bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-separability and substitutability among water pollutants: evidence from India
Authors: Kumar Surender , Managi Shunsuke 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe design and implementation of environmental policy often involve more than one pollutant, and must consider pollution as a byproduct of the production of marketable output. In this paper, we test the implicit assumption in the empirical literature that (1) production of marketable output, pollution and abatement are separable, and (2) different pollutants can be abated separately. Using unique plant-level data in India, we reject the null hypotheses of separability between marketable output and pollutants, and between different pollutants. Firms must incur abatement costs for reducing pollution levels. In addition, complement and substitute relationships between water pollutants are demonstrated with statistical significance.
Soil Microbial Community Composition and Enzyme Activity Responses to an Intensive SilvopastoralSystem of Colombia
Authors: Vallejo Victoria E. , Dick Richard P. , Ziv Arbeli , Terán Wilson , Roldán Fabio 
Published: August 2011

AbstractExtensive cattle production occupies more than 27% of the rural landscapes in Latin America, and nowadays is considered as a major driver of tropical deforestation. Conventional monoculture pasture (CP) systems have degraded soils and caused negative environmental impacts. Recent years have shown increasing interest in the development of alternatives to the CP with a high efficiency of internal resource use and thus lower input requirement and cost. To address this, intensive silvopastoral systems (ISS) have been developed where trees are integrated with crops, pastures, and cattle for environmental and economic benefits. Soil microbial communities drive nutrients cycling and play an essential role in maintaining and improving soil quality; however, little information is available on how ISS affects them. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate microbial (fatty acid community profiling and enzyme activities) and physicochemical (pH, total C, moisture, and bulk density) properties when CP are converted to ISS (n=3). The treatments (three replications) were: CP, native forest, and 12-15 years old ISS. The results shown that ISS reduced bulk density, penetration resistance, increased total C and soil microbial biomass (normalized on clay content), making them more effective C storage pools than CP. Principal component analysis revealed that enzymes activities were clustered according to land management practices, which suggest that these properties can be used as indicators of ecosystem disturbance. On the other hand, CP promoted dominance of Gram (-) bacteria, while adversely affects slow growing microorganisms such as fungi and actinomycetes that are known to be sensitive to disturbance. This study demonstrate that increases in microbial biomass and enzyme activities of C, N and P cycling in ISS that would represent positive changes in soil functioning compared with CP.
Renewable Resources for Functional Polymers and Biomaterials
Authors:   Royal Society of Chemistry
Published: August 2011

This book details polysaccharides and other important biomacromolecules covering their source, production, structures, properties, and current and potential application in the fields of biotechnology and medicine. It includes a systematic discussion on the general strategies of isolation, separation and characterization of polysaccharides and proteins. Subsequent chapters are devoted to polysaccharides obtained from various sources, including botanical, algal, animal and microbial.
In the area of botanical polysaccharides, separate chapters are devoted to the sources, structure, properties and medical applications of cellulose and its derivatives, starch and its derivatives, pectins, and exudate gums, notably gum arabic. Another chapter discusses the potential of hemicelluloses (xylans and xylan derivatives) as a new source of functional biopolymers for biomedical and industrial applications. The algal polysaccharide, alginate, has significant application in food, pharmaceuticals and the medical field, all of which are reviewed in a separate chapter. Polysaccharides of animal origin are included with separate chapters on the sources, production, biocompatibility, biodegradability and biomedical applications of chitin (chitosan) and hyaluronan. With the increasing knowledge and applications of genetic engineering there is also an introduction in the book to nucleic acid polymers, the genome research and genetic engineering.
Proteins and protein conjugates are covered, with one chapter providing a general review of structural glycoproteins, fibronectin and laminin, together with their role in the promotion of cell adhesion in vascular grafts, implants and tissue engineering. Another chapter discusses general aspects of a number of industrial proteins, including casein, caseinates, whey protein, gluten and soy proteins, with emphasis on their medical applications, and with reference to the potential of bacterial proteins. Another natural polymer resource, microbial polyesters, although small compared with polysaccharides and proteins, is also gaining increasing interest in biomedical technology and other industrial sectors. One chapter, therefore, is devoted to microbial polyesters, with comprehensive coverage of their biosynthesis, properties, enzymic degradation and applications.
