bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels Among US Children Aged 1 to 11 Years: Do Children Need More Vitamin D?
Authors: Mansbach Jonathan M. , Ginde Adit A. , Camargo Carlos A. 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE: Single-center studies have suggested that hypovitaminosis D is widespread. Our objective was to determine the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) in a nationally representative sample of US children aged 1 to 11 years.METHODS: Data were obtained from the 2001–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Serum 25(OH)D levels were determined by radioimmunoassay and categorized as &lt;25, &lt;50, and &lt;75 nmol/L. National estimates were obtained by using assigned patient visit weights and reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).RESULTS: During the 2001–2006 time period, the mean serum 25(OH)D level for US children aged 1 to 11 years was 68 nmol/L (95% CI: 66–70). Children aged 6 to 11 years had lower mean levels of 25(OH)D (66 nmol/L [95% CI: 64–68]) compared with children aged 1 to 5 years (70 nmol/L [95% CI: 68–73]). Overall, the prevalence of levels at &lt;25 nmol/L was 1% (95% CI: 0.7–1.4), &lt;50 nmol/L was 18% (95% CI: 16–21), and &lt;75 nmol/L was 69% (95% CI: 65–73). The prevalence of serum 25(OH)D levels of &lt;75 nmol/L was higher among children aged 6 to 11 years (73%) compared with children aged 1 to 5 years (63%); girls (71%) compared with boys (67%); and non-Hispanic black (92%) and Hispanic (80%) children compared with non-Hispanic white children (59%).CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of a nationally representative sample of US children aged 1 to 11 years, millions of children may have suboptimal levels of 25(OH)D, especially non-Hispanic black and Hispanic children. More data in children are needed not only to understand better the health implications of specific serum levels of 25(OH)D but also to determine the appropriate vitamin D supplement requirements for children.
Disability Among Internationally Adopted Children in the United States
Authors: Kreider Rose M. , Cohen Philip N. 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to estimate disability rates for internationally adopted children in the United States.
METHODS: We conducted an analysis of restricted-access data from the complete long form of Census 2000 for internationally adopted children aged 5 to 15 in 2000, estimating disability rates by country of origin, controlling for gender, age at adoption, current age, and parental characteristics.
RESULTS: Internationally adopted children have disability rates similar to those adopted domestically (11.7% vs 12.2%, respectively) and more than twice the rate for all children in that age range (5.8%). The adjusted odds of disability relative to domestic adoptees range from one half or less (China and Korea) to twice as large or more (Romania, Bulgaria, other Eastern Europe, and other Western Europe).
CONCLUSIONS: The population of internationally adopted children is relatively small and diverse, posing challenges for researchers who hope to reach generalizable conclusions. Nevertheless, health, education, and social service professionals, as well as adoptive and prospective adoptive parents, should be aware of the risk for disabilities among internationally adopted children to devote the resources necessary to addressing them.
Interinstitutional Variation in Prediction of Death by SNAP-II and SNAPPE-II Among Extremely Preterm Infants
Authors: Dammann Olaf , Shah Bhavesh , Naples Mary , Bednarek Francis , Zupancic John , Allred Elizabeth N. , Leviton Alan ,   for the ELGAN Study Investigators
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: Illness severity scores predict death among infants admitted to NICUs. We know of no study limited to a population defined by an extremely low gestational age.METHODS: A total of 1467 infants born before the 28th postmenstrual week at 14 institutions were given Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology II (SNAP-II) and Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology Perinatal Extension II (SNAPPE-II) values based on data collected within the first 12 postnatal hours. All deaths in the intensive care nursery were identified.RESULTS: The rate of death before postnatal day 28 was 13% (interinstitutional range: 7%–20%), whereas the overall mortality rate was 18% (8%–31%). SNAP-II values, SNAPPE-II values, and mortality rates tended to decrease with increasing gestational age. Even within gestational age strata, however, the risk of death decreased with decreasing SNAP-II and SNAPPE-II values. The positive predictive values of most SNAP-II and SNAPPE-II cutoff levels were close to 30%. In general, institutions' mortality rates increased with the proportions of infants whose SNAP-II values were ≥30.CONCLUSION: The physiologic instability in the first 12 postnatal hours that is identified by illness severity scores conveys information about the risk of death among infants at the lowest gestational ages.
