bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Test Weight in Relation to the Physical and Quality Characteristics of Soft Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell)1
Authors: Ghaderi Ardeshir , Everson E. H. , Yamazaki W. T. 
Published: July 2010

Test weight is defined as the weight of grain that fills a given volume. It is the product of kernel density and volume of grain occupying the container. The latter component, when expressed as percentage of the volume of the container, is referred to as packing efficiency and was shown to be a cultivar characteristic. Of the two components packing efficiency has a greater effect on test weight when comparing soft winter wheats (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell).There was a negative correlation between test weight and the kernel length‐width ratio (kernel shape). When the length‐width ratio remained constant, there was no increase in test weight when kernel volume increased. Kernel width was correlated more than length with kernel volume. Test weight and flour yield were not correlated within or among cultivars. Kernel protein was related to kernel size within cultivars.
Inheritance of a Light‐Quality Sensitive Character in Soybeans1
Authors: Kilen T. C. , Hartwig E. E. 
Published: July 2010

Flowering of the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars ‘Lee’ and ‘Hill’ (insensitive to light quality) was delayed when grown in light from cool‐white fluorescent lamps at a 15‐hr photoperiod, or in natural daylight with the photoperiod extended to 15 hr by illumination with fluorescent lamps. ‘Arksoy’ and ‘Dorman’ (sensitive to light quality) flowered 28 to 30 days after emergence when grown under the same conditions. Flowering of all four cultivars was delayed when light from incandescent lamps supplemented that from the fluorescent lamps.Progeny from the crosses Dorman ✕ Hill and Arksoy ✕ Lee segregated in the F2 generation at approximately 3 delayed:1 early when grown under fluorescent lamps alone, indicating that the light‐quality sensitive character acts as a monogenic recessive under these conditions. However, when F2 populations of the same two crosses were grown in short days of natural light extended with fluorescent lamps, the heterozygote was distinguished and a 1:2:1 ratio was obtained. F1 plants from crosses between light‐quality sensitive and insensitive types had flowering dates intermediate to the parents when grown in natural light extended with fluorescent lamps, but showed a response similar to that of the insensitive parent when grown in light from fluorescent lamps alone. Reciprocal backcross data gave additional support for one locus with two alleles for the light‐quality sensitive character. Bulk populations of Arksoy ✕ Lee and Dorman ✕ Hill that had been advanced in the field were grown under fluorescent lamps. The results obtained suggest that the light‐quality sensitive genotype is a poor competitor in a mixed population.
Breeding for Mineral Content in Wheat and Barley1
Authors: Rasmusson D. C. , Hester A. J. , Fick G. N. , Byrne I. 
Published: July 2010

Varietal differences in P, K, Ca, and Mg content in wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and barley, Hordeum vulgate L., were investigated in field and greenhouse experiments. Varieties from this survey were used to obtain estimates of heritability of mineral content and information on the relationship between mineral content and grain and dry‐matter production.Varietal differences in P, K, Ca, and Mg in grain and leaves were large and of similar magnitude in wheat and barley. These differences were relatively consistent in two field environments, but agreement was poor between greenhouse and field. Estimates of heritability of P, K, Ca, and Mg content in grain of wheat and barley were low in the F2 generation. However, estimates ranged from .31 to .80 in grain and .18 to .72 in leaves of wheat for replicated families in the F4 generations. Ca appeared most amenable to selection, followed by P and K.Large increases in yield and in P and K content occurred with addition of P or K in field experiments. However, differences among varieties in grain and drymatter yields were not associated with varietal differences in P or K content of leaves or grain. Likewise, variety differences in dry‐matter yields obtained in nutrient solution were not associated with variety differences in P content. Varieties of wheat and barley did not appear to differ in efficiency of converting P or K into yield in field or greenhouse experiments.
Surface Area of Chlorophyll‐containing Tissue on the Inflorescence of Triticum aestivum L.1
Authors: Teare I. D. , Peterson C. J. 
Published: July 2010

