bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal distribution, parity, resting, host‐seeking behavior and association of malarial parasites of Anopheles stephensi Liston in Kolkata, West Bengal
Authors: GHOSH Anupam , MANDAL Samir , CHANDRA Goutam 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIndoor resting and human‐landing mosquito collections were conducted at selected localities in Kolkata, India to determine resting and host‐seeking behavior, night biting activity, seasonal distributions and malaria infection rates. During a two‐year study (2006–2007), 5123 and 1716 female mosquitoes were captured in indoor‐resting and human‐landing collections, respectively, from two types of residences (brick built rooms, temporary huts). Regression analysis demonstrated that the abundance of indoor resting An. stephensi was positively correlated with ambient temperature and relative humidity. The average duration of the gonotrophic cycle for laboratory‐reared An. stephensi was about 4 days. Average proportion of parous An. stephensi, daily survival and daily mortality rates were 46%, 82% and 18%, respectively. Plasmodium vivax sporozoite infections were detected in the salivary glands of two wild‐caught An. stephensi (sporozoite rate 2.2%) and one An. annularis (sporozoite rate 1.5%). No P. falciparum infections were detected. Oocyst infections were observed in one An. annularis mosquito (oocyst rate 1.5%).
PERSPECTIVE: Coevolution between native and invasive plant competitors: implications for invasive species management
Authors: Leger Elizabeth A. , Espeland Erin K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractInvasive species may establish in communities because they are better competitors than natives, but in order to remain community dominants, the competitive advantage of invasive species must be persistent. Native species that are not extirpated when highly invasive species are introduced are likely to compete with invaders. When population sizes and genetic diversity of native species are large enough, natives may be able to evolve traits that allow them to co‐occur with invasive species. Native species may also evolve to become significant competitors with invasive species, and thus affect the fitness of invaders. Invasive species may respond in turn, creating either transient or continuing coevolution between competing species. In addition to demographic factors such as population size and growth rates, a number of factors including gene flow, genetic drift, the number of selection agents, encounter rates, and genetic diversity may affect the ability of native and invasive species to evolve competitive ability against one another. We discuss how these factors may differ between populations of native and invasive plants, and how this might affect their ability to respond to selection. Management actions that maintain genetic diversity in native species while reducing population sizes and genetic diversity in invasive species could promote the ability of natives to evolve improved competitive ability.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Rapid evolution in a plant‐pathogen interaction and the consequences for introduced host species
Authors: Gilbert Gregory S. , Parker Ingrid M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPlant species introduced into new regions can both leave behind co‐evolved pathogens and acquire new ones. Traits important to infection and virulence are subject to rapid evolutionary change in both plant and pathogen. Using Stemphylium solani, a native foliar necrotroph on clovers (Trifolium and Medicago) in California, USA, we explore how plant‐fungal interactions may change in an invasion context. After four generations of experimental serial passage through multiple hosts, Stemphylium consistently showed increased infection rates but no consistent change in damage to the host. In a historical opportunity study, we compared infection and virulence across four groups of clover hosts: California natives, European clovers not found in California, and both California and European genotypes of species naturalized in California. There was significant variation among hosts, but no pattern across the four groups. However, in direct comparisons of familiar California genotypes to unfamiliar European genotypes of the same naturalized species, Stemphylium consistently infected familiar hosts more frequently, while causing less damage on them. This pattern is consistent with the hypothesis of adaptive evolution in both the pathogen (ability to infect) and the host (tolerance of infection). Together these results suggest the potential for rapid evolution to alter interactions between plant invaders and their natural enemies.
