bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enterocutaneous Fistulas and a Hostile Abdomen: Reoperative Surgical Approaches
Authors: Latifi R. , Joseph B. , Kulvatunyou N. , Wynne J. L. , O’Keeffe T. , Tang A. , Friese R. , Rhee P. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDamage‐control surgery and open‐abdomen is an acceptable—and often lifesaving—approach to the treatment of patients with severe trauma, abdominal compartment syndrome, necrotizing soft tissue catastrophes, and other abdominal disasters, when closing the abdomen is not possible, ill advised, or will have serious sequelae. However, common consequences of open‐abdomen management include large abdominal wall defects, enterocutaneous fistulas (ECFs), and enteroatmospheric fistulas (EAFs). Furthermore, in such patients, a frozen and hostile abdomen (alone or combined with ECFs) is not uncommon. Adding biologic mesh to our surgical armamentarium has revolutionized hernia surgery.
Preservation of Genital Innervation in Women During Total Mesorectal Excision: Which Anterior Plane?
Authors: Peschaud Frédérique , Moszkowicz David , Alsaid Bayan , Bessede Thomas , Penna Christophe , Benoit Gérard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundErectile dysfunction, principally related to injury of the autonomic nerve fibers in men, is a major cause of postoperative morbidity after anterolateral dissection during total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal adenocarcinoma. However, the autonomic innervation of erectile bodies is less known in women, and the anterolateral plane of dissection during TME remains unclear. The existence of the rectovaginal septum (RVS) is controversial. The purpose of the present study was to identify the RVS in the human fetus and adult female by dissection, immunohistochemistry, and three‐dimensional reconstruction, and to define its relationship with erectile nerve fibers so as to determine the anterolateral plane of dissection during TME, which could reduce postoperative sexual dysfunction in women.MethodMacroscopic dissection, histologic studies, and immunohistochemistry examination with 3D reconstruction were performed in six fresh female adult cadavers and six female fetuses.ResultsThe RVS was clearly definable in all adult specimens. It was composed of multiple connective tissue, with smooth muscle fibers originating from the uterus and the vagina. It is closely applied to the vagina and has a relationship with the neurovascular bundles (NVBs) that contain erectile fibers intended for the clitoris. The NVBs are situated anteriorly to the posterior extension of rectovaginal septum. This posterior extension protects the NVBs during the anterior and anterolateral dissection for removal of rectal cancer.ConclusionsTo reduce the risk of postoperative sexual dysfunction in women undergoing TME for rectal cancer, we recommend careful dissection to the anterior mesorectum to develop a plane of dissection behind the posterior extension of the RVS if oncologically reasonable.
Spatial distribution of antimicrobial peptides and mast cells in the skin of the external auditory canal
Authors: Yoon Y J , Lee E J 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjective:The direct activity of antimicrobial peptides against microbes is thought to be an essential first line of defence in the skin; however, little is known about antimicrobial peptide secretion in the skin of the external auditory canal. Evidence suggests that mast cells contribute to the secretion of antimicrobial peptides. This study aimed to examine the distribution of mast cells and antimicrobial peptides, including human β-defensin-1 and -2 and LL-37, in the external auditory canal skin.Methods:External auditory canal skin samples from 12 patients undergoing middle-ear surgery with canaloplasty were immunohistochemically stained to detect expression of mast cell markers (tryptase and chymase) and antimicrobial peptides (human β-defensin-1 and -2 and LL-37).Results:Mast cells and human β-defensin-1 were present in the ceruminous glands but not in the sebaceous glands. The increased presence of mast cells, human β-defensin-1 and LL-37 in ceruminous glands suggests that mast cells may participate in the secretion of antimicrobial peptides from ceruminous glands.Conclusion:These findings suggest that mast cells contribute to the secretion of antimicrobial peptides in the ceruminous glands of the external auditory canal skin.
Conundrums in species concepts: the discovery of a new cryptic species segregated from Parmelina tiliacea(Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae)
Authors: NÚÑEZ-ZAPATA Jano , DIVAKAR Pradeep K. , DEL-PRADO Ruth , CUBAS Paloma , HAWKSWORTH David L. , CRESPO Ana 
Published: October 2011

AbstractParmelina tiliacea is a common, widely distributed species in south-western Europe, easily identifiable by morphology and much used as an air pollution bioindicator in many regions. A molecular phylogenetic survey of samples from many geographical areas, using Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian inference of nuITS and mtLSU rDNA regions, revealed a group of samples geographically restricted to a small region of the Iberian Peninsula and genetically separated from the other P. tiliacea specimens studied. These samples are morphologically indistinguishable from P. tiliacea, apart from subtle anatomical characters in the ascomata (hyphae of the exciple and ascospore width), which are frequently absent. Although geographically different, the two taxa occupy similar habitats and are even sympatric in some areas, indicating that they do not exchange genetic material. This previously overlooked, and apparently endemic lineage, is described as P. cryptotiliacea sp. nov., and the name Lichen tiliaceus is epitypified by a sequenced specimen to fix the application of Parmelina tiliacea to the widespread genotype. A second unexpected result was the discovery that the morphologically distinct P. pastillifera was nested within P. tiliacea. These two cases stress the need to use molecular tools to elucidate species concepts even within widespread morphologically well-characterized macrolichens. Such investigations are necessary to improve our understanding and estimation of biodiversity, and to facilitate the development of sound biodiversity conservation strategies for lichens.
