bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic social observation of children’s neighborhoods using Google Street View: a reliable and cost‐effective method
Authors: Odgers Candice L. , Caspi Avshalom , Bates Christopher J. , Sampson Robert J. , Moffitt Terrie E. 
Published: June 2012

Background:  Children growing up in poor versus affluent neighborhoods are more likely to spend time in prison, develop health problems and die at an early age. The question of how neighborhood conditions influence our behavior and health has attracted the attention of public health officials and scholars for generations. Online tools are now providing new opportunities to measure neighborhood features and may provide a cost effective way to advance our understanding of neighborhood effects on child health.Method:  A virtual systematic social observation (SSO) study was conducted to test whether Google Street View could be used to reliably capture the neighborhood conditions of families participating in the Environmental‐Risk (E‐Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study. Multiple raters coded a subsample of 120 neighborhoods and convergent and discriminant validity was evaluated on the full sample of over 1,000 neighborhoods by linking virtual SSO measures to: (a) consumer based geo‐demographic classifications of deprivation and health, (b) local resident surveys of disorder and safety, and (c) parent and teacher assessments of children’s antisocial behavior, prosocial behavior, and body mass index.Results:  High levels of observed agreement were documented for signs of physical disorder, physical decay, dangerousness and street safety. Inter‐rater agreement estimates fell within the moderate to substantial range for all of the scales (ICCs ranged from .48 to .91). Negative neighborhood features, including SSO‐rated disorder and decay and dangerousness corresponded with local resident reports, demonstrated a graded relationship with census‐defined indices of socioeconomic status, and predicted higher levels of antisocial behavior among local children. In addition, positive neighborhood features, including SSO‐rated street safety and the percentage of green space, were associated with higher prosocial behavior and healthy weight status among children.Conclusions:  Our results support the use of Google Street View as a reliable and cost effective tool for measuring both negative and positive features of local neighborhoods.
Social influence on sustainable consumption: evidence from a behavioural experiment
Authors: Salazar Helen Arce , Oerlemans Leon , van Stroe‐Biezen Saskia 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAlthough social influence on consumers’ behaviour has been recognized and documented, the vast majority of empirical consumer studies about sustainable products considers mainly, if not only, individual characteristics (socio‐demographic attributes, individual environmental attitudes, etc.), to explain the decision to buy sustainable products. Making use of experimental methods, this paper studies the social influence that peer groups like colleagues, family and friends may exert in the decision to choose for environmentally friendly products rather than conventional ones. We also test for different types of social influence, in particular for ‘herd behaviour’ vs. ‘social learning’. In our experimental setting, the relevance of peer effects is corroborated. We find clear evidence for ‘herd behaviour’ and the data indirectly support the presence of ‘social learning’ effects. The results also suggest heterogeneous impact of specific social groups.
Melasma in men
Authors: Vachiramon Vasanop , Suchonwanit Poonkiat , Thadanipon Kunlawat 
Published: June 2012

SummaryMelasma is an acquired hypermelanosis that results in localized hyperpigmentation, commonly found on the face. This condition is much more common in women than men. There are some features of melasma in men that seem to differ from those seen in women. However, there is a paucity of data on this topic. The aim of this article is to review the etiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of melasma in men. It is important for dermatologists to understand some unique aspects of melasma in this group to provide appropriate care for patients who suffer from this frustrating condition.
Subcision for treatment of rolling acne scars in Iraqi patients: a clinical study
Authors: AL‐Dhalimi Muhsin A , Arnoos Ahmad A 
Published: June 2012

SummaryBackground  Acne scarring is a common dermatologic problem causing a great cosmetic disfigurement. Subcision is one of the effective modalities for treatment of rolling acne scars.Objective  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of subcision for rolling acne scars in Iraqi patients.Patients and Methods  Forty patients (21 males and 19 females) with moderate to severe grades of facial rolling acne scars were enrolled in this study. Subcision was done for all patients. Patients were followed up at 2, 6, 12 weeks, and 6 months after the last session. The response to treatment was evaluated by objective and subjective methods.Results  Thirty‐four patients completed the study and follow up period. Eight of them were complaining of severe and 26 of moderate grade of acne scars. At the end of the study, 18 (52.94%) patients had mild grade, 15 (44.11%) patients had moderate grade, and one (2.92%) patient had severe grade. This change was statistically highly significant (P‐value = 0.0000001). The average scar score before treatment was 13.264 ± 1.675; and it improved to 9.47 ± 2.71 after 6 months (P‐value = 0.0000001). Regarding the photographic assessment, the difference in the visual analogue scale before and after the treatment was statistically highly significant (P‐value = 0.0000001). All patients were satisfied regarding the improvement after treatment with varying degrees. All reported side‐effects were mild and transient.Conclusion  Subcision is a safe, easy to perform, well‐tolerated, and valuable surgical technique for treatment of rolling acne scars.
