bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and anticorrosion properties of poly(2,3‐dimethylaniline) doped with phosphoric acid
Authors: Ma Li , Huang Chao‐Qun , Gan Meng‐Yu 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPoly(2,3‐dimethylaniline) (P(2,3‐DMA)) was synthesized chemically by using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as protonic acid. The optimum ratio for n(H3PO4)/n(2,3‐DMA)/n(APS) was 2.5/1/2, and the optimum temperature was 30°C. The spectra of ultraviolet‐visible and infrared demonstrate that the structure of P(2,3‐DMA) was similar with polyaniline (PANI) except for the 2,3‐ortho‐substitute methyl. The result of X‐ray diffraction and solubility analysis indicate that owing to the 2,3‐ortho‐substitute benzene ring, the P(2,3‐DMA) has poorly partial crystallinity and better solubility. In addition, the anticorrosion property of P(2,3‐DMA) was better than PANI. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Full factorial design‐of‐experiments for preparation of crosslinked dextran microspheres
Authors: Kenari Hamed Salimi , Imani Mohammad , Nodehi Azizollah 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis work describes full factorial design‐of‐experiment methodology for exploration of effective parameters on physical properties of dextran microspheres prepared via an inverse emulsion (W/O) technique. Microspheres were prepared by chemical crosslinking of dextran dissolved in internal phase of the emulsion using epichlorohydrin. The input parameters were dextran concentration in the aqueous phase, crosslinking ratio, and concentrations of sodium hydroxide and span 80 as the reaction catalyst and surfactant, respectively. Chemical structure of the resulting microspheres was analyzed spectroscopically using Fourier‐transform infrared technique. Final decomposition temperature, mean particle size and its distribution and equilibrium swelling ratio were selected as output responses. Microspheres with smooth surface were obtained according to scanning electron micrographs. It was found that an increase in dextran concentration in the aqueous internal phase increases mean particle diameter of the resulting microspheres, significantly. Moreover, water uptake capacity for the microspheres was dependent on both the dextran concentration and crosslinking ratio. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Detail‐feature‐preserving surface reconstruction
Authors: Zhao Xu , Zhou Zhong , Duan Ye , Wu Wei 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we propose a feature‐preserving surface reconstruction method from sparse noisy 3D measurements such as range scanning or passive multiview stereo. In contrast to earlier methods, we define a novel type of explicit 3D filter—regularized weighted least squares filter—to characterize the detail features such as surface wrinkles and sharp features. To account for noise, we rasterize input‐oriented points into a probabilistic volume (base volume) and then create a guidance volume by Gaussian filtering. Both the base volume and the guidance volume are further filtered by regularized weighted least squares filter to detect and recover detail features. After the two‐stage filtering, a global minimal surface is computed by graph cut and meshed as a geometric model. Experimental results on various datasets show that our method is robust to noise, outliers, and missing parts, which makes it more suitable to fit indoor/outdoor multiview stereo data. Unlike other methods, our method can completely recover scene structures and preserve detail features from noisy point samples. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DNA Interaction of the CcrM DNA Methyltransferase: A Mutational and Modeling Study
Authors: Albu Razvan F. , Zacharias Martin , Jurkowski Tomasz P. , Jeltsch Albert 
Published: May 2012

AbstractCaulobacter crescentus CcrM is a DNA‐(adenine N6)‐methyltransferase that methylates adenine in the sequence GANTC with high specificity. To investigate its mechanism of DNA recognition, we used the crystal structure of a related methyltransferase (M1.MboII, which modifies GAAGA) as a starting point, and docked into it a DNA substrate to identify the protein regions that approach the DNA. After alignment of CcrM and M1.MboII, we identified four candidate regions in CcrM to contain residues involved in DNA recognition. We mutated 20 amino acid residues within these regions, purified the CcrM variants, and determined their DNA‐binding and catalytic activity on a cognate GANTC substrate and on nine near‐cognate substrates, each of which contained a single base‐pair substitution in the recognition sequence. Altogether, we identified four residues in two of the regions, mutations of which resulted in a strong (>100‐fold) reduction of methylation activity. Our data show that DNA recognition by CcrM is a cooperative process, because disruption of critical contacts led to loss of catalytic activity but not to a relaxation in specificity. In addition, we identified a change in the readout of the fifth base pair in the GANTC sequence with two other CcrM variants that showed smaller reductions in overall activity. Based on this and the sequence alignment of CcrM with other DNA methyltransferases of same or related recognition sequence, we propose roles for these two regions in DNA recognition by CcrM.
