bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remediation, land use, and risk at Rocky Flats, and a comparison with Hanford
Authors: Abbotts John 
Published: June 2011

AbstractUS Department of Energy (US DOE) responsibilities for its former national atomic weapons complex include remediation of the Rocky Flats facility near Denver, Colorado. In 1993, the site's primary mission shifted from “production'' of plutonium components for atomic weapons to cleanup of extensive radioactive and chemical contamination representing the legacy of production activities. Remediation was governed by the agreements between the US DOE as the responsible party and the US Environmental Protection Agency and the state of Colorado as joint regulators. In 1995, the Rocky Flats Future Use Working Group issued its final report, recommending among other features that long‐term cleanup reduce contamination levels to background. This article describes the circumstances that led the US DOE to complete the Rocky Flats cleanup more quickly and makes comparisons to the situation at the US DOE's Hanford site. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
EFFECTS OF BENTHIC HABITAT RESTORATION ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND ECOSYSTEM METABOLISM IN THREE HEADWATER STREAMS
Authors: Hoellein T. J. , Tank J. L. , Entrekin S. A. , Rosi‐Marshall E. J. , Stephen M. L. , Lamberti G. A. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThe assemblage of stream habitat types can drive biofilm composition and activity in headwater streams, thereby influencing rates of ecosystem function. However, the influence of human‐induced alterations to the distribution of benthic habitat such as construction, land‐use changes and restoration on biofilm‐mediated processes has not been well studied. We measured nutrient uptake of ammonium, nitrate and phosphate, as well as gross primary production and community respiration in three streams in Michigan, USA, each with an upstream reference and a downstream restored reach. The restoration included a 10‐m sediment trap, paired with 40–60 m of gravel and boulder added downstream and designed to retain sediment, stabilize banks and provide spawning habitat for trout. We sampled four times in the six stream reaches from May 2006 to September 2007. Across streams, restored reaches reflected the structural manipulation with increased predominance of coarse inorganic sediments, higher gas exchange rate and increased transient storage. However, nutrient uptake and community respiration rates were different between reaches at only one site. The ecosystem response by this stream was driven by the large differences in coarse inorganic habitat between reference and restored reaches. We conclude that restorations of benthic habitat which are visually conspicuous, such as creation of settling pools and gravel‐filled reaches, did not universally affect stream ecosystem function. Initial conditions and magnitude of change may be key factors to consider in explaining functional responses, and predicting the influence of habitat restoration on ecosystem function remains a challenge. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schichten über Schichten
Authors: Schaaf Peter , Spieß Lothar , Kups Thomas , Romanus Henry , Grieseler Rolf , Hopfeld Marcus , Wilke Marcus , Stauden Thomas , Lorenz David , Fischer Andreas 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSchichten und Beschichtungen sind mittlerweile eine unabdingbare Voraussetzung für eine Vielzahl von technischen Anwendungen für hochwertige Werkstoffe geworden. In diesem Beitrag werden beispielhaft hochwertige Beschichtungen für elektrisch leitende und optisch transparente Schichten für die Photovoltaik, Schichten für medizinische Elektroden, für Halbleiterkontakte und für Hochtemperaturkontakte vorgestellt. Die hierfür eingesetzten Verfahren sind das Magnetron‐Sputtern und die gepulste Laserdeposition. Der Einfluss der Beschichtungsparameter auf die funktionalen Eigenschaften werden vorgestellt.
Improvements in the performance of turbomolecular pumps
Authors: Chew Andrew , Brewster B. , Olsen I. , Ormrod S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA new range of turbomolecular pumps, nEXT, has been developed. This incorporates a new damping mechanism and pumping stage options. A new Siegbahn drag stage in combination with a regenerative mechanism are described in their combination with pure turbomolecular stages. Consequent increased backing pressures, high compression ratios and the facilitation of a boost port being used to create additional pumping capacity in the viscous flow regime will be described.
