bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atrial, SA Nodal, and AV Nodal Electrophysiology in Standing Horses: Normal Findings and Electrophysiologic Effects of Quinidine and Diltiazem
Authors: Schwarzwald Colin C. , Hamlin Robert L. , Bonagura John D. , Nishijima Yoshinori , Meadows Cheyney , Carnes Cynthia A. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Although atrial arrhythmias are clinically important in horses, atrial electrophysiology has been incompletely studied.Hypotheses: Standard electrophysiologic methods can be used to study drug effects in horses. Specifically, the effects of diltiazem on atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction are rate‐dependent and allow control of ventricular response rate during rapid atrial pacing in horses undergoing quinidine treatment.Animals: Fourteen healthy horses.Methods: Arterial blood pressure, surface electrocardiogram, and right atrial electrogram were recorded during sinus rhythm and during programmed electrical stimulation at baseline, after administration of quinidine gluconate (10 mg/kg IV over 30 minutes, n = 7; and 12 mg/kg IV over 5 minutes followed by 5 mg/kg/h constant rate infusion for the remaining duration of the study, n = 7), and after coadministration of diltiazem (0.125 mg/kg IV over 2 minutes repeated every 12 minutes to effect).Results: Quinidine significantly prolonged the atrial effective refractory period, shortened the functional refractory period (FRP) of the AV node, and increased the ventricular response rate during atrial pacing. Diltiazem increased the FRP, controlled ventricular rate in a rate‐dependent manner, caused dose‐dependent suppression of the sinoatrial node and produced a significant, but well tolerated decrease in blood pressure. Effective doses of diltiazem ranged from 0.125 to 1.125 mg/kg.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Standard electrophysiologic techniques allow characterization of drug effects in standing horses. Diltiazem is effective for ventricular rate control in this pacing model of supraventricular tachycardia. The use of diltiazem for rate control in horses with atrial fibrillation merits further investigation.
Estimation of Acute Fluid Shifts Using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Horses
Authors: Fielding C. Langdon , Magdesian K. Gary , Carlson Gary P. , Ruby Rebecca E. , Rhodes Diane M. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Multi‐frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF‐BIA) has been used to evaluate extracellular fluid volume (ECFV), but not fluid fluxes associated with fluid or furosemide administration in horses. If able to detect acute changes in ECFV, MF‐BIA would be useful in monitoring fluid therapy in horses.Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of MF‐BIA to detect acute fluid compartment changes in horses. We hypothesized that MF‐BIA would detect clinically relevant (10–20%) changes in ECFV.Animals: Six healthy mares were used in the study.Methods: This is an original experimental study. Mares were studied in 3 experiments: (1) crystalloid expansion of normally hydrated subjects, (2) furosemide‐induced dehydration followed by crystalloid administration, and (3) acute blood loss followed by readministration of lost blood. MF‐BIA measurements were made before, during, and after each fluid shift and compared to known changes in volume calculated based on the intravenous fluids that were administered in addition to urinary fluid losses. Mean errors between MF‐BIA estimated change and known volume change were compared using nonparametric analysis of variance. Estimated ECFV pre‐ and post‐fluid administration similarly were compared. The level of statistical significance was set atP< .05.Results: Results of the study revealed a statistically significant change in ECFV and total body water during crystalloid expansion and dehydration. Statistically significant changes were not observed during blood loss and administration. Mean errors between MF‐BIA results and measured net changes were small.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: MF‐BIA represents a practical and accurate means of assessing acute fluid changes during dehydration and expansion of ECFV using isotonic crystalloids with potential clinical applications in equine critical care.
