bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Re: Views
Authors: Weinrach Stephen G. 
Published: January 2012

Book reviewed in this article:Theories, Tools, and Techniques Career Counseling: Theory and PracticeTheories, Tools, and Techniques Therapeutic Psychology: Fundamentals of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Lawrence M. Brammer and Everett L. Shostrom (3rd ed.)Theories, Tools, and Techniques Theoretical and Experimental Bases of the Behaviour Therapies. M. P. Feldman and A. Broadhurst, EditorsTheories, Tools, and Techniques Behavioral Approaches to Therapy. Janet T. Spence, Robert C. Carson and John W. Thibaut, EditorsTheories, Tools, and Techniques Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Gerald CoreyTheories, Tools, and Techniques Group Counseling: Theory & Process. James C. Hansen, Richard W. Warner and Elsie M. SmithTheories, Tools, and Techniques Theories and Methods of Group Counseling in the Schools (2nd ed.). George M. GazdaTheories, Tools, and Techniques Group Counseling (2nd ed.). Merle M. OhlsenTheories, Tools, and Techniques Gestalt Approaches to Counseling and Teaching: Experiences and Exercises. William PassonsTheories, Tools, and Techniques Principles of Guidance (2nd ed.). Harold W. Bernard and Daniel W. FullmerTheories, Tools, and Techniques Interpersonal Living: A Skills/Contract Approach to Human‐Relations Training in Groups. Gerard EganTheories, Tools, and Techniques Human Relations Development: A Manual for Educators (2nd ed.). George M. Gazda, Frank R. Asbury, Fred J. Balzer, William C. Childers, Richard F. WaltersTheories, Tools, and Techniques Counseling in the Elementary and Middle Schools: A Pragmatic Approach. James J. Muro and Don C. DinkmeyerTheories, Tools, and Techniques Organizing and Evaluating Elementary School Guidance Services: Why, What, and How. Jeanette A. Brown
Letter Box: Communications in Agreement and Disagreement
Authors: Brewer John M. 
Published: January 2012

Mass Production and Vocational EducationIn the April 1935 number of this magazine, under the head, “Why Are Vocational Schools?” Charles A. Prosser discussed and criticized some of the conclusions reached by Charles A. Koepke as a result of a job analysis survey which he described in Occupations for June 1934. In the following rejoinder, Professor Koepke defends his original position and insists on a new type of instruction for production workers, with increased emphasis on versatility.
Serving the Needs of Youth: Guidance Implications of an Experimental Study
Authors: Aikin Wilford M. 
Published: January 2012

Educators have long been raising critical voices over the domination of American high schools by college entrance requirements. Much of the criticism has been based on the idea that college preparatory studies do not fit the needs and capacities of all the students, though an increasing number of boys and girls have been going on to higher institutions. But back of an experimental study undertaken by the Commission on the Relation of School and College, of the Progressive Education Association, lies another idea—namely, that the putting of individual needs first, in the organization, teaching methods, and curricular content of high schools, may result in the best kind of college preparation, provided that the colleges cooperate.In May, 1932, an experimental plan for the better coordination of school and college work was proposed to the colleges, 250 of which have given their official approval. For a period of five years, beginning in 1936, they will accept students from any of the selected group of secondary schools included in this experimental study without regard to the course and unit requirements now generally in force and without further examination. Selection for admission will be based on a statement from the principal and on a careful record of the applicant's school history. The schools are making ready. The chairman of the committee directing the project points out here some of the changes taking place and their significance for the future of secondary school education.
