bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Dentin Desensitizer on Shear Bond Strength of Conventional and Self-adhesive Resin Luting Cements After Aging
Authors: Stawarczyk B , Hartmann R , Hartmann L , Roos M , Özcan M , Sailer I , Hämmerle CHF 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThis study tested the impact of Gluma Desensitizer on the shear bond strength (SBS) of two conventional (RelyX ARC, Panavia 21) and two self-adhesive (RelyX Unicem, G-Cem) resin luting cements after water storage and thermocycling. Human third molars (N=880) were embedded in acrylic resin. The buccal dentin was exposed. Teeth were randomly divided into four main groups, and the following cements were adhered: 1) RelyX ARC, 2) Panavia 21, 3) RelyX Unicem, and 4) G-Cem. In half of the teeth in each group, dentin was treated with Gluma Desensitizer. In the conventional cement groups, the corresponding etchant and adhesive systems were applied. SBS of the cements was tested after 1 hour (initial); at 1, 4, 9, 16, and 25 days of water storage; and at 1, 4, 9, 16, and 25 days of thermocycling. SBS data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA); this was followed by the post hoc Scheffé test and a t-test. Overall, the highest mean SBS (MPa) was obtained by RelyX ARC (ranging from 14.6 ± 3.9 to 17.6 ± 5.2) and the lowest by Panavia 21 in combination with Gluma Desensitizer (ranging from 0.0 to 2.9 ± 1.0). All tested groups with and without desensitizer showed no significant decrease after aging conditions compared with baseline values (p&gt;0.05). Only the Panavia 21/Gluma Desensitizer combination showed a significant decrease after 4 days of thermocyling compared with initial values and 1 day thermocycling. Self-adhesive cements with Gluma Desensitizer showed increased SBS after aging conditions (ranging from 7.4 ± 1.4 to 15.2 ± 3) compared with groups without desensitizer (ranging from 2.6 ± 1.2 to 8.8 ± 2.9). No cohesive failures in dentin were observed in any of the test groups. Although self-adhesive cements with and without desensitizer presented mainly adhesive failures after water storage (95.8%) and thermocyling (100%), conventional cement (RelyX ARC) showed mainly mixed failures (90.8% and 89.2%, after water storage and thermocyling, respectively). Application of the Gluma Desensitizer to dentin before cementation had a positive effect on the SBS of self-adhesive cements.
Microhardness of Composite Materials With Different Organic Phases in Deep Class II Cavities: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Tchorz JP , Doll R , Wolkewitz M , Hellwig E , Hannig C 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYObjective:This study compared the microhardness of three composite resins with different organic matrices in deep class II cavities.Materials and Method:A total of 36 extracted molars were randomly assigned to six groups and standardized class II cavities were prepared. The cavity design comprised three steps in a mesiodistal direction with an increasing depth (2, 4, and 6 mm). Twelve cavities each were restored using Filtek Supreme (FS), Quixfil (QF), and Filtek Silorane (SI). The materials were applied in incremental layers of 2 mm and cured either with Halogen Translux Energy (HTE) (n=18) or LED Bluephase C8 (LED) (n=18). Subsequently, the specimens were cross-sectioned, and microhardness was determined in various depths and at two different distances from the matrix.Results:QF yielded the highest KHN microhardness values (92.67 ± 12.77), followed by FS (65.53 ± 19.52) and SI (57.67 ± 8.33). Composites cured with LED achieved higher KHN values. All materials showed the highest microhardness values within the superficial increments and at a distance of 1000 μm from the matrix.
Successful management of an intracranial phaeohyphomycotic fungal granuloma in a dog
Authors: Bentley R. Timothy , Faissler Dominik , Sutherland-Smith James 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Case Description—A 12-month-old castrated male Boxer was examined because of signs of acute, progressive intracranial disease.
Clinical Findings—Cytologic and histologic findings were consistent with an intracranial fungal granuloma in the right cerebral hemisphere. Fungal culture yielded a Cladophialophora sp.
