bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining and applying a functionality approach to intellectual disability
Authors: Luckasson R. , Schalock R. L. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground  The current functional models of disability do not adequately incorporate significant changes of the last three decades in our understanding of human functioning, and how the human functioning construct can be applied to clinical functions, professional practices and outcomes evaluation.Methods  The authors synthesise current literature on human functioning dimensions, systems of supports and approaches to outcomes evaluation for persons with intellectual disability (ID), and propose a functionality approach that encompasses a systems perspective towards understanding human functioning in ID. The approach includes human functioning dimensions, interactive systems of supports and human functioning outcomes.Results  Based on this functionality approach the authors: (1) describe how such an approach can be applied to clinical functions related to defining ID, assessment, classification, supports planning and outcomes evaluation; and (2) discuss the impact of a functionality approach on professional practices in the field of ID.Conclusions  A functionality approach can increase focus on the integrative nature of human functioning, provide unified language, align clinical functions and encourage evidence‐based practices. The approach incorporates a holistic view of human beings and their lives, and can positively affect supports provision and evaluation.
Imaging and 3D morphological analysis of collagen fibrils
Authors: ALTENDORF H. , DECENCIÈRE E. , JEULIN D. , PEIXOTO P. DE SA , DENISET‐BESSEAU A. , ANGELINI E. , MOSSER G. , SCHANNE‐KLEIN M.‐C. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryThe recent booming of multiphoton imaging of collagen fibrils by means of second harmonic generation microscopy generates the need for the development and automation of quantitative methods for image analysis. Standard approaches sequentially analyse two‐dimensional (2D) slices to gain knowledge on the spatial arrangement and dimension of the fibrils, whereas the reconstructed three‐dimensional (3D) image yields better information about these characteristics. In this work, a 3D analysis method is proposed for second harmonic generation images of collagen fibrils, based on a recently developed 3D fibre quantification method. This analysis uses operators from mathematical morphology. The fibril structure is scanned with a directional distance transform. Inertia moments of the directional distances yield the main fibre orientation, corresponding to the main inertia axis. The collaboration of directional distances and fibre orientation delivers a geometrical estimate of the fibre radius. The results include local maps as well as global distribution of orientation and radius of the fibrils over the 3D image. They also bring a segmentation of the image into foreground and background, as well as a classification of the foreground pixels into the preferred orientations. This accurate determination of the spatial arrangement of the fibrils within a 3D data set will be most relevant in biomedical applications. It brings the possibility to monitor remodelling of collagen tissues upon a variety of injuries and to guide tissues engineering because biomimetic 3D organizations and density are requested for better integration of implants.
Digital in‐line holography on amplitude and phase objects prepared with electron beam lithography
Authors: SCHWENKE J. , LOREK E. , RAKOWSKI R. , HE X. , KVENNEFORS A. , MIKKELSEN A. , RUDAWSKI P. , HEYL C. M. , MAXIMOV I. , PETTERSSON S.‐G. , PERSSON A. , L’HUILLIER A. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryWe report on the fabrication and characterization of amplitude and phase samples consisting of well defined Au or Al features formed on ultrathin silicon nitride membranes. The samples were manufactured using electron beam lithography, metallization and a lift‐off  technique, which allow precise lateral control and thickness of the metal features. The fabricated specimens were evaluated by conventional microscopy, atomic force microscopy and with the digital in‐line holography set‐up at the Lund Laser Centre. The latter uses high‐order harmonic generation as a light source, and is capable of recovering both the shape and phase shifting properties of the samples. We report on the details of the sample production and on the imaging tests with the holography set‐up.
Bad coat, ripped genes: cryptic selection on coat colour varies with ontogeny in Soay sheep
Authors: BARRETT ROWAN D. H. 
