bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An outbreak of shigellosis in laboratory marmosets and tamarins (Family: Callithricidae)
Authors: Cooper J. E. , Needham J. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn outbreak of shigellosis due to Shigella sonnei, is reported in laboratory maintained marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and tamarins (Saguinus nigricollis). The clinical signs and pathological lesions are described and the microbiological findings discussed. Control of the disease was based upon hygiene and antibiotic therapy and the consequences of this approach are described in detail.
A newPseudomonasvaccine: Preliminary trial on human volunteers
Authors: Jones R. J. , Roe E. A. , Lowbury E. J. L. , Miler J. J. , Spilsbury J. F. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFifteen healthy volunteers were given three weekly subcutaneous injections of a new polyvalentPseudomonas aeruginosavaccine (PEV-01). Four doses – 1·0 RHD (manufacturer's recommended human dose), 0·75 RHD, 0·5 RHD and 0·1 RHD – were used in separate groups of volunteers. Blood samples taken before each of the injections and one taken 7 days after the last injection were examined for immune response to the vaccine and for possible adverse clinical, biochemical and haematological effects.Raised titres of antibody in serum of volunteers given 0·5–1·0 RHD vaccine were shown, often by the seventh day, in passive haemagglutination tests against all of the 16 serotypes ofPs. aeruginosarepresented in the vaccine; serum from volunteers who received 0·1 RHD usually showed a reduced antibody titre. Tests of mouse protection by serum against intraperitoneal challenge withPs. aeruginosaP14 showed increased titres of mouse protective antibody in the blood of volunteers given 1·0, 0·75 or 0·5 RHD of vaccine but a reduced mouse-protective titre in two out of three sera from volunteers given 0·1 RHD vaccine. There was a suggestion of enhanced phagocytic ingestion and intracellular killing of two strains ofPs. aeruginosaby the blood of vaccinated volunteers, and more definite enhancement of ingestion of inert latex particles, which were less well ingested than were the bacterial cells by phagocytes from unvaccinated volunteers.Apart from slight or moderate local reactions and a transient rise of temperature in some volunteers, there were no clinical, biochemical or haematological abnormalities in the vaccinated volunteers.
Nalidixic acid as a selective agent for the isolation of enterobacteria from river water
Authors: Hughes Colin 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYEnterobacteria are more resistant to nalidixic acid than the majority of other Gram-negative organisms isolated from river water, so allowing their selection on MacConkey agar containing nalidixic acid. Selection is further improved by anaerobic incubation which, with nalidixic acid, virtually eliminates oxidase-positive strains such asPseudomonasorAeromonas.
Prevalent serotypes ofBordetella pertussisin non-vaccinated communities
Authors: Preston Noel W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn many countries, the prevalent serotypes ofBordetella pertussishave changed from a mixture of types 1,2,3 and 1,2 (organisms possessing antigen 2) to a predominance of type 1,3. The timing of the change in different countries is shown to be related to the introduction of mass-vaccination with material rich in antigens 1 and 2 but weak in, or devoid of, antigen 3. In several parts of the world, there have been outbreaks of type 1,3 infection in fully vaccinated children.Non-vaccinated communities in various parts of the world still show the pattern of serotypes which existed elsewhere before mass-vaccination.In order to avoid the disappointments experienced in the past, it is essential that pertussis vaccine for use in previously non-vaccinated communities, like that for any other country, should be rich in each of the three antigens.
Salmonellain the American cockroach: evaluation of vector potential through dosed feeding experiments
Authors: Klowden Marc J. , Greenberg Bernard 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYRestrained American cockroaches,Periplaneta americanaL., were fed graded doses ofSalmonella typhimuriumranging from 1·6 × 103to 2·0 × 106, and their faeces assayed daily for the pathogen. Only 4 specimens out of 117 demonstrated multiplication of salmonellas, which was unrelated to size of input. When data of persistence regardless of actual numbers were expressed as percentageSalmonella-positive faecal-days, and these transformed to probits, a graph of percentage-positive faecal-days versus log dose allowed a calculation of the CD 50, or contaminative dose required for 50% of the faecal-days to be infective. The CD 50 for this cockroach species was 1·4 × 106Salmonella.
