bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrosion-Fatigue Crack Propagation Rates in Commercial 7075 and P/M X7091 Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Santner JS , Kumar M 
Published: March 2009

The recently developed powder metallurgy (P/M) alloy X7091 (formerly CT91) has strength characteristics similar to ingot metallurgy (I/M) 7000 series alloys. However, its stress corrosion cracking resistance has been reported to be far superior to the conventional ingot-processed alloys. This suggests that P/M alloy X7091 may have far better corrosion fatigue behavior than I/M 7075-T651. Fatigue crack growth rates between 2.5 × 10−8 and 2.5 × 10−6 m/cycle (10−6 and 10−4 in./cycle) were measured for specimens in both the S-T and T-L orientations. In order to determine the effect of environment on the fatigue crack growth rates, tests were conducted in both an innocuous and an aggressive environment (R = 0.5; f = 0.2 Hz). Since it is known that the fatigue crack growth rates of aluminum alloys are sensitive to small amounts of water vapor, gaseous nitrogen with a dew point of −60°C (−75°F) was chosen as the innocuous environment. An aerated 3½% NaCl solution was used as the corrosive environment.
The corrosion fatigue crack growth rates were, on the average, ten times slower for the P/M X7091 alloy than the I/M 7075 alloy tested in both the T-L and S-T orientation. The crack propagation rates for each alloy are similar for both the S-T and T-L orientations when tested in a given environment. While the I/M 7075 specimens had a ten times slower growth rate in the gaseous nitrogen environment than those measured in the salt water, there was no such dramatic change between the crack growth rates measured in the two environments for the P/M X7091 alloy.
The crack closure stress was measured for specimens tested in the corrosion environment to determine if it was greater than the applied minimum stress. It was found that while the I/M 7075 alloy had no measurable closure stress, the P/M X7091 alloy had sufficient closure to reduce the effective cyclic loads by up to 40% of the applied load amplitude. The presence of a measurable closure stress in the 3½% salt water environment is correlated with the P/M X7091 alloy, which has a lower corrosion-fatigue crack growth rate than the I/M 7075 alloy.
Fractographic examination of the corrosion-fatigue fracture surfaces suggests that copious amounts of corrosion debris correspond to where the crack closure was greatest. This debris is absent when the crack closure stress was less than or equal to the applied minimum stress. This observation suggests that in addition to the plastic deformation zone in the wake of the fatigue crack, the presence of corrosion products between the fracture surfaces can increase the closure stress if the general corrosion rate of the fatigue fracture surface is small.
Environmental Influences on the Aqueous Fatigue Crack Growth Rates of HY-130 Steel
Authors: Fujii CT , Smith JA 
Published: March 2009

The influence of chloride ions, pH, potential, and chromate ions on fatigue crack growth rates of HY-130 steel in aqueous solutions were examined. Crack growth rates (da/dN) were determined as functions of stress intensity factor range (ΔK) over the ΔK-interval of approximately 20 to 90 MPA√m, and environmental effects were evaluated by comparison with similar data for HY-130 obtained in air. All fatigue experiments were conducted at a maximum stress intensity factor (Kmax) &lt; (KIscc), a stress ratio (R) = 0.1, a cyclic frequency (f) = 0.1 Hz, and a temperature (T) = 24 ± 2°C.
In the absence of inhibitors, crack growth rates are enhanced approximately threefold by an aqueous environment relative to air. A comparison of results from distilled water, 0.6M NaCl solution, and 0.1N HCl solution suggests that the crack growth rates are not influenced significantly by chloride ions or acid conditions (pH ≃ 1.0). Under alkaline conditions (pH ≃ 12), the crack growth rates are between those observed in air and in distilled water, acid or saline solution. The chromate ion is an effective corrosion fatigue inhibitor for HY-130, as indicated by the coincidence of its da/dN-versus-ΔK curve with that of air. All of these crack growth rates converged at higher ΔK values. Applied cathodic potentials increased crack growth rates beyond those observed under freely corroding conditions in 0.6M NaCl solution. This enhancement in crack growth rates is only observed at ΔK-values above 30 to 40 MPa√m. The results suggest that hydrogen is involved in the crack growth mechanism.
The Use of Notched Compact-Type Specimens for Crack Initiation Design Rules in High-Temperature Water Environments
Authors: Prater TA , Coffin LF 
Published: March 2009

