bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studying American Elections*
Authors: Abramson Paul R. , Aldrich John H. , Rohde David W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article reviews what American elections, through the National Election Study (NES) and similar survey-based analyses of the electorate, have accomplished. What were the major intellectual questions and theoretical debates that have arisen as a result of elections, and where have they taken us? It then evaluates the directions that have spun off from this common core in recent years, and asks where they are likely to lead. Scholars have used NES surveys to test propositions drawn from all of these approaches. However, none of them provides a comprehensive answer to questions of how voters decide whether to vote and for whom. The classical paradigm of the large-N random survey has already taken many new directions. The results are changing the nature of the research problem and it is therefore likely to change the nature of the theoretical structure of the field. It seems likely that new theory will emerge from advances in social psychology and neuroscience.
In Search of Representation Theory
Authors: Hurley Patricia A. , Hill Kim Quaile 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article addresses the central concepts for and most critical research challenges that characterize the systematic study of representation. It also determines the frontier of knowledge and the most notable gaps in that frontier — based on what is known from both classic and contemporary research. It then recognizes that the topic of democratic representation leads to many topical questions of interest to both scholars and the general public. Additionally, it describes how elections affect representation, investigating the influence of turnout, candidate choice, competition, electoral frequency, and electoral change on the extent of policy representation. The representation of minorities is considered. A discussion of complex models of representation that move beyond the basic assumptions of most empirical work on the subject is further provided. Finally, the article emphasizes how a number of contradictory empirical results can be resolved.
Quantitative Approaches to Studying the Presidency
Authors: Howell William G. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article outlines the state of quantitative research on the presidency a quarter century after George Edwards issued his original entreaty. After briefly documenting publication trends on quantitative research on the presidency in a variety of professional journals, it describes the substantive contributions of selected quantitative studies to long-standing debates about the centralization and politicization of presidential authority, public appeals, and presidential policy making. It also pays particular attention to the ways in which recent scholarship addresses methodological issues that regularly plague studies of the organization of political institutions, their interactions with the public, and their influence in systems of separated powers. The literatures on bureaucratic control, public appeals, and unilateral policy making have made considerable advances in the past few years. There are still several challenges that face quantitative research on the US presidency.
Presidential Transitions
Authors: Pfiffner James P. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article begins by exploring the development and increasing complexity of the transition of the presidency in the second half of the twentieth century. It also explores the key elements that influence successful transition and suggests questions that future scholars might address. The keys to a successful transition entail mastering the following elements: early planning, White House staff, cabinet, presidential personnel, media relations, the policy agenda, and finally the overall shift from campaigning to governing. The article then provides possible directions for future scholars. Transition research suffers from some inherent drawbacks. The best scholarship on presidential transitions has exploited primary sources in some depth. Personnel recruitment presents a major organizational challenge in every transition. The fundamentals of presidential transitions have been analyzed in a rich, scholarly literature. Perhaps the broadest and most important questions that future scholars can address concern how transitions affect governance.
Presidents and the Political Agenda
Authors: Wood B. Dan 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article discusses the current state of scientific research on the president and the political agenda. It also points toward gaps and limitations in the literature and areas for future research. It starts by describing the presidents and general theories of agenda setting. Presidents must compete with a variety of influences if they want to focus systemic attention on their issue priorities. Their main paths for focusing systemic attention are through the mass media and making direct appeals to the public. Agenda setting is a critical element of presidential leadership. The presidential issue priorities may not be ripe for consideration due to constraints on the agenda space or the dominance of more pressing matters. There are many instances where the president is simply one of the players in a policy-making process that is always ongoing. It is stated that the American president is a significant actor in setting political agendas.
Leading the Public
Authors: Edwards George C. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Leading the public is at the core of the modern presidency. Gaining and maintaining office, obtaining support from an independently elected legislature, and increasing the party's representation in Congress depend on public opinion. The premise that the president has considerable potential to move the public is so widespread. The presidential public leadership is discussed in this article. The article also reports on different aspects of potentially leading the public through exploiting existing opinion. There are several means by which presidents might increase their chances of success in leading the public by exploiting existing public opinion. The rudimentary state of the understanding of public leadership may be an advantage to scholars of the presidency.
