bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An ultra‐wideband bandpass filter using hybrid structure of microstrip and CPW
Authors: Luo Xun , Ma Jian‐Guo , Ma Kaixue , Yeo Kiat Seng 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn ultra‐wideband (UWB) bandpass filter is proposed based on the hybrid structure of microstrip and coplanar waveguide (CPW). First, the detached‐mode resonator is formed on the CPW layer, which composes a quarter‐wavelength (λ/4) multiple‐mode resonator (MMR) with a short‐stub and a λ/4 single‐mode resonator. Then, two λ/4 microstrip open‐stubs on the top side of the common substrate are introduced for bandwidth enhancement to meet the UWB passband limit. Quasi‐elliptic function response and UWB operation are achieved. The simulated and measured results show an excellent agreement. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2470–2473, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24658
A suspended microstripline‐fed K‐band linear‐tapered slot antenna element and its 4 × 4 array designed by the finite‐difference time‐domain method
Authors: Wu Chen 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA linear‐tapered slot antenna (LTSA) element fed by a novel suspended microstripline (SML) feed structure is presented in this article. The element is designed using the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method. It shows that the element has a wide impedance bandwidth in K‐band. Using the new element, a 4 × 4 SML parallel‐feed array has been designed and built. The measured results demonstrate that the array matches its 50‐ohm SML feed line in a wide frequency band, has better than 16 dBi gain from 17.7 to 23.3 GHz, and has low cross polarizations in both the E‐ and H‐plane. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2406–2410, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24662
Design of X‐band 6‐bit CMOS phase shifter for phased array T/R modules
Authors: Kang Dong‐Woo , Ku Bon‐Hyun , Hong Songcheol 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article presents the design of a 6‐bit phase shifter in a 0.18‐μm CMOS technology for X‐band phased array radar application. Meandered microstrip lines and compact circuit designs techniques yield a chip with 1.9 mm2 die area. The fabricated phase shifter demonstrates a typical 15.7 ± 1.1 dB insertion loss and a 4° rms phase shift error at 9.5 GHz. To the author's knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a 6‐bit phase shifter using CMOS switches with the lowest die area among reciprocal digital phase shifters at X‐band. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2404–2406, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24663
Transmission 32 × 10 Gb/s using LEAF and RDF in C band and L band for DWDM dispersion compensation
Authors: Lin Hsiu‐Sheng , Lai Po‐Chou 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe propose the experiment transport of 32 channels 10 Gbit/s dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) system which uses large effective area fiber (LEAF) in combination with reverse dispersion fiber (RDF), which is a dispersion compensation device, in C and L band wavelength range to solve the dispersion program. The system structure transmission length of 800‐km consisted of 75‐km LEAF and 5‐km RDF for ten fiber spans. Q factor should be greater than 6 dB for good performance, corresponding to a bit error rate (BER) of less than 10−9, and all 32 channels have been measured for both Q factor and BER. The proposed system is applicable for ultra long‐haul transmission in DWDM systems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2489–2492, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24667
Structure elucidation and complete NMR spectral assignments of two new oleanane‐type pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge
Authors: Guo Ying , Dou De‐Qiang , Kang Ting‐Guo , Wang Shi‐Cheng , Kuang Hai‐Xue 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwo new saponins were isolated from husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge and their structures were elucidated as 3‐O‐[β‐D‐galactopyranosyl(1→2)]‐α‐L‐arabinofuranosyl(1→3)‐β‐D‐methyl glucuronic acid‐21‐O‐(3,4‐diangeloyl)‐α‐L‐rhamnose‐3β, 16α, 21β, 22α, 28β‐pentahydroxyl‐22‐acetoxy‐olean‐12‐ene(1) and 3‐O‐[β‐D‐galactopyranosyl(1→2)]‐α‐L‐arabinofuranosyl(1→3)‐β‐D‐methyl glucuronic acid‐21,22‐O‐diangeloyl‐3β,15α,16α,21β,22α,28β‐hexahydroxyl‐olean‐12‐ene(2) on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR (including 1H, 13C‐NMR, 1H1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC and DEPT), ESI‐MS spectrometry and chemical methods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural studies on aryl‐substituted enaminoketones and their thio analogues. Part II. Experimental and DFT calculated carbon–carbon coupling constants, nJ(CC)'s (n = 1–3)
