bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Measure of Effectiveness (MOE) Method and Software Aid, with a Case Study of a Soviet Artillery Unit
Authors: Connelly Edward M. , Myers Kent C. , Golden Michael G. 
Published: January 2012

A Measure of Effectiveness (MOE) is a criterion. A system that scores well according to the criterion will be accepted as effective, meaning that it achieves what is intended. This seems simple, but in fact well-meaning managers can fail to find an adequate measure, are unclear about what is intended for the system, and may even misidentify the system. The method described here is a means to help avoid common mistakes. With the method, a manager or analyst (a user) builds a model of his or her own effectiveness assessment strategy using specially designed interactive software. The user enters data prompted by the software and views feedback consisting of graphs and ordered lists describing the user's inputs in various ways. Feedback gives the users alternative viewpoints for their inputs. As a case study, an MOE was constructed for a Soviet artillery unit within an attacking regiment.
Hue and Disparity Interactions in Advanced Stereoscopic Aircraft Displays
Authors: McClain James E. 
Published: January 2012

With the increased complexity of aircraft systems and their environment, 3-D stereoscopic system/control displays will offer great advantage over conventional two-dimensional (2-D) displays by presenting information more consistent with the pilot's 3-D perceptual experience and stereotypes. For such displays the interaction of Chromostereopsis (perceived depth created by hues) and stereopsis (depth effect created by disparity between the left and right visual fields of the observer) is important. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the interaction of chromostereopsis and artificially stimulated stereopsis on a stereoscopic CRT by determining the level of accuracy with which subjects can properly interpret the relative depth differences of adjacent symbols containing one of a combination of six levels of hue and seven stereoscopic disparities. This research demonstrated that hue, disparity, and the interaction of hue and disparity significantly influenced one's perception of depth on a stereoscopic monitor and that caution should be exercised by the stereoscopic 3-D display format designer when choosing hues to represent images located in close proximity on a stereoscopic display.
Injury Severity and Likelihood in Warnings
Authors: Wogalter Michael S. , Barlow Todd 
Published: January 2012

Two experiments examined the influence of injury likelihood and severity in warnings on product hazard perceptions (Experiment 1) and behavioral compliance (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, participants were given a set of front panel labels for 10 household consumer products. Warnings on the labels were constructed by manipulating the likelihood (low vs. high) and severity (low vs. high) of injury. Labels lacking a warning served as controls. Participants rated the product labels under the guise of a marketing study in which most of the questions concerned product familiarity, cost, and label attractiveness. Only one question was of interest which probed the level of hazard posed by the products. The results showed that (1) the presence of a warning increased the products' judged level of hazard, (2) products with high severity warnings were viewed to be more hazardous than products with low severity warnings, and (3) likelihood of injury in the warnings had no influence on hazard perceptions. Experiment 2 used a chemistry laboratory demonstration task to test the effects of injury likelihood and severity in a warning on compliance behavior (i.e., wearing gloves as directed by the warning). Greater compliance was shown when warned of a more severe injury, but only when the injury was of lower likelihood. In general, both experiments showed that injury severity influences warning effectiveness to a greater extent than injury likelihood. The results suggest that to inform people of a hazard and to motivate them to comply with a directed behavior, product warnings should communicate the severity of consequences.
Requirements for An Aircraft Mishap Analysis System
Authors: Courtright John F. 
Published: January 2012

As a result of long-standing, systematic mishap investigation and analysis practices, the U.S. Air Force has been able to achieve and maintain a consistently low level of aircraft mishaps. However, up to 90 percent of these mishaps are associated with human factors problems. In recognition of the need for better tools to identify the complex nature of human contributions to mishaps, the Air Force has established an Aircraft Mishap Prevention program to develop the capability to apply information gathering processes, sophisticated analysis techniques, and hypothesis generation support tools to help recognize and correct deficiencies in equipment design, training, and operational practices which contribute to mishaps. This presentation provides information on the scope, content, and approach to providing the expected full capability by 1993. One challenge in the design of the program features was the need to accommodate a range of analysts skilled in mishap investigation practices but naive with respect to human factors considerations in analysis. This will be met by incorporation of supporting skilled staff and special purpose software which will aid these analysts to identify and evaluate human factors considerations in individual mishaps and across all mishaps. This presentation reviews human factors considerations in the software support features which will assist the analysts perform analyses and develop and evaluate countermeasures. Considerations and cautions in developing selected human-computer interaction is reviewed, with attention given to features to be incorporated to lead the analyst and to provide him with questions and considerations which must be resolved before a workable hypothesis can be developed or evaluated.
The Army Manprint Idea: (Integrated Decision/Engineering Aid)
Authors: Malone Thomas B. , Heasly Christopher C. , Eike David R. 
Published: January 2012

