bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Instability to Stability
Authors: Morris Peter J.T. , Reed Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the background to the opening of Owens College, Manchester, in 1851, and how after his appointment to the Chair in Chemistry in 1857, Roscoe (supported by the Principal J. G. Greenwood) led the campaign to address the instability through the 1850s due to low student numbers by connecting the work of the College with local industry and commerce and by demonstrating the benefits of Owens College for the local community through a program of lectures for workers in Manchester laid off by the Union blockade of cotton during the U.S. Civil War. The connection with local industrialists brought Roscoe in contact with members of the Potter family who included his future wife Lucy and Beatrix, the children’s writer. As student numbers rose and with further academic appointments, by 1865 Owen College had outgrown its cramped Quay Street site and the search for a larger site began.
Flying the Flag for Chemistry in Cottonopolis
Authors: Morris Peter J.T. , Reed Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows how Roscoe created a leading school of chemistry and its subsequent impact on British chemistry. It describes in detail the school’s method of teaching chemistry, which stressed the importance of laboratory training. When Owens College moved to Oxford Road in the early 1870s, a new chemical laboratory, designed by Roscoe and the architect Alfred Waterhouse, was built with two large laboratories and an impressive lecture theater. Based on Bunsen’s laboratory in Heidelberg, it was a model for other university laboratories in the north of England. The chapter discusses Roscoe’s complex relationship with the teaching of chemical technology. His researches on distillation, perchloric ether, and vanadium chemistry are described. Roscoe was also interested in astronomy and went on a solar eclipse expedition in 1870. His publications, including Spectrum Analysis, his famous primer, and the Treatise on Chemistry, are discussed. Finally, the education and subsequent career of his assistants are described.
Arrival
Authors: Eghigian Greg 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The world’s obsession with UFOs is often thought to have begun with private pilot Kenneth Arnold’s encounter in 1947 with what was described as “flying saucers.” In fact, similar sightings of mysterious flying objects occurred in 1946 in Scandinavia, where the media there described them as “ghost rockets.” In both 1946 and 1947, military intelligence services and newspapers followed developments closely. They concluded, however, that the sightings were either of secret aeronautic technology of the United States or Soviet Union or were the product of mass delusions provoked by fears about a pending war.
Apparitions, Airships, and Aliens
Authors: Eghigian Greg 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Since ancient times, astonishing, mysterious things were reported being seen in the skies. These were widely assumed to be divine signs. But even in the modern secular era, products of human invention fueled wonder and speculation. The creation of piloted balloons in the late eighteenth century helped kindle visions of powered airships made by ingenious entrepreneurs. Soon enough, the skies began to fill with billboards, lit signs, dirigibles, and, finally, airplanes. To many, this only confirmed they were living in an age of unbridled progress, though some feared that such inventions would ultimately have lethal military applications. Then came science fiction in the nineteenth century, which began portraying encounters with beings from outer space. Observers had long believed that alien civilizations existed in the universe, and some considered ways of communicating with them. But it was science fiction that explored the possibility that extraterrestrials might be intent on coming to earth.
Journeys
Authors: Eghigian Greg 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Alongside UFO sightings, there were those who claimed to have seen or met extraterrestrials. Those claiming to have alien encounters in the 1950s and 1960s were called contactees. Their encounters came in all sorts of forms. Contact could be spectral and disembodied, something achieved through higher consciousness. It could also be a flesh-and-blood meeting. The aliens were always identified with superior knowledge, evident in their technological achievements and mastery of languages. The contactees believed this superiority extended not only to the realms of know-how, society, and politics but also to morality: our “space brothers and sisters” were principled, virtuous, and empathetic. But over the course of the 1950s and 1960s, stories began to be told of contactees encountering aliens who were cold, inaccessible, and even mischievous. And by the mid-1960s, the first tales of alien abduction made their appearance.
Renaissance
Authors: Eghigian Greg 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the early 1970s, the future of ufology looked dim. Then, in 1973, there was a worldwide wave of UFO sightings that inspired a new generation of enthusiasts. Young people in Latin America, Europe, and Asia began organizing new groups, and they interjected new life into the movement. Writers like Jacques Vallee and John Keel offered up fresh ideas, introducing the notion that UFOs might be less about outer space than about something supernatural here on earth. Meanwhile, governments in Brazil, France, and the USSR began their own UFO study projects, new UFO religions sprouted up, and debunkers for the first time created their own organization.
