bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case Report: ICF-Level Changes in a Preschooler After Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy
Authors: Martin Anna , Burtner Patricia A. , Poole Janet , Phillips John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The authors examined changes associated with constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) provided to a preschool-aged child with right spastic hemiplegia. This case study design used a 2-week pretest measure baseline period, 2 weeks of CIMT, and postmeasures at 1 week and 3 months. Measures were chosen to document changes at the different levels of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), including the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) Self-Care Section, Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function, and grip and pinch strength. Results showed increases on COPM-identified goals of increased independence with bilateral hand play and participation in gross motor play with friends. Changes were also documented in self-care, arm function, and grip strength. Another unexpected association reported by parents and professionals was increased speech intelligibility. Potential implications of implementing CIMT with young children are presented.
Development, Reliability, and Validity of the Handwriting Proficiency Screening Questionnaire (HPSQ)
Authors: Rosenblum Sara 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. This study was used to (1) develop an occupational therapy screening questionnaire (the Handwriting Proficiency Screening Questionnaire [HPSQ]) to identify handwriting difficulties among school-aged children and (2) examine its reliability and validity.
METHOD. The questionnaire’s content validity was established. Internal consistency, interrater and test–retest reliability, and concurrent and construct validity were initiated. Participants included 7-to 14-year-old (N = 230) typically developing school-aged children.
RESULTS. The tool demonstrated good internal consistency (α = .90). Test–retest reliability for the score revealed an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of .84 and interrater reliability of ICC =.92 for the total questionnaire score. Construct and concurrent validity were also confirmed.
CONCLUSION. The HPSQ is suitable for use by occupational therapists for identification of handwriting deficiency among school-aged children and is appropriate for varied academic and clinical uses. More studies with larger samples of varied age groups are required to further support the questionnaire’s reliability and validity.
Effects of Task Instructions and Target Location on Reaching Kinematics in People With and Without Cerebrovascular Accident: A Study of the Less-Affected Limb
Authors: Lin Keh-chung , Wu Ching-yi , Lin Kwan-hwa , Chang Chein-wei 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We investigated how verbal instructions and target location interacted to influence reaching movement of the less-affected limb in participants with and without unilateral cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs).
METHOD. Using a counterbalanced repeated-measures design, 26 people with CVA and 24 age-matched healthy people performed the reaching tasks under 4 conditions formed by the crossing of verbal instructions (speed and accuracy emphasis) and target locations (ipsilateral and contralateral to the performing hand).
RESULTS. In the control groups, speeded instructions and ipsilateral reaches elicited significantly more preprogrammed movements than did accuracy instruction and contralateral reaches, respectively. Similar patterns of performance in response to task constraints were found in the CVA groups except for movement initiation in the right CVA group.
CONCLUSION. Instruction and locations interacted to constrain reaching movements in both control and CVA groups. The combination of speeded instruction and ipsilateral reach may optimize movement performance of the less-affected limb in stroke patients.
Task-Specific, Patient-Driven Neuroprosthesis Training in Chronic Stroke: Results of a 3-Week Clinical Study
Authors: Hill-Hermann Valerie , Strasser Ashley , Albers Bethany , Schofield Kelly , Dunning Kari , Levine Peter , Page Stephen J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We examined the efficacy of a clinically based regimen in which a woman 16 months’ post-stroke participated in daily practice sessions of valued activities of daily living (ADLs). A unique aspect of this intervention was that it was largely patient driven, with the patient practicing ADLs while wearing an electrical stimulation neuroprosthesis.
METHOD. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FM), Action Research Arm Test (ARA), Arm Motor Activity Test (AMAT), and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) were administered before intervention. Therapy consisted of 3-hr ADL training sessions every weekday during a 3-week period using a neuroprosthesis featuring functional electrical stimulation during treatment sessions. One week after the end of the treatment phase, the FM, ARA, AMAT, and COPM were again administered.
RESULTS. The patient exhibited reduced impairment (FM score change from 31 to 35), decreased time needed to complete AMAT tasks (from 998 s to 558 s), and increased ARA score (from 27 to 31).
CONCLUSION. Clinically meaningful changes were realized with distant or minimal therapist supervision, making this regimen a practical and efficacious alternative.
