bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using theories of behaviour change to inform interventions for addictive behaviours
Authors: Webb Thomas L. , Sniehotta Falko F. , Michie Susan 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTAims  This paper reviews a set of theories of behaviour change that are used outside the field of addiction and considers their relevance for this field.Methods  Ten theories are reviewed in terms of (i) the main tenets of each theory, (ii) the implications of the theory for promoting change in addictive behaviours and (iii) studies in the field of addiction that have used the theory. An augmented feedback loop model based on Control Theory is used to organize the theories and to show how different interventions might achieve behaviour change.Results  Briefly, each theory provided the following recommendations for intervention: Control Theory: prompt behavioural monitoring, Goal‐Setting Theory: set specific and challenging goals, Model of Action Phases: form ‘implementation intentions’, Strength Model of Self‐Control: bolster self‐control resources, Social Cognition Models (Protection Motivation Theory, Theory of Planned Behaviour, Health Belief Model): modify relevant cognitions, Elaboration Likelihood Model: consider targets' motivation and ability to process information, Prototype Willingness Model: change perceptions of the prototypical person who engages in behaviour and Social Cognitive Theory: modify self‐efficacy.Conclusions  There are a range of theories in the field of behaviour change that can be applied usefully to addiction, each one pointing to a different set of modifiable determinants and/or behaviour change techniques. Studies reporting interventions should describe theoretical basis, behaviour change techniques and mode of delivery accurately so that effective interventions can be understood and replicated.
Autoantibodies against peripheral blood cells appear early in HIV infection and their prevalence increases with disease progression
Authors: KLAASSEN R J L , MULDER J W , VLEKKE A B J , SCHATTENKERK J K M EEFTINCK , WEIGEL H M , LANGE J M A , VON DEM BORNE A E G K 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe presence of platelet- and neutrophil-bound immunoglobulin (PBIg and NBIg) in thrombocytopenic or neutropenic HIV-infected individuals has led to the concept that in HIV infection thrombocytopenia and neutropenia are mediated by autoimmunity. However, PBIg and NBIg were also demonstrated in non-cytopenic HIV-infccted individuals. We determined the prevalence of autoantibodies against neutrophils and platelets by immunofluorescence in randomly chosen persons in different stages of asymptomatic and symptomatic HIV infection. Platelet and neutrophil autoantibodies already appeared in the asymptomatic stage and their prevalence further increased in the symptomatic stages. No correlation was found between the presence of either platelet or neutrophil antibodies and the occurrence of circulating immune complexes in the blood or the serum immunoglobulin level. There was no significant difference in neutrophil counts in HIV-infected persons with or without neutrophil autoantibodies. In addition, no significant difference in neutrophil count was found between HIV-infectcd and non-HIV-infectcd persons. HIV-infected individuals with platelet autoantibodies tended to have a lower platelet count than HIV-infected individuals without these antibodies. However, the platelet count in HIV-infected individuals without platelet antibodies was significantly lower than in the non-HIV infected persons. Thus, autoantibodies against platelets and neutrophils occur early in HIV infection and their prevalence is correlated with disease progression. Their presence is associated with cytopenia only in a limited number of persons. Non-immune mechanisms also mediate thrombocytopenia in HIV infection.
Heterogeneity of the Ro/SSA antigen and autoanti-Ro/SSA response: evidence of the four antigenically distinct forms
Authors: ITOH Y , RADER M D , REICHLIN M 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYPrecipitating antibodies to the Ro/SSA antigen occur in the sera of 40% of patients with sytemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in 40–70% of the sera of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Previous work has shown that lymphocyte extracts contain two Ro/SSA antigens with protein moieties of 60 kD and 52 kD and that erythrocyte haemolysate contain two analogous but antigenically distinct Ro/SSA molecules of 60 kD and 54 kD. Frequency analysis of the various specificities in 43 sera with precipitating anti-Ro/SSA and studies with affinity-eluted antibodies suggest that the lymphocyte 60 kD and erythrocyte 60 kD Ro/SSA molecules are related as are the lymphocyte 52 kD and erythrocyte 54 kD Ro/SSA proteins. Anti-Ro/SSA sera when accompanied by other precipitins (anti-La/SSB and anti-U1RNP) react preferentially with certain Ro/SSA isoforms. Evidence is also presented for a 45 kD form of Ro/SSA. These data suggest that the antigenic heterogeneity of the Ro/SSA antigen is immunologically relevant and that there are two families of Ro/SSA antigens: one comprising of the two 60-kD proteins in the erythrocyte and lymphocyte and the other the erythrocyte 54 kD and lymphocyte 52 kD Ro/SSA proteins, respectively.
