bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Broca’s region: linking human brain functional connectivity data and non‐human primate tracing anatomy studies
Authors: Kelly Clare , Uddin Lucina Q. , Shehzad Zarrar , Margulies Daniel S. , Castellanos F. Xavier , Milham Michael P. , Petrides Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBrodmann areas 6, 44 and 45 in the ventrolateral frontal cortex of the left hemisphere of the human brain constitute the anterior language production zone. The anatomical connectivity of these areas with parietal and temporal cortical regions was recently examined in an autoradiographic tract‐tracing study in the macaque monkey. Studies suggest strong correspondence between human resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) based on functional magnetic resonance imaging data and experimentally demonstrated anatomical connections in non‐human primates. Accordingly, we hypothesized that areas 6, 44 and 45 of the human brain would exhibit patterns of RSFC consistent with patterns of anatomical connectivity observed in the macaque. In a primary analysis, we examined the RSFC associated with regions‐of‐interest placed in ventrolateral frontal areas 6, 44 and 45, on the basis of local sulcal and gyral anatomy. We validated the results of the primary hypothesis‐driven analysis with a data‐driven partitioning of ventrolateral frontal cortex into regions exhibiting distinct RSFC patterns, using a spectral clustering algorithm. The RSFC of ventrolateral frontal areas 6, 44 and 45 was consistent with patterns of anatomical connectivity shown in the macaque. We observed a striking dissociation between RSFC for the ventral part of area 6 that is involved in orofacial motor control and RSFC associated with Broca’s region (areas 44 and 45). These findings indicate rich and differential RSFC patterns for the ventrolateral frontal areas controlling language production, consistent with known anatomical connectivity in the macaque brain, and suggest conservation of connectivity during the evolution of the primate brain.
Genomic analysis of oceanic cyanobacterial myoviruses compared with T4‐like myoviruses from diverse hosts and environments
Authors: Sullivan Matthew B. , Huang Katherine H. , Ignacio‐Espinoza Julio C. , Berlin Aaron M. , Kelly Libusha , Weigele Peter R. , DeFrancesco Alicia S. , Kern Suzanne E. , Thompson Luke R. , Young Sarah , Yandava Chandri , Fu Ross , Krastins Bryan , Chase Michael , Sarracino David , Osburne Marcia S. , Henn Matthew R. , Chisholm Sallie W. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryT4‐like myoviruses are ubiquitous, and their genes are among the most abundant documented in ocean systems. Here we compare 26 T4‐like genomes, including 10 from non‐cyanobacterial myoviruses, and 16 from marine cyanobacterial myoviruses (cyanophages) isolated on diverseProchlorococcusorSynechococcushosts. A core genome of 38 virion construction and DNA replication genes was observed in all 26 genomes, with 32 and 25 additional genes shared among the non‐cyanophage and cyanophage subsets, respectively. These hierarchical cores are highly syntenic across the genomes, and sampled to saturation. The 25 cyanophage core genes include six previously described genes with putative functions (psbA,mazG,phoH,hsp20,hli03,cobS), a hypothetical protein with a potential phytanoyl‐CoA dioxygenase domain, two virion structural genes, and 16 hypothetical genes. Beyond previously described cyanophage‐encoded photosynthesis and phosphate stress genes, we observed core genes that may play a role in nitrogen metabolism during infection through modulation of 2‐oxoglutarate. Patterns among non‐core genes that may drive niche diversification revealed that phosphorus‐related gene content reflects source waters rather than host strain used for isolation, and that carbon metabolism genes appear associated with putative mobile elements. As well, phages isolated onSynechococcushad higher genome‐wide %G+C and often contained different gene subsets (e.g.petE,zwf,gnd,prnA,cpeT) than those isolated onProchlorococcus. However, no clear diagnostic genes emerged to distinguish these phage groups, suggesting blurred boundaries possibly due to cross‐infection. Finally, genome‐wide comparisons of both diverse and closely related, co‐isolated genomes provide a locus‐to‐locus variability metric that will prove valuable for interpreting metagenomic data sets.
