bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tobacco control strategies in psychiatric services in catalonia (Spain)
Authors: Ballbè M. , Nieva G. , Mondon S. , Pinet C. , Bruguera E. , Saltó E. , Fernández E. , Gual A. ,   Smoking and Mental Health Group
Published: May 2011

IntroductionMortality and morbidity due to smoking in people with mental illnesses are higher than in the general population. However, smoking continues to be allowed in psychiatric premises of many countries despite being prohibited in workplaces including health care services.ObjectiveTo describe tobacco control strategies undertaken in psychiatric inpatient services and day centers in Catalonia.AimsTo study tobacco control strategies in psychiatric services in order to identify unmet needs.MethodsA cross-sectional study including all psychiatric services offering public service in Catalonia (n = 192). The managers answered an on-line questionnaire with 24 items grouped in four dimensions: staff's training & commitment, clinical intervention, management of smoking areas, and communication of smoke-free policies.Results186 of the managers (96.9%) responded to the questionnaire. Results showed low levels of implementation of tobacco control strategies, especially in the training and intervention dimensions. 41.0% of the services usually intervened in their patients’ tobacco use but an overall 65.9% didn’t have pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation available. 47.3% of the managers stated that their staff had not enough knowledge on smoking cessation interventions. 38.9% of the services had smoking indoor areas. Day Centers showed the lowest implementation of tobacco control measures while services belonging to the Network of Smoke-free Hospitals showed the highest implementation.ConclusionsCurrent Spanish partial law has failed to promote a desirable tobacco control in psychiatric services. There is a need to extend tobacco control policies, specifically in terms of smoking intervention and training, together with a higher availability of resources.
Chronic cannabis use in morocco
Authors: Hami H. , Azzaoui F.-Z. , Mokhtari A. , Soulaymani A. , Skalli S. , Soulaymani R. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionIn Morocco, as in other countries, the cannabis consumption by a great number of the population remains worrisome, in terms of its effects on “mental and physical” health and its social repercussions.Objectives and aimsTo determine the profile of the people poisoned by cannabis in Morocco in order to identify individuals and groups at high risk.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted on chronic cannabis poisoning cases notified between 2000 and 2008 in the Morocco Poison Control Center.ResultsDuring the study period, three hundred and one regular users of cannabis (28 women and 273 men) were poisoned, constituting 34 cases on average per year. The clinical symptoms presented by victims are different, depending on the quantity of inhaled and absorbed psychoactive substances (especially THC) and the frequency and method of use. The average age of victims is 22 years. Among the 225 patients for whom the evolution is known, a 23-year-old man died. The rest of the patients’ condition has improved under gut decontamination.ConclusionsThe influence of consumption of the increasingly high doses of cannabis on the quality of life of young people justifies a public information, particularly young people for better prevention of using of this psychoactive product.
Medical assisted treatment of opioid dependence with suboxone method as prevention of social excluding young people
Authors: Hasanović M. , Pajević I. , Kuldija A. , Delić A. , Sutović A. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionThe most modern medically assisted method of substitution treatment of opiate dependants with Buprenorphine+Naloxone (Suboxone) has been implemented in Department of Psychiatry in Tuzla from 27 July 2009. Suboxone offers possibility for achievement of prompt and effective results of detoxification and weaning of opiates in outpatient treatment. Treated opiate dependants become “clear minded”, qualified for the all professional and social activities, what improves significantly quality of family and social relationship. With this, the treatment in the institutions can be avoided, therefore it prevents social excluding of treated individuals.AimTo present medical assisted treatment of opiate dependence with substitution medicament Suboxone in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with which we may prevent social excluding of young opiate dependants.MethodologyWith presentation of clinical vignettes, authors described how opiate dependants with social hazardous behavior avoided social excluding after they were included in the Suboxone maintenance treatment program.ResultsAll exemplars described with clinical vignettes showed that opiate dependants previously had open doubts in efficacy of this particular treatment, and after only three days they surprised with positive effects of Suboxone. Also they are very satisfied with life quality during treatment. Family members of dependant person show satisfaction with achieved efficacy of Suboxone.ConclusionMedically assisted treatment of opiate dependence with Suboxone is implementing outpatient with involvement of close family members who are not drug dependant, it brings back “clear mind” to treated addicts, it does not stigmatize but it re-socialize and in that way it preventing social excluding of young opiate dependants.
