bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The prevalence of low self‐esteem in an intellectually disabled forensic population
Authors: Johnson P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground  This was a quantitative study to measure the prevalence low self‐esteem in an intellectually disabled forensic population. The dependent variables used were the adapted six‐item Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale and the adapted Evaluative Beliefs Scale. It had a repeated measures design with independent variables including consideration of differences between the low and medium secure parts of the service, the influences of types of offences and the effects of disrupted childhood attachments.Methods  Forty‐four male clients, with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities, were recruited. Data were collected by one key researcher during individual research interviews using the two structured instruments to measure self‐esteem. Further data were then obtained from routinely recorded clinical information held on the hospital computer system.Results  Unexpectedly, the majority of clients scored as having moderate or high self‐esteem on both self‐esteem measures. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the two scales. In all, 64% of the population studied had committed either sexual offences or fire setting offences. Contrary to expectation, those who had evidence of disrupted attachments had slightly higher self‐esteem than those who had not experienced disrupted attachments.Conclusions  Self‐esteem is a complex personal concept with many influencing factors. Cognitive behaviour therapy has a unique role in realising and overcoming negative core beliefs and feelings of low self‐worth. The offence types concurred with previously noted patterns of offending within the intellectually disabled forensic population.
Combined clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitor therapy is associated with higher cardiovascular event rates after percutaneous coronary intervention: a report from the BASKET trial
Authors: Burkard T. , Kaiser C. A. , Brunner‐La Rocca H. , Osswald S. , Pfisterer M. E. , Jeger R. V. ,   for the BASKET Investigators
Published: July 2011

Abstract.  Burkard T, Kaiser CA, Brunner‐La Rocca H, Osswald S, Pfisterer ME, Jeger RV for the BASKET Investigators (Cardiology, University Hospital; and Cardiology, Maastricht University Hospital Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands). Combined clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitor therapy is associated with higher cardiovascular event rates after percutaneous coronary intervention: a report from the BASKET trial. J Intern Med 2012; 271: 257–263.Objective.  To investigate whether there is an increased risk of cardiac events with a combined therapy of clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Design.  In the BAsel Stent Kosten Effektivitäts Trial (BASKET), all patients undergoing PCI received 6 months of clopidogrel and were analysed for the use of PPI therapy. Endpoints were major adverse cardiac events (MACE), myocardial infarction (MI), death and target vessel revascularization (TVR) after 36 months.Results.  Of 801 patients with available discharge medication data, 109 (14%) received PPIs. Patients who received PPIs were older (66.5 ± 10.5 vs. 63.3 ± 11.3 years, P = 0.006), more likely to be woman (80% vs. 69%, P = 0.009) and have a history of diabetes (29.6% vs. 17.3%, P = 0.002) or gastrointestinal ulcer disease (8.3% vs. 3.3%, P = 0.015) and more often received nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (7.3% vs. 2.2%, P = 0.003) and corticosteroids (11% vs. 3.6%, P = 0.001) but not aspirin (91.7% vs. 97%, P = 0.008) compared with those who did not receive PPIs. Patients who received PPI therapy had higher rates of MACE (30.3% vs. 20.8%, P = 0.027) and MI (14.7% vs. 7.4%, P = 0.01) but similar rates of death (9.2% vs. 7.4%, P = 0.51) and TVR (20.2% vs. 15.3%, P = 0.2) compared with those who did not. By multivariate analysis, diabetes (hazard ratio 1.83, 95% confidence interval 1.07–3.15) and PPI use (hazard ratio 1.88, 95% confidence interval 1.05–3.37) were the only independent risk factors for MI.Conclusion.  In a real‐world PCI population, the combination of PPIs and clopidogrel was associated with a doubling of MI rates after 3 years. Even after correction for confounding factors, concomitant PPI use remained an independent predictor of outcome emphasizing the clinical importance of this drug–drug interaction.
Effects of enrofloxacin on cytochromes P4501A and P4503A in Carassius auratus gibelio (crucian carp)
Authors: HU X. , LI X.‐C. , SUN B.‐B. , FANG W.‐H. , ZHOU S. , HU L.‐L. , ZHOU J.‐F. 