Published: June 2012

A fundamental goal for evolutionary biologists is to connect the processes of natural selection and genetic drift with the maintenance of genetic variation in the wild. There are now scores of examples in which mapping phenotypes to genotypes has identified the molecular basis of traits in natural populations, but documenting the fitness consequences of these genes has proven more elusive. A long‐term study of several thousand unmanaged sheep on the remote Scottish island of Hirta in the St. Kilda archipelago provides a unique opportunity to make these connections between genotype, phenotype and fitness. Since 1985, there has been a steady decline in the frequency of sheep with a rare uniform (‘self’‐) pigmentation pattern as opposed to the more common wild‐type pattern of dark upper body and pale belly. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Gratten et al. (2012) link variation at the agouti signalling protein (ASIP) gene with 25 years of pedigree information and individual fitness data to investigate the contributions of natural selection and genetic drift to this decline. Consistent with the decrease in frequency of self‐type sheep, Gratten et al. demonstrate that recessive genetic variants at ASIP are associated with reduced lifetime fitness. But surprisingly, these variants show the opposite trend to the self‐type phenotype by increasing throughout the study period. This paradoxical result occurs because heterozygotes that harbour the majority of self‐type alleles have increased in frequency. This pattern would not have been detectable if only phenotype had been monitored because the pigmentation pattern of heterozygotes is indistinguishable from that of wild‐type homozygotes. The study provides an excellent example of the importance of measuring selection at both the phenotypic and genetic level, and demonstrates how long‐term pedigrees can be used to link alleles to phenotypes and ultimately to fitness.
Defining the landscape of adaptive genetic diversity
Authors: ECKERT ANDREW J. , DYER RODNEY J. 
Published: June 2012

Whether they are used to describe fitness, genome architecture or the spatial distribution of environmental variables, the concept of a landscape has figured prominently in our collective reasoning. The tradition of landscapes in evolutionary biology is one of fitness mapped onto axes defined by phenotypes or molecular sequence states. The characteristics of these landscapes depend on natural selection, which is structured across both genomic and environmental landscapes, and thus, the bridge among differing uses of the landscape concept (i.e. metaphorically or literally) is that of an adaptive phenotype and its distribution across geographical landscapes in relation to selective pressures. One of the ultimate goals of evolutionary biology should thus be to construct fitness landscapes in geographical space. Natural plant populations are ideal systems with which to explore the feasibility of attaining this goal, because much is known about the quantitative genetic architecture of complex traits for many different plant species. What is less known are the molecular components of this architecture. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Parchman et al. (2012) pioneer one of the first truly genome‐wide association studies in a tree that moves us closer to this form of mechanistic understanding for an adaptive phenotype in natural populations of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.).
A network involving Rho‐type GTPases, a paxillin and a formin homologue regulates spore length and spore wall integrity in the filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii
Authors: Lickfeld Manuela , Schmitz Hans‐Peter 
Published: June 2012

SummaryFungi produce spores that allow for their dispersal and survival under harsh environmental conditions. These spores can have an astonishing variety of shapes and sizes. Using the highly polar, needle‐shaped spores of the ascomycete Ashbya gossypii as a model, we demonstrated that spores produced by this organism are not simple continuous structures but rather consist of three different segments that correlate with the accumulation of different materials: a rigid tip segment, a more fragile main spore‐compartment and a solid tail segment. Little is currently known about the regulatory mechanisms that control the formation of the characteristic spore morphologies. We tested a variety of mutant strains for their spore phenotypes, including spore size, shape and wall defects. The mutants that we identified as displaying such phenotypes are all known for their roles in the regulation of hyphal tip growth, including the formin protein AgBni1, the homologous Rho‐type GTPases AgRho1a and AgRho1b and the scaffold protein AgPxl1. Our observations suggest that these proteins form a signalling network controlling spore length by regulating the formation of actin structures.
