bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial‐temporal patterns of snow cover in western Canada
Authors: FARMER CARSON J.Q. , NELSON TRISALYN A. , WULDER MIKE A. , DERKSEN CHRIS 
Published: October 2009

Snow cover is often measured as snow‐water equivalent (SWE), which refers to the amount of water stored in a snow pack that would be available upon melting. Snow cover and SWE represent a source of local snow‐melt release, and are sensitive to regional and global atmospheric circulation, and changes in climate. Monitoring SWE using satellite‐based passive microwave radiometry has provided nearly three decades of continuous data for North America.The availability of spatially and temporally extensive SWE data enables a better understanding of the nature of space‐time trends in snow cover, changes in these trends and linking these trends to underlying landscape and terrain characteristics. To address these interests, we quantify the spatial pattern of SWE by applying a local measure of spatial autocorrelation to 25 years of mean February SWE derived from passive microwave retrievals. Using a method for characterizing the temporal trends in the spatial pattern of SWE, temporal trends and variability in spatial autocorrelation are quantified. Results indicate that within the Canadian Prairies, extreme values of SWE are becoming more spatially coherent, with potential impacts on water availability, and hazards such as flooding. These results also highlight the need for Canadian ecological management units that consider winter conditions.
Ecological speciation in phytophagous insects
Authors: Matsubayashi Kei W. , Ohshima Issei , Nosil Patrik 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDivergent natural selection has been shown to promote speciation in a wide range of taxa. For example, adaptation to different ecological environments, via divergent selection, can result in the evolution of reproductive incompatibility between populations. Phytophagous insects have been at the forefront of these investigations of ‘ecological speciation’ and it is clear that adaptation to different host plants can promote insect speciation. However, much remains unknown. For example, there is abundant variability in the extent to which divergent selection promotes speciation, the sources of divergent selection, the types of reproductive barriers involved, and the genetic basis of divergent adaptation. We review these factors here. Several findings emerge, including the observation that although numerous different sources of divergent selection and reproductive isolation can be involved in insect speciation, their order of evolution and relative importance are poorly understood. Another finding is that the genetic basis of host preference and performance can involve loci of major effect and opposing dominance, factors which might facilitate speciation in the face of gene flow. In addition, we raise a number of other recent issues relating to phytophagous insect speciation, such as alternatives to ecological speciation, the geography of speciation, and the molecular signatures of speciation. Throughout, we aim to both synthesize what is known, as well as highlight areas where future work is especially needed.
Hand augmentation with stabilized hyaluronic acid (Macrolane™ VRF20 and Restylane® Vital, Restylane® Vital Light)
Authors: Hartmann Vanessa , Bachmann Frank , Plaschke Martina , Gottermeier Tobias , Nast Alexander , Rzany Berthold 
Published: October 2009

SummaryVolume augmentation of the back of the hand is a new technique which is not yet often employed. We describe the treatment of two patients who received hyaluronic acid products produced by Q‐Med (Macrolane™ VRF20, Restylane® Vital and Vital Light). The injections of Macrolane™ VRF 20 were done by feathering technique using a long and blunt 18 gauge canula while Restylane® was injected by tunneling or tenting technique with a 30 gauge needle. Significant adverse events did not occur. After injection of the hyaluronic acid fillers, the appearance of the back of the hands was improved. Both patients were very satisfied with the result.
Informing the debate on oral health care for older people: a qualitative study of older people’s views on oral health and oral health care
Authors: Borreani E. , Jones K. , Scambler S. , Gallagher J. E. 
Published: October 2009

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00274.x

Informing the debate on oral health care for older people: a qualitative study of older people’s views on oral health and oral health care Background:  Older people represent a growing and diverse section of the population. As age increases, people are more likely to experience health and mobility problems and be at higher risk of developing oral disease. Nevertheless, few older people utilise primary oral healthcare services. It is therefore important to understand the value older people place on oral health and dental services to inform providers and planners of oral health care. This research was conducted as part of a study to identify potential ways of minimising barriers to oral health care in older people.Objectives:  To explore perceptions of oral health and oral healthcare services amongst older people living in a socially deprived inner city area and how these are related to service utilisation.Methods:  A qualitative approach was utilised to explore the range of issues related to older people’s perceptions of oral health and their views on health care. This involved a combination of focus groups and semi‐structured individual interviews with older people and their carers. Data analysis was conducted using the Framework approach.Results:

Response: Thirty‐nine older people and/or their carers participated in focus groups.
