bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLOTATION OF MARINE DIATOMS. II. SKELETONEMA COSTATUM AND RHIZOSOLENIA SETIGERA
Authors: Smayda Theodore J. , Boleyn Brenda J. 
Published: March 2010

The influence of cell age, cell size, cell shape, and mode of colony formation on diatom sinking rates was investigated in 26 experiments with Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve and Rhizosolenia setigera Brightwell. The mean sinking rate of S. costatum ranged from 0.30 to 1.35 m/day; the absolute minimum and maximum rates observed were 0.15 and 7.39 m/day. Senescent populations were characterized by higher sinking rates. The number of cells/chain decreased with increasing culture age, resulting in the dominance of the population by solitary cells and two‐celled chains after 16 days. The sinking rate of S. costatum was inversely related to the number of cells/chain (colony size) irrespective of culture age. This suggests that the formation of silica rods and chains by S. costatum is an adaptation to flotation.The mean sinking rate of R. setigera ranged from 0.16 to 1.77 m/day; the absolute minimum and maximum rates observed were 0.05 and 22.71 m/day. Post‐auxospore cells sank more rapidly, in general, than pre‐auxospore cells, possibly reflecting the lower surface area : cell volume ratio of the former type. Spineless pre‐auxospore cells sank more rapidly than those having both apical spines. The sinking rate was generally higher in senescent cultures, except where post‐auxospore cells dominated. The post‐auxospore cells frequently exhibited an unique ascending movement off the bottom of the settling chambers that may be related to the light and dark period characteristics of the experiments. This phenomenon became less pronounced, or ceased, with senescence. A similar pre‐auxospore response was observed, with certainty, on only one occasion.From 5 to 14 days would be required by the species to sink 100 m at the absolute maximum sinking rates observed, while from 770 to 2,000 days would be required at the absolute minimum rates. During active growth, an increased buoyancy occurs which appears to be independent of the species’ morphological characteristics, suggesting that the adaptive flotation mechanism or mechanisms at that time may be primarily physiological in nature. However, the influence of morphological features, such as cell and colony size, on the sinking rate progressively increases with senescence. Changes in the ratios of pigment absorbance at 434 : 474 mµ in S. costatum and 352 : 474 mµ in R. setigera suggest that physiological changes also accompany senescence and may contribute to a failure of the adaptive flotation mechanism or mechanisms.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLOTATION OF MARINE DIATOMS. III. BACTERIASTRUM HYALINUM AND CHAETOCEROS LAUDERI
Authors: Smayda Theodore J. , Boleyn Brenda J. 
Published: March 2010

The influence of cell age, cell size, cell shape, and mode of colony formation on the sinking rates of Bacteriastrum hyalinum Lauder and Chaetoceros lauderi Ralfs was investigated in 18 experiments. The mean sinking rate of B. hyalinum ranged from 0.39 to 1.27 m/day; the absolute minimum and maximum rates were 0.24 and 7.49 m/day. Senescent populations were generally characterized by higher sinking rates. An increase in the number of cells per chain was accompanied by an increased sinking rate.The mean sinking rate of C. lauderi ranged from 0.46 to 1.54 m/day; the absolute minimum and maximum rates were 0.25 and 6.24 m/day. Culture age did not appear to influence the sinking rates. Chains of post‐auxospore cells generally sank faster than pre‐auxospore cells, probably partly attributable to the lower cell surface area: cell volume ratio of the post‐auxospore cells. As with B. hyalinum, an increased sinking rate accompanied an increase in the number of cells per chain. This direct relationship between chain size and sinking rate does not appear to be due solely to the associated decrease in chain surface area : chain volume ratio; but may be also influenced by other unknown factors. Post‐auxospore cells of C. lauderi did not exhibit the positive buoyant movements described previously for Rhizosolenia setigera.From 13 to 16 days would be required by the species to sink 100 m at the absolute maximum sinking rates observed, while from 455 to 475 days would be required at the absolute minimum rates. The data suggest that during active growth an increased buoyancy independent of the species’ morphological characteristics occurs. Changes in the ratio of pigment absorbance at 434 : 474 mµ and 382 : 352 mµ in B. hyalinum, and 382 : 474 mµ in C. lauderi suggest that physiological changes that may have influenced the observed sinking rate characteristics were occurring with culture age.
ON THE WATER EXCHANGE THROUGH BERING STRAIT1
Authors: Coachman L. K. , Aagaard K. 
Published: March 2010

