bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cruise Tourism
Authors: Clancy Michael 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Cruise tourism is among the fastest growing segments of the global tourism industry, itself often referred to as the single largest industry in the world. From 1989 to 2009 the number of international cruise passengers tripled, to more than 13.5 million (CLIA 2011). Over the past decade at least, demand has spiked and global cruise lines have been unable to build new ships fast enough, despite adding dozens of ships per year. Cruise tourism highlights a number of different processes inherent to globalization including deregulation, Disneyfication, McDonaldization, labor stratification, deterritorialization and hypermobility.
Cultural Globalization
Authors: Tomlinson John 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Most commentators agree that globalization is a multidimensional process, taking place simultaneously within the spheres of the economy, politics, the environment, the institutionalization of technologies, and culture. Given this, it might seem a relatively straightforward task to analyze cultural globalization as a discrete area of social life. However, this relatively simple set of distinctions turns out to more complicated once we come to explore it in detail, and particularly when it comes to the dimension of culture. To understand these complexities, it is first necessary to consider what culture consists of. This is by no means a straightforward issue, since culture is a complex concept and has always generated disagreements among analysts and critics. One fundamental issue of contention is the
scope
to give to the idea of culture. At one end of the scale is the view that culture refers to pretty much everything that makes up the life of a group of people – the idea, inherited from early versions of anthropology, of culture as a “complex whole,” the total “way of life” of a people. On a much narrower reading, culture refers to a limited set of human practices – the production of literature, music, art, film, and so on – which are
non‐instrumental
, that is to say, pursued as ends in themselves. Both these approaches grasp something of the rather elusive idea of culture, but both also suffer from problems, both intrinsically and in relation to the process of globalization.
Culture‐Ideology of Consumerism
Authors: Sklair Leslie 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The culture‐ideology of consumerism refers to the transformation of excessively above‐subsistence consumption from a sectional practice of the rich throughout human history to a globalizing phenomenon directed at the mass of the population. Its emergence can be explained in terms of two central factors, factors that are historically unprecedented. First, capitalism entered a qualitatively new globalizing phase in the 1950s. As the electronic revolution got underway, significant changes began to occur in the productivity of capitalist factories, systems of extraction and processing of raw materials, product design, marketing and distribution of goods and services. This golden age of capitalism, driven largely by new types of globally integrated transnational corporations and organized politically by an embryonic transnational capitalist class, took root in the United States, but soon spread to Japan, Western Europe and other parts of the developed world, to the newly industrializing countries and to some cities and enclaves in the developing world. Second, the technical and social relations that structured the mass media all over the world made it very easy for new consumerist lifestyles to become the dominant motif for these media, which became in time extraordinarily efficient vehicles for the broadcasting of the culture‐ideology of consumerism globally (Sklair 2002).
Debt Crisis
Authors: Orr Martin 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
A debt crisis occurs when an organization finds itself unable to service its debt and is at risk of default on its loans. When a nation is unable to service its public debt, this is referred to as a sovereign debt crisis. Debt crises may lead to contagion, in which those holding the debt in turn find themselves at risk of default to their creditors. In a neoliberal financial system dominated by Western control of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, contagion has led to several sovereign debt crises with global impact.
Deglobalization
Authors: Babone Salvatore J. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Deglobalization is the reversal of globalization. Deglobalization can be understood both in normative terms and in empirical terms. Normatively, scholars working mainly from poor‐country perspectives argue that neoliberal globalization has inappropriately prioritized economic efficiency over social justice. They advocate greater economic sovereignty for poor countries and more balanced economies in which communities, cooperatives, and the state play larger roles than they do today (Bello 2004). Pleas for greater environmental sustainability usually also play a role in normative thinking about deglobalization. In empirical terms, deglobalization refers to the 32 percent peak‐to‐trough collapse in world merchandise trade during the 2008–2009 global financial crisis (Wynn & Kersting 2009) and similar historical periods of decline in world trade. Prior eras of deglobalization include most famously the Great Depression of the 1930s, but also the 1890s (Chase‐Dunn et al. 2000).
Democracy
Authors: Markoff John 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The word “democrat” entered common use in European languages in the 1780s, often as an accusation that some person or group sought the establishment of “democracy,” something widely viewed as undesirable. Over the next two centuries, “democracy” was increasingly thought of in positive terms, and by the late twentieth century, in many parts of the world, was seen as the only acceptable way for human beings to govern themselves. By that point, more people in more countries lived under governments claiming the democratic label than ever before in human history. How and why this came about has generated much reflection and research. The very term has proven to be complex and subject to debate. Although democracy is commonly taken as an attribute of national states, transnational processes played major roles in democratic advances – and retreats – including war, migration, and the diffusion of ideas. The growing web of transnational connection of the late twentieth century and beyond posed new challenges to the future of democracy.