Aktive Thermosonde zur Messung des Energieeinstromes
Authors: Wiese Ruben , Kersten Holger , Wiese Georg , Häckel Marko 
Published: June 2011

AbstractEs wird eine aktive Thermosonde zur Bestimmung des Energieeinstromes bei plasmatechnologischen Prozessen vorgestellt. Das Messprinzip beruht auf der Kompensation des eintreffenden Energieeinstromes. Wesentliche Vorteile gegenüber anderen Verfahren sind die Möglichkeit der kontinuierlichen Messung, auch in beschichtenden Plasmen sowie der Verzicht auf eine Kalibrierung der Sonde.Der Energieeinstrom kann an ausgewählten Positionen der Anlage gemessen und die Korrelation mit den Eigenschaften der herzustellenden Schicht bzw. der zu behandelnden Oberfläche festgestellt werden. Da die Sonde empfindlich auf Änderungen der Prozessparameter unmittelbar an der Oberfläche des Substrates reagiert, ist sie besonders zur kostengünstigen Regelung und Überwachung des Schichtbildungs‐ bzw. Behandlungsprozesses geeignet und kann damit zur Qualitätssicherung eingsetzt werden. Die Sonde ist für industrielle Prozesse als auch für akademische Fragestellungen geeignet.
Diverse Perceptions of the Informed Consent Process: Implications for the Recruitment and Participation of Diverse Communities in the National Children's Study
Authors: Lakes Kimberley D. , Vaughan Elaine , Jones Marissa , Burke Wylie , Baker Dean , Swanson James M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe examined the experiences, perceptions, and values that are brought to bear when individuals from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds consider participating in health research. Fifty‐three women from Latino, Asian American, Middle Eastern, or Non‐Latino, White backgrounds participated in seven English or Spanish focus groups facilitated by trained investigators using a standard protocol. Investigators described the National Children's Study (NCS) and then asked questions to elicit potential concerns, expectations, and informational needs. Group sessions were audio‐recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using qualitative thematic methods. A major theme that emerged during focus groups was participant self‐identification as a member of a cultural group or community when raising issues that would influence their decision to participate in research. A related theme was the belief by some that communities may differ in the ease of participation in the NCS. Identified themes related to the informed consent process included perceived risks, anticipated burden, perceived benefits, informational needs, and decision‐making strategies. Although themes were shared across groups, there were cultural differences within themes. Findings indicated that individuals from diverse backgrounds may have different perspectives on and expectations for the research process. To effectively recruit representative samples, it will be important to address a range of issues relevant for informed consent and to consider the impact of participation on both individuals and communities.
Insight into β‐Carotene Thermal Degradation in Oils with Multiresponse Modeling
Authors: Achir Nawel , Pénicaud Caroline , Avallone Sylvie , Bohuon Philippe 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to gain further insight into β‐carotene thermal degradation in oils. Multiresponse modeling was applied to experimental high‐performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC–DAD) data (trans‐, 13‐cis‐, and 9‐cis‐β‐carotene concentrations) during the heat treatments (120–180 °C) of two β‐carotene‐enriched oils, i.e., palm olein and copra. The test of different reaction schemes showed that β‐carotene isomerization reactions were dominant and reversible. The resulting cis isomers and trans‐β‐carotene simultaneously underwent oxidation and cleavage reactions at the same rate constant. From the kinetic analysis, it appeared that—contrary to oxidation and cleavage reactions—isomerization rate constants did not follow the Arrhenius law. However, the isomerization equilibrium constant increased with temperature, favoring isomer production, particularly 9‐cis‐β‐carotene. Its production was shown to be concomitant with oxidation and cleavage reactions, indicating that 9‐cis‐β‐carotene could be a good degradation indicator during oil storage or processing.