The life situations of patients with primary antibody deficiency untreated or treated with subcutaneous gammaglobulin infusions
Authors: GARDULF A , BJÖRVELL H , GUSTAFSON R , HAMMARSTRÖM L , SMITH C I E 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY
The life situations of 25 patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia were studied before and after the initiation of subcutaneous replacement therapy by using medical records, data registers and questionnaires (a study and a disease-specific questionnaire, the Sickness Impaet Profile and the General Health Rating Index). Before treatment, the patients perceived more dysfunctions with regard to ambulation. mobility, emotional behaviour, social interaction, sleep and rest, household management, work and recreation or pastime activities compared with a Swedish reference group (P= 0·0001). A significant increase in the perceived frequency of infections was also seen in untreated patients compared with a group of healthy individuals (P=0·0001) After 18 months of weekly subcutaneous infusions of an intramuscular gammaglobulin preparation (100 mg/kg), the patients reported a significantly increased, health-related function and improved self-rated health. A significantly higher pre-infusion IgG level was also found.
T cell responses to orbital antigens in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
Authors: ARNOLD K , TANDON N , MCINTOSH R S , ELISEI R , LUDGATE M , WEETMAN A P 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is most likely to be a T cell-mediated disease, in which cytokines released in the extraocular muscles activate fibroblasts, increasing glycosaminoglycan production. The nature of the orbital antigen recognized by the infiltrating T cells is unclear, although it is possible that there is cross-reactivity between this and a thyroid autoantigen to explain the close association with thyroid autoimmunity. We have tested the ability of human and porcine eye muscle antigen preparations to stimulate proliferation of circulating T cells from healthy subjects and patients with TAO or Graves'disease without clinical TAO. Occasional responses were seen, particularly after depletion of CD8+ T cells, and two out of 10 TAO patients responded to eye muscle proteins of 25–50 kD after fractionation of antigens on gels and subsequent elution. There was no disease-specific response of T cells to R1, R14, Dl and 1D3, recombinant proteins identified from screening an eye muscle cDNA library with sera from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. We have also found that interferon-gamma (IFN-7) production by T cells from TAO patients was not stimulated by eye muscle membrane antigens or by 1D3. These results suggest that the frequency of circulating T cells responding to eye muscle antigens in TAO is low, and that several candidate orbital antigens, including the 64-kD protein 1D3, are unlikely to be important T cell autoantigens in this condition.
Circulating proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) in fulminant hepatic failure and acute hepatitis
Authors: SEKIYAMA K D , YOSHIBA M , THOMSON A W 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYFulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is characterized by massive necroinflammation of the liver tissue and is associated with high mortality. Serum concentrations of IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-α). IL-6 and IL-I receptor antagonist (IL-IRa) were measured in 30 patients with FHF and in 23 patients with acute hepatitis (AH) before start of treatment and in 23 healthy controls. Levels of all four molecules were increased significantly in FHF compared with AH, in which values were higher than in the healthy controls. High serum levels of IL-1β and a significantly reduced ratio of IL-IRa to IL-Iβ (IL-lRa/IL-lβ) were observed in FHF patients who subsequently died compared with subjects who survived. TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations were correlated with levels of human hepatocyte growth factor (hHGF), an index of hepatocyte regeneration. Although serum cytokine levels varied considerably between patients within each group studied, it is suggested that the striking elevation in proinflammatory cytokine levels in FHF may reflect both the insufficiency of hepatitis virus elimination and a failure to control a vicious cytokine cascade leading to overwhelming hepatocyte destruction rather than regeneration. The high cytokine levels observed in these patients and the significantly elevated IL-IRa/IL-lβ ratio in FHF patients who survived compared with those who did not suggest the possible therapeutic use of cytokine antagonists for the control of this life-threatening disease.
Isolation and functional characterization of T cells from human sputum
Authors: Pang G T , Clancy R L , Reeves G E 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYT cells play a central role in the control of inflammation in the bronchial mucosa through the elaboration of proinflammatory cytokines. This study describes a method for the isolation and cloning of T cells from sputum of adult subjects. In sputum. T cells were of a minor population (&lt;2% of total cells), and not all expressed activation markers for CD29 (very late antigen-1 (VLA-1)). IL-2R and HLA-DR. When cultured in the presence of rIL-2 for 7 days and then cloned by limiting dilution, the ratios of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell clones (TCC) generated reflected those of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells found in sputum. CD4+ TCC and primary CD4+ T ceil populations produced a range of proinflammatory cytokines when stimulated with immobilized anti-CD3 MoAb. Analysis of mRNA messages by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) and Southern blot showed good correlation with the production of cytokine in culture supernatants. A correlation existed between the pattern of cell infiltrate in sputum and the cytokine profile.
