bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preventive counter-terrorism and non-discrimination assessment in the European Union
Authors: Eijkman Quirine 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAs a result of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the bombings in Madrid and London, a prevention-focused counter-terrorism approach has developed across the European Union. Preventive counter-terrorism is appealing because it implies interventions that remove the ability or, better still, the motivation of potential terrorists to carry out their lethal designs. Member states such as the United Kingdom and the Netherlands that primarily have experience in addressing 'home-grown' terrorism, have developed preventive counter-terrorism measures in response. Even though the majority of these laws, regulations and policies recognize the importance of the rule of law and human rights, it remains relevant to examine whether in theory and in practice particular measures have had disproportionate effects on ethnic and religious minorities and thereby violate non-discrimination standards.
Security in a multiethnic Russia: Is the 'melting pot' boiling over?
Authors: Croft Jennifer 
Published: September 2011

AbstractNationalist rallies and interethnic clashes in December 2010 on Moscow's Manezh Square and in other Russian cities led to an increased level of public discussion about the need to improve interethnic relations in the country and to combat xenophobia. Despite an expansion of official rhetoric and the introduction of various new initiatives, however, contradictory policies and ambiguous political messages run the risk of leaving ethnic tensions to simmer without addressing their root causes, and may even aggravate them. Improving security for all of Russia's ethnic groups will require more consistent, concrete actions and will depend on Russia's ability to address sources of broader social discontent.
Introduction World War II in Soviet and Post-Soviet Memory
Authors: Kirschenbaum Lisa 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis essay introduces the five articles that comprise the special issue of Soviet and Post-Soviet Review on “World War II in Soviet and Post-Soviet Memory.” It highlights the variety of means employed by the contributors to explain and assess the construction, reconfi guration, and uncanny persistence of the Great Patriotic War in individual, local, and national narratives. The essay also suggests pathways for future research.
Who Makes Local Memories?: The Case of Sevastopol after World War II
Authors: Qualls Karl D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSevastopol, since becoming a part of independent Ukraine in 1991 (and part of the Ukrainian SSR for decades before) has consistently and overwhelmingly voted for pro-Russian candidates in each national election. While many political commentators have noted the demographics of predominately Russian speakers and the presence of the Russian fleet in the ports to explain recent voting patterns, we must also take note of postwar myth creation. Although since 1917 Sevastopol has been juridically Soviet or Ukrainian, residents and outsiders alike usually view Sevastopol as a Russian city. The development of local identification after World War II by the military, local officials, and guidebook authors helps to explain how Sevastopol so easily shed its identification with the Soviet Union while also avoiding identification with Ukraine.
Memory for Sale: Victory Day 2010 and Russian Remembrance
Authors: Norris Stephen M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article examines the celebrations surrounding Victory Day in Russia. It situates the events of 9 May 2010 within the long-term processes of remembering the Great Patriotic War in Soviet and Russian society. The article analyzes various discussions that took place in Russia around the holiday, including the controversy over whether or not to display images of Stalin, the ongoing role veterans have played in the holiday, and its increasingly commercial aspects. While many commentators lamented the apparent turn from a sacred holiday to a commercial one, the author argues that Victory Day 2010 represents an important moment in how Russian remembrance has become less state-driven.
Performing Memory: Vladimir Putin and the Celebration of World War II in Russia
Authors: Wood Elizabeth A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBy making World War II a personal event and also a sacred one, Vladimir Putin has created a myth and a ritual that elevates him personally, uniting Russia (at least theoretically) and showing him as the natural hero-leader, the warrior who is personally associated with defending the Motherland. Several settings illustrate this personal performance of memory: Putin's meetings with veterans, his narration of his own family's sufferings in the Leningrad blockade, his visits to churches associated with the war, his participation in parades and the creation of new uniforms, and his creation of a girls' school that continues the military tradition. In each of these settings Putin demonstrates a connection to the war and to Russia's greatness as dutiful son meeting with his elders, as legitimate son of Leningrad, and as father to a new generation of girls associated with the military. Each setting helps to reinforce a masculine image of Putin as a ruler who is both autocrat and a man of the people.
