bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Konrad Zuse und die Baustatik — Zur Formierung der Computerstatik (Teil 2)
Authors: Kurrer Karl‐Eugen 
Published: December 2010

AbstractKonrad Zuse verallgemeinerte das 1934 mit seiner Studienarbeit am Beispiel der statisch unbestimmten Analyse entwickelte programmförmige Rechenschemata 1936 zum “Verfahren des Rechenplanes oder Programms” (Konrad Zuse). Von 1936 bis 1941 entfaltete er dieses Verfahren in erster Linie für die Bau‐ und Flugzeugstatik. Diese numerischen Rechenpläne bildeten eine wesentliche Seite der historisch‐logischen Entwicklung von Zuses programmgesteuerten Rechenautomaten Z1 (1938) und Z3 (1941). Mit den numerischen Rechenplänen ist auch die erste Stufe der Initialphase der Computerstatik benannt. Ihre zweite Stufe hebt mit Zuses Plankalkül an (1942—1949) — der ersten “Plattform für Softwareentwicklung” (Peter Jan Pahl ) — in dessen Zentrum sein allgemeines Konzept des Rechnens steht, das Zuse aus dem Kalkül‐Begriff der Mathematik entwickelt und das Zahlenrechnen als Sonderfall enthält. Die beiden Stufen werden im Folgenden eingehend dargestellt und durch eine exemplarische Skizze der um 1950 einsetzenden Konstituierungsphase der Computerstatik abgerundet.Konrad Zuse and the theory of structures — on the formation of computational mechanics (part 2). It was in 1936 that Konrad Zuse generalised the program‐type calculation scheme, which he had developed in his student project of 1934 using the example of the statically indeterminate analysis, to form the ”computing plan or program method” (Konrad Zuse). Between 1936 and 1941 he continued to develop this method, in the first place for structural and aviation engineering. These numerical computing plans formed one fundamental element in the historico‐logical evolution of Zuse’s program‐controlled automatic computers Z1 (1938) and Z3 (1941). The numerical computing plans also mark the first step in the initial phase of computational mechanics. The second step (1942—1949) began with Zuse’s ”Plankalkül” (Calculus of Programs) — the first ”software development platform” (Peter Jan Pahl) —, the heart of which is his general calculation concept, which Zuse developed from the formal system concept of mathematics and which contains numerical computation as a special case. Both of these steps are presented in detail below and rounded off with an illustrative outline of the constitution phase of computational mechanics which began around 1950.
Geschichtliche Entwicklung und aktuelle Praxis der Probebelastung — Teil 2: Entwicklung von Normen und heutige Anwendung
Authors: Bolle Guido , Schacht Gregor , Marx Steffen 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIm Zuge des massenhaften Einsatzes von Probebelastungen im 19. und zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts zeigte sich die Notwendigkeit, deren Planung, Durchführung und Auswertung durch allgemeine Richtlinien und Normen zu stützen.Im Beitrag wird das Ringen um erste zaghafte Festlegungen beschrieben, die im Laufe der Jahre immer konkreter zu einer verwendbaren Handlungsgrundlage ausgearbeitet wurden. Unter Kritikern blieb jedoch immer die Frage über die Sicherheit und vor allem die Aussagekraft von Belastungsversuchen auf der Grundlage der verwendeten Bewertungskriterien offen.Mit der Weiterentwicklung der Berechnungsverfahren auch durch den Einsatz von Computertechnik wurden Probebelastungen von Neubauten ab den 1970‐er Jahren entbehrlich. Für auffällig gewordene bestehende Tragwerke stellt die Probebelastung jedoch auch heute noch eine — und manchmal die einzige — Methode zum Nachweis einer ausreichenden Tragfähigkeit dar. Die hierfür angewendete moderne Belastungs‐ und Messtechnologie bietet jedoch im Unterschied zur traditionellen Vorgehensweise ein hohes Maß an Sicherheit und Informationsgewinn.Historical Development and current practise of load tests in situ — Part 2: Development of standards and current practise. Because of the large demand and use of load testing in the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, there was the necessity to standardise the planning, execution and analysis in general guidelines and codes.This article describes the struggling and first tentative specification, which were more and more specified to an useful basis in the following years. The used criterions for the assessment have often been a reason for critics on the value and the safety of loading tests.The further development of calculation methods especially the computer technology made the load testing of new structures superfluous in the 1970s. But for existing structures loading tests are today often a — and sometimes the only — method to proof a sufficient load bearing capacity. The today used modern loading‐ and measuring technology provides, in contrast to the traditional method, a high degree of safety and structural information.
Ingenieurwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der Hagia Sophia in Istanbul — Teil 2: Zum Tragverhalten
Authors: Duppel Christoph 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDie Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, eines der bau‐ und kulturgeschichtlich wichtigsten und ingenieurmäßig bemerkenswertesten Bauwerke der letzten 1500 Jahre, war im Rahmen des DFG‐Projektes “Ingenieurwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der Hauptkuppel und den Hauptpfeilern der Hagia Sophia in Istanbul” [1] Gegenstand umfänglicher Forschungstätigkeit, erst zum Konstruktionsgefüge, dann zum Tragverhalten.Ein optimierter Einsatz zerstörungsfreier, geophysikalischer Untersuchungsmethoden ermöglichte erstmals eine umfassende Aussage zum Bestand und inneren Zustand der tragenden Bauteile, wie sie sich über die Jahrhunderte und mehrere Teileinstürze hinweg bis zum heutigen Tag entwickelt haben. Hierüber wurde im ersten Teil dieses Beitrages berichtet [15].Der sich nun anschließende zweite Teil beschäftigt sich mit dem Tragverhalten der Hagia Sophia. Ausgehend von grundsätzlichen Überlegungen zum Lastfluss in Pendentifkuppeln werden die erarbeiteten neuen Kenntnisse über die Bauwerksstruktur in ihrer statischen Bedeutung bewertet, den bisherigen Berechnungsgrundlagen vergleichend gegenübergestellt und im Rahmen eigener Studien zum Lastfluss und Tragverhalten unter statischer Belastung eingesetzt. Hinsichtlich der Frage der Erdbebengefährdung wird ein Ausblick auf ein Anschlussprojekt gegeben, welches — auf den erzielten Forschungsergebnissen aufbauend — die dynamische Analyse der Hagia Sophia zum Inhalt hat.Engineering Studies on the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul — Part 2: On the Structural Behavior. The Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, which is one of the most important and remarkable buildings of the past 1500 years from the point of view of architectural and cultural history as well as from a civil‐engineering perspective, has been the object of extensive research — first, regarding its structure and then, its structural behavior as the subject of the DFG Project ”Engineering Studies of the Main Dome and Main Pillars of the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul”.The optimized use of non‐destructive, geo‐physical methods of examination allowed, for the first time, making comprehensive statements on the existing structure and the internal condition of the structural parts as they have developed over the centuries and through several partial collapses to this day. A report on this can be found in the first part of my article.This second part focuses on the structural behavior of the Hagia Sophia. Departing from fundamental deliberations on load flow in pendentive domes, the importance of the new findings about the structural characteristics for structural behavior is evaluated, compared to the bases for calculation used before, and used in the context of studies on load flow and structural behavior under a structural load. With regard to the issue of earthquake risk, an outlook is provided on a follow‐up project that will focus on a dynamic analysis of the Hagia Sophia, based on these research results.
