bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Deficiency, Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy, and Tibial Tuberosity Advancement on Contact Mechanics and Alignment of the Stifle in Flexion
Authors: Kim Stanley E. , Pozzi Antonio , Banks Scott A. , Conrad Bryan P. , Lewis Daniel D. 
Published: April 2010

Objective: To assess contact mechanics and 3‐dimensional (3‐D) joint alignment in cranial cruciate ligament (CCL)‐deficient stifles before and after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) and tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) with the stifle in 90° of flexion.Study Design: In vitro biomechanical study.Sample Population: Cadaveric pelvic limb pairs (n=8) from dogs weighing 28–35 kg.Methods: Contralateral limbs were assigned to receive TPLO or TTA. Digital pressure sensors were used to measure femorotibial contact area, peak and mean contact pressure, and peak pressure location with the limb under a load of 30% body weight and stifle flexion angle of 90°. 3‐D poses were obtained using a Microscribe digitizer. Specimens were tested under normal, CCL deficient, and treatment conditions.Results: Significant disturbances in alignment were not observed after CCL transection, although medial contact area was 10% smaller than normal (P=.003). There were no significant differences in contact mechanics or alignment between normal and TTA conditions; TPLO induced 6° varus angulation (P<.001), 26% decrease in lateral peak pressure (P=.027), and 18% increase in medial mean pressure (P=.008) when compared with normal.Conclusion: Cranial tibial subluxation is nominal in CCL‐deficient stifles loaded in flexion. Stifle alignment and contact mechanics are not altered by TTA, whereas TPLO causes mild varus and a subsequent increase in medial compartment loading.Clinical Relevance: Cranial tibial subluxation of CCL‐deficient stifles may not occur during postures that load the stifle in flexion. The significance of minor changes in loading patterns after TPLO is unknown.
Morphometric Characteristics of the Pelvic Limb Musculature of Labrador Retrievers with and without Cranial Cruciate Ligament Deficiency
Authors: Mostafa Ayman A. , Griffon Dominique J. , Thomas Michael W. , Constable Peter D. 
Published: April 2010

Objective:To identify morphometric characteristics of the pelvic limb musculature associated with the development of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) deficiency in Labrador Retrievers.Study Design:Cross‐sectional clinical study.Animals:Pure‐bred female (n=18) and male (n=12) Labrador Retrievers with (n=16) and without (n=14) CCL deficiency.Methods:Muscle conformation of pelvic limbs was evaluated by physical examination, radiography (widths of quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius were expressed relative to tibial length and to each other), and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA, lean contents of quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius were expressed relative to tibial length and to each other). Pelvic limbs of dogs without CCL deficiency were classified as normal (n=28 limbs), whereas those with CCL deficiency were considered diseased (n=18 limbs) or sound contralateral to CCL deficiency (n=10 limbs). Variables were compared between groups using mixed models analysis of variance, withP<.05 considered significant.Results:The ratios of quadriceps width to tibial length (P=.008), hamstring width (P=.013), and gastrocnemius width (P=.005) on lateral radiographs were lower in diseased limbs than controls. The mass of hamstring muscles in CCL deficient limbs was similar to that of normal limbs. The ratio of the lean content of gastrocnemius to hamstring muscles was greater in diseased (P=.007) and sound contralateral (P=.013) limbs than in normal limbs.Conclusions:Atrophy associated with CCL deficiency may predominantly affect the quadriceps muscle. Dominance of the gastrocnemius muscle over active restraints to the cranial tibial thrust may be associated with predisposition to CCL deficiency in Labrador Retrievers.Clinical Relevance:If confirmed, this dynamic imbalance between muscle groups of the rear limbs could serve as a basis for screening programs and preventive rehabilitation.
Effects of Attachment Sites and Joint Angle at the Time of Lateral Suture Fixation on Tension in the Suture for Stabilization of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament Deficient Stifle in Dogs
Authors: Fischer Christof , Cherres Mitzi , Grevel Vera , Oechtering Gerhard , Böttcher Peter 
Published: April 2010