By dealing with biopolymers at the molecular level, the book is aimed at the biomedical and wider materials science communities and provides an advanced overview of biopolymers at the graduate and postgraduate level. In addition it will appeal to both academic and industrial life scientists who are involved in research and development activities in the medical and biotechnology field.
High resolution 3D gas-jet characterization
Authors: Landgraf Björn , Schnell Michael , Sävert Alexander , Kaluza Malte C. , Spielmann Christian 
Published: August 2011

We present a tomographic characterization of gas jets employed for high-intensity laser-plasma interaction experiments where the shape can be non-symmetrically. With a Mach-Zehnder interferometer we measured the phase shift for different directions through the neutral density distribution of the gas jet. From the recorded interferograms it is possible to retrieve 3-dimensional neutral density distributions by tomographic reconstruction based on the filtered back projections. We report on criteria for the smallest number of recorded interferograms as well as a comparison with the widely used phase retrieval based on an Abel inversion. As an example for the performance of our approach, we present the characterization of nozzles with rectangular openings or gas jets with shock waves. With our setup we obtained a spatial resolution of less than 60 μm for an Argon density as low as 2 × 1017 cm−3.
OBSERVATIONS OF DETAILED STRUCTURE IN THE SOLAR WIND AT 1 AU WITH STEREO/HI-2
Authors: DeForest C. E. , Howard T. A. , Tappin S. J. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT
We present images of solar wind electron density structures at distances of 1 AU, extracted from the STEREO/HI-2 data. Collecting the images requires separating the Thomson-scattered signal from the other background/foreground sources that are 103 times brighter. Using a combination of techniques, we are able to generate calibrated imaging data of the solar wind with sensitivity of a few × 10−17
B
☉, compared to the background signal of a few × 10−13
B
☉, using only the STEREO/HI-2 Level 1 data as input. These images reveal detailed spatial structure in coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and the solar wind at projected solar distances in excess of 1 AU, at the instrumental motion-blur resolution limit of 1°–3°. CME features visible in the newly reprocessed data from 2008 December include leading-edge pileup, interior voids, filamentary structure, and rear cusps. “Quiet” solar wind features include V-shaped structures centered on the heliospheric current sheet, plasmoids, and “puffs” that correspond to the density fluctuations observed in situ. We compare many of these structures with in situ features detected near 1 AU. The reprocessed data demonstrate that it is possible to perform detailed structural analyses of heliospheric features with visible light imagery, at distances from the Sun of at least 1 AU.
Robust synthetic gene network design via library-based search method
Authors: Wu Chih-Hung , Lee Hsiao-Ching , Chen Bor-Sen 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Motivation: Synthetic biology aims to develop the artificial gene networks with desirable behaviors using systematic method. These networks with desired behaviors could be constructed using diverse biological parts, which may limit the development to complex synthetic gene networks. Fortunately, some well-characterized promoter libraries for engineering gene networks are widely available. Thus, a synthetic gene network can be constructed by selecting adequate promoters from promoter libraries to achieve the desired behaviors. However, the present promoter libraries cannot be directly applied to engineer a synthetic gene network. In order to efficiently select adequate promoters from promoter libraries for a synthetic gene network, promoter libraries are needed to be redefined based on the dynamic gene regulation.
Results: Based on four design specifications, a library-based search method is proposed to efficiently select the most adequate promoter set from the redefined promoter libraries by a genetic algorithm (GA) to achieve optimal reference tracking design. As the number and size of promoter libraries increase, the proposed method can play an important role in the systematic design of synthetic biology.
