bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insulin‐Like Growth Factors: Gene Structure and Regulation
Authors: Lund Pauline Kay 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Insulin‐Like Growth Factor IInsulin‐Like Growth Factor IcDNAsand Encoded PrecursorsMultiple Insulin‐Like Growth Factor ImRNAsand Precursors in MammalsMultiple Size Classes of Insulin‐Like Growth Factor ImRNAsInsulin‐Like Growth Factor I Gene StructureFunctional Significance of Multiple Mammalian Insulin‐Like Growth Factor ImRNAsand PrecursorsInsulin‐Like Growth Factor ImRNARegulationStructure And Regulation of the Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I PromotersInsulin‐Like Growth FactorIIInsulin‐Like Growth FactorIIcDNAsand Encoded PrecursorsMultiple Insulin‐Like Growth FactorIImRNAsInsulin‐Like Growth FactorIIGene StructureInsulin‐Like Growth FactorIImRNARegulationTranscriptional Control of Insulin‐Like Growth FactorIISynthesisPost‐Transcriptional Control of Insulin‐Like Growth FactorIISynthesisManipulation of the Expression of Insulinlike Growth Factors I andIIGain of Function Insulin‐Like Growth Factor TransgenicsLoss of Function Insulin‐Like Growth Factor TransgenicsChimeric Genes and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor Gene RegulationFuture Directions
Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I Actions on Somatic Growth
Authors: Zapf J. , Froesch E. R. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Indirect Evidence that Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I Participates in the Regulation of Somatic GrowthClinical: Correlations Between Growth and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I Levels in SerumExperimental: Growth Hormone‐Dependent Regulation of Insulin‐Like Growth Factor ImRNAand Protein Expression in Various Tissues and the Autocrine/Paracrine Versus Endocrine Role of Insulin‐Like Growth Factor IDirect Evidence that Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I Promotes GrowthInsulin‐Like Growth Factor I as a Growth and Differentiation Factor In VitroEffects of Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I Administration on Growth In VivoTransgenic Animals Overexpressing Growth Hormone or Insulin‐Like Growth Factor IInsulin‐Like Growth Factor I and Type 1 Insulin‐Like Growth Factor Receptor Knock‐Out AnimalsThe Somatomedin Hypothesis Revisited
Regulation of Gene Expression by Thyroid Hormones: Relation to Growth and Development
Authors: Brent Gregory A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Thyroid Hormone Response ElementsStandard Configuration and SequencesComplex and Unusual Response ElementsSingle Half‐Site ElementsInfluence of Response Element Position and Orientation on Gene RegulationElements that Confer a Negative Response to Thyroid HormoneResponse Elements that Confer Thyroid Hormone Receptor Isoform SpecificityThyroid Hormone Regulation of Growth Hormone and Growth Factor Gene ExpressionCharacterization ofDNAElements that Confer Thyroid Hormone ResponseSpecies Differences in Growth Hormone Gene RegulationInfluence of Retinoic Acid andcAMPon Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Gene ExpressionInteractions of Thyroid Hormone Receptor and Pit‐1 in Regulation of Growth Hormone Gene ExpressionThyroid Hormone Stimulation of Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Receptor Gene ExpressionThyroid Hormone Regulation of Growth FactorsRegulation of Gene Expression in Nervous System DevelopmentExpression of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Isoforms in Neural DevelopmentEffects of Hypothyroidism on Neural DevelopmentRegulation of Neural Gene ExpressionRegulation of Gene Expression in BoneClinical Effects of Thyroid Hormone on BoneIn Vitro Effects of Thyroid Hormone on Bone CellsThyroid Hormone Metabolism: Regulation of Ligand AvailabilityCharacteristics and Tissue Distribution of DeiodinasesRegulation of Deiodinase ExpressionDevelopmental Regulation of Deiodinase ExpressionThyroid Hormone Regulation of Gene Expression in Amphibian MetamorphosisRegulation of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Gene ExpressionProlactin–Thyroid Hormone Interactions and Effects on Gene ExpressionGrowth and Developmental Abnormalities as A Consequence of Thyroid Hormone DeficiencyCongenital HypothyroidismHypothyroidism of Infancy and ChildhoodIodine and Selenium DeficiencyEndemic CretinismInfluence of Mutant Thyroid Receptors on Growth and DevelopmentGenetic Basis of Resistance to Thyroid HormoneInfluence of Response Element Configuration and Thyroid Hormone Receptor Isoform on Response Inhibition by Mutant ReceptorsGrowth in Resistance to Thyroid Hormone as a Function of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor Mutant and Thyroid Hormone TreatmentPituitary Resistance to Thyroid Hormone, Clinical Manifestations, and MechanismAnimal Models of Resistance to Thyroid HormoneSummary
