bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Seeding Rates and Row Spacing on Forage and Grain Production of Triticale, Wheat, and Rye1
Authors: Bishnoi U. R. 
Published: July 2010

Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) is being used for supplemental winter grazing and has potential to be a grain crop in the southeastern U. S. There is little information on the effect of cultural practices on the agronomic performance of triticale. An experiment was conducted on a Decatur silty clay loam soil (Rhodic Paleudult) to study the effects of two row spacings (12.5 and 25 cm) and three seeding rates (50, 75, and 100 kg/ha) for two growing seasons on the performance of a triticale cultivar, 6TA 131, in comparison with commonly grown Wrens Abruzzi rye (Secale cereale L.) and Arthur 71 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).Differences in forage yields due to row spacing and seeding rates of triticale, wheat, and rye were highly significant. The optimum rate of seeding for triticale appears to be 75 and 100 kg/ha for grain and forage production, respectively, when planted at 12.5‐cm row spacings. In wheat and rye, seeding rates of 75 and 100 kg/ha produced significantly more forage, whereas seeding at 50 kg /ha was adequate for grain yields. Clipping effects on triticale and wheat grain yields were inconsistent, but reduced rye yield considerably.
The Sp1 Locus in Soybean Codes for β‐amylase1
Authors: Hildebrand D. F. , Hymowitz T. 
Published: July 2010

One hundred F2 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seeds from the cross PI 87525 ✕ ‘Ebony’ and 116 cultivars from Maturity Groups 00 through IV were analyzed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amylase assays to determine whether Sp1a and Sp1b seed protein bands were the same as the slow and fast amylase variant bands. In the PI 87525 ✕ Ebony cross, the slow and fast amylase variant bands had precisely the same segregation ratios and the same electrophoretic mobilities as the Sp1a and Sp1b protein bands. For 114 out of 116 cultivars tested, exact correspondence was obtained for Sp1a and slow amylase bands, and Sp1b and fast amylase bands. ‘Chestnut’ lacked an amylase band, however, the Sp1a seed protein band was present. ‘Altona’ was a mixture of genotypes that lacked or had the amylase band. The Altona genotype that had the fast amylase band also had the Sp1b band. The Altona genotype that lacked an amylase band also lacked a Sp1 seed protein band. From the data obtained, we believe that the slow and fast amylase bands are the Sp1a and Sp1b seed protein bands.The use of selective α and β‐amylase inhibition and studies of the hydrolysis of amylopectin by the amylase variant support the hypothesis that the Sp1 locus in soybeans codes for β‐amylase.
Resistance to Soybean Rust and Mode of Inheritance1
Authors: Bromfield K. R. , Hartwig E. E. 
Published: July 2010

A study was conducted in containment facilities to determine the reaction to Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. (soybean rust) isolates from widely separated geographic areas on seven soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] strains rated moderately resistant in field planting in Taiwan. Additional studies were conducted to determine the mode of inheritance of resistance to several rust isolates. Soybean strains PI 230970 and PI 230971 were resistant when inoculated with P. pachyrhizi isolates Australia‐72‐1, India‐73‐1, Philippines‐77‐1, and Taiwan‐72‐1. The other five soybean strains, although rated moderately resistant in field planting in Taiwan, were rated susceptible in these studies. All were rated resistant to an isolate with low virulence from Puerto Rico.Individual trifoliolate leaves of soybean plants of an F2 population of ‘Centennial’ × PI 230970 were inoculated with rust isolates from three different geographic areas. Plants rated as resistant to one isolate were resistant to all isolates. Similarly, plants rated susceptible to one isolate were susceptible to all isolates. A ratio of 92 resistant to 31 susceptible was obtained. Twenty‐five F2 plants from the cross D75‐10169 × PI 230971 gave 19 resistant and six susceptible plants after inoculation with the Taiwan isolate. The results suggest a single dominant gene for resistance to soybean rust.
Sampling Sorghum Plots for Kernel Protein1
Authors: Ross W. M. , Ritter R. , Maranville J. W. 
Published: July 2010

