bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐translational modification of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 by intermittent hypoxia: evidence for the involvement of dopamine D1 receptor signaling
Authors: Raghuraman Gayatri , Prabhakar Nanduri R. , Kumar Ganesh K. 
Published: October 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 1568–1578.AbstractIntermittent hypoxia (IH) associated with sleep apnea leads to cardio‐respiratory morbidities. Previous studies have shown that IH alters the synthesis of neurotransmitters including catecholamines and neuropeptides in brainstem regions associated with regulation of cardio‐respiratory functions. GABA, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, has been implicated in cardio‐respiratory control. GABA synthesis is primarily catalyzed by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that IH like its effect on other transmitters also alters GABA synthesis. The impact of IH on GABA synthesis was investigated in pheochromocytoma 12 cells, a neuronal cell line which is known to express active form of GAD67 in the cytosolic fraction and also assessed the underlying mechanisms contributing to IH‐evoked response. Exposure of cell cultures to IH decreased GAD67 activity and GABA level. IH‐evoked decrease in GAD67 activity was caused by increased cAMP – protein kinase A (PKA) – dependent phosphorylation of GAD67, but not as a result of changes in either GAD67 mRNA or protein expression. PKA inhibitor restored GAD67 activity and GABA levels in IH treated cells. Pheochromocytoma 12 cells express dopamine 1 receptor (D1R), a G‐protein coupled receptor whose activation increased adenylyl cyclase activity. Treatment with either D1R antagonist or adenylyl cyclase inhibitor reversed IH‐evoked GAD67 inhibition. Silencing D1R expression with siRNA reversed cAMP elevation and GAD67 inhibition by IH. These results provide evidence for the role of D1R‐cAMP‐PKA signaling in IH‐mediated inhibition of GAD67 via protein phosphorylation resulting in down‐regulation of GABA synthesis.
Pharmacological and neurochemical characterization of the involvement of hippocampal adrenoreceptor subtypes in the modulation of acute limbic seizures
Authors: Clinckers Ralph , Zgavc Tine , Vermoesen Katia , Meurs Alfred , Michotte Yvette , Smolders Ilse 
Published: October 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 1595–1607.AbstractNoradrenaline exerts inhibitory effects on seizure susceptibility. Subtype selective agonists and antagonists were used to identify the anticonvulsant hippocampal adrenoreceptors. Intrahippocampal dialysis was used for administration of all compounds, including pilocarpine for limbic seizure induction, and as the neurotransmitter sampling tool. The noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor maprotiline mediated anticonvulsant effects, associated with dose‐dependent increases in extracellular hippocampal noradrenaline, dopamine and GABA levels. At high concentrations, maprotiline produced proconvulsant effects associated with high levels of noradrenaline, dopamine and glutamate. Maprotiline’s anticonvulsant effect was blocked by administration of either a selective α2‐ and β2‐antagonist. α2‐Antagonist administration with maprotiline was associated with a further increase in noradrenaline and dopamine from maprotiline alone; whereas β2‐antagonist administered with maprotiline inhibited the dopamine increases produced by maprotiline. α1A‐Antagonism blocked the GABA‐ergic but not the anticonvulsive effect of maprotiline. These results were confirmed as combined but not separate α2‐ and β2‐adrenoreceptor stimulation, using selective agonists, inhibited limbic seizures. Interestingly, α1A‐receptor stimulation and α1D‐antagonism alone also inhibited seizures associated with respectively significant hippocampal GABA increases and glutamate decreases. The main findings of this study are that (i) increased hippocampal noradrenergic neurotransmission inhibits limbic seizures via combined α2‐ and β2‐receptor activation and (ii) α1A‐ and α1D‐adrenoreceptors mediate opposite effects on hippocampal excitability.
