bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
II.—Note on the Evolutionary History of the Paired Fins of Elasmobranchs
Authors: Miller A. E. , Kerr John Graham 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe subjoined Note summarises an investigation into the skeleton of the pectoral fin of a common Selachian—Acanthias vulgaris—with the object of determining whether, and if so, to what extent it shows any vestige of the archipterygial type of structure. To this end careful examination was made of five hundred random embryos, and the result demonstrated the general occurrence of vestigial post-axial rays at the tip of the fin. The suggestion that such rays—stated by Braus to occur in a specimen of the embryo of Centrophorus—are to be regarded as a mere casual variation without evolutionary significance is thus shown to be devoid of weight, and the pectoral fin skeleton of Selachians established definitely in line with that of Pleuracanthus and Ceratodus.
III.—A Genetical Basis for the Classification of Strains of Phytophthora infestans
Authors: Black William 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe inter-relationships of ten strains of blight (Phytophthora infestans) and four major genes, R1, R2, R3 and R4, controlling resistance to the disease in potato foliage are examined. The complete differential host series for this material numbers sixteen, and is capable of differentiating sixteen strains of the pathogen. The reactions exhibited by the series form a concise statement of the various relationships and provide a genetical basis for the systematic classification of strains. This classification affords a means of calculating the segregation-ratios to be expected from the mating of any pair of genotypes when infected with any strain or group of strains of the parasite.Each strain, being adapted to a particular Solanum genotype, is more prolific on it than on any other. This genotype is regarded as the natural host of the strain in question. Specialisation, of the parasite appears to progress in stages in certain directions determined by the genetic constitution of the various hosts.
VII.—Mollusca Orcadensia
Authors: Rendall Robert 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThis paper brings together from all available sources records of marine mollusca indigenous to Orkney, together with notes on their local distribution. Besides incorporating the results of recent research it includes a brief account of work done in the islands by earlier conchologists. For convenience of reference the list of species follows the nomenclature and systematic arrangement used by the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland in Winckworth's revised list of the British Marine Mollusca. The small section on local collecting grounds may prove useful to future workers. A commentary seeks to relate the molluscan fauna of the islands to a wider context of distribution and draws attention to the seemingly characteristic western influence present in Orkney waters. A brief note is added on the non-marine mollusca of the islands.
VIII.—The Tracheal System in Larval Tabanidæ, with special reference to Tabanus bisignatus Jaennike
Authors: Whitten Joan M. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe larval tracheal system of Tabanus bisignatus is described and compared with the previous descriptions of Hœmatopota pluvialis by Cameron (1934) and of Tabanus, Chrysops and Hexatoma by Stammer (1924). Omissions in these descriptions are pointed out, and possible homologies of the tracheæ are discussed in terms of the generalized dipteran larval pattern deduced by the author from comparative studies of the tracheal system in certain larval Diptera (Whitten 1955). Attention is drawn to departures from this generalized pattern—departures which may be characteristic of family or of intra-familial segregates.
XXII.—Studies on Flowering-Plant Growth and Organogenesis. II. The Modification of Sex Expression in Cannabis ativa by Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Heslop-Harrison J. , Heslop-Harrison Y. 
Published: June 2012

SynopisBrief exposure in the young stage to carbon monoxide in concentration c. 1 per cent modifies subsequent sex expression in male plants of the dioecious Cannabis sativa (hemp), inducing the formation of intersexual or even functionally female flowers. The effect is registered in flower primordia of a particular age; older ones are already sexually committed, and younger ones apparently recover from treatment to pursue the genetically established path of ontogeny. Grafting experiments show that the stimulus is retained in the apex even when it is transferred to an untreated plant before the flower primordia have begun differentiation.The effect of carbon monoxide in modifying sex expression is similar to that induced by auxin administration, and it is possible that the basic function of the gas at the effective concentrations is to upset auxin metabolism in treated tissues, perhaps by inhibiting enzyme systems normally responsible for regulating endogenous auxin levels.
IX.—The Biology of the Euphausiid Crustacean, Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars).
Authors: Mauchline J. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisAnalyses of winter and summer vertical migrations of Meganyctiphanes norvegica are given and the differences in behaviour pointed out. A vertical layering of size classes, larger specimens occurring deeper than smaller ones, is shown to exist during the day and night.Four potential methods of feeding were found. The inter-relationships between vertical migration, feeding method used, and type of food eaten are discussed.The relationship of carapace length to total length was found to depend on the state of maturity of M. norvegica.M. norvegica matures at the age of 1 year, transference of the spermatophores taking place in January-February, the eggs being laid in March-April. The larvae take 2–3 months to reach adolescence and little growth in size takes place in the winter when the gonads are maturing. An age of 3 years may be attained but most only survive 1½—2 years.The distribution within the Clyde Sea throughout the year is described. Most of the population were found to move to the North-east Arran Area for egg-laying.A 24-hr. and annual periodicity of luminescence is described and correlated with the period of swarming of this species prior to spermatophore transference.
