bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Generic and Condition‐Specific Forms of the Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (OIDP) Index
Authors: Bernabé Eduardo , De Oliveira Cesar M. , Sheiham Aubrey , Tsakos Georgios 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to compare generic and condition‐specific forms of the Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (OIDP) in terms of their ability to discriminate between adolescents with and without normative need for orthodontic treatment.Methods:A total of 1,060 15‐ to 16‐year‐old adolescents without history of previous or current orthodontic treatment were randomly selected from all secondary schools in Bauru, Brazil. Adolescents were clinically examined by using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Normative need for orthodontic treatment was defined by using three different suggested cutoff values on DAI score; 28, 31, and 36 points. Two different estimates (overall score and prevalence of oral impacts) were calculated by using the generic and the condition‐specific OIDP (CS‐OIDP) attributed to malocclusion. Discriminative ability was assessed, comparing both estimates between groups. Effect size and adjusted odds ratios were used to interpret the magnitude and meaning of differences.Results:The overall score and prevalence of oral impacts on quality of life in the last 6 months were significantly lower for the CS‐OIDP attributed to malocclusion than for the generic OIDP (P < 0.001 in both cases). However, effect sizes and adjusted odds ratios were always larger for the CS‐OIDP attributed to malocclusion than for the generic OIDP.Conclusions:Although generic and condition‐specific OIDP forms were able to discriminate adolescents with normative need for orthodontic treatment from those without such a need, CS‐OIDP attributed to malocclusion had better ability to distinguish between groups. Further studies are needed to compare discriminative ability of both OIDP forms between groups with different levels of other oral conditions.
BAYESIAN METHODS OF FORECASTING INVENTORY INVESTMENT
Authors: Gupta Rangan 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper develops a Bayesian Vector Error Correction Model (BVECM) for forecasting inventory investment. The model is estimated using South African quarterly data on actual sales, production, unfilled orders, price level and interest rate, for the period 1978 to 2000. The out‐of‐sample‐forecast accuracy obtained from the BVECM over the forecasting horizon of 2001:1 to 2003:4, is compared with those generated from the classical variant of the Vector Autoregresssive (VAR) model and the VECM, the Bayesian VAR, and the recently developed ECM by Smith et al., for the South African economy. The BVECM with the most‐tight prior outperforms all the other models, except for a relatively tight BVAR which also correctly predicts the direction of change of inventory investment over the period of 2004:1 to 2006:3.
ELECTRICITY REFORMS IN MALI: A MACRO–MICRO ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS ON POVERTY AND DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Boccanfuso Dorothée , Estache Antonio , Savard Luc 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) micro‐simulation model to explore the distributional and poverty‐related effects of price reform in the electricity sector of Mali, a poor country in West Africa. In the first part of the paper we analyse the distribution of electricity in Mali by income deciles, showing that few poor households are connected to the electricity grid. We then apply a sequential CGE micro‐simulation model to track the transmission mechanisms between increases in electricity prices and changes in poverty and inequality among different household groups. Our results show that direct price increases have a minimal effect on poverty and inequality, whereas the general equilibrium effects of such increases are quite strong and negative. The compensating policies we tested do not help those who lose from the pricing reform. In fact they amplify the negative effects.
Capsular Type and Antibiotic Resistance in
Streptococcus agalactiae
Isolates from Patients, Ranging from Newborns to the Elderly, with Invasive Infections
Authors: Murayama Somay Yamagata , Seki Chizuko , Sakata Hiroshi , Sunaoshi Katsuhiko , Nakayama Eiichi , Iwata Satoshi , Sunakawa Keisuke , Ubukata Kimiko 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Streptococcus agalactiae
isolates (
n
= 189) from patients with invasive infections were analyzed for capsular type by PCR, for antimicrobial susceptibility, and for the presence of resistance genes. In contrast to the predominance of capsular type III in children, types Ib and V were most common among adults. All 45 levofloxacin-resistant strains had two amino acid substitutions, Ser
81
Leu in the
gyrA
gene and Ser
79
Phe in the
parC
gene, and showed similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns.
Inhibition of Neutrophil Function by Two Tick Salivary Proteins
Authors: Guo Xiuyang , Booth Carmen J. , Paley Michael A. , Wang Xiaomei , DePonte Kathleen , Fikrig Erol , Narasimhan Sukanya , Montgomery Ruth R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