Occupational Information and Guidance Service
Authors:   MARYLAND STATE PLAN APPROVED
Published: January 2012

Commissioner J. W. Studebaker, in an article prepared exclusively for the November issue of Occupations containing initial announcement of the Occupational Information and Guidance Service recently established in the United States Office of Education, declared that one of the primary objectives of the new Service was the inauguration of state supervision of occupational information and guidance service programs.Any State desiring to take advantage of federal funds to assist in the payment of salary and expenses of a State Supervisor of an Occupational Information and Guidance Service must have its proper authorities accept the necessary amendments to the state plan of vocational education already in existence. The amended plan then is submitted to the U. S. Office of Education for approval.Maryland in November became the first state to have such a program passed and approved. Half a dozen other state plans were being considered in December. The Maryland plan is reproduced herewith in part, through the courtesy of the Maryland State Department of Education. It will be noted that the office of supervisor, though supported by funds allotted to vocational education, is expected to serve the needs of all schools in the state with respect to occupational information and guidance.Our readers will be particularly interested in the comprehensive statements regarding the duties and qualifications of the state supervisor and will see how useful the office of state supervisor can be in promoting the objectives set forth in Commissioner Studebaker's article. Other states will watch with interest the development of occupational information and guidance service in Maryland.
“The Vocational Appraiser” in a University Veterans Guidance Center1
Authors: MATHEWSON ROBERT H. 
Published: January 2012

The Veterans Administration offers educational and vocational guidance to able‐bodied and disabled veterans eligible to educational benefits and training under Public Law 346 and Public Law 16. In Occupations, March, 1945, p. 317, the Veterans Administration explained why colleges are chosen as counseling centers for veterans and outlined three plans for cooperation with the colleges.The following account, written by the Director of a university center under contract with the Veterans Administration, might be considered as a job analysis of the work of the “vocational appraiser” or counselor in such a center.—Editor.
Antimicrobial de‐escalation strategies in hospitalized patients with pneumonia, intra‐abdominal infections, and bacteremia
Authors: Kaye Keith S. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIncreasing numbers of serious hospital/healthcare‐ or community‐acquired infections are caused by resistant (often multi‐drug resistant) bacterial pathogens. Because delayed or ineffective initial therapy can have severe negative consequences, patients at risk for these types of infections typically receive initial empiric antibiotic therapy with a broad‐spectrum regimen covering the most likely pathogens, based on local surveillance data and risk factors for infection with a resistant microorganism. While improving the likelihood of a successful outcome, use of broad‐spectrum, often high‐dose, empiric antimicrobial therapy also creates pressure for the selection or development of resistant microorganisms, as well as increasing costs and possibly exposing patients to adverse events or collateral damage such as Clostridium difficile‐associated disease. De‐escalation is a strategy that attempts to balance the competing aims of providing initial empiric therapy that is appropriate and covers the likely pathogens, and limiting antimicrobial exposure and increased risk for emergence of resistant pathogens. More specifically, the de‐escalation strategy involves collection of cultures for later microbiological assessment before initiating broad‐spectrum empiric therapy covering the most likely pathogens, with the intention of streamlining or de‐escalating to a more narrow‐spectrum antimicrobial regimen 2–3 days later if warranted by clinical status and culture results. In some cases, negative culture results and subsequent clinical review may allow for termination of initial empiric therapy. In this manner, de‐escalation enables more effective targeting of the causative pathogen(s), elimination of redundant therapy, a decrease in antimicrobial pressure for emergence of resistance, and cost savings. This article examines application of the de‐escalation strategy to 3 case patients, one with healthcare‐associated pneumonia, another with complicated intra‐abdominal infection, and a third with central line‐associated bacteremia. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012;7:S13–S21. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Estimates of the North Atlantic Oscillation back to 1692 using a Paris–London westerly index
