bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serogroups of Rhizobium japonicum in Soybean Nodules as Affected by Soil Types1
Authors: Damirgi S. M. , Frederick L. R. , Anderson I. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEmploying a rapid agglutination test, serogroups of Rhizobium japonicum were distinguished by using homogenized nodule suspensions as antigens. Most of the nodules obtained from soybeans on Iowa soils were in one of four serogroups: 123, 135, 31, and 3. Serogroup 123 was dominant, averaging 52% in all soils except a few highly alkaline soils dominated by 135. Serogroups 3 and 31 were found in small percentages in many soils. Serogroups 71a, 110, and 117 were rarely found. Generally, variability between soil sites on the same soil type was less than variability between soil types. Serogroup 123 occupied from 79 to 100% of the nodules in 4 soybean fields on Webster, and was present in about 40% of the nodules from Clarion, Winterset, Shelby, and Lagonda soils. In a soil toposequence grading from Clarion (pH 5.9) to Harpster (pH 8.3), 80% of the nodules from Clarion were serogroup 123, but 92% of the nodules from Harpster contained serogroup 135. The predominance of serogroup 123 or 135 seemed related to soil pH. In sterile soil, serotype 123 grew well at pH values from 6.1 to 8.2; in liquid culture, it had a lower pH limit of about 4.0. In sterile soil, growth of serotype 135 appeared best around pH 8.2; in liquid culture, it had a lower pH limit of 5.5. Cropping with soybeans appeared to increase the percentage of 123, but soil type had a greater influence on the distribution of serogroups than did previous cropping history. The factors which affect the dominance of a serogroup in soybean nodules need further evaluation.
Nitrogen Relationships of Three Tropical Forage Legumes in Pure Stands and in Grass Mixtures1
Authors: Whitney A. S. , Kanehiro Y. , Sherman G. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe capacities of three tropical forage legumes to fix atmospheric N and to transfer fixed N to two associated grasses were evaluated over a 12‐month period under continuously moist climate in Hawaii. Desmodium canum, Centrosema pubescens and D. intortum were grown alone and in combination with napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) in polyethylene‐lined plots filled with fresh volcanic cinders.The grasses averaged 4,400 pounds DM/acre, and the legumes yielded on the average as follows: D. canum 3,530, C. pubescens 6,720; and D. intortum 16,710 pounds/acre. Forage N yields plus root N levels indicated that N fixation by D. canum averaged less than 85 pounds N/acre, and that no transfer of N from D. canum to either grass occurred. C. pubescens fixed 240 pounds N/acre in pure stand and about 110 pounds N when grown with grasses. Some transfer of N from centro to the grasses was noted during a long (6‐month) growing period, amounting to 6–11% of the N fixed during that period. Intortum fixed 340 pounds N/acre in 12 months, and 5% or less of this was transferred to the associated grasses.The nitrogen transfer observed apparently involved N released by both the aerial and sub‐aerial portions of the legume plants.
Water Use, Stomatal Action, and Transpiration Unaffected by Atrazine1
Authors: Pallas J. E. , Bertrand A. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of soil‐applied atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine) on water use, stomatal activity, and yield of a hybrid and an open‐pollinated variety of corn were studied in the field. The studies were conducted in Cecil sandy loam soil using two moisture regimes, irrigated and simulated drought (plastic‐covered soil).Irrigated corn had significantly higher yields, lower water use efficiency, and higher stomatal activity than the nonirrigated corn.The hybrid yielded more and was a more efficient user of water than the open‐pollinated variety.Atrazine did not significantly affect yield, water use efficiency, or stomatal activity of corn under the experimental conditions.
Effect of Phosphorus and Nitrogen Placement on Safflower Growth and Phosphorus Absorption
Authors: Werkhoven C. H. E. , Massantini F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of N and P placement on safflower growth and fertilizer P absorption was studied in the greenhouse. One level of N, 112 kg/ha, as NH4NO3, and three levels of P32‐labeled P, viz., 0, 28, and 56 kg P per ha, as Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O, were used. The placements included banding N and P together 2.5 cm below the seed, broadcasting both elements, banding P with the N broadcast, and banding N with the P broadcast. The amount of fertilizer P absorbed and plant heights were measured weekly and the percentages of total plant P and fertilizer‐derived P, as well as the dry matter yield, were determined at the conclusion of the trial. In general, banding of P was more efftcient than broadcasting. Banding 28 kg P per ha was as effective as broadcasting twice that amount. The placement of N was less important than the placement of P. Placement treatments did not affect the total P concentration in the plants.
