bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disentangle plume-induced anisotropy in the velocity field in buoyancy-driven turbulence
Authors: Zhou Quan , Xia Ke-Qing 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe present a method of disentangling the anisotropies produced by the cliff structures in a turbulent velocity field. These cliff structures induce asymmetry in the velocity increments, which leads us to consider the plus and minus velocity structure functions (VSFs). We test the method in the system of turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard (RB) convection. It is found that in the RB system, the cliff structures in the velocity field are generated by thermal plumes. The plus velocity increments exclude cliff structures, while the minus ones include them. Our results show that the scaling exponents of the plus VSFs are in excellent agreement with those predicted for homogeneous and isotropic turbulence (HIT), whereas those of the minus VSFs exhibit significant deviations from HIT expectations in places where thermal plumes abound. These results demonstrate that plus and minus VSFs can be used to quantitatively study the effect of cliff structures in the velocity field and to effectively disentangle the associated anisotropies caused by these structures.
Somatic cytochromec(CYCS) gene expression and promoter-specific DNA methylation in a porcine model of prenatal exposure to maternal dietary protein excess and restriction
Authors: Altmann Simone , Murani Eduard , Schwerin Manfred , Metges Cornelia C. , Wimmers Klaus , Ponsuksili Siriluck 
Published: September 2011

There is growing evidence that maternal nutrition during gestation has an important effect on offspring development as well as on their gene expression with long-term effects on the metabolic state. A potential mechanism forming long-lasting gene expression patterns is DNA methylation of cytosine in CpG dinucleotides within the promoter region of distinct genes. There has been special focus on mitochondrial dysfunction by prenatal malnourishment over the recent years. To this end, we investigated the gene expression of somatic cytochromec(CYCS), an important member of the respiratory chain, in a porcine model of gestational protein over- and undersupply at 94 d post-conception and 1, 28 and 188 d of age, and analysed the association with the DNA methylation status within theCYCSpromoter. Gene expression on day 1post natumshowed a significant increase in the low protein (LP) group (P = 0·0005) and a slight increase in the high protein (HP) group (P = 0·079) compared with the control (CO) group in the liver. The mean of the methylation level over forty-seven CpG sites from nucleotide (nt) − 417 to − 10 was significantly decreased in the LP (P = 0·007) and HP (P = 0·009) groups compared with that in the CO group. Excess and restricted protein supply during pregnancy led to hypomethylation of a number of CpG sites in theCYCSpromoter, including those representing putative transcription factor-binding sites, associated with elevated expression levels. However, the impact of the low-protein gestation diet is more pronounced, indicating that the offspring could better adapt to excess rather than restricted protein supply.
Beyond Arabism vs. sovereignty: relocating ideas in the international relations of the Middle East
Authors: STEIN EWAN 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article critiques constructivist approaches to the international relations of the Middle East and sets out an alternative interpretation of the role of ideas based on political economy and the sociology of knowledge. It cautions against using constructivism as a way of ‘building bridges’ between IR and Middle East Studies and disputes the claim that the norms of ‘Arabism’ as a putative regional identity are in contradiction with those of sovereignty. The article shows that this assumption is based on the combined influences of modernisation theory and Orientalist assumptions about the power and continuity of regional culture that have persisted in Middle East IR. This is despite the fact that there is no reason to believe the Arabs constitute a more ‘natural’ nation than do the Syrians, Iraqis or Egyptians. The political role and resonance of ideas can be better established by viewing the modern history of the Middle East in terms of domestic structure and social change, and in particular emphasising the role of rising middle classes in revolutionary nationalist movements. The findings of this article raise questions for the utility of ‘moderate’ constructivist interpretations of International Relations as a whole.
Structural realism and Dulles's China policy
Authors: CHOI WOOSEON 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe Eisenhower administration's tough containment policy toward China has been conventionally viewed as an unsensible policy resulting from domestic political pressures or ideology. Refuting the conventional explanations, this article argues that during the early Cold War, the US superiority in bipolarity drove China to balance the United States in Asia. Dulles, the architect of the China policy, made accurate assessments of the power structure in Asia and the inevitable enmity with China. Driven by structural imperative, he decided to pursue containment to maintain the favourable balance of power in Asia by retarding the relative power growth of China allied with the Soviet Union and secondarily by accelerating their conflict through harder pressure on a weaker China. This case long considered as a prime anomaly to balance of power theory actually demonstrates how powerfully distributions of power shape alliance behaviours of states in the anarchic international system.
Alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine surficial sediment near Antarctic stations at Fildes Peninsula, King George Island
Authors: Préndez Margarita , Barra Carolina , Toledo Carla , Richter Pablo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAlkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were quantified in samples of coastal sediments along Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during the summers of 2005 and 2007. Quantification was done by using GC-MS and applying the EPA 3550B method. Individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) concentrations were below 14.4 ng g-1 dry wt in 2005 and below 88.7 ng g-1 dry wt in 2007. Alkanes concentrations were higher than those of PAHs and ranged from 8 to 2236 ng g-1 dry wt in 2005 and from 53 to 745 ng g-1 dry wt in 2007. Results of total PAHs and alkanes were integrated along with base administrative and geographic maps in a GIS environment to determine the geographic extent of hydrocarbons detected. The largest concentrations were found in areas near research stations where total n-alkanes suggest petrogenic sources and where some diagnostic ratios suggest the presence of some PAHs produced by pyrogenic processes. Even if concentrations of hydrocarbons are low, they seem to be a result of increases in scientific activities, in the activities of the stable population, in the number of tourists, or a combination of theses factors.
Introducing EFL faculty to online instructional conversations
Authors: Meskill Carla , Sadykova Gulnara 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article describes the anatomy and dynamics of an online professional development activity, the Moodle fishbowl. The fishbowl was designed as an opportunity for experienced EFL educators to witness and make sense of instructional conversation strategies that they might themselves use as they migrate their EFL courses to blended and eventually fully online venues, venues where the roles and dynamics of interaction are decidedly different than those in the live classroom. A major emphasis in this professional development sequence was to raise faculty awareness of the unique affordances on which they, as experienced language educators, might capitalize through observation of authentic examples of responsive online instructional strategies. To that end, three-week-long collaborations were established between participating faculty's EFL students and a ‘cultural expert’ in the US. The cultural experts were doctoral students in language technology who employed instructional conversation strategies with the EFL students as part of informal, authentic asynchronous threaded discourse topics. The role of the faculty in training was to observe these conversations by looking into the metaphorical fishbowl, reflect on the anatomy and impact of these online instructional conversations, and report back to the group as a whole. The following narrates the rationale, processes and outcomes of this Moodle fishbowl professional development sequence and suggests future considerations in supporting language educators as they move some or all of their instruction online.
Remote Instruction of Potential AAC Support Personnel
Authors: Quinn Emily , Beukelman David , Thiessen Amber 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) facilitators and general interventionists support individuals who rely on AAC to meet their communication needs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of an instructional strategy for potential AAC facilitators to operate and maintain high technology AAC device software using Remote Access Error-Free (RA-EF) instruction. During the RA-EF condition, the researcher and participant were in two different locations. The results of this investigation revealed that, following fewer than 30 minutes of instruction focusing on 11 operational skills, a group of 10 participants who were unfamiliar with the Visual Scenes Display for Aphasia application (Version 2) achieved post-instruction accuracy scores of 98.2%.
Effects of Ostracism and Social Connection-Related Activities on Adolescents' Motivation to Eat and Energy Intake
Authors: Salvy Sarah-Jeanne , Bowker Julie C. , Nitecki Lauren A. , Kluczynski Melissa A. , Germeroth Lisa J. , Roemmich James N. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Objective Assess the effect of ostracism and social connection-related activities on adolescents' motivation to eat and their energy intake. Methods Participants (n = 103;M age = 13.6 years) were either ostracized or included when playing a computer game, Cyberball. Next, they wrote about their friend (social-connection), watched television (distraction), or completed Sudoku puzzles (cognitive-load), and then completed a task to earn points toward snack food and/or socializing. Afterwards, participants were given access to food and social activities. Results Ostracized adolescents were more motivated to earn food than adolescents who were in the included/control condition. Follow-up contrasts indicated that ostracized adolescents who wrote about friends worked more for food points and consumed more food than other adolescents. Conclusion Results suggest that social connection-related activities following ostracism may further deplete self-regulatory resources, thereby resulting in increased unhealthy food patterns. Study limitations as well as clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Low‐dose desmopressin improves hypothermia‐induced impairment of primary haemostasis in healthy volunteers*