The effects of rosiglitazone on atherosclerotic progression in patients with Type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk
Authors: Yee M. S. , Pavitt D. V. , Dhanjil S. , Godsland I. F. , Richmond W. , Johnston D. G. 
Published: July 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 1392–1400 (2010)AbstractAims  Cardiovascular mortality remains high despite intensive treatment of people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Meta‐analyses on rosiglitazone have raised concerns regarding its cardiovascular safety. We studied the effects of rosiglitazone on ultrasonic indices of carotid arterial disease and inflammatory markers in a group of Type 2 diabetic patients at high cardiovascular risk.Methods  A trial of rosiglitazone in Type 2 diabetic patients with high cardiovascular risk and internal carotid artery plaque compared changes in carotid ultrasound intima–media thickness (IMT), plaque thickness, arterial stiffness and compliance, and inflammatory markers at baseline, 26 and 52 weeks.Results  In the rosiglitazone group (n = 28), carotid artery plaque thickness was reduced by 0.08 mm, compared with an increase of 0.19 mm (P = 0.075) in the placebo group (n = 29). There were no significant differences in changes of IMT, carotid wall compliance and stiffness between the two groups. Glycated haemoglobin reduced by −0.9 vs. 0.1% (−7 vs. 2 mmol/mol), (P < 0.001); insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) reduced by −37.6 vs. −1.1% (P = 0.016); and B cell function (HOMA‐B) increased by 36.8 vs. 0.7% (P = 0.009). Non‐esterified fatty acids reduced by −23.5 vs. 7.9% (P = 0.005); tissue plasminogen activator reduced by −25.0 vs. 0.6% (P = 0.001); and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity reduced by −57.4 vs. −34.6% (P = 0.052).Conclusions  Rosiglitazone reduced carotid artery plaque thickness, though not significantly, and there was no significant change in intima media thickness or other ultrasonic indices of carotid arterial disease. There were significant improvements in glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity and fibrinolytic, but not inflammatory, markers. There was no evidence in this study of any adverse effects on progression of carotid arterial disease.
The effect of increased ambulatory activity on markers of chronic low‐grade inflammation: evidence from the PREPARE programme randomized controlled trial
Authors: Yates T. , Davies M. J. , Gorely T. , Talbot D. , Bull F. , Sattar N. , Khunti K. 
Published: July 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 1256–1263 (2010)AbstractAims  To investigate whether an exercise intervention programme, with or without pedometer use, is effective at reducing chronic low‐grade inflammation in those with impaired glucose tolerance.Methods  Using baseline and 12 month data from the Pre‐diabetes Risk Education and Physical Activity Recommendation and Encouragement (PREPARE) programme randomized controlled trial, we investigated whether the pedometer or the standard version of the PREPARE programme is associated with reduced chronic low‐grade inflammation. Outcomes included interleukin‐6, C‐reactive protein, fasting and 2 h post‐challenge glucose values and objectively measured ambulatory activity.Results  Sevety‐four participants (31% female; mean age, 65 years; body mass index, 29.3 ± 4.8 kg/m2) were included, of which 26 were in the control group and 24 were in each intervention group. At 12 months there was an increase in ambulatory activity of 1351 and 1849 steps/day in the standard and pedometer group, respectively, compared with control conditions; however, there was no significant change in markers of chronic low‐grade inflammation. Across the pooled study sample, change in ambulatory activity was significantly correlated with change in interleukin‐6 (r = –0.32, P = 0.01) after adjustment for group, age, sex, ethnicity, aspirin and statin medication, baseline body mass index and change in body mass index. Change in interleukin‐6 was also significantly correlated with change in 2 h glucose after adjustment for the same variables (r = 0.26, P = 0.03).Conclusions  This study failed to show reductions in markers of chronic low‐grade inflammation following an intervention that promoted modest increases in ambulatory activity; however, across the study sample, increased ambulatory activity was associated with reduced interleukin‐6, independent of obesity.
