bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HOBBES AND GAME THEORY REVISITED: ZERO‐SUM GAMES IN THE STATE OF NATURE
Authors: EGGERS DANIEL 
Published: September 2011

abstractThe aim of this paper is to critically review the game‐theoretic discussion of Hobbes and to develop a game‐theoretic interpretation that gives due attention both to Hobbes's distinction between “moderates” and “dominators” and to what actually initiates conflict in the state of nature, namely, the competition for vital goods. As can be shown, Hobbes's state of nature contains differently structured situations of choice, the game‐theoretic representation of which requires the prisoner's dilemma and the assurance game and the so‐called assurance dilemma. However, the “state of war” ultimately emerges from situations that cannot be described by any of these games because they represent zero‐sum games in which the outcome of mutual cooperation does not exist.
Welfare issues related to transport and handling of both trained and unhandled horses and ponies
Authors: Weeks C. A. , McGreevy P. , Waran N. K. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryDehydration and increased risk of respiratory problems are common outcomes of transport, and both appear to be related to journey duration, emotional effects, such as fear, and challenging environmental conditions. Welfare may be improved by familiarising equines with transport vehicles and loading procedures before travel starts, and by providing thermally comfortable and well ventilated conditions during the journey. For long road journeys, rest breaks with drinking water should be given. Both trained and unhandled animals should have sufficient space and freedom to adjust their posture and to lower their heads, but maximum safe space allowances are unknown. Mares and foals should be transported together. Injury during transport is relatively common, particularly in groups of horses travelling to slaughter, and is usually associated with driver error, internal fittings and vehicle type or design, but also with mixing of animals of different sex and weight leading to fighting. There needs to be better training and monitoring to prevent such avoidable risks to horse welfare. There is also a need for more research into appropriate prophylaxis and post transport therapy as knowledge of accumulated stress and depressed immune function following prolonged and repeated transport is poorly understood.
Social comparison and anxious mood in pulmonary rehabilitation: The role of cognitive focus
Authors: Petersen Sibylle , Taube Karin , Lehmann Kirsten , Van den Bergh Omer , von Leupoldt Andreas 
Published: September 2011

Objectives.  Comorbid anxiety is highly prevalent in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and it is related to increased morbidity and mortality. It has consistently been found that social comparison has substantial impact on mood. However, despite the strong social component of pulmonary rehabilitation, the effect of social comparison processes on anxiety has not been explored in this context.Design.  Participants were 43 COPD patients enrolled in a 3‐week pulmonary rehabilitation programme. We tested in a longitudinal design the relationship between social comparison and assimilation and contrast at the beginning of rehabilitation and anxious mood at the end of the programme.Methods.  Using moderator analysis, we tested whether perceived similarities and differences to upward and downward social comparison standards influence the relationship between comparison direction at the beginning of the programme and anxious mood at the end of the programme.Results.  The relationship between social comparison at the start of rehabilitation and anxious mood at the end of the programme was dependent on assimilation and contrast to upward and downward standards. Downward assimilation and upward contrast were related to a stronger relationship of upward and downward social comparison and anxious mood.Conclusion.  This study demonstrates the important role of social comparison focus in moderating beneficial effects of pulmonary rehabilitation. Downward assimilation and upward contrast might be important targets in reducing anxiety in pulmonary rehabilitation.
A multinuclear NMR and quantum chemical study of solid trimethylammonium chloride
Authors: Penner Glenn H. , Webber Renee , O’Dell Luke A. 
Published: September 2011

The solid salt, trimethylammonium chloride (TMAC), is investigated by a combination of NMR spectroscopic techniques and quantum chemical calculations. Chemical shift and nuclear quadrupolar interaction parameters have been measured for35Cl,1H/2H, and15N/14N. These parameters have also been calculated as a function of the hydrogen position in the N···H···Cl fragment. Overall, the measured parameters are consistent with a structure in which the hydrogen is completely transferred to the nitrogen (i.e., N–H···Cl). The high hydrogen chemical shift (10.9 ppm by2H CP/MAS) and relatively small deuterium quadrupolar coupling constant (127 kHz) indicate a moderately strong N–H···Cl hydrogen bond. A pronounced deuterium isotope effect on the35Cl quadrupolar coupling constant is observed.
Water molecular reorientation in ice and tetrahydrofuran clathrate hydrate from lineshape analysis of 17O spin-echo NMR spectra
Authors: Ba Yong , Ripmeester John A. , Ratcliffe Christopher I. 
Published: September 2011

