bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing possible changes in flood frequency due to climate change in mid‐sized watersheds in New York State, USA
Authors: Shaw Stephen B. , Riha Susan J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe frequency of flooding is often presumed to increase with climate change because of projected increases in rainfall intensities. In this paper, using 50‐plus years of historical discharge and meteorological data from three watersheds in different physiographic regions of New York State, USA, we find that annual maximum stream discharges are associated with 20% or less of the annual maximum rainfall events. Instead of rainfall events, approximately 20% of annual maximum stream discharges are associated with annual maximum snowmelt events while 60% of annual maximum discharges are associated with moderate rainfall amounts and very wet soil conditions.To explore the potential for changes in future flood risk, we employed a compound frequency distribution that assumes annual maximum discharges can be modelled by combining the cumulative distribution functions of discharges resulting from annual maximum rainfall, annual maximum snowmelt, and occurrences of moderate rain on wet soils. Basing on a compound frequency distribution comprised of univariate general extreme value (GEV) and gamma distributions, we found that a hypothetical 20% increase in the magnitude of rainfall‐related stream discharge results in little change in 96th percentile annual maximum discharge. For the 99th percentile discharge, two waterbodies in our study had a 10% or less increase in annual maximum discharge when annual maximum rainfall‐related discharges increased 20% while the third waterbody had a 16% increase in annual maximum discharges. Additionally, in some cases, annual maximum discharges could be offset by a reduction in the discharge resulting from annual maximum snowmelt events. While only intended as a heuristic tool to explore the interaction among different flood‐causing mechanisms, use of a compound flood frequency distribution suggests a case can be made that not all waterbodies in humid, cold regions will see extensive changes in flooding due to increased rainfall intensities. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aquifer parameter estimation using an incremental area method
Authors: Avcı Cem B. , Ufuk Şahin A. , Çiftçi Emin 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTheoretical well functions have been derived over the years to predict ground water level behaviour in aquifer systems under stress owing to groundwater extraction. The drawdown data collected during pump tests are typically analysed using graphical curve‐matching procedures to estimate aquifer parameters based on these well functions. Difficulty in aquifer characteristic identification and parameter estimation may arise when the field data do not perfectly match the drawdown curves obtained from the well functions. The present study provides a new method for the interpretation of aquifer pump tests which supplements the existing curve‐matching procedures in case ideal conditions do not exist; the proposed method provides a greater degree of flexibility in the data analysis for diagnostic tool purposes. The method, referred to as the Incremental Area Method (IAM) is based on integrating the logarithmic‐based drawdown curves within a discrete time and matching the results with a corresponding time integral of the Theis (1935) Well Function which governs ideal confined aquifers. The application of the proposed method to synthetically generated data and field data showed that IAM represents a viable method which yields information on potential non‐idealness of the aquifer and provides aquifer parameter estimates thus potentially overcoming drawdown data curve‐matching difficulties. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple concept for calibrating runoff thresholds in quasi‐distributed variable source area watershed models
Authors: Easton Zachary M. , Walter M. Todd , Fuka Daniel R. , White Eric D. , Steenhuis Tammo S. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMost semi‐distributed watershed water quality models divide the watershed into hydrologic response units (HRU) with no flow among them. This is problematic when watersheds are delineated to include variable source areas (VSAs) because it is the lateral flows from upslope areas to downslope areas that generate VSAs. Although hydrologic modellers have often successfully calibrated these types of models, there can still be considerable uncertainty in model results. In this paper, a topographic‐index‐based method is described and tested to distribute effective soil water holding capacity among HRUs, which can be subsequently adjusted using the watershed baseflow coefficient. The method is tested using a version of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model that simulates VSA runoff and is applied to two watersheds: a New York State (NYS) watershed, and one in the head waters of the Blue Nile Basin (BNB) in Ethiopia. Daily streamflow predicted using effective soil water storage capacities based only on the topographic index were reassuringly accurate in both the NYS watershed (daily Nash Sutcliffe (E) = 0·73) and in the BNB (E = 0·70). Using the baseflow coefficient to adjust the effective soil water storage capacity only slightly improved streamflow predictions in NYS (E = 0·75) but substantially improved the BNB predictions (E = 0·80). By comparison, the standard SWAT model, which uses the traditional look‐up tables to determine a runoff curve number, performed considerably less accurately in un‐calibrated form (E = 0·51 for NYS and E = 0·45 for BNB), but improved substantially when explicitly calibrated to streamflow measurements (E = 0·76 for NYS and E = 0·67 for the BNB). The calibration method presented here provides a parsimonious, systematic approach to using established models in VSA watersheds that reduces the ambiguity inherent in model calibration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the roles of environmental factors in coastal fish production in the northern Baltic Sea: A Bayesian network application
