bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Full‐scale automatic titrimetry. II
Authors: Haslam J. , Squirrell D. C. M. , Clarke K. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs a result of practical experience, modifications have been made to the apparatus for full‐scale automatic titrimetry previously described.1 These modifications involve the titrant injection system, the pH or e.m.f. measuring system, the recording apparatus and the titration assembly.
Application of the oxygen flask combustion method to the determination of chlorine in polymers, plasticisers and organic compounds
Authors: Haslam J. , Hamilton J. B. , Squirrell D. C. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper describes the application of the Oxygen Flask Combustion method to the determination of chlorine in mg. amounts of polymers, plasticisers and organic compounds. Particular attention has been paid to the following: (1) the combustion process and combustion vessel; (2) the composition and efficiency of the absorption solution; (3) the final titration procedure.
Formation of lactic acid by alkaline decomposition of sucrose in the presence of salts of the alkaline earths
Authors: Boelhouwer C. , Korf D. , Waterman H. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe decomposition of sucrose in aqueous solution by different alkaline compounds is studied in autoclaves at 225° and approx. 40 atmospheres for reaction times between 12 and 60 minutes.It is shown that the formation of lactic acid is favoured by the presence of salts of the alkaline earths. Thus at 225° optimum yields of lactic acid (approx. 60%) were obtained by treatment of sucrose with the theoretical amount of base in the presence of 2–4 mol. of calcium acetate per mol. of sucrose.The experiments were carried out in concentrated aqueous solutions. Dilution generally did not favour the formation of lactic acid.
Solubility of hydrogen halides in organic compounds containing oxygen. V. Solubility of hydrogen chloride and bromide in some esters and ethers and vapour pressures of hydrogen chloride in certain solutions
Authors: Gerrard W. , Mincer A. M. A. , Wyvill P. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractValues of the solubility of hydrogen chloride and bromide in certain esters, ethers and chlorine‐containing compounds are given. Measurements of vapour pressure of hydrogen chloride in n‐butanol, and of tetra‐(4‐methylpentyl‐2‐oxy)silane are recorded and heats of solutions calculated.
Colorimetric reactions of unsaturated fatty acids with metal salts
Authors: Rhodes D. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEsters and glycerides of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids give coloured products having characteristic absorption spectra when treated with ferric chloride or mercuric acetate in presence of glacial acetic acid and conc. H2SO4. These reactions provide the basis of a simple colorimetric method for the determination of these acids in some fats and oils.
Alkali metal derivatives of sucrose. IV. The problem of ‘firmly bound’ ammonia
Authors: Black W. A. P. , Dewar E. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLiquid monomethylamine is inferior to liquid ammonia as a medium for the preparation of alkali metal derivatives of sucrose. Sodium is insoluble; lithium dissolves slowly to form a monolithium sucrate which still retains approximately one molecule of methylamine.All but 0·2% of the firmly bound ammonia was removed from a sample of trisodium sucrate by Soxhlet extraction with dimethoxyethane, although part of the sucrate was converted to the sodium hydroxide addition compound. Benzene under strictly anhydrous conditions extracts 44·8% of the bound ammonia without any decrease in sodium content.Optically active sucrose derivatives have been prepared by condensing benzene‐and dimethoxyethane‐extracted trisódium sucrose derivatives with 2‐chloro‐4, 6‐bis‐(2′‐chloro‐4′‐nitrophenoxy)‐s‐triazine. Penta‐ and trisodium sucrates, which have not been extracted, give products with a low rotation.The presence of ammonia in sodium sucrate appears to have no effect on the polymerisation reaction with epichlorohydrin. γ‐Irradiation of a polymer from monosodium sucrate causes a small but definite degradation to water‐soluble products containing glucose, fructose and possibly organic acids.
Rate of gelation of aluminium di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) mono‐s‐butoxide in hydrocarbons
Authors: Woods D. E. , Taylor A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn account is given of the preparation of aluminium di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) mono‐s‐butoxide and of the measurement of its rate of gelation when reacting with water to give aluminium monohydroxy‐di‐2‐ethyl hexoate, in hydrocarbons.
