bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Whyman Susan E. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter shows how a culture of letters and literacy that included lower and middling-sort letter writers was created in England by 1800. It examines the epistolary tradition in English culture and the rise of the post office. The concept of epistolary literacy is introduced and defined. The discovery of thousands of letters in unknown archives below the rank of gentry provided the source material for the book. They will be used to show why people wrote letters, how they used them, and their impact on individuals, families, and society.
Letters and Literacy
Authors: Whyman Susan E. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents case studies of farmers and workers in Derbyshire, Yorkshire, and Cumbria which show how villages without schools could produce competent letter writers. The case studies are linked to the economic and social conditions of northern England including transportation, communication, and the industrial revolution. The surprising fluency and literary culture of lower-sort letter writers complicates notions of a literacy gap between north and south, as well as agricultural and urban areas. Hidden types of informal education and unlicensed schools are shown to have existed. The importance of family and community support in achieving literacy is discussed. The chapter questions accepted views that literacy was rare in England before 1800.
Conclusion: Letter‐Writing and Eighteenth‐Century Culture
Authors: Whyman Susan E. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This concluding chapter summarizes epistolary patterns that emerged from the case studies in relation to age, gender, class, geographical location, and religion. It presents the varied roles of letters over time. Letter writing acquired its purpose, format, and conventions from an older classical tradition. During the 18th century, it shed many formalities and adopted aspects of middling-sort culture. A national letter form that employed the merchant's round hand gradually became the norm. It embodied plain-spoken English virtues instead of flamboyant mannerisms of French letters. The ideal letter grew more informal, and the gap in expertise between letters of men and women disappeared. Yet the inherent tension between the rigid conventions of the letter form and the impulse to write naturally was never wholly resolved. The democratization of letter writing not only affected individuals and families, it had social, economic, literary, and political impacts on the English nation.
Writing, Performance, and Authority in Augustan Rome
Authors: Lowrie Michele 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This book examines how the Romans conceived of their poetic media. Song has links to the divine through prophecy, while writing offers a more quotidian, but also a more realistic way of presenting what a poet does. In a culture of highly polished book production where recitation was the fashion, to claim to sing or to write was one means of self-definition. This book examines the stakes of literary claims to one medium or another. Generic definition is an important factor. Epic and lyric have traditional associations with song, while the literary epistle is obviously written. But issues of interpretability and power matter even more. Vergil's Sibyl resists the submission to the divine that song entails and would rather write up her prophecies, but the winds blow these around and make them uninterpretable. Song has advantages, but comes at a price. The choice of medium contributes to the debate about the relative potency of rival discourses, specifically poetry, politics, and the law. Writing offers an out from the social and political demands of the moment by shifting the focus toward the readership of posterity. This book fills two needs in the scholarship by focusing on the importance of the media in literary and political self-definition during this period and by providing an account of Augustan literature in its cultural setting. Speech act theory provides a tool for analyzing the interrelation of writing, utterance, and performativity.
8 Love and Semiotics
Authors: Lowrie Michèle 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This is the first in a series of chapters on the Augustan literary epistle, where the advantages of writing come to the fore. A brief treatment of Catullus 50 outlines some of the semiotic issues of communication in absence as an introduction to the heroine epistles of Propertius and Ovid. Although separation is a source of frustration for all the literal or metaphorical lovers in these poems, their situations provide an occasion for their respective poets to explore the gap between the insufficiency of writing as a medium of communication between lovers and its great advantages for reaching a more general reader. The power of representation, of imagination, as well as concerns that anticipate modern speech act theory are addressed.
12 Auctoritas and Representation: Augustus' Res gestae
Authors: Lowrie Michèle 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This is one of two chapters to analyze actual monuments at Rome. Augustus' Res gestae was an inscription erected on pillars outside his Mausoleum on the Campus Martius but also copied and disseminated across the empire. As such, it is a document with a strong affiliation with writing, iteration, and death. Nevertheless, Augustus describes his own power in this document as auctoritas, a word with a strong performative dimension. The performative discourse theory of Pierre Bourdieu, Jacques, Derrida, and Judith Butler helps analyze authority's need for representation and how a productive interrelation between the media helped Augustus articulate his consolidation of power. The exemplum emerges as a figure of thought that brings together ideology, representation, pragmatics, and transmission.
