bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leaf tissue remaining after cutting and regrowth in perennial ryegrass
Authors: Davies Alison 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYWhen one or two leaves were removed out of the three or sometimes four present on each tiller of five genotypes of perennial ryegrass grown in nutrient solution, it was found that the relative growth rate (RGR) was not much less than that of untreated plants. The removal of lower leaves had no effect on RGR. Removal of all leaf blades depressed RGR. It is suggested that the results obtained indicate that the plant has the capacity to compensate for loss of leaf tissue by increased activity in the remaining leaves. Leaf appearance rate and tiller production were found to be the attributes most sensitive to the defoliation treatments imposed, and the degree to which leaf appearance rates were affected by defoliation was found to be a good indicator of the regrowth capacity of the different genotypes. Evidence was obtained linking high regrowth potential with high relative increases in the proportion of plant material allocated to new shoot growth.
Food preferences after weaning of artificially reared lambs
Authors: Davies D. A. R. , Lerman P. M. , Crosse Margaret M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA food preference trial was carried out in which 21 artificially reared lambs were offered ad libitum a choice of eight foods for a period of 4 weeks commencing at 28 days of age.Growth rate and total food intake were highly variable but the lambs agreed substantially on what they liked and disliked. Soya-bean meal was the most preferred food throughout the experimental period. Flaked maize was very unacceptable for the first 12 days (up to 40 days of age) but after that its popularity rose steadily and considerably. Fish meal was quite popular at first but after 12 days had become the least preferred food and remained so for the remainder of the time.In the latter part of the experiment the foods could be classified into a more popular group comprising soya-bean meal, rolled barley and two proprietary pelleted diets, and a less popular group comprising fish meal, flaked maize, whole oats and sugar-beet pulp.It is argued that in order to be acceptable diets should not be coarse and either should not contain fish meal or have the flavour disguised.
Effects of seed size on growth, development and yield of monogerm sugar beet
Authors: Scott R. K. , Harper F. , Wood D. W. , Jaggard K. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSamples of monogerm sugar-beet seed which had been cleaned but not processed, contained fruits weighing 2–27 mg and true seeds weighing 0·2–5·0 mg with seed weight averaging about 20% of fruit weight. Increasing fruit size by round hole sieving resulted in progressively greater percentage emergence. Radiography revealed that one reason for this improvement was that more locules were completely filled, and fewer contained shrivelled seeds or were empty. Commercial processing of one seed lot eliminated some but not all of the empty fruits or those containing poorly developed seeds.In the field, seedling size and root:shoot ratio increased with increasing seed size. Thus at equivalent plant densities, sugar yields were less from the smallest seed than from other grades because of the combined effects of less total growth and a less efficient partitioning of assimilates. Although improvements in establishment with increasing size grading were progressive, sugar yield at comparable plant densities was greater only from medium grades relative to the smallest grades, whilst yields from large and medium grades were similar. This difference was maintained irrespective of length of growing season or plant density.
Relative efficiency of urea, nitrification inhibitor treated urea and slow release nitrogen fertilizers for rice (Oryza sativaL)
Authors: Rajale G. B. , Prasad R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA field experiment was made on a sandy clay loam soil during the rainy seasons of 1967 and 1968 to study the relative efficiency of urea, N-serve treated urea, AM-fertilizer, IBDU fertilizer and nitrogen-enriched coal for the rice variety IR-8. Nitrogen-enriched coal supplied very little nitrogen to rice. All other materials were superior to urea. Largest yield of rough rice and nitrogen uptake was obtained with IBDU. The yield of rough rice given by AM-fertilizer was equal to that with IBDU in 1968; in that year both AM-fertilizer and N-serve treated urea supplied as much N to the crop as IBDU. Yield of straw showed no significant difference between these three materials in either year. Ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen in soil at flowering and at harvest of the rice was most in plots receiving IBDU followed by those receiving AM-fertilizer, N-serve treated urea and urea. Mineral nitrogen in plots receiving N-enriched coal was only slightly more than in control plots.
