bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the accuracy of tooth color measurement by combining the Munsell color system and dental colorimeter
Authors: Chang Jiun‐Yao , Chen Wen‐Cheng , Huang Ta‐Ko , Wang Jen‐Chyan , Fu Po‐Sung , Chen Jeng‐Huey , Hung Chun‐Cheng 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAs we pay increasing attention to dental aesthetics, tooth color matching has become an important part of daily dental practice. This aim of this study was to develop a method to enhance the accuracy of a tooth color matching machine. The Munsell color tabs in the range of natural human teeth were measured using a tooth color measuring machine (ShadeEye NCC). The machine's accuracy was analyzed using an analysis of variance test and a Tukey post‐hoc test. When matching the Munsell color tabs with the ShadeEye NCC colorimeter, settings of Chroma greater than 6 and Value less than 4 showed unacceptable clinical results. When the CIELAB mode was used, the a* value (which represents the red–green axis in the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage color space) made no significant difference (p = 0.84), the L* value (which represents the lightness) resulted in a negative correlation, and the b* value (which represents the yellow–blue axis) resulted in a positive correlation with ΔE. When the Munsell color tabs and the Vitapan were measured in the same mode and compared, the inaccuracies showed that the Vitapan was not a proper tool for evaluating the stability and accuracy of ShadeEye NCC. By knowing the limitations of the machine, we evaluated the data using the Munsell color tabs; shade beyond the acceptable range should be reevaluated using a visual shade matching method, or if measured by another machine, this shade range should be covered to obtain more accurate results.
Lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma of ureter—A rare case report and review of the literature
Authors: Wen Sheng‐Chen , Shen Jung‐Tsung , Jang Mei‐Yu , Tsai Kun‐Bow , Chang Shu‐Fang , Tsai Li‐Jiun , Wu Wen‐Jeng 
Published: July 2012

AbstractLymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma (LELC) is best known to occur in the nasopharynx. When LELC occurs in the urinary tract, this extremely rare neoplasm most commonly affects the bladder but has also been reported in the renal pelvis, ureter, prostate [1], and urethra [2]. We present a case of LELC arising in the right proximal ureter of a 64‐year‐old male patient with hydronephrosis and nausea. Computed tomography demonstrated right ureter tumor. On biopsy, the patient was diagnosed with infiltrating urothelial carcinoma. An operation consisting of right nephroureterectomy and bladder cuff removal was carried out. The pathologic examination showed pure subtype of LELC, pT3N0. Unlike lymphoepithelioma in the nasopharynx, immunohistochemical analysis of this urinary LELC was negative for the Epstein–Barr virus. No disease progression was noted at 6 months’ follow‐up. Only eight previous cases of LELC involving the ureter have been reported, and a review of the available literature and a summary of ureter cases are presented here. This is the first report of a ureteral LELC case and third urothelial LELC cases [3] in Taiwan.
Major food safety episodes in Taiwan: Implications for the necessity of international collaboration on safety assessment and management
Authors: Li Jih‐Heng , Yu Wen‐Jing , Lai Yuan‐Hui , Ko Ying‐Chin 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe major food safety episodes that occurred in Taiwan during the past decade are briefly reviewed in this paper. Among the nine major episodes surveyed, with the exception of a U.S. beef (associated with Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease)‐related incident, all the others were associated with chemical toxicants. The general public, which has a layperson attitude of zero tolerance toward food safety, may panic over these food‐safety‐associated incidents. However, the health effects and impacts of most incidents, with the exception of the melamine incident, were essentially not fully evaluated. The mass media play an important role in determining whether a food safety concern becomes a major incident. A well‐coordinated and harmonized system for domestic and international collaboration to set up standards and regulations is critical, as observed in the incidents of pork with ractopamine, Chinese hairy crab with nitrofuran antibiotics, and U.S. wheat with malathion. In the future, it can be anticipated that food safety issues will draw more attention from the general public. For unknown new toxicants or illicit adulteration of food, the establishment of a more proactive safety assessment system to monitor potential threats and provide real‐time information exchange is imperative.
