bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Broiler Litter vs. Ammonium Nitrate as Nitrogen Source for Bermudagrass Hay Production: Yield, Nutritive Value, and Nitrate Leaching
Authors: Woodard Kenneth R. , Sollenberger Lynn E. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe Lower Suwannee River Basin (LSRB) in northern Florida is environmentally sensitive. This study evaluated two surface‐applied N sources for ‘Tifton 85’ bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) hay production and associated risk of nitrate contamination of groundwater. The study was conducted at two locations in the LSRB where soils are deep, sandy Entisols. During a 2.5‐yr period, bermudagrass received sole N source ammonium nitrate (AN), applied at 42, 84, 126, and 168 kg N ha−1 per growth interval, or sole N source broiler (chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus) litter (BL), applied at 84 and 126 kg N ha−1 Plots were arranged using a randomized block design with three or four replications depending on the location. Suction‐cup lysimeters were installed at a 1.4‐m soil depth to monitor nitrate movement from the primary rooting zone. For AN, dry matter yield and crude protein (CP) concentration increased with an increase in N level, while forage P declined and in vitro digestible organic matter increased. Forage yield with BL was 64, 48, and 67% of yield with AN applied at common levels in 1998, 1999, and 2000, respectively. Forage CP was mostly less for BL than for AN, but forage P was greater for BL. A potential risk to groundwater quality due to nitrate leaching below the primary rooting zone was observed only with AN applied at 168 kg N ha−1 Probable ammonia emissions from surface‐applied BL, however, likely resulted in poorer bermudagrass production and could impact nearby surface waters.
Three Cycles of Full‐Sib Reciprocal Recurrent Selection in Two Spanish Maize Populations
Authors: Romay M. Cinta , Ordás Bernardo , Revilla Pedro , Ordás Amando 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTSpanish maize (Zea mays L.) populations can be useful for enhancing adaptation and stress tolerance of commercial varieties. Two improved Spanish maize populations, one from the northwest and the other from the southeast of Spain, that represent an alternative heterotic pattern have been subjected to three cycles of full‐sib reciprocal recurrent selection to increase the performance of the population cross. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of selection on grain yield and on the correlated responses in the populations and their crosses and to investigate changes in heterosis and inbreeding depression during selection. Ten populations per se (S0), selfed (S1), and intercrossed were evaluated at six environments. Yield significantly increased with selection in the population cross (4.1% per cycle) and in the northwestern population (6.7% per cycle). Yield of the southeastern population did not change with selection. Correlated responses in other important agronomic traits were also in the desired direction. Mid‐parent and high‐parent heterosis increased significantly with selection (2 and 1.5%, respectively). The third cycle of selection of both populations is an interesting source for new inbred lines that could be the foundation for new adapted hybrids. The cross between the improved cycles could be useful for sustainable or organic agriculture as population hybrids, but more importantly, the reciprocal recurrent selection program can continue improving the population cross.
Foliar Nitrogen Uptake Following Urea Application to Putting Green Turfgrass Species
Authors: Stiegler J. Chris , Richardson Michael D. , Karcher Douglas E. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTFoliar fertilization often comprises a significant portion of the total annual N applied to putting greens. This study was initiated to evaluate the efficiency of this practice under field conditions. 15N‐labeled urea was used to quantify seasonal uptake of foliar‐applied N by creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera var. L. palustris (Huds.) Farw. ‘Penn A1’) and hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy ‘Tifeagle’) managed as putting greens. Urea was spray‐applied monthly, May through September, at rates of 0.5 and 1.25 g N m−2 Both species absorbed urea rapidly, with 24 to 67% of the fertilizer N entering the foliage within 1 h following treatment; peak foliar absorption was generally observed at 4 h after treatment. Percentage of foliar uptake was significantly reduced at higher application rates for both species. In addition, absorption of urea‐N by foliage of both species was affected by month of application and year. When averaged across all sampling times and N rates, foliar absorption percentages were similar between the two species, ranging from 36 to 69% for creeping bentgrass and 38 to 62% for bermudagrass. Overall, foliar absorption efficiency was variable and there were no consistent seasonal trends associated with these differences.
