bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moving local food through conventional food system infrastructure: Value chain framework comparisons and insights
Authors: Bloom J. Dara , Hinrichs C. Clare 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThere is growing recognition that the direct marketing initiatives favored by many local food activists and proponents often lack the capacity to meet rapidly expanding consumer demand for local food. To address these needs, some food systems researchers have identified a role for ‘transitional’ food systems that piggyback on the pre-existing, conventional local food system infrastructure, while moving toward the social and economic benefits of direct marketing. This paper uses a value chain model (based on business management studies and adapted to the context of agrifood enterprises) as a framework for investigating how actors who are accustomed to working within the logic of the traditional produce industry incorporate local food into their overall operations. Using a qualitative comparative case study approach, the paper examines how features of the value chain structure and governance mechanisms operate in two food distribution networks that are transitioning toward localization in a rural and an urban region of Pennsylvania, respectively. Case study analysis focuses on conventional wholesale produce distributors as the link between local producers and local buyers. Interviews with the distributors, producers and buyers reveal the sources and outcomes of challenges affecting how the distributors organize their purchasing and selling of local produce. Network practices, in turn, have equity implications as distributors struggle to pay producers enough to maintain their economic viability, while still making local produce accessible to a wide range of consumers. Policy-makers and practitioners seeking to support the ‘scaling up’ of local and regional food systems should consider targeted development of technical infrastructure in processing and distribution, as well as outreach on appropriate shared ownership models. Future research should be longitudinal to determine the longer-term role and contribution of the conventional food system infrastructure in transitioning to more sustainable local and regional food systems.
Quantitative analysis of a deeply sequenced marine microbial metatranscriptome
Authors: Gifford Scott M , Sharma Shalabh , Rinta-Kanto Johanna M , Moran Mary Ann 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The potential of metatranscriptomic sequencing to provide insights into the environmental factors that regulate microbial activities depends on how fully the sequence libraries capture community expression (that is, sample-sequencing depth and coverage depth), and the sensitivity with which expression differences between communities can be detected (that is, statistical power for hypothesis testing). In this study, we use an internal standard approach to make absolute (per liter) estimates of transcript numbers, a significant advantage over proportional estimates that can be biased by expression changes in unrelated genes. Coastal waters of the southeastern United States contain 1 × 1012 bacterioplankton mRNA molecules per liter of seawater (∼200 mRNA molecules per bacterial cell). Even for the large bacterioplankton libraries obtained in this study (∼500 000 possible protein-encoding sequences in each of two libraries after discarding rRNAs and small RNAs from &gt;1 million 454 FLX pyrosequencing reads), sample-sequencing depth was only 0.00001%. Expression levels of 82 genes diagnostic for transformations in the marine nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur cycles ranged from below detection (&lt;1 × 106 transcripts per liter) for 36 genes (for example, phosphonate metabolism gene phnH, dissimilatory nitrate reductase subunit napA) to &gt;2.7 × 109 transcripts per liter (ammonia transporter amt and ammonia monooxygenase subunit amoC). Half of the categories for which expression was detected, however, had too few copy numbers for robust statistical resolution, as would be required for comparative (experimental or time-series) expression studies. By representing whole community gene abundance and expression in absolute units (per volume or mass of environment), ‘omics’ data can be better leveraged to improve understanding of microbially mediated processes in the ocean.
Modified Spectral Tilt Affects Older, but Not Younger, Infants' Native-Language Fricative Discrimination
Authors: Beach Elizabeth Francis , Kitamura Christine 
Published: September 2010

Purpose
It is important to ensure that hearing aid fitting strategies for infants take into account the infant’s developing speech perception system. As a way of exploring this issue, this study examined how 6- and 9-month-olds with normal hearing perceive native-language speech in which the natural spectral shape was altered to emphasize either high-frequency (positive spectral tilt) or low-frequency (negative spectral tilt) information.

Method
Discrimination was tested using a visual habituation procedure. Forty-eight 6-month-olds and forty-eight 9-month-olds were presented with a fricative contrast, /f/–/s/, in 1 of 3 conditions: (a) as unmodified speech; (b) with a −6 dB/octave tilt; or (c) with a +6 dB/octave tilt.

