bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genesis of a regionally widespread celadonitic chert–ironstone bed overlying Upper Lias manganese deposits, Hungary
Authors: Polgári M. , Hein J.R. , Tóth M. , Brukner-Wein A. , Vigh T. , Bíró L. , Cserháti C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract:
Mineralogy and chemical composition are presented for a chert–ironstone bed that overlies the Úrkút Mn deposit. This bed is mottled green–brown in its lower and upper parts, which are composed of quartz, goethite and celadonite. These parts of the bed are interpreted to be strongly altered tuffs, reflecting oxidic, low-temperature alteration of a hydrated, Fe-rich, Al-poor tuff, and K and Mg uptake from seawater. The middle part of the bed is a mineralized bacterial mat (quartz, goethite). Textures resembling bacterial cells and colonies are common, with wavy, bulbous laminations composed of mounds overlying a mesh-work stromatolite-like texture constructed of micrometre-size Fe oxides. This bed is concordant with the underlying Mn deposit and marks the termination of Mn accumulation. Although no genetic connection exists between the two, the rocks adjacent to the contact record the oceanographic and bottom-water conditions extant when accumulation of one of the major Mn deposits of Europe ended, when the Transdanubian Range was located in the middle of the Adria–Apulian microcontinent between the Neotethys and Atlantic–Ligurian seaways. A pyroclastic origin for part of the bed has significance for the Toarcian of Central Europe because evidence of volcanism occurring at that time is otherwise sparse.
Dating the onset of Variscan crustal exhumation in the core of the Bohemian Massif: new U–Pb single zircon ages from the high-K calc-alkaline granodiorites of the Blatná suite, Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex
Authors: Janoušek Vojtĕch , Wiegand Bettina A. , Žák Jiří 
Published: March 2010

Abstract:
The Variscan Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex crops out between the upper-crustal Teplá–Barrandian and the high-grade Moldanubian units (Bohemian Massif). Much of the complex is made up of calc-alkaline plutonic rocks: (1) the geochemically more primitive, Na-rich 354 ± 4 Ma Sázava suite, which was emplaced syntectonically during regional shortening; (2) the younger, more evolved, potassic Blatná suite, which records both the shortening along its NW contact and the onset of normal shearing related to exhumation of the Moldanubian Unit to the SE. New ion microprobe U–Pb zircon ages for the high-K calc-alkaline Blatná suite pinpoint this major switch in the tectonic regime. Both Blatná and Kozárovice granodiorites (346 ± 2 Ma and 347 ± 2 Ma (2σ)) were generated by melting of heterogeneous crust and were emplaced contemporaneously to form the Blatná composite pluton. From age spectra preserved in inherited zircons and whole-rock Sr–Nd isotope signatures, the likely crustal sources for the magmas were immature greywackes rich in Neoproterozoic (615 ± 10 Ma, Kozárovice) or Late Cambrian–Early Ordovician (492 ± 4 Ma, Blatná) volcanogenic detritus. An additional important petrogenetic process was variable mixing with enriched mantle-derived monzonitic magmas, which may also have supplied the extra heat for crustal anatexis.

Supplementary material:

