bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quenched Calcium Silicate Slag and Limestone Incorporations in Two Tennessee Soils — A 10‐Year Lysimeter Study
Authors: MacIntire W. H. , Sterges A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIncorporations of glassy quenched Ca‐silicate slag from rock phosphate‐reduction furnaces and limestone were compared by means of a 10‐year lysimeter experiment on acidic fallow Hart‐sells fine sandy loam and Baxter silt loam. Annual composites of periodic collections of rainwater drainages were analyzed for contents of Ca, Mg, K, P, S, N, and fluorine. Variables were particle size, rates for single and repetitive inputs, and depth of incorporation.After 10 years, all eight 2‐ton slagged and limestoned soil systems had lost half of the calcium input, there were no carbonate residues, and soil pH was 6.3.The four repetitive 2‐ton inputs caused increases of 3 to 4 times in calcium outgo, and every outgo from the slag was decidedly larger than the corresponding outgo from the limestone.Calcium outgo from full‐depth incorporations of slag was about twice the outgo from half‐depth incorporations.Ca‐bicarbonate outgo from the slag always exceeded that from the limestone, although the requirements of CO2 for the production of the bicarbonate from the slag were twice the requirements for the dissolving of the limestone.Residues of carbonate engendered from 8‐ton incorporations of slag were small, although enhancements of 4 ½ tons in outgo of CaCO3, as bicarbonate, had occurred. Residues of CaCO3, engendered from 20‐ton inputs of the silicate of the slag, were 9 tons and 10 tons from Hartsells and Baxter soils, respectively.Because of its porosity and its speedy hydrolytic transition and the sequential carbonatation of any fraction of the Ca(OH)2 that was engendered but not sorbed directly by the soil, the heavy‐rate inputs of slag induced Ca‐outgo increases far beyond the increases from limestone. The heavily slagged soils acquired substantial accumulations of engendered CaCO3, and pot cultures demonstrated that such accumulations induced fertility.Magnesium outgo and potassium outgo were lessened by the slag and by the limestone in both soils.Nitrate and sulfate leachings were increased by all incorporations of slag and of limestone.The lightly‐slagged soils yielded relatively small increases in fluorine outgo, but the 796‐pound maximal recovery represented 52% of the fluorine carried by the heavy‐rate incorporations of slag. Outgo of fluorine, along with calcium, from full‐depth incorporation of slag was substantially greater than such outgo from half‐depth incorporation.Phosphorus content of the slag was leached to significant extent.The detailed findings and the accelerative effect that the slag‐derived solvated silica exerts upon leachings of Ca, PO4, and fluorine will be reported elsewhere.It is believed that rational‐rate incorporations of the fluoride‐bearing quenched slag would not cause a harmful occurrence of fluorides in the waters of nearby wells and streams.
Selective Erosion of Soil Fertility Constituents
Authors: Massey H. F. , Jackson M. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRunoff samples from experimental plots at four locations in Wisconsin were analyzed for total soil material, organic and ammonia nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium. Correlation studies were carried out in an attempt to relate the selectiveness of the erosive process for a given fertility constituent to the quantity of eroded soil and concentration of suspended solids in the runoff. The relationship was found to be highly significant with multiple correlation coefficients of 0.63 for available phosphorus, 0.79 for nitrogen and for organic matter, and 0.87 for exchangeable potassium. The selectiveness of the erosive process for the four fertility constituents determined increases in the order: organic matter, organic and ammonia nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium. At the average values of erosiveness encountered in this study, the eroded soil material contained 2.1 times as much organic matter, 2.7 times as much nitrogen, 3.4 times as much available phosphorus and 19.3 times as much exchangeable potassium as the soil proper. The selectiveness of the erosive process for given runoff conditions appears to be greater on Fayette silt loam, 20% slope, than on Almena silt loam, 3% slope, or on Miami silt loam, 9% slope.
