bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of a Mixed Herb—Enriched Diet on the Innate Immune Response and Disease Resistance of Paralichthys olivaceus against Philasterides dicentrarchi Infection
Authors: Harikrishnan Ramasamy , Balasundaram Chellam , Kim Man-Chul , Kim Ju-Sang , Han Yong-Jae , Heo Moon-Soo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
We investigated the effect of a mixed herb—enriched diet obtained from pomegranate Punica granatum, Dalmatian chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, and mastic-leaved prickly-ash Zanthoxylum schinifolium on innate immune mechanisms (e.g., phagocytosis activity, respiratory burst activity, alternative complement activity, lysozyme activity, and disease resistance) of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus against the scuticociliate Philasterides dicentrarchi. All experimental groups were challenged with P. dicentrarchi (1 × 105 ciliates/mL) through intraperitoneal administration of the pathogen (50 μL) on day 1. On day 7, the infected groups were fed 0, 5, 50, and 100 mg/kg of the enriched diets. The innate immune parameters, cumulative mortality, and relative percent survival (RPS) were assessed at weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4. Administration of 50 or 100 mg/kg of the herbal-enriched diet enhanced immunity throughout the experimental period. However, at the 5-mg/kg dosage, the enriched diet did not enhance the innate immune estimates at any time. At doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, administration of the diet preceding the challenge with P. dicentrarchi decreased the percentage cumulative mortality in the experimental groups and thereby increased RPS values. This study reports that administration of 50 or 100 mg/kg mixed herbal—enriched diet could positively influence the innate immune response to P. dicentrarchi and enhance the health status of olive flounder with respect to this microbe.
The Relationship between Adirondack Lake pH and Levels of Mercury in Yellow Perch
Authors: Brown Donald , Goncharov Alexey , Paul Eric , Simonin Howard , Carpenter David O. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Levels of total mercury in yellow perch Perca flavescens from Adirondack lakes were studied in relation to characteristics of the lakes to determine why some lakes had fish with higher concentrations of mercury. Almost all mercury in fish is in the form of methylmercury, which can pose significant health hazards to humans who consume such fish. Fish mercury concentrations and water chemistry data were analyzed from eight Adirondack lakes. Four lakes (Halfmoon Lake, Sand Pond, Rock Pond, and Upper Sister Lake) had pH values of less than 5.0. Four other lakes (Lake Adirondack, Kings Flow, Harris Lake, and Lake Kushaqua) had pH values of more than 7.0. The acidic lakes also had high levels of aluminum and low acid-neutralizing capacity relative to the neutral lakes. Yellow perch (n = 100) from the acidic lakes had significantly higher levels of mercury than did those (n = 102) from the neutral lakes (P &lt; 0.001), and the total mercury concentration increased with both length and weight of the fish. We conclude that the pH of the lake water is a major factor in determining the concentration of methylmercury in yellow perch.
Association of Mycobacteria in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems and Mycobacterial Disease in Fish
Authors: Yanong Roy P. E. , Pouder Deborah B. , Falkinham Joseph O. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Mycobacterium marinum isolates cultivated from tissue containing granulomatous lesions in Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus and from biofilm samples collected from their tank and water recirculating system had identical (11 of 11 bands) repetitive-sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) DNA fingerprints. A second M. marinum clone sharing 4 of 11 rep-PCR bands with the first clone was isolated from some fish tissues but not from system samples. Water samples yielded low numbers of colonies of mycobacteria (0.08–1.3/mL), but high numbers were recovered from biofilms (260–12,000/swab) and filters (63–21,000/filter). Mycobacterium hemophilum, M. chelonae, M. trivale, M. gastri, and M. gordonae were isolated from system samples alone.
Blood Gas, Oxygen Saturation, pH, and Lactate Values in Elasmobranch Blood Measured with a Commercially Available Portable Clinical Analyzer and Standard Laboratory Instruments
