bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipase‐catalysed production of triacylglycerols enriched in pinolenic acid at the sn‐2 position from pine nut oil
Authors: Choi Jong‐Hun , Kim Byung Hee , Hong Seung In , Kim Chong‐Tai , Kim Chul‐Jin , Kim Yangha , Kim In‐Hwan 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to produce triacylglycerols (TAGs) enriched in pinolenic acid (PLA) at the sn‐2 position using the principle of acyl migration, from the pine nut oil containing PLA esterified exclusively at the sn‐3 position.RESULTS: Two types of lipase‐catalysed reactions, i.e. redistribution and reesterification of fatty acids, were successively performed using seven commercially available lipases as biocatalysts. Of the lipases tested, Novozym 435 and Lipozyme TL IM were effective biocatalysts for positioning PLA at the sn‐2 location. These biocatalysts were selected for further evaluation of the effects of reaction parameters, such as temperature and water content on the migration of PLA residues to the sn‐2 position and TAG content. For both lipases, a significant decrease in TAG content was observed after the lipase‐catalysed redistribution of fatty acids for both lipases. The reduced TAG content could be enhanced up to approx. 92%, through lipase‐catalysed re‐esterification of the hydrolysed fatty acids under vacuum.CONCLUSION: TAG enriched in PLA at the sn‐2 position was synthesised from pine nut oil via lipase‐catalysed redistribution and re‐esterification of fatty acid residues using Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym 435 as biocatalysts. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Efficacy of ozone as a fungicidal and detoxifying agent of aflatoxins in peanuts
Authors: de Alencar Ernandes Rodrigues , Faroni Lêda Rita D'Antonino , Soares Nilda de Fátima Ferreira , da Silva Washington Azevedo , da Silva Carvalho Marta Cristina 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Peanut contamination by fungi is a concern of processors and consumers owing to the association of these micro‐organisms with quality deterioration and aflatoxin production. In this study the fungicidal and detoxifying effects of ozone on aflatoxins in peanuts was investigated. Peanut kernels were ozonated at concentrations of 13 and 21 mg L−1 for periods of 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h.RESULTS: Ozone was effective in controlling total fungi and potentially aflatoxigenic species in peanuts, with a reduction in colony‐forming units per gram greater than 3 log cycles at the concentration of 21 mg L−1 after 96 h of exposure. A reduction in the percentage of peanuts with internal fungal populations was also observed, particularly after exposure to ozone at 21 mg L−1. A reduction in the concentrations of total aflatoxins and aflatoxin B1 of approximately 30 and 25% respectively was observed for kernels exposed to ozone at 21 mg L−1 for 96 h.CONCLUSION: It was concluded that ozone is an important alternative for peanut detoxification because it is effective in controlling potentially aflatoxigenic fungi and also acts in the reduction of aflatoxin levels in kernels. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Bilayer Matrix Composed of Polycation/DNA Complex and Sodium Alginate Gel as a Tumor Cell Catcher
Authors: Zeng Xuan , Sun Yun‐Xia , Qu Wei , Zhuo Ren‐Xi , Zhang Xian‐Zheng 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA bilayer matrix consisting of TABP‐SS/DNA complexes and sodium alginate gel is formed via electrostatic interaction. In vitro cell adhesion, proliferation and transfection of the bilayer matrix are investigated in HepG2, HeLa and COS7 cells. Results show that this matrix can only promote tumor cell attachment and growth. Compared with normal cells, the bilayer matrix exhibits significantly higher transfection efficacy in tumor cells. Cell co‐culture competitive transfection assay shows that the cell uptake of TABP‐SS/DNA complexes is significantly enhanced in tumor cells rather than normal cells under the co‐culture competitive condition, which confirms that TABP‐SS/DNA complexes have strong tumor cell selectivity and tumor targeting transfection ability.magnified image
