bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First-Language Attrition in Bengali-English–Speaking Individuals
Authors: Datta Hia 
Published: April 2012

Multilingual immigrants who live in an environment that does not support their first language (L1) can experience changes in their L1. Such changes, over long periods of time, can lead to attrition in L1. Existing studies examining L1 attrition have been focused on European languages and immigrants between the European and American continents. A group of researchers at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY) sought to understand L1 attrition in South Asian immigrants with L1s that are very different in structure from English. In this study, we examined the relationship between language-use and language-immersion patterns that affect first and second language (L2) performance in Bengali-English speaking multilinguals. Language performance was measured by two lexical tasks—a picture-word task and verbal fluency measures—in both Bengali and English.
Results indicated that decreased L1 use and low self-reported ratings of L1 predicted L1 attrition in these Bengali-English speaking individuals. Results also indicated that the earlier individuals are immersed in an L2 environment, the more likely it is that their first language will be affected by attrition. Thus, frequent use of L1 is important in order to maintain it, especially for immigrants who wish to pass their L1 on to future generations.
South Asian Stories: Firsthand Client Perspectives on Barriers to Accessing Speech-Language Pathology Services
Authors: Mahendra Nidhi 
Published: April 2012

This article details the experience of two South Asian individuals with family members who had communication disorders. I provide information on intrinsic and extrinsic barriers reported by these clients in responses to a survey and during individual ethnographic interviews. These data are part of a larger study and provide empirical support of cultural and linguistic barriers that may impede timely access to and utilization of speech-language pathology (SLP) services.
The purpose of this article is to shed light on barriers and facilitators that influence South Asian clients' access to SLP services. I provide and briefly analyze two case vignettes to provide readers a phenomenological perspective on client experiences. Data about barriers limiting access to SLP services were obtained via client surveys and individual interviews. These two clients' data were extracted from a larger study (Mahendra, Scullion, Hamerschlag, Cooper, & La, 2011) in which 52 racially/ethnically diverse clients participated. Survey items and interview questions were designed to elicit information about client experiences when accessing SLP services. Results reveal specific intrinsic and extrinsic barriers that affected two South Asian clients' access to SLP services and have important implications for all providers.
Phase transitions in biogenic amorphous calcium carbonate
Authors: Gong Yutao U. T. , Killian Christopher E. , Olson Ian C. , Appathurai Narayana P. , Amasino Audra L. , Martin Michael C. , Holt Liam J. , Wilt Fred H. , Gilbert P. U. P. A. 
Published: April 2012

Crystalline biominerals do not resemble faceted crystals. Current explanations for this property involve formation via amorphous phases. Using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM), here we examine forming spicules in embryos of
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
sea urchins, and observe a sequence of three mineral phases: hydrated amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC·H
2
O) → dehydrated amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) → calcite. Unexpectedly, we find ACC·H
2
O-rich nanoparticles that persist after the surrounding mineral has dehydrated and crystallized. Protein matrix components occluded within the mineral must inhibit ACC·H
2
O dehydration. We devised an in vitro, also using XANES-PEEM, assay to identify spicule proteins that may play a role in stabilizing various mineral phases, and found that the most abundant occluded matrix protein in the sea urchin spicules, SM50, stabilizes ACC·H
2
O in vitro.
Effects of Rearing Environment and Strain Combination on Heterosis in Brook Trout
Authors: Crespel Amélie , Audet Céline , Bernatchez Louis , Garant Dany 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Three strains of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis (domestic [D], Laval [L], and Rupert [R]) and their reciprocal hybrids were reared from 7 to 21 months of age in three different environments (indoor, constant temperature conditions; indoor, seasonal temperature variations; and outdoor, seasonal temperature variations) to test for the occurrence of heterosis in important life history traits of interest for production (body mass, length, condition factor, the absence of early sexual maturation, and survival). For each cross, body mass, length, and mortality were measured at regular intervals and sexual maturity was assessed in age-1+ fish (21 months of age). We found evidence for heterosis in mass and length that varied according to strain, cross direction in reciprocal hybrids, developmental stage, or environment; no significant outbreeding depression was detected for these traits. Heterosis expression for weight varied from 4.9% to 23.8% depending on the hybrids and environments. We found that one out of five reciprocal hybrids tested (L[female]R[male]) expressed heterosis at each age stage throughout the experiment in the three environments while the other four had mixed results. No evidence for heterosis was observed for sexual maturity and survival. These results not only provide one of the first clear pieces of evidence for the occurrence of heterosis in salmonids but also illustrate the complex nature and the unpredictability of this phenomenon.
