bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘So rich as to be almost indecent’: some aspects of post-war rehabilitation in Brunei, 1946–1953
Authors: Horton A. V. M. 
Published: January 2010

The small, oil-rich state of Brunei (population c. 40,000 in 1940) is situated in north-west Borneo. The ‘Abode of Peace’ became a British protectorate in 1888 and a Residential System along Malayan lines came into operation at the beginning of 1906. For most of the Second World War the country was under Japanese Military Administration, a period of three and a half years beginning in December 1941. Allied, predominantly Australian, landings took place in early June 1945 (Fahey 1992: 325–8; Monks 1992: 7–53) and the sultanate was speedily cleared of enemy forces, though not before the latter had successfully executed a scorched-earth programme. Most crucially of all, the Seria oilfield (discovered in 1929 by the Shell company) was set alight, the flames shooting ‘like giant blow-lamps’ at least thirty feet into the air. The last well fire was not extinguished until 27 September 1945 (Harper 1975: 21–4). A report in the Straits Times of 20 July 1946 gives some impression of the problems faced by the returning Western engineers:Most of the [Seria] wells were surrounded by blazing lakes, and the oil experts had to blast their way through. Because of the intense heat it was difficult to get near enough to ‘cap’ them and so seal the fires. In some cases aircraft were used, the fire-fighters advancing through the slipstream of the propellers which blew the flames and oil back. It then became possible to get near enough to thrust forward on long steel arms heavy charges of explosives.
Oral mnemonics in Korean music: data, interpretation, and a musicological application
Authors: Hughes David W. 
Published: January 2010

The use of oral mnemonics in the transmission of instrumental music is a well-known and persistent feature of East Asian musics. In both Korea and Japan, there are several such systems for different instruments. There are also various systems of written mnemonics, that is, musical notation; many originally oral systems have come to be used as notations as well. Following Western scholarly usage, we shall often refer to oral mnemonics in general by the term solfège; although etymologically dubious, this practice at least helps avoid over-use of the unwieldy expression ‘oral mnemonics’.The present paper will deal with one type of oral mnemonics in Korea, known collectively as yukpo or sometimes as kuŭm (cf. Lee, 1981: 31–4; Hahn, 1973: 79–83; Howard, 1988: 68, 91, 115, 182, 212, 227).3 Yukpo exist or are known to have existed for most string and wind instruments and even for percussion. By the sixteenth century at least, these originally oral syllables had begun to be written down as a kind of musical notation. The first mention of yukpo is in the Annals of King Sejo (A.D. 1470): ‘ Formerly there was only [for musical notation] the use of mnemonic sounds, called the Yukpo … The complexities are difficult to comprehend’ (quoted in Lee, 1981: 31, Condit 1976: 205, 207 has a more extensive but interpretive translation). This quotation suggests that yukpo were already considered both old and obscure by Sejo's time.
The confidential memorial system of the Ch'ing dynasty reconsidered
Authors: Huang Pei 
Published: January 2010

Students of traditional Chinese political institutions cannot afford to disregard the importance of the Ch'ing confidential memorial system. Essentially, this dynastic institution had existed for centuries, but it reached maturity only in the Ch'ing dynasty. Under this system, government officials in various positions from many regions outside the capital submitted confidential memorials which reached the imperial desk through special channels. After reading and commenting on them in vermilion ink, the ruler returned the memorials to their authors confidentially via the same channels. This system resulted in direct communication between ruler and officials, and under the vigilant Ch'ing emperors, it enhanced imperial autocratic power in several waysIn the traditional Chinese state the ruler, however enlightened or benevolent, was an autocrat. His words were law; his decisions final. Without his sanction, no state affairs or government plans could proceed. His authority could only be circumvented or manipulated within the bureaucratic procedure and for this reason he worked hard to safeguard his authority by keeping a close eye on his officials throughout the empire.
An Armenian gospelbook in the SOAS collection (MS 11521)
Authors: Cowe S. Peter 
Published: January 2010

