bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies of the relationships between Schistosoma and their intermediate hosts. II. The genus Bulinus and Schistosoma haematobium from Sudan, Zaire and Zambia
Authors: Frandsen Flemming 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe relationship between Schistosoma haematobium from Sudan, Zaire and Zambia and various species and strains of Bulinus, has been investigated. The main emphasis was placed on evaluating the total cercarial production per 100 exposed snails as an index of the compatibility between snail and schistosome. The observations confirmed the results of previous compatibility studies which showed that there two groups of S. haematobium, truncatus-borne from Sudan and Zaire, and africanus-borne, from Zambia. They also revealed that this division was not absolute, as some overlapping occurred. However, if the cercarial production was taken as an indication of compatibility, instead of the infection rate, there was a more definite division between the two groups.The observation that there is a truncatus-borne strain of S. haematobium present in Zaire extends the area where there is a mixture of truncatus-and africanus-borne strains farther southwards.
The morphology and biology of Xenopodistomum xenopodis from the gall bladder of the African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis
Authors: Tinsley R. C. , Owen R. Wynne 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTXenopodistomum xenopodis Macnae, Rock and Makowski, 1973 was recovered from the gall bladder of Xenopus laevis laevis imported from the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, during 1967 – 1978. The overall incidence amongst 396 toads was 2.8%, and while the maximum intensity was 8 worms per host, most carried single infections. The parasite was not represented in 570 specimens of 8 other Xenopus taxa from East, Central and West Africa. The internal anatomy of X. xenopodis is of a plagiorchild type, but the adult body form is unusual with marked division into a slender very extensible neck and a broad oval hindbody. Although apparently confined within the gall bladder, the parasite can extend its neck along the bile duct and into the duodenum: host gut contents or intestinal epithelium may therefore supplement the diet of bile fluid. The original description and generic diagnosis have been amplified and amended. X. xenopodis apparently lacks close affinities with other known genera, a characteristic common to many of the parasites which infect the clawed toads.
The Microfilaria of Brugia: A First Stage Nematode Larva
Authors: Laurence B. R. , Simpson M. G. 
Published: June 2009

(1) The structure of the microfilaria of Brugia (B. patei and B. pahangi) is redescribed and the development of B. patei is followed in the mosquito Aedes togoi for the first 4 days, up to the moult to the second larval stage.(2) The buccal cavity, the pharynx (or oesophagus), and the pharyngo-intestinal valve of the second stage larva are formed around the pharyngeal thread of the microfilaria. Part of this thread is moulted with the microfilarial cuticle at the moult to the second larval stage.(3) The intestine of the second stage larva is built up around the Innenkörper of the microfilaria from cells of the nuclear column.(4) The R cells (G 2—G 4 cells) of the microfilaria and the anal vesicle of the microfilaria continue into the second stage larva and eventually the rectum is formed between them.(5) The G cell (G 1 cell) does not form part of the gut of the second stage larva but becomes incorporated into the body wall with other cells from the nuclear column.(6) The subcuticular cells of the microfilaria continue as elongate spindle shaped cells in the cords of the second stage larva.(7) The significance of these results, which are at variance with earlier descriptions, are discussed and it is concluded that the microfilaria of Brugia is a very much modified first stage nematode larva, adapted to life in the capillaries of the vertebrate host. The microfilaria begins the metamorphosis to the structure of the second larval stage soon after entry into the insect vector.
Stunkardia minuta sp. n. (Trematoda: Paramphistomidae) from the Malayan box-tortoise Cuora amboinensis
Authors: Palmieri James R. , Sullivan John T. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTStunkardia minuta sp. n. was recovered from the small intestine and rectum of 5 box-tortoises (Cuora amboinensis) in Malaysia. The average body size (L × W) is 11·42 × 2·35 mm; oral sucker 1·51 × 1.02; oral pouches 0·21 × 0·18; ventral sucker 1·67 × 1·43; oesophageal bulb 0·54 × 0·54; ant. testis 0·95 × 0·98; post. testis 0·94 × 0.94; seminal vesicle 0·82 × 0·24; ootype 0·21 × 0·41; ovary 0·41 × 0·34; and egg 121 × 83 μm. Although morphologically similar to S. dilymphosa, S. minuta is distinct from any other reported member of the Paramphistomidae.
