bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SHOVELNOSE STURGEON SPAWNING IN RELATION TO VARYING DISCHARGE TREATMENTS IN A MISSOURI RIVER TRIBUTARY
Authors: Goodman B. J. , Guy C. S. , Camp S. L. , Gardner W. M. , Kappenman K. M. , Webb M. A. H. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTMany lotic fish species use natural patterns of variation in discharge and temperature as spawning cues, and these natural patterns are often altered by river regulation. The effects of spring discharge and water temperature variation on the spawning of shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus have not been well documented. From 2006 through 2009, we had the opportunity to study the effects of experimental discharge levels on shovelnose sturgeon spawning in the lower Marias River, a regulated tributary to the Missouri River in Montana. In 2006, shovelnose sturgeon spawned in the Marias River in conjunction with the ascending, peak (134 m3/s) and descending portions of the spring hydrograph and water temperatures from 16 °C to 19 °C. In 2008, shovelnose sturgeon spawned in conjunction with the peak (118 m3/s) and descending portions of the spring hydrograph and during a prolonged period of increased discharge (28–39 m3/s), coupled with water temperatures from 11 °C to 23 °C in the lower Marias River. No evidence of shovelnose sturgeon spawning was documented in the lower Marias River in 2007 or 2009 when discharge remained low (14 and 20 m3/s) despite water temperatures suitable and optimal (12 °C−24 °C) for shovelnose sturgeon embryo development. A similar relationship between shovelnose sturgeon spawning and discharge was observed in the Teton River. These data suggest that discharge must reach a threshold level (28 m3/s) and should be coupled with water temperatures suitable (12 °C−24 °C) or optimal (16 °C−20 °C) for shovelnose sturgeon embryo development to provide a spawning cue for shovelnose sturgeon in the lower Marias River. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐varying channel estimation for MIMO/OFDM systems using superimposed training and basis expansion models
Authors: Zhang Han , Cui Haixia , Pan Daru , Wang Yide 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTAn approach of superimposed training (ST)‐aided time‐varying (TV) channel estimation for multiple‐input multiple‐output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems is presented. By modeling the TV channel with the truncated discrete basis expansion model, a two‐step approach is adopted to estimate the TV channel. In addition, the mean square error (MSE) of the proposed channel estimation is analyzed, and its closed‐form expression is derived, which is a function of the data‐to‐ST power ratio. Using the developed channel MSE, we case the problem of ST power‐allocation by minimizing the lower bound on the average channel capacity. To enhance the performance of channel estimation, a low‐complexity decision feedback mechanism is introduced to iteratively mitigate the unknown data interference. Numerical results verify the performances of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creating an Academy of Medical Educators: How and Where to Start
Authors: Berman Jessica R. , Aizer Juliet , Bass Anne R. , Cats-Baril William L. , Parrish Edward J. , Robbins Laura , Salmon Jane E. , Paget Stephen A. 
Published: June 2012

Background While most faculty members want to improve as teachers, they neither know where their educational strengths and weaknesses lie nor where or how to begin to effect a change in their teaching abilities. The lack of actionable, directed and specific feedback, and sensible and sensitive metrics to assess performance and improvement complicates the attainment of educational excellence. Purpose The purpose of this article was to outline a series of specific steps that medical education programs can take to enhance the quality of teaching, promote teaching excellence, elevate the status and value of medical educators, and stimulate the creation of innovative teaching programs and curricula. Methods To achieve these goals at the Hospital for Special Surgery, the Academy of Rheumatology Medical Educators was formed. The academy had the following goals: (1) create within our institution a mission which advances and supports educators, (2) establish a membership composed of distinguished educators, (3) create a formal organizational structure with designated leadership, (4) dedicate resources that fund mission-related initiatives and research, and (5) establish a plan for promoting teachers as well as enhancing and advancing educational scholarship. Results The Hospital for Special Surgery Academy of Rheumatology Medical Educators was recently formed to address these goals by promoting teaching and learning of musculoskeletal skills in an environment that is supportive to educators and trainees and provides much needed resources for teachers. Summary The development of a pilot academy of medical educators represents one of the high-priority goals of those institutions that wish to elevate and enrich their teaching through a structured, proven approach.
Plasma Levels of FABP4, but not FABP3, Are Associated with Increased Risk of Diabetes
Authors: Djoussé Luc , Gaziano J. Michael 
Published: June 2012

