bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐throughput Phenotyping and Genomic Selection: The Frontiers of Crop Breeding ConvergeF
Authors: Cabrera‐Bosquet Llorenç , Crossa José , von Zitzewitz Jarislav , Serret María Dolors , Luis Araus José 
Published: March 2012

AbstractGenomic selection (GS) and high‐throughput phenotyping have recently been captivating the interest of the crop breeding community from both the public and private sectors world‐wide. Both approaches promise to revolutionize the prediction of complex traits, including growth, yield and adaptation to stress. Whereas high‐throughput phenotyping may help to improve understanding of crop physiology, most powerful techniques for high‐throughput field phenotyping are empirical rather than analytical and comparable to genomic selection. Despite the fact that the two methodological approaches represent the extremes of what is understood as the breeding process (phenotype versus genome), they both consider the targeted traits (e.g. grain yield, growth, phenology, plant adaptation to stress) as a black box instead of dissecting them as a set of secondary traits (i.e. physiological) putatively related to the target trait. Both GS and high‐throughput phenotyping have in common their empirical approach enabling breeders to use genome profile or phenotype without understanding the underlying biology. This short review discusses the main aspects of both approaches and focuses on the case of genomic selection of maize flowering traits and near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and plant spectral reflectance as high‐throughput field phenotyping methods for complex traits such as crop growth and yield.
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[ José Luis Araus (Corresponding author)]
The discovery of high-power high synchrotron peak blazars
Authors: Padovani P. , Giommi P. , Rau A. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
We study the quasi-simultaneous near-IR, optical, ultraviolet and X-ray photometry of 11 γ-ray selected blazars for which redshift estimates larger than 1.2 have been recently provided. Four of these objects turn out to be high-power blazars with the peak of their synchrotron emission between ∼3 × 1015 and ∼1016 Hz, and therefore of a kind predicted to exist but never seen before. This discovery has important implications for our understanding of physical processes in blazars, including the so-called ‘blazar sequence’, and might also help in constraining the extragalactic background light through γ-ray absorption since two sources are strongly detected even in the 10–100 GeV Fermi-LAT band. Based on our previous work and their high powers, these sources are very likely high-redshift flat-spectrum radio quasars, with their emission lines swamped by the non-thermal continuum.
Investigation of the Sunscreen Octocrylene’s Interaction with Amino Acid Analogs in the Presence of UV Radiation
Authors: Karlsson Isabella , Persson Elin , Mårtensson Jerker , Börje Anna 
Published: March 2012

