bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Financial incentives for patients in the treatment of psychosis
Authors: Szmukler G 
Published: March 2009

Poor medication adherence in patients with a psychosis is associated with relapse. It has been proposed that outcomes might be improved by using financial incentives for treatment adherence (FITA). However, a strong moral intuition against this practice has been found. This paper examines the ethics of FITA.Three arguments are presented, which if accepted would severely restrict or even prohibit the practice. These are based on (1) “incommensurable values”, where FITA denigrates an aspect of “respect for the person”, (2) “exploitation”, where unfair advantage is taken of the patient, and (3) “fairness”, where it is difficult to draw a line between those who should and should not be offered payment. A number of practical impediments are also considered.
The Development of Theory of Mind Reasoning in Micronesian Children
Authors: Oberle Eva 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this study, the development of false-belief understanding was investigated among 3–5-year-old Yapese and Fais children in Micronesia. Sixty-nine children took part in an experiment investigating their understanding of false belief with a culturally adjusted surprise content task, which has been widely used in Theory of Mind (ToM) research and was first introduced by Hogrefe, Wimmer and Perner (1986). The results show that as in western cultures, 3-year-old Micronesian preschoolers do not display understanding of false belief measured with classical false-belief tasks, while 5-year-olds do. These findings contribute to research on the universality and cultural variability of cognitive development in preschool age children.
In Utero and Postnatal Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Alters Alveolar and Respiratory Bronchiole (RB) Growth and Development in Infant Monkeys
Authors: Avdalovic Mark , Putney Lei , Tyler Nancy , Finkbeiner Walter , Pinkerton Kent , Hyde Dallas 
Published: March 2009

The direct effect of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in utero on the development of the lung parenchyma is not known. We used design-based stereologic methods to evaluate in utero and postnatal ETS exposure on alveolar and respiratory bronchiole (RB) development in the rhesus macaque. Methods Timed-pregnant rhesus macaques and their offspring were exposed to filtered air or various amounts of ETS during the prenatal and postnatal period. The left cranial lobe from necropsied infants was evaluated by design-based stereological methods and general pathological review. Results Infants in the in utero and six-month ETS groups had an 18% and 17% relative decrease, respectively, in alveolar number and a 57% and 33% increase, respectively, in alveolar size compared to filtered air (FA) monkeys. Lung volume positively correlated with alveolar number in the FA and six-month ETS group and negatively correlated in the in utero ETS group. The distribution of alveolar size was much more variable in the in utero group. Overall, RB volume was significantly increased in the six-month ETS group ( p < .04). Conclusions Taken together, these results indicate that in utero and postnatal ETS exposure is associated with altered parenchymal lung development.
Blimp1 is limiting for transformation in a mouse plasmacytoma model
Authors: D'Costa Kathy , Emslie Dianne , Metcalf Donald , Smyth Gordon K. , Karnowski Alexander , Kallies Axel , Nutt Stephen L. , Corcoran Lynn M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) and plasmacytomas are cancers of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). PRDM1/BLIMP1 is an essential regulator of ASC development. Histologic evidence shows that 100% of MM expresses PRDM1/BLIMP1, indicating that PRDM1/BLIMP1 is important for the development or persistence of MM. In contrast, some diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) lose PRDM1 expression, suggesting that PRDM1 may act as a tumor suppressor in DLBCL. Thus, the role of PRDM1/BLIMP1 in transformation of mature B cells is unclear. We have used a plasmacytoma-prone transgenic mouse model to study the effect of Blimp1 loss on plasmacytoma prevalence, latency, and phenotype. Two possible outcomes could be envisaged: loss of Blimp1 might decrease plasmacytoma prevalence, through reduction of plasma cells, and so the number of susceptible transformation targets. Alternatively, Blimp1 may participate in the transformation process itself. Our results support the latter scenario, showing that decreasing Blimp1 dosage does not change plasma cell number in nontransgenic mice in vivo, but it significantly reduces plasmacytoma prevalence in transgenic mice. Loss of functional Blimp1 completely prevents plasmacytoma formation in this tumor model. These observations suggest that Blimp1 is limiting for plasma cell transformation and thus has potential as a target for new therapies to combat MM.
