bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study on the mapping of quantitative trait loci in advanced populations derived from two inbred lines
Authors: KAO CHEN-HUNG , ZENG MIAO-HUI 
Published: April 2009

SummaryIn genetic and biological studies, the F2population is one of the most popular and commonly used experimental populations mainly because it can be readily produced and its genome structure possesses several niceties that allow for productive investigation. These niceties include the equivalence between the proportion of recombinants and recombination rates, the capability of providing a complete set of three genotypes for every locus and an analytically attractive first-order Markovian property. Recently, there has been growing interest in using the progeny populations from F2(advanced populations) because their genomes can be managed to meet specific purposes or can be used to enhance investigative studies. These advanced populations include recombinant inbred populations, advanced intercrossed populations, intermated recombinant inbred populations and immortalized F2populations. Due to an increased number of meiosis cycles, the genomes of these advanced populations no longer possess the Markovian property and are relatively more complicated and different from the F2genomes. Although issues related to quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping using advanced populations have been well documented, still these advanced populations are often investigated in a manner similar to the way F2populations are studied using a first-order Markovian assumption. Therefore, more efforts are needed to address the complexities of these advanced populations in more details. In this article, we attempt to tackle these issues by first modifying current methods developed under this Markovian assumption to propose anad hocmethod (the Markovian method) and explore its possible problems. We then consider the specific genome structures present in the advanced populations without invoking this assumption to propose a more adequate method (the non-Markovian method) for QTL mapping. Further, some QTL mapping properties related to the confounding problems that result from ignoring epistasis and to mapping closely linked QTL are derived and investigated across the different populations. Simulations show that the non-Markovian method outperforms the Markovian method, especially in the advanced populations subject to selfing. The results presented here may give some clues to the use of advanced populations for more powerful and precise QTL mapping.
GENERALISED FERMAT HYPERMAPS AND GALOIS ORBITS
Authors: COSTE ANTOINE D. , JONES GARETH A. , STREIT MANFRED , WOLFART JÜRGEN 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe consider families of quasiplatonic Riemann surfaces characterised by the fact that – as in the case of Fermat curves of exponentn– their underlying regular (Walsh) hypermap is an embedding of the complete bipartite graphKn,n, wherenis an odd prime power. We show that these surfaces, regarded as algebraic curves, are all defined over abelian number fields. We determine their orbits under the action of the absolute Galois group, their minimal fields of definition and in some easier cases their defining equations. The paper relies on group – and graph – theoretic results by G. A. Jones, R. Nedela and M. Škoviera about regular embeddings of the graphsKn,n[7] and generalises the analogous results for maps obtained in [9], partly using different methods.
MODULES WITH FI-EXTENDING HULLS
Authors: BIRKENMEIER GARY F. , PARK JAE KEOL , RIZVI S. TARIQ 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIt is shown that every finitely generated projective module PR over a semiprime ring R has the smallest FI-extending essential module extension $H_{\frak{FI}}(P_R)$ (called the absolute FI-extending hull of PR) in a fixed injective hull of PR. This module hull is explicitly described. It is proved that $\widehat{Q}_{\frak{FI}}({\rm End}(P_R))\cong {\rm End}(H_{\frak{FI}}(P_R))$, where $\widehat{Q}_{\frak{FI}}({\rm End}(P_R))$ is the smallest right FI-extending right ring of quotients of End(PR) (in a fixed maximal right ring of quotients of End(PR). Moreover, we show that a finitely generated projective module PR over a semiprime ring R is FI-extending if and only if it is a quasi-Baer module and if and only if End(PR) is a quasi-Baer ring. An application of this result to C*-algebras is considered. Various examples which illustrate and delimit the results of this paper are provided.
