bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Larvae of Bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), express induced feeding responses?
Authors: Dosdall L. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe Bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a polyphagous Nearctic insect known to feed on over 40 different host plant species, and can be a pest of canola (Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the Northern Great Plains. Bertha armyworm is known to sometimes switch hosts through between‐field movements, prompting this study to investigate its adherence to a particular host plant species after completing a period of initial development on it. In a laboratory study, larvae were reared to either their fourth or sixth instars on either intact or excised leaf tissue of one of seven host species, and were then allowed to select feeding hosts from various choices that included canola, B. napus and B. rapa (Brassicaceae), Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Compositae), flax, L. usitatissimum (Linaceae), field pea and alfalfa, Pisum sativum L. and M. sativa (Leguminosae), and lamb’s quarters, Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae). In general, Bertha armyworm larvae showed little propensity to feed on the host plant species on which they had been reared in their early life stages. Exceptions occurred for larvae reared on intact tissue of B. rapa and P. sativum, where larvae were subsequently observed feeding on these hosts significantly more frequently than on other host plants. When larvae of Bertha armyworm were reared through early developmental stages on intact plant tissue of a single host, B. rapa was frequently the choice for subsequent feeding. Movements of Bertha armyworm larvae between fields therefore appear to result from larvae that have exploited food resources in one area and are dispersing to regions of improved host plant availability.
Dispersal of mass‐reared sterile, laboratory‐domesticated and wild male Queensland fruit flies
Authors: Weldon C. , Meats A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractQueensland fruit flies, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (‘Q‐flies’) were released as sexually immature adults from a point within an orchard. Marked male Q‐flies were recaptured in the trap furthest from the release point (1087 m) by 2 weeks after release, although 98.25 ± 1.04% of recaptured males were trapped <500 m from the release point. Comparison of gamma‐irradiated (sterile), laboratory‐adapted and wild male Q‐flies indicated that dispersal distance was not significantly affected by fly type. There was no significant correlation between temperature and mean dispersal distance, but total recaptures were significantly negatively correlated with increasing daily maximum, minimum and average temperature.
Integration Between Different Hypothalamic Nuclei Involved in Stress and GnRH Secretion in the Ewe
Authors: Ghuman SPS , Morris R , Spiller DG , Smith RF , Dobson H 
Published: July 2009

ContentsThis study investigated possible integrated links in the neuroanatomical pathways through which the activity of neurones in the paraventricular nucleus and arcuate nucleus may modulate suppression of gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion during stressful situations. Double‐label immunofluorescence and laser scanning confocal microscopy were used to examine the hypothalamic sections from the follicular phase ewes. Noradrenergic terminals were in close contact with 65.7 ± 6.1% corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH) and 84.6 ± 3.2% arginine vasopressin (AVP) cell bodies in the paraventricular nucleus but not with β‐endorphin cell bodies in the arcuate nucleus. Furthermore, γ‐amino butyric acid (GABA) terminals were close to 80.9 ± 3.5% CRH but no AVP cell bodies in the paraventricular nucleus, as well as 60.8 ± 4.1%β‐endorphin cell bodies in the arcuate nucleus. Although CRH, AVP and β‐endorphin cell terminals were identified in the medial pre‐optic area, no direct contacts with GnRH cell bodies were observed. Within the median eminence, abundant CRH but not AVP terminals were close to GnRH cell terminals in the external zone; whereas, β‐endorphin cells and terminals were in the internal zone. In conclusion, neuroanatomical evidence is provided for the ewe supporting the hypothesis that brainstem noradrenergic and hypothalamic GABA neurones are important in modulating the activity of CRH and AVP neurones in the paraventricular nucleus, as well as β‐endorphin neurones in the arcuate nucleus. These paraventricular and arcuate neurones may also involve interneurones to influence GnRH cell bodies in medial pre‐optic area, whereas the median eminence may provide a major site for direct modulation of GnRH release by CRH terminals.
Too big for his boots: Are social costs keeping condition‐dependent status signalling honest in an Australian lizard?
