bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disease activity and low physical activity associate with number of hospital admissions and length of hospitalisation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Metsios George S , Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou Antonios , Treharne Gareth J , Nevill Alan M , Sandoo Aamer , Panoulas Vasileios F , Toms Tracey E , Koutedakis Yiannis , Kitas George D 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Introduction
Substantial effort has been devoted for devising effective and safe interventions to reduce preventable hospital admissions in chronic disease patients. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), identifying risk factors for admission has important health policy implications, but knowledge of which factors cause or prevent hospital admissions is currently lacking. We hypothesised that disease activity/severity and physical activity are major predictors for the need of hospitalisation in patients with RA.

Methods
A total of 244 RA patients were assessed for: physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), RA activity (C-reactive protein: CRP; disease activity score: DAS28) and disability (Health Assessment Questionnaire: HAQ). The number of hospital admissions and length of hospitalisation within a year from baseline assessment were collected prospectively.

Results
Disease activity and disability as well as levels of overall and vigorous physical activity levels correlated significantly with both the number of admissions and length of hospitalisation (P < 0.05); regression analyses revealed that only disease activity (DAS28) and physical activity were significant independent predictors of numbers of hospital admissions (DAS28: (exp(B) = 1.795, P = 0.002 and physical activity: (exp(B) = 0.999, P = 0.046)) and length of hospitalisation (DAS28: (exp(B) = 1.795, P = 0.002 and physical activity: (exp(B) = 0.999, P = 0.046). Sub-analysis of the data demonstrated that only 19% (n = 49) of patients engaged in recommended levels of physical activity.

Conclusions
This study provides evidence that physical activity along with disease activity are important predictors of the number of hospital admissions and length of hospitalisation in RA. The combination of lifestyle changes, particularly increased physical activity along with effective pharmacological therapy may improve multiple health outcomes as well as cost of care for RA patients.
Large-scale analysis of chromosomal aberrations in cancer karyotypes reveals two distinct paths to aneuploidy
Authors: Ozery-Flato Michal , Linhart Chaim , Trakhtenbrot Luba , Izraeli Shai , Shamir Ron 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Background
Chromosomal aneuploidy, that is to say the gain or loss of chromosomes, is the most common abnormality in cancer. While certain aberrations, most commonly translocations, are known to be strongly associated with specific cancers and contribute to their formation, most aberrations appear to be non-specific and arbitrary, and do not have a clear effect. The understanding of chromosomal aneuploidy and its role in tumorigenesis is a fundamental open problem in cancer biology.

Results
We report on a systematic study of the characteristics of chromosomal aberrations in cancers, using over 15,000 karyotypes and 62 cancer classes in the Mitelman Database. Remarkably, we discovered a very high co-occurrence rate of chromosome gains with other chromosome gains, and of losses with losses. Gains and losses rarely show significant co-occurrence. This finding was consistent across cancer classes and was confirmed on an independent comparative genomic hybridization dataset of cancer samples. The results of our analysis are available for further investigation via an accompanying website.

Conclusions
The broad generality and the intricate characteristics of the dichotomy of aneuploidy, ranging across numerous tumor classes, are revealed here rigorously for the first time using statistical analyses of large-scale datasets. Our finding suggests that aneuploid cancer cells may use extra chromosome gain or loss events to restore a balance in their altered protein ratios, needed for maintaining their cellular fitness.
Cinemeducation in psychiatry
Authors: Dave Subodh , Tandon Kopal 
Published: June 2011

SummaryPsychiatry has had a significant influence on both Hollywood and world cinema. In turn, psychiatrists' fascination with psychiatric themes in films has inspired scores of books and bibliographies about films and psychiatry. Advances in medical education have led to the development of core-competency-based curricula for both undergraduate and postgraduate students. Learning objectives underpin such competencies. However, teaching competencies in the workplace is hampered by practical and ethical issues, especially in the case of psychiatric patients. Medical educationalists have found films to be a useful teaching tool with their larger-than-life vivid portrayals. In this article we demonstrate, with examples, the use of films and discrete film clips to achieve specific learning objectives that can be incorporated easily into most undergraduate and postgraduate teaching programmes in psychiatry.
Treatment of the early stages of bipolar disorder
Authors: Elanjithara Thomas Elias , Frangou Sophia , McGuire Philip 
Published: June 2011

SummaryFor many patients with bipolar disorder there is a long delay between the onset of illness and receiving a diagnosis and the initiation of treatment. This may have an adverse effect on the clinical outcome. Early intervention in bipolar disorder has received less attention than in schizophrenia, and there are relatively few specialist services in this area. This article reviews the literature on the early detection of bipolar disorder and on the effectiveness of pharmacological, psychological and psychosocial interventions in the early phase of the disorder.
Article 8 of the Human Rights Act 1998 and intellectual disability
Authors: Curtice Martin , Crocombe Juli 
Published: June 2011

