bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verbal Learning Strategy Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Geary Elizabeth K. , Kraus Marilyn F. , Rubin Leah H. , Pliskin Neil H. , Little Deborah M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThat learning and memory deficits persist many years following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is controversial due to inconsistent objective evidence supporting subjective complaints. Our prior work demonstrated significant reductions in performance on the initial trial of a verbal learning task and overall slower rate of learning in well-motivated mTBI participants relative to demographically matched controls. In our previous work, we speculated that differences in strategy use could explain the differences in rate of learning. The current study serves to test this hypothesis by examining strategy use on the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition. Our present findings support the primary hypothesis that mTBI participants under-utilize semantic clustering strategies during list-learning relative to control participants. Despite achieving comparable total learning scores, we posit that the persisting learning and memory difficulties reported by some mTBI patients may be related to reduced usage of efficient internally driven strategies that facilitate learning. Given that strategy training has demonstrated improvements in learning and memory in educational and occupational settings, we offer that these findings have translational value in offering an additional approach in remediation of learning and memory complaints reported by some following mTBI. (JINS, 2011,17, 709–719)
A design and implementation of the Extended Andorra Model
Authors: LOPES RICARDO , SANTOS COSTA VÍTOR , SILVA FERNANDO 
Published: May 2011

AbstractLogic programming provides a high-level view of programming, giving implementers a vast latitude into what techniques to explore to achieve the best performance for logic programs. Towards obtaining maximum performance, one of the holy grails of logic programming has been to design computational models that could be executed efficiently and that would allow both for a reduction of the search space and for exploiting all the available parallelism in the application. These goals have motivated the design of the Extended Andorra Model (EAM), a model where goals that do not constrain nondeterministic goals can execute first. In this work, we present and evaluate the Basic design for EAM, a system that builds upon David H. D. Warren's original EAM with Implicit Control. We provide a complete description and implementation of the Basic design for EAM System as a set of rewrite and control rules. We present the major data structures and execution algorithms that are required for efficient execution, and evaluate system performance. A detailed performance study of our system is included. Our results show that the system achieves acceptable base performance and that a number of applications benefit from the advanced search inherent to the EAM.
The Importance of Production Frequency in Therapy for Childhood Apraxia of Speech
Authors: Edeal Denice Michelle , Gildersleeve-Neumann Christina Elke 
Published: May 2011

Purpose
This study explores the importance of production frequency during speech therapy to determine whether more practice of speech targets leads to increased performance within a treatment session, as well as to motor learning, in the form of generalization to untrained words.

Method
Two children with childhood apraxia of speech were treated with an alternating treatment AB design, with production frequency differing in the 2 treatments. The higher production frequency treatment required 100+ productions in 15 min, while the moderate-frequency treatment required 30–40 productions in the same time period. One child was treated 3 times weekly for 11 weeks; the other child was treated twice weekly for 5 weeks. At the conclusion of each treatment phase, 5 min of probes were administered to determine whether generalization had occurred. Maintenance data to measure performance and learning were collected after a break from treatment.

Results
Both children showed improvement on all targets; however, the targets with the higher production frequency treatment were acquired faster, evidenced by better in-session performance and greater generalization to untrained probes.

Conclusions
Both treatment designs were effective, though frequent and intense practice of speech resulted in more rapid response to treatment in 2 children whose primary communication difficulty was childhood apraxia of speech.
Effect of Verb Network Strengthening Treatment in Moderate-to-Severe Aphasia
Authors: Edmonds Lisa A. , Babb Michelle 
Published: May 2011

Purpose

This Phase II treatment study examined the effect of Verb Network Strengthening Treatment (VNeST) on individuals with moderate-to-severe aphasia. Research questions addressed (a) pre- to posttreatment changes and pretreatment to treatment phase changes on probe sentences containing trained verbs (e.g., “The carpenter is
measuring
the stairs”) and semantically related untrained verbs (e.g., “The nurse is
weighing
the baby”); (b) lexical retrieval changes in single-word naming, sentence, and discourse measures; (c) functional communication by way of proxy and participant report; and (d) error evolution.

