bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth mechanisms and thickness effect on the properties of Al‐doped ZnO thin films grown on polymeric substrates
Authors: Koidis Christos , Logothetidis Stergios , Kassavetis Spiridon , Laskarakis Argiris , Hastas Nikolaos A. , Valassiades Odisseas 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe properties of Al‐doped ZnO (AZO) thin films deposited by pulsed DC magnetron sputtering under various target power on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates have been investigated. In situ and real‐time spectroscopic ellipsometry (1.5–6.5 eV) has been employed to study the optical properties of the AZO films as well as the growth mechanisms taking place. With X‐ray diffraction technique under grazing‐incidence geometry, the structural characteristics profiles of the AZO films have been depicted. Nanoindentation measurements revealed information about the mechanical properties of the films and have been correlated to the conductivity measurements towards growth insights understanding. As results have shown, the increase of target power led to the increase of the carrier density as well as the hardness of the AZO films possibly both ascribed to dislocations induced. The stress during the deposition of AZO film under high target power favoured the island growth which is possibly both connected to the formation of defects as electron traps and dislocations as electron sources. Finally, the increase of AZO film thickness led to the increase of the resistivity possibly due to the enrichment of grain boundaries with defects as electron traps.
Effect of deposition temperature on the physical properties of RF magnetron sputtered Ag–Cu–O films with various Cu to Ag ratios
Authors: Uthanna S. , Reddy M. Hari Prasad , Boulet P. , Petitjean C. , Pierson J. F. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThin films of Ag–Cu–O were deposited on glass substrates held at various temperatures in the 303–523 K range by RF magnetron sputtering of Ag90Cu10, Ag80Cu20 and Ag70Cu30, and elemental copper and silver targets in an oxygen partial pressure of 2 × 10−2 Pa and sputtering pressure of 4 Pa. The deposited films were characterised by energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy, UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy and employing four‐point probe method. The atomic ratio of Cu/Ag in the films formed at 303 K was in correlation with the composition of the starting sputter targets. The increase in substrate temperature induced the decomposition of the Ag–Cu–O films into a mixture of metallic silver and copper oxide. The electrical resistivities of silver oxide and copper oxide films formed at 303 K were 3 × 10−3 Ω cm and 29 Ω cm, respectively. The electrical resistivity of the films formed with Ag70Cu30 target at 303 K was 8.2 Ω cm and it decreased to 2.4 Ω cm with increase in substrate temperature to 523 K due to structural changes in the films. The optical band gap of the Ag–Cu–O films formed at 303 K increased from 1.60 to 1.95 eV with the increase of copper to silver atomic ratio from 0.10 to 0.30 in the films. The optical band gap of the films formed with Ag70Cu30 target increased from 1.95 to 2.15 eV with the increase in substrate temperature from 303 to 523 K, respectively.
