bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impartible Inheritance Versus Equal Division: A Comparative Perspective Centered on Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Platteau Jean-Philippe , Baland Jean-Marie 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe effects of several different land tenure systems particularly on insurance and on equity, and some of the non-market mechanisms of land allocation have often been ignored by economists, except perhaps in some attempts to understand the implications of these on wealth distribution of inheritance practices, specifically in primogeniture. Non-market mechanisms play no small part in land allocation across developing countries, and it is important to note that one of the most frequently used methods of this in African countries is inheritance. As such, we have to be aware of how these non-market mechanisms evolve when agricultural commercialization and population growth increases land pressure. This chapter looks into how inheritance practices and rules vary across different cultures and social classes through comparing the situation of Sub-Saharan Africa with the those in Europe's the lower rural classes.
Intrahousehold Access to Land and Sources of Inefficiency: Theory and Concepts
Authors: Fafchamps Marcel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLiterature about women and development usually provide evidence of how women in developing countries lack access to certain factors such as credit, land, and farm inputs, and how there may have been several restrictions on female labour such as gender casting which thus results in gender inequality and inefficiency. To address these claims, several different agencies have attempted to establish and impose certain targeted programs to provide women with inputs and credit, and access to land. This chapter looks into a framework that determines the conditions that causes inefficiency in intrahousehold allocation while considering matters of both equity and efficiency through examining and comparing land access both across household and within households.
Basic Human Rights: The Moral Minimum
Authors: Jones Charles 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter provides the rationale for a defensible account of global justice. The view that the chapter has in mind is perhaps the most popular form of cosmopolitanism in both academic and non-academic discourse, which is called the rights approach. Rights-based theories require social, political, and economic arrangements to be consistent with the recognition of a set of rights held by persons. A central feature of rights is their functioning in arguments concerning such arrangements as reasons of insufficient strength to effect a general shift of the burden of proof to those who would ignore or override them. Hence, any violation of a right will need to be accompanied by a justification that appeals to relatively powerful moral reasons, if not other rights.
Conclusion
Authors: Jones Charles 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book has discussed the practical implications of its arguments for basic human rights, clarified the relationship between cosmopolitarianism and world government, and defended its approach against the objection that it constitutes merely an exercise in utopianism. It has defended the view that every human being has certain basic rights and rejected the claim that the obligation to which those rights give rise should be confined to fellow citizens or co-nationals. The book has argued that everyone should recognise universal basic human rights and that there are no reasons of principle for believing that the corresponding duties attach to some human beings and not others.
The Role of Knowledge and Capital in Economic Growth
Authors: REBELO SERGIO 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOne of the most active fields of research in economics over the last fifteen years includes the determination of the forces which affect the economic growth rate. While researchers have already been able to come up with several different models of gaining sustained growth even without the exogenous growth in productivity, research is still ongoing for variables that may be correlated with growth performance in the different versions of the Summers and Heston data set or simply the business cycles. It was found that a certain agent would be willing to sacrifice a portion of his consumption in exchange for living in an economy that experiences a faster growth rate. This chapter looks into the evolution of various growth models, specifically the neoclassical growth model, and examine how human capital and the state of technology should be incorporated in models of endogenous technological progress.
The Weightless Economy in Economic Development
Authors: QUAH DANNY 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWhile the notion that knowledge plays no small part in economic growth may be perceived to be both old and new, this chapter encounters a seemingly different claim that asserts how knowledge is important not only in terms of science, R&D, and education, but because the national income has experienced significant increases through knowledge products which entail the delivery of goods and services through the internet, and the development of electronic databases, new media, and computer software. These products are called so not because of how their production is knowledge-intensive but because their physical properties are similar to those of knowledge. This chapter demonstrates how knowledge products are not without a certain reliance in the demand for their continuous growth, and also for how they improve economic development since they lessen the ‘distance’ between consumers and knowledge-based production.