Interesterification of Lard and Soybean Oil Blends Catalyzed by Immobilized Lipase in a Continuous Packed Bed Reactor
Authors: da Silva Roberta Claro , Soares Fabiana Andreia Schaffer De Martini , Fernandes Thaís Gonzaga , Castells Anna Laura Donadi , da Silva Kelly Caroline Guimarães , Gonçalves Maria Inês Almeida , Ming Chiu Chih , Gonçalves Lireny Aparecida Guaraldo , Gioielli Luiz Antonio 
Published: June 2011

AbstractStructured lipids (SL), formulated by blends of lard and soybean oil in different ratios, were subjected to continuous enzymatic interesterification catalyzed by an immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipozyme TL IM) in a continuous packed bed reactor. The original and interesterified blends were examined for fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition, regiospecific distribution, and solid fat content. Blends of lard and soybean oil in the proportions 80:20 and 70:30 (w/w), respectively, demonstrated a fatty acid composition, and proportions of polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) and monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA/PUFA), that are appropriate for the formulation of pediatric products. These same blends were suited for this purpose after interesterification because their sn‐2 positions were occupied by saturated fatty acids (52.5 and 45.4%, respectively), while unsaturated fatty acids predominantly occupied sn‐1,3 positions, akin to human milk fat. Interesterification caused rearrangement of triacylglycerol species.
Epigenetic regulation of prostate cancer
Authors: Chin Suyin P. , Dickinson Joanne L. , Holloway Adele F. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractProstate cancer is a commonly diagnosed cancer in men and a leading cause of cancer deaths. Whilst the underlying mechanisms leading to prostate cancer are still to be determined, it is evident that both genetic and epigenetic changes contribute to the development and progression of this disease. Epigenetic changes involving DNA hypo- and hypermethylation, altered histone modifications and more recently changes in microRNA expression have been detected at a range of genes associated with prostate cancer. Furthermore, there is evidence that particular epigenetic changes are associated with different stages of the disease. Whilst early detection can lead to effective treatment, and androgen deprivation therapy has a high response rate, many tumours develop towards hormone-refractory prostate cancer, for which there is no successful treatment. Reliable markers for early detection and more effective treatment strategies are, therefore, needed. Consequently, there is a considerable interest in the potential of epigenetic changes as markers or targets for therapy in prostate cancer. Epigenetic modifiers that demethylate DNA and inhibit histone deacetylases have recently been explored to reactivate silenced gene expression in cancer. However, further understanding of the mechanisms and the effects of chromatin modulation in prostate cancer are required. In this review, we examine the current literature on epigenetic changes associated with prostate cancer and discuss the potential use of epigenetic modifiers for treatment of this disease.
Insufficient DNA methylation affects healthy aging and promotes age-related health problems
Authors: Liu Liang , van Groen Thomas , Kadish Inga , Li Yuanyuan , Wang Deli , James Smitha R. , Karpf Adam R. , Tollefsbol Trygve O. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDNA methylation plays an integral role in development and aging through epigenetic regulation of genome function. DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) is the most prevalent DNA methyltransferase that maintains genomic methylation stability. To further elucidate the function of Dnmt1 in aging and age-related diseases, we exploited the Dnmt1+/− mouse model to investigate how Dnmt1 haploinsufficiency impacts the aging process by assessing the changes of several major aging phenotypes. We confirmed that Dnmt1 haploinsufficiency indeed decreases DNA methylation as a result of reduced Dnmt1 expression. To assess the effect of Dnmt1 haploinsufficiency on general body composition, we performed dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry analysis and showed that reduced Dnmt1 activity decreased bone mineral density and body weight, but with no significant impact on mortality or body fat content. Using behavioral tests, we demonstrated that Dnmt1 haploinsufficiency impairs learning and memory functions in an age-dependent manner. Taken together, our findings point to the interesting likelihood that reduced genomic methylation activity adversely affects the healthy aging process without altering survival and mortality. Our studies demonstrated that cognitive functions of the central nervous system are modulated by Dnmt1 activity and genomic methylation, highlighting the significance of the original epigenetic hypothesis underlying memory coding and function.
