bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reaerosolization of MS2 Bacteriophage from an N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirator by Simulated Coughing
Authors: Fisher Edward M. , Richardson Aaron W. , Harpest Shannon D. , Hofacre Kent C. , Shaffer Ronald E. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The supply of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) may not be adequate to match demand during a pandemic outbreak. One possible strategy to maintain supplies in healthcare settings is to extend FFR use for multiple patient encounters; however, contaminated FFRs may serve as a source for the airborne transmission of virus particles. In this study, reaerosolization of virus particles from contaminated FFRs was examined using bacteriophage MS2 as a surrogate for airborne pathogenic viruses. MS2 was applied to FFRs as droplets or droplet nuclei. A simulated cough (370 l min−1 peak flow) provided reverse airflow through the contaminated FFR. The number and size of the reaerosolized particles were measured using gelatin filters and an Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI). Two droplet nuclei challenges produced higher percentages of reaerosolized particles (0.21 and 0.08%) than a droplet challenge (&lt;0.0001%). Overall, the ACI-determined size distribution of the reaerosolized particles was larger than the characterized loading virus aerosol. This study demonstrates that only a small percentage of viable MS2 viruses was reaerosolized from FFRs by reverse airflow under the conditions evaluated, suggesting that the risks of exposure due to reaerosolization associated with extended use can be considered negligible for most respiratory viruses. However, risk assessments should be updated as new viruses emerge and better workplace exposure data becomes available.
Correlation of paired toxic plasma and saliva paracetamol concentrations following deliberate self‐poisoning with paracetamol
Authors: Soderstrom Jessamine H. , Fatovich Daniel M. , Mandelt Christine , Vasikaran Sam , McCoubrie David L. , Daly Frank F. , Burrows Sally A. 
Published: November 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Paracetamol is commonly used in deliberate self poisoning (DSP) and this requires blood sampling to refine risk assessment. If saliva concentrations agreed with plasma concentrations, then this could support the development of non‐invasive testing. Our pilot work supports this hypothesis, but was largely confined to nontoxic concentrations.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• We found agreement between the indications for treatment of paracetamol DSP based on plasma and saliva paracetamol concentrations. Saliva may hold promise as a non‐invasive method to risk stratify paracetamol poisoning.AIMS Paracetamol is commonly used in deliberate self poisoning (DSP) and requires blood sampling to refine risk assessment. We aimed to test the agreement between plasma and saliva paracetamol concentrations in the toxic range in DSP.METHODS Contemporaneous paired plasma and saliva paracetamol concentrations were measured. Saliva was collected using a Sarstedt Salivette® device and the concentration was measured using a colorimetric method.RESULTS Fifty‐six patients (44, 78% female) median age 26 years (IQR 20–41) were enrolled. The median reported paracetamol ingestion was 10 g (IQR 6–14). Specimens were collected at a median of 4 h (IQR 4–5.3) post ingestion. The median plasma and saliva paracetamol concentrations were 29 mg l−1 (IQR 8–110) and 38 mg l−1 (IQR 10–105) respectively [mean difference 8 mg l−1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2, 14]. Lin's concordance correlation was 0.97 (95% CI 0.96, 0.98). There were 15 patients who were treated with N‐acetylcysteine. Their median reported paracetamol ingestion was 14 g (IQR 10–23) and samples were collected at a median of 4 h post ingestion. The median plasma and saliva paracetamol concentrations were 167 mg l−1 (IQR 110–200) and 170 mg l−1 (IQR 103–210) respectively (mean difference 15 mg l−1, 95% CI −4, 35). Lin's concordance correlation was 0.94 (95% CI 0.88, 0.99). No patient needing treatment would have been missed using saliva concentrations only.CONCLUSIONS The agreement between the indications for treatment of paracetamol DSP based on plasma and saliva paracetamol concentrations extends into the toxic range, but with slightly lower agreement. Saliva may hold promise as a non‐invasive method to risk stratify paracetamol poisoning.
The 10th anniversary of the Junior Members and Affiliates of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Authors: Skevaki Chrysanthi L. , Maggina Paraskevi , Santos Alexandra F. , Rodrigues‐Alves Rodrigo , Antolin‐Amerigo Dario , Borrego Luis Miguel , Bretschneider Isabell , Butiene Indre , Couto Mariana , Fassio Filippo , Gardner James , Xatzipsalti Maria , Hovhannisyan Lilit , Hox Valerie , Makrinioti Heidi , O′Neil Serena E. , Pala Gianni , Rudenko Michael , Santucci Annalisa , Seys Sven , Sokolowska Milena , Whitaker Paul , Heffler Enrico 
Published: November 2011

