bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of linolenic acid from linseed oil
Authors: Beal R. E. , Sohns V. E. , Eisenhauer R. A. , Griffin E. L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractLinolenic acid of more than 95% purity was produced by liquid‐liquid extraction of linseed oil fatty acids with wet furfural and hexane in a Podbielniak centrifugal extractor. The minimum ratio of furfural to linseed acids to obtain this purity was 10 to 1. There was no significant change in product purity for solvent ratios between 10 and 15, operating temperatures from 90Ŷ to 110ŶF., and furfural moisture contents between 1.0 and 2.8%. When the solvent ratio is reduced to 8 or the furfural moisture to 0.2%, purity decreases. Oxidation of linseed acids before extraction also results in decreased separation. An estimate based on pilotplant data indicates a 舠cost to make舡 (excluding administrative and selling expenses, profit, income taxes, and interest on investment) of 18.0 cents per pound of 97% linolenic acid for a process which includes hydrolyzing linseed oil, separating the fatty acids by liquid‐liquid extraction, recovering solvents by distillation, and distilling the fatty acid products. Potential uses for linolenic acid are reviewed.
Invasive species management in two‐patch environments: agricultural damage control in the raccoon (Procyon lotor) problem, Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Kotani Koji , Ishii Hiromasa , Matsuda Hiroyuki , Ikeda Tohru 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe develop discrete‐time models for analyzing the long‐run equilibrium outcomes on invasive species management in two‐patch environments with migration. In particular, the focus is on a situation where removal operations for invasive species are implemented only in one patch (controlled patch). The new features of the model are that (1) asymmetry in density‐dependent migration is considered, which may originate from impact of harvesting as well as heterogeneous habitat conditions, and (2) the effect of density‐dependent catchability accounts for the fact that the required effort level to remove one individual may rise as the existing population decreases. The model is applied to agricultural damage control in the raccoon (Procyon lotor) problem that has occurred in Hokkaido, Japan. Numerical illustrations demonstrate that the long‐run equilibrium outcomes largely depend on the degree of asymmetry in migration as well as the sensitivity of catchability in response to a change in the population size of the invasive species. Furthermore, we characterize the conditions under which the economically optimal effort levels are qualitatively affected by the above two factors, and conclude that aiming at local extermination of invasive species in the controlled patch is justified.
Modelling mate‐finding Allee effects and populations dynamics, with applications in pest control
Authors: Boukal David S. , Berec Luděk 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we review how mate‐finding Allee effects enter population dynamical models that consider both sexes, highlight possible limitations of the more widely used “one‐sex” models, and outline the links between the different model classes. We further explore interactions between the mate‐finding Allee effect and other mechanisms relevant to pest‐control strategies: release of natural enemies, sterile male release, and culling. Many of these strategies impose an additional component Allee effect on the population, and we discuss which of them might be efficient in the control of pest species that also suffer from the failure to locate mates. We focus primarily on eradication thresholds; our simple models show that most of the strategies yield similar results, and depending on the costs, one strategy or a combination of several can lead to the most efficient control.
Spatially implicit approaches to understand the manipulation of mating success for insect invasion management
Authors: Yamanaka Takehiko , Liebhold Andrew M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractRecent work indicates that Allee effects (the positive relationship between population size and per capita growth rate) are critical in determining the successful establishment of invading species. Allee effects may create population thresholds, and failure to establish is likely if invading populations fall below these thresholds. There are many mechanisms that may contribute to Allee effects, but mate‐location failure is a common cause in sexually reproducing insects. Consequently, mate‐location failure represents a type of “weak link” that may be enhanced in order to achieve eradication of insect populations during the early stages of invasion. In this paper, spatially implicit models that account for mating behavior of both sexes are used to explore the enhancement of mate‐location failure in pest eradication programs. Distinct from the previous studies, the Allee effect emerges from a mechanistic representation of mate‐location failure in our model. Three specific eradication strategies, sterile insect release, mass‐trapping, and mating disruption, are incorporated into the model and tested for their ability to depress population growth during the early stages of invasions. We conducted simulations with the model parameterized to represent two types of insects: Coleopteran‐like insects which are long‐lived and capable of multiple matings, but have low daily reproductive rates, and Lepidopteran‐like insects which are capable of mating only once per generation, have an ephemeral reproductive stage, and have high reproductive rates. Simulations indicated that: (1) many insect pests are more likely to be eradicated than had been previously predicted by classic models which do not account for mate‐finding difficulties, (2) for Lepidopteran‐like insects, mass‐trapping has the greatest potential for eradication among the three methods when a large number of traps can be installed, although mating‐disruption will be the most effective if we can anticipate confusion or trail‐masking mechanisms of disruption, and (3) populations of Coleopteran‐like insects may be most effectively eradicated using the sterile male release method. Though more detailed models should be tailored for individual species, we expect that the spatially implicit approaches outlined in this paper can be widely adapted to study the efficiency of various eradication approaches in sparse conditions.
