bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finite‐Element Simulation of Polymer Flow and Extrudate Swell Through Hollow Profile Extrusion Die with the Multimode Differential Viscoelastic Model
Authors: Mu Yue , Zhao Guoqun , Wu Xianghong , Zhai Jiqiang 
Published: October 2011

AbstractExtrudate swell is a common phenomenon in polymer processing that can significantly influence the quality of final products. In this study, the viscoelastic flow patterns and the swell phenomenon of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) flowing through a hollow profile extrusion die are investigated by means of the finite element simulation. The mathematical model of three‐dimensional viscoelastic flow and extrudate swell of the polymer melt obeying a multimode differential Phan‐Thien and Tanner (mPTT) constitutive model is established. The rheological parameters of LDPE are obtained by fitting the material functions detected on a strain‐controlled rheometer. A penalty method is introduced to solve the viscoelastic flow and extrudate swell problem with a decoupled algorithm. The computational stability is improved by using the discrete elastic–viscous split stress (DEVSS) algorithm incorporating the inconsistent streamline‐upwind scheme. A streamface–streamline method is introduced to adjust the outlet free surface of the swelling extrudate. The design strategy of the hollow profile extrusion die is discussed. The essential flow characteristics and the mechanism of the swell phenomenon of polymer melt flowing through the hollow profile extrusion die are further investigated based on the proposed mathematical model and numerical scheme. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E1–E19, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20265
Rheological, Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Multilayer Nylon/Clay Nanocomposite Film
Authors: Sadeghi F. , Fereydoon M. , Ajji A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMultilayer films consisting of a core layer of nylon 6 sandwiched between two linear low‐density polyethylene layers were produced using a semi‐industrial cast film extrusion line. The core film was produced at different draw ratios from neat nylon and nylon/clay nanocomposite resins. The objective was to assess the replacement of neat nylon with a nylon/clay nanocomposite for the core layer of a multilayer film. Rheological experiments were carried out to characterize the resins and study the aspects of the extrusion process. It was observed that clay platelets could restrict chain mobility and intensify thermal degradation in melt processing; however, that could be balanced to some degree with a polycondensation reaction that increases the chain length and molecular weight. The crystalline structure of the films was examined by X‐ray, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared measurements. The clay inclusion favored the γ‐phase crystalline phase, which showed a lower melting point. Increasing the draw ratio from 6.5 to 13 during the extrusion process did not have a significant impact on the orientation of either nylon or nylon/clay in the core layer. The physical and mechanical properties of the films were studied and discussed. Replacement of nylon with the nylon/clay nanocomposite in the core layer did not yield a notable improvement in the tensile properties of multilayer films. However, the oxygen barrier property was improved by 48% when the nylon/clay nanocomposite was used as the core layer. The haze property was not affected by either changing the draw ratio or using the nanocomposite instead of nylon. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E53–E64, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20270
Assessing data sources for state‐level occupational fatality rates: Oregon, 2003–2007
Authors: Hammond Terry R. , Rischitelli Gary , Zoller Erika 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundThis study assesses state‐level data sources for numerators and denominators in occupational fatality rates. Data from Oregon Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation, 2003–2007, are used to assess numerators, and to produce fatality rates using different data sources for denominators.MethodsData sources for state‐level occupational fatalities and the employed population are described. A statistical test for interrater reliability is applied in the comparison to Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries data. Odds ratios are calculated in the presentation of incident rates by age.ResultsComparison of occupational fatality data sources demonstrates substantial differences. Acquiring appropriate state‐level denominator data are limited, particularly for stratified groups.ConclusionsAlthough not decisive, occupational fatality rates may help confirm areas of concern to guide necessary field work. This assessment of data sources and identification of several priority areas of concern in Oregon may help state researchers direct their own efforts to target priorities for effective interventions. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:332–343, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deadlines at work and sleep quality. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal findings among Danish knowledge workers
