bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortisol levels and history of depression in acute coronary syndrome patients
Authors: Messerli-Bürgy N. , Molloy G. J. , Wikman A. , Perkins-Porras L. , Randall G. , Steptoe A. 
Published: January 2012

BackgroundDepressed mood following an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a risk factor for future cardiac morbidity. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation is associated with depression, and may be a process through which depressive symptoms influence later cardiac health. Additionally, a history of depression predicts depressive symptoms in the weeks following ACS. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a history of depression and/or current depression are associated with the HPA axis dysregulation following ACS.MethodA total of 152 cardiac patients completed a structured diagnostic interview, a standardized depression questionnaire and a cortisol profile over the day, 3 weeks after an ACS. Cortisol was analysed using: the cortisol awakening response (CAR), total cortisol output estimated using the area under the curve method, and the slope of cortisol decline over the day.ResultsTotal cortisol output was positively associated with history of depression, after adjustment for age, gender, marital status, ethnicity, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), Global Registry of Acute Cardiac Events (GRACE) risk score, days in hospital, medication with statins and antiplatelet compounds, and current depression score. Men with clinically diagnosed depression after ACS showed a blunted CAR, but the CAR was not related to a history of depression.ConclusionsPatients with a history of depression showed increased total cortisol output, but this is unlikely to be responsible for associations between depression after ACS and later cardiac morbidity. However, the blunted CAR in patients with severe depression following ACS indicates that HPA dysregulation is present.
Nair–Tenenbaum bounds uniform with respect to the discriminant
Authors: HENRIOT KEVIN 
Published: January 2012

AbstractFor functionsFsatisfying a certain submultiplicativity condition and polynomialsQ1, . . .,Qkin[X], Nair and Tenenbaum obtained an upper bound on the short sum$\sum_{x < n \leq x+y} F(|Q_{1}(n)|,\dotsc,|Q_{k}(n)|)$with an implicit dependency on the discriminant ofQ1. . .Qk. We obtain a similar upper bound uniform in the discriminant.
Direct healthcare costs of selected diseases primarily or partially transmitted by water
Authors: COLLIER S. A. , STOCKMAN L. J. , HICKS L. A. , GARRISON L. E. , ZHOU F. J. , BEACH M. J. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYDespite US sanitation advancements, millions of waterborne disease cases occur annually, although the precise burden of disease is not well quantified. Estimating the direct healthcare cost of specific infections would be useful in prioritizing waterborne disease prevention activities. Hospitalization and outpatient visit costs per case and total US hospitalization costs for ten waterborne diseases were calculated using large healthcare claims and hospital discharge databases. The five primarily waterborne diseases in this analysis (giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, Legionnaires' disease, otitis externa, and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection) were responsible for over 40 000 hospitalizations at a cost of $970 million per year, including at least $430 million in hospitalization costs for Medicaid and Medicare patients. An additional 50 000 hospitalizations for campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, shigellosis, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, and toxoplasmosis cost $860 million annually ($390 million in payments for Medicaid and Medicare patients), a portion of which can be assumed to be due to waterborne transmission.
Pedogenic carbonate formation: Recrystallization versus migration—Process rates and periods assessed by 14C labeling
Authors: Gocke Martina , Pustovoytov Konstantin , Kuzyakov Yakov 
Published: January 2012

