bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-35 Enhances Lyme Arthritis inBorrelia-Vaccinated and -Infected Mice
Authors: Kuo Joseph , Nardelli Dean T. , Warner Thomas F. , Callister Steven M. , Schell Ronald F. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTInterleukin-35 (IL-35) has been reported to inhibit the production of interleukin-17 (IL-17) as a means of preventing arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. We previously showed that treatment ofBorrelia-vaccinated and -infected mice with anti-IL-17 antibody at the time of infection prevented the development of arthritis. The anti-IL-17 antibody-treated mice lacked the extensive tissue damage, such as bone and cartilage erosion, that occurred in the tibiotarsal joints of untreatedBorrelia-vaccinated and -infected control mice. We hypothesized that IL-35 would reduce the severity of arthritis by suppressing the production of IL-17 inBorrelia-vaccinated and -infected mice. Here, we show that administration of recombinant IL-35 (rIL-35) toBorrelia-vaccinated and -infected mice augments the development of severe arthritis compared to the results seen with untreated control mice.Borrelia-vaccinated and -infected mice treated with rIL-35 had significantly (P< 0.05) greater hind paw swelling and histopathological changes from day 4 through day 10 than non-rIL-35-treatedBorrelia-vaccinated and -infected mice. In addition, the treatment with IL-35 only slightly decreased the production of IL-17 inBorrelia-primed immune cells and did not prevent the development of borreliacidal antibody. Our data do not support a role for IL-35 as a potential therapeutic agent to reduce inflammation in Lyme arthritis.
Effects of an Inactivated Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Vaccine on PCV2 Virus Shedding in Semen from Experimentally Infected Boars
Authors: Seo Hwi Won , Han Kiwon , Kim Duyeol , Oh Yeonsu , Kang Ikjae , Park Changhoon , Jang Hyun , Chae Chanhee 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThe objective of the present study was to determine the effect of an inactivated porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine on PCV2b virus shedding in the semen of experimentally infected boars by measuring the immunological response and the PCV2b DNA load in blood and semen. Twelve boars were randomly divided into three groups. The boars in group 1 (n= 4) were immunized with an inactivated PCV2 vaccine and were challenged with PCV2b. The boars in group 2 (n= 4) were only challenged with PCV2b. The boars in group 3 (n= 4) served as negative controls. The number of PCV2 genome copies of PCV2 in the serum and semen were significantly lower in vaccinated challenged boars than in nonvaccinated challenged boars at 7, 10, 14, 21, 32, 35, 42, 49, and 60 days postinoculation. The number of PCV2b genomes in the semen correlated with the number of PCV2b genomes in the blood in both vaccinated challenged (R= 0.714) and nonvaccinated challenged (R= 0.861) boars. The results of the present study demonstrate that the inactivated PCV2 vaccine significantly decreases the amount of PCV2b DNA shedding in semen from vaccinated boars after experimental infection with PCV2b.
Cross-Protection of Chicken Immunoglobulin Y Antibodies against H5N1 and H1N1 Viruses Passively Administered in Mice
Authors: Wallach Michael G. , Webby Richard J. , Islam Fakhrul , Walkden-Brown Stephen , Emmoth Eva , Feinstein Ricardo , Gronvik Kjell-Olov 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTInfluenza viruses remain a major threat to global health due to their ability to undergo change through antigenic drift and antigenic shift. We postulated that avian IgY antibodies represent a low-cost, effective, and well-tolerated approach that can easily be scaled up to produce enormous quantities of protective antibodies. These IgY antibodies can be administered passively in humans (orally and intranasally) and can be used quickly and safely to help in the fight against an influenza pandemic. In this study, we raised IgY antibodies against H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 influenza viruses. We demonstrated that, using whole inactivated viruses alone and in combination to immunize hens, we were able to induce a high level of anti-influenza virus IgY in the sera and eggs, which lasted for at least 2 months after two immunizations. Furthermore, we found that by use ofin vitroassays to test for the ability of IgY to inhibit hemagglutination (HI test) and virus infectivity (serum neutralization test), IgYs inhibited the homologous as well as in some cases heterologous clades and strains of viruses. Using anin vivomouse model system, we found that, when administered intranasally 1 h prior to infection, IgY to H5N1 protected 100% of the mice against lethal challenge with H5N1. Of particular interest was the finding that IgY to H5N1 cross-protected against A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) bothin vitroandin vivo. Based on our results, we conclude that anti-influenza virus IgY can be used to help prevent influenza virus infection.
