bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transient heat conduction by the boundary element method: D‐BEM approaches
Authors: Carrer J. A. M. , Oliveira M. F. , Vanzuit R. J. , Mansur W. J. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThis work is concerned with the development of different domain‐BEM (D‐BEM) approaches to the solution of two‐dimensional diffusion problems. In the first approach, the process of time marching is accomplished with a combination of the finite difference and the Houbolt methods. The second approach starts by weighting, with respect to time, the basic D‐BEM equation, under the assumption of linear and constant time variation for the temperature and for the heat flux, respectively. A constant time weighting function is adopted. The time integration reduces the order of the time derivative that appears in the domain integral; as a consequence, the initial conditions are directly taken into account. Four examples are presented to verify the applicability of the proposed approaches, and the D‐BEM results are compared with the corresponding analytical solutions.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Knockdown of stomatin‐like protein 2 (STOML2) reduces the invasive ability of glioma cells through inhibition of the NF‐κB/MMP‐9 pathway
Authors: Song Libing , Liu Liping , Wu Zhiqiang , Lin Chuyong , Dai Ting , Yu Chunping , Wang Xi , Wu Jueheng , Li Mengfeng , Li Jun 
Published: September 2011

AbstractStomatin‐like protein 2 (STOML2), a member of the stomatin family, has been reported to be up‐regulated in several types of human cancers. The clinical significance and biological role of STOML2 in gliomas remain largely unknown. Here, we describe the significantly up‐regulated expression of STOML2 in glioma cell lines and glioma tissues at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Silencing endogenous STOML2 in glioma cells and primary glioma cells drastically reduced their migratory speed and invasive ability, associated with induction of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP‐9). We also demonstrated that knockdown of STOML2 significantly inhibited the transcriptional activity of NF‐κB and repressed the expression levels of NF‐κB target genes, including MMP‐9. A luciferase reporter assay revealed that the impact of STOML2 on MMP‐9 expression is NF‐κB‐dependent. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the up‐regulation of STOML2 was significantly correlated with the WHO histological grade of gliomas (p < 0.001). Patients with higher STOML2 expression levels had an overall shorter survival time, whereas patients with lower expression of STOML2 had a longer survival time. A multivariate analysis revealed that STOML2 expression might be an independent prognostic indicator for the survival of glioma patients. Taken together, our results suggest that overexpression of STOML2 is associated with glioma aggressiveness and may represent an independent prognostic factor for the outcome of glioma patients. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statin usage and all‐cause and disease‐specific mortality in a nationwide study
Authors: Haukka Jari , Niskanen Leo , Partonen Timo , Lönnqvist Jouko , Tiihonen Jari 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTContextThe consumption of statins (HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitors) in most Western countries has increased to the extent that it may affect all‐cause and disease‐specific mortality.ObjectiveTo analyze the association of statin use with all‐cause and disease‐specific mortality utilizing nationwide databases in a record linkage study in Finland.MethodsThe study population included all statin users in Finland who had purchased at least one prescription between 1997 and 2005. A control population matched for age, sex, and place of residence and without statin usage was selected. The study population consisted of 336 618 pairs of individuals, and the mean length of follow‐up was 4.4 years. All‐cause mortality and mortality caused by coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, other circulatory causes, cancer, unnatural causes, and suicide were analyzed. Persistence to treatment was calculated by varying adherence criteria between 20 and 80%.ResultsWe observed association between all‐cause, non‐CHD and CHD and treatment with statins in statin user group. For CHD mortality, we observed a relationship between the persistence to statin treatment and a decreasing CHD mortality. For each 10% increase in adherence criteria, a 5% (2–8%) decrease in CHD mortality was observed within the range of 20% (RR 0.81, 95%CI 0.32–2.02) to 80% (RR 0.54, 95%CI 0.46–0.64).ConclusionIn this nationwide study, long‐term use of statins is associated with the reduction in CHD mortality. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variations of electronic transport in graphene of different origins
