bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of sodium and potassium butyl xanthate as accelerator for room temperature prevulcanization of natural rubber latex
Authors: Palaty Shiny , Devi P.V. , Joseph Rani 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSodium and potassium butyl xanthates (Nabxt and Kbxt) were prepared in the laboratory. Characterization of these xanthates were done using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques. These xanthates were used as accelerators for the prevulcanization of natural rubber latex (NRL) at room temperature. Optimization of prevulcanization time was done. Films were casted from these prevulcanized NRL. Tensile properties of latex vulcanisates were measured and potassium butyl xanthate gave superior properties to the NRL films compared with sodium butyl xanthate. Effect of thermal ageing on tensile properties of these prevulcanized NRL films was also investigated and these properties were found to be improved after thermal ageing. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Factorial optimization of the effects of melt‐spinning conditions on biodegradable as‐spun aliphatic–aromatic copolyester fibers. III. Diameter, tensile properties, and thermal shrinkage
Authors: Younes Basel , Fotheringham Alex 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTo model the melt‐spinning process of biodegradable as‐spun linear aliphatic–aromatic copolyester fibers, a fraction factorial experimental design and appropriate statistical analysis for the 32 screening trials involving five control parameters were used. Because of their central role in the production processes and end use textiles, it is important to simulate the mechanical and thermal shrinkage properties of AAC fibers. Concise statistical models of fiber behavior are based on factorial experimental design data. Process's data are collected, analyzed, and mathematical models created to predict the diameter, tenacity, elongation at break, modulus, and thermal shrinkage of the spun fiber in terms of random variables and their associated probability distributions. The theoretical regression models obtained form the main source code in the enhanced forecasting program, which presents the melt‐spinning process of aromatic–aliphatic copolyester fibers. Factorial statistical approaches, based on over indicated region levels of melt‐spinning process parameters, are given in terms of assumptions and theory to produce biodegradable, environmentally friendly fibers for different applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
A comparison of methods for collecting web citation data for academic organizations
Authors: Thelwall Mike , Sud Pardeep 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe primary webometric method for estimating the online impact of an organization is to count links to its website. Link counts have been available from commercial search engines for over a decade but this was set to end by early 2012 and so a replacement is needed. This article compares link counts to two alternative methods: URL citations and organization title mentions. New variations of these methods are also introduced. The three methods are compared against each other using Yahoo!. Two of the three methods (URL citations and organization title mentions) are also compared against each other using Bing. Evidence from a case study of 131 UK universities and 49 US Library and Information Science (LIS) departments suggests that Bing's Hit Count Estimates (HCEs) for popular title searches are not useful for webometric research but that Yahoo!'s HCEs for all three types of search and Bing's URL citation HCEs seem to be consistent. For exact URL counts the results of all three methods in Yahoo! and both methods in Bing are also consistent. Four types of accuracy factors are also introduced and defined: search engine coverage, search engine retrieval variation, search engine retrieval anomalies, and query polysemy.
Direct Dehydrative Pyridylthio‐Glycosidation of Unprotected Sugars in Aqueous Media Using 2‐Chloro‐1,3‐dimethylimidazolinium Chloride as a Condensing Agent
Authors: Yoshida Naoki , Noguchi Masato , Tanaka Tomonari , Matsumoto Takeshi , Aida Naoya , Ishihara Masaki , Kobayashi Atsushi , Shoda Shin‐ichiro 
Published: May 2011

AbstractVarious 2‐pyridyl 1‐thioglycosides, important synthetic intermediates and enzyme inhibitors in sugar chemistry, have been synthesized directly from the corresponding unprotected sugars in good yields by using 2‐chloro‐1,3‐dimethylimidazolinium chloride (DMC) as dehydrative condensing agent. The reaction proceeds in aqueous media without using any protecting groups, affording 2‐pyridyl 1‐thioglycosides with β‐configuration selectively. According to the present method, not only unprotected monosaccharides but also unprotected oligosaccharides, such as cello‐oligosaccharides, chito‐oligo‐saccharides, malto‐oligosaccharides, and glucosamine oligomers, can be converted to the corresponding 2‐pyridylthio derivatives, which would greatly expand the utility of aryl 1‐thioglycosides in sugar chemistry.
Chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass: opportunities, perspectives, and potential of biorefinery systems
Authors: Cherubini Francesco , Strømman Anders H. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMost of the chemical products used today in our society originate from fossil sources through refinery operations. The continual price increase of fossil resources, their uncertain availability, and the environmental concerns of their exploitation have led to a demand for the elaboration of alternative chemical production patterns based on renewable sources. Besides fossils, the only resource available for producing chemicals is biomass, and the establishment of biorefinery complexes is increasingly perceived as a promising alternative to oil refineries. This work is a position paper that provides an insight in the emerging biorefinery concept, with special focus on the opportunities, perspectives, and potential regarding the use of lignocellulosic biomass as raw material in the preparation of platform chemicals needed to meet the existing demand. Results show that replacing fossil resources with wood requires large amounts of biomass and has several technological barriers that are still far from being overcome. This paper identifies the key reactions where major efficiency improvements and research efforts are needed (dehydration, fermentation, hydrogenation, etc.), as well as the possibilities when it comes to enhancing biomass conversion performances through the synthesis of new platform chemicals, with higher oxygen content, so as to accommodate the original biomass composition. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Kinetics of the reactions of HCO with H and D atoms
Authors: Ziemer H. , Dóbé S. , Wagner H. Gg. , Olzman M. , Viskolcz B. , Temps F. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe rate constants for the reactions HCO+H → products (1) and HCO+D → products (2) were determined at room temperature in an isothermal discharge flow reactor. Atom and radical concentrations in the reactions were monitored using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) for H and D atoms and Far Infrared Laser Magnetic Resonance (FIR‐LMR) and Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) for HCO. The overall rate constants describing the decay of the HCO concentrations with H and D, respectively, were found to be k1=(6.8±2.0)×1013 cm3 mol−1 s−1 and k2=(8.3±2.5)×1013 cm3 mol−1 s−1. The results are discussed assuming a mechanism that allows for parallel reaction pathways via a direct H atom abstraction reaction or via an addition‐elimination reaction through a short‐lived highly vibrationally excited formaldehyde complex.
Electronic properties of the two rutiles TiO2 and VF2: A comparative study
Authors: Springborg Michael , Asthalter Tanja , Weyrich Wolf 
Published: May 2011

AbstractResults of first‐principles, density‐functional LMTO‐ASA calculations on the two title compounds and of unrestricted Hartree‐Fock (UHF) calculations on VF2 are reported. The calculations on the crystalline materials were performed with special emphasis on optimising all (three) structural parameters, on the valence density of states and the valence electron density, and on the possible existence of spin polarisation. In addition, full‐potential LMTO calculations on isolated monomers were carried through in order to examine the nearest‐neighbour (TiO and VF) chemical bonds in detail and to understand the consequences of various approximations in describing the potential for the crystal. The LMTO‐ASA calculations reproduce the correct lattice constants with, however, some overestimate for VF2. Also the nearest‐neighbour TiO and VF bond lengths are reproduced correctly by the LMTO calculations, whereas the c/a ratios are significantly overestimated. By analysing the charge densities of the isolated monomers we conclude that the overestimates in the c/a ratios are due to the ASA (Atomic‐Sphere Approximation), which does not describe the quadrupole‐quadrupole interactions of the compounds sufficiently accurately. The Hartree‐Fock calculations yield lattice constants for VF2 very close to experiment. Also in agreement with experiment, TiO2 is found to be non‐magnetic and insulating/semiconducting. In contrast, VF2 is found to be metallic within the LMTO‐ASA method, although the density‐functional calculations indicate that magnetic effects will change the compound into an insulator as it is according to experiment. On the other hand, in agreement with experimental evidence, UHF yields a non‐metallic structure. It further shows the stability of a number of patterns of magnetic ordering.
