bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon Fiber–Bismaleimide Composites Filled with Nickel‐Coated Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Lightning‐Strike Protection
Authors: Chakravarthi Divya K. , Khabashesku Valery N. , Vaidyanathan Ranji , Blaine Jeanette , Yarlagadda Shridhar , Roseman David , Zeng Qiang , Barrera Enrique V. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMultifunctional carbon fiber composites are imperative for next‐generation lightweight aircraft structures. However, lightning‐strike protection is a feature that is lacking in many modern carbon fiber high‐temperature polymer systems, due to their high electrical resistivity. This work presents a study on processing, materials optimization, and property development of high‐temperature bismaleimide (BMI)–carbon fiber composites filled with nickel‐coated single‐walled carbon nanotubes (Ni‐SWNTs) based on three key factors: i) dispersion of Ni‐SWNTs, ii) their surface coverage on the carbon plies and, iii) the composite surface resistivity. Atomic force microscopy analysis revealed that coating purified SWNTs with nickel enabled improved dispersion which resulted in uniform surface coverage on the carbon plies. The electrical resistivity of the baseline composite system was reduced by ten orders of magnitude by the addition of 4 wt% Ni‐SWNTs (calculated with respect to the weight of a single carbon ply). Ni‐SWNT–filled composites showed a reduced amount of damage to simulated lightning strike compared to their unfilled counterparts, as indicated by the minimal carbon fiber pull‐out.
Complete remission in nonsyndromic childhood‐onset epilepsy
Authors: Berg Anne T. , Testa Francine M. , Levy Susan R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjective:Determine the probability of attaining complete remission in children with nonsyndromic epilepsy (NSE) over the course of ≥10 years from initial diagnosis; identify early predictors of complete remission; and assess the risk of relapse after achieving complete remission.Methods:In a prospective community‐based cohort, complete remission was defined as 5 years seizure‐free and medication‐free. Any subsequent seizure for any reason was a relapse. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted with standard methods including the Kaplan‐Meier approach. Proportional hazards modeling was used for multivariable analysis.Results:Of 613 cohort members, 347 had NSEs, of whom 294 (85%) were followed ≥10 years (maximum = 17.9). A total of 170 in 294 (58%) achieved complete remission, 10 of whom (6%) relapsed. Seizure outcome at 2 years (remission, pharmacoresistant, unclear) (p < 0.0001) and underlying cause (p < 0.0001) distinguished groups with complete remission ranging from ∼20% to ∼75%. Older age at onset was independently associated with a poorer chance of complete remission. Relapses occurred up to 7.5 years after attaining complete remission and were marginally associated with underlying cause (p = 0.06).Interpretation:Complete remission occurs in over one‐half of young people with NSE and generally persists. Meaningful but imperfect predication is possible based on underlying cause and early seizure control. The finding of age effects may play a role in meaningful identification of phenotypes, which could become fruitful targets for genetic and imaging investigations in these otherwise poorly differentiated epilepsies. ANN NEUROL 2011;
Contrast gain control abnormalities in idiopathic generalized epilepsy
Authors: Tsai Jeffrey J. , Norcia Anthony M. , Ales Justin M. , Wade Alex R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjective:The origin of neural hyperexcitability underlying idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) is not known. The objective of this study is to identify evidence of hyperexcitability in precisely measured visual evoked responses and to understand the nature of changes in excitation and inhibition that lead to altered responses in human patients with IGE.Methods:Steady‐state visual‐evoked potentials (VEPs) to contrast reversing gratings were recorded over a wide range of stimulus contrast. VEPs were analyzed at the pattern reversal rate using spectral analysis. Ten patients with IGE and 13 healthy subjects participated. All subjects had normal visual acuity and had no history of photic‐induced seizures or photoparoxysmal electroencephalograph (EEG) activity.Results:At a group level, the amplitude of visual responses did not saturate at high stimulus contrast in patients, as it did in the control subjects. This reflects an abnormality in neuronal gain control. The VEPs did not have sufficient power to reliably distinguish patients from controls at an individual level. Parametric modeling using a standard gain control framework showed that the abnormality lay in reduced inhibition from neighboring neurons rather than increased excitatory response to the stimulus.Interpretation:Visual evoked responses reveal changes in a fundamental mechanism regulating neuronal sensitivity. These changes may give rise to hyperexcitability underlying generalized epilepsy. ANN NEUROL 2011;