Authors: Skákalová Viera , Lee Dong Su , Beringer Thomas , Kaiser Alan B. , Srivastava Anchal , Park Hye Jin , Roth Siegmar 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe prepared three graphene devices with different levels of disorder in the graphene structure by 1. exfoliation from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), 2. chemical vapour deposition (CVD), using Cu foil as a catalyst, and by 3. CVD, using a Ni layer evaporated on a Si/SiO2 substrate as a catalyst. The gate voltage characteristics, quantum Hall effect (QHE) and temperature (T) dependences of the conductivity of these samples were studied. A comparison of the transport features indicates that, unlike the highly ordered crystal of exfoliated graphene, the graphene sample produced by the CVD method on the Ni substrate shows a significant degradation of the QHE signature with a resistivity value three orders of magnitude higher than that in a graphene crystal. In the exfoliated material phonon scattering dominates the electronic transport at high carrier density, thus reducing the conductivity at high T. Thermal assistance plays an important role in the electronic transport of our graphene grown on Ni with more disordered structure, which causes conductivity to increase with rising T. As to graphene grown on Cu foil, it displays many features similar to those of a perfect graphene crystal. This is good news for possible applications of CVD‐grown graphene. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optimization of airborne wind energy generators
Authors: Fagiano Lorenzo , Milanese Mario , Piga Dario 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThis paper presents novel results related to an innovative airborne wind energy technology, named Kitenergy, for the conversion of high‐altitude wind energy into electricity. The research activities carried out in the last five years, including theoretical analyses, numerical simulations, and experimental tests, indicate that Kitenergy could bring forth a revolution in wind energy generation, providing renewable energy in large quantities at a lower cost than fossil energy. This work investigates three important theoretical aspects: the evaluation of the performance achieved by the employed control law, the optimization of the generator operating cycle, and the possibility to generate continuously a constant and maximal power output. These issues are tackled through the combined use of modeling, control, and optimization methods that result to be key technologies for a significant breakthrough in renewable energy generation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entropy and set cardinality inequalities for partition‐determined functions
Authors: Madiman Mokshay , Marcus Adam W. , Tetali Prasad 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA new notion of partition‐determined functions is introduced, and several basic inequalities are developed for the entropies of such functions of independent random variables, as well as for cardinalities of compound sets obtained using these functions. Here a compound set means a set obtained by varying each argument of a function of several variables over a set associated with that argument, where all the sets are subsets of an appropriate algebraic structure so that the function is well defined. On the one hand, the entropy inequalities developed for partition‐determined functions imply entropic analogues of general inequalities of Plünnecke‐Ruzsa type. On the other hand, the cardinality inequalities developed for compound sets imply several inequalities for sumsets, including for instance a generalization of inequalities proved by Gyarmati, Matolcsi and Ruzsa (2010). We also provide partial progress towards a conjecture of Ruzsa (2007) for sumsets in nonabelian groups. All proofs are elementary and rely on properly developing certain information‐theoretic inequalities. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 40, 399–424, 2012
A starch/milled‐montmorillonite nanocomposite for warp sizing
