bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epilogue: Listening to Bach’s Passions Today
Authors: Melamed Daniel R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Does any of this matter? Bach's passion repertory was sung, played, and thought about very differently in his own time. Our ways of performing, listening, and understanding are unlike those of the 18th century—hardly surprising given the distance in culture and time. This suggests that Bach's passion music, able to engage listeners even in radically different circumstances, is compelling at some fundamental level that transcends performance practices and contexts.
The Colonizing Ear
Authors: Sherman Bernard D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Christopher Page first ruffled the early-music world in the late 1970s, when he (and, independently, the American scholar Craig Wright) put forward a radical hypothesis. It held that the instruments popularized by Noah Greenberg, Thomas Binkley, and David Munrow were modern impositions; that medieval polyphony was usually performed with voices taking every line and with little or, more often, no instrumental accompaniment; and that even monophonic music may often have been sung unaccompanied. Audiences and performers had come to love those shawms and rebecs, and scholars had supported their use, so it is not surprising that the idea was hardly welcomed—except, significantly, in the United Kingdom, with its wealth of cathedral-trained singers. This chapter presents an interview with Page on medieval music, the medieval experience of music, secular song performance, complex three-texted motets, sacred music and chant, connection of music with mathematics and science, historical performances and how to recognize them, accuracy of duration, and expressiveness in singing texts.
Family Life
Authors: Liberles Robert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that the dynamics of Jewish family life in early modern Germany did not differ markedly from those of their neighbors. Except for the wealthy, women generally married between their late teens and late twenties, and men usually wed in their twenties. Family size was not unusually large, nor was it likely to be when the age at marriage was not substantially different from that of non-Jews. Husbands and wives divided their responsibilities in ways that also paralleled the society around them. Residential and economic restrictions caused one fundamental and significant difference between Jewish and Christian family life. Both Jewish males and females were more likely than Christians to move away from their native homes to establish their own families and households, and males, working more in commerce than agriculture, were more likely to be away from the family in order to provide support.
Economic Life
Authors: Liberles Robert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows how legal restrictions greatly influenced Jewish occupational structure, both directly and indirectly. Jews chose commerce frequently because so many other spheres of livelihood, for example, those associated with membership in a guild, were closed. Many sold as peddlers, some in market stalls or shops. Moneylending became a secondary occupation, appearing often in the context of providing credit as part of a sales transaction. Despite the restrictions Jews faced, opportunities, personal initiative, and circumstances resulted in a rich diversity of occupational choices. Jews either engaged primarily in commerce or in some form of service for other Jews or for the population at large. Half of German Jewry lacked any savings of capital, but many were still better off than their Christian neighbors.
Education
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that virtually every German Jew born in the second and third quarters of the 19th century received an elementary German education and could read and write German. Advanced Talmudic education now took place only at rabbinical seminaries and a few Posen study houses. Jews were already overrepresented among students in secondary schools and in the universities, even if the majority of Jews still did not have such an advanced education. The days in which the German Jews could be seen as a mainly illiterate backward group unable to communicate in German were over. A new stereotype — f the overeducated Jewish intellectual — would replace the old stereotype of the uneducated Jew in Imperial Germany.
Musical Ghosts That Become Means To A New Identity
Authors: Sweers Britta 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that a modern revival of traditional music is accompanied by a shift in the sociocultural network of which the original music had been a part. Traditional and revival cultures thus often represent two completely different sociocultural environments. Likewise, many English revivalists did not grow up in a traditional, but rather an American musical environment, which was also imitated and adapted. Yet, becoming increasingly part of a global mainstream, many — strongly influenced by A. L. Lloyd and Ewan MacColl — subsequently started to rediscover English music as a counter-identity. The modern re-adaptation process was also shaped by the use of modern mass media, which led to a broad selection process. Yet many musicians developed an intensive and conscious relationship to the tradition. While political issues also played a central role, traditional music was especially taken as a strong means of cultural identity within a globalized context by these musicians.
