bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Get Up. Stand Up.’ Riding to resilience on a surfboard
Authors: Morgan Paul 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTGovernment policies sanctioning the systematic removal of Australian Aboriginal children from their families ended in the 1970s. However, trauma associated with removal remains active in the present day for those removed and their offspring, contributing to the pernicious interlinked set of health and social problems afflicting most Aboriginal communities. Child abuse and neglect are an important avenue of inter‐generational transmission of trauma leaving many Aboriginal children challenge‐averse and vulnerable to social disadvantage, substance abuse and mental health problems in later life. Child protection and health services have a poor record engaging and providing effective interventions to Aboriginal Australians. Sunset Surfers is a learn‐to‐surf programme targeting a disadvantaged urban neighbourhood with a high proportion of Aboriginal families. Qualitative evaluation shows that participants experienced positive effect associated with the challenging activity of learning to surf, allowing for reframing of children's negative beliefs about challenge. By providing an appropriate balance of challenge and support, and encouraging physical activity, Sunset Surfers represents a holistic, preventative approach to a pernicious array of social and health problems.
Parasitism and constitutive defence costs to host life‐history traits in a parasitoid–host interaction
Authors: NIOGRET J. , SAIT S. M. , ROHANI P. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract.1. The level of an organism's investment in defences against natural enemies depends on the fitness costs of resisting parasitism and on the costs of maintaining defences in the absence of infection. Heritable variation in resistance suggests that costs exist, but very little is known about the nature or magnitude of these costs in natural populations of animals.2. A powerful technique for identifying trade‐offs between fitness components is the study of correlated responses to artificial selection. We selected for increased resistance in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, following parasitism by the koinobiont parasitoid, Venturia canescens, and measured the cost of resistance to parasitism and the cost of maintaining resistance in the absence of immune challenge during the next generation.3. Parasitism decreased larval host size, growth, and developmental time and was significantly negatively correlated with the size of surviving host adults. Larvae of the next generation also had a reduced developmental period, whilst the duration of the invulnerable pupal instar was increased. There was no effect on host adult size and related fecundity in the F1 generation.
The potential ecological costs and cobenefits of REDD: a critical review and case study from the Amazon region
Authors: STICKLER CLAUDIA M. , NEPSTAD DANIEL C. , COE MICHAEL T. , McGRATH DAVID G. , RODRIGUES HERMANN O. , WALKER WAYNE S. , SOARES‐FILHO BRITALDO S. , DAVIDSON ERIC A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe United Nations climate treaty may soon include a mechanism for compensating tropical nations that succeed in reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, source of nearly one fifth of global carbon emissions. We review the potential for this mechanism [reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD)] to provoke ecological damages and promote ecological cobenefits. Nations could potentially participate in REDD by slowing clear‐cutting of mature tropical forest, slowing or decreasing the impact of selective logging, promoting forest regeneration and restoration, and expanding tree plantations. REDD could also foster efforts to reduce the incidence of forest fire. Potential ecological costs include the accelerated loss (through displaced agricultural expansion) of low‐biomass, high‐conservation‐value ecosystems, and substitution of low‐biomass vegetation by monoculture tree plantations. These costs could be avoided through measures that protect low‐biomass native ecosystems. Substantial ecological cobenefits should be conferred under most circumstances, and include the maintenance or restoration of (1) watershed functions, (2) local and regional climate regimes, (3) soils and biogeochemical processes, (4) water quality and aquatic habitat, and (5) terrestrial habitat. Some tools already being developed to monitor, report and verify (MRV) carbon emissions performance can also be used to measure other elements of ecosystem function, making development of MRV systems for ecological cobenefits a concrete possibility. Analysis of possible REDD program interventions in a large‐scale Amazon landscape indicates that even modest flows of forest carbon funding can provide substantial cobenefits for aquatic ecosystems, but that the functional integrity of the landscape's myriad small watersheds would be best protected under a more even spatial distribution of forests. Because of its focus on an ecosystem service with global benefits, REDD could access a large pool of global stakeholders willing to pay to maintain carbon in forests, thereby providing a potential cascade of ecosystem services to local stakeholders who would otherwise be unable to afford them.
