bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Performance of Steel-Fiber-Incorporated Rubberized Concrete for Rigid Pavement Applications
Authors: Chusai Nutchapon , Jitsangiam Peerapong , Suwan Teewara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Sustainable solutions are required to mitigate waste tire accumulation. Using rubberized concrete (RuC) in rigid pavements is a viable and relatively environmentally friendly strategy for partially replacing fine/coarse aggregates with crumb rubber. However, crumb rubber affects the mechanical properties of concrete. Although RuC is more flexible (ideal for road pavements) than conventional concrete, its strength is lower than that of the standard concrete used in rigid pavements. Consequently, the crumb rubber generated from discarded tires cannot be used sustainably. The primary objective of this study was to characterize RuC mixed with manufactured steel fibers to improve the strength of the mixture. Fine aggregates (sand) were partially substituted with various proportions (10%, 20%, and 40%) of crumb rubber (size:1.70–2.36 mm) while incorporating 0.5% steel fibers (by volume). The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength of the concrete deteriorated with increasing rubber content, consistent with the previously reported results. However, steel fiber incorporation improved the mechanical behavior of RuC, thus enhancing the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength of the pavement structure. The developed steel-fiber-incorporated RuC design enhances the usability and economic value of RuC as well as minimizes the adverse environmental impact of concrete pavement technology.
Effects of pavement roughness on shakedown limits under moving traffic loadings
Authors: Lei Hao , Qian Jiangu , Dai Yuchen , Wang Yonggang 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study proposes a lower-bound shakedown analysis method for pavement systems under moving traffic loadings considering pavement roughness. The effects of key variables, including moving speed, wavelength irregularity, and the modulus and thickness of pavements, on the shakedown limit are discussed. The calculation results indicate that pavement roughness has a considerable effect on shakedown limits, which can be overestimated in some cases when the pavement roughness is not considered. The effect of pavement roughness on the shakedown limit of a homogeneous subgrade layer gradually decreases with increasing speed. Additionally, the shakedown limit decreases with wavelength irregularity, particularly under high-speed traffic loadings. Furthermore, the effect of pavement roughness on the shakedown limit of a two-layered pavement system is more pronounced for a larger pavement modulus and thickness and a lower moving speed.
A numerical method for calculating the long-term settlement of three-dimensional subgrade under numerous traffic loads
Authors: Huang Da , Sun Chenfeng , Qian Jiangu 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Settlement problems caused by various traffic loads significantly impact infrastructure sustainability. Accurately predicting the long-term settlement of subgrade is crucial for improving infrastructure resilience. This study determined the element strain of soil using an explicit strain model, based on the bounding surface model and associated flow rules. Using the method of generalized shear strain equivalent, a cyclic cumulative factor is proposed for determining the magnitude of cumulative strain increment. The direction of plastic strain increment was determined using the bounding surface model combined with associated flow rules. A cumulative strain calculation method integrating the bounding surface and explicit strain models under general stress states was established. This computational method, combined with equivalent finite elements, can be used for calculating the long-term settlement of three-dimensional subgrade under numerous cyclic loads at general stress states through a user-defined subroutine provided by the commercial finite element modeling (FEM) software. The reliability of the method was verified through unit tests.
Experimental study on monopile-supported offshore wind turbine subjected to long-term wind and wave cyclic loading
Authors: Zheng Hanbo , Zhang Hao , Li Gonghao , Wang Chen , Liang Fayun 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Offshore wind energy has recently gained much attention. During its service life, a monopile-supported offshore wind turbine (OWT) is subjected to long-term wind and wave lateral cyclic loads with different cycle characteristics, inducing accumulated deformation of the OWT system to exceed the serviceability limit state and causing safety accidents. In this study, a 1g scaled model test with a similarity ratio of 1:100 was conducted to investigate the lateral response of a monopile-supported OWT in sand under long-term wind and wave cyclic loads. Two sets of centrifugal gear cyclic loading devices applied stable long-term wind and wave cyclic loads and different cyclic load amplitudes and directions were achieved by adjusting the input voltage and counterweight masses. Four groups of long-term cyclic loading tests were conducted for the monopile-supported OWT, considering different wind load simplification methods and various wind-wave load contribution ratios. The lateral displacement and accumulated tilt of the OWT were monitored using two laser displacement transducers installed at different heights. The results show that a simplistic treatment of wind loads as static loads results in an overestimation of the cumulative rotational deformation, and an increase in the wind-wave load contribution ratio decreases the cumulative tilts of the OWT structures.
