bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Condensed [4‐(2,4,6‐Trimethylphenyl)‐1(2H)‐oxo‐phthalazin‐2‐yl]acetic Acid Hydrazide
Authors: El‐Hashash Maher A. , El‐Kady Ahmed Y. , Taha Mamdouh A. , El‐Shamy Ibrahim E. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSome new 1,2,4‐triazolo‐, 1,3,4‐oxadiazolo‐, 1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐, and pyrazolo‐2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl‐1(2H)‐oxo‐phthalazine derivatives were synthesized and identified by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS and elemental analysis. The new compounds were synthesized with the objective of studying their antimicrobial activity.
Effect of TAG composition on performance of low saturate shortenings in puff pastry
Authors: Garcia‐Macias Paulina , Gordon Michael H. , Frazier Richard A. , Smith Kevin , Gambelli Luisa 
Published: January 2012

AbstractFour blends formulated with low saturated fatty acid content, with the saturated component rich in stearic acid, were prepared from shea stearin, interesterified shea stearin, fully hardened soybean oil and high oleic sunflower oil in order to study their performance as shortenings in puff pastry products. The blends had a low saturated fatty acid content (30.1 ± 1.1%) compared to butter (65.9%). Saturates in the four blends examined came mainly from SSS, SOS, SSO and SOO. Puff pastry prepared from the blend that contained SOS as the main source of saturates had better properties than the other blends. It was similar to butter in compressibility of the baked product. The β‐polymorphic form was present in all blends, although blends containing the highest levels of SSS also showed some β′ crystals.
Optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of linseed oil using RSM
Authors: Ivanov Dušica S. , Čolović Radmilo R. , Lević Jovanka D. , Sredanović Slavica A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to develop a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method, suitable for extraction of total oil content from linseed, and to be used as a preparative technique for fatty acid determination. Optimum conditions (volume of added ethanol as a co‐solvent, dynamic extraction time (DET), and pressure) were predicted in order to obtain the maximum yield of the extract. Response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite rotatable design (CCRD) were used for modeling the process. Variable values ranged as follows: co‐solvent 0–1 mL, DET 36–60 min, and pressure 45.57–62.05 MPa (6000–9000 psi). Effects of co‐solvent volume and extraction pressure were well described by simplified polynomial equation (R2 = 0.85), since DET had no significant influence (p>0.05) on the extract yield. The maximum yield of oil, calculated from experimental results, was obtained with 1 mL of co‐solvent, and pressure of 62.05 MPa. Optimized conditions were used for extraction of oil from four samples of linseed, ground to pass through 1, 2, 3, and 4 mm‐sieve, to determine adequate granulation for SFE. Finally, results for yield and fatty acid composition of the extract obtained using SFE were compared with the results of Soxhlet extraction.Practical applications: The obtained extracts can be used for fatty acid analysis, since they have not been damaged and their fatty acid compositions have not been degraded by reagents or aggressive extraction conditions. It is shown that the selection of appropriate milling equipment for grinding of samples is necessary to achieve adequate granulation and avoid fractionation of sample.