Information Technology and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis
Authors: POHJOLA MATTI 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAlthough there may be considerable evidence that points out how new information technologies are able to bring about modifications in modern economies' operations, there is a need to identify better impacts on economic growth and productivity. While several micro-econometric studies exhibit a positive correlation between different measures of economic performance in industrial countries and IT investment, macroeconomic studies point out either a negative or non-existing correlation in terms of IT investment and the aggregate economy, and such can be applied not only in the United States but also to five other OECD countries. This chapter explores a cross-country analysis that is based mainly on an explicit economic growth model that adopts data from the International Data Corporation (IDC).
The Metaphysics of the Incarnation
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The period from Thomas Aquinas to Duns Scotus is one of the richest in the history of Christian theology. This book aims to provide a thorough examination of the doctrine in this era, making explicit its philosophical and theological foundations. Medieval theologians believed that there were good reasons for supposing that Christ's human nature was individual. In the light of this, Part 1 discusses how the various thinkers held that an individual nature could be united to a divine person. Part 2 shows how one divine person could be incarnate without any other. Part 3 deals with questions of Christological predication, and Part 4 shows how an individual nature is to be distinguished from a person. The work begins with a full account of the metaphysics presupposed in the medieval accounts, and concludes with observations relating medieval accounts to modern Christology.
The Substance–Accident Model (1) Franciscans from Bonaventure to William of Ware
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines some thinkers who explicitly adopt a view of the hypostatic union that closely resembles the substance-accident relation. These include Bonaventure, Matthew of Aquasparta, Peter John Olivi, and William of Ware. It becomes evident through the period considered that theologians become — for better or worse — more confident in the power of reason to fathom the Christological mystery.
Some Points of Christological Consensus
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines three issues about which there was broad agreement among thinkers: (i) the divine essence (unlike one of the divine persons) fails to be incarnate; (ii) the Son can become incarnate without the other two persons becoming incarnate; (iii) the efficient cause of the Incarnation is the Trinity of persons. It also considers a fourth issue: that the efficient cause of the divine actions of the incarnate Word is the Trinity. Although there should be consensus about this, none of thinkers discuss it with anything other than frustrating vagueness. There is a further issue about which there was consensus: that the Father and Spirit could have become incarnate instead of — or in addition to — the Son.
Christological predication
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the theory of predication, which provides a clear and acceptable analysis of Christological predications. It looks at the position of Aquinas and then at that defended by the Franciscans. It argues that the theory of remote and proximate predication seems to entail a contradiction. In fact, this problem is far wider than merely the theory of remote and proximate predication. Any Christology that makes human attributes predicable of the divine suppositum — that is to say, any Chalcedonian Christology — will be open to this sort of objection. Scotus deals with this most explicitly, using a strategy that can clearly be traced back to the Tome of Leo. The chapter examines this strategy and shows that Scotus is forced to make some fairly ad hoc moves, both because of his account of the divine nature, and because of his understanding of certain limited human attributes.
Relation Theories of Subsistence
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the theories of Richard of Middleton and William of Ware. Richard's theory — a theory that is later developed by William of Ware — is that an individual nature is distinguished from a suppositum by a relation. In brief, an individual nature is either assumed or not assumed: as assumed, it has a relation to the divine suppositum in virtue of which it is not a subsistent nature; as non-assumed, it has a relation to the divine suppositum in virtue of which it is a subsistent nature. Richard holds — in line with the standard Franciscan line — that the assumed human nature of Christ has its proper esse. William's account fleshes out that offered by Richard. William believes that there are good reasons for believing the assumed human nature to be an individual substance. And he equally denies that the assumed human nature could be a person or suppositum.
The Impact of International Developments on Women's Suffrage
Authors: Pugh Martin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter challenges the traditional view that the suffragist cause entered a decline between the 1880s and 1900. It suggests, on the contrary, that the 1890s proved to be the decade of breakthrough for the suffragists as demonstrated by the shift of parliamentary support in their favour. The 1897 division represented the real breakthrough for women's suffrage and a suffragist majority had been created where it mattered most, all this before militant tactics had made their appearance. In view of this, it would be a misrepresentation to define the 1890s as a period of failure for the cause, and to that extent the criticisms made by the Pankhursts and their followers in the early 1900s were without foundation. The problem still facing the Edwardian suffragists was not primarily one of propaganda and conversion, but the more intractable question of how to translate parliamentary sympathy into support for a detailed measure of female suffrage.