Under arid to semihumid climatic conditions, dissolution of primary carbonate and recrystallization with carbon (C) from soil CO2 leads to accumulation of significant amounts of pedogenic (secondary) carbonate. Most soils of arid and semiarid regions contain a carbonate accumulation horizon, the depth of which is related to climatic conditions and properties of parent material. It remains unclear whether this carbonate migrates from the upper horizons before or after recrystallization with soil CO2. The aim of this study was to determine recrystallization rates during initial pedogenesis and to estimate the accumulation depth of secondary carbonate based on C isotopic exchange during secondary carbonate formation in an experiment with alternating moisture conditions. Maize grown on 1 m high loess‐filled columns was pulse labeled in14CO2 atmosphere every 3 weeks. After 6 months, portions of secondary (recrystallized) CaCO3 were determined in 5 cm segments, based on 14C respired in the rhizosphere and subsequently incorporated into newly formed secondary carbonate. More than 80% of recrystallized carbonate (Ca14CO3) was leached from the uppermost 15 cm of the loess column, and more than 70% of total secondary carbonate were accumulated in a depth between 15 and 50 cm. Based on the recrystallization rate calculated for the uppermost 15 cm of the loess column (1.77 ± 0.26 ⋅ 10−5 day−1), between 300 and more than 1,700 years are necessary for complete decalcification of the upper 15 cm. Our modeled data are consistent with formation of calcic horizons under relatively humid conditions.
Influence of lithosphere‐asthenosphere interaction on the overriding lithosphere in a subduction zone: Numerical modeling
Authors: He Lijuan 
Published: January 2012

Several factors influence the topography of the overriding plate in a subduction zone: mantle wedge flow caused by motion of the descending slab, lithosphere elasticity, and interaction between the solid lithosphere and the viscous asthenosphere. This paper presents the results of new subduction modeling that incorporates both elastic/elastoplastic deformation in the overriding plate and viscous deformation in the asthenosphere. The effects of fluid‐solid coupling and interaction were considered using an arbitrary Lagrangian‐Eulerian technique that solves for the continuous deformation of fluid flow in contact with the rigid plate. Modeling results show that thicker lithosphere, which is harder to deform, contributes to the development of broadly shallower back‐arc basins. As lithospheric strength decreases, its ability to withstand outside force (fluid load) resulting from flow in the mantle wedge also declines, leading to the development of deep and narrow basins. Large‐scale deformation of the lithosphere modifies both the mantle wedge geometry and the wedge flow pattern, which in turn increases the fluid load and thereby enhances topographic variation. Generally, the effect of interaction is enhanced with lithospheric deformation. The elastoplastic model also leads to a weaker lithosphere and a correspondingly larger deflection in the lithosphere. Similarly to previous studies, back‐arc basins are deeper when mantle viscosity is higher. For a 50 km thick elastic lithosphere, the lithosphere‐asthenosphere interaction is negligible when the asthenospheric viscosity is less than 4 × 1019 Pa s. Increasing the rate of subduction or decreasing the dip angle will also lead to the development of deeper basins.
Relationship between behaviour problems and perceived parenting practices in Korean youth
Authors: Kim D. H. , Kim Y. S. , Koh Y‐J. , Leventhal B. L. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackground  Parenting practices have been accepted as powerful risk factors for behaviour problems, even though previous studies have suffered from significant methodological problems, such as small, non‐representative samples, cross‐sectional study designs, poor control for confounders, and minimal consideration of paternal parenting. This study examined whether three, specific maternal and paternal parenting practices are associated with internalizing and externalizing behavioural problems in youth.Methods  A prospective, longitudinal, cohort study was conducted among 1641 seventh‐ and eighth‐grade students from representative sample of middle school students. The measurements were the Korean Youth Self Report and the Childrearing Behavior Questionnaire (measuring three dimensions of parenting practice: warmth–acceptance, rejection–restriction and permissiveness–non‐intervention). Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed.Results  Maternal rejection–restriction increased risks for internalizing problems (OR = 1.112), whereas paternal control–rejection increased risks for externalizing behavioural problem (OR = 1.125).Conclusions  Specific parenting practices showed differential associations with youth behaviour problems. These results suggest that further studies are necessary to understand the importance of unique and shared parenting practices as well as their interactions with other factors in the aetiology of youth behaviour problems. In the meantime, these findings point to therapeutic opportunities for both parents and their children.
Identification of nutritional risk by nursing staff in secure psychiatric settings: reliability and validity of St Andrew's Nutrition Screening Instrument
Authors: ROWELL A. , LONG C. , CHANCE L. , DOLLEY O. 
Published: January 2012

