bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hip and knee replacement continuum of care: combining clinical and functional outcome measurement
Authors: Bridgeman Tania , Skinner Harry , Zamansani Tahereh , Schulz Michele 
Published: August 2010

The total number of hip and knee arthroplasties has been increasing steadily in the USA every year. The University of California Irvine recognized a high volume activity that could be improved with the implementation of clinical pathways. Data collection was obtained by monitoring the clinical path on 138 patients. Baseline preoperative data and telephonic postoperative data were collected at 90 days postdischarge utilizing quality-of-life/functionality validated tools. Clinical path utilization was 100%. Ambulation day 1 was at 80% for hips and 85% for knees. Blood transfusions were at 56% for hips and 36% for knees. These percentages are well above the US national reported value for autologous blood transfusions of 30%. The short form 36 health survey questionnaire (SF-36) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) preoperative and postoperative data were available on 47 patients (35%) at 90 days. The WOMAC osteoarthritis index showed a percent mean difference improvement of 82% (pre = 35.8, post = 65.3). The SF-36 revealed statistical significance in physical functioning, role physical, social functioning, bodily pain, energy/vitality and mental health. In conclusion, clinical pathways are a reliable measure of health care. Analysis of clinical path variance and functional outcomes provide the necessary data for making sound business/health-care decisions.
Pregnant Women's Beliefs About Medications—A Study Among 866 Norwegian Women
Authors: Nordeng Hedvig , Koren Gideon , Einarson Adrienne 
Published: August 2010

Background: Beliefs about medication may impact a woman's decision to take a needed medication during pregnancy. While many women will be faced with decisions regarding medication use during pregnancy, there is a paucity of research on this topic in the literature. Objective: To study pregnant women's beliefs about medication and factors that determine those beliefs. Methods: A questionnaire was posted at the University of Oslo's Web site for Internet surveys for 5 weeks from mid-September 2008 through October 2008. Seven general statements from the “Beliefs about Medicines” questionnaire and 9 pregnancy-specific statements were used to assess pregnant women's attitudes toward medication use during pregnancy. Other information, such as sociodemographic background and personal medication use during pregnancy, was also collected. Results: A total of 866 pregnant women completed the questionnaire. Most women had a positive attitude toward medication in general, but believed pregnant women should be more restrictive regarding use than nonpregnant women. There was a significant association between women's education, occupation, and attitudes, with less educated women believing that medications in general were harmful and herbal remedies were safe, while women with a higher education were more reluctant to use any medication in pregnancy. Women with health-related occupations were more knowledgeable about the possible risks of untreated illness during pregnancy. There was also an association between pregnant women's attitudes and their use of prescribed penicillins and herbal remedies. Conclusions: Most pregnant women believe that medicines in general are helpful and safe to use. However, they are much more restrictive and unsure about use during pregnancy. Health-care professionals should be aware of such attitudes when advising a woman to take a needed medication during pregnancy.
Electrofishing Capture Efficiencies for Common Stream Fish Species to Support Watershed-Scale Studies in the Central Appalachians
Authors: Hense Zina , Martin Roy W. , Petty J. Todd 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
As watershed-scale studies of stream fishes become increasingly common, there is a need for more accurate estimation of fish population abundance and size structure with single-pass electrofishing techniques. Capture efficiencies are known to vary considerably across habitats and species, yet few studies have quantified or provided a logical framework for accounting for this variability. Consequently, our objectives were to (1) determine which species and which size-classes within species exhibited significant site-to-site variation in electrofishing efficiency and (2) construct models to predict species- and size-specific capture probability from physicochemical parameters. We used three-pass removal sampling to capture fishes from 40 study sites located in wadeable streams in the Cheat River and Tygart Valley River watersheds of West Virginia. The program MARK was used to estimate capture probabilities for 12 commonly sampled fishes, to assess among-site variability in capture probability, and to model variability in capture probability as a function of fish size and readily measured environmental covariates. Our results indicated that for most species sampled (9 of 12), some combination of these covariates—mean stream width, gradient, specific conductivity, and species size-class—could be used to produce a model of capture probability superior to the most complex model that accounted for site-to-site variability in capture probability. One species demonstrated constant capture probability among sites, and two others exhibited significant site-to-site variation in capture probability that could not be accounted for using any of the measured covariates. Our results provide a basis for using single-pass electrofishing data to infer population-level phenomena (e.g., relative abundance, size structure) in watershed-scale studies of stream fish assemblages.
