bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relation of vertebral deformities to bone density, structure, and strength
Authors: Melton III L Joseph , Riggs B Lawrence , Keaveny Tony M , Achenbach Sara J , Kopperdahl David , Camp Jon J , Rouleau Peggy A , Amin Shreyasee , Atkinson Elizabeth J , Robb Richard A , Therneau Terry M , Khosla Sundeep 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Because they are not reliably discriminated by areal bone mineral density (aBMD) measurements, it is unclear whether minimal vertebral deformities represent early osteoporotic fractures. To address this, we compared 90 postmenopausal women with no deformity (controls) with 142 women with one or more semiquantitative grade 1 (mild) deformities and 51 women with any grade 2–3 (moderate/severe) deformities. aBMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), lumbar spine volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and geometry by quantitative computed tomography (QCT), bone microstructure by high-resolution peripheral QCT at the radius (HRpQCT), and vertebral compressive strength and load-to-strength ratio by finite-element analysis (FEA) of lumbar spine QCT images. Compared with controls, women with grade 1 deformities had significantly worse values for many bone density, structure, and strength parameters, although deficits all were much worse for the women with grade 2–3 deformities. Likewise, these skeletal parameters were more strongly associated with moderate to severe than with mild deformities by age-adjusted logistic regression. Nonetheless, grade 1 vertebral deformities were significantly associated with four of the five main variable categories assessed: bone density (lumbar spine vBMD), bone geometry (vertebral apparent cortical thickness), bone strength (overall vertebral compressive strength by FEA), and load-to-strength ratio (45-degree forward bending ÷ vertebral compressive strength). Thus significantly impaired bone density, structure, and strength compared with controls indicate that many grade 1 deformities do represent early osteoporotic fractures, with corresponding implications for clinical decision making. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Engaging depressed African American adolescents in treatment: lessons from the AAKOMA PROJECT
Authors: Breland‐Noble Alfiee M. , Burriss Antoinette , Poole H. Kathy 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe authors describe and illustrate means of engaging depressed African American adolescents in treatment. Twenty‐eight youth participated in focus groups or individual interviews. Using grounded theory and transcript based analysis, they derived 5 themes describing African American adolescents' experience of depression and suggested mechanisms for improving African American youth treatment engagement. Practitioners can educate African American youth about depression as a medical disorder, build trust, and apply innovative approaches to recognizing differential manifestations of depression in African American youth. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 66:1–12, 2010.
Green synthesis of 5‐substituted‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole‐2‐thiols as new potent nitrification inhibitors
Authors: Saha Ajoy , Kumar Rajesh , Kumar Rajendra , Devakumar C. 
Published: June 2010

Abstractmagnified imageA fast, efficient synthesis of 5‐substituted‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole‐2‐thiols was successfully developed, assessed using green chemistry matrices, and compounds were screened for theirin vitronitrification inhibitory activity. The greener method was superior with higher energy efficiency, E(nvironmental) factor, atom economy, atom efficiency, carbon efficiency, and reaction mass efficiency. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
On strongly starlike multivalent functions of order β and type α
Authors: Xu N‐eng , Yang Ding‐Gong , Owa Shigeyoshi 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFor analytic and p ‐valent functions f (z) in the open unit disk 𝕌, a new subclass $ \tilde S^*_p $(α, β) consisting of the functions f (z) which are strongly starlike p ‐valent of order β and type α is introduced. The object of the present paper is to derive some sufficient conditions for f (z) to be in the class $ \tilde S^*_p $(α, β). In particular, our results extend and improve some results given by Nunokawa et al. [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 212, 98–106 (1997)] (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Self‐Healing Supramolecular Networks
Authors: Tournilhac François , Cordier Philippe , Montarnal Damien , Soulié‐Ziakovic Corinne , Leibler Ludwik 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe have demonstrated recently1 that an assembly of molecules, connected to each other by strong, but thermally reversible, hydrogen bonds, is able to show rubber elasticity and, in striking contrast to conventional rubbers, is able to self‐heal when cut or torn into pieces. Self‐repair is achieved by simply bringing the broken pieces into contact with no chemical reactions, no heat nor strong pressure applied. In this paper, we briefly review the design principles, synthesis and physical properties of such materials.