Design and Function of Pre‐organised Outer‐Sphere Amidopyridyl Extractants for Zinc(II) and Cobalt(II) Chlorometallates: The Role of CH Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Ellis Ross J. , Chartres Jy , Henderson David K. , Cabot Rafel , Richardson Patricia R. , White Fraser J. , Schröder Martin , Turkington Jennifer R. , Tasker Peter A. , Sole Kathryn C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractFour new sterically hindered pyridines, L1–L4‐containing amido substituents at the 2‐position act as efficient solvent extractants for [CoCl4]2− or [ZnCl4]2− from acidic chloride solutions through protonation of the pyridino N‐centre to form the neutral outer‐sphere complexes [(LH)2MCl4]. These ionophores show very high selectivity for chlorometallate anions over chloride ion and are readily stripped to liberate the free‐metal chlorides without the formation of inner‐sphere complexes [ML2Cl2]. Single‐crystal X‐ray structure determinations of [(L2H)2CoCl4] and [(L2H)2ZnCl4] (L2=2‐(4,6‐di‐tert‐butylpyridin‐2‐yl)‐N,N′‐dihexylmalonamide) coupled with 1H NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations on L2H+ and other complexes of [ZnCl4]2− confirm that the pyridinium NH group does not address the outer co‐ordination sphere of the metallanion, but rather forms a hydrogen bond to the pendant amide groups and thus pre‐organizes the ligand to present both CH and amido NH hydrogen‐bond donors to the [MCl4]2− ions. The selectivity for chlorometallates over chloride ions shown by this class of extractants arises from their ability to present several polarized CH units towards the charge‐diffuse ions [MCl4]2−, whereas the smaller, “harder” chloride anion prefers to be associated with the amido NH hydrogen‐bond donors.
Revised Molecular Basis of the Promiscuous Carboxylic Acid Perhydrolase Activity in Serine Hydrolases
Authors: Yin DeLu (Tyler) , Kazlauskas Romas J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSeveral serine hydrolases catalyze a promiscuous reaction: perhydrolysis of carboxylic acids to form peroxycarboxylic acids. The working hypothesis is that perhydrolases are more selective than esterases for hydrogen peroxide over water. In this study, we tested this hypothesis, and focused on L29P‐PFE (Pseudomonas fluorescens esterase), which catalyzes perhydrolysis of acetic acid 43‐fold faster than wild‐type PFE. This hypothesis predicts that L29P‐PFE should be approximately 43‐fold more selective for hydrogen peroxide than wild‐type PFE, but experiments show that L29P‐PFE is less selective. The ratio of hydrolysis to perhydrolysis of methyl acetate at different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide fit a kinetic model for nucleophile selectivity. L29P‐PFE (β0=170 M−1) is approximately half as selective for hydrogen peroxide over water than wild‐type PFE (β0=330 M−1), which contradicts the working hypothesis. An alternative hypothesis is that carboxylic acid perhydrolases increase perhydrolysis by forming the acyl‐enzyme intermediate faster. Consistent with this hypothesis, the rate of acetyl‐enzyme formation, measured by 18O‐water exchange into acetic acid, was 25‐fold faster with L29P‐PFE than with wild‐type PFE, which is similar to the 43‐fold faster perhydrolysis with L29P‐PFE. Molecular modeling of the first tetrahedral intermediate (Td1) suggests that a closer carbonyl group found in perhydrolases accepts a hydrogen bond from the leaving group water. This revised understanding can help design more efficient enzymes for perhydrolysis and shows how subtle changes can create new, unnatural functions in enzymes.
ChemInform Abstract: The Gold‐Rich Indide Eu5Au17.7In4.3 and Its Relation with the Structures of SrAu4.76In1.24 and BaLi4.
Authors: Muts Ihor , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Zaremba Vasyl' I. , Pavlosyuk Orest 
Published: May 2012

AbstractEu5Au17.7In4.3 is synthesized from the elements (sealed Ta ampule, Ar, 1500 K for 1 min, 900 K for 4 h) and characterized by powder and single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: SnSe2 Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells Prepared Employing Molecular Metal Chalcogenide as Precursors.
Authors: Yu Xuechao , Zhu Jun , Zhang Yaohong , Weng Jian , Hu Linhua , Dai Songyuan 
Published: May 2012

Abstract(N2H4)3 (N2H5)4Sn2Se6 complexes, synthesized by dissolving elemental tin and selenium in hydrazine under ambient conditions, are used as precursors for SnSe2 deposition on TiO2 nanocrystalline porous films.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I) Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,2‐Addition of Grignard Reagents to α‐Methyl Substituted α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones.