ON MINIMAL SUBGROUPS OF FINITE GROUPS
Authors: ASAAD M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLet G be a finite group. A minimal subgroup of G is a subgroup of prime order. A subgroup of G is called S-quasinormal in G if it permutes with each Sylow subgroup of G. A group G is called an MS-group if each minimal subgroup of G is S-quasinormal in G. In this paper, we investigate the structure of minimal non-MS-groups (non-MS-groups all of whose proper subgroups are MS-groups).
RADICAL FORMULA AND WEAKLY PRIME SUBMODULES
Authors: AZIZI A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLet B be a submodule of an R-module M. The intersection of all prime (resp. weakly prime) submodules of M containing B is denoted by rad(B) (resp. wrad(B)). A generalisation of 〈E(B)〉 denoted by UE(B) of M will be introduced. The inclusions 〈E(B)〉 ⊆ UE(B) ⊆ wrad(B) ⊆ rad(B) are motivations for studying the equalities UE(B) = wrad(B) and UE(B) = rad(B) in this paper. It is proved that if R is an arithmetical ring, then UE(B) = wrad(B). In Theorem 2.5, a generalisation of the main result of [11] is given.
SCALAR CURVATURE OF HYPERSURFACES WITH CONSTANT MEAN CURVATURE IN A SPHERE
Authors: CHENG QING-MING , HE YIJUN , LI HAIZHONG 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLet M be an n-dimensional closed hypersurface with constant mean curvature H satisfying |H| ≤ ϵ(n) in a unit sphere Sn+1, n ≤ 7, and S the square of the length of the second fundamental form of M. There exists a constant δ(n, H) > 0, which depends only on n and H, such that if S0 ≤ S ≤ S0 + δ(n, H), then S ≡ S0 and M is isometric to a Clifford hypersurface, where ϵ(n) is a sufficiently small constant depending on n and $S_0=n+\frac{n^3}{2(n-1)}H^2+\frac{n(n-2)}{2(n-1)}\sqrt{n^2H^4+4(n-1)H^2}$.
Proceedings of the Fourth Meeting of the EURO Working Group on Operational Research (OR) in Agriculture and Forest Management (EWG-ORAFM)
Authors: SANDARS D. L. , PLÀ L. M. 
Published: April 2009

This working group, which is concerned with operational research methods and applications to agricultural science in its broad meaning (i.e. including Forest Management and Fisheries), was formed in 2003 within the European Association of Operational Research Societies (EURO). The first meeting of the group was held at the former Silsoe Research Institute in 2004. The group holds regular meetings in Europe at approximately yearly intervals, usually within the EURO Conferences. The next meeting will be held at the EURO XXIII conference in Bonn in 2009 followed by the EURO XXIV conference in Lisbon in 2010.The fourth meeting of the working group was a joint meeting with the British Operational Research Society's special interest group on Agriculture and Natural Resources. It was chaired by D. L. Sandars of Cranfield University and Dr L. M. Plà of the University of Lleida and organized as a stream within the OR50 Conference, and was held at the University of York from 9 to 11 September 2008 where the following papers were read.
Anterior cervical osteophytes resulting in severe dysphagia and aspiration: two case reports and literature review
Authors: Kos M P , van Royen B J , David E F , Mahieu H F 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjective:We report two cases in which dysphagia and aspiration, caused by anterior cervical osteophytes, were so severe that surgical resection was performed.Method:Case reports and a review of the world literature concerning dysphagia caused by anterior cervical osteophytes, in regard to pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.Results:Two patients, aged 71 and 70 years, had long-standing, slowly progressive dysphagia and aspiration; one patient had recurrent episodes of aspiration pneumonia as a result. Both patients were diagnosed on videofluoroscopy with large bony anterior cervical osteophytes. Immediate relief of symptoms was obtained after resection of the osteophytes via an anterolateral, extrapharyngeal approach. Anterior cervical osteophytes are relatively common in the elderly, although not frequently diagnosed, and are mostly seen in cases of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. If therapy is indicated it is mainly conservative; resection is rarely needed.Conclusion:In patients with anterior cervical osteophytes, surgical treatment is indicated only for selected cases with large, bony osteophytes and severe symptoms.