Authors: HEALEY MO , OLSSON MATS 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAustralian painted dragon lizards Ctenophorus pictus occur in three head colours (red, orange and yellow) that differ in their level of aggression (reds being most aggressive), hormone profile (reds having higher testosterone levels) and in their frequency in our study population over time. They are also polymorphic in bib colour; some males have a bright yellow area under the chin, while others lack this coloured area entirely. We show that red males with a bib are in better body condition than red males that lack a bib. This contrasts sharply to yellow males, in which males with a bib are in poorer condition than yellow males that lack a bib. Our analysis also shows that following exposure to a high percentage of red (more aggressive) neighbours, all males suffer a reduction in body condition, and importantly, males with a bib (regardless of their head colour) suffer a more severe loss of body condition than males that lack a bib. Finally, this condition loss is significantly higher for yellow bibbed males than for red bibbed males, suggesting that the cost of sporting a bib may be higher for them. Orange males showed a non‐significant difference in condition between bib morphs. Our analysis also shows that bibbed yellow males (the morph with lower body condition), but no other morph category, declined significantly in their frequency between 2 years.
A novel type of interplexiform amacrine cell in the mouse retina
Authors: Dedek Karin , Breuninger Tobias , De Sevilla Müller Luis Pérez , Maxeiner Stephan , Schultz Konrad , Janssen‐Bienhold Ulrike , Willecke Klaus , Euler Thomas , Weiler Reto 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMammalian retinas comprise an enormous variety of amacrine cells with distinct properties and functions. The present paper describes a new interplexiform amacrine cell type in the mouse retina. A transgenic mouse mutant was used that expressed the gene for the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) instead of the coding DNA of connexin45 in several retinal cell classes, among which a single amacrine cell population was most prominently labelled. Staining for EGFP and different marker proteins showed that these amacrine cells are interplexiform: they stratify in stratum S4/5 of the inner plexiform layer and send processes to the outer plexiform layer. These cells were termed IPA‐S4/5 cells. They belong to the group of medium‐field amacrine cells and are coupled homologously and heterologously to other amacrine cells by connexin45. Immunostaining revealed that IPA‐S4/5 cells are GABAergic and express GAT‐1, a plasma‐membrane‐bound GABA transporter possibly involved in non‐vesicular GABA release. To characterize the light responses of IPA‐S4/5 cells, patch‐clamp recordings in retinal slices were made. Consistent with their stratification in the ON sublamina of the inner plexiform layer, cells depolarized in response to light ON stimuli and transiently hyperpolarized in response to light OFF. Responses of cells to green (578 nm) and blue (400 nm) light suggest that they receive input from cone bipolar cells contacting both M‐ and S‐cones, possibly with reduced S‐cone input. A new type of interplexiform ON amacrine cell is described, which is strongly coupled and uses GABA but not dopamine as its neurotransmitter.
Experience of intravenous sedation for pediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy in a large tertiary referral center in a developing country
Authors: AMORNYOTIN SOMCHAI , AANPREUNG PRAPUN , PRAKARNRATTANA UNGKAB , CHALAYONNAVIN WIYADA , CHATCHAWANKITKUL SUKANDA , SRIKUREJA WICHIT 
Published: July 2009

SummaryBackground: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of intravenous sedation for pediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy (GIE) at a tertiary care teaching hospital in a developing country.Methods: We undertook a retrospective review of the sedation service records of pediatric patients who underwent GIE. All endoscopies were performed by a pediatric gastroenterologist. All of the sedation was administered by staff anesthesiologist or anesthetic personnel in the gastroenterology procedure room.Results: Sedation was provided for 222 procedures in 214 patients ranged in age from younger than 1 to 17 years and in weight from 2.7 to 80.0 kg. Intravenous sedation was provided in 176 patients (82.2%). Of these patients, 185 procedures were performed and reviewed, with 152 (82.2%) procedures were esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) alone, 14 (7.6%) procedures were colonoscopy alone, 18 (9.7%) procedures were EGD and colonoscopy, and one procedure was endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). Most common indications of the procedure were screening for esophageal varices (25.2%), abdominal pain (15.9%), history of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (13.6%), and unexplained anemia (10.3%). The majority of preanesthetic problems were hematologic disease, anemia (38.2%); liver disease, cirrhosis (13.5%); and electrolyte imbalance (13.5%). Propofol (94.0%), fentanyl (87.0%), and midazolam (67.8%) were frequently used. The mean dose of propofol was 7.8 ± 4.1 mg·kg−1·h−1, fentanyl 2.3 ± 1.1 mcg·kg−1·h−1, and midazolam 0.1 ± 0.1 mg·kg−1·h−1. Most of them were used in combination. The combination of propofol, fentanyl, and midazolam was commonly employed (46.4%). The mean sedation time of all procedures was 28.2 min and was different according to procedure type. Complications occurred infrequently (13.5%) and were medication or airway related. All complications were easily treated, with no adverse sequelae. Intravenous sedation was successful except for one patient who required general anesthesia. However, all procedures were completed successfully.Conclusions: In the setting of the developing country, intravenous sedation for pediatric GIE by trained anesthetic personnel with appropriate monitoring was safe and effective. Serious adverse events were rare in our population.
