bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le changement de modèle agricole dans les nouveaux Länder allemands
Authors: Lacquement Guillaume 
Published: December 2010

L'effondrement des régimes communistes en Europe de l'Est s'accompagne d'une transition économique et sociale qui se manifeste par le passage d'une économie centralisée et planifiée à une économie de marché. Cette transition Plan-Marché se traduit dans l'agriculture par le démantèlement du système collectiviste des fermes d'État et des coopératives et par la mise en place de nouvelles structures agricoles compatibles avec l'économie de marché.
Dans l'ex-RDA, ou plutôt dans les nouveaux Lànder de la République fédérale d'Allemagne, le processus de décollectivisation se caractérise par sa précocité et sa radicalité. Au lendemain de la réunification, le gouvernement fédéral fait adopter par le Parlement un ensemble de textes législatifs, qui soumettent à un calendrier impératif la restructuration juridique des exploitations collectives, et s'engage dans une politique de promotion de nouvelles structures d'exploitation : les exploitations familiales indépendantes. La transition économique et sociale des territoires ruraux semble se résoudre ici à un transfert de modèle. L'itinéraire de décollectivisation choisi par le gouvernement fédéral a certes provoqué l'éclatement du monolithisme structurel du modèle agricole socialiste, mais il a échoué dans son intention de greffer de manière exclusive dans la partie orientale de la nouvelle Allemagne le modèle de l'exploitation familiale. La restructuration du secteur agricole, confrontée à la pesanteur de certains héritages des périodes pré-collectiviste et collectiviste, a entraîné la diversification des structures d'exploitation et a engendré de nouvelles formes sociales de production qui se différencient en fonction de leurs facultés d'adaptation et d'intégration à l'économie de marché.
L'agriculture albanaise : de la coopérative à l'exploitation de survie
Authors: Deslondes Olivier , Sivignon Michel 
Published: December 2010

Albanian agriculture : from the co-operative to subsistence farming.
After 45 years of increasingly constrictive agricultural collectivization, the fall of the communist régime in Albania has, since 1990, resulted in the almost total fragmentation of co-operatives and state farms into 379,000 family farms, with an average holding of 1.85 hectare - a phenomenon unique in Eastern Europe. But the disorganization of the market, and the irrigation systems, seems for the time being to be condemning the new owners to a subsistence economy, as witness the drop in production, and the preference given to small-scale animal husbandry. Far from providing a solution to the problem of over-population in rural Albania, the agricultural reform is being accompanied by a massive emigration to Greece and Italy, which in its turn is likely to bring about changes in the new agrarian structures and agricultural systems.
Régler la facture du communisme du goulasch. Le développement et la macro-stabilisation de la Hongrie dans une perspective d'économie politique
Authors: Kornai J. 
Published: December 2010

L'article met l'accent sur quatre caractéristiques du processus de réforme et de transformation post-socialiste de la Hongrie, qui ont marqué, sans interruption, l'évolution de ce pays au cours des 30 dernières années, et même après le changement de régime politique. Il s'agit de la priorité accordée au bien-être matériel de la population, du développement d'un État-providence paternaliste, du gradualisme du processus de réforme et de transition et de la paix politique et sociale. Le programme de stabilisation, annoncé le 12 mars 1995, constitue à cet égard un tournant.
Du point de vue de l'économie politique, pourquoi ces quatre traits spécifiques se sont-ils développés, comment se sont-ils influencés mutuellement et quels ont été leurs effets positifs et négatifs ? Partant de la révolution de 1956 et de son impact, l'auteur résume l'histoire politique de la Hongrie et analyse la priorité donnée, dans le présent, au bien-être, à la sécurité et au calme, qui s'est accompagnée d'une accumulation de la dette sociale. Il examine ensuite les conséquences économiques et politiques du programme de stabilisation.
La transformation des relations de propriété et des institutions se distingue également par son gradualisme et sa nature organique. La longue phase de socialisme réformateur hongrois n'a pas été suivie, après le changement de régime, d'un bond vers l'économie de marché, même si la transformation s'est accélérée. L'article montre comment le gradualisme s'applique aussi bien à la prolifération de la privatisation, qui a pris des formes extrêmement diverses, qu'à la création de nouvelles entreprises, à la libéralisation et à la refonte du cadre juridique.