Impaired B-cell development at the pre-BII-cell stage in galectin-1–deficient mice due to inefficient pre-BII/stromal cell interactions
Authors: Espeli Marion , Mancini Stéphane J. C. , Breton Caroline , Poirier Françoise , Schiff Claudine 
Published: March 2009

AbstractActivation of the pre-B-cell receptor (pre-BCR) in the bone marrow depends on both tonic and ligand-induced signaling and leads to pre-BII-cell proliferation and differentiation. Using normal mouse bone marrow pre-BII cells, we demonstrate that the ligand-induced pre-BCR activation depends on pre-BCR/galectin-1/integrin interactions leading to pre-BCR clustering at the pre-BII/stromal cell synapse. In contrast, heparan sulfates, shown to be pre-BCR ligands in mice, are not implicated in pre-BCR relocalization. Inhibition of pre-BCR/galectin-1/integrin interactions has functional consequences, since pre-BII-cell proliferation and differentiation are impaired in an in vitro B-cell differentiation assay, without affecting cellular apoptosis. Most strikingly, although galectin-1–deficient mice do not show an apparent B-cell phenotype, the kinetics of de novo B-cell reconstitution after hydroxyurea treatment indicates a specific delay in pre-BII-cell recovery due to a decrease in pre-BII-cell differentiation and proliferation. Thus, although it remains possible that the pre-BCR interacts with other ligands, these results highlight the role played by the stromal cell–derived galectin-1 for the efficient development of normal pre-BII cells and suggest the existence of pre-BII–specific stromal cell niches in normal bone marrow.
Period 2 regulates neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation in the adult hippocampus
Authors: Borgs Laurence , Beukelaers Pierre , Vandenbosch Renaud , Nguyen Laurent , Moonen Gustave , Maquet Pierre , Albrecht Urs , Belachew Shibeshih , Malgrange Brigitte 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Background
Newborn granule neurons are generated from proliferating neural stem/progenitor cells and integrated into mature synaptic networks in the adult dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Since light/dark variations of the mitotic index and DNA synthesis occur in many tissues, we wanted to unravel the role of the clock-controlled Period2 gene (mPer2) in timing cell cycle kinetics and neurogenesis in the adult DG.

Results
In contrast to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, we observed a non-rhythmic constitutive expression of mPER2 in the dentate gyrus. We provide evidence that mPER2 is expressed in proliferating neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) and persists in early post-mitotic and mature newborn neurons from the adult DG. In vitro and in vivo analysis of a mouse line mutant in the mPer2 gene (Per2

Brdm1
), revealed a higher density of dividing NPCs together with an increased number of immature newborn neurons populating the DG. However, we showed that the lack of mPer2 does not change the total amount of mature adult-generated hippocampal neurons, because of a compensatory increase in neuronal cell death.

Conclusion
Taken together, these data demonstrated a functional link between the constitutive expression of mPER2 and the intrinsic control of neural stem/progenitor cells proliferation, cell death and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult mice.
Amplitude and frequency modulation control of sound production in a mechanical model of the avian syrinx
Authors: Elemans Coen P. H. , Muller Mees , Larsen Ole Næsbye , van Leeuwen Johan L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYBirdsong has developed into one of the important models for motor control of learned behaviour and shows many parallels with speech acquisition in humans. However, there are several experimental limitations to studying the vocal organ – the syrinx – in vivo. The multidisciplinary approach of combining experimental data and mathematical modelling has greatly improved the understanding of neural control and peripheral motor dynamics of sound generation in birds. Here, we present a simple mechanical model of the syrinx that facilitates detailed study of vibrations and sound production. Our model resembles the `starling resistor', a collapsible tube model, and consists of a tube with a single membrane in its casing, suspended in an external pressure chamber and driven by various pressure patterns. With this design, we can separately control `bronchial' pressure and tension in the oscillating membrane and generate a wide variety of `syllables' with simple sweeps of the control parameters. We show that the membrane exhibits high frequency, self-sustained oscillations in the audio range (&gt;600 Hz fundamental frequency) using laser Doppler vibrometry, and systematically explore the conditions for sound production of the model in its control space. The fundamental frequency of the sound increases with tension in three membranes with different stiffness and mass. The lower-bound fundamental frequency increases with membrane mass. The membrane vibrations are strongly coupled to the resonance properties of the distal tube, most likely because of its reflective properties to sound waves. Our model is a gross simplification of the complex morphology found in birds, and more closely resembles mathematical models of the syrinx. Our results confirm several assumptions underlying existing mathematical models in a complex geometry.
