bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In‐hospital Death following Inpatient Surgical Procedures in the United States, 1996–2006
Authors: Weiser Thomas G. , Semel Marcus E. , Simon Alan E. , Lipsitz Stuart R. , Haynes Alex B. , Funk Luke M. , Berry William R. , Gawande Atul A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackgroundOver the past decade, improvements in perioperative care have been widely introduced throughout the United States, yet there is no clear indication that the death rate following surgery has improved. We sought to evaluate the number of deaths after surgery in the United States over a 10‐year period and to evaluate trends in postoperative mortality.MethodsUsing the National Hospital Discharge Survey, we identified patients who underwent a surgical procedure and subsequently died in the hospital within 30 days of admission.ResultsIn 1996 there were 12,250,000 hospitalizations involving surgery, rising to 13,668,000 in 2006. Postoperative deaths, however, declined during this same period, from 201,000 to 156,000 (P < 0.01), giving a postoperative in‐hospital death ratio (death per hospitalization) of 1.64 and 1.14% (P < 0.001), respectively, for the two time frames.ConclusionsThe death rate following surgery is substantial but appears to have improved. Such mortality statistics provide an essential measure of the public health impact of surgical care. Incorporating mortality statistics following therapeutic intervention is an essential strategy for regional and national surveillance of care delivery.
Education and Male-Female Differences in Later-Life Cognition: International Evidence From Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Maurer Jürgen 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
This study explores the role of early-life education for differences in cognitive functioning between men and women aged 60 and older from seven major urban areas in Latin America and the Caribbean. After documenting statistically significant differences in cognitive functioning between men and women for six of the seven study sites, I assess the extent to which these differences can be explained by prevailing male-female differences in education. I decompose predicted male-female differences in cognitive functioning based on various statistical models for later-life cognition and find robust evidence that male-female differences in education are a major driving force behind cognitive functioning differences between older men and women. This study therefore suggests that early-life differences in educational attainment between boys and girls during childhood have a lasting impact on gender inequity in cognitive functioning at older ages. Increases in educational attainment and the closing of the gender gap in education in many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean may thus result in both higher levels and a more gender-equitable distribution of later-life cognition among the future elderly in those countries.
2D versus 3D transabdominal sonography for the measurement of lower uterine segment thickness in women with previous cesarean delivery
Authors: Cheung Vincent Y.T. , Yang Fang , Leung Kwok‐Yin 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the intermethod reliability of using 3D versus 2D transabdominal sonography in the measurement of lower uterine segment (LUS) thickness in women with previous cesarean delivery, in addition to determining the interobserver reliability of 2D and 3D transabdominal sonography in LUS measurement.MethodsBetween February and July 2010 at Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, 40 pregnant women with a history of previous cesarean delivery at 36–39 weeks of pregnancy underwent LUS measurement via 2D and 3D transabdominal sonography by 2 observers. The 3D examination was performed on the multiplanar display of the longitudinally acquired LUS volume. Inner myometrial thickness (MT) and full thickness (FT) were measured at the thinnest portion and perpendicular to the contour of the LUS.ResultsThe 2D and 3D LUS measurements obtained by the 2 observers were comparable (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]: MT, 0.81 and 0.98, respectively; FT, 0.76 and 0.98, respectively). For transabdominal LUS measurement, 2D MT provided the best interobserver reliability (ICC: 2D MT, 0.95; 2D FT, 0.91; 3D MT, 0.82; 3D FT, 0.77).ConclusionCompared with the 2D approach, 3D transabdominal sonography does not seem to improve the reliability of LUS measurement. 2D measurement of MT seems to be most reliable between different observers.
Cohomological invariants for orthogonal involutions on degree 8 algebras
Authors: Quéguiner-Mathieu Anne , Tignol Jean-Pierre 
Published: July 2011

AbstractUsing triality, we define arelativeArason invariant for orthogonal involutions on a -possibly division- central simple algebra of degree 8. This invariant detects hyperbolicity, but it does not detect isomorphism. We produce explicit examples, in index 4 and 8, of non isomorphic involutions with trivial relative Arason invariant.