3 1707 and 1800: a Treaty (Mostly) Honoured and a Treaty Broken
Authors: Mclean Iain , Mcmillan Alistair 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Union of England and Scotland 1707: Darien; succession crisis; trading issues; nature of the treaty. Church establishment in both countries. Union of Great Britain and Ireland 1800–1: United Irishmen 1798; French wars; trading issues; Pitt's plan and George III's veto.
4 Why Should We Be Beggars with the Ballot in Our Hand?
Authors: Mclean Iain , Nou Jennifer 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
1909 Budget and Lords' veto. Land tax. Lloyd George's strategy: partial success 1909 and failure 1914. What the Permanent Secretary was up to. Parliament Act 1911 and royal vetoes. Temporary expansion in number of veto players.
7 Causes and Consequences of the Unionist Coup d'État
Authors: Mclean Iain 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Temporary increase in number of veto players. Revolt of the landed class. Marxist explanation. Unionism and the British Empire. Primordial unionism. Bonar Law: the first non‐Anglican to lead the Conservative Party. Ireland: in the Union, but its opinions not to count.
11 Unelected Houses
Authors: McLean Iain 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
‘The House of Peers throughout the war/Did nothing in particular/And did it very well.’ The Levellers and the case for an elected parliament. The Lords since 1909. Remaining conditional vetoes. The Lords and the landed interest. Evolution of the Salisbury–Addison convention. Its fall since 1999. Mackay Commission. Wakeham Commission. Weakness of arguments for an unelected house. Contradictory votes in the Commons. The effectiveness (but doubtful legitimacy) of the post‐1999 Lords. Powers and composition of a (predominantly) elected chamber.
14 We the People
Authors: Mclean Iain 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Summary of previous discussion. Can Diceyanism be revived without Dicey? The case for Parliamentary sovereignty—but that must entail an elected Parliament. The case for counter‐majoritarianism. Strong entrenchment of EU law. Justified on pragmatic, not democratic, grounds. EU polices supranational public goods and bads, and therefore needs some supranational powers. Weak entrenchment of human rights law: the model for entrenchment of other constitutional laws. What is a constitutional statute?—the list in Thoburn. Discrete and insular minorities. Origin of the phrase in the United States; its applicability in United Kingdom. Comity between courts and parliament. How we the people of the United Republic might ordain to ourselves a constitution.
Is more aggressive treatment of pediatric traumatic brain injury worth it?
Authors: Tilford J. Mick , Raja Ali I. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem worldwide and is often referred to as the ‘silent epidemic’. The uncertainty faced by clinicians in treating children with severe brain injuries is controversial with important clinical and social implications. This chapter weighs the costs and consequences of aggressive treatment of pediatric TBI. It is organized into three sections. First, the physiology and treatment of TBI in children is described. Second, a cost-effectiveness analysis evaluating technology improvement in the treatment of pediatric TBI is presented. This analysis incorporates quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) using published data on preference-weighted health outcomes for children with TBI. Finally, the implications and clinical policy relevance of the analysis are discussed and additional research that could inform clinical policy is outlined.
Economic evaluation of childhood vaccines
Authors: Walker Damian G. , Beutels Philippe , Hutubessy Raymond 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The last twenty years have seen an explosion in the number of new vaccines for children. This chapter identifies and discusses the factors that influence the cost-effectiveness of childhood vaccines, including the perspective of the evaluation, the time frame and analytic horizon, the discount rate, the choice of outcome measure, and the price per dose. It then considers some of the main challenges in undertaking economic evaluations of these technologies such as vaccination-specific costing issues and modeling the impact of vaccines. It discusses the use of cost-effectiveness evidence in immunization policy decision-making, and examines other criteria to consider when making such decisions.
Economic evaluations of interventions for children in the developing world: The WHO-CHOICE approach
Authors: Edejer Tessa Tan-Torres , Aikins Moses , Black Robert , Wolfson Lara , Hutubessy Raymond , Evans David B. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
There are logistical and analytical challenges when conducting economic evaluations in the developing world, ranging from lack of data on costs to determining generalizability. This chapter describes the WHO-CHOICE approach, a generalized form of cost-effectiveness analysis. By using the ‘null’ scenario which assumes an absence of interventions for treating or preventing a condition of interest, this method allows existing and new interventions to be analysed at the same time. Cost-effectiveness analysis for child health interventions are presented including oral rehydration therapy, case management for pneumonia, Vitamin A and zinc supplementation and fortification, provision of supplementary food during weaning with nutrition counseling, and measles vaccination using the WHO-CHOICE approach. Methods for costing interventions and assessing the population impact of the interventions are presented. Results are expressed in terms of cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the value of the WHO-CHOICE approach to inform resource allocation.