Improved Specificity of a Multiplex Immunoassay for Quantitation of Anti-Diphtheria Toxin Antibodies with the Use of Diphtheria Toxoid
Authors: van Gageldonk Pieter G. M. , von Hunolstein Christina , van der Klis Fiona R. M. , Berbers Guy A. M. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTA nonspecific binding of antibodies to diphtheria toxin, especially in adult serum samples, was observed in our diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis multiplex immunoassay (DTaP4 MIA). This can be significantly reduced by the use of diphtheria toxoid, achieving a good correlation with the Vero cell neutralization test and the toxin binding inhibition assay.
Francisella tularensis Molecular Typing Using Differential Insertion Sequence Amplification
Authors: Larson Marilynn A. , Fey Paul D. , Bartling Amanda M. , Iwen Peter C. , Dempsey Michael P. , Francesconi Stephen C. , Hinrichs Steven H. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

Tularemia is a potentially fatal disease that is caused by the highly infectious and zoonotic pathogen
Francisella tularensis
. Despite the monomorphic nature of sequenced
F. tularensis
genomes, there is a significant degree of plasticity in the organization of genetic elements. The observed variability in these genomes is due primarily to the transposition of direct repeats and insertion sequence (IS) elements. Since current methods used to genotype
F. tularensis
are time-consuming and require extensive laboratory resources, IS elements were investigated as a means to subtype this organism. The unique spatial location of specific IS elements provided the basis for the development of a differential IS amplification (DISA) assay to detect and distinguish the more virulent
F. tularensis
subsp.
tularensis
(subtypes A.I and A.II) and subsp.
holarctica
(type B) strains from
F. tularensis
subsp.
novicida
and other near neighbors, including
Francisella philomiragia
and
Francisella
-like endosymbionts found in ticks. Amplicon sizes and sequences derived from DISA showed heterogeneity within members of the subtype A.I and A.II isolates but not the type B strains. These differences were due to a 312-bp fragment derived from the IS element IS
Ftu1
. Analysis of wild-type
F. tularensis
isolates by DISA correlated with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotyping utilizing two different restriction endonucleases and provided rapid results with minimal sample processing. The applicability of this molecular typing assay for environmental studies was demonstrated by the accurate identification and differentiation of tick-borne
F. tularensis
. The described approach to IS targeting and amplification provides new capability for epidemiological investigations and characterizations of tularemia source outbreaks.
Efficient Direct Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Detection by Multiplex Real-Time PCR: Accurate Assignment of Phenotype by Use of a Limited Set of Genetic Markers
Authors: Ellem Justin , Partridge Sally R. , Iredell Jonathan R. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

The number and diversity of genes potentially complicate genetic approaches to the rapid detection of transmissible extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes. We developed a robust multiplexed real-time PCR assay based on targets identified in a prior survey and used this to detect relevant genes in 617 consecutive clinical isolates of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
.
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Do Not Inhibit Interferon Synthesis in Infected Chickens but Can Override the Interferon-Induced Antiviral State
Authors: Penski Nicola , Härtle Sonja , Rubbenstroth Dennis , Krohmann Carsten , Ruggli Nicolas , Schusser Benjamin , Pfann Michael , Reuter Antje , Gohrbandt Sandra , Hundt Jana , Veits Jutta , Breithaupt Angele , Kochs Georg , Stech Jürgen , Summerfield Artur , Vahlenkamp Thomas , Kaspers Bernd , Staeheli Peter 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

From infection studies with cultured chicken cells and experimental mammalian hosts, it is well known that influenza viruses use the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) to suppress the synthesis of interferon (IFN). However, our current knowledge regarding the
in vivo
role of virus-encoded NS1 in chickens is much more limited. Here, we report that highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtypes H5N1 and H7N7 lacking fully functional NS1 genes were attenuated in 5-week-old chickens. Surprisingly, in diseased birds infected with NS1 mutants, the IFN levels were not higher than in diseased birds infected with wild-type virus, suggesting that NS1 cannot suppress IFN gene expression in at least one cell population of infected chickens that produces large amounts of the cytokine
in vivo
. To address the question of why influenza viruses are highly pathogenic in chickens although they strongly activate the innate immune system, we determined whether recombinant chicken alpha interferon (IFN-α) can inhibit the growth of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in cultured chicken cells and whether it can ameliorate virus-induced disease in 5-week-old birds. We found that IFN treatment failed to confer substantial protection against challenge with highly pathogenic viruses, although it was effective against viruses with low pathogenic potential. Taken together, our data demonstrate that preventing the synthesis of IFN is not the primary role of the viral NS1 protein during infection of chickens. Our results further suggest that virus-induced IFN does not contribute substantially to resistance of chickens against highly pathogenic influenza viruses.