Authors: Gao Ming , Zhu Pu‐xin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractNa‐montmorillonite (Na‐MMT) was ball‐milled, and a starch/MMT nanocomposite for warp sizing was prepared by solution intercalating technique, with oxidized corn starch (OS) of concentration 6 wt% and the Na‐MMT of 5 wt% on the basis of dry OS. Scanning electron microscope and laser particle size analyzer were used to investigate the particle morphology and size distribution of the MMT. The interlamellar spacing of the MMT and crystal structure the OS‐based composite film were analyzed by using XRD. The sizing performances of the nanocomposite were also tested. All of the experiments conducted, together with those of the OS alone and OS/unmilled MMT for comparison. The results revealed that the ball‐milling treatment resulted in a smaller partical size with a narrow distribution, and larger interlamellar spacing of the Na‐MMT. In comparison with the pristine clay, the milled MMT restrained the crystallization of OS to a greater extent as composited into the OS, had more decrease effects on apparent viscosity of OS paste and hygroscopicity of the casting films, and had more improvement effects on the tensile properties of OS films and adhesiveness of sizes to fibers.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Spectral Properties of Three Complexes with a Tetrazole‐based Ligand
Authors: Tong Xiao‐Lan , Xin Jian‐Hua 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTo investigate the coordination chemistry of 1‐subsitituted tetrazole derivatives compared with the 5‐subsitituted tetrazole derivatives and to get a better knowledge of the influence of the metal ions and co‐ligand for the structures of the complexes, three complexes based upon tetrazolate groups were synthesized and structurally characterized by X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction: [CoLCl2] (1), [ZnLCl2] (2), and [Cu4L2(N3)8]n (3) [L = 2‐(1‐phenyl‐1H‐tetrazol‐5‐ylsulfanylmenthyl)pyridine]. In complexes 1 and 2, the C–H···N and C–H···Cl intermolecular hydrogen bonds results in 2D supramolecular structures, which can be rationalized to be a (63) topology when the centroid of each molecule was treated as a 3‐connected node with three other molecules around it. In 3, the μ‐1,1 coordination modes of N3– and the bridging coordination mode of L build a 2D layer structure. In complexes 1 and 2, hydrogen bonding interactions play important roles in increasing the dimensionality of supramolecular assemblies. Meanwhile, the electronic spectrum of complex 1 and the fluorescent properties of complex 2 were also studied.
Hydrothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Characterizations of Five New Lanthanide(III) Diphosphonates with a Layered Structure
Authors: Wang Cheng‐Lin , Li Jing , Sun Zhen‐Gang , Hua Rui‐Nian , Zhu Yan‐Yu , Chen Kai , Jiao Cheng‐Qi , Li Chao , Zheng Ming‐Jing , Chu Wei , Tian Hui , Sun Shou‐Hui 
Published: September 2011

AbstractFive new lanthanide(III) diphosphonates, namely, Ln[(HL)(H2O)]·H2O [Ln = La (1), Ce (2), Pr (3), Nd (4), Sm (5); H4L = C6H11N(CH2PO3H2)2] were synthesized under hydrothermal reaction conditions at 140 °C and structurally characterized by X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction, X‐ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy, elemental, and thermogravimetric analysis. Compounds 1–5 are isostructural and exhibit a 2D framework structure. The LnO8 polyhedra form 1D zigzag chains along the c axis by edge‐sharing, which are further interconnected by CPO3 tetrahedra through edge‐ and corner‐sharing to form a 2D layer in the ac plane. The cyclohexyl groups of the ligands are orientated toward the interlayer space.
Sectionectomy of the liver
Authors: Yamanaka Junichi , Fujimoto Jiro 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAnatomic resection of the liver, which refers to the systemic elimination of the main tumor with micrometastases, preserves liver function and is highly recommended. Tumors located centrally or in the vicinity of major portal pedicles or hepatic veins, however, tend to require extensive hepatectomy. Anatomic sectionectomy of the liver might represent an alternative to such extensive resection. Preoperative simulation, external landmarks, selective devascularization, and intraoperative ultrasound are useful to achieve anatomic sectionectomy. Anatomic resection requires division of the relevant portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct. This may be achieved by individual isolation of the three elements or by mass isolation of all three in their surrounding fibrous sheath (Glisson's capsule). Both approaches are equally effective for extensive resections. When sectionectomy is performed, however, the isolation of individual vasculobiliary elements is sometimes difficult and dangerous compared with the isolation of the sectional portal pedicles. By identifying the portal pedicles to individual anatomic sections, it is possible to control the inflow to the section that is intended for resection. Anatomic sectionectomy is a safe alternative to extensive liver resection in selected patients, avoiding unnecessary sacrifice of functional liver parenchyma and increasing the opportunity to perform repeat resections in cases of recurrence.
Injuries In Mountain Bike Racing: Frequency of Injuries In Endurance Versus Cross Country Mountain Bike Races
Authors: Lareau Stephanie A. , McGinnis Henderson D. 