Kierkegaard and divine-command theory: replies to Quinn and Evans
Authors: MANIS R. ZACHARY 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOne of the most important recent developments in the discussion of Kierkegaard's ethics is an interpretation defended, in different forms, by Philip Quinn and Stephen Evans. Both argue that a divine-command theory of moral obligation (DCT) is to be found in Works of Love. Against this view, I argue that, despite significant overlap between DCT and the view of moral obligation found in Works of Love, there is at least one essential difference between the two: the former, but not the latter, is committed to the claim that, necessarily, p is morally obligatory only if God commands that p.
F. H. Jacobi on faith, or what it takes to be an irrationalist
Authors: CROWE BENJAMIN D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractF. H. Jacobi (1743–1819), a key figure in the philosophical debates at the close of the eighteenth century in Germany, has long been regarded as an irrationalist for allegedly advocating a blind ‘leap of faith’. The central claim of this essay is that this venerable charge is misplaced. Following a reconstruction of what a charge of irrationalism might amount to, two of Jacobi's most important works, the Spinoza Letters (1785) and David Hume (1787), are scrutinized for traces of irrationalism. Far from being an irrationalist, Jacobi is best read as questioning the analytical-geometrical model of rationality popular among his contemporaries, and of proposing a more naturalistic theory of rationality that situates it more firmly in human psychology, the ultimate import of which lies in a reconceptualization of the relation between faith and reason.
Some moral critique of theodicy is misplaced, but not all
Authors: SIMPSON ROBERT 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSeveral recent critiques of theodicy have incorporated some form of moral objection to the theodical enterprise, in which the critic argues that one ought not to engage in the practice of theodicy. In defending theodical practice against the moral critique, Atle O. Søvik argues that the moral critique (1) begs the question against theodicy, and (2) misapprehends the implications of the claim that it is inappropriate to espouse a theodicy in certain situations. In this paper I suggest some sympathetic emendations for Søvik's theodical apologetic, but I argue against Søvik's claim that the moral critique of theodicy is altogether irrelevant.
Family Secrets: Law and Understandings of Openness in Everyday Relationships
Authors: SMART CAROL 
Published: April 2009

AbstractUncovering old or historical family secrets has become an enjoyable pastime yet in contemporary families the keeping of secrets, especially those relating to reproduction and paternity, is seen increasingly as undesirable. This article explores these issues and the growing tendency for family law and policy to favour exposing genetic truths – seeing this form of scientific veracity as crucial to child welfare and equality. The article explores the changing contexts of family secrets (using data drawn from the Mass Observation Archive) and seeks to locate these secrets in their cultural and historical context. An argument against imposing a simple solution (in the form of genetic truth) onto complex relationships is pursued.
The ‘British Policy Style’ and Mental Health: Beyond the Headlines
Authors: CAIRNEY PAUL 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRecent Mental Health Acts provide evidence of diverging UK and Scottish government policy styles. The UK legislative process lasted almost ten years following attempts by ministers to impose decisions and an unprecedented level of sustained opposition from interest groups. In contrast, the consultation process in Scotland was consensual, producing high levels of stakeholder ‘ownership’. This article considers two narratives on the generalisability of this experience. The first suggests that it confirms a ‘majoritarian’ British policy style, based on the centralisation of power afforded by a first-past-the-post electoral system (Lijphart, 1999). Diverging styles are likely because widespread hopes for consensus politics in the devolved territories have been underpinned by proportional representation. The second suggests that most policy-making is consensual, based on the diffusion of power across policy sectors and the ‘logic of consultation’ between governments and interest groups (Jordan and Richardson, 1982). The legislative process deviated temporarily from the ‘normal’ British policy style which is more apparent when we consider mental health policy as a whole. Overall, the evidence points to more than one picture of British styles; it suggests that broad conclusions on ‘majoritarian’ systems must be qualified by detailed empirical investigation.
