bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Singlish or Globish: Multiple language ideologies and global identities among Korean educational migrants in Singapore1
Authors: Kang Yoonhee 
Published: April 2012

South Korean early study abroad students and their parents in Singapore negotiate and redefine the values of Mandarin, English, and Singlish used in Singapore in an attempt to forge their own transnational identities. In this process, these Korean migrants tend to place more emphasis on metapragmatic discourses; that is,howto speak the languages appropriately. They then use such metapragmatic evaluations to justify their use of the local varieties and practices of language in Singapore. Their discourses are based on two language ideologies –pragmatismandsociolinguistic competence – which are examined here as alternative forms of language legitimacy that coexist with the dominant notion of legitimate language. These multiple language ideologies provide the basis for Korean migrants’ emerging notions of the ‘Asian global,’ a desirable transnational subject who is more practical and sociocentric than the conventional image of high‐ranking elites, with greater adaptability to various local situations.조기유학을 위해 싱가포르로 이주해온 한국인 가족들은, 자신들의 세계적 정체성을 형성하는 과정에서, 영어, 중국어, 싱글리쉬의 세가지 언어에 대하여 다양한 가치와 태도를 보인다. 이러한 정체성 형성 과정에서, 한국인 조기유학 이주민들은 그들의 메타화용론적 담론, 즉 무슨 언어를 사용할 수 있는가 보다는, 어떻게 언어를 사회적으로 적절하게 구사하는가에 대해 더욱 강조하며, 이러한 평가는 동시에 싱가포르 내에서 사용되는 지역적 언어변이와 그 사용양식을 정당화하는 주요 기제가 된다. 나아가 이러한 메타화용적 담론은 실용주의와 사회언어적 능력의 중시라는 두 가지 언어이데올로기에 의해 매개되며, 이러한 대체적 언어이데올로기는 보다 공식적인 언어이데올로기와 공존하고 있다. 한편, 한국이주민들이 가지고 있는 다중 언어이데올로기는 이들이 새롭게 제시하는 ‘아시아적 세계인’의 모습, 즉 기존의 개인주의적이고 서구 중심적인 상층 엘리트의 이미지와는 다른, 보다 실용주의적이고 사회중심적이며, 어떠한 사회적 변화에도 유연하게 잘 적응할 수 있는 이상적인 초국가적 주체의 모습을 반영한다. [Korean]
Global fatigue: Transnational markets, linguistic capital, and Korean‐American male English teachers in South Korea1
Authors: Cho John (Song Pae) 
Published: April 2012

Mass migration characterizes the current moment of globalization. Constituting a particular subset of this global migration are Korean‐American male English teachers who use the linguistic capital of English, commodified as the language of international communication, to exit from the United States and to return to South Korea as linguistic migrants, where they reassert their patriarchal privilege as Korean men. In the highly gendered and racialized Korean English language market, however, they must prove their ‘native English speaker’ status. Remaining oriented towards the U.S. as their proper home, they also continually defer leaving South Korea as it means giving up the privileges of being a male English speaker and become stuck in a life of leisureandaimlessness. As the shadow of neoliberal globalization deepens and their linguistic capital becomes devalued with the return of more Koreans from abroad, their feelings of being stuck turn into global fatigue.일반 대중들의 대규모 이동은 오늘날 지구화/세계화의 특징적 현상이다. 이러한 전지구적 이주의 한 부분을 구성하는 집단으로 이 연구는 특별히 남성 재미교포 영어교사들에 주목한다. 지구화 시대의 국제 언어로 상품화된 영어 자본은 이들이 미국으로부터 탈출하여 남성으로서 가부장적 특권을 누릴 수 있는 한국사회로 언어적인 이주자로 되돌아 갈 수 있는 기회를 제공해준다. 그러나 성별, 인종 별로 고도로 세분화되고 차등화된 산업구조를 발달시켜온 한국의 영어교육 시장 안에서 이들은 ‘영어 모국어 사용자’로서의 지위를 다시금 증명해야만 한다. 언제고 다시 되돌아 가야 할 자신들의 진정한 고향은 미국이라고 주장하면서도, 계속해서 미국으로의 귀환을 미루는 이면에는 한국사회에서 남성이자 영어모국어 사용자로서 누려온 특권을 포기하지 못한 채, 유흥과 목적 없는 한국생활에 갇혀 버린 현실이 있다. 그러나 신자유주의적 세계화의 그늘이 점점 깊어가고, 외국에서 교육받고 한국으로 되돌아오는 영어에 능통한 한국인들이 늘어나면서 자신들의 영어자본의 가치가 점점 떨어지는 것을 지켜보며, 이들이 느끼는 정체감은 다시 세계화에 대한 불안과 피로감으로 바뀌게 된다. [Korean]
Pension privatisation in Greater China: Institutional patterns and policy outcomes
Authors: Shi Shih‐Jiunn , Mok Ka‐Ho 
Published: April 2012

