bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future climate change driven sea‐level rise: secondary consequences from human displacement for island biodiversity
Authors: Wetzel Florian T. , Kissling W. Daniel , Beissmann Helmut , Penn Dustin J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSea‐level rise (SLR) due to global warming will result in the loss of many coastal areas. The direct or primary effects due to inundation and erosion from SLR are currently being assessed; however, the indirect or secondary ecological effects, such as changes caused by the displacement of human populations, have not been previously evaluated. We examined the potential ecological consequences of future SLR on >1,200 islands in the Southeast Asian and the Pacific region. Using three SLR scenarios (1, 3, and 6 m elevation, where 1 m approximates most predictions by the end of this century), we assessed the consequences of primary and secondary SLR effects from human displacement on habitat availability and distributions of selected mammal species. We estimate that between 3–32% of the coastal zone of these islands could be lost from primary effects, and consequently 8–52 million people would become SLR refugees. Assuming that inundated urban and intensive agricultural areas will be relocated with an equal area of habitat loss in the hinterland, we project that secondary SLR effects can lead to an equal or even higher percent range loss than primary effects for at least 10–18% of the sample mammals in a moderate range loss scenario and for 22–46% in a maximum range loss scenario. In addition, we found some species to be more vulnerable to secondary than primary effects. Finally, we found high spatial variation in vulnerability: species on islands in Oceania are more vulnerable to primary SLR effects, whereas species on islands in Indo‐Malaysia, with potentially 7–48 million SLR refugees, are more vulnerable to secondary effects. Our findings show that primary and secondary SLR effects can have enormous consequences for human inhabitants and island biodiversity, and that both need to be incorporated into ecological risk assessment, conservation, and regional planning.
Habitat associations of thermophilous butterflies are reduced despite climatic warming
Authors: Oliver Tom H. , Thomas Chris D. , Hill Jane K. , Brereton Tom , Roy David B. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractClimate warming threatens the survival of species at their warm, trailing‐edge range boundaries but also provides opportunities for the ecological release of populations at the cool, leading edges of their distributions. Thus, as the climate warms, leading‐edge populations are expected to utilize an increased range of habitat types, leading to larger population sizes and range expansion. Here, we test the hypothesis that the habitat associations of British butterflies have expanded over three decades of climate warming. We characterize the habitat breadth of 27 southerly distributed species from 77 monitoring transects between 1977 and 2007 by considering changes in densities of butterflies across 11 habitat types. Contrary to expectation, we find that 20 of 27 (74%) butterfly species showed long‐term contractions in their habitat associations, despite some short‐term expansions in habitat breadth in warmer‐than‐usual years. Thus, we conclude that climatic warming has ameliorated habitat contractions caused by other environmental drivers to some extent, but that habitat degradation continues to be a major driver of reductions in habitat breadth and population density of butterflies.
Controlling information systems development: a new typology for an evolving field
Authors: Cram W. Alec , Brohman M. Kathryn 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis study explores how and why information systems development (ISD) approaches differ in their tactics to control the behaviour of development teams. Drawing from prior research on organisational control, we conduct qualitative case studies at four organisations to examine the extent that traditional and contemporary systems development approaches can highlight a unique combination of control attributes. Based on the data collected, we build an ISD control typology that differentiates ISD approaches on the basis of control objectives (product or process focused) and control practices (preventive or detective/corrective focused). The proposed typology can be used by practitioners to inform and guide more effective systems development control choices while providing researchers with a new model that recognises the unique control aspects of today's systems development approaches.
Plasmodium infection, anaemia and mosquito net use among school children across different settings in Kenya
Authors: Gitonga Caroline W. , Edwards Tansy , Karanja Peris N. , Noor Abdisalan M. , Snow Robert W. , Brooker Simon J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjective  To investigate risk factors, including reported net use, for Plasmodium infection and anaemia among school children and to explore variations in effects across different malaria ecologies occurring in Kenya.Methods  This study analysed data for 49 975 school children in 480 schools surveyed during a national school malaria survey, 2008–2010. Mixed effects logistic regression was used to investigate factors associated with Plasmodium infection and anaemia within different malaria transmission zones.Results  Insecticide‐treated net (ITN) use was associated with reduction in the odds of Plasmodium infection in coastal and western highlands epidemic zones and among boys in the lakeside high transmission zone. Other risk factors for Plasmodium infection and for anaemia also varied by zone. Plasmodium infection was negatively associated with increasing socio‐economic status in all transmission settings, except in the semi‐arid north‐east zone. Plasmodium infection was a risk factor for anaemia in lakeside high transmission, western highlands epidemic and central low‐risk zones, whereas ITN use was only associated with lower levels of anaemia in coastal and central zones and among boys in the lakeside high transmission zone.Conclusions  The risk factors for Plasmodium infection and anaemia, including the protective associations with ITN use, vary according to malaria transmission settings in Kenya, and future efforts to control malaria and anaemia should take into account such heterogeneities among school children.
