bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing a Theory of Missions in Serampore
Authors: Coker Joe L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper explores the evolution of the mission theory of William Carey and his compatriots over the course of their careers and reevaluates the lasting impact that these changes had upon Protestant missions to India in the nineteenth century. During their first two decades in Serampore, Carey, Ward, and Marshman reevaluated and modified their understanding of what they considered to be the best "means for the conversion of the heathens." This article follows the development from Carey's early emphasis upon evangelism and translation work to the increasing emphasis that the trio placed upon education during the first decades of the nineteenth century. Struck by the realization that European efforts at preaching and translating were insufficient to accomplish the mammoth task of converting all of India to Christ, Carey and company turned to education as the best hope for the long-term success of their mission. An examination of efforts made by William Ward to elicit financial support for these new educational undertakings, however, reveals the difficulty they faced in trying to convince supporters in England and America to rethink their approach to missions. Despite recent revisionist critiques of the significance of the Serampore mission for missions theory, this paper concludes that the development of a broader understanding of"means" in Serampore laid an important foundation for all other missions to India that followed.
Ecumenical Church and Religious Conversion
Authors: Pachuau Lalsangkima 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this article, Lalsangkima Pachuau responds to contemporary accusations in India that Christian missionaries are forcing conversions, and thereby turning Indians away from their culture. While the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to "propagate" religion, and therefore to accept the movement from one religion (e.g. Hinduism) to another (e.g. Christianity), what is important to understand that "conversion" is not primarily a call to move from one religion to another--much less to abandon one's culture--but is a movement away from self and the "world" toward God. Conversion understood as "changing religions" is much more the product of seventeenth and eighteenth century evangelicalism than it is a true understanding of the Bible. Mission is always about conversion, and entails the invitation to enter the Christian community; such invitation, however, should always be distinguished from a proselytism that only focuses on a change of religious allegiance.
The Holy Spirit and Mission in Some Contemporary Theologies of Mission
Authors: Smith Susan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn 1990, Pope John Paul II spoke of the Spirit as "the principal agent of mission," a statement that can provoke a variety of perceptions of the contemporary practice of mission. In this article I wish to show how the mission of the Spirit enjoys chronological and spatial priority over the mission of Jesus through an examination of the work of some contemporary theologians. An emphasis on the chronological and spatial priority of the Spirit opens up, first, new possibilities for those who favor interreligious dialogue rather than an emphasis on proclamation and proselytization as privileged ways of being missionary. Second, it offers support to women who have long experienced the negative impact of androcentric Christologies in both church and society. Third, the universal presence of the Spirit in creation is an invitation for contemporary women and men to redefine their relationship to the rest of creation, for the Spirit's immanence in all creation should call for a retreat from exploitative attitudes to nature. Fourth, the energizing and vivifying power of the Spirit could challenge that institutional inertia that can encourage the church to think of church expansion and growth as the legitimate goal of missionary activity. But to speak of the Spirit as "the principal agent of mission" also requires that we need to redefine our understanding of the relationship between the Spirit and the Jesus of history. This redefinition is important, for to move from a narrow Christocentrism or theocentrism to a theology of mission that could appear to delink the Spirit from the Father and Son in favor of understanding the Spirit as a "cosmic force," a "cosmic energy" is as limiting as the problem it tries to resolve.
Integrating Inner-Healing Into Missions Education
Authors: Cheng Maynor Clara 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this article, Meynor Clara Cheng reviews cross-cultural stress and emotional bruises, four common damaged emotions, three models of inner healing, and a checklist of possible issues needing to be addressed in inner-healing ministry. Dr. Cheng explains how new missionaries are vulnerable to low self-esteem. Using David Seamand's writings as her framework, she identifies the common damaged emotions and the causes of emotional bruises. The four major common damaged emotions identified are a sense of unworthiness, a perfectionist complex, supersensitivity, and depression. These damaged emotions can be capsulized in one phrase:"low self-esteem." The five common causes of emotional bruises are parent-child relationship, conditional parental love, cultural overemphasis on being strong, sexual abuse, and faulty Christian concepts. Nevertheless, the parent-child relationship and the response to inflicted hurt are the two main factors in emotional bruises. Those who train missionaries should be knowledgeable of various approaches to inner healing so that they will have their own compatible model(s) of inner healing to use with their students. However, the author contends that intimacy with God, the Word of God, appropriation of the cross, and cooperation with the work of the Holy Spirit represent the essential dynamics and approaches in inner-healing.
