bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterizations of Creep-fatigue Crack Initiation and Growth Life for P92 using Circular Notched Round Bar Specimen
Authors: Sugiura R. , Yokobori A.T. , Nakagawa T. , Adachi T. , Nonaka I. , Tabuchi M. , Hasegawa Y. , Matsuzaki T. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
A testing method under creep-fatigue interaction conditions has been proposed as the ASTM standard E2714-09. In accordance with the ASTM standard, round bar smooth specimens have been recommended as a testing specimen. Additionally, creep-fatigue crack initiation and growth life are usually defined as the attainment of a specific rate of decrease in the maximum tensile stress or the modulus of elasticity ratios. However, these criterions of crack initiation and growth life on ASTM standard are not characterized in terms of physical crack size. In this study, the creep-fatigue crack initiation and growth tests for P92 were conducted using circular notched round bar specimens. An attempt is made to measure the crack length during the tests by the direct current potential drop method, which results in the establishment of a high accuracy crack length measurement. Additionally, the life of creep-fatigue crack growth was characterized by linear cumulative damage law combined with the Q*concept which has been proposed as fracture parameter to describe the life of creep crack growth.
High Manganese Advanced High Strength TWIP Steel for Automotive Applications
Authors: De Cooman Bruno C. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTHigh Mn TWinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels have mechanical properties which make them suitable for effective vehicle mass containment and an enhanced passenger safety in automotive applications. High Mn TWIP steels with additions of C and Al are fully austenitic at room temperature and have a stacking fault energy (SFE) within the narrow range of 20-30 mJ/m2 required for mechanical twin formation. The present contribution reviews the state-of-the-science on TWIP steels, and highlights those areas where there is still a lack of fundamental understanding of their properties, such as the effect of the anti-ferromagnetic transition, the influence of interstitial C, the twinning mechanism, the effect of slip and twinning on the crystallographic texture evolution and the delayed fracture phenomenon.
Interactions among lignin, cellulose, and nitrogen drive litter chemistry–decay relationships
Authors: Talbot Jennifer M. , Treseder Kathleen K. 
Published: September 2011