Method

A multiple-baseline approach across participants was used. Effect sizes were calculated for pre- and posttreatment and maintenance probe responses. A
C
statistic was used to determine changes from the baseline to treatment phases.

Results
One participant exhibited improvement on all generalization measures, whereas the other participant exhibited more limited generalization. Both participants showed improvement on the functional communication measure.

Conclusions
As predicted, the participants did not show the same extent of improvement that was observed in participants with more moderate aphasia (Edmonds, Nadeu, & Kiran, 2009). Nonetheless, the findings suggest that VNeST may be appropriate for persons with moderate-to-severe aphasia, especially with a small adaptation to the treatment protocol that will be retained for future iterations of VNeST.
What Factors Place Children With Speech Sound Disorders at Risk for Reading Problems?
Authors: Anthony Jason L. , Aghara Rachel Greenblatt , Dunkelberger Martha J. , Anthony Teresa I. , Williams Jeffrey M. , Zhang Zhou 
Published: May 2011

Purpose
To identify weaknesses in print awareness and phonological processing that place children with speech sound disorders (SSDs) at increased risk for reading difficulties.

Method
Language, literacy, and phonological skills of 3 groups of preschool-age children were compared: a group of 68 children with SSDs, a group of 68 peers with normal speech matched on receptive vocabulary, and a group of 68 peers with normal speech and language.

Results

The SSD group demonstrated impairments in expressive phonological awareness (
t
s = 3.45 to 8.17,
p
s < .001, effect size [ES] = 0.51 to 1.04), receptive phonological awareness (
z
s = 2.26 to 5.21,
p
s ≤ .02, ES = 0.39 to 0.79), accessing phonological representations (
z
s = 3.34 to 5.83,
p
s < .001, ES = 0.59 to 0.91), quality of phonological representations (
z
s = 2.35 to 13.11,
p
s ≤ .02, ES = 0.44 to 1.56), and word reading (
t
s = 2.48 to 4.42,
p
s ≤ .01, ES = 0.22 to 0.54). Analyses of covariance found that lower performances of the SSD group on tests of phonological awareness and word reading could be explained by their weaknesses in quality and accessibility of phonological representations.

Conclusions
The present study makes a significant theoretical contribution to the literature as the first study, to our knowledge, that has tested the hypothesis that weaknesses in representation-related phonological processing may underlie the difficulties in phonological awareness and reading that are demonstrated by children with SSDs.
Pharyngeal Pressure Generation During Tongue-Hold Swallows Across Age Groups
Authors: Doeltgen Sebastian H. , Macrae Phoebe , Huckabee Maggie-Lee 
Published: May 2011

Purpose
To compare the effects of the tongue-hold swallowing maneuver on pharyngeal pressure generation in healthy young and elderly research volunteers.

Method

Sixty-eight healthy research volunteers (young,
n
= 34, mean age = 26.8 years,
SD
= 5.5; elderly,
n
= 34, mean age = 72.6 years,
SD
= 4.8; sex equally represented) performed 5 noneffortful saliva swallows and 5 tongue-hold swallows each. Amplitude and duration of pharyngeal pressure were investigated during both swallowing conditions with solid-state pharyngeal manometry at the level of the oropharynx, hypopharynx, and upper esophageal sphincter (UES).

Results
At both pharyngeal levels, tongue-hold swallows produced lower peak pressure compared with saliva swallows. During tongue-hold swallows, UES relaxation pressure was increased in the elders, whereas the younger group displayed a trend toward reduced relaxation pressure. Elderly individuals produced pressure longer during control swallows in the oropharynx and hypopharynx than young individuals.