Treatment and Outcome—The granuloma was surgically debulked to remove infected brain tissue and the avascular purulent core. Postoperatively, the patient was treated with fluconazole (2.3 mg/kg [1 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) for 4 months, followed by voriconazole (3.4 mg/kg [1.5 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) for a further 10 months. The outcome was considered excellent on the basis of resolution of neurologic signs and a lack of evidence of recurrence of the granuloma during magnetic resonance imaging and CSF analysis 8 months after surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging and CSF analysis 9 weeks after administration of antifungal medications was discontinued (16 months after surgery) confirmed resolution.
Clinical Relevance—Intracranial phaeohyphomycosis in small animals is rare and is most commonly associated with Cladophialophora infection. Phaeohyphomycosis frequently causes a focal granuloma, whereas other fungal infections typically cause diffuse meningoencephalitis. In all previous reports of phaeohyphomycosis of the CNS in dogs, treatment has been limited to medical management with conventional antifungal drugs and had failed to prevent death. The present report suggested that combined management of granulomas with surgery and newer triazole medications such as voriconazole may represent a novel strategy that improves the prognosis for this disease.
Ulcerative cystitis associated with phenylbutazone administration in two horses
Authors: Aleman Monica , Nieto Jorge E. , Higgins Jamie K. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Case Description—A 15-year-old Quarter Horse gelding and a 26-year-old Thoroughbred gelding were evaluated because of hematuria of 4 to 6 days' duration following prolonged oral administration of phenylbutazone.
Clinical Findings—The horses had received either treatment with phenylbutazone for 3 months or intermittent long-term phenylbutazone treatment prior to development of hematuria. Each horse was systemically stable but had orthopedic or neurologic problems. Clinicopathologic findings included normochromic normocytic anemia in both horses and hypoalbuminemia and high BUN concentration in 1 horse. In both horses, urinalysis revealed proteinuria and RBCs, but no evidence of WBCs or bacteria. Ulceration and hemorrhage of the urinary bladder with no evidence of uroliths were observed via cystoscopy. Gastric ulceration along the margo plicatus was observed via gastroscopy.
Treatment and Outcome—For each horse, phenylbutazone treatment was discontinued and a synthetic prostaglandin (misoprostol) was administered. The hematuria resolved, and results of a follow-up CBC, serum biochemical analysis, urinalysis, and cystoscopy 25 or 30 days after cessation of phenylbutazone treatment were unremarkable in both cases.
Clinical Relevance—Given the known adverse effects of NSAID treatment in several species, phenylbutazone and its metabolites were suspected to have caused ulceration of the urinary bladder, resulting in hematuria, in the 2 horses. A definitive cause of urinary bladder ulceration was not confirmed in these cases; however, resolution of ulceration after discontinuation of phenylbutazone treatment and administration of synthetic prostaglandins and exclusion of other causes suggested an association between phenylbutazone administration and ulcerative cystitis in these horses.
Recurrence of renosplenic entrapment after renosplenic space ablation in a seven-year-old stallion
Authors: Barrell Emily A. , Kamm J. Lacy , Hendrickson Dean A. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Case Description—A 7-year-old mixed-breed stallion was admitted because of colic.
Clinical Findings—Entrapment of the left colon in the renosplenic space was diagnosed via rectal palpation and ultrasonographic examination, despite a renosplenic space ablation 6.5 years earlier.
Treatment and Outcome—The renosplenic entrapment was corrected with a combination of phenylephrine administration, rolling, and ballottement of the horse's abdomen during general anesthesia. The following week, left flank laparoscopic renosplenic space ablation was performed with the horse standing. On examination of the previous surgical site, only 4 bands of fibrous adhesion remained of the original space ablation. The renosplenic space was again closed by suturing the perirenal fascia and renosplenic ligament to the splenic capsule. The horse was discharged from the hospital and recovered at home. No complications or recurrence of entrapment was reported following the procedure.
Clinical Relevance—There have been no previous reports of recurrence of renosplenic entrapment following procedures to permanently ablate the renosplenic space. Recurrence in this patient may be attributed to the horse's young age at the time of initial surgery or inadequate size or spacing of the sutures through the perirenal fascia and splenic capsule.
