bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Authoritarian State Repression of Women and Girls
Authors: Blaydes Lisa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Repression is among the most powerful strategies used by autocratic regimes to control their populations. Despite a growing literature on its causes and effects in autocracies, little of this research examines state repression using a gendered lens. Although most victims of authoritarian state repression are men, this chapter argues that women experience repression in ways that are distinct. It discusses two forms of state repression of women and girls: gendered custodial abuse and reproductive repression. In both cases, gender identity motivates the nature of abuse while having specific social and personal implications for women. This chapter provides examples of these two forms of gendered state repression from authoritarian China, Egypt, Peru, and Sudan, showing that gendered forms of state repression are particularly common and damaging in societies with conservative, patriarchal social norms where a woman’s social position depends on her reputation as a wife and value as a mother.
IIIMiddle English
Authors: Ash-Irisarri Kate , Atkinson Laurie , Brazil Sarah , Calder Natalie , Greene Darragh , Lindstedt Samira , Menmuir Rebecca , Ronan Mark , Strickland Seth , Wheaton Mary F 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter has 12 sections: 1. Early Middle English (c.1050–1350); 2. Manuscript and Technical Studies; 3. Religious Prose and Verse; 4. Secular Prose; 5. Secular Verse; 6. Piers Plowman; 7. Gower; 8. Older Scots; 9. Drama; 10. The Gawain-Poet; 11. Romance. 12. Hoccleve and Lydgate. Section 1 is by Samira Lindstedt; section 2 is by Mary F. Wheaton; section 3 is by Natalie Calder; section 4 is by Mark Ronan; sections 5, 10, and 11 are by Darragh Greene; section 6 is by Seth Strickland; section 7 is by Rebecca Menmuir; section 8 is by Kate Ash-Irisarri; section 9 is by Sarah Brazil; section 12 is by Laurie Atkinson.
Intravenous Calcium to Decrease Blood Loss During Intrapartum Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Ansari J.R. , Yarmosh A. , Michel G. , Lyell D. , Hedlin H. , Cornfield D.N. , Carvalho B. , Bateman B.T. 
Published: May 2024

(Obstet Gynecol 2024;143(1):104–112)
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide; uterine atony contributes 70% to 80% of cases to PPH. If PPH happens even after oxytocin administration, other therapies are few and ineffective, as well as unavailable in many areas of the world. One treatment that has potential for uterine atony treatment is calcium chloride (CaCl). Currently CaCl is used to treat magnesium toxicity and hypocalcemia, but increasing calcium concentration could improve the contractile ability of the uterus. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that calcium infusion would decrease quantitative blood loss at delivery in a population at risk of atonic PPH. The primary outcome was the effect of CaCl on quantitative blood loss measured at the time of intrapartum cesarean delivery.
Perinatal Outcomes and the Role of Obstetric Anesthesia Interventions
Authors: Lucas D.N. , Bamber J.H. , Quasim S. 
Published: May 2024

(Lancet 2023;401:2038–2039)
This editorial discusses multiple recent studies that investigated perinatal outcomes and the impact of anesthetic interventions. A prior study published in the Lancet in 2022 reported poorer perinatal outcomes for neonates born to Black women compared to those born to White women. Another study examined nearly 450,000 deliveries and found an association between neonatal outcomes (Apgar <7 at 5 min, need for neonatal resuscitation, and neonatal admission to the intensive care unit) and maternal use of epidural analgesia. The authors of this editorial examined their own data regarding the incidence of obstetric anesthetic procedures among different ethnic groups and found that compared to White British women who had vaginal birth, incidence of epidural analgesia among Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Black African, and Black Caribbean women was much lower. They noted that similar disparities can be found in the United States and reiterated the socioeconomic and systemic disparities as one likely cause for poor neonatal outcomes, suggesting that offering equal access to neuraxial analgesia across all populations could lead to improved neonatal outcomes for Black women.
Folic Acid Supplementation to Prevent Neural Tube Defects Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force
Authors: Viswanathan M. , Urrutia R.P. , Hudson K.N. , Middleton J.C. , Kahwati L.C. 
Published: May 2024

