bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What of guidelines for osteoarthritis?
Authors: LIM Anita Y. N. , DOHERTY Michael 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is by far the most common joint disease and a major cause of pain and disability. The prevalence and impact of OA will increase in the next decades in the Asia‐Pacific region due to increased longevity, increasing urbanization and a parallel increase in obesity. The three main types of evidence to inform evidence‐based practice are research evidence, expert experience and patient opinion – all three of these are equally weighted. Guideline development groups vary in terms of process and structure of guideline production and in how much integration there is between research, expert and patient evidence. Nevertheless, guidelines on OA concur in recommending: holistic assessment of the patient and individualizing the management plan; patient information access; weight loss if overweight or obese, and prescription of exercise. Additional adjunctive non‐pharmacological and pharmacological interventions, including surgery, may be added to this core set as required. However, when audited, it appears that management of OA is often suboptimal, with a major focus on oral analgesics, especially non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. A number of barriers to implementation are evident and appropriate audit of care is necessary to improve delivery of service and to plan healthcare resources. For OA, the effect size of placebo in clinical trials is usually far greater than the additional specific effect of individual treatments, emphasizing the importance of contextual (‘meaning’) response in this chronic painful condition. This has important implications for clinical care in that optimization of the contextual response can lead to improvements in patient outcomes even in the absence of very effective treatments.
Inhibition of P‐glycoprotein facilitated glycosaminoglycan accumulation during chondrogenesis of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: KIM Sang‐Gyung , LEE A‐Jin , LEE Seung Jin , SUH Hun Suk , SHIN Im‐Hee 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAim:  P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) is an adenosine‐5‐triphosphate Binding Cassettes B 1 (ABCB1) transporter that exports various substrates on cellular membrane. Surface expression of P‐gp was decreased during chondrogenesis of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSCs). We examined the role of P‐gp in extracellular matrix deposition during chondrogenesis of human BM‐MSCs.Method:  BM‐MSCs were isolated from 16 volunteers after informed consent and incubated for 28 days using three‐dimensional culture methods in chondrogenic medium with and without P‐gp inhibitor (verapamil, 10 μmol/L).Results:  Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed a cartilaginous structure with chondrogenic cells in the lacunae after 2 weeks of culture. Total glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content was increased and rose during pellet culture. Hyaluronan (HA) content of the culture medium decreased with P‐gp inhibitor. Type II collagen deposition decreased with P‐gp inhibitor.Conclusion:  Inhibition of P‐gp facilitated GAG accumulation via HA export inhibition during chondrogenic differentiation of human BM‐MSCs. Modulation of P‐gp expression during chondrogenesis would be a possible therapeutic approach for articular cartilage regeneration.
Who should have knee joint replacement surgery for osteoarthritis?
Authors: DIEPPE Paul , LIM Keith , LOHMANDER Stefan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractKnee joint replacement is an effective and cost‐effective intervention for severe symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee joint. However, utilisation rates vary hugely, there are no indications, it is difficult to know when (in the course of arthritis) it is best to operate, and some 10–20% of people who have this surgery are unhappy with the outcome, and have persistent pain. In this article we briefly discuss the variations in utilization of knee joint replacement, and then outline four different approaches to the selection and prioritisation of patients for this procedure. Consensus criteria, including appropriateness criteria are available, but if produced by professionals alone, they may conflict with the views of patients and the public. Databases and cohort studies can be used to attempt relating outcomes to baseline characteristics, but at present we can only account for a small percentage of the variance with this technique. Finally, we propose use of the ‘capacity to benefit framework’ to attempt providing guidance to both patients and healthcare professionals.