The US Army Human Engineering Laboratory (USAHEL) is developing an approach to the application of MANPRINT in the context of the Materiel Acquisition Process (MAP). This approach includes: 1) a MANPRINT roadmap, consisting of a formal and standard process for accomplishing MANPRINT at each phase of the MAP and which is tied to the activities, products and events of the MAP; 2) a tool kit consisting of a set of automated tools needed to implement the roadmap in a cost-effective manner; and 3) a repository of all pertinent information, and techniques for accessing all available information - available at the user's workstation irrespective of the original source. The driving requirement for the USAHEL approach to HFE/MANPRINT is for integration. This includes: integration of the HFE/MANPRINT process into the Materiel Acquisition Process; the integration of HFE/MANPRINT tools into the process; the integration of HFE/MANPRINT tools and data bases in terms of data import and export; the integration of HFE/MANPRINT tools among themselves in terms of data import and export; and the integration of HFE/MANPRINT domains including HFE, manpower, personnel and training, system safety, and health hazard assessment. The USAHEL approach to MANPRINT in the early stages of materiel development is to base the process for accomplishing MANPRINT on the HFE front-end analysis methodology as described in MIL-H 46855B. USAHEL, under contract with Carlow Associates Incorporated, is developing a MANPRINT standardized and formalized process tied to the events, activities, products and milestones currently for the first two phases of the MAP and incorporating a set of automated tools and information system to support the application of the MANPRINT process. The system, including the process, associated tools and information resources, have been designated the USAHEL MANPRINT Integrated Decision/Engineering Aid or IDEA. IDEA includes a HFE/MANPRINT standardized and formalized process tied to the events, activities, products and milestones of each phase of the Materiel Acquisition Process (MAP) and incorporating a set of automated tools to support the application of the HFE/MANPRINT process. The process and associated tools have been completed for the Program Initiation Phase IDEA (prior to milestone 0) and the Concept Exploration Phase IDEA. The elements of the IDEA system, as described in this paper, are: the HFE/MANPRINT process; an integrated HFE/MANPRINT information system; automated HFE/MANPRINT analysis tools; HFE/MANPRINT analyst productivity enhancement tools; HFE/MANPRINT information tools; a report generator for producing HFE/MANPRINT plans and reports; and, the user.
Concurrent versus Retrospective Verbal Protocol for Comparing Window Usability
Authors: Bowers Victoria A. , Snyder Harry L. 
Published: January 2012

A traditional concurrent verbal protocol method was compared to a heavily cued retrospective verbal protocol in which users were presented with a video tape of their performance to help them recall their thoughts after task completion. The two methods of protocol were employed in a comparison of two different size monitors. Subjects were required to complete 12 tasks which varied in the number of windows required simultaneously on the monitor. The subjects' performance, as measured by steps to completion, task completion time, and errors committed, was compared across monitors and protocol methods. Subjective data were also collected in the form of task difficulty ratings, as well as a global measure of user satisfaction. Verbal data were compared to assess any information differences due to the methods of collection or the monitor sizes. No performance or subjective differences were found between the two protocol methods. The kinds of information gathered were quite different for the two methods, with concurrent protocol subjects giving procedural information and retrospective protocol subjects giving explanations and design statements. Performance data, as well as subjective data, indicated that on tasks that require that one or two windows be present simultaneously, there were no differences between the two monitor sizes. As the number of simultaneous windows increased, however, the large monitor's advantages became apparent. Tasks which require that four windows be present simultaneously were judged to be easier and required fewer steps on the large monitor than on the small monitor.
Validation of a Driving Simulation Facility for Instrument Panel Task Performance
Authors: Kurokawa Ko , Wierwille Walter W. 
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this study was to compare driver performance of 17 conventional automotive instrument panel (IP) tasks on the road and in the driving simulator and to validate use of the simulator in evaluation of an IP design. Introduction of random crosswind was shown to influence the driving workload in the simulator. Comparisons of the visual attentional and manual demand measures demonstrated that a driving environment close to that in the car is provided by the simulator at zero crosswind level and that the driving simulator can be used to evaluate automotive IP designs.
Building an Intelligent Tutoring System: Some Guidelines from a Study of Human Tutors
Authors: Galdes Deborah K. , Smith Philip J. 
Published: January 2012

