bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FACTORS DETERMINING LEVELS OF PARASITISM BY WINTHEMIA RUFOPICTA (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE), WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO HELIOTHIS SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AS HOSTS
Authors: Danks H. V. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractShort-term interactions of the polyphagous tachinid Winthemia rufopicta (Big.) with its hosts, especially Heliothis zea (Boddie) and H. virescens (Fab.), are considered.Within a given host species, interacting factors fall into three groups: (1) factors that have little influence on parasite oviposition, or cause little parasite mortality (host responses to ovipositing parasites, previous parasitism, firmness of attachment of eggs and, in the populations studied here, direct competition with other insect parasites); (2) factors that may account for significant limitation of oviposition (habitat, diel activity, and seasonal occurrence of a given host, and species preference of the parasite) or that cause significant parasite mortality (destruction by the host and other mortality of hatching maggots, which in turn depends partly on the position of eggs on the host): and (3) factors that can vary widely in a given host species and are therefore of great potential importance. These are: (a) host feeding behaviour—initial parasitism of H. zea, for example, varies from negligible levels for larvae concealed in corn ears to sometimes very high levels for larvae feeding openly on tobacco leaves; (b) host size—smaller larvae (especially penultimate compared with final instars) receive fewer ovipositions, and fewer eggs per oviposition; (c) host moulting—surface-deposited eggs are lost if the host moults before they hatch, but the rate of moulting varies with instar and foodplant, and interacts differently with parasite egg incubation times at different temperatures (most eggs are lost except in final instars); (d) intraspecific competition—depends on parasite and host densities, but reaches the highest levels in the fall; (e) competition with host pathogens—parasites may be killed during development if the host dies from pathogens.For different hosts, family, size, surface quality, and spatial and temporal availability are known to have divergent influences on the levels of parasitism, but many other interactions are probably important.The interpretation of records of total or of successful parasitism in host samples is considered—behavioural, developmental, and numerical interactions may make conclusions drawn from such records unreliable. In particular, levels of parasitism may change very rapidly as host or parasite populations develop; laboratory rearing may distort recorded levels of successful parasitism; and the proportion of attacked hosts that produce parasites, and the number of parasites produced by each host, normally varies directly with the number of eggs per host even when this is large.
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY AND REARING OF TWO SPECIES OF GROUND BEETLES, PTEROSTICHUS MELANARIUS AND HARPALUS PENSYLVANICUS (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Authors: Tomlin Alan D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAdult carabid beetles of the species Harpalus pensylvanicus (DeGeer) and Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) were collected from a cultivated field near London, Ont., and brought into the laboratory for observation and mass culture in terraria; the culture method is described. Both species oviposited successfully in the laboratory; P. melanarius produced as many as 134 eggs/female over a 6-month period, whereas H. pensylvanicus deposited only about 10 eggs/female under similar conditions. However, percentage emergence in Harpalus was substantially higher (62.6) than with Pterostichus (36.8 and 45.7). Large numbers of first- and second-instar P. melanarius larvae may be obtained by using the rearing method described. The low oviposition rate of H. pensylvanicus made large-scale rearing of this species difficult.Observations are made on the mating behaviour and adult parasitization by horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) of Pterostichus.
TOXICITY OF BENOMYL TO THE CABBAGE MAGGOT, HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE), IN GREENHOUSE TESTS
Authors: Reyes Andres A. , Stevenson A. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBenomyl controlled cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), on potted cabbage plants in a greenhouse when applied as a drench 3 days or 3 hours before eggs were introduced. It was not effective when applied 2 days or more after eggs were added or when the plants were transplanted from treated to untreated soil before eggs were added. The results suggested that the action of benomyl was ovicidal.
