bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
19 MRI as a Surrogate Marker in Clinical Trials in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Jessen Frank , Hampel Harald 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe rapid development of novel treatment targets for Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires tools to assess the effects of these treatments on disease progression. Structural neuroimaging with CCT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been extensively applied in patients with AD over the last two decades. Today longitudinal MRI is integrated in the majority of clinical trials with novel compounds that aim at modifying the disease process. This makes MRI one of the major surrogate marker candidates in AD. A surrogate marker according to the definition of the regulatory agencies must correlate with the disease process and with drug-induced modifications of the disease. Beyond this, effects on the surrogate marker need to predict future clinical outcomes. Brain volume measures obtained from structural imaging studies in AD reflect the underlying pathology and correlate with clinical symptoms cross-sectionally and longitudinally. The effects of drugs on brain volume measures and the prediction of clinical outcomes by brain volume changes, however, are not yet sufficiently defined.
5 Paternalism and Consent
Authors: Husak Douglas 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the relevance of consent to the justification of paternalism. As a general matter, A isn't acting paternalistically toward B if B consents to A's action. But what if B gives prior consent, as when a sober person tells a friend not to let him drive home if he is drunk? Contrary to the common view, it is argued that B's prior consent has no bearing on whether A is justified in interfering.
14 Consent to Medical Care: The Importance of Fiduciary Context
Authors: Joffe Steven , Truog Robert D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter addresses three of the central challenges in the literature on informed consent to medical treatment. First, how does the nature of the physician-patient relationship, which establishes the context in which medical decisions are made, influence norms of informed consent for medical care? Second, how do the characteristics of the particular decision at hand affect expectations for informed consent? Finally, how can we bridge the persistent gap between the theory and practice of informed consent, and in particular between the robust decision-making rights accorded to patients and the often limited extent to which patients claim decision-making responsibility for themselves? It is argued that progress in resolving these three questions is possible if we take seriously two features of medical relationships and decisions that to date have been neglected in conceptual discussions about informed consent: the complex fiduciary nature of the physician-patient relationship and the notion that some medical decisions involve choices among, or at least substantially impact upon, important ends, whereas others are best understood as choices among means to a settled end.
2 The Role of Restorative Justice in the Battered Women’s Movement
Authors: Frederick Loretta , Lizdas Kristine C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBoth the restorative justice movement and the battered women’s movement challenge perceived failures of the mainstream criminal legal system. Additionally, these reform movements share certain underlying social objectives regarding crime: (a) to restore victims of crime; (b) to prevent individual offenders from re-offending; (c) to promote the role of the community in responding to crime; and (d) to address the social context in which crime is committed. However, for various and substantial reasons, both movements fall short of offering alternative responses to crime that are truly restorative for all victims of domestic violence. This chapter explores the commonalities and shortcomings of each movement’s response to domestic violence. Ultimately, the chapter highlights the unique opportunity presented by the intersection of these two movements to contemplate and envision practices that are more effective for communities, redemptive for offenders, and liberating for victims of domestic violence and their children.
8 Opening Conversations Across Cultural, Gender, and Generational Divides
Authors: Pennell Joan , Kim Mimi 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIdentities constructed on gender, generation, and culture simultaneously generate rationalizations for violence and feminist praxis for countering women abuse and child maltreatment. This chapter opens dialogue between the authors’ two theories of change for stopping family violence—widening the circle and creative interventions. Both engage the family group and community in finding solutions that honor family culture while upholding the human rights of all family members. Widening the circle is applied in situations in which the state is already involved and seeks to build partnerships that exert familial, community, and legal leverages to stop the abuse. Creative interventions are invoked for immigrant, GLBT, and other groups that are more often harmed than helped by protective authorities and emphasizes community accountability without the involvement of the state. An example of an undocumented family illustrates a creative intervention and its outcome.
Basis of the Nerve Impulse
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The rapid conduction of signals by neurons over distances greater than about 1 mm occurs almost exclusively by electrical impulses. This chapter presents the fundamental concepts that underlie the generation and propagation of these nerve impulses. After a brief historical summary, the remainder of the chapter describes the voltage-clamp experiments of A. L. Hodgkin and A. F. Huxley on the giant axon of the squid. The results and the conclusions furnished by these seminal experiments provide the bases for the current understanding of the electrical nature of neuronal signaling. The Hodgkin-Huxley experiments, together with the equations that encapsulate the experimental results, are presented here in detail to emphasize their central importance for neurophysiology and to present an exemplar of science at its best.
