bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In The Rain With No Umbrella: How To Model With Scant Fracture Data
Authors: Fernandez O. , Yearron L. M. , Damodaran R. M. , Karantharath R. , Alserkal K. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
We present a case study from a naturally fractured reservoir in the Middle East, where matrix provides the main porosity in the system, but fractures account for most of the permeability. Fracture data was only available from cores and image logs for 3 wells. The lack of extensive data precluded the application of standard fracture modeling workflows. However, well pressure test and well interference test data were available for over 15 wells, which provided the best measure of the impact of fractures on reservoir properties.
Fracture modeling was performed to quantify the contribution of fractures to permeability and porosity in the reservoir. Results were obtained through a combination of standard fracture modeling workflows using the scant data available, and geostatistical simulation techniques to calibrate the results with well test data. The uncertainty related to the lack of detailed fracture data was quantified by proposing alternative scenarios.
Fracture permeability in the field is dominated by seismic scale faults and their associated deformation zones. Different scales of fracturing (small fractures, fault deformation zones and sub-seismic faults) are required to accurately honor the permeability estimated from well tests and the observations from well fracture data.
Three scenarios, each with calibrated fracture permeability and porosity, were generated in under 5 days, ready for use in simulation. The methodology used makes it possible to update and modify the modeling scenarios interactively during the history matching process.
Fracture modeling is a task often left to the specialized geologist and requires significant amounts of fracture data. However, a rapid assessment of the impact of natural fractures on reservoir behavior can be made by the non-specialist modeler during early phases of exploration or field development, leaving advanced modeling to stages in which more data and time are available.
Revelation of Carbonate Rock Typing – The Resolved Gap
Authors: Al-Farisi Omar , Elhami Mohamed , Al-Felasi Ali , Yammahi Fatemah , Ghedan Shawkat 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The heterogeneity in carbonate rocks made it hard for Geoscientist to define a universal classification methodology that is able to honor the critical static and dynamic properties. Most classifications like lithofacies, capillarity & textural methods base their rock typing on one or two static properties then try to find analog in other static properties to cluster or group them, then populate rock types across the whole field. However; from field observations and experiences of utilizing these conventional techniques, it's obvious that they suffered from several gaps, like inability to have the properties analog consistent through out the whole reservoir, moreover, the groups or clusters have big dispersion that produces overlaps, then theoretically they could not fully honor physics in a way deficiency in the classification definition is recognized and finally a major gap in solving for complex grain sorting effect on flow dynamic properties always existed.
Therefore, in this study, rock typing is made to honor static and dynamic properties all together through changing the classification concept to resolve for the gaps of the traditional methodologies. The ultimate objective of all reservoir characterization and rock classification is to enable building geological and simulation models with optimum honoring of both rock static properties and rock-fluid dynamic flow properties that allow history matching to succeed. To achieve this objective, the framework established in this paper is based on analyzing the effects of each of the rock properties on another and the value and impact that each can add to the models most critical parameters. By this technique, the gap of pore and pore-throat network is resolved through Multiple Properties Intersection.
This Integrated Carbonate Rock Typing technique starts with capturing the heterogeneity of carbonate rock by generating matrix of core permeability, capillary pressure (end point, threshold pressure & Plateau), pore-throat size distribution, porosity and formation factor. Then intersecting this matrix to construct weighted links between these properties and identify unique groups. Resulted classes entered to feedback analysis node to explore and validate the logic of linked physics to tune the classes’ thresholds. Finally for utilizing this technique in non-cored wells, an analog with logging data is structured.
Global Laboratory Experience of CO2-EOR Flooding
Authors: Ghedan Shawket 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Primary and secondary drive oil production mechanisms are coming short in meeting the ever increasing global oil demand. Currently, many tertiary recovery-EOR projects are in the design or implementation stage in many parts of the world to help meeting this extra global oil demand. Good number of these projects involves certain kinds of CO2 gas injection. To help match the technical results of these projects and their economic viability under the current oil prices, the industry should learn from the lessons of the available global field, pilot and laboratory technical evaluation experiences. This is to avoid unnecessary losses in time and money and to make the best incremental oil recovery possible.