(JAMA. 2023;330(5):460–466)
Neural tube defects are among the most commonly recorded birth defects for babies in the United States, and they are typically caused by low folate concentrations during conception and early gestation. These malformations can cause disabilities and even death in fetuses and children. In 2017, the United States Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) determined that women who increase their intake of folic acid before becoming pregnant can significantly help reduce the likelihood of their babies developing neural tube defects. The USPSTF also asserted their 2009 recommendation that patients should take 0.4 to 0.8 mg (400 to 800 μg) of folic acid daily if they were planning or capable of pregnancy, and that there was no consistent strong evidence of harmful adverse effects. This evidence report was conducted to analyze studies post-2017 for the USPSTF’s current recommendation on folic acid supplementation.
Careful Considerations for Midcrisis Consent to and Refusal of Blood Products
Authors: Hester M.D. , Bunch L. 
Published: May 2024

(Anesth Analg. 2024;138(1):85–88)
Obstetric hemorrhage is difficult in any circumstance but is especially so in cases when a patient has previously stated that they refuse blood products; this is the case for many patients who identify as Jehovah’s Witnesses (JW). A recent article examined the ethical and legal implications of revisiting previous decisions about blood transfusions midcrisis, arguing that in some cases informed consent or refusal can take place while respecting religious views, as refusal before a crisis may not accurately represent their feelings while experiencing one. This article discusses concerns with the previous argument of Holland and colleagues, mainly the 2 points on which the argument stands: first, that there is literature suggesting that individuals change their minds when faced with crisis; and second, that midcrisis discussions about decisions honor patient autonomy.
Common Street Drug Names for the Anesthesiologist and Pain Physician
Authors: Donald R.R. , Patel S. , Smith M. , Clayton S. , Potru S. 
Published: May 2024

(Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2023;48(7):365–374)
Over the years, many drugs have acquired colloquial “street names” in addition to their official designations. Familiarizing medical professionals, including anesthesiologists, with these slang terms can be crucial for effective patient care. Some drugs are named based on their physical appearance or packaging, which may differ from their clinical labels. This allows drug users and dealers to discuss substances discreetly in everyday conversation. Therefore, having a comprehensive list of street names associated with various drugs is essential for health care providers to ensure patient safety and provide appropriate care.
Incorporating a Postpartum Hemorrhage Bundle on the Labor and Delivery Unit: A State-Wide Survey of Anesthesiologists in Massachusetts
Authors: Villela-Franyutti D. , Hackett K. , Lumbreras-Marquez M.I. 
Published: May 2024

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2023;55:103893/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijoa.2023.103893/)
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a significant contributor to preventable maternal morbidity and mortality, necessitating a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach. Recognizing the urgency, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists advocates adopting PPH bundles to ensure prompt identification and intervention. Obstetric anesthesiologists, possessing expertise in critical care and transfusion, are integral to the resuscitation efforts in PPH. Nevertheless, their involvement in implementing PPH bundles is inconsistent, prompting the need for a more dedicated focus on predelivery risk assessment, early recognition, and institutional protocol development.
Hospitalization for Nonlethal Self-Harm and Premature Mortality in the 3 Years Following Adolescent Pregnancy: Population-Based Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Goueslard K. , Jollant F. , Cottenet J. , Bechraoui-Quantin S. , Rozenberg P. , Simon E. , Quantin C. 
Published: May 2024

(BJOG. 2023;130(9):1016–1027)
Research proves a rising risk of suicidal ideation and acts in the year before and the year after giving birth. Suicide is 1 of the 2 main causes of mortality for mothers in France. There is not a solid correlation between nonlethal self-harm and suicide following childbirth, so it is difficult to predict and prevent. Adolescents are at higher risk of nonlethal self-harm, and suicide is the second cause of premature deaths in their age category. Adolescent pregnancy is tied to additional mental disorders, psychosocial problems, anxiety, depression, and eating disorders, which are all risk factors for suicidal actions. This retrospective cohort study was designed to primarily provide insights about nonlethal self-harm risks and mortality in adolescent pregnancies. Secondarily, the study aimed to evaluate the causes of deaths when possible.
Identifying Risk of Stillbirth Using Machine Learning
Authors: Cersonsky T.E.K. , Ayala N.K. , Pinar H. , Dudley D.J. , Saade G.R. , Silver R.M. , Lewkowitz A.K. 
Published: May 2024