Host Specificity Among Certain Plants in the Cowpea Cross‐inoculation Group
Authors: Burton Joe C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objectives of this study were (a) to determine the extent of host‐plant specificity among various agriculturally important members of the cowpea cross‐inoculation group and if possible (b) to select rhizobial strains adapted to a wide variety of hosts in this group.In greenhouse tests 15 strains of rhizobia which were effective on their parent hosts were used as inocula for the cowpea, asparagus bean, peanut, indigo (4 species) crotalaria (3 species), velvet bean, partridge pea, jack bean and lima bean. Nodules were present on all inoculated plants. Growth of the cowpea and asparagus bean was improved with each of the rhizobial strains tested, whereas the other test plants showed a greater degree of selectivity. Growth of the lima bean, jackbean, peanut and velvet bean was improved by only two rhizobial strains. Only 7 of the 15 plant species tested gave effective response to 50% or more of the rhizobial strains used. None of the rhizobial strains were effective on all of the test plants.
The Significance of Air Adsorption by Soil Colloids in Picnometric Measurements
Authors: Jamison Vernon C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPressure deficits from calculated values in picnometric measurements on dry soils have been observed by the author and others. The explanation given is gas adsorption by dry soil colloids. The magnitude of this source of error in picnometric soil porosity measurements and its relationship to soil moisture was studied. A dual chamber picnometer adapted to measuring gas adsorption over a wide range of pressures was used. For the soils used the results were essentially the same for air and oxygen. At room temperatures (23° C) and atmospheric pressure, oven‐dried Hurricane clay adsorbed approximately 15.3 cc (one atm., 0° C) per 100 gm, while oven dried Lloyd clay adsorbed only 3.7 cc per 100 gm. However, adsorption fell to near zero at about 10% moisture (100 atm. moisture tension) for the Hurricane clay but did not approach zero for the Lloyd clay until at about 20% (15 atm. moisture tension). Quartz sand, Lakeland sand, and the organic colloid separated from Lakeland sand showed no measurable adsorptive capacity for oxygen or air. The adsorption found at ordinary temperatures does not approach the surface saturation values measured at very low temperatures by Emmett, Brunauer, and Love (2) but are consistent with their measurements at 0° C. The air picnometer cannot be used to estimate porosity or moisture content of soils near or below air dryness unless a method based on direct calibration of fixed fresh soil weights is used.
Yield and Vegetative and Chemical Composition of Forage Crops as Affected by Soil Treatment
Authors: Parsons John L. , Drake Mack , Colby Wm. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField studies were conducted on Ladino clover, orchardgrass, smooth bromegrass, and timothy. Each species was planted in a pure stand to determine its requirements with respect to P and K.Increases of 30% to 80% in hay production were obtained when adequate K was applied. Split applications of K fertilizer were used instead of single large applications. Although the percentage P in the plant material increased with added increments of P, there was no appreciable yield response to P on most species above the lowest P rate. Phosphate needs of the crop for 3 to 4 years can be met by banding 50 to 100 pounds P2O5 per acre at seeding time.Although liberal amounts of fertilizer potash were applied to the grasses studied there was nearly complete removal of applied K (79 to 94%). This points up the fact that it is not possible to increase the reserves of soil K when producing large yields of the forage grasses, smooth brome, orchard, or timothy on this and similar soils.Competition for K between desirable forage species and undesirable weedy species has a pronounced influence on the longevity of the stand. By the spring of the third crop year, Ladino clover comprised less than 5% of the vegetation on low K plots. The remaining vegetation was predominantly the weedy grasses, Kentucky bluegrass, and bentgrass.
