bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Working Lives
Authors: Mansell Charmian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Female servants are assumed to have undertaken ‘domestic’ tasks including washing, cooking, and cleaning, whereas male servants worked predominantly in agriculture. Adopting a verb-oriented approach, this chapter demonstrates that this assumption does not hold. Through close analysis of over 300 examples of work tasks performed by female servants recorded in church court depositions, the chapter firstly demonstrates the breadth of working activities that women in service were engaged in: domestic work, husbandry, food and textile production, care work, and errand running. The chapter therefore reassesses the value of their work by highlighting the economic importance of their non-market labour, as well as their contribution to generating income for the household. Secondly, the chapter situates these working activities within local working cultures and practices by reconstructing the social and temporal dynamics of their work activities. Female servants’ working activities were spread across the day, week, and year with a peak in activity on Sundays. They laboured alongside men and women, members of the household, and their neighbours. Their work was essential to the functioning of the household.
The Home and Beyond
Authors: Mansell Charmian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Studies of female servants’ working activities, social experiences, and relationships are firmly bound within the home and its patriarchal structures. This chapter opens out this household-centred framework through a spatial analysis of female service. In analysing the spaces in which female servants are recorded in church court depositions, the chapter challenges our understanding of their interactions with space and people in early modern England. These women weren’t confined to the domestic sphere either in their work or their social interactions: 50 per cent of servants recorded were outside the home. In showing the impossibility of round-the-clock monitoring of servants, as they spent much time away from the home and their masters or mistresses, the chapter destabilises the model of the patriarchal household as a structure of governance. Household patriarchy was just one social system that monitored and regulated servant behaviour; neighbours too could be influential. Further, I argue that female servants’ links to the wider community gave them power and agency – limited perhaps, but significant nonetheless – in a labour relationship predicated on subservience.
The Autumn Revolution and the Reconstruction of the State and Society
Authors: Šustrová Radka 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 is an investigation of the transformation of the state and society, the changes in how society and the nation were perceived at the turn of the 1940s, and how this reduced Czechoslovak society to a racially constructed nation. The starting point was the Autumn Revolution, as it was known, from October 1938 onwards, which introduced a new state-political ideology. Expressed in the term národní pospolitost (national community), it was a distinctly Czech attempt at a new concept of the Czech nation and a new form of social relations. Like the Nazi Volksgemeinschaft (national community), the národní pospolitost was defined by a race-based social structure, in this case the Czech nation, but there were no direct links between the two political projects. Looking at the Czechoslovak case in the broader context of the occupied Netherlands, Denmark, and Vichy France, this chapter contextualises it within the more general issues of collaboration and regime legitimacy.
Community-Building through Authoritarian Welfare
Authors: Šustrová Radka 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 analyses the transformative period after the signing of the Munich Agreement in September 1938 and outlines the institutional background and tools of social security until the end of the war. The institutional grounding of welfare policy during the Nazi Protectorate was to be simpler and cheaper than the interwar social security system. Later, it would be streamlined in order for the offices of the occupier to check and manage it. Its structure would be subjugated to the segregation of the society according to ethnicity, but in certain regions these efforts failed because they proved too complicated to implement. Reich insurance companies did not expand to the Protectorate, and so the Reich’s citizens had to use Protectorate insurance companies. The constant lack of German physicians who could treat the German population was difficult to overcome. While Protectorate authorities continued the work of the interwar network of institutions, the occupiers’ authorities had to build the organisational foundations of social security for the German population. The chapter characterises the repressive and racially exclusive function of social welfare policies that denied social protection to the Jewish and Roma population and to political opponents.
The Date of the Khirbet Wadi Hamam Synagogue(s): An Analysis
Authors: Magness Jodi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter takes a deep dive into the evidence for the dating and interpretation of the ancient synagogue(s) at Khirbet Wadi Hamam – a site that is central to the ongoing debates about synagogue typology and chronology. The results of this fine-grained archaeological analysis, together with recent discoveries such as the excavation of the Huqoq synagogue, indicate that instead of being sequential, different synagogue types were contemporary or overlapped and date to the fourth-sixth centuries CE. This conclusion contradicts a widely accepted view that late antique Jewish communities in Palestine suffered and declined under supposedly oppressive Christian rule.