Investigation of ACE, ACE2 and AGTR1 genes for association with nephropathy in Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Currie D. , McKnight A. J. , Patterson C. C. , Sadlier D. M. , Maxwell A. P. ,   The UK Warren 3/GoKinD Study Group
Published: July 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 1188–1194 (2010)AbstractBackground  Polymorphisms in ACE and AGTR1 genes have been assessed in multiple studies for association with diabetic nephropathy; however, results are conflicting. The ACE2 gene has not been studied extensively for association with diabetic nephropathy.Methods  We investigated variants in ACE, ACE2 and AGTR1 for association with nephropathy in a case–control group (1467 participants with Type 1 diabetes, case subjects n = 718; control subjects n = 749) of white descent with grandparents born in the British Isles. All recruited individuals were carefully phenotyped and genotyping was performed using Sequenom, Taqman and gel electrophoresis methods. The χ2‐test for contingency tables was used to compare genotype and allele frequencies in case and control groups.Results  No departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was observed in cases or controls. Two variants within the ACE gene (rs4293, Pallelic = 0.02, Pgenotypic = 0.008; rs4309, Pallelic = 0.02, Pgenotypic = 0.01) were significantly associated with nephropathy at the 5% level. No variant remained statistically significant following adjustment for multiple comparisons. No single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ACE2 or AGTR1 genes were significantly associated with nephropathy when analysed either by genotype or allele frequencies.Conclusions  Our independent case–control study provides no evidence that common variants in ACE, ACE2 and AGTR1 play a major role in genetic susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy in a white population with Type 1 diabetes.
AGAINST CARTESIAN MISTRUST: CAVELL, HUSSERL AND THE OTHER MIND SCEPTIC
Authors: Alweiss Lilian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper asks whether we should still be haunted by scepticism about other minds. It draws on the writings of Cavell and Husserl to show that there is some truth in the Cartesian premise that has given rise to scepticism about other minds, namely, that our self‐awareness is of a fundamentally different type from our awareness of objects and other subjects. While this leads Cavell to argue that there is a truth to scepticism, it proves the opposite to Husserl, viz. that other minds scepticism is necessarily non‐sensical. The paper shows why Husserl's position is more convincing than Cavell's.1
WHAT ARE SEEMINGS?
Authors: Cullison Andrew 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe are all familiar with the phenomenon of a proposition seeming true. Many think that these seeming states can yield justified beliefs. Very few have seriously explored what these seeming states are. I argue that seeming states are not plausibly analyzed in terms of beliefs, partial beliefs, attractions to believe, or inclinations to believe. Given that the main candidates for analyzing seeming states are unsatisfactory, I argue for a brute view of seemings that treats seeming states as irreducible propositional attitudes.
IS THERE A CONSERVATIVE SOLUTION TO THE MANY THINKERS PROBLEM?
Authors: Kovacs David Mark 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOn a widely shared assumption, our mental states supervene on our microphysical properties – that is, microphysical supervenience is true. When this thesis is combined with the apparent truism that human persons have proper parts, a grave difficulty arises: what prevents some of these proper parts from being themselves thinkers as well? How can I know that I am a human person and not a smaller thinker enclosed in a human person? Most solutions to this puzzle make radical, if not absurd, claims. Recently, however, Michael Burke and Howard Robinson proposed conservative solutions that, according to them, do not have such undesired consequences. This paper argues that the conservative solutions tacitly assume at least one of the radical ones, and therefore they provide no alternative to the extreme solutions.
MORAL PERCEPTION AND THE CAUSAL OBJECTION
Authors: McBrayer Justin P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne of the primary motivations behind moral anti‐realism is a deep‐rooted scepticism about moral knowledge. Moral realists attempt counter this worry by sketching a plausible moral epistemology. One of the most radical proposals in the recent literature is that we know moral facts by perception – we can literally see that an action is wrong, etc. A serious objection to moral perception is the causal objection. It is widely conceded that perception requires a causal connection between the perceived and the perceiver. But, the objection continues, we are not in appropriate causal contact with moral properties. Therefore, we cannot perceive moral properties. This papers demonstrates that the causal objection is unsound whether moral properties turn out to be secondary, natural properties; non‐secondary, natural properties; or non‐natural properties.1
How many hours do you have to work to be integrated? Full‐time and part‐time employment of native and ethnic minority women in the Netherlands
Authors: Bevelander Pieter , Groeneveld Sandra 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLabour market integration of ethnic minority women is central for economic integration, as they may experience a double disadvantage: both as a woman and as a migrant. This presumed double disadvantage has recently become the focus of both Dutch integration and emancipation policy. To test several assumptions underlying this, we analyse to what extent labour market participation of different groups of women and the hours they work are influenced by human capital and household characteristics.Our results show some remarkable differences in employment patterns. Controlling for educational level, partnership and the presence of children, it was found that native women more often work in part‐time jobs than ethnic minority women. For native Dutch women, the number of children influences both the employment decision and the number of hours worked, whereas for ethnic minority women, this only effects full‐time employment.
