bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic Characteristics of the Earth's Temperature Distribution in Southern China
Authors: Jun Wang , Shangyao Huang , Geshan Huang , Jiyang Wang 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Sourthern China referred to in this paper embraces all the provinces to the south of latitude 32° N within the territory of China, exclusive of Tibet and Taiwan.The paper is based on the data obtained from temperature measurements of 680 boreholes drilled for petroleum, coal and hydrogeology. The depth of these boreholes ranges between 1,000 and 2,000 m in most cases, being generally not less than 400 m and reaching 7,000 m in maximum.Through the elaboration and analysis of the temperature data, isotherm maps showing the temperatures at depths of 1,000 m, 2,000 m and 3,000 m respectively and a geothermal gradient map of southern China have been compiled. These maps indicate that the earth's temperature distribution in southern China is characterized by a relatively low value in areas of its central part and those to the west of the Anning River valley of the western part (30°C, 40°C and 70°C at depths of 1,000 m, 2,000 m and 3,000 m respectively), and a comparatively high value in the southeastern coastal areas and western Yunnan (60°C, 80°C and over 120°C respectively), and that the geothermal gradient also increases from less than 1.5°C/100 m in the central part towards both the east and the west to 2.0‐3.0°C/100 m or even over 4.0°C/100 m.The earth's temperature distribution is strictly controlled by the deep structure of the earth's crust and is very closely related to the character of the regional geological structure. The stable central areas remarkably differ in the earth's temperature distribution from the tectonically active areas such as the southeastern coastal areas and the Jinggu‐Tengchong area in western Yunnan, the former being Jower than the latter. Meanwhile, due to the well‐developed karst features in southern China, the strong groundwater flow may exert certain cooling effect on the temperature down to a depth of about 1,500 m.According to the regularity of the earth's temperature distribution, regional deep structure of the earth's crust, regional geological structure and hydrogeological conditions, the following four models are proposed to explain the mechanism of formation and distribution of the earth's temperature fields in southern China: 1) conduction type; 2) convection type; 3) deep heat‐source conduction‐convection type; and 4) precipitation infiltration cooling type.
On the Post‐Variscan Global Tectonic Stages
Authors: Jishun Ren 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAfter the Variscan Cycle, the global tectonic framework underwent three major adjustments. The first occurred in the Late Triassic‐initial Jurassic, the second in the Late Jurassic‐early Early Cretaceous and the third in the Late Cretaceous‐Eogene. On that basis, the post‐Variscan tectonic history is divided into three tectonic cycles—the Indosinian, Yanshanian and Himalayan Cycles. The post‐Neocom ( k11 ) and pre‐Aptian ( k21) tectonic movement marks the end of the Yanshanian orogeny in eastern China and the initiation of the subduction of the Tethyan ocean in western China and represents the boundary between the Yanshanian and Himalayan Tectonic Cycles.
Stable Isotope Geochemistry of the Beishan Stratabound Sphalerite‐Pyrite Deposit, Guangxi
Authors: Haoshou Chen , Hong Lü , Huangqi Shi , Xiangchang Wang 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBased on lead isotope data, it has been shown that lead in the Beishan stratabound sphalerite‐pyrite deposit came mainly from the oldland and its underlying basement rocks and, subordinately, the Devonian itself or the sea water at that time. As to its primary source, upper crust lead was predominant, while lower crust lead or upper mantle lead was subordinate. Sulfur was formed mainly through bacterial reduction of marine carbonates. The carbon and oxygen isotopic analyses for carbonate rocks and minerals have demonstrated that carbonate rocks in the Beishan area are normal marine sediments. The isotopic characteristics of the carbonate rocks are intermediate between those of the northern Guangdong and central Hunan, but closer to those of the central Hunan basin. The formation of the Beishan deposit underwent: a depositional‐diagenetic mineralization stage and a successive post‐diagenetic enrichment‐remoulding one.
Mortality in small geographical areas and proximity to air polluting industries in the Basque Country (Spain)
Authors: Cambra K , Martínez–Rueda T , Alonso–Fustel E , Cirarda F B , Ibáñez B , Esnaola S , Calvo M , Aldasoro E , Montoya I 
Published: September 2010

