bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The birth of modern packaging
Authors: Twede Diana 
Published: April 2012

PurposeDuring a short two‐decade period (1879‐1903) processes for making food packages – paperboard cartons, tinplate cans and glass bottles – were mechanized by American inventor/entrepreneurs Robert Gair, Edwin Norton and Michael Owens, respectively. This paper aims to describe the context for packaged, processed food at the time, and to explore the men, their inventions, and the modern packaging industry that they collectively developed.Design/methodology/approachBiographies and patents were reviewed as well as contemporaneous and retrospective trade publications, newspapers, censuses and commentary.FindingsPackaging's industrial revolution played a key role in the development of modern marketing. Mass‐produced cartons, cans and bottles collectively became building blocks for mass markets. By the time of the first supermarket in 1920, annual sales of packaged breakfast cereal, crackers, biscuits, canned fruits and vegetables, preserves, soft drinks and other prepared foods had increased by 60‐fold over 1880 levels, 80 percent of which occurred after 1910. The packaging companies of Gair, Norton and Owens capitalized on new methods of production and business integration (and collusion) to profit from the trend, and enabled emerging national brands like Nabisco, Campbell's Soup and Coca‐Cola to successfully lead a revolution in mass marketing.Originality/valueThis paper shows why and how the practically simultaneous invention of machines to make cartons, cans and bottles was able to accelerate the development of national brands and supermarkets. Inasmuch as the histories of the three packaging forms are not considered to be in the same “industry,” this research represents a fresh interpretation of secondary sources.
Upholding whose values? Australia's advertising standards bodies, 1974‐2009
Authors: Crawford Robert , Spence‐Stone Ruth 
Published: April 2012

PurposeThis paper seeks to develop a clearer understanding of the operations and decisions made by Australian advertising standards bodies, the Advertising Standards Council and its successor, the Advertising Standards Board. It also seeks to identify whose interests have been served by these advertising standards organisations – those of the public or those of the advertising industry.Design/methodology/approachUsing annual reports and reports in mainstream press outlets, this paper compares the two advertising standards bodies, their respective organisational structures, and their decisions, in order to identify the key issues that have confronted Australia's advertising regulation bodies.FindingsIn addition to demonstrating the fundamental similarities between the Advertising Standards Council and the Advertising Standards Board, this paper raises serious questions about self‐regulation and the way that it serves the advertising industry's interests ahead of the public interest.Originality/valueThis is the first long‐term comparative survey of the operations, activities and decisions of the Advertising Standards Council and the Advertising Standards Board that also reveals the fundamental shortcomings of the current advertising standards codes.
Interpreting Brown and Hackley (2012)
Authors: Tadajewski Mark 
Published: April 2012

PurposeThis paper aims to use Brown and Hackley's contribution to the Journal of Historical Research in Marketing as a springboard for further discussion. It seeks to argue that we can put aside their suggestion that they intend to “stress test the contention that Cowell is Barnum reborn”. This is not what they are trying to do at all. Their point is more elemental. They aim to provoke readers to think critically about the production of marketing histories and histories of marketing thought.Design/methodology/approachThis paper adopts a viewpoint approach.FindingsGiven that Brown and Hackley arguably intend to encourage a response to their work and this is a response to their paper means they have been successful in their efforts. They have secured readers for their scholarship in an academic marketplace where many papers go unread, are never cited and whose only worldly “impact” is in terms of the carbon footprint they leave. This said, this paper takes Brown and Hackley seriously, engages with their ideas and offers a variety of ways we can think beyond their “thematic analysis”.Originality/valueThe paper situates Brown and Hackley's account within the wider sphere of marketing thought.
Seismic wave extrapolation using lowrank symbol approximation
Authors: Fomel Sergey , Ying Lexing , Song Xiaolei 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTWe consider the problem of constructing a wave extrapolation operator in a variable and possibly anisotropic medium. Our construction involves Fourier transforms in space combined with the help of a lowrank approximation of the space‐wavenumber wave‐propagator matrix. A lowrank approximation implies selecting a small set of representative spatial locations and a small set of representative wavenumbers. We present a mathematical derivation of this method, a description of the lowrank approximation algorithm and numerical examples that confirm the validity of the proposed approach. Wave extrapolation using lowrank approximation can be applied to seismic imaging by reverse‐time migration in 3D heterogeneous isotropic or anisotropic media.