The Availability of Phosphorus to Alfalfa in the Horizons of Four Eastern Nebraska Soils
Authors: Dennis E. J. , Chesnin Leon 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThurman, Carrington, Crete, and Crofton soils of eastern Nebraska were sampled by horizons to determine their availability of phosphorus to alfalfa. In a greenhouse study, alfalfa was grown on part of each sample which was treated with phosphate fertilizer, and part which was left untreated. The growth and composition of the alfalfa made on the untreated soil provided a measure of the availability of phosphorus in the soil horizon. The growth and composition of the alfalfa on the phosphate‐treated soil provided a measure of the growth alfalfa could make on a given horizon if phosphorus were not limiting. The treatments were replicated three times, and three cuttings were obtained. The replicate samples were composited and analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus, and cation contents.In general, phosphate treatment increased the yield and influenced the composition of alfalfa. The total nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium uptake by the alfalfa was increased with the phosphate application. Phosphate tended to reduce the total calcium uptake of the alfalfa tops. The total cation content of the alfalfa tops was quite constant. In addition, phosphate appears to have played an important role in the fixation of nitrogen by alfalfa in these phosphorus‐deficient soils. A variation was found in the phosphorus‐supplying capacity of the different soil horizons, as indicated by a range in total phosphorus removed in the tops from 0.01 to 0.17 gms, with a range in yields of tops from 3.2 to 19.4 gms. The increases in phosphorus removed by the tops due to the application of phosphate were from 0.08 to 0.69 gms. The increases in yields due to the phosphate treatment were from 1.8 to 19.3 gms.
Oxidation‐reduction Potential and Specific Conductance of Ground Water: Their Influence on Natural Forest Distribution
Authors: Pierce R. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe mineral content of ground water and its degree of stagnation are closely correlated with specific conductance and oxidation‐reduction potential. To eliminate several handicaps involved in sampling and transportation of uncontaminated water samples, a method of direct electrometric analysis of ground water in situ was devised. The assembled portable equipment included a Beckman Model N‐2 potentiometer, a modified Wheatstone bridge, and a specially designed well point, accommodating glass and platinum electrodes, calomel half‐cell, and specific conductance cell. Electrometric analyses were supplemented by determinations of the content of dissolved oxygen and total hardness.Analyses of ground water in lowland and peat soils of Wisconsin and Ontario have shown definite relationships between the properties of ground water and the natural distribution of forest stands.
Compaction as a Factor in Soil Conservation
Authors: Free George R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe results of recent studies in New York of soil compaction as related to infiltration and percolation of water are presented and discussed.By using treatments affecting the amount of surface compaction occurring under natural rainfall, the ratio of infiltration to runoff for one soil was varied over a range of 300 to 600%. Compaction and permeability of another soil within and below plow depth was shown to be related to traffic and other factors of soil and crop management. Some of the broad aspects of the soil compaction problem are discussed.
Vegetational Approach to Soil Surveys in Wild‐land Areas
Authors: Wieslander A. E. , Storie R. Earl 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper describes methods employed in the concurrent mapping of vegetation and soil on more than 3 million acres of mountainous land in California. The land is classified according to vegetational types, age and density of timber stands, timber site quality, and series and depth of soil. Important features are (1) office delineation on aerial photographs of most boundaries of vegetational and soil units in advance of field work, and (2) the large amount of basic information on native vegetation that is gathered and related to soil. Examples of vegetation‐soil relationships that aid soil mapping are pointed out. Charts illustrate some of the kinds of vegetation‐soil information that is obtained in the mapping and which can be put to use in managing the soil for timber and range purposes.
Soil Moisture under a Young Loblolly Pine Plantation
Authors: Hoover Marvin D. , Olson David F. , Greene Geoffrey E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe study reported was made near Union, S.C., to determine the moisture available for tree growth and the effectiveness of young pines as a protective cover on watershed lands. Fibreglas electrodes were used to obtain daily estimates of soil moisture. Rain falling through the tree crowns or flowing down the stems was collected by catchment devices. The amount of rainfall reaching the soil and available soil moisture to a depth of 66‐ inches for the period October 1950 through September 1952 is reported for a loblolly pine plantation established in 1941. An average of 86% of rainfall as measured in the open reached the ground under the pines. About one‐fifth of the rain received under the trees reached the ground by flowing down the tree trunks. During the dry winter of 1950–51, rainfall was insufficient to replenish soil moisture at depths below 30 inches, and trees were almost completely dependent upon rainfall of the 1951 growing season. Rainfall during the winter of 1951–52 brought the upper 66‐ inches of soil to field capacity providing almost 10 inches of available water for tree growth. Early in the growing season, moisture was lost throughout the entire soil depth studied. Water was withdrawn most rapidly from the zone where it was most readily available regardless of depth, despite the greater concentration of roots in the surface layer. Because of the large draft upon soil moisture throughout the zone the upper 5½ feet of soil under trees has a large capacity to store water from fall and winter rainfall.