When yields of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] plots are determined from unthreshed head weights, as is common in large breeding programs, grain quality analyses must be based on head sampling. Protein contents of kernel samples composited from midpanicle branches of five to seven heads per plot were compared with the protein in samples from threshed whole plots in two grain hybrid experiments of 100 and 120 entries each and in one experiment of 20 parental lines to evaluate the accuracy of head sampling.Protein differences between sampling methods were low (0.5, 0.1. and 0.4%), but statistically significant within the three experiments. Simple correlation coefficients between sampling methods were highly significant (0.65, 0.70, and 0.83) for the three experiments.The method ✕ entry Interaction was significant for protein only in the first hybrid experiment, probably due to sampling problems arising from selfed heads of certain female parents. In all cases, the entries ✕ methods mean squares were relatively low, which suggested that analyses of five to seven head samples using near‐infrared reflectance would be satisfactory for screening homogeneous lines and hybrids for grain protein.
Parent‐Progeny Regression Estimates and Associations of Height Level with Aluminum Toxicity and Grain Yield in Wheat1
Authors: Camargo C. E. O. , Kronstad W. E. , Metzger R. J. 
Published: July 2010

Concerns regarding possible associations between plant height and A1 tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) led to this investigation. Standard height, low grain yield potential, A1 tolerant cultivars ‘BH 1146’ and ‘Atlas 66’ and semidwarf, high grain yield potential, A1 sensitive cultivars ‘Tordo’ and ‘Siete Cerros’ were crossed in a diallel fashion. Parents, F1's, F2's and reciprocal backcrosses were tested for their seedling reaction to 6 ppm of A1. Plant height and grain yield were determined for the same populations at maturity.Parent‐progeny regression estimates for A1 tolerance and plant height were high (b = 0.903) but intermediate (b = 0.507) for grain yield. Genotypic, phenotypic and environmental correlations, between A1 tolerance with plant height and grain yield, respectively, were not significant. Grain yield and plant height correlations ranged from 0.274 to 0.813 and were significant (P = 0.01).Results suggest it would be possible to select plant types which combine A1 tolerance and semidwarf height levels; however, large F2 populations will be required. Tordo appears to be the most promising dwarfing source for the development of semidwarf cultivars adapted to soils with high A1, but poor seed quality could be a limiting factor using this source of germplasm.
Influence of Triticum timopheevii Cytoplasm on Pollen Production and Dispersal in Common Wheat1
Authors: Johnson Jerry W. , Patterson F. L. 
Published: July 2010

Breeders of hybrid hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. aestivum group) are developing R‐lines (pollinators) with cytoplasm and male‐fertility restorer genes derived from Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. var. timopheevii. It is important to determine if such R‐lines have reduced pollen production and dispersal compared to their respective B‐lines.The soft wheat cultivar ‘Monon’ was compared to three recovered backcross Monon‐type R‐lines with both cytoplasm and nuclear male‐fertility restorer factors derived from T. timopheevii. Pollen production and dispersal were measured by pollen collection in automatic spore traps, percent anther extrusion, and percent seed set on A‐lines.In spore trap comparisons A‐line 68846L2 dispersed significantly fewer total pollen grains than Monon, 1559 vs. 1975. The patterns of daily dispersal over the 7‐day period were generally similar for the R‐line and Monon although a significant day × pollinator interaction occurred.The three R‐lines were equal to Monon in anther extrusion with an average of 92% of the anthers extruded. The R‐lines and Monon were equally effective as pollinators in effecting seed set on three A‐lines (mean=60%). The small reduction in pollen dispersal of R‐lines was not great enough to reduce the effectiveness of the R‐lines as pollinators when compared to Monon at the 60% level of seed set for A‐lines in these experiments.
Relationship Between Harvest Indices and other Plant Characteristics in Soybean1
Authors: Schapaugh W. T. , Wilcox J. R. 
Published: July 2010

