bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation of a novel Saccharophagus species (Myt‐1) capable of degrading a variety of seaweeds and polysaccharides
Authors: Sakatoku A. , Wakabayashi M. , Tanaka Y. , Tanaka D. , Nakamura S. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA bacterial strain, Myt‐1, was isolated in Toyama Bay in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. Myt‐1 was capable of reducing the thalli of various seaweed species to single cell detritus particles. A 16S rDNA homology search revealed that the closest relative of Myt‐1 was Saccharophagus degradans 2–40 (CP000282; 100% similarity), which was first isolated in Chesapeake Bay in Virginia, USA. The Myt‐1 strain was capable of degrading more than 10 polysaccharides, almost all of which were also degraded by S. degradans 2–40. Analyses of alginase gene DNA sequence homology, DNA–DNA homology, and zymogram analysis of obtained polysaccharidases suggested that Myt‐1 was a new species of Saccharophagus. Thus, Myt‐1 is only the second species in this genus, which has contained only one strain and species since 1988, and was tentatively designated Saccharophagus sp. Myt‐1. Myt‐1 has considerable potential for reducing the volume of seaweed wastes, and for producing functional materials from seaweed substrate.
Super‐resolution methods in MRI: Can they improve the trade‐off between resolution, signal‐to‐noise ratio, and acquisition time?
Authors: Plenge Esben , Poot Dirk H. J. , Bernsen Monique , Kotek Gyula , Houston Gavin , Wielopolski Piotr , van der Weerd Louise , Niessen Wiro J. , Meijering Erik 
Published: February 2012

AbstractImproving the resolution in magnetic resonance imaging comes at the cost of either lower signal‐to‐noise ratio, longer acquisition time or both. This study investigates whether so‐called super‐resolution reconstruction methods can increase the resolution in the slice selection direction and, as such, are a viable alternative to direct high‐resolution acquisition in terms of the signal‐to‐noise ratio and acquisition time trade‐offs. The performance of six super‐resolution reconstruction methods and direct high‐resolution acquisitions was compared with respect to these trade‐offs. The methods are based on iterative back‐projection, algebraic reconstruction, and regularized least squares. The algorithms were applied to low‐resolution data sets within which the images were rotated relative to each other. Quantitative experiments involved a computational phantom and a physical phantom containing structures of known dimensions. To visually validate the quantitative evaluations, qualitative experiments were performed, in which images of three different subjects (a phantom, an ex vivo rat knee, and a postmortem mouse) were acquired with different magnetic resonance imaging scanners. The results show that super‐resolution reconstruction can indeed improve the resolution, signal‐to‐noise ratio and acquisition time trade‐offs compared with direct high‐resolution acquisition. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of foot orientation on the appearance and quantification of 1H magnetic resonance muscle spectra obtained from the soleus and the vastus lateralis
Authors: Marjańska Małgorzata , Eberly Lynn E. , Adriany Gregor , Verdoliva Sarah N. , Garwood Michael , Chow Lisa 
Published: February 2012

AbstractMuscle 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy noninvasively measures intramyocellular lipid levels, which correlate with obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. The appearance of muscle magnetic resonance spectra is influenced by bulk magnetic susceptibility and residual dipolar couplings which depend on the angle between the muscle fibers and the main magnetic field. This study used a 4 T magnet to examine the influence of foot orientation on the appearance and quantification of muscle magnetic resonance spectra from the soleus and the vastus lateralis. For each individual, intramyocellular lipid, extramyocellular lipid, and creatine concentrations were quantified in the soleus and the vastus lateralis during one session. Foot orientation was found to influence the appearance of muscle spectra from the soleus but not from the vastus lateralis. It was concluded that quantifying intramyocellular lipid by the standard LCModel using a water reference may be more appropriate than using a creatine reference in the presence of residual dipolar couplings. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nyström methods and extrapolation for solving Steklov eigensolutions and its application in elasticity