pH‐Responsive Microgel Particles Comprising Solely Basic or Acidic Residues
Authors: Christodoulakis K.E. , Vamvakaki M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractpH‐responsive microgel particles with a diameter between 200 and 600 nm, comprising either basic or acidic moieties, have been synthesized by emulsion polymerization. Basic microgels were prepared by the polymerization of the hydrophobic monomer 2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA), while t‐butyl methacrylate (t‐BuMA) was used as the protected ester monomer to obtain methacrylic acid (MAA)‐based microgel particles following acid hydrolysis of the ester groups. These microgels exhibit reversible swelling in water in response to changes in the solution pH. Thus, when ionized, the microgel particles are swollen due to the electrostatic repulsions between the charged monomer repeating units and the osmotic pressure created within the microgel particles by the presence of the counterions to the charged monomer units. The solution properties of the polymer microgels were investigated as a function of the solution pH by potentiometric titrations, and the effective ionization constant (Kα) of the microgels was determined. Dynamic light scattering was used to characterize the swelling behavior of the microgels as a function of the degree of ionization of the monomer residues. The tertiary amine‐based microgels swell at low pH upon protonation of the amine units, while the PMAA microgels are swollen at high pH when the acid groups become neutralized. A change of the solution pH above or below a critical value (the effective pKα of the protonated monomer repeating units) leads to the formation of collapsed PDEAEMA or PMAA latex particles, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy was used to confirm the shape and size of the microgel particles while their morphology was also characterized by scanning electron microscopy. These pH‐responsive microgels can be used as colloidal templates for the in‐situ synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles at high loadings and in controlled drug delivery.
Hydrophobic Surface Characteristics of Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Authors: Haraguchi Kazutoshi , Li Huan‐Jun 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe surface of nanocomposite hydrogels (NC gels), consisting of poly(N‐isopropylacylamide) (PNIPA), exfoliated clay (hectorite) and a large amount of water, showed an extraordinarily high contact angle for water (θw) at ambient temperature, despite the fact that all of its constituents are hydrophilic under this condition. The θw value varied within the range 100° ∼ 150°, depending on composition, i.e. the water content and the clay concentration. High θw values were stable in short‐term measurements (≤ 10 s), but during long‐term measurements (∼ 20 min), they underwent unique changes which strongly depended on the clay concentration (i.e. the network density). The unusually high hydrophobicity was only observed in PNIPA‐based NC gels and was attributed to the alignment of the N‐isopropyl groups at the gel‐air interface. Also, the hydrophobic surface of the NC gel changed to hydrophilic when the gel came into contact with water and rapidly reverted to hydrophobic on subsequent drying. Furthermore, it was found that the high θw values of the PNIPA‐NC gel were hardly affected by modifications of the network through copolymerization with or interpenetration of a hydrophilic polymer. The adsorption of a hydrophilic (cationic) dye also hardly affected the high θw value.
Novel Routes to Functional (Meso)Porous Cross‐Linked Polymers Using (Semi‐)Interpenetrating Polymer Networks as Nanostructured Precursors
Authors: Grande Daniel , Beurroies Isabelle , Denoyel Renaud 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSemi‐interpenetrating polymer network (semi‐IPN) and IPN systems based on poly(D,L‐lactide) and a functional vinylic polymer can be effectively used as nanostructured precursors to novel functionalized (meso)porous networks. Indeed, the extraction of uncross‐linked oligoesters from semi‐IPNs as well as the quantitative hydrolysis of the polyester sub‐network associated with semi‐hydrolyzable IPNs constitute straightforward and versatile strategies for engineering (meso)porous cross‐linked polymers with miscellaneous functionalities. The versatility of both complementary routes was illustrated through the generation of methacrylic porous networks with acidic (COOH, SO3H) functions as well as styrenic porous networks with acidic (COOH, SO3H) or basic (pyridine) functions. The potentialities afforded by the two approaches were discussed, and more particularly the porous networks derived therefrom were characterized by several physico‐chemical techniques.