To determine reasons for variability in yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), we measured the chlorophyllcontaining surface area of various components of the wheat inflorenscence and estimated the proportion that contained chlorophyll.The cultivars were classified according to awn length (long‐awned, medium‐awned, or short‐awned). Makeup of the inflorescence‐area index for the long‐awned cultivars was 46% awn, 30% lemma, 20% glume, and 4% palea; of medium‐awned cultivars, 37% awn, 35% lemma, 24% glume, and 4% palea; and of short‐awned cultivars, 5% awn, 53% lemma, 35% glume, and 7% palea. The inflorescence area was 86%, 80%, and 38% as great as the flag‐leaf area (adaxial + abaxial surface) of the long‐, medium‐, and short‐awned cultivars, respectively.Correlations of flag‐leaf and awn area with grain yield were 0.488 and 0.719 for flag‐leaf and awn areas, respectively, which supports previous reports of the importance of the awn in filling the ear.
Correlation of Corn (Zea mays L.) Roots Early in Development to Mature Root Development1
Authors: Nass H. G. , Zuber M. S. 
Published: July 2010

We grew 40 genotypes of corn (Zea mays L.) in sand culture and evaluated the roots at 28 and 35 days after planting. Total root weight, root volume, and weight of nodal roots were significantly and positively correlated with root‐clump weight and root‐pulling resistance of mature plants under field culture. The percentage of seminal roots was negatively correlated.Evaluation of corn roots grown in a sand culture provides an efficient method for identifying genotypes with superior root types at an early stage of growth. Our results suggest that corn genotypes with vigorous root systems early in plant development tend to have superior root systems at maturity.
Inheritance of Resistance to Fusarium Wilt in Cotton1
Authors: Kappelman A. J. 
Published: July 2010

The inheritance of resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyd. & Hans. was investigated in seven families of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Each family contained P1 P2 F1 F2, F3 B1 and B2 generations and each was evaluated in six different greenhouse tests. Plants were grown in fumigated soils and were artificially inoculated with known concentrations of inoculum.Additive effects were significant in 34 of the 42 tests. Dominance effects were significant in two and epistatic effects were significant in eight tests; however, additive effects also were significant in each of those cases except one. Although estimates of additive effects were of much greater magnitude than were those of dominance or epistasis. it was not possible to draw direct inferences as to the relative importance of those effects, since they were made using the generation‐mean analysis. In the families studied additive gene effects most satisfactorily explained the inheritance of resistance to fusarium wilt in cotton.
Breakup of Linkage Blocks in Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.1
Authors: Meredith William R. , Bridge R. R. 
Published: July 2010

We conducted this study to determine if the negative genetic associations frequently observed between yield and fiber strength in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) could be reduced by random intermating. We selected for comparison two populations derived from a cross of ‘Stoneville 7A’ ✕ ‘Pee Dee 165’. The “original” population consisted of 96 families, each produced from a random F2 plant. Ninety‐six families comprised the “intermated” population. This intermated population was produced from two generations of random intermating after reaching F3.Mean comparisons between the two populations showed small but significant differences for some traits, indicating that selection in the intermated population may have taken place or that linked epistasis was involved. Genotypic variances were approximately the same for both populations. The negative genetic correlation between lint yield and fiber strength was decreased by intermating. Genetic correlations between other traits were generally reduced by intermating. These results imply that some modifications of the conventional method of cotton breeding are necessary to improve yield and fiber strength. Modifications discussed are the use of random intermating, diallel selective mating, use of selection indexes, backcrossing, and bulk breeding.
Comparisons of Response to Alternative Selection Procedures Initiated with Two Populations of Maize (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Moll R. H. , Stuber C. W. 
Published: July 2010

