bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bayesian models of cognition
Authors: Chater Nick , Oaksford Mike , Hahn Ulrike , Heit Evan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThere has been a recent explosion in research applying Bayesian models to cognitive phenomena. This development has resulted from the realization that across a wide variety of tasks the fundamental problem the cognitive system confronts is coping with uncertainty. From visual scene recognition to on‐line language comprehension, from categorizing stimuli to determining to what degree an argument is convincing, people must deal with the incompleteness of the information they possess to perform these tasks, many of which have important survival‐related consequences. This paper provides a review of Bayesian models of cognition, dividing them up by the different aspects of cognition to which they have been applied. The paper begins with a brief review of Bayesian inference. This falls short of a full technical introduction but the reader is referred to the relevant literature for further details. There follows reviews of Bayesian models in Perception, Categorization, Learning and Causality, Language Processing, Inductive Reasoning, Deductive Reasoning, and Argumentation. In all these areas, it is argued that sophisticated Bayesian models are enhancing our understanding of the underlying cognitive computations involved. It is concluded that a major challenge is to extend the evidential basis for these models, especially to accounts of higher level cognition. WIREs Cogn Sci 2010 1 811–823This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Theory and Methods
Language evolution as cultural evolution: how language is shaped by the brain
Authors: Chater Nick , Christiansen Morten H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis paper reviews arguments against the evolutionary plausibility of a traditional genetically specified universal grammar. We argue that no such universal grammar could have evolved, either by a process of natural selection or by other evolutionary mechanisms. Instead, we propose that the close fit between languages and language learners, which make language acquisition possible, arises not because humans possess a specialized biological adaptation for language, but because language has been shaped to fit the brain, a process of cultural evolution. On this account, many aspects of the structure of human languages may be explained as cultural adaptations to the human brain. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of CognitionLinguistics > Evolution of LanguagePsychology > Language
Upper extremity surgery in younger children under ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block: A case series
Authors: Amiri Hamid Reza , Espandar Ramin 
Published: May 2010

Purpose Supraclavicular brachial plexus block is considered as one of the most effective anesthetic methods for upper extremity surgeries. Its major drawback, especially in children, is the risk of pneumothorax, vascular puncture, and failure of the procedure due to inaccurate placement of the needle. Ultrasound-guided needle placement may reduce the risk of complications and increase the accuracy of block, particularly in pediatric patients. There are few published experiences about the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block in children and to our knowledge, it seems that there is no published report about its usage in younger children (less than 6 years of age). Methods In order to consider the efficacy of ultrasound in younger children, 17 patients aged between 6 months and 6 years were randomly selected. The ultrasound probe was used for proper placement of the needle. After confirmation of the needle location using a nerve locator, the anesthetic agent was injected. The procedure time, establishment time, duration of analgesia, any complications related to the procedure, and the surgeon's satisfaction were recorded and analyzed. Results The procedure time was 10.35 ± 1.22 min, the establishment time was 89.59 ± 18 s, and the duration of analgesia was between 6 and 16 h (mean 9.76 ± 2.57 h). The recovery time was 24.4 ± 6.5 min (range 15–37 min) and the duration of surgeries was 61.3 ± 25.9 min (range 15–110 min). There was no failure of the procedure. Also, there were no complications related to the procedure and the surgeon's satisfaction during surgery was good or excellent. Conclusions This study demonstrates the efficacy and safety of the ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block for orthopedic upper extremity surgeries in patients younger than 6 years of age.
Quartiersentwicklung 2030: Akteure, Einflussfaktoren und Zukunftstrends – Ergebnisse einer Delphi-Studie
Authors: Schnur Olaf , Markus Ilka 
Published: May 2010

