bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emerging Importance of Residual Renal Function in End‐Stage Renal Failure
Authors: Vilar Enric , Farrington Ken 
Published: October 2011

AbstractResidual renal function (RRF) is well recognized as an important marker of outcomes in peritoneal dialysis (PD), and contributes vitally to solute clearance. Recently, its importance in hemodialysis (HD) has emerged with evidence that it is strongly associated with improved outcomes. The presence of RRF is associated with improved nutrition, reduced erythropoetin requirements, better potassium clearance, and improved quality of life. Retrospective and observational evidence is now available, which suggests that the presence of RRF is independently associated with survival and that this benefit goes beyond what is expected simply from augmentation of small solute clearance. Preservation of RRF is now considered by many to be an important aspect of dialysis strategy. Evidence in favor of one modality over another for preservation of RRF is conflicting, as are the potential benefits of biocompatible fluids in PD. In HD, the evidence in favor of biocompatible membranes is stronger. Emerging evidence is broadly in favor of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors for preservation of RRF. Diuretics appear to have a neutral effect. The complexities and practical difficulties in measurement of RRF have resulted in this important parameter being largely ignored in HD. Novel markers of renal function may provide alternative, simple methods of estimating RRF, which may remove the need for urine collections and simplify its measurement.
Sodium Alignment in Clinical Practice—Implementation and Implications
Authors: Raimann Jochen G. , Thijssen Stephan , Usvyat Len A. , Levin Nathan W. , Kotanko Peter 
Published: October 2011

AbstractNumerous reports in the general and the dialysis population have shown associations of sodium (Na+) intake, blood pressure, and survival. In addition to dietary Na+ intake, positive Na+ balance during dialysis needs to be considered as a source of Na+. Dialysate Na+ (DNa+) concentrations above the serum Na+ concentration (SNa+) result in diffusive Na+ flux from the dialysate into the patient, which has recently been reported to be associated with increased interdialytic weight gain and mortality. Individualization of the Na+ prescription and Na+ alignment (DNa+ equal to SNa+) prevents positive Na+ balance and improves patient outcomes. Alignment requires the knowledge of patients’ SNa+, which can be estimated from previous SNa+ in the monthly routine laboratory measurements. Na+ alignment was recently implemented in a dialysis clinic of Renal Research Institute. Preliminary results of this initiative have shown a trend of predialysis weight and blood pressure reduction. Expansion of this initiative to all clinics of RRI is currently underway and as of April 2011, four additional clinics have been included. Additional research on adequate Na+ alignment is needed to account for Gibbs–Donnan effects, differences in charge across the dialyzer membrane, and variability in measurement methods. Regular calibration of DNa+ delivery by dialysis machines is necessary to ensure that the dialysis prescription is followed. How to provide dialysis to severely hyponatremic patients remains an open question. Finally, long‐term studies of the effects of Na+ restriction on hospitalization and mortality are required to demonstrate the benefits of aligning DNa+ with SNa+.
Ill‐Informed Consent? A Content Analysis of Physical Risk Disclosure in School‐Based HPV Vaccine Programs
Authors: Steenbeek Audrey , MacDonald Noni , Downie Jocelyn , Appleton Mary , Baylis Françoise 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectivesThis study examines the accuracy, completeness, and consistency of human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine related physical risks disclosed in documents available to parents, legal guardians, and girls in Canadian jurisdictions with school‐based HPV vaccine programs.Design and SampleWe conducted an online search for program related HPV vaccine risk/benefit documents for all 13 Canadian jurisdictions between July 2008 and May 2009 including follow‐up by e‐mail and telephone requests for relevant documents from the respective Ministries or Departments of Health. The physical risks listed in the documents were compared across jurisdictions and against documents prepared by the vaccine manufacturer (Merck Frosst Canada), the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI), the Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada (SOGC), and a 2007 article in Maclean's Magazine.ResultsNo jurisdiction provided the same list of vaccine related physical risks as any other jurisdiction. Major discrepancies were identified.ConclusionsInaccurate, incomplete, and inconsistent information can threaten the validity of consent/authorization and potentially undermine trust in the vaccine program and the vaccine itself. Efforts are needed to improve the quality, clarity, and standardization of the content of written documents used in school‐based HPV vaccine programs across Canada.