Augmenting Occupational Therapy Treatment of Upper-Extremity Spasticity With Botulinum Toxin A: A Case Report of Progress at Discharge and 2 Years Later
Authors: Denham Susan P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This case report summarizes occupational therapy services provided to a participant after botulinum toxin A (BTA) injections and her improvements 2 years later. The injections were performed to neutralize spasticity in the left upper extremity after a stroke. Along with BTA, the participant received occupational therapy for 12 weeks, using neurodevelopmental and biomechanical approaches and an activity-based home program. Spasticity decreased from a 4 to a 1 on the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) immediately after the injections. Two years after the injections, the MAS score ranged between 1 and 1+. Initially, the participant demonstrated functional limitations in areas of splint application, dressing, toileting, and bathing. Following BTA injections and occupational therapy, the participant demonstrated increased independence in all deficit areas. For this participant, BTA, combined with functional, activity-based occupational therapy interventions, was associated with neurological change and greater functional use of the spastic limb.
Factor Structure of the Four Motor-Free Scales of the Developmental Test of Visual Perception, 2nd Edition (DTVP–2)
Authors: Brown Ted , Rodger Sylvia , Davis Aileen 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
INTRODUCTION. Visual–perceptual skills of children are often assessed using the Developmental Test of Visual Perceptual Skills–2, 2nd Edition (DTVP–2).
PURPOSE. The factor structure of the four motor-free DTVP–2 subscales was examined.
METHOD. The scores from a sample of 356 healthy children (171 boys and 185 girls) ages 5 to 11 years were used to complete a principal components factor analysis of the 4 subscales.
RESULTS. The position-in-space subscale had items load on six factors. The figure ground subscale had items load on five factors. The visual closure scale and form constancy subscales both had four factors. When the four DTVP–2 subscales were combined to form one overall motor-free visual perceptual scale, the items loaded on 21 factors.
CONCLUSION. The DTVP–2 and its four motor-free subscales exhibited multidimensionality instead of the expected unidimensional visual–perceptual constructs.
Playful Interaction: Occupational Therapy for All Children on the School Playground
Authors: Bundy Anita C. , Luckett Tim , Naughton Geraldine A. , Tranter Paul J. , Wyver Shirley R. , Ragen Jo , Singleton Emma , Spies Greta 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
We examined the impact of an intervention on the playfulness of 5- to 7-year-old children who are developing typically. Materials that had no defined purpose were placed on a school playground for 11 weeks. The Test of Playfulness (ToP) was used to compare videotaped play segments pre- and postintervention. Teachers who did playground duty were interviewed regarding changes in play. ToP data were analyzed using a Wilcoxon signed- ranks test. Interview data were analyzed for themes. ToP scores were significantly higher after intervention (Z = −1.94; p = .025, one-tailed; Cohen's d = 0.55). Teachers reported that children were more social, creative, and resilient when the materials were on the playground. Children who were creative, rather than very physically capable, became leaders in activity. Our results revealed a potential role for occupational therapists with typically developing children in schools. This finding has clear implications for children with disability.
Development of a Performance Assessment of Executive Function: The Children’s Kitchen Task Assessment
Authors: Rocke Kristy , Hays Paige , Edwards Dorothy , Berg Christine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. This study developed and explored the validity of the Children's Kitchen Task Assessment (CKTA), a performance assessment of executive function.
METHOD. The development of the CKTA is described. Children were given the CKTA and neuropsychological assessments of executive functioning. Parents completed the Parent Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (Parent BRIEF).
RESULTS. Forty-nine typically developing children ages 8 to 12 years participated in this study. Interrater reliability and internal consistency were established. Preliminary evidence of discriminant validity was reflected in significant differences on neuropsychological tests and the Parent BRIEF between high- and low-scoring CKTA groups. Age-related differences in CKTA performance further supported discriminant validity. Support for concurrent validity was observed in moderate correlations with established neuropsychological tests.
CONCLUSION. Preliminary results suggest the CKTA is a valid performance assessment that evaluates the level of cognitive assistance children require to complete a challenging functional activity.
Out-of-School Participation Patterns in Children With High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Hilton Claudia List , Crouch Mary Catherine , Israel Heidi 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
PURPOSE. This study examined differences in out-of-school activity participation between typically developing children and those with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASD).
METHOD. Children with HFASD, ages 6 to 12 (N = 52), and a control group (N = 53) were assessed using the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment and the Social Responsiveness Scale.
RESULTS. Significant differences were seen in participation between typical and HFASD groups in number of activities in which children participate, the numbers of individuals with whom they participate, and the variety of environments in which they participate.
CONCLUSIONS. These findings indicate that out-of-school participation is significantly different for children with HFASD than for typically developing peers. Findings suggest that social impairment is related to some aspects of participation and that addressing social skills in intervention could contribute to increased participation in out-of-school activities by children with HFASD, which would contribute to their long-term mental and physical health.
