bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A COMPARISON OF THE DIURETIC ACTION OF MERCAPTOMERIN, ETHACRYNIC ACID AND FUROSEMIDE IN CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Authors: Olesen Knud H. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract.The quantitative and qualitative effects of the diuretics ethacrynic acid, mercaptomerin and furosemide have been compared in 24 patients with congestive heart failure. The statistical design of the study permitted an unbiased comparison of drug effects separate from the effects of different patients and of varying sequence of administration of diuretics.In terms of quantitative effects the study revealed that in programme I, including twelve patients, furosemide (80 mg orally) appeared to be the superior diuretic in comparison with mercaptomerin (125 mg (= 1 ml) intramuscularly) and ethacrynic acid (100 mg orally). In programme II, comprising twelve patients, both furosemide (160 mg) and ethacrynic acid (200 mg orally) had a greater diuretic effect than mercaptomerin (250 mg (= 2 ml) intramuscularly). Metabolic alkalosis had a significant adverse influence upon the response to mercaptomerin, but did not affect the action of the oral drugs.With regard to qualitative effects it was found that ethacrynic acid and furosemide tended to promote a lower negative free water clearance than mercaptomerin, but statistically significant differences did not occur. The potassium excretion was lower after mercaptomerin than after the two oral diuretics, even when the level of sodium excretion was taken into account. Accordingly, the mean serum potassium levels changed less after mercaptomerin than after ethacrynic acid and furosemide. However, the range of variations was large after all diuretics, and a marked reduction of serum potassium was also a risk after mercaptomerin.It is concluded that furosemide and ethacrynic acid in larger doses are more effective diuretics than mercaptomerin when pretreatment with acidifying drugs is not used, and that the qualitative differences between the actions of the drugs are not of such clinical significance that they will severely influence the choice of drug.
HEREDITARY ALTERATIONS OF FRUCTOSE METABOLIZING ENZYMES
Authors: Schapira F. , Nordmann Y. , Gregori C. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Two hereditary alterations of fructose metabolizing enzymes are known. We have shown that in essential fructosuria, there is in fact a deficiency of fructokinase activity. We have shown that in hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) some abnormal properties of aldolase in liver are related to aldolases A (muscle type) and C (brain type) which are normally synthesized by embryo, and which persist without change. In livers with HFI, we have found a protein immunologically related to aldolase B (liver adult type), the enzymatic activity of which is about 3 per cent of the normal value. Its Michaelis constant for fructose‐1‐phosphate is greatly increased.We conclude that, in hereditary fructose intolerance, there is a mutation of the structural gene.
THE EFFECT OF ALPRENOLOL IN COMBINATION WITH HYDRALAZINE IN ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Pape Jan 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Seventeen patients with moderate essential hypertension were included in a double‐blind crossover study, comparing the antihypertensive effect of a combination of alprenolol and hydralazine to that of alprenolol and placebo. Both treatments resulted in a significant decrease in blood pressure compared to initial values. The effects of the combination of alprenolol and hydralazine were significantly more pronounced than those of alprenolol alone.After the crossover study the patients were followed up for 12 months and despite dose reductions of the two drugs in several patients the blood pressure remained virtually unchanged, compared to the values of the crossover study.It is concluded that the combination of alprenolol and hydralazine is a good alternative to other drug treatment in hypertension.
THE IMPACT OF AUGUST KROGH ON THE INSULIN TREATMENT OF DIABETES AND OUR PRESENT STATUS
Authors: Poulsen Jacob E. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract.The influence of August Krogh on the introduction of insulin preparations in Scandinavia is mentioned, and his outstanding physiological background is outlined.Developments in preparation of insulin depending on the progress in protein‐chemistry are summarized. The latest step in the purification of insulin extracted from pork pancreas now allows treatment of diabetics with protamine‐pork‐insulin without causing formation of insulin‐antibodies in at least 90 per cent treated with insulin through several months. In only 3 out of 51 diabetics was it possible to demonstrate insulin‐antibodies.This new step may be of great interest in two ways it is now possible to make insulin‐estimations in the plasma of insulin‐treated cases and it will be possible to find out whether elimination of insulin‐antibody‐formation will reduce the degree of vascular lesions in diabetics, such lesions being the greatest problem in clinical diabetes.
Morphological Effects of Rapeseed Oil in Rats
Authors: ENGFELDT BENGT , BRUNIUS EDVARD 
Published: August 2010

AbstractLight microscopy of paraffin embedded and frozen sections, supplemented with electron microscopy, was performed on the heart muscle of young rats fed rapeseed oil in short‐term experiments. It was confirmed that high levels of rapeseed oil, which contains erucic acid, produce severe lipoidosis of the heart muscle fibres within 10 days.An attempt was made to find out the lowest level of erucic acid in the rat diet to give rise to pathological fatty accumulation. Several frozen sections from each heart or serial sections in combination with electron microscopy were used for this evaluation. The level found to give rise to pathological fatty accumulation was about 2 % by weight (w/w), while rats fed 1 % erucic acid showed normal myocardium.No direct proof that erucic acid is of importance in human pathophysiology has hitherto been presented. It is concluded, however, that the similarity in reaction among the many species of experimental animals tested by different workers, as well as the basic metabolic disturbances demonstrated, are in strong favour of a similar effect in man.