Reevaluation of the Braginskii viscous force for toroidal plasma
Authors: JOHNSON ROBERT W. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe model by Braginskii [1] (Braginskii, S. I. 1965 Transport processes in plasma. In: Review of Plasma Physics, Vol. 1 (ed. M.A. Leontovich). New York, NY: Consultants Bureau, pp. 205–311) for the viscous stress tensor is used to determine the shear and gyroviscous forces acting within a toroidally confined plasma. Comparison is made to a previous evaluation, which contains an inconsistent treatment of the radial derivative and neglects the effect of the pitch angle. Parallel viscosity contributes a radial shear viscous force, which may develop for sufficient vertical asymmetry to the ion velocity profile. An evaluation is performed of this radial viscous force for a tokamak near equilibrium, which indicates qualitative agreement between theory and measurement for impure plasma discharges with strong toroidal flow.
Electoral Systems and the Number of Parties in Postcommunist States
Authors: Moser Robert G. 
Published: June 2011

Scholars studying electoral systems have consistently found that single-member plurality elections tend to constrain the number of parties operating in a polity to a much greater extent than multimember proportional representation systems. This article tests this hypothesis in the post-communist context by examining the effects of proportional representation and single-member district elections on the number of parties in five postcommunist states. It is shown that some postcommunist states, most notably Poland and Hungary, have followed the standard pattern of party consolidation over time in reaction to incentives of electoral systems, while others, most notably Russia and Ukraine, have not. The author argues that the different effects of electoral systems can be attributed to different levels of party institutionalization found in postcommunist states.These findings have policy implications. Under conditions of extreme party underdevelopment, the electoral system that promotes the use of party labels—proportional representation—may be more effective than the plurality system in constraining the number of parties, provided a legal threshold is used. This runs counter to the conventional wisdom that plurality elections offer the greatest constraint on the number of parties.
Village Committee Elections in China: Institutionalist Tactics for Democracy
Authors: Shi Tianjian 
Published: June 2011

Earlier institutionalist studies in Chinese politics have shown how conservatives and local bureaucrats took advantage of institutional designs in the Leninist system of the People's Republic of China to delay and undermine the implementation of reforms. There has been less discussion of how reformers adapted their strategies to existing institutional constraints to overcome the opposition of conservatives. Using the implementation process of the Organic Law of the Village Committees, this article describes how the reformers adapted to the Chinese institutional setting to promote political reform over opposition at the elite and local levels.As the case of the village elections shows, the reformers in China designed a strategy to promote reform incrementally. Each step along the way was arranged to appear to be a natural response to the interaction between the initial reform policy and unforeseen consequences brought about by the previous policy. In this process, reformers deliberately manipulated a crucial variable—time—to bring about gradual change in the important actor, that is, the peasants, from spectators into participants, and thereby to change the balance of power between proponents and opponents of the reform. Other political players were also carefully enfranchised at different stages of the implementation process to help reformers in their struggle against conservatives.
Federalism and Central bank Independence: The Politics of German Monetary Policy, 1957–92
Authors: Lohmann Susanne 
Published: June 2011

Two channels of political control allow elected politicians to influence monetary policy. First, political threats to the status, structure, or very existence of the central bank may force central bankers to comply with politically motivated demands on monetary policy. Second, politicians may use their powers of appointment to ensure diat central bank appointees share their electoral and party-political goals. This paper derives the monetary policy outcomes obtained as a function of me degree of central bank independence (zero, partial, or full) and central bankers' types (partisans or technocrats).Based on a case study of the 1957 and 1992 institutional changes to the German central banking system and a regression analysis covering the period in between, the author argues that the formal independence of the system is protected by its embeddedness in the institutions of German federalism and by the federalist components of its decentralized organizational structure. The behavioral independence of the German central bank fluctuates over time with the party control of federalist veto points. The Bundesbank is staffed with nonpartisan technocrats who are partially insulated from political pressures.