Dietary restriction attenuates age‐associated muscle atrophy by lowering oxidative stress in mice even in complete absence of CuZnSOD
Authors: Jang Young C. , Liu Yuhong , Hayworth Christopher R. , Bhattacharya Arunabh , Lustgarten Michael S. , Muller Florian L. , Chaudhuri Asish , Qi Wenbo , Li Yan , Huang Jing‐Yi , Verdin Eric , Richardson Arlan , Van Remmen Holly 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAge‐related loss of muscle mass and function, sarcopenia, has a major impact on the quality of life in the elderly. Among the proposed causes of sarcopenia are mitochondrial dysfunction and accumulated oxidative damage during aging. Dietary restriction (DR), a robust dietary intervention that extends lifespan and modulates age‐related pathology in a variety of species, has been shown to protect from sarcopenia in rodents. Although the mechanism(s) by which DR modulates aging are still not defined, one potential mechanism is through modulation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. To directly test the protective effect of DR against oxidative stress–induced muscle atrophy in vivo, we subjected mice lacking a key antioxidant enzyme, CuZnSOD (Sod1) to DR (60% of ad libitum fed diet). We have previously shown that the Sod1−/− mice exhibit an acceleration of sarcopenia associated with high oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and severe neuromuscular innervation defects. Despite the dramatic atrophy phenotype in the Sod1−/− mice, DR led to a reversal or attenuation of reduced muscle function, loss of innervation, and muscle atrophy in these mice. DR improves mitochondrial function as evidenced by enhanced Ca2+ regulation and reduction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, we show upregulation of SIRT3 and MnSOD in DR animals, consistent with reduced mitochondrial oxidative stress and reduced oxidative damage in muscle tissue measured as F2‐isoprostanes. Collectively, our results demonstrate that DR is a powerful mediator of mitochondrial function, mitochondrial ROS production, and oxidative damage, providing a solid protection against oxidative stress–induced neuromuscular defects and muscle atrophy in vivo even under conditions of high oxidative stress.
Equity Analysts and the Market's Assessment of Risk
Authors: LUI DAPHNE , MARKOV STANIMIR , TAMAYO ANE 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe traditional view of equity analysts is that they are a source of new information about future cash flows. We broaden this view by demonstrating that equity analysts are also a substantive source of new information about priced risk. In particular, we document that, when announced, changes in analyst risk ratings distinctly and significantly affect equity returns, and are generally followed by significant changes in Fama–French factor loadings. Also, while less frequent than credit rating changes, equity risk rating changes are timelier, and with a larger overall stock price impact than credit rating changes.
RECOVER evidence and knowledge gap analysis on veterinary CPR. Part 7: Clinical guidelines
Authors: Fletcher Daniel J. , Boller Manuel , Brainard Benjamin M. , Haskins Steven C. , Hopper Kate , McMichael Maureen A. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Rush John E. , Smarick Sean D. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo present a series of evidence‐based, consensus guidelines for veterinary CPR in dogs and cats.DesignStandardized, systematic evaluation of the literature, categorization of relevant articles according to level of evidence and quality, and development of consensus on conclusions for application of the concepts to clinical practice. Questions in five domains were examined: Preparedness and Prevention, Basic Life Support, Advanced Life Support, Monitoring, and Post‐Cardiac Arrest Care. Standardized worksheet templates were used for each question, and the results reviewed by the domain members, by the RECOVER committee, and opened for comments by veterinary professionals for 4 weeks. Clinical guidelines were devised from these findings and again reviewed and commented on by the different entities within RECOVER as well as by veterinary professionals.SettingAcademia, referral practice and general practice.ResultsA total of 74 worksheets were prepared to evaluate questions across the five domains. A series of 101 individual clinical guidelines were generated. In addition, a CPR algorithm, resuscitation drug‐dosing scheme, and postcardiac arrest care algorithm were developed.ConclusionsAlthough many knowledge gaps were identified, specific clinical guidelines for small animal veterinary CPR were generated from this evidence‐based process. Future work is needed to objectively evaluate the effects of these new clinical guidelines on CPR outcome, and to address the knowledge gaps identified through this process.
