bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolations of subgenus III salmonellas (arizonas) in Cardiff, 1959–1971
Authors: Harvey R. W. S. , Price T. H. , Hall Mary L. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIsolations of subgenus III salmonellas (arizonas) made in the regional Public Health Laboratory, Cardiff, between 1959 and 1971 are reviewed. The techniques of isolation are listed for the various materials examined. The necessity of using bismuth sulphite agar as a plating medium is stressed, as some strains might appear on brilliant green MacConkey agar as rapid lactose fermenters and be missed. The serotypes isolated in Cardiff are discussed with reference to isolations by other authors. The culture of a subgenus III salmonella from pig faeces is described. It is thought that this is the first record of such an isolation from a pig in the United Kingdom.
Fluctuations in the titre of antibody to a soluble antigen of myxoma virus in field populations of rabbits,Oryctolagus cuniculus(L.), in Australia
Authors: Williams R. T. , Dunsmore J. D. , Sobey W. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYResults are presented on tests carried out over the past 5 years to measure the antibody titre of various rabbit populations to a soluble antigen of myxoma virus. In an unexpectedly high percentage of immune rabbits the antibody fell below measurable titres, and later rose to measurable titres without the advent of an observable epizootic of myxomatosis. The re-stimulation of the immune response is discussed in terms of re-infection and virus reactivation.
An ‘in-production’ method for testing the sterility of infusion fluids
Authors: Rycroft J. A. , Moon D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe addition of dehydrated broth powder to a random selection of bottles from each batch of infusion fluids before sterilization, followed by incubation of the bottles after sterilization, provides a method of sterility testing which possesses many advantages over the traditional method of culturing small samples from bottles after sterilization.
The quantitative bacteriology of some commercial bivalve shellfish entering British markets
Authors: Ayres P. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIncidents of non-specific illness associated with the consumption of oysters have highlighted the lack of published information on the bacteriology of shellfish suitable for consumption. Investigations showed that the majority of molluscan shellfish entering English markets conform to the accepted standard of less than 5 Escherichia coli/ml. tissue. The numbers of E. coli were related to the sanitary quality of the growing area but no relation could be established between numbers of E. coli and coliforms, faecal streptococci or Clostridium welchii. The numbers of non-specific bacteria varied considerably but shellfish from sources associated with non-specific illness yielded relatively high counts at 37° C. The results showed that there was no justification for a standard based on total plate counts, which often exceeded 106/g. Such a standard would have to be coupled with spoilage or the incidence of non-specific illness. The relation between the numbers of non-specific bacteria growing at 20 and 37° C. appears to be a useful measure for assessing the likelihood that raw shellfish are a public health risk.
The effect of thermal pollution on the distribution ofNaegleria fowleri
Authors: De Jonckheere J. , Van Dijck P. , van de Voorde H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe distribution in the environment ofNaegleria fowleri, the causal agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis has been investigated in this study.N. fowleriwas isolated only from a thermally polluted canal. These amoeboflagellates were not isolated from another thermally polluted canal in the neighbourhood indicating that, apart from high temperature, other factors are involved in the selective proliferation ofN. fowleri.This species was absent in all other samples originating from two canals, a stream, two lakes, several reservoirs and slow sandfilters of a water supply service and also a water distribution network. Many other amoebae able to grow at 42° C. were found in different places. Most of theN. fowleristrains isolated were not virulent for mice, although they showed all the characteristics of the pathogenic strains.
Endemic infection in surgical wards
Authors: Berbee Gertruide A. M. , van Furth R. , Noble W. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYEndemic infection in male surgical wards has been studied during three periods. There was some infection due to gram-negative bacilli, though Staphylococcus aureus remained as the single most important pathogen even in the absence of epidemic spread. Beta haemolytic streptococci were isolated in large numbers from the lesions of four patients with deep wound infection. Changes introduced in the pattern of post-operative care reduced sepsis due to Staph. aureus, reduced the severity of wound infection and apparently decreased the need for antibiotic therapy. Patients who became infected were retained in hospital longer than those who escaped clinically apparent infection.
Observations on the epidemiology of Rift Valley fever in Kenya
Authors: Davies F. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe epizootic range of Rift Valley fever in Kenya is defined from the results of virus isolations during epizootics, and from an extensive serological survey of cattle which were exposed during an epizootic. A study of the sera from a wide range of wild bovidae sampled immediately after the epizootic, showed that they did not act as reservoir or amplifying hosts for RVF.Virus isolation attempts from a variety of rodents proved negative. Rift Valley fever did not persist between epizootics by producing symptomless abortions in cattle in areas within its epizootic range. A sentinel herd sampled annually after an epizootic in 1968 revealed not one single seroconversion from 1969 to 1974. Certain forest and forest edge situations were postulated as enzootic for Rift Valley fever, and a small percentage of seroconversions were detected in cattle in these areas, born four years after the last epizootic. This has been the only evidence for the persistence of the virus in Kenya since 1968, and may be a part of the interepizootic maintenance cycle for Rift Valley fever in Kenya, which otherwise remains unknown.
