bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Naso-pharyngeal carriage of Haemophilus influenzae type B
Authors: Turk D.C. 
Published: May 2009

H.influenzae type b, the sero-type which causes meningitis, was isolated from 3 (2·4 %) of 127 naso-pharyngeal swabs from white non-Jamaican children resident in Jamaica, and from 14 (2·9 %) of 473 such swabs from a mixed group of Jamaican children. Much higher frequencies were found in households in which cases of haemophilus meningitis had recently occurred (41 %), in the nursery of an orphan home (up to 70%) and in a day-nursery. In the orphan home nursery the high frequency persisted over a number of months, but no case of meningitis or other relevant disease occurred. A high concentration of this organism is therefore compatible with normal health, and the significance of high concentrations in the homes of meningitis patients is not certain.I am indebted to the Standing Advisory Committee for Medical Research in the British Caribbean for a grant towards the cost of materials; to a number of colleagues at the University College of the West Indies, notably Dr E. H. Back, Senior Lecturer in Paediatrics, and the staff of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine; to those in charge of the orphan home, the day-nursery, the play-school and the other institutions visited; to many cooperative parents and children and to my wife for help in the collection of specimens.
A trial of reinforcing doses of diphtheria toxoid absorbed through the buccal mucosa
Authors:   A Report by the Public Health Laboratory Service and the Manchester Education Committee School Health Service
Published: May 2009

Diphtheria toxoid lozenges were given to eighty-eight children aged 10–12 years who had previously been immunized by parenteral injection, and the antitoxin titres before and after administration were compared with those in a similar group of forty-six children who received formol toxoid by injection.The results showed that a course of two lozenges at an interval of 1 week was a satisfactory means of reinforcing immunity in the children. The antitoxin response was less than that after injection, but a substantial response occurred in the children with low initial titres.It is suggested that the lozenges might replace an injection as a means of reinforcing immunity in children aged 10–12 years and that they might be a valuable means of rapidly reinforcing the immunity of a large number of children in an epidemic.The lozenges must be given under supervision to ensure that the children allow them to dissolve slowly in their mouths.We should like to thank Dr J. D. Abbott of the Public Health Laboratory, Manchester, for separating the sera.
The use of gamma radiation for the elimination of salmonellae from various foods
Authors: Ley F. J. , Freeman Barbara M. , Hobbs Betty C. 
Published: May 2009

Studies on the use of gamma radiation for the elimination of salmonellae from whole egg, frozen horse-meat, desiccated coconut and bone meal show the extent to which the nature of the medium influences the resistance of these organisms to gamma radiation. There is also a variation in radiation resistance between different serotypes; S. typhi-murium was consistently the most resistant of those examined.Based on experiments with artificially inoculated or naturally contaminated products, and also on dose/survival curve data, the dose requirement for the elimination of salmonellae from frozen whole egg is estimated at 0·5 Mrad., which gives a 107 reduction in numbers of S. typhi-murium; for frozen horsemeat 0·65 Mrad., giving a 105 reduction; and for bone meal between 0·5 and 0·75 Mrad., giving between 105 and 108 reduction. A dose of 0·45 Mrad. appears effective for desiccated coconut, with a reduction of 103, but such a radiation dose affects the quality of this product.We are grateful to Dr E. S. Anderson of the Enteric Reference Laboratory for phage typing and for the provision of a strain of S. typhi-murium for experi ments. Also we thank Dr Joan Taylor of the Salmonella Reference Laboratory for the serological typing of salmonellae, and Miss M. E. Smith and other colleagues of the Food Hygiene Laboratory who carried out the routine bacteriological examination.We wish to thank Mr N. C. Roberts of J. Rannoch Ltd. for his co-operation in the large-scale frozen egg experiment, and also Mrs G. M. Ison of S. Wallace Ltd. in respect of the experiment on frozen horse-meat.