Although the existence of 12 Armenian manuscripts in the Library of the School of Oriental and African Studies has been known to scholars for some time and partial listings of their contents have appeared, they have not as yet been the subject of any more detailed publication. The collection features only one gospelbook which, in consequence of losing its original binding, also lacks its final colophon which would inform us precisely on such matters as date, provenance and, where appropriate, patron.From other data the copyist can be identified as Movsēs. Moreover, since he describes himself simply as scribe (grič‘), we may deduce that he occupied only one of the minor clerical orders. He refers to assistance he received in lining the manuscript, which probably explains the awkwardness of the openings of two of the gospels where, despite the page being arranged as usual for two columns of writing, the scribe has elected to ignore the divisions and treat it as one. Similarly, his reference to his teacher confirms the impression left by his employment of the diminutivegrč‘akat one point that he was still under instruction in the art at a monastery. This is further compatible with the comparatively low level of technical excellence exhibited by the illuminations. Paleographically, the codex might be assigned to the seventeenth century, a date supported by some of the later grammatical forms which appear in the surviving colophons.
Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls
Authors: Geller M. J. 
Published: January 2010

One of the fundamental innovations of the early Church was the abolition of an ancient, venerable institution—divorce, the practice of which was as widespread as marriage itself. The explicit ban on divorce found in the Gospels ran counter to legal systems of the known world, with one notable exception: among the sectarian group whose rules are enshrined in the Dead Sea Scrolls, a stance against divorce can be verified, implying that a legal innovation of early Christianity can be tracked back to its origins in Sectarian Judaism.By the time Christianity was emerging, marriage and divorce had already co-existed for a long time; in Mesopotamia marriage contracts had for two millennia been anticipating the possibility of divorce, with litigation governing the dissolution of marriage and division of properties. The best evidence, however, for the precursors to late Hellenistic (i.e. pagan, Jewish, and Christian) legal practice derives from a group of Neo-Babylonian marriage contracts dating from the seventh to third centuries B.C.
Two Parthian ostraca from Nippur
Authors: Shared Shaul 
Published: January 2010

While looking at the Babylonian incantation bowls found at Nippur and kept at the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia during the academic year 1992–93, i when I had the privilege of being a fellow of the Annenberg Institute, I came across three ostraca which seem to have escaped notice so far. Professor Wansbrough has been interested in so many aspects of the history of the Near East that I hope that this new find will also please him.Two of the ostraca in the collection of the University of Pennsylvania are Parthian. The third is written in the Aramaic script but contains apparently a Middle Persian inscription. I hope to publish it shortly.Parthian ostracon 1 (pis. I-II)One of the two Parthian ostraca, B2983 in the Museum collection, is written on a piece of pottery now measuring a maximum of 12 x 7 cm. The potsherd is not preserved in its entirety. It is chipped on the left, at the end of line 1, and the fact that lines 4–6 are missing their endings shows that there was a piece broken diagonally in the lower left side of the pottery piece. It is written in the chancery style of Parthian, both as far as its script and as far as its language is concerned. It is quite close in its opening style and ductus to the Parthian letter on parchment found at Dura Europos.
An unpublished autograph fragment of Mainmonides'sGuide of the Perplexed
Authors: Hopkins Simon 
Published: January 2010

Of maimonides' (1135–1204) prinicpal philosophical workDalā al-Hāirīn (More Nevuxim)four autograph fragments are known, each from a different Geniza collection:The first discovery was made at the beginning of the century by H. Hirschfeld, Who identified two unjoined leaves in the Geniza collection of the University Library, Cambridge, and Published them, with photographs, in JQR, xv, 1902–3, 677–81 under the title: ‘The Arabic portion of the Cairo Geniza at Cambridgem IV. Two autograph fragments of Maimonides’ Dalālat al Ḥārin, These leaves cover Book I, chs. 64–65 and Book II, Chs.32–33
La tradition écrite arabico-malgache: un aperçu sur les manuscrits existants
Authors: Munthe Ludvig 
Published: January 2010

L'écriture actuelle à Madagascar ne date que du siècle dernier. En mars 1823, le roi Radama I a adopté les caractères latins et l'orthographe détaillée proposée par les missionnaires de son entourage à Tananarive, la capitale.Il existait pourtant même avant cette date une tradition écrite en caractères arabico-malgaches, héritage laissé par les premières families arabes venues à la Grande Île au 11–13 siècle. Cette orthographe, appellée sorabe (écriture majuscule), a été gardée et cachée par la tribu Antaimoro de la côte est de Madagascar. Une vingtaine de personnes par génération apprend à lire et à écrire et transmet ces anciens manuscrits d'un caractère religieux ou historique aux futures générations.
Negative and non-assertive in Contemporary Hebrew
Authors: Glinert Lewis 
Published: January 2010

