bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of neurofibrillary tangles in diffuse neurofibrillary tangles with calcification
Authors: Ukai Katsuyuki , Shibayama Hiroto , Ishihara Ryoko , Ozaki Norio 
Published: July 2009

Aims:  In this study, the appearance and distribution of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in diffuse neurofibrillary tangles with calcification (DNTC) were investigated neuropathologically in order to elucidate the detailed distribution pattern in this disease.Methods:  The distribution of NFT in six cases neuropathologically diagnosed as DNTC (two men and four women) was studied using Gallyas–Braak silver stain. The age at death ranged from 56 to 73, with an average of 63.5 ± 7.5 years.Results:  NFT were seen throughout the cerebral cortex, and were especially marked in the temporal and limbic cortices. The distribution pattern of NFT in the limbic lobe was similar to that in Alzheimer's disease as reported in the previous studies. In the temporal lobe, more NFT were distributed in the anterior than in the posterior area, which was confirmed in all six cases. The temporal pole showed the highest density of NFT including ghost tangles.Conclusions:  The diffuse appearance of NFT in the cerebral cortex with the highest severity in the temporal pole was found to be a neuropathological characteristic of DNTC.
The hologenome theory of evolution contains Lamarckian aspects within a Darwinian framework
Authors: Rosenberg Eugene , Sharon Gil , Zilber‐Rosenberg Ilana 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThe hologenome theory of evolution emphasizes the role of microorganisms in the evolution of animals and plants. The theory posits that the holobiont (host plus all of its symbiont microbiota) is a unit of selection in evolution. Genetic variation in the holobiont that can occur either in the host and/or in the microbial symbiont genomes (together termed hologenome) can then be transmitted to offspring. In addition to the known modes of variation, i.e. sexual recombination, chromosomal rearrangement and mutation, variation in the holobiont can occur also via two mechanisms that are specific to the hologenome theory: amplification of existing microorganisms and acquisition of novel strains from the environment. These mechanisms are Lamarckian in that (i) they are regulated by ‘use and disuse’ (of microbes) and (ii) the variations in the hologenome are transmitted to offspring, thus satisfying also the Lamarckian principle of ‘inheritance of acquired characteristics’. Accordingly, the hologenome theory incorporates Lamarckian aspects within a Darwinian framework, accentuating both cooperation and competition within the holobiont and with other holobionts.
Risk disclosures on the second tier markets of the London Stock Exchange
Authors: Hill Paula , Short Helen 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe identification, management and disclosure of risks have been the subject of recent legislation, directives and reporting standards issued across a number of international jurisdictions. To inform the disclosure debate, this paper provides a detailed analysis of the risk warning disclosures of initial public offering (IPO) companies and the factors that drive such disclosures. We find that risk disclosures of IPO companies contain a greater proportion of forward‐looking information but a lower proportion of information on internal controls and risk management than the disclosures of listed companies. We find evidence that such disclosure has increased across time but that larger directors’ shareholdings are associated with a reduction in risk disclosure.
Determination of stock closing prices and hedging performance with stock indices futures
Authors: Lee Hsiu‐Chuan , Chien Cheng‐Yi , Liao Tzu‐Hsiang 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of the determination of stock closing prices on futures price efficiency and hedging effectiveness with stock indices futures. The empirical results indicate that the increase in the length of the batching period of the stock closing call improves price efficiency in the futures closing prices and then enhances hedging performance in terms of the hedging risks. Additionally, from a utility‐maximization point of view, hedging performance does not improve after the introduction of the 5 min stock closing call, which can be explained by an improvement in price efficiency at the futures market close.
Size and momentum in European equity markets: empirical findings from varying beta Capital Asset Pricing Model
Authors: Karathanasis George , Kassimatis Konstantinos , Spyrou Spyros 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe use securities listed on 13 European equity markets to form size and momentum portfolios. We find limited evidence of a size premium but significant momentum returns in eight sample markets. We find that these premia may not constitute an anomaly because they are consistent with a varying‐beta Capital Asset Pricing Model. We also show that systematic risk is related to the business cycle. Furthermore, the results suggest that although size and especially momentum returns are significant, it would be difficult to exploit them in the short to medium run, because they are positive and sizeable in very few years in our sample.
