bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-Year Direct Medical Costs of Stroke in Korea: A Multi-Centre Incidence-Based Study from Hospital Perspectives
Authors: Rha Joung-Ho , Koo Jaseong , Cho Ki Hyun , Kim Eung-Gyu , Oh Gun Sei , Lee Se Jin , Cha Jae Kwan , Oh Jin-Jeong , Ham Gyoung-Rye , Seo Hyun-Soo , Kim Jong S. 
Published: May 2012

Background Despite increasing socio-economic burden of stroke, few studies have investigated the costs associated with the stroke care in Korea. We estimated the two-year direct medical costs associated with stroke. Methods This was a multi-centre, incidence-based, retrospective observational study. We examined the records of all adult patients who were admitted in eight large hospitals throughout Korea due to acute stroke [I60: sub-arachnoid haemorrhage; I61: intracerebral haemorrhage; I62: other nontraumatic haemorrhage; I63: cerebral infarction, by The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)-10] between 1 November and 31 December 2006. Direct medical inpatient and outpatient cost of each patient was extracted from the medical record and the reimbursement claim data of the hospital. Results Out of 908 studied patients (14% diagnosed as I60, 18% as I61, 3% as I62, and 65% as I63), 460 (50·7%) were assessed for more than one-year. The annual average direct medical costs were Korean ₩ 8 114 471 US$8732) for the first year, and Korean ₩ 431 527 for the second year. The first year costs for haemorrhagic stroke (I60–I62) (Korean ₩ 13 090 179) were significantly higher than those associated with cerebral infarction (I63) (Korean ₩ 5 460 459), whereas the second year costs were not different. Factors independently associated with high cost were female gender, young age, and first stroke. Conclusions Direct medical costs for stroke in Korea were determined, which seem to be lower than those of other developed countries. Female gender, young age, and first stroke were factors related to higher stroke cost.
Single Subcortical Infarction Associated with Parental Arterial Disease: Important Yet Neglected Sub-Type of Atherothrombotic Stroke
Authors: Kim Jong S. , Yoon Youngshin 
Published: May 2012

Background Traditionally, single subcortical infarction has been considered to be caused by lipohyalinosis of small perforating arteries. However, atherosclerosis in the parental artery produces similar single subcortical infarction by blocking the orifice of branching arteries. The purpose of this paper is to review the evolving concepts, clinical characteristics, and classification issues of single subcortical infarction associated with parental artery disease. Summary of review Single subcortical infarction associated with parental artery disease is an important cause of subcortical infarction, more so in the posterior than in anterior circulation stroke. It is one of the major causes of brainstem infarction. Single subcortical infarction associated with parental artery disease seems to be common in Asian population where intracranial atherosclerosis is prevalent. Although the clinical characteristics of single subcortical infarction associated with parental artery disease are similar to single subcortical infarction caused by small artery disease, single subcortical infarction associated with parental artery disease is more often associated with characteristics of atherosclerosis, and fluctuating and poorer outcomes. With advanced imaging techniques such as high-resolution cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging, single subcortical infarction associated with parental artery disease emerges as an even more important stroke sub-type. Nevertheless, it has been neglected in previous stroke sub-type classifications, being erroneously classified as small artery disease or cryptogenic stroke. Prevention and treatment trials focusing on single subcortical infarction associated with parental artery disease are not available. Conclusion Single subcortical infarction associated with parental artery disease is an important stroke sub-type, distinct from small artery disease, illustrating that greater efforts should be made in its accurate diagnosis. Studies are needed to investigate the prevalence of single subcortical infarction associated with parental artery disease in various parts of the world and to design a stroke classification system that includes single subcortical infarction associated with parental artery disease. Prevention and treatment trials should consider this important sub-group of stroke, so that tailored strategies can be applied in clinical practice.