The influence of lamb genotype on the milk production of Blackface ewes
Authors: Peart J. N. , Doney J. M. , MacDonald A. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe milk intakes of single-born Texel x Blackface and of pure-bred Blackface lambs suckling Blackface ewes was measured using a lamb-suckling technique. The shapes of the lactation curves were similar but the mean milk intake of the Texel x Blackface lambs was substantially greater than that of the pure-bred lambs at all points on the lactation curve. The Texel x Blackface lambs attained a mean maximum daily milk intake of 2418 g and the pure-breds 2075 g; mean total milk intakes during an 84-day period were 157 and 128 kg, respectively. Mean birth weights were 5·08 and 4·98 kg and the subsequent mean daily live-weight gains were 364 and 344 g, respectively, for the Texel x Blackface and pure-bred lambs. It is concluded that lamb genotype had a substantial and significant influence on the milk production of the ewes.
A possible effect of cyanogenic glucoside in sorghum on animal requirements for sulphur
Authors: Wheeler J. L. , Hedges D. A. , Till A. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA significant proportion of the sulphur (S) ingested by animals grazing Sorghum spp. may be utilized to detoxify hydrogen cyanide liberated after the forage has been ingested. In 1973 young sheep grazing a sorghum x sudangrass hybrid were given access to salt licks containing < 0.1 % (control) or 18 % S; in two experiments the live-weight responses to S were 32% (P < 0.05) and 18% (P > 0.05). In 1974 sheep grazing forage fertilized with 84 kg N/ha and given access to licks containing 8.5% S gained 32 % more live weight than controls with 0.1 % licks. Those with S on forage fertilized with 168 kg N/ha gained 88 % more (P < 0.01). Gypsum applied as a fertilizer (0 or 21 kg S/ha) did not affect the response.
Skin follicle development in Cheviot × Dorset Horn cross foetuses
Authors: Derbyshire Marjorie B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSkin samples were used to evaluate the developing skin follicle population of Cheviot × Dorset Horn cross foetuses. The follicle population was studied from the first appearance of skin follicles (55 days' gestation) to the end of gestation. The pattern of development of primary and secondary follicles is described, and compared with the data available for other breeds. The occurrence of secondary follicle branching, previously confirmed only in the Merino, is described, and the ‘prenatal check’, an important feature of follicle development which had not previously been investigated in prenatal studies, is briefly discussed.
Influence of storage time on earliness of sprouting and tubering in Dioscorea rotundata yams
Authors: Onwueme I. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTubers of Dioscorea rotundata yam obtained from the same harvest were stored at room temperature (25–30 °C). After storage for various durations, tuber samples were taken and used as planting material. The number of days to sprouting, for head pieces and non-head pieces alike, decreased with increasing storage time up to 159 days. Heads sprouted earlier than non-heads. The number of days to formation of new tubers also decreased with increasing storage age of the parent tuber up to 226 days. The interval from sprouting to tubering was constant up to 106 days of storage, decreased rapidly between 106 and 226 days, and thereafter remained constant. The implications of these results for off-season yam production are discussed.
Studies in Soil cultivation. VI. The physical effect of sheep folding on the soil (With five text-figures.)
Authors: Keen B. A. , Cashen G. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. The consolidation in a light soil produced by sheep folding has been investigated.2. The soil affected extended to a depth of 10 cm., the maximum compression occurring at a depth of 3–4 cm.3. The consolidation produced was not totally destroyed by ploughing and was still apparent 5 weeks later when the seed was drilled.
Some observations on the relationship between subjective and objective estimates of yield
Authors: Charlton D. , Whiteley K. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA comparison of objective and subjective appraisals of the yield of Australian greasy wool sale lots is reported.Results suggest that although the overall agreement between the two systems of appraisal is good, the subjective estimate of an individual sale lot will only lie within ± 6% of the objective estimate in 95% of cases.
