bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relations between Conspecific Density and Effects of Ultraviolet‐B Radiation on Tadpole Size in the Striped Marsh Frog
Authors: Mitchell Toby , Alton Lesley A. , White Craig R. , Franklin Craig E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractGlobal increases in ultraviolet‐B radiation (UVBR) associated with stratospheric ozone depletion are potentially contributing to the decline of numerous amphibian species around the world. Exposure to UVBR alone reduces survival and induces a range of sublethal effects in embryonic and larval amphibians. When additional environmental stressors are present, UVBR can have compounding negative effects. Thus, examination of the effects of UVBR in the absence of other stressors may substantially underestimate its potential to affect amphibians in natural habitats. We examined the independent and interactive effects of increased UVBR and high conspecific density would have embryonic and larval striped marsh frogs (Limnodynastes peronii). We exposed individuals to a factorial combination of low and high UVBR levels and low, medium, and high densities of striped marsh frog tadpoles. The response variables were time to hatching, hatching success, posthatch survival, burst‐swimming performance of tadpoles (maximum instantaneous swim speed following an escape response), and size and morphology of tadpoles. Consistent with results of previous studies, we found that exposure to UVBR alone increased the time to hatching of embryos and reduced the burst‐swimming performance and size of tadpoles. Similarly, increasing conspecific density increased the time to hatching of embryos and reduced the size of tadpoles, but had no effect on burst‐swimming performance. The negative effect of UVBR on tadpole size was not apparent at high densities of tadpoles. This result suggests that tadpoles living at higher densities may invest relatively less energy in growth and thus have more energy to repair UVBR‐induced damage. Lower densities of conspecifics increased the negative effects of UVBR on developing amphibians. Thus, low‐density populations, which may include declining populations, may be particularly susceptible to the detrimental effects of increased UVBR and thus may be driven toward extinction faster than might be expected on the basis of results from single‐factor studies.Relaciones entre la Densidad Conespecífica y los Efectos de la Radiación Ultravioleta‐B sobre el Tamaño de Renacuajos de Limnodynastes peronei
Tectonic interpretation of metamorphic tectonites: integrating compositional mapping, microstructural analysis and in situ monazite dating
Authors: WILLIAMS M. L. , JERCINOVIC M. J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractInterpreting tectonic histories from metamorphic tectonites requires an understanding of the linkages and feedbacks between deformation and metamorphism. Relationships between deformation and metamorphism can be divided into two broad groups: active and passive. Active relationships involve direct interactions whereby deformation directly influences metamorphic reactions or metamorphism directly affects the rate or style of deformation. One of the most important ‘active’ relationships is the role that deformation plays in helping to remove unstable reactant phases and to promote the growth of stable product phases. Passive relationships are correlations or linkages that allow the deformation history to be integrated with the metamorphic history. Compositional mapping of major and accessory phases and especially maps of larger thin section domains are particularly valuable for evaluating strain partitioning, scales of equilibrium, relationships between metamorphic textures and deformational fabrics, and in particular, for interpreting geochronological data. Petrological pseudosections are an increasingly utilized tool for interpreting microtextures and for linking deformation, metamorphism, and large‐scale tectonics. In situ geochronology and petrological analysis of chronometer phases (i.e. monazite, xenotime, titanite, allanite, etc.) are a critical part of tectonic analysis of metamorphic rocks. The electron microprobe plays an essential role in characterizing chronometer phases and placing them into the context of silicate fabrics and textures.