Observations on Lipid Composition with Particular Reference to Cardiolipin of Rat Heart after Feeding Rapeseed Oil*
Authors: BLOMSTRAND ROLF , SVENSSON LENNART 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe influence of dietary rapeseed oil on the lipid classes and fatty acid pattern of rat heart homogenate and mitochondria has been investigated after feeding a diet with 9.8 weight‐ % erucic acid for 10 days and 1.4 and 2.6 % erucic acid for 28 days.The rats treated with 9.8 % erucic acid showed a significant increase in the triglycerides of the heart mitochondria. This tendency was much less pronounced in rats treated with 1.4 resp. 2.6 % erucic acid. These results confirm those of other investigators. A slight increase in the cholesterol esters of the mitochondria could be seen in all the treated rats.The total phospholipids were decreased in the experiment with 9.8 % erucic acid and slightly increased in experiments with 1.4 and 2.6 % erucic acid. The concentration of phosphatidylcholine showed a tendency to increase and the concentration of phosphatidylethanolamine to decrease in the experiment with 9.8 % erucic acid in the diet. The concentration of cardiolipin was mainly unchanged.In all experiments the triglycerides of the heart mitochondria showed a high content of erucic acid. The fatty acids of the cholesterol esters of the heart mitochondria were also influenced of dietary rapeseed oil but to a less extent than the triglycerides. The fatty acids of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin were all influenced by the dietary rapeseed oil, but the erucic acid seemed to have a specific affinity to cardiolipin.Cardiolipin of rat heart mitochondria was isolated and identified with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The isolated cardiolipin was found to contain 12 per cent erucic acid after feeding 9.8 % erucic acid as rapeseed oil for 10 days. Similar results were obtained after feeding glyceryl trierucate for 5 days to rats. The incorporation of erucic acid into cardiolipin was followed by a corresponding decrease of linoleic acid. This observation is of great interest because the molecular structure of fatty acids in lipid molecules has a profound influence of the packing of these molecules in a bilayer. Since cardiolipin is a component of the inner membrane of mitochondria its high affinity for erucic acid might influence the normal function of the inner membrane of heart mitochondria.
Smallpox Vaccination: The End of an Era
Authors: KARZON DAVID T. 
Published: August 2010

Summary. In 1971 it wasrecommended that routine immunization against smallpox be discontinued in the United States. While smallpox vaccine has had a venerable record of disease control, deliberations which led to the reversal of the longstanding public health plicy reflect a reconsideration of smallpox status in the world. Smallpox was introduced into the western hemishere almost 450 yeas ago. Immunoprophylaxis was initiated in the United States more than 250 years ago. The record of smalpox vaccine is impressive. It may bbe credited with the reduction of cases in the United States from more than 110,000 in 1920 to an absence of cases since 1949. However, we cannot credit the continued maintenance of a smallpox‐free country to the routine use of vaccine and cannot credit the level of immunity of our population for the prevention of importations. The fact is that our “herd immunity” has not been challenged for 25 years.As the incidence of smallpox in the world has fallen, and with the disappearance of the disease altogether in the developed countries, the substantial toxicity of the vaccine began to stand out in bold relief. In the United States, 7–8 deaths attributable to complicatins of the smallpox vaccine occurred each year. In addition, significant nerrologic and dermal complications of the smallpox vaccine occurred each year. In addition, significant neurologic and dermal complications have occurred at the rate of 8,000 per year. These complications occurred among 5–6 million primary and 7–8 million revaccinees each year.The risk of importation of cases of smallpox in a given country is proportionate to the incidence of endemic smallpox in the world and the number of tramellers from endemic areas. World incidence of smallpox has fallen dramatically. As late as 1962, 61 countries reported smallpox. The current list includes only 4 countries where smallpox is endemic‐India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Ethiopia. Exportations in the first portion of 1974 have been confined almost exclusively to adjacent land areas. Recently, the Americas, having gone without endemic cases for 2 years were declared disease free; Indonesia has recently received similar status.The success of recent control and eradication programs on a world‐wide basis is based upon a new understanding of smallpox epidemiology and a new and vigorous approach to its containment. Emphasis upon epidemiologic investigation of all suspected cases and systematic vaccination of contacts ha proved very effective. However, importations into non‐epidemic areas can theoretically occur as long as small‐pox exists anywhere in the world. Expericnce has shown that selective “ring vaccination” of contacts of such imported cases can effectively control spread. This policy plus continued vaccination of high risk individuals, i.e., health personnel and travellers to and from endemic areas, provides the least toll in morbidity and mortality. Continued active support is required for smallpox surveillance and eradication programs around the world.
