bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Sterol Oxidation in Oils Recovered from Exhausted Bleaching Earth by Coupled Capillary Column GC and GC–MS Methods
Authors: Ubhayasekera Sarojini J. K. A. , Dutta Paresh C. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractCholesterol and phytosterols are generally present in foods at ppm levels and they can generate many oxidation products, i.e. oxysterols. The oxysterols comprise only a small percentage of unoxidized sterols. Reliable quantitative data on these compounds requires reasonably good separation by capillary column GC. The present study attempts to overcome the difficulties involved in separating many common oxysterols generated from cholesterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol by coupling two high‐resolution GC capillary columns. The columns, DB‐17MS and DB‐35MS, were coupled separately to a DB‐5MS column. Total separation time of the authentic samples of oxysterols was 41 min for the DB‐35MS/DB‐5MS and 44 min for the DB‐17MS/DB‐5MS coupled columns. Two oil samples EBE1 and EBE2 extracted from exhausted bleaching earth collected from Europe were analyzed for oxysterol content by using these column combination systems. Both systems showed similar quantitative results; the total levels of oxysterols in these samples ranged from 2 to 3 mg/100 g. The prominent oxysterols were as follows: 7α‐hydroxysterols (0.29–0.49 mg/100 g), 7β‐hydroxysterols (0.13–0.68 mg/100 g) and 7‐ketosterols (0.63–0.69 mg/100 g).
Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History’s “Travels in the Great Tree of Life”
Authors: Giusti Ellen 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History developed a 1,000-square-foot exhibition to help the general public understand the concept of phylogenetic relationships and their depiction on scientific Trees, or cladograms. In addition, exhibition planners hoped visitors would understand that research on the Tree of Life is a massive, complex undertaking requiring powerful computers and that Tree research has many potential practical applications. Museum exhibits designed to convey scientific information must use “stealth” to accomplish their cognitive goals: Unlike students in formal science education classes, visitors are not obliged to learn—they do not learn because they must pass a final examination. Informal educators must engage visitors’ interest so that they willingly take in new information and perhaps even learn new skills, change attitudes, and behaviors. “Travels in the Great Tree of Life” succeeded in engaging visitors who came away with awareness and understanding of scientific Trees, the immensity of the construct, and to a lesser extent, potential practical applications.
Role of Ca2+ in the rapid cooling-induced Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum in ferret cardiac muscles
Authors: Tanaka Etsuko , Konishi Masato , Kurihara Satoshi 
Published: March 2012

AbstractRapid lowering of the solution temperature (rapid cooling, RC) from 24 to 3°C within 3 s releases considerable amounts of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in mammalian cardiac muscles. In this study, we investigated the intracellular mechanism of RC-induced Ca2+ release, especially the role of Ca2+, in ferret ventricular muscle. Saponin-treated skinned trabeculae were placed in a glass capillary, and the amount of Ca2+ released from the SR by RC and caffeine (50 mM) was measured with fluo-3. It was estimated that in the presence of ATP about 45% of the Ca2+ content in the SR was released by RC. The amount of SR Ca2+ released by RC was unchanged by the replacement of ATP by AMP-PCP (a non-hydrolysable ATP analogue and agonist for the ryanodine receptor but not for the Ca2+ pump of SR), suggesting that the suppression of the Ca2+ pump of SR at low temperature might not be a major mechanism in RC-induced Ca2+ release. The free Ca2+ concentration of the solution used for triggering RC-induced Ca2+ release was estimated to be only about 20 nM with fluo-3 or aequorin. When this solution was applied to the preparation at 3°C, only a small amount of Ca2+ was released from SR presumably by the Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) mechanism. Thus, in mammalian cardiac muscles, RC releases a part of the (<50%) stored Ca2+ contained in the SR, and the mechanism of RC-induced Ca2+ release may differ from that of CICR, which is thought to play a role in frog skeletal muscle fibres that express ryanodine receptors of different types.
Effect of phytochemicals on phase II enzyme expression in infant human primary skin fibroblast cells
Authors: Warwick Eliz , Cassidy Aedín , Hanley Bryan , Jouni Zeina E. , Bao Yongping 
Published: March 2012