The saliva of hematophagous arthropods contains potent anti-inflammatory and antihemostatic activities that promote acquisition of the blood meal and enhance infection with pathogens. We have shown that polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) treated with the saliva of the tick
Ixodes scapularis
have reduced expression of β
2
integrins, impaired PMN adherence, and reduced killing of
Borrelia burgdorferi
, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Here we describe two
Ixodes
proteins that are induced upon tick feeding and expressed predominantly in the salivary glands. Using saliva harvested from ticks with reduced levels of ISL 929 and ISL 1373 through targeted RNA interference knockdown, as well as purified recombinant proteins, we show the effects of these proteins on downregulation of PMN integrins and inhibition of the production of O
2
−
by PMN in vitro. Mice immunized with ISL 929/1373 had increased numbers of PMN at the site of tick attachment and a lower spirochete burden in the skin and joints 21 days after infection compared to control-immunized animals. Our results suggest that ISL 929 and ISL 1373 contribute to the inhibition of PMN functions shown previously with tick saliva and support important roles for these inhibitory proteins in the modulation of PMN function in vivo.
Reported awareness of tobacco advertising and promotion in China compared to Thailand, Australia and the USA
Authors: Li L , Yong H-H , Borland R , Fong G T , Thompson M E , Jiang Y , Yang Y , Sirirassamee B , Hastings G , Harris F 
Published: March 2009

Background:China currently does not have comprehensive laws or regulations on tobacco advertising and promotion, although it ratified the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in October 2005 and promised to ban all tobacco advertising by January 2011. Much effort is needed to monitor the current situation of tobacco advertising and promotion in China.Objective:This study aims to examine levels of awareness of tobacco advertising and promotion among smokers in China as compared to other countries with different levels of restrictions.Methods:One developing country (Thailand) and two developed countries (Australia and the USA) were selected for comparison. All four countries are part of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Survey project. Between 2005 and 2006, parallel ITC surveys were conducted among adult smokers (at least smoked weekly) in China (n = 4763), Thailand (n = 2000), Australia (n = 1767) and the USA (n = 1780). Unprompted and prompted recall of noticing tobacco advertising and promotion were measured.Results:Chinese respondents reported noticing tobacco advertisements in a range of channels and venues, with highest exposure levels on television (34.5%), billboards (33.4%) and in stores (29.2%). A quarter of respondents noticed tobacco sponsorships, and a high level of awareness of promotion was reported. Cross-country comparison reveals that overall reported awareness was significantly higher in China than in Thailand (particularly) and Australia, but lower than in the USA.Conclusions:There is a big gap between China and the better-performing countries such as Thailand and Australia regarding tobacco promotion restrictions. China needs to do more, including enhanced policy and more robust enforcement.
IDENTITIES IN BIREGULAR LEFTMOST GRAPH VARIETIES OF TYPE (2,0)
Authors: Anantpiniwatna Apinant , Poomsa-Ard Tiang 
Published: March 2009