Effects of Dietary Coconut Oil on the Biochemical and Anthropometric Profiles of Women Presenting Abdominal Obesity
Authors: Assunção Monica L. , Ferreira Haroldo S. , dos Santos Aldenir F. , Cabral Cyro R. , Florêncio Telma M. M. T. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe effects of dietary supplementation with coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles of women presenting waist circumferences (WC) >88 cm (abdominal obesity) were investigated. The randomised, double‐blind, clinical trial involved 40 women aged 20–40 years. Groups received daily dietary supplements comprising 30 mL of either soy bean oil (group S; n = 20) or coconut oil (group C; n = 20) over a 12‐week period, during which all subjects were instructed to follow a balanced hypocaloric diet and to walk for 50 min per day. Data were collected 1 week before (T1) and 1 week after (T2) dietary intervention. Energy intake and amount of carbohydrate ingested by both groups diminished over the trial, whereas the consumption of protein and fibre increased and lipid ingestion remained unchanged. At T1 there were no differences in biochemical or anthropometric characteristics between the groups, whereas at T2 group C presented a higher level of HDL (48.7 ± 2.4 vs. 45.00 ± 5.6; P = 0.01) and a lower LDL:HDL ratio (2.41 ± 0.8 vs. 3.1 ± 0.8; P = 0.04). Reductions in BMI were observed in both groups at T2 (P < 0.05), but only group C exhibited a reduction in WC (P = 0.005). Group S presented an increase (P < 0.05) in total cholesterol, LDL and LDL:HDL ratio, whilst HDL diminished (P = 0.03). Such alterations were not observed in group C. It appears that dietetic supplementation with coconut oil does not cause dyslipidemia and seems to promote a reduction in abdominal obesity.
Formulation of zero‐trans acid shortenings and margarines and other food fats with products of the oil palm
Authors: Berger K. G. , Idris Nor Aini 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe fruit of the oil palm yields two types of oil. The flesh yields 20–22% of palm oil (C16∶0 44%, C18∶1 39%, C18∶2 10%). This represents about 90% of the total oil yield. The other 10%, obtained from the kernel, is a lauric acid oil similar to coconut oil. Palm oil is semisolid, and a large part of the annual Malaysian production of about 14 million tonnes is fractionated to give palm olein, which is widely used for industrial frying, and palm stearin, a valuable hard stock. Various grades of the latter are available. Formulae have been developed by straight blending and by interesterification of palm oil and palm kernel oil to produce shortenings and margarines using hydrogenated fats to give the consistency required. Products that include these formulations are cake shortenings, vanaspati (for the Indian subcontinent), soft and brick margarines, pastry margarines, and reduced fat spreads. Other food uses of palm products in vegetable‐fat ice cream and cheese, salad oils, as a peanut butter stabilizer, and in confectioners fats are discussed briefly here.
