bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond the Golden Age
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

There is good reason to call the time period between Mariner 2's flyby of Venus to Voyager 2's encounter with Saturn ‘The Golden Age of Planetary Exploration.’ For a period of 20 years, through 1981, spacecraft were sent almost every month by the United States (and a lesser number by the Soviet Union). Overall, more than two dozen planetary bodies were studied during the program.Questions are frequently raised about programs beyond the year 2000. More pertinent are questions about plans between now and then. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Advisory Council Solar System Exploration Committee (SSEC) has attempted to answer some of these questions in its 1983 report on Planetary Exploration Through Year 2000. The report attempts to identify ‘the essential attitudes of a viable program in planetary sciences’ and to define ‘new ways to reduce costs.’
Analyzing Natural Systems: Analysis for Regional Residuals—Environmental Quality Management
Authors: Rogers Peter P. 
Published: October 2011

A colleague who is the head of a water planning agency in a large neighboring county and who was under some pressure to use the types of models discussed in this book told me, “You can either guess the input to the models or you can guess the results. As an engineer with long experience with the water systems that I manage I would rather guess the results because I have a feel for what is likely. If I use the models based upon very imperfect data my experience is completely ignored, and who knows what the results really mean.”Basta, Bower, and their coauthors have done an excellent job in summarizing the state of the art of the models available for analyzing natural systems with an eye to environmental quality management. What a sorry tale they tell. In the terrestrial, the aquatic, and the atmospheric environment the message is the same; the mathematical formulations have run ahead of the conceptual understanding of the underlying processes and the measurement of data on these processes.
EGT Project
Authors: Mueller Stephen 
Published: October 2011

The European Geotraverse (EGT) has been planned as a major geoscience project that will run for 5–7 years involving collaborative efforts of geophysicists, geologists, penologists, geodesists, and other geoscientists from different European countries. A first draft proposal was elaborated in 1981 by a Working Group of the European Science Research Councils (ESRC), a standing committee of the European Science Foundation (ESF); it was subsequently modified following the amendments requested by the ESRC and was finally approved by the General Assembly of the ESF on November 9, 1982.The broad aim of the EGT is to secure an understanding of how the continental lithosphere formed and reacted to changing physical and geometric conditions through time. One of the best locations for such a study is Europe because it is made up of a number of tectonic provinces ranging in succession from the oldest Precambrian areas of Scandinavia to the currently active area of the Mediterranean. The concept of a geotraverse has been chosen in order to provide a continuous, integrated study of sufficient scale to cross this whole region like a swathe that will give new information about the dynamics and vertical and lateral variations of the lithosphere, both within and between adjacent provinces.
Color experiment in JGR‐Red
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A special issue of the red section of the Journal of Geophysical Research that will feature liberal use of color at special reduced rates is being planned for July 1984. The first goal is to determine the need for color graphics from authors' and readers' viewpoints. The second goal is to gain experience with economies of scale so that realistic page charges can be set.Figures should be submitted in the final size. JGR page maximum dimensions are 17.3 cm×24.3 cm. Both the figure and the caption must fit on the page.
Operation Deep Sweep
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Fifty scientists and a crew of 18 have embarked on a 64,000 km odyssey to explore the Pacific from pole to pole—the most ambitious program in the history of the marine geology branch of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Called Operation Deep Sweep, the 1‐year cruise will search areas above the Arctic Circle, off of Alaska, to McMurdo Sound in Antarctica. The 63‐m, 1,300‐tonne research vessel Samuel P. Lee sailed from its home port of Redwood City, Calif., to San Francisco to begin the first leg of the lengthy journey.According to USGS officials and the cosponsoring Circum‐Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, the cruise will ultimately involve 150 scientists, some of them representing Germany, France, Australia, and New Zealand. David Howell, branch chief of Pacific Marine Geology for the USGS, said the voyage of the Lee was “the most far reaching and of the longest duration” ever attempted by his unit. He said the cruise would string together a large number of scientific experiments spanning the Pacific. Howell likened the voyage to the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1803–1806 (which explored Louisiana and the western United States) because “we're going into unknown territory and into regions not studied except in the most cursory manner.”
Wet “Water Year”
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The nation's streams for the 1983 water year (October 1, 1982, to September 30, 1983) were much wetter than average, considering the dry conditions that prevailed over much of the East and the Midwest at the end of the water year, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).USGS hydrologists said that for 174 key index gaging stations across the country, 48% had flows that were well above average (within the highest 25% of record) for the water year and only 6% (11 stations) reported well below average flows (within the lowest 25% of record).
Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean
Authors: Levitus Sydney 
Published: October 2011

