bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brief report: Self‐harm is associated with immature defense mechanisms but not substance use in a nonclinical Scottish adolescent sample
Authors: Brody Stuart , Carson Carron Maryjane 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTIt has been unclear whether adolescent deliberate self‐harm (DSH) is more associated with substance use or with characterological impairments. Multivariate determination of (N = 114 Scottish adolescents) ever engaging in DSH (Youth Risk Behavior Survey) from alcohol use, other substance use, and immature defense mechanism use (Defense Style Questionnaire; DSQ‐40) revealed that a history of DSH was associated with more use of immature defense mechanisms by not with substance use or recent alcohol use. More research and clinical attention might be given to immature defense mechanisms in cases of DSH.
Namibia's community-based natural resource management programme: an unrecognized payments for ecosystem services scheme
Authors: NAIDOO ROBIN , WEAVER L. CHRIS , DE LONGCAMP MARIE , DU PLESSIS PIERRE 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYPayments for ecosystem services (PES) programmes are widely recognized as novel and innovative mechanisms that seek to promote the conservation of biodiversity while simultaneously improving human livelihoods. A number of national-level PES programmes have made significant contributions to advancing knowledge of these mechanisms. Namibia's community-based natural resources management (CBNRM) programme effectively operates as one such large-scale PES programme, making it one of the world's longest-standing schemes. In this review, Namibia's CBNRM scheme is compared and contrasted with the formal definition of a PES programme, some of the outcomes that the programme has produced illustrated by examples, and the challenges that must still be faced identified. Most of the requirements for a PES programme are present in Namibia's CBNRM programme, and when it does not meet these criteria, it is not exceptional. Notwithstanding the increases in wildlife populations and financial benefits that have been associated with the programme, a major challenge going forward revolves around diversifying the number of services produced. Namibia's CBNRM programme has much to contribute to the design of large-scale PES schemes.
Intangible Cultural Heritage in a Modernizing Bhutan: The Question of Remaining Viable and Dynamic
Authors: Lees Emma 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article considers the measures being taken in Bhutan to support the cultural practices and traditions of weaving as Bhutan rapidly moves to modernize. Woven cloth is one of a number of artisan practices in Bhutan that contribute to a unique body of intangible cultural heritage, and a distinctive and instantly recognizable Bhutanese identity. Cloth and cloth production have come to have significant influence on the cultural, socioeconomic and political, as well as the ceremonial and religious life of the people of Bhutan. However with modernization and an increasingly global outlook, many socioeconomic transformations are taking place, challenging traditional cultural practices to remain relevant and viable to younger generations. Bhutan offers a unique case study as a country engaging only relatively recently with globalization after a long history of cultural isolation. Bhutan also offers up a unique policy response to modernization, its Gross National Happiness (GNH) measure, which attempts to embody a strong social, cultural, and environmental imperative within the development process. This article will analyze the various measures taking place to maintain cultural identity and cultural practices within the context of development policy and practice, and will link this discussion to measures and approaches taking place at an international level by agencies such as UNESCO.
Power Relations in the Traditional Knowledge Debate: A Critical Analysis of Forums
Authors: Maina Charles Kamau 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAn ongoing debate on the protection of traditional knowledge was prompted by the United Nations General Assembly declaration of the International Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples in 1995 and the declaration of the Second International Decade in 2004. These two declarations challenged governments and the international community to address, nationally and internationally, issues that affect indigenous communities. One such issue is the protection of traditional knowledge. The three key international multilateral forums that are debating traditional knowledge issues are the World Intellectual Property Organization, the World Trade Organization, and the Convention on Biological Diversity. Using a political economy framework, this study analyzes the policymaking processes and mandates of the three multilateral forums in order to highlight stakeholders' levels of involvement in these processes. The study found that the multilateral forums' power structures, mandates, and decision-making processes disadvantage indigenous peoples and hinder their full participation in the forums' processes. The study recommends establishing a forum that would take into account indigenous peoples' worldviews; otherwise policy outcomes from these discussions will probably disadvantage indigenous peoples.