Isolation of salmonellas from sewage-polluted river water using selenite F and Muller–Kauffmann tetrathionate
Authors: Harvey R. W. S. , Price T. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSelenite F broth and a modified Muller—Kauffmann tetrathionate broth were investigated using sewage-polluted natural water as inocula. The modification of the tetrathionate medium was necessary as commercial alternatives would not allow multiplication of small numbers of salmonellas.The wide range of molar concentrations in different tetrathionate broths was emphasized.Selenite F broth was more efficient than Muller—Kauffmann tetrathionate broth, in our hands, with the material tested. Direct inoculation of the enrichment media was used.Each of the two media examined had a bias towards selection of certain sero types. If possible, both enrichment broths should be used to obtain maximum information.
The low prevalence ofClostridium botulinumin the lakes, marshes and waterways of the Camargue
Authors: Smith G. R. , Moryson Caroline J. , Walmsley J. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYMud samples collected in June 1975 from the lakes, marshes and waterways of the Camargue were examined forClostridium botulinum.The Grand Rhône and Petit Rhone were shown to contain types B and E, but of 44 samples taken from well distributed sites on the Ile de la Carmargue, only two (4·5%) were positive and these contained type E alone. The survey indicated a much lower prevalence ofCl. botulinumthan any encountered in recent surveys of inland aquatic environments elsewhere.
Serotypes of Bacillus cereus from outbreaks of food poisoning and from routine foods
Authors: Gilbert R. J. , Parry Jennifer M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA provisional serotyping scheme was used to type cultures of Bacillus cereus from 84 outbreaks of food poisoning in seven countries; 283 of the 337 (84%) cultures tested were typable.In 35 of the 61 outbreaks associated with a vomiting-type syndrome, foods, clinical specimens or both yielded H-serotype 1 only. Type 1 strains together with other serotypes were isolated in seven outbreaks. In 14 outbreaks types 3, 4, 5, 8 or a mixture of serotypes were present. Untypable strains were isolated in five outbreaks.Two of the nine diarrhoeal-type outbreaks yielded serotype 1 only. Types 2, 6, 8, 9, 10 and a mixture of type 12 and an untypable strain appeared to be responsible for one outbreak each.Although 16 of the 18 recognized serotypes were present among cultures of B. cereus from various routine foods, only 156 of the 400 (39%) isolates tested were typable.
Escherichia coli serotypes in the faeces of healthy adults over a period of several months
Authors: Shooter R. A. , Bettelheim K. A. , Lennox-King S. M. J. , O'Farrell S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe faeces of nine subjects eating mainly at home were collected at regular intervals over periods ranging from 2–5 months. Although a large number of serotypes of E. coli were isolated, the variety per subject was lower than is usually found. In most subjects only a limited number of serotypes persisted over most of the periods of study while many serotypes were only isolated on single occasions.
The Control of Air-Borne Bacteria and Fungus Spores By Means Of Aerosols
Authors: Pulvertaft R. J. V. , Walker J. W. 
Published: May 2009

IN a previous communication we (Pulvertaft, Lemon & Walker, 1939), gave an account of a method of sterilizing air by means of finely atomized antiseptic solutions, founded on the principles outlined by Trillat (1938). His claims were fully confirmed.The mists used in this method may be produced by a number of different appliances, and in the experiments here described were produced by the “Phantomyst” (Andre Components, Ltd.). The essential appliances are:(1) a mechanical compressor, electrically driven, and (2) an atomizer, usually of scent-spray type, provided with (3) a baffling system which returns to the reservoir droplets above a certain size, thus avoiding much wastage.
An Examination of The Modified Eijkman Method Applied To Pure Coliform Cultures Obtained From Waters in Singapore
Authors: Boizot G. E. 