ZusammenfassungDer demographische Wandel sowie das Nebeneinander von schrumpfenden und wachsenden Wohnungsmarktregionen werden sich in Deutschland zunehmend auf die bisher wenig untersuchte Mesoebene des Wohnquartiers auswirken. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden in einer 2007/2008 durchgeführten zweistufigen Delphi-Befragung mit dem Titel „DemographischerImpactin städtischen Wohnquartieren“ wesentliche Akteure, Einflussfaktoren und Zukunftstrends der Quartiersentwicklung erfasst und analysiert. In der Studie ging es um grundlegende Fragestellungen wie: Welche Quartiere werden zukünftig von den Auswirkungen des demographischen Wandels besonders betroffen sein? Was sind die Stärken und Schwächen einzelner Quartierstypen? Wie werden sich Wohnquartiere bis 2030 entwickeln? Welche Metatrends der Quartiersentwicklung zeichnen sich ab? Werden eher altersstrukturell homogene oder heterogene Quartiere bessere Entwicklungschancen haben?
The role of idiosyncratic attribute evaluation in mass customization
Authors: Puligadda Sanjay , Grewal Rajdeep , Rangaswamy Arvind , Kardes Frank R. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe growing use of mass customization necessitates an understanding of consumers' evaluations of mass customization platforms. We hypothesize that consumers' objective and subjective knowledge of the customized product moderate the influence of idiosyncratically evaluated (i.e., personalizable) attributes on satisfaction with a customization platform. Consistent with our theoretical framework, results from three experiments show that offering greater variety in idiosyncratically evaluated attribute options increases consumers' satisfaction to a greater extent for: (1) novices than experts (2) consumers with more subjective knowledge, and (3) miscalibrated consumers whose subjective knowledge does not match their objective knowledge, than calibrated consumers whose subjective and objective knowledge match.
The Optimal Utilization of Slaves
Authors: Canarella Giorgio , Tomaske John A. 
Published: May 2010

A Major theme in the historiography of American slavery is the analysis of the slave plantation as a capitalist market oriented enterprise. Much of the controversy surrounding the work of such scholars as Stanley Elkins, Kenneth Stampp and Eugene Genovese stems from differing views of the interaction of commercial capitalism with the ancient institution of slavery. A recurrent topic in this literature is the impact of the profit motive and competitive market conditions on the relationship between master and slave. A major concern is the extent these capitalist incentives may have motivated the master to either brutalize or ameliorate the conditions of the slave's existence.We wish to thank the following who read earlier drafts of this paper and made useful suggestions and criticisms: Professors Jerry Fastrup, George Jensen, Roger Ransom, Richard Roseman, and an anonymous referee. This study is part of a larger project, “The Optimal Accumulation and Utilization of Slaves” (forthcoming), which extends both static and dynamic neoclassical models of the firm to cases involving slavery.
Backwardness and the Role of Banking in Nineteenth-Century European Industrialization
Authors: Good David F. 
Published: May 2010

Alexander Gerschenkron's research on industrialization in Europe suggests that both the timing and character of growth may have conditioned the institutional structure of nineteenth-century industrializers. He argues that:…the more backward a country's economy, the greater was the part played by specialized institutional factors designed to increase the supply of capital to nascent industries and, in addition, to provide them with less decentralized and better informed entrepreneurial guidance; the more backward the country, the more pronounced was the coerciveness and comprehensiveness of those factors.
Household Wealth in a Settlement Economy: Utah, 1850–1870
Authors: Kearl J.R. , Pope Clayne L. , Wimmer Larry T. 
Published: May 2010

The economics of David Ricardo and the contemporary evidence for the economic importance of information suggest that time of entry into an economy should be an important determinant of wealth. This hypothesis is validated for nineteenth-century Utah, since time of entry into the economy had a larger impact on the level of wealth than did occupation, birthplace, sex, region of settlement, or age. This finding suggests that the effect on wealthholding of variables often given a discriminatory interpretation such as foreign birth may be overstated if time of entry into the economy is ignored. It also helps to explain the increase in inequality as the settlement process continues.returned, and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favor to men of skill; but time and chance happeneth to them all.
The Diffusion of the Reaper: One More Time!
Authors: Olmstead Alan L. 
Published: May 2010

In the June 1977 issue of this Journal, Lewis R. Jones criticized my analysis of the diffusion of mechanical reaping and mowing machinery. Jones attempts to revive the threshold argument popularized by Paul David. In doing so Jones either confuses or ignores the main points I raised while concentrating on a peripheral issue of little significance.I raised three major issues. First, and of least importance, I revised the values of some of the parameters David used to estimate the threshold acreage. Jones correctly notes that I erred by reporting that the revised threshold was more than twice as large as that previously estimated; the correct calculation is about 93 percent, as Jones notes. If I were to write the paper again, I would correct this mistake. Nonetheless, my major conclusions on this issue are unaltered. Revising two of the parameters used to calculate the threshold acreage so that they better conform with the actual historical situation generates a threshold about twice as large as that previously estimated. I felt this discrepancy was sufficient to cast reasonable doubt on previous estimates, and I noted that similar revisions could be made of most of the parameters and variables used for such estimations (p. 333). Anyone who doubts this assertion should see Robert Ankli's excellent work on the subject.
Evaluating an evolutionary method of design style imitation
Authors: Gómez de Silva Garza Andrés , Zamora Lores Arám 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe propose a computational method for producing novel constructs that fall within an existing design or artistic style. The method is based on evolutionary algorithms, and we discuss related knowledge representation issues. We then present an implementation of this method that we used in order to imitate the style of the Dutch painter Mondrian. Finally, we explain and give the results of a cognitive experiment designed to determine the effectiveness of the method, and provide a discussion of these results.
Diagnosis and management of prostate cancer in the older man
Authors: McCracken SRC , Durkan GC , Pickard RS , Robson CN 
Published: May 2010