MOSQUITOES AND HUMAN DISEASE IN CANADA
Authors: McLintock J. , Iversen J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the early 19th century, malaria was indigenous in Upper Canada (Ontario), but indigenous infection has not been seen in Canada since about 1909. For many years mosquitoes were regarded principally as harmless pests of man and domestic animals until the recognition of a number of mosquito-borne viruses. At present, mosquitoes in Canada are known to be involved in the maintenance or spread of at least seven arboviruses. One of these viruses, western equine encephalomyelitis, occurs in epidemics in man and horses at irregular intervals in the western provinces. The extent to which the other arboviruses might cause disease in man or domestic animals in Canada is unknown at present but California encephalitis virus infection rates can be high in human residents of central Saskatchewan, central Alberta, and southern British Columbia. On the basis of observations made in the United States, St. Louis encephalitis virus could pose a threat to public health in Canada whereas the Cache Valley virus might involve livestock. Even if man and livestock are not involved at present in epidemics of disease due to these viruses, the presence of the viruses and their vectors should be of concern. Epidemics could arise either from amplification of causal viruses already present in indigenous foci or by amplification of viruses from new enzootic foci recently established by extension of the geographic ranges of the viruses. Evidence indicating which category each of the known viruses in Saskatchewan belongs to is briefly reviewed. Japanese B encephalitis virus has not yet been seen in Canada but the environmental prerequisites for an epidemic or epizootic due to this virus appear to be present and awaiting the arrival of the virus.
NUTRITIONAL STUDIES OF EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): II. STARCHES
Authors: Harvey G. T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAmylopectin added to a sugar-free wheat-germ diet was equal to or better than sucrose as a carbohydrate source, and appears to be readily utilized by the eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)). Larval growth on diets containing dextrins or potato starch shows that they are partly utilized. Starches from other sources, including those isolated from mature balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) or white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) needles, are not utilized to any extent, on the basis of larval growth on diets to which they have been added.Sixth-instar budworm reared on artificial diets contain amylase(s) in midgut and salivary gland homogenates, which show a low rate of digestion of starches from host foliage. However, the presence of appreciable starch in frass from foliage-fed insects and the apparent low utilizability of foliar starch indicate that the latter is not an important nutrient for the budworm under natural conditions.
THE INSECTICIDE FENITROTHION IN HEADWATERS STREAMS FROM LARGE-SCALE FOREST SPRAYING
Authors: Eidt D. C. , Sundaram K. M. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractConcentrations of the insecticide fenitrothion in water varied greatly among streams, depending upon spray history and weather. Sprays at 3 oz/ac (210 g/ha) resulted in measurable concentrations in streams as far as 2.5 mi (4 km) from the sprayed area. Concentrations (usually < 15 ppb) diminished quickly in fast flowing streams, and still faster when a spate followed spray application.
THE EFFECT OF FENITROTHION FROM LARGE-SCALE FOREST SPRAYING ON BENTHOS IN NEW BRUNSWICK HEADWATERS STREAMS
Authors: Eidt D. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractKills of arthropods in three streams containing fenitrothion up to 6.38 ppb were measured using drift nets. Stoneflies and some species of mayflies were most affected. The drift responses of various taxa to the insecticide and to stream discharge are documented. The benthos was not seriously depleted.
COLD-HARDINESS OF FIRST INSTAR LARVAE OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)
Authors: Raske A. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractUnfed forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hbn.) larvae were subjected to temperature treatments of −18°, −12°, −7°, −1°, 4°, and 22 °C, each at durations of 2 days, 7 days, and 14 days. Each temperature–duration treatment was initiated 3 days before expected hatch, and 3 days after hatch. Fed larvae were subjected to identical treatments 2 days after hatch. Temperature treatments of the before hatch group resulted in appreciable mortality only at −18 °C for 7 days and at −18 °C and −12 °C for 14 days. Temperature treatments of the after hatch group resulted in nearly 100% mortality at −18 °C for all durations, at −12 °C for 14 days, and about 50% mortality at −7 °C for 14 days. Other temperature–duration combinations caused little mortality. The mortality resulting from temperature treatments of fed larvae did not differ from unfed larvae of the after hatch group.
SELECTION OF OVIPOSITIONAL SITES BY THE EUROPEAN PINE SAWFLY, NEODIPRION SERTIFER (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE), ON SCOTS PINE
Authors: Hardy Yvan J. , Allen Douglas C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOn Scots pine, Neodiprion sertifer prefers the lowermost needle of fascicles on the distal one-third of shoots for oviposition. The amount of divergence between needles in a fascicle may influence the selection of oviposition sites, as the needles were further apart in egg-bearing fascicles. The interior diameter of resin canals was significantly greater on egg-bearing than non-egg-bearing needles.
