bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uptake and accumulation of selenium by terrestrial plants growing on a coal fly ash landfill. Part 2. Forage and root crops
Authors: Arthur Mary A. , Woodbury Peter B. , Schneider Robert E. , Weinstein Leonard H. , Rubin Gail 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Plants grown on fly ash landfills can accumulate relatively high concentrations of selenium (Se), although concentrations can vary greatly among and within species. We examined the accumulation of Se in forage and root crops grown on a fly ash landfill and nonlandfill sites and the relationship of soil Se to plant Se concentrations. Because sulfur (S) can act as a competitive ion with Se in plant uptake of nutrients, gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) was applied to soil on a fly ash landfill to determine whether Se was reduced in plants in its presence. Slightly more Se was accumulated in plants grown on the landfill than on the nonlandfill site. Total Se concentration in soil was poorly correlated with Se concentration in alfalfa plants grown on the landfill. In alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), and rutabaga (Brassica napus L.), application of gypsum at rates of 5.6 to 16.8 t ha−1 reduced the uptake of Se from that of plants grown without gypsum. Results from this study indicate that gypsum amendment may be effective in decreasing the uptake of Se by plants growing on a fly ash landfill, but the response is quite variable, probably due to variability in concentration and availability of Se in the soil cap. The use of gypsum in limiting Se uptake by plants offers a possible management tool to control the cycling of Se through plants to other biota on fly ash landfills.
Response of female California quail (Callipepla californica) to methyl parathion treatment of their home ranges during the nesting period
Authors: Kilbride Kevin M. , Crawford John A. , Williams Bill A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Fifty-eight female California quail (Callipepla californica) were trapped and fitted with transmitters at the E.E. Wilson Wildlife Area, Oregon, from April to July in 1988 and in 1989. Radiotelemetry was used to monitor hen movements daily throughout two breeding seasons (May to mid-August). Home ranges for the first half of incubation for 15 of 22 nesting hens were treated with methyl parathion 4E (n = 7) or water (n = 8) at a rate of 0.56 kg active ingredient per hectare. No measurable effects were found for nest attentiveness from pre- to post-treatment period within the methyl parathion (p = 0.47) and water (p = 0.57) groups and use of treated areas between groups (p = 1.00). Also, no measurable effects were found for rates of nest success (p = 0.61), nest abandonment (p = 0.20), and recruitment to 15 d post-hatch (p = 0.40) between the methyl parathion and water groups. However, a lower hatching rate (p = 0.02) was found in eggs from hens in the methyl parathion group.
The importance of humic acids to proton and cadmium binding in sediments
Authors: Fu Gongmin , Allen Herbert E. , Cao Yang 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We used potentiometric titration to study the sorption of hydrogen and cadmium ions by three sediments and the humic acid (HA) extracted from each of these sediments. The acidity constants for both sediment and HA were estimated using a discrete monoprotic acid model. Similar pK values were found for the sediments and the HAs. The pK values are 4.48, 6.10, 7.56, and 9.50 for sediment RS3; 4.03, 6.46, and 8.42 for HA(RS3); 4.00, 5.76, 7.81, and 9.90 for sediment RS4; 4.11, 6.94, and 8.69 for HA(RS4); 3.90, 5.83, 7.90, and 9.78 for sediment RS6; 3.63, 6.23, and 8.24 for HA(RS6). Cadmium binding to sediment and HA was treated as surface complexation of cadmium by ligands. A nonlinear optimization program was used to treat the sorption isotherm data at pH 4.5 and 6.5. Conditional stability constants for cadmium binding to the sediment and HA at pH 4.5 are 4.04 for sediment RS3 and 3.95 for HA(RS3), 4.71 for sediment RS4 and 4.64 for HA(RS4), and 4.56 for sediment RS6 and 4.54 for HA(RS6). At pH 6.5 the conditional constants for cadmium binding are 5.03 for sediment RS3 and 4.92 for HA(RS3), 6.08 for sediment RS4 and 6.02 for HA(RS4), and 5.92 for sediment RS6 and 5.80 for HA(RS6). We also examined the correlation between cadmium binding to sediments and to the HAs extracted from sediments. All the binding of added cadmium by these sediments can be explained by HAs.