"You Are Light of the World": a Missiological Focus for the Sermon On the Mount in Matthew
Authors: Olley John W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAlthough the words of Jesus, "You are the light of the world," are much used in missiological contexts, there has been surprisingly little attention given to their significance in the gospel of Matthew. This article argues that their position, at the beginning of the Sermon on the Mount, intentionally placed between the beatitudes and Jesus' words about "righteousness," provides a missiological focus for the Sermon, and for the whole teaching of Jesus.
Pentecostal and Charismatic Reshaping of the African Religious Landscape in the 1990s
Authors: Kalu Ogbu 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this arcticle, Nigerian Ogbu Kalu utilizes two broad models that emphasize how religion reinvents daily life and culture, and how it does so by utilizing signals of transcendence in the sphere of human existence. Kalu argues that religion needs to be examined as a central category of cultural practice in which lived lives embody an evolving religious understanding of the ultimate meaning of life. Sociologists of religion may miss the driving force of religious power in religious movements by paying too much attention to functions of such movements in social structures. In all these, culture is the contested space. Kalu develops his argument by highlighting seven areas to illustrate the salience of the Penteocstal movement in reshaping cultures and religious landscapes: re-invention of self and life journey, daily life in the domestic domain, arts and aesthetics, communication, the individual and community at the social domain, religious life and public space.
Religious Experience and the Necessity of Mission
Authors: Hwang Chang-Sun 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article aims to show that one of the recent trends in missionary work, namely, the evasion or even the abandonment of traditional mission (i.e. evangelization for conversion) is, from the viewpoint of religion and philosophical hermeneutics, unsound. Consequently, the article argues that mission as evangelization is both natural and necessary. Nevertheless, mission as evangelization for conversion implies neither rejection of other ways of doing mission, including interreligious dialogue, nor the regression toward an imperialist approach. Two criteria for establishing or critiquing Christian paradigms of mission are developed-religious experience and the necessity of mission.
Mental Health Service Users’ Perceptions and Experiences of Sedation, Seclusion and Restraint
Authors: Mayers Pat , Keet Nelleke , Winkler Gunter , Flisher Alan J. 
Published: January 2010

Background: Sedation, seclusion or restraint are recognized methods of containing a person experiencing an acute psychotic episode with behavioural disturbance which has not responded to verbal or non-sedating pharmacological interventions. These interventions pose significant ethical and practical challenges to service providers who are responsible for safeguarding the human rights of mental health service users. Aims: In a collaborative two-phase study between mental health care providers and mental health service users, the perceptions and experiences of a group of service users who have been exposed to sedation, seclusion and restraint were explored. Method: A focus group was conducted with eight service users. The content of the focus group was transcribed and themes were identified using thematic analysis. These were presented to a second focus group consisting of eight other service users for validation and comment. Based on the results of the focus groups, a questionnaire was developed and administered to a convenience sample of 43 service users in three localities. Results: Service users reported inadequate communication between them and service providers and perceived that their human rights had been infringed during acute episodes of illness. Methods of containment were often seen as punitive rather than therapeutic. Sedation was most frequently used and was considered to be least distressing. Observing methods of forced/involuntary containment caused further distress. Conclusions: There is a need to humanize service users’ experiences during episodes of acute illness. Measures should include prevention of human rights abuses; minimization of isolation and distress; improvement of communication between service providers and service users; and promotion of attitudinal changes which reflect respect for other people’s dignity.