High Ionic Strength Promotes the Formation of Spherical Copolymer Particles
Authors: Weber Nancy , Unterlass Miriam M. , Tauer Klaus 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA comprehensive experimental study of thermally initiated styrene‐styrene sulfonate emulsion copolymerization in the presence of 15 different low‐molecular‐weight electrolytes clarifies the enormous influence of both the concentration and nature of the added salt on the outcome of the polymerization. The ionic strength (IS) has a direct influence on the styrene sulfonate content in the final copolymer and determines whether the physical state of the final reaction product is a solution or dispersion. Stable latexes have been obtained for IS as high as 18 M. Electron microscopy images show irregularly shaped clusters at low and spherical particles at high IS. The properties of the copolymer molecules and dispersion can be additionally modified by the chemical properties of the counter‐ and coions introduced with the salt.magnified image
Diluent Induced Cyclization and Phase Separation in Polymer Networks
Authors: Dušková‐Smrčková Miroslava , Valentová Helena , Ďuračková Andrea , Dušek Karel 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe effect of the presence of diluent during network formation on the gel‐point conversion, αcrit, and on the equilibrium elastic modulus was studied using polyurethane networks from star‐shaped polyols and a star‐shaped triisocyanate. The dependence of αcrit on reciprocal concentration of functional groups, 1/c0, extrapolated well for 1/c0 → 0 to the value calculated corresponding to the ring‐free system. The decrease of the equilibrium modulus and the concentration of elastically active network chains (EANC) in dependence on the volume fraction of polymerizable compounds (solids) $\phi _{2}^{0} $ was curved downwards and extrapolated to the limiting dilution of the system at which no gel was formed when the conversion of functional groups was 100%. Some samples exhibited phase separation in the form of macrosyneresis which affected $\phi _{2}^{0} $. The continuous change of gel volume as a result of phase separation was obtained by solving an integral equation respecting the thermodynamic stability of the system. The change of the concentration of EANCs obtained from equilibrium modulus was translated into the intermolecular conversion calculated using the branching theory. The intermolecular conversion depended linearly on the shift of the gel‐point conversion.
Reactive Epoxy‐CTBN Rubber Blends: Reflection of Changed Curing Mechanism in Cure Shrinkage and Phase Separation Behaviour
Authors: Pionteck Jürgen , Müller Yvonne , Häußler Liane 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDuring curing of epoxy resins shrinkage occurs, which is caused by the formation of polymeric and crosslinked structures. We analysed this shrinkage for a system consisting of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA), diamino diphenyl sulfone (DDS) as hardener, and a reactive or a nonreactive rubber, with or without catalyst. The shrinkage and the phase separation behaviour strongly depend on the composition. The addition of reactive rubber and of the catalyst influences the curing mechanism and reduces the crosslinking density, which is reflected by lowered glass transition temperatures and reduced shrinkage. The reactive rubber is partially incorporated in the crosslinked epoxy phase and vice versa. In this way it is possible not only to modify the morphology‐related properties but also to control the degree of the unwanted shrinkage.
