bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turbidity Hampers Mate Choice in a Pipefish
Authors: Sundin Josefin , Berglund Anders , Rosenqvist Gunilla 
Published: May 2010

AbstractEuropean coastal waters have in recent years become more turbid as algal growth has increased, probably due to eutrophication, global warming and changes in fish communities. Turbidity reduces visibility, and such changes may in turn affect animal behaviour as well as evolutionary processes that are dependent on visual stimuli. In this study we experimentally manipulated water visibility and olfactory cues to investigate mate choice using the sex role‐reversed broad‐nosed pipefish Syngnathus typhle as our study organism. We show that males spent significantly longer time assessing females when they had access to full visual cues, compared to when visibility was reduced. Presence or absence of olfactory cues from females did not affect mate choice, suggesting that the possible use of smell could not make up for a reduction in visibility. This implies that mate choice is environmentally dependent and that an increased turbidity may affect processes of sexual selection through an impaired possibility for visually based mate choice.
Effect of thick DLC coating on fatigue behaviour of magnesium alloy in laboratory air and demineralised water
Authors: UEMATSU Y. , TOKAJI K. , TAKEKAWA H. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTRotating bending fatigue tests have been performed using Diamond‐like carbon (DLC) coated specimens of a wrought magnesium alloy, AZ80A, in laboratory air and demineralised water and the effect of DLC coating on fatigue and corrosion fatigue behaviour was studied. Three film thicknesses of 3.5 μm, 13 μm, and 25 μm (two‐layer film) were evaluated and particular attention was paid to the role of thick DLC coating. In laboratory air, the fatigue strengths of the DLC‐coated specimens were higher than that of the substrate specimen and increased with increasing film thickness. This was because hard DLC coating with good adhesion suppressed the crack initiation due to cracking of inclusions or cyclic slip deformation on the substrate surface. In demineralised water, the fatigue strength of the 3.5‐μm DLC‐coated specimen was the same as that of the substrate specimen due to the penetration of the water through pre‐existing film defects, while the 13‐μm and 25‐μm DLC‐coated specimens showed increased corrosion fatigue strength with increasing film thickness and also exhibited nearly the same fatigue strength as in laboratory air except for a few premature failed specimens, indicating a potential of thick DLC coating or two‐layer coating for complete improvement of corrosion fatigue strength in aqueous environments.
Deficiency in the amino aldehyde dehydrogenase encoded by GmAMADH2, the homologue of rice Os2AP, enhances 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline biosynthesis in soybeans (Glycine max L.)
Authors: Arikit Siwaret , Yoshihashi Tadashi , Wanchana Samart , Uyen Tran T. , Huong Nguyen T. T. , Wongpornchai Sugunya , Vanavichit Apichart 
Published: May 2010

Summary2‐Acetyl‐1‐pyrroline (2AP), the volatile compound that provides the ‘popcorn‐like’ aroma in a large variety of cereal and food products, is widely found in nature. Deficiency in amino aldehyde dehydrogenase (AMADH) was previously shown to be the likely cause of 2AP biosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.). In this study, the validity of this mechanism was investigated in soybeans (Glycine max L.). An assay of AMADH activity in soybeans revealed that the aromatic soybean, which contains 2AP, also lacked AMADH enzyme activity. Two genes, GmAMADH1 and GmAMADH2, which are homologous to the rice Os2AP gene that encodes AMADH, were characterized. The transcription level of GmAMADH2 was lower in aromatic varieties than in nonaromatic varieties, whereas the expression of GmAMADH1 did not differ. A double nucleotide (TT) deletion was found in exon 10 of GmAMADH2 in all aromatic varieties. This variation caused a frame‐shift mutation and a premature stop codon. Suppression of GmAMADH2 by introduction of a GmAMADH2‐RNAi construct into the calli of the two nonaromatic wild‐type varieties inhibited the synthesis of AMADH and induced the biosynthesis of 2AP. These results suggest that deficiency in the GmAMADH2 product, AMADH, plays a similar role in soybean as in rice, which is to promote 2AP biosynthesis. This phenomenon might be a conserved mechanism among plant species.
