bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Sitobion fragariae (Walker) over S. avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on wild cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata) in south-east England
Authors: Loxdale H. D. , Brookes C. P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIndividual cereal aphids of the species Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) and S. fragariae (Walker) were differentiated by their peptidase electrophoretic banding patterns; S. avenae has three diagnostic isoenzyme bands (PEP-3 to -5), whereas S. fragariae has one (PEP-1). Over 90% of 5389 individuals of these two species, collected from the grass Dactylis glomerata within 50 km of Rothamsted over the course of several years, were S. fragariae. The importance of D. glomerata and other non-cereal Gramineae species as alternative summer and overwintering hosts for S. avenae is discussed in relation to this finding.
Telenomus species (Hymenopetra: Scelionidae) attacking eggs of pyralid pests (Lepidoptera) in Africa: a review and guide to identification
Authors: Polaszek Andrew , Kimani Susan W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe taxonomy and host-records of 11Telenomusspecies recorded from eggs of ten species of pyralid pests in Africa are reviewed. Three species,T. bini,T. creusaandT. nemesis, are described as new. Primary type material of nine previously described species was examined:T. applanatusBin & Johnson,T. etielliphaga(Risbec) (comb. n.),T. nepheleNixon,T. procasNixon,T. soudanensis(Risbec),T. thestorNixon,T. tolliRisbec,T. ullyettiNixon andT. versicolorBin & Johnson. A lectotype is designated forT. etielliphaga(Risbec), which is transferred toTelenomusfromMicromymar. Lectotypes are also designated forT. soudanensisandT. tolli. The monotypic genusMicromymarRisbec is synonymized withTelenomus. A method for the preparation, mounting and identification ofTelenomusspecimens reared from eggs of African pyralid pests is given. Host-records based on previously misidentifiedTelenomusspp. are corrected, and records in which the host has been apparently misidentified are commented upon. The relevance ofTelenomusspp. to biological control and integrated pest management of African pyralid pests is discussed.
Responses ofGlossina morsitans morsitansWestwood andG. pallidipesAusten (Diptera: Glossinidae) to the skin secretions of oxen
Authors: Warnes M.L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn Zimbabwe, catches ofGlossina morsitans morsitansWestwood and G.pallidipesAusten at odour baited traps were increased in the presence of residues of a solution of the skin secretions of oxen (hereafter sebum) by 80% and 29% respectively, and catches at F3 traps were significantly increased when sebum was presented on adjacent screens. Testing of fractions of sebum revealed active components(s) in the phenolic and non-acidic fractions but not in the acidic fraction. Furthermore, the activity of the phenolic fraction could not be explained by the presence of the known phenolic tsetse attractants. The effect of sebum was to attract more flies to the target rather than to induce a landing response in a higher proportion of attracted flies. Whether or not tarsal contact responses are involved remains conjectural. However, targets that were electrified over only one quarter of the surface caught more than one quarter the catch of targets electrified over all the surface both with and without sebum, indicating that many tsetse habitually alight more than once on baited targets. Data on the catches of other Diptera are also presented
Mosquito Populations at Ibadan in Nigeria
Authors: Mellanby Kenneth 
Published: July 2009

Mosquito larvae derived from eggs laid in earthenware pots in various habitats on the site of University College, Ibadan, in Nigeria were collected over a period of 26 months.Anopheles gambiae Giles, Aëdes aegypti (L.) and Culex (Lutzia) tigripes Grp. were the species most frequently collected.The relation of these results to the fluctuation in the populations of the species concerned is discussed. It seems unlikely that pot collections give results which can be directly related to the numbers of mosquitos in the field, but they can elucidate questions of mosquito biology and behaviour.
Delayed Oviposition in the Sheep Blowfly, Lucilia sericata (MG.)
Authors: Hobart J. 
Published: July 2009