White Womanhood, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Massive Resistance
Authors: McRae Elizabeth Gillespie 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter draws on traditional constructions of maternal responsibilities in constructing a public role as defender of white supremacy. It argues that women had a duty to campaign against racial integration in order to protect the welfare of current and future generations of white southerners. It notes that this increased public activism on the part of white southern women was by implication a criticism of the incompetence of the male power structure. It shows that white women served more than a rhetorical purpose for the segregationist cause as passive victims in need of male protection.
How to Spin a Good Horo
Authors: Buchanan Donna A. , Folse Stuart 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter is a study of Bulgarian composition and improvisation, with: The Horo and Horo Categories; Horo Improvisation: Georgi Andreev's Guided Tour; Song-Based Hora; Instrumental Hora; and Application and Analysis: A Horo by Stoyan Velichkov.
Neuronal Differentiation: From Axons to Synapses
Authors: Mintz C. David , Bekirov Iddil H. , Anderson Tonya R. , Benson Deanna L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A newly born neuron generates a single axon and a somatodendritic domain. As it matures, it engages, by way of synapses, a select population of the 20 billion other differentiating neurons in the human central nervous system. The connections that ultimately form are stereotyped and, for the most part, faithfully recapitulated across individuals. This chapter outlines major events in differentiation, highlighting the key cellular events and molecular mechanisms governing the process.
Neuronal Survival is Compromised by Ethanol: Extracellular Mediators
Authors: Miller Michael W. , Bruns Maria B. , Hoffman Paula L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the effects of ethanol on the incidence of neuronal death and the extracellular mediators that define this death. Ethanol-induced neuronal death occurs during defined periods of the developmental time line. These time periods coincide with those of neuronogenesis and primary synaptogenesis, which are periods of naturally occurring neuronal death (NOND). Exposure of ethanol at this time may exacerbate processes involved in NOND.
Neural Crest and Developmental Exposure to Ethanol
Authors: Smith Susan M. , Debelak-Kragtorp Katherine A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The realization that the developing neural crest is a target of ethanol dates back to the original descriptions of fetal alcohol syndrome. A key discovery was a characteristics facial dysmorphology that often, but not necessarily, accompanies the neurobehavioral and neurocognitive deficits. This chapter summarizes the literature on neural crest and ethanol, highlighting the issues that can benefit from further research.
Neural Precursors as Preferential Targets for Drug Abuse: Long-Term Consequences and Latent Susceptibility to Central Nervous System Disorders
Authors: Hauser Kurt F. , El-Hage Nazira , Buch Shreya , Barnes Gregory N. , Bada Henrietta S. , Pauly James R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Considerable evidence suggests that drugs with abuse liability disrupt development by affecting the production of new neurons and glia. The effects of drug abuse are not limited to a particular cell type, germinal zone, or stage of development, but rather uniquely affect individual neuronal and glial precursor types with various germinal zones. Germinal zones are targeted to varying degrees by most substance with abuse liability. This chapter discusses the effects of opiates and nicotine on the genesis of neural cells.
Chapter 8 Regular Morphology and the Lexicon
Authors: Bybee Joan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the claims that arose in the Great Past Tense Debate, which was triggered by the connectionist simulation of the acquisition of the English past tense. An important topic in the debate centers on the role of type frequency. Proponents of the dual mechanism argue that productivity is structurally determined; somehow the child learns which is the default rule, possibly by having heard it in a default environment. In this theory, type frequency is of no consequence. In the connectionist account and based on a network model, type frequency is a strong determining factor for productivity. This chapter argues that there are degrees of productivity that correspond to the interaction of phonological similarity with type frequency and that high-frequency regular past tense forms are represented in the mental lexicon.
11 Word Frequency and Context of Use in the Lexical Diffusion of Phonetically Conditioned Sound Change
Authors: Bybee Joan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Lexical diffusion refers to the way a sound change affects the lexicon. If a sound change is lexically abrupt, all the words of a language are affected by the sound change at the same rate. If a sound change is lexically gradual, individual words undergo the change at different rates or different times. This chapter examines how phonetic change interacts with words and affixes, using the case of [t]/[d] deletion and focusing on the reasons why the regular past tense affix shows a lower rate of deletion than [t] and [d] that belong to lexical morphemes. The data show that past tense [t] and [d] tend to occur before vowels more than monomorphemic [t] and [d]. Since the context before vowels does not favor deletion, the affix undergoes reduction and deletion process at a slower rate. This chapter also demonstrates that the reduction of a consonant in an affix in a uniform environment provides evidence that the affix and the words that contain it have a memory representation that can be affected by frequency of use.