Results
Six-month-olds showed evidence of discriminating /f/–/s/ in all 3 conditions, but 9-month-olds showed such evidence only in the unmodified condition.

Conclusions
The findings suggest that the perceptual reorganization that emerges for consonants at the end of the first year affects 9-month-olds' discrimination of native speech sounds. Perceptual reorganization is usually indexed by a decline in the ability to discriminate nonnative speech sounds. In this study, 6-month-olds demonstrated an acoustic-based sensitivity to both modified and unmodified native speech sounds, but 9-month-olds were most sensitive to the unmodified speech sounds that adhered to the native spectral profile.
Are False-Positive Rates Leading to an Overestimation of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss?
Authors: Schlauch Robert S. , Carney Edward 
Published: September 2010

PurposeTo estimate false-positive rates for rules proposed to identify early noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) using the presence of notches in audiograms.MethodAudiograms collected from school-age children in a national survey of health and nutrition (the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES III]; National Center for Health Statistics, 1994) were examined using published rules for identifying noise notches at various pass–fail criteria. These results were compared with computer-simulated “flat” audiograms. The proportion of these identified as having a noise notch is an estimate of the false-positive rate for a particular rule.ResultsAudiograms from the NHANES III for children 6–11 years of age yielded notched audiograms at rates consistent with simulations, suggesting that this group does not have significant NIHL. Further, pass–fail criteria for rules suggested by expert clinicians, applied to NHANES III audiometric data, yielded unacceptably high false-positive rates.ConclusionsComputer simulations provide an effective method for estimating false-positive rates for protocols used to identify notched audiograms. Audiometric precision could possibly be improved by (a) eliminating systematic calibration errors, including a possible problem with reference levels for TDH-style earphones; (b) repeating and averaging threshold measurements; and (c) using earphones that yield lower variability for 6.0 and 8.0 kHz—2 frequencies critical for identifying noise notches.
Effect of Parkinson’s Disease on the Production of Structured and Unstructured Speaking Tasks: Respiratory Physiologic and Linguistic Considerations
Authors: Huber Jessica E. , Darling Meghan 
Published: September 2010

Purpose
To examine the effects of cognitive–linguistic deficits and respiratory physiologic changes on respiratory support for speech in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) using two speech tasks: reading and extemporaneous speech.

Method
Five women with PD, 9 men with PD, and 14 age- and sex-matched control participants read a passage and spoke extemporaneously on a topic of their choice at comfortable loudness. Sound pressure level, syllables per breath group, speech rate, and lung volume parameters were measured. Number of formulation errors, disfluencies, and filled pauses were counted.

Results
Individuals with PD produced shorter utterances compared with control participants. The relationships between utterance length and lung volume initiation and inspiratory duration were weaker for individuals with PD than for control participants, particularly for the extemporaneous speech task. These results suggest less consistent planning for utterance length by individuals with PD in extemporaneous speech. Individuals with PD produced more formulation errors in both tasks and significantly fewer filled pauses in extemporaneous speech.

Conclusion
Both respiratory physiologic and cognitive–linguistic issues affected speech production by individuals with PD. Overall, individuals with PD had difficulty planning or coordinating language formulation and respiratory support, particularly during extemporaneous speech.
Perception of Suprasegmental Speech Features via Bimodal Stimulation: Cochlear Implant on One Ear and Hearing Aid on the Other
Authors: Most Tova , Harel Tamar , Shpak Talma , Luntz Michal 
Published: September 2010

