bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Distribution and economic Importance of Ixodes ricinus (L.) in Wales and the Welsh Border Counties with special Reference to N.W. Cardiganshire
Authors: Evans G. Owen 
Published: July 2009

Ixodes ricinus is the common tick infesting farmstock in Wales. Dermacentor reticulatus is recorded on cattle and sheep on two farms in N. Cardiganshire.I. ricinus is widely distributed in the four major grassland zones of N.W. Cardiganshire. The most extensive areas of tick infestation are found on the marginal and hill farms. In lowland areas, except on extensive stretches of marshland, infested pastures are confined to isolated tracts of badly managed or poorly drained land. Infested grazings are invariably “rough” and contain one of the following plants as dominant: Festuca spp., Agrostis spp., Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Pteris aquilina or Juncus spp. The degree of infestation of cattle depends on the relative area of the available grazing land colonised by the tick. Continuous stocking of infested pastures results in heavy infestations and vice versa.Bovine piroplasmosis is the major tick-borne disease in N.W. Cardiganshire and predominates in the lowland districts. Outbreaks of the disease on marginal and hill farms are generally infrequent. Reasons are suggested for this phenomenon. Tick pyaemia is confined to lambs on hill grazings. The incidence of this disease is low.The distribution of the tick in Wales and the border counties of Hereford and Salop shows a general relationship to areas of rough grazing. The tick is widespread in the western counties and is almost absent in the border counties. Radnorshire and Breconshire are interesting in that they have few infested farms in relation to the extensive nature of the “rough” grazing. A survey has also been conducted of the incidence of bovine piroplasmosis in Wales.
Studies on Salt-Water and Fresh-Water Anopheles gambiae on the East African Coast
Authors: Muirhead Thomson R. C. 
Published: July 2009

The brackish water form of A. gambiae on the East African coast—and probably in Mauritius—is not the same as A. melas of West Africa.In salt-water gambiae a variable proportion of the females have an additional dark band on the palps, resembling 4-banded melas, but the remainder are indistinguishable from typical gambiae.Eggs and larvae of salt-water gambiae show no morphological differences from those of fresh-water gambiae, thereby differing from A. melas of West Africa.Larvae of the two forms show a clear-cut difference in reaction to sudden changes in salinity, and a simple test has been worked out whereby wild-caught females can be accurately identified by the reactions of their progeny.This physiological test has formed the basis of all work in comparing the incidence, habits, and infectivity of salt and fresh-water gambiae in Dar-es-Salaam.Exposed to equal chances of infection in the same village during 1947 and 1948, fresh-water gambiae had a sporozoite rate of 9·4 per cent. while that of salt-water gambiae was 0·8 per cent.About 4 per cent, of both forms were infected with filaria larvae, but monthly figures showed that infection rates in salt-water gambiae may rise to 22 per cent.Fresh-water gambiae show little tendency to leave African houses at dawn after feeding, whereas in salt-water gambiae over one-third of freshly blood-fed females leave the house at dawn.In fresh-water gambiae many half-gravid females leave the shelter of the house at dusk on the night after the blood feed. There is no marked difference in infectivity between those which leave the hut and those which remain indoors at this stage.Blood-fed and gravid females of fresh-water gambiae, funestus, and salt-water gambiae have been found in outdoor resting places, gravid females predominating in the case of the first two.Although larvae of salt-water gambiae can complete their development in pure sea water, in nature increasing salinity becomes a limiting factor before it reaches that of sea water, continuous breeding being no longer possible at salinities over 83 per cent. sea water.Salinity as a limiting factor explains the rather restricted breeding of salt-water gambiae on the coast, and suggests that certain coastal fresh-water swamps at Dar-es-Salaam could be cleared of all Anopheline breeding by salinifying with sea water.
A comparative Method for testing Agents used in Sheep Maggot Fly Control
Authors: Stones L. C. 
Published: July 2009

