bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Light rain events change over North America, Europe, and Asia for 1973–2009
Authors: Qian Yun , Gong Daoyi , Leung Ruby 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAnalysis of daily precipitation data reveals diverse long‐term trends of light rain events in North America (NA), Europe (EU), and Asia (AS), but overall a decreasing trend is found from 1973–2009, especially over East Asia, where a remarkable shift from light to heavy rain events has been observed. Although it has been argued that global warming may lead to a shift from light to heavy rain, regionally little correspondence is found between light rain trends and temperature/precipitable water (PW) trends. This argues for the need to include other factors such as atmospheric circulation and aerosol changes that affect regional rain rates and cloud processes. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Paraoxonase 1 polymorphisms and haplotypes and the risk for having offspring affected with spina bifida in Southeast Mexico
Authors: Gonzalez‐Herrera Lizbeth , Martín Cerda‐Flores Ricardo , Luna‐Rivero Marianne , Canto‐Herrera Jorge , Pinto‐Escalante Doris , Perez‐Herrera Norma , Quintanilla‐Vega Betzabet 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDSpina bifida (SB) is a common congenital malformation in Southeast Mexico. Parents of children with SB reside in areas with frequent pesticide spraying or have agriculture activities, suggesting potential exposure to pesticides. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is the responsible enzyme for deactivation of organophosphates (OP) in the central nervous system. Polymorphisms of PON1 genes influence the catalytic activity and plasma protein level of the enzyme, therefore, genotypic characterization of PON1 gene represents a potential predictor for susceptibility to OP‐related effects.METHODSThe frequency of PON1 haplotypes and polymorphisms (−108CT, L55M, and Q192R) were determined in this study. A case‐control study was performed to evaluate the risk for having offspring affected by SB in 152 cases and 160 control parents. Polymorphisms were determined by PCR amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism and Real Time‐PCR. Odds ratios and confidence interval 95% were estimated.RESULTSGenotype frequencies for the three PON1 polymorphisms were distributed according to Hardy–Weinberg expectations (p > 0.05) and were significantly different between cases and controls (p < 0.05). The heterozygous CT genotype of −108CT polymorphism, the RR genotype of Q192R polymorphism, both LM and MM genotypes of L55M polymorphism, and the haplotypes 221 and 222 (for −108CT, L55M, and Q192R) were associated with the risk for having a child affected by SB (p < 0.02). The heterozygous −108CT genotype was associated only maternally, whereas the heterozygous L55M genotype was relevant only in the fathers. The RR homozygous genotype was relevant both in mothers and fathers, suggesting the importance of this substrate‐specific polymorphism.CONCLUSIONResults suggest that PON1 polymorphisms are relevant risk factors for having offspring affected with SB in this population from Southeast Mexico. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zur Krise der westdeutschen Grenzwertpolitik in den 1970er Jahren: Die Verwandlung des Berufskrebses von einem toxikologischen in ein sozioökonomisches Problem
Authors: Bächi Beat 
Published: October 2010

AbstractConcerning the Crisis of the West German Politics of Limit Values in the 1970s: The Transformation of Cancer at the Workplace from a Toxicological into a Socioeconomic Problem.The paper tackles the changes that occurred in the political culture and the episteme of risk in the Federal Republic of Germany in the 1970s. The objects of observation are limit values for hazardous industrial materials, especially for carcinogens. At the forefront of the production of such values in Germany was the German Research Society's Senate Commission for the Examination of Hazardous Industrial Materials. Limit values bring economy, politics, and science together and they mediate different interests. This makes limit values an ideal object of study to bring together changes in different parts of society. In 1972, a new category of limit values for carcinogenic substances is introduced, the so called „Technische Richtkonzentration”︁ (TRK). This category of values does not assume that complete safety can be reached, as do limit values for hazardous industrial materials, so called “Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentrationen” (MAK). This means an important rupture in toxicological thinking. Until the 1970s, Paracelsus' dictum about dosage and poison still served as starting point for toxicologists. The innovation of TRK marks an important rupture in the episteme of regulating dangerous matters. Whereas until the 1970s there existed, at least as an ideal, the myth of “no risk” or “zero tolerance” even in the case of carcinogens, since the beginning of the 1970s, certainty is no more guaranteed by epistemically, but by socially robust knowledge. This also means the return of the risk society at the beginning of the 1970s, whereby cancer at the workplace becomes – in the view of the regulatory bodies – out of a medical problem a socioeconomic illness. The paper argues that these changes are connected to a general feeling of disorientation.