Management of Bacterial Kidney Disease in Chinook Salmon Hatcheries Based on Broodstock Testing by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: A Multiyear Study
Authors: Munson A. Douglas , Elliott Diane G. , Johnson Keith 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
From the mid-1980s through the early 1990s, outbreaks of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum continued in Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in Idaho Department of Fish and Game (IDFG) hatcheries despite the use of three control methods: (1) injection of returning adult fish with erythromycin to reduce prespawning BKD mortality and limit vertical transmission of R. salmoninarum, (2) topical disinfection of green eggs with iodophor, and (3) prophylactic treatments of juvenile fish with erythromycin-medicated feed. In addition, programs to manage BKD through measurement of R. salmoninarum antigen levels in kidney tissues from spawning female Chinook salmon by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were tested over 13–15 brood years at three IDFG hatcheries. The ELISA results were used for either (1) segregated rearing of progeny from females with high ELISA optical density (OD) values (usually ≥0.25), which are indicative of high R. salmoninarum antigen levels, or (2) culling of eggs from females with high ELISA OD values. The ELISA-based culling program had the most profound positive effects on the study populations. Mortality of juvenile fish during rearing was significantly lower at each hatchery for brood years derived from culling compared with brood years for which culling was not practiced. The prevalence of R. salmoninarum in juvenile fish, as evidenced by detection of the bacterium in kidney smears by the direct fluorescent antibody test, also decreased significantly at each hatchery. In addition, the proportions of returning adult females with kidney ELISA OD values of 0.25 or more decreased 56–85% for fish reared in brood years during which culling was practiced, whereas the proportions of ELISA-negative adults increased 55–58%. This management strategy may allow IDFG Chinook salmon hatcheries to reduce or eliminate prophylactic erythromycin-medicated feed treatments. We recommend using ELISA-based management of BKD in Chinook salmon hatcheries where it is a concern.
Detection of Myxobolus cerebralis in the Lower Deschutes River Basin, Oregon
Authors: Zielinski C. M. , Lorz H. V. , Bartholomew J. L. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The Deschutes River, located in central Oregon, is a tributary of the Columbia River. The migration of anadromous fish into the upper Deschutes River basin was blocked in the late 1960s by a series of dams constituting the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project (PRB). Plans to reintroduce anadromous fish runs above the PRB are complicated by concerns over the introduction of Myxobolus cerebralis (the agent of whirling disease), which is carried into the lower Deschutes River by adult salmon that stray on their return to enzootic regions of the upper Columbia River basin. To develop a fish passage strategy that minimizes the risk of parasite introduction into the upper Deschutes River basin, it is important to determine whether establishment of the M. cerebralis life cycle in waters below the PRB has occurred. Fry of susceptible rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout) were exposed as sentinel fish at various locations in the Deschutes River and its tributaries between 1998 and 2007 to detect M. cerebralis. The parasite was found periodically at low prevalence by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or quantitative PCR assay in fish held at several locations. However, in 2007, the parasite was detected from fish exposed in Trout Creek based on visual examination (pepsin–trypsin digest preparations and histological sections) and molecular methods. This result confirms that M. cerebralis is established in the Deschutes River basin below the PRB. Continued introduction of the parasite into the river system below the PRB via stray hatchery summer steelhead was also documented. These findings have implications for managing movement of M. cerebralis within the watershed.
Maturity Schedules of Female American Shad Vary at Small Spatial Scales in Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Tuckey Troy D. , Olney John E. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Recent assessments of American shad Alosa sapidissima have used stock-specific maturity schedules in biomass-per-recruit models to establish benchmark total mortality rates for management. Because stocks of American shad are managed separately, an appropriate maturity schedule for each stock is required. Additionally, projections of adult biomass require knowledge about year-class strength and the maturation process. Changes in age at maturity can occur when strong year-classes enter the spawning stock; such changes may affect stock assessment models and management decisions. Maturity schedules may also change due to fishing or other external factors. If stock-specific maturity patterns exist, then identical fishery regulations could have different impacts on neighboring stocks. Most American shad matured by age 5 in this study, with year-class-specific estimates of the percentage mature ranging from 46% to 80% in the James River, 58% to 79% in the Rappahannock River, and 49% to 82% in the York River, Virginia. Based on current monitoring, the age of full recruitment to the staked gill-net fishery is age 5, corresponding to the age at which the largest proportion of the population reaches maturity. Harvest of virgin females in the historical fishery was probably a contributing factor to its collapse during the 1980s. Persistent differences in maturity schedules of American shad between the James and York rivers and to a lesser extent between these rivers and the Rappahannock River show that neighboring stocks experiencing similar climate regimes can have stock-specific maturity patterns that persist through time. The delay in maturity observed in the James River stock may result in lower reproductive output and should be considered in management strategies.
