bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of flooring upon pigs reared in an otherwise cold environment
Authors: Lucas I. A. M. , Thomson W. 
Published: March 2009

1. Piglets reared in a cold building but in pens provided with electrically warmed or wooden beds weighed considerably more at 8 weeks old than piglets reared in pens with solid concrete floors covered with thin permeable cork-tar bricks. At 3 days and 3 weeks old there were no differences in live weight between the three groups.2. Before weaning at 8 weeks old the piglets reared on concrete floors had very much poorer appetites for solid food than had those from the other two groups.3. Although the blood haemoglobin concentrations of piglets on warmed and wooden floors rose between 3 and 8 weeks of age, the haemoglobin concentrations in the group on concrete floors fell. The differences in concentrations between groups at weaning just failed to be statistically significant at P = 0·05.4. Under the conditions of this experiment the provision of electrically warmed or wooden floors diminished but did not eliminate the incidence of a pathological liver condition in pigs which has been attributed to poor housing conditions.5. The low weaning weights, poor appetites, low haemoglobin concentrations at weaning and the presence of the liver disease in piglets born on concrete floors were probably interdependent, but the mechanism and direction of this interdependence could not be explained from the data collected.
The effect on the health of lactating cows of treatment with galactopoietic doses of thyroxine or iodinated casein
Authors: Leech F. B. , Bailey G. L. 
Published: March 2009

1. The effect on cow health of galactopoietic stimulation with thyroactive materials was determined from a statistical study of the results of a large field experiment involving 2000 cows over a 3-year period.2. The same experimental procedure was followed on thirty-seven farms scattered over England, Scotland and Wales. This procedure was planned to ensure that half the cows in each herd would receive a course of treatment with iodinated casein or thyroxine, and that the other half would constitute a suitable set of controls. Cows that remained in the herds received second and third treatments in successive lactations.3. The galactopoietic stimulation was started at a fixed interval after calving, irrespective of the season of the year.4. The use of the thyroactive materials in successive lactations did not have any serious adverse effects on the health of cows. The effect on productivity was less than had been expected, since the increase in milk yield resulting during the period of hormonal treatment was often largely or completely negatived by a shortening of the lactation period.5. The incidence of disease was somewhat greater in the treated than the control group, the principal contribution to this difference being from the diseases described as digestive disorders. There were some other differences of lesser significance.6. The rate of disposal of treated and control groups was almost identical.7. There were no adverse effects on the reproductive life of treated cows; factors studied were the efficiency of coitus, interval between parturitions, length of gestation and incidence of abnormalities at parturition.
The lignin and cellulose contents of certain grassland species at different stages of growth
Authors: Armstrong D. G. , Cook H. , Thomas Brynmor 
Published: March 2009

1. The lignin and cellulose contents of the dry matter of seven herbage species, including three grasses, two legumes and two herbs, have been determined at different stages of growth. Similar analyses of large samples of crude fibre isolated from early and late cuts of all species were made.2. No considerable differences between the lignin contents of the dry matter of the species were found when comparisons were made at the same stage of growth.3. In a majority of the species examined a marked rise in lignin content was found to occur at the flowering stage.4. The cellulose content of grasses, whether expressed as a percentage of the dry matter or of the carbohydrate fraction, is much higher than that of either legumes or herbs. In consequence, crude fibre contents are greater in the former than in the latter.5. The findings of earlier workers that the composition of the crude fibre varied as between species have been confirmed. It has been shown that, in any one species, the crude fibre make-up is dependent on the stage of growth.6. The recovery of lignin and cellulose in the crude fibre of the different species has been studied. Several possible explanations of the variable recoveries found have been suggested and discussed.7. The case for modification of the conventional method of feeding-stuff analysis, as it applies to the non-fatty and non-nitrogenous organic matter, has been discussed in the light of conclusions reached in the course of this work.
Apparatus for the determination of the energy exchange of calves and of sheep
Authors: Blaxter K. L. , Graham N. McC. , Rook J. A. F. 
