bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The assessment of bounds on stresses and strains in prestressed concrete reactor pressure vessels
Authors: Irving J. , Carmichael G. D. T. 
Published: July 2012

Synopsis The significance of the mechanical behaviour and condition of concrete for the stresses and deformations in prestressed concrete reactor pressure vessels is discussed with reference to the loading history. Approximate solution techniques for stress and strain analysis currently in use are described briefly and their relative merits discussed. Earlier work has shown that it is important, when evaluating vessel stresses and deformations occurring over a long period of time, to take into account the effect of previous loadings upon the capacity for creep under subsequent loadings. To determine this effect by simple means, an approximate uniaxial strain response function is used to derive curves from which the transient stress behaviour due to creep in unreinforced and reinforced prestressed concrete structures can be determined. It is deduced that, although bounds on stress can be derived for reactor start-up conditions (an initial elastic solution), andfor long-term reactor operation (a steady-state solution), the creep capacity may not be sufficient for the long-term bound to be approached very closely. If this is not appreciated, an unduly pessimistic view of long-term vessel stresses could be obtained.
Bond strength in steel-fIbre-reinforced concrete
Authors: Tattersall G. H. , Urbanowicz C. R. 
Published: July 2012

Synopsis The effects of various chemical and physical treatments of the wire surface upon the bond between a wire and a cement or mortar matrix have been measured by means of a simple pull-out test. Galvanizing produces some improvement in bond, but the best results were obtained from a wire with a looped end and an indented wire. In these two cases, failure occurred outside the specimen at loads approximating to the ultimate tensile strength of the wire. Limited results on the effects of age, method of curing, and the application of pressure during casting are also given.
A theory for the movement of cracks in concrete members with plain bar reinforcement or plain wire tendons
Authors: Bennett E. W. 
Published: July 2012

Synopsis An exposition is given of the theory of stress and strain distribution and slip of a bar embedded in concrete with a varying force applied to the free end. The resulting equations are used to develop a method of calculating the average strain and crack width in a reinforced concrete member under increasing and decreasing load. Examples of members in axial tension and flexure are worked and compared with experimental measurements. The application of the method to prestressed concrete is outlined and some suggestions are made for further research.
A general yield criterion for reinforced concrete slab elements
Authors: Rajendran S. , Morley C. T. 
Published: July 2012

Synopsis The methods of plasticity theory are used to develop, from simple assumptions about the properties of the constituents, a numerical method of finding points on the yield criterion for elements of a reinforced concrete slab under general combinations of moments and membrane forces. The general method is modified to predict the results of tests on bent ‘push-off’ specimens, designed to simulate conditions in the loaded flange of a T beam. The experimental results agree reasonably well with the theoretical predictions, and also with a simpler lower-bound theory developed to deal with the test situation directly.
Impact testing of fibre-reinforced concrete stair treads
Authors: Bailey J. H. , Bentley S. , Mayfield B. , Pell P. S. 
Published: July 2012

Synopsis The note reports a laboratory investigation into the effects of the inclusion of fibrillated polypropylene and two types of steel fibre in reinforced concrete stair treads upon transient strains and cracking behaviour during impact loading. Tests were carried out on 24 specimens of which 12 were made with normal-weight and 12 with lightweight concrete. Within each group of 12 specimens, 3 replicas were made for each of the fibre types and 3 which did not include any fibre reinforcement. The results showed that cracking due to the impact loading was initiated in all specimens by a small drop (100 mm) of the small test mass (4 kg). The fibre inclusion did not delay first cracking, but it did affect the subsequent cracking behaviour, and the steel fibres were more effective in this respect.
Characterization of the stress-strain curves for reinforced concrete under uniaxial tension
Authors: Madu R. M. 
Published: July 2012

