bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endogenous circadian changes in orientational behaviour ofTalitrus saltator
Authors: Edwards Joan M. , Naylor E. 
Published: May 2009

Orientated navigational behaviour inTalitrus saltator(Montagu) was studied throughout the diel cycle. Amphipods released at the centre of a circular arena without an artificial horizon on the periphery showed random escape directions at all times of day. In the presence of an artificial light/dark boundary the escape direction was random at night but was towards the boundary by day. The onset of significantly orientated navigation occurred just before the time of dawn and persisted in a typically circadian manner for 7 days in amphipods kept in continuous darkness.The phase of the circadian rhythm could be reset in altered light/dark cycles. Phase changes were directly proportional to imposed L:D phases over the range —4 to + 12 h, except that shifts from —2 to +2 h induced no phase change in the orientation rhythm. The endogenous pattern of change of orientated navigation is discussed in relation to the nocturnal endogenous locomotor activity rhythm ofTalitrusand its diel pattern of foraging and burrowing behaviour on sandy beaches.
The effect of β-alanine on the concentration of taurine and other free amino acids during osmotic stress ofMytilus galloprovincialis
Authors: Sansone G. , Cotugno M. , Cosma I. , Zatta P. 
Published: May 2009

The effect of β-alanine on the concentration of taurine and other free amino acids (FAA) in different osmotic conditions inMytilus galloprovincialishave been investigated. Significant variation of the concentration of FAA as a function of the salinity have been observed.β-alanine incorporation decreases the level of cysteic acid and taurine as well as the level of other FAA.
The reproductive biology and the pathological changes of the plaice Pleuronectes platessa (L.) after the ‘Amoco Cadiz’ oil spill along the north-west coast of Brittany
Authors: Brule T. 
Published: May 2009

The reproduction of the plaice has been studied in the North Sea (Wimpenny, 1949; Barr, 1963), in the eastern and western English Channel (Houghton & Harding, 1976) as well as in the bay of Douarnenez (Deniel, 1981). In 1972, Lahaye described the sexual cycle of the plaice caught in the Portsall area.After the wreck of the ‘Amoco Cadiz’ off Brittany in March 1978, more diversified studies of this species were made to assess the effects of the oil spill on the plaice stocks in the contaminated area. In Lannion and Morlaix Bays, these fishes exhibited a clear decrease of growth, fin necrosis and an absence of recruitment in the population in 1978 (Desaunay, 1981; Maurin, 1984). In the Abers Wrac'h and Benoit, estuaries of the north-west coast of Brittany (Fig. 1) which were gravely affected by the oil spill, Haensly & Neff (1979) and Miossec (1981, 1984) noted a big change in reproduction. Conan & Friha (1981) observed abnormally low growth for plaice in Aber Benoit.
Notes on the growth and biology of the prawn Spirontocaris lilljeborgii (Danielssen)
Authors: Pike R. B. 
Published: May 2009

SummarySpirontocaris lilljeborgii is a dioecious species and no protandrous hermaphrodites have been seen.The majority of males become sexually mature in the first year (7–9 months). Some of these may die after fertilizing the females and the majority die after fertilizing the females for a second year (18 months old).Only a small proportion of the females breed in their first year, all breed during their second year and a few appear to live for a third year.A first-year female lays from 130 to 160 eggs, and the usual output of a second-year female is from 450 to 650 eggs.Egg laying begins at the end of November and hatching is complete by the end of March.The total incubation period is about 90 days. Eye pigmentation first appears at about half the incubation period (47 days).Juveniles can be distinguished as males and females by the shape of their pleopods within 4–6 months of hatching.
A note on the lipids ofBalanus balanusspermatozoa
Authors: Barnes H. , Dawson R. M. C. 
Published: May 2009