To cite this article: Skevaki CL, Maggina P, Santos AF, Alves RR, Antolin‐Amerigo D, Borrego LM, Bretschneider I, Butiene I, Couto M, Fassio F, Gardner J, Xatzipsalti M,  Hovhannisyan L, Hox V, Makrinioti H, O’Neil SE, Pala G, Rudenko M, Santucci A, Seys S, Sokolowska M, Whitaker P, Heffler E. The 10th anniversary of the Junior Members and Affiliates of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Pediatric Allergy Immunology 2011: 22: 754–757.AbstractThis year is the 10th anniversary of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) Junior Members and Affiliates (JMAs). The aim of this review is to highlight the work and activities of EAACI JMAs. To this end, we have summarized all the initiatives taken by JMAs during the last 10 yr. EAACI JMAs are currently a group of over 2380 clinicians and scientists under the age of 35 yr, who support the continuous education of the Academy’s younger members. For the past decade, JMAs enjoy a steadily increasing number of benefits such as free online access to the Academy’s journals, the possibility to apply for Fellowships and the Mentorship Program, travel grants to attend scientific meetings, and many more. In addition, JMAs have been involved in task forces, cooperation schemes with other scientific bodies, organization of JMA focused sessions during EAACI meetings, and participation in the activities of EAACI communication platforms. EAACI JMA activities represent an ideal example of recruiting, training, and educating young scientists in order for them to thrive as future experts in their field. This model may serve as a prototype for other scientific communities, several of which have already adapted similar policies.
Good outcome is possible after months of refractory convulsive status epilepticus: Lesson learned
Authors: Standley Katherine , Abdulmassih Rasha , Benbadis Selim 
Published: November 2011

SummaryDetermining a prognosis for functional recovery after prolonged status epilepticus can be difficult. Prior case studies have shown that despite seizure control, functional outcomes are typically poor unless a reversible cause is identified. Herein we present a case of idiopathic status epilepticus with a surprisingly good outcome after a 125‐day drug‐induced coma.
Ultrasound diagnosis of complete uterine inversion in a nulliparous woman
Authors: HU CHING‐FEN , LIN HAO 
Published: November 2011

