bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing diet and lifestyle in the Canadian Arctic Inuit and Inuvialuit to inform a nutrition and physical activity intervention programme
Authors: Sharma S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractInuit in Nunavut (NU) and Inuvialuit in the Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada, were traditionally nomadic peoples whose culture and lifestyle were founded on hunting and gathering foods from the local environment, primarily land and marine mammals. Lifestyle changes within the last century have brought about a rapid nutrition transition, characterised by decreasing consumption of traditional foods and an associated increase in the consumption of processed, shop‐bought foods. This transition may be attributed to a multitude of factors, such as acculturation, overall food access and availability, food insecurity and climate change. Obesity and risk for chronic disease are higher in the Canadian Arctic population compared with the Canadian national average. This present review describes the study population and methodologies used to collect data in order to study the nutrition transition amongst Aboriginal Arctic populations and develop Healthy Foods North (HFN), a novel, multi‐institutional and culturally appropriate programme that aims to improve dietary adequacy and reduce risk of chronic disease. Included in this special issue of the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics are papers describing dietary intake patterns, physical activity levels, dietary behaviours, chronic disease prevalence and psychosocial factors that potentially mediate behaviour. A further paper describes how these data were utilised to inform and develop Healthy Foods North.
Healthy food intentions and higher socioeconomic status are associated with healthier food choices in an Inuit population
Authors: Mead E. , Gittelsohn J. , Roache C. , Sharma S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  Changing food behaviours amongst Canadian Inuit may contribute to rising chronic disease prevalence, and research is needed to develop nutritional behaviour change programmes. The present study examined patterns of food acquisition and preparation behaviours amongst Inuit adults in Nunavut and associations with psychosocial and socioeconomic factors.Methods:  Developed from behavioural theories and community workshops, Adult Impact Questionnaires were conducted with adult Inuit (≥19 years) from randomly selected households in three remote communities in Nunavut, Canada, to determine patterns of healthy food knowledge, self‐efficacy and intentions, frequencies of healthy and unhealthy food acquisition and healthiness of preparation methods. Associations between these constructs with demographic and socioeconomic factors were analysed using multivariate linear regressions.Results:  Amongst 266 participants [mean (SD) age 41.2 (13.6) years; response rates 69–93%], non‐nutrient‐dense foods were acquired a mean (SD) of 2.9 (2.3) times more frequently than nutrient‐dense, and/or low sugar/fat foods. Participants tended to use preparation methods that add fat. Intentions to perform healthy dietary behaviours was inversely correlated with unhealthy food acquisition (β = −0.25, P < 0.001), and positively associated with healthy food acquisition (β = 0.22, P < 0.001) and healthiness of preparation methods (β = 0.15, P = 0.012). Greater healthy food knowledge and self‐efficacy were associated with intentions (β = 0.21, P = 0.003 and β = 0.55, P < 0.001, respectively). Self‐efficacy was associated with healthier preparation (β = 0.14, P = 0.025) and less unhealthy food acquisition (β = −0.27, P < 0.001), whilst knowledge was associated with acquiring healthy foods (β = 0.13, P = 0.035). Socioeconomic status was positively associated with healthy preparation and food acquisition behaviours.Conclusions:  Interventions to improve diet in Nunavut Inuit should target healthy food intentions, knowledge and self‐efficacy. Behaviour change strategies emphasising economic benefits of a healthy diet should be employed to target individuals of low socioeconomic status.