Using genetic distances in addition to ITS molecular phylogeny to identify potential species in theParmotrema reticulatumcomplex: a case study
Authors: DEL-PRADO Ruth , DIVAKAR Pradeep K. , CRESPO Ana 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe used a genetic distance approach in conjunction with molecular phylogeny to establish species boundaries and detect cryptic lineages in theParmotrema reticulatum–P. pseudoreticulatumcomplex. The phylogeny of specimens from a broad geographic distribution was reconstructed from the internal transcribed spacer region. Pairwise genetic distances were calculated and compared to an intraspecific range defined for the parmelioid lichens to circumscribe species-level groups. Our results showed thatP. reticulatumandP. pseudoreticulatumare polyphyletic, being comprised of at least seven well-supported lineages. In contrast, the genetic distance approach revealed ten cryptic lineages within theP. reticulatum–P. pseudoreticulatumcomplex. Neither morphology nor geography was conclusive in attempting to corroborate these genetic lineages. However FSTindices suggest significant genetic differentiation between these lineages. Our results suggest that the morphology-based circumscriptions underestimated species inParmotremaand that, in some cases, genetic distances may be used as an additional tool to determine species boundaries in morphologically cryptic species complexes. The most significant contribution of the present study is the application of a fast and accurate method to identify problematic groups and candidate species using the ITS locus with a genetic distances approach.
Increased plasticity of the bodily self in eating disorders
Authors: Eshkevari E. , Rieger E. , Longo M. R. , Haggard P. , Treasure J. 
Published: October 2011

BackgroundThe rubber hand illusion (RHI) has been widely used to investigate the bodily self in healthy individuals. The aim of the present study was to extend the use of the RHI to examine the bodily self in eating disorders (EDs).MethodThe RHI and self-report measures of ED psychopathology [the Eating Disorder Inventory – 3 (EDI-3) subscales of Drive for Thinness, Bulimia, Body Dissatisfaction, Interoceptive Deficits, and Emotional Dysregulation; the 21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21); and the Self-Objectification Questionnaire (SOQ)] were administered to 78 individuals with an ED and 61 healthy controls.ResultsIndividuals with an ED experienced the RHI significantly more strongly than healthy controls on both perceptual (i.e. proprioceptive drift) and subjective (i.e. self-report questionnaire) measures. Furthermore, both the subjective experience of the RHI and associated proprioceptive biases were correlated with ED psychopathology. Approximately 23% of the variance for embodiment of the fake hand was accounted for by ED psychopathology, with interoceptive deficits and self-objectification significant predictors of embodiment.ConclusionsThese results indicate that the bodily self is more plastic in people with an ED. These findings may shed light on both aetiological and maintenance factors involved in EDs, particularly visual processing of the body, interoceptive deficits, and self-objectification.
Early references to collective punishment in an excavated Chinese text: analysis and discussion of an imprecation from the Wenxian covenant texts
Authors: Williams Crispin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSusan Roosevelt Weld has observed that the Houma and Wenxian covenant texts, excavated texts dating to the fifth centurybc, can be considered “examples of collective responsibility”. New materials from the Wenxian covenant texts provide further evidence relevant to this issue. In this article I present my analysis of a previously unseen imprecation, “Cause [you] to have no descendants” 俾毋有胄後. I suggest the excavated covenants provide the earliest references found in a legal context to collective punishment, a practice that, while archaic in origin, is generally better known from Qin and later penal codes. I also discuss the scope of the termshì氏, as it is used in the imprecation, in the context of Mark Lewis's work defining basic social units in the Zhou period.
Action sequencing using dynamic movement primitives
Authors: Nemec Bojan , Ude Aleš 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYGeneral-purpose autonomous robots must have the ability to combine the available sensorimotor knowledge in order to solve more complex tasks. Such knowledge is often given in the form of movement primitives. In this paper, we investigate the problem of sequencing of movement primitives. We selected nonlinear dynamic systems as the underlying sensorimotor representation because they provide a powerful machinery for the specification of primitive movements. We propose two new methodologies which both ensure that consecutive movement primitives are joined together in a continuous way (up to second-order derivatives). The first is based on proper initialization of the third-order dynamic motion primitives and the second uses online Gaussian kernel functions modification of the second-order dynamic motion primitives. Both methodologies were validated by simulation and by experimentally using a Mitsubishi PA-10 articulated robot arm. Experiments comprehend pouring, table wiping, and carrying a glass of liquid.