An Evaluation of Boat Basin Dredging Effects: Response of Fishes and Crabs in a New Jersey Estuary
Authors: Able Kenneth W. , Dobarro Joseph , Muzeni-Corino Angela M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Dredging is one of the most common human modifications of estuaries and although its effects have often been studied, there has been little effort in evaluating the effects on mobile macrofauna, such as fishes and crabs. We evaluated the response of fishes and crabs to 4 d of dredging in a small boat basin within a polyhaline marsh creek of a New Jersey estuary. We used several measures, including fish and crab species composition, abundance, and size from trap collections and movements of marked mummichogs Fundulus heteroclitus before, during, and after dredging. In general, the fauna changed little during the 4 d of dredging relative to the 1.5-month sampling period. Species composition variations that did occur may have been due to seasonal changes that are typically observed during the fall based on annual sampling at this site. The movement of tagged mummichogs was minimal, with most recaptures taking place in the boat basin. Individuals that left the boat basin moved into pools in an adjacent marsh for the winter. These results suggest that the short-term effect of this low-sediment-volume dredging project was negligible for the benthic fishes and crabs studied, which we believe are representative of the high-salinity portions of estuaries in the northeastern United States.
Lapatinib Plus Capecitabine in Women with HER-2–Positive Advanced Breast Cancer: Final Survival Analysis of a Phase III Randomized Trial
Authors: Cameron David , Casey Michelle , Oliva Cristina , Newstat Beth , Imwalle Bradley , Geyer Charles E. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Objectives.
A planned interim analysis of study EGF100151 prompted early termination of enrollment based on a longer time to progression with lapatinib and capecitabine than with capecitabine alone in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2+ previously treated advanced breast cancer or metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Here, we report final analyses of overall survival.

Patients and Methods.
Women with HER-2+ MBC who progressed after regimens that included, but were not limited to, anthracyclines, taxanes, and trastuzumab, were randomized to lapatinib (1,250 mg/day) plus capecitabine (2,000 mg/m2) or capecitabine monotherapy (2,500 mg/m2) on days 1–14 of a 21-day cycle.

Results.
At enrollment termination, 399 patients were randomized, and nine were being screened and were offered combination treatment. In total, 207 and 201 patients were enrolled to combination therapy and monotherapy, respectively. Thirty-six patients receiving monotherapy crossed over to combination therapy following enrollment termination. The median overall survival times were 75.0 weeks for the combination arm and 64.7 weeks for the monotherapy arm (hazard ratio [HR], 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71–1.08; p = .210). A Cox regression analysis considering crossover as a time-dependent covariate suggested a 20% lower risk for death for patients treated with combination therapy (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.64–0.99; p = .043). The low incidence of serious adverse events was consistent with previously reported rates.

Conclusions.
Although premature enrollment termination and subsequent crossover resulted in insufficient power to detect differences in overall survival, exploratory analyses demonstrate a trend toward a survival advantage with lapatinib plus capecitabine. These data continue to support the efficacy of lapatinib in patients with HER-2+ MBC.
Smoking and Ethics: What Are the Duties of Oncologists?
Authors: Pentz Rebecca D. , Berg Carla J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Act as a role model to promote patient and community health by abstaining from or quitting smoking and encouraging and assisting patients and colleagues to quit smoking.Assume more responsibility for advocating for smoke-free environments and policies that combat smoking-related health threats in the community.Actively support international policies and interventions that expand tobacco cessation and smoke-free environments.
CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
The World Health Organization's 2009 report on the world's tobacco epidemic predicts that, unchecked, tobacco use will kill a billion people in this century. Oncologists have a special professional role to play in combating this epidemic. Based on two views of professionalism, this editorial argues that oncologists have three duties. First, oncologists should be role models. They should not smoke themselves and urge their colleagues to do the same. Second, oncologists must strongly advise their own patients to stop smoking and advocate for tobacco-free environments in their patients' communities. Third, oncologists have duties to their international colleagues. They should share their experience in combating tobacco use with them, encourage and assist them to quit smoking, and help them advocate for smoke-free environments. Further, oncologists should work to ratify the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in their own country.