Synopsis The stress-strain relationships in uniaxial tension for reinforced concrete under short-term static loads are studied by considering results of tests on 110 x 110 x 2000 mm specimens. The variables were the area of main reinforcement, the binder spacing and the concrete core-area. The experimental curves show that the stress-strain relationship is comparatively linear up to about 65 % of the cylinder tensile strength. Empirical expressions are obtained for calculating the elastic modulus of the concrete at the origin. The general stress-strain equation is derived by considering a polynomial modified to take account of the relevant boundary conditions. The derived theoretical curves are compared with experimental curves. It is concluded that the maximum tensile stress attained in the concrete is a function of the variables tested, the tensile strength varying linearly with the area of the main reinforcement.
Multinational Taxation and R&D Investments
Authors: De Waegenaere Anja , Sansing Richard C. , Wielhouwer Jacco L. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT
This study examines the effects of taxation on the incentives of multinational firms to develop and use intellectual property. We model optimal investment and production decisions by firms that engage in a patent race by making R&D investments. We investigate how taxes affect the level and efficiency of R&D investments, and how these effects depend on whether the winner of the patent race uses it by either producing in the country in which the patent was developed (the domestic country) or in a foreign country. A higher domestic tax rate decreases investment in R&D if production occurs in the domestic country, but increases investment in R&D if production occurs in the foreign country. The present value of domestic tax revenues is strictly positive if production occurs in the domestic country, but is weakly negative if production occurs in the foreign country.
Shoe Zoo, Inc.: A Practice in Electronic Work Papers, Tick Mark Preparation, and Client Communication through the Audit of Property, Plant, and Equipment
Authors: Bagley Penelope L. , Harp Nancy L. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT
In this case, students are required to audit a company's gross property, plant, and equipment and depreciation expense accounts. Students are provided with electronic working papers that include the audit program, as well as documents prepared by the client and select prior year working papers. In order to successfully complete the audit, students will have to obtain explanations and other assistance from the client. The case furthers audit education by illuminating to students how concepts learned in the classroom translate into practice. The case has several specific learning objectives. First, the case familiarizes students with electronic working papers which allows them to practice their Excel skills. Second, the case provides students with an opportunity to audit property, plant, and equipment additions using substantive details testing and to test depreciation expense using substantive analytical procedures. Third, students must consider internal controls and the implications errors have on internal control effectiveness. Fourth, the case helps students improve documentation skills by writing tick mark explanations. Finally, the case provides students practice with professional verbal communications through client interviews. The case is appropriate for an undergraduate audit or a beginning graduate-level audit and assurance class.
The Updated COSO Internal Control—Integrated Framework: Recommendations and Opportunities for Future Research
Authors: Janvrin Diane J. , Payne Elizabeth A. , Byrnes Paul , Schneider Gary P. , Curtis Mary B. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT
To address the changing business environment and increased shareholder interest, the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) recently issued an exposure draft updating its 1992 Internal Control—Integrated Framework. We review the updated Framework and discuss the comments we (as the Environmental Scanning Committee of the American Accounting Association's Information Systems Section) offered COSO regarding how to improve the Framework. In addition, we identify research opportunities for accounting information system scholars related to the new Framework.
Enteropathogens identified in dogs entering a Florida animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea
Authors: Tupler Tiffany , Levy Julie K. , Sabshin Stephanie J. , Tucker Sylvia J. , Greiner Ellis C. , Leutenegger Christian M. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Objective—To determine the frequency of enteropathogens in dogs entering an animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Animals—100 dogs evaluated at an open-admission municipal animal shelter in Florida.
Procedures—Fecal samples were collected within 24 hours after admission from 50 dogs with normal feces and 50 dogs with diarrhea. Feces were tested by fecal flotation, antigen testing, PCR assay, and electron microscopy for selected enteropathogens.
Results—13 enteropathogens were identified. Dogs with diarrhea were significantly more likely to be infected with ≥ 1 enteropathogens (96%) than were dogs with normal feces (78%). Only Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin A gene was significantly more common in dogs with diarrhea (64%) than in dogs with normal feces (40%). Other enteropathogens identified in dogs with and without diarrhea included hookworms (58% and 48%, respectively), Giardia spp (22% and 16%, respectively), canine enteric coronavirus (2% and 18%, respectively), whipworms (12% and 8%, respectively), Cryptosporidium spp (12% and 2%, respectively), ascarids (8% and 8%, respectively), Salmonella spp (2% and 6%, respectively), Cystoisospora spp (2% and 4%, respectively), canine distemper virus (8% and 0%, respectively), Dipylidium caninum (2% and 2%, respectively), canine parvovirus (2% and 2%, respectively), and rotavirus (2% and 0%, respectively).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dogs entered the shelter with a variety of enteropathogens, many of which are pathogenic or zoonotic. Most infections were not associated with diarrhea or any specific dog characteristics, making it difficult to predict the risk of nfection for individual animals. Guidelines for preventive measures and empirical treatments that are logistically and financially feasible for use in shelters should be developed for control of the most common and important enteropathogens.
Changes in area and geodetic mass balance of small glaciers, Polar Urals, Russia, 1950-2008
Authors: Shahgedanova Maria , Nosenko Gennady , Bushueva Irina , Ivanov Mikhail 
Published: July 2012