Published: July 2011

Hu, X., Li, X.‐C., Sun, B.‐B., Fang, W.‐H., Zhou, S., Hu, L.‐L., Zhou, J.‐F. Effects of enrofloxacin on cytochromes P4501A and P4503A in Carassius auratus gibelio (crucian carp). J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 216–223.Currently, although enrofloxacin (EF) as a widely used veterinary medicine has begun to apply to treating fish bacterial infections, the researches on the effects of EF on their main drug metabolic enzymes are limited. To investigate the effects of EF on fish cytochromes P450 (CYPs) 1A and 3A, the enzymatic activities and expressions (mRNA and protein) of crucian carp CYP1A and CYP3A after EF administration were examined. For CYP1A, in the in vivo experiments, EF exhibited potent inhibition on the CYP1A‐related ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase (EROD) activity, as well as CYP1A expressions at both protein and mRNA levels, at 24 h after administration with different EF dosages (3, 10, 30, and 60 mg/kg); Furthermore, CYP1A enzymatic activity and expressions at both protein and mRNA levels decreased more with increasing EF dosages. Additionally, the in vitro experimental results showed that, after incubated with microsomes, EF did not change the EROD activity through interacting directly with CYP1A. For CYP3A, the in vitro and in vivo experimental results demonstrated that EF could inhibit the CYP3A‐related erythromycin N‐demethylase activity in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner, while it did not suppress CYP3A expressions at both protein and mRNA levels after administration with EF for a short period (no more than 24 h); however, after injection with EF at a high dose (10 mg/kg) for a long period, the CYP3A protein and mRNA reached their lowest levels at 96 and 48 h, respectively. These results indicate that EF can suppress CYP1A expressions in a dose‐dependent manner, thereby inhibiting further its catalytic activity; meanwhile, both the interactions of EF with CYP3A and the expressions decrease (protein and mRNA) caused by EF contribute to the CYP3A inhibition.
Fungal defences against animal antagonists – lectins & more
Authors: KEMPKEN FRANK 
Published: July 2011

Unlike in the laboratory, in nature fungi are exposed to antagonists including competitors, pathogens, parasites and predators. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, an exciting paper by Bleuler‐Martínez et al. (2011) has unearthed on one of the processes used by fungi to protect themselves against animal antagonists. The authors from Markus Künzler′s group at the ETH Zürich, Switzerland present direct evidence that filamentous fungi possess an inducible resistance mechanism against predators and parasites. This is based on cytoplasmic lectins, which specifically bind to glycans of these predators and parasites, and thus provide toxicity against them. These lectins are expressed at high levels in fruiting bodies and sclerotia of these fungi (Fig. 1). While there have been previous suggestions and efforts to implicate mycotoxins such as sterigmatocystin into fungal defence mechanisms and as an evolutionary force (see Kempken & Rohlfs 2010), the data presented by Markus Künzler′s group highlight the ecological relevance of lectins in defending fungi from parasites and fungivorous animals. As such this paper provides important ecological clues and suggests that secondary metabolites are not the sole player in fungal–animal competition. It rather appears that fungi have evolved several lines of defence against antagonistic organisms. Fungi protect their fruiting bodies by the use of lectin (picture of Aleuria aurantia provided by Taylor F. Lockwood).image
Interleukin 4, interleukin 4 receptor‐α and interleukin 10 gene polymorphisms in Chagas disease
Authors: FLÓREZ O. , MARTÍN J. , GONZÁLEZ C. I. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryIn this study, we investigated the association between single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the interleukin‐4 (IL4), interleukin‐4 receptor‐α (IL4RA) and interleukin‐10 (IL10) genes with the development of chagasic heart disease. This study included 260 patients from Colombia who were serologically positive for Trypanosoma cruzi antigens (cardiomyopathic, n = 130; asymptomatic, n = 130). Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–restriction fragment length polymorphism or sequence‐specific primer methods. We found statistically significant differences in the distribution of the IL4RA +148 AA (P = 0·025, OR = 1·89, CI = 1·04–3·43) genotype when comparing asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. No statistically significant differences in the genotype and allele frequency of IL4 and IL10 gene polymorphisms between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients were observed. Our experimental evidence suggests that the IL4RA +148 AA genotype has a weak association with the development of chagasic cardiomyopathy in the population under study.