Published: March 2009

1. Details are given of the construction of one open-circuit and two closed-circuit respiration chambers suitable for the determination of the 24 hr. exchange of energy of calves or of other animals weighing up to 75 kg.2. Gas analysis apparatus and the general technique employed in experiments with the closedcircuit apparatus are described.3. From experience gained with both types of apparatus the closed-circuit apparatus is preferred for its simplicity and ease of working.
Relations of yolk, albumen and egg weight in inbred lines of brown leghorns
Authors: Erasmus J. E. 
Published: March 2009

1. The relations of yolk, albumen and egg weight were studied in seven inbred lines of Brown Leghorns and reciprocal crosses of two of these lines.2. In all the lines the eggs produced by hens had a bigger proportion of yolk than those produced by pullets.3. Besides changes in both components accompanying differences in egg size the line means for albumen weight still differ significantly after adjustment is made for its covariance with yolk weight. This independent variation leads to differences in the yolk-albumen ratio of the hens.4. Within the lines there is a significant negative association between egg size and the yolk/albumen ratio.5. The wide differences in egg size, dividing the pure lines into two groups characterized by large and small eggs respectively, resulted from a marked decrease in the amount of albumen in the eggs of the latter group. Yolk weights, on the other hand, could be ranked in a fairly regular series with adjacent lines differing by 2 g. or less.6. There is some source of variation in the yolk/ albumen ratio for line means which is not accounted for by differences in egg size.
Species and breed differences in the thermal reaction mechanism
Authors: Badreldin A. L. , Ghany M. A. 
Published: March 2009

A total of fifty buffaloes, thirty-five Shorthorn and Shorthorn grades and twenty-nine Egyptian (Baladi) cows of different ages were used to study the thermal reaction mechanism by exposing the animals to direct solar radiation followed by shade. The thickness of the skin was also measured in all animals as it is one of the main factors in heat regulation. The results were as follows:1. There were species and breed differences in the thermal reactions. Buffaloes were more hyperthermic when exposed to direct solar radiation than either Shorthorn or Egyptian cattle. The Shorthorns were more affected by ambient heat than Egyptian cattle.2. The skin thickness of the buffalo was double that of the cattle. In all animals the thickness of the skin increased with age.3. It is suggested that the adaptability of farm animals to tropical and subtropical zones is better assessed under shade and under normal husbandry conditions than by exposing them to direct sunlight.
Effect of acute water restriction on plasma proteins and on blood and urinary electrolytes in Barmer goats of the Rajasthan desert
Authors: Khan M. S. , Ghosh P. K. , Sasidharan T. O. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effect of 96 h water deprivation on plasma proteins, blood and urinary electrolyte concentrations were studied in Barmer goats of the Rajasthan desert. The total plasma proteins, particularly albumin, increased significantly by water deprivation. Plasma potassium concentrations remained unchanged. The urinary K/Nu ratio increased considerably. There was a decrease in urinary sodium concentration after the 4th day of water deprivation.
The effect of undernutrition after calving on the quantity and composition of the milk produced by dairy cattle
Authors: Flux D. S. , Patchell M. R. 
Published: March 2009

Fourteen pairs of monozygous twin cows of mixed ages were used to determine the effect of underfeeding from the 3rd to the 8th week inclusive after calving on milk and butterfat production and on the composition of the milk.Those cows which were well fed over the 6-week period produced more milk and a larger weight of butterfat than their sisters which had been poorly fed. The milk from the well-fed cows had a lower percentage of butterfat, but higher percentages of solids-not-fat and total protein, than the milk from the poorly fed cows.The complete lactation averages failed to show statistical significant differences in all characteristics except in the case of solids-not-fat percentage. The mean difference between the two groups for solidsnot-fat was found to be highly significant.In general, the results support the conclusions of other workers, that underfeeding dairy cows may depress the solids-not-fat content of the milk.It appeared that differences between the two groups in butterfat percentage over the 6-week experimental feeding period were strongly correlated with differences in weight changes and that the small amount of variance associated with milk yield differences was not significant.