Production of cocoa butter substitutes via two‐stage static fractionation of palm kernel oil
Authors: Calliauw G. , Foubert I. , De Greyt W. , Dijckmans P. , Kellens M. , Dewettinck K. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAs are traditional fractionation technologies, static dry fractionation is a highly reliable technology for the consistent production of good‐quality palm kernel stearin (PKS) for use as cocoa butter substitute (CBS) after total hydrogenation. A new process route now permits the production of unhardened yet high‐quality CBS. Also an increase in total stearin yield can be achieved, via a successful refractionation of palm kernel olein. DSC analysis together with pilot static fractionation trials on the palm kernel olein indicates that a cooling water temperature that is too low (e.g., 17°C) may result in the quick formation of unstable crystals that are possibly later converted to a more stable form. The resulting mixture of crystals with a possibly different polymorphic structure is easily squeezed through the filter cloth during filtration, whereas a slower, but more homogeneous co‐crystallization occurs at higher temperature (18°C or higher) and results in a much more stress‐resistant slurry. Polarized light microscopy analysis confirmed that crystal size is not the only determining factor for a successful filtration. The total two‐stage static fractionation of palm kernel oil (PKO) [iodine value (IV) 18] on a pilot scale results in the following three end products: PKS IV 5 (yield: 29%, for direct use as CBS), PK olein IV 27 (yield: 58%), and PKS IV 7 (yield: 13% for use as CBS after full hydrogenation). The unhardened PKS IV 5 has outstanding melting and crystallization properties, comparable to traditional hydrogenated stearin fractions. Therefore, rather than the higher stearin yield, the reduced hydrogenation capacity is most probably the most important benefit of the two‐stage static fractionation process.
Rapid synthesis of palm‐based monoacylglycerols
Authors: Cheng Sit‐Foon , Choo Yuen‐May , Ma Ah‐Ngan , Chuah Cheng‐Hock 
Published: May 2009

AbstractRapid synthesis of high‐purity MAG from refined, bleached, and deodorized palm stearin (RBDPS) via chemical glycerolysis in the presence of pyridine was developed to obviate the conventional molecular distillation in the production of pure MAG. The optimal reaction for the sodium methoxide‐catalyzed glycerolyis of RBDPS was recorded at 110°C using a 3 wt% catalyst concentration based on the weight of RBDPS, with an RBDPS/glycerol ratio of 1∶2 and an RBDPS/pyridine ratio of 1∶4. High yields of over 99% were achieved rapidly in 15 min, and increases in DAG and FFA were observed after a prolonged reaction time.
The composition of corn oil obtained by the alcohol extraction of ground corn
Authors: Moreau Robert A. , Hicks Kevin B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAll commercial corn oil is obtained by the hexane extraction of corn germ. The chemical composition of commercial corn oil has been well characterized. This study was under‐taken to quantitatively evaluate the lipid composition of corn oil obtained by the ethanol extraction of ground, whole corn kernels. When corn oil was obtained by extracting ground corn kernels (ground corn) with polar or nonpolar solvents, the resulting corn oil contained much higher levels of hydroxycinnamate steryl esters (≈0.3%) than those found in commercial hexane‐extracted corn (germ) oil (≈0.02%). The levels of valuable tocopherols and tocotrienols were also significantly higher in kernel oil than in traditional corn germ oil. We previously reported that when corn oil was obtained by extracting corn kernels with polar solvents, the oil contained two polyamine conjugates, diferuloylputrescine and p‐coumaroyl feruloylputrescine. In the current study, when ground corn was extracted with ethanol, the resulting corn oil contained about 0.5% diferuloylputrescine and about 0.2% p‐coumaroyl feruloylputrescine. This is the first study to quantify these unique compounds in corn oil extracted by new techniques. This compositional information is important because this new oil is being considered for human food use.