Amphetamine modulation of long‐term potentiation in the prefrontal cortex: dose dependency, monoaminergic contributions, and paradoxical rescue in hyperdopaminergic mutant
Authors: Xu Tai‐Xiang , Ma Qi , Spealman Roger D. , Yao Wei‐Dong 
Published: October 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 1643–1654.AbstractAmphetamine can improve cognition in healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia, attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other neuropsychiatric diseases; higher doses, however, can impair cognitive function, especially those mediated by the prefrontal cortex. We investigated how amphetamine affects prefrontal cortex long‐term potentiation (LTP), a cellular correlate of learning and memory, in normal and hyperdopaminergic mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Acute amphetamine treatment in wild‐type mice produced a biphasic dose‐response modulation of LTP, with a low dose enhancing LTP and a high dose impairing it. Amphetamine‐induced LTP enhancement was prevented by pharmacological blockade of D1‐ (but not D2‐) class dopamine receptors, by blockade of β‐adrenergic receptors, or by inhibition of cAMP‐PKA signaling. In contrast, amphetamine‐induced LTP impairment was prevented by inhibition of post‐synaptic protein phosphatase‐1, a downstream target of PKA signaling, or by blockade of either D1‐ or D2‐class dopamine, but not noradrenergic, receptors. Thus, amphetamine biphasically modulates LTP via cAMP‐PKA signaling orchestrated mainly through dopamine receptors. Unexpectedly, amphetamine restored the loss of LTP in dopamine transporter‐knockout mice primarily by activation of the noradrenergic system. Our results mirror the biphasic effectiveness of amphetamine in humans and provide new mechanistic insights into its effects on cognition under normal and hyperdopaminergic conditions.
Somatic cell nuclear reprogramming of mouse oocytes endures beyond reproductive decline
Authors: Esteves Telma Cristina , Balbach Sebastian Thomas , Pfeiffer Martin Johannes , Araúzo‐Bravo Marcos Jesus , Klein Diana Claire , Sinn Martina , Boiani Michele 
Published: October 2010

SummaryThe mammalian oocyte has the unique feature of supporting fertilization and normal development, while capable of reprogramming nuclei of somatic cells toward pluripotency, and occasionally even totipotency. While oocyte quality is known to decay with somatic aging, it is not a given that different biological functions decay concurrently. In this study, we tested whether oocyte’s reprogramming ability decreases with aging. We show that oocytes isolated from mice aged beyond the usual reproductive age (climacteric) yield ooplasts that retain reprogramming capacity after somatic nuclear transfer (SCNT), giving rise to higher blastocysts rates compared to young donors ooplasts. Despite the differences in transcriptome between climacteric and young ooplasts, gene expression profiles of SCNT blastocysts were very similar. Importantly, embryonic stem cell lines with capacity to differentiate into tissues from all germ layers were derived from SCNT blastocysts obtained from climacteric ooplasts. Although apoptosis‐related genes were down‐regulated in climacteric ooplasts, and reprogramming by transcription factors (direct‐induced pluripotency) benefits from the inhibition of p53‐mediated apoptosis, reprogramming capacity of young ooplasts was not improved by blocking p53. However, more outgrowths were derived from SCNT blastocysts developed in the presence of a p53 inhibitor, indicating a beneficial effect on trophectoderm function. Results strongly suggest that oocyte‐induced reprogramming outcome is determined by the availability and balance of intrinsic pro‐ and anti‐reprogramming factors tightly regulated and even improved throughout aging, leading to the proposal that oocytes can still be a resource for somatic reprogramming when they cease to be considered safe for sexual reproduction.
Proteolysis of calcineurin is increased in human hippocampus during mild cognitive impairment and is stimulated by oligomeric Abeta in primary cell culture
Authors: Mohmmad Abdul Hafiz , Baig Irfan , LeVine 3rd Harry , Guttmann Rodney P. , Norris Christopher M. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryRecent reports demonstrate that the activation and interaction of the protease calpain (CP) and the protein phosphatase calcineurin (CN) are elevated in the late stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the extent to which CPs and CN interact during earlier stages of disease progression remains unknown. Here, we investigated CP and CN protein levels in cytosolic, nuclear, and membrane fractions prepared from human postmortem hippocampal tissue from aged non‐demented subjects, and subjects diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The results revealed a parallel increase in CP I and the 48 kDa CN‐Aα (ΔCN‐Aα48) proteolytic fragment in cytosolic fractions during MCI. In primary rat hippocampal cultures, CP‐dependent proteolysis and activation of CN was stimulated by application of oligomeric Aβ(1–42) peptides. Deleterious effects of Aβ on neuronal morphology were reduced by blockade of either CP or CN. NMDA‐type glutamate receptors, which help regulate cognition and neuronal viability, and are modulated by CPs and CN, were also investigated in human hippocampus. Relative to controls, MCI subjects showed significantly greater proteolytic levels of the NR2B subunit. Within subjects, the extent of NR2B proteolysis was strongly correlated with the generation of ΔCN‐Aα48 in the cytosol. A similar proteolytic pattern for NR2B was also observed in primary rat hippocampal cultures treated with oligomeric Aβ and prevented by inhibition of CP or CN. Together, the results demonstrate that the activation and interaction of CPs and CN are increased early in cognitive decline associated with AD and may help drive other pathologic processes during disease progression.
