bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leveraging File System Characteristics for Ransomware Mitigation in Linux Operating System Environments
Authors: Guo Ju , Liang Hua , Long Jinting 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

A novel approach to mitigating ransomware attacks on Linux systems is introduced in this study, which capitalizes on the unique characteristics of the Linux file system. This method significantly deviates from traditional ransomware mitigation strategies that primarily depend on reactive detection algorithms. Instead, it introduces proactive system-level enhancements that preemptively secure file systems against a spectrum of both known and emerging ransomware threats. The core innovation of this approach lies in its strategic utilization of the structural benefits of Linux file system architectures, providing a robust framework for shielding against sophisticated and evolving ransomware attacks. These enhancements not only bolster security but also ensure minimal impact on system performance, thereby offering a balanced and effective solution to the persistent challenge of ransomware in Linux environments. By integrating behavior-based detection mechanisms with real-time system monitoring, this approach demonstrates a substantial improvement in both detection accuracy and response times, setting a new standard for ransomware defense strategies in Linux systems.
Evaluation of water management effects on potato yield and water productivity in northeast Iran using the SWAP model
Authors: Mustafavi Babukani Mehsa , Hashminejhad Youssef , Armin Mohammad , Maravi Hamid , Noferest Kourosh Shojaei 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT

The agro-hydrological SWAP model was employed for simulation of evapotranspiration, yield, and water productivity of potato under six irrigation scenarios (100, 90, 80, 70, 60, and 50% potato water requirement (WR)) in Fariman, Ghoochan, and Golmakan in the northeast Iran. The results showed that the SWAP model well-simulated potato yield and water productivity. The model slightly overestimates the potato yield and underestimates the water productivity. The results revealed that irrigation scheduling is an important factor effecting on evapotranspiration, yield, and water productivity of potatoes. By decreasing irrigation water to 50% WR, potato evapotranspiration and yield decreased in all three study areas. However, potato water productivity increased in Fariman and Golmakan and decreased in Ghoochan, as irrigation volume decreased to 50% WR. In Fariman and Golmakan, irrigation at the rate of 80% WR led to the best irrigation management to have maximum water productivity (2.96 and 2.48 kg m−3, respectively) and acceptable potato yield (21,376.2 and 10,998.7 kg ha−1). In Ghoochan, by adopting the irrigation scenario at the level of 90% WR, the potato yield decreased by approximately 7.6% compared to the full irrigation conditions. However, the highest amount of water productivity (2.27 kg m−3) was achieved.
The Prevalence of Contact Lens Wear and Improper Use Among Students of Al-Baha University, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Bashir Mahadi , Alghamdi Ali Hendi , Ahmed Aimun A. E. , Taishan Sarah S. , Taishan Wafaa S. , Alghamdi Mohammed G. , Alghamdi Hind A. Hendi , Alsakka Lara M. , Alghamdi Njood A. , Alzahrani Hadeel M. , Alghamdi Asail S. 
Published: April 2024

Background
This study aims to evaluate the knowledge and practice of contact lens wear (CLW) among Al-Baha University medical students.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was carried out using an online self-administered questionnaire via Google Forms. The questionnaire had three domains: sociodemographic characteristics of the participants, CLW hygiene practices, and CLW-related complications.

Results
A total of 432 students were enrolled. Almost half of them (203,47%) were CLs wearers. Almost half of the participants, 95 (46.8%), used CL for therapeutic and 108 (53.2%) cosmetic purposes. 81 (40%) wore their CLs for a duration of (1-10 hours/day), 149 (73.4%) did not sleep while wearing their CLs, 61 (30%) shared theirs with others, 110 (54.2%) washed their hands before putting on their CLs and 90 (44.2%) replaced their CL cleaning solution regularly. Only 10 (5%) of the participants did not experience any complications related to CLW, while 108(52.6%), 102 (50%), and 97 (47.8%) experienced dry eye, tears, and foreign body sensations, respectively. Moderate satisfaction of the users was reported.