NEW SOCIO‐SPATIAL FORMATIONS: PLACES OF RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION AND SEPARATION IN CZECHIA
Authors: SÝKORA LUDĚK 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe paper investigates places of residential segregation and separation in Czech cities and discusses them in the context of new socio‐spatial divisions that are emerging in the context of post‐socialist transformations in the Czech Republic. It is argued that in post‐socialist countries, where patterns shaped in previous decades still apply and new patterns conditioned by the mechanisms of capitalist society are emerging, the current pattern of segregation can be better understood by referring to specific socio‐spatial formations. Localities with concentrations of particular social groups (high and low social status populations, Roma and foreigners) are identified using a press survey, a survey of local government and analysis of census data. The concluding discussion is devoted to socio‐spatial formations that represent the most distinct forms of segregation and separation in the contemporary Czechia.
FEATURES AND DYNAMICS OF SOCIO‐SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION IN VIENNA AND THE VIENNA METROPOLITAN REGION
Authors: HATZ GERHARD 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTIn Vienna, globalisation has restructured urban society in terms of de‐industrialisation, occupational change, migration and unemployment. This paper focuses on the restructuring of urban society and the related neighbourhood changes in Vienna from 1971 to 2001. The study applies social area analysis and factorial ecology to identify the underlying dimensions in the formation of socio‐spatial patterns and neighbourhood change through a cross‐sectional analysis. The analysis does not directly reveal a trend towards spatial polarisation but rather supports the concept of emerging structural differentiations in a ‘quartered city’. Social housing policies on entitlements and the city's withdrawal as a housing developer just as it was embarking on subsidised urban renewal have contributed to an accentuation of structural differences. Extending the analysis to the Vienna metropolitan region indicates that suburbanisation is reinforcing a socio‐spatial polarisation within the city proper, exacerbated by the territorial fragmentation of social housing policies between the city and its suburban region.
AFTER URBAN RESTRUCTURING: RELOCATIONS AND SEGREGATION IN DUTCH CITIES
Authors: BOLT GIDEON , VAN KEMPEN RONALD , VAN WEESEP JAN 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTNumerous studies have been devoted to documenting the shifting patterns of ethnic segregation in the cities of the Netherlands during the past few decades. But an analysis of residential mobility that would reveal the mechanisms of change has rarely been included. In this paper such household mobility is studied against the background of the current urban restructuring policy. This policy consists of the selective demolition of inexpensive rented housing and the construction of homeowner dwellings in its stead, leading to changes in the social make‐up of neighbourhoods. The change is caused by the displacement of ethnic and other low‐income households, the result of their decisions how to use the incentives to move offered by the policy. Thus, this paper deals with the question how urban restructuring affects segregation patterns. Ethnic and socio‐economic variables are at the core of the analysis. The outcome is that while the social make‐up of neighbourhoods is altered, and low‐income households shift in space, the displacement does not contribute to desegregation.
Hyperlipidaemia induced by a high‐cholesterol diet leads to the deterioration of guanosine‐3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate/protein kinase G‐dependent cardioprotection in rats
Authors: Giricz Z , Görbe A , Pipis J , Burley DS , Ferdinandy P , Baxter GF 
Published: October 2009

Background and purpose:  Hyperlipidaemia interferes with cardioprotective mechanisms, but the cause of this phenomenon is largely unknown, although hyperlipidaemia impairs the cardioprotective NO–cGMP system. However, it is not known if natriuretic peptide–cGMP–protein kinase G (PKG) signalling is affected by hyperlipidaemia. Therefore, we investigated the cardioprotective efficacy of cGMP‐elevating agents in hearts from normal and hyperlipidaemic rats.Experimental approach:  Male Wistar rats were rendered hyperlipidaemic by feeding with 2% cholesterol‐enriched chow for 12 weeks. Hearts isolated from normal and hyperlipidaemic rats were perfused (Langendorff mode) and subjected to 30 min occlusion of the left main coronary artery, followed by 120 min reperfusion. 8‐Br‐cGMP (CG, 10 nM), B‐type natriuretic peptide‐32 (BNP, 10 nM), S‐nitroso‐N‐acetyl‐penicillamine (SNAP, 1 µM) were perfused from 10 min prior to coronary occlusion until the 15th min of reperfusion. Infarct size (% of ischaemic risk zone) was determined by triphenyltetrazolium staining.Key results:  Treatment with CG, SNAP or BNP decreased infarct size significantly in normal hearts from its control value of 41.6 ± 2.9% to 15.5 ± 2.4%, 23.3 ± 3.0% and 25.3 ± 4.6%, respectively (P < 0.05). Protection by BNP was abolished by co‐perfusion of PKG inhibitors KT5823 (600 nM) or Rp‐8pCPT‐PET‐cGMPs (1 µM), confirming its PKG dependence. In hearts from hyperlipidaemic rats, CG, SNAP or BNP failed to decrease infarct size. Hyperlipidaemia did not alter basal myocardial PKG content, but decreased its activity as assessed by phosphorylation of cardiac troponin I.Conclusions and implications:  This is the first demonstration that defects in the cardioprotective cGMP–PKG system could be a critical biochemical anomaly in hyperlipidaemia.
