bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance imaging with even-echo rephasing sequences in the assessment and management of giant intracranial aneurysms
Authors: Jaspan T. , Wilson M. , O'Donnell H. , Worthington B. S. , Holland I. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of giant intracranial aneurysms was compared with angiography and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) in 18 patients. The use of T 1 -and T 2-weighted spin-echo (SE) sequences demonstrated both the presence and the evolution of thrombus within these lesions. High-velocity flow within the parent vessels and still-patent lumen could be defined as an area of absent signal. The use of even-echo rephasing (EER) sequences provided a rapid technique for demonstrating and confirming the presence of luminal flow, which is shown as areas of high signal The combination of SE and EER techniques proved superior to CT in the assessment of thrombus and flow patterns in these lesions, as well as enabling superior demonstration of the patency of the parent vessel following surgical ligation. Computed tomography remains the most accurate method of defining the presence and location of associated calcification.
Visceral angiographic findings in pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Authors: Belli A. , Cawthorne S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Two cases of pseudoxanthoma elasticum are described in brothers who both presented with gastric haemorrhage. The angiographic findings demonstrate the spectrum of vascular abnormalities seen in this condition. Although rare, the combination of angiomatous malformations, aneurysmal dilatation, narrowing and/or occlusion of visceral or peripheral arteries in a relatively young patient with abdominal pain or gastrointestinal bleeding, should alert the radiologist to the diagnosis. Examination will usually reveal the characteristic xanthomatous papular rash and retinal angioid streaks which confirm the diagnosis.
Lateral thigh varicose veins: a phlebographic study
Authors: Thomas M. Lea , Chan O. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The phlebographic findings in nine patients with primary varicose veins on the lateral aspect of the thigh are described. These were shown by varicography to connect primarily with the deep femoral vein via communicating veins: the symptoms were either cosmetic or mild aching in the thigh. Surgical treatment, if indicated, consists of subfascial ligation or sclerosis of the varices, or flush ligation of the incompetent communicating veins at their connections with the deep femoral vein.
Regional blood flow in human tumours measured with argon, krypton and xenon
Authors: Mäntylä M. , Heikkonen J. , LicPhil  , Perkkiö J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Blood perfusion in 19 superficial tumour metastases was measured by injecting three tracers, 41Ar, 85Krm and 135Xe or 133Xe, simultaneously into the tissue. The blood flow rate was calculated from the constants of the biexponential functions fitted to the measured counts. The mean blood flow in the 19 tumours studied was 18 ml/(100 g min) (SD + 10). Alternatively, the relative partition coefficients of argon, krypton and xenon were calculated from the equations obtained using compartmental analysis. The mean values for the ratios of the partition coefficients of these nuclides were found to be between 0.82 and 1.07.
Cell proliferation in human tumours measured by in-vivo labelling with bromodeoxyuridine
Authors: Wilson G. D. , McNally N. J. , Dische S. , Bennett M. H. 
Published: July 2009