To master the performance of CO2 flooding and provide accurate data for designing an oil development plan, a comprehensive investigation of CO2 flooding phase behavior and mechanisms based on laboratory study needs to be conducted. This is a challending prospect technically and economically. The results of a large number of CO2 gas injection laboratory technical evaluations have been reported in the literature. This paper tries to give a serious and comprehensive review of the past global experience of laboratory CO2-EOR flooding, and reports the best practices of laboratory technical evaluations and to highlight the uncertainties and limitations of these evaluations.
A large number of technical papers were reviewed to describe the laboratory experiments that are most performed for CO2 flooding evaluation. The main issues that could be addressed using laboratory technical evaluation are covered including PVT properties of different CO2-Oil mixtures, effect of Rock Pore Structure on CO2 Miscible Displacment, effect of WAG and Wettability on CO2-EOR Flooding, assessement of Asphaltene Deposition, and effect of Slug Size on Oil Recovery by CO2 Miscible Flooding and finally CO2 flooding in naturally fractured reservoirs. Finally, the paper reports on the proper utilization of any attainable laboratory data and its limitations.
An Efficient Upscaling Process Based on a Unified Fine-scale Multi-Physics Model for Flow Simulation in Naturally Fracture Carbonate Karst Reservoirs
Authors: Bi Linfeng , Qin Guan , Popov Peter , Efendiev Yalchin , Espadal Magne S. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The main challenges in modeling fluid flow through naturally-fractured carbonate karst reservoirs are how to address various flow physics in complex geological architectures due to the presence of vugs and caves which are connected via fracture networks at multiple scales. In this paper, we present a unified multi-physics model that adapts to the complex flow regime through naturally-fractured carbonate karst reservoirs. This approach generalizes Stokes-Brinkman model (Popov et al. 2007). The fracture networks provide the essential connection between the caves in carbonate karst reservoirs. It is thus very important to resolve the flow in fracture network and the interaction between fractures and caves to better understand the complex flow behavior. The idea is to use Stokes-Brinkman model to represent flow through rock matrix, void caves as well as intermediate flows in very high permeability regions and to use an idea similar to discrete fracture network model to represent flow in fracture network. Consequently, various numerical solution strategies can be efficiently applied to greatly improve the computational efficiency in flow simulations.
We have applied this unified multi-physics model as a fine-scale flow solver in scale-up computations. Both local and global scale-up are considered. It is found that global scale-up has much more accurate than local scale-up. Global scale-up requires the solution of global flow problems on fine grid, which generally is computationally expensive. The proposed model has the ability to deal with large number of fractures and caves, which facilitate the application of Stokes-Brinkman model in global scale-up computation.
The proposed model flexibly adapts to the different flow physics in naturally-fractured carbonate karst reservoirs in a simple and effective way. It certainly extends modeling and predicting capability in efficient development of this important type of reservoir.
Efficient Uncertainty Management Workflow for Brownfield Redevelopment
Authors: Friedel Torsten , Tewari Raj Deo , Othman Tg Rasidi B Tg , Flew Stephen , Strasser Ralf , Trebolle Ramiro , Belfield William , Caretta Fausto 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Brownfields are often characterized by a varying degree of maturity, both within the field and within individual reservoir units. This variation makes infill drilling more prospective in areas with fewer well penetrations and completions and less production. However, these areas are inherently more uncertain, with geological, petrophysical, and structural parameters particularly affected. A novel workflow solves the complex problem of uncertainty assessment and risk management in a brownfield redevelopment. Traditionally, a single deterministic reservoir model is built, matched, and used for predictions and infill planning. The availability of sophisticated simulation workflow tools enable the team now to explore the practical aspects of performing sophisticated reservoir description, static model construction, history matching, and forecast uncertainty analysis. Incorporated into multiple equiprobable reservoir descriptions, uncertainties are carried from the static model construction throughout the entire dynamic modeling process. History matching is conducted for all realizations, and the match quality is assessed by means of statistical analysis. The workflow facilitates generating hydrocarbon thickness maps by using the average column thickness of many simulation models instead of a dedicated single one. Target selection also accounts for possible sweep and sand risks by means of maps showing the standard deviation of the column thickness. The new framework is applied to a conceptual redevelopment of a brownfield. It increases the understanding of fluid flow processes in the reservoirs and is a vital component of the decision and risk analysis for the concept selection stage.