ObjectivesTo study the association between proximity to air polluting industrial facilities and mortality in the Basque Country (Spain) in the 1996–2003 period.MethodsA cross-sectional ecological study with 1465 census sections (CS) as units of analysis with a mean population of 1257 inhabitants. Association of CS mortality with proximity of industries of the European Pollutant Emission Register was studied by type of industrial activity and adjusted for social deprivation. Two distance thresholds (1 km and 2 km) were used as proxies for exposure in a ‘near versus far’ analysis. Causes of mortality studied were: all causes; tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer; haematological tumours; ischaemic heart disease; cerebrovascular diseases; chronic diseases of the lower respiratory tract; and breast cancer (in women). Poisson's generalised linear mixed models (GLMM) with two random effects (heterogeneity and structured spatial variability) were used in a fully Bayesian environment.ResultsMen living in sections within 1 km from energy production industries had greater mortality from tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer [CI90%6% to 53%] as compared with people living further. Women had greater mortality from ischaemic heart disease [CI90%1% to 17%] and respiratory illness [CI90%1% to 24%] within 2 km from metal-processing industries. On the contrary, within the 1 km buffer from mineral industries, mortality was lower for all causes [CI90%−20% to −6%] and for ischaemic heart disease [CI90%−40% to −10%] in women, and from respiratory diseases in men [CI90%−39% to −4%], while it was greater for breast cancer in women [CI90%2% to 28%] within the 2 km buffer.ConclusionsAnalysis of mortality by census sections is a helpful exploratory tool for investigating environmental risk factors and directing actions to sites and risk factors with a greater impact on health. Further epidemiological and environmental investigations around metal-processing and energy-producing plants are required.
Malaysian and Thai smokers' beliefs about the harmfulness of ‘light’ and menthol cigarettes
Authors: King B , Yong H-H , Borland R , Omar M , Ahmad A A , Sirirassamee B , Hamann S , O'Connor R J , Bansal-Travers M , Elton-Marshall T , Lee W B , Hammond D , Thrasher J 
Published: September 2010

ObjectiveThis study explored the extent to which Malaysian and Thai smokers believe “light” and menthol cigarettes are less harmful than “regular” cigarettes and the correlates of these beliefs.MethodsThe study used data from wave 1 of the International Tobacco Control Southeast Asia Survey. 2006 adult smokers (95.3% male) from Malaysia and 2000 adult smokers (94.5% male) from Thailand were interviewed face to face in 2005.Results29% of Malaysian respondents reported currently smoking light cigarettes and 14% menthols, with 19% agreeing that lights are less harmful and 16% agreeing that menthols are less harmful. 38% of Thai respondents reported currently smoking light cigarettes and 19% menthols, with 46% agreeing that lights are less harmful and 35% agreeing that menthols are less harmful. Malaysian smokers reporting current use of light or menthol cigarettes were more likely to believe that they are less harmful. Reported use of lights did not relate to beliefs for Thai respondents. The belief that light and/or menthol cigarettes are less harmful was strongly related to the belief that they have smoother smoke.ConclusionsThe experience of smoother smoke is likely to produce some level of belief in reduced harm, regardless of how brands are labelled and whether or not Federal Trade Commission FTC/International Organisation for Standardisation tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide yield figures are used.
Exploring differences in smokers' perceptions of the effectiveness of cessation media messages
Authors: Davis Kevin C , Nonnemaker James M , Farrelly Matthew C , Niederdeppe Jeff 
Published: September 2010

ObjectiveTo examine which types of cessation-focused advertisements are associated with perceived advertisement effectiveness among smokers and to assess whether key smoker characteristics (ie, cigarette consumption, desire to quit and past quit attempts) influence perceived effectiveness of different types of cessation ads.MethodsWe used data from the New York Media Tracking Survey Online, a web survey of 7060 adult smokers in New York. Participants were exposed to four categories of cessation ads: (1) why to quit—graphic images, (2) why to quit—testimonial, (3) how to quit and (4) anti-industry. Perceived ad effectiveness was measured with a four-item scale assessing the degree to which participants thought the ads made them stop and think, grabbed their attention, were believable and made them want to quit smoking. We categorised smokers based on cigarette consumption, desire to quit and past quit attempts. We used multivariable analyses to examine how smoker characteristics and category of cessation ads predict perceived ad effectiveness.ResultsAds using the ‘why to quit’ strategy with either graphic images or personal testimonials were perceived as more effective than the other ad categories. Smokers who had less desire to quit or had not tried quitting in the past 12 months responded significantly less favourably to all types of cessation ads tested. Greater cigarette consumption was also associated with lower perceived effectiveness, but this association was smaller in magnitude.ConclusionsTobacco control programmes that utilise cessation-focus advertising should focus relatively more on ads that adopt the ‘why to quit’ strategy with either graphic images or personal testimonials.
The association between home smoking restrictions and youth smoking behaviour: a review
Authors: Emory Kristen , Saquib Nazmus , Gilpin Elizabeth A , Pierce John P 
Published: September 2010