Shi S‐J, Mok K‐H. Pension privatisation in Greater China: institutional patterns and policy outcomesThis article examines rationales and processes for pension privatisation in Taiwan, Hong Kong and mainland China since the 1990s. It argues that the configurations of the public/private pension mix in the three cases are related to their respective political‐economic development. To achieve the reform of state‐owned enterprises and labour markets, mainland China's pension reforms have concentrated on the combination of social pooling and individual accounts. Taiwan's reforms have rectified the Labour Insurance scheme and established individual accounts in order to alleviate enterprises' financial burdens while facilitating labour force mobility. Hong Kong has strengthened its service industry in favour of financial market fluidity, corresponding to a pro‐market approach that prefers mandatory provident funds as the major pension scheme for workers. The diversification of pension privatisation manifests manifold institutional changes of old‐age security, and raises an essential governance issue for the regulation of funded pension provision to ensure adequate income for older people.
Visible skin colouration predicts perception of male facial age, health and attractiveness
Authors: Fink B. , Bunse L. , Matts P. J. , D’Emiliano D. 
Published: April 2012

SynopsisAlthough there is evidence that perception of facial age, health and attractiveness is informed by shape characteristics as well as by visible skin condition, studies on the latter have focused almost exclusively on female skin. Recent research, however, suggests that a decrease in skin colour homogeneity leads to older, less healthy and less attractive ratings of facial skin in both women and men. Here, we elaborate on the significance of the homogeneity of visible skin colouration in men by testing the hypothesis that perception of age, health and attractiveness of (non‐contextual) digitally isolated fields of cheek skin only can predict that of whole facial images. Facial digital images of 160 British men (all Caucasian) aged between 10 and 70 were blind‐rated for age, health and attractiveness by a total of 147 men and 154 women (mean age = 22.95, SD = 4.26), and these ratings were related to those of corresponding images of cheek skin reported by Fink et al. (J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. in press). Linear regression analysis showed that age, health and attractiveness perception of men’s faces could be predicted by the ratings of cheek skin only, such that older men were viewed as older, less healthy and less attractive. This result underlines once again the potent signalling role of skin in its own right, independent of shape or other factors and suggests strongly that visible skin condition, and skin colour homogeneity in particular, plays a significant role in the perception of men’s faces.
Lemon (Citrus limon, Burm.f.) essential oil enhances the trans‐epidermal release of lipid‐ (A, E) and water‐ (B6, C) soluble vitamins from topical emulsions in reconstructed human epidermis
Authors: Valgimigli L. , Gabbanini S. , Berlini E. , Lucchi E. , Beltramini C. , Bertarelli Y. L. 
Published: April 2012

SynopsisTopical bioavailability of lipid‐ and water‐soluble vitamins is a critical issue for protecting or anti‐ageing formulations. Using 17‐day‐old SkinEthic® reconstructed human epidermis, we investigated (at 34°C) the role of lemon EO in enhancing the penetration of α‐tocopherol (E) and retinyl acetate (A), pyridoxine (B6) and ascorbic acid (C), released from O/W or W/O emulsions. D‐limonene, α‐pinene and p‐cymene (65.9, 2.2 and 0.5%w/w of the oil) had skin permeability coefficients Ps (10−3 cm h−1) of 0.56 ± 0.03 (or 0.73 ± 0.02), 0.72 ± 0.05 (or 0.98 ± 0.05) and 0.84 ± 0.04 (or 1.14 ± 0.04), respectively, when incorporated in a W/O (or O/W) emulsion. Vitamins B6, C and A had Ps values of (3.0 ± 0.4) × 10−3, (7.9 ± 0.6) × 10−3 and (0.37 ± 0.02) × 10−5 cm h−1, respectively, and their flux through the skin was enhanced by a factor of 4.1, 3.4 and 5.8, respectively, in the presence of lemon EO. The penetration of vitamin E was nine‐fold enhanced. Lemon EO produced only reversible modification of TEWL, and it is a safe and effective penetration enhancer for topical administration of lipid‐ and water‐soluble vitamins.
Keratin‐based peptide: biological evaluation and strengthening properties on relaxed hair
Authors: Fernandes M. M. , Lima C. F. , Loureiro A. , Gomes A. C. , Cavaco‐Paulo A. 
Published: April 2012