Lucilia sericata (Mg.) has been bred successfully in small cages having a volume of about 1/60 cubic metre.Female flies that contain ripe eggs, if given only sugar and water, will withhold their eggs for periods up to 24 days. There appears to be no decrease in the numbers of eggs laid or in the percentage of young larvae hatched, providing the delay in oviposition is not longer than ten days. If the meat is withheld for longer periods then there is a reduction in the daily egg production.
Field Trials of Larvicides against Culicoides with a Discussion on the Relationship Between Rainfall and Larval Control
Authors: Kettle D. S. , Parish R. H. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryFurther observations and trials were conducted with insecticides against larvae of Culicoides impunctatus Goetgh. on Soutra Hill, Midlothian. The analysis of the data was complicated by a large natural reduction (76%) which occurred in the untreated plots. Nevertheless, it appears that the following dosages of insecticidal preparation were still active two years after application:—(a) 50 and 200 mg. p,p′DDT/sq. ft. applied as a dust, wettable powder or water-miscible concentrate (99% control), (b) 50 and 200 mg. γ BHC/sq. ft. as a wettable powder or 200 mg. γ BHC/sq. ft. as a water-miscible concentrate (95% control), (c) dieldrin at 25 mg./sq. ft., which gave 97 per cent, control and (d) chlordane at 50 mg./sq. ft., which gave 84 per cent. control.The effect of spray volume on insecticidal effect was investigated by applying 25 mg. and 50 mg. p,p′DDT/sq. ft. in the following spray volumes:—5, 10, 15, 25, 50 and 80 gals./acre. The effect of 50 mg./sq. ft. at each volume was less marked than in the previous work, when only one concentration was used. Weather conditions in the present season were unusual, but there were indications that moderate spray volumes (15 and 25 gals./acre) give the best results at this dosage of insecticide. The combined results for 50 mg./sq. ft. at all volumes gave only 43 per cent, residual control, while those for the lower dosage showed no residual control.The results are discussed with reference to the effect of rainfall on residual control. It is concluded that the volume of spray applied is unimportant provided the droplets of insecticide are closely and evenly distributed on the mossy vegetation that overlies the peat. Subsequent prolonged rain, of the order of 20 inches, is required to attain the most effective distribution of the insecticide, which is at the surface of the peat, where the eggs are laid and the newly hatched larvae will come in contact with the poison.
A new Tropiduchid (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea) infesting Chamaedorea (Palmaceae)
Authors: Fennah R. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA new species of Tropiduchidae, Biruga chariclo, is described from adults and nymphs intercepted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture on palm fronds imported from Mexico, and the genus is redefined.
Long-term fluctuations in numbers of the tsetse fly Glossina swynnertoni Austen
Authors: Glasgow J. P. , Welch J. R. 
Published: July 2009

The tsetse fly population of Block 9 at Shinyanga, Tanganyika, consisting of 40–50 square miles of thorn bush, was studied from 1935 to 1957 by means of fly-rounds with a total length of 30 miles. The mean annual apparent density (A.D.) of Glossina swynnertoni Aust., taken as the geometric mean of the 12 monthly figures, is plotted on a graph covering 23 years, together with data for 1930–36 from another block which, however, is only doubtfully comparable. Four peaks and five troughs occur on the graph of Block 9, the highest value being 18 times the lowest. The history of the natural and artificial events which have occurred in the block are detailed as far as they are known. The minimum A.D. was that of 1938, after a number of wild animals had died of rinderpest; thereafter, the A.D. rose for several years, in spite of certain anti-tsetse measures, and none of the fluctuations subsequent to 1938 can be associated with any natural or artificial event. The amplitude of the fluctuations is small compared with records in the literature for other animal populations, and their occurrence is irregular; the last peak observed was in 1954, but limited observations in 1959 gave catches little, if at all, below those of 1954.The data were also analysed for seasonal variations. The least monthly mean catch was that of November, the greatest, differing from the least by a factor of only 1·34, that of April. Earlier published accounts of G. morsitans Westw. (based, however, on relatively short periods) give later maxima and greater amplitudes. Annual and seasonal records of the percentage of teneral individuals among male flies and the percentage of females among non-teneral flies are also given, but these data cannot be interpreted at present.
The control of tsetse flies (Glossina: Diptera, Muscidae) in a heavily infested area of Southern Rhodesia by means of insecticide discharged from aircraft, followed by settlement of indigenous people
Authors: Cockbill G.F. , Lovemore D.F. , Phelps R.J. 
Published: July 2009

An operation is described in which approximately 100 sq. miles of heavily infested tsetse country in Southern Rhodesia, supporting both Glossina morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. and an abundant and varied game population and formerly an area of endemic sleeping sickness attributable to Trypanosoma rhodesicnse, received six applications of 4 per cent, γ BHC in diesolene, discharged from aircraft in the form of a coarse aerosol, between May and September 1957. The area was a valley bounded by an escarpment, which provided conditions of relative isolation.Fly-round catches of G. morsitans taken before, during and after the operation indicated that in those parts of the area that had received uniform treatment an estimated reduction in population, after the final application, of between 96·6 and 100 per cent, had been achieved, but where only the vegetation forming the riverine fringes had been treated the reduction was less. Quantitative data on the effect of the treatment on G. pallidipes were not collected, but the species ceased to be found in an investigation on sampling techniques that had been in progress in the area.The area had been chosen for a resettlement scheme of indigenous people that was due to begin before October 1957, and the purpose of the spraying operation was to reduce the population of tsetses to a level that would permit the introduction of the people and their stock with comparative safety from trypanosomiasis. It was hoped that the number of people to be resettled would be sufficient to clear most of the tsetse habitat in their text-abstract agricultural activities and that the tsetses would be permanently excluded from the valley. Four to five years after the start of resettlement there were still several uncleared areas remaining, but the situation was continually improving, and estimates in 1962 indicated that the population of G. morsitans had remained at a low level, showing a reduction of between 81 and 100 per cent, as compared with that prevailing before the spraying operation. The stock introduced in 1957 were maintained under drug treatment, and the rate of infection with T. congolense was kept below a 3 per cent, level; no cattle died from trypanosomiasis, and their numbers had more than doubled by 1962. No case of sleeping sickness occurred.The work described here showed that, under conditions of relative isolation, G. morsitans can be sufficiently reduced in numbers by means of an insecticidal aerosol discharged from aircraft to permit the successful introduction of people and stock, provided that adequate veterinary supervision is given, and that under these conditions settlement can prevent the recovery of a population of this species.
Further records of distribution of blowflies in Great Britain
Authors: MacLeod John 
Published: July 2009