The location and persistence of ammonia (aqueous, anhydrous and anhydrous + ‘N-serve’) injected into a sandy loam soil, as shown by changes in concentrations of ammonium and nitrate ions
Authors: Page E. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAqueous and anhydrous ammonia were injected into a sandy loam soil, using equipment fitted with commercial injector knives. Ammonium and nitrate concentrations around the injection slits were sampled at intervals in three experiments, from March to November, December to September, and June to December.The depth of placement and pattern of distribution of ammonium nitrogen resulting from the two designs of injector knife employed were measured.The rate of disappearance of ammonium nitrogen was followed, and the process described by a computer program which took account of soil temperature. The rate of decay of both aqueous and anhydrous ammonia could be described approximately by assuming a decay rate of 1% per day at 0 °C and Q10of 2·1. When 1·5% ‘N-serve’ was added to anhydrous ammonia the rate of decay was approximately halved.The distribution pattern of nitrate ions in the soil was less well defined than that of ammonium ions. When ‘N-serve’ had been added to anhydrous ammonia nitrate concentrations were much depressed for the whole duration of the experiment. The conversion of ammonium to nitrate nitrogen in this soil appeared to be inefficient. The nitrate concentrations found in the soil were consistent with a conversion rate of one-third and with the predictions made by a leaching model using the local meteorological data.The implications of the findings are discussed.
The effect of certain feedingstuffs on rumen ciliate protozoain vitro
Authors: Michalowski T. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYMeadow hay and mixed food containing 13·3 or 26·9% of concentrates were used for culturing ciliates taken from the rumen of water buffalo. The culture medium was the sterilized rumen fluid or a solution of mineral salts. The cultures were mixed every 24h and one-half of the contents of each culture flask was transferred to an equal volume of fresh medium containing the appropriate food.Anoplodinium denticulatumand seven species ofEntodiniumwere the only protozoa which survived until the end of the experiment, but to maintain them on food containing 26·9% of concentrates an alkaline or neutral medium was required. Using rumen fluid and mineral medium the total number of protozoa was on average, respectively: 2·7 x 103and 2·2 x 103/ml in cultures on hay only; 9·4 x 103and 17·5 x 103/ml in cultures on food containing 26·9% of concentrates; and 14·0 x 103and 17·;8 x 103/ml in cultures on food containing 13·3% of concentrates.Entodiniumformed 66·6 and 72·5%; 95·5 and 91·8%; and 96·1 and 97·7% of the total counts. In cultures on hay alone there were 33·4 and 27·5% ofAnoplodinium denticulatum, while they formed only 4·5 and 8·2% and 3·9 and 2·3% in cultures on food containing 26·9 and 13·3% of concentrates respectively.The relation between number of ciliates and composition of food only partly agreed with the relation found previously under natural conditions. Changes in pH of the medium would appear to be the chief cause.
The effects of nitrogen and energy supplementation on the voluntary intake and digestion of heather by sheep
Authors: Milne J. A. , Christie Alison , Russel A. J. F. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn three experiments the effects of amount and source of nitrogen and energy supplements, and their frequency of feeding, on the voluntary intake and digestion of winter-quality freeze-stored heather (digestibility of organic matter 45%, N content 1·3%) by Scottish Blackface castrated male sheep were examined. The continuous infusion of 0·5gN/day as urea or casein increased voluntary intake by 29% and digestibility of organic matter by 11 percentage units but higher amounts of N supplement gave no further responses. The continuous infusion of a supplement containing 100 g sucrose/day and 3 g N/day as urea gave similar responses in voluntary intake and digestibility of heather to those obtained when N alone was infused. A reduction in the frequency of feeding of the sucrose: urea supplement reduced the response in intake of digestible OM of heather but intakes of digestible OM were higher when an isocaloric supplement of starch: urea was given at the same frequencies (thrice and once daily). The results are discussed in relation to the use of ruminal NH3concentrations to assess the responses in voluntary intake to N supplementation and the balance required between the nitrogen and energy in the supplement. I t is concluded that the nitrogen and energy supplements could improve the nutrition of sheep grazing heather moorland in winter.
