bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical determination and magnetic manipulation of a single nitrogen-vacancy color center in diamond nanocrystal
Authors: Diep Lai Ngoc , Zheng Dingwei , Treussart François , Roch Jean-François 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The controlled and coherent manipulation of individual quantum systems is fundamental for the development of quantum information processing. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center in diamond is a promising system since its photoluminescence is perfectly stable at room temperature and its electron spin can be optically read out at the individual level. We review here the experiments currently realized in our laboratory concerning the use of a single NV color center as the single photon source and the coherent magnetic manipulation of the electron spin associated with a single NV color center. Furthermore, we demonstrate a nanoscopy experiment based on the saturation absorption effect, which allows to optically pin-point a single NV color center at sub-λ resolution. This offers the possibility to independently address two or multiple magnetically coupled single NV color centers, which is a necessary step towards the realization of a diamond-based quantum computer.
Proper actions on topological groups: Applications to quotient spaces
Authors: Antonyan Sergey 
Published: July 2010

Let

X
X

be a Hausdorff topological group and

G
G

a locally compact subgroup of

X
X

. We show that the natural action of

G
G

on

X
X

is proper in the sense of R. Palais. This is applied to prove that there exists a closed set

F
⊂
X

F\subset X

such that

F
G
=
X

FG=X

and the restriction of the quotient projection

X
→
X

/

G

X\to X/G

to

F
F

is a perfect map

F
→
X

/

G

F\to X/G

. This is a key result to prove that many topological properties (among them, paracompactness and normality) are transferred from