Conclusion
The medical students at Al-Baha University showed a high CLW ratio and used CL predominantly for cosmetic reasons; both male and female students were very aware of hygienic practices, and moderate satisfaction, with moderate complications, was reported.
Stigma in the Prolonged Pandemic: Insights from Nurses in Two Indonesian Provinces
Authors: Marpaung Yosi Marin , &#160 Ernawati , &#160 Fushen 
Published: April 2024

Background
Nurses in Indonesia have faced extraordinary challenges amid the prolonged coronavirus disease pandemic, including stigmatization. However, much is understood about this experience only from the initial period of the pandemic.

Objective
This study aimed to shed light on the enduring intensity of stigma experienced by nurses in protracted health crises.

Materials and Methods
This study is a part of a research project titled “Exploration of Stigma Towards Nurses in Indonesia During the COVID-19 Pandemic,” conducted 1.5 years after the pandemic onset. A qualitative descriptive approach was used. Thirty-three nurses from both urban and rural settings who encountered stigma in two Indonesian provinces participated in individual interviews using a semi-structured guide. Thematic analysis through the Framework Method was employed for data analysis.

Results & Discussion
Three themes emerged: 1) the dynamic of stigma intensity during a prolonged COVID-19 pandemic; 2) nurses’ points of reference when elucidating this intensity; and 3) the perceived contributing factors to the stigma intensity in the protracted pandemic. Participants reported experiencing stronger stigma in the early period of the pandemic. In the later period, some manifestations of stigma persisted, although not as strongly as before. When describing the intensity, nurses often referenced the frequency and strength of emotions stemming from stigmatizing behaviors—such as avoidance, rejection, suspicion, negative rumors, and disparaging remarks about the nursing profession. Eight contributing factors to stigma intensity were identified.

Conclusion
Stigma intensity during the prolonged pandemic appeared to have similarities and distinctions with the phenomena observed in previous health crises. Continuous evaluation and mitigation efforts are imperative to alleviate the stigma experienced by nurses in protracted health crises. Understanding the contributing factors to the dynamic nature of stigma intensity is crucial for developing targeted interventions.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) towards Vitamin D Deficiency among Adult Population in Qassim, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alfadly Saeed , Anaam Mohammed , Alsahali Saud , Alshammari Mohammed , Almunef Mohammed , Almogbel Yasser , Alramadi Ibrahim , Alodilah Ali 
Published: April 2024

Background
Vitamin D deficiency is becoming a worrying problem in Saudi Arabia and worldwide. However, vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin, plays a vital role in bone health by enhancing calcium and phosphorus absorption and metabolism. Also, vitamin D deficiency is remarkably correlated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as senile dementia, schizophrenia, and multiple sclerosis.

Objective
The objective of our study was to evaluate the vitamin D deficiency Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) among the adult population in Qassim, Saudi Arabia.

Methods
A cross-sectional design study was conducted among the general population in the Qassim area from March 2022 to July 2022.

Results
About 99.1% of people had heard about vitamin D, and the majority were aware that sunlight is the primary source of this vitamin. Despite the fact that 72.9% of them exposed themselves to sunshine, only 46.4% of participants liked going outside in the sun. Only 13.7% of the participants believed that they receive adequate sun exposure. The majority of participants (93.1%) were aware of the significance of vitamin D for bone health, and 48.4% were aware that there is a link between vitamin D insufficiency and other disorders, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and depression. Additionally, the majority of individuals (91.0%) stated sunlight to be the source of vitamin D.

