bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidative Evolution of Virgin and Flavored Olive Oils Under Thermo‐oxidation Processes
Authors: Issaoui Manel , Flamini Guido , Hajaij Myriem Ellouze , Cioni Pier Luigi , Hammami Mohamed 
Published: March 2011

AbstractChanges in the oxidative status of Chétoui olive oil were monitored to attest the efficiency of some bioactive compounds from aromatic plants to improve the stability of olive oils after a maceration process at different concentrations. Aromatized olive oils were prepared by addition of lemon and thyme extracts at four different concentrations (20–80 g kg−1 of oils) to virgin olive oils. The following parameters were monitored: free fatty acids, peroxide value, ultra violet absorption characteristics at 232 and 270 nm, fatty acid composition and aromatic profiles. After thermo‐oxidation processes, the oleic/linoleic acid ratio remained stable (4.5). Oxidative stability slightly decreased during thermo‐oxidation processes. The heating of the oils changed their volatile profile and led to the formation of new volatile compounds, such as the two isomers of 2,4‐heptadienal after heating at 100 °C or (E,Z)‐2,4‐decadienal and (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal after thermo‐oxidation at 200 °C. The use of lemon and thyme extracts modified the aromatic and the nutritional value of the olive oil by the transfer of some bioactive compounds, such as limonene and carvacrol. In contrast, the oxidative stability of the product did not change. Furthermore, the aromatized oils may be employed in seasoning and cooking of some foods.
Impact of the North Dakota Growing Location on Canola Biodiesel Quality
Authors: Haagenson Darrin M. , Wiesenborn Dennis P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCanola biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters, FAME) may have superior cold flow properties when compared to other biodiesel feedstocks, which is attributed to canola's high unsaturated and low saturated fat content. The objective of this study was to evaluate canola biodiesel fatty acid composition, cloud point (CP) and oil stability index (OSI) among several ND locations and production years. In Experiment 1, bulked canola varieties from seven growing seasons (2003–2009) were analyzed and in Experiment 2 a single canola variety (Interstate Hyola 357RR) harvested at two locations (2003–2005, and 2007) were analyzed. FAME was produced directly from seed via in situ alkaline transesterification methods. CP ranged from −0.1 to −2.4 °C and was significantly impacted by year and location. FAME generally met the ASTM B100 specification for OSI (3 h), but increased seed storage decreased stability. No significant differences were detected in FAME composition, and iodine value ranged from 108 to 123 g I2/100 g. A significant relationship between fat saturation and location with CP and stability was not detected among the samples in this study. Variation in fatty acid composition was small; thus, the significant variability in CP and OSI suggests either differences in minor constituents (antioxidants, waxes) or environmental seed stress impacted biodiesel quality. Our study supports the value of examining biodiesel quality in a canola breeding program.
Vernonia Oil: Conversion to a Mixture of Tertiary Amines Including N,N‐Dimethyl‐(12S,13R)‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenyl Amine
Authors: Johnson Nikki S. , Ayorinde Folahan O. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractVernonia galamensis is a new potential industrial oilseed crop found in tropical Africa. It is the source of a naturally epoxidized oil called vernonia oil (VO) which is extracted from the seed of the plant. In this study VO was used as the starting material for the synthesis of a mixture of amines, with the major product amine being N,N‐dimethyl‐(12S,13R)‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenyl amine. VO was transesterified via a base catalyzed methanolysis using sodium methoxide to yield VO methyl esters (VOME). Aminolysis of the VOME with dimethylamine as reagent and solvent under reflux conditions afforded the tertiary amides, with N,N‐ dimethyl‐(12S,13R)‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenyl amide as the major product. The mixture was then subjected to metal hydride reduction with lithium aluminum hydride in diethylether under reflux conditions to obtain the desired amine mixture including N,N‐dimethyl‐(12S,13R)‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenyl amine. Electron impact mass spectrometry was used to characterize the mixture of amines. Additionally, proton NMR, 13C NMR, and FTIR were used for characterization of N,N‐dimethyl‐(12S,13R)‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenyl amine. To further confirm the conversion of VO to the amines, the quaternary ammonium salts were synthesized and characterized by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry.