Authors: Rugulies Reiner , Martin Marie H.T. , Garde Anne Helene , Persson Roger , Albertsen Karen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundExposure to deadlines at work is increasing in several countries and may affect health. We aimed to investigate cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between frequency of difficult deadlines at work and sleep quality.MethodsStudy participants were knowledge workers, drawn from a representative sample of Danish employees who responded to a baseline questionnaire in 2006 (n = 363) and a follow‐up questionnaire in 2007 (n = 302). Frequency of difficult deadlines was measured by self‐report and categorized into low, intermediate, and high. Sleep quality was measured with a Total Sleep Quality Score and two indexes (Awakening Index and Disturbed Sleep Index) derived from the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire. Analyses on the association between frequency of deadlines and sleep quality scores were conducted with multiple linear regression models, adjusted for potential confounders. In addition, we used multiple logistic regression models to analyze whether frequency of deadlines at baseline predicted caseness of sleep problems at follow‐up among participants free of sleep problems at baseline.ResultsFrequent deadlines were cross‐sectionally and longitudinally associated with poorer sleep quality on all three sleep quality measures. Associations in the longitudinal analyses were greatly attenuated when we adjusted for baseline sleep quality. The logistic regression analyses showed that frequent deadlines at baseline were associated with elevated odds ratios for caseness of sleep problems at follow‐up, however, confidence intervals were wide in these analyses.ConclusionsFrequent deadlines at work were associated with poorer sleep quality among Danish knowledge workers. We recommend investigating the relation between deadlines and health endpoints in large‐scale epidemiologic studies. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:260–269, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Publication fees in open access publishing: Sources of funding and factors influencing choice of journal
Authors: Solomon David J. , Björk Bo‐Christer 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOpen access (OA) journals distribute their content at no charge and use other means of funding the publication process. Publication fees or article‐processing charges (APC)s have become the predominant means for funding professional OA publishing. We surveyed 1,038 authors who recently published articles in 74 OA journals that charge APCs stratified into seven discipline categories. Authors were asked about the source of funding for the APC, factors influencing their choice of a journal and past history publishing in OA and subscription journals. Additional information about the journal and the authors' country were obtained from the journal website. A total of 429 (41%) authors from 69 journals completed the survey. There were large differences in the source of funding among disciplines. Journals with impact factors charged higher APCs as did journals from disciplines where grant funding is plentiful. Fit, quality, and speed of publication were the most important factors in the authors' choice of a journal. OA was less important but a significant factor for many authors in their choice of a journal to publish. These findings are consistent with other research on OA publishing and suggest that OA publishing funded through APCs is likely to continue to grow.
Why different people prefer different systems for different tasks: An activity perspective on technology adoption in a dynamic user environment
Authors: Sun Jun 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn a contemporary user environment, there are often multiple information systems available for a certain type of task. Based on the premises of Activity Theory, this study examines how user characteristics, system experiences, and task situations influence an individual's preferences among different systems in terms of user readiness to interact with each. It hypothesizes that system experiences directly shape specific user readiness at the within‐subject level, user characteristics and task situations make differences in general user readiness at the between‐subject level, and task situations also affect specific user readiness through the mediation of system experiences. An empirical study was conducted, and the results supported the hypothesized relationships. The findings provide insights on how to enhance technology adoption by tailoring system development and management to various task contexts and different user groups.
Universality of citation distributions revisited
Authors: Waltman Ludo , van Eck Nees Jan , van Raan Anthony F. J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractRadicchi, Fortunato, and Castellano (2008) claim that, apart from a scaling factor, all fields of science are characterized by the same citation distribution. We present a large‐scale validation study of this universality‐of‐citation‐distributions claim. Our analysis shows that claiming citation distributions to be universal for all fields of science is not warranted. Although many fields indeed seem to have fairly similar citation distributions, there are exceptions as well. We also briefly discuss the consequences of our findings for the measurement of scientific impact using citation‐based bibliometric indicators.
Role of domain knowledge in developing user‐centered medical‐image indexing
Authors: Wang Xin , Erdelez Sanda , Allen Carla , Anderson Blake , Cao Hongfei , Shyu Chi‐Ren 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAn efficient and robust medical‐image indexing procedure should be user‐oriented. It is essential to index the images at the right level of description and ensure that the indexed levels match the user's interest level. This study examines 240 medical‐image descriptions produced by three different groups of medical‐image users (novices, intermediates, and experts) in the area of radiography. This article reports several important findings: First, the effect of domain knowledge has a significant relationship with the use of semantic image attributes in image‐users' descriptions. We found that experts employ more high‐level image attributes which require high‐reasoning or diagnostic knowledge to search for a medical image (Abstract Objects and Scenes) than do novices; novices are more likely to describe some basic objects which do not require much radiological knowledge to search for an image they need (Generic Objects) than are experts. Second, all image users in this study prefer to use image attributes of the semantic levels to represent the image that they desired to find, especially using those specific‐level and scene‐related attributes. Third, image attributes generated by medical‐image users can be mapped to all levels of the pyramid model that was developed to structure visual information. Therefore, the pyramid model could be considered a robust instrument for indexing medical imagery.
