bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methyl parathion toxicity in vegetated and nonvegetated wetland mesocosms
Authors: Schulz Ralf , Moore Matt T. , Bennett Erin R. , Farris Jerry L. , Smith Sammie , Cooper Charles M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMethyl parathion (MeP) was introduced into constructed wetlands for the purpose of assessing the influence of emergent vegetation on transport and toxicity of the pesticide. Two vegetated (90% cover, mainly Juncus effusus) and two nonvegetated wetland cells (each with a water body of 50 × 5.5 × 0.2 m) were each dosed with 6.5 m3 of water containing active ingredient of MeP at 6.6 mg/L associated with suspended soil at 400 mg/L to simulate a storm runoff event. Acute toxicity was assessed by sampling benthic macroinvertebrates at 5, 10, 20, and 40 m from the inlet before and 96 h after contamination and by in situ exposure of Chironomus tentans (Diptera) up to 24 h after contamination. Methyl parathion was detected throughout the nonvegetated wetland cells (70 μg/L at 20 m, 8 μg/L at 40 m), whereas the pesticide was not transported through the vegetated wetland cells (20 μg/L at 20 m, &lt;0.1 μg/L at 40 m). A three-way analysis of variance using contamination (repeated measure variable), location, and vegetation indicated significant negative effects of contamination on various insect taxa, such as mayfly nymphs and caddisfly larvae. Seven out of the total of 15 species revealed a significant contamination × vegetation effect, with individuals in the vegetated wetlands being less affected. Four species showed a significant contamination × location effect, confirming a higher toxicity in the inlet area of the wetlands. A significant three-way interaction of contamination × vegetation × location was detected in Chironomus sp., which was most strongly affected at the inlet area of the nonvegetated wetland cells. The in situ bioassay employing C. tentans confirmed the positive effect of wetland vegetation on MeP toxicity. These results demonstrate the importance of vegetation for pesticide mitigation in constructed wetlands.
Life-history characteristics of Daphnia exposed to dissolved microcystin-LR and to the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa with and without microcystins
Authors: Lürling Miquel , van der Grinten Esther 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In the current study, the role of microcystin(MC)-LR in inhibiting Daphnia growth was examined. Somatic growth, time to first reproduction, number of newborns, mortality, and population growth were measured in Daphnia fed mixtures of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa (with and without microcystin) with a high quality green algal food (Scenedesmus obliquus) to avoid nutritional deficiency. Microcystin-LR-containing cells caused a dramatic reduction in growth and resulted in death of the animals, but the addition of purified toxin (microcystin-LR) had no effect on Daphnia growth. In contrast with the nutritional inadequacy hypothesis, growth on a mixture of Scenedesmus and the microcystin-free food was significantly reduced. This observation could not be explained from morphological characteristics of the strains that were uni- and bicellular. Clearance rates of Daphnia fed mixtures of Microcystis and Scenedesmus were significantly lower than rates of animals fed solely Scenedesmus. The results of an additional life-history experiment with different quantities of Scenedesmus could not reject the hypothesis that reduced feeding may be the causal factor in explaining reduced Daphnia growth on the food mixture with microcystin-free Microcystis. Thus, feeding inhibition should be considered in explaining the food quality of Microcystis and other cyanobacteria, as it could affect the total food intake and consequently Daphnia growth.
Toxicity of heavy metals using sperm cell and embryo toxicity bioassays withParacentrotus lividus(Echinodermata: Echinoidea): Comparisons with exposure concentrations in the Lagoon of Venice, Italy
Authors: Novelli Alessandra Arizzi , Losso Chiara , Ghetti Pier Francesco , Ghirardini Annamaria Volpi 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSperm cell and embryo toxicity tests using the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus Lmk were performed to assess the toxicity of As3+, Cd2+, Cr3+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Hg2+. The aim of this study was to improve information about the comparative sensitivity of sea urchin bioassays to the heavy metals, which are an important cause of contamination in the ecosystem of the Lagoon of Venice. Considering the data in mM/L, the order of toxicity is Hg2+ &gt; Cu2+ &gt; Zn2+ &gt; As3+ ≥ Cr3+ ≥ Cd2+ ≥ Pb2+ ≥ Ni2+ for the sperm cell test and Hg2+ ≥ Pb2+ &gt; Cu2+ &gt; Zn2+ &gt; Cd2+ &gt; Ni2+ &gt; As3+ ≥ Cr3+ for the embryo test. New toxicity data for metals expressed as median effective concentration (EC50) and no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) are reported for the Mediterranean species. Accurate observations of embryotoxic effects at increasing metal concentrations were done, detecting some different behaviors in metal toxicity. Toxicity data compared with water column and pore-water concentrations recorded in the Lagoon of Venice (Italy) demonstrate the potential ability of bioassays using sea urchin to detect important contaminants in this ecosystem.