Treated municipal wastewaters: Effects of organic fractions on development and growth of fishes
Authors: Weis Peddrick , Weis Judith S. , Chen Chien-Min , Greenberg Arthur 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Effluents from publicly owned treatment works (POTW) supply &gt;98% of point-source pollutants and 13% of total freshwater input to the Hudson-Raritan estuary. We have studied the effects of chlorinated secondarily treated effluents on the sensitive early life stages of three species of fish common to this estuary. One source of effluents is a POTW that receives about half of its input from industrial sources. Previously, we demonstrated effects on development and growth of estuarine fishes of the effluent at ⩽ 10% in seawater. This report presents similar studies using organic fractions of the effluent at concentrations equivalent to 10% in seawater in order to identify the most toxic class of compounds. We have found that the toxicity of batches of this effluent is quite variable in toxicity when tested with embryos of the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) or mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus). In different batches of effluent, the organic base fraction or the organic acid fraction was primarily responsible for the toxicity.
Behavior of sunfish exposed to herbicides: A field study
Authors: Bettoli Phillip W. , Clark Patrick W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
An underwater closed-circuit video system was used to remotely monitor and record the behavior of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) and redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus) guarding their nests before, during, and after applications of aquatic herbicides. Nests were sprayed to achieve a nominal concentration of 4 mg/L of either a dipotassium salt of endothall (Aquathol-KD̊), a dimethylamine salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), or water (control). No significant differences in rates of nest abandonment existed among the three treatments (p &gt; 0.10). Abandonment averaged 5.17 min for both species and herbicide treatments, whereas the herbicides persisted in the water column for at least 45 min. When abandonment occurred, congeners nearly always intruded on the nest to feed on eggs or fry. After spraying, the adjusted mean frequency of rim circling, fanning, and agonistic behaviors exhibited by bluegills guarding eggs did not differ among the three treatments (p ⩾ 0.35). These results suggest the two herbicides will not elicit pronounced shifts in reproductive behavior of sunfish when they are properly applied.
Stream periphyton and benthic insect responses to additions of treated acid mine drainage in a continuous-flow on-site Mesocosm
Authors: Perrin C. J. , Wilkes B. , Richardson J. S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
An on-site continuous-flow trough mesocosm was used to examine changes in the composition and abundance of periphytic algae and benthic invertebrates from additions of a solution of treated acid mine drainage (AMD). Five control and five treatment troughs supported an assemblage of periphyton and invertebrates that colonized from water withdrawn from Foxy Creek, a stream that receives limed AMD from the Equity Silver Mine, central British Columbia, Canada. A water intake for the mesocosm was located upstream of the AMD discharge. The treated AMD was delivered to the apparatus through a pipeline laid in a canal that carried the AMD to Foxy Creek. After three weeks of colonization in the troughs, additions of one part AMD to 10 parts Foxy Creek water was delivered to the treatment troughs and continued for three weeks. Analyses of variance of measurements of abundance and biomass indexes contained high power values and indicated that the AMD addition did not significantly change the algal and insect composition and abundance. Advantages and disadvantages of the mesocosm with regard to the relative sensitivity of the measured parameters for use in examining effects of the AMD additions are discussed. The conclusion was that quantitative on-site experimentation using the mesocosm apparatus is a powerful approach in setting guidelines for AMD discharge mainly due to its capability of integrating ecosystem processes in experiments where hypothesis testing is possible.
The effect of 2-(Thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole on juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch): Sublethal toxicity testing
Authors: MacKinnon D. L. , Farrell A. P. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This study examined the sublethal toxicity of 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole (TCMTB), a wood preservative used in British Columbia's lumber industry, to coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Swimming performance, oxygen consumption, and blood lactate levels were used as indicators of sublethal TCMTB toxicity. Assessment of swimming performance consisted of subjecting preexposed (48 h) fish to a series of increasing velocity increments within an annular swim chamber. An automated respirometer apparatus was used to measure oxygen consumption rates. Blood lactate levels were assayed upon termination of the respirometer trials. Reductions in critical swimming speed and elevations in blood lactate occurred in a concentration-dependent manner with thresholds of 10 and 7.5 μg/L, respectively. A similar concentration-dependent response was not observed with respect to oxygen consumption rates.
