bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Graft Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate onto Potato Starch Dissolved in an Alkaline Solution
Authors: Sedighian Amir , Moghbeli Mohammad R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractGraft polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) onto gelatinized and dissolved granular potato starch has been carried out using an initiation system of ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN)/nitric acid (HNO3) at 50°C. The granular starch was dissolved in an aqueous alkaline solution (0.25 M NaOH) for 24 h before graft reaction. The effects of reaction variables, such as the concentrations of acid, monomer, and initiator, on the grafting parameters of prepared starch/VAc copolymers have been investigated in both grafting methods for comparison. Although the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed a rather similar homogeneous structure for dissolved and gelatinized starch, a higher grafting level, especially at lower monomer concentrations, was obtained for the copolymers prepared using the dissolved starch. A larger number of reactive sites uniformly created on the starch molecules led to greater accessibility of the monomer and improved considerably the grafting efficiency in the grafting conditions using the dissolved starch. The effects of the grafting methods on the microstructure, morphology, and thermal stability of the resulting copolymers have been studied by Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The TGA results showed that the grafting of VAc onto dissolved starch led to the formation of more thermally stable graft copolymers.
Radiation‐Modified Carboxymethyl Starch Derivative as Metal Scavenger in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Pant Bhoj Raj , Jeon Hye‐Jin , Park Chan‐Iee , Lee Byung Cheol , Park Ji Hyun , Song Hyun Hoon 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCorn starch was chemically modified using sodium chloroacetate to yield carboxymethyl starch (CMS). The aqueous solutions of CMS at 15 and 50% (w/w) concentration were then irradiated by electron beam (EB) at various dosages (1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, and 50 kGy), resulting in a cross‐linked carboxymethyl starch (CCMS). The maximum gel fraction, i.e. the highest degree of cross‐linking, was achieved with a 50% (w/w) aqueous CMS solution irradiated at 2 kGy EB dosage. Metal removal efficiency of the CCMS was then evaluated for the extraction of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) ions from aqueous solutions. Our results showed that the metal adsorption is pH dependent and the adsorption increases with increase of the pH of the metal solution from acidic towards neutral. The adsorption efficiency also showed the maximum value at the highest gel content, demonstrating the enhancement of adsorption by the physical entrapment of the ions in the CCMS network in addition to the primary chemical adsorption.
The examination of works of art using in situ XRF line and area scans
Authors: Trentelman Karen , Bouchard Michel , Ganio Monica , Namowicz Carole , Patterson Catherine Schmidt , Walton Marc 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSpatially resolved element distributions generated by in situ X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) line and area scans are shown to provide information about works of art which may not be obtainable from single spot spectra. In addition to generating visually powerful element maps and line profiles, this method also generates a spectrum at each image point, and this large data set is available for additional analysis. When generating line and area scans in the study of works of art, the collection parameters—including X‐ray tube choice, spot size, step size, and scan time—must be optimized not only to produce the best signal, but also to perform the analysis within constraints imposed to ensure the security or safety of the object. Examples of the application of this method to several classes of works of art are presented, including illuminated manuscripts, paintings, bronze sculpture, and glazed ceramics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On modelling SH‐waves in a class of inhomogeneous anisotropic media via the Boundary Element Method
Authors: Daros C.H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe present here a Boundary Element Method (BEM) implementation for SH harmonic waves in a class of inhomogeneous anisotropic media. The inhomogeneity is assumed to be the same not only for the stiffnesses, but also for the density. The implementation is based on a closed form fundamental solution for SH waves derived by Daros [C. H. Daros, A fundamental solution for SH‐waves in class of inhomogeneous anisotropic media, Int. J. Eng. Science 46 (2008) 809–817]. We show numerical results obtained by the traditional boundary integral equation. Moreover, the non‐hypersingular traction based BEM is also implemented, allowing the modelling of cracks in inhomogeneous anisotropic media. We obtain numerical results for the stress intensity factors (SIF) which are compared to previous published results.
