bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le mécanisme des stratégies de réparation en phonotactique générative et la diphtongaison en français montréalais
Authors: Desrochers Richard 
Published: July 2012

Cet article examine l’action des stratégies de réparation en phonotactique générative, modèle où la phonologie est constituée de conditions de bonne formation et de stratégies de réparation consistant en la substitution, en l’insertion ou en l’effacement d’un segment (et possiblement aussi en l’inversion). Ces conditions (CBF) ne gouvernent que des alternances automatiques et globales; les autres alternances relèvent soit de la morphologie, soit de la stylistique.
Dans un premier temps sont examinés des exemples de CBF dans diverses langues afin d’identifier les facteurs qui déterminent le choix de la statégie et de la cible. Ces facteurs semblent être le respect de l’identité phonologique du segment et le caractère minimal de la stratégie. Dans un second temps est proposée une description de la diphtongaison du français montréalais au moyen de l’interaction de diverses CBF.
Une étude sociophonétique des affriquées désonorisées en franco-québécois
Authors: Bento Margaret 
Published: July 2012

Cette étude montre que la dynamique de la variation linguistique des affriquées, notamment en ce qui concerne les phénomènes de désonorisation, est non seulement soumise à des pressions d’ordre combinatoire, mais réagit aussi à des facteurs sociaux.
Ainsi, cette analyse révèle qu’outre l’influence de l’environnement phonétique, les facteurs sexe (les femmes assibilant moins et dévoisant plus leurs articulations que les hommes) et région d’origine (les locuteurs de Chicoutimi assibilant et dévoisant moins que ceux de Québec) sont à prendre en considération dans l’explicattion de la variation linguistique.
Une première systématique des évaluatifs en français
Authors: Pupier Paul 
Published: July 2012

Le présent article offre une description synthétique des évaluatifs en français. On commence par caractériser les évaluatifs ou expressions de valeur. Puisque les évaluatifs sont bipolaires et peuvent présenter une gradation dans leur évaluation, il est naturel de vérifier si leur répartition n’est pas identique à celle des antonymes de degré. En fait, elle en est indépendante dans une large mesure. La morphologie dérivationnelle fournit des corrélations plus fortes avec le marquage axiologique. D’abord, il n’existe pas de suffixe axiologiquement positif en français. Ensuite, les suffixes péjoratifs n’opèrent pas tous de la même façon : en gros, la valeur négative peut être introduite par le suffixe ou, au contraire, être héritée du radical. Pour ce qui est des préfixes, leur impact axiologique n’est pas déterminé entièrement par la négation qu’ils expriment. Il y a d’autres marqueurs de l’axiologie que les morphèmes : par exemple certaines constructions, comme la célèbre N de N. Au niveau lexical aussi, le jugement de valeur peut être présupposé ou impliqué par l’usage de certains mots. En axiologie, comme dans d’autres domaines de la linguistique, se pose le problème de la projection des valeurs élémentaires. Nous abordons ce problème à partir de quelques exemples. Enfin, nous reprenons la question de l’ironie, phénomème dont nous avions dû faire abstraction pour fonder nos intuitions axiologiques, et nous montrons que la valeur entre dans la définition même de l’énoncé ironique.
Arabophones et francophones du Maroc : un bilinguisme dynamique
Authors: Nissabouri Abdelfattah 
Published: July 2012

Cet article a pour but de montrer que la description d’un accent étranger (ici arabophone marocain) peut dépasser le cadre strict du classement entre la langue première et la langue seconde des bilingues. Divers processus en cours dans la langue première, telle l’atténuation de la dichotomie traditionnelle des parlers arabes (citadin / bédouin) en milieu urbain, reflètent une phase transitoire de la langue première des arabophones.
Acquisition du lieu d’articulation en langue des signes québécoise chez trois enfants sourds : étude de cas
Authors: Lavoie Charlen , Villeneuve Suzanne 
Published: July 2012