Litter decay rates often correlate with the initial ratios of lignin : nitrogen (N) or lignin : cellulose in litter. However, the chemical and microbial mechanisms that give rise to these patterns are still unclear. To identify these mechanisms, we studied the decomposition of a model plant system, Arabidopsis thaliana, in which plants were manipulated to have low levels of lignin, cellulose, or litter N. Nitrogen fertilizer often increases the loss of cellulose, but it suppresses the breakdown of lignin in plant litter. To understand the mechanisms driving these patterns, we decomposed plants in litterbags for one year in control and N‐fertilized plots in an Alaskan boreal forest. We found that litter N had a positive effect on total mass loss because it increased the loss of lignin, N, and soluble C. Lignin had a negative effect on rates of total litter mass loss due to decreases in the loss of cellulose and hemicellulose. Cellulose had a positive effect on lignin loss, supporting the concept of a “priming effect” for lignin breakdown. However, the low‐cellulose plants also lost more of their original cellulose compared to the other plant types, indicating that decomposers mined the litter for cellulose despite the presence of lignin.Low‐lignin litter had higher fungal biomass and N‐acetyl glucosaminidase (NAG, a chitinase) activity, suggesting that lignin restricted fungal growth and may have influenced competitive interactions between decomposers. Nitrogen fertilization increased NAG activity in the early stages of decay. In the later stages, N fertilization led to increased cellulase activity on the litters and tended to reduce lignin losses. The transition over time from competition among decomposers to high cellulase activity and suppressed lignin loss under N fertilization suggests that, in N‐limited systems, N fertilization may alter decomposer community structure by favoring a shift toward cellulose‐ and mineral‐N users.
Pulse generation at 1.5-μm wavelength in new EAT14 glasses doped with Er3+ and Yb3+ ions
Authors: Młyńczak J. , Kopczyński K. , Mierczyk Z. , Malinowska M. , Osiwiański P. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe paper describes investigation of pulse laser generation in newly developed EAT14 glasses with the use of MALO saturable absorber. Different initial transmission of the saturable absorbers and different transmission of the output coupler were investigated. The laser generation was carried out using 976-nm pump wavelength. Comparison of peak powers, slop efficiencies and thresholds was made with a view to choose the best set of glass and saturable absorber for “eye-safe” microchip laser range-finder. The generated wavelengths by each sample were measured.
Band diagram determination of MOS structures with different gate materials on 3C-SiC substrate
Authors: Piskorski K. , Przewlocki H. , Esteve R. , Bakowski M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMOS capacitors were fabricated on 3C-SiC n-type substrate (001) with a 10-μm N-type epitaxial layer. An SiO2 layer of the thickness tOX ≈55 nm was deposited by PECVD. Circular Al, Ni, and Au gate contacts 0.7 mm in diameter were formed by ion beam sputtering and lift-off. Energy band diagrams of the MOS capacitors were determined using the photoelectric, electric, and optical measurement methods. Optical method (ellipsometry) was used to determine the gate and dielectric layer thicknesses and their optical indices: the refraction n and the extinction k coefficients. Electrical method of C = f(VG) characteristic measurements allowed to determine the doping density ND and the flat band voltage VFB in the semiconductor. Most of the parameters which were necessary for the construction of the band diagrams and for determination of the basic physical properties of the structures (e.g. the effective contact potential difference ϕMS) were measured by several photoelectric methods and calculated using the measurement data. As a result, complete energy band diagrams have been determined for MOS capacitors with three different gate materials and they are demonstrated for two different gate voltages VG: for the flat-band in the semiconductor (VG = VFB) and for the flat-band in the dielectric (VG = VG0).
Influence of Velocity Gradient on Optimisation of the Aggregation Process and Properties of Formed Aggregates
Authors: Polášek Pavel 
Published: September 2011

Influence of Velocity Gradient on Optimisation of the Aggregation Process and Properties of Formed AggregatesThe follow up research into the IHDS process was carried out with a Couette device. The outcome of this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the effect that both the agitation intensity and the agitation time have on the kinetics and the mechanism of the aggregation process. The results obtained confirm the very favourable influence of high agitation intensity for the formation of more compact and dense aggregates than those formed by the accustomed flocculation conditions with low agitation intensity. This research also proved that the agitation intensity and time are the inherent means profoundly influencing the properties of the resultant aggregates such as their size, shape, density and homogeneity. Further, it was confirmed that the aggregation process passes through a minimum. Furthermore, it was verified that the aggregation process takes place in four consecutive phases, namely a) the phase of formation, b) the phase of compaction, c) the phase of a steady (equilibrium) state and d) most probably the phase of inner restructuring. The pattern of the aggregates development in these phases remains the same irrespective of the magnitude of the velocity gradient applied but the time at which these phases are completed is velocity gradient dependent. Last but not least this study proved that the dimensionless productCa=G T= const. has no general validity.
Self-Study and Cooperation of Pupils in Project Based Instruction
Authors: Kostelník Jan , Horňáková Veronika 
Published: September 2011

Self-Study and Cooperation of Pupils in Project Based Instruction
This paper is focused on the use of cooperative and individualized concepts of instruction in project based learning. Part of the paper includes partial results of the questionnaire survey carried out within the grant project KEGA No. 031-035 SUT — 4 "Project models of teaching at the secondary vocational schools".
Quality and Dynamic Characteristics of Control System Visualization in Control Web
Authors: Michaľčonok German , Strémy Maximilián , Eliáš Andrej 
Published: September 2011

Quality and Dynamic Characteristics of Control System Visualization in Control Web
Progress of information technologies and their applications create the necessary need to explore the analysis of techniques to estimate the impact of architecture control system on dynamic characteristics of control. Major impact factors on dynamics and quality of visualization, control modes selection and impact analysis are described in the article.
Size and Return Periods of Extreme Disasters
Authors: Rusko Miroslav , Procházková Dana 
Published: September 2011