Synergistic antidyskinetic effects of topiramate and amantadine in animal models of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Kobylecki Christopher , Hill Michael P. , Crossman Alan R. , Ravenscroft Paula 
Published: September 2011

AbstractL‐Dopa‐induced dyskinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease can be alleviated by amantadine, an antagonist at N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate glutamate receptors. The antiepileptic drug topiramate, which blocks α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid receptors, has also been shown to reduce dyskinesia. The purpose of this study was to examine the behavioral pharmacology of topiramate alone and in combination with amantadine in animal models of PD and L‐dopa‐induced dyskinesia. The effects of topiramate (5–20 mg/kg) and amantadine (5–20 mg/kg) on abnormal involuntary movements (the rat homologue of dyskinesia) and Rotarod performance were assessed alone and in combination in the 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rat following chronic L‐dopa treatment. Dyskinesia, parkinsonian disability, and “on‐time” were assessed in the MPTP‐lesioned nonhuman primate following administration of topiramate (5–20 mg/kg) and amantadine (0.1–1.0 mg/kg) alone and in combination. Topiramate and amantadine dose‐dependently reduced dyskinesia in the 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rat, whereas topiramate reduced Rotarod performance; there was no effect on parkinsonian disability in the MPTP‐lesioned nonhuman primate, in which both drugs reduced dyskinesia. Topiramate and amantadine exhibited differential antidyskinetic effects on dyskinesia elicited by the dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF 38393 (2 mg/kg). Subthreshold doses of both drugs in combination had a synergistic effect on dyskinesia in the 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rat, with no worsening of motor performance; this effect was confirmed in the MPTP‐lesioned nonhuman primate, with a selective reduction in “bad on‐time.” These data confirm the antidyskinetic potential of topiramate and suggest that combination with low‐dose amantadine may allow better reduction of dyskinesia with no adverse motor effects. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Increases of pentraxin 3 plasma levels in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Lee Ho‐Won , Choi Jihye , Suk Kyoungho 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPentraxin 3 is a prototypic long pentraxin. Pentraxin 3 is a soluble recognition receptor that is involved in innate immunity and the inflammatory response. Its expression is induced by proinflammatory signals. The aim of this study was to compare the plasma levels of pentraxin 3 in healthy subjects and patients with neurodegenerative disorders such as mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease (PD). Thirty‐nine patients with mild cognitive impairment, 75 patients with Alzheimer's disease, 66 patients with PD, and 41 healthy elderly controls were recruited for this study. We performed an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests, including a Mini–Mental Status Examination, clinical dementia rating, and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. A variety of clinical information was collected from the administered semistructured questionnaire. Plasma pentraxin 3 levels were measured using a specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Plasma pentraxin 3 levels were significantly higher in the PD patients than in the patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease and in the control subjects. Plasma pentraxin 3 levels in the PD patients were correlated with activities of daily living (r = 0.368; P = .003) and motor function (r = 0.358; P = .004). Plasma pentraxin 3 levels could be a new biochemical marker for PD, and they may be associated with the severity of motor dysfunction and other clinical symptoms in PD patients. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Levetiracetam in primary orthostatic tremor: A double‐blind placebo‐controlled crossover study
Authors: Hellriegel Helge , Raethjen Jan , Deuschl G. , Volkmann Jens 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground:In a double‐blind crossover study we evaluated the antitremor effect of a 4‐week treatment with either escalating dosages of levetiracetam or placebo in orthostatic tremor.Methods:Twelve patients with orthostatic tremor participated in the study. Primary end point was improvement in stance duration. Secondary end points were total track length of the sway path and tremor total power. The patients' impression of impairment was assessed by a visual analog scale and quality of life by the SF‐36.Results:We found no significant effect of dosage or treatment on stance duration (P = .175), total track length (P = .690), total power (P = .280), or visual analog scale (P =.735). Neither was SF‐36 differentially changed by levetiracetam or placebo (SF‐36, Physical Component Summary: P = .079; SF‐36, Mental Component Summary: P = .073). Side effects like dizziness, fatigue, or nausea were only mild to moderate.Conclusions:Levetiracetam is ineffective in the treatment of orthostatic tremor. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Cocoa‐rich diet prevents azoxymethane‐induced colonic preneoplastic lesions in rats by restraining oxidative stress and cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis
Authors: Rodríguez‐Ramiro Ildefonso , Ramos Sonia , López‐Oliva Elvira , Agis‐Torres Angel , Gómez‐Juaristi Miren , Mateos Raquel , Bravo Laura , Goya Luis , Martín María Ángeles 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCocoa is a rich source of bioactive compounds with potential chemopreventive ability but up to date its effectiveness in animal models of colon carcinogenesis has not been addressed. Herein, we investigated the in vivo effect of a cocoa‐rich diet in the prevention of azoxymethane (AOM)‐induced colon cancer and the mechanisms involved. Our results showed that cocoa feeding significantly reduced AOM‐induced colonic aberrant crypt foci formation and crypt multiplicity. Oxidative imbalance in colon tissues seems to be prevented by cocoa as indicated by reduced oxidation markers levels and increased enzymatic and non‐enzymatic endogenous defences. Cocoa‐rich diet also exhibited antiproliferative effects by decreasing the levels of extracellular regulated kinases, protein kinase B and cyclin D1 together with pro‐apoptotic effects evidenced by reduced Bcl‐xL levels and increased Bax levels and caspase‐3 activity. Our findings provide the first in vivo evidence that a cocoa‐rich diet may inhibit the early stage of colon carcinogenesis probably by preventing oxidative stress and cell proliferation and by inducing apoptosis.
