bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between the dysbindin gene (DTNBP1) and cognitive functions in Japanese subjects
Authors: Hashimoto Ryota , Noguchi Hiroko , Hori Hiroaki , Ohi Kazutaka , Yasuda Yuka , Takeda Masatoshi , Kunugi Hiroshi 
Published: May 2009

Aim:  The dysbindin gene (dystrobrevin binding protein 1: DTNBP1) is a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. Susceptibility genes for schizophrenia have been hypothesized to mediate liability for the disorder at least partly by influencing cognitive performance. This report investigated the relationship between cognitive function and the dysbindin gene.Methods:  The possible association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of DTNBP1 (rs2619539: P1655), which is a risk‐independent SNP for schizophrenia in Japanese populations, and memory and IQ was investigated in 70 schizophrenia patients and 165 healthy volunteers in a Japanese population.Results:  This SNP was associated with two memory scales, verbal memory and general memory, on the Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised (WMS‐R), and three subcategories of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised (WAIS‐R), vocabulary, similarities and picture completion in healthy subjects. The SNP, however, did not influence either the indices of WMS‐R, IQ or subcategories of WAIS‐R in schizophrenia patients.Conclusion:  A risk‐independent SNP in DTNBP1 may have an impact on cognitive functions such as memory and IQ in healthy subjects.
Psychiatric consultation for post‐liver‐transplantation patients
Authors: Chiu Nien‐Mu , Chen Chao‐Long , Cheng Andrew T. A. 
Published: May 2009

Aim:  This report describes the clinical characteristics of referral inpatients who received liver transplantation and the surgeon's concordance with the psychiatric consultation.Methods:  During a 4‐year period, psychiatric consultation was arranged for 30 post‐liver‐transplantation inpatients at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. A psychiatrist assessed these patients and made psychiatric diagnoses according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition. The clinical data were routinely collected via modified MICRO‐CARES software. At the end of the 4‐year study period, all the medical records of these 30 inpatients were reviewed.Results:  Psychiatric diagnosis was made in 70% of the patients (n = 21) in three major categories, including delirious state (n = 8), depressive disorder (n = 5), and anxiety/dyssomnia (n = 8). All these conditions were improved by psychiatric management. We found that the consultee's concordance with recommended drug prescriptions was high with antidepressants in depressive patients and low with antipsychotics in patients with delirium. Moreover, anxiolytics were frequently prescribed in post‐transplant inpatients before psychiatric consultation.Conclusion:  These findings suggest that psychiatric consultation is beneficial to inpatients after liver transplantation, especially those with depression and delirium.
Developmental pattern of urinary bile acid profile in preterm infants
Authors: Nishiura Hiroshi , Kimura Akihiko , Yamato Yasuhiko , Aoki Kumiko , Inokuchi Takahiro , Kurosawa Takao , Matsuishi Toyojiro 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackground:  Bile acid metabolism in preterm infants is yet to be fully characterized. We compared the developmental pattern of urinary bile acid profiles in ten infants born at gestational ages from 25 to 33 weeks with previous data from full‐term infants from birth to about 7 months of age.Methods:  Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was performed on serial samples.Results:  Total urinary bile acid concentrations gradually increased until 1 to 2 months of age. After this peak of excretion (30 to 60 µmol/mmol creatinine), total urinary bile acid concentrations gradually decreased to less than 20 µmol/mmol creatinine. The percentage of usual bile acids (mainly cholic acid) relative to total urinary total bile acids gradually deceased from approximately 30% at birth to less than 15% at 7 months of age. On the other hand, 1β‐hydroxylated bile acids (mainly 1β,3α,7α,12α‐tetrahydroxy‐5β‐cholan‐24‐oic acid) relative to total urinary bile acids were increased gradually from 60% at birth to reach 70% to 80% at 1 month of age. The percentage of 1β‐hydroxylated bile acids relative to total urinary bile acids then remained stable at a high percentage (70% to 90%) until the age of 7 months.Conclusion:  Physiological cholestasis in preterm infants persists longer than in full‐term infants. Moreover, as large amounts of cholic and 1β,3α,7α,12α‐tetrahydroxy‐5β‐cholan‐24‐oic acids were detected in urine from preterm infants during this study, the 25‐hydroxylation pathway may be particularly important for bile acid synthesis in early preterm infants.