Body weight and beauty: the changing face of the ideal female body weight
Authors: Bonafini B. A. , Pozzilli P. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryBy observing the art of different eras, as well as the more recent existence of the media, it is obvious that there have been dramatic changes in what is considered a beautiful body. The ideal of female beauty has shifted from a symbol of fertility to one of mathematically calculated proportions. It has taken the form of an image responding to men's sexual desires. Nowadays there seems to be a tendency towards the destruction of the feminine, as androgynous fashion and appearance dominate our culture. The metamorphosis of the ideal woman follows the shifting role of women in society from mother and mistress to a career‐orientated individual. Her depiction by artists across the centuries reveals this change in role and appearance that should be interpreted within the social and historical context of each era with its own theories of what constituted the ideal female body weight.
Community‐based participatory nursing research: A culturally focused case study
Authors: BOMAR Perri J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article provides highlights of a lecture, titled Community‐based Participatory Research: A Culturally Focused Case Study, given at the Japan Academy of Nursing Science's 29th annual meeting in Chiba, Japan on 28 November 2009. Community‐based participatory research (CBPR) is defined as research that includes both the researcher and the participant group in collaborative, egalitarian, and partnership processes to assess, define, problem‐solve, evaluate, and disseminate an issue that is chosen by the stakeholders. A CBPR framework is highlighted and case‐study examples from each stage are included. The barriers and facilitators for communities and researchers taking part in CBPR projects are described. Strategies to improve researcher competence in CBPR are listed. Community‐based participatory research can be very fulfilling when incorporated into a faculty member's teaching, research, and service to the community.
Explaining the Great American Crime Decline: A Review of Blumstein and Wallman, Goldberger and Rosenfeld, and Zimring
Authors: Barker Vanessa 
Published: May 2010

This essay reviews three books as they document and explain the 1990s crime decline: Alfred Blumstein and Joel Wallman, eds., (2006)The Crime Drop in America; Arthur S. Goldberger and Richard Rosenfeld, eds., (2008)Understanding Crime Patterns: Workshop Report; and Franklin E. Zimring (2007),The Great American Crime Decline.It presents the empirical detail of the crime decline and examines the most commonly cited explanatory factors: imprisonment, policing, demography, and economic growth. It then suggests alternative lines of research in urban sociology—urban development, youth culture, and immigration—that may better explain the decline as the result of changes in the cultural and social fabric of American society, particularly in cities where the steepest declines occurred.
The impact of extensive planting ofMiscanthusas an energy crop on future CO2atmospheric concentrations
Authors: HUGHES J. K. , LLOYD A. J. , HUNTINGFORD C. , FINCH J. W. , HARDING R. J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA process‐based model of the energy cropMiscanthus×giganteusis integrated into the global climate impact model IMOGEN, simulating the potential of large‐scaleMiscanthusplantation to offset fossil fuel emissions during the 21st century. This simulation produces spatially explicit, annual projections ofMiscanthusyields from the present day to the year 2100 under an SRES A2 anthropogenic emissions scenario and includes the effects of climate change. IMOGEN also simulates natural vegetation and soil carbon storage throughout the 21st century. The benefit ofMiscanthuscultivation (avoiding fossil fuel emissions of CO2) is then compared with the cost of displacing natural vegetation (carbon emissions from vegetation and soil). The time taken for these effects to cancel out, the pay‐back time, is calculated regionally. The effects of large‐scaleMiscanthusplantation are then integrated globally to produce an estimate of atmospheric CO2concentrations throughout the 21st century. Our best estimate of the pay‐back time forMiscanthusplantation is 30 years. We project a maximum possible reduction in atmospheric CO2of 323 ppmv by the end of 21st century, with a reduction of 162 ppmv corresponding to the best estimate scenario.