Conclusion
The findings have revealed Saudis to have a basic understanding of vitamin D deficiency. However, they were not sufficiently informed on the consequences of vitamin D deficiency.
The Costs of Anonymization: Case Study Using Clinical Data
Authors: Pilgram Lisa , Meurers Thierry , Malin Bradley , Schaeffner Elke , Eckardt Kai-Uwe , Prasser Fabian ,   GCKD Investigators
Published: April 2024

Background
Sharing data from clinical studies can accelerate scientific progress, improve transparency, and increase the potential for innovation and collaboration. However, privacy concerns remain a barrier to data sharing. Certain concerns, such as reidentification risk, can be addressed through the application of anonymization algorithms, whereby data are altered so that it is no longer reasonably related to a person. Yet, such alterations have the potential to influence the data set’s statistical properties, such that the privacy-utility trade-off must be considered. This has been studied in theory, but evidence based on real-world individual-level clinical data is rare, and anonymization has not broadly been adopted in clinical practice.

Objective
The goal of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of anonymization in the real world by comprehensively evaluating the privacy-utility trade-off of differently anonymized data using data and scientific results from the German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) study.

Methods
The GCKD data set extracted for this study consists of 5217 records and 70 variables. A 2-step procedure was followed to determine which variables constituted reidentification risks. To capture a large portion of the risk-utility space, we decided on risk thresholds ranging from 0.02 to 1. The data were then transformed via generalization and suppression, and the anonymization process was varied using a generic and a use case–specific configuration. To assess the utility of the anonymized GCKD data, general-purpose metrics (ie, data granularity and entropy), as well as use case–specific metrics (ie, reproducibility), were applied. Reproducibility was assessed by measuring the overlap of the 95% CI lengths between anonymized and original results.

Results
Reproducibility measured by 95% CI overlap was higher than utility obtained from general-purpose metrics. For example, granularity varied between 68.2% and 87.6%, and entropy varied between 25.5% and 46.2%, whereas the average 95% CI overlap was above 90% for all risk thresholds applied. A nonoverlapping 95% CI was detected in 6 estimates across all analyses, but the overwhelming majority of estimates exhibited an overlap over 50%. The use case–specific configuration outperformed the generic one in terms of actual utility (ie, reproducibility) at the same level of privacy.

Conclusions
Our results illustrate the challenges that anonymization faces when aiming to support multiple likely and possibly competing uses, while use case–specific anonymization can provide greater utility. This aspect should be taken into account when evaluating the associated costs of anonymized data and attempting to maintain sufficiently high levels of privacy for anonymized data.

Trial Registration
German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00003971; https://drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00003971

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
RR2-10.1093/ndt/gfr456
A Web-Based and Mobile Intervention Program Using a Spaced Education Approach for Workplace Mental Health Literacy: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Lam Lawrence T , Lam Mary K P 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
Workplace mental health is an important global health concern.

Objectives
This unblinded, phase-III, wait-listed cluster randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the effectiveness of a mobile health (mHealth) psychoeducation program using a spaced education approach on mental health literacy (MHL) in the workplace. The main interest of this paper was the immediate and 3-month medium-term effect of the program on the MHL of workers. The purposely built mHealth platform was also evaluated as a health-related app.

Methods
The mHealth platform was designed using the principle of spaced education as a psychoeducation intervention program, with various modules of web-based and mobile materials presented to the participant in a progressive manner. Short quizzes at the end of each module ensured adequate learning, and successful completion qualified the learner to progress to the next level. The trial recruited 456 employees of specific industries with high levels of work-related stress. Participants who were nested in different offices or units were allocated into the intervention and wait-listed control groups using a block randomization process, with the office or unit as the cluster. A separate sample of 70 individual raters were used for the evaluation of the mHealth platform. The Australian National MHL and Stigma Survey and the Mobile Apps Rating Scale were completed through a web-based self-reported survey to assess MHL and evaluate the app. The trial and follow-up data were analyzed by a generalized linear latent and mixed model with adjustments for the clustering effect of work sites and repeated measures.

