bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tests of Two Models for Valuing Call Options on Stocks with Dividends
Authors: STERK WILLIAM 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTRoll has recently formulated an option pricing model which allows dividend payments on the underlying stock. This paper compares the performance of the exact Roll model with a modified, but inexact, Black‐Scholes model. The results indicate that the Roll model prices are significantly closer to actual market prices.
A Disequilibrium Model of Savings and Loan Associations
Authors: SMITH GARY , BRAINARD WILLIAM 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the consistent specification and estimation of asset demand equations in a disequilibrium model of financial markets. We estimate the effective asset demands of savings and loan associations, allowing for rationing in the mortgage market. These disequilibrium estimates are not very different from the estimates of notional demands with no rationing assumed. Savings and loans seem to be least affected by excess demand situations in that they are apparently not reluctant to raise mortgage rates and/or to ration borrowers.
The Dynamics of Dealer Markets Under Competition
Authors: HO THOMAS S. Y. , STOLL HANS R. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThe behavior of competing dealers in securities markets is analyzed. Securities are characterized by stochastic returns and stochastic transactions. Reservation bid and ask prices of dealers are derived under alternative assumptions about the degree to which transactions are correlated across stocks at a given time and over time in a given stock. The conditions for interdealer trading are specified, and the equilibrium distribution of dealer inventories and the equilibrium market spread are derived. Implications for the structure of securities markets are examined.
The Postwar Stability of the Fisher Effect
Authors: PEEK JOE , WILCOX JAMES A. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTMost research concerning the Fisher relationship has concentrated on the magnitude and significance of the response of nominal interest rates to anticipated inflation. Recently, attention has shifted to the stability of that response. According to previous estimates, the impact of anticipated inflation on interest rates varies substantially over time. By extending a standard model to include tax and aggregate supply shock effects, we are able to reduce such instability considerably. Our results also reveal that increased foreign demand for bonds lowers the interest rate.
A Theoretical Model for Valuing Preferred Stock
Authors: EMANUEL DAVID 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper develops a model of preferred stock value which includes the possibility of dividends on the preferred stock being omitted. The analytical framework used is based on the option‐hedging methodology of Black and Scholes. Precise valuation formulae are obtained for cumulative and noncumulative preferred stock in a variety of contexts. The values obtained are quite different from those for either riskless or risky perpetual bonds, which have previously been proposed as being similar to preferred stock.
Tax Reform and Ex‐Dividend Day Behavior
Authors: LAKONISHOK JOSEF , VERMAELEN THEO 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the effect of a major Canadian tax reform on the ex‐dividend day behavior of companies on the Toronto Stock Exchange. The results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that price changes on ex‐dividend days reflect the relative taxation of dividends and capital gains for the “representative” investor, but are consistent with the hypothesis that ex‐dividend day price behavior reflects short‐term trading activities.
Risk Aversion Revisited
Authors: MORIN ROGER‐A. , SUAREZ A. FERNANDEZ 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTIn order to supply additional empirical evidence of the effect of wealth on relative risk aversion, this study investigates households' demand for risky assets, using analysis of covariance techniques applied to the asset holdings of Canadian individual households. The extent and pattern of life‐cycle effects are also examined. Results generally point to decreasing relative risk aversion when housing is either excluded from the definition of wealth or treated as a riskless asset. The investor's life‐cycle plays a prominent role in portfolio selection behavior, with risk aversion increasing uniformly with age. Tax differentials do not seem to be an important element in investment decisions with respect to risk. When the sample and wealth definitions are censored in order to approximate those of previous empirical studies, their findings on relative risk aversion are generally corroborated.
Taxes and the Pricing of Stock Index Futures
Authors: CORNELL BRADFORD , FRENCH KENNETH R. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTStock index futures prices are generally below the level predicted by simple arbitrage models. This paper suggests that the discrepancy between the actual and predicted prices is caused by taxes. Capital gains and losses are not taxed until they are realized. As Constantinides demonstrates in a recent paper, this gives stockholders a valuable timing option. If the stock price drops, the investor can pass part of the loss on to the government by selling the stock. On the other hand, if the stock price rises, the investor can postpone the tax by not realizing the gain. Since this option is not available to stock index futures traders, the futures prices will be lower than standard no‐tax models predict.
