bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved Real‐Time Post‐Processing for Quantum Random Number Generators
Authors: Li Qian , Sun Xiaoming , Zhang Xingjian , Zhou Hongyi 
Published: April 2024

AbstractRandomness extraction is a key problem in cryptography and theoretical computer science. With the recent rapid development of quantum cryptography, quantum‐proof randomness extraction has also been widely studied, addressing the security issues in the presence of a quantum adversary. In contrast with conventional quantum‐proof randomness extractors characterizing the input raw data as min‐entropy sources, it is found that the input raw data generated by a large class of trusted‐device quantum random number generators can be characterized as the so‐called reverse block source. This fact enables us to design improved extractors. Two novel quantum‐proof randomness extractors for reverse block sources that realize real‐time block‐wise extraction are proposed specifically. In comparison with the general min‐entropy randomness extractors, the designs achieve a significantly higher extraction speed and a longer output data length with the same seed length. In addition, they enjoy the property of online algorithms, which process the raw data on the fly without waiting for the entire input raw data to be available. These features make the design an adequate choice for the real‐time post‐processing of practical quantum random number generators. Applying the extractors to the raw data generated by a widely used quantum random number generator, a simulated extraction speed as high as 300 Gbps is achieved.
Spillover effects and influencing factors of tourism eco‐efficiency for sustainable development: A case study of cities in the Yangtze River Delta
Authors: Wang Yuewei , An Lidan , Chen Hang 
Published: April 2024

AbstractTourism often brings about negative environmental impacts. Tourism eco‐efficiency (TEE) and its spatial coordination are of great significance for sustainable tourism development and environmental protection in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). TEE index system was established and applied in this study. The inter‐city TEE spatial correlation network is established by the modified gravity model and analyzed by social network analysis (SNA). Spatial Durbin model (SDM) was used to analyze the spatial spillover effects of the two centrality indicators of the network. Based on fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis, we analyzed TEE enhancement configuration. The results show that: TEE in 26 cities in the study area has improved overall; the phenomenon of unbalanced development within the region still exists. In addition, the TEE of each city in the spatial correlation network of TEE in the YRD urban agglomeration is connected with each other, and there is a significant negative spillover effect. TEE is mainly affected by the level of economic development, industrial status of the tourism industry, tourism industry concentration, tourism investment level, tourism resource endowment, urban landscaping, and information development level. The combination of these factors and TEE can form five configuration patterns for TEE enhancement. This study combines SNA and SDM for the first time, and the conclusions obtained can more deeply describe the spatial correlation between different urban eco‐efficiency in the YRD. Aiming at the sustainable development of regional tourism, this study provides help for strengthening the protection of tourism ecological environment in the YRD.
Practice and Community Nurses’ Views and Experiences of Helping People Manage Risk Factors for Recurrent Lower Limb Cellulitis: A Qualitative Interview Study
Authors: Muller Ingrid , Teasdale Emma , Cowdell Fiona , Smart Peter , Santer Miriam , Francis Nick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
Cellulitis is a painful infection of the skin and underlying tissues, commonly affecting the lower leg. Approximately one-third of people experience recurrence. Nurses who work in general practice (practice nurses) and see people at home (community or district nurses) could have an important role in managing risk factors for cellulitis, such as long-term leg swelling, wound care and skin care.

Objective
To explore practice and community nurses’ views and experiences of helping people to manage risk factors for recurrent lower limb cellulitis.

Methods
Semi-structured, telephone interviews with 21 practice and community nurses in England from October 2020 to March 2021. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Results
Nurses face multiple challenges when supporting people to manage risk factors for recurrent lower limb cellulitis. Key challenges include limited time and access to resources such as Doppler equipment, and the physical and psychosocial capabilities of patients to self-manage. Nurses identified potential strategies to overcome these challenges, such as placing greater emphasis on prevention and supporting self-management by providing resources for patients and support networks (paid and unpaid carers) to reinforce knowledge post-consultation and develop skills to self-care.

