bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Environmental Variations on Simulated Squall Lines Interacting with Terrain
Authors: Letkewicz Casey E. , Parker Matthew D. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The complex evolution of convective systems crossing (or attempting to cross) mountainous terrain represents a substantial forecasting challenge. This study examines the processes associated with environments of “crossing” squall lines (which were able to redevelop strong convection in the lee of a mountain barrier) and “noncrossing” squall lines (which were not able to redevelop strong convection downstream of the barrier). In particular, numerical simulations of mature convective systems crossing idealized terrain roughly approximating the Appalachian Mountains were used to test the first-order impact of variations in the vertical wind profile upon system maintenance.
By itself, the wind profile showed no ability to uniquely discriminate between simulated crossing and noncrossing squall lines; each test revealed a similar pattern of orographic enhancement, suppression, and lee reinvigoration in which a hydraulic jump deepened the system’s cold pool and renewed the low-level lifting. Increasing the mean wind led to greater enhancement of vertical velocities on the windward side of the barrier and greater suppression on the lee side. Variations in the low-level shear influenced the temperature and depth of the outflow, which in turn altered the lifting along the system’s gust front. However, in all of the wind profile tests, convection redeveloped in the lee. Additional simulations explored more marginal environments in which idealized low-level cooling or drying stabilized the downstream environment. In most such tests, the systems weakened but the presence of CAPE aloft still enabled the systems to survive in the lee. However, the combination of a stronger mean wind with diminished CAPE and increased convective inhibition (CIN) was ultimately found to eliminate downstream redevelopment and produce a noncrossing mesoscale convective system (MCS). Within these experiments, the ability of a squall line to cross a barrier similar to the Appalachians is primarily tied to the characteristics of the downstream thermodynamic environment; however, as the lee thermodynamic environment becomes less favorable, the mean wind exerts a greater influence on system intensity and redevelopment.
Serum Biochemical and Hematologic Values of Normal and Mycobacterium Bovis-Infected American Bison
Authors: Miller Lyle D. , Thoen Charles O. , Throlson Kenneth J. , Himes Elmer M. , Morgan Ronald L. 
Published: May 2011

Hematologic and serum biochemical tests were used to monitor the health of 3 groups of bison in an experimental study of tuberculosis. Bison were randomly assigned to Mycobacterium bovis-infected, M. bovis -sensitized, and uninfected control groups. Hematologic measurements included total and differential leukocyte counts, hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), fibrinogen, and plasma proteins. Biochemical tests included serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, aspartate amino transferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, serum calcium, and serum phosphorus. There were no significant differences (P = 0.05) in any test values between groups of bison. The bison data were combined and compared to similar data of cattle. The mean values for PCV and Hb were higher than values (PCV 24–46%, Hb 8–15 g/dl) for cattle. Mycobacterium bovis -infected bison had a slight increase in the number of blood monocytes and lymphocytes when compared to the uninfected bison but were within the normal ranges for bison and cattle. Other hematologic parameters were within normal ranges reported for cattle. Creatinine levels in all bison were above the normal range (1.0–1.5 mg/dl) for cattle. Phosphorus levels for M. bovis-infected and M. bovis -sensitized bison exceeded the normal range (5.6–8.0 mg/dl) reported for cattle. The level for uninfected bison was near the upper limit of normal for cattle. Mean values for other serum biochemical tests were within the normal ranges reported for cattle.
Susceptibility of a Fetal Tongue Cell Line Derived from Bighorn Sheep to Five Serotypes of Bluetongue Virus and its Potential for the Isolation of Viruses
Authors: Castro Anthony E. , Montague Steven R. , Dotson Jill F. , Jessup David A. , DeForge James R. 
Published: May 2011

