bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post-fumigation productivity of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) exposed to acrylonitrile, adjuvants of acrylonitrile, acrylonitrilel-adjuvant mixtures and other modern fumigants
Authors: Rajendran S. , Muthu M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLD50 doses of chloropicrin, ethylene oxide, ethylene dibromide, acrylonitrile plus 8% carbon dioxide, and acrylonitrile plus ethylene dibromide were found to decrease the productivity of adults of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.). Acrylonitrile, acrylonitrile plus methyl iodide and phosphine caused a reduction in productivity in S. oryzae but not in T. castaneum. Carbon dioxide decreased the productivity of T. castaneum. Carbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride, methyl bromide, methyl iodide, acrylonitrile plus carbon tetrachloride and acrylonitrile plus methylene chloride had little influence on the productivity. The productivity of T. castaneum exposed to trichloroethylene and acrylonitrile plus trichloroethylene was higher than in control batches. After exposure to acrylonitrile, reduced productivity was noted in adults of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) that had been exposed as adults or pupae, and in T. castaneum but not S. oryzae that had been exposed as pupae.
An effect of host diet on the attraction of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to host odour
Authors: Vale G. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn Zimbabwe, field studies were made of the extent to which catches of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. from stationary visual targets plus ox odour were changed by maintaining the ox on normal, starving or fattening diets. A fattening diet after a week of starvation often produced a several-fold increase in catches in a few days, followed by a declining catch associated with lack of appetite, and a further increase in catch when appetite was restored. Carbon dioxide and acetone emitted by the oxen could not account fully for the level and variations of catches.
Further field trials of pheromone dispensers and traps for males of Prays citri (Millière) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)
Authors: Sternlicht M. , Goldenberg S. , Nesbitt Brenda F. , Hall D. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDispensers made of different materials and loaded with the female sex pheromone, (Z)-7-tetradecenal, were field-tested for attractancy for males of Prays citri (Mill.) in Israel. Hollow fibres of low density polyethylene, low density polyethylene chips and natural rubber septa were better than hollow fibres of polypropylene, hollow fibres of a polypropylene-polyethylene mixture, solid fibres of low density polyethylene and PVC tubes. In other tests, funnels with wall angles of 60° were inferior to those with angles between 70 and 80°; polyester funnels were superior to polystyrene and polypropylene ones, which were better than those of PVC or opalin coated with aluminium foil. Kaolin or talcum powder dusted on the inside walls improved the efficiency of polypropylene funnels. The catches in traps consisting of several plastic funnels or tubes under a roof and with insecticide to prevent escape did not differ significantly from those in the sticky traps. A modified version of a new trap with a renewable sticky floor is described; this and the funnel traps are at present the most useful and practical for catching P. citri males.
Reproductive diapause in the Argentine stem weevil, Listronotus bonariensis, (Kuschel) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in New Zealand
Authors: Goldson S. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTo improve the precision of understanding of the phenology of Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel), samples were collected at regular intervals near Canterbury, New Zealand, and the seasonal changes in their reproductive morphology monitored by regular dissection. It was demonstrated that the adult weevils enter hibernatory reproductive diapause in early March and remain in this state until late July when reproductive activity resumes. Adults emerging in February may enter diapause immediately. The existence of diapause was further supported by its associated cessation of mating, increase in body fat and apparent drop in the haemolymph titre of juvenile hormone. Laboratory experiments indicated that a critical photoperiod induces diapause and an eventual reduction in sensitivity to photoperiod allows reproductive activity to resume.
Insect migration across Bass Strait during spring: a radar study
Authors: Drake V. A. , Helm K. F. , Readshaw J. L. , Reid D. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn entomological radar was used to observe insect flight activity at a coastal locality in north-western Tasmania during the spring of 1973. Insects were regularly observed to take off at dusk, and local movements from nearby islands were detected on several occasions. Large-scale southward movements of insects across Bass Strait were also observed and were found to be associated with the warm anticyclonic airflows which occur ahead of a cold front. Light-trap catches indicated that the insects were noctuid moths, with Persectania ewingii (Westw.), Heliothis punctiger Wllgr. and Agrotis munda Wlk. dominant. The movements appear to have originated mainly in Victoria and south-eastern South Australia, but it is tentatively suggested that the ultimate source of the moths was in the region stretching westwards from north-western Victoria and south-western New South Wales towards the shores of the Spencer Gulf, South Australia.