Nurses’ beliefs, experiences and practice regarding complementary and alternative medicine in Taiwan
Authors: Smith Graeme D , Wu Shu‐Chen 
Published: May 2012

Aim.  To gain an insight into this issue, this study used a qualitative approach and aims to explore and describe nurses’ beliefs, experiences and practice regarding complementary and alternative medicine in Taiwan.Background.  The integration of complementary and alternative medicine with conventional medicine has become more common worldwide in recent years. An increase in patient use and an expansion of nurses using complementary and alternative medicine has spawned further investigation. Most published studies have concentrated on the usage of complementary and alternative medicine in western societies and have focused principally on physicians’ attitudes and practice patterns in this regard. Despite the large amount of time and the unique relationship that nurses share with their patients, little research has investigated the nurse’s attitudes and practice regarding complementary and alternative medicine. Moreover, there has been no previous research into understanding this issue from the Taiwanese nursing perspective.Design.  A qualitative research design.Method.  By using an exploratory, descriptive, qualitative approach, data were collected from 11 registered nurses. The methods of the data collection were in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews, field notes and memos and the data were analysed using the constant comparative method.Results.  Three major categories emerged from the data; namely, a ‘lack of clear definition’, ‘limited experience’ and ‘high interest’ towards complementary and alternative medicine. These results suggest that the definition of complementary and alternative medicine is often unclear for nurses in Taiwan. Due to the organisational policies and personal knowledge base, very few nurses integrate complementary and alternative medicine into their daily practice. However, the nurses in Taiwan show a great desire to participate in complementary and alternative medicine continuing education programmes.Conclusions.  This study is not only significant in filling the gap in the existing literature, but is also important in understanding this issue from the nurses’ perspective, to offer a series of recommendations for policy, nursing education, nursing practice and suggestions for further research.Relevance to clinical practice.  This study highlights the importance of nursing attitude in the use of complementary and alternative medicine. Clinical nurses have the potential to provide appropriate information to their patients to ensure safe complementary and alternative medicine use.
The journey from despair to hope: an exploration of the phenomenon of psychological distress in women residing in British secure mental health services
Authors: PARKES J. H. , FRESHWATER D. S. 
Published: April 2012

Accessible summary
This paper describes a research study which was undertaken with 11 female patients, detained under the Mental Health Act. Seven of the women were resident in a high secure hospital; the remaining four women were patients on a female ward in an independent medium secure hospital.
All of the women had a history of self‐harming behaviours, with 10 of the participants expressing violence towards others. The female patients agreed to be interviewed about how they chose to show their feelings when they were sad, angry, frustrated and upset.
The findings describe how all of the women have different explanations for when and how they choose to hurt themselves, and what precipitates violent behaviour towards other people. The findings demonstrate that a combination of approaches to care and treatment can facilitate a reduction in both self‐harming and outwardly aggressive behaviours in this vulnerable client group. The findings of this study indicate that the most effective combination of treatment includes prescribed medication, informal support networks, intensive individual therapy and active engagement in a therapeutic programme which teaches life skills.
AbstractThis paper reports the findings of a descriptive phenomenological study that aimed to elicit and describe the experience of psychological distress as expressed by a group of women compulsorily detained within secure mental health services in the UK. A fundamental objective of the study was to contribute to the existing evidence base that supports the care and treatment needs of this severely traumatized and challenging patient group. We argue that service providers and clinical practitioners could be better informed about the unique care and treatment needs of this severely traumatized and challenging patient group when working with them. A descriptive phenomenological approach developed by Giorgi was used to elicit the lived experiences of ‘psychological distress’ from a sample of female patients resident within a high secure hospital and an independent medium secure hospital. The findings indicate that a treatment plan which includes a combination of prescribed medication, informal support networks, intensive individual therapy and active engagement in a therapeutic life skills programme can be extremely beneficial. Most notably in helping to reduce the frequency of both internally and externally directed violent behaviour in this vulnerable client group.