The Traditional View of Justice
Authors: Anderson Merrick 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a close reading of didactic poetry to lay some important historical groundwork for the remainder of Part One. It analyses the relevant sections of Hesiod’s Works and Days in order to articulate the five theses of The Traditional View of Justice, according to which being just is profitable and prudent because the gods reward just behaviour and punish unjust behaviour. Next, the chapter briefly surveys two historical developments, which both resulted in some tension for The Traditional View and set the stage for the 5th Century sophistic challenge to justice—namely, the growing influence of Hesiod’s work on Greek culture at large and a growing religious skepticism among the intellectual elite.
The 5th-Century Defence of Justice
Authors: Anderson Merrick 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the 5th Century sophistic defence of justice by offering an analysis of the ‘Anonymous Iamblichi,’ Prodicus’ ‘Choice of Heracles,’ and the fragments of Democritus, which aims to do three things. First, it shows that these authors—the Friends of Justice—were consciously responding to earlier critics of justice. This plausibly explains why, second of all, they do not rely on the existence of interventionist gods. In contrast to the earliest defenders of justice, these Friends accept the secular assumptions held by the Moral Cynics and still argue that justice is more profitable than injustice. Finally, the analysis suggests that because the Friends object to the Cynics and argue that justice is more profitable than injustice, they should be seen as advancing a modernised version of The Traditional View of Justice.
A Challenge Old and New
Authors: Anderson Merrick 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a close reading of the first two books of Republic in order to argue that they draw from and engage with the debate about justice discussed earlier. It is argued that Glaucon and Adeimantus’ challenge to justice is both old and new: it is old insofar as most of the arguments draw from the arguments of the earlier Moral Cynics, but it is new insofar as it features one subversive argument about a reputation for justice that is not anticipated by any 5th Century text. The chapter then shows that even this new argument must be understood as evolving out of the earlier debate, for with it Plato intends to expose a flaw in the thinking of earlier Friends. The chapter ends by suggesting that Plato’s identification of this weakness of past defences of justice pointed the way toward a better and more satisfying defence of justice. This new defence promised to successfully respond to the Cynics and finally vindicate the central claim of The Traditional View of Justice.
The Division of Goods and the Defence of Justice
Authors: Anderson Merrick 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter Six argues that the central argument of Republic is designed to demonstrate the value of justice in a way that avoids the problems faced by the 5th Century Friends of Justice. The author argues that Book II’s famous distinction between the value something possesses ‘because of itself’ [δι᾽ αὑτό] and the value it possesses ‘because of the things that arise from it’ [διὰ τὰ γιγνόμενα ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ] distinguishes between one type of value that depends on something’s intrinsic features as well as the effects it produces by its nature and another type of value, which is realised only when that thing is recognised and responded to by other agents. The significance of this distinction becomes clear against the historical background discussed earlier in the book. When Plato has Socrates demonstrate that justice is valuable ‘because of itself’ in the remainder of Republic, he is having Socrates argue that justice will contribute to the prospering of the just individual even if it is never recognised. By arguing that justice is valuable ‘because of itself’ Plato offers a novel defence of justice and its place in the prosperous human life that is immune to the criticisms of the Moral Cynics.
