bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CEO Incentives—It's Not How Much You Pay, But How*
Authors: Jensen Michael C. , Murphy Kevin J. 
Published: March 2010

In this 1990 Harvard Business Review classic, the authors begin by correcting a number of widespread misconceptions:

Contrary to headlines at the time, top executives at the end of the 1980s were not receiving record salaries and bonuses. Instead they were catching up to real levels of pay that prevailed during the 1930s and had dropped sharply since then.
Annual changes in executive compensation during the 1970s and 1980s were largely unrelated to changes in corporate performance, with CEO total compensation varying by only about $3 with every $1,000 change in shareholder wealth. (And the variability of total CEO pay was no higher than that of the compensation of hourly and salaried employees.)
With respect to pay for performance, U.S. compensation practices in the '70s and '80s were getting worse rather than better over time. The percentage of stock ownership by CEOs in large public companies was ten times greater in the 1930s than in the 1980s. And during the previous 15 years (1975‐1989), CEO holdings as a fraction of value had actually fallen.

With the aim of reversing these trends, the authors offered three recommendations:

Substantial equity ownership by CEOs.
Structuring of cash compensation to provide big rewards for outstanding performance and meaningful penalties for poor performance.
Increased threat of dismissal for poor performance.

Since publication of this article in 1990, the first and third of these goals have largely been accomplished (while the second has proved more elusive).
Active Investors, LBOs, and the Privatization of Bankruptcy
Authors: Jensen Michael C. 
Published: March 2010

In this testimony to the House Ways and Means Committee on February 1, 1989 (when LBOs and other highly leveraged transactions were under fierce attack by politicians and the media), the author identified “LBO associations” such as KKR and Forstmann Little as a valuable innovation in organizational form—a new model of management and governance that was competing directly with the headquarters of large public corporations, especially conglomerates. In the author's words, LBOs “substitute incentives provided by compensation and ownership plans for the direct monitoring and often centralized decision‐making in the typical corporate bureaucracy.”In illustrating his point, the author noted that whereas the CEOs of U.S. companies during the '70s and '80s saw their personal wealth go up by only about $3 for every $1,000 increase in firm value, the average CEO in an LBO experienced a change of $64 per $1,000—and for the partners of the LBO firm, the closest equivalent to a conglomerate CEO, the change was about $200 per $1,000.Based on the performance of the first wave of LBOs to return to public ownership, such dramatic concentrations of equity ownership appear to have produced large gains in operating efficiency. (And since the author's testimony, these findings have been confirmed by subsequent studies of later periods and in other countries.) The heavy debt loads in these transactions, besides making possible the concentration of equity ownership, also perform an important control function, intensifying the search for efficiencies and discouraging reinvestment in low‐return projects. For those LBOs that have trouble servicing their debt loads, the author argues that the costs of insolvency should turn out to be significantly lower than for traditional public companies because LBOs provide strong incentives to keep the process of reorganizing troubled companies out of the bankruptcy court (a prediction that, although proving wrong in the early‘90s, has turned out to be true of the most recent wave of private equity deals).
Executive Compensation: An Overview of Research on Corporate Practices and Proposed Reforms
Authors: Faulkender Michael , Kadyrzhanova Dalida , Prabhala N. , Senbet Lemma 
Published: March 2010

Two landmark episodes of the last decade, the 2001 dot‐com crisis and the 2008 bursting of the housing bubble, have drawn attention to the size and structure of executive pay plans and their possible role in propagating or worsening the crises. In this policy‐oriented piece, the authors discuss the key issues in the debate on executive pay and express their support for a number of reform proposals that have been advanced in academic and policy circles.The article begins by dividing the compensation debate into four key issues:First, while public outrage has focused on thesizeof the pay packages at failed financial institutions, it is perhaps more important to focus on thestructureof compensation and theprocessof setting compensation to prevent future crises. An effective pay package isnotnecessarily the one most laden with equity incentives. Too much equity exposure can cause excessive risk‐taking, manipulation, and shift executive attention away from true value creation.Second, incentive structures should incorporate indexing and clawbacks to guard against the possibility that performance benchmarks are rewarding luck more than sustainable, long‐run performance.Third, the compensation‐setting process should be placed in the hands of shareholders, boards, and advisors who are not only independent but also possess ample expertise in the financial instruments used to incentivize pay.Fourth and finally, any proposals for changes in compensation design or the taxation of compensation should anticipate how executives will alter their behavior in response to the changes, and evaluate the effect of the changes net of such offsetting responses.
AN AEOLIANITE IN THE UPPER DALAN MEMBER (KHUFF FORMATION), SOUTH PARS FIELD, IRAN
Authors: Frébourg G. , Davaud E. , Gaillot J. , Virgone A. , Kamali M. 
Published: March 2010