Novel Applications Approach to Waterflood Design to Enhance Pattern Performance With Massive Hydraulic Fracturing
Authors: Khasanov Mars , Krasnov Vitaly , Musabirov Timur , Mukhamedshin Rustem 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Wide application of hydraulic fracturing especially in low permeability reservoirs becomes a successful approach in field development practice. Utilizing full potential of extensive fractures at production wells and water injection under induced fracturing conditions requires a new method of effective waterflood pattern design to be proposed. This paper describes a new general approach to optimization of well spacing and pattern geometry with account for hydraulic and induced fractures size and orientation.
It is shown that under specified conditions it is useful to present all regular well patterns as linear well systems with lines directed parallel to fracture orientation. This way of well systems description seems to be more consistent and applicable than traditional pattern description (five-, seven- or nine-spot patterns, etc.). It makes possible to increase water-free production period and sweep efficiency by stretching of well pattern along the fracture' direction while squeezing lines in perpendicular direction and keeping average well spacing intact. Semi-analytical model for calculation of pressure distribution, streamlines and field performance parameters for such waterflood systems with arbitrary fracture azimuth is also presented. Concept of effective well spacing is introduced and connected to average length of streamlines. Using proposed method it is shown that increasing of fracture length conform to denser well spacing when compared to regular (non-fractured) well patterns.
Age and Cigarette Smoking are Independently Associated with the Cutaneous Vascular Response to Local Warming
Authors: Avery Miriam R , Voegeli David , Byrne Christopher D , Simpson David M , Clough Geraldine F 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTPurpose: To investigate the relative impacts of age and cigarette smoking on cutaneous blood flow and flowmotion.Experimental Design: Skin blood flux was measured before and during the hyperaemic response to thermal warming of the skin to 43°C using laser Doppler fluximetry (LDF) in 28 habitual smokers (5.4 [11.4] (median [IQR]) pack years; pack years = packs/day X duration of smoking habit), aged between 18 and 63 years and their age, sex and body mass index. flowmotion was assessed using Fourier analysis of the LDF signal.Results: Mean and total hyperaemic (area under the flux curve, AUC10) response during warming were reduced in smokers compared with their non‐smoking controls (P<0.05). Attenuation of the response to warming in smokers was associated with a reduction in relative spectral power around 0.01 Hz, reflecting a reduced endothelial/metabolic activity (P <0.04). In regression modelling with AUC10 as the outcome, and smoking (yes/no), age, sex and BMI, as explanatory variables, age (P <0.0001) and smoking (P =0.018) were independently associated with the hyperaemic response and together accounted for 31% of the variance in AUC10.Conclusions: Age and smoking are associated with approximately one‐third of the variance in the endothelium‐associated microvascular vasomotor activity in habitual smokers.
Abstracts of the fall 2009 meeting of the Microcirculatory Society, Inc. “Frontiers in microcirculation: control processes and clinical applications”
Authors: Segal Steven S. 
Published: October 2009

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe following companies are gratefully acknowledged for their generous support of this scientific conference: Danish Myo Technology (www.dmt.dk/); Hitschfel Instruments, Inc. (www.hitschfel.com/); IonOptix llc (www.ionoptix.com/); Living Systems Instrumentation, Inc. (www.livingsys.com/); Siskiyou Corporation (www.siskiyou.com/); Solamere Technology Group (www.solameretech.com/); Stanford Photonics, Inc. (www.stanfordphotonics.com/); Sutter Instrument Company (www.sutter.com/); Warner Instruments, llc (www.warneronline.com/); and World Precision Instruments (www.wpiinc.com/).
