bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritional supplementation for older people
Authors: Lambert Matt A , Potter Jan M , McMurdo Marion ET 
Published: August 2010

SummaryMalnutrition is common in older people and is associated with a number of adverse outcomes. We review the evidence for the effectiveness of nutritional supplementation for older people in the community, in institutional care and following discharge from hospital. Studies in these settings are scarce, often include only small numbers of participants and are of variable quality. The interventions used are heterogeneous and difficult to directly compare. Oral nutritional supplements (sip feeds), dietary fortification, educational programmes, exercise, flavour enhancement and meal setting have all been studied. Evidence for use of oral nutritional supplements as sip feeds in undernourished community-dwelling and institutionalized older people and in those discharged from hospital is currently insufficient to recommend routine use. Flavour enhancement and more sociable meal environments may be beneficial. Further, more methodologically robust research is needed to clarify the effect of these interventions.
Effects of the Carbon Coating and the Surface Oxide Layer in Electron Probe Microanalysis
Authors: Limandri Silvina P. , Carreras Alejo C. , Trincavelli Jorge C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEffects related with the attenuation and deflection suffered by an electron beam when it passes through a carbon conductive coating and an oxide film layer on the surface of bulk samples are studied by Monte Carlo simulations and energy dispersive spectroscopy with electron excitation. Analytical expressions are provided for the primary beam energy and intensity losses and for the deflection of the incident electrons in both layers, in terms of the incidence energy, the film mass thicknesses, and the atomic number of the oxidized element. From these analytical expressions, suitable corrections are proposed for the models used to describe the X-ray spectrum of the substrate, including also the contribution of the X-rays generated in the oxide and conductive films and the characteristic X-ray absorption occurring in those layers. The corrections are implemented in a software program for spectral analysis based on a routine of parameter refinement, and their influence is studied separately in experimental spectra of single-element standards measured at different excitation energies. Estimates for the layer thicknesses are also obtained from the spectral fitting procedure.
Revised SHEA Position Paper: Influenza Vaccination of Healthcare Personnel
Authors: Talbot Thomas R. , Babcock Hilary , Caplan Arthur L. , Cotton Deborah , Maragakis Lisa L. , Poland Gregory A. , Septimus Edward J. , Tapper Michael L. , Weber David J. 
Published: August 2010

Executive SummaryThis document serves as an update and companion piece to the 2005 Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) Position Paper entitled “Influenza Vaccination of Healthcare Workers and Vaccine Allocation for Healthcare Workers During Vaccine Shortages.” In large part, the discussion about the rationale for influenza vaccination of healthcare personnel (HCP), the strategies designed to improve influenza vaccination rates in this population, and the recommendations made in the 2005 paper still stand. This position paper notes new evidence released since publication of the 2005 paper and strengthens SHEA's position on the importance of influenza vaccination of HCP. This document does not discuss vaccine allocation during times of vaccine shortage, because the 2005 SHEA Position Paper still serves as the Society's official statement on that issue.
A MedievalScholasticusand Renaissance Choirmaster: A Portrait of John Hothby at Lucca*
Authors: Brand Benjamin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractJohn Hothby's career as cathedral choirmaster at Lucca is one of the longest, best documented, and most exceptional of any Northern musician active in fifteenth-century Italy. As director of the cathedral school and choir, this Englishman embodied two models of music master: a scholastic trained in the old Trivium and Quadrivium, and a professional maestro di cappella. Fulfilling this double role was but one way in which Hothby differed from his fellow oltremontani by ingratiating himself with his Lucchese patrons, colleagues, and citizens at large. Another was the integration into his curriculum of older pedagogies of local and regional origin, ones designed to appeal to his Italian students. The most important example of such appropriation were the laude that formed a basis for his students’ exercises in two-voice mensural counterpoint. The latter appear in I-Lc, Enti religiosi soppressi, 3086, one of only two examples of student work to survive from before 1500. These newly discovered exercises thus illuminate not only Hothby's career, but also a hitherto obscure stage of learning by which aspiring singers progressed from strict, note-against-note discant to complex, florid polyphony.
Prophets, Saints, and Matriarchs: Portraits of Old Women in Early Modern Italy*
Authors: Campbell Erin J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis essay examines portraits of old women that were produced for the households of the professional and elite classes in Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy, and the Veneto during the second half of the sixteenth century, when, as a result of religious and social reform, women's lives came under increasing scrutiny. By interpreting the portraits within the context of prescriptive texts on the stages of women's lives, this study argues that the portraits provide evidence for the pivotal role of old women within the moral and symbolic order of the family, as well as in the wider community beyond the home.
EURObservational Research Programme: The Heart Failure Pilot Survey (ESC‐HF Pilot)
Authors: Maggioni Aldo P. , Dahlström Ulf , Filippatos Gerasimos , Chioncel Ovidiu , Leiro Marisa Crespo , Drozdz Jaroslaw , Fruhwald Friedrich , Gullestad Lars , Logeart Damien , Metra Marco , Parissis John , Persson Hans , Ponikowski Piotr , Rauchhaus Mathias , Voors Adriaan , Nielsen Olav Wendelboe , Zannad Faiez , Tavazzi Luigi ,   on behalf of the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA)
Published: August 2010