Accessible summary
People with mental illness are also at high risk of physical health problems. Some of these health problems, such as diabetes, are linked to gaining too much weight. Good nutrition, taking enough to drink and eating a balanced diet are all important for being healthy. Staff need to include nutrition as one of the checks when people with mental illness come into their care.
St Andrew's Healthcare provides inpatient psychiatric care for people from age 13 years to older age. St Andrew's Nutrition Screening Instrument (SANSI) is included in each service user's health record and should be completed each month. It asks staff to record each person's weight and also to check that people are eating and drinking the right amount to meet their needs.
This study found that SANSI was able to show which people were at risk of poor health because of their nutrition. It is quick and easy for busy staff to use, which makes it more likely to become a regular check. The way it is written means that different staff will agree on the answers they give. It allows staff to see who would benefit from extra support with eating and drinking, and when they might need more specialist help with this.
AbstractNutrition screening is the first‐line approach to addressing the nutritional needs of service users and has been recommended as best practice by several authoritative and regulatory bodies. A simple and comprehensive screening tool, the St Andrew's Nutrition Screening Instrument (SANSI), was developed for use in an inpatient secure psychiatric setting. The aim of this study was to test the screening tool for reliability and validity. This study identified SANSI as reliable and valid for use in secure psychiatric settings for adolescents and adults. This should give confidence to regulatory and commissioning organizations, that the nutritional risk for patients in an organization which serves a diverse mental health population is being correctly identified, raising staff awareness and allowing appropriate action to be planned.
Patient selection for bedside teaching: inclusion and exclusion criteria used by teachers
Authors: Gierk Benjamin , Harendza Sigrid 
Published: January 2012

Medical Education 2012: 46: 228–233Context  Bedside teaching encounters on hospital wards offer medical students opportunities to learn key medical and interpersonal skills. Although many aspects of bedside teaching have been studied, not much is known about the selection process used by medical teachers to find patients for these encounters. Patient selection could have a substantial impact on medical students’ clinical experiences. Therefore, we studied the ways in which medical teachers select patients for bedside teaching and tried to determine the factors that affect patient selection.Methods  Using a qualitative research approach, we interviewed 15 teachers from three departments within the Medical Faculty at Hamburg University on how they choose patients for bedside teaching encounters. We extracted selection criteria from the transcripts of the audio‐recorded interviews and identified other factors that influenced selection.Results  One main category and two minor categories of factors relevant to patient selection were identified: educational; bio‐psycho‐social, and structural. Medical teachers look primarily for patients who have diseases that fit their conceptions of the learning objectives of the lessons in question. The two minor categories influence their choice of patients in different ways. By finding a balance between these categories, they decide which patients are eligible for participation. As a result of these selection criteria, some patients are more likely to become involved in clinical teaching, whereas others may be omitted.Conclusions  Patient selection for bedside teaching is based on several criteria. Non‐representative patient selection may narrow the learning experiences of medical students. Curriculum planners need to be aware that specific aspects of medical care may be neglected as a result of the exclusion of some patients. Teacher training and additional teaching formats should be provided to ensure that these are covered.
Maximising medicine through aphorisms
Authors: Levine David , Bleakley Alan 
Published: January 2012