Authors: Madduri Ashoka V. R. , Minnaard Adriaan J. , Harutyunyan Syuzanna R. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe first catalytic enantioselective 1,2‐addition of Grignard reagents (II), (V) and (VIII) to ketones (I), (IV), (VII) and (X) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Strecker‐Type Reaction of Nitrones Using Cyanohydrin.
Authors: Sakai Takahiro , Soeta Takahiro , Inomata Katsuhiko , Ukaji Yutaka 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTreatment of nitrones (I) with acetone cyanhydrin (II) in the presence of BuMgCl results in transcyanation reaction to afford the corresponding α‐cyanohydroxylamines (III) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of a Fluorous, Oxime‐Based Palladacycle for Microwave‐Promoted Carbon—Carbon Coupling Reactions in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Susanto Woen , Chu Chi‐Yuan , Ang Wei Jie , Chou Tzyy‐Chao , Lo Lee‐Chiang , Lam Yulin 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe thermally stable palladacycle promotes the Suzuki—Miyaura, Sonogashira, and Stille coupling reactions under microwave irradiation at high temperatures, thus significantly shortening the reaction time.
ChemInform Abstract: Triflic Acid‐Functionalized Silica‐Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Magnetically Separable Catalyst for Synthesis of gem‐Dihydroperoxides.
Authors: Liu Yong‐Hui , Deng Jia , Gao Jian‐Wu , Zhang Zhan‐Hui 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe catalyst can be easily recycled and reused for seven times without significant loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient and Enantioselective α‐Arylation of Cycloalkanones by Scandium‐Catalyzed Diazoalkane—Carbonyl Homologation.
Authors: Rendina Victor L. , Kaplan Hilan Z. , Kingsbury Jason S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe racemic version of the process proceeds with good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Organocatalytic Three‐Component Petasis Reaction Among Salicylaldehydes, Amines, and Organoboronic Acids.
Authors: Han Wen‐Yong , Wu Zhi‐Jun , Zhang Xiao‐Mei , Yuan Wei‐Cheng 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn the presence of the newly designed thiourea‐binol catalyst, a broad range of alkylaminophenols is obtained in good yield and good to high enantioselectivity (up to 95% e.e.).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel 2,5‐Dihydrofuran Derivatives and Evalution of Their Anticancer Activity.
Authors: Zhang Yikai , Zhong Hanyu , Wang Tiantian , Geng Dongping , Zhang Mingfeng , Li Ke 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAmong the novel dihydrofuran derivatives, compound (VII) exhibits the highest activity against four human cancer cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Xanthan Sulfuric Acid as an Efficient, Green, Biodegradable, and Recyclable Solid Acid Catalyst for One‐Pot Synthesis of N‐Substituted Pyrroles under Solvent‐Free Conditions at Room Temperature.
Authors: Rahmatpour Ali 
Published: May 2012

AbstractHigh yields of trisubstituted pyrroles (III) and (VI) are achieved in short reaction times (4—90 min) using the biopolymer‐based sulfuric acid as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of a Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Tandem Synthesis of Isoindolinone Derivatives.
Authors: Sun Leon Xuetong , Zeng Tieqiang , Jiang Dong , Dai Li‐Yi , Li Chao‐Jun 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAn efficient and simple one‐pot synthesis of the title compounds is developed from inexpensive starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: A Multi‐Component Domino Reaction for the Direct Access to Polyfunctionalized Indoles via Intermolecular Allylic Esterification and Indolation.
Authors: Jiang Bo , Yi Mian‐Shuai , Shi Feng , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Pindi Suresh , McDowell Patrick , Li Guigen 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA chemo‐ and regioselective synthesis of the title compounds (IV) and (VII) is presented from very common and easily accessible inexpensive starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Evaluation of Hexahydropyrrolo[3,4‐d]isoxazole‐4,6‐diones and anti‐Stress Agents.
Authors: Badru Rahul , Anand Preet , Singh Baldev 
Published: May 2012

AbstractCompound (IIIa) exhibits significant anti‐stress activity in immobilization induced acute stress in mice.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Pyrrolyl/Pyrazolyl Arylaminosulfonylmethyl 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles, 1,3,4‐Thiadiazoles and 1,2,4‐Triazoles.
Authors: Padmaja Adivireddy , Muralikrishna Akkarapalli , Rajasekhar Chittoor , Padmavathi Venkatapuram 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTitle compounds such as (VI), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XII) and (XIII) are synthesized starting with cyclocondensation of hydrazide (I) and carboxylic acid (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Simultaneous Synthesis of Both Rings of Chromenes via a Benzannulation/o‐Quinone Methide Formation/Electrocyclization Cascade.