Analytical techniques, selected whole-rock major- and trace-element geochemical analyses and U–Th–Pb data are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18391
.
To what extent is the present seismicity of Norway driven by post-glacial rebound?
Authors: Bungum H. , Olesen O. , Pascal C. , Gibbons S. , Lindholm C. , VestØl O. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract:
The seismicity of Scandinavia is low to intermediate in intensity and with magnitudes that rarely exceed 5.5. Even so, the seismicity is characterized by a great diversity in space and time, related to the fact that its driving forces, or sources of stress, are multiple and also diverse in nature. The dominant driving forces range from plate-related (such as ridge push) through regional to local ones (such as topography); all, however, are somehow related to lateral inhomogeneities in lithospheric structure. Whereas it was earlier assumed that the post-glacial uplift was the main cause for the seismicity of Scandinavia, we now conclude that the uplift may at most be playing a minor role. Along the coastal stretch of northern Norway there are still some indications that the seismicity, which is often shallow, normal faulting and swarm related, may be related to the still remaining glacial-isostatic adjustment. The flexuring that is needed to explain such behaviour could, however, also be related to erosion and sedimentation processes. It will take more work to separate these potential driving forces.
Evolution of Neogene volcanism and stress patterns in the glaciated West Antarctic Rift, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica
Authors: Paulsen Timothy S. , Wilson Terry J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract:The orientations and ages of polygenetic volcano chains, elongate volcano edifices, and elongate summit calderas in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica, are analysed to determine stress directions during volcanism and coeval glaciation across the West Antarctic Rift. Initiation of volcanismc. 36–34 Ma and major polygenetic volcanism beginningc. 14 Ma are broadly coeval with establishment of significant ice volumes in West Antarctica. Middle–Late Miocene volcanism occurred primarily along roughly north–south volcano chains, whereas latest Miocene–Pleistocene volcanism had a strong east–west preferred orientation across the spatial extent of the province. Anisotropic stress conditions controlled both phases of volcanism, and a rapid rotation in the maximum horizontal stress direction from north–south to east–west occurred as early asc. 6 Ma. Glacial loading and unloading appears to have facilitated volcanism in Marie Byrd Land, but ice margin reconstructions make it unlikely that stress field rotation is a result of flexural stresses imposed by glacial loading cycles. The east–west orientation of latest Miocene to Pleistocene maximum horizontal stress is parallel to the absolute motion of the Antarctic plate for the past 6 Ma, and the north–south to east–west stress field rotation coincides with changes in Antarctic–Pacific Ridge spreading and Pacific basin tectonic events associated with plate reorganization.
The generation and evolution of the continental crust
Authors: Hawkesworth C.J. , Dhuime B. , Pietranik A.B. , Cawood P.A. , Kemp A.I.S. , Storey C.D. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract:
The continental crust is the archive of the geological history of the Earth. Only 7% of the crust is older than 2.5 Ga, and yet significantly more crust was generated before 2.5 Ga than subsequently. Zircons offer robust records of the magmatic and crust-forming events preserved in the continental crust. They yield marked peaks of ages of crystallization and of crust formation. The latter might reflect periods of high rates of crust generation, and as such be due to magmatism associated with deep-seated mantle plumes. Alternatively the peaks are artefacts of preservation, they mark the times of supercontinent formation, and magmas generated in some tectonic settings may be preferentially preserved. There is increasing evidence that depletion of the upper mantle was in response to early planetary differentiation events. Arguments in favour of large volumes of continental crust before the end of the Archaean, and the thickness of felsic and mafic crust, therefore rely on thermal models for the progressively cooling Earth. They are consistent with recent estimates that the rates of crust generation and destruction along modern subduction zones are strikingly similar. The implication is that the present volume of continental crust was established 2–3 Ga ago.
Natural History of Concussion in Sport
Authors: Makdissi Michael , Darby David , Maruff Paul , Ugoni Antony , Brukner Peter , McCrory Paul R. 
Published: March 2010

Background Evidence-based clinical data are required for safe return to play after concussion in sport. Purpose The objective of this study was to describe the natural history of concussion in sport and identify clinical features associated with more severe concussive injury, using return-to-sport decisions as a surrogate measure of injury severity. Study Design Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 3. Methods Male elite senior, elite junior, and community-based Australian Rules football players had preseason baseline cognitive testing (Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Trail-Making Test—Part B, and CogSport computerized test battery). Players were recruited into the study after a concussive injury sustained while playing football. Concussed players were tested serially until all clinical features of their injury had resolved. Results Of 1015 players, 88 concussions were observed in 78 players. Concussion-associated symptoms lasted an average of 48.6 hours (95% confidence interval, 39.5-57.7 hours) with delayed return to sport correlated with ≥4 symptoms, headache lasting ≥60 hours, or self-reported “fatigue/fogginess.” Cognitive deficits using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test and Trail-Making Test—part B recovered concomitantly with symptoms, but computerized test results recovered 2 to 3 days later and remained impaired in 35% of concussed players after symptom resolution. Conclusion Delayed return to sport was associated with initially greater symptom load, prolonged headache, or subjective concentration deficits. Cognitive testing recovery varied, taking 2 to 3 days longer for computerized tests, suggesting greater sensitivity to impairment. Therefore, symptom assessment alone may be predictive of but may underestimate time to complete recovery, which may be better estimated with computerized cognitive testing.
Is Chemical Incompatibility Responsible for Chondrocyte Death Induced by Local Anesthetics?
Authors: Bogatch Michael T. , Ferachi David G. , Kyle Bart , Popinchalk Sam , Howell Melanie H. , Ge Dongxia , You Zongbing , Savoie Felix H. 
Published: March 2010