Tingkat Pengetahuan Lansia Tentang Obat Antihipertensi di Desa Simbatan, Kecamatan Sarirejo Kabupaten Lamongan
Authors: Choti'ah Faridhotul Nur , Ratnasari Diah 
Published: May 2024

Berdasarkan hasil survey pendahuluan tentang tingkat pengetahuan lansia terhadap obat Antihipertensi menunjukkan 7 dari 10 responden tidak mengetahui penggunaan obat antihipertensi dengan tepat. Mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan lansia terhadap obat antihipertensi. Jenis penelitian bersifat nonexperimental menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Populasi adalah masyarakat Desa Simbatan yang melakukan kunjungan ke Posyandu sebanyak 80 orang, pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara total sampling. Terdapat sebanyak 56 orang (70%) memiliki pengetahuan cukup terhadap obat antihipertensi, sedangkan berdasarkan pernyataan kuesioner tingkat pengetahuan lansia mayoritas responden menjawab benar pada pernyataan obat darah tinggi mempunyai efek samping berbeda- beda seperti buang air kecil sebanyak 80 (100%). Tingkat pengetahuan hipertensi pasien lansia di Desa Simbatan Kecamatan Sarirejo Kabupaten Lamongan Jawa Timur dapat dikategorikan cukup (70%).
Using Chemotherapeutic Drugs to Trigger Hematopoietic Stem Cell Activation and Determine Hematological Toxicity
Authors: Boles Nathan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) replenish blood cells throughout the lifetime of an animal. Maintaining the HSC pool is of paramount importance to the survival of the organism. Thus, when treating a patient or an animal with chemotherapeutic agents, all care must be taken to ensure that the HSC pool is minimally damaged while simultaneously eradicating the target population. Discussed here is a method to assess the potency of chemotherapeutic drugs on the hematopoietic system, their ability to activate the HSC compartment, and the damage done to the HSC pool. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 47:22.1.1‐22.1.6. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cognitive–behavioral mechanisms in a pain‐avoidance and a pain‐persistence treatment for high‐risk fibromyalgia patients
Authors: van Koulil S. , Kraaimaat F. W. , van Lankveld W. , van Helmond T. , Vedder A. , van Hoorn H. , Donders A. R. T. , Thieme K. , Cats H. , van Riel P. L. C. M. , Evers A. W. M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe heterogeneity of cognitive–behavioral patterns in patients with fibromyalgia (FM) has been proposed to underlie the variability in treatment outcomes. It has previously been shown that pain‐avoidance and pain‐persistence treatments tailored to the patient's pattern are effective in improving physical and psychological functioning and overall impact in high‐risk patients with heigthened psychological distress. In the present study, the cognitive–behavioral effects of these treatments were evaluated to provide insight into the main proposed mechanisms, specifically pain‐avoidance behaviors and activity pacing in the pain‐avoidance and pain‐persistence treatments, respectively.MethodsHigh‐risk FM patients were classified into 2 groups, pain avoidance and pain persistence, and randomized in groups to the relevant treatment or waiting‐list control condition. The pain‐avoidance and pain‐persistence treatments both comprised 16 twice‐weekly sessions of cognitive–behavioral therapy and exercise training. Cognitive–behavioral factors assessed at pre‐ and posttreatment and 6 months of followup were evaluated using linear mixed models.ResultsA significant treatment effect was found for pain‐avoidance behavior in the pain‐avoidance treatment and for activity pacing in the pain‐persistence treatment, showing improvements in the treatment condition relative to the controls. Furthermore, the effect on functioning was mediated by changes in pain‐avoidance behavior in the pain‐avoidance treatment and by changes in activity pacing in the pain‐persistence treatment. Both treatments also showed significant improvements in other relevant cognitive–behavioral factors.ConclusionBoth the pain‐avoidance and pain‐persistence treatments are effective in improving cognitive–behavioral factors in high‐risk FM patients. Pain‐avoidance behavior and activity pacing might be important mediating mechanisms for beneficial outcomes in pain‐avoidance and pain‐persistence treatments, respectively.