Arithmetic word problem solving: a Situation Strategy First framework
Authors: Brissiaud Rémi , Sander Emmanuel 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBefore instruction, children solve many arithmetic word problems with informal strategies based on the situation described in the problem. A Situation Strategy First framework is introduced that posits that initial representation of the problem activates a situation‐based strategy even after instruction: only when it is not efficient for providing the numerical solution is the representation of the problem modified so that the relevant arithmetic knowledge might be used. Three experiments were conducted with Year 3 and Year 4 children. Subtraction, multiplication and division problems were created in two versions involving the same wording but different numerical values. The first version could be mentally solved with a Situation strategy (Si version) and the second with a Mental Arithmetic strategy (MA version). Results show that Si‐problems are easier than MA‐problems even after instruction, and, when children were asked to report their strategy by writing a number sentence, equations that directly model the situation were predominant for Si‐problems but not for MA ones. Implications of the Situation Strategy First framework regarding the relation between conceptual and procedural knowledge and the development of arithmetic knowledge are discussed.
How useful are systematic reviews of child obesity interventions?
Authors: Wolfenden L. , Wiggers J. , Tursan d'Espaignet E. , Bell A. C. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryTo facilitate the translation of research evidence into practice, policy makers and practitioners require practice‐relevant information such as the effectiveness of interventions delivered in specific settings, by various personnel, using various intervention modalities, and descriptions of intervention costs or adverse outcomes. The aim of this study was to review the relevance of information reported in systematic reviews of child obesity interventions in terms of these requirements. A systematic search was conducted for systematic reviews of child obesity interventions published in English between 1990 and 2008. A total of 3150 citations were examined. Of the 44 eligible reviews, 16 examined prevention interventions, 18 examined treatment interventions, and 10 examined both prevention and treatment interventions. Less than 50% of prevention and treatment reviews reported the effect of interventions conducted in specific settings, the effect of interventions conducted by various personnel and the effect of those delivered via various intervention modalities. Similarly, few (4–15%) reviews reported cost or adverse event outcomes. Existing systematic reviews of childhood obesity interventions provide limited practice‐relevant information. The potential for benefit from the translation of evidence into practice is therefore limited. Involving end users in systematic review development may improve the relevance of outcomes reported in systematic reviews.
Open Borders: Absurd Chimera or Inevitable Future Policy?
Authors: Casey John P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn the current climate of security concerns, the movement of people across borders is becoming increasingly criminalised. Yet there is a parallel political and economic reality in which borders are opening and the movement of people is being liberalised: zones of free movement such as the European Union expand; other bilateral and multilateral agreements include provisions for more fluid cross‐border movement; international trade negotiations seek to facilitate the flow of those providing goods and services; developing countries’ push for greater access for their citizens to the labour markets of the industrialised world; and a new class of “gold collar” professionals moves with increasing ease around the globe. This paper explores the possibilities of universal open borders as a future policy option. The author accepts realpolitik and understands that the free flow of immigrants is currently impossible, but also maintains that open borders are an inevitable long‐term consequence of globalisation, as well as a policy option for addressing North‐South inequalities and a moral touchstone for the global extension of human rights. The paper does not advocate for more migration, but instead explores the paradox that the creation of the conditions that would allow for the opening of borders is likely to reduce the incentives for emigration. The paper explores the policy changes needed to achieve open borders.
The Lusophone Migratory System: Patterns and Trends
Authors: Baganha Maria I. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPortugal, like all the other EU countries, belongs to several migratory systems. This paper describes and characterizes one of the migratory systems to which Portugal belongs, the Lusophone migratory system. The system approach was chosen because it implies a dynamic perspective which is the most adequate to capture the changing trends and patterns of international migration between a group of countries. The author argument is that historically, this migratory system has existed for a very long time, although at the beginning it was formed by only two countries, Portugal and Brazil. The system was enlarged to the PALOP in the aftermath of the Portuguese Revolution of 1974 and the subsequent independence of the Portuguese colonies in Africa.
Portugal as a Semi‐peripheral Country in the Global Migration System
Authors: Góis Pedro , Marques José Carlos 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlthough Portugal has traditionally produced many emigrants, the last 30 years have also shown increasing immigration. This increase in immigration has drawn attention away from the fact that significant emigration from Portugal continues. In this article, some of the main characteristics of migrations to and from Portugal are highlighted from a systemic perspective. The article shows that Portugal is both a receiving country and a sending country in the global migration system, and that it integrates several of the main migration systems at different levels. It is suggested that Portugal’s participation in existing migration systems is best captured and explained by conceptualizing it as a semi‐peripheral society, one that is part of a core region of the world system (the European Union) and displays a number of characteristics of both central and peripheral countries. The concept of semi‐periphery enables one to recognize the existence of what could be termed a quasi or emergent migratory system: the Lusophone migration system, which one can conceive as communicating intensively with other macro migratory systems. Observing the country’s migratory dynamics from the last two decades, and especially the migration flows that bond the Portuguese‐speaking countries, one may view the Lusophone migration system as able to combine different levels of centers that (in some moments, and given certain conditions) could evolve into a bicephalous, or even tricephalous, center. These centers function as bonds among several other migration systems, and it is in the middle of this Lusophone migration system that the semi‐peripheral role of Portugal becomes evident, as it can be core and periphery at the same time.