Authors: Cornes Richard C. , Jones Philip D. , Briffa Keith R. , Osborn Timothy J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA westerly index for Europe is developed back to 1692 using newly recovered and corrected Mean Sea‐level Pressure (MSLP) data from London and Paris. The index is compared against various instrumental and proxy indices of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). In the winter, the Paris‐London index depicts a spatial pattern of atmospheric circulation that is bi‐modal, with centres of action that are shifted eastwards compared to the NAO. Owing to asymmetry in the NAO the Paris‐London index provides a good depiction of positive NAO conditions as well as extreme negative phases of the NAO that arise from reversals of the pressure centres, but less extreme negative NAO conditions are associated with westerly index values approaching zero. The merit in using the Paris‐London index lies with its consistency over time as a measure of westerly wind flow, which may not be the case with other proxy‐based indices. In the summer, the Paris‐London index bears a close relationship to the reconstructed high‐summer NAO series of Folland et al. (2009) as well as the summer Luterbacher et al. (1999) NAO reconstruction. An important finding is that the summer NAO was highly variable during the early nineteenth century but was predominately positive on the decadal time scale during that period. Since circa 1970 the summer index has mostly been negative, indicating reduced westerlies and increased blocking conditions that are exceptional in the context of the last 250 years. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
High‐resolution model‐projected changes in mid‐tropospheric closed‐lows and extreme rainfall events over southern Africa
Authors: Engelbrecht C. J. , Engelbrecht F. A. , Dyson L. L. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractMid‐tropospheric closed‐lows (cold‐core cut‐off lows and warm‐core tropical lows) are important rain producing weather systems for the southern Africa region. Over South Africa, most wide‐spread flood events are caused by these systems. It is therefore important to explore the potential impact of anthropogenic forcing on the occurrence of closed‐lows and extreme rainfall events over the region. Coupled global circulation models (CGCMs) can not be directly applied for this purpose because of their relatively low spatial resolution—some form of downscaling is required to adequately resolve these systems and the rainfall they cause. In this study, a variable‐resolution atmospheric global circulation model is applied as a regional climate model to simulate closed‐low characteristics over southern Africa under current and future forcings. The model is forced with greenhouse gas concentrations according to the A2 SRES scenario and with sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea‐ice as specified by the CSIRO Mk3 CGCM. The model projects a general decrease in closed‐low frequencies over the region, which occurs in association with a general strengthening of the subsiding branch of the Hadley cell. However, the climate‐change signal shows variation in time and space and certain sub‐regions are projected to experience an increase in closed‐low frequencies during certain seasons. A general increase in extreme rainfall events is projected over southern Africa despite the projected decrease in closed‐low frequencies. It is deduced that this increase in extreme rainfall events is driven by intense convective rainfall events occurring within more frequently forming tropical‐temperate cloud bands. Over Mozambique, extreme rainfall events are projected to increase in association with more frequently occurring closed‐lows. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Diagnostic efficacy of backscattering intensity measurements in optical coherence tomography of cervical intraepithelial dysplasia
Authors: Gallwas Julia , Mortensen U. , Gaschler Rebecca , Stepp H. , Friese K. , Dannecker C. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic efficacy of backscattering intensity measurements in optical coherence tomography in identifying different grades of cervical intraepithelial dysplasia.Study Design/Materials and MethodsOCT images were taken from 153 unsuspicious and suspicious areas of 30 fresh conisation and hysterectomy specimens, evaluated by two blinded investigators using a six‐grade classification (normal, inflammation, CIN1, CIN2, CIN3, squamous carcinoma) and later compared to the corresponding histology. Differences between judgments based on either the histology or the OCT images were investigated employing Correspondence Analysis (CA). Further, we explored the extent as to which backscattering intensity profiles of OCT images contained the essential information required for a reliable and valid diagnosis, using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA).ResultsThe CA of histology‐ and OCT‐based judgments suggests that the diagnostic process may be characterized in terms of two stochastically independent underlying (“latent”) variables, the first of them reflecting the definiteness with which CIN classes are identified, the second reflecting a bias towards diagnosing inflammation on the side of the OCT‐based judgments. This finding is supported by the results of LDAs, where histology and OCT categorizations differ in particular with respect to the positions of inflammation and CIN1. Possibly, a second canonical variable has to be assumed accounting for the evaluation of carcinoma.ConclusionsThe systematic differences between histology‐based and OCT‐based diagnoses suggest that the use of available information is influenced by perceptual and/or cognitive biases. Apart from this it seems that the profiles appear to provide a remarkably large amount of information determining the main course of the diagnostic process. Lasers Surg. Med. 44:11–19, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The enhanced anti‐cancer effect of hexenyl ester of 5‐aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy in adriamycin‐resistant compared to non‐resistant breast cancer cells