Equivalent linearization of non‐linear soil‐structure systems
Authors: Esmaeilzadeh Seylabi Elnaz , Jahankhah Hossein , Ali Ghannad Mohammad 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYThe concept of equivalent linearization, in which the actual nonlinear structure is replaced by an equivalent linear single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) system, is extended for soil‐structure systems in order to consider the simultaneous effects of soil‐structure interaction (SSI) and inelastic behavior of the structure on equivalent linear parameters (ELP). This is carried out by searching over a two‐dimensional equivalent period–equivalent damping space for the best pair, which can predict the earthquake response of the inelastic soil‐structure system with sufficient accuracy. The super‐structure is modeled as an elasto‐plastic SDOF system whereas the soil beneath the structure is considered as a homogeneous half‐space and is replaced by a discrete model. An extensive parametric study is carried out for a wide range of soil‐structure systems subjected to a suite of 59 ground motions. The effect of SSI on ELP is studied through introducing a set of non‐dimensional key parameters, which define the soil‐structure system. It is shown that ELP of soil‐structure systems result from a trade‐off between SSI effect and nonlinear behavior of the structure. The contribution of each of these two factors depends on the characteristics of the soil‐structure system which, in turn, are defined by the introduced non‐dimensional key parameters. Moreover, the reliability of the predicted response of soil‐structure systems and its sensitivity to deviation from optimal ELP is studied in detail, which sheds light on the consequences of using improper pairs of ELP for interacting systems in the framework of performance‐based design of structures. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing carrageenan‐induced locomotor activity impairment in rats: Comparison with evoked endpoint of acute inflammatory pain
Authors: Zhu C.Z. , Mills C.D. , Hsieh G.C. , Zhong C. , Mikusa J. , Lewis L.G. , Gauvin D. , Lee C‐H. , Decker M.W. , Bannon A.W. , Rueter L.E. , Joshi S.K. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackgroundMost animal models currently used to evaluate antinociceptive efficacy of analgesics rely on the assessment of evoked pain behaviours as primary endpoints.MehtodsHere, we have developed and characterized the carrageenaninduced locomotor activity impairment (CLAIM) model to objectively assess non‐evoked inflammatory pain behaviour in rats. In this model, 100 µL of 1% carrageenan was subcutaneously injected into the plantar aspect of the right hind paw and exploratory behaviour in the novel testing chamber was recorded using an automated locomotor activity system.ResultsCarrageenan‐injected animals exhibited an exploratory behavioural deficit 2–7 h following injection compared to saline‐injected animals. The severity of impairment was carrageenan dose related, and sensitive to the light intensity in the testing room. The effects of standard analgesics on CLAIM were examined 2 or 3 h following carrageenan injection. Diclofenac and ibuprofen, in a dose range exerting no effect on locomotor activity in naïve rats, exhibited dose‐related reversal of CLAIM (ED50 = 1.5 and 5.0 mg/kg, respectively), with comparable efficacy on carrageenan‐induced thermal hyperalgesia (ED50 = 2.0 and 6.0 mg/kg, respectively). Gabapentin and duloxetine produced no reversal of CLAIM, or attenuation of thermal hyperalgesia. Efficacy discrepancy was noted for morphine on thermal hyperalgesia and CLAIM. Additionally, amphetamine dose dependently reversed CLAIM, and similarly increased locomotor activity in normal animals.Discussion and ConclusionThe results presented here demonstrate that CLAIM provides an objective assessment of non‐evoked pain behaviours for acute inflammatory pain. The pharmacological profile of standard analgesics supports that CLAIM model can be used to identify agents to treat acute inflammatory pain in the clinic.
