bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trois vestiges d'aqueducs ruraux gallo-romains dans la partie occidentale de la cité de Carcassonne (Aude)
Authors: Passelac Michel 
Published: March 2010

Remains of three underground channels have been detected during survey, agricultural labour and public works in rural context. Despite small measurements, these aqueducts were carefully built. The best preserved, at Sur Fontorbe at Lavalette, near Carcassonne, shows the care given to these structures built the same way as vast conduits. Two of them run towards a villa, the third one could also carry water to an estate. Harnessings are not precisely located but it seems that water came from streams supplied by an abundant spring or a drainage basin. The study of the sites and their environment shows that water was not lacking. Streams and phreatic water were sufficient resources and local weather had a good pluviometry level. The flow of these channels has been calculated and their function is being discussed. For the landowner it was a valuable investment, justified by many different uses, in particular those which needed an abundant running water : irrigation for food crop and orchads during dry season, watering, pleasure gardens. From these three cases, similar arrangements are presumed on a series of villae in the area.
Translation : Isabelle FAUDUET
I. Étude archéologique
Authors: Sauzade Gérard , Courtin Jean 
Published: March 2010

Le dolmen II de San Sébastien, communes de Plan-de-la-Tour et Sainte-Maxime (Var). Réflexions sur les pratiques de l'inhumation dans les sépultures collectives provençales par Gérard Sauzade, Jean Courtin, Éric Mahieu et Guy Périnet

Le dolmen II de San Sébastien, découvert en 1971, a été fouillé pendant les années 1972-1973. Il n'avait jamais été violé. De même que le dolmen I de San Sébastien, fouillé en 1971 (Sauzade, Courtin et Chabaud, 1976), ce dernier est situé sur la colline du même nom et est distant, à vol d'oiseau, de 23 km de la ville de Draguignan. Il fait partie d'un groupe de six dolmens découverts peu de temps après l'incendie de 1970 qui ravagea ce secteur côtier du massif des Maures.
C'est un monument à chambre carrée et à couloir, disposé au centre d'un tumulus de pierres, comparable à tous ceux que l'on rencontre en Provence orientale. Il renfermait les restes incinérés d'au moins soixante individus, associés à un matériel archéologique abondant. Les armatures de flèches, notamment, comptent parmi les plus beaux spécimens découverts jusqu'à ce jour dans une tombe provençale. L'absence de traces de feu dans la chambre démontre que les corps ont été brûlés à l'extérieur du monument et que les restes osseux ont été déposés dans la cella dans un deuxième temps.
L'examen des graphiques de répartition horizontale et verticale des fragments d'objets recollant entre eux (poteries, silex), a montré qu'une grande partie du remplissage de la chambre avait été remaniée lors de la mise en place d'une grande dalle ; celle-ci était destinée, vraisemblablement, à servir à la fois de paroi et de couverture, du fait de son inclinaison, à une sorte de coffre aménagé à l'intérieur de la chambre. L'étude de la répartition verticale des différents types d'armatures de flèches a montré que cette tombe avait été utilisée au cours de deux périodes distinctes, c'est-à-dire au Néolithique final-Chalcolithique ancien et au Chalcolithique récent, alors qu'aucune différence dans la stratigraphie n'a pu être perçue à la fouille. D'après sa position dans le remplissage, la grande dalle inclinée aurait été mise en place pendant le Chalcolithique récent. La présence de cette grande dalle mais aussi la nature du remplissage incitent à penser que ce dolmen n'a jamais eu de dalle de couverture.
Enfin, la pratique d'une véritable «inhumation» des restes osseux humains brûlés, liée, de toute évidence à des rites secondaires à San Sébastien II, a pu être démontrée. Cela nous a amené à examiner certains cas de sépultures collectives dépourvues d'ossements brûlés mais où l'usage de l'inhumation serait lié à l'existence de dépôts secondaires.
Présentation
Authors: Célérier Guy 
Published: March 2010