Lost in translation – a history of systematic confusion and comments on the type species of Squalodon and Patriocetus (Cetacea, Odontoceti)
Authors: MARX FELIX G. , ALBERS JOHANNES , BERNING BJÖRN 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  The two odontocete taxa Squalodon grateloupii and Patriocetus ehrlichii, both the type species of their respective genera, have been at the centre of a great deal of taxonomic confusion. Originally regarded to be conspecific, these two taxa have been the subject of a bewildering taxonomic debate lasting for more than a century, which recently led to the suggestion to abandon these widely used names and replace S. grateloupii with the similar, yet independently and later proposed name S. gratelupi as the type species of Squalodon. Here, we attempt to summarise the events leading to the current confused situation in the hope of resolving this issue once and for all and argue that the name Squalodon grateloupii, as originally proposed, should be reinstated.
Evaluation of respiratory parameters at presentation as clinical indicators of the respiratory localization in dogs and cats with respiratory distress
Authors: Sigrist Nadja E. , Adamik Katja N. , Doherr Marcus G. , Spreng David E. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjective
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To describe clinical respiratory parameters in cats and dogs with respiratory distress and identify associations between respiratory signs at presentation and localization of the disease with particular evaluation between the synchrony of abdominal and chest wall movements as a clinical indicators for pleural space disease.Design
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Prospective observational clinical study.Setting
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Emergency service in a university veterinary teaching hospital.Animals
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Cats and dogs with respiratory distress presented to the emergency service between April 2008 and July 2009.Interventions
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None.Measurements and Main Results
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The following parameters were systematically determined at time of admission: respiratory rate, heart rate, temperature, type of breathing, movement of the thoracic and abdominal wall during inspiration, presence of stridor, presence and type of dyspnea, and results of thoracic auscultation. Abdominal and chest wall movement was categorized as synchronous, asynchronous, or inverse. Diagnostic test results, diagnosis, and outcome were subsequently recorded. Based on the final diagnoses, animals were assigned to 1 or more of the following groups regarding the anatomical localization of the respiratory distress: upper airways, lower airways, lung parenchyma, pleural space, thoracic wall, nonrespiratory causes, and normal animals. One hundred and seventy‐six animals (103 cats and 73 dogs) were evaluated. Inspiratory dyspnea was associated with upper airway disease in dogs and expiratory dyspnea with lower airway disease in cats. Respiratory noises were significantly associated and highly sensitive and specific for upper airway disease. An asynchronous or inverse breathing pattern and decreased lung auscultation results were significantly associated with pleural space disease in both dogs and cats (P<0.001). The combination is highly sensitive (99%) but not very specific (45%). Fast and shallow breathing was not associated with pleural space disease. Increased or moist pulmonary auscultation findings were associated with parenchymal lung disease.Conclusions
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Cats and dogs with pleural space disease can be identified by an asynchronous or inverse breathing pattern in combination with decreased lung sounds on auscultation.
Is Amnisure® useful in the management of women with prelabour rupture of the membranes?
Authors: NEIL Peter R. L. , WALLACE Euan M. 