Doppler Lidar–Based Wind-Profile Measurement System for Offshore Wind-Energy and Other Marine Boundary Layer Applications
Authors: Pichugina Yelena L. , Banta Robert M. , Brewer W. Alan , Sandberg Scott P. , Hardesty R. Michael 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAccurate measurement of wind speed profiles aloft in the marine boundary layer is a difficult challenge. The development of offshore wind energy requires accurate information on wind speeds above the surface at least at the levels occupied by turbine blades. Few measured data are available at these heights, and the temporal and spatial behavior of near-surface winds is often unrepresentative of that at the required heights. As a consequence, numerical model data, another potential source of information, are essentially unverified at these levels of the atmosphere. In this paper, a motion-compensated, high-resolution Doppler lidar–based wind measurement system that is capable of providing needed information on offshore winds at several heights is described. The system has been evaluated and verified in several ways. A sampling of data from the 2004 New England Air Quality Study shows the kind of analyses and information available. Examples include time–height cross sections, time series, profiles, and distributions of quantities such as winds and shear. These analyses show that there is strong spatial and temporal variability associated with the wind field in the marine boundary layer. Winds near the coast show diurnal variations, and frequent occurrences of low-level jets are evident, especially during nocturnal periods. Persistent patterns of spatial variability in the flow field that are due to coastal irregularities should be of particular concern for wind-energy planning, because they affect the representativeness of fixed-location measurements and imply that some areas would be favored for wind-energy production whereas others would not.
Mesoscale Analysis of Heavy Rainfall Episodes from SoWMEX/TiMREX
Authors: Davis Christopher A. , Lee Wen-Chau 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The authors analyze the mesoscale structure accompanying two multiday periods of heavy rainfall during the Southwest Monsoon Experiment and the Terrain-Induced Mesoscale Rainfall Experiment conducted over and near Taiwan during May and June 2008. Each period is about 5–6 days long with episodic heavy rainfall events within. These events are shown to correspond primarily to periods when well-defined frontal boundaries are established near the coast. The boundaries are typically 1 km deep or less and feature contrasts of virtual temperature of only 2°–3°C. Yet, owing to the extremely moist condition of the upstream conditionally unstable air, these boundaries appear to exert a profound influence on convection initiation or intensification near the coast. Furthermore, the boundaries, once established, are long lived, possibly reinforced through cool downdrafts and prolonged by the absence of diurnal heating over land in generally cloudy conditions. These boundaries are linked phenomenologically with coastal fronts that occur at higher latitudes.
Simulation of Present-Day and Future Permafrost and Seasonally Frozen Ground Conditions in CCSM4
Authors: Lawrence David M. , Slater Andrew G. , Swenson Sean C. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The representation of permafrost and seasonally frozen ground and their projected twenty-first century trends is assessed in the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4) and the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4). The combined impact of advances in CLM and a better Arctic climate simulation, especially for air temperature, improve the permafrost simulation in CCSM4 compared to CCSM3. Present-day continuous plus discontinuous permafrost extent is comparable to that observed [12.5 × 106 versus (11.8–14.6) × 106 km2], but active-layer thickness (ALT) is generally too thick and deep ground (&gt;15 m) temperatures are too warm in CCSM4. Present-day seasonally frozen ground area is well simulated (47.5 × 106 versus 48.1 × 106 km2). ALT and deep ground temperatures are much better simulated in offline CLM4 (i.e., forced with observed climate), which indicates that the remaining climate biases, particularly excessive high-latitude snowfall biases, degrade the CCSM4 permafrost simulation.
Near-surface permafrost (NSP) and seasonally frozen ground (SFG) area are projected to decline substantially during the twenty-first century [representative concentration projections (RCPs); RCP8.5: NSP by 9.0 × 106 km2, 72%, SFG by 7.1 × 106, 15%; RCP2.6: NSP by 4.1 × 106, 33%, SFG by 2.1 × 106, 4%]. The permafrost degradation rate is slower (2000–50) than in CCSM3 by ~35% because of the improved soil physics. Under the low RCP2.6 emissions pathway, permafrost state stabilizes by 2100, suggesting that permafrost related feedbacks could be minimized if greenhouse emissions could be reduced. The trajectory of permafrost degradation is affected by CCSM4 climate biases. In simulations with this climate bias ameliorated, permafrost degradation in RCP8.5 is lower by ~29%. Further reductions of Arctic climate biases will increase the reliability of permafrost projections and feedback studies in earth system models.
An Improved Quality Control for AIRS Total Column Ozone Observations within and around Hurricanes
Authors: Wang H. , Zou X. , Li G. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) provides twice-daily global observations from which total column ozone data can be retrieved. However, 20% ~ 30% of AIRS ozone data are flagged to be of bad quality. Most of the flagged data were identified to have total precipitable water (PW) errors, defined by the ratio between PW errors and PW retrieval exceeding 35%. It was found that most data within hurricanes were flagged because of extremely low total PW, which is also retrieved from AIRS observations. In this study, a new PW ratio, defined by the AIRS PW error divided by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) zonal average PW, is used to replace the one in AIRS quality control (QC) scheme. Data are removed if the new PW error ratio exceeds 33%. Only 5% ~ 10% of AIRS ozone data are flagged to be of bad quality. Following this step of QC, a linear regression model, which links the total column ozone to the model’s vertical mean potential vorticity (MPV), is established for future data assimilation of AIRS total ozone. Outliers identified by a biweight algorithm are further removed. Numerical results implementing the proposed QC method are compared with those provided by AIRS for Typhoon Sinlaku (2008) in the Pacific Ocean and Hurricane Earl (2010) in the Atlantic Ocean. It is shown that the new scheme works by retaining more of the good data while still removing the bad data.
