bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tactile Sensation
Authors: Kitada Ryo , Pawluk Dianne T. V. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWhen you drive a car, you can sense pressure, vibrations, and warmth in your hands as you grip the steering wheel. You experience such events because contact with the steering wheel triggers activity in sensory receptors in your skin wherever contact occurs. These receptors respond to mechanical and/or thermal energy, leading to sensory experiences that are collectively described as tactile sensations. Other sensations you may have from your skin, including pain and itch, are not generally included in this definition. Tactile sensations are passively elicited as a result of stimulation by some external source. This is in contrast with haptic perception, which typically involves contact with the external environment through active manual exploration. These two modes of tactile experience result in an interesting distinction. When your skin is passively stimulated, you typically focus your attention on your internal subjective tactile sensations (although it is often possible to perceive external objects and their properties). In contrast, when you haptically explore, you tend instead to focus your attention on the external world.
Task Design
Authors: Desai Sreedhari D. , Brief Arthur P. , Williamson Rebecca B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractEarly writings on task design advocated the simplification and standardization of tasks comprising a job as means of enhancing productivity in organizations. Indeed, these strategies led to simplified production scheduling, lowered training costs, and reduced expenditures for labor through the employment of lower‐skilled, more interchangeable, and cheaper workers. However, simplification also produced monotonous work, which presumably led to boredom and dissatisfaction that cost employers in terms of increased absenteeism and turnover and reduced production output.
Terrorism
Authors: Comer Jonathan S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTerrorism is defined in Title 22 of the U.S. Code, Section 2656f(d), as “premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub‐national groups … intended to influence an audience.” Risk analyses suggest that the target locations for terrorist attacks are typically those that are critical to the government and economy, contain iconic symbols, and are high in human occupancy. These targets tend to exist in major urban areas, and thus when terrorism strikes, a great many individuals are in close proximity and are vulnerable to directly witnessing the attack, seeing dead or injured people, being involved in an evacuation, experiencing extended hours of separation from loved ones amid a climate of panic, losing a loved one, viewing physical damage or ruins, and/or being forced to relocate their residency.
Test Anxiety Inventory
Authors: Spielberger Charles D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
As Seymour Sarason (1959), a major early contributor to theory and research on test anxiety, observed, “We live in a test‐conscious, test‐giving culture in which the lives of people are in part determined by their test performance” (p. 26). Consequently, it is not surprising that test anxiety is a pervasive problem for many students who are so disturbed by the stress associated with taking tests that they experience substantial decrements in performance in evaluative situations. During examinations, individuals high in test anxiety are more likely to experience frequent and intense elevations in anxiety as an emotional state (S‐Anxiety), greater activation of the autonomic nervous system, and more self‐centered worry and task‐irrelevant thoughts that interfere with attention and performance. Given these characteristics, test anxiety can be viewed as a situation‐specific personality trait (Spielberger, Gonzalez, Taylor, Algaze, & Anton, 1978).
T
hurstone,
L
ouis
L
eon (1887–1955)
Authors: Staff  
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Considered the foremost American leader in psychometrics, Louis Leon Thurstone was born in Chicago, Illinois, but spent his childhood in Sweden; he returned to the United States to earn a degree in electrical engineering at Cornell University in 1912. While still a student, he invented and patented a motion picture projector. It attracted the attention of Thomas A. Edison, who hired him as an assistant. Working in Edison's laboratory, Thurstone became interested in problems of acoustics, sensory psychology, and the objective measurement of sensation. This led him to graduate study in psychology at the University of Chicago, where he received his PhD degree in 1917. After eight years at the Carnegie Institute of Technology, where he became professor and chairman of the Psychology Department, Thurstone returned to the University of Chicago, to serve as Professor of psychology for 28 years. The last three years of his life were spent at the University of North Carolina as the first Director of the Psychometric Laboratory, which now bears his name. He was the President of the American Psychological Association in 1932; in 1936, he was one of the founders and first President of the Psychometric Society.
Trauma Psychology
Authors: Rhoades George F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Trauma may be seen as an insult or assault to the body of an individual resulting in a long‐standing injury. Trauma may also be seen as a psychologically distressing event that is outside the range of usual human experience, often involving a sense of intense fear, terror, and helplessness. Trauma psychology is the study and treatment of emotional wounds or shocks that may create substantial, lasting damage to a person's psychological development and state of well‐being.