Insulin as a Growth‐Promoting Hormone
Authors: Messina Joseph L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Insulin Actions and SignalingGrowth‐Promoting Effects of Insulin on Cultured CellsSynergistic Actions of Insulin and Other Growth Factors in the Promotion of Cell ProliferationInsulin as A Growth‐Promoting Hormone in vivoInsulin as an Embryonic Growth FactorThe Role of Insulin as an Embryonic Growth Factor in RodentsThe Role of Insulin as an Embryonic Growth Factor in ChickensLeprechaunism and Rabson‐Mendenhall SyndromeInsulin and Liver RegenerationKnockout Mouse Models of Insulin ResistanceHow Insulin Induces GrowthRegulation of Gene Expression by InsulinInsulin and ApoptosisSummary
Modeling the Transport and Reaction Mechanisms of Copper Oxide CVD
Authors: Arana‐Chavez David , Toumayan Edward , Lora Federico , McCaslin Christopher , Adomaitis Raymond A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this paper we consider the CVD of copper oxide, a semiconductor with demonstrated potential for solar hydrogen production by the photo‐electrochemical (PEC) splitting of water. Extensive experiments with a hot‐wall CVD reactor and a cuprous iodide/oxygen precursor system are conducted, revealing unexpected film deposition patterns and temperature/oxygen partial pressure dependencies. An evolutionary sequence of mathematical models is developed to understand the observed behavior, starting with an empirical response surface model (RSM) to rigorously determine the trends indicated in the data. Then, a series of physics‐based models are developed to gain a theoretical understanding of the thermodynamic, reaction, and chemical species transport mechanisms at work in this reactor. In contrast to previously published research where gas‐phase reaction and particle nucleation were identified as the key processes, our model predictions suggest the deposition process is largely governed by surface reactions.
Basal cell adenoma with extensive squamous metaplasia and cellular atypia: A case report with cytohistopathological correlation and review of the literature
Authors: Paker Irem , Yilmazer Demet , Turker Arikok Ata , Saylam Guleser , Hucumenoglu Sema 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBasal cell adenoma (BCA) is a rare benign basaloid neoplasm of the salivary gland. There are four histopathological types of BCA: solid, tubular, trabecular, and membranous. It is known that focal squamous metaplasia may be seen in some BCAs, but it is rare to see extensive squamous metaplasia, especially with cellular atypia. Here, a 25‐year‐old male with right parotid swelling is presented. Ultrasonography revealed a 2‐cm well defined mass in his parotid gland. Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA), performed prior to surgical excision, showed a highly cellular tumor composed of basaloid cells, forming small duct‐like or tubular structures containing basement membrane‐like material, as well as squamous cells with hyperchromatic, enlarged, pleomorphic, and bizzare nuclei. We made a cytopathological diagnosis of “basaloid neoplasm” and also reported that the differential diagnosis included BCA, cellular pleomorphic adenoma, basal cell adenocarcinoma, and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. The patient underwent total parotidectomy. Both frozen and permanent sections showed a BCA with membranous, tubulotrabecular pattern, and extensive squamous metaplasia. Some of the squamous cells showed significant nuclear hyperchromasia, enlargement, and pleomorphism. As far as we know, this is the first case of BCA with extensive squamous metaplasia and prominent cellular atypia. This case has been presented to show that squamous metaplastic cells with hyperchromatic, enlarged, bizarre, and pleomorphic nuclei can be seen on FNA smears of a benign tumor like BCA. Also, the differential diagnosis of BCA of the salivary gland is discussed here. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the urinary bladder: A case report
Authors: Nawal Rao Ram , Sinha Shalu , Babu Suresh , Mehrotra, Ravi 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPrimitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) are malignant small round cell tumors, which exhibit a variable degree of neural differentiation. These tumors are usually found in the extraosseous soft tissue and rarely in bones. Occasional cases of PNETs of the urinary bladder have been reported on histopathology. However, to the best of our knowledge, none have been diagnosed on fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). A patient presented to the out‐patient department with complaints of a slowly progressive lump in the lower abdomen, which was diagnosed as PNET on FNAC. The smears showed a dispersed population and sheets of malignant small round cells with focal rosette formation and perivascular arrangement of tumor cells. Periodic acid‐Schiff staining showed strong cytoplasmic positivity. Immunocytochemistry of the cytology smears also showed strong membrane positivity for CD99 (MIC‐2), which was also confirmed on histopathological examination. PNET of the urinary bladder is a distinct entity, which can be diagnosed on FNAC and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. A diagnosis of PNET should be considered as a differential diagnosis in urinary bladder masses, especially in adolescents and young adults. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of nicotinamide derivatives having a hydroxy‐substituted benzene ring and the influence of their structures on the apoptosis‐inducing activity against leukemia cells
Authors: Yamaguchi Tomoko , Matsumura Yuriko , Ishii Takuya , Tokuoka Yoshikazu , Kurita Keisuke 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWith the view of developing novel apoptosis‐inducing agents against malignant cells, nicotinamide derivatives containing substituted O‐benzoyl‐tyrosine, dopamine, and norepinephrine residues were synthesized. Antiproliferative activity measurements using leukemia U937 cells revealed that the benzoyl‐tyrosine derivative having two hydroxys at C‐2 and C‐3 on the benzoyl group, and the one having a hydroxy at C‐2 and a methoxy at C‐4 proved the most potent among the 9 nicotinamide derivatives. The IC50 values of these compounds were 0.87 and 3.15 µM, which indicates their noteworthy activity compared with epigallocatechin gallate, a catechin component in green tea known for its noticeable activity. The cell death process was confirmed to be the result of apoptosis by agarose gel electrophoresis and dye staining, suggesting the high potential of these compounds as apoptosis‐inducing anticancer agents. Drug Dev Res 72: 289–297, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accelerated cognitive decline in patients with type 2 diabetes: MRI correlates and risk factors
Authors: Reijmer Yael D. , van den Berg Esther , de Bresser Jeroen , Kessels Roy P. C. , Kappelle L. Jaap , Algra Ale , Biessels Geert Jan ,   on behalf of the Utrecht Diabetic Encephalopathy Study Group
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia. We examined brain imaging correlates and vascular and metabolic risk factors of accelerated cognitive decline in patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsCognitive functioning and brain volume as well as metabolic and vascular risk factors were assessed twice in 68 patients with no dementia with type 2 diabetes with a 4‐year interval. Thirty‐eight control participants served as a reference group. Volumetric measurements of the total brain, lateral ventricles and white‐matter hyperintensities were performed on 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging scans. A regression‐based index score was calculated on the basis of the reference group to assess changes in cognitive performance over time, adjusted for age, sex and estimated intelligence quotient. Brain volumes were compared between patients with and without accelerated cognitive decline. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify baseline risk factors for accelerated cognitive decline within the diabetes group.ResultsAccelerated cognitive decline was found in 17 (25%) patients with type 2 diabetes and was associated with a greater increase in ventricular volume [mean difference (95% confidence interval): 0.23% (0.08–0.38); p = 0.003] and white‐matter hyperintensities volume [0.16% (0.05–0.27); p = 0.006] over the 4‐year period. There were no specific vascular or metabolic risk factors associated with accelerated cognitive decline.ConclusionsAccelerated cognitive decline in patients with type 2 diabetes was associated with progressive changes on brain magnetic resonance imaging, comprising both vascular damage and global atrophy. Exploration of vascular and metabolic risk factors revealed no specific determinants of accelerated cognitive decline. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solar Hydrogen Evolution with Hydrogenases: From Natural to Hybrid Systems
Authors: Reisner Erwin 
Published: December 2010

AbstractNatural photosynthesis serves as an inspiration for the development of sustainable fuel‐producing systems. Solar energy is utilized to drive redox catalysis energetically uphill, which allows the storage of electromagnetic energy in the chemical bond of a renewable fuel. Hydrogenases are metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction of protons to hydrogen at high rates with only minimal driving force. The utilization of hydrogenases for hydrogen production by a range of approaches, from in vivo to artificial hybrid systems, is reviewed.