Authors: Bugaj Marta , Baran Piotr A. , Kamieńska‐Trela Krystyna , Krówczyński Adam 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSpin–spin carbon–carbon coupling constants across one, two and three bonds, J(CC), have been measured for a series of aryl‐substituted Z‐s‐Z‐s‐E enaminoketones and their thio analogues. As a result, a large set, altogether 178, of J(CC)s has been obtained. It consists of 82 couplings across one bond, 31 couplings across two bonds and 65 couplings across three bonds. Independently, the DFT calculations at the B3PW91/6‐311++G(d,p)//B3PW91/6‐311++G(d,p) level yielded a set of theoretical J(CC) values. A comparison of these two sets of data gave an excellent linear correlation with parameters a and b close to ideal; a = 0.9978 which is not far from unity and b = 0.22 Hz which is close to zero. The 1J(CC) couplings determined for the crucial fragment of the molecules, i.e. CCCO (or CCCS), are: 1J(CC) ≈ 68 Hz (67 Hz) and 1J(CC) = 60.5 Hz (60.0 Hz). The corresponding couplings found for the Z‐s‐Z‐s‐E isomer of the parent enaminoketone, 4‐methylamino‐but‐3‐en‐2‐one are 64.1 and 59.3 Hz, respectively. The most sensitive towards substitution of the oxygen atom by sulfur are two‐bond couplings between the α‐vinylic and aromatic Cipso carbon atoms, which attain 12 Hz in the enaminoketone derivatives and decrease to 5 Hz in their thio analogues. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Torsion angle relationship of the 17O NMR chemical shift in α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds
Authors: Mocci Francesca 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe torsion angle effect on the isotropic shielding of 17O nucleus in α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl groups is studied by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations using a polarizable continuum model (PCM) for the solvent, employing the PBE0 functional together with the 6‐311G(d,p) basis set for geometry optimization, and the 6‐311+G(2d,p) basis set for calculating the NMR shielding with the gauge‐including atomic orbitals (GIAO) method.This study adds new information on the sensitivity of the 17O nucleus to conformational changes, revealing a strong dependence of the 17O NMR chemical shift on the dihedral angle between the carbonyl and the vinyl moiety in all studied compounds; remarkable differences are observed with the data reported for α‐diketones. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Green and rapid preparation of thermally stable and highly organosoluble polyamides containing L‐phenylalanine‐9,10‐dihydro‐9,10‐ethanoanthracene‐11,12‐dicarboximido moieties
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Rafiee Zahra 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA chiral diacid monomer containing L‐phenylalanine‐9,10‐dihydro‐9,10‐ethanoanthracene‐11,12‐dicarboximido unit was successfully synthesized in four steps and used in the preparation of a series of novel optically active polyamides by direct polycondensation with diverse aromatic diamines using 1,3‐dipropylimidazolium bromide under microwave dielectric heating. Ionic liquids (ILs) efficiently absorb microwave energy and thus are employed as solvent. By controlling the concentration of 1,3‐dipropylimidazolium bromide, reaction time and power level, high yield and moderate inherent viscosity polymers could be achieved in a very short period of time. All the resulting polymers exhibited excellent solubility in various organic solvents. The polyamides were found to have inherent viscosities in the range of 0.54–0.85 dL g−1. These polyamides had glass‐transition temperatures (Tg) above 180°C, and a 10% weight‐loss temperatures in excess of 340°C with char yield at 800°C in nitrogen higher than 40%. A comparative study on effects exerted by microwave technique with conventional method is also presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
O‐glycoside sequence of pentacyclic triterpene saponins from Phytolacca bogotensis using HPLC‐ESI/multi‐stage tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Montoya Guillermo , Arango Gabriel J. , Unger Matthias , Holzgrabe Ulrike 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIntroduction – The lack of pharmacopoeial methodologies for the quality control of plants used for therapeutic purposes is a huge problem that impacts directly upon public health. In the case of saponins, their great structural complexity, weak glycoside bonds and high polarity hinder their identification by conventional techniques.Objective – To apply high‐performance liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐ESI/MSn) to identify the O‐glycoside sequence of saponins from the roots of Phytolacca bogotensis.Methodology – Saponins