From the Surface to Volume: Concepts for the Next Generation of Optical–Holographic Data‐Storage Materials
Authors: Bruder Friedrich‐Karl , Hagen Rainer , Rölle Thomas , Weiser Marc‐Stephan , Fäcke Thomas 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOptical data storage has had a major impact on daily life since its introduction to the market in 1982. Compact discs (CDs), digital versatile discs (DVDs), and Blu‐ray discs (BDs) are universal data‐storage formats with the advantage that the reading and writing of the digital data does not require contact and is therefore wear‐free. These formats allow convenient and fast data access, high transfer rates, and electricity‐free data storage with low overall archiving costs. The driving force for development in this area is the constant need for increased data‐storage capacity and transfer rate. The use of holographic principles for optical data storage is an elegant way to increase the storage capacity and the transfer rate, because by this technique the data can be stored in the volume of the storage material and, moreover, it can be optically processed in parallel. This Review describes the fundamental requirements for holographic data‐storage materials and compares the general concepts for the materials used. An overview of the performance of current read–write devices shows how far holographic data storage has already been developed.
Epithelial Membrane Protein 1 Inhibits Human Spinal Chondrocyte Differentiation
Authors: Li Zhi‐Yong , Xiong Shao‐Hu , Hu Ming , Zhang Chuan‐Sen 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe molecular mechanisms underlying human spinal chondrocyte differentiation remain unclear. We recently demonstrated that epithelial membrane protein 1 (EMP1) is highly expressed in degenerative intervertebral discs. EMP1 is involved in the differentiation of multiple cell types, including progenitor/pre‐B cells, neurons, and podocytes. Therefore, we hypothesize that EMP1 may participate in the differentiation of spinal chondrocytes. We cultured chondrocytes from human nucleus pulposus. Through lentivirus‐mediated knockdown and overexpression of EMP1, we find that EMP1 promotes cell proliferation and survival, alters cell morphology and cell cycle, reduces cell condensation, and inhibits cell hypertrophy and the expression of chondrocyte maturation markers such as collagen X, aggrecan, sex‐determining region Y (SRY)‐box 9, and runt‐related transcription factor 2. We also show that EMP1 is not expressed in the ossification center of vertebrae but is highly expressed in the nucleus pulposus and growth plate, where chondrocytes are immature and endochondral ossification has not occurred. These results suggest that EMP1 inhibits human spinal chondrocyte differentiation. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutation probability of cytochrome P450 based on a genetic algorithm and support vector machine
Authors: Yao Yu , Zhang Tao , Xiong Yi , Li Li , Huo Juan , Wei Dong‐Qing 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe support vector machine (SVM), an effective statistical learning method, has been widely used in mutation prediction. Two factors, i.e., feature selection and parameter setting, have shown great influence on the efficiency and accuracy of SVM classification. In this study, according to the principles of a genetic algorithm (GA) and SVM, we developed a GA‐SVM program and applied it to human cytochrome P450s (CYP450s), which are important monooxygenases in phase I drug metabolism. The program optimizes features and parameters simultaneously, and hence fewer features are used and the overall prediction accuracy is improved. We focus on the mutation of non‐synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in protein sequences that appear to exhibit significant influences on drug metabolism. The final predictive model has a quite satisfactory performance, with the prediction accuracy of 61% and cross‐validation accuracy of 73%. The results indicate that the GA‐SVM program is a powerful tool in optimizing mutation predictive models of nsSNPs of human CYP450s.