Plethysmographic Comparison of Breathing Pattern in Heaves (Recurrent Airway Obstruction) Versus Experimental Bronchoconstriction or Hyperpnea in Horses
Authors: Hoffman Andrew M. , Oura Trisha J. , Riedelberger Klaus J. , Mazan Melissa R. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) are described as exhibiting “increased abdominal effort,” but it is unknown whether this translates to an effective contribution to ventilation.Hypothesis: We hypothesized that heaves is characterized by asynchrony between rib cage and abdominal motions, and that the abdominal component is the major contributor to ventilation.Animals: The rib cage versus abdominal motion in naturally occurring heaves (n = 15) was compared to controls at rest (n = 7) and during hyperpnea because of lobeline treatment, and the effects of histamine‐induced bronchoconstriction in controls (n = 10).Methods: Flow patterns, phase angle (9) between the rib and abdominal compartments, abdominal (Vabd) contribution to tidal volume (VT), and lung mechanics were measured.Results: Findings unique to the heaves group included the loss of biphasic expiratory flow, severely increased 9 with the abdomen consistently lagging behind the rib cage, and a reduced contribution of the abdomen to ventilation. A subgroup of heaves (n = 5) with abdominal paradox showed a significant (P< .05) reduction in tidal volume, and increased respiratory rate. Bronchodilation reduced 9 in heaves (P= .06), but 9 remained significantly higher after bronchodilation than found in controls.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: We conclude that breathing pattern in horses with heaves is characterized by severe rib cage/abdominal asynchrony, with the rib cage motion in synchrony with flow, therefore dominating ventilation. In a subset of heaves, the abdominal compartment (diaphragm, abdominal muscles) was completely out of synchrony with flow (“abdominal paradox”) despite the clinical appearance of “increased abdominal effort.”
Inheritance, Mode of Inheritance, and Candidate Genes for Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Keeshonden
Authors: Goldstein Richard E. , Atwater Daniel Z. , Cazolli Dava M. , Goldstein Orly , Wade Claire M. , Lindblad‐Toh Kerstin 
Published: March 2010

Background: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is caused by inappropriate secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by autonomously functioning neoplastic or hyperplastic parathyroid “chief cells. Keeshonden are thought to be over‐represented in studies on canine PHPT, but no proof of heritability or mode of inheritance has been published. The canine disease clinically resembles human familial isolated hyperparathyroidism (FIHP).Hypothesis: Primary hyperparathyroidism in Keeshonden is genetically transmitted and is caused by a mutation in 1 of 4 genes implicated in human FIHP:MEN1, CASR, HRPT2, orRET.Animals: Pedigrees consisting of 1647 Keeshonden were created including 219 Keeshonden with known PHPT phenotypes (69 positive). DNA samples were obtained from 176 of the 219 Keeshonden (34 positive).Methods: Heritability and mode of inheritance were determined by segregation analysis. Canine homologs to the human genes were identified. Exons and surrounding intron regions were sequenced and scanned for sense‐altering polymorphisms or polymorphisms that segregated with the disease. Messenger RNA from a parathyroid tumor of an affected Keeshond was analyzed for polymorphisms and splice alterations.Results: PHPT follows an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance in Keeshonden with possible age‐dependent penetrance. No polymorphisms identified in the genes analyzed were associated with a change in predicted protein or in hypothesized splice sites.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: PHPT is an autosomal dominant, genetically transmitted disease in Keeshonden. Once the mutation locus is identified, genetic testing should quickly decrease the incidence of PHPT in this breed. It is unlikely that mutations inMEN1, CASR, HRPT2, orRETcause PHPT in Keeshonden.
Breed Associations for Canine Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
Authors: Batchelor Daniel J. , Noble Peter‐John M. , Cripps Peter J. , Taylor Rebecca H. , McLean Lynn , Leibl Marion A. , German AIexander J. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Knowledge of breed associations is valuable to clinicians and researchers investigating diseases with a genetic basis.Hypothesis:Among symptomatic dogs tested for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) by canine trypsin‐like immunoreactivity (cTLI) assay, EPI is common in certain breeds and rare in others. Some breeds may be overrepresented or underrepresented in the population of dogs with EPI. Pathogenesis of EPI may be different among breeds.Animals:Client‐owned dogs with clinical signs, tested for EPI by radioimmunoassay of serum cTLI, were used.Methods:In this retrospective study, results of 13,069 cTLI assays were reviewed.Results:An association with EPI was found in Chows, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS), Rough‐Coated Collies (RCC), and German Shepherd Dogs (GSD) (allP< .001). Chows (median, 16 months) were younger at diagnosis than CKCS (median, 72 months,P< .001), but not significantly different from GSD (median, 36 months,P= .10) or RCC (median, 36 months,P= .16). GSD (P< .001) and RCC (P= .015) were younger at diagnosis than CKCS. Boxers (P< .001), Golden Retrievers (P< .001), Labrador Retrievers (P< .001), Rottweilers (P= .022), and Weimaraners (P= .002) were underrepresented in the population with EPI.Conclusions and Clinical Implications: An association with EPI in Chows has not previously been reported. In breeds with early‐onset EPI, immune‐mediated mechanisms are possible or the disease may be congenital. When EPI manifests later, as in CKCS, pathogenesis is likely different (eg, secondary to chronic pancreatitis). Underrepresentation of certain breeds among dogs with EPI has not previously been recognized and may imply the existence of breed‐specific mechanisms that protect pancreatic tissue from injury.
