bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the surface area of tridymite
Authors: Wheatley K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe specific surface of tridymite samples in the size range 0.5‐40 μ has been determined by gas‐adsorption (with nitrogen and krypton as adsorbates), and by air permeability and microscopy. The results, together with those from X‐ray diffraction studies, suggest that tridymite in contrast to quartz has neither a fine external surface nor an ‘amorphous’ layer. Specific surface values determined by nitrogen adsorption and by krypton adsorption are in better agreement when the krypton atom is assigned a value of 19.5Å2 rather than the calculated value.It is concluded that the dissolution of silica and of its easily soluble surface layer play a very insignificant role in silicosis. Unetched tridymite has greater fibrogenic activity than unetched quartz.
The hydration of tricalcium and β‐dicalcium silicates in pastes under normal and steam curing conditions
Authors: Buckle E. R. , Taylor H. F. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPastes of tricalcium silicate (C3S)* and β‐dicalcium silicate (β‐C2S) have been cured at various temperatures mainly in the range 18–200°. Over the whole of this range, C3S reacts more quickly than β‐C2S, giving initially a matrix composed of very badly crystallised material related to tobermorite, mixed with Ca(OH)2. With C3S at about 50° and above, other compounds are also formed, crystallising usually, if not always, from this matrix, and replacing it completely at the higher temperatures. C2 α‐hydrate is thus formed at 130–200°, and C3H1.5 in two distinct ranges, 50–170° and 190–500°. Above 300°, calcio‐chondrodite (C2.5SH0.5) is also formed. With β‐C2S pastes at all temperatures below 200° the initial product is similarly a matrix of tobermoritic material, but little or no Ca(OH)2 is formed. C2 α‐hydrate crystallises from this matrix at 120–180°, but no C3SH1.5 is formed. Dehydration isobars afforded tentative quantitative phase analyses for several cured pastes. The Ca/Si ratio estimated for the tobermoritic material in C3S pastes cured at room temperature is about 1.7.
Studies on the hydrolysis of sodium aluminate solutions. XVIII. The effect of the presence of the starch on the decomposition of sodium aluminate solutions with seeding
Authors: Sato Taichi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree kinds of starch, viz., white potato, maize and wheat were added in the dry state to sodium aluminate solutions, and the solutions decomposed by seeding with hydrargillite. The decomposition rates were compared. Although starch added in the dry state always acts to promote the decomposition, the order of the effect is: white potato, maize and wheat (least). White potato starch gelatinised by boiling in water, does not promote decomposition.From these experiments, it is inferred that the presence of starch is undesirable in the process of seeding decomposition of sodium aluminate solution, because, although starch promotes the decomposition initially, it may retard it if the starch molecule is changed in industrial processes such as concentration.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. XIII
Authors: Van Kerk G. J. M. Der , Noltes J. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhereas in α‐substituted organo‐tin nitriles and esters the functionally substituted group is easily removed from the tin atom, it appears that groups in which the substituent occupies a β‐position or beyond with respect to the tin atom are very resistant to tin‐carbon bond cleavage. With compounds containing groups of the latter type, the reactions studied result in rapid cleavage of unsubstituted aryl or alkyl groups.Various organo‐tin halides containing alkyl groups substituted in the β‐position or beyond are described.
Alkali metal derivatives of sucrose. I. Preparation of sodium sucrates
Authors: Arni P. C. , Black W. A. P. , Dewar E. T. , Paterson J. C. , Rutherford D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSodium derivatives of sucrose have been prepared in a number of solvents. Reactions with sodium in pyridine and morpholine at 110° give products which are not true substitution derivatives but analyse more closely to sodium‐hydroxide‐addition compounds containing varying amounts of solvent. In liquid ammonia, sucrose reacts with sodium at ‐−33° to give true sodium sucrates, C12H22‐xO11Nax, provided extreme care is taken to exclude moisture at all stages in the preparation. Monosodium sucrate is a crystalline material containing one molecule of ammonia, but the higher sucrates are white, hygroscopic powders containing very little ammonia. Sucrates can also be prepared with sodamide in liquid ammonia, and this method is suitable for highly substituted derivatives up to the heptasodium derivative. Two methods are described for the estimation of sucrose in sodium derivatives.
