bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of the Winds upon Climate during the Pleistocene Epoch: a Palæometeorological Explanation of some Geological Problems
Authors: Harmer Frederic William 
Published: October 2009

I. Introductory
The progress of meteorological science during recent years has given us much information as to the causes of the constant, and to a superficial observer the apparently capricious, changes of weather which obtain over certain portions of the earth's surface. We understand now, not only why, in Great Britain for example, one day is dry or cold, and the next rainy or warm; but also why the general character of the seasons often differs so widely from the normal, the climate of spring being experienced at one time in January, and the conditions of winter in May or June. The scientific meteorologist, equally with the unlettered peasant, still looks, however, to the vane on the church-tower for his first explanation of anomalous weather, though the meteorologist shows us that the direction of the winds is due to the relative position, and to the form and alignment, of areas of high and low barometric pressure. The winds must necessarily blow, as is well known, in a direction more or less parallel to the isobaric lines, moving in the Northern Hemisphere outward from, and round the centre of, an anticyclone in the direction of the hands of a watch, and towards and round a cyclone in the opposite direction. To use the old formula (Buys Ballot's law), ‘if you stand with your back to the wind, you have the higher barometer on your right hand.’
The comparatively genial climate of Great Britain during the winter is attributed to the Gulf
On the Geological and Physical Development of the St. Christopher Chain and Saba Banks
Authors: Spencer Joseph William Winthrop 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The islands of Saba, St. Eustatius, St. Christopher, Nevis, Redonda, and Montserrat form the interrupted extension of the mountain-district of Guadeloupe, constituting a succession of volcanic ridges, surmounting the Caribbean side of the eruptive belt, which is seen to have a breadth, at sea-level, of 35 miles.
The Saba Banks, situated upon the south-western side of the eruptive backbone of the Antillean chain, correspond to the sunken areas of the St. Martin-Anguilla and Antigua-Barbuda banks, upon the eastern side.
William Maclure's contributions in the early part of the nineteenth century refer to some of these islands. Mr. P. T. Cleve's paper is, however, the most valuable geological publication on the subject. Locally, Dr. Christian Branch and his father have given much attention to the natural history of St. Kitts, and they kindly conducted me to many points of interest.
St. Christopher, everywhere in the West Indies called St. Kitts, with St. Eustatius, called Statia, on one side, and Nevis on the other, form a trisected ridge, fringed by a narrow submarine coastal plain, sunk to a depth of between 80 and 140 feet, which last rises above the floor of the submarine Antillean plateau to a height of between 2000 and 2700 feet or more. Saba is an isolated volcanic cone rising out of equally deep water; and Montserrat, to the south-east, is another island of more varying character along the same axis. This submarine chain, which is about 100 miles long, does not exceed a breadth of
Notes on the Genus
Lichas
Authors: Reed Frederick Richard Cowper 
Published: October 2009

I. Introductory.
During 1901 a boring was made near Lyme Regis in search. of coal, and was carried to the depth of 1300 feet without reaching the base of the Upper Triassic marls.
The story of this endeavour to find coal at a place where no geologist would have recommended the attempt, is one which has often been repeated at different places. The undertaking was promoted by a ‘practical man’ who had experience of coal-mining in South Wales, and who had convinced himself that coal was likely to be found at no great depth near Lyme Regis. He obtained permission to bore, and induced a certain number of persons to form a syndicate, for the purpose of making a boring to ascertain the depth at which the expected Coal-Measures were to be found.
The results of the boring have a twofold interest: first, to all people in the South-west of England they should be a warning against the folly of expecting to find Coal-Measures at a depth of less than 2000 feet below any part of Western Dorset; secondly, they are of interest to geologists, for the information which is thus afforded as to the great thickness of the Keuper Marls in Devon and Dorset.
It was anticipated that coal would be reached at a depth of less than 600 feet, and when this limit was passed without success it was decided to continue the boring to 1200 feet. At this depth it would have been abandoned, had it not
A Process for the Mineral Analysis of Rocks
Authors: Sollas William Johnson 
Published: October 2009