The nutritive value for young pigs of cooked potato flake in comparison with maize meal
Authors: Whittemore C. T. , Taylor A. G. , Crooks P. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYDigestibility, performance and carcass analysis trials were used to compare the nutritive value of two diets, containing 78% of either cooked potato flake (diet CPF) or maize meal (diet M). Diet CPF had slightly lower values for gross energy (GE) and nitrogen (N), markedly lower values for ether extractives and crude fibre, a slightly higher lysine concentration and a markedly higher potassium concentration.Apparent digestibility coefficients were determined with ten piglets weighing 22 kg; digestibility values for GE and N were respectively 0·95 and 0·91 for diet CPF, and 0·84 and 0·88 for diet M. Digestible energy (DE) and digestible N (DN) values were 10·2 MJ and 26·9 g/kg dry matter for diet CPF, and 15·3 MJ and 27·9 g/kg dry matter for diet M. The performance of 30 piglets grown from 21 to 53 days of age and from 6·0 to 13·1 kg was similar for each diet, as were the empty body, water, N, lipid, ash and GE gains of 18 of these piglets. The efficiencies of conversion of nutrients ingested from diet CPF into the components of body gain were for GE, DE, N and DN; 0·21, 0·22, 0·48 and 0·52 respectively. Corresponding values for diet M were 0·17, 0·21, 0·38 and 0·44.The greater efficiency with which the nutrients in the potato flake were used thus resulted in a growth response which was at least equal to that of the maize meal.
Measurements of the rate of production of bacteria in the rumen of buffalo calves
Authors: Singh U. B. , Verma D. N. , Varma A. , Ranjhan S. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA technique is described for thein vivoestimation of the rate of production of bacteria in the rumen of buffalo calves. The animals were given their daily ration in 12 equal amounts at 2-h intervals. The bacterial cells from the rumen were labelled either with14C or36S byin vitroincubation in the presence of [U-14C]DL-leucine or35S-sodium sulphate. Labelled bacterial cells were injected in a single dose into the rumen. Samples of the ruminal fluid were drawn at various time intervals for 9 h and the specific radio-activity of the bacteria determined. The dilution in the specific radioactivity was used to calculate the turn-over time and rates of production of bacteria in the rumen. The average turnover time was 308 min. The production rate of bacteria averaged 211 mg/min (20·3 g/mole VFA produced).
Carotenoid changes inBrassica oleraceavar.capitataL. with age, in relation to the Large White Butterfly,Pieris brassicaeL.
Authors: Feltwell J. S. E. , Valadon L. R. G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYComparison of summer, winter and spring-grown cabbage showed that carotene synthesis differed considerably. Spring-grown cabbage was found to produce a peak of carotenoids during the first week of growth, and this decreased after one month. In comparison, winter-grown cabbage was still producing more carotenoids after 1 month and came to a peak of carotenoid production between 1 and 2 months. The winter-grown cabbage plants were maintained for 12 months and it was found that oxidative processes occurred at a later date than in spring- and summer-grown plants. It is shown that total carotenoids and interconversions of carotenoids are a useful indication of the metabolic processes, including oxidation and degradation of carotenoids, occurring in maturing and senescing plants.The effect of variation of the vitamin A potent carotenoids in the cabbage, and the increased spring production of carotenoids in cabbage, are discussed in relation to the life style of P.brassicae.