Oral health perception: Oral health was associated with the presence of natural teeth, the absence of pain, practical/social functioning, preferably supported by positive assessment by a dentist.
Oral health life‐course: Older people have a long and complex dental history. Past negative experiences with oral health care, especially in childhood, strongly influenced present attitudes towards dentistry and dental personnel.
Citizenship and right to health care: There was a strong perception that, as ‘British citizens’, older people should have a right to free health care and that the National Health Service (NHS) should support them in this phase of their life.

Conclusions:  The oral health life‐course of older people is an important influence on their perceptions of oral health and dental attendance. They consider oral health of importance and place great emphasis on their citizenship and rights of access to state funded oral health care. This raises important issues for the funding and delivery of NHS oral health care for older people.
The Study of Affect and Romanticism
Authors: Favret Mary 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWhat follows is a review essay in two parts: the first, a consideration of the general problem affect poses for literary criticism and for romantic studies in particular; the second a review of some recent, outstanding work on affect and its significance to Romanticism. The problem of affect derives primarily from the difficulty of defining or locating affect and from its equivocal relationship to modern science – as both an object of scientific scrutiny and as an emblem of the pseudo‐ or even unscientific. The articles and books discussed in the second half of this review handle this problem in sophisticated and surprising ways, unlocking the critical possibilities available when we read affect with less skepticism and more self‐reflection.
Effects of Primary Grades Health Curriculum Project on Student and Parent Smoking Attitudes and Behavior
Authors: Andrews Richard L. , Hearne Jill T. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTFamily values regarding appropriate attitudes and behaviors are communicated to children from birth. Society's values begin to affect the child at an early age and as these change, so do children's beliefs and attitudes. A change in society's values toward smoking has been evidenced in the last decade by increased social sanctions against smoking and increased militancy of nonsmokers. This longitudinal Primary Grades Health Curriculum Project investigates the relationship between an activity‐centered experiential health education program and: 1) positive health attitudes; 2) experimentation use and future expectancy to engage in cigarette smoking; and 3) changes in smoking behavior among the children's parents. Six hundred students in two New York school districts were pretested in their kindergarten year in 1977 on entry level of knowledge and attitudes about health. The results reported here from data collected at the end of third grade indicate that the experimental group possessed more positive attitudes about health, showed less exposure to experimentation with alcohol among their friends and less engagement in smoking cigarettes. A significant number of parents of experimental group students reported that they had changed their smoking habits since their child had entered school as a result of their children's health program.
Pulmonary Function Testing in Children with the Airflometer
Authors: Lowdon Brian J. , Pateman Neil A. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTUse of the airflometer (AFM) as an inexpensive apparatus for routine screening of pulmonary function has been hindered by the lack of established norms of AFM readings for young children. Using both the airflometer and the vitalograph, lung function was measured in 828 children, aged five to 11 years, randomly selected from six schools. Results indicate that girls aged five, 8–11 years have lower Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1, and AFM scores than boys. High correlations were observed between AFM units and FEV1 (0.93), between height and FEV1 (0.88), and between FVC (0.89) and AFM units (0.84). Regression equations are given to enable prediction of AFM from height and from age for boys and girls. Tables indicate scores that should be followed with further pulmonary function testing. A protocol is outlined to enable the airflometer to be used as a first level screening device.
Redefinition of School Nursing Practice: Integrating the Developmentally Disabled
Authors: Rustia Janice , Hartley Rosemarie , Hansen Geri , Schulte Debra , Spielman Lucille 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTResults of three needs assessment studies which had the purpose of providing direction for school nursing practices which would address some of the unmet health needs of today's children and adolescents are reported. Results provide specific examples of how school nurses have not been meeting school health needs through an analysis of one specific need — integrating the developmentally disabled into the regular school setting. Data were collected from parents, teachers and other supportive personnel in schools by interview and survey methods. Environmental assessments were conducted and the policies and procedures governing health‐related activities required by special need students were reviewed. The data indicated that for developmentally disabled students, nurses were not performing the commonly accepted functions of nursing and were not transposing their knowledge of the components of health care ordinarily provided in health care settings to care provided in nontraditional health care settings. Examples of nursing functions and the activities needed to fulfill those functions are provided.