On the Class of Elliptical Distributions and their Applications to the Theory of Portfolio Choice
Authors: OWEN JOEL , RABINOVITCH RAMON 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTIt is shown that the class of elliptical distributions extend the Tobin [14] separation theorem, Bawa's [2] rules of ordering uncertain prospects, Ross's [12] mutual fund separation theorems, and the results of the CAPM to non‐normal distributions, which are not necessarily stable. Further, the mean‐covariance matrix framework is generalized to a mean‐characteristic matrix framework in which the characteristic matrix is the basis for a spread or risk measure, and a generalized equilibrium pricing equation is arrived at. The implications to empirical testing of the CAPM and modeling the empirical distribution of speculative prices are discussed.
The Stability of UK Risk Measures and The Problem of Thin Trading
Authors: DIMSON E. , MARSH P. R. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the problems of estimating risk measures and their stability in thin markets. It shows analytically that conventional approaches used in previous studies can lead to serious overestimates of the stability of risk measures when shares are subject to thin trading. It then demonstrates, using UK data, that this is, in fact, a serious practical problem, and that the resultant biases are of precisely the form predicted. Finally, the paper presents reliable evidence on the stability of UK risk measures by using an estimation method designed to avoid thin trading bias. Using this approach, risk measures are found to be as stable in the UK as they are in the USA.
Controlling Monetary Aggregates: The Discount Window
Authors: SANTOMERO ANTHONY M. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper argues that current discount window policy, coupled with non‐borrowed reserve targeting of the Federal Reserve, makes the quantity of high‐powered money endogenous. Examination of the advisability of this procedure in a stochastic environment is conducted using a general equilibrium financial model. It is concluded that the current policy reduces the destabilizing effects of shifts between various depository financial assets, but increases the effect of other asset portfolio shifts and aggregate supply disturbances. These results are consistent with the work of Poole inasmuch as the current debate over discount policy is a repackaging of the debate over interest rate or aggregates control for monetary policy.
Lending Policies of Financial Intermediaries Facing Credit and Funding Risk
Authors: DESHMUKH SUDHAKAR D. , GREENBAUM STUART I. , KANATAS GEORGE 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper compares the optimal lending decisions of financial intermediaries that differ in their risk exposure. All intermediaries are assumed to face a loan demand described by a random applicant arrival process with each applicant offering a unique risk‐adjusted rate of return; loan demand is therefore uncertain in both quantity and quality. The intermediaries differ in terms of their risk exposure because of disparate funding practices. Intermediaries functioning as brokers minimize their exposure by borrowing funds only as demand is realized, whereas those behaving as asset‐transformers borrow in advance of realizing loan demand, thereby maintaining a loanable funds inventory and sustaining the related exposure. The optimal sequential lending policy is shown to involve setting a credit standard that becomes stricter with the length of the intermediary's planning horizon and the volume of loans outstanding. Most importantly, it is shown that brokers adopt stricter credit standards than asset‐transformers and therby reduce their volume of lending.
Optimality of the Disclosure of Private Information in a Production‐Exchange Economy
Authors: TRUEMAN BRETT 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis study provides an analysis of the effects on individual welfare of information revelation in a production‐exchange economy. It is shown that the total effect of information revelation on an agent's utility level may be decomposed into three elements: a price effect, a shareholding effect, and a production effect. Through this decomposition, it is demonstrated that, although a Pareto improvement need not result from information revelation, there are perspectives from which the release can be considered beneficial.
Economic Evaluation of Voting Power of Common Stock
Authors: LEVY HAIM 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper presents an economic evaluation of common stock voting rights. An index of relative voting rights inequality for different classes of stock of the same corporation is constructed and the empirical relationship between the market premium on a superior‐voting stock and the voting inequality index is examined. In only three out of the 25 cases could investors have arbitraged between the two classes of stock, although in one case the arbitrage opportunity persisted for several months.
Interest Rate Uncertainty and the Financial Intermediary's Choice of Exposure
Authors: DESHMUKH SUDHAKAR D. , GREENBAUM STUART I. , KANATAS GEORGE 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThe financial intermediary's choice of operating as a broker with minimal risk exposure or as an asset‐transformer with interest rate risk is modeled as a funds inventory decision made prior to the resolution of uncertainty regarding the borrowing or lending interest rates. It is shown that an increase in the interest rate uncertainty leads the intermediary to reduce its exposure, thereby offering decreased asset‐transformation and more brokerage services. However, a stochastic increase in the interest rates leads to greater asset‐transformation and less brokerage services.
Spot and Futures Prices and the Law of One Price
Authors: PROTOPAPADAKIS ARIS , STOLL HANS R. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThe law of one price (LOP) is tested for narrowly defined commodities traded in futures markets in different countries during the period 1973–80. Although the LOP holds as an average tendency for most of the commodities, there are instances of large riskless arbitrage returns (before transactions costs). Deviations from the LOP tend to be commodity specific rather than due to a common external factor and they tend to be smaller the longer the maturity of the futures contract.