Germination Characteristics of Cheese‐weed (Malva parviflora L.) Seeds
Authors: Sumner D. C. , Cobb Rodney D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCheese‐weed (Malva parviflora L.), best known as a weed, has value as a cover crop. The seeds possess mechanisms which delay germination and thus insure establishment over many years. This creates difficulties in testing germination or in establishing crop stands. The seed coat initially is impermeable to water. Permeability alone does not insure germination, which is under additional control, possibly by endogenous inhibiting substances.
Response of Creeping and Noncreeping Alfalfa Clones to Harvesting Regimes1
Authors: Taylor T. H. , Templeton W. C. , Taylor N. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe behavior of 4 noncreeping and 5 creeping alfalfa clones was observed in a field experiment under 4 harvesting regimes. The 2 clonal types were increased vegetatively and transplanted into Kentucky bluegrass sod. After the establishment year, the plants were harvested 3 and 5 times annually at stubble heights of 2.5 and 12.7 cm (1 and 5 inches) for 2 successive years. Marked variation in yield, creeping, and survival occurred among clones within both clonal types under the 3‐harvest system, whereas little variation was observed among individual clones under the 5‐cut regime, indicating that potential yield, spreading, and survival of a particular genotype may not be expressed unless a compatible harvesting system is imposed. Creeping and noncreeping types responded similarly to harvesting frequencies and height of cutting. The advantage of creeping over noncreeping alfalfa appears to lie primarily in the ability of creeping types to thicken stands under lenient harvesting management.
Soil Factors Influencing the Growth of Cotton Following Peach Orchards1
Authors: Lee C. R. , Page N. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCotton grown in pot cultures of Faceville sand (pH 5.3) from a peach orchard site showed stunted growth, leaf chlorosis, and high concentrations of Zn and Mn. Raising soil pH to 6.0 or above with CaCO3 + MgCO3, peach tree ash, or Na2CO3 produced normal growth and decreased concentrations of Zn and Mn in cotton plants. Adding P as Ca(H2PO4)2 or CaSO4 + MgSO4 did not improve growth. The sulfates which lowered soil pH accentuated leaf abnormalities and increased plant content of Zn and Mn.Lowering pH of Eustis sand, which had never been in peaches, to 5.0 had no effect on growth of cotton. Adding an amount of Zn much below that sprayed on peach trees during the life of an orchard produced stunted growth and chlorotic leaves.Stunted growth of cotton following peaches appeared to be caused largely by Zn spray residues made available by low soil pH. The trouble was corrected by raising soil pH to 6.0 or above.
Yield, Protein, Nitrate, and Prussic Acid Content of Sudangrass, Sudangrass Hybrids, and Pearl Millets Harvested at Two Cutting Frequencies and Two Stubble Heights1
Authors: Burger A. W. , Hittle C. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree sorghum × sudangrass hybrids, one sudangrass hybrid, three pearl millet hybrids, and ‘Piper’ sudangrass were harvested at two stubble heights and two cutting frequencies during the 1964 and 1965 growing seasons. Growth and chemical composition responses were as follows:

Yields of all varieties harvested three times per year were superior to those of varieties harvested four times per year.

Yields of all varieties cut at the 7.6‐cm (3 inch) stubble height were higher than those of varieties cut at 15.2‐cm (6 inch) when they were cut three times per year, excepting PM × 1 and PM × 3 in 1964.

The crude protein of all varieties was 2.6% higher when harvested four compared with three times per year. Crude protein levels were higher when varieties were cut at 7.6‐cm compared with 15.2‐cm stubble height in the 4‐cut system. In the 3‐cut system, only small differences in crude protein resulted from varying the stubble height.

The nitrate nitrogen accumulation in the herbage of all varieties was higher when they were cut at the 7.6‐cm compared with the 15.2‐cm stubble height in the 4‐cut frequency. The nitrate nitrogen content of the herbage of the pearl millet varieties was higher than for Piper sudangrass and/or sudangrass hybrids.