Severe and disabling constipation: An adverse effect of pregabalin
Authors: Kamel Jordan T. , D’Souza Wendyl J. , Cook Mark J. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe incidence of constipation as an adverse effect of pregabalin has previously been reported as low, with all cases described as either mild or moderate. From the experience of a tertiary referral epilepsy hospital center, we report several cases of severe and disabling constipation after initiating pregabalin, and resolving only on drug withdrawal. Of 80 consecutive patients, six (7.5%) developed significant constipation within 1–2 weeks of commencing pregabalin. Constipation was the most frequent adverse effect that required pregabalin to be withdrawn (6.3% of patients). The severity of symptoms was dose dependent. Pregabalin can cause marked constipation in some patients, and can lead to multiple unnecessary investigations and procedures if the clinician is not aware of this entirely reversible side effect.
A population‐based study of risk of epilepsy after hospitalization for traumatic brain injury
Authors: Ferguson Pamela L. , Smith Gigi M. , Wannamaker Braxton B. , Thurman David J. , Pickelsimer E. Elisabeth , Selassie Anbesaw W. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryPurpose:  This study was undertaken to determine the risk of developing posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) within 3 years after discharge among a population‐based sample of older adolescents and adults hospitalized with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in South Carolina. It also identifies characteristics related to development of PTE within this population.Methods:  A stratified random sample of persons aged 15 and older with TBI was selected from the South Carolina nonfederal hospital discharge dataset for four consecutive years. Medical records of recruits were reviewed, and they participated in up to three yearly follow‐up telephone interviews.Results:  The cumulative incidence of PTE in the first 3 years after discharge, after adjusting for loss to follow‐up, was 4.4 per 100 persons over 3 years for hospitalized mild TBI, 7.6 for moderate, and 13.6 for severe. Those with severe TBI, posttraumatic seizures prior to discharge, and a history of depression were most at risk for PTE. This higher risk group also included persons with three or more chronic medical conditions at discharge.Discussion:  These results raise the possibility that although some of the characteristics related to development of PTE are nonmodifiable, other factors, such as depression, might be altered with intervention. Further research into factors associated with developing PTE could lead to risk‐reducing treatments.
Complement Activity in Sera from Normal Adult Blood Donors: Its Relation to Blood Group, Rh*** (D) Type, Sex, Age and Weight
Authors: Marucci Americo A. , Chapman Orren D. 
Published: October 2009

Serum samples from 1,258 normal adult blood donors were assayed for complement activity. The average complement titer for the entire sample was 38.14. There was no difference in complement activity with respect to sex, blood group or Rh***(D) type. The level of circulating complement appears to be higher in older humans and in heavier individuals.In this kind of experimentation, the need for a standard complement for assay of different batches of sheep erythrocytes is emphasized.