Objective:To investigate the influence of different sites of lateral suture fixation for stabilization of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) deficient stifle and different joint angles at time of tightening on suture tension.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Sample Population:Stifle joints (n=9) of dogs ≥20 kg.Methods:After CCL transection, each stifle was stabilized using 12 combinations of 4 different methods of lateral suture stabilization (LSS) and 3 different joint angles at time of suture tightening. Load within the suture throughout a full range of passive motion (ROM) was measured for each combination using a custom made load cell.Results:All 4 LSS methods had an increase in suture tension on stifle flexion. LSS with the suture looped around the lateral fabella and secured to the proximal aspect of the tibia through 2 parallel drill holes at the tibial crest had the least change in suture tension during ROM. Tightening the suture at 70° joint angle resulted in a significant loss of suture tension on extension.Conclusions:None of the LSS resulted in constant suture tension, questioning current recommendations regarding “isometric” points for lateral suture fixation. Tightening the suture with the stifle held in flexion may result in joint instability on extension.Clinical Relevance:LSS as commonly performed is associated with a significant increase in suture tension on flexion of the stifle, potentially over‐constraining the joint. Tightening should be performed with the stifle in slight extension rather than in flexion.
Validation of an Experimental Testing Apparatus Simulating the Stance Phase of a Canine Pelvic Limb at Trot in the Normal and the Cranial Cruciate‐Deficient Stifle: An In Vitro Kinematic Study
Authors: Hagemeister Nicola , Lussier Bertrand , Jaafar Emna , Clément Julien , Petit Yvan 
Published: April 2010

Objective:To design an experimental testing apparatus simulating a quasi‐static model of the stance phase at a trot for a normal and a cranial cruciate ligament (CCL)‐deficient stifle under near physiologic conditions.Study Design:In vitro biomechanical study.Animals:Paired pelvic limbs (n=6) from 3 dogs, weighing 29.5–31 kg.Methods:With the limbs mounted in a testing apparatus, the stance phase of gait was simulated with a computerized sequence. Two conditions were evaluated: intact stifle and CCL‐deficient stifle. Three‐dimensional (3D) kinematics was measured with an optoelectronic system. Vertical reaction forces were also measured. Validation consisted of evaluating intra‐ and interspecimen variability of the 3D kinematic values of the stifle. Amplitude of motion and peak vertical force (PVF) as well as of kinematic values were also compared with in vivo curves reported in the literature.Results:Mean intra‐ and interspecimen variability were low for all variables measured in both conditions (normal intact CCL, CCL deficient), and comparable to that reported in the literature. Amplitude of motion and PVF as well as kinematic values were also similar to those reported in vivo although 3D kinematics' values were lower for CCL‐deficient stifles in our model.Conclusion:Results show that the testing apparatus generates reproducible motion on a loaded limb in a quasi‐static way. Values are representative of the in vivo 3D values reported in the literature.Clinical Relevance:This model could be used to evaluate and compare different surgical techniques, and determine which surgical procedures have the potential to reestablish normal stifle kinematics.
Evaluating the Impact of Statewide Anti‐Tobacco Campaigns: The Massachusetts and California Tobacco Control Programs
Authors: Siegel Michael , Biener Lois 
Published: April 2010

