bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cassava‐Cowpea and Cassava‐Peanut Intercropping. II. Leaf Area Index and Dry Matter Accumulation1
Authors: Mason S. C. , Leihner D. E. , Vorst J. J. , Salazar E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCassva (Manihot esculentaCrantz) is comonly intercropped with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walp] and peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL.) in the tropics. Little is known about the influence of intercropping on leaf area index, dry matter production, or partitioning of dry matter to the harvestable plant part. The objectives were to determine (i) the leaf area index (LAI) and (ii) the dry matter accumulation of the whole plant and harvestable plant part for cassava, cowpea, and peanut when grown in intercropping and sole cropping systems. Cassava, cowpea, and peanut were grown in sole and intercropping systems on a Typic Dystropept soil at Santander de Quilichao, Colombia in 1981 and 1982. Between 30 and 65 days after planting (DAP), the intercropping systems produced LAI's 0.6 to 1.9 greater than those produced in the cassava sole cropping system. In 1981, the intercropping systems produced LAI's that were 0.8 to 1.0 lower than those of sole cropped cassava 150 DAP. The cassava‐cowpea and cassava‐peanut intercropping systems produced 42 to 250 g m−2more dry matter than did the sole cropped cassava between 50 and 105 DAP. However, dry matter production at the end of the 11‐month growing season was similar for intercropping systems and sole cropped cassava. Intercropping did not influence cassava total plant or storage root dry matter accumulation at final harvest except when intercropped with peanut in 1982. In this case, a reduction in LAI of 0.8 was associated with production of 4.4 fewer storage roots per plant. These data indicate that rapidly growing cowpea and peanut were able to use space between rows of cassava during the first 100 DAP with minimal effect on cassava growth.
Forage Dry Matter Accumulation and Quality of Turnip, Swede, Rape, Chinese Cabbage Hybrids, and Kale in the Eastern USA1
Authors: Jung G. A. , Byers R. A. , Panciera M. T. , Shaffer J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractProduction of cool‐season (C3) herbage generally is low in summer and fall in the humid eastern USA. This study was conducted to determine the yields and pest problems of spring‐sown turnip, Brassica rapaL.; swede, B. napusL.; rape, B. napusL.; interspecific crosses between Chinese cabbage, B. campestris sensufaioL., and turnip or rape; or kale, B. oleraceaL., that were stockpiled. The crops were no‐till seeded (turnip and swede at 1.4 kg ha−1, rape, the hybrids, and kale at 4.2 kg ha−1) into mature alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.)‐grass stands. Prior to seeding, the sod was treated with isopropylamine salt of N‐(phosphonomethyl) glycine at 1.1 kg a.i. ha−1. The study was made in central Pennsylvania on Hagerstown silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs) soil in 1979 and 1980 and on Hublersburg silt loam (clayey, illitic, mesic Typic Hapludults) soil in 1981. Dry matter yield determinations were made sequentially at 30‐day intervals from 60 to 150 days post‐seeding. Fertilizer (P and K) was applied according to soil test results and 80 kg N ha−1was applied at seeding and 70 kg N ha−1between the 60‐ and 90‐day sampling dates. Three‐year mean dry matter yields for 13 of 19 cultivars exceeded 7.0 Mg ha−190 days post‐seeding. Yields plateaued from 80 to 160 days depending on plant species, cultivar, and year. Cultivar (across species) ✕ sampling date, turnip cultivar ✕ year, and swede, rape, and kale sampling date ✕ year interactions were significant for yield. Incidence of plant diseases was positively related to slowing of growth at physiological maturity. Some New Zealand turnip and rape cultivars were more resistant to flea beetle [Phyllotreta cruciferaeGoeze and P. striolata(Fab.)] than cultivars of European origin. Crude protein concentration of turnip and Chinese cabbage hybrid tops was higher at 120 than 90 days, but it was not for other species. Crude protein concentration ranged from 110 g kg−1in roots of certain cultivars to 270 g kg−1in turnip tops. Species ✕ sampling date and year ✕ sampling date interactions were significant for crude protein concentration and in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD). The IVDMD values ranged from 800 to 930 g kg−1Kale had the lowest mean IVDMD, 840 g kg−1.