Conclusions
We identified a need to develop and evaluate resources, such as support materials, for nurses to use to help patients reduce their risk of recurrent cellulitis.
Simulation‐Guided Rational Design of DNA Walker‐Based Theranostic Platform
Authors: Mou Jingyan , Zhang Haoping , Zhang Linghao , Zhang Beibei , Liu Jiajia , Zheng Shasha , Kou Qiaoni , Wang Hong , Su Xin , Guo Shaojun , Ke Yonggang , Zhang Yingwei 
Published: April 2024

AbstractBiomolecule‐functionalized nanoparticles represent a type of promising biomaterials in biomedical applications owing to their excellent biocompatibility and versatility. DNA‐based reactions on nanoparticles have enabled emerging applications including intelligent biosensors, drug delivery, and biomimetic devices. Among the reactions, strand hybridization is the critical step to control the sensitivity and specificity of biosensing, and the efficiency of drug delivery. However, a comprehensive understanding of DNA hybridization on nanoparticles is still lacking, which may differ from the process in homogeneous solutions. To address this limitation, coarse‐grained model‐based molecular dynamic simulation is harnessed to disclose the critical factors involved in intermolecular hybridization. Based on simulation guidance, DNA walker‐based smart theranostic platform (DWTP) based on “on‐particle” hybridization is developed, showing excellent consistency with simulation. DWTP is successfully applied for highly sensitive miRNA 21 detection and tumor‐specific miRNA 21 imaging, driven by tumor‐endogenous APE 1 enzyme. It enables the precise release of antisense oligonucleotide triggered by tumor‐endogenous dual‐switch miRNA 21 and APE 1, facilitating effective gene silencing therapy with high biosafety. The simulation of “on‐particle” DNA hybridization has improved the corresponding biosensing performance and the release efficiency of therapeutic agents, representing a conceptually new approach for DNA‐based device design.
Suppressing Structure Delamination for Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Solid Oxide Cells
Authors: Cui Jingzeng , Zhang Yuxuan , Hu Zhiwei , Kuo Chang‐Yang , Chang Chun‐Fu , Ku Yu‐Chieh , Liu Ze , Xia Ziting , Zhu Jianqiu , Zhang Jichao , He Yan , Ma Jingyuan , Li Aiguo , Lin Xiao , Chen Chien‐Te , Kim Guntae , Wang Jian‐Qiang , Zhang Linjuan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractReversible solid oxide cells (rSOCs) have significant potential as efficient energy conversion and storage systems. Nevertheless, the practical application of their conventional air electrodes, such as La0.8Sr0.2MnO3−δ (LSM), Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3‐δ (BSCF), and PrBa0.8Ca0.2Co2O5+δ (PBCC), remains unsatisfactory due to interface delamination during prolonged electrochemical operation. Using micro‐focusing X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (µ‐XAS), a decrease (increase) in the co‐valence state from the electrode surface to the electrode/electrolyte interface is observed, leading to the above delamination. Utilizing the one‐pot method to incorporate an oxygen‐vacancy‐enriched CeO2 electrode into these air electrodes, the uniform distribution of the Co valence state is observed, alleviating the structural delamination. PBCC–CeO2 electrodes exhibited a degradation rate of 0.095 mV h−1 at 650 °C during a nearly 500‐h test as compared with 0.907 mV h−1 observed during the 135‐h test for PBCC. Additionally, a remarkable increase in electrolysis current density from 636 to 934 mA cm−2 under 1.3 V and a maximum power density from 912 to 989 mW cm−2 upon incorporating CeO2 into PBCC is also observed. BSCF–CeO2 and LSM–CeO2 also show enhanced electrochemical performance and prolonged stability as compared to BSCF and LSM. This work offers a strategy to mitigate the structural delamination of conventional electrodes to boost the performance of rSOCs.
An Analytical Model for Describing Transient Photocurrents in Bias‐Assisted Charge Extraction for Low‐Mobility Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Sun Bowen , Gerber Benno , Shoaee Safa , Neher Dieter 
Published: April 2024