Mechanisms of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 RNA Packaging: Efficient
trans
Packaging and Selection of RNA Copackaging Partners
Authors: Ni Na , Nikolaitchik Olga A. , Dilley Kari A. , Chen Jianbo , Galli Andrea , Fu William , Prasad V. V. S. P. , Ptak Roger G. , Pathak Vinay K. , Hu Wei-Shau 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) has been reported to have a distinct RNA packaging mechanism, referred to as
cis
packaging, in which Gag proteins package the RNA from which they were translated. We examined the progeny generated from dually infected cell lines that contain two HIV-2 proviruses, one with a wild-type
gag
/
gag-pol
and the other with a mutant
gag
that cannot express functional Gag/Gag-Pol. Viral titers and RNA analyses revealed that mutant viral RNAs can be packaged at efficiencies comparable to that of viral RNA from which wild-type Gag/Gag-Pol is translated. These results do not support the
cis
-packaging hypothesis but instead indicate that
trans
packaging is the major mechanism of HIV-2 RNA packaging. To further characterize the mechanisms of HIV-2 RNA packaging, we visualized HIV-2 RNA in individual particles by using fluorescent protein-tagged RNA-binding proteins that specifically recognize stem-loop motifs in the viral genomes, an assay termed single virion analysis. These studies revealed that >90% of the HIV-2 particles contained viral RNAs and that RNAs derived from different viruses were copackaged frequently. Furthermore, the frequencies of heterozygous particles in the viral population could be altered by changing a 6-nucleotide palindromic sequence at the 5′-untranslated region of the HIV-2 genome. This finding indicates that selection of copackaging RNA partners occurs prior to encapsidation and that HIV-2 Gag proteins primarily package one dimeric RNA rather than two monomeric RNAs. Additionally, single virion analyses demonstrated a similar RNA distribution in viral particles regardless of whether both viruses had a functional
gag
or one of the viruses had a nonfunctional
gag
, providing further support for the
trans-
packaging hypothesis. Together, these results revealed mechanisms of HIV-2 RNA packaging that are, contrary to previous studies, in many respects surprisingly similar to those of HIV-1.
Isolation of a Monoclonal Antibody That Targets the Alpha-2 Helix of gp120 and Represents the Initial Autologous Neutralizing-Antibody Response in an HIV-1 Subtype C-Infected Individual
Authors: Gray Elin S. , Moody M. Anthony , Wibmer Constantinos Kurt , Chen Xi , Marshall Dawn , Amos Joshua , Moore Penny L. , Foulger Andrew , Yu Jae-Sung , Lambson Bronwen , Abdool Karim Salim , Whitesides John , Tomaras Georgia D. , Haynes Barton F. , Morris Lynn , Liao Hua-Xin 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
The C3-V4 region is a major target of autologous neutralizing antibodies in HIV-1 subtype C infection. We previously identified a Center for AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) participant, CAP88, who developed a potent neutralizing-antibody response within 3 months of infection that targeted an epitope in the C3 region of the HIV-1 envelope (P. L. Moore et al., PLoS Pathog. 5:e1000598, 2009). Here we showed that these type-specific antibodies could be adsorbed using recombinant gp120 from the transmitted/founder virus from CAP88 but not by gp120 made from other isolates. Furthermore, this activity could be depleted using a chimeric gp120 protein that contained only the C3 region from the CAP88 viral envelope engrafted onto the unrelated CAP63 viral envelope (called 63-88C3). On the basis of this, a differential sorting of memory B cells was performed using gp120s made from 63-88C3 and CAP63 labeled with different fluorochromes as positive and negative probes, respectively. This strategy resulted in the isolation of a highly specific monoclonal antibody (MAb), called CAP88-CH06, that neutralized the CAP88 transmitted/founder virus and viruses from acute infection but was unable to neutralize CAP88 viruses isolated at 6 and 12 months postinfection. The latter viruses contained 2 amino acid changes in the alpha-2 helix of C3 that mediated escape from this MAb. One of these changes involved the introduction of an N-linked glycan at position 339 that occluded the epitope, while the other mutation (either E343K or E350K) was a charge change. Our data validate the use of differential sorting to isolate a MAb targeting a specific epitope in the envelope glycoprotein and provided insights into the mechanisms of autologous neutralization escape.