In vitroanti-HIV-1 antibody production in subjects in different stages of HIV-1 infection
Authors: Rusconi S , Riva A , Meroni L , Zehender G , Cocchi F , Scapellato L , Galli M 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYWe evaluated the in vitro antibody production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) against HIV-1 proteins in infected adults. Fifty-four HIV-1 infected patients (four recent seroconverters, 15 asymptomatics with a CD4 count higher than 500/μl, 27 asymptomatics with a CD4 count between 200 and 500/μl and eight symptomatic patients) were tested. PBMC were incubated in the presence or absence of 1% pokeweed mitogen (PWM) at 37°C for 8 days. Western blot assay, p24 antigen ELISA and anti-p24 antibody ELISA were performed on serum and culture supernatants. Spontaneous production of anti-env antibody in culture supernatants was evidenced in all subjects. All the positive supernatants for anti-core antibodies (18/54) were derived from asymptomatic patients. PBMC from recent seroconverters and from symptomatic patients did not produce any anti-core antibody. Antibody production decreased after stimulation with PWM. The concentration of p24 antigen did not significantly increase in p24 positive supernatants following acidification (P= 0·1), suggesting that the inability to detect p24 antibody was not due to the anti-p24 antibody complexed to p24 antigen in culture supernatants. In vitro production of anti-p24 antibodies was significantly more frequent in asymptomatic subjects with high CD4+ cell counts (P= 002) and was absent in recent seroconverters. This last finding suggests that during the initial phases of the infection, anti-p24 antibody production may be restricted to cells residing in lymphoid organs. In addition, the lower percentage of anti-core antibody in people with low CD4+ cell counts is not merely a consequence of the binding of the antibody to an increased amount of antigen, but probably reflects an impaired production or a sequestration of producing cells in lymphoid tissue during the late stages of the infection.
Neutrophil and recombinant myeloperoxidase as antigens in ANCA positive systemic vasculitis
Authors: Short A K , Lockwood C M , Bollen A , Moguilevsky N 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is one of the major autoantigens recognized by anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies. The association of this antigen with specific disease entities requires that there is a source of pure antigen present in large quantities. Further delineation of the molecular mechanisms involved in the antigen antibody interaction requires the ability to manipulate the molecule. The expression of recombinant MPO in Chinese hamster ovary cells has produced a source of pure protein, suitable for molecular studies. We have shown that this protein is an antigen recognized by 95% of anti-MPO antibodies from patients with systemic vasculitis. This recombinant molecule will be of use in providing an additional specific solid-phase assay for these antibodies and further forms of this protein which mirror the antigenicity of native MPO more exactly may replace chemically purified antigen. It will also be of great value in studies examining the epitopes recognized by anti-MPO antibodies and in studies of immunoregulation and T cell activation.
Beneficial effect of amrinone on murine cardiac allograft survival
Authors: Hirozane T , Matsumori A , Furukawa Y , Matsui S , Sato Y , Matoba Y , Sasayama S 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYAmrinone is a non-glycoside positive inotropic agent with an inhibitory effect on a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) phosphodiesterase isoenzyme. In the present study, we examined the immunosuppressive action of amrinone, since several other cyclic AM P-elevating agents have been shown to suppress T lymphocyte activation. First, the in vivo. effects of amrinone were investigated. Oral amrinone treatment, at 40mg/kg per day, significantly prolonged median cardiac allograft survival compared with non-treated controls (220 days versus 10-5 days, P&lt;0.01) when DBA/2 mouse hearts (H-2d) were heterotopically transplanted into C57B1/6 mice (H-2d). Histopathological examination showed that there was less prominent cellular infiltration in the amrinone-treated than in the non-treated allografts. Plasma amrinone concentrations of mice after a single oral dose of 40mg/kg were within the range of clinical relevance. To clarify the mechanism of action, in vitro. studies were done. The generation of specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes after mixed lymphocyte culture was significantly suppressed by addition of amrinone to the culture medium at 5μg/ml. The production of IL-2 and the interferon-gamma during mixed lymphocyte culture was also suppressed by amrinone at 5 μg/ml. However, the level of intracellular cyclic AMP in mouse splenic lymphocytes was not affected significantly by the same dose of amrinone. In conclusion, amrinone has immunosuppressive actions at the therapeutic doses, and it may be a beneficial agent for therapy against acute cardiac allograft rejection.