Effects of bodyweight‐based exercise training on muscle functions of leg multi‐joint movement in elderly individuals
Authors: Yamauchi Junichiro , Nakayama Satoshi , Ishii Naokata 
Published: May 2009

Background:  Because demands of functional exercise training with using own bodyweight for elderly individuals were increasing, the present study investigated the effects of bodyweight‐based exercise training on muscle functions of leg multi‐joint movements in elderly individuals.Methods:  Twenty‐seven untrained healthy elderly individuals (mean ± standard deviation, 66.0 ± 5.7 years) completed the training program for 10 months. The exercise program consisted mainly of exercises for large leg muscle groups without using external weight, performing 10–50 repetitions and 1–3 sets for each exercise. Before and after the training period, force–velocity relations of knee–hip extension movements were measured with a servo‐controlled dynamometer and the maximum force (Fmax), velocity (Vmax) and power (Pmax) were determined.Results:  After the training, Fmax and Pmax increased and these increases represented 15% (P < 0.001) and 13% (P < 0.01) of pre‐training value, respectively, while Vmax did not change. Increases in Fmax after the training were positively correlated with the initial exercise intensity determined from bodyweight (BW)/Fmax of pre‐training values (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  A training program using bodyweight can be substantially effective in improving lower limb muscle force and power in elderly individuals; however, the initial training status is important for progressive increases in muscle force.
Three different premixed combinations of biphasic insulin aspart – comparison of the efficacy and safety in a randomized controlled clinical trial in subjects with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Cucinotta D. , Smirnova O. , Christiansen J. S. , Kanc K. , Le Devehat C. , Wojciechowska M. , López de la Torre M. , Liebl A. 
Published: May 2009

Aim:  To evaluate clinical efficacy and safety of biphasic insulin aspart (BIAsp) 30 twice daily (b.i.d.) vs. BIAsp 50 or BIAsp 70 (high‐mix regimens) thrice daily (t.i.d.) all in combination with metformin in a 36‐week clinical trial in subjects with type 2 diabetes.Methods:  Efficacy measurements included haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and eight‐point plasma glucose (PG); safety included adverse events (AEs) and hypoglycaemic episodes. The three treatment groups (approximately 200 subjects in each group) were well matched regarding sex ratio, ethnicity, age and body mass index.Results:  After 12 weeks, 43% and 54% in the BIAsp 50 and 70 groups, respectively, switched their dinner insulin to BIAsp 30. Both high‐mix regimens were non‐inferior to BIAsp 30 b.i.d., as measured by change in HbA1c, and the BIAsp %50 regimen was superior. The odds for meeting the American Diabetes Association and The American Association of Clinícal Endocrinologist HbA1c targets of <7% and ≤6.5%, respectively, were significantly higher with the BIAsp 50 regimen than with BIAsp 30. A significantly lower PG level was achieved from lunch until 02:00 hours with both high‐mix regimens compared with BIAsp 30 b.i.d. AEs were mild or moderate with all three regimens. Frequency of hypoglycaemic episodes was comparable for the BIAsp 50 and the BIAsp 30 b.i.d. regimens but was significantly higher with BIAsp 70 t.i.d.Conclusions:  Glycaemic control improved with BIAsp 50 t.i.d. without higher incidence of hypoglycaemia compared with BIAsp 30 b.i.d.; with BIAsp 70 t.i.d. lower PG levels from lunch to 02.00 hours, but more hypoglycaemic episodes were obtained compared with BIAsp 30 b.i.d. (Clinical Trials.gov ID no: NCT00184574).
Pharmacokinetics and linear exposure of AFRESA™ compared with the subcutaneous injection of regular human insulin
Authors: Rave K. , Potocka E. , Boss A. H. , Marino M. , Costello D. , Chen R. 
