bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die Lektorate für schwedische Sprache in Deutschland im Kontext der auswärtigen Kulturpolitik 1917–1930
Authors: Åkerlund Andreas 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe Lectureships for Swedish in Germany in the Context of Cultural Diplomacy 1917–1930. During the Weimar Republic a significant number of lectureships for Swedish was established at German universities. This paper attempts to explain this development through an analysis of the political and academic context of these establishments. Focussing on the actors involved the lectureships are linked to the emerging interest of the German state for public diplomacy emerging after World War I and the following reactions of German academia. The paper also treats the importance of the main Swedish actor, namely the association for the preservance of Swedishness abroad for the establishments of the lectureships. At the end the different actors working for Swedish lectureships in Germany are placed in a broader European context and questions concerning the relationship between universities and cultural diplomacy are raised and answered.
A screening method to assess biological effects of microRNA overexpression in Chinese hamster ovary cells
Authors: Jadhav Vaibhav , Hackl Matthias , Hernandez Bort Juan A. , Wieser Matthias , Harreither Eva , Kunert Renate , Borth Nicole , Grillari Johannes 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a novel class of short non‐coding RNAs, which negatively regulate target gene expression at post‐transcriptional level. They mediate an important layer of control in the global regulation of gene networks, controlling a broad range of physiological as well as patho‐physiological pathways including development, cancer, metabolism, proliferation, and stress resistance. So far, more than 365 miRNA genes have been identified in CHO cells. The functional analysis of the physiological effect of such large numbers of miRNAs, however, requires an efficient functional screening method. In the current study, we therefore established and evaluated a protocol to perform miRNA overexpression and to screen their effect on bio‐industrially relevant phenotypes, such as growth, viability and productivity, using a recombinant, Epo‐Fc producing CHO cell line. For protocol optimization, four CHO miRNAs (cgr‐miR‐17, cgr‐miR‐221, cgr‐miR‐21, and cgr‐miR‐210) were cloned into small hairpin vectors including a GFP cassette and transfected. After transfection cells were analyzed for growth and productivity over a 4‐day period. Even from this small set of four miRNAs, the overexpression of miR‐17, one of the members of the oncogenic miR‐17‐92 cluster, gave proof of principle that this method enables the identification of miRNA engineering candidates as its overexpression increased the speed of cell proliferation without negatively impacting specific productivity. The here presented method is applicable for medium‐throughput screening for microRNA, miR‐sponge, siRNA, or mRNA overexpression along with detailed functional characterization using the same experimental set up. As the same procedure can be applied to different production cell lines, the protocol can also be used to test for individual, cell line specific responses to microRNAs. Thus our system represents a general platform to functionally screen candidates for rational cell factory design. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1376–1385. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vaccine process technology
Authors: Josefsberg Jessica O. , Buckland Barry 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe evolution of vaccines (e.g., live attenuated, recombinant) and vaccine production methods (e.g., in ovo, cell culture) are intimately tied to each other. As vaccine technology has advanced, the methods to produce the vaccine have advanced and new vaccine opportunities have been created. These technologies will continue to evolve as we strive for safer and more immunogenic vaccines and as our understanding of biology improves. The evolution of vaccine process technology has occurred in parallel to the remarkable growth in the development of therapeutic proteins as products; therefore, recent vaccine innovations can leverage the progress made in the broader biotechnology industry. Numerous important legacy vaccines are still in use today despite their traditional manufacturing processes, with further development focusing on improving stability (e.g., novel excipients) and updating formulation (e.g., combination vaccines) and delivery methods (e.g., skin patches). Modern vaccine development is currently exploiting a wide array of novel technologies to create safer and more efficacious vaccines including: viral vectors produced in animal cells, virus‐like particles produced in yeast or insect cells, polysaccharide conjugation to carrier proteins, DNA plasmids produced in E. coli, and therapeutic cancer vaccines created by in vitro activation of patient leukocytes. Purification advances (e.g., membrane adsorption, precipitation) are increasing efficiency, while innovative analytical methods (e.g., microsphere‐based multiplex assays, RNA microarrays) are improving process understanding. Novel adjuvants such as monophosphoryl lipid A, which acts on antigen presenting cell toll‐like receptors, are expanding the previously conservative list of widely accepted vaccine adjuvants. As in other areas of biotechnology, process characterization by sophisticated analysis is critical not only to improve yields, but also to determine the final product quality. From a regulatory perspective, Quality by Design (QbD) and Process Analytical Technology (PAT) are important initiatives that can be applied effectively to many types of vaccine processes. Universal demand for vaccines requires that a manufacturer plan to supply tens and sometimes hundreds of millions of doses per year at low cost. To enable broader use, there is intense interest in improving temperature stability to allow for excursions from a rigid cold chain supply, especially at the point of vaccination. Finally, there is progress in novel routes of delivery to move away from the traditional intramuscular injection by syringe approach. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1443–1460. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Population-based study of the need for cholecystectomy after obesity surgery
Authors: Plecka Östlund M , Wenger U , Mattsson F , Ebrahim F , Botha A , Lagergren J 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Background
Weight loss following obesity surgery is associated with gallstone formation, but there is limited evidence on whether prophylactic cholecystectomy is indicated during obesity surgery. The aim of this study was to clarify the need for cholecystectomy following obesity surgery.