It seems now to have become generally recognized that a natural classification of igneous rocks must rest ultimately on a chemical basis. The petrographer has thus become confronted with the necessity of an indefinite multiplication of chemical analyses, and may well shrink from the vast expenditure of time and labour that this involves. For many rocks there is no escape from this unpleasing prospect, but in the case of others, that is, all holocrystalline kinds which are not too fine-grained, the question suggests itself whether a quantitative estimation of the mineral composition might not solve the problem with sufficient accuracy. Provided that the chemical composition of the mineral constituents does not vary capriciously, but is definitely related to their physical properties, such for instance as their specific gravity, there would seem to be no good reason why it should not; while, as I hope to show later by instances, there even appear to be grounds for concluding that the question can be more positively answered in the affirmative.
In attacking the problem, the first step is to devise a method for obtaining a quantitative estimation of the mineral composition of a rock; and I may therefore proceed at once to describe a process which has been found to yield remarkably accurate results.
A fragment of the rock required for analysis having been selected, it is reduced to powder, by the usual process of crushing in a steel mortar and sifting through copper wire-gauze. The meshes of the sieve should number
The Fossiliferous Silurian Beds and Associated Igneous Rocks of the Clogher Head District (Co. Kerry)
Authors: Gardiner Charles Irving , Reynolds Sidney Hugh 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The area dealt with in this paper is situated in County Kerry, at the westernmost extremity of the Dingle promontory. The exposures are met with over an area measuring about 4 miles from north to south by 3 miles from east to west; but, owing to the great amount of peat and alluvium, the exposures inland are somewhat scanty, and one depends mainly on the magnificent coast-section for geological information.
The area is one of great interest to a geologist, from the splendid development in it of acid volcanic rocks, associated with beds mainly of Wenlock age. Except at Tortworth in Glouoestershire, and probably in counties Mayo and Galway, it is in the Clogher-Head district alone in the British Isles that contemporaneous volcanic rocks of Silurian age are definitely known to occur. While, too, the Tortworth volcanics are basic or intermediate in character and are mainly, if not entirely, of Llandovery age, in the Clogher-Head area the volcanic rocks are acid in character, and range throughout the Wenlock and up into the lower part of the Ludlow Series.
Considering the number of interesting features shown, the area has been comparatively little described by geologists of recent years, but this is readily explicable owing to its remoteness and inaccessibility.

The earliest reference to the geology of the district with which we are acquainted is contained in a paper by Thomas Weaver,
1
entitled ‘On the Geological Relations of the South of Ireland’. In this paper, which was read before the
On a Deep Boring at Lyme Regis
Authors: Jukes-Browne Alfred John 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
During 1901 a boring was made near Lyme Regis in search. of coal, and was carried to the depth of 1300 feet without reaching the base of the Upper Triassic marls.
The story of this endeavour to find coal at a place where no geologist would have recommended the attempt, is one which has often been repeated at different places. The undertaking was promoted by a ‘practical man’ who had experience of coal-mining in South Wales, and who had convinced himself that coal was likely to be found at no great depth near Lyme Regis. He obtained permission to bore, and induced a certain number of persons to form a syndicate, for the purpose of making a boring to ascertain the depth at which the expected Coal-Measures were to be found.
The results of the boring have a twofold interest: first, to all people in the South-west of England they should be a warning against the folly of expecting to find Coal-Measures at a depth of less than 2000 feet below any part of Western Dorset; secondly, they are of interest to geologists, for the information which is thus afforded as to the great thickness of the Keuper Marls in Devon and Dorset.
It was anticipated that coal would be reached at a depth of less than 600 feet, and when this limit was passed without success it was decided to continue the boring to 1200 feet. At this depth it would have been abandoned, had it not
Note on a Preliminary Examination of the Ash that fell on Barbados after the Eruption at St. Vincent (West Indies)
Authors: Flett John Smith 
Published: October 2009

Two samples of the material were sent by Dr. D. Morris, C.M.G., of the Imperial Agricultural Department for the West Indies, to Prof. Judd, who forwarded them to the Director of the Museum of Practical Geology. They consisted of a fine greyish-brown powder, not unlike ‘flour-emery,’ but somewhat coarser and distinctly gritty to the touch. This powder was passed through a set of sieves, and it was found that 69 per cent. passed a sieve of 90 meshes to the inch, and 95 per cent, passed one of 60 meshes. All passed 30 meshes to the inch.
The 4 ‘ash’ contains plagioclase-felspar, hypersthene, monoclinic brownish augite, apatite, and magnetite, with fragments of a brown glass. The separated powders were all of much the same colour.
Plagioclase-felspar is the most abundant constituent, mostly in broken fragments of very irregular shape. It belongs largely to labradorite, but appears to include more than one variety. Perfect crystals are not uncommon. Glass-enclosures are very numerous, and are frequently rectangular in outline: they often contain very small stationary bubbles.
Many of the felspars have a thicker or thinner skin of glass adhering to their surfaces. This glass is brown, somewhat turbid, isotropic, with often many small rounded steam-cavities. The perfect crystals of felspar are often lozenge-shaped, as they lie on the broad flat brachypinacoid, being bounded by 001 and 201.
Hypersthene is next in frequency. The larger crystals are strongly pleochroic in green and reddish-brown tints, as is usual in a volcanic hypersthene which is
The Crystalline Limestones of Ceylon
Authors: Coomáraswámy Ananda K. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
In 1860 Baron Ferdinand von Richthofen recorded the occurrence of limestones in Ceylon. He observed the intimate associations of ‘gneiss’ and granular limestone, and the transitions between the two.