Bias‐assisted charge extraction (BACE) is a powerful technique for measuring the carrier density in organic solar cells under operational conditions and to deduce information on the charge recombination properties. Hereby, the carrier density in the active layer device is determined by integrating the transient extraction current, while nongeminate recombination during the charge extraction processes is generally neglected. This assumption becomes questionable for low mobilities, for example, at low temperatures and in case of high energetic disorder. Herein, the extraction process in BACE measurement is investigated by incorporating both drift and bimolecular recombination of charges during charge extraction into a unified framework. An explicit analytical model is proposed to describe the time dependence of the transient photocurrent in BACE measurement and excellent agreement is found with drift‐diffusion simulations. It is shown that global fitting of transient photocurrents measured at various collection biases with this analytical model allows to determine the carrier density in the device with high accuracy. Furthermore, the analytical model is demonstrated to provide accurate mobilities for both the fast and slow carriers within the device, rendering it a valuable supplement to other mobility measurement techniques such as resistance‐dependent photovoltage and space–charge‐limited current.
Report of the General Committee: 30
Authors: Wilson Karen L. 
Published: April 2024

SummaryDecisions of the General Committee are reported on proposals and requests in Report 25 of the Nomenclature Committee (NC) for Algae, Reports 22 and 23 of the NC for Fungi, Report 15 of the NC for Bryophytes and Report 17 of the NC for Fossils. Report 23 of the NC for Fungi also included five lists of protected fungal names for formal approval.
Preparation and ammonium adsorption behavior of interpenetrating polymer networks hydrogel of chitosan‐g‐poly(acrylic acid)/bentonite and chitosan‐glutaraldehyde
Authors: Duong Nguyen Binh , Trang Quan Thi Thu , Bich Phan Thi Ngoc , Lam Pham Van 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn this article, new interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel as an efficient adsorbent for ammonium was prepared by a two‐step process. First, semi‐IPN hydrogel of chitosan‐g‐poly(acrylic acid)/bentonite (CAB) and chitosan (CTS) was synthesized by grafting polymerization in the presence of exfoliated bentonite as both cross‐linking agent and nanoscale inorganic filler. Second, cross‐linking polymer network of chitosan‐glutaraldehyde (CGA) was formed by reaction of CTS with glutaraldehyde (GA). The obtained IPN hydrogel (CAB/CGA) was characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and its swelling degree and PZC value were also measured. These results demonstrate that copolymerized graft reaction was occurred between CTS, AA and bentonite forming CAB, and CGA presented as a cross‐linker in CAB/CGA polymer network. CAB/CGA has a moderate swelling degree of 7.8. CAB/CGA exhibits high adsorption capacity and fast adsorption rate for ammonium. Adsorption process reaches equilibrium in 30 min and fits well to Langmuir adsorption model with a fairly high maximum adsorption capacity of 41.06 mg g−1. The material has a good regeneration ability. After five times of adsorption–desorption, there was almost no decrease in ammonium adsorption capacity. Moreover, the low swelling degree leads to an improvement in material strength and a reduction of equipment cost.
Cytotoxic steroidal compounds, enriched fraction and extract of Trillium govanianum against HCT‐116 cell line
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Kapoor Smita , Padwad Yogendra S. , Kumar Dinesh 
Published: April 2024