AbstractOctocrylene is an organic UV filter, commonly used in sunscreens and cosmetics, which can give rise to both contact and photocontact allergy. Our aim was to investigate octocrylene’s interaction with amino acid analogs in the presence of UV radiation to better understand the reason for octocrylene’s photoallergenic capacity. The amino acid analogs were photolysed in presence and absence of octocrylene for 1 h in cyclohexane. The rate of degradation was considerably slower for all amino acid analogs when octocrylene was present in the mixture. Benzylamine, the lysine analog, did react with octocrylene during the photolysis and the corresponding amide was formed in an acylation reaction. By varying the benzylamine concentration and keeping the octocrylene concentration fixed the reaction rate was shown to be independent of the amine concentration. The same type of acylation reaction took place when octocrylene alone was photolysed in ethanol in which the ethyl ester was formed from octocrylene and ethanol. Our results suggest that octocrylene’s ability to cause photocontact allergy could be due to its photoinduced reactivity toward primary amines and alcohols.
Species richness and temporal partitioning in the beetle fauna of oak trees (Quercus robur L.) in Richmond Park, UK
Authors: STORK NIGEL E. , HAMMOND PETER M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract1. Species richness, abundance, body size, biomass, guild structure and temporal partitioning were examined in samples of 150 beetle species from oaks (Quercus robur L.) in southern Britain.2. Abundance, species richness and biomass were highest in late June when leaves are in full flush, similar through much of the year for oak specialist beetle species, but were highest in July for generalists. Body size did not appear to vary significantly during the sampling period.3. Temporal partitioning of feeding guilds was evident; predators and herbivores, peaked earlier in May–June, and fungivores and scavengers peaked in July–August.4. Groups of closely related species, in Carabidae, Cantharidae and Curculionidae, often had similar seasonal patterns suggesting that temporal variation in both overall species richness and abundance for different guilds may be driven by resource availability rather than competition between closely related species.5. Multidimensional scaling ordination shows an almost circular pattern in the beetle community underpinned by the most abundant species occurring throughout the year; vector analysis indicates that as temperatures increase and food resources become available, other species become abundant and influence patterns of similarity.6. These patterns are also influenced by species that (i) have life cycles of 2 or more years, (ii) move between the ground, tree trunks and the canopy during the year and (iii) move from other tree species to oaks as these tree species lose their leaves earlier in Autumn.7. The hypothesis that temporal patterns for invertebrate species in temperate trees are more coordinated than those in tropical trees is not supported.
Restoring insulin production for type 1 diabetes
Authors: Tudurí Eva , Bruin Jennifer E. , Kieffer Timothy J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractCurrent therapies for the treatment of type 1 diabetes include daily administration of exogenous insulin and, less frequently, whole‐pancreas or islet transplantation. Insulin injections often result in inaccurate insulin doses, exposing the patient to hypo‐ and/or hyperglycemic episodes that lead to long‐term complications. Islet transplantation is also limited by lack of high‐quality islet donors, early graft failure, and chronic post‐transplant immunosuppressive treatment. These barriers could be circumvented by designing a safe and efficient strategy to restore insulin production within the patient’s body. Porcine islets have been considered as a possible alternative source of transplantable insulin‐producing cells to replace human cadaveric islets. More recently, embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells have also been examined for their ability to differentiate in vitro into pancreatic endocrine cells. Alternatively, it may be feasible to generate new β‐cells by ectopic expression of key transcription factors in endogenous non‐β‐cells. Finally, engineering surrogate β‐cells by in vivo delivery of the insulin gene to specific tissues is also being studied as a possible therapy for type 1 diabetes. In the present review, we discuss these different approaches to restore insulin production.
p53‐Induced Uncoupling Expression of Aquaporin‐4 and Inwardly Rectifying K+4.1 Channels in Cytotoxic Edema after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Yan Jun‐hao , Khatibi Nikan H. , Han Hong‐bin , Hu Qin , Chen Chun‐hua , Li Li , Yang Xiao‐mei , Zhou Chang‐man 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARY Aims:To investigate the mechanism behind cytotoxic edema formation following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).Methods:We explored the role of aquaporin‐4 (AQP4), inwardly rectifying K+4.1 (Kir4.1) channels and their upstream orchestrators p53 and p38MAPK in this process. A p53 inhibitor, pifithrin‐α (PFT‐α) was administered intraperitoneally to rats undergoing SAH by endovascular perforation. Totally, 98 male SD rats were categorized into sham, SAH, SAH+ dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), SAH+ 0.2 or 2.0 mg/kg PFT‐α groups. At 24 h after SAH, MRI (diffusion‐weighted imaging [DWI]), immunohistochemistry, and Western blot were used.Results:MRI (DWI) showed a significant cytotoxic edema in the brain following SAH with PFT‐α therapy reducing it. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot showed an increased level of p53, phosphorylated‐p38MAPK and AQP4 and a reduced level of Kir4.1; all of which could be reversed following PFT‐α treatment. Treble labeling staining revealed colocalization of p53 with phosphorylated‐p38MAPK and unmatched expression of AQP4 and Kir4.1 within astrocyte cells.Conclusion:These results indicated p53 mediates the formation of cytotoxic edema in the brain following SAH; an uncoupling expression of AQP4 and Kir4.1 on astrocytic end feets orchestrated by p38MAPK was partly responsible.
Construction of an automated screening system to predict breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis
Authors: Jin Sou‐Young , Won Jae‐Kyung , Lee Hojin , Choi Ho‐Jin 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTBackground and aim: Using machine learning methods can be helpful in the clinical decision processes such as pathological diagnosis with the aid of microscopic feature datasets. In the present study using the Breast Cancer Wisconsin dataset, an optimal algorithm (classifiers) which can predict both diagnosis (benign vs malignant) and prognosis (recur vs non‐recur) was devised by comparing several classification algorithms. Methods: The performance of a two‐step algorithm, which sequentially decides diagnosis and prognosis, was compared with that of a multi‐class classifier, which divides classes simultaneously. Results: In the two‐step classifier, it was discovered that the functional trees (FT) algorithm is the best for the first step of classification, and Naïve Bayes is the best for the second step of classification. On the other hand, the one‐step classifier shows better accuracy and better prediction on benign and non‐recurring cases than the two‐step classifier, but it shows lower accuracy on predicting recurring cases, leading to lower sensitivity. Conclusions: We conclude that the two‐step classifier with FT and Naïve Bayes is better than the one‐step classifier. This work will be helpful in setting the automated screening system in real clinics and highlight clues to improve the accuracy by refining data and algorithm selection in data mining or machine learning processes.
Exotic encounters with dental implants: managing complications with unidentified systems
Authors: Mattheos N , Janda M Schittek 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAs the application of dental implants increases worldwide, so is the number of technical and biological complications that general dental practitioners will be called to manage, while maintaining implant patients. In addition, the greater patient mobility encountered today combined with a growing trend of ‘dental implant tourism’ will very often result in situations where the dentist is requested to deal with complications in implants placed elsewhere and which sometimes might be of an ‘exotic’ system one cannot directly recognize. Such a situation can pose significant challenges to even experienced clinicians. The challenges are not only in the scientific field, but often include professional and ethical implications. This case report will discuss strategies for the management of implant complications in cases of unidentified implant systems. Critical factors in such situations would be the clinician’s experience and special training, the correct radiographic technique, as well as access to the appropriate tools and devices.
Non-inclusion complexes between riboflavin and cyclodextrins
Authors: de Jesus Marcelo Bispo , Fraceto Leonardo Fernandes , Martini Maria Florencia , Pickholz Monica , Ferreira Carmen Veríssima , de Paula Eneida 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate the molecular interaction between β-cyclodextrin (βCD) or hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and riboflavin (RF), and to test the anticancer potential of these formulations.