The rockshelter of Pont d' Ambon opens on to the floodplain of the Dronne in a region rich in cliffs and Paleolithic sites. Two zones can be distinguished in the area excavated : the rear, altered by the Magdalenian and Azilian occupants, and the front, subjected to natural processes of disturbance.
The geological study reveals : at the base, the alternation of alluvial and frost fracture processes ; in the middle part, colluvial and waterborn sediments ; and in the upper portion, a. return of frost fractured sediments.
An analysis of the lithic industry, focusing on blank technology, suggests that three ethnic groups occupied the site successively. Each carried a different set of lithic reduction techniques and is recognizable by its backed-point morphology and by a distinctive use of exotic raw materials.
The Azilian levels of Pont d' Ambon rockshelter have yielded numerous slabs and cobbles showing evidence of use-damage. These objects can be grouped into four categories, three of which are presented and studied here. Technical and functional analysis, combined with data on their archaeological context, allows us to link these objects to particular activities that took place at the site ; notably hide-working and animal-bone breakage.
L'abri sous roche de Pont d'Ambon à Bourdeilles (Dordogne) : l'industrie osseuse et la parure
Authors: Célérier Guy 
Published: March 2010

The rock shelter of Pont d'Ambon has produced a relatively modest assemblage of bone tools. These are distributed between the Late Magdalenian level and the Azilian horizon which ends the sequence.
The technological study of this assemblage has revealed two distinct culturally determined « chaînes opératoires « applied to the production of bone artefacts at the site. The Magdalenian method relies exclusively on the groove and splinter technique on reindeer antler. The Azilian is based on two different processes, the first of which uses bone fragments derived from culinary waste. The second utilizes the groove and splinter technique on red deer antler ; this produced a small number of blanks for the manufacture of harpoons.
The bone industry as a whole is characterized by the manufacture of tools for hide-working : for example, awls are numerous, there are also a few polishers associated with some functionally undefined pieces. The industry is also notable for the production of flat azilian harpoons which are characterized by a double row of barbed points and a circular perforation ; within this definition there is some formal variation. Among the ornaments was a collection of perforated red deer teeth, and small assemblages of sea shells. The latter have a variety of origins but all derive from the Atlantic coastal region.
Le site néolithique moyen de Derrière-les-Prés à Ernes (Calvados)
Authors: San Juan Guy , Dron Jean-Luc 
Published: March 2010

The Derrière-les-Prés passage grave at Ernes (Calvados) is situated 25 km south of Caen, on the western slope of the Laizon
valley. It was partially explored around 1840 par Mr Bellivet, member of the Société des Antiquaires de Normandie. The recent large
scale excavation ended in 1990. Under the remains of the levelled limestone dry stone walled monument and its rubble, artefacts and
features corresponding to two anterior occupation phases were fossilized in the ancient land surface. The oldest occupation can be clearly attributed to the Cerny civilisation by a concentration of pottery and lithic artefacts. The radiocarbon dating of a surface hearth (4740- 4070 B.C.) preserved under the monument enables us, with some reservations, to associate the feature to the Cerny period. The second occupation before the use of the grave is attributed to the Middle Neolithic II, by scarcer lithic and pottery artefacts.
The radiocarbon dates from two hearths in shallow pits under the rubble (4072-3797 and 4080-3743 B.C.) enable us to attribute them
either to a domestic occupation prior to the grave, or to an occupation associated to its erection and use.
The monumental phase begins with the laying out of the funerary chamber, probably by temporary pegging, marked in the ancient ground level by a circle of post hole stones. This state has not been dated, neither has the construction of a double faced wall. The later consolidation however, consisting of an annular mass of stones, is dated by animal bones abandoned in the stone work (3950-3528 B.C.). The grave use is certified by a bone date (3950-3190 B. C.) from a single skeleton, that of a dwarf, found partially in situ. A pedestal based dish found in the sepulchral area confirms that the passage grave was in use during the Middle Neolithic II. The mid-neolithic environment is mainly defined by anthracological analysis. The results show selective use of large pines and oaks. The presence of ash shows use of valley bottom resources. Hazel and Pomaceaous trees mark the transition to the agrarian space in which we find cereal growing (wheat), and classical animal husbandry (Bovidae, Ovicapridae and pigs) in a not well defined area.
Architectural Approaches for HL7-based Health Information Systems Implementation
Authors: López D. M. , Blobel B. 
Published: March 2010