Metabolic map and bioactivation of the anti‐tumour drug noscapine
Authors: Fang Zhong‐Ze , Krausz Kristopher W , Li Fei , Cheng Jie , Tanaka Naoki , Gonzalez Frank J 
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Noscapine is a promising anti‐tumour agent. The purpose of the present study was to describe the metabolic map and investigate the bioactivation of noscapine.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics was used to analyse the in vitro incubation mixtures, urine and faeces samples from mice treated with noscapine. Recombinant drug‐metabolizing enzymes were employed to identify those involved in noscapine metabolism. Hepatic GSH levels and serum biochemistry were also carried out to determine reactive metabolites of noscapine.KEY RESULTS Several novel phase I metabolites of noscapine were detected after oral gavage of mice, including an N‐demethylated metabolite, two hydroxylated metabolites, one metabolite undergoing both demethylation and cleavage of the methylenedioxy group and a bis‐demethylated metabolite. Additionally, several novel glucuronides were detected, and their structures were elucidated through MS/MS fragmentology. Recombinant enzymes screening showed the involvement of several cytochromes P450, flavin‐containing mono‐oxygenase 1 and the UDP‐glucuronosyltransferases UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9 and UGT2B7, in noscapine metabolism. In vitro glutathione trapping revealed the existence of an ortho‐quinone reactive intermediate formed through further oxidation of a catechol metabolite. However, this bioactivation process of noscapine does not occur in vivo. Similar to this result, altered glutathione levels in liver and serum biochemistry revealed no evidence of hepatic damage, thus indicating that, at least in mice, noscapine does not induce hepatotoxicity through bioactivation.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS A comprehensive metabolic map and bioactivation evaluation provides important information for the development of noscapine as an anti‐tumour drug.
Modulation of gastrointestinal function by MuDelta, a mixed µ opioid receptor agonist/ µ opioid receptor antagonist
Authors: Wade PR , Palmer JM , McKenney S , Kenigs V , Chevalier K , Moore BA , Mabus JR , Saunders PR , Wallace NH , Schneider CR , Kimball ES , Breslin HJ , He W , Hornby PJ 
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND & PURPOSE Loperamide is a selective µ opioid receptor agonist acting locally in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract as an effective anti‐diarrhoeal but can cause constipation. We tested whether modulating µ opioid receptor agonism with δ opioid receptor antagonism, by combining reference compounds or using a novel compound (‘MuDelta’), could normalize GI motility without constipation.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH MuDelta was characterized in vitro as a potent µ opioid receptor agonist and high‐affinity δ opioid receptor antagonist. Reference compounds, MuDelta and loperamide were assessed in the following ex vivo and in vivo experiments: guinea pig intestinal smooth muscle contractility, mouse intestinal epithelial ion transport and upper GI tract transit, entire GI transit or faecal output in novel environment stressed mice, or four weeks after intracolonic mustard oil (post‐inflammatory). Colonic δ opioid receptor immunoreactivity was quantified.KEY RESULTS δ Opioid receptor antagonism opposed µ opioid receptor agonist inhibition of intestinal contractility and motility. MuDelta reduced intestinal contractility and inhibited neurogenically‐mediated secretion. Very low plasma levels of MuDelta were detected after oral administration. Stress up‐regulated δ opioid receptor expression in colonic epithelial cells. In stressed mice, MuDelta normalized GI transit and faecal output to control levels over a wide dose range, whereas loperamide had a narrow dose range. MuDelta and loperamide reduced upper GI transit in the post‐inflammatory model.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS MuDelta normalizes, but does not prevent, perturbed GI transit over a wide dose‐range in mice. These data support the subsequent assessment of MuDelta in a clinical phase II trial in patients with diarrhoea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome.