A cell line (BHFTE) was derived from a tongue explant of a bighorn sheep fetus (Ovis canadensis nelsoni). The cells have been maintained through 23 serial passages, and the modal number of chromosomes was calculated to be 55. Monolayer cultures were shown to be susceptible to various viruses, including bluetongue virus (BTV). Of 5 BTV serotypes (2, 10, 11, 13, and 17) tested, each produced a cytopathic effect (CPE) on initial passage at 33 C. A field isolate (serotype 10) of BTV from a black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in its second passage in Vero-M cells also produced CPE when inoculated into BHFTE cells. Antigens of BTV were demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence in the cytoplasm of BHFTE cells inoculated with homogenates of chicken embryos injected with clinical specimens from a domestic sheep and an Arabian oryx (Oryx gazella leucoryx). A suspension of BTV-infected gnats (Culicoides spp.) produced CPE and BTV-specific fluorescence on the first passage in cells inoculated with a suspension of blood from sheep experimentally infected with BTV. Additionally, selected bovine viruses induced CPE in the cells. The cell line, which is free of mycoplasma and bovine viral diarrhea virus contamination, may be useful in diagnostic medicine and research involving the ruminant species.
Laboratory Diagnosis of African Horse Sickness: Comparison of Serological Techniques and Evaluation of Storage Methods of Samples for Virus Isolation
Authors: House Carol , Mikiciuk Peter E. , Beminger Mary Lou 
Published: May 2011

Five serological methods of diagnosing African horse sickness were evaluated, using a battery of serum samples from experimental horses vaccinated and challenged with each serotype of African horse sickness virus (AHSV1 through AHSV9): agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA), complement fixation (CF), virus neutralization (VN), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The 5 tests were also compared using a panel of field samples, convalescent equine sera with antibodies to domestic equine viral diseases, and sera from horses awaiting export. The ELISA described in this paper was group specific. It did not require calibration with a standard positive serum but did yield elevated values with negative sera that were repeatedly frozen and thawed or heat inactivated. The IFA test was sensitive but could not be used on some field sera as the control cells exhibited fluorescence, possibly due to the animal being recently vaccinated with cell culture material. Sixty-two experimental sera were compared by VN, CF, AGID, and ELISA. Forty sera, 10 positive and 30 negative, were correctly classified by the 5 serologic assays. The 22 remaining sera gave mixed reactions. The AGID had no false positive results but had false negative results for up to 20% of the samples, depending upon the comparison. The VN, CF, and ELISA were similar in their variability. The length of time that virus could be recovered from a viremic blood sample was compared in an evaluation of storage methods for virus isolation samples. Washed erythrocytes were held at 4 C, washed erythrocytes plus stabilizer were held at −70 C, and blood that was drawn into a preservative (oxalate/phenol/glycerol) was held at 4 C. Virus was isolated for 12 months from a sample stored as washed erythrocytes at 4 C but for only 6 months from the same blood stored by the other 2 methods.
Monoclonal Antibody in the Identification of Haemophilus Somnus
Authors: Thomson Mary S. , Lauerman Lloyd H. , Wilt Gerald R. 
Published: May 2011

Electrophoretic comparisons of outer membrane proteins of Haemophilus somnus isolates revealed 2 major protein bands (46 and 14 kilodaltons [kD]) common to all isolates tested. A monoclonal antibody raised against H. somnus reacted to the 46-kD band. Coagglutination tests were performed using a monoclonal antibody coagglutination assay. The monoclonal reagent was produced by incubating Cowan strain Staphylococcus aureus suspension, used as a source of crude protein A, with mouse ascitic fluid monoclonal antibody or goat anti-H. somnus hyperimmune serum. Bacteria to be tested were suspended at a concentration of 4.5 × 109 cells/ml. The coagglutination test was performed by the addition of 50 μ1 of the monoclonal reagent to 50 μ1 of the bacterial suspension on a glass plate and manual rotation for 2–3 minutes. The coagglutination assay using Cowan strain Staphylococcus aureus protein A, coupled with the monoclonal antibody, agglutinated 10 different H. somnus isolates. The antibody reagent did not coagglutinate with Actinobacillus suis, A. equuli, Pasteurella haemolytica, P. multocida, or P. pneumotropica under similar test conditions.
The Correlation between Serum Selenium and Blood Selenium in Cattle
Authors: Maas John , Galey Francis D. , Peauroi John R. , Case James T. , Littlefield E. Sue , Gay Clive C. , Koller Loren D. , Crisman Russel O. , Weber Dale W. , Warner Dewey W. , Tracy Mark L. 
Published: May 2011