SummaryProstate cancer is the most common malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death, in men, in western countries. Prostate cancer is diagnosed in very few people aged younger than 50 years (<0.1% of all patients). The mean age of patients with this disorder is 72–74 years. Most men aged older than 85 years have histological prostate cancer. Androgen deprivation reduces tumour activity in approximately 80% of patients with advanced disease, but most tumours relapse within 2 years to an incurable castrate-resistant state. Treatment options for patients with castrate-resistant prostate cancer are very limited and, even with toxic therapy, such as docetaxel, the life expectancy is only improved by a median of 2 months. Hence earlier diagnosis and improved treatments for prostate cancer are urgently required. Novel drugs, such as Abiratorone acetate and MDV-3100 have shown promise in pre-clinical and early clinical trials, and a number are now in phase III clinical trials, alone or in combination with docetaxel.
Age-related change in endothelial and microvessel function and therapeutic consequences
Authors: Strain W David , Elyas Salim , Gates Phillip E , Shore Angela C 
Published: May 2010

SummaryAs the absolute numbers and proportion of older adults increases across most of the developed world, a greater understanding of the aetiopathogenic mechanisms of the increased vascular risk and their therapeutic implications becomes essential to all clinicians assessing and managing the geriatric patient. The role of endothelial function and the microcirculation is increasingly recognized in the maintenance of adequate perfusion, and their dysfunction is thought to be an early and potentially reversible mechanism by which age acts to increase cardiovascular risk.Here we review evidence that altered microvascular function appears before other recognized predictors of vascular disease, and progresses from childhood to late adult life, preceding fulminant atherosclerotic or arteriosclerotic disease. Low birth-weight babies have reduced endothelial function in skin microvessels at 3 months, and by age ten brachial artery endothelial function is reduced in comparison with normal birth-weight babies. In overweight/obese adolescent children with clustering of traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors, endothelial function is lower compared with normal weight children and this appears to persist into early adulthood. Adult ageing is associated with impaired microvessel endothelial function and an increase in capillary blood pressure, independent of brachial artery blood pressure. Biological and lifestyle factors that influence microvessel function include body fat and visceral adiposity, sex hormone status, diet and physical activity.Exploration of the therapeutic implications for management of endothelial dysfunction remains in embryonic state. The use of ACE-inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and direct renin inhibitors in patients with evidence of microvascular damage such as retinopathy and microalbuminuria has been established; however, in the general older population the benefit has yet to be established. Therefore current recommendations are to screen for microvascular damage and if present target treatments after control of other vascular risk factors such as hypertension.
Statistical Tests for Detecting Differential RNA-Transcript Expression from Read Counts
Authors: Stegle Oliver , Drewe Philipp , Bohnert Regina , Borgwardt Karsten , Rätsch Gunnar 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAs a fruit of the current revolution in sequencing technology, transcriptomes can now be analyzed at an unprecedented level of detail. These advances have been exploited for detecting differential expressed genes across biological samples and for quantifying the abundances of various RNA transcripts within one gene. However, explicit strategies for detecting the hidden differential abundances of RNA transcripts in biological samples have not been defined. In this work, we present two novel statistical tests to address this issue: a 'gene structure sensitive' Poisson test for detecting differential expression when the transcript structure of the gene is known, and a kernel-based test called Maximum Mean Discrepancy when it is unknown. We analyzed the proposed approaches on simulated read data for two artificial samples as well as on factual reads generated by the Illumina Genome Analyzer for two C. elegans samples. Our analysis shows that the Poisson test identifies genes with differential transcript expression considerably better that previously proposed RNA transcript quantification approaches for this task. The MMD test is able to detect a large fraction (75%) of such differential cases without the knowledge of the annotated transcripts. It is therefore well-suited to analyze RNA-Seq experiments when the genome annotations are incomplete or not available, where other approaches have to fail.
PMEM of carabid beetles in the agro-ecosystem: Prospects and problems
Authors: Priesnitz Kai , Benker Ullrich 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe comparison of carabid communities sampled at three different field sites during 5 years of ecological biosafety research provides useful information for the design of a post market environmental monitoring of this arthropod family. Each evaluated field site demonstrated a unique composition of carabid species. A baseline for the carabid beetle communities would therefore be necessary for each field site to detect any changes in its composition over time. Aside from the influence of the location, the impacts of weather, the date of sampling and of course the chosen sampling method have to be considered. A standardized method is a basic requirement for a replicable assessment. The number of traps per square meter, and the size and the design of the traps have to be determined a priori. The influence of the weather has to be taken into account and only a monitoring over a longer time period may yield reliable data. Multiple samples taken subsequently during the growing season would minimize potential mistakes in the interpretation of data. However, the main problem implementing a PMEM with carabids considering the mentioned obstacles will be the long-term financing of such a project.
Long-term Benefits of GM crops: Potential for Diabrotica Suppression in Europe using Bt Maize
Authors: Storer Nicholas , Schlotter Peter , Steffey Kevin 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTransgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been widely adopted since 1996 in the United States of America to combat important pests of maize and cotton. There is growing evidence that several target pest populations have been dramatically reduced in areas where the Bt crops have been most intensively adopted over multiple years. The evidence is most dramatic for nonmigratory monophagous and oligophagous species that show high mortality on Bt crops, such as European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), and tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens). Bt cotton is currently being used in the southwestern USA as part of an area-wide eradication program for pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella). Single, stacked, and pyramided Bt maize lines producing coleopteran-active insecticidal proteins have been shown in some cases to cause >99% mortality of western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) larvae every year. Simulation models suggest that long-term area-wide cultivation of these Bt corn lines can lead to dramatic population reduction, and even local extinction, of corn rootworms. An eradication program for this economically important pest, based around Bt maize and incorporating a combination of other tools, would benefit European agriculture and the environment. Post-commercial monitoring programs should be designed to investigate long-term benefits to agricultural production systems that can be reasonably expected from the widespread cultivation of Bt crops in Europe.
Induced polymerization of mammalian acetyl-CoA carboxylase by MIG12 provides a tertiary level of regulation of fatty acid synthesis
Authors: Kim Chai-Wan , Moon Young-Ah , Park Sahng Wook , Cheng Dong , Kwon Hyock Joo , Horton Jay D. 
Published: May 2010