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2023;229:327:e1–16)
A tool that could help identify women at risk for stillbirth would be a welcome addition to clinical practice. Machine learning models, which can look at relationships between variables in large data sets, was investigated in this article. This study’s aim was to refine a machine learning model to predict stillbirth using data available prior to the gestational age of viability (22 to 24 wk). The researchers performed a secondary analysis of data in the Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network (SCRN), a study database of 982 stillbirths and 3000 representative live births from 2006 to 2009. The study included patients who delivered a live or stillborn fetus at >18 weeks’ gestation from 59 hospitals in 5 states (Georgia, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Texas, and Utah). The data set included 6000 measures collected from interviews with the mother, postmortem pathological exam, cause of death analysis, and medical record Abstractsion. Subsequently 101 risk factor variables were identified and used in the model. These included maternal and biological father demographics, family history, maternal health history, prenatal lab data, fetal genetics, second-trimester screen, prenatal care history, ultrasound, and social determinants of health.
Association of Pain, Analgesic, Psychological, and Socioeconomic Factors With Subacute Pain After Childbirth: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Tan C. , Tan H. , Sultana R. , Meaney M. , Ling Kee M. , Sng B. 
Published: May 2024

(J Clin Anesth. 2022;83:110978 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2022.110978|)
Persistent postpartum pain poses significant societal and health care challenges. It is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain as pain lasting beyond 3 months after tissue injury, affecting up to 30% of postpartum women. Research primarily focuses on risk factors for persistent pain, including severe acute postpartum pain, psychological factors, and social deprivation. However, there is a lack of investigation into subacute pain after childbirth (lasting 4 wk to 3 mo). A previous study identified some risk factors for subacute pain, but the relationship between acute postpartum pain and subacute pain remains unexplored. This study aims to investigate these associations and explore potential interventions by anesthesiologists.
Women and Partners’ Experience of Major Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Rosvig L. , Steffensen E. , Brogaard L. , Hvidman L. , Kierkegaard O. , Kjeldsen A.C. , Taastrøm K. , Uldbjerg N. , Lou S. 
Published: May 2024

(BJOG. 2023;130(9):1087–1095)
Major postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is classified as losing more than or equal to 1 L of blood within 2 hours of vaginal birth. In Denmark, this occurs in 7.2% of vaginal deliveries, compared with an incidence of about 4% in the developed countries. Managing major PPH requires a quick and appropriate response from multiple clinical professionals and providing proper medicine. Women and their partners often have negative experiences of PPH, which may relate to deficiencies in communication.
Maternal Morbidity and Mortality Among Patients With Cancer at Time of Delivery
Authors: Sundermann A.C. , Cate J.M. , Campbell A.K. , Dotters-Katz S.K. , Myers E.R. , Federspiel J.J. 
Published: May 2024

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2023;229:324.e1–324.e7)
Women with a cancer diagnosis during pregnancy face higher maternal morbidity and mortality. Current prenatal care guidelines focus on care coordination between obstetricians and oncologists. But knowing more about the risks these women face during delivery could help clinicians provide better care and improve outcomes.
Trial of Selective Early Treatment of Patent Ductus Arteriosus With Ibuprofen
Authors: Gupta S. , Subhedar N.V. , Bell J.L. , Field D. , Bowler U. , Juszczak E ,   Baby-OSCAR Collaborative Group
Published: May 2024

(N Engl J Med. 2024;390(4):314–325)
In the past 20 years, survival rates among exceedingly premature neonates have risen. There is also a documented slight decrease in neonatal illness in the same time period, although bronchopulmonary dysplasia rates have climbed. Among exceedingly premature neonates, a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) with a diameter of at least 1.5 mm persisting beyond 72 hours after birth correlates with heightened mortality, morbidity, and a greater chance of bronchopulmonary dysplasia compared with infants without a PDA. The occurrence of PDA declines as gestational age decreases. The risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death in exceedingly premature neonates also rises with PDA persisting beyond 1 to 2 weeks after birth.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus—To Close or Not to Close?
Authors: Maron J.L. 
Published: May 2024