ObjectiveTo review the available evidence for home smoking restrictions as a useful tool in the prevention of youth smoking and to make recommendations for further research.MethodsA PubMed search (1 January 1990 to 26 January 2010) identified studies involving youth ≤18 years using extensive criteria. In all, 17 studies relating home smoking restrictions to youth smoking behaviour were identified from titles, abstracts or the full text, as required. Two additional articles were identified by other means. KE, NS and EG reviewed the studies. Differences in interpretation were resolved by discussion, with EG making final decisions.ResultsOf the 19 studies, 16 (including the only 2 longitudinal studies) showed at least marginal evidence of an association of home smoking restrictions with reduced adolescent smoking behaviours. Associations were more numerous and stronger in homes without adult smokers, suggesting that even in such homes, lack of a smoke-free home may undermine the parental value of not smoking. Definitions of home smoking rules, adolescent smoking behaviour and treatment of parental smoking varied widely among studies. It is recommend that future research: (1) contrast smoke-free homes for everyone against all others, (2) included an interaction term for parental smoking and having a smoke-free home, or conduct separate analyses for homes with and without parental or other adults smokers and (3) examine early and later stages of the smoking uptake continuum.ConclusionsWhile the evidence is suggestive for an effect, further research is required to establish causality using longitudinal designs.
The promise of plasmonics
Authors: Atwater Harry A. 
Published: September 2010

Light is a wonderful medium for carrying information.
Optical fibers now span the globe, guiding light signals that convey voluminous streams of voice communications and vast amounts of data. This gargantuan capacity has led some researchers to prophesy that photonic devices--which channel and manipulate visible light and other electromagnetic waves--could someday replace electronic circuits in microprocessors and other computer chips. Unfortunately, the size and performance of photonic devices are constrained by the diffraction limit; because of interference between closely spaced light waves, the width of an optical fiber carrying them must be at least half the light's wavelength inside the material. For chip-based optical signals, which will most likely employ near-infrared wavelengths of about 1,500 nanometers (billionths of a meter), the minimum width is much larger than the smallest electronic devices currently in use; some transistors in silicon integrated circuits, for instance, have features smaller than 100 nanometers.
E-Cadherin/p120-Catenin and Tetraspanin Co-029 Cooperate for Cell Motility Control in Human Colon Carcinoma
Authors: Greco Céline , Bralet Marie-Pierre , Ailane Naouel , Dubart-Kupperschmitt Anne , Rubinstein Eric , Le Naour François , Boucheix Claude 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Tumor invasion and metastasis are major obstacles to clinical treatment that rely on cell migration. Here, we elucidate a mechanism of colon carcinoma cell migration that is supported by the cell surface tetraspanin Co-029 (tspan8), which is known to favor tumor progression and metastasis. This mechanism is unmasked by silencing of E-cadherin or its associated adapter molecule p120-catenin (p120ctn), and it involves a switch in signaling between the collagen-binding integrins α1β1 and α2β1. Direct interaction between E-cadherin and Co-029 was documented by chemical cross-linking and immunohistologic analysis of colon carcinomas. High expression of Co-029 and cytoplasmic delocalization of p120ctn were each associated with poor prognosis. Cell motility was reduced severely by antibody-mediated disruption of Co-029 only when p120ctn was silenced, suggesting that tumor progression may be hindered by Co-029 targeting. Our findings define a function for tetraspanin Co-029 as a modifier of cancer cell motility and reveal an adhesion signaling network implicated in progression and metastasis. Cancer Res; 70(19); 7674–83. ©2010 AACR.
Liver Cancer Protease Activity Profiles Support Therapeutic Options with Matrix Metalloproteinase–Activatable Oncolytic Measles Virus
Authors: Mühlebach Michael D. , Schaser Thomas , Zimmermann Martina , Armeanu Sorin , Hanschmann Kay-Martin O. , Cattaneo Roberto , Bitzer Michael , Lauer Ulrich M. , Cichutek Klaus , Buchholz Christian J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Primary and secondary cancers of the liver are a significant health problem with limited treatment options. We sought here to develop an oncolytic measles virus (MV) preferentially activated in liver tumor tissue, thus reducing infection and destruction of healthy tissue. We documented that in primary tumor tissue, urokinase-type plasminogen activator and especially matrix metallproteinase-2 (MMP-2) are significantly more active than in adjacent nontumorous tissue. We then generated variants of the MV fusion protein by inserting different MMP substrate motifs at the protease cleavage site and identified the motif PQGLYA as the most efficient cleavage site as determined by syncytia formation on protease-positive tumor cells. The corresponding MMP-activatable oncolytic MV-MMPA1 virus was rescued and shown to be strongly restricted on primary human hepatocytes and healthy human liver tissue, while remaining as effective as the parental MV in the tumor tissue sections. Our findings underline the clinical potency of the MMP activation concept as a strategy to generate safer oncolytic viruses for the treatment of primary and secondary cancers of the liver. Cancer Res; 70(19); 7620–9. ©2010 AACR.
A ZASP Missense Mutation, S196L, Leads to Cytoskeletal and Electrical Abnormalities in a Mouse Model of Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Li Zhaohui , Ai Tomohiko , Samani Kaveh , Xi Yutao , Tzeng Huei-Ping , Xie Mingxing , Wu Shan , Ge Shuping , Taylor Michael D. , Dong Jian-Wen , Cheng Jie , Ackerman Michael J. , Kimura Akinori , Sinagra Gianfranco , Brunelli Luca , Faulkner Georgine , Vatta Matteo 
Published: September 2010