Regulierung des Verhaltens zwischen den Weltkriegen. Robert Musil und Kurt Lewin
Authors: Innerhofer Roland , Rothe Katja 
Published: October 2010

AbstractRegulation of Behavior in the Period between the World Wars: Robert Musil and Kurt Lewin. The paper attempts to reconstruct the proto‐cybernetic concept of regulation which emerged in early 20th century both in biology and psychology, and was critically reflected in literature. The basic premise is that Kurt Lewin's field‐theoretical psychology played a crucial role in the development of behavioral self‐regulation concepts. The goal is to show (1) that Lewin's early experiments and theories were based on the idea of a dynamic process of self‐regulation determined by the actors and their personal motivation and interaction, (2) that this concept of self‐regulation functioned as a camouflage for power‐strategies that aimed to regulate and optimize the economic production and social reproduction processes, (3) that in Robert Musil's fragmentary, ‘fringing’ novel The Man without Qualities the attempt to optimize the social and economic behavior and to establish a homeostatic state proved to be a complete failure. As a notable result, this ‘literary test’ of behavioral self‐regulation revealed the violence and imbalance of power inherent in this concept of self‐regulation and its practical implementation.
Regulierungswissen und Regulierungskonzepte
Authors: Reinhardt Carsten 
Published: October 2010

AbstractRegulatory Knowledge and Regulatory Concepts. The article argues for a historical understanding of a specific form of knowledge which is attached to the practices of regulatory science: regulatory knowledge. By definition, regulatory science deals with problems that are thought of not belonging to the normal spectrum of scientific work, i. e., they are ‘trans‐scientific’. In order to bridge science and other social spheres, regulatory science and regulatory knowledge carry certain features deemed to fulfil this task. Using Foucault's concept of governmentality and newer attempts of the sociology of knowledge, the article proposes the study of regulatory concepts as an avenue to explore the history of regulatory knowledge. As a case, the regulation by boundary values of chemicals at the work place in the Federal Republic of Germany is presented. The main advantage of boundary values as a regulatory concept is, arguably, their capacity to carry the necessary ambiguity for connecting different social spheres and for fulfilling specific functions in each social system, respectively. In this respect, the notion of regulatory concept is borrowed from the uses of boundary concepts and boundary objects in science studies.
Synthesis and characterization of a novel high luminescent gold‐2‐mercapto‐1‐methyl‐imidazole complex
Authors: Cardone Giorgio , Carotenuto Gianfranco , Conte Pellegrino , Alonzo Giuseppe 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTSynthesis and characterization of a new gold‐2‐mercapto‐1‐methyl imidazole are reported. This new organic material shows an extraordinary fluorescence activity (superfluorescence) up to 220°C with an unusual quantum yield of 0.2. Both fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy were applied to understand the behavior of the gold‐2‐mercapto‐1‐methylimidazole complex. Results suggest that the superfluorescence activity can be attributed to the shrinking of the HOMO‐LUMO band gap energy following complexation of the organic imidazole system with gold. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass by increasing the carboxylic acid content of the associated lignin
Authors: Nakagame Seiji , Chandra Richard P. , Kadla John F. , Saddler Jack N. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractTo assess the effects that the physical and chemical properties of lignin might have on the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulosic substrates, protease treated lignin (PTL) and cellulolytic enzyme lignin (CEL) fractions, isolated from steam and organosolv pretreated corn stover, poplar, and lodgepole pine, were prepared and characterized. The adsorption of cellulases to the isolated lignin preparations corresponded to a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It was apparent that, rather than the physical properties of the isolated lignin, the carboxylic acid functionality of the isolated lignin, as determined by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, had much more of an influence when lignin was added to typical hydrolysis of pure cellulose (Avicel). An increase in the carboxylic content of the lignin preparation resulted in an increased hydrolysis yield. These results suggested that the carboxylic