XII.—The Metabolism of Sodium Bromosulphthalein in the Fowl
Authors: Campbell J. G. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisEvidence is presented that, in fowls, as in a number of mammals, intravenously administered sodium bromosulphthalein is excreted by the liver into the bile in several forms. These metabolites are not glucuronides, esters or sulphates, and in the fowl do not have the chromatographic mobilities or other characteristics of any of the amino acids described as conjugating with BSP in mammals. In all, three forms of BSP are detectable in fowl bile after administration of the dye, one, with the highest Rf. is unchanged BSP, the others are associated with ninhydrin positive material, and have lower Rf. values. Conjugation has been studied in young chickens and in adults, and the effects of sex hormones, cortisone and liver damage have been assessed. It is shown that a proportion of the injected BSP may be retained for some time in the liver as a colourless form, so that only prolonged alkaline hydrolysis of liver extract and homogenate results in its liberation as a detectable coloured form. The significance of this, and the effect of sex hormones in influencing the amount of conjugation and thus possibly affecting the rate of liver clearance of BSP is discussed, and evidence is presented that there exists an apparent inverse relationship between the amount of œstrogen as assessed by BSP liver-clearance test and the relative proportions of the two BSP conjugates in the bile. Also direct relationship may exist between the amount of œstrogen and the proportion of colourless BSP found in the liver.
XV.—Observations on the Life Cycle and Immature Stages of Culicoides circumscriptus Kieff. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidæ).
Authors: Becker P. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe immature stages of C. circumscriptus Kieff. are found in the mud of most Scottish salt marshes. The life cycle has been studied by means of laboratory cultures and by observation and periodic sampling at a salt marsh near Dumbarton. Data are given concerning the life cycle in the laboratory and out of doors. In the field there are two generations a year.In captivity the female lays a single large batch of eggs which adhere to the substrate by means of structures on the chorion. The eggs and the manner of oviposition and hatching are described. Descriptions of the larvae, supplementing those of previous authors are given. The first instar differs from older larvae in possessing a retractable prothoracic proleg, and is more sluggish in its movements, probably remaining near the oviposition site until the first ecdysis. Before pupation the larva comes to the surface. This is necessary for successful pupation, enabling the pupa to breathe and to form the buoyancy space. The pupa buries itself in the mud emerging only under flooded conditions to float on the surface or prior to ecdysis.
I.—Genetics of Gametes. I. A Quantitative Analysis of Five Characteristics of Rabbit Spermatozoa
Authors: Beatty R. A. , Napier R. A. N. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisInformation is presented on some ways in which spermatozoa vary within a mammalian species, and on the relative importance of non-genetic factors affecting this variation. The work is basic to current researches in this laboratory on the genetics of mammalian spermatozoa. Five characteristics of rabbit spermatozoa were examined in permanent nigrosin-eosin preparations: the incidence of stained spermatozoa and the incidence of spermatozoa lacking the acrosomal cap, both related to the fertility of semen; the length, breadth and area of the spermatozoan head. Various factors have been studied that potentially affect these characteristics, with emphasis on variation attributable to technique and observation. The effects of the factors have been recorded in quantitative form and, in the light of the present work, suggestions have been made for the design of future experiments. Experimental and statistical procedures are described. Observations on variation due to biological causes include a separation of the variance between the males of a litter from the variance between the litter means. It has also been shown that the average length of the spermatozoan head in the vas deferens remains virtually unchanged in the ejaculate. Mensuration characteristics (length, breadth and area) are better adapted to objective analysis than are enumeration characteristics (proportions of abnormal spermatozoa).
III.—Genetics of Gametes. III. Strain Differences in Spermatozoa from Eight Inbred Strains of Mice
Authors: Beatty R. A. , Sharma K. N. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisIn animals, the expression of genetic factors has been studied mainly after fertilization, in the embryo or the adult. The study of genetic effects on the gametes themselves has been called the genetics of gametes. As evidence of such genetic effects on gametes, numerous differences have been found in the characteristics of spermatozoa from eight inbred strains of mice. The spermatozoan characteristics studied are mainly dimensional, but also relate to the physiological maturation of spermatozoa and possibly to semen fertility. The dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa are insulated, to an unusual degree, from the effects of environmental and other factors. The genetics of gametes can be regarded as the study of the genetics of the carriers of genes from one generation to the next; this has relevance to general genetics, and also to experiments for controlling the transmission of hereditary factors from parent to offspring.