A Climatology and Comparison of Parameters for Significant Tornado Events in the United States
Authors: Grams Jeremy S. , Thompson Richard L. , Snively Darren V. , Prentice Jayson A. , Hodges Gina M. , Reames Larissa J. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
A sample of 448 significant tornado events was collected, representing a population of 1072 individual tornadoes across the contiguous United States from 2000 to 2008. Classification of convective mode was assessed from radar mosaics for each event with the majority classified as discrete cells compared to quasi-linear convective systems and clusters. These events were further stratified by season and region and compared with a null-tornado database of 911 significant hail and wind events that occurred without nearby tornadoes. These comparisons involved 1) environmental variables that have been used through the past 25–50 yr as part of the approach to tornado forecasting, 2) recent sounding-based parameter evaluations, and 3) convective mode. The results show that composite and kinematic parameters (whether at standard pressure levels or sounding derived), along with convective mode, provide greater discrimination than thermodynamic parameters between significant tornado versus either significant hail or wind events that occurred in the absence of nearby tornadoes.
Bias Correction for Global Ensemble Forecast
Authors: Cui Bo , Toth Zoltan , Zhu Yuejian , Hou Dingchen 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The main task of this study is to introduce a statistical postprocessing algorithm to reduce the bias in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) ensemble forecasts before they are merged to form a joint ensemble within the North American Ensemble Forecast System (NAEFS). This statistical postprocessing method applies a Kalman filter type algorithm to accumulate the decaying averaging bias and produces bias-corrected ensembles for 35 variables. NCEP implemented this bias-correction technique in 2006. NAEFS is a joint operational multimodel ensemble forecast system that combines NCEP and MSC ensemble forecasts after bias correction. According to operational statistical verification, both the NCEP and MSC bias-corrected ensemble forecast products are enhanced significantly. In addition to the operational calibration technique, three other experiments were designed to assess and mitigate ensemble biases on the model grid: a decaying averaging bias calibration method with short samples, a climate mean bias calibration method, and a bias calibration method using dependent data. Preliminary results show that the decaying averaging method works well for the first few days. After removing the decaying averaging bias, the calibrated NCEP operational ensemble has improved probabilistic performance for all measures until day 5. The reforecast ensembles from the Earth System Research Laboratory’s Physical Sciences Division with and without the climate mean bias correction were also examined. A comparison between the operational and the bias-corrected reforecast ensembles shows that the climate mean bias correction can add value, especially for week-2 probability forecasts.
Chloritization in Proterozoic granite from the Äspö Laboratory, southeastern Sweden: record of hydrothermal alterations and implications for nuclear waste storage
Authors: Morad S. , Sirat M. , El-Ghali M. A. K. , Mansurbeg H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractHydrothermal alteration of Proterozoic granitic rocks in the Äspö underground laboratory, southestern Sweden, resulted in the formation of chlorite with large variations in textural and chemical characteristics, which reflect differences in formation temperatures, fluid composition, and reaction mechanisms. The mineral assemblage associated with chlorite, including Ca-Al silicates (prehnite, pumpellyite, epidote, and titanite), Fe-oxides, calcite, albite and K-feldspar, suggests that chloritization occurred at temperatures of between 200–350°C during various hydrothermal events primarily linked to magmatism and rock deformation. Petrographic and electron microprobe analyses revealed that chlorite replaced biotite, amphibole and magnetite, and hydrothermal chlorite phases filled fractures and vugs in the granitic rocks. While fracture-filling chlorite reduces fracture permeability, chloritization reactions in the host granite resulted in the formation of new localized microporosity that should thus be taken into consideration when evaluating the safety of the granitic basement rocks as a repository for nuclear waste. It is also important to take into account that similar alteration reactions may occur at the site of stored nuclear waste where temperatures in excess of 100°C might be encountered.