Dose–response relationship between selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors and injurious falls: a study in nursing home residents with dementia
Authors: Sterke Carolyn S. , Ziere Gijsbertus , van Beeck Ed F. , Looman Caspar W. N. , van der Cammen Tischa J. M. 
Published: April 2012

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Patients treated with selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been shown to have an increased risk of falling. In nursing homes, many patients with dementia are given SSRIs as a treatment for depression. In this group, however, the possible risk of injurious falls by treatment dosage is not known.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• Even at low doses, SSRIs are associated with increased risk of an injurious fall in nursing home residents with dementia. The risk increases with higher doses, with a three‐fold increased risk at 1.00 Defined Daily Dose. The combination of a SSRI with a hypnotic or sedative increases the risk even further.AIMThe contribution of selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to injurious fall risk in patients with dementia has not been quantified precisely until now. Our objective was to determine whether a dose–response relationship exists for the use of SSRIs and injurious falls in a population of nursing home residents with dementia.METHODSDaily drug use and daily falls were recorded in 248 nursing home residents with dementia from 1 January 2006 until 1 January 2008. For each resident and for each day of the study period, data on drug use were abstracted from the prescription database, and information on falls and subsequent injuries was retrieved from a standardized incident report system, resulting in a dataset of 85 074 person‐days.RESULTSWe found a significant dose–response relationship between injurious falls and the use of SSRIs. The risk of an injurious fall increased significantly with 31% at 0.25 of the Defined Daily Dose (DDD) of a SSRI, 73% at 0.50 DDD, and 198% at 1.00 DDD (Hazard ratio = 2.98; 95% confidence interval 1.94, 4.57). The risk increased further in combination with a hypnotic or sedative.CONCLUSIONSEven at low doses, SSRIs are associated with increased risk of an injurious fall in nursing home residents with dementia. Higher doses increase the risk further with a three‐fold risk at 1.00 DDD. New treatment protocols might be needed that take into account the dose–response relationship between SSRIs and injurious falls.
The role of informal caregivers in the well‐being of orphans in Botswana: a literature review
Authors: Maundeni Tapologo , Malinga‐Musamba Tumani 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTWith the orphan population escalating, communities continue to rely on relatives to provide care to orphans. Therefore, there is a need to explore the role of caregivers with regard to the well‐being of orphans, the challenges they face, as well as how they could be empowered to be more responsive to children's needs. The paper acknowledges that informal caregivers play an important role in the lives of orphans. The paper also concedes that, in the process, caregivers are faced with challenges which make it difficult for them to fulfil their responsibilities and roles. As a result, they sometimes act as sources of stress to orphans, which eventually complicate the children's adjustment to the loss of their parents. Lastly, the paper paves the way to ensuring that challenges faced by informal caregivers are addressed in a manner that will make them more supportive to orphans.