Medical Education 2012:46: 153–162Context Aphorisms are succinct sayings that offer advice. They have permanently coloured medical culture and inhabit it in the same way as uncertainty; they are acknowledged, but rarely explored. Little has been written analytically or critically about the meanings and purposes of aphorisms in contemporary medical education, especially as a processional activity that maintains tradition, but both adds to and reframes it.Discussion We note multiple purposes for medical aphorisms, including roles as heuristics (rules of thumb) for practice, and in the identity construction of the clinician within a community beset by professional uncertainty and accountability. We suggest that aphorisms should be cared for not simply as historical curiosities, but as renewable ways of creating an ‘art of memory’ in medical education, stimulating recognition and recall as aesthetic rhetorical devices. In this spirit, we encourage the development of aphorisms appropriate for 21st century medicine in a process that should include the involvement of patients in building a proxy public literacy to inform collaboration in clinical encounters.Conclusions We propose a novel framework for aphorisms, emphasising strategies to enhance or maximise clinical judgement and professional behaviour, affirm identities, and educate the public via the media.
Enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis and Japanese encephalitis can be distinguished by topographic distribution of inflammation and specific intraneuronal detection of viral antigen and RNA
Authors: Wong K. T. , Ng K. Y. , Ong K. C. , Ng W. F. , Shankar S. K. , Mahadevan A. , Radotra B. , Su I. J. , Lau G. , Ling A. E. , Chan K. P. , Macorelles P. , Vallet S. , Cardosa M. J. , Desai A. , Ravi V. , Nagata N. , Shimizu H. , Takasaki T. 
Published: January 2012

K. T. Wong, K. Y. Ng, K. C. Ong, W. F. Ng, S. K. Shankar, A. Mahadevan, B. Radotra, I. J. Su, G. Lau, A. E. Ling, K. P. Chan, P. Macorelles, S. Vallet, M. J. Cardosa, A. Desai, V. Ravi, N. Nagata, H. Shimizu and T. Takasaki (2012) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology38, 443–453Enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis and Japanese encephalitis can be distinguished by topographic distribution of inflammation and specific intraneuronal detection of viral antigen and RNAAims: To investigate if two important epidemic viral encephalitis in children, Enterovirus 71 (EV71) encephalomyelitis and Japanese encephalitis (JE) whose clinical and pathological features may be nonspecific and overlapping, could be distinguished. Methods: Tissue sections from the central nervous system of infected cases were examined by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Results: All 13 cases of EV71 encephalomyelitis collected from Asia and France invariably showed stereotyped distribution of inflammation in the spinal cord, brainstem, hypothalamus, cerebellar dentate nucleus and, to a lesser extent, cerebral cortex and meninges. Anterior pons, corpus striatum, thalamus, temporal lobe, hippocampus and cerebellar cortex were always uninflamed. In contrast, the eight JE cases studied showed inflammation involving most neuronal areas of the central nervous system, including the areas that were uninflamed in EV71 encephalomyelitis. Lesions in both infections were nonspecific, consisting of perivascular and parenchymal infiltration by inflammatory cells, oedematous/necrolytic areas, microglial nodules and neuronophagia. Viral inclusions were absent. Conclusions: Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization assays were useful to identify the causative virus, localizing viral antigens and RNA, respectively, almost exclusively to neurones. The stereotyped distribution of inflammatory lesions in EV71 encephalomyelitis appears to be very useful to help distinguish it from JE.
The analgesic effect of continuous subacromial bupivacaine infusion after arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: MERIVIRTA R. , KUUSNIEMI K. S. , AANTAA R. , HURME S. A. , ÄÄRIMAA V. , LEINO K. A. 
Published: January 2012

