bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TRIL, a Functional Component of the TLR4 Signaling Complex, Highly Expressed in Brain
Authors: Carpenter Susan , Carlson Thaddeus , Dellacasagrande Jerome , Garcia Amaya , Gibbons Sharon , Hertzog Paul , Lyons Anthony , Lin Lih-Ling , Lynch Marina , Monie Tom , Murphy Caroline , Seidl Katherine J. , Wells Christine , Dunne Aisling , O'Neill Luke A. J. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
TLR4 is the primary sensor of LPS. In this study, we describe for the first time TLR4 interactor with leucine-rich repeats (TRIL), which is a novel component of the TLR4 complex. TRIL is expressed in a number of tissues, most prominently in the brain but also in the spinal cord, lung, kidney, and ovary. TRIL is composed of a signal sequence, 13 leucine-rich repeats, a fibronectin domain, and a single transmembrane spanning region. TRIL is induced by LPS in the human astrocytoma cell line U373, in murine brain following i.p. injection, and in human PBMC. Endogenous TRIL interacts with TLR4 and this interaction is greatly enhanced following LPS stimulation. TRIL also interacts with the TLR4 ligand LPS. Furthermore, U373 cells stably overexpressing TRIL display enhanced cytokine production in response to LPS. Finally, knockdown of TRIL using small interfering RNA attenuates LPS signaling and cytokine production in cell lines, human PBMC, and primary murine mixed glial cells. These results demonstrate that TRIL is a novel component of the TLR4 complex which may have particular relevance for the functional role of TLR4 in the brain.
Divergent Roles of RelA and c-Rel in Establishing Chromosomal Loops upon Activation of the Igκ Gene
Authors: Liu Zhe , Ma Zhenyi , Terada Lance S. , Garrard William T. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Precise regulation of eukaryotic gene expression requires interactions between distal cis-acting regulatory sequences with the looping out of the intervening DNA, but how trans-acting regulatory proteins work to establish and maintain DNA loops during gene activation remains largely unexplored. LPS-induced transcription of the mouse Igκ gene in B lymphocytes utilizes three distal enhancers and requires the transcription factor NF-κB, whose family members include RelA and c-Rel. Using chromosome conformation capture technology in combination with chromatin immunoprecipitation, here we demonstrate that LPS-induced Igκ gene activation creates chromosomal loops by bridging together all three pairwise interactions between the distal enhancers and RNA polymerase II, the apparent molecular tie for the bases of these loops. RelA and actin polymerization are essential for triggering these processes, which do not require new transcription, protein synthesis, or c-Rel. We have thus identified both essential and nonessential events that establish higher order chromatin reorganization during Igκ gene activation.
Self‐Assembled Pb Nanostructures on Si(111) Surfaces: From Nanowires to Nanorings
Authors: Wu Rui , Zhang Yi , Pan Feng , Wang Li‐Li , Ma Xu‐Cun , Jia Jin‐Feng , Xue Qi‐Kun 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA template‐directed growth method for metals is described in which ordered arrays of super‐long single‐crystalline metal nanowires with atomic‐level‐controlled width, thickness (height), and surface location are prepared by molecular beam epitaxy. Their subsequent examination by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy is also outlined. A phase‐separated stripe pattern composed of alternately a Ge‐rich incommensurate phase and a √3 × √3 phase is first obtained by Ge deposition on Si(111) substrates. Further deposition of Pb on this patterned surface leads to a well‐ordered array of super‐long Pb nanowires. Using the same mechanism, superconducting Pb nanorings can also be fabricated. In this review of our recent work, these Pb single‐crystalline nanowires and nanorings are shown to serve as an ideal platform for the study of superconductivity in reduced dimensionalities. Furthermore, because the widths and spatial distributions of two phases can be precisely controlled by the Ge coverage and substrate temperature, and because a metal will always selectively nucleate on one of two phases, this template‐directed growth method can be applied to a wide range of metals.