Indeterminate, semideterminate, and determinate soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] strains in maturity groups I, II, III, and IV were grown to examine relationships among actual harvest index (seed yleld/above‐ground bicmass), apparent harvest index (seed yield/above‐ground mature plant weight), seed yield, plant height, maturity, and other plant characteristics.Highly significant correlations between the actual and apparent harvest index means indicated that the apparent harvest index adequately reflected the actual harvest index of a genotype. Therefore, measurement of the apparent harvest index should permit a valid comparison of the relative efficiency of a set of genotypes.The actual and apparent harvest indices were inversely correlated with biological yield (above‐ground biomass), vegetative yield (above‐ground non‐grain biomass), the components of vegetative yield (straw weight and leaf weight), maturity, and plant height. The latter six characteristics were positively correlated. Harvest index and seed yield were not consistently related from one season to the next. No relationship was detected between the growth habit and the harvest index of a genotype.Correlations between the 1975 and 1976 means revealed that the relative performance of the entries based on harvest index means was less erratic than the relative performance based on seed yield.
Combining Ability for Agronomic and Fiber Properties in Cotton Stocks Resistant to Pink Bollworm1
Authors: Wilson F. D. , George B. W. 
Published: July 2010

Twelve agronomic and fiber properties were studied in six cotton parents (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and their hybrid and reciprocal combinations in 1977 and 1978 in insecticide‐free environments at Tempe Ariz. Two parents, ‘Deltapine 61’ (DPL‐61) and ‘Stoneville 256’ (St 256), are commercial cultivars and the other four are race and breeding stocks selected for resistance to pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), in earlier tests. One race stock, Texas 167 (T‐167), was similar in all 12 characters with at least one cultivar.Significant general combining ability (GCA) estimates for most characters suggested that transferring resistance to PBW from T‐167 to a cultivar should pose no formidable breeding problems. Significant specific combining ability (SCA) estimates were few and probably of little consequence except perhaps for lint yield in DPL‐61 ✕ T‐167 in 1977.A resistant Upland breeding stock, AET‐5, did not perform as well in relation to the cultivars as T‐167 in 1977 when seed damage from PBW was low, but performed better in 1978, when damage was much higher. Results of the diallel analysis suggest that AET‐5 will be more difficult to handle than T‐167 as a breeding stock. Apparently, the mechanisms of resistance in T‐167 and AET‐5 are different. It may be possible to extract a segregate from T‐167 ✕ AET‐5 hybrids with enhanced resistance, but probably not with agronomic and fiber properties equal to those of the cultivars. The best use for such segregates would be as sources of PBW resistance to be incorporated into superior germplasm. The other two race stocks, T‐31 and T‐55, were inferior to the cultivars as well as to T‐167 and AET‐5 for most characters.
Breeding Methodology in Wheat. I. Determination of Characters Measured on F2 Spaced Plants for Yield Selection in Spring Wheat1
Authors: McVetty P. B. E. , Evans L. E. 
Published: July 2010

Three crosses of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) involving the cultivar ‘Glenlea’ as a common female parent were used to evaluate the use of physiological and/or morphological parameters alone or in combination on F2 plants as selection criteria to identify high‐yielding F4 bulks. The F2 generation was grown as spaced plants in the field under two types of environmental regimes: (1) a regime and (2) a normal regime. Stress‐free plants were given regular irrigation, optimum fertilization and complete weed control to minimize stress while the normal‐regime plants were given no special treatment. Two hundred plants of each cross were measured for physiological, morphological, yield‐component, and phenological traits. A random sample of 50 seeds from each of these plants was used to generate F4 bulks. For each cross, groups of 45 F4 bulks derived from stress‐free F2's and 75 F4 bulks derived from normal F2's were tested for yield in the F4 in a six‐replicate, partially balanced lattice design.The results indicated that single F2 parameters which described source capacity, sink capacity or plant morphology all identified high‐yield potential in the F2; however, at 15% selection intensity only 17 out of 53 high‐yielding F4 bulks were retained. A multiple regression analysis was found to be better than a single parameter approach, retaining nearly half (24 out of 53) of the high‐yielding lines. A combined‐cross analysis indicated that yield, productivity, kernel number, peduncle length, and productivity per tiller were all significantly correlated with F4 bulk yields. A multiple regression analysis of the combined crosses indicated that productivity and peduncle length were the only significant common parameters.
Stability of Hybrids Produced from Selected and Unselected Lines of Maize1
Authors: e Gama Elto E. G. , Hallauer A. R. 
Published: July 2010