Authors: Majumdar Nilanjana , Korthals Keith A. , Wulff William D. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe reaction of an α,β‐unsaturated Fischer carbene complex of chromium with a propargyl ether bearing an alkenyl group on the propargylic carbon affords the desired chromenes, including chromene (IIIg), which is transformed to vitamin E (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New Thiosubstituted Oxadiazole Derivatives of Coumarin under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Bobade Vivek D. , Patil Sachin V. , Gaikwad Nitin D. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractCompounds (III), (Va) and (Vd) exhibit good antifungal as well as antibacterial activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Montmorillonite K‐10 Mediated Green Synthesis of Cyano Pyridines: Their Evaluation as Potential Inhibitors of PDE4.
Authors: Reddy T. Ram , Reddy G. Rajeshwar , Reddy L. Srinivasula , Jammula Subbarao , Lingappa Y. , Kapavarapu Ravikumar , Meda Chandana Lakshmi T. , Parsa Kishore V. L. , Pal Manojit 
Published: May 2012

AbstractFunctionalized cyanopyridines (V) (18 examples) are efficiently obtained in a chemo‐ and regioselective four‐component reaction of β‐keto ester, arylaldehyde, malononitrile, and an alcohol using montmorillonite K10 as efficient and reusable catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of a Series of Novel Bichalcones Linked with a 1,4‐Dimethylenepiperazine Moiety and Examination of Their Cytotoxicity.
Authors: Reddy Mopuru Vijaya Bhaskar , Chen Shih‐Shun , Lin Meng‐Liang , Chan Hsiu‐Hui , Kuo Ping‐Chung , Wu Tian‐Shung 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAmong the new bichalcones synthesized (15 examples), derivatives (Ia) and (Id) display significant cytotoxicity against 25 human tumor cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of 6‐Substituted 7‐Arylthieno[2,3‐b]pyrazines from 2‐Chloropyrazine.
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Suzuki Teruhiko 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA three‐step one‐pot procedure is elaborated for the conversion of ketones (III) and (VIII) into corresponding thienopyrazines (V) and (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activity of Dihydroimidazole and 3,4‐Dihydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐a][1,3,5]triazines.
Authors: Soliman Ahmed M. , Mohamed Shaaban K. , El Remaily Mahmoud A. A. , Abdel‐Ghany H. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA variety of new dihydroimidazole and benzoimidazotriazine derivatives is synthesized by acid‐catalyzed reaction of 2‐guanidinobenzimidazole (I) with active halogenated methylene compounds or ketones, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of Artemisinin‐Glycolipid Hybrids as anti‐Oral Cancer Agents.
Authors: Ricci Jeremy , Kim Minkyu , Chung Won‐Yoon , Park Kwang‐Kyun , Jung Mankil 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTitle compounds such as (I) and (II) show exceptional anticancer activity, particularly against oral carcinoma cancer cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: The First Total Synthesis of Gravicycle.
Authors: Ueda Katsuaki , Sato Itaru , Hirama Masahiro 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAn efficient assembly of highly functionalized biaryl ethers (III) via Cu‐catalyzed O‐arylation of suitably protected pyrogallol derivatives (I) using triarylbismuth (V) diacetate is developed and applied to the total synthesis of gravicycle (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Oligosaccharide—Cyclodextrin Conjugates: Synthesis and Biological Affinity Towards Lectins
Authors: Smiljanic Nicolas , Yockot Duplex , Cendret Virginie , Francois‐Heude Marc , Moreau Vincent , Djedaini‐Pilard Florence 
Published: May 2012

AbstractReview: 98 refs.