New Approaches to the Prevention of Influenza
Authors: KILBOURNE EDWIN D. 
Published: August 2010

Summary. More than 30 years after development of the first effective influenza vaccine, influenza remains virtually uncontrolled by human intervention. The explanation of this paradox is to be found in the nature of the causative virus, which is unique among infectious agents in its capacity for rapid and frequent intigenic changes. Therefor, the limited effectiveness of present day vaccines is less a problem in immunology than it is in the rapid obsolescence of vaccines. The continual need for “updating” of vaccines presents recurrent problems attendant upon the selection, development and production of new vaccine virus strains. Another problem, common also to most other inactivated vaccines, is the transient immunity induced by parenteral administration of conventional inactivated influenza vaccines, even if they are homotypic to the challenge virus. Thus, the problem of influenza immunization requires new approaches, and a variety of new currently under study. These approaches include:

Better standardization of vaccines and increase in antigenic mass. This prosaic but necessary step has reduced one cause of vaccine failure of the past‐i.e. insufficient antigen.
Better purification of vaccines to reduce toxicity related to non‐viral materials.
Induction of local immunity by topical application of vaccine to the respiratory tract. It is logical to induce immunity at the site of subsequent challenge (as with live poliovirus vaccine), although the relative importance of humoral and local immunity in influenza has been insufficiently studied. Such immunity can be stimulated either by live or inactivated vaccines, but much more effectively by the former.
Laboratory selection of antigenic mutants in anticipation of their selection in nature. This approach attempts to simulate in the laboratory the evolution of strain in the laboratory the evolution of strains in nature by passage of virus with antiserum. The objective is to accelerate the selection process so that a pan‐antigenic vaccine virus is derived that can protect against future variants of the subtye.
Gentic manipulation of viruses by recombination and induction and selection of mutants.(The creation of new viruses with desirable properties.)
The Newer Live Virus Vaccines
Authors: HILLEMAN MAURICE R. 
Published: August 2010

Summary. The economic and social considerations in relation to diseases deman the application of preventive measures. As the more devastating viral diseases are controlled, the less important diseases move up in their own sequence to be the impotrant disease entities in the contemporary time perios. Each, in turn, seeks a preventive.The most recent group of viral vaccines‐those against measles, mumps and rubela‐have provided a new technology for disease control and each has lived up to its expectations. Immunity following use of these vaccines has generally exceeded 95% and the proved duration of immunity has exceeded 13 years for rubella. Most importantly, mass immunization of the chils population in the U.S.A. has forestalled the expected epidemic of congenital rubella and has reduced this syndrome to minor incidence.Administration of these vaccines in combined form has provided a means for simplification of vaccination rpograms with reduction in cost without decreased efficacy and without change in clinical reactions.
The treatment of hypertension ‐ an analysis of drug prescription data.
Authors: Boethius G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper describes a study of the degree of continuity in the drug treatment of hypertension. An analysis of antihypertensive drugs dispensed to 916 individuals during 1970–74 revealed that 22% of the men and 27% of the women were without treatment for 20–50% of their observation time. A closer examination of 46 patients under 60 years of age showed that between 2 and 20 physicians had been involved in the antihypertensive treatment of the individual patient. The time without treatment in this group of unselected patients varied between 0 and 77% of the observation time, the degree of discontinuity being insignificantly correlated to the resulting blood pressure level. Non‐compliance was the cause for discontinuing a drug in at least every fifth case.
Haemodynamic effects of pindolol in hypertensive patients
Authors: Atterhög Jan‐Henrik , Dunér Hans , Pernow Bengt 
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Five men and five women, mean age 48 years, with hypertension in stages I or II of the WHO classification, were given peroral treatment with pindolol.The pindolol treatment lead to a significant decrease in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, at rest and during work both after 2 months and after 16 months treatment.Three mechanisms seem to be involved in the antihypertensive effect of pindolol: 1) a negative chronotropic effect on the heart, 2) a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and 3) an increase in venous capacitance affecting the venous return.Comparison of the results after 2 and after 16 months of treatment suggests that a decrease in cardiac output is an early mechanism in the lowering of the blood pressure, while a decrease in vascular resistance seems to be more important after long‐term treatment with pindolol.