AimsThe primary objective of the new ESC‐HF Pilot Survey was to describe the clinical epidemiology of outpatients and inpatients with heart failure (HF) and the diagnostic/therapeutic processes applied across 12 participating European countries. This pilot study was specifically aimed at validating the structure, performance, and quality of the data set, for continuing the survey into a permanent registry.Methods and resultsThe ESC‐HF Pilot study is a prospective, multicentre, observational survey conducted in 136 cardiology centres from 12 European countries selected to represent the different health systems and care attitudes across Europe. All outpatients with HF and patients admitted for acute HF were included during the enrolment period (1 day per week for 8 consecutive months). From October 2009 to May 2010, 5118 patients were included in this pilot survey, of which 1892 (37%) were admitted for acute HF and 3226 (63%) for chronic HF. Ischaemic aetiology was reported in about half of the patients. In patients admitted for acute HF, the most frequent clinical profile was decompensated HF (75% of cases), whereas pulmonary oedema and cardiogenic shock were reported, respectively, in 13.3 and 2.3% of the cases. The total in‐hospital mortality rate was 3.8% and was cardiovascular in 90.1% of the cases. Lowest and highest mortality rates were observed in hypertensive HF and in cardiogenic shock, respectively. More than 80% of patients with chronic HF were treated with renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockers and β‐adrenergic blockers. However, target doses of such drugs were reached in one‐third to one‐fourth of the patients only.ConclusionThe ESC‐HF Pilot Survey is an example of the possibility of utilizing an observational methodology to get insights into the current clinical practice in Europe, whose picture will be completed by the 1‐year follow‐up. Moreover, this study offered the opportunity to refine the organizational structure of a long‐term, extended European network.
Delayed Time to Defibrillation after Intraoperative and Periprocedural Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Mhyre Jill M. , Ramachandran Satya Krishna , Kheterpal Sachin , Morris Michelle , Chan Paul S. 
Published: August 2010

Background
Delay in defibrillation (more than 2 min) is associated with worse survival in patients with a cardiac arrest because of ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia in intensive care units and inpatient wards.

Methods
We tested the relationship between delayed defibrillation and survival from intraoperative or periprocedural cardiac arrest, adjusting for baseline patient characteristics. The analysis was based on data from 865 patients who had intraoperative or periprocedural cardiac arrest caused by ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia in 259 hospitals participating in the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.

Results
The median time to defibrillation was less than 1 min (interquartile range, <1 to 1 min). Delays in defibrillation occurred in 119 patients (13.8%). Characteristics associated with delayed defibrillation included pulseless ventricular tachycardia and noncardiac admitting diagnosis. The association between delayed defibrillation and survival to hospital discharge differed for periprocedural and intraoperative cardiac arrests (P value for interaction = 0.003). For patients arresting outside the operating room, delayed defibrillation was associated with a lower probability of surviving to hospital discharge (31.6% vs. 62.1%, adjusted odds ratio 0.49; 95% CI 0.27, 0.88; P = 0.018). In contrast, delayed defibrillation was not associated with survival for cardiac arrests in the operating room (46.8% vs. 39.6%, adjusted odds ratio 1.23, 95% CI 0.70, 2.19, P = 0.47).