Advantages of Mixing Common Vetch Cultivars Developed from Conventional Breeding Programs when Grown under Low‐Input Farming System
Authors: Vlachostergios D. N. , Lithourgidis A. S. , Dordas C. A. , Baxevanos D. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTCultivar mixtures are suggested for low‐input farming systems because they introduce functional diversity. The lack of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) cultivars bred for and adapted to low‐input farming systems raises the issue of whether the mixtures composed from varieties developed under conventional conditions can satisfy the demands of low‐input agriculture. The objective of this project was to evaluate the performance of five common vetch varieties and mixtures of these varieties in a low‐input system. Three‐year preliminary experiments were conducted among widely adapted cultivars bred under high‐input conditions to select the most productive cultivars. Thus, five common vetch cultivars and their mixtures were evaluated under low‐input farming system (2007–2009). Dry matter (DM) production and crude protein content were measured for each entry. Mixture effect (ME) was calculated to measure the relative performance of a mixture over its components. Genotype main effect plus genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis was used to assess yield and stability. It was observed that ME for DM was positive for three mixtures over environments and ranged from 0.19 to 4.63 Mg ha−1 GGE biplot analysis indicated that two of the previous three mixtures exhibited the greatest yield and stability. Crude protein values of the mixtures were at least comparable with their individual cultivar components. These results showed considerable advantages of mixing common vetch cultivars bred under high‐input conditions for use in low‐input farming system.
Prediction Assessment of Linear Mixed Models for Multienvironment Trials
Authors: Burgueño Juan , Crossa José , Cotes José Miguel , Vicente Felix San , Das Biswanath 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTFixed linear models have been used for describing genotype × environment interaction (GE). Previous attempts have been made to assess the predictive ability of some linear mixed models when GE components are treated as random effects and modeled by the factor analytic (FA) model. This study compares the predictive ability of linear mixed models when the GE is modeled by the FA model with that of simple linear mixed models when the GE is not modeled. A cross‐validation scheme is used that randomly deletes some genotypes from sites; the values for these genotypes are then predicted by the different models and correlated with their observed values to assess model accuracy. A total of six multienvironment trials (one potato [Solanum tuberosum L.] trial, three maize [Zea mays L.] trials, and two wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] trials) with GE of varying complexity were used in the evaluation. Results show that for data sets with complex GE, modeling GE using the FA model improved the predictability of the model up to 6%. When GE is not complex, most models (with and without FA) gave high predictability, and models with FA did not seem to lose much predictive ability. Therefore, we concluded that modeling GE with the FA model is a good thing.
Latitudinal Distribution and Differentiation of Rice Germplasm: Its Implications in Breeding
Authors: Xiong Z. Y. , Zhang S. J. , Ford‐Lloyd B. V. , Jin X. , Wu Y. , Yan H. X. , Liu P. , Yang X. , Lu B.‐R. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTTo determine genetic differentiation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) across a latitudinal gradient, a total of 386 rice varieties, five African rice varieties, and 52 wild rice accessions mainly from a wide range of Asia were analyzed using insertion and deletion (InDel) molecular markers. Principal component analysis divided rice into two distinct groups, although African rice and wild rice did not show such grouping. Results indicated significant indica–japonica differentiation of rice adapted to a wide range of environments, contrasting with African rice and wild rice. Analysis of the geographic distribution indicated a clear pattern for different types of rice, in which indica varieties were found across a wide range of latitudes from ∼2° S to 40° N and japonica mostly limited to latitudes greater than 15° N. Most intermediate types were distributed in regions at latitudes lower than 27° N. Correlation between rice types and temperature along the latitude gradients suggested that indica varieties are less sensitive to temperature along the latitude ranges but japonica varieties are highly sensitive to temperature. The distribution and differentiation of various types of rice across the large latitudinal range is most likely the consequence of their adaptation to ecological and environmental factors, especially temperature. This, together with the accurate determination of indica and japonica types has important implications for hybrid rice breeding through selecting properly differentiated parents.