En guise de conclusion, des remarques sont faites sur l'évolution de la Hongrie en termes d'économie politique et de philosophie politique. Au cours des 30 dernières années, le gouvernement a, à tout moment, manifesté une propension évidente à ajourner les mesures radicales et à accepter une accumulation de la dette sociale afin d'éviter les conflits. L'auteur note des différences dans les préférences-temps des générations successives et les problèmes éthiques qui en découlent. Enfin, il s'interroge sur la relation entre la démocratie et une administration décidée à prendre des mesures impopulaires auxquelles s'oppose une grande partie des citoyens.
La démocratie japonaise entre crise et réinvention
Authors: Bouissou Jean-Marie 
Published: December 2010

Japanese democracy between crisis and reinvention.
Japanese democracy is in the throes of a crisis of legitimacy that has shaken up the whole political system. At the local level however, a growing number of associations centered around self-managed consumer cooperatives are reviving the idea of citizenship. Though still frail, given the lack of coordination at the national level, their narrow social bases and their ambiguous relations with public authorities, these alternative forms of participation in public life are gradually permeating political practices and discourses, which revolve around the ideas of decentralization and proximity. This movement might serve as a counterweight to the ambient far-liberalism. Japan might thus be making an original experiment that, for the first time in its history, would give it a part in changing ideologies at the world-level.
La guerre en tant que révolution
Authors: Tomasz Gross Jan 
Published: December 2010

War as a revolution.
Social history of the war years (1939-1945) in East Central Europe reveals that societies in the region were launched on the path of radical transformation (including etatization, elite replacement, demographic changes, or ethnic homogeniza- tion) that would later be continued under Communist regimes. Hence "1945" is less of a threshhold than traditional periodization would imply. Also, it is shown that the Holocaust was a central experience for most non- Jewish inhabitants of the largest country in the region - Poland. History of the war years in East Central Europe must be written anew, it is argued.
Brain metastasis in lung cancer
Authors: Mottaghy M F. , Buck K A. , Maschke S , Kley H , Frechen D , Wibmer T , Reske N S. , Pauls S , Krüger S. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryFDG-PET/CT is increasingly used in staging of lung cancer as single „one stop shop” method. Aim, patients, methods: We prospectively included 104 neurological asymptomatic patients (65 years, 26% women) with primary diagnosis of lung cancer. In all patients PET/CT including cerebral imaging and cerebral MRI were performed. Results: Diagnosis of brain metastases (BM) was made by PET/CT in 8 patients only (7.7%), by MRI in 22 (21.2%). In 80 patients both PET/CT and MRI showed no BM. In 6 patients (5.8%) BM were detectable on PET/CT as well as on MRI. Exclusive diagnosis of BM by MRI with negative finding on PET/CT was present in 16 patients (15.4%). 2 patients (1.9%) had findings typical for BM on PET/CT but were negative on MRI. With MRI overall 100 BM were detected, with PET/CT only 17 BM (p < 0.01). For the diagnosis of BM PET/CT showed a sensitivity of 27.3%, specificity of 97.6%, positive predictive value of 75% and negative predictive value of 83.3%. BM diameter on PET/CT and MRI were consistent in 43%, in 57% BM were measured larger on MRI. Discussion: Compared to the gold standard of MRI for cerebral staging a considerable number of patients are falsely diagnosed as free from BM by PET/CT. MRI is more accurate than PET/CT for detecting multiple and smaller BM. Conclusion: In patients with a curative option MRI should be performed additionally to PET/CT for definitive exclusion of brain metastases.