De novo deletion of chromosome 20q13.33 in a patient with tracheo‐esophageal fistula, cardiac defects and genitourinary anomalies implicates GTPBP5 as a candidate gene
Authors: Solomon Benjamin D. , Pineda–Alvarez Daniel E. , Hadley Donald W. , Keaton Amelia A. , Agochukwu Nneamaka B. , Raam Manu S. , Carlson–Donohoe Hannah E. , Kamat Aparna , Chandrasekharappa Settara C. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDTracheo‐esophageal fistula (TEF) with/or without esophageal atresia (EA) is a common congenital malformation that is often accompanied by other anomalies. The causes of this condition are thought to be heterogeneous but are overall not well understood.CASE REPORTWe identified a patient with a TEF/EA, as well as cardiac and genitourinary anomalies, who was found to have a 0.7 Mb de novo deletion of chromosome 20q13.33. One gene within the deleted interval, GTPBP5, is of particular interest as a candidate gene.CONCLUSIONSGTPBP5 bears further study as a cause of TEF/EA accompanied by other malformations. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discovery of Adamantyl Heterocyclic Ketones as Potent 11β‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibitors
Authors: Su Xiangdong , Vicker Nigel , Thomas Mark P. , Pradaux‐Caggiano Fabienne , Halem Heather , Culler Michael D. , Potter Barry V. L. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract11β‐Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β‐HSD1) plays a key role in converting intracellular cortisone to physiologically active cortisol, which is implicated in the development of several phenotypes of metabolic syndrome. Inhibition of 11β‐HSD1 activity with selective inhibitors has beneficial effects on various conditions, including diabetes, dyslipidemia and obesity, and therefore constitutes a promising strategy to discover novel therapies for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. A series of novel adamantyl heterocyclic ketones provides potent and selective inhibitors of human 11β‐HSD1. Lead compounds display low nanomolar inhibition against human and mouse 11β‐HSD1 and are selective with no activity against 11β‐HSD2 and 17β‐HSD1. Selected potent 11β‐HSD1 inhibitors show moderate metabolic stability upon incubation with human liver microsomes and weak inhibition of human CYP450 enzymes.
Fluctuations of Body Images in Anorexia Nervosa: Patients' Perception of Contextual Triggers
Authors: Espeset Ester M. S. , Gulliksen Kjersti S. , Nordbø Ragnfrid H. S. , Skårderud Finn , Holte Arne 
Published: May 2011

Body image disturbance is a central diagnostic criterion of anorexia nervosa (AN). To a great extent, previous studies have conceptualized body image disturbance as a relatively stable and trait‐like characteristic of the patient. There is, however, growing evidence that body images fluctuate in different situations and contexts. The aim of the present study was to explore which everyday contexts that patients with AN themselves associate with fluctuations in body image. Thirty‐two women (20–35 years) who had been diagnosed with AN (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) within the last year participated. Semi‐open and focused qualitative interviews were conducted, transcribed and analyzed using Grounded Theory techniques. The results suggest that body image is a dynamic phenomenon that may fluctuate in different situations and contexts. The participants linked such fluctuations to their own uncertainty about their real appearance. In lack of a stable and integrated experience of their own body, they were extremely sensitive towards body image threats and challenges in their daily life and reacted to these situations by fluctuations in their body image. Four contextual cues were found to trigger such changes in body image: these were eating food, being reminded of one's body appearance, relating to one's own emotional signals and interpreting other people's expressed and unexpressed opinions about oneself and one's appearance. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

Individuals with anorexia nervosa may have quite varied body image experiences in different contexts.
The contexts identified in this study may be a point of departure for clinicians in helping their patients to explore their subjective body image experiences and to connect these with emotional, cognitive and relational contexts in a psychologically meaningfully way.