Conclusions
The tongue-hold maneuver affects oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal pressure in the young and elders in similar ways, whereas effects on UES peak relaxation pressure differ between age groups. Reduced pharyngeal peak pressure and increased UES relaxation pressure underscore the notion that tongue-hold swallows should not be performed when bolus is present. Long-term training effects remain to be investigated.
Effects of Long‐term Parenteral Nutrition on Serum Lipids, Plant Sterols, Cholesterol Metabolism, and Liver Histology in Pediatric Intestinal Failure
Authors: Kurvinen Annika , Nissinen Markku J. , Gylling Helena , Miettinen Tatu A. , Lampela Hanna , Koivusalo Antti I. , Rintala Risto J. , Pakarinen Mikko P. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and Objective:Plant sterols (PS) in parenteral nutrition (PN) may contribute to intestinal failure–associated liver disease. We investigated interrelations between serum PS, liver function and histology, cholesterol metabolism, and characteristics of PN.Patients and Methods:Eleven patients with intestinal failure (mean age 6.3 years) receiving long‐term PN were studied prospectively (mean 254 days) and underwent repeated measurements of serum lipids, noncholesterol sterols, including PS, and liver enzymes. PS contents of PN were analyzed. Liver biopsy was obtained in 8 patients. Twenty healthy children (mean age 5.7 years) served as controls.Results:Median percentage of parenteral energy of total daily energy (PN%) was 48%, including 0.9 g · kg−1 · day−1 of lipids. Respective amounts of PN sitosterol, campesterol, avenasterol, and stigmasterol were 683, 71, 57, and 45 μg · kg−1 · day−1. Median serum concentrations of sitosterol (48 vs 7.5 μmol/L, P < 0.001), avenasterol (2.9 vs 1.9, P < 0.01), stigmasterol (1.9 vs 1.2, P < 0.005), but not that of campesterol (9.8 vs 12, P = 0.22), were increased among patients in relation to controls, and correlated with PN% (r = 0.81–0.88, P < 0.005), but not with PN fat. Serum cholesterol precursors were higher in patients than in controls. Serum liver enzymes remained close to normal range. Glutamyl transferase correlated with serum PS (r = 0.61–0.62, P < 0.05). Liver fibrosis in 5 patients reflected increased serum PS (r = 0.55–0.60, P = 0.16–0.12).Conclusions:Serum PS moderately increase during olive oil–based PN, and correlate positively with PN% and glutamyl transferase. Despite well‐preserved liver function, histology often revealed significant liver damage.
Isolation of Human Capillary Endothelial Cells from Abdominal Adipose Tissue
Authors: Springhorn Jeremy P. 
Published: May 2011

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol outlines a technique to isolate human capillary endothelial cells from human abdominal wall adipose tissue. The relative lack of cell-type complexity within fat tissue makes it an attractive source of endothelial cells. In addition, collaboration with a local plastic surgeon can yield significant quantities of subcutaneous adipose tissue from liposuction without the need to be on call for cadaveric or post-surgical samples.
Drosophila Aversive Olfactory Conditioning
Authors: Krashes Michael J. , Waddell Scott 
Published: May 2011

INTRODUCTIONOlfactory memory paradigms have been extensively used to study memory in Drosophila since the late 1960s, and over the intervening years investigators have made a series of worthwhile changes and “tweaks” to the procedures. This protocol provides the reader with a detailed description of the aversive (odor-shock) memory assay currently used in the Waddell laboratory. It also describes the essential control assays for sensory acuity and locomotor behavior. It should be emphasized that the assays we describe work adequately in our laboratory but are also amenable to, and may be further improved, by additional adjustments.
Affinity Purification of Protein Complexes
Authors: Cristea Ileana M. , Chait Brian T. 
Published: May 2011

INTRODUCTIONKnowledge of the composition of protein complexes provides key insights into their functions. Immunoaffinity purification provides an effective means for isolating protein complexes and elucidating their composition. Immunoisolation is achieved with antibodies directed either specifically against the proteins of interest or against tags that are coupled to the proteins of interest. This approach uses immunoaffinity purification on magnetic beads coated with antibodies for the rapid and efficient purification of protein complexes from cells or tissues. This protocol describes affinity purification of protein complexes using conjugated magnetic beads.
Improved Protocol for Efficient Nonviral Transfection of Premature THP-1 Macrophages: Figure 1.
Authors: Maeß Marten B. , Buers Insa , Robenek Horst , Lorkowski Stefan 
Published: May 2011

