bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coded Polemic in Ammianus Book 31 and the Date and Place of its Composition
Authors: Kulikowski Michael 
Published: June 2012

AbstractTheRes Gestaeof Ammianus Marcellinus poses numerous structural puzzles for the historian, among them the anomalous final book, numbered 31 in the manuscript tradition. This book, which treats the Gothic rebellion ofa.d.376–378 and the campaign of Adrianople, is loosely connected to the other extant books, which conclude with events ofa.d. 375. The present article argues that Book 31 was in origin a separate monograph, drafted in Greek at Antioch in the aftermath of the Roman defeat at Adrianople. Perhaps modelled on theScythicaof Dexippus, its contents reflect the Antiochene and Constantinopolitan polemic of its moment. For reasons that must remain speculative, Ammianus later translated his work into Latin and appended it to a finished draft of theRes Gestae.
Study of low impedance intense electron-beam accelerator based on magnetic core Tesla transformer
Authors: Liu J-L. , Zhang H-B. , Fan Y-W. , Hong Z-Q. , Feng J-H. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAn intense electron-beam accelerator, which consists of a primary storage capacitor system, a magnetic core Tesla transformer, Blumlein pulse forming line of water dielectric, and a field-emission diode, are constructed and described. The experimental results show that the output voltage of transformer is more than 740 kV, the rise time is about 5 µs, the diode voltage is about 596 kV, electron beam current is about 60 kA, the duration is about 100 ns, and the power is 36 GW when charging voltage is 40 kV. It was suitable to drive magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator. And it can be also used in materials surface modification. This accelerator is very compact and works stably and reliably.
Modeling and control of a spherical rolling robot: a decoupled dynamics approach
Authors: Kayacan Erkan , Bayraktaroglu Zeki Y. , Saeys Wouter 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYThis paper presents the results of a study on the dynamical modeling, analysis, and control of a spherical rolling robot. The rolling mechanism consists of a 2-DOF pendulum located inside a spherical shell with freedom to rotate about the transverse and longitudinal axis. The kinematics of the model has been investigated through the classical methods with rotation matrices. Dynamic modeling of the system is based on the Euler–Lagrange formalism. Nonholonomic and highly nonlinear equations of motion have then been decomposed into two simpler subsystems through the decoupled dynamics approach. A feedback linearization loop with fuzzy controllers has been designed for the control of the decoupled dynamics. Rolling of the controlled mechanism over linear and curvilinear trajectories has been simulated by using the proposed decoupled dynamical model and feedback controllers. Analysis of radius of curvature over curvilinear trajectories has also been investigated.
Two remarks on primary spaces
Authors: MÜLLER PAUL F. X. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe prove that for an operator T on ℓ∞(H1 ()), respectively ℓ∞(L1 ()), the identity factors through T or Id - T. Hence ℓ∞(H1 ()) and ℓ∞(L1 ()) are primary spaces. We re-prove analogous results of H.M. Wark for the spaces ℓ∞(Hp()), 1 < p < ∞. In the present paper direct combinatorics of colored dyadic intervals replaces the dependence on Szemerédi's theorem in [11].