Authors: Uusitalo Laura , Kuikka Sakari , Kauppila Pirkko , Söderkultalahti Pirkko , Bäck Saara 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Environmental conditions play a crucial role in the distribution and abundance of fish species in any area. Much research has been attributed to the requirements and tolerance limits of commercially exploited fish species. It is rare, however, that studies have been able to address the relative importance of potentially restrictive environmental factors; extensive enough to allow for estimation of the effect of several environmental factors through the fishes' life span. The coastline of Finland in the northern Baltic Sea offers a unique natural experimental setting that can be used to assess the relative importance of various environmental factors for the species occupying it. The area includes major variations in several crucial environmental factors: salinity, temperature regime, represented by winter ice duration, coastline characteristics, and eutrophic status. Furthermore, Finland has collected extensive and spatially representative data of water quality and environmental factors, as well as a long and extraordinarily spatially detailed data set of commercial catches of several fish species. In this article, we make an attempt to correlate the environmental data to the commercial catches of fish species, assuming that the commercial catches reflect, to some reasonable degree, the productivity of that species in that area (compared to other areas and combinations of environmental factors, not to other species). We use a Bayesian network approach to examine the sensitivity of the species to the environmental factors. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012; 8: 445–455. © SETAC
Use of multicriteria involvement processes to enhance transparency and stakeholder participation at Bergen Harbor, Norway
Authors: Sparrevik Magnus , Barton David N , Oen Amy MP , Sehkar Nagothu Udaya , Linkov Igor 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Use of participatory stakeholder engagement processes could be important to reduce the risk of potential conflicts in managing contaminated sites. Most stakeholder engagement techniques are qualitative in nature and require experienced facilitators. This study proposes a multicriteria involvement process to enhance transparency and stakeholder participation and applies it to a contaminated sediment management case study for Bergen Harbor, Norway. The suggested multicriteria involvement process builds on the quantitative principles of multicriteria decision analysis and also incorporates group interaction and learning through qualitative participatory methods. Three different advisory groups consisting of local residents, local stakeholders, and nonresident sediment experts were invited to participate in a stakeholder engagement process to provide consensual comparative advice on sediment remediation alternatives. In order for stakeholders or residents to be able to embrace a complex decision such as selection of remediation alternatives, the involvement process with lateral learning, combined with multicriteria decision analysis providing structure, robustness and transparent documentation was preferable. In addition, a multicriteria involvement process resulted in consistent ranking of remediation alternatives across residents, stakeholder, and experts, relative to individual intuitive ranking without the multicriteria involvement process. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:414–425. © 2011 SETAC
The ethics of population control in rural China, 1979–92
Authors: Thomas Neil 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA decade ago China's population policy, and associated programmes, had many admirers. Although it was often argued that China's methods of reducing levels of fertility and population growth were not transferable to other countries, elements of the population programme were held up as examples to be followed. In recent years however there has been a sharp decline in support for the programme amongst the global community. Media coverage of the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo (1994) exemplified this evolving distaste for the methods used to control population growth in China. This paper is an attempt to discover whether this change of perception is grounded in a proper understanding of the relevant facts and in a consistent application of ethical principles to the changing population policy. It brings together evidence on trends in fertility, population policy, the provision of family planning services, and socio‐economic influences on the demand for children, to clarify the complex and diverse demographic situation emerging in rural China. It then examines the conflict between policy and reproductive aspirations revealed by studies of ‘ideal family size’ and of rising reported sex ratios at birth. An ethical framework is then presented, and the consistency of two major critics of the policy/programme are examined through it. It is concluded that the One‐Child Family Policy, as it operated in the early 1990s, led to widespread adoption of out‐of‐plan babies and sex‐selective abortion. However, arguments against the need for any form of population control are unconvincing, and there is little evidence to suggest that alternative population control policies would be demographically effective or receive widespread popular support within China.
Migration theories and behavioural models
Authors: Courgeau Daniel 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis review presents a probabilistic formulation of the decision making process, leading to a rigorous treatment of migration behaviour for projection purposes. These models are developed here at two different levels of aggregation. Aggregate‐level models may be applied to migration flows for which the objectively measured characteristics of areas of department and destination act as subjectively measured characteristics and stimuli. They generate quite different population projections than the usual Markov model: sustained cycles may appear or chaotic behaviour may even occur. Individual‐level models use event history methods of analysis to introduce a great variety of characteristics of the subject on the decision to move. They lead to projections using microsimulation models. A further step is taken in integrating macro‐ and microbehavioural models. The use of aggregate and individual characteristics simultaneously leads to more efficient and sophisticated projection models: the factors affecting behaviour at the micro‐level cannot be inferred from aggregate studies and conversely.