Understanding the Rhetorical Presidency
Authors: Bimes Terri 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article first addresses the historical development of presidential rhetoric, with a particular focus on Jeffrey Tulis' agenda-setting study of the rhetorical presidency. It then turns to a consideration of the impact of presidential rhetoric on American politics, reviewing both quantitative political science studies and more interpretative works by political communications scholars. It finally reports the directions for further work that will capitalize on the promise of new data sources to address substantively important questions. In the end, although earlier critiques of the field of presidential rhetoric for the absence of systematic evidence gathering and hypothesis testing were largely on target, the study of presidential rhetoric has made substantial progress in recent years.
Public Evaluations of Presidents
Authors: Gronke Paul , Newman Brian 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article summarizes recent research that endogenizes and contextualizes the aspects of the political and economic environment that drive presidential approval and determines the important questions that should motivate future research. It then proceeds by discussing the forces that shape approval and ways in which polarization, changes in the media market, and the post-9/11 context may alter their impact. Additionally, it explains the roots of these forces themselves, showing how these forces depend on competition among political actors, including the president, and the media environment in which this competition occurs. The proliferation of media outlets poses significant challenges to the executive branch's ability to set the news agenda. Heterogeneity across groups can influence approval in two ways, via different perceptions of political and economic conditions and via the different impacts of those conditions. Presidents may be advantaged in competitions over the criteria by which they are evaluated.
The Presidency and the Mass Media
Authors: Cohen Jeffrey E. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
News is the primary source of information for the overwhelming number of people in modern mass democracies. Through news coverage, political leaders gain access to the public, providing opportunities to lead the public and set its policy agenda. Presidential news can be thought of as all stories that mention the president or only those in which the president is an important subject or actor. Most research on presidential news focuses on the national news media but good reasons exist to also study coverage in the local media. Presidents are concerned with news coverage beyond their local visits. The move toward a theory of presidential news production is presented. The article also addresses the impact of presidential news on public opinion. It concentrates on the influence of presidential news on presidential approval. The topic of the presidency and the news media is an interdisciplinary one.
Legislative Skills
Authors: Wayne Stephen J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article first discusses legislative skills in some detail. The internal executive policy-making and policy implementation processes drive the institutional components of the legislative presidency. The article then outlines the research on the impact of these skills on legislative policy output, and poses some substantive and methodological issues that scholars and practitioners need to address. It specifically addresses the divergence of opinion on the importance of presidents' legislative skills on policy outcomes in Congress. The limitations that the constitutional, institutional, and political systems impose on the exercise of presidential power in Congress create a variety of leadership problems for presidents. They widen the gap between promises and performance. Both president and Congress have a stake in making the system work by creating mechanisms for building policy consensus and for bridging the institutional and oftentimes political divide.
The Consequences of Divided Government
Authors: Coleman John J. , Parker David C. W. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article starts by asking: what is the nature of political parties in a system of separated powers? It then describes the most recent empirical manifestation of that debate: does party control of government matter? It also discusses what has yet to be learned about divided government and provides some thoughts about future research directions. The policy production of the president and Congress is greater in periods of unified government. Much of the research on divided government has focused on legislative outputs. The president's use of his commander in chief powers also varies systematically depending on party control. Furthermore, it explores the avenues that may benefit research into the presidency and largely set to the side other possible research directions regarding divided government.
Connecting Interest Groups to the Presidency
Authors: Loomis Burdett A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article explores the core findings and trends within the patchy scholarship that links presidents, lobbying, and interest groups, and then suggests ways for scholars to construct a fuller understanding of the complex and often hidden relationships between the executive and organized interests. Within the political science literature, at least three major perspectives shape analyses of linkages between the presidency and organized interests. There is both a dearth of theory building on relationships between the presidency and organized interests, and a striking lack of information on these linkages, especially the traditional outside-in group activities. The institutions of the presidency and of organized interests represent two elephants, in reasonably close proximity.
