bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetical relationship between R plasmids derived fromSalmonellaandEscherichia coliobtained from a pig farm, and its epidemiological significance
Authors: Ishiguro Naotaka , Goto Jun , Sato Gihei 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA total of 475Salmonellastrains belonging to 5 serovars, isolated from a pig farm which had been heavily contaminated withSalmonellafor the past 2 years were tested for antibiotic susceptibility and detection of R plasmids. Thirty-threeEscherichia coliisolates from the same farm were also examined in a similar way.Out of 475 strains 348 (73·2%) were resistant to one or more antibiotics such as tetracycline (Tc), streptomycin (Sm), sulfadimethoxine (Su), chloramphenicol (Cm) and kanamycin (Km), and 247 (85·2%) out of 290 strains belonging to 3 serovars examined harboured conjugative R plasmids. There was no change in the pattern of drug resistance during this survey nor any variation in the pattern of resistance of R plasmids, whatever the serovar. The antibiogram pattern Tc Sm Su, mainlyS. typhimurium, was common amongSalmonellastrains. Among the transferred resistance patterns, the thermosensitive R plasmids conferring the Te marker detected in this study were Fi-, and belonged to incompatibility group H1, whereas the R plasmids conferring Sm Su resistances which coexisted in the same host were Fi+, and compatible with the reference R plasmids tested. The la plasmid conferring Cm resistance alone was isolated fromS. anatumand the FII plasmid conferring Sm Km resistances was also isolated fromS. typhimurium. In contrast, the 33E. colistrains examined were resistant to three or five antibiotics and most of the resistance markers were located on conjugative R plasmids. la plasmids conferring Cm resistance alone or FIT plasmids conferring Cm or Km markers were common in theE. colistrains. H1 and H2 plasmids conferring multiple resistance markers were also found in them. The genetic properties of R plasmids derived fromSalmonellaorE. coilstrains are compared, and the potential spread of R plasmids between strains ofSalmonella andE. coliis discussed.
Studies on the enterotoxigenicity of environmentalEscherichia coli, belonging to serotypes normally considered enterotoxigenic
Authors: Bettelheim K. A. , Wilson M. W. , Shooter R. A. , O'Farrell S. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFifteen strains ofEscherichia coliwhich had been collected in previous studies from animals and meat were studied.They belonged to serotypes considered enterotoxigenic and were examined for the production of the heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins. Only one of these strains (O8. Hnt) isolated from a Cheshire produced heat-labile enterotoxin. Another strain (O8.H9) isolated from a cowpat in another part of Cheshire gave results suggesting production of small amounts of the heat-stable enterotoxin. The ecological aspects of these results are discussed.
Technique for the cultural examination of urine using a single plate (the Macba plate)
Authors: Naylor G. R. E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThis technique for the cultural examination of urine provides, within 24 hours, using a single Petri dish, the colonial appearance of any bacteria present on MacConkey agar and on blood agar, a rough colony count of the bacteria present, their sensitivity to four chemotherapeutic agents, isolated colonies from which further sensitivity tests can be done if necessary and the opportunity to scrutinize contaminating organisms that, even thought present in only small numbers, may be of help in diagnostic problems.
Antibiotic-resistantEscherichia coliin market pigs in 1956–1979: the emergence of organisms with plasmid-borne trimethoprim resistance
Authors: Smith H. Williams 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSurveys conducted since 1956 on the antibiotic resistance of theEscherichia coliin faecal specimens from pigs entering Chelmsford Market have revealed that despite the implementation of the Swann Report in 1971 pigs are still an enormous reservior of tetracycline-resistantE. coliwith conjugative ability.Increasingly large amounts ofE. coliresistant to streptomycin and sulphonamides were found in specimens examined in recent years unitl in 1979 the amounts present approached those of tetracycline-resistant organisms.E. coliresistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, neomycin, furazolidone or spectinomycin were present, usually in low concentration, in a considerable proportion of the specimens at each yearly examination but the concentration and incidence of these organisms showed no obvious sign of increasing with time. Much of this resistance, except to furazolidone, was of the transferable type.Until 1979 the incidence of faecal specimens containing trimethoprim-resistantE. coliwas very low. It increased significantly in that year, most of the resistance being plasmid-, or possibly transposon-determined.The result of surveys performed in a Cambridgeshire market in 1978 and 1979, which showed that a high proportion of faecal specimens contained low concentrations of trimethoprim-resistantE. coli, in general resembled those of the corresponding Chelmsford surveys, suggesting that all the Chelmsford surveys may have accurately reflected the position in the national pig herd.
Studies in the epidemiology of infectious myxomatosis of rabbits: II. Field experiments, August–November 1950, and the first epizootic of myxomatosis in the riverine plain of south-eastern Australia
Authors: Myers K. 
Published: May 2009

