bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combustion of Pulverized Fuel in a CO2Atmosphere
Authors: Toporov Dobrin , Förster Malte , Kneer Reinhold 
Published: June 2010

AbstractOxy‐combustion of pulverized fuel followed by post‐combustion CO2sequestration has become a valuable alternative for significant and relatively quick reduction of CO2emissions from fossil fuel power generation, while taking advantage of existing power plant infrastructure. However, several experiments with oxy‐firing pulverized coal burners show that flame temperature and its stability are strongly affected. Carbon dioxide shows pronounced differences of thermodynamic and optical properties compared to air; therefore, it is of vital importance to know the effect of CO2properties on chemical reactions and heat transfer during pulverized coal oxy‐combustion.This chapter reviews the existing research activities and the experience on burning pulverized fuel in a mixture of recirculated flue gases and O2(oxy‐firing) accumulated worldwide. It focuses on the impact of a CO2‐rich combustion atmosphere on distributions of temperature, species, and radiation fluxes inside the combustion chamber. Mathematical models for the homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions developed especially for oxy‐firing conditions are presented and analyzed. Special attention is given to oxycoal flame stabilization as a function of the recycling ratio (O2content) as well as the impact of recycling mode (wet and dry) on flame temperature levels and emissions and on radiative and convective heat transfer in the boiler.
The Nature of Nanotechnology
Authors: Schmid Günter 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChapter 2 defines the expressions “Nanoscience” and “Nanotechnology” on a strictly scientific base. Various examples are used to illustrate the development from a scientific discoveryviaan engineering step to a final technology. “Molecular Motors and Machines”, “Molecular Switches” as well as “Single Electron Memories” are examples that are still exclusively objects of basic research, whereas “Drug Delivery” already reached the status of Nanoengineering. The “Gene Chip” is used as an example that is still object of research in basic nanoscience, but at the same time is already of interest in the nanoengineering step and has partially even reached the technology status. “Hyperthermia” and “Gas Sensors” have left the field of fundamental research and have developed to engineering as well as to technology. Chapter 2 closes with some examples belonging to the field of “Technology on the Nanoscale” which is, however, often but wrongly called “Nanotechnology”.
Fundamentals and Functionality of Inorganic Wires, Rods and Tubes
Authors: Schneider Jörg J. , Popp Alexander , Engstler Jörg 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this article an overview of current developments in the area of nanostructured inorganic wires, rods and tubes will be given. First and briefly fundamental viewpoints of physical properties will be discussed followed by a presentation of the synthetic techniques to obtain 1D inorganic nanostructured morphologies. Emphasis is then laid on current developments which are based on the special properties of these structures with respect to piezoelectricity, biosensing, nano‐micro integration of inorganic nanostructures, current developments in the area of circuiting with inorganic 1D structures and integration of ordered arrangements of 1D structures into device architectures.
Philosophy of Nanotechnoscience
Authors: Nordmann Alfred 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNanoscientific research has been characterized as an “engineering way of being in science.” This mode of research calls for a philosophy of technoscience that investigates the four questions: i) What is the role of theory and theory‐development in nanoscale research, and what kinds of theories are needed for nanotechnological development? ii) What are the preferred methods and tools and the associated modes of reasoning in nanoscientific research? iii) What is nanotechnoscience and how are its objects constituted? iv) What kind of knowledge do technoscientific researchers typically produce and communicate? The consideration of these questions yields a survey of nanotechnoscience in terms of disciplinary questions (a complex field partially disclosed by stretching closed theories), of methodology (constructions and qualitative judgments of likeness), of ontology (a thin conception of nature as unlimited potential), and of epistemology (acquisition and demonstration of capabilities). In all four cases, the strictly philosophical discussion leads to societal dimensions and questions of value.
Ethics of Nanotechnology State of the Art and Challenges Ahead
Authors: Grunwald Armin 
Published: June 2010