Authors: Cheng Pan , Huang Jin , Wang Zhu 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBased on potential theory, Steklov eigensolutions of elastic problems can be converted into eigenvalue problems of boundary integral equations (BIEs). The kernels of these BIEs are characterized by logarithmic and Hilbert singularities. In this article, the Nyström methods are presented for obtaining eigensolutions (λ(i),u(i)), which have to deal with the two kinds of singularities simultaneously. The solutions possess high accuracy orders O(h3) and an asymptotic error expansion with odd powers. Using h3 ‐Richardson extrapolation algorithms, we can greatly improve the accuracy orders to O(h5). Furthermore, a generalized Fourier series is constructed by the eigensolutions, and then solving the elasticity displacement and traction problems involves just calculating the coefficients of the series. A class of elasticity problems with boundary Γ is solved with high convergence rate O(h5). The efficiency is illustrated by a numerical example. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2012
POLICY TRANSFER IN IMMATURE POLICY ENVIRONMENTS: MOTIVES, SCOPE, ROLE MODELS AND AGENTS
Authors: Randma‐Liiv Tiina , Kruusenberg Riin 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYThe present study aims to contribute to the existing policy transfer research by examining the immature policy environments of post‐communist countries. To determine the main factors explaining the process of policy transfer, the establishment of probation systems in Estonia and Latvia is analyzed by applying a comparative case study design. The study demonstrates that timing is an important variable in the policy transfer in a transitional setting. A transitional context in itself is likely to lead to policy transfer because of urgent decision‐making needs, a shortage of domestic expertise and of financial resources. The process of policy transfer can be characterized as quite fortuitous: the choice of role models is limited to the existing or first contacts with foreign partners who are able to provide financial assistance. Improvement of administrative capacity is seen as a key factor in the shift from haphazard policy copying to responsible policy transfer. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrical transport properties of the composite of multiwall carbon nanotube–polypyrrole–polyvinyl alcohol below room temperature
Authors: Chakraborty Goutam , Gupta Kajal , Rana Dipak , Meikap Ajit Kumar 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe have investigated electrical transport properties of the composite of multiwall carbon nanotubes–polypyrrole–polyvinyl alcohol. Samples are prepared in an in situ chemical oxidative method and they are characterized by X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope to understand their structure and morphology, respectively. Mechanism of electrical transport is done below room temperature (77–300 K) in presence and absence of magnetic field up to 1 T. Samples are following both one dimensional Mott's variable range hopping and tunneling theory. Forward interference model is used to explain the mechanism of magnetic field dependent conductivity. The real part of AC conductivity follows universal dielectric response σ′ (f) ∞ fS. The universal dielectric response parameter s varies with temperature according to correlated barrier hopping model. The variation of real part of complex impedance with frequency can be described in terms of Maxwell Wagner effect. The positive variation of AC conductivity can be explained in terms of grain and grain boundary contribution of the samples. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Relationship between molecular structure and nucleation of benzylidene acetals in isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Zhou Jun , Xin Zhong 
Published: February 2012

AbstractRelationship between molecular structure and nucleation of benzylidene acetals in isotactic polypropylene was investigated by differential scanning calorimeter and two‐dimensional correlative infrared spectra. The results indicated that benzylidene acetals can dissolve into isotactic polypropylene at high temperature and form nuclei to induce the crystallization of isotactic polypropylene at low temperature. The solubility of benzylidene acetals depend on the number of hydroxyl, but the nucleation of benzylidene acetals depend on the number of benzylidene, which could interact with methyl of isotactic polypropylene. The latter intermolecular interaction makes the infrared absorbance of methyl change before that of skeleton C‐C and methine of isotactic polypropylene in the induction period of crystallization. The order is opposite in the induction period of crystallization of virgin isotactic polypropylene. Then, new efficient nucleating agents for isotactic polypropylene can be designed by changing the number of hydroxyl and benzylidene of benzylidene acetals. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
The effect of dispersants on the tensile properties of carbon nanotube/vinyl ester composites