An account is given of experiments designed to study the spread of myxomatosis in populations of rabbits living under natural conditions on a number of sites in the Eastern Riverine Plain of south-eastern Australia. In five different trials the disease spread from inoculated rabbits, but failed to gain momentum and died down within a few weeks of its introduction.In December 1950, when the disease was persisting at low incidence on one test site and seemed to have died out in the others, an epizootic broke out in the neighbourhood which spread, in a few months, over the greater part of south-eastern Australia. The only factor, apart from climatic ones, which could account for this sudden change in the activity of the disease was the development of large populations of two rabbit-feeding mosquitoes, Anopheles annulipes and Culex annulirostris. A close correlation was demonstrated, on the flats bordering the Murray River, between the distribution of these insects and myxomatosis activity.The author is indebted to Mr F. N. Ratcliffe, officer-in-charge, Mr J. le G. Brereton, Mr J. Calaby, and Dr R. Mykytowycz, all of the Wildlife Survey Section, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, for assistance given during the course of the work and to Mr Ratcliffe, and Prof. F. Fenner of the Australian National University, for guidance in the presentation of the results.
The incorporation of radioactive phosphorus in the influenza virus and its distribution in serologically active virus fractions
Authors: Hoyle L. , Jolles B. , Mitchell R. G. 
Published: May 2009

1. When the D.S.P. strain of influenza virus A is grown in eggs into which 100 μc. of radioactive inorganic phosphate has been introduced the virus incorporates32P into its structure.2. Some 20–25% of the virus32P is found in the virus phospholipid; the remainder is combined with the virus protein and is probably present in the virus nucleic acid.3. When the virus is disintegrated by ether treatment with the liberation of separate red-cell agglutinating and complement-fixing ‘soluble antigen’ particles the non-lipid32P is found to be associated with the soluble antigen fraction and not with the haemagglutinin.4. It is suggested that the complement-fixing soluble antigen is a nucleoprotein while the haemagglutinin is a phosphorus-free protein.
Studies in the epidemiology of infectious myxomatosis of rabbits: III. Observations on two succeeding epizootics in australian wild rabbits on the riverine plain of south-eastern Australia 1951–1953
Authors: Myers K. , Marshall I. D. , Fenner Frank 
Published: May 2009

Field observations on myxomatosis in wild rabbit populations of the Riverine Plain of south-eastern Australia, extending between August 1951 and March 1953, were reported. General observations on vector abundance and disease incidence were made over a large area. Detailed analysis of the population counts, age structure and immune status of the rabbit population, and the occurrence of insect vectors, were made at one site, Lake Urana.The case-mortality rate in the first epizootic was in the neighbourhood of 99·8%, whereas in the second epizootic it was about 90 %, and many more chronically sick rabbits were observed in the later outbreaks. The virulence of eight strains of virus recovered from mosquitoes at Lake Urana in December 1952 and four strains recovered at Corowa at the same time was found to be somewhat reduced when they were compared with the original standard laboratory strain of virus. It is thought that this attenuation is the major reason for the observed change in the case-mortality rates.The mosquitoes, Anopheles annulipes and Culex annulirostris were by far the most important insect vectors of myxomatosis in this region.Thanks are due to Messrs F. N. Ratcliffe, B. V. Fennessy, and H. J. Frith of the Wildlife Survey Section of C.S.I.R.O. for helpful discussion and assistance during the field work and in the preparation of the paper. The technical assistance in the field of Messrs C. S. Hale and K. L. S. Harley is gratefully acknowledged, as is the generous help afforded by the landholders of Lake Urana, especially Mr J. Muldoon, and by Mr W. Quirk, rabbit inspector.
Non-pulmonary tuberculosis caused by the bovine type of tubercle bacillus in children in Eire
Authors: Mushatt Cecil 
Published: May 2009