Methods
The physicochemical characterization of the association between RF and CDs was performed by UV-vis absorption, fluorescence, differential scanning calorimetry and NMR techniques. Molecular dynamics simulation was used to shed light on the mechanism of interaction of RF and CDs. Additionally, in-vitro cell culture tests were performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the RF–CD complexes against prostate cancer cells.

Key findings
Neither βCD nor HPβCD led to substantial changes in the physicochemical properties of RF (with the exception of solubility). Additionally, rotating frame Overhauser effect spectroscopy experiments detected no spatial correlations between hydrogens from the internal cavity of CDs and RF, while molecular dynamics simulations revealed ‘out-of-ring’ RF–CD interactions. Notwithstanding, both RF–βCD and RF–HPβCD complexes were cytotoxic to PC3 prostate cancer cells.

Conclusions
The interaction between RF and either βCD or HPβCD, at low concentrations, seems to be made through hydrogen bonding between the flavonoid and the external rim of both CDs. Regardless of the mechanism of complexation, our findings indicate that RF–CD complexes significantly increase RF solubility and potentiate its antitumour effect.
Assessment of the pharmacological properties of 5-methoxyindole derivatives at 5-HT4 receptors
Authors: Coupar Ian M , Irving Helen R , Manallack David T , Tan Yean Y , Ayad Fadi , Iulio Juliana Di , Tochon-Danguy Nathalie , Iskander Magdy N 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Objectives
The aim was to examine the biological activity of 5-methoxytryptamine derivatives at the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)4 receptor to explore the effect of substitution on the aliphatic amine of the 5-methoxyamine scaffold.

Methods
Three compounds were tested for affinity at the 5-HT4 receptor by radioligand binding and functional activity using guinea-pig ileum and human colon circular muscle preparations and also in the mouse whole gut transit test.

