bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth of forage tree legumes at four agro-climatic sites in Indonesia
Authors: Panjaitan Mas'ud , Stur W. W. , Jessop R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe growth of the tree legumes Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium, Sesbania sesban, Sesbania grandiflora, Albizia falcataria and Calliandra calothyrsus was evaluated at four sites in Indonesia between 1984 and 1986. Tree seedlings were planted at 10000 trees/ha and, after an establishment period of 9–12 months, harvested every 3 months for a 2-year period.At Bambu Apus, West Java (2040 mm annual rainfall, 1 month dry period, lowland, latosol with pH 5·6 decreasing with depth), G. sepium and C. calothyrsus produced 13 and 10 t/ha per year of leaf dry matter, respectively. Other species did not grow well at this site and fewer than 60% of the trees of these species survived until the end of the experimental period. At Sei Putih, North Sumatra (1550 mm annual rainfall, 3 months dry period, lowland, podzolic with pH 5·5 increasing with depth), no species produced > 6 t/ha per year of leaf dry matter. The highest yielding species were L. leucocephala and A. falcataria. At Cisarua, West Java (3340 mm annual rainfall, no dry periods, 925 m altitude, latosol with pH 5–6 increasing with depth) only C. calothyrsus grew well and produced 9 t/ha per year of leaf dry matter. At Grati, East Java (1500 mm annual rainfall, 6 months dry period, lowland, alluvial with pH 6·6 increasing with depth) L. leucocephala produced > 8 t·ha per year of leaf dry matter, while none of the C. calothyrsus and A. falcataria trees survived the first dry season.Although L. leucocephala has been the most widely grown tree legume species in the tropics, C. calothyrsus and G. sepium performed better at the wetter sites and at high altitude.
Integrated rice straw–urea management for transplanted rice
Authors: Bulbule A. V. , Talashilkar S. C. , Savant N. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFour field experiments were conducted over the 1992 and 1993 seasons (southwest monsoon seasons, June–October) in the warm subhumid tropical region on the west coast of the Maharashtra State, India. The objective was to investigate the effect of recycling limited amounts of rice straw (RS) (as a source of K and Si) integrated with the use of prilled urea (PU) and urea briquettes (UB) at 60 kg N/ha on the growth and yield of rainfed transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.). The management practice, consisting of basal incorporation of RS (2 t/ha) integrated with deep placement of UB (one 2·1-g UB/4 hills) immediately after transplanting using a modified 20 × 20 cm spacing, produced a significantly higher grain yield (average increase of 1·3 t/ha) and straw yield (average increase of 1·1 t/ha) than did the RS practice integrated with two equal split applications of PU at the same N rate and hill spacing. The additional yields were attributed to the increase of total and productive tillers/m2 and panicle weight. The results indicate the potential of the integrated RS–UB management for increasing yields of rainfed transplanted rice in the warm subhumid tropical zone.
Study of gas production capacity by three sources of inocula
Authors: Gonçalves L. M. B. O. , Borba A. E. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe capacity for gas production by three sources of inocula was evaluated at the University of the Azores between 1993 and 1994. The sources were: liquor from the rumen of sheep and slaughtered cattle and a suspension of sheep faeces. The highest gas production was observed in the liquor obtained from sheep rumen. Lower production(p ≤ 0·05) was observed in the rumen liquor obtained from slaughtered cattle, and the lowest results (p ≤ 0·05) were obtained with the suspension of faeces from sheep.
A simple procedure for the analysis of experiments on mixtures of varieties or species of agronomic interest
Authors: Yates F. , Dutton Susan J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThis paper re-analyses three experiments for which results have previously been published. A simpler model for aggression, based only on the proportions of the component yields of the mixed plots, is adopted. This greatly simplifies the analysis, which requires only a straightforward application of least squares, and gives much more accurate estimates of competitive power. Omission of some combinations from the mixtures included in an experiment presents little extra difficulty.Various secondary matters, some of which have implications for the design of experiments of this type, are discussed in the paper. Graphical plots which throw light on the effect of sole yield differences on competitive power are exhibited. A logarithmic transformation of the data, often used to equalize the variance, was found to lead to underestimation of enhancement.
