bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Islay Anticline (Inner Hebrides)
Authors: Bailey Edward Battersby 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

As compared with the publications of the Geological Survey, the present paper includes the following new features:—

(1)
Direct structural evidence is offered of the superposition of the Lower Torridonian sediments of the Rhinns of Islay upon the Lewisian Gneiss of the southern part of that peninsula. Dr. Peach and Mr. Wilkinson were not apparently on the outlook for big inversions, apart from such as are introduced by thrusts, and so their interpretation of the structure required confirmation.

(2)
The Loch Gruinart Fault is recognized, and its possible correlation with the Great Glen Fault discussed. No dislocation is suspected in this position by the Survey authors, but Mr. George Barrow, in conversation, has suggested that an important thrust separates the Rhinns from the rest of Islay.

(3)
Collateral evidence is afforded of the existence of the Loch Skerrols Thrust.

(4)
The Maol an Fhithich Quartzite is separated from the Islay Quartzite.

(5)
The comparatively simple anticlinal structure of North Islay, as illustrated in Sections A & B (Pl. XII), is traced in detail. In the Survey description Dr. Peach and Mr. Wilkinson recognize the anticlinal structure of that part of the district which is included within the horseshoe outcrop of the Dolomitic Group; but they correlate the quartzite beyond this outcrop with the quartzite inside, and assume that the Dolomitic Group is everywhere preserved in synclines. The structural relations, although very clear in the
The Origin of the Secondary Stanniferous Deposits of the Kinta District, Perak (Federated Malay States)
Authors: Jones William Richard 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
In September 1910, Mr. J. B. Scrivenor, Government Geologist to the Federated Malay States, described certain deposits (the Gopeng Beds) in the Kinta district as being ‘the remains of a very ancient tin-field that formed part of Gondwanaland,’ and as having been transported by glaciers or sheets of floating ice. This theory of their origin has also been maintained by its author in later publications, and in an article in the ‘Geological Magazine’ for July 1914, p. 309, he states that the Glacial theory ‘best explains the facts in the field.’
The presence in these ‘clays and boulder-clays’ of rich deposits of tin-ore, the bulk of which, according to Mr. Scrivenor, is derived from Gondwanaland, gives very great economic importance to the question of their origin; and its importance from a scientific point of view becomes immediately apparent when it is realized that these clays are stated to have furnished ‘a more valuable horizon on climatic evidence than can be afforded by limited collections of fossils in rocks far removed from Europe’; that they have been correlated with the Talchir Beds of India; and have been used as the horizon on which to base the geological age of rocks that cover over a quarter of the surface of the Malay Peninsula. If they are of glacial origin and of the same age as the Talchir rocks they should extend under the ‘younger Gondwana rocks’ mapped by Mr. Scrivenor, and consequently other extensive tin-fields would remain to be discovered
The Tertiary Volcanic Rocks of the District of Mozambique
Authors: Holmes Arthur 
Published: October 2009

Introduction.
I. History Of Exploration
The Portuguese East-African District of Mozambique was, until recently, one of the least known of the East-African coastlands. Livingstone explored the regions on the south-west (1865) and north (1874), but Mozambique itself he did not touch. Sadebeck (1879) was the first to give a geological description of the sedimentary rocks that fringe the coastal plain of the mainland north and south of Mozambique Island. This work was followed up by Choffat (1903) in an important palæontological memoir on the Cretaceous formations of Conducia Bay. Exploration beyond the coastal zone was initiated by Lieut. H. E. O'Neill, who made a number of successful journeys westwards across the mainland during the years 1881–1884. In his papers (1882, 1884, 1885) he gives a very complete and faithful account of the natives and their customs; but, beyond the suggestion that the prevailing rocks are gneisses and granites, he makes no reference to the geology of the territory. In 1887, Mr. J. T. Last made a journey from Blantyre to the Namuli Peaks, which had for long been considered to be of volcanic origin. This view he disproved (Last, 1887), describing the summit as ‘an almost perpendicular mass of white stone.’ I have since learned from Mr. Last that he referred in this expression to the grey granite and gneiss which builds up the Namuli Peaks, as it does the other mountainous masses of the country.
Thus, until a few years ago, Mozambique, with the exception of part of the
On a Spilitic Facies
of
Lower Carboniferous Lava-Flows in Derbyshire
Authors: Sargent Henry Cruden 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The igneous rocks of Derbyshire, locally called ‘toadstones,’ form a well-known basic series comprising lava-flows, sills, a few thin dykes, and also, in many localities, pyroclastic material varying from coarse agglomerate to fine-grained tuff. All these rocks occur entirely in beds of Lower Carboniferous age. The lava-flows and ashes were contemporaneous with the Carboniferous Limestone, with the exception of a few small occurrences in the south-west of the county which are in the Limestone Shales overlying the limestone. That they were submarine is evident from their intercalation at various horizons in marine deposits. There would appear to have been a large number of vents scattered over a sea-floor that was undergoing slow and prolonged subsidence.