This is a syntactic-semantic study of negative and non-assertive environments in Contemporary (Israeli) Hebrew (henceforth CH), with particular reference to the determiners and pro-forms specific to them. These are illustrated by the non-italicized forms in 1–3 below:By ‘non-assertive environments’, I mean incomplete negation (as with Enghlish ‘hardly, few’), implied negation (as with ‘reluctant, hard’), questions and conditionals. In English, these environments all allow a similar use of ‘any, anyone’ and suchlike, e.g. ‘I hardly saw anyone, it's hard to persude anyone, did any stock go? The concept ‘non-assertive’ has been described for English by Quirk et al (1972:53), Klima (1964)—he uses ‘affective’—and others.
The revolution of Fās in 869/1465 and the death of Sultan ‘Abd al-ḥaqq al-Marīnī
Authors: García-Arenal Mercedes 
Published: January 2010

If our present knowledge of the history of the Muslim Maghrib is in general unsatisfactory, few periods remain as obscure as the fifteenth century.The extant sources are very scarce. Contemporary Maghribī historical writings are practically non-existent and, with few exceptions, this is still an epoch for which Christian chronicles are not yet really relevant. Only fragmentary and partial information can be extracted from the contemporary Spanish and Portuguese documents. Therefore, we have to rely for our knowledge on the so-calledmanāqibliterature or hagiographic dictionaries which proliferated in Morocco during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. These volumes—many of which were lithographed in Fās during the nineteenth century—cannot be considered a first-rate source. They are posterior to the period dealt with and appear as versions of a traditional history composed over the years by agglomeration, repetition, and revision from a series of original stories which may be doubtful, even though they are hallowed by time and usage, and fortified by the weight of respectability. Committed to writing, they have acquired the seal of authority and have seldom been challenged.
Materials Relating to the Cowry Currency of the Western Sudan—II
Authors: Hiskett M. 
Published: January 2010

The cowry‘Parmi tant de coquilles que le flot des mers rejette sur les plages, il n'en est pas que les homines aient recherchÉes, recueillies, portÉes plus que les cauris.’The purpose of this study is to investigate the cowry in the Western Sudan. But it is impossible to study any aspect of cowry diffusion and use in isolation, and some understanding of the complex and fascinating global history of the shell is essential to our knowledge of its history in this area.
Dawn Songs
Authors: Pe Hla 
Published: January 2010

The lithic inscriptions of Burma from the thirteenth to the fourteenth century are interspersed with poetry. They are the earliest Burmese poems extant. The motif in the inscriptions is regal-religious; yet the verses are not devoid of expressions of personal emotions. Nature and love, as themes of Burmese poetry, did not emerge into prominence until the fifteenth century when ‘book literature’ written on palm-leaf superseded the lithic inscriptions.The book literature of Burma originated under the auspices of Buddhist monarchs and flourished in manuscript from the fifteenth century till after printing became widespread in Burma in the second half of the nineteenth century. The authors were Buddhist monks or men who had spent many years in the monastery, and some talented Court-ladies.
Angulmāla and Liberation
Authors: Stede W. 
Published: January 2010

Angulimāla (Finger-garland, nickname from the chain of fingers which he wore), the fierce bandit, occurs at many places in the Pali Canon. One of the best-known episodes in which he figures and which has caused a good deal of comment is that of his conversion, told in the Angulimāla-sutta of the Majjhima Nikāya (no. 86; PTS, II, 97 sq.). For his legendary biography see Malalasekera's Dictionary of Pāli proper names, s.v.Here we see him following the Buddha in murderous intention trying to catch up to him as he walks on in his usual, natural step (Pakatiyā). But he soon realizes that his is unable to do so: the nearer he gets the more distant the Buddha is. He wonders: Although he is of great strength and can race elephants, horses, and deer: here must be a superman who can move at will.
Some English Loan-words in Gujarati
Authors: Master Alfred 
Published: January 2010