Thinking of England and taking care: Family building strategies and infant mortality in England and Wales, 1891–1911
Authors: Garrett Eilidh , Reid Alice 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDebates concerning the origins and development of the late nineteenth‐ to early twentieth‐century declines in marital fertility and infant mortality in England and Wales have been centred largely on the material provided by answers to the ‘special’ questions in the 1911 Census. In their published form these figures have restricted researchers to an examination of large scale geographic and social class differences in the levels and rates of decline of the two phenomena. This paper outlines research conducted on a sample of individual census returns from the 1911 census. From this data it becomes clear that for Victorian and Edwardian England ‘where one lived’ was rather more important than ‘who one was’ in determining both family building strategies and the survival of those children born.
(Re)theorising population geography
Authors: White Paul , Jackson Peter 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPopulation geography has become separated from other branches of human geography by not engaging strongly with recent debates in social theory. The reasons for this partly lie in the wealth of data that population geographers have available to them concerning their major interest – demographic events. However, researchers have been relatively uncritical of the ways in which such data come in ready‐categorised forms, and have not sufficiently examined alternative (non‐essentialist) ways of thinking about social categories and labels. A case is made here for population geographers to consider in particular three areas of social theoretic debate – social construction theories, realist ideas on extensive and intensive research, and the politics of position. Suggestions are made as to what a (re)theorised population geography might look like. It is argued that population geographers need not necessarily give up their aggregative and applied approaches, but with a recognition of the power of arguments from social theory, the sub‐discipline could be reconnected to human geography as a whole, strengthening its ability to research major contemporary issues.
Public housing as a barrier to long‐distance migration
Authors: Boyle Paul 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA substantial literature has developed that has considered the relationship between migration and tenure in Britain. It has been argued that while those moving into council housing are more likely to move over short distances than those moving into owner occupied housing, administrative controls restrict population mobility into council housing over long distances. Others have criticised this assumption, maintaining that those resident in council housing are typically individuals who are less likely to migrate over long distances, regardless of the administrative restrictions imposed upon them. Accordingly, it is important to control for individual characteristics before the effects of tenure on mobility may be determined. In this study, data have been extracted from the 1991 Sample of Anonymised Records to assess the impacts of tenure on long‐distance migration compared with short‐distance migration. Logit models are used to control for the effects of a wide range of socio‐economic variables, allowing the independent impact of tenure to be identified. It is shown that long‐distance migrants are less likely to move into council housing than other tenures, but it is argued that this does not support the assumption that the sale of council housing will necessarily increase labour mobility.
Urinary biomarkers in hexachloro‐1:3‐butadiene‐induced acute kidney injury in the female Hanover Wistar rat; correlation of α‐glutathione S‐transferase, albumin and kidney injury molecule‐1 with histopathology and gene expression
Authors: Swain Aubrey , Turton John , Scudamore Cheryl L. , Pereira Ines , Viswanathan Neeti , Smyth Rosemary , Munday Michael , McClure Fiona , Gandhi Mitul , Sondh Surjit , York Malcolm 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTHexachloro‐1:3‐butadiene (HCBD) causes kidney injury specific to the pars recta of the proximal tubule. In the present studies, injury to the nephron was characterized at 24 h following a single dose of HCBD, using a range of quantitative urinary measurements, renal histopathology and gene expression. Multiplexed renal biomarker measurements were performed using both the Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) and Rules Based Medicine platforms. In a second study, rats were treated with a single nephrotoxic dose of HCBD and the time course release of a range of traditional and newer urinary biomarkers was followed over a 25 day period. Urinary albumin (a marker of both proximal tubular function and glomerular integrity) and α‐glutathione S‐transferase (α‐GST, a proximal tubular cell marker of cytoplasmic leakage) showed the largest fold change at 24 h (day 1) after dosing. Most other markers measured on either the MSD or RBM platforms peaked on day 1 or 2 post‐dosing, whereas levels of kidney injury molecule‐1 (KIM‐1), a marker of tubular regeneration, peaked on day 3/4. Therefore, in rat proximal tubular nephrotoxicity, the measurement of urinary albumin, α‐GST and KIM‐1 is recommended as they potentially provide useful information about the function, degree of damage and repair of the proximal tubule. Gene expression data provided useful confirmatory information regarding exposure of the kidney and liver to HCBD, and the response of these tissues to HCBD in terms of metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and regeneration and repair. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unique expression pattern of the three insulin receptor family members in the rat mammary gland: dominance of IGF‐1R and IRR over the IR, and cyclical IGF‐1R expression