Cerebral Vasospasm after Sub-arachnoid Hemorrhage as a Clinical Predictor and Phenotype for Genetic Association Study
Authors: Kim Hyungsuk , Crago Elizabeth , Kim Mirim , Sherwood Paula , Conley Yvette , Poloyac Samuel , Kerr Mary 
Published: May 2012

Background A typology of cerebral vasospasm has been proposed based on distinct clinical manifestations: delayed cerebral ischemia, symptomatic ‘vasospasm’, angiographic vasospasm, and transcranial Doppler vasospasm. We examined each distinct clinical manifestation in a nonparametric genetic association study. Aims The purpose of this study was to examine and compare each four distinct acute clinical manifestations and test its perspectives in genetic association studies. Methods Two hundred forty-five Caucasian patients with sub-arachnoid hemorrhage were evaluated for these four distinct clinical manifestations along with 906 600 single-nucleotide polymorphisms across the human genome. Results The four clinical manifestations were significantly associated with each other as P-values ranged from 3·31 × 10−4 to 8·10 × 10−15. Transcranial Doppler vasospasm showed significant genetic association with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs999662, P = 3·39 × 10−8). Statistical P-value of rs999662 in association with delayed cerebral ischemia, symptomatic ‘vasospasm’, and angiographic vasospasm was 0·0017, 0·0017, and 0·19, respectively. Conclusions Despite different criteria for each of the four clinical manifestations, they are significantly associated with each other. Our results suggest transcranial Doppler vasospasm may be an appropriate intermediate but still clinically relevant phenotype for genetic association studies. Association with SNP rs999662 indicates a potential role for the region containing the solute carrier family 12 member 3 (SLC12A3) gene in transcranial Doppler vasospasm following sub-arachnoid hemorrhage.
A Method to Simulate the Impact of Acid Mine Drainage on River Systems
Authors: whitehead P. g. , mccartney M. p. , WILLIAMS R. J. , ISHEMO C. A. L. , THOMAS R. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAbandoned mines create pollution problems in rivers as minewater levels rise and discharges of metal‐rich acidic waters occur. Mines adjacent to rivers can cause serious pollution problems, reducing fish stocks and preventing restocking. A computer model has been used to simulate the impact of these discharges and to devise an optimal treatment strategy to meet river quality objectives. The use of this model, through application to two case studies, is described.
The Design of Disinfection Contact Tanks
Authors: stevenson D. g. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe basic concept of chemical reaction engineering, as applied to the disinfection of water in a continuous flowing system, is summarized, and the effect of flow dispersion (i.e. the spread of residence time) on the efficiency of the process is highlighted. It is shown that deficiencies compared with the ideal batchwise situation can be offset by adjustments to the residence time or the disinfectant concentration, provided that the design is reasonable. The term ‘compensation factor’ is offered as a means of characterizing tanks which are intended for a specific duty.Reference is also made to recently available software which now enables tanks to be evaluated at the design stage without resorting to specialist computing services.
The Enhancement of Salmonid Rivers in the Republic of Ireland1
Authors: o'grady M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe paper describes (a) the methodologies which are used to carry out bioengineering baseline surveys of Irish salmonid rivers, and (b) the value of these exercises as a tool to identify the extent and degree of habitat degradation. The role of pilot instream physical enhancement schemes (in assessing the value of particular work schedules) is outlined, and the impact of excessive bankside vegetation on salmonid stocks is illustrated. Costs and benefits in relation to both a number of instream physical enhancement programmes and shrub‐pruning exercises are illustrated and compared with the gains which might be achieved from spending the same amount of money on stocking juvenile salmon. The rationale for undertaking such programmes in the Republic of Ireland is outlined.
Negotiating climate legislation: Policy path dependence and coalition stabilization
Authors: Knox‐Hayes Janelle 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article investigates the nature of policy path dependence through analysis of climate policy formation in the United States. In 2008 the US Congress attempted to pass the Lieberman–Warner bill, a comprehensive climate and energy package that would have capped greenhouse emissions and established a nationwide cap and trade program. In the same year, California successfully enacted the Global Warming Solutions Act. This article explores the circumstances of both cases and raises the question of why legislation at the state level was successful and took such a divergent form from legislation at the federal level. The divergence of these cases is used to highlight the nature of coalition formation and policy path dependence in the legislative process. Explanations of policy tend to gravitate toward either the generalizability of game theoretic approaches or the empirical depth of case studies. This article suggests a combined approach that uses case studies to analyze the positions and motivations of actors and to then model policy development over time. The approach examines policy through the formation and negotiation of policy coalitions. Drawing on the Advocacy Coalition Framework and omnibus analysis, the approach expands these coalition theories first by analysing legislative development at the interface of legislators and constituent interest groups, and second by adding temporal dimension to the analysis. The findings suggest that policy is path dependent in that it is negotiated between coalitions that in turn create stability in the policy process and insulate policy fields from external shocks. Policy path dependence suggests that theory alone is insufficient to predict policy outcomes; policy results depend strongly on prior policy efforts, historically and socially contingent coalitions, and the resulting framing of policy possibilities.