A Tyrosine-Sulfated CCR5-Mimetic Peptide Promotes Conformational Transitions in the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein
Authors: Kwong Jo Ann , Dorfman Tatyana , Quinlan Brian D. , Chiang Jessica J. , Ahmed Asim A. , Choe Hyeryun , Farzan Michael 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein is a trimeric complex of heterodimers composed of a surface glycoprotein, gp120, and a transmembrane component, gp41. The association of this complex with CD4 stabilizes the coreceptor-binding site of gp120 and promotes the exposure of the gp41 helical region 1 (HR1). Here, we show that a 15-amino-acid peptide mimetic of the HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5 fused to a dimeric antibody Fc domain (CCR5mim-Ig) bound two gp120 molecules per envelope glycoprotein complex and by itself promoted HR1 exposure. CCR5mim-Ig also stabilized the association of a CD4-mimetic peptide with the envelope glycoprotein. A fusion of the CD4- and CCR5-mimetic peptides, DM1, bound gp120 and neutralized R5, R5X4, and X4 HIV-1 isolates comparably to CD4, and they did so markedly more efficiently than either peptide alone. Our data indicate that the potency of DM1-Ig derives from its avidity for the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer and from the bidirectional induction of its receptor-mimetic components. DM1 has significant advantages over other inhibitors that target both coreceptor and CD4-binding sites, and it may serve as a lead for a new class of HIV-1 inhibitor peptides.
Mass-balance control on the interaction of axial and transverse channel systems
Authors: Kim Wonsuck , Connell Sean D. , Steel Elisabeth , Smith Gary A. , Paola Chris 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe present a geometric, sediment mass-balance model for the interaction of axial and transverse alluvial systems in a subsiding basin. By comparing the model result with a flume experiment that employed a simplified half-graben tectonic geometry with axial and transverse sediment sources, we quantify rates of axial-transverse erosional sediment mixing. In the experiment, the lateral migration rate of the axial-transverse boundaries due to the sediment mixing scales with sediment supplies delivered by transverse drainages, but not with water (or sediment) discharge from the axial channel or with tectonic tilting rate. Using an empirical lateral erosion rate, the model shows how sediment supply partitioning among the axial, hanging-wall, and footwall drainages controls the width and the location of the axial-channel belt. Comparing the modeling results with field cases demonstrates that transverse sediment fluxes could slow the axial-channel migration or even reverse the movement against the tectonic forcing.
Early growth of Kohala volcano and formation of long Hawaiian rift zones
Authors: Lipman Peter W. , Calvert Andrew T. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTransitional-composition pillow basalts from the toe of the Hilo Ridge, collected from outcrop by submersible, have yielded the oldest ages known from the Island of Hawaii: 1138 ± 34 to 1159 ± 33 ka. Hilo Ridge has long been interpreted as a submarine rift zone of Mauna Kea, but the new ages validate proposals that it is the distal east rift zone of Kohala, the oldest subaerial volcano on the island. These ages constrain the inception of tholeiitic volcanism at Kohala, provide the first measured duration of tholeiitic shield building (≥870 k.y.) for any Hawaiian volcano, and show that this 125-km-long rift zone developed to near-total length during early growth of Kohala. Long eastern-trending rift zones of Hawaiian volcanoes may follow fractures in oceanic crust activated by arching of the Hawaiian Swell in front of the propagating hotspot.
The Rhone Glacier was smaller than today for most of the Holocene
Authors: Goehring Brent M. , Schaefer Joerg M. , Schluechter Christian , Lifton Nathaniel A. , Finkel Robert C. , Jull A.J. Timothy , Akçar Naki , Alley Richard B. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe present the development and application of the novel in situ cosmogenic 14C/10Be chronometer to recently exposed proglacial bedrock of the Rhone Glacier, Switzerland. Results show that during the Holocene, the glacier was smaller than today for 6500 ± 2000 yr and larger than today for 4500 ± 2000 yr. This pattern is consistent with limited data from other techniques for glaciers in the Alps and Scandinavia, but in contrast to glaciers from the Southern Alps of New Zealand, emphasizing the high sensitivity of large mountain glaciers to small climate changes. The 14C/10Be chronometer also shows that abrasion rates beneath the Rhone Glacier increased with ice speed.
