bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influences of Precipitation on Water Mass Transformation and Deep Convection
Authors: Spall Michael A. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The influences of precipitation on water mass transformation and the strength of the meridional overturning circulation in marginal seas are studied using theoretical and idealized numerical models. Nondimensional equations are developed for the temperature and salinity anomalies of deep convective water masses, making explicit their dependence on both geometric parameters such as basin area, sill depth, and latitude, as well as on the strength of atmospheric forcing. In addition to the properties of the convective water, the theory also predicts the magnitude of precipitation required to shut down deep convection and switch the circulation into the haline mode. High-resolution numerical model calculations compare well with the theory for the properties of the convective water mass, the strength of the meridional overturning circulation, and also the shutdown of deep convection. However, the numerical model also shows that, for precipitation levels that exceed this critical threshold, the circulation retains downwelling and northward heat transport, even in the absence of deep convection.
Tuning AutoNowcaster Automatically
Authors: Lakshmanan Valliappa , Crockett John , Sperow Kenneth , Ba Mamoudou , Xin Lingyan 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
AutoNowcaster (ANC) is an automated system that nowcasts thunderstorms, including thunderstorm initiation. However, its parameters have to be tuned to regional environments, a process that is time consuming, labor intensive, and quite subjective. When the National Weather Service decided to explore using ANC in forecast operations, a faster, less labor-intensive, and objective mechanism to tune the parameters for all the forecast offices was sought. In this paper, a genetic algorithm approach to tuning ANC is described. The process consisted of choosing datasets, employing an objective forecast verification technique, and devising a fitness function. ANC was modified to create nowcasts offline using weights iteratively generated by the genetic algorithm. The weights were generated by probabilistically combining weights with good fitness, leading to better and better weights as the tuning process proceeded.The nowcasts created by ANC using the automatically determined weights are compared with the nowcasts created by ANC using weights that were the result of manual tuning. It is shown that nowcasts created using the automatically tuned weights are as skilled as the ones created through manual tuning. In addition, automated tuning can be done in a fraction of the time that it takes experts to analyze the data and tune the weights.
Flexural stiffness and composition of the batoid propterygium as predictors of punting ability
Authors: Macesic Laura J. , Summers Adam P. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARY
Elasmobranchs (sharks, skates and rays) perform at the extremes of locomotion and feeding (i.e. long migrations, high-speed swimming and durophagy). However, very little is known about their cartilaginous skeletal structure and composition in response to loading regimes. In this study, we investigated a batoid (skate and ray) appendicular skeletal element, the propterygium, and its response to forces experienced during punting (benthic pelvic fin locomotion). Punting places a flexural load on this thin, rod-like element. The goals for our study were to determine: (1) the mechanical and compositional properties of the propterygium and (2) whether these properties correlate with punting ability. Using five batoid species of varying punting ability, we employed a three-point bending test and found that propterygium flexural stiffness (33.74–180.16 Nm2) was similar to values found in bone and could predict punting ability. Variation in flexural stiffness resulted from differences in mineral content (24.4–48.9% dry mass) and the second moment of area. Propterygia material stiffness (140–2533 MPa) approached the lower limit of bone despite having less than one-third of its mineral content. This drastically lower mineral content is reflected in the radius-to-thickness ratio of the cross-section (mean ± s.e.m.=5.5±0.44), which is comparatively much higher than bony vertebrates. This indicates that elasmobranchs may have evolved skeletal elements that increase buoyancy without sacrificing mechanical properties. Our results highlight the functional parallels between a cartilaginous and bony skeleton despite dramatic compositional differences, and provide insight into how environmental factors may affect cartilaginous skeletal development.
High e-vector acuity in the polarisation vision system of the fiddler crabUca vomeris
Authors: How Martin J. , Pignatelli Vincenzo , Temple Shelby E. , Marshall N. Justin , Hemmi Jan M. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYPolarisation vision is used by a variety of species in many important tasks, including navigation and orientation (e.g. desert ant), communication and signalling (e.g. stomatopod crustaceans), and as a possible substitute for colour vision (e.g. cephalopod molluscs). Fiddler crabs are thought to possess the anatomical structures necessary to detect polarised light, and occupy environments rich in polarisation cues. Yet little is known about the capabilities of their polarisation sense. A modified polarisation-only liquid crystal display and a spherical rotating treadmill were combined to test the responses of fiddler crabs to moving polarisation stimuli. The species Uca vomeris was found to be highly sensitive to polarised light and detected stimuli differing in e-vector angle by as little as 3.2 deg. This represents the most acute behavioural sensitivity to polarised light yet measured for a crustacean. The occurrence of null points in their discrimination curve indicates that this species employs an orthogonal (horizontal/vertical) receptor array for the detection of polarised light.