Conclusion
Authors: Eghigian Greg 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
During the first few decades of the new millennium, interest in UFOs generally faded. But since 2017, there has been a resurgence of interest. To explain the UFO phenomenon, one cannot be satisfied with tracking the popularity of certain ideas and images alone. What needs to be acknowledged is the extensive work that has gone into building what might be called a UFO world—a world populated by people and institutions who have made a point to foster habits and create protocols for talking, writing, reading, studying, speculating, and debating about unidentified flying objects and aliens. Born after the slaughter and destruction of World War II, the UFO phenomenon tapped into an array of Cold War–era values, movements, innovations, and sensitivities: space exploration, science fiction, new aeronautic, intelligence, and biomedical technologies, nuclear war and the emergence of superpowers, secularization, globalization of mass media, liberation movements, self-help, the psychotherapy boom.
Reflexivity and Diffraction
Authors: Gullion Jessica Smartt 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Researchers bring their own backgrounds and identity characteristics with them when they conduct research, and these can influence how they approach their studies. This chapter explores issues of objectivity and bias, reflexivity, and diffraction in order to provide researchers with a better understanding of how to use personal standpoints as an advantage and not a hindrance to their work. Objectivity has long been considered a cornerstone of science. To be objective, a researcher must suspend any personal beliefs and feelings about the work they are doing. This is opposed to bias, which occurs when the researcher has a specific agenda that they are trying to achieve and data are collected and/or “massaged” to bring about the desired result. Reflexivity involves interrogating one’s standpoint and exploring how it influences one’s research. Diffraction is a recognition of how one creates and is shaped by one’s research.
When Germ Theory Didn’t Matter
Authors: Barrett Ron , Zuckerman Molly K. , Dudgeon Matthew R. , Armelagos George J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
For 11,000 years since the Neolithic, acute infections spread globally across human populations like a plague of plagues. Then around the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, infectious disease mortality declined substantially in a handful of affluent nations, increasing life expectancies and population sizes along with declining fertility in urbanizing populations. These health and demographic changes constituted the Second Epidemiological Transition. This chapter examines the best documented example of this transition in England and Wales from the late eighteenth century to the early twentieth century. Although the acceptance of Germ Theory would later inform many medical breakthroughs, it only made modest contributions during this time period. Instead, health improvements were largely the result of dietary and living changes that reversed some of the ancient trends that occurred during the First Epidemiological Transition.
The Ancient Determinants of Future Infections
Authors: Barrett Ron , Zuckerman Molly K. , Dudgeon Matthew R. , Armelagos George J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Although we are currently facing many new infectious diseases the human determinants of these emerging infections are quite ancient. These determinants fall into three basic categories. The first concerns matters of human subsistence, the way we feed ourselves and interact with other species and their surrounding environments. The second concerns matters of human settlement and its associated issues of population size and structure. The third concerns matters of social structure, the ways we treat each other and distribute essential resources for health and wellbeing. These were the primary drivers of three major epidemiological transitions that have occurred between the Neolithic and the present. These ancient and recurring factors are also the most likely drivers of the future pandemics that humankind will encounter in the coming years.
Introduction: Cosmopolitan Conversations, 1940–2020
Authors: Patell Cyrus R. K. , Williams Deborah Lindsay 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to the methodology of the volume, which draws inspiration from theories of cosmopolitanism as articulated by thinkers like Kwame Anthony Appiah, David Hollinger, Martha Nussbaum, and Bryan Turner, and from the model of culture as the interplay of dominant, residual, and emergent forms first articulated by Raymond Williams. It proposes that the history of the US novel after 1940 should be seen through its intersections with a number of other histories, including (1) the history of literary forms; (2) the history of narrative forms; (3) the history of the book; (4) the history of media; and (5) the history of higher education in the United States. It argues that the organization of the volume into chapters and “exempla” is designed to create a “meta” literary history that highlights the inevitable questions about the inclusion and exclusion of particular texts, authors, and genres.
Middlebrow Reading
Authors: Harker Jaime 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which publishers attempted to enhance the commercial prospects of the novel in the late twentieth century by fostering the development of a middlebrow reading public through the inclusion of paratextual material such as interviews and “reading group” questions in paperback editions of novels. Dwight Macdonald’s influential 1960 article “Masscult and Midcult” had defined middlebrow as mass culture for the educated, a kind of intellectual slumming with devastating consequences for the sedentary mind. The chapter argues that actual middlebrow writers of the interwar period were much more diverse than such dismissals recognized; modernist writers were more complicit with capitalist culture and middle-class readers than cultural critics would admit.