The Influence of Inhibitory Control and Episodic Memory on the Risky Sexual Behavior of Young Adult Cannabis Users
Authors: Schuster Randi Melissa , Crane Natania A. , Mermelstein Robin , Gonzalez Raul 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCannabis use is associated with risky sexual behavior (RSB) and sex-related negative health consequences. This investigation examined the role of inhibitory control and episodic memory in predicting RSB and sex-related negative consequences among current cannabis users. Findings indicated that the relationships among cannabis, neurocognition, and sexual-risk varied according to the dimension of neurocognition and the parameter of RSB in question. Specifically, more risk-taking was associated with more RSB. Furthermore, amount of recent cannabis use was associated with more RSB and sex-related negative consequences, but only among those with worse performances on a measure of decision-making and of risk-taking. Contrary to hypotheses, worse episodic memory also significantly predicted higher overall sexual-risk and decreased safe-sex practices. Results indicate that worse neurocognitive performance in the areas of risk-taking, decision-making, and episodic memory may influence the degree to which cannabis users engage in RSB and experience negative health consequences as a result. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–7)
Consumers’ knowledge of food label information: an exploratory investigation in Potchefstroom, South Africa
Authors: van der Merwe Daleen , Bosman Magdalena , Ellis Suria , de Beer Hanli , Mielmann Annchen 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the ability of consumers to: locate and manipulate food label information; assess the accuracy of nutrient content claims and which health/nutrient claims are allowed; and identify symbols on food labels. Associations pertaining to use and knowledge regarding food label information were also determined for consumers from different demographic and related groups.DesignAn exploratory descriptive study was undertaken, employing a face-to-face survey focusing on demographic information, shopping behaviour, nutrition is important beliefs, label use, label knowledge and label preference and information sources.SettingSelected public locations in Potchefstroom in the North West Province of South Africa.SubjectsRespondents (n 229) complying with set inclusion criteria were recruited through purposive sampling.ResultsThe results indicated respondents’ general health and label awareness, as most of them (>80 %) could locate label information and identify symbols and specific nutrient content claims although only 53 % were able to calculate the number of servings. Nevertheless, an inability was found to assess the accuracy of some nutrient content claims and permissible health/nutrient claims. More educated, younger, Afrikaans- and English-speaking respondents seemed to be more knowledgeable regarding food label information.ConclusionsRespondents who were informed about nutrition were also informed about label information, while label reading practices resulted in label-influenced purchasing decisions. Educational programmes on food labels should start with nutritional background that could be implemented by consumers during label reading and purchasing decisions.
Concomitant BDNF and sleep slow wave changes indicate ketamine-induced plasticity in major depressive disorder
Authors: Duncan Wallace C. , Sarasso Simone , Ferrarelli Fabio , Selter Jessica , Riedner Brady A. , Hejazi Nadia S. , Yuan Peixiong , Brutsche Nancy , Manji Husseini K. , Tononi Giulio , Zarate Carlos A. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine has rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD). In rats, ketamine selectively increased electroencephalogram (EEG) slow wave activity (SWA) during non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and altered central brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that higher SWA and BDNF levels may respectively represent electrophysiological and molecular correlates of mood improvement following ketamine treatment. This study investigated the acute effects of a single ketamine infusion on depressive symptoms, EEG SWA, individual slow wave parameters (surrogate markers of central synaptic plasticity) and plasma BDNF (a peripheral marker of plasticity) in 30 patients with treatment-resistant MDD. Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale scores rapidly decreased following ketamine. Compared to baseline, BDNF levels and early sleep SWA (during the first non-REM episode) increased after ketamine. The occurrence of high amplitude waves increased during early sleep, accompanied by an increase in slow wave slope, consistent with increased synaptic strength. Changes in BDNF levels were proportional to changes in EEG parameters. Intriguingly, this link was present only in patients who responded to ketamine treatment, suggesting that enhanced synaptic plasticity – as reflected by increased SWA, individual slow wave parameters and plasma BDNF – is part of the physiological mechanism underlying the rapid antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists. Further studies are required to confirm the link found here between behavioural and synaptic changes, as well as to test the reliability of these central and peripheral biomarkers of rapid antidepressant response.
RESPONSES TO STIGMATIZATION
Authors: Son Hing Leanne S. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe more that devalued group members experience stigmatization, the worse their physical and mental health, well-being, and performance will be. However, the effects of stigmatization are often mixed, weak, and conditional. We should expect such variability in how devalued group members respond to stigmatization because resilience in the face of challenges is possible, depending on how stressful stigmatization is for people. Using the transactional model of stress (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984) as an organizing framework, I provide evidence that people will have different reactions to stigmatization depending onprimary appraisals—that is, how harmful and self-relevant they appraise it to be—and onsecondary appraisals—that is, whether or not they believe that they have the resources to cope with it. My review of the literature suggests that a stronger ingroup identification, stronger identification with a negatively stereotyped domain, chronic beliefs about stigmatization, and beliefs about meritocracy create vulnerabilities to stigmatization because they lead people to appraise stigmatization as more harmful and self-relevant. Furthermore, psychological optimism, a sense of control, self-esteem, as well as high socioeconomic status, a stronger identification with one's ingroup, and positive evaluations of the ingroup create resilience to discrimination because they allow people to perceive themselves as having the resources needed to cope with stigmatization. In conclusion, people will respond to the same potential stressor in different ways, depending on how self-relevant and harmful they perceive it to be and whether or not they perceive themselves as having the resources to cope. Thus, attention should be directed to developing families, communities, institutions, and societies that can provide people with the resources that they need to be resilient.