Shear behavior of basalt fiber modified compacted red mudstone as subgrade fill material
Authors: Xu J , Liu X , Ma J , Yuan S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study experimentally investigated the shear behavior of basalt fiber-modified compacted red mudstone as a subgrade of a high-speed railway. We examined the effects of different vertical stresses, initial water contents, and fiber contents on brittleness and dilatancy. Several direct shear tests were conducted under the aforementioned conditions. The stress displacement curve tended to vary from softening to hardening with an increase in vertical stress. In the Mohr–Coulomb mode, except for the saturated state, the residual internal friction angle was greater than the peak value, whereas the residual cohesion was lesser than the peak value. The maximum cohesion occurred at the optimal water and fiber content, whereas the friction angle exhibited a downward trend with an increase in the contents discussed above. The brittleness index (I

b
) was defined as the ratio of the peak to residual shear strengths. The magnitude of the brittleness index reduced with increase in the vertical stress. Moreover, the maximum value occurred at the optimal water and fiber content. Furthermore, the deformation mechanism was discussed based on the dilatancy angle(ψ). Based on the data, three different stages were proposed: Softening–Dilatancy (S1), the Hardening–Dilatancy (S2), and Hardening–Shrinkage (S3).
Deformation characteristics of red-mud embankment under monotonic and cyclic loads
Authors: Wu G , Chen T , Zhang G 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The rapid growth in the production of the red mud has led to the shortage of land for stockpiling in recent years. Although red mud has been considered as the filling material for embankments, the deformation characteristics of a red-mud embankment under traffic loads has not yet been clarified. To promote its application in embankment construction, a series of centrifuge model tests of red-mud embankment under monotonic and cyclic loads were conducted. The deformation and failure processes of red-mud embankment under normal and overproof traffic loads were analyzed. The results show that the deformation characteristics of red-mud embankment varied significantly depending on the value of the external load. The deformation induced by monotonic load was greater than that induced by the cyclic load of the normal traffic load. The monotonic and cyclic loads of normal traffic load induced similar influential areas, and their deformation processes can be divided into rapid and slow growth parts. Shear failure occurred in the red-mud embankment under overproof traffic load. The same load increment induced more deformation of red-mud embankment after failure. Under reasonable dry density and water content, the deformation of red mud was acceptable, thus meeting the engineering requirements of embankment construction.
Reusing COVID-19 personal protective equipment wastes for pavement base, subbase, and subgrade applications
Authors: Saberian M , Zhu J , Kilmartin-Lynch S , Li J 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Since 2019, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a substantial increase in personal protective equipment waste generation, resulting in significant environmental concerns. In addition, the expansive clay subgrade (ECS) must be stabilized prior to pavement construction because of its unfavorable engineering properties. The use of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) in pavement bases/subbases offers a sustainable solution to decrease the demand for quarry materials and waste pile-up. However, RCA should be reinforced for base and subbase applications because of its low shear and dynamic properties. This study explores an innovative waste solution by recycling shredded nitrile gloves (SNG) to stabilize clay subgrades and reusing discarded shredded face masks (SFM) to treat RCA for base/subbase applications. A series of experiments including compaction, unconfined compression strength, and repeated-load triaxial tests were conducted. The test results showed that the incorporation of SNG and SFM improved the strength and stiffness of the pavement layers. The addition of 1.5% SNG to ECS resulted in the highest unconfined compressive strength (UCS) value (315.50 kPa) and highest resilient modulus (Mr) (79.98 MPa). Furthermore, introducing 1% SFM into RCA increased the UCS and Mr to peak values of 216 kPa and 314.35 MPa, respectively.
Hydrodynamic and bearing behaviors of two typical deepwater dynamically installed anchors: torpedo anchor and fish anchor
Authors: Zhang B , Fu Y , Zhang M H , Wang H 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Dynamically installed anchors, such as torpedo and fish anchors, are innovative and cost-effective anchorage foundations. In this study, the advantages and disadvantages of these two types of dynamically installed anchors are discussed by comparing the hydrodynamic and bearing characteristics of torpedo and fish anchors commonly used in practical engineering. First, based on OpenFOAM, 3D numerical models were established to investigate the directional stability and simulate the underwater free-fall process of anchors using static and dynamic model analysis methods. Using the validated model, the hydrodynamic performances (i.e., inclination angle, installation offset distance, penetration velocity, and drag coefficient) of torpedo and fish anchors were explored and compared. Based on these findings, the installation height of each anchor was recommended. Finally, the bearing performances of the torpedo and fish anchors were investigated using ABAQUS, and the selection principles of these two types of dynamically installed anchors were presented based on their hydrodynamic and bearing behaviors.