Allais on Transcendental Idealism
Authors: Roche Andrew F. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractLucy Allais argues that we can better understand Kant's transcendental idealism by taking seriously the analogy of appearances to secondary qualities that Kant offers in theProlegomena. A proper appreciation of this analogy, Allais claims, yields a reading of transcendental idealism according to which all properties that can appear to us in experience are mind-dependent relational properties that inhere in mind-independent objects. In section 1 of my paper, I articulate Allais's position and its benefits, not least of which is its elegant explanation of how the features of objects that appear to us are transcendentally ideal while still being ‘empirically’ real. In section 2, I contend that there are elements of Allais's account that are problematic, yet also inessential, to what I view to be the core contribution of her analysis. These elements are the views that the properties that appear to human beings are not really distinct from properties that things have ‘in themselves’ and that Kant embraced a relational account of perception. In section 3, I return to the core of Allais's reading and argue that, despite its multiple virtues, it cannot make sense of key features of Kant's idealism.
Making Sense of the Relationship of Reason and Sensibility in Kant's Ethics
Authors: Grenberg Jeanine 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn this essay, I look at some claims Anne Margaret Baxley makes, in her recent book Kant's Theory of Virtue: The Value of Autocracy, about the relationship between reason and sensibility in Kant's theory of virtue. I then reflect on tensions I find in these claims as compared to the overall goal of her book: an account of Kant's conception of virtue as autocracy. Ultimately, I argue that interpreters like Baxley (and myself) who want to welcome a more robust role for feeling in Kantian ethics must, in order to achieve our purposes, move beyond the general account of the limits for the role of the moral feeling of respect in the grounding of Kant's ethics which Henry Allison established in his influential Kant's Theory of Freedom.
ONE-DIMENSIONAL LIE FOLIATIONS WITH GENERIC SINGULARITIES IN COMPLEX DIMENSION THREE
Authors: MAFRA ALBETÃ , SCARDUA BRUNO 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe prove that a germ of a one-dimensional holomorphic foliation with a generic singularity in dimension two or three that exhibits a Lie group transverse structure in the complement of some codimension one analytic subset is logarithmic, that is, given by a system of closed meromorphic one-forms with simple poles. In the global context, we prove that a foliation by curves in a three-dimensional complex manifold with generic singularities and a Lie group transverse structure off a codimension one analytic subset is logarithmic; that is, it is given by a system of closed meromorphic one-forms with simple poles.
A phospholamban-tethered cardiac Ca2+ pump reveals stoichiometry and dynamic interactions between the two proteins
Authors: Chen Zhenhui 
Published: September 2011

To study PLB (phospholamban) inhibition of the cardiac Ca2+ pump [SERCA2a (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2a)], a fusion protein (SER-20G-PLB) was engineered by tethering SERCA2a with PLB through a 20-glycine residue chain, allowing the PLB tether to either bind to or dissociate from the inhibition site on SERCA2a. When expressed in insect cells, SER-20G-PLB produced active Ca2+ uptake, which was stimulated by the anti-PLB antibody, both similar to that which occurred with the control sample co-expressing WT (wild-type)-SERCA2a and WT-PLB. The KCa values of Ca2+-dependent ATPase were similar for SER-20G-PLB (0.29±0.02 μM) and for the control sample (0.30±0.02 μM), both greater than 0.17±0.01 μM for WT-SERCA2a expressed alone. Thus SER-20G-PLB retains a fully active Ca2+ pump, but its apparent Ca2+ affinity was decreased intrinsically by tethered PLB at a 1:1 molar stoichiometry. Like WT-PLB, SER-20G-PLB ran as both monomers and homo-pentamers on SDS/PAGE. As Ca2+ concentrations increase from 0 to the micromolar range, the proportion of non-inhibiting pentamers increased from 32% to 52%, suggesting that Ca2+ activation of the pump completely dissociates the PLB tether from the inhibition site on SERCA2a, with concurrent association of PLB pentamers. Collectively, the regulation of SERCA2a is achieved through the Ca2+-dependent equilibria involving PLB association and dissociation from SERCA2a, and assembling and disassembling of SER-20G-PLB pentamers.