Intraoperative reported adverse events in children
Authors: KAKAVOULI ATHINA , LI GUOHUA , CARSON MARGARET P. , SOBOL JULIA , LIN CHRISTINE , OHKAWA SUSUMU , HUANG LIN , GALIZA CAROLYN , WOOD ALASTAIR , SUN LENA S. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryBackground:  Significant intraprocedural adverse events (AE) are reported in children who receive anesthesia for procedures outside the Operating Rooms (NORA). No study, so far, has characterized AE in children who receive anesthesia in the operating rooms (ORA) and NORA when anesthesia care is provided by the same team in a consistent manner.Objective/Aim:  We used the same patient‐specific Quality Assurance questionnaires (QAs), to elucidate incidences of intraoperative reported AE for children receiving anesthesia in NORA and ORA locations. Through multivariate logistic regression analysis, we assessed the association between patient’s AE risk and procedure’s location while adjusting for American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status, age, and unscheduled nature of the procedure.Methods/Materials:  After Institutional Review Board approval, we used returned QAs of patients under 21 years, who received anesthesia from our pediatric anesthesia faculty from May 1 2006 through September 30, 2007. We analyzed QA data on: service location, unscheduled/scheduled procedure, age, ASA status, presence, and type of AE. We excluded QAs with incomplete information on date, location, age, and ASA status.Results:  We included 8707 cases, with 3.5% incidence of reported AE. We had 1898 NORA and 6808 ORA cases with AE incidence of 2.5% and 3.7%, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that patients with higher ASA status or younger age had higher incidence of reported AE, irrespective of location or unscheduled nature of the procedure. The most common AE type, for both sites, was respiratory related (1.9%).Conclusions:  Pediatric reported AE incidence was comparable for NORA and ORA locations. Younger age or higher ASA status are associated with increased risk of AE.
Cerebral metabolism during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest vs moderate hypothermic selective cerebral perfusion in a piglet model: a microdialysis study
Authors: CAVUS EROL , HOFFMANN GRISCHA , BEIN BERTHOLD , SCHEEWE JENS , MEYBOHM PATRICK , RENNER JOCHEN , SCHOLZ JENS , BOENING ANDREAS 
Published: July 2009

SummaryBackground:  Few data exist regarding antegrade selective cerebral perfusion (ASCP) and its application in newborn and juvenile patients. Clinical data suggest ASCP alone to be superior to deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA); however, the effects of moderate hypothermia during ASCP on cerebral metabolism in this patient population are still unclear.Methods:  After obtaining the approval from animal investigation committee, 16 piglets were randomly assigned to circulatory arrest combined with either ASCP at 27°C or DHCA at 18°C for 90 min. Cerebral oxygen extraction fraction (COEF) from blood as well as cerebral tissue glucose, glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, and the lactate/pyruvate ratio (L/P ratio) by microdialysis were obtained repeatedly.Results:  COEF was lower during cooling and rewarming, respectively, in the DHCA18 group compared to the ASCP27 group (30 ± 8 vs 56 ± 13% and 35 ± 6 vs 58 ± 7%, respectively). Glucose decreased in both the DHCA18 and ASCP27 groups during the course of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), but were higher in the ASCP27 group during ASCP, compared to the DHCA18 group during circulatory arrest (0.7 ± 0.1 vs 0.2 ± 0.1 mm·l−1, P < 0.05). Pyruvate was higher (ASCP27 vs DHCA18: 53 ± 17 vs 6 ± 2 μm·l−1, P < 0.05), and the L/P ratio increased during circulatory arrest in the DHCA18 group, compared to the selective perfusion phase of the ASCP27 group (DHCA18 vs ASCP27: 1891 ± 1020 vs 70 ± 28, P < 0.01).Conclusions:  In this piglet model, both cerebral oxygenation and microdialysis findings suggested a depletion of cerebral energy stores during circulatory arrest in the DHCA18 group, compared to selective cerebral perfusion combined with circulatory arrest in the ASCP27 group.