Chordae tendineaeRupture in Dogs with Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease: Prevalence, Survival, and Prognostic Factors (114 Cases, 2001–2006)
Authors: Serres François , Chetboul Valerie , Tissier Renaud , Sampedrano Carolina Carlos , Gouni Vassiliki , Nicolle Audrey P. , Pouchelon Jean‐Louis 
Published: March 2010

Background:Degenerative mitral valve disease (MVD) is the most common heart disease in small breed dogs, andchordae tendineaerupture (CTR) is a potential complication of this disease. The survival time and prognostic factors predictive of survival in dogs with CTR remain unknown.Hypothesis:The prevalence and prognosis of CTR in dogs with MVD increases and decreases, respectively, with heart failure class.Animals:This study used 706 dogs with MVD.Methods:The diagnosis of CTR was based on a flail mitral leaflet with the tip pointing into the left atrium during systole, which was confirmed in several 2‐dimension imaging planes using the left and right parasternal 4‐chamber views.Results:CTR was diagnosed in 114 of the 706 dogs with MVD (16.1%) and most of these (106/114, 93%) had severe mitral valve regurgitation as assessed by color Doppler mode. CTR prevalence increased with International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council (ISACHC) clinical class (i.e., 1.9, 20.8, 35.5, and 69.6% for ISACHC classes Ia, Ib, II, and III, respectively [P< .05]). Long‐term follow‐up was available for 57 treated dogs (angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and diuretics) and 58% of these (33/57) survived > 1 year after initial CTR diagnosis (median survival time, 425 days). Clinical class, the presence of ascites or acute dyspnea at the time of diagnosis, heart rate, plasma urea concentration, and left atrial size were predictors of survival.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: CTR is associated with a higher overall survival time than previously supposed. Its prognosis mostly depends on a combination of clinical and biochemical factors.
Canine Dal Blood Type: A Red Cell Antigen Lacking in Some Dalmatians
Authors: Blais Marie‐Claude , Berman Lisa , Oakley Donna A. , Giger Urs 
Published: March 2010

Background:Based upon alloantibodies produced after sensitizing dogs with transfused blood, more than a dozen blood group systems have been recognized thus far, and some have been classified as dog erythrocyte antigens (DEA).Hypothesis:A new canine red cell antigen was suspected, based on the development of specific alloantibodies in a Dalmatian previously sensitized by blood transfusions.Animals:Twenty‐six Dalmatians (including 1 Dalmatian in need of blood compatibility studies); 55 canine blood donors.Methods:Serologic tests, including blood typing, crossmatching, and direct Coombs' test were performed by standard tube techniques and a novel gel column technology adapted from human blood banking.Results:By day 40 after transfusion of an anemic Dalmatian, all major crossmatch tests to 55 non‐Dalmatian dogs were incompatible. The 2 initial donors, who were compatible before transfusion, were also now incompatible, suggesting the development of an alloantibody to a common red cell antigen. No siblings were available, but 4 of 25 unrelated Dalmatians were crossmatch compatible, suggesting that they were missing the same red cell antigen. The patient was blood typed DEA 1.1, 3, 4, and 5 positive, but DEA 7 negative. Further blood typing and crossmatching results did not support an association to any of these known blood types. The alloantibodies produced were determined to be of the immunoglobulin G class.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Based upon the identification of an acquired alloantibody in a Dalmatian, a presumably new common blood type namedDalwas identified. Dalmatians lacking the Dal antigen are likely at risk of delayed and acute hemolytic transfusion reactions.
