bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die mögliche Anwendung von Sexualpheromonen für die Bekämpfung des Apfelschalenwicklers, Adoxophyes orana, im holländischen Obstbau1
Authors: Minks A. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPossibilities for the use of sex pheromones to control the summerfruit tortrix moth, Adoxophyes orana, in dutch orchards. The sex pheromone of Adoxophyes orana has been identified as a two‐component system consisting of cis‐9‐ and cis‐11‐tetradecenyl acetate (tda). Optimum attraction in the field is obtained with a ratio cis‐9‐tda: cis‐11‐tda = 9:1.Research on the problem how to make use of pheromones for control in practice is less spectacular and very laborious. Even if we restrict ourselves to the simplest possibility, namely the detection of the presence and the observation of the flight activity of the moths, we shall quickly encounter problems like the interpretation of the numbers of moths caught in the traps. Several examples indicate that the course of the sex trap data can differ very much from the course of the population density as determined by other sampling methods. There is the extra difficulty that we are observing the activity of the adult moths, but that we are primarily interested in the control of the larvae.During the past 2 years we achieved a very satisfactory control of A. orana by the use of a combination of daily sex trap observations and the so‐called temperaturesum method. The relation between sex trap catches and population density will be further analyzed.
Entwicklung und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten einer neuen visuellen Falle für die Kirschenfliege, Rhagoletis cerasi L.1
Authors: Remund U. , Boller E. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new visual trap capturing Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) and other fruit flies. The response of Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) to different colours, forms and trap‐sizes is described. Best attraction was achieved with a sticky‐coated trap painted with fluorescent yellow. Based on these results, a new disposable trap (PROKOBOL II) was developed. This visual trap has increased the attractiveness for the flies about 100 times compared with the traditional bait traps (4 % NH4HCO3). The trap can be used for forecasting and control purposes and ecological studies on Rhagoletis cerasi and other fruit‐fly populations (Rhagoletis spp., Dacus oleae, Ceratitis capitata).
Eine auf optische Reizung basierende Fangmethode der Pflaumensägewespen Hoplocampa flava L. und H. minuta Christ.1
Authors: Blaisinger P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA trapping technique based on colour attractivity in plum sawflies: Hoplocampa flava L. and Hoplocampa minuta Christ. The plum sawflies especially Hoplocampa flava L. but also H. minuta Christ may, under certain circumstances, destruct the whole crop in plum or in mirabelle orchards.A particular trap, based on the attraction by coloured surfaces, was developed to measure the flight activity of these insect populations. Optimal colour, shape, location and height were determined. It appears that a white‐coloured trap of cylindrical shape (0.40 m diameter and 0.40 m height) gives the best results.RésuméUne technique de piégeage des hoplocampes des prunes (Hoplocampa flava et H. minuta) basée sur l'attraction de la couleurLes Hoplocampes de prunes, Hoplocampa flava L. surtout mais aussi H. minuta Christ., sont des ravageurs des pruniers dont l'activité peut, dans certaines circonstances, causer la perte de la totalité des fruits.Un dispositif de piégeage basé zur l'attractivité de la couleur a été developpé pour apprécier l'activité de vol de ces insectes. L'expérimentation a porté sur la couleur, sur l'emplacement, sur la forme et sur l'altitude du piège. Le piège cylindrique peint en blanc (diamètre 0,40 m, hauteur 0,40 m) et placé entre les arbres recueille le maximum des captures.
Erste Erfahrungen mit dem Selbstvernichtungsverfahren bei Rhagoletis cerasi L. in der Nordwestschweiz1
Authors: Boller E. F. , Remund U. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPreliminary conclusions concerning the application of the sterile insect technique against European cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cerasi L.) in Northwest Switzerland. Field experiments with sterile flies carried out in 1972 and 1973 are discussed. Whereas the 1972 experiments proved that the techniques involved and the logistic problems have reached a satisfactory level actual control (eradication) experiments started in 1973 and showed promising results. However, it is concluded that the success achieved (no infestations observed) was possible due to very favourable ecological conditions (low population densities of the pest) and that the method has to prove its feasibility also in more difficult situations.