Für Nietzsche konstruiert — ein Dach‐ und Fassadentragwerk ausgeschnitten aus Brettsperrholz
Authors: Trautz Martin 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDie Dach‐ und Fassadenkonstruktion des Nietzsche‐Dokumentationszentrum (NDZ) in Naumburg/Saale ist eine unkonventionelle Anwendung des neuartigen Werkstoffes Brettsperrholz in der Form, dass sämtliche Fassaden‐ und Dachtragwerksteile als fugenlos zusammenhängende und abgewinkelte Rahmenschenkel aus dem Plattenwerkstoff ausgeschnitten wurden. Die Rahmenteile sind im Bereich des geschlossenen Daches im Grundriss versetzt zueinander angeordnet und über die Dachplatte aus Brettsperrholz, die als elastisches Verbindungselement fungiert, miteinander verbunden. Auf diese Weise entsteht eine außergewöhnliche Konstruktion, die Sehgewohnheiten widerspricht und eine Architektur prägt, die in dieser Weise Bezug auf den Philosophen und seinen kritisch hinterfragenden Geist nimmt.Designed for Nietzsche — A Roof‐ and Facade‐Structure Cut Out from Cross‐Laminated Timber‐Plates. The structure of the roof and the facade of the Nietzsche‐Documentation‐Centre in Naumburg/Saale, a small town in the heart of Germany where the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche spent a major part of his life, is an unconventional application of cross‐laminated‐timber‐plates. It consists of frame elements cut out from the wooden plate‐material similar to puzzle‐parts sawed out from plywood with a jigsaw. All parts were produced that way and put together with a roofing plate also made from cross‐laminated‐timber, which works as an elastic longitudinal hinge‐element. The structure is a rather unconventional one and refers to the critical and non conformal ideas of the well‐known philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.
At the crossroads of differentiation and proliferation: Precise control of cell‐cycle changes by multiple signaling pathways in Drosophila follicle cells
Authors: Klusza Stephen , Deng Wu‐Min 
Published: December 2010

AbstractHere, we discuss the findings to date about genes and pathways required for regulation of somatic follicle‐cell proliferation and differentiation during Drosophila oogenesis and demonstrate how loss of these genes contributes to the tumorigenic potential of mutant cells. Follicle cells undergo cell‐fate determination through stepwise activation of multiple signaling pathways, including the Notch, Hedgehog, Wingless, janus kinase/STAT, and JNK pathways. In addition, changes in DNA replication and cellular growth depend on the spatial and temporal activation of the mitotic cycle‐endocycle and endocycle‐gene amplification cell‐cycle switches and insulin‐dependent monitoring of cellular health; systemic loss of these pathways contributes to loss of controlled cellular proliferation, loss of differentiation/growth, and aberrant cell polarity in follicle cells. We also highlight the effects of the neoplastic and Hippo pathways on the cell cycle and cellular proliferation in promoting normal development and conclude that lack of coordination of multiple signaling pathways promotes conditions favorable for tumorigenesis.
Carbohydrate synthesis by disaccharide phosphorylases: Reactions, catalytic mechanisms and application in the glycosciences
Authors: Luley‐Goedl Christiane , Nidetzky Bernd 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDisaccharide phosphorylases are glycosyltransferases (EC 2.4.1.α) of specialized carbohydrate metabolism in microorganisms. They catalyze glycosyl transfer to phosphate using a disaccharide as donor substrate. Phosphorylases for the conversion of naturally abundant disaccharides including sucrose, maltose, α,α‐trehalose, cellobiose, chitobiose, and laminaribiose have been described. Structurally, these disaccharide phosphorylases are often closely related to glycoside hydrolases and transglycosidases. Mechanistically, they are categorized according the stereochemical course of the reaction catalyzed, whereby the anomeric configuration of the disaccharide donor substrate may be retained or inverted in the sugar 1‐phosphate product. Glycosyl transfer with inversion is thought to occur through a single displacement‐like catalytic mechanism, exemplified by the reaction coordinate of cellobiose/chitobiose phosphorylase. Reaction via configurational retention takes place through the double displacement‐like mechanism employed by sucrose phosphorylase. Retaining α,α‐trehalose phosphorylase (from fungi) utilizes a different catalytic strategy, perhaps best described by a direct displacement mechanism, to achieve stereochemical control in an overall retentive transformation. Disaccharide phosphorylases have recently attracted renewed interest as catalysts for synthesis of glycosides to be applied as food additives and cosmetic ingredients. Relevant examples are lacto‐N‐biose and glucosylglycerol whose enzymatic production was achieved on multikilogram scale. Protein engineering of phosphorylases is currently pursued in different laboratories with the aim of broadening the donor and acceptor substrate specificities of naturally existing enzyme forms, to eventually generate a toolbox of new catalysts for glycoside synthesis.