Lineshape analysis of 17O spin-echo NMR spectra has been used to study water molecular reorientations in ice-Ih and THF Structure II clathrate hydrate. The kinetics was determined by the changes of the lineshapes of the 17O central transitions at different temperatures. A model involving 12 orientations and 4-step jumps of water molecular orientations was proposed. Semi-classical exchange formalism was employed to simulate the lineshape of the central transitions of the 17O nuclei. Lineshape analysis gave the quadrupolar coupling constant CQ = 6.43 MHz and the asymmetry parameter η = 0.935, for both ice-Ih and THF gas hydrate. The theoretical lineshape simulations resulted in activation energies of water molecular reorientations Ea = 55.2 ± 2.1 kJ mol–1 and Ea = 30.5 ± 0.8 kJ mol–1 for ice-Ih and THF hydrate, respectively. The range of dynamic rates in THF clathrate hydrate is such that before melting, a pseudo-isotropic lineshape is observed that retains a second-order quadrupolar shift. The water reorientation process is discussed in light of recent results on Bjerrum defect injection obtained from molecular dynamics simulation and structural studies.
High-field multinuclear solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and first principle calculations in MgSO4 polymorphs
Authors: Pallister Peter J. , Moudrakovski Igor L. , Ripmeester John A. 
Published: September 2011

A combination of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and first principles calculations was applied to obtain 17O, 25Mg, and 33S NMR parameters for two polymorphs of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Working at the very high magnetic field of 21.14 T results in a dramatic improvement of resolution through a reduction of the effects of quadrupolar interactions and significant improvement in sensitivity. Experimental 25Mg and 33S spectra are dominated by quadrupolar interactions with quadrupolar parameters unique for each polymorph. In the case of 17O, there is a substantial contribution of the chemical shift anisotropy. The use of multiple-quantum magic-angle spinning (MQMAS) experiments allows the resolution of distinct oxygen species and assignment of signals in the experimental 17O spectrum. Chemical shielding constants and quadrupolar parameters for all three nuclei were calculated using plane wave pseudopotential density functional theory as implemented in the CASTEP computational package. The calculated NMR parameters are in very good agreement with the experimental results and help in signal assignment of the 17O spectrum. The results suggest applicability of such a combined computational and experimental solid-state NMR approach for the refinement of crystallographic data.
Reconnaissance of diverse structural and electronic environments in germanium halides by solid-state 73Ge NMR and quantum chemical calculations
Authors: Greer Brandon J. , Michaelis Vladimir K. , Terskikh Victor V. , Kroeker Scott 
Published: September 2011

Solid-state 73Ge nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is an attractive technique for the characterization of solid germanium-containing materials, but experiments can be exceedingly difficult in practice due to the unfavourable NMR properties of the 73Ge nucleus. Presented herein is a series of solid-state 73Ge NMR experiments on germanium halides (GeX4 and GeX2, where X = I, Br, and Cl) conducted at moderate (9.4 and 11.7 T) and ultrahigh (21.1 T) magnetic fields, intended to characterize the 73Ge NMR response in highly symmetric and asymmetric coordination environments. Quadrupole coupling constants range from 0.16 to 35 MHz. Isotropic chemical shifts for the GeX4 series trend with halide electronegativity, as found for the analogous silicon and tin halides. The indirect spin-spin coupling constant 1J(73Ge, 127I) is estimated from 73Ge MAS NMR to be 35 ± 10 Hz in GeI2, with the reduced coupling constant agreeing with those of other group 14 halides. Quantum chemical calculations using GIPAW DFT are in reasonable accord with experimental quadrupole couplings, but fail for chemical shielding. A preliminary NMR crystallographic study of GeI2 and GeCl2 incorporating 127I and 35Cl NMR spectra has led to plausible conclusions reflecting the structural homology of these compounds, although definitive characterization remains elusive.
Assessment of claw growth-layer groups from ringed seals (Pusa hispida) as biomonitors of inter- and intra-annual Hg, δ15N, and δ13C variation
Authors: Ferreira Elizabeth O. , Loseto Lisa L. , Ferguson Steven H. 
Published: September 2011