Background Chondrolysis associated with intra-articular administration of local anesthetics has been attributed to chondrocyte death induced by the local anesthetics. The mechanism of how the local anesthetics cause chondrocyte death is not clear. Purpose This study was conducted to determine whether and how the local anesthetics cause chondrocyte death. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Bovine articular chondrocytes in suspension culture were treated for 1 hour with phosphate-buffered saline or phosphate-buffered saline/medium mixture (as controls); 1% lidocaine alone; 0.25% to 0.5% bupivacaine alone; phosphate-buffered saline with pH values of 4.5, 3.8, 3.4, and 2.4; or mixtures of the local anesthetics and cell culture medium or human synovial fluid. Chondrocyte viability was analyzed by flow cytometry using the LIVE/DEAD Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit. Results In 1% lidocaine-alone or 0.25% to 0.5% bupivacaine-alone groups, the rate of cell death was 11.8% to 13.3% of bovine articular chondrocytes, whereas the phosphate-buffered saline control had 8.4% of cell death. Increased chondrocyte death was only found when the pH value of phosphate-buffered saline dropped to ≤3.4. In contrast, when bupivacaine was mixed with cell culture medium, needle-like crystals were formed, which was accompanied with 100% death of chondrocytes. Lidocaine did not form visible crystals when it was mixed with culture medium, but the mixtures caused death of over 96% of chondrocytes (P < .001). Conclusion Less than 5% of chondrocyte death was attributable to the anesthetics when applied to the cells alone or in phosphate-buffered saline—diluted solution. Acidity (as low as pH 3.8) or epinephrine in the anesthetic solutions could not account for chondrocyte death. However, chemical incompatibility between the local anesthetics and cell culture medium or human synovial fluid may be the cause of chondrocyte death. Clinical Relevance Intra-articular administration of lidocaine and bupivacaine is not an indicated usage of either anesthetic, although such a usage has become a common practice. Physicians should be aware of the potential incompatibility of the drug and synovial fluid.
Shift in sleep apnoea type in heart failure patients in the CANPAP trial
Authors: Ryan C. M. , Floras J. S. , Logan A. G. , Kimoff R. J. , Series F. , Morrison D. , Ferguson K. A. , Belenkie I. , Pfeifer M. , Fleetham J. , Hanly P. J. , Smilovitch M. , Arzt M. , Bradley T. D. 
Published: March 2010

In patients with heart failure (HF), the predominant type of sleep apnoea can change over time in association with alterations in circulation time.The aim of this study was to determine whether, in some patients with HF, a spontaneous shift from mainly central (>50% central events) to mainly obstructive (>50% obstructive events) sleep apnoea (CSA and OSA, respectively) over time coincides with improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Therefore, sleep studies and LVEFs of HF patients with CSA from the control arm of the Canadian Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Patients with Central Sleep Apnea and Heart Failure (CANPAP) trial were examined to determine whether some converted to mainly OSA and, if so, whether this was associated with an increase in LVEF.Of 98 patients with follow-up sleep studies and LVEFs, 18 converted spontaneously to predominantly OSA. Compared with those in the nonconversion group, those in the conversion group had a significantly greater increase in the LVEF (2.8%versus-0.07%) and a significantly greater fall in the lung-to-ear circulation time (-7.6 sversus0.6 s).In patients with HF, spontaneous conversion from predominantly CSA to OSA is associated with an improvement in left ventricular systolic function. Future studies will be necessary to further examine this relationship.
Therapeutic implications of the pathophysiology of COPD
Authors: Macklem P. T. 
Published: March 2010