Narcolepsy–cataplexy: deficient prepulse inhibition of blink reflex suggests pedunculopontine involvement
Authors: FRAUSCHER BIRGIT , LÖSCHER WOLFGANG N. , EHRMANN LAURA , GSCHLIESSER VIOLA , BRANDAUER ELISABETH , HÖGL BIRGIT , KOFLER MARKUS 
Published: April 2012

SummaryHypocretin (orexin) deficiency plays a major role in the pathophysiology of narcolepsy–cataplexy. In animal models, hypocretinergic projections to the pedunculopontine nucleus are directly involved in muscle tone regulation mediating muscle atonia – a hallmark of cataplexy. We hypothesized that pedunculopontine nucleus function, tested with prepulse inhibition of the blink reflex, is altered in human narcolepsy–cataplexy. Twenty patients with narcolepsy–cataplexy and 20 healthy controls underwent a neurophysiological study of pedunculopontine nucleus function. Blink reflex, prepulse inhibition of the blink reflex and blink reflex excitability recovery were measured. Blink reflex characteristics (R1 latency and amplitude, and R2 and R2c latency and area under the curve) did not differ between patients and controls (P > 0.05). Prepulse stimulation significantly increased R2 and R2c latencies and reduced R2 and R2c areas in patients and controls. However, the R2 and R2c area suppression was significantly less in patients than in controls (to 69.8 ± 14.4 and 74.9 ± 12.6%, respectively, versus 34.5 ± 28.6 and 43.3 ± 29.5%, respectively; each P < 0.001). Blink reflex excitability recovery, as measured by paired‐pulse stimulation, which is not mediated via the pedunculopontine nucleus, did not differ between patients and controls (P > 0.05). Our data showed that prepulse inhibition is reduced in narcolepsy–cataplexy, whereas unconditioned blink reflex and its excitability recovery are normal. Because the pedunculopontine nucleus is important for prepulse inhibition, these results suggest its functional involvement in narcolepsy–cataplexy.
The chestnut blight fungus world tour: successive introduction events from diverse origins in an invasive plant fungal pathogen
Authors: DUTECH C. , BARRÈS B. , BRIDIER J. , ROBIN C. , MILGROOM M. G. , RAVIGNÉ V. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractClonal expansion has been observed in several invasive fungal plant pathogens colonizing new areas, raising the question of the origin of clonal lineages. Using microsatellite markers, we retraced the evolutionary history of introduction of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, in North America and western Europe. Combining discriminant analysis of principal components and approximate Bayesian computation analysis, we showed that several introduction events from genetically differentiated source populations have occurred in both invaded areas. In addition, a low signal of genetic recombination among different source populations was suggested in North America. Finally, two genetic lineages were present in both invaded areas as well as in the native areas, suggesting the existence of genetic lineages with a high capacity to establish in diverse environments and host species. This study confirmed the importance of multiple introductions, but questioned the role of genetic admixture in the success of introduction of a fungal plant pathogen.
Influence of environmental heterogeneity on genetic diversity and structure in an endemic southern Californian oak
Authors: ORTEGO JOAQUÍN , RIORDAN ERIN C. , GUGGER PAUL F. , SORK VICTORIA L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractUnderstanding how specific environmental factors shape gene flow while disentangling their importance relative to the effects of geographical isolation is a major question in evolutionary biology and a specific goal of landscape genetics. Here, we combine information from nuclear microsatellite markers and ecological niche modelling to study the association between climate and spatial genetic structure and variability in Engelmann oak (Quercus engelmannii), a wind‐pollinated species with high potential for gene flow. We first test whether genetic diversity is associated with climatic niche suitability and stability since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Second, we use causal modelling to analyse the potential influence of climatic factors (current and LGM niche suitability) and altitude in the observed patterns of genetic structure. We found that genetic diversity is negatively associated with local climatic stability since the LGM, which may be due to higher immigration rates in unstable patches during favourable climatic periods and/or temporally varying selection. Analyses of spatial genetic structure revealed the presence of three main genetic clusters, a pattern that is mainly driven by two highly differentiated populations located in the northern edge of the species distribution range. After controlling for geographic distance, causal modelling analyses showed that genetic relatedness decreases with the environmental divergence among sampling sites estimated as altitude and current and LGM niche suitability. Natural selection against nonlocal genotypes and/or asynchrony in reproductive phenology may explain this pattern. Overall, this study suggests that local environmental conditions can shape patterns of genetic structure and variability even in species with high potential for gene flow and relatively small distribution ranges.
Pleistocene and ecological effects on continental‐scale genetic differentiation in the bobcat (Lynx rufus)
Authors: REDING DAWN M. , BRONIKOWSKI ANNE M. , JOHNSON WARREN E. , CLARK WILLIAM R. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe potential for widespread, mobile species to exhibit genetic structure without clear geographic barriers is a topic of growing interest. Yet the patterns and mechanisms of structure—particularly over broad spatial scales—remain largely unexplored for these species. Bobcats occur across North America and possess many characteristics expected to promote gene flow. To test whether historical, topographic or ecological factors have influenced genetic differentiation in this species, we analysed 1 kb mtDNA sequence and 15 microsatellite loci from over 1700 samples collected across its range. The primary signature in both marker types involved a longitudinal cline with a sharp transition, or suture zone, occurring along the Great Plains. Thus, the data distinguished bobcats in the eastern USA from those in the western half, with no obvious physical barrier to gene flow. Demographic analyses supported a scenario of expansion from separate Pleistocene refugia, with the Great Plains representing a zone of secondary contact. Substructure within the two main lineages likely reflected founder effects, ecological factors, anthropogenic/topographic effects or a combination of these forces. Two prominent topographic features, the Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains, were not supported as significant genetic barriers. Ecological regions and environmental correlates explained a small but significant proportion of genetic variation. Overall, results implicate historical processes as the primary cause of broad‐scale genetic differentiation, but contemporary forces seem to also play a role in promoting and maintaining structure. Despite the bobcat’s mobility and broad niche, large‐scale landscape changes have contributed to significant and complex patterns of genetic structure.