Dynamics of Labeled Linear Polystyrenes in Semi‐Dilute Polystyrene Matrices in the Uncross‐Linked and Cross‐Linked States
Authors: Susoff Markus , Oppermann Wilhelm 
Published: June 2010

AbstractLinear polystyrene chains that were labeled with a fluorescent dye were enclosed in a semidilute matrix of polystyrene in toluene. The matrix polymers used were suitably functionalized such that they could be photocross‐linked in a stepwise and controlled manner without attachment of the tracer chains. The diffusion coefficient of the tracer chains was determined by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching while the state of the matrix was changing from a semidilute solution to a covalently cross‐linked gel. The progress of the photocross‐linking reaction was macroscopically monitored by rheology. The tracer chains were polystyrenes with molecular weights ranging from 50 000 to 2 000 000 g mol−1and low polydispersity. They were labeled via polymer analogous reactions with the fluorescent dye 6‐(7‐nitrobenzfurazan‐4‐ylamino) hexanoic acid. The matrix polymers covered a similar molecular weight range. The results of these measurements show that the dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the tracer molecular weight in the gel can be described by a scaling law in the sense of the reptation theory whereas distinct deviations of this scaling behavior appear in the sol state. The ratio of the matrix molecular weight and tracer molecular weight in the initial sol state significantly influences the change of the probe dynamics during the sol‐gel transition.
Photovoltaic Loss Analysis of Inkjet‐Printed Polymer Solar Cells Using Pristine Solvent Formulations
Authors: Hoth C.N. , Schilinsky P. , Choulis S.A. , Brabec C.J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe have recently reported inkjet‐printed organic solar cells with a record power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. In this contribution, we present our first trials to process a functional active layer of a polymer:fullerene bulk‐hetero junction solar cell by inkjet printing using tetralene as a solvent. Solar cells with the inkjet‐printed active layer based on pristine tetralene show calibrated AM1.5 power conversion efficiency (PCE) of around 1.3% over comparable doctor bladed cells with PCE of 3.3%. Analysis in terms of one‐diode equivalent circuit combined with current‐voltage characteristics of the devices as a function of light intensity and voltage were performed to reveal the dominant loss mechanisms of the inkjet printed solar cells using tetralene solvent formulation. The loss analysis described in this paper helps us to identify the device performance limitations and to design methods to improve the performance of inkjet printed organic solar cells.
Imprinted Polymer Hydrogels for the Separation of Viruses
Authors: Bolisay Linden D. , Kofinas Peter 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe goal of this research is to elucidate the mechanism of virus recognition in molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) using already utilized techniques. Our approach employs a more flexible non‐covalent imprinting method which starts from a readily available polymer and utilizes an aqueous environment for both MIP synthesis and testing. Virus MIPs against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were synthesized. The synthesis procedure was optimized to obtain better binding characteristics to the targeted virus. Efforts were made to avoid polymer‐template aggregation in the MIP pre‐polymerization mixture, and determine a proper wash solution by the ability to remove the templated virus from the cross‐linked polymer.
Drug Release from Novel Rubbery Coatings
Authors: Puskas Judit E. , Hoerr Robert A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPoly(styrene‐b‐isobutylene‐b‐styrene) (SIBS) block copolymer, a thermoplastic elastomer, is used in clinical practice as the drug‐eluting polymeric coating on the Taxus® coronary stent. We have been developing new architectures comprising an arborescent arbPIB core synthesized by inimer‐type living carbocationic polymerization of isobutylene (IB) by the 4‐(2‐methoxy‐isopropyl)styrene and 4‐(1,2‐oxirane‐isopropyl)styrene inimers in conjunction with TiCl4, from which polystyrene is blocked (D_SIBS). These novel self‐assembling “double” networks have unique properties. ElectroNanospray™, a proprietary technology developed at the University of Minnesota, was used to coat coronary stents with selected D_SIBS polymers loaded with Dexamethasone, a model drug. This paper will demonstrate how drug release profiles can be influenced by both the molecular weight of the DIB midblock and spraying conditions of the polymer‐drug mixture.