IV.—Genetics of Gametes. IV. The Phenotype of Mouse Spermatozoa in Four Inbred Strains and their F1 Crosses
Authors: Sharma K. N. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe expression of heritable variation in mammals is usually studied among the attributes of the adult; for example, in the body weight, milk yield, or colour of the pelt. A relatively new subject of study is that of heritable variation in the characteristics of gametes. It is of particular interest, because such variation in gametes may affect their fertility, which in turn might have repercussions on both fundamental and applied genetics. Current research is directed mainly to surveying the ways in which spermatozoa are subject to genetic influences. In the present work, heritable variations in the spermatozoa of mice are demonstrated, in the form of differences between inbred strains. The results are in virtually complete agreement with those of a previous study. It has also been found that variation in first generation crosses made from the pure strains can be largely accounted for by a blending inheritance of the characteristics of the parental types, together with an effect of heterosis. This appears to be the first demonstration in gametes of the phenomenon of heterosis, which is nearly but not quite the same as “hybrid vigour”.
VII.—Some Observations on the Development of the Nasal Capsule of the Chondrocranium inCamelus dromedarius
Authors: Kanan C. V. 
Published: June 2012

Several investigators have contributed to our knowledge of the development of the chondrocranium in various mammals, amongst whom Decker (1883), Gaupp (1900), Noordenbos (1905), Fawcett (1905) and Voit (1909) are the most outstanding. No attempt has as yet been made to study the chondrocranium of the camel however, due without doubt to lack of suitable material.Development of the nasal capsule in ungulates generally has been studied in detail only by a few workers. Strum (1937), for instance, investigated the fully developed chondrocranium of Bos, while Decker (1883) and Wincza (1896) give accounts of the primordial skull of Ovis only at a particular stage in development.Accordingly, this investigation is an attempt to describe for the first time, as far as the author can determine, the nasal capsule of the chondrocranium inCamelus dromedarius.
IX,—A Gravity Survey of the Sanquhar Coalfield
Authors: McLean Adam C. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisIn the Sanquhar district a bsain of relatively light Upper Carboniferous rocks (relative density 2·54) overlies a denser basement of Ordovician greywackes (relative density 2·72). A gravity survey over the area with coverage of approximately one station per square kilometre, increasing to a station spacing of 100 yards along certain traverses in critical localities, shows a close relation between the Bouguer anomalies and the known geology. A local gravity low over the Carboniferous outcrop is superimposed on a steep regional gradient decreasing south-eastwards. The trend of this gradient is parallel to the strike of the Ordovician rocks, but its exact relationship to the basement structure is not clear. The residual Bouguer anomalies reflect the structure of the Carboniferous rocks; in the south-eastern part of the basin they agree closely with the calculated effect produced by the known thicknesses, structure, and density contrast. Westwards from Kirkconnel, however, there is an increasing discrepancy between the observed and the theoretical anomalies, a discrepancy which indicates the presence of an additional mass of light rock concealed under the known Coal Measures. It is inferred that this material consists of older Carboniferous strata, thickest under the present-day valley of the Nith but concealed by overstep of the overlying Coal Measures against the flanks of the basin. These hidden rocks thin gradually to the south-east across a shallow monocline with north-east trend and south-east of Kirkconnel are truncated by a large fault trending east-north-east. Both the monocline and the fault appear to affect the Westphalian strata to a lesser degree than the base of the Carboniferous rocks.The stratigraphical significance of the concealed strata is that they evince the existence of a pre-Westphalian basin, trending north-west-south-east, which antecedes the later Hercynian fold, and also suggest that pre-Hercynian movements took place along a fault, near Kirkconnel which, trends north-east-south-west across the basin.
XII.—Electron Microscopy of the Epithelial Cells of the Mid-gut and Hepatic Cæca of Blatta Orientalis
Authors: Threadgold L. T. , Gresson R. A. R. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisElectron micrographs of the anterior part of the mid-gut and hepatic cæca of Blatta orientalis Linn, show epithelial cells in both secretory and absorptive cycles. The epithelial cells possess microvilli and their lateral margins are provided with irregularly shaped projections that interdigitate with neighbouring cells. Vacuole-like structures were observed in association with the mitochondria of absorptive and degenerating cells. These vacuoles, it is suggested, represent degeneration products. Bundles of saccules and associated groups of vacuoles and vesicles represent the Golgi rods and granules of light microscopy. Epithelial cells engaged in absorption differ from those in which the elaboration of secretion is taking place, in the arrangement of the Golgi saccules and vacuoles, in the size of the Golgi vacuoles, in the distribution of the mitochondria, and in the possession of a less extensive endoplasmic reticulum.