Trust
Authors: Ross William H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Trust is a multifaceted concept typically defined as “the expectancy of positive outcomes that one can receive based on the expected action of another party in an interaction characterized by uncertainty” (Bhattacharya, Devinney, & Pillutla, 1998). It is a variable that is of interest to scientists and practitioners working in a variety of areas of psychology involving interpersonal relationships, including marital, social, and business relationships. Psychologists treat trust as both a dispositional (personality) variable and a temporary state.
Variables in Research
Authors: Rossi Joseph S. , Merenda Peter F. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe term variable has been defined as a “symbol to which numerals or values are assigned.” This generic description, albeit applicable to psychological variables in research, denotes a mathematical basis. Any variable,xory, therefore implies one of the four basic measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio. The nature and number of variables available to the researcher are of numerous types. Their relative contributions in research investigations are not fixed but are related primarily to the experimental design involved in the research study. Hence it is difficult, if not impossible, to rank research variables with respect to importance or frequency of use or with respect to any other categorical designation. The discussion of variables that follows should be viewed in this context.
Violence Risk Assessment
Authors: Nussbaum David 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAn extensive literature concerning violence risk assessment (VRA) details discrete risk factors and their derivative instruments for specific violent populations, including sex offenders, young offenders, domestic violence, female offenders, and the violent developmentally delayed (see Nussbaum, 2006). This entry provides a conceptual appreciation for the evolution of VRA technique and content to enable a critical reading of primary literature with an understanding of its defining issues, informed translation of research into practice, and a call for generating advances in this intellectually challenging and practically important area.
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov 
Published: January 2010

AbstractVirtual reality (VR) offers a human–computer interaction paradigm in which users are no longer simply external observers of images on a computer screen but are active participants within a computer‐generated three‐dimensional virtual world. Virtual environments differ from traditional displays in that computer graphics and various display and input technologies are integrated to give the user a sense of presence or immersion in the virtual environment.
Vocational Counseling
Authors: Savickas Mark L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The phrase
vocational counseling
represents a composite of the two most popular career services, namely, vocational guidance and career counseling. Career services are psychosocial interventions that assist individuals in adapting to the community by choosing, entering, and adjusting to a work role. Other important career services include academic advising, occupational placement, job coaching, vocational rehabilitation, and career education (Busacca, 2002). Vocational guidance and career counseling are the most widely known career interventions because both are offered at most schools and colleges by educators who are sometimes referred to as guidance counselors. Although vocational guidance and career counseling share many similarities, they are easily distinguishable from each other. Vocational guidance involves
personal appraisal
by a counselor, computer program, or self‐help booklet to assist individuals and groups in making better educational and vocational decisions. Career counseling is an ongoing, face‐to‐face interaction during which a counselor uses
problem appraisal
to assist a client coping with decision‐making difficulties or work adjustment concerns. The following paragraphs elaborate the distinction between vocational guidance and career counseling by describing each career service.
Voyeurism
Authors: Lavin Michael 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Long before voyeurism became a diagnosis, people peeped. An unanticipated opportunity for King David to peep at Bathsheba led him to a train of Biblical woes and Nathan's rebuke. According to old lore, Tom's peeping at Lady Godiva led God to blind him. The stories of King David and Tom are presented as examples of “sinful,” not pathological, behavior. Neither story provides enough details to permit a diagnosis of voyeurism for either man. Voyeurism as a diagnosis came later. In the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM‐IV‐TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), voyeurism requires more than isolated episodes of peeping. The DSM‐IV‐TR diagnosis of voyeurism has three criteria; (1) The patient must have recurrent sexual fantasies, urges, or acts of observing an unsuspecting person naked, in the process of undressing, or having sex; (2) The patient must have had these recurrent fantasies, urges, and acts for at least six months; and (3) Either the patient has engaged in peeping or, if not, is having personal or interpersonal difficulties as a result of voyeuristic interests.
Wechsler Intelligence Tests
Authors: Saklofske Donald H. , Beran Tanya N. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The many tests today that carry the name of David Wechsler (1896–1981) began with the 1939 publication of the Wechsler‐Bellevue Intelligence Test. The tradition that he began has carried on under his name, through the many new tests on intelligence, memory, and achievement developed by leading experts in psychological measurement and assessment (see Table 1).
Weight Control
Authors: Cronce Jessica M. , Schwartz Marlene B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Obesity has become a global epidemic, with the highest prevalence rates occurring in the United States and other Westernized cultures. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 32% of American adults are obese (with a Body Mass Index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m
2
) and an additional 34% are overweight (with a BMI between 25 and 29.9 kg/m
2
). The prevalence of overweight children has more than doubled in the last 20 years. Paradoxically, this has occurred while there have been major scientific, medical, and commercial efforts to develop effective means of weight control. One limitation is that these methods have been based on a medical model that emphasizes behavioral interventions for individuals. More recently, obesity has come to be considered a public health crisis that demands broader social interventions. This article highlights advances in treating obesity, the important issue of stigma, and suggested areas for public policy research.