Published: May 2009

Aim:  AFRESA™ [Technosphere® Insulin (TI); MannKind Corporation, Valencia, CA], a dry powder preparation of regular human insulin (RHI), utilizes a novel and versatile drug carrier platform that enables pulmonary administration of medications typically administered by injection. The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters of three different inhaled doses of TI with those of subcutaneous (s.c.) RHI.Methods:  This randomized, open‐label, four‐way crossover study of 11 healthy, non‐smoking volunteers evaluated PK and PD profiles following single inhalations of 25, 50 or 100 U TI and 10 IU RHI administered subcutaneously using a euglycaemic clamp technique.Results:  Following inhalation of TI, peak insulin concentrations (Cmax) were achieved approximately 2 h earlier than with RHI (12–17 min for TI vs. 134 min for RHI). Area under the insulin concentration–time curve (AUC) and insulin Cmax values increased with increasing TI dose. Insulin exposure, as measured by AUC, was found to be linear over the dose range studied. Compared with s.c. RHI, TI at doses of 25, 50 and 100 U showed a relative bioavailability of 25, 23 and 21%, respectively. The maximum bioeffect, as measured by the glucose infusion rate, occurred approximately 2 h earlier for all three TI doses (42, 50 and 58 min, respectively) than for s.c. RHI (171 min). No treatment‐related adverse events were reported with TI.Conclusion:  TI is an inhaled insulin with a more rapid absorption and a more rapid elimination than subcutaneously administered RHI, resulting in a quick onset and short duration of action. Insulin exposure following TI administration was found to be linear over the dose range of 25–100 U.
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and tolerability of multiple oral doses of linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor in male type 2 diabetes patients
Authors: Heise T. , Graefe‐Mody E. U. , Hüttner S. , Ring A. , Trommeshauser D. , Dugi K. A. 
Published: May 2009

Aims:  To investigate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of multiple oral doses of the dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitor linagliptin (BI 1356) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods:  Forty‐seven male type 2 diabetic patients received linagliptin 1, 2.5, 5 or 10 mg, or placebo, once daily for 12 days.Results:  Linagliptin exposure [area under the plasma concentration–time curve and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax)] increased less than proportionally with dose. Accumulation half‐life was short (8.6–23.9 h), resulting in rapid attainment of steady state (2–5 days) and little accumulation (range: 1.18–2.03). The long terminal half‐life (113–131 h) led to a sustained inhibition of DPP‐4 activity. Renal excretion was below 1% on day 1 in all dose groups. Inhibition of plasma DPP‐4 activity correlated well with linagliptin plasma concentrations, resulting in DPP‐4 inhibition >90% in the two highest dose groups; even 24 h postdose, DPP‐4 inhibition was >80%. Following an oral glucose tolerance test, 24 h after the last dose, statistically significant reductions of glucose excursions were observed with linagliptin (2.5, 5 and 10 mg doses) compared with placebo. Linagliptin was well tolerated. The frequency of adverse events (AEs) was not higher with linagliptin (54%) than with placebo (75%). No serious AEs and no episodes of hypoglycaemia were reported.Conclusions:  In type 2 diabetic patients, multiple rising doses of linagliptin were well tolerated and resulted in significant improvements of glucose parameters. Together with the favourable pharmacokinetics, these results confirm the unique profile of linagliptin in the DPP‐4 inhibitor class.