Relationships between in Vivo Survival and (1) Density Distribution, (2) Osmotic Fragility of Previously Frozen, Autologous, Agglomerated, Deglycerolized Erythrocytes
Authors: Valeri C. Robert , McCallum Linda E. , Danon David 
Published: October 2009

In 39 autotransfusions, significant correlations were observed between (1) density distribution and (2) osmotic fragility and 24‐hour posttransfusion survival of chromium‐labeled human erythrocytes preserved with glycerol using a slow‐freeze agglomeration technic.The temperature of storage and the volume of isotonic saline used to disaggregate the agglomerated red cell mass were critical; optimum results were observed following storage of the preserved cells at –80 C and with disaggregation of the agglomerated red cell mass of each unit with 250 cc of isotonic saline.These data indicate that preserved cells with a marked increase in density and a marked decrease in osmotic fragility had a decreased posttransfusion survival. Within 24 hours following the infusion of preserved cells characterized by a marked increase in density and a marked decrease in osmotic fragility, temporary sequestration of a portion of cells was observed, with release of these cells noted on the third to fourth day following the transfusion.
Observations on Autologous, Previously Frozen, Deglycerolized, Agglomerated, Resuspended Red Cells
Authors: Valeri C. Robert , Runck Alan H. , McCallum Linda E. , Booth Wiley M. , Seiler Michael J. , Sobucki John P. 
Published: October 2009

Forty‐four units of human erythrocytes preserved with glycerol, the slow‐freeze technic, and agglomeration were evaluated by autotransfusions of chromium‐labeled 10 cc aliquots. The shipment of frozen glycerolized red cells in dry ice and of thawed, deglycerolized, resuspended red cells in wet ice did not adversely affect the in vivo or in vitro measurements. Excessive in vitro loss of cellular hemoglobin and unacceptable posttransfusion survival were observed when preserved erythrocytes were stored at + 4 C for longer than 24 hours, at —20 C for longer than three days, and at — 30 C for longer than seven days between periods of storage at — 80 C. A storage period at —20 C alone for 50 days resulted in poor preservation.Adenine supplementation of the glycerolized red cells (0.6 mM per liter) prior to freezing did not change significantly the in vivo or in vitro characteristics of red cells stored at the warmer temperatures.Highly significant correlations were noted between the 24‐hour posttransfusion survival and MCV, MCHC, osmotic fragility, and density distribution of the preserved red cells.
Studies on Stored Whole Blood
Authors: Shields C. E. 
Published: October 2009

Blood stored at 10 C displayed no more evidence of cell destruction in vitro than did blood stored at 4 C. Agitation for one hour at weekly intervals of storage was also not obviously damaging, nor was warming blood to 22 C for up to 16 hours. Exposure to 22 C for 24 hours led to erythrocyte deterioration that was most evident when units were more than 21 days old, and agitation plus this warming increased these signs of damage. Units stored as packed cells were moderately affected by exposure to 22 C for 24 hours, and agitation reinforced this effect. Posttransfusion survival of blood warmed to 22 C for 24 hours tended to be lower than nonwarmed controls; the warmed group average was below 70 per cent survival at 28 days of storage.From these studies, the temperature variation commonly encountered in clinical blood banking (4 C to 10 C and short exposure to 22 C prior to transfusion) would not appear to contribute significantly to erythrocyte damage unless the units were in the oldest stages of storage or had been exposed to warm temperatures for longer than 24 hours. Mechanical stress had minimal adverse effect, but this became more evident when blood was stored as packed cells or when whole blood had been stored for 21 days.
Assessment of the In Vitro Kinetic Activity of Caspofungin against
Candida glabrata
Authors: Nagappan V. , Boikov D. , Vazquez J. A. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Echinocandins have become the drug of choice in infections caused by
Candida glabrata
. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of caspofungin alone and in combination against
C. glabrata
. In vitro assays demonstrated that caspofungin alone showed excellent fungicidal activity against
C. glabrata
, including fluconazole-resistant strains. The combination of caspofungin and azole antifungals showed potential synergy against
C. glabrata
. Overall, caspofungin demonstrated excellent in vitro activity, alone and in combination, against strains of
C. glabrata
.