AbstractLittle is known about the association between plasma concentrations of fatty acid binding protein 3 and 4 and the risk of diabetes in population‐based cohorts. In a prospective nested case–control design, we studied 149 cases of diabetes and 149 matched controls from the Physicians' Health Study. Plasma fatty acid binding proteins were measured on frozen specimens collected between 1995 and 2001 by ELISA. Cases of diabetes were self‐reported and validated in a subsample via review of medical records. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate multivariable relative risks. The mean age at baseline was 64.9 years and median plasma fatty acid binding protein 3 and 4 were 2.12 ng/ml (IQR 1.62–2.66) and 15.32 ng/ml (IQR 12.14–18.73), respectively. In separate models, each fatty acid binding protein was positively associated with the risk of diabetes in a conditional logistic regression adjusting for matching variables, smoking, and hypertension. However, upon adjustment for each other, only fatty acid binding protein 4 (but not 3) was positively associated with the risk of diabetes [relative risk (95 % CI) 1.0 (reference), 2.73 (1.08–6.89), 2.66 (1.11–6.42), and 6.89 (2.83–16.80) across consecutive quartiles of fatty acid binding protein 4, P for trend <0.0001]. The FABP4‐diabetes association was modified by body mass index (P interaction 0.03). Our data showed a positive association between plasma fatty acid binding protein 4 but not 3 and the risk of diabetes in US male physicians. The interaction with body mass index warrants further investigations.
Array-basierter Nachweis chromosomaler Aberrationen bei malignen Neoplasien
Authors: Baudis M. , Giefing M. , Cai H. , Kumar N. , Vater I. , Richter J. , Siebert R. 
Published: June 2012

ZusammenfassungArray-basierte Methoden zum Nachweis chromsomaler Imbalancen haben in der vergangenen Dekade zunehmende Bedeutung in der tumorgenetischen Analytik gewonnen. Dabei werden im Wesentlichen auf Array-CGH („comparative genomic hybridization“) und SNP(Single-nucleotide-polymorphism)-Array basierte Technologien unterschieden, die je nach Fragestellung, Ausgangsmaterial und gewünschter Auflösung Vor- und Nachteile haben. So erlauben SNP-basierte Methoden im Gegensatz zum klassischen Array-CGH-Ansatz den gleichzeitigen Nachweis von chromosomalen Imbalancen und von Verlust der Heterozygotie ohne Veränderung der Kopienzahl („copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity“, CN-LOH). Bei allen Array-basierten Analysen von Tumoren ist zu beachten, dass im Gegensatz zu den Analysen zum Nachweis konstitutioneller Veränderungen zumeist nicht alle untersuchten Zellen dem neoplastischen Klon oder einem chromosomal aberranten Subklon angehören. Einsatzgebiete von Array-basierten Technologien bei Tumoren sind z. B. die Charakterisierung pathogenetisch relevanter Imbalancen, die Definition von molekularen und klinischen Subgruppen von Tumoren oder die Identifizierung von Targets für eine individualisierte Therapie.
Wachstumsstörungen als Leitsymptom
Authors: Thiel C. , Rauch A. 
Published: June 2012