Conclusions
Delays in defibrillation occurred in one of seven cardiac arrests in the intraoperative and periprocedural arenas. Although delayed defibrillation was associated with lower rates of survival after cardiac arrests in periprocedural areas, there was no association with survival for cardiac arrests in the operating room.
Serum Levels of CK18 M30 and Leptin Are Useful Predictors of Steatohepatitis and Fibrosis in Paediatric NAFLD
Authors: Fitzpatrick Emer , Mitry Ragai R , Quaglia Alberto , Hussain Munther J , deBruyne Ruth , Dhawan Anil 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBackground:With the alarming growth in prevalence of paediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), there is a need for noninvasive methods of stratifying disease severity. Our aim was to evaluate a combination of serum biomarkers as a measure of disease activity in paediatric NAFLD.Patients and Methods:Forty‐five children with biopsy‐proven NAFLD were enrolled. Caspase‐cleaved CK18 fragments (CK18 M30), hyaluronic acid, leptin, and adiponectin were measured in serum using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein using a colorimetric assay.Results:Median age was 12.7 years (55% boys). Median body mass index z score was 1.7. CK18 M30 levels were significantly higher in patients with NAFLD versus controls, median 288 IU/L versus 172 IU/L (P < 0.001), and in those with steatohepatitis, median 347 IU/L versus simple steatosis (NAFLD activity score < 3), median 191 IU/L (P = 0.006). Significant fibrosis (≥F2) could be differentiated from no/minimal fibrosis (<F2), median 393 IU/L versus 243 IU/L (P = 0.03). Leptin could distinguish <F2 from ≥F2; 28.9 ng/mL versus 70.1 ng/mL (P = 0.037). Adiponectin, hyaluronic acid, and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein did not achieve significance in predicting steatohepatitis nor significant fibrosis.Conclusions:The present study combines use of markers for different processes in the development of steatohepatitis. Serum biomarkers, especially CK18 M30, are useful in stratifying disease severity in paediatric NAFLD.
Role of Intestinal Transporters in Neonatal Nutrition: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Minerals, and Vitamins
Authors: Boudry Gaëlle , David Elmer S , Douard Véronique , Monteiro Iona M , Le Huërou‐Luron Isabelle , Ferraris Ronaldo P 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTo support rapid growth and a high metabolic rate, infants require enormous amounts of nutrients. The small intestine must have the complete array of transporters that absorb the nutrients released from digested food. Failure of intestinal transporters to function properly often presents symptoms as “failure to thrive” because nutrients are not absorbed and as diarrhea because unabsorbed nutrients upset luminal osmolality or become substrates of intestinal bacteria. We enumerate the nutrients that constitute human milk and various infant milk formulas, explain their importance in neonatal nutrition, then describe for each nutrient the transporter(s) that absorbs it from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte cytosol and from the cytosol to the portal blood. More than 100 membrane and cytosolic transporters are now thought to facilitate absorption of minerals and vitamins as well as products of digestion of the macronutrients carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. We highlight research areas that should yield information needed to better understand the important role of these transporters during normal development.
WAVY LEAF1, an Ortholog of Arabidopsis HEN1, Regulates Shoot Development by Maintaining MicroRNA and Trans-Acting Small Interfering RNA Accumulation in Rice
Authors: Abe Masashi , Yoshikawa Takanori , Nosaka Misuzu , Sakakibara Hitoshi , Sato Yutaka , Nagato Yasuo , Itoh Jun-ichi 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
In rice (Oryza sativa), trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA) is essential for shoot development, including shoot apical meristem (SAM) formation and leaf morphogenesis. The rice wavy leaf1 (waf1) mutant has been identified as an embryonic mutant resembling shoot organization1 (sho1) and sho2, homologs of a loss-of-function mutant of DICER-LIKE4 and a hypomorphic mutant of ARGONAUTE7, respectively, which both act in the ta-siRNA production pathway. About half of the waf1 mutants showed seedling lethality due to defects in SAM maintenance, but the rest survived to the reproductive phase and exhibited pleiotropic phenotypes in leaf morphology and floral development. Map-based cloning of WAF1 revealed that it encodes an RNA methyltransferase, a homolog of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) HUA ENHANCER1. The reduced accumulation of small RNAs in waf1 indicated that the stability of the small RNA was decreased. Despite the greatly reduced level of microRNAs and ta-siRNA, microarray and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction experiments revealed that the expression levels of their target genes were not always enhanced. A double mutant between sho and waf1 showed an enhanced SAM defect, suggesting that the amount and/or quality of ta-siRNA is crucial for SAM maintenance. Our results indicate that stabilization of small RNAs by WAF1 is indispensable for rice development, especially for SAM maintenance and leaf morphogenesis governed by the ta-siRNA pathway. In addition, the inconsistent relationship between the amount of small RNAs and the level of the target mRNA in waf1 suggest that there is a complex regulatory mechanism that modifies the effects of microRNA/ta-siRNA on the expression of the target gene.
The NK1 receptor antagonist aprepitant does not alter the pharmacokinetics of high‐dose melphalan chemotherapy in patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Egerer Gerlinde , Eisenlohr Kathrin , Gronkowski Martina , Burhenne Juergen , Riedel Klaus‐Dieter , Mikus Gerd 
Published: August 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Nausea and vomiting are the most distressing side‐effects of a high dose melphalan regimen.• Aprepitant in addition to an antiemetic standard regimen has been reported to improve significantly both acute and delayed chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Anti‐emetic regimens including aprepitant have no clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of the anticancer agent melphalan when administered 1 h before high dose melphalan infusion.AIMSThe objective of this investigation was to assess the effect of aprepitant on the pharmacokinetics of high‐dose melphalan used as conditioning therapy before blood stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma.METHODSAprepitant (125 mg) or placebo was administered 1 h before melphalan therapy (1 h infusion of 100 mg m−2). Eleven plasma samples were obtained over 8 h and melphalan was quantified using an LC/MS/MS method. Standard pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and nonparametric testing was applied to assess the differences between aprepitant and placebo treatment.RESULTSTwenty patients received placebo and 10 patients aprepitant treatment. There were no differences observed for Cmax at the end of melphalan infusion (placebo 3431 ± 608 ng ml−1vs. aprepitant 3269 ± 660 ng ml−1). In addition, AUC and terminal elimination half‐life were not changed by aprepitant. Total clearance of melphalan was 304 ± 58 ml min−1 m−2 (placebo) which was not influenced by aprepitant (288 ± 78 ml min−1 m−2).CONCLUSIONSThe administration of the NK1 receptor antagonist aprepitant 1 h before a high‐dose chemotherapy does not influence the exposure and the elimination of melphalan. Therefore, oral administration of 125 mg aprepitant 1 h before melphalan infusion does not alter the disposition of intravenously administered melphalan.
Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes and risk of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in a pooled analysis of three studies
Authors: Shen Min , Menashe Idan , Morton Lindsay M. , Zhang Yawei , Armstrong Bruce , Wang Sophia S. , Lan Qing , Hartge Patricia , Purdue Mark P. , Cerhan James R. , Grulich Andrew , Cozen Wendy , Yeager Meredith , Holford Theodore R. , Vajdic Claire M. , Davis Scott , Leaderer Brian , Kricker Anne , Severson Richard K. , Zahm Shelia H. , Chatterjee Nilanjan , Rothman Nathaniel , Chanock Stephen J. , Zheng Tongzhang 
Published: August 2010

