. , Sadamoto H. , Aonuma H. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSerotonin (5‐HT) modulates various aspects of behaviours such as aggressive behaviour and circadian behaviour in the cricket. To elucidate the molecular basis of the cricket 5‐HT system, we identified 5‐HT‐related genes in the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus DeGeer. Complementary DNA of tryptophan hydroxylase and phenylalanine‐tryptophan hydroxylase, which convert tryptophan into 5‐hydroxy‐L‐tryptophan (5‐HTP), and that of aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase, which converts 5‐HTP into 5‐HT, were isolated from a cricket brain cDNA library. In addition, four 5‐HT receptor genes (5‐HT1A, 5‐HT1B, 5‐HT2α, and 5‐HT7) were identified. Expression analysis of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene TRH and phenylalanine‐tryptophan hydroxylase gene TPH, which are selectively involved in neuronal and peripheral 5‐HT synthesis in Drosophila, suggested that two 5‐HT synthesis pathways co‐exist in the cricket neuronal tissues. The four 5‐HT receptor genes were expressed in various tissues at differential expression levels, suggesting that the 5‐HT system is widely distributed in the cricket.
Postoperative Complications after Surgical Management of Incomplete Ossification of the Humeral Condyle in Dogs
Authors: Hattersley Rachel , McKee Malcolm , O'Neill Turlough , Clarke Stephen , Butterworth Steven , Maddox Thomas , Owen Martin , Langley‐Hobbs Sorrel J. , Comerford Eithne 
Published: June 2011

Objective: To describe incidence and type of postoperative complications in the surgical management of incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle (IOHC) and identify any risk factors associated with development of these complications.Study Design: Case series.Methods: Clinical records of dogs (n=57) that had prophylactic transcondylar screw insertion for treatment of IOHC (79 elbows) at 6 UK referral centers were reviewed. Signalment, presentation, surgical management, postoperative care, and complications were recorded. Postoperative complications were divided into seroma, surgical site infections (SSI) and implant complications.Results: Spaniel breeds and entire males were overrepresented. The overall complication rate was 59.5%. Seroma (n=25) and SSI (24) were the most commonly encountered complications. Implant failure occurred in 2 dogs. Labrador retrievers were at greater risk of developing a postoperative complication than other breeds (P=.03). Increasing bodyweight was a significant risk factor for development of a SSI (P=.03). Placement of the transcondylar screw in lag fashion rather than as a positional screw reduced the incidence of postoperative SSI (P=.007).Conclusions: Surgical management of IOHC is associated with a high rate of postoperative complications. Placement of the transcondylar screw in lag fashion may limit postoperative complications and warrants further consideration.
Nonlinears Normal Modes for Vibrating Mechanical Systems. Review of
Theoretical Developments
Authors: Mikhlin Yuri V. , Avramov Konstantin V. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Two principal concepts of nonlinear normal vibrations modes (NNMs), namely the Kauderer–Rosenberg and Shaw–Pierre concepts, are analyzed. Properties of the NNMs and methods of their analysis are presented. NNMs stability and bifurcations are discussed. Combined application of the NNMs and the Rauscher method to analyze forced and parametric vibrations is discussed. Generalization of the NNMs to continuous systems dynamics is also described.
Population Genetic Structure of Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Blastomyces dermatitidis, Based on 27 Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers
Authors: Meece Jennifer K. , Anderson Jennifer L. , Fisher Matthew C. , Henk Daniel A. , Sloss Brian L. , Reed Kurt D. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Blastomyces dermatitidis
, a thermally dimorphic fungus, is the etiologic agent of North American blastomycosis. Clinical presentation is varied, ranging from silent infections to fulminant respiratory disease and dissemination to skin and other sites. Exploration of the population genetic structure of
B. dermatitidis
would improve our knowledge regarding variation in virulence phenotypes, geographic distribution, and difference in host specificity. The objective of this study was to develop and test a panel of microsatellite markers to delineate the population genetic structure within a group of clinical and environmental isolates of
B. dermatitidis
. We developed 27 microsatellite markers and genotyped
B. dermatitidis
isolates from various hosts and environmental sources (
n
=112). Assembly of a neighbor-joining tree of allele-sharing distance revealed two genetically distinct groups, separated by a deep node. Bayesian admixture analysis showed that two populations were statistically supported. Principal coordinate analysis also reinforced support for two genetic groups, with the primary axis explaining 61.41% of the genetic variability. Group 1 isolates average 1.8 alleles/locus, whereas group 2 isolates are highly polymorphic, averaging 8.2 alleles/locus. In this data set, alleles at three loci are unshared between the two groups and appear diagnostic. The mating type of individual isolates was determined by PCR. Both mating type-specific genes, the HMG and α-box domains, were represented in each of the genetic groups, with slightly more isolates having the HMG allele. One interpretation of this study is that the species currently designated
B. dermatitidis
includes a cryptic subspecies or perhaps a separate species.