Cette étude est la première en acquisition du lieu d’articulation en langue des signes québécoise (LSQ). Il existe peu de recherches sur le sujet en langues signées : Frishberg 1975 ainsi que Siedlecki et Bonvillian 1993 pour la langue des signes américaine, et Takkinen 1994 pour la langue des signes finlandaise. Notre objectif est d’observer les manifestations de la maturation linguistique de trois garçons sourds profonds de naissance enregistrés à un an d’intervalle (à trois et à quatre ans). Les lieux d’articulation de 3 386 signes ont été divisés en classes, et nous tenterons d’expliquer les lieux les moins réussis par des contraintes perceptuelles, articulatoires ou linguistiques.
L’état des études internationales au Canada : un survol de la recherche scientifique
Authors: Abonyi Arpad , Sylvain Ivan J. , Tomlin Brian W. 
Published: July 2012

This article depicts the configuration of approaches to the scientific study of foreign policy and international politics in Canada, as represented in a systematic survey of research written in Canada and published in forty scholarly journals, some from as early as 1945 up to 1975. Scientific studies found in this sample were analyzed along four dimensions : theoretical basis ; issue area ; units upon which the investigation is based ; and method of analysis. Scientific study of international relations emerged as a largely recent yet growing phenomenon of the last decade. It constitutes a unique subfield outside the mainstream of research, and is concentrated among a relatively small group of individuals and even fewer institutions. Études internationales emerged as the single most important channel of communication for this subfield in Canada
Le rôle des provinces dans les relations internationales
Authors: Jacomy-Millette Annemarie 
Published: July 2012

Within the shifting context of international relations — official and transnational - of the last quarter of the XXth century, it would be appropriate to take a fresh look at the opening of federal states with special emphasis on the Canadian provinces. This opening poses political, economic, social, cultural and juridical problems, both national and international. The author conceptualizes the problem in three aspects : international organizations, international representation and international treaties. She offers suggestions and recommendations with a view to a greater decentralization of Canada's foreign policy.
Les pays socialistes de l’Est et l’unité européenne – La tradition dans le socialisme et le socialisme dans la tradition
Authors: Pilisi Paul 
Published: July 2012

Throughout the XIXth century federalism in Eastern Europe sought to regroup small nations and states within federal structures capable of guaranteeing their collective independence in the long-term vis-à-vis those powers directly interested in that region of the continent.
After the First World War the federalist forces of Eastern Europe, conscious of the tragic effects of the balkanization of Central and Eastern Europe, had approached regional reconstruction in a spirit of unity. This unity, whose spirit and idea derived from a common historical experience, was taken up by the progressive forces active within the resistance during the Second World War.
Shortly thereafter, among the political forces tending to promote regional unity, the socialist and communist parties engaged in activities of major importance. From their initial perspective, the solidarity of the Eastern Countries was to lead to the establishment of federal structures without the adhesion of the Soviet Union.
Droit de la mer : La contribution du Canada au nouveau concept de la zone économique
Authors: Léger Georges Antoine 
Published: July 2012

The decade-long process of negotiation leading to a new regime of Oceans Law is drawing to a close. One of its major achievements to date is the elaboration of an entirely new concept in ocean space, the exclusive economic zone. Canada has played a leading role in bringing about consensus on the main elements of this zonal approach, a bridge linking certain features of the territorial sea regime with a number of safeguards derived from the exercise of high seas rights.
Canada 's contribution was based generally on a novel application of the functional approach which has been prevalent in Canada 's treatment of Law of the Sea issues over the past few years. The idea was to apply the principles of delegation of powers to those of functionalism, in order to foster a zonal approach whereby certain functional rights and obligations (pertaining, for instance, to fisheries or to the marine environment) would be carried out by the coastal state on behalf of the international community. In recognition of its exercise of this mandate, and in regard to its geographical proximity to the ocean space it managed, the coastal state would be granted a preferential (and for most purposes an exclusive) access to the resources of the zone.
One of the best examples of this approach can be found in Canada 's earliest efforts to deal with the fundamental issue of fishing rights at the Conference. Bringing a multi-disciplinary focus to bear on the need to distinguish between different species of fish in the coastal areas, the Canadian delegation, with the co-sponsorship of a number of like-minded countries, brought forward proposals tailored to the management and exploitation of these species.
Points de repère
Authors: Coulomb Pierre , Delorme Hélène 
Published: July 2012