Bioinspired Strong and Highly Porous Glass Scaffolds
Authors: Fu Qiang , Saiz Eduardo , Tomsia Antoni P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe quest for more efficient energy‐related technologies is driving the development of porous and high‐performance structural materials with exceptional mechanical strength. Natural materials achieve their strength through complex hierarchical designs and anisotropic structures that are extremely difficult to replicate synthetically. We emulate nature’s design by direct‐ink‐write assembling of glass scaffolds with a periodic pattern, and controlled sintering of the filaments into anisotropic constructs similar to biological materials. The final product is a porous glass scaffold with a compressive strength (136 MPa) comparable to that of cortical bone and a porosity (60%) comparable to that of trabecular bone. The strength of this porous glass scaffold is ∼100 times that of polymer scaffolds and 4–5 times that of ceramic and glass scaffolds with comparable porosities reported elsewhere. The ability to create both porous and strong structures opens a new avenue for fabricating scaffolds for a broad array of applications, including tissue engineering, filtration, lightweight composites, and catalyst support.
Multifunctional Nanoparticles Composed of A Poly( dl‐lactide‐coglycolide) Core and A Paramagnetic Liposome Shell for Simultaneous Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Targeted Therapeutics
Authors: Liao Zhenyu , Wang Hanjie , Wang Xiaodong , Zhao Peiqi , Wang Sheng , Su Wenya , Chang Jin 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA multifunctional nanoscale platform that is self‐assembled from a hydrophobic poly( dl‐lactide‐coglycolide)(PLGA) core and a hydrophilic paramagnetic‐folate‐coated PEGylated lipid shell (PFPL; PEG=polyethylene glycol) is designed for simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and targeted therapeutics. The nanocomplex has a well‐defined core‐shell structure which is studied using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The paramagnetic diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid‐gadolinium (DTPA‐Gd) chelated to the shell layer exhibits significantly higher spin–lattice relaxivity (r1) than the clinically used small‐molecular‐weight MRI contrast agent Magnevist®. The PLGA core serves as a nanocontainer to load and release the hydrophobic drugs. From a drug‐release study, it is found that the modification of the PLGA core with a polymeric liposome shell can be a useful tool for reducing the drug‐release rate. Cellular uptake of folate nanocomplex is found to be higher than that of non‐folate‐nanocomplex due to the folate‐binding effect on the cell membrane. This work indicates that the multifunctional platform with combined characteristics applicable to MRI and drug delivery may have great potential in cancer chemotherapy and diagnosis.
Determining the impact factors of secondary journals: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lokker Cynthia , Haynes R. Brian , McKibbon K. Ann , Wilczynski Nancy L. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSecondary journals such as Evidence‐Based Medicine, ACP Journal Club, and Evidence‐Based Nursing summarize, from over 150 clinical journals, articles that pass criteria for scientific merit, clinical relevance, and interest to practicing clinicians. We performed a retrospective cohort study to validate the selection process used to produce the secondary journals by calculating the 2007 impact factors for these journals using articles that were abstracted and originally published in 2005–2006. The ‘impact factors’ for the secondary journals were calculated using 2007 citations to included articles. These were compared to the published impact factors and mean citations of the source journals. 2005/2006 articles in the secondary journals were originally published in 82 journals with ISI impact factors (median 4.1, range 0.85–52.9). The calculated impact factors for the secondary journals were 39.5 for ACP Journal Club, 30.2 for Evidence‐Based Medicine, and 9.3 for Evidence‐Based Nursing. Limitations include articles coming from only 150 journal titles and the inclusion of these articles may in fact stimulate citations. We conclude that evidence‐based secondary journals include articles at the time of publication that go on to garner more citations on average than other articles in the source publications.