Inducible tolerance to dietary protease inhibitors inDaphnia magna
Authors: von Elert Eric , Zitt Anja , Schwarzenberger Anke 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYDaphnia has been shown to acquire tolerance to cyanobacterial toxins within an animals' lifetime and to transfer this tolerance to the next generation. Here we used a strain of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, which contained two chymotrypsin inhibitors (BN920 and CP954), the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus as reference food and a clone of D. magna to investigate the physiological mechanism of acquired tolerance to these cyanobacterial toxins. The intracellular concentrations of CP954 and BN920 were 1550 and 120 μmol l–1, respectively. When food suspensions of the green alga contained &gt;60% M. aeruginosa, growth rates of D. magna were reduced. When grown on the green alga, three chymotrypsins ranging in mass from 16 to 22 kDa were distinguished in D. magna. Purified BN920 and CP954 specifically inhibited D. magna chymotrypsins. Feeding with encapsulated BN920 resulted in growth depression in D. magna and replacement of the chymotrypsins by three chymotrypsins with smaller molecular mass. With just 20% M. aeruginosa, the same changes in the chymotrypsin pattern as with the pure inhibitor were observed. IC50 values for inhibition of chymotrypsins of D. magna growing on the green alga were 5.4 nmol l–1 (BN920) and 7.4 nmol l–1 (CP954). When D. magna was grown on 20% M. aeruginosa, 2.2-fold higher IC50 values were observed. This indicated that increased tolerance to these dietary inhibitors was acquired within an animal's lifetime by remodelling the digestive chymotrypsins, which in turn serves as an intra-generational defence against these cyanobacterial inhibitors. This mechanism might be relevant for the transfer of tolerance to the next generation through maternal effects.
Seasonal variation in metabolic rate, flight activity and body size of Anopheles gambiae in the Sahel
Authors: Huestis Diana L. , Yaro Alpha S. , Traoré Adama I. , Dieter Kathryne L. , Nwagbara Juliette I. , Bowie Aleah C. , Adamou Abdoulaye , Kassogué Yaya , Diallo Moussa , Timbiné Seydou , Dao Adama , Lehmann Tovi 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARY
Malaria in Africa is vectored primarily by the Anopheles gambiae complex. Although the mechanisms of population persistence during the dry season are not yet known, targeting dry season mosquitoes could provide opportunities for vector control. In the Sahel, it appears likely that M-form A. gambiae survive by aestivation (entering a dormant state). To assess the role of eco-physiological changes associated with dry season survival, we measured body size, flight activity and metabolic rate of wild-caught mosquitoes throughout 1 year in a Sahelian locality, far from permanent water sources, and at a riparian location adjacent to the Niger River. We found significant seasonal variation in body size at both the Sahelian and riparian sites, although the magnitude of the variation was greater in the Sahel. For flight activity, significant seasonality was only observed in the Sahel, with increased flight activity in the wet season when compared with that just prior to and throughout the dry season. Whole-organism metabolic rate was affected by numerous biotic and abiotic factors, and a significant seasonal component was found at both locations. However, assay temperature accounted completely for seasonality at the riparian location, while significant seasonal variation remained after accounting for all measured variables in the Sahel. Interestingly, we did not find that mean metabolic rate was lowest during the dry season at either location, contrary to our expectation that mosquitoes would conserve energy and increase longevity by reducing metabolism during this time. These results indicate that mosquitoes may use mechanisms besides reduced metabolic rate to enable survival during the Sahelian dry season.