The ringed seal ( Pusa hispida (Schreber, 1775)) is a sentinel species of arctic marine mammals; therefore, methods to monitor its life-history changes are crucial to establish effective conservation strategies. We evaluate the potential use of claws of ringed seals as a proxy for counts of tooth growth-layer groups (age) and a biomonitor of total mercury burden (THg) and diet (stable isotope ratios expressed as δ15N and δ13C). The count of claw growth-layer groups was indicative of age up to 8 years and we infer differentiation of dark and light annuli as being associated with the spring moult. No differences of THg, δ15N, or δ13C were observed among flipper digits. The proximal claw annulus representing the most recent growth had δ13C values that were correlated to both muscle and liver δ13C, supporting the use of claws to monitor visceral δ13C. Claw log10THg from the proximate annulus was significantly correlated to liver and whisker log10THg, while significant interannual THg accumulation was observed in 18 of 32 seals ≥4 years, suggesting the claws receive and disperse Hg from active tissues of the body. Results support the use of claw tissue from ringed seal to provide a chronological record of inter- and intra-annual variations representing seal diet, contaminant load, and life history.
Diel vertical distribution of early marine phase juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and behaviour when exposed to salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)
Authors: Tang S. , Lewis A.G. , Sackville M. , Nendick L. , DiBacco C. , Brauner C.J. , Farrell A.P. 
Published: September 2011

We observed diel vertical migration patterns in juvenile pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792)) and tested the hypothesis that fish behaviour is altered by exposure to sea lice copepodids. Experiments involved replicated field deployments of a large (9 m) plankton column, which provided a vertical distribution enclosure under natural light and salinity conditions. Diel vertical distributions of juvenile pink salmon were observed during the first 3 weeks of seawater acclimation in both the presence and the absence of the ectoparasitic salmon louse ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1838)). Immediately upon entering seawater, juvenile pink salmon preferred the top 1 m of the water column, but they moved significantly deeper down the vertical water column as seawater acclimation time increased. A significant diel migration pattern was observed, which involved a preference for the surface at night-time, compared with daytime. When fish in the column were exposed to L. salmonis copepodids for 3 h, 43%–62% of fish became infected, fish expanded their vertical distribution range, and significant changes in vertical distribution patterns were observed.
Microsatellite population structure of Newfoundland black bears (Ursus americanus hamiltoni)
Authors: Marshall H. Dawn , Yaskowiak Edward S. , Dyke Casidhe , Perry Elizabeth A. 
Published: September 2011