Results
Of the 456 participants in the trial, 236 (51.8%) responded to the follow-up survey. Most MHL outcomes obtained significant results immediately after the intervention and across time. After adjusting for the clustering effect, the postintervention weighted mean scores were significantly higher in the intervention group than the control group for correct recognition of a mental health problem, help seeking, and stigmatization by 0.2 (SE 0.1; P=.003), 0.9 (SE 0.2; P<.001), and 1.8 (SE 0.4; P<.001), respectively. After adjusting for the clustering effect, significant differences across time were found in help-seeking intention (P=.01), stigmatization (P<.001), and social distancing (P<.001). The evaluation of the mHealth program resulted in average scores of the 4 major domains ranging from 3.8 to 4.2, with engagement having the lowest score.

Conclusions
The mHealth psychoeducation intervention program using this platform had immediate and 3-month medium-term effects of retaining and improving MHL. The platform was evaluated to have satisfactory performance in terms of functionality, aesthetics, information content, and utility in enhancing MHL. It is anticipated that ongoing development in digital health will provide great benefits in improving the mental health of the global population.
Adoption and Use of Telemedicine and Digital Health Services Among Older Adults in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Repeated Cross-Sectional Analysis
Authors: Haimi Motti , Sergienko Ruslan 
Published: April 2024

Background
As the population ages and the prevalence of long-term diseases rises, the use of telecare is becoming increasingly frequent to aid older people.

Objective
This study aims to explore the use and adoption of 3 types of telehealth services among the older population in Israel before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
We explored the use characteristics of older adults (aged ≥65 years) belonging to Clalit Health Services in several aspects in the use of 3 types of telehealth services: the use of digital services for administrative tasks; the use of synchronous working-hours telehealth visits with the patient’s personal physician during clinic business hours; and the use of after-hours consultations during evenings, nights, and weekends when the clinics are closed. The data were collected and analyzed throughout 3 distinct periods in Israel: before the COVID-19 pandemic, during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, and following the COVID-19 peak.

Results
Data of 618,850 patients who met the inclusion criteria were extracted. Telehealth services used for administrative purposes were the most popular. The most intriguing finding was that the older population significantly increased their use of all types of telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic, and in most types, this use decreased after the COVID-19 peak, but to a level that was higher than the baseline level before the COVID-19 pandemic. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, 23.1% (142,936/618,850) of the study population used working-hours telehealth visits, and 2.2% (13,837/618,850) used after-hours consultations at least once. The percentage of use for these services increased during the COVID-19 pandemic to 59.2% (366,566/618,850) and 5% (30,777/618,850) and then decreased during the third period to 39.5% (244,572/618,850) and 2.4% (14,584/618,850), respectively (P<.001). Multiple patient variables have been found to be associated with the use of the different telehealth services in each period.

Conclusions
Despite the limitations and obstacles, the older population uses telehealth services and can increase their use when they are needed. These people can learn how to use digital health services effectively, and they should be given the opportunity to do so by creating suitable and straightforward telehealth solutions tailored to this population and enhancing their usability.
Unlocking the potential of large language models in healthcare: navigating the opportunities and challenges
Authors: Tessler Idit , Yamin Tzahi , Peeri Hadar , Alon Eran E , Zimlichman Eyal , Glicksberg Benjamin S , Klang Eyal 
Published: April 2024

This paper explores the emerging role of large language models (LLMs) in healthcare, offering an analysis of their applications and limitations. Attention mechanisms and transformer architectures enable LLMs to perform tasks like extracting clinical information and assisting in diagnostics. We highlight research that demonstrates early application of LLMs in various domains and along the care pathway. With their promise, LLMs pose ethical and practical challenges, including data bias and the need for human oversight. This review serves as a guide for clinicians and researchers, outlining potential healthcare applications – ranging from document translation to clinical decision support – while cautioning about inherent limitations and ethical considerations. The aim of this work is to encourage the knowledgeable use of LLMs in healthcare and drive further study in this important emerging field.
A Singal Case Studyon Coccygodynia
Authors: Parmar Dr. Damini , Shah Dr. Harshit , Padadharia Dr.Dhruval , Kanani Dr. Dipa , Panchal Dr. Sonal 
Published: April 2024