Summary
Objective: Information systems integration is hard, especially when semantic and business process interoperability requirements need to be met. To succeed, a unified methodology, approaching different aspects of systems architecture such as business, information, computational, engineering and technology viewpoints, has to be considered. The paper contributes with an analysis and demonstration on how the HL7 standard set can support health information systems integration.
Methods: Based on the Health Information Systems Development Framework (HIS-DF), common architectural models for HIS integration are analyzed. The framework is a standard-based, consistent, comprehensive, customizable, scalable methodology that supports the design of semantically interoperable health information systems and components.
Results: Three main architectural models for system integration are analyzed: the point to point interface, the messages server and the mediator models. Point to point interface and messages server models are completely supported by traditional HL7 version 2 and version 3 messaging. The HL7 v3 standard specification, combined with service-oriented, model-driven approaches provided by HIS-DF, makes the mediator model possible. The different integration scenarios are illustrated by describing a proof-of-concept implementation of an integrated public health surveil-lance system based on Enterprise Java Beans technology.
Conclusion: Selecting the appropriate integration architecture is a fundamental issue of any software development project. HIS-DF provides a unique methodological approach guiding the development of healthcare integration projects. The mediator model – offered by the HIS-DF and supported in HL7 v3 artifacts – is the more promising one promoting the development of open, reusable, flexible, semantically interoperable, platform-independent, service-oriented and standard-based health information systems.
Silicone-Eyelid Closure to Improve Vision in Deeply Amblyopic Eyes
Authors: Hakim Ossama M. , El-Hag Yasser Gaber , Samir Ahmed 
Published: March 2010

Background:
Deep amblyopia is a recognized cause of monocular visual deficit in children with a high rate of poor compliance with conventional occlusion therapy. This study evaluates a new occlusion technique that can be used for children with failed amblyopia treatment.

Methods:
In a prospective study, surgical silicone-eyelid closure was done for 15 children (age: 4 to 6 years; median age: 5.2 years) with a history of deep amblyopia and poor compliance with occlusion methods. In this technique, the good eye was closed by passing one limb of a double armed 5-0 polypropylene suture from one eyelid margin through a silicone sleeve and through the corresponding eyelid margin. The other polypropylene limb was passed behind the silicone sleeve and then through the opposite eyelid margin to form a barrier between the sleeve and the cornea. After 2 to 4 weeks, the suture was cut and the silicone sleeve was removed.

Results:
Preoperative visual acuity ranged between counting fingers at 1 meter and counting fingers at 4 meters. Following eyelid closure, visual acuity was improved to between 20/40 and 20/200 for 12 patients, whereas three patients did not improve. Complications were seen in 8 patients: marginal eyelid irritation and erythema in 6 and suture break in 2.

Conclusion:
Silicone-eyelid closure can be used safely and effectively for management of deep amblyopia. This technique affords a good option to restore vision in a deeply amblyopic eye and grants the child a lifetime of useful vision.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2010;47:157–162.]
BTN1A1, the Mammary Gland Butyrophilin, and BTN2A2 Are Both Inhibitors of T Cell Activation
Authors: Smith Isobel A. , Knezevic Brittany R. , Ammann Johannes U. , Rhodes David A. , Aw Danielle , Palmer Donald B. , Mather Ian H. , Trowsdale John 
Published: March 2010

