bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Illiberal peacebuilding in Angola
Authors: de Oliveira Ricardo Soares 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTAngola's oil-fuelled reconstruction since the end of the civil war in 2002 is a world away from the mainstream liberal peacebuilding approach that Western donors have promoted and run since the end of cold war. The Angolan case is a pivotal example of what can be termed ‘illiberal peacebuilding’, a process of post-war reconstruction managed by local elites in defiance of liberal peace precepts on civil liberties, the rule of law, the expansion of economic freedoms and poverty alleviation, with a view to constructing a hegemonic order and an elite stranglehold over the political economy. Making sense of the Angolan case is a starting point for a broader comparative look at other cases of illiberal peacebuilding such as Rwanda, Lebanon and Sri Lanka.
Power-sharing as a fragile safety valve in times of electoral turmoil: the costs and benefits of Burundi's 2010 elections
Authors: Vandeginste Stef 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper analyses the local, presidential and legislative elections that took place in Burundi between May and September 2010. Electoral results are presented, analysed and interpreted against the background of Burundi's constitutional consociational power-sharing regime. The power-sharing arrangement, which was negotiated during Burundi's recently completed peace process, saved the pluralistic nature of the elections but may itself fall victim to the outcome of these same elections, with the dominant party CNDD-FDD obtaining an overwhelming majority in parliament and controlling most of the instruments needed to further establish its hegemony. Political pluralism, both within and outside the institutions, is under threat. As evidenced by developments in the early aftermath of the electoral marathon, conjunctural alliances between opposition groups and the incumbent regime's increasingly authoritarian response to dissidence may well result in renewed instability and insecurity.
Axially and spherically symmetric solitons in warm plasma
Authors: DVORNIKOV MAXIM 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe study the existence of stable axially and spherically symmetric plasma structures on the basis of the new nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) accounting for non-local electron nonlinearities. The numerical solutions of NLSE having the form of spatial solitions are obtained and their stability is analyzed. We discuss the possible application of the obtained results to the theoretical description of natural plasmoids in the atmosphere.
Investigating the persistence of tick-borne pathogens via the R0model
Authors: HARRISON A. , MONTGOMERY W. I. , BOWN K. J. 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYIn the epidemiology of infectious diseases, the basic reproduction number, R0, has a number of important applications, most notably it can be used to predict whether a pathogen is likely to become established, or persist, in a given area. We used the R0model to investigate the persistence of 3 tick-borne pathogens;Babesia microti, Anaplasma phagocytophilumandBorrelia burgdorferisensu lato in anApodemus sylvaticus-Ixodes ricinussystem. The persistence of these pathogens was also determined empirically by screening questing ticks and wood mice by PCR. All 3 pathogens behaved differently in response to changes in the proportion of transmission hosts on whichI. ricinusfed, the efficiency of transmission between the host and ticks and the abundance of larval and nymphal ticks found on small mammals. Empirical data supported theoretical predictions of the R0model. The transmission pathway employed and the duration of systemic infection were also identified as important factors responsible for establishment or persistence of tick-borne pathogens in a given tick-host system. The current study demonstrates how the R0model can be put to practical use to investigate factors affecting tick-borne pathogen persistence, which has important implications for animal and human health worldwide.
Vector of Trypanosoma copemani identified as Ixodes sp.