Generation-scale movement patterns of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus) in a stream network
Authors: Young Michael K. 
Published: May 2011

Movements by stream fishes have long been the subject of study and controversy. Although much discussion has focused on what proportion of fish adopt mobility within particular life stages, a larger issue involves the lifetime movements of individuals. I evaluated movements of different sizes and ages of Colorado River cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus ) using a variety of sampling methods from 1996 to 2001 in a 40 km network of main-stem and tributary segments of the North Fork Little Snake River, Wyoming, USA. The probability of movement was related to the period of observation, initial location, and possibly individual growth rate, whereas distance moved was related to fish size and initial location. Furthermore, it appeared that movements by juveniles were mostly downstream, whereas those of older fish were largely upstream. Movement of cutthroat trout in this basin appeared to be driven by ontogenetic changes in habitat use and variation in habitat productivity. Given that this stream network exemplifies the complexity typical of many mountain watersheds, movement as a life history tactic in fishes may be more common than is sometimes recognized.
Metabolic changes and the resistance and resilience of a subtropical heterotrophic lake to typhoon disturbance
Authors: Tsai Jeng-Wei , Kratz Timothy K. , Hanson Paul C. , Kimura Nobuaki , Liu Wen-Cheng , Lin Fang-Pan , Chou Hsiu-Mei , Wu Jiunn-Tzong , Chiu Chih-Yu 
Published: May 2011

We studied how typhoon strength affects the daily dynamics of ecosystem metabolism of a subtropical alpine lake in Taiwan. We identified proximal agents of typhoon disturbance and assessed the resistance (the extent of change induced by a disturbance) and resilience (the rate of recovery after a disturbance) of lake metabolism to them. Gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and net ecosystem production were estimated from high-frequency dissolved oxygen data provided by an instrumented buoy. Typhoons resulted in significantly lower GPP (3%–81% decrease), and higher ER (7%–828% increase) compared with immediately before the events, and thus the lake became more heterotrophic (28%–852% increase in heterotrophy). The resistance and resilience of lake metabolism depended on the intensity of the typhoon. Smaller typhoons (with average daily accumulated precipitation (ADAP) < 200 mm·day–1) had greater effects on lake metabolism than medium (ADAP = 200–350 mm·day–1) and large (ADAP > 350 mm·day–1) typhoons. However, metabolism also recovered more quickly after smaller typhoons than after medium or larger typhoons. Typhoon effects on ecosystem metabolism is likely mediated by the magnitude and duration of typhoon-induced changes in lake mixing, the quantity and quality of dissolved organic carbon, and the biomass of primary producers.
Comparison of the performance of scale and otolith microchemistry as fisheries research tools in a small upland catchment
Authors: Ramsay Alice L. , Milner Nigel J. , Hughes Roger N. , McCarthy Ian D. 
Published: May 2011

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis of recently formed Salmo trutta scale hydroxyapatite and otolith aragonite provided biogeochemical tags of S. trutta at six sites (>7.5 km apart) in a small upland catchment (drainage area: ~1800 km2). 87% and 89% of fish were correctly classified to their site of capture based on Sr, Mn, Ba, and Mg concentrations in scales and otoliths, respectively. Sr, Mn, and Ba were highly significantly correlated between structures of the same fish (P < 0.001). Ba and Mn in both structures were significantly correlated with stream water chemistries at each site (P < 0.05). Significant differences among sites were found in 11 element concentrations in scales and six element concentrations in otoliths (P < 0.05). Broadening the suite of elements improved the classification to 90% when using otoliths and 92% when using scales. Although there appears to be some degree of postdepositional change in scale hydroxyapatite in sea-run S. trutta, it was not sufficient to completely overprint the freshwater signature. Scales offer a nonlethal sampling alternative to otoliths and appear to provide a biogeochemical tag comparable in performance, but further work needs to examine the degree of postdepositional change in scale hydroxyapatite.