Preparation of aluminium soaps by a continuous process. III. Aluminium 2‐ethylhexoate
Authors: Woods D. E. , Taylor A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn account is given of the laboratory preparation of the aluminium di‐soap of 2‐ethylhexoic acid, using a continuous process. The effect, on the composition and quality of the soap produced, of varying the conditions of preparation has been found.It is shown that the product of the best quality, when judged by the consistency and storage stability of gels in hydrocarbons, is produced when the reaction pH is kept within the range 3·6–4·1.
Preparation of aluminium soaps by a continuous process. IV. Aluminium soaps of mixtures of straight and branched chain synthetic aliphatic acids
Authors: Woods D. E. , Taylor A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn account is given of the continuous preparation of a mixture of aluminium di‐soaps of straight and branched‐chain aliphatic acids containing 8–12 carbon atoms in the molecule. A high‐quality product can be obtained by maintaining the reaction mixture at pH 3·7–4·0 at a temperature of 58–60°.When the results given in Parts I–IV are considered, it can be seen that gel strength, at equal concentrations in hydrocarbon, is in the inverse order of the acid molecular weight, thus confirming that gelation is a molecular phenomenon.
Rheologically acceptable waxes from woolgrease
Authors: Milburn A. H. , Truter E. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWaxes suitable for use in the polish industry can be prepared by acylating aliphatic diamines with wool wax acids or with woolgrease stearines, but it is essential that the unsaponifiable material should be removed from the acids, otherwise the product is soft and tacky. The rheological properties of the ethylenediamides and the hexamethylenediamides of suitably refined woolgrease acids are superior to those of beeswax.
Inhibition of the corrosion of iron in neutral and alkaline solutions. II
Authors: Lorking K. F. , Mayne J. E. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn Part I1 it was shown that the current density required for anhydrous cubic oxide formation was much greater in corrosive than in inhibitive solutions.Capacity and polarisation measurements have now been made on specimens immersed in solutions, pH 6·5–7·0, and it is concluded that the air‐formed films suffer more rapid attack in corrosive than in inhibitive solutions.The difference in current density is explained in terms of the different rates of attack on the film. It is suggested that when an iron specimen, carrying its air‐formed film, is immersed in a solution it is the initial rate of attack on the film which controls the subsequent behaviour of the specimen.
Spontaneous ignition of wool. III. Calorimetry of slow oxidation reactions in materials of low thermal conductivity
Authors: Walker I. K. , Harrison W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method is described for calorimetry of oxidation reactions in porous materials of low thermal conductivity. The generated heat is allowed to flow through a thermal resistance composed of the sample itself, and measurement is made of the resulting temperature drop. If the thermal conductivity of the sample material is known, the reaction rate can be calculated. This method has advantages over conventional techniques of calorimetry since errors tend to be a proportional part of the quantity being measured, rather than a fixed error due to drift. This provides experimental simplicity at low rates of heat output, and the ability to operate over a range of temperatures. The reactant atmosphere can be replenished continuously. The method was used to measure the temperature coefficient of the reaction between dry pie wool and dry air, using calculated values of thermal conductivity. Measurements were made at reaction rates as low as 7 × 10−6 cal./sec./g. Even if the thermal conductivity of the material is not known, this method measures the ratio of reaction rate to thermal conductivity; and this ratio is of more fundamental importance in the spontaneous ignition of large piles of material than is the reaction rate itself.
Inductive effects and rate and equilibrium constants of chemical reactions
Authors: McGowan J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInductive effects of groups can conveniently be measured by effective charges Q—the hypothetical charges which would be required to give the same effect as the groups. Provided the group is not involved in mesomeric interactions, its inductive effect is reduced by a transmission factor (ϵ=0·5) if an extra atom is introduced between it and the site of the reaction. The relative rates of solvolysis of substituted t‐cumyl chlorides can be calculated from the charge distribution of the benzyl anion and other examples are given of the use of Q and ϵ for the estimation of the effects of substitution upon equilibrium and rate constants.