Interpopulation and intrapopulation single‐cross hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.) produced from selected and unselected lines were compared [or grain yield productivity and stability. Selected lines were chosen from paired plant interpopulation crosses tested from S0 ✕ S0 through S4 ✕ S4 generations, whereas unselected lines were derived by single‐seed descent from the S0 plants. Our objective was to compare relative stability of grain yield among hybrids produced from selected and unselected lines. Mean grain yield and stability analysis of variance, which included linear regression coefficient (bl) and deviations from the regression (sd2), were used to determine relative stability of the single‐cross hybrids. Simple correlation coefficients among mean grain yield, bl, and sd2 also were determined.Hybrids of selected lines produced significantly greater grain yield than did hybrids of unselected lines. Significant hybrid‐environment interactions were detected for both groups of hybrids, and both groups had similar contributions to total hybrid‐environment variances. Hybrids of selected and unselected lines had significantly different regression coefficients, as indicated by the hybrid‐environment (linear) mean squares. Both groups hybrids had similar number of stable hybrids when both stability parameters (bl and sd2) were considered. Simple correlations between mean yield and bl and mean yield and sd2 for both groups of hybrids were highly significant (P ⩽ 0.01), but they were not great enough to have predictive value. It seems selection of hybrids for mean yield across environments should be emphasized first, and then the relative stability of the elite hybrids over environments should be determined.
Seedling Age and Cold Treatment Effects on Induction of Panicle Production in Reed Canarygrass1
Authors: Heichel G. H. , Hovin A. W. , Henjum K. I. 
Published: July 2010

The objective of this investigation was to determine plant age and environmental factors influencing panicle emergence and production in reed canarygrass (Phalarls arundinacea L.). Seedlings of ‘Rise’ and ‘Vantage’ grown in the glasshouse at 27/19 C (day/night, warm) temperatures and a 16‐hour photoperiod for seven periods ranging from 1 to 13 weeks of growth after emergence, were exposed to cold treatments at 6 ± 1 C in a growth chamber for an 8‐ or 16‐hour photoperiod. About 75% of 4‐week or older seedlings were vernalized effectively with 12 to 15 weeks of cold treatment, and flowered 3 weeks after being returned to warm, 16‐hour days. Twenty‐two percent of the seedlings that received cold treatment starting 3 weeks after emergence produced panicles, but 1‐ and 2‐week‐old seedlings did not. Four‐week old seed. lings required at least 9 weeks of cold treatment before some panicles were produced. Panicle production per plant after 12 weeks of cold treatment was greater for 13‐ than for 4‐week‐old seedlings.Percentage of plants with emerged panicles and panicle production were greater with the 8‐ than with the 16‐ hour photoperiod during cold treatment. When 60% of the herbage was ronoved immediately before onset of the cold treatments, percentage of plants with panicles, duration of panicle emergence, and panicles produced per plant were reduced as compared to those left uncut. Eighty.eight percent of the panicles produced in Vantage arose from tillers that emerged from the soil during cold treatment. The 12‐week cold treatment in a controlled environment was also effective in causing panicle formation on 22 diverse reed canarygrass clones. The procedure will enable plant breeders to reduce intergeneration time and to make crosses in reed canarygrass within 5 months after seeding or vegetative propagation of parent material.
An Association between Resistance to Bacterial Wilt and Nitrogen Fixation in Alfalfa1
Authors: Viands D. R. , Barnes D. K. , Frosheiser F. I. 
Published: July 2010

Bacterial wilt (BW), a major disease of alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.), is caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium insidiosum (McCull.) H. L. Jens. Symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation of alfalfa involves the bacterium Rhizobium meliloti Dang. The objective of this research was to determine if factors conditioning resistance to BW were associated with plant characteristics related to N2‐fixation in alfalfa. In one study, alfalfa gene pools segregating for different types of resistances to BW were grown in nil‐nitrate greenhouse sandbenches. Each plant was evaluated for acetylene reduction rate, top dry weight, nodule mass score, nodule number score, fibrous root score, and secondary root score. The same plants were then inoculated with C. insidiosum and later evaluated for resistance to BW. In two other studies, breeding lines that had been selected in the greenhouse for acetylene reduction rate, top dry weight, nodule mass, and fibrous root mass were evaluated in the field for resistance to BW.Correlation coefficients between resistance to BW and acetylene reduction rate and between BW and nodule mass were low but significant in one gene pool where resistance to BW was conditioned by an additive gene system. In the second gene pool where a dominant gene conditioned resistance to BW, there was no apparent association between BW resistance and N2‐fixation. In the field studies, lines selected for high levels of N2‐fixation‐associated characteristics, especially nodule mass and top weight, were generally more susceptible to BW than lines selected for low levels of N2‐fixation. Selection for high levels of N2‐fixation did not affect either fall dormancy response, resistance to Phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora megasperma Drechs., or resistance to Fusarium wilt caused Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. medicaginis (Weimer) Synd. & Hans. Breeding for high levels of N2‐fixation could increase susceptibility to BW unless plant breeders monitor resistance or utilize the dominant gene (BW1) source of resistance.
Sugarbeet Fruit Germination and Emergence under Moisture and Temperature Stress1
Authors: Akeson W. R. , Henson M. A. , Freytag A. H. , Westfall D. G. 
Published: July 2010

