bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Pb toxicity on the growth and physiology of two ecotypes of Elsholtzia argyi and its alleviation by Zn
Authors: Islam Ejazul , Liu Dan , Li Tingqiang , Yang Xiaoe , Jin Xiaofen , Khan Muhammad Athar , Mahmood Qaisar , Hayat Yousaf , Imtiaz Muhammad 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHydroponics experiments were conducted to underpin the nature of interactions between Zn, an essential micronutrient and Pb, a nonessential element on plant growth and root morphology, as well as antioxidant adaptation in mined ecotype (ME) and nonmined ecotype (NME) of Elsholtzia argyi. Plants were exposed to 50 μM Pb having normal Zn (0.5 μM), and two other treatments of the same Pb with low (0.05 μM) and high (20 μM) Zn, respectively for 12 days. Application of Pb with normal Zn caused adverse effects on the overall growth and antioxidant capacity of both ecotypes, however; effects were more pronounced in NME. The addition of high Zn along with Pb improved the growth and antioxidant capacity of both the ecotypes, while low Zn failed to show significant changes in NME plants; however slightly aggravated the Pb toxicity in the plants of ME. Zinc antagonized Pb concentrations in root and stem of both ecotypes and leaf of ME, while no significant differences were noted in Pb concentrations of NME leaf. It is suggested that in E. argyi, mechanisms of Pb and Zn uptake and translocation as well as their interactions within the plant cell may be different for both ecotypes and need to be further investigated. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.
Second language acquisition
Authors: Juffs Alan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSecond language acquisition (SLA) is a field that investigates child and adult SLA from a variety of theoretical perspectives. This article provides a survey of some key areas of concern including formal generative theory and emergentist theory in the areas of morpho‐syntax and phonology. The review details the theoretical stance of the two different approaches to the nature of language: generative linguistics and general cognitive approaches. Some results of key acquisition studies from the two theoretical frameworks are discussed. From a generative perspective, constraints on wh‐movement, feature geometry and syllable structure, and morphological development are highlighted. From a general cognitive point of view, the emergence of tense and aspect marking from a prototype account of inherent lexical aspect is reviewed. Reference is made to general cognitive learning theories and to sociocultural theory. The article also reviews individual differences research, specifically debate on the critical period in adult language acquisition, motivation, and memory. Finally, the article discusses the relationship between SLA research and second language pedagogy. Suggestions for further reading from recent handbooks on SLA are provided. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 277–286 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.106This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Language Acquisition
Embodiment in early development
Authors: Needham Amy , Libertus Klaus 
Published: September 2010

Abstract‘Embodiment’ has come to represent the many ways in which the body influences the functioning of the brain and cognitive processing. This article on embodiment and early development reviews several examples of studies demonstrating embodiment in cognitive tasks. Our overall message is that what the body does during cognitive processing influences cognition in important ways. This might be especially true during early development, before actions are automatized.WIREs Cogn Sci2011 2 117–123 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.109This article is categorized under:Psychology > Development and Aging
Vision in the natural world
Authors: Hayhoe Mary M. , Rothkopf Constantin A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHistorically, the study of visual perception has followed a reductionist strategy, with the goal of understanding complex visually guided behavior by separate analysis of its elemental components. Recent developments in monitoring behavior, such as measurement of eye movements in unconstrained observers, have allowed investigation of the use of vision in the natural world. This has led to a variety of insights that would be difficult to achieve in more constrained experimental contexts. In general, it shifts the focus of vision away from the properties of the stimulus toward a consideration of the behavioral goals of the observer. It appears that behavioral goals are a critical factor in controlling the acquisition of visual information from the world. This insight has been accompanied by a growing understanding of the importance of reward in modulating the underlying neural mechanisms and by theoretical developments using reinforcement learning models of complex behavior. These developments provide us with the tools to understanding how tasks are represented in the brain, and how they control acquisition of information through use of gaze. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 158–166 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.113This article is categorized under:

Computer Science > Computer Vision
Revisiting an old friend: manganese‐based MRI contrast agents
Authors: Pan Dipanjan , Caruthers Shelton D. , Senpan Angana , Schmieder Ann H. , Wickline Samuel A. , Lanza Gregory M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNon‐invasive cellular and molecular imaging techniques are emerging as a multidisciplinary field that offers promise in understanding the components, processes, dynamics and therapies of disease at a molecular level. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an attractive technique due to the absence of radiation and high spatial resolution which makes it advantageous over techniques involving radioisotopes. Typically paramagnetic and superparamagnetic metals are used as contrast materials for MR based techniques. Gadolinium has been the predominant paramagnetic contrast metal until the discovery and association of the metal with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in some patients with severe renal or kidney disease. Manganese was one of the earliest reported examples of paramagnetic contrast material for MRI because of its efficient positive contrast enhancement. In this review manganese based contrast agent approaches will be presented with a particular emphasis on nanoparticulate agents. We have discussed both classically used small molecule based blood pool contrast agents and recently developed innovative nanoparticle‐based strategies highlighting a number of successful molecular imaging examples. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011 3 162–173 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.116This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing
Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Nanotechnology and HIV: potential applications for treatment and prevention
Authors: Kim Peter S. , Read Sarah W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHIV/AIDS is a global pandemic and is the leading infectious cause of death among adults. Although antiretroviral (ARV) therapy has dramatically improved the quality of life and increased the life expectancy of those infected with HIV, life‐long suppressive treatment is required and a cure for HIV infection remains elusive; frequency of dosing and drug toxicity as well as the development of viral resistance pose additional limitations. Furthermore, preventative measures such as a vaccine or microbicide are urgently needed to curb the rate of new infections. The capabilities inherent to nanotechnology hold much potential for impact in the field of HIV treatment and prevention. This article reviews the potential for the multidisciplinary field of nanotechnology to advance the fields of HIV treatment and prevention. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 693–702This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease
Salts with the 1,3‐Dibutyl‐2,4,5‐trimethyl‐imidazolium Cation: (DBTMIm)X (X = Br, PF6) and (DBTMIm)2[MBr4] (M = Co, Ni)
Authors: Peppel Tim , Köckerling Martin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe alkylation of 2,4,5‐trimethyl‐1H‐imidazole with 1‐bromobutane gives 1,3‐dibutyl‐2,4,5‐trimethyl‐imidazolium bromide, (DBTMIm)Br (1), from which the hexafluoridophosphate, (DBTMIm)[PF6] (2), the tetrabromidocobaltate(II), (DBTMIm)2[CoBr4] (3), and the tetrabromidonickelate(II), (DBTMIm)2[NiBr4] (4) were obtained as pure salts by ion exchange, or addition reactions, respectively. Properties of these four salts with the completely alkylated imidazolium cation were investigated with respect to question of their use as Ionic Liquids or Molten Salts. The IR, UV/Vis, and NMR spectra were recorded. Thermal data were derived from DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) measurements. The structures of compounds 2, 3, and 4 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Compound 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c (no. 15), a = 15.531(1), b = 8.4749(8), c = 28.181(3) Å, β = 103.681(2)°, Z = 8, R1(F)/wR2(F2) = 0.0594/0.1592; Compounds 3 and 4 are isostructural with orthorhombic symmetry, space group Pbcn (no. 60), Z = 4; 3: a = 14.6782(5), b = 15.0768(6), c = 16.1524(6) Å, R1(F)/wR2(F2) = 0.0267/0.0620; 4: a = 14.6931(9), b = 15.139(1), c = 16.1508(9) Å, R1(F)/wR2(F2) = 0.0296/0.0657. The three structurally characterized salts contain isolated complex anions and DBTMIm cations. 3 and 4 are paramagnetic with effective magnetic moments slightly above those expected for the corresponding spin‐only systems.
