bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-21 Is Critically Required in Autoimmune and Allogeneic Responses to Islet Tissue in Murine Models
Authors: McGuire Helen M. , Walters Stacey , Vogelzang Alexis , Lee Carol M.Y. , Webster Kylie E. , Sprent Jonathan , Christ Daniel , Grey Shane , King Cecile 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVEType 1 diabetes is an incurable chronic autoimmune disease. Although transplantation of pancreatic islets may serve as a surrogate source of insulin, recipients are subjected to a life of immunosuppression. Interleukin (IL)-21 is necessary for type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. We examined the efficacy of an IL-21–targeted therapy on prevention of diabetes in NOD mice, in combination with syngeneic islet transplantation. In addition, we assessed the role of IL-21 responsiveness in islet allograft rejection in mouse animal models.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSNOD mice were treated with IL-21R/Fc, an IL-21–neutralizing chimeric protein. This procedure was combined with syngeneic islet transplantation to treat diabetic NOD mice. Survival of allogeneic islet grafts in IL-21R–deficient mice was also assessed.RESULTSEvidence is provided that IL-21 is continually required by the autoimmune infiltrate, such that insulitis was reduced and reversed and diabetes inhibited by neutralization of IL-21 at a late preclinical stage. Recovery from autoimmune diabetes was achieved by combining neutralization of IL-21 with islet transplantation. Furthermore, IL-21–responsiveness by CD8+ T-cells was sufficient to mediate islet allograft rejection.CONCLUSIONSNeutralization of IL-21 in NOD mice can inhibit diabetes, and when paired with islet transplantation, this therapeutic approach restored normoglycemia. The influence of IL-21 on a graft-mounted immune response was robust, since the absence of IL-21 signaling prevented islet allograft rejection. These findings suggest that therapeutic manipulation of IL-21 may serve as a suitable treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes.
Long-Term Impact of Neonatal Breastfeeding on Childhood Adiposity and Fat Distribution Among Children Exposed to Diabetes In Utero
Authors: Crume Tessa L. , Ogden Lorraine , Maligie MaryBeth , Sheffield Shelly , Bischoff Kimberly J. , McDuffie Robert , Daniels Stephen , Hamman Richard F. , Norris Jill M. , Dabelea Dana 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate whether breastfeeding attenuates increased childhood adiposity associated with exposure to diabetes in utero.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Retrospective cohort study of 89 children exposed to diabetes in utero and 379 unexposed youth with measured BMI, waist circumference, skinfolds, visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) abdominal fat. A measure of breast milk–months was derived from maternal self-report and used to categorize breastfeeding status as low (&lt;6) and adequate (≥6 breast milk–months). Multiple linear regression was used to model the relationship between exposure to diabetes in utero and offspring adiposity outcomes among youth stratified according to breastfeeding status.

RESULTS
Adequate (vs. low) breastfeeding status was associated with significantly lower BMI, waist circumference, SAT, and VAT at ages 6–13 years. Among youth in the low breastfeeding category, exposure to diabetes in utero was associated with a 1.7 kg/m2 higher BMI (P = 0.03), 5.8 cm higher waist circumference (P = 0.008), 6.1 cm2 higher VAT (P = 0.06), 44.6 cm2 higher SAT (P = 0.03), and 0.11 higher ratio of subscapular-to-triceps skinfold ratio (P = 0.008). Among those with adequate breastfeeding in infancy, the effect of prenatal exposure to diabetes on childhood adiposity outcomes was not significant.

CONCLUSIONS
Adequate breastfeeding protects against childhood adiposity and reduces the increased adiposity levels associated with exposure to diabetes in utero. These data provide support for mothers with diabetes during pregnancy to breastfeed their infants in order to reduce the risk of childhood obesity.
Heterogeneity of Diabetes Outcomes Among Asians and Pacific Islanders in the U.S.
Authors: Kanaya Alka M. , Adler Nancy , Moffet Howard H. , Liu Jennifer , Schillinger Dean , Adams Alyce , Ahmed Ameena T. , Karter Andrew J. 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
Ethnic minorities with diabetes typically have lower rates of cardiovascular outcomes and higher rates of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) compared with whites. Diabetes outcomes among Asian and Pacific Islander subgroups have not been disaggregated.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We performed a prospective cohort study (1996–2006) of patients enrolled in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Diabetes Registry. There were 64,211 diabetic patients, including whites (n = 40,286), blacks (n = 8,668), Latinos (n = 7,763), Filipinos (n = 3,572), Chinese (n = 1,823), Japanese (n = 951), Pacific Islanders (n = 593), and South Asians (n = 555), enrolled in the registry. We calculated incidence rates (means ± SD; 7.2 ± 3.3 years follow-up) and created Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, educational attainment, English proficiency, neighborhood deprivation, BMI, smoking, alcohol use, exercise, medication adherence, type and duration of diabetes, HbA1c, hypertension, estimated glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, and LDL cholesterol. Incidence of myocardial infarction (MI), congestive heart failure, stroke, ESRD, and lower-extremity amputation (LEA) were age and sex adjusted.