Purification of Arachidonic acid from Mortierella single‐cell oil by selective esterification with Burkholderia cepacia lipase
Authors: Yamauchi Asao , Nagao Toshihiro , Watanabe Yomi , Sumida Motoo , Kobayashi Takashi , Shimada Yuji 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPurification of arachidonic acid (AA) from Mortierella alpina single‐cell oil was attempted. The process comprised three steps: (i) preparation of FFA by nonselective hydrolysis of the oil with Alcaligenes sp. lipase; (ii) elimination of long‐chain saturated FA from the resulting FFA by urea adduct fractionation; and (iii) enrichment of AA through lipase‐catalyzed selective esterification with lauryl alcohol (LauOH). In the third step, screening of industrially available lipases indicated that Burkholderia cepacia lipase (Lipase‐PS, Amano Enzyme Inc., Aichi, Japan) acted on AA more weakly than on other FA and was the most effective for enrichment of AA in the FFA fraction. When the FFA obtained by urea adduct fractionation were esterified with 2 molar equivalents of LauOH at 30°C for 16 h in a mixture with 20% water and 20 units (U)/g‐mixture of Lipase‐PS, the esterification reached 39% and the content of AA in the FFA fraction was raised from 61 to 86 wt%. To further increase the content of AA, unesterified FFA were allowed to react again under the same conditions as those in the first selective esterification except for the use of 50 U/g Lipase‐PS. A series of procedures raised the content of AA to 97 wt% with a 49% recovery based on the initial content in the single‐cell oil. These results indicated that the three‐step process for selective esterification with Lipase‐PS was effective for purifying AA from the single‐cell oil.
The production of fatty acid isopropyl esters and their use as a diesel engine fuel
Authors: Wang Paul S. , Tat Mustafa E. , Van Gerpen Jon 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBiodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines that consists of the monoalkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats. Currently, most biodiesel consists of methyl esters, which have poor cold‐flow properties. Methyl esters of soybean oil will crystallize and plug fuel filters and lines at about 0°C. However, isopropyl esters have better cold‐flow properties than methyl esters. This paper describes the production of isopropyl esters and their evaluation in a diesel engine. The effects of the alcohol amount, the catalyst amount, and two different catalysts on producing quality biodiesel were studied. Both sodium isopropoxide and potassium isopropoxide were found to be suitable for use in the transesterification process. A 20∶1 alcohol/TG molar ratio and a catalyst amount equal to 1% by weight (based on the TG amount) of sodium metal was the most cost‐effective way to produce biodiesel fuel. The emissions from a diesel engine running on isopropyl esters made from soybean oil and yellow grease were investigated by comparing them with No. 2 diesel fuel and methyl esters. For nitrogen oxide emission, the difference between the biodiesel produced from soybean oil and yellow grease was greater than the difference between the methyl and isopropyl esters of both feedstocks. The other emissions from using isopropyl esters were about 50% lower in hydrocarbons, 10–20% lower in carbon monoxide, and 40% lower in smoke number when compared with No. 2 diesel fuel.
Early reduction versus skin traction in the orthopaedic treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children under 6 years old
Authors: d'Ollonne Thomas , Rubio Amandine , Leroux Julien , Lusakisimo Simon , Hayek Toni , Griffet Jacques 
Published: May 2009

Background Femoral shaft fractures occur very frequently in children, and their prognosis usually is good. Nonoperative treatment is the gold standard for children under 6 years because of the excellent bony union and the remodelling qualities. Purpose The aim of this study was to compare two orthopaedic therapeutic methods: skin traction versus immediate reduction. Materials and methods The study involved 35 children, divided into two groups: in group 1, treatment consisted of skin traction for 21 days followed by hip spica casting; in group 2, an immediate reduction with early hip spica casting was performed. The ranges of motion, the delay before weight bearing, the hospitalisation duration and the required amount of painkillers were recorded. We compared initial shortening, axial, sagittal and rotational alignment, and femoral length discrepancy. We calculated the injured femoral diaphysal overgrowth and correlated it to the fracture type and location and to the initial shortening. Economical variables were also studied. Results The mean overgrowth was 8.9 mm in group 1 and 8.5 mm in group 2. Three years after the trauma, length discrepancy was 4 mm in group 1 and 1 mm in group 2. Hip spica casting leads to significant reductions in weight-bearing delay, hospitalisation duration and pain. The cost of treatment with skin traction was four times higher (24,472 euros) than that of immediate reduction (6,384 euros). Discussion Our results are in accordance with the literature. The femoral overgrowth was proportional to the initial shortening. Masculine gender, an oblique fracture and injury of the lower third of the femur were associated with the greatest femoral overgrowth. During the first year of follow-up, the femoral length discrepancy hardly varied after immediate reduction (4 mm), whereas the overgrowth reached 6 mm after skin traction. Overall, immediate hip spica casting leads to significant reductions in weight-bearing delay, hospitalisation duration, complications and costs, while having similar clinical results as traction.