Wide‐Range Assessment of Memory and Learning
Authors: Adams Wayne 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMemory is one of the central ingredients in determining who we are and become. Without it, we would struggle to make sense of the present and would have no past or future. And yet, while so critical, memory is an extremely vulnerable cognitive system, and therefore its evaluation is especially important following acute or progressive insults to the brain, such as those resulting from motor vehicle accidents, blast injuries, multiple sclerosis, brain tumors, infections, and strokes. Memory also normally exhibits measurable differences within and across the age range, with the greatest variability seen in younger children and older adults. The Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, second edition (WRAML2), is an individually administered test battery designed to assess memory ability across the age range (5 to 90 years). Consequently, the battery can prove useful in assessment settings often found in hospitals, schools, rehabilitation centers, and neuropsychologists' offices.
Confidentiality and Legal Privilege
Authors: Petrila John 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The duty of health care professionals to protect the privacy of health care information is a bedrock legal and ethical principle. Two types of laws provide such protection. One concerns confidentiality, and the other concerns privilege. The two are related but discrete.
Confidentiality
is the legal and ethical obligation of health care professionals not to disclose information about an individual obtained in the course of providing diagnostic or treatment services.
Privilege
is the law's recognition of confidentiality in legal proceedings in which confidential material otherwise would be subject to disclosure as part of that proceeding. This article discusses the values that underlie confidentiality, the various sources of confidentiality law, and significant exceptions to it. The note concludes with a brief discussion of legal privilege.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Authors: Crerand Canice E. , Sarwer David B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is characterized by extreme body image dissatisfaction. The disorder was first described in 1886 as dysmorphophobia in the European medical literature, but not officially included as a distinct diagnosis in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
(DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association until 1987. According to the DSM‐IV‐R, diagnostic criteria include(1) a preoccupation with an imagined or slight appearance defect; if slight defect is apparent, the person's concern is extreme; (2) the preoccupation results in significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning; and (3) the preoccupation is not due to another psychiatric disorder (e.g., anorexia nervosa). A diagnosis of Delusional Disorder, Somatic Type can also be applied to persons who hold their distorted beliefs with delusional intensity. BDD is currently categorized as Somatoform Disorder, although it has been argued that it is more appropriately classified as an obsessive‐compulsive spectrum disorder or an affective spectrum disorder.
Multicultural Counseling
Authors: Lee Courtland C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMulticultural counseling, sometimes referred to as cross‐cultural counseling, is a relatively new discipline within the helping professions. It has been called the fourth theoretical force in counseling after the psychodynamic, cognitive‐behavioral, and humanistic approaches to helping (Pedersen, 1991). The discipline of multicultural counseling is the direct result of key historical and social movements in the United States following World War II that continued through the last half of the twentieth century. This can be characterized as a period of great change in American society that was initiated by a fundamental questioning of the nature of social exclusion for many groups of people. Groups that had been historically marginalized and oppressed began to demand, as never before, social, economic, and political inclusion within the mainstream of American life. These demands manifested themselves in large‐scale social and political movements that ultimately forced significant changes to the country's landscape. At the vanguard of these movements was the struggle for racial and ethnic equality that served as a major catalyst for the efforts of other traditionally excluded groups to demand access, equity, and social justice (Burnhill, Butler, Hipolito‐Delgado, Humphrey, Lee, Muñoz, & Shin, 2009).
Predictors of rheumatoid arthritis patient‐physician communication about medication costs during visits to rheumatologists
Authors: Beard Ashley J. , Sleath Betsy , Blalock Susan J. , Roth Mary , Weinberger Morris , Tudor Gail , Chewning Betty 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the frequency with which medication costs are discussed, and the predictors of these discussions, during visits between rheumatologists and their patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsAudiotapes of medical visits, patient questionnaires, medical records, and physician questionnaires were collected from March 2003 to December 2005. Data were collected from 200 RA patients from 4 rheumatology clinics. Audiotapes were coded for the presence of communication about medication costs using a detailed coding instrument. The final analysis sample included 193 patients and 8 rheumatologists. Stepwise multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the role of patient, physician, medication, and relationship characteristics on discussions of medication costs.ResultsDespite medication changes being made in more than 50% of the visits, only 34% of those visits included discussions of medication‐related costs; 48% of these discussions were initiated by patients. In multivariable logistic regression models, communication about medication costs occurred more often when patients were white (compared with nonwhite) and reported an annual income of $20,000–$59,999 (compared with those earning ≥$60,000). Discussions about medication costs also were more common when physicians were white.ConclusionAlthough medication changes were common, medication costs were only discussed in one‐third of the visits. Communication about medication costs was more common among patients who were white and in a middle income category. Disparities in communication about medication costs have the potential to negatively impact prescribing and subsequent medication use. Further research should examine potential disparities in communication about medication costs.