Epilogue: War and the Vote
Authors: Pugh Martin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter completes the re-evaluation of suffragism by examining the extent to which the non-militant campaign expanded into a mass movement, the significance of the alliance between the Labour Party and the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, and the latter's attempt to develop a working-class base during the last two and a half years before the outbreak of war. It is here, rather than in the better-known suffragette campaigns, that the central explanation for the eventual success of the women's movement lies. The suffragists had got what they wanted: a government bill which included women and was therefore almost certain to become law. This was especially true since the conference had got over the long-standing political obstacle by incorporating wives into the electorate. After straining over much more limited proposals for decades, the politicians had found it easier to swallow a truly democratic measure covering 8.4 million women.
The Origins of Japan's Fiscal Crisis
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter traces the origins of Japan's fiscal crisis that emerged in the mid-1970s, and describes the symptoms and characteristics that persisted for the rest of the 20th century. The fiscal problems confronting the Ministry of Finance during that period include fast-rising expenditure, inadequate revenue growth, burgeoning fiscal deficits, heavy and continuous government borrowing, and accumulating debt. As the costs of servicing that debt absorbed an increasing proportion of total spending, the amount available to finance both mandatory and discretionary expenditures, themselves subjected to the pressure of the new ‘welfare politics’ inaugurated in 1973, was progressively squeezed. To those difficulties were added the imminent prospect of an increasing ratio of the elderly to the working population, imposing an additional burden of costs for expanded and new social security, pensions, health, and welfare programmes; and fewer wage-earners and tax-payers to generate additional revenues.
The Politico-Economic Context
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter provides a general overview of the evolution of Japan's political economy and signals some of the main changes from the emergence of the fiscal crisis in fiscal year 1975 to the beginning of the new millennium. It examines the formal and informal budget institutions, the processes and policies with which the Ministry of Finance and successive Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) governments responded to that crisis, and the conditions of continuing fiscal stress in the following two decades. It begins with the broad outline of the main economic trends: in summary, a period that began with the recognition of fiscal crisis, followed by years of proclaimed fiscal austerity in the early 1980s. The main trends in the political system are also discussed, focusing particularly on the role and significance of the LDP, along with the interdependence of the economy and the polity.
Cuts and Squeezes in the Bureaucracy
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractJapan's public sector is comprised of four broad organizational categories of central government officials. The first category (non-industrial) comprises the staffs of ministries, agencies, and commissions, as well as teachers, doctors, nurses, and related educational and medical staff employed in national schools, colleges and universities, and hospitals and medical establishments. The second category (industrial) comprises the staff of four (previously five) government enterprises, each supervised within the jurisdiction of a ministry. This chapter examines the extent to which policies of fiscal reconstruction in the 1980s resulted in cuts and squeezes to the number and distribution of officials in the Spending Ministries and Agencies, compared with those employed in other parts of the central government—the staffs of national hospitals, schools, and government enterprises. It also looks at the distribution of those cuts among the Spending Ministries and Agencies to determine which of them gained or lost, and to test the familiar proposition that policies were implemented ‘evenhandedly’, to maintain ‘balance’, and to avoid competition and conflict.
Japan's Fiscal Performance in an International Context
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines public sector spending in Japan in the broader context of those of other G7 countries, and assesses the effectiveness of the Ministry of Finance's policies to reconstruct the finances of central government compared with the performance of other central and federal governments. It is worth nothing that, despite all the economic and fiscal vicissitudes of the 1990s, Japan's economy remained the second largest in the world, and cumulative growth in real terms compared very favourably with that of the other G7 countries from 1989 to 1996; only Germany out-performed it. However, the slowdown in the Japanese economy after 1991 allowed first the United States and then all but Italy to catch up, and by 1998 to overtake it. General government expenditure, deficits, and debts in G7 countries are discussed, along with Japan's fiscal performance relative to that of G7 countries and the failure of fiscal reconstruction in G7 countries in the 1980s.