Phase II metabolising enzymes enable the metabolism and excretion of potentially harmful substances in adults, but to date it is unclear whether dietary phytochemicals can induce phase II enzymes differently between adults and infants. We investigated the expression of phase II enzymes in an in vitro model of primary skin fibroblasts at three different developmental stages, 1 month, 2 years and adult, to examine potential differences in age-related phase II enzymes in response to different phytochemicals (5–20 μm) including sulphoraphane, quercetin and catechin. Following phytochemical treatment, a significant increase in mRNA of glutathione S-transferase A1 (GSTA1) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) was observed, with the most marked increases seen in response to sulphoraphane (3–10-fold for GSTA1, P = 0·001, and 6–35-fold for NQO1, P = 0·001–0·017). Catechin also induced 3–5-fold changes in NQO1 transcription, whereas quercetin had less effect on NQO1 mRNA induction in infant cells. Moreover, NQO1 protein levels were significantly increased in 2-year-old and adult cell models in response to sulphoraphane treatment. These results suggest that metabolic plasticity and response to xenobiotics may be different in infants and adults; and therefore the inclusion of phytochemicals in the infant diet may modulate their induction of phase II metabolism, thereby providing increased protection from potentially harmful xenobiotics in later life.
Lionel Cohen Lecture
Authors: Scotland Patricia Janet 
Published: March 2012

IntroductionFirst let me say that I regard it as a great honour and a privilege to be asked to give this year's Lionel Cohen Lecture. I am very grateful to Professor Menahem Ben-Sasson as President and Professor Barak Medina as Dean of the Faculty for hosting this event here at the Hebrew University. It is a pleasure to be giving this lecture in a city of such central importance to three great religions; a city steeped in historical significance; but also a city which—through institutions such as the Hebrew University—is preparing today's youth for a bright future. Whilst I recognize and celebrate the University's distinguished heritage, it is particularly gratifying to find an institution not resting on the past but actively preparing for the future through its outreach projects such as those of the Clinical Legal Education Center for Human Rights and Social Responsibility. I am very interested in the work being done through the clinics on domestic violence and on youth justice through initiatives such as the “Street Law” program. This work chimes with many of my own priorities and concerns, and I was therefore very grateful to learn more about this work from Sharon Sionov Arad. I confess that I will steal every good idea I heard, but I also promise that I will give every credit where it is due for those that I do!
The Transformation of Constitutional Law through the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Frowein Jochen A. 
Published: March 2012

Only five years after the end of the Second World War terminating the complete disregard for human rights in one of the important European countries and in the occupied territories, the governments of European countries agreed on a European Bill of Rights and took the first steps toward collective enforcement of certain rights of the Universal Declaration, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948. Evidently the Convention was a response to the totalitarian ideologies prevailing in national socialism but also to the communist ideology and practice governing the Soviet Union and the European countries behind the iron wall. Was the Convention intended to be more than a response and clarification of the fundamental principles which were well recognized in the constitutional structure of the free European states? If this is the case it should have had an impact on the legal system of member states.How far that impact would go was certainly not foreseen in 1950 or 1953 when the Convention came into force. By hindsight we may say that the establishment of the European Commission of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights as judicial organs to enforce the Convention had something that is called “List der Vernunft” in German, a certain rule of reason, not fully understood by the drafters.
Transnational Armed Conflict: A “Principled” Approach to the Regulation of Counter-Terror Combat Operations
Authors: Corn Geoffrey , Jensen Eric Talbot 
Published: March 2012