Authors: Yoon Jung‐Hoon , Yoon Hyo‐Eun , Kim Ok , Kim Sang Kyum , Ahn Sang‐Gun , Kang Keon Wook 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackground and Objective5‐Aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) and its derivatives act as precursors of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). In this study, we compared cytotoxic effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the hexenyl ester of ALA (ALA‐hx) between MCF‐7 human breast cancer cells and adriamycin‐resistant MCF‐7 (MCF‐7/ADR) cells.Materials and MethodsCell viability and apoptosis were determined by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenylte‐trazolium bromide (MTT), flow cytometry assays. Chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays were applied to assess in vivo effect of ALA‐hx PDT. Molecular analyses using Western blots and minimal reporter constructs containing the antioxidant response element (ARE) region were performed to reveal mechanistic basis for the differential PDT sensitivity of MCF‐7 and MCF‐7/ADR cells.ResultsIn MCF‐7/ADR cells, PDT with ALA‐hx more efficiently produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and suppressed cell viability compared to MCF‐7 cells. Cell death induced by ALA‐hx PDT in MCF‐7/ADR cells was mainly due to apoptosis. CAM assays confirmed that the apoptotic activity of PDT in MCF‐7/ADR cells was significantly higher than that in control MCF‐7 cells. We also found that MCF‐7/ADR cells produced lower levels of glutathione (GSH), a major antioxidant, than control MCF‐7 cells. Expression of Nrf2‐dependent anti‐oxidant genes including γ‐glutamylcysteine ligase, heme oxygenase‐1, and quinone oxidoreductase were down‐regulated in MCF‐7/ADR cells, and Nrf2 overexpression partially decreased the susceptibility of ALA‐hx PDT in MCF‐7/ADR cells. Moreover, PpIX synthesis and expression levels of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) and coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPO) were much higher in MCF‐7/ADR cells than MCF‐7 cells.ConclusionsALA‐hx PDT more potently produced intracellular ROS in MCF‐7/ADR cells, which might be due to down‐regulation of Nrf2‐mediated anti‐oxidant gene transcription and up‐regulation of PpIX synthesis via the induction of CPO and PPO. These findings suggest that ALA‐hx PDT may be usable as a therapeutic alternative for adriamycin‐resistant breast cancer. Lasers Surg. Med. 44:76–86, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Successful treatment of melasma using a combination of microdermabrasion and Q‐switched Nd:YAG lasers
Authors: Kauvar Arielle N.B. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveA common, disfiguring problem in women, melasma is often refractory to treatment, and long‐term remissions are difficult to achieve. This study assessed the safety and effectiveness of a procedure combining microdermabrasion, a topical regimen, and low fluence Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser treatment.Materials and MethodsIn this observational study of 27 female subjects, phototypes II–V, referred for treatment of mixed‐type melasma refractory to previous therapies, low‐fluence QS Nd:YAG laser treatment of 1.6–2 J/cm2 with 5 or 6 mm spot was administered immediately following microdermabrasion. Daily application of a broad‐spectrum sunscreen began immediately; subjects used a topical skin care regimen of hydroquinone with tretinoin or vitamin C. Treatments were repeated at 4‐week intervals. Follow‐up assessment was done 3–12 months after the last treatment. Adverse effects were recorded at each visit. Standardized digital photographs obtained before each treatment session and at follow‐up visits were objectively assessed by blinded comparison using a quartile grading system.ResultsTreatment was successful in all skin types, deemed painless by all subjects, and required no anesthesia. Average number of treatments was 2.6. Twenty‐two subjects (81%) had >75% clearance of melasma; 11 subjects (40%) achieved >95% clearance. Most subjects showed >50% clearance of their melasma 1 month after the first treatment. Side effects were limited to mild post‐treatment erythema, which developed after the microdermabrasion and lasted approximately 30–60 minutes. Four subjects noted temporary exacerbation of melasma after inadvertent sun exposure, but this resolved within several weeks of resuming the topical skin care regime. Remission lasted at least 6 months.ConclusionMicrodermabrasion plus low‐fluence QS Nd:YAG laser treatment is a simple, non‐invasive procedure with minimal risk, no recovery time, and long‐lasting remission. Treatment works on all skin phototypes in just two to three treatment sessions. Subject compliance with skin care was excellent, probably due to the dramatic improvement observed within 4 weeks. Lasers Surg. Med. 44:117–124, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigating visual misperceptions in Parkinson's disease: A novel behavioral paradigm
