bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethical boundary‐work in the infertility clinic
Authors: Frith Lucy , Jacoby Ann , Gabbay Mark 
Published: January 2011

AbstractInfertility practice and reproductive technologies are generally seen as ‘controversial’ areas of scientific inquiry that raise many complex ethical issues. This paper presents a qualitative study that considered how clinicians constructed the role of the ‘ethical’ in their everyday practice. We use the concept of ethical boundary‐work to develop a theory of ‘settled’ and ‘controversial’ morality to illuminate how infertility clinicians drew boundaries between different conceptions of the role ethics played in their practice. An attention to areas of settled morality, usually rendered invisible by their very nature, enables us to see how clinicians manage the ‘ethical’ in their practice. We argue that by creating a space of ‘no‐ethics’ in their practice – part of a settled morality that does not require articulation – the informants re‐appropriate an area of their practice from ‘outside’ influences and control. Bringing these elements to light can help ‘outsiders’ to challenge and question these distinctions and therefore bring additional perspectives to debates over morality in the infertility clinic. Illuminating the everyday ethical concerns of infertility clinicians can help direct ethical thinking towards these practical concerns, as well as to more abstract debates.
Conceptualising body work in health and social care
Authors: Twigg Julia , Wolkowitz Carol , Cohen Rachel Lara , Nettleton Sarah 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBody work is a central activity in the practice of many workers in the field of health and social care. This article provides an introduction to the concept of body work – paid work on the bodies of others – and demonstrates its importance for understanding the activities of health and social care workers. Providing an overview of existing research on body work, it shows the manifold ways in which this can inform the sociology of health and illness – whether through a micro‐social focus on the inter‐corporeal aspects of work in health and social care, or through elucidating our understanding of the times and spaces of work, or through highlighting the relationship between mundane body work and the increasingly global movements of bodies, workers and those worked‐upon. The article shows how understanding work undertaken on the bodies of others as ‘body work’ provides a mechanism for relating work in the sphere of health and social care to that in other sectors, opening up new avenues for research.
Single‐species conservation in a multiple‐use landscape: current protection of the tiger range
Authors: Forrest J. L. , Bomhard B. , Budiman A. , Coad L. , Cox N. , Dinerstein E. , Hammer D. , Huang C. , Huy K. , Kraft R. , Lysenko I. , Magrath W. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe report on land management and protected area management effectiveness in the tiger range. Wild tigers Panthera tigris are found in 13 countries, with habitat that is also important for ecosystem services, biodiversity and a number of other threatened species. Timber production, mineral mining, oil and gas concessions and protected areas are common land‐use designations in tiger habitat. Twenty‐one per cent of the current tiger range is under some form of protection, while 9% is designated as ‘strictly protected,’ in IUCN categories I or II. Fifteen per cent of the tiger range is under oil and gas concession. These concessions also overlap 152 protected areas, 55 of which are categorized as strictly protected. Management effectiveness tracking tool responses suggest that the majority of protected areas in the tiger range are inadequately managed to meet their objectives, and the most commonly reported management challenges are minimal enforcement and budgets. We observe that even strictly protected areas are subject to a variety of pressures, particularly resource extraction. Results imply that the establishment and enforcement of effective protected areas in each tiger landscape, sufficient to protect and grow breeding tiger populations, could help change current trends. These areas should be free from incompatible land uses, and should be adequately resourced to meet management, enforcement and monitoring challenges. Weaknesses in protected area management identified here have implications for species and ecosystem services that share the same geography as tigers. In addition, results suggest that similar issues may exist for threatened species and protected areas in other geographies as well.
Fragmentation of sagebrush communities: does an increase in habitat edge impact pygmy rabbits?