Physiotherapy management of knee osteoarthritis
Authors: PAGE Carolyn J. , HINMAN Rana S. , BENNELL Kim L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractKnee osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent chronic joint disease causing pain and disability. Physiotherapy, which encompasses a number of modalities, is a non‐invasive treatment option in the management of OA. This review summarizes the evidence for commonly used physiotherapy interventions. There is strong evidence to show short‐term beneficial effects of exercise on pain and function, although the type of exercise does not seem to influence treatment outcome. Delivery modes, including individual, group or home exercise are all effective, although therapist contact may improve benefits. Attention to improving adherence to exercise is needed to maximize outcomes in the longer‐term. Knee taping applied with the aim of realigning the patella and unloading soft tissues can reduce pain. There is also evidence to support the use of knee braces in people with knee OA. Biomechanical studies show that lateral wedge shoe insoles reduce knee load but clinical trials do not support symptomatic benefits. Recent studies suggest individual shoe characteristics also affect knee load and there is current interest in the effect of modified shoe designs. Manual therapy, while not to be used as a stand‐alone treatment, may be beneficial. In summary, although the research is not equivocal, there is sufficient evidence to indicate that physiotherapy interventions can reduce pain and improve function in those with knee OA.
Osteoarthritis of the knees in the COPCORD world
Authors: HAQ Syed A. , DAVATCHI Fereydoun 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper examines and summarizes data on knee osteoarthritis (AO) in Community Oriented Program For Control Of Rheumatic Disorders (COPCORD) publications. A literature search was made through PubMed, Google, Proceedings of Asia‐Pacific League of Associations for Rheumatology (APLAR) congresses, and Abstracts from APLAR congresses. Data were compiled to examine the prevalence of knee OA and knee pain, sex ratio, urban/rural differences and other risk factors. Data on knee pain and OA were available in a total of 36 COPCORD publications. The pooled prevalence of knee OA was 7.9% in adults above the age of 15 years. It was more common in women. Overweight, squatting and cycling appeared to be modifiable risk factors for knee OA. OA of the knee is the commonest rheumatic disease in studied communities. Further research is needed for identification of its modifiable risk factors and development of strategies for reduction of the community burden of this malady.
Chondrocyte apoptosis: a cause or consequence of osteoarthritis?
Authors: ZAMLI Zaitunnatakhin , SHARIF Mohammed 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degradation and changes in the subchondral bone. Over the last two decades, there has been increasing evidence showing association between cartilage degradation and chondrocyte death, and different types of cell death in cartilage have been reported, including apoptosis and chondroptosis as well as necrosis, but which of these types of cell death predominate in OA is debatable. There are also some methodological difficulties in detecting the specific form of cell death in articular cartilage. Current ‘gold standard’ for detecting chondrocyte death is electron microscopy which suggests that the morphological changes of chondrocytes in OA cartilage are attributed to apoptosis and/or chondroptosis. However, the current literature appears to suggest that classic apoptosis plays an important role in OA; but whether chondrocyte apoptosis is a cause or a result of cartilage degeneration in OA is hotly contested. Studies of suitable animal models, especially longitudinal studies, are needed to address the cause‐and‐effect relationship.
Rb‐Sr and Sm‐Nd isotopic systematics of the lherzolitic shergottite GRV 99027
Authors: LIU Tao , LI Chaofeng , LIN Yangting 
Published: April 2011

Abstract– Rb‐Sr and Sm‐Nd isotopic analyses of the lherzolitic shergottite Grove Mountains (GRV) 99027 are reported. GRV 99027 yields a Rb‐Sr mineral isochron age of 177 ± 5 (2σ) Ma and an initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio (ISr) of 0.710364 ± 11 (2σ). Due to larger uncertainties of the Sm‐Nd isotopic data, no Sm‐Nd isochron age was obtained for GRV 99027. The ε143Nd value is estimated approximately +12.2, assuming an age of 177 Ma. The ISr of GRV 99027 is distinguishable from other lherzolitic shergottites, confirming our previous conclusion that it is not paired with them (Lin et al. 2005). The new data of GRV 99027 support the same age of approximately 180 Ma for most lherzolitic shergottites, and fill the small gap of ISr between Allan Hills A77005 and Lewis Cliff 88516 (Borg et al. 2002). All available data are consistent with a single igneous source for the intermediate subgroup of lherzolitic shergottites.
APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETIC ΨDO TECHNIQUES TO SAPT
Authors: DE NITTIS GIUSEPPE , LEIN MAX 
Published: April 2011

In this review, we show how advances in the theory of magnetic pseudodifferential operators (magnetic ΨDO) can be put to good use in space-adiabatic perturbation theory (SAPT). As a particular example, we extend results of [24] to a more general class of magnetic fields: we consider a single particle moving in a periodic potential which is subjected to a weak and slowly-varying electromagnetic field. In addition to the semiclassical parameter ε ≪ 1 which quantifies the separation of spatial scales, we explore the influence of an additional parameter λ that allows us to selectively switch off the magnetic field. We find that even in the case of magnetic fields with components in [Formula: see text], e.g., for constant magnetic fields, the results of Panati, Spohn and Teufel hold, i.e to each isolated family of Bloch bands, there exists an associated almost invariant subspace of L2(ℝd) and an effective hamiltonian which generates the dynamics within this almost invariant subspace. In case of an isolated non-degenerate Bloch band, the full quantum dynamics can be approximated by the hamiltonian flow associated to the semiclassical equations of motion found in [24].
Trends in Mortality From All Causes and Cardiovascular Disease Among Hypertensive and Nonhypertensive Adults in the United States
Authors: Ford Earl S. 
Published: April 2011

Background—
Little is known about trends in the mortality rate among people with hypertension in the United States. The objective of the present study was to examine the change in the all-cause mortality rate among people with and without hypertension in the United States and whether any such changes differed by sex or race.

Methods and Results—

Data from 10 852 participants aged 25 to 74 years of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I Epidemiological Follow-Up Study (1971 to 1975) and of 12 420 participants of the NHANES III Linked Mortality Study (1988 to 1994) were used. The mean follow-up times were 17.5 and 14.2 years, respectively. In each cohort, the mortality rate was higher among hypertensive adults than nonhypertensive adults, among hypertensive men than hypertensive women, and among hypertensive blacks than hypertensive whites. Among all hypertensive participants, the age-adjusted mortality rate was 18.8 per 1000 person-years for NHANES I and 14.3 for NHANES III (13.3 and 9.1 per 1000 person-years for nonhypertensive participants, respectively). The reduction among hypertensive men (7.7 per 1000 person-years; 95 confidence interval, 5.2 to 10.2) exceeded that among hypertensive women (1.9 per 1000 person-years; 95 confidence interval, [−0.4 to 4.2]) (
P
<0.001), and the reduction among hypertensive blacks (5.4 per 1000 person-years; 95 confidence interval, [0.6 to 10.1]) exceeded that among hypertensive whites (4.4 per 1000 person-years; 95 confidence interval, [2.2 to 6.5]) (
P
=0.707).

Conclusions—
The mortality rate decreased among hypertensive adults, but the mortality gap between adults with and without hypertension remained relatively constant. Efforts are needed to accelerate the decrease in the mortality rate among hypertensive adults.
Time as an Expanding Labyrinth of Information
Authors: Halpern Paul 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe propose a model of time in physics that combines the determinism of classical mechanics, the irreversibility of thermodynamics, and the ever-bifurcating strands of the Many Worlds Interpretation of quantum mechanics, by means of an expanding, labyrinthine information space. We speculate that the growth of this space is linked to the cosmological expansion of the universe from its initial dense state by means of a generalization of general relativity to include the information space.
The Possible Acceleration of Time
Authors: Tatom Frank B. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTime as a dimension or coordinate axis is a generally accepted concept, but it is not this concept itself that appears noteworthy, but instead the manner or rate at which the universe progresses along the time axis. Although the idea of the progression of time is not universally accepted, many authorities appear to favor such a view. Several experts have proposed non-uniform rates, with such rates linked to both gravity and the galactic red shift. If time is not only progressing, but also progressing at a variable rate, a number of significant points arises. Both increasing and decreasing rates have been suggested. Perhaps an experimental validation of this phenomenon appears feasible.