Ethische Aspekte epidemiologischer Forschung
Authors: Schröder-Bäck Peter , Brall Caroline 
Published: July 2012

Einleitung
Ethischen Aspekten wird in der Epidemiologie angesichts der zahlreichen ethischen Herausforderungen des Forschers gegenüber Probanden und Gesellschaft immer mehr Beachtung geschenkt. Mit Wissen über ethische Normen (z.B. Autonomierespekt, Gerechtigkeit, Gesundheitsmaximierung) und Methoden können Konflikte in der Forschung besser erkannt und erörtert werden. Deswegen sollte Ethik auch fester Bestandteil epidemiologischer Ausbildung sein.
Epidemiologische Fachgesellschaften in Deutschland
Authors: Zeeb Hajo 
Published: July 2012

Einleitung
Die Epidemiologie hat in Deutschland in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten einen erheblichen Aufschwung erfahren, was sich u.a. in einer wachsenden Zahl epidemiologischer Forschungsinstitute, besseren Ausbildungsmöglichkeiten und einer größeren Präsenz der epidemiologischen Wissenschaftler in der (Fach-) Öffentlichkeit äußert. Die Professionalisierung der Epidemiologie in Deutschland spiegelt sich auch in Wachstum und Ausdifferenzierung der epidemiologischen Fachgesellschaften wider.
Epidemiology of dementia – A current overview
Authors: Luck Tobias , Luppa Melanie , Riedel-Heller Steffi G. 
Published: July 2012

Summary
Dementia is common and one of the most burdensome diseases for sufferers and their relatives; it is also one of the biggest challenges for the healthcare systems of aging societies. Professional nursing care and informal care by family or friends constitute the most significant cost components of dementia. In the absence of effective therapeutic options, a healthy lifestyle might be the best option to reduce the individual risk of developing dementia.
META-INDUCTION IN EPISTEMIC NETWORKS AND THE SOCIAL SPREAD OF KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Schurz Gerhard 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIndicators of the reliability of informants are essential for social learning in a society that is initially dominated by ignorance or superstition. Such reliability indicators should be based on meta-induction over records of truth-success. This is the major claim of this paper, and it is supported in two steps. (1) One needs a non-circular justification of the method of meta-induction, as compared to other (non-inductive) learning methods. An approach to this problem (a variant of Hume's problem) has been developed in earlier papers and is reported in section 2. It is based on the predictive optimality of meta-inductive learning, under the assumption that objective success records are globally available. (2) The rest of the paper develops an extension of this approach, so-called local meta-induction. Here individuals can access only success records of individuals in their immediate epistemic neighborhood. It is shown that local meta-inductive learning can spread reliable information over the entire population, and has clear advantages compared to success-independent social learning methods such as peer-imitation and authority-imitation.
Śiva and Avalokiteśvara: On the iconography and date of the Golden Window and Golden Door of Patan's Royal Palace
Authors: Bühnemann Gudrun 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe Golden Window above the Golden Door of Caukoṭ Darbār, a building on the western side of the (former) Royal Palace complex, is a major attraction in the city of Patan (Nepal). The gilt window panel features a representation of Avalokiteśvara in his form as Sṛṣṭikartā (“creator”) emanating Hindu divinities from his body. The sides, base and tympanum of the window likewise display Hindu divinities. The construction of the window has been ascribed to different kings of the late Malla period (1483–1768) and is said to illustrate their support for the Buddhist practices of their subjects, while providing a Hindu interpretative framework for such practices. In this paper I identify the divinities on the window and examine textual and visual sources that shed light on the date of the window's construction, including the inscriptions above and at the sides of the Golden Door. I show that there is no evidence for such an early dating of the window and that the Golden Window was probably constructed sometime in the nineteenth century in either the Śāh period (1769–1846) or, more likely, the Rāṇā period (1846–1951). I conclude with some thoughts on the possible significance of the peculiar configuration of divinities surrounding the Bodhisattva on the window.