Analysis of Two Gene Clusters Involved in the Degradation of 4-Fluorophenol by
Arthrobacter
sp. Strain IF1
Authors: Ferreira Maria Isabel M. , Iida Toshiya , Hasan Syed A. , Nakamura Kaoru , Fraaije Marco W. , Janssen Dick B. , Kudo Toshiaki 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Arthrobacter
sp. strain IF1 is able to grow on 4-fluorophenol (4-FP) as a sole source of carbon and energy. To clone the 4-FP degradation genes, DNA libraries were constructed and screened with a probe obtained by PCR using primers designed on the basis of conserved regions of aromatic two-component monooxygenases. Sequencing of positive clones yielded two gene clusters, each harboring a gene encoding a monooxygenase with high sequence similarity to the oxygenase component of 4-nitrophenol and 4-chlorophenol monooxygenase systems. Both these monooxygenase genes were differentially expressed during growth on 4-FP, as revealed by Northern blotting and reverse transcription-PCR. One cluster also contained a gene for a flavin reductase. The monooxygenase and reductase were purified from
Escherichia coli
cells expressing the corresponding genes, and together they catalyzed NADH-dependent hydroxylation and dehalogenation of 4-halophenols. The results indicate that strain IF1 transforms 4-FP to hydroquinone by a two-component monooxygenase system of which one component provides reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide at the expense of NADH and the other catalyzes
para
-hydroxylation of 4-FP and other 4-substituted phenols.
Autoaggregation Response of
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Authors: Merritt Justin , Niu Guoqing , Okinaga Toshinori , Qi Felicia 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Fusobacterium nucleatum
is a gram-negative oral bacterial species associated with periodontal disease progression. This species is perhaps best known for its ability to adhere to a vast array of other bacteria and eukaryotic cells. Numerous studies of
F. nucleatum
have examined various coaggregation partners and inhibitors, but it is largely unknown whether these interactions induce a particular genetic response. We tested coaggregation between
F. nucleatum
ATCC strain 25586 and various species of
Streptococcus
in the presence of a semidefined growth medium containing saliva. We found that this condition could support efficient coaggregation but, surprisingly, also stimulated a similar degree of autoaggregation. We further characterized the autoaggregation response, since few reports have examined this in
F. nucleatum
. After screening several common coaggregation inhibitors, we identified
l
-lysine as a competitive inhibitor of autoaggregation. We performed a microarray analysis of the planktonic versus autoaggregated cells and found nearly 100 genes that were affected after only about 60 min of aggregation. We tested a subset of these genes via real-time reverse transcription-PCR and confirmed the validity of the microarray results. Some of these genes were also found to be inducible in cell pellets created by centrifugation. Based upon these data, it appears that autoaggregation activates a genetic program that may be utilized for growth in a high cell density environment, such as the oral biofilm.
Assessment of the Total Inflammatory Potential of Bioaerosols by Using a Granulocyte Assay
Authors: Timm Michael , Madsen Anne Mette , Hansen Jørgen Vinsløv , Moesby Lise , Hansen Erik Wind 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTOccupational health symptoms related to bioaerosol exposure have been observed in a variety of working environments. Bioaerosols contain microorganisms and microbial components. The aim of this study was to estimate the total inflammatory potential (TIP) of bioaerosols using an in vitro assay based on granulocyte-like cells. A total of 129 bioaerosol samples were collected in the breathing zone of workers during their daily working routine at 22 biofuel plants. The samples were analyzed by traditional assays for dust, endotoxin, fungal spores, (1→3)-β-d-glucan, total number of bacteria, the enzymeN-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase; primarily originating from fungi),Aspergillus fumigatus, and mesophilic and thermophilic actinomycetes; the samples were also assayed for TIP. In a multilinear regression four factors were significant for the TIP values obtained: endotoxin (P< 0.0001), fungal spores (P< 0.0001), (1→3)-β-d-glucan (P= 0.0005), and mesophilic actinomycetes (P= 0.0063). Using this model to estimate TIP values on the basis of microbial composition, the correlation to the measured values wasr= 0.91. When TIP values obtained in the granulocyte assay were related to the primary working area, we found that bioaerosol samples from personnel working in straw storage facilities showed high TIP values (≈50 times the TIP of unstimulated controls). In contrast, bioaerosol samples from personnel with work functions in offices or laboratories showed low TIP values (≈5 times the TIP of the unstimulated control). This indicates, as expected, that these areas were less contaminated. In conclusion, the granulocyte assay reacts to multiple contaminants in the environmental samples and can be used to obtain a measurement of TIP. Therefore, potential occupational health effects related to inflammation of the airways in a working environment can be estimated using this assay.