A critique of current observations from Bering Strait through 1960 elucidates the gross features of the flow. There is no substantiating evidence for a net southerly flow ever occurring through Bering Strait into the Bering Sea in summer, although the current may on occasion be southerly near Cape Dezhneva and Cape Prince of Wales.During 5–7 August 1964, the most intensive survey to date of the oceanographic conditions and currents was made from the USCGC Northwind. Hydrographic conditions and currents in 1964 were typical of Bering Strait in summer. In the eastern channel of the strait, there was a pycnocline at 10–15 m, which was also a region of velocity shear; the surface water layer speeds were typically 50–100 cm/sec, and the lower layer speeds less than 50 cm/sec. While speeds in the western channel were more uniform, they varied widely with time (20–70 cm/sec). The northward transport calculated from the Northwind data was 1.4 × 106 m3/sec, with about one‐half flowing through each channel.At least three types of speed fluctuations may be observed in Bering Strait: 1) short‐term irregular fluctuations of 10–15 cm/see, probably related to turbulence; 2) regular fluctuations of as much as 50% of the mean speed, occurring at all depths and having a period of 12–13 hr (tidal or inertial); and 3) long‐term fluctuations of as much as 100%, probably associated with major changes in the wind regime, the atmospheric pressure distribution over the Bering or Chukchi seas,or both.The accelerations would give rise to corresponding fluctuations in transport. In addition, a seasonal variation in transport has been reported, showing the flow in winter to be approximately one‐fourth that in summer, but this effect is poorly documented.A mathematical analysis of the flow includes a balance among the pressure gradients in the direction of flow, frictional stresses in the horizontal plane, and the local and nonlinear accelerations. The calculated sea surface slope is about 2.6 × 10−6 down to the north. This surface slope is the primary driving force of the northerly flow and can probably be modified only by major variations in atmospheric conditions.
A TOTAL ALKALINITY ATLAS FOR MAINE LAKE WATERS
Authors: Mairs Donald F. 
Published: March 2010

Total alkalinity values collected by personnel of the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Game were plotted on an atlas of the state to delineate areas of differing water chemistry.While the vast majority of Maine lakes are very soft, several relatively small hard‐water zones are defined. Such zones are considered anomalies and are usually in limestone areas, although incomplete geological knowledge of some parts of the state precludes positive geochemical interpretation of hard‐water anomalies in those sections.
PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTION AND CHLOROPHYLL CONCENTRATION IN THE BEAUFORT CHANNEL, NORTH CAROLINA1
Authors: Williams Richard B. , Murdoch Marianne B. 
Published: March 2010

A yearlong study was conducted on phytoplankton at the mouth of a shallow estuary. Photosynthesis had a pronounced seasonal cycle, without major irregularities, that followed the cycle in water temperature. Gross photosynthesis at the surface ranged from 0.12 to 0.72 mg C day−1. Daily photosynthesis at 50, 25, and 10% of surface illumination averaged 104, 85, and 58% of the surface value. Respiration ranged from 0.01 to 0.29 mg C liter−1 day−1 and averaged 40% of surface gross photosynthesis. Annual gross production was 113 g C/m2 for a 1.0 m water column (average depth of the estuary) and 225 g C/m2 for the entire euphotic zone. Annual respiration was 0.39 g C/m3. This low production was ascribed to shallowness and turbidity.The phytoplankton was chiefly nannoplankton (centric diatoms) and averaged 2 × 106 cells/liter. Nannoplankton also contained most of the chlorophyll a and produced most of the respiration and photosynthesis.Chlorophyll a ranged from 2.0 to 9.3 µg/liter, and averaged 3.6 µg/liter from June to October (the period of high water temperatures and high production) and 4.8 µg/liter the remainder of the year. The ratio of photosynthesis to chlorophyll a (at the surface during daylight hours) ranged from 1.9 to 19.8 mg C (mg Chl a)−1 hr−1 and followed water temperature. Values were predicted by the equation:

urn:x-wiley:00243590:media:lno19661110073:lno19661110073-math-0001

yielding a Q10 of 2.25 for the ratio of photosynthesis to chlorophyll a.
OBSERVATIONS ON COASTAL EROSION IN BERMUDA AND MEASUREMENTS OF THE BORING RATE OF THE SPONGE, CLIONA LAMPA1,2
Authors: Neumann A. Conrad 
Published: March 2010