The following loan-words are taken from two newspapers, the Kheḍā vartamān of 5th December, 1928, and the Gujarat Times of 1st January, 1929.The editors are both Hindus and the readers were for the most part Hindu also. The newspapers contain only a few words in English characters, perhaps eight or nine in each number. The proportion of English loan-words to the total may be about 2 per cent, but this is inevitably only a rough estimate.The words have been transliterated faithfully with two exceptions—(1) Inherent a of final consonants is omitted.(2) Inherent a (not final) is omitted, if not pronounced. In such cases it is indicated by a dot. In Gujarati, however, there are certain consonants which do not alter their form when conjunct, such as “ ka ”. For practical purposes, this is of little importance, as conjunct consonants are often not used, when permissible.In preparing the list some very uncommon words and transitory political expressions like “Sāyaman gobek” have been omitted. There are one or two words included, which are not English, e.g. peseṭā and Mādrīd, which have been included for their interest. Peseṭā has probably been taken for the English version of the Spanish word, as the t is retroflex. It is not clear, however, why the dental d is used for Mādrīd.The articles in which few, if any, loan-words occur, are the political leading articles, a notice of a meeting of Brahmans, and a serial story about old Rajputana.
A Jewish Source on Damascus just after the Ottoman Conquest
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: January 2010

In the year 5282 (A.D. 1521–2) an Italian Jew made a pilgrimage to Palestine, of which he left a brief record in Hebrew. Until the present year, no manuscript of this work was known,, and even the author's name had not come down to us. The text was preserved in an old Italian collection of Palestine Itineraries, published in Leghorn in 1785, under the name of Shibhḥē Yěrūshālāyim, by one Jacob Bārūkh b. Mōshe Ḥayyim, and several times reprinted since.The editor informs us that he found the work in an old manuscript, and that though the author's name was not marked, he was obviously a man of great learning. Nothing beyond this was known of the anonymous traveller. It had been suggested, without much evidence, that the traveller's name was Bārūkh, and that he was the Rabbi Bārūkh with whom the theologian R. Tam b.Yaḥya corresponded. The latest reprint of this text is that of Mr. J. Eisenstein, in his Corpus of Jewish Travellers.In the present year a new edition of this work has been published by Mr. Isaac Ben-Zevi, who has had the good fortune to find an early—probably an autograph—manuscript.Mr. Ben-Zevi's text is in every way fuller and better than the Leghorn edition, and is presumably the original and correct one.Although the manuscript does not bear the author's name, there is no reason to doubt Mr. Ben-Zevi's attribution of the work to Rabbi.
Notes on Teizang, A Northern Chin Dialect
Authors: Henderson Eugénie J. A. 
Published: January 2010

While studying Tiddim Chin (Kamhau) during a visit to the northern Chin Hills in 1954, I had an opportunity of making a brief investigation of Teizang, a neighbouring dialect closely akin to it. The paucity of first-hand material on the Chin dialects permits me to hope that it may be useful to set down some of my findings, tentative and limited as they are, and to make such comparisons as suggest themselves with the better known Tiddim Chin dialect.My informant, Mr. Hau Za Lian [] came from Suangzang village [] a few miles from Tiddim, on the other side of the Manipur river. The phonetic and grammatical pattern of the language appeared to correspond closely with that of Tiddim Chin, 1 but certain differences were noted.
Dravidian Studies V
Authors: Burrow T. 
Published: January 2010

An initial y- is found in Tamil only before long ā in such Words as yā1E49;ai elephant, yāṭu goat, yāṟu river, yāmai tortoise, etc. Side by side with these forms We also have forms without the initial y-, āṉai, āṭu, etc., and an examination of literary usage shows that the forms with initial y- has been dropped. In the early anthologies the forms with initial yā- greatly preponderate; in Middle Tamil, literature yā- and ā- forms are indifferently used; while in Modern Tamil, Particularly in the spoken language, ā- forms alone are current. The following is a list of such words together with their cognates in the other Dravidian languages:—Ta. yā, ā to bind, tie; to dam up, stop, confine, yākkai binding, bond; body, ākkai body; strips of fibre used for thatching, yāppu binding, bond; metre, prosody, āppu bandage, tie; body; wedge, Ma. āppu wedge, plug, what stops a crevice, Ka. āpu a restraint, a stoppage, what stops, Malt. eye to tie, bind, 3rd p.t. ēcha, ēpu the fibres of a wild plant of which cord is made, Kur. ēp string, cord, rope, (with prothetic h-) hē' enā to tie, bind, 3rd p.t. hēcas.
The tripartite ideology of the Indo-Europeans: an experiment in method
Authors: Brough John 
Published: January 2010