Published: May 2009

Since the original definition of the coli-aerogenes group of organisms by MacConkey (1905,1909), research has been continually directed in an endeavour to find a more rapid and definite distinction between its respective members.In general, for the purposes of water analysis, the conform organisms can be divided into two main groups: faecal coli, of which Bact. colitype I can be considered the typical member, and the non-faecal organisms comprising the intermediate-aerogenes-cloacae (I.A.C.) organisms. All available evidence tends to show that Bact. colitype I is by far the most frequent organism in the human and animal intestine. Levine (1921) has summarized the figures of various workers and obtained a percentage ratio of 93·4:6·6 as the ratio of coli:aerogenes in faeces, while Bardsley (1938) has shown that in only a very few cases does the number of I.A.C. organisms exceed the faecal coli in faeces.
Dust acoustic solitary waves in non-thermal plasmas consisting of negatively charged dust grains and isothermal electrons
Authors: DAS ANIMESH , BANDYOPADHYAY ANUP 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation is derived here, that describes the nonlinear behaviour of long-wavelength weakly nonlinear dust acoustic waves propagating in an arbitrary direction in a plasma consisting of static negatively charged dust grains, non-thermal ions and isothermal electrons. It is found that the rarefactive or compressive nature of the dust acoustic solitary wave solution of the KdV equation does not depend on the dust temperature if σdc < 0 or σdc > σd*, where σdc is a function of β1, α and μ only, and σd*(<1) is the upper limit (upper bound) of σd. This β1 is the non-thermal parameter associated with the non-thermal velocity distribution of ions, α is the ratio of the average temperature of the non-thermal ions to that of the isothermal electrons, μ is the ratio of the unperturbed number density of isothermal electrons to that of the non-thermal ions, Zdσd is the ratio of the average temperature of the dust particles to that of the ions and Zd is the number of electrons residing on the dust grain surface. The KdV equation describes the rarefactive or the compressive dust acoustic solitary waves according to whether σdc < 0 or σdc > σd*. When 0 ≤ σdc ≤ σd*, the KdV equation describes the rarefactive or the compressive dust acoustic solitary waves according to whether σd > σdc or σd < σdc. If σd takes the value σdc with 0 ≤ σdc ≤ σd*, the coefficient of the nonlinear term of the KdV equation vanishes and, for this case, the nonlinear evolution equation of the dust acoustic waves is derived, which is a modified KdV (MKdV) equation. A theoretical investigation of the nature (rarefactive or compressive) of the dust acoustic solitary wave solutions of the evolution equations (KdV and MKdV) is presented with respect to the non-thermal parameter β1. For any given values of α and μ, it is found that the value of σdc completely defines the nature of the dust acoustic solitary waves except for a small portion of the entire range of the non-thermal parameter β1.
Do trematode parasites affect cockle (Cerastoderma edule) secondary production and elimination?
Authors: Gam Meriame , de Montaudouin Xavier , Bazairi Hocein 
Published: May 2009

Digenean trematodes are omnipresent in the cockleCerastoderma edule, a common coastal bivalve of (semi-)sheltered north-eastern Atlantic coasts. They can use their host as a second intermediate host where they remain in a relatively latent stage as metacercariae. Cockle population dynamics and trematode parasite load were monitored for two years in two sites, Arcachon (France) and Merja Zerga (Morocco) for the cockle cohort of 2005. Individual growth was slightly higher at Arcachon than at Merja Zerga (Von Bertalanffy parameters: K = 1.5 yr−1in both sites but L∞ = 31.2 mm at Merja Zerga against 38.3 mm at Arcachon). Production during cockle life was twice as high at Merja Zerga (48.5 compared to 22.2 gDW.m−2at Arcachon). Elimination compensated production at Merja Zerga while elimination was low at Arcachon (8.1 gDW.m−2) due to sediment dynamics which concentrated cockles within the sampling area. P/B was similar in both sites (2.4–2.6 yr−1) while E/B was higher at Merja Zerga (2.2 yr−1versus 1.0 yr−1). Trematode communities were similar in both sites in terms of species and abundance. During the cockle cohort lifespan, there were 3 to 5 events in the parasite abundance survey that suggested parasite-dependent mortality. At Merja Zerga, trematodes metacercariae did not affect P/B (2.4 yr−1) but increased E/B (+14%). At Arcachon, they also had no effect on P/B (2.6 yr−1) but on the contrary increased E/B (+20%). The threshold of metacercariae abundance beyond which cockles are affected was lower for Echinostomatid trematodes at Merja Zerga, suggesting an interaction with other factors such as temperature which is higher at the southern limit of cockle distribution.
