bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minimally invasive superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass through a minicraniotomy: benefit of three-dimensional virtual reality planning using magnetic resonance angiography
Authors: Fischer Gerrit , Stadie Axel , Schwandt Eike , Gawehn Joachim , Boor Stephan , Marx Juergen , Oertel Joachim 
Published: May 2009

Object
The aim of the authors in this study was to introduce a minimally invasive superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass surgery by the preselection of appropriate donor and recipient branches in a 3D virtual reality setting based on 3-T MR angiography data.

Methods
An STA-MCA anastomosis was performed in each of 5 patients. Before surgery, 3-T MR imaging was performed with 3D magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo sequences, and a high-resolution CT 3D dataset was obtained. Image fusion and the construction of a 3D virtual reality model of each patient were completed.

Results
In the 3D virtual reality setting, the skin surface, skull surface, and extra- and intracranial arteries as well as the cortical brain surface could be displayed in detail. The surgical approach was successfully visualized in virtual reality. The anatomical relationship of structures of interest could be evaluated based on different values of translucency in all cases. The closest point of the appropriate donor branch of the STA and the most suitable recipient M3 or M4 segment could be calculated with high accuracy preoperatively and determined as the center point of the following minicraniotomy. Localization of the craniotomy and the skin incision on top of the STA branch was calculated with the system, and these data were transferred onto the patient's skin before surgery. In all cases the preselected arteries could be found intraoperatively in exact agreement with the preoperative planning data. Successful extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery was achieved without stereotactic neuronavigation via a preselected minimally invasive approach in all cases. Subsequent enlargement of the craniotomy was not necessary. Perioperative complications were not observed. All bypasses remained patent on follow-up.

Conclusions
With the application of a 3D virtual reality planning system, the extent of skin incision and tissue trauma as well as the size of the bone flap was minimal. The closest point of the appropriate donor branch of the STA and the most suitable recipient M3 or M4 segment could be preoperatively determined with high accuracy so that the STA-MCA bypass could be safely and effectively performed through an optimally located minicraniotomy with a mean diameter of 22 mm without the need for stereotactic guidance.
Clinical course of nontraumatic, nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a single-institution experience
Authors: Whiting Jobyna , Reavey-Cantwell John , Velat Gregory , Fautheree Gregory , Firment Christopher , Lewis Stephen , Hoh Brian 
Published: May 2009

Object
Angiogram-negative subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) accounts for 15% of nontraumatic SAH and has been reported with low morbidity and mortality rates. We report on a large series of patients with angiogram-negative SAH who experienced an atypical nonbenign clinical course.

Methods
Between December 2001 and November 2006, 95 patients with spontaneous nonaneurysmal SAH and negative initial angiographic evaluation were treated at the University of Florida. The authors retrospectively reviewed the patients' medical records and radiological images to determine associated morbidity and mortality.

Results
Aneurysms were found in 6 of the 95 patients on follow-up imaging after an initial negative angiogram (6.3% false negative rate); these patients were excluded leaving 89 patients as the study group. Hydrocephalus necessitating temporary CSF diversion developed in 22 of these patients (25%); 12 (13%) ultimately required permanent CSF diversion. Clinically significant vasospasm developed in 4 patients (4%), and 2 (2%) had cerebral infarctions. Three patients (3%) died.

Conclusions
The authors' experience with a large series of angiogram-negative SAH patients who had an atypical nonbenign clinical course associated with hydrocephalus, vasospasm, stroke, and mortality differs significantly from previously published case series of angiogram-negative SAH.
Pathogenesis and radiobiology of brain arteriovenous malformations: implications for risk stratification in natural history and posttreatment course
Authors: Achrol Achal S. , Guzman Raphael , Varga Monika , Adler John R. , Steinberg Gary K. , Chang Steven D. 
Published: May 2009

Brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs) are an important cause of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in young adults. Biological predictors of future ICH risk are lacking, and controversy exists over previous studies of natural history risk among predominantly ruptured BAVM cohorts. Recent studies have suggested that the majority of BAVMs are now diagnosed as unruptured lesions, and that the risk according to natural history among these lesions may be less than previously assumed. In the first part of this review, the authors discuss available data on the natural history of BAVMs and highlight the need for future studies that aim to develop surrogate biomarkers of disease progression that accurately predict future risk of ICH in BAVMs.
The etiology of BAVM remains unknown. Recent studies have suggested a role for genetic factors in the pathogenesis of sporadic BAVM, which is further supported by reports of familial occurrence of BAVM and association with known systemic genetic disorders (such as Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, Sturge-Weber disease, and Wyburn-Mason syndrome). Molecular characterization of BAVM tissue demonstrates a highly angiogenic milieu with evidence of increased endothelial cell turnover. Taken together with a number of reports of de novo BAVM formation, radiographic growth after initial BAVM diagnosis, and regrowth after successful treatment of BAVM, these findings challenge the long-held assumption that BAVMs are static lesions of congenital origin. In the second part of this review, the authors discuss available data on the origins of BAVM and offer insights into future investigations into genetics and endothelial progenitor cell involvement in the pathogenesis of BAVM.
Current treatment options for BAVM focus on removal or obliteration of the lesion in an attempt to protect against future ICH risk, including microsurgical resection, endovascular embolization, and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). In the third part of this review, the authors discuss available data on SRS in BAVMs and highlight the need for future studies on the radiobiology of BAVMs, especially in regard to biomarker detection for tracking SRS response during the latency period.
Insights from future investigations in BAVM may not only prove important for the development of novel therapies and relevant biomarkers for BAVM, but could also potentially benefit a variety of other disorders involving new vessel formation in the CNS, including stroke, tumors, moyamoya disease, and other cerebrovascular malformations.
Cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Part 2: physiology
Authors: Moftakhar Parham , Hauptman Jason S. , Malkasian Dennis , Martin Neil A. 
Published: May 2009

ObjectThe scientific understanding of the nature of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in the brain is evolving. It is clear from current work that AVMs can undergo a variety of phenomena, including growth, remodeling, and/or regression—and the responsible processes are both molecular and physiological. A review of these complex processes is critical to directing future therapeutic approaches. The authors performed a comprehensive review of the literature to evaluate current information regarding the genetics, pathophysiology, and behavior of AVMs.MethodsA comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed to reveal the angioarchitecture and cerebral hemodynamics of AVMS as they relate to lesion development.ResultsFeeding artery pressures, brain AVM compartmentalization, venous drainage, flow phenomena, and vascular steal are discussed.ConclusionsThe dynamic nature of brain AVMs is at least in part attributable to hemodynamic and flow-related phenomena. These forces acting on an evolving structure are critical to understanding the challenges in endovascular and surgical therapy. As knowledge in this field continues to progress, the natural history and predicted behavior of these AVMs will become more clearly elucidated.
Inhibition of 90-kD heat shock protein potentiates the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents in human glioma cells
Authors: Ohba Shigeo , Hirose Yuichi , Yoshida Kazunari , Yazaki Takahito , Kawase Takeshi 
Published: May 2009

Object
The introduction of temozolomide (TMZ) has advanced chemotherapy for malignant gliomas. A considerable number of glioblastoma cases are refractory to TMZ, however, and the development of novel chemotherapeutic regimens is needed. The authors of previous studies have revealed that hsp90 is expressed at higher levels in human neoplastic tissues, including gliomas, than in normal tissues. Heat shock protein 90 is involved in a cytoprotective mechanism against cellular stressors such as DNA damage, and the authors hypothesized that hsp90 inhibitors might act as antitumor agents against gliomas and potentiate the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents.

Methods
The authors examined the cytotoxicity of an hsp90 inhibitor, 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), both alone and in combination with 1 of 3 DNA-damaging agents (cisplatin, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, and TMZ) in human glioma cell lines. The cytotoxicity of these agents to glioma cells was measured using a colony formation assay. The cell cycle phase distribution, protein expression, and number of apoptotic cells were measured using a fluorescence-activated cell sorting assay, immunoblot assays, and double staining with annexin V and propidium iodide. In an in vivo experiment, 17-AAG, cisplatin, or 17-AAG and cisplatin were administered intraperitoneally to mice with xenografted U87MG cells, and the resulting tumor volumes were measured.