AbstractParallel to the public discussion on the benefits and risks of nanotechnology, a debate on the ethics of nanotechnology has begun. In this contribution, an attempt is made to establish a “map” of the relevant ethical aspects of nanotechnology in a systematic manner. It turns out that there are hardly any completely new ethical aspects raised by nanotechnology. It is much rather primarily a case of gradual shifts of emphasis and of relevance in questions which, in principle, are already known and which give reason for ethical discussions on nanotechnology. In a certain manner, structurally novel ethical aspects arise through the important role played by visions in the public discourse. New questions are also posed by the fact that previously separate lines of ethical reflection converge in the field of nanotechnology.
Outlook and Consequences
Authors: Schmid Günter 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In his personal outlook, the author cautions against unscientific and biased views when assessing the future progress of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Several examples of nanotechnological innovations are cited that demonstrate the power and potential of this technology. The author concludes with an appeal to better educate the public about the potential benefits and dangers of nanotechnology.
Pollution Prevention and Treatment Using Nanotechnology
Authors: Bernd Nowack 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionMore Efficient Resource and Energy ConsumptionPollution Detection and SensingWater TreatmentAdsorption of PollutantsMagnetic NanoparticlesNanofiltrationDegradation of PollutantsZerovalent IronSoil and Groundwater RemediationEnvironmental RisksBehavior in the EnvironmentEcotoxicologyConclusions
Photocatalytic Surfaces: Antipollution and Antimicrobial Effects
Authors: Allen Norman S. , Edge Michele , Verran Joanne , Stratton John , Maltby Julie , Bygott Claire 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

A series of nano and micron particle grade anatase and rutile titanium dioxide pigments have been prepared with various densities of surface treatments, particle size and surface area. Their photocatalytic activities have been determined in a series of paint films and cementitious materials for self‐cleaning, depollution and antimicrobial/‐bacterial activity. The photocatalytic activities have also been examined by rapid assessment methodologies using 2‐propanol oxidation and hydroxyl group analysis. Photo‐oxidation studies on several types of paint films show a clear demarcation between nanoparticle and pigmentary grade titanium dioxide, with the former being more active due to its greater degree of catalytic surface activity. The photosensitivity of titanium dioxide is considered to arise from localized sites on the crystal surface (i.e. acidic OH) and occupation of these sites by surface treatments inhibits photo‐reduction of the pigment by UV radiation and hence the destructive oxidation of the binder is inhibited. The use of photocatalytic titania nanoparticles in the development of self‐cleaning paints and microbiological surfaces is demonstrated. In the former case surface erosion is shown to be controlled by varying the ratio of admixture of durable pigmentary grade rutile (heavily coated) and a catalytic grade anatase nanoparticle. For environmental applications in the development of coatings and cementitious materials for destroying atmospheric pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NO

x

), stable substrates are illustrated with photocatalytic nanoparticle grade anatase. Here porosity of the coatings through calcium carbonate doping is shown to be crucial in the control of the effective destruction of atmospheric NO