Recognition and uptake of free and nanoparticle‐bound betalactoglobulin – a food allergen – by human monocytes
Authors: Marengo Mauro , Bonomi Francesco , Iametti Stefania , Prinz Eva , Hempelmann Rolf , Boye Mette , Frokiaer Hanne 
Published: September 2011

AbstractScope: To improve our understanding of the interaction of food allergens with cells of the immune system, the endocytosis by human monocytes of bovine β‐lactoglobulin (BLG) and ovomucoid (OM) – two major food allergens – and human serum albumin (HSA) was studied.Methods and results: BLG was covalently conjugated to dextran‐coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) without affecting its structure and immunoreactivity. BLG‐conjugated MNPs were taken up by human monocytes much more efficiently than non‐conjugated MNPs, allowing easy magnetic separation of cells that had adsorbed the allergen. BLG, OM, and HSA were conjugated to MNPs also labeled with a fluorescent probe. The uptake of these materials by human monocytes was monitored through flow cytometry, and compared with fluorescent MNPs and the free fluorescently labeled proteins, confirming higher uptake of the BLG‐conjugated MNPs versus non‐conjugated MNPs. OM but not HSA conjugation to particles enhanced uptake of the MNPs. Confocal microscopy provided direct evidence of the actual internalization of BLG–MNP conjugates into the cytoplasm.Conclusions: These results contribute to the current understanding of the interaction between food allergens and antigen‐presenting cells, and demonstrate that the BLG is readily endocytosed by monocytes both as the single protein and as a conjugate.
Parallelization of the distinct lattice spring model
Authors: Zhao Gao‐Feng , Fang Jiannong , Sun Liang , Zhao Jian 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThe distinct lattice spring model (DLSM) is a newly developed numerical tool for modeling rock dynamics problems, i.e. dynamic failure and wave propagation. In this paper, parallelization of DLSM is presented. With the development of parallel computing technologies in both hardware and software, parallelization of a code is becoming easier than before. There are many available choices now. In this paper, Open Multi‐Processing (OpenMP) with multicore personal computer (PC) and message passing interface (MPI) with cluster are selected as the environments to parallelize DLSM. Performances of these parallel DLSM codes are tested on different computers. It is found that the parallel DLSM code with OpenMP can reach a maximum speed‐up of 4.68× on a quad‐core PC. The parallel DLSM code with MPI can achieve a speed‐up of 40.886× when 256 CPUs are used on a cluster. At the end of this paper, a high‐resolution model with four million particles, which is too big to handle by the serial code, is simulated by using the parallel DLSM code on a cluster. It is concluded that the parallelization of DLSM is successful. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FuzMet: a fuzzy‐logic based alert prioritization engine for intrusion detection systems
Authors: Alsubhi Khalid , Aib Issam , Boutaba Raouf 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYIntrusion detection systems (IDSs) are designed to monitor a networked environment and generate alerts whenever abnormal activities are detected. The number of these alerts can be very large, making their evaluation by security analysts a difficult task. Management is complicated by the need to configure the different components of alert evaluation systems. In addition, IDS alert management techniques, such as clustering and correlation, suffer from involving unrelated alerts in their processes and consequently provide results that are inaccurate and difficult to manage. Thus the tuning of an IDS alert management system in order to provide optimal results remains a major challenge, which is further complicated by the large spectrum of potential attacks the system can be subject to. This paper considers the specification and configuration issues of FuzMet, a novel IDS alert management system which employs several metrics and a fuzzy‐logic based approach for scoring and prioritizing alerts. In addition, it features an alert rescoring technique that leads to a further reduction in the number of alerts. Comparative results between SNORT scores and FuzMet alert prioritization onto a real attack dataset are presented, along with a simulation‐based investigation of the optimal configuration of FuzMet. The results prove the enhanced intrusion detection accuracy brought by our system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY: THE STATE OF GOVERNMENT–NON‐GOVERNMENT RELATIONS IN BANGLADESH