STARR with Contour® Transtar™: prospective multicentre European study
Authors: Lenisa L. , Schwandner O. , Stuto A. , Jayne D. , Pigot F. , Tuech J.J. , Scherer R. , Nugent K. , Corbisier F. , Espin‐Basany E. , Hetzer F. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjective  The stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR) in patients with defecation disorders is limited by the shape and capacity of the circular stapler. A new device has been recently developed, the Contour® Transtar™ stapler, in order to improve the safety and effectiveness of the STARR technique. The study has been designed to confirm this declaration.Method  From January to June 2007 a prospective European multicentre study of consecutive patients with defecation disorder caused by internal rectal prolapse underwent the new STARR technique. The assessment of perioperative morbidity and functional outcome after 6 weeks, 3 and 12 months was documented by different scores.Results  In all 75 patients, median age 64, the Transtar procedure was performed with 9% intraoperative difficulties, 7% postoperative complications and no mortality. The mean reduction of the ODS score was −15.6 (95%−CI: −17.3 to −13.8, P < 0.0001), mean reduction of SSS was −12.6 (95%−CI: −14.2 to −11.2; P < 0.0001). 41% stated improvement of their continence status by CCF score, only 4 patients (5%) had deterioration.Conclusion  The Transtar procedure is technically demanding, with good functional results similar to the conventional STARR.
Anastomotic leakage after resection of colorectal cancer generates prodigious use of hospital resources
Authors: Frye J. , Bokey E. L. , Chapuis P. H. , Sinclair G. , Dent O. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjective  The aim of this study was to determine the demand for hospital resources generated by anastomotic leakage, including surgical, medical, imaging, pathology, and other allied health consultations or services and length of postoperative hospital stay.Method  Data were obtained from a comprehensive, prospective hospital registry of all resections for colorectal cancer from January 1995 to December 2004 and from retrospective review of patients’ notes.Results  Forty‐one patients with a leak spent 92 days in intensive care, required 129 days of total parenteral nutrition, 69 days of enteric feeding and 41 days on ventilation and had a median postoperative hospital stay of 28 days (range 11–104). These patients required 24 re‐operations and 2273 separate medical consultations or allied services.Conclusion  Anastomotic leakage generates a very considerable demand for hospital resources and diverts these resources from the hospital population at large.
Anatomical branches of the superior rectal artery in the distal rectum
Authors: Schuurman J. P. , Go P. M. N. Y. H. , Bleys R. L. A. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjective  The aim of this experimental study was to study the arterial supply of the corpus cavernosum recti in the inner wall of the distal rectum in relation to haemorrhoidal ligation therapy.Method  In 10 nonfixed human cadavers, the arterial vasculature of the rectum was studied using the Araldite casting method. Subsequently, the specimens were treated with methylbenzoate in order to obtain semitransparent specimens in which the corpus cavernosum recti could be studied.Results  Specimens were obtained permitting study of the arterial vasculature of the rectum and corpus cavernosum recti at all levels. The superior rectal artery was found to supply the corpus cavernosum recti which consisted of a variable number of equally spaced twisting arteries.Conclusion  The distal rectum is supplied by the superior rectal artery. The supplying arteries of the corpus cavernosum recti are not confined to the strict locations described in the literature. This finding is of importance in surgical treatment of haemorrhoidal disease.