The causes of failure after radiotherapy or chemotherapy may be related to physical or biological factors. The physical factors will include geographic miss in radiotherapy. The biological reasons may be inadequate drug delivery in chemotherapy or resistance of nutritionally deprived or hypoxic cells, a capacity to repair damage or rapid proliferation of the tumour cells so that repopulation may occur during treatment. There is much current interest in repopulation and it would be of value to identify those tumours which have rapid cell proliferation for, in these cases, a change in drug scheduling or shortening the overall treatment time with radiotherapy may lead to increased success by overcoming the effect of repopulation (Fowler, 1985).
We have previously described a method for labelling proliferating cells in human tumours by measuring the uptake of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) into cells synthesizing DNA, following an intravenous injection, and the potential applications of this procedure to the measurement of proliferation rates in human tumours (Begg et al, 1985; Wilson et al, 1985). In this preliminary communication we report on three human tumours where kinetic studies have been performed and demonstrate the potential advantages of the technique.
Left ventricular aneurysm formation: an iatrogenic cause for the third mogul
Authors: Aldridge Sylvia , Frazer John , Tawn Julian , Wilde Peter 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Two cases of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm formation developing post-operatively after mitral valve replacement are reported. The chest radiographs showed an abnormal protuberance on the left heart border at the site of the “third mogul”. The definitive diagnosis of this protuberance, resulting from the development of a left ventricular aneurysm, was made on angiography in each case. This site is unusual for left ventricular aneurysm formation, with the exception of the annular subvalvular aneurysm described in the negro population. Relevant aetiological factors in the development of these post-operative left ventricular pseudoaneurysms are considered. Since pseudoaneurysms are more prone to rupture than true aneurysms, it is concluded that early diagnosis of development of these left ventricular pseudoaneurysms should be made.
The computer enhancement of digital grey-scale fluorographic images
Authors: Cowen A. R. , Hartley P. J. , Workman A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In this article we describe the results of a preliminary investigation of computerized processing of digital grey-scale fluorography (DGF) images. Image processing techniques used include dynamic range equalization, adaptive contour enhancement and non-linear transformation of grey-scale data. Original and processed images derived from non-subtractive digital angiography and digital spot-film investigations are used to illustrate our findings. The quality of the processed images confirms the promise of digital image processing in DGF.
Proximal humeral defects in Gaucher's disease
Authors: Li J. K. W. , Birch P. D. , Davies A. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Defects in the medial aspect of the proximal humeral metaphysis of two patients with Gaucher's disease are reported and their aetiology discussed. Similar cortical irregularities have been described as a normal variant in children and their presence in patients with an infiltrative disorder suggested as being coincidental. The two reported cases indicate that there is a causal association in Gaucher's disease since the defect persisted post-skeletal maturity in one case and progressed to bilateral pathological fractures of the proximal humeri in the other case. A review of the radiographs of 50 patients, pre-skeletal maturity, presenting with idiopathic scoliosis revealed a defect of the proximal humeral metaphysis in only one case, to give an estimated incidence of this anomaly in the “normal” population of 2%. It is suggested that the presence of this defect is non-specific with a spectrum of occurrence from the normal variant to the clearly pathological. The presence, however, of subtle abnormalities in the underlying bone tend to indicate a pathological entity.
A potential pitfall of pelvic computed tomography
Authors: Meanock Colin I. , Ward Caroline S. , Williams Michael P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The cross-sectional areas of the common iliac veins were measured by pelvic computed tomography (CT) in 51 patients. The left common iliac vein was significantly larger than the right (p &lt; 0.01) and in 35% of patients there was at least a two-fold difference between the cross-sectional areas of the veins. Recognition of this normal asymmetry is important when interpreting pelvic CT scans. It is thought to be due to the oblique course of the left common iliac vein and to partial obstruction of the left common iliac vein by the right common iliac artery.
Erbium filtration for dose reduction in dental radiography
Authors: Horner K. , Lawinski C. P. , Smith N. J. D. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Previous work has suggested that rare-earth filtration of diagnostic X rays is an effective means of dose reduction in radiology. Erbium (atomic number 68) is particularly promising in this respect. The effects on the X-ray beam and surface dose of the addition of 0.1 mm of erbium foil to the conventional filtration of a GE1000 dental X-ray set were investigated. Filtration by 0.1 mm of erbium produced a beam of narrower spectrum, greater penetration but lower intensity than that filtered conventionally by aluminium alone. The overall dose reduction achieved in dental radiography was &gt; 30% between 65 and 85 kVp with a maximum dose reduction of 42% at 65 kVp. The question of the cost-effectiveness of erbium filtration as a radiation protection measure is also addressed.
A novel X-ray transmission ionization chamber dosemeter for patient dose measurements in diagnostic radiology
Authors: Sankaran A. , Patki V. S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This paper describes an X-ray transmission ionization chamber diagnostic dosemeter for patient dose measurements and control. The chamber uses a commercially available radiofrequency screen as the wall material in a parallel-plate configuration. A digital varactor bridge electrometer serves to measure air kerma times area of fluoroscopic and radiographic beams. Detailed investigations on the characteristics of the chamber such as saturation, sensitivity, energy dependence (50–150 kV), response versus radiation field area, uniformity of response of the chamber, effects of distance and long-term stability have been carried out. The results demonstrate that the chamber meets all the requirements and can measure the incident patient dose with an overall uncertainty of ±11%. The chamber can be either mounted on the housing of the light beam diaphragm of the X-ray unit or used as a stand-alone system along with an image-intensifier TV monitor. It is inexpensive to build and is recommended particularly for hospitals in developing countries.
The 10-year results of a prospective trial of post-operative radiotherapy delivered in 3 fractions per week versus 2 fractions per week in breast carcinoma
Authors: Bates Thelma D. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The 10-year results are presented of a prospective trial of 411 patients with Weast carcinoma treated by mastectomy and post-operative radiotherapy given in either 2 or 3 fractions per week (i.e. a comparison of 6 fractions in 18 days with 12 fractions in 28 days). The early radiation effects on the normal tissues were similar and acceptable. The late skin changes in the chest wall (treated with 70 kV X rays) were progressive and by 10 years were slightly more marked with 6 fractions. Late subcutaneous fibrosis in the axilla (treated with cobalt-60 teletherapy), however, was much less in the 6-fraction group. Twelve fractions resulted in greater restriction of shoulder movement and an increased incidence of lymphoedema of the arm. Doses were selected on the basis of past clinical experience. The dose used to treat the axilla in 6 fractions was 35 Gy, 14.99% less than that predicted by NSD. The dose predicted by α : β, using a value of 2 Gy for late reactions, is 38.14 Gy. Thus simple theory, which omits time, still predicts too high a dose for 6 fractions, although it is closer than NSD. In this trial, the 6-fraction technique showed an advantage over the 12-fraction technique. It was equally effective in controlling local recurrence and had fewer late sequelae. It was also convenient for patients and economic in the use of radiotherapy resources.
Fibrovascular polyp of the oesophagus: the appearances on computed tomography
Authors: Walters N. A. , Coral A. 
Published: July 2009