The selenium (Se) concentration of paired blood and serum samples from cattle was determined by 2 methods: 1) atomic absorption spectroscopy using hydride generation (HG-AAS), and 2) inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy using hydride generation (ICP). Samples from 327 cattle were analyzed by HG-AAS, and samples from 344 cattle were analyzed by ICP. The data were examined by linear regression analysis, and the technique of inverse prediction was utilized to determine prediction intervals for estimating blood Se concentration from known serum Se concentration. The correlation coefficients, by simple linear regression of serum Se on blood Se, were 0.79 ( r2 = 0.62) and 0.88 ( r2 = 0.77) for the HG-AAS data and the ICP data, respectively. For the HG-AAS data, the inverse prediction formula for estimating blood Se when serum Se is known, at the 95% prediction interval, was For the ICP data, the inverse prediction formula for estimating blood Se when serum Se is known, at the 95% prediction interval, was The prediction intervals were quite wide, and the accuracy of estimating blood Se from a known serum Se was not useful for diagnostic purposes. The use of serum Se concentration to assess nutritional status of cattle with respect to Se does not appear to be appropriate.
Systemic Pasteurella Haemolytica Infection as a Rare Sequel to Avirulent Live Pasteurella Haemolytica Vaccination in Cattle
Authors: Zeman David , Neiger Regg , Nietfield Jerome , Miskimins Dale , Libal Melissa , Johnson Darrel , Janke Bruce , Gates Connie , Forbes Keith 
Published: May 2011

Eleven cases of systemic Pasteurella haemolytica infection in cattle were identified from routine diagnostic laboratory submissions during the falls of 1988, 1989, and 1991. All cases came with a history of recent vaccination with an avirulent live culture P. haemolytica product. Nine of 11 cases involved cattle vaccinated between 2 and 18 days previously with this product. Ten of 11 cases involved 182-227-kg beef calves that were vaccinated between September and November during routine processing for entry into feedlots. The morbidity and mortality was generally low. The major pathologic findings included meningitis, injection site abscessation and/or cellulitis, and polyarthritis. Systemic infection was indicated in all cases by the isolation of P. haemolytica from 2 or more organs or distinct anatomical sites. In 6 cases, the vaccine injection site was cultured, and in all 6 cases, P. haemolytica was isolated. Three separate P. haemolytica isolates from 2 cases were further studied by restriction enzyme analysis (REA). These isolates were from tissues with suppurative inflammation, including the brain, joint, and injection site. The REA patterns of each of these 3 isolates were identical to the REA pattern of the vaccine masterseed, which strongly suggested that the organisms causing systemic infection were the same as the organism used to produce the vaccine. Because the overall incidence was quite low, other factors, such as stress, probably played a major role in the expression of this syndrome.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Salmonella Serology using Lipopolysaccharide Antigen
Authors: Smith Bradford P. , Dilling George W. , House John K. , Konrad Hans , Moore Nadia 
Published: May 2011