Published: September 2011

Objective To determine the frequency of injuries requiring medical attention among mountain bike racers at endurance races (6 hours or greater in duration) versus traditional cross country races (less than 6 hours duration) and to determine the medical support available at races. Methods A survey was developed to determine participants' experience level, previous injuries, and demographic information. An additional survey was completed by injured riders to determine injuries and treatment received. The number of medical providers, their level of training, and the supplies available was determined. Results The endurance riders had more years of mountain biking experience, averaged more hours of riding per week, and had fewer injuries requiring medical attention in the past year than the riders in the races. Of the cross-country riders, 7.2% were injured during the race, and 4.7% of endurance racers were injured. There was no increased risk of being injured in a race over an endurance race (odds ratio 1.6, 95% CI [0.50, 2.92]). Lacerations and abrasions were the most common injuries in both events. Head injuries, eye injuries, and blisters were only reported in the endurance events. Endurance events were more likely to have medical assistance available. Conclusion There was a greater percentage of riders reporting injuries in the cross-country races. It is possible that many of the endurance racers did not report injuries, continuing to ride or taking care of their own injuries quickly. Both events tended to have similar types of injuries and, therefore, both events most likely need similar medical support.
A Comparison of the Incidence and Understanding of Altitude Illness Between Porters and Trekkers in the Solu Khumbu Region of Nepal
Authors: Newcomb Lauren , Sherpa Chhewang , Nickol Annabel , Windsor Jeremy 
Published: September 2011

Objective Altitude illness can occur in anyone who ascends to high altitude. Better understanding of altitude illness is associated with a lower incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS). The purpose of this study is to compare, for the first time, the incidence and understanding of altitude illness between foreign trekkers and indigenous porters in Nepal. Methods Interviews and questionnaires were completed at the International Porter Protection Group Rescue Post at Machermo (4470 m). Participants completed the Lake Louise acute mountain sickness self-assessment questionnaire. They were also asked about their actions in response to high altitude illness scenarios as well as their perception of the vulnerability of porters vs trekkers to altitude illness. Ascent profile, age, gender, ethnic origin, and altitude of home residence were also obtained. Results Trekkers ( n=131) had a significantly higher incidence of AMS (21% vs 8%) than porters ( n=92; P < .02). Lowland porters (whose home villages were below 3050 m, n=61) had a numerically higher, though not significantly different, incidence of AMS (10% vs 3%) compared to highland porters ( n=31). The majority of trekkers and porters recognized the symptoms of altitude illness and the most appropriate action to be taken. Despite the lower incidence of AMS in porters, around half felt that they were at greater risk than trekkers. Conclusions Porters had a lower incidence of AMS, which may be attributable to repeated ascents through the trekking season, or differences in reporting symptoms. Both trekkers and porters demonstrated appropriate knowledge of actions to be taken in response to altitude illness.
Large-eddy simulation of the zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer up to Reθ = O(1012)
Authors: Inoue M. , Pullin D. I. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA near-wall subgrid-scale (SGS) model is used to perform large-eddy simulation (LES) of the developing, smooth-wall, zero-pressure-gradient flat-plate turbulent boundary layer. In this model, the stretched-vortex, SGS closure is utilized in conjunction with a tailored, near-wall model designed to incorporate anisotropic vorticity scales in the presence of the wall. Large-eddy simulations of the turbulent boundary layer are reported at Reynolds numbers ${\mathit{Re}}_{\theta } $ based on the free-stream velocity and the momentum thickness in the range ${\mathit{Re}}_{\theta } = 1{0}^{3} \text{{\ndash}} 1{0}^{12} $. Results include the inverse square-root skin-friction coefficient, $ \sqrt{2/ {C}_{f} } $, velocity profiles, the shape factor $H$, the von Kármán ‘constant’ and the Coles wake factor as functions of ${\mathit{Re}}_{\theta } $. Comparisons with some direct numerical simulation (DNS) and experiment are made including turbulent intensity data from atmospheric-layer measurements at ${\mathit{Re}}_{\theta } = O(1{0}^{6} )$. At extremely large ${\mathit{Re}}_{\theta } $, the empirical Coles–Fernholz relation for skin-friction coefficient provides a reasonable representation of the LES predictions. While the present LES methodology cannot probe the structure of the near-wall region, the present results show turbulence intensities that scale on the wall-friction velocity and on the Clauser length scale over almost all of the outer boundary layer. It is argued that LES is suggestive of the asymptotic, infinite Reynolds number limit for the smooth-wall turbulent boundary layer and different ways in which this limit can be approached are discussed. The maximum ${\mathit{Re}}_{\theta } $ of the present simulations appears to be limited by machine precision and it is speculated, but not demonstrated, that even larger ${\mathit{Re}}_{\theta } $ could be achieved with quad- or higher-precision arithmetic.