Mr. A. C. Dixon has given a short account of the beds of limestone as follows:—The ‘beds run through the gneiss in a somewhat parallel direction, striking generally north-west by north to north, and having various angles of dip, from 10° to 40°.’ He refers to five bands. ‘The first is one which outcrops a few miles this side of Balangoda, and runs north-north-west, occurring again at Hunuwala. The second runs through Dolosbage and Maskeliya; probably the bed occurring at Bilhul Oya is continuous with this. The third outcrops under the Great Western [Mountain] on the Great Western Estate, and is continuous to the north-north-west with the Wattegoda and Medakumbura dolomites, and probably also with the beds at Gampola and Kurunegala. .A subsidiary bed—or it may be an outlier of this—occurs near the Pussellawa rest-house. The fourth bed outcrops largely at Wilson's Bungalow, Glen Devon, Dumbara, and Matale. The fifth occurs in the Badulla District.’ (
Op. cit.
pp. 42–43.)

I may say that the identity of these bands over such considerable distances requires confirmation.
Under the name of cipolin , Prof. A. Lacroix has described some specimens of crystalline limestone from Ceylon, which form part of the De Bournon collection belonging to the Collège de France and that of Leschenault de la Tour in the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
The Origin and Associations of the Jaspers of South-eastern Anglesey
Authors: Greenly Edward 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
One of the most singular and striking rocks in that region of Anglesey which lies to the south-east of the principal mass of Carboniferous rocks, is a bright red jasper. Though never in masses of large size, it is widely distributed, occurring in three distinct areas, which may be called the Newborough, the Pentraeth, and the Beaumaris areas. The character, mode of occurrence, and associations of this jasper throw much light on its origin; they are so remarkable, and present such singular analogies with those of groups of rocks which have lately been described in different parts of the world, as to be, I think, matter of general interest, as well as important to workers among the older rocks of Britain. The object, therefore, of this paper is to describe the rocks and their relations in the districts where they have escaped the effects of the movements that have modified most of the region.
Their geological age, and, in particular, their relations to the crystalline schists of the region, cannot, in my opinion, be regarded as settled, some of the evidence being conflicting. But as questions of the greatest interest regarding metamorphism are involved, I propose, in the fourth part of this paper, to set forth this evidence as briefly as is consistent with clearness. I am the less unwilling to do so, because the problem is so closely allied in its nature to those that are still under discussion at the margins of several other metamorphic areas
Revision of the Phyllocarida from the Chemung and Waverly Groups of Pennsylvania
Authors: Beecher Charles Emerson 
Published: October 2009

It is now eighteen years since I prepared a memoir for the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, describing the species of Phyllocarida then known from the Chemung (Upper Devonian) and Waverly (Lower Carboniferous) Groups in that State. Subsequent collecting at the original locality has yielded a quantity of material which further elucidates the characters of the original species, and also adds two distinctly new forms to the fauna of the Waverly Group.

The specimens described in the present paper, as well as those on which the original descriptions were based, were all obtained in the vicinity of Warren (Pennsylvania). The chief horizon is in the shale-beds of the Upper Chemung Group, about 50 feet above mean water-level in the Alleghany River. At this level, crustacean remains are fairly abundant, and constitute a conspicuous element of the contained fauna. On this account, the deposits have been called by me ‘the Phyllocarid-Beds.’ The species thus far secured from the horizon are
Echinocaris socialis, Tropidocaris bicarinata
, and
Elymocaris siliqua
. Other forms are much less abundant, and occur in a sporadic manner in the higher strata.

The following notes on the genera and species are to be considered, not as complete descriptions, but as additions and emendations to the original diagnoses.
The new material representing this species, consisting of more than a hundred individuals, presents a greater range in size than was originally observed, and permits of a more exact description of the postabdomen, the ornamentation of the somites, and the number of lobes
The Glaciation of Teesdale, Weardale, and the Tyne Valley, and their Tributary Valleys
Authors: Dwerryhouse Arthur Richard 
Published: October 2009

My attention was first called to this District by reading the admirable paper by Mr. J. G. Goodchild on the distribution of the boulders of Shap Granite over the moors in the neighbourhood of the Vale of Eden
1
. In this paper, Mr. Goodchild describes the track taken by the ice which carried the boulders of Shap Granite across the Valley of the Eden, and traces these boulders past Brough-under- Stainmoor to the summit of the Pennine Escarpment, at the head of Lunedale, Balderdale, and Deepdale. Here Mr. Goodchild leaves us, but the rocks have been traced by Prof. Lebour and other observers, down the lower part of Teesdale and out into the North Sea, and also down the Central Valley of Yorkshire as far as the city of York.