A Newly Recognized Blood Group in Domestic Shorthair Cats: TheMikRed Cell Antigen
Authors: Weinstein Nicole M. , Blais Marie‐Claude , Harris Kimberly , Oakley Donna A. , Aronson Lillian R. , Giger Urs 
Published: March 2010

Background:Naturally occurring alloantibodies produced against A and B red cell antigens in cats can cause acute hemolytic transfusion reactions. Blood incompatibilities, unrelated to the AB blood group system, have also been suspected after blood transfusions through routine crossmatch testing or as a result of hemolytic transfusion reactions.Hypothesis:Incompatible crossmatch results among AB compatible cats signify the presence of a naturally occurring alloantibody against a newly identified blood antigen in a group of previously never transfused blood donor cats. The associated alloantibody is clinically important based upon a hemolytic transfusion reaction after inadvertent transfusion of red cells expressing this red cell antigen in a feline renal transplant recipient that lacks this red cell antigen.Methods: Blood donor and nonblood donor cats were evaluated for the presence of auto‐and alloantibodies using direct antiglobulin and crossmatch tests, respectively, and were blood typed for AB blood group status. Both standard tube and novel gel column techniques were used.Results: Plasma from 3 of 65 cats and 1 feline renal transplant recipient caused incompatible crossmatch test results with AB compatible erythrocytes indicating these cats formed an alloantibody against a red cell antigen they lack, termedMik.The 3 donors and the renal transplant recipient were crossmatch‐compatible with one another. Tube and gel column crossmatch test results were similar.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The absence of this novelMikred cell antigen can be associated with naturally occurring anti‐Mikalloantibodies and can elicit an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction after an AB‐matched blood transfusion.
Determination of Lactate Concentrations in Blood Plasma and Peritoneal Fluid in Horses with Colic by an Accusport Analyzer
Authors: Delesalle Cathérine , Dewulf Jeroen , Lefebvre Romain A. , Schuurkes Jan A.J. , Proot Joachim , Lefere Laurence , Deprez Piet 
Published: March 2010

Background:Intestinal hypoperfusion can lead to increased lactate concentrations in plasma and peritoneal fluid of horses with colic.Hypothesis: The purposes of this study were to (1) evaluate the reliability of the Accusport analyzer to assess peritoneal fluid lactate (PFL) concentrations in healthy horses and those with colic, (2) identify clinical features associated with abnormal blood plasma lactate (BPL) and PFL concentrations, and (3) evaluate the prognostic value of BPL and PFL.Animals:BPL and PFL were determined in 20 healthy horses and in 106 horses with colic.Results: The Accusport was reliable for determining BPL concentrations, 13 mM and PFL concentrations, 20 mM. Multivariate analysis indicated that PCV and the need for intestinal resection were independently associated with the BPL; pulse, PCV, venous pO2, the presence of necrotic intestine, an increased amount of peritoneal fluid, and fluid total protein content were independently associated with PFL. With a 1 mM increase in BPL or PFL, the respective odds ratios for required abdominal surgery increase to 1.23 (BPL) and 1.58 (PFL), odds ratios for a required intestinal resection increase to 1.20 (BPL) and 1.41 (PFL), and odds ratios for developing ileus increase by 1.33 (BPL) and 1.36 (PFL). PFL concentrations of 1, 6, 12, and 16 mM correspond to a probability of death of 11, 29, 63, and 82%, respectively, in horses without strangulating obstruction and of 25, 52, 82, and 92%, respectively, in horses with strangulating obstruction.Conclusion: PFL is more useful and sensitive than BPL for prognostic purposes in horses with colic.
Genotypic Analysis of Giardia Duodenalis in Domestic Cats
Authors: Vasilopulos Robert J. , Rickard Lora G. , Mackin Andrew J. , Pharr G. Todd , Huston Carla L. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Giardia duodenalis is an intestinal flagellated protozoan that affects many mammalian species often causing severe diarrheal disease. Several different genotypes have been identified (Assemblages A‐G). Most isolates recovered from domestic cats have been assigned to either Assemblage A, the zoonotic form of the parasite, or Assemblage F, identified thus far only in cats. Genotypic variation within G. duodenalis may influence clinical presentation and course of disease. Therefore, host‐adapted genotypes may not be responsible for diarrheal disease (eg, Assemblage F in cats).Hypothesis:Multiple Giardia genotypes will be present in domestic cats, including Assemblage F, which will not be correlated with clinical signs.Animals:250 domestic cats from eastern Mississippi and northwestern Alabama.Methods:Prevalence survey. Fecal samples evaluated for cysts using a centrifugation concentration technique and a commercially available direct immunoflourescent antibody kit. Giardia isolates were characterized by PCR amplification and sequencing of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene.Results:Both Assemblage A‐I (6/17) and Assemblage F (11/17) were identified. Although Assemblage was significantly associated with age and housing, no association was detected between Assemblage and a variety of other factors including the presence of gastrointestinal signs (acute vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The presence of diarrhea in domestic cats with Giardia cannot be used as a predictor of the presence of zoonotic genotypes in animals within the study area. Although Assemblage A was associated with age and housing, veterinarians should consider any isolation of Giardia from domestic cats as potentially zoonotic.