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) enhances immunity against L. tropica by stimulating human macrophage functions
Authors: ABU ALSHAMAT E. , AL‐OKLA S. , SOUKKARIEH C. H. , KWEIDER M. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryDuring pregnancy, there are important changes in hormone levels such as the huge production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which is supposed to influence the immune system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hCG on immune response against Leishmania, through the evaluation of the functions of human macrophages infected with L. tropica. This study demonstrated that hCG significantly increased the NO production by rHu‐IFNγ‐primed macrophages then infected with L. tropica, which was correlated with decrease in the number of infected macrophages as well as the number of amastigotes per macrophage in a dose‐dependent manner; however, the greatest effect was shown with the 250 U/mL concentration. The addition of the same concentration of hCG to rHu‐IFNγ‐primed macrophages caused also a major increase in both IL‐6 and IL‐12p40 production. In conclusion, hCG enhances different macrophage functions involved in immunity against L. tropica.
A tyrosine aminotransferase involved in tocopherol synthesis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Riewe David , Koohi Mehrana , Lisec Jan , Pfeiffer Markus , Lippmann Rico , Schmeichel Judith , Willmitzer Lothar , Altmann Thomas 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThe metabolic function of the predicted Arabidopsis tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) encoded by the At5g53970 gene was studied using two independent knock‐out mutants. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry based metabolic profiling revealed a specific increase in tyrosine levels, supporting the proposed function of At5g53970 as a tyrosine‐specific aminotransferase not involved in tyrosine biosynthesis, but rather in utilization of tyrosine for other metabolic pathways. The TAT activity of the At5g53970‐encoded protein was verified by complementation of the Escherichia coli tyrosine auxotrophic mutant DL39, and in vitro activity of recombinantly expressed and purified At5g53970 was found to be specific for tyrosine. To investigate the physiological role of At5g53970, the consequences of reduction in tyrosine utilization on metabolic pathways having tyrosine as a substrate were analysed. We found that tocopherols were substantially reduced in the mutants and we conclude that At5g53970 encodes a TAT important for the synthesis of tocopherols in Arabidopsis.
The endoplasmic reticulum localized PIN8 is a pollen‐specific auxin carrier involved in intracellular auxin homeostasis
Authors: Bosco Cristina Dal , Dovzhenko Alexander , Liu Xing , Woerner Nina , Rensch Tatiana , Eismann Margitta , Eimer Stefan , Hegermann Jan , Paponov Ivan A. , Ruperti Benedetto , Heberle‐Bors Erwin , Touraev Alisher , Cohen Jerry D. , Palme Klaus 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThe plant hormone auxin is a mobile signal which affects nuclear transcription by regulating the stability of auxin/indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) repressor proteins. Auxin is transported polarly from cell to cell by auxin efflux proteins of the PIN family, but it is not as yet clear how auxin levels are regulated within cells and how access of auxin to the nucleus may be controlled. The Arabidopsis genome contains eight PINs, encoding proteins with a similar membrane topology. While five of the PINs are typically targeted polarly to the plasma membranes, the smallest members of the family, PIN5 and PIN8, seem to be located not at the plasma membrane but in endomembranes. Here we demonstrate by electron microscopy analysis that PIN8, which is specifically expressed in pollen, resides in the endoplasmic reticulum and that it remains internally localized during pollen tube growth. Transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco plants were generated overexpressing or ectopically expressing functional PIN8, and its role in control of auxin homeostasis was studied. PIN8 ectopic expression resulted in strong auxin‐related phenotypes. The severity of phenotypes depended on PIN8 protein levels, suggesting a rate‐limiting activity for PIN8. The observed phenotypes correlated with elevated levels of free IAA and ester‐conjugated IAA. Activation of the auxin‐regulated synthetic DR5 promoter and of auxin response genes was strongly repressed in seedlings overexpressing PIN8 when exposed to 1‐naphthalene acetic acid. Thus, our data show a functional role for endoplasmic reticulum‐localized PIN8 and suggest a mechanism whereby PIN8 controls auxin thresholds and access of auxin to the nucleus, thereby regulating auxin‐dependent transcriptional activity.