In the present communication it is my intention to deal with the distribution of the ice in Upper Teesdale, We~irdale, and the Valley of the Tyne, and their tributary valleys, and to discuss certain features produced during the retreat of the ice.
Teesdale. (1) Topography and Structure.
In order that the details which follow may be better understood, I purpose first to describe briefly the form and the solid geology of the district.
The Tees rises on the eastern side of Cross :Fell, and receives several tributaries from the surrounding hills. The upper part of the valley has a low gradient, especially in the region immediately above the waterfall of Cauldron Snout. The upper end is enclosed by a semicircle of
The Mineralogical Constitution of the Finer Material of the Bunter Pebble-Bed in the West of England
Authors: Thomas Herbert Henry 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
Much work has already been done on the pebbles and larger fragments of rock of the Budleigh-Salterton Pebble-Bed, but little or none on the finer material forming the matrix of this most interesting deposit. It occurred to me that a microscopic investigation of this finer material might bring out a few points of geological as well as mineralogical interest. Therefore it has been my endeavour to make as complete a mineralogical analysis of the sands as possible.
Specimens were collected at intervals along the strike of the Pebble-Bed, from Budleigh Salterton on the southern coast of Devon to Fitzhead, north of Milverton, in Somerset; other sands, for comparison, were taken from the Red Rocks above and below.

After treatment with acids, so as to remove the coating of iron-oxides from the grains, the sands were separated by means of heavy liquids into three parts:—

(
a
)

Heavy residue, with a specific gravity greater than 2·80.

(
b
)

The bulk of the quartz; and

(
c
)

The lightest part, with most of the alkali-felspar.

II. Petrography of the Sands: Description and distribution of the Mineral Species.
At the southern end of the outcrop of the Pebble-Bed, the matrix consists of incoherent material, each sand-grain being covered with a coating of red iron-oxide. On tracing the deposit northward, however, to the borders of Somerset, the bed loses much of its red colour, and in this area, owing to the presence of many masses
A Descriptive Outline of the Plutonic Complex of Central Anglesey
Authors: Callaway Charles 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
Twenty-two years ago, a paper by me on ‘Some New Points in the pre-Cambrian Geology of Anglesey’ appeared in the Geological Magazine.‘ One section of that paper discussed the ’ Continuity of the Granitoid Series with an underlying Gneiss,‘ and the chief evidence for that continuity was furnished by the Craig-yr-Allor anticline. An ellipsoidal dome of hornblendic and chloritic gneiss in Central Anglesey was described as surrounded by ’granitoidite,‘ below which it appeared to dip in a quaquaversal manner. As both the gneiss and the granitoid rock were then generally regarded as of sedimentary origin, the inference that the gneiss represented a formation older than the ‘granitoidite’ appeared to be justified. We now know, however, that these rocks are not metamorphosed sediments, but plutonic masses; therefore they can never have been in stratigraphieal sequence. A review of the ground in the light of the new theory of origin has now been undertaken, and the following paper is the result. I include within its scope the acidic rocks, both massive and schistose, which are associated with the gneisses and granite, so as to present a general outline of the structure of the plutonic complex of Central Anglesey. I do not propose to enter into minute petrographical or geognostic details : the former being unnecessary for my purpose, while the latter would be superseded by the expected mapping of Mr. :Edward Greenly. Some corrections were made in the old interpretations of the district by the Rev. J.F. Blake “ in
On the Origin of some Hanging Valleys in the Alps and Himalayas
Authors: Garwood E. J. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
During my visit to the Eastern Himalayas in 1899, I was much struck by the discordance of certain of the tributary valleys to the main valleys which they feed in the district of Jongri, near the south-eastern foot of Kabru. While making a plane-table survey of this district, I arrived at certain conclusions with regard to the origin of these valleys, which I have already published in the journal of a kindred Society. I was, therefore, much interested when my attention was drawn to a paper by Prof. W. M. Davis on ‘Glacial Erosion in the Valley of the Ticino,‘ in which the hanging valleys in the lower part of the Val Ticino are attributed to the over-deepening of the main valley by ice. His theory of their origin may be briefly stated in the following paragraph taken from the paper above cited :—
‘The deepening of a glaciated valley for a good part of its length is thus seen to be a general result of glacial erosion; it is accompanied throughout by discordant or hanging lateral valleys, and the production of a lake in the distal portion of such a valley is but a subordinate result of glacial action.’ (Op. cir. p. 152.)
This theory of the origin of hanging valleys is diametrically opposed to the one at which I had arrived, from a study of similar valleys in the Sikhim Himalayas. Coming as it does, however, from one of our foremost exponents of drainage-problems, it