Mobile Phones, Livelihoods and the Poor in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Review and Prospect
Authors: Porter Gina 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis review paper focuses on the potential of widespread access to mobile phones for improving the lives of poor people: the opportunities that mobile phones have already provided, or may soon present, for enhancing their material well‐being. Following a broad review of the diffusion of mobile phones across Africa, discussion is restricted principally to one key issue, livelihoods, due to space constraints. Attention is paid to the linkages between virtual and physical mobility throughout the paper and the final section reflects specifically on possible interactions between expanded virtual mobility and sustainable transportation in the continent, an issue of considerable significance for future development potential in our increasingly carbon‐constrained world.
Urban Geopolitics 8 Years on. Hybrid Sovereignties, the Everyday, and Geographies of Peace
Authors: Fregonese Sara 
Published: May 2012

AbstractUrban events like 9‐11 and the Arab Spring have deeply marked the first two decades of a century in which the majority of the world population will live in cities. This essay reviews present and potential future debates about the relation between cities and geopolitics, particularly the work of urban geopolitics. I trace three debates centred on three relationships: that between city and sovereignty; between official and everyday urban practices; between violent and peaceful geographies. I point towards three avenues of potential engagement of geographers with the theme of geopolitics and the city. The first avenue leads to appreciating the complex relationships between the state and the non‐state that are nowadays increasingly relevant and visible. The second concerns geographies of the everyday, the unofficial, and the unplanned. The third concerns the possibility for an urban geopolitics of peace and its inclusion, rather than focussing exclusively on war and its avoidance.
Political Ecology: Nonequilibrium Science and Nature‐Society Research
Authors: Grabbatin Brian , Rossi Jairus 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPolitical ecology has emerged as an interdisciplinary space where concepts from the physical and social sciences are utilized to understand nature‐society relationships. In this paper, we explore how political ecologists have used concepts from nonequilibrium ecology to address concerns over the interactions between land management and livelihood practices. We begin by demystifying how equilibrium and nonequilibrium have been used in ecology, demonstrating the dialectical relationship between these divergent frameworks and how each impacts understandings of living systems. Then, we review how political ecologists employ these concepts to examine environmental knowledge production, as well as the role of livelihoods and anthropogenic disturbances in conservation and restoration. We also discuss how nonequilibrium ecology has shaped our own research trajectories and finish the paper by offering some reflections on the possibilities and pitfalls for political ecology’s use of nonequilibrium ecology to bridge the physical‐human divide in geography.
Youth Organizing as a Developmental Context for African American and Latino Adolescents
Authors: Kirshner Ben , Ginwright Shawn 
Published: May 2012

AbstractResearch on adolescence has begun to recognize the centrality of ecological context in human development. Ecological approaches, however, need to pay greater attention to the political context of young people's lives, both in terms of how youth interpret their sociopolitical world and how they participate in changing it. Research on youth organizing among African American and Latino youth offers insights about these dimensions of sociopolitical development. Youth organizing enables young people growing up in difficult circumstances to identify the social origins of problems and take action to address those problems. Emerging research suggests that youth organizing has the potential to contribute to youth development, community development, and broader social movements. Youth organizing challenges social constructions of adolescents as apathetic or self‐involved and offers an alternative to deficit‐based orientations toward youth of color.