were isolated by preparative HPLC and characterised by NMR spectroscopic experiments. Collision‐induced dissociation (CID) of isolated saponins was performed producing typical degradation reactions that can be associated with several glycosidic bonds as empirical criteria. A method using solid‐phase extraction (SPE) and HPLC/ESI‐MSn for the characterisation of saponins and identification of novel molecules is described.Results – Three saponins reported for the first time in P. bogotensis were isolated and characterised by NMR spectroscopy. Characteristic cross ring cleavage reactions have been used as empirical criteria for the characterisation of the glycosidic bonds most frequently reported for Phytolacca saponins. One new saponin was proposed on the basis of empirical criteria, and other five saponins were identified for the first time for P. bogotensis using HPLC‐ESI/MSn.Conclusion – Electrospray ionisation in combination with tandem mass spectrometry has been established as a powerful tool for the profiling of saponins from roots of P. bogotensis. CID proved to be a useful tool for the characterisation and identification of known and novel saponins from the plant family Phytolaccaceae and can be used for quality control purposes of crude plant extracts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of pore size and pore shape on thermo‐sensitive properties of poly[(ethylene terephthalate)‐graft‐(N‐isopropylacrylamide)] track membranes
Authors: Liu Qi , Yang Xiaomin , Chen Xiliang , Ma Mingwang , Yang Kang , Liu Dan , Zhu Zhiyong 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The main aim of this work was to prepare poly[(ethylene terephthalate)‐graft‐(N‐isopropylacrylamide)] (PET‐graft‐NIPAAm) track membranes with various pore shapes and pore sizes, and to investigate the influence of pore shape and pore size on the thermo‐sensitive properties of the membranes. The PET‐graft‐NIPAAm track membranes were prepared using UV illumination, chemical etching and γ‐irradiation polymerization. Their thermo‐sensitive properties were investigated using conductimetry.RESULTS: PET track membranes with four kinds of pore shapes and sizes were prepared using chemical etching by changing the UV illumination time. After γ‐irradiation, NIPAAm was grafted into the etched PET track membranes both inside the pores and on the membranes. Conductimetric measurements showed that only membranes with appropriate pore shape and pore size had thermo‐sensitive properties. When the grafting ratio was 5 wt%, membranes with both small double cone‐shaped pores and with very large cylinder‐shaped pores showed no thermo‐sensitive properties.CONCLUSION: Along with the grafting ratio, the pore shape and pore size also have an influence on the thermo‐sensitive properties of PET‐graft‐NIPAAm track membranes. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Do childcare arrangements make the difference? a multilevel approach to the intention of having a second child in Italy
Authors: Fiori Francesca 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDoes more support in childcare increase the mother's desire to have a second child? An answer to this question was sought in Italy, a country characterised by very low fertility.The paper explores the existence of effects on individual decisions at different levels, in the hypotheses that fertility preferences are not only related to women's individual traits, but also affected by the interactions with the surrounding social network and by the opportunity/constraints of the context of residence. Data from the ISTAT Survey on Births completed in 2005 were used to study the impact of different childcare arrangements on expected fertility of women who had a child between 18 to 21 months prior to their interviews (N = 5145). A multilevel strategy of analysis was adopted to assess the existence of a contextual effect beyond the observed individual effects.Working women in the sample have the same fertility intentions as non‐working women, but these expectations are conditioned by several factors. A higher paternal commitment in childbirth, childcare and household chores is positively associated to the intention of a second child; help from the informal family network shows a significant positive effect on women's childbearing intentions.Finally, and although the empirical analysis here performed does not provide clear evidence of autonomous contextual effects, it is argued that individual behaviours are connected to the context in which they belong and researchers' efforts should be directed towards its correct specification, transcending the standard geographical focus of social contextualisation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hysteretic magnetoresistance in polymeric diodes