Assessing Competing Defense Postures: The Strategic Implications of “Flexible Response”
Authors: Zagare Frank C. , Kilgour D. Marc 
Published: June 2011

A two-stage Asymmetric Escalation Game is developed to explore the connection between stage credibility and deterrence stability. There are two players in the model: Challenger and Defender. Challenger may initiate or not. If Challenger initiates, Defender may do nothing, respond in kind, or escalate; Challenger may then escalate or counterescalate, and so on. Each player is uncertain about the other's intentions at the final stage of the game. Escalation represents a choice that both players believe is qualitatively different from other available responses. Thus the model applies to any situation in which Defender may respond by crossing a threshold, thereby inducing a (psychologically) distinct level of conflict.The Perfect Bayesian Equilibria are identified and interpreted, and inferences are drawn about the viability of limited war options and various competing flexible response deployment policies. In general, the model reveals that substrategic deployments add little to overall deterrence stability. Under certain relatively rare conditions, a policy called no-first-use in the super power context offers Defender advantages that might conceivably warrant the deployment stance associated with it. But a war fighting deployment never benefits Defender. Within the confines of the model, therefore, limited or substrategic wars are possible but unlikely.
Evaluation of Woundfin Augmentation Efforts in the Virgin River by Estimation of Admixture Proportions
Authors: Chen Yongjiu , Childs Michael R. , Keeler‐Foster Connie 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe woundfin Plagopterus argentissimus is imperiled as a result of habitat destruction, water diversion, and the introduction of nonnative species. Augmentation of wild woundfin populations in the Utah portion of the Virgin River with fish from Dexter National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center (Dexter Hatchery) began in 2003. We used 10 microsatellite DNA loci to determine whether captive woundfins are contributing to recruitment in the Virgin River. Admixture analyses based on moment estimators, maximum likelihood, frequency, and Bayesian approaches indicated that the genetic contribution of Dexter Hatchery's woundfin augmentation stocking to 2005 recruitment in the Virgin River was 35–46% in the Washington Fields Diversion reach and 43–59% in the area of the Quail Creek Reservoir inflow. Salvaged wild parental stock was mixed with the captive broodstock at Dexter Hatchery in 2004 and had a genetic contribution of 26–49% to the offspring reared at Dexter Hatchery in 2005. Care must be taken to ensure the genetic integrity of stocked fish as the potential impact on the augmented population can be substantial. These results demonstrate that genetic markers used to infer gene flow (via admixture analysis) from the captive population to the wild population can be applied to determine the effectiveness of hatchery propagation programs and to monitor genetic similarity between wild and stocked fish.
Length and Age Trends of Chinook Salmon in the Nushagak River, Alaska, Related to Commercial and Recreational Fishery Selection and Exploitation
Authors: Kendall Neala W. , Quinn Thomas P. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractLong‐term trends in fish age and size at maturation provide important insights into population stability as they are affected by changes in growing conditions. Fishery exploitation and selection can also induce such trends. It is important to identify the causes of changing life history patterns because they affect population dynamics and productivity. Average body sizes or ages of many western North American populations of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, including the Nushagak River population in Bristol Bay, Alaska, have declined over the past several decades. This population is caught in commercial, recreational, and subsistence fisheries and therefore represents an opportunity to compare fishery exploitation and selection and to examine their possible effects. We compiled data and examined trends in size and age at maturation between 1981 and 2009, and we then quantified commercial and recreational fishery exploitation and selection rates. The average age and lengths at most ages of maturing fish decreased over time. The commercial fishery caught the majority (73%) of the harvested fish annually compared with the recreational (9%) and subsistence fisheries (18%). Size selection by the commercial fishery was highly variable over time, but overall, smaller‐than‐average fish were caught, inconsistent with the declining trends in age and size of returning fish. In contrast, the recreational fishery and presumably the subsistence fishery regularly removed larger‐than‐average fish, consistent with the trends. However, the opposing selection by the commercial fishery suggests that the trends in age and size at maturation are unlikely to have been caused solely by fishery selection. Rather, the trends are probably also related to environmental changes affecting fish growth. Still, regulations that decrease either the allowable size of harvested Chinook salmon or the allowable number of large fish may help to decrease the size selectivity of the Nushagak River recreational and subsistence fisheries.