SynopsisA peptide based on a fragment of hair keratin type II cuticular protein, keratin peptide (KP), was studied as a possible strengthening agent for weakened relaxed hair. The peptide was prepared both in aqueous water formulation (WF) and organic solvent formulations (OF), to determine the effect of organic solvents on peptide interaction with hair and the differences in hair recovery. Both peptide formulations were shown to improve mechanical and thermal properties of weakened hair with peptide in OF showing the stronger effect. As a potential new hair care product, and so would necessitate contact with skin, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the peptide were also evaluated through different methodologies (Alamar Blue assay, 2′‐7′‐dichlorofluorescein probe, cell morphology and growth and evaluation of DNA damage by an alkaline version of the comet assay) in skin fibroblasts. These tests are indicators of the potential of peptide to cause irritation on skin or to be carcinogenic, respectively. The peptide in WF did not cause cytotoxicity or genotoxicity in any of the concentrations tested. The presence of OF, however, induced a 20% decrease in cell viability in all of the range of concentrations used after 72‐h incubation. Moreover, OF inhibited cell growth and was considered genotoxic at first contact with cells. The peptide was therefore considered a promising strengthening agent for hair and was shown to be innocuous when applied in WF.
Microdeletions detected using chromosome microarray in children with suspected genetic movement disorders: a single‐centre study
Authors: DALE RUSSELL C , GRATTAN‐SMITH PADRAIC , NICHOLSON MICHELLE , PETERS GREG B 
Published: April 2012

Aim  Chromosome microarray (CMA) can determine copy number variants such as microdeletions or microduplications. Microdeletions of movement disorder genes including epsilon‐sarcoglycan (SGCE) and thyroid transcription factor‐1 (TITF1) have been described in patients with myoclonus dystonia and benign hereditary chorea respectively. We examined whether CMA is a valuable tool in the investigation of children with suspected genetic movement disorders.Method  A genetic movement disorder was suspected if there was a positive first‐degree family history, or two or more of the following factors: normal or near‐normal magnetic resonance imaging, negative history of brain injury, and negative investigations for metabolic disorders. Tic disorders were excluded. Twenty‐five patients (18 males, seven females) with a mean age at movement disorder onset of 4 years 5 month (range 1mo–14y) were prospectively recruited with the following primary movement disorders: dystonia (n=10), paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (n=5), tremor (n=4), chorea (n=3), myoclonus (n=2), and paroxysmal non‐kinesigenic dyskinesia (n=1). Comorbid associated features were common, particularly developmental delay or intellectual disability (19 out of 25) and attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder (six out of 25). CMA was performed using Agilent aCGH 60K array.Results  Seven out of twenty‐five patients had a microdeletion determined by CMA. None of the microdeletions were considered benign variants. Four patients had a deletion of a known movement disorder gene including paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PRRT2; n=2), SGCE (myoclonus dystonia, n=1), and TITF1 (benign hereditary chorea, n=1). Three patients had novel microdeletions of unknown but potential significance including 14q13.3 (chorea, n=1), 19p13.12 (tremor, n=1), and 19q13.12 (progressive dystonia). All seven patients had associated neurodevelopmental or behavioural problems.Interpretation  Assays that determine copy number variants may be a valuable first‐tier investigation in patients with suspected genetic movement disorders, particularly when associated with intellectual disability or developmental disorders. Microdeletion syndromes may help the search for new movement disorder genes.
Parent experiences of a specialist intervention service for mental health difficulties in children with autistic spectrum disorder
Authors: Kingston Cara , Hibberd Charlotte , Ozsivadjian Ann 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundMental health problems are increasingly being recognised as a significant health need for people with autism spectrum disorder, but few specialist services are available. This study explored parents’ experiences of a specialist autism spectrum psychological intervention service located within a broader Neurodevelopmental and Social Communication Disorders Team.MethodForty‐nine parents completed a telephone based survey designed to assess experiences of a specialist intervention service.ResultsHigh levels of satisfaction were reported. Parents reported aspects of the service that they found most useful.ConclusionMost parents reported satisfaction with the service and suggested improvements were used to guide service development.
The Many Sided Opportunity of Field Nursing
Authors: Brainard Annie M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn 1916, when Annie Brainard published this paper, there was an ongoing discussion in the journal about specialization versus generalization of public health nursing (PHN) work. This discussion revolved around issues such as the size of communities (rural versus urban), population density, and cost effectiveness. For geographically large rural communities with low population density, specialization could be costly, while for urban, densely populated communities specialization based on scientific knowledge could have a stronger impact on population health. As Brainard indicates in this paper, specialization in PHN was not about additional education, but rather concentration of effort. Early specialization usually focused on tuberculosis, baby care, and school nursing. In this article, Brainard argued that there was a need for both specialist and generalist public health nurses, and co‐operation was needed between the two groups to avoid costly duplication of efforts.
Neotypification and Ontogenesis of Leptopharynx costatus costatus Mermod, 1914
Authors: Omar Atef , Foissner Wilhelm 
Published: April 2012