Authors: Gallagher Austin J. , Frick Lorenz H. , Bushnell Peter G. , Brill Richard W. , Mandelman John W. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Blood gas, pH, and lactate data are often used to assess the physiological status and health of fish and can often be most valuable when blood samples are analyzed immediately after collection. Portable clinical analyzers allow these measurements to be made easily in the field. However, these instruments are designed for clinical use and thus process samples at 37°C. A few studies have validated the use of portable clinical analyzers for assessing blood gases and acid—base profiles in teleosts, but equivalent data are not available for elasmobranchs. We therefore examined the relationship of blood gas, pH, and lactate values measured with an i-STAT portable clinical analyzer with those measured using standard laboratory blood gas (thermostatted to 25°C) and lactate analyzers in samples taken from three species of carcharhiniform sharks. We found tight correlations (r2 &gt; 0.90) between these methods for pH, pO2, pCO2, and lactate level values. We thus developed species-specific equations for converting blood values measured with an i-STAT portable clinical analyzer to those taken at 25°C. Additional studies need to address a wider range of temperatures and elasmobranch species.
Effect of Common Aquaculture Chemicals against Edwardsiella ictaluri and E. tarda
Authors: Mainous Mary E. , Smith Stephen A. , Kuhn David D. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Edwardsiellosis is an important bacterial infection of freshwater and marine fishes. Edwardsiella ictaluri causes enteric septicemia of catfish, and E. tarda causes emphysematous putrefactive disease of catfish and fish gangrene in various species; these diseases have considerable economic effects on the aquaculture industry. In addition, E. tarda is an important zoonotic pathogen. Thus, the reduction or elimination of these pathogens from an aquarium or aquaculture facility is imperative. This study examined a variety of commercially available chemicals for their ability to reduce or eliminate E. ictaluri and E. tarda from the aquatic environment. The various concentrations of chemicals were tested in vitro in microcentrifuge tubes with a known concentration of bacteria at room temperature. In this study, ethyl alcohol (30, 50, or 70%), benzyl-4-chlorophenol/phenylphenol (1%), sodium hypochlorite (50, 100, 200, or 50,000 mg/L), n-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (1:256), povidone iodine (50 or 100 mg/L), glutaraldehyde (2%), and potassium peroxymonosulfate/sodium chloride (1%) were effective disinfectants, as each reduced or eliminated the number of detectable organisms within 1 min of contact time. However, neither Chloramine-T (15 mg/L) nor formalin (250 mg/L) substantially reduced bacterial counts even after 60 min of contact time.
Manganese accumulation by two species of Chara
Authors: Urbaniak Jacek 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This paper reports the results of Mn accumulation in two species of green algae: Chara globularis and Chara hispida. The results of laboratory and field experiments show a rapid accumulation of Mn by charophytes and demonstrate that deposit formation on the plant surface in the so-called adsorption phase occurs in Mn accumulation. Both species can be an important factor in Mn circulation in lakes.
Vertical distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in a meromictic lake (Lake Czarne, Drawieński National Park)
Authors: Klimaszyk Piotr , Heymann Damian 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Investigations of the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in Lake Czarne were conducted in fall 2005 and spring 2006. Samples were taken in three transects (at a depth of 0.5 m and at 5 m intervals).
It was noted that macrobenthos only inhabit depths to 10 m. Laminar sediments from 15 m to 29 m indicate that macrobenthos never inhabit the deepest part of the lake in spite of temporary oxygen abundance (between 15 and 20 m during the winter and spring mixing periods). The largest diversity and biomass of macrozoobenthos was observed in the littoral zone at a depth of 0.5 m. At a depth of 5 m in the characean stands and at a depth of 10 m the number and biomass of benthic macroinvertebrates were significantly smaller. The reason for the decrease of benthos density seems to be gradual oxygen depletion.
