bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refugee Protection in Japan and Taiwan: Common Challenges and Ways Forward for Human Security
Authors: Ling Bonny , Hayashi Mariko 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter explores the current situation of refugee protection in both Japan and Taiwan. For both, refugee assistance serves a diplomatic purpose by promoting the country’s contribution to external refugee issues, rather than implementing the norms and spirit of the Refugee Convention domestically. This chapter examines the gaps between international standards in the protection of asylum seekers and refugees, and Japan’s implementation of those standards. It also looks at how these challenges are manifested for Taiwan, which lacks an asylum law. Both countries have adopted an ad hoc approach to refugee protection, resulting in human security risks for refugees and asylum seekers. Adopting an asylum law would be an important move for Taiwan. The experiences of Japan, however, suggest that a legal framework is not enough, unless there is broad acceptance and implementation of the responsibility to protect refugees in society. The complexity of the landscape, and the interplay between international and regional dynamics relating to the Asia–Pacific, law, and declaratory statements, means that there is not a one-size-fits-all solution. To establish meaningful refugee protection, all the tools available must be utilised to increase public awareness and to develop inclusive solutions, where civil society involvement plays crucial roles.
The Legal Framework for Refugee Acceptance and Protection in Japan
Authors: Zhu Yingjiao 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter analyses the urgent and important tasks of the legal framework for refugee acceptance and protection in Japan, through a qualitative observation of the existing refugee law and the judicial precedents concerning foreigners’ rights. In spite of its financial contribution to supporting refugees, Japan’s performance as a host country in accepting and protecting refugees has been disappointing. The country’s current refugee recognition procedure is deemed problematic for various reasons. Simultaneously, the judicial system has been playing such a passive role in protecting human rights in accordance with international norms, that the administrative power to control entry and residence of foreign nationals seems to be expanding significantly without facing many obstacles. By attentively examining the Japanese legislation and judicial practice, including their latest developments, this chapter contends that even as some efforts have been made to offer stronger protection to foreigners or asylum seekers in recent years, there are still considerable structural problems in the Japanese legal framework. Therefore, the courts should take a more active role in judicial review, partly through incorporating the rules of international human rights law into practice, to motivate policymakers to put the refugee laws and policies on a new trajectory.
Refugees by Another Name: Displaced Learners in Japanese Higher Education
Authors: Green David , Unangst Lisa , Tomita Eriko 
Published: June 2024