Zusammenfassung
Kleinwuchs als Leitsymptom stellt eine häufige Fragestellung sowohl in der humangenetischen als auch in der pädiatrischen Sprechstunde dar. Definiert ist Kleinwuchs als eine Körperhöhe unter der 3. Perzentile der Norm bzw. unter −2 Standardabweichungen. Diese macht sich bemerkbar durch Änderungen der Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit oder des Wachstumsverlaufs, welche grundsätzlich genetisch determiniert, jedoch auch von sekundären Faktoren beeinflussbar sind. Das Spektrum der zugrunde liegenden genetischen Ursachen reicht von Störungen der Wachstumshormonsekretion und -wirkung über Skelettdysplasien bis hin zu komplexen Fehlbildungssyndromen. Die genetische Abklärung stellt somit einen Grundpfeiler zur Beurteilung der Prognose und einer möglichen therapeutischen Intervention dar. Es werden die grundlegenden diagnostischen Überlegungen anhand häufiger Differenzialdiagnosen, deren genetischen Grundlagen und Behandlungsmöglichkeiten aufgeführt: Ullrich-Turner-Syndrom, Léri-Weill-Syndrom, Silver-Russell-Syndrom, Noonan-Syndrom und Achondroplasie.
Cell‐intrinsic reprogramming capability: gain or loss of pluripotency in germ cells
Authors: Imamura Masanori , Lin Zachary Yu‐Ching , Okano Hideyuki 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn multicellular organisms, germ cells are an extremely specialized cell type with the vital function of transmitting genetic information across generations. In this respect, they are responsible for the perpetuity of species, and are separated from somatic lineages at each generation. Interestingly, in the past two decades research has shown that germ cells have the potential to proceed along two distinct pathways: gametogenesis or pluripotency. Unequivocally, the primary role of germ cells is to produce gametes, the sperm or oocyte, to produce offspring. However, under specific conditions germ cells can become pluripotent, as shown by teratoma formation in vivo or cell culture‐induced reprogramming in vitro. This phenomenon seems to be a general propensity of germ cells, irrespective of developmental phase. Recent attempts at cellular reprogramming have resulted in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In iPSCs, the intracellular molecular networks instructing pluripotency have been activated and override the exclusively somatic cell programs that existed. Because the generation of iPSCs is highly artificial and depends on gene transduction, whether the resulting machinery reflects any physiological cell‐intrinsic programs is open to question. In contrast, germ cells can spontaneously shift their fate to pluripotency during in‐vitro culture. Here, we review the two fates of germ cells, i.e., differentiation and reprogramming. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating differentiation versus reprogramming would provide invaluable insight into understanding the mechanisms of cellular reprogramming that generate iPSCs.
Complex deposits in the Lo Gam structure, northeastern Vietnam: mineralogy, geochemistry, and formation conditions
Authors: Anh Tran Tuan , Gas’kov I.V. , Hoa Tran Trong , Nevol’ko P.A. , Dung Pham Thi , Can Pham Ngoc 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The Pb–Zn deposits in the Lo Gam structure, northeastern Vietnam, account for &gt;80% of all the Pb and Zn resources of Vietnam. All the deposits make up four isolated ore districts (Thai Nguyen, Cho Don, Cho Dien, Na Son), which can be combined in one metallogenic zone extending for &gt;100 km from southeast to northwest. The Pb–Zn deposits in all the ore districts show some similarity to stratiform (Mississippi-type) deposits: confinement to Devonian carbonate sediments; localization at the intersection of faults of different orientations; vein and stockwork (pocket-vein-disseminated) morphology of the mineralized zones; evidence for hydrothermal-metasomatic formation (carbonate-rock marbleization, quartz–carbonate veins, etc.); and low and moderate mineralization temperatures (&lt;250 °C). On the other hand, some differences from stratiform deposits are observed: widespread occurrence of Permo-Triassic igneous rocks in the above ore districts; absent tabular orebodies, which are typical of stratiform deposits; large set of trace elements (In, Bi, Sb, Au, Ag, Cu, Cd) not typical of stratiform deposits; and an endogenic primary source, as evidenced by the isotope composition of sulfur (δS34= 2.68‰), which is close to meteoritic, and the set of trace elements, which are mainly of deep genesis. All this indicates that the above Pb–Zn deposits within the carbonate units are low-and moderate-temperature hydrothermal-metasomatic products associated with active magmatism which took place in this region in the Permo-Triassic.
The differences in the mineral composition of the deposits, as well as in the trace-element set and contents at different deposits, clearly indicate an intricate ore formation process and the relation of the deposits with magmatism of different compositions. The simple mineral composition and the limited set of trace elements (Cd, Ag, Sb, As) at the Lang Hich deposit are closer to the characteristics of stratiform deposits. Also, manifestations of magmatism are almost absent here. On the contrary, unusually high (ppm) In (75.8), Sn (307.5), Cu (1080), Ag (157.7), Bi (99), and As (13,650) contents were observed at the deposits of the Cho Don and Cho Dien districts, with widespread granitoid magmatism in the Phia Bioc complex. Rare-earth mineralization (orthite) and high Mo, Re, and Rb contents at the deposits of the Na Son district are probably due to the widespread occurrence of stratified alkaline volcanics and their subvolcanic analogs, which belong to the Pla Ma complex (ξγPZ2 pm).
Residual-eluvial gold placers in northeastern Russia (Dal’nii placer)
Authors: Litvinenko I.S. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
We consider the formation of the Dal’nii (Dal’nyaya) eluvial gold placer (Bol’shoi Anyui ore–placer district, western Chukchi Peninsula), related to the Dal’nii (Dal’nee) gold-bearing porphyry Mo–Cu occurrence. The Dal’nii placer is located within the transition between the Kur’ya Ridge and Anyui basin, which has been relatively stable at the recent (Pliocene–Quaternary) tectonic stage. Minor recent uplift has determined the slight denudation of interfluves, the leading role of eluvial processes in the formation of a loose cover on them, and the preservation of the relict matter of pre-Pliocene chemical-weathering crusts (including the oxidized zones of orebodies) in present-day eluvium. The Dal’nii placer consists of relict weathering-crust placers altered by recent eluvial processes in different degrees. Therefore, it is relatively rich in metal, whereas the primary lode contains mainly fine-sized gold, which is almost not released from ore under periglacial lithogenesis in present-day interfluves. We suggest calling this genetic type of placers “residual-eluvial.” The primary lodes being highly eroded (during the formation of residual concentrations, which serve as an intermediate reservoir for these placers), residual-eluvial placers or their parts might not be directly related to specific orebodies at the present-day level of erosional truncation.
Variations of the geomagnetic field during the Cretaceous
Authors: Kurazhkovskii A.Yu. , Kurazhkovskaya N.A. , Klain B.I. , Bragin V.Yu. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
This study provides a compilation of the paleointensity records for the Cretaceous period derived from sediments of the Russian Plate and adjacent areas. The paleoinetensity values were calibrated using the laboratory redeposition experiments. Remarkable differences in the relative paleointensity variations were detected at the Berriasian–Early Barremian, Late Barremian–Santonian and Early–Late Maastrichtian boundaries. In the Berriasian–Early Barremian interval, the paleointensity varied stochastically, with the amplitude of about 1Ho and the mean value of 0.63Ho (Ho is the present-day geomagnetic field intensity assumed to be 40 μT). The records for the Barremian–Santonian give a picture of the geomagnetic field with alternating high- and low-amplitude features. The mean paleointensities remain constantly high (being on average 0.87Ho), and intervals of low-amplitude variation alternate with the pronounced bursts (3.5Ho). The Late Maastrichtian interval is characterized by high-amplitude paleointensity variations (4Ho) and a sharp drop towards the end of the interval. All records show remarkable similarities near the boundaries between geological time intervals, which are an increase in the amplitude and mean values of intensity at the end of intervals followed by a decrease towards the beginning of the subsequent interval.
An Introduction to Gödel's Theorems
Authors: Smith Peter 
Published: June 2012