AbstractChanges in area of 30 small glaciers (mostly <1 km2) in the northern Polar Urals (67.568.25° N) between 1953 and 2000 were assessed using historic aerial photography from 1953 and 1960, ASTER and panchromatic Landsat ETM+ imagery from 2000, and data from 1981 and 2008 terrestrial surveys. Changes in volume and geodetic mass balance of IGAN and Obruchev glaciers were calculated using data from terrestrial surveys in 1963 and 2008. In total, glacier area declined by 22.3 ± 3.9% in the 1953/60-2000 period. The areas of individual glaciers decreased by 4-46%. Surfaces of Obruchev and IGAN glaciers lowered by 22.5 ± 1.7 m and 14.9 ± 2.1 m. Over 45 years, geodetic mass balances of Obruchev and IGAN glaciers were -20.66 ± 2.91 and -13.54 ± 2.57 mw.e. respectively. Glacier shrinkage in the Polar Urals is related to a summer warming of 1°C between 1953-81 and 1981-2008 and its rates are consistent with other regions of northern Asia but are higher than in Scandinavia. While glacier shrinkage intensified in the 1981-2000 period relative to 1953-81, increasing winter precipitation and shading effects slowed glacier wastage in 2000-08.
New shortwave infrared albedo measurements for snow specific surface area retrieval
Authors: Montpetit B. , Royer A. , Langlois A. , Cliche P. , Roy A. , Champollion N. , Picard G. , Domine F. , Obbard R. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSnow grain-size characterization, its vertical and temporal evolution is a key parameter for the improvement and validation of snow and radiative transfer models (optical and microwave) as well as for remote-sensing retrieval methods. We describe two optical methods, one active and one passive shortwave infrared, for field determination of the specific surface area (SSA) of snow grains. We present a new shortwave infrared (SWIR) camera approach. This new method is compared with a SWIR laser- based system measuring snow albedo with an integrating sphere (InfraRed Integrating Sphere (IRIS)). Good accuracy (10%) and reproducibility in SSA measurements are obtained using the IRIS system on snow samples having densities greater than 200 kg m-3, validated against X-ray microtomography measurements. The SWIRcam approach shows improved sensitivity to snow SSA when compared to a near-infrared camera, giving a better contrast of the snow stratigraphy in a snow pit.
Electronic patient‐reported outcome systems in oncology clinical practice
Authors: Bennett Antonia V. , Jensen Roxanne E. , Basch Ethan 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAnswer questions and earn CME/CNEPatient‐reported outcome (PRO) questionnaires assess topics a patient can report about his or her own health. This includes symptoms (eg, nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, pain, or frequent urination), physical functioning (eg, difficulty climbing stairs or difficulty fastening buttons), and mental health (eg, anxiety, fear, or worry). Electronic PRO (ePRO) systems are used in oncology clinical care because of 1) their ability to enhance clinical care by flagging important symptoms and saving clinicians time; 2) the availability of standardized methods for creating and implementing PROs in clinics; and 3) the existence of user‐friendly platforms for patient self‐reporting like tablet computers and automated telephone surveys. Many ePRO systems can provide actionable links to clinical care such as summary reports in a patient's electronic medical record and real‐time e‐mail alerts to providers when patients report acute needs. This review presents 5 examples of ePRO systems currently in use in oncology practice. These systems support multiple clinical activities, including assessment of symptoms and toxicities related to chemotherapy and radiation, postoperative surveillance, and symptom management during palliative care and hospice. Patient self‐reporting is possible both at clinical visits and between visits over the Internet or by telephone. The implementation of an ePRO system requires significant resources and expertise, as well as user training. ePRO systems enable regular monitoring of patient symptoms, function, and needs, and can enhance the efficiency and quality of care as well as communication with patients. CA Cancer J Clin 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
A Formula to Estimate the Optimal Dosage of Ribavirin for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C: Influence of Itpa Polymorphisms
Authors: Krishnan Sheeja M , Dixit Narendra M 
Published: July 2012