Genome-Wide Direct Target Analysis Reveals a Role for SHORT-ROOT in Root Vascular Patterning through Cytokinin Homeostasis
Authors: Cui Hongchang , Hao Yueling , Kovtun Mikhail , Stolc Viktor , Deng Xing-Wang , Sakakibara Hitoshi , Kojima Mikiko 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSHORT-ROOT (SHR) is a key regulator of root growth and development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Made in the stele, the SHR protein moves into an adjacent cell layer, where it specifies endodermal cell fate; it is also essential for apical meristem maintenance, ground tissue patterning, vascular differentiation, and lateral root formation. Much has been learned about the mechanism by which SHR controls radial patterning, but how it regulates other aspects of root morphogenesis is still unclear. To dissect the SHR developmental pathway, we have determined the genome-wide locations of SHR direct targets using a chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by microarray analysis method. K-means clustering analysis not only identified additional quiescent center-specific SHR targets but also revealed a direct role for SHR in gene regulation in the pericycle and xylem. Using cell type-specific markers, we showed that in shr, the phloem and the phloem-associated pericycle expanded, whereas the xylem and xylem-associated pericycle diminished. Interestingly, we found that cytokinin level was elevated in shr and that exogenous cytokinin conferred a shr-like vascular patterning phenotype in wild-type root. By chromatin immunoprecipitation-polymerase chain reaction and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays, we showed that SHR regulates cytokinin homeostasis by directly controlling the transcription of cytokinin oxidase 3, a cytokinin catabolism enzyme preferentially expressed in the stele. Finally, overexpression of a cytokinin oxidase in shr alleviated its vascular patterning defect. On the basis of these results, we suggest that one mechanism by which SHR controls vascular patterning is the regulation of cytokinin homeostasis.
Salt Stress–Induced Disassembly ofArabidopsisCortical Microtubule Arrays Involves 26S Proteasome–Dependent Degradation of SPIRAL1
Authors: Wang Songhu , Kurepa Jasmina , Hashimoto Takashi , Smalle Jan A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe dynamic instability of cortical microtubules (MTs) (i.e., their ability to rapidly alternate between phases of growth and shrinkage) plays an essential role in plant growth and development. In addition, recent studies have revealed a pivotal role for dynamic instability in the response to salt stress conditions. The salt stress response includes a rapid depolymerization of MTs followed by the formation of a new MT network that is believed to be better suited for surviving high salinity. Although this initial depolymerization response is essential for the adaptation to salt stress, the underlying molecular mechanism has remained largely unknown. Here, we show that the MT-associated protein SPIRAL1 (SPR1) plays a key role in salt stress–induced MT disassembly. SPR1, a microtubule stabilizing protein, is degraded by the 26S proteasome, and its degradation rate is accelerated in response to high salinity. We show that accelerated SPR1 degradation is required for a fast MT disassembly response to salt stress and for salt stress tolerance.
Spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma not expressing stratified but simple epithelial cytokeratin: Efficacy of simple epithelial cytokeratin immunoreactivity
Authors: TOKURIKI Atsushi , KIYOHARA Takahiro , KOURABA Sachio , KUMAKIRI Masanobu 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe present two cases of spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma, which were derived from solar keratosis and burn scar in two elderly Japanese patients, respectively. The tumors involved the whole dermis and subcutis in connection with the overlying epidermis. They were composed mainly of anaplastic spindle cells partially forming storiform patterns. The tumor cells were diffusely positive for vimentin and cytokeratin 8/18 (clone CAM5.2, simple epithelial cytokeratin), but negative for cytokeratin 1/5/10/14 (clone 34βE12, stratified epithelial cytokeratin). Ultrastructural analysis of a patient demonstrated desmosomes and tonofilaments in the tumor cells. Although spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma is usually positive for vimentin, detailed cytokeratin profile is controversial. The present cases revealed immunohistochemistry not expressing stratified but simple epithelial cytokeratin and vimentin. We should be reminded of the efficacy of simple epithelial cytokeratin immunoreactivity in spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma.
