bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La répartition des salaires dans les pays de l'OCDE
Authors: ATKINSON Anthony B. 
Published: September 2010

Résumé.Il est généralement admis que les inégalités salariales se sont fortement accentuées dans les pays de l'OCDE depuis 1980. L'explication habituelle est la hausse constante de la demande de travail qualifié, due au progrès technique favorisant les qualifications, et l'exposition de la main‐d'æuvre non qualifiée à la concurrence internationale du fait de la mondialisation. Mais l'évolution de la répartition des salaires diffère d'un pays à l'autre et c'est dans la partie supérieure de l'échelle des revenus que leur dispersion augmente le plus. L'auteur se livre à un réexamen minutieux des données pour proposer d'ajouter d'autres explications à celle de la course entre technologie et éducation.
Externalisation, délocalisations et mesure de la productivité dans l'industrie aux Etats‐Unis
Authors: HOUSEMAN Susan 
Published: September 2010

Résumé.Les gains de productivité sont à la source des augmentations de salaires dans un secteur d'activité ou dans l'ensemble d'une économie. Dans les pays développés, la multiplication des externalisations, intérieures ou à l'étranger, complique gravement le calcul et l'interprétation de cet indicateur essentiel, en induisant une surestimation trompeuse des gains de productivité. S'agissant de l'industrie aux Etats‐Unis, l'auteur met en évidence plusieurs éléments indiquant que les effets de l'externalisation et des délocalisations sur la mesure de la productivité seraient significatifs. Ce qui expliquerait la modeste hausse des salaires aux Etats‐Unis malgré une forte augmentation de la productivité, telle qu'elle est mesurée.
Economie informelle, insécurité et cohésion sociale en Amérique latine
Authors: TOKMAN Victor E. 
Published: September 2010

Résumé.La plupart des pays d'Amérique latine se sont inspirés du modèle de l'Etat‐providence, l'ont appliquéà des degrés divers et de manière souvent impar‐faite en raison des différences structurelles qui les séparent des pays développés. La protection sociale y reste défaillante et le sentiment d'insécurité sociale répandu, surtout du fait de l'emploi précaire et informel. L'auteur explore la structure du travail en Amérique latine et décrit les initiatives en faveur de la cohésion sociale, com‐parées à celles de pays d'Europe, notamment. Il analyse les stratégies visant à incorporer le secteur informel à l'économie moderne, à lutter contre l'exclusion sociale et à concilier flexibilité pour les entreprises, sécurité pour les travailleurs et universalité de la protection sociale.
L'évolution du droit du travail: évaluation et comparaison des régimes réglementaires
Authors: DEAKIN Simon , LELE Priya , SIEMS Mathias 
Published: September 2010

Résumé.Nous présentons ici des données sur l'évolution de la législation du travail dans cinq pays (Allemagne, Etats‐Unis, France, Inde et Royaume‐Uni) en utilisant de nouvelles bases de données qui permettent de mesurer les évolutions juridiques dans le temps. Ces résultats jettent un éclairage sur l'affirmation voulant que la source juridique ou les styles réglementaires de common law ou de droit civil influent sur le contenu des régimes de droit du travail. Nous avons pu constater certaines divergences au niveau global entre les pays de common law et de droit civil, mais le tableau est beaucoup plus complexe lorsqu'on procède à une analyse plus fine des données pour identifier les évolutions dans certains domaines précis du droit du travail. Nous commentons l'importance potentielle de cette approche relativement nouvelle d'évaluation du droit, afin de comprendre les forces qui sous‐tendent l'évolution de la législation du travail.
Les modèles européens de l'emploi soumis à des pressions vers le changement
Authors: BOSCH Gerhard , RUBERY Jill , LEHNDORFF Steffen 
Published: September 2010