Chronic Corrosive Injuries of the Stomach—A Single Unit Experience of 109 Patients Over Thirty Years
Authors: Ananthakrishnan N. , Parthasarathy G. , Kate Vikram 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundCorrosive gastric injuries are not uncommon in developing countries because acids, which are more frequently associated with gastric injury, constitute the major type of offending chemical. The spectrum of gastric injury may vary from acute to varying types of chronic gastric involvement.MethodsThe 109 consecutive patients with chronic corrosive gastric injuries treated in a single tertiary care superspecialty institute over a period of 30 years were reviewed with special reference to presentation and problems in management.ResultsAcids contributed to 82.6% of chronic injuries. Chronic gastric injuries were usually one of five types in these patients. The majority had prepyloric strictures (83.5%). The remaining strictures were antral (4.6%), body (3.7%), pyloroduodenal (2.7%), or diffuse (5.5%).Twenty‐one (22.8%) patients had a delayed gastric outlet obstruction, and18 patients had a concomitant esophageal stricture requiring a bypass. Most of the patients with chronic injury underwent surgical correction with Billroth I gastrectomy (77.1%), loop gastrojejunostomy (11.0%), and distal gastrectomy with Polya reconstruction (3.7%). Other procedures performed were pyloroplasty in 1 patient and colonic conduit jejunal anastomosis in 6 patients. One patient (1%) died in the postoperative period.ConclusionsThe management of chronic corrosive gastric injury depends on the type of gastric involvement, the presence of co‐existent esophageal stricture, and the general condition of the patient. A limited resection of the affected stomach is the ideal procedure for the common type of gastric injury. In patients whose general condition prohibits major resection or where the stricture extends to the antrum the best treatment is a loop gastroenterostomy. Type III, IV, V strictures require individualized treatment. Delayed gastric outlet obstruction affects the treatment plan of combined gastric and esophageal injuries.
Ivor‐Lewis Esophagectomy With and Without Laparoscopic Conditioning of the Gastric Conduit
Authors: Schröder Wolfgang , Hölscher Arnulf H. , Bludau Marc , Vallböhmer Daniel , Bollschweiler Elfriede , Gutschow Christian 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundAnastomotic leakage is still the major surgical complication following transthoracic esophagectomy with intrathoracic esophagogastrostomy (Ivor‐Lewis procedure). Modifications of this standard procedure aim to reduce postoperative morbidity and mortality.MethodsIn this retrospective analysis of a 12‐year period, 419 patients who had an Ivor‐Lewis (IL) procedure for esophageal carcinoma were included. Due to modifications of the standard procedure, two different groups were compared with respect to their mortality and anastomotic leakage rate. In 181 patients (43.1%), esophagectomy and gastric reconstruction was performed as a one‐stage procedure (classical IL group). Two hundred thirty‐eight patients (56.9%) underwent a modified IL procedure that included minimally invasive gastric mobilization and a two‐stage operation following ischemic conditioning of the gastric conduit.ResultsThe hospital mortality rate was lower in the modified IL group without statistical significance (2.9 vs. 6.1%). Thirty‐five anastomotic leaks were diagnosed postoperatively, 17 in the classical IL group (9.4%) and 18 in the modified IL group (7.6%). The rate of late leakages (after the 10th postoperative day) was higher in the modified IL group. Septic complications and mortality following anastomotic leakage were less frequent in the modified IL group. Leaks in the classical IL group predominantly required rethoracotomy, whereas leaks of the modified IL group were sufficiently treated with endoscopic stenting.ConclusionsSurgical modifications of the classical IL procedure, including a minimally invasive approach and ischemic conditioning of the gastric conduit, seem to reduce postoperative morbidity and mortality. However, due to the retrospective design of this study, the impact of other factors influencing the outcome cannot be ruled out.