Gelatin‐Polysaccharide Mixed Biogels: Enzyme‐Catalyzed Dynamics and IPNs
Authors: Picard Julien , Doumèche Bastien , Panouillé Maud , Larreta‐Garde Véronique 
Published: June 2010

AbstractVarious gelatin gels were studied by rheology in the presence of polysaccharides. Hyaluronic acid dissolved in the sol phase of gelatin gels modifies their viscosity but not the protein network. Using a hydrolase, the properties of the solution were modified in a controlled way. Similar experiments were realized with alginate and gave qualitatively identical results. Mixtures of alginate and gelatin were then studied as a function of different parameters, such as temperature and biopolymer concentrations. Under certain conditions, the formation of interpenetrating polymer networks of alginate and gelatin were obtained, the physical gelatin network being almost reversible inside the alginate one.
A study on fracture phenomena of glass filled ceramics using shock tube
Authors: Hwang K.‐T. , Kim J.‐H. , Lee Y.‐S. , Kwon S.‐G. , Park J.‐H. , Song K.‐H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFracture phenomena of plate and dome shaped specimens using a shock tube for glass‐filled ceramics were investigated. Glass‐filled ceramics have been considered a promising candidate material for the dome port cover of an air breathing engine. This part of the air breathing engine has an important role in separating solid and liquid fuel, and needs a frangible characteristic that the fracture of a part should not affect the internal components of combustion. The objective of this study is to evaluate the fracture pressures for various thicknesses and diameters of the shock impact area. Also, fracture phenomena of separated membrane using a shock tube are compared with a numerical method. The experimental apparatus consists of a driver, a driven section and a dump tank. The used material is a glass‐filled ceramic made from Corning Company. Specimens are used with 3, 4.5 and 6 mm thicknesses, respectively. It is expected that the results obtained from this study can be used in the basic data for the dome port cover design of an air breathing engine.
Molecular dynamics simulation of carbon nanotubes under elevated temperatures
Authors: Ebrahimi‐Nejad S. , Shokuhfar A. , Zare‐Shahabadi A. , Heydari P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe mechanical characteristics of high‐strength materials or nanodevices made with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) depend on the intrinsic properties of the CNT building blocks. In this paper, the dynamics of the CNT structure and its stability under heat loading has been studied through molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. The ultimate goal was to observe the variations in the overall structure of the CNT and study the quality of the changes occurring in the bond lengths and bond angles in the original hexagonal structure building up the CNT. We have used a Lennard‐Jones pair potential to characterize the interactions between non‐bonded atoms and harmonic potentials for bond stretching and bond angle vibrations. Results of the MD simulations indicate that the overall shape of the CNT and its hexagonal structure are affected by the heat loading under the considered temperatures and the structural orientation of the hexagonal building blocks are highly affected by temperature variations.
A new modified austempering to increase simultaneously strength and ductility for UHS steels
Authors: Safi S. M. , Givi M. K. B. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this paper, a modified up‐quenching heat treatment method for ASSAB 705M (AISI 4340) steel (ultra high strength steel) is proposed. A low alloy steel (0.33% C), was used to study the effect of isothermal austempering, successive austempering and modified up‐quenching austempering heat treatment on the mechanical properties. The specimens, were cut from a bar with 25 mm diameter and after achieving the best temperature and time of austenitizing, austenitized at 800°C for 60 min and followed by quenching at 430°C for the high austempering temperature to achieve the upper bainite morphology and at 360°C for the lower austempering temperature to achieve the lower bainite morphology. In the case of successive austempering, the specimens were first austempered at 430°C for different periods (500 sec and 60 sec) and then austempered at 360°C for 1000 sec to achieve the mixed structure of upper bainite and lower bainite morphology. The specimens selected for up‐quenching, after austenitization were quenched to below MS (martensite start temperature) (320°C) for 120 sec, followed by heating at 400°C to achieve the mixed structure of tempered martensite and lower bainite and 500°C to achieve the mixed structure of tempered martensite and upper bainite for 1000 sec. It is also shown that the best combination of strength and ductility can be achieved by the mixed structure of tempered martensite and lower bainite that has been suggested in this investigation. This modified method, can offer techniques that simultaneously improve not only strength by 12% (comparing with results of strength after other heat treatment methods), but also ductility by 38% (comparing with results of ductility after other heat treatment methods).