Contact: g883743@alumni.nthu.edu.tw; bschen@ee.nthu.edu.tw
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Supply chaining fishery advice
Authors: Connolly P. L. , Caffrey L. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Connolly, P. L., and Caffrey, L. 2011. Supply chaining fishery advice. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1706–1711. The supply chain concept helps underpin global commerce. In the fishery data arena, it is an underutilized tool that could benefit the business of fishery advice. Supply chain networks can lower operating costs and increase product availability, agility, and customer satisfaction. The EU's Data Collection Framework has consolidated and strengthened data collection in Europe, but inadequate data management undermines many stock assessments of fish through the lack of supply chaining. Commercial supply chain know-how, when implemented on solid enterprise architectures, can endow fishery advice with industrial-strength scrutiny, making it transparent, standardized, integrated, agile, consistent, accurate, and timely.
Effect of prison‐based opioid substitution treatment and post‐release retention in treatment on risk of re‐incarceration
Authors: Larney Sarah , Toson Barbara , Burns Lucy , Dolan Kate 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTAims  People who use heroin are frequently incarcerated multiple times. Reducing re‐incarceration of this group is important for reducing both health risks associated with incarceration and the costs of correctional administration. Opioid substitution treatment (OST) in prisons may help to reduce re‐incarceration, but research findings on this topic have been mixed. In this study, we examined the effect of OST in prison and after release on re‐incarceration.Design  Longitudinal cohort study.Setting, participants and measurements  Data on OST and incarceration were linked for a cohort of 375 male heroin users recruited originally in prisons in New South Wales, Australia. Data were linked for the period 1 June 1997–31 December 2006. Re‐incarceration was examined using recurrent‐event survival analysis models. Model 1 examined the effect of OST status at release from prison (i.e. in treatment versus out of treatment on the day of release) on re‐incarceration. Model 2 considered the effect of remaining in OST after release on risk of re‐incarceration.Findings  Ninety per cent of participants were re‐incarcerated following their first observed release. Pre‐incarceration cocaine use was associated with a 13% increase in the average risk of re‐incarceration. There was no significant association between simply being in OST at the time of release and risk of re‐incarceration; however, in the model taking into account post‐release retention in treatment, the average risk of re‐incarceration was reduced by 20% while participants were in treatment.Conclusions  In New South Wales, Australia, opioid substitution treatment after release from prison has reduced the average risk of re‐incarceration by one‐fifth.
Assessment of the cardiac safety of prucalopride in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐ and positive‐controlled thorough QT study
Authors: Mendzelevski Boaz , Ausma Jannie , Chanter Dennis O. , Robinson Patricia , Kerstens Rene , Vandeplassche Lieve , Camm John 
Published: August 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Drugs interacting with the hERG potassium channel are associated with a prolongation of the QT interval, which can lead to life‐threatening arrhythmias such as torsades de pointes.• Early prokinetic agents, such as cisapride, display poor selectivity for their target receptor, 5‐HT4, also interacting with hERG channels and, as a consequence, have a poor safety and benefit/risk profile.• Prucalopride, a novel and selective 5‐HT4 agonist with enterokinetic activity, is indicated for the treatment of chronic constipation in adults in whom laxatives fail to provide adequate relief.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• This study describes the results of a novel thorough QT study design involving a parallel group with nested crossover for positive control.• The mean QTc interval was not prolonged in patients receiving therapeutic (2 mg) or supra‐therapeutic (10 mg) doses of prucalopride, as assessed using QTcSS.• New generation prokinetic agents with improved selectivity for 5‐HT4 receptors, such as prucalopride, should help improve the benefit/risk profile of these agents and, ultimately, their clinical usefulness.AIMS To assess steady‐state effects of therapeutic and supra‐therapeutic doses of prucalopride on the QT interval using a novel design involving a parallel placebo group with nested crossover for positive control.METHODS A double‐blind, double‐dummy, placebo‐ and active‐controlled study was conducted in 120 healthy male and female volunteers (NCT00903747). Volunteers were randomized to receive prucalopride 2–10 mg once daily (therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses, respectively) (group 1), placebo with 400 mg moxifloxacin on day 1 (group 2a), or placebo with moxifloxacin on day 15 (group 2b). Twelve‐lead 24 h Holter ECGs recorded at various time‐points were evaluated blind and centrally.RESULTS Estimated mean difference in study specific corrected QT interval (QTcSS) time‐matched change from baseline between prucalopride (2 and 10 mg) and placebo was <5 ms at all time points (maximum mean difference: 3.83 ms at 3.5 h post dose on day 5 with 2 mg [90% Cl −0.33, 6.38 ms]). Upper limits of the two‐sided 90% CI for QTcSS were all <10 ms. There were no outlying QTcSS values >450 ms and no subjects had an increase >60 ms following prucalopride. Moxifloxacin produced the expected significant changes in QTcSS (>5 ms, maximum of +12.7 ms at 5 h post dose) at all time‐points except 1 h post dose. Prucalopride resulted in small increases in heart rate (maximum of 5.8 beats min–1), which were similar for 2 and 10 mg. Prucalopride was well tolerated after first day of treatment.CONCLUSION Prucalopride at both therapeutic and supra therapeutic doses has no clinically significant effects on cardiac repolarisation in healthy volunteers.