A controlled technique is described, whereby the comparative protective values of various dips and sprays used in sheep maggot fly control can be accurately assessed.In order to determine the exact mode of action of the agents under test, each is examined from the point of view of its power to inhibit oviposition by the adult fly and also for its larvicidal properties.The “anti-adult” test involves the weekly exposure of treated groups of sheep to an active and dense fly population, maintained in a closed chamber under controlled conditions of temperature and light.The larvicide test is a modification of a former method of larval implantation, and is applied to the sheep when the “anti-adult” protection, indicated by the previous test, is found to have failed.In the second part of the paper, a number of results are presented which serve to illustrate the working of the technique, and demonstrate the comparative value of several methods of maggot fly control which are in current use.A dip containing 0·5 per cent. DDT in water suspension was found to give the most satisfactory protection, and to achieve this result purely by its action against the adult fly. A 0·5 per cent. DDT benzene emulsion dip was less satisfactory, as alsowas spraying as a method of applying the insecticide. In general, spraying has given about half the protection of dipping, whilst on sheep in full fleece, the application of half a gallon of spray was found to be inadequate. Protection was again found to be poor when the fleece was carefully dressed with half a pound of a dry powder containing 5 per cent. DDT.In contrast to DDT, BHC and arsenic were shown to possess virtually no “antiadult” properties at the concentrations tested. BHC and arsenic both acted as efficient larvicides and provided a valuable and similar degree of protection against the sheep maggot fly, as an incidental effect, when they were tested at the concentrations normally used for their primary function of sheep scab control.
On the Narcissus Flies, Merodon equestris (F.) and Eumerus tuberculatus (Rond.) and their Control
Authors: Edwards E. E. , Bevan W. J. 
Published: July 2009

A résumé is given of the recommendations hitherto made for the control of the Narcissus flies, Merodon equestris and Eumerus tuberculatus. Nevertheless, the control of these pests still remains a major problem in the British Isles. Laboratory and field experiments on the control of both these species were carried out in 1946 and 1947. In the field trials, dichloro-diphenyl trichlorethane (DDT), benzene hexachloride (BHC) and mercurous chloride (calomel) were included. The DDT and BHC were applied in the form of sprays, at a concentration of 0·5 per cent. suspension in water, over the aerial parts of the Narcissus plants and the surrounding soil on three separate occasions at approximately monthly intervals during the oviposition period, starting on May 10, some two or three days before the adult flies normally appear in the district. The calomel was applied in the form of a 4 per cent. dust on separate occasions during this period.BHC and DDT were successful in producing a marked reduction in the degree of infestations by both species of Narcissus flies and, of the two insecticides, the former was apparently more effective. Although calomel dust afforded an appreciable protection against attacks by the Large Narcissus Fly, M. equestris, it exercised negligible control of the Small Narcissus Fly, E. tuberculatus, in these experiments. It seems from the results obtained in the present investigations that DDT and, in particular, BHC do provide a much more effective and practical means of controlling infestations of the Narcissus flies than any other methods hitherto tested.
Studies on aqueous Suspensions of Insecticides
Authors: Hadaway A. B. , Barlow F. 
Published: July 2009

Mosquitos were exposed for short contact periods to deposits on plaster blocks from aqueous suspensions of insecticides.There is an inverse relation between the size of ground DDT crystals fractionated into size ranges by sedimentation and their effectiveness. Smaller particles are more effective than larger ones even when equivalent numbers are compared. Differences in effectiveness are attributed to differences in the amounts of insecticide picked up and retained by the insect.There is no significant increase in kills of mosquitos exposed for the same contact period to dosages of 10–20 micron DDT crystals above 3 mg. per sq. ft. “Persistence” of deposits of these crystals, however, increases as the dosage increases.Crystal length alone is not critical, for fine 60 micron DDT needles are slightly more effective than ground crystals in the 10–20 micron range. The shape and mass of crystals together influence pick-up and determine their effectiveness.There is also an inverse relation between crystal size and effectiveness of methoxychlor and DDD. The effectiveness of Compound 497 and of the gamma isomer of benzene hexachloride is influenced much less by particle size than is that of DDT.The inert ingredient of a wettable powder has a masking effect on the insecticide, and this is intensified as the proportion of diluent to insecticide increases.The availability of the deposit from an aqueous suspension of DDT crystals depends largely on the nature of the surface to which it is applied.
Studies on the Ox Warble Flies,Hypoderma lineatumandHypoderma bovis
Authors: Bevan W. J. , Edwards E. E. 
Published: July 2009