Size and Return Periods of Extreme Disasters
Extreme disasters occur rarely and altogether occasionally, and therefore, the determination of maximum possible size or maximum expected size of natural and other disasters is important for the safety management and for the insurance domain, and considerable attention is paid to it. Systematic methodology development has been supported by professional papers since 70s of the last century or so. At present, the extreme value methods based on the great numbers of law, fuzzy sets etc. are used. The example shows the high differences in the extreme values existing in the application of old concepts and new methods. By use of the extreme value methods, it is also possible to calculate the return period of extreme disasters. The example showing return periods for different disaster sizes is given.
L’état actuel de la macroéconomie
Authors: Blanchard Olivier 
Published: September 2011

The State of Macro.
For a long while after the explosion of macroeconomics in the 1970s, the field looked like a battlefield. Over time however, largely because facts do not go away, a largely shared vision both of fluctuations and of methodology has emerged. Not everything is fine. Like all revolutions, this one has come with the destruction of some knowledge, and suffers from extremism and herding. None of this deadly however. The state of macro is good. The first section sets the stage with a brief review of the past. The second argues that there has been broad convergence in vision, and the third reviews the specifics. The fourth focuses on convergence in methodology. The last looks at current challenges. not go away, a largely shared vision both of fluctuations and of methodology has emerged. Not everything is fine. Like all revolutions, this one has come with the destruction of some knowledge, and suffers from extremism and herding. None of this deadly however. The state of macro is good. The first section sets the stage with a brief review of the past. The second argues that there has been broad convergence in vision, and the third reviews the specifics. The fourth focuses on convergence in methodology. The last looks at current challenges.
Propriété immobilière et déqualifications dans l'emploi
Authors: Havet Nathalie , Brunet Carole 
Published: September 2011

Homeownership and Job Downgrading.
Our empirical study stems from previous research on the effects of residential status on microeconomic labour market outcomes. It focuses on employees and assesses the a priori ambiguous impact of homeownership on job-downgrading. On the one hand, homeownership might reduce the set of employment opportunities, and thus increase job-downgrading ; on the other hand, homeowners might benefit from extended social networks and from professional stability, and thus reduce their downgrading risk. We use the French data set of the 1995-2001 European Community Household Panel to build botha statistical measure as well as a subjective measure of wage downgrading. We estimate a recursive bivariate probit that simultaneously models the residential status choice and the probability to be in a downgraded job. Our results show that other thing being equal, homeowners are more wage downgraded and feel more overeducated than renters. Consequently, homeownership could be a source of mismatch between workers and jobs on the French labour market.
Building Creative Competence in Globally Distributed Courses through Design Thinking
Authors: Steinbeck Reinhold 
Published: September 2011

Helping students think creatively is consistently cited as one of the key goals of education. Yet, across universities around the world, alarms have been sounding off suggesting that students are not prepared for a world where they are expected to solve messy, unstructured problems that don't have easy answers. This paper introduces design thinking, a human-centered innovation methodology that has been implemented in a design innovation program at Stanford University as well as at one of the most successful design consultancies. After a brief overview of design thinking, the author illustrates the key elements of this innovation pedagogy through its implementation at a university in Colombia. Realizing the potential of this methodology for building creative competence and confidence among students from all disciplines, and recognizing the power of the next generation of information and collaboration technologies and social media, the author proposes new research and development projects that will bring more creativity to traditional distance and blended learning programs through an infusion of design thinking.
Ayudar a los estudiantes a pensar de forma creativa suele considerarse uno de los objetivos clave de la educación. Sin embargo, muchas universidades de todo el mundo muestran cierta preocupación al respecto que sugiere que los estudiantes no están preparados para un mundo en el que necesitarán resolver problemas desordenados y desestructurados que no tienen fácil solución. Este artículo presenta el «design thinking» como una metodología para la innovación centrada en las personas, que se ha implementado en un programa para la innovación en el diseño de la Universidad de Stanford, así como en una de las consultoras de diseño más exitosas. Después de un breve resumen del concepto de design thinking, se ilustran los elementos clave de esta pedagogía para la innovación a través de su aplicación en una universidad en Colombia. Rendida cuenta del elevado potencial de esta metodología para la construcción de confianza y capacidad creativa en los estudiantes de todas las disciplinas, y del evidente poder de la próxima generación de tecnologías de la información y la colaboración, así como de los medios sociales, el autor propone nuevos proyectos de investigación y desarrollo que aportarán más creatividad a los programas de educación a distancia y semipresenciales gracias a la aplicación del «design thinking».
Digital Divide in Universities: Internet Use in Ecuadorian Universities
Authors: Torres-Díaz Juan-Carlos , Infante-Moro Alfonso 
Published: September 2011