Organophosphorus resistance in the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae): a genetic study incorporating synergists
Authors: Hughes P. B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPre-treatment of females of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) with the synergist piperonyl butoxide increased the resistance factors of an organophosphorus-resistant strain Q to four organophosphates in comparison to the susceptible strain LS. However, pre-treatment with S,S,S-tributylphosphorothrithioate (TBPT) reduced the resistance factors of Q to three organophosphorus insecticides. As TBPT is an esterase inhibitor, it is suggested that esterases contribute to resistance in the Q strain. Resistance to diazinon in the Q strain is due to a single, partially-dominant gene on chromosome 4. By the use of the backcross and discriminating dose technique, resistance to parathion, fenitrothion, chlorfenvinphos and fenitro-oxon (dimethyl 3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphate) (the latter two were synergised by piperonyl butoxide to obtain a genetically discriminating dose) was also shown to be controlled by a single, partially-dominant gene on chromosome 4. It is concluded that this gene confers resistance to organophosphorus compounds in L. cuprina, probably by providing an esterase with enhanced ability to degrade organophosphates.
A tribal classification of the Tropiduchidae (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea), With the description of a new species on tea in Malaysia
Authors: Fennah R. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn a revised classification of the Tropiduchidae, which includes a number of species injurious to crops, the family is divided into 15 tribes, of which six (Cixiopsini, Eporini, Isporisini, Neommatissini, Remosini and Turneriolini) are proposed as new, two (Eutropistini and Tangiini) are given new status and seven are redefined. New subtribes (Clardeina, Neotangiina and Duriina) are erected in Eporini, Tangiini and Eutropistini, respectively, and Kazeruniina is given new status in the last. The genera Chiotasa and Habrotasa are transferred to Achilidae, Dolia, Hiracia, Karna, Parahiracia, Siebererella and Gastrinia to Issidae, and Kruegeria to Ricaniidae, and Dichoneura is brought into Tropiduchidae from Delphacidae. Biruga chariclo Fennah is transferred to Athestia to form a new combination, and Tambinia theivora sp. n. is described from material that included examples collected on tea.
Behaviour of alatae ofMyzus persicae(Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on chemically treated surfaces after tethered flight
Authors: Griffiths D. C. , Pickett J. A. , Woodcock Christine 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlatae ofMyzus persicae(Sulz.) were made to fly and then released directly onto untreated or chemically treated surfaces where settling behaviour was studied. Most aphids probed host-leaf surfaces even in the presence of vapour of (E)-β-farnesene, the main component of aphid alarm pheromone, or when related behaviour-controlling chemicals were painted on the leaf. Flown aphids attempted to probe most surfaces on which they landed, including glass and green paper. However, they did not probe white filter papers. Sublethal deposits of deltamethrin did not prevent initial probing on plant surfaces but caused uncoordinated leg movements which resulted in aphids falling from the plants.
Studies on the natural predators of Culex pipiens L. and C. torrentium Martini (Diptera: Culicidae) in England
Authors: Onyeka J. O. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe natural predators of Culex pipiens L. and C. torrentium Mart, in artificial containers and ponds were studied in southern England, using serological techniques. The antisera were from rabbits immunised by injections of saline extracts of the species of Culex into the inguinal lymph nodes and made relatively more specific by absorption. The gut contents or whole individuals of 1098 potential predators were smeared on to filter paper and tested. The most important predators in the ponds were Odonata nymphs while those of artificial containers were larval Dytiscidae. Diptera and Araneae preyed on emerging adults. The length of time a mosquito meal remained detectable in the gut of predators varied from a minimum of 8 h for the newt Triturus vulgaris to 24 h for the zygopteran Ischnura elegans (van der Linden). The results of laboratory tests indicated that the anisopteran Sympetrum striolatum (Charp.) was potentially more important as a biological control agent for larval culicines in ponds than the zygopteran Coenagrion puella (L.).
Preliminary field tests on the use ofMetarhizium anisopliaefor the control ofNasutitermes exitiosus(Hill) (Isoptera: Termitidae)
Authors: Hänel H. , Watson J. A. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe insect-pathogenic fungusMetarhizium anisopliaecaused heavy mortality in laboratory groups of the Australian termiteNasutitermes exitiosus(Hill) to which infected workers had been added. Conidia ofM. anisopliaestarted an epizootic when introduced into field colonies ofN. exitiosusnear Canberra, irrespective of whether the termites were treated by dusting or spraying in the mound itself, or dusting in nearby feeding sites. In some cases, the disease persisted for at least 15 weeks, and by this time few healthy termites could be found in almost half the treated colonies. Samples of workers taken from treated colonies showed high levels of contamination byMetarhizium, irrespective of the state of the colony, but the factors that inhibited the completion of fungal development in the nest are unknown.