Mimicking the natural doping of migrant sandpipers in sedentary quails:effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids on muscle membranes and PPAR expression
Authors: Nagahuedi Simba , Popesku Jason T. , Trudeau Vance L. , Weber Jean-Michel 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYWild semipalmated sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) eat n-3 fatty acids to prime their muscles for long migrations. Sedentary bobwhite quails(Colinus virginianus) were used as a model to investigate the mechanisms for this natural doping. Our goal was to characterize the stimulating effects of n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and n-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on oxidative capacity. Mechanisms linked to changes in membrane composition and in gene expression for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) were investigated. Dietary n-3 fatty acids stimulated the activities of oxidative enzymes by 58–90% (citrate synthase, cytochrome oxidase, carnitine palmitoyl transferase and hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase), and sedentary quails showed the same changes in membrane composition as sandpipers preparing for migration. EPA and DHA have the same doping effect. The substitution of n-6 arachidonic acid by n-3 EPA in membrane phospholipids plays an important role in mediating the metabolic effects of the diet, but results provide no significant support for the involvement of PPARs (as determined by changes in gene expression). The fatty acid composition of mitochondrial membranes and sarcoplasmic reticulum can be monitored by measuring total muscle phospholipids because all phospholipids are equally affected by diet. Only extreme regimes of endurance training can lead to increments in oxidative capacity matching those induced here by diet. As they prepare for long migrations, semipalmated sandpipers improve their physical fitness by eating! Choosing n-3 fatty acid doping over endurance training strikes us as a better strategy to boost aerobic capacity when rapid storage of energy is critical.
Muscle plasticity of Inuit sled dogs in Greenland
Authors: Gerth Nadine , Sum Steffen , Jackson Sue , Starck J. Matthias 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThis study examined flexible adjustments of skeletal muscle size, fiber structure, and capillarization in Inuit sled dogs responding to seasonal changes in temperature, exercise and food supply. Inuit dogs pull sleds in winter and are fed regularly throughout this working season. In summer, they remain chained to rocks without exercise, receiving food intermittently and often fasting for several days. We studied two dog teams in Northern Greenland(Qaanaaq) where dogs are still draught animals vital to Inuit hunters, and one dog team in Western Greenland (Qeqertarsuaq) where this traditional role has been lost. Northern Greenland dogs receive more and higher quality food than those in Western Greenland. We used ultrasonography for repeated muscle size measurements on the same individuals, and transmission electron microscopy on micro-biopsies for summer–winter comparisons of muscle histology, also within individuals. At both study sites, dogs' muscles were significantly thinner in summer than in winter – atrophy attributable to reduced fiber diameter. Sarcomeres from West Greenland dogs showed serious myofilament depletion and expansion of the sarcoplasmatic space between myofibrils during summer. At both study sites, summer samples showed fewer interfibrillar and subsarcolemmal mitochondria, and fewer lipid droplets between myofibrils, than did winter samples. In summer, capillary density was higher and inter-capillary distance smaller than in winter, but the capillary-to-fiber-ratio and number of capillaries associated with single myofibers were constant. Increased capillary density was probably a by-product of differential tissue responses to condition changes rather than a functional adaptation, because thinning of muscle fibers in summer was not accompanied by reduction in the capillary network. Thus, skeletal muscle of Inuit dogs responds flexibly to changes in functional demands. This flexibility is based on differential changes in functional components: mitochondrial numbers, lipid droplet size, and the number of contractile filaments all increase with increasing workload and food supply while the capillary network remains unchanged.