Graph algebras establish a connection between directed graphs without multiple edges and special universal algebras of type (2,0). We say that a graph G satisfies a term equation s ≈ t if the corresponding graph algebra A(G) satisfies s ≈ t. A class of graph algebras V is called a graph variety if V = ModgΣ where Σ is a subset of T(X) × T(X). A graph variety V' = ModgΣ' is called a biregular leftmost graph variety if Σ' is a set of biregular leftmost term equations. A term equation s ≈ t is called an identity in a variety V if G satisfies s ≈ t for all G ∈ V. In this paper we characterize identities in each biregular leftmost graph variety. For identities, varieties and other basic concepts of universal algebra see e.g. [1].
Near-Resonant Ocean Response to Sea Breeze on a Stratified Continental Shelf
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqian , DiMarco Steven F. , Smith David C. , Howard Matthew K. , Jochens Ann E. , Hetland Robert D. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The spatial structure and temporal characteristics of sea breeze and the associated coastal ocean response in the northwest Gulf of Mexico are investigated using moored instruments, hydrographic stations, and wind measurements. Near the study area of 30°N, motions in the diurnal–inertial band (DIB) may be significantly enhanced by a near-resonant condition between local inertial and diurnal forcing frequencies. Wavelet analysis is used to quantify the results. Results indicate that diurnal sea-breeze variability peaks in summer and extends at least 300 km offshore with continuous seaward phase propagation. The maximum DIB oceanic response occurs in June when there is a shallow mixed layer, strong stratification, and an approximately 10-day period of continuous sea-breeze forcing. DIB current variance decreases in July and August as the consequence of the deepening of the mixed layer and a more variable phase relationship between the wind and current. River discharge varies interannually and can significantly alter the oceanic response during summer. The “great flood” of the Mississippi River in 1993 deepened the summer mixed layer and reduced the sea-breeze response during that year. Vertically, DIB currents are surface intensified, with a first baroclinic modal structure. The significance of these DIB motions on the shelf is that they can provide considerable vertical mixing in summer, as seen by the suppression of the bulk Richardson number (by a factor of 30) during strong DIB events. This provides a potential mechanism to ventilate seasonally occurring near-bottom hypoxic waters of the coastal ocean.
Vaccination with recombinant Boophilus annulatus Bm86 ortholog protein, Ba86, protects cattle against B. annulatus and B. microplus infestations
Authors: Canales Mario , Almazán Consuelo , Naranjo Victoria , Jongejan Frans , de la Fuente José 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe cattle ticks,Boophilusspp., affect cattle production in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Tick vaccines constitute a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to tick control. The recombinantB. microplusBm86 protective antigen has been shown to protect cattle against tick infestations. Recently, the gene coding forB. annulatusBm86 ortholog, Ba86, was cloned and the recombinant protein was secreted and purified from the yeastPichia pastoris.ResultsRecombinant Ba86 (Israel strain) was used to immunize cattle to test its efficacy for the control ofB. annulatus(Mercedes, Texas, USA strain) andB. microplus(Susceptible, Mexico strain) infestations. Bm86 (Gavac and Mozambique strain) and adjuvant/saline were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Vaccination with Ba86 reduced tick infestations (71% and 40%), weight (8% and 15%), oviposition (22% and 5%) and egg fertility (25% and 50%) forB. annulatusandB. microplus, respectively. The efficacy of both Ba86 and Bm86 was higher forB. annulatusthan forB. microplus. The efficacy of Ba86 was higher forB. annulatus(83.0%) than forB. microplus(71.5%). The efficacy of Bm86 (Gavac; 85.2%) but not Bm86 (Mozambique strain; 70.4%) was higher than that of Ba86 (71.5%) onB. microplus. However, the efficacy of Bm86 (both Gavac and Mozambique strain; 99.6%) was higher than that of Ba86 (83.0%) onB. annulatus.ConclusionThese experiments showed the efficacy of recombinant Ba86 for the control ofB. annulatusandB. microplusinfestations in cattle and suggested that physiological differences betweenB. microplusandB. annulatusand those encoded in the sequence of Bm86 orthologs may be responsible for the differences in susceptibility of these tick species to Bm86 vaccines.
Costs and cost-effectiveness of vector control in Eritrea using insecticide-treated bed nets
Authors: Yukich Joshua O , Zerom Mehari , Ghebremeskel Tewolde , Tediosi Fabrizio , Lengeler Christian 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Background
While insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are a recognized effective method for preventing malaria, there has been an extensive debate in recent years about the best large-scale implementation strategy. Implementation costs and cost-effectiveness are important elements to consider when planning ITN programmes, but so far little information on these aspects is available from national programmes.

Methods
This study uses a standardized methodology, as part of a larger comparative study, to collect cost data and cost-effectiveness estimates from a large programme providing ITNs at the community level and ante-natal care facilities in Eritrea. This is a unique model of ITN implementation fully integrated into the public health system.