Effects of Orally Administered Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus on the Well-Being and Salmonella Colonization of Young Chicks
Authors: Atterbury Robert J. , Hobley Laura , Till Robert , Lambert Carey , Capeness Michael J. , Lerner Thomas R. , Fenton Andrew K. , Barrow Paul , Sockett R. Elizabeth 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
is a bacterium which preys upon and kills Gram-negative bacteria, including the zoonotic pathogens
Escherichia coli
and
Salmonella. Bdellovibrio
has potential as a biocontrol agent, but no reports of it being tested in living animals have been published, and no data on whether
Bdellovibrio
might spread between animals are available. In this study, we tried to fill this knowledge gap, using
B. bacteriovorus
HD100 doses in poultry with a normal gut microbiota or predosed with a colonizing
Salmonella
strain. In both cases,
Bdellovibrio
was dosed orally along with antacids. After dosing non-
Salmonella
-infected birds with
Bdellovibrio
, we measured the health and well-being of the birds and any changes in their gut pathology and culturable microbiota, finding that although a
Bdellovibrio
dose at 2 days of age altered the overall diversity of the natural gut microbiota in 28-day-old birds, there were no adverse effects on their growth and well-being. Drinking water and fecal matter from the pens in which the birds were housed as groups showed no contamination by
Bdellovibrio
after dosing. Predatory
Bdellovibrio
orally administered to birds that had been predosed with a gut-colonizing
Salmonella enterica
serovar Enteritidis phage type 4 strain (an important zoonotic pathogen) significantly reduced
Salmonella
numbers in bird gut cecal contents and reduced abnormal cecal morphology, indicating reduced cecal inflammation, compared to the ceca of the untreated controls or a nonpredatory Δ
pilA
strain, suggesting that these effects were due to predatory action. This work is a first step to applying
Bdellovibrio
therapeutically for other animal, and possibly human, infections.
Life, Death, and In-Between: Meanings and Methods in Microbiology
Authors: Davey Hazel M. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT
Determination of microbial viability by the plate count method is routine in microbiology laboratories worldwide. However, limitations of the technique, particularly with respect to environmental microorganisms, are widely recognized. Many alternatives based upon viability staining have been proposed, and these are often combined with techniques such as image analysis and flow cytometry. The plethora of choices, however, adds to confusion when selecting a method. Commercial staining kits aim to simplify the performance of microbial viability determination but often still need adaptation to the specific organism of interest and/or the instruments available to the researcher. This review explores the meaning of microbial viability and offers guidance in the selection and interpretation of viability testing methods.
Introduced Siberian Chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus barberi) Harbor More-Diverse Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Genospecies than Native Bank Voles (Myodes glareolus)
Authors: Marsot M. , Sigaud M. , Chapuis J. L. , Ferquel E. , Cornet M. , Vourc'h G. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTLittle attention has been given in scientific literature to how introduced species may act as a new host for native infectious agents and modify the epidemiology of a disease. In this study, we investigated whether an introduced species, the Siberian chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus barberi), was a potentially new reservoir host forBorrelia burgdorferisensu lato, the causative agent of Lyme disease. First, we ascertained whether chipmunks were infected by all of theB. burgdorferisensu lato genospecies associated with rodents and available in their source of infection, questing nymphs. Second, we determined whether the prevalence and diversity ofB. burgdorferisensu lato in chipmunks were similar to those of a native reservoir rodent, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). Our research took place between 2006 and 2008 in a suburban French forest, where we trapped 335 chipmunks and 671 voles and collected 743 nymphs of ticks that were questing for hosts by dragging on the vegetation. We assayed forB. burgdorferisensu lato with ear biopsy specimens taken from the rodents and in nymphs using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Chipmunks were infected by the threeBorreliagenospecies that were present in questing nymphs and that infect rodents (B. burgdorferisensu stricto,B. afzelii, andB. garinii). In contrast, voles hosted onlyB. afzelii. Furthermore, chipmunks were more infected (35%) than voles (16%). These results may be explained by the higher exposure of chipmunks, because they harbor more ticks, or by their higher tolerance of otherB. burgdorferisensu lato genospecies than ofB. afzelii. If chipmunks are competent reservoir hosts forB. burgdorferisensu lato, they may spill backB. burgdorferisensu lato to native communities and eventually may increase the risk of Lyme disease transmission to humans.
