bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OPTIMIZATION OF SYNBIOTIC FERMENTED FOOD FROM HYDROSOLUBLE SOY EXTRACT APPLYING EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND SENSORY ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
Authors: MONDRAGÓN‐BERNAL OLGA , RODRIGUES MARIA ISABEL , ANDRÉ BOLINI HELENA MARIA , MAUGERI FRANCISCO 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT In this work, a synbiotic food from hydrosoluble soy extract was developed and tested. Food products made from soymilk have frequently been rejected because of their peculiar leguminous flavor. Although lactic fermentation promotes an improvement in final flavor, Bifidobacterium produces acetic acid, which renders off flavor in the product. To improve sensory features of soymilk's synbiotic beverage, 16 flavor compounds were evaluated by preliminary affective tests using hedonic scale. The ideal sweetness and flavor were optimized using experimental design and just‐about‐right scale. Sucrose concentration presented the highest significant effect (P ≤ 0.05). Products with higher sucrose contents (9.0–11.2 g/100 mL) and 0.08–0.16 g/100 mL of flavoring presented ideal sweetness. For ideal flavor, 11 g/100 mL sucrose content or higher with any amount of flavoring was considered ideal. In conclusion, predictive models for responses with respect to the ideal flavor and sweetness, overall acceptance and purchasing attitude of a soymilk symbiotic food were obtained and validated, with highly accepted and positive purchase intent (70%) by target public.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe use of the just‐about‐right scale in sensory test is employed to measure the ideal amount of a determined compound that should be added to promote greater acceptance and preference according to the taste panel. Given that the sensory tests for the choice of the ideal are carried out in a linear manner and with one variable at a time, the present study has innovated in the application of the just‐about‐right scale, simultaneously evaluating two aspects of the ideal (sweetness and flavor) with a central composite rotatable design experimental design, and using the response surface methodology applied in the optimization of soymilk's symbiotic food. Predictive models for responses could be obtained to different sensorial optimizations in food researches.
THE INFLUENCE OF AUDITORY CUES ON THE PERCEPTION OF, AND RESPONSES TO, FOOD AND DRINK
Authors: SPENCE CHARLES , SHANKAR MAYA U. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT Does what we hear influence our perception of, and behaviors toward, food and drink? If so, what are the mechanism(s) underlying these cross‐modal effects? While many people intuitively believe that our sense of hearing has little influence on our experiences of foodstuffs, the evidence that has been published to date suggests that this is not always the case. In this article, we review the growing body of empirical research demonstrating that what we hear can affect our perception of, and responses to, food and drink. We review both laboratory‐based research and real‐world (ecological) studies of the effects of music and other auditory stimuli on people's food‐related behaviors. This research has revealed that what we hear (be it music, the sounds we make while eating, or even pure tones or bursts of white noise) can have a dramatic effect on our perceptions of food and drink. Auditory stimuli influence people's consumption rates, their preference ratings and their flavor assessments, and have even been shown to significantly impact on the overall amount that people consume. We highlight a number of explanations, including multisensory integration, attention, associative learning and expectations, that have all been put forward in order to account for these cross‐modal effects. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis manuscript examines the relationship between what people hear and their food and drink experiences, perceptions and behaviors. In previous research, auditory cues have been shown to influence people's purchasing decisions, flavor evaluations and their consumption rates of food and drink. The multisensory approach inherent to this line of research provides a means of enhancing culinary experiences for people in the years to come. In fact, some important practical interventions have already been made. For example, the Fat Duck restaurant in Bray, England serves a “sounds of the sea” seafood dish. Those who select this dish are presented with a plate of seafood that is reminiscent of a beach, with an iPod (hidden in a seashell with the earphones poking out) that plays a “sounds of the sea” soundtrack. Innovations such as these, based on a solid understanding of the cognitive psychology and neuroscience of multisensory integration, may increasingly help to heighten our enjoyment and experience of food and drink.
CONVENTIONAL AND PROBIOTIC YOGURTS DIFFER IN SENSORY PROPERTIES BUT NOT IN CONSUMERS' PREFERENCES
Authors: MAJCHRZAK DOROTA , LAHM BIRGIT , DÜRRSCHMID KLAUS 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to examine whether probiotic and conventional yogurts differ regarding their sensory properties and the consumers' preferences. Using quantitative descriptive analysis, 10 trained panelists evaluated the overall quality of yogurt samples over two sessions by rating the intensity of sensory descriptors on a 10‐unit scale from commercially available plain full‐fat conventional (6) and probiotic (3) yogurts, served in a randomized order. Consumers' preferences were determined by 50 untrained individuals applying the paired difference test for preference. Generally, the mean overall quality score of probiotic yogurt was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than one of the conventional products. This finding could be attributable to certain different properties of appearance (whey separation), texture (homogeneity, smoothness and thickness), taste/flavor (sweet and creamy) and aftertaste. Based on the results of descriptive sensory evaluation and the paired difference test, it appears that despite some observed differences in sensory properties, there were no significant differences in consumers' preferences between probiotic and conventional yogurt.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn the present study, it has been observed that among the investigated samples, yogurts with the higher overall sensory quality were probiotic. The probiotic samples showed significantly less distinctive syneresis, higher smoothness and were more homogenous than the conventional products. The mean intensity of sourness, but principally the sweet taste and creamy flavor was more distinctive in probiotic samples. The consumers' preference of probiotic and conventional yogurts evaluated by the paired difference test showed that the conventional product was preferred, but the difference was not statistically significant. It means that trained panelists differentiated conventional and probiotic yogurts in sensory properties, but there were no significant consumer‐perceived differences between yogurts with and without probiotic culture.
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HEDONIC SCALES AND END‐ANCHOR COMPRESSION EFFECTS
Authors: LAWLESS HARRY T. , CARDELLO ARMAND V. , CHAPMAN KATHRYN W. , LESHER LARRY L. , GIVEN ZACHARY , SCHUTZ HOWARD G. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT Three experiments were conducted to compare the relative performance of hedonic scaling methods, including the labeled affective magnitude (LAM) scale. In the first study, three versions of the LAM were used to evaluate 20 phrases that described diverse sensory experiences. One scale was anchored to “greatest imaginable like/dislike for any experience” and another used the “greatest imaginable like” phrase of the LAM but with the interior phrases repositioned relative to “any experience.” The scale anchored to “any experience” showed a smaller range of scale usage and lower statistical differentiation, relative to the LAM scale, with the repositioned scale intermediate. Two further experiments compared the LAM to the nine‐point hedonic scale, an 11‐point category scale using the LAM phrases, and to a three‐label line scale, a simplified version of the LAM with only the end phrases and the neutral center‐point phrase. All scales showed similar differentiation of juices in the second study and sensory experience phrases in the third. A modest advantage for the LAM scale in the second experiment did not extend to the third study. Researchers should be careful in the choice of high end anchors for hedonic scales, as a compressed range of scale usage may result in lower product differentiation. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSHedonic scales for food acceptability are widely used in new product development for consumer testing and in food preference surveys. A desired goal of efficient sensory evaluation testing is the ability of tests to differentiate samples on the basis of scale data, in this case scales commonly used for food acceptability and preference testing. Scales which are able to differentiate products more effectively are less likely to lead to Type II error in experimentation, in which true differences between products are not detected. Such errors can lead to lost opportunities for product improvements or to enhanced chances for taking undetected risks in the case of false parity conclusions.
Morphometry and abnormalities of the feet of Kaimanawa feral horses in New Zealand
Authors: Hampson BA , Ramsey G , Macintosh AMH , Mills PC , De Laat MA , Pollitt CC 
Published: March 2010