Copper and zinc in estuarine water: Chemical speciation in relation to bioavailability to the marine planktonic diatom Ditylum brightwellii
Authors: Rustenbil J. W. , Poortvliet T. C. W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Availability of toxic trace metals in relation to phytoplankton growth was studied in water of the polluted Westerschelde (southwestern Netherlands). The prominent estuarine diatom Ditylum brightwellii was grown in bioassays with estuarine water (14%o salinity). Selective removal of Cu and Zn, and addition of a chelator (EDTA), had a positive effect on its cell division, whereas addition of Zn had an adverse effect, indicating an influence of in situ levels of Cu or Zn on estuarine phytoplankton growth. To study this in more detail, metal availability was manipulated in order to measure the responses of Ditylum brightwellii at different cellular levels of Cu and Zn. Metal speciation was approached with different metal-adsorbing resins and compared with cellular metal concentrations. Optimum positive correlations between cellular and column-adsorbed fractions of Cu and Zn were obtained, using an aluminum hydroxide-coated sulfonic acid resin (ALSA). Both ALSA-adsorbed and cellular Cu and Zn increased after a 4–h UV irradiation of Westerschelde water, whereas division rates and final cell numbers decreased. Opposite results were obtained after a partial removal of Cu and Zn with Chelex-100®: ALSA-adsorbed and cellular Cu and Zn were relatively lower, and this reduction caused a relative increase of final cell numbers. Addition of Cu caused a relative increase of both ALSA-adsorbed and cellular Zn, probably due to Cu-Zn exchange and a subsequent release of Zn from ligands in Westerschelde water. Increasing amounts of utile Zn or Cu may shorten the exponential-growth phase of Ditylum brightwellii in the Westerschelde. This effect was stronger in a medium from Restronguet Creek (UK) containing micromoles of dissolved Cu and Zn, due to drainage of copper and tin mines.
Effect of wastewater from olive oil mills on nitrogenase activity and growth of Azotobacter chroococcum
Authors: García-Barrionuevo A. , Moreno E. , Quevedo-Sarmiento J. , González-López J. , Ramos-Cormenzana A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effect of 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% (v/v) of wastewater from olive oil mills (“alpechin”) was investigated in cells of Azotobacter chroococcum grown in chemically defined media (N-free or with NH+4) and dialyzed-soil media. Wastewater from olive oil mills at concentrations of 1 to 20% (v/v) significantly reduced dinitrogen fixation and growth of Azotobacter chroococcum in chemically defined N-free medium, whereas the presence of 1 to 15% had a stimulatory effect on dinitrogen fixation and growth of Azotobacter in dialyzed-soil medium. Azotobacter chroococcum grew on NH+4 media (without glucose) amended with alpechin, suggesting that these wastes were utilized by Azotobacter as a carbon source.
Leaching of soil-active herbicides in acid, low base saturated sands: Worst-case conditions
Authors: Stone Douglas M. , Harris Alfred Ray , Koskinen William C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Effects of litter-humus treatments and precipitation acidity on the mobility of the soil-active herbicides hexazinone, tebuthiuron, and sulfometuron methyl were determined in 15- × 150-cm lysimeters with intact soil columns collected from six sites across the northern Lake states. Each column had received a cap of litter-humus from either a jack pine or mixed hardwood stand, or a quartz sand (control) and was preconditioned by treatment with rainwater acidified to pH 5.4 or 4.2, applied weekly throughout the growing season for four years. 14C-labeled material was added to the commercial formulation of each product and applied at 2.24 kg (active ingredient [a.i.])/ha of hexazinone and tebuthiuron and 42.5 g (a.i.)/ha of sulfometuron methyl. Acidified rainwater was applied weekly to approximate ambient precipitation; additional water was applied on three occasions. Soil water was sampled once at 10, 20, and 40 cm, and 10 times at the 150-cm level over the 130-d post-treatment. Sulfometuron methyl apparently had dissipated by 80 d post-treatment and was not detected below 20 cm. At the 150-cm level, hexazinone and tebuthiuron were detected in leachate beginning 52 and 66 d post-treatment, respectively. Leaching of both products was affected significantly by litter-humus treatment; by amount of applied rainwater, and for tebuthiuron, by site. The lack of a humus cover increased the amount of hexazinone at 150 cm by nearly threefold and tebuthiuron by nearly fivefold. The greatest leaching occurred after high applications of water and on the four sites with the lowest pH and base saturation. The combination of soil characteristics, litter-humus treatments, and applied precipitation provides reference values for worst-case conditions likely to be encountered in the Lake states region.
