bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observing earth’s sodium and atomic oxygen dayglow emissions 1This article is part of a Special Issue that honours the work of Dr. Donald M. Hunten FRSC who passed away in December 2010 after a very illustrious career.
Authors: Shepherd Gordon G. 
Published: August 2012

The observation of sodium emission in the twilight upper atmosphere was the leading edge of the study of metals in the upper atmosphere, and its quantitative measurement and analysis were pioneered by Donald M. Hunten. He extended these early observations into the daytime, the sodium dayglow, including rocket observations of this phenomenon. More than fifty years later the amount of information on this subject has grown enormously through LIDAR observations, laboratory measurements, and extensive modeling. The author’s participation in those early measurements inspired him to undertake observations of the atomic oxygen dayglow, first from the ground, and then from orbit with the WINDII instrument on NASA’s Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. The parallels between the Na and O dayglows are described and reviewed, including in particular the methods of observation. Very recent results on the atomic oxygen O(1S) dayglow are presented, showing the influence of the DE3 nonmigrating tide reaching from the troposphere to 250 km altitude in the thermosphere.
Re-evaluation of thermosphere heating by solar EUV and UV radiation 1This article is part of a Special issue that honours the work of Dr. Donald M. Hunten FRSC who passed away in December 2010 after a very illustrious career.
Authors: Richards P.G. 
Published: August 2012

This paper presents a new calculation of neutral gas heating by solar extreme ultraviolet and ultraviolet radiation with updated solar irradiances and photochemistry. It is found that the heating rate of the neutral gas is significantly different from some previous determinations. Neutral gas heating arises from the many exothermic chemical reactions that take place from the ions and excited species created by energetic electrons. The calculations show that less than half the energy initially deposited ends up heating the neutral gases. The rest is radiated or lost in the dissociation of O2 because the O atoms do not recombine in the thermosphere above 100 km. At high altitudes, the heating rates are sensitive to the thermal electron density and long-lived species. The calculations show that, while most of the energy is deposited at low altitudes, the heating per neutral particle is greatest at high altitudes. This paper also examines the consequences of different thermal electron cooling rates to O2 vibration and O fine structure. Although there are large differences between the individual rates, the overall cooling rates have similar magnitudes and there is little effect on the calculated electron temperature. The concept of the neutral gas heating efficiency is a useful way of capturing the flow of energy in the thermosphere and was used in early global models to reduce computation. It is defined at a particular altitude as the rate of energy transferred to the neutral gas divided by the energy deposited rate at that altitude. The heating efficiency peaks at about 0.5 just below 200 km altitude. The heating efficiency is relatively insensitive to the solar input and thermosphere conditions when plotted against pressure rather than altitude coordinates and when thermal electron heating is calculated separately.
Excited oxygen states in the Venus nightglow 1This article is part of a Special Issue that honours the work of Dr. Donald M. Hunten FRSC who passed away in December 2010 after a very illustrious career.
Authors: Slanger T.G. 
Published: August 2012

In the absence of solar radiation, the most common photoexcitation process in the terrestrial planets results from atom recombination. Thus, in the Mars and Venus atmospheres recombination of O(3P) + O(3P) and O(3P) + N(4S) leads to emissions of excited states of O2 and NO, respectively. However, in the Earth’s atmosphere there are ionospheric emissions that depend on interactions of charged species, for example, the oxygen red and green lines arising from dissociative recombination (DR) of [Formula: see text]. In the case of the CO2 planets, the predominant ionospheric ion is also [Formula: see text], so that in principle DR is important in that environment, where the markers would also be the red and green lines. Whether these can be detected depends on DR rates and the radiating efficiencies of these species. In this report we discuss the history of green line detection in the Venus nightglow as well as the observations of excited O2 molecules, and the lack of appearance of the O2 (b–X) Atmospheric 0–0 band.
Vibrational populations of near-ultraviolet O2 band systems in the night airglow 1This article is part of a Special issue that honours the work of Dr. Donald M. Hunten FRSC who passed away in December 2010 after a very illustrious career.
Authors: Gattinger R.L. , McDade I.C. , Broadfoot A.L. , Evans W.F.J. , Stegman J. , Llewellyn E.J. 
Published: August 2012

Observations of the limb night airglow spectrum from 250 to 475 nm, emitted from the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere, are compared with model spectra. Data from the Arizona GLO-1 imaging spectrograph and the OSIRIS spectrograph are combined to form the observed mean airglow spectrum; a tabulated version of this spectrum is included. Model spectra of the individual O2 Herzberg I, II, and III, Chamberlain, and Slanger band systems are combined to simulate the observed mean spectrum. Franck–Condon relative band intensities are used to form a series of basis functions for the upper vibrational levels in each band system. These functions are fitted to the observed airglow spectrum with a least-squares method, the relative vibrational populations are derived and discussed.
RECENT RESULTS FROM ATLAS AND CMS ON HIGGS, SUPERSYMMETRY AND PHYSICS BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL SEARCHES
Authors: NAHN STEVE , TSYBYCHEV DMITRI 
Published: August 2012