In the 3‐cut frequency, higher HCN levels were found for herbage cut at the 15.2‐cm stubble height, whereas, in the 4‐cut frequency, higher HCN levels resulted from herbage cut at the 7.6‐cm stubble height.

The average HCN level and, with but one exception, the nitrate nitrogen content of the herbage of sorghum × sudangrass hybrids were higher than those for the herbage of Piper sudangrass.
Nitrogen and Sugar Levels of Pith Tissue in Corn as Influenced by Plant Age and by Potassium and Chloride Ion Fertilization1
Authors: Martens J. W. , Arny D. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOrganic nitrogen and sugar levels in the second internode pith tissue of three corn (Zea mays L.) lines, with three fertilizer treatments, were determined over a period of 9 weeks, beginning shortly before silking. Nitrogen levels were highest at 11 weeks after planting, or about silking time, and then declined. Total and reducing sugars in the pith tissue increased up to 13 to 15 weeks and then declined. The application of 168 kg/ha (150 lb/acre) of potassium as KCl significantly increased organic nitrogen levels in two of the three lines under study. Reducing sugars were sharply decreased in all corn lines by the KCl treatment. The application of 157 kg/ha (140 lb/acre) of chloride ion as NH4Cl (without K+) significantly decreased reducing sugar levels in one corn line and, in general, had effects similar to, but smaller than, the KCl treatment.
Salinity Tolerance of Seven Varieties of Creeping Bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Huds.
Authors: Youngner V. B. , Lunt O. R. , Nudge F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSignificant differences were observed for salinity tolerance among creeping bentgrass varieties grown in solution cultures. Top growth of all varieties decreased with increased salinity. In terms of relative yields of clippings, ‘Arlington,’ ‘Seaside,’ ‘Pennlu,’ and ‘Old Orchard’ were most tolerant; ‘Congressional’ and ‘Cohansey‘ were intermediate; and ‘Penncross’ was least tolerant. Seaside had the highest survival rating under extreme saline conditions and the best recovery when removed from the salt treatments. Congressional had the lowest survival rating at the high salt levels. There was evidence of variation for salt tolerance among individual plants within the Seaside variety.
Response of Zea mays L. to a “Light Rich” Field Environment1
Authors: Pendleton J. W. , Egli D. B. , Peters D. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMany past studies with Zea mays L. evaluated the effect of artificial shade or a reduced light environment on corn production. The response of this crop to a “light rich” environment was investigated over a 2‐year period at Urbana, Ill., where other ecological factors were deemed adequate.Grain yields were greatly increased by growing plants in front of large reflectors. Theoretical yields of 23,710 kg/ha (377 bu/acre) were obtained. Border plants in the “light rich” environment had more tillers, more plants with two ears, shorter stalks with greater diameter, and a slightly larger leaf area than plants from inner rows or normal border rows. These studies suggest that under field conditions all leaves on corn plants are not light saturated, even at low rates of planting, and, therefore, light appears to be the primary ecological factor limiting the grain yield of this crop when grown under highly productive conditions.
Comparison of Momentum and Energy Balance Methods of Computing Vertical Transfer Within a Crop1
Authors: Wright J. L. , Brown K. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMeasurements of windspeed, air temperature, wet‐bulb depression, and net radiation were made at several levels within and above the crop. Soil heat flux and incident radiation were also measured. Transfer coefficient distributions were computed separately from the windspeed data by a momentum balance approach, and from the other data by the energy balance method. The agreement between the two methods was better near the top of the crop than near the soil. Drag coefficients computed from the energy balance results were not independent of height within the crop as was assumed in the momentum balance analysis. The low Reynolds numbers for the lower portion of the crop could account for the deviation. The energy balance approach required more measurements but was easier to apply in calculating the distribution of the transfer coefficient for the computation of the vertical flux of such entities as heat, water vapor, and carbon dioxide within the crop.
Relative Effects of Acid Subsoils on Cotton Yields in Field Experiments and on Cotton Roots in Growth‐Chamber Experiments1
Authors: Adams Fred , Pearson R. W. , Doss B. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField experiments were conducted with cotton on Norfolk, Magnolia, and Greenville soils where previous treatments had established different subsoil acidity levels at each test site. The surface soil of each plot was differentially limed wth a very fine lime to adjust its pH within the range of 6.0 to 6.5. Bulk subsoil samples were obtained from representative plots at each subsoil pH level, and the rate of early cotton root growth was measured with short‐term experiments in a controlled environment. Yields in the field experiments were considerably less sensitive to subsoil acidity differences than were cotton roots in the controlled environment. Maximum cotton yields in the field were obtained on soils in which the rate of root growth inthe subsoils during short‐term experiments was only ½ to % of the maximum rate. The data suggest that maximum yields in the field are realized from a root system mat proliferates in the subsoil at a rate considerably below its potential.