The kinetics of influenza-virus adsorption on iron oxide in the process of viral purification and concentration
Authors: Larin N. M. , Gallimore P. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThis paper reports a study carried out to clarify the mechanisms involved in adsorption of influenza A and B viruses on iron oxide. Accordingly, the amounts of virus that are adsorbed from virus suspensions of varying concentrations per unit surface area of magnetic or non-magnetic oxide at fixed temperature and time have been determined. The principles involved are clearly the same as those involved in multiple equilibria during the interaction of particles with a large number of combining sites with different intrinsic affinity. Consequently, the amount of virus that is adsorbed per unit mass of iron oxide depends on the size of the adsorbent area, not on its magnetic property. Owing to a significant difference between the affinities of influenza A and B particles for the binding sites on iron oxide, unit surface area of the adsorbent is invariably capable of adsorbing significantly greater amounts of influenza A than B particles. The practical implications of these findings are that a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in virus adsorption on iron oxide will permit a more efficient separation of virus particles from impurities. The simplicity and the rapidity of the technique and the cheapness of the equipment required suggest that the iron oxide method is of great value for both small- or large-scale viral purification, whether it is used as a single step procedure or as a primary step followed by zonal separation.
Antigenic properties of the envelope of influenza virus rendered soluble by surfactant-solvent systems
Authors: Larin N. M. , Gallimore P. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYDissociating chemical treatments employing surfactant-solvent systems were applied to purified influenza A and B viruses to obtain viral preparations possessing a significantly higher or lower haemagglutinating activity than the intact virus. All preparations, whether with high or low haemagglutinating activity, with the exception of envelope protein solubilized by Triton X-100, were significantly lacking in the ability to excite the formation of haemagglutination-inhibiting and virus-neutralizing antibodies in inoculated ferrets. In contrast to other treatments, Triton X-100 treatment of virus significantly enhanced the antigenicity of viral protein as judged by virus neutralization and haemaggmtination inhibition tests. Yet the haemagglutinating activity of the envelope protein solubilized with Triton X-100 was about 1 % that of the intact virus. Results suggest that the correlation assumed to exist between the haemagglutinating activity of influenza virus and its ability to excite the formation of humoral antibodies is coincidental. Another important point is that the specific antigenicity of viral protein may be lost or enhanced owing to effects, other than solubilization, by surface-active agents.
The antimicrobial activity of cationic proteins isolated from the cells in bulk milk samples
Authors: Hibbitt K. G. , Brownlie J. , Cole C. B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYCationic proteins isolated from the cells in bulk milk samples were shown to inhibit the growth of two pathogenic strains of staphylococci and alsoStreptococcus agalactiaeS 13. Polyacrylamide gel disk electrophoresis studies on these proteins revealed the presence of at least 9 components some of which had isoelectric pH's between 7·0 and 9·0. Trace amounts of the isolated protein had isoelectric pH's greater than 9·0. Staphylococci incubated with milk-cell cationic proteins absorbed the protein, thereby allowing the organism to be stained with the anionic dye Fast Green FCF. Protein-treated staphylococci in isotonic solutions autoagglutinated. This autoagglutination was more marked in hypo- and hypertonic solutions. Lysozyme was not demonstrated in the isolated protein fractions in assays involving incubation withMicrococcus lysodeikticusfor 90 min. The antimicrobial activity of the cationic proteins isolated from the bulk milk samples was not destroyed after heating to temperatures up to 70° C for 30 min., whereas at higher temperatures the activity diminished and was almost completely lost at 100° C.