The aggregation properties of Escherichia coli proteins associated with their cellular abundance
Authors: Castillo Virginia , Graña‐Montes Ricardo , Ventura Salvador 
Published: April 2011

AbstractProteins are key players in most cellular processes. Therefore, their abundances are thought to be tightly regulated at the gene‐expression level. Recent studies indicate, however, that steady‐state cellular‐protein concentrations correlate better across species than the levels of the corresponding mRNAs; this supports the existence of selective forces to maintain precise cellular‐protein concentrations and homeostasis, even if gene‐expression levels diverge. One of these forces might be the avoidance of protein aggregation because, in the cell, the folding of proteins into functional conformations might be in competition with anomalous aggregation into non‐functional and usually toxic structures in a concentration‐dependent manner. The data in the present work provide support for this hypothesis because, in E. coli, the experimental solubility of proteins correlates better with the cellular abundance than with the gene‐expression levels. We found that the divergence between protein and mRNAs levels is low for high‐abundance proteins. This suggests that because abundant proteins are at higher risk of aggregation, cellular concentrations need to be stringently regulated by gene expression.
Evaluation of polysaccharide‐based chiral stationary phases in quality control of (S)‐mirtazapine
Authors: Rao R. Nageswara , Maurya Pawan K. , Guruprasad K. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTHigh‐performance liquid chromatographic methods were developed for separation of the enantiomers of mirtazapine and its four process‐related substances. The direct separations were achieved on chiral stationary phases containing amylose tris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) (Chiralpak® AD‐H), cellulose tris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) (Chiralcel® OD‐H) and cellulose tris(4‐methylbenzoate) (Chiralcel® OJ‐H ). The experimental data were utilized to discuss the effects of the mobile phase composition, the nature of the alcoholic modifier and the specific structural features of the analytes on retention and separation. The elution sequence was determined under the optimized separation conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiblock redundancy analysis: interpretation tools and application in epidemiology
Authors: Bougeard Stéphanie , Qannari El Mostafa , Rose Nicolas 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFor the purpose of exploring and modeling the relationships between a dataset Y and several datasets () measured on the same individuals, multiblock Partial Least Squares is a regression technique which is widely used, particularly in process monitoring, chemometrics and sensometrics. In the same vein, a new multiblock method, called multiblock Redundancy Analysis, is proposed. It is introduced by maximizing a criterion that reflects the objectives to be addressed. The solution of this maximization problem is directly derived from the eigenanalysis of a matrix. In addition, this method is related to other multiblock methods. Multiblock modeling methods provide to the user a large spectrum of interpretation indices for the investigation of the relationships among variables and among datasets. They are related to the criterion to maximize and therefore directly derived from the maximization problem under consideration. The interest of multiblock Redundancy Analysis and the associated interpretation tools are illustrated using a dataset in the field of veterinary epidemiology. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissimilarity representation on functional spectral data for classification
Authors: Porro‐Muñoz Diana , Talavera Isneri , Duin Robert P. W. , Hernández Noslen , Orozco‐Alzate Mauricio 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn chemometrics, spectral data are typically represented by vectors of features in spite of the fact that they are usually plotted as functions of e.g. wavelengths and concentrations. In the representation, this functional information is thereby not reflected. Consequently, some characteristics of the data that can be essential for discrimination between samples of different classes or any other analysis are ignored. Examples are the continuity between measured points and the shape of curves. In the Functional Data Analysis (FDA) approach, the functional characteristics of spectra are taken into account by approximating the data by real valued functions, e.g. splines. Another solution is the Dissimilarity Representation (DR), in which classifiers are trained in a space built by dissimilarities with training examples or prototypes of each class. Functional information may be incorporated in the definition of the dissimilarity measure. In this paper we compare the feature‐based representation of chemical spectral data with three other representations: FDA, DR defined on raw data and DR defined on FDA descriptions. We analyze the classification results of these four representations for five data sets of different types, by using different classifiers. We demonstrate the importance of reflecting the functional characteristics of chemical spectral data in their representation, and we show when the presented approaches are more suitable. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drop‐Population Balances as Basis for the Design of Extraction Columns
Authors: Adinata Donni , Ayesterán José , Buchbender Florian , Kalem Murat , Kopriwa Nicole , Pfennig Andreas 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDurch die Auslegung von Extraktionskolonnen basierend auf Experimenten im Labormaßstab und Simulationen lassen sich Zeit und Kosten sparen, da die heute üblichen, teuren Technikumsexperimente entfallen. Das Verhalten einzelner Tropfen bzw. Tropfenschwärme wird im Labormaßstab untersucht. Systemspezifische Parameter geeigneter Modelle werden an die Experimente angepasst und fließen dann in Simulationen ein, die mittels Tropfenpopulationsbilanzen den Extraktionsprozess beschreiben. Es wird eine Übersicht über die historische Entwicklung dieser Methode für die Extraktion und die heute relevanten Lösungsansätze gegeben. Das Simulationstool ReDrop kann erfolgreich das Verhalten von pulsierten Extraktionskolonnen vorhersagen und wurde mit mehreren, auch industriellen Stoffsystemen validiert. Eine Perspektive für die zukünftige Entwicklung wird aufgezeigt.