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to measure specific IgG titers in cattle has proven useful. Serology can be used to assess vaccine responses and infection rates, to detect carriers, and to aid in epidemiologic studies. The objective of this study was to assess cross-reactions using sera from cattle vaccinated with different Salmonella serogroups. ELISA plates using lipopolysaccharide from serogroup B, C1, C3, D1 or E1 as the plate antigens were tested. LPS was extracted from Salmonella typhimurium (Serogroup B; somatic antigens 01, 4, 12), S. montevideo (C1; 06, 7), S. kentucky (C3; 08, 20), S. dublin (D1; 01, 9, 12) and S. anatum (E1; 03, 10) using the Westphal method. Fifteen cows were found to be seronegative for all 5 of these serogroup antigens. Each cow was then vaccinated 3 times at 2-week intervals with a killed Salmonella bacterin. The 15 different serotypes used for vaccination were chosen to represent a wide array of Salmonella serogroups with a wide array of somatic “O” antigens expressed, including somatic antigens 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, and 27. With each antigen tested, the highest ELISA titers were seen with sera from cattle vaccinated with homologous O antigens, indicating that reactions were highly O antigen-specific. Some cross reactions between serogroups sharing one O factor antigen were found; these titers were lower than those found with homologous serogroups sharing 2 or more antigens. Only serum from the cow vaccinated with S. anatum (group E; antigens 03, 10) cross-reacted at a low titer with group C1 (O somatic antigens 6, 7) and D1 (O somatic antigens 1, 9, 12) plate antigens, with which no somatic antigens were shared. We conclude from these results that Salmonella serology using LPS antigens is highly O antigen-specific and predictable.
The balance of pro-inflammatory and trophic factors in multiple sclerosis patients: effects of acute relapse and immunomodulatory treatment
Authors: Lindquist Sabine , Hassinger Sarah , Lindquist Jonathan A , Sailer Michael 
Published: May 2011

Background: In multiple sclerosis inflammation is primarily injurious to the central nervous system, but its therapeutic suppression might inhibit repair-promoting factors. Objectives: We aimed at better describing the complexity of biological effects during an acute relapse and analysed the effects of intervention with high-dose i.v. glucocorticoids and immunomodulatory treatment with interferon-beta (IFNβ). Methods: We studied the intracellular expression levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) together with the neurotrophins ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of multiple sclerosis patients during an acute relapse, after intervention with i.v. methylprednisolone and at baseline, using a highly quantitative flow-cytometric approach. Results: We demonstrated the expression of CNTF in human leucocytes. We showed that CNTF levels differed in acutely relapsing multiple sclerosis patients compared with controls and increased after corticosteroid treatment. CNTF can counteract the toxicity of TNFα towards oligodendrocytes and we found TNFα increased during acute relapses. Following corticosteroids, neither TNFα nor iNOS expression was reduced. Levels of BDNF were not affected by glucocorticoids, but increased during IFNβ therapy. However, IFNβ also increased the expression of iNOS and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I), underlining its immunomodulatory potential. Conclusions: Multiple sclerosis patients might benefit from reparative, and not solely from anti-inflammatory, effects of glucocorticoids. Interactive effects of glucocorticoid- and IFNβ-treatment need to be considered to improve neuroprotection and remyelination resulting from immunomodulatory treatment.
HAGIL (Hamburg Vigil Study): a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study with modafinil for treatment of fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Möller F , Poettgen J , Broemel F , Neuhaus A , Daumer M , Heesen C 
Published: May 2011

Objective: To reassess the effect of modafinil, a wakefulness-promoting artificial psychostimulant, on fatigue and neuropsychological measures in patients with multiple sclerosis. Methods: Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with a baseline score of ≥4 on the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and an Expanded Disability Status Scale score <7 were eligible for the 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Modafinil was dosed up to 200 mg/day within 1 week. Assessments were performed at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks. The primary outcome parameter was the mean change of the FSS mean score. Secondary outcome variables were other questionnaires covering fatigue, daytime sleepiness and sleep quality. Cognitive impairment was assessed by the oral version of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). Results: The study included 121 MS patients. Dropout rate was 9%. Both treatment groups showed improvements through time. While mean FSS at 8 weeks showed a trend difference between groups in the intention-to-treat analysis, the primary endpoint was not met. Assessment of cognitive impairment by SDMT and PASAT showed contradictory results. All other secondary endpoints were not met. There was no major safety concern. Conclusions: In general, the study does not support modafinil as an effective treatment for MS fatigue. However, the study shows the need for new study designs and endpoints in MS fatigue studies.
Randomized trial of a teleconference-delivered fatigue management program for people with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Finlayson Marcia , Preissner Katharine , Cho Chi , Plow Matthew 
Published: May 2011