Plant functional traits and nutrient gradients on grassland
Authors: Schellberg J. , Pontes L. da S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe traditional way of interpreting environmental and management effects on floristic composition based on phyto‐sociological classification is increasingly accompanied by a trait‐based approach. Plant functional traits (PFT) enable us to link morphological, physiological and phenological plant properties to their functions. Recent research on PFT has significantly improved our understanding on competitive ability of species, resulting species abundance and ecosystem functioning, through investigations of ecological strategies, community assembly theory and functional diversity. In this paper, we review the wide applicability of the trait approach in grassland science. The paper summarizes the power of PFT, the variation along soil nutrient gradients, and gives a case‐by‐case conceptual generalization of mechanisms of interacting traits at plant and canopy scale. We highlight the main trade‐offs among traits and trait syndromes that are prospects for plant response to nutrient gradient and consequently for ecosystem processes. We also discuss the role of intraspecific variability in PFT for multiple ecological issues. Links between functional ecology and grassland science are also identified in order to establish research opportunities. For managed grasslands, we believe that progress in these links will allow us to address broad and timely questions regarding community dynamics driven by resource availability and the consequent multifunctionality of these grasslands.
Microwave drying of mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb): prediction of drying kinetics by mathematical modelling and artificial neural network
Authors: Krishna Murthy Thrupathihalli Pandurangapp , Manohar Balaraman 
Published: April 2012

SummaryCurcuma amada (Mango ginger) was dried at four different power levels ranging 315–800 W to determine the effect of microwave power on moisture content, moisture ratio, drying rate, drying time and effective diffusivity. Among the fifteen thin layer drying models considered for evaluating the drying behaviour, the semi‐empirical Midilli et al., model described the drying kinetics very well with R2 > 0.999. Drying rate and effective diffusivity increased as the microwave power output increased. Activation energy was estimated by a modified Arrhenius type equation and found to be 21.6 kW kg−1. A feed‐forward artificial neural network using back‐propagation algorithm was also employed to predict the moisture content during MW drying and found adequate to predict the drying kinetics with R2 of 0.985.
Influence of carrier agents on the physicochemical properties of blackberry powder produced by spray drying
Authors: Ferrari Cristhiane Caroline , Germer Silvia Pimentel Marconi , Alvim Izabela Dutra , Vissotto Fernanda Zaratini , de Aguirre José Maurício 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThe aim of this work was to study the effect of different carrier agents (maltodextrin, gum arabic or a blend of both carrier agents) on the physicochemical properties of blackberry powder produced by spray drying. Moisture content, anthocyanin retention, antioxidant activity, colour parameters, bulk and absolute density, porosity, wettability, sorption isotherms, particle size and morphology of blackberry powders were evaluated. The use of maltodextrin resulted in less hygroscopic powders with lower moisture content and better reconstitution properties. Powders produced with maltodextrin or a blend of maltodextrin and gum arabic presented the best anthocyanin retention and the highest antioxidant activity. Experimental data of water adsorption were well fitted to GAB model. All the samples exhibited a large number of irregular particles with spherical shapes. However, particles produced with gum arabic were smaller and showed more dented surfaces, which probably contributed to the increase in wettability values and lower pigments retention.
Decoupling of genetic and phenotypic divergence in a headwater landscape
Authors: LOWE WINSOR H. , McPEEK MARK A. , LIKENS GENE E. , COSENTINO BRADLEY J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn stream organisms, the landscape affecting intraspecific genetic and phenotypic divergence is comprised of two fundamental components: the stream network and terrestrial matrix. These components are known to differentially influence genetic structure in stream species, but to our knowledge, no study has compared their effects on genetic and phenotypic divergence. We examined how the stream network and terrestrial matrix affect genetic and phenotypic divergence in two stream salamanders, Gyrinophilus porphyriticus and Eurycea bislineata, in the Hubbard Brook Watershed, New Hampshire, USA. On the basis of previous findings and differences in adult terrestriality, we predicted that genetic divergence and phenotypic divergence in body morphology would be correlated in both species, but structured primarily by distance along the stream network in G. porphyriticus, and by overland distance in E. bislineata. Surprisingly, spatial patterns of genetic and phenotypic divergence were not strongly correlated. Genetic divergence, based on amplified DNA fragment length polymorphisms, increased with absolute geographic distance between sites. Phenotypic divergence was unrelated to absolute geographic distance, but related to relative stream vs. overland distances. In G. porphyriticus, phenotypic divergence was low when sites were close by stream distance alone and high when sites were close by overland distance alone. The opposite was true for E. bislineata. These results show that small differences in life history can produce large differences in patterns of intraspecific divergence, and the limitations of landscape genetic data for inferring phenotypic divergence. Our results also underscore the importance of explicitly comparing how terrestrial and aquatic conditions affect spatial patterns of divergence in species with biphasic life cycles.
