bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Materials and Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochromic Device Applications
Authors: Thakur Vijay Kumar , Ding Guoqiang , Ma Jan , Lee Pooi See , Lu Xuehong 
Published: May 2012

AbstractElectrochromic (EC) materials and polymer electrolytes are the most imperative and active components in an electrochromic device (ECD). EC materials are able to reversibly change their light absorption properties in a certain wavelength range via redox reactions stimulated by low direct current (dc) potentials of the order of a fraction of volts to a few volts. The redox switching may result in a change in color of the EC materials owing to the generation of new or changes in absorption band in visible region, infrared or even microwave region. In ECDs the electrochromic layers need to be incorporated with supportive components such as electrical contacts and ion conducting electrolytes. The electrolytes play an indispensable role as the prime ionic conduction medium between the electrodes of the EC materials. The expected applications of the electrochromism in numerous fields such as reflective‐type display and smart windows/mirrors make these materials of prime importance. In this article we have reviewed several examples from our research work as well as from other researchers’ work, describing the recent advancements on the materials that exhibit visible electrochromism and polymer electrolytes for electrochromic devices. The first part of the review is centered on nanostructured inorganic and conjugated polymer‐based organic‐inorganic hybrid EC materials. The emphasis has been to correlate the structures, morphologies and interfacial interactions of the EC materials to their electronic and ionic properties that influence the EC properties with unique advantages. The second part illustrates the perspectives of polymer electrolytes in electrochromic applications with emphasis on poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) based polymer electrolytes. The requirements and approaches to optimize the formulation of electrolytes for feasible electrochromic devices have been delineated.
Apparent transmission distortion of a pericentric chromosome one inversion in a large multi‐generation pedigree
Authors: Honeywell Christina , Argiropoulos Bob , Douglas Stuart , Blumenthal Andrea L. , Allanson Judith , McGowan‐Jordan Jean , McCready M. Elizabeth 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPericentric chromosome inversions are often associated with infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, and an increased risk for offspring with congenital anomalies. We report on a chromosome 1 inversion between 1p36.21 and 1q42.13, one of the largest described familial pericentric inversions of chromosome 1. The inversion was ascertained following the birth of a female with multiple congenital anomalies due to a recombinant chromosome 1. The inversion was subsequently detected or inferred in 16 healthy individuals over five generations. Interestingly, with a ratio of 16 carriers to 6 noncarriers, there appears to be transmission distortion of the inverted chromosome 1 within the family. Although there is no reported difficulty conceiving in the family, the risk of miscarriage is higher than predicted at 34% (13/38). The recurrence risk of a recombinant chromosome also appears to be lower than expected based on the mode of ascertainment. This case contributes to the spectrum of clinical features of chromosome 1 recombinants and raises the question of whether or not there is a selective advantage of the inverted chromosome at meiosis, conception, or post‐zygotically that has contributed to transmission distortion of the inverted chromosome. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Typical renal‐coloboma syndrome phenotype in a patient with a submicroscopic deletion of the PAX2 gene
Authors: Laimutis Kucinskas , Jackson Craig , Xu Xinjie , Warman Berta , Sarunas Rudaitis , Andriuskeviciute Irena , Birute Pundziene , Schimmenti Lisa A. , Raca Gordana 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe present a patient with optic nerve hypoplasia, secondary strabismus, mild deafness, abnormal external ear helices, and renal hypoplasia. The clinical phenotype was consistent with renal‐coloboma syndrome, but no point mutation in the PAX2 gene could be identified. High‐resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis showed that this patient has a submicroscopic deletion on chromosome 10, affecting the entire coding region of the PAX2 gene. This finding provided the molecular confirmation of the patient's clinical diagnosis and showed that, in addition to point mutations, deletions of the PAX2 gene contribute to the etiology of the renal‐coloboma syndrome. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The face signature of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Authors: Hammond Peter , Suttie Michael , Hennekam Raoul C. , Allanson Judith , Shore Eileen M. , Kaplan Frederick S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractFibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) causes extensive heterotopic bone formation due to heterozygous mutations in the glycine‐serine activation domain of ACVR1 (ALK2), a bone morphogenetic protein type I receptor. Anecdotal observations of facial similarity have been made by clinicians and parents, but no objective quantitative analysis of the faces of FOP patients has ever been undertaken. We delineated the common facial characteristics of 55 individuals with molecularly confirmed FOP by analyzing their face signature (face shape difference normalized against age and sex matched controls) and associated face signature graphs (with face signatures as vertices and adjacency corresponding to greatest similarity). Our analysis identified 10 affected individuals whose face signature is more homogeneous than others with FOP. This distinct subgroup showed the previously identified reduced mandible as well as newly identified features: underdevelopment of the upper orbit/supra‐orbital ridge; infra‐orbital prominence; and, low‐set ears. These findings strongly suggest that the canonical FOP mutation variably affects the postnatal morphogenesis of the normotopic cranial skeleton in the upper midface and mandible and may have important diagnostic and functional implications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of six novel patients with MECP2 duplications due to unbalanced rearrangements of the X chromosome
Authors: Sanmann Jennifer N. , Bishay Danielle L. , Starr Lois J. , Bell Carla A. , Pickering Diane L. , Stevens Jadd M. , Kahler Stephen G. , Olney Ann Haskins , Schaefer G. Bradley , Sanger Warren G. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMales with duplication of the Xq28 region, including methyl CpG‐binding protein 2 (MECP2), exhibit a characteristic phenotype, including developmental delay, intellectual disability, limited or absent speech, limited or absent ambulation, and recurrent respiratory infections. We report six males with MECP2 duplications identified using array comparative genomic hybridization. The minimal sizes of these duplications range from ∼0.08 to 14.13 Mb, which, to the best of our knowledge, are respectively the smallest and largest minimal size duplications molecularly characterized to date. Adjunct metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis further classified these duplications as tandem or as products of complex chromosomal rearrangements. Specifically, one complex rearrangement was described as a der(12)t(X;12)(q28;q24.33), which is the first report of a translocation involving MECP2 on Xq and chromosome 12. The other complex rearrangement was described as a rec(X)dup(Xq)inv(X)(p22.32q28)mat. Synthesis of the dysmorphic features identified in individuals with rec(X) chromosomes, including deletions in the pseudoautosomal region 1 (PAR1) at Xp22.33/Yp11.3 and duplications of the distal Xq region including MECP2, revealed a high prevalence of undescended testes (7/8) and micropenis (3/8) in this cohort. Given that micropenis is rare in the general population, but present in 38% of individuals in this cohort, a dosage anomaly at one or both loci may be a significant risk factor for this condition. Therefore, we recommend microarray testing for patients with unexplained micropenis, particularly when accompanied by other phenotypic anomalies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expanding the phenotypic and mutational spectrum in microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type I
Authors: Abdel‐Salam Ghada M.H. , Abdel‐Hamid Mohamed S. , Issa Mahmoud , Magdy Ahmed , El‐Kotoury Ahmed , Amr Khalda 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMutations in the RNU4ATAC gene cause microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type I. It encodes U4atac, a small nuclear RNA that is a component of the minor spliceosome. Six distinct mutations in 30 patients diagnosed as microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type I have been described. We report on three additional patients from two unrelated families presenting with a milder phenotype of microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type I and metopic synostosis. Patient 1 had two novel heterozygous mutations in the 3′ prime stem‐loop, g.66G > C and g.124G > A while Patients 2 and 3 had a homozygous mutation g.55G > A in the 5′ prime stem‐loop. Although they manifested the known spectrum of clinical features of microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type I, they lacked evidence of severe developmental delay and neurological symptoms. These findings expand the mutational and phenotypic spectrum of this syndrome. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Germline mosaicism in Cornelia de Lange syndrome