Die konventionelle biologische Bekämpfung — ein Stiefkind des Pflanzenschutzes1
Authors: Delucchi V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConventional biological control — a poor relative of plant protection. Mean's activity is a permanent source of disturbing factors affecting the relationship between populations at different trophic levels. Objective of biological control is not only the transfer of natural enemies into areas where an undesirable species has been introduced without them, but also the analysis of factors which may improve the efficiency of indigenous natural enemies. The disappearance of alternate hosts, or the elimination of important plants on which natural enemies feed, or the removal of refugees where natural enemies can aestivate or hibernate, may have disastrous consequences on the survival of beneficial organisms and be the main cause of plant protection problems. The modification of cultural practices which are deleterious to natural enemies can be in many cases envisaged without additional investments. The periodic colonization of parasitoids and predators has shown to be a valuable technique, but much remains to be done if stabilization of antagonistic populations has to be achieved at a tolerable level over an entire season.
Contributions to the ecological studies on the cotton pests in Egypt
Authors: El‐Saadany G. , Abd‐El‐Fattah M. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of the moon phases on the activity of nocturnal cotton pests, as indicated by moth‐catches in an ultra violet light‐trap, was studied over two complete lunar cycles in 1973.The resulting data indicated that the average log. catches obtained during new moon and last quarter weeks were more than double those caught at full moon. This explains the irregularity in the population curves of some of these species and could serve as a basis for predicting the rate of infestation of certain pests.ZusammenfassungBeiträge zur Ökologie der Baumwollschädlinge in Ägypten. III. Zur Wirkung der Mondphase auf die nächtliche Flugaktivität einiger SchmetterlingsartenMit Hilfe einer Ultraviolett‐Lichtfalle wurden während zweier Mondzyklen 1973 die Wirkungen der Mondphase auf die Flugaktivität von 6 an Baumwolle schädlichen Lepidopterenarten untersucht. Aus den Ergebnissen geht hervor, daß der mittlere Logarithmus der Fänge bei Neumond und im letzten Mondviertel mehr als doppelt so groß war als bei Vollmond. Dies erklärt die Irregularität der Populationskurven einiger der untersuchten Arten und trägt zur Grundlegung der Schadensprognose bei.
The consumption, digestion and utilization of two castor‐bean varieties by larvae of the Eri silk worm, Attacus ricini Boisd
Authors: El‐Shaarawy M. F. , Gomaa A. A. , El‐Garhy A. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe quantity of castor‐bean leaves ingested by larvae of the Eri silk worm, Attacus ricini Boisd. increased gradually till the fourth instar, after which a sudden increase towards the fifth instar was observed. The fifth instar larvae ingested more of red than of the green castor leaf variety. The digestibility of food for larvae fed on the red variety was higher than that of those fed on the green variety. Similar results were obtained for the mean weights of different instar larvae and the efficiency of conversion of digested food to body matter. Larvae reared in the fourth and fifth generations and their corresponding ninth and tenth ones during the period extending from mid September to early February demonstrated the highest rates of the studied indices.ZusammenfassungVerbrauch, Verdauung und Verwertung zweier Bohnensorten durch die Raupen des Seidenspinners, Attacus ricini Boisd.Die von den Larven von A. ricini aufgenommene Menge an Blättern der Castorbohne stieg bis zum 4. Stadium allmählich an, um mit dem 5. Stadium sich plötzlich stark zu erhöhen. Die L5‐Larven fraßen mehr von der rotblättrigen als von der grünblättrigen Sorte der Bohne. Die Auswertbarkeit der roten Blätter war größer als die der grünen. Dies zeigte sich auch im mittleren Larvengewicht. Bei Untersuchung der Larven der 4. und 5. sowie 9. und 10. Generation jeweils in der Zeit zwischen September und Februar wurden in allen Fällen die höchsten Indices gewonnen.
Parasitär bedingte Wachstumshemmung bei den Larven von Epinotia (= Epiblema) tedella Cl. (Lep., Tortricidae)1
Authors: Führer E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractParasitically induced growth inhibition in Epinotia (= Epiblema) tedella Cl. larvae. The endoparasitic larva of Apanteles tedellae Nix. inhibits the larval growth of its host, Epinotia tedella, much more than the Lissonota dubia Hgn. larva does, although the life habits of both parasite species are very similar. Presumably the strong effect of Apanteles comes from a general change in the host's metabolic system, the slight inhibition by Lissonota, however, from the increasing food consumption of the growing parasite larva.