No‐Till Effects on Yield and Plant Density of Maize Hybrids1
Authors: Anderson E. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of no‐till practices for the culture of maize (Zea maysL.) is increasing because it reduces time, fuel, and labor requirements for land preparation. Studies have indicated that minimum tillage practices can slow maize growth and reduce plant stand density and grain yield. Little information is available on hybrid adaptation to these tillage systems. Field experiments were conducted to determine how grain yield and plant density (plants/ha) were affected by conventional (plowing followed by discing) vs. no‐till practices in commercial maize hybrids. Four locations in Maryland were used, including sites on the coastal plain (Typic Hapludult and Aquic Hapludult) and piedmont (Typic Hapludalf). The split‐plot experiment had tillage (conventional vs. no‐till) as the main plots and commercial maize hybrids, varying in cold tolerance and maturity, as the subplots. Six hybrids were grown in 1982 and 12 hybrids were grown in 1983 and 1984. The hybrid × tillage method interaction was not significant for plant density and was inconsequential for grain yield except at the Beltsville location. No one hybrid performed consistently better under conventional tillage. In 1982 tillage did not significantly affect grain yield; however, in 1983 grain yields for the no‐till practice were 17 to 24% greater than yields for conventional tillage at three of the four locations. In 1984 one location showed a 19% increase in yield under no‐till. Changes in plants/ha due to tillage ranged from a 22% decrease to a 4% increase under no‐till. The analysis of covariance between grain yield and plants per hectare indicated that there was no significant correlation between these parameters. These results indicated that selection for genetic traits to improve grain yield under no‐till practices may not be necessary for this geographical area. These commercial maize hybrids would produce similar amounts of grain under either tillage practice.
Emergence and Vigor of Soybean in Relation to Initial Seed Moisture and Soil Temperature1
Authors: Muendel H. ‐H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study was undertaken to assess the effects of initial seed moisture and of soil temperature on emergence and seed yield of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in phytotron and field studies. Increasing the effective growing period would help in the establishment of soybean in more northern latitudes. Replicated lots of 100 seeds of two early maturing soybean entries, ‘Maple Presto’ and ‘King Grain X005’, were equilibrated to 6.6, 13.3, and 23.3% moisture levels. Phytotron studies involved day/night soil temperature regimes of 11.3/5.6, 16.7/10.7, and 20.5/14.l°C. Planting dates in the field were 22 May, 29 May, and 5 June 1979. Phytotron emergence exceeded 88% in all cases. Each 1°C decrease in mean soil temperature between 17.3 and 8.5°C resulted in a 2‐day delay of emergence. Emergence was independent of survival among different soil temperatures. Days to 80% emergence varied from 29 for the coolest temperature to 11 for the warmest in the phytotron and from 27 days for 22 May to 13 days for 5 June in the field. After 50% emergence, increasing differences were associated with differences in initial seed‐moisture contents. Maximum emergence took 1 to 2 days longer for the moistest than for the driest seeds. No differences were detected among lines for total emergence or for days to reach a certain level of emergence. No seed yield differences were associated with the initial seed‐moisture contents and planting dates, in spite of differential stands in the field. Equilibrating seed cannot be recommended. Using early maturing cultivars and seed lots with high germinability and seeding when soil temperatures are above 10°C are the recommendations for climatically marginal soybean areas such as southern Alberta.
Applied Nitrogen and Phosphorus Effects on Yield and Nutrient Uptake by High‐Energy Sorghum Produced for Grain and Biomass1
Authors: Hons F. M. , Moresco R. F. , Wiedenfeld R. P. , Cothren J. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLimited information is available concerning nutrient requirements of high‐energy sorghums (HES) (Sorghum bicolor L., Moench). The purpose of this study was to compare a HES, an intermediate grain cultivar (IGC), and a conventional grain cultivar (CGC) for grain and biomass (stover) yield, responses to applied N and P, and effects on nutrient partitioning and removal. Field experiments were conducted in 1983 and 1984 on Ships clay (Udic Chromustert) near College Station, TX. Nitrogen (0, 84,168 kg N ha−1) and P (0, 15, 30 kg P ha−1) were factorially applied to the three cultivars. Soil nutrient availability decreased after only one year of total dry matter harvesting and was reflected in greater responses to applied N and lower tissue nutrient concentrations and removals the second year. Cultivar and N influenced grain and biomass yields, while applied P had little effect on these parameters. The CGC and IGC produced more grain, but less biomass, than HES. The CGC removed the least nutrients in biomass and the most in grain, while removals by HES components were reversed. Although HES did yield more total dry matter, total crop N and P removals were similiar for all cultivars. HES did remove greater total quantities of all other nutrients. Applied N increased concentrations and uptake of most nutrients in grain and biomass.