Coping with Fiscal Stress
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractJapan's main budget exhibited three symptoms of fiscal stress from 1975 through to 2000. First, a recurring deficit, persisting throughout the business cycle, that is, including years of both economic growth and decline. Second, an increasing level of outstanding debt. Third, rising costs of servicing that debt, pre-empting an increasing share of the total budget, and squeezing the amount of mandatory and discretionary programme expenditures. Those symptoms of acute fiscal stress first appeared in 1974–5, when the Ministry of Finance was forced to borrow to cover the costs of fast rising current expenditure in the ‘welfare era’ inaugurated in fiscal year 1973, and the slowdown in the economy following the first oil crisis. In 1965, the budget became unbalanced for the first time since the end of the Allied Occupation. It remained so for the rest of the century. The growth of central government expenditure and falling tax revenues were the main causes of the deterioration in the national finances in the last quarter of the 20th century.
13 Scenes from Professional Life: Medicine, Moral Conduct, and Interconnectedness in Middlemarch
Authors: Pelling Margaret 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the contemporary significance of Middlemarch, a book written by George Eliot. The main focus has been on scientific ideas or research, or medicine in its public aspect. Still in this context, slight but honourable mention should be given to those medical men who have always been appreciative of the connections between medicine and literature, which they see as an aspect of the humane and liberal side of medicine. These connections have long been asserted at a different, more political level, to help substantiate the claim of medicine to join the ranks of the learned professions. In general, some contemporaries found it an oppressive and unnecessary parade of undesirably up-to-date ideas.
Transnational Corporations and Technology Flows
Authors: Lall Sanjaya 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter analyses international systems of governance for transnational corporations (TNCs) and for technology transfer in the emerging world. This world provides a very different setting for industrial growth from that of half a century ago, when much of the ‘development strategy’ was launched. Technical change is now more rapid and pervasive, affecting most activities in developing countries. It is shrinking economic distance dramatically, exposing enterprises to intense and immediate competition so far unprecedented in history. Trade plays a much larger role in economic life, and much of it is handled by large transnationals and an increasing proportion of trade and production is integrated across national boundaries under the aegis of the TNC. Technology and direct investment flows are now not subject to much direct regulation at the international level, traditional controls on these flows are one of the casualties of liberalisation and globalisation.
Beyond the Limits of Thought
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book presents an expanded edition of the author's exploration of the nature and limits of thought. Embracing contradiction and challenging traditional logic, the book engages with issues across philosophical borders, from the historical to the modern, from Eastern to Western, and from the continental to the analytic. This edition of the text includes new chapters on European and Indian philosophy, and reflections on responses to the previous edition of the book.
Beyond the limit
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis introductory chapter explains the coverage of the book, which is about the relationship between the limits of thoughts and contradiction. It suggests that the limits of thought, which provide the boundaries beyond which certain conceptual processes cannot go, are dialetheic or subject to true contradictions. The contradiction is simply to the effect that the conceptual processes in question do cross the boundaries. The book provides case studies on the works of various philosophers concerning the limits of thought and contradiction.
The limits of iteration
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the contradiction in the limits of iteration, one of the four limits of thought. This type of limit arises when there is some operation that is applied over and over again as far as possible. The most notable example is the mathematical (ordinal) infinite. This chapter analyses Aristotle's view on the infinite and his perception of contradiction at the limit of the iterable. It also examines mathematician and philosopher Gottfried Leibniz's cosmological argument for the existence of God.
Conclusion
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter sums up the key findings of this book on the limits of thought. It has traced the notions of the four limits of thought and analysed them through the works of Western philosophers, from its origins in ancient Greece to the present. Many of these philosophers whose works explored the locus of paradox and contradiction have unwillingly ended up in self-contradiction. The contradictions at the limits of thought are all captured by the notion of an inclosure and the historical figure with the clearest insight into this phenomenon was philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.
Nāgārjuna and the limits of thought
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the possible relevance of philosopher Nāgārjuna's work on contradictions arising at the limits of thought. It states that Nāgārjuna has endorsed the possibility of true contradictions which confirms that he is indeed a rational thinker. It provides an interpretation of how Nāgārjuna may view logic or the limits of thought. This chapter demonstrates that Nāgārjuna's two linked limit paradoxes satisfy a schema common to a number of well-known paradoxes in Western philosophy.