Methods of analysing competition with special reference to herbage plants:III. Monocultures v. binary mixtures
Authors: Hill J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA model is presented which considers the effects of competition between pairs of individuals in binary mixtures. Competitive effects are defined in terms of two parameters; a monoculture effect (Mo) which measures competition between like individuals and a mixture effect (Mi) which relates to competition between unlike individuals. If the data from a particular density replacement series conform to the proposed model the ratio of Mi to Mo can be used to determine whether it would be more advantageous to grow a mixture of the two components concerned or a pure stand of the better component. Where appropriate the optimal composition of the mixture may also be estimated. Theoretical considerations suggest that a 50:50 ratio only represents the optimal composition of a mixture when the two components possess a similar expression for the character concerned.The model has been applied to dry weight data collected over two growing seasons from a glasshouse experiment which contained 5 genotypes ofLolium perennegrown as monocultures and in all 10 binary combinations. Each combination was represented by three mixture proportions. For the majority of these density replacement series the model was satisfactory, with mixture effects tending to be of greater significance during the first of the two growing seasons. Failure of the model was in general due either to a specific form of competition, which maintained the performance of the mixtures at the level of the better monoculture, or to the presence of more complex forms of competition.The implications of this model for the development of productive herbage mixtures are briefly discussed, whilst the possible effects of invasion by unsown grass species upon the productivity of a pure sward are also outlined.
On increasing wool weight through breeding LK-type sheep
Authors: Taneja G. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe wool weight/m2 of LK progeny arising out of LK × LK matings (approximately a quarter were HK and were excluded) and HK progeny arising out of HK × HK matings (all were HK) of two coarse-wool producing breeds of sheep, Marwari and Magra, were compared with the mid-parent values. LK progenies produced significantly more than the mid-parent value in both the breeds, but there was no increase in HK progeny. The difference in wool weight between the HK progeny and their mid-parent value tended to be less for Marwari whereas it was much less for Magra breed.The results suggest that improvement in wool weight of sheep can be made by maintaining LK stock and mating LK × LK, culling the HK arising out of these matings in each generation.
Effects of age and state of incisor dentition on the chemical composition of the skeleton of sheep grazing hill pastures
Authors: Sykes A. R. , Field A. C. , Gunn R. G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe chemical composition of the skeleton, mandible and 4th lumbar vertebra of 59 Scottish Blackface female sheep from a ‘broken mouth’ farm was determined. There were 27 6½-year-old sheep (11 with sound mouths, 16 with broken mouths), 16 5½-year old sheep (with loose incisor teeth which at the outset of the experiment were clipped to gum level) and 16 2½-year-old sheep. Sheep from each group were slaughtered at the beginning of pregnancy and in mid-lactation and from those with broken mouths and from the 5½-year-old and 2½-year-old groups at the end of the subsequent dry period. The sheep grazed hill pastures and received an energy supplement during late pregnancy and early lactation.There were no differences between the 6½-year-old sheep with broken mouths and those with sound mouths in total skeletal mineral content or in the density of ash (ash: volume ratio) or organic matrix (organic matter: volume ratio) in the mandible and lumbar vertebra at the beginning of pregnancy or in mid-lactation. Nor were there differences in the density of ash or organic matrix between any groups, although the skeletons of the 6½-year-old sheep were larger. The lumbar vertebra, which is rich in cancellous bone, had a lower ash and organic matrix density in the 5½- and 2½-year-old sheep. It is suggested that bone mineralization may proceed slowly on such hill pastures.The rates of repletion of the skeleton during the dry period, 0·35, 0·47 and 0·66 g Ca/day, respectively, in the 6½-year-old sheep with broken mouths, 5½-year-old and 2½-year-old sheep were much slower than rates given in the literature for sheep under controlled conditions. It is suggested that factors other than the major nutrients, protein, Ca and P, may be limiting repletion of the skeleton.Recovery of the ash density of the vertebra was not complete at the end of the dry period. This was especially so in the sheep with broken mouths and resulted mainly from a failure to replace bone organic matrix.The implications for the development of broken mouth of cyclical changes in the density of cancellous bone and of evidence that the ability to maintain and to remineralize the skeleton deteriorates with increasing age, are discussed.