X
X

to

X

/

G

X/G

, and some others are transferred from

X

/

G

X/G

to

X
X

. Yet another application leads to the inequality

d
i
m

X
≤

dim

X

/

G
+

d
i
m

G

\mathrm {dim}\, X\le \textrm {dim}\, X/G + \mathrm {dim}\, G

for every paracompact topological group

X
X

and a locally compact subgroup

G
G

of

X
X

having a compact group of connected components.
REVIEW: Developments in Our Understanding of Sorghum Polysaccharides and Their Health Benefits
Authors: Taylor John R. N. , Emmambux M. Naushad 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe composition and structure of sorghum polysaccharides are remarkably similar to those in maize. Sorghum grain is rich in starch, cellulosic and noncellulosic polysaccharides (mainly glucuronoarabinoxylans [GAX]). Sorghum starch is similar to maize starch in terms of amylopectin, but the amylose may be more branched. This may account for sorghum starch having a generally slightly higher gelatinization temperature. The GAX in sorghum are highly substituted with glucuronic acid and arabinose, but the degree of these substitutions is lower when compared with maize GAX. Sorghum polysaccharides themselves are not sufficiently functional to allow the production of high‐quality baked goods. Sorghum has generally lower starch digestibility than maize. This is primarily due to the endosperm protein matrix, cell wall material, and tannins (if present) inhibiting enzymatic hydrolysis of the starch. Protein disulfide bond cross‐linking involving the kafirin prolamins in the protein matrix around the starch granules seems to be of major importance in reducing starch digestibility. It does not seem that sorghum polysaccharides, per se, have any unique health‐promoting effects. Any health‐promoting effects related to sorghum polysaccharides seem to be due to interactions between the polysaccharides and the endosperm matrix protein and phenolics.
CD14, a key candidate gene associated with a specific immune response to cockroach
Authors: Gao P. , Grigoryev D. N. , Rafaels N. M. , Mu D. , Wright J. M. , Cheadle C. , Togias A. , Beaty T. H. , Mathias R. A. , Schroeder J. T. , Barnes K. C. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryBackground
Sensitization to cockroach allergen is one of the strongest predictors of asthma morbidity, especially among African Americans.Objective
Our aims were to determine the genomic basis of cockroach sensitization and the specific response to cockroach antigen.Methods
We investigated the Th1/Th2 cytokine profile of co‐cultured plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and CD4+ T cells and the ‘transcript signature’ of the immune response to cockroach antigen using high‐throughput expression profiling of co‐cultured cells.Results
We observed significantly elevated levels of IL‐13, IL‐10, and TNF‐α, but undetectable levels of IL‐12p70 and IFN‐α, when cultures were exposed to crude cockroach antigen. A significant difference was observed for IL‐13 between cockroach‐allergic and non‐allergic individuals (P=0.039). Microarray analyses demonstrated a greater response at 48 h compared with 4 h, with 50 genes being uniquely expressed in cockroach antigen‐treated cells, including CD14, S100A8, CCL8, and IFI44L. The increased CD14 expression was further observed in purified pDCs, human monocytic THP‐1 cells, and the supernatant of co‐cultured pDCs and CD4+ T cells on exposure to cockroach extract. Furthermore, the most differential expression of CD14 between cockroach allergy and non‐cockroach allergy was only observed among individuals with the CC ‘high‐risk’ genotype of the CD14−260C/T. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis analyses suggested the IFN signalling as the most significant canonical pathway.Conclusion
Our results suggest that these differentially expressed genes, particularly CD14, and genes in the IFN signalling pathway may be important candidates for further investigation of their role in the immune response to cockroach allergen. Cite this as: P. Gao, D. N. Grigoryev, N. M. Rafaels, D. Mu, J. M. Wright, C. Cheadle, A. Togias, T. H. Beaty, R. A. Mathias, J. T. Schroeder and K. C. Barnes, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1353–1364.
Cow's milk allergy as a predictor of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation at school age
Authors: Malmberg L. P. , Saarinen K. M. , Pelkonen A. S. , Savilahti E. , Mäkelä M. J. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryBackground
Cow's milk allergy (CMA) has been found to be associated with an increased incidence of asthma at school age. However, prospective population‐based studies of CMA and the development of airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsivess (BHR) are lacking.Objective
The aims of this study was to evaluate CMA as a risk factor for BHR and airway inflammation presented later in childhood.Methods
We followed prospectively 118 children with CMA and invited them to a clinical visit at a mean age of 8.6 years including the measurement of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) and bronchial challenge with histamine. Ninety‐four patients and 80 control subjects from the same cohort participated.Results
At school age, children with a history of CMA had higher FENO levels (P=0.0009) and more pronounced responsiveness to histamine (P=0.027) than their controls. Stratified analysis showed a significant difference only in IgE‐positive CMA. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that IgE‐positive CMA [odds ratio (OR) 3.51; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.56–7.90; P=0.002] and a history of wheeze during the first year of life (OR 2.81; 95% CI 1.16–6.84; P=0.023) were independent explanatory factors for increased FENO, and IgE‐positive CMA (OR 3.37; 95% CI 1.03–10.97; P=0.044) and parental smoking (OR 3.41; 95% CI 1.14–10.22; P=0.028) for increased BHR, whereas for IgE‐negative CMA, no associations with FENO or BHR were found. In the CMA group, those exposed to CM very early at the maternity hospital, had less BHR (P=0.002).Conclusions
Compared with their controls, children with a history of IgE‐positive CMA show signs of airway inflammation, expressed as higher FENO, and more pronounced bronchial responsiveness to histamine at school age. In contrast to IgE‐negative CMA, IgE‐positive CMA is a significant predictor of increased FENO and BHR at school age. Very early exposure to CM was associated with less BHR. Cite this as: L. P. Malmberg, K. M. Saarinen, A. S. Pelkonen, E. Savilahti and M. J. Mäkelä, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1491–1497.
The association between the ratio of visceral fat to thigh muscle area and metabolic syndrome: the Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study (KSOS)
Authors: Lim K. I. , Yang S. J. , Kim T. N. , Yoo H. J. , Kang H. J. , Song W. , Baik S. H. , Choi D. S. , Choi K. M. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryObjective  A relationship between visceral fat accumulation and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been established. However, the effect of a relative increase in visceral fat and a decrease in muscle mass on metabolic disorders has not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between the ratio of visceral fat to thigh muscle area (VMR) and MetS in Korean adults.Study subject/measurements  A total of 264 age‐and gender‐matched subjects recruited from the Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study (KSOS), an ongoing prospective observational cohort study, were categorized into four groups based on their body mass index (BMI) and VMR. We measured visceral fat area and thigh muscle area using computed tomography.Results  Subjects with MetS showed a significantly higher VMR than those without MetS. In both obese and nonobese groups, the subjects with a higher VMR had a higher prevalence of MetS than those in the lower VMR groups. VMR was significantly related to components of the metabolic syndrome, especially in women, and was positively correlated with a number of MetS components in both men and women. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio for MetS was 6·72 (highest vs lowest quartile, 95% confidence interval, 1·60–28·14) after an adjustment of potential confounders, including BMI and waist‐to‐hip ratio.Conclusion  VMR is significantly increased in subjects with MetS and independently associated with MetS. These results suggest that the VMR may be a potential indicator for MetS risk in Korean adults.
The effect of blood contamination on the compressive strength and surface microstructure of mineral trioxide aggregate
Authors: Nekoofar M. H. , Stone D. F. , Dummer P. M. H. 
Published: July 2010