This report describes the techniques used and results obtained for fatigue crack initiation of notched compact-type (CT) tests of SA333 Gr.6 carbon steel in air or in autoclaves mostly at 288°C (550°F), 1.05 kg/mm2 (1500 psi) oxygenated water conditions. The fatigue crack initiation life Ni was quantitatively determined from a cycle-by-cycle crack length measurement as the number of cycles of produce 7.6 × 10−2 mm (0.003 in.) of growth from the notch root. Results for several parameters of the experimental program (including temperature, environment, oxygen content, frequency of cycling, notch radius, R-value, and ΔK) are reported. A majority of the tests were run in 288°C (550°F) water at 8 ppm O2 with 5.1 × 10−2 mm (0.002 in.) notch radii, and showed a severe degradation in initiation life, especially at a frequency of 0.00021 Hz (0.0125 cpm), compared with 288°C (550°F) air tests. On the other hand, at 0.021 Hz (1.25 cpm) and 8 ppm O2, decreasing the temperature to 232°C (450°F) restored the life to that of air. Reducing the oxygen level to 0.2 ppm in 288°C (550°F) water was also beneficial. These latter two findings are preliminary because of limited testing.
The test results were interpreted in terms of conventional procedures in which a notch root pseudostress amplitude Sa was calculated for each test and compared with the ASME fatigue data curve for carbon steel. The quantity Sa was obtained from the applied stress intensity range (ΔK) and Neuber notch analysis procedures to account for elasticplastic notch root conditions. The worst-case notch concept was introduced to account for the observed maximum in the fatigue notch factor kf with decreasing notch radii and for the environmental notch sensitivity. For the present study, the worst-case notch radius ρ was 0.165 mm (0.0065 in.).
A procedure is described for calculating Sa and Ni from crack growth data. This procedure assumed a crack to be equivalent to the worst-case notch and provided a good prediction of the ASME fatigue data curve from the ASME crack growth curves in air, both for carbon steel. By using this approach and a conservative threshold stress intensity value for fatigue crack growth in 288°C (550°F), 8 ppm O2 water, a value of Sa was determined below which crack initiation will not occur in this environment, regardless of defect sharpness or frequency of loading. This value of Sa was consistent with the notched CT crack initiation results obtained.
The Role of Microplastic Deformation in Fatigue Crack Initiation
Authors: James MR , Morris WL 
Published: March 2009

A reference gage technique is used to measure the localized plastic strains which develop within individual surface grains during cyclic loading of A1 2219-T851. These are found to increase more rapidly in grains having large distances of slip between grain boundaries in the plane of the surface. Further fatigue causes cyclic hardening of the surface in the large grains as manifest by a reduction in the microplastic deformation. Maximum values of the local plastic strain and the cycles needed to achieve them are observed to be a function of environmental humidity and of internal hydrogen content.
Humid air is found to decrease the development of microplasticity when compared with fatigue in dry air. Increased quantities of internal hydrogen (although in contents less than 1 ppm) substantially increase the rate of development of microplasticity early during fatigue and later accelerates cyclic hardening of the surface. A model based on a critical fracture strain criterion is formulated and used to calculate the numbers of constituent particles in the alloy fractured during fatigue. The model satisfactorily predicts the enhancement of particle fracture in alloys that contain hydrogen or that are fatigued in dry air. We conclude that the principal effect of these environmental factors on particle fracture arises because they alter the propensity of the surface to undergo microplastic deformation.
Power Plant Instrumentation for Measurement of High-Purity Water Quality
Authors: Lane RW , Otten G 
Published: March 2009

Description
The publication presents techniques employing various methods of measurement, such as ion chromatography, atomic absorption, specific ion electrode, ion exchange columns, electrical conductivity, a gravimetric method, differential pulse polarography and others. Discussions on methods of sampling, desired point of sampling, and other details are included.
Hazardous Solid Waste Testing: First Conference
Authors: Conway RA , Malloy BC 
Published: March 2009

Description
The first in a series of publications provides a basis for new methodology in the testing of industrial solid wastes. This publication is one of the first technical testing manuals for identifying and characterizing hazardous solid wastes in terms of disposal options. The book is divided into five areas:
• Laboratory Extractions and Leaching Procedures
• Large-Scale Leaching Tests Versus Laboratory Tests
• Analysis of Residues, Extracts, soils, and Ground Waters
• Evaluation of Land Disposal Sites and Materials
• Risk Assessment Approaches.
Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: Second Conference
Authors: Seymour KG 
Published: March 2009

