bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations on the distribution ofStaphylococcus aureusin the atmosphere of a surgical ward
Authors: Rountree Phyllis M. , Beard Mary A. 
Published: May 2009

The environment of two contiguous surgical wards was examined over a period of twelve months by means of a slit sampler, settle plates and blanket sweep plates. At the same time, nasal swabs were taken each week from the patients and all cases of sepsis examined bacteriologically.Phage typing of more than 3600 isolations ofStaph. aureusshowed that there was one predominant strain in the air, bedding, patients' noses and infected wounds.There was no relationship between the total number of bacteria in the ward air and the numbers ofStaph. aureus.The recovery of large numbers ofStaph. aureusfrom the air at certain periods was associated with a high contamination rate in the blankets and with an increased incidence of staphylococcal sepsis.Not all nasal carriers ofStaph. aureuscontaminated their bedding. There was evidence that some patients became nasal carriers of strains of staphylococci previously isolated from their bedding.Some evidence was obtained that blankets may play a role in the transmission of staphylococci from patient to patient.This work was supported by a grant from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council. Our thanks are due to Mrs Elisabeth Bradshaw for her technical assistance and to Prof. John Loewenthal for his interest and for permission to study his wards.
The incidence of sepsis in the Royal Air Force
Authors: Miller D. L. 
Published: May 2009

In 1956–58 septic lesions in men of the R.A.F. accounted for about 3% of all admissions to sick-quarters or hospital and about 5% of admissions excluding respiratory disease; 1% of all men in the service were admitted with sepsis each year. Incidence fell with age, particularly up to the age of 25 years. The rates for women were about 50% higher.Recruits experienced more than twice as much sepsis as trained men and boy apprentices. Officers had only half the admission rate of other ranks. These contrasts could have been explained by differences in age. There was no evidence of seasonal variation in the incidence of sepsis, but in recruits and boy apprentices epidemics of sepsis unrelated to season occurred.I am indebted to Dr J. C. McDonald and Professor R. E. O. Williams for helpful criticism, to Professor P. Armitage for statistical advice and to the Director-General, Royal Air Force Medical Services, for permission to publish the results.
Chrome typhoid vaccine
Authors: Vella E. E. 
Published: May 2009

1. Experimental typhoid vaccines, treated by 1% formalin and 0·02% chrome alum (KCr(SO4)2.12H2O), as suggested by Japanese workers were prepared and tested by the usual in vitro and in vivo tests.2. Agglutination tests, antibody production in rabbits, active and passive mouse protection tests confirm the stability of the Vi antigen of the vaccine, if properly stored, and the good protection afforded to laboratory animals in both the active and passive mouse protection tests.3. It is suggested that only a full-scale field trial in a typhoid endemic area can give the answer as to the real efficacy and/or superiority of the chrome vaccine over other typhoid vaccines.
Antibodies ofToxoplasma gondii
Authors: Fleck D. G. 
Published: May 2009

1. That the number of toxoplasma organisms in the dye test affects the titre of the test serum is confirmed.2. Evidence is presented that the toxoplasma cytoplasm-modifying substance present in the peritoneal exudate of mice injected with large numbers of toxoplasma organisms more than 3 days previously is probably antibody.3. Various chemicals including detergents were capable, in high concentration, of producing a false positive dye test.4. Evidence is presented that there are two complement-fixing antigens, one with a low sensitivity and a low density, the other with a high density and a sensitivity close to that of the dye test. Heating the heavy antigen to 56° C. for 1 hr. removes most of its anticomplementary effects without altering its complement-fixing activity.5. The light antigen mentioned above was capable of producing a precipitation line in agar double-diffusion experiments, but did not inhibit dye-test antibody when mixed with an equal volume of antiserum in the dye test.6. The heavy antigen inhibited dye test antibody when mixed with an equal volume of antiserum in the dye test.
Epidemiology of toxoplasmosis
Authors: Fleck D. G. 