Results
The authors found that 17-AAG reduced the clonogenicity of U87MG cells, and at a low concentration (< 100 nM) potentiated the cytotoxicity of the DNA-crosslinking agents cisplatin and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, but not that of the DNA-methylating agent TMZ. This 17-AAG–induced potentiation of DNA crosslinking agent–induced cytotoxicity was a consequence of prolonged G2-M arrest accompanied by the suppression of cdc2 and cdc25C and of increased apoptotic cell death accompanied by the degradation of the antiapoptosis proteins Akt and survivin. Similar effects were observed when cells were treated with radicicol, another hsp90 inhibitor. The 17-AAG–induced enhancement of DNA crosslinking agent–induced cytotoxicity was also observed in other cell lines. In addition, 17-AAG sensitized xenografted U87MG cells to cisplatin in nude mice.

Conclusions
Heat shock protein 90–targeted therapy may be an effective strategy for potentiating chemotherapy using DNA-crosslinking agents for TMZ-refractory gliomas.
Seizure outcome of epilepsy surgery in focal epilepsies associated with temporomesial glioneuronal tumors: lesionectomy compared with tailored resection
Authors: Giulioni Marco , Rubboli Guido , Marucci Gianluca , Martinoni Matteo , Volpi Lilia , Michelucci Roberto , Marliani Anna Federica , Bisulli Francesca , Tinuper Paolo , Castana Laura , Sartori Ivana , Calbucci Fabio 
Published: May 2009

Object
The authors retrospectively analyzed and compared seizure outcome in a series of 28 patients with temporomesial glioneuronal tumors associated with epilepsy who underwent 1 of 2 different epilepsy surgery procedures: lesionectomy or tailored resection.

Methods
The 28 patients were divided into 2 groups, with 14 cases in each group. In Group A, surgery was limited to the tumor (lesionectomy), whereas Group B patients underwent tailored resection involving removal of the tumor and the epileptogenic zone as identified by a neurophysiological noninvasive presurgical study.

Results
In Group A (10 male and 4 female patients) the interval between onset of seizures and surgery ranged from 1 to 33 years (mean 10.6 years). Patients' ages ranged from 3 to 61 years (mean 23.1 years). The epileptogenic lesion was on the left side in 6 patients and the right in 8 patients. Mean follow-up was 9.8 years (range 6.5–15 years). The Engel classification system, used to determine postoperative seizure outcome, showed 6 patients (42.8%) were Engel Class I and 8 (57.1%) were Engel Class II. In Group B (6 male and 8 female patients) the interval between onset of seizures and surgery ranged from 0.5 to 25 years (mean 8.6 years). Patients' ages ranged from 3 to 48 years (mean 22.3 years). The tumor and associated epileptogenic area was on the right side in 8 patients and the left in 6 patients. Mean follow-up duration was 3.5 years (range 1–6.5 years). Postoperative seizure outcome was Engel Class I in 13 patients (93%) and Engel Class II in 1 (7.1%).

Conclusions
The authors' results demonstrate a better seizure outcome for temporomesial glioneuronal tumors associated with epilepsy in patients who underwent tailored resection rather than simple lesionectomy (p = 0.005). For temporomesial glioneuronal tumors associated with epilepsy, performing a presurgical noninvasive neurophysiological study intended to identify the epileptogenic zone is necessary for planning a tailored surgery. Using this surgical strategy, the presence of temporomesial glioneuronal tumors constitutes a predictive factor of excellent seizure outcome, and therefore surgical treatment can be offered early to avoid both the consequences of uncontrolled seizures as well as the side effects of pharmacological therapy.
Sick Leave Before and After Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis —A Report from the Swedish TIRA Project
Authors: BJÖRK MATHILDA , THYBERG INGRID , RIKNER KLAS , BALOGH ISTVAN , GERDLE BJÖRN 
Published: May 2009