Heterozygote excess through life history stages inCestrum miradorenseFrancey (Solanaceae), an endemic shrub in a fragmented cloud forest habitat
Authors: Reyes‐Zepeda F. , González‐Astorga J. , Montaña C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractComparisons of genetic diversity and population genetic structure among different life history stages provide important information on the effect of the different forces and micro‐evolutionary processes that mould diversity and genetic structure after fragmentation. Here we assessed genetic diversity and population genetic structure using 32 allozymic loci in adults, seeds, seedlings and juveniles of eight populations of the micro‐endemic shrubCestrum miradorensein a highly fragmented cloud forest in central–eastern Mexico. We expected that due to its long history or rarity, this species may have endured the negative effects of fragmentation and would show moderate to high levels of genetic diversity. High genetic diversity (He = 0.445 ± 0.03), heterozygote excess (FIT = −0.478 ± 0.034, FIS= −0.578 ± 0.023) and low population differentiation (FST = 0.064 ± 0.011) were found. Seeds had higher genetic diversity (He = 0.467 ± 0.05) than the later stages (overall mean for adults, seedlings and juveniles He = 0.438 ± 0.08). High gene flow was observed despite the fact that the fragmentation process began more than 100 years ago. We conclude that the high genetic diversity was the result of natural selection, which favours heterozygote excess in all stages, coupled with a combination of a reproductive system and seed/pollen dispersal mechanisms that favour gene flow.
Critical phases in the seed development of common juniper (Juniperus communis)
Authors: Gruwez R. , Leroux O. , De Frenne P. , Tack W. , Viane R. , Verheyen K. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCommon juniper (Juniperus communis L.) populations in northwest European lowlands are currently declining in size and number. An important cause of this decline is a lack of natural regeneration. Low seed viability seems to be one of the main bottlenecks in this process. Previous research revealed a negative relation between seed viability and both temperature and nitrogen deposition. Additionally, the seeds of common juniper have a variable ripening time, which possibly influences seed viability. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unresolved. In order to elucidate this puzzle, it is important to understand in which phases of seed production the main defects are situated, together with the influence of ripening time. In this study, we compared seed viability of populations with and without successful recruitment. We examined three seed phases: (i) gamete development; (ii) fertilisation and early‐embryo development; and (iii) late‐embryo development. After the first two phases, we found no difference in the percentage viable seeds between populations with or without recruitment. After late‐embryo development, populations without recruitment showed a significantly lower percentage of viable seeds. These results suggest that late‐embryo development is a bottleneck in seed development. However, the complex interaction between seed viability and ripening time suggest that the causes should be in the second seed phase, as the accelerated development of male and female gametophytes may disturb the male–female synchrony for successful mating.
Effect of experimental feed additives on aflatoxin in milk of dairy cows fed aflatoxin‐contaminated diets
Authors: Kissell L. , Davidson S. , Hopkins B. A. , Smith G. W. , Whitlow L. W. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryThree studies were conducted to determine the potential of experimental feed additives (EFAs), clays or non‐digestible yeast oligosaccharides, to reduce milk aflatoxin (AFM1) concentrations in lactating Holstein cows consuming aflatoxin‐contaminated diets. All studies included a pre‐treatment period and a 2‐week experimental period in a randomized block design. During the pre‐treatment period, cows received a total mixed ration (TMR) with no aflatoxin contamination. During both experimental weeks, all cows were fed a TMR containing aflatoxin‐contaminated corn. During experimental week 1, cows received no EFA’s in the TMR, but EFA’s were included in the TMR for the second experimental week. In studies 1 and 2, the experimental period consisted of 2 weeks each lasting 7 days with 12 cows per treatment. Aflatoxin M1concentrations were analysed by HPLC for milk samples collected on days 5–7 and days 11–14. In various experiments, treatments included control (no EFA), 100 g/cow daily of experimental Lallemand®product, 10 g/cow daily of MTB‐100®‐2004, (Alltech, Inc.), 10 g/cow daily of MTB‐100®‐2006, (Alltech, Inc.), 10 g/cow daily of experimental Alltech®product (Alltech, Inc.) and 227 g/cow daily of Astra‐Ben 20®(AB‐20®; Prince Agri Products, Inc.). In study 3, the experimental period of 2 weeks each lasting 8 days and milk samples were collected from day 4 to 8 and day 11 to 16. Milk samples from study 3 were analysed for AFM1concentrations by ELISA. For all experiments, changes in AFM1concentrations because of the addition of EFA’s were calculated. Four of the five EFAs tested in this study had no significant effect on AFM1concentrations. However, the addition of AB‐20®resulted in a significant decrease in AFM1concentrations (60.4%). In summary, the addition of AB‐20®to the diet of cattle appears to be effective for significantly reducing AFM1concentrations in the milk of cows fed an aflatoxin‐contaminated diet.