Effects of Potassium and Chloride Ion on Root Necrosis, Stalk Rot, and Pith Condition in Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Martens J. W. , Arny D. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPotassium chloride, applied at 168 kg/ha (150 lb/acre) potassium, decreased natural root necrosis and delayed death of corn plants, but increased stalk rot when the stalks were inoculated with Diplodia maydis (Berk) Sacc. (Diplodia zeae (Schw.) Lev.). Pith density (number of live cells) increased significantly with KCl treatment in two of the three corn lines under study. Applying 158 kg/ha (140 lb/acre) chloride ion as NH4Cl (without K+) significantly increased pith density in one corn line and in general had effects similar to, but smaller than, the KCl treatment. Extensive pith degeneration had already occurred at silking time, before peak sugar levels in this tissue, in the two lines which are considered most susceptible to stalk rot.
An Evaluation of Asphalt Coatings on Phosphorus Fertilizers1
Authors: Hall J. K. , Baker D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractControlling the dissolution rate of P from fertilizer by use of an effective asphalt coating on water‐soluble superphosphate did not result in increased recovery of added P by successive crops. Average growth response of plants and amounts of P absorbed from this coated fertilizer by successive croppings were less than those obtained by plants grown with water‐insoluble dicalcium phosphate and calcium metaphosphate. Four to five times as much of the coated as uncoated superphosphate was required to supply equal amounts of P to millet. With reduced availability of P in the coated fertilizer, a much larger portion of the plant P was absorbed from the indigenous soil P.The asphalt coating which was effective on superphosphate was not effective on diammonium phosphate or magnesium ammonium phosphate because ot failure to adhere to the surface of the crystals. Other similar asphalt coatings were not effective on superphosphate.
Molybdenum Deficiency of Cauliflower Influenced by Soil Moisture and Fertilizer Rate1
Authors: Allen Lee D. , Laughlin Winston M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCauliflower plants in an irrigation field trial involving two rates of commercial fertilizer developed a nutritional deficiency where no supplemental water was applied. Rapid recovery following application of a Mo foliar spray enabled a crop to be harvested. Photographs illustrate foliage symptoms and response to Mo foliar spray.
Herbicide versus Cultivation for Corn with Two Methods of Seedbed Preparation
Authors: Hinesly T. D. , Knake E. L. , Seif R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA split‐plot experiment consisting of two methods of seedbed preparation for corn with three methods of weed control was conducted on the same areas of seven different soil types during 1962, 1963, and 1964. Conventional tillage (three diskings after plowing) was compared to reduced tillage (one disking after plowing) as a seedbed preparation variable. Weed control methods on subplots consisted of cultivation alone, atrazine alone, and atrazine plus cultivation.
Effects of Spittlebug Injury on Root Production and Sod Reserves of Coastal Bermudagrass1
Authors: Taliaferro C. M. , Byers R. A. , Burton G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAboveground growth in fields of Coastal and other bermudagrass cultivars is often severely injured or killed in the southeastern United States by the two‐lined spittlebug, Prosapia bicincta (Say). Results of greenhouse and field investigations show that sustained spittlebug damage to the aboveground growth of Coastal bermudagrass significantly reduces root production and available sod reserves. The data suggest that the toxin, which the insect injects into plant stems, has little if any adverse effect on underground plant parts and that the reduction in root development and sod reserves is primarily a function of the cessation of photosynthesis and other essential life processes in top growth. The significant reduction in roots and sod reserves indicates that prolonged or yearly repetition of spittlebug damage can be expected to drastically reduce the productivity and persistence of bermudagrass.