In 1931, the young Kurt Gödel published his First Incompleteness Theorem, which tells us that, for any sufficiently rich theory of arithmetic, there are some arithmetical truths the theory cannot prove. This remarkable result is among the most intriguing (and most misunderstood) in logic. Gödel also outlined an equally significant Second Incompleteness Theorem. How are these Theorems established, and why do they matter? Peter Smith answers these questions by presenting an unusual variety of proofs for the First Theorem, showing how to prove the Second Theorem, and exploring a family of related results (including some not easily available elsewhere). The formal explanations are interwoven with discussions of the wider significance of the two Theorems. This book will be accessible to philosophy students with a limited formal background. It is equally suitable for mathematics students taking a first course in mathematical logic.
Influence of predispositions on post-traumatic stress disorder: does it vary by trauma severity?
Authors: Breslau N. , Troost J. P. , Bohnert K. , Luo Z. 
Published: June 2012

BackgroundOnly a minority of trauma victims (<10%) develops post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suggesting that victims vary in predispositions to the PTSD response to traumas. It is assumed that the influence of predispositions is inversely related to trauma severity: when trauma is extreme predispositions are assumed to play a secondary role. This assumption has not been tested. We estimate the influence of key predispositions on PTSD induced by an extreme trauma – associated with a high percentage of PTSD – (sexual assault), relative to events of lower magnitude (accidents, disaster, and unexpected death of someone close).MethodThe National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) is representative of the adult population of the USA. A total of 34 653 respondents completed the second wave in which lifetime PTSD was assessed. We conducted three series of multinomial logistic regressions, comparing the influence of six predispositions on the PTSD effect of sexual assault with each comparison event. Three pre-existing disorders and three parental history variables were examined.ResultsPredispositions predicted elevated PTSD risk among victims of sexual assault as they did among victims of comparison events. We detected no evidence that the influence of predispositions on PTSD risk was significantly lower when the event was sexual assault, relative to accidents, disasters and unexpected death of someone close.ConclusionsImportant predispositions increase the risk of PTSD following sexual assault as much as they do following accidents, disaster, and unexpected death of someone close. Research on other predispositions and alternative classifications of event severity would be illuminating.
XXIII.—Observations on the celebrated Monument at Ashbury, in the county of Berks, called “Wayland Smith's Cave:” by John Yonge Akerman, Esq. F.S.A. in a Letter to Capt. W. H. Smyth, R.N. Director
Authors: Akerman John Yonge 
Published: June 2012