Metaboloepigenetics: Interrelationships between energy metabolism and epigenetic control of gene expression
Authors: Donohoe Dallas R. , Bultman Scott J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDiet and energy metabolism affect gene expression, which influences human health and disease. Here, we discuss the role of epigenetics as a mechanistic link between energy metabolism and control of gene expression. A number of key energy metabolites including SAM, acetyl‐CoA, NAD+, and ATP serve as essential co‐factors for many, perhaps most, epigenetic enzymes that regulate DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modifications, and nucleosome position. The relative abundance of these energy metabolites allows a cell to sense its energetic state. And as co‐factors, energy metabolites act as rheostats to modulate the activity of epigenetic enzymes and upregulate/downregulate transcription as appropriate to maintain homeostasis. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3169–3177, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Math anxiety, self‐efficacy, and ability in British undergraduate nursing students
Authors: McMullan Miriam , Jones Ray , Lea Susan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractNurses need to be able to make drug calculations competently. In this study, involving 229 second year British nursing students, we explored the influence of mathematics anxiety, self‐efficacy, and numerical ability on drug calculation ability and determined which factors would best predict this skill. Strong significant relationships (p < .001) existed between anxiety, self‐efficacy, and ability. Students who failed the numerical and/or drug calculation ability tests were more anxious (p < .001) and less confident (p ≤ .002) in performing calculations than those who passed. Numerical ability made the strongest unique contribution in predicting drug calculation ability (beta = 0.50, p < .001) followed by drug calculation self‐efficacy (beta = 0.16, p = .04). Early testing is recommended for basic numerical skills. Faculty are advised to refresh students' numerical skills before introducing drug calculations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 35:178–186, 2012
Optimisation of Ultrasound‐assisted Extraction of Puerarin and Total Isoflavones from Puerariae Lobatae Radix (Pueraria lobata (Wild.) Ohwi) with Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Wu Yanfang , Wang Xinsheng , Fan Enguo 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTIntroductionIsoflavones, particularly puerarin, are a group of important components from Puerariae Lobatae Radix (PLR) which show diverse pharmacological activities, therefore giving rise to the development of various extraction methods. Ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) has been explored for isoflavone extraction from PLR as it provides higher extraction efficiency compared with traditional methods.ObjectiveTo optimise the UAE conditions for puerarin and total isoflavone extraction from PLR using response surface methodology (RSM).MethodologySamples were prepared by use of ultrasound‐assisted extraction, and then subjected to HPLC analysis. Box–Behnken Design (BBD), a widely used form of RSM, was used for the optimisation of the UAE process.ResultsThe effects of ethanol concentration, extraction time and the solvent‐to‐material ratio on the yields of puerarin and total isoflavones were investigated. The Box–Behnken experimental results demonstrate that optimal extraction was obtained with an ethanol concentration of 71.35%, an extraction time of 49.08 min and a solvent‐to‐material ratio of 21.72 for puerarin, and an ethanol concentration of 80.00%, an extraction time of 55.00 min and a solvent‐to‐material ratio of 12.81 for total isoflavones. The yields of puerarin and total isoflavones were 41 ± 0.63 mg/g and 128 ± 0.82 mg/g, respectively, under the optimised extraction conditions, which are in agreement with the values predicted by the RSM.ConclusionThe RSM allows for optimising the extraction parameters such that maximum extraction of puerarin and total isoflavones was achieved experimentally. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A systematic review of validated methods for identifying atrial fibrillation using administrative data
Authors: Jensen Paul N. , Johnson Karin , Floyd James , Heckbert Susan R. , Carnahan Ryan , Dublin Sascha 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTPurposeThe objectives of this study were to characterize the validity of algorithms to identify AF from electronic health data through a systematic review of the literature and to identify gaps needing further research.MethodsTwo reviewers examined publications during 1997–2008 that identified patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) from electronic health data and provided validation information. We abstracted information including algorithm sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV).ResultsWe reviewed 544 abstracts and 281 full‐text articles, of which 18 provided validation information from 16 unique studies. Most used data from before 2000, and 10 of 16 used only inpatient data. Three studies incorporated electronic ECG data for case identification or validation. A large proportion of prevalent AF cases identified by ICD‐9 code 427.31 were valid (PPV 70%–96%, median 89%). Seven studies reported algorithm sensitivity (range, 57%–95%, median 79%). One study validated an algorithm for incident AF and reported a PPV of 77%.ConclusionsThe ICD‐9 code 427.31 performed relatively well, but conclusions about algorithm validity are hindered by few recent data, use of nonrepresentative populations, and a disproportionate focus on inpatient data. An optimal contemporary algorithm would likely draw on inpatient and outpatient codes and electronic ECG data. Additional research is needed in representative, contemporary populations regarding algorithms that identify incident AF and incorporate electronic ECG data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mini‐Sentinel's systematic reviews of validated methods for identifying health outcomes using administrative and claims data: methods and lessons learned