Dependency Theory
Authors: Kick Edward L. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Dependency theory
or
dependencia
theory
identifies a global system where economic benefits flow from a poor “periphery” to a wealthy “center” of countries. Dos Santos (1971) says: “Dependency favors some countries to the detriment of others … a situation in which the economy of a certain group of countries is conditioned by the development and expansion of another economy, to which their own is subjected.”
Dependency Trends
Authors: L. Kick Edward , McKinney Laura A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDependency theory is rooted in the work of Marx (1976; Marx & Engels 1848), Lenin (1914), Luxemburg (1915), and others (Hobson, Kautsky, Bukharin), who emphasize the globalizing trends associated with the inevitable, imperialist expansion of capitalism across the globe. Dependency theorists link this expansion to system‐wide trends in power/dependency relations between the wealthy North Atlantic center (the core) and the poorer periphery of the South. Unequal terms of trade, investments, currency differentials, and indebtedness coupled with related dynamics to accumulate surplus value in the center lead to the relative underdevelopment of the periphery.
Deterritorialization
Authors: Tomlinson John 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

The term
deterritorialization
first occurs in French psychoanalytic theory to refer, broadly, to the fluid and dissipated nature of human subjectivity in contemporary capitalist cultures (Deleuze & Guatarri 1972). Its most common use, however, has been in relation to the process of
cultural globalization
. Though there are different inflections involved, the general implication that globalization needs to be understood in cultural‐spatial terms as much as in institutional or political‐economic ones is common to all accounts. In this broad sense, deterritorialization has affinities with the idea of the “disembedding” of social relations in, for example, Anthony Giddens's (1990) analysis of the globalizing properties of modernity.
Digitality and socio‐political networks
Authors: Juris Jeffrey S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractGlobalization entails growing interconnectedness across time and space due to the greater ease of international travel and enhanced information and communication technologies. Digitality, or the way social, cultural, and political life is increasingly organized through digital networks, is a critical feature of contemporary globalization. New digital technologies, including the Internet, cell phones, and social networking sites, have radically altered the way we communicate, and by extension how we socialize, build communities, and engage in politics. Despite early fears that digital technologies would exacerbate alienation and erode social ties or, alternatively, the hyped claims that they would completely alter our social and political worlds beyond recognition, it is now clear that new digital technologies are being incorporated into daily social and political life, enhancing and transforming our everyday forms of social and political engagement at local, regional, and global scales. Contemporary globalization is thus facilitated by and constitutive of a widespread expansion of digitally powered socio‐political networks.
Dinosaurs of Consumption
Authors: Ritzer George 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
While virtually all of the cathedrals of consumption experienced difficulties with the onset of the Great Recession, it was the higher‐end, especially the costliest to build and to maintain, cathedrals of consumption that experienced the greatest difficulties (Ritzer 2010). This was certainly clear in the United States in general, and Las Vegas in particular, as the epicenters of the development of the paradigmatic cathedrals of consumption. By late 2008 visitor volume, gaming revenue, and daily room rates in Las Vegas were down substantially. When one of the great cathedrals on the Strip – Wynn Las Vegas – opened in 2005 a bargain rate for a room was $250 a night. The month after Encore (an adjacent casino‐hotel also built by Steve Wynn) opened, rooms in January 2009 could be had for $159 a night (Powers 2008). True to the need to be spectacular, Encore, which cost $2.3 billion to build, is three stories higher than the neighboring Wynn Las Vegas and features the original art of Fernando Botero, a 231‐carat pear‐cut Wynn diamond, and a nightclub that seats 3000 people. Such a casino‐hotel requires lots of visitors spending and gambling enormous sums of money and that is much more difficult to achieve in the midst of a deep recession. This resulted in great economic pain including a huge budget deficit for the state of Nevada, a drop in new construction of 92 percent from October 2007 to October 2008, a huge decline in housing prices, and a rise in statewide unemployment from a minuscule 0.4 percent to 8 percent in November 2008 (and this quickly exceeded 10 percent within a relatively short period of time).