Ensuring HIV‐infected pregnant women start antiretroviral treatment: an operational cohort study from Lilongwe, Malawi
Authors: Weigel Ralf , Hosseinipour Mina C. , Feldacker Caryl , Gareta Dickman , Tweya Hannock , Chiwoko Jane , Gumulira Joe , Kalulu Mike , Mofolo Innocent , Kamanga Esmie , Mwale Gertrude , Kadzakumanja Angela , Jere Edward , Phiri Sam 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectives  HIV‐infected women identified through antenatal care (ANC) often fail to access antiretroviral treatment (ART), leaving them and their infants at risk for declining health or HIV transmission. We describe results of measures to improve uptake of ART among eligible pregnant women.Methods  Between October 2006 and December 2009, interventions implemented at ANC and ART facilities in urban Lilongwe aimed to better link services for women with CD4 counts <250/μl. A monitoring system followed women referred for ART to examine trends and improve practices in referral completion, on‐time ART initiation and ART retention.Results  Six hundred and twelve women were ART eligible: 604 (99%) received their CD4 result, 344 (56%) reached the clinic, 286 (47%) started ART while pregnant and 261 (43%) were either alive on ART or transferred out after 6 months. Between 2006 and 2009, the median (IQR) time between CD4 blood draw and ART initiation fell from 41 days (17, 349) to 15 days (7,42) (P = 0.183); the proportion of eligible individuals starting ART while pregnant and retained for 6 months improved from 17% to 65% (P < 0.001). Delays generally shortened within the continuum of care from 2006 to 2009; however, time from CD4 blood draw to ART referral increased from 7 to 14 days.Conclusions  Referrals between facilities and delays through CD4 count measurements create bottlenecks in patient care. Retention improved over time, but delays within the linkage process remained. ART initiation at ANC plus use of point‐of‐care CD4 tests may further enhance ART uptake.
A prospective study on the safety of sublingual immunotherapy in pregnancy
Authors: Shaikh W. A. , Shaikh S. W. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine the safety of sublingual immunotherapy in pregnancy, which has not yet been reported.MethodsOne hundred and fifty‐five patients received sublingual immunotherapy with either house dust mite (D. farinae) or a mixture of up to five allergens during 185 pregnancies. Twenty‐four patients received sublingual immunotherapy for the first time during pregnancy. Follow‐up data were analysed with regard to abortion, perinatal mortality, prematurity, toxaemia and congenital malformation. Two control groups did not receive immunotherapy; group A (85 patients) received budesonide 400 μg twice daily and group B (40 patients) received rescue salbutamol inhalation. All three groups were on appropriate avoidance measures.ResultsSix‐year follow‐up data for the sublingual immunotherapy group revealed an incidence of complications less than that in the general population and a higher incidence of complications in both control groups.ConclusionsThis study concludes that sublingual immunotherapy is safe during pregnancy and is also safe when initiated for the first time in a pregnant patient.