New Ionic Liquid Compounds Based on Tantalum Pentachloride TaCl5: Synthesis, Structural, and Spectroscopic Elucidation of the (μ‐Oxido)‐Chloridotantalates(V) [BMPy][TaCl6], [BMPy]4[(TaCl6)2(Ta2OCl10)], and [EMIm]2[Ta2OCl10]
Authors: Xie Tao , Brockner Wolfgang , Gjikaj Mimoza 
Published: September 2010

Abstract1‐Butyl‐4‐methylpyridinium hexachloridotantalate(V), [BMPy][TaCl6] (1), tetrakis(1‐butyl‐4‐methylpyridinium) bis(hexachloridotantalate(V) (μ‐oxido)‐decachloridotantalate(V), [BMPy]4[(TaCl6)2(Ta2OCl10)] (2), and bis(1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium)‐(μ‐oxido)‐decachloridoditantalate(V), [EMIm]2[Ta2OCl10] (3) were synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy. Compounds 1 and 3 crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c (no. 14), whereas compound 2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P$\bar{1}$ (no. 2). All compounds are built up by the mentioned bulky organic cations and octahedral [TaCl6]– respective linear [Ta2OCl10]2– anions. Coulomb interactions are dominant between the ionic species. FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra were recorded and interpreted, especially with respect to the inorganic species [TaCl6]– (Oh) and [Ta2OCl10]2– (Ci symmetry, approximately D4h). The melting temperatures of compounds 1–3 are given.
Nerve growth factor, birth outcome and pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Kilari Anitha , Mehendale Savita , Pisal Hemlata , Panchanadikar Tushar , Kale Anvita , Joshi Sadhana 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe present study compares nerve growth factor (NGF) levels between preeclamptic (PE) (n = 86) and normotensive (NT) women (n = 105) and their associations with blood pressure and infant size. Maternal plasma NGF levels were reduced (p < 0.05) in the PE group as compared to the NT group. Furthermore, NGF levels were reduced in PE mothers delivering low birth weight babies (LBW) as compared to NT mothers delivering LBW babies. Maternal NGF levels were negatively (p = 0.029) associated with blood pressure in preeclamptic mothers. Cord NGF levels were negatively associated (p = 0.026) with birth weight in the normotensive group.NGF levels are differently regulated in preeclamptic and normotensive mothers delivering LBW babies. Future studies need to investigate mechanisms underlying this pathophysiology and follow‐up of these babies to better understand the role of NGF in brain development in later life.
Elemental composition of suspended particles from the surface waters of Lake Baikal in the zone affected by the Selenga River
Authors: Chebykin E.P. , Goldberg E.L. , Kulikova N.S. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The elemental composition of suspended particles in surface waters of Lake Baikal has been studied by ICP MS along a transect of the zone affected by the Selenga River. The amount of terrigenous suspension in water was estimated from Al content, which decreases in a saltatory manner along the transect: 6.5–8.3 km offshore it decreases by an order of magnitude; 11–14 km offshore, by other 20 times; in the pelagic zone it remains almost unchanged. During the study period (late June 2001), the distribution limit of suspension from the Selenga River in the lake’s surface waters lays 11–14 km offshore.
It has been found that pelagic suspension is more than 20 times richer in Ca, P, Zn, Cu, Ni, Sn, Mo, Bi, S, and Cd than littoral one (6.5 km offshore) in the zone affected by the Selenga River. This is mainly due to fine suspension (&lt;1.2 μm), which was considerably richer in Ca, P, Zn, Cu, Ni, Sn, Mo, Sb, and Cd than coarser ones in the river.
Fine suspension in Lake Baikal, both in the zone affected by the river and in the pelagic zone, is considerably (2–35 times) richer in most elements, except for typical terrigenous ones, than river one. This suggests that element enrichment takes place in the lake, probably owing to bioaccumulation and chemisorption. These processes may be affected by additional factors, because fine suspension from the zone affected by the river differs significantly from pelagic one in elemental composition.