Background—

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a primary disease of the heart muscle associated with sudden cardiac death secondary to ventricular tachyarrhythmias and asystole. However, the molecular pathways linking DCM to arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death are unknown. We previously identified a S196L mutation in exon 4 of
LBD3
-encoded ZASP in a family with DCM and sudden cardiac death. These findings led us to hypothesize that this mutation may precipitate both cytoskeletal and conduction abnormalities in vivo. Therefore, we investigated the role of the ZASP4 mutation S196L in cardiac cytoarchitecture and ion channel biology.

Methods and Results—

We generated and analyzed transgenic mice with cardiac-restricted expression of the S196L mutation. We also performed cellular electrophysiological analysis on isolated S196L cardiomyocytes and protein-protein interaction studies. Ten month-old S196L mice developed hemodynamic dysfunction consistent with DCM, whereas 3-month-old S196L mice presented with cardiac conduction defects and atrioventricular block. Electrophysiological analysis on isolated S196L cardiomyocytes demonstrated that the L-type Ca
2+
currents and Na
+
currents were altered. The pull-down assay demonstrated that ZASP4 complexes with both calcium (Ca
v
1.2) and sodium (Na
v
1.5) channels.

Conclusions—
Our findings provide new insight into the mechanisms by which mutations of a structural/cytoskeletal protein, such as ZASP, lead to cardiac functional and electric abnormalities. This work represents a novel framework to understand the development of conduction defects and arrhythmias in subjects with cardiomyopathies, including DCM.
A Prospective Comparison of Cardiac Imaging Using Intracardiac Echocardiography With Transesophageal Echocardiography in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Saksena Sanjeev , Sra Jasbir , Jordaens Luc , Kusumoto Fred , Knight Bradley , Natale Andrea , Kocheril Abraham , Nanda Navin C. , Nagarakanti Rangadham , Simon Ann Marie , Viggiano Mary A. , Lokhandwala Tasneem , Chandler Mary L. ,   ICE-CHIP Investigator Study Group
Published: September 2010

Background—
The Intracardiac Echocardiography Guided Cardioversion Helps Interventional Procedures study evaluated the concordance of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods and Results—