Interleukin‐1 gene cluster variants with innate cytokine production profiles and osteoarthritis in subjects from the Genetics, Osteoarthritis and Progression Study
Authors: Meulenbelt Ingrid , Bos Steffan D. , Kloppenburg Margreet , Lakenberg Nico , Houwing‐Duistermaat Jeanine J. , Watt Iain , de Craen Anton J. , van Duijn Cornelia M. , Slagboom P. Eline 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether genetic variation in the interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) gene cluster contributes to familial osteoarthritis (OA) by influencing innate ex vivo production of IL‐1β or IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra).MethodsInnate ex vivo IL‐1β and IL‐1Ra production upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of whole blood cells was measured in subjects from the Genetics, Osteoarthritis and Progression (GARP) Study, which includes sibling pairs in which at least one sibling has symptomatic OA at multiple sites. Radiographic OA (ROA) was assessed by Kellgren/Lawrence score. Subjects from the GARP Study and controls from the Rotterdam Study were genotyped for 7 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) encompassing the IL‐1 gene cluster on chromosome 2q13. Linkage disequilibrium analysis and genotype and haplotype association analysis were performed to assess the relationship between the IL‐1 gene cluster SNPs, innate ex vivo cytokine production, and OA.ResultsAmong subjects in the GARP Study, the haplotype variable‐number tandem repeat in intron 2/T+8006C/T+11100C 2/2/1 of the IL1RN gene was significantly associated with reduced innate ex vivo bioavailability of IL‐1β upon LPS stimulation (P = 0.026) and with ROA at the highest number of joint locations.ConclusionThese results show that genetic variation at the IL‐1 gene cluster is associated with lower IL‐1β bioavailability and with OA at a large number of joint locations. The data further indicate that, among subjects with OA affecting the highest number of joints, the innate immune system may be activated, thereby obscuring possible underlying mechanisms.
Functional consequences of a germline mutation in the leucine‐rich repeat domain of NLRP3 identified in an atypical autoinflammatory disorder
Authors: Jéru Isabelle , Marlin Sandrine , Le Borgne Gaëlle , Cochet Emmanuelle , Normand Sylvain , Duquesnoy Philippe , Dastot‐Le Moal Florence , Cuisset Laurence , Hentgen Véronique , Fernandes Alnemri Teresa , Lecron Jean‐Claude , Dhote Robin , Grateau Gilles , Alnemri Emad S. , Amselem Serge 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo gain insight into the pathophysiology of an atypical familial form of an autoinflammatory disorder, characterized by autosomal‐dominant sensorineural hearing loss, systemic inflammation, increased secretion of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and the absence of any cutaneous manifestations, and to assess the functional consequences of a missense mutation identified in the leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) domain of NLRP3.MethodsMicrosatellite markers were used to test the familial segregation of the NLRP3 locus with the disease phenotype. All NLRP3 exons were screened for mutations by sequencing. Functional assays were performed in HEK 293T cells to determine the effects of mutated (versus normal) NLRP3 proteins on NF‐κB activation, caspase 1 signaling, and speck formation.ResultsA heterozygous NLRP3 missense mutation (p.Tyr859Cys) was identified in exon 6, which encodes the LRR domain of the protein. This mutation was found to segregate with the disease phenotype within the family, and had a moderate activating effect on speck formation and procaspase 1 processing and did not alter the inhibitory properties of NLRP3 on NF‐κB signaling.ConclusionThis report is the first to describe a familial form of a cryopyrinopathy associated with a mutation outside of exon 3 of NLRP3. This finding, together with the known efficacy of anti–IL‐1 treatments in these disorders, underlines the importance of screening all exons of NLRP3 in patients who present with atypical manifestations. In addition, the gain of function associated with this mutation in terms of activation of caspase 1 signaling was consistent with the observed inflammatory phenotype. Therefore, this study of the functional consequences of an LRR mutation sheds new light on the clinical relevance of in vitro assays.