Abstract 1639: Chemopreventive and anti-inflammatory properties of “supercinnamaldehydes” - novel cinnamyl-based compounds
Authors: Nagle Amrita A. , Lim Jiahui , Jones Gavin , Wells Geoff , Chew Eng-Hui 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Induction of the antioxidant and cytoprotective phase 2 enzymes via the Keap1/Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway is an accepted strategy for cancer prevention. Recent studies have identified inhibition of inflammatory response as a consistent attribute of chemicals with phase 2 enzymes-inducing properties. As chronic inflammation has been associated with the pathogenesis of cancer, compounds eliciting both phase 2 enzymes-inducing and anti-inflammatory properties may serve as potential candidates for cancer chemoprevention. In our previous study, we had found that trans-cinnamaldehyde (CA) and its analog 2-benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde (BCA) were able to induce phase 2 enzymes via the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway. In this study, we investigated the chemopreventive and anti-inflammatory properties of CA, BCA, and a novel series of “supercinnamaldehydes”. In the ARE-luciferase reporter gene assay, compounds were screened for their chemopreventive potencies by determining their ability to induce ARE-mediated gene expression in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293). All supercinnamaldehydes induced ARE transcriptional activity, with one compound showing an induction of almost nine fold at 20 µM as compared to that of around six fold induction for 40 µM CA. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of supercinnamaldehydes, we induced inflammatory conditions in mouse macrophage-like cells (RAW264.7) with lipopolysachharide (LPS) and measured nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in presence of the compounds. Compounds with good ARE-fold induction also exhibited low IC50 values for NO generation. The most potent compound inhibited NO production with an IC50 of 4.63 µM, significantly lower than the IC50 (34.45 µM) for CA. We focused our subsequent studies on CA, BCA, and two supercinnamaldehydes with highest ARE-fold induction and lowest IC50 values for NO release. The selected compounds showed marked induction of Nrf2 and phase 2 enzyme levels in HEK293 cells and wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) as observed by immunoblotting. In contrast, little induction was observed in Keap1-knockout MEFs, suggesting that the compounds could, at least in part, be targeting Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway for phase 2 enzyme induction. Immunoblotting also revealed that these compounds inhibited the LPS-induced up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). A suppressive effect on the NFκB signaling pathway was also observed. In conclusion, we hereby introduce a new class of compounds with superior phase 2 enzyme inducing and anti-inflammatory properties than the naturally occurring CA, which may be potentially efficacious in cancer prevention.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1639. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1639