A project to objectively analyze historical ocean temperature, salinity, oxygen, and percent oxygen saturation data for the world ocean has recently been completed at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey. The results of the project are being made available through distribution of the Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean (NOAA Professional Paper No. 13), and through distribution of magnetic tapes containing the objective analyses.The sources of data used in the project were the Station Data, Mechanical Bathythermograph, and Expendable Bathythermograph files of the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) in Washington, D.C., updated through 1977–1978. The raw data were subjected to quality control procedures, averaged by one‐degree squares, and then used as input to an objective analysis procedure that fills in one‐degree squares containing no data and smooths the results. Due to the lack of synoptic observations for the world ocean, the historical data are composited by annual, seasonal, and (for temperature) monthly periods.
Digital images of combined oceanic and continental data sets and their use in tectonic studies
Authors: Haxby W. F. , Karner G. D. , LaBrecque J. L. , Weissel J. K. 
Published: October 2011

Recently, much interest has centered around the development of gridded geophysical data sets capable of resolving features important for tectonic studies of the earth's crust and lithosphere in both oceanic and continental areas. Construction of such data sets is now possible for several reasons: (1) satellite missions, such as GEOS 3, Seasat, and Magsat have provided abundant information with uniform coverage in all parts of the oceans, including remote areas poorly explored by surface ships; (2) a new digital bathymetric data set has been completed by the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office; (3) geophysical measurements made in many countries around the world are closely spaced and thus highly suitable for gridding; and (4) these data have been disseminated to the scientific community.Except for studies based on earthquake seismology, tectonic studies of continental and oceanic areas have largely proceeded separately, using data acquired from land geological and geophysical surveys, and ships at sea, respectively. Our purpose in this paper is to demonstrate how crustal and lithospheric studies can benefit when continental and oceanic data sets are combined. In addition, we show how digital imaging techniques provide an effective means for displaying the information contained in these combined data sets. Interpretation methods are greatly facilitated by the ability to enhance linear trends and subtle regional textures, and by the ability to display complementary data sets side‐by‐side or by overlaying images.
South Pacific mineral cache
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Recent deep‐water sampling of mineral‐rich crusts on the seafloor between the Hawaiian Islands and Samoa revealed deposits of cobalt, nickel, and manganese that are richer than previous samples, according to a team of scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Federal Republic of Germany aboard the research vessel S.P. Lee.Thin pieces of crust dredged from a seamount about 260 km northwest of Palmyra Atoll and Kingman Reef (U.S. territorial possessions roughly midway between Honolulu and American Samoa) had a cobalt concentration of 2.5%, or more than twice the concentration that earlier reconnaissance studies indicated would be found. The rock samples also contained 0.8% nickel and 32% manganese, compared to the estimated concentrations of 0.5% and 25%, respectively. The areas in which the deposits were found are part of the relatively unexplored ocean bottom included in the recently proclaimed 200‐nautical‐mile U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
Actions at Hamburg: International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Reproduced below are resolutions adopted by IAGA during the 18th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) in Hamburg, August 15–27, 1983.The resolutions passed at each quadrennial general assembly of IUGG and of its member associations are an important barometer of current opinion in the geophysics community and can be a powerful tool in the development of the scientific programs to which they are addressed. The resolutions will help advance programs, however, only if they are used. Carried back home by the national committees which make up the IUGG, the resolutions can spread information worldwide on programs that promise to most effectively advance geophysical knowledge. IUGG and its member associations intend that member groups will present the resolutions before deliberative bodies and otherwise use them to make decision makers aware of international scientific thought.
The year in review
Authors: Baker D. James 
Published: October 2011

The year 1983 was an exciting one, filled with intense activity by oceanographers in all disciplines. The year started with confirmation that we were indeed experiencing a major and unusual El Niño. The awareness of the role of the ocean in climate variation was enhanced both by the severity of the El Niño and the new reports on the effect of increasing CO2 in the atmosphere.The year continued with remarkable demonstrations of the power of satellite‐borne instruments to reveal new physical, biological, and geological features of the ocean. We saw the retirement of the Glomar Challenger as a deep sea drilling vessel after 15 successful years and the start of a major new drilling program destined to be aboard a larger vessel. The year ended with planning for new, expanded studies on the interaction of the tropical ocean with the global atmosphere and on the general circulation of the ocean. The prospects of global studies of biogeochemical fluxes were under discussion.
AGU scholars
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