One reason that intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) are rarely found outside of the research lab has to do with the guidelines available to developers of these systems. First, some of these guidelines are stated as general, abstract goals such as “adapt to the student.” What ITS developers need, however, are specific strategies and techniques which can be implemented in an ITS to accomplish those goals. Second, not all of the guidelines have an empirical basis. One solution to both of these problems is to study human tutors. This paper demonstrates this approach, and discusses an empirical study of human tutors which was conducted to address these issues. Specifically, it discusses 1) the knowledge acquisition method which we designed to capture the appropriate empirical data, 2) how we used this method to study human tutors and students in the medical problem-solving domain of immunohematology (blood banking), 3) several guidelines which appeared to drive the tutors' behavior (e.g., “limit the number of interrupts to the student”), and 4) specific tutoring strategies which can be incorporated into an ITS to make its behavior follow these guidelines.
How to Make T&E Results Usable and Truly Useful
Authors: Christ Richard E. 
Published: January 2012

The rationale for a discipline of test and evaluation (T&E) is that systems are developed to achieve certain purposes. This is true whether the systems in question are purely hardware, software, training, socio-political, or some combination of these or still other system types. The major objectives of test and evaluation are to determine whether the systems achieve their purposes and, if they do not, to determine how they can be improved. The human factors results of this effort must be both usable and useful if the T&E practitioner is to have credibility. The usability of T&E results is a function of the adequacy of the methods used for collecting and analyzing data in the context of real-world constraints, a world in which there may be frequent departures from an ideal test and evaluation environment. The measurement problems inevitably encountered include those associated with the disparity between the engineering and behavioral science disciplines, the complexities of experimental control in operational situations and operational fidelity in non-operational settings, and the absence of direct translations between human performance and the performance of the larger system of which the human is a part. The usefulness of T&E results is a function of how relevant they are to the decision makers who are managing the system development program, as well as those other individuals who are designing, developing, operating, maintaining, or using the outputs of the system. Unlike the human factors specialist, the T&E “customer” is generally not concerned with a search for the truth. Rather, the customer frequently needs only that information necessary to answer very specific questions. We will fail in our responsibility as human factors professionals if we do not provide the type of information, in the proper format, that will influence the decisions and behavior of the user of that information. Both the usability and the usefulness of human factors test and evaluation efforts must be properly addressed by T&E researchers and practitioners. This is true if for no other reason than for the sheer pragmatic need to get continuing support and funding for our discipline. The first two papers in this symposium will emphasize the usability of results in the real-world context of the T&E environment and the last two will emphasize the usefulness of the results to the sponsor or user. The participants have had multiple opportunities to reconcile and more clearly address differences in the positions they espouse through exchanges and critiques of their respective papers.
The Use of Personal Computer-Based Training Devices in Teaching Instrument Flying: A Comparative Study
Authors: Moroney William F. , Hampton Steven , Biers David W. , Kirton Thomas 
Published: January 2012

The in-flight performance of aviation students trained on PC-Based Training (TDs), using “Elite” and “IFT” software packages, was compared to the in—flight performance of students trained in a FAA approved generic training device (the Frasca 141). Seventy-nine students enrolled in a Instrument Flight Training Course were trained on one of the three TDs and then flew in a Mooney 20J. Instructors/ evaluators used a form, based on criteria specified in FAA's Performance Test Standards (PTS) for an Instrument Rating, to evaluate student performance on six maneuvers and two categories of general flight skills. Student performance was evaluated by course instructors and independent “Stage Check Pilots” during both the ground-based and in-flight portion of the course. For the factors evaluated, no significant difference was noted among those studnets taught in any of the TDs in either the number of trials per task or hours to instrument flight proficiency in the aircraft. However, compared to students trained on the Frasca, students trained on the PC-Based TDs required significantly fewer hours and trials per task, to reach the overall PTSs in the TDs. Additionally, training received in the PC-Based TD cost 46% less than training received in the Frasca. Finally, the cost of the PC-Based TDs, associated hardware and Software was 7.6% of the $60,000 cost of the Frasca. The authors recommend that steps be initiated to qualify PC-Based TDs as Flight Training Devices, in which instrument rating training credit can be accrued.
Graphical Feedback System to Effectively Support User's Task
Authors: Yoshimune Toshiya , Ogawa Katsuhiko 
Published: January 2012

The book metaphor approach was created to simplify database access. The intent was to improve access speed and comfort. In 1990, we created an advanced book metaphor interface (BMI) to a set of about 300 design guidelines. The user interacts with the guidelines through a ‘book like’ screen and operations such as the table of contents, the index, or browsing. Experiments revealed, however, that the BMI did not offer a significant improvement over the equivalent printed version of the guidelines. The BMI was more comfortable but users did not perform the task, correcting an example of a bad data input screen, any more rapidly. The problem was that novice users did not understand the tools offered by the BMI and so failed to use them in the optimum manner. An agent was added to the BMI that monitors the user's commands and, when the user deviates from the optimum procedure, graphically suggests what the more correct procedure would be. The subjects of the usability analysis were software designers who did not have background in human factors. They were instructed to design screens through the use of the guidelines using the BMI. The agent was provided to only half of them. The usability analysis finds that the new BMI realizes higher productivity and increased user acceptance.
Applying Human Factors to Classroom Visual Aids
Authors: Shapiro Susan J. 
Published: January 2012