Role of paraxial mesoderm in limb/flank regionalization of the trunk lateral plate
Authors: Noro Miyuki , Yuguchi Hiroki , Sato Taeko , Tsuihiji Takanobu , Yonei‐Tamura Sayuri , Yokoyama Hitoshi , Wakamatsu Yoshio , Tamura Koji 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTo understand the developmental mechanism that determines limb size and the consequent limb‐to‐trunk proportions in the tetrapod body, we investigated the role of the paraxial mesoderm in the specification of the limb and flank fields in the chick embryo. We found that the paraxial mesoderm subjacent to the limb field can affect the size of the limb bud along the anterior–posterior and proximal–distal axes. We also found that the paraxial mesoderm subjacent to the flank plays roles in suppressing the emergence and growth of the limb bud and in promoting flank‐specific apoptosis in the lateral plate mesoderm. Our results suggest that signals from the paraxial mesoderm specify the limb and flank fields in the competent lateral plate mesoderm. Developmental Dynamics 240:1639–1649, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Negative regulation of signaling by a soluble form of toll‐like receptor 9
Authors: Chockalingam Annapoorani , Cameron Jody L. , Brooks James C. , Leifer Cynthia A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractNucleic acid structures are highly conserved through evolution and when self nucleic acids are aberrantly detected by toll‐like receptors (TLRs) they contribute to autoimmune disease. For this reason, multiple regulatory mechanisms exist to prevent immune responses to self nucleic acids. TLR9 is a nucleic acid‐sensing TLR that is regulated at multiple levels including association with accessory proteins, intracellular localization and proteolytic processing. In the endolysosomal compartment TLR9 is proteolytically processed to an 80 kDa form (p80) and this processing is a prerequisite for activation. Here, we identified a soluble form of TLR9 (sTLR9) generated by a novel proteolytic event that cleaved TLR9 between amino acids 724–735. Similar to p80, sTLR9 was generated in endosomes. However, generation of sTLR9 was independent of the cysteine protease cathepsin B, active at acidic pH, but partially dependent on cathepsin S, a protease active at neutral pH. Most importantly, sTLR9 inhibited TLR9‐dependent signaling. Altogether, these data support a model where an intrinsic proteolytic processing mechanism negatively regulates TLR9 signaling. A proper balance between the independent proteolytic events probabably contributes to regulation of TLR9‐mediated innate immunity and prevention of autoimmune disease.
Open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography of small polar molecules using etched, chemically modified capillaries
Authors: Pesek Joseph J. , Matyska Maria T. , Nshanian Michael 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe migration characteristics of small polar molecules are evaluated on etched, chemically modified capillaries with four different moieties (C5, C18, diol and cholesterol) bonded onto a silica hydride surface. The effects of pH on migration are used to determine the possible contributions of eletrophoretic mobility, electroosmotic flow (EOF) and analyte/bonded phase interactions. The EOF on etched capillaries is more complicated than on ordinary fused capillaries because it changes from anodic to cathodic as the pH is raised. A mixture of neurotransmitters and related compounds is used to further evaluate the effects of the bonded moiety on the separation properties of this particular electrophoretic format.
High‐performance separation techniques hyphenated to mass spectrometry for ganglioside analysis
Authors: Sisu Eugen , Flangea Corina , Serb Alina , Rizzi Andreas , Zamfir Alina D. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractGangliosides, sialic‐acid‐containing glycosphingolipids are involved in numerous biological processes and play essential roles in severe pathologies, with predilection in those of the central nervous system. Formerly, ganglioside composition and quantity were assessed exclusively by thin‐layer chromatographic (TLC), immunochemical, and immunohistochemical methods, which have limited effectiveness being unable to detect minor components in mixtures of high heterogeneity. Increased awareness of the biological importance of gangliosides stimulated the development of analytical methods that are better amenable to complex ganglioside mixtures. More recently, MS in online conjunction with high‐performance separation techniques brought a significant progress to the field. This review highlights the state‐of‐the‐art development and application of separation methods online coupled to MS for ganglioside analysis. Most original and successful protocols based on GC‐MS, LC‐MS, and CE‐MS are presented here together with the special instrumental and sample preparation requirements to be met for effective ganglioside separation, detection, and structural identification. Finally, the advantages and downsides of each methodology as well as the perspectives for simplification, standardization, and upgrading are assessed.