Epizoic communities of Rotifera on freshwater bivalves
Authors: Bołtruszko Joanna 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The species structure of epizoic communities of Rotifera was analyzed on three species of freshwater bivalves: Anodonta anatina (Linnaeus), A. cygnea (Linnaeus) and Unio tumidus (Philipsson) from lakes and rivers of north-eastern Poland. Epizoic rotifer communities were abundant and relatively rich in species. The communities were mostly built of common littoral species, like Colurella uncinata, Lecane flexilis, Lepadella quadricarinata, Ptygura melicerta. They were accompanied by species typical for pelagic waters (e.g. Trichocerca pusilla, T. similis). Bivalves inhabiting outflows of rivers from Knyszyn Forest had the most diversified and abundant epizoic communities. Large differences were also observed as regards particular species occurrence in different habitats. Maximum numbers of Ptygura melicerta living on the surface of bivalves from rivers accounted for 150 individuals per bivalve specimen, whereas those living on animals from lakes - up to 10 individuals. All studied bivalves were colonized by very large numbers of bdelloids.
Differences in reproduction and condition of Macoma balthica and Mytilus trossulus in the Gulf of Gdańsk (Southern Baltic Sea) under anthropogenic influences
Authors: Pierścieniak Karolina , Grzymała Justyna , Wołowicz Maciej 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Seasonal changes in gametogenesis, spawning behaviour and morphometric parameters of Macoma balthica and Mytilus trossulus from two depth zones in the Gulf of Gdańsk (Southern Baltic Sea) were investigated. The studies allowed the authors to make observations of the ecophysiological features of both species and revealed major differences in the weight index between deep and shallow water subpopulations. Both condition and gametogenesis probably depend mainly on the availability of nutrients and on temperature changes. The data showed that Mytilus trossulus spawned earlier at the shallow water station than at the deeper one. No differences were observed between the run of the Baltic clam's reproductive cycle at 10 m and at 75 m depths.
Physicochemical features of Wadi Al-Arab Dam (reservoir), Jordan
Authors: Saadoun Ismail , Batayneh Erwah , Alhandal Adil , Hindieh Muna 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Variations in physical and chemical conditions were investigated at Wadi Al-Arab Dam Reservoir (Jordan). Mean surface water temperature was 22.5°C and two distinctive temperature layers, epilimnion (down to 15 m, mean temperature 28.6°C) and hypolimnion (down to 35 m, mean temperature 21.1°C) were recognized in May. Minimum water transparency was recorded at 32 cm in July and maximum at 135 cm in August. The mean surface pH (8.0) and salinity (1.54 mg l-1) showed no pattern of variation, with pH values of 9.31-8.1 and 5.1-3.1 recorded between February and July at 0-15 m and 15-35 m, respectively; and higher values of salinity (1.88 mg l-1 and 1.84 mg l-1) in the wet season. Electrical conductivity values ranged between 912 and 1257 μS cm-1, with the highest values in summer. Records at station I and II showed a mean total alkalinity of 541.04 mg l-1 CaCO3 and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels of 6.2-8.9 mg l-1 with the observation of the highest (8.0 mg l-1) and lowest (4.0 mg l-1) DO values in April at the surface and 15 m, respectively. In May, DO values dropped from 7.31 mg l-1 in the upper layer to 3.85 mg l-1 in the deepest layer. Nutrients as nitrate revealed minimum (0.7 mg l-1 N-NO3) and maximum (30.4 mg l-1 N-NO3) concentrations at the surface in station I and II, respectively. Levels of P-PO4 were also high at stations I and II (0.73 mg l-1 PO4 and 1.02 mg l-1 PO4) in May and June, respectively. However, the minimum value (0.14-0.16 mg l-1 PO4) was recorded in October at both stations. Disolved reactive silica (DRS) levels showed low values of 2.55-11.46 mg l-1 (station I in June) and 2.33-7.60 mg l-1 (station II in May and December), respectively.
Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in Mytilus galloprovincialis from the French Mediterranean coast
Authors: Gwoździński Krzysztof , Gonciarz Marta , Kilańczyk Ewa , Kowalczyk Aleksandra , Pieniążek Anna , Brichon Gerard 
Published: January 2011

Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in Mytilus galloprovincialis from the French Mediterranean coast
In the present work we have studied some of the indicators of oxidative damage of the digestive gland tissue of two populations of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis: native mussels cultured in an aquaculture farm and contaminated mussels collected from the polluted marine area of the French Mediterranean coast located nearby Tamaris and La Seyne-sur-mer - small towns in close proximity to Toulon.
The Correspondence Between n-dimensional Euclidean Space and the Product of n Real Lines
Authors: Korniłowicz Artur 
Published: January 2011

The Correspondence Between n-dimensional Euclidean Space and the Product of n Real Lines
In the article we prove that a family of open n-hypercubes is a basis of n-dimensional Euclidean space. The equality of the space and the product of n real lines has been proven.
On Lp Space Formed by Real-Valued Partial Functions
Authors: Watase Yasushige , Endou Noboru , Shidama Yasunari 
Published: January 2011

On Lp Space Formed by Real-Valued Partial Functions
This article is the continuation of [31]. We define the set of Lp integrable functions - the set of all partial functions whose absolute value raised to the p-th power is integrable. We show that Lp integrable functions form the Lp space. We also prove Minkowski's inequality, Hölder's inequality and that Lp space is Banach space ([15], [27]).
Riemann Integral of Functions R into C
Authors: Miyajima Keiichi , Kato Takahiro , Shidama Yasunari 
Published: January 2011

Riemann Integral of Functions R into C
In this article, we define the Riemann Integral on functions R into C and proof the linearity of this operator. Especially, the Riemann integral of complex functions is constituted by the redefinition about the Riemann sum of complex numbers. Our method refers to the [19].
Differentiation of Vector-Valued Functions on n-Dimensional Real Normed Linear Spaces
Authors: Inoué Takao , Endou Noboru , Shidama Yasunari 
Published: January 2011

Differentiation of Vector-Valued Functions on n-Dimensional Real Normed Linear Spaces
In this article, we define and develop differentiation of vector-valued functions on n-dimensional real normed linear spaces (refer to [16] and [17]).
Environnement : l'Europe est-elle un exemple à suivre ?
Authors: Jacques le Seigneur Vincent 
Published: January 2011

The environment: Is Europe a model?
Protecting the environment was not originally a power of the Europe constituted under the 1957 Treaty of Rome. Nonetheless, a genuine public policy in this area has been worked out over the years through regulations, directives, action programs, financial tools and an ample jurisprudence from the European Court of Justice. But we are forced to admit that, despite the provision of means, the European model has not proven its effectiveness; the appraisal of its efforts is lukewarm.
La défense de l'environnement en République tchèque. Redéfinition de la cause et trajectoire des acteurs
Authors: Devaux Sandrine 
Published: January 2011

Defending the environment in the Czech Republic.
The environmentalist cause redefined and actors' trajectories
Through changes in organizations and individuals' trajectories, light is shed on how environmental issues have been formulated in Czech lands since the 1970s. The hypothesis is advanced that various persons involved in protecting nature during the Communist era have exerted an influence on the environmentalist cause since 1990. This approach helps us glimpse points of convergence and divergence with trends observed during the same period in the West. It points out how permeable these societies were to international issues, which they translated back into the Communist system. Analyzing the construction of the environmentalist cause leads us to notice both "occupational conversions", which have circulated know- how, and the consolidation of activist careers, which gave shape to a type of environmentalist mobilization.
Lituanie : l'environnement comme révélateur du clivage ville-campagne
Authors: Maciulyte Jurgita 
Published: January 2011

Lithuania: The environment, an issue revealing the city-country divide
After identifying legacies from the Soviet period that affect the current state of the environment, attention is turned to ecological problems in urban and rural areas. Institutional changes after 1990 and the socioeco- nomic aspects of environmental questions then come under analysis. The cleavage between urban and rural areas, which already existed under the USSR, has persisted. Lithuania's joining the EU will necessarily have an impact, at present and in the future, on the environment. This impact is evaluated despite the difficulty of assessing events still too near to us.
L'écologie aux frontières de la raison d'État en Russie
Authors: Raviot Jean-Robert 
Published: January 2011

Ecology bordering raison d'État in Russia
The domain of secrecy, censorship and confidential, state-protected information varies from one country to another, and very much depends on circumstances. However a constant can be observed: raison d'État is always associated with the primordial functions (defense, security and diplomacy) of sovereignty. In Russia, ecology is traditionally related to natural resources. Control over the latter has always been essential in national security policy and, more broadly, state sovereignty. The political and legal conflicts are explored that arise out of the encounter between raison d'État and the constitutional principles of freedom of research and access to information.
Enjeux et perspectives de la transformation énergétique en Europe de l'Est
Authors: Engoian Aida 
Published: January 2011

Issues and prospects in the transformation of the energy sector in eastern Europe
When Communism came to an end, Eastern Europe had to reinvent an energy model, since the old one was grounded on the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance's polarized exchange system. The incorporation of these countries in the incipient single European energy market calls for restructuring the electricity and gas network industries and improving the overall situation in relation to energy. A gradual convergence of East and West in matters of energy is a probable scenario in the long run; but in the short run, we are more likely to see a subregionaliza- tion of the Eastern European electricity and gas markets.
La contrainte budgétaire lâche et la théorie économique
Authors: Vahabi Mehrdad 
Published: January 2011