Two Coordination Polymers with Rare Topologies Based on Copper(II) and Ligands Generated by In Situ Reactions
Authors: Li Baiyan , Jin Di , Ma Benhua , Liu Dan , Li Guanghua , Shi Zhan , Feng Shouhua 
Published: December 2010

AbstractHydro(solvo)thermal in situ reactions provide an important strategy for the construction of coordination polymers with interesting structures and topologies. In our study, two interesting coordination polymers [Cu(C2O4)(L1)0.5(H2O)2.5]n (1) (L1 = 3,5‐bipyridyl‐1,2,4‐triazole) and [Cu3O2(NO3)2(L2)2(H2O)2]n (2) {L2 = 5‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1,2,4‐triazolo[3,2‐c](7‐aza‐1‐H‐indazole)} were prepared through an in situ ligand deaminization reaction and an in situ ligand intramolecular amination cyclization reaction, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, the formation of an indazole cycle through an in situ intramolecular amination cyclization reaction is reported for the first time. The two coordination polymers present a rare NiP2 topology and kgd topology. Their magnetic properties have also been studied.
1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides to Aldehydes: Synthesis of anti α‐Amino‐β‐Hydroxy Esters
Authors: Danielsson Jakob , Toom Lauri , Somfai Peter 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction of azomethine ylides to aldehydes is described. The azomethine ylides, generated by thermal electrocyclic ring opening of aziridines, adds to aldehydes in good yields with moderate to good selectivities to furnish oxazolidines. The oxazolidines were subsequently hydrolyzed to the corresponding amino alcohols, giving the anti diastereomer as the major product.
Copper Oxide Nanoparticle Modified Sol–Gel‐Derived Carbon Ceramic by Microwave Irradiation, and Its Application for Determination of Adenine at Very Low Potential
Authors: Abbaspour Abdolkarim , Ghaffarinejad Ali 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this work the copper oxide nanoparticles simultaneous with sol–gel‐derived carbon ceramic production were synthesized and doped in ceramic by microwave irradiation in a few minutes without using any catalyst and organic solvent. The ceramic composition was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transforms infrared (FT‐IR), and its surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The proposed ceramic with detection limit of 0.1 µM, was used for electrocatalytic determination of adenine at potential about 700 mV lower than its usual oxidation potential.
Recent progress in analytical capillary isotachophoresis
Authors: Gebauer Petr , Malá Zdena , Boček Petr 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCapillary ITP is currently used as one of the most important tools for preseparation and preconcentration of trace analytes in complex or diluted samples. This contribution is a continuation of a series of regularly published reviews on the topic and covers the last 2 years. It brings a survey of related literature organized into following sections: theory and methodology, instrumentation and techniques, and applications.