A historical account of the Ox Warble Flies,Hypoderma lineatumandH. bovis, is given and the economic importance of the two species is discussed. Certain aspects of their biology and control have been studied over a period of several years in South Wales culminating in intensive investigations in the years 1945 and 1946.The adults ofH. lineatumemerge from their puparia in early May and those ofH. bovisa month later. The adults of both species in their persistent endeavours to oviposit, worry cattle, whenever the weather is sunny and calm, from the end of May to early September but they tend to avoid the vicinity of water and shade.The degree of incidence is high in Britain, at least in South Wales, judging by the larval populations present in the backs of cattle. Over 80 per cent. of the cattle included in the surveys conducted in 1945 and 1946 harboured infestations of varying intensity; in one case 152 larvae were recorded on a Shorthorn heifer.The larvae spend, on an average basis, 42·5 days in the subcutaneous tissues of the backs of their hosts. They begin to depart in order to pupate much earlier than is normally assumed to be the case in Britain, more particularly in Worcestershire, where the proportion of larvae pupating prior to March 28th was as low as 1·4 per cent. compared with over 20 per cent. in the present studies.The marked variations commonly observed in the seasonal incidence of the larvae in their final instars on cattle are correlated with the relative prevalence of the two species in different districts.The incidence of both species, judging by the intensity of infestations, is associated with the topographical conditions of the locality. For instance, herds on upland pastures are generally less liable to severe attacks than those on lowland farms.Cattle under three years old normally carry much heavier infestations of the larvae of both species than those exceeding this age when kept under identical conditions during the oviposition period.Diphenyl-dichloro-trichlorethane and benzene hexachloride preparations are ineffective for destroying the larvae, at least in their final instars, but emulsions of the former insecticide when applied in the form of a spray to the legs and flanks of cattle during the period of oviposition proved highly promising and warrant further investigations.
An Apparatus for testing the Toxic Values of Contact Insecticides under Controlled Conditions
Authors: Tattersfield F. , Morris H. M. 
Published: July 2009

An apparatus for determining the relative toxicities of contact insecticides is described in detail. It is so arranged that successive batches of insects are sprayed under conditions as similar as possible, so that on using various substances at different concentrations, the results are directly comparable.The apparatus consists of a glass jar in the lid of which an atomiser is fixed. By means of compressed air at known pressure the atomiser throws a constant quantity of fine spray upon insects placed in a dish inside the jar. Photographs illustrating the details of the apparatus are given.The method used in practice for the spraying of aphides in this apparatus is described, and examples are given in the form of a table and a graph of the type of results obtained when different concentrations of nicotine are sprayed upon apterous agamic females of A. rumicis.
Notes on the Genus Chrysops (Diptera, Tabanidae)
Authors: Stackelberg A. 
Published: July 2009

1. Chrysops amurensis, Plsk. 1910 (=C. binoculatus, Szilady, 1917).In the type of C. amurensis, Plsk., which is in the Zoological Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the colouration cannot be considered as having attained its full development. The wings are somewhat indefinitely tinged, but there is a fairly distinct preapical spot ; it is rather narrow, and is separated from the main dark part of the wing by a large pellucid portion, curving into the marginal cell ; in shape and position this incurvation is similar to that of C. dissectus, Lw., and C. ricardoae, Plsk. All other features, such as the shape and size of the facial calli, the relative proportions of the different joints of the antennae, and the colour of the abdomen, are similar to those of C. binoculatus, Szil., as given in Szilady's description. The slight difference between the figures given by Pleske and Szilady in the shape of the central spot of the second tergite of the abdomen is probably due to greasing of the lateral parts. Szilady's figure presents the more normal pattern.
A New Geometrid Moth attacking Deodars in India
Authors: Prout Louis B. 
Published: July 2009

Ectropis deodarae, sp. n.♂ 38–40 mm. Face rough-scaled. Palpus rather short, rough-scaled beneath. Tongue rather short and slender. Antenna with ciliation about 1, not or scarcely fasciculate. Thorax apparently not crested. Pectus densely hairy. Femora moderately hairy. Hind tibiae not dilated. Abdomen slender, not long. Head and body brown-grey, slightly paler beneath than above ; fore leg banded.
Notes on the Process of Digestion in Tsetse-flies
Authors: Lester H. M. O. , Lloyd Ll. 
Published: July 2009