Authors: AUSTEN J. M. , RYAN U. M. , FRIEND J. A. , DITCHAM W. G. F. , REID S. A. 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYA total of 41 ticks were collected from 15 quokkas on Bald Island and 2 ticks from a Gilbert's potoroo from Two Peoples Bay. Three species of Ixodid ticks Ixodes australiensis, Ixodes hirsti and Ixodes myrmecobii were identified on the quokkas known to have a high prevalence of Trypanosoma copemani. Tick faeces from ticks isolated from 8 individual quokkas and a Gilbert's potoroo were examined with one identified as positive for trypanosomes. Faecal examination revealed trypanosomes similar to in vitro life-cycle stages of T. copemani. In total 12 ticks were dissected and trypanosomes found in sections of their midgut and haemolymph, 49 and 117 days after collection. Tick faeces, salivary glands and midguts from I. australiensis were screened using an 18S rRNA PCR with amplification seen only from the midguts. Sequencing showed 100% homology to T. copemani (genotype A) and 99·9% homology to the wombat (AII) isolate of T. copemani. Trypanosomes were only detected in I. australiensis as neither I. hirsti nor I. myrmecobii survived the initial 30-day storage conditions. We therefore identify a vector for T. copemani as I. australiensis and, given the detection of trypanosomes in the faeces, suggest that transmission is via the faecal-oral route.
Maximum load determination of nonholonomic mobile manipulator using hierarchical optimal control
Authors: Korayem M. H. , Azimirad V. , Vatanjou H. , Korayem A. H. 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYThis paper presents a new method using hierarchical optimal control for path planning and calculating maximum allowable dynamic load (MADL) of wheeled mobile manipulator (WMM). This method is useful for high degrees of freedom WMMs. First, the overall system is decoupled to a set of subsystems, and then, hierarchical optimal control is applied on them. The presented algorithm is a two-level hierarchical algorithm. In the first level, interaction terms between subsystems are fixed, and in the second level, the optimization problem for subsystems is solved. The results of second level are used for calculating new estimations of interaction variables in the first level. For calculating MADL, the load on the end effector is increased until actuators get into saturation. Given a large-scale robot, we show how the presenting in distributed hierarchy in optimal control helps to find MADL fast. Also, it enables us to treat with complicated cost functions that are generated by obstacle avoidance terms. The effectiveness of this approach on simulation case studies for different types of WMMs as well as an experiment for a mobile manipulator called Scout is shown.
Autonomous loop exploration and SLAM with fusion of advanced sonar and laser polar scan matching
Authors: Tungadi Fredy , Kleeman Lindsay 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYSLAM is a well-studied technique for robots to build a map of environments while at the same time keeping track of their pose (position and orientation). However, SLAM does not provide motion control approaches for how the robot explores the environment. This paper presents an integrated approach to create a fully autonomous exploring and mapping robot. An Extended Kalman Filter (EKF)-SLAM approach is used to fuse Advanced Sonar measurements and the results of Laser Polar Scan Matching. The inclusion of Advanced Sonar data tackles the problem of map drifts in environments where lasers do not supply sufficient information, such as along a corridor. In addition, the proposed exploration strategy takes advantage of the characteristic of the Voronoi graph to enable the robot to strategically explore the environment in a loop-closing fashion and a safe manner. By revisiting areas to close loops as early as possible, the robot builds a more stable map incrementally while still reliably tracking its pose. Experimental results of the integrated approach are shown to demonstrate the paper's approach that provides real-time exploration of a mobile robot in an initially unknown real environment. Experimental map quality comparisons using exploration strategies show the benefits of early local loop-closing.
Modeling and gait selection of passivity-based seven-link bipeds with dynamic series of walking phases
Authors: Huang Yan , Wang Qining , Chen Baojun , Xie Guangming , Wang Long 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYThis paper presents a seven-link dynamic walking model that is more close to human beings than other passivity-based dynamic walking models. We add hip actuation, upper body, flat feet, and ankle joints with torsional springs to the model. Walking sequence of flat-feet walkers has several substreams, which forms bipedal walking with dynamic series of phases. We investigate the effects of ankle stiffness on gait selection and evaluate different gaits in walking velocity, efficiency, and stability. Experimental results indicate that ankle stiffness plays different roles in different gaits and the gaits, which are more close to human walking with moderate speed, achieve better motion characteristics.
Judicial Restraint and Neutral Principles in Anglican Church Property Disputes: Bentley v Diocese of New Westminster
Authors: Ogilvie Margaret 
Published: April 2011