Prevention of airborne contamination and cross-contamination in germ-free mice by laminar flow
Authors: van der Waaij D. , Andreas A. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe efficacy of horizontal and vertical laminar flow units (equipped with high-efficiency air niters) in the prevention of cross-contamination between cages and of contamination from outside has been demonstrated. With germ-free mice and using germ-free standard techniques for sterilization and for the transfer of germ-free mice into the cabinets via a standard entry lock, it was found that during an observation period of 2 weeks the animals remain ‘negative’. Other experiments were performed with equally good results in cabinets equipped with a hinged flap, closing 95 % of the open front side. When the flap was closed the air flow could be reduced accordingly, thus reducing the noise level and the risk of dehydration.Experiments made with germ-free mice in a ‘down-flow unit’ were also invariably good.In another type of experiment, cages with conventional mice were placed in the cabinets between cages with germ-free animals at varying distances. If all animals were maintained on wire mesh (to minimize the aerosol production of dust) and if the ‘conventional’ cages were at a distance of 10 cm. from ‘germ-free cages’ the latter remained bacteria-free during test periods of one week.The use of ‘laminar flow isolators’ for the isolation of human patients is mentioned.
The production of pneumonia with or without pleurisy in gnotobiotic piglets with pure cultures of strain TR 32 ofMycoplasma hyorhinis
Authors: Poland J. , Edington N. , Gois M. , Betts A. O. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYNine gnotobiotic piglets, when 8–9 days old, were exposed to an aerosol of strain TR 32 ofMycoplasma hyorhinisand killed at intervals from 14 to 37 days after infection. The aerosol ofM. hyorhiniscaused bronchopneumonia in 1 pig, pleurisy alone in 2 pigs, pleuropneumonia in 2 pigs and no lung changes in 4 pigs.M. hyorhiniswas re-isolated from the lungs of all infected pigs, irrespective of the presence or absence of lesions, though it was only isolated from the serosa and joints when lesions were present. Four control pigs exposed to aerosols of mycoplasma medium had no lesions.
Comparative trial of three heterologous anti-tetanus sera
Authors: Sinclair I. S. R. , McCormick J. St G. , Clark J. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe three heterologous anti-sera currently provided for tetanus prophylaxis have been compared with reference to the production of untoward reactions in 498 patients, and to the blood antitoxin concentrations produced in 76 patients. Equine serum, although giving rise to more reactions, was the only effective agent in terms of the levels and duration of serum antitoxin concentration produced. The local response to a test dose of any of the three sera is not a reliable guide to immediate or late general reactions.
Further studies on the growth of rubella virus in human embryonic organ cultures: preliminary observations on interferon production in these cultures
Authors: Best Jennifer M. , Banatvala J. E. , Smith M. E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYOrgan cultures prepared from 15 different organs obtained from 43 fetuses were consistently found to support the growth of rubella virus, irrespective of the gestational age of the fetus or the strain of rubella virus inoculated. Although rubella virus replicated in fetal lenses, adult lenses did not support the growth of rubella virus. Organs obtained from four fetuses between 8 and 17 weeks gestational age produced similar titres of an inhibitor which had the characteristics of interferon. The use of Trowell T8 medium and incubation in a mixture of 5% CO2in oxygen provided the most suitable conditions for the maintenance of most organ cultures. Under these circumstances it was possible to obtain adequate histological preparations from these organs, but light microscopy studies revealed no significant differences in sections of rubella inoculated and control organ cultures.
Common colds on Tristan da Cunha
Authors: Shibli M. , Gooch S. , Lewis H. E. , Tyrrell D. A. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYEight epidemics of respiratory disease have been observed among islanders of Tristan da Cunha. They seem to be initiated by the arrival of ships and transmission seemed to occur as a result of close human contact but could not always be traced. Islanders suffered from less colds than those in less isolated communities.
Bacteriological monitoring in penicillin treatment of streptococcal sore throat
Authors: Ross P. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYBacteriological monitoring of penicillin therapy in 30 children with streptococcal sore throats was performed by means of salivary and throat-swab culture, on the first, third, fifth and ninth days after therapy had started. Counts of beta-haemolytic streptococci per ml. of saliva were also performed.Results showed that salivary culture and estimation of the numbers of beta-haemolytic streptococci in the saliva were much more sensitive indices of the effectiveness of penicillin treatment than throat-swab culture.