Optically‐pumped lasing of semi‐polar InGaN/GaN(1122) heterostructures
Authors: Strittmatter A. , Teepe M. , Yang Z. , Chua C. , Northrup J. , Johnson N. M. , Spiberg P. , Brown R. G. W. , Ivantsov V. , Syrkin A. , Shapovalov L. , Usikov A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractResults for long‐wavelength emitters are presented for semi‐polar InGaN/AlGaN/GaN heterostructures grown on GaN(11‐22)/m‐sapphire templates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The semi‐polar GaN layers were 10 to 25 μm thick and grown by HVPE on sapphire substrates. X‐ray diffraction measurements indicate high crystallographic quality that approaches that of GaN(0001) layers on sapphire. Growth studies on the semi‐polar GaN templates established the high efficiency of indium incorporation into InGaN layers, with a wide growth‐temperature window up to 800°C for green light emitting structures. Basic LEDs were fabricated with peak emission up to 527 nm wavelength. Further growth studies established conditions for growing reasonably smooth, undoped InGaN/GaN laser heterostructures suitable for optical pumping. Optically‐pumped lasing was achieved at wavelengths from 400 nm up to 500 nm. The results demonstrate the viability of semi‐polar GaN(11‐22) on sapphire templates for long‐wavelength nitride laser diodes (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Examination of intermediate species in GaN metal‐organic vapor‐phase epitaxy by selective‐area growth
Authors: Sugiyama Masakazu , Yasukochi Satoshi , Shioda Tomonari , Shimogaki Yukihiro , Nakano Yoshiaki 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe major reactive intermediate species of GaN has been deduced and its surface reaction rate constant has been obtained through the analysis of multi‐scale growth‐rate profiles both in the reactor‐scale and in the micrometer‐scale that were obtained by selective‐area growth. Usually, it is difficult to explore surface reaction kinetics, especially for metal‐organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE), because of mass‐transfer‐limited kinetics. This multi‐scale analysis, however, has clarified that a single precursor, a gas‐phase reaction product between (CH3)3Ga and NH3, leads to the growth of GaN with a surface reaction probability of approximately 0.4 at 1400 K which is a typical growth temperature of GaN. Contribution of higher‐order polymers was not significant in growth rate, but they seemed to be a cause of degraded surface morphology. A lumped reaction model of GaN MOVPE was proposed that led to reasonable agreement between a simulated growth‐rate profile in the reactor‐scale and a corresponding measured profile, which would lead to improved design of reactors and growth conditions. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of overgrowth conditions on the optical properties of lateral epitaxially overgrown a ‐plane GaN
Authors: Badcock T. J. , Häberlen M. , Kappers M. J. , Moram M. A. , Dawson P. , Humphreys C. J. , Oliver R. A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe investigate the optical properties of lateral epitaxially overgrown non‐polar a ‐plane GaN using photoluminescence and spatially resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. Despite the decreased density of extended defects relative to a ‐plane templates, in material overgrown at a low V:III ratio (57), the low temperature emission spectrum is very weak and is dominated by impurity bands centred at 2.92 and 2.25 eV. On subsequent overgrowth at a higher V:III ratio (260), the intensity of the near band edge emission increases by many orders of magnitude and a donor‐acceptor pair band is seen. We suggest that the dramatic modification of the optical properties is related to the impurity or point‐defect incorporation rate at the different V:III ratios employed. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Realization of extreme light extraction efficiency for moth‐eye LEDs on SiC substrate using high‐reflection electrode
Authors: Kawai Ryosuke , Kondo Toshiyuki , Suzuki Atushi , Teramae Fumiharu , Kitano Thukasa , Tamura Kenta , Sakurai Hisashi , Iwaya Motoaki , Amano Hiroshi , Kamiyama Satoshi , Akasaki Isamu , Chen Mark , Li Alex , Su Kidd 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe effect of a high‐reflection electrode on the opposite side of a moth‐eye structure on the performance of a nitride‐based blue LED is described. Because of the interference effect enhanced by multiple reflections with a high‐reflectance Ag‐Pd‐Cu alloy (APC) p‐contact, light extraction is markedly improved. For the 600‐nm‐pitch sample, both APC and conventional Ni/Au contacts were used. Although the light output powers of LEDs with APC and Ni/Au p‐contacts without moth‐eye structure are almost the same, those with a moth‐eye structure are markedly increased and differ from each other. For the APC contact, the light output is improved by a factor of 3.4, whereas that with a Ni/Au contact is increased by a factor of 2.2. In addition, we fabricated moth‐eye LEDs with pitches of 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm and 600 nm by low‐energy electron‐beam projection lithography. We found that the sample with a pitch of 500 nm has the highest output power, which is 3.7 times higher than that of the reference sample. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Temperature control of multiple wafers during etching of 2′ sapphire wafers for patterned sapphire substrates (PSS)