acids within the lignin partially alleviate non‐productive binding of cellulases to lignin. To try to confirm this possible mechanism, dehydrogenative polymers (DHP) of monolignols were synthesized from coniferyl alcohol (CA) and ferulic acid (FA), and these model compounds were added to a typical enzymatic hydrolysis of Avicel. The DHP from FA, which was enriched in carboxylic acid groups compared with the DHP from CA, adsorbed a lower mount of cellulases and did not decrease hydrolysis yields when compared to the DHP from CA, which decreased the hydrolysis of Avicel by 8.4%. Thus, increasing the carboxylic acid content of the lignin seemed to significantly decrease the non‐productive binding of cellulases and consequently increased the enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:538–548. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improved product‐per‐glucose yields in P450‐dependent propane biotransformations using engineered Escherichia coli
Authors: Fasan Rudi , Crook Nathan C. , Peters Matthew W. , Meinhold Peter , Buelter Thomas , Landwehr Marco , Cirino Patrick C. , Arnold Frances H. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractP450‐dependent biotransformations in Escherichia coli are attractive for the selective oxidation of organic molecules using mild and sustainable procedures. The overall efficiency of these processes, however, relies on how effectively the NAD(P)H cofactors derived from oxidation of the carbon source are utilized inside the cell to support the heterologous P450‐catalyzed reaction. In this work, we investigate the use of metabolic and protein engineering to enhance the product‐per‐glucose yield (YPPG) in whole‐cell reactions involving a proficient NADPH‐dependent P450 propane monooxygenase prepared by directed evolution [P450PMOR2; Fasan et al. (2007); Angew Chem Int Ed 46:8414–8418]. Our studies revealed that the metabolism of E. coli (W3110) is able to support only a modest propanol:glucose molar ratio (YPPG ∼ 0.5) under aerobic, non‐growing conditions. By altering key processes involved in NAD(P)H metabolism of the host, considerable improvements of this ratio could be achieved. A metabolically engineered E. coli strain featuring partial inactivation of the endogenous respiratory chain (Δndh) combined with removal of two fermentation pathways (ΔadhE, Δldh) provided the highest YPPG (1.71) among the strains investigated, enabling a 230% more efficient utilization of the energy source (glucose) in the propane biotransformation compared to the native E. coli strain. Using an engineered P450PMOR2 variant which can utilize NADPH and NADH with equal efficiency, we also established that dual cofactor specificity of the P450 enzyme can provide an appreciable improvement in YPPG. Kinetic analyses suggest, however, that much more favorable parameters (KM, kcat) for the NADH‐driven reaction are required to effectively compete with the host's endogenous NADH‐utilizing enzymes. Overall, the metabolic/protein engineering strategies described here can be of general value for improving the performance of NAD(P)H‐dependent whole‐cell biotransformations in E. coli. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:500–510. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engineered heart tissue enables study of residual undifferentiated embryonic stem cell activity in a cardiac environment
Authors: Dengler Jana , Song Hannah , Thavandiran Nimalan , Massé Stéphane , Wood Geoffrey A. , Nanthakumar Kumaraswamy , Zandstra Peter W. , Radisic Milica 
Published: October 2010

AbstractEmbryonic stem cell (ESC) derivatives are a promising cell source for cardiac cell therapy. Mechanistic studies upon cell injection in conventional animal models are limited by inefficient delivery and poor cell survival. As an alternative, we have used an engineered heart tissue (EHT) based on neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (CMs) cultivated with electrical field stimulation as an in vitro model to study cell injection. We injected (0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 million) and tracked (by qPCR and histology) undifferentiated yellow‐fluorescent protein transgenic mouse ESCs and Flk1 + /PDGFRα+ cardiac progenitor (CPs) cells, to investigate the effect of the cardiac environment on cell differentiation, as well as to test whether our in vitro model system could recapitulate the formation of teratoma‐like structures commonly observed upon in vivo ESC injection. By 8 days post‐injection, ESCs were spatially segregated from the cardiac cell population; however, ESC injection increased survival of CMs. The presence of ESCs blocked electrical conduction through the tissue, resulting in