Properties of Neurons
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The neuron is an electrical machine whose inputs and outputs are chemical or electrical messages. This chapter describes macroscopic conductances arising from a large variety of sodium and potassium channels, and shows how these currents determine neuronal current-membrane potential (I-V) relationships. In addition, there is a discussion of current spread between various regions of neurons; for example, from synaptic input sites to the impulse initiating region. Terms introduced include length constant and time constant. Finally, the relationship between membrane properties and impulse frequency is explained. The conceptual framework is that of a three-compartment neuron with dendrite, soma, and axon compartments.
3.4 Ion Channels and Regulation of Dopamine Neuron Activity
Authors: Liss Birgit , Roeper Jochen 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIon channels are at the heart of generating electrical activity of neurons and coupling it to neurotransmitter release. They comprise a superfamily of transmembrane proteins that form pores through plasma membranes, enabling ions to pass with high efficiency. This chapter reviews the central role of ion channels in the generation and regulation of electrical activity of dopamine neurons. It focuses on midbrain dopamine neurons located in the nuclei substantia nigra (SN, A9) and the adjacent ventral tegmental area (VTA, A10).
5.2 Contributions of Mesocorticolimbic Dopamine to Cognition and Executive Function
Authors: Floresco Stan B. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents a summary of studies that have investigated the contribution of prefrontal cortex (PFC) dopamine (DA) transmission to higher-order cognition, and compares and contrasts the specific DA receptor mechanisms that regulate different types of executive function. Viewed collectively, the findings reviewed suggest that dopaminergic input to the forebrain, including the frontal lobes and the dorsal and ventral striatum, forms an essential component of the neural circuits that mediate a variety of cognitive and executive functions, including working memory and different forms of behavioral flexibility. Both of these executive functions engage distinct types of cognitive operations and functional neural circuits. Therefore, it is not surprising that the receptor mechanisms by which DA exerts its effects are not unitary across these functions; instead, each type of process relies on different patterns of activation of DA receptors in the PFC and the striatum.
5.4 Dopaminergic Modulation of Flexible Cognitive Control in Humans
Authors: Cools Roshan , D’Esposito Mark 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter highlights the importance for cognitive control not only of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), but also of the striatum, which has been traditionally associated primarily with movement control. It elaborates on a previously proposed working hypothesis, which states that the balance between cognitive flexibility and stability depends on an adjustment of processing in circuits connecting the PFC with the striatum by the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA).
7.1 Dynamic Templates for Neuroplasticity in the Striatum
Authors: Graybiel Ann M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter contends that the effects of dopamine can be viewed from the perspective of a dynamic molecular modulator of functional connectivity across the linkages that make up the brain's trafficking systems. Dopamine no longer is thought to have a single function but, at the molecular level, as having many functions. As most of the signaling systems triggered by dopamine lead to changes in gene expression, the field of dopamine research now has gained a new focus on how dopamine affects the molecular biology of the cell.
8.3 Imaging Dopamine’s Role in Drug Abuse and Addiction
Authors: Volkow Nora D. , Fowler Joanna S. , Wang Gene-Jack , Telang Frank , Baler Ruben 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of the relationship between acute dopamine (DA) increases in the human brain and drug reinforcement. It then covers the long-term effects of drugs of abuse on DA in the human brain, and treatment implications.
10.5 The Role of Dopamine in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Dunlop Boadie W. , Nemeroff Charles B. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMany of the studies exploring dopamine (DA) function in depression have produced inconsistent findings. Contributors to this inconsistency include the diagnostic heterogeneity of major depressive disorder (MDD); failure to control for age, bipolar disorder, and comorbid diagnoses; and variation in patient medication treatment status at the time of the study. Despite this variability, there is now a convergence of data from animal models, genetics, neuroimaging, and human clinical trials that strengthens the case for DA dysfunction in the pathophysiology of major depression, at least in a significant subgroup of patients. This chapter comprehensively reviews the current evidence, with subsequent recommendations for future studies of dopaminergic signaling in depression and its treatment.
9 Conclusion and Theoretical Implications
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the main findings of the first case study and lists its theoretical implications. First of all, swiping and spading provide a strong argument against the pro-theory of ellipsis. Secondly, the fact that spading derives from a cleft even though its antecedent need not contain a cleft provides an argument against syntactic isomorphism. Thirdly, the analyses provide further support for the claims that ellipsis can repair PF-illegitimate derivations or representations, and that sluicing need not always delete IP or be derived from a full wh-question. Finally, chapter four has provided evidence for a new view on the split CP-domain and its interaction with the syntax of wh-movement.
