bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of novel microsatellite markers for Avena sativa (Poaceae) (oat)
Authors: Wu Bin , Zhang Zongwen , Chen Lingyun , He Minggao 
Published: January 2012

• Premise of the study: A new set of microsatellite primers was developed for Avena sativa and characterized to assess the level of genetic diversity among cultivars and wild genotypes.• Methods and Results: Using an enrichment genomic library, 14 simple sequence repeat markers were identified. The loci of these markers were characterized and found to be polymorphic in size among 48 genotypes of oat from diverse geographical locations. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to eight, while the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.031 to 0.75.• Conclusions: These newly identified microsatellite markers will facilitate genetic diversity studies, fingerprinting, and genetic mapping of oat. Moreover, these new primers for A. sativa will aid future studies of polyploidy and hybridization in other species in this genus.
Rêver ensemble le départ. Construction du mythe chez les jeunes Somaliens réfugiés
Authors: Rousseau Cécile , Said Taher M. , Gagné Marie-Josée , Bibeau Gilles 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Les jeunes réfugiés somaliens passent souvent par une longue transition prémigratoire avant de rejoindre leur destination finale. Durant ce difficile passage, ils construisent ensemble un mythe du départ qui structure les stratégies individuelles. La substitution du « voyage rêvé » au « voyage réel » en conduit quelques-uns, surtout si la transition se prolonge, à perdre contact avec la réalité et à basculer dans la folie. Les auteurs fondent leur démonstration sur trois arguments : a) le pastoralisme conduit les Somaliens à valoriser le voyage en tant que moyen de maturation ; b) le groupe d’âges développe une dynamique migratoire spécifique ; c) l’éthique de la solidarité fait participer un grand nombre de personnes à l’aventure des jeunes migrants. Au cours de l’attente, les jeunes s’adonnent à des séances de mastication du qaat durant lesquelles ils se racontent des histoires de migration réussies et leurs rêves de départ. Plus l’attente se prolonge, plus croît la frustration chez certains jeunes, chez qui le « rêve du départ » se transforme en un « rêve de folie », comme l’illustrent les deux cas rapportés. Cet article est basé sur des recherches de terrain faites dans la Corne de l’Afrique et au Canada.
Vingt ans de réforme de la fonction publique à Madagascar
Authors: Razafindrakoto Mireille , Roubaud François 
Published: January 2012

Résumé	À l’instar de la majorité des pays africains, Madagascar s’est engagée depuis deux décennies dans une succession de réformes de la fonction publique. Cet article se propose d’en dresser le bilan. La thèse centrale de l’étude est que les réformes de la fonction publique ont non seulement été un échec mais qu’elles ont paradoxalement contribué à la dégradation des services publics africains qu’elles étaient censées rendre plus efficaces. Après avoir mis en lumière les principaux dysfonctionnements de l’administration, à l’origine d’une véritable crise de confiance des usagers, à partir d’indicateurs objectifs et subjectifs, les auteurs se penchent sur les facteurs qui ont conduit à une telle situation. Ils mettent l’accent sur l’impact des politiques adoptées, notamment en termes d’emplois et de rémunérations. Pour finir, ils s’interrogent sur l’économie politique de la réforme afin de dégager quelques pistes pour l’avenir.
La sage-femme et le douanier. Cultures professionnelles locales et culture bureaucratique privatisée en Afrique de l'Ouest
Authors: Olivier de Sardan Jean-Pierre 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Les professions de sage-femme et de douanier, apparemment aux antipodes, sont pourtant unanimement décriées et offrent, selon les représentations populaires, quelques similitudes dans leur mépris envers les « usagers anonymes » (en contraste avec l’attention ou la complaisance envers les usagers recommandés) ou le « racket » auquel elles se livrent à leurs dépens, même si les revenus illicites qu’elles procurent sont très différents. On peut, de cette comparaison, déduire un « modèle exploratoire » qui tente de dégager certaines composantes des « normes pratiques » qui, loin des normes officielles, règlent les comportements des agents de l’État en Afrique: d’un côté, des cultures professionnelles locales, propres à chaque métier, où se mélangent des bribes de savoirs appris en formation et des savoir-faire et attitudes appris sur le tas; de l’autre côté, une culture bureaucratique privatisée, commune à tous, avec son « privilégisme », ses « ventes à l’acte », son improductivité, son clientélisme, sa conjonction de déshumanisation et de surpersonnalisation.