Prediction of additional lymph node positivity and clinical outcome of micrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes in cutaneous melanoma: A multi‐institutional study of 450 patients in Japan
Authors: NAMIKAWA Kenjiro , YAMAZAKI Naoya , NAKAI Yasuo , IHN Hironobu , TOMITA Yasushi , UHARA Hisashi , TAKENOUCHI Tatsuya , KIYOHARA Yoshio , MOROI Yoichi , YAMAMOTO Yuhei , OTSUKA Fujio , KAMIYA Hideki , IIZUKA Hajime , HATTA Naohito , KADONO Takafumi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractVarious microscopic classifications of metastatic sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) have been reported along with predictors of additional lymph node positivity and their correlations with the prognosis. The purpose of this study was to re‐evaluate these classifications in the Japanese population. We selected the following three classifications, based on the procedural simplicity of the measurements: maximum diameter (maximum diameter of the largest tumor lesion in the SLN; <0.1, 0.1–1.0, >1.0 mm), invasion depth (depth of tumor invasion measured from the capsule in the SLN; SI ≤0.3 mm, SII >0.3 to ≤1.0 mm, SIII >1.0 mm), and microanatomic location (microanatomic location of the tumor deposits within the SLN; “subcapsular”, “parenchymal”, “combined”, “multifocal”, “extensive”). A retrospective study, using prescribed survey forms, was carried out. Among the 450 patients, including the 149 cases with SLN metastasis, an additional lymph node positivity rate of 0% could be predicted only in patients with a maximum diameter category of less than 0.1 mm. As compared with that in the SLN metastasis‐negative cases, however, the prognosis was poorer in cases with SLN metastasis, even those with lesions falling under the maximum diameter category of less than 0.1 mm, invasion depth category of SI (≤0.3 mm) and microanatomic location category of subcapsular. The prognosis is particularly poor for the microanatomic location category of extensive, which should thus be regarded as a macrometastasis. A prospective study with standardized procedures, including pathological evaluation, is needed in order to confirm our conclusion.
Two cases of erythema exsudativum multiforme associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae infection
Authors: HOSOKAWA Ryoko , KOBAYASHI Takashi , HIGASHINO Toshihide , ASANO Chika , ONO Koji , FUJIMOTO Norihiro , TAJIMA Shingo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe report two cases of erythema exsudativum multiforme (EEM) that we concluded were caused by infections with Chlamydia pneumoniae. High titers of IgG antibody for Chlamydia pneumoniae were shown in the sera of both cases. One case showed the classical symptoms of pneumonia together with radiological changes in the chest; the other case did not show these symptoms. To the best of our knowledge, only three cases of erythema multiforme associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae infection have been reported.
The analgesic effect of pregabalin in patients with chronic pain is reflected by changes in pharmaco‐EEG spectral indices
Authors: Graversen Carina , Olesen Søren S. , Olesen Anne E. , Steimle Kristoffer , Farina Dario , Wilder‐Smith Oliver H. G. , Bouwense Stefan A. W. , van Goor Harry , Drewes Asbjørn M. 