Interrelationship between an entomogenous fungus and two ant-homopteran (Hymenoptera: Formicidae-Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae & Aphididae) mutualisms on guava trees
Authors: Samways M. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOn guava trees at Nelspruit, South Africa, there was a mutualism between the ant Anoplolepis custodiens (F. Sm.) and the mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso), which raised the population levels of both. When ants were excluded from half the trees, their overall population level also dropped by half. Further, they moved their nests to be as near as possible to their main food source, the honeydew of the mealybugs. When deprived of their ant mutualists, the mealybugs were heavily preyed on by coccinellids such as the ant–intolerant Exochomus flavipes (Thnb.) and the ant–tolerant Scymnus spp. Later, the mealybugs were almost totally eliminated by the primary entomogenous fungus Cladosporium sp. near C. oxysporum. The coccinellids, now without food, were forced to abandon the trees. In contrast, in trees where ants were allowed to continue their normal activity, the epizootic among the mealybugs was delayed by 14 days. This limitation by the ants of disease allowed a basal but fragmented mealybug population to survive. As the mealybugs declined, the ants switched to attending the aphid Aphis gossypii Glov. Fifteen days after the epizootic struck the ant–attended mealybug population, it began to devastate the aphid population. With both mealybugs and aphids at a low level, the ant population declined. However, the ant–homopteran mutualisms, although severely hit by the epizootic, nevertheless remained intact.
The demography of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), submodels of age-specific survivorship and fecundity
Authors: Longstaff B. C. , Evans D. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExperiments are described in which age-specific survivorship and fecundity of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) were determined over a wide range of environmental conditions (15·0-32·3°C and 11–14 % grain moisture content). The data derived from these experiments, together with some previously published data, were used to develop mathematical submodels for these processes. The models are continuous functions of time, grain moisture content and grain temperature. Rates of increase per week and per generation were calculated for the range of environmental conditions used. The results are discussed in relation to previously published work, and the potential usefulness of the submodels is discussed briefly.
Population sampling for planthoppers, leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae & Cicadellidae) and their predators in flooded rice
Authors: Perfect T. J. , Cook A. G. , Ferrer E. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStudies on the precision levels and efficiencies of available insect suction samplers (D-Vac and FARMCOP) were undertaken in the Philippines to determine the best possible sampling procedure to derive absolute population estimates of delphacids, cicadellids and their predators in flooded rice. The D–Vac suction sampler when used in conjunction with an enclosure placed over the rice hill prior to sampling was found to be the most suitable. The sampling procedure adopted is described in detail, and sampling efficiencies for the D–Vac are given for nymphs and adults of the delphacids and cicadellids and their predators. These values could be used by other workers following the sampling procedures described here on modern rice varieties grown under flooded conditions to achieve absolute population estimates.
The habitat preference of some bovine dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Hluhluwe Game Reserve, South Africa
Authors: Doube Bernard M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effects of vegetative cover and soil type on the abundance and distribution of 50 species of scarabaeine dung beetle were examined during three successive days in January 1979 in Hluhluwe Game Reserve, South Africa. Pitfall traps baited with bovine dung were set at intervals of 20 m in a transect across a 20–ha patch of grassveld surrounded byAcaciabushveld. One end of the transect was on clay–loam soil and the other on sandy loam. In all, 32 936 specimens were caught, representing 71 species from 22 genera. Thirty–two species were diurnal and 18 were crepuscular or nocturnal. Twenty–six species were more abundant in bushveld than in grassveld, and eight species were more abundant in grassveld than in bushveld. Soil type influenced the relative abundance of 23 species. The degree of habitat specificity varied widely between species. During overcast weather, both bushveld and grassveld species became abundant in the transitional zone between bushveld and grassveld where the light intensity was similar to that in bushveld on a clear day. It is suggested that light intensity is one characteristic by which beetles recognise bushveld and grassveld.
Integration of insect sterility and insecticides for control of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Tanzania. III. Test site characteristics and the natural distribution of tsetse flies
Authors: Gates D. B. , Cobb P. E. , Williamson D. L. , Bakuli B. , Dame D. A. , Blaser E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDetailed data from a preselected release site in Tanzania were collected preparatory to testing the insect sterility concept against Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. The site was at Mkwaja Ranch, a north-eastern coastal cattle-ranching enterprise, in which about 195 km2 was encompassed by a 1-km-wide fly barrier constructed at an average cost of $37/ha. Weekly surveys of flyround transects spaced 1 km apart were conducted over a 14-month period. The estimated male density of G. m. morsitans in the release site was about 630/km2 and for G. pallidipes Aust., 255/km2. The only other species of tsetse found was G. brevipalpis Newst., which was restricted to drainage areas during periods of low rainfall.