The impregnation of timber by water‐borne preservatives. I. General survey
Authors: Belford D. S. , Preston R. D. , Cook C. D. , Nevard E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDouglas Fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia) timber impregnated with ‘Tanalith’ C (a copper–chrome–arsenic water‐borne preservative) has been examined by optical microscopy, polarisation microscopy, X‐ray diffraction analysis and electron microscopy including electron diffraction analysis. It has been established that the preservative material is situated within the cell wall. A sub‐microscopic deposit of random groups of crystals (presumably basic salts) is distributed irregularly throughout the wall, while a proportion at least of the metallic components of the preservative combine with the cellulose in the cell wall to form a metal‐cellulose complex.
The infra‐red and ultra‐violet spectra of ethyl‐nitrolic acid and its sodium salt
Authors: Morgan D. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVarious spectra of ethyInitrolic acid and its sodium salt are recorded: from these it is concluded that the molecule contains a nitro and an azomethine group. Three products of decomposition of the latter are identified as sodium nitrite, sodium acetate and nitrous oxide.
Improved syntheses in the pyrimidine series. VI. 4‐amino‐3‐methyl‐5‐nitro‐2‐pyrimidone and some of its purine and pteridine derivatives
Authors: Brown D. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA direct route from nitroacetonitrile to 3‐methyl‐5‐nitrocytosine (II; R=NO2) is described. This led to the preparation of the long‐sought 5‐amino‐3‐methylcytosine and the purines and pteridines derivable from it. The structure of the nitro compound was rigorously confirmed by comparison with other isomers and by conversion (after reduction of the nitro group) into 1‐methy1–2‐pteridone, its 6:7‐dimethyl derivative, and into 8‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐2‐purinone. Isomers corresponding to these were prepared independently for comparison. Attempted conversion with carbon disulphide and pyridine, into 8‐mercapto‐3‐methyl‐2‐purinone however gave a rearranged product, shown to be 2‐hydroxy‐8‐mercapto‐9‐methylpurine by unambiguous synthesis. Ultra‐violet spectra and ionisation constants are tabulated.
The high‐frequency conductimetric titration of weak acids
Authors: Jamieson G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe determination of phenols, enols and imides in aqueous solution using a high‐frequency titrimeter is described. Satisfactory results are obtained by direct titration with alkali and also by adding an excess of alkali and back‐titration with acid. Application to di‐ and tri‐hydric phenols is discussed.
Reactions of boron carbide and other boron compounds with carbon dioxide
Authors: Davies M. W. , Phennah P. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the reaction of boron‐containing materials with carbon dioxide, most of them oxidise quite rapidly to form boron oxide, which itself reacts to give a volatile boron compound. The major part of the work concerns boron carbide, and the effects of temperature, pressure and additions of water vapour and carbon monoxide have been considered. Other materials investigated are ZrB2, TiB2, CrB2, BN, BSi9 and elemental boron.
The ternary systems with ethylene glycol
Authors: Samuel T. , Laddha G. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSolubility data and equilibrium phase compositions were measured at 30° for ternary liquid systems composed of ethylene glycol and water with isobutyraldehyde, triethylamine and cyclo‐hexanol. The equilibrium results indicate that the glycol remains preferentially in the water layer with each of the solvents named, as in the case of alcohols, furfural, and ethyl methyl ketone previously studied. The method of Othmer & Tobias has been applied to correlate the tie‐line data.
Effect of phosphate and ferric ions on the extraction of thorium by 40% tri‐n‐butyl phosphate‐xylene
Authors: Menzies I. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe partition coefficient for thorium between a thorium‐rare earth nitrate solution and a 40% v/v mixture of tri‐n‐butyl phosphate and xylene decreases as the phosphate concentration in the aqueous phase increases. The addition of excess of ferric nitrate gives a complex with the phosphate and facilitates the extraction of thorium. Precipitation of phosphate occurs at pH <1 in solutions containing ∼ 15 g./litre of phosphate (asP2O5), but addition of iron prevents precipitation of phosphate at pH <1 in solutions containing up to 44 g./litre of phosphate (as P2O5).