Sisal fibers treated with NaOH and benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride as reinforcement of phenolic matrix
Authors: Botaro Vagner R. , Siqueira Gilberto , Megiatto Jackson D. , Frollini Elisabete 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this work, composites based on a phenolic matrix and untreated‐ and treated sisal fibers were prepared. The treated sisal fibers used were those reacted with NaOH 2% solution and esterified using benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA). These treated fibers were modified with the objective of improving the adhesion of the fiber–matrix interface, which in turn influences the properties of the composites. BTDA was chosen as the esterifying agent to take advantage of the possibility of introducing the polar and aromatic groups that are also present in the matrix structure into the surface of the fiber, which could then intensify the interactions occurring in the fiber–matrix interface. The fibers were then analyzed by SEM and FTIR to ascertain their chemical composition. The results showed that the fibers had been successfully modified. The composites (reinforced with 15%, w/w of 3.0 cm length sisal fiber randomly distributed) were characterized by SEM, impact strength, and water absorption capacity. In the tests conducted, the response of the composites was affected both by properties of the matrix and the fibers, besides the interfacial properties of the fiber–matrix. Overall, the results showed that the fiber treatment resulted in a composite that was less hygroscopic although with somewhat lower impact strength, when compared with the composite reinforced with untreated sisal fibers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Jaw Mechanics in Basal Ceratopsia (Ornithischia, Dinosauria)
Authors: Tanoue Kyo , Grandstaff Barbara S. , You Hai‐Lu , Dodson Peter 
Published: August 2009

AbstractCeratopsian dinosaurs were a dominant group of herbivores in Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems. We hypothesize that an understanding of the feeding system will provide important insight into the evolutionary success of these animals. The mandibular mechanics of eight genera of basal ceratopsians was examined to understand the variability in shape of the jaws and the early evolution of the masticatory system in Ceratopsia. Data were collected on lever arms, cranial angles and tooth row lengths. The results indicate that psittacosaurids had higher leverage at the beak and in the rostral part of the tooth row than basal neoceratopsians, but lower leverage in the caudal part of the tooth row. Although the vertebrate mandible is generally considered as a third‐class lever, that of basal neoceratopsians acted as a second‐class lever at the caudal part of the tooth row, as is also true in ceratopsids. When total input force from the mandibular adductor muscles on both sides of the skull is considered, the largest bite force in basal ceratopsian tooth rows was exerted in the caudal part of the tooth row at the caudal extremity of the zone with near‐maximum input force. Medially positioned teeth generate higher leverage than laterally positioned teeth. The largest bite force in all basal ceratopsians is smaller than the maximum input force, a limit imposed by the morphology of the basal ceratopsian masticatory system. In ceratopsids, caudal extension of the tooth row resulted in a much larger bite force, even exceeding the maximum input force. Anat Rec, 292:1352–1369, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endocranial Anatomy of Lambeosaurine Hadrosaurids (Dinosauria: Ornithischia): A Sensorineural Perspective on Cranial Crest Function
Authors: Evans David C. , Ridgely Ryan , Witmer Lawrence M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBrain and nasal cavity endocasts of four corythosaurian lambeosaurines (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) were investigated to test hypotheses of cranial crest function related to sensorineural systems. Endocasts were generated through computed tomography and three‐dimensional rendering and visualization software. The sample comprises a range of ontogenetic stages from the taxa Lambeosaurus, Corythosaurus, and Hypacrosaurus. Results show that the morphology of brain endocasts differs little from that of hadrosaurines. The strikingly convoluted nasal vestibule of Hypacrosaurus altispinus, when interpreted in the context of lambeosaurine phylogeny, suggests selective pressure for nasal cavity function independent from changes in the external shape of the crest and associated visual display function. The plesiomorphically small olfactory bulbs and apparently small olfactory region of the nasal cavity argues against the hypothesis that increased olfactory acuity played a causal role in crest evolution. The elongate cochlea of the inner ear reveals that hearing in lambeosaurines emphasized low frequencies consistent with the hypothesized low‐frequency calls made by the crests under the resonation model of crest function. The brain is relatively large in lambeosaurines compared with many other large dinosaurs, and the cerebrum is relatively larger than that of all non‐hadrosaurian ornithischians and large theropods, but compares favorably with hadrosaurine hadrosaurids as well as some maniraptoran theropods. It is concluded that the large brains of lambeosaurines are consistent with the range of social behaviors inferred when the crest is interpreted as an intraspecific signaling structure. Anat Rec, 292:1315–1337, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Thiazole and Isothiazole Derived Apomorphines
Authors: Sipos Attila , Mueller Franziska K. U. , Lehmann Jochen , Berényi Sándor , Antus Sándor 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe have presented the synthesis of novel thiazolo‐ and isothiazolo‐apomorphines 12–17 resulting–in part–from an unexpected isomerization step occurred during the acid‐catalyzed rearrangement of precursor thiazolo‐morphinandienes 3–5. These 2,3‐disubstituted apomorphines represent a new group of A‐ring substituted aporphines. The receptor binding studies revealed that with the exception of two derivatives all the tested compounds have limited affinity for dopamine‐receptor subtypes. Functional calcium assay for the most active isothiazolo‐apomorphine showed higher affinities for D1 and D2L subtypes. The docking of these ligands has been modelled to human D2 and D3 receptors. On the basis of the predicted models, we identified an important cation‐p interaction for the binding of isothiazolo‐apomorphine 16.
Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of spinal inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis: Standard clinical protocols may omit inflammatory lesions in thoracic vertebrae
Authors: Rennie Winston J. , Dhillon Suhkvinder S. , Barbara Conner‐Spady  , Maksymowych Walter P. , Lambert Robert G. W. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectiveRadiologic assessment of spinal inflammation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) relies primarily on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), although little is known about the distribution of inflammatory lesions within the structures of the spine. Our objective was to compare the distribution of inflammatory lesions centrally and laterally within the thoracic and lumbar spine vertebral bodies.MethodsWe studied 49 patients with AS who were scanned with STIR and T1‐weighted spin‐echo MRI of the whole spine. Scans were read by 2 musculoskeletal radiologists, with a third reader as the arbitrator. Controls included 6 age‐matched individuals. We recorded bone marrow edema on STIR images from each vertebral body, separately identifying central and lateral slices. The latter were defined as images that included or were lateral to the pedicle. Interreader reproducibility was assessed by kappa statistics.ResultsInflammation was present in 263 (45%) of 588 thoracic and 86 (35%) of 245 lumbar vertebrae; the mean number of affected thoracic and lumbar vertebrae per patient were 5.4 and 1.8, respectively. Inflammation was present in the lateral aspect of 219 (37%) of 588 thoracic vertebrae and 45 (18%) of 245 lumbar vertebrae (P < 0.001). Lesions were more common laterally than centrally for all thoracic vertebrae except for T7. Involvement of only the lateral slices was observed in as many as 19.6% of thoracic vertebrae.ConclusionEvaluation of spinal inflammation by MRI may omit lesions in up to 20% of inflamed thoracic vertebrae if both scanning and image assessment do not include sagittal slices that extend to the lateral edges of all vertebrae.
Disease activity and damage are not associated with increased levels of fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus patients from a multiethnic cohort: LXVII
Authors: Burgos Paula I. , Alarcón Graciela S. , McGwin Gerald , Crews Kendra Q. , Reveille John D. , Vilá Luis M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the factors associated with increased levels of fatigue over the course of the disease in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients from LUpus in MInorities: NAture versus nurture, a longitudinal multiethnic cohort.MethodsPatients with SLE (according to the American College of Rheumatology revised and updated criteria) age ≥16 years with a disease duration ≤5 years at entry into the cohort, and of Hispanic (Texan or Puerto Rican), African American, or Caucasian ethnicity were studied. The association between socioeconomic/demographic characteristics, health behaviors, behavioral and psychological, functional and clinical characteristics, and fatigue was examined using generalized estimating equations to account for the longitudinal nature of the data.ResultsA total of 515 patients (∼91% female) contributed 2,609 visits to these analyses. Of these patients, 93 (18.1%) were Texan‐Hispanic, 101 (19.6%) were Puerto Rican‐Hispanic, 169 (32.8%) were African Americans, and 152 (29.5%) were Caucasian. The mean ± SD patient age and followup time were 37.2 ± 12.6 years and 4.7 ± 3.2 years, respectively. Variables associated with increased levels of fatigue in the multivariable analyses were Caucasian ethnicity, the presence of constitutional symptoms (fever, weight loss), and higher levels of pain, abnormal illness‐related behaviors, and helplessness (P values between 0.0018 and <0.0001).ConclusionThe presence of pain, abnormal illness‐related behaviors, helplessness, and constitutional manifestations were associated with increased levels of fatigue. However, SLE‐specific measures, such as disease activity and damage, were not. Interventions aimed at decreasing fatigue need to take into account these findings.