Molecular Structures on Solid Substrates Probed by Sum Frequency Generation (SFG) Vibration Spectroscopy
Authors: Ye Shen , Osawa Masatoshi 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibration spectroscopy is a powerful tool to study interfacial structures of organic thin films on solid substrates at a molecular level. The unique structural information obtained from SFG is essential to design and control functionalities of surfaces and interfaces. Recent advances in SFG spectroscopy are reviewed.
Synthesis and X-ray Structural Analysis of Hydrido(thiolato) Platinum(II) Complexes
Authors: Nakata Norio , Yamamoto Suzuka , Hashima Wataru , Ishii Akihiko 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The oxidative addition of [Pt(η2-nb)(PPh3)2] with a sterically hindered thiol, TripSH (4, Trip = 9-triptycyl) in toluene afforded cis-hydrido(thiolato) PtII complex [PtH(STrip)(PPh3)2] (5), as thermally and moisture-stable colorless crystals in 91% yield. Complex 5 was fully characterized by 1H, 13C{1H}, and 31P{1H} NMR and IR spectroscopies, and the molecular structure of 5 was determined by X-ray crystallography.
Molecular Modification of 2,7-Diphenyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene (DPh-BTBT) with Diarylamino Substituents: From Crystalline Order to Amorphous State in Evaporated Thin Films
Authors: Izawa Takafumi , Mori Hiroki , Shinmura Yusuke , Iwatani Masahito , Miyazaki Eigo , Takimiya Kazuo , Hung Hsio-Wen , Yahiro Masayuki , Adachi Chihaya 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Introduction of diarylamino substituents on 2,7-diphenyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene (DPh-BTBT) caused morphological change in the evaporated thin-film state: from highly crystalline films with edge-on molecular orientation for DPh-BTBT to amorphous films for the diarylamino derivatives. The former was unsuitable as a hole-transporting layer in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), whereas the latter acted as a superior hole-transporting layer in multilayered OLEDs.
Sleep Problems in Childhood Predict Neuropsychological Functioning in Adolescence
Authors: Gregory Alice M. , Caspi Avshalom , Moffitt Terrie E. , Poulton Richie 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVES. Our goal was to examine the association between parent-rated sleep problems during childhood and neuropsychological functioning during adolescence.PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS. Longitudinal prospective data on an entire birth cohort from Dunedin, New Zealand, were obtained. One thousand thirty-seven children were enrolled in the study (52% male). Parents reported on sleep problems when the study members were 5, 7, and 9 years of age. Neuropsychological functioning was assessed by using 7 tests when the participants were 13 years of age.RESULTS. After adjusting for gender and socioeconomic status, persistent sleep problems during childhood predicted scores on 2 neuropsychological tests: the copy score of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test and 2 measures of performance on the Halstead Trail Making Test. These results were substantively replicated when sleep was assessed at the 5- and 9-year (but not 7-year) assessments separately.CONCLUSIONS. Sleep problems during childhood may be associated with certain aspects of neuropsychological functioning during adolescence. This adds to the growing body of literature suggesting that childhood sleep problems may be a risk indicator of later difficulties.
Promotion and Provision of Drinking Water in Schools for Overweight Prevention: Randomized, Controlled Cluster Trial
Authors: Muckelbauer Rebecca , Libuda Lars , Clausen Kerstin , Toschke André Michael , Reinehr Thomas , Kersting Mathilde 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE. The study tested whether a combined environmental and educational intervention solely promoting water consumption was effective in preventing overweight among children in elementary school.METHODS. The participants in this randomized, controlled cluster trial were second- and third-graders from 32 elementary schools in socially deprived areas of 2 German cities. Water fountains were installed and teachers presented 4 prepared classroom lessons in the intervention group schools (N = 17) to promote water consumption. Control group schools (N = 15) did not receive any intervention. The prevalence of overweight (defined according to the International Obesity Task Force criteria), BMI SD scores, and beverage consumption (in glasses per day; 1 glass was defined as 200 mL) self-reported in 24-hour recall questionnaires, were determined before (baseline) and after the intervention. In addition, the water flow of the fountains was measured during the intervention period of 1 school year (August 2006 to June 2007).RESULTS. Data on 2950 children (intervention group: N = 1641; control group: N = 1309; age, mean ± SD: 8.3 ± 0.7 years) were analyzed. After the intervention, the risk of overweight was reduced by 31% in the intervention group, compared with the control group, with adjustment for baseline prevalence of overweight and clustering according to school. Changes in BMI SD scores did not differ between the intervention group and the control group. Water consumption after the intervention was 1.1 glasses per day greater in the intervention group. No intervention effect on juice and soft drink consumption was found. Daily water flow of the fountains indicated lasting use during the entire intervention period, but to varying extent.CONCLUSION. Our environmental and educational, school-based intervention proved to be effective in the prevention of overweight among children in elementary school, even in a population from socially deprived areas.