Revisiting Structural Adjustment Programs in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Long‐Lasting Impact on Child Health
Authors: Skosireva Anna K , Holaday Bonnie 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe process of globalization, particularly in developing countries, has been significantly accelerated through the global economic policies implemented by major international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. While the primary goal of these neoliberal policies was geared towards financial stability and economic development, there is evidence of negative impacts of these policies on the health of the population in the countries of the third world. This paper explores this issue by reviewing Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) and their impact on child health in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). It examines the possible pathways and causal links between SAPs and child health in SSA. We argue that the adoption of SAPs by countries in SSA and the market‐driven approach to healthcare has played a detrimental role in worsening indicators of child health in the region. The paper underscores the importance of looking beyond the indicators of purely economic growth when global macroeconomic policies are implemented. Linking specific macroeconomic policies with health opens up avenues for investigation of the conditions required for healthier populations. Besides the general indicators of population health, particular attention should be given to the often neglected, yet too sensitive to the impact of economic policies, indicators of child health. The paper highlights the value of healthy public policy and the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) in adding health to the agenda of policymakers across sectors and levels of government. It concludes by promoting the value of effective global action in the face of the global economy and trade.
Interoperability for First Responders and Emergency Management: Definition, Need, and the Path Forward
Authors: Thomas Kevin , Bergethon Peter R. , Reimer Mathew 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA definition of a culture of interoperability between members of the first responder community is the subject of this review. The justification for, keys to, and roadblocks preventing the creation of an interoperable culture within emergency response are considered. Also considered is how such a culture may be cultivated. Finally, the public policy context of training in the first responder community as a tool to create interoperable communities is discussed.
Health and Economic Gains: What Is at Stake in South Africa's Health Reform?
Authors: Frogner Bianca K 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground: Health reform is on the agenda of the recently elected South African president. A National Health Insurance Scheme (NHI), a single‐payer and universal health insurance plan, is the foremost option under consideration. This study examines the health and economic gains that South Africa may have at stake in health reform. Method: This descriptive study estimates the avoidable mortality rate in South Africa, or deaths that occur prematurely and could have been prevented with proper treatment for select conditions. The study also estimates the disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with these premature deaths. The study compares the avoidable mortality rate in South Africa with the rates in countries falling into three overlapping groups: (1) countries with similar national health spending as South Africa, (2) countries with similar national health spending and universal health insurance coverage, and (3) countries with similar national health spending, universal health insurance coverage, and single‐payer systems. Data: The source of data for avoidable mortality estimates is the World Health Organization (WHO) mortality database reporting the number of registered deaths in 2005. The source of data for the associated DALYs is the Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimate for WHO Member States in 2004. Results: South Africa could potentially gain up to 184,085 lives and reduce the burden of disease by 14.2 million DALYs by avoiding premature deaths under a single‐payer system like the NHI. Meeting United Nations Millennium Development Goals could save an additional 32,190 lives. In addition to health reform, a healthy, productive, and skilled workforce is necessary to reach these goals, but the country's skilled‐labor unemployment rate is high and its investment in health‐professional training is low. Conclusion: Reform could impact health and economic growth via a healthier, productive workforce and demand for quality healthcare.
Updates from the Health System Reconstruction in Iraq Conference, May 2008
Authors: Jawad Shakir , Boardman Mary 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAn assessment of the progress on the recommendations from the “Health System Reconstruction in Iraq” conference held in May 2008 (Tarantino et al. 2008) is presented. The overall conclusion is that the healthcare system in Iraq has shown little progress amidst serious challenges and a lack of comprehensive and strategic vision.
A comparative study concerning chromatographic retention and computed partition coefficients of some precursors of peraza crown ethers
Authors: Onişor Cristina , Blăniţă Gabriela , Coroş Maria , Bucşa Monica , Vlassa Mircea , Sârbu Costel 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Retention indices for some precursors of peraza crown ethers were determined by reversed phase high-performance thin layer chromatography on RP-18 plates with methanol-water in different volume proportions as mobile phase. The Log P values for the same compounds were calculated using different computer programs: SciQSAR, SciLogP, Chem3D Ultra 8.0, XLOGP (based on atom contributions), Chemaxon and KOWWIN (based on atom/fragment contributions), cLogP (based on fragmental contributions), ALOGPS and IAlogP (based on atom-type electrotopological-state indices and neural network modeling). A comparative study concerning lipophilic parameters (RM0, b and ϕ0) and computed partition coefficients has been developed. Taking into account the correlation coefficients between determined and calculated Log P values, it seems that RM0 and b are less suitable than ϕ0 for estimating lipophilicity of the compounds investigated, and cLogP and ALOGPS provide the best correlations with experimental values.