Représentations de la famille et de la filiation chez l'adolescent adopté et ses parents
Authors: Rosenfeld Zoé , Duret Isabelle 
Published: December 2010

Les études épidémiologiques indiquent une surreprésentation des adolescents adoptés dans les centres de consultations et les hôpitaux pédopsychiatriques ainsi que dans les structures scolaires ou internats pour adolescents en difficultés. Les adolescents adoptés auraient-ils plus de chance de développer une psychopathologie que les adolescents tout-venant ? En quoi la condition adoptive pourrait-elle être envisagée comme un facteur prédictif d’un moins bon développement psychoaffectif ? Y a-t-il des conditions pour qu’une adoption se déroule de manière optimale ? Dans le cadre de cet article, nous allons évoquer les représentations d’un adolescent adopté et de ses parents concernant les filiations biologiques et adoptives. Nous soulignerons l’importance, pour les thérapeutes, de travailler avec ces représentations pour soutenir voire renforcer le sentiment d’appartenance familiale et le cas échéant, activer le processus de « greffe mythique » développé par Robert Neuburger.
Représentations du couple et de la famille, chez les auteurs de violences conjugales a partir d'expériences comparées de groupes de paroles
Authors: Vasselier-Novelli Catherine , Heim Charles 
Published: December 2010

Depuis quatre ans nous animons des groupes de parole pour les auteurs de violences conjugales, dans trois contextes différents : un groupe ouvert, un deuxième groupe inclus dans un protocole pour des personnes faisant l’objet d’un dépôt de plainte et mis en cause par le Procureur avant jugement, enfin un groupe pour personnes condamnées pour violences conjugales et incarcérées. Nous pensons que ces contextes différents entraînent des modifications dans nos représentations, notre façon de travailler, dans l’implication des participants. Dans chaque contexte nous observons les représentations que ces personnes se construisent de leur couple et de leur famille. Nous proposons une étude comparative des dispositifs et des résultats observables.
Universal Vaccine Based on Ectodomain of Matrix Protein 2 of Influenza A: Fc Receptors and Alveolar Macrophages Mediate Protection
Authors: El Bakkouri Karim , Descamps Francis , De Filette Marina , Smet Anouk , Festjens Els , Birkett Ashley , Van Rooijen Nico , Verbeek Sjef , Fiers Walter , Saelens Xavier 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The ectodomain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) of influenza A virus is an attractive target for a universal influenza A vaccine: the M2e sequence is highly conserved across influenza virus subtypes, and induced humoral anti-M2e immunity protects against a lethal influenza virus challenge in animal models. Clinical phase I studies with M2e vaccine candidates have been completed. However, the in vivo mechanism of immune protection induced by M2e-carrier vaccination is unclear. Using passive immunization experiments in wild-type, FcRγ−/−, FcγRI−/−, FcγRIII−/−, and (FcγRI, FcγRIII)−/− mice, we report in this study that Fc receptors are essential for anti-M2e IgG-mediated immune protection. M2e-specific IgG1 isotype Abs are shown to require functional FcγRIII for in vivo immune protection but other anti-M2e IgG isotypes can rescue FcγRIII−/− mice from a lethal challenge. Using a conditional cell depletion protocol, we also demonstrate that alveolar macrophages (AM) play a crucial role in humoral M2e-specific immune protection. Additionally, we show that adoptive transfer of wild-type AM into (FcγRI, FcγRIII)−/− mice restores protection by passively transferred anti-M2e IgG. We conclude that AM and Fc receptor-dependent elimination of influenza A virus-infected cells are essential for protection by anti-M2e IgG.
IL-21 Receptor Is Critical for the Development of Memory B Cell Responses
Authors: Rankin Andrew L. , MacLeod Heather , Keegan Sean , Andreyeva Tatyana , Lowe Leslie , Bloom Laird , Collins Mary , Nickerson-Nutter Cheryl , Young Deborah , Guay Heath 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Development of long-term humoral immunity, characterized by the formation of long-lived plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow and memory B cells, is a critical component of protective immunity to pathogens, and as such it is the major goal of vaccination. However, the mechanisms involved in the generation of long-term humoral immunity remain poorly understood. In this study, we used IL-21R–deficient (IL-21R.KO) mice to examine the role of the IL-21 pathway in the development of the B cell memory response. Primary IgG serum Ab responses to the T cell-dependent Ag 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl (NP) hapten conjugated to chicken γ globulin were delayed in IL-21R.KO mice, but reached normal titers within 3 to 4 wk of immunization. IL-21R.KO mice formed germinal centers and generated normal numbers of PCs in their bone marrow. Additionally, memory B cell formation was similar in wild-type and IL-21R.KO mice. However, NP-specific memory B cells and PCs failed to expand following secondary immunization of IL-21R.KO mice, and consequently, secondary IgG Ab responses to NP hapten conjugated to chicken γ globulin were significantly impaired. These results identify the IL-21 pathway as a critical component of the memory B cell response.
