bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CVD growth and processing of graphene for electronic applications
Authors: Kumar Shishir , McEvoy Niall , Kim Hye‐Young , Lee Kangho , Peltekis Nikos , Rezvani Ehsan , Nolan Hugo , Weidlich Anne , Daly Ronan , Duesberg Georg S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe remarkable properties of graphene have potential for numerous applications; however, their exploitation depends on its reliable production. The chemical vapour deposition (CVD) growth of graphene on metal surfaces has become one of the most promising strategies for the production of high quality graphene in a scaleable manner. Here, we discuss graphene growth on nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) directly from both gaseous hydrocarbons and solid carbon precursors. Further, we discuss in detail the transfer of graphene films to insulating substrates, by direct and polymer supported transfer methods.
Hybrid photovoltaic cells based on ZnO/Sb2S3/P3HT heterojunctions
Authors: Liu C. P. , Wang H. E. , Ng T. W. , Chen Z. H. , Zhang W. F. , Yan C. , Tang Y. B. , Bello I. , Martinu L. , Zhang W. J. , Jha S. K. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe demonstrate hybrid photovoltaic (PV) cells based on n–i–p heterojunctions with incorporated zinc oxide (ZnO) films using a sol–gel method. The cells, employing stibnite (Sb2S3), and poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) materials, as light absorption layers, constitute an active region in the indium tin oxide (ITO)/ZnO(n)/Sb2S3(i)/P3HT(p)/Ag hybrid structure. Our investigation shows that annealing temperature has a significant effect on both the crystallinity and optical absorption of Sb2S3 films. The near‐intrinsic Sb2S3 films annealed at 300 °C exhibits dark conductivity of 1.42 × 10−7 S cm−1. The performance of PV cells strongly depends on thermal treatment of Sb2S3, and on the thickness of both the Sb2S3 and P3HT layers. Electronic structures of annealed Sb2S3 films was further studied by photoelectron spectroscopy to understand the physics behind.
Robust adaptive neural network control for environmental boundary tracking by mobile robots
Authors: Sun Tairen , Pei Hailong , Pan Yongping , Zhang Caihong 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThe paper addresses the problem of environmental boundary tracking for the nonholonomic mobile robot with uncertain dynamics and external disturbances. To do environmental boundary tracking, a reference velocity is designed for the nonholonomic mobile robot. In this paper, a radial basis function neural network (NN) is used to approximate a nonlinear function containing the uncertain model terms and the elements of the Hessian matrix of the environmental concentration function. Then, the NN approximator is combined with a robust control to construct a robust adaptive NN control for the mobile robot to track the desired environment boundary. It is proved that the tracking error can be guaranteed to converge to zero in the ultimate. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the stability of the robust adaptive control. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HABITAT SUITABILITY MODELLING AT MESOHABITAT SCALE AND EFFECTS OF DAM OPERATION ON THE ENDANGERED JúCAR NASE, PARACHONDROSTOMA ARRIGONIS (RIVER CABRIEL, SPAIN)
Authors: Costa R. M. S. , Martínez‐Capel F. , Muñoz‐Mas R. , Alcaraz‐Hernández J. D. , Garófano‐Gómez V. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTHabitat degradation has reduced the complexity of the Mediterranean streams in Spain and contributed to decreasing the historical range of the endangered Júcar nase, Parachondrostoma arrigonis. This species is endemic to the Júcar River Basin (Spain), and most of its populations live in the Cabriel River, which is divided into two segments by the large Contreras Dam. The main objective of this study was to develop a multivariate habitat suitability model (HSM) for this species that can be used to evaluate environmental flows and water management scenarios for the Cabriel River. We first assessed the fish densities (from 2006 to 2008) and compared the habitat characteristics and variability among eight study sites based on the physical characteristics of hydromorphological units (HMUs) or mesohabitats. The abundance of the Júcar nase then was related to the HMU type, and generalized additive models of fish abundance were developed for the sites for both small and large fish. Both models showed acceptable or good performance (adjusted R2 of 69.4 for small fish and 72.4 for large fish), and fish abundance was used as an indicator of potential habitat quality [‘potential nase habitat’ (PNH)] for the Júcar nase. The final step was to apply the HSM to evaluate environmentally friendly flow regimens. Hydraulic simulations were used to estimate the PNH under two flow regimen scenarios and in the actual flow regimen for the regulated study site located below the large dam. This article supports the need for new management actions in the Cabriel River, such as implementation of an environmental flow regimen, and illustrates a procedure for the practical application of habitat selection models at the mesohabitat scale. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tannin‐osmium conductive staining of biological specimens for non‐coated scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Murakami T. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOsmication of biological specimens with a mixture of tannic acid, guanidine hydrochloride, arginine hydrochloride and glycine imparted sufficient electron conductivity to permit SEM observations of non‐coated samples. No charging was noted at 25 kV acceleration voltage and 1 × 10−10 A specimen current in rat kidney specimens. The foot‐processes of the glomerular podocytes were clearly visible without metal coating. This tannin‐osmium method even allowed block staining and enabled continuous observations during and after dissection in the SEM.