An investigation of the family background of acute haemophilus infections of children
Authors: Turk D. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYNose and throat swabs, for culture ofHaemophilus influenzaetype b, and blood samples, for measurement of antibodies specific for that serotype, were collected from members of 28 families from which children had been admitted to hospital with acuteH. influenzaetype b infections (mainly meningitis or epiglottitis). The patients with meningitis were younger than those with epiglottitis and had more siblings, with a marked predominance of sisters. Investigations within a few days of admission of the affected children to hospital detected carriers ofH. influenzaetype b (19 altogether) in 13 of the 28 families, including 9 of the 13 families with 3 or more children. Members with raised antibody titres forH. influenzaetype b (suggesting the presence of the organism for at least a few weeks) were found in 17 of the 25 families from which blood samples were obtained, including all 11 families with 3 or more children. Most of the patients probably acquired their infections from within their own families, and siblings under 11 years old were of predominant importance both as carriers and as potential sources of the patients' infections. Persistence of the organism within families for up to 6 months was demonstrated. Possible reasons for the difference in age-incidence between haemophilus meningitis and epiglottitis and for the occurrence of the former in babies with older sisters are suggested, and also a possible connexion between the results of this survey and the likely value of immunization againstH. influenzaetype b.
Salmonellosis in Indonesia: phage type distribution of Salmonella paratyphi A
Authors: Sanborn W. R. , Hablas R. , Komalarini S. , Sinta  , Trenggonowati R. , Sadjimin T. , Atas  , Sutrisna  
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe distribution of phage types among 221 human strains of Salmonella paratyphi A in Indonesia was studied. Approximately 50% were phage type 5, a rare type elsewhere in the world. Most other isolates were the cosmopolitan phage type 1. The ratio of phage type 1–5 was compared for two cities on Java, Jakarta and Yogyakarta. The ratios were significantly different, phage type 5 predominating in Jakarta. The ratio of phage types among 10 S. paratyphi A strains isolated from Jakarta river water was similar to that found in Jakarta patients.
A comparison of typing methods forSerratia marcescens
Authors: Anderhub B. , Pitt T. L. , Erdman Y. J. , Willcox W. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA simple method for the bacteriocine typing ofSerratia marcescenswithout the use of induction was sought. The results of a mutual inhibition experiment with 89 unrelated cultures indicated that a bacteriocine-susceptibility method would give more discrimination between strains than would a bacteriocine-production method. A cross-streaking technique for bacteriocine-susceptibility typing without previous induction was developed, and its performance was compared with that of another susceptibility-typing method in which cell-free lysates of the producer strains were obtained by induction with mitomycin C.Replicate typing of the same collection of cultures by both methods indicated that small variations in pattern were common and that larger variations occurred occasionally. Differences in pattern of less than two strong reactions in the mito-mycin-C induction method, and of less than three strong reactions in the cross-streaking method, should therefore not be taken as evidence that strains can be distinguished.Sets of cultures ofSer. marcescens, 178 in total, from a number of supposed incidents of infection in hospitals, were used to evaluate the two bacteriocine-typing methods; all of the cultures were also O serogrouped. Comparison of the typing patterns of members of the same O serogroup from clear-cut incidents of infection confirmed that results of acceptable reliability could be obtained by either bacteriocine-typing method by the application of the appropriate 'difference' rule. When so interpreted, the cross-streaking method appeared to be slightly the more discriminatory.The greatest discrimination between strains was obtained by the use of a 'hierarchical' typing system in which the strains were first O serogrouped, and the cross-streaking method of bacteriocine typing was then used to make subdivisions within O serogroups.
A selective oleic acid albumin agar medium for the cultivation ofMycobacterium bovis
Authors: Gallagher J. , Horwill D. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe modification of Middlebrook's 7H11 oleic acid albumin agar medium by the addition of fresh bovine serum and lysed sheep red cells to encourage growth ofMycobacterium bovisis described. The improved medium was made selective by the addition of antibiotics and a comparative trial of this medium and the guineapig test in the isolation ofM. bovisfrom badger tissues is reported. A close agreement between the two tests was found; the guinea-pig test detected 95% of all isolations and culture detected 91%.