Information Effects on the Bid‐Ask Spread
Authors: COPELAND THOMAS E. , GALAI DAN 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTAn individual who chooses to serve as a market‐maker is assumed to optimize his position by setting a bid‐ask spread which maximizes the difference between expected revenues received from liquidity‐motivated traders and expected losses to information‐motivated traders. By characterizing the cost of supplying quotes, as writing a put and a call option to an information‐motivated trader, it is shown that the bid‐ask spread is a positive function of the price level and return variance, a negative function of measures of market activity, depth, and continuity, and negatively correlated with the degree of competition. Thus, the theory of information effects on the bid‐ask spread proposed in this paper is consistent with the empirical literature.
Regulation and the Determination of Bank Capital Changes: A Note
Authors: DIETRICH J. KIMBALL , JAMES CHRISTOPHER 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThe effectiveness of bank capital adequacy requirements is examined in this paper. Using empirical tests similar to those employed by Peltzman and Mingo, no significant relationship is found between changes in bank capital and the capital standards imposed by regulators. The findings conflict with those of previous studies. The conflict in findings, it is argued, results from the failure of previous studies to account for the effect of binding deposit rate ceilings.
On Valuing American Call Options with the Black‐Scholes European Formula
Authors: GESKE ROBERT , ROLL RICHARD 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTEmpirical papers on option pricing have uncovered systematic differences between market prices and values produced by the Black‐Scholes European formula. Such “biases” have been found related to the exercise price, the time to maturity, and the variance. We argue here that the American option variant of the Black‐Scholes formula has the potential to explain the first two biases and may partly explain the third. It can also be used to understand the empirical finding that the striking price bias reverses itself in different sample periods. The expected form of the striking price bias is explained in detail and is shown to be closely related to past empirical findings.
Investment Management and Risk Sharing with Multiple Managers
Authors: BARRY CHRISTOPHER B. , STARKS LAURA T. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the investor's decision to employ multiple managers for the management of investment funds. Under conditions such that specialization of managers and diversification among managers are not motives for the use of multiple managers, the paper shows that risk sharing considerations may be sufficient. A model is developed in which the decision to use multiple managers is explicitly treated, and conditions are studied such that an increase or decrease in the number of managers would be desirable. Under some conditions, a multiple manager solution is preferred over a single manager solution.
The Harmonic Mean and Other Necessary Conditions for Stochastic Dominance
Authors: JEAN WILLIAM H. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper a systematic procedure is developed to determine necessary conditions for all degrees of stochastic dominance. The previously known necessary conditions are specified as to which degrees of dominance they belong, and two new necessary conditions, a ranking of harmonic means and a ranking of algebraic combinations of the first three moments, are derived.
Anomalies in Security Returns and the Specification of the Market Model
Authors: BROWN STEPHEN J. , BARRY CHRISTOPHER B. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTWe examine the hypothesis originally advanced by Roll[12]that observed anomalies in excess returns can be explained by misspecification of the market model used to estimate systematic risk. We find substantial misspecifications in the model systematically related to size and period of listing of the securities in question. There is some evidence that these misspecifications are associated with systemic biases in measured betas used to construct excess returns.
A Further Investigation of the Weekend Effect in Stock Returns
Authors: KEIM DONALD B. , STAMBAUGH ROBERT F. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis study uses a longer time period and additional stocks to further investigate the weekend effect. We find consistently negative Monday returns (1) for the S & P Composite as early as 1928, (2) for Exchange‐traded stocks of firms of all sizes, and (3) for actively traded over‐the‐counter (OTC) stocks. The OTC results are based on bid prices and therefore appear to reject specialist‐related explanations. For the 30 individual stocks of the Dow Jones Industrial Index, the average correlation between Friday and Monday returns is positive and the highest of all pairs of successive days. The latter finding is inconsistent with fairly general measurement‐error explanations.
External Financing and Liquidity
Authors: HUBERMAN GUR 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTWe explain the observed negative relation between market value of firms and their fund raising activities. Ours is not a signalling model. The firm's objective is to maximize the present value of its income. Considerations of cash availability (liquidity) and unfolding of uncertainty drive our model. Income from operations is an important source of liquidity. Low earnings are associated with low liquidity. Whether earnings are low or not is known to some extent in advance of the realization itself. External financing is pursued in anticipation of the earnings' realization in order to maintain a desired level of liquidity. Therefore, anticipated low earnings are associated with a high level of external financing. Of course, an anticipation of low earnings is also accompanied by a decrease in the firm's value. The empiricist who looks at time series of a firm's value and of its dividend/external financing announcements would then record positive correlation between value and cash distributions and negative correlation between value and external financing.