Student Outcomes in a Postprofessional Online Master’s– Degree Program
Authors: Richardson Pamela K. , MacRae Anne , Schwartz Kathleen , Bankston Luriza , Kosten Carolyn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The outcomes of five cohorts of occupational therapists who completed an online postprofessional master's degree program were evaluated. Data on graduates’ satisfaction with professional skills and status, contribution of the program to their satisfaction, and engagement in professional activities since graduation were collected using an online survey. Forty-nine of 65 surveys distributed were returned (75% response rate). Respondents indicated high levels of satisfaction with professional skills and status and high levels of contribution of the program to their satisfaction. Respondents also reported participation in a variety of professional leadership activities. Results suggest that postprofessional graduate-level education is effective in developing advanced critical reasoning, reflection, and leadership skills in occupational therapists and in facilitating a variety of professional contributions. The online mode was effective in delivering the program content. The value of postprofessional education to individuals and the profession is discussed.
Meaning of Occupation-Based Groups for Low-Income Urban Youths Attending After-School Care
Authors: Bazyk Susan , Bazyk John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe the meaning of occupational therapy groups focusing on occupational engagement, group process, and social–emotional learning for a purposeful sample of low-income urban youths attending after-school care. Interviews and participant observation were used to study how the children made sense of their experience. Qualitative data analysis resulted in two thematic descriptions of the experience. First, the groups were fun because of engagement in novel and challenging leisure occupations within a supportive group context. Participation in creative activities that allowed choice transformed mood—children experienced happiness and wanted more of these experiences. Second, the participants valued being able to talk about feelings and learn strategies for dealing with anger. Findings provide a glimpse into the possibilities of enhancing occupational balance by engaging children in occupations they find to be fun.
Integrating Occupational Therapy Services in a Kindergarten Curriculum: A Look at the Outcomes
Authors: Bazyk Susan , Michaud Paula , Goodman Glenn , Papp Paula , Hawkins Edwina , Welch Margery A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
PURPOSE. We measured fine motor and emergent literacy outcomes in kindergarteners enrolled in two integrated kindergarten classrooms. The students received fully integrated occupational therapy services. Most occupational therapy services focused on planning and teacher consultation versus direct intervention.
METHOD. A one-group pretest–posttest descriptive design was used to measure occupational therapy and emergent literacy outcomes in a convenience sample of 37 kindergarten-age children with and without disabilities. Four fine motor and two emergent literacy assessments were administered at the beginning and end of the school year. Data on the amount and type of occupational therapy services were documented over 7.months.
RESULTS. Children without disabilities made statistically significant changes in all areas. Children with disabilities made significant changes in two of the fine motor and three of the emergent literacy assessments.
CONCLUSION. Findings demonstrated that for this sample of children, significant improvements in fine motor and emergent literacy function were made.
Handwriting Performance, Self-Reports, and Perceived Self-Efficacy Among Children With Dysgraphia
Authors: Engel-Yeger Batya , Nagauker-Yanuv Limor , Rosenblum Sara 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. This study examined the relationships between children's self-reports on their handwriting performance, their actual handwriting process and product, and wider motor-perceived self-efficacy.
METHOD. Twenty-one children with dysgraphia and 21 typically developing children copied a paragraph on an electronic tablet as part of a Computerized Penmanship Evaluation Tool. Handwriting product was evaluated by the Hebrew Handwriting Evaluation. Participants completed the Children's Questionnaire for Handwriting Proficiency (CHaP) and the Perceived Efficacy and Goal Setting System (PEGS).
RESULTS. The study group's CHaP scores significantly correlated with handwriting process, product measures (rs = .46–.59, ps = .034–.005), and PEGS scores, all of which were significantly poorer compared with those of the control participants.
CONCLUSIONS. Children are aware of their handwriting deficits and are able to report them. Children's reports may contribute to the identification of dysgraphia and facilitate their participation in occupational therapy intervention and in class.
Occupation of Motherhood: Challenges for Mothers With Scleroderma
Authors: Poole Janet L. , Willer Kelly , Mendelson Cindy 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We sought to identify which aspects of motherhood are difficult for mothers who have scleroderma along with variables associated with mothering.
METHOD. Participants were 75 mothers with scleroderma with a child between birth and 18 years old living with them. They completed the Parent Disability Index (PDI); a demographic questionnaire; and measures of pain, fatigue, and activity limitations.
RESULTS. Mothers with children ages 5 or younger reported that getting up and down from the floor to play with their children was the most difficult task, and mothers with children between 6 and 18 years old reported that playing with their children outdoors, doing household chores, and shopping were the most difficult tasks. Significant correlations were found between PDI and pain, fatigue, and activity limitations.
CONCLUSIONS. Mothers with scleroderma have difficulty with aspects of motherhood. The findings that pain, fatigue, and activity limitations were related to mothering suggest areas for occupational therapy intervention.