Performance of the new WHO diagnostic algorithm for smear‐negative pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV prevalent settings: a multisite study in Uganda
Authors: Alamo Stella‐Talisuna , Kunutsor Setor , Walley John , Thoulass Janine , Evans Morgan , Muchuro Simon , Matovu Ahmed , Katabira Elly 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjective  To compare the performance of the new WHO (2007) diagnostic algorithm for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in high HIV prevalent settings (WHO07) to the WHO 2003 guidelines used by the Ugandan National Tuberculosis Program (UgWHO03).Methods  A prospective observational cohort design was used at Reach Out Mbuya Parish HIV/AIDS Initiative, an urban slum community‐based AIDS Service Organisation (ASO) and Kayunga Rural District Government Hospital. Newly diagnosed and enrolled HIV‐infected patients were assessed for PTB. Research staff interviewed patients and staff and observed operational constraints.Results  WHO07 reduced the time to diagnosis of smear‐negative PTB with increased sensitivity compared with the UgWHO03 at both sites. Time to diagnosis of smear‐negative PTB was significantly shorter at the urban ASO than at the rural ASO (12.4 vs. 28.5 days, P = 0.003). Diagnostic specificity and sensitivity [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] for smear‐negative PTB were higher at the rural hospital compared with the urban ASO: [98% (93–100%) vs. 86% (77–92%), P = 0.001] and [95% (72–100%) vs. 90% (54–99%), P > 0.05], respectively. Common barriers to implementation of algorithms included failure by patients to attend follow‐up appointments and poor adherence by healthcare workers to algorithms.Conclusion  At both sites, WHO07 expedited diagnosis of smear‐negative PTB with increased diagnostic accuracy compared with the UgWHO03. The WHO07 expedited diagnosis more at the urban ASO but with more diagnostic accuracy at the rural hospital. Barriers to implementation should be taken into account when operationalising these guidelines for TB diagnosis in resource‐limited settings.
Canine noninflammatory alopecia: a comprehensive evaluation of common and distinguishing histological characteristics
Authors: Müntener Tabitha , Schuepbach‐Regula Gertraud , Frank Linda , Rüfenacht Silvia , Welle Monika M. 
Published: May 2012

Background – Noninflammatory alopecia is a frequent problem in dogs, and the pathogenesis is still unclear.Objective – The objective of this study was a comparative histological description of skin biopsies from dogs with different alopecic disorders and control dogs matched for coat type, season and disease duration.Animals – Twenty‐one cases of alopecia X in plush‐coated dogs, 12 cases of recurrent flank alopecia, three cases of hyperestrogenism, 15 cases of hyperadrenocorticism, 12 cases of hypothyroidism and 12 cases of primary alopecic disorders of unknown cause were evaluated. The controls were biopsies from 38 dogs of different coat types.Methods – We evaluated five serial sections of each biopsy histologically and immunohistologically to compare the histological findings within the disease groups and with the control.Results – All the dogs with hair cycle disorders had a significant increase in the number of hairless hair follicles, which we assigned to kenogen. In addition, dogs with alopecia X had the lowest percentage of anagen follicles and the highest percentage of telogen follicles.Conclusions – The marked increase in kenogen follicles is a strong indication that the induction of the new anagen phase is impaired in hair cycle disorders. The findings in dogs with alopecia X further suggest that premature catagen is also involved in the pathogenesis. Further work to investigate the stem cell compartment and possible initiating factors for the different cycle phases is required to elucidate the exact pathogenesis.
Functional neuroimaging studies of alcohol cue reactivity: a quantitative meta‐analysis and systematic review
Authors: Schacht Joseph P. , Anton Raymond F. , Myrick Hugh 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTA comprehensive understanding of the neurobiology of alcohol cue reactivity is critical in identifying the neuropathology of alcohol use disorders (AUD) and developing treatments that may attenuate alcohol craving and reduce relapse risk. Functional neuroimaging studies have identified many brain areas in which alcohol cues elicit activation. However, extant studies have included relatively small numbers of cases, with AUD of varying severity, and have employed many different cue paradigms. We used activation likelihood estimation, a quantitative, coordinate‐based meta‐analytic method, to analyze the brain areas activated by alcohol‐related cues across studies, and to examine whether these areas were differentially activated between cases and controls. Secondarily, we reviewed correlations between behavioral measures and cue‐elicited activation, as well as treatment effects on such activation. Data analyzed were from 28 studies of 679 cases and 174 controls. Among cases, alcohol cues elicited robust activation of limbic and prefrontal regions, including ventral striatum, anterior cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. As compared to controls, cases demonstrated greater activation of parietal and temporal regions, including posterior cingulate, precuneus and superior temporal gyrus. Cue‐elicited activation of ventral striatum was most frequently correlated with behavioral measures and most frequently reduced by treatment, but these results were often derived from region‐of‐interest analyses that interrogated only limbic regions. These findings support long‐standing theories of mesolimbic involvement in alcohol cue processing, but suggest that cue‐elicited activation of other brain areas may more clearly differentiate cases from controls. Prevention and treatment for AUD should consider interventions that may reduce cue‐elicited activation of these areas.