Neurobehavior in Term, Small-for-Gestational Age Infants With Normal Placental Function
Authors: Figueras Francesc , Oros Daniel , Cruz-Martinez Rogelio , Padilla Nelly , Hernandez-Andrade Edgar , Botet Francesc , Costas-Moragas Carme , Gratacos Eduard 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to evaluate the neurobehavioral outcomes of term, small-for-gestational age (SGA) newborns with normal placental function.METHODS: A cohort of consecutive term SGA newborns with normal prenatal umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound findings was created and compared with a group of term infants with size appropriate for gestational age, who were sampled from our general neonatal population. Neonatal behavior was evaluated at corrected age of 40 ± 1 weeks with the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. The effect of the study group on each Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale area was adjusted, through multivariate analysis of covariance, for smoking during pregnancy, maternal BMI, socioeconomic level, onset of labor, mode of delivery, use of epidural anesthetic medication, gestational age at delivery, postnatal age (in days) at evaluation, and gender.RESULTS: A total of 202 newborns (102 SGA and 100 appropriate for gestational age) were included. All of the neurobehavioral areas studied were poorer in the SGA group, with significance for attention, habituation, motor, social-interactive, and regulation of state. The average mean differences in scores between the study groups were 0.77 (95% confidence interval: 0.38–1. 14) for attention, 0.64 (95% confidence interval: 0.13–1.14) for habituation, 0.52 (95% confidence interval: 0.31–0.74) for motor, 0.95 (95% confidence interval: 0.54–1.37) for social-interactive, and 0.68 (95% confidence interval: 0.23–1.13) for regulation of state. These differences remained significant after adjustment for potential confounders.CONCLUSION: Term SGA newborns with no signs of placental insufficiency had poorer neurobehavioral competencies, which suggests delayed neurologic maturation.
A Pilot Trial of Pramlintide Home Usage in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Kishiyama Christopher M. , Burdick Patricia L. , Cobry Erin C. , Gage Victoria L. , Messer Laurel H. , McFann Kim , Chase H. Peter 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of home pramlintide use in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a randomized, 28-day pilot trial of pramlintide (maximum dose: 30 μg per meal) in 10 adolescents aged 13 to 17 years. End points included changes in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values, body weight, and postprandial peak blood glucose levels and area under the curve on continuous glucose monitoring.
RESULTS: Changes in HbA1c values, body weight, and total insulin dose declined in the treatment group compared with the control group (bootstrapped, P ≤ .02 for each). The treatment group also demonstrated lower average dinner area under the curve (P = .02) and lower maximum breakfast (P = .03) and dinner (P = .02) postprandial blood glucose values.
CONCLUSIONS: Pramlintide can help some adolescents to decrease postprandial hyperglycemia, HbA1c values, body weight, and insulin dosages. Additional large-scale trials should now be considered.
Complex Multifactorial Nature of Significant Hyperbilirubinemia in Neonates
Authors: Watchko Jon F. , Lin Zhili , Clark Reese H. , Kelleher Amy S. , Walker M. Whit , Spitzer Alan R. ,   for the Pediatrix Hyperbilirubinemia Study Group
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), uridine-diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1), and hepatic solute carrier organic anion transporter 1B1 (SLCO1B1) gene variants occur at greater frequency in neonates with significant hyperbilirubinemia.
METHODS: Infants with gestational ages of ≥37 weeks and ages of &lt;7 days were studied. Case subjects had ≥1 bilirubin level above the 95th percentile (high-risk zone), whereas control subjects had bilirubin levels of &lt;40th percentile (low-risk zone) at study entry.