Distributed self‐organizing bandwidth allocation for priority‐based bus communication
Authors: Ziermann Tobias , Wildermann Stefan , Mühleis Nina , Teich Jürgen 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYThe raising complexity in distributed embedded systems makes it necessary that the communication of such systems organizes itself automatically. In this paper, we tackle the problem of sharing bandwidth on priority‐based buses. Based on a game theoretic model, reinforcement learning algorithms are proposed that use simple local rules to establish bandwidth sharing. The algorithms require little computational effort and no additional communication. Extensive experiments show that the proposed algorithms establish the desired properties without global knowledge ortextita priori information. It is proven that communication nodes using these algorithms can co‐exist with nodes using other scheduling techniques. Finally, we propose a procedure that helps to set the learning parameters according to the desired behavior. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuous reaction crystallization of struvite from phosphate(V) solutions containing calcium ions
Authors: Hutnik N. , Piotrowski K. , Wierzbowska B. , Matynia A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractContinuous reaction crystallization of struvite from water solutions containing phosphate(V) (1.0 mass%) and calcium ions (from 0.01 to 0.20 mass%) was investigated. Process was carried out in temperature 298 K in continuous DT MSMPR type crystallizer with internal circulation of suspension. Influence of pH (from 9 to 11) and mean residence time of suspension in crystallizer (from 900 to 3600 s) on product crystal size distribution, mean size, population homogeneity and shape of crystals, as well as chemical composition of solid phase was tested. Within the investigated process parameter ranges struvite crystals of mean size from 18 to ca. 50 μm were produced. With the increase in calcium ions concentration in a feed mean crystal size decreased from 34.2 to 18.4 μm (pH 9, τ 900 s). Coexistence of struvite and hydroxyapatite crystals in the solid product was confirmed analytically (Ca content in solid product from 0.3 to 8.4 mass%). Presence of calcium ions favoured crystallization of struvite in a form of tubular crystals, characterized by lengthwise cracks and irregular edges. Co–precipitated hydroxyapatite particles showed relatively small sizes, even below 1 μm, forming agglomerates on the surface of larger struvite crystals and individual agglomerates. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Generation of a tamoxifen inducible SMN mouse for temporal SMN replacement
Authors: Bebee Thomas W. , Gladman Jordan T. , Chandler Dawn S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractProximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by low levels of the SMN protein, encoded by the Survival Motor Neuron genes (SMN1 and SMN2). Mouse models of SMA can be rescued by increased SMN expression, but the timing of SMN replacement for complete rescue is unknown. Studies in zebrafish predict restoration of SMN function during embryogenesis may be important for axonal pathfinding, while the mouse models and normal human disease progression suggest that post‐natal treatment may be sufficient for amelioration of disease. To evaluate the timing for SMN replacement, we have generated a stably integrated Cre‐inducible SMN mouse in which expression of full‐length SMN2 occurs after tamoxifen administration. Our temporally inducible SMN transgene is able to express SMN in embryonic, neonatal, and weanling mice and as such can be utilized in severe and mild SMA mouse models to identify the therapeutic window for SMN replacement. genesis 49:927–934, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Subsets of human CD4+ regulatory T cells express the peripheral homing receptor CXCR3