Authors: Slavin Thomas P. , Lazebnik Noam , Clark Dinah M. , Vengoechea Jaime , Cohen Leslie , Kaur Maninder , Konczal Laura , Crowe Carol A. , Corteville Jane E. , Nowaczyk Malgorzata J. , Byrne Janice L. , Jackson Laird G. , Krantz Ian D. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractCornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a genetic disorder associated with delayed growth, intellectual disability, limb reduction defects, and characteristic facial features. Germline mosaicism has been a described mechanism for CdLS when there are several affected offspring of apparently unaffected parents. Presently, the recurrence risk for CdLS has been estimated to be as high as 1.5%; however, this figure may be an underrepresentation. We report on the molecularly defined germline mosaicism cases from a large CdLS database, representing the first large case series on germline mosaicism in CdLS. Of the 12 families, eight have been previously described; however, four have not. No one specific gene mutation, either in the NIPBL or the SMC1A gene, was associated with an increased risk for germline mosaicism. Suspected or confirmed cases of germline mosaicism in our database range from a conservative 3.4% up to 5.4% of our total cohort. In conclusion, the potential reproductive recurrence risk due to germline mosiacism should be addressed in prenatal counseling for all families who have had a previously affected pregnancy or child with CdLS. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prolactin, fatherhood, and reproductive behavior in human males
Authors: Gettler Lee T. , McDade Thomas W. , Feranil Alan B. , Kuzawa Christopher W. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAlthough humans are considered unusual among mammals for the intensity of care that fathers often provide offspring, little is known about the hormonal architecture regulating human paternal investment. Prolactin has important reproductive functions in both female and male mammals and other taxa, making it a candidate regulator of human paternal behavior. Notably, prolactin is higher during periods of offspring care in some species, but it is unknown if this pattern occurs in human fathers. We draw on a sample of men (n = 289; age 21–23 at baseline) from Metropolitan Cebu City, Philippines to evaluate relationships between prolactin, assayed from dried blood spots, and components of reproductive behavior and relationship status. In this sample, fathers had higher prolactin than nonfathers (P = 0.006), and fathers of infants had borderline higher prolactin than fathers of older children (P = 0.054). Among single nonfathers at baseline (2005), baseline prolactin did not predict who transitioned to fatherhood by follow‐up 4.5 years later. Among nonfathers, men with greater prolactin reported more lifetime sexual partners (P = 0.050) as well as more sexual activity in the month before sampling (P = 0.060). Our results suggest that fathers in Cebu have higher prolactin than nonfathers, with hormone levels highest among fathers of young infants. Although these findings are generally consistent with evidence from other species for pronurturing effects of prolactin, evidence for positive relationships between the hormone and measures of sexual behavior at Cebu point to likely complexities in the hormone's involvement in male reproductive strategy. Am J Phys Anthropol 148:362–370, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Refining the genetic portrait of Portuguese Roma through X‐chromosomal markers
Authors: Pereira Vânia , Gusmão Leonor , Valente Cristina , Pereira Rui , Carneiro João , Gomes Iva , Morling Niels , Amorim António , João Prata Maria 
Published: May 2012

AbstractDue to differences in transmission between X‐chromosomal and autosomal DNA, the comparison of data derived from both markers allows deeper insight into the forces that shape the patterns of genetic diversity in populations. In this study, we applied this comparative approach to a sample of Portuguese Roma (Gypsies) by analyzing 43 X‐chromosomal markers and 53 autosomal markers. Portuguese individuals of non‐Gypsy ancestry were also studied. Compared with the host population, reduced levels of diversity on the X chromosome and autosomes were detected in Gypsies; this result was in line with known patterns of genetic diversity typical of Roma groups. As a consequence of the complex demographic past of the Roma, during which admixture and genetic drift played major roles, the amount of linkage disequilibrium (LD) on the X chromosome in Gypsies was considerably higher than that observed in non‐Gypsies. When the pattern of differentiation on the X chromosome was compared with that of