Résumé.Les ≪modèles nationaux de l'emploi≫ comprennent toutes les institutions qui, dans un pays, déterminent l'offre, la demande et l'utilisation de la main‐d'æuvre. Partant d'une étude des typologies de ces modèles, les auteurs examinent leur fonctionnement et leur capacité de résister aux pressions visant à les faire changer. La comparaison porte sur le maintien de conditions de travail décentes face à la déréglementation des marchés des produits et à l'augmentation du taux d'activité des femmes et des travailleurs âgés. Ils concluent sur la difficulté pour les Etats‐nations européens de réformer de l'intérieur leurs modèles nationaux de l'emploi et plaident pour une intégration des politiques à l'échelle européenne.
Informalité, Etat et contrat social en Amérique latine: étude préliminaire
Authors: SAAVEDRA Jaime , TOMMASI Mariano 
Published: September 2010

Résumé.Selon les auteurs, l'informalité en Amérique latine reflète le dysfonction‐nement des interactions entre les individus et l'Etat, ainsi que les lacunes de celuici en matière de redistribution et de biens et services collectifs. Il s'ensuit de faibles taux de contribution et de couverture pour la sécurité sociale; un non‐respect des réglementations fiscales, sociales et économiques; de faibles niveaux de recouvrement fiscal, d'application de la loi et de confiance dans l'Etat. Pour ces pays, tout le défi est de forger des contrats sociaux intégrateurs, fondés sur des consensus réalistes, compte tenu du cadre institutionnel et des normes sociales de chacun.
Aplicación del derecho laboral más allá del contrato de trabajo
Authors: FREEDLAND Mark 
Published: September 2010

Resumen.El ámbito personal del derecho del trabajo es un tema muy debatido y, en opinión del autor, sería insuficiente hacer un análisis exclusivamente contractual al respecto. Así, presenta una tipología amplia—basada en los países euro‐peos—en la que, junto con el «trabajo asalariado clásico», distingue las relaciones de trabajo individuales propias de los funcionarios públicos, «las profesiones libe‐rales», los emprendedores individuales, los trabajadores «marginales» y los recién llegados al mercado laboral. Después analiza dinámicamente estas categorías y sus relaciones desde el ángulo del «nexo de trabajo personal», concepto cuajado de ramificaciones jurídicas complejas que desbordan el marco contractual. En la con‐clusión, Mark Freedland pone de relieve el valor que reviste este planteamiento analítico para la labor que han emprendido la OIT y la Unión Europea con el afán de «modernizar» el derecho del trabajo.
Informalidad, inseguridad y cohesión social en América Latina
Authors: TOKMAN Víctor E. 
Published: September 2010

Resumen.El Estado de bienestar ha servido de modelo a la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos, aunque su implantación es muy variable y, en muchos casos, imperfecta, dadas las diferencias estructurales que los separan de las naciones desarrolladas. La protección social sigue siendo escasa, están sin cobertura muchos trabajadores de la economía informal y existe una percepción de inseguridad muy extendida. El autor estudia la compleja situación estructural y laboral de los países de América Latina, así como las últimas ideas aplicadas por los mismos y por la Unión Europea para fortalecer la cohesión social. Analiza estrategias con el fin de incorporar el sector informal a la modernidad, enfrentar la exclusión social y conciliar la flexibilidad para las empresas con la seguridad de los trabajadores y con una protección social lo más universal posible.
Derecho al trabajo. Conjugar derechos humanos y política de empleo
Authors: MUNDLAK Guy 
Published: September 2010

Resumen.En este artículo se explica la singularidad del derecho al trabajo dentro de los derechos humanos y los problemas y dudas con los que tropieza en la esfera de la normativa laboral. El autor compara dos planteamientos que encaran el asunto desde las perspectivas propias de los derechos humanos y de la política eco‐nómica: una ≪observación general≫ del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, y la Estrategia Europea de Empleo. Aunque no sea fácil, las dos líneas de actuación pueden compaginarse para construir un sistema institucional en el que el derecho al trabajo sea una norma rectora, superior.
≪Informalidad≫, Estado y contrato social en América Latina. Estudio preliminar
Authors: SAAVEDRA Jaime , TOMMASI Mariano 
Published: September 2010