The local blowflies were sampled by bait-trapping at a number of stations in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland and their western seaboard, the Western Isles and eastern and southern England, to supplement the results of an earlier survey of the distribution of Calliphorine blowflies in Great Britain.Of the species of Lucilia, L. richardsi Collin was as numerous as L. scricata (Mg.) in the south-east, but relatively infrequent further north, and was not found in the Northwest Highlands or Islands. L. ampullacea Villen. and L. silvarum (Mg.), though earlier found in the eastern part of the Northwest Highlands, are rare or absent on the western seaboard and in the Western Isles. L. illustris (Mg.) is relatively infrequent in the Northwest Highlands and Islands, but in these regions was found as far north as Lairg, and in the Outer and Inner Hebrides.Of the species of Calliphora, neither C. loewi End. nor C. uralensis Villen. were found in any of the eight stations in eastern and southern England. C. uralensis was common in the Western Isles and on the northwest seaboard. C. loewi more common in the Central Highlands and apparently absent from the Islands.Acrophaga subalpina (Ringdahl) was not taken in the stations in the east and south of England, Cynomyia mortuorum (L.) only in the three more northerly of these, north and west of the Wash, and Phormia terraenovae R.-D. at onlv one station further south, Wye.
Labobatory studies on dispersion behaviour of adult beetles in grain. I.—The grain weevil,Sitophilus Granarius(L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)
Authors: Surtees Gordon 
Published: July 2009

The dispersion of groups of adult grain weevils (Sitophilus granarius(L.)) was investigated under controlled conditions by observing the numbers occurring on the surface, or at various depths below it, in small bulks of grain. The effect of population density, and temperature and moisture content of the grain, on numbers at the surface was studied by using groups of weevils in 500 g. wheat, and on dispersion in the vertical plane by confining weevils, isolated or in groups of twenty, within a thin layer of 200 g. wheat contained between vertical glass plates, through which the positions of individuals could be recorded.In grain at 25°C. and 14 per cent. moisture content, the proportion of the population at the surface was about 17 per cent. for densities of 2–100 insects in 500 g., and was only temporarily changed by adding or removing weevils at the surface; the proportion was higher at nine per cent. moisture content or at 15 or 35°C.In grain at 25°C. and 14 per cent. moisture content, the typical behaviour pattern of individuals consisted of random vertical and lateral movements, so that there was a constant turnover within a group, but at nine per cent. moisture content and 25°C. they tended predominantly to move upwards. At 15 and 35°C., isolated individuals were stationary, but upward movement was elicited by increase in density; relatively static behaviour at 35°C. is thought to be associated with the need for water conservation. The possible relevance of these results to the detection and control of pest populations and their spread in storage conditions is discussed.
Laboratory studies on dispersion behaviour of adult beetles in grain. III.—Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Steph.) (Coleoptera, Cucujidae)
Authors: Surtees Gordon 
Published: July 2009