Dr. Bemrose
1
has classified the lavas and sills under three heads, namely: (1) olivine-dolerites, (2) ophitic olivine-dolerites, and (3) olivine-basalts. These distinctions rest on internal structure alone, and not on mode of occurrence, intrusive or extrusive.

In the course of a visit of the Geologists' Association to Derbyshire in the summer of 1914, specimens of lava were collected in Tideswell Dale which appeared, on examination under the microscope, to vary widely in character from the dolerites and basalts of the county hitherto described. Dr. Harker, to whom a thin section was submitted, pointed out that it possessed decided affinities with the spilites of Devon and Cornwall, and also, to some extent, with the mugearites of East Lothian. It seemed desirable, therefore, to make a further examination of the rocks of the district, in
Supplementary Notes on
Aclisina
De Koninck and
Aclisoides
Donald, with Descriptions of New Species
Authors: Longstaff Jane 
Published: October 2009

In 1898 I communicated a paper to this Society on the genus
Aclisina
and on
Aclisoides
, a new section or subgenus of
Murchisonia
. Since that date I have had the opportunity of studying a larger number of specimens, which has not only enabled me to learn more about the species then described, but also to add to their number.

Fifteen species of
Aclisina
with several varieties, and a single species of
Aclisoides
with one variety, were dealt with in 1898. I am now referring seven more species to the former, six of which have not been previously noted, and am regarding the form considered a variety of the latter as a distinct species. Thus we have a total of twenty-two possible species of
Aclisina
and two of
Aclisoides
. In addition to these there are in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, three small shells resembling
Aclisina
, one from Poolvash, the others from Settle, all too much embedded in the matrix to be accurately determined.

The numbers given can only be regarded as approximate, for paucity of specimens and defects in the manner of preservation sometimes render the definition of genera and species difficult. It is, therefore, possible that some shells at present considered as distinct species may afterwards prove to be varieties only, while others now grouped together may need to be separated.
In the previous paper no holotypes were selected. I am now supplying the omission, and also stating in which collections they are deposited.
Although I have already remarked on
The Trias of New Zealand
Authors: Trechmann Charles Taylor 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
New Zealand occupies the most isolated and, so far as the-palaeontology is concerned, one of the lesser-known links in the great chain of folded marine Triassic sedimentary rocks which surrounds the Pacific Ocean.

The presence of Triassic rocks of the Alpine type in New Zealand was first made known as a result of the visit of the Austrian frigate ‘Novara’ in 1858 & 1859 and the researches of F. von Hochstetter. Four species of Triassic fossils found on that occasion were described and figured by Zittel in 1864.
1
These were
Monotis salinaria var. richmondiana
Zittel,
Spirigera wreyi
Suess,
Mytilus problematicus
Zittel, and
Halobia lommeli
Wissmann.