Resumen.Los autores estiman que la economía informal latinoamericana es un reflejo de unas relaciones disfuncionales entre los individuos y el Estado y de la incapacidad de éste de actuar eficazmente en las esferas de la redistribución y la provisión de bienes y servicios públicos. Ello se traduce en unos índices modestos de cotizaciones y de cobertura de la seguridad social; en una elusión general de las leyes tributarias, laborales y mercantiles, y en unos niveles bajos de recaudación tri‐butaria, de imperio del derecho y de confianza en el Estado. El reto que encara cada uno de los países latinoamericanos es forjar un contrato social más incluyente, asentado en un consenso nacional realista y que se amolde a las características institucionales propias y a las reglas sociales vigentes.
Evaluation of the use of coconut to treat chronic diarrhea in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Wilk J.L. , Maginnis G.M. , Coleman K. , Lewis A. , Ogden B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground  Chronic diarrhea can be challenging to manage in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) leading to ongoing diagnostics, medications, monitoring, and potential euthanasia. Coconut has been used as a dietary supplement for people with inflammatory bowel disease, with anecdotal reports of decreased diarrhea following the dietary addition. A dietary trial in rhesus macaques was initiated to evaluate the hypothesis that dietary coconut decreases symptoms of chronic diarrhea in rhesus macaques.Methods  Ten rhesus macaques with chronic diarrhea were selected for the trial. Five of the subjects were fed coconut macaroons and five of the subjects were fed a sham cookie. Stool consistency was monitored daily for both groups.Results and conclusions  Data of chi‐squared analysis obtained from eight rhesus macaques with chronic diarrhea showed that the use of coconut macaroons as a dietary supplement did not have a statistically significant effect on their diarrhea.
The role of migration for spatial turnover of arctic bird species in a circumpolar perspective
Authors: Henningsson Sara , Alerstam Thomas 
Published: September 2010

Several different factors may determine where species range limits are located within regions of otherwise continuously available habitat and suitable climate. Within the Arctic tundra biome many bird species are migratory and their breeding distributions are affected by migration routes that are in turn limited by factors such as suitable winter habitat, migratory stopover sites, geographical barriers and historical routes of colonization.We identified longitudinal zones in the circumpolar Arctic of pronounced changes in the avian species composition (high species spatial turnover; ‘species divides’). We tested for the association between migratory status and the geographical location and numbers of such species divides for species with non‐breeding habitats mainly within terrestrial, pelagic and coastal ecosystems.Our results demonstrate that migration is of profound importance for both the number and locations of species divides in the Arctic. Long‐distance migration is associated with a large number of divides among terrestrial and coastal arctic birds but with a reduced number of divides among pelagic birds. We suggest that long‐distance migration permits pelagic but not terrestrial and coastal birds to colonize large winter ranges, which in turn causes expansion of breeding ranges, with more homogenous communities and reduction of species divides as consequences, among the long‐distance migrants of pelagic but not of terrestrial and coastal birds. Furthermore, the divides among long‐distance migrants are situated in two main regions, the Beringia and Greenland zones, while divides among short‐distance migrants are more evenly spaced throughout the circumpolar Arctic. The Beringia and Greenland divides result largely from inter‐continental colonization of new breeding ranges but retainment of original winter quarters in a process of evolution through extension of migration routes, leading to aggregated divides in the meeting zones of major global flyways.
Displaced Majority: Robertson Davies and the Euro‐Canadian Diaspora
Authors: Varsava Nina 
Published: September 2010

This essay discusses constructions of Canadian identity. Throughout the nation's history, many Canadians of European descent have defined themselves in relation to Europe (and the United States), rather than developing a sense of independent national identity. In his writing – both fiction and nonfiction – Robertson Davies, a preeminent late twentieth‐century Canadian writer, evocatively portrays this Euro‐Canadian ‘‘diasporic consciousness.’’Through an exploration of his Deptford Trilogy, in particular the first and most celebrated novel of the series –Fifth Business (1970) – I analyze Davies's depiction of Euro‐Canadian sensibilities. I also relate Davies's trilogy to the perspectives of other Canadian writers – past and contemporary – which demonstrate similar Eurocentric sentiments. I question why European‐descended Canadians, even those many generations removed from Europe, still cling to their European heritage: why they resist a definition of Canada that is grounded in history and culture native to Canadian soil.In the essay, I evaluate the nostalgia of Euro‐Canadians for a European past. While acknowledging that this nostalgia is in many ways understandable and even inescapable, I also argue that, in order to develop the inclusive and unifying identity that Canada lacks, Canadians of all backgrounds must take more interest in the historical narratives and nuances that make Canadian society complex, unique, and worthy of deep exploration.
The heme oxygenase system and oral diseases
Authors: Fan W , Huang F , Zhu X , Li D , Fu S , He H 
Published: September 2010