RESULTS
Pacific Islander women had the highest incidence of MI, whereas other ethnicities had significantly lower rates of MI than whites. Most nonwhite groups had higher rates of ESRD than whites. Asians had ~60% lower incidence of LEA compared with whites, African Americans, or Pacific Islanders. Incidence rates in Chinese, Japanese, and Filipinos were similar for most complications. For the three macrovascular complications, Pacific Islanders and South Asians had rates similar to whites.

CONCLUSIONS
Incidence of complications varied dramatically among the Asian subgroups and highlights the value of a more nuanced ethnic stratification for public health surveillance and etiologic research.
Applying Motor-Control Theory to Physical Therapy Practice: A Case Report
Authors: Kenyon Lisa K. , Blackinton Mary T. 
Published: February 2011

Purpose: This case report describes the application of an integrated, systems-based theory of motor control to physical therapy practice. Client Description: The patient was a 5-year-old boy with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy who was entering kindergarten. Parent concerns related to the child's safety in playground activities such as playing on the slide. Interventions: Motor-control theory, including factors related to the task, the environment, and the individual, was used to guide and direct physical therapy management related to the patient goal of safely and effectively climbing the ladder to the playground slide. Patient Outcomes: When the child entered kindergarten, he was able to safely ascend the ladder to the playground slide, using a modified movement pattern, when distractions were minimized. However, attentional issues continued to affect task execution when other children were present. Implications: This case report demonstrates a means by which current knowledge and theory can be integrated into clinical practice. Future Directions: Applying motor-control theory to this case led to the development of clinical questions for future research.
Early changes measured by CT perfusion imaging in tumor microcirculation following radiosurgery in rat C6 brain gliomas
Authors: Guan Li-ming , Qi Xi-Xun , Xia Bin , Li Zhen-hua , Zhao Yu , Xu Ke 
Published: February 2011

Object
In this paper, the authors' aim was to use CT perfusion imaging to evaluate the early changes in tumor microcirculation following radiosurgery in rat C6 brain gliomas.

Methods
C6 glioma cells were inoculated into the right caudate nucleus of 25 Wistar rats using a stereotactic procedure. Tumor-bearing rats were randomly divided into 2 groups (tumor group and treatment group). Rats in the treatment group received maximal doses of 20 Gy delivered by the X-knife unit 16 days postimplantation. Computed tomography perfusion imaging was performed in all rats 3 weeks after tumor implantation prior to death and histopathological analysis.

Results
Hypocellular regions and tumor edema were increased in the treatment group compared with the tumor group. Parameters of CT perfusion imaging including cerebral blood volume (CBV) and mean transit time (MTT) of the tumors as well as the permeability surface area (PSA) product in the tumor-brain districts were decreased in the treatment group compared with the tumor group (p < 0.05). Although microvascular density (MVD) in the periphery of the tumors in the treatment group was higher than that in the normal contralateral brain (p < 0.05), MVD of the tumors in the treatment group was less than that in the tumor group (p < 0.01). There was a positive correlation between cerebral blood flow (CBF) and MVD as well as CBV and MVD in the center and periphery of tumors in both groups (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
A decrease in the perfusion volume of rat C6 brain gliomas was observed during the acute stage following X-knife treatment, and CBF and CBV were positively correlated with MVD of rat C6 brain gliomas. Thus, CT perfusion imaging can be used to evaluate the early changes in tumor microcirculation following radiosurgery.
Treatment of cervical stenotic myelopathy: a cost and outcome comparison of laminoplasty versus laminectomy and lateral mass fusion
Authors: Highsmith Jason M. , Dhall Sanjay S. , Haid Regis W. , Rodts Gerald E. , Mummaneni Praveen V. 
Published: February 2011

Object
Cervical stenotic myelopathy due to spondylosis or ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament is often treated with laminoplasty or cervical laminectomy (with fusion). The goal of this study was to compare outcomes, radiographic results, complications, and implant costs associated with these 2 treatments.