Room-temperature Fast Synthesis of Composition-adjustable Pt–Pd Alloy Sub-10-nm Nanoparticle Networks with Improved Electrocatalytic Activities
Authors: Hou Shuangxia , Xu You , Liu Yang , Xu Rui , Zhang Bin 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Pt–Pd alloy nanoparticle networks (Pt–Pd NN) with adjustable composition have been fast synthesized through a one-step room-temperature coreduction method in a water/ethylene glycol (EG) system. It was found that the Pt–Pd NN exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) compared with Pt nanoparticle networks (Pt NN) and commercially available Pt black.
The Effects of Charges at the N- and C-Termini of Short Peptides on Their Secondary and Self-assembled Structures
Authors: Tomizaki Kin-ya , Ikawa Tomoyo , Ahn Soo-Ang , Yamazoe Seiji , Imai Takahito 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Self-assembly of small molecules (i.e., synthetic peptides) into nanostructures is an attractive template for fabrication of nanoscaled organic–inorganic composites. In order to increase the diversity of morphologies of template nanostructures, we designed, synthesized, and characterized four different nonapeptides, and examined the effects of charge(s) at the N- and/or C-termini of the peptides on their secondary and assembled structures in water.
Electroless Deposition of Metal Micropatterns Using Ink-jetted ZnO Thin Films as Templates
Authors: Kono Hiroki , Sakai Munetoshi , Zhang Xintong , Yoshiki Hajime , Nakata Kazuya , Murakami Taketoshi , Sakai Hideki , Abe Masahiko , Fujishima Akira 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Metal (Cu and Ni) micropatterns were electrolessly fabricated on glass substrates using ink-jetted ZnO thin films as templates and without employing photoirradiation. The metal micropatterns conformed to the ZnO templates and had line widths as narrow as 45 µm. The line width depended on the wettability of the glass substrate and on the viscosity of the precursor solution of zinc nitrate and poly(vinylpyrrolidone).
Comprehensive Determination of Chlorophyll Derivatives by Chromic Acid Oxidation
Authors: Satoh Yuhi , Nomoto Shinya , Hama Takeo 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
It is difficult to measure the total amount of chlorophyll derivatives due to their variety. We applied a new method for comprehensive determination of all derivatives by ethylmethylmaleimide (EMMi) derived from chlorin which is a ring structure of chloropigments. Relationships between the amount of applied chloropigments and the yield of EMMi through the chromic acid oxidation were examined for three species of chloropigments. The yield of EMMi from chloropigments was almost constant regardless of the amount or pigment species, indicating the applicability of this method for comprehensive deterimination of chlorophyll derivatives.
Der lykische Dynast Arttumbara und seine Anhänger
Authors: Schürr Dieter 
Published: May 2012

Zusammenfassung
Der Sieg des Perikle über Arttumbara ist auf dem Relief über dem Grab des Tebursseli in Limyra dargestellt, das mit Beischriften versehen ist (TL 104). Text und Bild sprechen dafür, daß der Dynast dabei getötet wurde, die Schlacht also erst einige Zeit nach der Münze stattfand, die er im pamphylischen Side um 370 v. Chr. prägte. In Pinara ließ Ddapssmma auf seinem Sarkophag vermerken, daß er urebillaha war, „als Lykien regierte Artttumbara“ (TL 11). Bei Tlos nennt Inguwe auf seinem Sarkophag Arttumbara zwischen dem späteren karischen Dynasten Idrieus und Alexander dem Großen (TL 29). Das folgende medese bezeichnet ihn nicht als ,Meder‘, wie seit langem angenommen wird, sondern ist eine Partikelkette, die den nächsten Satz einleitet. Pajawa in Xanthos ließ auf seinem prächtigen Sarkophag vermerken, daß er im Grabbezirk des A[rttumba]ra errichtet wurde (TL 40c), so daß dieser wohl in dem Grabpfeiler beigesetzt worden war, der den Sarkophag überragt. Der Name Pajawa ist pamphylisch, so daß er mit Arttumbara aus Side nach Lykien gekommen sein dürfte. Sein offenbar hohes Amt unter Arttumbara scheint mit manaχi(-ne) bezeichnet zu sein (TL 40a–b). Das Relief auf der linken Längsseite zeigt nach der Beischrift (TL 40d) die Überreichung einer Ehrengabe des Satrapen Autophradates ,vor‘ dem Dynasten, der folglich in dem Thronenden zu erkennen sein wird. In die Zeit des Arttumbara selbst dürfte die Kultstiftung des Izraza in Tlos (TL 26) gehören, wenn auch von der charakteristischen Datierung „als Lykien regierte“ nur der Beginn erhalten ist.
