bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of a Novel Gene,CIA6, Required for Normal Pyrenoid Formation inChlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Ma Yunbing , Pollock Steve V. , Xiao Ying , Cunnusamy Khrishen , Moroney James V. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractChlamydomonas reinhardtii possesses a CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) that allows the alga to grow at low CO2 concentrations. One common feature seen in photosynthetic organisms possessing a CCM is the tight packaging of Rubisco within the cell. In many eukaryotic algae, Rubisco is localized to the pyrenoid, an electron-dense structure within the chloroplast. In order to identify genes required for a functional CCM, insertional Bleomycin resistance (BleR) mutants were generated and screened for growth on minimal medium under high CO2 conditions (5% CO2 in air) but only slow or no growth under very low CO2 conditions (0.01% CO2 in air). One mutant identified from this screen was named cia6. Physiological studies established that cia6 grows poorly on low levels of CO2 and has an impaired ability to accumulate inorganic carbon. The inserted BleR disrupted a gene encoding a protein with sequence similarity to proteins containing SET domain methyltransferase, although experiments using overexpressed CIA6 failed to demonstrate the methyltransferase activity. Electron microscopy revealed that the pyrenoid of cia6 mutant cells is highly disorganized. Complementation of the mutant restored the pyrenoid, the ability to grow under low-CO2 conditions, and the ability to concentrate inorganic carbon. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction data from a low-CO2 induction time-course experiment demonstrated that the up-regulation of several CCM components is slower in cia6 compared with the wild type. This slow induction was further confirmed at the protein level using western blots. These results indicated that CIA6 is required for the formation of the pyrenoid and further supported the notion that the pyrenoid is required for a functional CCM in C. reinhardtii.
Incorporating climate change adaptation into national conservation assessments
Authors: GAME EDWARD T , LIPSETT‐MOORE GEOFFREY , SAXON EARL , PETERSON NATE , SHEPPARD STUART 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe Convention on Biological Diversity requires that member nations establish protected area networks that are representative of the country's biodiversity. The identification of priority sites to achieve outstanding representation targets is typically accomplished through formal conservation assessments. However, representation in conservation assessments or gap analyses has largely been interpreted based on a static view of biodiversity. In a rapidly changing climate, the speed of changes in biodiversity distribution and abundance is causing us to rethink the viability of this approach. Here we describe three explicit strategies for climate change adaptation as part of national conservation assessments: conserving the geophysical stage, identifying and protecting climate refugia, and promoting cross‐environment connectivity. We demonstrate how these three approaches were integrated into a national terrestrial conservation assessment for Papua New Guinea, one of the most biodiverse countries on earth. Protected areas identified based on representing geophysical diversity were able to capture over 90% of the diversity in vegetation communities, suggesting they could help protect representative biodiversity regardless of changes in the distribution of species and communities. By including climate change refugia as part of the national conservation assessment, it was possible to substantially reduce the amount of environmental change expected to be experienced within protected areas, without increasing the overall cost of the protected area network. Explicitly considering environmental heterogeneity between adjacent areas resulted in protected area networks with over 40% more internal environmental connectivity. These three climate change adaptation strategies represent defensible ways to guide national conservation priority given the uncertainty that currently exists in our ability to predict climate changes and their impacts. Importantly, they are also consistent with data and expertise typically available during national conservation assessments, including in developing nations. This means that in the vast majority of countries, these strategies could be implemented immediately.
Molecular testing in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21α‐hydroxylase deficiency in the era of newborn screening
Authors: Sarafoglou K , Lorentz C P , Otten N , Oetting W S , Grebe S K G 
Published: April 2011

Sarafoglou K, Lorentz CP, Otten N, Oetting WS, Grebe SKG. Molecular testing in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21α‐hydroxylase deficiency in the era of newborn screening.Newborn screening (NBS) identifies the majority of classical [salt‐wasting (SW) and simple‐virilizing (SV)] cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21α‐hydroxylase (21α‐OHase) during the first days of life. Diagnosis of classical CAH is confirmed by follow‐up serum 17‐hydroxyprogesterone and/or the adrenocorticotropin stimulation test; however, neither test definitively distinguishes between the classical subtypes. After confirmation, all newborns are started on hydrocortisone (glucocorticoid) and fludrocortisone (mineralocorticoid) treatment. While initiating fludrocortisone treatment in classical CAH patients, independent of subtype and before SW signs or symptoms occur, prevents a life‐threatening SW crisis, it may later complicate distinguishing between the classical subtypes. Genotype–phenotype correlations in 21α‐OHase deficiency are excellent; however, molecular testing is not a regular part of the diagnostic workup. Molecular testing on 39 patients (25 identified by NBS) with an already established diagnosis of CAH identified 11 SW patients (8 identified by NBS) whose mutations suggested further biochemical and clinical reassessment of their subtype. Overall, SW accounted for 57.6% of our classical CAH patients, below the generally accepted figure that >75% of classical CAH are comprised of the SW form. In the era of NBS, molecular testing is a valuable supplemental tool identifying patients who may benefit from reassessment of their salt‐retaining ability.
Fungemia due to Rhodotorula mucilaginosa after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Mori T. , Nakamura Y. , Kato J. , Sugita K. , Murata M. , Kamei K. , Okamoto S. 
Published: April 2011