Social, cultural and historical aspects of prevention of alcoholism in northeast bosnia and herzegovina
Authors: Hasanović M. , Pajević I. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionAlthough the harmful effects of alcohol have long been observed, organized social measures for the prevention of excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages were taken relatively late.AimTo present an historical overview of development of social, cultural aspects of alcoholism prevention in northeast Bosnia.MethodologyThe authors provide a historical overview of societal and professional institutions that fight against alcoholism in the area of northeast Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) following the definition of the World Health Organization, that alcoholism is illness and alcoholic is a patient.ResultsTeetotaler societies in BH began with the establishment and work at the late 19th and early twentieth century. Through the period before World War II, between the two world wars, the national liberation struggle period from 1941 to 1945, and the post-war socialist enthusiasm to the last war from 1992 to 1995 there were different levels of organizing struggle against alcoholism with different impact on the development of mental health protection of alcoholics and their families. During the 1992–95 war, due to high trauma of veteran and civilian population, a number of posttraumatic effects appeared, which lead to people seeking release in self-medication by alcohol abuse, worsening the issues of alcoholism and its aftermaths.ConclusionAfter the tragic war 1992–95, many of the socio-political relations and the issue of functional organization of health is redefined, this resulted in search for new formulas of successful dealing with very serious drinking problem in the postwar situation in the region of Tuzla Canton (northeast Bosnia).
Silence in the family about the abuse of heroin and its effect on the initiation of treatment
Authors: Hasanović M. , Kuldija A. , Pajević I. , Delić A. , Sutović A. , Kravić N. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionAdolescents often experience their addictive experiences hidden from parents. Treatment begins when problems arise that adolescents cannt solve it alone.AimTo asses correlation between duration of silence about heroin addiction experience and certain epidemiological data collected with the Pompidou form.MethodsThe authors analyzed the group of 77 heroin addicts aged 26.4 ± 5.6 years, who were treated at the Department of Psychiatry Tuzla in the period 2006–2009 year. Pompidou standardized form was used for collecting the necessary data.ResultsWe found that the heroin addicts began to take the first drug of 17.2 ± 3.9 years, parents were informed about it 2.8 ± 1.3 years later. The duration of silence was positively associated with age of addicts (ρ = 0515, P > 0.001), length of addictive experience (ρ = 0463, P < 0.001), parent's divorce (ρ = 0432, P < 0.001), previous conflict with law (ρ = 0255, P = 0.028), powerty in the family (ρ = 0236, P = 0.045) and previous treatment (ρ = 0354, P = 0.002). On the other hand, it was negatively associated with living in community with other addicts (ρ = -0 363, P = 0.001), intravenous heroin use (ρ = -0 345, P = 0.003), detected hepatitis B (ρ = -0 262, P = 0.002), owning their own children (ρ = -0.280, P = 0.016) and with years of completed education of father (ρ = -0 245, P = 0.008) and of mother (ρ = -0 246, P = 0.036).ConclusionSilence about heroin addiction was positively associated with age of addicts, duration of addiction, parent's divorce, with trouble with law, with poverty in family, and previous treatment. Silence is negatively associated with living with other addicts, intravenous use, hepatitis B, owning children, and more years of parent's completed education.
P01-50-Kratom and alcohol dependence: Clinical symptoms, withdrawal treatment and pharmacological mechanisms- A case report
Authors: Havemann-Reinecke U. 