Influence of seed treatment and foliar nutrition of molybdenum on green gram and black gram
Authors: Anwarulla M. Syed , Shivashankar K. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn two separate field experiments with green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) and black gram (Vigna mungo L. Wilczek), the effect of seed treatment of molybdenum at 4, 8 and 12 g of sodium molybdate/kg seeds as well as foliar nutrition of sodium molybdate at 0·4, 0·8 and 1·2 kg/ha was evaluated on the nodulation characteristics and leghaemoglobin content of nodules and growth and yield of crops. Both seed treatment and foliar application of sodium molybdate were found to be superior to controls in respect of the number of nodules per plant and dry weight of nodules. The leghaemoglobin content of nodules in both crops was maximal in the treatments with the highest dose of seed treatment followed by the highest dose of molybdenum for foliar sprays. Molybdenum favourably influenced the growth of green gram and black gram by increasing the number of branches and leaves and by nearly doubling the leaf area index. This resulted in increased D.M. and yield of pods.
The influence of feeding frequency on feed intake, nutrient utilization and nitrogen metabolism in growing zebu cattle
Authors: Ikhatua U. J. , Ehoche O. W. , Umoh J. E. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryEighteen bulls were used to investigate the influence of feeding frequency on feed consumption, nutrient utilization and nitrogen metabolism in growing zebu cattle.Results indicated higher feed intake, nutrient utilization and average daily live-weight gains for animals fed two or three times daily compared with those fed once daily. Feed efficiency and feed cost per kg gain as well as nitrogen metabolism also increased as the frequency of feeding increased from once to three times daily.More frequent feeding could evidently be of practical advantage in intensive beef cattle production where zebu cattle are raised on tropical hay diets.
Effects of a compacted subsoil layer on root and shoot growth, water use and nutrient uptake of winter wheat
Authors: Barraclough P. B. , Weir A. H. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryAvalon winter wheat was grown in 1983 on a light-textured, sandy loam (Cottenham series) which had a subsoil pan with a maximum dry bulk density of 1·8 g/cm3 at 35 cm depth. This was destroyed on part of the site with a ‘Wye Double Digger’ so that crop growth in panned and pan-free soils could be compared. The interaction of the pan with soil water supply was studied by sheltering the crops during May, June and July and either withholding water completely or irrigating weekly back to field capacity.The pan had a major effect on the vertical extension rate of the root system as monitored both by coring and from observation tubes. Roots were largely confined above the pan until March, but compensatory growth occurred within this soil layer and the total length of root was unaffected. At anthesis, roots had reached a maximum depth of 100 cm in the panned soil compared with 140 cm in the pan-free soil.Early shoot growth and N content were substantially reduced by the pan because of the inaccessibility of mineral N in the subsoil. However, both the growth of the crop and N uptake recovered following top dressings of N fertilizer and, when water was not limiting, the pan had a negligible effect on grain yield.Root and shoot growth were reduced by the fixed shelter, but the imposed drought did ot affect water use by the crops until after anthesis when the root systems were already fully developed. Without irrigation, the crop growing on the double-dug soil yielded 5% more than that growing on the panned soil, but there was no evidence for extra water use from the subsoil by the former crop. The best treatment (double-dug with irrigation) outyielded the worst (panned soil with drought) by 8%.