This article has been retracted. A statement of retraction is published in Int. J. Mod. Phys. A, Volume 28, Issue 16 (2013) http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0217751X13930019. A new version of this article will be published in Int. J. Mod. Phys. A, Volume 28, Issue 16 (2013) Article No. 1330026, DOI: S0217751X13300263.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Shp2 (Ptpn11) Plays an Important Role in Maintenance of Chromosome Stability
Authors: Liu Xia , Zheng Hong , Qu Cheng-Kui 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Both activating and inactivating mutations in protein tyrosine phosphatase Ptpn11 (encoding Shp2) are associated with tumorigenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that Shp2 plays an important role in mitosis, dysregulation of which results in chromosome instability and cancer predisposition. Depletion of Shp2 compromised the mitotic checkpoint. Shp2-depleted cells exhibited a delay in mitotic entry and an earlier mitotic exit. Moreover, Shp2 deficiency caused defective kinetochore-microtubule attachment, chromosome misalignment, chromosomal congression defects, lagging chromosomes, and chromosome missegregation. Reintroduction of wild-type Shp2, but not a catalytically deficient mutant, restored the checkpoint function and chromosome alignment at metaphase in Shp2-deficient cells, establishing a requirement for the catalytic activity of Shp2 during mitosis. Further analyses revealed that Shp2 was required for the optimal activation of the mitotic kinases PLK1 and Aurora B and thereby the proper kinetochore localization and phosphorylation of BubR1, a core mitotic checkpoint protein that is also critical for chromosome alignment. Together, our findings show a previously unrecognized role for Shp2 in the maintenance of chromosome stability and suggest a new mechanism by which dysregulation of Shp2 signaling contributes to malignancy development. Cancer Res; 72(20); 5296–306. ©2012 AACR.
Activation of IL-6R/JAK1/STAT3 Signaling Induces De Novo Resistance to Irreversible EGFR Inhibitors in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer with T790M Resistance Mutation
Authors: Kim Sun Mi , Kwon Oh-Joon , Hong Yun Kyoung , Kim Joo Hang , Solca Flavio , Ha Sang-Jun , Soo Ross A. , Christensen James G. , Lee Ji Hyun , Cho Byoung Chul 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The secondary T790M mutation in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the major mechanism of acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although irreversible EGFR TKIs, such as afatinib or dacomitinib, have been introduced to overcome the acquired resistance, they showed a limited efficacy in NSCLC with T790M. Herein, we identified the novel de novo resistance mechanism to irreversible EGFR TKIs in H1975 and PC9-GR cells, which are NSCLC cells with EGFR T790M. Afatinib activated interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R)/JAK1/STAT3 signaling via autocrine IL-6 secretion in both cells. Inhibition of IL-6R/JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway increased the sensitivity to afatinib. Cancer cells showed stronger STAT3 activation and enhanced resistance to afatinib in the presence of MRC5 lung fibroblasts. Blockade of IL-6R/JAK1 significantly increased the sensitivity to afatinib through inhibition of afatinib-induced STAT3 activation augmented by the interaction with fibroblasts, suggesting a critical role of paracrine IL-6R/JAK1/STAT3 loop between fibroblasts and cancer cells in the development of drug resistance. The enhancement of afatinib sensitivity by inhibition of IL-6R/JAK1/STAT3 signaling was confirmed in in vivo PC9-GR xenograft model. Similar to afatinib, de novo resistance to dacomitinib in H1975 and PC9-GR cells was also mediated by dacomitinib-induced JAK1/STAT3 activation. Taken together, these findings suggest that IL-6R/JAK1/STAT3 signaling can be a potential therapeutic target to enhance the efficacy of irreversible EGFR TKIs in patients with EGFR T790M. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(10); 2254–64. ©2012 AACR.
Non-Circular Shape of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract
Authors: Izumo Masaki , Shiota Maiko , Saitoh Takeji , Kuwahara Eiji , Fukuoka Yoko , Gurudevan Swaminatha V. , Tolstrup Kirsten , Siegel Robert J. , Shiota Takahiro 
Published: August 2012

Background—
The shape of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) has been assumed to be circular. The aim of this study was to assess RVOT morphology using 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D TEE).