Time in the Art of Roman Opalka, Tatsuo Miyajima, and Rene Rietmeyer
Authors: De Jongh Karlyn 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn the history of art, time is not frequently taken up as the artistic topic in itself. While time has been sporadically present in the work of certain single artists such as Claude Monet or within movements like Futurism, where speed and change were highlighted, only over the past several decades, has time become a more explicit topic in art. In this article, time is addressed by discussing the work and thoughts of three contemporary artists who have taken this concept as a guiding motif in their work: Roman Opalka, Tatsuo Miyajima, and Rene Rietmeyer. Their work makes clear that time in art is strongly related to actual and individual life-time and is concerned with creating an attentiveness to human existence in relation to time as a continuing entity.
News and Views Time Related Events: Future, Present and Past
Authors: Cordes John 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis column contains descriptions of future and recent conferences and published works, Calls for Papers, and other events relating to the study of time. Available materials are cited directly from Internet sources. The listings are in chronological order by date of event. If you know of other time-related conferences or events, please forward your information to John Cordes at jcordes@cabrini.edu. Thank you very much.
The Chronology of the Qurān: A Stylometric Research Program
Authors: Sadeghi Behnam 
Published: April 2011

AbstractI verify a chronology in which seven groups of passages represent consecutive phases. A proposed chronology is verified if independent markers of style vary over its phases in a smooth fashion. Four markers of style follow smooth trajectories over the seven phases: The first is average verse length. The second encompasses the 28 most common morphemes in the Qurān. The percentages of these morphemes in a text constitute its stylistic profile. The thus-defined stylistic profile is shown to vary in a smooth fashion over “time”, i.e. over the proposed chronological sequence of phases. Third, a similar thing holds for a profile based on the frequencies of 114 other common morphemes. Fourth, similar results are obtained for a list of 3693 relatively uncommon morphemes. In addition to establishing a relative chronology in seven phases, this essay demonstrates the stylistic unity of many large passages. It also shows that the Qurān has one author.
Les amours de Yazīd II b. Abd al-Malik et de Habāba Roman courtois, « fait divers » umayyade et propagande abbasside
Authors: Zakharia Katia 
Published: April 2011

Abstract<p>In most of the Abbassid sources, Yazīd II b. Abd al-Malik’s image is both that of a bad caliph, dedicating his time to illicit pleasures rather than to his duties, and that of a weeping lover, devastated by the sudden death of Habāba, his favourite <em>qayna</em>. This article traces so far as possible the twists and turns of these two discourses, the different phases of their development and the way they eventually precipitated into a legendary narrative subjected to the denigration by the Abbasids of their Umayyad predecessors. By doing so, it intermittently brings to light some fragments of a plausible reality and presents them with the mandatory reservations.</p>
Educational Exchange in Post-Mao U. S.-China Relations: The Hopkins-Nanjing Center
Authors: Wheeler Norton 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFounded in 1986, an educational joint venture between Johns Hopkins University and Nanjing University has survived the trials of culture, geopolitics, and nature. As it entered its third decade, the Hopkins-Nanjing Center for Chinese and American Studies offered the first ever Sino-U. S. joint master's degree. This article traces the evolution of this bi-national institution, exploring its role in international relations, cultural exchange, economic globalization, and China's postMao drive toward modernization. A risk-taking Chinese university president, his American counterpart, a Chinese-American scientist who served as cultural mediator, the Tiananmen crisis, the SARS epidemic, Chinese and American students seeking to advance careers and mutual understanding–all these factors play a role in the story. Though continuous in many ways with early twentieth-century exchanges, the Hopkins-Nanjing Center diverges from the former pattern by being an equal partnership. This difference reflects China's growing economic and political power as well as a different American sensibility. In addition to reflecting the state of bilateral relations, the Center has contributed to relations through the symbolism of its survival and hopes, over the long term, to contribute by training future leaders in the government, business, and civil society sectors of the two societies.