Residual effects of a slant-legged subsoiler on some soil physical conditions and the root growth of spring barley
Authors: Hipps N. A. , Hodgson D. R. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySoil disturbance caused by a slant-legged subsoiler (Trade name, ‘Paraplow’) and the duration of its effect was investigated in an experiment comparing long-term direct drilling with shallow tine cultivation and mouldboard ploughing. The ‘Paraplow’ significantly reduced soil strength, measured by cone resistance, to the depth of cultivation (33–35 cm) for up to 20 months, after which soil recompacted. The ‘Paraplow’ increased the volume of soil with cone resistance < 1·5 MPa by 52% within its working depth, compared with an equivalent depth of undisturbed soil. Contour diagrams of cone resistances clearly illustrate the patterns of soil loosening caused by the ‘Paraplow’.Measurements on soil cores (73 mm diameter × 50 mm) show that the ‘Paraplow’ did not appear to increase significantly the volume of macropores (> 60 μm) in direct-drilled soil, nor did it reduce the bulk density in the top 5 cm as effectively as the mouldboard plough.The root density of spring barley, measured at the beginning and end of tillering, was significantly increased within the horizon disturbed by the ‘Paraplow’ but below the depth of loosening there were no differences. This improvement of root growth probably resulted from an increase in the number of large pores (which could not be measured adequately in the soil cores), as well as the reduced soil strength. Better drainage of the soil loosened with the ‘Paraplow’ suggested that macroporosity was improved. The need to sample large volumes of soil to detect changes in bulk density and macroporosity is stressed.
Crop continuity and prediction of maturity in the crisp lettuce variety Saladin
Authors: Wurr D. C. E. , Fellows Jane R. , Suckling R. F. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe dates of transplanting and maturity of twenty-four experiments between 1980 and 1986 with the lettuce varieties Saladin and Saladin R 100 were used, together with meteorological data for each crop, to study the planning of crop continuity and the prediction of crop maturity. The interval in days from transplanting to maturity was shown to be a minimum for crops transplanted around the middle of June and was described by a fitted quadratic relationship which accounted for 34·6% of the variance. When expressed in accumulated day-degrees >0 °C the interval increased with later transplanting but a linear relationship accounted for only 22·2% of the variance. However, when expressed as accumulated solar radiation the interval decreased with later transplanting and a linear relationship accounted for 82·2% of the variance. When expressed in effective day-degrees (EDDs) the interval was relatively stable at 589 EDDs (S.D. = 39·5).Predictions of commercial crop maturity based on these relationships and using a combination of average and observed meteorological data showed that EDDs gave the most accurate prediction. Differences between actual and predicted maturity appeared to be associated with the site of production, suggesting that a ‘site’ factor needs to be incorporated to take account of local differences in temperature, solar radiation and soil type. The use of long-term average day-degree and EDD data was less consistent than estimates of maturity based wholly or predominantly on observed day-degree and EDD data though with solar radiation the reverse was true.
Genotype × site interactions in seed production, hard seed breakdown and regeneration of annual medics (Medicago spp.) in west Asia
Authors: Cocks P. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSeed production of annual medics was measured at four sites in Syria and Jordan between 1986/87 and 1988/89. Plots sown to medic in the first year were sown to wheat in the second year, and medic regeneration was measured in the third year. At three of the sites, adjacent plots were established in the second and third years and herbage production, and regeneration where appropriate, were measured in the third year. In this way, genotype × site interactions were used to assess medic adaptation to wheat/pasture rotations, continuous pasture and newly sown pasture.Seed production was correlated with rainfall, the mean yield of 14 genotypes ranging from zero at 160 mm to 1 tonne/ha at 510 mm. Medicago polymorpha produced the highest yields, though not at the lowest rainfalls. Yields of M. rotata were also above average. There was, however, wide variation between species in seed weight, pod weight and seeds/pod.Regeneration was better after wheat than after pasture. Herbage production was slightly better after pasture than after wheat, and both were greatly superior to that of newly sown pasture. After 2 years' germination, most genotypes