The optimal bolus dose of alfentanil for tracheal intubation during sevoflurane induction without neuromuscular blockade in day‐case anaesthesia
Authors: KIM J. Y. , KWAK Y. L. , LEE K. C. , CHANG Y. J. , KWAK H. J. 
Published: July 2010

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal bolus dose of alfentanil required to provide successful intubating conditions following inhalation induction of anaesthesia using 5% sevoflurane and 60% nitrous oxide without neuromuscular blockade in adult day‐case anaesthesia.Methods: Twenty‐four adults, aged 18–60 years, undergoing general anaesthesia for short ambulatory surgery were enroled into the study. After vital capacity induction, with sevoflurane 5% and 60% nitrous oxide in oxygen, pre‐determined dose of alfentanil was injected over 30 s. The dose of alfentanil was determined by modified Dixon's up‐and‐down method (2 μg/kg as a step size). Ninety seconds after the end of bolus administration of alfentanil, the trachea was intubated. Systolic blood pressure, heart rate and SpO2 were recorded at anaesthetic induction, before, 1 min and 3 min after intubation.Results: The bolus dose of alfentanil for successful tracheal intubation was 10.7±2.1 μg/kg in 50% of patients during inhalation induction. From probit analysis, 50% effective dose (ED50) and ED95 values (95% confidence limits) of alfentanil were 10.7 μg/kg (8.0–12.9 μg/kg) and 14.9 μg/kg (12.9–31.1 μg/kg), respectively.Conclusions: Using the modified Dixon's up‐and‐down method, the bolus dose of alfentanil for successful tracheal intubation was 10.7±2.1 μg/kg in 50% of adult patients during inhalation induction using 5% sevoflurane and 60% nitrous oxide in oxygen without neuromuscular blocking agent in day‐case anaesthesia.
Anlage einer Station zur Massenzucht von Königinnen der Kleinen Roten Waldameise*)
Authors: Gösswald Karl 
Published: July 2010

Schluß: Zusammenfassung1. Die Massenzucht von Königinnen der Kleinen Roten Waldameise gibt der künstlichen Vermehrung dieses nützlichen Raubinsekts starken Auftrieb.2. Zur Einrichtung einer Königinnenzuchtstation sind zunächst geeignete Stammkolonien ausfindig zu machen. Die Herkunft der Ableger und die Entwicklung wird nach einem einheitlichen Verfahren laufend kontrolliert.3. Besonderer Wert ist auch auf die Standortwahl zu legen. Es ist zweckmäßig mikroklimatische Unterschiede auszunutzen in dem Sinne, daß ein Teil der Königinnenzucht einer Station an einem besonders wärmebegünstigten, ein anderer Teil zur Verlängerung der Schwarm‐, Zucht‐ und somit Kolonievermehrungszeit an einem kühlen Platz angelegt wird.4. Die Entwicklung der Ableger ist durch Plünderungen seitens des Menschen und durch grobe Störungen beim Holzfällen und ‐schleifen sehr gefährdet.5. Die Entwicklung der seit 1947 ausgesetzten Ableger Nr. 1–64 wird dargelegt durch Angabe von Nesthöhe, Nestdurchmesser von Boden und geschätzter Zahl der ; von Jahr zu Jahr ergibt sich eine erhebliche Steigerung, so daß der Individuenbestand von 1 Million ausgesetzter Ameisen auf 8 Millionen angewachsen ist. Dabei war die Hauptmasse der Nester ab 1949 ausgesetzt worden.6. Der Abgang durch Nestplünderung und Zerstörung bis zur Sicherung, die mittels des Nestschutzes erst Ende 1949 möglich war, ist recht erheblich. Unter dem Schutz dieser Sicherung wurde die Entwicklung noch sehr beschleunigt, so daß bereits in 5–6 Monaten ein Wachtum der Nester auf 512% des Ausgangsbestandes zu verzeichnen war; dabei ist das Hauptwachstum der Ableger nach dem Seßhaftwerden erst im nächstfolgenden Tahr zu erwarten.7. Auch die Entwicklung der bereits im Königinnenzuchtwald vorhandenen Stammkolonie wurde verfolgt; diese 1944 aus sieben großen Nestern bestehende Kolonie war bis 1947 stark durch Puppenräuber geschwächt worden, drei Nester waren ausgerottet, nach dem Nestschutz trat eine rasche Erholung der übriggebliebenen vier Nester ein bis zu einem Gesamtbestand von 1800000 so daß der Gesamtbestand nunmehr 68 Nester mit ca. 10000000 Ameisen enthält.8. Die Methoden zum Schutz durch pyramidenartiges Eingittern mit engmaschigem Drahtgeflecht, das die Nester zugleich gegen natürliche Feinde einschließlich Specht sichert, werden dargelegt, desgleichen eine Methode zum natürlichen Schutz durch Überdecken mit dürrem Reisig, wo Eingriffe seitens des Menschen nicht zu befürchten sind.9. Die Methode der Königinnenmassenzucht wird kurz zusammengefaßt.