Results
Base case analysis results indicated that the average annual cost of ITN delivery (2005 USD 3.98) was very attractive when compared with past ITN delivery studies at different scales. Financing was largely from donor sources though the Eritrean government and net users also contributed funding. The intervention's cost-effectiveness was in a highly attractive range for sub-Saharan Africa. The cost per DALY averted was USD 13 – 44. The cost per death averted was USD 438–1449. Distribution of nets coincided with significant increases in coverage and usage of nets nationwide, approaching or exceeding international targets in some areas.

Conclusion
ITNs can be cost-effectively delivered at a large scale in sub-Saharan Africa through a distribution system that is highly integrated into the health system. Operating and sustaining such a system still requires strong donor funding and support as well as a functional and extensive system of health facilities and community health workers already in place.
Septic arthritis as a severe complication of elective arthroscopy:clinical management strategies
Authors: Kirchhoff Chlodwig , Braunstein Volker , Paul Jochen , Imhoff Andreas B , Hinterwimmer Stefan 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Infection of a peripheral joint following arthroscopic surgery presents with an incidence of approximately 0.42% an extremely rare entity. However, septic arthritis is a serious situation possibly leading to an irreparable joint damage. Especially at delayed diagnosis patients' safety can be endangered severely. Only few precise statements regarding diagnosis and therapy have been published so far. Besides an accurate analysis of the patient's anamnesis and the assessment of the C-reactive protein especially arthrocentesis is required for diagnostic workup. For early stage infections arthroscopic therapy is proven to be of value. In addition a calculated and consecutive germ-adjusted antibiotic therapy is essential. In case of persisting signs of infection the indication for re-arthroscopy or conversion to open revision has to be stated in time. The number of necessary revisions is dependent on the initial stage of infection. For pain therapy postoperative immobilization of the affected joint is occasionally essential, if otherwise possibly early mobilization of the joint should be performed.
Why psychiatry can't afford to be neurophobic
Authors: Bullmore Ed , Fletcher Paul , Jones Peter B. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe original vision of psychiatry was as a medicine – or physic – of the mind. If psychiatry aspires to be a progressive modern medicine of the mind, it should be fully engaged with the science of the brain. We summarise and rebut three countervailing or ‘neurophobic’ propositions and aim to show that not one provides a compelling argument for neurophobia. We suggest that there are several ways in which psychiatry could organise itself professionally to better advance and communicate the theoretical and therapeutic potential of a brain-based medicine of the mind.
Road testing programme budgeting and marginal analysis: Norfolk Mental Health pilot project
Authors: Ball Hadrian , Kemp Linda , Fordham Ric 
Published: March 2009

Aims and MethodProgramme budgeting and marginal analysis (PBMA) is a recognised tool for commissioning healthcare. the objectives of this project were to test the acceptability, data availability and practical value of PBMA within the sphere of mental health. the PBMA methodology was applied to the consideration of Norfolk Primary Care Trust's National Health Service expenditure on mental health for the fiscal year 2006/7.ResultsThe project successfully attracted the interest of, and contribution from, important stakeholders with the exception of general practitioners. the process led to the identification of areas for disinvestment, releasing funds to be made available for the development of new services, or enhancement of existing services.Clinical ImplicationsProgramme budgeting and marginal analysis is a useful structured tool for the commissioning of mental health services. It is essential, however, that psychiatrists fully engage with the process in order to have an influence over the future direction of mental health services.
Cost Effectiveness of Ixabepilone Plus Capecitabine for Metastatic Breast Cancer Progressing After Anthracycline and Taxane Treatment
Authors: Reed Shelby D. , Li Yanhong , Anstrom Kevin J. , Schulman Kevin A. 
Published: March 2009