Published: May 2009

Sera sent for routine examination from hospitals in south England and Wales were examined and compared with sera from the normal population. Choroiditis was the only disease syndrome showing a significantly higher proportion of positives than normal.Cats were shown to be unlikely vectors of toxoplasma infection, at least by scratching.Thanks are due to many pathologists throughout the country who sent sera and details of cases. Normal children's sera were kindly sent to me by Dr A. D. Evans of the Public Health Laboratory, Cardiff, Dr A. Macrae, Colindale, and Dr Margaret Wilson, Public Health Laboratory, Sheffield. Dr Patricia Bradstreet kindly sent me details of requests for cat scratch antigen.Mr R. Payne carried out the dye tests and Mr H. J. Godwin of the Department of Pure Mathematics, University College of Swansea, kindly checked the statistical calculations.Many thanks are due to Dr R. J. Drummond and his staff of the National Blood Transfusion Service (Welsh Region) for supplying the sera from blood donors.
Growth, toxigenicity and virulence ofPseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Liu Pinghui V. , Mercer Charles B. 
Published: May 2009

The virulence ofPseudomonas aeruginosaappears to depend on both its ability to grow in the serum of animals and its ability to produce various types of extra-cellular toxins. No strain ofPs. aeruginosalacking either of these qualifications was ever found to be virulent to animals.The ability of various sera of animals to inhibit growth ofPs. aeruginosaappears to depend largely on their content of specific antibodies to each serological type of the surface antigens (the slime layer) and, therefore, susceptibility of animals to the infections ofPs. aeruginosa, even within one species, varies considerably from one individual to another.This work was supported by a research career development award of the U.S. Public Health Service to the senior author (GM-K3–15).
An antigenic variant of the Hong Kong/68 influenza A 2 virus
Authors: Pereira Marguerite S. , Schild G. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYBoth the haemagglutinin and the neuraminidase of influenza A 2 virus have undergone progressive antigenic drift since this subtype first appeared in 1957.In 1968 a strain showing a much greater antigenic difference was isolated in Hong Kong. This variant has been responsible for epidemics throughout the world in the past 2 years.In the second year of its prevalence a small proportion of strains isolated showed a small but definite antigenic change, related principally to the haemagglutinin component.This new variant formed about 4 % of all strains investigated and was detected in Britain, Portugal, France and New Zealand.
Recoveries of Salmonella ndolo from desiccates exposed to 100°C under various conditions with respect to desiccant, desiccant temperature and atmosphere
Authors: Annear D. I. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYDesiccates of Salmonella ndolo dried in sodium glutamate have been exposed to 100° C. in air or in vacuo; in the presence of wet or dry P2O5; and with desiccant maintained at either 25° or 100° C. Of the eight treatments thus compared, rapid killing occurred where the desiccate was heated in vacuo and in the presence of dry P2O5 maintained at 100° C. There was little difference among the death-rates of the other seven treatments. Sublimation of the P2O6 with resultant attack on the desiccate would appear to be responsible for the rapid killing in the treatment where it was observed.