1. The types of strains of tubercle bacilli isolated from fifty cases of non-pulmonary tuberculosis in children, 0–14 years of age, in Eire have been determined. In cervical gland disease ten (71·4%) out of fourteen strains were bovine, in bone and joint disease four (18·2%) out of twenty-two were bovine and in meningitis three (25%) out of twelve were bovine. Only two cases of primary abdominal tuberculosis were examined. Both yielded human strains.2. The difficulties in assessing the true significance of the results recorded are briefly discussed.3. The technique used and some bacteriological observations made are described.
The reduction of the carcinogenic and dermatitic activity of shale oil recovered from the peritoneal cavities of injected mice
Authors: Twort J. M. , Lyth R. 
Published: May 2009

1. A carcinogenic Persian spindle grade oil recovered after 4 days from the peritoneal cavities of injected rabbits showed indications of reduced carcinogenic activity for the skins of mice.2. The activity of a carcinogenic shale oil recovered after 7 days from the peritoneal cavities of injected mice was found to be considerably reduced. The reduction in refractive index and potency of the recovered shale oil showed an obvious parallel to that resulting from certain chemical treatments, namely, treatment of the oil with a certain quantity of sulphuric acid or extraction with alcohol.
An experimental investigation on the action of Coramine
Authors: Myers G. Norman 
Published: May 2009

1. Coramine increases the sensitivity of the central nervous system, particularly the centres situated in the medulla.2. In large doses, Coramine increases the activity of the spinal cord, producing muscular twitchings of the limbs and body which, when severe, take on the character of convulsive movements.3. There is a wide margin of safety between the therapeutic and lethal doses.4. Lethal doses produce convulsions and respiratory failure owing to the involvement of the muscles of respiration.5. Coramine acts as a powerful respiratory stimulant and is able to over-come the depressant effects of morphine on the respiratory centre in the medulla.6. Small doses of Coramine raise the blood pressure which is due to a peripheral vasoconstriction. This is partly due to a stimulating effect of the drug on the medulla and to some extent to a peripheral action on either the vasoconstrictor nerves or the arterial muscle. Slightly larger but moderate doses sometimes cause a primary relaxation of the arterioles lasting a few seconds, which may cause a small short-lived fall in blood pressure which is never serious in the normal animal. The rise in blood pressure may last ¼–2 hr., according to the dosage employed.7. Small amounts of Coramine may increase the amplitude and stroke volume of the heart. This effect was never constant. Larger but moderate doses always produced a diminution in cardiac stroke volume with a decrease in cardiac output. The same effect is seen when large doses are employed. This appears to be the cause of the prolonged lowering of the blood pressure following the administration of large doses of Coramine.8. Coramine dilates the coronary vessels of the myocardium producing an increase in coronary flow.9. Coramine lowers the pressure in the right auricle of the heart and the pulmonary artery.10. Coramine has no effect upon intestinal movements except, when large doses are employed, it causes a slight diminution in the amplitude of the movements with a small increase in muscular tone.
The design and significance of synergic action tests
Authors: Mather K. 
Published: May 2009

The question of testing for synergic action of treatments of Vibrion septique infection in mice is considered. Henderson and Gorer's data are used as the basis of the analysis.Their six experiments are tested for heterogeneity and one experiment is found to be discrepant. This is then removed and only the remaining five used in the later working.A x2 formula is derived for testing the significance of the evidence for synergic action. Sulphapyridine shows such interaction in effect with both antitoxin and antibacterial serum. These last two show no interaction.The most efficient design of such experiments is then considered, and it is shown that the death rate in the single treatment tests should be kept at least as high as 90 %, and that whereas the numbers of mice assigned to the single treatment tests should be equal, that assigned to the joint treatment should be 1·5 times as great.A graphical method for testing the significance of the results is described. These graphs also allow of an opinion being formed as to the number of mice which would be necessary to detect an interaction of given magnitude.
The inactivation of poliovirus in aerosols
Authors: De Jong J. C. , Winkler K. C. 
Published: May 2009