fMRI Differences Between Subjects with Low and High Responses to Alcohol During a Stop Signal Task
Authors: Schuckit Marc A. , Tapert Susan , Matthews Scott C. , Paulus Martin P. , Tolentino Neil J. , Smith Tom L. , Trim Ryan S. , Hall Shana , Simmons Alan 
Published: October 2011

Background:  A low level of response (i.e., a low LR) to alcohol is a genetically influenced phenotype that predicts later alcoholism. While the low LR reflects, at least in part, a low brain response to alcohol, the physiological underpinnings of the low LR have only recently been addressed.
Methods:  Forty‐nine drinking but not yet alcoholic matched pairs of 18‐ to 25‐year‐old subjects (N = 98; 53% women) with low and high LRs as established in separate alcohol challenges were evaluated in 2 event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions (placebo and approximately 0.7 ml/kg of alcohol) while performing a validated stop signal task. The high and low LR groups had identical blood alcohol levels during the alcohol session.
Results:  Significant high versus low LR group and LR group × condition effects were observed in blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) signal during error and inhibitory processing, despite similar LR group performance on the task. In most clusters with significant (corrected p < 0.05, clusters > 1,344 μl) LR group × alcohol/placebo condition interactions, the low LR group demonstrated relatively less, whereas the high LR group demonstrated more, error and inhibition‐related activation after alcohol compared with placebo.
Conclusions:  This is one of the first fMRI studies to demonstrate significant differences between healthy groups with different risks of a future life‐threatening disorder. The results may suggest a brain mechanism that contributes to how a low LR might enhance the risk of future heavy drinking and alcohol dependence.
A Latent Class Analysis of DSM‐IV Alcohol Use Disorder Criteria and Binge Drinking in Undergraduates
Authors: Beseler Cheryl L. , Taylor Laura A. , Kraemer Deborah T. , Leeman Robert F. 
Published: October 2011

Background:  Adolescent and adult samples have shown that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐IV (DSM‐IV) abuse and dependence criteria lie on a continuum of alcohol problem severity, but information on criteria functioning in college students is lacking. Prior factor analyses in a college sample (Beseler et al., 2010) indicated that a 2‐factor solution fit the data better than a single‐factor solution after a binge drinking criterion was included. The second dimension may indicate a clustering of criteria related to excessive alcohol use in this college sample.
Methods:  The present study was an analysis of data from an anonymous, online survey of undergraduates (N = 361) that included items pertaining to the DSM‐IV alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnostic criteria and binge drinking. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to determine whether the criteria best fit a categorical model, with and without a binge drinking criterion.
Results:  In an LCA including the AUD criteria only, a 3‐class solution was the best fit. Binge drinking worsened the fit of the models. The largest class (class 1, n = 217) primarily endorsed tolerance (18.4%); none were alcohol dependent. The middle class (class 2, n = 114) endorsed primarily tolerance (81.6%) and drinking more than intended (74.6%); 34.2% met criteria for dependence. The smallest class (class 3, n = 30) endorsed all criteria with high probabilities (30 to 100%); all met criteria for dependence. Alcohol consumption patterns did not differ significantly between classes 2 and 3. Class 3 was characterized by higher levels on several variables thought to predict risk of alcohol‐related problems (e.g., enhancement motives for drinking, impulsivity, and aggression).
Conclusions:  Two classes of heavy‐drinking college students were identified, one of which appeared to be at higher risk than the other. The highest risk group may be less likely to “mature out” of high‐risk drinking after college.