AbstractTrillium govanianum is a source of steroidal compounds and is used for the treatment of sexual disorders, dysentery, cancer, and inflammation. In the current investigation, steroidal compounds 1‐5 (20‐hydroxyecdysone [1], pennogenin‐3‐O‐β‐chacotrioside [2], dioscin [3], trillin [4], diosgenin [5]) were isolated, including dioscin and trillin, as a new report from this species. Further, extract (TGE), steroids enriched fraction (TGEF) and 1–5 were evaluated for cytotoxicity against the HCT‐116 cell line. Cytotoxicity activity was found to be significant in samples and might be due to the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species production. TGE and TGEF showed maximum inhibition (>92%) at 25 and 5 µg/mL in 72 h, while 2 and 3 showed better activity (>95%) at 5.65 and 11.51 µM in 72 h than the vinblastine drug (20 µM). Furthermore, the ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐photo diode array method was validated for a determination of 1–5. Compounds 1–3, and 5 were quantified in TGE and TGEF while 4 was only identified. The findings revealed that activity of TGE and TGEF, might be due to compounds 2 (49.04 ± 2.22 and 77.40 ± 0.72 mg/g) and 3 (230.88 ± 7.07 and 584.67 ± 5.34 mg/g), respectively. The study also suggested that 2 and 3 can be a drug molecule as vinblastine while TGEF may be developed as a phytopharmaceutical drug for colon cancer treatment.
Toolpath generation for automated wind turbine blade finishing operations
Authors: Huth Hunter , Nichols Casey , Lambert Scott , Sindler Petr , Berry Derek , Barnes David , Beach Ryan , Sabet Sahand , Snowberg David 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIncorporating automation into wind turbine blade manufacturing is important for reducing costs to meet current offshore wind energy production goals in the United States. This work proposes a process for automating three operations in wind blade manufacturing: trimming to remove flashing left over after bonding two blade skins together, grinding to produce a desired leading‐edge shape, and sanding to prepare the blade for bonding overlamination or adding paint to the surface. The majority of this work focuses on the toolpath generation. The algorithms were tested on a 5‐m blade section, and the results were analyzed in terms of operation speed and accuracy. Finally, future work is discussed to improve the performance of the system.
Spatial difference on nitrogen removal in the water based on different resolutions for Sanhuanpao wetland, Northeast China
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Dong , Ma Jin‐Feng , Jiang Hao‐Rui , An Yu , Zhang Mei 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe research on the deviations caused by different resolutions is relevant to the study of spatial scale effects. In 2018, spatial interpolations were performed using the removal ratios of the TN, NH4‐N, and NO3‐N of the layers of different resolutions, respectively. Based on the mean and the standard deviation, the area, shape, and position were obtained for four levels related to the removal ratios of the three nitrogen forms. The linear and 6th function fitting methods were used to reveal the differences in nitrogen removal in wetland water at different spatial resolutions. The results showed that a resolution of 25 times the original was the key scale of the spatial effects. Due to the fact that 52 of the 72 functions did not reach a significant level (P < 0.05), the spatial scale effect of the nitrogen removal was mainly characterized by disorderly fluctuations. The results have a certain extrapolation value for the analysis of spatial scale effects.Practitioner Points
The resolution difference was not sufficient to change the spatial pattern of the geographic phenomena.
The resolution of 25 times the original was the important scale for determining spatial effects.
When studying the spatial scale effects caused by differences in resolution, it was necessary to comprehensively consider various resolutions.
Compound-Specific Isotope Analyses to Investigate Pesticide Transformation in Soil and Water
Authors: Gilevska T. , Imfeld G. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of approaches employed in tracking pesticide degradation within agricultural catchments, focusing on the existing challenges and burgeonic prospects afforded by pesticide compound-specific isotope analyses (CSIA). The discussion centers on the development of CSIA for low concentrations of pesticides in environmental matrices. Additionally, the chapter explores the viability of implementing pesticide CSIA in field applications for tasks such as for source apportionment, discerning transformation reactions, and quantifying the extent of degradation on a catchment scale.
Stable Oxygen Isotope Composition of Phosphates to Investigate Phosphorus Cycling in the Soil–Plant Continuum
Authors: Pfahler V. , Adu-Gyamfi J. , Pistocchi Ch. , Tamburini F. , Bauke S. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of how the stable isotope composition of oxygen bond to phosphorus, δ(18O)PO4, in phosphate can be used to investigate P cycling in the soil–plant continuum. In recent years, several books and articles about different aspects of P cycling have been published. This chapter provides summary information about P cycling in the soil–plant continuum focusing on the current methods in P research. It also provides an overview of the pitfalls of the δ(18O)PO4 method, especially regarding sampling and sample handling. The chapter concludes with the way forward and prospects of the δ(18O)PO4 method to investigate P cycling in the soil–plant continuum.