Chemical Factors in Cation Exchange Between Root Surfaces and Nutrient Media
Authors: Marshall C. E. , Upchurch W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments were designed to throw light on two main factors in cation uptake; the cationic activity of the nutrient medium and the mean free energy change of the reaction in which nutrient ions are exchanged for hydrogen ions. The third factor—the activity of the hydrogen ions, was not fully investigated, but has been reported on by other workers.The theoretical basis for the determination of free energy changes is first examined. For roots growing in colloidal substrates, three possible procedures follow. (1) By adding algebraically the individual free bonding energies of the two cations to the two colloidal surfaces, the free energy change for the reaction can be calculated. This involves individual activity determinations by potentiometric methods. (2) By small exchanges, ratios of activities can be obtained which can be used directly in the equations. (3) By applying Donnan conditions to the equations, simplified equations involving ratios of concentrations are obtained. From these, the free energy changes can be calculated from determinations of total cationic composition of the two exchangers.The composition of soybeans (roots and tops) grown in different true solutions—chlorides and bicarbonates of K and Ca, and in K and Ca Amberlite, K and Ca Putnam clay, and K and Ca bentonite— was examined. Corresponding to the 2,500–3,000 calorie advantage of bicarbonates over chlorides, greater uptake of K and of Ca from the former was observed. Where the three dominant factors were the same for two media (acidic KCl and acidic K‐Amberlite) growth and uptake were closely similar. Differences of 1,500–2,000 calories in the free energy change for different substrates markedly affected uptake.
Nitrogen Status of Marshall Silt Loam as Influenced by Different Crop Rotations
Authors: Andharia R. M. , Stanford G. , Schaller F. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study to compare the effects of several different crop rotations on crop yields and on certain physical and chemical properties of the Marshall silt loam soil has been underway since 1942. The objective in the present study was to evaluate the relative nitrogen status of the plots planted to corn in 1951 as revealed by content of soil organic matter and total nitrogen, nitrification studies, and nitrogen content of the corn leaf.Corn plots, in rotations which included one or more years of meadow, contained significantly higher amounts of organic matter and nitrogen than did plots in the corn‐oats rotation, although the differences were only 0.2 to 0.3% organic matter. Considering all rotations, the correlation between corn yields and organic matter content of the soil was not significant (r = .47); the relation between yields and total nitrogen, however, was significant (r = .64).Marked differences in yield between first‐ and second‐year corn occurred in various rotations, although the organic matter content of these plots were the same, as might be expected. On the other hand, nitrate release on incubation of soils and content of leaf nitrogen clearly reflected the relative nitrogen availability under first‐ and second‐year corn.Considering all rotations, a highly significant relation was found between corn yields and nitrogen content of the sixth corn leaf (correlation coefficient (r) = 0.97). A less striking, although highly significant, relationship occurred between nitrate released during a 2‐week incubation period and corn yield (r = 0.78). The value of studying leaf nitrogen as well as nitrification rate as a means of periodically evaluating the soil nitrogen status in rotation experiments is discussed and illustrated in this paper.