Methods
The authors analyzed the records of 56 patients (age range 42–81 years) who were surgically treated for cervical stenosis. Of this group, 30 underwent laminoplasty and 26 underwent laminectomy with fusion. Patients who had cervical kyphosis or spondylolisthesis were excluded. An average of 4 levels were instrumented in the laminoplasty group and 5 levels in the fusion group (p < 0.01). Forty-two percent of the fusions crossed the cervicothoracic junction, but no laminoplasty instrumentation crossed the cervicothoracic junction, and it only reached C-7 in one-third of the cases. Preoperative and postoperative Nurick grades and modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scores were obtained. Outcomes were also assessed with neck pain visual analog scale (VAS) scores and the Odom outcome criteria. Postoperative length of stay, complications, and implant costs were calculated.

Results
The mean duration of follow-up, average patient age, and length of hospital stay were similar for both groups. The mean Nurick scores were also similar in the 2 groups and improved an average of 1.4 points in both (p < 0.01 for preoperative-postoperative comparison in each group). The mean mJOA scores improved 2.7 points in laminoplasty patients and 2.8 points in fusion patients (p < 0.01 for each group). The mean VAS scores for neck pain did not change significantly in the laminoplasty cohort (3.2 ± 2.8 [SD] preoperatively vs 3.4 ± 2.6 postoperatively, p = 0.50). In the fusion cohort, the mean VAS scores improved from 5.8 ± 3.2 to 3.0 ± 2.3 (p < 0.01). Excellent or good Odom outcomes were observed in 76.7% of the patients in the laminoplasty cohort and 80.8% of those in the fusion cohort (p = 0.71). In the fusion group, complications were twice as common and implant costs were nearly 3 times as high as in the laminoplasty group. When cases involving fusions crossing the cervicothoracic junction were excluded, analysis showed similar complication rates in the 2 groups.

Conclusions
Patients treated with laminoplasty and patients treated with laminectomy and fusion had similar improvements in Nurick scores, mJOA scores, and Odom outcomes. Patients who underwent fusion typically had higher preoperative neck pain scores, but their neck pain improved significantly after surgery. There was no significant change in the neck pain scores of patients treated with laminoplasty. Our series suggests cervical fusion significantly reduces neck pain in patients with stenotic myelopathy, but that the cost of the implant and rate of reoperation are greater than in laminoplasty.
« Crise du collectif » et déficit d'histoire : apports de travaux sur le groupe et le collectif de travail
Authors: Lhuilier Dominique , Litim Malika 
Published: February 2011

« Crisis in the collective » and lack of history: the contributions of works on the group and the work team Si les commentaires et analyses de la « crise du collectif » abondent, si ces productions soulignent toutes les effets délétères des différentes formes de déliaison sur la qualité, la sécurité du travail, sur la santé des « travailleurs », elles ne semblent pas pour autant accorder le même sens à cette formule devenue générique de « collectif de travail ». Il nous semble important alors de revenir sur une clarification des concepts mobilisés, et ce dans deux approches, celle proposée par les théories psychanalytiques du groupe, et celle construite par différents courants de la clinique du travail. Cette mise en perspective nous conduits à souligner la centralité de l’héritage culturel, celle d’une histoire dont les individus et les groupes héritent et qu’ils ont à charge de maintenir vivante. En rapportant ici l’analyse que nous avons pu faire suite à une intervention dans un service de Gériatrie, nous voudrions montrer comment, lorsque les histoires de travail sont sans expérience, c’est l’histoire qu’il devient impossible de transmettre.
L'insertion professionnelle des diplômés des établissements supérieurs de la culture
Authors: Cléron Éric 
Published: February 2011