High concentration of adenosine in human visceral leishmaniasis despite increased ADA and decreased CD73
Authors: RAI A. K. , THAKUR C. P. , VELPANDIAN T. , SHARMA S. K. , GHOSH B. , MITRA D. K. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryAbsence of an effective Th‐1 response has been demonstrated as a major cause for the disease pathology among patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Defining strategies to prevent the development of Th‐2 response and/or initiate/activate effective Th‐1 response may be of help to reduce the growing incidence of drug unresponsiveness. Adenosine, which is considered as an endogenous anti‐inflammatory agent is generated in injured/inflamed tissues by the enzymatic catabolism of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and it suppresses inflammatory responses of essentially all immune cells. The extracellular adenosine‐producing pathway comprises two major enzymes CD39 (ATP→ADP→AMP) and CD73 (AMP→Adenosine). In contrast, the adenosine‐degrading pathway contains only one major enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA). Our study shows high concentration of adenosine in diseased condition, varying expression of enzyme involved in adenosine‐producing (CD73↓) and adenosine‐degrading (ADA↑) pathways. These are less studied in infections like VL but are very important in terms of endogenous regulation of immune response among patients.
Safeners recruit multiple signalling pathways for the orchestrated induction of the cellular xenobiotic detoxification machinery in Arabidopsis
Authors: BEHRINGER CARINA , BARTSCH KLAUS , SCHALLER ANDREAS 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTSafeners enhance herbicide tolerance in crop plants but not in target weeds, thus improving herbicide selectivity. The safeners isoxadifen‐ethyl and mefenpyr‐diethyl protect cereal crops from sulfonyl urea herbicides in postemergence application. The two safeners were shown here to induce the cellular xenobiotic detoxification machinery in Arabidopsis thaliana when applied to leaves in a way mimicking field application. Gene expression profiling revealed the induction of 446 genes potentially involved in the detoxification process. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing a reporter gene under control of a safener‐responsive maize promoter were used as a model system to study the safener signalling pathway. Reporter gene analysis in the tga2/3/5/6, sid2‐2 and npr1 mutants as compared with the wild‐type background showed that safener inducibility required TGA transcription factors and salicylic acid (SA) in a NON‐EXPRESSOR of PR‐1 (NPR1)‐independent pathway converging on two as‐1 promoter elements. For the majority of the safener‐responsive Arabidopsis genes, a similar dependence on TGA transcription factors and/or SA was shown by gene expression profiling in wild‐type plants as compared with the tga2/3/5/6 and sid2‐2 mutants. Thirty‐eight percent of the genes, however, were induced by safeners in a TGA/SA‐independent manner. These genes are likely to be controlled by WRKY transcription factors and cognate W‐boxes in their promoters.
Do treatment preferences for patients with angina change? An 18‐month follow‐up study
Authors: Bowling Ann , Reeves Barnaby C , Rowe Gene 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectives  To assess whether preferences for patients with angina changed at 18‐month follow‐up using the Patient Preferences Questionnaire for Angina treatment (PPQA).Background  Evidence suggests that patients want information about treatment options. Reliable measurement of patient preferences for treatment is important for empowering patients.Design  Postal self‐administered questionnaire survey at baseline and follow‐up. The preference questionnaire comprised 18 items about the main treatments for angina: medication, angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).Setting and participants  Patients with diagnosed angina from seven participating general practices across England. The sample comprised 222 patients with angina who responded to both baseline and follow‐up treatment preference questionnaires.Results  Most patients’ condition and preferences scores for treatment remained stable over 18 months. An exception was angioplasty preference scores, which indicated more negative attitudes towards this procedure over time. People aged over 75 years least preferred angioplasty. There were no associations between any changes in condition and changes in preferences. However, within‐subject agreement could vary by ±5 to 7 points between baseline and follow‐up, with stability apparently worst for the medication and best for surgery sub‐scales, raising the question of what represents reasonable stability.Conclusion  These results suggest preferences are relatively stable, even where there are changes in health, and provide further evidence of the utility (in particular, reliability) of the PPQA. However, this stability in scores did mask some movement in scale scores and in patients’ first‐ranked treatment choices, showing changing preferences largely from angioplasty to CABG and vice versa, indicating the complexity of preferences.