Spinal manipulation compared with back school and with individually delivered physiotherapy for the treatment of chronic low back pain: a randomized trial with one-year follow-up
Authors: Cecchi Francesca , Molino-Lova Raffaello , Chiti Massimiliano , Pasquini Guido , Paperini Anita , Conti Andrea A , Macchi Claudio 
Published: January 2010

Objective: To compare spinal manipulation, back school and individual physiotherapy in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Design: Randomized trial, 12-month follow-up. Setting: Outpatient rehabilitation department. Participants: 210 patients with chronic, non-specific low back pain, 140/210 women, age 59 ± 14 years. Interventions: Back school and individual physiotherapy scheduled 15 1-hour-sessions for 3 weeks. Back school included: group exercise, education/ ergonomics; individual physiotherapy: exercise, passive mobilization and soft-tissue treatment. Spinal manipulation, given according to Manual Medicine, scheduled 4 to 6 20’-sessions once-a-week. Outcome: Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (scoring 0-24) and Pain Rating Scale (scoring 0-6) were assessed at baseline, discharge 3, 6, and 12 months. Results: 205 patients completed the study. At discharge, disability score decreased by 3.7 ± 4.1 for back school, 4.4 ± 3.7 for individual physiotherapy, 6.7 ± 3.9 for manipulation; pain score reduction was 0.9 ± 1.1, 1.1 ± 1.0, 1.0 ± 1.1, respectively. At 12 months, disability score reduction was 4.2 ± 4.8 for back school, 4.0 ± 5.1 for individual physiotherapy, 5.9 ± 4.6 for manipulation; pain score reduction was 0.7 ± 1.2, 0.4 ± 1.3, and 1.5 ± 1.1, respectively. Spinal manipulation was associated with higher functional improvement and long-term pain relief than back school or individual physiotherapy, but received more further treatment at follow-ups (P<0.001); pain recurrences and drug intake were also reduced compared to back school (P <0.05) or individual physiotherapy (P <0.001). Conclusions: Spinal manipulation provided better short and long-term functional improvement, and more pain relief in the follow-up than either back school or individual physiotherapy.
An original field evaluation test for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease population: the six-minute stepper test
Authors: Borel Benoit , Fabre Claudine , Saison Sylvain , Bart Frédéric , Grosbois Jean-Marie 
Published: January 2010

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate a new field test, the six-minute stepper test (6-MST), by studying its reproducibility, sensitivity and validity. Methods: After a familiarization test, 16 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 15 healthy subjects performed two six-minute stepper tests per day over three evaluation days. Ten of the 16 patients with COPD also performed a six-minute walking test (6-MWT) with an analysis of gas exchange to compare the metabolic requirements of the two tests. Dyspnoea Borg values were evaluated with Borg’s CR-10 scale. Results: The mean (SD) scores for the COPD group for the first and second six-minute stepper tests were 382.49 (106.01) and 412.45 (118.39) strokes/6 minutes, respectively. Crossed comparison between the first or the second six-minute stepper tests of each evaluation day revealed no significant difference, indicating the reproducibility of the test. The sensitivity was demonstrated by a significantly higher performance in the healthy group (P<0.001), demonstrating the ability of the test to detect two groups with different fitness levels. Finally, mean dyspnoea Borg values (SD) were significantly lower (P<0.05) during the six-minute stepper test than during 6-MWT (2.5 (1.5) versus 3.1 (1.2)). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the six-minute stepper test is a reproducible, sensitive, secure, well-tolerated and feasible test for patients with COPD. The reproducibility and sensitivity of the six-minute stepper test suggests that this test could be used in the evaluation of exercise tolerance in patients with COPD.
Imaging and Ultrasound-Guided Steroid Injection of Internal Oblique Muscle Strains in Baseball Pitchers
Authors: Stevens Kathryn J. , Crain Jana M. , Akizuki Kenneth H. , Beaulieu Christopher F. 