Political risk and pension privatization: The case of Argentina (1994‐2008)
Authors: Kay Stephen J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractProponents of pension privatization in Latin America argued that systems of private fully pre‐funded defined‐contribution individual accounts would be better insulated from politics than was the case with public pay‐as‐you‐go pension systems. However as the Argentinean case demonstrates, most recently with the 2008 nationalization of its private individual accounts system, transferring pension management and investment to the private sector does not necessarily reduce or eliminate political risk. In fact, the implementation of systems of individual accounts creates a new set of political risks, in part because they are a potential financial resource for governments, especially during times of economic stress. This article describes the range of political risks inherent to individual account pension systems, with specific reference to Argentina's 1994‐2008 experience with privatization.
Voluntary affiliation to Peru's individual accounts pension system
Authors: Li Carmen A. , Olivera Javier 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOne important aspect in the design of social protection is coverage. In Peru, as in most Latin American countries, social security coverage is mandatory only for workers in the formal sector. This article investigates the determinants of voluntary affiliation to Peru's individual accounts pension system. It is found that married males with more than high‐school level education living in high income households and with other family members already affiliated to the individual accounts pension system have a higher likelihood of voluntary affiliation. Although the results suggest that family‐based safety nets might be substitutes for voluntary participation in the individual accounts pension system, nonetheless, extending pension coverage and addressing poverty remain as challenges for government involvement.
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 263–289 (July/August 2008) Characterization of curved hair of Japanese women with reference to internal structures and amino acid composition
Authors: Nagase S. , Tsuchiya M. , Matsui T. , Shibuichi S. , Tsujimura H. , Masukawa Y. , Satoh N. , Itou T. , Koike K. , Tsujii K. 
Published: July 2009

Accepted for publication February 20, 2008SynopsisThe variation of hair curvature in Japanese women was quantitatively investigated and the structure of curved hair was characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and amino acid analysis. Two hundred and thirty Japanese women volunteers, aged from 10 to 70 years, were randomly selected. The evaluation of the volunteers’ natural hair shape showed that 53% of Japanese women have straight hair, while the remaining 47% have curved hair (varying from a slightly wavy shape to a frizzy style). The average curl radius of the volunteers’ hair was determined to be 4.4 ± 2.3 cm, and ranged widely from 0.6 to 16 cm. The TEM observation of curved hair fiber revealed an inhomogenous internal structure between the outer and inner regions of the curved shape. In relation to the inhomogeneous structure of the curved hair, different amino acid composition of the hair keratin was observed between the outer and inner regions. Interestingly, these results of the TEM observation and the amino acid analysis are analogous to the difference between the ortho‐and paracortical cells in wool fibers, suggesting the universal structure of curved mammalian hair.
Generalist genes and learning disabilities: a multivariate genetic analysis of low performance in reading, mathematics, language and general cognitive ability in a sample of 8000 12‐year‐old twins
Authors: Haworth Claire M.A. , Kovas Yulia , Harlaar Nicole , Hayiou‐Thomas Marianna E. , Petrill Stephen A. , Dale Philip S. , Plomin Robert 
Published: July 2009

Background:  Our previous investigation found that the same genes influence poor reading and mathematics performance in 10‐year‐olds. Here we assess whether this finding extends to language and general cognitive disabilities, as well as replicating the earlier finding for reading and mathematics in an older and larger sample.Methods:  Using a representative sample of 4000 pairs of 12‐year‐old twins from the UK Twins Early Development Study, we investigated the genetic and environmental overlap between internet‐based batteries of language and general cognitive ability tests in addition to tests of reading and mathematics for the bottom 15% of the distribution using DeFries–Fulker extremes analysis. We compared these results to those for the entire distribution.Results:  All four traits were highly correlated at the low extreme (average group phenotypic correlation = .58). and in the entire distribution (average phenotypic correlation = .59). Genetic correlations for the low extreme were consistently high (average = .67), and non‐shared environmental correlations were modest (average = .23). These results are similar to those seen across the entire distribution (.68 and .23, respectively).Conclusions:  The ‘Generalist Genes Hypothesis’ holds for language and general cognitive disabilities, as well as reading and mathematics disabilities. Genetic correlations were high, indicating a strong degree of overlap in genetic influences on these diverse traits. In contrast, non‐shared environmental influences were largely specific to each trait, causing phenotypic differentiation of traits.