Authors: Ng K. F. J. , Cheung C. W. , Lee Y. , Leung S. W. S. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryMild hypothermia (34–35 °C) increases peri‐operative blood loss. We have previously demonstrated the beneficial effect of in vitro desmopressin on impairment of primary haemostasis associated with hypothermia. This study evaluated subcutaneous desmopressin in 52 healthy volunteers, randomly assigned to receive either normal saline or desmopressin 1.5, 5 or 15 μg (with 13 in each group). Blood samples were collected before and 2 h after drug administration and incubated at 32 and 37 °C. Platelet function analyser PFA‐100® closure times were measured. Hypothermia at 32 °C prolonged mean (95% CI) closure times (for adenosine diphosphate/collagen by 11.3% (7.5–15.2%) and for adrenaline/collagen by 16.2% (11.3–21.2%); these changes were reversed by desmopressin. A very small dose was found to be effective (1.5 μg); this dose did not significantly change closure times at 37 °C, but fully prevented its prolongation at 32 °C. Subcutaneous desmopressin prevents the development of hypothermia‐induced impairment of primary haemostasis.You can respond to this article at http://www.anaesthesiacorrespondence.com
A functional genomic approach to the study of the milking ability in dairy sheep
Authors: Dhorne‐Pollet S. , Robert‐Granié C. , Aurel M. R. , Marie‐Etancelin C. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryTo understand the mechanisms underlying milk ability and more precisely the kinetics of milk emission, we compared teat transcriptome profiles from Lacaune ewes in the tails of the milk flow phenotypic distribution. Two different arrays containing respectively 1896 and 13 168 PCR products selected from several tissue‐specific cDNA libraries, including mammary gland, allowed the identification of 73 differentially expressed genes between teats from high and low milk flow ewes. Genes involved in muscle contraction were identified as over‐expressed, and genes encoding collagen were found to be under‐expressed in teats from low milk flow ewes. We confirmed this underexpression of COL1A1 and COL1A2 in low‐milk flow ewes using RT‐qPCR. These results suggest that milking ability may be due to the capacity of the teat sphincter to relax during mechanical milking. We propose that an optimal condition for mechanical milking may require proper relaxation of the teats. To our knowledge, this is the first transcriptomic analysis studying milking ability, using udder tissue for gene expression profiling, which demonstrates that mechanical milking ability is not only determined by morphological features but also by tissue composition.
Impact of genetic factors (VKORC1, CYP2C9, CYP4F2 and EPHX1) on the anticoagulation response to fluindione
Authors: Lacut Karine , Ayme‐Dietrich Estelle , Gourhant Lenaick , Poulhazan Elise , Andro Marion , Becquemont Laurent , Mottier Dominique , Le Gal Gregoire , Verstuyft Celine 
Published: September 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genetic variants contribute to differences in patients' responses to anticoagulant coumarin derivatives. Patients carrying the VKORC1 1173TT genotype have a decreased time to the first INR within the therapeutic range and to the first INR >4, and also require lower warfarin maintenance doses. Patients carrying the *2 or *3 CYP2C9 allele have lower maintenance warfarin requirements than those carrying the wild‐type allele. The role of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genetic variants in fluindione response is unknown.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• Our results showed that VKORC1 genotype had a significant impact on early anticoagulation (INR value ≥2 after the first two intakes) (P < 0.0001), on the time required to reach a first INR within the therapeutic range (P < 0.0001), on the time to obtain a first INR value >4 (P= 0.0002) and on the average daily dose of fluindione during the first period of stability (19.8 mg (±5.5) for VKORC1 CC, 14.7 mg (±6.2) for VKORC1 CT and 8.2 mg (±2.5) for VKORC1 TT, P < 0.0001). CYP2C9, CYP4F2 and EPHX1 genotypes did not significantly influence the response to fluindione. This report provides new information on the respective role of common genetic polymorphisms on anticoagulation induced by another class of anticoagulant drugs rather than coumarin derivatives.AIM Genetic variants of the enzyme that metabolizes warfarin, cytochrome P‐450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and of a key pharmacologic target of vitamin K antagonists, vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1), contribute to differences in patients' responses to coumarin derivatives. The role of these variants in fluindione response is unknown. Our aim was to assess whether genetic factors contribute to the variability in the response to fluindione.METHODS Four hundred sixty‐five patients with a venous thromboembolic event treated by fluindione for at least 3 months with a target international normalized ratio (INR) of 2.0 to 3.0 were studied. VKORC1, CYP2C9, CYP4F2 and EPHX1 genotypes were assessed. INR checks, fluindione doses and bleeding events were collected.RESULTS VKORC1 genotype had a significant impact on early anticoagulation (INR value ≥2 after the first two intakes) (P < 0.0001), on the time required to reach a first INR within the therapeutic range (P < 0.0001) and on the time to obtain a first INR value > 4 (P= 0.0002). The average daily dose of fluindione during the first period of stability was significantly associated with the VKORC1 genotype: 19.8 mg (±5.5) for VKORC1 CC, 14.7 mg (±6.2) for VKORC1 CT and 8.2 mg (±2.5) for VKORC1 TT (P < 0.0001). CYP2C9, CYP4F2 and EPHX1 genotypes did not significantly influence the response to fluindione.CONCLUSIONS VKORC1 genotype strongly affected anticoagulation induced by fluindione whereas CYP2C9, CYP4F2 and EPHX1 genotypes seemed less determining.