Grass Pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) as a Pre‐Plant Nitrogen Source for Continuous Conventionally Tilled Winter Wheat
Authors: Rao Srinivas C. , Northup Brian K. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTSources of organic nitrogen (N) for the southern Great Plains (SGP)—and methods of their use—need testing to find ways to counter the rising cost of N fertilizer. This study examined the function of the cool‐season pulse grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) as a pre‐plant N source for continuous, conventionally tilled winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). It was conducted in Oklahoma (35°40′ N, 98°00′ W) during 2004 to 2008, on three replicate blocks of four experimental plots (6 by 10 m). Inoculated grass pea (cv. AC‐Greenfix) seed was sown during late summer fallow (mid August) in one randomly chosen plot per block (75 kg ha−1 seeding rate in 60‐cm rows with 75% germination). Three additional plots per block mimicked traditional summer fallow with no (control), 40, or 80 kg inorganic N ha−1 All treatments were repeated on the same plots throughout the study. Samples were collected from grass pea plots at flowering over a range of 41 to 59 d after planting in different years and analyzed for N and digestibility. Aboveground (AG) biomass of grass pea was then shredded with a flail mower and incorporated before applying fertilizer treatments and sowing (100 kg ha−1) wheat (cv. Jagger) in 20‐cm rows. Aboveground biomass of wheat was collected at three growth stages (elongation, flowering, and maturity) and analyzed for N. Biomass of grass pea contained enough N to meet the needs of wheat at planting (40 kg N ha−1) in only 2 yr. Total AG biomass and N content of wheat under grass pea was similar to the control at elongation and intermediate between no and 40 kg N ha−1 at maturity in 2 yr. Biomass and N content of wheat grain under grass pea were intermediate between no and 40 kg N ha−1 in the first 2 yr and similar to the control thereafter. Therefore, grass pea was marginally effective as a pre‐plant N source for wheat for a limited period but may be more effective in sorghum‐based rotations in the SGP.
Accuracy of the Neuropad Test for the Diagnosis of Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Papanas Nikolaos , Paschos Paschalis , Papazoglou Dimitrios , Papatheodorou Konstantinos , Paletas Konstantinos , Maltezos Efstratios , Tsapas Apostolos 
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE
To estimate the accuracy of Neuropad for the diagnosis and staging of distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DPN) across different stages of neuropathy, using multiple-level likelihood ratios (LRs) to interpret the time necessary to complete the color change of the test.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We conducted a cross-sectional, cohort-type diagnostic accuracy study in 251 consecutive adult type 2 diabetic patients with no peripheral arterial disease or other potential causes of neuropathy, who were recruited between January 2005 and December 2008 from the diabetes outpatient clinics in Alexandroupolis Hospital, Greece. Patients were tested for DPN by means of the neuropathy disability score (NDS) and Neuropad. Multiple-level LRs for time to complete color change were calculated across different stages of neuropathy.

RESULTS
The areas under the curve for the diagnosis of any (NDS of ≥3), at least moderate (NDS of ≥6), or severe (NDS of ≥9) DPN were 0.91, 0.96, and 0.97, respectively. The calculation of multiple-level LRs showed that time to complete color change &lt;360 s suggested the absence of neuropathy. Values between 360 and 1,000 s were indicative of mild neuropathy. Finally, values between 1,000 and 1,200 or &gt;1,200 s were strongly suggestive of moderate or severe DPN, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Neuropad could be used as a triage test for the diagnosis and staging of DPN in patients with type 2 diabetes, prompting referral to specialized care setting.
Trends in the Risk for Coronary Heart Disease Among Adults With Diagnosed Diabetes in the U.S.
Authors: Ford Earl S. 
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of mortality among people with diabetes. The objective of this study was to examine the trend in an estimated 10-year risk for developing CHD among adults with diagnosed diabetes in the U.S.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Data from 1,977 adults, aged 30–79 years, with diagnosed diabetes who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999–2000 to 2007–2008 were used. Estimated risk was calculated using risk prediction algorithms from the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, and the Framingham Heart Study.

RESULTS
Significant improvements in mean HbA1c concentrations, systolic blood pressure, and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol occurred. No significant linear trend for current smoking status was observed. The estimated UKPDS 10-year risk for CHD was 21.1% in 1999–2000 and 16.4% in 2007–2008 (Plinear trend &lt; 0.001). The risk decreased significantly among men, women, whites, African Americans, and Mexican Americans.