Authors: Dineen Mark , Ren Zhong 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis paper details the techniques developed to enable the simultaneous active cooling of 12 x 2′ sapphire wafers during RIE‐ICP etching. In order to maximise etch rates with Photoresist as a mask it is necessary to cool the wafer as during RIE‐ICP etching process the wafers experience heating from the plasma. If this thermal load is not controlled the wafer temperature becomes elevated which will push the Photoresist above its upper temperature limit and it can degrade. For plasma processing the wafers are placed on an electrode which is temperature controlled using a chiller. However because the processing occurs at low pressures, typically <5mtorr, there is little thermal contact between the electrode and the wafers. Temperature control of the samples is achieved by ensuring a constant He pressure is maintained at the non‐plasma facing side of each individual wafer. The etch process is then optimized giving an etch rate of 50nm/min, selectivity to PR mask 0.7:1 and a cross batch uniformity of +/‐5%, the etch feature is shown in the SEM below (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Intensive resistance by females before copulation induces insemination failure in the West Indian sweet potato weevil Euscepes postfasciatus
Authors: Kumano Norikuni , Kuriwada Takashi , Shiromoto Keiko , Haraguchi Dai , Kohama Tsuguo 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPersistent mating attempts by males (sexual harassment) are frequently observed among animals. For females, resisting persistent males can be costly because vigorous resistance increases both energy expenditure and the possibility of injury. Although one tactic for coping with male harassment is to cease resistance and mate with the persistent partner, the females of several species are able to prevent the fertilization of their egg(s) despite copulation. In this study, we used three different sex ratios to investigate whether a male's mating persistence affects his mating success in the West Indian sweet potato weevil Euscepes postfasciatus, in which males mount females both before and after copulation. Consistent with our predictions, we found that female weevils resist and manipulate sperm transfer either before or during copulation according to their preferences. Female weevils were able to reject the sperm of persistent males despite having copulated with them. However, neither copulation and/or post‐copulatory mounting affected insemination success. We speculate that the intensive resistance shown by females before copulation may induce mechanical sterility in E. postfasciatus.
Adaptive management of sika deer populations in Hokkaido, Japan: theory and practice
Authors: Kaji Koichi , Saitoh Takashi , Uno Hiroyuki , Matsuda Hiroyuki , Yamamura Kohji 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe investigated the utility of adaptive management (AM) in wildlife management, reviewing our experiences in applying AM to overabundant sika deer (Cervus nippon) populations in Hokkaido, Japan. The management goals of our program were: (1) to maintain the population at moderate density levels preventing population irruption, (2) to reduce damage to crops and forests, and (3) to sustain a moderate yield of hunting without endangering the population. Because of significant uncertainty in biological and environmental parameters, we designed a “feedback” management program based on controlling hunting pressure. Three threshold levels of relative population size and four levels of hunting pressure were configured, with a choice of four corresponding management actions. Under this program, the Hokkaido Government has been promoting aggressive female culling to reduce the sika deer population since 1998. We devised a harvest‐based estimation for population size using relative population size and the number of deer harvested, and found that the 1993 population size (originally estimated by extrapolation of aerial surveys) had been underestimated. To reduce observation errors, a harvest‐based Bayesian estimation was developed and the 1993 population estimate was again revised. Analyses of population trends and harvest data demonstrate that hunting is an important large‐scale experiment to obtain reliable estimation of population size. A serious side effect of hunting on sika deer was inadvertent lead poisoning of large birds of prey. The prohibition of the use of lead bullets by the Hokkaido Government was successful in reducing the lead poisoning, but the problem still remains. Two case studies on sika population irruption show that the densities set by maximum sustainable yield may be too high to prevent damage to agriculture, forestry, and/or ecosystems. Threshold management based on feedback control is better for ecosystem management. Since volunteer hunters favor higher hunting efficiency in resource management (e.g., venison), it is necessary to support the development of professional hunters for culling operations for ecosystem management, where lower densities of deer should be set for target areas. Hunting as resource management and culling for ecosystem management should be synergistically combined under AM.
