bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eleven process evaluation strategies for education of individual clients in dietetic practice
Authors: CANT Robyn , ARONI Rosalie 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim:  To examine process evaluation methods used by Australian dietitians in nutrition education of individual clients.Methods:  A qualitative–quantitative design was used. A purposive sample of 46 clinical dietitians working in Victorian hospitals, community or private practice attended audio‐recorded focus groups or an in‐depth interview. Themes identified were used to develop a questionnaire to survey Australian dietitians asking about client education strategies and evaluation methods. Two hundred and fifty‐eight dietitians (16%) responded to a Web‐based questionnaire. Criterion for extraction of results was ≥70% agreement. Descriptive statistics, chi‐squared and Spearman's rank order correlation analyses were used (if P≤ 0.05).Results:  Eleven process evaluation strategies were used by ≥84% of dietitians. Results clustered into a typology of four evaluation strategies: evaluating planning of the intervention; evaluating assimilation of new information; evaluating intention to change behaviour; and determining a patient's satisfaction with a consultation. Only two methods were used ‘often’ by more than half the respondents, indicating a wide range in choice of strategies. Seven of 11 strategies in use evaluated information assimilation. There was no significant difference by work category, state of employment or seniority. Evaluative questions to be answered are: Did they agree to it? Did they learn it? Will they use it? What has changed?Conclusion:  Process evaluation is best achieved by simultaneous teaching and evaluation. Dietitians may benefit from further skills training to more fully utilise patient‐centred planning. Further investigation is warranted to define best practice.
How dietetics students like to learn: Implications for curriculum planners
Authors: PALERMO Claire , WALKER Karen Z. , BROWN Ted , ZOGI Maryam 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim:  To investigate the learning styles of nutrition and dietetics students to assist in informing nutrition and dietetics curriculum methods, design and review.Methods:  A total of 129 students from years one to four of a nutrition and dietetics undergraduate curriculum completed the Index of Learning Styles and the Kolb Learning Style Inventory to reveal their learning style preferences.Results:  The Index of Learning Styles identified the students as learners who were intuitive (innovative), verbal (preferring spoken/written explanations) and global (preferring holistic approaches) while the Kolb Learning Style Inventory found that the students had an inclination towards converging (practical) and assimilating (reasoning) learning styles.Conclusions:  Analysis of learning styles can assist curriculum change towards teaching strategies that suit students. Teaching and learning activities for dietetics students should be developed to strengthen reflective and emotional learning and to develop students' ability to appreciate different points of view. The finding that learning styles changed with year level requires confirmation via cohort studies.
Comparison of two histological techniques for age determination in small cetaceans
Authors: Luque Patricia Lastra , Learmonth Jennifer A. , Santos M. Begoña , Ieno Elena , Pierce Graham J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAge estimation in odontocetes is based on counts of growth layer groups (GLGs) deposited in recording structures such as teeth. Generally, tooth sections are obtained using a cryostat microtome. However, some researchers prefer obtaining thin sections using a traditional paraffin microtome. Little information is available on the application of this technique to dolphin teeth. Our main aim was to investigate if the paraffin technique can be a viable alternative. We considered whether estimated age would be affected by preparation technique, staining method, and section thickness, while controlling for effects of species, body length, and sex. We also analyzed whether the staining method would affect readability of GLGs and age reading variability. Teeth from 86 individuals (representing seven species) were used, but not all were prepared using both techniques because sufficient teeth were not available in all cases. Although the staining method had significant effects on the estimated age using both techniques, the variability of GLG counts was small and appeared to be similar for both techniques. Using Mayer's hematoxylin stained sections of 8 μm thickness, good agreement of ages was obtained from both techniques, with more preparations classified as “good quality” for the paraffin technique. Mayer's hematoxylin provided the best contrast of the GLGs when using the paraffin technique. We conclude that the paraffin technique is viable and represents a cost‐effective alternative to a cryostat microtome when preparing cetacean teeth for age determination.
Transition of China's Diplomacy and Foreign Relations
Authors: Wang Yizhou 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe present paper focuses on the transformation of China's foreign affairs. The transformation is closely associated with and mutually reinforced by the developmental changes that have taken place in China. China's strong economic focus has had a profound effect on its foreign relations and international strategies. With sustained growth over the past three decades (1978–2008), China has become an important member of the world community. In particular, its influence has been growing in the Asia‐Pacific area. China's unique developmental model and path are recognized and scrutinized worldwide. The present paper discusses special aspects of foreign aid and also explores the changes in principles of and approaches taken in the application of foreign aid policies. Under dual external and internal pressure, China has to constantly adjust, renew and improve its approach to diplomatic and international relations.