Release of fungi from mycangia of southern pine beetles observed under a scanning electron microscope
Authors: Barras S. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne probable release site for mycangial fungi is the prosternum, the only place where masses of spores were located along the exterior length of the mycangium. Another possible site is behind the edge of the presternum where the opening of the mycangium wall is widest. The primary method of inoculation is probably the passive release of spores from the mycangium and the pseudomycangium into the galleries. Several fungi and yeasts previously isolated from the mycangia were found at the release sites.ZusammenfassungFreisetzung von Pilzsporen aus den Mycangien des southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. (Coleoptera? Scolyt.), beobachtet unter dem RasterelektronenmikroskopEine mögliche Austrittsstelle für die im Mycangium gespeicherten Pilzsporen liegt auf dem Prosternum. Es ist die einzige Stelle, an der sich Massen von Pilzsporen entlang der ganzen Ausdehnung des Mycangiums finden. Ein anderer möglicher Platz liegt hinter der Kante des Presternums, wo die Öffnung der Mycangiumwand am weitesten ist. Die ursprüngliche Form der Sporenübertragung ist wahrscheinlich das passive Austreten der Sporen aus dem Mycangium und dem Pseudomycangium in die Muttergänge. Verschiedene Pilze und Hefen, erst kürzlich aus den Mycangien isoliert, wurden an den Austrittsstellen gefunden.
Zur wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung des Pflanzenschutzes1
Authors: Schuhmann G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOn the economical importance of plant protection. The assessment of losses caused by plant diseases and plant pathogens is still largely dependent upon rough estimates. Therefore, it is highly desirable to learn more about the importance of individual pathogens and to develop methods for long term prognoses. The latter may be hampered by the rapid change of production methods which can cause unpredictable alterations in the prevalence of pathogens. There is abundant evidence that the problems of plant protection have not decreased during the last decades. Presently, there seems to be general agreement that plant protection measures are necessary, controversies, however, exist concerning the extent of the use of chemical plant protection agents and the choice of methods. More attention should be paid to the improvement of methods of plant cultivation without undervaluing the central importance of chemical measures which are indispensible in the control of many diseases, pathogens and weeds. The need to rationalize frequently leaves no other choice but the use of chemical plant protection measures. It is assumed that on the average the ratio of costs versus efficiency ranges between 1 : 3 to 1 : 9 for chemical plant protection agents, in favourable cases it is even better. The increase in yield resulting from chemical plant protection measures is recognized directly as an increase of the net yield. No evaluation, however, can presently be made of the costs resulting from the necessary surveillance of residues and undesirable side effects of plant protection agents.
Qualitätskontrolle bei Insekten: Messung von Flugparametern
Authors: Remund U. , Boller E. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractQuality control in insects: The measurement of flight parameters. The importance of quality control, the division of general quality into its genetic, physiological and behavioral components and the development of efficient test methods for their assessment is discussed.The devices used to investigate flight characteristics have been adopted for use by applied laboratories and consist of stroboscopes and a mobile flight mill system containing 10 low‐friction rotors. Low costs, easy handling and rapid evaluation of the obtained data were the main criteria for the development of devices and techniques described in this paper.The influence of biological features such as energy level, sex and body size of the test insects on the variation of flight data are discussed. The application of flight studies in sterile insect release programs is demonstrated by examples of investigations carried out on fruit flies.ZusammenfassungDie Bedeutung der Qualitätskontrolle, die Aufteilung des Begriffs Qualität in genetische, physiologische und ethologische Komponenten und die Entwicklung wirksamer Prüfverfahren für deren Erfassung wird diskutiert.Die Prüfverfahren wurden im Hinblick auf ihre Verwendung in Labors entwickelt und beinhalten als technische Hilfsmittel ein Stroboskop und eine Flugmühle. Geringe Kosten, einfache Handhabung und rasche Auswertung der Daten waren die wichtigsten Anforderungen an die in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Methoden.Der Einfluß biologischer Variablen wie Energiereserven, Geschlecht und Körpergröße auf die Versuchsergebnisse wird beschrieben. Die praktische Anwendung von Flugstudien in Autozidprogrammen wird an Hand einiger Beispiele bei Fruchtfliegen aufgezeigt.