The Cyclobutane Dimers of 2′‐Deoxyuridine, 2′‐Deoxycytidine, 5‐Methyl‐2′‐Deoxycytidine and 5‐Bromo‐2′‐Deoxyuridine
Authors: Shetlar Martin D. , Chung Janet 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIrradiation of DNA and RNA pyrimidine nucleosides with UV light in frozen aqueous solution or in solution with acetone often results in the formation of cyclobutane dimers (CBDs). Many of these photodimers have not been characterized. We present here the results of work designed to achieve the isolation, spectroscopic characterization and determination of the stereochemical nature of a number of little studied or previously unstudied CBDs of four 2′‐deoxyribonuclesides. These nucleosides are 2′‐deoxyuridine (dUrd), 2′‐deoxycytidine (dCyd), 5‐methyl‐2′‐deoxycytidine (5‐MedCyd) and 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (5‐BrdUrd). In particular, we have isolated and characterized six dUrd CBDs, five dCyd CBDs, five 5‐MedCyd CBDs and four 5‐BrdUrd CBDs. Photoproducts were studied by UV spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, proton NMR spectroscopy and via chemical approaches. Also presented are results from less definitive studies of a number of (6‐4) (or 5‐4) photoadducts of these nucleosides. In addition, results from exploratory photochemical studies of other 2′‐deoxyribonucleosides in frozen solution, as well as some mixtures of two nucleosides, are given. The latter results indicate that 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (5‐IdUrd), 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxycytidine and 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxycytidine each form putative CBDs and that 5‐BrdUrd is capable of forming putative mixed CBDs and (6‐4) and/or (5‐4) adducts with thymidine (Thd); 5‐IdUrd similarly forms a (6‐4) (or (5‐4)) adduct with Thd.
Correlation of Blood Pressure Readings From 6‐Hour Intervals With the Daytime Period of 24‐Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Pediatric Patients
Authors: King‐Schultz Leslie , Weaver Amy L. , Cramer Carl H. 
Published: May 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012; 14:396–400. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Shorter‐interval (6‐hour) ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has been shown to correlate well with 24‐hour ABPM in adults, but this has not been studied in children. The authors selected 131 patients aged 9 to 18 who underwent 24‐ABPM from 2000–2008. Six‐hour intervals beginning at different start times were compared with the daytime and 24‐hour period, with subset analysis for normotensive and hypertensive patients. Concordance correlation coefficients (CCCs) were used to assess for agreement. Among normotensive patients, the mean difference between daytime and 6‐hour intervals ranged from −0.1 mm Hg to 0.0 mm Hg for diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and −1.1 mm Hg to 0.6 mm Hg for systolic blood pressure (SBP) with CCCs of 0.88 to 0.93 for DBP and 0.93 to 0.96 for SBP. For hypertensive patients, mean difference ranged from −0.6 to 1.3 mm Hg for DBP and −0.8 to 1.1 mm Hg for SBP with CCCs of 0.89 to 0.98 for DBP and 0.86 to 0.95 for SBP. Shorter‐interval monitoring correlates significantly with full daytime monitoring in children, allowing for assessment of blood pressure with improved convenience.
Dyadic Research in Marriage and Family Therapy: Methodological Considerations
Authors: Wittenborn Andrea K. , Dolbin‐MacNab Megan L. , Keiley Margaret K. 