Aerobic biodegradation of cumene: An ecocore study
Authors: Williams Richard T. , Ziegenfuss P. Scott , Lee Christopher M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A microcosm study was conducted to determine the mineralization and disappearance of cumene (isopropylbenzene) in an aerobic freshwater sediment/water test system. Ecocores (300 cm3) constructed of glass and Teflon® were filled with intact sediment cores and river water. [14C]-cumene was added to the water phase, and the ecocores were incubated in the dark at 23°C with periodic aeration. Volatile organics and CO2 released to the ecocore headspace were trapped in separate impingers. In one experiment, ecocores were sacrificed after 45 d of incubation, with removal by volatilization and biodegradation accounting for the majority of 14C initially added as cumene. In this experiment, cumene was mineralized to the extent of 47.2, 42.1, and 25.7% at cumene test concentrations of 2.5, 12.5, and 25 mg/L, respectively. In the second experiment the test concentration was 2.5 mg/L. Triplicate active ecocores and a poisoned control were sacrificed at days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 10. After 10 d, the mean extent of mineralization was 46.9%. The first-order mineralization rate constant at the test concentration of 2.5 mg/L was calculated to be 0.02 day−1 with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.83.
Humic acid effects on uptake of hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorobiphenyl by sheepshead minnows in static sediment/water systems
Authors: Lores Emile M. , Patrick James M. , Summers J. Kevin 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effect of humic acid on accumulation of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP) by sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) from two separate experiments is presented. In the first experiment, static sediment/water exposure chambers were used to determine the effect of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), in the form of terrestrial humic acid (HA), on partitioning of HCB among sediment, water, and sheepshead minnows. Sediments from three geographically different locations were used to test the effect of added HA (0, 3, and 30 mg/L) on accumulation in fish of sediment-bound HCB. Total organic carbon levels in sediment and water and residues of HCB (14C-labeled and unlabeled) in sediment, water, and whole-body tissue were measured. Fish/sediment ratios or accumulation relative to sediment (ARS) indicated that addition of HA did not reduce accumulation of sediment-bound toxicants. ARS ranged from 7.5 ± 4 without added HA to 9.3 ± 4 with 30 mg/L added HA, but were not statistically different. In a second experiment using HCBP with 0 and 30 mg/L HA and sediment from one location, HCBP concentration in water averaged 0.29 μg/L in non-HA tanks, and 0.91 μg/L in the HA tanks, but both ARS ratios averaged 5.4. In conclusion, we believe that these tests indicate that HA does not significantly alter bioavailability of toxicants that are in equilibrium with sediment and water.
Intestinal absorption and biomagnification of organochlorines
Authors: Gobas Frank A.P.C. , McCorquodale Jim R. , Haffner G.D. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Dietary uptake rates of several organochlorines from diets with different lipid contents were measured in goldfish (Carassius auratus) to investigate the mechanism of intestinal absorption and biomagnification of organic chemicals. The results suggest that intestinal absorption is predominantly controlled by chemical diffusion rather than lipid cotransport. Data for chemical uptake in human infants are presented to illustrate that biomagnification is caused by the digestion of food in the gastrointestinal tract. The findings are discussed in the context of two conflicting theories for the mechanism of biomagnification, and a mechanistic model is presented for the dietary uptake and biomagnification of organic chemicals in fish and mammals.