Methods
A Swedish nationwide, population-based cohort study was conducted during the 22-year interval 1987–2008. Need for later cholecystectomy for gallstone disease was assessed in patients who had undergone obesity surgery in comparison with the general population of corresponding age, sex and calendar year. This need was also compared with the need for cholecystectomy in cohorts of patients who had undergone antireflux surgery and appendicectomy. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) with 95 per cent confidence intervals (c.i.) were calculated to estimate the relative risk.

Results
In the obesity surgery cohort of 13 443 patients, the observed number of cholecystectomies (1149, 8·5 per cent) exceeded the expected number by over fivefold (SIR 5·5, 95 per cent c.i. 5·1 to 5·8). The observed need for imperative cholecystectomy (for cholecystitis, cholangitis, pancreatitis, or jaundice; 427, 3·2 per cent) was also greater than expected (SIR 5·2, 4·7 to 5·7). The SIR peaked 7–24 months after obesity surgery and decreased with longer follow-up. The SIRs for cholecystectomy after antireflux surgery and appendicectomy were 2·4 (2·2 to 2·6) and 1·7 (1·6 to 1·7) respectively.

Conclusion
An increased need for cholecystectomy after obesity surgery was confirmed, but was probably partly due to an increased detection of gallbladder disease only because of the surgery; the individual's risk of imperative cholecystectomy was low. Therefore, prophylactic cholecystectomy might not be recommended during obesity surgery.
Problem‐solving test: The mechanism of transcription termination by the rho factor
Authors: Szeberényi‡ József 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTerms to be familiar with before starting to solve the test: Transcription termination, recombinant plasmid, annealing, molecular hybridization, heat denaturation, agarose gel electrophoresis, autoradiography, RNA polymerase, and antiparallel orientation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social smokers: Smoking motivations, behavior, vulnerability, and responses to antismoking advertising
Authors: Debevec Kathleen , Diamond William D. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTAntismoking campaigns have traditionally ignored the differences between social and regular smokers. This paper reports the results of three studies: interviews with 17 college students describing themselves as social smokers, a survey verifying the interview results with a larger sample of undergraduates, and an experimental test of advertising appeals based on the survey results. In the interviews, social smokers differentiated themselves from regular smokers and described smoking mostly in situations where drinking and smoking goes hand in hand. They did not feel vulnerable to the long‐term consequences of smoking. The survey confirmed differences between the behaviors, motivations, and perceived vulnerability of social and regular smokers. The experimental study found that both social and regular smokers were persuaded by an advertisement describing the risk of cancer, but social smokers expressed the lowest vulnerability to this risk. A message strategy describing the risk of addiction was particularly effective in capturing the attention of social smokers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct Arylation of Benzene with Aryl Bromides using High‐Temperature/High‐Pressure Process Windows: Expanding the Scope of CH Activation Chemistry
Authors: Pieber Bartholomäus , Cantillo David , Kappe C. Oliver 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA detailed investigation on the direct arylation of benzene with aryl bromides by using first‐row transition metals under high‐temperature/high‐pressure (high‐T/p) conditions is described. By employing a parallel reactor platform for rapid reaction screening and discovery at elevated temperatures, various metal/ligand/base combinations were evaluated for their ability to enable biaryl formation through CH activation. The combination of cobalt(III) acetylacetonate and lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide was subjected to further process intensification at 200 °C (15 bar), allowing a significant reduction of the catalyst/base loading and a dramatic increase in catalytic efficiency (turnover frequency) by a factor of 1000 compared to traditional protocols. The high‐throughput screening additionally identified novel nickel‐ and copper‐based metal/ligand combinations that favored an amination pathway competing with CH activation, with the addition of ligands, such as 1,10‐phenanthroline, having a profound influence on the selectivity. In addition to metal‐based catalysts, high‐T/p process windows were also successfully applied to transition‐metal‐free systems, utilizing 1,10‐phenanthroline as organocatalyst.