Can > Will: Predictions of What Can Happen are Extreme, but Believed to be Probable
Authors: Teigen Karl Halvor , Filkuková Petra 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTPredictions of uncertain events are often described in terms of what can or what will happen. How are such statements used by speakers, and what are they perceived to mean? Participants in four experiments were presented with distributions of variable product characteristics and were asked to generate natural, meaningful sentences containing either will or can. Will was typically associated with either low or intermediate numeric values, whereas can consistently suggested high (maximum) values. For instance, laptop batteries lasting from 1.5 to 3.5 hours will last for 1.5 hours or for 2.5 hours, but they can last for 3.5 hours. The same response patterns were found for positive and negative events. In will‐statements, the most frequent scalar modifiers were at least and about, whereas in can‐statements, the most frequent modifier included up to. A fifth experiment showed that will indicates an outcome that may be certain but more often simply probable. Can means possible, but even can‐statements are perceived to imply probable outcomes. This could create a communication paradox because most speakers use can to describe outcomes that because of their extremity are at the same time quite unlikely. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and validation of a high‐performance liquid chromatography method for quantification of egonol and homoegonol in Styrax species
Authors: Moraes Ana C. G. , Bertanha Camila S. , Gimenez Valéria M. M. , Groppo Milton , Silva Márcio L. A. , Cunha Wilson R. , Januário Ana H. , Pauletti Patrícia M. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTStyrax camporum Pohl, known in Brazil as ‘estoraque do campo’ or ‘cuia de brejo’, has been used in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. The therapeutic action of S. camporum has been attributed to the ethyl acetate fraction, although the chemical composition of this fraction has not yet been analyzed. In this study, a high‐performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detection (HPLC‐PAD) method for analysis of Brazilian Styrax species has been developed. The compounds egonol (1) and homoegonol (2) were found to be present in all the samples investigated by HPLC. These compounds were isolated by open column chromatography followed by preparative TLC, and were identified by 1H NMR. Compounds 1 and 2 were thus proposed as phytochemical markers for Styrax, owing to their biological properties and presence in other Styrax species. The developed method has been validated and successfully applied for quantification of 1 and 2 in S. camporum dried leaves and crude ethanolic extracts from S. ferrugineus and S. pohlii aerial parts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Residual vectors for Alzheimer disease diagnosis and prognostication
Authors: Clark David Glenn 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAlzheimer disease (AD) is an increasingly prevalent neurodegenerative condition and a looming socioeconomic threat. A biomarker for the disease could make the process of diagnosis easier and more accurate, and accelerate drug discovery. The current work describes a method for scoring brain images that is inspired by fundamental principles from information retrieval (IR), a branch of computer science that includes the development of Internet search engines. For this research, a dataset of 254 baseline 18‐F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) scans was obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). For a given contrast, a subset of scans (nine of every 10) was used to compute a residual vector that typified the difference, at each voxel, between the two groups being contrasted. Scans that were not used for computing the residual vector (the remaining one of 10 scans) were then compared to the residual vector using a cosine similarity metric. This process was repeated sequentially, each time generating cosine similarity scores on 10% of the FDG‐PET scans for each contrast. Statistical analysis revealed that the scores were significant predictors of functional decline as measured by the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ). When logistic regression models that incorporated these scores were evaluated with leave‐one‐out cross‐validation, cognitively normal controls were discerned from AD with sensitivity and specificity of 94.4% and 84.8%, respectively. Patients who converted from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD were discerned from MCI nonconverters with sensitivity and specificity of 89.7% and 62.9%, respectively, when FAQ scores were brought into the model. Residual vectors are easy to compute and provide a simple method for scoring the similarity between an FDG‐PET scan and sets of examples from a given diagnostic group. The method is readily generalizable to any imaging modality. Further interdisciplinary work between IR and clinical neuroscience is warranted.