Biomass production and energy balance of a 12‐year‐old short‐rotation coppice poplar stand under different cutting cycles
Authors: NASSI O DI NASSO N. , GUIDI W. , RAGAGLINI G. , TOZZINI C. , BONARI E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractGiven today's political targets, energy production from agricultural areas is likely to increase and therefore needs to be more sustainable. The aim of this study was thus to carry out a long‐term field trial based on the poplar short‐rotation coppice (SRC), in order to compare dry matter, energy‐use efficiency and the net energy yield obtainable from this crop in relation to different harvest frequencies (1‐, 2‐ and 3‐year cutting cycles). The results showed that poplar SRC performed very well under temperate climates as it can survive up to 12 years, providing a considerable annual biomass yield (9.9, 13.8, 16.4 t ha−1 yr−1 for annual T1, biannual T2 and triennial T3 cutting cycles, respectively). The system tested in southern Europe showed a positive energy balance characterized by a high energy efficiency. We found that the choice of harvest interval had huge consequences in terms of energy yields. In fact, the energy efficiency improved from T1 to T2 and T3, while the net energy yield increased from 172 to 299 GJ ha−1 yr−1. This study suggests that, with 3‐year harvest cycles, poplar SRC can contribute to agronomic and environmental sustainability not only in terms of its high yield and energy efficiency but also in terms of its positive influence on limiting soil tillage and on the environment, given its low pesticide and nutrient requirements.
Satellite and Radar Remote Sensing of Southern Plains Grass Fires: A Case Study
Authors: Jones Thomas A. , Christopher Sundar A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Many large grass fires occurred in north Texas and southern Oklahoma on 9 April 2009, destroying hundreds of homes and businesses and burning thousands of acres of grasslands, producing large smoke and debris plumes that were visible from various remote sensing platforms. At the same time, strong westerly winds were transporting large amounts of dust into the region, mixing with the smoke and debris already being generated. This research uses surface- and satellite-based remote sensing observations of this event to assess the locations of fires and the spatial distribution of smoke and dust aerosols. The authors present a unique perspective by analyzing radar observations of fire debris in conjunction with the satellite analysis of submicrometer smoke aerosol particles. Satellite data clearly show the location of the individual fires and the downwind smoke plumes as well as the large dust storm present over the region. In particular, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol optical thickness at 0.55 μm within the dust plume was around 0.5, and it increased to greater than 1.0 when combined with smoke. Using the difference in 11- versus 12-μm brightness temperature data combined with surface observations, the large extent of the dust plume was evident through much of north-central Texas, where visibilities were low and the 11–12-μm brightness temperature difference was negative. Conversely, smoke plumes were characterized by higher reflectance at 0.6 μm (visible wavelength). Cross sections of radar data through the several smoke and debris plumes indicated the burnt debris reached up to 5 km into the atmosphere. Plume height output from modified severe storm algorithms produced similar values. Since smoke aerosols are smaller and lighter when compared with the debris, they were likely being transported even higher into the atmosphere. These results show that the combination of satellite and radar data offers a unique perspective on observing the characteristics and evolution of smoke and debris plume emanating from grass fire events.
The Sensitivity of a Coupled Climate Model to Its Ocean Component
Authors: Megann A. P. , New A. L. , Blaker A. T. , Sinha B. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe control climates of two coupled climate models are intercompared. The first is the third climate configuration of the Met Office Unified Model (HadCM3), while the second, the Coupled Hadley–Isopycnic Model Experiment (CHIME), is identical to the first except for the replacement of its ocean component by the Hybrid-Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). Both models possess realistic and similar ocean heat transports and overturning circulation. However, substantial differences in the vertical structure of the two ocean components are observed, some of which are directly attributed to their different vertical coordinate systems. In particular, the sea surface temperature (SST) in CHIME is biased warm almost everywhere, particularly in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre, in contrast to HadCM3, which is biased cold except in the Southern Ocean. Whereas the HadCM3 ocean warms from just below the surface down to 1000-m depth, a similar warming in CHIME is more pronounced but shallower and confined to the upper 400 m, with cooling below this. This is particularly apparent in the subtropical thermoclines, which become more diffuse in HadCM3, but sharper in CHIME. This is interpreted as resulting from a more rigorously controlled diapycnal mixing in the interior isopycnic ocean in CHIME. Lower interior mixing is also apparent in the better representation and maintenance of key water masses in CHIME, such as Subantarctic Mode Water, Antarctic Intermediate Water, and North Atlantic Deep Water. Finally, the North Pacific SST cold error in HadCM3 is absent in CHIME, and may be related to a difference in the separation position of the Kuroshio. Disadvantages of CHIME include a nonconservation of heat equivalent to 0.5 W m−2 globally, and a warming and salinification of the northwestern Atlantic.