Constitutional trisomy 8p11.21‐q11.21 mosaicism: a germline alteration predisposing to myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Ripperger Tim , Tauscher Marcel , Praulich Inka , Pabst Brigitte , Teigler‐Schlegel Andrea , Yeoh Allen , Göhring Gudrun , Schlegelberger Brigitte , Flotho Christian , Niemeyer Charlotte M. , Steinemann Doris 
Published: August 2011

SummaryJuvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML) is a unique myeloproliferative disorder of early childhood. Frequently, mutations in NRAS, KRAS, PTPN11, NF1 or CBL are found in these patients. Monosomy 7 is the most common cytogenetic aberration. To identify submicroscopic genomic copy number alterations, 20 JMML samples were analysed by comparative genomic hybridization. Ten out of 20 samples displayed additional submicroscopic alterations. In two patients, an almost identical gain of chromosome 8 was identified. In both patients, fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed a constitutional partial trisomy 8 mosaic (cT8M). A survey on 27 cT8M patients with neoplasms showed that 21 had myeloid malignancies, and five of these had a JMML. Notably, the region gained in our cases is the smallest gain of chromosome 8 reported in cT8M cases with malignancies so far. Our results dramatically reduce the critical region to 8p11.21q11.21 harbouring 31 protein coding genes and two non‐coding RNAs, e.g. MYST3, IKBKB, UBE2V2, GOLGA7, FNTA and MIR486– a finding with potential implications for the role of somatic trisomy 8 in myeloid malignancies. Further investigations are required to more comprehensively determine how constitutional partial trisomy 8 mosaicisms may contribute to leukaemogenesis in different mutational subtypes of JMML and other myeloid malignancies.
Proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines and chemokines in infants with uncomplicated and severePlasmodium falciparummalaria
Authors: Ayimba E , Hegewald J , Ségbéna A Y , Gantin R G , Lechner C J , Agosssou A , Banla M , Soboslay P T 
Published: August 2011

SummaryCytokine and chemokine levels were studied in infants (&lt;5 years) with uncomplicated (MM) and severe malaria tropica (SM), and in Plasmodium falciparum infection-free controls (NEG). Cytokine plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-13, IL-31 and IL-33 were strongly elevated in MM and SM compared to NEG (P &lt; 0·0001). Inversely, plasma concentrations of IL-27 were highest in NEG infants, lower in MM cases and lowest in those with SM (P &lt; 0·0001, NEG compared to MM and SM). The levels of the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP3)-α/C–C ligand 20 (CCL20), monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG)/CXCL9 and CXCL16 were enhanced in those with MM and SM (P &lt; 0·0001 compared to NEG), and MIP3-α/CCL20 and MIG/CXCL9 were correlated positively with parasite density, while that of IL-27 were correlated negatively. The levels of 6Ckine/CCL21 were similar in NEG, MM and SM. At 48–60 h post-anti-malaria treatment, the plasma concentrations of IL-10, IL-13, MIG/CXCL9, CXCL16 and MIP3-α/CCL20 were clearly diminished compared to before treatment, while IL-17F, IL-27, IL-31 and IL-33 remained unchanged. In summary, elevated levels of proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines and chemokines were generated in infants during and after acute malaria tropica. The proinflammatory type cytokines IL-31 and IL-33 were enhanced strongly while regulatory IL-27 was diminished in those with severe malaria. Similarly, MIP3-α/CCL20 and CXCL16, which may promote leucocyte migration into brain parenchyma, displayed increased levels, while CCL21, which mediates immune surveillance in central nervous system tissues, remained unchanged. The observed cytokine and chemokine production profiles and their dynamics may prove useful in evaluating either the progression or the regression of malarial disease.