Pain in the coccyx region is known as coccydynia or coccygodynia. Coccygeal pain has been documented since the 16th century, according to Simpson, coccygeal pain has been recognised for hundreds of years, treating it can be challenging and occasionally contentious due to the complex nature of coccygeal pain. Its genesis is influenced by numerous physiological and psychological factors. With or without conservative treatment, most occurrences of coccydynia recover within weeks to months, but in a small number of people, the pain can last a long time and be incapacitating. Female gender and obesity have been linked to an increased chance of acquiring the condition. The anatomy, physiology, diagnosis and therapy of coccydynia are briefly discussed in this Study. For individuals with intractable coccyx discomfort, a multidisciplinary strategy including physical therapy, ergonomic modifications, drugs, injections, and potentially psychotherapy has the best chance of recovery.
A 26 years old Female patient came in OPD with Symptoms of Pain and tenderness in coccyx region, aggravated with sitting position. In past history a patient is fall down from vehicle in direct vertical position, at this incidous mild discomfort in lower back region, after that gradually increase pain in coccyx region within two days. Patient could not able to seat proper and pain remain constant. So, she came to Govt. Akhandanand Hospital for ayurvedic treatment.The patient was treated with ayurvedic medicines Yogaraj Guggulu, Dashmoolkwath, Tab.bocomo and advise to take sitz bath with luke warm water and use wedge shape cushion on sitting position. The patient was advised to follow up initially after 7 days and later after every 15thdays. After 7 days there were mild pain and no tenderness. After that pain gradually decrease. The pain was completely gone on the third follow up and no any other complaints related to coccydynia.
A Technical Note: on Microspheres
Authors: Rupali Sable P. , Anuja Gawai G. , Vrunda Rajput J. , Subodh Urkunde A. , C Atram Dr. Sandeep 
Published: April 2024

Microspheres have become a center of research. Microspheres are an excellent way to deliver drugs to specific sites and control their effects. They are characterized by free-flowing spheres composed of biodegradable or non-biodegradable proteins or synthetic polymers, with an ideal particle size of 1-1000 microns. Microspheres encapsulate active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in a polymer matrix that protects the API from environmental degradation. Pharmacokinetic limitations can be overcome by modifying the formulation to release the drug slowly during prolonged action. The purpose of this review is to list the different types of microspheres, their different preparations, limitations, advantages and disadvantages, characterization, applications, and recent developments in microspheres and various compatibility studies.
A Technical Note: On Niosomes
Authors: Vrunda Rajput J. , Anuja Gawai G. , Rupali Sable P. , Subodh Urkunde A. , Sandeep Atram C. Dr. 
Published: April 2024

A wide range of substances that serve as carriers can be suspended or captured by the Niosomes Delivery System (MDS), which can then be included into a designed product like a gel cream or powder. The formulation's primary goal is to get the desired medication concentration in the blood. Niosomes are a type of porous medication delivery device for small particles. They are tiny, spherical particles that resemble microscopic and have a broad porous surface. In addition, they may increase stability by altering the drug's release pattern while minimizing negative effects. The serious condition impacting social life is acne vulgaris. Acne can be involved; alternation of follicular keratinization seldom causes significant systemic issues, but maturity, especially for women, which leads to drugs assist to reduce the production of sebum, which is mostly responsible for reducing the formation of acne on the skin. The use of niosomes as carriers for medications that target acne vulgaris is currently receiving more attention in research that focuses on illness detection and a brief to target acne vulgaris. Acne vulgaris is a serious condition that is currently affecting people's social lives. Increased sebum production, bacterial involvement, altered follicular keratinization, and altered follicular barrier are all characteristics of acne. The current review is focused on the niosomes as carriers for the drug targeting the acne vulgaris, brief discussion on the present and future aspects of the niosomes to targetet acne vulgaris.