Fibrovascular polyp of the oesophagus is a rare and benign intraluminal tumour. In this case, we present the radiological and also the computed tomographic findings which, to our knowledge, have not been previously described.
A 64-year-old woman presented with a history of having “vomited” a fleshy lump 4 months previously, which had been promptly swallowed. She had then experienced progressive pain on swallowing until she was unable to eat solids. Endoscopy showed a smooth, lobulated tumour filling the upper 11 cm of the oesophagus, but did not reveal the origin of the tumour.
Radiopharmaceuticals for myocardial infarct imaging: a clinical comparison of 99Tcmm-pyrophosphate and 99Tcm-dimethylaminomethylene diphosphonate
Authors: Bell D. , Millar A. M. , Grayshan R. , Muir A. L. 
Published: July 2009

99Tcm-pyrophosphate (PYP) has been shown to concentrate in acutely damaged myocardium (Bonte et al, 1974). This has resulted in myocardial infarct imaging with 99Tcm-PYP becoming an established technique in nuclear medicine (Bruno et al, 1976; Parkey et al, 1976). The technique is of value in patients in whom the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction is uncertain as a result of equivocal changes in the electrocardiogram or cardiac enzymes. A major limitation, however, is the uptake of 99Tcm-PYP into bone which can result in visualization of the myocardial infarct being obscured by activity in the overlying ribs and sternum.
In an investigation of new 99Tcm-labelled diphosphonates for skeletal imaging, 99Tcm-dimethylaminomethylene diphosphonate (DMAD) was found to exhibit the highest abnormal/ normal bone ratio (Subramanian et al, 1983). This was shown to be a consequence of low uptake in normal bone rather than high uptake in the lesions. If 99Tcm-DMAD was to concentrate in acutely infarcted myocardium, then its low uptake in the ribs and sternum could make interpretation of the planar images more reliable. We have therefore compared 99Tcm-PYP with 99Tcm-DMAD in patients with acute myocardial infarction to determine if 99Tcm-DMAD is a superior radiopharmaceutical for myocardial infarct imaging.
Digital subtraction dynamic cavernosography
Authors: Hartnell G. G. , Mulcahy M. J. , Kiely E. A. , Williams G. , Allison D. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was used in the investigation, by dynamic cavernosography, of 35 men with acquired erectile impotence. The benefits of using DSA included shorter examination times, lower contrast medium dosage and better definition of abnormal veins. In particular deep crural veins are more clearly seen than in conventional studies and these may be of more importance than was previously thought.
A technique for image density matching in radiotherapy planning radiographs
Authors: Samarasekara M. G. , Hudson F. R. 
Published: July 2009