The Nelson province was the only district where Hochstetter obtained Trias fossils. He collected several Jurassic forms at Kawhia Harbour on the western coast of the North Island, but the Triassic deposits south of the harbour were discovered at a later date.
Since Hochstetter's visit the detailed geological survey of New Zealand has revealed the wide extension of the Triassic rocks, and their stratigraphical and tectonic features have in many areas been more or less satisfactorily worked out.

Sir James Hector
1
published from time to time lists of the fossils which the officers of the Survey had collected. His lists were not accompanied by figures or descriptions, and those from the beds with which the present paper deals were mostly names of well-known European Permian and Triassic forms. He paid, however, a closer attention to belemnites and brachiopods, and established three
The Triassic Crinoids from New Zealand, collected by Dr. C. T. Trechmann
Authors: Bather Francis Arthur 
Published: October 2009

Dr. Trechmann has kindly presented to the British Museum (Natural History) a stem-fragment and a piece of calcareous sandstone containing imprints of various columnals, and has asked me to furnish some notes on them. Since these are the first Triassic crinoids to be described from New Zealand, their adequate description seems warranted, despite their fragmentary condition. All are believed to represent new species.

In 1909 most of the Triassic crinoids known up to date were discussed by me in ‘Triassic Echinoderms of Bakony,’
1
and the terminology here employed is explained in that memoir. Since then the only professedly new forms made known are those contained in Clark & Twitchell, 1915. ‘The Mesozoic & Cenozoic Echinodermata of the United States’ (U.S. Geol. Surv. Monogr. liv). These, therefore, are discussed here at greater length than the better-known European species, and for one of them a new specific name is proposed.

[Mr. G. C. Martin, in a paper on ‘Triassic Rocks of Alaska,’ published December 1916 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. vol. xxvii, pp. 685–718), but not received here until June 1917, records specimens of ‘
Pentacrinus
.’ These, which belong to two new species of
Isocrinus
, are also described and compared.]

Entrochus undatus, sp. nov. (Figs. 1 & 2, p. 248.)
Diagnosis.— Trochitæ with smooth, faintly convex side-faces; ratio of heights to diameter circa 0·18; joint-face with about 25 coarse ill-developed ridges, radiating from the centre about halfway to the periphery, where they merge into a few broad, irregular
The Section at Worms Heath (Surrey). With Remarks on Tertiary Pebble-Beds and on Clay-with-Flints
Authors: Whitaker William 
Published: October 2009

I. History and Literature of the Worms-Heath Outlier

The occurrence of outliers of the Lower London Tertiaries far away from the main mass, in the Chalk-tract of Surrey, was known to Prestwich, and the sites of some of them were noted by him, though not in his papers read to the Society.
1
But, presumably because he was then dealing with distance from the main mass and not with size, these sites included only small patches, at the top of the Chalk-escarpment of the North Downs and not the much larger outlier with which we are especially concerned, roughly a square mile in area and some way inward from the Chalk-escarpment.

All these outliers consist wholly of the uppermost of the three divisions of the Lower London Tertiaries, to which the name Blackheath Beds has been given, the underlying Woolwich Beds and Thanet Beds being absent. This was not mentioned by Prestwich, who was dealing with the Lower London Tertiaries as a whole and not with the divisions thereof, the details of which, moreover, had not been then fully worked out, his third paper on the Series not appearing until 1854.
The first recognition of the Tertiary tract of Worms Heath was on Sheet 6 of the Geological Survey Map, published in 1864, though the Surveyor (who need not be named) was mistaken as to the age of the deposit when he first saw the place, some years before that date, the pebble-beds being taken as a peculiar kind of Drift,
Petrological Examination of the Deposits [at Worms Heath]
Authors: Edge A. Broughton 
Published: October 2009

The deposits will be described in the order in which they now occur in the pipes: namely, Chalk, Grey Clay-with-Flints, Red Clay-with-Flints, sand, and pebbles, although that is not the order of age. The occurrence of halloysite will then be dealt with, and, in conclusion, the mode of origin and subsequent history of the deposits will be considered.
Chalk.