Chapter Six What Is the People?
Authors: Sachs Jonathan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFramed by questions of popular participation in politics and the problem of public opinion, this chapter considers Roman themes on the London stage after Waterloo and Kemble's retirement. Post‐Waterloo Roman plays show how the theatre functions as a public space for debate on problems of scarcity, conspiracy, revolt, and the use of violence to achieve political ends. Payne's Brutus and Knowles's Caius Gracchus clearly align themselves with Reform politics, while Croly's Catiline uses an episode from Roman republican history to link popular sovereignty to domestic misrule and corrupt imperial governance. All three plays, however, are critical of the Roman populace, which they depict as a mob not a “people,” one incapable of articulating its interests coherently. Given increasing demands for franchise reform, this depiction of the Roman populace demonstrates republican Rome's role shaping British responses to the most contemporary of events.
INCOME INEQUALITY AND PARTICIPATION IN ELECTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Mcdonald Michael P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines income inequality among American voters in the 2000, 2002, 2004, and 2006 elections. Analysis of meaningful variation between the American states provides clues as to the institutional structures that cause a participation gap between the poor and wealthy in the United States, and may be instructive of contributory factors toward inequality elsewhere. Still, even under the best of circumstances, a wide participation gap between the poor and the wealthy remains. The gap appears to be endemic of voluntary elections that generally provoke little interest among all American citizens, regardless of their income.
PATTERNS OF STATE EXPENDITURE IN EUROPE AND AMERICA
Authors: Castles Francis G. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractUsing cross-national data on various aspects of public expenditure development largely from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and Eurostat sources, this chapter explores whether the character of public intervention in the United States is distinctively different from that of the countries constituting the European Union (EU), and whether patterns of public intervention in the United States and Europe are becoming more or less alike over recent decades. The chapter addresses these questions by identifying the extent of homogeneity or heterogeneity in European public expenditure outcomes by comparing and contrasting the public policy characteristics of the EU countries with patterns typical of the families of nations making up the wider European polity, and in countries outside Europe.
THE NEW AMERICAN MODEL OF WORK-CONDITIONED PUBLIC SUPPORT
Authors: Blank Rebecca M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractObservers have long discussed American “exceptionalism” in social policy. Throughout the 20th century, the United States had a more limited welfare state than most Western European nations. Over the last 15 years, the United States has made substantial changes in its social assistance programs. These changes place the United States at the forefront of developing a new model for the provision of social assistance, under which more dollars are delivered to able-bodied recipients through work-conditioned transfers rather than through cash assistance programs to non-workers. This chapter describes these changes, and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of this new American system.
WELFARE AND EMPLOYMENT: A EUROPEAN DILEMMA?
Authors: Eichhorst Werner , Hemerijck Anton 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of the reform capacity of the semi-sovereign European welfare state. It then discusses employment as the most important measure for judging the sustainability of the welfare state and the success of social and economic policy, regime-specific reform agendas, and the relative success of the European employment strategy.
1 Vitaphone Prelude
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
A brief overview of the prehistory of sound film, from Thomas Edison through the work of Lee DeForest, noting that most of these early films were marked by musical performance. The origins of the Warner Bros. studio and, ultimately, its marketing of the Vitaphone sound system. Early sound films: Don Juan and Vitaphone, Giovanni Martinelli, Al Jolson, George Jessel. The rival studios begin work of their own. The culmination of this early period with Warners' The Jazz Singer, the success and impact of which have sometimes been misunderstood.
3 “You Were Meant for Me”
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The Broadway Melody, produced by MGM, is the first true musical film. Unlike other films preceding (and following it), it was constructed with meticulous care directed toward both the technology and the audience. The film's huge success can be seen as the watershed that established sound film as viable entertainment, instead of a Jolson-style showcase or stunt. The film's use of early two-color Technicolor was extremely influential, as was its use of a newly-written musical score by Nacio Herb Brown and Arthur Freed. Its central performance, by Bessie Love, was vital in forging new paths for vocal acting on the screen. While its backstage story spawned scores of imitators, it would retain a powerful hold on its audiences' affections.