SEVEN MYTHS OF RACE AND THE YOUNG CHILD
Authors: Hirschfeld Lawrence A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractRacism reproduces through children. Racial bias is acquired early, and like many early-acquired predilections it is tenaciously resistant to counterevidence. Much of the institutional struggle against racism focuses on children, working to change their attitudes and judgments by addressing what children supposedly have come to know and believe about race. Yet much of what lay folk and educators alike imagine about children's knowledge of race and how they have come to acquire it is inaccurate. This essay is concerned to identify these inaccuracies, present evidence that challenges them, and briefly consider why they—like racialist thinking itself—are so tenaciously held and resistant to counterevidence.
Mass loss of Larsen B tributary glaciers (Antarctic Peninsula) unabated since 2002
Authors: Berthier Etienne , Scambos Ted A. , Shuman Christopher A. 
Published: June 2012

Ice mass loss continues at a high rate among the large glacier tributaries of the Larsen B Ice Shelf following its disintegration in 2002. We evaluate recent mass loss by mapping elevation changes between 2006 and 2010/11 using differencing of digital elevation models (DEMs). The measurement accuracy of these elevation changes is confirmed by a ‘null test’, subtracting DEMs acquired within a few weeks. The overall 2006–2010/11 mass loss rate (9.0 ± 2.1 Gt a−1) is similar to the 2001/02–2006 rate (8.8 ± 1.6 Gt a−1), derived using DEM differencing and laser altimetry. This unchanged overall loss masks a varying pattern of thinning and ice loss for individual glacier basins. On Crane Glacier, the thinning pulse, initially greatest near the calving front, is now broadening and migrating upstream. The largest losses are now observed for the Hektoria/Green glacier basin, having increased by 33% since 2006. Our method has enabled us to resolve large residual uncertainties in the Larsen B sector and confirm its state of ongoing rapid mass loss.
Malaria parasite type 4 equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT4) are purine transporters with distinct substrate specificity
Authors: Frame I. J. , Merino Emilio F. , Schramm Vern L. , Cassera María B. , Akabas Myles H. 
Published: June 2012

Malaria, caused by Plasmodia parasites, affects hundreds of millions of people. As purine auxotrophs, Plasmodia use transporters to import host purines for subsequent metabolism by the purine salvage pathway. Thus purine transporters are attractive drug targets. All sequenced Plasmodia genomes encode four ENTs (equilibrative nucleoside transporters). During the pathogenic intraerythrocytic stages, ENT1 is a major route of purine nucleoside/nucleobase transport. Another plasma membrane purine transporter exists because Plasmodium falciparum ENT1-knockout parasites survive at supraphysiological purine concentrations. The other three ENTs have not been characterized functionally. Codon-optimized Pf- (P. falciparum) and Pv- (Plasmodium vivax) ENT4 were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and substrate transport was determined with radiolabelled substrates. ENT4 transported adenine and 2′-deoxyadenosine at the highest rate, with millimolar-range apparent affinity. ENT4-expressing oocytes did not accumulate hypoxanthine, a key purine salvage pathway substrate, or AMP. Micromolar concentrations of the plant hormone cytokinin compounds inhibited both PfENT4 and PvENT4. In contrast with PfENT1, ENT4 interacted with the immucillin compounds in the millimolar range and was inhibited by 10 μM dipyridamole. Thus ENT4 is a purine transporter with unique substrate and inhibitor specificity. Its role in parasite physiology remains uncertain, but is likely to be significant because of the strong conservation of ENT4 homologues in Plasmodia genomes.