Injury to the lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm after venous cannulation: A case report and literature review
Authors: Stevens R.J.G. , Mahadevan V. , Moss A.L.H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractVenepuncture may be associated with nerve injuries and is commonly performed at the median cubital vein (MCV). Injuries to the superficial radial nerve at the wrist and to the median nerve, anterior and posterior interosseus nerves and medial and lateral cutaneous nerves (LCN) of the forearm at the cubital fossa have been reported. The LCN is a sensory branch of the musculocutaneous nerve and the position of the nerve in relation to the MCV is variable within the cubital fossa. The LCN supplies sensory innervation to the C6 dermatome corresponding to an area of skin overlying the radial border of the forearm. We report the case of a 30‐year‐old right‐handed woman who presented with loss of sensation in the left forearm after donating blood at a transfusion centre. This was due to an injury of the LCN. After 3, 18 and 36 months of follow‐up, the sensory deficit had only improved minimally. The lack of recovery of the sensation after 36 months indicates a permanent nerve injury such as neurotmesis rather than neurapraxia of the LCN. A thorough knowledge of the clinical anatomy of the MCV and the LCN, which is highlighted, is essential in preventing venepuncture‐associated nerve injury. Clin. Anat. 25:659–662, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fetal intrahepatic gallbladder and topographical anatomy of the liver hilar region and hepatocystic triangle
Authors: Wang Bao Jian , Kim Ji Hyun , Yu Hee Chul , Rodríguez‐Vázquez Jose Francisco , Murakami Gen , Cho Baik Hwan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe fetal gallbladder (GB) is embedded in a deep fossa surrounded by the liver parenchyma. Using 15 specimens with intrahepatic GB (crown–rump length 45–92 mm; approximately 9–13 weeks of gestation), we assessed the fetal topographical anatomy of the hepatocystic triangle and the porta hepatis. The cystic duct displayed a long upward course (0.9–4.5 mm along the supero‐inferior axis) from the GB, along the duodenum, to the common bile duct in the hepatoduodenal ligament, via an independent mesentery separated from liver parenchyma by a recess of the peritoneal cavity. Notably, the course varied in length among specimens, not among stages. At the porta hepatis, we were able to distinguish the supraportal course of the posterior right hepatic duct overriding a portal vein branch to segment 8 (6/15) from the other, infraportal course (9/15). In the latter type, the portal vein bifurcation was superior to the cystic duct course. Two margins of the hepatocyctic triangle were very long in fetuses because of the inferiorly located intrahepatic GB. Thus, the triangle seems to be difficult to identify in prenatal ultrasound. During changes in location after 9 weeks, the GB fundus remains attached to the liver because the cystic artery was often embedded in the liver parenchyma. A failure in the embedding and re‐exposure process of the GB may result in anomalous peritoneal folds around the GB. Clin. Anat. 25:619–627, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Personal Debt, Cognitive Delinquency and Techniques of Governmentality: Neoliberal Constructions of Financial Inadequacy in the UK
Authors: Walker Carl 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTIn the UK in recent years, there has been a considerable and sustained increase in both levels of personal debt and over‐indebtedness. This commentary argues that recent UK policy formulation on personal debt management has sidelined problematic macroscopic political and economic changes by locating personal debt as a problem of individual financial incompetence. Through specific institutions, tools, techniques and practices, certain configurations of people in debt have been rendered knowable and changeable. In doing so, public policies that have brought about a greater need for a greater number of people to rely on personal debt remain largely beyond public view and have instead been reconstituted as problems of access to financial capability training. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of Improved PPARβ/δ Inhibitors
Authors: Toth Philipp M. , Naruhn Simone , Pape Veronika F. S. , Dörr Stefanie M. A. , Klebe Gerhard , Müller Rolf , Diederich Wibke E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractGSK0660 (1) is the first peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ‐selective inhibitory ligand described in the literature. Based on its structure, we designed and synthesized a series of modified compounds to establish preliminary structure–activity relationships. Most beneficial for increased binding affinity towards the PPARβ/δ ligand binding domain was the replacement of the 4′‐aminophenyl substituent by medium‐length n‐alkyl chains, such as n‐butyl or iso‐pentyl. These compounds show activity down to the one‐digit nanomolar range, thus possessing up to a tenfold higher binding affinity compared with GSK0660. Additionally, the subtype‐specific inhibition of PPARβ/δ was confirmed in a cell‐based assay making these compounds invaluable tools for the further exploration of the functions of PPARβ/δ.
Structure and Electronic Properties and Phase Stabilities of the Cd1−xZnxS Solid Solution in the Range of 0≤x≤1
Authors: Lu Jibao , Dai Ying , Guo Meng , Wei Wei , Ma Yandong , Han Shenghao , Huang Baibiao 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAs an excellent bandgap‐engineering material, the Cd1−xZnxS solid solution, is found to be an efficient visible light response photocatalyst for water splitting, but few theoretical studies have been performed on it. A better characterization of the composition dependence of the physical and optical properties of this material and a thorough understanding of the bandgap‐variation mechanism are necessary to optimize the design of high‐efficience photocatalysts. In order to get an insight into these problems, we systematically investigated the crystal structure, the phase stability, and the electronic structures of the Cd1−xZnxS solid solution by means of density functional theory calculations. The most energetically favorable arrangement of the Cd, Zn, S atoms and the structural disorder of the solid solution are revealed. The phase diagram of the Cd1−xZnxS solid solution is calculated based on regular‐solution model and compared with the experimental data. This is the first report on the calculated phase diagram of this solid solution, and can give guidance for the experimental synthesis of this material. Furthermore, the variation of the electronic structures versus x and its mechanism are elaborated in detail, and the experimental bandgap as a function of x is well predicted. Our findings provide important insights into the experimentally observed structural and electronic properties, and can give theoretical guidelines for the further design of the Cd1−xZnxS solid solution.