Population characteristics of endangered species Taxus chinensis var. mairei and its conservation strategy in Shanxi, China
Authors: Zhang Jin‐Tun , Ru Wenming 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe conservation of the endemic, endangered, and first‐class protected tree species, Taxus chinensis var. mairei (Lem. & H. Lev.) W. C. Cheng & L. K. Fu, is urgent in China. To assist the protection of this important medicinal plant species, the biological and ecological characteristics of its populations were investigated and analyzed in Shanxi. The study area, southeastern Shanxi, is a special region suitable for this species growth and development. The floristic composition, life form spectrum, and species diversity of T. chinensis var. mairei forests reflected the features of both warm‐temperate and subtropical regions. Size classes in DBH and static life table analysis showed that the population structure of T. chinensis var. mairei was of the increase‐type. Plant density, survivorship, and mortality decreased with increase in age. Distribution patterns of individuals were basically clumped and saplings tended to be distributed randomly. Disturbance from collection of leaves, branches, and stems for medicine was an important factor affecting population structure, dynamics, and distribution. The sex ratio of female/male and the efficiency of sexual reproduction were very low. The main way of reproduction for this species is vegetative propagation. Based on these characteristics, some suggestions, such as establishing nature reserves, improving population structure by cultivation and transplantation, developing seed gardens, and plantations, etc., for the conservation management of T. chinensis var. mairei and its forests in Shanxi are discussed.
A Kinetics and Mechanism Investigation of the Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction of α‐Chlorododecyl Carboxylate with Trimethylamine
Authors: Wang Ze‐yun , Zhang Shu‐fen , Fang Yun , Yang Hui‐Yan , Qi Li‐yun 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA nucleophilic substitution reaction was developed to synthesize the zwitterionic surfactant using a renewable natural fatty acid rather than a petroleum derivative as the raw material. The kinetics and mechanism of the nucleophilic substitution reaction of trimethylamine α‐chlorododecyl carboxylate with trimethylamine were investigated in protic and dipolar aprotic solvents including water, ethanol and N, N‐dimethyl formamide. The rate equations were derived using initial rates and the activation parameters in different solvents were determined empirically and compared with each other to obtain important information about the reaction mechanism. The overall second‐order reaction number and the negative activation entropy supported a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) mechanism, combined with the pseudo‐first‐order kinetics for each reactant. The experimental results also showed that the reaction reactivity diminishes with the decrease in polarity of protic solvents. The typical dipolar aprotic solvent dimethyl formamide distinctively promoted the reaction in. This fact was successfully explained by the solvation rule for SN2 reactions.
Effect of the Previous Storage of Ripe Olives on the Oil Composition of Fruits
Authors: López‐López Antonio , Rodríguez‐Gómez Francisco , Cortés‐Delgado Amparo , García‐García Pedro , Garrido‐Fernández Antonio 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis work consists of a detailed study on the changes that occur in the oil of olives (Manzanilla and Hojiblanca cultivars) when subjected to previous storage before their processing as ripe olives. Storage significantly (p < 0.05) increased acidity (0.998 and 0.438 g oleic acid/kg oil, respectively), peroxide value (10.21 and 13.86 mequiv O2/kg oil) and K270 (0.069 and 0.033) but decreased K232 (0.325 and 0.569). There was also a significant (p < 0.05) increment in polar compounds (3.17 and 0.78%, mainly due to the formation of diacylglycerols and fatty acids), OOO + PLP triacylglycerol (1.37% only in Manzanilla), and erythrodiol (with an increment of ≈20 mg/kg oil) but significantly (p < 0.05) decreased some triacylglycerols in Manzanilla (LLL, 0.022%; OLL, 0.243%; OOL + PoOO; 0.731%), polyunsaturated fatty acids (C18:2n‐6, 0.879 and 0.051 g/100 g oil while C18:2t, C18:3n‐6, practically disappeared) and Δ5‐avenasterol (9.16 and 9.75 mg/kg oil). In general, Hojiblanca cultivar was more resistant to fat deterioration than Manzanilla.
Well-posed elliptic Neumann problems involving irregular data and domains
Authors: Maz'ya Vladimir G. , Mercaldo Anna , Alvino Angelo , Cianchi Andrea 
Published: January 2010

Non-linear elliptic Neumann problems, possibly in irregular domains and with data affected by low integrability properties, are taken into account. Existence, uniqueness and continuous dependence on the data of generalized solutions are established under a suitable balance between the integrability of the datum and the (ir)regularity of the domain. The latter is described in terms of isocapacitary inequalities. Applications to various classes of domains are also presented.