Anyone hoping that the British Columbia Court of Appeal, in Bentley v Anglican Synod of the Diocese of New Westminster would resolve the doctrinal and related property disputes in the Anglican Church of Canada (ACC) and even in the world-wide Anglican Communion over same-sex blessings must come away from the decision of Newbury JA for the unanimous court greatly disappointed: the court left the dispute exactly where it began – in the ACC. Conversely, anyone hoping that the court would do precisely that will be greatly relieved by this exercise of judicial self-restraint in the face of the many challenging theological and legal issues presented by the case. Stripped to its essentials, the court found that the property to which four former parishes in the diocese of New Westminster laid claim by way of a cy-près application was held by the diocese pursuant to a statutory trust for the uses of the diocese and the ACC. The court further characterised the dispute over same-sex blessings as an internal dispute among Anglicans on the basis of which a cy-près order cannot be made in favour of parishes which no longer regard the Bishop of New Westminster as their bishop. This simple, legal outcome followed an 11 day trial in the British Columbia Supreme Court, a four day appeal hearing, and two lengthy judgments, each of just under 100 pages, which ranged widely over the history of the dispute within the ACC and the larger Anglican Communion, and the Anglo-Canadian common law relating to the resolution of church property disputes since the 1813 decision of Lord Eldon in Craigdallie v Aikman, almost two centuries before.
The Formation of Massive Stars
Authors: Bonnell Ian A. , Smith Rowan J 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThere has been considerable progress in our understanding of how massive stars form but still much confusion as to why they form. Recent work from several sources has shown that the formation of massive stars through disc accretion, possibly aided by gravitational and Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities is a viable mechanism. Stellar mergers, on the other hand, are unlikely to occur in any but the most massive clusters and hence should not be a primary avenue for massive star formation. In contrast to this success, we are still uncertain as to how the mass that forms a massive star is accumulated. there are two possible mechanisms including the collapse of massive prestellar cores and competitive accretion in clusters. At present, there are theoretical and observational question marks as to the existence of high-mass prestellar cores. theoretically, such objects should fragment before they can attain a relaxed, centrally condensed and high-mass state necessary to form massive stars. Numerical simulations including cluster formation, feedback and magnetic fields have not found such objects but instead point to the continued accretion in a cluster potential as the primary mechanism to form high-mass stars. Feedback and magnetic fields act to slow the star formation process and will reduce the efficiencies from a purely dynamical collapse but otherwise appear to not significantly alter the process.
Star Formation and the Properties of Giant Molecular Clouds in Global Simulations
Authors: Tasker Elizabeth J. , Tan Jonathan C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe simulated an isolated quiescent Milky Way-type galaxy with a maximum effective resolution of 7.8 pc. Clouds formed in the interstellar medium through gravitational fragmentation and became the sites for star formation. We tracked the evolution of the clouds through 300 Myr in the presence of star formation, photoelectric heating and feedback from Type II supernovae. The cloud mass distribution agreed well with observational results. Feedback suppressed star formation but did not destroy the surrounding cloud. Collisions between clouds were found to be sufficiently frequent to be a significant factor in determining the star formation rate.
Fragmentation in turbulent primordial gas
Authors: Glover S. C. O. , Clark P. C. , Klessen R. S. , Bromm V. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe report results from numerical simulations of star formation in the early universe that focus on the role of subsonic turbulence, and investigate whether it can induce fragmentation of the gas. We find that dense primordial gas is highly susceptible to fragmentation, even for rms turbulent velocity dispersions as low as 20% of the initial sound speed. The resulting fragments cover over two orders of magnitude in mass, ranging from ~0.1 M⊙ to ~40 M⊙. However, our results suggest that the details of the fragmentation depend on the local properties of the turbulent velocity field and hence we expect considerable variations in the resulting stellar mass spectrum in different halos.
The impact of metallicity and X-rays on star formation
Authors: Spaans Marco , Aykutalp Aycin , Hocuk Seyit 
Published: April 2011