Decision Making by Austin, Texas, Residents in Hypothetical Tornado Scenarios*
Authors: Schultz David M. , Gruntfest Eve C. , Hayden Mary H. , Benight Charles C. , Drobot Sheldon , Barnes Lindsey R. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractOne of the goals of the Warning Project is to understand how people receive warnings of hazardous weather and subsequently use this information to make decisions. As part of the project, 519 surveys from Austin, Texas, floodplain residents were collected and analyzed. About 90% of respondents understood that a tornado warning represented a more serious and more likely threat than a tornado watch. Most respondents (86%) were not concerned about a limited number of false alarms or close calls reducing their confidence in future warnings, suggesting no cry-wolf effect. Most respondents reported safe decisions in two hypothetical scenarios: a tornado warning issued while the respondent was home and a tornado visible by the respondent while driving. However, nearly half the respondents indicated that they would seek shelter from a tornado under a highway overpass if they were driving. Despite the limitations of this study, these results suggest that more education is needed on the dangers of highway overpasses as shelter from severe weather.
Preseason Shoulder Strength Measurements in Professional Baseball Pitchers
Authors: Byram Ian R. , Bushnell Brandon D. , Dugger Keith , Charron Kevin , Harrell Frank E. , Noonan Thomas J. 
Published: May 2010

Background: The ability to identify pitchers at risk for injury could be valuable to a professional baseball organization. To our knowledge, there have been no prior studies examining the predictive value of preseason strength measurements. Hypothesis: Preseason weakness of shoulder external rotators is associated with increased risk of in-season throwing-related injury in professional baseball pitchers. Study Design: Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Preseason shoulder strength was measured for all pitchers in a professional baseball organization over a 5-year period (2001-2005). Prone internal rotation (IR), prone external rotation (PER), seated external rotation (SER), and supraspinatus (SS) strength were tested during spring training before each season. The players were then prospectively followed throughout the season for incidence of throwing-related injury. Injuries were categorized on an ordinal scale, with no injury, injury treated conservatively, and injury resulting in surgery delineated 0, 1, and 2, respectively. Subset analyses of shoulder injuries and of players with prior surgery were also performed. The association between strength measurements and injury was analyzed using Spearman rank correlation. Results: A statistically significant association was observed for PER strength ( P = .003), SER strength ( P = .048), and SS strength ( P = .006) with throwing-related injury requiring surgical intervention. Supraspinatus strength was also significantly associated with incidence of any shoulder injury ( P = .031). There was an association between the ratio of PER/IR strength and incidence of shoulder injury ( P = .037) and some evidence for an association with overall incidence of throwing-related injury ( P = .051). No associations were noted in the subgroup of players with prior surgery. Conclusion: Preseason weakness of external rotation and SS strength is associated with in-season throwing-related injury resulting in surgical intervention in professional baseball pitchers. Thus, preseason strength data may help identify players at risk for injury and formulate strengthening plans for prevention.
Spinal Column and Spinal Cord Injuries in Mountain Bikers
Authors: Dodwell Emily R. , Kwon Brian K. , Hughes Barbara , Koo David , Townson Andrea , Aludino Allan , Simons Richard K. , Fisher Charles G. , Dvorak Marcel F. , Noonan Vanessa K. 