(N Engl J Med. 2024;390(4):370–371)
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is the most frequently encountered cardiac condition in neonates. The ductus arteriosus plays the crucial role of allowing blood to bypass the lungs in the fetal stage. At birth, with the initiation of lung function, changes in pressure and oxygen lead to the closure of the ductus arteriosus, redirecting blood flow through the newly operational pulmonary circulation. When a baby is born too early, birth is not enough to cause the duct to close, resulting in PDA.
Syphilis Complicating Pregnancy and Congenital Syphilis
Authors: Stafford I.A. , Workowski K.A. , Bachmann L.H. 
Published: May 2024

(N Engl J Med. 2024;390(3):242–253)
Congenital syphilis primarily occurs when the bacterium Treponema pallidum passes from an infected mother to her fetus through the placenta, and it continues to have significant global repercussions. Despite a decline in primary and secondary syphilis cases in the United States after 1990, reaching a low point in 2001, rates have since risen among both men and women of reproductive age, as well as among infants. In 2021, the rate of congenital syphilis in the United States reached its highest level in nearly 3 decades. This increase in cases is particularly evident in populations with limited access to health care.
A National Cohort Study to Investigate the Association Between Ethnicity and the Provision of Care in Obstetric Anesthesia in England Between 2011 and 2021
Authors: Bamber J.H. , Goldacre R. , Lucas D.N. , Quasim S. , Knight M. 
Published: May 2024

(Anaesthesia. 2023;78:820–829)
Evidence exists that there are ethnic disparities in obstetric and neonatal care in the UK, showing that maternal death, stillbirth, preterm labor, and fetal growth restriction are more common in Black and South Asian women compared with White women. In addition, ethnic minorities more often report a negative maternity care experience than White women. In a similar vein, ethnic differences in anesthesia care in the UK have not been studied; in the United States, research has shown that black women are less likely to receive neuraxial anesthesia (NA) and are more likely to receive general anesthesia (GA), but this may potentially reflect socioeconomic status in a way that is not generalizable to the UK health care system. This study used national maternity data to examine ethnic disparities in delivery of anesthesia, with specific focus on GA for individuals undergoing cesarean delivery (CD) and NA for individuals undergoing vaginal delivery (VD).
The Association Between Epidural Analgesia During Labor and Mother-Infant Bonding
Authors: Binyamin Y. , Wainstock T. , Sheiner E. , Battat T.L. , Reuveni I. , Pariente G. ,   et al
Published: May 2024

(J Clin Anesth. 2022;80:110795 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2022.110795 |)
Labor involves significant pain for the mother, influenced by various factors. The ability to control this pain positively impacts the mother’s psychological and physiological well-being. Epidural analgesia is commonly chosen for pain relief during vaginal delivery. Mother-infant bonding, crucial for a child’s later attachment and self-perception, develops from pregnancy into early childhood. A strong bond correlates with positive parenting, cognitive development, and improved neurobehavioral outcomes. Impaired bonding, affecting 7% to 11.3% of mothers, can lead to long-term issues for both mother and child, including depression, anxiety, and socioemotional challenges. Several risk factors for impaired bonding include primiparity, negative feelings toward pregnancy, low birth weight, higher education, and postpartum depression. Pain during labor, a significant element, may impact the bonding process. Studies on epidural analgesia’s association with postpartum depression yield conflicting results, and no research examines its connection to mother-infant bonding. The primary study’s aim is to explore the link between epidural analgesia and mother-infant bonding, with a secondary focus on its association with postpartum depression immediately after childbirth.
Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes With the Addition of Intrathecal Midazolam as an Adjuvant to Spinal Anesthesia in Cesarean Delivery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Hung T. , Huang Y. , Lin Y. 
Published: May 2024