Biofilm research using calorimetry – a marriage made in heaven?
Authors: Buchholz Friederike , Harms Hauke , Maskow Thomas 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAggregated bacteria growing on a surface, so‐called biofilms, play an important role in technical processes like wastewater treatment, bioremediation, or bioprocessing. In contrast, problems arise when biofilm growth results in undesired processes that may cause huge financial losses, e.g., clogged pipes, microbially influenced corrosion or pathogenic contamination. For observation purposes and to develop efficient control strategies, real‐time monitoring tools for biofilms are required. Among the large variety of tools used in biofilm research, calorimetry is rarely applied, even though many characteristics qualify it for biofilm investigation and monitoring. Calorimetric measurements are non‐invasive and non‐destructive, and can be applied to nearly any kind of samples (including heterogeneous or turbid solutions) without the need of special sample preparation. Online and real‐time data acquisition reduces the labor and facilitates high‐throughput measurements. The following article is meant to introduce and promote calorimetry as a future tool in biofilm research. It attempts an assessment of common, existent monitoring tools and specifically addresses the potential of calorimetry in this field.
A rapid and highly sensitive UPLC–QTOF MS method for quantitative evaluation of Nardostachys jatamansi using Nardin as the marker
Authors: Mallavadhani Uppuluri Venkata , Panigrahi Reba , Pattnaik Banita 
Published: December 2010

AbstractNardostachys jatamansi DC. is a highly reputed Medhya and Nootropic (Learning and Memory) Ayurvedic medicinal plant. Its use as herbal medicine singly and as an ingredient of multi‐herbal formulations is fast increasing. In order to authenticate and evaluate it quantitatively, its standardization is highly warranted with respect to a reliable marker. In this connection a rapid and highly sensitive UPLC‐QTOF MS method has been developed. The analysis was carried out on an Acquity BEH C18 column with gradient elution of methanol–water and 3 mm ammonium acetate using QTOF mass detector in negative ionization mode. The method was validated over a concentration range of 9.76–156.25 ng/mL nardin. The calibration curve is linear with the correlation coefficient (r) and coefficient of determination (R2) were 0.9997 and 0.9995 respectively. The LOD and LOQ were 3.050 and 9.277 ng/mL respectively. The recovery of nardin in the range 96.36–111.13% achieved from spiked samples was consistent and reproducible. The inter‐day and intra‐day assay precision of the analytes over the entire concentration range was less than 5%. The developed method required only 4 min for chromatography to authenticate and quantify the marker, viz. nardin in N. jatamansi samples, in addition to the sample preparation time. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of macromolecules using signature peptides in biological fluids
Authors: Halquist Matthew S. , Thomas Karnes H. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTargeted protein quantification using peptide surrogates has increasingly become important to the validation of biomarker candidates and development of protein therapeutics. These approaches have been proposed and employed as alternatives to immunoassays in biological fluids. Technological advances over the last 20 years in biochemistry and mass spectrometry have prompted the use of peptides as surrogates to quantify enzyme digested proteins using triple quadrupole mass spectrometers. Multiple sample preparation processes are often incorporated to achieve quantification of target proteins using these signature peptides. This review article focuses on these processes or hyphenated techniques for quantification of proteins with peptide surrogates. The most recent advances and strategies involved with hyphenated techniques are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous quantification of twelve active components in Yiqing granule by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography: application to quality control study