Authors: Nurul Alam S. M. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThere are many examples of collaboration in Bangladesh between government and non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) in the provision of services, including health care, education, water and sanitation. This article addresses the question whether such collaboration is temporary within specific projects, or whether it has brought about structural changes in the government–NGO relationship. The focus of the article is on how collaboration has been conceived, evolved and functioned within the Urban Primary Health Care Project (UPHCP). The views of both parties in the partnership are analysed. The data indicate that NGOs tend to see the government as excessively restrictive, bureaucratic in its attitudes, with a tendency to interfere in their activities, and difficult to trust. The government tends to view NGOs as lacking in capacity, sometimes being involved in corruption and less sincere and committed to the work than it is. These differences in perceptions between the two parties undermine the development of relations based on mutual respect, trust and understanding. The article concludes that current relations with government can at best be described as ambivalent. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuroendocrine regulation of food intake
Authors: Hagan Scott , Niswender Kevin D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDespite a global obesity epidemic suggesting that human physiology is unable to prevent unhealthy gains in body weight, ample evidence indicates that weight can be tightly regulated. Food intake regulation is complex and in this article we will present a basic endocrine feedback loop model of energy homeostasis. Next, integration of long‐term regulation with short‐term, meal specific regulation and satiety will be discussed. Finally, the role of adiposity signals in modulation of food reward will be highlighted. A basic understanding of the structure–function of these systems will inform the challenges of clinical care for those with disorders of energy balance. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 149–153. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Validated Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Method for Quantification of Total Lactones in Inula racemosa and Andrographis paniculata
Authors: Shivali Garg , Praful Lahorkar , Vijay Gadgil 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTIntroductionFourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy is a technique widely used for detection and quantification of various chemical moieties. This paper describes the use of the FT‐IR spectroscopy technique for the quantification of total lactones present in Inula racemosa and Andrographis paniculata.ObjectiveTo validate the FT‐IR spectroscopy method for quantification of total lactones in I. racemosa and A. paniculata.MethodologyDried and powdered I. racemosa roots and A. paniculata plant were extracted with ethanol and dried to remove ethanol completely. The ethanol extract was analysed in a KBr pellet by FT‐IR spectroscopy. The FT‐IR spectroscopy method was validated and compared with a known spectrophotometric method for quantification of lactones in A. paniculata.ResultsBy FT‐IR spectroscopy, the amount of total lactones was found to be 2.12 ± 0.47% (n = 3) in I. racemosa and 8.65 ± 0.51% (n = 3) in A. paniculata. The method showed comparable results with a known spectrophotometric method used for quantification of such lactones: 8.42 ± 0.36% (n = 3) in A. paniculata. Limits of detection and quantification for isoallantolactone were 1 µg and 10 µg respectively; for andrographolide they were 1.5 µg and 15 µg respectively. Recoveries were over 98%, with good intra‐ and interday repeatability: RSD ≤ 2%.ConclusionThe FT‐IR spectroscopy method proved linear, accurate, precise and specific, with low limits of detection and quantification, for estimation of total lactones, and is less tedious than the UV spectrophotometric method for the compounds tested. This validated FT‐IR spectroscopy method is readily applicable for the quality control of I. racemosa and A. paniculata. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.