Der Temperaturgang im Bienenvolk (Apis mellifica L.) als Störungsindikator
Authors: Altmann G. , Warnke U. , Paul R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe temperature in a beehive (Apis mellifica L.) as an indicator for disturbance. The variation of temperature in a beehive is an easily registered indicator for many types of disturbances. The temperature rises by electrical stimulus (thunder and lightening), light and mechanical stimulations; the temperature sinks during the application of bee‐reposing substances. Differences of temperature in the breeding‐centre of the hive are slighter than those in the surrounding hive. The humidity as well as the activity of the flying bees are also influenced by disturbances of longer duration.ZusammenfassungDer Temperaturgang im Bienenvolk ist ein einfach zu registrierender Indikator für Störungen verschiedener Modalitäten. Die Temperatur steigt bei elektrischen Reizen (Gewitter), Lichtreizen und mechanischen Reizen; die Temperatur sinkt während der Applikation bienenabweisender Stoffe. Die Temperaturänderungen im Brutzentrum sind geringer als außerhalb des Brutnestes. Der Wasserdampfgehalt sowie die motorische Aktivität der Flugbienen werden bei länger anhaltenden Störungen zusätzlich beeinflußt.
Field experiments on the dispersion of Musca domestica vicina in Wadi El‐Natroun area
Authors: Shoukry A. , Hafez M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to study the dispersion of the oriental house fly Musca domestica vicina in a semi arid area (Wadi El‐Natroun). The first experiment was designed to show the extent of dispersion of laboratory flies towards the village and away from it, while the second experiment aimed at comparing the dispersion of wild and laboratory flies under the conditions prevailing in Wadi El‐Natroun area.Flies were tagged either by P‐32 or by phenolphthalein indicator. The greatest majority of laboratory flies were recaptured at a distance of 1/2 km. Flies were able to disperse for a distance of 3 km within 24 hrs. Wild flies, on the other hand, showed wider range of dispersion as the majority of recaptured flies (62%) were collected at distance of 3 km while the highest percent of laboratory recovered flies (44%) were trapped at 1/2 km. The presence of suitable breeding grounds seems to govern, to a great extent, the fly movements.ZusammenfassungFreilanduntersuchungen über die Ausbreitung von Musca domestica vicina im Gebiet des Wadi El‐NatrounEs wurden zwei Freilandexperimente durchgeführt, um die Ausbreitung der orientalischen Hausfliege, Musca domestica vicina, im semi‐ariden Areal des Wadi El‐Natroun zu untersuchen. Das erste Experiment sollte den Umfang der Ausbreitung von im Labor gezüchteten Fliegen in Richtung auf und von einer Ansiedlung zeigen, während das zweite Experiment zum Ziel hatte, die Ausbreitung eines Wildstammes mit jener des Laborstammes unter den Verhältnissen des Versuchsgebietes zu vergleichen. Die Fliegen wurden entweder mit P‐32 oder einem Phenolphthalein‐Indikator markiert.Die Hauptmasse der Laborfliegen (83%) wurde in Entfernungen bis 1 km vom Freilassungsort wieder gefangen. Die Maximalausbreitung betrug 3 km in 24 Stunden. Die Wildfliegen dagegen entfernten sich im Durchschnitt weiter. 62% der freigelassenen Tiere wurden hier in 3 km Entfernung wieder gefangen. Für die Ortsbewegungen schien hauptsächlich die Suche nach Brutgelegenheiten bestimmend zu sein.
Contributions to the knowledge of the insect fauna of trees in Iraq
Authors: Knopf H. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this part of the paper 11 buprestid species recently identified, are enumerated, of which 10 are new records in Iraq, according to the lists, published locally until 1968, when these insects were found here. For one buprestid a new host plant is named. Furthermore mentioned are 4 species of Lepidoptera of which 3 are new records, one in relation with newly recorded host plants. For all species named biological informations are given.ZusammenfassungBeiträge zur Kenntnis der Insektenfauna der Bäume im Irak. Teil II: Coleoptera und LepidopteraEs werden als Ergänzung der bis 1968 datierten, 1971 veröffentlichten Liste 11 Coleopteren‐(Buprestiden‐)Arten aufgezählt, von denen 10 neu für den Irak sind. Für eine dieser Arten wird ein neuer Wirtsbaum genannt. Weiterhin werden 4 Arten Lepidopteren (3 neu für den Irak) und 1 neue Wirtsbaumart mitgeteilt. Zu allen Arten werden biologische Angaben gemacht.