Important psychosocial factors to target in nutrition interventions to improve diet in Inuvialuit communities in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Mead E. , Gittelsohn J. , De Roose E. , Sharma S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  With increasing chronic disease amongst Inuvialuit in the Canadian Arctic, research on dietary behaviours and their determinants in this population is needed to develop nutritional behaviour change intervention strategies. The present study aimed to assess the knowledge, self‐efficacy and intentions towards healthy eating and healthy eating behaviours of Inuvialuit adults in the Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada.Methods:  The Adult Impact Questionnaire was developed from behavioural theories and workshops held in the communities. It was conducted with adult Inuvialuit (≥19 years) from randomly selected households in three NWT communities to collect data on the psychosocial constructs of healthy food knowledge, self‐efficacy and intentions, and the dietary behaviours of healthy and unhealthy food acquisition and preparation. Associations between demographic, socioeconomic, psychosocial constructs and behaviours were analysed using multivariate linear regression.Results:  The 228 participants [mean (SD) age 43.4 (13.6) years; response rates 65–85%] acquired non‐nutrient‐dense foods a mean (SD) of 2.7 (3.0) times more frequently than nutrient‐dense, low sugar and low fat foods. Increased intention was associated with a greater frequency of acquiring healthy foods (β = 0.17, P = 0.012) and a lower frequency of acquiring unhealthy foods (β = −0.18, P = 0.008). Overall, participants reported using food preparation methods that reduce fat content slightly more than methods that add fat [mean (SD) score 0.3 (1.9)]. Use of healthier food preparation methods was associated with higher levels of healthy food knowledge (β = 0.26, P < 0.001), self‐efficacy (β = 0.29, P < 0.001) and intentions (β = 0.22, P = 0.001).Conclusions:  Healthy food intention was the construct most significantly associated with all three healthier dietary behaviours. Interventions that target intentions to change food choice and preparation may be effective strategies to improve dietary intake in Inuvialuit populations.
High levels of physical activity and obesity co‐exist amongst Inuit adults in Arctic Canada
Authors: Hopping B. N. , Erber E. , Mead E. , Roache C. , Sharma S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  Existing evidence indicates that Inuit in Arctic Canada are undergoing a lifestyle transition leading to decreased physical activity (PA) and increased body mass index (BMI). Data specific to PA and BMI amongst Inuit in Nunavut, Canada, are currently limited. The present study aimed to characterise current PA and BMI levels in a sample of Inuit adults.Methods:  Inuit adults randomly selected from a cross‐sectional survey of three communities in Nunavut, Canada, completed an adapted International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and an anthropometric survey. Data were analysed by gender and age group using standardised IPAQ protocol.Results:  Response rates ranged from 69–93%. Two hundred and eighteen Inuit adults [180 women, 38 men; mean (standard deviation (SD)) ages 42.3 (13.0) and 42.4 (14.8) years respectively; age range 19–89 years] completed the IPAQ. All men and 97% of women allowed height and weight measurements; the remainder were self‐reported. Mean (SD) BMI was 27.7 (6.3) kg/m2 for males and 30.3 (8.0) kg/m2 for females. The largest proportion of women and participants in both age groups had a BMI in the obese category; males were evenly split between the normal and obese categories. Self‐reported PA was high, with most men, women and participants ≤50 years in the high category of PA. Participants >50 years were evenly split across the medium and high categories. Most participants (72%) were classified as being overweight or obese, yet reported medium or high levels of PA (89%).Conclusions:  The findings obtained in the present study indicate the co‐existence of high BMI and high self‐reported PA amongst Inuit adults.
Dietary adequacy of Inuit in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Hopping B. N. , Mead E. , Erber E. , Sheehy C. , Roache C. , Sharma S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  Food intake amongst Canadian Inuit is currently in transition with a concurrent increase in diet‐related chronic disease. There is a lack of current data on nutrient intake and dietary adequacy in this population. The present study aimed to assess dietary intake and adequacy amongst Inuit adults in a community in Nunavut, Canada.Methods:  Random sampling of 130 households in a remote Inuit community in the Kitikmeot region of Nunavut, Canada, was used for this cross‐sectional study. Up to three 24‐h dietary recalls were collected on nonconsecutive days, capturing weekday and weekend consumption. Data were analysed to estimate energy and nutrient intake, to determine dietary adequacy, and to summarise the most commonly reported foods and the top food contributors to selected nutrients.Results:  The response rate was 69%, with 75 Inuit adults participating (mean (standard deviation (SD)) age 44 (SD = 17) years). Mean (SD) daily energy intake was 9.3 (4.4) MJ and 8.7 (3.5) MJ for men and women, respectively. Intakes of dietary fibre, calcium, total folate and vitamins A, D and E were below the Dietary Reference Intakes (Estimated Average Requirements where available) for 60–100% of all men and women. Traditional foods contributed substantially to protein and iron intake, whilst shop‐bought foods were primary contributors to total fat, carbohydrate and sugar intake.Conclusions:  The present study reports an in‐depth assessment of total dietary quality amongst Inuit adults in Nunavut, Canada. The results obtained indicate inadequate intakes of several essential nutrients, as well as a reliance on a nontraditional diet. A nutrition intervention is needed to prevent a continued rise in diet‐related chronic disease incidence.