Adolescent Sex Education: A Preventive Mental Health Measure
Authors: Obstfeld Lisa S. , Meyers Andrew W. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the issue of adolescent sex education as a means of preventing sexuality‐related disorders. Past efforts in adolescent sex education have generally failed to empirically determine appropriate subject matter or the most effective delivery agent for these programs. Sex education programs are examined in terms of delivery agents, cognitive, attitudinal and behavorial goals and research methodology. Suggestions to empirically determine appropriate goals and delivery agents and to consider individual differences among adolescents are offered. Recommendations are made for improving experimental design in sex education research.
Nutrition Knowledge of Teen‐agers
Authors: Skinner Jean D. , Woodburn Margy J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTNutrition knowledge tests were administered to 1,193 teen‐agers in Oregon prior to units on nutrition in health and home economics classes. Mean scores on the test were low, 39.4 ± 11.6% correct. Teen‐agers generally knew the Four Food Groups, appropriate snacks, a single “best” source of nutrients and the basics of weight control. They overestimated the importance and necessary amounts of dietary protein and vitamin C. Most of these teen‐agers did not know food sources of nutrients other than the commonly known “best” source. They also had difficulty selecting a nutritious meal unless the meal followed traditional patterns. The nutrition units taught to these teen‐agers generally included the Four Food Groups, the relationship of diet to health and food sources of various nutrients. Less than one‐third of the units had major emphasis on nutritional needs during pregnancy, nutrition and athletics, retention of nutrients in food preparation or food fads and myths.
The Effects of Ethnicity, Sex and Father's Occupation on Heart Health Knowledge and Nutrition Behavior of School Children: The Texas Youth Health Awareness Survey
Authors: Burdine James N. , Chen Meei Shia , Gottlieb Nell H. , Peterson Fred L. , Vacalis T. Demetri 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe relationships of ethnicity, sex and father's occupation with heart health knowledge and nutrition behavior were studied in Texas seventh and eighth grade students. A questionnaire was administered to 2,695 children in schools chosen to represent the urban/rural and ethnic mix of the state population. The findings indicated a strong need for heart health education and for culturally‐relevant nutrition education aimed at specific target groups defined by ethnicity, sex and leisure activity. Analysis of eating behavior at school and home confirmed the importance of school feeding programs on the health of minority and low income children.
Emerging Trends in Professional Preparation: Implications for the Future of Health Education
Authors: Pigg R. Morgan 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTDuring the 1982–1983 academic year, 115 academic institutions were surveyed concerning trends in professional preparation in Health Education. Findings indicate that 13,225 students are currently majoring in Health Education with 4,810 specializing in school health education and 8,415 specializing in public health education. A marked increase in the number of students specializing in public health education within the past five years was reported by 78 institutions and 13 of the 78 institutions reported a corresponding decrease in the number of students specializing in school health education. Recent enrollment trends at teacher preparation institutions suggest that significant changes in professional preparation in Health Education are under way.
What High School Students Don't Know About Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Weinberg Armin D. , Carbonari Joseph P. , Laufman Larry 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to identify what high school students do not know about the cardiovascular system, its diseases and their prevention. A total of 135 questions were administered to 3,000 students around the country. Student responses were analyzed by general knowledge area, taxonomic levels of knowledge required to answer and response patterns within individual test items. The results are discussed in terms of guidelines for health education.
The California Statewide Family Health Education and Training Program 1981–1982
Authors: Cooke Gwen , Wallace Helen 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThrough support from the California State Department of Health Services, San Diego State University continued a statewide program in family life education, which consisted of: 1) establishment of a statewide advisory committee representative of many diverse points of view; 2) performance of a study of the teaching of family life education in the ninth and 10th grades of public schools in the state, as well as an examination of the present status of training of teachers; 3) provision of consultation and training programs for local school districts, including community support and implementation training, program development consultation teacher training and a limited number of small block grants to improve local family life education program efforts; and 4) preservice education classes to be conducted at teacher preparation campuses in the California State University system. The paper describes some of the findings of the study of the ninth and 10th grades, as well as the details of methodology of all four components of the statewide program.