Authors: Majumdar Sayani , Majumdar Himadri S. , Aarnio Harri , Österbacka Ronald 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe report on hysteretic organic magnetoresistance (OMAR) in polymeric diodes. We found that magnitude and lineshape of OMAR depend strongly on the scan speed of the magnetic field and on the time delay between two successive measurements. The time‐dependent OMAR phenomenon is universal for diodes made with various polymers. However, the width and magnitude of OMAR varied with the polymeric material. The suggestive reason for this hysteretic behavior is trapped carriers, which in presence of a magnetic field change the ferromagnetic ground‐state of the polymer leading to a long spin relaxation time. These experimental observations are significant for clarification of the OMAR phenomenon. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ab initio studies of vacancy‐defected fullerenes and single‐walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Liu Lei Vincent , Tian Wei Quan , Wang Yan Alexander 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe structures, stabilities, and electronic properties of the single‐vacancy‐defected fullerenes, C60 and C70, and the single‐ and double‐vacancy‐defected single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were studied within density functional theory. The isomerization barriers for the single‐vacancy‐defected C60 on the triplet potential energy surface (PES) are lower than those on the singlet PES. The symmetric double‐vacancy‐defected (10,0) SWCNT is the most stable one among the models investigated. According to the analyses of frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), nature bond orbitals, and local density of states, introduction of vacancy on the SWCNT decreases the band gap of semiconducting SWCNT, increases the band gap of conducting SWCNT, destructs the π conjugation of the FMOs, and gives rise to enhanced chemical activity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
The secret codes of mammalian scents
Authors: Ferrero David M. , Liberles Stephen D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe scents of mammals are complex blends of natural products that reveal a wealth of individual information. Many mammals can decipher these scent codes to discern the gender, age, endocrine status, social status, and genotype of conspecifics using dedicated sensory receptors in their olfactory system. Among these social odors are pheromones, chemicals that trigger innate behaviors and physiological responses. Here, we review classes of mammal‐derived natural products that influence behavior through activation of the olfactory system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling
COFINITENESS AND FINITENESS OF GENERALIZED LOCAL COHOMOLOGY MODULES
Authors: CHU LIZHONG 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLet I be an ideal of a commutative Noetherian local ring R, and M and N two finitely generated modules. Let t be a positive integer. We mainly prove that (i) if HIi(M,N) is Artinian for all i<t, then HIi(M,N) is I-cofinite for all i<t and Hom(R/I,HIt(M,N)) is finitely generated; (ii) if d=pd(M)<∞ and dim N=n<∞, then HId+n(M,N) is I-cofinite. We also prove that if M is a nonzero cyclic R-module, then HIi(N) is finitely generated for all i<t if and only if HIi(M,N) is finitely generated for all i<t.
Loans in Kenya on the Security of Chattels: I
Authors: Oulton A. D. M. 
Published: July 2009

Few lenders are as demanding as Shylock, but nearly all share his desire to obtain as good security as they can for their loans.The personal remedy against the borrower is often regarded as inadequate, for “a man advancing money upon mortgage wants something better than this, he wants some jus in rem, some right in certain specific things as well as the mere jus in personam that the mortgagor's covenant will give him”.
A Note on the Construction of the Gold Coast Reception Statute
Authors: Seidman Robert B. 
Published: July 2009

From the evidence of the minute paper which preceded the drafting of the first African reception statute, it may be asserted that the intendment of the Colonial Office officials was:(1) that the limiting date in the statute was to apply as well to the common law and the doctrines of equity as to the statutes of general application;(2) that the phrase “Imperial Laws”, refers as well to the common law and doctrines of equity as to the statutes of general application, so that the West African courts were granted a plenitude of power to determine the applicability to local conditions of judge-made law as well as legislation.It is difficult, however, to determine the intendent of the phrase, “statutes of general application”, in the premises.
The Legislative History of the Gold Coast and Nigerian Marriage Ordinances:II
Authors: Zabel Shirley , Ceylon B. 