Key findings
The three compounds all had agonist properties at the 5-HT4 receptor but their efficacy differed in the different functional tests. Compound 3 had the highest affinity for the 5-HT4 receptor and was a full agonist at relaxing human colon circular muscle with efficacy closest to 5-HT. Compounds 1 and 2 were partial agonists in this assay with lower efficacies; compound 2 was a full agonist in the guinea-pig ileum assay whereas compound 3 was a partial agonist. Compounds 1 and 2 also showed activity in the mouse gut transit assay while compound 3 had no activity.

Conclusions
Of the compounds tested, compound 3 was the most promising 5-HT4 receptor agonist and the results highlight the value of using human tissue in functional tests when assessing compounds for potential activity.
Upper Bounds for the D(1)-Vertex-Distinguishing EI-Total Chromatic Numbers of Graphs
Authors: Liu Xinsheng , Wang Zhiqiang 
Published: March 2012

Let G(V,E) be a simple connected graph, and |V(G)| 1Â¥ 2. Suppose k, 1 are both positive integers and f is a mapping from V(G)1ÂªE(G) to {1, 2, 1Â¦, k}, such that 1) uv1Â&#x88;E(G)(u 1Â v), f(u) 1Â f(v); 2) uv1Â&#x88;E(G)(u 1Â v), dG(u,v) ≤ 1, where dG(u,v) denotes the distance between u and v, we have C(u) 1Â C(v), where C(u) = {f(u)}1Âª{f(uv)|uv1Â&#x88;E(G)}. Then f is called a k-D(1)-vertex-distinguishing EI-total coloring of G. In this paper we study the upper bounds for the D(1)-vertex-distinguishing EI-total chromatic numbers by the probability method and prove that 11vtei(G) ≤ 321(1+2)/1 when 1 1Â¥ 5, 1 1Â¥ 4.
Computational Fluid Dynamics: Computer Simulation
Authors: Navthar R. R. , Kotakar S. G. , Khire M. Y. 
Published: March 2012

The Physical aspects of any fluid flow are governed by three fundamental principles: Mass is conserved; Newton's second law and Energy is conserved. These fundamental principles can be expressed in terms of mathematical equations, which in their most general form are usually partial differential equations. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is the science of determining a numerical solution to the governing equations of fluid flow whilst advancing the solution through space or time to obtain a numerical description of the complete flow field of interest. The governing equations for Newtonian fluid dynamics, the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations, have been known for over a century. However, the analytical investigation of reduced forms of these equations is still an active area of research as is the problem of turbulent closure for the Reynolds averaged form of the equations. For non-Newtonian fluid dynamics, chemically reacting flows and multiphase flows theoretical developments are at a less advanced stage.
The development of more powerful computers has furthered the advances being made in the field of computational fluid dynamics. Consequently CFD is now the preferred means of testing alternative designs in many engineering companies before final, if any, experimental testing takes place.
A Framework for Effective and Useful Technology Transfer in Sino-African International Construction Projects
Authors: Agnantounkpatin Arnaud R , Zhang Lian Ying 
Published: March 2012

International Construction Projects (ICP) create physical assets which help achieve social and economic goals: factories, offices, hospitals, bridges1Â¦ This is also a principal way for modern society to generate new values. In developing countries especially African countries, construction projects can generate more than 10% of the National wealth becoming one of the biggest source of economic and social change. But the lack of technology in African developing countries causes a very important block to the development of the construction industry in those countries.
Sino-African ICP have been growing very fast recently and has become one the main way to technology and knowledge transfer for African countries but because of many managerial differences between Chinese and Africans those transfers have serious lack of effectiveness and usefulness.
This paper investigates technology and knowledge transfer in international projects and based on existing works, it presents a framework for an effective and useful technology and knowledge transfer for Sino-African ICP by introducing the Mixed-Experts.
Biological consequences of MLC calibration errors in IMRT delivery and QA
Authors: Moiseenko Vitali , LaPointe Vincent , James Kerry , Yin Lingshu , Liu Mitchell , Pawlicki Todd 
Published: March 2012