AbstractButyrophilin (BTN) genes encode a set of related proteins. Studies in mice have shown that one of these, BTN1A1, is required for milk lipid secretion in lactation, whereas butyrophilin-like 2 is a coinhibitor of T cell activation. To understand these disparate roles of BTNs, we first compared the expression and functions of mouse Btn1a1 and Btn2a2. Btn1a1 transcripts were not restricted to lactating mammary tissue but were also found in virgin mammary tissue and, interestingly, spleen and thymus. In confirmation of this, BTN1A1 protein was detected in thymic epithelial cells. By contrast, Btn2a2 transcripts and protein were broadly expressed. Cell surface BTN2A2 protein, such as the B7 family molecule programmed death ligand 1, was upregulated upon activation of T cells. We next examined the potential of both BTN1A1 and BTN2A2 to interact with T cells. Recombinant Fc fusion proteins of murine BTN2A2 and, surprisingly BTN1A1, bound to activated T cells, suggesting the presence of one or more receptors on these cells. Immobilized BTN-Fc fusion proteins, but not MOG-Fc protein, inhibited the proliferation of CD4 and CD8 T cells activated by anti-CD3. BTN1A1 and BTN2A2 also inhibited T cell metabolism, IL-2, and IFN-γ secretion. Inhibition of proliferation was not abrogated by exogenous IL-2 but could be overcome following costimulation with high levels of anti-CD28 Ab. These data are consistent with a coinhibitory role for mouse BTNs, including BTN1A1, the BTN expressed in the lactating mammary gland and on milk lipid droplets.
Hemokinin-1 Activates the MAPK Pathway and Enhances B Cell Proliferation and Antibody Production
Authors: Wang Wei , Li Qian , Zhang Jun , Wu Hounan , Yin Yanhui , Ge Qing , Zhang Yu 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Hemokinin 1 (HK-1) is a substance P-like tachykinin peptide predominantly expressed in non-neuronal tissues. In addition to a prominent function in lymphoid development, recent studies indicate a potential role for HK-1 in immunoregulation. The current study was focused on its action on mature B cells. Despite the negligible effect on its own, HK-1 exhibited a profound influence on B cell activation elicited by several classical signals, including LPS stimulation, BCR cross-linking, and CD40 ligation. Cells therefore showed enhanced proliferation, survival, and CD80/86 expression, and produced more IgM with a higher frequency of Ab-forming cells. Biochemical analysis revealed that HK-1 alone was sufficient to induce the activation of MAPKs and the expression of Blimp-1 and Xbp-1 in B cells. Nevertheless, costimulation with a known B cell activator resulted in much enhanced phosphorylation of MAPKs and transcriptional activation of Blimp-1 and Xbp-1. Overall, these data support that HK-1 provides an important costimulatory signal for B cell activation, possibly through synergistic activation of the MAPK pathway and induction of transcription factors critical for plasmacytic differentiation.
5-Lipoxygenase Activating Protein Signals Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Lipid Dysfunction in Experimental Obesity
Authors: Horrillo Raquel , González-Périz Ana , Martínez-Clemente Marcos , López-Parra Marta , Ferré Natàlia , Titos Esther , Morán-Salvador Eva , Deulofeu Ramon , Arroyo Vicente , Clària Joan 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The presence of the so-called low-grade inflammatory state is recognized as a critical event in adipose tissue dysfunction, leading to altered secretion of adipokines and free fatty acids (FFAs), insulin resistance, and development of hepatic complications associated with obesity. This study was designed to investigate the potential contribution of the proinflammatory 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway to adipose tissue inflammation and lipid dysfunction in experimental obesity. Constitutive expression of key components of the 5-LO pathway, as well as leukotriene (LT) receptors, was detected in adipose tissue as well as in adipocyte and stromal vascular fractions. Adipose tissue from obese mice, compared with that from lean mice, exhibited increased 5-LO activating protein (FLAP) expression and LTB4 levels. Incubation of adipose tissue with 5-LO products resulted in NF-κB activation and augmented secretion of proinflammatory adipokines such as MCP-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. In addition, LTB4, but not LTD4, reduced FFA uptake in primary adipocytes, whereas 5-LO inhibition suppressed isoproterenol-induced adipose tissue lipolysis. In mice with dietary obesity, elevated FLAP expression in adipose tissue was paralleled with macrophage infiltration, increased circulating FFA levels, and hepatic steatosis, phenomena that were reversed by FLAP inhibition with Bay-X-1005. Interestingly, FLAP inhibition induced AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in parallel with decreases in hormone-sensitive lipase activity and the expression and secretion of TNF-α and IL-6. Similar effects were observed in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes incubated with either Bay-X-1005 or the selective LTB4 receptor antagonist U-75302. Taken together, these findings indicate that the 5-LO pathway signals the adipose tissue low-grade inflammatory state and steatogenic potential in experimental obesity.