The hygiene and marketing of fresh cream as assessed by the methylene blue test
Authors:   Public Health Laboratory Service Working Party, Mogford Hilary 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe hygiene and marketing of fresh cream in England and Wales was investigated by a working party of the Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS) between 1 October 1968 and 31 July 1969. Thirty-one cream-producing dairies were visited and observations made in the light of the Code of Practice published by the Milk and Milk Products Technical Advisory Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, and the Scottish Home and Health Department. Suggestions are made in this report to strengthen the code.A total of 5184 samples of fresh cream comprising 4385 heat-treated, 282 clotted and 517 untreated were examined. Details of production, age of the cream, distance and mode of distribution along the retail chain were available for most samples, and this history was, as far as possible, related to the laboratory findings. In the laboratory the samples were examined by the methylene blue test, colony count, conform andEscherichia coliI test and for pathogens.Staphylococcus aureuswas grown from 59 out of 3417 samples of cream; 54 of these were from untreated cream. Phage typing indicated that a proportion of these strains were of animal, presumably bovine, origin. Other human pathogens isolated included one each ofSalmonella typhimurium, Brucella abortus, E. colitype O126 andClostridium welchii.It appeared that heat-treated cream was much better, bacteriologically, than untreated; and that large dairies, in general, had better premises, more hygienic methods of preparation and the advantages of mechanical filling and capping of cartons; thus they offered the consumer a better product, bacteriologically, than some of the smaller dairies.A statistical analysis of the results of the tests used showed the methylene blue test, in spite of some anomalies, to be of more use as a screening test than any of the others. As this test is cheap and easy to carry out, the working party thought that it should be the test of choice. In view of the known anomalies, however, the working party recommends that the test should remain a screening or advisory test and have no penal function. Results should be reported as follows: cream not decolorizing the dye in 4 hr. at 37° C. (± 0·5°) after overnight incubation at 20° C. (± 0·5°) would be accepted as satisfactory; between ½ and 4 hr. at 37° C. (± 0·5°) as fairly satisfactory; but if the dye were decolorized at the end of the overnight incubation the sample would be provisionally classified as ‘unsatisfactory; requires further investigation’. A repeat sample would then be examined. If samples were repeatedly unsatisfactory, consultations would be arranged between the local authority, the laboratory and the dairy, with perhaps inspection of the dairy premises and retail storage conditions and further, more searching tests on samples made in an effort to eradicate production faults.
Pyocine typing as an epidemiological marker in Pseudomonas aeruginosa mastitis in cattle
Authors: Ziv G. , Mushin Rose , Tagg J. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYPyocine typing was used for the characterization of 134 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from bovine mastitis. The scheme of Gillies & Govan (1966) was adopted with some modifications, and the procedure gave 89·6% typability. Pyocine type 1 strains were most commonly encountered and were followed in frequency by types 10 and 3. The introduction of two additional indicator strains allowed for division of these types into subtypes.In spite of some limitations, discussed in the paper, the pyocine typing scheme proved to be useful in ‘marking’ P. aeruginosa strains and in following their association with bovine mastitis in various herds.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Regional Burns Centre
Authors: Dexter F. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe construction of a Regional Burns Centre in Pinderfields General Hospital, Wakefield, presented an opportunity to study Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in patients with extensive burns. During the first year (Barclay & Dexter, 1968) a system of disinfection and bacteriological control created conditions permitting more detailed studies to be undertaken which resulted in a significant reduction of infection and cross-infection.
Investigations of Allerton-type herpes virus infection in East African game animals and cattle
Authors: Plowright W. , Jessett D. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYNeutralization tests with a strain (BA) of Allerton-type herpes virus, derived from a buffalo (Syncenis caffer) were carried out on 924 sera from 17 species of E. African game animals and on cattle sera from Tanzania (2001), Kenya (792) and Uganda (410).Buffalo populations throughout E. Africa showed a very high rate of infection, with all animals over 2 years of age serologically positive. Antibody was present in some giraffe, waterbuck and hippopotamus sera and, less frequently, in impala, eland, bushbuck and oryx. Data are provided on the titres of positive samples; the mean titre of buffalo sera increased with age.Cattle in many localities of N. Tanzania and S. Kenya showed a very high rate of infection, 85–95% of sera from animals more than 2-years old containing antibody; the titres recorded were lower than those in buffaloes. Very high infection rates were also found in Karamoja and Teso (Uganda) and also in some other areas of Kenya, whilst a considerably lower incidence of infection was detected in W. Nile Province of Uganda and in central Tanzania. Differences in infection rates may have been related to herd size and husbandry practices.It was shown that a wave of infection was probably spreading through cattle in N. Tanzania at about the same time as an outbreak of disease occurred in buffaloes and it is suggested that virus transmission may have been by biting flies.No clinical signs attributable to the virus were reported in cattle but mouth lesions similar to those recorded in buffaloes, or nasal lesions, could have passed undetected. Allerton-type virus probably produces a range of clinical syndromes in cattle, closely resembling those associated with some herpes viruses in primates but infection is seldom related in the field to either pseudo-lumpy skin disease, mammillitis or stomatitis.