AbstractStar formation is regulated through a variety of feedback processes. In this study, we treat feedback by metal injection and a UV background as well as by X-ray irradiation. Our aim is to investigate whether star formation is significantly affected when the ISM of a proto-galaxxy enjoys different metallicities and when a star forming cloud resides in the vicinity of a strong X-ray source. We perform cosmological Enzo simulations with a detailed treatment of non-zero metallicity chemistry and thermal balance. We also perform FLASH simulations with embedded Lagrangian sink particles of a collapsing molecular cloud near a massive, 107 M⊙, black hole that produces X-ray radiation.We find that a multi-phase ISM forms for metallicites as small as 10−4 Solar at z = 6, with higher (10−2Z⊙) metallicities supporting a cold (<100 K) and dense (>103 cm−3) phase at higher (z = 20) redshift. A star formation recipe based on the presence of a cold dense phase leads to a self-regulating mode in the presence of supernova and radiation feedback. We also find that when there is strong X-ray feedback a collapsing cloud fragments into larger clumps whereby fewer but more massive protostellar cores are formed. This is a consequence of the higher Jeans mass in the warm (50 K, due to ionization heating) molecular gas. Accretion processes dominate the mass function and a near-flat, non-Salpeter IMF results.
Validating Protestant Denominational Classifications Using the Chaves Inerrancy Scale
Authors: Frendreis John , Tatalovich Raymond 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe validate the classification of 16 “mainline” and 97 “evangelical” Protestant denominations inReligious Congregations and Membership in the United States, 2000based on Mark Chaves' five-point Biblical “inerrancy” scale. Using Glenmary county data, nearly perfect correlations were derived between the percentage of adherents in “evangelical” denominations and levels three-four on the Chaves scale and between the percentage of adherents in “mainline” denominations and level 1 on the Chaves scale. The distinguishing characteristic of Evangelical or Mainline Protestant denominations, therefore, is Biblical inerrancy or its absence. As a guide for future empirical research, this comprehensive listing of Evangelical and Mainline Protestant denominations should be employed in aggregate studies, especially where county-level analysis is applied to one state or a subset of states.
Identity, Attitudes, and the Voting Behavior of Mosque-Attending Muslim-Americans in the 2000 and 2004 Presidential Elections
Authors: Patterson Dennis , Gasim Gamal , Choi Jangsup 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn a post-September 11 world, no religious group in the United States has become more important yet remains more misunderstood than Muslim-Americans. This is particularly true with respect to the manner in which religious and political attitudes influence Muslim-Americans’ political behavior. This article addresses this issue by using data gathered from surveys taken in 70 mosques throughout the United States. With these data, this article maps the political and religious attitudes and behavior of mosque-attending Muslim-Americans and then analyzes the voting behavior of these respondents in the 2000 and 2004 Presidential elections. It will show that the cultural and religious traditions of Islam have resulted in most mosque-attending Muslim-Americans being social conservatives and, as a result, report having voted for Bush in 2000. It will also show that increasingly negative perceptions of the manner in which the United States war in Iraq has affected Muslims living American led many to switch loyalties and cast their ballots for Kerry in 2004.
Fossil evidence for serpentinization fluids fueling chemosynthetic assemblages
Authors: Lartaud Franck , Little Crispin T. S. , de Rafelis Marc , Bayon Germain , Dyment Jerome , Ildefonse Benoit , Gressier Vincent , Fouquet Yves , Gaill Françoise , Le Bris Nadine 
Published: April 2011