Data are presented on the lipid composition ofBalanus balanusspermatozoa.Lecithin is the major lipid and little plasmalogen is present.The results are discussed in relation to what is known of other spermatozoa, both vertebrate and invertebrate.Some data on the inorganic and organic constituents ofBalanus balanusseminal plasma have been given by Barnes (1962 a, 1963); lipids were shown to be present in the plasma and are a well-known constituent of the spermatozoa of other animals (Mann, 1964). In view of the relatively small amount of data on the detailed phospholipid composition of invertebrate spermatozoa the opportunity was taken during the investigation reported in the previous paper (Dawson & Barnes, 1966) to examine the spermatozoa ofBalanus balanus.The results are, however, best presented and discussed separately. The results are given in Table 1.
Observations on the ciliary currents of the jelly-fish Aurelia aurita L.
Authors: Southward A. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe jelly-fish Aurelia aurita possesses external and internal ciliary currents that play a large part in food collection and in the transport of food, reproductive products and excretory matter.Adults feed on relatively small organisms, which are collected in mucus on all external surfaces and eventually passed to the inner surfaces of the oral arms.The inner surfaces of the oral arms bear two ciliated tracts which operate simultaneously in opposite directions. The lateral tract carries food materials proximally towards the gastric pouches, but is capable of rejecting inedible matter. The basal tract carries excretory matter distally, away from the gastric pouches and canals to the exterior.Rejection reactions are also found in the gastric pouches and radial canals, parts of which have currents moving in opposite directions on the roof and on the floor. These opposing currents appear to be derived from the system in the ephyra stage, where the circulation in the wide gastric cavity and blind-ending canals is maintained partly by centripetal currents on the floor and centrifugal currents on the roof.The directions of the main currents remain constant throughout the larval stages to the adult, although slight variations are introduced by morphological changes. The currents also remain the same during spawning, when the eggs and sperm leave the gastric pouches by the normal excretory path.Many of the ciliary currents found in Aurelia are present in other semaeostome and rhizostome medusae, but only in Aurelia do the umbrella surfaces and currents play a large part in food collection.
Phosphorus and silicon in sea water off Plymouth during 1954
Authors: Armstrong F. A. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe results of analyses of water from the International Hydrographic Station EI during 1954 are discussed. The seasonal variation is shown, in which it appears that consumption of nutrients in the spring outburst of plants was: phosphate 0.37μg atom P/l., total phosphorus 0.26μg atom P/l., silicate 2.49μg atom Si/1., these figures being means for the whole water column. Unusual changes in silicate concentrations between January and February,and between August and September, are ascribed to changes in the water mass at the station. This conclusion is supported by the temperature, salinity and phosphate.observations.
Notes on the variation occurring in Tubularia larynx Ellis & Solander
Authors: Hawes F. B. 
Published: May 2009

As certain previous authors have observed, T. larynx is a species subject to much variation. Disregard of this has led to the erection of invalid species.The descriptive characters used by Allman are discussed. In a comparison with material collected in Plymouth Sound these characters are shown to be so variable that used singly they are valueless. In particular, disregard of the stage of development and over-emphasis on size will be very misleading.The causes of some of this variability are suggested.
Zinc Regulation in the LobsterHomarus VulgarisI. Tissue Zinc and Copper Concentrations
Authors: Bryan G. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYConcentrations of Zn have been determined in the tissues of normal lobsters from sea water containing about 5μg/1. of Zn. The blood usually contains about 6 μg/g of Zn, mostly in the serum, while the soft tissues contain between 10 and 50 μg/g. Long exposure to sea water containing 100/μg.g/l. of Zn fails to alter the Zn concentrations of the blood, muscle and gonads, but increases the levels in the urine, excretory organs, hepatopancreas and gills. This result suggests that extra Zn is absorbed from high Zn sea water, possibly via the gills, and that two methods by which this is removed from circulation are by urinary excretion and absorption by the hepatopancreas.Changes in the blood Zn concentration produced by injection are rectified quite rapidly in the same way. Injections failed to change the Zn concentrations of muscle and gonads.Further experiments showed that Zn can be absorbed rapidly from the stomach and reaches the blood partly at least via the hepatopancreas. Again, this extra Zn is removed from the blood by urinary excretion and by absorption in the hepatopancreas. Eventual removal of Zn in the hepatopancreas probably takes place via the blood and excretory organs rather than via the gut. The role of the gills and gut in the regulation of the body Zn content has not yet been studied.
Blood Concentrations ofLimnoria(Isopoda) in Relation to Salinity
Authors: Eltringham S. K. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFreezing-point measurements were made of blood samples taken from specimens of the marine wood-boring isopodLimnoriathat had been exposed to sea water of various salinities for 2-3 days. Most of the work was done withL.(L.)tripunctataMenzies, but some preliminary experiements were carried out withL.(L.)lignorum(Rathke) andL.(L.)quadripunctataHolthuis.It was found that the freezing point of the blood averaged 0·17°C above that of the external of medium in both hyp- and hyperosmotic environments. In the absence of any obvious factor which could explain this discrepancy, it is assumed thatLimnoriahas a certain degree of control over its blood concentrations.Further experiments showed that the blood concentration fell as soon as the animal was introduced to the reduced salinity and levelled off at the hyperosmotic value within a few hours. There was some evidence of a periodicity in the osmoregulation.The possible energetics of osmoregulation inLimnoriaare discussed and it is concluded that the amount of energy utilized in the process is unlikely to make any significant inroad into the energy resources available for boring activity.
A Comparison ofGadiculusfrom Scottish and Mediterranean Waters
Authors: Raitt D. F. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe original distinction between theGadiculuspopulations of the east Atlantic and the Mediterranean was made on the basis of differences in pigmentation and vertebral count found in the larvae. A comparison of adult fish from the two areas shows that there are significant differences in body dimensions and also in certain meristic characters, particularly vertebral count. These differences are briefly discussed.
Structure and Growth of a Shore Population of the Ormer, Haliotis Tuberculata
Authors: Hayashi Ikuo 
Published: May 2009