retained more than half (mean 60%) and up to 99% of the seed produced in the first year.Genotype × environment interactions were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression (Finlay & Wilkinson 1963) and principal component analysis (PCA). Because adaptation in pasture plants depends on many variables, PCA proved to be the most useful technique and the simplest to apply. ANOVA and regression were limited by their inability to process more than one variable at a time. Regression analysis is further limited by requiring a greater number of sites.Based on seed production, seed survival, seedling regeneration and herbage production, certain locally collected genotypes of M. rigidula, M. noeana, M. polymorpha and possibly M. rotala, were adapted to conditions in Syria and Jordan. A similar methodology could be used to test pasture legumes throughout west Asia and north Africa
Effect of condensed tannins upon the performance of lambs grazing Lotus corniculatus and lucerne (Medicago sativa)
Authors: Wang Y. , Douglas G. B. , Waghorn G. C. , Barry T. N. , Foote A. G. , Purchas R. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA grazing experiment, conducted for 22 weeks in 1992/93 at Aorangi Research Station, AgResearch Grasslands, Manawatu, New Zealand, compared the productivity of weaned lambs grazing Lotus corniculatus (birdsfoot trefoil) and lucerne (Medicago sativa). Effects of condensed tannins (CT) in lotus were evaluated by studying the responses of lambs to twice daily oral supplementation with polyethylene glycol (PEG). A rotational grazing system with restricted feed allowance was used. Measurements were made of pre- and post-grazing herbage mass, the composition of the feed on offer and diet selected, voluntary feed intake (VFI), liveweight gain (LWG), carcass growth, wool growth and the concentration of metabolites in rumen fluid. For both lotus and lucerne swards, the diet selected was mainly leaf. Lotus contained 34 g total CT/kg dry matter in the diet selected, whilst there were essentially no CT in lucerne. Compared to lambs grazing lucerne, lambs grazing lotus had slightly lower VFI, and higher LWG, carcass weight gain, carcass dressing-out percentage and wool growth. PEG supplementation had no effect on these measurements or upon the composition of rumen fluid in lambs grazing lucerne. However, in lambs grazing lotus, PEG supplementation reduced wool growth (10·9 ν. 12·1 g/day), slightly reduced LWG (188 ν. 203 g/day), increased rumen ammonia concentration, and increased the molar proportions of /.so-butyric, isovaleric and n-valeric acids and protozoa numbers in rumen fluid. PEG supplementation did not affect carcass gain, carcass fatness or the molar proportion of rumen acetic, propionic or n-butyric acids in lambs grazing lotus. It was concluded that the principal effect of CT in growing lambs grazing lotus was to increase wool growth without affecting VFI, thereby increasing the efficiency of wool production, that the greater rate of carcass gain of lambs grazing lotus than those grazing lucerne was mainly caused by factors other than CT and that CT did not affect the rumen fermentation of carbohydrate to major volatile fatty acids.
Sensitivity of thermohaline circulation to decadal and multidecadal variability
Authors: Lorenzo María N. , Taboada Juan J. , Iglesias Isabel 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Lorenzo, M. N., Taboada, J. J., and Iglesias, I. 2009. Sensitivity of thermohaline circulation to decadal and multidecadal variability. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1439–1447. In this paper, stochastic freshwater inputs with different variabilities are introduced into an Earth Model of Intermediate Complexity to study their effect on the behaviour of the thermohaline circulation (THC). The variability in the stochastic signal was set to be either decadal or multidecadal (70 years), based on intensity modulation of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. The results demonstrate a weakening of the THC in both the decadal and the multidecadal cases. This weakening results in a reduction in air surface temperature, mainly in the North Atlantic. Moreover, the 500-mb stream function also weakens. This causes lower rainfall in Western Europe, except in the areas most influenced by the Gulf Stream. Sea surface temperature is reduced significantly in the area around Greenland, whereas sea surface salinity is reduced around Greenland and in the Gulf Stream, but increased in the Labrador Sea and in Hudson Strait. The latter effects are more marked in the case where the variability of the inputs is multidecadal. The main implication of these results is that the natural decadal or multidecadal variability in freshwater inputs could have noticeable effects on the fate of the THC, which may be superimposed on the effects of climate change.