Objective.Our study describes sick leave during 3 years before and 3 years after diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in relation to referents and identifies predictors for sick leave during the third year after diagnosis of RA.Methods.One hundred twenty patients (76% women) from the Swedish early RA study TIRA were included. Disease activity and disability were registered regularly during 3 years in TIRA. Referents were matched for sex, age, and home town. Sick leave data were obtained for patients 3 years before and 3 years after diagnosis and for the referents for the corresponding 6 years.Results.No differences were seen between patients and referents regarding sick leave during the first 2 years, whereas sick leave increased in patients 6 months before diagnosis, from 30% to 53%. During the 3 years after diagnosis, sick leave among patients was rather stable, varying between 50% and 60%, even though disability pension increased and sickness benefit decreased. Sick leave before diagnosis, disability 1 year after diagnosis, and type of work were identified as predictors for sick leave during the third year after diagnosis.Conclusion.Not surprisingly, sick leave in patients increased the year before diagnosis. Although disease activity and disability diminished after diagnosis, the patients’ sick leave remained essentially unchanged. Sick leave 3 years after diagnosis was foremost predicted by earlier sick leave, disability, and type of work.
Adult Zebrafish Model of Streptococcal Infection
Authors: Phelps Hilary A. , Runft Donna L. , Neely Melody N. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractStreptococcal pathogens cause a wide array of clinical syndromes in humans, including invasive systemic infections resulting in high mortality rates. Many of these pathogens are human specific, and therefore difficult to analyze in vivo using typical animal models, as these models rarely replicate what is observed in human infections. This unit describes the use of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal model for streptococcal infection to analyze multiple disease states. This model closely mimics the necrotizing fasciitis/myositis pathology observed in humans from a Streptococcus pyogenes infection. The use of a zoonotic pathogen, Streptococcus iniae, which replicates systemic infections caused by many streptococcal pathogens, including dissemination to the brain, is also described. Protocols describing both intraperitoneal and intramuscular infections, as well as methods for histological and quantitative measurements of infection, are also described. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 13:9D.1.1–9D.1.27. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dynamic folding pathway models of the villin headpiece subdomain (HP‐36) structure
Authors: Lee In‐Ho , Kim Seung‐Yeon , Lee Jooyoung 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe have investigated the folding pathway of the 36‐residue villin headpiece subdomain (HP‐36) by action‐derived molecular dynamics simulations. The folding is initiated by hydrophobic collapse, after which the concurrent formation of full tertiary structure and α‐helical secondary structure is observed. The collapse is observed to be associated with a couple of specific native contacts contrary to the conventional nonspecific hydrophobic collapse model. Stable secondary structure formation after the collapse suggests that the folding of HP‐36 follows neither the framework model nor the diffusion‐collision model. The C‐terminal helix forms first, followed by the N‐terminal helix positioned in its native orientation. The short middle helix is shown to form last. Signs for multiple folding pathways are also observed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2010
Prevalence of incontinence and incontinence‐specific quality of life impairment in women with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Vella M. , Cartwright R. , Cardozo L. , Parsons M. , Madge S. , Burns Y. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAimsCystic fibrosis (CF) is the commonest autosomal recessive disorder in Caucasians. With advancing medical technology, the life expectancy has more than double in the last twenty years. This has led to new unforeseen health problems like urinary incontinence. The aim was to establish the prevalence, symptomatic typology, and quality of life impact of incontinence in a population of women with CF.MethodsWomen were recruited from two London tertiary referral centres for CF. They were asked to fill in a self‐ completed anonymous King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) for assessment of symptoms and quality of life Impairment. Their age was also noted. Descriptive statistics are reported. Correlation was assessed using Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r).ResultsOne hundred and forty six women were approached for enrolment. 98(67%) consented to take part in study. Their mean age was 28. Seventy three (74%) reported symptoms of urinary incontinence, which in all cases was perceived as stress urinary incontinence. Of these 44(60%) reported mild stress incontinence, 16(22%) moderate stress incontinence and 13(18%) severe stress incontinence. Continent and incontinent women perceived their general health to be similarly poor (mean score 40 vs 44 points). Strong positive correiations were found between age and stress urinary incontinence severity (r=0.742; P <0.001) and between age and total King's Health Questionnaire score (r=0.828; P <0.001).ConclusionsWomen with CF have a higher prevalence of stress urinary incontinence than the general population, with both the prevalence and associated quality of life impairment increasing with age. Neurourol. Urodynam. 28:986–989, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