The evaluation of a live salmonella vaccine in mice and chickens
Authors: Knivett V. A. , Stevens W. K. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYMice vaccinated with a live attenuated strain ofSalmonella dublinwere protected against heavy challenge infections ofS. dublin, S. typhimurium, S. choleraesuisandS. anatum. Oral and subcutaneous vaccination were equally effective. When day-old chicks were orally vaccinated and subsequently challenged withS. typhimurium, the growth of the challenge organism was considerably reduced or eliminated from the livers of the vaccinated chicks whereas most of the non-vaccinated were heavily infected. Field trials with vaccinated day-old chicks showed that they suffered no setbacks in growth, stress, loss of appetite or adverse side effects.
The British reference preparation for influenza virus haemagglutinin
Authors: Westwood M. , Woodward P. M. , Perkins F. T. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe two methods for measuring the haemagglutinin content of an influenza virus suspension are the haemagglutinating (HA) and chick cell agglutinating (CCA) techniques and both measure the same biological activity. With the establishment of an international reference preparation for influenza virus haemagglutinin (type A), however, it seems logical to express the haemagglutinin content of influenza vaccines in international units. Accordingly a collaborative study was arranged in order to obtain agreement on the number of units to be assigned to a British reference preparation for influenza haemagglutinin. It was agreed that the preparation contains 190 i.u. per ampoule and 1 i.u. is contained in 0·0622 mg. of the dried material.
Strontium chloride B and E.E. enrichment broth media for the isolation ofEdwardsiella, SalmonellaandArizonaspecies from tiger snakes
Authors: Iveson J. B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYStrontium chloride B medium and E.E. broth have been found effective in the recovery ofEdwardsiella, SalmonellaandArizonaspecies from the cloacal contents of tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus). Strontium chloride B medium was superior to E.E. broth.At least one bacterial species was detected in each of the 60 reptiles examined, and all three organisms were recovered from each of 29 snakes on a single examination.Strontium chloride M, strontium selenite and Rappaport enrichment media and bismuth sulphite agar, although satisfactory for the isolation ofSalmonellaandArizonaspecies, were found unsuitable forEdwardsiella tarda.
Beta-haemolytic streptococci in saliva
Authors: Ross P. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYViable counts of beta-haemolytic streptococci per ml. of saliva were made in the following groups: (1) children with acute streptococcal sore throat, (2) children with acute non-streptococcal sore throat, (3) children who had no sore throat but were streptococcal throat carriers, (4) children who neither had a sore throat nor were streptococcal throat carriers.The mean counts from cases of streptococcal sore throat and from streptococcal carriers were respectively 1·4 × 106 and 2·5 × 105 per ml.In a comparison of the efficiency of the throat swab, sublingual swab and specimen of saliva in isolating beta-haemolytic streptococci from the upper respiratory tract, culture of saliva produced the best results.
Interaction of porcine mycoplasmas with fresh animal serum
Authors: Roberts D. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYWhen fresh animal serum was dropped onto seeded mycoplasma agar plates, inhibition of growth frequently occurred. This effect was dependent on the mycoplasma serotype and on the animal species from which the fresh serum came. This activity of fresh animal serum was heat-labile and would not diffuse through the agar medium. Growth of all the porcine mycoplasma serotypes was inhibited by fresh sheep serum.M. hyorhinis, M. hyopneumoniae, B 3 and the P 45 strains were insensitive to fresh horse serum. The addition of fresh horse serum to specificM. hyorhinisrabbit antiserum-impregnated disks appeared to have a synergistic effect and the combination ofM. hyorhinisantiserum-impregnated disk and fresh horse serum always inhibited the growth ofM. hyorhinisstrains.
A mathematical model of common-cold epidemics on Tristan da Cunha
Authors: Hammond B. J. , Tyrrell D. A. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYRecords of seven common-cold outbreaks on the island of Tristan da Cunha are compared with the corresponding time courses given by the mathematical model of Kermack & McKendrick (1927) and with an alternative model that directly involves a constant average duration of individual infection. Using computer simulation techniques the latter model is shown to be preferred and is then closely matched to the field data to obtain values for the model parameters. Consideration is then given to the intensity of epidemics predicted by the model and to the distribution of the actual epidemics relative to the theoretical epidemic threshold.