Loss of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ in mouse fibroblasts results in increased susceptibility to bleomycin‐induced skin fibrosis
Authors: Kapoor Mohit , McCann Matthew , Liu Shangxi , Huh Kun , Denton Christopher P. , Abraham David J. , Leask Andrew 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectiveThere is increasing evidence that the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPARγ) plays an important role in controlling cell differentiation, and that PPARγ ligands can modify inflammatory and fibrotic responses. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of PPARγ in a mouse model of skin scleroderma, in which mice bearing a fibroblast‐specific deletion of PPARγ were used.MethodsCutaneous sclerosis was induced by subcutaneous injection of bleomycin, while untreated control groups were injected with phosphate buffered saline. Mice bearing a fibroblast‐specific deletion of PPARγ were investigated for changes in dermal thickness, inflammation, collagen content, and the number of α‐smooth muscle actin–positive cells. The quantity of the collagen‐specific amino acid hydroxyproline was also measured. In addition, the effect of PPARγ deletion on transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) signaling in the fibroblasts was investigated.ResultsBleomycin treatment induced marked cutaneous thickening and fibrosis in all treated mice. Deletion of PPARγ resulted in enhanced susceptibility to bleomycin‐induced skin fibrosis, as indicated by increases in all measures of skin fibrosis and enhanced sensitivity of fibroblasts to TGFβ1 in PPAR‐deficient mice.ConclusionThese results indicate that PPARγ suppresses fibrogenesis. Specific agonists of PPARγ may therefore alleviate the extent of the development of cutaneous sclerosis.
Tumor necrosis factor α and RANKL blockade cannot halt bony spur formation in experimental inflammatory arthritis
Authors: Schett Georg , Stolina Marina , Dwyer Denise , Zack Debra , Uderhardt Stefan , Krönke Gerhard , Kostenuik Paul , Feige Ulrich 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the kinetics of bony spur formation and the relationship of bony spur formation to synovial inflammation and bone erosion in 2 rat arthritis models, and to address whether bony spur formation depends on the expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) or RANKL.MethodsAnalysis of the kinetics of synovial inflammation, bone erosion, osteoclast formation, and growth of bony spurs was performed in rat collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) and adjuvant‐induced arthritis (AIA). In addition, inhibition experiments were performed to assess whether inhibition of TNFα and RANKL by pegylated soluble TNF receptor type I (pegTNFRI) and osteoprotegerin (OPG), respectively, affected bony spur formation.ResultsBony spurs emerged from the periosteal surface close to joints, and initial proliferation of mesenchymal cells was noted as early as 3 days and 5 days after onset of CIA and AIA, respectively. Initiation of bony spur formation occurred shortly after the onset of inflammation and bone erosion. Neither pegTNFRI nor OPG could significantly halt the osteophytic responses in CIA and AIA.ConclusionThese results suggest that bony spur formation is triggered by inflammation and initial structural damage in these rat models of inflammatory arthritis. Moreover, emergence of bony spurs depends on periosteal proliferation and is not affected by inhibition of either TNFα or RANKL. Bony spur formation can thus be considered a process that occurs independent of TNFα and RANKL and is triggered by destructive arthritis.