New technologies have transformed higher education whose application has implied changes at all levels. These changes have been assimilated by the university community in various ways. Subtle differences among university students have emerged; these differences determine that the resources the network offers have been used in different ways, thus creating gaps in the university population. This study seeks to determine the level of incidence of the variable of university students’ incomes on the uses and intensity of use of the Internet tools and resources. Students were classified using factor analysis complemented through cluster analysis in order to obtain user profiles; these profiles were verified by means of discriminant analysis. Finally, chi-square was applied to determine the relationship between income level and user profiles. As a result, three profiles were identified with different levels of use and intensity of use of the Internet tools and resources, and statistically the incidence of income in the creation of those profiles was proved. To conclude, we can say that the income level falls mainly on the variables that define the access possibilities; gender has a special behavior; however, since the profile of the highest level has a double proportion for men, though women have better performance in general terms.Las tecnologías han transformado la educación superior impulsando cambios que han sido asimilados por la comunidad universitaria de distintas maneras. Como consecuencia, los estudiantes han presentado diversas formas y niveles de aprovechamiento de los recursos que nos ofrece Internet, delineándose brechas sutiles en la población universitaria. En este estudio se puntualizan algunas características de estas brechas; concretamente se analiza la incidencia de la variable ingresos del estudiante sobre los usos e intensidad de uso de las herramientas y recursos de Internet. Para lograrlo se clasificó a los estudiantes aplicando análisis factorial, complementado por análisis clúster para obtener perfiles de usuarios; estos perfiles se contrastaron con análisis discriminante y, finalmente, se aplicó chicuadrado para verificar la relación entre el nivel de ingresos y los perfiles de usuarios. Se determinaron tres perfiles con distintos niveles de las herramientas y recursos de Internet; y se comprobó estadísticamente la incidencia del nivel de ingresos en la conformación de estos perfiles. Se concluye que el nivel de ingreso incide mayormente en las variables que definen las posibilidades de acceso; el género tiene un comportamiento especial, puesto que, si bien el perfil más alto tiene el doble de proporción de hombres, las mujeres tienen un mejor desempeño en general.
Manutenção do lar prejudicada: diagnóstico de enfermagem em familiares de pacientes hospitalizados com doenças crônicas
Authors: Montefusco Selma Alves Rodrigues , Bachion Maria Marcia 
Published: September 2011