Manganese Nutrition of Sweet Potatoes in Relation to Manganese Content, Deficiency Symptoms, and Growth1
Authors: Mishra Upendra N. , Kelley James D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSweet potatoes, variety ‘Allgold’, were grown in nutrient culture under greenhouse conditions at 8 levels of Mn ranging from 0.002 to 0.25 ppm. Maximum weight of roots and shoots were obtained at an Mn concentration of 0.031 ppm in the nutrient solution. Manganese concentration was higher in the blades than in the petioles and roots. Maximum growth was obtained in plants with an Mn concentration between 25 and 60 ppm in the blades and 20 to 30 ppm in the petioles. Growth of sweet potatoes was more closely related to the Mn concentration of the blades than that of petioles or roots. Initial deficiency symptoms were observed in younger leaves having an Mn concentration of less than 25 ppm in the blades and 18 ppm in the petioles. Manganese nutrition had no significant influence on the K, Ca, and Mg concentrations of the roots, petioles, and blades. Phosphorous concentration of the petioles was influenced by Mn nutrition.
A System for Short Interval Measurement of Evapotranspiration1
Authors: Peck N. H. , Mielke L. N. , Vittum M. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlants were grown in sand‐nutrient culture beeds in the field. Nutrient solution was cycled from the sand beds to elevated measuring tanks. Float recorders in the tanks measured the decrease in volume, or evapotranspiration, for each 2‐hour cycle.
EFfect of Sulfur and Trace Minerals on Forage Sorghum Yield and Mineral Composition1
Authors: Owen D. F. , Furr R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPeliminary research indicates that forage sorghum hybrids and varieties differ in nitrogen and mineral contents. Contents of N, P, K, S, Ca, Zn, and Mn varied significantly among varieties. The varieties tested were below the postulated optimum beef cattle requirements for P, Ca, S, and Zn. Chelated minerals and sulfur added to the soil before planting did not affect the yield or mineral composition of the varieties tested.
Evapotranspiration of Cotton and Estimation Methods1
Authors: Namken L. N. , Gerard C. J. , Brown R. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAverage measured ET curves and ET/RS curves were developed for estimating short‐period (7 to 14 days) or seasonal ET for cotton grown under wet, moderate, and dry soil moisture regimes on a medium‐ and a fine‐textured soil in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Maximum average ET rates ranged from 0.46 cm per day for the dry moisture regime to 0.74 cm per day on the wet moisture regime on the medium‐textured soil compared with 0.46 to 0.76 cm per day on the dry and wet moisture regimes, respectively, on the fine‐textured soil.Comparison of the two estimating methods indicated that cotton ET estimates made from average ET were as reliable as estimates made from ET/RS and solar radiation.
Evapotranspiration Rates for Irrigated Crops at Geneva, New York1
Authors: Peck N. H. , Vittum M. T. , Gibbs G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEvapotranspiration rates for alfalfa and vegetable crops were determined by measuring changes in available soil water, using gypsum blocks placed at depths of 10, 30, and 50 cm. Available soil water was maintained above 50% capacity in the surface 60 cm of soil for the vegetable crops, and for alfalfa after the first cutting was made in June. Each crop was grown in at least 5 years. Maximum daily evapotranspiration rates and the dates that they occurred as calculated from standard quadratic regression equations were: alfalfa, 3.8 mm, July 26; tomatoes, 4.3 mm, July 29; snap beans, 4.3 mm, August 4; cabbage, 4.3 mm, August 16; sweet corn, 4.6 mm, July 31; squash, 4.1 mm, July 31; and peas, 5.3 mm, June 30.
Interaction Effects of Atrazine and CDAA, Linuron, Amiben, or Trifluralin on Soybean Growth1
Authors: Espinoza W. G. , Adams R. S. , Behrens R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrowth chamber experiments were conducted to study the influence of atrazine, CDAA, linuron, amiben, trifluralin, and combinations of atrazine with these herbicides on the dry matter produced by two varieties of soybeans. Sublethal atrazine treatments did not significantly depress soybean growth as compared to the control. The effect of atrazine in combination with CDAA or linuron was not significant. When damping off organisms were not controlled, severe injury to soybeans occurred in treatments containing amiben or trifluralin at 4.5 ppmw. Sublethal amounts of atrazine appeared to overcome this injury. When seeds were treated with fungicide, the growth of soybean seedlings was depressed by treatments containing combinations of trifluralin and atrazine in proportiont to the amount of atrazine present. Combinations of atrazine and amiben gave growth responses similar to those observed in the earlier experiments, except that pathogen injury was inhibited by the fungicide.