Measured profiles of the submerged portion of the steep cliffs that ring Harrington Sound, Bermuda, show that they are undercut as much as 4 to 5 m by a notch whose flat roof coincides closely with the level of extreme low tides. Nips, intertidal indentations with sloping roofs, are not present. Because of the largely subtidal position of the notch, the morphology of the undercut region, and the restricted wave energy, wave cutting is ruled out and bioerosion is proposed as the mechanism of undercutting. Bioerosion is suggested as a term for the removal of consolidated mineral or lithic substrate by the direct action of organisms.Observations of the emerged and submerged carbonate coastline of Bermuda reveal that organisms of many types alter the exposed rock surface from the upper reaches of the spray zone to depths well below sea level by processes that vary with degree of exposure, tidal range, rock type, organic community, and probably other ecological variables. A series of experiments with common rock‐destroying organisms has been initiated.Experiments in the laboratory and under natural conditions show that Cliona lampa, a boring sponge, is capable of removing as much as 6 to 7 kg of material from 1 m2 of carbonate substrate in 100 days. This corresponds to an erosion rate of calcarenite of more than 1 cm/year. If previous estimates are correct (that 90% of the boring by C. lampa is mechanical and not chemical), then 5 to 6 kg of fine‐grained carbonate detritus can be supplied from 1 m2 of sponge‐infected substrate in 100 days.
PROLONGED STRATIFICATION AND DEOXYGENATION IN TROPICAL LAKES. I. CRATER LAKE NKUGUTE, UGANDA, COMPARED WITH LAKES BUNYONI AND EDWARD
Authors: Beadle L. C. 
Published: March 2010

Lake Nkugute provides a small‐scale model of the permanent stratification characteristic of some of the large east African lakes, but its size and surrounding topography normally exclude the effects of violent winds. Its diameter is about 1,000 m; its maximum depth is 58 m. From about 20 m to the bottom it is anoxic, perhaps permanently, although occasional reports of fish kills indicate that unusually violent storms may cause mixing into the upper part of the hypolimnion. The vertical distribution of some of the inorganic ions suggests some circulation that is normally too slow to prevent reoxygenation. Similar conclusions are drawn from observations on Lake Bunyoni (depth 45 m). The complete overturn and penetration of oxygen to the bottom (112 m) of Lake Edward in 1953 does not prove that this is an annual event.These three lakes present a series of increasing productivity associated with decreasing redox potential and a rise in H2S in the hypolimnion and mud.
COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FECAL PELLETS OF A MARINE CRUSTACEAN1
Authors: Johannes R. E. , Satomi Masako 
Published: March 2010

The role of feces in energy flow and nutrient cycles in the marine ecosystem was examined using fecal pellets of the shrimp Palaemonetes pugio, fed on the diatom Nitzschia closterium. The pellets were rich in organic matter, particularly protein. The feces were readily eaten by P. pugio when diatoms were not available and assimilation efficiency was high, indicating that the pellets contained considerable assimilable organic matter. Solution and bacterial respiration reduced the organic content of the feces while light and dissolved organic matter stimulated the growth of autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms.It is estimated that the rate of incorporation of organic matter into fecal pellets in the sea exceeds the rate of incorporation of organic matter into herbivore tissue and that fecal pellets therefore constitute a major potential food source for marine animals.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF MARINE MOLLUSCAN RANGES ON THE EXTRATROPICAL NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC SHELF1
Authors: Valentine James W. 
Published: March 2010