a 46% increase in the excitation threshold. Expression of mouse cardiac troponin I, was markedly increased in CP injected constructs compared to ESC injected constructs at all time points and cell doses tested. As early as 2 weeks, epithelial and ganglion‐like structures were observed in ESC injected constructs. By 4 weeks of ESC injection, teratoma‐like structures containing neural, epithelial, and connective tissue were observed in the constructs. Non‐cardiac structures were observed in the CP injected constructs only after extended culture (4 weeks) and only at high cell doses, suggesting that these cells require further enrichment or differentiation prior to transplantation. Our data indicate that the cardiac environment of host tissue and electrical field stimulation did not preferentially guide the differentiation of ESCs towards the cardiac lineage. In the same environment, injection of CP resulted in a more robust cardiac differentiation than injection of ESC. Our data demonstrate that the model‐system developed herein can be used to study the functional effects of candidate stem cells on the host myocardium, as well as to measure the residual activity of undifferentiated cells present in the mixture. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:704–719. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation of stimulus responsive multiple emulsions by membrane emulsification using con a as biochemical sensor
Authors: Piacentini Emma , Drioli Enrico , Giorno Lidietta 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn this work, a novel strategy for the controlled fabrication of biomolecular stimulus responsive water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) multiple emulsion using the membrane emulsification process was investigated. The emulsions interface was functionalized with a biomolecule able to function as a receptor for a target compound. The interaction between the biomolecular receptor and target stimulus activated the release of bioactive molecules contained within the structured emulsion. A glucose sensitive emulsion was investigated as a model study case. Concanavalin A (Con A) was used as the biomolecular glucose sensor. Various physicochemical strategies for stimulus responsive materials formulation are available in literature, but the preparation of biomolecule‐responsive emulsions has been explored for the first time in this paper. The development of novel drug delivery systems requires advanced and highly precise techniques to obtain their particular properties and targeting requirements. The present study has proven the flexibility and suitability of membrane emulsification for the preparation of stable and functional multiple emulsions containing Con A as interfacial biomolecular receptor able to activate the release of a bioactive molecule as a consequence of interaction with the glucose target molecule. The influence of emulsion interfacial composition and membrane emulsification operating conditions on droplets stability and functional properties have been investigated. The release of the bioactive molecule as a function of glucose stimulus and its concentration has been demonstrated. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:913–923. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preoperative inflammation is a prognostic factor for gallbladder carcinoma
Authors: Han H-S , Cho J Y , Yoon Y-S , Ahn K S , Kim H 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Background
Inflammation frequently accompanies gallbladder carcinoma (GBC), but its impact on outcome is unclear. The present study investigated the impact of concomitant inflammation on survival of patients with GBC.

Methods
All patients undergoing surgery for GBC between October 2003 and May 2009 were identified retrospectively from a prospectively collected database. Patients were classified according to whether preoperative inflammation was present (65 patients) or not (23).

Results
A total of 88 patients were enrolled. There were no differences in sex, mean age, tumour node metastasis (TNM) stage and radicality of resection between the two groups. The overall 3-year survival rate was lower in patients with preoperative inflammation than in those without (33 versus 73 per cent; P = 0·001). In univariable analysis, preoperative inflammation, T, N and M category, TNM stage, radicality of surgery and tumour differentiation were significant prognostic factors. The presence of preoperative inflammation (hazard ratio (HR) 2·38, 95 per cent confidence interval 1·04 to 5·43), lymph node metastases (HR 5·23, 1·05 to 26·09) and R1 or R2 resection (HR 3·77, 1·47 to 9·72) were independent prognostic factors for poor survival.