Die Nahrung der Myiasis‐Fliegenlarven auf dem Wollschaf
Authors: Fiedlerx O. G. H. 
Published: July 2010

Zusammenfassung1. Die verschiedenartigen Hautmyiasen, welche typisch für primäre (L. cuprina und C. chloropyga) und sekundäre (C. albiceps) Schaffliegen‐maden sind, wurden beschrieben.2. Die Gewichtszunahme der Larven in verschiedenen Brutmedien (Fleisch, Serum, Blut) zeigt einen deutlichen, artlichen Unterschied. Wäh rend alle Maden in gleicher Weise am besten auf Fleisch gedeihen, sind die primären Larven auch befähigt, von Serum zu leben, was für die sekun‐dären Maden keine ausreichende Nahrung darstellt. Auf Blut allein gedeihen alle Arten schlecht.3. Das Wachstum der Maden dieser zwei Fliegengruppen auf dem Schaf geht verschieden schnell vor sich, bedingt durch unterschiedliche Nahrungswahl auf dem Wirtstier.4. Die primären Schaffliegen haben eine physiologische Fortentwicklung erfahren, die sie zu fakultativen Ektoparasiten werden läßt. Die Hauptnahrung ihrer Maden besteht auf dem Schaf aus der Lymphe, die in großen Mengen aus den von ihnen erzeugten, sehr oberflächlichen und entzündeten Hautwunden austritt. Nebenher wird das entstehende nekrotische Gewebe an der Oberfläche der Wunden verzehrt. Dieser Nahrungs‐wechsel verlängert zwangsläufig die Fraßperiode um einige Tage.5. Die sekundären Maden hingegen ernähren sich hauptsächlich vom Körpergewebe des Wirtes.6. Die frisch geschlüpften primären Maden dringen in kürzester Zeit zur Haut des Schafes vor, wo sie sofort in Gemeinschaftsarbeit beginnen, durch extraintestinal Verdauung ein Stuck der Epidermis zu entfernen und den Lymphaustritt anzuregen. Der alkalisch reagierende Verdauungssaft hat fernerhin die Eigenschaft, das Corium zu entzünden und hyperaemisch zu gestalten und somit ein immer stärkeres Lymphexudat anzuregen.
Zur Biologie und Morphologie des Schwarzen Triebrüßlers Ceuthorrhynchus picitarsis Gyll., mit differentialdiagnostischen Angaben zur Unterscheidung der Larven von Ceuthorrhynchus napi Gyll., C. quadridens Panz. und C. picitarsis Gyll
Authors: Dosse Gudo 
Published: July 2010

ZusammenfassungNach einigen biologischen Angaben über das Verhalten der Käfer auf ihrer Nährpflanze und ihre Eiablage wird die Larve des Ceuthorrhynchus picitarsis eingehend beschrieben und die wesentlichsten Erkennungsmerkmale durch Zeichnungen belegt. Folgende Unterscheidungsmerkmale zu der Larve von C. napi und C. quadridens, die unter Umständen zur gleichen Zeit mit der von C. picitarsis im Raps, Rübsen oder Kohl anzutreffen sind, werden herausgestellt: C. napi besitzt am hinteren äußeren Rand der Parietalia auf der Kopfkapsel eine Borste, die bei den Larven der andern beiden Rüsselkäferarten fehlt.Am Innenast der Maxillen finden sich bei der Larve von C. napi 11 Messerchen, bei der von C. quadridens 10 und bei der von C. picitarsis 9.Das sicherste Erkennungsmerkmal liegt in der Struktur der Larvenhaut. Der gesamte Körper der Larve von C. napi ist mit warzenähnlichen Wülsten bedeckt, auf denen die Haare ihren Ansatzpunkt nehmen. Die Larvenhaut des C. picitarsis ist mit kleinen schüppchenähnlichen Gebilden übersät, die wie winzige Höckerchen wirken. Die Larvenhaut des C. quadridens dagegen ist völlig glatt. Als zusätzliches Hilfsmittel bei der Bestimmung der Larven können die Farbe und die Kopfkapselbreiten dienen.Zum Schluß werden Methoden angegeben, die eine eingehende Untersuchung der Larvenstruktur ermöglichen.