Published: May 2011

Aim1.To present selfmedication of alcohol dependence related withdrawal symptoms with the plant powder kratom of Mitragynosa speciosa and treatment of kratom withdrawal symptoms.2.Pharmocological mechanisms of kratom.1.A alcohol and kratom dependent patient used kratom (15 g/d) to limit alcohol dependence related withdrawal symptoms and was admitted for withdrawal treatment. Kratom and urine was analysed by GCMS, withdrawal symptoms by Opioid Withdrawal Scale (OWS), sleep by Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), mood by MADRS. Medical treatment was done with doxepine with one additional diazepam dos.2.3H-DAMGO radioligand binding assay of kratom, mitragynine and paynantheine with morphine transfected HEK 293 cells.ResultsGCMS-urine screening on day 1: mitragynine, paynantheine, on day 3: monochlorbenzodiazepine, doxepine. The patient benefits regarding sleep quality and quantity (PSQI day 6 (12), day 20 (6) and mental symptoms (MADRS on day 6 (18) and on day 20 (5). The OWS Score shifts from 17 (day 1) to 2 (day 14). The blood pressure and heart rate decrease from 150/90 and 100/bpm (day 2) to 100/70 and 64/bpm (day 14). The GCMS analysis of kratom showed five indolalcaloids: mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, paynantheine, speciogynine, speciofoline, and unspecific plant contents. The 3H-DAMGO-radioligand-bindungsassay of kratom-powder showed 350-fold less affinity to μ-opiatereceptor than morphine.ConclusionThe patient's selfmedication with kratom prevented alcohol withdrawal symptoms most probably by action on μ-opioidreceptors. 15 g of kratom seems to be equivalent to 45 mg of morphine. Withdrawl treatment with doxepine (and diazepam) clearly prevented withdrawal symptoms of dependence of kratom and alcohol.
P01-51-Impulsivity and decision making measured in cocaine addicts in France
Authors: He X. , Bloch V. , Brousse G. , Vorspan F. , Lépine J.-P. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionImpulsivity and decision making are impaired in cocaine addicts. However, most studies were performed in the USA.ObjectivesTo assess impulsivity and decision making in a sample of French cocaine addicts.MethodsSubjects40 current cocaine addicts and 21 control subjects with no history of drug abuse were compared using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) and Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Subjects from the cocaine addicted group were evaluated for cocaine craving with the Obessive Compulsive Cocaine Scale (OCCS), and for their pattern of use. Statistical analysis: The mean scores of impulsivity and decision making were compared in the two groups (Mann-Whitney U test). In the group of 40 cocaine addicts, clinical factors that could be associated with high impulsivity and poor decision making scores were tested (Spearman’ s rho, Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests).ResultCompared to controls, cocaine addicts had a higher impulsivity score (BIS: 72 ± 11 vs 57 ± 8, U = 138, p < .001) and had more disadvantageous choices on the decision making test (IGT) (advantageous minus disadvantageous choices -4 ± 19 vs 24 ± 35, U = 234, p = .005). There was a significant correlation between high impulsivity scores on the BIS and high cocaine craving as well as heavy cocaine use (more than 4 times a week). No correlation was found between poor decision making and high craving or frequent cocaine use.DiscussionThe discrepancy between impulsivity and poor decision making in cocaine addicts is discussed.
The effect of right-sided prefrontal HF-rTMS on alcohol craving: Preliminary results
Authors: Herremans S. , Vanderbruggen N. , Zeeuws D. , Santermans L. , Baeken C. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) affects neuronal circuits and neurotransmitter systems in the brain. Recent data suggest that this application could diminish ‘craving’ in patients with alcohol dependence.Objectives and aimsGiven these preliminary data, we examined whether one high frequency (HF)- rTMS session over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) would reduce alcohol craving in alcohol dependent patients in their natural habitat.MethodsAfter detoxification during hospitalization, 22 current alcohol dependent inpatients were included (8 female, 14 male; age = 49.95 ± 8.82y).We used a sham-controlled between-subjects design where after randomization patients received under MRI guidance one right-sided DLPFC active HF-rTMS session or sham. In each high-frequency (20 Hz) stimulation session, patients received 1560 pulses at 110 % MT. The obsessive-compulsive drinking scale (OCDS) was collected at baseline, just before and just after the stimulation session on Friday after detoxification and on the three consecutive days following stimulation in patient's natural habitat.ResultsAlthough the OCDS total score significantly decreased after the detoxification period, one sham-controlled stimulation session did not affect immediate craving measurements. Furthermore, no significant group differences were observed on OCDS total scores when patients were in their natural habitat.ConclusionsAlthough the right DLPFC was targeted under MRI guidance, our preliminary results indicate that one sham-controlled HF-rTMS session does not affect craving in recently detoxified alcohol dependent patients. Besides the limited number of patients it could be possible that only one stimulation session could be insufficient to have a subjective effect on craving.