Effects of age and state of incisor dentition on faecal output of dry matter and on faecal and urinary output of nitrogen and minerals, of sheep grazing hill pastures
Authors: Field A. C. , Sykes A. R. , Gunn R. G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYExcretion of D.M., N, Ca, P and Mg in faeces, and N, P and Mg in urine were measured at intervals over 12 months in breeding Scottish Blackface sheep grazing hill pastures. These values were used with data on reproductive performance and body compositional changes, to calculate the energy, nitrogen and mineral balances. The sheep were: 11 6½-year-old with sound mouths (SM), 16 6½-year-old with broken mouths (BM), 16 5½-year-old with all permanent incisors clipped to gum level (CM) and 16 2½-year-old (Y). An energy supplement was given at the end of gestation and during early lactation. All faeces were collected and creatinine was used as an internal marker to estimate urine volume.Faecal D.M. output ranged from 443 to 662 g/day, with highest values in November and lowest in May. Average values for the BM sheep were lower than those for the other groups but when output was expressed as a power function of body weight, the values for the Y sheep were 15% higher than those for the other groups. Faecal excretions of Ca and P in January and February were very low and the values for P were half the expected endogenous faecal loss.Urinary output ofN ranged from 6·0 g/day in February to 22·2 g/day in August and the corresponding urinary urea N: total N ratios were 0·24 and 0·69. Urinary Mg output was highest in late summer and early winter but urinary P showed no consistent trends.The estimated daily intakes of DOM (g) were 936 in November 1969, 599 in January, 414 in February, 1075 in May, 1150 in August and 946 in November 1970.The loss of energy from the body between mating (November) and mid-lactation (June) ranged from 9·5 to 16·8% of the total calculated ME requirements in the Y and BM sheep, respectively. Maintenance requirements averaged 204 kJ/kg body weight/day and the value for the Y sheep was 12% higher than the mean for the older sheep.Nitrogen and mineral balances were calculated for February, May, August and November. The sheep were protein-deficient in winter, not from a shortage of crude protein in the diet but because of its low digestibility (34%). Intakes of Ca and P in winter were low and a real possibility of a P deficiency exists. Estimates of the concentrations of N and of minerals in the herbage consumed by the sheep were made and compared with those obtained for cut herbage from the same pastures. It would appear that the sheep selected herbage of a higher protein content than that of the cut herbage. Herbage selection was greatest in November.
Some wool characteristics of Karadi sheep in northern Iraq
Authors: Ghoneim K. E. , Kazzal N. T. , Abdallah R. Kh. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYOne hundred and sixty-eight wool samples were collected from commercial flocks of Karadi sheep raised in the five provinces of northern Iraq. The wool characteristics dealt with were staple and fibre length, crimps, fibre diameter, medullation, fibre strength and elongation.The results showed that the Karadi wool is a long type of carpet fleece with average staple and fibre lengths of 19·3 and 23·5 cm, respectively. It had an average fibre diameter of 48·1 μ and contained 19·45 % medullated fibres. The number of crimps per 2 cm was 2·4. Average fibre strength and elongation were 24·8 g/5 cm and 31·8 % respectively. Phenotypic correlations between wool traits were studied.
The effect of feeding sugar syrup to honey-bee colonies
Authors: Free J. B. , Spencer-Booth Yvette 
Published: March 2009

1. Honey-bee colonies were fed either concentrated or dilute sugar syrup, or remained unfed, in spring, summer, and autumn of 1958 and 1959.2. More concentrated than dilute syrup was accepted in every experiment, but the proportion of concentrated to dilute syrup accepted decreased during the course of both years.3. The concentration of syrup fed made no apparent difference to the gain in weight relative to the sugar taken, probably because the greater efficiency in storing concentrated syrup was offset by the diminution in foraging produced.4. Feeding dilute or concentrated syrup increased brood rearing during and after feeding in one year (bad weather) but had no effect on brood rearing in the other year (good weather).5. While being fed colonies usually collected more pollen than they otherwise would.6. Feeding either concentration of syrup probably decreased nectar gathering when foraging conditions were good, and concentrated syrup may have decreased it more than dilute syrup.