Despite more than 30 years of public health programs to reduce tobacco use, smoking is still the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. In response to this continuing epidemic, voters in California (1988), Massachusetts (1992), Arizona (1994), and Oregon (1996) approved ballot initiatives that established statewide tobacco control programs funded by cigarette excise tax revenues. Evaluating these innovative public health interventions is important, both to improve existing programs and to guide other states in developing and implementing similar interventions. In this paper we describe the methods being used to evaluate the statewide anti‐tobacco campaigns in California and Massachusetts, and review the findings of process and outcome evaluations of both programs.Our review suggests that both programs have had a substantial impact on the public's health by reducing cigarette consumption and stimulating the development of policies to reduce environmental tobacco smoke exposure. However, it does not appear that either program has reduced smoking initiation among adolescents. Our evaluation suggests three problems in program implementation that future anti‐tobacco campaigns must avoid in order to produce long‐term, sustained effects: (1) the gradual erosion of program funding by the state legislatures and governors; (2) the lack of a consistent, supportive constituency within state government; and (3) inconsistency in campaign themes, messages, and programs. We conclude by offering recommendations to correct these problems so that state‐wide cigarette‐tax‐funded anti‐tobacco campaigns can realize their potential to become one of the most effective public health interventions available.
Electrocardiographic Differentiation between Acute Pulmonary Embolism and Non‐ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes at the Bedside
Authors: Jankowski Krzysztof , Kostrubiec Maciej , Ozdowska Patrycja , Milanowska‐Puncewicz Blanka , Pacho Szymon , Pedowska‐Włoszek Justyna , Kaczyńska Anna , Łabyk Andrzej , Hrynkiewicz Anna , Pruszczyk Piotr 
Published: April 2010

Background: Clinical picture of acute pulmonary embolism (APE), with wide range of electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities can mimic acute coronary syndromes. Objectives: Assessment of standard 12‐lead ECG usefulness in differentiation at the bedside between APE and non‐ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE‐ACS). Methods: Retrospective analysis of 143 patients: 98 consecutive patients (mean age 63.4 ± 19.4 year, 45 M) with APE and 45 consecutive patients (mean age 72.8 ± 10.8 year, 44 M) with NSTE‐ACS. Standard ECGs recorded on admission were compared in separated groups. Results: Right bundle branch block (RBBB) and S1S2S3 or S1Q3T3 pattern were found in similar frequency in both groups (10 [11%] APE patients vs 6 [14%] NSTE‐ACS patients, 27 [28%] patients vs 7 [16%] patients, respectively, NS). Negative T waves in leads V1‐3 together with negative T waves in inferior wall leads II, III, aVF (OR 1.3 [1.14–1.68]) significantly indicated APE with a positive predictive value of 85% and specificity of 87%. However, counterclockwise axis rotation (OR 4.57 [2.74–7.61]), ventricular premature beats (OR 2.60 [1.60–4.19]), ST depression in leads V1‐3 (OR 2.25 [1.43–3.56]), and negative T waves in leads V5‐6 (OR 2.08 [1.31–3.29]) significantly predicted NSTE‐ACS. Conclusions: RBBB, S1S2S3, or S1Q3T3 pattern described as characteristic for APE were not helpful in the differentiation between APE and NSTE‐ACS in studied group. Coexistence of negative T waves in precordial leads V1‐3 and inferior wall leads may suggest APE diagnosis. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2010;15(2):145–150
Cardiac Arrhythmias Triggered by Sudden and Dynamic Efforts
Authors: Furtado Emanuel C. , Araújo Claudio Gil S. 
Published: April 2010

Background: Some arrhythmias are triggered only during exercise. The aim of this study is to describe the frequency and type of arrhythmia induced by a standardized protocol of sudden and dynamic exercise, which tends to reflect routine situations of efforts (e.g., climbing stairs), and compare with those found on maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Methods: A total of 2329 subjects (1594 men) aged 9–91 years (mean 52 years, SD ± 16) were submitted to a standardized protocol of sudden and dynamic exercise (4‐second exercise test [4sET]) prior to a CPET. A continuous digital electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded during 4sET and CPET, and later reviewed and interpreted by the same physician (who supervised all the procedures). Results: A total of 1125 subjects (43%) had cardiac arrhythmias during one or both procedures. About 57% of the arrhythmias were supraventricular, but 47 subjects (2% of all subjects) presented more complex arrhythmias including 43 cases of nonsustained supraventricular tachycardia and four nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. While arrhythmias were more often exposed by the CPET (P < 0.01), in 221 cases (10% of the total sample) of arrhythmias they were only induced by 4sET; these included four cases of nonsustained supraventricular tachycardia. Conclusion: 4sET‐induced arrhythmias tend to be simple and were always short‐lasting. In some cases, ECG recording during 4sET showed arrhythmias that would not be induced by a progressive maximal exercise test. Different situations of exercise, sudden and short versus maximal and progressive, tend to generate different arrhythmic responses and possibly complementary clinical implications. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2010;15(2):151–156
Spatio‐temporal modelling ofGlossina palpalis gambiensisandGlossina tachinoidesapparent densities in fragmented ecosystems of Burkina Faso
Authors: Sedda Luigi , Guerrini Laure , Bouyer Jérémy , Koné Naférima , Rogers David J. 
Published: April 2010