Cutting teeth in the SEM
Authors: Boyde A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAn SEM was used to observe and record dental tissues as they were being cut. Sound human deciduous and permanent teeth were stored in 70% ethanol until required, then soaked in water, superficially dried and screwed to the SEM specimen stage through small drill holes made when they were wet. Many specimens were frozen and studied at cryogenic temperatures so that they would not become dehydrated. Edges used to cut the teeth included steel and tungsten carbide fashioned to resemble clinical cutting instruments, and diamond ultramicrotome knives and burs. The cutting tools were held either in a micromanipulator or a rigid tool post clamped to the specimen stage. The finest control was obtained by moving the specimen with the usual stage controls. SEM was conducted at 3 or 5 kV using TV speed scanning on the uncoated samples. All experiments were video‐taped. 3‐D control was difficult with a mono image and a real‐time stereo system was therefore developed.Continuous, flowing sections of enamel could be obtained using diamond knives to cut the prism‐free, surface zone tangentially. Thin sections of dentine, cement and bone curled up as they were cut, thus demonstrating permanent deformation. Subsurface enamel always fractured as it was cut, either locally as the tissue passed over the knife edge or tore out beneath the plane of the knife or by larger fragments cleaving off at larger distances ahead of the knife. Appearances were characteristic of prism orientation with respect to cutting direction. No anisotropy of cutting behaviour was found with dentine or bone: These tissues only fractured when thicker sections were taken.The SEM methods employed here can be usefully applied in the study of other materials.
Membrane blisters: A fixation artifact a study in fixation for scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Shelton E. , Mowczko W. E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIt is been shown by scanning electron microscopy that fixation in glutaraldehyde followed by fixation in osmium tetroxide results in the presence of membrane blisters on the surface of a variety of cells. Fixation in glutaraldehyde alone or osmium tetroxide alone does not result in such extensive artifacts. The blisters, usually 0.2–0.6 μm in diameter, are seen by transmission electron microscopy to be membrane‐bound, virtually empty vesicles. It is concluded that the optimum preservation of the cell surface for scanning electron microscopy is provided by fixation in glutaraldehyde alone.
SEM imaging of the cell structure of dislocation networks in cold worked cu single crystals
Authors: Schmidt P. F. , Grewe H. G. , Pfefferkorn G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn certain metallurgical applications of SEM, such as the observation of deformation effects, and the recovery and recrystallization processes in bulk specimens, it is of special interest to obtain information about local inhomogeneities of the dislocation densities in a sample. This can be obtained using TEM on thin foils. Previously information on distortion in cold‐worked specimens was obtained by measuring the dependence of the deterioration of the resolution of the selected area channelling patterns (SACP) on the degree of deformation. This method, however, is not applicable to highly deformed materials.Direct SEM imaging of the cell structure of the dislocation network has been achieved without resolving single dislocations by using a suitable arrangement of specimen and detector, such that only backscattered electrons (BSE) leaving the surface at a large angle to the normal contribute to the image signals. The signal‐to‐noise ratio was improved to the degree that it was possible 1) to image the cell structure of the dislocation network and 2) on heating the specimens, to record the growth of recrystallized regions with TV‐frame frequency.The imaging of the cell structure gives qualitative information about the degree of crystal deformation and the crystallographic direction of grain boundary motion during recrystallization.
A fast fourier transform (FFT) program for a programmable pocket calculator TI 59
Authors: Schwarz W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper presents an FFT‐program written for the use of the programmable pocket calculator of Texas Instruments TI 59. The program consists of the following routines: Input/output; FFT forward and inverse; shuffling and a routine that converts the FFT‐coefficients in case that real numbers were put in. The maximal number of input data is 32 complex or 64 real data. Listings of all routines are given and the program handling is described. Peak sharpening and removal of background (PARG) are examples to demonstrate the handling of routines.