Easternization
Authors: Campbell Colin 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Easternization is a term that has only come to prominence since the mid 1990s. Originally used very specifically to refer the spread of oriental (mainly Japanese) management techniques to the West (see Kaplinsky 1994), or alternatively to the manner in which Western modes of economic practice may be modified when adopted by countries in the Far East (Hwang 1995), its use has been expanded in recent years to refer to more general processes of cultural change as opposed simply to those relating to economic matters. Unfortunately, as can be seen from the above two examples, “Easternization” may refer either to processes that are perceived to be occurring in the East itself (which is usually understood in this context as the orient), or to processes occurring in the West. In the former case, use of the term is often related to the ongoing debate over “Asian Values,” while in the latter it overlaps with the debate over the direction of cultural change in the West, and hence debates such as those concerning secularization (Bruce 2002), or the spiritual revolution (Heelas & Woodhead 2005). To confuse matters further, the term also has affinities with Orientalism (Said 1988), in the form of the concept of reverse orientalism (Hendry 2000), that is to say in the tendency to praise, rather than criticize, non‐Western values and beliefs. Finally one may note that the term also has connections with the idea of cultural fusion, or the belief that both Westernization and Easternization are giving way to a single, fused world culture (Smith 1990). Two central issues can however be discerned to lie behind what on the surface appears to be a rather confusing body of work. The one refers not merely to the extent to which Western institutions and practices have been modified during their adoption in the Far East but also whether the resultant Asian model could be judged superior to the Western original, while the other refers to the extent to which the West itself has been penetrated, or molded, by values and beliefs that originate in the orient. It is the second of these that will be focus of the following discussion, as the former issue is more properly considered under the Asian Values Debate.
Education
Authors: O. Ramirez Francisco 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMuch of the literature on globalization and education revolves around two different theoretical perspectives, one emphasizing the world capitalist economy and the other focusing on world society. Both perspectives assume that many educational developments are better understood if one situates the nation‐state and national educational systems in a wider world context. That is, both perspectives stress world level dynamics. Although at times they imply similar educational outcomes, these perspectives differ in what they view as the main driving forces. What follows is a brief review of the literature guided by the first perspective and then turns to the studies informed by the second perspective.
Ethnic cleansing
Authors: Oberschall Tony 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Ethnic cleansing is the use of force or intimidation by a government to expel members of an ethnic group, race, nationality, or religion from a territory, usually their homeland. The United Nations Commission of Experts defined it in 1993 as “the planned deliberate removal from a specific territory of a particular ethnic group, by force or intimidation, in order to render that area ethnically homogeneous.” Before the 1990s, ethnic cleansing was called “mass deportation.” The goal of perpetrators is to render the territory ethnically homogeneous for the majority or the dominant group in accordance with the nationalist ideal of a nation‐state. Expulsions have also occurred when rival ethnic groups lay claim to their own state over the same territory, and when in war or civil war the government was threatened by a troublesome minority that it feared might side with insurgents and the enemy. During ethnic cleansing murderous violence and criminal offenses are committed, such as massacres, killings, rape, robbery, destruction of cultural property, and other crimes against humanity. These crimes create panic and mass flight by the targeted population.
Ethnoscapes
Authors: Chun Allen 
Published: March 2012

AbstractEthnoscape is a term coined by Arjun Appadurai in his essay “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy” (1990). One of five such terms, ethnoscape is defined as “the landscape of persons who constitute the shifting world in which we live: tourists, immigrants, refugees, exiles, guest workers, and other moving groups and individuals constitute an essential feature of the world and appear to affect the politics of (and between) nations to a hitherto unprecedented degree.” As Appadurai continues to explain, “This is not to say that there are no relatively stable communities and networks of kinship, friendship, work, and leisure, as well as of birth, residence, and other filial terms. But it is to say that the warp of these stabilities is everywhere shot through with the woof of human motion, as more persons and groups deal with the realities of having to move or the fantasies of wanting to move … And as international capital shifts its needs, as production and technology generate different needs, as nation‐states shift their policies on refugee populations, these moving groups can never afford to let their imaginations rest too long, even if they wish to.” Ethnoscapes by nature refer to people in flux.
Euro
Authors: Duina Francesco 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The euro (€) is the currency of 16 of 27 member states of the European Union (EU): Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. Those countries comprise the “Eurozone.” The majority of the 11 member states outside of the Eurozone are in Eastern and Central Europe: their economies and monetary conditions are considered not ready for adopting the euro. They are legally bound to join sometime in the future. A few countries – namely Denmark, Sweden, and the United Kingdom – could be in the Eurozone but have opted to stay out, though Denmark pegs its krone to the euro. These countries cite several reasons for holding on to their currencies: autonomy in setting interest rates, control over exchange rates, economic cycles that are out of sync with the Eurozone member states, and strong popular attachment to national currencies.