Authors: Pierce J. E. , Larsen R. T. , Flinders J. T. , Whiting J. C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSagebrush (Artemisia spp.) communities are ecologically critical; however, these areas currently face severe threats from alteration and reduction. Pygmy rabbits Brachylagus idahoensis are sagebrush specialists that occupy the intermountain region of the USA. Little is known concerning how fragmentation of sagebrush and an increase in habitat edge may impact pygmy rabbits. From 2004 to 2009 in Utah, USA, we tested hypotheses concerning the influences of habitat edge on pygmy rabbits. We quantified the number of active pygmy rabbit burrows in relation to distance from habitat edge. At differing distances from habitat edge, we also deployed remote cameras at burrows and counted fecal pellets to document potential increases in the number of terrestrial predators and competitors. We classified activity of 528 burrows (284 active and 244 inactive). The proportion of active burrows was lower within 100 m of habitat edge (r2=0.502, P=0.02) compared with burrows located in control areas (>100 m from habitat edge). Photographs of pygmy rabbits decreased at burrows closer to habitat edge (P<0.01). Photographs of predators increased near habitat edge, but was marginally insignificant (P=0.07), and photographs of potential competitors [cottontail (Sylvilagus spp.), P<0.01; jackrabbit Lepus californicus, P<0.01] increased near habitat edge. Fecal pellet plots supported these patterns. Our results indicated that the proportion of active burrows and the relative abundance of pygmy rabbits were reduced near habitat edge. This reduction was associated with an increase in terrestrial predators and competitors near habitat edge. Consideration should be given to the influence of habitat edge on pygmy rabbits in order to conserve and manage this unique species.
Using major histocompatibility complex markers to assign the geographic origin of migratory birds: examples from the threatened lesser kestrel
Authors: Rodríguez A. , Alcaide M. , Negro J. J. , Pilard P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractGathering knowledge about the migratory routes and wintering areas of threatened populations is fundamental for their successful conservation. Here, we used a non‐invasive approach that relies on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) polymorphism to infer the breeding origin of a long‐distance migratory bird, the lesser kestrel Falco naumanni, in its most important wintering quarters in the Sub‐Saharan Africa (Senegal and South Africa). Private alleles support a strong connectivity between wintering Senegalese and western European breeding populations. On the other hand, birds wintering in South Africa were genetically differentiated with respect to western European breeding populations and might therefore gather individuals from the eastern distribution range. This study demonstrates that, at least at wide continental scales, MHC genes can be powerful intrinsic markers to study migration and migration connectivity, thus adding value to its role in conservation and management.
Floater strategies and dynamics in birds, and their importance in conservation biology: towards an understanding of nonbreeders in avian populations
Authors: Penteriani V. , Ferrer M. , Delgado M. M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractOver the past 40 years, the study of animal populations has shifted from a relatively simple science that assumed the most crucial regulating mechanisms were the intrinsic properties of breeders, to a more complex and refined discipline that reflects a greater understanding of populations and their dynamics. Part of this shift has been the explicit recognition of the importance of a previously overlooked nonbreeding component of animal populations, the so‐called floaters. Here we review and discuss the various effects that pools of floaters can have on the structure, dynamics and persistence of bird populations. Under some circumstances floaters can be both active intruders that can alter the breeding performance and behavioural traits of territory owners, as well as secretive presences reducing the extinction risk of populations. Floaters are crucial elements in conservation biology, and knowledge of their behaviour and dynamics in avian communities can be a key factor in the success of conservation strategies. Firstly, larger pools of floaters are associated with more stable breeding populations, even in cases where breeding output could be impacted through interference by floaters. Secondly, the effects of habitat loss and mortality rates are frequently ignored in areas where floaters settle, and consequently conservation measures tend to overlook these sites, potentially leading to increased risks of mortality among floaters. Thirdly, because an increase in the proportion of juveniles in the breeding component of a population may be because of increased pre‐adult and/or adult mortality rates, a change in the age of breeders has the potential to function as a warning of an imminent decline in breeding populations. Most population studies have only considered the breeding components of animal populations, so it is time now to focus attention on the floater component, wherein the solution to many conservation issues may be found.