Rich micronutrient fortification of locally produced infant food does not improve mental and motor development of Zambian infants: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Manno Daniela , Kowa Priscilla K. , Bwalya Hellen K. , Siame Joshua , Grantham-McGregor Sally , Baisley Kathy , De Stavola Bianca L. , Jaffar Shabbar , Filteau Suzanne 
Published: July 2011

It is uncertain whether multiple micronutrients benefit the mental and psychomotor development of young children in developing countries. We conducted a randomised double-blind controlled trial to evaluate the effect of a richly micronutrient-fortifiedv.a basal fortified porridge on mental and psychomotor development in Zambian infants. Infants (n743) were randomised at age 6 months to receive either the richly fortified or the basal fortified infant food and were followed up until 18 months of age. All the infants were evaluated monthly for achievement of a series of developmental milestones. The Bayley scales of infant development II were administered to a subsample of 502 infants at 6, 12 and 18 months. Rich micronutrient fortification had no significant benefit on the following: (a) number of developmental milestones achieved (rate ratio at 12 months = 1·00; 95 % CI 0·96, 1·05;P = 0·81, adjusted for sex, socio-economic status and maternal education, with similar results at 15 and 18 months); (b) ages of walking unsupported (hazard ratio (HR) 1·04; 95 % CI 0·88, 1·24;P = 0·63, adjusted for the above covariates) and of speaking three or four clear words (HR 1·01; 95 % CI 0·84, 1·20;P = 0·94, adjusted for the above covariates); (c) mental development index (MDI) and psychomotor development index (PDI) of the Bayley scales (scores difference adjusted for baseline scores, age at the assessment, sex, socio-economic status, maternal education, language, age and HIV status: MDI 0·3 (95 % CI − 0·5, 1·1),P = 0·43; PDI − 0·1 (95 % CI − 0·9, 0·7),P = 0·78). In conclusion, the results do not support the hypothesis that rich micronutrient fortification improves Zambian infants' mental and motor development.
How much should I eat? Situational norms affect young women's food intake during meal time
Authors: Hermans Roel C. J. , Larsen Junilla K. , Peter Herman C. , Engels Rutger C. M. E. 
Published: July 2011

Portion size and the intake of others have been found to influence people's food intake. No study, however, has tested the potential influences of both types of situational norms on intake during the same eating occasion. We experimentally tested the effects of manipulating portion size and the intake of others on young women's meal intake during a 20 min eating opportunity. An experimental design with a three (confederate's intake: small, standard, large) by two (portion size: small, standard) between-participants design was used. A total of eighty-five young women participated. Portion size and the confederate's intake both influenced young women's intake. Participants consumed more when offered a larger portion than when offered a smaller portion, and they also ate more when their eating companion ate more. The present results indicate that the effects of portion size and the intake of others were independent but additive. Thus, both types of situational norms might independently guide an individual's intake during a single eating occasion.
Retraction technique in open-approach rhinoplasty
Authors: Ellul D , Sheikh S 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground:Various techniques are used to maintain retraction of the skin flap during open-approach rhinoplasty.Objective:This report aims to present the use of maxillofacial retractors in open-approach rhinoplasty, a previously undescribed technique.Conclusion:Use of these retractors provides excellent exposure of the lower lateral cartilages for surgery of the nasal tip, as well as access for surgery on the upper lateral cartilages. This technique allows the surgeon and assistant to proceed with surgery without needing to maintain retraction with a hand-held instrument.