Authors: Shine James M. , Halliday Glenda H. , Carlos Mayra , Naismith Sharon L. , Lewis Simon J.G. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractVisual misperception and hallucinations represent a major problem in advanced PD. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these symptoms remain poorly understood, with limited tests for their assessment. A recent hypothesis has suggested that visual misperception and hallucinations may arise from disrupted processing in the attentional networks. To assess and quantify visual misperceptions, we developed the novel bistable percept paradigm (BPP), which consists of a battery of “single” and “hidden” monochromatic images that subjects are required to study until they are satisfied that they have recognized everything that the image may represent. In this experiment, 45 patients and 18 age‐matched controls performed the BPP. Using an error score value derived from the control group, 23 patients were identified as having significant deficits on the task. Compared to patients who were unimpaired on the task, this group of patients had significantly higher levels of self‐reported hallucinations on the SCales for Outcomes in PArkinson's Disease–Psychiatric Complications and also symptoms of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD). Furthermore, impairment on the BPP was associated with significantly reduced performance on an attentional set‐shifting task. Patients with impaired performance on the BPP had higher rates of hallucinations, increased symptoms of RBD, and poorer performance on set shifting, suggesting disrupted processing within the attentional control networks. We propose that the BPP may offer a novel approach for exploring the neural correlates underlying visual hallucinations and misperceptions in PD. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling with optimized tagging efficiency
Authors: Shin David D. , Liu Thomas T. , Wong Eric C. , Shankaranarayanan Ajit , Jung Youngkyoo 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe adiabatic inversion of blood in pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) is highly sensitive to off‐resonance effects and gradient imperfections and this sensitivity can lead to tagging efficiency loss and unpredictable variations in cerebral blood flow estimates. This efficiency loss is caused by a phase tracking error between the RF pulses and the flowing spins. This article introduces a new method, referred to as Optimized PCASL (OptPCASL), that minimizes the phase tracking error by applying an additional compensation RF phase term and in‐plane gradients to the PCASL pulse train. The optimal RF phase and gradient amplitudes are determined using a prescan procedure, which consists of a series of short scans interleaved with automated postprocessing routines integrated to the scanner console. The prescan procedure is shown to minimize the phase tracking error in a robust and time efficient manner. As an example of its application, the use of OptPCASL for the improved detection of functional activation in the visual cortex is demonstrated and temporal signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), image SNR, and baseline cerebral blood flow measures are compared to those acquired from conventional PCASL. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Real‐time dynamic frequency and shim correction for single‐voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Keating Brian , Ernst Thomas 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSubject motion during brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy acquisitions generally reduces the magnetic field (B0) homogeneity across the volume of interest or voxel. This is the case even if prospective motion correction ensures that the voxel follows the head. We introduce a novel method for rapidly mapping linear variations in B0 across a small volume using two‐dimensional excitations. The new field mapping technique was integrated into a prospectively motion‐corrected single‐voxel 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy sequence. Interference with the magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurement was negligible, and there was no penalty in scan time. Frequency shifts were also measured continuously, and both frequency and first‐order shim corrections were applied in real time. Phantom experiments and in vivo studies demonstrated that the resulting motion‐ and shim‐corrected sequence is able to mitigate line broadening and maintain spectral quality even in the presence of large‐amplitude subject motion. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.