Rehabilitation of a Maxillary Defect Secondary to Recurrent Giant Cell Granuloma
Authors: Segal Aaron 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis is a presentation of the treatment history of a young woman with a benign lesion resulting in a large maxillary defect. This patient's complex treatment resulted in a full spectrum of rehabilitation modalities. Her story shows alternative treatment options with the ultimate goal of restoring form, function, and quality of life to a patient with an extensive maxillary defect.
Adjunctive daily supplementation with encapsulated fruit, vegetable and berry juice powder concentrates and clinical periodontal outcomes: a double‐blind RCT
Authors: Chapple Iain L. C. , Milward Michael R. , Ling‐Mountford Nicola , Weston Paul , Carter Kevin , Askey Keeley , Dallal Gerard E. , De Spirt Silke , Sies Helmut , Patel Dina , Matthews John B. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAimA double‐blind randomized controlled trial to determine whether dietary supplementation with fruit/vegetable/berry juice powder concentrates, simultaneously with non‐surgical periodontal therapy, improved 2‐month treatment outcomes.MethodsVolunteers with chronic periodontitis were randomly assigned to one of three groups: fruit/vegetable (FV), fruit/vegetable/berry (FVB) or placebo. Supplements were taken daily during non‐surgical debridement and maintenance and outcomes assessed at 2, 5 and 8 months after completion. Primary outcomes were mean probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment gain, % sites bleeding on probing (% BOP) at 2 months. Adherence and plasma β‐carotene were determined.ResultsSixty‐one nutritionally replete (by serum biochemistry) volunteers enrolled and 60 (n = 20 per arm) completed the 2‐month review. Clinical outcomes improved in all groups at 2 months, with additional improvement in PPD versus placebo for FV (p < 0.03). Gingival crevicular fluid volumes diminished more in supplement groups than placebo (FVB; p < 0.05) at 2 months, but not at later times. The % BOP (5 months) and cumulative plaque scores (8 months) were lowered more in the FV group (p < 0.05).ConclusionsAdjunctive juice powder concentrates appear to improve initial pocket depth reductions in nutritionally replete patients, where plasma micronutrient bioavailability is attainable. Definitive multicentre studies in untreated and treated patients are required to ascertain the clinical significance of such changes.
Comparison of oral alendronate versus prednisolone in treatment of infants with vitamin D intoxication
Authors: Sezer Rabia G , Guran Tulay , Paketçi Cem , Seren Lale P , Bozaykut Abdulkadir , Bereket Abdullah 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAim:  The aim of this report was to compare the efficacy of oral alendronate versus prednisolone treatment in addition to conventional measures in infants with vitamin D intoxication.Methods:  In six infants (aged 8.0 ± 2.1 months) with vitamin D intoxication, time to achieve normocalcemia with prednisolone treatment (Group I, n = 4) or alendronate treatment (Group II, n = 4, two infants started treatment from the baseline and two after unsuccessful prednisolone treatment) in addition to intravenous hydration and diuretic therapy were compared .Results:  Baseline serum calcium levels ranged between 3.8 and 4.77 mmol/L. In the prednisolone group, although two patients reached normocalcemia on 7th and 12th days of treatment, other two patients did not despite 23 and 15 days of treatment and therefore switched to alendronate treatment. The mean duration of prednisolone treatment in these four patients was 14.2 ± 6.7 days (range 7–23). In the alendronate group, two patients who started treatment from the baseline achieved normocalcemia on the 5th day. Other two patients achieved normocalcemia 2 days after switching to alendronate. Thus, the mean time to reach normocalcemia after single oral alendronate administration was 3.5 ± 1.7 days (range 2–5) (p < 0.01 versus Group I).Conclusion:  Alendronate treatment achieves normocalcemia four times earlier than prednisolone treatment and shortens hospital stay in infants with vitamin D intoxication.