PHOTOPERIODIC CONTROL OF DEVELOPMENT AND PHENOTYPE IN A SUBARCTIC POPULATION OF PIERIS OCCIDENTALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE)
Authors: Shapiro Arthur M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPieris occidentalis nelsoni W. H. Edwards from Fairbanks, Alaska, was reared under a variety of photoperiod–temperature regimes. The source population is presumably univoltine and monophenic, with a phenotype resembling the vernal one produced by multivoltine, diphenic P. o. occidentalis Reakirt in Colorado and California. Photoperiods of 10 or 15 h produced 100% diapause pupae at 15 °C and circa 65% at 25 °C. Under continuous light 22% diapaused at 15 °C and < 1% at 25 °C. About 20% of non-diapause pupae produced adults resembling the estival phenotype of P. o. occidentalis, which is unknown in wild P. o. nelsoni. Although nelsoni is more likely to diapause than the nominate subspecies from the Sierra Nevada, its potential for direct development and polyphenism is interpreted as evidence that it is derived from a multivoltine ancestor.
USE OF TRAPS BAITED WITH VIRGIN FEMALES FOR FIELD OBSERVATIONS ON THE BERTHA ARMYWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Swailes G. E. , Struble D. L. , Holmes N. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCylindrical traps with screen cones at the ends baited with virgin females and placed in rape fields about 1 m above ground level were effective in trapping males of the bertha armyworm. Males were most active between 0330 and 0430 h M.D.T. and moved precisely to confined females. Virgin females became attractive 1 day after emergence and remained attractive for at least 7 days. Trapping was an effective method for rapidly determining the presence of bertha armyworm.
EVIDENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF AN INTERGRADE POPULATION BETWEENHYALOPHORA GLOVERI NOKOMISANDH.COLUMBIAIN NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO (LEPIDOPTERA: SATURNIIDAE)
Authors: Köhalmi Lester , Moens Peter 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAdult silkmoths captured in northwestern Ontario and tentatively identified asHyalophora columbia(Smith) were found to resembleH.gloveri nokomis(Brodie) which occurs as far east as Winnipeg, Man. Habitat studies showed that the larvae of the northwestern Ontario moths are not strictly larch feeders as are the larvae of typicalH.Columbia.The dorsal thoracic tubercle colour of typical fifth instarH.Columbialarvae is red. Matings between typicalH.ColumbiaandH.cecropia(L.) have produced fifth instar larvae with only reddish-orange tubercles. However, matings of male moths from northwestern Ontario withH,cecropiafemales have produced fifth instar larvae with reddish-orange, light orange, or yellow dorsal thoracic tubercles. Further matings of northwestern Ontario males withH.euryalis(Boisd.) and typicalH.Columbiafemales have established the presence in northwestern Ontario of a colour polymorphism of which the phenotypic colour components are red, reddish orange, and yellow.The fifth instar dorsal thoracic tubercle colour ofH.gloveri nokomislarvae is yellow and it is proposed that the yellow tubercle colour of the northwestern Ontario larvae has originated from the influx of genes from the nearbyH.gloveri nokomispopulation.The evidence presented in this paper points to the existence of an intergrade population betweenH.gloveri nokomisandH.columbiain northwestern Ontario.
A NEW SPECIES OF OOENCYRTUS (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA, ENCYRTIDAE) REARED FROM THE ELM SPANWORM, ENNOMOS SUBSIGNARIUS (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOoencyrtus ennomophagus n. sp., an egg parasite of the elm spanworm, Ennomos subsignarius (Hübner), from Connecticut, U.S.A., is described and illustrated.
NEW SPECIES AND RECORDS OFTACHINUS(COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE) FROM NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Campbell J. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo new species ofTachinusare described:T.minorfrom the Huachuca Mountains, Ariz., and Durango, Mexico, andT.schuhifrom Oregon.Tachinus corticinusGravenhorst, a common Palaearctic species is recorded from North America for the first time and is redescribed. A male ofT.vergatusCampbell, previously unknown, is described from an Ontario specimen. The latest key to North and Central AmericanTachinus(Campbell 1973) is modified to include these additions. The pertinent features of each species are illustrated with line drawings or scanning electron photomicrographs.