Este estudo objetivou identificar o diagnóstico de enfermagem “manutenção do lar prejudicada” em familiares, na situação de acompanhantes de pacientes hospitalizados com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Foi realizada pesquisa descritiva, de janeiro a junho de 2006, em hospital de grande porte da Região Centro-Oeste, envolvendo 12 famílias. A manutenção do lar prejudicada, identificada em 08 famílias, teve como fatores relacionados mais frequentes: doença de membro da família (100%); organização do lar insuficiente (75%); finanças insuficientes(62,5%). Características definidoras de maior ocorrência foram: membros da família expressam dificuldade para manter a sua casa de forma confortável (62,5%); membros da família pedem ajuda para a manutenção da casa (62,5%) e membro da família sobrecarregado (filha), 62,5%. Este diagnóstico afeta as famílias, evidenciando a necessidade dos enfermeiros utilizarem conhecimentos e tecnologias de avaliação e intervenção em famílias, juntamente com linguagens padronizadas para expressar seus diagnósticos, intervenções e resultados alcançados. Descritores: Família; Enfermagem de família; Diagnóstico de enfermagem.
Crosslinked Sodium Hyaluronate Implant in Deep Sclerectomy for the Surgical Treatment of Glaucoma
Authors: Roy Sylvain , Do Thi Huyen , Feusier Michael , Mermoud André 
Published: September 2011

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of a new crosslinked sodium hyaluronate drainage implant in nonpenetrating glaucoma surgery. Methods From July 2008 until January 2010, 55 eyes from 55 patients with glaucoma were operated upon. After a standard deep sclerectomy was performed, a crosslinked sodium hyaluronate (HEALAflow®) was injected under the superficial scleral flap and underneath the conjunctiva. The main outcomes measured were mean intraocular pressure (IOP), mean number of antiglaucoma medications, presence of postoperative complications, and clinical aspect of the filtering bleb. Results For the 55 eyes, the mean follow-up was 12.0±5.1 months, the mean preoperative IOP was 21.6±7.2 mmHg, and the mean number of antiglaucoma medications before surgery was 2.4±1.2. At final follow-up visits, the mean IOP went down to 11.5±3.0 mmHg; the mean number of antiglaucoma medications was reduced to 0.5±0.9. The filtering bleb was visible on 49 eyes (89%). There were 5 hypotonies (IOP < 6 mmHg) and 3 iris incarcerations. Complete success rate (IOP ≤18 mmHg without antiglaucoma medication) was 70% and the overall success rate (IOP ≤18 mmHg with and without antiglaucoma medication) was 91%. Conclusions The slow resorbable highly crosslinked sodium hyaluronate drainage implant fills up the intrascleral and subconjunctival space, preventing postoperative scarring and fibrosis of the filtering site and helping to maintain a functional filtration after nonpenetrating glaucoma surgery. The IOP was significantly lowered with few numbers of postoperative complications and less medication.
Osteochondral Mosaicplasty of the Femoral Head
Authors: Girard Julien , Roumazeille Thibaut , Sakr Mazen , Migaud Henri 
Published: September 2011

Young adults with osteochondral lesions of the femoral head are at risk of rapid progression to symptomatic arthritis of the hip joint. Between January 2008 and July 2009, 10 patients were treated for femoral cartilage damage by a osteochondral mosaicplasty of the femoral head through a trochanteric flap with dislocation of the hip. The consecutive series had the following exclusion criteria: acetabular chondropathy age above 25 years, and femoral head osteonecrosis. Patients were followed up after surgery using the Oxford-12 score, Harris hip score and the Merle d'Aubigné score, and activity assessed by the UCLA and Devane scores. Radiological evaluation by computed tomographic (CT) arthrography was undertaken in all patients at 6 months and plain radiographs. Mean follow-up was 29.2 months (20–39 months). The Postel Merle d'Aubigné score improved from the pre-operative period to the latest follow-up, from 10.5 points (8–13) to 15.5 points (12–17). Global range of motion increased from 175.4° (140–215) to 210.7° (175–240). All radiological investigations at latest follow-up showed that the autograft plugs were well-incorporated at the site of osteochondroplasty in the femoral head with intact cartilage over them and smooth interfaces between articulating bony surfaces. Osteochondral autograft transplantation may be a new alternative option for osteochondral lesions of the femoral head, but this has to be confirmed with longer follow-up and in a larger number of patients. The results of similar surgery in the knee have been mixed, and in the hip the technique is demanding, requiring familiarity with surgical hip dislocation.