Children with Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Experience Reduced Control of Isotonic Force
Authors: Nguyen Tanya T. , Levy Susan S. , Riley Edward P. , Thomas Jennifer D. , Simmons Roger W. 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundHeavy prenatal alcohol exposure can result in diverse and extensive damage to the central nervous system, including the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex. Given that these brain regions are involved in the generation and maintenance of motor force, we predicted that prenatal alcohol exposure would adversely affect this parameter of motor control. We previously reported that children with gestational alcohol exposure experience significant deficits in regulating isometric (i.e., constant) force. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these children exhibit similar deficits when producing isotonic (i.e., graded) force.MethodsChildren with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure and typically developing children completed a series of isotonic force contractions by exerting force on a load cell to match a criterion target force displayed on a computer monitor. Two levels of target force (5 or 20% of maximum voluntary force) were investigated in combination with varying levels of visual feedback.ResultsCompared with control children, children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure generated isotonic force signals that were less accurate, more variable, and less complex in the time domain. Specifically, interactions were found between group and visual feedback for response accuracy and signal complexity, suggesting that these children have greater difficulty altering their motor output when visual feedback is low.ConclusionsThese data suggest that prenatal alcohol exposure produces deficits in regulating isotonic force, which presumably result from alcohol‐related damage to developing brain regions involved in motor control. These children will most likely experience difficulty performing basic motor skills and daily functional skills that require coordination of finely graded force. Therapeutic strategies designed to increase feedback and, consequently, facilitate visual‐motor integration could improve isotonic force production in these children.
Use of AUDIT‐Based Measures to Identify Unhealthy Alcohol Use and Alcohol Dependence in Primary Care: A Validation Study
Authors: Johnson J. Aaron , Lee Anna , Vinson Daniel , Seale J. Paul 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundAs programs for screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) for unhealthy alcohol use disseminate, evidence‐based approaches for identifying patients with unhealthy alcohol use and alcohol dependence (AD) are needed. While the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Clinician Guide suggests use of a single alcohol screening question (SASQ) for screening and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual checklists for assessment, many SBIRT programs use alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) “zones” for screening and assessment. Validation data for these zones are limited. This study used primary care data from a bi‐ethnic southern U.S. population to examine the ability of the AUDIT zones and other AUDIT‐based approaches to identify unhealthy alcohol use and dependence.MethodsExisting data were analyzed from interviews with 625 female and male adult drinkers presenting to 5 southeastern primary care practices. Timeline follow‐back was used to identify at‐risk drinking, and diagnostic interview schedule was used to identify alcohol abuse and dependence. Validity measures compared performance of AUDIT, AUDIT‐C, and AUDIT dependence domains scores, with and without a 30‐day binge drinking measure, for detecting unhealthy alcohol use and dependence.ResultsOptimal AUDIT scores for detecting unhealthy alcohol use were lower than current commonly used cutoffs (5 for men, 3 for women). Improved performance was obtained by combining AUDIT cutoffs of 6 for men and 4 for women with a 30‐day binge drinking measure. AUDIT scores of 15 for men and 13 for women detected AD with 100% specificity but low sensitivity (20 and 18%, respectively). AUDIT dependence subscale scores of 2 or more showed similar specificity (99%) and slightly higher sensitivity (31% for men, 24% for women).ConclusionsCombining lower AUDIT cutoff scores and binge drinking measures may increase the detection of unhealthy alcohol use in primary care. Use of lower cutoff scores and dependence subscale scores may increase diagnosis of AD; however, better measures for detecting dependence are needed.
Antisocial Symptoms Decrease to Normal Levels in Long‐Term Abstinence
Authors: Fein George , Fein David 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundWe have previously shown highly elevated antisocial symptoms and measures of social deviance proneness and antisocial disposition in long‐term abstinent alcohol dependence versus non‐substance‐abusing controls (NSAC). Current antisocial symptoms were reduced to subdiagnostic levels in long‐term abstinence; however, the number of current symptoms was not measured beyond its being subdiagnostic.MethodsHere we measured social deviance proneness, antisocial disposition, and both lifetime and current antisocial symptoms in short‐term and long‐term abstinent substance‐dependent and NSAC samples.ResultsLifetime antisocial symptoms (and diagnoses) and social deviance proneness and antisocial disposition were highly elevated in both short‐ and long‐term abstinence, replicating earlier findings. Current antisocial symptoms were dramatically reduced in long‐term versus short‐term abstinent samples, close to levels in controls. In contrast, social deviance proneness and antisocial disposition remain highly elevated in long‐term abstinence.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that antisocial behavior is reduced in extended abstinence, despite continued elevated social deviance proneness an antisocial disposition. This suggests a top‐down model in extended abstinence, whereby executive control inhibits deviance‐prone tendencies.