Adaptation of anaerobically grown Thauera aromatica, Geobacter sulfurreducens and Desulfococcus multivorans to organic solvents on the level of membrane fatty acid composition
Authors: Duldhardt Ilka , Gaebel Julia , Chrzanowski Lukasz , Nijenhuis Ivonne , Härtig Claus , Schauer Frieder , Heipieper Hermann J. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe effect of different solvents and pollutants on the cellular fatty acid composition of three bacterial strains: Thauera aromatica, Geobacter sulfurreducens and Desulfococcus multivorans, representatives of diverse predominant anaerobic metabolisms was investigated. As the prevailing adaptive mechanism in cells of T. aromatica and G. sulfurreducens whose cellular fatty acids patterns were dominated by palmitic acid (C16:0) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1cis), the cells reacted by an increase in the degree of saturation of their membrane fatty acids when grown in the presence of sublethal concentrations of the chemicals. Next to palmitic acid C16:0, the fatty acid pattern of D. multivorans was dominated by anteiso‐branched fatty acids which are characteristic for several sulfate‐reducing bacteria. The cells responded to the solvents with an increase in the ratio of straight‐chain saturated (C14:0, C16:0, C18:0) to anteiso‐branched fatty acids (C15:0anteiso, C17:0anteiso, C17:1anteisoΔ9cis). The results show that anaerobic bacteria react with similar mechanisms like aerobic bacteria in order to adapt their membrane to toxic organic solvents. The observed adaptive modifications on the level of membrane fatty acid composition can only be carried out with de novo synthesis of the fatty acids which is strictly related to cell growth. As the growth rates of anaerobic bacteria are generally much lower than in the so far investigated aerobic bacteria, this adaptive response needs more time in anaerobic bacteria. This might be one explanation for the previously observed higher sensitivity of anaerobic bacteria when compared with aerobic ones.
Chemical analysis of late stages of pheomelanogenesis: conversion of dihydrobenzothiazine to a benzothiazole structure
Authors: Wakamatsu Kazumasa , Ohtara Kazumi , Ito Shosuke 
Published: May 2009

SummaryPheomelanogenesis is a complex pathway that starts with the oxidation of tyrosine (or DOPA, 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine) by tyrosinase in the presence of cysteine, which results in the production of 5‐S‐cysteinyldopa and its isomers. Beyond that step, relatively little has been clarified except for a possible intermediate produced, dihydro‐1,4‐benzothiazine‐3‐carboxylic acid (DHBTCA). We therefore carried out a detailed study on the course of pheomelanogenesis using DOPA and cysteine and the physiological enzyme tyrosinase. To elucidate the later stages of pheomelanogenesis, chemical degradative methods of reductive hydrolysis with hydroiodic acid and alkaline peroxide oxidation were applied. The results show that: (1) DHBTCA accumulates after the disappearance of the cysteinyldopa isomers, (2) DHBTCA is then oxidized by a redox exchange with dopaquinone to form ortho‐quinonimine, which leads to the production of pheomelanin with a benzothiazine moiety, and (3) the benzothiazine moiety gradually degrades to form a benzothiazole moiety. This latter process is consistent with the much higher ratio of benzothiazole‐derived units in human red hair than in mouse yellow hair. These findings may be relevant to the (photo)toxic effects of pheomelanin.
Use of liposomes as drug delivery vehicles for treatment of melanoma
Authors: Tran Melissa A. , Watts Rebecca J. , Robertson Gavin P. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryMelanoma is a progressive disease that claims many lives each year due to lack of therapeutics effective for the long‐term treatment of patients. Currently, the best treatment option is early detection followed by surgical removal. Better melanoma therapies that are effectively delivered to tumors with minimal toxicity for patients are urgently needed. Nanotechnologies provide one approach to encapsulate therapeutic agents leading to improvements in circulation time, enhanced tumor uptake, avoidance of the reticulo‐endothelial system, and minimization of toxicity. Liposomes in particular are a promising nanotechnology that can be used for more effective delivery of therapeutic agents to treat melanoma. Liposomes delivering chemotherapies, siRNA, asODNs, DNA, and radioactive particles are just some of the promising new nanotechnology based therapies under development for the treatment of melanoma that are discussed in this review.
Vitrectomy may prevent the occurrence of diabetic macular oedema
Authors: Navarro Audrey , Pournaras Jean‐Antoine C. , Hoffart Louis , Massin Pascale , Ridings Bernard , Conrath John 
Published: May 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  This study aimed to demonstrate that vitrectomy may prevent the occurrence of diabetic macular oedema (DMO).Methods:  Three patients with diabetes type 1 underwent vitrectomy in one eye to treat complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.Results:  During follow‐up, all patients suffered unilateral macular oedema in the non‐vitrectomized eye as a result of general metabolic changes. In two of these patients, the DMO resolved with management of the underlying medical condition.Conclusions:  These case reports suggest the vitreous may play a role in the occurrence of DMO associated with general risk factors. Further studies are needed to increase understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development and progression of DMO.