x

gases. Good environmental stability of the coatings is also crucial for long‐term durability and this aspect is examined for a variety of material substrates. For the development of microbiological substrates for the destruction of harmful bacteria/fungi, effective nanoparticle anatase titania is shown to be important, with hydrated high surface area particles giving the greatest activity.
Pollution Treatment, Remediation and Sensing
Authors: Sugunan Abhilash , Dutta Joydeep 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Environmental pollution has become a matter of grave concern and it is clear that the issue must be dealt with early in the 21st century, before it is too late. Nanotechnology is a promising discipline that shows promise of impacting diverse fields, including environmental pollution. In this chapter, various types of environmental pollution and the scope of nanotechnology in addressing these problems are discussed. The literature on the treatment, remediation and detection (sensors) of various environmental pollutants is surveyed, with focus on the timely detection of the pollutants. Cost‐effective strategies and niche approaches that offer good potential for application not only in real‐time pollution detection, but also in pollution treatment and remediation, are discussed.
Benefits in Energy Budget
Authors: Suni Ian Ivar 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNanomaterials in the 1–100 nm size range have extraordinary potential for applications within a wide variety of existing and emerging technologies. Such applications depend primarily on the existence of quantum confinement effects, which allow the optical and electronic properties of a material to be tuned with size, on the unusually high chemical reactivity of nanomaterials, and on their high ratio of surface area to volume. Among the applications of nanomaterials are the development of sustainable energy sources and their potential impact on the global energy budget. Applications of nanomaterials in the field of energy are discussed, including fuel cell catalyst supports, where carbon nanotubes show tremendous promise; hydrogen storage, where carbon nanotubes and other nanomaterials may be useful; photovoltaic solar cells, where quantum confinement can be employed to tune the absorption wavelength of nanomaterials and nanostructured titania solar cells have been demonstrated with high efficiency; and lithium ion battery anodes, where several nanomaterials, including metal and Si nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes, have been demonstrated to have extraordinarily high Li storage capacity.
An Industrial Ecology Perspective
Authors: Lloyd Shannon M. , Lekas Deanna N. , Schmitt Ketra A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionIndustrial EcologyApplying Industrial Ecology to NanotechnologyLife Cycle AssessmentBackground on Life Cycle AssessmentLife Cycle Implications for NanotechnologyLife Cycle Studies Conducted to DateSubstance Flow AnalysisBackground on Substance Flow AnalysisSubstance Flow Analysis Implications for NanotechnologySummary of Substance Flow Analysis Work Conducted to DateCorporate Social ResponsibilityBackground on Corporate Social ResponsibilityCorporate Social Responsibility Implications for NanotechnologySummary of Work Conducted to Understand NanofirmEHSConcerns and ActionsConclusions
Composition, Transformation and Effects of Nanoparticles in the Atmosphere
Authors: Pöschl Ulrich 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAirborne nano‐ and microparticles (aerosols) are of central importance for atmospheric chemistry and physics, the biosphere, climate and public health. They influence the Earth's energy balance, the hydrological cycle and atmospheric circulation and the abundance of greenhouse and reactive trace gases. Moreover, they play important roles in the reproduction of biological organisms and can cause or enhance diseases. The primary parameters that determine the environmental and health effects of aerosol particles are their size, composition and concentration. These parameters, however, are spatially and temporally highly variable. This chapter outlines the current state of knowledge, major open questions and research perspectives concerning the composition, transformation and effects of particles in the atmosphere.
Measurement and Detection of Nanoparticles Within the Environment
Authors: Kuhlbusch Thomas A.J. , Fissan Heinz , Asbach Christof 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In order to assess possible environmental implications of nanoparticles, it is necessary to be able to detect and quantify nanoparticles in the corresponding matrix. Nanoparticles may be present in soil, water and air in the ambient and/or especially workplace environments where product nanoparticles are handled. Hence different measurement and sampling techniques are necessary in addition to task‐specific strategies. This chapter discusses the above issues and explains the basic principles of the measurement techniques with a view to linking this information to environmental exposure of ecosystems, plants, animals and humans. A possible risk from nanoparticles may only occur and can only be assessed if the concentrations and characteristics of nanoparticles can be determined and quantified.
Epidemiological Studies on Particulate Air Pollution
Authors: Brüske‐Hohlfeld Irene , Peters Annette 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThere is a linear relationship between PM10and PM2.5and various health indicators and no threshold in particle concentrations below which health would not be jeopardized. The size of the effects is often larger for ultrafine than for fine particles on a per mass basis. Lung diseases attributed to environmental air pollution are deterioration of lung function and respiratory symptoms, exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease, asthma and allergies and lung cancer. Several mechanisms have been hypothesized to contribute to deaths from cardiovascular diseases. The inhalation of particles provokes oxidative stress and triggers systemic inflammation, leading to altered blood rheology favoring coagulation, vascular dysfunction and enhanced atherosclerosis – all increasing the risk of a subsequent myocardial infarction. The alteration of the autonomic nervous control of the heart increases the likelihood of ischemic events and cardiac arrhythmias. Dust at the workplace is responsible for serious and disabling diseases such as pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease and fibrosis, lung cancer and asthma. The potential hazard of different nanomaterials is not predictable by the bulk physicochemical properties and data on exposure assessment are still lacking.
Impact of Nanotechnological Developments on the Environment