NUP98 gene fusions and hematopoietic malignancies: common themes and new biologic insights
Authors: Gough Sheryl M. , Slape Christopher I. , Aplan Peter D. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Structural chromosomal rearrangements of the Nucleoporin 98 gene (NUP98), primarily balanced translocations and inversions, are associated with a wide array of hematopoietic malignancies. NUP98 is known to be fused to at least 28 different partner genes in patients with hematopoietic malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis, myelodysplastic syndrome, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and bilineage/biphenotypic leukemia. NUP98 gene fusions typically encode a fusion protein that retains the amino terminus of NUP98; in this context, it is important to note that several recent studies have demonstrated that the amino-terminal portion of NUP98 exhibits transcription activation potential. Approximately half of the NUP98 fusion partners encode homeodomain proteins, and at least 5 NUP98 fusions involve known histone-modifying genes. Several of the NUP98 fusions, including NUP98-homeobox (HOX)A9, NUP98-HOXD13, and NUP98-JARID1A, have been used to generate animal models of both lymphoid and myeloid malignancy; these models typically up-regulate HOXA cluster genes, including HOXA5, HOXA7, HOXA9, and HOXA10. In addition, several of the NUP98 fusion proteins have been shown to inhibit differentiation of hematopoietic precursors and to increase self-renewal of hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells, providing a potential mechanism for malignant transformation.
Transglutaminase 2 as an independent prognostic marker for survival of patients with non-adenocarcinoma subtype of non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Choi Chang-Min , Jang Se-Jin , Park Seong-Yeol , Choi Yong-Bock , Jeong Jae-Heon , Kim Dae-Seok , Kim Hyun-Kyoung , Park Kang-Seo , Nam Byung-Ho , Kim Hyeong-Ryul ,   Korean Thoracic Oncology Research Group (KTORG), Kim Soo-Youl , Hong Kyeong-Man 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background
Expression of transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) is related to invasion and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents in several cancer cells. However, there has been only limited clinical validation of TGase 2 as an independent prognostic marker in cancer.

Methods
The significance of TGase 2 expression as an invasive/migratory factor was addressed by in vitro assays employing down-regulation of TGase 2. TGase 2 expression as a prognostic indicator was assessed in 429 Korean patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by immunohistochemical staining.

Results
TGase 2 expression increased the invasive and migratory properties of NSCLC cells in vitro, which might be related to the induction of MMP-9. In the analysis of the immunohistochemical staining, TGase 2 expression in tumors was significantly correlated with recurrence in NSCLC (p = 0.005) or in the non-adenocarcinoma subtype (p = 0.031). Additionally, a multivariate analysis also showed a significant correlation between strong TGase 2 expression and shorter disease-free survival (DFS) in NSCLC (p = 0.029 and HR = 1.554) and in the non-adenocarcinoma subtype (p = 0.030 and HR = 2.184). However, the correlation in the adenocarcinoma subtype was not significant.

Conclusions
TGase 2 expression was significantly correlated with recurrence and shorter DFS in NSCLC, especially in the non-adenocarcinoma subtype including squamous cell carcinoma.
uber des wilden meres fluot. Thalassographie und Meereslandschaft in den mittelhochdeutschen Brautwerbungserzählungen
Authors: Kohnen Rabea 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The present study examines the presentation and function of the sea in medieval German ‘bridal quest’ narratives. As these have mostly been read from a structuralist point of view the sea has often been identified with the ‘topographic border’ in the sense described by Lotman. Even though this identification can be useful it overlooks much of the nature of the sea, which is modelled as a space with specific rules, functions and characteristics. The present study attempts to give an impression of the narrative potential of the sea in four works: ‘Rother’, ‘Kudrun’, ‘Münchener Oswald’ and ‘Salman’ with special regard to ideas of space and landscape.
Salivary Levels of Antibacterial Peptide (LL‐37/hCAP‐18) and Cotinine in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Takeuchi Yasuo , Nagasawa Toshiyuki , Katagiri Sayaka , Kitagawara Satoshi , Kobayashi Hiroaki , Koyanagi Tatsurou , Izumi Yuichi 
Published: September 2011

Background: The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between salivary LL‐37 levels and clinical severity in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP). The presence/absence of four periodontopathic bacteria and salivary cotinine levels were also examined to assess the impact of these factors on LL‐37 production.Methods: Unstimulated salivary samples were collected from 69 patients with CP. Salivary concentrations of LL‐37 and cotinine were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola in saliva were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Periodontal examination included determination of probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, and plaque control record.Results: Mean salivary LL‐37 concentration was 225.0 ± 227.2 ng/mL, and a high prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria was observed. The stepwise ordinal logistic regression model showed that high salivary LL‐37 levels were significantly associated with the presence of T. denticola and higher percentage of teeth with PD ≥5 mm. In addition, higher salivary cotinine levels (≥8 ng/mL) were negatively associated with salivary LL‐37 levels.Conclusions: Salivary LL‐37 level was positively correlated with severe periodontal destruction, and production was apparently associated with periodontopathic bacterial infection. The negative correlations between salivary LL‐37 and cotinine levels also suggest that smoking or long‐term exposure to environmental tobacco smoke can lead to lower LL‐37 levels in the oral cavity and increased risk of periodontitis.