Published: January 2010

Background Internal oblique muscle injuries are common in professional baseball pitchers and may require a prolonged convalescence of up to 10 weeks. Most strains can be diagnosed clinically, but imaging can be helpful to assess the severity of injury, which may predict recovery and return to play. Hypothesis Ultrasound-guided injection of steroid and local anesthetic into the muscle tear can speed recovery and subsequent return to play. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Three professional baseball pitchers with acute tears of the internal oblique muscle confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging underwent ultrasound-guided injection of steroid and local anesthetic. Results All 3 patients experienced significant pain relief within a few days of the injection and were able to pitch at full speed within 3 weeks of injury (mean, 21 days) and return to able status by 5 weeks (mean, 30.7 days). The 3 athletes continue to pitch in Major League Baseball 36 months, 36 months, and 14 months, respectively, after injury, and none have sustained reinjury during this time. Conclusion Therapeutic injection of steroids and anesthetic under ultrasound guidance appears to speed recovery and rehabilitation in professional baseball pitchers with acute side strains.
Relationship between Low Back Pain and Competitive Sports Activities during Youth
Authors: Hangai Mika , Kaneoka Koji , Okubo Yu , Miyakawa Shumpei , Hinotsu Shiro , Mukai Naoki , Sakane Masataka , Ochiai Naoyuki 
Published: January 2010

Background Low back pain is a significant problem not only for the adult, but also during youth. However, the relationship between low back pain during youth and the duration or types of competitive sports has not been clarified. Hypothesis Low back pain during youth is associated with the duration and types of competitive sports. Study Design Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Study participants were 4667 new university students who, from 2004 to 2006, answered a questionnaire concerning low back pain and their participation in competitive sports. The participants were divided into a “no” group (NO), a middle group (MID), and a high group (HI) based on the duration of participation in competitive sports. The answers to the questionnaire were analyzed using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test. Furthermore, we selected students who had participated in the same sport for 5 or more years and categorized the students according to the type of sport. Differences in low back pain among the groups were analyzed using logistic regression with the NO group as the reference group. Results There were statistically significant linear associations in the NO, MID, and HI groups, with 50.0%, 61.8%, and 71.7%, respectively, of the students experiencing low back pain. Among the NO, MID, and HI groups, 4.4%, 5.7%, 9.6%, respectively, had experienced school absence due to low back pain; and 4.0%, 8.5%, and 14.6%, respectively had low back pain with associated lower extremity pain and numbness. All 8 sports groups that were analyzed had experienced low back pain significantly higher than the NO group, and the odds ratios differed by sport with the highest (3.8) for the volleyball group. Conclusion Excessive exposure to competitive sports activities during youth was associated with low back pain and symptoms in the lower extremities, with the severity varying with the sport. To reduce low back pain in youth, factors that may be causing low back pain, such as sport-specific postures and motions, need to be investigated.
Attenuation of isoproterenol-induced cardiac fibrosis in transgenic rats harboring an angiotensin-(1-7)-producing fusion protein in the heart
Authors: Ferreira Anderson J. , Castro Carlos H. , Guatimosim Silvia , Almeida Pedro W.M. , Gomes Enéas R.M. , Dias-Peixoto Marco Fabrício , Alves Márcia N.M. , Fagundes-Moura Cristiane R. , Rentzsch Brit , Gava Elisandra , Almeida Alvair P. , Guimarães Alexandre M. , Kitten Gregory T. , Reudelhuber Timothy , Bader Michael , Santos Robson A.S. 
Published: January 2010

Objective: It has been shown that Ang-(1-7) has cardioprotective actions. To directly investigate the effects of Ang-(1-7) specifically in the heart, we generated and characterized transgenic (TG) rats which express an Ang-(1-7)-producing fusion protein driven by the α-MHC promoter. Methods and Results: After microinjection of the transgene into fertilized rat zygotes, we obtained four different transgenic lines. Homozygous animals were analyzed with regard to the expression profile of the transgene by ribonuclease protection assay. Transgene expression was detected mainly in the heart with weak or no expression in other organs. Heterozygous TG(hA-1-7)L7301 rats presented a significant increase in cardiac Ang-(1-7) concentration compared with control rats (17.1±2.1 versus 3.9±1.4 pg/mg protein in SD rats). Radiotelemetry analysis revealed that TG rats presented no significant changes in blood pressure and heart rate compared with normal rats. Overexpression of Ang-(1-7) in the heart produced slight improvement in resting cardiac function (+ dT/dt: 81530±1305.0 versus 77470±345.5 g/s bpm in SD rats, p < 0.05), which was in keeping with the enhanced [Ca2+] handling observed in cardiomyocytes of TG rats. TG(hA-1-7)L7301 rats also showed a greater capacity to withstand stress since TG rats showed a less pronounced deposition of collagen type III and fibronectin induced by isoproterenol treatment in the subendocardial area than in corresponding controls. In addition, hearts from TG rats showed reduced incidence and duration of reperfusion arrhythmias in comparison with SD rats. Conclusion: These results indicate that Ang-(1-7) has blood pressure-independent, antifibrotic effects, acting directly in the heart.