Effect of donor animals and their diet on in vitro nutrient degradation and microbial protein synthesis using grass and corn silages
Authors: Boguhn J. , Zuber T. , Rodehutscord M. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryTwo nonlactating cows and two wether sheep, all fitted with a permanent cannula into the rumen, were fed either hay plus concentrate, grass silage or corn silage to study the effect of the donor animal and its diet on in vitro fermentation and microbial protein synthesis. Rumen inoculum was obtained before the morning feeding. Grass silage or corn silage was incubated in a semi‐continuous rumen simulation system for 14 days. Four replicated vessels were used per treatment. Degradation of crude nutrients and detergent fibre fractions as well as microbial protein synthesis and the production of volatile fatty acids were studied. Additionally, total gas and methane production was measured with a standard in vitro gas test. Gas production and methane concentration was higher when the inoculum used was from sheep than that from cows. The donor animal also affected the degradation of organic matter and ether extract as well as the amount of propionate and butyrate, and the acetate‐to‐propionate ratio. The effect of the diet fed to the donor animal on fermentation was much greater than the effect of the donor animal itself. Feeding hay plus concentrate resulted in higher gas production and degradation of acid detergent fibre, but in lower degradation of ether extract and reduced microbial protein synthesis. Additionally, the pattern of volatile fatty acids changed significantly when the diet of the donor animals was hay plus concentrate or one of the silages. These results show that in vitro fermentation and microbial protein synthesis is different when based on inoculum from either cattle or sheep. The diet fed to the donor animal is more important than the animal species and is probably mediated by an adjusted microbial activity. With regard to standardized feed evaluations, these results further support the need to harmonize in vitro approaches used in different laboratories.
HALF‐TRUTHS
Authors: Kupperman Joel J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractHalf‐truths are statements that have some insight or truth in them, but do not amount to a final or definitive truth that all competent judges should be able to accept. Complete truth requires that the relevant interpretative structures can be taken for granted, and can be expected to be understood by all competent language users. Disciplines such as philosophy, history, and sociology do contain a small number of complete truths, concerning some logical relations or such matters as the year of Columbus' arrival in the new world or recorded vote totals in some elections. But most of what they yield (the most interesting part) will consist of half‐truths.
TWO CHALLENGES THAT CATEGORICAL PROPERTIES POSE TO PHYSICALISM
Authors: Schroer Robert 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWhat are physical objects like when they are considered independently of their causal interactions? Many think that the answer to this question involves categorical properties– properties that make contributions to their bearers that are independent of any causal interactions those objects may enter into. In this paper, I examine two challenges that this solution poses to Physicalism. The first challenge is that, given that they are distinct from any of the scientifically described causal powers that they happen to convey, categorical properties will not qualify as being ‘physical’ properties. Given the right definition of ‘physical’, this challenge can be overcome. I argue, however, that the only way we can have a positive grasp of the nature of categorical properties is via ‘acquaintance’– a non‐physical relation. This second challenge to Physicalism cannot be overcome.1
Proteasomal degradation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1α is mediated by Homer‐3 via the proteasomal S8 ATPase
Authors: Rezvani Khosrow , Baalman Kelli , Teng Yanfen , Mee Maureen P. , Dawson Simon P. , Wang Hongmin , De Biasi Mariella , Mayer R. John 
Published: April 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 122, 24–37.AbstractThe metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) fine‐tune the efficacy of synaptic transmission. This unique feature makes mGluRs potential targets for the treatment of various CNS disorders. There is ample evidence to show that the ubiquitin proteasome system mediates changes in synaptic strength leading to multiple forms of synaptic plasticity. The present study describes a novel interaction between post‐synaptic adaptors, long Homer‐3 proteins, and one of the 26S proteasome regulatory subunits, the S8 ATPase, that influences the degradation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1α (mGluR1α). We have shown that the two human long Homer‐3 proteins specifically interact with human proteasomal S8 ATPase. We identified that mGluR1α and long Homer‐3s immunoprecipitate with the 26S proteasome both in vitro and in vivo. We further found that the mGluR1α receptor can be ubiquitinated and degraded by the 26S proteasome and that Homer‐3A facilitates this process. Furthermore, the siRNA mediated silencing of Homer‐3 led to increased levels of total and plasma membrane‐associated mGluR1α receptors. These results suggest that long Homer‐3 proteins control the degradation of mGluR1α receptors by shuttling ubiquitinated mGluR‐1α receptors to the 26S proteasome via the S8 ATPase which may modulate synaptic transmission.