AbstractBuilding upon a growing literature addressing the intersection of displacement and higher education, this chapter draws upon interviews with Japanese university officials to examine how so-called student evacuees are being admitted and supported by Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Japan. Analysing interviews with a thematic analysis, we find that a side door to students displaced by conflict appears to be slowly opening in Japan, starting in a limited capacity in 2017 and growing thereafter. Located at the nexus of migration policy, higher education administration, and the internationalisation of higher education, we consider this topic as reflective of policy gaps and, concurrently, promising innovation in the reception of displaced learners and refugees in Japan.
Media Political Leanings: Polarised Depictions of Hong Kong Migration in Taiwan
Authors: Yau Cody Wai Kwok 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter examines the influences of the Taiwanese media’s political leaning on their coverage of Hong Kong migration by analysing news articles from the five major pro-Blue/Green printed media outlets between 2014 and 2022. Using structural topic modelling, this chapter demonstrates a politicalised trend relating to Hong Kong migration, involving two themes: migration safety and Political Security. Even though the migration safety theme has gained much more attention than the Political Security theme since the 2019 Protests in Hong Kong, the polarisation of the depiction of Hong Kong migration becomes particularly evident when issues related to the People's Republic of China (PRC) are factored in through topic comparison. In other words, compared to the pro-Blue media, which is inclined to portray the Hong Kong migration from a human rights perspective, the pro-Green media, which favours a nativist viewpoint, offer a more security-based narrative, such as cultural Sinicisation and the possibility of Chinese spies entering through Hong Kong migration. The results of sentiment analysis further highlight both media camps’ differences by detecting a positive or negative tendency.
A Relationship Between Spin and Geometry
Authors: Bradshaw Peter T. J. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn physics, spin is often seen exclusively through the lens of its phenomenological character: as an intrinsic form of angular momentum. However, there is mounting evidence that spin fundamentally originates as a quality of geometry, not of dynamics, and recent work further suggests that the structure of non-relativistic Euclidean three-space is sufficient to define it. In this paper, we directly explicate this fundamentally non-relativistic, geometric nature of spin by constructing non-commutative algebras of position operators which subsume the structure of an arbitrary spin system. These “Spin-s Position Algebras” are defined by elementary means and from the properties of Euclidean three-space alone, and constitute a fundamentally new model for quantum mechanical systems with non-zero spin, within which neither position and spin degrees of freedom, nor position degrees of freedom within themselves, commute. This reveals that the observables of a system with spin can be described completely geometrically as tensors of oriented planar elements, and that the presence of non-zero spin in a system naturally generates a non-commutative geometry within it. We will also discuss the potential for the Spin-s Position Algebras to form the foundation for a generalisation to arbitrary spin of the Clifford and Duffin–Kemmer–Petiau algebras.
Biochemical control in intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer after EBRT with and without brachytherapy boost
Authors: Moll Matthias , Magrowski Łukasz , Mittlböck Martina , Heinzl Harald , Kirisits Christian , Ciepał Jakub , Masri Oliwia , Heilemann Gerd , Stando Rafał , Krzysztofiak Tomasz , Depowska Gabriela , d’Amico Andrea , Techmański Tomasz , Kozub Anna , Majewski Wojciech , Suwiński Rafał , Wojcieszek Piotr , Sadowski Jacek , Widder Joachim , Goldner Gregor , Miszczyk Marcin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Purpose
External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with or without brachytherapy boost (BTB) has not been compared in prospective studies using guideline-recommended radiation dose and recommended androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). In this multicenter retrospective analysis, we compared modern-day EBRT with BTB in terms of biochemical control (BC) for intermediate-risk (IR) and high-risk (HR) prostate cancer.

Methods
Patients were treated for primary IR or HR prostate cancer during 1999–2019 at three high-volume centers. Inclusion criteria were prescribed ≥ 76 Gy EQD2 (α/β = 1.5 Gy) for IR and ≥ 78 Gy EQD2 (α/β = 1.5 Gy) for HR as EBRT alone or with BTB. All HR patients received ADT and pelvic irradiation, which were optional in IR cases. BC between therapies was compared in survival analyses.

Results
Of 2769 initial patients, 1176 met inclusion criteria: 468 HR (260 EBRT, 208 BTB) and 708 IR (539 EBRT, 169 BTB). Median follow-up was 49 and 51 months for HR and IR, respectively. BTB patients with ≥ 113 Gy EQD2Gy experienced a stable, good BC outcome compared with BTB at lower doses. Patients treated with ≥ 113 Gy EQD2Gy also experienced significantly improved BC compared with EBRT (10-year BC failure rates after ≥ 113 Gy BTB and EBRT: respectively 20.4 and 41.8% for HR and 7.5 and 20.8% for IR).

Conclusions
In patients with IR and HR prostate cancer, BTB with ≥ 113 Gy EQD2Gy offered a BC advantage compared with dose-escalated EBRT and lower BTB doses.
Qualitätssteigerung der Dokumentation zur Biologikatherapie der chronischen Rhinosinusitis durch digitale, strukturierte Befunderhebung und Indikationsstellung?
Authors: Hagemann Jan , Seifen Christopher , Koll Laura , Reissig Manuel , Leggewie Barbara , Hackenberg Berit , Döge Julia , Helling Kai , Becker Sven , Klimek Ludger , Matthias Christoph , Ernst Benjamin-Philipp 
Published: June 2024

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund
Biologika ergänzen durch gezielte, hemmende Mechanismen der Typ-2-Entzündung die Standardtherapie für unzureichend kontrollierte schwere Formen der chronischen Rhinosinusitis mit Nasenpolypen (CRSwNP). Trotz Standardisierung mithilfe papierbasierter Checklisten stellen Dokumentation von Anamnese und notwendigen Befunden zur Erfüllung aktueller Verordnungskriterien eine große Herausforderung für Ärzt:innen dar. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, mithilfe von strukturierter Befunderhebung („structured reporting“, SR) die Qualität jener Dokumentation und den Therapieentscheidungsprozess effizienter zu gestalten. Als Vergleich dienten hierzu die bisher erhältlichen Papier-Checklisten.

