bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Barium Hexagonal Ferrite (BaFe12O19)
Authors: Naveen C. S , Rohidas Anand , Raghu S , Havareddi B. N , Ramanna R , Mattyappannavar S 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Barium Ferrites is a good class of electrical material due to its high resistivity. It is mainly used in electronics and telecommunication industry due to their novel electrical properties. We have synthesized barium hexagonal ferrite (BaFe12O19) by solid state reaction method. The prepared precursor was calcined at temperature 750°C and characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the single-phase formation of BaFe12O19. Using the Debye Scherrer formula, the crystallite size of BaFe12O19 was calculated, and the average particle sizes were 26.52 nm, 27.17 nm, 19.17 nm and 23.67 nm. The result confirms that barium ferrite powder has a constant size of less than 30 nm. Four peaks at 2θ values of 35.52, 43.22, 57.21 and 62.84 degrees, corresponding to (110) (111) (210) and (211) planes of Barium ferrite have been observed. The FTIR spectra showed important signature absorption spectra of hexaferrite at 314 cm−1, 499 cm−1 & 628 cm−1. These peaks confirm the formation of barium hexaferrites. The SEM images of barium hexaferrite at 750°C showed large number of vertically grown barium hexaferrite nanorods with a grain size between 110 nm to 130 nm. Thus, barium ferrite is a good candidate in the use of electronics and communication sector.
Structural and Optical Properties of PMMA-MgO Nanocomposite Film
Authors: Shruthi K N , Ramaraja Varma V , Kumar Mohan , Sushma  , Sanjeev Ganesh 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the structural, morphological, and optical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films incorporated with magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles. The PMMA-MgO polymer nanocomposite (PNC) films were fabricated via solution casting method using varying weight percentages (1-4 wt%) of MgO nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the integration of MgO nanofillers in the PMMA matrix. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed interactions between PMMA and MgO nanoparticles. Atomic force microscopy demonstrated increased surface roughness in PNC films with higher MgO loading. Optical characterization using UV-visible spectroscopy showed enhanced absorption in the UV region and a noticeable peak at 280 nm due to MgO nanoparticles. The refractive index of PMMA-MgO PNCs increased with rising MgO content while the optical bandgap marginally decreased. The study highlights the potential of PMMA-MgO PNC films for advanced optoelectronic applications requiring high optical transparency and tuneable refractive index.
Synthesis, Characterization, Dielectric, and Electrical Conductivity Studies of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Sharma A , Kumar P , Mahapatra S P 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A co-precipitation technique is used to synthesize of ZnO nanoparticles. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), photoluminescence, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The size of the nanoparticles was wide-ranging from 1 nm to 100 nm, corresponding to the HR-TEM analysis. The photoluminescence study of ZnO nanoparticle shows emission in the UV region. The particle dimension of ZnO nanoparticle has also been studied through XRD. Dielectric spectroscopy of synthesized ZnO NPs pellet has been studied at a wide frequency range 10−1 to 105 Hz. The capacitance and dielectric permittivity of ZnO nanoparticles drop continuously with frequency as dipoles have less time to align in the field. Dielectric permittivity of ZnO pellets increase up to 5 mm thickness and subsequently drop, perhaps due to raise in resistivity. The dielectric loss of ZnO pellet has been examined as a function of frequency. The electrical conductivity of ZnO nanoparticles rise exponentially with frequency. Based on the dielectric studies, the dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity of ZnO are highly depending on thickness and frequency range. The percolation threshold of ZnO pellets has been found between 4-5 mm thicknesses.
Effect of aspect ratio on the nonlinear optical properties of ZnO nanorods
Authors: Ramya M , Satheesh Swathy , Sreedhar Sreelakshmi , Marydasan Jitha P , Kailasnath M 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this work, we synthesized ZnO nanorods with two different aspect ratios using the solution method. Morphological and crystalline structures were investigated using TEM and XRD analysis. Also investigated the effect of aspect ratio on the optical properties of ZnO nanorods. With an increasing aspect ratio of the nanorods, the absorption peak is red-shifted and near-band edge emission is suppressed. The nonlinear absorption is enhanced with the increasing aspect ratio of ZnO nanorods.