A quadrupole system for induction soundings
Authors: Chistoserdov B.M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
It is shown that vertical focusing of the normal magnetic field can be performed using a quadrupole induction system. The frequency dependence of apparent resistivity calculated from the real part of the measured magnetic field allows effective detection of anomalously conducting objects, even in the cases where the investigated object is overlapped by a thick layer with high electrical conductivity.
Increased risk of schizophrenia following traumatic brain injury: a 5-year follow-up study in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Yi-Hua , Chiu Wen-Ta , Chu Shu-Fen , Lin Herng-Ching 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundWhether traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an independent risk factor for the subsequent development of schizophrenia has evoked considerable controversy. No evidence has been previously reported from Asia. This study estimated the risk of schizophrenia during a 5-year period following hospital admission for TBI relative to a comparison group of non-TBI patients during the same period in Taiwan.MethodTwo datasets were linked: the Traumatic Brain Injury Registry and the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Dataset. A total of 3495 patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of TBI from 2001 to 2002 were included, together with 17 475 non-TBI patients as the comparison group, matched on sex, age, and year of TBI hospitalization. Each individual was followed for 5 years to identify any later diagnosis of schizophrenia. Cox proportional hazard regressions were performed for analysis.ResultsDuring the 5-year follow-up period, patients who had suffered TBI were independently associated with a 1.99-fold (95% confidence interval 1.28–3.08) increased risk of subsequent schizophrenia, after adjusting for monthly income and residential geographical location. The severity and type of TBI was not associated with the subsequent development of schizophrenia.ConclusionsOur findings add important evidence from Asia and suggest a potential link between TBI and schizophrenia. Our study suggests that clinicians and family members should be alert to possible neuropsychiatric conditions following TBI.
Decision making in euthymic bipolar I and bipolar II disorders
Authors: Martino D. J. , Strejilevich S. A. , Torralva T. , Manes F. 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundThe main aim of this study was to compare a large population of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) types I and II strictly defined as euthymic with healthy controls on measures of decision making. An additional aim was to compare performance on a decision-making task between patients with and without a history of suicide attempt.MethodEighty-five euthymic patients with BD-I or BD-II and 34 healthy controls were included. All subjects completed tests to assess verbal memory, attention and executive functions, and a decision-making paradigm (the Iowa Gambling Task, IGT).ResultsBoth groups of patients had worse performance than healthy controls on measures of verbal memory, attention and executive function. No significant differences were found between BD-I, BD-II and healthy controls on measures of decision making. By contrast, patients with a history of suicide attempt had lower performance in the IGT than patients without a history of suicide attempt.ConclusionsPatients with euthymic BD-I and BD-II had intact decision-making abilities, suggesting that this does not represent a reliable trait marker of the disorder. In addition, our results provide further evidence of an association between impairments in decision making and vulnerability to suicidal behavior.
An improved multipurpose field robot for installing construction materials
Authors: Lee Seungyeol , Yu Seungnam , Yu Seokjong , Han Changsoo 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYRecently, there has been a lot of interest concerning remote-controlled robot manipulation in hazardous environments including construction sites, national defense areas, and disaster areas. However, there are problems involving the method of remote control in unstructured work environments such as construction sites. In a previous study, to address these problems, a multipurpose field robot (MFR) system was described. Though the case studies on construction, to which “MFR for installing construction materials” was applied, however, we found some factors to be improved. In this paper, we introduce a prototype of improved multipurpose field robot (IMFR) for construction work. This prototype robot helps a human operator easily install construction materials in remote sites through an upgraded additional module. This module consists of a force feedback joystick and a monitoring device. The human–robot interaction and bilateral communication for strategic control is also described. To evaluate the proposed IMFR, the installation of construction materials was simulated. We simulated the process of installing construction materials, in this case a glass panel. The IMFR was expected to do more accurate work, safely, at construction sites as well as at environmentally hazardous areas that are difficult for humans to approach.