In recognition of the strong support of the Americn Geophysical Union and its substantial contribution to the American Geological Institute's (AGI) Minority Participation Program, 12 of the 1983–1984 AGI scholarship participants were designated “AGU Scholars.” Because part of this support comes from a matching grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to increase the number of minority students studying in fields related to the development of marine and coastal resources, five of these students were designated “AGU Sea Scholars.”The AGU Scholars, all of whom have elected courses of study related to the broad areas of interest of the Union, are Rufus Catchings, a geophysics graduate student at Stanford University; Charles R. Elerson, a graduate geophysics student at Louisiana Technical University; Ronald L. Keas and Orlanda M. Marques, undergraduate geophysics students at the Colorado School of Mines; Andrew Lewis Mickle, a hydrology graduate student at the University of Florida; Jaime Rangel, an undergraduate geophysics student at the University of Texas at Austin; and Ronald Wynn Sheets, a graduate geochemistry student at Ohio State University.
National Technology Medal nominations
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Nominations opened this month for the second round of the National Technology Medals, which are awarded periodically by the president of the United States to recognize individuals and companies for “outstanding contributions to improving the well being of the United States through the promotion of technology or technological manpower.”Any U.S. citizen or U.S.‐owned company is eligible. Persons connected with the administration or selection procedures for the medal are not eligible during the period of their service or for 5 years thereafter. It is anticipated that no more than 12 medals will be awarded on any one occasion.
[Comment on “Acid rain: Controllable?”] Acid rain
Authors: McTaggart‐Cowan P. D. 
Published: October 2011

I have read Dr. Lester Machta's article, “Acid Rain: Controllable?” (Eos, November 29, 1983, p. 953) and do not want it to go unchallenged.The final paragraph of the article is hard to justify. I know Dr. Machta, and I think he knows many of my friends, and we are firmly of the opinion that we know enough to justify political action to reduce sulfur emissions now. We also know how to reduce them. Certainly we, as scientists, should work on the residual uncertainties, but in my opinion these are being used as an excuse for inaction politically and do not constitute a valid reason for no action.
Marine Multichannel Seismology Workshop
Authors: Detrick Bob 
Published: October 2011

The multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection technique, developed by the oil industry for petroleum exploration in sedimentary basins, has proven to be a powerful tool for imaging subsurface geology in a wide variety of tectonic settings at a scale suitable for detailed investigations of geological structures and processes. In the ocean basins, MCS studies have provided new insight into the tectonic history of rifted and convergent continental margins, the structure of the oceanic crust and midocean ridges, and the sedimentation history and paleoceanography of deep ocean basins. MCS techniques have thus developed into an important tool for marine geological and geophysical research.The National Science Foundation recently sponsored a Workshop on the Future of Academic Marine Multichannel Seismology in the United States, held in Boulder, Colo., on March 19–20, 1984, to review the current state of marine academic MCS in the United States and to make recommendations on the facilities and funding required to meet future scientific needs. The workshop, which was convened by Brian T.R. Lewis of the University of Washington, included 19 scientists representing the major U.S. oceanographic institutions with interests in marine seismic work. This article summarizes the major recommendations developed at this workshop, which have been included in a more comprehensive report entitled ‘A National Plan for Marine Multichannel Seismology,’ which has been submitted to the National Science Foundation for future publication.
Basin and range viewed from Borah Peak
Authors: Stein Ross S. , Bucknam Robert C. 
Published: October 2011

In 1883, the brilliant geologist G. K. Gilbert wrote an article for the Salt Lake Tribune,“A theory of earthquakes of the Great Basin” (American Journal of Science (3rd Series , vol. 27, p. 49, 1884), which beganThere are many geologists who are very wise, but even they do not understand the forces which produce mountains. And yet it must be admitted, not only that mountains have been made, but that some mountains are still rising.
Report endorses data sharing
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The potential benefits of sharing data so outweigh its costs that investigators should be required to include plans for sharing data as part of their grant proposals, according to recommendations issued recently by the Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT) of the National Research Council (NRC).In their report Sharing Research Data, CNSTAT also recommended that “Journals should give more emphasis to reports of secondary analyses and to replications,” provided that the original collections of data receive full credit. In addition, “Journal editors should require authors to provide access to data during the peer review process.”
Report to the American Physical Society of the Study Group on Radionuclide Release From Severe Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants
Authors: Shaw George 
Published: October 2011