Executive Search
Authors: Beaverstock, Jonathan V. , Faulconbridge, James R. , Hall Sarah J.E. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Executive search, also known as
headhunting
, is today a very sophisticated worldwide, multimillion US dollar industry. The industry's roots can be found in the United States' proliferating management consultancy business from the early 1950s onwards in cities like Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York (Hall et al. 2009). Early entrants into headhunting were US firms like Heidrick & Struggles (established 1953), Spencer Stuart (1965), Russell Reynolds (1969), and Korn/Ferry (1969). In Europe, the industry quickly mimicked its US counterparts with the establishment of firms like Egon Zehnder in Zurich (1964) and Alexander Hughes in London (1965) (Jenn 2005). By the start of the twenty‐first century, the industry was dominated by 20 or so transnational corporations (TNCs), of mainly US and European nationality, who compete in global‐local markets with literally thousands of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). These TNCs, like Korn/Ferry, Heidrick & Struggles, Russell Reynolds, Egon Zehnder, Alexander Hughes, IIC Partners, and Odgers Berndtson, have multi‐million US dollar fee incomes, employ hundreds of highly qualified search consultants and researchers, are retained for business by many of the 15 000 or more TNCs operating in other primary, manufacturing, and service sectors as well as by governments, and have extensive international office networks in world and capital cities (Table 1). The large executive search firms are, thus, agents responsible for facilitating the mobility of key, elite labor between firms and other organizations, whether within local labor markets or in cross‐border search and selection between nation‐states. In terms of the magnitude of elite labor search and selection, the financial services industry is by far the most prevalent sector for the headhunting industry, followed very closely by technology, R&D, manufacturing, retail, and government (Jenn 2005). But, as noted above, executive search firms are active in all segments of the economy, from mining to universities, car manufacturing to IT.
Fast‐Food
Authors: Royle Tony 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

One of the most visible aspects of globalization is the global brand, and there are few better examples than the fast‐food brands that seem to reach into every corner of the planet. However, defining fast‐food is not as straightforward as one might assume, not only because of the multitude of “quick” food offerings that are now available (from burgers, chicken, sandwiches, to juices, fish, soups, sandwiches, hot dogs, pizzas along with many ethnic variations such as Latin American and Asian), but also because “quick” food is now available from an increasing number of competitor formats: café bars; street stalls; home delivery; self‐service catering; convenience stores; retail stores; and those catering for the recent trend in “fast casual dining.” Nevertheless, fast‐food is usually distinguished from these other formats by its standardized and restricted menu, food which is available for immediate consumption, usually sold at a counter, with tight individual portion and ingredient control and tight control over the finished product. The increasing competition in the industry is largely driven by the potential for high profit margins and the continuing demand for the fast‐food product; it seems that global consumers continue to find the standardized fast‐food offer attractive. In 2010 the global fast‐food industry is estimated to have made sales of US$500 billion; it is also one of the few industries that have continued to increase their sales during the economic recession, with global sales rising from US$481 billion in 2008 to US$496 billion in 2010, arguably benefitting from consumers “trading down” their eating habits (
www.euromonitor.com
).
Flat world
Authors: Powell Jason L. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty‐First Century
is an international bestselling book by Thomas Friedman that analyzes globalization, primarily in the early twenty‐first century. The title is a metaphor for viewing the world as a level playing field in terms of commerce, where all competitors have an equal opportunity. As the cover illustration of the first edition indicates, the title also alludes to the perceptual shift required for countries, companies, and individuals to remain competitive in a global market where historical and geographical divisions are becoming increasingly irrelevant due to the annihilation of time and space.
Food Justice
Authors: Galli Anya M. , Clift Bryan C. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Access to adequate, nutritious food is a ­fundamental human need and right. Problematically, today's global food system provides this access to only certain members of the global population. Food justice has emerged as a local, national, and global movement, working simultaneously from across and within state arenas, local communities, global markets, and geographic boundaries. The movement works to build and support strong and sustainable local food systems and ensure equal access to fresh, healthy, and culturally relevant, ethically produced food. Pertinent concerns of the food justice movement are inequalities and barriers to access, environmental consequences of industrial food production, and the widespread consequences of increasing corporate monopoly over food markets.
Free Trade Area of the Americas
Authors: Saguier Marcelo 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) was an intergovernmental initiative announced in 1994 between 34 states in the Western Hemisphere – all states except Cuba – to create a trade bloc stretching from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego. Although this was never accomplished, the FTAA represented the most ambitious trade integration scheme ever attempted (Salazar‐Xirinachs 2001). Equally, it was one of the most disputed of such attempts.