An assessment of the economic and heart health benefits of replacing saturated fat in the diet with monounsaturates in the form of rapeseed (canola) oil
Authors: Harland J. I. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThere is a well‐established requirement for the UK population to reduce the saturates content of its diet from around 13.3% energy (E) intake to 10% E intake (including alcohol) and to improve fat quality by increasing monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) intake. Canola (rapeseed) oil is one of the richest sources of dietary MUFAs and is a good source of the omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) alpha‐linolenic acid. Recent advances using conventional plant breeding have led to the development of high‐oleic canola, which has an increased level of MUFA and greater oxidative stability, making it suitable for a wide range of culinary purposes including frying.Around 7% of dietary saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake in adults derives from potatoes (fried potatoes and chips) and savoury snacks, with the value increasing to 13%–15% SFA in 4–18‐year‐olds. Traditionally, frying oils have been high in saturates content and their replacement with lower SFA alternatives provides the opportunity for food manufactures to lower SFA content of food with minimal consumer intervention. It has been estimated that at least half of the SFA in this category of foods can be replaced.In this review of literature, ten intervention studies were identified, where SFAs and/or carbohydrates were replaced by rapeseed oil, and the effect on blood lipids were reported. Results from these studies were pooled using standard meta‐analysis methods. The standard mean differences in total cholesterol (Total‐C) and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) were 0.86 mmol/l [95% confidence interval (CI): −1.05 to −0.66] (ten studies) and 0.87 mmol/l (95% CI: −1.07 to −0.66) (nine studies), respectively, both significant (P < 0.0001) and non‐heterogeneous (P > 0.1).Using the pooled data, it can be calculated that each gram of SFA intake reduction was associated with reductions in both Total‐C and LDL‐C of 0.03 mmol/l, while each gram increase in either MUFA or PUFA reduced Total‐C by 0.05 and 0.09, respectively, and LDL‐C by 0.04 mmol/l and 0.08 mmol/l, respectively. It was also calculated that each 10 g increase in MUFA or rapeseed oil intake was associated with a reduction in Total‐C of 9.8% and 5.8%, respectively.In 2006, annual direct healthcare costs associated with coronary heart disease were estimated at £3.2 billion and the overall cost to the UK economy was nearly £9.0 billion. Assuming 3.5 g total fat (typically 30% E SFA) is replaced by 3.5 g rapeseed oil, then it can be predicted that Total‐C will be reduced by 1.9%, equivalent to an annual reduction of £61 million direct health costs and £171 million total costs.
HEALTHY MINDS IN HEALTHY BODIES: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF EDUCATION‐RELATED INEQUALITY IN PHYSICAL HEALTH AMONG OLDER ADULTS
Authors: Jürges Hendrik 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe study education‐related inequality in the physical health of older adults across 11 European countries and the United States. Combining the data from Health and Retirement Study 2002, the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing 2002 and the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe 2004, our results suggest that education is strongly correlated with health both across and within countries. Education‐related inequality in health is larger in Mediterranean and Anglo‐Saxon countries than in western European countries. We find no evidence of a trade‐off between health levels and equity in health. Education‐related inequality in health is hardly driven by income or wealth effects (except in the United States), and differences in health behaviours (smoking) by education level contribute little to health differences across education groups.
Requirements for Next Generation Spatial Data Infrastructures‐Standardized Web Based Geoprocessing and Web Service Orchestration
Authors: Kiehle Christian , Greve Klaus , Heier Christian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSpatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) have been widely accepted to exchange geospatial data among organizations. Today SDIs main focus lies on the provision of geospatial data in the form of distributed spatial web services, the retrieval through catalogues, and visualization in the form of Web Map Services (WMS). The hypothesis presented in this paper takes SDI's one step further by providing a method to process geodata in an Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) compliant way into information. Two case studies present the potential of standardized geoprocessing services. In addition, this paper addresses the problem of service chaining by providing a system architecture to implement complex geoprocessing models and workflows based on web services using Web Service Orchestration (WSO). The proposed methods utilize spatial standards provided by OGC, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and ‘mainstream IT’ standards provided by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) to establish a generic web service architecture for providing common geoprocessing capabilities (e.g. spatial algorithms, map algebra, etc.) for usage in SDIs.
Electrophysiological markers of large fibre sensory neuropathy: a study of sensory and motor conduction parameters
Authors: Rajabally Y. A. , Beri S. , Bankart J. 
Published: May 2009

Background:  The frequency of sural sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) abnormalities in large fibre sensory neuropathy (LFSN) is uncertain. When sural SNAPs are normal, the sural/radial amplitude ratio (SRAR) was found to improve diagnostic yield in some studies. Motor parameters have been studied rarely, but may be helpful in this setting.Methods:  The electrophysiology of 105 consecutive patients with LFSN was reviewed and compared with that of 62 controls. We determined (i) the frequency of abnormal sural SNAPs, (ii) the proportion of patients with normal sural SNAPs but reduced SRAR <0.21 and (iii) the utility of motor studies (motor nerve conduction velocity, compound muscle action potential, F‐wave).Results:  Reduced age‐adjusted sural SNAPs were present in 54.3% of all patients. In those with normal age‐adjusted sural SNAPs, SRAR <0.21 offered a sensitivity of 52.1% and specificity of 83.9%, and prolonged lower limb F‐wave latency >105% of the upper limit of normal (ULN) offered a sensitivity of 29.2% and specificity of 90%. Independently and in combination, both parameters significantly improved diagnostic yield.Discussion:  The combined use of SRAR <0.21 and/or lower limb F‐wave delay >105% of the ULN may be useful in patients with LFSN and normal sural SNAPs.