Authors: Carnahan Ryan M. , Moores Kevin G. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTPurposeTo overview the methods used in the Mini‐Sentinel systematic reviews of validation studies of algorithms to identify health outcomes in administrative and claims data and to describe lessons learned in the development of search strategies, including their ability to identify articles from previous systematic reviews which used different search strategies.MethodsLiterature searches were conducted using PubMed and the citation database of the Iowa Drug Information Service. Embase was searched for some outcomes. The searches were based on a strategy developed by the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) researchers. All citations were reviewed by two investigators. Exclusion criteria were applied at abstract and full‐text review stages to ultimately identify algorithm validation studies that used data sources from the USA or Canada, as the results of these studies were considered most likely to generalize to Mini‐Sentinel data. Nonvalidated algorithms were reviewed if fewer than five algorithm validation studies were identified.ResultsThe results of this project are described in the separate articles and reports written on algorithms to identify each outcome of interest.ConclusionsThe Mini‐Sentinel systematic reviews of algorithms to identify health outcomes in administrative and claims data are expected to be relatively complete, despite some limitations. Algorithm validation studies are inconsistently indexed in PubMed, creating challenges in conducting systematic reviews of these studies. Google Scholar searches, which can perform text word searches of electronically available articles, are suggested as a strategy to identify studies that are not captured through searches of standard citation databases. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using high‐dimensional propensity scores to automate confounding control in a distributed medical product safety surveillance system
Authors: Rassen Jeremy A. , Schneeweiss Sebastian 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTDistributed medical product safety monitoring systems such as the Sentinel System, to be developed as a part of Food and Drug Administration's Sentinel Initiative, will require automation of large parts of the safety evaluation process to achieve the necessary speed and scale at reasonable cost without sacrificing validity. Although certain functions will require investigator intervention, confounding control is one area that can largely be automated. The high‐dimensional propensity score (hd‐PS) algorithm is one option for automated confounding control in longitudinal healthcare databases. In this article, we discuss the use of hd‐PS for automating confounding control in sequential database cohort studies, as applied to safety monitoring systems. In particular, we discuss the robustness of the covariate selection process, the potential for over‐ or under‐selection of variables including the possibilities of M‐bias and Z‐bias, the computation requirements, the practical considerations in a federated database network, and the cases where automated confounding adjustment may not function optimally. We also outline recent improvements to the algorithm and show how the algorithm has performed in several published studies. We conclude that despite certain limitations, hd‐PS offers substantial advantages over non‐automated alternatives in active product safety monitoring systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A protocol for active surveillance of acute myocardial infarction in association with the use of a new antidiabetic pharmaceutical agent
Authors: Fireman Bruce , Toh Sengwee , Butler Melissa G. , Go Alan S. , Joffe Hylton V. , Graham David J. , Nelson Jennifer C. , Daniel Gregory W. , Selby Joe V. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTPurposeTo describe a protocol for active surveillance of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in users of a recently approved oral antidiabetic medication, saxagliptin, and to provide the rationale for decisions made in drafting the protocol.MethodsA new‐user cohort design is planned for evaluating data from at least four Mini‐Sentinel data partners from 1 August 2009 (following US Food and Drug Administration's approval of saxagliptin) through mid‐2013. New users of saxagliptin will be compared in separate analyses with new users of sitagliptin, pioglitazone, long‐acting insulins, and second‐generation sulfonylureas. Two approaches to controlling for confounding will be evaluated: matching by exposure propensity score and stratification by AMI risk score. The primary analyses will use Cox regression models specified in a way that does