AbstractUsing standard methods, we studied the morphology and ontogenesis of a German Leptopharynx costatus costatus. This population makes two morphs: microstomes with a size of 40 × 25 μm, about 190 basal bodies, and 5 μm wide oral basket; and macrostomes with a size of 55 × 40 μm, about 264 basal bodies, and 15 μm wide oral basket. Because the identity is threatened, this population is designated as the neotype of L. costatus costatus. Ontogenesis is complex due to the preoral kineties and the postoral complex produced by kineties 9 and 10. Stomatogenesis is mixokinetal: the opisthe membranelles 1 and 2 are formed by the oral primordium, whereas membranelle 3 is produced by the posterior portion of somatic kinety 1. The nasse kinetosomes are generated by the anterior portion of the oral primordium. Preoral kineties 1 and 3 develop de novo, while kinety 2 originates by intrakinetal proliferation of kinety 8; preoral kinety 4 is produced by the postoral complex, thus being a somatic kinety. Kinety 6 has two anterior kinetids in line with kinety 7. These observations require changes in the descriptive morphology, support the classification of Leptopharynx into the Microthoracidae, and sustain the nonmonophyly of the Nassophorea.
Testing of Brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O) in Synthetic Biomineralization Solutions and In Situ Crystallization of Brushite Micro‐Granules
Authors: Miller Matthew A. , Kendall Matthew R. , Jain Manoj K. , Larson Preston R. , Madden Andrew S. , Tas A. Cuneyt 
Published: April 2012

Conventional flat plate‐shaped brushite, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, CaHPO4·2H2O), produced by reacting Ca‐chloride and alkali phosphate salt solutions, were found to undergo a maturation process (changing their Ca/P molar ratio from 0.8 to the theoretical value of 1) similar to those seen in biological apatites. Water lily (WL)‐shaped brushite crystals were produced in nonstirred aqueous solutions at room temperature in 24 h, by using precipitated calcite and NH4H2PO4 as the starting chemicals. The hydrothermal transformation of WL‐type brushite into octacalcium phosphate (OCP) or Ca‐deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) was tested at 37°C by using four different biomineralization solutions, including Tris‐buffered SBF (synthetic body fluid) and sodium lactate‐buffered SBF solutions. All four solutions used in this study consumed the starting brushite in 1 week and caused transformation into a biphasic mixture of nanocrystalline OCP and CDHA of high surface area. WL‐type brushite crystals when synthesized in the presence of small amounts of Zn2+ ions resulted in the formation of, for the first time, spherical micro‐granules of brushite. Synthesis of brushite in spherical form was difficult prior to this study.
Current patch test results with the European baseline series and extensions to it from the ‘European Surveillance System on Contact Allergy’ network, 2007–2008
Authors: Uter Wolfgang , Aberer Werner , Armario‐Hita José Carlos , Fernandez‐Vozmediano José M. , Ayala Fabio , Balato Anna , Bauer Andrea , Ballmer‐Weber Barbara , Beliauskiene Aiste , Fortina Anna Belloni , Bircher Andreas , Brasch Jochen , Chowdhury Mahbub M. U. , Coenraads Pieter‐Jan , Schuttelaar Marie‐Louise , Cooper Sue , Czarnecka‐Operacz Magda , Zmudzinska Maria , Elsner Peter , English John S. C. , Frosch Peter J. , Fuchs Thomas , García‐Gavín Juan , Fernández‐Redondo Virginia , Gawkrodger David J. , Giménez‐Arnau Ana , Green Cathy M. , Horne Helen L. , Johansen Jeanne Duus , Jolanki Riitta , Pesonen Maria , King Clodagh M. , Krêcisz Beata , Chomiczewska Dorota , Kiec‐Swierczynska Marta , Larese Francesca , Mahler Vera , Ormerod Anthony D. , Peserico Andrea , Rantanen Tapio , Rustemeyer Thomas , Sánchez‐Pérez Javier , Sansom Jane E. , Silvestre Juan Fco. , Simon Dagmar , Spiewak Radoslaw , Statham Barry N. , Stone Natalie , Wilkinson Mark , Schnuch Axel 
Published: April 2012