Age effects on spectral electroencephalogram activity prior to dream recall
Authors: CHELLAPPA SARAH L. , MÜNCH MIRJAM , KNOBLAUCH VERA , CAJOCHEN CHRISTIAN 
Published: August 2011

SummaryAgeing is associated with marked changes in sleep timing, structure and electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. Older people exhibit less slow‐wave and spindle activity during non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, together with attenuated levels of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep as compared to young individuals. However, the extent to which these age‐related changes in sleep impact on dream processing remains largely unknown. Here we investigated NREM and REM sleep EEG activity prior to dream recall and no recall in 17 young (20–31 years) and 15 older volunteers (57–74 years) during a 40 h multiple nap protocol. Dream recall was assessed immediately after each nap. During NREM sleep prior to dream recall, older participants displayed higher frontal EEG delta activity (1–3 Hz) and higher centro‐parietal sigma activity (12–15 Hz) than the young volunteers. Conversely, before no recall, older participants had less frontal‐central delta activity and less sigma activity in frontal, central and parietal derivations than the young participants. REM sleep was associated to age‐related changes, such that older participants had less frontal‐central alpha (10–12 Hz) and beta (16–19 Hz) activity, irrespective of dream recall and no recall. Our data indicate that age‐related differences in dream recall seem to be directly coupled to specific frequency and topography EEG patterns, particularly during NREM sleep. Thus, the spectral correlates of dreaming can help to understand the cortical pathways of dreaming.
Phylogeographic heterogeneity of the brown macroalgaSargassum horneri(Fucaceae) in the northwestern Pacific in relation to late Pleistocene glaciation and tectonic configurations
Authors: HU ZI‐MIN , UWAI SHINYA , YU SHEN‐HUI , KOMATSU TERUHISA , AJISAKA TETSURO , DUAN DE‐LIN 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPleistocene glacial oscillations and associated tectonic processes are believed to have influenced the historical abundances and distribution of organisms in the Asia Northwest Pacific (ANP). Accumulating evidence indicates that factors shaping tempospatial population dynamics and distribution patterns of marine taxa vary with biogeographical latitude, pelagic behaviour and oceanographic regimes. To detect what kinds of historical and contemporary factors affected genetic connectivity, phylogeographic profiles of littoral macroalgaSargassum horneriin the ANP were analysed based on mitochondrial (Cox3) and chloroplast (rbcL) data sets. Five distinct clades were recovered. A strong signature of biogeographical structure was revealed (ΦCT = 0.487,P < 0.0001) derived from remarkable differentiation in clade distribution, as clade I is restricted to Chinese marginal seas (Yellow–Bohai Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea), whereas clades II–V are discontinuously scattered around the main Islands of Japan. Furthermore, two secondary contact regions were identified along the south Japan‐Pacific coastline. This significant differentiation between the two basins may reflect historical glacial isolation in the northwestern Pacific, which is congruent with the estimates of clade divergence and demographic expansion during the late Quaternary low sea levels. Analysis of molecular variance and the population‐pair statisticFSTalso revealed significant genetic structural differences between Chinese marginal seas and the Japanese basin. This exceptional phylogeographic architecture inS. horneri, initially shaped by historical geographic isolation during the late Pleistocene ice age and physical biogeographical barriers, can be complicated by oceanographic regimes (ocean surface currents) and relocating behaviour such as oceanic drifting.