There are many Haliotis species which are widely distributed along the rocky coasts of temperate and tropical zones, most of them inhabiting the shallow sublittoral areas. Many of them form an important part of the fisheries industry in such countries as Japan, U.S.A., South Africa and Australia. In Guernsey, the Channel Islands, the ormer Haliotis tuberculata L. has been gathered as a local delicacy at low tide of good spring tides - locally known ‘ormering’.Extensive tagging experiments have been undertaken at various places in the world for other species of haliotids, dealing with their growth and movement (Cox, 1962; Newman, 1966; Poore, 1972; Shepherd, 1973). For H. tuberculata, two tagging experiments, in which the growth and movement of sublittoral ormer populations were dealt with in detail, have been reported (Brehaut, 1958; Forster, 1967).The present study has laid emphasis on the structure and growth of a shore population which has been the most important object of ormering to date.
Large-Scale Spatial Pattern of the Macrobenthic Diversity in the Eastern English Channel
Authors: Añorve-Sanvicente Laura , Leprêtre Alain , Davoult Dominique 
Published: May 2009

A description is provided of the large-scale spatial distribution of the diversity of the benthic macrofauna in the eastern English Channel. Data from the oceanographic cruises of the RCP (Recherche Coopérative sur Programme) Benthos de la Manche Research Programme were obtained during the summers of 1971 to 1975. A total of 707 samples were analysed.Diversity of each sample was measured by means of the species richness (i.e. the total number of species present), the Shannon-Weaver diversity index and Pielou's evenness index. Diversity values were plotted for all 707 oceanographic stations in the area, following a smoothing procedure. Large-scale spatial trends of diversity of the benthic macrofauna were analysed in relation to sediment and species assemblage distribution, but no spatial correlation was found between the two factors. These results indicate that mechanisms affecting large-scale spatial distribution of the diversity are different from those acting on a smaller scale. The role of the hydro-sedimentary processes acting at the geographic scale of the eastern English Channel as presumptive causes of this large-scale pattern of the macrobenthic diversity is discussed.
The Influence of The Introduced Tropical Alga Caulerpa Taxifolia, on the Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Marine Biota
Authors: Santini-Bellan D. , Arnaud P.M. , Bellan G. , Verlaque M. 
Published: May 2009