SummaryVarious UK reports have identified issues of poor health and social care for people with an intellectual disability. Such reports emphasise the vital importance of addressing human rights issues in the future to improve and address shortcomings in such care. Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights affords protection for private and family life, and applies irrespective of whether someone has the capacity to make such decisions affecting their life. This in particular is important for people with an intellectual disability. Compared with the rest of the Convention, there has been relatively more case law pertaining to Article 8. This review considers Article 8 case law involving people with an intellectual disability in the areas of community care, accommodation, day centres, lifting and hoisting, sexual relations, marriage and education. In doing so, it demonstrates the varied application and core principles for use of the Article in clinical practice and decision-making.
Fresh paradigms in psychotherapy for psychiatrists
Authors: Healy Kevin 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe recent expansion of neuroscientific knowledge is changing the nature of psychotherapeutically competent psychiatric practice. For example, components of medical psychotherapy that optimise neuroplasticity and restructure and reinforce synaptic connections can bring about enduring therapeutic changes in patients' personal functioning, experience and behaviour. By renewing their connection to the advancements of neuroscience, psychiatrists in all specialties can build their identities as professionals and their skills as practitioners, making psychotherapeutic interventions more effective for their patients.
The case for early intervention in anorexia nervosa: theoretical
exploration of maintaining factors
Authors: Treasure Janet , Russell Gerald 
Published: June 2011

SummaryHere we revisit and reinterpret the original study in which the so-called
‘Maudsley (London) model’ of family therapy was compared with individual
therapy for anorexia nervosa. Family therapy was more effective in
adolescents with a short duration of illness. However, this is only part of
the story. A later study describing the 5-year outcome contains important
information. Those adolescents randomised to family therapy achieved a
better outcome 5 years later. Moreover, the group with an onset in
adolescence but who had been ill for over 3 years had a poor response to
both family and individual therapy, suggesting that unless effective
treatment is given within the first 3 years of illness onset, the outcome is
poor. We examine other evidence supporting this conclusion and consider the
developmental and neurobiological factors that can account for this.
Detection of bipolar disorder
Authors: Young Allan H. , MacPherson Holly 
Published: June 2011

SummaryMajor depressive episodes are common in bipolar disorder, which consequently
may be misdiagnosed as major depressive disorder. Improved detection of
bipolar disorder rests upon better ascertainment of a history of hypomania.
Antidepressants are of dubious benefit in bipolar disorder and more accurate
diagnosis of depression would promote better treatment.
The Sexual Offences Act 2003 and people with mental disorders
Authors: Curtice Martin , Kelson Emma 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe Sexual Offences Act 2003 repealed and revamped almost all of the existing statute law in relation to sexual offences. The purpose of this was to strengthen and modernise the law in this area. Incorporated within the Act were new and specific offences providing for ‘Offences against persons with a mental disorder impeding choice’ and offences involving ‘Inducement, threat or deception to procure sexual activity with a person with a mental disorder’. Psychiatrists may be involved in such cases to provide assessment and opinion as to whether the alleged victim had a mental disorder and because of this lacked the capacity to consent to sexual activity. Knowledge of the intricacies and implementation of these offences against people with mental disorder can aid clinicians who may be asked to provide expert written and oral evidence and opinion for court cases.
Validation of the human chorionic gonadotropin immunoassay in cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnostic work-up of neurohypophyseal germinomas
Authors: González-Sánchez Víctor , Moreno-Pérez Oscar , Pellicer Pedro Sánchez , Sánchez-Ortiga Ruth , Guerra Rocío Alfayate , Dot Montserrat Mauri , Alfonso Antonio Miguel Picó 
Published: July 2011

Background The measurement of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is useful for the differential diagnosis of suprasellar lesions. However, the concentrations that prove diagnostic for neurohypophyseal germinoma have not been well defined. In addition, the immunoassays used for such measurements are the same as those applied in serum, and few studies have been performed regarding the validation of such techniques in CSF. The present study aims to apply the Elecsys® hCG + β immunoassay from Roche Diagnostics to measure hCG in CSF, as a useful tool in the diagnosis of neurohypophyseal germinomas in children and young adults. Methods Validation of the immunoassay involved calculation of the functional sensitivity and reference values for hCG in CSF in 35 controls in the absence of pregnancy, trophoblastic disease or tumour pathology. For the clinical application study, three patients diagnosed with neurohypophyseal germinoma have been reviewed. Results The functional sensitivity obtained was 0.4 IU/L. The reference values for hCG in CSF ranged from undetectable values to 0.7 IU/L. The hCG concentrations in CSF in the three studied patients, with confirmed diagnosis of neurohypophyseal germinoma, were 21.1, 32.6 and 23 IU/L, respectively. Conclusions The Elecsys® hCG + β immunoassay from Roche Diagnostics can be used to detect hCG in CSF with high precision. According to our results, CSF-hCG concentrations that exceed the established reference interval (undetectable values to 0.7 IU/L) in the presence of suprasellar lesions and hypophyseal stalk thickening must be considered pathological, establishing the need to exclude the presence of germinoma.
The Periodic Table of the Polyhedral Universe
Authors: Burt Michael 
Published: June 2011