Psoriasis in children: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Stefanaki C , Lagogianni E , Kontochristopoulos G , Verra P , Barkas G , Katsambas A , Katsarou A 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground  Few epidemiological studies are available on childhood psoriasis.Methods  Between 2005 and 2008, information was collected about all children diagnosed with psoriasis in the Pediatric Dermatology Unit of Andreas Sygros Skin Hospital, in Athens, Greece.Results  A total of 125 children with psoriasis were examined, the male to female ratio was 1.4 : 1 and the peak age of onset was in the 9‐ to 10‐year‐old age group. Only 16% of the patients had a positive family history. Plaque type psoriasis was the most prevalent type at presentation with 56.8% of the children affected, followed by scalp involvement (33.6%). The limbs were the most prevalent site of involvement (70 children, 56%), followed by the body (59 children, 47.2%) and scalp (60 children, 48%) equally affected. Most of the children had <5% of their skin affected by psoriasis (53.2%). Age of onset had no influence on the severity of the disease (P = 0.107), whereas a positive correlation was found with sex and severity of the disease, with male patients being more severely affected (P = 0.008). Family history did not influence the age at presentation (P = 0.68). Topical steroids were used in most commonly followed by keratolytics, calcipotriol, topical tacrolimus and topical pimecrolimus.Conclusion  Our study reflects the patterns of presentation of childhood psoriasis in sunny countries like Greece.
Impact of physical activity and body composition on heart function and morphology in middle‐aged, abdominally obese women
Authors: Eriksson Michael , Uddén Joanna , Hemmingsson Erik , Agewall Stefan 
Published: July 2010

SummarySeveral studies have shown training induced morphological changes in the heart. Our aim was to assess how frequent, low‐intensity exercise (walking and cycling) influences heart function and morphology in abdominally obese women. Fifty women with abdominal obesity (mean age 47·0 ± 7·5 years, waist circumference (WC) 103·2 ± 7·8 cm), free of cardiovascular problems were recruited. They were equipped with a bicycle and pedometers and instructed to start commuting in a physically active way for 6 months. Evaluation of cardiac function and morphology was performed using echocardiography (ECHO) before and after 6 months of training. The subjects increased significantly their daily physical activity. After 6 months, there was a significant decrease in WC (from 103·3 ± 7·9 to 100·8 ± 8·4 cm, P = 0·0003), in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (126·8 ± 15·2 to 120·4 ± 14·5 mmHg, P = 0·0001, and 79·8 ± 7·8 to 77·8 ± 8·4 mmHg, P = 0·0006, respectively). ECHO showed an increase in the right ventricular (RV) systolic longitudinal function expressed as tricuspid annular motion from 22·00 ± 3·30 to 23·05 ± 3·59 mm, P = 0·015; and a similar trend in left ventricular (LV) mitral annular motion, which increased from 13·09 ± 1·53 to 13·39 ± 1·47 mm, P = 0·070. Cycling was associated with reductions in LV systolic and RV diastolic dimensions, whereas walking was not associated with any changes in the ECHO‐variables. A reduction in WC by frequent, low‐intensity exercise in abdominally obese women is associated with decrease in blood pressure and improved longitudinal RV systolic function.