Survey of Weeds and Management Practices in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the Savanna Ecology of Ghana1
Authors: Dzomeku I. K. , Abudulai M. , Brandenburg R. L. , Jordan D. L. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is the most popular legume cultivated for food and cash in the Guinea and Sudan savannah ecologies of northern Ghana. A three-year survey was conducted between 2003 and 2005 to: (1) document the prevalence of weed species, (2) determine current cropping systems and weed management practices, and (3) assess the response of peanut to weed management practices. Flora with more than 5% dominance included: (1) the dicotyledonous weeds, Corchorus olitorius L. Commelina benghalensis L., Commelina diffusa Burm., f, Desmodium scorpluras (Sw.) Desv., Hyptis suoveolens Poit., Mimosa invisa Mart., Mimosa pigra L., Mitracarpus villosus (Sw.) DC., Oldenlandia corymbosa L., Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn., Scoparia dulcis L., Tridax procumbens L., Triumfeta cordiflora A. Rich., and Vernonia galamensis (Cass.) Less.; (2) the monocotyledonous weeds Axonopus compresus (Sw.) P. Beauv., Cyperus esculentus L., Cyperus rotundus L., Digitaria horizontalisWilld., Eragrostis tremula Hochst. Ex Steud., Hackelochloa granularis (L.) O. Ktze., Kyllinga erecta Schumach. Var., Kyllinga squamulata Thonn. Ex Vahl., Paspalum scrobiculatum L., Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton, and Setaria pallide-fusca (Schum.) Stapf. & C.E. Hubbard; and (3) the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. Land preparation practices included the use of tractors, followed by use of livestock, and lastly hand preparation. Cropping systems consisted of cereals preceding peanut, peanut preceding peanut, and intercropping peanut with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.), millet (Pennisetum Americanum L.), or corn (Zea mays L.). Genetically-improved peanut cultivars expressing bunch or erect growth habits were the most common cultivars although some farmers planted local cultivars expressing a distinct runner growth habit. The majority of farmers planted peanut from early June to early July based on rainfall pattern. Eighty-eight percent of peanut fields were hand weeded once, 3 to 5 weeks after planting (WAP) or twice, 2 to 3 and 5 to 6 WAP. Weed management was generally poorly timed and insufficient to prevent significant weed interference resulting in total oven-dried weed biomass ranging from 600 to 2400 kg/ha at harvest. Peanut haulm production ranged from 500 to 5500 kg/ha with improved cultivars. Pod yield production ranged from 200 to 1680 kg/ha. Results from this survey revealed the need for accelerated research and capacity building of farmers and agricultural extension agents for improved technology transfer to the peanut industry in the region.
Early Experience of Spinal Instrumentation at NITOR, Dhaka "Spinal Stabilization is the Goal for Early Mobilization"
Authors: Ahmed Sk Abbas Uddin , Alam ASM Monirul , Kairy Ramdew Ram 
Published: October 2009

In our country spinal injury patients are mostly treated conservatively for 12 to 18 weeks. So complications of immobilization for long time are more (bed sore, UTI, respiratory infection, paralytic ilius, wt. loss and lastly psychological distress).With this in our mind spinal stabilization was done for early mobilization of the paraplegic patients to prevent complications of immobilization. Objective of this study were: to reduce pain, to early mobilize for prevention of complications of immobilization and to assess the improvement after spinal stabilization. This Randomized prospective study was conducted from May 2003 to January 2004 at Tertiary referral Orthopaedic Institute. DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v38i1.3581 Bangladesh Medical Journal 38(1) 2009 15-17
Human Papilloma Virus and Other Risk Factors of Carcinoma Cervix
Authors: Khatun S , Hussain Syed Md Akram , Hossain F , Choudhury A 
Published: October 2009