Inorganic elements in adult Ternidens deminutus (Nematoda: Strongylidea: Oesophagostominae) from humans and baboons
Authors: Goldsmid J. M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe present paper presents the results of an analysis of the inorganic elements detected in Ternidens deminutus from human and baboon hosts. It reports on the presence of Zn, Fe, P, Ca, Cu, Mg, mn and K in the worms and notes especially that worms from humans contained a higher percentage of body weight of Zn than those from baboons, a finding in agreement with an earlier EDAX analysis of the pigment granules of this species.
Blast cell activity in mice inflected with Hymenolepis nana, H. diminuta and Trichinella spiralis: in vivo uptake of 125IUdR in lymphoid tissues and gut
Authors: Gabriele F. , Ecca A. R. , Wakelin D. , Palmas C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe kinetics of the lymphoblast response in mice during the course of a primary infection with Hymenolepis nana was measured by the in vivo uptake of 125IUdR. The response was most marked in tissues local to the site of infection, involving to nodes draining the small intestine but not other areas, e.g., inguinal lymph nodes. A close correlation between these responses and the course of inflection was observed. Uptake of 125IUdR was greatest in the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) but the peak reached in this organ was later than that in Peyer's patches (PP), small intestine (SI) and spleen (S). The increase in lymphoblast activity of the MLN was similar with Trichinella spiralis; no significant blast cell response to inflection with H. diminuta was found till day 9 after injection, the results being similar to those obtained when H. nana inflections were established using cysticercoids rather than eggs. It has been shown that the increase in lymphoblast activity was closely correlated with the presence of cells which are most effective in adoptive transfer immunity. A dose-dependent effect was detected in blast cell activity of MLN in different inflection levels with T. spiralis and H. nana.
Thermal effects on the seasonal dynamics of Paradiplozoon homoion (Bychowsky & Nagibina, 1959) parasitizing roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.)
Authors: Höglund Johan , Thulin Jan 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe prevalence and relative density of the monogenean Paradiplozoon homoion, were monitored over one year in populations of roach, Rutilus rutilus, captured in a thermally raised artificial lake located outside a nuclear power station and in a nearby reference locality. Recruitment of P. homoion started earlier in the warmer lake. A temporal shift of the life-cycle was thus observed but there were no differences between the total prevalence or the total relative density of the parasite in the two areas. Since there is no evidence of parasite-induced host mortality, or for the development of protective immunity, the main regulatory process in the heated area are most likely an increased mortality due to reduced thermal tolerance of the adult parasite.
Observations on the post-mortem migration of nematode larvae and its role in tissue digestion techniques
Authors: Prociv Paul 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe importance of larval viability in relation to the success of recovery techniques and to the interpretation of histological and migration studies was tested using mice infected with Toxocara pteropodis, T. canis and T. cati. Little difference was found in total numbers of viable larvae recovered from tissues incubated for 18 hours in 0·85% saline, 2% trypsin or 1% pepsin, but the rates of larval egress did vary. The recovery of dead larvae by digestion techniques was much lower. Larvae migrated in tissues undergoing fixation, which influenced histological findings. Larvae of T. canis did not undergo significant peritoneal migration in acutely-infected mice, but did penetrate their intestinal walls in large numbers within 4 hours of death. The implications of these findings in experimental studies are discussed.
Trapping of large numbers of larvae in the livers ofToxocara canis-reinfected mice
Authors: Sugane Kazuo , Oshima Tomoo 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTCongenially athymic nude mice (BALB/c-nu/nu) and BALB/c-nu/+ were infected with 500 embryonatedToxocara caniseggs. Six weeks later they were reinfected with the same number of eggs. The liver and other organs were examined for numbers of 2nd-stage larvae at 2,4, and 6 weeks after reinfection. Far more larvae were trapped in the liver after reinfection than after the primary infection but fewer were found in the livers of BALB/c-nu/nu than in BALB/c-nu/+ mice.