The ranges of shelled Pelecypoda and Gastropoda living on the continental shelf between Point Barrow, Alaska, and Cabo San Lucas, Baja California, have been investigated by computer techniques. Species present within every degree of latitude are compared to those present within every other degree of latitude, and a coefficient of similarity calculated for each latitude pair. Coefficients are then clustered by the weighted pair‐group method. Distributional boundaries considered as provincial boundaries are clearly defined and other distributional regions emerge in the analysis. The species range patterns correspond to those displayed by some older studies based on somewhat different data and appear to be real. They evidently reflect the hydrographic patterns governing temperature regimes on the shelf.The provinces owe their characters to present worldwide marine temperature gradients and also to more local features that serve to make each provincial regime distinctive. As climates have evolved, so have provincial regimes, and ancient forerunners of modern provinces have therefore not had similar thermal attributes.
SOME INFLUENCES OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER EFFLUENT ON MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON DURING JANUARY 19611
Authors: Hobson Louis A. 
Published: March 2010

The distribution of the phytoplankton standing crop along the coasts of Oregon and Washington during January 1961 is described and attempts to evaluate the influences of freshwater runoff on the marine phytoplankton are made.Marine diatoms and microflagellate concentrations are larger in the Columbia River plume than in the ambient water. Inshore, transition, and offshore species assemblages are present.Silicate, nitrate, and phosphate concentrations are adequate to support phytoplankton growth in the three areas. Surface stability and critical‐to‐mixed‐depth ratios are much larger in the plume than in the oceanic water. There is a correlation between the critical‐to‐mixed‐depth ratios and the size of the phytoplankton standing crop. It is concluded that the freshwater runoff increases the area in which a neritic diatom flora could exist in winter.
STUDIES ON DISSOLVED CARBOHYDRATE IN CAPE COD WATERS. III. SEASONAL VARIATION IN OYSTER POND AND WEQUAQUET LAKE, MASSACHUSETTS1
Authors: Walsh Gerald E. 
Published: March 2010

Annual variations in dissolved carbohydrate (DCHO) concentration were found in two lakes between January 1964 and April 1965. In Oyster Pond, a highly productive coastal pond, average monthly concentrations of DCHO in surface water of the north basin varied from about 1.3 to 2.9 mg/liter between February 1964 and April 1965. Lowest concentrations were found during phytoplankton blooms in February. The seasonal curve for DCHO in the morning was almost a mirror image of that for chlorophyll a. Concentrations of DCHO were greater in the afternoon than in the morning, but daily increases did not appear to be related to chlorophyll a concentrations. In the south basin, average monthly concentrations of DCHO increased during summer stagnation (April–September 1964) from 1.5 to 4.2 mg/liter. A high concentration was associated with a bloom of the green bacterium Chlorobium.Concentrations of DCHO in Wequaquet Lake, a less productive body of freshwater, also changed seasonally but were always lower than in Oyster Pond. No DCHO was detected between April and August in surface water in the morning, and the highest concentration (1.2 mg/liter) occurred in February 1965.
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA IN THE WATER COLUMN OF THE MAINLAND SHELF OFF NEWPORT BEACH, CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Lidz Louis 
Published: March 2010

Plankton tows were taken off Newport Beach, California, along with temperature, salinity, and transparency measurements. Nearshore conditions and foraminiferal populations are modified by upwelling in Newport Submarine Canyon and domestic effluent waste discharge from the Orange County Sewer outfall.Foraminifera range in size from 50 to 250 µ; therefore, use of a 62‐µ mesh net is necessary. Globigerina bulloides and G. quinqueloba compose 90% or more of the samples. Right‐coiling specimens of G. pachyderma, characteristic of deep‐water tows, and Bolivina vaughani, usually considered benthic, were also found.
DIAGENESIS OF THORIUM ISOTOPES IN DEEP‐SEA SEDIMENTS1
Authors: Antal Paul S. 
Published: March 2010

227Th, 230Th, and 232Th were extracted from Caribbean Sea sediment samples of known age using 8 n HNO3 or coned HCl. The yields were compared with the radionuclide content obtained by complete dissolution of the sample and with previously reported data on red clays in Pacific Ocean cores. These comparisons indicate that the internal consistency of dates and sedimentation rates is insufficient to prove the validity of leaching procedures.The nitric acid leaching yields of authigenic 230Th decrease with depth in the core, that is, with sample age; whereas leaching of 232Th is independent of depth. It is suggested that the initially soluble precipitate of 230Th is transformed in the sediment to a more acid‐resistant state, the apparent half‐life of this transformation being 24,000 years at 3C. Therefore, in the solution obtained by partial extraction, the decrease of the ratio 230TH : 232Th with depth in the core is clue not only to radioactive decay but also to the decreased solubility of authigenic 230Th. Thus, sedimentation rates calculated from (230Th : 232Th) solution may be too low by a factor of three.
NEW DIMENSIONS IN ESTUARY CLASSIFICATION1
Authors: Hansen Donald V. , Rattray Maurice 
Published: March 2010