Going Alone
Authors: Mayer Kenneth R. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article discusses the logic of the unilateral powers model. The theory of unilateral presidential action is based on two foundational assumptions. The article also evaluates the state of empirical work on the model's predictions. Then, the unresolved questions that can motivate future research are addressed. Furthermore, a troubling implication of unilateral action theory is presented: the prediction that, over time, presidents will use unilateral action to expand the reach of presidential authority and centralize power within the White House. The theory of unilateral action depicts an institutional struggle, in which presidents compete with Congress for policy control. ‘Unilateral powers’ has become a major research agenda, with a consistent theoretical framework and a strong empirical tradition. Unilateral action raises important questions about the balance of power among the institutions of national government, and the effectiveness of congressional and judicial checks on executive energy.
Prerogative Power and Presidential Politics
Authors: Pious Richard M. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article uses the broadest possible definition of presidential prerogative, covering all powers a president may claim from the Constitution. Prerogative politics involves the substitution of presidential fiat and unilateral action for statutory authorization and collaborative decision making. The open politics of routine domestic prerogative is fundamentally different from the closed politics of ‘high prerogative’. The assertion of prerogative leads to the institution of prerogative governance. The outcomes of prerogative governance are covered. Some insights from traditional political science literature are dealt with, and then some of the newer methodological approaches are described. Each method of advancing the study of presidential prerogative has made important contributions. The study of presidential prerogative power is likely to advance on all three fronts: through doctrinal approaches, behavioural approaches, and the use of formal modeling.
Organizational Structure and Presidential Decision Making
Authors: Burke John P. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Three important works began to capture the impact of organization upon the presidency: Richard Tanner Johnson's Managing the White House (1974), Irving Janis' Victims of Groupthink (1972), and Graham Allison's Essence of Decision (1971). Johnson's work proved important both in recognizing the different organizational patterns and in beginning to recognize the related dimension of the presidential management of them. Janis sought to demonstrate that poor policy choices were made by participants who were otherwise highly intelligent, substantively experienced, and politically sophisticated. He attributes this failure in decision outcome to a particular pathology of small groups: the emergence of ‘groupthink’. Allison's work is important as an examination of Kennedy's decision making, but it has captured enduring scholarly attention for its three models and the different explanatory light each sheds. There are a number of additional issues that merit further consideration concerning the relationship of organizational structure and presidential decision making.
Influences on Presidential Decision Making
Authors: Hult Karen M. , Walcott Charles E. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article starts by examining the range of factors that scholars have identified as primary shapers of presidential decisions. Then, it discusses the presidential advisers who help shape the agenda, frame many of the problems, and filter much of the information presidents cope with in making decisions. An exploration of the analytical, methodological, and prescriptive dimensions of contemporary scholarship on presidential decisions and decision making is also provided. Furthermore, suggestions for future work are presented. In addition, common features and some of the disconnects and gaps in presidential decision making are described. The given data should suggest that the scholarly literature on presidential decision making is diverse and rich, yielding many insights. Even so, much work remains.
The Presidency–Bureaucracy Nexus
Authors: Khademian Anne M. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article explores the ways in which the literature engages neutral competence and how neutral competence matters for presidential governance of the bureaucracy. It also investigates three areas of the literature: studies of the management and reorganization of the bureaucracy, studies that apply economic theory to questions of presidential influence, and studies of direct ‘unilateral’ presidential action. Then, two related research topics in the institutional presidency are reported. The article applies theories of leadership developed in the field of public administration to the study of the presidency. Moreover, the useful connections between the fields of political science and public administration are elaborated. Ambiguity as a resource for the institutional presidency rests within the grant of authority in the Constitution, as well as in the mandates, processes, and debates of the policy-making process. Presidents are affected by models of leadership that emerge from the complexities of the institutional presidency.