The release of radioiodine during the Three Mile Island (TMI) accident was more than an order of magnitude smaller than what had been predicted from analyses of hypothetical nuclear accidents. The Reactor Safety Study of 1975 (RSS), which carried out the analyses, is a fundamental factor in formulating regulations concerned with such accidents. This American Physical Society (APS) study group report is a result of the obvious need to reevaluate the RSS analysis of the “source term,” that is, the amount of various radionuclides that are predicted to be emitted under various reactor failure scenarios.The report includes an introductory background to the history of nuclear reactor accidents and accident studies and to the health aspects of radionuclide releases. It then describes nuclear reactors and reactor failure modes, including reasonably detailed descriptions of particular modes thought to be especially critical. The most extensive discussion concerns the chemical and physical processes important in the generation, transport, and release of radionuclides. The large computer codes used to model these processes are considered and evaluated. The results of some of the computer runs are examined in the light of a simplified but informative model to evaluate those features of an accident that are most likely to affect the source term. A review of the research programs currently underway precedes both the study group conclusions about the need to revise the source terms from those in the RSS and recommendations for further studies that are necessary to better evaluate the source term.
Seismology in the days of old
Authors: Lehmann Inge 
Published: October 2011

I may have been 15 or 16 years old when, on a Sunday morning, I was sitting at home together with my mother and sister, and the floor began to move under us. The hanging lamp swayed. It was very strange. My father came into the room. “It was an earthquake,” he said. The center had evidently been at a considerable distance, for the movement felt slow and not shaky. In spite of a great deal of effort, an accurate epicenter was never found. This was my only experience with an earthquake until I became a seismologist 20 years later.In the autumn of 1925, I became an assistant to N. E. Norlund, who shortly before had been appointed director of “Gradmaalingen” (a geodetic institution that was in charge of measuring the meridian arc in Denmark). He had become interested in establishing seismic stations in Denmark and Greenland. He wanted everything done in the best possible way, and much attention was paid to the time service. The best existing seismographs had to be used, and they were to be placed so that they were not strongly affected by disturbing movements, such as traffic, for example. Two solid buildings, part of the fortification system that surrounded Copenhagen, were made available. My first major task was to assist in the installation of the Galitzin‐Willip seismographs there. On November 18, 1926, the seismic station was inaugurated. Its standard was high in comparison with existing seismic stations.
Along the water front
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

William O. Pruitt, of the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, Colo., has received the American Society of Civil Engineers' Royce J. Tipton Award, which recognizes contributions to the advancement of irrigation and drainage engineering.Depart of Interior Meritorious Service Awards have been presented to the following AGU Hydrology Section members: James P. Bennett and John E. Moore of the U.S. Geological Survey (Reston, Va.).
Nuclear waste under glass, reconsidered
Authors: Crovisier J. L. , Honnorez J. 
Published: October 2011

“Mg May Protect Waste Under Glass,” a news item in the January 26, 1988, issue of Eos (p. 49), summarized the work of John O'Keefe (National Aeronautics and Space Administration/ Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.), B. P. Glass (University of Delaware, Newark), and Aaron Barkatt (Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C.). We can only agree with Barkatt's final word of caution about O'Keefe's (overall conclusion) suggestion that “Mg added to the backfill surrounding glass‐filled cannisters…would react with infiltrating fresh water to seal off the glass from dissolution that would release radioactive material.” It is indeed an oversimplified interpretation, since several environmental parameters (and not only pH nor Mg ++ activity) simultaneously control glass dissolution.From the start, two main dissolution mechanisms of a silicated glass have to be distinguished: congruent dissolution (all of the glass constituents dissolves simultaneously) and selective dissolution (the modifier elements of the glass network, e.g., alkali and alkaline earths, are exchanged). In the first case, the glass dissolution rate is controlled by the rate of Si‐O‐Si bond breakdown, which depends on temperature, pH, and solution silica activity. In the second case, the glass corrosion rate depends on the diffusion rate of the various species into a residual hydrated glass network.
Horton and Ewing Medalists
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

AGU has announced the recipients of the 1988 Robert E. Horton and Maurice Ewing medals. The recipient of the Robert E. Horton Medal for outstanding contributions to the geophysical aspects of hydrology will be Peter S. Eagleson of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Eagleson is the immediate Past‐President of AGU.The recipient of the Maurice Ewing Medal for significant original contributions to understanding physical, geophysical, and geological processes in the ocean; and/or significant original contributions to scientific ocean engineering, technology, and instrumentation; and/or outstanding service to marine sciences is Wolfgang H. Berger of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The medal is presented jointly by the U.S Navy and AGU.