Modulation of electrolyte homeostasis by dietary nitrogen intake in growing goats
Authors: Muscher Alexandra S. , Piechotta Marion , Breves Gerhard , Huber Korinna 
Published: March 2011

In goats, the combination of dietary N and Ca reduction caused hypocalcaemia and further changes in Ca homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to characterise the effects of dietary N reduction under normocalcaemia on mineral and bone metabolism in young goats. Young male goats of the Saanen breed were fed a diet reduced in N (8 %) for about 7 weeks (ten animals per group) and were compared with goats fed with an adequate N (14 %) diet. When N intake was reduced in young goats, plasma urea concentrations as well as renal elimination of urea were reduced. This was inversely related to creatinine in plasma and urine, which increased during a dietary N reduction as a function of reduced renal activity to save urea during N scarcity. During this decrease in renal function, associated with declined insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations, a reduction in calcidiol and calcitriol concentrations could be observed. Meanwhile, carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen values and activity of total alkaline phosphatase were both elevated, indicating some bone remodelling processes taking place during a reduced N diet in young goats. The concentrations of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and total Ca were changed in several body fluids, indicating that Piand Ca homeostasis was perturbed in goats fed a reduced N diet. Therefore, more research is needed to find the balance between reduction of environmental N pollution by reducing dietary N in ruminant feeding and maintaining the animal's health.
Estimating the Effects of Large Shareholders Using a Geographic Instrument
Authors: Becker Bo , Cronqvist Henrik , Fahlenbrach Rüdiger 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLarge shareholders may play an important role for firm performance and policies, but identifying this empirically presents a challenge due to the endogeneity of ownership structures. We develop and test an empirical framework that allows us to separate selection from treatment effects of large shareholders. Individual blockholders tend to hold blocks in public firms located close to where they reside. Using this empirical observation, we develop an instrument (the density of wealthy individuals near a firm’s headquarters) for the presence of large, nonmanagerial individual shareholders in firms. These shareholders have a large impact on firms, controlling for selection effects.
Quality of life improvement for bone-anchored hearing aid users and their partners
Authors: McNeil M L , Gulliver M , Morris D P , Bance M 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectives:Bone-anchored hearing aid recipients experience well documented improvements in their audiometric performance and quality of life. While hearing aid recipients may understate their functional improvement, their partners may be more aware of such improvement. We sought to investigate patients' partners' perceptions of functional improvement following bone-anchored hearing aid fitting.Methods:Surveys were sent to 153 patients who had received a bone-anchored hearing aid through the Nova Scotia bone-anchored hearing aid programme. The validated survey asked patients' partners to give their subjective impression of the bone-anchored hearing aid recipient's functional status.Results and conclusions:Surveys were completed by 90 patients (58.8 per cent), of whom 72 reported having a partner. Partners reported a significant improvement in hearing (p ≤ 0.0001). Partners reported improvement in 87.0 per cent of functional scenarios, no change in 12.6 per cent, and a decline in 0.4 per cent. These findings demonstrate a significant improvement in the emotional and social effects of hearing impairment, as perceived by bone-anchored hearing aid recipients' partners.
Reasoning is for thinking, not just for arguing
Authors: Evans Jonathan St. B. T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThere is indeed extensive evidence that people perform fairly poorly in reasoning tasks and that they often construct arguments for intuitively cued responses. Mercier & Sperber (M&S) may also be right to claim that reasoning evolved primarily as argumentation. However, if it did, the facility became exapted to the function of supporting uniquely human abilities for reflective thinking and consequential decision making.
Spontaneous inferences provide intuitive beliefs on which reasoning proper depends
Authors: Uleman James S. , Kressel Laura M. , Rim SoYon 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSpontaneous inferences are unconscious, automatic, and apparently ubiquitous. Research has documented their variety (particularly in the social domain) and impact on memory and judgment. They are good candidates for Mercier and Sperber's (M&S's) “intuitive beliefs.” Forming spontaneous inferences is highly context sensitive, varying with the perceiver's conscious and unconscious goals, and implicit and explicit theories about the domain in question.