The soft budget constraint and economic theory
The budget constraint as a bookkeeping identity is a fundamental concept for standard microeconomics. Clower reinterpreted it as a rational planning postulate. Formulated for the first time by Janos Kornai (1979) in the context of a Communist economy, the soft budget constraint (SBC) is a heresy for standard microeconomics and for Clower, since a budget constraint is hard by definition. However this concept is now being used to analyze post-Communist, emerging, developing and even advanced capitalistic economies. Over the past fifteen years, the SBC, owing to its generality, has motivated attempt to formalize it as a problem of asymmetry in information. This has reduced the SBC to a problem of time inconsistency, i.e. the lack of credible commitment by the Principal. Thus incorporated in the new microeconomics, the SBC has lost its institutional specificity, this loss impoverishing the concept on a theoretical level. We are thus led to reconsider the premises underlying the original concept and to inquire into the theoretical contradictions and tensions that, ever since Kornai's initial formulation, have been running through his works and impeding the emergence of a more coherent institutional theory of the SBC.
Emploi et mobilité dans l'ancienne zone frontière interallemande
Authors: Charlot Olivier 
Published: January 2011

Employment and mobility in the former border zone between East and West Germany
The border between the two German states affected neighboring areas for forty years. Socioeconomic and demographic factors have shaped the reorganization of these areas since the border has come down. The spatial reorganization of the labor market and of unemployment involves several processes: an unfavorable demographic trend, a " selective front of integration" the emergence of new "centralities", and the strong heterogeneity of areas along the border. Regional networks are emerging, in particular through migrations related to work and the revival of the zones of influence exercised by urban centers. Owing to their configurations, the areas in this "moving zone" are mutually changing each other even as the border's functions are being renewed. Employment basins and economic centers seem to be becoming related through interdependence, competition and partnership. These relations are favored by the permeability and proximity that have resulted from tearing down the border between East and West Germany.
Development and characterization of 21 EST‐derived microsatellite markers in Vicia faba (fava bean)
Authors: Ma Yu , Yang Tao , Guan Jianping , Wang Shumin , Wang Haifei , Sun Xuelian , Zong Xuxiao 
Published: January 2011

• Premise of the study: Expressed sequence tag (EST)‐derived microsatellite simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed in Vicia faba L. by screening the NCBI database. Markers were validated and explored for size polymorphism among fava bean accessions.• Methods and Results: Twenty‐one EST–SSR primer pairs were identified, and the loci characterized were size polymorphic among 32 fava bean genotypes from diverse geographical locations. The number of alleles (Na) per locus ranged from 2 to 9, and expected heterozygosity (HE) ranged from 0.0476 to 0.8304, respectively.• Conclusions: These markers will be useful to study genetic diversity, genetic mapping, and molecular breeding in fava bean.
Microsatellite markers for the relict tree Aextoxicon punctatum: The only species in the Chilean endemic family Aextoxicaceae
Authors: Núñez‐Ávila Mariela C. , Uriarte María , Marquet Pablo A. , Armesto Juan J. 
Published: January 2011

• Premise of the study: We screened 10 microsatellite loci for the dioecious, rainforest tree Aextoxicon punctatum, a species belonging to a monotypic family and genus, endemic to southwestern South America (30–43°S).• Methods and Results: Polymorphisms were evaluated in 108 adult trees from four populations, including the northern and southern extremes of the geographic range of Aextoxicon in Chile. All 10 microsatellites revealed polymorphic variation. A total of 69, 57, 59, and 69 alleles were found in 40 (Fray Jorge), 19 (Santa Ines), 21 (Quebrada del Tigre), and 28 (Guabun) individual trees, respectively. The mean expected heterozygosity per population ranged from 0.70 to 0.72.• Conclusions: These polymorphic microsatellites will be useful in assessing the genetic structure and conservation status of Aextoxicon throughout its historically fragmented geographic range. Parentage analysis will provide additional insights into the key historical and contemporary processes that have mediated population differentiation in this species.