Mitochondrial free [Ca2+] dynamics measured with a novel low-Ca2+ affinity aequorin probe
Authors: de la Fuente Sergio , Fonteriz Rosalba I. , de la Cruz Pedro J. , Montero Mayte , Alvarez Javier 
Published: June 2012

Mitochondria have a very large capacity to accumulate Ca2+ during cell stimulation driven by the mitochondrial membrane potential. Under these conditions, [Ca2+]M (mitochondrial [Ca2+]) may well reach millimolar levels in a few seconds. Measuring the dynamics of [Ca2+]M during prolonged stimulation has been previously precluded by the high Ca2+ affinity of the probes available. We have now developed a mitochondrially targeted double-mutated form of the photoprotein aequorin which is able to measure [Ca2+] in the millimolar range for long periods of time without problems derived from aequorin consumption. We show in the present study that addition of Ca2+ to permeabilized HeLa cells triggers an increase in [Ca2+]M up to an steady state of approximately 2–3 mM in the absence of phosphate and 0.5–1 mM in the presence of phosphate, suggesting buffering or precipitation of calcium phosphate when the free [Ca2+] reaches 0.5–1 mM. Mitochondrial pH acidification partially re-dissolved these complexes. These millimolar [Ca2+]M levels were stable for long periods of time provided the mitochondrial membrane potential was not collapsed. Silencing of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter largely reduced the rate of [Ca2+]M increase, but the final steady-state [Ca2+]M reached was similar. In intact cells, the new probe allows monitoring of agonist-induced increases of [Ca2+]M without problems derived from aequorin consumption.
Toll-like receptor 9 activation: a novel mechanism linking placenta-derived mitochondrial DNA and vascular dysfunction in pre-eclampsia
Authors: Goulopoulou Styliani , Matsumoto Takayuki , Bomfim Gisele F. , Webb R. Clinton 
Published: June 2012

Emerging evidence suggests that in addition to being the ‘power houses’ of our cells, mitochondria facilitate effector responses of the immune system. Cell death and injury result in the release of mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) that acts via TLR9 (Toll-like receptor 9), a pattern recognition receptor of the immune system which detects bacterial and viral DNA but not vertebrate DNA. The ability of mtDNA to activate TLR9 in a similar fashion to bacterial DNA stems from evolutionarily conserved similarities between bacteria and mitochondria. mtDNA may be the trigger of systemic inflammation in pathologies associated with abnormal cell death. PE (pre-eclampsia) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy with devastating maternal and fetal consequences. The aetiology of PE is unknown and removal of the placenta is the only effective cure. Placentas from women with PE show exaggerated necrosis of trophoblast cells, and circulating levels of mtDNA are higher in pregnancies with PE. Accordingly, we propose the hypothesis that exaggerated necrosis of trophoblast cells results in the release of mtDNA, which stimulates TLR9 to mount an immune response and to produce systemic maternal inflammation and vascular dysfunction that lead to hypertension and IUGR (intra-uterine growth restriction). The proposed hypothesis implicates mtDNA in the development of PE via activation of the immune system and may have important preventative and therapeutic implications, because circulating mtDNA may be potential markers of early detection of PE, and anti-TLR9 treatments may be promising in the management of the disease.
The 2012 Plasma Roadmap
Authors: Samukawa Seiji , Hori Masaru , Rauf Shahid , Tachibana Kunihide , Bruggeman Peter , Kroesen Gerrit , Whitehead J Christopher , Murphy Anthony B , Gutsol Alexander F , Starikovskaia Svetlana , Kortshagen Uwe , Boeuf Jean-Pierre , Sommerer Timothy J , Kushner Mark J , Czarnetzki Uwe , Mason Nigel 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Low-temperature plasma physics and technology are diverse and interdisciplinary fields. The plasma parameters can span many orders of magnitude and applications are found in quite different areas of daily life and industrial production. As a consequence, the trends in research, science and technology are difficult to follow and it is not easy to identify the major challenges of the field and their many sub-fields. Even for experts the road to the future is sometimes lost in the mist. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics is addressing this need for clarity and thus providing guidance to the field by this special Review article, The 2012 Plasma Roadmap.