Onchocerciasis in British cattle: a study ofOnchocerca gutturosaandO. lienalisin North Wales
Authors: Trees A.J. , McCall P.J. , Crozier S.J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTOnchocerca gutturosaandO. lienalisinflections in British cattle were studied by examination of cattle post-mortem originating from North Wales and Cheshire (north west England). In 463 adult animals, the microfilarial (mf) prevalence was 28·5%. In 95·3% of the inflected animals, gravid worms could not be found at either the ligamentum nuchae or the gastro-splenic omentum. Dermal mf at the head were identified asO. gutturosaon the basis of their highly significant assocation with the presence of gravidO. gutturosaat the ligamentum nuchae, which were found in only 3·2% of cattle. Mfs were isolated from different skin sites and from adult worms and a minimum of 10 mfs from each isolate were examined for width and acid phosphatase (AP) staining pattern. The width ofO. gutturosadermal mf was <4 μm (4 isolations), narrower than of putativeO. lienalismf isolated from umbilical skin of cattle without evidence ofO. gutturosa, which were in 20/22 isolations >4 μm wide. The dermal mf were also distinguished on the basis of different AP staining patterns which, for each species, correlated closely with that of hatched intrauterine mf from their respective adult female worms. Based on the criteria of morphology and AP staining patterns the mf species prevalences in the survey population were estimated asO. lienalis24·1% andO. gutturosa2·2%, with a further 2·2% of cattle inflected with both species. The results indicate that the predilection site of adultO. lienalisis not the gastro-splenic omentum. In North Wales, the distribution of the two species was different;O. lienaliswas widely distributed in all cattle rearing areas both lowland and upland, whereasO. gutturosawas largely restricted to valleys close to major rivers.
Infections of forest rat filaria, Breinlia booliati, in neonate and juvenile laboratory white rats
Authors: Ho Beng-Chuan , Chew Lai-Ming , Yap Eu-Hian , Singh Mulkit 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe kinetics of Breinlia booliati infection in 3 inbred rat strains (Lewis, Wistar and Sprague Dawley) were investigated. One group of rats was infected as neonates (less than 24 hours of age) with third-stage larvae of B. booliati and the other group was infected as juveniles (4 weeks of age). The results showed that infection in the neonates were significantly different from the infection in the juveniles. The 60 rats infected as neonates, when necropsied between 8 to 10 months postinfection, yielded adult worms. The 2 neonatal infection groups of Lewis and Wistar strains showed highest susceptibility to the infections. The mean prepatent period was 85 days. Ninety to 95% of the infected rats were patent with microfilaraemia and a large percentage (33 to 47%) of them had high microfilaraemia counts exceeding 3000 mff/20 mm3 of blood and larger sizes (mean 157·11 mm for female adult worms and 61·88 mm for male adult worms. The adult worms were distributed equally in both the pleural (57%) and peritoneal cavity (43%). In most aspects, the neonatal infection group of the Sprague-Dawley strain was intermediate in susceptibility between the 2 neonatal infection groups of the Lewis and Wistar strains and the 3 juvenile infection groups. In contrast to neonatal infection groups, the 3 juvenile infection groups exhibited low infection rates (37%, 58% and 47% for the Lewis, Wistar and Sprague Dawley strains respectively), longer prepatent periods (mean 101 days), lower recovery rates (2 to 4%), lower adult worm loads (mean 0·4 to 0·8 female worms, and 0·2 to 0·8 male worms per rat), and smaller sizes (mean 141·24 mm for female adult worms and 53·75 mm for male adult worms). Forty-four to 57% of these infected rats harboured either single male or single female adult worms in the body cavity. Most (92%) of the adult worms recovered from the juvenile infection groups resided in the pleural cavity and the remaining 8% were recovered from the peritoneal cavity. Microfilaraemia could be detected in only 3/20 Lewis rats, 5/20 Wistar rats and 5/20 Sprague Dawley rats. The mean peak microfilaraemia of the 3 pooled juvenile infection groups was 632 mff/20 mm3 of blood, ranging from 7 mff/20 mm3 to 1856 mmf/20 mm3. Our results indicate that the susceptibility to B. booliati infection in white rats is both genetic and age-associated. The responses of the 2 distinct infection groups to B. booliati infections are discussed.
Comparative analysis of amino acids of three species of Gangesia (Cestoda: Proteocephalata)
Authors: Nanda Sunita , Bhalya Anjali , Gairola Damyanti , Malhotra Sandeep K. , Capoor V. N. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTA total of 21 amino acids were detected in the present investigations on three species of Gangesia (Cestoda: Proteocephalata) viz. G. bengalensis Woodland, 1924, G. hanumanthai Seth & Capoor, 1982 and G. sanehensis Malhotra et al., 1981. The study was conducted in a sub-humid region around Allahabad, India. The implications of amino acid utilization in metabolic activities of fish tapeworms have been discussed.