With the introduction of ‘sponge polyhedra’, the polyhedral universe has exploded to ‘cosmological proportions’. ‘The Periodic Table of the Polyhedral Universe’ was conceived to provide an overview, deal with it's evolving complexity and to gain insights into it's defining topological-symmetrical – structural properties, their hierarchical characteristics and order. Arranged on the basis of primary parameters, considered to be Val., Σα & g, a Cartesian environment is constructed in which every polyhedron has a unique point representation and all shared properties are posing as mathematically embraced location patterns. The article claims to resolve the apparent dichotomy between space lattice configurations and polyhedral tessellations, thus permitting the lattices to share in the ‘Periodic Table’ and benefit from its insights.
On the continuous transformations between genus-3 minimal surfaces approximants
Authors: Leoni Stefano , Baburin Igor A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA continuous, genus-preserving transformation relating four minimal surfaces –P,G,DandH– was suggested within a common trigonal group-subgroup pair (P-3c1–P321). Periodic nodal surfaces (PNS) were used as approximants of minimal surfaces to illustrate the transition path. ThemeanandGausscurvatures of PNS were calculated in order to quantify their similarity to minimal surfaces. Theinhomogeneityof the Gauss curvature distributions on PNS was used to producetilingsdirectly on the surfaces. Such tilings on theP,GandDsurfaces can be easily related to three-dimensional nets important in structural chemistry (rhr, analcime, sodalite frameworks, respectively). A tiling on theHsurface gave rise to a completely new 3,4-coordinated net.
NOD1 Activators Link Innate Immunity to Insulin Resistance
Authors: Schertzer Jonathan D. , Tamrakar Akhilesh K. , Magalhães Joao G. , Pereira Sandra , Bilan Philip J. , Fullerton Morgan D. , Liu Zhi , Steinberg Gregory R. , Giacca Adria , Philpott Dana J. , Klip Amira 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE
Insulin resistance associates with chronic inflammation, and participatory elements of the immune system are emerging. We hypothesized that bacterial elements acting on distinct intracellular pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system, such as bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) acting on nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins, contribute to insulin resistance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Metabolic and inflammatory properties were assessed in wild-type (WT) and NOD1/2−/− double knockout mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. Insulin resistance was measured by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps in mice injected with mimetics of meso-diaminopimelic acid–containing PGN or the minimal bioactive PGN motif, which activate NOD1 and NOD2, respectively. Systemic and tissue-specific inflammation was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in NOD ligand–injected mice. Cytokine secretion, glucose uptake, and insulin signaling were assessed in adipocytes and primary hepatocytes exposed to NOD ligands in vitro.

RESULTS
NOD1/2−/− mice were protected from HFD-induced inflammation, lipid accumulation, and peripheral insulin intolerance. Conversely, direct activation of NOD1 protein caused insulin resistance. NOD1 ligands induced peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance within 6 h in WT, but not NOD1−/−, mice. NOD2 ligands only modestly reduced peripheral glucose disposal. NOD1 ligand elicited minor changes in circulating proinflammatory mediators, yet caused adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance of muscle AS160 and liver FOXO1. Ex vivo, NOD1 ligand caused proinflammatory cytokine secretion and impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake directly in adipocytes. NOD1 ligand also caused inflammation and insulin resistance directly in primary hepatocytes from WT, but not NOD1−/−, mice.

CONCLUSIONS
We identify NOD proteins as innate immune components that are involved in diet-induced inflammation and insulin intolerance. Acute activation of NOD proteins by mimetics of bacterial PGNs causes whole-body insulin resistance, bolstering the concept that innate immune responses to distinctive bacterial cues directly lead to insulin resistance. Hence, NOD1 is a plausible, new link between innate immunity and metabolism.
Long-Term Prognostic Importance of Diabetes After a Myocardial Infarction Depends on Left Ventricular Systolic Function
Authors: Andersson Charlotte , Gislason Gunnar H. , Mérie Charlotte , Mogensen Ulrik M. , Solomon Scott D. , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Køber Lars 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE
This study was performed to understand how left ventricular function modulates the prognostic importance of diabetes after myocardial infarction (MI).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Consecutively hospitalized MI patients screened for three clinical trials were followed for a median of 7 years. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to assess the risk of mortality associated with diabetes, and the importance of diabetes was examined independently within defined left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) subgroups.