Natural Forms of Vitamin E and 13′-Carboxychromanol, a Long-Chain Vitamin E Metabolite, Inhibit Leukotriene Generation from Stimulated Neutrophils by Blocking Calcium Influx and Suppressing 5-Lipoxygenase Activity, Respectively
Authors: Jiang Ziying , Yin Xinmin , Jiang Qing 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Leukotrienes generated by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX)–catalyzed reaction are key regulators of inflammation. In ionophore-stimulated (A23187; 1–2.5 μM) human blood neutrophils or differentiated HL-60 cells, vitamin E forms differentially inhibited leukotriene B4 (LTB4) with an IC50 of 5–20 μM for γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol (δT), and γ-tocotrienol, but a much higher IC50 for α-tocopherol. 13′-Carboxychromanol, a long-chain metabolite of δT, suppressed neutrophil- and HL-60 cell-generated LTB4 with an IC50 of 4–7 μM and potently inhibited human recombinant 5-LOX activity with an IC50 of 0.5–1 μM. In contrast, vitamin E forms had no effect on human 5-LOX activity but impaired ionophore-induced intracellular calcium increase and calcium influx as well as the subsequent signaling including ERK1/2 phosphorylation and 5-LOX translocation from cytosol to the nucleus, a key event for 5-LOX activation. Further investigation showed that δT suppressed cytosolic Ca2+ increase and/or LTB4 formation triggered by ionophores, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and lysophosphatidic acid but not by fMLP or thapsigargin, whereas 13′-carboxychromanol decreased cellular production of LTB4 regardless of different stimuli, consistent with its strong inhibition of the 5-LOX activity. These observations suggest that δT does not likely affect fMLP receptor-mediated signaling or store depletion-induced calcium entry. Instead, we found that δT prevented ionophore-caused cytoplasmic membrane disruption, which may account for its blocking of calcium influx. These activities by vitamin E forms and long-chain carboxychromanol provide potential molecular bases for the differential anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin E forms in vivo.
IL-2–Controlled Expression of Multiple T Cell Trafficking Genes and Th2 Cytokines in the Regulatory T Cell-Deficient Scurfy Mice: Implication to Multiorgan Inflammation and Control of Skin and Lung Inflammation
Authors: Sharma Rahul , Sharma Poonam R. , Kim Young-Chul , Leitinger Norbert , Lee Jae K. , Fu Shu Man , Ju Shyr-Te 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Scurfy (Sf) mice bear a mutation in the Foxp3 transcription factor, lack regulatory T cells (Treg), develop multiorgan inflammation, and die prematurely. The major target organs affected are skin, lungs, and liver. Sf mice lacking the Il2 gene (Sf.Il2−/−), despite being devoid of Treg, did not develop skin and lung inflammation, but the inflammation in liver, pancreas, submandibular gland, and colon remained. Genome-wide microarray analysis revealed hundreds of genes that were differentially regulated among Sf, Sf.Il2−/−, and B6 CD4+ T cells, but the most significant changes were those encoding receptors for trafficking/chemotaxis/retention and cytokines. Our study suggests that IL-2 controls the skin and lung inflammation in Sf mice in an apparent “organ-specific” manner through two novel mechanisms: by regulating the expression of genes encoding a variety of receptors for T cell trafficking/chemotaxis/retention and by regulating Th2 cell expansion and cytokine production. Thus, IL-2 is potentially a master regulator for multiorgan inflammation and an underlying etiological factor for various diseases associated with skin and lung inflammation.
Current Needs for New Therapeutic Agents and Discovery Strategies—A Systems Pharmacology Approach
Authors: Desbiens Sophie C. , Farb David H. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
In this chapter, we will provide a brief overview of some current therapeutic agents, including their weaknesses, and highlight selected opportunities for continued drug discovery efforts in certain disease areas. We will then focus our attention on different strategies used to identify new therapeutic agents, comparing target‐based discovery (TBD) and what we refer to as systems‐based discovery (SBD). Although pharmaceutical companies have favored TBD during the past thirty years, emerging evidence indicates that SBD may help in solving some of the issues that have plagued the modern approach to drug discovery. Finally, we will explore the challenges associated with the application of SBD to neurological disorders. This chapter is intended neither to be exhaustive or fair and balanced but presents a selective viewpoint.