Although roadmaps are common in the microelectronic industry and other fields of research and development, constructing a roadmap for the field of low-temperature plasmas is perhaps a unique undertaking. Realizing the difficulty of this task for any individual, the plasma section of the Journal of Physics D Board decided to meet the challenge of developing a roadmap through an unusual and novel concept. The roadmap was divided into 16 formalized short subsections each addressing a particular key topic. For each topic a renowned expert in the sub-field was invited to express his/her individual visions on the status, current and future challenges, and to identify advances in science and technology required to meet these challenges.
Together these contributions form a detailed snapshot of the current state of the art which clearly shows the lifelines of the field and the challenges ahead. Novel technologies, fresh ideas and concepts, and new applications discussed by our authors demonstrate that the road to the future is wide and far reaching. We hope that this special plasma science and technology roadmap will provide guidance for colleagues, funding agencies and government institutions. If successful in doing so, the roadmap will be periodically updated to continue to help in guiding the field.
Magnonic band gap design by the edge modulation of micro-sized waveguides
Authors: Ciubotaru F , Chumak A V , Yu Grigoryeva N , Serga A A , Hillebrands B 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The potential to control the number of the spin-wave band gaps of a magnonic crystal (MC) by variation of its geometry is investigated by numerical simulations. The MC is represented by a micro-sized planar ferromagnetic waveguide with periodically variable width. By choosing a step-like or sinusoidal variation of the width, the MC reveals multiple or single band gaps, respectively. This allows for additional degrees of freedom in the design of MC-based microwave filters and phase shifters with desired characteristics. The MCs' band gaps have been studied in the space and frequency domains exploring the spin-wave spectrum dependence on the probing position inside the MC.
Avoiding fatal damage to the top electrodes when forming unipolar resistance switching in nano-thick material systems
Authors: Lee S B , Kwon D-H , Kim K , Yoo H K , Sinn S , Kim M , Kahng B , Kang B S 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
When forming unipolar resistance switching in material systems, fatal damage often occurs to the top electrodes of Pt/SrTiO
x
/Pt, Pt/TiO
y
/Pt and Pt/NiO
z
/Pt cells. To develop a means of overcoming this problem, we systematically investigated the forming process by applying triangular- and pulse-waveform voltage signals to the cells. By investigating the dependence on sweep rate of the triangular-waveform voltage signals and amplitude of the pulse-waveform voltage signals, we discovered that the forming process occurred by two different mechanisms, irrespective of the material: either a thermally assisted dielectric breakdown or a purely electrical dielectric breakdown. During the former process, the top electrodes remained clean, even though oxygen bubbles formed on them. We observed that the top electrodes were blown off only for the latter (electrical) breakdown as a result of the formation of many conducting channels. We were able to overcome the fatal damage to the top electrodes by modifying the forming process into the thermally assisted dielectric breakdown.
Plasmas in saline solutions sustained using rectified ac voltages: polarity and frequency effects on the discharge behaviour
Authors: Chang Hung-wen , Hsu Cheng-che 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
In this work, three major problems, namely severe electrode damage, poor plasma stability and excess power consumption, arising in ac-driven plasmas in saline solutions are solved using a rectified power source. Diagnostic studies on the effects of power source polarity and frequency on the plasma behaviour are performed. Examination of I–V characteristics and temporally resolved light emission shows that the polarity significantly influences the current amplitude when the plasma exists, while the frequency alters the bubble dynamics, which in turn affects the plasma ignition voltage. When the plasma is driven by a rectified ac power source, the electrode erosion is reduced substantially. With a low frequency, moderate applied voltage and positively rectified ac power source (e.g. 100 Hz and 350 V), a stable plasma is ignited in nearly every power cycle.