Chapter 12 Three Frequency Effects in Syntax
Authors: THOMPSON SANDRA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The primary hypothesis of functionalist or usage-based linguistics is that language use shapes grammar. The recognized mechanism by which this language-shaping process occurs is frequent repetition. This chapter discusses three types of repetition or frequency effects that have been identified as important in phonology and morphology and demonstrates that these same effects are operative in the shaping of the grammar of larger units, that is, in syntax. Two effects of token frequency are reducing effect and conserving effect, which interact with a third effect due to type frequency. This chapter illustrates how the reducing effect and the conserving effect that arise from token frequency can be applied to the constructions of morphosyntax. Similarly, the effect of type frequency on productivity is illustrated for a syntactic construction.
Chapter 15 Sequentiality as the Basis of Constituent Structure
Authors: Bybee Joan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Recent investigations of the relation between grammar and language use, especially in the literature on grammaticization, have made it clear that grammar is not a fixed logical structure but rather is constantly changing and evolving. It has been argued that the basic mechanisms of the grammaticization process are neither domain-specific nor species-specific. This chapter addresses the mechanism behind the hierarchical arrangement of linguistic elements into constituents, emphasizing the role of language use and repetition. The existence of constituent structure and the hierarchical organization resulting from it has always been taken by linguists as prime evidence that linguistic behavior does not consist merely of linear strings of elements. This chapter explores the interaction of frequency of co-occurrence with the semantic criteria for defining constituents and argues that the grammatical characteristics associated with constituency are due to frequency of co-occurrence. It argues that constituency is gradient and emergent.
Civilizing and Its Discontents
Authors: DAUGHTON J. P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes that the new hope brought by Paul Doumer's government to the region only reignited internecine fighting among Frenchmen of differing religious and political orientations. It adds that at the center of these conflicts, again, were the Catholic missionaries. It also talks about the Dreyfus affair in the empire, exposing a deep rift in French society. It notes that catholic missionaries identified Freemasonry as posing the greatest threat to their work. It also tells that Freemasonry had a profound connection with republican politics throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. It clarifies that in most of their accounts, Freemasons wanted to show that missionary misdeeds stemmed from intolerance.
Silent Sisters in the South Seas
Authors: DAUGHTON J. P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the experiences of the missionary sisters in France. It explains that the sister, in her typical capacity as a teacher, nurse, and caregiver to orphans and the elderly, as well as cook and maid of the missions, personified gentler, more subservient qualities. It adds that their lives brought to mind images of piety, docility, and simplicity, gentleness, and fervor. It notes that missionary sisters were an essential component of Catholic evangelization. It also discusses the missionary lives in the Marquesas. It also clarifies some Republican ideals and Catholic realities.
How British Protestants Helped Save French Catholicism
Authors: DAUGHTON J. P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing the complaints made by the London Missionary Society regarding the anti-English and specifically anti-LMS atmosphere that became part of their everyday lives. It discusses the compilation made by LMS missionaries wherein lists of hindrances, that protestants experienced at the hands of time. It also mentions the use of diplomacy, and the separation of the missions and state. It suggests that French Catholic missionaries might have been the real beneficiaries of the success made by the LMS and other British protests and organizations.
Introduction: Family Talk
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book brings together a variety of linguistic studies on family talk based on a single set of data: the naturally occurring, face-to-face interactions of four American families. The studies emerged from a three-year sociolinguistic project carried out at Georgetown University to examine how parents in dual-income families use language to constitute their identities as parents and professionals at home and at work, as well as the interactional and social consequences of these ways of speaking. Three broad themes emerged in the considerations of family discourse in these four families: the underlying dynamics of power and solidarity in the family context in general, and in the interactional framing of individual and shared family identities in particular; the negotiation of gendered identities in conjunction with family identities, especially in relation to the challenges faced by dual-income couples; and the complex discursive means through which family members actively assert, negotiate, and confirm their family's beliefs and values when children are present to create individual and shared family identities.
