bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between epidemic influenza A(H1N1) and ABO blood groups
Authors: Lebiush M. , Rannon L. , Kark J. D. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryAn outbreak of influenza caused by the A(H1N1) subtype in military recruits in February 1978 afforded an opportunity to study the association of ABO blood groups with influenza morbidity and serological response. Fifty-eight per cent of 336 recruits became clinically ill. There was no differential distribution of clinical influenza by blood group. However, seroconversion to a titre of ≥ 20 was significantly and appreciably higher in groups A and B than O and AB. Also, among those with serologically confirmed clinical influenza, the occurrence was significantly higher in groups A and B than groups O and AB.
Frequency of naturally occurring antibody to influenza virus antigenic variants selected in vitro with monoclonal antibody
Authors: Natali A. , Oxford J. S. , Schild G. C. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryAntigenic variants of A/Texas/77 (H3N2) virus were selected in vitro using monoclonal antibody to virus haemagglutinin (HA). The antigenic variants and parental A/Texas/77 viruses were used to evaluate the frequency of anti-HA antibodies in the sera of children and adults using single-radial-haemolysis (SRH) tests. Twenty to 41 % of selected sera from adults, which contained antibody to the parental A/Texas/77 virus, failed to react with the different antigenic mutant viruses. A higher proportion of sera from children (37–58%) failed to react with the antigenic variants. Certain human sera and particularly those of children would appear to possess a more limited antibody repertoire to influenza HA, potentially allowing new antigenic variants to escape neutralization and spread in the community.
Antibody response to immunization with influenza A/USSR/77 (H1N1) virus in young individuals primed or unprimed for A/New Jersey/76 (H1N1) virus
Authors: Masurel N. , Ophof P. , de Jong P. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryA group of 269 pupils of the Harbour and Transport Training Institute in Rotterdam (group A), aged 13–20 years, and of 109 patients of the Dr Mr Willem van den Bergh Foundation at Noordwijk (group B), aged 11–21 years, were immunized with a whole virus vaccine containing 10, 20, or 40 μg HA of A/USSR/92/77 (H1N1) influenza virus. A booster vaccination was administered 6 weeks later with 20 μg HA of the same virus. Many of the participants had been immunized during the two preceding years with a whole virus vaccine containing A/New Jersey/8/76 (H1N1) (A/NJ/76) virus. The side-effects, mostly of a moderate nature, increased with the dose of virus in the vaccine. In group A side effects were least frequent in the vaccinees who had never received A/NJ/76 vaccine. A single dose of A/USSR/77 vaccine did not produce satisfactory levels of homologous antibodies. After booster immunization with 20 μg HA of A/USSR/77 virus participants showed a higher homologous antibody response in all vaccine-dose groups if they had not been immunized with A/NJ/76 virus in previous years. After primary and especially after booster immunization with A/USSR/77 virus, a very high response against A/NJ/76 virus and adequate levels of A/NJ/76 antibody were found in participants who had been immunized previously with A/NJ/76 virus. Those who had not been immunized with this virus previously showed no or a very low antibody response to A/NJ/76 virus.
Salmonella in the intestinal tract and associated lymph nodes of sheep and cattle
Authors: Samuel J. L. , Eccles J. A. , Francis J. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe distribution of salmonellas along the gastrointestinal tract and in associated lymph nodes were studied in 100 sheep and 100 cattle at slaughter. Animals were chosen from those slaughtered on the first day of the week, since this meant that they were likely to have been held at the abattoir for several days and thus to be at high risk of salmonella infection. The contents of the rumen, abomasum, ileum, caecum and rectum were sampled, together with the lymph nodes draining each of these sites.Of the cattle, 77 were carrying salmonellas, including 61 with infected lymph nodes, whereas only 43 sheep were infected, 14 of them with infections in the nodes. The lower prevalence in sheep than in cattle might be explained by a shorter time between leaving the property and slaughter. In both species, within the gastrointestinal tract salmonellas were most frequently found in the caecum and rectum and least frequently in the abomasum. In cattle salmonellas were frequently present, usually in large numbers, in the lymph nodes draining the ileum, caecum and colon, but rarely in the ruminal and abomasal nodes; however this difference was not apparent in sheep. Over 70 % of infected animals yielded more than one serotype, the maximum number isolated from any one animal being ten.