Methoden
Für diese Studie wurde ein inkrementelles Tool programmiert, um aktuelle Befunde zu erfassen und die Erfüllung der Indikationskriterien zu überprüfen. Das Tool wurde in puncto Vollständigkeit, Zeitaufwand und Lesbarkeit mit anderen Checklisten verglichen

Ergebnisse
Für jede der 3 Dokumentationsmöglichkeiten wurden 20 Befunde erhoben und in die Analyse einbezogen. Die Dokumentation auf den papierbasierten Checklisten hatte einen vergleichbaren Informationsgehalt: 17,5 ± 5,1 bzw. 21,7 ± 7,6 von maximal 43 möglichen Punkten; p > 0,05. Die Dokumentation mit der digitalen Anwendung führte zu einem signifikanten Anstieg des Informationsgehalts im Vergleich zu allen papierbasierten Dokumentationen. Die durchschnittliche Punktzahl betrug 38,25 ± 3,7 (88,9 % der Maximalpunktzahl; p < 0,001). Die Nutzerzufriedenheit war im Durchschnitt hoch (9,6/10). Die Nutzung der digitalen Anwendung war anfangs zeitaufwendiger, verringerte sich aber mit zunehmender Anzahl der dokumentierten Fälle erheblich.

Schlussfolgerung
Die strukturierte Befundung mittels (Web‑)Apps könnte in Zukunft die papierbasierte Befundung zur Indikation einer Biologikatherapie bei CRSwNP-Patient:innen ersetzen und zusätzliche Vorteile in Bezug auf die Datenqualität und Nachvollziehbarkeit der Ergebnisse bieten. Das zukünftig steigende Dokumentationsvolumen, die fortschreitende Digitalisierung und die Möglichkeit der Vernetzung zwischen einzelnen Zentren machen die Einführung einer App in naher Zukunft wahrscheinlich und wirtschaftlich.
Predicting detonation cell size of biogas–oxygen mixtures using machine learning models
Authors: Siatkowski S. , Wacko K. , Kindracki J. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractDetonation cell size is a very important parameter describing the detonation process, used both for explosion safety analysis and for the design of detonation combustion chambers. Typically it has been studied either experimentally or by CFD simulations; both options are costly in terms of money and time. However, progress in the machine learning (ML) methods opened a third way of obtaining cell size. When trained properly, such models are capable of giving rapid, accurate predictions. Utilization of machine learning in the combustion field is gaining more attention from the research community. In this study, the process of training, testing, and evaluation of three different machine learning models for predicting biogas–oxygen mixture detonation cell size is presented. The models include: linear regression (LR), support vector regression (SVR), and neural network (NN). The dataset used for training and testing comes from the experimental studies conducted previously by the authors. It was shown that all the models give very good results with support vector regression proving to be the best.
Evaluating the yield of adhering to the follow-up guidelines for cutaneous melanoma: a retrospective study of 2048 patients
Authors: Hosseinpour Nazanin , Toyserkani Navid Mohamadpour 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
The global rise in the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma necessitates an enhanced understanding of the impact on healthcare systems and the effectiveness of current surveillance and diagnostic protocols. The escalating prevalence of eligible patients for follow-up programs poses challenges in timely diagnosis and treatment. This study critically assesses the Danish melanoma follow-up program, focusing on recurrences, de novo melanomas, and the efficacy of detection modalities.

Methods
This study is a retrospective study based on prospectively collected patient data from Danish Melanoma database (DMD). The study included all patients who were in the clinical follow-up program after treatment of cutaneous malignant melanoma at the Department of Plastic and Breast Surgery, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde from 01/01/2019 to 30/04/2023.