China's "Public Diplomacy" toward the United States before Pearl Harbor
Authors: Tsuchida Akio 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAfter the outbreak of Sino-Japanese War in 1937, China sought support and sanctions against Japan from the international community, especially the United States. The government strategy encompassed both official diplomatic channels and non-state channels such as propaganda and private organizations. Drawing from materials in the United States and China, this article presents the evolution of China's "public diplomacy" toward the United States during the early years of the Sino-Japanese War. It argues: (1) China's "public diplomacy" was conducted through the International Department of Ministry of Information of the Chinese Nationalist Party under the direct control of Chiang Kai-shek. (2) Resident agents of China played an indispensable role in forming the American Committee for Non-Participation in Japanese Aggression, a private organization supporting China's cause. (3) The Committee carried out intensive campaigns to bring about pro-China policies and to promote an embargo against Japan. (4) The Chinese government and its agents supported the Committee financially and organizationally until its disbandment in 1941. This article thus demonstrates that wartime China was attempting to compensate for its military weakness by manipulating American public opinion to achieve its own diplomatic goals.
"For the Equality of Men – For the Equality of Nations": Anson Burlingame and China's First Embassy to the United States, 1868
Authors: Schrecker John 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAnson Burlingame (1820-1870), often neglected or misunderstood today, was an ardently antislavery congressman from Boston whom Abraham Lincoln appointed minister to China in 1861. Burlingame developed a Cooperative Policy that advocated peaceful means while upholding China's sovereignty and territorial integrity. The Chinese government subsequently appointed him China's first envoy to the Western powers. The first stop of the so-called Burlingame Mission was America, from March to September 1868. is article focuses on three topics: (1) How the mission's reception reflected the partisan struggle over Reconstruction and the push for racial equality. Republicans, the party of Reconstruction, proved sympathetic to the mission and to China, while the opposition Democrats were hostile. (2) How Burlingame presented Americans with a strongly favorable image of China to emphasize treating it with full respect and as a normal nation. (3) The Burlingame Treaty, the first equal treaty between China and a Western power after the Opium War, which sought to place China on a full and equal status in international affairs and to place Chinese in America on an equal footing with immigrants from other nations. Burlingame's friend, Mark Twain, wrote supportive articles.
Wasted Lives: Internally Displaced Persons Living in Camps in Kenya
Authors: Abuya Edwin Odhiambo , Ikobe Charles 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis article evaluates the protection that the Government of Kenya off ered to those who fled to camps in the wake of the post-election violence that gripped the country in 2007. It focuses on basic needs, social economic entitlements and the right to return one's pre-conflict home. The article contends that, overall, the Government failed to meet its obligations as required by national and international standards on the protection of internally displaced persons. To conclude, specific recommendations, which would ameliorate the suff ering that IDPs continue to face in transitional states such as Kenya, are made.
Human Rights, Positive Obligations, and Armed Conflict: Implementing the Right to Education in Occupied Territories
Authors: Horowitz Jonathan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn three cases, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) has held that States must apply their human rights treaty obligations extraterritorially during times of occupation. International human rights law and international humanitarian law (IHL), under which occupation law exists, were not constructed in formal consultation with one another. But their ability to co-exist is logical enough, with human rights law emerging from, and IHL expanding after, World War II with the similar aim of committing governments to protect the most basic notions of humanity. Tensions between the two regimes do, however, exist. Occupation law largely works to restrict Occupying Powers from tampering with the laws and institutions of the occupied territory, whereas significant portions of human rights law press States to amend or change laws and develop infrastructure to accommodate the welfare of the population under their control. With a focus on the positive human rights obligations contained within the right to education, this article looks at the compatibility of these two regimes, points out tensions, and proposes ways for easing their co-existence.