Control at hospital level of infections by methicillin-resistant staphylococci in children
Authors: Michel M. F. , Priem Catharina C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYRapid spread of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MeRS) in a children's hospital is described. Within 4 months of the first isolation MeRS had been isolated from infections in all clinical units. MeRS were also regularly isolated at the out-patient department. Protective isolation of one of the clinical units had no effect on the infection rate by MeRS. The use of antiseptics (Hexachlorophene and chlorhexidine) and gentamicin nose cream in children and staff members in three out of five clinical units resulted in a significant reduction of the prevalence of nose colonization by MeRS in children. In staff members a non-significant reduction of the prevalence of colonization and a significant reduction of the acquisition of MeRS was found. After a few months the infection rate decreased to zero in the units where the measures were introduced. It remained unchanged in the other units. Phage typing of two sets of strains collected at an interval of 6 months showed that the infections were mainly caused by two endemic strains of MeRS. The majority of the infections caused by MeRS was of minor importance. In 16 % of the infections a strain was isolated repeatedly and for more than 1 week. After the introduction of antiseptics a relative increase of infections by Gram-negative bacteria was observed. The significance of this phenomenon is discussed.
Salmonellosis in Botswana: I. Incidence in cattle
Authors: Miller A. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYClinical salmonellosis in cattle is infrequently recorded in Botswana, the majority of salmonella isolations being made from apparently healthy animals. A salmonella carrier rate of 6·7% was found in testing faeces samples from 89 apparently healthy cattle. A total of 35 salmonella serotypes were isolated from specimens of bovine origin. Salmonella dublin was isolated infrequently, possibly in part because of prophylactic vaccination.
An M-associated protein antigen (MAP) of group A streptococci
Authors: Widdowson Jean P. , Maxted W. R. , Pinney Alison M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA streptococcal antigen that is closely associated with the M-antigen, but is not type specific can be detected by means of a complement-fixation test in extracts of M-positive, but not of M-negative, variants of group A streptococci. Purification of acid extracts results in a concomitant increase in the purity both of the type-specific M-antigen and of the M-associated protein (MAP). Antibody to MAP is present in the sera of patients who have had streptococcal infection. The highest titres are found in patients with rheumatic fever.
The Australia (hepatitis-associated) antigen amongst heroin addicts attending a London addiction clinic
Authors: Hunter J. , Carrella M. , Williams R. , Taylor Patricia E. , Zuckerman A. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThirty-three of 72 heroin addicts attending a recognized clinic for drug addition had a history of jaundice, but in only five was the serum positive for hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA) when examined by immunodiffusion, immunoelectro-osmophoresis and complement fixation. Two of these were repeatedly positive over an 8–12 month follow-up period and liver biopsy showed chronic persistent hepatitis. A third later developed acute hepatitis. A study of the injection habits suggested that the present low incidence of HAA and the decrease in number of cases with jaundice was probably related to the provision of free disposable syringes by the clinic since it was opened in 1968.
Study of an attenuated strain of feline infectious enteritis (panleucopaenia) virus I. Spread of vaccine virus from cats affected with feline respiratory disease
Authors: O'Reilly K. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn the course of developing a living attenuated feline infectious enteritis (panleucopaenia) vaccine, it was found that respiratory disease-infected cats newly inoculated with this vaccine spread vaccine virus to respiratory disease-infected in-contact controls. These in-contact controls were able to infect other cats with which they were placed in contact so that after five natural transmissions in this way and two oral administrations and subsequent re-isolations, reversion to virulence became evident. It is clear that before general release of a new living feline infectious enteritis vaccine, there must be satisfactory evidence that con-current infection will not affect the safety of the modified antigen.In cats infected with feline infectious enteritis there appears to be a short period, coinciding with the onset of leucopaenia, during which they are highly infectious. It seems possible that some infected animals may become immune carriers because virus has been recovered from the small intestine of two of four cats with significant antibody titres 22–24 days after exposure to infection.