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to evaluate the contribution of acoustic hearing to the perception of suprasegmental features by adults who use a cochlear implant (CI) and a hearing aid (HA) in opposite ears.Method23 adults participated in this study. Perception of suprasegmental features—intonation, syllable stress, and word emphasis—was assessed. All tests were administered in 2 conditions: CI alone and CI + HA (bimodal).ResultsScores were significantly higher in the bimodal condition in comparison to scores in CI alone for all 3 tests. In both conditions, there was great variability among the individual participants. Significant negative correlations emerged between perception of suprasegmental features and the unaided pure-tone average of the contralateral ear to the CI.ConclusionsThis study found a significant bimodal advantage for perception of all suprasegmental features, most probably due to the better low-frequency acoustic hearing that is provided by the HA. Outcomes suggest that in cases of residual hearing in the contralateral ear to the implanted ear, HA use should be encouraged.
Reducing the Effects of Background Noise During Auditory Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Speech Processing: Qualitative and Quantitative Comparisons Between Two Image Acquisition Schemes and Noise Cancellation
Authors: Blackman Graham A. , Hall Deborah A. 
Published: September 2010

Purpose
The intense sound generated during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) complicates studies of speech and hearing. This experiment evaluated the benefits of using active noise cancellation (ANC), which attenuates the level of the scanner sound at the participant’s ear by up to 35 dB around the peak at 600 Hz.

Method
Speech and narrowband noise were presented at a low sound level to 8 listeners during fMRI using 2 common scanning protocols: short (“continuous”) and long (“sparse”) temporal schemes. Three outcome measures were acquired simultaneously during fMRI: ratings of listening quality, discrimination performance, and brain activity.

Results
Subjective ratings and discrimination performance were significantly improved by ANC and sparse acquisition. Sparse acquisition was the more robust method for detecting auditory cortical activity. ANC reduced some of the “extra-auditory” activity that might be associated with the effort required for perceptual discrimination in a noisy environment and also offered small improvements for detecting activity within Heschl’s gyrus and planum polare.