CD147 immunohistochemistry discriminates between reactive mesothelial cells and malignant mesothelioma
Authors: Pinheiro Céline , Longatto‐Filho Adhemar , Soares Tony R. , Pereira Helena , Bedrossian Carlos , Michael Claire , Schmitt Fernando C. , Baltazar Fátima 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMalignant mesothelioma (MM) is a rare form of cancer. Its histopathological diagnosis is very difficult, as it exhibits a number of different appearances that can be misinterpreted as metastatic invasion or atypical hyperplasia. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify adequate markers to distinguish between benign and malignant cells, allowing the implementation of appropriate therapies and, possibly, specific directed therapies. MM, like other tumors, show an increase in glucose uptake, due to high rates of glycolysis, inducing an intracellular overload of acids. In this context, monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) emerge as important players, by mediating the transmembranar co‐transport of lactate with a proton, thereby, regulating pH and allowing continuous glycolysis. Importantly, proper MCT expression and activity depend on its co‐expression with a chaperone, CD147, which is associated with poor prognosis in cancer. Twenty‐two samples including reactive mesothelial cells, MM, and atypical mesothelial hyperplasias were evaluated for immunoexpression of MCT1, MCT4, and CD147. Expression of these proteins was compared with GLUT1 as a new promising marker for MM. Although MCT isoforms were not differentially expressed in the two types of cytological specimens, CD147, as GLUT1, was almost exclusively expressed in MM. Both MCT1 and MCT4 are not able to discriminate between mesothelial reactive cells and mesothelial malignant cells, while CD147 was able to distinguish these two proliferations. If confirmed, besides being a good marker for identification of MM, CD147 may also be a target for therapeutical strategies in this rare type of tumor. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012;40:478–483. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In Situ Photoactivated AgCl/Ag Nanocomposites with Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Dong Lihong , Liang Dadong , Gong Ruchun 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAgCl nanoparticles with a diameter of 50–100 nm were synthesized in ethylene glycol with the assistance of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) at room temperature. A photoactivation process was then introduced by exposing the as‐obtained AgClnanoparticle solution to common fluorescent lamp or direct sunlight irradiation to form a uniform layer of Ag nanoparticles (5–10 nm) on the surface of the AgCl nanoparticles. The AgCl/Ag nanocomposites showed higher visible light photocatalytic activity for decomposing organic pollutants [such as methyl orange (MO), methyl blue (MB), and rhodamine B (RhB)] under the irradiation of common fluorescent lamp or direct sunlight. Recycle photocatalysis experiments indicated that the AgCl/Ag nanocomposite exhibited higher stability. Moreover, the AgCl/Ag nanocomposites showed better antibacterial properties on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis.
EfficientN‐Alkyl Enamination of 3‐(Thiobenzoyl)pyrrolo[2,3‐b]quinoxalin‐2‐one,E/ZIsomerisation of the Reaction Products and Potential Fluorescent Sensors for ­Zinc(II) Ion
Authors: Ostrowska Katarzyna , Piegza Edyta , Rąpała‐Kozik Maria , Stadnicka Katarzyna 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAn efficient and rapid procedure for theN‐alkyl enamination from thioketones to push–pull (E/Z)‐enamine derivatives is reported. The starting thioketone2was obtained by regioselective thionation of 3‐benzoylpyrrolo[2,3‐b]quinoxalin‐2‐one (1) with Lawesson's reagent (LR).1H NMR and X‐ray crystal structure analyses of 1‐aryl‐3‐(alkylaminophenylmethylidene)pyrrolo[2,3‐b]quinoxalin‐2‐ones3–6confirmed that theEdiastereoisomers predominated. Interconversion of the isolatedEform of3band4ainto theZconfiguration and theirE/Zequilibria in [D6]DMSO were studied by temperature‐dependent1H NMR spectroscopy. The photophysical properties of compounds1–6are also reported. We found that the non‐fluorescent compounds3a–6aare chemosensors for the zinc ion. Fluorescent titrations of these sensors with zinc(II) acetate showed that compound6ahas the best working range of zinc concentrations withKd= 3.77 00 ± 0.51 μM.
On the quantification of intertest variability in ecotoxicity data with application to species sensitivity distributions
Authors: Hickey Graeme L. , Craig Peter S. , Luttik Robert , de Zwart Dick 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Ecotoxicological hazard assessment relies on species effect data to estimate quantities such as the predicted no-effect concentration. While there is a concerted effort to quantify uncertainty in risk assessments, the uncertainty due to intertest variability in species effect measurements is an overlooked component. The European Union Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) guidance document suggests that multiple toxicity records for a given chemical–species combination should be aggregated by the geometric mean. Ignoring this issue or applying unjustified so-called harmonization methods weakens the defensibility of uncertainty quantification and interpretation about properties of ecological models, for example, the predicted no-effect concentration. In the present study, the authors propose a simple and broadly theoretically justifiable model to quantify intertest variability and analyze it using Bayesian methods. The value of data in ecotoxicity databases is maximized by using (interval-)censored data. An exploratory analysis is provided to support the model. The authors conclude, based on a large ecotoxicity database of acute effects to aquatic species, that the standard deviation of intertest variability is approximately a factor (or fold-difference) of 3. The consequences for decision makers of (not) adjusting for intertest variability are demonstrated. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1903–1910. © 2012 SETAC