Minor and intermediate surgeries in lung transplant recipients
Authors: Kramer Mordechai R. , Krilo Yori , Fuks Leonardo , Shitrit David 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundOnly limited data exist regarding the incidence and outcome of surgical procedures following lung transplantation (LTX).MethodsA retrospective analysis of surgical procedures performed in all LTX patients (n = 250) between 1997 and 2008.ResultsOf 250 patients who underwent LTX, 68 (27.2%) required 154 surgical procedures. Mean age was 53 ± 13 yr. Mean interval between LTX and surgery was 41 ± 40 months. Mean follow‐up was 21 ± 9.4 months. Fourteen (9.1%) emergency operations were performed. Sixty patients (39%) underwent general anesthesia, 12 (7.8%) regional anesthesia, and 82 (53%) local anesthesia. Two patients required a major surgical procedure, while 76 of the procedures (49.4%) were intermediate, and 76 were minor surgeries. Only two patients (0.8%) developed complications (one infectious and one bronchospasm). One patient (0.4%) died following surgery as a result of septic shock.ConclusionsMinor and intermediate procedures can be performed safely in LTX patients without associated morbidity or mortality.
Evaluation of novel nystatin nanoemulsion for skin candidosis infections
Authors: Fernández‐Campos F. , Clares Naveros B. , López Serrano O. , Alonso Merino C. , Calpena Campmany A. C. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryOne of the most common fungal skin infections is candidosis. Topical application of drugs at the pathological sites offers potential advantage of direct drug delivery to the site of action. The main aim of this work was to evaluate an optimal nystatin nanoemulsion for topical application avoiding undesirable side effects as systemic absorption and toxicity. Surface morphology and droplet size distribution of nystatin nanoemulsion was determined by transmission electronic microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Vertical diffusion Franz‐type cells and high‐performance liquid chromatography were used to perform the in vitro release and ex vivo human skin permeation studies. Transdermal permeation parameters were estimated from the permeation values using different theoretical approaches. Microbiological studies were performed to evaluate the antifungal effect. Nanoemulsion exhibited a spherical shape with smooth surface and mean droplet size between 70 and 80 nm. The pharmacokinetic release showed the nanoemulsion is faster than commercial ointment Mycostatin® improving the potential therapeutic index. Permeation studies demonstrated nystatin was not absorbed into systemic circulation and the retained amount in the skin was sufficient to ensure an antifungal effect. This antifungal effect was higher for nystatin loaded nanoemulsion than nystatin itself. A therapeutic improvement of the nystatin nanoemulsion treatment compared with the classical ones was achieved.
Comparison of mortality outcomes after radical prostatectomy versus radiotherapy in patients with localized prostate cancer: A population‐based analysis
Authors: Abdollah Firas , Schmitges Jan , Sun Maxine , Jeldres Claudio , Tian Zhe , Briganti Alberto , Shariat Shahrokh F , Perrotte Paul , Montorsi Francesco , Karakiewicz Pierre I 
Published: May 2012

Objectives:  To compare the mortality outcomes of radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy as treatment modalities for patients with localized prostate cancer.Methods:  Our cohort consisted of 68 665 patients with localized prostate cancer, treated with radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy, between 1992 and 2005. Propensity‐score matching was used to minimize potential bias related to treatment assignment. Competing‐risks analyses tested the effect of treatment type on cancer‐specific mortality, after accounting for other‐cause mortality. All analyses were stratified according to prostate cancer risk groups, baseline Charlson Comorbidity Index and age.Results:  For patients treated with radical prostatectomy versus radiotherapy, the 10‐year cancer‐specific mortality rates were 1.4 versus 3.9% in low‐intermediate risk prostate cancer and 6.8 versus 11.5% in high‐risk prostate cancer, respectively. Rates were 2.4 versus 5.9% in patients with Charlson Comorbidity Index of 0, 2.4 versus 5.1% in patients with Charlson Comorbidity Index of 1, and 2.9 versus 5.2% in patients with Charlson Comorbidity Index of ≥2. Rates were 2.1 versus 5.0% in patients aged 65–69 years, 2.8 versus 5.5% in patients aged 70–74 years, and 2.9 versus 7.6% in patients aged 75–80 years (all P < 0.001). At multivariable analyses, radiotherapy was associated with less favorable cancer‐specific mortality in all categories (all P < 0.001).Conclusions:  Patients treated with radical prostatectomy fare substantially better than those treated with radiotherapy. Patients with high‐risk prostate cancer benefit the most from radical prostatectomy. Conversely, the lowest benefit was observed in patients with low‐intermediate risk prostate cancer and/or multiple comorbidities. An intermediate benefit was observed in the other examined categories.