Sorghum Yield and Soil Analysis from Sludge‐Amended Calcareous Iron‐Deficient Soil1
Authors: McCaslin B. D. , Davis J. G. , Cihacek L. , Schluter L. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] often becomes iron deficient when grown on calcareous iron‐deficient soils. Two experimental sites were selected with a history of severe iron chlorosis on sorghum to the point of plant death before maturity. Correcton of the Holloman soil (fine‐loamy, gypsic, thermic, shallow Typic Torriorthent) has not been practical with available treatments. A 5‐yr experiment consisting of sludge (89.6 Mg/ha) and dairy manure (89.6 Mg/ha), each applied the first year only, plus a fertilized check with N and P applied annually was conducted on one site. A 3‐yr experiment comparing two rates (33.6 and 67.2 Mg/ha) of sludge applied only the first year plus a fertilized check with N and P applied annually was conducted on the second site. Sludge was applied to half of each sludge plot the last year of each experiment to evaluate residual effects of sludge applied at the beginning. In both experiments, grain yields were low on the fertilized check plots and on the manure treatments after the first year. Sludge improved yields and soil test Fe levels, and corrected sorghum chlorosis throughout both experiments. For at least 5 yr following application, sludge also increased soil test levels of Zn and P.
Growth and Productivity of Four Corn Hybrids as Affected by Tillage1
Authors: Kaspar T. C. , Crosbie T. M. , Cruse R. M. , Erbach D. C. , Timmons D. R. , Potter K. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConservation‐tillage systems produce different soil environments for corn (Zea mays L.) growth and development than do intensive tillage systems. Development of corn hybrids specifically adapted to conservation‐tillage environments may be one way to increase and stabilize grain yield. A 2‐yr field study on a Typic Haplaquolls near Ames, IA, with four hybrids and three tillage systems (no‐till, disk, and moldboard plow) was conducted to examine the effects of tillage systems, hybrids, and their interactions on shoot and root dry weights, leaf development, mature‐plant height, final plant stand, and grain yield. Moldboard plowing or disking increased vegetative growth relative to no‐till. Hybrids responded differently to the three tillage systems only during vegetative growth. Hybrids 2 and 3 had greater increases in shoot growth in response to moldboard plowing than to disking. Hybrid 3 also had a greater increase in root dry weight and leaf stage with moldboard plowing than with disking. Response to tillage for mature‐plant measurements differed between years but not between hybrids. No‐till plots had shorter mature plant heights (1.87 m) and lower grain yields (6.98 Mg ha−1) than moldboard‐plowed plots (1.96 m; 8.34 Mg ha−1) only in 1982. Grain moistures of no‐till plots averaged over years were 28 g kg−1 greater than those of moldboard‐plowed plots. Results of this study indicate that during vegetative growth, corn hybrids respond differently to tillage systems. Further evidence of hybrid ✕ tillage interactions, however, is needed to justify development of corn hybrids adapted to specific tillage systems.
Total Alkaloid Determinations in Larkspur and Lupine with near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy1
Authors: Clark D. H. , Ralphs M. H. , Lamb R. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNear infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is used for quality component determinations in forages and grains. However, the use of NIRS to determine antiquality factors in forages has not been reported. Therefore, NIRS spectra were collected on leaf, stem, and head fractions to total 273 tall larkspur (Delphinium occidentale Muth.) and 246 velvet lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus Dougl.) samples. Total alkaloid concentrations (TAG) were determined through extraction and titration, and regressed against NIRS reflectance values from 1100 to 2500 nm. Three NIRS equations were developed to determine TAC: one each for larkspur and lupine, and one for a combination of larkspur and lupine. Of the total, 136 larkspur, 82 lupine, and 260 larkspur plus lupine samples were held from regression analysis and used for testing the equations. Standard errors of calibration for TAC were lowest for lupine, followed by larkspur and larkspur plus lupine (0.04, 0.10, and 0.10 dag kg−1, respectively). Standard errors of analysis for TAC were lowest for larkspur, followed by lupine and larkspur plus lupine (0.01, 0.05, and 0.10 dag kg−1, respectively). Relationships between NIRS and wet laboratory determined values were equal for larkspur and larkspur plus lupine (r2=0.93) and slightly lower for lupine (r2=0.90). Spectral comparisons of plant material and alkaloids showed strong relationships between the wavelengths used in the equations and alkaloid peaks. Total alkaloid concentrations in larkspur and lupine can be accurately analyzed by NIRS.