Published: May 2010

Background: Multiple studies have described in general the injuries associated with mountain biking, and detailed accounts of spine injuries sustained in hockey, gymnastics, skiing, snowboarding, rugby, and paragliding have previously been published. However, no large-scale detailed assessment of mountain biking associated spinal fractures and spinal cord injuries has previously been published. Purpose: This study was undertaken to describe the patient demographics, injuries, mechanisms, treatments, outcomes, and resource requirements associated with spine injuries sustained while mountain biking. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Patients who were injured while mountain biking, and who were seen at a provincial spine referral center between 1995 and 2007 inclusive, with spinal cord injuries and/or spine fracture were included. A chart review was performed to obtain demographic data, and details of the injury, treatment, outcome, and resource requirements. Results: A total of 102 men and 5 women were identified for inclusion. The mean age at injury was 32.7 years (95% confidence interval 30.6, 35.0). Seventy-nine patients (73.8%) sustained cervical injuries, while the remainder sustained thoracic or lumbar injuries. Forty-three patients (40.2%) sustained a spinal cord injury. Of those with cord injuries, 18 (41.9%) were American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) A, 5 (11.6%) were ASIA B, 10 (23.3%) ASIA C, and 10 (23.3%) ASIA D. Sixty-seven patients (62.6%) required surgical treatment. The mean length of stay in an acute hospital bed was 16.9 days (95% confidence interval 13.1, 30.0). Thirty-three patients (30.8%) required intensive care unit attention, and 31 patients (29.0%) required inpatient rehabilitation. Of the 43 patients (40.2%) seen with spinal cord injuries, 14 (32.5%) improved by 1 ASIA category, and 1 (2.3%) improved by 2 ASIA categories. Two patients remained ventilator-dependent at discharge. Conclusion: Spine fractures and spinal cord injuries caused by mountain biking accidents typically affect young, male, recreational riders. The medical, personal, and societal costs of these injuries are high. Injury prevention should remain a primary goal, and further research is necessary to explore the utility of educational programs, and the effect of helmets and other protective gear on spine injuries sustained while mountain biking.
Association of Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury With Presence and Thickness of a Bony Ridge on the Anteromedial Aspect of the Femoral Intercondylar Notch
Authors: Everhart Joshua S. , Flanigan David C. , Simon Robert A. , Chaudhari Ajit M.W. 
Published: May 2010

Background: Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries are among the most common injuries in sports medicine, and identification of risk factors for noncontact injury is an area of active research. Hypothesis: Evaluation of the femoral notch along the path of the anterior cruciate ligament may elucidate anatomical risk factors previously unseen on conventional images. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Twenty-seven patients with noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries were matched to healthy individuals for height, weight, age, and sex in this case-control study. Sagittal magnetic resonance images of the contralateral knee of the injured patients and randomized knees of the healthy controls were digitally transformed for viewing along the plane of the anterior cruciate ligament and evaluated for abnormalities of femoral notch outlet shape. Femoral notch shape was also evaluated by computer-generated surface models of the knee. Results: A bone ridge was observed on the medial side of the anterior notch outlet, and increasing ridge thickness was strongly associated with noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury (3.87 ± 2.17 mm in injured and 2.16 ±1.80 mm in controls; P = .0014). Anterior and posterior femoral notch outlet stenosis were both significantly associated with noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury ( P = .0008 and .02, respectively), although anterior outlet stenosis became nonsignificant when stratified by the presence of an anteromedial bone ridge. Finally, images directed through the femoral notch with the knee at 45° of flexion provided an unobstructed view for ridge detection that may be utilized in plain radiography. Conclusion: The presence and thickness of an anteromedial bone ridge in the femoral notch has been identified as a potential risk factor for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury. A biomechanical injury model involving the femoral notch ridge in anterior cruciate ligament tears is proposed in which the anterior cruciate ligament may be tented and stretched over the anteromedial notch ridge during knee valgus and internal tibial rotation; alternatively, the anterior cruciate ligament may be impinged at the lateral anterior outlet wall during knee valgus and external tibial rotation. Further investigation to determine the origin of the bone ridges and the validity of the proposed injury model is recommended.