(1) The salivary glands of Glossina contain a powerful anticoagulin, which delays the clotting of blood of mammals, birds, reptiles and batrachians. It was found that when the salivary glands are removed from the living fly, it can still draw blood normally and may live long, but sooner or later large clots form in the narrow anterior portions of the alimentary tract, so that the fly can no longer feed and dies of starvation. The purpose of the anticoagulin is to prevent such clotting and blood coagulation in the crop.(2) The proventriculus and first third of the mesenteron are themselves inert in relation to coagulation of blood, but as removed from the normal fly they contain the anticoagulin which is derived from the salivary secretion.(3) The hinder part of the mesenteron contains a powerful coagulin, the purpose of which is to neutralise the anticoagulin and cause a rapid clotting, in order to retain the fluid meal in the proper region while draining and assimilation take place, probably also to save strain on the sphincter mesenteri and prevent the occasional loss of food through the anus.
The Effect of Relative Humidity on the Activity of the Tropical Rat FleaXenopsylla cheopis(Roths.) (Siphonaptera)
Authors: Smith Alec 
Published: July 2009

1. The reactions ofXenopsylla cheopisRoths, to uniform and alternative relative humidities have been investigated.2.X. cheopisaggregates in the dry side of the alternative chamber. There is an indication that the intensity of aggregation increases with increase in percentage difference between the alternatives and that it is also high when the alternatives are high in the scale.3. Locomotor activity and speed of movement increase with rise in relative humidity.4. Males kept at 90 per cent. relative humidity for five days aggregate intensely in the drier of the alternatives 65 and 85 per cent. R.H. Similar fleas kept five days at 70 per cent. relative humidity react weakly.5. There is greater activity after five days' exposure to 90 per cent. relative humidity than after exposure to 70 per cent. R.H. for fhe same duration.6. One concludes that high activity in wet air contributes towards aggregation in the dry side and that the intensity of aggregation is affected by the difference in activity which occurs in the fleas at different relative humidities.7. The intensity of aggregation to the alternatives 80 and 90 per cent. relative humidity is unaffected by sex, or by the remains of a blood meal.8. A high klino-kinesis may occur inX. cheopis.9.Nosopsyllus fasciatusreacts in the same way asX. cheopisto uniform and alternative humidities, but there is no evidence of a high klino-kinesis.10. When a roll of lint is dropped into a vessel infested withX. cheopisthe number which jump on to it increases with relative humidity. The number which jumped on to a month-old rat did not show a clear relationship to humidity. Relatively more females than males jumped on to the roll of lint and rat.11. A colony of 25 buck rats was infested withX. cheopis. In relation to size of flea population the flea index increases with rise in relative humidity. The proportion of each sex on a rat, to its respective number in the bedding material, does not appear to bear a simple relationship to humidity.12. Humidity receptors are not confined to the distal three segments of the maxillary palps if indeed there are any there.
Further Observations on the Biting-habits of Tabanidae in Uganda
Authors: Haddow A. J. 
Published: July 2009

The biting habits of Chrysops centurionis Austen and its distribution in Uganda are discussed. This species is everywhere arboreal and mainly crepuscular. The absence of loiasis in man in Uganda is, it is suggested, due to differences between the biting habits of this species and those of the known vectors, C. silacea Austen and C. dimidiata Wulp, which are closely allied to C. centurionis.The peculiar biting-cycle of another Tabanid, Haematopota nefanda Edw., is described briefly.Short notes on the biting habits and distribution of some other Uganda Tabanids are given.
The Gall Midges of St. John's Wort (Hypericum spp.), with Descriptions of two new Species
Authors: Barnes H. F. 
Published: July 2009