The Mediterranean proliferation of Caulerpa taxifolia provides an opportunity to examine the extent to which an introduced species can modify biodiversity. During 1992, benthic invertebrates were sampled in Roquebrune-Cap Martin area, at depths of 6 and 10 m, from a Caulerpa station and a reference station. Species richness is slightly lower at 6 m within Caulerpa while the number of specimens is much reduced at both depths. Similarity indices compare well between reference and Caulerpa stations.Caulerpa taxifolia, distributed in tropical seas, was recorded for the first time in the Mediterranean in 1984, as a single 1 m2 patch. This surface increased to 3 ha by 1990, 30 ha in 1991, 100 to 430 ha in 1992, and 1000 to 2000 ha at the end of 1993 (Meinesz & Hesse, 1991; Boudouresque & Meinesz, 1994).Maximum colonization is between 2 and 6 m depth, but the alga has been observed down to 99 m. Density can reach 350 m of fronds and 14,000 leaves per m2. Caulerpa taxifolia colonizes any type of substrate and invasion results in a drastic impoverishment of the algal components of the communities (Boudouresque et al., 1992; Verlaque & Fritayre, 1994). According to these authors, maximal poverty of communities coincides with the maximal development of C. taxifolia (summer-autumn) and epiflora is negligible, except during spring.These changes may induce functional and structural modifications of the fauna that lived in the communities before infestation. Invasion, particularly of photophilic algae and Posidonia beds (Ros et al., 1985), can modify quality and intensity of physical, chemical and hydrodynamical factors, number and quality of shelters, quantity and quality of food, and exchange of individuals between communities and populations.
A Note Concerning Associates of the Scavenging Amphipod Orchomene Nanus (Lysianassoidea)
Authors: Moore P.G. , Wong Y.M. 
Published: May 2009

The parasitic copepod Sphaeronella? callisomae, usually a single female, was occasionally found in the brood pouch of the amphipod Orchomene nanus. It is possible that this parasite consumes its host's eggs. Infected female hosts were significantly smaller than uninfected ones, so the copepod may retard host growth (or select young female hosts). Other associates (ciliates) were found in the body cavity and epizooitically on the host's gill lamellae.Extensive collections of Orchomene nanus (Krøyer) (Crustacea: Amphipoda) have been made year-round (April 1993 to April 1994) using funnel-traps baited with crushed shore crabs (Carcinus maenas (L.)) deployed overnight (soak time 17 h) in the shallow sublittoral (5–6 m depth) at Keppel Bight, Millport (54°45·75′N 4°54·48′W: for further details, see Moore & Wong, 1995, in press a,b).The presence of nicothoid copepods (tentatively identified by Mr M. O'Reilly, Clyde River Purification Board, as Sphaeronella? callisomae Scott; an inadequately described species, see Gotto, 1993) in the brood pouch of this amphipod were recorded routinely. At least two species of ciliates were also encountered. A sessile ciliate protozoan (?Lagenophrys sp.) occurred commonly as an epizoite of O. nanus branchiae (Figure 1A–D); and unidentified parasitic ciliates, possibly of three species, occurred in the body cavity (Figure 1E, F).The incidence of parasitization of female O. nanus with S. ?callisomae was very low (0·81%; 8/990). There was only ever a single mature female copepod per host, although instances occurred of multiple infestations with nauplii or copepodites. Two female O. nanus were recorded with a female nicothoid coexisting with the amphipod's own eggs inside the brood pouch.
The Reproductive Organs of the Herring in Relation to Growth
Authors: Wynne-Edwards V. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFrom two series of samples of different populations of herrings from the neighbourhood of the Isle of Man, data were obtained of the lengths, weights, gonad-weights, and ages of 396 mature fishes. The growths of the whole body and of the gonads were represented by the upper portions of S-shaped curves. The male and female body-weights are nearly the same at any age over the range considered, but the testes of the male are always heavier than the ovaries of the female in such comparable fishes. The females attain a greater size than the males.The weight of the gonads bears a linear relationship (as a first approximation) to the total weight of the fish over the range of size considered. The regression functions evaluated for the two sexes arewhere y is the gonad-weight and x the total weight of the fish, both in grams. The difference between the weights of testes and ovaries in male and female fishes of the same size is therefore about 4·7 gm., which is shown to be significant. It cannot be due to specific gravity of growthrate differences, since the regression coefficient (0·26) is the same for both sexes.It is suggested that the reproductive organs start to develop in the summer following the laying down of the first winter ring on the scales; and that the initial handicap in female gonad-weight may be due to the males being smaller than the females at this time.Confirmation of the conclusions drawn from the Calf herring is given by a similar analysis of the Low herring samples.
Note on a Sailfish (Istiophorus Americanus Cuvier and Valenciennes) New to the British Fauna
Authors: Norman J. R. 
Published: May 2009