CONCLUSIONS
The estimated 10-year risk for CHD among adults with diabetes has improved significantly from 1999–2000 to 2007–2008. Sustained efforts in improving risk factors should further benefit the cardiovascular health of people with diabetes.
Exposure to silver nanoparticles induces oxidative stress and memory deficits in laboratory rats
Authors: Hritcu Lucian , Stefan Marius , Ursu Laura , Neagu Anca , Mihasan Marius , Tartau Liliana , Melnig Viorel 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Currently most of the applications of silver nanoparticles are in antibacterial/antifungal agents in medicine and biotechnology, textile engineering, water treatment and silver-based consumer products. However, the effects of silver nanoparticles on human body, especially on the central nervous system, are still unclear. To study the mechanisms underlying the effects of silverpoly(amidehydroxyurethane) coated silver nanoparticles on brain functions, we subjected male Wistar rats to chronic treatments with silver-29 nm (5 µg/kg and 10 µg/kg) and silver-23 nm (5 µg/kg and 10 µg/kg) nanoparticles for 7 days. We evaluated the effects of nanoparticles size and structure on rat memory function. Memory processes were studied by means of two cognitive tasks (Y-maze and radial arm-maze). Exposure to silver nanoparticles significantly decreased spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze task and working memory functions in the radial arm-maze task, suggesting that nanoparticles have effects on short-term memory. We found no effects on long-term memory, which we assessed by reference memory trials in the radial arm-maze task. We found that memory deficits were significantly correlated with oxidative stress generation only in the Y-maze task. Our findings suggest that silver nanoparticles may induce an impairment of memory functions by increasing oxidative stress in the brain. The use of silver nanoparticles for medical purposes therefore requires careful consideration, particularlyif it involves exposure of the human brain.
Effects of substrate acidity and UV-B radiation on photosynthesis of radishes
Authors: Januskaitiene Irena 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the combined effect of substrate acidity (pH 4.8; pH 3.8) and 1 kJm−2d−1 UV-B radiation on photosynthesis and growth of radishes (Raphanus sativus L.). Radishes were sown in a neutral pH 6.5 peat substrate. When the second true leaf unfolded, the growth substrate was acidified using different concentration of H2SO4 and exposed to UV-B radiation for a period of ten days. Gas exchange parameters were measured with the LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system. Content of chlorophyll was evaluated spectrophotometrically. The results showed that the greatest inhibition of net photosynthesis was observed when radishes were grown in an acidified pH 3.8 substrate. The decrease of the photosynthesis of radish plants treated with both investigated factors (substrate acidity and UV-B) were lower compared to the effect of substrate acidity alone. UV-B radiation stimulated both enzymatic reactions of photosynthesis and water use efficiency of radish plants grown in acidified peat substrates. Also, investigated factors had higher impact on biomass of tuber than biomass of foliage.
Les transformations du crédit en France au XIXe siècle
Authors: Hautcœur Pierre-Cyrille 
Published: April 2011

Cet article présente les principales transformations de la monnaie et du crédit au XIX e siècle en France : développement de l’usage des billets de banque et des dépôts bancaires, apparition d’une variété d’institutions bancaires capables de fournir des services différenciés et complexes aux entreprises et aux épargnants, émergence de marchés boursiers sophistiqués. Ces évolutions sont analysées d’abord comme relevant d’une intégration de marchés de plus en plus vastes, en premier lieu à l’échelle nationale. Cette intégration résulte à la fois de la concurrence entre les agents financiers et de la création d’institutions privées ou publiques qui canalisent et organisent celle-ci. Ce processus est néanmoins fréquemment perturbé par les crises spéculatives récurrentes qui sont inséparables de l’innovation financière, et ce d’autant plus que la régulation de la finance reste assurée essentiellement dans l’intérêt de l’État et de la bourgeoisie rentière qui le contrôle de plus en plus.