Nowhere to Go: Karimojong Displacement and Forced Resettlement
Authors: Sundal Mary B. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Between 2006 and 2010, thousands of Karimojong women and children moved to Kampala in an attempt to escape misery and violence at home. In 2007 the Ugandan government began to evict these people from the capital and resettle them back in Karamoja. This paper is based on data from a ten-month ethnographic project with Karimojong mothers living in the Kisenyi slum of Kampala and residents within Napak and Moroto districts, to illuminate migrants' experiences with the resettlement campaign. I address three major fl aws with the campaign: ignorance of living conditions and violence in Karamoja; the overall dehumanizing impact on the Karimojong; and inadequate programme design, resources and infrastructure.
Complexities of Livestock Raiding in Karamoja
Authors: Agade Kennedy Mkutu 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Karimojong define different motives for raiding: restocking, retaliation, and theft for sale on markets. This article focuses on the third type, or akoko raiding, which operates outside of the informal governance system of the elders, and is necessitated by short-term livelihood needs for some, and driven by profiteering for others. It may be done in large groups, or small groups of youths, and may be managed by racketeers, or richer cattle owners who loan out weapons. This article looks at the relationship of akoko raiding with the markets, including international trade to Kenya and the issue of border security. It notes that there are links to powerful urban-based figures, and that the huge wealth of Karamoja is enriching only a few. It makes the point that policing of the markets should be a major focus of conflict mitigation. Instead disarmament policies continue to focus on pastoralist communities, bringing no reduction in raiding violence and adding another layer to the conflict: that of the state versus the community.
The Rise of the 'Traider': The Commercialization of Raiding in Karamoja
Authors: Eaton Dave 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The majority of published material on the commercialization of raiding in Karamoja deals with warlords or other elite confl ict entrepreneurs. This article suggests that commercialization has also triggered profound changes at a more local level. Based on a range of interviews within the region, it will argue that commercial forces have made possible the rise of the 'traider'. 'Traiders', or livestock traders who were or are raiders themselves, use inside information to purchase stolen cattle from thieves immediately after an attack. Frustrated victims argue that 'traiders' can easily launder the proceeds of a theft, rendering the recovery of stolen cattle almost impossible. Unfortunately, the Ugandan state's punitive approach to law enforcement makes them ill-suited to the more sophisticated investigations necessary to capture 'traiders' and earn the trust of Karamoja's inhabitants.
'Disarmament': The End or Fulfillment of Cattle Raiding?
Authors: Knighton Ben 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The Uganda government claims that the now decade-long disarmament campaign is achieving pacification and the end of cattle raiding. Here, such claims are tested using data collected over a ten-month period between 2007 and 2008. These data show that the army is unable to prevent raiding or to recover and return more than a token number of raided livestock. The disastrous consequences of unbalanced disarmament are also considered, using material from in-depth interviews within one Karimojong territorial section involved, the Bokora. Following unbalanced disarmament, this section has lost to raids almost all its livestock and remains under constant threat, so that even the prospect of long-term restocking through breeding seems uncertain. As seasonal rains continue to fail to produce a harvest, large numbers of Bokora have dispersed to eke out low-status livelihoods elsewhere in Uganda, or they are rendered dependent and immobile on an inadequately funded World Food Programme. Forced to disarm and then left unprotected, the Bokora are already losing the whole framework of their culture, and they risk losing their territory too.
Analysis of critical length measurements for dry snow slab weak-layer shear fracture
Authors: McClung D.M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSnow slab avalanches primarily release by propagation of shear fractures within thin weak layers under much thicker slabs. In some cases, the weak layer is on the order of 1 mm thick and such fractures may be considered to be a mode II shear fracture at initiation. In the cases analysed in this paper, the weak layer has finite thickness, and slope-normal effects may be present. Field data from >500 snow shear fracture tests are analysed and applied to the problem of weak-layer fracture. The paper contains a detailed analysis using a simple analytical model to estimate the critical length prior to an unstable shear fracture. The model contains the assumption of a finite fracture process zone which may be a significant fraction of the slab depth,D, or the critical length,L, for weak-layer shear fracture. The field results show that theL/Dratio varies from ∼0.1 to just over 2, and the model results are close to the same range. The analysis also shows that both the field and model results forL/Dfollow a Gumbel probability density function. Since the experimental field data contain rate-dependent (viscoelastic) and slope-normal effects, it is imperative to account for these in the model and for snow slab instability evaluation when using test data. Detailed evaluations considering both these effects are given. The applicability of the test data to avalanche release is discussed.