(J Clin Anesth. 2022;80:110786 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2022.110786.)
In 2015, global cesarean deliveries (CD) reached 29.7 million. While evidence indicates comparable outcomes between general and regional anesthesia, the latter is preferred for elective CD due to benefits like reduced fetal exposure to anesthetics. Intrathecal bupivacaine is effective but can cause adverse effects like hypotension. Low-dose bupivacaine minimizes risks but may require additional analgesics, potentially leading to general anesthesia. Various adjuvants, such as opioids and alpha-2-agonists, enhance spinal anesthesia quality, each with unique effects. Intrathecal midazolam, studied since the 1980s, has shown promise in reducing nausea and vomiting. However, its safety for neonates and effectiveness in cesarean delivery remained uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to fill this gap by comprehensively assessing the efficacy and safety of adding intrathecal midazolam to spinal anesthesia for CD in healthy pregnant patients, considering maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Quality of Recovery Following Childbirth: A Prospective, Multicenter Cohort Study
Authors: O'Carroll J.E. , Zucco L. , Warwick E. , Arbane G. , Moonesinghe S.R. , El-Boghdadly K. , Guo N. , Carvalho B. , Sultan P. ,   ObsQoR Collaborators
Published: May 2024

(Anaesthesia. 2023;78(9):1071–1080)
The peripartum period, encompassing childbirth and its aftermath, involves the administration of anesthesia or analgesia to ∼65% of patients, a substantial portion necessitated by urgent surgical interventions. The imperative to enhance surgical recovery and ensure patient satisfaction postpartum is crucial for delivering high-quality clinical care, as it has the potential to positively influence maternal physical and psychological well-being. Despite the escalating focus on postpartum-related research, prior studies on recovery have been predominantly confined to single-center endeavors with limited sample sizes, deploying disparate outcome measures or unvalidated metrics, primarily evaluating inpatient recovery with insufficient scrutiny of outpatient recovery.
CHEMICAL ADHERENCE IN RESISTANT HYPERTENSION: PILOT STUDY IN AN ESH EXCELLENCE CENTER
Authors: Sautenet Bénédicte , Halimi Jean Michel , Longuet Hélène , Gueguen Juliette , Gatault Philippe , Rabot Nolwenn , François Maud , Buchler Matthias , Auclair Hugo , Debacq Florian , Darrouzain François , Bejan-angoulvant Theodora 
Published: May 2024

Objective:
Arterial hypertension (HTN) is responsible for the largest proportion of preventable mortality in the world.
The primary cause of resistant hypertension (rHTN) is poor medication adherence. Blood or urine drug assays enable us to assess chemical adherence more accurately than self-reported questionnaires.
We assayed anti-hypertensive drugs in patients with rHTN at our Center of Excellence in Hypertension, in collaboration with the Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory.

Design and method:
Patients with rHTN (office SBP/DBP >140/90 mmHg or out of office daytime >135/85 mmHg despite being prescribed 3 drugs at optimal dosage, including a diuretic, a renin angiotensin system inhibitor (RASI) and a calcium channel blocker (CCB), were informed of the study and agreed to have blood drugs concentrations measured. We describe the results for chemical adherence in the first 54 patients included between January 1, 2021 and September 1, 2023 in our center.

Results:
Of the 54 patients included, 38 (70%) were men, with a mean age of 65 +/- 11 years. The mean number of antihypertensive treatments prescribed was 5 +/- 1 (min 3, max 8). The proportions of treatments were RASI 87%, CCB (mainly dihydropyridines) 81%, diuretics 81%, beta-blockers 76%, alpha-blockers 57%, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) 37%, and central antihypertensives 26%.
The best compliance was observed with alpha-blockers 81%, followed by CCB 50%, RASI 45%, diuretics 37% and beta-blockers 34%. The least compliant were central antihypertensives 0% and MRA 5%. All prescribed drugs were completely absent in the blood in 26% of patients, and 63% of patients had incomplete adherence (1 or more but not all drugs present in the blood), of whom 1/3 were non-compliant to 3 or more medications. Only for 9% of patients chemical adherence was excellent.

Conclusions:
Chemical adherence when measured at clinical visit was poor in this cohort of patients followed in a center of excellence. Limitations of this study are lack of follow-up for the same patient to assess variation in adherence over time, and small sample size. These results suggest the need to develop therapeutic education to improve patient involvement in the management of HTN and compliance.