INTRODUCTIONThe human monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 is a widely used model for investigating monocyte and macrophage biology. Successful transfection of THP-1 monocytes with subsequent phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced differentiation into macrophages is not a trivial matter, because according to previous transfection protocols, cell viability is lost almost completely within 24 h of PMA treatment following transfection. This protocol constitutes an optimized version of a previously published protocol by our group. It describes a procedure for transfecting premature THP-1 macrophages, which subsequently can be further differentiated into mature macrophages by PMA without a loss of cell viability. Transfection of THP-1 cells with plasmids or small interfering RNA (siRNA) is achieved by electroporation using the Lonza Nucleofector technology (Basel, Switzerland). This technique allows for the efficient nonviral delivery of plasmids, DNA, RNA, or siRNA into primary cells or cell lines even if the cells are not or are only slowly proliferating. Such cells are usually rather difficult to transfect by nonviral approaches. This means that only viral approaches would be left, which are expensive and labor-intensive and require laboratories complying with the respective safety regulations. The protocol described here is an efficient and convenient alternative.
Labeling Membranes with Fluorescent Phosphatidylethanolamine
Authors: Chazotte Brad 
Published: May 2011

INTRODUCTIONThe phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) can be conjugated via its head group to a number of fluorophores, including rhodamine, BODIPY (boron-dipyrromethene; 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene), and NBD (N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-4-yl)). These probes can be used to label biological membranes and to study phospholipids within membranes. Rhodamine-PE, which does not readily exchange between lipid bilayers, has also been used in membrane fusion assays. Rhodamine-DHPE (lissamine rhodamine B 1,2-dihexyldecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, triethylammonium salt) and NBD-PE have been used together in resonance energy transfer studies in membranes. This protocol describes the labeling of membranes with fluorescent PE.
Labeling the Plasma Membrane with TMA-DPH
Authors: Chazotte Brad 
Published: May 2011

INTRODUCTIONTMA-DPH (trimethylamine-diphenylhexatriene) is a fluorescent membrane probe that has classically been used to label the outer leaflet of a membrane bilayer, to label the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane in cells, and to report on membrane dynamics using the techniques of fluorescence polarization and/or fluorescence lifetime. This probe has also been used to follow exocytosis and endocytosis of labeled plasma membranes. The interaction of the aqueous environment with mitochondrial inner membrane dynamics has also been studied following the fluorescence polarization and the lifetime of TMA-DPH. This protocol describes the use of TMA-DPH to label the plasma membrane.
Fluorescent Speckle Microscopy
Authors: Cameron Lisa A. , Houghtaling Benjamin R. , Yang Ge 
Published: May 2011

INTRODUCTIONFluorescent speckle microscopy (FSM) is a live imaging and quantitative measurement technique used for analyzing motion and turnover of macromolecular assemblies in vivo and in vitro. It differs from related imaging techniques such as photobleaching and photoactivation in its use of substantially lower concentrations of fluorescently labeled assembly subunits. When small numbers of labeled subunits and large numbers of unlabeled subunits become randomly incorporated together into a macromolecular structure, the random distribution of fluorophores generates nonuniform fluorescence intensity patterns that appear as distinct puncta against low background fluorescence. These puncta, called speckles, serve as fiduciary markers so that motion and turnover of the structure are visualized. Computational analysis of speckle image data transforms FSM into a powerful tool for high-resolution quantitative analysis of macromolecular assembly dynamics. Successful application of FSM depends on the ability to reliably generate and image speckles, which are characterized by their weak emission signals, and to effectively extract quantitative information through computational analysis of speckle image data, which are characterized by their stochastic fluctuations, low signal-to-noise ratios, and high spatiotemporal complexity. This article aims to provide a practical introduction to basic principles, experimental implementation, and computational data analysis of FSM. Examples are used to show the application of FSM in analyzing the dynamic organization and assembly/disassembly of cytoskeletal filament networks, an area in which FSM analysis has found great success.
Imaging Kidney Development
Authors: Costantini Frank , Watanabe Tomoko , Lu Benson , Chi Xuan , Srinivas Shankar 
Published: May 2011