Among the deep-sea hydrothermal vent sites discovered in the past 30 years, Lost City on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) is remarkable both for its alkaline fluids derived from mantle rock serpentinization and the spectacular seafloor carbonate chimneys precipitated from these fluids. Despite high concentrations of reduced chemicals in the fluids, this unique example of a serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal system currently lacks chemosynthetic assemblages dominated by large animals typical of high-temperature vent sites. Here we report abundant specimens of chemosymbiotic mussels, associated with gastropods and chemosymbiotic clams, in approximately 100 kyr old Lost City-like carbonates from the MAR close to the Rainbow site (36 °N). Our finding shows that serpentinization-related fluids, unaffected by high-temperature hydrothermal circulation, can occur on-axis and are able to sustain high-biomass communities. The widespread occurrence of seafloor ultramafic rocks linked to likely long-range dispersion of vent species therefore offers considerably more ecospace for chemosynthetic fauna in the oceans than previously supposed.
Silicon carbonate phase formed from carbon dioxide and silica under pressure
Authors: Santoro Mario , Gorelli Federico , Haines Julien , Cambon Olivier , Levelut Claire , Garbarino Gaston 
Published: April 2011

The discovery of nonmolecular carbon dioxide under high-pressure conditions shows that there are remarkable analogies between this important substance and other group IV oxides. A natural and long-standing question is whether compounds between CO
2
and SiO
2
are possible. Under ambient conditions, CO
2
and SiO
2
are thermodynamically stable and do not react with each other. We show that reactions occur at high pressures indicating that silica can behave in a manner similar to ionic metal oxides that form carbonates at room pressure. A silicon carbonate phase was synthesized by reacting silicalite, a microporous SiO
2
zeolite, and molecular CO
2
that fills the pores, in diamond anvil cells at 18–26 GPa and 600–980 K; the compound was then temperature quenched. The material was characterized by Raman and IR spectroscopy, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The experiments reveal unique oxide chemistry at high pressures and the potential for synthesis of a class of previously uncharacterized materials. There are also potential implications for CO
2
segregation in planetary interiors and for CO
2
storage.
High density amorphous ice at room temperature
Authors: Chen Jing-Yin , Yoo Choong-Shik 
Published: April 2011

The phase diagram of water is both unusual and complex, exhibiting a wide range of polymorphs including proton-ordered or disordered forms. In addition, a variety of stable and metastable forms are observed. The richness of H
2
O phases attests the versatility of hydrogen-bonded network structures that include kinetically stable amorphous ices. Information of the amorphous solids, however, is rarely available especially for the stability field and transformation dynamics—but all reported to exist below the crystallization temperature of approximately 150–170 K below 4–5 GPa. Here, we present the evidence of high density amorphous (HDA) ice formed well above the crystallization temperature at 1 GPa—well inside the so-called “no-man’s land.” It is formed from metastable ice VII in the stability field of ice VI under rapid compression using dynamic-diamond anvil cell (
d
-DAC) and results from structural similarities between HDA and ice VII. The formation follows an interfacial growth mechanism unlike the melting process. Nevertheless, the occurrence of HDA along the extrapolated melt line of ice VII resembles the ice Ih-to-HDA transition, indicating that structural instabilities of parent ice VII and Ih drive the pressure-induced amorphization.
A characterisation of anti-Löwner functions
Authors: Audenaert Koenraad 
Published: April 2011

According to a celebrated result by Löwner, a real-valued function

f
f

is operator monotone if and only if its Löwner matrix, which is the matrix of divided differences

L
f

=

(

f
(

x
i

)
−
f
(

x
j

)

x
i

−

x
j

)

i
,
j
=
1

N

L_f=\left (\frac {f(x_i)-f(x_j)}{x_i-x_j}\right )_{i,j=1}^N

, is positive semidefinite for every integer

N
>
0

N>0

and any choice of

x
1

,

x
2

,
…
,

x
N

x_1,x_2,\ldots ,x_N

. In this paper we answer a question of R. Bhatia, who asked for a characterisation of real-valued functions

g
g

defined on

(
0
,
+
∞
)

(0,+\infty )

for which the matrix of divided sums

K
g

=

(

g
(

x
i

)
+
g
(

x
j

)

x
i

+

x
j

)

i
,
j
=
1

N

K_g=\left (\frac {g(x_i)+g(x_j)}{x_i+x_j}\right )_{i,j=1}^N

, which we call its anti-Löwner matrix, is positive semidefinite for every integer

N
>
0

N>0

and any choice of

x
1

,

x
2

,
…
,

x
N

∈
(
0
,
+
∞
)

x_1,x_2,\ldots ,x_N\in (0,+\infty )

. Such functions, which we call anti-Löwner functions, have applications in the theory of Lyapunov-type equations.