The world looks small when you only look through a telescope: The need for a broad and developmental study of reasoning
Authors: Narvaez Darcia 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIf the target article represents the summary findings of the field, reasoning research is deeply flawed. The vision is too narrow and seems to fall into biological determinism. Humans use reasoning in effective ways apparently not studied by researchers, such as reasoning for action. Moreover, as the brain develops through adulthood and from experience so do reasoning capabilities.
On the design and function of rational arguments
Authors: Opfer John E. , Sloutsky Vladimir 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIt is unclear how an argumentative environment would select for better reasoning given three general findings. First, argument rationality typically fails to persuade poor reasoners. Second, reasoned argumentation competes with more persuasive and less rational arguments for limited cognitive resources. Third, those poor at reasoning fail to distinguish between valid and invalid arguments. Reasoning, therefore, is poorly designed for argument.
A solid-mounted resonator-oscillator-based 4.596 GHz frequency synthesis
Authors: Boudot R. , Li M. D. , Giordano V. , Rolland N. , Rolland P. A. , Vincent P. 
Published: March 2011

This paper describes a 4.596 GHz frequency synthesis based on a 2.1 GHz solid mounted resonator (SMR) voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The SMR oscillator presents a chip size lower than 2 mm2, a power consumption of 18.2 mW, and exhibits a phase noise of −89 dBc/Hz and −131 dBc/Hz at 2 kHz and 100 kHz offset frequencies, respectively. The VCO temperature–frequency dependence is measured to be −14 ppm/°C over a range of −20 ○C to 60 ○C. From this source, a low noise frequency synthesizer is developed to generate a 4.596 GHz signal (half of the Cs atom hyperfine transition frequency) with a phase noise of −81 dBc/Hz and −120 dBc/Hz at 2 kHz and 100 kHz from the carrier. The frequency synthesis output is used as a local oscillator in a Cs vapor microcell-based compact atomic clock. Preliminary results are reported and discussed. To the authors knowledge, this is the first development of a SMR-oscillator-based frequency synthesizer for miniature atomic clocks applications.
Natural dissociation of olivine to (Mg,Fe)SiO
3
perovskite and magnesiowüstite in a shocked Martian meteorite
Authors: Miyahara Masaaki , Ohtani Eiji , Ozawa Shin , Kimura Makoto , El Goresy Ahmed , Sakai Takeshi , Nagase Toshiro , Hiraga Kenji , Hirao Naohisa , Ohishi Yasuo 
Published: March 2011

We report evidence for the natural dissociation of olivine in a shergottite at high-pressure and high-temperature conditions induced by a dynamic event on Mars. Olivine (Fa
34-41
) adjacent to or entrained in the shock melt vein and melt pockets of Martian meteorite olivine-phyric shergottite Dar al Gani 735 dissociated into (Mg,Fe)SiO
3
perovskite (Pv)+magnesiowüstite (Mw), whereby perovskite partially vitrified during decompression. Transmission electron microscopy observations reveal that microtexture of olivine dissociation products evolves from lamellar to equigranular with increasing temperature at the same pressure condition. This is in accord with the observations of synthetic samples recovered from high-pressure and high-temperature experiments. Equigranular (Mg,Fe)SiO
3
Pv and Mw have 50–100 nm in diameter, and lamellar (Mg,Fe)SiO
3
Pv and Mw have approximately 20 and approximately 10 nm in thickness, respectively. Partitioning coefficient,
K
Pv/Mw
= [FeO/MgO]/[FeO/MgO]
Mw
, between (Mg,Fe)SiO
3
Pv and Mw in equigranular and lamellar textures are approximately 0.15 and approximately 0.78, respectively. The dissociation of olivine implies that the pressure and temperature conditions recorded in the shock melt vein and melt pockets during the dynamic event were approximately 25 GPa but 700 °C at least.