Methods and Results—

This prospective study included 114 patients who underwent 3D TEE. Two-dimensional (2D) TEE measured maximum and minimum RVOT diameters (RVOTD max and min) during a cardiac cycle. 3D TEE determined RVOT area (RVOTA) max and min, RVOT fractional area change, and RVOT shape index (RVOTSI; vertical/horizontal RVOTD). Cardiac output (CO) was calculated using 2D TEE, 3D TEE, and a Swan-Ganz catheter in 23 patients. All patients were classified into group 1 (RVOTSI ≤1) or group 2 (RVOTSI >1) based on the RVOT shapes. The mean RVOTSIs were 0.84±0.21(max) and 0.82±0.20 (min). Only 17 patients (14.9%) had circular RVOT (RVOTSI: 0.95–1.05); 82 patients (71.9%) were categorized into group 1 and 32 patients (28.1%) into group 2. 2D TEE, compared with 3D TEE, underestimated RVOTA max and min (both
P
<0.001). CO with 3D TEE had better agreement with CO with a catheter than CO with 2D TEE (
r
=0.83 and 0.53, respectively).

Conclusions—
3D TEE revealed that RVOT geometry was not generally circular but oval with 2 different types. Because of the detailed morphological information of RVOT, 3D TEE could provide more accurate assessment of CO than 2D TEE.
Physical Activity and Inflammatory Markers Over 10 Years
Authors: Hamer Mark , Sabia Severine , Batty G. David , Shipley Martin J. , Tabák Adam G. , Singh-Manoux Archana , Kivimaki Mika 
Published: August 2012

Background—
Inflammatory processes are putative mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of physical activity. An inverse association between physical activity and inflammation has been demonstrated, but no long-term prospective data are available. We therefore examined the association between physical activity and inflammatory markers over a 10-year follow-up period.

Methods and Results—

Participants were 4289 men and women (mean age, 49.2 years) from the Whitehall II cohort study. Self-reported physical activity and inflammatory markers (serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin-6) were measured at baseline (1991) and follow-up (2002). Forty-nine percent of the participants adhered to standard physical activity recommendations for cardiovascular health (2.5 h/wk moderate to vigorous physical activity) across all assessments. Physically active participants at baseline had lower C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels, and this difference remained stable over time. Compared with participants who rarely adhered to physical activity guidelines over the 10-year follow-up, the high-adherence group displayed lower log
e
C-reactive protein (β=−0.07; 95% confidence interval, −0.12 to −0.02) and log
e
interleukin-6 (β=−0.07; 95% confidence interval, −0.10 to −0.03) at follow-up after adjustment for a range of covariates. Compared with participants who remained stable, those who reported an increase in physical activity of at least 2.5 h/wk displayed lower log
e
C-reactive protein (β coefficient=−0.05; 95% confidence interval, −0.10 to −0.001) and log
e
interleukin-6 (β coefficient=−0.06; 95% confidence interval, −0.09 to −0.03) at follow-up.

Conclusions—
Regular physical activity is associated with lower markers of inflammation over 10 years of follow-up and thus may be important in preventing the proinflammatory state seen with aging.
A Multidimensional Environment for the Exploration of Musical Content
Authors: Tardón Lorenzo J. , Sammartino Simone , Barbancho Isabel , Barbancho Ana M. 
Published: August 2012

In this article a multidimensional environment is defined to allow the exploration of musical content in a novel way by means of three-dimensional interfaces. The environment is created so that musical content can be located in a comprehensive space in which the world coordinates are related to music genres. To this end, the songs in a database are analyzed, and a description of their spectral content is obtained. These descriptions are then projected onto six vectors, previously determined, that represent six main genres defining a global space with six dimensions. These projected representations are useful to create a multidimensional world in which the relations, orientation, and motion will be readily intelligible to users.
Improving health and well-being through community health champions: a thematic evaluation of a programme in Yorkshire and Humber
Authors: Woodall James , White Judy , South Jane 
Published: August 2012

Aims: The contribution that lay people can make to the public health agenda is being increasingly recognised in research and policy literature. This paper examines the role of lay workers (referred to as ‘community health champions’) involved in community projects delivered by Altogether Better across Yorkshire and Humber. The aim of the paper is to describe key features of the community health champion approach and to examine the evidence that this type of intervention can have an impact on health. Methods: A qualitative approach was taken to the evaluation, with two strands to gathering evidence: interviews conducted with different stakeholder groups including project leads, key partners from community and statutory sectors and community workers, plus two participatory workshops to gather the views of community health champions. Seven projects (from a possible 12) were identified to be involved in the evaluation. Those projects that allowed the evaluation team to explore fully the champion role (training, infrastructure, etc.) and how that works in practice as a mechanism for empowerment were selected. In total, 29 semi-structured interviews were conducted with project staff and partners, and 30 champions, varying in terms of age, gender, ethnicity and disability, took part in the workshops. Results: Becoming a community health champion has health benefits such as increased self-esteem and confidence and improved well-being. For some champions, this was the start of a journey to other opportunities such as education or paid employment. There were many examples of the influence of champions extending to the wider community of family, friends and neighbours, including helping to support people to take part in community life. Champions recognised the value of connecting people through social networks, group activities, and linking people into services and the impact that that had on health and well-being. Project staff and partners also recognised that champions were promoting social cohesiveness and helping to integrate people into their community. Conclusions: The recent public health White Paper suggested that the Altogether Better programme is improving individual and community health as well as increasing social capital, voluntary activity and wider civic participation. This evaluation supports this statement and suggests that the community health champion role can be a catalyst for change for both individuals and communities.
Structural analysis of Brucella abortus RicA substitutions that do not impair interaction with human Rab2 GTPase
Authors: Nkengfac Bernard , Pouyez Jenny , Bauwens Emilie , Vandenhaute Jean , Letesson Jean-Jacques , Wouters Johan , De Bolle Xavier 
Published: August 2012