Increased Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells in Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 Deficiency
Authors: Nasta Francesca , Laudisi Federica , Sambucci Manolo , Rosado Maria M. , Pioli Claudio 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Growing evidence is unveiling a role for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 in the regulation of inflammatory/immune responses. In the current study, we investigated the effects of PARP-1 deficiency on regulatory T cell differentiation. Increased numbers of regulatory CD4+CD25+/Foxp3+ T cells were found in thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes of PARP-1 knockout (KO) mice compared with wild-type (WT) controls. The increased frequency of regulatory T cells in the periphery resulted in impaired CD4 cell proliferation and IL-2 production, which could be restored by CD25+ cell depletion. Phenotype and inhibitory functions of PARP-1 KO regulatory T cells were similar to WT cells, indicating that PARP-1 affects regulatory T cell differentiation rather than function. Purified naive CD4 cells from PARP-1 KO mice stimulated in vitro expressed forkhead box p3 mRNA at higher levels and generated a greater number of Foxp3+ cells (inducible regulatory T [iTreg] cells) than the WT counterpart. This finding was due to a higher rate of naive CD4 cell to Foxp3+ iTreg cell conversion rather than to higher resistance to apoptosis induction. Interestingly, PARP-1 deficiency did not affect retinoid-related orphan receptor-γt mRNA expression and differentiation of purified naive CD4 cells to Th17 cells. PARP-1 KO iTreg cells showed features similar to WT regulatory T cells, suggesting that modulation of PARP-1 during the immune response might be used to induce greater numbers of functional regulatory T cells. In conclusion, our findings represent the first evidence that PARP-1 can affect regulatory T cell differentiation and open new perspectives on potential targets for modulating immune responses.
Natural Exposure to Cutaneous Anthrax Gives Long-Lasting T Cell Immunity Encompassing Infection-Specific Epitopes
Authors: Ingram Rebecca J. , Metan Gökhan , Maillere Bernard , Doganay Mehmet , Ozkul Yusuf , Kim Louise U. , Baillie Les , Dyson Hugh , Williamson E. Diane , Chu Karen K. , Ascough Stephanie , Moore Steven , Huwar Theresa B. , Robinson John H. , Sriskandan Shiranee , Altmann Daniel M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
There has been a long history of defining T cell epitopes to track viral immunity and to design rational vaccines, yet few data of this type exist for bacterial infections. Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is both an endemic pathogen in many regions and a potential biological warfare threat. T cell immunity in naturally infected anthrax patients has not previously been characterized, which is surprising given concern about the ability of anthrax toxins to subvert or ablate adaptive immunity. We investigated CD4 T cell responses in patients from the Kayseri region of Turkey who were previously infected with cutaneous anthrax. Responses to B. anthracis protective Ag and lethal factor (LF) were investigated at the protein, domain, and epitope level. Several years after antibiotic-treated anthrax infection, strong T cell memory was detectable, with no evidence of the expected impairment in specific immunity. Although serological responses to existing anthrax vaccines focus primarily on protective Ag, the major target of T cell immunity in infected individuals and anthrax-vaccinated donors was LF, notably domain IV. Some of these anthrax epitopes showed broad binding to several HLA class alleles, but others were more constrained in their HLA binding patterns. Of specific CD4 T cell epitopes targeted within LF domain IV, one is preferentially seen in the context of bacterial infection, as opposed to vaccination, suggesting that studies of this type will be important in understanding how the human immune system confronts serious bacterial infection.
The IL-7 Signaling Pathway Regulates Lymph Node Development Independent of Peripheral Lymphocytes
Authors: Chappaz Stéphane , Finke Daniela 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Lymph node (LN) organogenesis is initiated by the interaction between hematopoietic lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells and the mesenchymal organizer cells. Mice in which the IL-7 signaling pathway has been disrupted have a severe defect in LN development; however, the reasons underlying this defect are as yet unknown. In this study, we show that the overexpression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) increased LTi cell numbers and restored LN development in IL-7−/− and RAG2−/− γc−/− mice. The TSLP-mediated LN restoration was strictly dependent on LTi cells and independent of lymphocyte colonization. Increased LTi cell numbers in the LN anlagen of RAG2−/− γc−/− TSLP transgenic mice were associated with the restoration of organizer cells, suggesting that LTi cell number is a critical parameter for LN organogenesis. Our results shed light on the minimal cellular requirement for LN development during ontogeny. We show that the presence of LTi and organizer cells, but not of peripheral lymphocytes, is critical for LN development and persistence and further suggest that the IL-7 signaling pathway regulates LN organogenesis by controlling the size of the LTi cell pool.