Transparencies, slides, and computer based displays are common visual aids used in classroom presentations. This paper will outline the use of principles which improve the effectiveness of these visual aids General principles discussed include: Organizing material, clarifying material and enhancing encoding. Gestalt principles such as simplicity, similarity, proximity, and continuation, appropriate text size and font, effective use of color and other attention getting cues, and appropriate contrast and glare reduction are considered.
The Effects of Human Interface Design on Wrist Biomechanics during Scanning
Authors: Lehman Katherine R. , Marras William S. 
Published: January 2012

Two window, or “bi-optic” scanners have ergonomic potential to minimize cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) among grocery checkers. However, not all checkers utilize both windows when scanning. Four, two window scanners were tested to see whether the number of windows used had an effect on wrist acceleration, one of the most predictive indicators of CTD risk. Out of 32 subjects, 14 used only one window while scanning. These subjects were seen to have significantly higher cumulative peak wrist accelerations than those subjects that used both windows. In addition, the productivity of the one window users was significantly lower than two window users. The results indicate that two window scanners can not only increase productivity, but can reduce the risk of CTDs. However, this will only occur if checkers appreciate and choose to use both windows in their scanning activity. The large number of subjects (14 out of 32) that only used one window when scanning indicates a serious human interface problem with these types of scanners. This paper identifies the need for better scanner designs that will indicate to the user the three-dimensional scan zone created by the two windows. The design should influence one to use both windows while scanning so that wrist motions will be reduced. Most importantly, this paper identifies the importance of the relationship between cognitive and biomechanical issues when approaching a human interface problem in a product's design.
Ergonomic Analysis of Extension Ladders
Authors: Beyer Roman R. , McCarthy Roger L. , Wood Christine T. 
Published: January 2012

Although the most serious accident mode associated with extension ladder use has always been “falling off the ladder” there has been increasing attention, recently, on “contact with electric current” or electrocution accidents primarily with aluminum ladders. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) has made several recommendations to address this problem from a technical approach. They have proposed insulating and/or isolating the ladder electrically or replacing it with a fiberglass ladder. Long extension ladders are heavy, and proposed recommendations by the CPSC to make aluminum extension ladders nonconductive include replacing them with fiberglass extension ladders, which will definitely result in a heavier ladder. A heavier ladder has implications for the characteristics of the user population and for types of injury patterns. Occupational accident data show that ladder associated accidents directly related to ladder weight, such as overexertion, are more likely. If ladder weight were increased for example, by using exclusively nonconductive fiberglass ladders, overexertion would be a greater concern. A statics model was developed that uses a variety of variables relevant to the ladder erection process to determine the amount of force required of users to erect various types of extension ladders. Anthropometric data on the male and the female adult population were compared to the ladder user requirements. The percentages of males and of females capable of erecting 12.2-meter (40-foot) extension ladders were determined. Only three percent of female adults have the strength and reach height to erect 12.2-meter (40-foot) fiberglass extension ladders. Mandated use of 12.2-meter (40-foot) fiberglass extension ladders would greatly restrict the numbers of females who could perform jobs requiring the use of such ladders.
Human Factors Issues in the Maritime Industry
Authors: Hill Susan G. , Rothblum Anita M. 
Published: January 2012

As a result of the Exxon Valdez accident in March, 1989, considerable attention has been focused on the role of the crew in maritime safety. It is generally recognized that human error contributes to the majority of the accidents in the aviation and nuclear industries, and recent analyses of marine safety data suggest a similar level in maritime applications. The problem areas also appear to be similar, i.e., fatigue and stress effects on performance, mismatches between levels of automation and skill, poor or inadequate procedures, and human frailty with regard to following procedures. This session presents four papers which present research and discussion of human factors issues related to work in the maritime environment. These papers present a breadth of topics, including the mariner's interaction with automation, issues of manning, methodology and results concerning “live-aboard” work concepts, and collection of human factors-related data from marine casualties. The papers presented are either directly sponsored by, or associated with, work being carried out by the U.S. Coast Guard, which is responsible for marine safety in U.S. waters. This symposium presents human factors research and applications in the marine environment; however, the issues and results may be useful across a wide variety of transportation and safety areas.