Results of recent theoretical studies are used as a basis for a new two‐parameter system of estuarine classification. The classes are delineated by the magnitudes of the relative stratification and circulation parameters associated with changes in the salt balance mechanism.The theoretical results depend on a knowledge of the eddy coefficients of viscosity and diffusivity. Tentative relationships between these coefficients and the bulk parameters of tidal current, river flow, and geomorphology, which are obtained from experimental data, may be used to determine the salinity and net current distributions in partially mixed and well‐mixed coastal plain estuaries.
BIOLUMINESCENT CYCLE OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC DINOFLAGELLATES
Authors: Soli Giorgio 
Published: March 2010

The luminescence and behavior of Pyrodinium bahamense Plate, as representative of luminescent photosynthetic dinoflagellates, were investigated in a shallow, low‐salinity bay in Jamaica, West Indies. Intensity and spectrum of light emitted were measured with specially built instruments.Intensity of luminescence could be correlated with the number of organisms, but generally only in the dark. During daylight, when the organisms were assimilating carbon through photosynthesis, luminescence was almost entirely absent. A peak in luminescent ability seemed to occur between 2400 and 0200 hours.The organisms appeared to migrate up and down twice in a 24‐hr period, being near the surface around 2200 hours and around 1400 hours.These results confirm the existence of a rhythm or cycle for photosynthetic luminescent dinoflagellates that seems to be controlled by the same type of biological clock observed in the laboratory with the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyhedra.
PRIMARY ORGANIC PRODUCTION IN RELATION TO THE CHEMISTRY AND HYDROGRAPHY OF THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN1
Authors: Ryther John H. , Hall John R. , Pease Allan K. , Bakun Andrew , Jones Mark M. 
Published: March 2010

Primary organic production was measured at 231 stations in the western Indian Ocean. Low levels were measured in the eastern part of the region, both north and south of the Equator. Intermediate levels were encountered in the equatorial area, in the Mozambique Channel, and in the southern part of the region. High productivity was observed in the northern and western portions, particularly in the western Arabian Sea.The high productivity of the Arabian Sea is attributed to the presence of unusually high concentrations of plant nutrients that extend nearly to the sea surface, from which there is ready transport into the euphotic zone by local advective processes. The distributional pattern of the nutrients, in turn, is believed to result from a major system of upwelling, whereby water from intermediate depths is transported north across the Equator and towards the surface, compensating for the southerly flow of surface water and its loss from the Arabian Sea. The fertility of the region is further enhanced by the mechanism of a nutrient trap which is inherent in all countercurrent upwelling systems.Annual organic production for the 23 × 106 km2 area studied was 3 × 1012 kg, averaging about twice that of the oceans as a whole.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SIZE OF NET USED AND ESTIMATES OF ZOOPLANKTON DIVERSITY1
Authors: John A. McGowan , Vernie J. Fraundorf 
Published: March 2010

Previous studies of the efficiency of zooplankton nets of various mouth sizes in estimating abundance do not provide information on the nets’ abilities to obtain samples for estimates of the number of species present or diversity. Further, most of these studies have not discriminated between the effects of patchiness and avoidance. To provide information on these problems, four series of tows were taken with nets of 20‐, 40‐, 60‐, 80‐, 100‐, and 140‐cm mouth diameters. An attempt was made to filter the same volume of water on each tow. All tows were taken while following a drogue which tended to drift with a particular parcel of water.The numbers of species and of individuals per species in each tow were determined for seven taxa. A concordance analysis of these data showed that estimates of both numbers of species and species abundance were smaller with the smaller nets. The smaller nets also yielded less diverse samples. These results can best be interpreted in terms of avoidance.