Background Greater cumulative exposure to ribavirin increases response to interferon–ribavirin combination therapy for hepatitis C but also induces more severe anaemia. Polymorphisms in the ITPA gene protect against ribavirin-induced anaemia. The maximum dosage of ribavirin that can be tolerated by patients with different ITPA polymorphisms remains unknown. Methods We developed a mathematical model of haemoglobin (Hb) decline in patients undergoing combination therapy. Using it to analyse published patient data, we estimated the average erythrocyte lifespan in patients with different ITPA polymorphisms. Coupled with a previous population pharmacokinetic study, we derived a formula for predicting the optimal ribavirin dosage, Dopt, above which anaemia becomes intolerable (Hb<10 g/dl). Results Our model provided good fits to patient data of ribavirin accumulation in erythrocytes and the ensuing Hb decline during therapy. With the current treatment protocol, the average erythrocyte lifespan was approximately 36 days in patients with wild-type ITPA activity, and approximately 43 days and 55 days, respectively, in patients with mild and moderate ITPA deficiency. Our model yielded a facile formula for estimating Dopt given a patient's weight, creatinine clearance, pretreatment Hb and ITPA polymorphism. Patients with moderate ITPA deficiency are predicted to tolerate twice the ribavirin dosage as patients with wild-type ITPA. Conclusions Our formula for Dopt presents an avenue for personalizing ribavirin dosage. By keeping anaemia tolerable, the predicted optimal dosage may improve adherence, reduce the need for drug monitoring, and increase response rates. Response rates may be increased further by the higher dosages recommended for patients with ITPA deficiency.
Immune Suppression and Resistance Mediated by Constitutive Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Human Melanoma Cells
Authors: Yaguchi Tomonori , Goto Yasufumi , Kido Kenji , Mochimaru Hiroshi , Sakurai Toshiharu , Tsukamoto Nobuo , Kudo-Saito Chie , Fujita Tomonobu , Sumimoto Hidetoshi , Kawakami Yutaka 
Published: July 2012