The effect of praziquantel on the ultrastructure ofSchistosoma margrebowiei
Authors: Awad A. H. H. , Probert A. J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe effect of various concentrations of praziquantel at different time intervals post-treatment on the ultrastructure ofSchistosoma margrebowieiusing scanning and transmission electron microscopy has been examined. The major changes involved blebbing of the entire surface tegument of both sexes (although more marked in males) together with vacuolation of the basal membrane accompanied by the development of membraneous whorls. These effects were progressively more marked with increased concentration and time of exposure resulting in severe erosion of the tubercles and collapse of the sensory organelles. Exposure of the underlying tegumental tissue resulted and paralysis and contraction of the suckers and neck region was apparent. Disruption of the subtegumental musculature and the appearance of vacuolation and membraneous whorl formation were seen. The gastrodermis was similarly affected and the S4 cells of the vitelline gland showed protein disruption of the vitelline droplets. Host cells were seen adhering to the surface of the worms following drug treatment and the synergism between PZQ and the action of the hosts immune system has been discussed.
Nonspecific immunomodulation influences resistance of mice to experimental infection with Mesocestoides corti and Ascaris suum
Authors: Heřmánek J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe influence of nonspecific immunomodulation on the course of experimental infection was examined in larval cestodosis (Mesocestoides corti) and ascaridosis (Ascaris suum) in mice. Immunosuppressive treatment (with azathioprine or hydrocortisone) resulted in a decrease of resistance in both models. The subsequent administration of T-activin to immunosuppressed mice led to the restoration of resistance to a level equal to that of untreated control mice. The administration of different immunomodulators partially protected mice against M. corti (T-activin. thymomodulin) or A. suum (T-activin. thymomodulin. thymosin fr.5. bursa-activin) infection. The protective effect of different treatments did not correlate with the level of specific antibody in the sera of infected mice. These results, which confirmed the decisive role of T-cell immunity in the resistance to the helminth infections, raise the possibility of the use of immunomodulators (thymic preparations) in the immunoprophylaxis of helminthoses.
In vitroeffect of larval stages ofAscaris lumbricoideson human blood clotting
Authors: Malla N. , Sofi B. A. , Ganguly N. K. , Mahajan R. C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe effects of larval stages ofAscaris lumbricoideson human blood clotting was studiedin vitro. Extracts and excretory/secretory products of third-stage larvae (L3) and late third-stage larvae (LL3) cultured from ova obtained from infected patients were analysed for anti-coagulant activity. Prothrombin time (PT) was prolonged by the addition of either whole extract of L3/LL3or ES products of L3/LL3as compared to controls. Partial thromboplastin time with kaolin (PTTK) was also prolonged on the addition of either extracts of ES products of L3/LL3. The prolongation of PTTK was significantly higher with extracts/ES products of L3when compared to the extracts/ES products of LL3(p<0.005). Thrombin time (TT) was prolonged by extracts of L3/LL3and their ES products.
Molecular cloning of the cDNA encoding an immunodominant antigen ofDirofilaria immitis
Authors: Sun Shu-Han , Matsuura Tadashi , Sugane Kazuo 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAn immunodominant antigen ofDirofilaria immitiswas studied using recombinant DNA techniques. The mRNA fromD. immitisadult female worms was translated invitroand a major 34 k Da antigenic polypeptide product was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation. cDNA was synthesized from mRNA and a λ gt11 expression library was constructed and immunoscreened with dirofilariasis positive serum. A positive clone containing a nearly full length cDNA was isolated. The cDNA was 2415 bp in length and consider of a single open reading frame followed by a long 3' non-coding region of 1446 bp. The open reading frame of 969 bp encoded a polypeptide of 322 amino acids with a molecular weight of 34 400. A cDNA fusion protein synthesized by bacteria (Escherichia coliJM109) using the expression vector pGEMEX-1 was identified as an immunodominant antigen by absorption experiments and had no cross-reactivity with sera from patients with other filarial species.