Leukemia-initiating cells from some acute myeloid leukemia patients with mutated nucleophosmin reside in the CD34− fraction
Authors: Taussig David C. , Vargaftig Jacques , Miraki-Moud Farideh , Griessinger Emmanuel , Sharrock Kirsty , Luke Tina , Lillington Debra , Oakervee Heather , Cavenagh Jamie , Agrawal Samir G. , Lister T. Andrew , Gribben John G. , Bonnet Dominique 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are believed to be restricted to the CD34+ fraction. However, one of the most frequently mutated genes in AML is nucleophosmin (NPM), and this is associated with low CD34 expression. We, therefore, investigated whether NPM-mutated AMLs have LICs restricted to the CD34+ fraction. We transplanted sorted fractions of primary NPM-mutated AML into immunodeficient mice to establish which fractions initiate leukemia. Approximately one-half of cases had LICs exclusively within the CD34− fraction, whereas the CD34+ fraction contained normal multilineage hematopoietic repopulating cells. Most of the remaining cases had LICs in both CD34+ and CD34− fractions. When samples were sorted based on CD34 and CD38 expression, multiple fractions initiated leukemia in primary and secondary recipients. The data indicate that the phenotype of LICs is more heterogeneous than previously realized and can vary even within a single sample. This feature of LICs may make them particularly difficult to eradicate using therapies targeted against surface antigens.
Prediction of microRNAs affecting mRNA expression during retinal development
Authors: Arora Amit , Guduric-Fuchs Jasenka , Harwood Laura , Dellett Margaret , Cogliati Tiziana , Simpson David A 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules (~22 nucleotides) which have been shown to play an important role both in development and in maintenance of adult tissue. Conditional inactivation of miRNAs in the eye causes loss of visual function and progressive retinal degeneration. In addition to inhibiting translation, miRNAs can mediate degradation of targeted mRNAs. We have previously shown that candidate miRNAs affecting transcript levels in a tissue can be deduced from mRNA microarray expression profiles. The purpose of this study was to predict miRNAs which affect mRNA levels in developing and adult retinal tissue and to confirm their expression.

Results
Microarray expression data from ciliary epithelial retinal stem cells (CE-RSCs), developing and adult mouse retina were generated or downloaded from public repositories. Analysis of gene expression profiles detected the effects of multiple miRNAs in CE-RSCs and retina. The expression of 20 selected miRNAs was confirmed by RT-PCR and the cellular distribution of representative candidates analyzed by in situ hybridization. The expression levels of miRNAs correlated with the significance of their predicted effects upon mRNA expression. Highly expressed miRNAs included miR-124, miR-125a, miR-125b, miR-204 and miR-9. Over-expression of three miRNAs with significant predicted effects upon global mRNA levels resulted in a decrease in mRNA expression of five out of six individual predicted target genes assayed.

Conclusions
This study has detected the effect of miRNAs upon mRNA expression in immature and adult retinal tissue and cells. The validity of these observations is supported by the experimental confirmation of candidate miRNA expression and the regulation of predicted target genes following miRNA over-expression. Identified miRNAs are likely to be important in retinal development and function. Misregulation of these miRNAs might contribute to retinal degeneration and disease. Conversely, manipulation of their expression could potentially be used as a therapeutic tool in the future.