The chalk belongs to the zone of
Micraster cor-testudinarium
, and contains flint-nodules scattered in moderate amount along the bedding-planes.

In places the chalk is abnormally hard, apparently through deposition in its pore-spaces of carbonate of lime dissolved from haigher layers of chalk. Thin sections of this hard chalk show no recrystallization of calcite or other peculiarities of texture. A sample treated with dilute hydrochloric acid gave a residue of 0⋅99 per cent. brown clay, and 0⋅011 per cent. coarser material, the latter being chiefly quartz with a little flint, silicified foraminifera, ferruginous matter, etc. A feature observed in rubbing down the sections was the number of dendritic patches of manganese oxide, about 0⋅5 mm. in diameter, scattered through the chalk and not concentrated along the joints as is often the case. They appear to represent primary segregations of the manganese diffuse through the Chalk ooze, and originally extracted from the sea-water by organisms or derived from basic igneous material.
1

Adjacent to the pipes, the chalk is often soft and plastic through partial solution. This material is easily washed down, and uields abundantforaminifera, polyzoa, sponge-spicules, ostracods,
Inoceramus
fragments, etc. Minute bones, teeth
Notes on the Correlation of the Deposits described in Mr. C. J. Gilbert's paper with the High-Level Gravels of the South of England (or the London Basin)
Authors: Barrow George 
Published: October 2009

These deposits being clearly post-Eocene, the question arises, what is their true age, and with what other similar deposits within or near the London district can they be correlated? Their height above sea-level—550 feet—suggests that they form part of the series of High-Level Gravels, described by various authors under various names, often that of the locality at or near which they occur.
Under the heading of ‘Pebble Gravel,’ Mr. Whitaker has given a short but good description of these deposits, followed by a list and a brief account of the numerous occurrences of pebble-gravel. Unfortunately, the term has been applied by many of the observers, whose notes he quotes, to deposits that have no connexion with the particular gravels to which he personally restricts the use of this name, so that much of the account is either of no value or misleading. The late Prof. T. McK. Hughes grasped the significance of their extent and mode of occurrence, being especially impressed by their uniform level in the area surveyed by himself in Hertfordshire, a little over 400 feet above sea-level. He called them the ‘Gravels of the Upper Plain’ and considered that they must be marine.
On the north side of the Thames, the most extensive spread of these gravels occurs on the Tertiary Ridge, about Stanmore Common, Shenley, Barnet, Potters Bar, etc., and these are taken by Mr. Whitaker as the type occurrences. Recently these occurrences have been re-examined and re-mapped by the officers of the Geological Survey, mostly
A New Mode of Transportation by Ice: the Raised Marine Muds of South Victoria Land (Antarctica)
Authors: Debenham Frank 
Published: October 2009

The old and somewhat vexed subject of the methods of transportation of material by land- and sea-ice is again brought up in this paper, a subject on which there is so voluminous a literature that any attempt to add to it must have the support of the strongest reasons. It is, therefore, with some temerity that I attempt the description of a set of facts which appears to contain a key to some of the well-known problems of ice-action.
Of all the phenomena of glacial deposits, perhaps the most puzzling are the occurrences of shelly drifts of marine origin in a great variety of circumstances, both as to height and as to composition. The great discussions of the past as to whether they indicated submergence, or merely an upthrust-action of the ice, can only be said to have been suspended and not concluded.
The subject of this paper is a series of deposits on the Antarctic shores which point to an explanation of the origin of many of these shelly drifts and the peculiar circumstances in which they occur. In South Victoria Land we had the good fortune to see these shelly deposits at an early stage of their evolution, a stage now only possible in polar lands with a severe climate. The occurrence of raised marine muds, resting upon ice, was reported by the first Expedition that wintered in the Ross Sea, the British National Antarctic Expedition of 1901-1904. They were described by Mr. H. T. Ferrar, the geologist
The Geology of the Meldon Valleys near Okehampton, on the Northern Verge of Dartmoor
Authors: Worth Richard Hansford 
Published: October 2009