Secondary electron emission in the scanning electron microscope
Authors: Moncrieff D. A. , Barker P. R. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe secondary electron emission induced by electrons in the energy range 2.5–25 keV was measured in a SEM. Values of the emission coefficient for C, Al, Cu, Mo, Ag and Au are presented showing that it varies systematically with atomic number. The coefficient is still appreciable at 25 keV beam energy. The signal from the secondary electron collector in the SEM includes large contributions from sources other than secondary electron emission from the specimen. These contributions are discussed and their relative importance measured.Physics Abstracts classification numbers: 0.690, 8.900
Design and construction of an atmospheric or environmental SEM (part 1)
Authors: Daniatos G. D. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractProgress in designing and constructing an atmospheric or environmental scanning electron microscope (SEM) is reported. The introduction of vacuum pumping between the objective and pressure limiting aperture has allowed the use of relatively large pressure limiting apertures, i.e., up to 57 μm for operation at atmospheric pressure or up to 400 μm for operation at saturation water vapour pressure and room temperature. The imaging obtained has been considerably improved by these developments. The first part of experimentation and analysis on the vacuum characteristics of the new system together with different detection configurations is also presented.
Sources of contamination in electron optical equipment
Authors: Love G. , Scott V. D. , Dennis N. M. T. , Laurenson L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractContamination in electron optical equipment may occur in the form of carbonaceous deposit on the specimen undergoing analysis or condensation and/or polymerisation of extraneous matter upon other components of the instrument. Almost without exception these effects are undesirable and in this paper we review sources of contamination and discuss methods of minimising the problem.
Semi‐automatic profiling from SEM stereopairs
Authors: Howell P. G. T. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractModifications were made to a stereometer to permit semi‐automatic profiling from SEM stereopair micrographs. The design was based upon a mirror stereoscope with a parallax measuring facility, to which was added a linear transducer to monitor the parallax readings and an X‐Y digitising tablet to provide (x, y) coordinate values of specific features. Transmission to a mini computer of these digitised coordinates and parallax was triggered by a microswitch allowing the operator to maintain his attention on the measurements from the stereometer. The computer calculated the “Z” coordinates which could then be output graphically to its visual display unit or to a plotter/printer for hard copy results.This system permits the rapid accumulation of data from the stereopair micrographs while

reducing operator fatigue, due to the elimination of manual recording of data values between individual measurements, and
improving the accuracy of the results required, since errors due to misreading or misrecording data are eliminated.
Application of backscattered electron images to the study of fracture in glass ceramics
Authors: Healey J. T. , Mecholsky J. J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFracture surfaces of three different glass ceramics were examined to determine the critical flaw sizes and the corresponding microstructures of the materials directly from the fracture surfaces. Standard secondary electron (SE) images and classical topographical back‐scattered electron (BSE) images were used to measure the critical flaw sizes and to observe deviations of the critical flaw interfaces from smooth elliptical fronts. Compositional BSE images were used to characterize the microstructures in and around the critical flaws directly from the unetched fracture surfaces.A direct correlation was found between the critical flaw size and microstructural units effectively acting as grains within the flaw and the fracture toughness. This relationship enabled the discrepancies between the calculated fracture toughness and the measured fracture toughness to be resolved.
Design and use of a computer controlled confocal microscope for biological applications
Authors: van der Voort H. T. M. , Brakenhoff G. J. , Valkenburg J. A. C. , Nanninga N. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn the confocal scanning light microscope where the object is scanned mechanically through a finely focused laser spot, a fundamentally higher resolution can be achieved when a point detector is employed. Such a microscope possesses in addition to a high dynamic range excellent sectioning capabilities, and is because of this very suitable for “3‐Dimensional imaging”, especially when operated in fluorescence. An instrument under computer control and with extensive image processing capabilities is described. Various biological applications are given including computer generated stereo images of biological structures with submicron resolution.
Combining the microcomputer with electron optical devices—A way to realize new image forming systems
Authors: Erdmann M. , Hylla W. , Niedrig H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis contribution deals with the use of microprocessors adapted to electron optical devices, to get new and unconventional image‐forming systems. Examples of four specific investigations are shown. In the first part, the dependence of the diffraction contrast in convergent beam patterns on the energy loss of the collected electrons has been investigated. In the second part, an arrangement for sensitive film thickness measurements with high lateral resolution has been applied to record ejection patterns of single crystals under ion bombardment. A method for the calculation of thickness level charts on the microcomputer is explained.
Noise reduction in high‐magnification micrographs by soft focus printing and digital image processing
Authors: Peters Klaus‐Ruediger 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSoft focus printing of micrographs, using screens of opaque material with 10–15 lines/cm, reduced contrast due to noise but preserved all other contrasts and all structural details. Appropriate screens generated diffraction fringes of a spacing similar to the distance of the noise structures. The superimposition of fringes and image produced a diffusion effect which reduced only the contrast of the noise background. Blurring, screening or fogging were not effective or suitable for photographic micrograph processing. Soft focus printing improved recognition of weak high magnification contrasts in SEM micrographs of uncoated, gold decorated, and chromium coated cell surfaces of glomerular endothelium in mouse kidney slices. Effects similar to the optical diffusion were obtained by digital image processing using weighted low pass filters.