Results
2048 patients were included in the study of which 75 patients had recurrences, whereas 38 had de novo malignant melanoma (MM). Among the detected recurrences, 58.9% were detected by imaging modalities, 16% detected by patients’ self-examination, 12.2% detected by independent physicians and 11.5% detected by physicians as a part of follow-up program. Nearly 78.7% of recurrences occurred within the 36-month follow-up.

Conclusions
The results showed most recurrences were identified within the first three years of follow-up. The introduction of routine PET/CT scans have contributed to the timely identification of these events. The patients themselves find a high number of local cutaneous recurrences. Ultrasound was found to be a very low yield examination and its usefulness as a routine scan can be questioned. The overall findings underscore the importance of refining and optimizing melanoma follow-up programs according to staging to provide early detection and intervention.
Level of evidence: Level III, Risk/Prognostic
Accuracy of contrast-enhanced CT in liver neoplasms in children under 2 years age
Authors: Rajasimman Aishvarya Shri , Patil Vasundhara , Gala Kunal Bharat , Shetty Nitin , Kulkarni Suyash , Ramadwar Mukta S. , Qureshi Sajid S. , Chinnaswamy Girish , Laskar Siddhartha , Baheti Akshay D. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Background
Multiple differentials exist for pediatric liver tumors under 2 years. Accurate imaging diagnosis may obviate the need for tissue sampling in most cases.

Objective
To evaluate the imaging features and diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography (CT) in liver tumors in children under 2 years.

Methods
Eighty-eight children under 2 years with treatment naive liver neoplasms and baseline contrast-enhanced CT were included in this institutional review board approved retrospective study. Two blinded onco-radiologists assessed these tumors in consensus. Findings assessed included enhancement pattern, lobulated appearance, cystic change, calcifications, central scar-like appearance, and metastases. The radiologists classified the lesion as hepatoblastoma, infantile hemangioma, mesenchymal hamartoma, rhabdoid tumor, or indeterminate, first based purely on imaging and then after alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) correlation. Multivariate analysis and methods of comparing means and frequencies were used for statistical analysis wherever applicable. Diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and positive predictive values were analyzed.

Results
The mean age of the sample was 11.4 months (95% CI, 10.9–11.8) with 50/88 (57%) boys. The study included 72 hepatoblastomas, 6 hemangiomas, 4 mesenchymal hamartomas, and 6 rhabdoid tumors. Presence of calcifications, multilobular pattern of arterial enhancement, lobulated morphology, and central scar-like appearance was significantly associated with hepatoblastomas (P-value < 0.05). Fourteen out of eighty-eight lesions were called indeterminate based on imaging alone; six lesions remained indeterminate after AFP correlation. Pure radiology-based diagnostic accuracy was 81.8% (95% CI, 72.2–89.2%), which increased to 92.1% (95% CI, 84.3–96.7%) (P-value > 0.05) after AFP correlation, with one hepatoblastoma misdiagnosed as a rhabdoid tumor. If indeterminate lesions were excluded for biopsy, the accuracy would be 98.8% (95% CI, 93.4–99.9%).

Conclusion
CT had high accuracy for diagnosing liver neoplasms in the under 2-year age population after AFP correlation. Certain imaging features were significantly associated with the diagnosis of hepatoblastoma. A policy of biopsying only indeterminate lesions after CT and AFP correlation would avoid sampling in the majority of patients.