The production and consumption of food occupy a major share of the general concern brought about by the world crisis. The growth of both elements continues nevertheless in keeping with the same capital-intensive and labour-saving standards of the previous expansionary phase. But the new context of world inflation, instability and recession imposes a burden with regard to the reproduction costs of food Systems in all of the OECD countries. Indeed, three trends are evolving simultaneously : the increase in the price of land; the instability of domestic price Systems; and, the new influence of international markets.
La politique agricole et l’accumulation du capital : Le cas des États-Unis
Authors: Perelman Michael 
Published: July 2012

Confronted with economic crisis, american agricultural policy since 1970 has been dominated by one priority : the solution of problems associated with other sectors, by saving public agricultural expenses as well as by using exports as a « food weapon ». But this policy does no more than shift the contradictions of american society : it doesn't stop the food/wage spiral and it re-activates the internal tensions of agricultural production. A longer term logic dominates this short term policy: to safeguard the functions of agriculture within the accumulation process. The study emphasizes the function of supplier of labor for other sectors of agriculture. It shows how the american food model, by consuming an irrational amount of ressources, ensures that the labor's supply grows more rapidly than its demande.
Le gouvernement socialiste espagnol et la participation à l’Alliance atlantique depuis novembre 1982 (Note)
Authors: Labatut Bernard 
Published: July 2012

The United Nations adopted the Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) on April 30, 1982 but the saga began in 1967 when Arvid Pardo, the Permanent Representative of Malta to the United Nations, called for a constitution for the oceans of the world and a charter for its sea-bed, its resources, its subsoil and the air above it. The third United Nations Law of the Sea Conference (UNCLOS III) was convened in 1973 and terminated in the historic vote at New York on April 30, 1982 where 130 nations voted for the Law of the Sea Convention, only four voted against and seventeen abstained.
The Law of the Sea Convention is a giant step forward in world and human affairs because it is concerned with sharing the earth's underwater resources amongst the earth's inhabitants rather than on the basis of first come/first served. The Convention controls, protects, shares and develops the oceans for all mankind. Questions of 12 mile limits, exclusive economic zones, continental shelves, territorial water rights of transit and innocent passage are also dealt with. Much old law is codified, much new law is created and even for non signatories there is much new customary international law.
The Law of the Sea Convention is perhaps the greatest legislative triumph of the United Nations in its 40 year history.
Les incidences sectorielles et régionales du libre-échange Canada-Etats-Unis
Authors: Denis Jean-Émile , Stavrinidis Christine , Tessier Serge 
Published: July 2012

The debate on the advantages and disadvantages of free trade between Canada and the U.S. has intensified over the past months. Reluctance towards such an option in trading policy has increased and views differ more and more on the subject, particularly concerning its sector-based and regional consequences.
Following a survey of the findings of earlier economic studies, the consequences of free trade between Canada and the U.S. are assessed as regards job distribution in the manufacturing industry. Estimates are derived from studies made by Harris and Cox which allow comparison to be made between the consequences of bilateral and multilateral free trade s.
Contrary to the views expressed by the Royal Inquiry Commission, the results lead to the conclusion that bilateral free trade will bring about a marked relocation of the labour force. It turns out that job opportunity in areas with high level of employment would grow, as would the specialization of Quebec in these areas, as compared to Ontario.
Crise politique et transnationalisation de l’État en Amérique latine : une interprétation théorique
Authors: Nef Jorge 
Published: July 2012