This review examines 18 studies published ≥30 yrs ago. They show that the earliest manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an increase in residual volume suggesting that the natural history of COPD is a progressive increase in gas trapping with a decreasing vital capacity (VC). The reduction in VC forces the forced expiratory volume in 1 s to decline with it. This is aggravated by rapid shallow breathing leading to dynamic hyperinflation. The earlier studies show that this is energetically opposite to a minimal work or force pattern and is responsible for dyspnoea and exercise limitation.This information, available for >30 yrs leads to three virtually untested hypotheses: 1) training patients to breathe slowly and deeply transiently during exercise should decrease the work of breathing, dynamic hyperinflation and improve exercise performance; 2) rapid shallow breathing is caused by alveolar and bronchial inflammation that stimulates non-myelinated vagal C-fibre afferents, which are known to cause this breathing pattern; and 3) if so, therapeutic efforts to block these afferents might restore a slow-deep pattern and be beneficial, particularly in COPD exacerbations.
Heliox, dyspnoea and exercise in COPD
Authors: Hunt T. , Williams M. T. , Frith P. , Schembri D. 
Published: March 2010

One of the most important determinants of physical and mental well-being of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is participation in physical activity. The ability to alter the sensation of dyspnoea during exercise may improve both exercise duration and intensity. Despite the low density, inert nature, strong safety profile and multiple applications of helium gas, the potential benefit of helium–oxygen gas mixtures as an adjunct therapy to modify disease symptoms and exercise capabilities in obstructive lung diseases has only recently been explored.This is a systematic review of the available peer-reviewed evidence exploring whether symptom modification (perceived levels of dyspnoea) and exercise performance in COPD (either intensity or duration of work) are modified by inhalation of Heliox. Eight experimental studies met inclusion for this review. A variety of methodologies and outcome variables were used negating meta-analysis and hampering direct comparison between interventions.Overall, there was high level of evidence with a low risk of bias supporting Heliox's effectiveness in improving the intensity and endurance of exercise when compared to room air for people with COPD. Little conclusive evidence was found to determine whether Heliox altered the sensation of dyspnoea during exercise.
Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute asthmatic attack
Authors: Soroksky A. , Klinowski E. , Ilgyev E. , Mizrachi A. , Miller A. , Ben Yehuda T. M. , Shpirer I. , Leonov Y. 
Published: March 2010

Asthma is characterised by reversible airway obstruction. In most patients, control of disease activity is easily achieved. However, in a small minority, asthma may be fatal. Between the two extremes lie patients with severe asthmatic attacks, refractory to standard treatment. These patients are at an increased risk of recurrent severe attacks, with respiratory failure, and mechanical ventilation.Invasive mechanical ventilation of the asthmatic patient is associated with a higher risk of complications and, therefore, is a measure of last resort.Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is another treatment modality that may be beneficial in patients with severe asthmatic attack who are at an increased risk of developing respiratory failure. These patients have the potential to benefit from early respiratory support in the form of NPPV. However, reports of NPPV in asthmatic patients are scarce, and its usage in asthmatic attacks is, therefore, still controversial. Only a few reports of NPPV in asthma have been published over the last decade. These studies mostly involve small numbers of patients and those who have problematic methodology.In this article we review the available evidence for NPPV in asthma and try to formulate our recommendations for NPPV application in asthma based on the available evidence and reports.
Perspectives on novel therapeutic strategies for right heart failure in pulmonary arterial hypertension: lessons from the left heart
Authors: Handoko M. L. , de Man F. S. , Allaart C. P. , Paulus W. J. , Westerhof N. , Vonk-Noordegraaf A. 
Published: March 2010