Dissolution Study of Salt of Long Chain Fatty Acids (Soap Scum) in Surfactant Solutions. Part I: Equilibrium Dissolution
Authors: Soontravanich Sukhwan , Lopez Heyde E. , Scamehorn John F. , Sabatini David A. , Scheuing David R. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDissolution of calcium salt of a long chain fatty acid or soap scum is a major challenge for hard surface cleaners since soap scum forms when soap is exposed to hard water and has very low water solubility. In this paper, the aqueous equilibrium solubility of calcium octadecanoate (or calcium stearate) was measured as a function of pH as well as chelating agent (ethylenediaminetetraacetate disodium salt) and surfactant concentrations. Anionic, nonionic, and amphoteric surfactants were studied. The highest soap scum solubility was observed at high pH with an amphoteric surfactant. Under this condition, the chelant effectively binds calcium, and the stearate anion forms mixed micelles well with the amphoteric surfactant, which is in zwitterionic form at high pH.
Q-TARO: QTL Annotation Rice Online Database
Authors: Yonemaru Jun-ichi , Yamamoto Toshio , Fukuoka Shuichi , Uga Yusaku , Hori Kiyosumi , Yano Masahiro 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Over the past two decades, genetic dissection of complex phenotypes of economic and biological interest has revealed the chromosomal locations of many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in rice and their contributions to phenotypic variation. Mapping resolution has varied considerably among QTL studies owing to differences in population size and number of DNA markers used. Additionally, the same QTLs have often been reported with different locus designations. This situation has made it difficult to determine allelic relationships among QTLs and to compare their positions. To facilitate reliable comparisons of rice QTLs, we extracted QTL information from published research papers and constructed a database of 1,051 representative QTLs, which we classified into 21 trait categories. This database (QTL Annotation Rice Online database; Q-TARO, http://qtaro.abr.affrc.go.jp/) consists of two web interfaces. One interface is a table containing information on the mapping of each QTL and its genetic parameters. The other interface is a genome viewer for viewing genomic locations of the QTLs. Q-TARO clearly displays the co-localization of QTLs and distribution of QTL clusters on the rice genome.
PHL 932: When Is a Planetary Nebula Not a Planetary Nebula?
Authors: Frew David J. , Madsen Greg J. , O'Toole Simon J. , Parker Quentin A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe emission nebula around the subdwarf B (sdB) star PHL 932 is currently classified as a planetary nebula (PN) in the literature. Based on a large body of multi-wavelength data, both new and previously published, we show here that this low-excitation nebula is in fact a small Strömgren sphere (Hii region) in the interstellar medium around this star. We summarise the properties of the nebula and its ionizing star, and discuss its evolutionary status. We find no compelling evidence for close binarity, arguing that PHL 932 is an ordinary sdB star. We also find that the emission nebulae around the hot DO stars PG 0108 + 101 and PG 0109 + 111 are also Strömgren spheres in the ISM, and along with PHL 932, are probably associated with the same extensive region of high-latitude molecular gas in Pisces–Pegasus.
New Candidate Planetary Nebulae in the IPHAS Survey: the Case of Planetary Nebulae with ISM interaction
Authors: Sabin Laurence , Zijlstra Albert A. , Wareing Christopher , Corradi Romano L. M. , Mampaso Antonio , Viironen Kerttu , Wright Nicholas J. , Parker Quentin A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe present the results of the search for candidate Planetary Nebulae interacting with the interstellar medium (PN–ISM) in the framework of the INT Photometric Hα Survey (IPHAS) and located in the right ascension range 18–20 h. The detection capability of this new Northern survey, in terms of depth and imaging resolution, has allowed us to overcome the detection problem generally associated to the low surface brightness inherent to PNe-ISM. We discuss the detection of 21 IPHAS PN–ISM candidates. Thus, different stages of interaction were observed, implying various morphologies i.e. from the unaffected to totally disrupted shapes. The majority of the sources belong to the so-called WZO2 stage which main characteristic is a brightening of the nebula's shell in the direction of motion. The new findings are encouraging as they would be a first step into the reduction of the scarcity of observational data and they would provide new insights into the physical processes occurring in the rather evolved PNe.