Late‐onset bloodstream infections in preterm infants: A 2‐year survey
Authors: Grisaru‐Soen Galia , Friedman Tal , Dollberg Shaul , Mishali Hagit , Carmeli Yehuda 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground:  We determined the prevalence and risk factors for late‐onset bloodstream infections (LO‐BSI), the distribution of pathogens and the outcomes of affected preterm infants.Methods:  The records of all preterm infants (<37 weeks gestation) born between 2004 and 2005 and hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit for >3 days were retrieved for this retrospective matched case–control study.Results:  A total of 108 out of 1459 preterm infants (7.4%) had 142 episodes of LO‐BSI. The highest LO‐BSI rate (44%) was among 198 very‐low‐birthweight infants (<1500 g). The most common causative organisms were Coagulase‐negative staphylococci and Klebsiella (60% and 13%, respectively). The mean hospital stay was 64 days for LO‐BSI preterm infants versus 48 days for non‐LO‐BSI preterm infants. Congenital malformations and peripheral catheters were independent risk factors for LO‐BSI. Crude mortality rates were 6.9% (LO‐BSI) and 3.0% (non‐LO‐BSI), with an LO‐BSI‐attributable mortality of 3.9%.Conclusion:  LO‐BSI frequently affect very‐low‐birthweight infants. Strategies to prevent LO‐BSI should target peripheral catheters.
Physical activity promotion and obesity prevention in Girl Scouts: Scouting Nutrition and Activity Program+
Authors: Guagliano Justin M. , Rosenkranz Richard R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground:  A previous version of Scouting Nutrition and Activity Program (SNAP) resulted in greater physical activity (PA) during troop meetings, but no impact on girls' body mass index (BMI) or overall PA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 6‐month intervention that coupled the evidence‐based program SNAP with a channel of communication to parents using health report cards.Methods:  Thirty‐two Girl Scouts (mean age = 9.5, SD = 1.4 years) received the SNAP+ intervention. Girls were measured before and after the intervention on body composition, BMI, and 7‐day step counts. Troop leaders were trained to implement an interactive obesity‐prevention curriculum. Parents received health report cards designed to provide personalized information about their daughters' PA and weight status.Results:  The full sample of participants took more steps per day after the intervention (mean difference = 1741, P= 0.007). Results showed that lower values for body fat percentage (P= 0.620), BMI percentile (P= 0.100) and BMI z‐scores (P= 0.055) at intervention end were not statistically significant. In the subsample of girls at risk for overweight and obesity, there were lower values for BMI z‐score (P= 0.010), BMI percentile (P= 0.027), and body fat percentage (P= 0.053).Conclusions:  From this preliminary study, the SNAP+ intervention appears to be effective for Scout‐based promotion of PA, and for the prevention of overweight and obesity in at‐risk Girl Scouts, but further evaluation through a fully powered randomized controlled trial is warranted.