Nekoofar MH, Stone DF, Dummer PMH. The effect of blood contamination on the compressive strength and surface microstructure of mineral trioxide aggregate. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 782–791, 2010.AbstractAim  To investigate the effects of whole, fresh human blood contamination on compressive strength and surface microstructure of grey and tooth‐coloured mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA).Methodology  The materials investigated were grey ProRoot® MTA Original (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Johnson City, TN, USA) and tooth‐coloured ProRoot® MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental). Three groups of 10 custom‐made cylindrical moulds (internal dimensions 6 ± 0.1 mm length and 4 ± 0.1 mm diameter) were filled with tooth‐coloured MTA. In the control group, MTA was mixed with water and exposed to water. In the second group, MTA was mixed with water and exposed to whole, fresh human blood. In the third group, MTA was mixed with and exposed to whole, fresh human blood. These three groups were then duplicated using grey MTA, creating a total of 60 samples. A predetermined amount of MTA and appropriate liquid were triturated in a plastic mixing capsule then subjected to ultrasonic energy after placement in the moulds. After 4 days of incubation, specimens were subjected to compressive strength testing. The surface microstructure of one extra specimen in each group was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Data were subjected to a two‐way anova.Results  Regardless of MTA type, the mean compressive strength values of both experimental groups, which were in contact with blood, were significantly less than that of the control groups (P < 0.0001). In experimental groups in which MTA was mixed with water and exposed to blood, there was a significant difference (P < 0.0001) in compressive strength between tooth‐coloured MTA (30.37 ± 10.16 MPa) and grey MTA (13.92 ± 3.80 MPa).Conclusion  When blood becomes incorporated into MTA, its compressive strength is reduced. In clinical situations in which blood becomes mixed with MTA, its physical properties are likely to be compromised.
Improvement of the fatigue resistance of NiTi endodontic files by surface and bulk modifications
Authors: Condorelli G. G. , Bonaccorso A. , Smecca E. , Schäfer E. , Cantatore G. , Tripi T. R. 
Published: July 2010