Authors: Hoerning André , Koss Kerith , Datta Dipak , Boneschansker Leonard , Jones Caroline N. , Wong Ian Y. , Irimia Daniel , Calzadilla Katiana , Benitez Fanny , Hoyer Peter F. , Harmon William E. , Briscoe David M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractRegulatory T cells (Tregs) migrate into peripheral sites of inflammation such as allografts undergoing rejection, where they serve to suppress the immune response. In this study, we find that ∼30–40% of human CD25hi FOXP3+ CD4+ Tregs express the peripheral CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) and that this subset has potent immunoregulatory properties. Consistently, we observed that proliferative responses as well as IFN‐γ production were significantly higher using CXCR3‐depleted versus undepleted responders in the mixed lymphocyte reaction, as well as following mitogen‐dependent activation of T cells. Using microfluidics, we also found that CXCR3 was functional on CXCR3pos Tregs, in as much as chemotaxis and directional persistence towards interferon‐γ‐inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP‐10) was significantly greater for CXCR3pos than CXCR3neg Tregs. Following activation, CXCR3‐expressing CD4+ Tregs were maintained in vitro in cell culture in the presence of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin, and we detected higher numbers of circulating CXCR3+ FOXP3+ T cells in adult and pediatric recipients of renal transplants who were treated with mTOR‐inhibitor immunosuppressive therapy. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the peripheral homing receptor CXCR3 is expressed on subset(s) of circulating human Tregs and suggest a role for CXCR3 in their recruitment into peripheral sites of inflammation.
Square Wave Stripping Voltammetry of Unlabeled Single‐ and Double‐Stranded DNAs
Authors: Bartošík Martin , Paleček Emil 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe show that, in difference to previously applied electrochemical methods working with stationary electrodes, square wave voltammetry produces well‐developed peaks IISW (specific for dsDNA) and IIISW yielded by ssDNA at hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) and solid amalgam electrodes (SAEs). Using these peaks various kinds of DNA structural transitions can be studied, including unwinding of dsDNA at negatively charged electrode surfaces. The sensitivity of the DNA analysis is much better than that obtained with guanine oxidation signals at carbon electrodes. Both carbon electrodes and SAEs appear attractive as transducers in label‐free RNA and DNA sensors.
Understanding solution-state noncovalent interactions between xenobiotics and natural organic matter using 19F/1H heteronuclear saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Longstaffe James G , Simpson André J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A combination of forward and reverse heteronuclear (19F/1H) saturation transfer difference (STD) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques were applied to characterize the noncovalent interactions between perfluorinated aromatic xenobiotics and dissolved humic acid. These NMR techniques produce detailed molecular-level descriptions of weak noncovalent associations between components in complex environmental mixtures, allowing the mechanisms underlying these interactions to be explored; 19F observed heteronuclear STD (H-STD) is used to describe the average molecular orientation of the xenobiotics during their interactions with humic acid, whereas 1H observed reverse-heteronuclear STD (RH-STD) is used to both identify and quantify preferences exhibited by xenobiotics for interactions at different types of humic acid moieties. First, by using H-STD, it is shown that selected aromatic organofluorides orient with their nonfluorine functional groups (OH, NH2, and COOH) directed away from humic acid during the interactions, suggesting that these functional groups are not specifically involved. Second, the RH-STD experiment is shown to be sensitive to subtle differences in preferred interaction sites in humic acid and is used here to demonstrate preferential interactions at aromatic humic acid sites for selected aromatic xenobiotics, C10F7OH, and C6F4X2, (where X = F, OH, NH2, NO2, or COOH), that can be predicted from the electrostatic potential density maps of the xenobiotic. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1745–1753. © 2011 SETAC