An increase in serum tryptase even below 11.4 ng/mL may indicate a mast cell‐mediated hypersensitivity reaction: a prospective study in Hymenoptera venom allergic patients
Authors: Borer‐Reinhold M. , Haeberli G. , Bitzenhofer M. , Jandus P. , Hausmann O. , Fricker M. , Helbling A. , Müller U. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryBackgroundDuring a systemic hypersensitivity reaction (SR), an increase in serum tryptase compared to the baseline value is an indicator of mast cell activation, most often due to an IgE‐mediated mechanism.ObjectiveTo study the relevance of an increase in serum tryptase below the upper normal value of 11.4 ng/mL.MethodsSerum tryptase levels were measured in 35 patients with Hymenoptera venom hypersensitivity before and during venom exposure. Of these, 20 developed SR to stings or following venom injections during immunotherapy (reactors), while 15 tolerated reexposure to stings or venom injections during immunotherapy without SR (non‐reactors). Serum tryptase was estimated at 2, 5 and 24 h after exposure and was compared to a baseline value obtained before or at least 72 h after exposure.ResultsConsidering circadian variation of serum tryptase, a relative increase to ≥135% of the baseline value (relative delta bound) was defined to indicate mast cell activation. Such an increase was observed in 17 of 20 reactors (85%), but none of 15 non‐reactors. A serum tryptase of ≥11.4 ng/mL following venom exposure was observed in eight of the 20 reactors (40%) and 2 (13.3%) of the 15 non‐reactors. Both these non‐reactors also had an elevated baseline serum tryptase.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceSerum tryptase values obtained during a suspected hypersensitivity reaction must always be compared to a baseline value. A relative tryptase increase to ≥135% of the baseline value during a suspected hypersensitivity reaction indicates mast cell activation even below 11.4 ng/mL.
Impaired gallbladder motility and the effect of metformin therapy in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Isik Serhat , Ozcan Hatice N. , Ozuguz Ufuk , Berker Dilek , Tutuncu Yasemin , Akbaba Gulhan , Guler Serdar 
Published: September 2011

SummaryObjective  Impaired gallbladder (GB) emptying is a well‐documented contributor to gallstone formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate GB motility in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Methods  The study population consisted of 36 PCOS patients and 20 healthy controls. GB volume was calculated using the ellipsoid formula (π/6 × L × D × W) after three‐dimensional measurements were made by ultrasound [length (L), width (W) and depth (D)]. Following the determination of fasting GB volume (V0), patients were given a standard liquid meal. GB volume measurement was then repeated after 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75 and 90 min. Gallbladder ejection fraction (GBEF) was calculated after each measurement. PCOS patients were re‐evaluated after a 12‐week course of metformin therapy at a dose of 1000 mg/day.Results  Mean baseline GB volume (V0) was significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group (27·2 ± 12·5 cm3vs 13·3 ± 7·0 cm3, P < 0·001). While baseline GBEF values were similar between groups, increases in GBEF were significantly lower in the PCOS group starting from 20 min after consumption of a standard test meal. A 12‐week course of metformin therapy resulted in significant improvements in GB volume and GBEF values with a reversal of metabolic and hormonal abnormalities.Conclusion  For the first time in the literature, we managed to demonstrate impaired GB motility in patients with PCOS. Metformin therapy not only improves the metabolic and hormonal imbalances associated with PCOS but also has a positive influence on GB motility.
Environmental context alters ecological trade‐offs controlling ant coexistence in a spatially heterogeneous region
Authors: WIESCHER PHILIPP T. , PEARCE‐DUVET JESSICA M. C. , FEENER DONALD H. 
Published: September 2011

1. Ecological trade‐offs in ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) assemblages and their implications for coexistence boast a rich history in entomology. Yet investigations of trade‐offs have largely been limited to homogeneous environments. We examined how environmental context modifies trade‐off expression in an ant assemblage spanning a heterogeneous region in central Florida, U.S.A.2. We examined how trade‐off expression is altered among two contrasting habitat types: open shrub and forest. We tested for the presence of the dominance‐discovery trade‐off and two dominance‐thermal tolerance trade‐offs by estimating behavioral dominance, discovery ability, and thermal tolerance (foraging thermal limit, lethal temperature, and maximal abundance temperature) for a wide range of interacting ant species.3. We found significantly linear dominance hierarchies in both shrub and forest habitats, showing dominant species out‐compete subordinates for food resources. In thermally stressful shrub habitats, subordinates exhibit higher thermal tolerances, take greater thermal risks, and reach maximum forager abundances at higher temperatures than do dominant species. This suggests temperature mediated trade‐offs control coexistence in shrub habitat. In thermally moderate forest habitat, we found limited evidence for trade‐offs between competitive dominance and resource discovery or between dominance and thermal traits, implying other processes control coexistence. These results demonstrate that trade‐offs controlling ant coexistence may be contingent on environmental context.