La privatisation des marchés urbains à Abidjan : une affaire en or pour quelques-uns seulement
Authors: Bertoncello Brigitte , Bredeloup Sylvie 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Engagées dans le cadre d’une privatisation des services publics, les mutations de l’offre commerciale favorisent des recompositions spatiales dans la ville africaine et exacerbent les ségrégations déjà à l’œuvre. Alors que la puissance publique, en tant que représentant de l’intérêt général, s’était efforcée, par le passé, d’assurer pour tous une égalité d’accès à l’économie et à la société urbaines, la délégation des marchés urbains à des acteurs privés semble conduire à l’exclusion des commerçants mais aussi à celle des consommateurs les plus démunis, les plus « étrangers » ou les plus isolés. Exceptionnelles semblent en effet les dispositions prises par les nouveaux gestionnaires pour sauvegarder l’intérêt des plus faibles, pour leur proposer des formules de vente ou de location mieux adaptées à leurs ressources. Les délégataires des marchés n’ont pas fait leur l’objectif de la collectivité d’autant qu’ils n’y ont pas toujours été conviés par les municipalités essentiellement préoccupées par les retombées électorales de ces investissements.
De l'exil à la diaspora : l'exemple de la migration chilienne
Authors: Bolzman Claudio 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Cet article porte sur la relation entre exil et diaspora. À travers l’exemple de la migration chilienne, il explore les similitudes et les différences entre ces deux notions, mais également les conditions qui permettent la transformation d’un exil en diaspora dans le cadre d’une migration résultante d’une violence politique de type idéologique. Un facteur majeur qui permet le passage de la première à la deuxième situation est la modification du contexte politique dans le pays d’origine : dans ces nouvelles circonstances, le rapport au temps, à l’espace, au retour, à l’État d’origine, ainsi que la définition identitaire des communautés émigrées subissent des changements importants. Mais les circonstances traumatisantes qui ont généré l’exil continuent à influencer, en situation de diaspora, les dynamiques communautaires.
Les fonctionnaires et le développement rural en Argentine depuis 1991 : entre la profession et le territoire, entre l'État et la ville
Authors: Albaladejo Christophe 
Published: January 2012

Résumé L’État en Argentine applique avec force depuis dix ans une politique d’ajustement qui aboutit notamment à la réduction de son personnel et à la décentralisation de ses fonctions au niveau des provinces et des municipalités. En matière de développement rural, qui est un volet essentiel de la présence de l’État sur l’immense territoire argentin, les réformes se font sentir non seulement dans les organismes publics, et de façon générale sur la fonction de « vulgarisation agricole », mais également dans l’ensemble du système professionnel des ingénieurs agronomes. Cet article décrit les conséquences des réformes sur les pratiques du métier d’agronome et l’éclatement de celui-ci sous l’influence des firmes et d’un rapport transformé de l’État avec la profession. Il met en évidence l’émergence de nouvelles pratiques et identités professionnelles, sous l’impulsion d’un nouveau type de fonctionnaires: les agents techniques des municipalités des petites et moyennes villes.
Éveil des sociétés civiles en milieu urbain et organisations non gouvernementales: les exemples de Cotonou et Lubumbashi
Authors: Pirotte Gautier , Poncelet Marc 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Depuis plus de dix ans, dans une Afrique subsaharienne, marquée par un processus de démocratisation institutionnelle ou de décompression-recomposition autoritaire, on assiste à la prolifération de pratiques associatives définies et souvent reconnues comme « Organisations non gouvernementales ». Si l’on a beaucoup conjecturé et beaucoup douté à propos de ces ONG africaines et du revival associatif avec lequel elles entretiennent des rapports plus ou moins forts, plus ou moins clairs, peu de recherches ont pris soin de les prendre au « pied de la lettre », avant de jauger leurs résultats et avant de les confronter à des prescriptions explicites ou implicites. La profusion de ces nouvelles pratiques non gouvernementales ne s’est pourtant pas produite dans des contextes locaux identiques. Basé sur les résultats d’une recherche menée à Cotonou (Bénin) et à Lubumbashi (RDC) en 1998 et consacrée aux ONG urbaines, l’article propose une lecture comparative des deux « sociétés civiles » dont la vitalité et l’identité ont été fortement tributaires des contextes locaux (rapport aux pouvoirs publics d’une part et présence des bailleurs de fonds au sein de l’arène locale du développement d’autre part).