Background. The pattern of contact sensitization to the supposedly most important allergens assembled in the baseline series differs between countries, presumably at least partly because of exposure differences.Objectives. To describe the prevalence of contact sensitization to allergens tested in consecutive patients in the years 2007 and 2008, and to discuss possible differences.Methods. Data from the 39 departments in 11 European countries comprising the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergy network (www.essca‐dc.org) in this period have been pooled and analysed according to common standards.Results. Patch test results with the European baseline series, and country‐specific or department‐specific additions to it, obtained in 25 181 patients, showed marked international variation. Metals and fragrances are still the most frequent allergens across Europe. Some allergens tested nationally may be useful future additions to the European baseline series, for example methylisothiazolinone, whereas a few long‐term components of the European baseline series, namely primin and clioquinol, no longer warrant routine testing.Conclusions. The present analysis points to ‘excess’ prevalences of specific contact sensitization in some countries, although interpretation must be cautious if only few, and possibly specialized, centres are representing one country. A comparison as presented may help to target in‐depth research into possible causes of ‘excess’ exposure, and/or consideration of methodological issues, including modifications to the baseline series.
Distribution and Spatial Trends of PCBs in Commercial Scallops from Galician Littoral (NW, Spain). Possible Influence of Biometric Parameters
Authors: Carro N. , García I. , Ignacio M. , Mouteira A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract:  Levels and profiles of 10 individual congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were studied in 3 species of commercial scallops (Pecten maximus, Chlamys varia, and Chlamys opercularis) from several Rías in Galician littoral (NW, Spain). ΣPCBs levels ranged from 2.21 to 41.0 ng/g wet weight for P. maximus, from 13.9 to 24.9 ng/g wet weight for C. varia, and from 1.58 to 24.3 ng/g wet weight for C. opercularis. The possible influence between biometric parameters (lipid content, condition index, and shell size) and PCBs levels were studied using statistical analysis (ANOVA). No relationship between biometric parameters could be established in the studied samples. Multivariate analysis showed there were differences in bioaccumulation of some PCBs congeners. Principal component analysis classifies clearly the 3 studied Rías (Ría de Ferrol, Ría de Arousa, and Ría de Vigo) taking into account PCBs levels found in the shellfish.Practical Applications:  We investigated levels and profiles of 10 congeners of PCBs in 3 commercial scallop species from the Galician littoral zone. The influence of 3 biometric parameters on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) levels was also studied in order to assess results from the monitoring programs of production areas. According to PCBs levels, geographical differences were observed in commercial scallops from the 3 studied estuarine bays (Ría de Ferrol, Ría de Arousa, and Ría de Vigo).
Effect of Age on Outcome on Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure: From a 20‐Year Registry in a Middle‐Eastern Country (1991–2010)
Authors: Al Suwaidi Jassim , Asaad Nidal , Al‐Qahtani Awad , El‐Menyar Ayman , Al‐Mulla Abdul Wahid , Singh Rajvir , AlBinali Hajar A. 
Published: April 2012

©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.The association between age, risk factors, and outcome of non‐Caucasian patients hospitalized with heart failure (HF) is not clear. A total of 7066 consecutive patients hospitalized with HF at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar, from 1991 through 2010 were studied. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to age: group 1, 50 years and younger; group 2, older than 50 and up to 70 years; and group 3, older than 70 years. The prevalence of hypertension, chronic renal impairment, and atrial fibrillation increased with increased age. On admission, the older the age of the HF patient, the less likely they were to receive β‐blockers and vasodilators. In‐hospital mortality rate was higher in older patients when compared with the younger groups (10.6% group 3 vs 7% group 1 and 7.2% group 2; P=.001). During the study period, the relative reduction in mortality rates was higher in the younger when compared with the older patients (55%, 49%, and 41%, respectively). The clinical characteristics of Middle‐Eastern HF patients vary considerably according to age. Over time, an overall marked improvement in hospital survival for HF was observed, which was associated with progressively increased treatment with evidence‐based therapies. This survival improvement over time appears to be less pronounced in the elderly.