If the crisis of the state has been a common trait in Latin America, its manifestations have not been the same throughout the continent. This article examines two general and apparently contraditory trends : the trend toward authoritarian capitalism resulting from the crisis of hegemony in South America and the trend towards popularly-based insurgency resulting from a crisis of domination in most of Central America. The author bases his general interpretation of these trends on the analysis of the historical and structural relationships between four factors identified as responsible for the drastic change in the role of the state, from "national development" to "national security" : the crisis in the model of accumulation, the growing polarization of political alliance, the transnationalization of the civil society and the state, and the interplay between relative autonomy of the state and transnationalization. He finds that the combination of transnational integration of the Latin American elites into one U.S.-centered project with hegemonic pretensions, and a growing marginalization and alienation on the part of the bulk of the internal constituencies has brought about an acute crisis of both legitimation and domination. As violence becomes the most common political currency -with repression and plain state terrorism evolving into a distinct style of politics - and the prospects towards redemocratization being very fragile, the author concludes that revolutionary struggles may be the only possibility for an indigenous redefinition of development, national self-determination and democracy.
Des acteurs transnationaux dans le développement latino-américain
Authors: Alschuler Lawrence R. 
Published: July 2012

Our aim in this article is to identify the major transnational actors and to describe how they have influenced Latin American politics and development from the 1950s to the present. Transnational actors are defined as those collective actors (here non-governmental) whose membership and activities are transnational. Specifically ex-amined are the multinationals, the Catholic Church, international labor confederations, and guerrilla movements. The historical context within which we study these actors has two periods : early import substitution (1954-65) and late import substitution and export substitution (1965 to present). In each period the state pursue s a development strategy with the support of particular class alliances. For each period we describe how the transnational actors contribute to the successes and failures of these strategies. The causal relations are also reciprocal, for the actors evolve and adapt to the changing developmental context. For example, the multinationals shift from raw material extraction to manufacturing while the Church shifts from conservatism to the theology of liberation. The general trends in the activities of transnational actors over the post war period are interpreted with respect to the twin polarities of the development process : opression - liberation, integration - autonomy.
Le Canada et le régime international de l’aide
Authors: Thérien Jean-Philippe 
Published: July 2012

This article examines the conditions of production for Canadian policy in development and. Traditionally, analysis of Canadian aid has followed either a pluralistic, statist or neo-marxist theoretical approach. Noting the inadequacy of these forms of explanation, the author proposes an interpretation of Canadian aid based on the concept of « international community. » This concept can be defined as being the totality of decision-making principles, norms, rules and procedures that structure the expectations and behaviours of those involved in areas dealing with international relations.
By resorting to this notion of international community, this study intends to demonstrate that the conditions of production for Canadian aid encompass two kinds of determinism. First, on the systemic level Canadian policy can be perceived as the result of external pressures to put in place an international aid community that contributes to regulating North-South relations. Second, on the national level Canadian aid can be seen as the product of internal power relationships which translate into pressures on the State to modify its participation in the international aid community so as to ensure the promotion of specific political interests.
Droit d'asile et nouvel ordre mondial - crispations sur la frontière : l'envers de la globalisation
Authors: Perras Sylvie 
Published: July 2012

The fail of communist ideology and the subsequent breaking up of the old empire has allowed an acceleration of the process of world wide exchange liberalization. Population flow adapts itself to the movement naturally, helped by the development of communications, transportation and transnational networks in different parts of the industrialized world. Conflicts, wars, human rights violations and non democratic Systems also contribute extensively to increase the south-north migratory pressures. This contemporary context has led the international community to consider international migrations to be a major threat to world stability and global security.
In this context, the right to seek and to enjoy a safe haven becomes a mere illusion. The survival of the right of asylum is linked to the recognition of the failure of the actual international System. The reality of today's refugee movement calls for new types of solidarities and cooperation which should be inspired by the principles of democracy and human rights protection.
Rationalité, non-rationalité et théorie prospective : un programme de recherche sur la gestion des crises internationales
Authors: Harvey Frank 
Published: July 2012