The role of personality traits and religious orientation and tendency to addiction: Comparison between addicted and nonaddicted people
Authors: Homayouni A. 
Published: May 2011

Introduction & objectivesSince the introduction of DSM-III Third Edition in 1980,there has been a growing interest in the study of patients with substance use disorders (SUD). The driving force behind this field has been, and still is, the high clinical pessimism about the prognosis, and the difficulties in the clinical management of the characteristics of diagnosed patients. Also religion and to be religious can play an important role in human’s individual and social life. The religion can be entered in many aspects of human behavior and can affect on their behavior and reduce probably of abnormal functions. So the study was aimed to investigate personality traits and religious orientation in two groups of addicted and nonaddicted people.Methods109 addicted people were randomly selected and compared with 109 nonaddicted people. Participants were asked to fill out Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-FFM PI-R) and self-report questionnaire of Alport's E/I religious orientation. Mean scores were compared with T independent tests.ResultsAnalysis of means indicated significant differences among tow group. Compared to nonaddicted, addicted scored higher on Neuroticism, Openness to experience and External religious orientation, and lower on Extroversion, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness.ConclusionsBased on results it is suggested that evaluating with reliable measures and with more attentions to intrinsic religious orientation related to personality traits can help the psychiatrists and psychologists to diagnose the cause of tendency to addiction and also reduce the psychological problems that is related with addiction before and in during drug treatment and can reduce duration of treatment and enhance efficacy of treatment methods.
The management of relapse in an outpatient program for heroin user by administration of naltrexone
Authors: Iliopoulou L. , Koutras V. , Komninou K. , Fidi E. , Gonta S. , Basogianni V. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionThe Counseling Center for Combating Drug Abuse offers an outpatient drug psychotherapeutic program, on an individual basis. Naltrexone is prescribed to selected heroin addicted users as part of this program.ObjectivesRelapse is one of the most challenging problems.AimsDetection of factors which engage in the therapeutic process and hinder successful therapy leads to a better design of the therapeutic plan.MethodsAdministration of naltrexone aims at retention in therapy and avoidance of relapse. The program's design focuses on the right selection of users, and the therapist's suitability. Family or people in the user's environment engage actively in the observation of ingestion. Naltrexone administration continues for several months after stabilization and at least until user changes his attitude towards drug use. Relapse is considered as a stage of the withdrawal procedure. Manipulation focuses on user's rehabilitation in therapy. Therapist, user and family concentrate on factors which fostered relapse (parallel drug use, association with active users, co-morbidity, personal and family difficulties), and set new goals.ResultsDevelopment of a therapeutic alliance between therapist and addicted patient is one of the stronger predictors of treatment retention and success. Effective manipulation of the factors which foster relapse may lead to successful therapy.ConclusionsRelapse must be seen not as a failure, but as a demanding stage of the procedure. Goal readjustment, and focusing on previously unresolved problems, may lead to an ultimate successful therapeutic outcome, and develop trust in naltrexone programs which are considered as particularly effective in open withdrawal programs.