Genetic and neurocognitive contributions to the development of psychopathy
Authors: Viding Essi , McCrory Eamon J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAn overview is provided of recent twin, molecular genetic, and magnetic resonance imaging studies that are helping to inform a model of developmental vulnerability to adult psychopathy. Although the current evidence base suggests that children with high levels of callous–unemotional traits are genetically and neurocognitively vulnerable to developing psychopathic and antisocial behaviors, existing research also clearly indicates that environmental influences play an important role. One potential implication is that interventions for children with antisocial behavior and callous–unemotional traits may need to be tailored to take into account their distinct pattern of neurocognitive vulnerability, as revealed by developmental neuroimaging studies. Specifically, interventions that pursue punishment-oriented or explicit empathy induction strategies may be less effective with this group of antisocial children. By contrast, preliminary evidence suggests that enhancing positive parenting and parental involvement, as well as applying consistent rewards may represent more promising intervention approaches.
Crucial surviving aspects for vitrified in vitro-produced bovine embryos
Authors: Sudano Mateus José , Paschoal Daniela Martins , da Silva Rascado Tatiana , Crocomo Letícia Ferrari , Magalhães Luis Carlos Oña , Junior Alício Martins , Machado Rui , da Cruz Landim-Alvarenga Fernanda 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe objective of the present study was to correlate some parameters (cleavage, blastocyst production, quality degree score, total cell number, fresh apoptosis and lipid content) with embryo survival after cryopreservation. A total of 1727 in vitro-produced bovine blastocysts were used to establish the parameters (mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM)) for cleavage (85.6 ± 0.8), blastocyst production (39.9 ± 1.4), quality degree score (1.6 ± 0.1), total cell number (140.1 ± 2.9), fresh apoptosis (20.8 ± 1.1) and lipid content (21.3 ± 0.8 droplets). On the same way 1316 blastocysts were vitrified for the determination of post-cryopreservation embryo survival (49.4 ± 1.9). Fresh apoptosis rate and total lipid droplets value were correlated (P < 0.05) with embryo survival after cryopreservation (r = 0.91 and r = 0.59; respectively). However, cleavage, blastocyst production, quality degree score and total cell number were not correlated (P > 0.05) with embryo cryotolerance (r = 0.23, r = 0.38, r = 0.22 and r = 0.28; respectively). Therefore, the increased lipid content was moderately correlated with apoptosis in vitrified blastocysts. On the other hand, increased apoptosis in fresh blastocysts was strongly correlated with apoptosis in vitrified blastocysts, which indicated that the apoptosis rate in fresh embryos was a better parameter than the lipid content to predict post-vitrification embryo survival.
The role of groundwater in the Amazon water cycle: 2. Influence on seasonal soil moisture and evapotranspiration
Authors: Miguez‐Macho Gonzalo , Fan Ying 
Published: July 2012

We investigate the potential influence of groundwater on seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) in the Amazon using a coupled groundwater‐surface water model (LEAF‐Hydro‐Flood) forced with ERA‐Interim reanalysis, at 2 km grid and 4 min steps over 11 yrs (2000–2010), and validated with available soil moisture and ET observations. We find that first, the simulated water table is <2 m deep over a significant portion of the Amazon (20–40%). Second, shallow groundwater can reduce wet season soil drainage, leading to larger soil water stores before the dry season arrives. Third, capillary rises from the water table can reach the root zone and maintain high dry season ET near the valleys. Fourth, groundwater's delayed response to rainfall can buffer surface stress in the dry season, when groundwater is the shallowest. Fifth, this temporal delay can be seen as spatial patterns; continued drainage and convergence maintain moist valleys forming a structured mosaic of wet‐dry patches in the dry season. Results from two parallel runs, with and without groundwater, suggest that overall groundwater made a large difference in modeled soil moisture where the water table is shallow, but it only made a difference in modeled ET where the seasonality is strong; over southeastern Amazonia, July–August ET differs by ∼1 mm/day. We note that our results are based on model simulations, which only suggest the potential importance of the groundwater system to the Amazon water cycle. The ultimate knowledge must come from carefully designed field observations linking vegetation, soil and groundwater with water balance studies and tracer tests, across a range of physical‐biological settings.