Green synthesis and characterization of Zirconium Oxide with antimicrobial activities
Authors: Veerabhadraswamy B N , Pradeep H K , Swaroop K , Manoj K M , Dhanush Nadigar M V , Akash Patel M P , Bhagya N P 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Green synthesis methods have garnered considerable attention due to their eco-friendly and sustainable nature. In this study, we report a green synthesis approach to fabricate Zirconium Oxide nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) using cinnamon extract and citric acid as reducing and stabilizing agents. The green synthesis process was carried out through a sol-gel reaction method. The obtained ZrO2 NPs were characterized using various analytical techniques, including UV-Vis, XRD and FTIR. The characterization results confirmed the successful synthesis of crystalline ZrO2 NPs with a narrow size distribution and the presence of functional groups from cinnamon and citric acid on the NP surface. The synthesized ZrO2 NPs were further investigated for their antimicrobial properties against bacteria and fungi. The results demonstrated potent antibacterial and antifungal activities of the green-synthesized ZrO2 NPs. Overall; this study showcases a green and sustainable approach to synthesize ZrO2 NPs using cinnamon extract and citric acid as reducing and stabilizing agents. The resulting ZrO2 NPs exhibited promising antibacterial and antifungal properties, making them potential candidates for various biomedical and environmental applications, particularly in the development of novel antimicrobial agents and coatings.
Virtual substrate method: synthesis and growth kinetics of 2D metal oxide nanosheets
Authors: Aiswarya S M , Chandra Somesh , Jain Ashish , Hussain Shamima , Ganesamoorthy S , Bhalerao G M , Govindaraj R 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We present the experimental decomposition kinetics for the synthesis of metal oxide 2D nanosheets by the virtual substrate method. In this method, acetates of Mg and Cu were used as precursors for the growth of prototype MgO and CuO nanosheets, while the filter paper was utilized as a virtual substrate. The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction for the phase analysis of the nanostructures, which confirms the cubic phase of MgO and monoclinic phase of CuO; with a minor Cu2O phase. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the surface morphology of the nanosheets. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was utilized to identify the vibrational modes of the metal oxides and the functional groups present in the sample. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed the evolution of combustive oxidation of filter paper with the thermal decomposition of acetates situated on its surface.
Physicochemical Investigation of Synthesized Bismuth and Silver-Doped Bismuth Nanoferrites, And Their Dielectric Properties
Authors: Kannolli Amrutesh , Avinash P 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Bismuth nano ferrite and silver-doped bismuth nano ferrite are synthesized by the sol-gel method. The synthesized compound is characterized through several characterization methods such as the X-ray diffraction method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-Visible spectral studies. The X-Ray diffraction confirms bismuth nano ferrite has a Rhombohedral structure and belongs to the R-3m space group, and the silver-doped bismuth nano ferrite has an orthorhombic structure and belongs to the Cmcm space group. The crystallite size is calculated through Scherrer’s formula, the bismuth nano ferrite has a crystallite size of 20 nm, and the silver-doped bismuth nano ferrite has a crystallite size of 36.33 nm. FTIR studies confirm the formation of ferrite and indicate the metal ion group observed the peak shift after doping in the fingerprint region. The metal ion peaks are presented at 446.7 cm−1 and 527.8 cm−1 but after doping they shifted to 453 cm−1, 534 cm−1. The UV-Visible spectral analysis identifies the change in the energy band gap through a tauc plot, initially the energy band gap of bismuth nano ferrite is about 2.79 eV but after doping it reduces to 1.61 eV. the surface morphology is determined by SEM analysis and it provides 30 nm and for the doped compound 37 nm average particle size. Dielectric study confirms doping of silver to the bismuth gives more improved results which will be helpful at the application level such as in memory devices, photocatalysis, water splitting, and gas detection.