The Influence of Communicator Characteristics on the Nutrition Attitudes and Behavior of High School Students
Authors: Feldman Robert H. L. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe development of school health programs requires that careful attention be paid to the communication of health information. One factor important to the communication process is the characteristics of the health communicator. Both the expertise of communicators and the similarity of communicators to their audiences have been found to influence acceptance of health messages. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of both similarity and expertise on the nutrition behavior and attitudes of high school students. Results of the study indicate that the greater the perceived similarity of the communicator, the greater the influence of the communicator. The communicator perceived to be both low in similarity and high in expertise was the least influential communicator. School health educators need to consider their students perceptions in developing health programs. Health educators can enhance their influence by forming linkages with their students, ie, emphasizing common interests and experiences. By emphasizing their similarities with their students rather than expertise, school health educators are likely to increase their effectiveness.
The Long‐term Effects of Human Sexuality Training Programs for Public School Teachers
Authors: Smith Peggy B. , Flaherty Carol , Webb Linda J. , Mumford David M. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe current study evaluated long‐term effects of a training model in human sexuality on public school teachers' knowledge and attitudes. The data indicated that, although significant changes were found from the pretest to posttest assessment of knowledge and attitudes on two standardized measures, attitudinal changes for teachers could not be maintained over time. In addition, knowledge decreased with most drastic changes occuring in the educator who, while trained, did not teach the material in a classroom setting. The results of this model staff development program suggest factors that may alter sex education training effects for professionals who work in public school settings.
Family Life Education in California Ninth and Tenth Grades
Authors: Koblinsky Sally A. , Weeks John R. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTSuperintendents, principals and family life education teachers in all California school districts having a ninth and/or 10th grade were surveyed about their family life education (FLE) efforts. Responses were obtained from 80% of the superintendents, 45% of the principals and 39% of the FLE teachers who were sent questionnaires. While most superintendents reported the existence of an FLE program in at least one district school, the surveys revealed that less than one‐fourth of ninth graders and less than one‐third of 10th graders received such instruction during the 1981–1982 academic year. District decisions to offer FLE were reported to be most strongly influenced by school faculty and administrators while the decision not to offer FLE was most strongly influenced by clergy and special interest groups. More than half of the FLE teachers who returned surveys taught FLE as a unit within another course. Teachers generally covered a variety of curriculum topics, with units/courses most likely to address human development, physiology and sexual disease and least likely to deal with value‐laden topics such as premarital intercourse, sexual behavior and sexual preference. However, the greater number of class hours devoted to FLE, the greater the chance that these issues were covered in the curriculum. Finally, the data reveal that evaluation of FLE courses was relatively limited in scope and was largely subjective in many schools.
Managing Maladaptive Behavior in III Children Through Family Interventions
Authors: Golden Larry B. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe stress associated with a child's illness may result in a variety of maladaptive reactions. The family is in a position to support or sabotage the best efforts of the health care professional. The school nurse as part of a team including counselors, teachers, and administrators can assist the family in following treatment directives and in gaining control over stress‐related behavioral problems. Criteria to enable discrimination between functional and dysfunctional families and brief interventions for use with functional families are described.
A Comparative Study of Three Model Comprehensive Elementary School Health Education Programs
Authors: DuShaw Martha L. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the three most popular comprehensive health education programs in Michigan including each program's curricular content, student outcomes, and cost effectiveness. The three programs were cross‐referenced with the Michigan Essential Performance Objectives for Health (MEPO). Student outcome data were gathered and analyzed utilizing a health education instrument derived from the Michigan Educational Assessment Program. Instruments were administered to 377 third‐graders and 595 sixth‐graders participating in the three health programs. While each of the three programs met the Michigan Essential Performance Objectives for Health, the programs differed in areas of teacher training time, materials cost, and length of time for implementation. Third graders showed some very positive effects from health instruction based upon a comparison of their composite scores and scores for 10 health topic areas. Sixth graders showed some gains in several health topic areas, but few significant gains in composite scores.
An Exploration of Health Counseling and Goal Attainment Scaling in Health Education Programs
Authors: Bonaguro John A. , McLaughlin Maureen , Sussman Karen 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper presents findings of an experimental study to test the effects of health counseling with seventh and eighth grade students (N = 32). Goal attainment scaling was used to monitor changes in health behavior during a 10‐week period with each student meeting with a health counselor five times during the study. A pretest/posttest, repeated measures design with experimental and control groups was used to evaluate the influence of health counseling. The results revealed a significant increase in goal attainment scaling scores (F = 4.96). Health behaviors influenced were exercise and nutrition. There also was a significant increase in self‐esteem (F = 8.42) and home‐esteem (F = 4.24). The utilization of health counseling appears to be an attractive educational strategy to enhance the effectiveness of classroom instruction.