The area covered by these notes comprises as much of the watershed of the West Okement and the Redaven as lies between the London & South-Western Railway-line on the north and, on the south, the ‘Roof of Devon,’ the Yes Tor-High Wilhays ridge; practically it is yet further restricted, since but brief reference is made to the granite-mass of Dartmoor.
The rivers and brooks within this area have been useful section-cutters in a country where, for many acres, stray boulders on grassland are the only other guides, and their assistance has been more marked since the great flood of August 14th, 1917, which not only swept their beds clear, but tore away from the banks their cover of grass and heather.
Artificially, also, much has been done to reveal the rock-structure. A very extensive quarry is worked by the railway company east of Meldon Viaduct, the face of this quarry being some 600 yards long. Formerly limestone was raised south of the railway both on the eastern and on the western banks of the West Okement; but both quarries are now abandoned. During the last eight or nine years stone has been taken from the dyke of the Meldon aplite east and west of the Redaven, and two small quarries in the same rock were opened several years ago on the flank of South Down, while prospecting work has been executed near the old Ice House on Sourton Tors. There is a quarry in the shales by the Vellake, and
The Early History of the Indus, Brahmaputra, and Ganges
Authors: Pascoe Edwin Hall 
Published: October 2009

The ideas expressed in this paper are the outcome of a study of the Punjab oil-belt. The principal hypothesis proposed has been advanced simultaneously by Dr. H. G. E. Pilgrim. F.G.S., in a paper still in manuscript, to explain the formation of the Siwalik boulder-conglomerates. That paper will, I hope, soon be published, but I have taken the liberty of following up an interesting point to which Dr. Pilgrim has drawn attention: namely, the frequent V-shaped course of the north-bank tributaries of the Ganges where they leave the belt of Siwalik deposits.

Briefly, the hypotheses that I desire to bring forward may be summarized as follows:—

(i)
That in Eocene times a gulf extended from Sind northwards as far as Afghanistan, and thence curved eastwards and south-eastwards through Kohat and the Punjab to the neighbourhood of Naini Tal.

(ii)
That this gulf gave place to a great river, the head-waters of which consisted of the portion of the Brahmaputra flowing through Assam. This river flowed westwards and north-westwards along the foot of the Himalaya us far as the North-West Punjab, where it turned southwards along a line not very different from that of the modern Indus, and emptied itself into the Arabian Sea. In other words, the Assam Brahmaputra was once the head- waters of the Indus.

(iii)
That two separate rivers or two branches of the same river, debouching into the Bay of Bengal, cut back and beheaded this old Indus, the
Appendix II. Notes on the Implements
Authors: Burkitt Miles Crawford 
Published: October 2009

In considering those implements of undoubted human manufacture that Prof. Marr has discovered at the Traveller's Rest gravel-pit, two more or less distinct series seem to be present:—

(
a
) There is a series of much water worn implements, which are in some cases stained deep ochreous-brown and in other cases greenish bluish-brown. These are undoubtedly of Lower Palaeolithic age. Without faunal evidence—that is, alas, completely lacking—it would be difficult to say how much is Acheulean and how much Chellean. At any rate, forms of undoubtedly Lower Palæolithic age are common.

There are both large and small coups-de-poing, side scrapers with a Chellean trimming, worked flakes, etc. Many of these very much recall the industry at ‘Three Hills.’ There are also a number of unworked triangular flakes that have been struck off by a blow which leaves a good bulb of percussion: similar flakes are found at ‘Three Hills.’ A rough sort of core-scraper has also been found, which, owing to its deep ochreous-brown patina, would belong to this series.
There is, too, a small coup-de-poing with the twisted sides that are so typical of the Acheulean period.

(
b
) A series has also been found which, on examination, leaves a totally different impression. Whenever implements of this series have been obtained
in situ
, they come from upper levels of the pit. The rest (as also those of series
a
) have been collected from heaps left by the workmen.

This series is usually bluish and is much less waterworn. No Q.J.G.S. No.