Objective The present study investigated the foot health of the Kaimanawa feral horse population and tested the hypotheses that horses would have a large range of foot morphology and that the incidence of foot abnormality would be significantly high.Procedures Abnormality was defined as a variation from what the two veterinarian assessors considered as optimal morphology and which was considered to impact negatively on the structure and/or function of the foot. Fifteen morphometric variables were measured on four calibrated photographic views of all four feet of 20 adult Kaimanawa feral horses. Four morphometric variables were measured from the lateromedial radiographs of the left forefoot of each horse. In addition, the study identified the incidence of gross abnormality observed on the photographs and radiographs of all 80 feet.Results There was a large variation between horses in the morphometric dimensions, indicating an inconsistent foot type. Mean hoof variables were outside the normal range recommended by veterinarians and hoof care providers; 35% of all feet had a long toe conformation and 15% had a mediolateral imbalance. Abnormalities included lateral (85% of horses) and dorsal (90% of horses) wall flares, presence of laminar rings (80% of horses) and bull‐nose tip of the distal phalanx (75% of horses). Both hypotheses were therefore accepted.Conclusions The Kaimanawa feral horse population demonstrated a broad range of foot abnormalities and we propose that one reason for the questionable foot health and conformation is lack of abrasive wearing by the environment. In comparison with other feral horse populations in Australia and America there may be less pressure on the natural selection of the foot of the Kaimanawa horses by the forgiving environment of the Kaimanawa Ranges. Contrary to popular belief, the feral horse foot type should not be used as an ideal model for the domestic horse foot.
Diagnostic PCR to identify five rare species of Cypriniformes in China
Authors: YUAN W. A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe major problem that fisheries managers face when trying to enforce the law is identifying fish species. This problem is even worse when it comes to identifying eggs, larvae, bloodstains, scales, mucous stains, and mixtures of these in markets, restaurants and fishing areas. To assist in the acquisition of urgently needed conservation and management data on rare and endangered fish catch and sale, we have developed and tested a highly streamlined molecular genetic approach to identify Cypriniformes fish species. We used species‐specific primers and species‐specific ladders in a seven‐primer multiplex polymerase chain reaction format based on DNA sequence differences among species in the nuclear ribosomal second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) to discriminate simultaneously among five rare and endangered Cypriniformes species in China. This technique distinguished samples with 100% accuracy. This genetic approach will be useful for the assessment, management and conservation of fish.
The in vitro response of human retinal endothelial cells to cytokines and other chemically active agents is altered by coculture with vitreous‐derived hyalocytes
Authors: Tojo Naoki , Kashiwagi Yoshiko , Yamamoto Shuichi , Yamamoto Teiko , Yamashita Hidetoshi 
Published: March 2010