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 252–257Heme oxygenase (HO) system catabolizes heme into three products: carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin/bilirubin and free iron, which consists of three forms identified to date: the oxidative stress‐inducible protein HO‐1 and the constitutive isozymes HO‐2 and HO‐3. HO has been involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, ranging from Alzheimer’s disease to cancer. The interest in HO system by scientists and clinicians involved with the oral and maxillofacial region is fairly recent, and few papers currently cited on HO relate to diseases in this anatomical area. This review will focus on the current understanding of the physiological significance of HO‐1 induction and its possible roles in the oral diseases studied to date. The implications for possible therapeutic manipulation of HO are also discussed.
Coronary heart disease and chronic periodontitis: is polymorphism of interleukin‐6 gene the common risk factor in a Chinese population?
Authors: Fan WH , Liu DL , Xiao LM , Xie CJ , Sun SY , Zhang JC 
Published: September 2010

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 270–276Objectives:  Coronary heart disease (CHD) and chronic periodontitis (CP) both are multifactorial chronic diseases and related to inflammation. Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. The purpose of the study was to investigate the association among IL‐6 gene polymorphisms, CP and CHD susceptibility in a Chinese population.Material and methods:  The investigation was conducted as a case‐control study involving 505 individuals: 113 patients with CHD and CP, 84 patients with CHD, 178 patients with CP and 130 control individuals. The polymorphisms of IL‐6 gene were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism. Relationships between the distributions of the genotypes and risk factors were also assessed.Results:  Mutations at the loci ‐174 G/C, ‐597 G/A of IL‐6 were rare in a Chinese population. No significant difference for IL‐6‐572C/G polymorphism was detected among moderate CP group, severe CP group and control (P = 0.312 and 0.481), significant differences were found between CHD groups and non‐CHD groups (P ≤ 0.001). After adjustment for CHD risk factors, the G allele resulted in an increased risk (OR = 1.676‐1.856), the GG/CG genotype was nearly two times higher risk compared to CC genotype (OR = 2.010‐2.136).Conclusions:  IL‐6‐572C/G polymorphism did not correlate with CP susceptibility, but might be a potential risk factor for CHD in a Chinese population.
Identification of temporal pattern of mandibular condylar growth: a molecular and biochemical experiment
Authors: Shen G , Hägg U , Rabie AB , Kaluarachchi K 
Published: September 2010

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Shen G, Hägg U, Rabie AB, Kaluarachchi KObjectives –  Based on the phenomenon that expression of type X collagen and capillary endothelium correlates with endochondral ossification, the prime aim of this study was to establish the temporal pattern of condylar growth in Sprague–Dawley rats by biochemically identifying the expression of these two factors.Design –  Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into five groups representing five different stages during somatic pubertal growth. In situ hybridization and immunoperoxidase were performed to examine expression of type X collagen in hypertrophic zone and capillary endothelium in erosive zone of condylar cartilage. Computer‐assisted imaging analyses were conducted to allow for a quantitative assessment of the expression of these two factors, from which the temporal pattern of condylar growth was inferred.Results –  (1) Synthesis of type X collagen and emergence of capillary endothelium were critical factors during the transition of condylar cartilage from chondrogenesis into osteogenesis, a biological pathway that leads to endochondral bone formation, the mode through which the condyle grows. (2) Quantitative analyses revealed the temporal pattern of the expression of these two factors, indicating that the thrust of natural growth of the condyle in the rats occurred in concomitance with somatic pubertal growth, featured by an acceleration starting from day 38, a maximum growth rate on day 56, followed by a decrease afterwards.Conclusion –  It is suggested that the biochemical examination of growth markers, such as type X collagen, might be a new approach to accurately depict temporal pattern of condylar growth which is too delicate to be reflected by gross measurement not only in Sprague–Dawley rats but potentially also in other species.
The investigation of the changing facial appearance of identical twins employing a three‐dimensional laser imaging system
Authors: Kau CH , Zhurov A , Bibb R , Hunter L , Richmond S 
Published: September 2010