7 Hollywood, Revued
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Another distinctive trend was the all-star revue film, as produced by most of the major studios. Each would serve as a guidepost to its company's reigning aesthetic as it addressed the new world of sound films. With The Hollywood Revue, MGM triumphed through a wise use of stars and production knowhow. With Show of Shows, Warner Bros. failed through a misspent budget and indifferent material. While Fox's Happy Days was tepid, Paramount on Parade was witty and resourceful. Universal's King of Jazz, by far the most spectacular of the revues, found artistic success at the expense of diminished audience favor. Seldom, after 1930, would such work ever be tried again.
7 Does Emotion Cause Behavior (Apart from Making People Do Stupid, Destructive Things)?
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. , Nathan DeWall C. , Vohs Kathleen D. , Alquist Jessica L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe authors challenge the traditional view that emotion directly causes behavior, as represented in the claim that someone did something “because he was angry.” Essentially, this is the view that “the impetus for the behavior is contained in the emotion,” a premise that still leaves a miraculous gap between feeling the emotion and enacting the behavior. As an alternative, the authors advance the view that “conscious emotion tends to come after behavior and operates as a kind of inner feedback system.” The authors bolster their argument against the traditional view with evidence that emotions are not specific enough to serve as impetus for specific behaviors, that emotions seem to have more impact on cognition than on behavior, and that emotional influences on behavior tend to disappear unless people believe that their actions will affect their emotional state.
9 Distinguishing Between Prediction and Influence: Multiple Processes Underlying Attitude-Behavior Consistency
Authors: Fabrigar Leandre R. , Wegener Duane T. , MacDonald Tara K. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe authors present a general framework for organizing the moderators of the attitude-behavior relationships suggested in the literature, focusing on several central distinctions. First, they distinguish between predictions of behavior and mechanisms that might actually mediate the underlying attitude-behavior link. The first category of moderators includes the kinds of measurement issues postulated by Fishbein and his colleagues—issues that are potentially germane to efforts to predict behavior from any individual difference variable. The chapter distinguishes mediational mechanisms further along lines suggested by dual-processing theory, into those involving low-deliberation behaviors and those involving high deliberation behaviors. The former includes perceptual and behavioral cuing effects that could implicate habitual or nonconscious processes similar to those described in Chapters 5 and 6. The latter arguably encompasses both higher-level propositional reasoning and biased information processing.
10 Personality as Manifest in Behavior: Direct Behavioral Observation Using the Revised Riverside Behavioral Q-Sort (RBQ-3.0)
Authors: Michael Furr R. , Wagerman Seth A. , Funder David C. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors argue for the role of behavior as part of the descriptive foundation of personality and social psychology. Such research addresses the fundamental assumption that “who you are affects what you do.” The authors assert that the most general benefit of behavioral data is that it permits psychological scientists to address behavior with empirical conviction. Without such data, the ability to claim status as a science of behavior is greatly reduced. Central to direct behavioral observation research is a coding system. The authors note key considerations in choosing a behavioral observational system, including the context in which the system is to be deployed, and the situational specificity of the behaviors. The authors offer a revised version of the Riverside Behavioral Q-sort, which includes items describing behaviors that might be used flexibly in a range of situations relevant to personality and social psychology.
20 Communication, Coordinated Action, and Focal Points in Groups: From Dating Couples to Emergency Responders
Authors: Hollingshead Andrea B. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
One of the most important forms of social behavior is communication. In this chapter, the author discusses the importance of communication, which she defines broadly as involving both verbal and nonverbal features, in coordinating people's actions within groups. The interdependent nature of social communication is illustrated as the author discusses the relationship between coordinated action, cognitive synchrony, and communication, and discusses how communication can enhance or impair coordinated action depending on various features of the situation. For example, successful coordination can be achieved in the absence of communication in situations where there are salient focal points – prominent or conspicuous characteristics of people or situations – that can serve to unite action. On the other hand, communication is essential for coordination action in situations where salient focal points do not exist. The author also speculates on how developing technologies may possibly serve as an aid to coordinated action.
Liberalism and Prostitution
Authors: de Marneffe Peter 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Civil libertarians characterize prostitution as a “victimless crime,” and argue that it ought to be legalized. Feminist critics counter that prostitution is not victimless, since it harms the people who do it. Civil libertarians respond that most women freely choose to do this work, and that it is paternalistic for the government to limit a person's liberty for her own good. This book argues that although most prostitution is voluntary, paternalistic prostitution laws in some form are nonetheless morally justifiable. If prostitution is commonly harmful in the way that feminist critics maintain, this argument for prostitution laws is not objectionably moralistic and some prostitution laws violate no one's rights. Paternalistic prostitution laws in some form are therefore consistent with the fundamental principles of contemporary liberalism.