The relationships of biochemical endpoints to histopathology and population metrics in feral flatfish species collected near the municipal wastewater outfall of Orange County, California, USA
Authors: Roy Luke A. , Armstrong Jeffrey L. , Sakamoto Ken , Steinert Scott , Perkins Edwin , Lomax Daniel P. , Johnson Lyndal L. , Schlenk Daniel 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn July 2000, 330 individuals of three flatfish species were collected from reference locations and nine sites surrounding the outfall of the Orange County (CA, USA) Sanitation District (OCSD) municipal wastewater discharge. Species included hornyhead turbot (Pleuronichthys verticalis), English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus), and bigmouth sole (Hippoglossina stomata). Livers of sampled animals were examined for the expression of vitellogenin (in males), cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A), and DNA damage (comet assay). Biliary fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs) were also measured. Comparisons with tissue and sediment contaminant residues, liver histopathology, and population estimates were assessed to determine whether relationships exist between levels of biological organization. The CYP1A results indicated exposure to planar aromatic hydrocarbons at one nearshore site. Regression analysis of all English sole CYP1A to total sediment polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (r2 = 0.97; p &lt; 0.05) indicated a significant correlation. Widespread exposure to estrogens was observed at all sites without correlation to the abundance of the three species examined. Fluorescent aromatic compounds demonstrated no correlation to CYP1A expression. Overall, histopathology and biochemical endpoints did not indicate significant adverse effects in fish at the OCSD outfall.
Variation, replication, and power analysis ofMyriophyllumspp. microcosm toxicity data
Authors: Hanson Mark L. , Sanderson Hans , Solomon Keith R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMyriophyllum spp. have been proposed as a new standard laboratory aquatic macrophyte test species for the registration of pesticides. The main objectives of this investigation were to determine the power of Myriophyllum sibiricum and Myriophyllum spicatum toxicity data derived from an outdoor microcosm bioassay, to evaluate the variation of 10 different aquatic plant endpoints and to calculate the minimum detectable difference for these endpoints, to determine the replication required to detect ecologically significant changes from control for these endpoints, and to make recommendations for future field studies with Myriophyllum spp. Control data from four different studies that characterized haloacetic acid toxicity with Myriophyllum spp. for durations of three to six weeks during the summer of 1999 with five treatment levels (n = 3), including control, were examined. Endpoint coefficient of variation ranged, on average, from 6 to 28%. Node number and plant length endpoints were consistently the most statistically powerful for both plant species. It was possible to detect −30% change from control in both endpoints with high statistical power (β = 0.2, α = 0.05, n = 3). The range of minimum detectable differences was 40 to 60% for the other endpoints. Replication to detect a ≥25% change from control would require an n of 2 to 21, depending on the endpoint. Myriophyllum sibiricum had slightly lower coefficients of variation and thus required fewer replicates than M. spicatum to be statistically significantly different from control values. Variation within microcosm studies was not significantly different from that of controlled laboratory studies, implying that most of the variation observed in the field is inherent in the plants. Based on statistical sensitivity, ecological relevance, and toxicological sensitivity, we recommend using plant length and root endpoints as indicators of toxicity under field conditions.