About 9a.m. (flood tide) on 17th August,1928, a large sailfish was captured in a dying condition in the main channel of the Yealm estuary, South Devon, opposite the Yealm Hotel, about a mile above the Yealm Bar. The fish was carefully packed up by Mr. V. C. Wynne-Edwards, and promptly despatched to the British Museum (Natural History), where the plaster-cast shown in the accompanying illustration (Fig. 1) was prepared by Mr. S. Stammwitz. The specimen was then cut into two pieces and preserved in alcohol.Owing to the difficulty of preserving these large fishes in museums, except as stuffed skins, and to the marked changes which they appear to exhibit at different stages of growth, our knowledge of the group which includes the swordfishes, sailfishes, and spearfishes is decidedly limited, and the identification of species is a matter of some difficulty.In a recent monograph, Jordan and Evermann distinguish nine species of Istiophorus, of which five are said to be new to science. The descriptions of four of these new species are based solely on photographs, the fifth being described from a plaster cast in the museum at Honolulu. As suggested by the authors themselves, some of the characters used by them in their key to the species may be “matters of age not indicating specific distinction.” According to this key, the present specimen from Devonshire would appear to be referable to one of their new species—I. maguirei from the West Indies, but, so far as I am able to judge from the description and photograph, there seems to be no valid reason for separating this from I. americanus, which is found on the Atlantic coast of America from Brazil northwards to Cape Cod and beyond.
On some Factors Limiting the Habitat of Arenicola marina
Authors: Reid D. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn the foregoing work it was found that: Arenicola marina was repelled and could not burrow in sand containing 20% of ferric oxide in the amorphous state.That 0·021% ferric oxide in suspension in sea-water was lethal owing to its forming with the mucus of the organism an envelope which prevented contact with the surrounding air-carrying water.That calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, Stourbridge clay, kaolin, and kieselguhr had the same effect as the ferric oxide in suspension.That although able to live for a short time in water of salinity 3·10%‰, Arenicola marina tended to become so turgid in water of 14·32%‰ as to be unable to burrow.
Notes on the Rate of Growth of Tellina tenuis da Costa in the Firth of Clyde
Authors: Stephen A. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY1. The present paper is a direct continuation of the work done at Millport during 1926 and 1927.2. As before, Tellina tenuis showed no growth during the winter months.3. As before, the rate of growth at L.W.M. was less than that near H.W.M.4. Below L.W.M. there seemed to have been no growth during the year, but there had been a heavy mortality during 1928.5. Above L.W.M. the rate of growth during 1928 was of the same order as that of 1927, and the view that a year group was unrepresented on the 1926 curve seems justified.6. At the end of September, 1928, the 1926 spat still formed a large and well-marked group.7. The history of the 1926 spat is traced, and the annual increment found to be halved in succeeding years.
Photo-electric Measurements of Submarine Illumination throughout the Year
Authors: Poole H. H. , Atkins W. R. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYMeasurements were made, throughout the year 1928, of the penetration of daylight into sea-water in the English Channel. One vacuum and two gas-filled potassium photo-electric cells were used below water. In all save the first series an efficient diffusing surface was used with the photometers so that the corrections for obliquity of illumination, necessary in our earlier work, were rendered almost negligible. From October onwards a more sensitive gas-filled cell was available for use, together with a more powerful amplifier and a more efficient insulation of the high-tension batteries; improvements in the switching of the photometers on and off were also incorporated.The following conclusions have been reached :—1. The conclusions put forward tentatively in 1928, concerning the agreement between the vacuum and gas-filled cells, have been substantiated in the main, although the vacuum photometer, which is relatively more sensitive to the blue end of the spectrum, generally indicated rather higher opacities.2. There are no regular seasonal changes in the opacity of the water. A very high opacity occurred in the autumn of 1927, but this was not repeated in 1928.3. On one occasion, in April 1928, an unusual degree of clearness of the water has been shown to have been associated with the influx of water of lesser salinity, from further out in the Channel. The clearness of the water at El in December, 1927, and September, 1928, is probably due to an influx of clearer water, though the salinity changes indicating this are not so well marked.