The Novel versus the Moving Image
Authors: Dolan Marc 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the reciprocal relationship between the novel and the moving image. In 1940, for most artists and critics, the relationship between US novels and US films was simple: novels were superior. This chapter argues that in the postwar years, films were gaining intellectual cachet on both sides of the Atlantic. By the 1970s, there could be no doubt of the “cinematic” aspects of the contemporary US novel. US audiences began to tolerate longer stories than they had during the high studio era, and the rise of the miniseries led US broadcasters to see the form as a useful vehicle for adapting recent rather than classic fiction. No matter how “literary” the adapted material was, however, most print authors still thought of television as inferior—to film now, as well as print. The chapter concludes by examining the unexpected influence of television on the novel with the rise of Oprah Winfrey’s book club.
Shattering the Feminine Mystique
Authors: Keyser Catherine 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the ways in which women novelists diagnosed and challenged the constraints placed on women in US culture, particularly the pressures of private life and the obstacles to public life. The female body plays a central role in post-1940 US fiction by women. On the one hand, the female body seems constantly exposed, objectified, and marketed, as women strive to shape themselves to reflect cultural norms and ideals. On the other hand, the body serves as a vehicle for eroticism, autonomy, and pleasure described and celebrated more frankly than ever before in novels of the 1960s and beyond. The chapter concludes by noting the dizzying range of formal techniques, generic conventions, and thematic priorities represented in work by women, noting that the term “woman writer” retains political urgency and affiliative potential even as the field shifts to recognize the contributions of transgender, non-binary, and genderqueer writers.
The US War Novel
Authors: Deer Patrick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines US war fiction from the Second World War to the twenty-first century’s “Global War on Terror.” Arguing against a critical tradition that regards war fiction as either disreputable or simply the product of exceptional wartimes, the chapter uses the idea of the palimpsest to illuminate three different kinds of US war stories: representations of the war machine as a totalizing system, often of imperial ambition and reach; war as a romance that offers access to privileged forms of knowledge and a crucible for masculinity; and war as a societal struggle that reveals domestic battles around race, class, and gender. Reading postwar US war fiction in this light challenges narratives of US war culture that focus narrowly on the individual trauma of the heroicized soldier or veteran.
Jewish American Fiction
Authors: Skinazi Karen E. H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Reflecting on the “Golden Age” of Jewish American writing, along with the dearth of new Jewish fiction and young Jewish writers in 1991, Leslie Fiedler contended that “from the start the Jewishness of such laureates of Jewish-American life was already vestigial, and their exploitation of it has come to seem in retrospect a final act of assimilation into the homogenized, postethnic society that made them rich and famous.” This chapter argues, in contrast, that the work of celebrated male Jewish American writers like Saul Bellow and Philip Roth had the effect of putting Jews and Jewishness on a national stage, paving the way for a renaissance of new Jewish writing at the start of the twenty-first century, a new movement of deeply liturgical, highly particularistic, feminocentric Jewish American fiction that dominates the field in the early twenty-first century.
The Latinx Novel
Authors: Rodriguez Ralph E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the formal and thematic diversity of the Latinx novel after the Second World War. Grounded in the long history of Latinx writing in the US, the chapter charts the significant trends that have marked the Latinx novel during this period: the shift from more individually identified group terms such as “Chicana/o,” “Puerto Rican,” “Nuyorican,” and “Cuban American” regularly deployed in the 1960s and 1970s to the growing use of umbrella terms such as “Hispanic” and “Latinx” from the 1980s to the present; the increased attention to feminist and LGBTQ issues beginning in the mid-1980s; and, from roughly 1990 to the present, the growing diversity within Latinx communities (notably an increase in immigration from Central America) and an increased geographic dispersion of those communities, among other trends
The Asian American Novel
Authors: Chen Tina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter uses the idea of sympathy as an analytical frame to rethink the literary historiography of the Asian American novel. The genre’s diverse characteristics and functions can be illuminated by three interrelated uses of the term: to make sympathetic, by producing recognizably Asian American subjects capable of eliciting compassion; to be in sympathy, by exploring the possibilities of consonance reflected in such forms as the anthology and the collectively voiced text; and to sympathize, by exploring various processes by which one makes up or compounds something—in this case, the Asian American novel—from corresponding parts, a process rendered most visibly through the literature’s relationship to generic experimentation and its participation in postmodern aesthetic practices. As an alternative to understanding the Asian American novel in historical or developmental terms, this approach highlights the internal contradictions and disruptions that have played a crucial role in the evolution of the genre.