Cricopharyngeal Myotomy Revisited
Authors: Murthy PSN , Rao Sudhakara M , Satishchandra T 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
Dysphagia due to neuromuscular in coordination is major disability for the patient. Not able to swallow food or liquids inspite of healthy appetite makes the patient most irritable and can lead to psychological problems. Added to the swallowing problem patient also encounters symptoms and signs of laryngeal penetration or aspiration. For these patients, surgical option of cricopharyngeal myotomy offers a very good relief. We describe two cases where CP myotomy could facilitate a good swallow and prevent laryngeal stimulation or penetration and made a significant improvement in the quality of life of the patients.
Windows on Heaven (and Earth):
Authors: Veronica della Dora 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
Holy icons are often described as windows on heaven, as images putting the faithful in direct contact with Christ, the Mother of God, and their saints. Renaissance geographers similarly described maps as windows on the world, as telescopes allowing the observer to visualize from above what the human eye could not otherwise grasp in its entirety. In this sense, maps and holy icons share an ontological quality: their ability to make the invisible visible and the physically inaccessible accessible. But what happens when the two merge into a single image? This article examines an understudied category of rare post-Byzantine icons that incorporate maps or act as maps. Drawing on well-established Byzantine iconographies and yet embedding new, noncanonical cartographic elements, these icons, the article shows, blended spiritual and terrestrial concerns, acting as powerful tools in the formation (or reassertion) of local ecclesiastical identities in different centuries and geographical contexts.
CdSe Magic‐Sized Nuclei, Magic‐Sized Nanoclusters and Regular Nanocrystals: Monomer Effects on Nucleation and Growth
Authors: Yu Kui 
Published: January 2012

AbstractColloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have been well appreciated for their potential in nanophotonics with an unprecedented impact in various areas, including light emitting diodes (LEDs) and solar cells. There is an outstanding demand on the control of size and size distribution for the various applications, with rational design supported by fundamental understanding of nucleation and growth. This Research News introduces recent advances in the synthesis of colloidal CdSe magic‐sized nuclei (MSN) exhibiting sharp bandgap emission, with a model proposed to illustrate the nature of monomers and their degree of supersaturation (DS) affecting the formation of various CdSe MSN, magic‐sized nanoclusters (MSCs), and regular nanocrystals (RNCs). Also, this model addresses tuning the CdSe RNCs into the CdSe MSN with the presence of cadmium acetate (Cd(OAc)2) affecting the nature of the monomers.
Biocatalysis of Cycloastragenol by Filamentous Fungi to Produce Unexpected Triterpenes
Authors: Yang Wen‐zhi , Ye Min , Huang Fei‐xia , He Wen‐ni , Guo De‐an 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe biocatalysis of cycloastragenol, a natural tetracyclic triterpenoid with anti‐aging activity, by cultured whole cells of three strains of filamentous fungi, namely Cunninghamella elegans AS 3.1207, Syncephalastrum racemosum AS 3.264 and Doratomyces stemonitis AS 3.1411 produced 15 metabolites. Thirteen of them are new compounds. The structures of these metabolites were fully characterized on the basis of HR‐ESI‐MS analyses together with 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The three fungal strains exhibited significant biocatalytic preferences: C. elegans enabled hydroxylation reactions, particularly on the 28‐ and 29‐CH3 groups; S. racemosum efficiently catalyzed a complicated rearrangement reaction to form the unusual ranunculane skeleton, which was further substituted with diverse side chains at C‐19; D. stemonitis mainly led to carbonylation reactions, especially on 3‐OH. It is particularly noteworthy that S. racemosum also catalyzed an unexpected ring expansion reaction to generate the rare 9(10)a‐homo‐19‐nor‐cycloartane skeleton. Biocatalysis was proved powerful in the structural diversification of cycloastragenol for future structure‐activity relationship studies.