Anatomical Variations of Hepatic Veins: Three‐Dimensional Computed Tomography Scans of 200 Subjects
Authors: Fang Chi‐Hua , You Jin‐Hua , Lau Wan Yee , Lai Eric C. H. , Fan Ying‐Fang , Zhong Shi‐Zhen , Li Ke‐Xiao , Chen Zhi‐Xiang , Su Zhong‐He , Bao Su‐Su 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe impact of hepatic venous anatomic variations on hepatic resection and transplantation is the least understood aspect of liver surgery.MethodsA prospective three‐dimensional computed tomography study was undertaken on 200 consecutive subjects with normal livers to determine the prevalence of surgically significant hepatic venous anatomic variations.ResultsThe prevailing pattern of the three hepatic veins in these subjects was a right hepatic vein (RHV) and a common trunk for the middle (MHV) and left (LHV) hepatic veins (122/200, 61%). The remaining patients had the RHV, MHV, and LHV draining independently into the inferior vena cava (IVC). In 39% of patients, the RHV was small and was compensated by a large right inferior hepatic vein (21.0%), an accessory RHV (8.5%) or a well‐developed MHV (6.5%). A segment 4 vein was seen in 51.5% of patients. This segment 4 vein joined the LHV (26%), the MHV (17.5%), or the IVC (8%). An umbilical vein and a segment 4 vein were seen in 3.5% of patients. These two veins joined either the LHV (2.0%) or the MHV (1.5%).ConclusionsKnowing the variations of hepatic veins before surgery is useful during both partial hepatectomy and donor operations for living related liver transplantation.
Effect of Perioperative Intensive Insulin Therapy for Liver Dysfunction After Hepatic Resection
Authors: Okabayashi Takehiro , Ichikawa Kengo , Namikawa Tsutomu , Sugimoto Takeki , Kobayashi Michiya , Hanazaki Kazuhiro 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundIntensive insulin therapy (IIT) reduces morbidity and mortality in patients in surgical care units, yet the benefits of IIT during liver surgery, especially on liver function after hepatic resection, are not known. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of IIT, with a focus on postoperative liver function, in hepatectomized patients.MethodsA total of 150 patients who underwent surgical management for hepatic diseases between September 2007 and March 2009 at Kochi Medical School were investigated. Patients were divided into two groups: (1) those receiving IIT via a closed‐loop glycemic control system (i.e., an artificial pancreas; AP group; n = 74); or (2) those receiving conventional insulin therapy using the sliding scale method (SS group; n = 76). The targeted blood glucose zones in the AP and SS groups were 80–110 and 150–200 mg/dl, respectively.ResultsAlanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels increased and prothrombin time (%) decreased immediately after surgery in both groups. There was a significant difference in postoperative ALT levels between the two groups on postoperative days 1 and 6. Hepatocyte injury and changes in AST and ALT levels after surgery (compared with preoperative levels) were significantly greater in the SS group than AP group after liver resection. During the first 18 h after hepatic resection, 174 IU of insulin was required per patient for tight glycemic control with IIT.ConclusionsPerioperative IIT ameliorated liver dysfunction after hepatic resection. Liver regeneration and/or an antiinflammatory effect of IIT may underlie its protective effects against hepatocyte injury in hepatectomized patients.
A Mental Health Needs Assessment of Urban American Indian Youth and Families
Authors: West Amy E. , Williams Ellen , Suzukovich Eli , Strangeman Kathlene , Novins Douglas 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAmerican Indian (AI) youth experience significant mental health disparities. The majority of AI youth live in urban areas, yet urban AI youth are underserved and unstudied. This manuscript describes a qualitative study of community mental health needs in an urban population of AI youth, conducted as part of the planning process for a system of care (SOC). Participants included 107 urban AI youth and families that participated in one of 16 focus groups assessing mental health needs and services. Forty‐one percent of participants were youth or young adults. Data were coded and analyzed using qualitative software and then further analyzed and interpreted in partnership with a community research workgroup. Results indicated various community characteristics, mental health and wellness needs, and service system needs relevant to developing a system of care in this community. Key community, cultural, and social processes also emerged, reinforcing the importance of broader system changes to promote a sustainable SOC. These systems/policy changes are reviewed in the context of previous literature proposing necessary systems change to support behavioral health care in AI communities as well as to ensure that SOC implementation is consistent with core values and philosophy across all communities.