Dem Anspruch nach beherrschte Arttumbara ganz Lykien, in der Praxis aber wohl nur Westlykien. Er wurde auch nicht ,König‘ (χñtawati), sondern telẽzijẽ genannt, wie schon früher der Dynast Trbbenimi auf dem Agora-Pfeiler in Xanthos. In der Überlieferung der griechischen Insel Kastellorizo vor der Küste Lykiens lebte aber zumindest noch um 1900 die Erinnerung an einen König Artumberi fort, was auf eine griechische Inschrift zurückgehen muß.
Vergangenheitsbezug in interkultureller Perspektive: Die Rhetorik der attischen Demokratie und der späten römischen Republik im Vergleich
Authors: Piepenbrink Karen 
Published: May 2012

Zusammenfassung
In der attischen Rhetorik des 4. Jh.s v. Chr. und der römischen der spätrepublikanischen Zeit wird vielfach mit historischen exempla argumentiert. In dem Beitrag wird nach strukturellen Gemeinsamkeiten sowie nach Differenzen in den Vergangenheitsbezügen gefragt. Die Befunde werden im politischen, sozialen und kulturellen Kontext interpretiert.
Cassien et les autres: les sources littéraires et les événements géologiques du 21 Juillet 365
Authors: Henry Martine 
Published: May 2012

Résumé
Les principales sources littéraires ayant mentionné le séisme et tsunami survenus en Méditerranée le 21 Juillet 365 de notre ère sont réeexaminées: Cassien, Sozomène, Théophane, Georges le Moine, Ammien Marcellin et Jérôme. L’ignorance géologique, une constante de ce dossier, a entraîné de nombreuses erreurs d’interprétation. Les sources d’information ont été très différentes. Ammien Marcellin et Jérôme ont eu accès à une source de première main cohérente qui avait observé les événements en Sicile. La place centrale accordée à la Crète par les géologues modernes n’est pas corroborée par la critique des textes, tandis que la réalité des faits à Alexandrie est sans rapport avec le nombre des mentions de cette ville. L’épicentre du séisme doit être resitué plus près du Péloponnèse.
Aesthetic Analysis of an Implant-Supported Denture at the Cleft Area
Authors: Filho Jorge Francisco Fiamengui , De Almeida Ana Lúcia Pompéia Fraga 
Published: May 2012

Objective To evaluate the aesthetics of an implant-supported denture at the cleft area, comparing the peri-implant tissues and prosthetic crown with the contralateral tooth. Settings Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Bauru, São Paolo, Brazil. Patients A total of 39 individuals of both genders, with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate, who received secondary alveolar bone graft and were rehabilitated with single implant-supported dentures at the area of the missing maxillary lateral incisor after completion of orthodontic treatment. Interventions The following parameters were analyzed in follow-up sessions: length and width of prosthetic crown and contralateral tooth, characteristics of implants, filling of interproximal space by the papilla, and smile height of the patients. Results The implant-supported prosthetic crowns were longer than the contralateral tooth ( p < .001). Among the 78 papillae analyzed, 29 (37.17%) received a score of 3; 32 (41.02%) papillae had a score of 2; and 17 (21.79%) received a score of 1. Concerning the smile height, among the 39 patients analyzed, 23 (56.41%) had a medium smile, 15 (38.46%) had a high smile, and two (5.12%) presented a low smile. Conclusion The use of dental implants to rehabilitate the edentulous cleft area is an excellent option. However, adequate evaluation of the bone quantity and quality, positioning and shape of adjacent teeth, smile height, and patient expectations should be considered to achieve success and avoid aesthetic deformities such as elongated teeth and absence of gingival papillae.
The AICPA Assurance Services Executive Committee Emerging Assurance Technologies Task Force: The Audit Data Standards (ADS) Initiative
Authors: Zhang Li , Pawlicki Amy R. , McQuilken Dorothy , Titera William R. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
Data acquisition difficulties have hindered the application of advanced audit technology and audit analytics, and accentuated the challenges to meet growing audit demands. To alleviate this problem, this paper discusses the main drivers to evolve the audit process: data standards, data access, audit applications, and continuous audit. As a joint effort between the AICPA and academia, this paper provides guidance and suggestions to internal and external auditors, as well as scholars to develop knowledge for leading edge practice (Kaplan 2011).