c-Kit Function Is Necessary for In Vitro Myogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Cells
Authors: Xaymardan Munira , Cimini Massimo , Fazel Shafie , Weisel Richard D. , Lu Wei-Yang , Martin Ulrich , Harvey Richard P. , Li Ren-Ke 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In recent years, the differentiation of bone marrow cells (BMCs) into myocytes has been extensively investigated, but the findings remain inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to determine the conditions necessary to induce myogenic differentiation in short-term cultures of adult BMCs, and to identify the BMC subpopulation responsible for this phenomenon. We report that high-density cultures of murine hematopoietic BMCs gave rise to spontaneous beating cell clusters in the presence of vascular endothelial and fibroblast growth factors. These clusters originated from c-kitpos cells. The formation of the clusters could be completely blocked by adding a c-kit/tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Gleevec (imatinib mesylate; Novartis International, Basel, Switzerland, http://www.novartis.com), to the culture. Cluster formation was also blunted in BMCs from c-kit-deficient (KitW/KitW-v) mice. Clustered cells expressed cardiomyocyte-specific transcription factor genes Gata-4 and Nkx2.5, sarcomeric proteins β-MHC and MLC-2v, and ANF and connexin-43. Immunostaining revealed α-sarcomeric actinin expression in more than 90% of clustered cells. Under electron microscopy, the clustered cells exhibited a sarcomeric myofiber arrangement and z-bands. This study defines the microenvironment required to achieve a reproducible in vitro model of beating, myogenic cell clusters. This model could be used to examine the mechanisms responsible for the postnatal myogenic differentiation of BMCs. Our results identify c-kitpos bone marrow hematopoietic cells as the source of the myogenic clusters.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
mAb 84, a Cytotoxic Antibody that Kills Undifferentiated Human Embryonic Stem Cells via Oncosis
Authors: Tan Heng Liang , Fong Wey Jia , Lee Eng Hin , Yap Miranda , Choo Andre 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The monoclonal antibody mAb 84, which binds to podocalyxin-like protein-1 (PODXL) on human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), was previously reported to bind and kill undifferentiated cells in in vitro and in vivo assays. In this study, we investigate the mechanism responsible for mAb 84-induced hESCs cytotoxicity. Apoptosis was likely not the cause of mAb 84-mediated cell death because no elevation of caspase activities or increased DNA fragmentation was observed in hESCs following incubation with mAb 84. Instead, it was preceded by cell aggregation and damage to cell membranes, resulting in the uptake of propidium iodide, and the leakage of intracellular sodium ions. Furthermore, examination of the cell surface by scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of pores on the cell surface of mAb 84-treated cells, which was absent from the isotype control. This mechanism of cell death resembles that described for oncosis, a form of cell death resulting from membrane damage. Additional data suggest that the binding of mAb 84 to hESCs initiates a sequence of events prior to membrane damage, consistent with oncosis. Degradation of actin-associated proteins, namely, α-actinin, paxillin, and talin, was observed. The perturbation of these actin-associated proteins consequently permits the aggregation of PODXL, thus leading to the formation of pores. To our knowledge, this is the first report of oncotic cell death with hESCs as a model.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Rolled Garnets from Morar, Inverness-shire
Authors: Peacey J. S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA thin section of garnetiferous pelitic schist is described in which the rotation of the garnets is in either of two directions. Microfolds are seen in the slide and the garnets were rotated in opposite directions on opposite limbs of the folds. Their relation to minor structures is suggested.
A possible large-scale sinistral displacement along the Great Glen Fault in Scotland
Authors: Storetvedt K. M. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryComparison of Old Red Sandstone palaeomagnetism for NW Scotland and Norway lead to the hypothesis of a 200–300 km sinistral movement along the Great Glen Fault. The displacement is thought to be of late Caledonian (late Devonian) age. The new palaeogeographic reconstruction of Northern Britain (prior to late Caledonian times) seems to have interesting geological implications.