Tsetse are the insect vectors of the African trypanosomiases. As with many diseases, transmission of trypanosomiasis varies through space and time. Capturing the variation of both vector and disease has, in the past, been attempted separately in the space and time dimensions, usually using deterministic techniques. Very few efforts have used space‐time covariation and have hence missed any correlations that may exist between variation in these two dimensions.Here we propose two novel approaches to space‐time analysis derived from space‐time geostatistics in a kriging framework. The approaches were developed through analysis of a dataset recording the Apparent Density ofGlossina palpalis gambiensisandGlossina tachinoides(Diptera: Glossinidae) in three riparian sites in Burkina Faso over 15 months between 2006 and 2007. This site is fragmented due to human activity in the area.The first approach, Space Time Ordinary Kriging, does not consider the effect of fragmentation. It is used as a benchmark to test the increased explanatory power of the second method, which does account for fragmentation. The second method, Regression Space Time Simple Kriging, is a distinct improvement over the first approach because it allows for a spatial trend in the mean trap catch; this trend is related to, and later predicted from, environmental co‐variates.The results indicate the presence of space and time effects on tsetse distribution, dependent on the size of the habitat fragmentation patches. These effects occur at relatively small geographic scales within a season. Whilst such variation has long been suspected, the new methods presented here are able to quantify this variation precisely, so that seasonal and spatial comparisons can now be made both within and between species.
Dark matter haloes determine the masses of supermassive black holes
Authors: Booth C. M. , Schaye Joop 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The energy and momentum deposited by the radiation from accretion flows on to the supermassive black holes (BHs) that reside at the centres of virtually all galaxies can halt or even reverse gas inflow, providing a natural mechanism for supermassive BHs to regulate their growth and to couple their properties to those of their host galaxies. However, it remains unclear whether this self-regulation occurs on the scale at which the BH is gravitationally dominant, on that of the stellar bulge, the galaxy or that of the entire dark matter halo. To answer this question, we use self-consistent simulations of the co-evolution of the BH and galaxy populations that reproduce the observed correlations between the masses of the BHs and the properties of their host galaxies. We first confirm unambiguously that the BHs regulate their growth: the amount of energy that the BHs inject into their surroundings remains unchanged when the fraction of the accreted rest mass energy that is injected is varied by four orders of magnitude. The BHs simply adjust their masses so as to inject the same amount of energy. We then use simulations with artificially reduced star formation rates to demonstrate explicitly that BH mass is not set by the stellar mass. Instead, we find that it is determined by the mass of the dark matter halo with a secondary dependence on the halo concentration, of the form that would be expected if the halo binding energy were the fundamental property that controls the mass of the BH. We predict that the BH mass, mBH, scales with halo mass as mBH∝mαhalo, with α≈ 1.55 ± 0.05, and that the scatter around the mean relation in part reflects the scatter in the halo concentration–mass relation.
The Treatment of Cognitive Impairment Associated with Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Burn David J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractCognitive impairment and dementia associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) are common and often have devastating effects upon the patient and their family. Early cognitive impairment in PD is frequent, and the functional impact may be underestimated. Optimal management will rely upon better identification of the predominant symptoms and greater knowledge of their pathophysiological basis. The management of dementia in PD (PD‐D) also has to consider the significant neuropsychiatric burden that frequently accompanies the cognitive decline, as well as fluctuations in attention. Atypical anti‐psychotics have a limited role at present in treating PD‐D, although new drugs are under development. The mainstay of drug management for people with PD‐D is cholinesterase inhibitors, although recent trials have suggested that the N‐methyl‐D aspartate antagonist memantine may also have some benefit. Disease modification remains the ultimate goal for preventing the inexorable decline in PD‐D, although effective interventions are still some way off. Limited benefit may, however, be possible through exercise programmes and so‐called “medical foods”, although randomised trials are required to confirm largely anecdotal observations.