School climate and continuity of adolescent personality disorder symptoms
Authors: Kasen Stephanie , Cohen Patricia , Chen Henian , Johnson Jeffrey G. , Crawford Thomas N. 
Published: July 2009

Background: Schools are key social contexts for shaping development and behavior in youths; yet, little is known of their influence on adolescent personality disturbance.Method: A community‐based sample of 592 adolescents was assessed for family and school experiences, Axis I psychiatric disorders, and Axis II personality disorder (PD) symptoms, and followed into young adulthood. Multiple regression analysis was used to estimate associations between adolescent‐reported school climate and young adult PD symptoms independent of age, sex, family socioeconomic status; childhood maltreatment; Axis I disorder, PD symptoms, academic grades, and parental punishment in adolescence; and four dimensions of school climate.Results: Schools characterized as high in learning focus were related to cluster B (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic PD) symptom declines, whereas schools characterized as high in opportunities for student autonomy were related to cluster A (paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal PD) symptom declines. In contrast, schools characterized as conflictual or supporting interpersonal informality/familiarity among students and teachers were related to increases in cluster A symptoms and cluster C (avoidant, dependent, and obsessive‐compulsive PD) symptoms.Conclusions: Schools may exert both positive and negative influences on continuity of adolescent personality disturbance. The role of the school in guiding young people toward more favorable developmental pathways and alleviating personality disturbance is discussed.
When cognitive control is calibrated: Event‐related potential correlates of adapting to information‐processing conflict despite erroneous response preparation
Authors: Freitas Antonio L. , Banai Ruslan , Clark Sheri L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTo examine when in the perception‐action cycle resolving information‐processing conflict modulates signals of the current need for cognitive control, the present work examined event‐related potential correlates of response preparation (lateralized readiness potentials; LRPs) and of information‐processing conflict (fronto‐central N2 responses) on trial n flanker trials, as a function of whether trial n–1 entailed a congruent flanker, an incongruent flanker, or a NoGo cue. Although LRP‐indexed erroneous response preparation was substantial on incongruent trials across all levels of trial n–1, N2 amplitudes and behavioral interference effects were attenuated on incongruent trials following NoGo and incongruent (relative to congruent) trials. Even after initial attentional and motor‐preparation processes have transpired, then, relatively later control mechanisms appear sufficient to signal a reduced need to engage cognitive control anew.
Container loading with multi‐drop constraints
Authors: Christensen Søren Gram , Rousøe David Magid 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this paper, an algorithm for the container‐loading problem (CLP) with multi‐drop constraints is presented. When adding multi‐drop constraints, we demand that the relevant boxes must be available, without rearranging others, when each drop‐off point is reached. To make the solutions feasible in the real world, it is further demanded that all boxes are placed in a feasible manner with respect to load‐bearing strength and with proper support from below. This makes it possible to load consignments originating from builder merchants. A heuristic based on a tree search framework is proposed. It uses greedy solutions to evaluate each choice taken. To make the framework more generic, a dynamic breadth is proposed. Based on problem characteristics and the time limit imposed, it will choose the breadth of the tree, making sure that the time is utilised most profitably. The algorithm is tested on new real‐world data from a Danish company distributing construction products. For the solutions to these problems to be feasible in a real‐world setting, both multi‐drop and load‐bearing strength constraints are essential. The obtained results show that the proposed model and algorithm are able to solve the new real‐world problems in fractions of a second. Furthermore, results obtained on benchmark problems indicate that the algorithm performs comparably with other more specialised methods.
The pure parsimony haplotyping problem: overview and computational advances
Authors: Catanzaro Daniele , Labbé Martine 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHaplotyping estimation from aligned single‐nucleotide polymorphism fragments has attracted more and more attention in recent years due to its importance in analysis of many fine‐scale genetic data. Its application fields range from mapping of complex disease genes to inferring population histories, passing through designing drugs, functional genomics, and pharmacogenetics. The literature proposes a number of estimation criteria to select a set of haplotypes among possible alternatives. Usually, such criteria can be expressed under the form of objective functions, and the sets of haplotypes that optimize them are referred to as optimal. One of the most important estimation criteria is the pure parsimony, which states that the optimal set of haplotypes for a given set of genotypes is that having minimal cardinality. Finding the minimal number of haplotypes necessary to explain a given set of genotypes involves solving an optimization problem, called the pure parsimony haplotyping (PPH) estimation problem, which is notoriously ‐hard. This article provides an overview of PPH, and discusses the different approaches to solution that occur in the literature.