autosomes, there was evidence for asymmetries in female and male effective population sizes during the admixture between Roma and non‐Roma. This result supplements previous data provided by mtDNA and the Y chromosome, underlining the importance of using combined information from the X chromosome and autosomes to dissect patterns of genetic diversity. Following the out‐of‐India dispersion, the Roma acquired a complex genetic pattern that was influenced by drift and introgression with surrounding populations, with important contributions from both males and females. We provide evidence that a sex‐biased admixture with Europeans is probably associated with the founding of the Portuguese Gypsies. Am J Phys Anthropol 148:389–394, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular diversity of entodiniomorphid ciliate Troglodytella abrassarti and its coevolution with chimpanzees
Authors: Vallo Peter , Petrželková Klára J. , Profousová Ilona , Petrášová Jana , Pomajbíková Katerina , Leendertz Fabian , Hashimoto Chie , Simmons Nicol , Babweteera Fred , Machanda Zarin , Piel Alexander , Robbins Martha M. , Boesch Christophe , Sanz Crickette , Morgan David , Sommer Volker , Furuichi Takeshi , Fujita Shiho , Matsuzawa Tetsuro , Kaur Taranjit , Huffman Michael A. , Modrý David 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe entodiniomorphid ciliate Troglodytella abrassarti is a colonic mutualist of great apes. Its host specificity makes it a suitable model for studies of primate evolution. We explored molecular diversity of T. abrassarti with regard to large geographical distribution and taxonomic diversity of its most common host, the chimpanzee. We found a very low diversification of T. abrassarti in chimpanzees across Africa. Distribution of two types of T. abrassarti supports evolutionary separation of the Western chimpanzee, P. t. verus, from populations in Central and East Africa. Type I T. abrassarti is probably a derived form, which corresponds with the Central African origin of chimpanzees and a founder event leading to P. t. verus. Exclusivity of the respective types of T. abrassarti to Western and Central/Eastern chimpanzees corroborates the difference found between an introduced population of presumed Western chimpanzees on Rubondo Island and an autochthonous population in mainland Tanzania. The identity of T. abrassarti from Nigerian P. t. ellioti and Central African chimpanzees suggests their close evolutionary relationship. Although this contrasts with published mtDNA data, it corroborates current opinion on the exclusive position of P. t. verus within the chimpanzee phylogeny. The type of T. abrassarti occurring in Central and East African common chimpanzee was confirmed also in bonobos. This may point to the presence of an ancestral Type II found throughout the Lower Guinean rainforest dating back to the common Pan ancestor. Alternatively, the molecular uniformity of T. abrassarti may imply a historical overlap of the species' distribution ranges. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermal properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) recovered from municipal solid waste by steam autoclaving
Authors: Holtman Kevin M. , Kodama Alice , Klamczynski Artur P. , Flynn Allison , Bozzi David V. , Torres Lennard , Franqui‐Villanueva Diana , Mao Jingdong , Glenn Gregory M. , Orts William J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe steam autoclaving of municipal solid waste followed by size separation was shown to be a way to recover virtually 100% of recyclable poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET); this is a yield not attainable by a typical material recovery facility. The polymer properties of the recovered PET, which had undergone various degrees of thermal processing, were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, gel permeation chromatography, viscometry, and solid‐state NMR to assess the commercial viability of polymer reuse. The weight‐average molecular weight (Mw) decreased as a result of autoclaving from 61,700 g/mol for postconsumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (pcPET) to 59,700 g/mol for autoclaved postconsumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) [(apcPET)]. Mw for the reclaimed poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) was slightly lower, at 57,400 g/mol. The melting temperature increased with two heat cycles from 236°C for the heat‐crystallized virgin poly(ethylene terephthalate) (vPET) pellets to 248°C for apcPET and up to 253°C for rPET. Correspondingly, the cold crystallization temperature decreased with increased processing from 134°C for vPET to 120°C for apcPET. The intrinsic viscosity varied from 0.773 dL/g for the vPET to 0.709 dL/g for rPET. Extruded samples were created to assess the potential commercial applications of the recovered rPET samples. The Mw values of the extruded apcPET and rPET samples dropped to 37,000 and 34,000 g/mol, respectively, after extrusion (three heat cycles); this indicated that exposure to heat dictated that these materials would be better suited for downcycled products, such as fibers and injected‐molded products. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2012