RESULTS: A total of 153 case subjects (median bilirubin level: 15.7 mg/dL) and 299 control subjects (median bilirubin level: 4.6 mg/dL) were evaluated. There were no statistical differences in the frequencies of G6PD, UGT1A1, and SCLO1B1 gene variants between case and control subjects (G6PD: 5.2% vs 3.3%; UGT1A1: 14.4% vs 9.4%; SLCO1B1: 73.2% vs 73.6%). However, coexpression of the G6PD African A− mutation with UGT1A1 and/or SLCO1B1 variants was seen more frequently for case subjects. Case subjects more often demonstrated ≥2 factors contributing to hyperbilirubinemia, including ABO blood group heterospecificity in which the mother had blood group O (47.7% vs 11.4%), positive direct Coombs test results (33.3% vs 4%), sibling treated with phototherapy (16.3% vs 5.4%), maternal circulating blood group antibodies (10.5 vs 0.7%), maternal diabetes mellitus (13.1% vs 6.4%), and maternal East Asian ethnicity (6.5% vs 1.3%).
CONCLUSIONS: Clinical contributors to hyperbilirubinemia were identified more frequently for case subjects but individually G6PD, UGT1A1, and SLCO1B1 variants were not. Coexpression of the G6PD African A− mutation with UGT1A1 and SLCO1B1 variants was seen more often for case subjects.
Aluminum Exposure From Parenteral Nutrition in Preterm Infants: Bone Health at 15-Year Follow-up
Authors: Fewtrell Mary S. , Bishop Nick J. , Edmonds Caroline J. , Isaacs Elizabeth B. , Lucas Alan 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE: Aluminum has known neurotoxicity and may impair short-term bone health. In a randomized trial, we showed reduced neurodevelopmental scores in preterm infants who were previously exposed to aluminum from parenteral nutrition solutions. Here, in the same cohort, we test the hypothesis that neonatal aluminum exposure also adversely affects long-term bone health, as indicated by reduced bone mass.
METHODS: Bone area (BA) and bone mineral content (BMC) of lumbar spine, hip, and whole body were measured with dual radiograph absorptiometry in 13- to 15-year-olds who were born preterm and randomly assigned standard or aluminum-depleted parenteral nutrition solutions during the neonatal period.
RESULTS: Fifty-nine children (32% of survivors) were followed. Those who were randomly assigned to standard parenteral nutrition solution had lower lumbar spine BMC, apparently explained by a concomitant decrease in bone size. In nonrandomized analyses, children who were exposed to neonatal aluminum intakes above the median (55 μg/kg) had lower hip BMC (by 7.6% [95% confidence interval 0.21–13.8]; P = 0.02), independent of bone (or body) size.
CONCLUSIONS: Neonates who are exposed to parenteral aluminum may have reduced lumbar spine and hip bone mass during adolescence, potential risk factors for later osteoporosis and hip fracture. These findings need confirmation in larger, more detailed studies. Nevertheless, given our previous finding of adverse developmental outcome in these individuals and the sizeable number of contemporary infants who undergo intensive neonatal care and are still exposed to aluminum via parenteral feeding solutions, the potential adverse long-term consequences of early aluminum exposure now deserve renewed attention.