Pyrethroid stimulation of ion transport across frog skin
Authors: Cassano Giuseppe , Bellantuono Vito , Ardizzone Concetta , Lippe Claudio 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPyrethroids are grouped into two classes (types I and II) because of the absence or presence of an α-cyano substituent and the production of a different intoxication syndrome in rodents. In this study, we investigated the effect of pyrethroids on the ion transport across frog skin (Rana esculenta). The short-circuit current value (estimate of ion transport) was increased by each of the eight pyrethroids tested, with the following order of potency: lambda-cyhalothrin &gt; deltamethrin &gt; alpha-cypermethrin = beta-cyfluthrin &gt; bioallethrin &gt; permethrin &gt; bioresmethrin &gt; phenothrin. The first four compounds are type II pyrethroids. Therefore, ion transport is stimulated more by type II pyrethroids than by type I. Experiments performed in the presence of amiloride support the conclusion that pyrethroids mainly increase Na+ absorption and to a lesser extent Cl− secretion. In these experiments, no systematic difference between type I and II pyrethroids was found. Finally, the stimulation by pyrethroids was inhibited by indomethacin and W7 (inhibitors of cyclooxygenases and the Ca2+/calmodulin system, respectively). These observations suggest that pyrethroids do not directly affect the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) but indirectly influence an intracellular event involved in ENaC modulation and linked to the Ca2+ signaling cascade.
Effects of the androgenic growth promoter 17-β-trenbolone on fecundity and reproductive endocrinology of the fathead minnow
Authors: Ankley Gerald T. , Jensen Kathleen M. , Makynen Elizabeth A. , Kahl Michael D. , Korte Joseph J. , Hornung Michael W. , Henry Tala R. , Denny Jeffrey S. , Leino Richard L. , Wilson Vickie S. , Cardon Mary C. , Hartig Phillip C. , Gray L. Earl 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTrenbolone acetate is a synthetic steroid that is extensively used in the United States as a growth promoter in beef cattle. The acetate is administered to livestock via slow-release implants; some is converted by the animal to 17-β-trenbolone, a relatively potent androgen receptor agonist in mammalian systems. Recent studies indicate that excreted 17-β-trenbolone is comparatively stable in animal waste, suggesting the potential for exposure to aquatic animals via direct discharge, runoff, or both. However, little is known concerning the toxicity of trenbolone to fish. Our goal was to assess the effects of 17-β-trenbolone on reproductive endocrinology of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). An in vitro competitive binding study with the fathead minnow androgen receptor demonstrated that 17-β-trenbolone had a higher affinity for the receptor than that of the endogenous ligand, testosterone. Male and female fish were exposed for 21 d to nominal (target) concentrations of 17-β-trenbolone ranging from 0.005 to 50 μg/L. Fecundity of the fish was significantly reduced by exposure to measured test concentrations ≥ 0.027 μg/ L. The 17-β-trenbolone was clearly androgenic in vivo at these concentrations, as evidenced by the de novo production in females of dorsal (nuptial) tubercles, structures normally present only on the heads of mature males. Plasma steroid (testosterone and β-estradiol) and vitellogenin concentrations in the females all were significantly reduced by exposure to 17-β-trenbolone. The 17-β-trenbolone also altered reproductive physiology of male fathead minnows, albeit at concentrations much higher than those producing effects in females. Males exposed to 17-β-trenbolone at 41 μg/L (measured) exhibited decreased plasma concentrations of 11-ketotestosterone and increased concentrations of β-estradiol and vitellogenin. Overall, our studies indicate that 17-β-trenbolone is a potent androgen and reproductive toxicant in fish. Given the widespread use of trenbolone acetate as a growth promoter, and relative stability of its metabolites in animal wastes, further studies are warranted to assess potential ecological risk.