Résumé L’enquête sur l’insertion professionnelle des 5 500 diplômés d’établissements supérieurs relevant du ministère de la Culture et de la Communication au cours des trois années qui suivent l’obtention de leur diplôme en 2004 révèle la qualité de ces formations. Professionnalisantes à court terme, elles garantissent un accès rapide à un emploi en lien avec la formation reçue pour près de quatre diplômés sur cinq. Les résultats confirment l’importance, pour la pérennité de l’emploi, de la correspondance entre le domaine et le niveau de formation et le premier emploi exercé. Trois ans après l’obtention de leur diplôme, 81 % des diplômés de la culture travaillent, contre 77 % de l’ensemble de la génération diplômée en 2004. Enfin, la rapidité de l’insertion, le niveau de rémunération et le taux de chômage varient selon les filières : l’architecture insère rapidement ses diplômés qui travaillent le plus souvent à temps complet, tandis que les diplômés du spectacle travaillent plus souvent à temps partiel et ceux des arts plastiques connaissent un taux de chômage de 20 %. L’enquête, menée en collaboration avec le Centre d’études et de recherches sur les qualifications (Cereq) auprès de 120 établissements et concernant plus de 1 200 diplômés, est inédite pour les diplômés de la culture.
Entrepreneuriat et TPE : la problématique de l'accompagnement
Authors: Bayad Mohamed , Gallais Marie , Marlin Xavier , Schmitt Christophe 
Published: February 2011

Résumé Si de nombreux travaux de recherche ont montré que les compétences de l’entrepreneur sont l’une des principales conditions, sinon la condition essentielle, du succès d’une très petite entreprise (TPE), la question de savoir comment accompagner le développement des compétences nécessaires à la réussite des TPE n’en demeure pas moins toujours d’actualité. En effet, un nombre important d’acteurs et d’institutions ont vu le jour ces dernières années pour répondre aux besoins d’accompagnement des entrepreneurs. Or les programmes et les outils de gestion proposés par ces prescripteurs sont jugés par les dirigeants comme trop éloignés de leur réalité et peu pertinents en contexte de TPE. Afin d’analyser ce constat, nous proposons d’utiliser le concept de « rapport de prescription » afin de dresser d’une part une typologie des principales figures de l’accompagnement, et d’autre part, de poser les bases du processus d’accompagnement en entrepreneuriat et TPE. Pour répondre à ce double objectif, notre recherche repose sur la méthode du « groupe de co-développement professionnel » au sein du Club des Dirigeants Artisans de Lorraine (CDAL) créée en 2005 avec l’appui de l’Institut Supérieur des Métiers (ISM). Le CDAL se réunit quatre journées, sur une période de six mois, chaque année pour converser sur un thème relatif à l’entrepreneuriat artisanal. Les données utilisées pour notre réflexion sont issues des échanges au sein du CDAL sur le thème de la professionnalisation et de l’accompagnement de l’entrepreneur artisan durant l’année 2009.
Le travail « d'utilité sociale » dans le monde associatif
Authors: Hély Matthieu 
Published: February 2011

Résumé Depuis une trentaine d’années, le travail salarié organisé par le monde associatif a pris une telle importance qu’on ne peut plus l’ignorer : ses effectifs ont été multipliés par trois depuis le début des années 1980 et son taux de croissance annuel est deux fois supérieur à celui de l’emploi salarié dans le secteur marchand. L’institutionnalisation du travail associatif a donné lieu à la formalisation croissante de pratiques d’évaluation de sa valeur et de l’impact qu’il produit. L’évaluation du travail repose ainsi sur une catégorie dont la mesure est hétérogène mais qui conduit à rémunérer les travailleurs du monde associatif en fonction de « l’utilité sociale » que les institutions, qui les soutiennent et les financent, leur reconnaissent. Dans ce cadre, la construction de conventions locales pour apprécier l’impact social du travail associatif devient ainsi un enjeu central mais n’est pas sans contradictions que cet article met en évidence.
À propos d’une géométrie vernaculaire : pratiques d’orientation en pays touareg
Authors: Casajus Dominique 
Published: February 2011

Cet article traite de quelques-uns des savoir-faire que les Touaregs doivent cultiver pour s’orienter dans l’espace et se le représenter, eux qui ne disposent ni de cartes ni de boussoles. Ces savoir-faire ne sont pas différents de ceux que nous mobilisons nous-mêmes quotidiennement, étant donné que notre pratique quotidienne de l’espace a peu à voir avec la représentation savante que nous pouvons nous en faire par ailleurs. Ce travail se fonde d’une part sur les pratiques observées par l’auteur au nord du Niger, d’autre part sur des documents (cartes, poèmes) recueillis au xixe siècle et au début du xxe siècle.
La frontière entre le bilād al-islām et le bilād al-Nūba : enjeux et ambiguïtés d’une frontière immobile (VIIe-XIIe siècle)
Authors: Seignobos Robin 
Published: February 2011