An application of CaTraSys, a cable-based parallel measuring system for an experimental characterization of human walking
Authors: Ottaviano Erika , Ceccarelli Marco , Palmucci Francesco 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn this paper, an application is presented of a cable-based parallel manipulator as measuring system for an experimental identification of human walking characteristics. Experimental results have been obtained by means of a new version of CaTraSys (Cassino Tracking System), which is a measuring system that has been designed and built at Laboratory of Robotics and Mechatronics (LARM) in Cassino, Italy. The new version of the CaTraSys system has been used to determine the trajectory of the human limb extremity during walking operation and furthermore the system is able to measure forces that are exerted by a limb. Experimental determination of articulation mobility is also presented with numerical and experimental results.
Are homosexual males a risk group for hepatitis A infection in intermediate endemicity areas?
Authors: Ballesteros J. , Dal-Ré R. , González A. , Del Romero J. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of antibody against hepatitis A (anti-HAV) in a population of homosexual men compared with that of heterosexual men in an area of intermediate HAV endemicity (Madrid, Spain). A total of 148 patients were recruited in a Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinic: 74 homosexuals (mean age of 28±5 years) and 74 heterosexuals (29±5 years). The prevalence of anti-HAV antibody was 47% and 43% for homo-and heterosexuals, respectively. Among the factors evaluated (age, sexual orientation and practices, travel to high HAV endemicity areas) oral-anal contact was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of anti-HAV antibody (odds ratio, 2·8; 95% confidence interval, 1·1–7·4;P= 0·03). These results indicated that in an area of intermediate endemicity young homosexual men are not at increased risk of having acquired hepatitis A infection than heterosexuals. Oral–anal contact is an independent risk factor that influences the presence of anti-HAV antibody, regardless of sexual orientation.
A novel relationship between O-antigen variation, matrix formation, and invasiveness ofSalmonella enteritidis
Authors: Guard-Petter J. , Keller L. H. , Rahman M. Mahbubur , Carlson R. W. , Silvers S. 
Published: May 2009

SummarySalmonella entericaEnteritidis in chickens serves as a reservoir for salmonellosis in humans and the structure of its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been used to assess invasiveness. Culture from chick spleens generated colonies with an unusual wrinkled morphology, and it is designated the lacy phenotype. To characterize the nature of the morphological change, three isogenic variants were compared. Only the lacy phenotype produced a temperature-dependent cell surface matrix composed of several proteins in association with LPS high molecular weight O-antigen.Flagellin and a 35 kDa protein were identified as specific proteinaceous components of matrix. Both proteins cross-reacted with a monoclonal antibody previously determined to specifically detect the g-epitope of the Enteritidis monophasic flagella (H-antigen). These results suggest that O-antigen in association with protein contributes to cross-reactivity between molecules. The lacy phenotype was more organ invasive in 5-day-old chicks than isogenic variants producing low molecular weight O-antigen. However, it was no more efficient at contaminating eggs after oral inoculation of hens than a variant that completely lacked O-antigen, thus the lacy phenotype is classified as an intermediately invasive organism. The distinctive colonial phenotype of SE6-E21lacywas used to investigate environmental factors that decreased O/C ratios and contributed to attenuation. In so doing, it was found that growth in complement at 46°C caused matrix producing cells to hyperflagellate and migrate across agar surfaces. These results suggest that the structure of O-antigen might influence the secretion and/or the function of Enteritidis cell-surface proteins. The data also reveal a greater heterogeneity than has been assumed in the phenotype, and possibly the infectious behaviour, of Enteritidis.