The Chodura sheath for angles of a few degrees between the magnetic field and the surface of divertor targets and limiters
Authors: Stangeby P.C. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
To achieve low deposited power flux density to solid surfaces in magnetic fusion devices, very small values of α are required, where α is the angle between
B
and the surface tangent. For an oblique magnetic field, there exists in front of the solid surface a Chodura sheath (CS) (also known as the ‘magnetic pre-sheath’) of thickness several ρ
i, the ion Larmor radius. The standard assumption is that the CS is additional to the Debye sheath (DS) of thickness several λ
D, the Debye length. Simple fluid modelling for collisionless CS conditions gives the drop in normalized electrostatic potential across the CS as eΔφ
CS/kT
e = ln(sin α). For an electrically floating wall there is the separate constraint of ambipolar flow to the wall eΔφ
floating/kT
e = 0.5 ln[(2π
m
e/m
i)(1 + T
i/T
e)], where Δφ
floating = Δφ
CS + Δφ
DS. For the case of a deuterium plasma and T
i = T
e, |eΔφ
floating/kT
e| = 2.84. For α < 3.35°, |eΔφ
CS/kT
e| exceeds 2.84 which evidently implies that the DS ceases to exist for such values of α and the entire potential drop would then occur across the CS. New analysis of the CS provides solutions for a number of quantities of practical importance, which improve on the solutions presently in use in models and edge impurity codes. Compared with the latter, the results of the present analysis indicate that (i) the E-field directed towards the solid surface is stronger and (ii) the plasma density drops more rapidly approaching the solid surface. The effect of (i) is to increase the probability of prompt local deposition of sputtered particles, while (ii) has the opposite effect.
MSeasy: unsupervised and untargeted GC-MS data processing
Authors: Nicolè Florence , Guitton Yann , Courtois Elodie A. , Moja Sandrine , Legendre Laurent , Hossaert-McKey Martine 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Summary: MSeasy performs unsupervised data mining on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry data. It detects putative compounds within complex metabolic mixtures through the clustering of mass spectra. Retention times or retention indices are used after clustering, together with other validation criteria, for quality control of putative compounds. The package generates a fingerprinting or profiling matrix compatible with NIST mass spectral search program and ARISTO webtool (Automatic Reduction of Ion Spectra To Ontology) for molecule identification. Most commonly used file formats, NetCDF, mzXML and ASCII, are acceptable. A graphical and user-friendly interface, MSeasyTkGUI, is available for R novices.
Availability: MSeasy and MSeasytkGUI are implemented as R packages available at http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MSeasy/index.html and http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MSeasyTkGUI/index.html
Contact: florence.nicole@univ-st-etienne.fr
Supplementary information: Additional information, self-guided tutorials and demonstration data are available on the web site: http://sites.google.com/site/rpackagemseasy/home. Workflow of MSeasy is available in supplementary material
Efficient sampling for Bayesian inference of conjunctive Bayesian networks
Authors: Sakoparnig Thomas , Beerenwinkel Niko 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Motivation: Cancer development is driven by the accumulation of advantageous mutations and subsequent clonal expansion of cells harbouring these mutations, but the order in which mutations occur remains poorly understood. Advances in genome sequencing and the soon-arriving flood of cancer genome data produced by large cancer sequencing consortia hold the promise to elucidate cancer progression. However, new computational methods are needed to analyse these large datasets.
Results: We present a Bayesian inference scheme for Conjunctive Bayesian Networks, a probabilistic graphical model in which mutations accumulate according to partial order constraints and cancer genotypes are observed subject to measurement noise. We develop an efficient MCMC sampling scheme specifically designed to overcome local optima induced by dependency structures. We demonstrate the performance advantage of our sampler over traditional approaches on simulated data and show the advantages of adopting a Bayesian perspective when reanalyzing cancer datasets and comparing our results to previous maximum-likelihood-based approaches.