Preparation and characterization of poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene‐co‐ethylvinyl ether)/poly(styrene acrylate) core–shells and SiO2 nanocomposite films via a solution mixing method
Authors: Koti Reddy C. , Shekharam T. , Shailaja D. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractNanocomposite particles of poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene‐co‐ethylvinyl ether) [poly(CTFE‐co‐EVE)]/poly(styrene acrylate) (PSA)/SiO2 were prepared with poly(CTFE‐co‐EVE)/PSA [CS(FS); core–shell (CS) fluoro surfactant (FS)] and hydrophilic SiO2 nanoparticles by a solution mixing method. This method yielded a homogeneous dispersion of hydrophilic SiO2 nanoparticles in the CS(FS) matrix. The nanocomposite particle composition was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. A slight improvement in the thermal stability was observed and the glass‐transition temperature of the nanocomposite particles increased compared with the CS(FS) matrix. A remarkable enhancement was observed in the mechanical properties with an increase in the tensile strength from 1.1 to 6.2 MPa and with an increase in the elongation at break from 209.6 to 350.1% for the films with 15 wt % SiO2. The presence of a wettable PSA shell on the fluorocore made interaction possible with SiO2; this made it more hygroscopic with a decent water uptake capacity and an enhanced water contact angle. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2012
Preparation and potential in vivo anti‐influenza virus activity of low molecular‐weight κ‐carrageenans and their derivatives
Authors: Tang Fengxiang , Chen Fang , Li Feng 
Published: May 2012

AbstractDegradation of native κ‐carrageenan was performed using acid hydrolysis aided with microwave heating. Combined with nonofiltration membrane (cut‐off molecular weight 250 Da) separation, 1. 400 Da ‐ 50 kDa low‐molecular‐weight (LMW) κ‐carrageenans were obtained. Narrow molecular weight distribution of LMW κ‐carrageenans could be prepared under pH 2.18 during the microwave power range investigated. The in
vivo anti‐influenza virus (IV) activity of three kinds of LMW κ‐carrageenans (3, 5, and 10 kDa), their acetylated derivatives (acetylation degree of 1.5), as well as an acetylated and sulfated derivative of 3 kDa carrageenan (acetylation degree of 1.0 and sulfation degree of 2.4), were investigated using FM1‐induced pulmonary oedema model. These LMW κ‐carrageenans showed significant inhibition against FM1‐induced pulmonary oedema as compared with the virus control, although their activities were inferior to that of positive control, Rabivirin. Introduction of acetyl groups greatly increased their anti‐IV activity. The acetylated 3‐kDa κ‐carrageenan exhibited comparative activity with Rabivirin at both doses of 6 and 30 2. mg/kg·d, and the acetylated and sulfated derivative of 3 kDa carrageenan displayed higher activity than Rabivirin at the dose of 30 mg/kg·d. These results disclosed that 3 kDa κ‐carrageenan with proper acetylation degree and sulfation degree was a potential candidate against influenza virus. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation and properties of porous L‐tryptophan imprinted latex membrane from core‐shell emulsion
Authors: Lin Meina , Li Xiao , Zhang Weiying , Ying Xiaoguang 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMolecularly imprinted latex membrane (MILM) is prepared by core‐shell emulsion technique in the presence of a template molecule (L‐Tryptophan). A hard inward and soft outward microstructure latex particle is designed to obtain MILM with both flexibility and impact strength. Molecularly imprinted layer with high crosslinking degree is grafted on the surface of core‐shell latex particles. NaCl, glucose, urea, polyethylene glycol, Mw 300, etc., are added during the film‐forming process to produce porous microstructure in MILM. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scatchard analysis are used to investigate the interaction between L‐Tryptophan and MILM and the binding ability of the resultant MILM, respectively. The functional binding and separation performances in aqueous medium towards template are carried out. The results reveal that the content and type of porogen and the shell composition have significant effects on adsorption capacity and separation ability. MILM with glucose as porogen shows high recognition towards the template with adsorption separation factor reaching 9.06. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013