Published: July 2009

The next chapter in the history of the Gold Coast and Nigerian marriage ordinances is encountered a few years later in documents concerning the law of marriage in Ceylon.2On May, 30th, 1863, Governor MacCarthy wrote to the Duke of Newcastle, then Secretary of State for the Colonies, a lengthy despatch concerning the history of marriage in Ceylon and expressing his views on the need for a new ordinance.
Introduction: Some notes on “African Customary Law”
Authors: Roberts Simon 
Published: July 2009

The papers collected here can safely be left to speak for themselves. Ranging from Abel's map of some ideal types, conceived at a level of abstraction comparable to Weber's typology of authority, to Sachs' account of a day's work in a Mozambique popular tribunal, they represent very fairly the diverse perspectives from which “customary law” is presently being written about. They show that we are dealing here with a number of different phenomena, and that people have seen these phenomena in sometimes radically opposed ways.The very label “African Customary Law” has a flavour of the 1950s and 60s about it, recalling that new and exciting area of study which Allott marked out single handed and then enthusiastically encouraged others to join him in developing. The assumption was then that we were dealing with a living, specifically African repertoire of norms and procedures which could be put to work in helping to shape some African “future”. Since then the nature and provenance of this repertoire and the merits of that ambition have been the subject of a lively re-examination; and that discussion was at the heart of the Lisbon conference where these papers originated.The profitable continuation of that discussion requires that we are clear about the range of meanings which “African customary law” may carry. My own, subjective, marking-out of the field would be along the following lines.
Custom, Rules, Administration, Community
Authors: Abel Richard 
Published: July 2009

The concept of “customary law” often is used to refer to a particular kind of legal rule—one that is oral rather than written, for instance. Such a conception contains a kernel of truth—customary rules are distinctive—but the focus is too narrow. In this essay I want to look at the totality of legal phenomena in a society—rules, processes, institutions, personnel, and ideology—exploring how they are interrelated and how they relate to other social phenomena. For this purpose I want to construct four configurations of law in society, none of which can be found in its pure form anywhere. Such an ideal type is a heuristic device that, if successful, reveals the dynamic tendencies of a particular configuration and the connections among its parts.The first configuration, which I will call custom, is found in the pre-capitalist societies of the third world prior to colonial domination. Obviously we never can know what those societies actually looked like, since oral history inevitably introduces nostalgic distortions, and the earliest European travellers and traders were changing die societies even as they were describing them (and of course expressed their own ethnocentric biases). Furthermore, to employ the category “precapitalist” is to invite a number of analytic difficulties: it defines these societies negatively (they are not yet capitalist); and it lumps together societies that differ greatly in economy (e.g., agricultural and pastoral), polity (e.g., chiefly and chiefless), and social structure (e.g., the presence or absence of corporate lineages).
Kwandu Law: The Evolution of a Juridical System Among an Herero People of South-West Angola
Authors: Medeiros Carlos L. 
Published: July 2009

The Kwandu are an agro-pastoral people of about 2,000 persons who inhabit the area of semi-desert around the Serra da Neve near the MoÇamedes Desert. Kwandu law has largely evolved in the context of a particular notion of time held by this people for whom the past is alive in the present and history interacts with events of the moment. Among the Kwandu the past is one of the main subjects of daily conversation, a vital component of their oral traditions as well as an enduring feature of their re-enactment of the lives of ancestors, of religious ritual and of the symbolic and value-systems of the group. This study brings together data collected in 1970 and 1971 when I lived for fourteen months with the Kwandu. During this period I shared their daily lives and spent many hours listening to the telling and re-telling of past events, gaining, in the process, an insight into their way of thinking and feeling, the essential key to an understanding of their history.The oral history of the Kwandu is permeated by a concept of time which demands the constant revival and re-enactment of the past. Whenever a narrator evokes an ancestor he becomes that ancestor and transposes himself to the time of action to confront and re-live the events of the past. In this way all narratives, including many which go back several centuries to the most remote events in the collective memory, are recounted in detail, in the first person and in the present tense.