What Australian women want and when they want it: cervical screening testing preferences, decision‐making styles and information needs
Authors: Dieng Mbathio , Trevena Lyndal , Turner Robin M. , Wadolowski Monika , McCaffery Kirsten 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground  New testing technologies and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have recently brought changes to cervical cancer screening. In 2006, the Australian government also changed the protocol for managing abnormal Pap smears. Australian women’s attitudes and preferences to these changes are largely unknown. Quantitative data on information needs and community attitudes to informed decision making in screening in Australia are also limited.Objective  This national study measures women’s preferences for testing and management of abnormal screening results, preferred decision‐making styles and information needs for cervical cancer screening.Design  A randomly selected sample of Australian women aged 18–70 participated in a structured telephone questionnaire, exploring testing preferences, information and decision‐making needs.Results  A total of 1279, of 1571 eligible women, participated in the study with an overall response rate of 81.4%. Half of the women (n = 637) preferred having their Pap smears at least annually, and 85% wanted concurrent HPV testing. A large proportion of women preferred to be involved in decision making for both routine Pap smears (87%) and follow‐up for abnormal results (89%). The majority of women wanted information on screening risks (70%) and benefits (77%); of these 81 (85%) wanted this information before screening. However, 63% of women only wanted information about follow‐up examinations if they had an abnormal Pap test result.Conclusion  Australian women want to be involved in decision making for cervical cancer screening and require information on the risks and benefits of Pap testing prior to undergoing any screening.
The Effect of Two Different Routes of Administration of Oxytocin on Peripheral Plasma Prostaglandin F2α Metabolite Levels in Early Post‐partum Dairy Cows
Authors: Bajcsy ÁCs , Kindahl H , Szenci O , van der Weijden GC , Bartyik J , Taverne MAM 
Published: July 2011

ContentsVarious parenteral treatment forms of oxytocin, as often used under praxis circumstances, may act differently on contractility of the uterus during the first days of the puerperium. Various patterns of such induced uterotonic responses may lead to alterations in the emptying characteristics of the uterine lumen, thus influencing, as a late consequence, the process of involution. Therefore, this study was designed to test whether two different parenteral administration forms of oxytocin induce changes in peripheral plasma concentrations of 15‐ketodihydro‐prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α metabolite) in early post‐partum cows. Between 13 and 15 h after uncomplicated calving, healthy dairy cows without retained foetal membranes were treated with 50 IU oxytocin, either intramuscularly (OT‐IM group; n = 15) or intravenously (OT‐IV group; n = 16). Saline solution was administered intramuscularly as controls (CON group; n = 15). Jugular blood samples were taken at 10‐min intervals from 1 h before to 2 h after treatment. Plasma PGF2α metabolite levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. No significant differences in peripheral plasma PGF2α metabolite concentrations occurred in the OT‐IM and CON groups, but mean values significantly increased in the OT‐IV group, peaking at 20 min after treatment and reaching pre‐treatment baseline values again at 120 min. Although the source of prostaglandins was not investigated in this study, our results suggest that exogenous oxytocin may enhance secretion of prostaglandins by the uterus during the first day after normal calving. These prostaglandins might contribute, by an endocrine or paracrine route, to the stimulation of myometrial contractility when exogenous oxytocin is given during this early post‐partum stage.