Published: September 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Pregabalin is an anticonvulsive agent prescribed as a secondary analgesic for patients when standard pain treatment is insufficient.• The analgesic effect resides in the central nervous system.• The central analgesic effect can be evaluated by electroencephalography.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• The analgesic effect of pregabalin is reflected as a slowing of brain oscillations.• The slowing of brain oscillations for each individual patient is correlated with subjective pain scores.• The developed methodology may be used as a mechanistic approach to monitor the analgesic effect of pregabalin in pharmacological studies.AIM To identify electroencephalographic (EEG) biomarkers for the analgesic effect of pregabalin in patients with chronic visceral pain.METHODS This was a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study in 31 patients suffering from visceral pain due to chronic pancreatitis. Patients received increasing doses of pregabalin (75 mg–300 mg twice a day) or matching placebo during 3 weeks of treatment. Pain scores were documented in a diary based on a visual analogue scale. In addition, brief pain inventory‐short form (BPI) and quality of life questionnaires were collected prior to and after the study period. Multi‐channel resting EEG was recorded before treatment onset and at the end of the study. Changes in EEG spectral indices were extracted, and individual changes were classified by a support vector machine (SVM) to discriminate the pregabalin and placebo responses. Changes in individual spectral indices and pain scores were correlated.RESULTS Pregabalin increased normalized intensity in low spectral indices, most prominent in the theta band (3.5–7.5 Hz), difference of −3.18, 95% CI −3.57, −2.80; P= 0.03. No changes in spectral indices were seen for placebo. The maximum difference between pregabalin and placebo treated patients was seen in the parietal region, with a classification accuracy of 85.7% (P= 0.009). Individual changes in EEG indices were correlated with changes in pain diary (P= 0.04) and BPI pain composite scores (P= 0.02).CONCLUSIONS Changes in spectral indices caused by slowing of brain oscillations were identified as a biomarker for the central analgesic effect of pregabalin. The developed methodology may provide perspectives to assess individual responses to treatment in personalized medicine.
Behavioural profile and maternal stress in Greek young children with Williams syndrome
Authors: Papaeliou C. , Polemikos N. , Fryssira E. , Kodakos A. , Kaila M. , Yiota X. , Benaveli E. , Michaelides C. , Stroggilos V. , Vrettopoulou M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground  Williams syndrome (WS) is a genetic disorder causing intellectual disability. Children with WS often exhibit various kinds of maladaptive behaviours that affect their social functioning. In order to determine whether these behaviours are syndrome‐specific, it would be necessary to compare children with WS with children with other syndromes as well as to provide data on the socio‐emotional profile in WS from a variety of cultures. The present study investigated the behavioural profile and its relation to maternal stress in Greek young children with WS in comparison with young children with Down syndrome and typically developing (TD) children.Methods  Participants were 60 mothers, 20 in each syndrome group and 20 in the control group. The three groups were matched for mental age. The behavioural profile of the participants was investigated through the Child Behaviour Checklist (1.5–5 years) and maternal stress through the Parental Stress Index.Results  In accordance with studies in other cultures, it was found that young children with WS received significantly higher rates in emotional problems and anxiety/depression, compared with both children with Down syndrome and TD children. Moreover, mothers of children with WS reported significantly higher scores in the Total Stress index compared with mothers of TD children. However, in contrast with previous studies, only 25% of children with WS fell into the clinical range in the total Child Behavior Checklist score.Conclusion  The consistency of the socio‐emotional characteristics of children with WS across cultures and developmental stages implies a strong influence of the genetic phenotype. However, Greek mothers avoided to characterize these behaviours as pathological. Implications of these findings for clinical practice are also discussed.
Supporting language and cognitive development of infants and young children living in children's homes in Turkey
Authors: Berument S. K. , Sönmez D. , Eyüpoğlu H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAim The purpose of the present study was to improve language and cognitive development of infant and young children residing in institutional settings in Turkey.Method In Study I, there were 12 children with a mean age of 35 months in the intervention group and 12 children with a mean age of 36 months in the control group.Results When both groups' pre‐test post‐test general developmenttscores and cognitive and language sub‐domain developmental gaps were compared, neither the time nor the time by group interactions were significant. Nevertheless, both groups' developmental gap appeared to decline. In Study II, children were recruited from the same institution and randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. Results indicated that infants and children who were in the intervention group showed a decline in the language and cognitive development gaps, whereas the control group children's developmental gaps were increased.Conclusions It can be concluded that by increasing the quality of care in children's homes infants' and young children's development can be enhanced.