BackgroundThe benefits of subacromial local anesthetic infusion are controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of subacromial bupivacaine infusion after arthroscopic acromionplasty and rotator cuff procedures.MethodsNinety patients with subacromial impingement disease scheduled for elective shoulder arthroscopy were enrolled in this randomized, prospective and placebo‐controlled study. The patients received subacromially either 5.0 mg/ml bupivacaine or 9.0 mg/ml saline at the rate of 2 ml/h post‐operatively for 48 h. The primary outcome measure was the use of rescue oxycodone. The consumption of opioids, ibuprofen, paracetamol and codeine, and the intensity of pain were recorded.ResultsPatients receiving bupivacaine infusion used significantly less oxycodone compared with patients receiving saline [15 vs. 20 mg (median) oxycodone intravenously on the day of surgery, 0 vs. 10 mg (median) perorally on the first post‐operative day]. There was no significant difference in the use of ibuprofen, paracetamol and codeine, except that paracetamol was used more in patients receiving saline during the day of surgery (P = 0.009). The pain scores of patients receiving bupivacaine were lower at 18 h (P = 0.008). Average pain scores for the worst pain experienced did not differ between the groups. There were three (4%) premature discontinuations because of technical problems.ConclusionsConsidering the low need of opioids, expenses and technical problems in these patients, subacromial 5.0 mg/ml bupivacaine infusion 2 ml/h confers only moderate and probably clinically insignificant efficacy compared with placebo. This efficacy might be overweighed by the disadvantages.
Evaluation of the peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridisation technology for yeast identification directly from positive blood cultures: an Italian experience
Authors: Farina Claudio , Perin Silvana , Andreoni Stefano , Conte Marco , Fazii Paolo , Lombardi Gianluigi , Manso Esther , Morazzoni Cristina , Sanna Silvana ,   on behalf of the Medical Mycology Committee (CoSM) ‘Fungemia Diagnosis Study Group’, Italian Society of Clinical Microbiology (AMCLI)
Published: January 2012

Summary Fungaemia is an increasing nosocomial pathology. The ‘gold standard’ for detection of fungaemia is blood culture, but it is time‐consuming and its sensitivity for early detection is low. On the other hand, yeasts present different antifungal sensitivity patterns to be quickly detected to allow an effective treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performances of PNA‐FISH to directly identify yeasts from blood cultures and to compare results with those obtained by culture. A total of 176 blood cultures positive for yeasts at direct Gram stain and 24 negative blood cultures as control collected from 15 Italian hospitals, included in a network coordinated by the Medical Mycology Committee, Italian Society of Clinical Microbiology (AMCLI), were examined both by culture and PNA‐FISH technology. Sensitivity of the PNA‐FISH technique evaluated for five Candida species was 99.3% and specificity, 100%. Distinguishing which yeast is implicated in fungaemia and whether the infection is caused by multiple species are important for the selection of antifungal therapy. The PNA‐FISH technique is a very useful approach because the test discriminates between groups of Candida species with different susceptibility pattern, particularly against azoles and echinocandins, with only a 90‐minute turn‐around time after the Gram‐stain reading.
New insights into the mechanisms of the vasorelaxant effects of apocynin in rat thoracic aorta
Authors: Senejoux François , Girard‐Thernier Corine , Berthelot Alain , Bévalot Françoise , Demougeot Céline 
Published: January 2012

AbstractApocynin is a naturally occurring acetophenone widely used as an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. Recent data suggested that apocynin might exert NADPH oxidase‐independent pharmacological properties. Among them, vasorelaxant properties have been described, but the mechanisms still give rise to debates. The present study investigated the mechanisms involved in the vasorelaxant effect of apocynin on the in vitro model of rat isolated thoracic aortic rings. Apocynin (30 μm to 10 mm) induced a dose‐dependent relaxation in both endothelium‐intact and endothelium‐denuded aortic rings with respective EC50 values of 0.78 ± 0.08 and 1.91 ± 0.21 mm. Endothelium removal or inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase with Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine‐methyl ester (l‐NAME) significantly decreased but did not abolish the effect of apocynin. By contrast, apocynin‐induced relaxation was unchanged after incubation with indomethacin or charybdotoxin plus apamin. In endothelium‐denuded aortas, the vasorelaxant effect of apocynin was significantly reduced by glibenclamide but not by 4‐aminopyridine nor by iberiotoxin. Apocynin significantly decreased Ca2+‐induced contraction and inhibited intracellular Ca2+mobilization after contraction with phenylephrine. Finally, the acute intravenous injection of apocynin led to an immediate and transient hypotensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In conclusion, our data demonstrated that apocynin induces both endothelium‐independent relaxant effects involving inhibition of Ca2+mobilization and activation of KATP channels in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelium‐dependent effects mediated by NO. These results should provide a basis for caution when interpreting results on the vascular effects of apocynin.