Alkali metal derivatives of sucrose. II. Condensation of sodium sucrates with organic halogen compounds
Authors: Black W. A. P. , Dewar E. T. , Paterson J. C. , Rutherford D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSodium sucrates have been investigated as a means of preparing sucrose derivatives from organic halogen compounds. No reaction has been effected with monosodium sucrate and methyl iodide, and this has been attributed to the presence of ammonia or sodamide in the sucrate. A product approximating in composition to a tetra‐O‐allyl sucrose has been obtained in 50% yield from trisodium sucrate and allyl chloride at 122°; allyl sucrose has also been prepared from hexasodium sucrate. Mono., tri‐, penta‐ and hepta‐sodium sucrate react with epichlorohydrin at 135° to give in quantitative yield highly cross‐linked insoluble polymers of the epoxide resin type; mixtures of sucrose and sodium sucrate also give insoluble polymers.Methoxymethyl sucrose, soluble in water and organic solvents, has been prepared from chloromethyl methyl ether and pentasodium sucrate at 15°. Ethylene dichloride reacts with trisodium sucrate at 122–135° but sucrose is the major product formed. o‐Chloronitrobenzene does not react.The reactivity of pentasodium sucrate towards a range of organic compounds has been assessed under mild conditions in the presence of dimethoxyethane: (a) alkyl and aryl chlorides in general do not react at 70–75°, but crotyl chloride is an exception and crotyl sucrose has been prepared in 62% yield; (b) acid chlorides and simple acid anhydrides react readily and 15 crude sucrose esters have been prepared and their solubilities estimated. Terephthaloyl sucrose is a polymer. Complex reactions occur with triphenylmethyl chloride, picryl chloride, 2: 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetyl chloride, a‐chloroacetophenone and ethyl mercuric chloride.
Polarisation of nickel and aluminium in neutral solutions
Authors: Greenblatt J. H. , Levy E. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe cathodic polarisation of nickel, aluminium, nickel‐aluminium alloy (2% nickel) and aluminium nickel‐plated with AI/Ni–1:1 and 10:1 under conditions of hydrogen evolution was studied at various temperatures in 3.17% IiCl solution. The results indicate a decrease in polarisation on alloying or plating with nickel, a decrease in polarisation with increasing temperature for nickel and an increase for aluminium under the same conditions. The results are discussed in terms of their effects on the corrosion resistance of aluminium alloys in water at elevated temperatures.
A solvent method for recovering cutback and penetration‐grade bitumens from road mixtures
Authors: Green E. H. , Gough C. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA comprehensive method is outlined for the recovery of all bitumen binders used in road construction. The method has the advantage that the same apparatus and procedure can be employed for all binders, and it can be used for the recovery of cutback bitumen which has lost an unknown proportion of its flux oil.A filtered or centrifuged carbon disulphide solution of the binder to be recovered is distilled under standardised conditions. Last traces of solvent are removed under vacuum while a slow stream of carbon dioxide gas is passed through the liquid.The following precision limits have been established for the combined recovery and subsequent measurement of viscosity:.magnified image.
The correlation of explosive power with molecular structure
Authors: Martin A. R. , Yallop H. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relationship of oxygen balance to explosive power as measured by the ballistic mortar has been studied empirically. Starting from the modified oxygen balance developed by the authors for detonation velocity calculations, a numerical measure called the ‘power index’ has been derived which correlates closely the features of molecular structure with the power values. Explosive power has also been expressed as an additive function of details of molecular structure. This has been made the basis of a method whereby power values may he derived which agree with experimental results to about 5% and which provides a rapid alternative to the thermochemical calculations which result from normal theoretical treatment.
Mass transfer from circulating liquid drops
Authors: Garner F. H. , Foord A. , Tayeban M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMass‐transfer coefficients for partially miscible binary liquid–liquid systems have been measured from single drops. Four systems were studied, furfural‐water, water‐isobutanol, water‐ethyl acetate and benzyl alcohol‐water; the drop phase is the first mentioned and the drops were saturated with the other phase. These systems have low interfacial tensions and the drops circulate internally. Circulation will reduce the boundary layer thickness from that for a solid sphere towards that for a gas bubble or a sphere in potential flow and correspondingly affect the index of the Schmidt number. The mass transfer for circulating drops should correlate with Re1/2. Sc1/2 and for stagnant drops with Re1/2.Sc1/2. The present systems are intermediate in character, approximating to Re1/2. Sc0.42.The results are higher than those from spray columns and appear to represent the maximum mass‐transfer rates obtainable from droplets in free motion.