The Structuring Enemy and Archival War
Authors: Feldman Allen 
Published: October 2009

In the wake of the collapse of the cold war bipolar world order, Jacques Derrida wrote:Losing the enemy would simply be the loss of the political itself. … The invention of the enemy is where the urgency and the anguish are: this invention is what would have to be brought off, in sum to repoliticize, to put an end to depoliticization. Where the principal enemy, the “structuring” enemy, seems nowhere to be found, where it ceases it to be identifiable and thus reliable—that is, where the same phobia projects a mobile multiplicity of potential interchangeable metonymic enemies, in secret alliance with one another: conjuration. (Politics 84)
Electronic Civil Disobedience: Inventing the Future of Online Agitprop Theater
Authors: Dominguez Ricardo 
Published: October 2009

We see that a certain revolutionary type is not possible, but at the same time we comprehend that another revolutionary type becomes possible, not through a certain form of class struggle, but rather through a molecular revolution, which not only sets in motion social classes and individuals, but also a machinic and semiotic revolution.—Félix Guattari (qtd. in Raunig)We follow the speed of dreams.—Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos, The Speed of Dreams (2007)Critical art ensemble staged the theory of electronic civil disobedience (ECD) as a gamble against a form of the all-too-present future of “dead capital,” otherwise known as late capital. In our 1994 book The Electronic Disturbance, Critical Art Ensemble argued that dead capital was being constituted as an electronic commodity form in constant flow (11). Capital had been, was, and would continue to be reensembling itself, as the contemporary elite moved from centralized urban areas to decentralized and deterritorialized cyberspace (13). For Critical Art Ensemble, it was clear that cyberspace, as it was called then, was the next stage of struggle. The activist reply to this change was to teleport the system of trespass and blockage that was historically anchored to civil disobedience to this new phase of economic flows in the age of networks: “As in civil disobedience, primary tactics in electronic civil disobedience are trespass and blockage. Exits, entrances, conduits, and other key spaces must be occupied by the contestational force in order to bring pressure on legitimized institutions engaged in unethical or criminal actions” (Critical Art Ensemble, Electronic Civil Disobedience 18). As we imagined it in the early 1990s, electronic disturbance was the core gesture that could initiate a new “performative matrix” (Electronic Disturbance 57).
Language use in asynchronous computer-mediated communication in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Daphne Li-jung 
Published: October 2009

This paper describes how Chinese-English bilinguals in Taiwan use their languages in asynchronous computer-mediated communication, specifically, via Bulletin Board System (BBS) and email. The main data includes two types: emails collected from a social network and postings collected from two BBS websites. By examining patterns of language choice and language use in these two types of data, the aim of this research is to investigate how a language contact phenomenon – code-switching (CS) – is realized via different writing systems in online environmentThe data reveals that there are two levels of CS: CS between languages and CS between writing systems. In terms of CS between languages, three patterns are found: CS between Mandarin and Taiwanese, CS between Mandarin and English, CS between Mandarin, Taiwanese and English. In terms of CS between writing systems, three patterns are also identified: CS between Standard Written Chinese (SWC) and Zhuyin, CS between SWC and English alphabet, and CS between SWC, Zhuyin and English alphabet. This paper presents the two levels of CS by using the examples found in the data and describes the complex relationship between different writing systems and different languages. It is concluded that CS is found to be a common phenomenon on asynchronous CMC, where it fosters multilingualism and multi-orthography.
Roles of Managed Pressure Drilling Technique in Kick Detection and Wellcontrol—The Beginning of the New Conventional Drilling Way
Authors: Vieira Paco , Arnone Maurizio , Torres Fabian , Barragan Fernando 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
In times when the oil industry is looking for drilling technologies to optimize the development of their field, Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) has become in a very attractive technology, offering a considerable amount of tangible benefits. MPD is an optimized drilling process used to more precisely control the annular pressure profile throughout the well bore. The objectives are to ascertain the downhole pressure environment limits and to manage the annular hydraulic pressure profile accordingly. It means that the annular pressure profile is controlled from surface in such a way that the Bottom Hole Circulating Pressure (BHCP) is balanced with the pore pressure at all times. MPD is intended to avoid continuous influx of formation fluids to the surface. Any flow incidental to the operation will be safely contained using an appropriate process. MPD process employs a collection of tools and techniques that may mitigate the risks and costs associated with drilling wells that have narrow limits between pore and fracure pressures, meaning that the extra equipment used should be able to enhance the conventional kick detection capabilities and also to manage the formation influxes without increasing the NPT associate with this type of events compared to conventional operations in which the MPD equipment is not available. MPD includes control of back pressure, fluid density, fluid rheology annular fluid level, circulating friction and hole geometry, or combinations thereof. MPD may allow faster corrective action to deal with observed pressure variations. The ability to dynamically control annular pressures facilitates drilling of what might otherwise be economically unattainable prospects. This paper discuss about the benefits of the Managed Pressure Drilling Technique equipment in kick detection and wellcontrol and its direct impact in the reduction of NPT (Costs) and drilling safety in times where the access to new oil reserves are implying a concentration of efforts in these two areas.