Endothelial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress in mitochondrial diseases
Authors: Minuz Pietro , Fava Cristiano , Vattemi Gaetano , Arcaro Guido , Riccadonna Matteo , Tonin Paola , Meneguzzi Alessandra , Degan Maurizio , Guglielmi Valeria , Lechi Alessandro , Tomelleri Giuliano 
Published: October 2011

MDs (mitochondrial diseases) are a clinically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by impairment of the respiratory chain function with altered oxidative phosphorylation. We tested the hypothesis that the function of vascular endothelium is affected by increased oxidative stress in MDs. A total of 12 patients with MDs and pair-matched controls were studied. Endothelial function was assessed by measuring FMD (flow-mediated vasodilation) of brachial and common femoral arteries. The test was repeated after vitamin C (500 mg, twice a day) and E (400 mg, once a day) supplementation for 30 days and 90 days after vitamin withdrawal. FMD was reduced in patients compared with controls [AUC/τ (time-averaged area under the curve) for the brachial artery, 1.05±0.24 compared with 4.19±0.59% respectively, P&lt;0.001; AUC/τ for the femoral artery, 0.98±0.19 compared with 2.36±0.29% respectively, P=0.001; values are means±S.E.M.] and correlated (brachial artery) with plasma lactate (r=−0.63, P&lt;0.01). Urinary 8-iso-PGF2α (8-iso-prostaglandin F2α) was higher in patients than controls (505.6±85.9 compared with 302.5±38.7 pg/mg of creatinine; P&lt;0.05) and correlated with plasma lactate (r=0.70, P&lt;0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis showed 8-iso-PGF2α staining in MD-affected striated muscle cells and in blood vessels in muscle biopsies of patients. Antioxidant vitamins transiently restored FMD in patients [ΔAUC/τ (change in AUC/τ) for the brachial artery, +1.38±0.49%, P&lt;0.05; ΔAUC/τ for the femoral artery, +0.98±0.24%, P&lt;0.01] but had no effect on FMD in controls (brachial artery, −1.3±0.63%; and common femoral artery, −0.58±0.30%), thus abolishing the differences between patients and controls. The results of the present study indicate that oxidative stress is increased and is, at least partly, responsible for endothelial dysfunction in MDs.
Prenatal programming of renal salt wasting resets postnatal salt appetite, which drives food intake in the rat
Authors: Alwasel Saleh H. , Barker David J. P. , Ashton Nick 
Published: October 2011

Sodium retention has been proposed as the cause of hypertension in the LP rat (offspring exposed to a maternal low-protein diet in utero) model of developmental programming because of increased renal NKCC2 (Na+/K+/2Cl− co-transporter 2) expression. However, we have shown that LP rats excrete more rather than less sodium than controls, leading us to hypothesize that LP rats ingest more salt in order to maintain sodium balance. Rats were fed on either a 9% (low) or 18% (control) protein diet during pregnancy; male and female offspring were studied at 4 weeks of age. LP rats of both sexes held in metabolism cages excreted more sodium and urine than controls. When given water to drink, LP rats drank more and ate more food than controls, hence sodium intake matched excretion. However, when given a choice between saline and water to drink, the total volume of fluid ingested by LP rats fell to control levels, but the volume of saline taken was significantly larger [3.8±0.1 compared with 8.8±1.3 ml/24 h per 100 g of body weight in control and LP rats respectively; P&lt;0.001]. Interestingly food intake also fell to control levels. Total body sodium content and ECF (extracellular fluid) volumes were greater in LP rats. These results show that prenatal programming of renal sodium wasting leads to a compensatory increase in salt appetite in LP rats. We speculate that the need to maintain salt homoeostasis following malnutrition in utero stimulates greater food intake, leading to accelerated growth and raised BP (blood pressure).
Effects of Salinity on Physa acuta, the Intermediate Host for the Parasite Posthodiplostomum minimum: Implications for the Translocation of the Protected White Sands Pupfish
Authors: Stockwell Craig A. , Purcell Kevin M. , Collyer Michael L. , Janovy John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe report the salinity tolerance of snails to evaluate how parasite communities with complex life cycles have been altered by translocations of the White Sands pupfish Cyprinodon tularosa to habitats with altered salinity levels. Native and introduced pupfish populations co‐occur with the gastropods Physa acuta and associated white grub parasite, Posthodiplostomum minimum, at two brackish springs (Malpais and Mound), but physids are absent from the two saline habitats occupied by White Sands pupfish. We conducted a salinity challenge experiment to test the hypothesis that environmental salinity limits the distribution of physid snails. A 22‐d survival experiment with the Malpais Spring physid population indicated that exposure to elevated salinities significantly reduced survival. We also saw sequential declines in survival and reproduction that were proportional to salinity exposure. Salinity of 7‰ was the apparent threshold for these effects. These results have implications for the use of translocation as a conservation tool in the management of fish populations.