The inhibition of the corrosion of iron in neutral and alkaline solutions. I
Authors: Hancock P. , Mayne J. E. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe potentials at which iron is converted into anhydrous cubic oxide in certain inhibitive solutions have been measured and it has been shown that these potentials are more negative than the potentials acquired by unpolarised specimens immersed in the solutions for 3 days.It is suggested that when iron, carrying its air‐formed film, is placed in an inhibitive solution, saturated with air, the corrosion current is concentrated at the weak spots in the oxide film and at the air‐formed film is thereby thickened and corrosion prevented.When the pH of the inhibitive solution exceeds 9, anhydrous cubic oxide may also be formed by the interaction of the anodic product, ferrous hydroxide, with atmospheric oxygen.This explanation of inhibition has been extended to account for the corrosive nature of pure water, the effect of the concentration of the inhibitor, the dual rǒle of oxygen and the effect of oxygen on the efficiency of non‐oxidising inhibitors.
Organic fouling of strongly basic anion‐exchange resins
Authors: Wilson A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt has been shown that humic acids, present in the raw water supply of a power station, are adsorbed by a strongly basic anion‐exchange resin in a mixed‐bed de‐ionisation unit. Such acids are not completely removed during regeneration of the resin, and their presence on the resin reduces its capacity. Methods for removing humic acids have been studied, and suggestions are made for restricting their concentration on strongly basic resins.
Oxidation of monethenoid fatty acids and esters: Catalytic autoxidation of methyl, n‐propyl, and n‐butyl petroselinate
Authors: Gold J. , Skellon J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMethyl, n‐propyl, and n‐butyl cis‐octadec‐6‐enoates (petroselinates) have been oxidised by gaseous oxygen at various temperatures (with uranium petroselinate as catalyst). Hydroperoxides form and decompose in varying degree giving rise to primary and secondary products separately investigated. Changes occurring during autoxidation are compared with behaviour on autoxidation of isomeric cis‐ and trans‐octadec‐9‐enoates.The separated oxidation products of the methyl and n‐propyl esters at 120° include adipic, glutaric, dodecanoic, undecanoic acids; 6:7‐epoxy‐, 6:7‐dihydroxy‐ and 6:7‐ and 7:6‐hydroxyoxo‐stearic acids, together with polymerised semi‐aldehydes and polymeric complexes.The mechanism of autoxidation involving oxidative fission of the isomeric monohydroperoxide and some formation of polymeric semi‐aldehydes are parallel to that of cis‐ and cis‐octadec‐9‐enoates.
The mass spectra of some boron hydrides
Authors: Quayle A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper describes the mass spectra of diborane, pentaborane, decaborane and ethyldecaborane. The experimental technique is described and the fragmentation patterns are discussed in terms of molecular structure. The presence of less common boron hydrides, including an eicosaborane, has been noted in some of the less pure materials examined.
Corrosion of magnesium alloys containing iron and nickel
Authors: Greenblatt J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe corrosion rates of magnesium alloys containing 200 p.p.m. of Fe and 2% Ni were measured in sea water when samples of the alloys were coupled to steel cathodes of various sizes, inserted in plastic or steel blocks, and compared with those of Mg alloys corroding alone. The results obtained indicate that the decreased corrosion rate observed on coupling to steel cathodes is due to the formation of an oxide film over the alloy in accordance with the mechanism proposed by Tomashov.3,4 The critical current density required for film formation appears, from the measuremnts of current density in alloy‐steel couples, to be 50 mA/cm.2.
Recovery of thorium from sulphate solutions by anion exchange
Authors: Arden T. V. , Nolan J. D. , Gower B. J. , Wright F. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe passage of solutions containing uranyl and thorium sulphate through columns of De‐Acidite FF strongly basic anion‐exchange resin results in the initial absorption of both metals as complex anions, followed by the qualitative displacement of thorium by uranium. Thorium can be recovered separately from uranium, using a second column of the same resin in series with the first.