Judicial Checks on the President
Authors: Whittington Keith E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article summarizes the judicial checks on the presidency from two perspectives. The first perspective describes the doctrinal framework within which the courts consider executive power. The second addresses the theoretical and empirical research on how these judicial checks operate in practice. The three legal doctrines that are relevant to the judicial checks are described: political question doctrine, doctrinal frameworks for evaluating assertions of presidential power, and Chevron doctrine for judicial review of administrative action. There is reason to be skeptical of the judicial check on the presidency as a heroic force in American politics. The judiciary is part of the broader political system, and the courts have particularly strong ties to the presidency. The judicial check will matter more if the executive branch anticipates it and adjusts its behaviour accordingly. Theoretical and empirical investigation is further needed to elaborate whether and under what conditions the executive anticipates judicial action.
Presidents, Domestic Politics, and the International Arena
Authors: Kriner Douglas L. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Presidency scholarship on foreign policy has systematically minimized the importance of other domestic political actors in constraining presidential discretion in the international arena. When choosing their foreign policy strategies, presidents look to the partisan balance of power on Capitol Hill, anticipate the amount of leeway Congress will grant them to pursue their policy preferences, and adjust their conduct of policy making accordingly. The article then draws on literatures from within American politics and international relations to identify three mechanisms through which other domestic political actors can retain some measure of influence over the president's conduct of the nation's IR, even when they are unable to legally compel him to change course. It finally explores the ways in which political and strategic considerations moderate the capacity and willingness of Congress, the courts, and organized interests to use these mechanisms to influence presidential decision making in the international arena.
Presidents and International Cooperation
Authors: Pevehouse Jon C. W. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article starts by briefly outlining the state of the field of international relations and domestic politics and examines how this literature has developed over the years. It also reports some of the recent literature on two-level games — i.e., the idea that presidents simultaneously play a bargaining game at the domestic level (with Congress) and at the international level (with other states). Then, new literature that links presidents to questions of international cooperation, in particular, cooperation that occurs within international organizations, is presented. The article concentrates on the core theoretical and empirical debates in the literature surrounding the presidency and international cooperation. It is suggested that presidents have incentives to limit their own policy autonomy in order to gain bargaining leverage domestically. Much of the exciting research in international relations lies at the border with American politics.
War's Contributions to Presidential Power
Authors: Howell William G. , Johnson Tana 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article traces the evolution of the argument regarding the contribution of war to presidential power, as well as its empirical record. It then provides critiques that are meant to guide future research on the topic. The close of the Vietnam War and the concurrent congressional resurgence did not silence discussions of an imperial presidency. They merely put them on hold. Future scholarship should assess the precise origins of the presumed relationship between war and presidential power, as well as the conditions under which it is more and less likely to hold. It should account for both war's benefits and costs to presidential power.
Whose Presidency Is This Anyhow?
Authors: Heclo Hugh 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article starts by discussing the growth of presidential studies. The modern presidency that was said to be represented by FDR did not generate the growth of presidential studies. There were also more substantive concerns driving the growth of presidential studies. The three currents of research are described. The first scholarly current focuses on a president's personal influence. The second strand of mainstream emphasizes presidential unilateralism. A third research current has emphasized the contingent relationship of presidential leadership to the array of political forces in different time periods. ‘Formality’ that has not been corrupted into formalism is a mark of respect. As research on the presidency has grown exponentially, the performance of presidents has, if anything, deteriorated.
Political Scientists and the Public Law Tradition
Authors: Fisher Louis 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
It is rare for a political scientist or historian to dissect a judicial opinion and find its legal reasoning deficient. Political scientists are unlikely to be called before a congressional committee to testify on constitutional and legal matters or even to be solicited for advice on those issues. The public debate about the legality of the war centered around comments not from attorneys or political scientists but from three historians: Henry Steele Commager, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., and Edward S. Corwin. The first two strongly supported President Harry Truman; the third did not. Commager and Schlesinger did great damage to public law by defending a war that violated basic constitutional principles. In time, they admitted their errors. Legal standards suffered also from the writings of political scientist Richard Neustadt. Political scientists have a duty to keep alive an appreciation for the values that made America unique.