Posttranslational Regulation of the Iron Deficiency Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor FIT Is Affected by Iron and Nitric Oxide
Authors: Meiser Johannes , Lingam Sivasenkar , Bauer Petra 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Understanding iron (Fe) sensing and regulation is important for targeting key genes for important nutritional traits like Fe content. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor FIT (for FER-LIKE FE DEFICIENCY-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR) controls Fe acquisition genes in dicot roots. Posttranscriptional regulation of transcription factors allows rapid adaptation to cellular changes and was also described for FIT. However, the mechanisms behind this regulation of FIT were for a long time not known. Here, we studied the posttranscriptional control mechanisms of FIT in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and identified nitric oxide as a stabilizing stimulus for FIT protein abundance. Using cycloheximide, we confirmed that the level of FIT protein was regulated by way of protein turnover in wild-type and hemagglutinin-FIT plants. Upon cycloheximide treatment, FIT activity was hardly compromised, since Fe deficiency genes like IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER1 and FERRIC REDUCTASE OXIDASE2 were still inducible by Fe deficiency. A small pool of “active” FIT was sufficient for the induction of Fe deficiency downstream responses. Nitric oxide inhibitors caused a decrease of FIT protein abundance and, in the wild type, also a decrease in FIT activity. This decrease of FIT protein levels was reversed by the proteasomal inhibitor MG132, suggesting that in the presence of nitric oxide FIT protein was less likely to be a target of proteasomal degradation. Independent of FIT transcription, FIT protein stability and FIT protein activity, therefore, were targets of control mechanisms in response to Fe and nitric oxide. We summarize our results in a model that explains the different steps of FIT regulation integrating the plant signals that control FIT.
Pollinator effectiveness of native and non‐native flower visitors to an apparently generalist Andean shrub,Duranta mandonii(Verbenaceae)
Authors: WATTS STELLA , OVALLE DAVID HUAMÁN , HERRERA MARCELA MORENO , OLLERTON JEFF 
Published: October 2011

AbstractNot all visitors to flowers are pollinators and pollinating taxa can vary greatly in their effectiveness. Using a combination of observations and experiments we compared the effectiveness of introduced honeybees with that of hummingbirds, native bees and moths on both the male and female components of fitness of the Andean shrubDuranta mandonii(Verbenaceae). Our results demonstrated significant variation among flower visitors in rates of visitation, pollen removal ability and contribution to fruit set. This variation was not always correlated; that is, taxa that regularly visited flowers did not remove the most pollen or contribute to fruit set. Despite the taxonomic diversity of visitors, the main natural pollinators of this shrub are large native bees, such asBombusspp. Introduced honeybees were found to be as effective as native bees at pollinating this species.Duranta mandoniihas high apparent generalization, but low realized generalization and can be considered to be a moderate ecological generalist (a number of species of large bees provide pollination services), but a functional specialist (most pollinators belong to a single functional group). The present study has highlighted the importance of measuring efficiency components when documenting plant–pollinator interactions, and has also demonstrated that visitation rates may give little insight into the relative importance of flower visitors.
Evaluation of speech and language assessment approaches with bilingual children
Authors: De Lamo White Caroline , Jin Lixian 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground:British society is multicultural and multilingual, thus for many children English is not their main or only language. Speech and language therapists are required to assess accurately the speech and language skills of bilingual children if they are suspected of having a disorder. Cultural and linguistic diversity means that a more complex assessment procedure is needed and research suggests that bilingual children are at risk of misdiagnosis. Clinicians have identified a lack of suitable assessment instruments for use with this client group.Aims:This paper highlights the challenges of assessing bilingual children and reviews available speech and language assessment procedures and approaches for use with this client group. It evaluates different approaches for assessing bilingual children to identify approaches that may be more appropriate for carrying out assessments effectively.Methods & Procedures:This review discusses and evaluates the efficacy of norm‐referenced standardized measures, criterion‐referenced measures, language‐processing measures, dynamic assessment and a sociocultural approach.Outcomes & Results:When all named procedures and approaches are compared, the sociocultural approach appears to hold the most promise for accurate assessment of bilingual children. Research suggests that language‐processing measures are not effective indicators for identifying speech and language disorders in bilingual children, but further research is warranted. The sociocultural approach encompasses some of the other approaches discussed, including norm‐referenced measures, criterion‐referenced measures and dynamic assessment.Conclusions & Implications:The sociocultural approach enables the clinician to interpret results in the light of the child's linguistic and cultural background. In addition, combining approaches mitigates the weaknesses inherent in each approach.