THE EARLY HORIZON AT TRES ZAPOTES: IMPLICATIONS FOR OLMEC INTERACTION
Authors: Pool Christopher A. , Ceballos Ponciano Ortiz , del Carmen Rodríguez Martínez María , Loughlin Michael L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractModeling Olmec participation in Early Horizon interaction networks requires better understanding of the relations of Gulf Olmec communities with one another as well as with contemporaries elsewhere in Mesoamerica. We compare pottery, figurines, and obsidian assemblages from a recently isolated Early Formative component at Tres Zapotes with contemporary assemblages from San Lorenzo and Macayal, both in the Coatzacoalcos basin. Our analysis indicates that village inhabitants at Tres Zapotes interacted with populations in eastern Olman but also forged their own economic and social ties with central Veracruz and the Mexican highlands. This evidence suggests a heterogeneous politico-economic landscape in which multiple polities of varying complexity participated in overlapping networks of interaction, alliance, and competition within and beyond Olman.
THE EARLY FORMATIVE PERIOD IN THE SOUTHERN ISTHMUS: EXCAVATIONS AT BARRIO TEPALCATE, IXTEPEC, OAXACA
Authors: González Liliana Carla Reyes , Winter Marcus 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBarrio Tepalcate, on the Los Perros River just outside Ciudad Ixtepec, Oaxaca, 18 km upriver from Laguna Zope, is one of the few Early and Middle Formative period sites known in the southern Isthmus of Tehuantepec region. Our salvage excavation in 2005 showed that the village covered no more than four hectares. It was probably one of several villages along the river in a two-tiered settlement hierarchy centered on Laguna Zope. The presence of Early Formative period ceramics suggests that the inhabitants of Barrio Tepalcate participated in the Early Olmec style horizon, although the design motifs on their pottery are simpler than those from San Lorenzo 150 km to the north. We found little evidence of imported ceramics from San Lorenzo, which may be due to the small size of the sample and the site, or to differences in how San Lorenzo interacted with highland sites, such as Etlatongo and San José Mogote, and Isthmian sites, such as Barrio Tepalcate. The Early Formative inhabitants of the southern Isthmus were members of the Mixe-Zoque language family, and specifically Mixe speakers by the Late Formative.
OF BIRDS AND INSECTS: THE HUMMINGBIRD MYTH IN ANCIENT MESOAMERICA
Authors: Mazariegos Oswaldo Chinchilla 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAn important episode in Mesoamerican mythical narratives involves the abduction or impregnation of a tightly guarded maiden by a disguised god, against the will of her father or mother. This action precipitates major creational events that variously result in the origin of the sun, the moon, and human sustenance. Relying on a comparative analysis of versions recorded throughout Mesoamerica, this paper explores (a) representations of this episode in Maya art, where the suitor sometimes takes the shape of an insect; (b) the magical role of weaving and spinning, a recurrent theme in this mythical sequence; and (c) the relevance of Maya narratives for the interpretation of related passages in central Mexican mythology and ritual. Classic representations evidence the myth's antiquity, while its numerous versions pose methodological problems, addressed in this paper through the analysis of synonymies in narrative, art, and performance.
REUTILIZACIÓN DE MONUMENTOS OLMECAS EN TIEMPOS DEL CLÁSICO
Authors: de Guevara Sara Ladrón 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLa reutilización de esculturas es un proceso que ha ocurrido en diversas culturas alrededor del mundo. Eso puede obedecer a motivos económicos, rituales o simbólicos diversos. En este trabajo se demuestra la reutilización de esculturas no sólo como una práctica de la cultura olmeca, sino particularmente durante finales del período clásico en el sur de Veracruz y a partir de monumentos originalmente olmecas. Este fenómeno corresponde también a un crecimiento poblacional que ocurrió durante la fase Villa Alta del clásico terminal y postclásico temprano sobre sitios que habían florecido durante el preclásico. La modificación de los monumentos erigidos sobre los sitios permitía a los nuevos pobladores integrar nuevos mensajes y darles coherencia dentro de su sistema de creencias.