Le bilād al-Nūba occupe dans la nomenclature juridique et idéologique arabo-musulmane une position particulière. L’échec de la conquête de la Nubie au viie siècle a débouché sur la signature d’un traité de paix unique qui a fait de cet espace un territoire à part. Ces spécificités ne resteront pas sans effet sur l’appréhension de la frontière qui sépare les pays d’Islam de la Nubie. S’efforçant de définir la limite du bilād al-islām, les géographes arabes semblent unanimes à désigner Assouan comme la dernière ville frontière de l’islam chargée de défendre l’Égypte de l’ennemi latent que demeure, malgré la paix, le pays des Nubiens. Néanmoins, en examinant plus attentivement ces témoignages, ce dispositif frontalier se révèle en réalité plus complexe. Il se structure autour d’un élément naturel, la première cataracte, qui, loin de constituer la barrière infranchissable que certains de ces auteurs souhaiteraient y voir, forme plutôt un espace de transition entre ces deux mondes. Or, c’est justement en tirant parti des porosités de cette frontière que l’islam parvient, sans que cette démarcation soit véritablement remise en question, à étendre son influence bien au-delà de celle-ci.
Ce que l’itinéraire nous dit du voyage. Listes d’itinéraire, voyage et imaginaire spatial au Soudan central au XIXe siècle
Authors: Lefebvre Camille 
Published: February 2011

Les explorateurs européens qui parcourent le Soudan central dans la première moitié du xixe siècle concentrent leurs recherches sur la collecte d’informations géographiques, afin de réunir les matériaux nécessaires à la construction de cartes une fois rentrés en Europe. Pour ce faire, leur méthode est celle d’un recueil systématique et quotidien d’itinéraires auprès de leurs compagnons de voyage et d’informateurs croisés sur les routes ou à l’étape. Certaines de ces listes d’itinéraires nous sont parvenues et nous invitent à tenter de retrouver les pratiques savantes et les imaginaires spatiaux qui les fondent. En les confrontant à des matériaux linguistiques recueillis eux aussi au xixe siècle, on peut replacer ces itinéraires dans le contexte des pratiques de voyage de cette époque au Soudan central. La confrontation de ces documents permet de proposer une mise en récit réaliste des processus qui se sont noués au moment de la rencontre et de donner ainsi du sens à ces objets hybrides, reflets des conceptions de l’espace alors en usage au Soudan central.
Local Landscapes and Constructions of World Space: Medieval Inscriptions, Cognitive Dissonance, and the Course of the Niger
Authors: Moraes Farias Paulo Fernando de 
Published: February 2011

In the West African Sahel, Islam induced processes of cognitive change as spaces and history were given new meaning over time. In the expanding Muslim universe, they were reconstructed with reference to the core regions of the Islamic world and the founding events of Islam. This brought issues of cognitive dissonance to the interpretation of the past, when people were simultaneously confronted with different and incompatible heuristic heritages. This paper investigates such changes in the representation of the past in the Tadmăkkăt / Ǝssuk valley of northern Mali between the Middle Ages and the 1980s. As social interactions were restructured and renegotiated among nomads from the seventeenth century onwards, some groups formulated new status claims by borrowing afresh from the Islamic repertoire. The commercial role the area had played in the Middle Ages ceased to be worth remembering. A new interpretation of the past was imposed upon the valley, and even well-dated Arabic medieval inscriptions were given new meaning. After 1980, the rise of Tuāreg nationalism fostered yet another interpretation of the past of the ancient site. Cognitive dissonance is also displayed in the descriptions of the course of the Niger provided by Leo Africanus in the 16th century, and Muḥammad Bello in the 19th.
Social network modeling: A powerful tool for the study of group scale phenomena in primates
Authors: Jacobs Armand , Petit Odile 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSocial Network Analysis is now a valuable tool to study social complexity in many animal species, including primates. However, this framework has rarely been used to implement quantitative data on the social structure of a group within computer models. Such approaches allow the investigation of how social organization constrains other traits and also how these traits can impact the social organization in return. In this commentary, we discuss the powerful potential of social network modeling as a way to study group scale phenomena in primates. We describe the advantages of using such a method and we focus on the specificity of this approach in primates, given the particularities of their social networks compared with those of other taxa. We also give practical considerations and a list of examples as for the choice of parameters that can be used to implement the social layer within the models. Am. J. Primatol. 73:741–747, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.