A simulation strategy for fleet dynamics in Australia’s northern prawn fishery: effort allocation at two scales
Authors: Venables William N. , Ellis Nick , Punt André E. , Dichmont Catherine M. , Deng Roy A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Venables, W. N., Ellis, N., Punt, A. E., Dichmont, C. M., and Deng, R. A. 2009. A simulation strategy for fleet dynamics in Australia’s northern prawn fishery: effort allocation at two scales. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 631–645. We describe simple and effective methods for simulating the movement of a fishing fleet, the spatio-temporal allocation of effort, in the context of harvest policy evaluation. Vessel movements are simulated in a manner that can balance established seasonal fishing patterns with the influence of perceived local variations in abundance. In the longer term, the model adapts smoothly to changes in fleet size and price fluctuations in critical resources, such as fuel. Given an initial allocation of effort at a fine temporal (but coarse spatial) scale, as needed for projecting stock dynamics, a second phase assigns the effort at a finer spatial (but coarser temporal) scale for environmental impact assessment. The first phase is based on a discrete-state, time-inhomogeneous Markov chain, with transition probabilities following a multiple logistic model. Although the ideas are generic, the method has been developed for the specific case of Australia’s northern prawn fishery, which is used to motivate and describe the method. The approach, in a harvest policy evaluation context, is novel in that it uses economic projections (not surrogates) to reflect realistically the recent pressures many fishing industries are under to change their spatial fishing pattern in response to global fuel price fluctuations.
Recruitment as a driver of production dynamics in stream‐resident brown trout (Salmo trutta)
Authors: LOBÓN‐CERVIÁ JAVIER 
Published: March 2009

Summary1. The objective was to assess the role of recruitment as a determinant of the production dynamics of stream‐resident brown trout (Salmo trutta) across replicate habitats of contrasting quality and population attributes. A total of 128‐year‐classes (YC) at 12 stream sites were examined along four tributaries of the Rio Esva drainage (northwestern Spain).2. A meta‐comparison revealed that growth, density, mortality and production were essentially site‐specific. However, when all data were pooled, recruitment (as a delayed density‐dependent process) affected both growth and mortality in a way such that individuals in YC with high recruitment grew less and had higher mortality.3. The value of total YC production recorded covered the global range of variation in the production of stream salmonids reported in the literature. Linear regressions of log‐transformed data revealed that 89.0%, 58.9% and 70.7% of the variation in YC density, biomass and production, respectively, were explained by variations in recruitment.4. The inclusion of growth and mortality, together with recruitment, into a multiple regression increased the variance explained of the total YC production by 13.3%, from 70.7% to 84.0%.5. The functional relationships between recruitment and the population attributes elucidated in this study appear to provide a useful tool for management applications, including forecasting population status.
Aspects on dental hard tissues in primary teeth from patients with Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Authors: KLINGBERG GUNILLA , HAGBERG CATHARINA , NORÉN JÖRGEN G. , NIETZSCHE SANDOR 
Published: March 2009

Background. Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a rare hereditary condition affecting connective tissues and dental hard tissues.Hypotheses. Primary enamel and dentine from EDS patients were expected to differ from those of healthy subjects regarding morphology and chemical composition.Design. Forty‐seven exfoliated primary teeth from 25 patients with EDS were investigated. Morphology was studied using a polarized light microscope, scanning electron microscope, and X‐ray microanalysis. Comparisons were made with 36 primary teeth from 36 healthy patients.Results. Morphological analysis of enamel in EDS teeth showed a high frequency of postnatally hypomineralized enamel and postnatally located incremental lines, whereas dentine was normal in all patients. Chemical analysis could not reveal any differences between EDS and control patients except for lower content of C and a higher Ca/P ratio in the enamel in the EDS teeth, indicating porous enamel. Regarding dentine, EDS teeth had a lower content of C, and a higher content of Ca, P, and O. Ratios for Ca/C and Ca/O were also higher compared with controls.Conclusions. There are several aberrations of booth enamel and dentine in primary teeth from patients with EDS. These could explain the occurrence of both more dental caries and tooth fractures in patients with EDS.