Power Maneuvers and Connection Maneuvers in Family Interaction
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that family interaction is an ideal site for exploring the complex interrelationship between power and solidarity as relationships among family members are “fundamentally hierarchical” and also “intensely connected”. It argues that discourse analysts must consider an utterance's potential for being both a power maneuver and connection maneuver simultaneously. The framework of the ambiguity and polysemy of the dimensions of power and solidarity in conversational interaction is considered, along with the importance of these dimensions in family discourse. Excerpts from two families show that it is not possible to gain a full understanding of the dynamics of family interaction by focusing exclusively on the power dimension, as has been the tendency in studies of family discourse. Rather, speakers' utterances are complex interplays of both “power maneuvers” and “connection maneuvers”: speakers struggle for the power to determine their own actions and influence the actions of others, and simultaneously seek connection.
Talking the Dog: Framing Pets as Interactional Resources in Family Discourse
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter introduces the discursive strategy of “ventriloquizing” to explain how family members use their pet dogs as a resource for managing interpersonal interactions and thus engage in “exhibiting, reinforcing, and creating their identity as a family”. By examining the interaction in two families that had pet dogs, the chapter demonstrates that when a family member speaks as the dog or speaks to the dog in the presence of another family member, the speaker introduces a note of humor into the interaction, which shifts the framing and footing of the participants. The chapter further advances an understanding of framing in interaction, including the relevance of Mikhail Bakhtin's notion of polyvocality for conversational discourse, in the sense that talking through pets allows speakers to distance themselves figuratively from their own utterances. It also introduces an enlightening discursive resource through which family members create and maintain a shared family identity.
Father as Breadwinner, Mother as Worker: Gendered Positions in Feminist and Traditional Discourses of Work and Family
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that when women in the family talk about conflicts between work and family in a range of contexts, they are not merely concerned with who does what in the household but are engaged in a personal struggle between their parental and professional identities as they attempt to reconcile competing discourses of gender relations. When these women talk about work and family, they negotiate the forms and meanings of their parental and work-related identities through the positions they take up themselves and make available to their husbands in relation to traditional and feminist discourses about work and family. Using framing and positioning theory, the chapter demonstrates that these women articulate an ideology of egalitarian role sharing but linguistically position their husbands, though not themselves, as breadwinners. The analysis contributes to the discourse of face-to-face verbal interaction by considering strategies previously used to analyze representations of mothers and fathers in written texts and the media.
Motoneurons from Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Present Status and Future Strategies for their Use in Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Sidhu K. S 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can produce the entire range of major somatic cell lineage of the central nervous system and thus form an important source for cell-based therapy of various neurological diseases. Despite their potential use in regenerative medicine, the progress is hampered by difficulty in their use because of safety issues and lack of proper protocols to obtain purified populations of specified neuronal cells. Most neurological conditions such as spinal cord injury and Parkinson's disease involve damages to projection neurons. Similarly, certain cell populations may be depleted after repeated episodes of attacks such as the myelinating oligodendrocytes in multiple sclerosis. Motoneurons are the key effector cell type for control of motor function, and loss of motoneurons is associated with a number of debilitating diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy; hence, repair of such neurological conditions may require transplantation with exogenous cells.
Adult Neurogenesis, Neuroinflammation, and Therapeutic Potential of Adult Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Taupin Philippe 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Contrary to a long-held dogma, neurogenesis occurs throughout adulthood in mammals, including humans. Neurogenesis occurs primarily in two regions of the adult brain, the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ), along the ventricles. Neural progenitor and stem cells have been isolated from various regions of the adult central nervous system (CNS) and characterized in vitro, providing evidence that neural stem cells reside in the adult CNS and are potential sources of tissue for therapy. Adult neurogenesis is modulated in animal models and patients with neurological diseases and disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, and epilepsy. The contribution of adult neurogenesis to neurological diseases and disorders, and its significance, remains to be elucidated. Cellular therapy may involve the stimulation of endogenous neural progenitor or stem cells and the grafting of neural progenitor and stem cells to restore the degenerated or injured pathways. Mounting evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases and disorders.