I beg to submit through you to the Society of Antiquaries, drawings, from actual admeasurement, by Mr. C. W. Edmonds, of that interesting monument of the Celtic period, popularly known as “Wayland Smith's Cave,” (PI. XVII.) situated at Ashbury, in the county of Berks.At a period when Antiquarian researches are prosecuted with so much zeal and vigour, anything that may assist our knowledge of the manners and customs of the early races in Britain cannot but prove interesting. We are, it is to be hoped, no longer in danger of seeing the most curious remains of antiquity gradually perishing under the united assaults of ignorance and cupidity.
XXV.—Copy of an Historical Document, printed by Machlinia, dated in 1475: communicated in a Letter to the President, from Sir Henry Ellis, Secretary
Authors: Ellis Henry 
Published: June 2012

Herbert, in his edition of Ames's Typographical Antiquities, at the end of the Account of the Books printed by Machlinia, the contemporary of Caxton, says,“A Chronicle of England,“Partly written, and partly printed, on paper and vellum; was in the possession of the late John Anstis, Esq., Garter. It is a miscellaneous piece, and has printed in it, First, ‘The promise of Matrimonie.’ Second, ‘The Lettre annuelle port.’ Third, ‘The obligation of Nisi.’ Fourth, ‘Tharticles of the Convencion, bitwene the Frensshe King and the Duke of Austrice, late called due of Burgoine.’ Quarto.” Dr. Dibdin, in the later unfinished edition of Ames, copies this paragraph: adding that he was not able to enlarge the account.
XXX.—Examination of a Group of Barrows, Five in number, in Cambridgeshire. By the Hon. Richard Cornwallis Neville, F.S.A.
Authors: Neville Richard Cornwallis 
Published: June 2012

Situated at the distance of a mile and a half from Royston, two miles from Melbourne, and three from Barkway, these barrows give a name to the locality,“Campus ab illisDicitur, æternumque tenet per sæcula nomen,”the spot where they stand being called “Five Hill Field.” On an eminence, they form a conspicuous feature throughout the surrounding country, as yet only partially inclosed, and command an extensive view over the adjacent flat. Their exalted position would seem to favour the opinion of Professor Henslow, that they were originally intended for beacons: those however that have come under my notice are by no means to be included in such a classification, as, of the nine I examined, eight were decidedly of a funereal character, and one in the same neighbourhood equally so. Commencing with the tallest of the group, its shape, nearly oval, was longer than appeared altogether proportionate to its circular form, which cannot be better described than by a reference to “Fosbrooke's Antiquities,” whose account of the “Long Barrow” and its contents coincides most remarkably with the one now under consideration.
XVI. Notices of recent discoveries of Roman Antiquities at Strood, Bapchild, Oare, and Upchurch, in Kent, with remarks on the site of the Durolevum of Antoninus. By Charles Roach Smith, Esq. F.S.A. in a Letter addressed to Sir Henry Ellis, K.H., F.R.S., Secretary
Authors: Smith Charles Roach 
Published: June 2012

In the autumn of 1838, and in the spring of last year, excavations were made for the foundations of cottages, and also for materials for brickmaking, in a field called Church-field, situate on the banks of the Medway, between the town of Strood and the Temple farm, and opposite the castle of Rochester.Some jet rings, and an ornament of the same material bearing a Medusa's head, were exhibited to the Society about a twelvemonth since, with a brief remark, stating the fact of their having been found during the progress of the work, with several hundred coins.This announcement induced me to visit the spot. Finding that the report was not exaggerated, but, on the contrary, that other discoveries had been made and might still be looked for, I repeated my visit several times during the summer, and now lay the result before you ; at the same time I am enabled to furnish information relative to contemporary investigations in other parts of the county of Kent.