Poverty, Maternal Depression, Family Status and Children's Cognitive and Behavioural Development in Early Childhood: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: KIERNAN KATHLEEN E. , MENSAH FIONA K. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractImproving children's lives is high on the UK policy agenda. In this study for a recent birth cohort of UK children we examine how three aspects of parental resources – income, mother's mental well-being and family status – in early childhood enhance or compromise their children's cognitive and behavioural development. As well as examining how these three aspects of parental resources separately and jointly affect children's well-being, we also enquire whether persistent poverty or persistent maternal depression are more deleterious for children's current well-being than periodic episodes of poverty and depression. We find strong associations between poverty and young children's intellectual and behavioural development, and persistent poverty was found to be particularly important in relation to children's cognitive development. Maternal depression (net of other factors) was more weakly related to cognitive development but strongly related to whether children were exhibiting behaviour problems, and persistent depression amplified the situation. Family status, net of other factors (most noticeably poverty), was only weakly associated with children's development.
The Contemporary Significance of International Human Rights Law
Authors: BUERGENTHAL THOMAS 
Published: April 2009

AbstractJudge Buergenthal argues that the increased acceptance by states of international human rights obligations proclaimed in UN and regional treaties, reinforced by the jurisprudence of international and regional tribunals, accounts for the substantial progress that has been made in the protection of human rights throughout the world. The resultant political significance of international human rights law and the international community's growing expectation of compliance with that law explain why states engaging in large-scale human rights violations increasingly risk serious political and economic consequences for such practices. A state's continuing non-compliance with its international human rights obligations tends also to lead to the gradual loss by its government of the national and international legitimacy it needs in order to govern, which may in time contribute to its fall.
Kelsen – Which Kelsen? A Reapplication of the Pure Theory to International Law
Authors: KAMMERHOFER JÖRG 
Published: April 2009

AbstractHans Kelsen is known both as a legal theorist and as an international lawyer. This article shows that his theory of international law is an integral part of the Kelsenian Pure Theory of Law. Two areas of international law are analysed: first, Kelsen's coercive order paradigm and its relationship to the bellum iustum doctrine; second, the Kelsenian notion of the unity of all law vis-à-vis theories of the relationship of international and municipal law. In a second step, the results of Kelsenian general legal theory of the late period – as interpreted and developed by the present author – are reapplied to selected doctrines of international law. Thus is the coercive order paradigm resolved, the unity of law dissolved, and the UN Charter reinterpreted to show that the concretization of norms as positive international law cannot be unmade by a scholarship usurping the right to make law.
Constitutionalism as Liberal-Juridical Consciousness: Echoes from International Law's Past
Authors: COLLINS RICHARD 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe future of international law is uncertain. The long-hoped-for revitalization of international law and its institutional structures following the end of the Cold War now seems at risk from an increasing deformalization of, and neo-liberal disregard for, international law. Meanwhile European international lawyers are responding by reasserting a Kantian project for a global constitution under an international rule of law. In this article I attempt to position these recent claims that the international legal order is undergoing a process of constitutional transformation in the context of a long-standing connection, since at least the post-revolutionary nineteenth century, between the idea of a positive international law and the emerging structures of the European constitutional nation-state. If one can trace a cosmopolitan or constitutional project to the influence of domestic public law from this time, one can also trace the inherent tension between international law's promise of a substantive ‘good life’, or sense of justice, and its purported legitimacy in a commitment to a voluntarist, or contractarian, form of obligation. These simultaneous commitments seem incompatible, but are inseparable from international law's embedded liberalism, which requires interplay between them to make sense of progress in the absence of any explicit underlying philosophy. In tracing similarities in concerns from the nineteenth century to the twenty-first, as well as repetitions in legal arguments, I suggest that the alternatives of American empire and a (European) vision of global constitutionalism are merely necessary oppositions, reflecting this broader tension underlying the discipline. Because lawyers avoid clarity on what is taken for granted in a leap from (selective) empirical realism towards assertive normative ambition, I argue that it is a mainstream, liberal-juridical consciousness – rather than any explicit legal theory – which continues to sustain shared assumptions about international law's past, as well as a promise of a future liberal world order. The apparently opposing visions of future world order are merely different sides of the same coin: each reflecting back, but each ultimately sustained by the other.