Multiple sclerosis distribution in England and Wales and parts of Europe
Authors: Stocks Percy 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYScotland and Ireland have the highest death rates from multiple sclerosis and high rates are recorded in an area extending south-eastward from Britain through central Europe. The rates tend to diminish with rising latitude and longitude. In England and Wales the county boroughs with notably high rates during 1958–67 were mostly textile towns with cotton and wool mills, situated in the area recording the lowest average levels of sunshine. In the London area mortality from multiple sclerosis was high in those western boroughs and adjacent counties most exposed to the noise of aircraft using the airports of London. The geographical pattern in England suggests that noise and vibration of particular kinds may be a factor in causation along with a climatic factor, but this hypothesis is speculative until further evidence is found to support it.
The association of viruses with clinical pertussis
Authors: Pereira Marguerite S. , Candeias J. A. N. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThis study describes the results of attempts to grow viruses from per-nasal swabs taken from 136 children with clinical pertussis.Altogether 37 strains of a variety of different viruses were isolated. Adenovirus was the most frequent, making up 30 % of the total. Besides these, herpes simplex, measles, influenza A2, influenza B, mumps, poliovirus and respiratory syncytial virus were detected.Bordetella pertussis was isolated from 22 % of the cases.It appears that a pertussis-like syndrome can be caused by many agents besides Bord. pertussis and an accurate diagnosis requires laboratory confirmation.
The intestinal flora of colonization-resistant mice
Authors: Wensinck F. , Ruseler-van Embden J. G. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTo facilitate the isolation of anaerobes from cultures in which swarming organisms were present Roux flasks were adapted to provide anaerobic conditions. Using these flasks, five species of anaerobes were isolated from the caecum of mice resistant to colonization withEscherichia coliand other Gram-negative organisms. These species accounted for the majority of organisms seen in films of caecal material. No aerobes were isolated and the flora of these mice apparently consisted of a limited number of anaerobes representing part of the intestinal flora of conventional mice. Three of the species were clostridia and another was identified asPropionibacterium acnes. One species resembledCatenabacteriumbut was not identified. One of theClostridiumspecies could only be isolated when the medium was supplemented with yeast extract and vitamins. This species sporulated on media with ammonium phosphate as the source of nitrogen; tryptone completely suppressed sporulation.
The chemical reactions of the haemagglutinins and neuraminidases of different strains of influenza viruses: III. Effects of proteolytic enzymes
Authors: Hoyle L. , Almeida June D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe action of trypsin and pronase on the haemagglutinins and neuraminidases of eight strains of influenza virus has been examined.The haemagglutinins of all the strains were highly susceptible to digestion by pronase but there were great variations in resistance to trypsin.The neuraminidases of the eight strains were of three types. The neuraminidases of the A1 strains and the DSP strain of virus A were highly susceptible to destruction by both enzymes. The neuraminidases of the PR 8 and Swine strains showed partial resistance especially to trypsin, while the A 2 strains and the lee strains of virus B possessed neuraminidases that were completely resistant to both trypsin and pronase.Proteolytic enzymes released free neuraminidases from the A 2 and lee viruses the morphology of which was different from that of neuraminidases released by detergent treatment.
Vaccination of adults with Wistar RA 27/3 rubella vaccine
Authors: Freestone D. S. , Prydie J. , Smith S. G. Hamilton , Laurence G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThirty-three adults were vaccinated subcutaneously with Wistar RA. 27/3 (live attenuated) rubella vaccine at the Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham. All subjects with pre-vaccination haemagglutinating-inhibiting antibody titres of 1/20 or less and three of seven subjects with pre-vaccination titres of 1/40 showed at least fourfold rises of titre. Reactions encountered were mild and of short duration.