Conclusions
For the scanning protocols evaluated here, the sparse temporal scheme was the more preferable for detecting sound-evoked activity. In addition, ANC ensures that listening difficulty is determined more by the chosen stimulus parameters and less by the adverse testing environment.
Colonization of an island volcano, Long Island, Papua New Guinea, and an emergent island, Motmot, in its caldera lake. II. The vascular flora
Authors: Harrison Rhett D. , Banka Roy , Thornton Ian W. B. , Shanahan Mike , Yamuna Ruby 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAimLong Island erupted catastrophically inc. 1645 with the probable destruction of its entire biota. While several expeditions have visited the island since, no survey of its flora has been published. In 1968 a small island, Motmot, emerged from its caldera lake. Motmot has been surveyed several times but not since 1988. The aim of this study was to investigate the colonization by vascular plants of this interesting nested pair of islands.LocationLong Island is 55 km off the northeast coast of Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Motmot lies in its fresh water caldera lake, Lake Wisdom,c. 4 km from the rim of the surrounding volcano.MethodsWe conducted a complete survey of the vascular plants on Motmot and madead hoccollections on Long Island, including surveying three small plots, over 15 days in 1999. In addition, we incorporated data from several collections lodged at the regional herbarium in Lae. Data on seed dispersal syndromes and plant habit were obtained from the literature.ResultsWe recorded 305 species of vascular plants from Long Island, but most trees were small and the species diversity was low. Motmot was still very sparsely vegetated and only forty‐five species of vascular plants were found. Communities on Motmot were unspecialized and common species widespread. The flora of Motmot was not significantly different from that on Long Island in terms of the number of species amongst higher taxa, seed dispersal syndromes or plant habits.Main conclusionsLow rainfall combined with very porous soils may be responsible for the small stature and low diversity of the forest on Long Island's caldera rim. The absence of specialist littoral species on Motmot, as a result of its landlocked situation, is probably responsible for the very slow species recruitment on the island. This community appears to be functionally important for colonization by comparison with other small volcanic islands in a marine situation.
Colonization of an island volcano, Long Island, Papua New Guinea, and an emergent island, Motmot, in its caldera lake. IV. Colonization by non‐avian vertebrates
Authors: Cook S. , Singidan R. , Thornton I. W. B. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Aim In a 1999 expedition we surveyed the non‐avian vertebrates recolonizing a volcanic island off the north coast of Papua New Guinea, and the more recently emerged islet in its caldera lake. It is our intention with this research to document the reassembly of an ecosystem after a cataclysmic event at two temporal stages. Location Long Island, 55 km north of Papua New Guinea, erupted explosively in the seventeenth century. Its biota was destroyed and the island has been recolonized by animals and plants. From about 1953 to 1968, an island, Motmot, emerged from Long's freshwater caldera lake about 4 km from the nearest shore. Methods For 15 days in 1999 we surveyed the mammals, reptiles and amphibians of Motmot and the western parts of Long. Results We assess the present fauna as thirteen mammals, fourteen reptiles and two amphibians. Main conclusions Long appears to have a high proportion of tramp‐type species in its bat fauna, indicative of a developing biota. Several groups, especially snakes and amphibians, appear to be depauperate compared to the fauna of other islands in the area. On Motmot we recorded only one species of insectivorous bat; its vertebrate fauna is still in the very first stages of development.
Colonization of an island volcano, Long Island, Papua New Guinea, and an emergent island, Motmot, in its caldera lake. VI. The pioneer arthropod community of Motmot
Authors: Edwards John S. , Thornton Ian W. B. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Aim To evaluate the arthropod community of Motmot in relation to primary colonization of young volcanic surfaces. Location Motmot, an island in Lake Wisdom which occupies the caldera of Long Island, Papua New Guinea. Methods Arthropod sampling by means of pitfall, water and tube traps, fallout collectors, and hand collecting. Results At least thirty‐five species of arthropod were collected in 6 days between 23 June and 3 July 1999. Lycosid spiders and ants dominated in all areas. The predator‐scavenger arthropod population is largely or entirely dependent on allochthonous input of aquatic insects from the surrounding lake. Main conclusions Major changes in the arthropod fauna since the pioneer surveys of Ball and his colleagues in the 1970s are the loss of a strand flotsam community as the island has eroded to form a predominantly cliffed coastline. Ant and spider diversity has increased. The current colonists include a number of widespread ‘tramp' species sensu Diamond.
Low endotoxic activity of lipopolysaccharides isolated from Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, and Azospirillum strains
Authors: Komaniecka Iwona , Zdzisinska Barbara , Kandefer‐Szerszen Martyna , Choma Adam 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe endotoxic activities of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) isolated from different strains of rhizobia and rhizobacteria (Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, and Azospirillum) were compared to those of Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium LPS. The biological activity of all the examined preparations, measured as Limulus lysate gelation, production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and nitrogen oxide (NO) induction in human myelomonocytic cells (line THP‐1), was considerably lower than that of the reference enterobacterial endotoxin. Among the rhizobial lipopolysaccharides, the activities of Mesorhizobium huakuii and Azospirillum lipoferum LPSs were higher than those of the LPS preparations from five strains of Bradyrhizobium. The weak endotoxic activity of the examined preparations was correlated with differences in lipid A structure compared to Salmonella.