Comparison of radioimmunoassay and the gel filtration technique for routine diagnosis of rubella during pregnancy
Authors: Kangro H. O. , Jackson C. , Heath R. B. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryRadioimmunoassay (RIA) for rubella-specific IgM antibodies was compared with haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) in conjunction with gel filtration for the diagnosis of rubella infection in pregnant women during a 1-year period. In total 476 women were investigated of whom 221 were tested for rubella IgM. Both techniques gave positive results with 64 sera, and RIA alone with one additional serum.Difficulties associated with the removal of non-specific HI activity were encountered with four sera all of which were negative by RIA.RIA was found to have practical advantages over the gel filtration method but is at present technically more difficult to perform.
Bacteroidesspecies in the normal neonatal faecal flora
Authors: Rotimi V. O. , Duerden B. I. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryBacteroidesspp. were isolated from the faeces of neonates and identified by rapid modifications of established conventional methods. Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli were recovered from 12 out of 16 neonates and a heavy growth ofBacteroidesspp. was obtained from all 12 specimens. Twelve representative isolates from each subject were selected for identification; 141 of the 144Bacteroidesisolates belonged to theB. fragilisgroup and three to theB. melaninogenicus/oralisgroup. Eight species were represented within theB. fragilisgroup.B. vulgatus(c.46%) andB. thetaiotaomicron(c.30 %) were the predominant species.B. fragilis, the type-species of the group, formed only a small proportion of neonatal faecal flora. The proportional representation of individual species were similar to that found in adults butB. asaccharolyticuswas not represented.
Toxoplasmosis and the wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus in Victoria, Australia with suggested mechanisms for dissemination of oocysts
Authors: Cox J. C. , Edmonds J. W. , Shepherd Rosamond C. H. 
Published: March 2010

SummarySera or serum eluates from 1697 wild rabbits [Oryctolagus cuniculus (L)], collected over the past 10 years from 24 sites in 5 geographic regions of Victoria, were examined for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. Sera generally were classified into three broad groups, negative (titre < 10), weakly reactive (titre 10 to 100) and strongly positive (titre > 1000). Strongly positive sera came from rabbits collected in a small number of localized areas, most significantly the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works (MMBW) Sewerage Farm at Werribee and Mud Island in Port Phillip Bay.
Discrimination by multiple typing of isolates ofShigella sonneiin Dundee (1971–6)
Authors: Old D. C. , Helgason S. , Scott A. C. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryDifferent strains ofShigella sonneipresent in Dundee from 1971 to 1976 were identified by a ‘multiple typing’ method in which resistotyping, used as the main method of differentiation, was supplemented by colicine typing, antibiogram testing and biotyping. At least 19 different ‘multiple types’ (MTs) were identified by combining information from the four typing techniques. The relation of the different types and their possible derivation from each other are discussed.The practical value of multiple typing was demonstrated in a study of 247 isolates, of three distinct MTs, recovered from 178 persons involved in an extended outbreak centred primarily on day nurseries.A few episodes that yielded isolates of different resistotypes were analysed to determine whether the cultures were: isolates of the same strain different in resistotype as a result ofin vivoorin vitrovariation of resistotype characters, or isolates of distinct strains of different resistotypes.The multiple typing approach clarified the way in which different MTs emerged, persisted, disappeared or co-existed in the community during the 6 years of the study.