Condorelli GG, Bonaccorso A, Smecca E, Schäfer E, Cantatore G, Tripi TR. Improvement of the fatigue resistance of NiTi endodontic files by surface and bulk modifications. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 866–873, 2010.AbstractAim  To assess the failure mechanism of rotary NiTi instruments by chemical, structural and morphological analyses to provide a rational explanation of the effects of surface and bulk treatments on their resistance to fatigue fracture.Methodology  Thermal treatment (350–500 °C) was performed on electropolished (EP) and non‐electropolished (Non‐EP) NiTi endodontic instruments. Bulk and surface chemical composition and crystallographic structures were determined by energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) to evaluate the effects of thermal treatment and electropolishing on the NiTi alloy. Fatigue tests of all instruments were performed. Surface morphology before and after the tests, and fractured section were analysed using scanning electron microscopy to determine crack extensions. Results were analysed statistically using analysis of variance (anova) and post hoc Student–Newman–Keuls test.Results  Before thermal treatment, significant differences (P < 0.05) in fatigue resistance between EP and Non‐EP instruments (the number of revolutions to failure, Nf, was 385 and 160, respectively) were attributed to differences in the surface morphology of the instruments. SEM analysis of the fracture surfaces indicated that flexural fatigue fractures occurred in two steps: first by a slow growth of initial cracks and then rapid rupture of the remaining material. Thermal treatment did not affect the surface morphology but resulted in significant changes in the instrument bulk with the appearance of an R‐phase and an improved fatigue resistance; indeed after treatment at 500 °C, Nf increased up to 829 and 474 for EP and Non‐EP instruments, respectively.Conclusions  Both thermal treatment and electropolishing improved the resistance of NiTi rotary instruments against fatigue fracture.
Benefits and limitations of nurses taking on aspects of the clinical role of doctors in primary care: integrative literature review
Authors: Rashid Claire 
Published: July 2010

rashid c. (2010) Benefits and limitations of nurses taking on aspects of the clinical role of doctors in primary care: integrative literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(8), 1658–1670.AbstractAim.  This paper presents an integrative literature review of studies exploring the benefits and limitations of the recent expansion of the clinical role of nurses working in general practice in the United Kingdom.Background.  Similar clinical outcomes and high levels of satisfaction with consultations undertaken by nurse practitioners compared to general practitioners in primary care have been reported in a Cochrane review [Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2004) vol. 5, p. CD001271]. Since then, nurse consultations have increased considerably as general practitioners have delegated part of their clinical workload to other general practice nurses. However, whether all general practice nurses can fulfil this extended role remains open to question.Method.  An integrative review was performed. Nine electronic databases were searched. UK studies were included if they were published after the previous Cochrane review, i.e. between 2004 and 2009.Results.  Eight studies were identified, most using qualitative methodology. The evidence suggested that the changes in nurses’ role have been predominantly driven by the perceived increase in workload arising from the new general practitioner contract. Delegating work to nurses provided a means of organizing workload within a practice without necessarily allowing patient choice. Patients generally thought that all general practice nurses would be able to deal with simple conditions, but they would prefer to consult with a general practitioner if they thought it necessary. There were concerns about nurses’ knowledge base, particularly in diagnostics and therapeutics, and their levels of training and competence in roles formerly undertaken by general practitioners.Conclusion.  There have been few studies in this key area of healthcare policy. There is a need for better training and support for nurses undertaking roles in consultation and for patients’ views to be better represented.
A Delphi study to validate an Advanced Practice Nursing tool
Authors: Chang Anne M. , Gardner Glenn E. , Duffield Christine , Ramis Mary‐Anne 
Published: July 2010

chang a.m., gardner g.e., duffield c. & ramis m.‐a. (2010) A Delphi study to validate an Advanced Practice Nursing tool. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(10), 2320–2330.AbstractAim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to validate an instrument for measuring advanced practice nursing role delineation in an international contemporary health service context using the Delphi technique.Background.  Although most countries now have clear definitions and competency standards for nurse practitioners, no such clarity exists for many advanced practice nurse roles, leaving healthcare providers uncertain whether their service needs can or should be met by an advanced practice nurse or a nurse practitioner. The validation of a tool depicting advanced practice nursing is essential for the appropriate deployment of advanced practice nurses. This paper is the second in a three‐phase study to develop an operational framework for assigning advanced practice nursing roles.Method.  An expert panel was established to review the activities in the Strong Model of Advanced Practice Role Delineation tool. Using the Delphi technique, data were collected via an on‐line survey through a series of iterative rounds in 2008. Feedback and statistical summaries of responses were distributed to the panel until the 75% consensus cut‐off was obtained.Results.  After three rounds and modification of five activities, consensus was obtained for validation of the content of this tool.Conclusion.  The Strong Model of Advanced Practice Role Delineation tool is valid for depicting the dimensions of practice of the advanced practice role in an international contemporary health service context thereby having the potential to optimize the utilization of the advanced practice nursing workforce.
Empirical test of an explanatory theory of postpartum fatigue in Korea
Authors: Song Ju‐Eun , Chang Soon‐Bok , Park So‐Mi , Kim Sue , Nam Chung‐Mo 
Published: July 2010