Patients with AF undergoing right heart catheterization underwent left atrium (LA) and interatrial septal (IAS) imaging by TEE and ICE. A blinded comparison of the 2 modalities was performed at a core laboratory. Ninety-five patients aged 58±12 years completed the study. The LA was profiled in all patients with both techniques, and concordance for image quality was 96%. LA appendage (LAA) imaging was achieved in 85% with ICE and 96% with TEE. There was no difference in the presence of spontaneous echo contrast between ICE and TEE during LA imaging, but there was a trend toward a greater incidence in the LAA with TEE (
P
=0.109). Intracardiac thrombus was uncommonly seen (TEE, 6.9%; ICE, 5.2%). The concordance for the presence or absence of thrombus was 97% in the LA and 92% in the LAA, but the latter was detected more frequently with TEE. IAS imaging was achieved in 91% with ICE and in 97% with TEE (
P
=0.177). Concordance for patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysms was 100% and 96%, respectively. A negative ICE examination was associated with absence of dense echo contrast or thrombus on TEE in 86%.

Conclusions—
This study provides validation for the use of ICE for LA and IAS imaging. ICE imaging was less sensitive compared to TEE for LAA thrombus identification.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00281073.
Efficacy and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Before 45 Years of Age
Authors: Leong-Sit Peter , Zado Erica , Callans David J. , Garcia Fermin , Lin David , Dixit Sanjay , Bala Rupa , Riley Michael P. , Hutchinson Mathew D. , Cooper Joshua , Gerstenfeld Edward P. , Marchlinski Francis E. 
Published: September 2010

Background—
Young patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) tend to be more symptomatic and less willing to take long-term medications, yet catheter ablation remains recommended as second-line therapy for AF regardless of age. This study seeks to characterize the effectiveness and risk of AF ablation in the young.

Methods and Results—

Consecutive (n=1548) patients who underwent 2038 AF ablation procedures were included. Major procedural complications and efficacy were analyzed on the basis of age at the initial procedure: <45 years (group 1), 45 to 54 years (group 2), 55 to 64 years (group 3), and ≥65 years (group 4). AF control was defined as no or rare AF on or off antiarrhythmic drugs. The primary outcome of AF control was similar in all groups; it was achieved in 87% in group 1, 88% in group 2, 88% in group 3, and 82% in group 4 (
P
=0.06). However, more group 1 patients demonstrated freedom from AF off antiarrhythmic drugs (76%) compared with group 2 at 68%, group 3 at 65%, and group 4 at 53% (
P
<0.001). There were no major complications in group 1, 10 (1.7%) in group 2, 14 (1.4%) in group 3, and 10 (2.6%) in group 4 (
P
=0.01).

Conclusions—
In patients younger than 45 years, there is a lower major complication rate and a comparable efficacy rate, with a greater chance of being AF free without antiarrhythmic drugs. These findings suggest that it may be appropriate to consider ablative therapy as first-line therapy in this age group.
Atrial Coronary Arteries in Areas Involved in Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation
Authors: Pardo Meo Januário , Scanavacca Maurício , Sosa Eduardo , Correia Aristides , Hachul Denise , Darrieux Francisco , Lara Sissy , Hardy Carina , Jatene Fabio , Jatene Marcelo 
Published: September 2010

Background—
The proximity to vascular structures is a limiting factor during radiofrequency ablation. However, little or no attention has been given to the atrial arterial circulation during the development of atrial fibrillation (AF) catheter ablation techniques.

Methods and Results—
We examined the atrial arterial circulation in areas involved in AF ablation in 24 heart specimens by colored resin injection and careful dissection. The sinus node artery (SNA) arose from the circumflex artery in 42% of case; proximal to the LA appendage in 29%, crossing the left atrium (LA) anterior wall; and after the LA appendage in the remaining 13%, crossing the mitral isthmus and passing close to the left pulmonary veins (PVs), the LA roof, and the right superior PV. In 58%, the SNA arose from the right coronary artery. Major arteries (≥1 mm in external diameter) were found in the mitral isthmus in 54%, at the LA roof in 54%, and at the LA anterior wall in 29%. Around the left PV ostia, there were areas with major arteries in up to 37% (at the roof and inferior segments) and around the right PV ostia in up to 29% (at the roof segment).

Conclusions—
Major atrial coronary arteries, including the SNA, were commonly found in the areas involved in AF ablation and could cause difficulties in obtaining transmural lesions and electric isolation or even lead to ischemic sinus node or atrial dysfunction.