Abstract

Background
Protein-protein interactions are at the basis of many cellular processes, and they are also involved in the interaction between pathogens and their host(s). Many intracellular pathogenic bacteria translocate proteins called effectors into the cytoplasm of the infected host cell, and these effectors can interact with one or several host protein(s). An effector named RicA was recently reported in Brucella abortus to specifically interact with human Rab2 and to affect intracellular trafficking of this pathogen.

Results
In order to identify regions of the RicA protein involved in the interaction with Rab2, RicA was subjected to extensive random mutagenesis using error prone polymerase chain reaction. The resulting allele library was selected by the yeast two-hybrid assay for Rab2-interacting clones that were isolated and sequenced, following the “absence of interference” approach. A tridimensional model of RicA structure was used to position the substitutions that did not affect RicA-Rab2 interaction, giving a “negative image” of the putative interaction region. Since RicA is a bacterial conserved protein, RicA homologs were also tested against Rab2 in a yeast two-hybrid assay, and the C. crescentus homolog of RicA was found to interact with human Rab2. Analysis of the RicA structural model suggested that regions involved in the folding of the “beta helix” or an exposed loop with the IGFP sequence could also be involved in the interaction with Rab2. Extensive mutagenesis of the IGFP loop suggested that loss of interaction with Rab2 was correlated with insolubility of the mutated RicA, showing that “absence of interference” approach also generates surfaces that could be necessary for folding.

Conclusion
Extensive analysis of substitutions in RicA unveiled two structural elements on the surface of RicA, the most exposed β-sheet and the IGFP loop, which could be involved in the interaction with Rab2 and protein folding. Our analysis of mutants in the IGFP loop suggests that, at least for some mono-domain proteins such as RicA, protein interaction analysis using allele libraries could be complicated by the dual effect of many substitutions affecting both folding and protein-protein interaction.
Analyzes of genome-wide association follow-up study for calving traits in dairy cattle
Authors: Höglund Johanna K , Guldbrandtsen Bernt , Lund Mogens S , Sahana Goutam 
Published: August 2012

Abstract

Background
There is often a pronounced disagreement between results obtained from different genome-wide association studies in cattle. There are multiple reasons for this disagreement. Particularly the presence of false positives leads to a need to validate detected QTL before they are optimally incorporated or weighted in selection decisions or further studied for causal gene. In dairy cattle progeny testing scheme new data is routinely accumulated which can be used to validate previously discovered associations. However, the data is not an independent sample and the sample size may not be sufficient to have enough power to validate previous discoveries. Here we compared two strategies to validate previously detected QTL when new data is added from the same study population. We compare analyzing a combined dataset (COMB) including all data presently available to only analyzing a validation dataset (VAL) i.e. a new dataset not previously analyzed as an independent replication. Secondly, we confirm SNP detected in the Reference population (REF) (i.e. previously analyzed dataset consists of older bulls) in the VAL dataset.

Results
Clearly the results from the combined (COMB) dataset which had nearly twice the sample size of other two subsets allowed the detection of far more significant associations than the two smaller subsets. The number of significant SNPs in REF (older bulls) was about four times higher compare to VAL (younger bulls) though both had similar sample sizes, 2,219 and 2,039 respectively. A total of 424 SNP-trait combinations on 22 chromosomes showed genome-wide significant association involving 284 unique SNPs in the COMB dataset. In the REF data set 101 associations (73 unique SNPs) and in the VAL 24 associations (18 unique SNPs) were found genome-wide significant. Sixty-eight percent of the SNPs in the REF dataset could be confirmed in the VAL dataset. Out of 469 unique SNPs showing chromosome-wide significant association with calving traits in the REF dataset 321 could be confirmed in the VAL dataset at P < 0.05.

Conclusions
The follow-up study for GWAS in cattle will depend on the aim of the study. If the aim is to discover novel QTL, analyses of the COMB dataset is recommended, while in case of identification of the causal mutation underlying a QTL, confirmation of the discovered SNPs are necessary to avoid following a false positive.