song j.‐e., chang s.‐b., park s.‐m., kim s. & nam c.m. (2010) Empirical test of an explanatory theory of postpartum fatigue in Korea. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(12), 2627–2639.AbstractAim.  This paper is a report of a study designed to test an explanatory theory of postpartum fatigue.Background.  Postpartum fatigue is influenced by various factors and affects a mother’s performance. A full understanding of postpartum fatigue is very important for developing effective nursing strategies to reduce postpartum fatigue and enhance mothers’ performance.Methods.  Healthy postpartum women were recruited from five medical centers and one midwifery office in urban area in Korea (n = 291) by convenience sampling. Data were collected at 4‐ to 8‐week follow‐up visits after childbirth in 2006, using a self‐report questionnaire. The proposed fatigue theory incorporated postpartum fatigue, postpartum depression, sleep quality, childcare stress, unsatisfactory feeding, social support, infant difficulty and satisfaction with Sanhujori, the Korean traditional postpartum care provided for 3 weeks following delivery by non‐professional caregivers. Structural equation modelling was used to test the explanatory theory of postpartum fatigue.Results.  The modified fatigue theory showed good fit and high compatibility with the empirical data. In the final explanatory theory, postpartum depression and sleep quality directly affected postpartum fatigue, while childcare stress and the cultural phenomenon of Sanhujori had indirect effects on postpartum fatigue, via postpartum depression and sleep quality respectively.Conclusion.  These findings suggest the potential role of comprehensive nursing focused on decreasing postpartum depression and improving sleep quality as a way to decrease postpartum fatigue. Also, nursing strategies for decreasing childcare stress and enhancing Sanhujori satisfaction may be helpful in reducing postpartum fatigue in Korean mothers.
Persistent cognitive decline in older hospitalized patients in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Cheryl Chia‐Hui , Chang Yue‐Cune , Huang Guan‐Hua , Peng Jui‐Hua , Tseng Chien‐Ning 
Published: July 2010

chen c.c.‐h., chang y.‐c., huang g.‐h., peng j.‐h. & tseng c.‐n. (2010) Persistent cognitive decline in older hospitalized patients in Taiwan. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(9), 1991–2001.AbstractAim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to determine the prevalence and predictors of persistent and transient cognitive decline in older hospitalized patients over 6 months after hospital discharge.Background.  Cognitive decline occurs in 16–35·5% of older hospitalized patients, but this decline may be persistent rather than transient. Distinguishing persistent from transient cognitive decline is clinically useful.Methods.  For this prospective cohort study, 291 older patients were recruited from five medical and surgical units at a tertiary medical centre in Taiwan between 2004 and 2006. Participants were assessed for cognitive status by scores on the Mini‐Mental State Examination at admission, discharge, 3 and 6 months postdischarge. Persistent cognitive decline was defined as continuing score reduction and ≥3‐point reduction 6 months postdischarge. Transient decline was defined as ≥3‐point reduction at some stage, with a total decline <3 points 6 months postdischarge.Findings.  The cognitive status of the majority of participants (57·4%, n = 167) decreased ≥3 points during follow‐up. Of these decliners, 59 (35·3%) had persistent cognitive decline, with an average 5·32‐point reduction 6 months postdischarge. Forty‐six (27·5%) participants experienced transient cognitive decline. After multiple adjustments in logistic regression analysis, persistent decline was predicted by no in‐hospital functional decline (OR = 0·16, P = 0·002), more re‐admissions after discharge (OR = 2·42, P = 0·020), and older age (OR = 1·09, P = 0·048).Conclusion.  A new perspective is needed on discharge planning on patients at risk for persistent cognitive decline. Nurses can oversee the delivery of care, identify cognitive decline, refer patients, and educate families on strategies to enhance cognitive functioning for their aging relatives.