Tidal surge in the M2 proton channel, sensed by 2D IR spectroscopy
Authors: Ghosh Ayanjeet , Qiu Jade , DeGrado William F. , Hochstrasser Robin M. 
Published: March 2011

The M2 proton channel from influenza A virus transmits protons across membranes via a narrow aqueous pore lined by water and a proton sensor, His37. Near the center of the membrane, a water cluster is stabilized by the carbonyl of Gly34 and His37, the properties of which are modulated by protonation of His37. At low pH (5–6), where M2 conducts protons, this region undergoes exchange processes on the microsecond to second timescale. Here, we use 2D IR to examine the instantaneous conformational distribution and hydration of G34, and the evolution of the ensemble on the femtosecond to picosecond timescale. The channel water is strongly pH dependent as gauged by 2D IR which allows recording of the vibrational frequency autocorrelation function of a
13
C =
18
O Gly34 probe. At pH 8, where entry and exit of protons within the channel are very slow, the carbonyl groups appear to adopt a single conformation/environment. The high-pH conformer does not exhibit spectral dynamics near the Gly34, and water in the channel must form a relatively rigid ice-like structure. By contrast, two vibrational forms of G34 are seen at pH 6.2, neither of which is identical to the high-pH form. In at least one of these low-pH forms, the probe is immersed in a very mobile, bulk-like aqueous environment having a correlation time
ca.
1.3 ps at pH 6.2. Thus, protonation of His37 at low pH causes liquid-like water molecules to flow into the neighborhood of the Gly34.
Growth mechanisms for doped clusters
Authors: Janssens Ewald , Lievens Peter 
Published: March 2011

AbstractStructural growth mechanisms for metal doped nanoclusters are investigated in combined experimental and theoretical studies. In particular, silicon, copper and gold clusters incorporating a transition metal dopant atom are investigated:SinX(X=Cu, V),CunSc+andAunY+withn< 20. The doped clusters are produced with a dual-target dual-laser vaporization source. Structural information about the doped nanoclusters is provided by infrared multi-photon dissociation spectroscopy. Their size and composition dependent stability is studied with photofragmentation and mass spectrometry. A detailed understanding of the role of the dopant atom in the structural growth and in the electronic structure of the clusters is obtained by comparison with quantum chemical computations using density functional theory.
Quantifying causes of discard variability: an indispensable assistance to discard estimation and a paramount need for policy measures
Authors: Depestele Jochen , Vandemaele Sofie , Vanhee Willy , Polet Hans , Torreele Els , Leirs Herwig , Vincx Magda 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Depestele, J., Vandemaele, S., Vanhee, W., Polet, H., Torreele, E., Leirs, H., and Vincx, M. 2011. Quantifying causes of discard variability: an indispensable assistance to discard estimation and a paramount need for policy measures. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1719–1725. Fishery-dependent data underpin the scientific advice given to fishery managers. However, discard estimates are often imprecise as a result of limited sampling coverage. Estimating discard rates from length frequency distributions (LFDs) in commercial catches may complement information from observer trips. The accuracy of estimates depends greatly on careful investigation of the discard variability. Here, the impact of three essential factors was quantified for beam-trawl fisheries in the southern North Sea: (i) market prices, (ii) landings per trip (LPT) limitations, and (iii) selectivity of the commercial fishing gear. Observed discard rates for cod, plaice, sole, and whiting were compared with estimates based on length frequency data, taking account of the variability attributable to LPT limitations and market price. Observed discard estimates of cod and whiting differed significantly from LFD-derived estimates because of highgrading. The results indicate that LFD-derived discard estimates are only reliable if the crucial driving factors are quantified. LFDs can be collected from research vessels or by fishers in partnership with scientists. Based upon many of these LFDs and the discard-variability factors identified in observer programmes, discard rates can be estimated better.