Systematic review of vestibular disorders related to human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Authors: Heinze B , Swanepoel D W , Hofmeyr L M 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIntroduction:Disorders of the auditory and vestibular system are often associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. However, the extent and nature of these vestibular manifestations are unclear.Objective:To systematically review the current peer-reviewed literature on vestibular manifestations and pathology related to human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.Method:Systematic review of peer-reviewed articles related to vestibular findings in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Several electronic databases were searched.Results:We identified 442 records, reduced to 210 after excluding duplicates and reviews. These were reviewed for relevance to the scope of the study.Discussion:We identified only 13 reports investigating vestibular functioning and pathology in individuals affected by human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. This condition can affect both the peripheral and central vestibular system, irrespective of age and viral disease stage. Peripheral vestibular involvement may affect up to 50 per cent of patients, and central vestibular involvement may be even more prevalent. Post-mortem studies suggest direct involvement of the entire vestibular system, while opportunistic infections such as oto- and neurosyphilis and encephalitis cause secondary vestibular dysfunction resulting in vertigo, dizziness and imbalance.Conclusion:Patients with human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome should routinely be monitored for vestibular involvement, to minimise functional limitations of quality of life.
Intangible Heritage and Erasure: Rethinking Cultural Preservation and Contemporary Museum Practice
Authors: Alivizatou Marilena 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis article builds on recent discussions on intangible heritage following the adoption of the relevant convention by UNESCO in 2003. The emergence of intangible heritage in the international heritage scene is tied up with fears of cultural homogenization and the need to protect the world's diversity. For a number of critics, however, UNESCO's normative framework raises questions around the institutionalization of culture as a set of endangered and disappearing ways of life. The article reviews these institutional approaches to cultural preservation in relation to the politics of erasure, the creative interplay of heritage destruction and renewal. This is then further examined against the backdrop of indigenous identity politics played out in two contested public arenas: the National Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa in Wellington and the Quai Branly Museum in Paris.
Winning Title to Land but Not to Its Past: The Toledo Maya and Sites of pre-Hispanic Heritage
Authors: Parks Shoshaunna 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe struggle for indigenous rights to pre-Hispanic cultural heritage parallels the struggle for indigenous land rights in Belize. By Belizean law, material objects and sites of activity older than 100 years in age are the property of the state. Similarly, land inhabited by indigenous communities in southern Belize is held in trust by the government. In 2007 the community of Santa Cruz in southern Belize won customary land tenure over their lands for the first time from the Belizean government. This change in land ownership presents new challenges to the definition of ownership of ancient places in Maya territory. In particular, the transfer of land rights to the community has potential implications for the ownership and management of the local pre-Hispanic site of Uxbenká that may ultimately serve as a paradigm for the future relationship between Maya peoples and ancestral remains throughout the nation.
ModeRNA server: an online tool for modeling RNA 3D structures
Authors: Rother Magdalena , Milanowska Kaja , Puton Tomasz , Jeleniewicz Jaroslaw , Rother Kristian , Bujnicki Janusz M. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Summary: The diverse functional roles of non-coding RNA molecules are determined by their underlying structure. ModeRNA server is an online tool for RNA 3D structure modeling by the comparative approach, based on a template RNA structure and a user-defined target-template sequence alignment. It offers an option to search for potential templates, given the target sequence. The server also provides tools for analyzing, editing and formatting of RNA structure files. It facilitates the use of the ModeRNA software and offers new options in comparison to the standalone program.
Availability and implementation: ModeRNA server was implemented using the Python language and the Django web framework. It is freely available at http://iimcb.genesilico.pl/modernaserver.