XV.—Hermaphroditism in the Herring (Clupea harengus L.)
Authors: Holliday F. G. T. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisFour specimens of hermaphrodite herring are described. In three, the male portion of the gonad was at a later stage of development than the female; in the fourth both portions were fully mature and eggs and sperm were being shed together. The additional muscle block characteristic of the cloacal region of the male herring was present, but much reduced, in the two hermaphrodite fish which were examined for this character. The time difference in the maturation rates of the male and female portions is discussed in relation to the pituitary control of gametogenesis.
XVI.—A Partial Analysis ofDrosophilaLarval Hæmolymph
Authors: Begg Michael , Cruickshank William J. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisPhysical and chemical methods of analysis suitable for volumes ofDrosophilahæmolymph under I μl. are described. The osmotic pressure of hæmolymph is equivalent to 1·05 per cent NaCl. The pH is 6·6·6·7. Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−and PO3−4occur in concentrations of 56·5, 40·2, 8, 20·8, 42·2 and 2·8 mM/1. Probably the only sugar present is trehalose. A rough analysis for amino-acids indicates that they contribute an amount to the osmotic pressure equivalent to about 0·4 per cent NaCl. These results are discussed in relation to tissue culture.
XVIII.—The Large Neurones and Interstitial Material of Fasciola hepatica L.
Authors: Gresson R. A. R. , Threadgold L. T. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisTwo kinds of large neurones were studied in histological preparations and electron micrographs of the parenchyma of the anterior region of the body, the pharynx and the oral and ventral suckers of Fasciola hepatica. These are called the α and β neurones. The latter are larger than the α cells and vary in structure. An interstitial system composed of amorphous material of medium electron density was observed in the parenchyma, the suckers and the pharynx. Invaginations of the plasma membrane containing interstitial material extend into the β neurones and are often continuous with the nuclear envelope. It is suggested that the β cells are neuro-secretory in function and that they may be derived from the α neurones.
XIX.—Morphology and Histology of the Males of Acanthobonellia.
Authors: DattaGupta A. K. , Menon P. K. B. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisMorphology and histology of the males of Acanthobonellia miyajimai (Ikeda) and Acanthobonellia vulgaris Menon and DattaGupta have been described. The males of the two species are large and look alike in all respects. Ciliated epithelium, subepidermal glands and two to four seminal vesicles are characteristics of these worms. The alimentary canal is in the form of a chain of vesicles which appear to be a common feature of Acanthobonellia, Acanthohamingia or Ikedella. Anatomical features have been described and figured.
XXI.—The External Anatomy ofAllenopithecus
Authors: Osman Hill W. C. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe previous history ofAllenopithecusis summarized and a new description provided based on freshly dead cadavers of an adult male and female and of a male stillborn infant. Analysis of details of body proportions and external anatomy confirm the apartness ofAllenopithecusfromCercopithecusand indicate a transitional status towards the macaques. Striking departures from cercopithecine features occur in the face, ear, extremities, in the presence, in the female, of a catamenial swelling and in the approximation or confluence, in the male, of the ischial callosities.
IV.— Biological Effects of Water Utilization by Hydro-electric Schemes in Relation to Fisheries, with Special Reference to Scotland
Authors: Elder Hugh Y. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisLiterature is reviewed in relation to particular Scottish problems. The individuality of water bodies and methods of harnessing available power necessitates individual treatment. Some general conclusions can, however, be drawn.The creation of impoundments and the raising of lake levels are considered in terms of the effects on agriculture, rare plant and animal species, lake plankton production, introductions and the growth of fish.The consequences of fluctuating lake levels are reviewed with reference to the productivity of shallow water communities, bottom animals and the growth and reproduction of fish.Pollution, changes in temperature and chemical factors, and alterations in the volume and stability of rivers are considered.Anadromous fish conservation measures include guarantee of minimum river flow, provision of freshets, construction of fish passes, erection of smolt screens, passage of smolts through turbines, creation of artificial spawning gravels, use of hatcheries and the opening up of previously unutilized natural spawning gravels.In general, hydro-electric schemes have a depressing effect on biological productivity. This effect may be lessened through the application of gained knowledge and experience. Fundamental research into this branch of applied ecology is needed.
VI.—The Tardigrada of the Scottish Lake Survey described as new species by James Murray
Authors: van der Land J. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisJames Murray published in the years 1905–1913 nineteen papers describing about one-sixth of all known species of Tardigrada; an important part was based on the collections of the Lake Survey (1904–1906) and a part of his collections is still present in the Royal Scottish Museum but the rest of his material could not be traced.The present paper reviews all the new species described by James Murray from the Lake Survey and for each species the type locality is fixed, some complementary descriptions are given and wherever possible lectotypes have been selected.