Those who wish to ascertain ‘le dernier état de ces questions’ will be grateful to Professor G. Dumézil who has now summed up for us in brief compass his immense labours of nearly a quarter of a century in the study of Indo-European religion. Although the book does not cover the whole wide range of his researches, it does deal comprehensively (and with full bibliographical notes) with the central dogma:'La comparaison des plus vieilles traditions des divers peuples parlant des langues indo-europeennes a révélé un fond considérable d'éléments communs, et d'éléments non pas isolés, mais organises en structures complexes, dont les autres peuples de l'ancien monde n'offrent pas l'équivalent. L'xposé qu'on va lire est consacré à la plus importante de ces structures'(introduction, p. 5).
Muslim Funeral Customs
Authors: Tritton A. S. 
Published: January 2010

There is no article “funeral” in the Enchclopædia of Islam so it seemed good to collect the material on this subject. The first charge on a Musulim' estate was the cost of his funeral, the provision of grave-clothes, tomb, and the expense of washing the body.WashingThe body was washed by those nearest to the dead; normally men prepared a man for burial. “They turned up their sleeves, tucked their shirts into their belts, washed him, and wrapped him in the winding sheet.” Abū Baki was washed by his widow and Jābir b. Zaid gave orders that his widow should wash his body; this rule is generlized in al-Mudawwana.
An Ismaili Interpretation of the Fall of Adam
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: January 2010

During a recent stay in Cairo, I found in the Taimūr¯ya library a manuscript copy of an interesting Ismaili work entitled Kitābu'1-Iḋāḥ wa'1-Bayān, by the Yemenite dā'i Ḥusain ibn 'Ali.The manuscript is of 165 pages, 16 by 23 cms., in two hands—the first till p. 70, at 22 lines per page, the second pp. 71–165 at 19 lines per page. The first and last lines of each page are in red ink throughout. The copy was started by the Sharif 'Abdullah Abū Yūsuf, and completed on his death by 'Ali b. Shaikh Ibrāhīm Al-Haidarābādī. It is dated 22nd Dhu'l Hijja 1286 (= 26/3/1870), and was made by order of the chief Dā'i Al-Ḥasan b. Ismā'īl.
New Materials on the Tabaqāt al-shu‘arā’ of al-Jumahī
Authors: Arberry A. J. 
Published: January 2010

IIT is well known that the Ṱabaqāt al-shu‘arā’ of Muḥammad b. Sallāam al-Jumahi is one of our most important source-books for the history of Arabic poetry and poetic theory; it is equally well known that the text as at present available is both deficient, because of lacunae in the manuscripts hitherto discovered and used, and otherwise unsatisfactory, on account of inadequate editing. Despite the very numerous emendations to Joseph Hell's edition (Leiden, 1916) proposed by several eminent scholars, the book still remains lamentably short of perfection; though there can be few texts in the whole of Arabic literature which it would be more desirable to have in good and proper shape.It has now been my unusual fortune to study in Mr. Chester Beatty's library an exceedingly fine old copy of the Ṱabaqāt al-shu‘arā’, undated but certainly of the fourth/tenth century. This hitherto unknown manuscript not only supplies a great part of the major lacuna in Hell's text (p. 19), but also contains other extensive additions summing up to a considerable fraction of the whole work; it presents moreover a very reliable recension of the book, and its numerous variants will make it possible at last to establish a satisfactory edition.In the present paper a collation is offered of all the passages contained in Hell's text for which new readings are provided by the Chester Beatty manu-script. It is hoped in a subsequent paper to publish the additional material for which that manuscript constitutes the sole authority. Scholars will be interested to note how remarkably this fresh evidence confirms many of the brilliant emendations proposed by the famous Arabists who have from time to time devoted themselves to the improvement of Hell's edition.