Abstract Non‐puerperal uterine inversion is an extremely rare event, and the diagnosis is made during vaginal examination or exploratory laparotomy. We report a case of complete uterine inversion which was diagnosed on abdominal ultrasound examination in a 50‐year‐old nulliparous virgin who was admitted to the hospital because of profuse vaginal bleeding, lower abdominal pain and anuria. The confirmatory diagnosis of complete uterine inversion secondary to a fundal fibroid was made at exploratory laparotomy. Total abdominal hysterectomy was performed, and the pathological examination confirmed its benign nature. Ultrasound evaluation is useful in the diagnosis of non‐puerperal uterine inversion.
Frequencies and ethnic distribution of ABO and Rh(D) blood groups in Mauritania: results of first nationwide study
Authors: Hamed C. T. , Bollahi M. A. , Abdelhamid I. , Med Mahmoud M. A. , BA B. , Ghaber S. , Habti N. , Houmeida A. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThere is no data available on the ABO/Rh(D) frequencies in the Mauritanian population. We retrospectively analysed records of a 5‐year database that contained ABO/Rh phenotype and ethnic origin of 10 116 volunteers giving blood at the national blood transfusion centre to derive the frequencies of ABO/Rh(D) groups in the Mauritanian population. The two race categories in the country and their sub‐ethnic groups: the Moors (whites and black) and the black Africans (Pulhars, Soninkes and Wolof) were included in this study. Globally, group O had the highest frequency (49.10%) followed by A (28.28%), B (18.56%) and AB (4.05%). This order more common in North African populations was found in four of the five ethnic groups composing our population. Allele frequencies were, respectively, 70.20%, 17.74% and 12.04% giving the same order of O > A > B. We observed no significant variation in these frequencies between the different ethnic groups. Rhesus study showed that with a percentage of 94.23% Rh(D) positive is by far the most prevalent, while Rh(D) negative is present only in 5.77% of the total population. This frequency distribution supports the mixed‐race composition of the Mauritanian population.
Age‐specific recruitment and natality of California sea lions at San Miguel Island, California
Authors: Melin Sharon R. , Laake Jeffrey L. , DeLong Robert L. , Siniff Donald B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe conducted a 15 yr mark‐resight study of branded California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) at San Miguel Island, California, to estimate age‐specific recruitment and natality of the population. We used the Schwarz and Stobo model to estimate sighting, survival, recruitment, timing of births, abundance, and age‐specific natality from sighting histories of 1,276 parous females. The advantage of this approach was that the reproductive status of females did not have to be known for all females of reproductive age. Probability of recruitment into the reproductive population began at age 3 or 4, peaked between ages 5 and 7, and slowly declined. Age‐specific natality was similar for ages 4–16 but declined after age 17, suggesting that reproductive senescence occurs in older females. The average annual natality for parous females 4–16 yr of age was 0.77 (SE = 0.03); natality declined to 0.56 (SE = 0.10) for parous females 17–21 yr of age. Natality for both age classes was reduced during El Niño conditions by 24% and 34%, respectively. In addition to reducing natality, El Niño events may result in a delay of recruitment if females experience El Niño conditions before they turn 4 yr of age.
Self‐reported mental health of arsenicosis patients and its association with patients' perceptions and satisfactions of arsenicosis‐related issues: Evidence from an arsenic‐affected area of Bangladesh
Authors: Khandoker Aklimunnessa , Khan Md. Mobarak Hossain , Krämer Alexander , Mori Mitsuru 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIntroductionBangladesh is the most arsenic‐affected country in history. Thousands of arsenicosis patients suffer from multiple health sequelae and social problems such as discrimination, stigmatization, and family problems. The present study reports the mental health of arsenicosis patients and its associations with variables reflecting arsenicosis‐related perceptions and satisfactions.MethodsWe analysed the data of 171 arsenicosis patients collected in 2009. The mental health of patients was assessed by asking “How do you rate your overall mental health?” Each respondent was asked to select only one option: “excellent”, “very good”, “good”, “fair”, or “poor”. We dichotomized the mental health (outcome) variable as “poor” = 1 and “else” = 0. Independent variables reflected arsenicosis‐related perceptions and satisfactions. We used multivariable adjusted logistic regressions to model poor mental health.ResultsThe rate of poor mental health was 28.1% among respondents, and was significantly higher among patients who perceived that arsenicosis is a permanent disease, society does not expect arsenicosis patients to be involved in social activities and poverty could increase the risk of arsenicosis. Similarly, the rate of poor mental health was remarkably higher among patients who reported dissatisfaction with personal income, support from family members, and support from Non‐Government Organizations/government health services. Almost all of the above‐mentioned variables remained significant in multivariable adjusted logistic regression models.DiscussionMore than 25% of arsenicosis patients have poor mental health. Variables reflecting arsenicosis‐related perceptions and satisfactions are strongly associated with poor mental health. Future strategies should consider these findings to improve the mental health arsenicosis patients.
Responsible conduct of research, globalization and academic psychiatry