Published: October 2010

Aims:  Prelabour rupture of membranes (PROM), whether at term or preterm, can be a difficult diagnosis to confirm. Clinician uncertainty often leads to unnecessary intervention for risk management reasons. Amnisure® is a bedside immunoassay for placental alpha macroglobulin‐1 (PAMG‐1), which has been shown to have high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of PROM. However, whether the use of Amnisure® alters clinical management remains untested. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical utility of Amnisure®.Methods:  A prospective cohort study of 184 women presenting with a history of PROM to a tertiary maternity hospital. Before and after Amnisure®, the attending clinician assessed and recorded membrane status (PROM or intact), his/her level of confidence in this diagnosis, and the intended management plan.Results:  There was clinician uncertainty regarding the diagnosis of PROM in 83 (47%) women. Amnisure® significantly increased clinician confidence and led to a change of intended management in 23 (13%) women. In 33 women presenting with possible preterm PROM, seven thought to have PROM before Amnisure® had a negative test, leading to a change of management in these women.Conclusions:  Amnisure® is clinically useful when the clinician is uncertain about the diagnosis but not useful when the clinician is confident about the diagnosis. The use of Amnisure® in women where the diagnosis is uncertain is likely to significantly change management, including reduced hospitalisation for women with preterm PROM.
Impact of stocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) on habitat use by the wild population
Authors: Laffaille P. 
Published: October 2010

Laffaille P. Impact of stocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) on habitat use by the wild population.  Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 67–73. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/SAbstract –  We investigated the summer habitat occupied by populations of young‐of‐the‐year wild and stocked (farmed populations released into the native range) Atlantic salmon under allopatric and sympatric conditions. Under allopatric conditions, farmed and wild salmon occupied habitats with the same characteristics. The salmon preferentially occupied the riffle areas. However, under sympatric conditions, the fish occupied meso‐ and micro‐habitats with different characteristics. Wild salmon avoided habitats used by farmed salmon and preferred glide areas with considerable vegetation cover. This study suggests that differences in the pattern of habitats used by young Atlantic salmon were both size‐ and origin‐dependent and may result from intra‐species competition between farmed and wild populations. Given that stocking with farmed Atlantic salmon is carried out intensively to enhance recreational angling or to conserve salmon populations, this study warns that this can have a negative impact on the extant wild Atlantic salmon population.
The spectre of past spectral conditions: colour plasticity, crypsis and predation risk in freshwater sculpin from newly deglaciated streams
Authors: Whiteley A. R. , Bergstrom C. A. , Linderoth T. , Tallmon D. A. 
Published: October 2010

Whiteley AR, Bergstrom CA, Linderoth T, Tallmon DA. The spectre of past spectral conditions: colour plasticity, crypsis, and predation risk in freshwater sculpin from newly deglaciated streams. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 80–91. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/SAbstract –  Coastrange sculpin (Cottus aleuticus) have colonised recently deglaciated streams of Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska, USA, within the last 200 years. Highly cryptic colouration across a marked gradient of stream substrate colours within Glacier Bay could result from physiological (rapid) or morphological (slower) colour change. Laboratory experiments revealed that physiological colour plasticity occurred on the order of minutes, with significant variation in the degree of colour change among individuals and between populations. In contrast, morphological colour plasticity occurred on the order of weeks to months. Experimentally manipulated spectral conditions influenced the magnitude and variance of subsequent physiological colour plasticity. In‐stream predation trials revealed significantly more predation attempts on higher background contrast sculpin models, providing evidence that background colour matching has strong fitness consequences. Colour plasticity with apparent fitness consequences occurs at multiple interacting time scales in coastrange sculpin and may play an important role in the colonisation of recently deglaciated streams.
Possible roles of bilirubin and breast milk in protection against retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Kao Joanna S , Dawson Jeffrey D , Murray Jeffrey C , Dagle John M , Berends Susan K , Gillen Susan B , Bell Edward F 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAim:  To explore the association of serum bilirubin level and breast milk feeding with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm infants.Methods:  We conducted a case–control study to examine the independent and combined effects of serum bilirubin and breast milk feeding on ROP risk in infants <32 weeks gestation or with birth weight <1500 g. Cases (66 infants with ROP) were matched with controls (66 infants without ROP) based on factors known to affect ROP risk.Results:  When analysed using the paired t‐test, the peak bilirubin levels were lower in ROP cases than in controls (mean 7.2 vs. 7.9 mg/dL; p = 0.045). Using conditional logistic regression, we found a negative association between highest serum bilirubin level and risk of ROP (OR = 0.82 per 1‐mg/dL change in bilirubin; p = 0.06). There was no significant association between breast milk feeding and risk of ROP.Conclusion:  Bilirubin may help to protect preterm infants against ROP.