Children’s and Young Adult Fiction
Authors: Williams Deborah Lindsay 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that children’s and young adult (YA) fiction since 1940 has been a site for experimentations with form, genre, and narrative that amplify, and in some cases anticipate, what is happening in “adult fiction.” Children’s literature brings to the fore the importance of thinking about audience in the construction of literary history. The genre is both universal and sharply delineated: every adult reader was once part of its target audience, but eventually is thought to outgrow children’s literature. From picture books through YA novels, children’s literature shapes its readers’ early understanding of the world, and adult readers who return to children’s literature encounter past selves for whom reading happened with a fierce and uncritical passion. The chapter argues that US children’s literature not only performs crucial cultural work, but also challenges traditional conceptions of how and when cultural work is performed.
Ground Zero Fiction and the 9/11 Novel
Authors: Däwes Birgit 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates novels and films that dramatize the events of the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, D.C., and their aftermath. In “9/11 novels,” the 2001 attacks feature prominently as a historical context (establishing a particular atmosphere or set of themes) or have a decisive function for the development of the plot, the characters, or the novel’s symbolism. Expanding on the idea of “Ground Zero Fiction,” which tends to emphasize the desire for a rootedness in historical reality, the chapter surveys texts that refuse to abandon principles of relativity, pluralism, and self-reflexiveness in the wake of 9/11. As the twenty-first century progressed, 9/11 fiction moved away from the focus on immediacy and victimhood and opened itself to more differentiated negotiations of global political connections, otherness, and ethics, while increasingly questioning the discourse of exceptionalism.
Informers Up Close
Authors: Drumbl Mark A. , Holá Barbora 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Informers contribute to the power of repressive regimes. While informers may themselves be victims, and are enlisted by the state, their actions cause other individuals to suffer significant harm. Informers, then, are central to the proliferation of endemic human rights abuses. Through a case study of Communist Czechoslovakia (1945–1989)—and drawing from secret police archives, oral histories, and a broad gamut of secondary sources—this book unearths what fuels informers to speak to authorities in repressive times and considers how transitional justice should approach informers once repression ends and a successor regime emerges. This book unravels the complex drivers behind informing and the dynamics of societal reactions to informing. It explores the agency of both informers and secret police officers. By presenting informers ‘up close’, and the relationships between informers and secret police officers in high resolution, this book centres the role of emotions in informer motivations and underscores the value of dignity in transitional reconstruction. This book also leverages research from informing in authoritarian states to improve our understanding of informing in so-called liberal democratic states which, after all, also rely on informers to maintain law and preserve order.
Disability and Political Representation
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Reher Stefanie 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Disability and Political Representation explores how and why representation is important for disabled people, but also how disability can help us think about the contours of political representation. The book examines the barriers to political participation that disabled people face and discusses why increasing the number of disabled politicians matters, not only as a matter of justice and equality but also to better represent the issues and interests of importance to disabled people. Drawing upon extensive empirical research, Disability and Political Representation identifies a variety of ableist barriers prevent disabled people from fully participating in the political process, from disenfranchisement and inaccessible polling stations to prejudice within parties and a lack of financial support for candidates who require adjustments. It shows that while the preferences of disabled citizens are currently under-represented in parliament, disabled representatives often draw on their lived experience to advocate for their interests. The concept of experiential representation is developed to help scholars and practitioners better navigate the concept of political representation, specifically as it relates to disability. The book presents and analyses a range of diverse and original data, including qualitative data generated from interviews with disabled politicians and activists in the UK, quantitative survey data on the political attitudes and participation of disabled citizens from across Europe, and data from survey experiments examining voter perceptions of disabled politicians.
The Abstract and the Concrete
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This book is a collection of nine of the author’s ontological essays, essays composed after the publication of Existence: Essays in Ontology. Three of the essays concern topics in meta-ontology: the idea of multiple modes of being; Carnap’s idea that the questions of “ontology,” insofar as they are meaningful at all, are questions about which linguistic frameworks it is expedient to employ; the concept of one object’s being metaphysically more fundamental than another. Three of the essays concern various topics that pertain to the author’s “lower-case” or “lightweight” platonism. (According to lightweight platonism, there are attributes—necessarily existent universals. These attributes are not constituents of substances, they cannot enter into causal relations, and it is false that an F object is F in virtue of instantiating the attribute of being F.) The remaining three essays examine proposed answers to particular ontological questions: the question of the validity of mathematical fictionalism; the question whether it is analytic that at any place at which some xs are arranged chairwise, there is there a chair; the question of what it means to say that color is an illusion, and whether (in the sense determined) color is an illusion.