Ethanol‐Induced Htr3a Promoter Methylation Changes in Mouse Blood and Brain
Authors: Barker Jacqueline M. , Zhang Yuqi , Wang Fan , Taylor Jane R. , Zhang Huiping 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundAbnormal DNA methylation has been observed in promoter regions of a number of genes in human alcoholics. It is unclear whether DNA methylation changes in alcoholics result directly from alcohol consumption or predated the occurrence of alcohol abuse or dependence and whether altered DNA methylation influences gene expression.MethodsWe investigated ethanol (EtOH)‐induced DNA methylation changes in mouse serotonin receptor 3a gene (Htr3a). A 5‐day drinking‐in‐the‐dark paradigm was applied to 28 male outbred CD‐1 mice (15 EtOH‐drinking and 13 water‐drinking). The Sequenom MassARRAY approach was used to quantify methylation levels of 8 CpGs around Htr3a transcription start site in trunk blood and 9 brain regions (dorsomedial prefrontal cortex [DMPFC], ventromedial prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area, dorsolateral striatum, dorsomedial striatum [DMSTR], ventral striatum, amygdala, hippocampus [HIPPO], and cerebellum). DNA methylation differences between the 2 groups of mice (EtOH‐ and water‐drinking) were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance with consideration of EtOH consumption amount. Expression levels of Htr3a in the DMSTR were measured by real‐time PCR in 14 EtOH‐drinking and 14 water‐drinking male CD‐1 mice.ResultsEtOH drinking increased methylation levels of specific Htr3a promoter CpGs in mouse blood (CpG−27: p = 0.028; CpG+54: p = 0.044) and HIPPO (CpG+151: p = 0.012) but reduced methylation levels of specific Htr3a promoter CpGs in mouse DMSTR (CpG−96: p = 0.020; CpG−27: p = 0.035) and DMPFC (CpG+138: p = 0.011; CpG+151: p = 0.040). Nevertheless, methylation levels of Htr3a promoter CpGs in 6 other brain regions were not significantly altered by EtOH consumption. Additionally, the expression level of Htr3a in the DMSTR was 1.43‐fold higher in alcohol‐drinking mice than in water‐drinking mice (p = 0.044).ConclusionsOur findings indicate that alcohol consumption may induce tissue‐specific DNA methylation changes and further suggest that Htr3a promoter methylation levels may be reversely correlated with Htr3a expression levels in specific brain regions such as DMSTR.
Individual Differences in Voluntary Ethanol Consumption Lead to Differential Activation of the Central Amygdala in Rats: Relationship to the Anxiolytic and Stimulant Effects of Low Dose Ethanol
Authors: Sharko Amanda C. , Kaigler Kris F. , Fadel Jim R. , Wilson Marlene A. 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundAlthough alcohol use disorders and anxiety disorders are highly comorbid, the relationship between these 2 disorders is not fully understood. Previous work from our laboratory shows that anxiety‐like behavior is highly variable in outbred Long‐Evans rats and is related to the level of voluntary ethanol (EtOH) consumption, suggesting that basal anxiety state influences EtOH intake. To further examine the relationship between the acquisition of EtOH consumption and anxiety phenotype, Long‐Evans rats were assessed for anxiety‐like behavior and neuronal activation following voluntary EtOH consumption in a limited access drinking paradigm.MethodsRats were allowed to self‐administer EtOH (6% v/v) for 4 days using a limited access drinking in the dark paradigm and divided into high‐ and low‐drinking groups based on a median split of average daily EtOH intake. Immediately following the fourth drinking session, animals were tested on the elevated plus maze and evaluated for anxiety‐like behaviors. Fos immunoreactivity was assessed in the central and basolateral amygdala, as well as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.ResultsHigh EtOH drinkers spent significantly more time on the open arms of the plus maze than low EtOH drinkers. High EtOH drinkers also had increased locomotor activity as compared to both low EtOH drinkers and water drinkers. Fos immunoreactivity was positively correlated with EtOH consumption in all brain regions examined, although Fos‐positive cell counts were only significantly different between high and low EtOH drinkers in the central amygdala (CeA).ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that outbred rats will voluntarily consume behaviorally effective doses of EtOH in a short‐term access model and EtOH consumption is positively correlated with increased neuronal activation in the CeA.