Description
STP 795 is the result of a symposium intended to provide an interdisciplinary forum for discussion of the many facets of pesticide formulation and application. This book addresses packaging, granular formulations, and spray-related subjects. STP 795 represents a variety of subjects all contributing to a theme of knowledge about effective, efficient, and safe use of pesticides.
Intravenous Ceftriaxone and Calcium in the Neonate: Assessing the Risk for Cardiopulmonary Adverse Events
Authors: Bradley John S. , Wassel Ronald T. , Lee Lucia , Nambiar Sumathi 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVES. Unsolicited reports regarding potentially serious adverse drug reactions in neonates and young infants were reported to the Food and Drug Administration, leading to changes in the package label for ceftriaxone. This report describes and summarizes the reported cases that led to safety concerns regarding the concurrent administration of intravenous ceftriaxone and calcium in this age group.
METHODS. Nine reported cases were assessed. The Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System database was searched for potential drug interactions in patients who were receiving concomitant ceftriaxone and calcium therapy.
RESULTS. Eight of the reported 9 cases (7 were ≤2 months of age) represented possible or probable adverse drug events. There were 7 deaths. None of the cases were reported from the United States. The dosage of ceftriaxone that was administered to 4 of 6 infants for whom this information was available was between 150 and 200 mg/kg per day. The rate of occurrence of these serious adverse drug reactions cannot be accurately determined from available data.
CONCLUSIONS. The concurrent use of intravenous ceftriaxone and calcium-containing solutions in the newborn and young infant may result in a life-threatening adverse drug reaction. Contributing factors for infants in this report may include the use of ceftriaxone at dosages higher than those approved by the Food and Drug Administration, intravenous “push” administration, and administration of the total daily dosage as a single infusion.
Solidification Microstructure Evolution Modeling in Nb-Si Based Intermetallics-Strengthened-Metal-Matrix Composites
Authors: Kar Sujoy , Bewlay Bernard , Yang Ying 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFor higher fuel efficiency and greater thrust to weight ratios, there is a continuous drive for higher performance turbine engine components. Nb-silicide intermetallics, owing to their high melting point and high-temperature strength, are potential candidates for high temperature applications. These intermetallics when precipitated in the metal matrix of a (Nb) solid solution, result in intermetallic-strengthened metal matrix composites that have a good combination of room temperature toughness and high temperature strength. The microstructures of these in-situ composites can be complex and vary significantly with the addition of elements such as Ti and Hf. Hence an improved understanding of phase stability and the microstructural evolution of these alloys is essential for alloy optimization. In the present paper we describe binary alloy microstructural evolution modeling of dendritic and eutectic solidification obtained using phasefield simulations. The effect of parameters such as heat extraction rate, the ratio of the diffusivity of the solute in liquid to solid, and the liquid-solid interfacial energy, on microstructural evolution during solidification is discussed in detail.
Immunotherapy of Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Current Approaches
Authors: Smits Evelien L.J.M. , Berneman Zwi N. , Van Tendeloo Viggo F.I. 
Published: March 2009