What do we know about the role of health care technology in driving health care expenditure growth?
Authors: McGuire Alistair , Serra-Sastre Victoria 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter positions the debate of technology change in health care in the context of health systems reform. It discusses definitions of technological change and innovation, and their impact in driving health system change and output (expenditures). It summarizes an aspect of the literature and contains important insights that need to be accounted for when examining health care technological change and expenditure trends.
Insurance and new technology
Authors: Pauly Mark V. , Isen Adam 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThere is a correlation between growing real income and growing medical spending, but the process that might link the one with the other is unknown. This chapter explores whether and how the linking mechanism is affected by health insurance. It hypothesizes that changes in health insurance in individual countries and variations in health insurance across countries might be expected to influence the pace, shape, and cost of technological change. It derives some economic models of the relationship between insurance, and the demand for and supply of new technology in a market-based setting with a private supply of both medical care and insurance.
Health insurance and the uptake of new drugs in the United States
Authors: Gemmill Marin , Serra-Sastre Victoria , Costa-Font Joan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter investigates the effect of health insurance coverage on the use of relatively new prescription drugs. It focuses on statins, a class of lipid-lowering drugs that were considered a major breakthrough after a number of important clinical trials were published. The chapter is organized as follows: Section 2firstly it briefly reviews the literature on technology diffusion and the relationship between insurance and consumption, and also covers the institutional setting in the United States. Next it offers a model of pharmaceutical adoption. The next section provides the results of the analysis. Finally it concludes with a discussion of the results and the policy implications.
Genetic advances and health insurance
Authors: Filipova Lilia , Hoy Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter addresses the complex issue of the use of genetic advances by health insurance. Technical innovation in medical care in general generates a great deal of interest and controversy. Of particular interest is the role of insurance markets (or public insurance) in influencing the adoption of medical innovations. An additional important factor in the context of genetic advances, such as the development of new genetic tests, is the impact of regulations prohibiting insurers from using test results directly as relevant factors in the design and pricing of insurance contracts. Such regulations, of varying force, have been adopted throughout much of Europe. The chapter discusses how such regulations may affect the way that genetic advances affect the adoption of genetic tests and related health care strategies, and what impact this could have on both insurers and consumers.
Intellectual property rights and pharmaceutical development
Authors: Rovira Joan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter clarifies the concept of pharmaceutical innovation, how it is related to well-being and other social goals, and what the best way to promote it is. The first section addresses the various interpretations of the term ‘innovation’, especially in the field of medicines and health services in general, and how they differ across different actors, such as innovators, patent offices, and pricing and reimbursement agencies. The second section highlights the public characteristics of pharmaceutical innovation and how economic systems have addressed this market failure; it outlines the characteristics of intellectual property (IP) systems in pharmaceuticals, and the arguments for and against them. The third section addresses the problems of IP (intellectual property) systems in an increasingly globalized world and the negative effects of IP harmonization for access to medicines in developing countries. The fourth section outlines some of the alternative options that have been advocated to reform, complement, or substitute the present IP systems. The chapter ends with a review of the main findings and some concluding policy implications.
Ree–Hoover virial expansion and hard particles
Authors: McCoy Barry M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter derives the modification of the Mayer expansion made by Ree and Hoover. Analytic expressions for the virial coefficients B2,B3, and B4 are given and Monte–Carlo results for Bn for 5 ≤ n ≤ 10 in dimensions 1 ≤ D ≤ 10 are presented. Various approximate equations of state used to ‘fit’ these coefficients are summarized. Low order virial coefficients for hard squares, cubes and hexagons are given. Open questions relating to the signs of the virial coefficients for hard spheres and discs and to the relation of virial expansions to freezing are discussed.
High density expansions
Authors: McCoy Barry M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter sketches the basic principles of molecular dynamics computations. It presents the results of high density computations for hard spheres and discs. It provides data for the freezing transition of hard spheres and the transition for hard discs. It discusses phase diagrams obtained by numerical methods for the inverse power law potential, hard spheres with an additional attractive square well and the Lenard–Jones potential.