Steps towards a mechanistic understanding of respiratory temperature responses
Authors: Kruse Jörg , Rennenberg Heinz , Adams Mark A. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryTemperature crucially affects the speed of metabolic processes in poikilotherm organisms, including plants. The instantaneous temperature responses of O2‐reduction and CO2‐release can be approximated by Arrhenius kinetics, even though respiratory gas exchange of plants is the net effect of many constituent biochemical processes. Nonetheless, the classical Arrhenius equation must be modified to account for a dynamic response to measurement temperatures. We show that this dynamic response is readily explained by combining Arrhenius and Michaelis–Menten kinetics, as part of a fresh appraisal of metabolic interpretations of instantaneous temperature responses. In combination with recent experimental findings, we argue that control of mitochondrial electron flow is shared among cytochrome oxidase and alternative oxidase under in vivo conditions, and is continuously coordinated. In this way, upstream carbohydrate metabolism and downstream electron transport appear to be optimized according to the demand of ATP, TCA‐cycle intermediates and anabolic reducing power under differing metabolic states. We provide a link to the ‘Growth and Maintenance Paradigm’ of respiration and argue that respiratory temperature responses can be used as a tool to probe metabolic states of plant tissue, such that we can learn more about the mechanisms that govern longer‐term acclimatization responses of plant metabolism.

Contents

Summary
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I.
Introduction
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II.
Representation of the instantaneous temperature response of respiration
661

III.
Temperature responses of mitochondrial oxygen reduction
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IV.
The temperature response of CO2 respiration
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V.
Conclusion
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Acknowledgements
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References
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Functional importance of inositol‐1,4,5‐triphosphate‐induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in galanin‐induced microglial migration
Authors: Ifuku Masataka , Okuno Yuko , Yamakawa Yukiko , Izumi Kyoko , Seifert Stefanie , Kettenmann Helmut , Noda Mami 
Published: January 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 117, 61–70.AbstractGalanin (GAL) is a neuropeptide which is up‐regulated following neuronal axotomy or inflammation. One subtype of GAL receptor (GalR2) is reported to be expressed in the brain’s immune cell population, microglia. In the present study, we investigated the effect of GAL on microglial migration and compared the mechanism with that of bradykinin (BK). GAL significantly increased the migration of rat cultured microglia at 0.1 pM. The GAL‐induced signal cascade was partly similar to that induced by BK. It was not dependent on Gi/o protein but involved activation of protein kinase C, phosphoinositide 3‐kinase and Ca2+‐dependent K+ channels. However, reverse‐mode activation of the Na+/Ca2+‐exchanger 1 was not involved in GAL‐induced microglial migration, unlike BK‐induced migration. Likewise, nominally‐free extracellular Ca2+ inhibited BK‐induced migration but not GAL‐induced migration. An inositol‐1,4,5‐triphosphate receptor antagonist significantly inhibited GAL‐induced migration. GAL‐induced Ca2+ signaling did not induce nitric oxide synthase expression, but up‐regulated class II major histocompatibility complex expression. These results indicate that activation of inositol‐1,4,5‐triphosphate receptor and increase in intracellular Ca2+ are important for GAL‐induced migration and immunoreactivity in microglia. The differences in down‐stream signal transduction induced by GAL and BK suggest that GAL and BK may control distinct microglial functions under pathological conditions.