Conclusion
The presence of preoperative inflammation is an independent prognostic factor for poor survival in patients with GBC.
The morphometry of patella and patellar ligament during the fetal period
Authors: Koyuncu Esra , Cankara Neslihan , Sulak Osman , Özgüner Gulnur , Albay Soner 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis study aims to determine the development and morphology of the patella and patellar tendon and to obtain morphometric data about these structures during the fetal period. One hundred five human fetuses (55 males and 50 females) aged 9–40 weeks were used in this study. Fetuses were divided into four groups between gestational weeks; Group I (9–12 weeks), Group II (13–25 weeks), Group III (26–37 weeks), and Group IV (38–40 weeks). The patella and patellar ligament were exposed via anatomical dissection; the dimensions (length, width, thickness) and the width of the lateral and medial articular surfaces of the patella, and the length and width of the patellar ligament, were measured using a Vernier's caliper. No significant differences were observed between genders or sides for any of the parameters (P > 0.05), and a significant correlation was found between gestational age and all parameters (P < 0.001). All parameters of the patella and patellar ligament were found to be different statistically between trimesters (P < 0.05). This study reveals the development, morphological changes, and the morphometric measurements of the patella and patellar ligament during the fetal period. We hope that the present results can be useful for future studies. Clin. Anat. 24:225–231, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A rare case of a complete left inferior vena cava associated with the symptoms of Dunbar syndrome
Authors: Wartmann Christopher T. , Kinsella Christopher R. , Tubbs R. Shane , Loukas Marios 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe report a case of an 82‐year‐old female with an anomalous left inferior vena cava. The left inferior vena cava ascends parallel and to the left of the descending abdominal aorta. At the level of the celiac trunk, the inferior vena cava courses anteriorly and to the right to reach the posterior surface of the liver. The patient also suffers from chronic mild postprandial abdominal pain. It is possible that position of inferior vena cava anterior to the aorta, at the level of the celiac trunk, may lead to intermittent celiac artery compression syndrome (Dunbar syndrome). Clin. Anat. 24:262–265, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluoroscopic angiography in the gross anatomy dissection laboratory: Visualizing the aortic arch and its branches in a cadaver
Authors: Vogt Keith M. , Kauh Courtney Y. , Holder David M. , DePhilip Robert M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe present fluoroscopic images of the aortic arch and its branches obtained in a first year medical gross anatomy teaching laboratory after an aberrant right subclavian artery was discovered during dissection. The aortic arch and its branches in the cadaver were filled with contrast medium in molten agar. After the agar solidified, a portable fluoroscope was used to obtain radiographic images. These post‐mortem images were then compared with computed tomography images obtained while the individual was living. The embryology, prevalence, and clinical findings of this arterial variation are reviewed, and the importance of recognizing the presence of an aberrant right subclavian artery before performing various procedures is discussed. This exercise gave students the unique opportunity to compare the three‐dimensional anatomy seen in the dissection laboratory with the two‐dimensional presentation of that same anatomy in the radiographic images that they will see in clinical practice. Clin. Anat. 24:253–257, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The third time is the charm—Anastomosis between the celiac trunk and the left colic artery
Authors: Stimec Bojan V. , Terraz Sylvain , Fasel Jean H.D. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAn atypical case of abdominal vasculature, found in a 58‐year‐old woman is presented. The multidetector computed tomography angiogram revealed a large tortuous anastomotic vessel between the stem of the celiac trunk and the left colic artery, supplying branches for the left colon and pancreatic body and tail. We propose a simple embryological explanation for the development of this aberrant artery—the longitudinal ventral anastomosis, which connects the precursors of principal visceral arteries in a loop‐like manner, loses its direct communication with the superior mesenteric artery but maintains its continuity above and below this level. This variation could pose a problem for radiological interpretation and affect surgical approaches to the aorta, left colon, and the pancreas. Clin. Anat. 24:258–261, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.