MATING BEHAVIOR IN RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): V. VIRGIN FEMALE ATTRACTION TO MALE ODOR
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEvidence from studies in large field cages indicated that odor from virgin male apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), was attractive to virgin females. Whether the principal role of this odor in mating behavior is in fact that of a female attractant or rather that of an aphrodisiac is uncertain and awaits further study.
THE EFFECT OF PARASITISM BY APHIDIUS SMITHI (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE) ON REPRODUCTION AND POPULATION GROWTH OF THE PEA APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Campbell A. , Mackauer M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractParasitism by Aphidius smithi reduced the fecundity and population growth of pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Aphids that were parasitized during the first or second instar period died as fourth instars without producing offspring. Parasitized third or fourth instars usually reached maturity and produced a variable number of progeny. Parasitized adult aphids stopped producing nymphs approximately 7 to 8 days following attack by A. smithi. Equations are given for the relationship between the mean total fecundity, the intrinsic rate of increase, and the doubling time of apterous and alate viviparous pea aphid and the aphid age at the beginning of parasitism.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERNS OF TOTAL SOLUBLE PROTEINS OFMACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE(HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Chawla S. S. , Islam M. N. , Cloutier M. , Perron J. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSoluble extract ofMacrosiphum euphorbiae(Thomas) was separated electrophoretically into fast moving and slow moving protein bands These bands were fractionated and studied for their amino acid content. Glycine was the most prominent amino acid in both bands. Aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, alanine, and leucine were present in high concentrations in the fast moving protein band. Lysine, alanine, valine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine were present in traces in the slow moving protein band.
FACTORS AFFECTING ADULT EMERGENCE AND MATING BEHAVIOR OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sanders C. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLaboratory and field experiments indicate that the female spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) pupal stadium requires approximately 122C degree-days above a threshold of 7.2 °C (45°F), the male 124. Emergence time on any given day depends on temperature but is independent of photoperiod. Under field conditions male and female budworm mate only once per 24-h period. In the laboratory under continuous illumination females mate repeatedly and males readily mate a second time within a few hours, but the duration of the second copulation is abnormally long. The probability of multiple matings under field conditions is reduced by the restricted period of sexual activity coupled with the duration of copulation and the lower competitiveness of mated insects. Antennae are essential to the male for successful copulation.
FRONTALIN ATTRACTANT IN STANDS INFESTED BY THE SPRUCE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS RUFIPENNIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Dyer E. D. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractField trials of the synthetic bark-beetle pheromone frontalin demonstrated that lines of single, baited spruce trees, in or near Dendroctonus rufipennis infestations, resulted in concentrated beetle attacks on trees in a strip 2 chains (40 m) wide on either side of the lines of baited trees. Pre-flight insecticide (Lindane) application killed the beetles and prevented tree mortality. Post-attack arboricide (Silvisar) treatment killed most parent beetles and brood under the bark. A predator, Thanasimus undatulus, also was aggregated at frontalin-baited trees. This application of pheromone shows promise of becoming a forest management tool to concentrate beetle attacks in partly infested stands prior to logging.
NESTING AGGREGATIONS OF THE EUGLOSSINE BEE EUPLUSIA SURINAMENSIS (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE): INDIVIDUAL INTERACTIONS AND THE ADVANTAGE OF LIVING TOGETHER
Authors: Myers Judith , Loveless M. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe nesting behaviour of the euglossine bee Euplusia surinamensis was observed on the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica. We found that female bees nest in aggregations, re-use old nests, will take over abandoned nests shortly after the original owner is removed, and will fight off invading bees which attempt to take over their nests. We suggest that the nesting aggregations give bees the opportunity to use old nests and take over partially provisioned nests if the original owner disappears. In this way bees are able to increase their rate of egg laying above that which would be possible with solitary nesting and de novo nest construction.