PurposeUsing data from a recent randomized trial, we evaluated the cost effectiveness of ixabepilone plus capecitabine versus capecitabine alone in patients with predominantly metastatic breast cancer considered to be taxane-resistant and previously treated with or resistant to an anthracycline.MethodsWe developed a stochastic decision-analytic model to represent data collected in the trial on medical resource use, health-related quality of life, and clinical outcomes. Estimates of overall survival were conditional on level of tumor response. We assigned monthly costs and utility weights according to periods defined by the duration of study treatment, time from discontinuation of the study drug until disease progression, and from progression until death and were specific to the level of response and receipt of subsequent therapy. Medical resources were valued in 2008 US dollars. We performed Monte Carlo simulations and sensitivity analyses to evaluate model uncertainty.ResultsOverall survival was significantly associated with level of tumor response (P < .001). Total costs were estimated at $60,900 for patients receiving ixabepilone plus capecitabine and $30,000 for patients receiving capecitabine alone. The estimated gain in life expectancy with ixabepilone was 1.96 months (95% CI, 1.36 to 2.64 months); the estimated gain in quality-adjusted survival was 1.06 months (95% CI, 0.09 to 2.03 months). The resulting incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $359,000 per quality-adjusted life-year (95% CI, $183,000 to $4,030,000). In sensitivity analyses, the results were robust to changes in numerous inputs and assumptions.ConclusionAddition of ixabepilone to capecitabine adds approximately $31,000 to overall medical costs and affords approximately 1 additional month of quality-adjusted survival.
Digital templating in hip replacement with and without radiological markers
Authors: Heinert G. , Hendricks J. , Loeffler M. D. 
Published: March 2009

Digital templating in hip replacement is commonly performed with radiological markers to determine the magnification. The latter can also be determined by measuring the distance from the x-ray focal spot to the object and the distance from the x-ray focal spot to the radiological cassette or image receptor. We used post-operative radiographs of total hip replacements and hemiarthroplasties from 22 patients to calculate the magnification using both methods. The accuracy of each method was ascertained by measuring the size of the head of the implant projected on to the radiographs and comparing the result with the known size recorded in the medical records. The accuracy was found to be similar with a mean absolute measurement error of 2.6% (sd 1.4; 0.0% to 5.2%) for the radiological marker and 2.8% (sd 2.2; 0.4% to 10.1%) for the distance method (p = 0.75). The mean radiation dose for templating radiographs (pelvis and lateral of the hip) was similar when taken using a radiological marker (328 mSv sd 142) (n = 51) or using the distance measurement method (324 mSv sd 39) (n = 39) (p = 0.90). We conclude that the distance measuring method is as accurate as the radiological marker method, but may avoid some of the disadvantages such as misplacement of the marker or placement outside the radiological field. It may also be more acceptable to the patient and radiographer.
Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Mimicked in Childhood Hypophosphatasia
Authors: Whyte Michael P , Wenkert Deborah , McAlister William H , Mughal M Zulf , Freemont Anthony J , Whitehouse Richard , Baildam Eileen M , Coburn Stephen P , Ryan Lawrence M , Mumm Steven 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is the inborn error of metabolism characterized by low serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity caused by inactivating mutations within TNSALP, the gene that encodes the “tissue-nonspecific” isoenzyme of ALP (TNSALP). In HPP, extracellular accumulation of inorganic pyrophosphate, a TNSALP substrate, inhibits hydroxyapatite crystal growth leading to rickets or osteomalacia. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is the pediatric syndrome of periarticular pain and radiographic changes resembling infectious osteomyelitis but without lesional pathogens. Some consider CRMO to be an autoinflammatory disease. An unrelated boy and girl with the childhood form of HPP suffered chronic, multifocal, periarticular pain, and soft tissue swelling. To investigate this unusual complication, we evaluated their cumulative clinical, biochemical, radiological, and histopathological findings and performed mutation analysis of their TNSALP alleles. The earliest radiographic disturbances were typical of childhood HPP. Subsequently, changes consistent with CRMO developed at sites where there was pain, including lucencies, osteosclerosis, and marked expansion of the underlying metaphyses. Bone marrow edema was shown by MRI. Biopsies of affected bone showed nonspecific histopathological findings and no pathogens. The boy was heterozygous (c.1133A&gt;T, p.D378V) and the girl compound heterozygous (c.350A&gt;G, p.Y117C, c.400_401AC&gt;CA, p.T134H) for different TNSALP missense mutations. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs diminished their pain, which improved or resolved at maturity. HPP should be considered when CRMO is a diagnostic possibility. Metaphyseal radiographic changes and marrow edema associated with periarticular bone pain and soft tissue swelling suggestive of osteomyelitis can complicate childhood HPP.