Models of Stock Returns—A Comparison
Authors: KON STANLEY J. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper a discrete mixture of normal distributions is proposed to explain the observed significant kurtosis (fat tails) and significant positive skewness in the distribution of daily rates of returns for a sample of common stocks and indexes. Stationarity tests on the parameter estimates of this discrete mixture of normal distributions model revealed significant differences in the mean estimates that can explain the observed skewness and significant differences in the variance estimates that can explain the observed kurtosis. An alternative explanation for the observed fat tails is the symmetric student model. The result of a comparison between the models is that the discrete mixture of normal distributions model has substantially more descriptive validity than the student model.
Futures Markets and Informational Efficiency: A Laboratory Examination
Authors: FORSYTHE ROBERT , PALFREY THOMAS R. , PLOTT CHARLES R. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThrough the use of laboratory market methodology, the effect of a futures market on the time path of asset prices is studied and competing models of asset pricing are analyzed. With replication of market conditions, the predictions of a rational expectations equilibrium model are relatively accurate whether or not futures markets are present. However, the presence of futures markets increases the speed with which an efficient equilibrium is achieved. While this more rapid adjustment can increase the variance of spot market prices as they move to equilibrium, this increased variance reflects efficiency gains due to better information.
Money Market Funds and Shareholder Dilution
Authors: LYON ANDREW B. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the effects of a share valuation technique, amortized cost valuation, on institutional money market funds (MMFs) and their investors. The possibility of arbitrage between securities priced at market value and amortized MMFs is investigated. It is found that significant dilution has taken place as a result of this valuation technique. Losses per share have been about 10 basis points per year. Evidence that arbitrageurs will take advantage of a misvaluation of the MMF and cause losses to other shareholders may suggest that some investors should reconsider the desirability of amortized MMFs for their investments.
A Further Empirical Investigation of the Bankruptcy Cost Question
Authors: ALTMAN EDWARD I. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper, empirical evidence with respect to both the direct and indirect costs of bankruptcy is assessed. This should be of interest for three related reasons. First, there is a need to provide further evidence as to the size of bankruptcy costs. Second, for the first time a proxy methodology for measuring indirect costs of bankruptcy is presented and actually measured. Third, a simple format for measuring the present value of expected bankruptcy costs is compared with the present value of expected tax benefits from interest payments on leverage. This comparison has important implications for the continuing debate as to whether or not an optimum capital structure exists for corporations.
A Simple Implicit Measure of the Effective Bid‐Ask Spread in an Efficient Market
Authors: ROLL RICHARD 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTIn an efficient market, the fundamental value of a security fluctuates randomly. However, trading costs induce negative serial dependence in successive observed market price changes. In fact, given market efficiency, the effective bid‐ask spread can be measured by where “cov” is the first‐order serial covariance of price changes. This implicit measure of the bid‐ask spread is derived formally and is shown empirically to be closely related to firm size.
The Effects of Inflation and Money Supply Announcements on Interest Rates
Authors: URICH THOMAS , WACHTEL PAUL 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the impact of the money supply and inflation rate announcements on interest rates. Survey data on expectations of the money supply and consumer and producer price indexes are used to distinguish anticipated and unanticipated components of the announcements. This distinction is used to test for the efficiency of the financial market response to the announcements of new information. The results indicate that the unanticipated components of the announced changes in the Producers Price Index and in the money supply have an immediate positive effect on short‐term interest rates. The Consumer Price Index announcement has no apparent effect. There is no evidence of a delayed announcement effect. However, there is some indication of a liquidity effect of the money supply change on interest rates. This takes place when reserves are changing and several weeks prior to the information announcement.
Shareholder Benefits from Corporate International Diversification
Authors: FATEMI ALI M. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis study provides further evidence on the rates of return realized by the shareholders of multinational firms relative to those of purely domestic firms. The results indicate that the risk‐adjusted returns realized by the shareholders are identical across the two groups except where the MNC operates in competitive foreign markets. In that case, MNC shareholders experience negative abnormal returns. The study also provides further evidence on the risk‐reduction effect of international diversification. The results fail to support the hypothesis that the beta is a convex function of the degree of international involvement. Finally, the paper provides some preliminary evidence on the effect of corporate international diversification on shareholders' returns. It is found that abnormal returns rise by some 18 percent during the 14 months preceding the initial foreign diversification.