Authors: Fiore Robin N. , Cushman Reid 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAmong the challenges facing academic psychiatry in Asia, and in low and middle income countries, is training future psychiatrist‐investigators in the responsible conduct of research. We describe efforts to achieve a global consensus on the elements of research integrity training, the 2010 Singapore Statement, as well as best practices we have identified in developing research ethics education networks in Latin America. The Singapore Statement is a first pass at consensus guidelines; some local articulation may be possible, even desirable. Research integrity must be part of the research training for all future investigators. Building research capacity includes research integrity capacity. Moreover, as research is collaborative, research integrity cannot be idiosyncratic.
Psychological therapy with Chinese patients
Authors: Feng Lei , Cao Yuping , Zhang Yalin , Wee Sin‐Tho , Kua Ee‐Heok 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThere is a growing interest about psychological therapy and training in Asian countries. However, there is a paucity of information on how psychological therapy is practiced in Asia. In this article, we discussed 3 methods of psychological therapy in the management of anxiety and depression in Chinese patients – mindfulness meditation, Chinese Taoist cognitive psychotherapy (CTCP) and brief integrative psychological therapy (BIPT). The CTCP for generalized anxiety disorders was a multi‐site randomized study conducted in China. It was found that CTCP reduced symptoms more slowly than anxiolytics but the effect of CTCP was still significant at 6‐month follow‐up. The mindfulness meditation study examined the outcome of a community training program on the management of mild anxiety. We found that overall mental well‐being and anxiety symptoms were significantly improved during the period of the training course. The BIPT project was a naturalistic study of elderly people with depression at an outpatient psychiatric clinic. Results from this study indicated that BIPT was as effective although the onset of recovery was slower compared with BIPT combined with an antidepressant. In the 3 methods discussed, cultural issues are explored with affirmation of cultural values and reinforcement of culturally sanctioned coping pattern. Brief therapy and integration are the psychotherapeutic zeitgeist of the 21st century in Asia and we hope that there will be more studies on psychological therapy from different Asian countries in the future.
The Missiological Significance of Latin American Protestantism
Authors: Escobar J. Samuel 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLatin American Protestants were totally absent at Edinburgh 1910. This article explores different interpretations of why they were excluded, especially because Latin America was seen as a “Christian land” already, thus off limits for missionaries. The author discusses what has happened in the aftermath of this exclusion, and how and why evangelical Protestantism has grown significantly since then. Different, sometimes conflicting, interpretations are considered, and attention is given to how the relationship with Catholicism has evolved, and also the emergence of post‐denominational Christianity.
HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors and Clinical Malaria: a Secondary Analysis of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5208 Study
Authors: Porter Kimberly A. , Cole Stephen R. , Eron Joseph J. , Zheng Yu , Hughes Michael D. , Lockman Shahin , Poole Charles , Skinner-Adams Tina S. , Hosseinipour Mina , Shaffer Doug , D'Amico Ronald , Sawe Frederick K. , Siika Abraham , Stringer Elizabeth , Currier Judith S. , Chipato Tsungai , Salata Robert , McCarthy James S. , Meshnick Steven R. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) have antimalarial activity
in vitro
and in murine models. The potential beneficial effect of HIV-1 PIs on malaria has not been studied in clinical settings. We used data from Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5208 sites where malaria is endemic to compare the incidence of clinically diagnosed malaria among HIV-infected adult women randomized to either lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) or to nevirapine (NVP)-based ART. We calculated hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. We conducted a recurrent events analysis that included both first and second clinical malarial episodes and also conducted analyses to assess the sensitivity of results to outcome misclassification. Among the 445 women in this analysis, 137 (31%) received a clinical diagnosis of malaria at least once during follow-up. Of these 137, 72 (53%) were randomized to LPV/r-based ART. Assignment to the LPV/r treatment group (
n
= 226) was not consistent with a large decrease in the hazard of first clinical malarial episode (hazard ratio = 1.11 [0.79 to 1.56]). The results were similar in the recurrent events analysis. Sensitivity analyses indicated the results were robust to reasonable levels of outcome misclassification. In this study, the treatment with LPV/r compared to NVP had no apparent beneficial effect on the incidence of clinical malaria among HIV-infected adult women. Additional research concerning the effects of PI-based therapy on the incidence of malaria diagnosed by more specific criteria and among groups at a higher risk for severe disease is warranted.
Binding of the RamR Repressor to Wild-Type and Mutated Promoters of the
ramA
Gene Involved in Efflux-Mediated Multidrug Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium
Authors: Baucheron Sylvie , Coste Franck , Canepa Sylvie , Maurel Marie-Christine , Giraud Etienne , Culard Françoise , Castaing Bertrand , Roussel Alain , Cloeckaert Axel 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