Learning ObjectivesAnalyze the reasons for active investigation of immunotherapy of AML. Compare active and passive immunotherapy approaches of AML. Summarize strategies for immunotherapy of AML and evaluate their potential for further investigation and/or clinical implementation.This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.
New Lab Tests and Models Improve Planning for Complex Cementing Jobs Offshore New Zealand
Authors: Parr I. , Sweatman R. , Lee S. , Farnworth S. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Recent investigative work for cementing highly deviated liners offshore New Zealand (NZ) employed several types of laboratory tests and numerical models—with many developed specifically for this project—to determine the best way to prepare the hole and then complete the cement job. Well-established test methods were used along with tests designed specifically to understand certain formation, mud, and cement interactions. The newly developed laboratory testing methods include: mud film testing using mud, spacer, and cement; ultra-low shear rheology (ULSR) testing under downhole conditions to determine mud and cement static gel strength development, as well as erodibility and removal of the mud by spacer and cement; Dynamic High Angle Sag Testing (DHAST) for both mud and spacer; and dewatering and filter cake build-up testing of mud, spacer, and cement, using a Fann 90 test apparatus. Both standard and newly-developed numerical models aided lab test data analysis in making decisions on materials and equipment and ensuring successful cement placement. One new model used DHAST data to check for effects on cement placement by calculating settled solids volumes dynamically deposited ahead of the cement slurry. A second model analyzed ULSR data to predict mud displacement results with different fluid properties designed for the mud, spacer, and cement. A third new model predicted displacement pressure effects by mud and cement interfacial mixing associated with certain cementing conditions and job procedures. The model also qualified the risk of multi-fluid vs. single fluid annular flow which determined procedures to minimize bypassed mud and cement slurry channeling.
The results of these efforts greatly aided the understanding of the cement, mud, and spacer interactions with the formation. This paper aims to highlight the developed testing and modeling methods, provide information on the results of the methods, and demonstrate how the methods enabled the successful cementation of several highly deviated offshore liners in NZ.
Ultra-Extended-Reach Drilling (u-ERD: Tunnel in the Earth)—A New Well-Path Design
Authors: Samuel G. Robello 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Drilling ultra-extended-reach wells and extending their reach to greater depths requires both improved models and comprehensive analysis. Wellbore friction is an important factor in drilling ultra-long wells and optimizing the well-path design is an effective means for reducing torque and drag. This paper describes a new well-path design that will allow extending the reach of a well to a greater depth. Usually, well trajectories are designed with constant curvature with well-defined arcs connecting the transition between the tangent sections. Even though the transition between the tangent and build sections or tangent and drop sections appears to be smooth there will be some discontinuity that will place a lot of stress on the tubulars, increase torque and drag, and result in poor hole cleaning and other problems. To avoid curvature and torsion discontinuities between sections, curvature-bridge curves, or transition curves called clothoid spirals can be used.
This paper presents a new mathematical formulation for well-path designs using curvature bridges. Results show that the essential elements in planning a proposed well path are determining the shape and position of the bridged section, the characteristic parameter describing its shape, and its position in the well profile. To provide a quantitative means for measuring the complexity of well-path designs, a coupled analytical criterion based on the minimum energy of the curve is proposed. The proposed approach is a superior method and a more effective tool for describing and comparing the minimum energies used in well-path designs. This paper compares simulated well-path designs created with the new method with actual conventional well-path designs and describes the accuracy and applicability of the new well-path model. The results of this study demonstrate that well-path designs using curvature bridges are superior to the existing well-path designs used for drilling ERD and u-ERD wells.
New Standard for Evaluating Casing Connections for Thermal Well Applications
Authors: Nowinka Jaroslaw , Dall'Acqua Dan 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Casing connections in thermal wells, such as SAGD and CSS wells, experience extreme loads due to exposure to high temperatures up to 200°C–350°C, stresses exceeding the elastic limit, and cyclic plastic deformation. To-date, no standard procedure has been adopted by the industry to qualify casing connections for such conditions. In particular, the existing evaluation standard ISO13679/API5C5 excludes temperatures above 180°C and tubular loads beyond pipe body yield. Proprietary procedures have been used to qualify connections for individual thermal operations, but none of those has been accepted as an industry standard.
This paper introduces a new protocol for evaluating casing connections for thermal well applications: Thermal Well Casing Connection Evaluation Protocol (TWCCEP), founded on long-standing work in the thermal-well arena. TWCCEP has been developed through a multi-client project, sponsored by operators and connection manufacturers involved in thermal-well operations in Canada: EnCana, Husky Energy, Evraz (formerly Ipsco), Nexen, Pengrowth, Petro-Canada, Shell, TenarisHydril, and Total. Recently, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee 67 Sub Committee 5 registered a new work item to consider adopting TWCCEP as an international standard.
This paper refers to the TWCCEP version available at the time of submitting the paper manuscript. TWCCEP employs both analytical and experimental procedures to assess performance of a candidate connection under conditions typical of service in thermally-stimulated wells. The objective of the analytical component is to assess sensitivities of the candidate connection to selected design variables, and identify worst-case combinations of those variables for subsequent configuration of specimens for physical testing. The purpose of the physical testing is to verify performance of the connection specimens under assembly-and-loading conditions simulating the thermal-well service.
In addition to the protocol overview, this paper illustrates how engineering analysis, numerical simulation, and reduced-scale physical testing were used in the protocol development to examine impacts of various design and loading variables on connection strength and sealability, and how those results were utilized to formulate the analysis-and-test matrix prescribed in the TWCCEP evaluation procedure.
Adoption and consistent use of TWCCEP is expected to increase operational reliability and decrease failure potential of casing strings in thermal wells. Learnings from the protocol development will also help define requirements for connection re-qualification in cases when one or more of the design variables change (i.e. in product line qualification).
Real-Time Optimization of the Drilling Process—Challenges in Industrialization
Authors: Cayeux E. , Dvergsnes E. W. , Iversen F. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Recently, a successful Offshore Field test in the North Sea of a new drilling control system for real-time optimization and automation control was performed. This system has been developed in an ongoing research project, which will now enter an industrialization phase with focus on improved user friendliness, sensor quality/reliability, work process and training.
The system, which is based on application of advanced real-time process models for calculation of both hydraulic and mechanical forces, requires an extensive set of input data. Results from the calculation modules are applied directly in the drilling control system, affecting parameters such as pipe acceleration, velocity and deceleration, and the pump startup profile. Subsequently, it is of major importance that the data entered as input are correct and of high quality. Both system setup data and measurements from real-time sensors have to be validated before they can be applied.
Here we give an overview of lessons learned from the field test, and discuss how the most important challenges revealed during the test can be solved. We also discuss how such a system may benefit from emerging new technology in moving towards a higher degree of automation.
Automation of the drilling process has for a long time been a widely discussed topic. Despite the enormous focus, the limited number of successful solutions available to the industry today is a strong indication that applying automation to the drilling process is a very complicated and compound challenge. The authors believe that resolving the generic challenges experienced in industrialization of the described system constitutes an important step towards extended automation of the drilling process.
Extensions of the system are already on the drawing-board in an extension of the original research project which led to the development of this technology. Although there are still challenges to be resolved for the existing system, we are confident that these are manageable and that automation has a bright future within drilling.