Parainfluenza virus infections in the Cirencester Survey: Seasonal and other characteristics
Authors: Hope-Simpson R. Edgar 
Published: March 2010

SummaryParainfluenza viruses were isolated 165 times during 14 years surveillance of the illnesses of a general practice population of around 3700. Type 1 isolations numbered 57, type 2 isolations 22 and type 3 isolations 86, representing annual rates of 33, 13 and 50 infections respectively per 10000 of population. Type 4 parainfluenza virus was not isolated. Three major classes of illness gave the following rates: sore throats (Throats) nine, acute febrile respiratory diseases (FRD) 23, acute non-febrile respiratory diseases (non-FRD) 71. The illnesses caused by the three types isolated were similar. Type 1 infections were most abundant in November and type 2 infections in December, and only 11.4 % of these types were isolated in the warm semester April through September. Type 3 infections were seasonally bi-modal, with a winter peak in January and an even greater prevalence (66% of the total) in the warm semester. Type 3 infections in the warmer months and in the later years of the Survey were usually more severe. Type 3 virus may therefore be heterogeneous, one subtype possessing and the other lacking the genetic mechanism of ‘cold-season’ prevalence. Geographical discontinuity between summer and winter isolations strengthens the case for the existence of the two subtypes of type 3 parainfluenza virus.Type 3 infections caused the majority of the infections in very young infants. Type 2 infections were widely distributed at all ages. Females were attacked more often than males: type 1, 68.4%; type 2,636%; type 3, 53.5%. Type 3 infections in males outnumbered those in females up to 60 years of age, whereas female predominance became apparent in types 1 and 2 before 10 years of age.All types were widely and sparsely distributed, areas of prevalence changing from year to year. Recurrences occurred only twice, both with type 3 infections. Six persons suffered both a type 1 and a type 3 infection, and one person suffered both a type 2 and a type 3 infection.
The occurrence ofCampylobacter jejuniin fresh food and survival under different conditions
Authors: Svedhem Å. , Kaijser B. , Sjögren E. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryCampylobacter jejuniwas an almost regular finding in chickens and in minced meat from pigs and cattle sold in ordinary food stores. The bacteria survived on the food at 4 °C for one week and frozen at – 20 °C for three months. None of the stains tested survived heat treatment at 60 °C for longer than 15 min.C. jejuniis apparently a frequent guest in most kitchens. Correct food handling and heat treatment to at least 60 °C for 15 min should be enough to prevent infection.
Antigenicity in hamsters of inactivated vaccines prepared from recombinant influenza viruses
Authors: Hamzawi M. , Jennings R. , Potter C. W. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryInactivated vaccines prepared from influenza virus strains obtained by the recombination of A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) or A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) viruses with A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) virus, were tested for their antigenicity in hamsters. The parental origin of the genes of each cloned recombinant virus was determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and vaccines prepared from each strain by concentration, purification on sucrose density gradients and inactivation with formalin. All the recombinant strains used in these studies possessed surface haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens derived from the A/Victoria/75 parent strain.On inoculation into hamsters, at equivalent concentrations, these vaccines varied in their ability to induce haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies in the serum. This variation was not dependent on concentration and was observed using neutralization and single radial haemolysis, as well as HI. The possible reasons for the findings are discussed.
A study of the incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Malaysian shrimp undergoing processing for export
Authors: Cann D. C. , Taylor Lesley Y. , Merican Zahara 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe incidence of Vibro parahaemolyticus in products of the Malaysian export shrimp processing industry was investigated through the stages from the catch to that of the cooked, peeled and frozen product. The organism was commonly found in freshly caught and landed shrimp, and could be detected by enrichment culture at all stages of processing. The numbers of V. parahaemolyticus in shrimp varied from nil to 4 × 104, and 19 of the 50 serotypes in the current antigenic scheme were found, O1-K38 and O1-K32 occurring most often. All the isolates were Kanagawanegative; one strain was a sucrose-positive variant. The study indicated that specifications of 102 g−1 for V. parahaemolyticus in raw tropical shelfish are too stringent but that the Malaysian shrimp industry should be able to meet this requirement for cooked shrimp.