Residual Effect of Phosphorus on Cotton Grown on Cecil Soil as Determined with Radioactive Phosphorus
Authors: Stelly Matthias , Morris H. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field experiment was conducted on Cecil sandy clay loam in 1951 to determine the residual effect on cotton of superphosphate applied in 1949 at different rates and by different methods on limed and unlimed soil. Crop yield, phosphorus content of the plants, and percentage of phosphorus in the plants derived from the fertilizer were criteria by which these variables were evaluated.Increases in seed cotton yield and phosphorus content of the plants in 1951 resulted from the phosphorus applied in 1949. The response was directly related to the amount of phosphorus applied and to the dilute‐acid soluble phosphorus in the soil at time of planting.No significant response in yield, phosphorus content, or percentage phosphorus in the plant derived from the fertilizer was obtained from the addition of lime. The method of applying the phosphorus in 1949, broadcast or drilled, had no significant effect on any of the criteria evaluated.Approximately 28% of the plant phosphorus was derived from the fertilizer applied in 1951 to soil which had received no phosphorus in 1949. The percentage of the phosphorus in the plants derived from the fertilizer applied in 1951 decreased sharply and directly with increases of phosphorus additions in 1949.
Ion Exchange Equilibria in the Presence of Small Amounts of Electrolyte
Authors: Harward Moyle E. , Coleman N. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies were conducted to obtain quantitative information on cation distribution in clay‐water systems in the presence of small amounts of electrolyte and to test the ability of mass action type exchange equations to predict the distributions of metal cations in these systems.Small amounts of HCl (0.004 to 0.10 symmetry) were added to variously base saturated bentonite and halloysite suspensions. The distributions of cations were determined from an analysis of the supernatant liquid after equilibrium was obtained.When HCl was added to Ca‐K‐clays, the exchange constant, kK‐Ca, as calculated by the “statistical” exchange equation, was not invarient. The value of kK‐Ca increased with increasing K‐saturation and decreased with increasing Ca‐saturation. Variations in kK‐Ca were somewhat smaller when the exchange acidity was assumed to be associated with exchangeable Al.It was shown, nevertheless, that the “statistical” exchange equation may be used to estimate fairly satisfactorily the amounts of K+ and Ca++ in solution when HCl is added to these clay systems.
Mineral Content of Low Humic, Humic and Hydrol Humic Latosols of Hawaii
Authors: Tamura T. , Jackson M. L. , Sherman G. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractData from X‐ray diffraction, elemental, differential and integral thermal, and infrared absorption analyses were used to characterize quantitatively the minerals in the clay fractions of representative soils of the Low Humic, Humic and Hydrol Humic Latosols of Hawaii. Allophane was identified in substantial amounts (approximately 30%) in the < 0.2u fractions of two Hydrol Humic Latosols. Other minerals present in the clay fractions of the Hydrol Humic Latosols include gibbsite (25–35%), goethite (10–35%), magnetite (5–20%), mica (1–10%) and quartz (0–3%). The Humic Latosol contained kaolin (15–20%), gibbsite (15–20%), hematite (20–25%), goethite (10–20%), montmorin (5–10%), interstratified 2:1 layer silicate (5–10%), mica (1–5%) and quartz (1–5%). The Low Humic Latosols were predominantly kaolinic (45–55%) with hematite (15–25%), allophane (5–10%) and montmorin (5–15%) in substantial amounts. The fractions < 2u constitute the major portion of the Latosols. All percentages given are of the < 2u fractions except that two whole soils are included with the Low Humic Latosol group.
The Availability of High‐Temperature Process Alkali (Rhenania‐Type) Phosphates to Crops When Applied to Calcareous Soils
Authors: Schmehl W. R. , Brenes E. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour field experiments were conducted on two soil types to test the effectiveness of high‐temperature alkali (Rhenania‐type) phosphate fertilizers on calcareous soil. The results showed that Rhenania‐type phosphate and concentrated superphosphate had about the same fertilizer value for crops grown on phosphate‐deficient soils when the fertilizer was plowed under or broadcast, but there were indications that Rhenania‐type phosphate was less effective than superphosphate when the fertilizer was side‐dressed. Laboratory studies using various procedures for the determination of available soil phosphorus showed that Rhenania phosphate and concentrated superphosphate were equally effective in increasing the available phosphorus in the soil. The results indicate that the Rhenania‐type phosphates offer promise as substitutes for superphosphate under many cropping conditions.