Abstract.Background:  Ocular angiogenesis is regulated by polypeptides including cytokines, which are known to affect vascular endothelial cells. We have reported that hyalocytes interact with vascular endothelial cells, and some cytokines affect these interactions.Aims:  To determine the effect of various chemically active agents on the viability of endothelial cells alone and cocultured with hyalocytes.Methods:  The viability of human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) was determined after exposure to IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNFα and VEGF using the MTT assay. These results were compared to the viability when the HRECs were cocultured with porcine hyalocytes that had been exposed to different types of cytokines. The effects of bevacizumab, fenofibrate and dexamethasone on the viability of HRECs in coculture with hyalocytes were also assessed.Results:  Ten micrograms/millilitre of bevacizumab decreased the percentage of living HRECs stimulated by VEGF without hyalocytes, but with the hyalocytes, 100 μg/ml of bevacizumab was required to decrease the percentage of viable HRECs stimulated by VEGF. Fenofibrate, at 5 μg/ml, decreased the viability of HRECs stimulated by IL‐1β and VEGF without hyalocytes but could not decrease the viability of HRECs cocultured with hyalocytes. Dexamethasone, at 50 μg/ml, decreased the viability of HRECs stimulated by IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐6 and VEGF without hyalocytes but could not decrease the viability of HRECs cocultured.Conclusions:  Coculturing HRECs with vitreous‐derived hyalocytes depressed the effects of cytokines, bevacizumab, fenofibrate and dexamethasone. This suggests that the vitreal hyalocytes may play a role in pathogenic endothelial cell proliferation in vivo. Future studies to better understand this pathobiology should utilize coculture systems of HRECs and vitreal hyalocytes.
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE QUESTIONS
Authors: Jokes Franklin T. , Macdonald S. L. 
Published: March 2010