MYCOPLASMA-LIKE BODIES, RICKETTSIA-LIKE BODIES, AND SALIVARY BODIES IN THE SALIVARY GLANDS AND SALIVA OF THE LEAFHOPPER MACROSTELES FASCIFRONS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Raine J. , Forbes A. R. , Skelton F. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractExamination of the salivary glands and the saliva of the six-spotted leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål), with the transmission electron microscope revealed three kinds of membrane-limited bodies. Typical mycoplasma-like bodies (MLBs) were found in the salivary glands of leafhoppers transmitting aster yellows, but were absent in those never exposed to a disease source. Rickettsia-like bodies (RLBs) and other small bodies named salivary bodies (SBs), apparently associated with the secretion of saliva, were found in both transmitting and nontransmitting leafhoppers. Pronase digested the SBs in 20 min and pepsin in 2 h, but neither enzyme had any effect on MLBs or RLBs.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLUCOSINOLATE CONTENT OF CRUCIFEROUS PLANTS AND OVIPOSITION PREFERENCES OF HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Nair K. S. S. , McEwen F. L. , Snieckus V. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLeaves of each of six cruciferous plant species investigated contained glucosinolates. There was no correlation between the total glucosinolate concentration of the species (identity of the glucosinolates unknown) and the oviposition response of the adult cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché). Tests with chemical fractions isolated from rutabaga root tissue indicated that glucosinolates are the major, and perhaps the only, oviposition-inducing substances present in cruciferous plants. It is suggested that oviposition preferences are governed by the presence of some ’key’ glucosinolates and the absence of inhibitory chemicals.
INCIDENCE OF PARASITOIDS ATTACKING ENDEMIC SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) POPULATIONS IN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Miller C. A. , Renault T. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAnnual population estimates of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), larvae and the incidence of larval parasitism were monitored in northern New Brunswick following the collapse of the 1949–1959 epidemic in the region. The most common parasitoid among the very sparse hosts was Synetaeris tenuifemur, although it had been rarely found during the epidemic. Larval parasitism sometimes exceeded 50% but it could not be shown as a key factor associated with changing host abundance.
CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) OF CHAR LAKE, CORNWALLIS ISLAND, N.W.T., WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES
Authors: Oliver D. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPseudodiamesa arctica (Mall.), Heterotrissocladius subpilosus (Kieff.), Orthocladius (s.s.) lapponicus Goetgh., Orthocladius (s.s.) sp., Paracladius quadrinodosus Hirv., Trissocladius tricornis n. sp., and Lauterbornia sedna n. sp. develop from egg to pharate adult in Char Lake. The occurrence of the larvae of 7 additional species is apparently adventitious, All stages of the two new species plus the larvae of P. arctica and P. quadrinodosus are described. The males of T. tricornis are dimorphic and L. sedna is parthenogenetic. New distribution records are given for most of the species. The chironomid fauna of Char Lake is compared with that of other arctic lakes.
THE AERIAL APHID PLANKTON OVER THE RESEARCH STATION, FREDERICTON, NEW BRUNSWICK, 1967–1969
Authors: Adams Jean B. , Drew M. E. , MacGillivray M. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractGauze covers placed over the entrance of one air intake louver (1.52 m × 1.52 m, ht. 11.85 m, air passage 3055.8 cu.m/min) on the penthouse of the Research Station, from May until December, during a 3-year period, trapped more than 150 aphid species. In addition a considerable amount of intercepted aphid material was identified to genus only. A total of 31,482 specimens were trapped over the period.Five species, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus), Mindarus abietinus Koch, Alhis craccae Linnaeus, and Capitophorus eleagni (del Guercio), predominated in all years. In 1967 and 1968 more than 100 specimens each of Pterocallis alnifoliae (Fitch), Tinocallis ulmifolii Monell, Myzocallis occultus Richards, Prociphilus americanus (Walker), Capitophorus hippophaes (Walker), Hayhurstia atriplicis (Linnaeus), Thuleaphis rumexicolens (Patch), and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) were trapped each year.Once potential development temperatures were reached there was little correlation between mean temperatures and aphid numbers up until frost.The earliest interception was 6 May; general dispersal was under way by 6 June and continued until late November, despite preceding October frost.