Evaluation of Client‐Specific Outcome Measures and Activity Monitoring to Measure Pain Relief in Cats with Osteoarthritis
Authors: Lascelles B. Duncan X. , Hansen Bernie D. , Roe Simon , DePuy Venita , Thomson Andrea , Pierce Courtney C. , Smith Eric S. , Rowinski Elizabeth 
Published: March 2010

Background:There are no validated systems for measuring pain from osteoarthritis in cats.Hypothesis:Owner subjective assessments and an activity monitor (AM) can be used to detect pain in cats with osteoarthritis and to assess efficacy of treatments.Animals:Thirteen cats older than 10 years old, with owner‐assessed decreases in activity, painful arthritic joints, and clinically normal blood work were included and evaluated for 3 weeks.Methods:A collar‐mounted AM measured activity and a client‐specific outcome measure (CSOM) questionnaire characterized the severity of impairment. Overall global quality of life was also evaluated for each treatment. In weeks 2 and 3, meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg, day 1; 0.05 mg/kg, days 2–5) or a placebo was administered in a blinded, randomized, cross‐over manner to test the assessment systems.Results:The cats had a median of 4 arthritic appendicular joints. Activity counts for the week when cats (complete data on activity; n = 9) were administered meloxicam were significantly higher than at baseline (P= .02) but not after placebo (P= .06). Baseline activity counts were not significantly different from placebo (P= .6). The CSOM data (n = 13) showed that owners considered their cats to be more active on meloxicam compared with baseline (P= .001) and placebo (P < .004), and more active on placebo than at baseline (P < .01). Global quality of life improved significantly with meloxicam (P < .042).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Both an AM and a CSOM system can detect behavior associated with pain relief in cats that are arthritic. Objective activity data might allow subjective assessment systems to be validated for use in clinical studies.
Bacterial Culture Results from Liver, Gallbladder, or Bile in 248 Dogs and Cats Evaluated for Hepatobiliary Disease: 1998–2003
Authors: Wagner Karin A. , Hartmann Faye A. , Trepanier Lauren A. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Information is lacking on the prevalence and susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates in dogs and cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease.Objectives: To characterize the prevalence, identity, and antimicrobial susceptibility of common hepatobiliary isolates from such patients.Animals:Dogs and cats presented to the University of Wisconsin‐Madison Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for which samples of bile, gallbladder, or liver were submitted for culture from 1998 to 2003, including 190 dogs (192 culture episodes) and 58 cats (61 culture episodes).Methods:Cases were identified from the microbiology laboratory database. Data from patient medical records were extracted, including the history of antimicrobial administration, the presence of fever, the results of CBC and serum biochemistry, the presence of biliary obstruction or hepatobiliary inflammation, and the results of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultures and aerobic antimicrobial susceptibilities.Results:Biliary cultures yielded a significantly higher percentage of positive results overall (30% [18 of 60]) than did hepatic cultures (7% [15 of 215]). In patients with cholecystitis, 62% (8 of 13) had positive biliary cultures. In patients with hepatic inflammation, 23% (7 of 30) had positive bile cultures, whereas only 6% (6 of 103) had positive hepatic cultures.Escherichia coli, Enterococcusspp.,Bacteroidesspp.,Streptococcusspp., andClostridiumspp. were the most common true‐positive isolates. More than 80% of Enterobacteriaceae were susceptible to ciprofloxacin or aminoglycosides, with only 30–67% susceptible to first‐generation aminopenicillins and cephalosporins. Liver samples obtained by surgery or laparoscopy were more likely to yield positive cultures than those obtained by percutaneous needle biopsy.