Synthesis and characterization of NiFe2 O4 nanoparticles by tartaric acid assisted sol-gel auto-combustion method
Authors: Ningayya Patil Prabhakar , Kumar Sarvesh , Jali V M , Sahoo B 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Nickel ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by modified sol-gel auto-combustion method. The final product obtained was annealed at 600 °C. The thermal, structural, morphological, vibrational, optical and magnetic properties were studied using TGA, XRD, SEM, FTIR, UV-DRS and VSM techniques, respectively. The thermo gravimetric analysis shows three step decomposition of residual nitrate and tartrate complexes with a total weight loss of 6.69% below 600 °C. Further, there was no significant weight loss above 600 °C. XRD confirmed the spinel cubic phase with Fd3m space group. The average crystallite size was 14 nm. An agglomerated random morphology with porous flake like microstructure was observed. The vibrational analysis confirmed the presence of Ni-O, Fe-O stretching vibrational modes in the wave number range 400-600 cm−1. Tetrahedral site (kTd) and octahedral site (kOh) force constant values were 2.20×105 and 1.31×105 dynes/cm, respectively. From UV-DRS spectra, the Kubelka-Munk function was used to calculate the optical band gap and it was 1.71 eV. The magnetic saturation, retentivity and coercive field values: Ms = 22.35 emu/gm, Mr = 5.20 emu/gm, Hc = 165 Gauss were obtained from VSM analysis. The calculated magnetic moment value was 1.115 μB. The law of approach to saturation was employed to analyze the VSM data in saturation region. The calculated magneto-crystalline anisotropy constant, K1 value was 0.857×105 erg/cc.
Effect of Sn on Physical and Optical Properties of Lithium Zinc Borate Glasses
Authors: Mohamed Haneen K , Thammaiah Akshay K , Abhishek R , Shivamurthy C B , Thirumalaimurugan Vivek , Gangadaraiah Jagadeesha B , Jagannathan Abhiram 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
22.5 Li2O3-(20-x) ZnO-57.5B2O3 – xSnCl2 (x = 0, 0.5. 1) glasses were synthesized using the conventional melt quench technique. Glass composition with larger concentration of lithium oxide exhibits excellent transport properties. Introducing intermediate element like zinc into the matrix will lead towards slight modification in structure by not varying much in its intrinsic properties. Thus, incorporation of Sn as dopant into the matrix has tailored the physical and optical properties of glasses. In this study, it is interesting to note that, the density of the glass has reduced for 0.5 mol % SnCl2 in the matrix and on the contrary, the density of glass was found to be increased for the SnCl2 with 1 mol % concentration. It indicates that, there could be a possibility of slight modification in the structure of glasses which eventually leads towards tuning of the optical bandgap due to existence of Sn.
Dielectric relaxation studies in Sm2O3 doped boro-zinc-vanadate glasses
Authors: Ashwini D , Sankarappa T , Amarkumar M , Mohansingh H , Pallavi J , Arvind D , Raghavedra B 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this work, the conventional melting procedure was adopted to synthesize glasses with a composition of (ZnO)0.3 – (V2O5)0.3 – (B2O3)0.4-x – (Sm2O3)x, x = 0.002, 0.005, 0.007, 0.01 and 0.02 mol%. The dielectric properties of these glasses were measured. The dielectric constant (εʹ) and dielectric loss (εʹʹ) of glasses are found to vary in the range from 1.9177x102 to 3.9456x103 and from 1.5751 to 6.9095x105 respectively for the temperature range 343 K – 573 K and frequency range 50 Hz to 10 MHz. With increase of frequency, both dielectric constant and loss decreased and increased with increase of temperature. The analysis of dielectric constant and dielectric loss confirmed that the phenomenon of dielectric relaxation is mainly due to the frequency-dependent polarization mechanism. Electric modulus and impedence spectroscopy revealed non-Debye type and a single phase relaxation process. Activation energy for dc conductivity and dielectric relaxation are found to be of same size indicating that the potential barrier encountered by the charge carriers is same in both the processes. The master curves suggested that temperature-independent relaxation is occurring in the present glasses. The high values of measured dielectric parameters suggest that the present glasses are suitable in semiconducting and energy storage applications.