Published: May 2012

With training that emphasizes relationship systems, marriage and family therapists are uniquely attuned to interpersonal dynamics, interdependence, and the influence of relationships on individuals’ perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes. While recent statistical advances have contributed to a proliferation of resources designed to introduce researchers to dyadic data analysis, guidelines related to the methodological aspects of dyadic research design have received less attention. Given the potential advantages of dyadic designs for examining couple and family relational and therapeutic processes, the purpose of this article is to introduce marriage and family therapy researchers to dyadic research methodology. Using examples from our own research, we discuss methodological considerations and lessons learned related to sampling, measurement, data collection, and ethics. Recommendations for future dyadic research are provided.Video Abstract
Randomized, Single‐Blind, Parallel Study of the Effectiveness and Safety of Solifenacin versus Propiverine in the Treatment of Overactive Bladder
Authors: FUKUDA Takehiko , YAMANISHI Tomonori , UCHIYAMA Tomoyuki , KAMAI Takao 
Published: May 2012

Objectives: To compare the effectiveness and safety of solifenacin versus propiverine in the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB), in a single‐blind, randomized parallel study.Methods: Sixty‐six patients with OAB (14 men and 52 women) were randomly assigned to groups: solifenacin (5 mg/day) or propiverine (20 mg/day) and treated for 8 weeks. The primary outcome variable was mean change from baseline to end of treatment in urgency of the OAB symptom score (OABSS). Secondary outcomes were bladder diary variables: change over 24 h in the mean number of voids (daytime and nighttime), episodes of micturition urgency and incontinence, and mean volume voided. Patients also completed total OABSS and the King's Health questionnaires.Results: Group backgrounds were comparable except for the male to female proportion; 11:22 for solifenacin (n = 33) versus 3:30 for propiverine (n = 33). Adverse events were 6 of 29 (21%) for solifenacin versus 14 of 26 (54%) for propiverine (P = 0.017). Three patients were withdrawn for voiding difficulty (one in solifenacin and two in propiverine) and one patient for dry mouth (propiverine group). Change in OABSS urgency score was −2.3 ± 1.4 for solifenacin (n = 28) versus −1.3 ± 1.7 for propiverine (n = 23), (P = 0.0169). Total OABSS and other individual scores, and voiding diary parameters for both drugs showed improvements; however, between‐group difference was not established.Conclusion: Although both solifenacin 5 mg and propiverine 20 mg were effective in the treatment of OAB, solifenacin appeared to be more effective and tolerable.
Activation of neuropeptide S‐expressing neurons in the locus coeruleus by corticotropin‐releasing factor
Authors: Jüngling Kay , Liu Xiaobin , Lesting Jörg , Coulon Philippe , Sosulina L. , Reinscheid Rainer K. , Pape Hans‐Christian 
Published: May 2012

Key points
Neuropeptide S (NPS) and its cognate receptor represent a recently discovered transmitter system in the brain modulating anxiety‐ and stress‐related behaviour.
Using a transgenic NPS‐EGFP‐expressing mouse line, the present study shows that NPS‐expressing neurons are situated in close proximity to corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF)‐containing fibres at the locus coeruleus in the brain stem and express the CRF receptor 1 (CRF1).
CRF depolarizes NPS neurons via activation of the CRF1 receptor through two different ionic mechanisms (a decrease in potassium and an increase in cation conductance) involving the cAMP signalling pathway.
After acute immobilization stress, NPS neurons display an increased expression of c‐fos.
This study identifies a mechanism by which stress‐related CRF release might activate NPS neurons in the brain stem, thereby triggering NPS release in target areas such as the amygdala, and functioning as a negative feedback control to buffer stress responsiveness.
Abstract  A recently discovered neurotransmitter system, consisting of neuropeptide S (NPS), NPS receptor, and NPS‐expressing neurons in the brain stem, has received considerable interest due to its modulating influence on arousal, anxiety and stress responsiveness. Comparatively little is known about the properties of NPS‐expressing neurons. Therefore in the present study, a transgenic mouse line expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in NPS neurons was used to characterize the cellular and functional properties of NPS‐expressing neurons located close to the locus coeruleus. Particular emphasis was on the influence of corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF), given previous evidence of stress‐related activation of the NPS system. Upon acute immobilization stress, an increase in c‐fos expression was detected immunocytochemically in brain stem NPS‐EGFP neurons that also expressed the CRF receptor 1 (CRF1). NPS‐EGFP neurons were readily identified in acute slice preparations and responded to CRF application with a membrane depolarization capable of triggering action potentials. CRF‐induced responses displayed pharmacological properties indicative of CRF1 that were mediated by both a reduction in membrane potassium conductance and an increase in a non‐specific cation conductance different from the hyperpolarization‐activated cation conductance Ih, and involved protein kinase A signalling. In conclusion, stress exposure results in activation of brain stem NPS‐expressing neurons, involving a CRF1‐mediated membrane depolarization via at least two ionic mechanisms. These data provide evidence for a direct interaction between the CRF and the NPS system and thereby extend previous observations of NPS‐modulated stress responsiveness towards a mechanistic level.