Many sophisticated and expensive imaging devices are in common use for the planning of radiotherapy treatment. At the same time wide use is made of routine radiographs, for which much scope remains for the development of image-enhancement techniques. One approach recently reported by McFaul et al (1987) is the use of scanning equalization radiography to balance the exposures of different areas of the X-ray field. However, it will be some time before techniques of this type come into widespread use.
This paper reports a much simpler but potentially very useful approach to exposure balancing applied to radiographs of the head, neck and shoulder region. Often in the planning of radiotherapy treatment for sites such as nasopharynx, trachea, thyroid or cricoid it is necessary for fields to be specified running from the neck through to the shoulder level or lower. However, the lateral radiographs of this area will contain a wide density variation because of the large changes in lateral separation from the neck through to the shoulders. The simple technique described in this report permits important structures such as cord to be visualized clearly on one film even when large changes in separation are present.
Figure 1 shows typical head and neck radiographs taken of the Rando radiotherapy phantom using Agfa-Gevaert film and a Curix MR400 cassette (Agfa-Gevaert pic). The exposures were chosen to optimize the definition either of the facial region (a) or of the shoulder region (b). Good definition of one region results in bad definition in the other.
Towards 2000: the radiology business
Authors: Mountford Grahame 
Published: July 2009

Presidential Addresses of this Institute have covered a variety of subjects. Some medical Presidents have spoken on their specialized subjects, whilst others have spoken about the Institute in its 30, 70 and now 90 years of life and growth. The British Institute of Radiology (BIR), unlike most national societies of radiology, is a multi-disciplinary society; scientists, industrialists, physicists, radiobiologists, radiographers, ultrasonagraphers, nuclear medicine specialists, as well as radiotherapists and diagnostic radiologists, are all members of the BIR.
My predecessor, in his Presidential Address (Berry, 1987), took us through the 90 years of the Institute's life, and reminded us that after X rays were discovered in November 1895, a special commission was set up under Dr Sydney Rowland to report on “the application of the new photography to medicine and surgery”. Whilst covering the last 90 years, Professor Berry mentioned that “the pattern and materials of radiological endeavour have changed almost beyond recognition, but that the strength of the Institute is in its diversity and our future is in our enthusiasm”.
Who could have foreseen the technical pathways that have been driven over the last 20 years—the special technical equipment and materials that have been developed for examinations like vascular catheterization, digital imaging, non-ionic and low-osmolar contrast media, real-time ultrasound, information technology and expert systems-and who could have predicted the precision of diagnosis and treatment that these techniques would offer.
Adverse reaction to X-Prep
Authors: Jagjivan B. , Morcos S. K. , Liddell H. 
Published: July 2009

X-Prep (Napp Laboratories) is a senna-containing laxative that is widely used for bowel preparation prior to radiological examination. We report the case of a patient who had an adverse reaction following its administration.
Examination revealed generalized abdominal tenderness, but no evidence of peritonism. Fresh bleeding was noted on sigmoidoscopy; however, the mucosa appeared normal. Blood pressure was 170/100 with a pulse rate of 110 per minute in atrial fibrillation.
The expanding infant
Authors: Peck R. J. 
Published: July 2009