The cure of ageing: vitamin D—magic or myth?
Authors: Chu Michael P , Alagiakrishnan Kannayiram , Sadowski Cheryl 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Vitamin D was initially thought only to function in calcium homeostasis. However, it has multiple roles in human health, including neuromuscular and immune modulation. Recently, its deficiency is increasingly implicated in many diseases. This discovery has led both popular culture and research to find ways that vitamin D can either treat or prevent many diseases. Since vitamin D not only affects the expression of many genes, but also has intra-individual pharmacokinetic variation, a simplistic cause and effect between vitamin D deficiency and illnesses should not be expected. Older adults pose a challenge not only because diseases become more prevalent with ageing, but they also are often complicated with other comorbidities. This article reviews the link of vitamin D deficiency and the associated medical conditions in middle aged and older adults. It also examines the variability in testing vitamin D values and evaluates dosing recommendations based on current evidence.
Covering their butts: responses to the cigarette litter problem
Authors: Smith Elizabeth A , McDaniel Patricia A 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundCigarette butt litter is a potential target of tobacco control. In addition to its toxicity and non-biodegradability, it can justify environmental regulation and policies that raise the price of tobacco and further denormalise its use. This paper examines how the tobacco industry has managed the cigarette butt litter issue and how the issue has been covered in the media.MethodsWe searched the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/) using a snowball strategy. We analysed data from approximately 700 documents, dated 1959–2006, using an interpretive approach. We also searched two newspaper databases, Lexis/Nexis and Newsbank, and found 406 relevant articles, dated 1982–2009 which we analysed quantitatively and qualitatively.ResultsThe tobacco industry monitored and developed strategies for dealing with the cigarette litter issue because it affected the social acceptability of smoking, created the potential for alliances between tobacco control and environmental advocates, and created a target for regulation. The industry developed anti-litter programs with Keep America Beautiful (KAB) and similar organisations. Media coverage focused on industry-acceptable solutions, such as volunteer clean-ups and installation of ashtrays; stories that mentioned KAB were also more frequently positive towards the tobacco industry. Among alternative approaches, clean outdoor air (COA) laws received the most media attention.ConclusionsCigarette litter, like secondhand smoke, is the result of smoker behaviour and affects nonsmokers. The tobacco industry has tried and failed to mitigate the impact of cigarette litter. Tobacco control advocates should explore alliances with environmental groups and propose policy options that hold the industry accountable for cigarette waste.
Implication of mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in cold preservation – warm reperfusion-induced hepatocyte injury
Authors: Duval Marjolaine , Plin Catherine , Elimadi Aziz , Vallerand Diane , Tillement Jean-Paul , Morin Didier , Haddad Pierre S. 
Published: October 2010

Cold ischemia – warm reperfusion (CI/WR) injury of liver transplantation involves hepatocyte cell death, the nature and underlying mechanisms of which remain unclear. Isolated hepatocytes and isolated perfused livers were used to determine the prevalence of necrosis and apoptosis as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. In isolated cells, propidium iodide and Hoechst 33342 staining showed a cold-storage, time-dependent increase in necrosis, whereas apoptosis was minimal even after 48 h of hypothermia. Nonetheless, a progressive loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was observed. Translocation of mitochondrial cytochrome c toward microsomes occurred within 24 h of CI/WR, with cytochrome c reaching the cytosol later. Mitochondria isolated from whole livers subjected to CI/WR also display reduced metabolic parameters and increased susceptibility to swelling. These events are associated with increased activity of major initiator (caspase 9) and effector (caspase 3) caspases. The results demonstrate that CI/WR induces mitochondrial dysfunction in isolated cells and in the whole organ; only in the latter is that sufficient to trigger the classical mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Our study also provides evidence for the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in CI/WR hepatocyte injury. Combined protection of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum may thus represent an innovative therapeutic avenue to enhance liver graft viability and functional integrity.