The transcriptional activator RamA is involved in multidrug resistance (MDR) by increasing expression of the AcrAB-TolC RND-type efflux system in several pathogenic
Enterobacteriaceae
. In
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium (
S.
Typhimurium),
ramA
expression is negatively regulated at the local level by RamR, a transcriptional repressor of the TetR family. We here studied the DNA-binding activity of the RamR repressor with the
ramA
promoter (P

ramA

). As determined by high-resolution footprinting, the 28-bp-long RamR binding site covers essential features of P

ramA

, including the −10 conserved region, the transcriptional start site of
ramA
, and two 7-bp inverted repeats. Based on the RamR footprint and on electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), we propose that RamR interacts with P

ramA

as a dimer of dimers, in a fashion that is structurally similar to the QacR-DNA binding model. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements indicated that RamR has a 3-fold-lower affinity (

K
D

[equilibrium dissociation constant] = 191 nM) for the 2-bp-deleted P

ramA

of an MDR
S.
Typhimurium clinical isolate than for the wild-type P

ramA

(

K
D

= 66 nM). These results confirm the direct regulatory role of RamR in the repression of
ramA
transcription and precisely define how an alteration of its binding site can give rise to an MDR phenotype.
Anidulafungin for Neonatal Hematogenous Candida Meningoencephalitis: Identification of Candidate Regimens for Humans Using a Translational Pharmacological Approach
Authors: Warn Peter A. , Livermore Joanne , Howard Susan , Felton Timothy W. , Sharp Andrew , Gregson Lea , Goodwin Joanne , Petraitiene Ruta , Petraitis Vidmantas , Cohen-Wolkowiez Michael , Walsh Thomas J. , Benjamin Daniel K. , Hope William W. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Hematogenous
Candida
meningoencephalitis (HCME) is a serious infection in premature neonates. Anidulafungin is an echinocandin antifungal agent with potent activity against
Candida
spp., but its efficacy and optimal regimens for human neonates with HCME are not known. A well-validated rabbit model of HCME was used to define pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) relationships of anidulafungin. A mathematical model was fitted to the entire data set. The experimental data were bridged to humans. A population PK model was fitted to the data from human neonates receiving anidulafungin receiving a loading dose of 3 mg/kg, followed by 1.5 mg/kg/day. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to identify candidate anidulafungin regimens for humans. All untreated rabbits succumbed by ≤96 h postinoculation. The PK of anidulafungin was linear with dose-dependent penetration into the cerebrum. Anidulafungin exerted a rapid antifungal effect that was apparent in the first dosing interval. Near-maximal antifungal activity was observed with dosages of 10 to 20 mg/kg/day. The bridging studies suggested that the current regimen of first 3 mg/kg, followed by 1.5 mg/kg/day, is suboptimal. Higher dosages were associated with progressively greater antifungal effect. Anidulafungin is effective for the treatment of experimental HCME. Higher dosages than those currently used for clinical care are required for maximal antifungal effect.
An unusual stone circle, Chilcotin Range, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Czajkowski Michael , Okulitch Andrew V. 
Published: November 2011

A unique circular feature of uncertain origin lies above the tree line on the eastern flanks of the Coast Range of British Columbia, Canada. It is composed of white, fractured, angular cobbles to boulders predominantly under 1 m across, arrayed in a slightly flattened circle nearly 50 m in diameter with the ring mostly about 4 m in width. The felsic granitoid lithology of the circle is unlike any in the immediate region, and no clasts of this composition occur within the circle. The debris rests on soliflucted soil containing rounded pebbles to cobbles of granodiorite that forms the regional lithology. The age of the circle is deglacial with post-glacial modification. Given the absence of similar lithologic units in the region and no obvious symbolic purpose for such a feature, an anthropogenic origin for the circle is improbable. Mechanisms for transporting the foreign rock unit to its final location, distributing fragments into a circle, and preserving it include flow of alpine and fringing continental ice masses, deglaciation, freeze–thaw cycles, and post-glacial solifluction and erosion. One large slab was either entrained within or fell onto a flowing glacier from some unknown outcrop at least 2 km from the site of the circle. During deglaciation, the insulating cap preserved the ice beneath it forming an isolated stagnant mass of ice. Freeze–thaw cycles likely affected the slab when it was on the surface of the ice, but it remained coherent, otherwise glacial flow or meltwater streams might have scattered loose clasts. Once the ice became stagnant, continued freeze–thaw cycles eventually created a rubble pile, which slid off the presumably symmetrical mass of ice to become arranged in a roughly circular ring. Having lost its protective cover, the ice melted and subsequent solifluction slightly modified the ring.