Establishment of a matrix‐associated transepithelial resistance invasion assay to precisely measure the invasive potential of synovial fibroblasts
Authors: Wunrau Christina , Schnaeker Eva‐Maria , Freyth Katharina , Pundt Noreen , Wendholt Doreen , Neugebauer Katja , Hansen Uwe , Pap Thomas , Dankbar Berno 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectiveSynovial fibroblasts (SFs) contribute to several aspects of the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and have been implicated most prominently in the progressive destruction of articular cartilage. Targeting the invasive phenotype of RASFs has therefore gained increasing attention, but the precise measurement of their invasive capacity and the evaluation of potential treatment effects constitute a challenge that needs to be addressed. This study used a novel in vitro invasion assay based on the breakdown of transepithelial electrical resistance to determine the course of fibroblast invasion into extracellular matrix.MethodsA matrix‐associated transepithelial resistance invasion (MATRIN) assay was used to assess SFs from patients with RA in comparison with SFs from patients with osteoarthritis (OA). The SFs were grown on a commercially available collagen mix that was placed onto the upper side of a Transwell polycarbonate membrane. In addition, freshly isolated cartilage extracts were studied to assess the conditions in vivo. Under this membrane, a monolayer of MDCK‐C7 cells was seeded to create a high electrical resistance.ResultsInvasion of fibroblasts into the matrix affected the integrity of the MDCK‐C7 monolayer and led to a measurable decrease and subsequent breakdown of electrical resistance. Unlike in the assay with OASFs, which did not achieve a breakdown of resistance up to 72 hours, RASFs exhibited a pronounced invasiveness in this assay, with a 50% breakdown after 42 hours. Treatment of fibroblasts with either a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor or antibodies against β1 integrin significantly reduced the invasiveness of RASFs.ConclusionThe MATRIN assay is a valuable and sensitive biologic assay system that can be used to determine precisely the invasive potential of RASFs in vitro, and thus would be suitable for screening anti‐invasion compounds.
Chemiluminescence and energy transfer mechanism of lanthanide ions in different media based on peroxomonosulfate system
Authors: Zhang Bo‐Tao , Lin Jin‐Ming 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe chemiluminescence (CL) phenomena of lanthanide (Ln) ions and their coordinate complexes in peroxomonosulfate system and the energy transfer mechanism during the process were investigated in this work. A strong and sharp CL signal was yielded when the Eu(III) or Tb(III) solution was added to the peroxymonosulfate solution. The CL intensity was greatly enhanced by 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid (DPA) ligand [maximum enhancement reached when Ln(III):DPA was 1:1] and hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride micelles. The degree of enhancement of DPA and micelles on Ln(III) CL was related to the fluorescence lifetimes of Ln(III) in different media. According to the ESR spin‐trapping experiments of 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐4‐piperidone and the specific quenching experiments of 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and sodium azide, singlet oxygen was generated though the Ln(III) ion‐catalyzed decomposition of peroxymonosulfate. From the comparisons of the fluorescence and CL spectra, lanthanide ions were the luminescence emitter and the ligand DPA absorbed the energy from singlet oxygen and transferred it to Ln(III) ions in the coordinate complexes. Micelles can enhance the CL intensity by improving intermolecular energy transfer efficiencies, removing the quenching effect of water and prolonging the lifetime of singlet oxygen. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anatomical delineation of a safety zone for drilling the internal acoustic meatus during surgery for vestibular schwanomma by retrosigmoid suboccipital approach
Authors: Gupta Tulika , Gupta Sunil Kumar 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDrilling the internal acoustic meatus (IAM) is an important step during surgical removal of vestibular schwanommas. During this maneuver, the proximity of the jugular bulb and the saccus endolymphaticus to the IAM makes these structures prone to injury. There have been studies in the past on the relationship between a high jugular bulb (HJB) and the IAM, but there is no description of a safety area available for drilling the meatus. In the present study, measurements were made between the IAM and the nearest points on the top of the jugular bulb, the saccus endolymphaticus and the petrous ridge. The incidence of a HJB was also calculated. It was found that about 5 mm of bone could be safely drilled away from the posterior lip of the IAM without damaging either the jugular bulb or the saccus endolymphaticus in most of the cases. The incidence of HJB was found to be 38.6% with 18.1% having a very high bulb. Thus, a significant proportion of patients are likely to have a HJB. Since there are significant individual variations, a preoperative radiological study for delineation of important bony landmarks is necessary in all patients undergoing surgery for vestibular schwanommas. Clin. Anat. 22:794–799, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.