Increasing Prevalence of Neonatal Withdrawal Syndrome: Population Study of Maternal Factors and Child Protection Involvement
Authors: O'Donnell Melissa , Nassar Natasha , Leonard Helen , Hagan Ronnie , Mathews Richard , Patterson Yvonne , Stanley Fiona 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVES. Illicit drug use during pregnancy is an important public health issue, with adverse effects on the newborn and implications for subsequent parenting. The aim of this study was to measure the birth prevalence of neonatal withdrawal syndrome over time, associated maternal characteristics and child protection involvement.METHODS. This is a retrospective cohort study that used linked health and child protection databases for all live births in Western Australia from 1980 to 2005. Maternal characteristics and mental health–and assault-related medical history were assessed by using logistic regression models.RESULTS. The birth prevalence of neonatal withdrawal syndrome increased from 0.97 to a high of 42.2 per 10 000 live births, plateauing after 2002. Mothers with a previous mental health admission, low skill level, Aboriginal status or who smoked during pregnancy were significantly more likely to have an infant with neonatal withdrawal syndrome. These infants were at greater risk for having a substantiated child maltreatment allegation and entering foster care. Increased risk for maltreatment was associated with mothers who were aged &lt;30 years, were from socially disadvantaged backgrounds, Aboriginal status, and had a mental health–or assault-related admission.CONCLUSIONS. There has been a marked increase in neonatal withdrawal syndrome in the past 25 years. Specific maternal characteristics identified should facilitate planning for early identification and intervention for these women. Findings demonstrate an important pathway into child maltreatment and highlight the need for well-supported programs for women who use illicit drugs during pregnancy as well as the need for sustained long-term support after birth.
Mortality, Predation, and Tag Visibility of Fish Marked with Visible Implant Elastomer Tags
Authors: Reeves Kerry S. , Buckmeier David L. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
We evaluated tag-induced mortality (7 d), predation, and tag visibility (365 d) for age-0 largemouth bass (LMB) Micropterus salmoides (27–112 mm total length [TL]), age-0 channel catfish (CCF) Ictalurus punctatus (42–101 mm TL), and adult blacktail shiners (BTS) Cyprinella venusta (34–98 mm TL) tagged with three visible implant elastomer (VIE) tags. Tagging mortality after 7 d was 14.7% for age-0 LMB and 29.5% for BTS, whereas there was almost no mortality for CCF. Mortality for tagged age-0 LMB and BTS was size dependent; the smallest size-groups exhibited the greatest mortality rates. Visible implant elastomer tags did not significantly increase predation of recently tagged fish by adult LMB, flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris, or white bass Morone chrysops. Tag visibility (which reflects tag shedding and loss of visibility due to tissue thickening over the tag) varied greatly by species and tag location. In LMB, tag visibility decreased to 5% or less within 90 d for VIE tags in the dorsal head area and along the base of the anal fin, whereas visibility decreased gradually to 63% after 365 d for tags in the operculum. In CCF, tag visibility decreased to 5% or less within 90 d for tags in the dorsal head area and along the jaw, whereas visibility decreased to 46% after 365 d for tags along the base of the anal fin. Tags in BTS had the highest visibility: 100% visibility was recorded at all three tagging locations after 30 d, then visibility gradually decreased to 56% along the base of the anal fin, 72% in the dorsal portion of the caudal peduncle, and 78% in the ventral portion of the caudal peduncle after 365 d. Visible implant elastomer tags can be used without increasing risk of predation for tagged fish; however, VIE tag utility may be limited due to increased mortality for small age-0 fish and variable tag visibility among anatomical locations.