Contact: iamb@genesilico.pl
Rice WRKY45 plays important roles in fungal and bacterial disease resistance
Authors: SHIMONO MASAKI , KOGA HIRONORI , AKAGI AYA , HAYASHI NAGAO , GOTO SHINGO , SAWADA MIYUKI , KURIHARA TAKAYUKI , MATSUSHITA AKANE , SUGANO SHOJI , JIANG CHANG‐JIE , KAKU HISATOSHI , INOUE HARUHIKO , TAKATSUJI HIROSHI 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYPlant ‘activators’, such as benzothiadiazole (BTH), protect plants from various diseases by priming the plant salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway. We have reported previously that a transcription factor identified in rice, WRKY45 (OsWRKY45), plays a pivotal role in BTH‐induced disease resistance by mediating SA signalling. Here, we report further functional characterization of WRKY45. Different plant activators vary in their action points, either downstream (BTH and tiadinil) or upstream (probenazole) of SA. Rice resistance to Magnaporthe grisea, induced by both types of plant activator, was markedly reduced in WRKY45‐knockdown (WRKY45‐kd) rice, indicating a universal role for WRKY45 in chemical‐induced resistance. Fungal invasion into rice cells was blocked at most attempted invasion sites (pre‐invasive defence) in WRKY45‐overexpressing (WRKY45‐ox) rice. Hydrogen peroxide accumulated within the cell wall underneath invading fungus appressoria or between the cell wall and the cytoplasm, implying a possible role for H2O2 in pre‐invasive defence. Moreover, a hypersensitive reaction‐like reaction was observed in rice cells, in which fungal growth was inhibited after invasion (post‐invasive defence). The two levels of defence mechanism appear to correspond to Type I and II nonhost resistances. The leaf blast resistance of WRKY45‐ox rice plants was much higher than that of other known blast‐resistant varieties. WRKY45‐ox plants also showed strong panicle blast resistance. BTH‐induced resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae was compromised in WRKY45‐kd rice, whereas WRKY45‐ox plants were highly resistant to this pathogen. However, WRKY45‐ox plants were susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani. These results indicate the versatility and limitations of the application of this gene.
Short- and medium-term efficacy of specific hydrotherapy in inherited ichthyosis
Authors: Bodemer C. , Bourrat E. , Mazereeuw-Hautier J. , Boralevi F. , Barbarot S. , Bessis D. , Blanchet-Bardon C. , Bourdon-Lanoy E. , Stalder J.-F. , Ribet V. , Guerrero D. , Sibaud V. 
Published: July 2011

Summary
Background Management of inherited ichthyoses is symptomatic. Despite treatment, skin symptoms have a major impact on patients’ quality of life (QoL).
Objectives To assess the short- and medium-term efficacy of hydrotherapy on QoL and clinical symptoms of patients with inherited ichthyosis.
Methods In this 9-month prospective, open-label, multicentre study, 20 children and 24 adults with ichthyosis were enrolled in several French reference and competence centres, 2 months before undergoing a 3-week treatment with specific hydrotherapeutic management at Avène Hydrotherapy Centre. At baseline (2 months before hydrotherapy), beginning (D0) and end of hydrotherapy (D18), and 3 and 6 months later at the reference and competence centres, patients self-assessed QoL using the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) or its paediatric version (Children’s DLQI), and investigators evaluated ichthyosis severity using a specific clinical ichthyosis score.
Results The DLQI scores were significantly improved not only at the end of the hydrotherapy treatment (−56% vs. baseline; mean ± SD 3·59 ± 4·30 at D18 vs. 8·35 ± 5·71 at D0; P &lt;0·0001), but also at 3 months (−28% vs. baseline; P =0·01) and 6 months after hydrotherapy (−26% vs. baseline; mean ± SD 5·21 ± 5·11 vs. 6·89 ± 5·38; P =0·03) (primary criterion). Clinical symptoms were also significantly improved at all post-treatment visits, with a decrease of the mean clinical ichthyosis score by −38% between D0 and D18, by −30% at 3 months and by −31% at 6 months vs. baseline.
Conclusions A 3-week treatment at Avène Hydrotherapy Centre provided significant and persisting improvement of QoL and clinical symptoms in patients with inherited ichthyoses.
Evidence-based (S3) guideline on topical corticosteroids in pregnancy
Authors: Chi C.-C. , Kirtschig G. , Aberer W. , Gabbud J.-P. , Lipozenčić J. , Kárpáti S. , Haustein U.-F. , Zuberbier T. , Wojnarowska F. 