Synthesis and characterization of zinc doped nickel nanoferrites via sol-gel auto-combustion technique
Authors: Rayar Ashwini , Prasanna G D 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Over the last few decades, numerous researchers have made significant contributions to the development of spinel ferrite owing to its unique and versatile structural, spectroscopic, and magnetic characteristics. These ferrites are extensively used in various applications such as microwaves, drug delivery, gas sensors, and electronic devices. Their technological applications require low porosity, high density, and specified microstructure. In this work, we prepared Zinc-doped Nickel nanoferrites Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 (x= 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) using the sol-gel auto-combustion technique. Structural analysis of prepared samples was done using X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy, the elemental composition was examined using EDAX and optical studies using UV-visible spectroscopy. The average crystallite size was found in the 40.6 to 64.92 nm range. EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of expected elements in the samples. From UV-visible spectroscopy characterization studies it was observed that as particle size increases, there will be an increase in the band gap energy of ferrite nanoparticles. The Nickel-Zinc nanoferrite absorbs energy in the range of 233nm to 237nm.
Synthesis of ZnO nanorods decorating with Ag nanoparticles on flexible polyimide substrate for visible photodetector application
Authors: Nguyen Bui Gia Man , Huynh Ha Ngoc Duy , Nguyen Nhat Minh , La Phan Phuong Ha , Duy Le Thai , Dang Vinh Quang 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Polyimide (PI), which have many remarkable features such as excellent mechanical strength, outstanding thermal stability, exceptional electric properties, etc, is a potential carrier for optoelectronic devices due to its abundant applications. However, because of chemical inertness and smooth surface that led to the growth of materials on this substrate being more complex than that on rigid substrate, thus, this report aims to emphasise the synthesis of ZnO NRs decorated with the Ag NPs on flexible substrate for photodetector application. In this study, we successfully synthesise ZnO NRs/Ag NPs on a flexible PI substrate by the hydrothermal method. The performance of our photodetector in visible region (395 nm) exhibits via the responsivity of the device, which recorded value of ca. 40.16 mA W−1 at 1.66 mW cm−2. With obtained results, our research can pave the way for future studies based on flexible optoelectronic devices.
Moiré-modulated band gap and van Hove singularities in twisted bilayer germanene
Authors: Bampoulis Pantelis , Castenmiller Carolien , Klaassen Dennis J , V Mil Jelle , de Boeij Paul L , Ezawa Motohiko , Zandvliet Harold J W 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Twisting bilayers of two-dimensional topological insulators has the potential to create unique quantum states of matter. Here, we successfully synthesized a twisted bilayer of germanene on Ge2Pt(101) with a 21.8° twist angle, corresponding to a commensurate (√7×√7) structure. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, we unraveled the structural and electronic properties of this configuration, revealing a moiré-modulated band gap and a well-defined edge state. This band gap opens at AB/BA stacked sites and closes at AA stacked sites, a phenomenon attributed to the electric field induced by the scanning tunneling microscopy tip. Our study further revealed two van Hove singularities at −0.8 eV and +1.04 eV, resulting in a Fermi velocity of (8 ± 1) × 105 m s−1. Our tight-binding results uncover a unique quantum state, where the topological properties could be regulated through an electric field, potentially triggering two topological phase transitions.
Thickness-dependent exciton behavior in two-dimensional indium selenide
Authors: Zhang Xue , Huang Hao , Zhu Yajun , Wang Aolin , Sun Shiwei , Zhou Zhijie , Zou Bingsuo , Zou Xuming 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A comprehensive investigation into the exciton behaviors in indium selenide (InSe) is yet to be conducted. Here, the power factor K, which can characterize the excitonic behaviors, was determined for InSe with varying thicknesses. The photoluminescence results suggest that defects play a dominant role in the recombination of excitons with varying thicknesses. Consequently, the free exciton peak at 931 nm, which is linked to the double exciton emission behavior, becomes obscured by the presence of a bound exciton peak at 980 nm resulting from defect-induced recombination. However, at specific thicknesses and power levels, the enhancement of quantum confinement effect coupled with a reduction in defect proportion enables the observation of the peak corresponding to free exciton. Furthermore, the extracted K values from the InSe photodetectors corroborated the aforementioned findings. The results presented here provide an in-depth understanding of exciton behavior in InSe and provide theoretical underpinning for the development of InSe-based optoelectronics.