International Development: Systemic Change Over Time
Authors: Masters William A. , Finaret Amelia B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Sustained economic growth is both cause and consequence of many different changes in society. This chapter introduces how a country’s national income and total expenditure relates to other aspects of social and economic development. We begin by introducing the role of capital accumulation, as public and private investment drives a growing stock of physical and technological resources as well as education and health. We then trace four main shifts associated with these developments over time: a demographic transition in population growth and longevity; a structural transformation of the economy towards urbanization and fewer farmers with more land per farmer; a food system transformation to more input use and more animal source foods; and a nutrition transition in dietary patterns including more packaged food and meals away from home. Each community, country and region experience these transitions in different ways and at different times, creating opportunities for people to guide the pace and direction of change through their own private and public choices.
The Future of Food: Meeting Human Needs with Systemic Change
Authors: Masters William A. , Finaret Amelia B. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe final chapter of this book invites you to imagine and shape the food system to meet each population’s need for healthy diets, decent work, environmental sustainability and resilience. To improve outcomes we must anticipate the impacts of climate change and resource constraints, demographic shifts in age structure and location of population growth, and the opportunities created by innovation and new investment. Change occurs at every scale, from individual choices and local initiatives to national policies and international relations. A major challenge for the future of food is continued disparities in access to resources for production and earnings, as well as disparities in food environments, nutrition and health. Food can be a great unifier, with opportunities for households, organizations and governments to build community and achieve equitable growth, but food can also be used to divide and limit each community’s ability to achieve its full potential. The many different ways that people can obtain a healthy diet create options and ensure an ongoing need to anticipate how each choice might alter the future of food.
Individual Choices: Explaining Food Consumption and Production
Authors: Masters William A. , Finaret Amelia B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Every person sometimes chooses different foods, based in part on preferences developed over time in their family, cultural and community context. Similarly, each farmer has their own way of helping crops and livestock grow, and every food producer transforms ingredients into final products in a unique manner. Individual actions by millions of consumers and producers underpin the food systems we observe. In this chapter, we use analytical diagrams with indifference curves and budget lines to explain food consumption choices and predict how food consumption might change in response to different prices, incomes and preferences. Then we explain production choices using a set of three different analytical diagrams, explaining what is produced using a production possibilities frontier and its revenue line, as well as an input response curve and its profit line, and explaining how each thing is produced using an isoquant and its cost line. Together, these diagrams reveal how changes in prices, natural resources and technology affect agriculture and food production. Finally, we show how consumption and production together explain the choices of family farmers, allowing us to describe a variety of current events in the agricultural sector using economics principles.
Societal Outcomes: Predicting Food Market Prices and Quantities
Authors: Masters William A. , Finaret Amelia B. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis chapter explains how societal outcomes can be seen as the result of individuals interacting with each other. Markets are physical places or online environments where interactions occur, as people exchange goods and services in pursuit of their individual goals, given their own production possibilities, income or wealth, and their own preferences for consumption. To explain and predict observed prices and total quantities, we proceed graphically in two dimensions to derive supply curves from production possibilities, derive demand curves from incomes and preferences, and then show how interactions among many sellers and buyers lead to observed outcomes for each group of people with and without the possibility of trade with others. We explain how supply, demand and trade diagrams provide qualitative explanations and predictions, and show how a population’s food consumption response to policy or other changes can be measured using elasticities of demand with respect to price and income. Measuring change in elasticity terms allows us to classify goods as more or less responsive to policy intervention, and discuss factors that influence the supply or demand response of different populations to interventions for each kind of food.