Spectrum of toxic hepatitis following intentional paraquat ingestion: analysis of 187 cases
Authors: Yang Chin‐Jung , Lin Ja‐Liang , Lin‐Tan Dan‐Tzu , Weng Cheng‐Hao , Hsu Ching‐Wei , Lee Shen‐Yang , Lee Shwu‐Hua , Chang Chia‐Ming , Lin Wey‐Ran , Yen Tzung‐Hai 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIntroductionThis retrospective observational study examined the clinical features, the degrees of toxic hepatitis, physiological markers and clinical outcomes after intentional paraquat poisoning and sought to determine what association, if any, might exist between these findings.MethodsA total of 187 patients were referred for management of intentional paraquat ingestion between 2000 and 2010. Patients were categorized into two groups according to their hepatic complication, i.e. with (N = 87) or without (N = 100) toxic hepatitis. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were obtained for analysis. Mortality rates were also analysed.ResultsIt was found that patients with toxic hepatitis were younger (39.7 ± 13.7 vs 44.2 ± 16.6 year old, P = 0.046), and suffered from greater incidences of acute respiratory failure (63.2 vs 48.0%, P = 0.037) and acute renal failure (75.9 vs 56.0%, P = 0.004) than patients without hepatitis. The hospitalization period was longer in patients with hepatitis than without hepatitis (16.2 ± 14.6 vs 11.2 ± 12.1 days, P = 0.012), even though there was no difference in mortality rate between both groups (56.3 vs 53.0%, P = 0.649). Notably, the symptoms of toxic hepatitis developed within 6.7 ± 6.3 days of exposure to paraquat with aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 138 ± 156 U/L, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 127 ± 114 U/L and total bilirubin 2.7 ± 2.6 mg/dL. The hepatitis peaked at 9.5 ± 8.8 days with AST 125 ± 139 U/L, ALT 183 ± 181 U/L and total bilirubin 3.2 ± 3.6 mg/dL. Nevertheless, the symptoms resolved within 17.3 ± 9.8 days of paraquat exposure, and none of the patients died of hepatic complication.ConclusionsA substantial proportion of paraquat patients suffered from hepatic complication (46.52%), but the spectrum of hepatitis in these patients seemed mild and transient.
Evolution of Variations in the Common Pattern of Stomatogenesis in Peritrich Ciliates: Evidence from a Comparative Study Including a New Description of Stomatogenesis in Pseudepistylis songi Peng et al.,
Authors: Wang Hongliang , Clamp John C. , Shi Xinlu , Utz Laura R. P. , Liu Guijie 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe stomatogenesis of peritrich ciliates is an important developmental process but has been studied relatively little for such a large, diverse taxon. Complex oral structures and an inability of staining techniques to reveal them clearly have been the major factors hindering investigation of this process. In the present study, an improved method of staining with protargol was used to investigate the entire process of stomatogenesis in a large, colonial species of peritrich, Pseudepistylis songi, and to compare it to descriptions of stomatogenesis in several other species. We found that P. songi and other peritrichs have the same general type of ophryobuccokinetal stomatogenesis, with the parental oral complex being inherited by one daughter and the new oral complex by the other daughter; however, some differences between individual taxa appear to have arisen in the course of evolution. Reorganization of the entire germinal kinety (Gk) to form the germinal anlage may be plesiomorphic, with restriction of reorganization to its abstomal part being apomorphic. Development of the entire new haplokinety of one daughter cell (2Hk) from the germinal band or its homologue also appears to be plesiomorphic, with development of peristomial and infundibular parts of 2Hk from separate rudiments being apomorphic. Furthermore, development of the new Gk of the parental oral complex (1Gk) from the entire infundibular part of the parental haplokinety (1Hk) may be plesiomorphic, and development from just the abstomal part may be apomorphic. Finally, development of the Gk of the new oral complex (2Gk) from residual kinetosomes of the germinal band appears to be plesiomorphic.
Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma shows a distinct miRNA expression profile and reveals differences from tumor‐stage mycosis fungoides
Authors: Benner Marchina F. , Ballabio Erica , van Kester Marloes S. , Saunders Nigel J. , Vermeer Maarten H. , Willemze Rein , Lawrie Charles H. , Tensen Cornelis P. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe miRNA expression profiles of skin biopsies from 14 primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (C‐ALCL) patients were analysed with miRNA microarrays using the same control group of 12 benign inflammatory dermatoses (BID) as previously used to study the miRNA expression profile of tumor‐stage mycosis fungoides (MF). We identified 13 differentially expressed miRNAs between C‐ALCL and BID. The up‐regulation of miR‐155, miR‐27b, miR‐30c and miR‐29b in C‐ALCL was validated by miRNA‐Q‐PCR on independent study groups. Additionally, the miRNA expression profiles of C‐ALCL were compared with those of tumor‐stage MF. Although miRNA microarray analysis did not identify statistically significant differentially expressed miRNAs, miRNA‐Q‐PCR demonstrated statistically significantly differential expression of miR‐155, miR‐27b, miR‐93, miR‐29b and miR‐92a between tumor‐stage MF and C‐ALCL. This study, the first describing the miRNA expression profile of C‐ALCL, reveals differences with tumor‐stage MF, suggesting a different contribution to the pathogenesis of these lymphomas.
Salivary gland hypofunction induced by activation of innate immunity is dependent on type I interferon signaling
Authors: Nandula Seshagiri‐Rao , Dey Paromita , Corbin Kathryn L. , Nunemaker Craig S. , Bagavant Harini , Deshmukh Umesh S. 
Published: June 2012

Background:  Activation of innate immunity through polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] causes acute salivary gland hypofunction. As a major consequence of poly(I:C) treatment is type I interferon (IFN) production, this study was undertaken to investigate their role in salivary gland dysfunction.Methods:  Different strains of mice deficient in either interferon alpha receptor (IFNAR1−/−) or IL‐6−/−, or IL‐10−/−, or EBI3−/− were treated with poly(I:C). Salivary gland function was determined by measuring pilocarpine‐induced saliva volume. Gene expression levels were measured by real‐time PCR. Ca2+ mobilization studies were performed using ex‐vivo acinar cells.Results:  A single injection of poly(I:C) rapidly induced salivary gland hypofunction in wild‐type B6 mice (41% drop in saliva volumes compared to PBS‐treated mice). In contrast, the loss of function in poly(I:C)‐treated IFNAR−/− mice was only 9.6%. Gene expression analysis showed reduced levels of Il‐6, Il‐10, and Il‐27 in submandibular glands of poly(I:C)‐treated IFNAR−/− mice. While salivary gland dysfunction in poly(I:C)‐treated IL‐10−/− and EBI3−/− mice was comparable to wild‐type mice, the IL‐6−/− mice were more resistant, with only a 21% drop in function. Pilocarpine‐induced Ca2+ flux was significantly suppressed in acinar cells obtained from poly(I:C)‐treated wild‐type mice.Conclusions:  Our data demonstrate that a combined action of type I IFNs and IL‐6 contributes toward salivary gland hypofunction. This happens through interference with Ca2+ mobilization within acinar cells. Thus, in acute viral infections and diseases like Sjögren’s syndrome, elevated levels of type I IFNs and IL‐6 can directly affect glandular function.
Employment of Young Adults With Disabilities in Dubai—A Case Study
Authors: Alborno Nadera , Gaad Eman 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe authors investigated the implementation of the United Arab Emirates Federal Law regarding the employment of people with disabilities. They used a case study evaluation of an employment program initiated by a private national landscaping company in Dubai providing training and employment opportunities for young adults with varied physical and intellectual disabilities. The study examined the effects of the program since its inception in 2006, evaluating it with respect to employees' productivity and their psychological, behavioral, and professional development as well as the impact of the program on the work environment and the society in general. The methodology employed a qualitative social constructivist paradigm where the intent was to develop an in‐depth exploration of a central phenomenon. The findings showed that the program was successful in offering 36 adults with various physical and intellectual disabilities the opportunity of sustainable employment and provided each one of them with a source of livelihood, a chance for building social contacts, and more importantly self‐esteem—which is a main construct in empowering people with disabilities to integrate in their communities.