Determination of nitrate ions in mixed acids and nitric esters by electrometric procedures
Authors: Easterbrook W. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn electrometric procedure is developed, using bimetallic electrodes, for the detection of the end‐point in the ferrous salt method Bowman & Scott for determination of NO3 ‐ ions. There is a significant difference in the level of mean results compared with that for the visual end‐point, but this is of no practical significance.The procedure can also be applied satisfactorily in the analysis of nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, etc. after hydrolysis with H2SO4. The results are compared with those obtained by the nitrometer method (liberation of NO) and by hydrolysis with NaOH followed by reduction of the NO3− to NH3.
Composition of the dipentene fraction of C10H16 terpenes
Authors: Westaway H. , Williams J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe identification of the composition of a mixture of C10H16, terpenes commonly known as ‘dipentene’, by a combination of infra‐red spectrometry and gas chromatography is described. Relative retention volumes for the various components are given. The work demonstrates the usefulness of combining these newer techniques in the field of terpene hydrocarbons where conventional methods of chemical separation and analysis are not readily applicable.
Adsorption at inorganic surfaces. V. Adsorption of sulphonated dyes the anodic film on aluminium
Authors: Giles C. H. , Mehta H. V. , Rahman S. M. K. , Stewart C. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractQuantitative adsorption tests with aromatic solutes (mainly sulphonated dyes) and chromic acid anodic alumina film are described. The adsorption mechanism of the non‐chelating dyes is probably covalent bond formation (each sulphonate group replacing a hydroxy‐group or a chromate group attached to aluminium), together with some ion‐exchange adsorption of anionic micelles. Chelating dyes form an aluminium chelate‐complex with the film.The sequence of events in adsorption from water appears to be: (i) film etching rapid dissolution (<5 min.) of a surface layer of alumina, (ii) rapid adsorption of an external layer of solute, (iii) slow inward diffusion of solute from the external layer to complete a monolayer, (iv) (with sulphonates) penetration (and ultimate breakdown) of the oxide crystal structure, (v) slow subsequent ‘sealing’ of the film pores by growth of boehmite crystals. Process (i) influences the available surface area, which increases proportionately (and very considerably) with the volume of liquid used for adsorption.The apparent activation energy of diffusion in the film falls with increase in size of the unsul‐phonated residue of a dye.
The reaction of (+)—catechin with formaldehyde
Authors: Hillis W. E. , Urbach Gerda 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn examination has been made of the estimation of formaldehyde in the presence of (+) — catechin and its reaction products. The reaction of formaldehyde with (+) — catechin under different conditions has been studied analytically and the products examined chromatographically. The reaction at room temperature for 15 min. occurs to a very limited extent at pH 4.5 but increases under alkaline or more acid conditions, where it appears to be confined to the phloroglucinol ring. The catechol ring appeared to react at 100° at pH 8 and 10 or in presence of zinc acetate at pH 5.5. The use of catechin as a model compound for condensed tannins is discussed.
Cationic dye adsorption in sugar cane juice
Authors: Bennett M. C. , Haydon D. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption of cationic dyes at the surface of particles in suspension in cane juice is sudied electrophoretically over the pH range 4–7. It is found that the reversal of charge concentrations (C) depend upon the original zeta potential (ζ0) of juice particles before addition of the dye; the relationship between c and ζ0 is linear for Methylene Blue which does not change in basicity over this pH range. With Bismarck Brown the basicity does change gradually over the whole of this range but it appears that the adsorption is governed to a greater extent a colour change, having the form of a simple dissociation of pK 5–10, than by the total charge of the dye molecule. It is shown that each of the two coloured forms of the dye, obeys a linear relationship between C and ζ0.A theoretical linear relationship is derived from the Stern and Gouy equations.
Particle size analysis by sedimentation in a long‐arm centrifuge
Authors: Gupta A. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simple apparatus has been constructed which allows the Andreasen pipette technique to be used on suspensions of particles in liquids which are being subjected to centrifugal sedimentation. By means of the present apparatus particle sizes down to about 0.1μ Stokes’ diameter can be measured, and the lower limit could be extended by the use of higher speeds of rotation.