Right heart function is the main determinant of prognosis in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). At present, no treatments are currently available that directly target the right ventricle, as we will demonstrate in this article.Meta-analysis of clinical trials in PAH revealed that current PAH medication seems to have limited cardiac-specific effects when analysed by the pump-function graph. Driven by the hypothesis that “left” and right heart failure might share important underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, we evaluated the clinical potential of left heart failure (LHF) therapies for PAH, based on currently available literature.As in LHF, the sympathetic nervous system and the renin–angiotension–aldosterone system are highly activated in PAH. From LHF we know that intervening in this process,e.g.by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition or β-blockade, is beneficial in the long run. Therefore, these medications could be also beneficial in PAH. Furthermore, the incidence of sudden cardiac death in PAH could be reduced by implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Finally, pilot studies have demonstrated that interventricular dyssynchrony, present at end-stage PAH, responded favourably to cardiac resynchronisation therapy as well.In conclusion, therapies for LHF might be relevant for PAH. However, before they can be implemented in PAH management, safety and efficacy should be evaluated first in well-designed clinical trials.
Diagnostic testing to guide the management of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: state of the art
Authors: Pepke-Zaba J. 
Published: March 2010

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a life-threatening and debilitating disease affecting up to 5% of survivors of pulmonary embolism. Diagnostic testing is important to distinguish it from other forms of pulmonary hypertension and to assess the feasibility of pulmonary endarterectomy.This review provides an up-to-date perspective on the diagnosis and assessment of the disease. Patients with CTEPH often have a history of pulmonary embolism, deep-vein thrombosis, thrombophilia, splenectomy, ventriculo-atrial shunt, inflammatory bowel disease or malignancy. Chest radiography may reveal pulmonary infarcts. CTEPH is often diagnosed as a wedge-shaped perfusion defect with normal ventilation scan during ventilation–perfusion scintigraphy, but multi-slice computed tomography angiography may be needed for differential diagnosis.Right heart catheterisation is required for diagnostic confirmation. Suitability for surgery is assessed by evaluating the number of obstructed vessels which could be disobliterated in the context of the pulmonary vascular resistance. Pulmonary vascular resistance that is out of proportion to evident obstructions is indicative of distal disease. Conventional pulmonary angiography, multi-slice computed tomography angiography and, potentially, magnetic resonance imaging can aid the decision to operate, but risk stratification systems are needed.In conclusion, CTEPH can be cured surgically, providing that patients are diagnosed and assessed using the appropriate techniques.
Surgical and post-operative treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Mayer E. 
Published: March 2010

Patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) have fibrous obstructions in their proximal pulmonary arteries, as well as a variable degree of secondary vascular remodelling of distal, surgically inaccessible, small pulmonary vessels.Pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) is currently the only potentially curative treatment option for CTEPH, although it is not known whether it has a beneficial effect on established secondary remodelling. Medical pre-treatment with therapies specific for pulmonary hypertension is often used as a bridge to PEA.The aim of PEA is the mechanical removal of the proximal fibrous pulmonary artery obstruction as completely as possible while avoiding vascular injury within the lung. The challenge is to find and follow the correct pulmonary artery endarterectomy plane in the time allowed during brief periods of circulatory arrest.Learning the operative technique is a complex process and, thus, early mortality after PEA decreases with increasing levels of surgical training and experience. Most patients experience lasting symptomatic and haemodynamic improvements after PEA, with only 10–20% having persistent or recurrent pulmonary hypertension after surgery.
The Src/PI3K/Akt pathway may play a key role in the production of IL-17 in obesity
Authors: Chen Jiezhong 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The Src/PI3K/Akt pathway is activated in obesity by many altered factors (such as insulin, leptin, insulin-like growth factor, IL-6 and TNF-alpha) and it may play a key role in the increased production of IL-17 in response to zymosan stimulation.
‘Living upside down’: being a young carer of a parent with mental illness
Authors: Cooklin Alan 
Published: March 2010

SummaryMost children and young people who have a parent with mental illness will not think of themselves as carers. They may think of themselves as surviving, as lonely and isolated, and of suffering all the common experiences listed in this article. Many parents with mental illness will not acknowledge that their child has become their carer rather than the converse. So many children and young people may be left vulnerable to sometimes extremely damaging and distressing situations but without a role that recognises their contribution or even commands appropriate respect. There is a danger that simply defining these children and young people as ‘young carers’ may provide a cloak of acceptability for allowing quite intolerable demands to be made on them. However, young carers do have some level of support in the UK in the form of young carers' groups. So, with the above provisos, that is the focus of this article.