Mid‐face osteotomy in the adolescent cleft palate patient*
Authors: Fitzpatrick Barry 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Retrognathia or retrusion of the maxilla and mid‐face is present in about one‐third of treated cleft palate patients.Surgical repositioning of either the dental segments, or the entire mid‐face into a forward position, can greatly enhance appearance and at the same time provide for a more functional occlusion.Some surgical aspects of this work are presented together with an evaluation of soft tissue change.
Orthodontic Seminar: A Realistic Approach Diagnosing the problem*
Authors: Henry R. G. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Diagnostic guide lines are presented to help the general practitioner to correctly differentiate the “simple” from the “difficult” case of malocclusion. These aids to diagnosis are set out in an orderly fashion to encourage a closer and more systematic examination of the bite of every patient presenting for dental treatment.Certain types of appliances are suggested as adequate to cope with the malocclusion, once the correct diagnosis has been made.
The effects of alginate impressions on the surface of cast gypsum. I. The physical and chemical structure of the cast surface
Authors: Jarvis R. G. , Earnshaw R. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The surface of cast gypsum which has set against alginate impression material has been shown to vary according to the specific impression material used. The variation is both physical and chemical.Poor cast surfaces have been shown to consist completely of unreacted calcium sulphate hemihydrate to a depth of at least 80 μm. The best cast surfaces consist of considerable amounts of syngenite (potassium calcium sulphate), along with a small amount of gypsum and unreacted hemihydrate. Cast surfaces with a lower syngenite content were intermediate between these two extremes.No cast surfaces which had set against any alginate impression exhibited complete conversion of hemihydrate to gypsum, which characterized the surface formed when the same gypsum products set against Teflon.Although dental stones may contain a small amount of a potassium salt as an accelerator, it was shown that this amount does not significantly alter gypsum surfaces cast against alginates. The potassium ions involved in the setting reaction to form syngenite clearly enter the cast at its interface with the impression, presumably by way of an exudate from the gelled impression.
A look at audio‐visual teaching. A review
Authors: Howell Susan 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Audio‐visual programmes are suitable for small group and individualized instruction, making good visual impact, they can be replayed and viewed at any time. It is important to maintain personal contact between students and teacher by using audio‐visual programmes in conjunction with lectures and tutorials.Video‐tapes are well suited to the teaching of manual skills or for clinical demonstrations and readily provide students with immediate feedback. Tape‐slides are easier and less expensive to make than videotapes.Objectives need first to be stated before lesson content is determined, then an appropriate teaching method or combination of methods may be chosen.
The ultrastructure of T and B lymphocytes in recurrent apthous ulceration of the buccal mucosa
Authors: Griffin C. J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to classify lymphocytes in the buccal mucosa of patients affected with recurrent apthous ulceration. Two lymphocytes were identified. The B lymphocyte was characterized by an extensive Golgi complex, an extensive tubular rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and an extensive canalicular system. Usually the nucleus was electron lucent except for perinuclear condensation of chromatin. The T lymphocyte had a moderately developed Golgi complex, absent or poorly developed rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and considerably more heterochromatin (perinuclear) than the B lymphocyte. Uropods were associated with the T lymphocyte and exerted cytotoxic effects on basal and suprabasal cells.
Facial cellulitis caused by a soft tissue impacted denture
Authors: Andrew A. C. , Reade Heggie Peter C. , Macfarlane W. Ian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA case is reported of a facial cellulitis resulting from irritation caused by an immediate full upper denture which had been worn continuously for twelve years. The denture had been impacted in a soft tissue overgrowth for four months. It was removed under local analgesia and antibiotic therapy was instituted. Further management consisted of treating the hyperplastic lesions and the provision of full dentures.
A re‐examination of mandibular movement using a closed circuit television detector
Authors: Atkinson H. F. , Faulkner K. D. B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe movements of the mandible during the chewing of gum have been studied using a closed circuit television movement detector. The shape of the cycle was studied in three planes, initially at right angles, and the shape of the cycle in the transverse and sagittal planes, variations in velocity within cycles, and the period of contact as reported by other workers, confirmed.Small protrusive and lateral movements were observed in the initial opening phase from contact in most cycles, and in final closing into the intercuspal position. A small slide was also seen in the intercuspal zone.