Background: Previous studies support the efficacy and effectiveness of face-to-face group-based fatigue management education for people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Nevertheless, many people are unable to access these programs due to environmental barriers. Objectives: To test the efficacy and effectiveness of a group-based, teleconference-delivered fatigue management program for people with MS. Methods: A randomly allocated two-group time series design with a wait-list control group was used. In total 190 participants were allocated (94 intervention, 96 wait-list control). Primary outcomes (fatigue impact, fatigue severity, health-related quality of life (HRQOL)) were measured before, immediately after, at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post. Secondary outcome (self-efficacy) was measured at the same points. Effectiveness (intent-to-treat) and efficacy (per protocol) analyses were conducted. Results: The program was more effective and efficacious than control for reducing fatigue impact but not fatigue severity. Before and after comparisons with the pooled sample demonstrated efficacy and effectiveness for fatigue impact, fatigue severity, and 6 of 8 HRQOL dimensions. Changes were maintained for 6 months with small to moderate effect sizes. Conclusion: The results offer strong support for the viability of teleconference-delivered fatigue management education for enabling people with MS to manage this disabling symptom.
Imaging the tip of the iceberg: visualization of cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Seewann Alexandra , Vrenken Hugo , Kooi Evert-Jan , van der Valk Paul , Knol Dirk L , Polman Chris H , Pouwels Petra JW , Barkhof Frederik , Geurts Jeroen JG 
Published: May 2011

Background: Cortical lesions (CLs) occur frequently in multiple sclerosis (MS), but only few CLs are observed on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Why some CLs are visible and others are not is currently unknown. Here, we investigated whether CLs that are visible on conventional MRI differ from MRI-invisible CLs in terms of underlying histopathology and quantitative MRI (qMRI) measures. Methods: A total of 16 brain slices from 10 patients with chronic MS were analysed histopathologically and with conventional and qMRI. A region-of-interest approach was used to compare MRI-visible CLs with MRI-invisible CLs. Results: Although under-powering cannot be completely excluded in this study, MRI-visible CLs did not seem to differ from MRI-invisible CLs in terms of histopathology or qMRI measures. They were, however, significantly larger than their invisible counterparts (mean 13.3 ± 1.7 mm2 versus 6.9 ± 1.3 mm2; p = 0.001). Furthermore, the number of MRI-visible lesions correlated with the overall number of CLs in the brain slice ( r = 0.96, p < 0.01) and with the overall percentage of demyelination ( r = 0.78, p < 0.01) per hemispheric brain slice. Conclusion: MRI visibility of CLs is determined by lesion size, and not by any distinctive underlying pathology. Visible CLs are associated with a higher total cortical lesion load, which suggests that when CLs in patients with MS become detectable on MRI, they merely represent ‘the tip of the pathological iceberg’.
Issues Encountered by Physicians During International Travel With Youth National Soccer Teams
Authors: Rosenbaum Daryl A. , Davis Stephen W. 
Published: May 2011

Background: Little information is available to guide the selection, preparation, and support of a traveling team physician. Purpose: To determine the types of injuries and medical problems, as well as general team health and performance issues, encountered by physicians traveling internationally with youth national soccer teams. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology. Methods: Physicians assigned to travel abroad with the under-17 men’s and women’s US national soccer teams during a 2-year period documented all encounters with team and staff members. Physicians also documented consultations related to team health and performance issues. Results: The 108 cases (5.71 per 10 days) were evenly divided between injuries (n = 54) and noninjuries (n = 54). Players sought care at a higher rate than did staff (2.28 vs 1.09 per 100 person days). Mean severity for all player cases was 5.19 days missed (injuries, 10.48; noninjuries, 0.23). Nearly 69% of injuries involved the lower extremities: strains, sprains, and contusions accounted for 74.1% of injuries. Gastrointestinal, dermatologic, and otolaryngologic complaints accounted for 77.8% of noninjuries. Medications were administered in 71% of cases, with analgesics, cough and cold remedies, antibiotics, and gastrointestinal agents accounting for the majority. The leading team health and performance concerns were nutrition/hydration, conditioning, prevention, and doping control. Conclusion: Physicians traveling internationally with youth soccer teams manage an equal proportion of musculoskeletal and medical problems using simple medications.