Experimental comparisons were made between full‐sib family selection and reciprocal recurrent selection for higher grain yield in populations of Zea mays L. following six selection cycles. The experimental populations involved two open‐pollinated varieties, ‘Jarvis’ and ‘Indian Chief,’ their F1 variety hybrid, and the variety composite formed by random mating the variety hybrid. Comparisons were made in terms of responses of the varieties themselves and the variety hybrid to both kinds of selection, and response of the variety composite to full‐sib selection.Significant increases in yield were observed after six selection cycles in six of the seven populations tested. The exception was the response of the Indian Chief variety to reciprocal recurrent selection, which was not statistically significant. Responses of both varieties to full‐sib family selection were 2.1 times greater than their responses to reciprocal recurrent selection. Response of the variety hybrid to reciprocal recurrent selection was 1.3 times greater than the response to full‐sib family selection. Response of the variety composite to full‐sib family selection was no greater than for Jarvis, which was the most responsive of the two varieties. Heterosis in the variety hybrid increased markedly after reciprocal recurrent selection, but showed little change after full‐sib family selection. An evaluation of five additional traits showed thatincreases in yield were generally accompanied by a change toward shorter plants, with lower ear height, more tillers, and more ears. No change in time of flowering was observed.
Effect of Seed Source on Soybean Strain Performance for Two Successive Generations1
Authors: Fehr W. R. , Probst A. H. 
Published: July 2010

We evaluated the performance of 10 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] strains by planting seed produced at each of 14 diverse locations in 1967. Significant differences among sources were observed for all characters evaluated. The importance of the range among sources for yield (176 kg/ha), maturity (1.5 days), lodging (0.16 score), height (2.1 cm), seed size (0.59 g/100 seed), field emergence (46.7%), protein percentage (0.50%), and oil percentage (0.23%) will depend on the desired accuracy of strain comparisons. The strains ✕ sources interaction was significant only for maturity and field emergence percentage, indicating that relative performance of strains was consistent across sources.Significant differences among seed sources were detectable for one crop season only, except for maturity and seed size. The range among sources in the second crop season was 0.3 days for maturity and 0.21 g/100 seeds for seed size.Geographical distance between sources was not a reliable indication of potential first‐generation differences among sources. Germination percentage and seed size were not useful as direct indices of differences among sources. However, seed lots of a particular genotype that differ appreciably for either character are likely to have differences in progeny performance.Differences due to seed source may be minimized by growing all test strains, including checks, in the same environment immediately before testing. The persistence test indicated that one common environment immediately before testing is adequate to minimize differences of practical importance.
Inheritance of a Mutation for Dwarfness in Soybeans1
Authors: Fehr W. R. 
Published: July 2010

Dwarf soybean plants [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were found in a row of the ‘Hark’ variety at Ames, Iowa in 1966. All plants in the row were from seeds of a single plant harvested from a foundation seed field of Hark the previous year. The plants had short internodes and petioles. The leaves were similar in shape to normal Hark, but were only one‐fourth normal size. The flowers were approximately three‐fourths the size of normal Hark, but were not abnormally cleistogamous. The inheritance of the Hark dwarf and its relationship to the ‘Lincoln’ dwarf (df2) and the ‘Adams’ dwarf (df3) genes were studied.The crosses of Hark normal ✕ Hark dwarf, Lincoln dwarf ✕ Hark dwarf, and Adams dwarf ✕ Hark dwarf were studied in F1; F2, and F3. The Hark dwarf was controlled by a single recessive allele, designated df4, that was nonallelic to df2 and df3 and independently inherited. No distinct double recessive phenotype was observed. There was a satisfactory fit to a ratio of 9 normal:3 Hark dwarf:4 Lincoln dwarf in the Lincoln dwarf ✕ Hark dwarf cross and a 9 normal:3 Hark dwarf:4 Adams dwarf in the Adams dwarf ✕ Hark dwarf cross. These data indicated that df2df2df4df4 F2 plants were classified phenotypically as Lincoln dwarfs, and the df3df3df4df4 F2 plants, as Adams dwarfs.There was a range in height for F2 and F3 individuals of all three dwarf: types, indicating that expression of the df2 df3, and df4 alleles may be influenced by modifying genes.
Heterosis and Gene Action in Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.1
Authors: Meredith William R. , Bridge R. R. 
Published: July 2010