An Efficient and Convenient Synthesis of Imidazolines and Benzimidazoles via Oxidation of Carbon‐Nitrogen Bond in Water Media
Authors: Shaikh Kabeer A. , Patil Vishal A. , Shaikh Parveen A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe metal coordination complex K4[Fe(CN)6] is an efficient and environmentally benign catalyst for the synthesis of imidazolines and benzimidazoles from various aldehydes and 1,2‐diamines in aqueous medium at room temperature. This protocol gives excellent yield of product with desired purity.
Extraction of Phenylalanine Enantiomers by Aqueous Two Phase Systems Containing Combinatorial Chiral Selector
Authors: Chen Xiaoqing , Liu Li , Jiao Feipeng , Wang Zhen 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn order to obtain a better enantioselectivity of phenylalanine enantiomers and establish the optimal chiral extraction conditions, the distribution behavior was investigated in aqueous two‐phase systems which were composed of polyethylene glycol and ammonium sulfate containing combinatorial chiral selector: β‐cyclodextrin and HP‐β‐cyclodextrin. The influence of the molar concentration ratio of combinatorial chiral selectors, the total molar concentration of combinatorial chiral selectors, pH value, buffer type and its concentration were thoroughly studied, respectively. The results show that the enantioselectivity reaches 1.53 under the optimal chiral extraction conditions. This extraction is a potential economical and effective way for chiral resolution.
CuI/8‐Hydroxyquinalidine Promoted N‐Arylation of Indole and Azoles
Authors: Yang Xinye , Xing Hui , Zhang Ye , Lai Yisheng , Zhang Yihua , Jiang Yongwen , Ma Dawei 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAn efficient catalytic system of CuI/8‐hydroxyquinalidine was developed for the coupling of aryl iodides and indole as well as some azoles. The reaction could be carried out at 90°C under the condition of relatively low catalyst loading, affording various N‐arylindoles and N‐aryl azoles in good yields. The functionalized and hindered aryl iodides were suitable substrates for this transformation.
Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties of Two Cobalt(II) Dicyanamide (dca) Complexes with Heterocyclic Nitrogen Donors Tetra(2‐pyridyl)pyrazine (tppz) and 2,4,6‐Tri(2‐pyridyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (tptz): [Co2(tppz)(dca)4]·CH3CN and [Co(tptz)(dca)(H2O)](dca)
Authors: Luo Jun , Qiu Lijuan , Liu Baoshu , Zhang Xinrong , Yang Feng , Cui Lili 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTwo new transition metal dicyanamide complexes [Co2(tppz)(dca)4]·CH3CN (1) [tppz=tetra(2‐pyridyl)pyrazine, dca=dicyanamide] and [Co(tptz)(dca)(H2O)](dca) (2) [tptz=2,4,6‐tri(2‐pyridyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine] were synthesized and characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. In 1 each cobalt(II) atom is coordinated to three dca anions and one tppz molecule to form a distorted octahedral geometry, the neigbour two cobalt(II) atoms are bridged by one tppz ligand to form a dimer, then the cobalt(II) atoms in each dimer are joined together to form a ladder chain structure. In 2 the coordination geometry around the central metal is also distorted octahedral, each cobalt(II) atom is coordinated by two dca anions, one tptz molecule and one water ligand to form a cationic part, and the cationic part is linked with the free dca anions via the electrostatic attraction to give an infinite chain structure. Magnetic susceptibility measurement in the range of 2–300 K indicates that there are antiferromagnetic couplings between adjacent metal ions in 1 (T>29 K, (=−9.78 K, C=4.92 cm3·K·mol−1) and ferromagnetic couplings in 2 (T>150 K, (=7.97 K, C=2.59 cm3·K·mol−1) respectively.