Dissecting the T‐cell response to hordeins in coeliac disease can develop barley with reduced immunotoxicity
Authors: Tanner G. J. , Howitt C. A. , Forrester R. I. , Campbell P. M. , Tye‐Din J. A. , Anderson R. P. 
Published: September 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 1184–1191SummaryBackground  Wheat, rye and barley prolamins are toxic to patients with coeliac disease. Barley is diploid with pure inbred cultivars available, and is attractive for genetic approaches to detoxification.Aim  To identify barley hordein fractions which activated the interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) secreting peripheral blood T‐cells from coeliac volunteers, and compare immunotoxicity of hordeins from experimental barley lines.Methods  To reactivate a T‐cell response to hordein, volunteers underwent a 3‐day oral barley challenge. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from twenty‐one HLA DQ2+ patients with confirmed coeliac disease. IFN‐γ ELISpot assays enumerated T‐cells activated by purified prolamins and positive controls.Results  Hordein‐specific T‐cells were induced by oral barley challenge. All prolamin fractions were immunotoxic, but D‐ and C‐hordeins were most active. Barley lines lacking B‐ and C‐hordeins had a 5‐fold reduced hordein‐content, and immunotoxicity of hordein extracts were reduced 20‐fold compared with wild‐type barley.Conclusions  In vivo oral barley challenge offers a convenient and rapid approach to test the immunotoxicity of small amounts of purified hordeins using fresh T‐cells from patients in high throughput overnight assays. Barley lines that did not accumulate B‐ and C‐hordeins were viable, yet had substantially reduced immunotoxicity. Creation of hordein‐free barley may therefore be possible.
The epidemiology and clinical features of portal vein thrombosis: a multicentre study
Authors: Rajani R. , Björnsson E. , Bergquist A. , Danielsson Å. , Gustavsson A. , Grip O. , Melin T. , Sangfelt P. , Wallerstedt S. , Almer S. 
Published: September 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 1154–1162SummaryBackground  Reliable epidemiological data for portal vein thrombosis are lacking.Aims  To investigate the incidence, prevalence and survival rates for patients with portal vein thrombosis.Methods  Retrospective multicentre study of all patients registered with the diagnosis of portal vein thrombosis between 1995 and 2004.Results  A total of 173 patients (median age 57 years, 93 men) with portal vein thrombosis were identified and followed up for a median of 2.5 years (range 0–9.7). The mean age‐standardized incidence and prevalence rates were 0.7 per 100 000 per year and 3.7 per 100 000 inhabitants, respectively. Liver disease was present in 70 patients (40%), malignancy in 27%, thrombophilic factors in 22% and myeloproliferative disorders in 11%. Two or more risk factors were identified in 80 patients (46%). At diagnosis, 65% were put on anticoagulant therapy. Thrombolysis, TIPS, surgical shunting and liver transplantation were performed in 6, 3, 2 and 8 patients, respectively. The overall survival at 1 year and 5 years was 69% and 54%. In the absence of malignancy and cirrhosis, the survival was 92% and 76%, respectively.Conclusions  The incidence and prevalence rates of portal vein thrombosis were 0.7 per 100 000 inhabitants per year and 3.7 per 100 000 inhabitants, respectively. Concurrent prothrombotic risk factors are common. The prognosis is variable and highly dependent on underlying disease.
Additional benefit of procalcitonin to C‐reactive protein to assess disease activity and severity in Crohn’s disease
Authors: Oussalah A. , Laurent V. , Bruot O. , Guéant J.‐L. , Régent D. , Bigard M.‐A. , Peyrin‐Biroulet L. 
Published: September 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 1135–1144SummaryBackground  Serum procalcitonin level may reflect non‐infectious inflammation.Aim  To assess the correlation of serum procalcitonin level with clinical, biological, endoscopic and radiological markers of disease activity in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and to evaluate the additional diagnostic benefit of measuring serum procalcitonin level to that of C‐reactive protein (CRP) for disease activity appraisal.Methods  We performed a prospective observational study. Spearman’s rank correlation and receiver operating characteristic analysis were used to evaluate correlation and diagnostic accuracy respectively.Results  In Crohn’s disease (CD) (n = 30), serum procalcitonin level was strongly correlated with clinical, biological, endoscopic and radiological disease activity markers. In CD, the serum procalcitonin level >0.14 μg/L demonstrated a high accuracy for detecting severe disease (Sensitivity = 100%; Specificity = 96%; AUROC = 0.963; P = 0.0001). The diagnostic accuracy of the ‘serum procalcitonin level‐CRP strategy’ (CRP >5 mg/L and serum procalcitonin level >0.05 μg/L) was significantly superior to that of CRP alone for diagnosing severe CD (AUROC = 0.783 vs. 0.674; P = 0.01). In ulcerative colitis (UC) (n = 27), serum procalcitonin level was correlated with CRP and with endoscopic and radiological disease activity markers.Conclusions  In CD, the serum procalcitonin level was correlated with all disease activity markers and a cut‐off of 0.14 μg/L could distinguish severe forms of the disease. The ‘serum procalcitonin level‐CRP strategy’ was superior to CRP alone for diagnosing active or severe CD.