RESULTS
A total of 16,912 patients were included; 1,819 (11%) had diabetes. Diabetes and 15% unit depression in LVEF were of similar prognostic importance: hazard ratios (HRs) were 1.45 (95% CI 1.37–1.54) and 1.41 (1.37–1.45) for diabetes and LVEF depression, respectively. LVEF modified the outcomes associated with diabetes, with HRs being 1.29 (1.19–1.40) and 1.61 (1.49–1.74) in patients with LVEF &lt;40% and LVEF ≥40%, respectively (P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS
Patients within the higher LVEF categories have a greater mortality risk attributable to diabetes than patients within the lower LVEF categories.
Effect of Case-Based Training for Medical Residents on Inpatient Glycemia
Authors: Tamler Ronald , Green Dina E. , Skamagas Maria , Breen Tracy L. , Looker Helen C. , Babyatsky Mark , LeRoith Derek 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether an educational intervention for medical house staff improves blood glucose (BG) in hospitalized patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
All 116 medicine residents at an academic medical center were assigned to online or classroom training on inpatient dysglycemia in fall 2008. Both groups were offered an online refresher course in spring 2009 addressing gaps in clinical practice identified on chart review. We assessed event BG, the first BG of any 3-h period, on two teaching wards.

RESULTS
A total of 108 residents (93.1%) completed the initial training. The primary outcome, median event BG, decreased from 152 mg/dL in August 2008 to 139 mg/dL in December 2008 (P &lt; 0.0001). Prevalence of event BG &gt;200 mg/dL decreased from 25.5 to 22.7% (P = 0.0207), at the expense of more event BGs &lt;70 mg/dL (2.0–3.9%, P = 0.0124).

CONCLUSIONS
A curriculum for medicine residents on inpatient glycemia led to lower inpatient BG.
Low Free Testosterone Levels Are Associated With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Postmenopausal Diabetic Women
Authors: Wehr Elisabeth , Pilz Stefan , Boehm Bernhard O. , Grammer Tanja B. , März Winfried , Obermayer-Pietsch Barbara 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE
Hyperandrogenemia is associated with cardiovascular risk factors in women but evidence about the relationship of testosterone levels with mortality is sparse. We aimed to evaluate whether total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), and sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) are associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a cohort of postmenopausal women.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We measured TT and SHBG levels in 875 postmenopausal women who were referred for coronary angiography (during 1997–2000). FT was calculated according to the Vermeulen method. The main outcome measures were Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality from all causes and from cardiovascular causes.

RESULTS
After a median follow-up time of 7.7 years, 179 women (20.5%) had died. There were 101 deaths due to cardiovascular disease (56.4% of all deaths). We found no association of FT, TT, and SHBG levels with mortality in all postmenopausal women. In postmenopausal diabetic women, multivariable-adjusted HRs (with 95% CIs) in the fourth compared with the first FT quartile for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were 0.38 (0.08–0.90), P = 0.025, and 0.28 (0.08–0.90), P = 0.032, respectively. We found no association of TT and SHBG with mortality in diabetic postmenopausal women.

CONCLUSIONS
In postmenopausal diabetic women referred for coronary angiography, low FT levels are independently associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.
Anesthetic agents and complications in Vietnamese potbellied pigs: 27 cases (1999–2006)
Authors: Trim Cynthia M. , Braun Christina 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Objective—To document complications associated with preanesthetic and anesthetic agents used in Vietnamese potbellied pigs and identify predictors of complications.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—27 potbellied pigs (14 female and 13 male) ranging in age from 0.25 to 15 years old and ranging in body weight from 5.9 to 169 kg (13.0 to 371.8 lb) that were anesthetized on 32 occasions between 1999 and 2006.
Procedures—Data, including perianesthetic management, anesthetic agents and dosages, complications, and outcome, were retrieved from medical records. Patient information, anesthetic agents, and duration of anesthesia were evaluated as predictors for development of complications.
Results—Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane during 30 anesthetic episodes. Commonly used premedicants were butorphanol, atropine, and midazolam administered in combination with xylazine or medetomidine and a combination of tiletamine-zolazepam and butorphanol. Anesthesia was induced with an inhalation agent on 15 occasions, via injection of ketamine on 10 occasions, and via injection of propofol on 3 occasions. Complications included hypoventilation (16/24 [67%]), hypotension (16/25 [64%]), hypothermia (15/31 [48%]), bradycardia (9/32 [28%]), and prolonged recovery time (7/32 [22%]). None of the factors evaluated were associated with development of these complications. All pigs survived anesthesia.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that a variety of anesthetic agent combinations can be used to provide anesthesia in potbellied pigs with satisfactory outcomes. Although there were high incidences of hypoventilation, hypotension, and hypothermia, no specific anesthetic agent was associated with development of these complications.