Generation of Targeted Deletions in the Genome of Rhodothermus marinus
Authors: Bjornsdottir Snaedis H. , Fridjonsson Olafur H. , Hreggvidsson Gudmundur O. , Eggertsson Gudmundur 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

The aim of this work was to develop an approach for chromosomal engineering of the thermophile
Rhodothermus marinus
. A selection strategy for
R. marinus
had previously been developed; this strategy was based on complementing a restriction-negative
trpB
strain with the
R. marinus
trpB
gene. The current work identified an additional selective marker,
purA
, which encodes adenylosuccinate synthase and confers adenine prototrophy. In a two-step procedure, the available Trp
+
selection was used during the deletion of
purA
from the
R. marinus
chromosome. The alternative Ade
+
selection was in turn used while deleting the endogenous
trpB
gene. Since both deletions are unmarked, the
purA
and
trpB
markers may be reused. Through the double deletant SB-62 (Δ
trpB
Δ
purA
), the difficulties that are associated with spontaneous revertants and unintended chromosomal integration of marker-containing molecules are circumvented. The selection efficiency in
R. marinus
strain SB-62 (Δ
trpB
Δ
purA
) was demonstrated by targeting putative carotenoid biosynthesis genes,
crtBI
, using a linear molecule containing a marked deletion with 717 and 810 bp of 5′ and 3′ homologous sequences, respectively. The resulting Trp
+
transformants were colorless rather than orange-red. The correct replacement of an internal
crtBI
fragment with the
trpB
marker was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis of the transformants. Thus, it appears that target genes in the
R. marinus
chromosome can be readily replaced with linear molecules in a single step by double-crossover recombination.
Randomized, Double-Blinded Clinical Trial for Human Norovirus Inactivation in Oysters by High Hydrostatic Pressure Processing
Authors: Leon Juan S. , Kingsley David H. , Montes Julia S. , Richards Gary P. , Lyon G. Marshall , Abdulhafid Gwen M. , Seitz Scot R. , Fernandez Marina L. , Teunis Peter F. , Flick George J. , Moe Christine L. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Contamination of oysters with human noroviruses (HuNoV) constitutes a human health risk and may lead to severe economic losses in the shellfish industry. There is a need to identify a technology that can inactivate HuNoV in oysters. In this study, we conducted a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial to assess the effect of high hydrostatic pressure processing (HPP) on Norwalk virus (HuNoV genogroup I.1) inactivation in virus-seeded oysters ingested by subjects. Forty-four healthy, positive-secretor adults were divided into three study phases. Subjects in each phase were randomized into control and intervention groups. Subjects received Norwalk virus (8FIIb, 1.0 × 10
4
genomic equivalent copies) in artificially seeded oysters with or without HPP treatment (400 MPa at 25°C, 600 MPa at 6°C, or 400 MPa at 6°C for 5 min). HPP at 600 MPa, but not 400 MPa (at 6° or 25°C), completely inactivated HuNoV in seeded oysters and resulted in no HuNoV infection among these subjects, as determined by reverse transcription-PCR detection of HuNoV RNA in subjects' stool or vomitus samples. Interestingly, a white blood cell (granulocyte) shift was identified in 92% of the infected subjects and was significantly associated with infection (
P
= 0.0014). In summary, these data suggest that HPP is effective at inactivating HuNoV in contaminated whole oysters and suggest a potential intervention to inactivate infectious HuNoV in oysters for the commercial shellfish industry.
Repression of the Antifungal Activity of Pseudomonas sp. Strain DF41 by the Stringent Response
Authors: Manuel Jerrylynn , Berry Chrystal , Selin Carrie , Fernando W. G. Dilantha , de Kievit Teresa R. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

The stringent response (SR) enables bacteria to adapt to nutrient limitation through production of the nucleotides guanosine tetraphosphate and guanosine pentaphosphate, collectively known as (p)ppGpp. Two enzymes are responsible for the intracellular pools of (p)ppGpp: RelA acts as a synthetase, while SpoT can function as either a synthetase or a hydrolase. We investigated how the SR affects the ability of the biological control agent
Pseudomonas
sp. strain DF41 to inhibit the fungal pathogen
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
(Lib.) de Bary. Strain DF41
relA
and
relA spoT
mutants were generated and found to exhibit increased antifungal activity. Strain DF41 produces a lipopeptide (LP) molecule that is essential for
Sclerotinia
biocontrol. LP production and protease activity were both elevated in the
relA
and
relA spoT
mutants. Addition of
relA
but not
spoT
in
trans
restored the mutant phenotype to that of the parent. Next, we investigated whether an association exists between the SR and known regulators of biocontrol, including the Gac system and RpoS. A
gacS
mutant of strain DF41 produced less (p)ppGpp and exhibited a 1.7-fold decrease in
relA
expression compared to the wild type, suggesting that
relA
forms part of the Gac regulon. We discovered that
rpoS
transcription was reduced significantly in the SR mutants. Furthermore,
rpoS
provided in
trans
restored protease activity to wild-type levels but did not attenuate antifungal activity. Finally,
relA
expression was decreased in the mutants, indicating that the SR is required for maximum expression of
relA
.