Poliovirus type 1, strain LSc2ab, was directly sprayed in a static air cabinet at 20° C. and sampled afterwards with impingers. Virus inactivation during spraying was maximal in dry air; during storage maximal decay occurred at moderate humidity.With regard to the mechanism of the inactivation the following facts have been observed: (1) The RNA in the virus decays simultaneously with the whole virus particle. (2) Oxidation does not play any significant role. (3) Incubation with L-cystine protects the virus against inactivation at 50° C. in aqueous suspension, but not against decay in aerosols.On the strength of these observations it is concluded that in aerosols denatura-tion of the viral RNA is the cause of the inactivation of poliovirus. The decay in aerosols has some features in common with the thermal inactivation in aqueous suspensions at room temperature.
The persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in sheep
Authors: Burrows R. 
Published: May 2009

Sheep infected with FMDV strains of different epizootiological origin developed a carrier state which persisted in the majority of animals for 1–5 months.The sites of virus persistence and multiplication in the convalescent animal were identified by titration of suspensions of mucosae and epithelia taken post mortem. Virus was recovered most frequently and in highest titre from the tonsillar area and less frequently from the pharynx and dorsal surface of the soft palate. No virus was found in samples taken from the nasal passages, the trachea or the rumen.
Effect of suspending media on freeze-drying and preservation of vaccinia virus
Authors: Suzuki Masatoshi 
Published: May 2009