Authors: Chen Juan , Yang Yang , Shi Yan‐Ping 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAn ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method coupled with photodiode array (PDA) detection has been developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of 12 active components (berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, aloe‐emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside and wogonin) in Yiqing granule. Optimum separation were achieved on a C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm i.d., 1.7 µm particle) through a 7.5 min gradient delivery of a mixture of A (acetonitrile) and B (0.1% aqueous phosphoric acid containing 1.8 mmol/L sodium dodecyl sulfonate and 10% acetonitrile, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min at 30°C. Because of the different UV characteristics of these components, three detection wavelengths were used for quantitative analysis. All of the analytes showed good linearity (r of >0.999). The method was validated for repeatability, precision, stability, accuracy and selectivity. The validated method was applied to quality control of Yiqing granule from different production batches. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Green consumer behaviour: an experimental analysis of willingness to pay for remanufactured products
Authors: Michaud Céline , Llerena Daniel 
Published: December 2010

AbstractProducts' end‐of‐life management has recently become a critical business issue. One of the possible end‐of‐life strategies is remanufacturing, which can provide competitive advantages through material and energy savings. Beyond industrial organization challenges, there is a question about the interest of developing a green marketing strategy for remanufactured products. Indeed, remanufactured products can be considered as green products since their industrial process has environmental benefits. Our paper asks whether consumers are willing to pay for remanufactured products, especially when they are informed that these products are ‘green’. We use experimental auctions to elicit consumers' WTP for specific characteristics of remanufactured products. Our study indicates that consumers tend to value the remanufactured product less than the conventional one unless they are informed about their respective environmental impacts. We find no evidence that consumers are willing to pay a premium for the green (i.e. remanufactured) product. However, providing environmental information to consumers has an effect on their WTP for the conventional product: they generally decrease significantly their WTP for the conventional (and thus most polluting) product. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Structural Analysis of CYP101C1 from Novosphingobium aromaticivorans DSM12444
Authors: Ma Ming , Bell Stephen G. , Yang Wen , Hao Yiming , Rees Nicholas H. , Bartlam Mark , Zhou Weihong , Wong Luet‐Lok , Rao Zihe 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCYP101C1 from Novosphingobium aromaticivorans DSM12444 is a homologue of CYP101D1 and CYP101D2 enzymes from the same bacterium and CYP101A1 from Pseudomonas putida. CYP101C1 does not bind camphor but is capable of binding and hydroxylating ionone derivatives including α‐ and β‐ionone and β‐damascone. The activity of CYP101C1 was highest with β‐damascone (kcat=86 s−1) but α‐ionone oxidation was the most regioselective (98 % at C3). The crystal structures of hexane‐2,5‐diol‐ and β‐ionone‐bound CYP101C1 have been solved; both have open conformations and the hexanediol‐bound form has a clear access channel from the heme to the bulk solvent. The entrance of this channel is blocked when β‐ionone binds to the enzyme. The heme moiety of CYP101C1 is in a significantly different environment compared to the other structurally characterised CYP101 enzymes. The likely ferredoxin binding site on the proximal face of CYP101C1 has a different topology but a similar overall positive charge compared to CYP101D1 and CYP101D2, all of which accept electrons from the ArR/Arx class I electron transfer system.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Fluorescent and Colored Polyesters
Authors: Navarra Cristina , Marzorati Mattia , Danieli Bruno , Riva Sergio 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA simple chemoenzymatic strategy for the synthesis of colored and fluorescent poly(ε‐caprolactone) esters has been developed. The procedure involves first the reaction of a functionalized primary amine with ε‐caprolactone, to give an amide with a terminal primary hydroxy group, followed by an enzymatic ring‐opening polymerization catalyzed by Novozym 435. The proposed method is easy to handle and is suitable for the incorporation of different amines, as it shown for the yellow compound N‐deacetylthiocolchicine and the fluorescent amines 4‐(2‐aminoethylamino)‐7‐(N,N‐dimethylsulfamoyl)benzofurazan and dansylcadaverine. A similar strategy is considered for the synthesis of poly(ε‐caprolactone) esters, employing alcohols as initiators of the reaction. In this case, an intermediate ester carrying a terminal primary hydroxy group cannot be isolated and the reaction forms directly the desired polymers.