Assessing sublethal levels of sediment contamination using the estuarine amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus
Authors: McGee Beth L. , Schlekat Christian E. , Reinharz Eli 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Recent emphasis on the incorporation of sublethal end points into sediment toxicity test methods follows the realization that acute lethality tests may not provide sufficient sensitivity for predicting subtle ecological effects of sediment contamination. To this end, a partial life-cycle test with the amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus Shoemaker was evaluated for solid-phase testing of contaminated estuarine sediments. Initially, juvenile and adultLeptocheirus plumulosus and the amphipod Hyalella azteca were exposed to gradients of chemical contamination prepared by diluting field-collected contaminated sediment with texturally similar reference sediment. Ten-day exposure results indicate juvenile Leptocheirus plumulosus is more sensitive than adult Leptocheirus plumulosus and Hyalella azteca, with significant mortality of juvenile Leptocheirus plumulosus occurring in sediment diluted to 12.5% of the adult lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC). Long-term exposure (30 d) of juveniles to dilutions of the acute juvenile LOEC shows significant effects on growth in sediment concentrations below the lethal threshold. Effects on reproductive end points (proportion of gravid females, number of young) parallel growth effects. Evaluation of nontoxicant experimental variables indicates significant effects of temperature and feeding regime on sensitivity of juvenile Leptocheirus plumulosus to contaminated sediment.
Bioassay-directed fractionation of organic contaminants in an estuarine sediment using the new mutagenic bioassay, mutatox™
Authors: Ho Kay T.Y. , Quinn James G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Bioassay-directed fractionation of organic compounds was performed on an organic solvent extract of a contaminated estuarine sediment from Black Rock Harbor, Connecticut, using the new mutagenic bioassay, Mutatox™. Chemical fractionation methods of the sediment extract included silica-gel-column chromatography (SGCC), followed by C18 reverse phase HPLC. Compound identification was performed using GC-MS. Mutatox analyses indicated that four of the eight HPLC fractions contained mutagenic or epigenetic compounds. GC-MS analyses detected known mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in two of the four mutagenic fractions. GC-MS analyses of the other two mutagenic fractions (one operational blank and one sediment fraction) showed no known mutagenic compounds. SGCC and HPLC, combined with the Mutatox bioassay, were useful in reducing both the number and the complexity of fractions analyzed by GC-MS. The Mutatox bioassay is a promising tool for bioassay-directed fractionation.
Reproductive status and lipid content as factors in PCB, DDT and HCH contamination of a population of pike (Esox lucius L.)
Authors: Larsson Per , Okla Lennart , Collvin Lars 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Levels of persistent pollutants, including PCBs, ΣDDT, and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, were examined in a pike population inhabiting a eutrophic lake in southern Scandinavia. For females, levels of persistent pollutants decreased linearly with age, weight, or length. This decline was ascribed to the seasonal elimination of the lipophilic pollutants in roe, which contained up to 10 times higher fat levels compared to muscle and over 10 times the amounts of pollutants. Male pike contained higher levels of pollutants than females, probably due to the lower elimination via gonadal products, as germinal tissue constitutes only 2% of the male total body weight and has a lower fat content than ovaries. Female germinal tissue can account for as much as 15% of the body weight. No major fat deposits other than those in germinal tissue were found in pike, which also had a low muscle fat content, suggesting that the importance of roe elimination in removing pollutants may be greater in pike than in salmonids. Uptake of persistent pollutants can vary greatly within a species, owing to differences in sex, age, and so forth, as well as between species, owing to differences in fat deposition strategies.
Survival of bluegill and their behavioral responses during continuous and pulsed exposures to esfenvalerate, a pyrethroid insecticide
Authors: Little Edward E. , Dwyer F. James , Fairchild James F. , Delonay Aaron J. , Zajicejk James L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Juvenile bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) were exposed to the pyrethroid insecticide esfenvalerate [(S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl butyrate], continuously for 90 d and for six 11-h pulses. No bluegill survived continuous exposure to esfenvalerate at 0.200 μg/L for 30 d or 0.100 μg/L for 60 d. The lowest-observable-effect concentration (LOEC) for survival in a 90-d continuous exposure of esfenvalerate was 0.025 μg/L. In comparison, no mortality occurred among fish exposed to pulsed doses of up to 0.200 μg/L. Behavioral responses, including gross body tremors, were highly sensitive indicators of toxicity among pulse-exposed fish, with symptoms appearing within 4 h of exposure to concentrations as low as 0.025 μg/L. Similar behavioral responses were observed after continuous exposure to 0.025 μg/L esfenvalerate. Behavioral responses were observed at concentrations an order of magnitude less than concentrations impacting growth or survival in simulated field studies. These results provide encouraging evidence that laboratory studies designed to simulate field exposure conditions can be predictive of concentrations causing mortality and other adverse effects.