A laterally continuous, 3m thick oolitic grainstone has been studied in cores from two wells from the South Pars field (offshore Iran). This high porosity but low permeability interval occurs at the top of the gas‐bearing succession in the Permian Upper Dalan Member, and is equivalent to the informally‐defined K4 unit of the Khuff Formation. This interval can easily be traced between the wells and overlies high‐energy marine deposits. It is composed of oomouldic, fine‐grained azooic grainstones with cm‐thick coarser‐grained layers. Horizontal to oblique lamination or steep foresets were observed together with pinstripe lamination.Petrographic observations indicate a clean oomouldic grainstone with very thin chitonic rims associated with pedogenetic imprints as first‐generation cements. Later cements include early vadose meniscus and pendant cements in coarser‐grained layers and pseudophreatic cements in the finer‐grained material with a tighter pore network, prior to ooid dissolution. Rhizoliths were observed in cores and thin‐sections. The pedogenic imprints and the early vadose cementation, both related to emergence, as well as the presence of pinstripe lamination, suggest an aeolian depositional setting.This interval is the first aeolianite recorded within the Khuff Formation or equivalent units, and the first hydrocarbon‐bearing carbonate aeolianite described in a hydrocarbon‐producing unit. The discovery of aeolianites has important implications for regional sequence‐stratigraphic interpretations and reservoir volume calculations. These deposits do not conform to classic subaqueous sequence stratigraphy and do not record eustatic variations in the associated marine basin. Their recognition is crucial for well‐to‐well correlations.
Fat as a fuel: emerging understanding of the adipose tissue–skeletal muscle axis
Authors: Frayn K. N. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe early pioneers in the field of metabolism during exercise such as Lindhard and Krogh understood the importance of fat as a fuel for muscle contraction. But they could not have understood the details of the pathways involved, as neither the metabolic role of adipose tissue nor the transport role of non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the plasma was clearly understood at the time. We now recognize that the onset of muscular contraction coincides with an increase in the delivery of NEFA from adipose tissue, probably coordinated by the sympatho‐adrenal system. During light exercise, adipose tissue‐derived NEFA make up the majority of the oxidative fuel used by muscle. As exercise is prolonged, the importance of NEFA increases. The onset of exercise is marked by an increased proportion of NEFAs entering β‐oxidation rather than re‐esterification and recycling. At moderate intensities of exercise, other sources of fat, potentially plasma‐ and intramyocellular‐triacylglycerol, supplement the supply of plasma NEFA. The delivery of NEFA is augmented by increased adipose tissue blood flow and by other stimuli such as atrial natriuretic peptide. Only during high‐intensity exercise is there a failure of adipose tissue to deliver sufficient fatty acids for muscle (which is coupled with an inability of muscle to use them, even when fatty acids are supplied artificially). This limitation of adipose tissue NEFA delivery may reflect some feedback inhibition of lipolysis, perhaps via lactate, or possibly α‐adrenergic inhibition of lipolysis at very high catecholamine concentrations.
Marine microbial genomics in Europe: current status and perspectives
Authors: Glöckner Frank Oliver , Joint Ian 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe oceans are the Earth's largest ecosystem, covering 70% of our planet and providing goods and services for the majority of the world's population. Understanding the complex abiotic and biotic processes on the micro‐ to macroscale is the key to protect and sustain the marine ecosystem. Marine microorganisms are the ‘gatekeepers’ of the biotic processes that control the global cycles of energy and organic matter. A multinational, multidisciplinary approach, bringing together research on oceanography, biodiversity and genomics, is now needed to understand and finally predict the complex responses of the marine ecosystem to ongoing global changes. Such an integrative approach will not only bring better understanding of the complex interplay of the organisms with their environment, but will reveal a wealth of new metabolic processes and functions, which have a high potential for biotechnological applications. This potential has already been recognized by the European commission which funded a series of workshops and projects on marine genomics in the sixth and seventh framework programme. Nevertheless, there remain many obstacles to achieving the goal – such as a lack of bioinformatics tailored for the marine field, consistent data acquisition and exchange, as well as continuous monitoring programmes and a lack of relevant marine bacterial models. Marine ecosystems research is complex and challenging, but it also harbours the opportunity to cross the borders between disciplines and countries to finally create a rewarding marine research era that is more than the sum of its parts.
Standards for documenting and monitoring bird reintroduction projects
Authors: Sutherland William J. , Armstrong Doug , Butchart Stuart H. M , Earnhardt Joanne M. , Ewen John , Jamieson Ian , Jones Carl G. , Lee Rebecca , Newbery Peter , Nichols James D. , Parker Kevin A. , Sarrazin François , Seddon Philip J. , Shah Nirmal , Tatayah Vikash 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIt would be much easier to assess the effectiveness of different reintroduction methods, and so improve the success of reintroductions, if there was greater standardization in documentation of the methods and outcomes. We suggest a series of standards for documenting and monitoring the methods and outcomes associated with reintroduction projects for birds. Key suggestions are: documenting the planned release before it occurs, specifying the information required on each release, postrelease monitoring occurring at standard intervals of 1 and 5 years (and 10 for long‐lived species), carrying out a population estimate unless impractical, distinguishing restocked and existing individuals when supplementing populations, and documenting the results. We suggest these principles would apply, largely unchanged, to other vertebrate classes. Similar methods could be adopted for invertebrates and plants with appropriate modification. We suggest that organizations publically state whether they will adopt these approaches when undertaking reintroductions. Similar standardization would be beneficial for a wide range of topics in environmental monitoring, ecological studies, and practical conservation.
RADICAL COMMENTS ON “RADICAL CONNECTIONISM”
Authors: Garzon Max 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe commentary is presented in three sections. Section 1 presents a brief summary of the main theses in Cummins' paper. In section 2, I argue that this analysis is not peculiar to cognition, and that in fact, a similar, more general analysis has been given [3] in fundamental areas of inquiry, hitherto independent of cognitive science. Finally, in section 3, it is argued that, if this general form of Cummins' analysis is correct, it calls for a profound re‐evaluation of our conception of science.
The Soulless Tribe
Authors: Brenner William H. 
Published: March 2010