Dapsone hydroxylamine induces premature removal of human erythrocytes by membrane reorganization and antibody binding
Authors: Bordin Luciana , Fiore Cristina , Zen Francesco , Coleman Michael D , Ragazzi Eugenio , Clari Giulio 
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEN‐hydroxylation of dapsone leads to the formation of the toxic hydroxylamines responsible for the clinical methaemoglobinaemia associated with dapsone therapy. Dapsone has been associated with decreased lifespan of erythrocytes, with consequences such as anaemia and morbidity in patients treated with dapsone for malaria. Here, we investigated how dapsone and/or its hydroxylamine derivative (DDS‐NHOH) induced erythrocyte membrane alterations that could lead to premature cell removal.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHErythrocytes from healthy donors were subjected to incubation with dapsone and DDS‐NHOH for varying times and the band 3 protein tyrosine‐phosphorylation process, band 3 aggregation, membrane alteration and IgG binding were all examined and compared with erythrocytes from two patients receiving dapsone therapy.KEY RESULTSThe hydroxylamine derivative, but not dapsone (the parent sulphone) altered membrane protein interactions, leading both to aggregation of band 3 protein and to circulating autologous antibody binding, shown in erythrocytes from patients receiving dapsone therapy. The band 3 tyrosine‐phosphorylation process can be used as a diagnostic system to monitor membrane alterations bothin vitro, assessing concentration and time‐dependent effects of DDS‐NHOH treatment, andin vivo, evaluating erythrocytes from dapsone‐treated patients, in resting or oxidatively stimulated conditions.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSDDS‐NHOH‐induced alterations of human erythrocytes can be directly monitoredin vitroby tyrosine‐phosphorylation level and formation of band 3 protein aggregates. The latter, together with antibody‐mediated labelling of erythrocytes, also observed after clinical use of dapsone, may lead to shortening of erythrocyte lifespan.
Spasticity therapy reacts to astrocyte GluA1 receptor upregulation following spinal cord injury
Authors: Gómez‐Soriano Julio , Goiriena Eider , Taylor Julian 
Published: July 2010

For almost three decades intrathecal baclofen therapy has been the standard treatment for spinal cord injury spasticity when oral medication is ineffective or produces serious side effects. Although intrathecal baclofen therapy has a good clinical benefit‐risk ratio for spinal spasticity, tolerance and the life‐threatening withdrawal syndrome present serious problems for its management. Now, in an experimental model of spinal cord injury spasticity, AMPA receptor blockade with NGX424 (Tezampanel) has been shown to reduce stretch reflex activity alone and during tolerance to intrathecal baclofen therapy. These results stem from the observation that GluA1 receptors are overexpressed on reactive astrocytes following experimental ischaemic spinal cord injury. Although further validation is required, the appropriate choice of AMPA receptor antagonists for treatment of stretch hyperreflexia based on our recent understanding of reactive astrocyte neurobiology following spinal cord injury may lead to the development of a better adjunct clinical therapy for spasticity without the side effects of intrathecal baclofen therapy.LINKED ARTICLEThis article is a commentary on Oshiroet al., pp. 976–985 of this issue. To view this paper visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00954.x
Viral hepatocarcinogenesis: from infection to cancer
Authors: Tan Alexander , Yeh Shiou‐Hwie , Liu Chun‐Jen , Cheung Claudia , Chen Pei‐Jer 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a worldwide health issue that has started receiving attention but is still poorly understood. However, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are known to be two major causative agents of HCC. They differ in their modes of infection, their treatment options, their genomes and their carcinogenic abilities. However, both share a link with HCC through alterations of the host genome. In order to continue in our search for the mechanisms behind viral hepatocarcinogenesis, the individual entities (HBV, HCV, HCC and host), their natural history, treatment options and genomic properties must be further understood. Additionally, an understanding of the genomics, the link between the entities, is crucial for the success of the ongoing search for therapeutic options for HCC. Similar to most types of cancer, hepatocarcinogenesis is a multistep process involving different genetic alterations that ultimately lead to malignant transformation of the hepatocyte. As technology advances and research continues, the genetic changes and influences among these entities will prove essential to improved diagnostic and therapeutic options. It remains a challenge to provide a clear picture of the connection between virus and cancer. We review (i) the epidemiological link between HBV/HCV infection to HCC; (ii) prevention and control of chronic hepatitis B or C in reducing HCC risk; and (iii) genetic characters of viruses and hosts and the mechanisms associated with HCC susceptibilities, with the intention of providing a direction for future research and treatment.