The impregnation of timber by water borne preservatives. II. X‐ray contact micro‐radiography
Authors: Belford D. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe application of X‐ray contact micro‐radiography to the study of wood preservatives is discussed. This technique allows the study of preservative distribution without the use of staining, and the present study has confirmed earlier observations that the preservative is situated within the cell wall rather than merely lining the cell cavity.
Rate of oxidation of magnesium metal in dry oxygen
Authors: Mikhail R. Sh. , Gouda V. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe oxidation of magnesium sheet, polished by surface evaporation, has been investigated, with the aid of the thermal balance, and in the early regions by a manometric method, at temperatures between 470° and 570° and for times up to 120 h. in dry oxygen.The oxidation curves of weight‐gain against time show, in most cases investigated, three main regions; (1) an early region, during which lateral growth of white oxide across the metal is observed; (2) a linear branch, in which the rate of thickening and of cracking of the oxide film are apparently equal; (3) a stage in which the rate is initially higher than for the two preceding regions although it tends to decrease with increase of time.The reaction mechanism is discussed in view of the current theories of the oxidation of metals.
The behaviour of stannic acid sols in concentrated hydrogen peroxide. II. The mechanism of stabilisation of concentrated hydrogen peroxide by sodium stannate
Authors: Lewis T. J. , Walters T. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSodium stannate stabilises commercial hydrogen peroxide by virtue of the stannic acid colloid formed on hydrolysis. The mechanism by which the sols are precipitated by aluminium ions, reported in Part I, explains the process by which sodium stannate stabilises commercial hydrogen peroxide against decomposition catalysts such as the polyvalent ions, Fe3+, Cr3+ and Cu2+. The hydrolysis equilibria of these ions are automatically adjusted to the formation of the stable FeOH2+, CrO+ and CuOH+ ions, respectively, which are strongly adsorbed on the stannic acid colloid and thereby deactivated. These catalytic ions may only be present in minute amounts in non‐stabilised commercial hydrogen peroxide (pH ∼ 4·5), mostly in the heterogeneous state. The equilibrium between the heterogeneous and homogeneous phase is disturbed sufficiently to permit the formation of ionic species which are subsequently deactivated by this process.
Water transfer between aqueous systems by a partially miscible solvent. III. Concentration of dilute copper sulphate solutions using an alcohol in conjunction with sodium chloride
Authors: Blumberg Ruth , Cejtlin E. , Fuchs F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe concentration of a dilute copper sulphate solution by means of a partially miscible alcohol (4 or 5 C) using sodium chloride as dehydrating agent is presented as a practical example of water transfer. Equilibrium data in the several ternary systems are presented, and operating conditions for attaining a specified degree of concentration are determined by simple graphical techniques, and verified by experiment.
Hydrothermal reaction of alumina trihydrate
Authors: Sato Taichi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExamination has been made of alumina trihydrates (hydrargillite and bayerite) after being heated with water in an autoclave. In both cases the monohydrate (boehmite) is formed after 2 h. at 200°, the rate of conversion being higher for bayerite than for hydrargillite. Determination of alkali and alumina dissolved in the water during hydrothermal treatment led to the conclusion that the reaction is due to the decomposition of the trihydrate in presence of water rather than its dissolution.
The system barium oxide, zinc oxide and water at 90° and 70°c
Authors: Monk H. , Mortifee A. V. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInvestigations on the composition and stability of the solid barium zincates have shown that the BaO‐ZnO‐H2O system is complex. At 90°, the following stable solid phases exist: Ba(OH)2,H2O; ZnO; BaO,ZnO,2H2O; BaO,ZnO,3H2O; 2BaO,ZnO,3H2O; 2BaO,ZnO,7H2O and possibly further hydrates of BaO,ZnO and 2BaO,ZnO.At 70°, BaO,ZnO,2H2O; BaO,ZnO,3H2O; 2BaO,ZnO,7H2O, Ba(OH)2,8H2O and ZnO are the stable solid phases. The beginning of the transition interval is 70° for the 2BaO,ZnO,7H2O compound which is unstable below this temperature. X‐ray diffraction patterns have been obtained for BaO,ZnO,2H2O and the trihydrate.