Heterosis (F1 — MP), useful heterosis (F1 — ‘Deltapine 16’), and gene action estimates were obtained at four locations from the six groups of populations involving ‘Deltapine 16’ (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crossed with six cultivars (‘Q1,’ ‘Del Cerro 183,’ ‘FTA 263‐20,’ ‘Acala 3080,’ ‘Mo277‐396,’ and ‘Stoneville 603’).Heterosis for lint yield was detected in each cross. F1 yields ranged from 92 to 115% of that of Deltapine 16, while F2 yields ranged from 86 to 107%. Increases in boll size were partially responsible for the increased productivity of the hybrids. Parental lines originating from outside the Delta in general produced hybrid‐by‐location mean squares greater than those from Delta‐derived parents. These interactions were related to the higher relative performance of Deltapine 16 at the locations with higher yield. The potential benefits from utilizing heterosis were especially evident when all traits were considered simultaneous. Four of the six F1's produced yields equal to or greater than Deltapine 16 while also having longer, stronger, and finer fiber.Heterosis for each of the nine traits studied was determined primarily by dominance gene action. Of the 54 possible tests additive‐by‐additive epistasis was significant in only four instances, and even in those four cases the mean squares for epistasis were much smaller than were those for additive or dominance effects.Additive effects predominated for lint percentage, seed index, fiber strength, fiber elongation, and fiber fineness. However, dominance was greater for boll size. Both were involved for lint yield and fiber length. In every case there were some crosses that did not fit the general trend.The interaction of additive effects with locations was usually of greater magnitude than the dotninance‐bylocation interaction. There were 28, 13, and 1 instances of significant additive, dominance, and additive by additive epistatic by location interactions, respectively. Interactions with locations were the greatest practical limitation for lint yield selection and they were less important for the other traits. The interactions with locations were particularly large for the cross involving Acala 3080. Breeding implications are discussed.
Grain and Flour Quality Factors of Spring Wheat Treated with Dicamba and RH 5391
Authors: McGuire Charles F. , Lebsock Kenneth L. 
Published: July 2010

Quality analyses were made on grain and flour from two hard red spring (Tritirum aestivum L. em Thell.) and two durum (Triticum durum Desf.) wheat cultivars treated in the field with 3,6‐dichloro‐o‐anisic acid (dicamba) and a coordination product of zinc ion and manganese ethylene bisdithiocarbamate‐plus anhydrous nickel sulphate (RH 539). Dicamba treatments caused the following changes. Protein percentage of wheat and flour increased by as much as 17% over the mean of untreated checks. Sulfhydral (—SH) concentration increased up 13.8% over the checks and in proportion to the increased protein content. Diastatic activity of whole wheat increased markedly (28.5% higher than the checks) from treatments, but endosperm tissue represented by flour and semolina was not affected. Mixogram scores of samples from treated wheat were significantly lower than check sample scores. Neither baking quality ratings of the hard red spring wheats nor macaroni performance scores of the durums were changed. Grain from treated plots averaged lower in flour yield than grain from untreated plots. Interactions between varieties and treatments were found for protein percentage, diastatic activity, and mixogram score.RH 539 did not significantly alter product quality, milling, dough‐mixing properties, or other quality factors evaluated.
Environmental Influence on Specific Leaf Weight and Its Heritability in Sainfoin1
Authors: Straley C. S. , Cooper C. S. , Carleton A. E. 
Published: July 2010

Specific leaf weight (SLW, mg/cm2) of 24 space‐planted clones of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.) and their solid‐seeded progeny was estimated in 1970. Seven of these clones were selected for additional studies. SLW was estimated for these seven clones when grown in the greenhouse during the winter and again in a new space‐planted nursery in the field in 1971. SLW of progeny of these seven clones was also determined when they were grown in space‐planted rows in 1971. Heritability of SLW was determined by the parent‐progeny regression method.The SLW of the 24 space‐planted clones ranged from 5.4 to 12.5. The range in SLW of solid‐seeded progenies was 4.9 to 7.7 and the heritability estimate for SLW was very low (.O8). SLW of the seven selected clones was much lower in the greenhouse than in the field. The heritability estimate of SLW measured on space‐planted clones and progenies was .54. However, the heritability estimate of SLW measured on solid‐seeded progenies and space‐planted clones was zero. This study indicated that SLW in sainfoin is greatly influenced by the environment. Large differences in SLW occurred in space‐planted clones and progeny but not in solid seedings of progeny.
Nucleoside Diphosphate Glucose Pyrophosphorylase Isoenzymes of Developing Normal, Brittle‐2, and Shrunken‐2 Endosperms of Zea mays L.1
Authors: Weaver S. H. , Glover D. V. , Tsai C. Y. 
Published: July 2010