The Macquarie–Strasbourg Connection
Authors: Acker Agnès 
Published: May 2010

Planetary nebulae (PN) are powerful tracers of both stellar and Galactic evolution. The capacity of PN to perform these studies is critically dependent on the size of the population, a major problem with a remarkable advance thanks to Quentin Parker and his team, who from 1997 to 2008 discovered an unprecedented sample of ∼1250 PN with the deep, high resolution AAO/UKST SuperCosmos Halpha Survey (SHS) of the Southern Galactic Plane (Parker et al. 2005), doubling the sample collected over the previous century, and leading to ∼2700 for the number of known PN today. A highly productive collaboration between Quentin and I has been established since 2001. Our complementary levels of expertise and facilities constitute the Macquarie/AAO/Strasbourg H-α Planetary Nebulae Project.The new MASH PN were added to the Centre de Données de Strasbourg as a new PN database continuously updated, and detailed in Parker et al. (2006) and Miszalski et al. (2008). In the framework of a cotutelle agreement between the Strasbourg and Macquarie universities, two PhD projects based on MASH PN have been conducted under the supervision of Quentin and myself, both projects focusing on the mysterious crowded region of the Galactic Bulge. Alan Peyaud proposed new constraints on late stages of stellar evolution and on the dynamics of the Galactic Bulge (defence 21 December 2005, Strasbourg). Brent Miszalski discovered ∼360 new PN (MASH-II) completing the largest and most representative sample of PN towards the Galactic bulge (defence 15 August 2009).
Special issue
containing papers presented at the 12th International Workshop on H-mode
Physics and Transport Barriers
Authors: T.S. Hahm  
Published: May 2010

The 12th International Workshop
on H-mode Physics and Transport Barriers was held at the Princeton Plasma
Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA between September 30 and
October 2, 2009. This meeting was the continuation of a series of previous
meetings which was initiated in 1987 and has been held bi-annually since then.
Following the recent tradition at the last few meetings, the program was sub-
divided into six sessions. At each session, an overview talk was presented,
followed by two or three shorter oral presentations which supplemented the
coverage of important issues. These talks were followed by discussion periods
and poster sessions of contributed papers. The sessions were: Physics of
Transition to/from Enhanced Confinement Regimes, Pedestal and Edge Localized
Mode Dynamics, Plasma Rotation and Momentum Transport, Role of 3D Physics in Transport Barriers,
Transport Barriers: Theory and Simulations and High Priority ITER Issues on Transport Barriers.
The diversity of the 90 registered participants was remarkable, with 22 different nationalities. US participants were in the majority (36), followed by Japan (14), South Korea (7), and China (6). This special issue of Nuclear Fusion consists of a cluster of 18 accepted papers from submitted manuscripts based on overview talks and poster presentations. The paper selection procedure followed the guidelines of Nuclear Fusion which are essentially the same as for regular articles with an additional requirement on timeliness of submission, review and revision. One overview paper and five contributed papers report on the H-mode pedestal related results which reflect the importance of this issue concerning the successful operation of ITER. Four papers address the rotation and momentum transport which play a crucial role in transport barrier physics. The transport barrier transition condition is the main focus of other four papers. Finally, four
additional papers are devoted to the behaviour and control of Edge Localized Modes.
The selection of topics and overview speakers and the scientific programme
were carried out by the International Advisory Committee, consisting of: R. Groebner (GA, USA), T.S. Hahm (PPPL, USA--Chair), A.	Hubbard (MIT, USA), K. Ida (NIFS, Japan), S. Lebedev (Ioffe Institute, Russia), N. Oyama (JAEA, Japan), G. Saibene (F4E, EU) and W. Suttrop (IPP, Germany).
Their work, advice, and participation contributed to the success of the meeting. Finally, I would like to express deep gratitude to J. Jones and B. Sarfaty
who took care of numerous issues relating to the organization of the meeting, and to J.K. Park and several graduate students of the Princeton University Plasma Physics Program for helping with the transportation of participants.