Predicting the bioavailability of copper and zinc in soils: Modeling the partitioning of potentially bioavailable copper and zinc from soil solid to soil solution
Authors: Impellitteri Christopher A. , Saxe Jennifer K. , Cochran Melissa , Janssen Gijs M. C. M. , Allen Herbert E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This research produced statistically based, semimechanistic models describing partitioning of Cu and Zn in 40 soils from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom (UK), The Netherlands, and Chile with widely varying characteristics. Two different types of models were constructed, partitioning models and competitive adsorption models. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was employed to prioritize over 30 different soil characteristics. Multiple linear regression yielded equations predicting the partitioning of Cu and Zn. Equations were also created that estimated the potentially bioavailable fraction of Cu and/or Zn. Data from plant uptake studies (which are reported separately) governed the choice of a suitable chemical soil extraction that estimated bioavailable Cu (0.01 M HCl) and bioavailable Zn (0.01 M CaCl2). Soil pH (1:1 soil:deionized water [DI H2O]) and percent organic matter accounted for approximately 70% of the variability in Cu partitioning and 80% of the variability in bioavailable Cu in the 40 soils studied. For Zn, soil pH alone accounted for roughly 75% of the partitioning variability and 80% of the variability for the estimated bioavailable portion. The results presented here were used in conjunction with results from the plant uptake studies for the creation of models to assess the potential bioavailable metal associated with any given soil from a wide variety of locations.
Toxicity and pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (Deuteromycotina, Hyphomycetes) and fipronil to the fringe-toed lizard Acanthodactylus dumerili (Squamata: Lacertidae)
Authors: Peveling Ralf , Demba Sy Amadou 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Reptiles in arid and semiarid zones are frequently exposed to insecticides sprayed to control locusts and grasshoppers. We evaluated the toxicity and pathogenicity of new biological and chemical control agents to the fringe-toed lizard Acanthodactylus dumerili in Mauritania, West Africa. A mycoinsecticide based on spores of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (isolate IMI 330189, Green Muscle®) was tested at high challenge concentrations, using three exposure routes. Thirty-minute inhalation exposure to 3.9 × 108 viable conidia/L had no adverse effect. Locomotor activity, feeding activity, food consumption, body weight, and liver-to-body weight ratio were similar among treatments. Gross necropsy revealed no pulmonary lesions, hyphal mats, clumps of spores, or other abnormalities associated with fungal infections. Oral exposure to an oil-miscible flowable concentrate administered at approximately 107 viable conidia/g body weight had no effect on locomotor activity, food consumption, and body weight of survivors. However, two of the treated lizards died within one week of exposure. Feeding activity (sexes pooled) and relative liver mass of female survivors were significantly reduced. This was also observed in lizards treated with deactivated (nonviable) conidia, indicating an inherent toxicity of the formulation. Limited necropsy examination at four weeks posttreatment revealed that one lizard treated with viable spores had developed a pulmonary mycetoma that contained a clump of viable spores and fungal mycelium. The toxicity of mycotoxins was tested by feeding mycosed nymphs of desert locust Schistocerca gregaria to lizards. An average consumption of 231 mg (females) or 260 mg (males) nymphs/g body weight showed no adverse effect for any of the endpoints. No risk due to the pathogen is anticipated at recommended field application rates. The second agent tested was fipronil (Adonis®), a phenylpyrazole insecticide. A single dose of 30 μg fipronil/g body weight was administered via contaminated prey or stomach instillation. The percentage of dead or moribund lizards at four weeks posttreatment was 62.5% in animals fed contaminated prey and 42.0% in gavaged animals. In both tests, survivors showed significantly reduced feeding activity, food consumption, body weight, and organ-to-body-weight ratios (liver and/or fat body). The high toxicity of fipronil to lizards was not previously known, suggesting that follow-up studies (e.g., subacute dietary tests) are needed to provide adequate data for risk assessment.