The strength of rational choice theory and the decision models derived from its axiomatic base (e.g., expected utility, game theory, deterrence, etc.) has always depended on the degree to which the theory's underlying assumptions offer at least a close approximation of reality. Proponents of political psychology have compiled what appears to be an impressive body of evidence against the utility of theories derived from these assumptions. Decision-makers, particularly in a time of crisis, are either unwilling or unable to live up to the demands of rationality. Conflicting empirical evidence from rational choice theorists continues to fuel the debate.
In the absence of any attempt to identify areas of consensus, theoretical progress on the question of how to effectively manage international crisis mil remain elusive. In the conviction that this ongoing debate has become counterproductive to the development of crisis management theory, the following paper attempts, in part, to identify areas of consensus and to develop an alternative research agenda around Prospect Theory.
La politique institutionnelle de sécurité de la Chine
Authors: Tassé Loïc 
Published: July 2012

La politique institutionnelle de sécurité de la Chine est contradictoire : elle prétend défendre les PVD dans la réforme du Conseil de sécurité, mais prône le statu quo; elle plaide pour le désarmement nucléaire et joint le Traité d'interdiction complet des essais nucléaires, mais participe à l'escalade nucléaire dans la région asiatique ; elle appelle au dialogue et à la coopération dans les Spratleys, mais y intervient militairement. Les divers changements de conjoncture expliquent une partie de ces contradictions, mais en général, la politique institutionnelle de sécurité de la Chine demeure fidèle aux grandes orientations de la politique extérieure du pays. Il se pourrait qu'une nouvelle division chinoise du monde se dissimule derrière le comportement de la Chine.
Rupture ou équilibre: les options de la Realpolitik française face à l'Autriche-Hongrie lors de la Première Guerre mondiale
Authors: Deschênes Dany 
Published: July 2012

À la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale, l'Autriche-Hongrie cesse d'exister. La France développe deux politiques possibles face à l'Autriche-Hongrie: celle de sa disparition ou celle de son maintien sous une forme rénovée. À la lecture des deux mémorandums du Quai d'Orsay de novembre 1917 et de mars 1918, la France semble favorable à la renaissance de la Pologne et à la création de la Tchécoslovaquie. File mise aussi sur la formation d'une « Grande Roumanie » pour former une barrière antigermanique. D'autres facteurs vont aussi influencer la politique française, principalement l'entrée en guerre des États-Unis et les conséquences de la déclaration Czernin. Cependant, l'analyse des discussions Armand/Revertera met en évidence une autre politique possible : celle du maintien de l'Autriche-Hongrie comme contrepoids à l'Allemagne. La France va même tenter, par des manoeuvres diplomatiques à la fin de la guerre, de sauver la monarchie danubienne par l'entremise du nouvel ambassadeur français à Berne, Paul Dutasta.
Le Canada dans l'entre-deux-guerres
Authors: Haglund David G. 
Published: July 2012

Cet article avance l'hypothèse que la politique étrangère et sécuritaire du Canada, que nous réunissons ensemble sous le terme « grande stratégie », a reflété les éléments d'une approche géopolitique particulièrement nord-américaine connue comme étant l'« isolationnisme ». Ainsi, au cours de l'entre-deux-guerres, le Canada, à l'instar des États-Unis et malgré des divergences évidentes sur le plan des origines et de la pratique, a cherché à profiter des avantages géostratégiques de sa situation sur un « continent retiré », retiré des vicissitudes et dangers de l'équilibre des pouvoirs en Europe. Ottawa, comme Washington, a cherché pendant cette période à isoler sa population et ses institutions des troubles qui avaient cours dans cette région du monde considérée par plusieurs au Canada anglais comme davantage un danger qu'un réconfort. La célèbre remarque de Dandurand, selon laquelle le Canada habitait « une maison protégée du feu et loin des matériaux inflammables », prend ainsi toute sa signification