Schistosoma curassoni Brumpt, 1931 and S. bovis (Sonsino, 1876) in cattle in northern Nigeria
Authors: Ndifon G. T. , Betterton C. , Rollinson D. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTSchistosoma curassoni has been recovered from cattle in northern Nigeria. Rectal scrapings of 90 cows slaughtered at the Kano abattoir, Kano, Nigeria during March and April 1986 revealed a prevalence of 7·8% S. bovis and 2·2% S. curassoni. Further examination of the mesenteric and rectal veins of 502 cows showed that the overall prevalence of schistosomiasis was 31·1%. Local Bulinus globosus were infected successfully in the laboratory with S. bovis miracidia.
Immunization against experimental rabbit cysticercosis using liposome-associated antigen preparations
Authors: Craig P. S. , Zumbuehl O. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTRabbits were vaccinated once, by subcutaneous and intradermal injection, with sonicates of oncospheres (TpO) or conditioned media from in vitro maintained mature metacestodes (TpMcES) of Taenia pisiformis. Extracts were either incorporated into or mixed with unilammelar liposomes (reverse phase evaporative vesicles) or emulsified in Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA). Control groups received liposomes or FIA without antigen, or antigen preparation without adjuvant. Rabbits were challenged orally two weeks after vaccination with approximately 1500 eggs of T. pisiformis and necropsied eight weeks after challenge. A mean of 155 cysts was recovered from seven control rabbits. A 67% reduction in peritoneal cyst numbers was obtained in TpO–IFA vaccinated rabbits compared to 75% for the TpO–liposome entrapped group. The highest level of protection (86%) was obtained when TpO was mixed with but not entrapped in liposomes. Only 32% and 39% reduction in peritoneal cyst numbers was obtained after immunizing with the TpMcES preparation in liposomes or IFA respectively, however >85% of peritoneal metacestodes were dead (necrotic or calcified) and suggests a different immune response than occurs after vaccination with oncosphere extracts. Specific anti-oncospheral or anti-metacestode ES antibody (IgG) responses at two weeks post vaccination were similar in rabbits immunized with liposome or IFA associated extracts.
Vitelline gland histochemistry in the commensal temnocephalidParacaridinicola platei(Fernando, 1952) Baer, 1953, together with some notes on the egg
Authors: Breckenridge W. R. , Nathanael Shirani 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTHistochemical tests indicate the presence of tanning precursors namely protein, phenols and phenolase in the vitelline glands of the temnocephalidParacaridinicola platei. This suggests the occurrence of a tanned egg shell in this organism, a feature it shares with many other parasitic and free living platyhelminths. The large eggs are laid singly and are attached to the gill lamellae of the host.
Antigenicity of a proteolytic enzyme ofFasciola hepatica
Authors: Coles G. C. , Rubano D. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe possibility was examined of using a haemoglobinase released duringin vitroincubation of adultFasciola hepaticafor immunodiagnosis of fascioliasis. By SDS gel electrophoresis the enzyme appeared as two closely migrating bands with a molecular weight of approximately 27 000 daltons. After Western blotting the bands reacted with serum from rats infected withF. hepaticaand mice infected withSchistosoma mansoni. The enzyme was therefore not a good antigen for immunodiagnosis.
Early lymphocytic responses to Heligmosomoides polygyrus infections in mice
Authors: Parker S. J. , Inchley C. J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTResponses to parasite antigens were studied in three strains of mice, BALB/c, CBA and NIH, during the initial phases of a primary infection with the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Changes in the rate of in vivo cell division were analysed in mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens during the phases of larval maturation and adult establishment, and related to changes in organ size and cellularity. The nature of the proliferating cell populations was also investigated by flow cytometry, carried out on cell suspensions prepared at the time when larval development was complete. The variation in the ability of the strains of mice to become resistant to a challenge infection was manifest as only slight differences in their initial responses to infection. All three strains showed an increase in 125I-iododeoxyuridine incorporation in their mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen, and an increase in B cell frequency over that of T cells in the draining lymph nodes. Although lymph node weight in NIH mice continued to rise over a 4 week period, the majority of responses measured were short lived, peaking 10 to 14 days after infection. The low responder status of CBA mice was thus reflected in a transient and relatively small enlargement of lymphoid tissues, but their early proliferative responses to antigen were similar in scale to those of responder strains.