Medium‐term changes in coastal bird communities in the Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: RYAN PETER G. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThere are few studies of medium‐term, quantitative changes in faunal communities in the southern hemisphere. The linear nature of coastlines makes populations of coastal birds easy to count. Repeat surveys of 278 km of coastline in three regions of the Western Cape, South Africa show marked differences in coastal bird community structure over the last 30 years, despite limited human impacts on coastal habitats (mainly increased human disturbance). The total number of birds has not changed, but species richness increased following colonization of the coast by Egyptian geese (Alopochen aegyptiaca, Anatidae) and three species of ibises (Threskiornithidae). Biomass also increased due to greater numbers of large‐bodied birds. Contrary to the prediction that large birds are more susceptible to human disturbance, most small birds decreased in abundance. Among waders that breed along the coastline, numbers of African oystercatchers (Haematopus moquini, Haematopodidae) doubled, linked to increased food availability following invasions by alien mussels (Mytilidae). By comparison, numbers of white‐fronted plovers (Charadrius marginatus, Charadriidae) decreased by 37% (59% close to Cape Town), at least in part as a result of increasing human disturbance. The greatest decreases occurred among migrant waders (Scolopacidae and Charadriidae), with numbers of the four most abundant species falling by >50%, and both common Calidris species by >90%. Migrant wader populations decreased in all three regions, irrespective of whether surveys were in protected areas or not, suggesting that factors outside the region are driving these trends. Some species may have decreased due to changes in their preferred wintering areas, but others probably reflect population decreases, confirming the generally poor conservation status of migrant waterbirds worldwide.
Leukopenia as a risk factor for osteonecrosis of the jaw in metastatic prostate cancer treated using zoledronic acid and docetaxel
Authors: Miyazaki Hideyo , Nishimatsu Hiroaki , Kume Haruki , Suzuki Motofumi , Fujimura Tetsuya , Fukuhara Hiroshi , Enomoto Yutaka , Ishikawa Akira , Igawa Yasuhiko , Hirano Yoshikazu , Homma Yukio 
Published: May 2012

Study Type – Harm (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?The common clinical practice for advanced prostatic adenocarcinoma is combination therapy of zoledronic acid (ZA) and docetaxel (TAX). Little is known about the consequences of this combination therapy with regard to osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ).This study shows that the combination therapy of ZA and TAX increases the risk of ONJ and that tooth extraction and leukopenia induced by TAX are the risk factors.OBJECTIVE
To determine whether docetaxel (TAX) can increase the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) in patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma (PC) receiving zoledronic acid (ZA), a bisphosphonate (BP) used in the treatment of patients with cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The medical records of 111 patients with PC who received ZA between September 2006 and March 2011 at our institutions were reviewed to assess the incidence and risk factors for ONJ.
RESULTS
Nine patients (8.1%) developed ONJ during a median follow‐up of 14.5 months.
Using univariate analysis we found that TAX chemotherapy (P = 0.037, hazard ratio [HR] 6.611), tooth extraction during ZA therapy (P < 0.001, HR 11.254), and high prostate‐specific antigen level (P = 0.019, HR 8.008) at the start of ZA were predictive factors.
Using multivariate analysis we found that TAX chemotherapy (P = 0.011, HR 56.35), steroid use (P = 0.044, HR = 17.795), and tooth extraction (P = 0.039, HR 7.471) were independent predictors.
Among those receiving TAX chemotherapy, multivariate analysis identified tooth extraction (P = 0.009) and nadir WBC counts <1000/µL during TAX chemotherapy (P = 0.030) as independent risk factors.
CONCLUSION
Tooth extraction and nadir WBC counts <1000/µL were found to be risk factors for ONJ in metastatic prostate cancer treated with ZA and TAX combination therapy, showing that leukopenia is an important factor in the development of ONJ.