Published: July 2011

Summary
Women with skin conditions may need topical corticosteroids during pregnancy. However, little is known about the effects of topical corticosteroids on the fetus. A guideline subcommittee of the European Dermatology Forum was organized to develop an evidence-based guideline on the use of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy (http://www.euroderm.org/edf/images/stories/guidelines/EDF-Guideline-on-Steroids-in-Pregnancy.pdf). The evidence from a Cochrane Review suggested that the major possible adverse effects on the fetus of topical corticosteroids were orofacial clefts when used preconceptionally and in the first trimester of pregnancy, and fetal growth restriction when very potent topical corticosteroids were used during pregnancy. To obtain robust evidence, a large population-based cohort study (on 84 133 pregnant women from the U.K. General Practice Research Database) was performed, which found a significant association of fetal growth restriction with maternal exposure to potent/very potent topical corticosteroids, but not with mild/moderate topical corticosteroids. No associations of maternal exposure to topical corticosteroids of any potency with orofacial cleft, preterm delivery and fetal death were found. Moreover, another recent Danish cohort study did not support a causal association between topical corticosteroid and orofacial cleft. The current best evidence suggests that mild/moderate topical corticosteroids are preferred to potent/very potent ones in pregnancy, because of the associated risk of fetal growth restriction with the latter.
Milestones in umbilical cord blood transplantation
Authors: Gluckman Eliane , Ruggeri Annalisa , Volt Fernanda , Cunha Renato , Boudjedir Karim , Rocha Vanderson 
Published: July 2011

SummaryMuch has been learned about umbilical cord blood (UCB) since the first human cord blood transplant was performed back in 1988. Cord blood banks have been established worldwide for the collection, cryopreservation and distribution of UCB for allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. UCB has now become one of the most commonly used sources of haematopoietic stem cells for allogeneic transplantation. Today, a global network of cord blood banks and transplant centres has been established with a large common inventory, allowing for more than 20 000 transplants worldwide in children and adults with severe haematological diseases. Several studies have been published on UCB transplant, assessing risk factors such as cell dose and human leucocyte antigen mismatch. New strategies are ongoing to facilitate engraftment and reduce transplant‐related mortality and include the use of reduced‐intensity conditioning regimen, intra‐bone injection of cord blood cells, double cord blood transplants or ex vivo expansion of cord blood cells. The absence of ethical concern and the unlimited supply of cells explain the increasing interest of using UCB for developing regenerative medicine.
CD4+ T cells defined by their Vβ T cell receptor expression are associated with immunoregulatory profiles and lesion size in human leishmaniasis
Authors: Keesen T S L , Antonelli L R V , Faria D R , Guimarães L H , Bacellar O , Carvalho E M , Dutra W O , Gollob K J 
Published: July 2011

SummaryLeishmaniasis is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite, Leishmania, that parasitizes human cells, and the cellular immune response is essential for controlling infection. In order to measure the host T cell response to Leishmania infection, we have measured the expansion, activation state and functional potential of specific T cells as identified by their T cell receptor Vβ region expression. In a group of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients, we evaluated these characteristics in nine different T cell subpopulations as identified by their Vβ region expression, before and after specific Leishmania antigen stimulation. Our results show: (1) an increase in CD4+ T cells expressing Vβ 5·2 and Vβ 24 in CL compared to controls; (2) a Leishmania antigen-induced increase in CD4+ T cells expressing Vβ 5·2, 11, 12 and 17; (3) a profile of previous activation of CD4+ Vβ 5·2-, 11- and 24-positive T cells, with higher expression of CD45RO, HLA-DR, interferon-γ, tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 compared to other Vβ-expressing subpopulations; (4) a positive correlation between higher frequencies of CD4+Vβ5·2+ T cells and larger lesions; and (5) biased homing of CD4+ T cells expressing Vβ 5·2 to the lesion site. Given that CL disease involves a level of pathology (ulcerated lesions) and is often followed by long-lived protection and cure, the identification of specific subpopulations active in this form of disease could allow for the discovery of immunodominant Leishmania antigens important for triggering efficient host responses against the parasite, or identify cell populations most involved in pathology.