The star-triangle (Yang-Baxter) equation
Authors: McCoy Barry M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter defines transfer matrices, and the existence of a one-parameter family of commuting transfer matrices is defined as the condition of integrability. The local star-triangle (Yang–Baxter) equation is introduced for vertex, spin, and face models and used to demonstrate the commutation of the transfer matrices. The star-triangle equation is solved for the six-vertex, eight-vertex, SOS, RSOS, hard hexagon, and chiral Potts models. The commutation of the transfer matrix with the related quantum spin chain is derived.
The hard hexagon, RSOS and chiral Potts models
Authors: McCoy Barry M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter presents the exact results for the grand partition function of the hard hexagon model in both low and high density regions are presented. In the low density region, these results are used to derive the first 25 virial coefficients of the virial expansion. The analyticity of the pressure in the density plane in both the low and high density regions are then presented. The general theory of the chiral Potts model as a two-dimensional statistical model is presented and the eigenvalues of the three-component superintegrable case are computed in detail. The order parameter is discussed and the phase diagram of the general three-component integrable chiral Potts spin chain is given. Open questions are discussed about Q operators, eight-vertex model degeneracies, and conjectures for correlations functions of the superintegrable chiral Potts model.
3 Pluralism, Incompletely Theorized Agreements, and Public Policy
Authors: Ruger Jennifer Prah 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter draws on social choice theory and proposes incompletely theorized agreements (ITAs) as an approach to collective decision‐making in public policy and human rights. The chapter presents difficulties in social choice, as illustrated by Arrow's Impossibility Theorem, and delineates three ITA models, incompletely specified agreements, and incompletely specified and generalized agreements. Health and health capabilities are multidimensional concepts about which there is no unique view. This chapter develops the ITA framework to health and health care decision‐making, and begins to operationalize the health capability paradigm by extending it when dominance partial ordering and incomplete specification cannot resolve conflicts among different views about health. The incomplete ordering of the capability view, in combination with incompletely theorized agreements on that ordering, allows for reasoned health policy development and analysis in the face of pluralism and conflicting views.
7 A Health Capability Account of Equitable and Efficient Health Financing and Insurance
Authors: Ruger Jennifer Prah 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides an alternative moral framework for analyzing health financing. In the health capability paradigm, continuous universal health insurance is essential for human flourishing. Its central ethical aims are to ensure individual health, develop health functioning and agency, and enhance security. Universal health insurance requires resource redistribution, regulation and public goods creation. In contrast to mainstream economic theory, behavioral economics and prospect theory, the health capability paradigm's view of health insurance focuses on individuals' exposure to risk and their ability to manage it adequately, rather than their preferences regarding it. Under this paradigm, universal health insurance is morally justified because it ensures human flourishing and protects against vulnerability and insecurity. Unlike existing theories in medical ethics, a distinction is made between the promotion of equal access to health care and equal access to the gains in well‐being that accrue from risk pooling and health insurance. The chapter concludes with empirical evidence on the equity of health financing models and examines the public sector's role in creating equitable and efficient health systems, providing public goods and buffering market failures.
3 The Interplay of Business and Politics
Authors: Casarini Nicola 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter concentrates on the interplay between European corporate interests (backed by their respective governments) and Chinese leaders. The interplay of business and politics has come to characterize contemporary EU—China relations, putting on display the various facets of the EU. This chapter shows, on the one hand, how the various European Commission programmes and dialogue aimed at transforming China along liberal—democratic lines would give meaning and substance to the notion of the EU as a civilian (and normative) power while the EU member states (in particular the large ones) would tend to maintain good political relations with the Chinese regime in order to promote their national companies' business interests. Such mercantilist approach would be skilfully exploited by Chinese leaders to obtain political concessions. As this chapter explains, this trade‐off between markets and principles would largely benefit two‐way trade and lay the basis for the subsequent upgrading of political relations.
Concepts in Thermal Physics
Authors: Blundell Stephen J. , Blundell Katherine M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
An understanding of thermal physics is crucial to much of modern physics, chemistry, and engineering. This book provides a modern introduction to the main principles that are foundational to thermal physics, thermodynamics, and statistical mechanics. The key concepts are carefully presented in a clear way, and new ideas are illustrated with worked examples as well as a description of the historical background to their discovery. Applications are presented to subjects as diverse as stellar astrophysics, information and communication theory, condensed matter physics, and climate change. Each chapter concludes with detailed exercises. This second edition of the text maintains the structure and style of the first edition but extends its coverage of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics to include several new topics, including osmosis, diffusion problems, Bayes theorem, radiative transfer, the Ising model, and Monte Carlo methods. New examples and exercises have been added throughout.