Pindolol: A Pharmacokinetic Comparison with other Beta‐Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents
Authors: Meier Jürg 
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The pharmacokinetic properties of the nine most frequently studied β‐adrenoceptor blocking agents (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, oxprenolol, pindolol, practolol, propranolol, sotalol and timolol) were compared. Some pharmacokinetic parameters were found to be quite similar or at least not relevantly different in this group of drugs: e.g. the rate and the amount of absorption, the distribution volume, the elimination half‐life, the total clearance and the total urinary excretion. However, some other pharmacokinetic parameters: e.g. the daily dosage, the oral bioavailability, the first‐pass effect and the ratio of renal versus hepatic clearance, were surprisingly different in this series of drugs. A good correlation between systemic availability and urinary excretion of unchanged drug could be demonstrated for the beta‐adrenoceptor blocking agents.The pharmacokinetic comparison in this series of beta‐blockers revealed that pindolol has some relevant advantages. Due to the moderate metabolism, a negligible first‐pass effect results which yields a high oral bioavailability and leads to small interindividual variations in plasma levels and effects. As a result of the balanced clearance by the liver and the kidney and probably some compensating factors, no accumulation of pindolol has to be expected in patients with partial liver or kidney impairment. Therefore, apart from possessing the lowest daily dosage of the studied beta‐blockers, pindolol administration is relatively less likely to be critical in patients with partial renal or hepatic insufficiency.
Investigations with Beta‐Adrenoceptor Blocking Drugs in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Aellig Walter H. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Several properties of beta‐adrenoceptor blocking drugs can be investigated in healthy volunteers with simple non‐invasive techniques giving reproducible results.Beta‐adrenoceptor blocking activity can be evaluated in several ways. One is to compare heart rate during physical exercise before and after drug administration. 5 mg pindolol and 100 mg propranolol were about equiactive in this test.Another method is to administer i.v. infusions of isoprenaline before and after the administration of the antagonist and to determine the dose of isoprenaline required to increase heart rate to 120 beats/min. Pindolol is about 40 times more potent than propranolol and Sandoz 23–784 about 10 times more potent than pindolol in this test.The moderate intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) of pindolol leads to a slight increase in resting heart rate of subjects in the supine position when sympathetic tone is very low. In the sitting position pindolol like propranolol (without ISA) reduces resting heart rate (but to a lesser extent). Sandoz 23–784, a drug with high ISA, increases resting heart rate both in the supine and in the sitting position. For comparative studies on the duration of action of different drugs exercise‐induced tachycardia seems most convenient. Experiments have shown that in equipotent doses pindolol (5 mg) exhibits a longer duration of action than propranolol (100 mg).Studies on the beta‐adrenoceptor blocking activity of pindolol after oral and after i.v. administration support the results of pharmacokinetic studies showing a nearly complete absorption and a small first pass effect for this drug in man.
Creatine kinase MB isoenzyme in diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Grande Peer , Christiansen Claus , Pedersen Asger 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn a consecutive series of 401 patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit of the Copenhagen County Hospital at Glostrup suspected of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) less than 24 hours old, blood samples for enzyme analysis were drawn at admission and 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours later, and ECG in 9 leads was recorded daily during the first week. From usual diagnostic criteria — clinical symptoms, ECG‐findings, and enzyme analyses, not including and not knowing the results of CK—MB analyses — the series was divided into patients with AMI and those without AMI.Comparison is made between the predictive values in the diagnosis of AMI of a positive and a negative result (PV‐pos. and PV‐neg.) of either of the tests: ECG and serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), creatine kinase (CK), and MB‐fraction of CK determined by electrophoresis. The salient features were: PV‐neg. i.e. diagnostic sensitivity was low (0.78) for ECG, but high for all enzyme tests (0.97–1.00). PV‐pos. i.e. diagnostic specificity was rather low for the three standard enzymes (0.73–0.87), but high for CK—MB (0.98) and also for ECG (1.00). Thus, determination of CK—MB seems to offer the best combination of a high sensitivity as well as specificity in the diagnosis of AMI. However, the time factor should be kept in mind, as positive results of CK—MB can only be expected during the first 30–50 hours after the onset of the AMI.
The Role of Catecholamines in Clinical Medicine
Authors: Christensen Niels Juel 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT The sympathetic nervous system is of major importance for the regulation of several physiological functions. Drugs which inhibit the actions of catecholamines and adrenergic drugs are used in the treatment of many clinical disorders. The potential role of catecholamines in a number of human diseases has, however, until recent years been studied to a limited extent only due to lack of methods for quantitation of sympathetic nervous activity. After the development of enzymatic isotope‐derivative assays, reliable measurements of noradrenaline and adrenaline in plasma became available. Studies in man have shown that plasma noradrenaline is an index of sympathetic nervous activity.The present survey deals with sympathetic nervous activity and plasma adrenaline in a number of clinical disorders viz. arterial hypertension, duodenal ulcer, thyrotoxicosis, diabetes mellitus and ketotic hypoglycemia.