Authors: Yang Jingting , Loos Marcio R. , Feke Donald L. , Manas‐Zloczower Ica 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe effects of eight different dispersants on the stability of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in vinyl ester (VE) resin systems have been systematically analyzed. Suspensions incorporating different amounts of dispersants relative to the concentration of MWCNTs in the VE have been prepared. The resistance to sedimentation of MWCNTs in the resin was investigated by using a centrifugation technique. One dispersing agent (B60H) was found to impart long‐term stability to suspensions of MWCNTs in VE. VE‐based composites reinforced with MWCNTs were prepared using different amounts of the dispersing agent. Tensile tests were performed to analyze the effect of different concentrations of MWCNTs and the use of the dispersing agent in the composites. Fracture surfaces of VE nanocomposites have been analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to elucidate the reinforcing effect of the CNTs. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
A Hoxb13‐driven reverse tetracycline transactivator system for conditional gene expression in the prostate
Authors: Rao Varsha , Heard Jamie C. , Ghaffari Helya , Wali Aminah , Mutton Laura N. , Bieberich Charles J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDGenetically engineered mouse models play important roles in analyses of prostate development and pathobiology. While constitutive genetic gain‐ and loss‐of‐function models have contributed significantly to our understanding of molecular events driving these processes, the availability of a tightly regulated inducible expression system could extend the utility of transgenic approaches. Here, we describe the development of a Tet‐regulatory system that employs Hoxb13 transcriptional control elements to direct reverse tetracycline transactivator (rtTA) expression in the prostate.METHODSUsing recombineering technology, the rtTA gene was placed under Hoxb13 cis‐regulatory transcriptional control in the context of a 218‐kb bacterial artificial chromosome. F1 offspring carrying the Hoxb13‐rtTA transgene were bred to a Tetracycline operator–Histone 2B‐Green Fluorescent Protein (TetO‐H2BGFP) responder line. Detailed reporter gene expression analyses, including doxycycline (Dox) induction and withdrawal kinetics, were performed in Hoxb13‐rtTA|TetO‐H2BGFP double transgenic adult mice and embryos.RESULTSDox‐dependent GFP expression was observed exclusively in the prostate and distal colon epithelia of double transgenic mice. Reporter gene mRNA was detected in the prostate within 6 hr of Dox exposure, and was extinguished within 24 hr after Dox withdrawal. Furthermore, Dox‐induced reporter gene expression persisted after castration.CONCLUSIONSThe Hoxb13‐rtTA transgenic system provides a powerful tool for conditional Tet operator‐driven transgene expression in the normal prostate and during disease progression. Used in conjunction with other prostate pathology models, these mice will enable precise, temporally controlled analyses of gene function and can provide opportunities for detailed analyses of molecular events underlying prostate diseases. Prostate 72:1045–1051, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Moving Near Family? The Influence of Extended Family on Neighbourhood Choice in an Intra‐urban Context
Authors: Hedman Lina 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTSocial ties are among the most important factors explaining destination choices on the international or national scale but much less is known about their role in short‐distance mobility. In this paper, I analyse how the presence of extended family in a neighbourhood affects destination choices on a local housing market – the city of Uppsala, Sweden. I employ a probit model to investigate who is more likely to move to neighbourhoods where extended family members reside, followed by a conditional logit model that tests the importance of the presence of family in relation to other neighbourhood characteristics. Results show that the presence of family is indeed a strong determinant for neighbourhood choice and that non‐Western immigrants, middle‐aged adults, individuals with low socio‐economic status, and individuals who have previously resided in the neighbourhood are most likely to move near family. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Al‐doped ZnO films by aqueous solution process using a continuous circulation reactor
Authors: Miyake Masao , Fukui Hiroshi , Hirato Tetsuji 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe fabrication of Al‐doped ZnO films by an aqueous solution process using a continuous circulation reactor was studied. By heating ZnO‐saturated ammonia solutions containing 2–10 mM Al(NO3)3 with pH 10.7 at 90 °C under ambient pressure, polycrystalline ZnO films with Al content of 1–2 at.% were deposited. The carrier concentration of ZnO films increased with increasing Al content, indicating that Al was successfully incorporated into the ZnO crystals. The Al‐doped ZnO films had carrier concentrations of 1019–1020 cm−3 and mobilities of 0.7–7 cm2/V/s after annealing at 300 °C in air.