The setting of road tar in surface dressing
Authors: Dewhurst J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTar has been recovered from a number of surface dressings at intervals during the first year of their life and the changes in viscosity determined. A method is described for determining the contributions of oxidation and loss of oils to the observed hardening, and the results for one pair of dressings are given. The hardening of the tar was mainly due to loss of oils, oxidation accounting for about one quarter of the effect. Tars derived from a high‐aromatic crude only have been examined; other tars are to be tested in a similar way.
Multicomponent distillation calculations where the feed plate location and number of theoretical plates are unspecified
Authors: Musk F. I. , Totman E. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe problem of satisfying requirements for the distillation of mixtures containing several components is discussed, and the general solution is outlined.A routine method is described which will lead to a particular solution in the absence of information on the number of theoretical plates or the feed plate location.
The pyrolysis of diborane
Authors: Owen A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe pyrolysis of diborane has been studied in single‐ and multi‐pass flow systems to determine the optimum conditions for its conversion to pentaborane.In a single‐pass flow system the products consisted of tetraborane, dihydropentaborane (B5H11), pentaborane (B5H9), decaborane and undesirable non‐volatile solid hydrides. The most economical conversion of diborane to pentaborane was obtained under the following conditions: temperature 250°, flow rate 400 c.c./min. and ratio of diborane/hydrogen 1 : 5 when 15·1% of the diborane was converted into pentaborane, 4·4% to solid hydrides and 80% recovered.In multi‐stage reactors designed on the basis of single‐pass experiments, the best yield of pentaborane was obtained in a 12‐unit reactor operating at 240°, flow rate 400 c.c./min. and ratio diborane/hydrogen 1 : 5. Under these conditions 57·0% of the diborane was converted into pentaborane, 14·1% to solid hydrides and 29·0% was recovered unchanged.Rate expressions are developed for the disappearance of diborane and activation energies calculated.The mechanism of the formation of pentaborane and decaborane is discussed.
The nature of the oxide film formed on stainless steel immersed in concentrated hydrogen peroxide (H.T.P.)
Authors: Diederichsen J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen stainless steel is immersed in H.T.P. an oxide film is formed on the surface of the metal. The rate of formation, composition and stability of this film have been investigated by chemical analysis and electrometric methods. The film consists mainly of oxides of iron and at 30° it grows to a fairly constant thickness of 3×10−6 cm. in 3–4 weeks. The compatibility of stainless steel with H.T.P. is explained in terms of the solubility and catalytic activity of the main constituents of stainless steel.
Role of hydrogen in the high‐temperature corrosion of zirconium and its alloys. II Oxidation of unalloyed zirconium in steam and in oxygen
Authors: Silvester D. R. , Wanklyn J. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe film capacities and weight gains of specimens of Kroll zirconium exposed to steam and to dry oxygen at 325° have been compared. The results show that the initial growth of uncracked oxide films is more rapid in steam, and that subsequent film cracking is also more severe, presumably as a result of effects due to hydrogen.Films on Van Arkel zirconium are more resistant to cracking in both steam and oxygen.At a late stage of oxidation in both steam and oxygen the film capacities reach constant values indicating that the mean thickness of the protective part of the film in each case also tends to a constant value. However, a comparison of the oxidation rates at this stage shows some discrepancies in relation to the initial oxidation rates and a modified picture of film growth and breakdown is proposed.