The dispersion behaviour of Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Steph.) was studied under controlled laboratory conditions. The effect of density, temperature and moisture content of grain on surface numbers was studied using groups of insects initially placed centrally in jars containing 500 g. wheat and vertical dispersion was studied by observing groups of insects in a thin plate of grain held vertically between two glass sheets. The underlying behaviour of group dispersion was studied, using isolated individuals. Over the range of conditions used (15–35°C, and 9–17 per cent. moisture content), 14–49 per cent. of groups of Tribolium and 0·2–4·0 per cent. of Cryptolestes appeared on the surface. Surface numbers in both species were depressed at each end of the temperature range. In the middle of the temperature range, more individuals of Tribolium were found on the surface in grain at 17 per cent. moisture content than at 9 per cent., the reverse being found with Cryptolestes.Analyses of locomotory activity in Tribolium showed that in all conditions females moved around less than males. For both sexes, activity was relatively depressed in the driest grain and at the lowest temperatures. Change in position within the grain was almost totally absent at 35°C. although locomotory activity remained relatively high. In Cryptolestes, locomotory activity was likewise depressed at the lowest temperature but both sexes moved around apparently at random in grain at 14 per cent. moisture and 30°C. In grain at 9 per cent. moisture, nearly all individuals became inactive within 24 hours. These results are discussed in relation to the onset and detection of infestation in grain and to the associations of grain-infesting species.
Field trials with a presistent stomach insecticide against populations of the red locust, Nomadacris Septemfasciata (Serv.), in an outbreak area
Authors: Dean G. J. W. 
Published: July 2009

In its potential outbreak areas in Northern Ehodesia and Tanganyika, sexually immature populations of adults of Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serv.) tend to concentrate in the islands of grass that remain unburnt after the annual fires that occur during the dry season. The locusts use the tall grasses as roosting sites and descend in the daytime to feed on adjacent short grasses, where these occur as constituents of an internal mosaic within the islands, or, in the case of islands composed wholly of tall grasses, on the fresh grass-shoots on the burnt-over ground surrounding them.Two methods are described whereby emulsified solutions of dieldrin were applied in the Central Bukwa plain, Tanganyika, in 1960 as a stomach poison at dosages of 2·9 and 4·5 oz. active ingredient per acre from aircraft to the whole of individual islands showing the internal mosaic pattern (4 trials) or at 2·9, 4·5 and 8·2 oz. per acre to a swath 20 or 40 yd. wide around the perimeter of tall-grass islands (8 and 4 trials, respectively). Results were assessed by counting the numbers of locusts flushed by a vehicle driven along strips parallel to one another and 0·1 mile apart, and checked by counts of dead locusts. Mortality reached at least 90 per cent, within four days, at either dosage, following the first method, and 21–89 per cent, within 14 days following the second, being significantly greater at the higher dosages but not with the wider swath.These results are compared with those obtained in preceding years by the standard method of applying DNC from aircraft at 20 per cent, in oil as a contact insecticide; in the latter case, the cost of insecticide was more per acre sprayed, but less per 1,000 locusts killed because the density (5 locusts per sq. yd. of grass island) in the trials was greater than in those using dieldrin (1 per 3 sq. yd.). Even so, when dieldrin was used, many more locusts were killed per sortie flown, and the total cost (of flying plus insecticide) per island was much less, and per 1,000 locusts killed very much less, than in the standard method, which nevertheless has to be used against mobile swarms because DNC is quick acting.
The inheritance of diazinon resistance in an Australian strain of Musca domesticaL.
Authors: Hart R. J. 
Published: July 2009

The genetics of diazinon resistance in an Australian strain of Musca domestica L. was investigated by means of two series of repeated back-crosses of the hybrid resistant form to the susceptible. Resistance was maintained through nine and eleven generations in the separate studies. The ratio of susceptible to resistant hybrid flies found in the progeny of each cross was approximately 1:1.In the second series, the frequency data were supported by dosage/response information on the relationship between dosage of insecticide and mortality. Together with the result of a previous study, the data furnish strong evidence that a fully dominant factor is responsible for the diazinon resistance in the Perth strain of house-flies resistant to organic phosphate insecticides.
Annual variations of dry-season populations of larvae of Busseola fusca (Fuller) in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Harris K. M. 
Published: July 2009

The larval populations of Busscola fusca (Fuller), a major pest of the guineacorn (Sorghum vulgare) crop, which survive the dry season in and around villages near the Research Station, Samaru, Northern Nigeria, were assessed by sampling. The larvae of B. fusca survive the five to six rainless months in diapause in crop residues, most important of which are guineacorn stems, which are stacked in the fields after harvest. Between 1956 and 1962, 100-stem random samples were collected from as many stacks as possible within an area of about six square miles. Each of the 348 samples was dissected immediately after collection and the number of living larvae of B. fusca per sample was recorded. The mean number of larvae per sample varied annually and ranged from 7 in the 1960–61 dry season to 33 in the 1959–60 dry season. The mortality of larvae is comparatively low between January and March, when most samples were collected, and it is concluded that the date of sampling did not unduly influence the estimates of annual variations of the population. The location of sampling areas also had surprisingly little effect and, despite uneven growth of the crop, the estimates of larval populations were remarkably uniform throughout the ten sampling areas and between samples within the main sampling area of Bomo village.It is concluded that there is considerable variation in dry-season populations from year to year. The factors causing this variation have not been determined, and it is suggested that other workers might profitably continue and expand these investigations.