An evolutionary review of human telomere biology: The thrifty telomere hypothesis and notes on potential adaptive paternal effects
Authors: Eisenberg Dan T.A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTelomeres, repetitive DNA sequences found at the ends of linear chromosomes, play a role in regulating cellular proliferation, and shorten with increasing age in proliferating human tissues. The rate of age‐related shortening of telomeres is highest early in life and decreases with age. Shortened telomeres are thought to limit the proliferation of cells and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Although natural selection is widely assumed to operate against long telomeres because they entail increased cancer risk, the evidence for this is mixed. Instead, here it is proposed that telomere length is primarily limited by energetic constraints. Cell proliferation is energetically expensive, so shorter telomeres should lead to a thrifty phenotype. Shorter telomeres are proposed to restrain adaptive immunity as an energy saving mechanism. Such a limited immune system, however, might also result in chronic infections, inflammatory stress, premature aging, and death—a more “disposable soma.” With an increased reproductive lifespan, the fitness costs of premature aging are higher and longer telomeres will be favored by selection. Telomeres exhibit a paternal effect whereby the offspring of older fathers have longer telomeres due to increased telomere lengths of sperm with age. This paternal effect is proposed to be an adaptive signal of the expected age of male reproduction in the environment offspring are born into. The offspring of lineages of older fathers will tend to have longer, and thereby less thrifty, telomeres, better preparing them for an environment with higher expected ages at reproduction. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Associations of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations with birth outcome in term Indian mothers and their neonates
Authors: Kilari Anitha , Mehendale Savita , Dangat Kamini , Pisal Hemlata , Joshi Sadhana 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the maternal and cord long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) concentrations and their associations with birth outcome in term deliveries. Pregnant women (n = 253) delivering at term were divided into two groups based on their babies' birth weights (1) normal birth weight (NBW), that is, ≥2.5 kg (n = 190) and (2) low‐birth weight (LBW), that is, <2.5 kg (n = 63). Each group is further divided into two groups according to the baby's sex, that is, male NBW (M‐NBW), female NBW (F‐NBW), male LBW (M‐LBW), and female LBW (F‐LBW) groups. Maternal plasma docosahexaenoic acid and erythrocyte arachidonic acid (AA) levels were lower (P < 0.05 for both), while cord plasma docosahexaenoic acid and erythrocyte AA levels were higher (P < 0.05 for both) in LBW group when compared to the NBW group. Maternal erythrocyte AA levels were positively associated with birth weight (P = 0.001), while cord plasma docosahexaenoic acid levels were negatively (P = 0.05) associated with birth weight. Reduced maternal and increased cord LCPUFA levels exist in mothers delivering LBW babies, especially in mothers delivering female babies, indicative of sex‐specific effects. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Schlüssel zum Öffnen photolabiler, metallhaltiger Käfige
Authors: Ciesienski Katie L. , Franz Katherine J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPhotolabile metallhaltige Käfige sind Metallkomplexe, die bei Bestrahlung mit Licht geeigneter Wellenlänge eine Veränderung der Koordinationsumgebung erfahren. Dabei kann entweder der verkapselnde Ligand allein oder der gesamte Metallkomplex photoresponsiv sein. Die veränderten Koordinationseigenschaften photoresponsiver Komplexe können mehrere Auswirkungen haben: eine Freisetzung des koordinierten Metallions in seine Umgebung, eine veränderte Reaktivität des Metallzentrums oder die Abspaltung eines reaktiven Moleküls, das zuvor durch Bindung an das Metallzentrum passiviert war. Diese photoaktivierbaren Systeme können von Nutzen sein, um die Bioverfügbarkeit von Metallen oder ihren koordinierenden Liganden für das Studium biologischer Reaktionspfade oder für mögliche therapeutische Zwecke zu manipulieren.