Filtered FCS: Species Auto‐ and Cross‐Correlation Functions Highlight Binding and Dynamics in Biomolecules
Authors: Felekyan Suren , Kalinin Stanislav , Sanabria Hugo , Valeri Alessandro , Seidel Claus A. M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAn analysis method of lifetime, polarization and spectrally filtered fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, referred to as filtered FCS (fFCS), is introduced. It uses, but is not limited to, multiparameter fluorescence detection to differentiate between molecular species with respect to their fluorescence lifetime, polarization and spectral information. Like the recently introduced fluorescence lifetime correlation spectroscopy (FLCS) [Chem. Phys. Lett. 2002, 353, 439–445], fFCS is based on pulsed laser excitation. However, it uses the species‐specific polarization and spectrally resolved fluorescence decays to generate filters. We determined the most efficient method to generate global filters taking into account the anisotropy information. Thus, fFCS is able to distinguish species, even if they have very close or the same fluorescence lifetime, given differences in other fluorescence parameters. fFCS can be applied as a tool to compute species‐specific auto‐ (SACF) and cross‐ correlation (SCCF) functions from a mixture of different species for accurate and quantitative analysis of their concentration, diffusion and kinetic properties. The computed correlation curves are also free from artifacts caused by unspecific background signal. We tested this methodology by simulating the extreme case of ligand–receptor binding processes monitored only by differences in fluorescence anisotropy. Furthermore, we apply fFCS to an experimental single‐molecule FRET study of an open‐to‐closed conformational transition of the protein Syntaxin‐1. In conclusion, fFCS and the global analysis of the SACFs and SCCF is a key tool to investigate binding processes and conformational dynamics of biomolecules in a nanosecond‐to‐millisecond time range as well as to unravel the involved molecular states.
Local Structure of ZnO Micro Flowers and Nanoparticles Obtained by Micro‐Segmented Flow Synthesis
Authors: Li Shuning , Roy Amitava , Lichtenberg Henning , Merchan Gregory , Kumar Challa S. S. R. , Köhler J. Michael 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe micro‐segmented flow technique was applied for continuous synthesis of ZnO micro‐ and nanoparticles with short residence times of 9.4 s and 21.4 s, respectively. The obtained particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and photoluminescence spectroscopy were used to determine the size and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles. In addition, extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy was employed to investigate local structural properties. The EXAFS measurements reveal a larger degree of structural disorder in the nanoparticles than the microparticles. These structural changes should be taken into consideration while evaluating the size‐dependent visible emission of ZnO nanoparticles.
Probing the Electronic Structure and Photoactivation Process of Nitrogen‐Doped TiO2 Using DRS, PL, and EPR
Authors: Zhang Zizhong , Long Jinlin , Xie Xiuqiang , Lin Huan , Zhou Yangen , Yuan Rusheng , Dai Wenxin , Ding Zhengxin , Wang Xuxu , Fu Xianzhi 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe electronic structure and photoactivation process in N‐doped TiO2 is investigated. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), photoluminescence (PL), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) are employed to monitor the change of optical absorption ability and the formation of N species and defects in the heat‐ and photoinduced N‐doped TiO2 catalyst. Under thermal treatment below 573 K in vacuum, no nitrogen dopant is removed from the doped samples but oxygen vacancies and Ti3+ states are formed to enhance the optical absorption in the visible‐light region, especially at wavelengths above 500 nm with increasing temperature. In the photoactivation processes of N‐doped TiO2, the DRS absorption and PL emission in the visible spectral region of 450–700 nm increase with prolonged irradiation time. The EPR results reveal that paramagnetic nitrogen species (Ns.), oxygen vacancies with one electron (Vo.), and Ti3+ ions are produced with light irradiation and the intensity of Ns. species is dependent on the excitation light wavelength and power. The combined characterization results confirm that the energy level of doped N species is localized above the valence band of TiO2 corresponding to the main absorption band at 410 nm of N‐doped TiO2, but oxygen vacancies and Ti3+ states as defects contribute to the visible‐light absorption above 500 nm in the overall absorption of the doped samples. Thus, a detailed picture of the electronic structure of N‐doped TiO2 is proposed and discussed. On the other hand, the transfer of charge carriers between nitrogen species and defects is reversible on the catalyst surface. The presence of oxygen‐vacancy‐related defects leads to quenching of paramagnetic Ns. species but they stabilize the active nitrogen species Ns−.