Poly(amic acid)‐Supported Heterogeneous Titanium‐Based Ziegler‐Natta Catalyst for Ethylene Polymerization in a Slurry Process
Authors: Kalita Amarjyoti , Konwer Surajit , Dolui Swapan K. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe synthesis of a poly(amic acid) (PAA)‐supported Ziegler–Natta catalyst (PAA‐TiCl4) by the reaction of PAA and titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) is reported. For ethylene polymerization, three catalysts were synthesized by varying the TiCl4/PAA weight ratio in a hexane medium. The resulting catalysts were characterized by Fourier‐transformed infrared (FT‐IR), ultraviolet (UV), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x‐ray detector (SEM‐EDX), and x‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The acidity of the catalysts in an acetone/water solution was measured by a pH meter. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that catalysts are stable up to 110–125°C. Because of their higher degree of thermal stability, these catalysts may potentially be used as a support in a conventional Ziegler–Natta catalyst for ethylene polymerization. Furthermore, because of the extensive reaction between the functional groups of PAA and TiCl4, the chain structure of the PAA was destroyed. The newly synthesized catalysts showed good storability, and the overall catalytic productivity is 4921 g PE/g Ti/h. A catalyst with titanium incorporation corresponding to 2.8 wt% showed the maximum activity. The productivity of the catalysts also depended on the titanium concentration in the polymer matrix. These catalysts are found to retain their catalytic activity for a long time (∼90 days), and a mild reaction condition is required for catalysis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E119–E130, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20276
Fine Structure, Enzyme Histochemistry, and Immunohistochemistry of Liver in Zebrafish
Authors: Yao Yilin , Lin Jinxing , Yang Ping , Chen Qiusheng , Chu Xiaohong , Gao Cheng , Hu Jianhua 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe fine structures, enzyme histochemical, and immunohistochemical characterization of liver in zebrafish were investigated using light microscopy and electron microscopy. The results showed that liver was separated into three lobes and each lobe had a central vessel comparable to the mammalian central vein. However typical hepatic lobules, portal areas, and hepatic arteries were not observed. A portal vein entered the liver and its tributaries were connected directly to the sinusoids, which then converged to the central vessel. Three central vessels in lobes finally carried the blood out of liver. The polygonal and bilayered hepatocytes were arranged as twisting, branching, and anastomosing cords. Ultrastructurally, they showed apparent morphological features of protein synthesis and secretion. Bile entered the biliary tree through the intracellular canaliculus, the ramifications of intercellular canaliculi that originated near the hepatic nucleus and then extended to the hepatocyte surface where two adjacent hepatocyte membranes formed intercellular canaliculi, and then ran sequentially through bile preductules, bile ductules, and bile ducts to be secreted out of the liver. Bile preductular epithelial cells (BPs) were cells located between bilayered hepatocytes in one hepatic cord. Occasionally, some tight junctions were detected forming the link between BPs and hepatocytes, which led us to assume that BPs might have a close relationship with hepatocytes during evolution. The present results indicate that zebrafish liver has its own specific fine structure. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Safety and efficacy of esreboxetine in patients with fibromyalgia: A fourteen‐week, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicenter clinical trial
Authors: Arnold Lesley M. , Hirsch Ian , Sanders Paul , Ellis Amanda , Hughes Bernadette 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of multiple fixed dosages of esreboxetine for the treatment of fibromyalgia.MethodsPatients meeting the American College of Rheumatology criteria for fibromyalgia were randomized to receive esreboxetine at dosages of 4 mg/day (n = 277), 8 mg/day (n = 284), or 10 mg/day (n = 283) or matching placebo (n = 278) for 14 weeks. The primary efficacy outcomes were the weekly mean pain score and the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) total score at week 14. Secondary efficacy measures included scores for the Patient's Global Impression of Change (PGIC) scale, the Global Fatigue Index (GFI), and the 36‐item Short‐Form health survey (SF‐36; physical function scale only) at week 14. The safety profile of esreboxetine was evaluated based on adverse events and other safety measures.ResultsPatients receiving all dosages of esreboxetine demonstrated statistically significant improvements in the pain score (P ≤ 0.025), the FIQ score (P ≤ 0.023), and the PGIC score (P ≤ 0.007) compared with patients in the placebo group. Additionally, patients receiving esreboxetine at dosages of 4 mg/day and 8 mg/day showed statistically significant improvements in the GFI score compared with those receiving placebo (P = 0.001). No significant differences in SF‐36 physical function scores were observed between patients receiving esreboxetine (any dosage) and those receiving placebo. Adverse events were mostly mild to moderate in severity; insomnia, constipation, dry mouth, nausea, dizziness, hot flush, headache, hyperhidrosis, and palpitations were reported most frequently.ConclusionEsreboxetine was generally well tolerated and was associated with significant improvements in pain, FIQ, PGIC, and fatigue scores compared with placebo. The lack of a dose‐response relationship in both the efficacy and safety analyses suggests that esreboxetine at a dosage of 4 mg/day would offer clinical benefit with the least risk of drug exposure.