Purpose:The purpose of this work is threefold: (1) to explore biological consequences of the multileaf collimator (MLC) calibration errors in intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) of prostate and head and neck cancers, (2) to determine levels of planning target volume (PTV) and normal tissue under‐ or overdose flagged with clinically used QA action limits, and (3) to provide biologically based input for MLC QA and IMRT QA action limits.Methods:Ten consecutive prostate IMRT cases and ten consecutive head and neck IMRT cases were used. Systematic MLC offsets (i.e., calibration error) were introduced for each control point of the plan separately for X1 and X2 leaf banks. Offsets were from − 2 to 2 mm with a 0.5 mm increment. The modified files were imported into the planning system for forward dose recalculation. The original plan served as the reference. The generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD) was used as the biological index for the targets, rectum, parotid glands, brainstem, and spinal cord. Each plan was recalculated on a CT scan of a 27 cm diameter cylindrical phantom with a contoured 0.6 cc ion chamber. Dose to ion chamber and 3D gamma analysis were compared to the reference plan. QA pass criteria: (1) at least 95% of voxels with a dose cutoff of 50% of maximum dose have to pass at 3 mm/3% and (2) dose to chamber within 2% of the reference dose.Results:For prostate cases, differences in PTV and rectum gEUD greater than 2% were identified. However, a larger proportion of plans leading to greater than 2% difference in prostate PTV gEUD passed the ion chamber QA but not 3D gamma QA. A similar trend was found for the rectum gEUD. For head and neck IMRT, the QA pass criteria flagged plans leading to greater than 4% differences in PTV gEUD and greater than 5% differences in the maximum dose to brainstem. If pass criteria were relaxed to 90% for gamma and 3% for ion chamber QA, plans leading to a 5% difference in PTV gEUD and a 5%–8% difference in brainstem maximum dose would likely pass IMRT QA. A larger proportion of head and neck plans with greater than 2% PTV gEUD difference passed 3D gamma QA compared to ion chamber QA.Conclusions:For low modulation plans, there is a better chance to catch MLC calibration errors with 3D gamma QA rather than ion chamber QA. Conversely, for high modulation plans, there is a better chance to catch MLC calibration errors with ion chamber QA rather than with 3D gamma QA. Ion chamber and 3D gamma analysis IMRT QA can detect greater than 2% change in gEUD for PTVs and critical structures for low modulation treatment plans. For high modulation treatment plans, ion chamber and 3D gamma analysis can detect greater than 2% change in gEUD for PTVs and a 5% change in critical structure gEUD since either QA methods passes the QA criteria. For gEUD changes less than those listed above, either QA method has the same proportion of passing rate.
Presymptomatic cerebral blood flow changes inCHMP2Bmutation carriers of familial frontotemporal dementia (FTD-3), measured with MRI
Authors: Lunau Line , Mouridsen Kim , Rodell Anders , Østergaard Leif , Nielsen Jørgen Erik , Isaacs Adrian , Johannsen Peter ,   The FReJA Consortium
Published: March 2012

ObjectivesTo assess functional changes measured by cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the presymptomatic stage of frontotemporal dementia linked to chromosome 3 (FTD-3) caused by a truncating mutation inCHMP2B.DesignCase–control study.SettingA memory clinic and tertiary referrals centre for dementia and inherited neurodegenerative disorders.ParticipantsThe authors included 11 presymptomaticCHMP2Bmutation carriers and seven first-degree-related family non-carriers. Participants were MRI scanned twice with an interval of 15 months.Primary and secondary outcome measuresLocal functional changes in brain tissue perfusion were measured as CBF with two different MR techniques, gradient echo (GRE) and spin echo (SE), focusing on CBF in all cerebral vessels (GRE) and cerebral capillaries (SE), respectively. As planned, data analysis included co-registration of perfusion images to structural T1 images. Perfusion data were then extracted from seven regions-of-interest, normalised to white matter and statistically compared between carriers and non-carriers.ResultsFor SE, contrasts between carriers and non-carriers showed significant differences in temporal, occipital and parietal lobes and in hippocampus. There was no evidence of changes from baseline to follow-up. For GRE, there were no significant differences between carriers and non-carriers.ConclusionsSignificantly decreased CBF was found in presymptomaticCHMP2Bmutation carriers in occipital-and parietal lobes. Comparing SE with GRE, data indicate that FTD-3 vascular pathology might primarily affect brain capillaries.