Driver-vehicle interfaces and interaction: where are they going?
Authors: Damiani Sergio , Deregibus Enrica , Andreone Luisa 
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Car evolution
The car was born around a century ago and its evolution has been incredibly fast, both in technology and in style. We have to move through different social and cultural evolutions to arrive to the present state of the art. The technical and social acceleration of the 20th century is well visible looking at the different worldwide research programs. Nowadays digital content and ubiquitous computing are changing us and our life style. New concepts involving the full society are emerging and the term “personal mobility” becomes more and more used together with “co-operative driving” and “environmental compatibility”.

HMI evolution
Human Machine Interaction (HMI), initially limited only to the primary in-vehicle commands, has been a major issue since the beginning. In which direction is it moving? Which technological efforts will be key factors to face the challenges of the future? We are in the middle of a transition phase where the world has to cope with and to solve big problems as energy and climate change that can strongly influence the future of the automotive industry and not only.
PREVALENCE OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN SYRIA
Authors: OTHMAN HASAN , SAADAT MOSTAFA 
Published: May 2009

SummaryConsanguineous marriage is the union of individuals having at least one common ancestor. The present cross-sectional study was done in order to illustrate the prevalence and types of consanguineous marriages in the Syrian Arab Republic. Data on consanguineous marriages were collected using a simple questionnaire. The total number of couples in this study was 67,958 (urban areas: 36,574 couples; rural areas: 31,384 couples) from the following provinces: Damascus, Hamah, Tartous, Latakia, Al Raqa, Homs, Edlep and Aleppo. In each province urban and rural areas were surveyed. Consanguineous marriage was classified by the degree of relationship between couples: double first cousins (F=1/8), first cousins (F=1/16), second cousins (F=1/64) and beyond second cousins (F<1/64). The coefficient of inbreeding (F) was calculated for each couple and the mean coefficient of inbreeding (α) estimated for the population of each province, stratified by rural and urban areas. The results showed that the overall frequency of consanguinity was 30.3% in urban and 39.8% in rural areas. Total rate of consanguinity was found to be 35.4%. The equivalent mean inbreeding coefficient (α) was 0.0203 and 0.0265 in urban and rural areas, respectively. The mean proportion of consanguineous marriages ranged from 67.5% in Al Raqa province to 22.1% in Latakia province. The α-value ranged from 0.0358 to 0.0127 in these two provinces, respectively. The western and north-western provinces (including Tartous, Lattakia and Edlep) recorded lower levels of inbreeding than the central, northern and southern provinces. The overall α-value was estimated to be about 0.0236 for the studied populations. First cousin marriages (with 20.9%) were the most common type of consanguineous marriages, followed by double first cousin (with 7.8%) and second cousin marriages (with 3.3%), and beyond second cousin was the least common type.
Complex political perpetrators: reflections on Dominic Ongwen
Authors: Baines Erin K. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTDominic Ongwen is an indicted war criminal and former child soldier in one of the world's most brutal rebel organisations, the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). Ongwen is at once victim and perpetrator: what justice strategy is relevant? I introduce the concept of complex political perpetrators to describe youth who occupy extremely marginal spaces in settings of chronic crisis, and who use violence as an expression of political agency. Ongwen represents a troupe of young rebels who were ‘bred’ in the shadows of illiberal war economies. Excluded from the polity, or rather never having been socialised within it, such complex political perpetrators must be recognised in the debate on transitional justice after mass atrocity, lest cycles of exclusion and violence as politics by another means continue.