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), the first committed enzyme in fatty acid (FA) synthesis, is regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, transcription, and an unusual mechanism of protein polymerization. Polymerization of ACC increases enzymatic activity and is induced in vitro by supraphysiological concentrations of citrate (> 5 mM). Here, we show that MIG12, a 22 kDa cytosolic protein of previously unknown function, binds to ACC and lowers the threshold for citrate activation into the physiological range (< 1 mM). In vitro, recombinant MIG12 induced polymerization of ACC (as determined by nondenaturing gels, FPLC, and electron microscopy) and increased ACC activity by > 50-fold in the presence of 1 mM citrate. In vivo, overexpression of MIG12 in liver induced ACC polymerization, increased FA synthesis, and produced triglyceride accumulation and fatty liver. Thus, in addition to its regulation by phosphorylation and transcription, ACC is regulated at a tertiary level by MIG12, which facilitates ACC polymerization and enhances enzymatic activity.
Groups
Authors: Valente Thomas W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter describes how network analysts define and measure groups. Components are the building blocks of group definitions and consist of all the nodes connected to each other through any number of steps in network. Nodes that cannot reach each other are in different components. More complex group definitions are then provided, namely, k-plexes and n-cliques which permit variation in the degree of connectivity among group members needed to be a group member. The Newman-Girvan (2004) algorithm is introduced which provides mutually exclusive groups and a measure of how well the group definitions characterize the data. The chapter closes with a discussion of how groups influence behavior.
Network Interventions
Authors: Valente Thomas W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter describes how network data can be used to accelerate behavior change and/or improving organizational performance. Network interventions consist of behavior change programs that use social network data to identify specific people or groups to deliver and/or receive the behavior change program. Network interventions can take many different forms and have many different implementation considerations. Six classes of methods were reviewed: opinion leaders, groups, leaders matched to groups, snowball methods, re-wiring networks, and crossing network data with attributes. Many cautions are expressed about the importance of theory and ethnography to ensure the research team has sufficient knowledge of the community. The potential for network interventions to accelerate behavior change is great, but the application of these methods is likely to be challenging at first as both researchers and communities learn how best to apply networks and networking in the most effective ways. Examples from empirical studies are presented throughout.
Summary
Authors: Valente Thomas W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis summary chapter reviews the models, methods, and applications that have been presented throughout the book. Network concepts have focused the research attention of many scientists and produced a rich body of research. In public health, virtually all chronic and infectious diseases are affected by networks and can profitably be studied using network tools. This summary chapter reiterates these points and provides some small empirical example which the reader can use to get started in this new, exciting and growing field. A glossary and long bibliography are provided.