Characters are given whereby the gall midges attacking St. John's Wort (Hypericum), a noxious weed, may be distinguished.Four species, Dasyneura hyperici (Bremi), D. serotina (Winnertz), Macrolabis marteli Kieffer and Zeuxidiplosis giardi (Kieffer), inhabit leaf galls in Europe.One species, Dasyneura toweri Felt, inhabits the flowers in the U.S.A. Three species, Contarinia hyperici, sp. n., Clinodiplosis hyperici, sp. n. and Lestodiplosis (Coprodiplosis) sp., live in the unopened flowers in Europe.Two species, Lasioptera virginica Felt and Cecidomyia ? triadenii Beutenmüller, are recorded as attacking the stems in the U.S.A. The latter is a name given merely to a gall.Four species, Geocrypta braueri (Handlirsch), G. hypericina (Tavares) (perhaps a synonym of G. braueri), Trisopsis hyperici Tavares and Lestodiplosis (Coprodiplosis) hyperici (Tavares), live in underground galls in Europe.Descriptions of Contarinia hyperici, sp. n. and Clinodiplosis hyperici, sp. n. are given.
Biological Observations on some Thynnids of Western Patagonia
Authors: Lloyd D. C. 
Published: July 2009

During a survey for whitegrub parasites, six Thynnid species were found in parts of western Patagonia and studied in varying degrees of detail.Definite host records are established for Elaphroptera scoliaeformis (Hal.), E. (Paralycus) sp. near nigripennis (Smith) and Pseudelaphroptera brevipilosa Durán, which are solitary external parasites of the mature larvae of Aulacopalpus pilicollis (Fairm.) (Rutelinae), Macrosoma glacialis (F.) (Melolonthinae) and Adioristus acuminatus Hust. (Curculionidae), respectively.No adult feeding was observed during the mating flight of E. scoliaeformis and E. sp. near nigripennis, but pairs of P. brevipilosa and Ornepetes semicincta Turner fed extensively on flower heads of Umbelliferae. Some evidence is presented suggesting that at the conclusion of the mating flight the winged males tend to return the apterous females to the sites where they picked them up.Hosts are permanently paralysed and malaxated before eggs are laid on them. The eggs of the two Elaphroptera species are placed parallel to the longitudinal axis of the host, on the mid-ventral line of abdominal segments two to seven. In the case of P. brevipilosa, the egg is lightly cemented by its caudal end at an angle of about 45 degrees to the host surface, the attachment being near the spiracular line of the host and between the third thoracic and sixth abdominal segments.There are five larval instars. The larvae do not normally move over the host surface. In the first four instars feeding is by suction, but the fifth-instar larva tears a hole in the host in the region of the earlier feeding punctures. The film of liquid with which the larva is bathed is produced from its posterior extremity and is not exuded from the feeding puncture. Cocoons of two types may be recognised, corresponding to the sexes, the female type being the shorter and of more rigid construction.E. scoliaeformis, E. sp. near nigripennis, and P. brevipilosa have a single generation a year. The period from egg deposition to cocoon formation is generally covered in three weeks, and at least nine months are spent in the cocoon as a mature larva or prepupa. Adults probably live up to two months.The only natural enemies observed were a Bombyliid of the genus Acrophthalmyda and a Carabid predator, Cnemacanthus sp., attacking the cocoon stages of E. sp. near nigripennis. The adult of this Thynnid is also attacked by a mimicking Asilid fly, Lycomya germainii Big.The function of the mating flight and the economic value of members of the Thynnidae as controlling agents for Scarabaeid pests are briefly discussed.
DDT Resistance in an Italian Strain of Musca domestica L.
Authors: Harrison C. Mary 
Published: July 2009

1. Flies of 9–10 and 16–19 days old were more susceptible to DDT than 4–5-day-old flies. Female flies were less susceptible than males, and large flies less susceptible than small flies to residual deposits of DDT. It is clearly important that flies used in comparative toxicity tests should be standardised for age, sex and size.2. The strain Torre in Pietra was 3·6 times more resistant to dry deposits of DDT on Essex board than the Roma strain, but this resistance declined after culturing the strain in the laboratory for 22 generations.3. The DDT-resistant strain (Torre in Pietra) was as susceptible as the non-resistant (Roma) strain to deposits of γ BHC on Essex board but was slightly resistant to pyrethrins.4. The DDT resistance of the Torre in Pietra strain was increased readily by selection, yet a similar selection with DDT on the Roma strain was unsuccessful. This failure in the Roma strain may be due to the purity of the stock.