Availability: An R package including the sampler and examples is available at http://www.cbg.ethz.ch/software/bayes-cbn.
Contacts: niko.beerenwinkel@bsse.ethz.ch
dbSNO: a database of cysteine S-nitrosylation
Authors: Lee Tzong-Yi , Chen Yi-Ju , Lu Cheng-Tsung , Ching Wei-Chieh , Teng Yu-Chuan , Huang Hsien-Da , Chen Yu-Ju 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Summary: S-nitrosylation (SNO), a selective and reversible protein post-translational modification that involves the covalent attachment of nitric oxide (NO) to the sulfur atom of cysteine, critically regulates protein activity, localization and stability. Due to its importance in regulating protein functions and cell signaling, a mass spectrometry-based proteomics method rapidly evolved to increase the dataset of experimentally determined SNO sites. However, there is currently no database dedicated to the integration of all experimentally verified S-nitrosylation sites with their structural or functional information. Thus, the dbSNO database is created to integrate all available datasets and to provide their structural analysis. Up to April 15, 2012, the dbSNO has manually accumulated &gt;3000 experimentally verified S-nitrosylated peptides from 219 research articles using a text mining approach. To solve the heterogeneity among the data collected from different sources, the sequence identity of these reported S-nitrosylated peptides are mapped to the UniProtKB protein entries. To delineate the structural correlation and consensus motif of these SNO sites, the dbSNO database also provides structural and functional analyses, including the motifs of substrate sites, solvent accessibility, protein secondary and tertiary structures, protein domains and gene ontology.
Availability: The dbSNO is now freely accessible via http://dbSNO.mbc.nctu.edu.tw. The database content is regularly updated upon collecting new data obtained from continuously surveying research articles.
Contacts: francis@saturn.yu.edu.tw or yujuchen@gate.sinica.edu.tw
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Relationship of serum sodium concentration to mortality in a wide spectrum of heart failure patients with preserved and with reduced ejection fraction: an individual patient data meta‐analysis†
Authors: Rusinaru Dan , Tribouilloy Christophe , Berry Colin , Richards A. Mark , Whalley Gillian A. , Earle Nikki , Poppe Katrina K. , Guazzi Marco , Macin Stella M. , Komajda Michel , Doughty Robert N. ,   on behalf of the MAGGIC Investigators
Published: July 2012

AimsHyponatraemia has been associated with reduced survival in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HF‐REF). The relationship between serum sodium and outcome is unclear in heart failure with preserved (≥50%) ejection fraction (HF‐PEF). Therefore, we used a large individual patient data meta‐analysis to study the risk of death associated with hyponatraemia in HF‐REF and in HF‐PEF.Methods and resultsThis analysis included 14 766 patients from 22 studies that recruited patients without ejection fraction inclusion criterion at baseline and reported death from any cause. Cox proportional analysis was undertaken for hyponatraemia (sodium <135 mmol/L), adjusted for variables of clinical relevance, and stratified by study. The endpoint was death from any cause at 3 years. Patients with hyponatraemia (n = 1618) and patients with normal serum sodium had similar characteristics as regards to age, gender, and ischaemic aetiology. However, patients with hyponatraemia had higher New York Heart Association class and lower blood pressure. At follow‐up, there were 335 deaths among 1618 patients with hyponatraemia (21%) and 2128 deaths among 13 148 patients with normal serum sodium (16%). The risk of death appeared to increase linearly with serum sodium levels <140 mmol/L. Hyponatraemia was identified in 1199 HF‐REF patients (11%) and 419 HF‐PEF patients (11%). Hyponatraemia was independently predictive of death in both HF‐REF [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.50–1.91] and HF‐PEF (adjusted HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.10–1.79, P for interaction 0.20).ConclusionHyponatraemia is a powerful determinant of mortality in patients with HF regardless of ejection fraction. Further work is needed to determine if correction of hyponatraemia translates into clinical benefit.