Effect of pre‐treatments on biosorption of Ni (II) by dead biomass of Mucor hiemalis
Authors: Shroff Kshama A. , Vaidya Varsha K. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe removal of Ni (II) from aqueous solutions by the physico‐chemically treated fungal biomass of Mucor hiemalis was investigated in the batch mode. Treatment of the autoclaved biosorbent with alkali chemicals, detergents, salts, cross linker, organic acid, organic solvent and oxidizing agent showed varying effects on the uptake capacity of Ni (II) and loss in biomass. Pre‐treating the autoclaved biomass with 0.5 M Na2CO3 for 24 h yielded biosorption capacity of 13.60 mg/g biomass at pH 8.0. The possible binding sites on the biosorbent involved in Ni (II) complexation were evaluated by chemical and instrumental analysis including potentiometric titration, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The amine, amide and carboxyl groups were recognized as important in the biosorption of Ni (II) by M. hiemalis biomass. Chemical modification of the biomass by methylation of the amine groups and esterification of the carboxyl groups significantly decreased the biosorption of Ni (II) thus confirming their role in biosorption.
To the Limits
Authors: Schütz Uwe , Billich Christian 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTwo marathon runs every day for 64 days: the TransEuropeFootRace pushed not only the participants to their limits, but also the radiologists accompanying the athletes who used the latest techniques to study how the runners' bodies responded to the ultra‐stressful conditionshttp://www.transeuropalauf.dehttp://www.transeurope‐footrace.org
Prevalence of human papillomavirus, Epstein–Barr virus, p21, and p53 expression in sinonasal inverted papilloma, nasal polyp, and hypertrophied turbinate in Hong Kong patients
Authors: Sham C. L. , To K. F. , Chan Paul K. S. , Lee Dennis L. Y. , Tong Michael C. F. , van Hasselt C. Andrew 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study of human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), p21, and p53 in sinonasal inverted papilloma (IP) was to help elucidate its pathogenesis.MethodsSeventy‐three IPs, 48 nasal polyps, and 85 hypertrophied turbinates were subjected to HPV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) study. Seventy‐three IPs, 30 nasal polyps, and 32 hypertrophied turbinates were subjected to EBV in situ hybridization (ISH), p21, and p53 immunohistochemical (IHC) studies.ResultsHPV was positive in 3 of 73 IPs (4.1%). All specimens were EBV negative. In all, 99% of IPs showed strong and diffuse p21 nuclear reactivity. Most nasal polyps and hypertrophied turbinates showed weak to moderate immunoreactivity of the basal and parabasal cells. Only focal p53 immunoreactivity of the basal and parabasal cells was found in 19% of IPs and 40% of nasal polyps.ConclusionsHPV prevalence of our IP is low. EBV is not present in IP. High p21 and low p53 expression in IP suggests a non–p53‐dependent regulation pathway. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Nitrate transport in the unsaturated zone: a case study of the riverbank filtration system Karany, Czech Republic
Authors: Buzek Frantisek , Kadlecova Renata , Jackova Ivana , Lnenickova Zdena 
Published: May 2011

AbstractNitrate transport in the unsaturated zone of a riverbank filtration (RBF) system in Karany, Czech Republic, was studied. Previous study of the system estimated RBF recharge as 60% riverbank filtrate and 40% local groundwater contaminated by nitrates. Nitrate concentrations observed in RBF recently cannot be explained by simple groundwater contamination and a new conception of groundwater recharge is suggested. A two‐component model based on water 18O data modelled recharge of local groundwater. One component of groundwater recharge is rainfall and irrigation water moving through the unsaturated zone of the Quaternary sediments in piston flow. The second component is groundwater from the Cretaceous deposits with a free water table. Both the components of groundwater recharge have different nitrate concentrations, and resulting contamination of groundwater depends on the participation of water from Quaternary and Cretaceous deposits. Nitrates' origins and their mixing in the subsurface were traced by 15N data. Nitrate transport from the unsaturated zone is important and time variable source of groundwater contamination. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.