Reliability-based evaluation of ultimate embedment depths of torpedo anchors in spatially variable clay
Authors: Liu Chaofan , Chen Bao 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this study, a large deformation random finite element (LDRFE) method was used to investigate the dynamic penetration of anchor piles in spatially variable clay. Validation of the rationality of the proposed methodology using data from published studies. The randomness of the undrained shear strength of the soil in the system is considered by three-dimensional random fields to investigate the anchor penetration mechanism and quantitatively assess the ultimate embedment depths (Hran
) of the anchor in spatially variable clay. The strain softening and strain rate effects of the soft clayey soil were considered. The findings indicate that the variability in soil strength significantly affects the flow pattern and failure mechanism of the soil, consequently influencing the Hran
of the anchor. Furthermore, according to the computed Hran
results, a coefficient of variation of soil shear strength φ can be used to connect the deterministic (Hdet
) and random analysis results. This correlation may facilitate further development of reliability-based designs.
FAGSO-BP neural network model for settlement prediction of soft soil foundation
Authors: Ma Binhui , Zhao Zijing , Deng Xu , Lan Tian , Du Bicheng , Xiao Yarui 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
To address the problem of difficulty in theoretical formulas and numerical analysis methods to consider the prediction of foundation settlement in the case of multiparameter coupling, the fireworks algorithm (FWA) with a gravity search operator (FAGSO) is introduced into the back propagation (BP) neural network model, and the weight and threshold processes in the neural network are improved by the FAGSO algorithm. A soft soil foundation settlement prediction model based on a FWA optimized BP neural network (FAGSO-BP) with a gravity search operator is proposed. Based on the second phase of the soft foundation treatment project of the Shatian Port Area, Humen City, and Dongguan City, the parameters of pile load height, pore water pressure, and groundwater level were collected and tested. The results indicate that the average relative error of the predicted cumulative settlement value of the soft soil foundation was 0.06%, root mean square error was 7.68, mean absolute error was 4.30, mean absolute percentage error was 1.40%, and mean square error was 59.98. Compared with the BP neural network, GA-BP neural network, and FWA-BP neural network, the error was smaller and the model stability was higher.
Self-healing analysis of steel slag asphalt mixture under microwave heating through laboratory fatigue-healing test and microscopic characterization method
Authors: Chen X , Zhang J , Liu Z , Wan B , Dong Q 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Steel slag is an eco-friendly low-carbon building material that has been widely used for pavement construction in recent years. In this study, the steel slag aggregate (SSA) is used to replace a part of the basalt aggregate in the porous asphalt mixture to improve its microwave absorption ability. Microwave heating promotes the self-healing capability of steel-slag asphalt mixture. We designed and conducted 16 groups of fatigue-healing tests based on an orthogonal experimental design to analyze the influence of various factors, including the degree of damage, healing temperature, and rest time, on the self-healing ability of the steel slag asphalt mixture. The ratio of the number of cyclic loads after healing (N1) to the number of cyclic loads before healing (N0) is defined as the healing index. The results of the range analysis demonstrate that the healing temperature presents the greatest impact on the healing rate of fatigue damage, followed by the degree of fatigue damage; the rest time has the least impact. The fatigue damage healing rate gradually decreases with the increase in the degree of damage. It first increases and then decreases with the increase in the healing temperature. It increases with the rest time. The optimal healing state of the steel slag porous asphalt mixture involves heating to 80℃ with 60 % degree of damage followed by resting for 8 hours. CT scanning technology is used to observe the crack distribution before and after healing. The CT images and a 3D reconstruction of the asphalt mixture demonstrate that obvious healing of cracks can be observed after microwave heating, and microwave heating does not significantly affect the porosity of the asphalt mixture. The nano-indentation indicates that the Young’s modulus and hardness of the asphalt mortar in the cracking area increased by 16.8 % and 22 %, respectively, after healing due to microwave heating, which can be attributed to the ageing of the asphalt.
Rig test of light railway transport ballast vibration
Authors: Petriaev A , Konon A , Saidaliev A 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This article presents findings from rig tests focusing on the oscillatory behavior of ballast in light rail transportation. Tests were carried out using an Amsler HB-250 pulsator, applying a load of 50 kN and operating at a frequency of 8 Hz. Accelerometers were positioned at depths of 10, 30, and 50 cm beneath the sleeper within the ballast shoulder to record vibrations of the crushed stone particles. The study determined the amplitudes of particle vibration accelerations in three directions: vertically, perpendicular to the track axis, and along the track axis. Results indicate that the lowest vibration accelerations were consistently observed across the track axis (Y-axis) at all sensor locations. At a depth of 10 cm beneath the sleeper, contiguous values of vibration accelerations were recorded in the vertical plane (Z-axis) and horizontal accelerations perpendicular to the track (X-axis). However, at depths of 30 and 50 cm below the sleeper, vertical vibrations registered the highest accelerations, while horizontal vibrations along the X-axis were 30-36% lower.