Résumé
Nous considérons des problèmes de Neumann pour des équations elliptiques non linéaires dans des domaines éventuellement non réguliers et avec des données peu régulières. Un équilibre entre l'intégrabilité de la donnée et l'(ir)régularité du domaine nous permet d'obtenir l'existence, l'unicité et la dépendance continue de solutions généralisées. L'irrégularité du domaine est décrite par des inégalités « isocapacitaires ». Nous donnons aussi des applications à certaines classes de domaines.
Cognitive and behavioral interventions for the management of chronic neuropathic pain in adults – A systematic review
Authors: van de Wetering Elisabeth J. , Lemmens Karin M.M. , Nieboer Anna P. , Huijsman Robbert 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackground: Chronic neuropathic pain is often associated with conditions such as depression and anxiety and strongly affects daily functioning and overall quality of life. It is argued, therefore, that psychosocial interventions should be added to traditional biomedical interventions. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of cognitive and behavioral interventions for the management of chronic neuropathic pain.Methods: Electronic databases were searched for all types of studies. Studies were selected by predefined inclusion criteria. Methodological quality was assessed with the Health Technology Assessment‐Disease Management instrument. Furthermore, an explorative meta‐analysis of four selected studies was performed.Results: Fourteen studies were assessed: three randomized controlled trials, three controlled before–after studies, seven uncontrolled before–after studies and one time series analysis. The findings of the meta‐analysis were not consistent with a significant effect on pain intensity. Only one study had good methodological quality; it showed some significant effects of the interventions, but only in female participants. Other studies of limited methodological quality did report positive effects on pain and quality of life.Conclusions: This is the first systematic review that has evaluated the effectiveness of cognitive and behavioral techniques for the management of chronic neuropathic pain. Given the limited methodological quality, no informative conclusions can be drawn with respect to the study objective. However, this review does provide insight into the difficulties of this specific area, the need for a clear and widely accepted definition of neuropathic pain and the need for standardized multidimensional measurement instruments.
Food intake patterns associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study
Authors: Liese Angela D. , Nichols Michele , Hodo Denise , Mellen Philip B. , Schulz Mandy , Goff David C. , D'Agostino Ralph B. 
Published: January 2010

We aimed to identify food intake patterns that operate via haemostatic and inflammatory pathways on progression of atherosclerosis among 802 middle-aged adults with baseline and 5-year follow-up ultrasound measurements of common (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) intimal medial thickness (IMT). Food intake was ascertained with an FFQ. We derived food patterns using reduced rank regression (RRR) with plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and fibrinogen as response variables. We explored the impact of various food pattern simplification approaches. We identified a food pattern characterised by higher intakes of less healthful foods (low-fibre bread and cereal, red and processed meat, cottage cheese, tomato foods, regular soft drinks and sweetened beverages) and lower intakes of more healthful foods (wine, rice and pasta, meal replacements and poultry). The pattern was positively associated with mean CCA IMT at follow-up (P = 0·0032), a 1 sd increase corresponding to an increase of 13 μm higher CCA IMT at follow-up, adjusted for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors. With increasing pattern quartile (Q), the percentage change in CCA IMT increased significantly: Q1 0·8 %; Q2 3·2 %; Q3 8·6 %; Q4 7·9 % (P = 0·0045). No clear association with ICA IMT was observed. All simplification methods yielded similar results. The present results support the contention that a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic dietary pattern increases the rate of coronary artery atherosclerosis progression, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. RRR is a promising and robust tool for moving beyond the previous focus on nutrients or foods into research on the health effects of broader dietary patterns.