Palliative care patients' experiences of healthcare treatment
Authors: Kennett Cynthia , Payne Malcolm 
Published: May 2009

Kennett C, Payne M. Palliative care patients' experiences of healthcare treatmentInt J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 262–271 © 2009 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.This article reports on a thematic analysis of the opinions of 34 palliative care patients about medical and healthcare treatment expressed in comments, narratives and discussions during a series of facilitated group discussions undertaken as part of training events for medical students. Palliative care patients often have long healthcare careers, which enables them to compare different professionals and services, thus offering a more powerful and complex analysis of patient experience than that obtainable from analysis of complaints or satisfaction surveys, and permits some understanding to be obtained of the attitudes that condition evaluations of services. The patients balanced negative views with positive experiences. They appreciated open, listening, equal and friendly relationships with professionals in which careful explanation fostered their confidence in the overall service. They criticised inflexible services that did not consider their broad needs, and in which relationships with professionals were characterised by busy‐ness and professional distance.
Anticipating bipedalism: trabecular organization in the newborn ilium
Authors: Cunningham Craig A. , Black Sue M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTrabecular bone structural organization is considered to be predominantly influenced by localized temporal forces which act to maintain and remodel the trabecular architecture into a biomechanically optimal configuration. In the adult pelvis, the most significant remodelling forces are believed to be those generated during bipedal locomotion. However, during the fetal and neonatal period the pelvic complex is non‐weight bearing and, as such, structural organization of iliac trabecular bone cannot reflect direct stance‐related forces. In this study, micro‐computed tomography scans from 28 neonatal ilia were analysed, using a whole bone approach, to investigate the trabecular characteristics present within specific volumes of interest relevant to density gradients highlighted in a previous radiographic study. Analysis of the structural indices bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, trabecular spacing and trabecular number was carried out to quantitatively investigate structural composition. Quantification of the neonatal trabecular structure reinforced radiographic observations by highlighting regions of significant architectural form which grossly parallel architectural differences in the adult pattern but which have previously been attributed to stance‐related forces. It is suggested that the seemingly organized rudimentary scaffold observed in the neonatal ilium may be attributable to other non‐weight bearing anatomical interactions or even to a predetermined genetic blueprint. It must also be postulated that whilst the observed patterning may be indicative of a predetermined inherent template, early non‐weight bearing and late stance‐related locomotive influences may subsequently be superimposed upon this scaffolding and perhaps reinforced and likely remodelled at a later age. Ultimately, the analysis of this fundamental primary pattern has core implications for understanding the earliest changes in pelvic trabecular architecture and provides a baseline insight into future ontogenetic development and bipedal capabilities.
Knockdown of alpha myosin heavy chain disrupts the cytoskeleton and leads to multiple defects during chick cardiogenesis
Authors: Rutland Catrin , Warner Louise , Thorpe Aaran , Alibhai Aziza , Robinson Thelma , Shaw Barry , Layfield Robert , Brook J. David , Loughna Siobhan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAtrial septal defects are a common congenital heart defect in humans. Although mutations in different genes are now frequently being described, little is known about the processes and mechanisms behind the early stages of atrial septal development. By utilizing morpholino‐induced knockdown in the chick we have analysed the role of alpha myosin heavy chain during early cardiogenesis in a temporal manner. Upon knockdown of alpha myosin heavy chain, three different phenotypes of the atrial septum were observed: (1) the atrial septum failed to initiate, (2) the septum was initiated but was growth restricted, or (3) incorrect specification occurred resulting in multiple septa forming. In addition, at a lower frequency, decreased alpha myosin heavy chain was found to give rise to an abnormally looped heart or an enlarged heart. Staining of the actin cytoskeleton indicated that many of the myofibrils in the knockdown hearts were not as mature as those observed in the controls, suggesting a mechanism for the defects seen. Therefore, these data suggest a role for alpha myosin heavy chain in modelling of the early heart and the range of defects to the atrial septum suggest roles in its initiation, specification and growth during development.