Speculation. A tribe that we have brought into subjection, which we want to make into a slave race…. The government and the scientists give it out that the people of this tribe have no souls; so they can be used without scruple for any purpose whatever.When the slaves say something happens in them, … does this confirm that they have souls? … If they say now “something happens in my head—my soul—” that only shows that they use a certain picture.
Cold-season nitrous oxide dynamics in a drained boreal peatland differ depending on land-use practice
Authors: Maljanen Marja , Hytönen Jyrki , Martikainen Pertti J. 
Published: March 2010

Drained peat soils are important sources of greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2). These gases are produced in soil and they can be emitted year-round. We measured N2O and CH4 flux rates and total respiration (RTOT) over a year from a drained peatland with one subsite as a grass field and another forested. The field acted annually as a small source (0.36 ± 0.73 kg C·ha–1) and the forest as a sink (–1.93 ± 0.50 kg C·ha–1) for CH4. Mean annual RTOT rates were 660 and 297 mg·m–2·h–1 in the field and in the forest, respectively. Annual N2O emission rates were 34.8 ± 2.4 kg N·ha–1 from the field and 25.5 ± 5.5 kg N·ha–1 from the forest. More than 80% of the annual N2O emissions took place during winter. In the field, high emissions were detected during thawing in April when N2O accumulated in soil during the winter was released. In the forest, N2O emissions peaked when the top soil was freezing in January and accumulation of N2O in soil was less than in the field. The timing of the episodic high N2O emissions thus differed depending on the land use.
Early vegetation control for the regeneration of a single-cohort, intimate mixture of white spruce and trembling aspen on upland boreal sites
Authors: Pitt Douglas G. , Comeau Philip G. , Parker William C. , MacIsaac Daniel , McPherson Scott , Hoepting Michael K. , Stinson Al , Mihajlovich Milo 
Published: March 2010