Idiopathic external coronal resorption.: Case report
Authors: Grundy G. E. , Adkins K. F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractExternal resorption occasionally affects the coronal tissues of unerupted teeth. In young patients these teeth may be interpreted radiographically as being carious. The resorption frequently does not extend to the pulp chamber. Loss of integrity of the reduced enamel epithelium may predispose to these changes. This paper reports the features of an example of idiopathic external coronal resorption.
Migration of dentists into Australia
Authors: Spencer A. J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe dimension and direction of net migration of dentists in relation to Australia have been documented, the possible determinants and consequences discussed, and need for regulatory action considered. A new inflow of dentists has existed over the period of 1967 to 1980, with a marked increase after 1974. Determinants of the migration are discussed as push, pull, and regulatory forces, while consequences are discussed within the areas of international issues, quantity issues, and quality issues. The need for better data collection, and for extensive study of the impact of foreign dental graduates on Australian dentistry are emphasized. Types of regulatory action considered for the migration of dentists into Australia included restrictive, preventive, and restorative, with restrictive actions being considered least appropriate.
Fractography off cast gypsum
Authors: Mori Toshiko , Yamane Masaji 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA fractographical study of dental cast gypsum was made in order to correlate the mechanical properties with the microstructure. Wet specimens fractured under tensile stress showed intercrystalline fracture and the tensile strength depended on the porosity present. Thus, it was assumed that tensile strength was dependent on the contact area between individual gypsum crystals and changes in porosity approximated to changes in contact area. Strength differences among specimens of a given W/P ratio, therefore, can be related to differences in intercrystalline contact areas.These theoretical considerations suggest that the classification of dental die stone and dental stone into high and low strength types based on strength properties only would be more practical and less confusing than at present.
The comparative effects of prilocaine, lignocaine and cocaine on the response of the rabbit ear artery to adrenaline and noradrenaline
Authors: Gerke D. C. , Frewin D. B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe effect of prilocaine, lignocaine or cocaine together with either adrenaline or noradrenaline was tested by applying combinations of these preparations to an isolated rabbit ear artery and measuring changes in intra‐arterial pressure. Potentiation of the response was greatest with combinations of local anaesthetic and adrenaline; with noradrenaline the response was significantly potentiated only when the lowest concentrations of cocaine were used. It is suggested that some of this effect could be attributed to the differential inhibition by the local anaesthetic agents of the neuronal uptake of the catecholamines. This inhibition was prominent with all combinations which contained adrenaline, but only occurred with noradrenaline when that vasoconstrictor agent was combined with cocaine.
The restoration of fractured incisors in children: A comparative clinical trial of a composite and a microfine filled resin
Authors: Tyas Martin J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A one‐year clinical evaluation was carried out on 36 fractured incisors which had been restored with synthetic resin in children. Seventeen teeth were restored with a conventional composite resin and nineteen with a microfine filled resin.Although some early handling problems were encountered with the microfine filled material, the final results suggested that the overall performance of this material was superior to the conventional composite, particularly in respect of abrasion resistance and body discolouration.
The fate of first permanent molars recorded as “doubtfully carious” at a school dental clinic
Authors: Dooland M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Two hundred and three pairs of first permanent molar teeth were selected from the patients' records of a school dental clinic. In each instance the study tooth had been classified as “doubtfully carious” by the clinic operator, indicating the possibility that the tooth was carious. The control teeth had been classified as “sound” without qualification.There was no statistically significant difference between the proportion of each group which required restoration at the following recall examination.
Significant differences in educational attitudes between selected Australian and British dental academics
Authors: McMaugh D. R. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A recent study investigated attitudes of selected Australian and British dental academics to aspects of educational management. This paper reviews that study and comments upon significant differences which were detected between the national samples.Analysis was by sub‐programme CROSST ABS of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences; Chi testing determined significant differences between national samples at P = 0.05.Nineteen areas of significant difference were identified between the national samples; each of the conceptual areas of the experimental model contained differences.Different organizational and financial support patterns in each country, rather than intrinsically personal traits, are predicted as the basis for the statistical difference.
The establishment of a course to train dental hygienists in South Australia: an evaluation after three years
Authors: McIntyre John M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— South Australia was the first State to legislate for the introduction of dental hygienists in Australia. A training course was established in 1975, and accepted ten trainees each year until 1980. The course was one year full‐time, and it's content was based initially on recommendations by the General Dental Council of Great Britain for the training of hygienists. This was augmented with increased content in the behavioural science area and a topic approach to programming. The nature of the programme, selection, and assessment of students is discussed.Indications are that the course is well accepted by the majority of hygienists and their employing dentists from both the public and private sector.