Settlement control in large span tunnels under shallow over burden: a case study of the Arash-Esfandiar-Niayesh tunnel
Authors: Yasrebi S , Salehi B 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Settlement control is pivotal in the construction of large span tunnels, particularly when situated under shallow overburden. The importance of settlement control in the context of the Arash-Esfandiar-Niayesh tunnel project, a multi section tunnel designed to facilitate two-way traffic in Municipality of Tehran District 3, is studied. The tunnel, which possesses an overburden of 4–15 m, faces unique challenges such as low overburden, urban location, and proximity to tall structures. By integrating the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM), this paper examines the effects of various support systems on construction of the tunnel project. Two critical sections are analyzed, and the settlement control strategies are examined according to a combination of various support elements. Analysis and numerical modeling based on PLAXIS 2D finite element code revealed the impact of these support systems on ground settlements on the structural and geotechnical stability. They had a substantial impact of tunnel geometric shape on sustainability and stress distribution. The inadequacy of common support systems, especially in tunnels with a horseshoe section, is highlighted. The impact of removing temporary lattice girderson surface settlements emphasizes the importance of settlement monitoring. Field data, including a maximum vertical displacement of 2.6 cm on the ground and in the tunnel, validate the numerical analysis results. Despite the challenges, the consistency between numerical and instrument data underscores the effectiveness of settlement control strategies.
New indices of the recovery effect of the large deformation shield tunnel based on a light-disturbance grouting model test
Authors: Ye Z W , Zhang D M , Zhang J Z , Chu W 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The sudden surface surcharge is a key disturbance that causes excess transverse deformation of the existing shield tunnel underneath. The light-disturbance grouting technique, which is applied on two sides of a tunnel spring-line, is an effective way to control or even recover the large tunnel structural deformation. Based on the 1g model test of grouting for the shield tunnel in the sand layer using the Shanghai Metro shield tunnel as a prototype, a numerical model is established based on the FLAC3D software. Meanwhile, the numerical simulation method of simulating grouting involves the application of the virtual expansion stress. The grouting transfer efficiency and recovery bias are proposed in this paper and used as the evaluation indexes of the recovery effect of light-disturbance grouting on the shield tunnel. The findings indicate that irrespective of various overloading modes and symmetrical single-row grouting, the transfer efficiency remains approximately 12%, which may potentially serve as a optimization index for determining the number of grouting rows. Moreover, the observed disparity in recovery bias within tunnels experiencing asymmetric deformation underscores the significance of joint behavior, emphasizing the necessity for closer monitoring during grouting procedures.
Cluster analysis of underground space in the core area of new districts from the perspective of urban morphology
Authors: Zhang T Z , Wang W X , Dong Y H , Peng F L 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Extensive underground space development worldwide has significantly contributed to the sustainability of social, ecological, and economic growth. In view of the tendency towards haphazard urban sprawling during the development of new areas in China, underground spaces have been increasingly utilized to create sustainable and resilient urban built environments. However, insufficient attention has been paid to their morphological characteristics, resulting in a lack of sustainable and resilient underground space morphological planning and design techniques. To bridge this gap, we established a computational morphology indicator system pertaining to underground spaces, considering land use, spatial distribution, and street networks. We selected 20 underground spaces in well-developed core areas of new districts in China. Hierarchical cluster analysis was adopted to investigate the morphological features of underground spaces. Additionally, the typology of underground space morphology and the corresponding characteristics were systematically summarized to facilitate decision-making for different patterns of underground space planning.
Centrifugal modeling on influence of superstructure construction of high-rise building on adjacent subway tunnel
Authors: Hong Y , Xu Y , Zhang Z , Ye G , Ge J 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
With the urban development in China, high-rise buildings must be constructed adjacent to subway tunnels. The superstructure construction process directly affects adjacent tunnels. However, only a few studies have focused on this topic. In this study, a series of centrifugal model tests were conducted to investigate the impact of the superstructure construction process of high-rise buildings on the deformation of adjacent tunnels in soft soil. Three model tests were designed, considering the buried depth of the tunnel. A loading system was implemented to simulate the superstructure construction process with a centrifugal acceleration of 100 g. The results showed that the superstructure construction caused the adjacent tunnel to deform vertically and laterally owing to its downward dragging effect. The vertical deformation of the tunnel was approximately thrice the lateral displacement. As the buried depth increased, the superstructure construction changed the transverse deformation of the tunnel section from vertical to horizontal tension. The outcomes of the study will provide guidelines for the safe operation of subways.