Inuvialuit adults in the Canadian Arctic have a high body mass index and self‐reported physical activity
Authors: Hopping B. N. , Erber E. , Beck L. , De Roose E. , Sharma S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  Inuvialuit in Arctic Canada are undergoing nutrition and lifestyle transitions that encourage decreased physical activity (PA) and increased body mass index (BMI), although data specific to PA and BMI within this unique population are not currently available. The present study aimed to characterise current PA and BMI levels in a sample of Inuvialuit adults.Methods:  Inuvialuit adults randomly selected from a cross‐sectional survey of three communities in the Northwest Territories, Canada, completed an adapted International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and an anthropometric questionnaire to obtain height and weight. Data were analysed using the standardised IPAQ protocol, and the results are presented by gender and age group (≤50 and >50 years).Results:  One hundred and ninety‐six Inuvialuit adults [148 women, 48 men; mean (standard deviation (SD)) ages 45 (14) and 41 (14) years, respectively; age range 19–84 years] completed the IPAQ (response rates 65–85%). Seventy‐one percent of men and 74% of women allowed height measurements, whilst 81% and 84% allowed weight measurements, respectively; the remainder provided self‐reported anthropometrics. Mean (SD) BMIs were 28.6 (7.7) kg/m2 for males and 30.5 (8.8) kg/m2 for females. The greatest percentage of participants in both gender and age groups fell into the obese BMI category. Self‐reported PA was high, with means for men and participants ≤50 years in the high category of PA and means for women and participants >50 years in the medium category. Almost two‐thirds (65%) of participants were classified as being overweight or obese, although 89% reported medium or high levels of PA.Conclusions:  The results obtained in the present study indicate widespread overweight/obesity accompanying high levels of self‐reported PA.
Brain activation patterns associated with cue reactivity and craving in abstinent problem gamblers, heavy smokers and healthy controls: an fMRI study
Authors: Goudriaan Anna E. , De Ruiter Michiel B. , Van Den Brink Wim , Oosterlaan Jaap , Veltman Dick J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAbnormal cue reactivity is a central characteristic of addiction, associated with increased activity in motivation, attention and memory related brain circuits. In this neuroimaging study, cue reactivity in problem gamblers (PRG) was compared with cue reactivity in heavy smokers (HSM) and healthy controls (HC). A functional magnetic resonance imaging event‐related cue reactivity paradigm, consisting of gambling, smoking‐related and neutral pictures, was employed in 17 treatment‐seeking non‐smoking PRG, 18 non‐gambling HSM, and 17 non‐gambling and non‐smoking HC. Watching gambling pictures (relative to neutral pictures) was associated with higher brain activation in occipitotemporal areas, posterior cingulate cortex, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala in PRG compared with HC and HSM. Subjective craving in PRG correlated positively with brain activation in left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and left insula. When comparing the HSM group with the two other groups, no significant differences in brain activity induced by smoking cues were found. In a stratified analysis, the HSM subgroup with higher Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence scores (FTND M = 5.4) showed higher brain activation in ventromedial prefrontal cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, insula and middle/superior temporal gyrus while watching smoking‐related pictures (relative to neutral pictures) than the HSM subgroup with lower FTND scores (FTND M = 2.9) and than non‐smoking HC. Nicotine craving correlated with activation in left prefrontal and left amygdala when viewing smoking‐related pictures in HSM. Increased regional responsiveness to gambling pictures in brain regions linked to motivation and visual processing is present in PRG, similar to neural mechanisms underlying cue reactivity in substance dependence. Increased brain activation in related fronto‐limbic brain areas was present in HSM with higher FTND scores compared with HSM with lower FTND scores.
Early predictability of the need for tracheotomy after admission to ICU: an observational study
Authors: VEELO D. P. , BINNEKADE J. M. , BUDDEKE A.‐W. , DONGELMANS D. A. , SCHULTZ M. J. 