Planting Date Effects on Plant Growth and Development in Sesame1
Authors: Mulkey J. R. , Drawe H. J. , Elledge R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChanges in the growth and development of the sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) plant induced by varying planting dates have not been fully studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of three planting dates on plant growth and development in irrigated sesame. Field experiments were conducted in 1983 and 1984 on a Uvalde silty clay loam (fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aridic Calcuistall) soil. At maturity, stem dry matter was significantly higher for the 27 April and 15 May planting dates compared to 18 June. When planting was delayed from 27 April to 15 May or 18 June, the period of leaf growth and retention was reduced by 10.5 and 24.4%, respectively. Date of planting did not significantly affect total dry matter of reproductive parts, but percentage of mature seeds was reduced from 60.9% for the 27 April planting date to 53.6% for the 15 May, and 29.0% for the 18 June planted plots. Date of planting did not significantly affect height‐to‐the‐first‐capsule but did affect days‐to‐50%‐bloom, days‐to‐maturity, and seed yield. In 1983, days‐to‐50%‐bloom was reduced by 15 days, days‐to‐maturity by 26 days, and yield by 754 kg ha−1 when the planting date was delayed from 29 April to 20 June. In 1984, days‐to‐50%‐bloom was reduced by 10 days, days‐to‐maturity by 25 days, and yield by 1132 kg ha−1 when planting was delayed from 27 April to 18 June. Plant height and seed‐test‐weight were affected only in 1984.
Evaluation of Short‐Term Efficiency of Diammonium Phosphate versus Urea plus Single Superphosphate on a Calcareous Soil1
Authors: Lu D. Q. , Chien S. H. , Henao J. , Sompongse D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough research has been done on the fertilizer efficiency of diammonium phosphate (DAP) as a source of N or P, little information has been reported on its effectiveness as a dual source of N and P to plants. The objective of this study was to compare DAP with urea plus single superphosphate (SSP) as sources of fertilizer N and P on a calcareous clay soil (Typic Ustochrept). The influence of methods of fertilizer placement (surface broadcast, incorporation, and deep placement) on crop growth and nutrient uptake were investigated in a short‐term (6‐week) greenhouse evaluation using maize (Zea mays L.) as a test crop. Ammonia volatilization losses from both sources, when surface‐applied to the soil followed by daily water additions, were small, less than 6% of the applied N. Olsen P in the soil treated with urea + SSP was higher than the soil treated with DAP regardless of the method of fertilizer placement. Surface broadcasting apparently reduced the accessibility of P to the plant roots and resulted in a lower P uptake and plant yield than incorporation. Nitrogen uptake was as high with DAP as with urea + SSP when the fertilizers were either incorporated or deep‐placed. Surface application, however, resulted in lower N uptake from DAP than from urea + SSP. Both DAP and urea + SSP showed the same relationship in terms of P uptake as a function of Olsen P in the soil for a given method of fertilizer placement. The plant yields obtained with urea + SSP were higher than those obtained with DAP, regardless of the method of fertilizer placement.