From ice-shelf tributary to tidewater glacier: continued rapid recession, acceleration and thinning of Röhss Glacier following the 1995 collapse of the Prince Gustav Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Glasser N.F. , Scambos T.A. , Bohlander J. , Truffer M. , Pettit E. , Davies B.J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe use optical (ASTER and Landsat) and radar (ERS-1 and ERS-2) satellite imagery to document changes in the Prince Gustav Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, and its tributary glaciers before and after its January 1995 collapse. The satellite image record captures the transition from an ice-shelf glacier system to a tidewater glacial system and the subsequent rapid retreat and inferred ‘fatal’ negative mass balances that occur as lower glacier elevations lead to higher ablation and tidewater-style calving collapse. Pre-1995 images show that the central ice shelf was fed primarily by Sjögren Glacier flowing from the Antarctic Peninsula and by Röhss Glacier flowing from James Ross Island. Numerous structural discontinuities (rifts and crevasses) and melt ponds were present on the ice shelf before the collapse. After the ice shelf collapsed, Röhss Glacier retreated rapidly, becoming a tidewater glacier in 2002 and receding a total of ∼15 km between January 2001 and March 2009, losing >70% of its area. Topographic profiles of Röhss Glacier from ASTER-derived digital elevation models show a thinning of up to ∼150 m, and surface speeds increased up to ninefold (0.1–0.9 m d−1) over the same period. The rates of speed increase and elevation loss, however, are not monotonic; both rates slowed between late 2002 and 2005, accelerated in 2006 and slowed again in 2008–09. We conclude that tributary glaciers react to ice-shelf removal by rapid (if discontinuous) recession, and that the response of tidewater glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula to ice-shelf removal occurs over timescales ranging from sub-annual to decadal.
Waterfall ice: mechanical stability of vertical structures
Authors: Weiss J. , Montagnat M. , Cinquin-Lapierre B. , Labory P.A. , Moreau L. , Damilano F. , Lavigne D. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe present a study of the mechanical (in)stability of the ephemeral waterfall ice structures that form from the freezing of liquid water seeping on steep rock. Three vertical structures were studied, two near Glacier d’Argentière, France, and one in the Valsavarenche valley, northern Italy. The generation of internal stresses in the ice structure in relation to air- and ice-temperature conditions is analyzed from pressure sensor records. Their role in the mechanical instability of the structures is discussed from a photographic survey of these structures. The main result is that dramatic air cooling (several °Ch−1 over several hours) and low temperatures (<−10°C), generating tensile stresses and brittleness, can trigger a spontaneous or climber-induced mechanical collapse, leading to unfavorable climbing conditions. Ice internal pressure fluctuations are also associated with episodes of marked diurnal air-temperature cycle, with mild days (few above 0) and cool nights (few below 0), through the occurrence of water ↔ ice phase transitions within the structure. These ice internal stress fluctuations seem, however, to have a local influence, are associated with warm (near 0), wet and therefore particularly soft ice and do not trigger a collapse of the structure.