Authors: Hvid Henning , Klopfleisch Robert , Vienberg Sara , Hansen Bo F. , Thorup Inger , Jensen Henrik E. , Oleksiewicz Martin B. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTSupra‐pharmacological doses of the insulin analog X10 (AspB10) increased the incidence of mammary tumors in female Sprague–Dawley rats in chronic toxicity studies, most likely via receptor‐mediated mechanisms. However, little is known about the expression of the insulin receptor family in the rat mammary gland. Using laser micro‐dissection, quantitative RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry, we examined the expression of IR (insulin receptor), IGF‐1R (IGF‐1 receptor), IRR (insulin receptor‐related receptor), ERα (estrogen receptor alpha), ERβ (estrogen receptor beta) and PR (progesteron receptor) in young, virgin, female Sprague–Dawley rats and compared to expression in reference organs. The mammary gland displayed the highest expression of IRR and IGF‐1R. In contrast, low expression of IR transcripts was observed in the mammary gland tissue with expression of the IR‐A isoform being 5‐fold higher than the expression of the IR‐B. By immunohistochemistry, expression of IR and IGF‐1R was detected in all mammary gland epithelial cells. Expression of ERα and PR was comparable between mammary gland and ovary, whereas expression of ERβ was lower in mammary gland than in the ovary. Finally, expression of IGF‐1R and PR in the mammary gland varied during the estrous cycle. These findings are important for the understanding of carcinogenic effects of insulin analogs in the rat mammary gland, and relevant for development of refined short‐term models for preclinical safety assessment of insulin analogs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diphenyl diselenide potentiates nephrotoxicity induced by mercuric chloride in mice
Authors: Brandão Ricardo , Moresco Rafael N. , Bellé Luziane P. , Leite Marlon R. , de Freitas Mayara L. , Bianchini Adalto , Nogueira Cristina W. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTFollowing our long‐standing interest in the mechanisms involved in selenium toxicity, the aim of this work was to extend our previous studies to gain a better understanding of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) + diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2 toxicity. Mice received one daily dose of HgCl2 (4.6 mg kg−1, subcutaneously) for three consecutive days. Thirty minutes after the last injection of HgCl2, mice received a single dose of (PhSe)2 (31.2 mg kg−1, subcutaneously). Five hours after (PhSe)2 administration, mice were euthanized and δ‐aminolevulinate dehydratase, catalase (CAT), glutathione S‐transferase (GST) and Na+, K+‐ATPase activities as well as thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS), ascorbic acid and mercury levels were determined in kidney and liver. Parameters in plasma (urea, creatinine, protein and erythropoietin), whole blood (hematocrit and hemoglobin) and urine (protein) were also investigated. HgCl2 + (PhSe)2 exposure caused a decrease in renal GST and Na+, K+‐ATPase activities and an increase in renal ascorbic acid and TBARS concentrations when compared with the HgCl2 group. (PhSe)2 potentiated the increase in plasma urea caused by HgCl2. HgCl2 + (PhSe)2 exposure caused a reduction in plasma protein levels and an increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit contents when compared with the HgCl2 group. There was a significant reduction in hepatic CAT activity and an increase in TBARS levels in mice exposed to HgCl2 + (PhSe)2 when compared with the HgCl2 group. The results demonstrated that (PhSe)2 did not modify mercury levels in mice. In conclusion, (PhSe)2 potentiated damage caused by HgCl2 affecting mainly the renal tissue. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospinning and biocompatibility evaluation of biodegradable polyurethanes based on L‐lysine diisocyanate and L‐lysine chain extender
Authors: Han Jian , Cao Run‐Wu , Chen Bing , Ye Lin , Zhang Ai‐Ying , Zhang Jian , Feng Zeng‐Guo 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA series of biodegradable polyurethanes (PUs) were synthesized using poly(ε‐caprolactone) diol (PCL) to react with L‐lysine ethyl ester diisocyanate (LDI) chain extend with L‐lysine ethyl ester (LEE) in solution of DMF. The structure was characterized by gel permeation chromatography, 1H‐NMR, Fourier transform infrared, and DSC analyses. Mechanical property testing showed that their tensile strength rose with increasing the hard segment content with a maximum tensile strength of 34.43 ± 1.73 MPa. The average mass loss for the hydrolytic degradation was only about 13 % in 56 days while this value for the enzymatic degradation was around 95 % in 30 days. The morphological and biomechanical characters of the tubular scaffolds electrospun from the as‐prepared PUs were also examined. As the solution concentration was varied from 10 to 18% (w/v), the fiber diameter was progressively increased, and the scaffold tensile strength was enhanced from 2.82 ± 0.16 MPa to 7.07 ± 0.44 MPa, the suture retention strength from 2.48 ± 0.33 to 8.38 ± 0.35 N, and the burst pressure strength from 72 ± 2 to 172 ± 2 kPa, all higher than those of native blood vessels. At the same time, the L‐929 mouse fibroblasts (L‐929) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells were used in cytotoxicity and cell‐adhesion evaluations toward the electrospun scaffolds. The level of toxicity is less than level 1, and cells were found to attach well to and remain viable on the scaffolds. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 2011.