This department is designed to serve as a medium for the exchange of ideas on questions and questioning in the sciences. Questions will be printed from various sources—college entrance examinations, text‐books, etc., etc. Comment is invited. Suggestions and criticisms as to character, adaptability, and usefulness are desired. Readers of this journal are invited to propose questions and problems which will be of general interest, or of a type which will be useful in the class‐room. It is not expected that questions which will not be useful to pupils will be frequently printed.Since the majority of the questions will be of a comparatively simple character, solutions and answers will not be published unless specifically asked for. Teaching suggestions are wanted.
PROBLEM DEPARTMENT
Authors: Jamison G. H. 
Published: March 2010

This department aims to provide problems of varying degrees of difficulty which will interest anyone engaged in the study of mathematics.All readers are invited to propose problems and to solve problems here proposed. Drawings to illustrate the problems should be well done in India ink. Problems and solutions will be credited to their authors. Each solution or proposed problem sent to the Editor should have the author's name introducing the problem or solution as on the following pages.The editor of the Department desires to serve his readers by making it interesting and helpful to them.
Children's Books Reviewed
Authors: Bennett Gladys Jenkins , Hughes Candace S. 
Published: March 2010

Maps and Globes Jack Knowlton Hurricane Watch Franklyn M. Branley Sunshine Makes the Seasons Franklyn M. Branley Heart Disease America's No. 1 Killer Dr. Alvin and Virginia B. Silverstein Cuts, Breaks, Bruises and Burns Joanna Cole Auks, Rocks, and the Odd Dinosaur Inside Stories from the Smithsonian Institute by Peggy Thomson The Secret Life of Cosmetics: A Science Experiment Book Vicki Cobb A Children's Zoo Tana Hoban Milk Donald Carrick Wallaby Creek Joyce Powzyk Being a Twin, Having a Twin Maxine Rosenberg
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Abdi S. Wali 
Published: March 2010

Book reviewed in this article:Diagnostic and Remedial Mathematics in Special Education, Gerard Giordano, Charles C. ThomasExploring the Numbers 1 to 100: Activities, Learning Center Ideas, and Celebrations, Mary Beth Spann and the Teachers at the Babylon Elementary SchoolIntegrating Research on the Graphical Representations of Functions, Thomas A. Romberg, Elizabeth Fennena, Thomas P. Carpenter
Using Inquiry to Improve Pedagogy through K‐12/University Partnerships
Authors: Huziak‐Clark Tracy , Van Hook Stephen J. , Nurnberger‐Haag Julie , Ballone‐Duran Lena 
Published: March 2010

This article focuses on the impact a collaborative project between university graduate fellows and K‐12 classroom teachers had on improved pedagogy in the classroom and in the future at the university. Nine teams participated in a yearlong professional development project to improve pedagogy and communication skills of the participants. This study shows that the participants, the fellows and the K‐12 teacher partners, made changes in planning, implementation, and even motivation for using inquiry‐based methods in their classroom.External observations of the teams further support the individuals' claims of improved pedagogy using inquiry and impact on student conceptual understanding. The Horizon Classroom Observation instrument was used for these observations. The teams showed an overall increase in scores, as well as overall effective and exemplarily implementation of their planning. The program design, the implementation, and the results of this three‐year study will be elaborated in this article.
Preclinical Characterization of the Antiviral Activity of SCH 900518 (Narlaprevir), a Novel Mechanism-Based Inhibitor of Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Protease
Authors: Tong X. , Arasappan A. , Bennett F. , Chase R. , Feld B. , Guo Z. , Hart A. , Madison V. , Malcolm B. , Pichardo J. , Prongay A. , Ralston R. , Skelton A. , Xia E. , Zhang R. , Njoroge F. G. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