A 9-month-old child was seen with a history of diarrhoea of varying severity present for several months. The child had, in addition, developed ankle oedema and swelling around the eyes. On examination the abdomen was soft but distended. The major biochemical abnormality was a low serum albumin (19 g/1). Figure 1 is a plain radiograph of chest and abdomen.
Ultrasound showed a normal liver, gallbladder, pancreas and kidneys. Ascites was present. Figure 2 is a transverse scan of lower abdomen, and Fig. 3 is an early radiograph from the barium follow-through.
Film processing for mammography
Authors: Law J. , Kirkpatrick A. E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The effect of processing time and temperature on image quality in mammograms was investigated over the ranges 2.5—4 min and 30—36°C Image quality results from seven processors of different manufacture and different processing methods, operated at a range of times and temperatures, showed the same image quality except for one which received little use. Effects of these parameters on the patient dose required were also considered, longer times up to 4 min and higher temperatures up to 36°C being advantageous. No variation was found with processor design or mechanism of action. Implications for screening programmes are briefly discussed and an optimum regime of 3.5 min and 36°C is suggested.
Computed tomography of pineal region ependymoma
Authors: Clarke J. C. 
Published: July 2009

The occurrence of supratentorial ependymoma in the pineal region is well recognized (Ringertz et al, 1954; Sano, 1983); however, the appearances on computed tomography (CT) have not been previously reported. Such a case is described here, and it is suggested that this rare tumour should be included in the differential diagnosis of pineal region neoplasms.
A 48-year-old woman presented with a history of episodes of ataxia and jerking of the left arm of several months duration, which were unaccompanied by any impairment of consciousness. Headaches had been present for 6 weeks with occasional vomiting and she had a 14-year history of insulin-dependent diabetes which had become increasingly difficult to control. On admission she was drowsy and disorientated in time and person and place. Neurological examination revealed bilateral papilloedema with limitation of upward gaze and pronounced truncal ataxia.
Microscopic tumour embolism: an unusual cause of ventilation-perfusion mismatch
Authors: Rawlinson John , Ackery Duncan 
Published: July 2009

Microscopic tumour emboli are a rare complication of malignant disease. That they may cause multiple perfusion defects on radionuclide lung images without affecting ventilation is not widely recognized (Datz,1980). We report a case of such emboli causing ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch in a patient with no antecedent history of malignancy.
A 59-year-old woman presented with a 5-month history of progressive exertional dyspnoea and intermittent pleuritic chest pain. There were no other respiratory symptoms and shehad never smoked. Systematic enquiry and past medical history were unremarkable. Examination showed her to be dyspnoeic at rest with a respiratory rate of 40/min, pulse of 100/min and blood pressure of 190/110 mmHg. A right ventricular heave was palpable, the jugular venous pressure was raised by 2 cm and bilateral pleural rubs could be heard. Achest radiograph was normal. Bipedal venography showed extensive bilateral deep vein thromboses and perfusion image susing technetium-99m-labelled albumen microspheres demonstrated multiple, small, peripheral defects throughout both lung fields (Fig. 1). The ventilation studies using krypton 81m showed a normal pattern (Fig. 2).
Non-ionic contrast agents, red cell aggregation and coagulation
Authors: Dawson Peter , McCarthy Peter , Allison David J. , Garvey Brendan , Bradshaw Ann 
Published: July 2009

The second generation non-ionic contrast agents were introduced into clinical practice in the UK some 5 years ago. Since that time, and not withstanding their relatively high cost, they have enjoyed ever-increasing clinical application because of the many advantages they offer over previously available agents. These advantages include greater patient comfort (Dawson et al, 1983a; Dawson, 1985), greater patient safety in “high-dose” procedures (Dawson & Pitfield, 1982; Dawson & Hemingway, 1987) and, the evidence would suggest, a lower incidence of major, adverse, life-threatening idiosyncratic reactions (Schrott et al, 1986; McClennan, 1987).
There has, of course, been controversy surrounding the cost of the non-ionic contrast agents but, this apart, there has been little to detract from their success story until recently. In the last year, two papers have appeared, one in the European (Raininko & Ylinen, 1987) and one in the American literature (Robertson, 1987), both concerned with the haematological effects of non-ionic contrast agents, which have raised fundamental questions about their safety in angiography. The paper by Raininko and Ylinen (1987) drew attention to the irregular aggregates of red cells formed when human blood is in contract with high concentrations of non-ionic agent. These irregular aggregates are similar to those seen when red cells are exposed to 5% glucose solutions (Ryden & Oberman, 1975; Wilson, 1980).