Coupling of single nitrogen‐vacancy defect centers in diamond nanocrystals to optical antennas and photonic crystal cavities
Authors: Wolters Janik , Kewes Günter , Schell Andreas W. , Nüsse Nils , Schoengen Max , Löchel Bernd , Hanke Tobias , Bratschitsch Rudolf , Leitenstorfer Alfred , Aichele Thomas , Benson Oliver 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe demonstrate the ability to modify the emission properties and enhance the interaction strength of single‐photon emitters coupled to nanophotonic structures based on metals and dielectrics. Assembly of individual diamond nanocrystals, metal nanoparticles, and photonic crystal cavities to meta‐structures is introduced. Experiments concerning controlled coupling of single defect centers in nanodiamonds to optical nanoantennas made of gold bowtie structures are reviewed. By placing one and the same emitter at various locations with high precision, a map of decay rate enhancements was obtained. Furthermore, we demonstrate the formation of a hybrid cavity quantum electrodynamics system in which a single defect center is coupled to a single mode of a gallium phosphite photonic crystal cavity.
Elastic moduli of advanced orthorhombic binary and ternary metal (V, Ta, Nb) nitrides with the U2S3 structure
Authors: Orisakwe Esther Nkiruka , Sharma Vinit , Lowther John E. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe elastic constants and isotropic moduli of a recently synthesized orthorhombic ternary metal nitride are examined using first‐principles calculations. Tantalum nitride has the largest moduli but other metals such as vanadium or niobium are shown to affect the elastic constants. It is suggested that such metals could be incorporated into the Ta–N material and play a critical role in engineering its properties. Low concentrations of V seem especially significant leading to a stabilized metallic material with possible enhancement of hardness relative to Ta2N3. There are significant results between various computational approaches.
Real‐time deformation of colon and endoscope for colonoscopy simulation
Authors: Jung Hoeryong , Lee Doo Yong , Ahn Woojin 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackgroundColonoscopy simulation has been increasingly applied as a method of training, which can supplement the traditional patient‐based training in recent years. However, the current level of realism of the simulation is insufficient. One of the main difficulties degrading the realism is real‐time simulation of colon deformation involving multi‐contact interaction with the endoscope.MethodsThis paper proposes a novel simulation framework for real‐time deformation of the colon and endoscope, using a skeleton‐driven deformation method. Cylindrical lattices and a centre‐line are employed as the skeletons, and a mass‐spring model is applied to the skeletons for the mechanics‐based simulation. The centre‐line‐based collision detection and resolution algorithm is proposed to simulate the interaction between the colon and endoscope. A haptic rendering algorithm using the energy method is proposed to produce feedback force, based on physical interaction between the colon and endoscope.ResultsThe proposed simulation framework has been implemented and evaluated in colonoscopy simulation. The simulation results show that the proposed method allows real‐time simulation (28 Hz) using a colon model composed of up to 241,440 meshes.ConclusionsThe proposed method allows real‐time simulation of colon and endoscope deformation while maintaining a visually plausible result and realistic haptic sensation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
REDD DEWATERING EFFECTS ON HATCHING AND LARVAL SURVIVAL OF THE ROBUST REDHORSE
Authors: Fisk J. M. , Kwak T. J. , Heise R. J. , Sessions F. W. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTRiverine habitats have been altered and fragmented from hydroelectric dams and change spatially and temporally with hydropower flow releases. Hydropeaking flow regimes for electrical power production inundate areas that create temporary suitable habitat for fish that may be rapidly drained. Robust redhorse Moxostoma robustum, an imperiled, rare fish species, uses such temporary habitats to spawn, but when power generation ceases, these areas are dewatered until the next pulse of water is released. We experimentally simulated the effects of dewatering periods on the survival of robust redhorse eggs and larvae in the laboratory. Robust redhorse eggs were placed in gravel in eyeing‐hatching jars (three jars per treatment) and subjected to one of four dewatering periods (6, 12, 24 and 48 h), followed by 12 h of inundation for each treatment, and a control treatment was never dewatered. Egg desiccation was observed in some eggs in the 24‐ and 48‐h treatments after one dewatering period. For all treatments except the control, the subsequent dewatering period after eggs hatched was lethal. Larval emergence for the control treatment was observed on day 5 post‐hatching and continued until the end of the experiment (day 21). Larval survival was significantly different between the control and all dewatering treatments for individuals in the gravel. These findings support the need for hydropower facilities to set minimum flows to maintain inundation of spawning areas for robust redhorse and other species to reduce dewatering mortality. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NATURAL REGENERATION OF FISH ASSEMBLAGES IN THE PILICA RIVER AFTER A REDUCTION OF POINT‐SOURCE POLLUTION
Authors: Kruk A. , Penczak T. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTElectrofishing was conducted along the Pilica River, the biggest West tributary of the Vistula, Poland. This paper presents a comparison between the 1990s (1994–1995, 63 sites) and 2000s (2003–2005, 64 sites), that is, because the water quality started improving after 1989. In the Pilica, there is an increased risk of masking relationships between fish distribution and abiotic factors because a dam without a fish pass was constructed in the middle course of the river in 1973, perhaps resulting in fewer possibilities for potential colonizers reaching river fragments fit for colonization. The main aim of this study was to check if natural fish fauna regeneration took place in the river following a significant sewage input reduction. The fish samples were classified with a Kohonen artificial neural network and assigned to two main clusters (X and Y) and, respectively, two pairs of subclusters (X1, X2; Y1, Y2) of neurons. No species attained its significantly highest biomass and/or frequency (expressed as IndVal) in X2 (in which samples from the 1990s dominated), whereas 21 species did so in Y1 or Y2 (containing almost all of the samples from the 2000s), better testifying to the aquatic environment at the sites where the samples assigned to two latter subclusters come from. Moreover, significantly higher values for Y1 and/or Y2 when compared with X2 were recorded in the richness of the fish species, the total fish biomass and total rheophilic fish biomass. In summary, the positive reaction of ichthyofauna to the improvement of the water quality, stated after 1989, was not recorded during the sampling in 1994–1995, but with a considerable delay in 2003–2005. It should be emphasized that the improvement in fish assemblages was recorded in the Pilica both upstream and downstream from the dam reservoir. A good ecological status was recorded even for some samples from the 1990s. They were collected in the lower river course, where the fish could move freely from the Vistula. This testifies the combined role of the presence of potential colonizers and the functioning ecological corridors for fish assemblages in a river system under human impact. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hippocampus
Authors: Deshmukh Sachin S. , Knierim James J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractDamage to the hippocampus and related brain regions causes a profound amnesic syndrome, in which patients are unable to form new memories about their experiences and about facts about the world. A number of theories have been proposed to explain hippocampal function. The theories that are currently most influential propose that the hippocampus is the substrate of declarative or episodic memory and that the hippocampus is the neural locus of a cognitive map. Anatomical, physiological, and behavioral studies of the hippocampal system have enabled a rich understanding of a number of general principles of information processing and storage in the brain. In this article, we describe key anatomical and physiological features of hippocampal function as well as the most influential theories of hippocampal function.WIREs Cogn Sci2012, 3:231–251. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1164This article is categorized under:Neuroscience > Cognition