Graphical Abstract
Gypsum Cave Biofilm Communities are Strongly Influenced by Bat- And Arthropod-Related Fungi
Authors: Jurado Valme , Martin-Pozas Tamara , Fernandez-Cortes Angel , Calaforra Jose Maria , Sanchez-Moral Sergio , Saiz-Jimenez Cesareo 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe Gypsum Karst of Sorbas, Almeria, southeast Spain, includes a few caves whose entrances are open and allow the entry and roosting of numerous bats. Caves are characterized by their diversity of gypsum speleothems, such as stalactites, coralloids, gypsum crusts, etc. Colored biofilms can be observed on the walls of most caves, among which the Covadura and C3 caves were studied. The objective was to determine the influence that bat mycobiomes may have on the fungal communities of biofilms. The results indicate that the fungi retrieved from white and yellow biofilms in Covadura Cave (Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota, Basidiomycota) showed a wide diversity, depending on their location, and were highly influenced by the bat population, the guano and the arthropods that thrive in the guano, while C3 Cave was more strongly influenced by soil- and arthropod-related fungi (Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota), due to the absence of roosting bats.
Cranial ultrasound in preterm infants ≤ 32 weeks gestation—novel insights from the use of very high-frequency (18-5 MHz) transducers: a case series
Authors: Miselli Francesca , Guidotti Isotta , Di Martino Marianna , Bedetti Luca , Minotti Chiara , Spaggiari Eugenio , Malmusi Giovanni , Lugli Licia , Corso Lucia , Berardi Alberto 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe quality of cranial ultrasound has improved over time, with advancing technology leading to higher resolution, faster image processing, digital display, and back-up. However, some brain lesions may remain difficult to characterize: since higher frequencies result in greater spatial resolution, the use of additional transducers may overcome some of these limitations. The very high-frequency transducers (18-5 MHz) are currently employed for small parts and lung ultrasound. Here we report the first case series comparing the very high-frequency probes (18-5 MHz) with standard micro-convex probes (8-5 MHz) for cranial ultrasound in preterm infants. In this case series, we compared cranial ultrasound images obtained with a micro-convex transducer (8-5 MHz) and those obtained with a very high-frequency (18-5 MHz) linear array transducer in 13 preterm infants ≤ 32 weeks gestation (9 with cerebral abnormalities and 4 with normal findings). Ultrasound examinations using the very high-frequency linear transducer and the standard medium-frequency micro-convex transducer were performed simultaneously. We also compared ultrasound findings with brain MRI images obtained at term corrected age. Ultrasound images obtained with the very high-frequency (18-5 MHz) transducer showed high quality and accuracy. Notably, despite their higher frequency and expected limited penetration capacity, brain size is small enough in preterm infants, so that brain structures are close to the transducer, allowing for complete evaluation. Conclusion: We propose the routine use of very high-frequency linear probes as a complementary scanning modality for cranial ultrasound in preterm infants ≤ 32 weeks gestation.

What is Known:• Brain lesions in preterm infants may remain insufficiently defined through conventional cranial ultrasound scan.• Higher frequency probes offer better spatial resolution but have a narrower filed of exploration and limited penetration capacity.

What is New:• Very high-frequency probes were compared with standard medium-frequency probes for cranial ultrasound in infants ≤ 32 weeks' gestation.• Thanks to the smaller skull size of preterm infants, the new very high-frequency transducers allowed a complete and accurate evaluation.
Generic observability for port-Hamiltonian descriptor systems
Authors: Kirchhoff Jonas 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe present work is a successor of Ilchmann and Kirchhoff (Math Control Signals Syst 33:359–377, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00498-021-00287-x), Ilchmann and Kirchhoff (Math Control Signals Syst 35:45–76, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00498-021-00287-x) on (relative) generic controllability of unstructured linear differential-algebraic systems and of Ilchmann et al. (Port-Hamiltonian descriptor systems are generically controllable and stabilizable. Submitted to Mathematics of Control, Signals and Systems, 2023. https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.05156) on (relative) generic controllability of port-Hamiltonian descriptor systems. We extend their results to (relative) genericity of observability. For unstructured differential-algebraic systems, criteria for (relative) generic observability are derived from Ilchmann and Kirchhoff (Math Control Signals Syst 35:45–76, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00498-021-00287-x) using duality. This is not possible for port-Hamiltonian systems. Hence, we tweak the results of Ilchmann et al. (Port-Hamiltonian descriptor systems are generically controllable and stabilizable. Submitted to Mathematics of Control, Signals and Systems, 2023. https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.05156) and derive similar criteria as for the unstructured case. Additionally, we consider certain rank constraints on the system matrices.