Investigation of effect of processing parameters of 3D printed NHS/EDC crosslinked carboxy methyl cellulose/gelatin hydrogels with machine learning techniques
Authors: Ege Duygu , Arıcı Şule 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study focuses on the effects of preparing conditions of gelatin/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) composites on their mechanical properties of gelatin/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) by extreme gradient boosting (XGB) machine learning algorithm. The research involved studying the effect of weight fraction of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and graphene oxide (GO) as well as the concentration of ethyl(dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC)/ N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) on modulus, % strain at break and ultimate tensile strength (UTS). It also includes a correlation heatmap, feature importance assessment, model performance evaluation, and the Shapley Additive Explanation (SHAP) technique to analyze the dataset. The relationship between independent parameters and mechanical properties reveals insights into the material’s ductility, flexibility, and modulus. Feature importance demonstrates that NHS/EDC concentration has the highest impact on the mechanical properties. Increase of EDC/NHS concentration is observed to drastically elevate the modulus and UTS, however, reduces the flexibility of the nanocomposites. CMC improves flexibility but reduces UTS and modulus. GO improves % strain at break, UTS and modulus up to 1% GO, however, higher wt% of GO reduces the mechanical performance. With lower concentrations of NHS/EDC, the mechanical properties can be tailored for soft tissue engineering applications. The study highlights the importance of optimizing material compositions for tissue engineering applications.
Experimental investigation on effects of ultrasonic process parameters on the degree of impregnation of BF/PP composites
Authors: Liu Yuanyuan , Yang Yifei , He Yadong , Xin Chunling , Ren Feng , Yu Yang 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The properties of basalt fiber reinforced polypropylene composites (BF/PP) were improved by ultrasonic treatment of resin building pressure to assist melt impregnation. Combined with the study of ultrasonic pressure building theory, the mechanical properties of the modified composites were analyzed using the characterization of tensile, flexural and impact strengths in response to porosity and fracture rate. The effects of ultrasonic power, frequency and distance of action on resin building pressure and composite properties were investigated. The results showed that the best effect was achieved when the ultrasonic frequency was 25 kHz, the ultrasonic power was 300 W, and the action distance was 4 mm, at which time the porosity of the prepreg was reduced to 2.99%, the fracture rate was 3.36%, and the tensile, flexural, and impact strengths were 108.73 MPa, 116.81 MPa, and 51.59 KJ.m−2.
Perspectives for III-nitride photonic platforms
Authors: Boucaud Philippe , Bhat Nagesh , Gromovyi Maksym , El Kurdi Moustafa , Reserbat-Plantey Antoine , Tuan Dau Minh , Al Khalfioui Mohamed , Alloing Blandine , Damilano Benjamin , Semond Fabrice 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The development of photonic platforms for the visible or ultra-violet spectral range represents a major challenge. In this article, we present an overview of the technological solutions available on the market. We discuss the pros and cons associated with heterogeneous or monolithic integration. We specifically focus on the III-nitride platform for integrated photonics. The III-nitrides offer every building block needed for a universal platform. We discuss the additional opportunities offered by combining III-nitride semiconductors with other materials such as two-dimensional materials.
Therapeutic Trust
Authors: Carter J Adam 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter extends the telic normativity framework to therapeutic trust and characterizes its nature and its constitutive norms. Central to the view advanced is a distinction between two kinds of therapeutic trust—default therapeutic trust and overriding therapeutic trust—each of which derives from a distinct kind of trusting competence. The new view is shown to have advantages over some notable extant accounts of therapeutic trust, and its relation to standard (non-therapeutic) trust, as defended by Hieronymi, Frost-Arnold, and Jones.
The Passes to Florence
Authors: Havely Nick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 is the first of two that trace the history of the region where the routes between Bologna and Florence cross the Apennines. It was an area of strategic importance during the Second World War, since the German Gothic Line of defence closely followed the ridge. This chapter deals with the stories and reminiscences of those who fought along this section of the Gothic Line, especially the British scholar Derek Brewer and soldiers of the US Fifth Army who breached the Line at Il Giogo in September 1944. It also describes the many travellers who crossed by way of Il Giogo (between Firenzuola and Scarperia) from the Middle Ages until the mid eighteenth century, when the new road was opened over the Futa Pass, and it considers how perceptions of these mountains changed over that period.