Species‐specific responses to landscape fragmentation: implications for management strategies
Authors: Blanchet Simon , Rey Olivier , Etienne Roselyne , Lek Sovan , Loot Géraldine 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHabitat fragmentation affects the integrity of many species, but little is known about species‐specific sensitivity to fragmentation. Here, we compared the genetic structure of four freshwater fish species differing in their body size (Leuciscus cephalus; Leuciscus leuciscus; Gobio gobio and Phoxinus phoxinus) between a fragmented and a continuous landscape. We tested if, overall, fragmentation affected the genetic structure of these fish species, and if these species differed in their sensitivity to fragmentation. Fragmentation negatively affected the genetic structure of these species. Indeed, irrespective of the species identity, allelic richness and heterozygosity were lower, and population divergence was higher in the fragmented than in the continuous landscape. This response to fragmentation was highly species‐specific, with the smallest fish species (P. phoxinus) being slightly affected by fragmentation. On the contrary, fish species of intermediate body size (L. leuciscus and G. gobio) were highly affected, whereas the largest fish species (L. cephalus) was intermediately affected by fragmentation. We discuss the relative role of dispersal ability and effective population size on the responses to fragmentation we report here. The weirs studied here are of considerable historical importance. We therefore conclude that restoration programmes will need to consider both this societal context and the biological characteristics of the species sharing this ecosystem.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: The global expansion of a single ant supercolony
Authors: Van Wilgenburg Ellen , Torres Candice W. , Tsutsui Neil D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAnts are among the most damaging invasive species, and their success frequently arises from the widespread cooperation displayed by introduced populations, often across hundreds of kilometers. Previous studies of the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) have shown that introduced populations on different continents each contain a single, vast supercolony and, occasionally, smaller secondary colonies. Here, we perform inter‐continental behavioral analyses among supercolonies in North America, Europe, Asia, Hawaii, New Zealand and Australia and show that these far‐flung supercolonies also recognize and accept each other as if members of a single, globally distributed supercolony. Furthermore, populations also possess similar genetic and chemical profiles. However, these ants do show aggression toward ants from South Africa and the smaller secondary colonies that occur in Hawaii and California. Thus, the largest and most dominant introduced populations are likely descended from the same ancestral colony and, despite having been established more than 100 years ago, have diverged very little. This apparent evolutionary stasis is surprising because, in other species, some of the most rapid rates of evolutionary change have occurred in introduced populations. Given the spatial extent of the Argentine ant society we report here, there can be little doubt that this intercontinental supercolony represents the most populous known animal society.
PERSPECTIVE: Linking concepts in the ecology and evolution of invasive plants: network analysis shows what has been most studied and identifies knowledge gaps
Authors: Vanderhoeven Sonia , Brown Cynthia S. , Tepolt Carolyn K. , Tsutsui Neil D. , Vanparys Valérie , Atkinson Sheryl , Mahy Grégory , Monty Arnaud 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn recent decades, a growing number of studies have addressed connections between ecological and evolutionary concepts in biologic invasions. These connections may be crucial for understanding the processes underlying invaders’ success. However, the extent to which scientists have worked on the integration of the ecology and evolution of invasive plants is poorly documented, as few attempts have been made to evaluate these efforts in invasion biology research. Such analysis can facilitate recognize well‐documented relationships and identify gaps in our knowledge. In this study, we used a network‐based method for visualizing the connections between major aspects of ecology and evolution in the primary research literature. Using the family Poaceae as an example, we show that ecological concepts were more studied and better interconnected than were evolutionary concepts. Several possible connections were not documented at all, representing knowledge gaps between ecology and evolution of invaders. Among knowledge gaps, the concepts of plasticity, gene flow, epigenetics and human influence were particularly under‐connected. We discuss five possible research avenues to better understand the relationships between ecology and evolution in the success of Poaceae, and of alien plants in general.
Safety and Efficacy in HIV‐1‐Infected Patients Treated with Ritonavir‐Boosted Saquinavir Mesylate
Authors: Knechten Heribert , Lutz Thomas , Pulik Piotr , Martin Teodoro , Tappe Andre , Jaeger Hans 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTObjective.  To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of ritonavir‐boosted saquinavir 1000/100 mg twice daily administered as a 500 mg film‐coated tablet in HIV‐1‐infected patients.Methods.  In this open‐label, observational, 24‐week survey conducted in 8 European countries, eligible HIV‐infected participants had been prescribed saquinavir/ritonavir in combination with other nonprotease inhibitor (PI) antiretroviral agents as part of their HIV treatment regimen. The safety (grade 3 or 4 adverse events [AEs]), tolerability (by an investigator‐reported subjective rating system), and efficacy (the percentage of participants with <50 and <400 copies/mL HIV RNA and change from baseline in mean CD4+ cell count) were analyzed for the overall study population and 7 subpopulations.Results.  The enrolled population included 2122 participants with 1908 completing the study; 44 (2.1%) withdrew prematurely because of AEs, including 7 nontreatment‐related deaths. There were 33 grade 3 or 4 AEs in 29 (1.4%) participants; 7 AEs in 7 (0.3%) participants were considered treatment‐related. Tolerability was reported to be “very good” or “good” in 42% and 25% of participants, respectively. From baseline to week 24, the proportion of participants with HIV RNA <50 copies/mL increased from 31.2% to 47.6% and the proportion with <400 copies/mL increased from 42.5% to 61.4%; the mean CD4+ cell count increased by 75 cells/µL. In the subpopulation analysis, the greatest efficacy benefits occurred in participants who were treatment‐naïve and in those not having received prior PI therapy.Conclusions.  Treatment with the saquinavir 500 mg film‐coated tablet resulted in few grade 3 or 4 AEs and was well tolerated and effective in a broad population of patients.