Transnational armed conflicts have become a reality. The increasing sophistication of terrorist organizations, their increasingly transnational nature, and their development of military strike capabilities, push and will continue to push States to resort to combat power as a means to defend against this threat. Relying on the factual fiction that the acts of such terrorists must be attributable to the States from which they launch their operations, or on the legal fiction that the use of military combat power to respond to such threats is in reality just extraterritorial law enforcement, fails to acknowledge the essential nature of such operations. Because these operations invoke the authority of the LOAC, they should and must be treated as armed conflicts.LOAC principles must be identified and must be broad enough to provide the authority necessary to bring the transnational enemy to submission while ensuring that that authority does not override fundamental humanitarian protections for victims of war: This Article proposes three essential pillars of this regulatory foundation: military necessity, targeting (object/distinction and proportionality), and humane treatment. These principles provide the balance between authority and obligation that is so essential for the effective and disciplined application of combat power Like the treatment of internal armed conflict, these pillars can form a foundation for a more comprehensive treatment of regulatory analysis, encompassing other issues such as command responsibility, criminal liability, access to judicial review, perfidy and treachery, and medical obligations.
National Security and Constitutional Law.Précis: The Constitution in a Time of National Emergency
Authors: Posner Richard A. 
Published: March 2012

In my recent bookNot a Suicide Pact: The Constitution in a Time of National Emergency(2006), I argue for a way of understanding constitutional law that would enable sensible adjustments to the pressures that arise when a nation is confronted with a serious threat to the safety or other well-being of its people; and I tried to show how the method that I was advocating could be used to resolve some of the constitutional issues that have arisen in the wake of the terrorist attacks on the United States of September 11, 2001. The analysis is limited to American constitutional law; whether it has possible applications to the law of Israel or of any other foreign country, I leave for others to decide, though, given the audience, I drop a few hints in this Paper.The starting point of my analysis is recognition that constitutional law, at least in America (but this is even more true of what passes for “constitutional law” in Israel), is very largely the creation of judges rather than of the framers or ratifiers of formal constitutions. The United States Constitution is 222 years old (1787–2009), though the amendments are younger (but the most influential of them—the first ten—the Bill of Rights, by just a few years). Some of the provisions, in both the original Constitution and in the Bill of Rights and later amendments, are precise; but many are not, and it is the vague or open-ended ones that figure most largely in debates over the legal limits of measures to protect national security. Terms like “due process of law,” “unreasonable searches and seizures,” “freedom of speech,” and “habeas corpus” are not self-defining; nor have judges been willing to confine them to the same meaning they had for the framers or to the core meaning that they would have to be given to have any significance at all. Because American judges do not adhere strictly to precedent, the meaning impressed by judicial decisions on constitutional texts is tentative, especially when a case arises that is not within the heartland of a previous decision because of the novelty of its facts or a shift in the social or political context of the relevant issues.
Disengagement from the Gaza Strip and Post-Occupation Duties
Authors: Rubin Benjamin 
Published: March 2012