On the influence of host plants on insect resistance to bacterial diseases
Authors: Merdan A. , Abdel‐Rahman H. , Soliman A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNatural mortality of Spodoptera littoralis, S. exigua, Pieris rapae or Bombyx mori was not affected by feeding on foliage containing antibacterial substances. Mortality due to infect‐ivity by certain spore‐formers crystalliferous Bacillus preparations was markedly lower when insects were fed on foliage possessing antibacterial activity than on inactive plant foliage. The levels of susceptibility, however, varied in different insects depending on the type of foliage and the entomopathogen. S. littoralis was the most resistant, followed by S. exigua; while P. rapae and B. mori were highly susceptible. The highest resistance occurred when insects were fed with Morus alba leaves.ZusammenfassungÜber den Einfluß der Fraßpflanze auf die Empfindlichkeit von Insekten gegen bakterielle KrankheitenDie natürliche Sterblichkeit von Spodoptera littoralis, S. exigua, Pieris rapae oder Bombyx mori wurde durch Kontaminierung der Fraßpflanze mit antibakteriellen Substanzen nicht beeinflußt. Dagegen wurde die Anfälligkeit dieser Insekten gegen verschiedene sporen‐bildende bakterielle Krankheiten durch diese Behandlung deutlich reduziert. Der Grad der Empfindlichkeit schwankte nach Insektenart, Pflanzenart und Endopathogen. S. littoralis erwies sich als am widerstandsfähigsten, gefolgt von S. exigua, während R. rapae und B. mori hochempfindlich waren. Den höchsten Resistenzgrad erreichten die Insekten bei Fütterung mit behandelten Maulbeerblättern.
Biological studies on the loopers Autographa gamma (L.) and Cornutiplusia circumflexa (L.) (Lep., Noctuidae) infesting truck crops in Egypt
Authors: Harakly F. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn Egypt, truck crops are liable to the attack by the glover looper, Autographa gamma (L.) and the cabbage looper, Cornutiplusia circumflexa (L.). The first was found infesting lettuce, rocket, spinach, radish, cowpea and clover, while the latter was found attacking glover, broad bean, cucurbits, cabbage, peas, Phaseolus, lettuce, spinach, clover and ornamental plants. The two insects were bred under laboratory conditions, on Egyptian clover for A. gamma and broad bean for C. circumflexa. The two species passed through five larval instars, few had six instars on 20° C and 26° C. It rarely hapened that separate individuals reached the adult stage after four instars. Mating was essentail for egg production. Fertilized females living in groups put more eggs than isolated ones. Egg production ranged from few eggs to 598 eggs. The longivity of females was longer than that of the male, sometimes double. Under laboratory's conditions, both species had four generations a year, and their sex ratio obtained was 1:1. Apanteles ruficrus Hal. was an effective parasite for larvae, and rarely those of A. gamma were attacked by a dipterous parasite: Exorista larvarum (L.).ZusammenfassungZur Biologie der an Gemüse schädlichen Noctuiden Autographa gamma (L.) und Cornutiplusia circumflexa (L.) in ÄgyptenIn Ägypten treten A. gamma erheblich schädlich an Salat, Kohl, Spinat, Rettich, Erbsen und Klee sowie C. circumflexa vor allem an Bohnen, Kürbis, Kohl, Erbsen, Salat, Spinat und Zierpflanzen auf. Die zwei Schädlingsarten wurden unter Laborbedingungen an Klee (A. gamma) und Bohnen (C. circumflexa) gezogen. Beide Arten durchliefen im allgemeinen 5 Larvenstadien, in selteneren Fällen 4 oder 6. Befruchtete Weibchen, die zu mehreren zu‐sammengehalten wurden, legten mehr Eier ab als isolierte. Die Eizahl variierte zwischen einigen wenigen und 598 Eiern/Weibchen. Die Lebensdauer der Weibchen übertraf jene der Männchen bis zum Doppelten. Unter Laborbedingungen hatten beide Arten 4 Generationen im Jahr. Das Geschlechterverhältnis betrug 1:1. Als wirksamer Parasit der Raupen beider Arten trat Apanteles ruficrus Hal. auf. A. gamma wurde in geringem Umfang von der Tachine Exorista larvarum (L.) parasitiert.