INTRODUCTIONDevelopment of the kidney involves interactions between several cell lineages and complex morphogenetic processes, such as branching of the ureteric bud (UB) to form the collecting duct system and condensation and differentiation of the mesenchymal progenitors to form the nephron epithelia. One of the advantages of the mouse kidney as an experimental system is that it can develop in culture, from the stage of initial branching of the UB (E11.5) for up to a week (although it achieves the size and degree of development of only an E13.5–E14.5 kidney in vivo). The availability of fluorescent proteins (FPs) has provided powerful tools for visualizing the morphogenesis of specific renal structures in organ cultures. Two categories of genetically modified mice that express FPs are useful for visualizing different cell lineages and developmental processes in these organ cultures: (1) transgenic mice that express a fluorescent reporter in the pattern of a specific gene; and (2) Cre reporter mice, which turn on an FP in cells with Cre recombinase activity (and their daughter cells), used in conjunction with cell type-specific Cre transgenic mice. Here, we describe some of the currently available Cre and FP transgenic lines that are useful for the study of kidney development.
Analysis of Affymetrix ChIP-Chip Data Using Starr and R/Bioconductor
Authors: Zacher Benedikt , Torkler Phillipp , Tresch Achim 
Published: May 2011

INTRODUCTIONThis article provides a flexible workflow for the analysis of chromatin immunoprecipitation data (ChIP-chip) that covers issues from quality control, probe sequence remapping, data preprocessing/normalization, visualization, and high-level analysis like peak finding. It emphasizes the peculiarities of single-color Affymetrix arrays, but it is flexible enough to be also amenable to other array platforms. The article is accompanied by extensive code implementing each of the analysis steps.
Two-Photon Mapping of Neural Circuits
Authors: Nikolenko Volodymyr , Fino Elodie , Yuste Rafael 
Published: May 2011

INTRODUCTIONFor the study of neural circuits, it would be ideal to be able to discern in a living preparation the interconnections among neurons. Working toward that aim, we have developed a method, using two-photon uncaging of glutamate in brain slices, by which we can detect neurons that are presynaptic to any particular cell. The method, described here, has single-cell resolution and can be applied systematically and quickly to test entire populations of neurons, making it possible to perform online functional analysis of connectivity.
Autoimmune cytopenia in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Hodgson Kate , Ferrer Gerardo , Pereira Arturo , Moreno Carol , Montserrat Emili 
Published: May 2011

SummaryAutoimmune cytopenia, especially autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA), appears in 5–10% of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). In these patients, the prognosis is not as poor as in those cases in which the cytopenia is due to a massive bone marrow infiltration by the disease, and their treatment requires special considerations. For these reasons, the diagnosis of autoimmune cytopenia should be entertained in any patient with CLL presenting with cytopenia. In patients with autoimmune cytopenia and CLL, treatment is as for idiopathic autoimmune cytopenia, with most patients responding to corticosteroids. For patients not responding to corticosteroids, splenectomy is a reasonable treatment choice. Monoclonal antibodies and thrombopoietin analogues have shown enough activity to support their use, especially within clinical studies, in selected cases not responding to corticosteroids and before splenectomy. In patients with resistant immune cytopenia, the most effective treatment is that of the underlying CLL. Fear of fludarabine‐associated AIHA is no longer appropriate in the age of chemo‐immunotherapy. Finally, prospective studies are required to better identify the optimal therapy for these patients.