Israel's disengagement from the Gaza Strip has created a situation in which this territory is dependent on the supply of various necessities by Israel, in particular the supply of electricity, In 2008 Israel decided to withhold 5% of the supply of electricity to the Gaza Strip, prompting several Gaza residents as well as human rights organizations to petition the Supreme Court of Israel against this decision. In Jaber Al-Bassiouni Ahmed v. The Prime Minister the Court assumed that the Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip had ended with the disengagement and treated this issue on the basis of general humanitarian law. The basic questions of whether the occupation had ended, and whether certain duties remained with Israel, even assuming that Gaza is no longer occupied, have not been explored. This Article addresses these two questions.It is the conclusion of this Article that regardless of the terms imposed by Israel after disengagement and other reservations that have been raised in this regard, occupation ended following the complete withdrawal of any Israeli presence in the Gaza Strip. Israel's disengagement raised difficulties that are not only unique to the Gaza Strip; these difficulties emerge in most cases when occupation is replaced by a process of self-determination rather than the return of the former sovereign. The contention presented herein is that Israel continues to have certain post-occupation duties even after the occupation of Gaza. These duties correspond to the occupant's duties to care for order and civil life in the territory during the occupation. These obligations will end once the new regime in the area is able to perform the duties that fell upon the shoulders of the occupant during the occupation, or until the non-performance of the new regime is attributable to its own failures and not to the ending of the occupation. In light of these contentions, Israel is still under certain obligations regarding the Gaza Strip, among them the regular supply of electricity to that area.
Assessing the zoonotic potential ofAscaris suumandTrichuris suis: looking to the future from an analysis of the past
Authors: Nejsum P. , Betson M. , Bendall R.P. , Thamsborg S.M. , Stothard J.R. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe two geohelminths,Ascaris lumbricoidesandTrichuris trichiura, infect more than a billion people worldwide but are only reported sporadically in the developed part of the world. In contrast, the closely related speciesA. suumandT. suisin pigs have a truly global distribution, with infected pigs found in most production systems. In areas where pigs and humans live in close proximity or where pig manure is used as fertilizer on vegetables for human consumption, there is a potential risk of cross-infections. We therefore review this relationship betweenAscarisandTrichurisin the human and pig host, with special focus on recent evidence concerning the zoonotic potential of these parasites, and identify some open questions for future research.
The legitimacy of foreign intervention in elections: the Ukrainian response
Authors: SHULMAN STEPHEN , BLOOM STEPHEN 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe empirical and theoretical study of the effect of foreign intervention in the electoral processes of states is exceedingly weak. Using insights from the nationalism literature, this article provides a theoretical argument on domestic reactions to foreign interference in a state's internal politics. It then tests the predictions generated by the argument using mass survey data in Ukraine. The article analyses the Ukrainian people's reaction to Western and Russian intervention in the 2004 presidential elections – the Orange Revolution. We find that efforts by Western governments, international organisations, and non-governmental organisations to shape Ukraine's electoral landscape appear to be unwelcome to average Ukrainians while electoral interference by a non-democratic state, Russia, is seen as less alienating. Our theoretical framework accounts for these potentially surprising results.
Star Versus Two Stripes Ramsey Numbers and a Conjecture of Schelp
Authors: GYÁRFÁS ANDRÁS , SÁRKÖZY GÁBOR N. 
Published: March 2012

R. H. Schelp conjectured that ifGis a graph with |V(G)| =R(Pn,Pn) such that δ(G) >$$\frac{3|V(G)|}{ 4}$, then in every 2-colouring of the edges ofGthere is a monochromaticPn. In other words, the Ramsey number of a path does not change if the graph to be coloured is not complete but has large minimum degree.Here we prove Ramsey-type results that imply the conjecture in a weakened form, first replacing the path by a matching, showing that the star-matching–matching Ramsey number satisfyingR(Sn,nK2,nK2) = 3n− 1. This extendsR(nK2,nK2) = 3n− 1, an old result of Cockayne and Lorimer. Then we extend this further from matchings to connected matchings, and outline how this implies Schelp's conjecture in an asymptotic sense through a standard application of the Regularity Lemma.It is sad that we are unable to hear Dick Schelp's reaction to our work generated by his conjecture.
Degree Powers in Graphs: The Erdős–Stone Theorem
Authors: BOLLOBÁS BÉLA , NIKIFOROV VLADIMIR 
Published: March 2012