Neuroimaging and Cognition in Parkinson's Disease Dementia
Authors: Silbert Lisa C. , Kaye Jeffrey 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD) is high and can potentially occur as the result of multiple differing pathologies. Neuroimaging has provided evidence of decreased cortical volume, increased white matter diffusion changes, and decreased resting metabolic activity that appears to begin prior to the onset of dementia in PD patients. Cognitive impairment has been found to be associated with multiple neurotransmitter transmission deficiencies, including dopamine and acetylcholine, indicating a widespread neurotransmitter dysfunction in PD‐related dementia. Findings of increased Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) binding in subjects with Lewy Body Disease (LBD) compared with Parkinson's disease and dementia (PDD) may explain phenotype differences in the spectrum of Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), and show promise in guiding future therapeutic trials aimed at this disease. Advances in neuroimaging now allow for the detection of volumetric, pharmacologic, and pathological changes that may assist in the diagnosis and prediction of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's patients so that better evaluation of disease progression and treatment can be obtained.
Pathologic Correlates of Dementia in Individuals with Lewy Body Disease
Authors: Sonnen Joshua A. , Postupna Nadia , Larson Eric B. , Crane Paul K. , Rose Shannon E. , Montine Kathleen S. , Leverenz James B. , Montine Thomas J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractCognitive impairment and dementia are more common in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) than age‐matched controls and appear to become more frequent as PD progresses. However, estimates of dementia in patients with PD have varied widely, likely due in part to differences in case definition, case ascertainment and methodology. First, we review investigations of usual pathologic correlates of dementia in patients with brainstem (b) Lewy Body Disease (LBD) and report our findings from the initial 266 brain autopsies from a population‐based study of brain aging and incident dementia. Our results showed that 2.6% of subjects were diagnosed with PD during life but that 20% had bLBD at autopsy. Seventy percent of individuals with bLBD had high level of one or more cerebral pathologic changes significantly associated with dementia: Alzheimer's disease (AD), cerebral (c) LBD or microvascular brain injury (µVBI); these were commonly co‐morbid. Next we consider proposed contributors to cognitive impairment and dementia in the approximately 30% of patients with only bLBD, including regionally selective dendritic degeneration of neostriatal medium spiny neurons. Diseases contributing to cognitive impairment and dementia in patients with bLBD are heterogeneous, providing diagnostic challenges as well as multiple opportunities for successful intervention in patients with PD.
Methylation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, XAF1, JUNB, CDH13 and soluble Wnt inhibitors in essential thrombocythaemia
Authors: Chim C S , Fung T K , Liang R 
Published: April 2010

BackgroundMethylation of genes regulating cell-cycle check-point (INK4 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors), apoptosis (XAF1), adhesion (CDH13), JUNB and Wnt signalling (soluble Wnt inhibitors) has been implicated in pathogenesis of haematological and epithelial cancers.MethodThe authors studied the methylation status of CDKN2A, CDKN2B, XAF1, CDH13, JUNB and a panel of soluble Wnt inhibitors includingWIF1, DKK3, APC, SFRP1, SFRP2, SFRP4andSFRP5by methylation-specific PCR in 31 bone marrow and 21 peripheral blood samples of patients with essential thrombocythaemia.Results and discussionThere was no evidence of hypermethylation of all these genes in both the BM and PB samples. Therefore, in contrast to myeloid leukaemias, methylation of these genes regulating the cell cycle, apoptosis, adhesion and Wnt signalling does not play an important role in the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative diseases. Whether differential methylation may occur in the progenitor or mature blood cell compartments remains to be verified. Our study contributes to the literature on methylation in chronic myeloproliferatve diseases.