A Meta‐Analysis on the Impact of Alcohol Dependence on Short‐Term Resting‐State Heart Rate Variability: Implications for Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Quintana Daniel S. , McGregor Iain S. , Guastella Adam J. , Malhi Gin S. , Kemp Andrew H. 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundAlcohol dependence is associated with an increased likelihood of cardiac events. Reductions in heart rate variability (HRV) may be one mechanism linking dependence with these events. HRV may also be related to poor social functioning and the lack of impulse control commonly observed in alcohol‐dependent individuals. However, prior studies on the impact of alcohol dependence on HRV have reported contradictory findings highlighting the need for a meta‐analysis.MethodsStudies comparing short‐term HRV in alcohol‐dependent populations and healthy controls who were nondependent were considered for meta‐analysis. Only studies reporting findings from participants without cardiovascular disease were included in the analysis.ResultsMeta‐analyses were based on 6 articles that fulfilled inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 177 alcohol‐dependent participants and 216 nondependent participants. Alcohol‐dependent participants displayed reduced HRV (Hedges' g = −0.6, p > 0.001) in comparison with nondependent participants. No differences were observed between the summary effect sizes obtained from different HRV domains (Q = 1.19, p = 0.55).ConclusionsAlcohol dependence is associated with reduced HRV, an effect associated with a medium effect size. Findings highlight the importance of monitoring alcohol‐dependent patients for cardiac disease and emphasize the need for cardiovascular risk reduction strategies in these patients.
Effects of insulin‐like growth factor I on alveolar bone remodeling in diabetic rats
Authors: Fang Y. , Wang L.‐P. , Du F.‐L. , Liu W.‐J. , Ren G.‐L. 
Published: July 2012

Fang Y, Wang L‐P, Du F‐L, Liu W‐J, Ren G‐L. Effects of insulin‐like growth factor I on alveolar bone remodeling in diabetic rats. J Periodont Res 2013; 48: 144–150. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Background and Objective:  Diabetes is a chronic hyperglycemic disorder and results in a tendency to develop osteoporosis. Furthermore, the delayed healing of tooth‐extraction wounds, the activation of alveolar resorption and the suppressed formation of bone around implants are difficult for dentists to resolve. In diabetes, insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) appears to enhance the differentiation of osteoblasts and to activate the mineralization of bone. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of insulin‐like growth factor I on the remodeling of alveolar bone in diabetic rats.Material and Methods:  Diabetes was induced in 40 male Sprague‐Dawley rats by intravenous administration of alloxan. The teeth of the rats were extracted to investigate remodeling of alveolar bone. Insulin‐like growth factor I was administered, via intraperitoneal injection, to diabetic rats following tooth extraction. The remodeling of alveolar bone was determined using radiographic data, histological analyses and tetracycline fluorescence labeling.Results:  Compared with the control group, diabetes decreased alveolar bone formation. The height of alveolar bone and the bone‐formation rate was significantly lower in the untreated diabetic group than in the control group or in the treated rats. Treatment with insulin‐like growth factor I not only regulated abnormal blood glucose levels but also increased the height of the alveolar bone and increased the bone‐formation rate relative to the results in diabetic animals. Furthermore, the expression of glucose transporter‐1, the main transporter of glucose, was changed by hyperglycemia.Conclusion:  The results suggest that insulin‐like growth factor I treatment increases the volume of newly formed bone following tooth extraction and normalizes the expression of glucose transporter‐1 in diabetic rats, which may play an important role in bone formation and mineralization.
Effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on serum and gingival crevicular fluid cytokine levels during pregnancy and postpartum
Authors: Fiorini T. , Susin C. , da Rocha J. M. , Weidlich P. , Vianna P. , Moreira C. H. C. , Bogo Chies J. A. , Rösing C. K. , Oppermann R. V. 
Published: July 2012

Background and Objective:  A low‐grade systemic inflammatory status originating from periodontal infection has been proposed to explain the association between periodontal disease and systemic conditions, including adverse obstetric outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of periodontal therapy during pregnancy on the gingival crevicular fluid and serum levels of six cytokines associated with periodontal disease and preterm birth.Material and Methods:  A subsample of 60 women (18–35 years of age) up to 20 gestational weeks, previously enrolled in a larger randomized clinical trial, was recruited for the present study. Participants were randomly allocated to receive either comprehensive nonsurgical periodontal therapy before 24 gestational weeks (n = 30, test group) or only one appointment for supragingival calculus removal (n = 30, control group). Clinical data, and samples of blood and gingival crevicular fluid, were collected at baseline, at 26–28 gestational weeks and 30 d after delivery. The levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐12p70 and tumor necrosis factor‐α were analyzed by flow cytometry.Results:  After treatment, a major reduction in periodontal inflammation was observed in the test group, with bleeding on probing decreasing from 49.62% of sites to 11.66% of sites (p < 0.001). Periodontal therapy significantly reduced the levels of IL‐1β and IL‐8 in gingival crevicular fluid (p < 0.001). However, no significant effect of therapy was observed on serum cytokine levels. After delivery, the levels of IL‐1β in the gingival crevicular fluid of the test group were significantly lower than were those in the control group (p < 0.001), but there were no significant differences between test and control groups regarding serum cytokine levels.Conclusion:  Although periodontal therapy during pregnancy successfully reduced periodontal inflammation and gingival crevicular fluid cytokine levels, it did not have a significant impact on serum biomarkers.
Obstetrical Outcome of Anti‐Inflammatory and Anticoagulation Therapy in Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss or Unexplained Infertility
Authors: Han Ae Ra , Ahn Hyunkyong , Vu Peter , Park Joon Cheol , Gilman‐Sachs Alice , Beaman Kenneth , Kwak‐Kim Joanne 
Published: July 2012

ProblemWomen with a history of recurrent pregnancy losses (RPL) and unexplained infertility (UI) have a high incidence of preeclampsia (PE) and other obstetrical complications. We aimed to investigate the incidence of PE and other obstetrical complications in women with RPL or UI who were treated with anti‐inflammatory and anticoagulant treatment.MethodsThe medical records of 72 women who delivered a live born infant from January 2008 to December 2009 with anti‐inflammatory (prednisone and/or intravenous immunoglobulin G) and anticoagulant (low‐molecular‐weight heparin and low‐dose aspirin) treatment were reviewed retrospectively. A total of 41 women with a history of RPL and 31 with UI were enrolled as a study group.ResultsAll patients had at least one or more positive test results for autoantibodies, thrombophilic gene mutations, elevated proportion of peripheral blood CD56+ NK cells or NK cell cytotoxicities, or high T helper 1 to T helper 2 cytokine‐producing CD3+/CD4+cell ratios. The incidence of PE was 5.6% (n = 4), which was comparable to that of general population (2009 CDC data) (P > 0.05); one of them developed HELLP syndrome and none exacerbated to eclampsia. Preterm birth was more frequent in study group than general population (21.7 versus 10.4%, P < 0.028); however, early preterm birth (<34 weeks of gestation, 1.72%), small or large for gestation (SGA or LGA) (10.6 and 4.3%, each), gestational diabetes (GDM) (4.2%), and abruptio placentae (0 of 72) were not increased in study group as compared to general population data.ConclusionThe incidences of PE, GDM, SGA, LGA, early preterm birth, and abruptio placentae are not increased in women with RPL or UI who were administered anti‐inflammatory and anticoagulation treatment compared to general population. The potential role of anti‐inflammatory and anticoagulation treatment in prevention of obstetrical complications in women with immune abnormalities and thrombophilia is suggested.