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (Hurler syndrome) and anesthesia: the impact of bone marrow transplantation, enzyme replacement therapy, and fiberoptic intubation on airway management
Authors: Kirkpatrick Katherine , Ellwood James , Walker Robert W. M. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryAim:  To assess the effect of bone marrow transplantation (BMT), enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), and a fiberoptic endotracheal intubation technique in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I, Hurler syndrome).Background:  The mucopolysaccharidoses are inherited metabolic conditions with a well‐documented association with difficult airway management. We present the largest series to date of patients with Hurler syndrome (MPS I) and look at the impact of new treatments, such as BMT and ERT, on anesthesia and airway management.Methods/Materials:  We carried out a retrospective chart review of patients with MPSI undergoing anesthesia over 9 years at the Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital. Data were collected on incidence of difficult and failed intubation and airway difficulties under anesthesia.Results:  There were 39 patients identified, of which 20 had the attenuated form of MPS I and received ERT, 18 were treated by BMT and one patient received neither treatment. These patients had a total of 114 general anesthetics for 141 procedures. The incidence of airway complications overall is lower than previously reported at 31%. Patients with the attenuated form of the disease on ERT still have a high incidence of airway problems at 57% and a failed intubation rate of 3%. BMT patients on the other hand have a much lower incidence of airway complications at 14%, and there were no failed intubations in this group.Conclusions:  Managing the MPS1 patient continues to be a challenge but with treatment and newer forms of airway management it is improving.
Storm over San Isidro: “Civic Community” and Disaster Risk Reduction in the Nineteenth Century Philippines
Authors: BANKOFF GREG 
Published: June 2012

AbstractUsing a detailed archival account of a typhoon‐induced flood, this paper examines Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) as practised in a late nineteenth century provincial town in the Philippines. Culture is an important determinant when considering DRR for any community as the roots of its present‐day resilience as well as the causes of its vulnerabilities may lie in its history. The flood of 1887 and the account of the actions taken by the community in San Isidro challenge any assumptions about DRR in the past and hint at the origins of the vibrant civil society that is such a characteristic of Filipino society today.
Rethinking Modernity and the Holocaust: The Application of Zygmunt Bauman's Thesis to the Jewish Council of Lodz, 1940–1944*
Authors: GOODLET KIRK W. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWhen Zygmunt Bauman first published Modernity and the Holocaust (1989) it elicited a variety of reactions among historians and sociologists. In his work, Bauman sought to address the Holocaust, a topic that he argued sociologists hitherto neglected, and to provide an alternative theoretical explanation for why the Holocaust occurred.Although historians have accused Bauman of having “no clear idea what genocide is,” historians have not fully assessed the validity of his work. This essay suggests that despite aversion to incorporating sociological and anthropological theories to historical studies of the Holocaust, they remain valuable in helping scholars understand the multivalent nature and complexity of the Holocaust. Using unprinted ghetto documents, this paper evaluates Bauman's work by placing it in the historical context of the Lodz ghetto administration from 1940 to 1944.
SUBSIDIZATION AND BARGAINING IN MIXED OLIGOPOLIES
Authors: Dapeng Cai , Jie Li 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we consider political interaction in a mixed oligopoly by characterizing how a subsidy is endogenously determined through the bargaining process between firms and politicians. We discuss how the nature of the political equilibrium changes with the type of competition, the specification of the cost function, and the timing of the game. We show that when bargaining between firms and politicians takes place, the resulting social welfare may be even worse than that under a public firm monopoly.
Robust Image Retargeting via Axis‐Aligned Deformation
Authors: Panozzo Daniele , Weber Ofir , Sorkine Olga 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe propose the space of axis‐aligned deformations as the meaningful space for content‐aware image retargeting. Such deformations exclude local rotations, avoiding harmful visual distortions, and they are parameterized in 1D. We show that standard warping energies for image retargeting can be minimized in the space of axis‐aligned deformations while guaranteeing that bijectivity constraints are satisfied, leading to high‐quality, smooth and robust retargeting results. Thanks to the 1D parameterization, our method only requires solving a small quadratic program, which can be done within a few milliseconds on the CPU with no precomputation overhead. We demonstrate how the image size and the saliency map can be changed in real time with our approach, and present results on various input images, including the RetargetMe benchmark. We compare our results with six other algorithms in a user study to demonstrate that the space of axis‐aligned deformations is suitable for the problem at hand.