Studies on the aerobic deterioration of whole-crop cereal silages
Authors: Woolford M. K. , Bolsen K. K. , Peartt Lesley A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAs a result of the treatment of made whole-crop barley silage with antimicrobial agents which are specifically inhibitory to fungi or bacteria, it was shown that the subsequent aerobic deterioration was essentially caused by yeasts. These microorganisms were instrumental in the rise in pH, the increase in temperature and the loss of dry matter observed. The filamentous fungi, like one group of bacteria (the streptomycetes), apparently had no part in the process. Bacteria, such as the lactobacilli and particularly proteolytic bacteria, may have had a role in the terminal stages of deterioration, although it was considered more likely that the yeasts again were involved.The whole-crop wheat silage employed in this work was stable in air, a factor attributed to the combined antimicrobial effects of butyric acid present and the relatively high dry-matter content.
Effects of pregnancy and lactation on the activities in sheep liver of some enzymes of glucose metabolism
Authors: Smith R. W. , Walsh Ann 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe activities of some enzymes that regulate the gluconeogenic-glycolytic pathway were measured in sheep liver during late pregnancy, at three stages of lactation and after the lambs were weaned. Of the gluconeogenic enzymes, glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activities were unchanged throughout pregnancy and lactation and were similar to the values for non-breeding ewes. The activity of fructose diphosphatase increased 2 times and that of pyruvate carboxylase increased 5–7 times during late pregnancy and in early lactation.In the glycolytic sequence phosphofructokinase activity declined by about 50% during lactation. Pyruvate kinase activity declined by about 40% at the end of pregnancy but throughout lactation it was similar to the value for non-breeding ewes. Hexokinase activity was very low in all animals.
Reproductive performance in a semi-wild cattle herd (Bos indicus)
Authors: Reinhardt V. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYReproductive performance was assessed in a semi-wild Boran cattle herd living on a grassland ranch in Kenya. Male calves copulated with cows a long time after they were weaned naturally. Up to the age of 16 months they were prevented from mating by adult bulls. Female calves conceived at the average age of 25 months and they had their first calves at about 34 months. Calving interval ranged from 304 to 801 days and averaged 430 days. Calving interval of managed Boran cattle living on the same ranch as the semi-wild herd averaged 494 days with a range of 306–798 days. It is concluded that in herds which are permanently accompanied by adult males artificial weaning and the continuous shift of animals between different cattle groups is not a prerequisite for good reproductive performance.
Modification of water balance of dryland wheat through the use of chlormequat chloride
Authors: De R. , Giri G. , Saran G. , Singh R. K. , Chaturvedi G. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn field trials made for two years in the dry period of a semi-arid tract under natural precipitation at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, overnight seed-soaking of wheat in 0·5% solution of 2-chloro-ethyl-trimethyl ammonium chloride (CCC) prior to sowing increased the grain yield. When treated with foliar application of the chemical in concentrations ranging between 40 and 1000 mg/1, wheat plots yielded better than did the untreated control, but no consistency was noted between the concentrations or stages of their application. The benefit from CCC was due to more root growth, increased stomatal resistance and higher leaf water potential. Treated plants extracted more water from deeper soil layers, increasing their water-use efficiency.
The effect of fungal colonization on the morphine production of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) capsules
Authors: Laughlin J. C. , Munro D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAbnormally low concentrations of morphine in capsules of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) in the 1970–1 season were associated with heavy fungal colonization. The effect of fungal colonization on the morphine production of capsules was later studied in a series of field, glasshouse and in vitroexperiments.In a field experiment morphine concentration of severely colonized (> 30% surface cover) intact capsules was 20% less (P <0·01) than slightly colonized (< 10% surface cover) capsules. Colonization of these field-grown capsules was generally localized in the top half and the morphine concentration of the top half was about 20% less than the bottom half for all colonization categories. In contrast, glasshouse-grown capsules were free of fungal colonization and the top and bottom halves had similar morphine concentrations.In a field experiment studying the effect of fungicides, 2 kg benomyl (50% a.i.) + 2 kg mancozeb (80% a.i.)/ha were applied as a spray at 10-day intervals from flowering till 1 month after commercial harvest and plants were harvested at weekly intervals from 10 days after full bloom. The mean dry-matter yield of sprayed capsules was 11% greater (P <0·01) than non-sprayed with a similar trend for morphine concentration and morphine yield. In addition, the sprayed treatment significantly reduced the area covered by sporulating lesions on the surface of the capsule after dry maturity. This superficial fungal cover had a NNE orientation in both sprayed and non-sprayed capsules.In an in vitroexperiment using capsules from the field fungicide study, fungi were isolated from the interior of green capsule wall tissue as early as 17 days after flowering. Colonization increased with successive harvests and culturing of fungi from the interior of capsule wall tissue showed the presence of fungi in both sprayed and non-sprayed capsules with no difference in the degree of colonization.Two of the major fungi isolated from the field experiment were identified as Dendryphion penidllatum (Corda) Fr. and Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler and the individual effect of these was assessed in an in vitro experiment using ground capsule material. D. penidllatuvi and A. alternata reduced the morphine concentration of ground capsules in 24 days to 7 and 11% respectively of non-inoculated controls.