Neuraminidase and resistance to vaccination with live influenza A2 Hong Kong vaccines
Authors: Slepushkin A. N. , Schild G. C. , Beare A. S. , Chinn Susan , Tyrrell D. A. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThirty-seven volunteers were inoculated intranasally with living attenuated influenza A 2 viruses. Rising titres of circulating antineuraminidase (AN) were detected in 14 of 17 infected volunteers. AN was also found in nasal secretions. Statistical analysis showed that there was a correlation between the titres of haemagglutination-inhibituig antibody (HI) and AN in nasal washings, and between AN in blood and washings. Resistance to infection could be predicted from antibody titres in 29 of 37 volunteers and blood AN alone predicted the outcome of 25 volunteers.
An indoor system for the study of biological aerosols in open air conditions
Authors: Hood A. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn indoor system designed for the study of survival of airborne micro-organisms in closed conditions has been successfully modified to allow the effect of open air to be measured. It was found that the unidentified open-air factors which are toxic for many species of microbes and rapidly lost when enclosed in conventional laboratory apparatus could be retained in the system by continuous ventilation at an adequate rate. The rate required allowed examination ofEscherichia coliin aerosols generated from small amounts of material because of the short periods of ventilation required for appreciable viable decay to occur.The validity of the system was tested by comparing the survival ofE. coliin true aerosols with its survival when the droplets were held on microthread. An investigation of the role of relative humidity in open-air toxicity was included.
Effects of oxygen on aerosol survival of radiation sensitive and resistant strains ofEscherichia coliB
Authors: Cox C. S. , Bondurant M. C. , Hatch M. T. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe aerosol survivals in air and nitrogen of radiation sensitive and resistant mutants ofEscherichia coliB have been determined with logarithmic and resting phase bacteria. No consistent correlation was found between radiation sensitivity and aerosol sensitivity in the strains tested. Hence, the phenotypes Fil Her Exr, which determine sensitivity to radiation, do not influence aerosol survival, i.e. these known mechanisms which repair radiation-induced damage do not operate in aerosol stressedE. coli. In all cases the survival in air was less than that in nitrogen particularly so forE. coliBs-1. The effect is explained in terms of a toxic action of oxygen. Comparison of survival of log and resting phase bacteria show that log phase cells are less aerosol stable than are resting phase cells. The ability to synthesize DNA in bacteria collected from the aerosol was less than in control unstressed bacteria, and this effect was independent of the presence of oxygen. Reduced ability to synthesize DNA could have been caused by reduced metabolic activity. It is shown that two different death mechanisms occur simultaneously in aerosols at low relative humidity. One mechanism is oxygen dependent and the other oxygen independent. The former was not through a decrease in metabolic activity, whereas the latter could be.
Sensitivity of trachoma agent to streptomycin and related antibiotics
Authors: Sowa J. , Race M. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFor isolating trachoma (TRIC) agent from conjunctival scrapings, both streptomycin and neomycin were effective in preventing bacterial contamination, but at high concentrations neomycin was rather more inhibitory to TRIC agent. Prolonging storage of scrapings with neomycin at 4° from 30 min. to 24 hr. reduced the bacterial contamination rate, but also diminished the chance of isolating TRIC agent at the 1st passage. Two freshly isolated TRIC agents differed in their susceptibility to neomycin and streptomycin. Kanamycin and framycetin appeared to be less suitable than streptomycin for use in isolation of TRIC agent. In isolation studies, the possibility of inhibiting TRIC agent by high concentrations of antibotics, including streptomycin, should be borne in mind.
The development of TRIC organisms in cell cultures during multiple infection
Authors: Evans Andrea 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe relationship between multiplicity of infection and the yield of organisms and of polysaccharide was studied in BHK 21 cells infected with TRIC organisms. Although an increase in themultiplicity of infection resulted in an increase in the absolute number of organisms per culture, there was a decrease in relation to the number of infecting organisms. The amount of polysaccharide produced was independent of multiplicity of infection; it was not limited by the concentration of glucose in the medium. Polysaccharide leaked from cells and was slowly broken down in the culture medium.