A risk–benefit analysis approach to seafood intake to determine optimal consumption
Authors: Sirot Véronique , Leblanc Jean-Charles , Margaritis Irène 
Published: September 2011

Seafood provides n-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3 LC-PUFA), vitamins and minerals, which are essential to maintain good health. Moreover, seafood is a source of contaminants such as methylmercury, arsenic and persistent organic pollutants that may affect health. The aim of the present study was to determine in what quantities seafood consumption would provide nutritional benefits, while minimising the risks linked to food contaminants. Seafood was grouped into clusters using a hierarchical cluster analysis. Those nutrients and contaminants were selected for which it is known that seafood is a major source. The risk–benefit analysis consisted in using an optimisation model with constraints to calculate optimum seafood cluster consumption levels. The goal was to optimise nutrient intakes as well as to limit contaminant exposure with the condition being to attain recommended nutritional intakes without exceeding tolerable upper intakes for contaminants and nutrients, while taking into account background intakes. An optimum consumption level was calculated for adults that minimises inorganic arsenic exposure and increases vitamin D intake in the general population. This consumption level guarantees that the consumer reaches the recommended intake for n-3 LC-PUFA, Se and I, while remaining below the tolerable upper intakes for methylmercury, Cd, dioxins, polychlorobiphenyls, Zn, Ca and Cu. This consumption level, which is approximately 200 g/week of certain fatty fish species and approximately 50 g/week of lean fish, molluscs and crustaceans, has to be considered in order to determine food consumption recommendations in a public health perspective.
Breakfast glycaemic index and cognitive function in adolescent school children
Authors: Cooper Simon B. , Bandelow Stephan , Nute Maria L. , Morris John G. , Nevill Mary E. 
Published: September 2011

It has been suggested that a low-glycaemic index (GI) breakfast may be beneficial for some elements of cognitive function (e.g. memory and attention), but the effects are not clear, especially in adolescents. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a low-GI breakfast, a high-GI breakfast and breakfast omission on cognitive function in adolescents. A total of fifty-two adolescents aged 12–14 years were recruited to participate in the study. Participants consumed a low-GI breakfast, a high-GI breakfast or omitted breakfast. A battery of cognitive function tests was completed 30 and 120 min following breakfast consumption and capillary blood samples were taken during the 120 min postprandial period. The findings show that there was a greater improvement in response times following a low-GI breakfast, compared with breakfast omission on the Stroop (P = 0·009) and Flanker (P = 0·041) tasks, and compared with a high-GI breakfast on the Sternberg paradigm (P = 0·013). Furthermore, accuracy on all three tests was better maintained on the low-GI trial compared with the high-GI (Stroop:P = 0·039; Sternberg:P = 0·018; Flanker:P = 0·014) and breakfast omission (Stroop:P < 0·001; Sternberg:P = 0·050; Flanker:P = 0·014) trials. Following the low-GI breakfast, participants displayed a lower glycaemic response (P < 0·001) than following the high-GI breakfast, but there was no difference in the insulinaemic response (P = 0·063) between the high- and low-GI breakfasts. Therefore, we conclude that a low-GI breakfast is most beneficial for adolescents' cognitive function, compared with a high-GI breakfast or breakfast omission.