Work Hard, Play Hard?: A Comparison of Male and Female Lawyers' Time in Paid and Unpaid Work and Participation in Leisure Activities
Authors: WALLACE JEAN E. , YOUNG MARISA C. 
Published: January 2010

Les auteures tentent de déterminer le temps que les professionnels, hommes et femmes, passent à effectuer du travail rémunéré ou non, et la façon dont cela influe sur leur participation à différentes activités de loisirs. Elles se fondent sur des données provenant d'avocats professant dans différents milieux juridiques. Elles constatent que les hommes rapportent consacrer plus de temps au travail rémunéré et aux loisirs, alors que les femmes accordent plus de temps aux travaux ménagers ainsi qu'aux soins des enfants. Les résultats semblent démontrer que les occasions dans l'ensemble plus importantes de loisirs chez les hommes comparées à celles des femmes seraient attribuables à des relations inattendues entre la participation des hommes aux travaux domestiques et aux soins des enfants, et leurs activités de loisirs. Les auteures présentent différentes explications à ces résultats.There has been a considerable amount of research that documents how women and men spend their time in different work and home tasks. We examine how much time professional women and men spend in paid and unpaid work and how this relates to their participation in different leisure activities. We also explore whether time in paid and unpaid work has gender‐specific effects on leisure participation. In examining these issues, we rely on data from lawyers working in different legal settings. Our results show that, as hypothesized, men report more time in paid work and leisure whereas women devote more time to housework and childcare. An unexpected finding is that the time men spend in housework or childcare is either unrelated or positively related to their leisure participation. These results suggest that men's greater overall opportunities for leisure compared with women's appear to stem from the unanticipated relationships between men's involvement in housework and childcare and their leisure activities. We raise several possible explanations for these findings.
Petrographic studies of the impact melts from Meteor Crater, Arizona, USA
Authors: Hörz Friedrich , Mittlefehldt David W. , See Thomas H. , Galindo Charles 
Published: January 2010

Abstract— We investigated the ballistically dispersed melts from Meteor Crater, Arizona, USA to determine the stratigraphic extent of its melt zone from the compositional relationship of melts and target rocks. Most melt particles are crystallized, hydrated, and oxidized; pristine glasses are rare. Hydration and oxidation occurred at ambient temperatures long after the impact. The preserved glasses are generally clear and texturally homogeneous, but unlike typical impact melts, they have unusually heterogeneous compositions, both within individual particles and from sample to sample. For example, the average SiO2 for individual particles ranges from 43 to 65%. The projectile content is unusually high and it is distributed bimodally, with specific samples containing either 5–10% or 20–30% FeO. These compositional heterogeneities most likely reflect the high carbonate content of the target rocks and the release of copious CO2 that dispersed the melts, thereby terminating melt flow and mixing. The high projectile content and the CO2 depleted residue of purely sedimentary rocks produced mafic melts that crystallized fine‐grained olivine and pyroxene.The melts fall into three compositional groups reflecting variable proportions of the major target formations, Moenkopi, Kaibab, and Coconino. Least‐square mixing calculations revealed one group to contain 55% Moenkopi, 40% quartz‐rich, upper Kaibab, and 5% meteorite, suggesting a source depth of <30 m from the pre‐impact surface. The other two melt groups have higher contents of meteorite (15–20%) and Kaibab (50–70%) and contain more SiO2 than average Kaibab. The additional quartz may have been derived from Coconino or the upper Kaibab, implying melt depths >90 m or <30 m, respectively. Additional studies, especially hydrocode calculations, are needed to better understand the source depth of these melts and their exceptionally high projectile content.