Poor fruit germination and emergence of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) due to moisture and temperature stress can limit satisfactory stand establishment. Our objective was to evaluate laboratory procedures which measure germination and emergence potential under moisture and temperature stress and to use these tests for development of fruit treatments for improving field emergence under stress conditions.Germination tests were conducted on blotter paper using polyethylene glycol 600 osmotic solutions to induce moisture stress. Emergence through a 2.5 cm layer of greenhouse soil mix (Ascalon sandy loam and peat, 1:1 V/V) was used to evaluate the effect of fruit treatments on emergence under moisture and temperature stress. The soil mix, initially at —1/3 bar matric potential, dried to —10 to —5 bar matric potential during the course of the test. Emergence through a 3.3 can layer of packed silica sand (3.5% water — wt/wt) was used to evaluate treatments under temperature, moisture and impedance stress tests conducted at 9, 15, or 26 C. Field trials were used to confirm results of laboratory tests.Germination of sugarbeet fruit decreased with increas. ing osmotically simulated moisture stress from 0 to —7 bar water potential after which no germination occurred. Increasing the moisture stress from 0 to —4 bar potential decreased the rate of germination, but not the final germination percent, while both rate and final germination percent decreased sharply as moisture stress went from —4 to —8 bars. Removal of the pericarp decreased the water requirement for germination at a given rate by 2 bars, indicating that the pericarp is a major factor limiting germination and emergence under moisture and temperature stress.Treatment of the fruit with 1.0 N HCI for 2 hours significantly improved germination and emergence under moisture and temperature stress conditions in laboratory and field trials. Excessive acid treatment damaged the true seed. The acid treatment did not improve the emergence where impedance was the major stress or in the absence of moisture and temperature stress. Temperature affects not only the rate and extent of germination, but also the moisture requirement. The sugarbeet fruit germination at —5 bar matric potential and 26 C was equal to that at —1 bar and 9 C.The germination of untreated fruits of eight cultivars ranged from 26 to 72% at —1 bar matric potential and 9 C, and from 6 to 20% at —5 bar and 9 C. Acid treatment improved germination of all cultivars, but low germinating cultivars were improved the most.
Variation and Associations of Kernel Growth Characteristics in Maize Populations1
Authors: Poneleit C. G. , Egli D. B. , Cornelius P. L. , Reicosky D. A. 
Published: July 2010

The effective filling period (EFP) of maize (Zea mays L.) has been shown to be positively associated with yield and may be useful as a selection criterion for improved yield potential. The objectives of this study were to examine the range, distribution, and associations of EFP, kernel size, and keimel growth rate in unselected, genetically variable maize populations. About 40 individual plants within each of 10 synthetic or composite populations were examined in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, 20 S1 lines from 5 of the 10 populations were evaluated in two replications of a randomized complete block design. Significant variations for the kernel characteristics were observed among the populations as well as among genotypes (plants or S1 progeny rows) within the populations. The amount of variation appeared large enough so that selection for improved population yield potential would not be restricted by limited initial genetic variation and that certain extreme valiants might be useful as donors of the desirable long grain filling period.Significant phenotypic correlations were observed for maturity with the kernel characteristics in some but not all of the populations. Genetic correlations generally were of the same sign but larger than the phenotypic correlations. The correlation analyses suggested that physiological functions controlling the kernel growth characteristics could be separated from functions controlling maturity but that genetic linkages might be present in some germplasnis.