Germ‐Derived FAN as Nitrogen Source for Corn Endosperm Fermentation
Authors: Vidal Bernardo C. , Johnston David B. , Rausch Kent D. , Tumbleson M. E. , Singh Vijay 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTCorn endosperm separated by dry fractionation could exhibit poor fermentation performance due to loss of germ components beneficial for yeast growth. Inorganic nitrogen and other nutritional supplementations are used to overcome slow fermentation rates. We investigated the use of a protease in generating free amino nitrogen (FAN) from germ as an alternative to exogenous nitrogen sources. Up to 300% more FAN can be generated from germ in 6 hr of incubation with protease than without protease. Protease incubation also resulted in higher dry solids (ds) and total glucose contents in the germ hydrolyzates. During fermentation without urea addition, ethanol yields were dependent on mash FAN concentrations. Ethanol yields increased to a maximum when FAN level was 80–90 mg of FAN/100 g ds. At half the optimal FAN level (≈40 mg of FAN/100 g ds), nitrogen limitation occurred, as indicated by high residual glucose concentrations. However, germ FAN did not increase the ethanol yields compared to urea supplementation, likely because germ FAN resulted in lower substrate consumption compared to urea supplementation. Lower substrate consumption correlated to the increase in residual maltose with increase in initial FAN. Ethanol productivity in 0–24 hr of fermentation was higher with germ FAN than with urea, thus decreasing overall fermentation time.
Distribution ofSUN, OVATE, LC, andFASin the Tomato Germplasm and the Relationship to Fruit Shape Diversity
Authors: Rodríguez Gustavo R. , Muños Stéphane , Anderson Claire , Sim Sung-Chur , Michel Andrew , Causse Mathilde , Gardener Brian B. McSpadden , Francis David , van der Knaap Esther 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPhenotypic diversity within cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is particularly evident for fruit shape and size. Four genes that control tomato fruit shape have been cloned. SUN and OVATE control elongated shape whereas FASCIATED (FAS) and LOCULE NUMBER (LC) control fruit locule number and flat shape. We investigated the distribution of the fruit shape alleles in the tomato germplasm and evaluated their contribution to morphology in a diverse collection of 368 predominantly tomato and tomato var. cerasiforme accessions. Fruits were visually classified into eight shape categories that were supported by objective measurements obtained from image analysis using the Tomato Analyzer software. The allele distribution of SUN, OVATE, LC, and FAS in all accessions was strongly associated with fruit shape classification. We also genotyped 116 representative accessions with additional 25 markers distributed evenly across the genome. Through a model-based clustering we demonstrated that shape categories, germplasm classes, and the shape genes were nonrandomly distributed among five genetic clusters (P &lt; 0.001), implying that selection for fruit shape genes was critical to subpopulation differentiation within cultivated tomato. Our data suggested that the LC, FAS, and SUN mutations arose in the same ancestral population while the OVATE mutation arose in a separate lineage. Furthermore, LC, OVATE, and FAS mutations may have arisen prior to domestication or early during the selection of cultivated tomato whereas the SUN mutation appeared to be a postdomestication event arising in Europe.
The Membrane Mucin Msb2 Regulates Invasive Growth and Plant Infection in Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: Pérez-Nadales Elena , Di Pietro Antonio 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Fungal pathogenicity in plants requires a conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade homologous to the yeast filamentous growth pathway. How this signaling cascade is activated during infection remains poorly understood. In the soil-borne vascular wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum, the orthologous MAPK Fmk1 (Fusarium MAPK1) is essential for root penetration and pathogenicity in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Here, we show that Msb2, a highly glycosylated transmembrane protein, is required for surface-induced phosphorylation of Fmk1 and contributes to a subset of Fmk1-regulated functions related to invasive growth and virulence. Mutants lacking Msb2 share characteristic phenotypes with the Δfmk1 mutant, including defects in cellophane invasion, penetration of the root surface, and induction of vascular wilt symptoms in tomato plants. In contrast with Δfmk1, Δmsb2 mutants were hypersensitive to cell wall targeting compounds, a phenotype that was exacerbated in a Δmsb2 Δfmk1 double mutant. These results suggest that the membrane mucin Msb2 promotes invasive growth and plant infection upstream of Fmk1 while contributing to cell integrity through a distinct pathway.