Maize (Zea mays L.) endosperms from normal, brittle‐2, and shrunken‐2 near‐isogenic sublines of the Oh43 inbred were assayed for nucleoside diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase activity at 10, 20, and 30 days post‐pollination. Polyethaleneamine‐cellulose thin layer chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used for product assay and identification of isoenzyme patterns from crude enzyme preparations, respectively.Evidence is presented for the existence in corn endosperm of pyrophosphorylose activity with guanosine triphosphate and thymidine triphosphate in addition to adenosine triphosphate, cytidine triphosphate, and uridine triphosphate. Two adenosine diphosphate glucosepyrophosphorylase isoenzyme bands from normal and shrunken‐2 endosperms were detected with the same pattern, suggesting that the shrunken‐2 gene may be regulatory in nature. Brittle‐2 showed an altered mobility of the adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase banding pattern, which indicates that brittle‐2 may be a structural gene. Three isoenzymes for uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase were found in normal and mutant endosperms. Evidence indicated that guanosine triphosphate may be utilized by adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase. Thymidine triphosphate and possibly cytidine triphosphate may be utilized by uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase.There were no differential appearances of the pyrophosphorylase isoenzymes during corn endosperm development. However, quantitative differences in the isoenzyme bands were observed.
Genetic Variance for Reaction to Five Foliar Pathogens in Alfalfa1
Authors: Hill R. R. , Leath K. T. 
Published: July 2010

Plants randomly sampled from ‘Saranac,’ ‘MSA‐C4,’ and ‘MSB‐C4’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were used to construct a series of eight five‐parent diallel crosses within each cultivar. Reactions of crosses and parents to Uromyces striatus Schroet. var. medicaginis (Pass.) Arth., Stemphylium botryosum Wallr., Pseudopeziza medicaginis (Lib.) Sacc., Phoma herbarum West f. medicaginis West ex. Rab., and Leptosphaerulina briosiana (Poll.) Graham and Luttrell were observed in greenhouse and inoculation chamber experiments.Additive genetic variance was significant for reaction to U. striatus and P. medicaginis in each of the cultivars, and for reaction to S. botryosum and L. briosiana in MSA‐C4 and MSB‐C4. Significant nonadditive genetic variance was observed for reaction to U. striatus in MSAC4 and MSB‐C4. Additive genetic variance for reaction to P. herbarum was not observed in any of the cultivars, but significant nonadditive genetic variance was observed in MSA‐C4 and MSB‐C4. The standard errors of the nonadditive components were so large that interpretation was difficult, but digenic variance appeared to be important for reaction to P. herbarum and L. briosiana in MSA‐C4, and for reaction to P. herbarum in MSB‐CA. Genetic variances were usually larger in MSA‐C4 and MSB‐CA than in Saranac.
Apomixis and Sexuality in Eragrostis curvula1
Authors: Voigt P. W. , Bashaw E. C. 
Published: July 2010

Weeping lovegrass, Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees, reproduces by obligate apomixis (diplospory). Eventual success in the breeding of this important forage and conservation species depends on the identification of sexual types and their successful manipulation. The objective of this study was to examine megasporogenesis and embryo sac development in plants producing variable progenies (presumed sexuals) compared with development apomictic plants. Offspring of the presumed sexual plants were also examined cytologically.The study indicated that the plants producing variable progenies were indeed sexual. The best indicator of sexuality was evidence of meiosis and the presence of a tetrad of megaspores. The number of nuclei in mature embryo sacs was not always a good indicator of mode of reproduction.It was apparent that diplospory is genetically controlled. Based on the cytological results from the offspring of the sexual plants, we propose, as a working hypothesis, that mode of reproduction in Eragrostis curvula is controlled by only a few genes and that sexuality is either dominant or epistatic to apomixis.Because apomixis is apparently obligate in this species, we believe that, through hybridization of sexual and apomictic strains, diplospory can be effectively manipulated in a lovegrass breeding program.