Efficiency of different marker systems for molecular characterization of subtropical carrot germplasm
Authors: JHANG T. , KAUR M. , KALIA P. , SHARMA T. R. 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYGenetic variability in carrots is a consequence of allogamy, which leads to a high level of inbreeding depression, affecting the development of new varieties. To understand the extent of genetic variability in 40 elite indigenous breeding lines of subtropical carrots, 48 DNA markers consisting of 16 inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs), 10 universal rice primers (URPs), 16 random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and six simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used. These 48 markers amplified a total of 591 bands, of which 569 were polymorphic (0·96). Amplicon size ranged from 200 to 3500 base pairs (bp) in ISSR, RAPD and URPs markers and from 100 to 300 bp in SSR markers. The ISSR marker system was found to be most efficient with (GT)nmotifs as the most abundant SSR loci in the carrot genome. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis of the combined data set of all the DNA markers obtained by four marker systems classified 40 genotypes in two groups with 0·45 genetic similarity with high Mantel matrix correlation (r=0·92). The principal component analysis (PCA) of marker data also explained 0·55 of the variation by first three components. Molecular diversity was very high and non-structured in these open-pollinated genotypes. The study demonstrated for the first time that URPs can be used successfully in genetic diversity analysis of tropical carrots. In addition, an entirely a new set of microsatellite markers, derived from the expressed sequence tags (ESTs) sequences of carrots, has been developed and utilized successfully.
An electron model with elementary charge
Authors: LEHNERT B. , HÖÖK L. J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAn earlier elaborated model of the electron, being based on a revised quantum electrodynamic theory, is further investigated in terms of an improved numerical iteration scheme. This point-charge-like model is based on the “infinity” of a divergent generating function being balanced by the “zero” of a shrinking characteristic radius. This eliminates the self-energy problem. According to the computations, the quantum conditions on spin, magnetic moment, and magnetic flux, plus the requirement of an elementary charge having the experimental value, can all be satisfied within rather narrow limits by a single scalar parameter. The revised model prevents the electron from “exploding” due to its eigencharge.
A new method of solution for one-dimensional quasi-neutral bounded plasmas
Authors: KAMRAN M. , KUHN S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA new method is proposed for calculating the potential distribution Φ(z) in a one-dimensional quasi-neutral bounded plasma; Φ(z) is assumed to satisfy a quasi-neutrality condition (plasma equation) of the form ni{Φ(z)} = ne(Φ), where the electron density ne is a given function of Φ and the ion density ni is expressed in terms of trajectory integrals of the ion kinetic equation. While previous methods relied on formally solving a global integral equation (Riemann, Phys. Plasmas, vol. 13, 2006, paper no. 013503; Kos et al., Phys. Plasmas, vol. 16, 2009, paper no. 093503), the present method is characterized by piecewise analytic solution of the plasma equation in reasonably small intervals of z. As a first concrete application, Φ(z) is found analytically through order z4 near the center of a collisionless Tonks–Langmuir discharge with a cold-ion source.
Cubic polynomials with a parabolic point
Authors: ROESCH P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe consider cubic polynomials with a simple parabolic fixed point of multiplier 1. For those maps, we prove that the boundary of the immediate basin of attraction of the parabolic point is a Jordan curve (except for the polynomial z+z3 where it consists in two Jordan curves). Moreover, we give a description of the dynamics and obtain the local connectivity of the Julia set under some assumptions.
Building back better? – negotiating normative boundaries of gender mainstreaming and post-tsunami reconstruction in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Indonesia
Authors: JAUHOLA MARJAANA 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article focuses on gender mainstreaming policies and advocacy on gender equality in the post-tsunami context in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. Through the analysis, this article illustrates how gender mainstreaming policy documents and gender advocacy of the provincial and central government, when drawing from sex/gender division and binary of genders, reproduce heteronormative boundaries. By focusing on details, I argue that the image of the heteronormative nuclear family participates in normalising other identity categories; such as urban and middle-class. I also provide examples of how simultaneous to the production of dominant norms, gender advocacy challenges heteronormativity and norms governing heterosexuality and actively question the dominant gender norms. Drawing from postcolonial feminist and recent queer critiques, I argue that advocacy that solely focuses on gender and/or sexuality reduces human bodies and their desires to simplistic stick figures. Thus, it remains blind to other forms of violence, such as global economic and political frameworks that define ‘building back better’ primarily as recovery and rehabilitation of economy, assets and labour force.