Baudelaire et Liszt : le génie de la rhapsodie
Authors: Bohac Barbara 
Published: April 2011

« Le Thyrse » et « Les Vocations » de Baudelaire sont relus à la lumière du livre de Liszt Des Bohémiens et de leur musique en Hongrie . Par l’évocation de Bohémiens ou le symbole du thyrse, le poète résume les caractéristiques de la musique tzigane mises en avant par Liszt : l’ivresse passionnée qu’elle exprime, sa fantaisie rebelle à toute loi, sa tension vers l’idéal, son mélange vibrant de volupté et de douleur. Le thyrse devient le symbole de l’héritage hongrois dont Liszt nourrit sa musique (notamment les Rhapsodies hongroises ), mais aussi le symbole de la fraternité spirituelle entre le musicien et le poète : tous deux défendent une esthétique alliant liberté et maîtrise lucide. Avec Le Spleen de Paris , Baudelaire à son tour apparaît comme le rhapsode de la modernité : il fait sien les motifs de cette modernité, choses vues (dans l’espace urbain) ou choses lues (chez un Liszt par exemple), et crée, avec Le Spleen de Paris , une épopée de la civilisation moderne, placée sous le signe de la fantaisie, de l’oxymore et de la volonté consciente.
L'histoire mondiale/globale, une jeunesse exubérante mais difficile
Authors: Grosser Pierre 
Published: April 2011

Résumé L’histoire mondiale/globale est entrée récemment dans les débats historiographiques en France. Est-ce une nouvelle mode américaine, ou même un nouvel instrument de l’hégémonie américaine ou néolibérale ? Cet article explique pourquoi elle est un produit typique d’une Amérique multiculturelle, globalisée, marquée par la guerre froide et le monde post-guerre froide. Mais il existe d’autres traditions nationales d’histoire mondiale, et la recherche en histoire mondiale fonctionne comme un archipel transnational interconnecté. L’histoire mondiale est un champ prometteur, mais connaît nombre de faiblesses. La plupart des spécialistes de ce domaine en ont conscience, et craignent un retour de bâton nationaliste. En effet, l’histoire mondiale peut devenir un simple vernis culturel pour des élites globalisées, ou un terrain d’affrontement pour des nationalistes qui voudraient avoir accès au grand récit universel de l’histoire du monde.
La croisade des gosses
Authors: Sill Édouard 
Published: April 2011

Résumé Durant la guerre d’Espagne, parmi les milliers de volontaires étrangers venus dans la péninsule, se trouvent plusieurs centaines d’adolescents. Ces très jeunes volontaires, français pour la plupart et ayant menti sur leur âge, sont alors considérés non comme de jeunes soldats mais comme des enfants, des « gosses ». Ils sont ainsi l’objet d’une attention particulière des adultes qui les distinguent des autres volontaires. Après avoir réussi, non sans mal, à rejoindre l’Espagne, ils doivent ensuite se dissimuler ou imposer franchement leur volonté de participer aux combats. Ainsi, leur statut juridique, à la fois contrainte et sauvegarde, se révèle une identité fluide et polymorphe qui les différencie des autres combattants volontaires étrangers. Leurs motivations, leurs parcours et les problèmes juridiques qu’ils soulèvent ou rencontrent forment un ensemble riche d’enseignements sur la guerre d’Espagne, l’engagement volontaire et la jeunesse du milieu des années 1930.
Le mythe de la France revancharde dans l'historiographie allemande des années 1919-1937
Authors: Charrier Landry 
Published: April 2011

Résumé L’article interroge la persistance de la culture de — guerre de l’Allemagne défaite à travers l’étude de l’idée de Revanche dans le discours de ses historiens entre 1919 et 1937. Cette réflexion a ceci d’intéressant qu’elle permet de tisser des continuités entre deux champs de recherches difficiles à penser conjointement : les guerres de 1914-1918 et de 1939-1945. La première partie montre comment le combat contre Versailles engendra un déplacement du centre de gravité de la culture de guerre allemande et un recentrage de celle-ci sur la France. La deuxième partie analyse les stratégies argumentatives élaborées par le national-libéral Hermann Oncken, l’un de ceux qui développa avec le plus de constance la thèse d’une France tout entière tournée vers l’annexion du Rhin