SummaryUnpurified and purified smallpox vaccines were prepared from calf dermal pulp, or chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of hen eggs infected with vaccinia virus, and freeze-dried. The protective effect of various suspending media was investigated both in the course of the freeze-drying and in the period of subsequent storage of the dried product at different temperatures, including 100° C.Single media consisting of either sodium glutamate or peptone were effective in the preservation of both unpurified and purified vaccines prepared from calf dermal pulp or CAM. It was shown that there was an optimal concentration of sodium glutamate for the preservation of the vaccine preparations, especially of the purified vaccine.Combined media, consisting of soluble starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose with sodium glutamate, were effective with the purified vaccine when the concentration of sodium glutamate exceeded the optimum necessary for preservation.
Staphylococcal epidemiology in Antarctica
Authors: Cameron A. S. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryAn investigation of staphylococcal epidemiology was undertaken at an Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition station during 1965–1966. It concerned the carriage of staphylococci by the men and their dogs, and the occurrence of staphylococci in the station environment. The year-long study indicated that coagulase-negative strains survived better in the Antarctic environment than coagulase-positive strains. It was demonstrated that naturally acquired coagulase-positive strains could not maintain colonization on forearm skin under the usual cold exposure experienced at Mawson station, though coagulase-negative skin strains appeared to thrive during the winter. Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus were able to persist in the anterior nares, despite the sometimes lower temperatures recorded in this micro-climate, probably because of the greater humidity and denser populations found there. The majority of the nasal carriers of S. aureus were persistent carriers, only two men in 27 being found to be occasional carriers of nasal strains, which was consistent with the observation that transfer of this pathogen from man to man is not common under Antarctic conditions. Half of the 27 sledge dogs at the station were found to carry coagulase-positive staphylococci but this did not appear to be of pathological significance to their human handlers. The local inanimate environment, including mess hut, sleeping huts and sleeping bags used on expeditions, was searched for contamination by S. aureus but none was detected.
A survey on the occurrence ofVibrio parahaemolyticuson fish and shellfish, marketed in The Netherlands
Authors: Kampelmacher E. H. , Mossel D. A. A. , Jansen L. M. van Noorle , Vincentie H. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA survey was carried out on the occurrence ofVibrio parahaemolyticuson fish and shellfish, as sold in The Netherlands.The optimal mode of detection of this bacterium appeared to be: (i) enrichment of swabs taken from the surface and the gills in freshly prepared meat broth with 5% NaCl; (ii) streaking onto Teepol bromothymol blue agar (BTB) and taurocholate bromothymol blue sucrose agar (TCBS); (iii) confirmation of suspect colonies by testing for mode of growth in butts/slants of a Kligler type glucose sucrose iron thiosulphate agar, formation of indole in 2% NaCl 2% trypticase water, anaerobic utilization of starch in the presence of 5% NaCl and oxidase reaction according to Kovacs (1956).A total of 407 samples, stemming from 17 types of fish and shellfish, taken at three fish shops, was examined by this technique. Only one specimen, i.e. a haddock, was found to containV. parahaemolyticus. This contamination rate of approximately 0·3% correlates well with data found earlier for fish landed in Northern Germany.
The use of cough/nasal swabs in the rapid diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection by the fluorescent antibody technique
Authors: McQuillin Joyce , Gardner P. S. , sturdy Patricia M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThirty-five consecutive infants admitted into hospital in Newcastle upon Tyne with acute respiratory disease had cough/nasal swabs and nasopharyngeal secretions taken. Both types of specimens were examined the fluorescent antibody technique for respiratory syncytial virus; isolation techniques were also used. Twenty-eight specimens of nasopharyngeal secretion were positive, as were 26 of the corresponding cough/nasal swab preparations. Respiratory syncytial virus was isolated from all but one.Sixteen consecutive children who were only suitable for examination cough/nasal swab preparations were also investigated isolation and fluorescent antibody techniques for respiratory syncytial virus. Respiratory syncytial virus was isolated from eight, seven of whom were positive the fluorescent antibody technique. The use of cough/nasal swab preparations stained the fluorescent antibody technique, although not as efficient as nasopharyngeal secretions, may have a place in the rapid diagnosis of respiratory virus infection in older children and children in general practice. The importance of rapid diagnosis for respiratory virus infection in relationship to antiviral therapy was also discussed.
Epidemiological features of bovine tuberculosis in cattle herds in Great Britain
Authors: Wilesmith J. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYParticular epidemiological features of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle herds in Great Britain during the period 1972–8 were examined. During these seven years 1099 herds became infected, the mean annual incidence of herd infection being of the order of one infected herd per 1000 cattle herds.Infection in herds was predominantly a sporadic occurrence; 938 (85·4%) herds experienced only one incident of infection which persisted for less than 12 months. The concentration of infected herds in localized areas of the south-west region England, where infected badgers were the most significant attributed source infection, is demonstrated.The risk of herd infection in relation to badger sett density was also examined in Cornwall, Gloucestershire/Avon and counties in England and Wales outside south-west region of England. The numbers of herds at risk in six categories badger sett density in these three areas were estimated from three random samples of herds drawn from the annual agricultural census. In Cornwall and Gloucestershire/Avon herd infection, associated with infected badgers or for which no source of infection could be found, was positively associated with badger sett density. A similar association between herd infection, not attributable to a source of infection, and badger sett density was found in counties in England and Wales outside the south-west region of England.
Studies on well water and possible health risks in Katsina, Nigeria
Authors: Adesiyun A. A. , Adekeye J. O. , Umoh J. U. , Nadarajah M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYWell water was sampled from all four major wards in Katsina town. All 20 samples taken showed high coliform counts. Sixty-five per cent contained ≥ 2400 coliforms per 100 ml while the remainder had counts ranging from 79 to 920. Faecal coliforms and non-cholera vibrios were detected in all samples. There was no significant relationship between the coliform counts and the distances of latrines to wells, water table to ground level, slope relationship between wells and latrines, the pH of water and whether the wells were left permanently open or not.Salmonellasp.,Enterobactersp. andPseudomonassp. were each isolated from about 10% of the samples, whileProteussp. was isolated from 40%,Citrobactersp. 15%,Alcaligenessp. 5% and an unidentified Gram-negative rod from 5%.Only 2 (10%) of the sampled households, representing 23 (9·6%) of the 239 people exposed to well-water had pipeborne water in addition. It was concluded that well water in Katsina town could be a human health hazard.