The Natural Environment in Times of Armed Conflict: A Concern for International War Crimes Law?
Authors: PETERSON INES 
Published: April 2009

AbstractArticle 8(2)(b)(iv), second alternative, of the Statute of the International Criminal Court lists as a war crime the launching of an attack that may cause excessive damage to the natural environment. The incorporation of this offence into the ICC Statute appears to be a great achievement, as it is the first time that such conduct has expressly been declared to entail individual criminal responsibility under an international treaty. It is, however, submitted that Article 8(2)(b)(iv), second alternative, of the ICC Statute, suffers from a serious lack of definition. In addition, the provision depends on an extremely high damage threshold which further complicates its application in practice.
The Principle of Non-intervention
Authors: JAMNEJAD MAZIAR , WOOD MICHAEL 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article examines the existence, nature, and content of the non-intervention principle in contemporary international law, concentrating on the application of the principle to areas other than the use of force. It looks at the historical development of the principle and the sources and evidence of the law, in particular resolutions of the UN General Assembly, the decisions of the International Court of Justice, and the practice of states. The article then considers some specific treaty-based applications of the principle, and explores how far the principle may apply to non-treaty, non-forcible situations. It next considers a number of circumstances that may preclude the wrongfulness of intervention (Security Council authorization, consent, and countermeasures), before drawing some tentative conclusions.
Evaluation of Gram-positive rod surveillance for early anthrax detection
Authors: MLYNARSKI D. , RABATSKY-EHR T. , PETIT S. , PURVIANCE K. , MSHAR P. A. , BEGIER E. M. , JOHNSON D. G. , HADLER J. L. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYSince 2003, Connecticut laboratories have reported Gram-positive rod (GPR) isolates detected within 32 h of inoculation from blood or cerebrospinal fluid. The objectives were to rapidly identify inhalational anthrax and unusual Clostridium spp. infections, and to establish round-the-clock laboratory reporting of potential indicators of bioterrorism. From 2003 to 2006, Connecticut's GPR surveillance system identified 1134 isolates, including 657 Bacillus spp. (none B. anthracis) and 241 Clostridium spp. Reporting completeness and timeliness improved to 93% and 92%, respectively. Baseline rates of Bacillus spp., Clostridium spp. and other GPR findings have been established and are stable. Thus far, no cases of anthrax and no unusual clusters of Clostridium spp. have been detected by the GPR surveillance system. This system would probably have confirmed the inhalational anthrax case in Pennsylvania in 2006 3 days sooner than traditional reporting. Using audits and ongoing evaluation, the system has evolved into a highly functional 24/7 laboratory telephone reporting system with almost complete reporting.
GIS-based spatial, temporal, and space–time analysis of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
Authors: WU W. , GUO J.-Q. , YIN Z.-H. , WANG P. , ZHOU B.-S. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYWe obtained a list of all reported cases of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Shenyang, China, during 1990–2003, and used GIS-based scan statistics to determine the distribution of HFRS cases and to identify key areas and periods for future risk-factor research. Spatial cluster analysis suggested three areas were at increased risk for HFRS. Temporal cluster analysis suggested one period was at increased risk for HFRS. Space–time cluster analysis suggested six areas from 1995 to 1996 and four areas from 1998 to 2003 were at increased risk for HFRS. We also discussed the likely reasons for these clusters. We conclude that GIS-based scan statistics may provide an opportunity to classify the epidemic situation of HFRS, and we can pursue future investigations to study the likely factors responsible for the increased disease risk based on the classification.