Attempts to control clothes-borne infection in a burn unit: I. Experimental investigations of some clothes for barrier nursing
Authors: Hambraeus Anna , Ransjö Ulrika 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYClothes-borne transmission is an important way of spread of infection from patient to patient which is not interrupted by common cotton gowns. New barrier garments were designed from spun-bonded olefin that, in particle penetration tests, was 100 times better as a filter than cotton cloth. Three designs, a gown, a loose coverall and a close coverall, were compared with each other and with conventional cotton gowns in experimental exercise and nursing procedures. Staphylococcus aureus from burned patients were used as markers. The close coverall was 4–7 times better than the loose coverall or gown in preventing the soiling of clothes worn underneath it, but appeared to permit substantially more transfer from garments underneath it to a mock ‘patient’ and to the air than did the looser garments. A cotton gown reduced the soiling of clothes underneath it by more than 10 times and the contamination of a mock patient by more than 30 times as compared with no barrier garment. The close coverall further diminished the contamination of clothes but not the transfer to the patient. The possible mechanisms for the discrepancy between particle transmission tests and experimental procedures are discussed.
Surveys of hospital infection in the Birmingham region: I. Effect of age, sex, length of stay and antibiotic use on nasal carriage of tetracycline-resistant Staphyloccus aureus and on post-operative wound infection
Authors: Ayliffe G. A. J. , Brightwell K. M. , Collins B. J. , Lowbury E. J. L. , Goonatilake P. C. L. , Etheridge R. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYCross-sectional surveys of infection in relation to ward structure and practice were made in 38 hospitals between 1967 and 1973, including repeat surveys in 12 hospitals. The survey team (a research nurse and a senior microbiologist or technician) visited one ward a day and entered data on patients, including appearance of wounds seen at change of dressings, on the structure of the ward, and on ward practices; bacteriological swabs were taken from noses of all patients and staff of wards visited and from infected or open wounds, also from some environmental sites. Effect of age, sex, length of hospital stay and antibiotic use on carriage of tetracycline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and on post-operative sepsis are considered here.Clinical infection (sepsis), further classified as ‘severe’, ‘moderate’ or ‘mild’ in accordance with a code of physical signs, including inflammation and suppuration, was found in 6·1% of clean undrained operation wounds. Drained wounds and those through hollow, heavily colonized viscera (‘contaminated’ wounds) had higher sepsis rates than undrained and ‘clean’ wounds; there was less sepsis with closed drainage and with small drains. Staph. aureus (24%) was the commonest single bacterial species, but gram-negative bacilli (50%) were found in a much larger proportion of septic wounds. The results showed that the infection rate was lowest among patients between 20 and 40 years old. Infection was significantly more common in male than in female patients.Nasal carriage of tetracycline-resistant Staph. aureus, used as an index of hospital-acquired infection, was commonest in geriatric patients and least common in gynaecological patients. There was correlation between nasal carriage of tetracycline-resistant staphylococci and age of the patient, length of hospital stay, sex, (male greater than female), operative treatment, and treatment with tetracycline, ampicillin and nitrofurantoin, but not with penicillin.
Effects of antibiotics on the survival ofSalmonellain the American cockroach
Authors: Klowden Marc J. , Greenberg Bernard 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe faecal survival ofSalmonella typhimuriumorally administered to restrained American cockroaches maintained on an antibiotic diet was investigated. Significant reductions in median numbers of total aerobic faecal microorganisms were noted in insects fed antibiotics daily, and whenSalmonellawas introduced to this modified micro-environment, it persisted for 44 days in all specimens. Multiplication of the pathogen was also observed in these insects, with numbers often exceeding 103times that of the initial input. This differs significantly from our previous results showing that the pathogen is unable to multiply in conventional cockroaches. Attempts to restore the normal flora by feeding a faecal suspension from untreated cockroaches resulted in a decrease in numbers ofSalmonellaexcreted, but did not result in their elimination. Carcasses of infected cockroaches retained viableSalmonellafor at least 60 dayspost mortem, or 104 days after the infective meal.
A standard technique for the isolation ofSalmonellafrom animal feeds
Authors: Smith P. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTwo trials were carried out by 9 and 47 laboratories to evaluate the reproducibility and sensitivity of a standard technique for the isolation of salmonellas from animal feeding stuffs.The trials involved the examinations of test samples containing known numbers of salmonellas by a buffered peptone water pre-enrichment technique. Statistical analysis of the results of the trials showed that the method was capable of detecting salmonellas in most probable numbers as low as 2·3 per 100 g and that no significant differences in performance were observed between laboratories.The standard technique described is recommended for the examination of animal feed and conforms to international recommendations.