Glacier changes in the Garhwal Himalaya, India, from 1968 to 2006 based on remote sensing
Authors: Bhambri Rakesh , Bolch Tobias , Chaujar Ravinder Kumar , Kulshreshtha Subhash Chandra 
Published: August 2011

AbstractGlacier outlines are mapped for the upper Bhagirathi and Saraswati/Alaknanda basins of the Garhwal Himalaya using Corona and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) satellite images acquired in 1968 and 2006, respectively. A subset of glaciers was also mapped using Landsat TM images acquired in 1990. Glacier area decreased from 599.9 ± 15.6 km2(1968) to 572.5 ± 18.0 km2(2006), a loss of 4.6 ± 2.8%. Glaciers in the Saraswati/Alaknanda basin and upper Bhagirathi basin lost 18.4 ± 9.0 km2(5.7 ± 2.7%) and 9.0 ± 7.7 km2(3.3 ± 2.8%), respectively, from 1968 to 2006. Garhwal Himalayan glacier retreat rates are lower than previously reported. More recently (1990–2006), recession rates have increased. The number of glaciers in the study region increased from 82 in 1968 to 88 in 2006 due to fragmentation of glaciers. Smaller glaciers (<1 km2) lost 19.4 ± 2.5% (0.51 ± 0.07% a−1) of their ice, significantly more than for larger glaciers (>50 km2) which lost 2.8 ± 2.7% (0.074 ± 0.071 % a−1). From 1968 to 2006, the debris-covered glacier area increased by 17.8 ± 3.1% (0.46 ± 0.08% a−1) in the Saraswati/Alaknanda basin and 11.8 ± 3.0% (0.31 ± 0.08% a−1) in the upper Bhagirathi basin. Climate records from Mukhim (∼1900 m a.s.l.) and Bhojbasa (∼3780 m a.s.l.) meteorological stations were used to analyze climate conditions and trends, but the data are too limited to make firm conclusions regarding glacier–climate interactions.
The effect of fluctuations in surface density, accumulation and compaction on elevation change rates along the EGIG line, central Greenland
Authors: Morris Elizabeth M. , Wingham Duncan J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractRepeated measurements of density profiles and surface elevation along a 515 km section of the Greenland ice sheet have been used to determine elevation change rates and the error in determining mass balance from these rates which arises from short-term fluctuations in mass input, compaction and surface density. Over the 28 months from spring 2004 to summer 2006 the average error over 100 km sections of the traverse ranged from −0.006 to 0.100 ma−1. The lowest values, comparable with the system accuracy of the CryoSat radar altimeter (0.033 m a−1), were found below 3000 m. The surface density required to translate the elevation change into mass change decreased from 0.40 g cm−3 at an elevation of 2348 m to 0.33 g cm−3 at an elevation of 3264 m. From the density profiles the equivalent values for a time period of 10 years were found to be 0.48 and 0.38 g cm−3, respectively.
A scanning electron microscope technique for identifying the mineralogy of dust in ice cores
Authors: Obbard Rachel W. , Baker Ian , Prior David J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDust particles in an ice core from East Rongbuk Glacier on the northern slope of Qomolangma (Mount Everest; 28°01′ N, 86°58′ E; 6518 m a.s.l.), central Himalaya, have been identified as mica using a combination of scanning electron microscope-based techniques and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to identify the elements present, and electron backscatter diffraction to identify the crystal type. This technique for identifying individual crystalline dust particles in samples of glacial ice could be especially useful in the future for identifying water-soluble crystals in ice, for studying the strain history (glaciotectonics) of basal ice or in studies of ice–mica composites used as analogs of quartz-mica rocks.
Multi-decadal retreat of Greenland’s marine-terminating glaciers
Authors: Howat Ian M. , Eddy Alex 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMany marine-terminating glaciers draining the Greenland ice sheet have retreated over the past decade, yet the extent and magnitude of retreat relative to past variability is unknown. We measure changes in front positions of 210 marine-terminating glaciers using Landsat imagery spanning nearly four decades and compare decadal-scale rates of change with earlier observations. We find that 90% of the observed glaciers retreated between 2000 and 2010, approaching 100% in the northwest, with rapid retreat observed in all sectors of the ice sheet. The current retreat is accelerating and likely began between 1992 and 2000, coincident with the onset of warming, following glacier stability and minor advance during a mid-century cooling period. While it is clear an extensive retreat occurred in the early 20th century, a period of increasing air temperatures, a comparison of our results with historical observations provides evidence that the current retreat is more widespread. The onset of rapid retreat with warming relative to the slow and lagged advance with cooling suggests an asymmetry in the response of marine fronts to external forcing.