Fistulectomy and sphincteric reconstruction for complex cryptoglandular fistulas
Authors: Roig J. V. , García‐Armengol J. , Jordán J. C. , Moro D. , García‐Granero E. , Alós R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjective  Complex anal fistulas (CFs) are difficult to treat. Endoanal advancement flap (EAF) is one of the standard treatment options for such clinical conditions. Immediate sphincter repair after fistulectomy (ISR) is not commonly performed because of the fear of causing postoperative incontinence. The objective of this study was to compare the results of both techniques.Method  We retrospectively analysed a prospectively entered database composed of 146 patients (112 M; 34 F), undergoing operations for CF of cryptoglandular origin. The patients were divided in two groups: Group A: (EAF); n = 71 patients; Group B: (ISR); n = 75 patients.Results  Forty‐two fistulas (28.7%) were recurrent, 98 trans‐sphincteric (TS) and 37 suprasphincteric (SS). Twenty‐six (17.7%) patients had some degree of preoperative continence disturbances, 11 in Group A vs 15 in Group B (P = 0.47).  After a mean follow up of 13 months (12–60), fistula persisted or recurred in 13 (18.3%) patients in Group A vs eight (10.6%) in Group B (P = 0.19) irrespective of the fistula type (TS or SS). Thirty‐one (43.6%) patients in Group A vs 16 (21.3%) in Group B presented postoperative continence disturbances (P < 0.001). No changes were observed with the Faecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale (FIQLS). Group A patients had a significant reduction of maximal rest pressure after surgery. After ISR, no significant changes in pressures were observed.Conclusion  Immediate sphincter repair can be a therapeutic option in selected cases of CF, mainly when associated with incontinence or increased risk factors.
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivations to Volunteer and Social Capital Formation
Authors: Degli Antoni Giacomo 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYAlthough intrinsic motivations receive increasing attention in explaining human actions, our knowledge on their causes and effects is incomplete. Quite surprisingly, the existing literature fails to consider the relationship between intrinsic motivations and social capital formation. The present paper increases the understanding on the effect of intrinsic motivations by studying the role that different motivations to volunteer have on the creation of volunteers' social capital which is intended as networks of cooperative relations.Our empirical analysis considers three indices of social capital, aimed at measuring both the quantitative (number) and the qualitative (degree of familiarity and cooperation) character of social relations, and intrinsic and extrinsic motivations to volunteer (ideal motivations, the desire to feel useful to others, the pursuit of social recognition and the desire to increase the number of acquaintances or friends).We find that the creation of social capital through participation in voluntary associations is not indifferent to the motivations which induced the volunteer to start his/her unpaid activity. In particular, we show that intrinsic motivations enable people to extend their social networks by creating relations characterized by a significant degree of familiarity. By contrast, extrinsic motivations, and in particular the decision to join an association in order to increase the number of acquaintances or friends, promote the creation of networks from a quantitative point of view, but they do not facilitate the creation of relations based on a particular degree of confidence.
Government size and openness revisited: the case of financial globalization
Authors: Kimakova Alena 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYThe volatility of international capital flows to emerging markets has been well documented. Financial globalization may not in general fulfill its theoretical role as a risk sharing mechanism in financially underdeveloped economies, and hence may provide an impetus for compensating government spending. Comparative studies of the public sector have provided evidence of a robust positive association between government size and openness of the economy to trade flows. This paper extends the existing literature by investigating the relationship between government size and financial openness for 87 developing and developed countries between 1976 and 2003. The analysis reveals a positive relationship between exposure to international capital flows and government size. Furthermore, interacting capital flows with income levels shows that richer open economies tend to have smaller government size. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that benefits of financial integration, in terms of improved risk‐sharing and consumption smoothing, accrue only beyond a certain minimum level of financial development.