Preconditioning of matrices partitioned in 2 × 2 block form: eigenvalue estimates and Schwarz DD for mixed FEM
Authors: Axelsson Owe , Blaheta Radim 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA general framework for constructing preconditioners for 2 × 2 block matrices is presented, and eigenvalue bounds of the preconditioned matrices are derived. The results are applied both for positive‐definite problems and for saddle point matrices of regularized forms. Eigenvalues and minimal polynomials for certain limit cases are derived. A domain decomposition method, with overlap, is used to solve the pivot block of the regularized matrix. Special attention is paid to problems with heterogeneous coefficients. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective predictors of psychosocial support service use after cancer
Authors: McDowell Michelle E. , Occhipinti Stefano , Ferguson Megan , Chambers Suzanne K. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjective: To identify prospective predictors of psychosocial support service utilisation by people with cancer. Consistent with the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), attitudes towards help seeking and behavioural intentions were predicted to lead to greater support service utilisation.Methods: A heterogeneous sample of cancer patients from a regional cancer treatment centre in Australia completed a prospective survey (n=439 at recruitment, 61.2% response rate; n=396 at follow‐up) examining the utilisation of psychosocial support services. Demographic variables (age and gender), social support, social constraints, cancer specific distress, and positive and negative attitudes towards help seeking were examined as prospective predictors of support service use. Further, a series of regression analyses explored mediation of the relationship between attitudes to seeking help and support service use by behavioural intentions.Results: Approximately 14% of cancer patients reported using a psychosocial support service in the 6 months following the time of the first study. Females and patients with more positive attitudes towards help seeking were more likely to have utilised a support service in the 6 months following recruitment. The relationship between positive attitudes to seeking help and psychosocial support service use was mediated by behavioural intentions.Conclusions: The TPB appears to have utility in explaining in part use of psychosocial help services. Future studies should include contextual factors in the model. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer Simulations as a Tool for Investigating Dust Generation in Bulk Solids Handling Operations
Authors: Donohue Timothy J. , Roberts Alan W. , Wheeler Craig A. , McBride William 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTwo computer based modelling approaches are presented in this paper which focus on the flow of dust in bulk solids handling operations. Granular flow through a constant radius chute is modelled using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in which a multiphase simulation is considered. This approach provides valuable information about the flow of dust and the results are confirmed by experimental observations. An expanded approach is then considered for a conveyor transfer in which CFD modelling is combined with the well known continuum model [1], as well as drawing on qualitative results obtained utilising the discrete element method (DEM). The results obtained from this method are also confirmed from experimental observations.
An inverted/scanning near‐field optical microscope for applications in materials science and biology
Authors: Longo Giovanni , Girasole Marco , Pompeo Giuliano , Generosi Renato , Luce Marco , Cricenti Antonio 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA hybrid conventional inverted/scanning near‐field optical microscope (Inverted/SNOM) has been obtained, by coupling an Olympus IX‐70 optical microscope with a SNOM head to combine the versatility and ease of use of the conventional microscope with the high‐resolution and three‐dimensional reconstruction obtainable with the SNOM technique. The head can be run in shear or tapping mode and is optimized to characterize soft, biological samples including living cells in physiological environment by including the SNOM in a cylindrical chamber that insulates it from the external noise, while maintaining a controlled temperature and atmosphere. Applications in the fields of biology and material science are presented.