Published: September 2010

Background: The goal of this study was to explore the ability of professional judgment to predict the need for tracheotomy early among intensive care unit (ICU) patients.Methods: Prospective study using daily questionnaires among ICU physicians in a mixed medical–surgical ICU. The prediction of tracheotomy was by a visual analogue scale (VAS, from 1 to 10, with 1 representing ‘absolutely no need for tracheotomy’ and 10 representing ‘pertinent need for tracheotomy’) during ICU stay until tracheal extubation or tracheotomy. For the purpose of this study, a VAS score ≥8 was considered a positive prediction for tracheotomy.Results: A total of 476 questionnaires were retrieved for 75 patients (6.4±5.2 questionnaires per patient), of which 11 patients finally proceeded with a tracheostomy. At first assessment (mean of 2.4±0.8 days after ICU admittance), ICU physicians predicted the need for tracheotomy 3.0 (2.0–6.0) higher VAS points for patients who were finally tracheotomized (P<0.01). Patients with a positive prediction had a 5.4 (1.2–24.1) higher chance of receiving tracheotomy (P=0.03). Considering the median VAS score over a maximum of 10 days before tracheotomy, ICU physicians scored tracheotomized patients significantly higher from day 8 onwards. When comparing ICU physicians, fellows and residents separately, only staff physicians scored a significant difference in the VAS score (P<0.05).Conclusion: ICU physicians are able to differentiate between patients in need for tracheotomy from those who do not, within 2 days from admittance. The closer the time to the actual intervention, the better the physicians are able to predict this decision.
Remote pharmacological post‐conditioning by intrathecal morphine: cardiac protection from spinal opioid receptor activation
Authors: LING LING J. , WONG G. T. C. , YAO L. , XIA Z. , IRWIN M. G. 
Published: September 2010

Background:Intrathecal morphine pre‐conditioning attenuates cardiac ischemia–reperfusion injury via activation of central opioid receptors. We hypothesized that intrathecal morphine also post‐conditions the myocardium in the rat.Methods:Intrathecal morphine at 0.3 μg/kg (LMPC), 3 μg/kg (MMPC) or 30 μg/kg (HMPC) was administered for 5 min before 120‐min reperfusion following 30‐min ischemia. Infarct size as a percentage of area at risk (IS/AAR) was determined using triphenyltetrazolium staining. MMPC was repeated following the intrathecal administration of nor BNI, NTD, CTOP, or naloxone methiodide (NM), kappa, delta, mu and non‐specific opioid receptor antagonists, respectively. The role of peripheral opioid, adenosine and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) receptors was examined by the intravenous administration of NM, 8‐ρ‐sulfophenyl theophylline (8‐SPT) and human CGRP fragment (CGRP8−37), respectively.Results:Morphine post‐conditioning at all three doses was cardioprotective (IS/AAR of LMPC=37±4%, MMPC=35±5%, HMPC=32±4%, control=50±5%,P<0.01). The prior administration of opioid receptor antagonists intrathecally, as well as intravenous 8‐SPT and CGRP8−37receptor antagonists, abolished this effect (nor BNI+MMPC=47±7%, NTD+MMPC=49±7%, CTOP+MMPC=45±9%, NM+MMPC=47±6% 8‐SPT+MPC=46±5% & CGRP8−37+MPC=53±6%,P=0.63). However, the intravenous administration of NM did not prevent the protective effect (34±4%,P<0.01).Conclusions:Intrathecal morphine administration can induce pharmacological cardiac post‐conditioning as it involves opioid receptor centrally but non‐opioid receptors peripherally.
The relation between skin temperature increase and sensory block height in spinal anaesthesia using infrared thermography
Authors: Van HAREN F. G. A. M. , DRIESSEN J. J. , KADIC L. , Van EGMOND J. , BOOIJ L. H. D. J. , SCHEFFER G. J. 
Published: September 2010

Background and objectives: To evaluate the feasibility of determining the extent of sympathetic blockade by skin temperature measurement with infrared thermography and relate the cranial extent of the temperature increase to that of the sensory block after spinal anaesthesia.Methods: Before and 5, 10 and 20 min after the administration of spinal anaesthesia, skin temperatures were measured with infrared thermography at the dermatomes T2–L3, in 12 male patients scheduled for lower limb surgery. The most cephalad dermatome at which sensory blockade occurred was related to the dermatome at which the largest temperature jump (corrected for baseline temperature) occurred.Results: The baseline temperatures showed considerable variation across the dermatomes, being lower below T12 than at the thoracic dermatomes. The mean difference between the level of the cephalad skin temperature elevation front (mean 1.03 °C, SD 0.8 °C) and cranial sensory block height was 0.10 dermatomes (SD 1.16), correlation coefficient (0.88, P<0.001).Conclusion: The varying baseline temperatures across the trunk, the limited sympathetic block‐induced increase in skin temperature at the trunk and the difficult control of influences from the surroundings partly obscured the extent of the skin temperature increase and its correlation to sensory block height. These factors have to be controlled to improve the use of infrared cameras as an easy bedside tool for predicting the cranial extent of (sympathetic blockade during) spinal anaesthesia.