Authors: Krug Harald F. , Klug Petra 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNanotechnology is about discovering, developing and using materials consisting in their primary stage at a size within the low nanometer range. These ultrafine particles offer new properties and opportunities. Although the synthesis of nanoparticles has been discovered during the last decades, exposure of humans to ultrafine particles occurred long before, as ultrafine particles in ambient air are generated during combustion processes. Within this chapter only engineered nanoparticles are considered, because much potential and hopes are associated with these new materials but much nescience is existing about their possible adverse effects to life or environment. At workplaces, during manufacturing, in technical applications or in drugs, nanoparticles will frequently have biological side effects which have to be well balanced against their advantages, before they can be used without concern. Therefore, information about safety and potential hazards is urgently needed. Along with the technical development of nanoparticles a public discussion has started, leading to extensive investigations on possible negative side effects on human health. Research activities have been strengthened in departments for environmental toxicology, hygiene institutes and other academic facilities to identify hazard and risks during handling and use of these new materials. On the other hand, as described within the other chapters, nanotechnology offers the promise of improved characterisation of environmental problems through improved detection and monitoring capabilities, significantly reduced environmental effects from cleaner manufacturing and synthesis approaches that result in a reduction or elimination of wastes and reduced energy use, and unique solutions for remediation and the treatment of pollutants. However, the potential impact of manufactured nanomaterials used in various applications also needs to be evaluated in the context of human health with regard to potential toxicology and routes of exposure, environmental effects, including fate, transport, transformation, bio‐availability, and bio‐accumulation, and an analysis of product life cycle.
Phase‐Coherent Transport
Authors: Schäpers Thomas 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In this chapter the essential phenomena of phase‐coherent transport in nanoelectronic structures are discussed. First, the relevant length scales – that is, the elastic mean free path, the inelastic mean free path, or the phase‐coherence length – are defined, and these are subsequently used to classify the ballistic and diffusive transport regimes. Quantized conductance in split‐gate point contacts is discussed as a transport phenomenon in the ballistic regime. The origin of quantized conductance is explained on the basis of the Landauer–Büttiker formalism. The weak localization effect – a transport phenomenon in the diffusive regime – is explained first on the basis of an intuitive picture, but later the exact expressions describing weak localization for different dimensions of the sample are presented and discussed. It will also be demonstrated that the presence of spin‐orbit coupling can result in an enhanced conductivity, opposite to the weak localization effect. Periodic resistance oscillations can be observed in ring‐shaped conductors, and the Al'tshuler–Aronov–Spivak oscillations found in interconnected ring structures are discussed first. For single‐ring structures, the Aharonov–Bohm effect is introduced, which originates from the interference of electron waves propagating along the upper and lower branches of the ring. In very small structures with only a few scattering centers, universal conductance fluctuations are observed; the origin of these fluctuations is explained and their suppression, for example by increasing the temperature, is discussed.
Charge Transport and Single‐Electron Effects in Nanoscale Systems
Authors: Thijssen Joseph M. , van der Zant Herre S.J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, single‐electron effects in transport through nanoscale devices are considered. Although these effects are ubiquitous in quantum dot physics, during recent years their observation in molecular transport has triggered important new research efforts. In this case, the experimental results have shown a rich variety of features which enables much information to be extracted regarding the physics of these structures. Most of this information can be obtained in the case where coupling of the active region to the leads is weak, which is in direct contrast to the limits described in Chapter 1 of this volume. It should be noted, however, the richest behavior can be observed precisely on the border of the two regimes – that is, with intermediate coupling. In addition, a very brief outline will be provided of the physics of different transport processes through three‐terminal devices, with subsequent information focused on single‐electron effects.
Spin Injection–Extraction Processes in Metallic and Semiconductor Heterostructures
Authors: Bratkovsky Alexander M. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Spintronics is a discipline focusing on phenomena and devices essentially dependent on spin transport. We review recent theoretical and experimental advances in achieving large spin injection efficiency (polarization of current) and accumulated spin polarization. These include tunnel and giant magnetoresistance, (pseudo)spin‐torque and spin–orbit effects on electron transport in various heterostructures. We give a microscopic description of spin tunneling through oxide and modified Schottky barriers between a ferromagnet (FM) and a semiconductor (S). It is shown that in such FM–S junctions electrons with a certain spin projection can be efficiently injected into (or extracted from) S, while electrons with the opposite spin can accumulate in S near the interface. The derived criterion for efficient injection suggests that the barrier should be rather transparent (this is opposite to a criterion in the literature suggesting that it should be opaque). In degenerate semiconductors, extraction of spin can proceed at low temperatures. We mention a few novel spin‐valve ultrafast devices with small dissipated power: a magnetic sensor, a spin transistor, an amplifier, a frequency multiplier, a square‐law detector and a source of polarized radiation. We also discuss effects related to spin–orbital interactions, such as the spin Hall effect (SHE) and a recently predicted positive magnetoresistance accompanying SHE. Some esoteric devices such as ‘spinFET’, interacting spin logic and spin‐based quantum computing are discussed and problems with their realization are highlighted.
Charged‐Particle Lithography
Authors: Berger Lothar , Kretz Johannes , Beyer Dirk , Schwersenz Anatol 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAlthough, today, the main method for pattering almost all integrated circuits (ICs) is photolithography, charged‐particle lithography – where charged particles (electrons, ions) are used for patterning – already has a wide range of applications. Electron beam lithography (EBL) is currently utilized for fabricating the photomasks essential for photolithography, as a time‐ and cost‐effective technique for early device and technology development, and also for fabricating the imprint templates necessary for the emerging technique of nanoimprint lithography (NIL). All of these applications are enabled by single‐beam writing techniques, which are undergoing continuous improvement. However, as photomask costs have increased, and continue to increase, it has become almost untenable to produce high‐end ICs in low volume. Hence, today the use of field‐programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) has surpassed that of the faster and more highly integrated application‐specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Consequently, promising new multiple‐beam writing techniques are currently under development, known as maskless lithography (ML2), for the volume production of ICs. Ion beam lithography (IBL) represents an alternative approach for the fabrication of imprint templates for NIL, with the advantage of not requiring resist processing. Currently, both EBL and IBL are the only viable methods for fabricating nano‐electromechanical systems and nanotechnology devices, and therefore are essential tools for the emerging nanotechnology.