Die ‘Krüppelfürsorge’ in der Weimarer Republik. Zwischen eigenem Standpunkt und diskursiver Anschlussfähigkeit an eugenische Argumentationsstrukturen
Authors: Weinert Sebastian 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe ‘Krüppelfürsorge’ during the Weimar Republic. Oscillating between an Own Position and the Adoption of Eugenic Arguments. This article examines the discourse about physical disability led by the German ‘Krüppelfürsor‐ge’. It deals with the exhibition GeSoLei (Gesundheitspflege, soziale Fürsorge and Leibesübungen), which took place in Düsseldorf in 1926. The GeSoLei was one of the most popular platforms of the healthy and aesthetic body in the 1920s. It stood in the context of the German ‘national recovery’ after World War I and collected all types of medical, social and athletic professionals to expose their work to a broader audience. Also representatives of the so called ‘Krüppelfürsorge’ presented themselves and at the same time their perspective on people with physical disabilities on this exhibition. The article points out the ambivalent character of their perspective and shows the mixture of including and excluding people with physical disabilities, which was typical for the view of the ‘Krüppelfürsorge’. It demonstrates that the ‘Krüppelfürsorger’ on the one hand were quite progressive towards people with disabilities, but on the other hand showed a striking openness towards eugenic values.
Biophysikalisches Doppelleben, 1939–1946. Oder: Räume der Lange‐weile. Zur (Nicht‐)Zäsur des ‘Informationsdiskurses’
Authors: Stadler Max 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBiophysical Double‐lives, 1939–1946. Or: Spaces of Boredom. On ‘Information Discourse’ and (Dis)continuities in the Life Sciences. Arguably, few things have shaped the historiography of the mid‐twentieth century psy‐sciences (and indeed, of the life sciences and science/technology/intellectual life quite generally) more profoundly than the story of cybernetics. This essay aims to undermine this technofuturistic picture of epistemological upheavals, of cyborg regimes of knowing, and of the incipient post‐human, by reinserting back into the story the rather dull and unspectacular lives (and occupations) of the great majority of British, ‘diverted’ biologists during World War II. Instead of Ratio Clubbers or Macy‐Conference frequenters, this essay is concerned with a much larger population of would‐be biologists and their most pedestrian appropriations of, and exposures to, electronics. What I argue is that the prevalence and systematicity of such exposures in the course of the personnel‐hungry radio‐war points to a very different – low‐key – picture of the war/technology‐induced deflections of biological science at mid‐century. As an example of how deeply at odds narrations of cybernetic's ascent tend to sit with developments on ground level, special attention will be devoted to the physiologists‐turned‐radar‐scientists Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley, and their war‐time, or more properly, spare‐time investigations into the biophysics of nerve. The latter – technical, difficult, and utterly unphilosophical – while absent from the cyber‐theme‐focused historiography, provided the basis for the tremendous impact Hodkgin and Huxley would in fact have on the mainstream, disciplinarily conservative physiological sciences; the larger aim however is to weave these far from peculiar biographical trajectories into a somewhat bigger picture of the intersections between radar electronics and biological science: a picture which does not centre on sensational discourses but on mundane electronic practices; and thus, on the generational experience of those who were known at the time as “ex radar folk with biological leanings”.
Correction of confounding bias in non‐randomized studies by appropriate weighting
Authors: Schmoor Claudia , Gall Christine , Stampf Susanne , Graf Erika 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn non‐randomized studies, the assessment of a causal effect of treatment or exposure on outcome is hampered by possible confounding. Applying multiple regression models including the effects of treatment and covariates on outcome is the well‐known classical approach to adjust for confounding. In recent years other approaches have been promoted. One of them is based on the propensity score and considers the effect of possible confounders on treatment as a relevant criterion for adjustment. Another proposal is based on using an instrumental variable. Here inference relies on a factor, the instrument, which affects treatment but is thought to be otherwise unrelated to outcome, so that it mimics randomization. Each of these approaches can basically be interpreted as a simple reweighting scheme, designed to address confounding. The procedures will be compared with respect to their fundamental properties, namely, which bias they aim to eliminate, which effect they aim to estimate, and which parameter is modelled. We will expand our overview of methods for analysis of non‐randomized studies to methods for analysis of randomized controlled trials and show that analyses of both study types may target different effects and different parameters. The considerations will be illustrated using a breast cancer study with a so‐called Comprehensive Cohort Study design, including a randomized controlled trial and a non‐randomized study in the same patient population as sub‐cohorts. This design offers ideal opportunities to discuss and illustrate the properties of the different approaches.