T. Mori, Y. Nakamura, J. Kato, K. Sugita, M. Murata, K. Kamei, S. Okamoto. Fungemia due to Rhodotorula mucilaginosa after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2011. All rights reserved
Abstract:
Rhodotorula species have been increasingly recognized as emerging pathogens, particularly in immunocompromised patients. We herein report on a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome who developed fungemia due to Rhodotorula mucilaginosa after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from an unrelated donor. He developed severe acute graft‐versus‐host disease requiring high‐dose steroids, and had serially been administered fluconazole and micafungin for the prophylaxis of fungal infection. Although several cases of Rhodotorula infection after HSCT have been reported, all of them were recipients of autologous HSCT, not allogeneic HSCT. A review of all the reported cases of Rhodotorula infection after HSCT revealed that all patients had received fluconazole or echinocandins before the onset of infection. The findings suggest that Rhodotorula species could be causative yeasts, particularly in patients receiving fluconazole or echinocandins, both of which are inactive against the species.
In vitro quality of platelets during prolonged storage after washing with three platelet additive solutions
Authors: Tynngård N. , Trinks M. , Berlin G. 
Published: April 2011

Background and Objectives  Patients with anaphylactic transfusion reactions require washed platelet concentrates (PCs) for subsequent platelet (PLT) transfusions. New PLT additive solutions (PASs) contain substances that might be beneficial for the preservation of PLT function during storage. This study compares the quality of PLTs washed and stored with T‐Sol, Composol or SSP+.Study Design and Methods  Fifteen buffy coats were pooled and divided into three parts. PCs with 30% plasma and 70% PAS (T‐Sol, Composol or SSP+) were prepared. Washing was performed on day 5 of storage. Ten PCs were prepared and washed with each PAS. In vitro variables including haemostatic function (clotting time and clot retraction) were analysed on day 5 before, directly after and up to 2 days after washing.Results  Swirling was well preserved, and pH was within acceptable limits (6·4–7·4) during storage for all PASs. The PLT number was reduced by washing for all PASs, and T‐Sol PCs had a further decrease during storage. PLTs in T‐Sol were spontaneously more activated and had lower capacity to respond to an agonist than Composol or SSP+ PLTs. The haemostatic function was only slightly changed by washing and during postwashing storage.Conclusion  PLTs washed with T‐Sol, Composol or SSP+ had good in vitro quality for two days after washing despite absence of glucose. PLTs in T‐Sol were more affected by the washing procedure and subsequent storage than Composol or SSP+ PLTs as judged by higher spontaneous activation.
Quantitative RT‐PCR Expression Analysis of Lipodepsipeptides Synthetase and Defence‐related Genes in Orange Fruit in Response to Antagonist–pathogen Interaction
Authors: Scuderi Giuseppe , Polizzi Giancarlo , Cirvilleri Gabriella 
Published: April 2011

AbstractStrains of Pseudomonas syringae are effective in controlling postharvest diseases of citrus fruits, and antagonistic activity has been correlated with in vitro production of lipodepsipeptides. Additionally, biocontrol agents can induce a range of defence mechanisms of resistance in citrus tissue that result in a broad spectrum of metabolic modifications, such as systemic acquired resistance, induced systemic resistance and production of reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of syringomycin (syrB1) and syringopeptin (sypA) synthetase genes from P. syringae pv. syringae biocontrol strains in vitro on different culture media and in vivo on citrus fruits (Citrus sinensis cv. Tarocco) during the interaction with Penicillium digitatum by quantitative RT‐PCR. Similarly, gene transcript levels of chitinase (CHI1), allene oxide synthase (AOS), glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL1) were measured. SyrB1 and sypA genes were more actively expressed when antagonistic Pseudomonas strains were grown on orange peel broth as compared to NB and PDB. Penicillium digitatum resulted to be strongly stimulatory only to syrB1 expression, thus suggesting that syrB1 gene could be involved in biocontrol activity. QRT‐PCR showed that both P. s. pv. syringae and P. digitatum strains increase CHI1 transcription in inoculated flavedo tissues relative to the untreated control. Interestingly, CHI1 transcription was markedly induced by co‐inoculation of P. s. pv syringae and P. digitatum strains. Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, alone or co‐inoculated with P. digitatum, was weakly effective in enhancing GPX1, AOS and PAL1 gene expression, whereas P. digitatum alone strongly enhanced GPX1, AOS and PAL1 expression. Moreover, we assume that CHI1 gene is most likely part of the molecular mechanisms involved in pathogen defence responses in citrus fruit. This is the first example of monitoring the expression of syrB1‐sypA and CHI1, GPX1, AOS and PAL1 genes in interactions between P. s. pv. syringae biocontrol agents and P. digitatum in vitro and in vivo.
Paediatric biobanks: What makes them so unique?
Authors: Samuël Julie , Knoppers Bartha M , Avard Denise 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPaediatric biobanks store and organise the biological material of children. They are an invaluable resource for the study of the development, health and behaviour of children. International norms for the management of adult biobanks exist, but paediatric biobanks require distinct policies to account for the needs of children, their general incapacity, and their intellectual development throughout the life of the biobank. Because of their particular nature we revisit the issues of consent, the return of research results, and privacy, and discuss how each could be modulated in the paediatric context. We recognize that such modifications entail further financial and logistical complications but maintain that it is essential that paediatric biobanks consider these issues and adapt their biobanks management policies accordingly, rather than extrapolate the current adult‐based norms and jeopardise the rights of child participants.
Arginine extravasation leading to skin necrosis
Authors: Abraham Mary B , van der Westhuyzen Jasper , Khanna Vikrant 
Published: April 2011