Core Decompression of the Equine Navicular Bone: An In Vivo Study in Healthy Horses
Authors: Jenner Florien , Kirker‐Head Carl 
Published: January 2011

Objective:To determine the physiologic response of the equine navicular bone to core decompression surgery in healthy horses.Study Design:Experimental in vivo study.Materials:Healthy adult horses (n=6).Methods:Core decompression was completed by creating three 2.5‐mm‐diameter drill channels into the navicular bone under arthroscopic control. The venous (PV), arterial (PA), articular (PDIPJ), and intraosseous pressures (IOP) were recorded before and after decompression drilling. Each IOP measurement consisted of a baseline (IOPB) and a stress test (intramedullary injection of saline solution, IOPS) recording. Lameness was assessed subjectively and using force plate gait analysis. Fluorochrome bone labeling was performed. Horses were euthanatized at 12 weeks. Navicular bone mineral density (BMD) was measured, and bone histology evaluated.Results:Peak IOP (IOPmax) after stress testing was significantly (P<.05) reduced immediately after core decompression; however, the magnitude of these effects was decreased at 3 and 6 weeks after decompression. A significant (P<.05) correlation existed between IOPmaxand BMD. No lameness was observed beyond the first week after surgery. Substantial remodeling and neovascularization was evident adjacent the surgery sites.Conclusion:Navicular bone core decompression surgery reduced IOPmax, and, with the exception of a mild short‐lived lameness, caused no other adverse effects in healthy horses during the 12‐week study period.
In Vitro Comparison of Mechanical and Degradation Properties of Equivalent Absorbable Suture Materials from Two Different Manufacturers
Authors: de la Puerta Benito , Parsons Kevin J. , Draper Edward R. C. , Moores Alison L. , Moores Andrew P. 
Published: January 2011

Objective: To compare the mechanical, knotting, and absorption properties of 3 synthetic absorbable suture materials (polyglactin 910, polydioxanone, poliglecaprone 25) from 2 different manufacturers (Huaiyin Medical Instruments Co. Ltd. and Ethicon Inc.).Sample Population: Suture material samples from the same manufacturing lot for each suture type and manufacturer.Methods: Part 1: 10 samples of each suture were incubated in bovine serum and tested for ultimate load and stiffness at days 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Part 2: 10 knotted samples were similarly evaluated, without incubation.Results: Huaiyin polydioxanone had a greater (P<.001) ultimate load on days 0, 1, and 7; and a consistently greater stiffness for the duration of the study, compared with the Ethicon polydioxanone. Ethicon poliglecaprone 25 had a greater ultimate load on days 0, 1, 7 (P<.001); on day 21 Huaiyin had a greater ultimate load. Ethicon poliglecaprone had greater stiffness on days 0, 1, 7 (P<.001). Ethicon polyglactin 910 had a greater (P<.001) ultimate load at all times and a greater stiffness (P<.001) at days 0, 1, 7, and 14 compared with Huaiyin polyglactin 910. Huaiyin polydioxanone and polyglactin 910 had greater knot breaking strengths than Ethicon equivalents (P<.001).Conclusion: Differences in mechanical properties exist between nominally identical suture materials from different manufacturers.
Evaluation of the Learning Curve for Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery: Bilateral Ovariectomy in Dogs
Authors: Freeman Lynetta , Rahmani Emad Y. , Burgess Richard C. F. , Al‐Haddad Mohammad , Selzer Don J. , Sherman Stuart , Constable Peter 
Published: January 2011

Objective:Study the learning curve for canine Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) ovariectomy by evaluating operative times and complications.Study Design:Preclinical research study.Animals:Adult female dogs (n=20).Methods:NOTES ovariectomy procedures were performed as follows: Feasibility Group 1 (n=5), Feasibility Group 2 (n=5), and Early Clinical Group 3 (n=10). Six steps of the procedure were identified, timed separately, and the overall time was recorded from introduction to removal of the endoscope. Complications were recorded. Repeated measures analysis of variance using ranked data compared the effect of group (3 levels) on the time for each step. Nonlinear regression using an exponential model with nonzero asymptote was used to model the operative time–procedure number relationship.Results:Overall median operative time was significantly longer for Group 1 (195 minutes; range, 160–265 minutes) than Group 2 (108 minutes; range, 81–148 minutes;P=.048) and Group 3 (77 minutes; range, 41–136 minutes;P=.0008). The estimated asymptotic operative time was 71 minutes (95% confidence interval, 41–100 minutes); this time was reached after 10 procedures. Gastric cleansing and removing the left ovary took significantly longer in Group 1 than in Group 2 or 3. Operative complications included incomplete ovarian excision, dropping an ovary during retrieval, and conversion to an open procedure. No intraoperative complications occurred in Group 3.Conclusion:NOTES procedures result in longer operative times in the early part of the learning curve and require considerable experience before reaching proficiency.