A Relationship‐Based Intervention to Improve Social Connectedness in Street‐Involved Youth: A Pilot Study
Authors: McCay Elizabeth , Quesnel Susan , Langley John , Beanlands Heather , Cooper Linda , Blidner Rebecca , Aiello Andria , Mudachi Naomi , Howes Carol , Bach Karen 
Published: October 2011

PROBLEM:  Street‐involved youth experience a range of mental health problems with elevated rates of psychiatric disorders compared with non‐homeless youth. The overall objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the impact of a relationship‐based intervention for homeless youth receiving services from agencies in downtown Toronto.METHODS:  The final sample included 15 homeless youth who met the study inclusion criteria. The intervention and comparison groups were compared at baseline and post‐treatment on measures of mental health symptoms, hopelessness, self‐esteem, resilience, and social connectedness.FINDINGS:  Participants receiving the intervention demonstrated a significant improvement in social connectedness, with a trend toward decreased hopelessness. Those participants who did not receive the intervention did not demonstrate any improvements in social connectedness and hopelessness.CONCLUSION:  This preliminary pilot study suggests that providing a relationship‐based intervention to street‐involved youth may offer promise to strengthen social relationships and to mitigate overwhelming hopelessness and despair.
Motivational Interviewing with Adolescents: An Advanced Practice Nursing Intervention for Psychiatric Settings
Authors: Jackman Katherine 
Published: October 2011

TOPIC:  The article focuses on the use of motivational interviewing (MI) as an intervention with adolescent patients in mental health treatment settings.PURPOSE:  The aim of the study is to review MI theory and principles, and inform advanced practice nurses about the suitability of this intervention for adolescents in psychiatric care settings. For this population, MI may be effective in encouraging behavioral change consistent with a harm reduction approach.SOURCES USED:  Published literature on the topic, including randomized controlled trials, was used in this study.CONCLUSIONS:  Nurse practitioners in psychiatry are especially well suited to engage their adolescent patients in MI based on their role as patient advocates and the developmental framework within which they practice. Further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of this approach with the adolescent psychiatric population.
Children with Behavioral/Mental Health Disorders and School Mental Health Nurses in Australia
Authors: Browne Graeme , Cashin Andrew , Graham Iain 
Published: October 2011

TOPIC:  This review of the literature addresses Australian school mental health nursing is an emergent field of practice.PURPOSE:  Children with behavioral/mental health disorders present challenges to schools, teachers, and their families. They can be disruptive in class, inappropriate with their peers, and perform poorly academically. Often this group of children do not respond to the school's usual strategies to support appropriate behavior. When children with behavioral/mental health disorders do not receive specialized support based on their problems and needs, their problems can escalate over time and in adolescence their behavior may become more challenging, with increased aggression, substance use, contact with the criminal justice system, and school failure with or without dropout.CONCLUSION:  Mental health nurses, working as case managers, could be effective in the support of children with behavioral/mental health disorders in schools. Mental health nurses, because of their professional education and clinical practice, work not only with the individual child but also with family members. They are well prepared to case manage in schools and support individual teachers and health and welfare services in their management of their clients with behavioral/mental health disorders.
Consumer Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Value‐Added Chicken Product Attributes
Authors: Martínez Michel Lorelei , Anders Sven , Wismer Wendy V. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  A growing demand for convenient and ready‐to‐eat products has increased poultry processors’ interest in developing consumer‐oriented value‐added chicken products. In this study, a conjoint analysis survey of 276 chicken consumers in Edmonton was conducted during the summer of 2009 to assess the importance of the chicken part, production method, processing method, storage method, the presence of added flavor, and cooking method on consumer preferences for different value‐added chicken product attributes. Estimates of consumer willingness to pay (WTP) premium prices for different combinations of value‐added chicken attributes were also determined. Participants’“ideal” chicken product was a refrigerated product made with free‐range chicken breast, produced with no additives or preservatives and no added flavor, which could be oven heated or pan heated. Half of all participants on average were willing to pay 30% more for a value‐added chicken product over the price of a conventional product. Overall, young consumers, individuals who shop at Farmers’ Markets and those who prefer free‐range or organic products were more likely to pay a premium for value‐added chicken products. As expected, consumers’ WTP was affected negatively by product price. Combined knowledge of consumer product attribute preferences and consumer WTP for value‐added chicken products can help the poultry industry design innovative value‐added chicken products.Practical Application:  An optimum combination of product attributes desired by consumers for the development of a new value‐added chicken product, as well as the WTP for this product, have been identified in this study. This information is relevant to the poultry industry to enhance consumer satisfaction of future value‐added chicken products and provide the tools for future profit growth.