AbstractArginine hydrochloride is used in the evaluation of short stature and in the management of urea cycle disorders. In recent times, it has been used in the treatment of stroke‐like episodes of MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, stroke‐like episodes). We want to highlight the need for good intravenous access and monitoring the drip site to prevent extravasation injuries that can be caused by arginine, which is a hyperosmolar solution.
THE BENEFIT OF USING NARROW‐BAND IMAGING SYSTEMS FOR OBSERVATION OF CAPILLARY NETWORKS BEFORE DETERMINING OF TREATMENTS FOR EARLY COLON CANCER
Authors: SAITO SHOICHI , TAJIRI HISAO , OHYA TOMOHIKO , NIKAMI TOSHIKI , AIHARA HIROYUKI , IKEGAMI MASAHIRO 
Published: April 2011

Introduction:  This study examined whether magnifying endoscopy with narrow‐band Imaging observation could be useful selecting the appropriate treatment for early colon cancer.Patients and Methods:  We analyzed 551 cases of colon tumors excised endoscopically or surgically, comprising 68 with large hyperplastic polyps, 25 traditional serrated adenomas, 141 tubular adenomas, 177 intramucosal cancers and 140 submucosal invasive (SM) cancers. We classified capillary network pattern into four types according to the degree of dilatation, irregularity and distribution of microcapillary features. These results were then compared with the histological findings.Results:  The comparison of capillary pattern and histological features showed microcapillary networks by magnifying endoscopy with narrow‐band imaging observation in intramucosal lesion or SM cancer with remnant neoplastic glands at the superficial layer.Conclusions:  The remaining microcapillary network was designed to maintain the architecture of neoplastic glands, even in the presence of subumucosal invasion. Consequently, loss of this network could correlate with depth of tumor invasion and histological reaction. Therefore, even if the tumor, remained of network was diagnosed to invade into SM layer, it should be checked up further examination by using magnifying endoscopy with crystal violet staining.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ENDOSCOPIC FACTORS FROM CONVENTIONAL COLONOSCOPY AND NARROW‐BAND IMAGING OF COLORECTAL LESIONS
Authors: IKEMATSU HIROAKI , SAITO YUTAKA , YAMANO HIROO 
Published: April 2011