In Canada’s boreal forest region, there is increasing demand for practical regeneration strategies that will recreate mixed stands of white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.). In 2002, we implemented an experiment in both west-central Alberta and northeastern Ontario to better understand the effects of herbaceous and woody vegetation control on crop tree survival and growth, within the context of prescription development for the regeneration of a single-cohort, intimate mixture of spruce and aspen. After five growing seasons, good spruce growth, health, and survival were observed with 2 m radial treatments consisting of herbaceous and woody (i.e., complete) vegetation control centred on trees planted at 5 m spacing. These spruce were 4%–64% taller and 68%–178% larger in stem diameter than untended trees, leading to 167%–1166% gains in stem volume, and were at least equivalent to the same stock grown at 2.5 m spacing and provided with complete, continuous relief from competition. Removing only the woody vegetation within treated radii stimulated herbaceous competition, resulting in reduced survival and growth of spruce and reduced height of surrounding aspen. Early results suggest that spot treatments that provide 2–4 years of relief from herbaceous and woody competition may offer a practical strategy for growing spruce with aspen.
HIRZEBRUCH CLASSES AND MOTIVIC CHERN CLASSES FOR SINGULAR SPACES
Authors: BRASSELET JEAN-PAUL , SCHÜRMANN JÖRG , YOKURA SHOJI 
Published: March 2010