Participation of Students With Physical Disabilities in the School Environment
Authors: Egilson Snaefridur Thora , Traustadottir Rannveig 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We investigated the factors that facilitate or hinder school participation of students with physical disabilities and explored the interaction of those factors.
METHOD. The study used a mixed-methods design that used qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data were gathered on 49 participants: 14 students, 17 parents, and 18 teachers. Data analysis was based on grounded-theory procedures. Quantitative data were gathered on 32 students using the School Function Assessment.
RESULTS. The characteristics of each school setting influenced students’ participation. Some settings presented more challenges than others, particularly those with open spaces and limited structures such as the school playground and field trips. Possibilities of student participation decreased with increasing numbers of risk factors, but the interaction between factors was equally important.
CONCLUSION. To promote school participation of students with disabilities, occupational therapists should consider a confluence of child, environmental, and task factors rather than focusing on individual aspects.
Informing Early Intervention Through an Occupational Science Description of Infant–Toddler Interactions With Home Space
Authors: Pierce Doris , Munier Veronique , Myers Christine Teeters 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The study provides a substantive description of infant and toddler play with everyday objects and independent negotiation of home space.
METHOD. A grounded theory approach was used to study 18 typically developing children longitudinally from ages 1 to 18 months. Data from 133 home visits included videotaped self-directed play sessions with usual objects, maternal interviews, and observation records.
RESULTS. Infant Space Theory is a substantive theory of infant–toddler interactions with the spaces and objects of the home. This contextualized view of the infant–toddler describes progressions in gaze and visual play, in mapping and ranging home space, in stationary object play, and in the little-described development of mobile object play.
CONCLUSION. Therapists providing early intervention services within the home environment may benefit from the theory in their creation and modeling of naturalistic interventions with infants and families.
Response Factors Surrounding Progression of Pressure Ulcers in Community-Residing Adults With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Dunn Claudia A. , Carlson Mike , Jackson Jeanne M. , Clark Florence A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. This study examined how community-dwelling adults with spinal cord injury (SCI) respond in real-life circumstances after detecting a low-grade (Stage 1 or Stage 2) pressure ulcer.
METHOD. We performed a secondary analysis of personal information profiles obtained in a previous qualitative research study. Profiles were examined to explore how individualized lifestyle considerations affected pressure ulcer risk in 19 adults with SCI who responded to an early ulcer that later progressed to a medically serious level.
RESULTS. On the basis of a total of 46 pressure ulcer events, we identified a typological framework that described eight primary response categories and seven subcategories.
CONCLUSION. The findings have significant practice implications for occupational therapists who provide services for adults with SCI living in the community. The importance of combining an initial individualized preventive intervention with structured follow-up within a person’s unique everyday life setting is further explored.
Long-Term Follow-Up After Constraint-Induced Therapy: A Case Report of a Chronic Stroke Survivor
Authors: Rowe Veronica T. , Blanton Sarah , Wolf Steven L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. Upper-extremity functional improvements after constraint-induced movement therapy have not been documented beyond 2 years. This case report describes the long-term maintenance of the effects of change 4–5 years after an application of constraint-induced therapy.
METHOD. A 36-year-old female poststroke patient participated in constraint-induced therapy for 2 weeks. She was evaluated before and after treatment and again 4 and 5 years later. Primary outcome measures included the Wolf Motor Function Test, Stroke Impact Scale, and Motor Activity Log.
RESULTS. Improvements were maintained in reported use and ability of the arm and hand, time to complete functional tasks, and physical aspects of health-related quality of life. Fatigue may have had a moderating effect on the extent of these changes.
CONCLUSION. Improved upper-extremity function continued over a 5-year period after constraint-induced therapy; however, poststroke fatigue remained an influential limiting factor.
Adaptive Equipment to Assist With One-Handed Intermittent Self-Catheterization: A Case Study of a Patient With Multiple Brain Injuries
Authors: Carver Mandi Doolin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Intermittent self-catheterization is common for patients who have neurogenic bladder associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Intermittent self-catheterization is considered the gold standard for bladder drainage because of the significantly decreased incidence of urinary tract infection in comparison with other catheterization methods. Occupational therapists educate patients in how to complete intermittent self-catheterization and assist them with adaptive equipment so that they may catheterize themselves independently. This case study describes adaptive equipment fabricated to allow a male patient with TBI who was independent with intermittent self-catheterization to continue independent intermittent self-catheterization after a second injury resulting in hemiplegia. Without the use of his left hand, the patient could not complete self-catheterization; therefore, a trough-shaped prop was fabricated to maintain the penis in an upright, lengthened position.