The flammability limits of moving mixtures of propane and air
Authors: Palmer K. N. , Tonkin P. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe lower and upper flammability limits of propane/air mixtures flowing along a tube 6.4 cm. in diameter were determined for gas velocities up to 600 cm./s. At the lower end of the velocity range the limits were wider than with static mixtures, particularly at the upper limit, but they narrowed again as the flow velocity was increased.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. XIV. Preparation and antifungal properties of some triaryl‐ and triaralkyl‐tin acetates
Authors: Luijten J. G. A. , van der Kerk G. J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Preparation of tri‐m‐tolyl‐, tri‐p‐tolyl‐, tribenzyl‐, tris‐2‐phenylethyl‐ and tri‐α‐naphthyl‐tin acetate is described.None of these compounds exhibits a higher antifungal activity than triphenyl‐3‐tin acetate.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. XV The antifungal properties of some functionally substituted organo‐tin compounds
Authors: Noltes J. G. , Luijten J. G. A. , van der Kerk G. J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAntifungal test results are given for a number of functionally substituted organo‐tin compounds.Among such compounds of the type R4Sn, only one, cyanomethyltri‐n‐butyltin, exhibits appreciable fungitoxicity. Activity in this case is explained by the instability of the cyanomethyl‐tin bond to hydrolysis.The results obtained with compounds of the type R3SnX show that the introduction of functional substituents in general reduces antifungal activity. This is most pronounced in the case of water‐solubilising substituents.
Use of the marshall test for evaluating dense bituminous surfacings
Authors: Please A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn examination has been made of the results obtained by the Marshall test to determine the value of the test for the design of dense bituminous mixtures for road surfacings and for comparing their resistance to deformation.It is shown that the optimum binder contents obtained from the density and stability curves are similar to those specified in B.S.594 for the driest schedules having the highest resistance to deformation and that the test would exclude those materials in the other schedules. In the absence of information on the relative deformation on roads of surfacings made with different types of bituminous material, simulative laboratory tests have been used to place compositions in order of resistance to deformation. Comparison of the results of the Marshall test with the Road Research Laboratory wheel‐tracking tests shows that neither the stability nor the flow value provides a valid measure of the resistance to deformation of dense bituminous materials in common use. However, for rolled asphalts the ratio stability/flow correlates moderately well with the logarithm of the rate of tracking measured in the wheel‐tracking machine; the correlation for dense tar surfacing compositions is poor. Comparison with the Hveem Stabilometer suggests that setting an upper limit on flow value is approximately equivalent to setting a lower limit on the internal friction. As with many mechanical tests, high Marshall stability values are promoted by high stone content, high viscosity of binder, rough‐textured aggregate, not too low a filler content and good compaction.
Determination of hydrogen cyanide by gas chromatography
Authors: Woolmington K. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA rapid, accurate and precise gas chromatographic method for the determination of hydrogen cyanide in mixtures of the permanent gases and water vapour is described. Results are given for the hydrogen cyanide and nitrogen contents of synthetic gas mixtures of known composition. The effects of various column pre‐treatments on accuracy and precision are discussed. The apparatus is very suitable for the frequent determination of hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen, oxygen, methane and carbon monoxide in mixtures of these gases.
Chemical degradation of type‐I strongly basic anion‐exchange resins
Authors: Wilson A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe capacities of Type‐I strongly basic anion‐exchange resins from de‐ionisation plant for water‐purification have been determined. In use, the strongly basic capacity decreased, as did the total capacity but at a smaller rate, while the weakly basic capacity increased. The mechanism of these changes and the effect on the operational performance of the resins are considered. The relative degrees of cross‐linking of the resins were also investigated; these tended to decrease during use but only to a slight extent.
Correlation between surface tension and other physical properties
Authors: Wright Franklin J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe variation with temperature of the surface tension and density of some 14 non‐associated liquids has been investigated from 20° to within a few degrees of their normal boiling points. The power equations of Ferguson and of Kleeman which correlate surface tension with the reduced temperature, T/Tc, and density, D, respectively represent the experimental data with accuracy,
γ = γo (1−T/Tc)n
γ = γo (D−d)p
each liquid having its particular value of the exponents n and p. From this it also follows that a power equation can be used to represent the variation of density with temperature.
D = Do (1−T/Tc)n/pThe more general form of the parachor suggested by Ferguson has been calculated. This showed none of the anomalous increases with temperature which are observed with Sugden's parachor where the exponent of the surface tension term is taken as 1/4 instead of 1/p. The free molecular energy is also shown to be an additive property determined by the atoms and bonds in the molecule. New atomic and bond constants have been calculated.