Background:  Narrow‐band imaging (NBI) diagnosis of colorectal lesions requires further consideration and standardized classification for attaining consensus among endoscopists.Objective:  Compare vascular findings and diagnosis of colorectal lesions using various endoscopic images to assess effectiveness of NBI with magnification.Method:  Three endoscopic factors (vascular findings; diagnosis from NBI with magnification images; and total diagnosis from all available colonoscopic images including white light endoscopy, chromoendoscopy, NBI with magnification and magnifying chromoendoscopy) for 15 colorectal lesions were evaluated by 12 expert colonoscopists (Group A), 36 endoscopists not expert in colonoscopy (Group B) and 55 individuals not medical doctors, but familiar with gastrointestinal endoscopy or other medical products (Group C). We calculated accuracy percentages for all three endoscopic factors based on responses from each group. Highest percentage for vascular finding, NBI with magnification diagnosis and total diagnosis for each lesion assumed to be opinion of each group. We compared incidence of agreement among three groups and calculated invasion depth diagnostic accuracy rate for each group.Results:  For vascular findings from NBI with magnification images, incidence of complete agreement among three groups was 46.7%, incidence of disagreement among three groups was 46.7% and incidence of complete disagreement among three groups was 6.7%. For diagnosis from NBI with magnification images and total diagnosis from all available endoscopic images, incidence of complete agreement, disagreement and complete disagreement were 40.0%, 60.0% and 0.0%, respectively, and 60.0%, 40.0% and 0.0%, respectively. Invasion depth diagnostic accuracy from NBI with magnification images and all available endoscopic images were 60.0% and 73.3%, respectively, in Group A; 46.7% and 66.7%, respectively, in Group B; and 46.6% and 60.0%, respectively, in Group C.Conclusion:  Results suggest some level of educational training is required for effective application of NBI with magnification for precise diagnosis of colorectal lesions.
Microbial Metabolism in Ice and Brine at −5°C
Authors: Bakermans Corien , Skidmore Mark L. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryMetabolic activity, but not growth, has been observed in ice at temperatures from −5°C to −32°C. To improve understanding of metabolism in ice, we simultaneously examined various aspects of metabolism (14C‐acetate utilization, macromolecule syntheses and viability via reduction of CTC) of the glacial isolates Sporosarcina sp. B5 and Chryseobacterium sp. V3519‐10 during incubation in nutrient‐rich ice and brine at −5°C for 50 days. Measured rates of acetate utilization and macromolecule syntheses were high in the first 20 days suggesting adjustment to the lower temperatures and higher salt concentrations of both the liquid vein network in the ice and the brine. Following this adjustment, reproductive growth of both organisms was evident in brine, and suggested for Sporosarcina sp. B5 in ice by increases in cell numbers and biomass. Chryseobacterium sp. V3519‐10 cells incubated in ice remained active. These data indicate that neither low temperature nor high salt concentrations prohibit growth in ice, but some other aspect of living within ice slows growth to within the detection limits of current methodologies. These results imply that microbial growth is plausible in natural ice systems with comparable temperatures and sufficient nutrients, such as debris‐rich basal ices of glaciers and ice masses.
Collaborative Knowing: The Adaptive Nature of Cross‐Boundary Spanning
Authors: Hsiao Ruey‐Lin , Tsai Dun‐Hou , Lee Ching‐Fang 
Published: April 2011

abstractThis article elaborates how experts employ boundary objects to perform collaborative work in situ across boundaries. Our study takes a practice lens to examine the adaptive nature of cross‐boundary spanning. We conduct a field study and analyse engineers' troubleshooting tasks in maintaining sophisticated wafer‐fabrication machines. Our findings report three organizing practices: identifying problem boundaries, orchestrating collective responsibilities, and developing a systemic understanding. This mode of organizing explains how experts draw lessons from boundary objects to facilitate adaptive learning and collaboration for solving complicated problems in interactive systems. Our analysis contributes to theories of cross‐boundary spanning, adaptive learning, and problem‐solving, and suggests practical lessons in managing cross‐boundary work.
Unheard voices, unmapped terrain: Care work in long‐term residential care for older people in Canada and Sweden
Authors: Daly Tamara , Szebehely Marta 
Published: April 2011

Daly T, Szebehely M. Unheard voices, unmapped terrain: care work in long‐term residential care for older people in Canada and SwedenThis article aims to contribute to comparative welfare state research by analysing the everyday work life of long‐term care facility workers in Canada and Sweden. The study's empirical base was a survey of fixed and open‐ended questions. The article presents results from a subset of respondents (care aides and assistant nurses) working in facilities in three Canadian provinces (n= 557) and across Sweden (n= 292). The workers' experiences were linked to the broader economic and organisational contexts of residential care in the two jurisdictions. We found a high degree of country‐specific differentiation of work organisation: Canada follows a model of highly differentiated task‐oriented work, whereas Sweden represents an integrated relational care work model. Reflecting differences in the vertical division of labour, the Canadian care aides had more demanding working conditions than their Swedish colleagues. The consequences of these models for care workers, for older people and for their families are discussed.
Capital Market Access and Financing of Private Firms*
Authors: GOYAL VIDHAN K. , NOVA ALESSANDRO , ZANETTI LAURA 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTHow does capital market access affect the capital structure decisions of firms? To examine this question, we compare the financing decisions of a large sample of private and public companies from 18 different European countries. We find significant differences in the leverage policies of private and public firms. Private firms have much higher leverage ratios than public firms. In particular, the leverage of private firms is more negatively related to past profitability, consistent with their less active adjustment. Other evidence corroborates sluggish adjustment and suggests that private firms face significantly higher cost of accessing external capital markets. When we compare private and public firms in countries that differ on creditor rights and contract enforceability, we find more pronounced differences in the leverage policies of private and public firms in countries that are strong on legal rights and their enforcement. In countries with weak rights and poor enforcement, the financing policies of public firms begin to resemble those of private firms.