Field cage trials with thiotepa-sterilised males of the potato moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: Nabi M. N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMales of Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.) less than 24 h old were sterilised with thiotepa by circulatory fumigation in the laboratory and then released in cages in a potato field in New Zealand. Laboratory-reared sterile males, normal males and females were released in different ratios. Sterile males competed successfully in mating to suppress reproduction between laboratory-reared normal males and females. Laboratory-reared sterile males were also released in different numbers into field cages containing the resident population and additional field-collected males and females. The results showed that the sterile males were slightly less competitive than normal ones, but they were effective in suppressing the population in the cages.
Factors affecting resistance to insecticides in house-flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). I. Long-term control with bioresmethrin of flies with strong pyrethroid-resistance potential
Authors: Denholm I. , Farnham A. W. , O'dell Kate , Sawicki R. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe assumption that by minimising contact with pyrethroids, satisfactory control of Musca domestica L. could be retained without eliciting resistance was tested on a pig farm in southern England where permethrin had failed through rapid development of resistance. Flies were satisfactorily controlled in enclosed buildings for 12 months by space spraying bioresmethrin (2 mg a.i./m3) at approximately fortnightly intervals when numbers reached an arbitrary nuisance level. Throughout this period, bioassays revealed no increase in tolerance of pyrethroids, although selection experiments in the laboratory confirmed the strong pyrethroid-resistance potential of the fly population. Thus effective control can be retained in spite of strong resistance potential when non-persistent insecticides are used intermittently. The results are discussed in the light of a published theoretical study of the influence of pesticide persistence on the evolution of resistance.
The nocturnal migration of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae): quantitative radar observations of a series of northward flights
Authors: Drake V. A. , Farrow R. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNight migrations of insects above the surface boundary layer were studied by direct observations with an entomological radar, and by direct aerial sampling with a kite-borne net, in an area in New South Wales inhabited by large fledging populations of Chortoicetes terminifera (Wlk.). The aerial catches and radar echo-modulation observations suggested that the majority of migrants detected by the radar were locusts, and this conclusion was supported indirectly by light-trap catches and by observations of take–off at dusk. Night flights of locusts began at dusk with a mass take-off and continued on a diminishing scale until about midnight. Displacements were all approximately downwind and to the north, under the influence of a southerly airflow which prevailed throughout the six-day study period. A quantitative radar observation procedure was used to estimate locust aerial densities and migration rates, and to observe the variations of these quantities with height and time; typical and extreme values for all the principal migration quantities are presented. The flight paths of the locusts were estimated from radar observations of target tracks, and probable source areas at distances of up to 200 km to the south were identified; a major overflight which probably originated 150 km away was detected on one occasion. Northward movements of C. terminifera during anticyclonic conditions may help to explain how populations are redistributed in the periods between the long-range southward invasion movements for which this species is well-known.
The effect of a flood irrigation cycle on breeding by the bush fly, Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Matthiessen J. N. , Palmer M 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effect of a single flood irrigation cycle on the number of adults of Musca vetustissima Wlk. emerging from cattle dung was examined in the field in south-western Australia. Sets of fresh dung pads were exposed to natural oviposition on the day after a flooding and then every three days until the next flooding, 21 days later. The emergence of flies was compared with that from equivalent sets of dung pads in an adjacent unflooded but otherwise similar pasture. The age-stages most susceptible to drowning were post-feeding larvae and pre-emergent puparia. Reduced fly emergence from dung placed in the irrigated pasture one day after the first irrigation was attributed to suppression of oviposition by the wet conditions. Overall, there was a reduction of 57% in the number of flies emerging in the irrigated pasture compared with the unflooded control.
The analysis and standardisation of trap catches of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Vogt W. G. , Woodburn T. L. , Morton R , Ellem B. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField populations of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) in New South Wales were sampled for periods of 3 h on numerous occasions between 1975 and 1982 using West Australian blowfly traps. Ambient temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and solar radiation explained 77·4% of the within-day deviance of the catches. Temperature alone accounted for 74·9% of this deviance, indicating that the other variables, although significant, did not greatly affect trap catches. As air temperatures increased, log catch rates increased linearly up to 26°C and then remained constant up to 35°C. Wind speeds above 25 m/s caused a linear decline in log catch rates. Log catch rates increased linearly as solar radiation increased and decreased linearly as relative humidity increased. Changes in catch rates with time of day were explained almost entirely by the four weather variables, i.e. there was no evidence that intrinsic behavioural changes with time of day affected catch rates. The combined effects of the four weather variables accounted for 47·1 % of the between-day variation in trap catches. Trap catches that have been standardised, i.e. adjusted to a ‘ standard’ set of weather conditions, provide relative measures of population size which differ from absolute measures by a constant (unknown) scaling factor.