Measurement of generation‐dependent proliferation rates and death rates during mouse erythroid progenitor cell differentiation
Authors: Akbarian Vahe , Wang Weijia , Audet Julie 
Published: March 2012

AbstractHerein, we describe an experimental and computational approach to perform quantitative carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) cell‐division tracking in cultures of primary colony‐forming unit‐erythroid (CFU‐E) cells, a hematopoietic progenitor cell type, which is an important target for the treatment of blood disorders and for the manufacture of red blood cells. CFSE labeling of CFU‐Es isolated from mouse fetal livers was performed to examine the effects of stem cell factor (SCF) and erythropoietin (EPO) in culture. We used a dynamic model of proliferation based on the Smith‐Martin representation of the cell cycle to extract proliferation rates and death rates from CFSE time‐series. However, we found that to accurately represent the cell population dynamics in differentiation cultures of CFU‐Es, it was necessary to develop a model with generation‐specific rate parameters. The generation‐specific rates of proliferation and death were extracted for six generations (G0–G5) and they revealed that, although SCF alone or EPO alone supported similar total cell outputs in culture, stimulation with EPO resulted in significantly higher proliferation rates from G2 to G5 and higher death rates in G2, G3, and G5 compared with SCF. In addition, proliferation rates tended to increase from G1 to G5 in cultures supplemented with EPO and EPO + SCF, while they remained lower and more constant across generations with SCF. The results are consistent with the notion that SCF promotes CFU‐E self‐renewal while EPO promotes CFU‐E differentiation in culture. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Malleability in the development of spatial reorientation
Authors: Twyman Alexandra D. , Newcombe Nora S. , Gould Thomas J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAfter becoming disoriented, organisms must re‐establish their position in space. The core knowledge position argues that reorientation relies only on extended 3D surfaces, and that this sensitivity operates automatically and is innately present. In contrast, the adaptive combination perspective argues that reorientation is experience‐expectant and malleable, and depends on both extended 3D surfaces and 2D feature cues. We test these divergent views by comparing young (Experiment 1) and mature (Experiment 2) C57BL/6 mice (Mus musculus) that have been housed in circular or rectangular environments. Malleability of feature cues was found for young mice. Malleability of incidental geometry coding was found for both age groups. The relative dependence on geometric and feature cues changed with age. Young mice weighted the feature cue more heavily than adult mice. In summary, as predicted by the adaptive combination approach, rearing environments influenced the relative use of feature and geometric cues in a reorientation task. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 243–255, 2013
Supramolecular [M4L4] Tetrahedra Based on Triangular Acylhydrazone Catechol Ligands
Authors: Albrecht Markus , Shang Yuli , Rhyssen Tanja , Stubenrauch Jan , Winkler Henrik D. F. , Schalley Christoph A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe ligands 1‐H6 and 2‐H6 are prepared by condensation of the triangular triamines 5 and 2,3‐dihydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide 7. The ligands form container‐type tetrahedral coordination compounds Mx [(1 or 2)4M′4] (M = Li, Na, K; M′ = Ti, x = 8; M′ = Ga, x = 12). The complexes are characterized by NMR spectroscopy and ESI mass spectrometry. Despite the relatively labile acyl hydrazone unit, the complexes show high stability in water. Ligand 3‐H6 is prepared from the trisacyl hydrazide 8 and 2,3‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde 9 but does not form well‐defined coordination compounds with gallium(III) or titanium(IV) ions.