Small-molecule hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 protease inhibitors such as boceprevir (SCH 503034) have been shown to have antiviral activity when they are used as monotherapy and in combination with pegylated alpha interferon and ribavirin in clinical trials. Improvements in inhibitor potency and pharmacokinetic properties offer opportunities to increase drug exposure and to further increase the sustained virological response. Exploration of the structure-activity relationships of ketoamide inhibitors related to boceprevir has led to the discovery of SCH 900518, a novel ketoamide protease inhibitor which forms a reversible covalent bond with the active-site serine. It has an overall inhibition constant (
K
*
i
) of 7 nM and a dissociation half-life of 1 to 2 h. SCH 900518 inhibited replicon RNA at a 90% effective concentration (EC
90
) of 40 nM. In biochemical assays, SCH 900518 was active against proteases of genotypes 1 to 3. A 2-week treatment with 5× EC
90
of the inhibitor reduced the replicon RNA level by 3 log units. Selection of replicon cells with SCH 900518 resulted in the outgrowth of several resistant mutants (with the T54A/S and A156S/T/V mutations). Cross-resistance studies demonstrated that the majority of mutations for resistance to boceprevir and telaprevir caused similar fold losses of activity against all three inhibitors; however, SCH 900518 retained more activity against these mutants due to its higher intrinsic potency. Combination treatment with alpha interferon enhanced the inhibition of replicon RNA and suppressed the emergence of resistant replicon colonies, supporting the use of SCH 900518-pegylated alpha interferon combination therapy in the clinic. In summary, the results of the preclinical characterization of the antiviral activity of SCH 900518 support its evaluation in clinical studies.
Characterization of CSP-1, a Novel Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Produced by a Clinical Isolate of
Capnocytophaga sputigena
Authors: Guillon Hélène , Eb François , Mammeri Hedi 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

The
Capnocytophaga sputigena
isolate NOR, responsible for septicemia, was resistant to amoxicillin and narrow-spectrum cephalosporins. In a cloning experiment, a new gene,
bla
CSP-1
, was identified; this gene encodes a novel extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) that shares only 52% and 49% identities with the CME-1 and VEB-1 β-lactamases, respectively. The G+C content of this gene, its genetic environment, the absence of conjugation transfer, and its detection in two reference strains suggested that it was an intrinsic resistance gene located on the chromosome.
Intra- and Extracellular Activities of Dicloxacillin against
Staphylococcus aureus In Vivo
and
In Vitro
Authors: Sandberg Anne , Jensen Klaus Skovbo , Baudoux Pierre , Van Bambeke Françoise , Tulkens Paul M. , Frimodt-Møller Niels 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

Antibiotic treatment of
Staphylococcus aureus
infections is often problematic due to the slow response and recurrences. The intracellular persistence of the staphylococci offers a plausible explanation for the treatment difficulties because of the impaired intracellular efficacies of the antibiotics. The intra- and extracellular time- and concentration-kill relationships were examined
in vitro
with THP-1 cells and
in vivo
by use of a mouse peritonitis model. The
in vivo
model was further used to estimate the most predictive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices (the ratio of the maximum concentration of drug in plasma/MIC, the ratio of the area under the concentration-time curve/MIC, or the cumulative percentage of a 24-h period that the free [
f
] drug concentration exceeded the MIC under steady-state pharmacokinetic conditions [
fT
MIC
]) for dicloxacillin (DCX) intra- and extracellularly. In general, DCX was found to have similar intracellular activities, regardless of the model used. Both models showed (i) the relative maximal efficacy (1-log-unit reduction in the numbers of CFU) of DCX intracellularly and (ii) the equal relative potency of DCX intra- and extracellularly, with the MIC being a good indicator of the overall response in both situations. Discordant results, based on data obtained different times after dosing, were obtained from the two models when the extracellular activity of DCX was measured, in which the
in vitro
model showed a considerable reduction in the number of CFU from that in the original inoculum (3-log-unit decrease in the number of CFU after 24 h), whereas the extracellular CFU reduction achieved
in vivo
after 4 h did not exceed 1 log unit. Multiple dosing of DCX
in vivo
revealed increased extra- and intracellular efficacies (2.5 log and 2 log units of reduction in the numbers of CFU after 24 h, respectively), confirming that DCX is a highly active antistaphylococcal antibiotic. PK/PD analysis revealed that
fT
MIC
is the index that is the most predictive of the outcome of infection both intra- and extracellularly.