Root Growth, Seedhead Production, and Quality of Annual Bluegrass as Affected by Mefluidide and a Wetting Agent1
Authors: Cooper R. J. , Henderlong P. R. , Street J. R. , Karnok K. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnnual bluegrass [Poa annua ssp. reptans (Hauskins) Timm.] often comprises a large portion of golf course greens, yet its shallow root system and extensive seedhead production limit its turf quality. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if annual bluegrass seedheads could be suppressed and rooting enhanced by the plant growth regulator mefluidide [N ‐(2,4‐dimethyl‐5‐{[(trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl]amino} phenyl)acetamide] and the wetting agent Aqua‐Gro (polyoxyethylene esters and ether of cyclic acid and alkylated phenols, silicone anti‐foam emulsion). Chemicals were applied prior to seedhead emergence during 1983 and 1984 to annual bluegrass grown in a rhizotron in fine quartz sand. Root elongation of mefluidide‐treated annual bluegrass was superior to the control for 2 to 4 weeks following Spring 1983 application. Maximum rooting depth of mefluidide‐treated turf was significantly greater than that of Aqua‐Gro‐treated or untreated turf during May 1983. Aqua‐Gro applied at either 4.2 or 8.4 L ha−1 generally did not affect rooting. In 1983, mefluidide (0.07 or 0.14 kg ha−1) prevented seedhead emergence throughout the entire seedhead production period (approximately 8 weeks) when applied under environmental conditions favoring uptake. Leaf tip yellowing occurred for 3 to 4 weeks following mefluidide application. Mefluidide‐treated turf, however, exhibited quality superior to untreated turf for approximately 6 weeks following discoloration. Aqua‐Gro provided little seedhead suppression and reduced quality for about 10 days following application. In 1984, environmental conditions were not conducive to chemical uptake so 1983 results were not corroborated. Mefluidide appears promising as an annual bluegrass management tool; however, more information is needed to determine the influence of environmental conditions on mefluidide uptake and its ability to suppress seedheads and enhance rooting at low rates.
Tolerance of Bentgrass to Dates and Frequency of Preemergence Herbicide Treatments1
Authors: Johnson B. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCreeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) use for golf greens is rapidly expanding in the South where heat and drought stress is higher for this species. To maintain a good quality weed‐free turfgrass, herbicides are often necessary. The purpose of this research was to determine the tolerance of ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass greens to herbicides applied on different dates and at different frequencies. Herbicides were applied in a randomized complete‐block design to artificial rootzone greens at two separate locations. Applications of oxadiazon {3‐[2,4‐dichloro‐5‐(1‐methylethoxy) penyl]‐5‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐(3H)one}, bensulide [O,Obis(1‐methylethyl)S‐{2‐[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]ethyl}phosphoro‐dithioate] plus oxadiazon, and benefin [N‐butyl‐N‐ethyl‐2,6‐dinitro‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine] plus oxadiazon caused slight to moderate bentgrass shoot discoloration, but the grass fully recovered with no stand loss during the year of treatment. In general, herbicides applied in early March did not discolor bentgrass as much as they did when applied in early April. There was no advantage in bentgrass tolerance with split applications at reduced rates when compared to a full single rate. In several instances, discoloration was higher from split applications (March and May or April and June) at reduced rates for oxadiazon and benefin plus oxadiazon than when the chemicals were applied as a single full rate (March or April). These studies show that oxadiazon alone or in combination with either bensulide or benefin can be used on Penncross creeping bentgrass if some foliage discoloration can be tolerated. Some injury may occur regardless of location and time of year.
Methods for Controlling pH in Hydroponic Culture of Winter Wheat Forage
Authors: Miyasaka S. C. , Checkai R. T. , Grunes D. L. , Norvell W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlants grown in hydroponic culture make useful experimental models for soil‐grown plants. However, a major problem of nutrient solution culture is the adequate buffering of solution pH. Four methods of controlling pH in hydroponic culture of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Centurk’) were compared at two levels of Ca (0.2 and 2.0 mM) to determine the buffering method with the least effect on the uptake of essential nutrient elements. These methods were: (i) manual titration with NaOH; (ii) Amberlite DP‐1 weakly acidic cation exchange resin loaded with Ca, Mg, K, and H; (iii) the organic buffer, 2‐(N‐morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), at 1mM; and (iv) MES a t 5 mM. Five‐millimolar MES gave the most consistent control of solution pH. However, it also inhibited Zn accumulation by wheat. One‐millimolar MES did not maintain the solution pH as well as 5 mM MES, but it did not significantly alter the uptake of any essential nutrient element. It is recommended as a pH buffer for the hydroponic culture of winter wheat. Resin in membrane bags did not adequately buffer the solution pH. It also removed some Mn and Zn from solution, thus depressing their uptake by wheat. Resin in a pump system adequately buffered the solution pH until its effectiveness was limited by the flow rate through the resin bed. Adequate buffering of solution pH was found to be critical for experiments that study the interactions between Ca and other nutrient elements. With the pH buffer, MES, the previously reported effects of Ca on depressing Mg, Mn, and Zn accumulation were observed. However, in the poorly buffered treatments, these elements tended to increase slightly with increasing Ca levels, perhaps due to the effect of Ca on maintaining root membrane integrity in an acidic environment.