State of Dispersed Lipid Carrier and Interface Composition as Determinants of Beta‐Carotene Stability in Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions
Authors: Cornacchia Leonardo , Roos Yrjö H. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Liposoluble bioactive compounds are often included in foods in emulsified lipid carriers. In the present study, the impact of the physical state of the lipid carrier and the interfacial composition of oil‐in‐water emulsions on the stability of β‐carotene was studied. Emulsions with hydrogenated palm kernel oil (HPKO) concentration of 10% (w/w) dispersing 0.05% (w/w) β‐carotene, and a water phase at pH 7 containing 30% (w/w) sucrose, were stabilized by 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 3% (w/w) whey protein isolate (WPI). Crystallization and melting behavior of emulsified and bulk HPKO were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The hysteresis of emulsified HPKO crystallization (onset approximately 10 °C; endset approximately 6 °C) and melting (onset approximately 17 °C; endset approximately 45 °C) allowed us to operate at 15 °C on systems with identical compositions but different physical states of the same lipid phase. Surface protein coverage of emulsions was calculated and size of the dispersed particles was characterized by dynamic light scattering. β‐Carotene contents of the emulsions during storage at 15 °C was analyzed spectrophotometerically. Results highlighted an impact of the phase of the lipid carrier and of the concentration of WPI on β‐carotene degradation. β‐Carotene loss showed zero‐order kinetics. A liquid dispersed phase resulted in a low degradation rate but a high concentration of protein on a solid lipid carrier was likewise effective for β‐carotene protection.Practical Application:  The inclusion of lipophilic bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, is a current trend in the production of functional foods aiming to enhance health and well‐being. However, the use of functional ingredients in food products is complicated because of the sensitivity of the active molecules to physical and chemical factors to which they are exposed during processing, storage, and consumption. The present work gives indications of the influence of the lipid carrier physical state and surface structure on ß‐carotene stability in formulated oil‐in‐water liquid food models, suggesting possible strategies for an enhanced stabilization of lipophilic labile compounds.
A geography‐based critique of new US biofuels regulations
Authors: Fast Stewart , Brklacich Mike , Saner Marc 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe new renewable fuels standard (RFS 2) aims to distinguish corn‐ethanol that achieves a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared with gasoline. Field data from Kim et al. (2009) and from our own study suggest that geographic variability in the GHG emissions arising from corn production casts considerable doubt on the approach used in the RFS 2 to measure compliance with the 20% target. If regulators wish to require compliance of fuels with specific GHG emission reduction thresholds, then data from growing biomass should be disaggregated to a level that captures the level of variability in grain corn production and the application of life cycle assessment to biofuels should be modified to capture this variability.
New hope for dedicated genetically engineered bioenergy feedstocks?
Authors: Endres A. Bryan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe unique regulatory requirements and costs of genetic engineering (GE) are likely to inhibit commercialization of dedicated bioenergy crops due to the relatively small current market. Two recent regulatory approvals for GE plants, however, may signal a shift in policy and an opening of a door to a streamlined federal regulatory pathway for commercialization for non‐food plants. The change, however, may shift regulatory battles from the federal to the state and local level, as each state has independent authority to regulate plants under respective noxious weed/plant protection statutes. This previously dormant state regulatory power could result in even more complex barriers to commercialization of GE bioenergy crops‐‐replacing the regulatory delays embedded in the federal system with regulatory chaos at the state and local level.