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Kau CH, Zhurov A, Bibb R, Hunter L, Richmond SObjective –  An investigation to determine the changing facial appearance of identical twins.Design –  Clinical study.Materials and Methods –  Two Minolta Vivid 900 3D optical laser scanners were placed as a stereo pair to capture the soft tissues of a pair of identical twins. Each scan took approximately 2.5 s. The scanned whole faces were superimposed to determine changes in facial morphologies at different time intervals.Outcome measures –  The shell deviations between left and right scans of each patient were recorded and analysed for differences. Furthermore, final merged faces were overlaid to determine the changes in facial morphology over time.Results –  The results showed that changes in height and weight correlated with changes in facial morphology.Conclusion –  The 3D laser scanning device is a clinically useful tool in the study of facial growth and facial morphology in a pair of twins.
The effect of drugs on orthodontic tooth movement
Authors: Krishnan V , Davidovitch Z 
Published: September 2010

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Krishnan V, Davidovitch ZObjective –  Molecules produced in various diseased tissues, or drugs and nutrients consumed regularly by patients, can reach the mechanically stressed paradental tissues through the circulation, and interact with local target cells. The combined effect of mechanical forces and one or more of these agents may be inhibitory, additive or synergistic. The objective of this review is to outline the mechanisms of action and effects of some commonly used drugs on tissue remodeling and orthodontic tooth movement.Design –  All the existing published literature on the effects of various drugs that are prescribed by orthodontists, which are consumed by patients for systemic diseases and those that are known to promote and retard the tooth movement process was obtained and subjected to thorough review process.Results –  All the drugs reviewed have therapeutic effects, as well as side effects, that may influence the cells targeted by orthodontic forces. Therefore, it is imperative that the orthodontist pays close attention to the drug consumption history of each and every patient, before and during the course of orthodontic treatment. When the use of drugs is revealed, their effects and side effects on tissue systems should be explored, to determine their potential influence on the outcome of mechanotherapy.Conclusion –  Drug‐consumption history must be an integral part of every orthodontic diagnosis and treatment plan.
Relationship of TMJ osteoarthritis / osteoarthrosis to head posture and dentofacial morphology
Authors: Ioi H , Matsumoto R , Nishioka M , Goto TK , Nakata S , Nakasima A , Counts AL 
Published: September 2010

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Ioi H, Matsumoto R, Nishioka M, Goto TK, Nakata S, Nakasima A, Counts ALObjective –  The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis/osteoarthrosis (OA), head posture and dentofacial morphology.Design –  Case–control study.Subjects and Methods –  The subjects consisted of 34 Japanese females with TMJ OA (aged 24.7 ± 6.1 years) and a control group of 25 healthy Japanese females (aged 23.6 ± 1.3 years). Six cranio‐cervical angular measurements were constructed for head posture analysis. Nine angular and three linear measurements were constructed for the skeletal hard tissue analysis. Five angular and one linear measurements were constructed for the dental hard tissue analysis. Unpaired t‐tests were used to compare the mean differences of head posture measurements and dentofacial cephalometric measurements between the TMJ OA and the control group.Results –  The TMJ OA group had significantly larger cranio‐cervical angles (p < 0.05) and had more posteriorly rotated mandibles (p < 0.0001) than those in the control group. They also had a significantly shorter posterior facial height (p < 0.0001). The TMJ OA group had more retroclined lower incisors (p < 0.05).Conclusion –  These results suggest that an association may exist between TMJ OA, head posture and dentofacial morphology.