Let 1 ≤p≤r+ 1, withr≥ 2 an integer, and letGbe a graph of ordern. Letd(v) denote the degree of a vertexv∈V(G). We show that ifthenGhas more than(r+ 1)-cliques sharing a common edge. From this we deduce that ifthenGcontains more thancliques of orderr+ 1.In turn, this statement is used to strengthen the Erdős–Stone theorem by using ∑v∈V(G)dp(v) instead of the number of edges.
ON THE SUPPORT VARIETIES FOR DEMAZURE MODULES
Authors: Jones Benjamin F. , Nakano Daniel K. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe support varieties for the induced modules or Weyl modules for a reductive algebraic group G were computed over the first Frobenius kernel G1 by Nakano, Parshall and Vella. A natural generalization of this computation is the calculation of the support varieties of Demazure modules over the first Frobenius kernel, B1, of the Borel subgroup B. In this paper we initiate the study of such computations. We complete the entire picture for reductive groups with underlying root systems A1 and A2. Moreover, we give complete answers for Demazure modules corresponding to a particular (standard) element in the Weyl group, and provide results relating support varieties between different Demazure modules which depend on the Bruhat order.
FREE ADEQUATE SEMIGROUPS
Authors: KAMBITES MARK 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe give an explicit description of the free objects in the quasivariety of adequate semigroups, as sets of labelled directed trees under a natural combinatorial multiplication. The morphisms of the free adequate semigroup onto the free ample semigroup and into the free inverse semigroup are realised by a combinatorial ‘folding’ operation which transforms our trees into Munn trees. We use these results to show that free adequate semigroups and monoids are 𝒥-trivial and never finitely generated as semigroups, and that those which are finitely generated as (2,1,1)-algebras have decidable word problem.
A REMARK ON PRIMALITY TESTING AND DECIMAL EXPANSIONS
Authors: TAO TERENCE 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe show that for any fixed base a, a positive proportion of primes become composite after any one of their digits in the base a expansion is altered; the case where a=2 has already been established by Cohen and Selfridge [‘Not every number is the sum or difference of two prime powers’, Math. Comput.29 (1975), 79–81] and Sun [‘On integers not of the form ±pa±qb’, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.128 (2000), 997–1002], using some covering congruence ideas of Erdős. Our method is slightly different, using a partially covering set of congruences followed by an application of the Selberg sieve upper bound. As a consequence, it is not always possible to test whether a number is prime from its base a expansion without reading all of its digits. We also present some slight generalisations of these results.
Tectonic evolution of southern Baffin Bay and Davis Strait: Results from a seismic refraction transect between Canada and Greenland
Authors: Funck Thomas , Gohl Karsten , Damm Volkmar , Heyde Ingo 
Published: March 2012

Wide‐angle reflection/refraction seismic data were acquired on a 450‐km‐long transect in southern Baffin Bay extending from Baffin Island to Greenland. Dense air gun shots were recorded on 22 ocean bottom seismometers. APwave velocity model was developed from forward and inverse modeling of the observed travel times. Beneath the Baffin Island shelf, a three‐layered continental crust is observed with velocities of 5.5 to 6.9 km/s. Typical for transform margins, there is a sharp transition between continental and oceanic crust. Off Baffin Island, 7‐km‐thick oceanic crust is interpreted to lie in a major transform fault identified on the gravity map. Beneath the deep Baffin Bay basin, 9‐km‐thick oceanic crust is encountered but thins to 6 km within an assumed fracture zone. The thicker than normal oceanic crust indicates an ample magma supply, possibly related to melt extracted from a mantle plume. Seaward of the Greenland continental crust, 20‐km‐thick igneous crust (6.3 to 7.3 km/s) is encountered in a 25‐km‐wide zone interpreted as a leaky transform fault that can be correlated southward through Davis Strait. The igneous crust is bounded by a 20‐km wide basin to the west, underlain by 4‐km‐thick crust of unknown affinity. This structure is probably associated with transform movements. A high‐velocity lower crustal layer (7.1 km/s) of 8 km thickness is indicated beneath the Greenland crust and can be correlated into the adjacent thick igneous crust. Both the thick igneous and Greenland crust are covered by up to 4 km of Paleogene volcanics (5.2 to 5.7 km/s).
Effect of Stocking Density on Walleye Performance in Ponds Lined with Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer
Authors: Ward Matthew J , Stane Justin , Schrock Garret , Funk Clayton 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
A prior study suggested that the yield of walleyes Sander vitreus from ponds lined with ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) exceeds the yield from earthen (substrate) ponds. To evaluate production potential in an EPDM pond, walleye performance was compared between two stocking densities, low (187,500 fry/ha) and high (375,000 fry/ha). Stocking density did not significantly affect walleye survival (low density = 88%, high = 82%). At harvest, walleyes were 6 mm longer for the low-density treatment but yield was greater in the high-density treatment (low density = 72 kg/ha, high = 88 kg/ha). Depending on size of walleyes desired, a pond stocking density of 375,000 fry/ha may be excessive, particularly during years when fry survival is high (&gt;80%). To reassess the prior findings that walleye growth in EPDM ponds exceeds that in earthen substrate ponds, growth was compared between earthen and EPDM ponds provided a standard stocking density of 187,500 fry/ha. Similar findings were experienced, with walleyes being 11 mm longer at harvest in EPDM ponds.