Virulence ofStaphylococcus epidermidisin a mouse model: significance of extracellular slime
Authors: Deighton M. A. , Borland R. , Capstick J. A. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe ability to produce large quantities of bioflim on solid surfacesin vitrois believed to distinguish potentially pathogenic strains ofStaphylococcus epidermidisfrom commensals. Bioflim consists of staphylococcal cells encased in a matrix of extracellular polysaccharide (also referred to as slime), firmly adherent to each other and to the underlying surface structure. The association of slime with colonization of catheter surfacesin vivohas been examined extensively. Less attention has been paid to the contribution of slime to infections that occur in the absence of an inserted device. In a mouse model of subcutaneous infection without an implanted device 10S. epidermidisstrains (5 slime-positive, 5 slime-negative) produced abscesses; thus a foreign body is not essential for the expression of virulence byS. epidermidis. Biofilm-positive strains produced significantly more abscesses, that persisted longer than biofilm-negative strains. In these chronic infections, large numbers of staphylococci were associated with macrophages and viable staphylococci were cultured from specimens of pus collected at autopsy. Thus slime or components of slime appear to delay the clearance ofS. epidermidisfrom host tissues, possibly by interfering with intracellular killing mechanisms. However, differences in the capacity to produce abscesses, within both the slime-positive and slime-negative groups, indicate that other factors also contribute to the virulence ofS. epidermidis.
Antigenic and genetic analysis of equine influenza viruses from tropical Africa in 1991
Authors: Adeyefa C. A. O. , James M. L. , McCauley J. W. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA detailed analysis of equine (H3N8) influenza viruses isolated in Nigeria during early 1991 has been undertaken. Antigenic analysis and the complete nucleotide sequence of the HA gene of three Nigerian equine influenza viruses A/eq/Ibadan/4/91, A/eq/Ibadan/6/91 and A/eq/Ibadan/9/91 are presented and limited sequence analysis of each of the genes encoding the internal polypeptides of the virus has been carried out. These results establish that, despite the geographical location from which these viruses were isolated, two were similar to the viruses which were concurrently causing disease in Europe in 1989 and 1991 and were related to viruses that have been predominating in horses since 1985. The third was more closely related to viruses isolated from 1991 onward in Europe but also in other parts of the globe. A comparison of the nucleotide sequence of two of the viruses isolated in Nigeria (A/eq/Ibadan/4/91 and A/eq/Ibadan/6/91) with a European strain (A/eq/Suffolk/89) showed limited variation in the haemagglutinin gene which caused amino acid substitutions in one of the antigenic sites: this mutation resulted in the potential production of a new glycosylation site in antigenic site A. The other Nigerian virus (A/eq/Ibadan/9/91) showed only a single one amino acid change from another European strain (A/eq/Arundel/12369/91). The two distinct Nigerian viruses had several amino acid substitutions in the antigenic sites of the haemagglutinin glycoprotein.
Genetic analysis ofClavibacter toxicus, the agent of annual ryegrass toxicity
Authors: Johnston M. S. , Sutherland S. S. , Constantine C. C. , Hampsons D. J. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryMultilocus enzyme electrophoresis was used to examine the relatedness of 52 isolates ofClavibacter toxicus, the agent of annual ryegrass toxicity. These included 37 Western Australian (WA) field isolates sampled in 3 distinct locations over a 2-year period, and 15 isolates sampled from 6 different host plant species in 3 states in Australia over approximately 8 years. Seventeen reference strains for the related generaCurtobacterium, RhodococcusandArthrobacterwere examined for comparison. The 69 isolates were divided into 29 electrophoretic types (ETs), separated by genetic distances of 0·06 to 0·81. TheC. toxicusisolates fell into 12 ETs, 11 of which formed a tightly clustered group separated by a genetic distance of 0·23 or less. Thirty-one of the WA field isolates ofC. toxicusfell into a single ET, and four into another ET.Clavibacter toxicustherefore formed a closely related group which was genetically distinct from the other plant pathogenic species, and a dominant widely disseminated strain of the species was identified in WA.