Repair of Transverse Process Fractures of Multiple Lumbar Vertebrae in an Adult Dairy Cow
Authors: Nichols Sylvain , Vogel Susan R. , Lardé Hélène 
Published: January 2011

Objective:To report lumbar vertebrae transverse process fracture repair using a narrow 3.5 mm limited contact dynamic compression plate (LC‐DCP) in an adult dairy cow.Study Design:Case report.Animals:A 3‐year‐old Holstein cow.Methods:Under general anesthesia, fractured left transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae 2–4 were repaired using internal fixation. A narrow 3.5 mm LC‐DCP was contoured and secured to the spinous process and the transverse process of each fractured vertebra.Results:Fractured transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae were successfully repaired and the cow discharged 10 days after surgery. At 10 months after surgery, the cow was declared reserved champion at a regional show.Conclusion:A paramedian approach and muscle splitting can be used to repair multiple lumbar transverse process fractures using internal fixation with an excellent cosmetic outcome.
Does Algorithmic Trading Improve Liquidity?
Authors: HENDERSHOTT TERRENCE , JONES CHARLES M. , MENKVELD ALBERT J. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTAlgorithmic trading (AT) has increased sharply over the past decade. Does it improve market quality, and should it be encouraged? We provide the first analysis of this question. The New York Stock Exchange automated quote dissemination in 2003, and we use this change in market structure that increases AT as an exogenous instrument to measure the causal effect of AT on liquidity. For large stocks in particular, AT narrows spreads, reduces adverse selection, and reduces trade‐related price discovery. The findings indicate that AT improves liquidity and enhances the informativeness of quotes.
The individually optimized bolus dose of nadroparin is safe and effective in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with bleeding risk on hemodialysis
Authors: SAIN Milenka , LJUTIC Dragan , KOVACIC Vedran , RADIC Josipa , JELICIC Ivo 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe risk of bleeding is a well‐known complication in patients on hemodialysis (HD). The aim of this prospective study was to determine the lowest single bolus dose of low–molecular‐weight heparin nadroparin for safe and effective HD in patients with a bleeding risk. Forty HD patients were divided into 4 subgroups with 10 participants (diabetics with and without a bleeding risk, nondiabetics with and without a bleeding risk). The actual starting bolus dose was decreased by 25% after the initial 4 weeks, further decreased by 25% of the starting dose after 4 weeks, and changed due to extracorporeal circuit clotting in the last 4 weeks. The parameters of coagulation were measured at the beginning, after 2 and 4 h of HD sessions. A significant reduction of nadroparin (first vs. last HD session) was observed in: diabetics with a bleeding risk (49.66 ± 12.33 vs. 28.78 ± 9.60 IU/kg/HD; P<0.001), diabetics without a bleeding risk (50.70 ± 15.23 vs. 33.95 ± 16.97 IU/kg/HD; P<0.001), and nondiabetics with a bleeding risk (61.25 ± 18.68 vs. 32.96 ± 10.06 IU/kg/HD; P<0.001). Altogether, the reduction of the nadroparin dose in these groups was 42.05%; 33.04%, and 46.19%, respectively. Although anti‐Xa at hour 4 at the end of the study was <0.4 IU/mL in our diabetic and nondiabetic patients without a risk of bleeding, serious clottings in the extracorporeal circuit and vascular access thromboses were not found. This study demonstrated for the first time that individually optimized doses of nadroparin are sufficient for safe and effective HD in patients with a bleeding risk.