not require pooling of patient‐level data from the data partners. The Cox models are fit to summarized data on risk sets composed of saxagliptin users and similar comparator users at the time of an AMI. Secondary analyses will use alternative methods including Poisson regression and will explore whether further adjustment for covariates available only at some data partners (e.g., blood pressure) modifies results.ResultsThe results of this study are pending.ConclusionsThe proposed protocol describes a design for surveillance to evaluate the safety of a newly marketed agent as postmarket experience accrues. It uses data from multiple partner organizations without requiring sharing of patient‐level data and compares alternative approaches to controlling for confounding. It is hoped that this initial active surveillance project of the Mini‐Sentinel will provide insights that inform future population‐based surveillance of medical product safety. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Study on the Triazole Crosslinked Polymeric Binder Based on Glycidyl Azide Polymer and Dipolarophile Curing Agents
Authors: Min Byoung Sun , Park Young Chul , Yoo Ji Chang 
Published: January 2012

AbstractInstead of using urethane curing systems, which have long been used as solid propellants, a triazole curing system has been introduced into a new binder recipe in which azide groups in the polymer react with triple bonds of a dipolarophile curing agent. Commercially available glycidyl azide polymers (GAP) were used and an aliphatic curing agent, bispropargyl succinate (BPS), as well as an aromatic curing agent, 1,4‐bis(1‐hydroxypropargyl)benzene (BHPB), were synthesized as dipolarophile curing agent. Together with networks prepared under the triazole curing system, the networks under dual curing systems, which consist of an isocyanate curing agent and a dipolarophile curing agent, were prepared. Through swelling experiments, solubility parameters and crosslinking densities of the triazole crosslinked networks were determined by using Gee’s theory and Flory–Rhener theory. The mechanical properties of the triazole crosslinked networks were also investigated with different contents of the dipolarophile curing agent, along with the type of dipolarophile curing agent. The networks prepared under the triazole curing system did not show good mechanical properties. However, GAP‐based networks prepared under a dual curing system showed excellent mechanical properties with only a small amount of dipolarophile curing agent used. The effects of BPS and BHPB on the mechanical properties of the networks were much more distinguishable in networks prepared under a dual curing system rather than a single curing system.
Ballistic transport through a semiconducting magnetic nanocontact in the presence of Rashba and Dresselhaus spin–orbit interactions
Authors: Fallahi V. , Ghanaatshoar M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe study the magnetoresistance (MR) of a one‐dimensional electron gas in a ferromagnetic semiconducting nanocontact containing an atomic‐size domain wall, and in the presence of the Rashba and the Dresselhaus spin–orbit interactions. The MR is calculated in the ballistic regime, within the Landauer–Büttiker formalism. It is shown that, the Dresselhaus spin–orbit interaction which is the result of bulk‐induced inversion asymmetry makes a reduction in the domain wall MR. In contrast, the Rashba coupling may lead to a negative or positive change in the domain wall MR, depending on the Fermi energy and the lateral confinement potentials which can be induced by both parabolic lateral confinement and lateral gate potentials.
Survey of advances in guidance, navigation, and control of unmanned rotorcraft systems
Authors: Kendoul Farid 
Published: January 2012

AbstractRecently, there has been growing interest in developing unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) with advanced onboard autonomous capabilities. This paper describes the current state of the art in autonomous rotorcraft UAS (RUAS) and provides a detailed literature review of the last two decades of active research on RUAS. Three functional technology areas are identified as the core components of an autonomous RUAS. Guidance, navigation, and control (GNC) have received much attention from the research community, and have dominated the UAS literature from the nineties until now. This paper first presents the main research groups involved in the development of GNC systems for RUAS. Then it describes the development of a framework that provides standard definitions and metrics characterizing and measuring the autonomy level of a RUAS using GNC aspects. This framework is intended to facilitate the understanding and the organization of this survey paper, but it can also serve as a common reference for the UAS community. The main objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive survey of RUAS research that captures all seminal works and milestones in each GNC area, with a particular focus on practical methods and technologies that have been demonstrated in flight tests. These algorithms and systems have been classified into different categories and classes based on the autonomy level they provide and the algorithmic approach used. Finally, the paper discusses the RUAS literature in general and highlights challenges that need to be addressed in developing autonomous systems for unmanned rotorcraft. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.