One-Year Clinical Evaluation of Composite Restorations in Posterior Teeth: Effect of Adhesive Systems
Authors: Sundfeld RH , Scatolin RS , Oliveira FG , Machado LS , Alexandre RS , Sundefeld MLMM 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARY
This clinical study assessed the performance of posterior composite resins applied with the Adper™ Single Bond Plus (SB) and Adper™ Scotchbond SE (SE) adhesive systems and Filtek™ Supreme Plus composite resin, using modified US Public Health Service criteria. A total of 97 restorations were placed in posterior teeth by two calibrated operators. Application of the materials followed manufacturers' instructions. The restorations were evaluated by two examiners at baseline and after one year. Statistical analyses were conducted using the proportion test at a significance level of 5% (p&lt;0.05). All the restorations evaluated (ie, 100%) received an alpha rating for the criteria of marginal discoloration and marginal integrity at baseline. At one year, for marginal discoloration, 64.6% of SB and 61.2% of SE received an alpha rating. For marginal integrity, 72.9% of SB and 77.6% of SE received an alpha rating. The other restorations received bravo ratings for both criteria. None of the teeth that received the restorative systems presented caries lesions around the restorations. A total of eight teeth presented postoperative sensitivity one week after baseline, five with SB and three with SE; the symptom had disappeared one year later. One year later, composite resin restorations using either adhesive system showed satisfactory clinical performance.
Fiber-Reinforced Framework in Conjunction with Porcelain Veneers for the Esthetic Replacement of a Congenitally Missing Maxillary Lateral Incisor: A Case Study
Authors: Benito PP , Trushkowsky RD , Magid KS , David SB 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARY
This article presents a case of a congenitally missing right maxillary lateral incisor and the contralateral incisor with discolored composite resin restorations. The technique of fiber reinforcement in conjunction with porcelain veneers was used to provide a satisfactory outcome for the patient. The key learning points of the article are the following: proper diagnosis, treatment plan and appropriate utilization of materials are mandatory for a successful result.
Ceramic Primer Heat-Treatment Effect on Resin Cement/Y-TZP Bond Strength
Authors: Silva LH , Costa AKF , Queiroz JRC , Bottino MA , Valandro LF 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARY
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different heat-treatment strategies for a ceramic primer on the shear bond strength of a 10-methacryloyloxydecyl-dihydrogen-phosphate (MDP)-based resin cement to a yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) ceramic. Specimens measuring 4.5 × 3.5 × 4.5 mm3 were produced from Y-TZP presintered cubes and embedded in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Following finishing, the specimens were cleaned using an ultrasound device and distilled water and randomly divided into 10 experimental groups (n=14) according to the heat treatment of the ceramic primer and aging condition. The strategies used for the experimental groups were: GC (control), without primer; G20, primer application at ambient temperature (20°C); G45, primer application + heat treatment at 45°C; G79, primer application + heat treatment at 79°C; and G100, primer application + heat treatment at 100°C. The specimens from the aging groups were submitted to thermal cycling (6000 cycles, 5°C/55°C, 30 seconds per bath) after 24 hours. A cylinder of MDP-based resin cement (2.4 mm in diameter) was constructed on the ceramic surface of the specimens of each experimental group and stored for 24 hours at 37°C. The specimens were submitted to a shear bond strength test (n=14). Thermal gravimetric analysis was performed on the ceramic primer. The data obtained were statistically analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test (α=0.05). The experimental group G79 without aging (7.23 ± 2.87 MPa) presented a significantly higher mean than the other experimental groups without aging (GC: 2.81 ± 1.5 MPa; G20: 3.38 ± 2.21 MPa; G100: 3.96 ± 1.57 MPa), showing no difference from G45 only (G45: 6 ± 3.63 MPa). All specimens of the aging groups debonded during thermocycling and were considered to present zero bond strength for the statistical analyses. In conclusion, heat treatment of the metal/zirconia primer improved bond strength under the initial condition but did not promote stable bonding under the aging condition.