In this paper we study some new theories of characteristic homology classes of singular complex algebraic (or compactifiable analytic) spaces.We introduce a motivic Chern class transformationmCy: K0( var /X) → G0(X) ⊗ ℤ[y], which generalizes the total λ-class λy(T*X) of the cotangent bundle to singular spaces. Here K0( var /X) is the relative Grothendieck group of complex algebraic varieties over X as introduced and studied by Looijenga and Bittner in relation to motivic integration, and G0(X) is the Grothendieck group of coherent sheaves of [Formula: see text]-modules. A first construction of mCyis based on resolution of singularities and a suitable "blow-up" relation, following the work of Du Bois, Guillén, Navarro Aznar, Looijenga and Bittner. A second more functorial construction of mCyis based on some results from the theory of algebraic mixed Hodge modules due to M. Saito.We define a natural transformation Ty*: K0( var /X) → H*(X) ⊗ ℚ[y] commuting with proper pushdown, which generalizes the corresponding Hirzebruch characteristic. Ty*is a homology class version of the motivic measure corresponding to a suitable specialization of the well-known Hodge polynomial. This transformation unifies the Chern class transformation of MacPherson and Schwartz (for y = -1), the Todd class transformation in the singular Riemann-Roch theorem of Baum–Fulton–MacPherson (for y = 0) and the L-class transformation of Cappell-Shaneson (for y = 1).We also explain the relation among the "stringy version" of our characteristic classes, the elliptic class of Borisov–Libgober and the stringy Chern classes of Aluffi and De Fernex–Lupercio–Nevins–Uribe.All our results can be extended to varieties over a base field k of characteristic 0.
Physical changes of porous Hungarian limestones related to silicic acid ester consolidant treatments
Authors: Pápay Z. , Török Á. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Porous limestones are widely used in the monuments of Hungary, and are often treated using stone consolidants on site during restoration works. Two types of porous Miocene limestones from Sóskút were treated with dilute and concentrated silicic acid ester under laboratory conditions. The aim of the experiments was to assess the performance of the consolidants of different concentrations on fine- and medium-grained limestones, and to detect physical changes caused by consolidation. The pore-size distribution and fabric of the limestones were also different with initial porosities of 37 and 23%, respectively. In the open pores only a few per cent (3.2–5.2%) of silica gel was precipitated even under vacuum saturation. The loss of porosity was higher when concentrated consolidant was used. The decrease in porosity was found not to be proportional to the changes in strength. Indeed, the dilute consolidant caused a greater increase in strength than the concentrated one. The increase of tensile strength was higher for the less porous medium-grained limestone than for the fine-grained one. The differences in strength between non-consolidated and treated specimens were also detectable using ultrasonic pulse velocities. The tests have shown that the efficacy of silica acid ester treatments in terms of strength is less influenced by the concentration of the consolidant, but rather its ability to reach the micropores of porous limestones.
Limestone on the ‘Don Pedro I’ facade in the Real Alcázar compound, Seville, Spain
Authors: Vazquez-Calvo C. , Varas M. J. , De Buergo M. Alvarez , Fort R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper discusses the research conducted prior to restoring the ‘Don Pedro I’ facade on the Real Alcázar or royal palace at Seville, Spain. The different types of stone on the facade were located and characterized, and their state of decay mapped. Although other materials (brick, rendering, ceramics, marble) are present on the facade, its main elements are made from two types of limestone:palomeraandtosca, each in a different state of conservation and exhibiting distinct behaviour. Colour parameters, real and bulk densities, compactness, open porosity, water saturation coefficient and total porosity were determined to characterize the two varieties. In addition, ultrasonic techniques were used to map the various levels of decay on the facade, stone by stone, for future interventions. The findings show that owing to its petrographical and petrophysical properties,palomerastone is of a lower quality thantoscastone, and has undergone more intense deterioration.
The church of Santa Engrácia (the National Pantheon, Lisbon, Portugal): building campaigns, conservation works, stones and pathologies
Authors: Figueiredo C. , Aires-Barros L. , Neto M. J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A study of the different building campaigns, restoration works, pathologies and stones used through time in the Church of Santa Engrácia (Portuguese National Pantheon) is presented. The changing fortunes of the monument make it a useful case study in terms of building stone use and decay. This bold baroque project, begun in the seventeenth century, remained without a roof until the 1960s. At that time the leader of the conservative regime of Estado Novo (‘New State’), António de Oliveira Salazar, decided to complete the building as a national pantheon to provide a memorial to some of the personalities of Portuguese history. A complementary approach between the geosciences and history of art identified the ancient and more recent quarries, and the main stone types, used during its different building campaigns and restoration/conservation works. The local stone variety ‘lioz’, extracted in the area around Lisbon, was the main type used. An overview of the current knowledge of the chemical, physical and mechanical characteristics of these stones is now available. Besides new data on the typology, causes and processes of the major weathering forms observed inside and outside the building, the building campaigns and restoration works are also presented.
Decay of the Campanile limestone used as building material in Tudela Cathedral (Navarra, Spain)
Authors: Buj O. , Gisbert J. , Franco B. , Mateos N. , Bauluz B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A characterization is presented of the building materials used in the Cathedral of Tudela, as well as of the different forms of decay, with the aim of establishing the cause and mechanisms of this decay. The Cathedral of Tudela was built mainly with Campanile limestone from the upper Miocene. The campanile limestone is a wackestone, with a terrigenous content of 2.6% and 1.5–2.5% of organic matter.
After a detailed investigation of all the different forms of stone decay, our conclusion is that the main type of damage affecting Campanile limestone has morphologies similar to a mechanical fracture with breakages of convex surfaces and resulting very sharp edges. The process of decay is caused by the expansion of the rock during the drying process, which has a very rapid and aggressive effect on the rock.
Laboratory tests showed that through extreme drying in the presence of a magnesium sulphate solution, the salt crystallization inside the stone generates a strength greater than the tensile strength of the stone, thus causing a fracture and the loosening of rock fragments. The materials introduced in recent restorations (sandstone and Portland cement) provide the necessary magnesium for the development of this weathering in Campanile limestone.