SummaryGenetic variations in DNA repair genes are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis and development of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). To further explore this hypothesis, we genotyped 319 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 27 DNA repair gene regions in 1946 cases and 1808 controls pooled from three population‐based case‐control studies of NHL in the US and Australia. Relative risks of NHL and NHL subtypes in relation to SNP genotypes were assessed using logistic regression. Associations of gene regions and pathways with NHL or NHL subtypes were explored using the minP and tail‐strength statistics, respectively. Overall, genetic polymorphisms within the DNA repair pathway were associated with NHL (P = 0·005). Similar associations were seen with the double‐strand break repair (P = 0·02) and nucleotide excision repair (P = 0·04) pathways. Five SNPs (BLM rs441399, RAD50 rs2237060, FAM82A2 rs2304583, ERCC3 rs4150506, and XRCC4 rs13178127) were particularly noteworthy because their gene regions were significantly associated with NHL or NHL subtypes (minP ≤ 0·05), or because of high level of statistical significance (P ≤ 0·005) and consistent findings across the three studies. These results support the hypothesis that common genetic polymorphisms in human DNA repair genes may modify the risk of NHL.
Cardiac magnetic resonance in transfusion dependent thalassaemia: assessment of iron load and relationship to left ventricular ejection fraction
Authors: Chouliaras Giorgos L. , Kattamis Antonis , Berdoukas Vasilis , Gotsis Efstathios D. , Mavrogeni Sophie , Ladis Vassilis 
Published: August 2010

SummaryCardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) has replaced all other surrogate measurements in the determination of transfusional cardiac iron overload in patients with thalassaemia major. We aimed to determine the diagnostic value of CMR T2* with respect to cardiac dysfunction (CD) as determined by CMR‐derived left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Cardiac T2* values and LVEF measured by CMR were recorded in 303 patients with thalassaemia major, at the time of their first CMR. T2* was correlated with LVEF (regression coefficient: 0·57, P < 0·001). The prevalence of CD was 32·9% in patients with T2* ≤ 8 ms, 12·5% in patients with T2* > 8 ms and ≤14 ms and reduced to 9·1% in patients with T2* between 14–20 ms. As the probability of CD is progressively, and not suddenly, reduced with increasing values of T2*, CMR has a limited diagnostic value for CD (Receiver operating characteristic analysis, area under the curve = 0·68). Patients with cardiac T2* ≤ 8 ms require careful and intensive management. This risk decreases with increasing values of T2* but even in mildly loaded patients the probability of impaired LVEF is not negligible.
Negative changes in the scientific publication process in ecology: potential causes and consequences
Authors: STATZNER BERNHARD , RESH VINCENT H. 
Published: August 2010

Summary1. Increasingly viewed to have societal impact and value, science is affected by complex changes such as globalisation and the increasing dominance of commercial interest. As a result, technical advancements, financial concerns, institutional prestige and journal proliferation have created challenges for ecological and other scientific journals and affected the perception of both researchers and the public about the science that they publish.2. Journals are now used for more than dissemination of scientific research. Institutions use journal rankings for a variety of purposes and often require a pre‐established number of articles in hiring and budgetary decisions. Consequently, journal impact factors have achieved greater importance, and the splitting of articles into smaller parcels of information (‘salami‐slicing’) to increase numbers of publications has become more frequent.3. Journals may prescribe upper limits to article length, even though the average length of articles for several ecological journals examined has increased over time. There are clear signs, however, that journals without length limits for articles will become rarer. In contrast to ecological journals, taxonomic journals are not following this trend.4. Two case histories demonstrate how splitting longer ecological articles into a series of shorter ones results in both redundancy of information and actually increases the journal space used overall. Furthermore, with current rejection rates of ecological journals (often ∼80%), many thin salami‐sliced articles jam the peer‐review system much longer (through resubmission after rejection) than unsliced articles previously did (e.g. when rejection rates were ∼50%). In our experience, the increased pressure to publish many articles in ‘high‐impact’ journals also may decrease the attractiveness of a future scientific career in ecology to young people.5. ‘Gatekeeping’ of journal quality has shifted from editors to reviewers, and several recent trends are apparent including: bias about appropriate statistical methods; reviewers being more rigid overall; non‐native English writers being criticised for poor communications skills; and favourable reviews being signed more often than unfavourable ones. In terms of production, outsourcing of copy editing has increased the final error rate of published material.6. We supplemented our perceptions with those of older colleagues (∼100 experienced ecologists) that responded to an informal survey on this topic (response rate: 81%). In the opinion of almost 90% of our respondents, the overall review process has changed and for 20% among them the professional quality of reviews has declined.7. We, and many older colleagues, are convinced there have been some negative changes in the scientific publication process. If younger colleagues share this concern, we can collectively counter this deteriorating situation, because we are the key to the publishing and evaluation process.