Planar deformation features and impact glass in inclusions from the Vredefort Granophyre, South Africa
Authors: Buchanan P. C. , Reimold W. U. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract— The Vredefort Granophyre represents impact melt that was injected downward into fractures in the floor of the Vredefort impact structure, South Africa. This unit contains inclusions of country rock that were derived from different locations within the impact structure and are predominantly composed of quartzite, feldspathic quartzite, arkose, and granitic material with minor proportions of shale and epidiorite. Two of the least recrystallized inclusions contain quartz with single or multiple sets of planar deformation features. Quartz grains in other inclusions display a vermicular texture, which is reminiscent of checkerboard feldspar. Feldspars range from large, twinned crystals in some inclusions to fine‐grained aggregates that apparently are the product of decomposition of larger primary crystals. In rare inclusions, a mafic mineral, probably biotite or amphibole, has been transformed to very fine‐grained aggregates of secondary phases that include small euhedral crystals of Fe‐rich spinel. These data indicate that inclusions within the Vredefort Granophyre were exposed to shock pressures ranging from <5 to 8–30 GPa.Many of these inclusions contain small, rounded melt pockets composed of a groundmass of devitrified or metamorphosed glass containing microlites of a variety of minerals, including K‐feldspar, quartz, augite, low‐Ca pyroxene, and magnetite. The composition of this devitrified glass varies from inclusion to inclusion, but is generally consistent with a mixture of quartz and feldspar with minor proportions of mafic minerals. In the case of granitoid inclusions, melt pockets commonly occur at the boundaries between feldspar and quartz grains. In metasedimentary inclusions, some of these melt pockets contain remnants of partially melted feldspar grains. These melt pockets may have formed by eutectic melting caused by inclusion of these fragments in the hot (650 to 1610 °C) impact melt that crystallized to form the Vredefort Granophyre.
The law of ownership and control of meteorites
Authors: SCHMITT Douglas G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract— Increased commerce in meteorites raises questions about their ownership and control. This article reviews the law in several countries, international law, and considers the legal and ethical issues facing curators wanting to bring finds to the research community and not divert them to a black market. A survey was made of scientists involved in meteorite acquisition in over 20 countries to determine how well various systems work.Meteorite ownership law is non‐uniform. English Common Law, from which the law in former British colonies including the United States evolved, provides that meteorites are the landowner's property; buried meteorites might be part of the mineral rights. Find reporting is not mandatory. Most Western European countries, and former colonies, have civil codes providing that meteorites are owned by the landowner. In many countries legislation about archaeological treasures modifies earlier meteorite law. The UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property provides for tracking and retrieving from reciprocating states, cultural property including meteorites.The Antarctic Treaty does not deal with samples exported. In July 2001 the Antarctic Treaty Consultative parties adopted a resolution to discourage non‐scientific collection.Curators should exercise caution if acquiring specimens of questionable legal ownership.Governments should be urged to enact laws to (1) discourage non‐scientific collection in pristine areas; (2) encourage collection in populated areas by reasonable incentives to finders, with mandatory find reporting; (3) create efficient export permitting systems allowing exchange of research samples; and (4) retrieve illegally exported meteorites under the UNESCO Cultural Property Convention.
The Worden meteorite: A new ordinary chondrite fall from Michigan, USA
Authors: VELBEL Michael A. , MATTY David J. , WACKER John F. , LINKE Matt P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract— An ordinary chondrite fall in southeast Michigan, USA (near the crossroads hamlet of Worden in northeast Washtenaw County) penetrated the garage roof of a private home on 1997 September 1. The Worden chondrite comprises silicate matrix, mineral fragments, chondrules, chondrule fragments, and opaque primary phases. Electron microprobe analyses (olivine, Fa23.9; orthopyroxene, Fs20.1, En78.8, Wo1) indicate diagnostic L‐chondrite silicate mineral compositions. Recognizable chondrules and chondrule fragments constitute up to 42 vol%. Chondrule boundaries are readily discernable (especially where chondrules have rims of opaque material) but not sharp, and discrete plagioclase crystals are visible in the devitrified mesostasis of barred olivine chondrules; together, these characteristics suggest petrologic type 5. The spatially averaged ensemble of shock‐related features (optical extinction of olivine grains, minor localized shock melt) suggests assignment of a shock stage of S3.The 26Al and 22Na activities are typical for an L chondrite. Worden fell near the most recent solar minimum in 1997, and the 22Na production rate should have been at a level approaching the maximum levels due to solar modulation of the galactic cosmic‐ray flux. The low value for the Worden 22Na activity relative to those observed in chondrite falls associated with the 1969 solar maximum and 1976 solar minimum suggests a relatively small preatmospheric size. The 60Co activity confirms the indication of a small body. The 56Co activity was essentially zero, indicating that none of the recovered meteorite contained material exposed to solar cosmic rays.The Worden chondrite is the fourth documented fall in Michigan, and the fourth stony meteorite recovered in Michigan; all other Michigan meteorites are finds, not observed falls, and are iron meteorites. All Michigan falls to date are ordinary chondrites. The three falls prior to Worden were Allegan (H5) fell 1899; Rose City (H5, brecciated, black (dark matrix)) fell 1921; and Coleman (L6, veined (shocked); Osborn et al., 1997) fell 1994. Worden has a much lighter matrix than Rose City, and is less extensively thermally and shock metamorphosed than either Rose City (Stöffler et al., 1991) or Coleman.