The Role of Multilateral Drilling Technology in Increasing Productivity in the Middle East Fields
Authors: Paiaman Abouzar Mirzaei , Al-Anazi B. D. , Safian Gh. A. , Moghadasi J. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Multilateral drilling (ML) drilling technology is one of the unconventional drilling methods to increase the productivity of a well. It is thought that ML wells could be more economic with higher productivities than other types of wells such as vertical, directional, horizontal or extended reach horizontal wells. Advances in ML drilling has resulted in significant cost saving, greater flexibility and increased profit potential.
In the last two decades, thousands of ML wells have been drilled worldwide. Around 10 percent of the total wells are ML. During 1980s, advances in horizontal technology were adopted quickly in the Middle East to bring about dramatic improvements in well productivity. Many operators in the Persian Gulf region looked at ML drilling technology as a next step from horizontal drilling technology. These operators started to drill ML wells after experiencing successful drilling of horizontal wells. Since the early 1990, the use of ML drilling technology in the Middle East has seen significant growth to the extent that Middle East is one of the most active areas in the world for ML applications.
This paper investigates the benefits of ML drilling as one of the highly expanded methods. Advantages and challenges of the ML technology are highlighted. Since Middle East is one of the most active areas in the world for ML applications, therefore, two case studies from this region are reviewed. The first case study is the first Saudi Aramco's deep ML gas well, and the second is drilling a dual lateral well in Dukhan field in Qatar. For the former case study, productivity of ML wells is presented. Furthermore, a comparison is made between the productivity of a horizontal and dual ML in order to give a recommendation for one of them.
Advancements in Pressure Resistant Tool Joints for Intervention Riser, Under-Balanced Drilling, and Completion Applications
Authors: Muradov Andrei , Jellison Michael J. , Vinson Barry J. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Technical advancements in rotary shouldered connections (RSC) traditionally employed on drill pipe continue to evolve. Advancements in this area are being developed to address new challenges in drilling and completion of longer-reach and higher-pressure wells. This paper presents the results of a two-year comprehensive program to design, test, and qualify third generation double shoulder connections coupled with gas-tight metal-to-metal seal technology for 20,000 psi internal and 10,000 psi external pressure service. Extensive finite element analysis (FEA) and modified ISO 13679 testing methodologies were utilized in the development and testing of the gas-tight third generation double shoulder connection to simulate aggressive loading conditions and evaluate the connections pressure capability. The paper also provides details on how critical drilling and completion applications can benefit from the new connection technology.
Plug-Setting Aid Retooled for Uphole-Downdip Plugback Application Enables Pinpoint Slurry Placement in Complex Updip Wellbore
Authors: Rogers Hank , Winslow Donny , Boddy Paul 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
As drilling techniques advance and wellbores become more complex, placing successful cement plugs downhole on the first attempt becomes more challenging. Phenomena and well conditions can have a negative influence on the performance of the cement plug, significantly impacting drilling time and costs. When plug-cementing operations are required in an updip hole section, the following concerns become even more difficult to address:
Boycott or extrusion effects, especially in highly deviated wells. Lost circulation problems caused by the narrow mud-weight window. High concentrations of lost-circulation materials impede pumping at the desired rates for optimum displacement efficiency. Shorter plug-length requirements, because reentries are becoming more popular in mature fields as an alternate way to look for different production zones. Complex wellbore geometry. Difficulty of effectively placing small volumes of slurry under deep, high-temperature conditions and washed-hole sections.
This paper documents a Middle East field application where an abandonment plug was required to be set in an uphole-downdip section of the wellbore. After several failed attempts using a conventional plug-setting aid, an application-specific plug-setting aid was designed that incorporated torque-capability to help enable the workstring to be run in hole (RIH) in an updip wellbore and an annular isolation element to prevent slurry fallback in the uphole-downdip hole section. Detailed customer expectations and performance criteria will be provided, resulting in a conventional plug-setting aid that was successfully retooled to enable slurry placement in an uphole-downdip wellbore.