The Amounts and Distribution of some Phosphorus and Nitrogen Compounds in wheat During Growth.
Authors: Knowles Frank , Watkin J. E. 
Published: March 2009

An account has been given of the lipin, phytin and inorganic phosphorus, and of the protein and non-protein nitrogen present in the wheat plant, from seven weeks before ear emergence until the crop was harvestedThe percentages and amounts of phosphorus and nitrogen so combined, together with their distribution between straw and ear, have been discussed.Relationships between phytin phosphorus and protein nitrogen, and between lipin phosphorus and non-protein nitrogen, have been indicated.
A Study in Sampling Technique with Wheat.
Authors: Kalamkar R. J. 
Published: March 2009

(1) The edge rows give significantly higher yields than the inside rows, indicating thereby the inadvisability of using edge rows in yield trials.(2) The variation between rows is very much greater than within rows. Different parts of the same drill row should therefore not be regarded as subject to independent error. The present investigation emphatically confirms Clapham's conclusions on this point.(3) A slight advantage may be gained by the subdivision of the area to be sampled, without additional labour.(4) In order to study the effect of the structure of a sampling unit of given size five types of unit have been examined. Of these, method (1), in which the “sampling unit” consists of four parallel half-metre lengths on adjacent rows, appears to be the most precise, and may be recommended on the basis of this trial. The half-metres within such sampling units appear to be negatively rather than positively correlated, and a significantly lower sampling error is obtained in consequence.
Investigations on Nigerian root and tuber crops. Influence of nitrogen fertilization on the yield and chemical composition of two cassava cultivars (Manihot esculenta)
Authors: Obigbesan G. O. , Fayemi A. A. A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe results of field experiments on the influence of nitrogen fertilization on the yield components, starch and prussic acid content of two of the cassava cultivars recommended for cultivation in Nigeria are presented. The two cultivars 53101 (local) and 60506 (improved) were harvested at 9, 12 and 15 months. In general, the improved cultivars appeared to respond better to N fertilization, but high rates of N (150 kg N/ha) tended to reduce the yield performance of the two cultivars. The local cultivar produced maximum yields of 31·5, 37·5 and 55·7 fresh tuber t/ha with 60 kg N/ha at 9, 12 and 15 months, respectively, while the improved cultivar gave maximum yields of 31·5 and 48·4 t/ha with 120 kg N/ha at 9 and 12 months, respectively, and 64·1 t/ha with 90 kg N/ha at 15 months. By allowing the crop to grow up to 15 months, the starch yield was more than doubled and about three times the yield obtained at 9 months. The 53101 strain seemed to produce maximum starch yields with 60 kg N/ha while the 60506 type tended to give maximum starch yields with 90 kg N/ha. Influence of N treatments was significant up to 12 months of age but not at 15 months.The HCN content of both cultivars diminished considerably with the age of the plant, dropping at 15 months to about half the level at 9 months. While the HCN concentration of the local cultivar tended to increase with higher N-fertilization, that of the improved cultivar diminished, particularly at 12 months after planting. At 15 months however, the HCN content of both cultivars rose with increasing N. fertilization.