We investigated population structure of black bears ( Ursus americanus hamiltoni Cameron, 1957) from insular Newfoundland using the microsatellite profiles of 12 loci from three broadly distributed areas (Northern, Baie Verte, and Bonavista peninsulas). Our goals were to revisit earlier findings of low heterozygosity in Newfoundland and increase knowledge of intraspecific variability in black bears, and make inferences about postglacial colonization and contemporary movements of island black bears. Ninety-three individuals (42 males) were identified among 543 hair samples: 21 from Bonavista, 25 from Northern Peninsula, and 47 from Baie Verte. Genetic diversity is relatively low (HE = 0.42) and decreases from northwest to southeast. Small but significant subpopulation differentiation revealed by F statistics is greatest between Northern and Baie Verte peninsulas; it is lower and comparable in the remaining pairwise comparisons. We hypothesize that postglacial colonization proceeded from the Northern Peninsula southeastward. Bears migrated from the Northern Peninsula to Baie Verte at some more distant time in the past, then diverged by genetic drift. More recently, migration occurred from these two populations to Bonavista, characterized by positive FISindicative of admixture. Tests of biased dispersal and posterior probability of correct assignment to locality reveal contemporary movements of both males and females with historical dispersal attributable to males.
A6 Peptide Activates CD44 Adhesive Activity, Induces FAK and MEK Phosphorylation, and Inhibits the Migration and Metastasis of CD44-Expressing Cells
Authors: Piotrowicz Randolph S. , Damaj Bassam B. , Hachicha Mohamed , Incardona Francesca , Howell Stephen B. , Finlayson Malcolm 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe A6 peptide (acetyl-KPSSPPEE-amino) has antitumor activity in the absence of significant adverse events in murine tumor models and clinical trials. A6 shares sequence homology with CD44, an adhesion receptor involved in metastasis that is also a marker of cancer stem cells and drug-resistant phenotypes. We investigated the mechanism of action of A6 by examining its effects on CD44 activity, cell migration, and metastasis. A6 inhibited the migration of a subset of ovarian and breast cancer cell lines, exhibiting IC50 values of 5 to 110 nmol/L. The ability of A6 to inhibit migration in vitro correlated with CD44 expression. Immunopreciptation studies showed that CD44 binds A6 and that biotin-tagged A6 can be cross-linked to CD44. The binding of A6 altered the structure of CD44 such that it was no longer recognized by a monoclonal antibody to a specific epitope. Importantly, A6 potentiated the CD44-dependent adhesion of cancer cells to hyaluronic acid and activated CD44-mediated signaling, as evidenced by focal adhesion kinase and MAP/ERK kinase phosphorylation. In vivo, A6 (100 mg/kg delivered s.c. twice daily) reduced the number of lung foci generated by the i.v. injection of B16-F10 melanoma cells by 50% (P = 0.029 in an unpaired t test). We conclude that A6 potently blocks the migration of CD44-positive cells in vitro through an interaction with CD44 that alters its structure and activates CD44 to enhance ligand binding and downstream signaling. The concurrent ability of A6 to agonize the CD44 receptor suggests that CD44 activation may represent a novel strategy for inhibiting metastatic disease. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(11); 2072–82. ©2011 AACR.
Changes in Breast Density and Circulating Estrogens in Postmenopausal Women Receiving Adjuvant Anastrozole
Authors: Prowell Tatiana M. , Blackford Amanda L. , Byrne Celia , Khouri Nagi F. , Dowsett Mitchell , Folkerd Elizabeth , Tarpinian Karineh S. , Powers Pendleton P. , Wright Laurie A. , Donehower Michele G. , Jeter Stacie C. , Armstrong Deborah K. , Emens Leisha A. , Fetting John H. , Wolff Antonio C. , Garrett-Mayer Elizabeth , Skaar Todd C. , Davidson Nancy E. , Stearns Vered 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Factors associated with an increased risk of breast cancer include prior breast cancer, high circulating estrogens, and increased breast density. Adjuvant aromatase inhibitors are associated with a reduction in incidence of contralateral breast cancer. We conducted a prospective, single-arm, single-institution study to determine whether use of anastrozole is associated with changes in contralateral breast density and circulating estrogens. Eligible patients included postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive early-stage breast cancer who had completed local therapy, had an intact contralateral breast, and were recommended an aromatase inhibitor as their only systemic therapy. Participants received anastrozole 1 mg daily for 12 months on study. We assessed contralateral breast density and serum estrogens at baseline, 6, and 12 months. The primary endpoint was change in contralateral percent breast density from baseline to 12 months. Secondary endpoints included change in serum estrone sulfate from baseline to 12 months. Fifty-four patients were accrued. At 12 months, compared with baseline, there was a nonstatistically significant reduction in breast density (mean change: −16%, 95% CI: −30 to 2, P = 0.08) and a significant reduction in estrone sulfate (mean change: −93%, 95% CI: −94 to −91, P &lt; 0.001). Eighteen women achieved 20% or greater relative reduction in contralateral percent density at 12 months compared with baseline; however, no measured patient or disease characteristics distinguished these women from the overall population. Large trials are required to provide additional data on the relationship between aromatase inhibitors and breast density and, more importantly, whether observed changes in breast density correlate with meaningful disease-specific outcomes. Cancer Prev Res; 4(12); 1993–2001. ©2011 AACR.