Orphan nuclear receptor NR4A2 induces synoviocyte proliferation, invasion, and matrix metalloproteinase 13 transcription
Authors: Mix Kimberlee S. , McMahon Kevin , McMorrow Jason P. , Walkenhorst Dana E. , Smyth Aisling M. , Petrella Brenda L. , Gogarty Martina , Fearon Ursula , Veale Douglas , Attur Mukundan G. , Abramson Steven B. , Murphy Evelyn P. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo address the role of the nuclear receptor 4A (NR4A) family of orphan nuclear receptors in synoviocyte transformation, hyperplasia, and regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in models of inflammatory arthritis.MethodsNR4A messenger RNA levels in synovial tissue and primary synoviocytes were measured by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). NR4A2 was stably overexpressed in normal synoviocytes, and cell proliferation, survival, anchorage‐independent growth, migration, and invasion were monitored in vitro. MMP and TIMP expression levels were analyzed by quantitative RT‐PCR, and MMP‐13 promoter activity was measured using reporter assays. Stable depletion of endogenous NR4A levels was achieved by lentiviral transduction of NR4A short hairpin RNA (shRNA), and the effects on proliferation, migration, and MMP‐13 expression were analyzed.ResultsNR4A2 was expressed at elevated levels in normal, OA, and RA synovial tissue and in primary RA synoviocytes. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) rapidly and selectively induced expression of NR4A2 in synoviocytes. Ectopic expression of NR4A2 in normal synoviocytes significantly increased proliferation and survival, promoted anchorage‐independent growth, and induced migration and invasion. MMP‐13 gene expression was synergistically induced by NR4A2 and TNFα, while expression of TIMP‐2 was antagonized. NR4A2 directly transactivated the proximal MMP‐13 promoter, and a point mutation in the DNA binding domain of NR4A2 abolished transcriptional activation. Depletion of endogenous NR4A receptors with shRNA reduced synoviocyte proliferation, migration, and MMP‐13 expression.ConclusionThe orphan nuclear receptor NR4A2 is a downstream mediator of TNFα signaling in synovial tissue. NR4A2 transcriptional activity contributes to the hyperplastic and invasive phenotype of synoviocytes that leads to cartilage destruction, suggesting that this receptor may show promise as a therapeutic target in inflammatory arthritis.
Positive Affect in the Midst of Distress: Implications for Role Functioning
Authors: Moskowitz Judith Tedlie , Shmueli‐Blumberg Dikla , Acree Michael , Folkman Susan 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTStress has been shown to deplete the self‐regulation resources hypothesized to facilitate effective role functioning. However, recent research suggests that positive affect may help to replenish these vital self‐regulation resources. Based on the revised Stress and Coping theory and the Broaden‐and‐Build theory of positive emotion, three studies provide evidence of the potential adaptive function of positive affect in the performance of roles for participants experiencing stress. Participants were students (Study 1), caregivers of children with illness (Study 2), and individuals recently diagnosed with HIV (Study 3). In cross‐sectional analyses, using role functioning as an indicator of self‐regulation performance, we found that positive affect was significantly correlated with better self‐regulation performance, independent of the effects of negative affect. The effects were not as strong longitudinally, however, and there was little evidence of a reciprocal association between increases in positive affect and improvements in role functioning over time. The results provide some modest support for hypotheses stemming from the Broaden‐and‐Build model of positive emotion and revised Stress and Coping theory, both of which argue for unique adaptive functions of positive affect under stressful conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.