Can two (environmental) wrongs make a right? The reaction of anthropogenic waste CO2 and NH3 to form NH2COOH
Authors: Tossell J.A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAntropogenic waste CO2 and NH3 both provide enormous environmental challenges. The amount of CO2 emitted by fossil fuel power plants is now about an order of magnitude larger than the NH3 processed by waste water treatment plants but the NH3 production is growing faster than CO2 production. Recent experimental and theoretical studies have established that CO2 and NH3 react without additional energy input to form carbamic acid, NH2COOH, which exists primarily as a dimer when adsorbed on a cryogenic surface. Might it be possible to react effluent streams of CO2 and NH3 to form carbamic acid and then to store the carbamic acid (or use it as a source for other industrial chemicals)? Can two environmental wrongs make a right? © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Treatment performance evaluation of chemical oxygen demand from landfill leachate by electro‐coagulation and electro‐fenton technique
Authors: Orkun Merve Oya , Kuleyin Ayşe 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from landfill leachate by electro‐coagulation (EC) using iron sacrificial anode has been investigated. The process performance is analyzed in terms of COD removal efficiency and the important cost‐related parameters such as electrode and energy consumptions, as a function of initial pH, conductivity, current density, and operation time. The optimum COD removal (65.85%) was obtained with typical operating conditions: current density, 30 mA/cm2; operation time, 180 min; conductivity, 16.4 ms/cm; and initial pH, 6.54. At these conditions, the electrode and energy consumptions during the electrolysis were determined as 0.418 kg COD/kg Al and 11.092 kWh/kg COD, respectively. In addition, the EC and Fenton processes are applied together referred to as the electro‐Fenton process in the literature for the removal of COD from landfill leachate and effect of operation time and hydrogen peroxide concentration is examined. The process was very fast in the first 15 min, and then it slowed down till it was complete in 60 min. An optimum COD removal efficiency of 74.21% was obtained at 5000 ppm hydrogen peroxide dosage and 60 min. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2012
A study on the measurement of mean velocity and its convergence in molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Karimian S. M. H. , Izadi S. , Farimani A. Barati 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn many particle‐based simulations, measurement of local mean flow velocity and other continuum‐based properties are of utmost importance. Macroscopic quantities, such as mean flow velocity, temperature, and density, can be estimated by averaging the corresponding microscopic behavior of the particles. The two main subjects that should be considered in the averaging over the particles in a specific problem are spatial and temporal behaviors of them. In this paper, we study the latter. Because of the chaotic nature of the collisions among the molecules and consequently their random path, extracted macroscopic values fluctuate about their average values causing statistical errors. In this paper, an averaging method called SAM‐Modified‐CAM (SMC) will be proposed for the measurement of mean velocity that reduces statistical errors in its calculation. This proposal is based on the study conducted here on the implementations of two common averaging methods, sample‐averaged measurement (SAM) and cumulative average measurement (CAM) in molecular dynamics. In addition, convergence of mean flow velocity measurement is thoroughly discussed, and a convergence criterion is proposed for this purpose. Implementation of the proposed method in different test cases has approved its reliable performance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of Sinc‐collocation method for solving Falkner–Skan boundary‐layer equation
Authors: Parand K. , Dehghan Mehdi , Pirkhedri A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe MHD Falkner–Skan equation arises in the study of laminar boundary layers exhibiting similarity on the semi‐infinite domain. The proposed approach is equipped by the orthogonal Sinc functions that have perfect properties. This method solves the problem on the semi‐infinite domain without truncating it to a finite domain and transforming domain of the problem to a finite domain. In addition, the governing partial differential equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using similarity variables, and then they are solved numerically by the Sinc‐collocation method. It is shown that the Sinc‐collocation method converges to the solution at an exponential rate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method to compute ship exhaust plumes with waves and wind
Authors: Huang Juntao , Carrica Pablo M. , Stern Frederick 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThermal and concentration transport models are implemented in CFDShip‐Iowa version 4.5, a semi‐coupled solver for air/water free surface flow (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 2008; 58(6):591–624), to investigate the exhaust plume around ship superstructures. An incompressible, variable density approximation is implemented where the density can change in all governing equations due to temperature variations only. The thermal and concentration models are tested for the cases of steady and unsteady flow with thermal and solution transport in a 2D square cavity, and for a 3D thermal plume in an open environment, showing good agreement between computational results and experimental data. To test the method in an extreme motions condition, the exhaust plume of the ONR Tumblehome model DTMB 5613 is studied, showing complicated vortical structures in air including a pair of counter‐rotating vortices downstream of the stack for cross‐flow, and bended bird‐plume shape in the symmetry plane and varying arc‐shape in axial sections both for temperature and NOx concentration fields. Effects of smoke exhaust speed and wind speed on the temperature and concentration distributions are studied. Finally, a smoke downwash computation is performed for a ship free to move in 6 degrees of freedom in a sea state 8 condition. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.