Cervical cancer is the most common cancer among women in many developing countries constituting 20%-30% of female cancers. The etiological factors of cervical cancer include environmental, social, sexual and sexually transmitted agents including human papilloma virus (HPV). HPV has identified in 99.7% invasive cancer. Objective of the study was to find out the prevalence of HPV-DNA virus among diagnosed cases of preinvasive and invasive diseases and to find out different sociodemographic parameters related to carcinoma cervix. This was a cross sectional study. The study has conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University. Duration of study was from May 2005 to May 2006. Samples were collected from diagnosed cases of CIN I, II, III and CIS and invasive cancer. Thirty cases were recruited for collection of cervical scraping. Sample were collected of in a specially designed sampler containing liquid transport medium and preserved in minus 20 Degree Celsius and sent to the DNA laboratory for processing and identification of HPV by hybrid capture II method. The results were analyzed by using SPSS version 11.0 and shown in tables and diagrams. The risk factors for HPV infection identified from the result. These are early sexual activity, years of sexual activity, urban people, and higher number of pregnancies. The test could identify HPV-DNA in 100 % of invasive and 50 % of preinvasive cancer. In this study HPV infection was found as a strong determinant for the development of cervical carcinoma and its precursors. Poor socio-economic condition, lower level of education, early marriage and first delivery, multi-parity, years of sexual activity are the risk factors for developing HPV infection. New guidelines for cervical cancer screening strategies could be able to develop from the information obtained from this study. A population-based study with larger sample will be required for the evaluation of cervical cancer screening strategies. Key words: HPV, Carcinoma Cervix DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v38i1.3582 Bangladesh Medical Journal 38(1) 2009 18-23
Mortuary Profile for Unnatural Deaths at Forensic Medicine Department of Dhaka Medical College
Authors: Rahim Mostaque , Das TC 
Published: October 2009

Death is unnatural when caused permaturely against the order of nature by injury, position or other means of violence. Data on unnatural deaths may reflect the law and order situation in a particular area of jurisdiction. This study is concerned with pattern of unnatural deaths in Dhaka Medical College mortuary during 1996. We found 1725 (97%) cases of unnatural deaths by analyzing 1772 cases of deaths. Data gives 18.37% increment in unnatural deaths 77.28% was males and 22.71% females. The frequency pattern of unnatural deaths were 68.92% RTAs, 11.69% homicide, 08.00% suicide and 2.80 natural. Burn, electrocution and others comprise the rest 11.565 unnatural deaths. Males suffer 3.4X more unnatural deaths than females. But RTAs males were 5.31X, in homicide 11.40X, in suicide 1.70X respectively than females. In hanging, female were predominant (1.72X of male deaths). 21-40 years is the age group showing peak frequencies on different types of unnatural deaths though hanging showed peak on 11-20 years. Besides, 95.47% of the unnatural deaths were the Muslims, 4.25% were Hindu and .14% was Christians. Firearms were used in 29.40% cases, blunt weapon in 38.46% cases and sharp cutting weapon in 31.60% cases of homicides respectively. Key words: Unnatural Death, RTA, Homicide DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v38i2.3572 Bangladesh Medical Journal 38(2) 2009 44-47
On the Spectrum of an n! × n! Matrix Originating from Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Chassé Dominique , Saint-Aubin Yvan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractLet Rn(α) be the n! × n! matrix whose matrix elements [Rn(α)]σρ, with σ and ρ in the symmetric group , are αℓ(σρ–1) with 0 < α < 1, where ℓ(π) denotes the number of cycles in π ∈ . We give the spectrum of Rn and show that the ratio of the largest eigenvalue λ0 to the second largest one (in absolute value) increases as a positive power of n as n → ∞.
A SAGBI Basis For 𝔽[V2 ⊕ V2 ⊕ V3]Cp
Authors: Duncan Alexander , LeBlanc Michael , L.Wehlau David 
Published: October 2009

AbstractLet Cp denote the cyclic group of order p, where p ≥ 3 is prime. We denote by Vn the indecomposable n dimensional representation of Cp over a field of characteristic p. We compute a set of generators, in fact a SAGBI basis, for the ring of invariants [V2 ⊕ V2 ⊕ V3]Cp .
Holomorphic 2-Forms and Vanishing Theorems for Gromov–Witten Invariants
Authors: Lee Junho 
Published: October 2009

AbstractOn a compact Kähler manifold X with a holomorphic 2-form α, there is an almost complex structure associated with α. We show how this implies vanishing theorems for the Gromov–Witten invariants of X. This extends the approach used by Parker and the author for Kähler surfaces to higher dimensions.