A hospital epidemic caused by a gentamicin-resistantKlebsiella aerogenes
Authors: Curie Kathleen , Speller D. C. E. , Simpson Rosemary A. , Stephens Mary , Cooke P. I. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn the 15 months, February 1976 to April 1977, more than 241 patients became colonized with a strain ofKlebsiella aerogenes, capsular serotype K2, resistant to most antibiotics. Urinary tract infection was the most common clinical manifestation but bacteraemia and, occasionally, infections of other sites were encountered. The main reservoir of the epidemic klebsiella was the gut, urine and skin of colonized patients. Gut carriage among staff was very uncommon. The most susceptible patients were elderly males, with debilitating illnesses and urinary tract abnormalities, especially if they were catheterized or receiving antibiotics. Likely vehicles for spread were the hands of staff, and contaminated bedpans and urinals. Control measures were directed at these factors. At the end of April 1977 no new cases had occurred for 3 months in the ward in which the outbreak began, and which had been the main focus of infection, and only 5 patients in the affected hospitals were known to be colonized by the epidemic klebsiella.
Bacterial contamination in a modern operating suite. 3. Importance of floor contamination as a source of airborne bacteria
Authors: Hambraeus A. , Bengtsson S. , Laurell G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe redispersal factor for bacteria-carrying particles from a contaminated floor was determined after mopping, blowing and walking activity. Walking gave the highest redispersal factor, 3·5×10−3 m−1, which was three times higher than for blowing and 17 times higher than for mopping. The mean die-away rate for the bacteria-carrying particles used was 1·9/h without ventilation and 14·3/h with ventilation. It was calculated that in the operating rooms less than 15% of the bacteria found in the air were redispersed floor bacteria.
The behaviour of f2 coliphage in activated sludge treatment
Authors: Balluz S. A. , Butler M. , Jones H. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA model activated sludge treatment plant was used which was functionally very similar to a full-scale plant. It was inoculated with f2 coliphage and the titres of virus in the influent, the mixed liquor and the effluent were monitored regularly. The distribution of the virus in the solids and liquid fractions of the mixed liquor was in the ratio of 18:82 and 20–4 % of the influent virus was recovered in the effluent. After inoculation was stopped the titre of virus in the solids fraction of the mixed liquor remained high and unaltered for up to 70 h, whereas the value for effluent reverted to the low background titre originally present. These results are discussed in relation to those reported for poliovirus and it is concluded that f2 coliphage is not a suitable model for studies of the behaviour of human enteroviruses.
Excess mortality from influenza in a large urban population, Rome, Italy, 1956–76
Authors: Ragona G. , Giunchi G. , Rocchi G. , Muzzi A. , De Felici A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYInfluenza activity was studied in the Rome population from 1956 to 1976 by analysis of mortality from respiratory causes and from all causes. During cold weather months, type A influenza virus was associated, as a rule, with epidemic excess deaths at two year intervals while type B virus was prevalent twice during epidemic excess mortality periods. Excess absenteeism from work and virus isolation data were also compared with epidemic excess mortality during four consecutive years. The evidence obtained indicated that influenza virus isolation alone does not represent a reliable index of epidemic influenza activity in this population. The proportion of deaths attributed to respiratory causes consistently increased in every epidemic, the most pronounced increases occurring during large epidemics. The break-down by age of deaths from respiratory causes in the course of two epidemic periods showed that the percentage distribution of deaths was essentially the same as in non-epidemic periods. This evidence indicates that the same factors influencing the age-related distribution of mortality from respiratory causes during non-epidemic periods, probably affect the fatal outcome of influenza during epidemics.
Detection of airborne polyoma virus
Authors: McGarrity Gerard J. , Dion Arnold S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYPolyoma virus was recovered from the air of an animal laboratory housing mice infected with the virus. Air samples were obtained by means of a high volume air sampler and further concentrated by high speed centrifugation. Total concentration of the air samples was 7·5 × 107. Assay for polyoma virus was by mouse antibody production tests. Airborne polyoma virus was detected in four of six samples.
Serum antibody to poliovirus in patients in a mental deficiency hospital, with particular reference to Down's syndrome
Authors: McKay Eric , Hems Gordon , Massie Alexander , Moffat Margaret A. J. , Phillips Kathleen McL. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYNeutralization tests for poliovirus antibodies were carried out on 74 patients in an adult mental deficiency hospital: 37 patients with Down's syndrome and 37 non- Down's mental defectives. The distribution of antibody titres to poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 did not differ significantly between the two groups. Most patients had antibody to at least one poliovirus typebut less than a third had antibodies at a titre of 1/8 or greater to all three types. The low level of poliovirus immunity in this population may be of epidemiological importance.
Salmonellosis in wild birds feeding at sewage treatment works
Authors: Plant C. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYBetween June 1976 and August 1977 faeces were collected from 599 wild British birds caught during ringing operations at two sewage treatment works in south-east England. Samples were incubated with selenite-F broth to detect the presence of Salmonella. Salm. anatum was isolated from one bird, a Dunnock Prunella modularis an incidence of O.17 % of the total birds examined and 3.23 % of the Dunnocks. Comparisons are drawn with previously reported studies and it is suggested that sewage treatment works play little part in the transmission of Salmonella infections to wild birds feeding there.