Effects of different respiratory maneuvers on esophageal sphincters in obese patients before and during anesthesia
Authors: DE LEON A. , THÖRN S.‐E. , RAOOF M. , OTTOSSON J. , WATTWIL M. 
Published: September 2010

Background: Data on esophageal sphincters in obese individuals during anesthesia are sparse. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different respiratory maneuvers on the pressures in the esophagus and esophageal sphincters before and during anesthesia in obese patients.Methods: Seventeen patients, aged 28–68 years, with a BMI≥35 kg/m2, who were undergoing a laparoscopic gastric by‐pass surgery, were studied, and pressures from the hypopharynx to the stomach were recorded using high‐resolution solid‐state manometry. Before anesthesia, recordings were performed during normal spontaneous breathing, Valsalva and forced inspiration. The effects of anesthesia induction with remifentanil and propofol were evaluated, and positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) 10 cmH2O was applied during anesthesia.Results: During spontaneous breathing, the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure was significantly lower during end‐expiration compared with end‐inspiration (28.5 ± 7.7 vs. 35.4 ± 10.8 mmHg, P<0.01), but barrier pressure (BrP) and intra‐gastric pressure (IGP) were unchanged. LES, BrP (P<0.05) and IGP (P<0.01) decreased significantly during anesthesia. BrP remained positive in all patients. IGP increased during Valsalva (P<0.01) but was unaffected by PEEP. Esophageal pressures were positive during both spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation. Esophageal pressures increased during PEEP from 9.4 ± 3.8 to 11.3 ± 3.3 mmHg (P<0.01).Conclusion: During spontaneous breathing, the LES pressure was the lowest during end‐expiration but there were no differences in BrP and IGP. LES, BrP and IGP decreased during anesthesia but BrP remained positive in all patients. During the application of PEEP, esophageal pressures increased and this may have a protective effect against regurgitation.
Responses to mineral nutrient availability and heterogeneity in physiologically integrated sedges from contrasting habitats
Authors: D’Hertefeldt T. , Falkengren‐Grerup U. , Jónsdóttir I. S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractClonal plants from poor habitats benefit less from morphologically plastic responses to heterogeneity than plants from more productive sites. In addition, physiological integration has been suggested to either increase or decrease the foraging efficiency of clonal plants. We tested the capacity for biomass production and morphological response in two closely related, rhizomatous species from habitats that differ in resource availability, Carex arenaria (from poor sand dunes) and C. disticha (from nutrient‐richer, moister habitats). We expected lower total biomass production and reduced morphological plasticity in C. arenaria, and that both species would produce more ramets in high nutrient patches, either in response to signals transported through physiological integration, or by locally determined responses to nutrient availability. To investigate mineral nutrient heterogeneity, plants were grown in boxes divided into two compartments with homogeneous or heterogeneous supply of high (H) or low (L) nutrient levels, resulting in four treatments, H‐H, H‐L, L‐H and L‐L. Both C. arenaria and C. disticha produced similar biomass in high nutrient treatments. C. disticha responded to high nutrients by increased biomass production and branching of the young parts and by altering root:shoot ratio and rhizome lengths, while C. arenaria showed localised responses to high nutrients in terms of local biomass and branch production in high nutrient patches. The results demonstrated that although it has a conservative morphology, C. arenaria responded to nutrient heterogeneity through morphological plasticity. An analysis of costs and benefits of integration on biomass production showed that young ramets of both species benefited significantly from physiological integration, but no corresponding costs were found. This suggests that plants from resource‐poor but dynamic habitats like sand dunes respond morphologically to high nutrient patches. The two species responded to nutrient heterogeneity in different traits, and this is discussed in terms of local and distant signalling of plant status.