AbstractCancer-induced immunosuppression is a major problem reducing antitumor effects of immunotherapies, but its molecular mechanism has not been well understood. We evaluated immunosuppressive roles of activated Wnt/β-catenin pathways in human melanoma for dendritic cells (DCs) and CTLs. IL-10 expression was associated with β-catenin accumulation in human melanoma cell lines and tissues and was induced by direct β-catenin/TCF binding to the IL-10 promoter. Culture supernatants from β-catenin–accumulated melanoma have activities to impair DC maturation and to induce possible regulatory DCs. Those immunosuppressive culture supernatant activities were reduced by knocking down β-catenin in melanoma cells, partly owing to downregulation of IL-10. Murine splenic and tumor-infiltrating DCs obtained from nude mice implanted with human mutant β-catenin–overexpressed melanoma cells had less ability to activate T cells than did DCs from mice with control melanoma cells, showing in vivo suppression of DCs by activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human melanoma. This in vivo DC suppression was restored by the administration of a β-catenin inhibitor, PKF115-584. β-catenin–overexpressed melanoma inhibited IFN-γ production by melanoma-specific CTLs in an IL-10–independent manner and is more resistant to CTL lysis in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that Wnt/β-catenin pathways in human melanoma may be involved in immunosuppression and immunoresistance in both induction and effector phases of antitumor immunoresponses partly through IL-10 production, and they may be attractive targets for restoring immunocompetence in patients with Wnt/β-catenin–activated melanoma.
Neutrophil Expression of Fas Ligand and Perforin Directs Effector CD8 T Cell Infiltration into Antigen-Challenged Skin
Authors: Kish Danielle D. , Gorbachev Anton V. , Parameswaran Neetha , Gupta Neetu , Fairchild Robert L. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a T cell response to hapten skin challenge of sensitized individuals proposed to be mediated by hapten-primed CD8 cytolytic T cells. Effector CD8 T cell recruitment into hapten challenge sites to elicit CHS requires prior CXCL1- and CXCL2-mediated neutrophil infiltration into the site. We investigated whether neutrophil activities directing hapten-primed CD8 T cell skin infiltration in response to 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB) required Fas ligand (FasL) and perforin expression. Although DNFB sensitization of gld/perforin−/− mice induced hapten-specific CD8 T cells producing IFN-γ and IL-17, these T cells did not infiltrate the DNFB challenge site to elicit CHS but did infiltrate the challenge site and elicit CHS when transferred to hapten-challenged naive wild-type recipients. Hapten-primed wild-type CD8 T cells, however, did not elicit CHS when transferred to naive gld/perforin−/− recipients. Wild-type bone marrow neutrophils expressed FasL and perforin, and when transferred to sensitized gld/perforin−/− mice, they restored hapten-primed CD8 T cell infiltration into the challenge site and CHS. The FasL/perforin-mediated activity of wild-type neutrophils induced the expression of T cell chemoattractants, CCL1, CCL2, and CCL5, within the hapten-challenged skin. These results indicate FasL/perforin-independent functions of hapten-primed CD8 T cells in CHS and identify new functions for neutrophils in regulating effector CD8 T cell recruitment and immune responses in the skin.
The 3BP2 Adapter Protein Is Required for Chemoattractant-Mediated Neutrophil Activation
Authors: Chen Grace , Dimitriou Ioannis , Milne Laura , Lang Karl S. , Lang Philipp A. , Fine Noah , Ohashi Pamela S. , Kubes Paul , Rottapel Robert 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
3BP2 is a pleckstrin homology and Src homology 2 domain-containing adapter protein mutated in cherubism, a rare autosomal-dominant human bone disorder. Previously, we have demonstrated a functional role for 3BP2 in peripheral B cell development and in peritoneal B1 and splenic marginal zone B cell-mediated Ab responses. In this study, we show that 3BP2 is required for G protein-coupled receptor-mediated neutrophil functions. Neutrophils derived from 3BP2-deficient (Sh3bp2−/−) mice failed to polarize their actin cytoskeleton or migrate in response to a gradient of chemotactic peptide, fMLF. Sh3bp2−/− neutrophils failed to adhere, crawl, and emigrate out of the vasculature in response to fMLF superfusion. 3BP2 is required for optimal activation of Src family kinases, small GTPase Rac2, neutrophil superoxide anion production, and for Listeria monocytogenes bacterial clearance in vivo. The functional defects observed in Sh3bp2−/− neutrophils may partially be explained by the failure to fully activate Vav1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor and properly localize P-Rex1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor at the leading edge of migrating cells. Our results reveal an obligate requirement for the adapter protein 3BP2 in G protein-coupled receptor-mediated neutrophil function.
Smoking Prevalence and the Association between Smoking and Sociodemographic Factors Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data, 2008 to 2010
Authors: Kim Sungroul 
Published: July 2012

Using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey collected from 2008 to 2010, smoking prevalence for Korean adults (n = 11,681) by gender and age group and the association between smoking and sociodemographic factors were evaluated. Smoking prevalence was 42.3% for men and 5.6% for women. Young adult (YA) males, ie, 19 to 24 and 25 to 34 years old, were 2.45 (95% CI: 1.60, 3.73) and 5.05 (95% CI: 3.83, 6.66) times more likely to smoke compared to male adults aged 65 and above (31.6%) after controlling for sociodemographic factors. The association between smoking and marital status was different by gender. In South Korea, the high smoking prevalence among young adults is a troubling pattern. The high smoking prevalence among widowed or divorced women is also concern.