Relationship between impulsiveness and depressive symptoms in alcohol-dependent patients
Authors: Jakubczyk A. , Brower K. , Klimkiewicz A. , Serafin P. , Nowosad I. , Wnorowska A. , Sławińska A. , Sadowska J. , Wojnar M. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionImpulsiveness is considered to be an important symptom of many psychiatric disorders and is often treated as one of the diagnostic criteria. Relationship between impulsivity and severity of depressive symptoms in alcohol-dependent individuals hasn’t been investigated yet, although both are considered to be important risk factors of relapse.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to analyze relationships between depressive symptoms and level of behavioral as well as cognitive impulsiveness among alcohol-dependent patients.MethodsBy means of Barratt's Impulsiveness Scale and stop-signal task the level of impulsivity among 304 alcohol-dependent patients was measured. Stop-signal task was used as an independent, manipulation-free method of estimating the level of behavioral impulsiveness, and the Barratt's Impulsiveness Scale - as a self report measure of global as well as cognitive impulsivity. Patients were asked to fill in a questionnaire to asses depressive symptoms (BDI, BHS).ResultsThe statistical analysis revealed significant association between impulsiveness and severity of depressive symptoms. Individuals with higher scores in BDI scale were more impulsive in Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (r = 0,473; p < 0,0005), whereas patients with higher scores in BHS appeared to be more impulsive in both: stop-signal task (r = 0,21; p = 0,001) and BIS (r = 0,281; p < 0,0005). Depressive symptoms in both measures correlated most with indicators of attention impulsivity in BIS (r = 0,541; p < 0,0005 for BDI and r = 0,312; p < 0,0005 for BHS).ConclusionHigh level of impulsiveness may be treated as an element of depressive disorder in alcohol dependent patients.
Racial disparities in treatment service utilization among U.S. adolescent substance abusers with criminal justice system involvement
Authors: Jin J. , Fuller C. , Liu X. , Fan B. , Ukonu N.A. , Wu P. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionPrevious studies have shown that African American youth are over-represented in the Criminal Justice System (CJS). Substance use problems are common among those with CJS involvement. However, less is known regarding racial disparities, among youth with CJS involvement, in receiving substance use treatment services.ObjectiveTo examine racial disparities with regard to receiving treatment services for substance use related problems, among youth with (CJS) involvement.MethodsData were obtained from the 2006–2008 United States National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) in USA. Among White and African American adolescents (Ages 12–17) with recent CJS involvement and who met criteria for alcohol or illicit drug abuse or dependence (N = 602), racial differences in receiving treatment services for substance use problems were examined. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of service access among the adolescents, to see if the racial disparity could be explained by individual-level, family-level, and criminal justice system involvement factors.ResultsWhile 31.2% of White adolescent substance abusers with CJS involvement had received treatment for substance use related problems, only 11.6% of their African American counterparts had received such treatment (P = 0.0005). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that access to treatment services can be predicted by substance use related delinquent behaviors, but that racial disparities in treatment still exist after adjusting for these factors (AOR = 0.24, 95%CI = (0.09,0.59), P = 0.0027).ConclusionsThere is an urgent need to reduce racial disparities in receiving substance use treatment among U.S. youth with CJS involvement.
Social context of marijuana use among the young population: Case of Serbia
Authors: Jugovic A. , Sarajlija M. , Sarajlija A. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionGlobal socio-cultural and family context of Serbian society intensifies risks of marijuana use (MU).ObjectivesPrevalence of MU in young population in Serbia and identification of family factors related to increased risk of MU.AimFive indicators were examined: prevalence of MU, age of first MU, MU during one month before survey, motives for MU, family factors of risk for MU.MethodThe study included 2987 participants aged between 16 and 35 years from different parts of Serbia. Collection of data was conducted in April 2007. Participants completed self-administered anonymous questionnaires (modified YOUTH RISK BEHAVIOUR SURVEY) that consisted of sociodemographic characteristics and experiences related to MU.ResultsThe prevalence of lifetime MU among participants was 32%. First use was reported by 14% to occur at the age of sixteen or younger. During one month before survey 10% of participants had smoked marijuana. Risk of MU in regular cigarette smokers is two-fold higher than in non-smokers. Key motives for MU are curiosity (59%), achieving “good mood” (12%), persuasion by persons of the same age (11%), the emotional crisis (8,5%). Alcoholism of both parents and family dysfunctionality - especially physical and verbal conflicts between parents - were related to significantly higher risk of marijuana use.ConclusionEarly use of marijuana, history of family disorganization, parental alcoholism and conflicts were identified as factors significantly related to increased risk of marijuana use among young population in Serbia.