Fish full life-cycle testing for the weak estrogen 4-tert-pentylphenol on medaka (Oryzias latipes)
Authors: Seki Masanori , Yokota Hirofumi , Matsubara Haruki , Maeda Masanobu , Tadokoro Hiroshi , Kobayashi Kunio 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We studied the chronic effects of 4-tert-pentylphenol (4-PP) on reproductive status of medaka (Oryzias latipes) over two generations under continuous exposure, with the goal of verifying the applicability of the fish full life-cycle test (FFLC) for this weak estrogen with this species. The exposure of parental (F0) medaka to 4-PP was begun on embryos within 12 h after fertilization and continued for up to 101 d, with monitoring of embryological development, hatching, posthatch survival, growth, sexual differentiation, reproduction, and hepatic vitellogenin (VTG) levels under flow-through exposure to 4-PP at mean measured concentrations of 51.1, 100, 224, 402, and 931 μg/L. Eggs (F1) spawned from the F0 fish at 99, 100, and 101 d after hatch also were examined for hatchability, survival after hatching, growth, sexual differentiation, and hepatic VTG levels, until 61 d after hatch. In the FFLC with the F0 medaka, the lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC) of 4-PP for lethal and sublethal toxicity (as shown by growth inhibition) was 931 μg/L. The LOECs for estrogenic effects (as shown by abnormal sexual differentiation and VTG induction) were 224 and ≤51.1 μg/L, respectively, and the LOEC for reproductive impairment was 224 μg/L. Therefore, the effective concentrations of 4-PP for abnormal sexual differentiation and reproductive impairment were about four times lower than those for lethal and sublethal toxicity. In the F1 medaka, the LOECs for sublethal toxicity and estrogenic effects were 224 and ≤51.1 μg/L, respectively. This finding suggests that the continuous exposure to 4-PP over two generations induced these adverse effects at lower concentrations in the F1 generation than those in the F0 generation. Thus, 4-PP has estrogenic effects that reduce the reproductive potential of medaka. The results indicate that the FFLC with medaka is applicable to the evaluation of weak estrogens.
Reproductive and morphological effects of halogenated dimethyl bipyrroles on captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius)
Authors: Tittlemier Sheryl A. , Duffe Jason A. , Dallaire André D. , Bird David M. , Norstrom Ross J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSixty-four adult captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were exposed to a dietary source of halogenated dimethyl bipyrroles (HDBPs), a group of organohalogens proposed to have a natural origin. Adult kestrels were assigned to four treatment groups that were administered a different dose of HDBPs [high, 140 μg/(bird · d); medium, 4.3 μg/(bird · d); low, 0.13 μg/(bird · d); control, 0 μg/(bird · d)]. Exposure began prior to pairing and continued during breeding until approximately 28 d after hatching of the final eggs. Juvenile and adult kestrels accumulated HDBPs in carcass tissue, plasma, and liver. In addition, HDBPs were transferred to yolks during egg development. Low dietary absorption efficiencies (0.011–0.029) indicated that HDBPs were effectively cleared from kestrels either from increased elimination, metabolism, or a combination of the two processes. Reproductive and morphological endpoints examined for HDBP-induced changes included egg volume, egg mass, eggshell thickness, egg fertility, clutch size, liver and whole body mass, antebrachium, central retrice, tarsus, ninth primary, and wing cord lengths. Few statistically significant dose-dependent effects were observed. Hepatic tissue samples from selected individuals underwent histomorphological evaluation. Although the hepatic function was not evaluated specifically in these birds, no clinical signs suggestive of liver disease or gross hepatic anomalies were observed. Only minor histomorphological changes were detected in the hepatic tissue. The lack of serious effects suggests that HDBPs are not an acute reproductive threat to avian populations.
Effects of 4-nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol on sex differentiation and vitellogenin induction in medaka (Oryzias latipes)
Authors: Seki Masanori , Yokota Hirofumi , Maeda Masanobu , Tadokoro Hiroshi , Kobayashi Kunio 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMedaka (Oryzias latipes) were continuously exposed to various concentrations of two alkylphenols, 4-nonylphenol (NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), from fertilized eggs to 60 d posthatch. The effects on sexual differentiation and hepatic vitellogenin (VTG) induction in medaka were assessed to elucidate the lowest-observed-effect concentrations (LOECs) of NP and OP for these events during early life stages. The LOECs of NP and OP for these events were 11.6 and 11.4 μg/L, respectively. These results suggest that NP and OP may have adverse effects at similar concentrations during early life stage in medaka. Additionally, we investigated whether the abnormal sex differentiation induced by these alkylphenols would be permanent or reversible once the medaka were returned to clean water. The appearance of the secondary sex characteristics reverted from female to male when fish were returned to clean water. However, gonadal histology showed that intersex gonads still existed, even after the fish were transferred to clean water for two months. These results suggest that the induced feminization of secondary sex characteristics in medaka exposed to alkylphenols during the stage of sexual differentiation may not always be permanent, but the gonadal alteration (testisova) may continue much longer.