Inhibition by Resistant Starch of Red Meat–Induced Promutagenic Adducts in Mouse Colon
Authors: Winter Jean , Nyskohus Laura , Young Graeme P. , Hu Ying , Conlon Michael A. , Bird Anthony R. , Topping David L. , Le Leu Richard K. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Population studies have shown that high red meat intake may increase colorectal cancer risk. Our aim was to examine the effect of different amounts and sources of dietary protein on induction of the promutagenic adduct O6-methyl-2-deoxyguanosine (O6MeG) in colonocytes, to relate these to markers of large bowel protein fermentation and ascertain whether increasing colonic carbohydrate fermentation modified these effects. Mice (n = 72) were fed 15% or 30% protein as casein or red meat or 30% protein with 10% high amylose maize starch as the source of resistant starch. Genetic damage in distal colonocytes was detected by immunohistochemical staining for O6MeG and apoptosis. Feces were collected for measurement of pH, ammonia, phenols, p-cresol, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). O6MeG and fecal p-cresol concentrations were significantly higher with red meat than with casein (P &lt; 0.018), with adducts accumulating in cells at the crypt apex. DNA adducts (P &lt; 0.01) and apoptosis (P &lt; 0.001) were lower and protein fermentation products (fecal ammonia, P &lt; 0.05; phenol, P &lt; 0.0001) higher in mice fed resistant starch. Fecal SCFA levels were also higher in mice fed resistant starch (P &lt; 0.0001). This is the first demonstration that high protein diets increase promutagenic adducts (O6MeG) in the colon and dietary protein type seems to be the critical factor. The delivery of fermentable carbohydrate to the colon (as resistant starch) seems to switch from fermentation of protein to that of carbohydrate and a reduction in adduct formation, supporting previous observations that dietary resistant starch opposes the mutagenic effects of dietary red meat. Cancer Prev Res; 4(11); 1920–8. ©2011 AACR.
Chemoprevention of Colon and Small Intestinal Tumorigenesis in APCMin/+ Mice by Licofelone, a Novel Dual 5-LOX/COX Inhibitor: Potential Implications for Human Colon Cancer Prevention
Authors: Mohammed Altaf , Janakiram Naveena B. , Li Qian , Choi Chang-In , Zhang Yuting , Steele Vernon E. , Rao Chinthalapally V. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), such as COX-2, is a potential target for colon cancer inhibition and, in part, contributes to cardiovascular side effects associated with COX-2 inhibitors. Experiments were designed to assess the chemopreventive effects of a novel dual 5-LOX/COX inhibitor, licofelone {[6-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-7-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizin-5-yl] acetic acid}, in APCMin/+ mouse intestinal tumorigenesis. Six-week-old male and female APCMin/+ mice (n = 10 per group) were fed with control American Institute of Nutrition-76A diet or diets containing 150 or 300 ppm licofelone for 14 weeks (∼100 days), and intestinal tumors were evaluated for tumor multiplicity and size. Licofelone significantly inhibited total intestinal tumor multiplicity and size in a dose-dependent manner (P &lt; 0.0001; mean tumors for 0, 150, and 300 ppm: 48.8, 17, and 8, respectively, in male mice; and 34.3, 8.8, and 5.5, respectively, in female mice). Licofelone at high dose showed more than 83% (P &lt; 0.0001) tumor inhibition in both genders of mice. One hundred and fifty and 300 ppm licofelone resulted in 86% to 97% inhibition of polyps having size greater than 2 mm. One hundred and fifty and 300 ppm licofelone caused more than 72% and 100% inhibition of colonic tumors, respectively. Importantly, in mice fed with licofelone, tumors showed significantly reduced proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression (70%, P &lt; 0.0001), increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick end labeling–positive cells (75%, P &lt; 0.0001), and there was dose-dependent suppression of serum triglycerides (71%–83%, P &lt; 0.0001), decreased inflammatory cytokines; and decreased COX and 5-LOX activities (57%–64%, P &lt; 0.0001). Also, compared with 300 ppm celecoxib, 300 ppm licofelone provided better efficacy in suppressing tumor growth. These observations show that a novel dual 5-LOX/COX inhibitor dramatically suppresses small intestinal and colonic tumor formation in APCMin/+ mice. Cancer Prev Res; 4(12); 2015–26. ©2011 AACR.