Acute Changes in the Concentrations of Prostaglandin F2α (PGF) and Cortisol in Uterine and Ovarian Venous Blood During PGF‐induced Luteolysis in Cows
Authors: Duong HT , Vu HV , Bah MM , Woclawek‐Potocka I , Dam TV , Skarzynski DJ , Okuda K , Acosta TJ 
Published: July 2011

ContentsProstaglandin F2α (PGF) is considered to be the main luteolysin in cattle. We have previously demonstrated that cortisol (Cr) suppresses PGF production in non‐pregnant bovine endometrium. This study was carried out to test whether exogenous PGF increases ovarian and/or uterine PGF production and to determine the temporal relationship between PGF and Cr in ovarian and uterine circulations during PGF‐induced luteolysis in cows. Catheters were inserted into the ovarian vein (OV), uterine vein (UV) and jugular vein (JV) of 10 cows on Day 9 of the oestrous cycle (Ovulation = Day 0) for frequent blood collection. On Day 10, the cows were divided randomly into two groups and treated with a luteolytic dose of a PGF analogue (cloprostenol) or saline solution. Blood samples were collected at −0.25, 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 h and then at 2‐h intervals until 12 h after treatment (0 h). The basal concentrations of PGF and Cr in OV and UV plasma were not significantly different. Injection of a PGF analogue induced more than twofold increases in the levels of PGF between 0.25 and 1 h in UV plasma, but not in OV plasma. PGF increased (p < 0.05) the concentrations of Cr in OV, UV and JV plasma between 0.5 and 1 h. The Cr levels in OV, UV and JV plasma were similar. The PGF levels in UV plasma decreased after Cr reached its highest levels. The overall results suggest that the uterus rather than the ovary increases PGF production in response to PGF injection. Based on the temporal changes of PGF and Cr in the ovarian and uterine circulations, Cr may act to reduce uterine PGF production in non‐pregnant cows in vivo.
A spatial analysis of the moderating effects of land use on the association between alcohol outlet density and violence in urban areas
Authors: PRIDEMORE WILLIAM ALEX , GRUBESIC TONY H. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAims. While there is substantial evidence of an association between alcohol outlet density and assault, it is unlikely this association is constant across the urban environment. This study tested the moderating influence of land use on the outlet–violence association.Design. Cross‐sectional ecological study that controlled for spatial autocorrelation.Setting, Participants and Measurements. Police‐recorded data on simple and aggravated assaults were obtained for all 302 block groups (mean population = 1038) in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Addresses of alcohol outlets for Cincinnati were obtained from the Ohio Division of Liquor Control, geocoded to the street level, and aggregated to census block groups. Data on eight categories of land use were obtained from the Cincinnati Area Geographic Information System, with location quotients computed for each block group.Findings. We found substantial evidence that the impact of total alcohol outlet density, bar density and carryout density on assault density was moderated by land use.Conclusions. By taking into account local characteristics, policy‐makers can make more informed decisions when regulating the placement and density of alcohol licenses in urban areas. Similarly, more systematic knowledge of how the association between alcohol outlet density and assault varies across the urban landscape should reduce harm and promote responsible retailing. Nevertheless, ours is one of the first studies to address the moderating effect of land use and we encourage further research to test the stability and generalisability of our results.[Pridemore WA, Grubesic TH. A spatial analysis of the moderating effects of land use on the association between alcohol outlet density and violence in urban areas. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:385–393]
Brief alcohol screening in a clinical psychiatric population: Special attention needed
Authors: NEHLIN CHRISTINA , FREDRIKSSON ANDERS , JANSSON LENNART 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. Abbreviated versions of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and single‐item screeners show promising results but have not previously been investigated in a clinical psychiatric setting. The aim of the present study was to investigate the capacity of three brief screening methods to detect hazardous drinking in a psychiatric treatment‐seeking population.Design and Methods. Data were collected from consecutive patients (n = 1811) visiting a general psychiatric clinic. The screening capacity of the heavy episodic drinking (HED) screener, AUDIT item # 3 (AUDIT‐3) and the three consumption items of AUDIT (AUDIT‐C) was compared to the result of the full 10‐item AUDIT with cut‐off points 6 for women and 8 for men.Results. The HED screener and AUDIT‐3 with recommended cut‐offs captured low rates of hazardous drinkers when compared to the full AUDIT. Lowering the cut‐offs created rates far above those of the full AUDIT. AUDIT‐C with recommended cut‐off limits categorised nearly the same rates of men as the full AUDIT but much higher rates of women. Raising the cut‐off for women approached the detection rate of AUDIT‐C closely to that of the full AUDIT.Discussion and Conclusions. The findings of this study suggest that the HED screener is not sensitive enough in the clinical psychiatric setting. When designing alcohol screening measures to be used all over health‐care organisations, special attention should be paid to psychiatric patients. If a somewhat more extensive screening tool is used, the full AUDIT is recommended.[Nehlin C, Fredriksson A, Jansson L. Brief alcohol screening in a clinical psychiatric population: Special attention needed. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:538–543]