An unusual sequel to imported Salmonella Zanzibar
Authors: Johnston W. S. , Munro D. , Reilly W. J. , Sharp J. C. M. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryIn August, 1980 a rare serotype S. zanzibar was isolated in the North of Scotland from a man home on leave from Malaysia, whence he returned in November having been bacteriologically negative 2 months previously. In December however, S. Zanzibar was isolated from a bulk milk sample taken at a nearby dairy farm. No illness occurred among milking cows which had been brought inside from pasture in mid-October. Since 1972 a variety of different salmonella serotypes had been identified in cattle, milk and other samples at this farm, with seagulls being implicated as the vector transmitting infection from the sewage of a local town on to farmland and an adjacent loch. Although water from this source has not been used in recent years for drinking by cattle, it is utilized for washing floors within the dairy premises. Since 1979, following an outbreak affecting consumers, all milk produced at the farm has been pasteurized.
The serological response of cattle to vaccines against brucellosis, as measured by the brucellosis radioimmunoassay and other tests
Authors: Chappel R. J. , Hayes J. , Rogerson B. A. , Shenfield L. J. 
Published: March 2010

SummarySerum samples were obtained from 281 heifers vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain 19, and from 50 heifers that had received two injections of killed B. abortus strain 45/20 adjuvant (K45/20A) vaccine. The serological response measured by the brucellosis radioimmunoassay (RIA) was compared with responses measured by other tests.The serological responses of cattle during the first weeks after strain 19 vaccination were found to give little guide to the frequency of persistent reactions.In the case of strain 19, persistent reactions were considered to be those occurring 12 or more months after vaccination. In heifers vaccinated at the recommended age, small numbers of persistent reactions were given by the RIA (four in 374 sera), the complement fixation test using warm fixation (CFTW) (six in 383) and cold fixation (one in 185), the serum agglutination test (two in 222) and the indirect haemolysis test (IHLT) (two in 369). The Rose Bengal plate test gave 74 persistent reactions in 374 sera.Five of the 50 heifers gave particularly prolonged responses to K45/20A vaccine. In these animals the RIA and IHLT remained positive for longer than the CFTW.
Shigellaspecies from Addis Ababa: frequency of isolation andin vitrodrug sensitivity
Authors: Gedebou Messele , Tassew Alebachew 
Published: March 2010

SummaryOne hundred and five shigella isolates from Addis Ababa were studied to determine serogroup frequency andin vitroantibacterial drug sensitivity.About 70 % of the isolates wereShigella Flexnerifollowed bySh. dysenteriae(15%),Sh. boydii(10%) andSh. sonnei(5%). All or most of the strains were susceptible to cephalothin, gentamicin, kanamycin, polymyxin B and trimetho-primsulphamethoxazole. Frequencies of susceptibility to ampicillin, carbenicillin and chloramphenicol were, respectively, 79, 80 and 75%. Only 37, 23 and 58% were susceptible to streptomycin, sulphadiazine and tetracycline, respectively.Resistance to one or more drugs was detected in 85 % while 72 % were multiply resistant. There were 24 different resistance patterns, varying from resistance to one drug to resistance to seven drugs.The findings have been compared with reports from other countries. This study and several others cited support the view that trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole is the best alternative drug for treatment of shigellosis particularly in regions with multiple drug-resistant strains.
The effect of time in lairage on the frequency of salmonella infection in slaughtered pigs
Authors: Craven J. A. , Hurst D. B. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryGroups of pigs were brought to an abattoir by truck and approximately 25 were killed on each of the next 3 days.While the pigs were in lairage they were given water but were not fed. After slaughter the caecal contents of all pigs were cultured to detectSalmonellaspp. The organism was isolated from 70% of 145 pigs killed after 1 day in lairage, 49% of 143 pigs that had been in lairage for 2 days and 41% of 135 pigs that had been held for 3 days.
The enterotoxigenicity of strains ofEscherichia coliisolated from the faeces of healthy people and cattle
Authors: Bettelheim K. A. , Wilson M. W. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryIn this study 197 strainsof Escherichia coliisolated from cowpats and the faeces of healthy humans were examined for the presence of enterotoxins. Six strains representing five different serotypes were found to be enterotoxigenic. Four of these strains produced the heat labile enterotoxin and two, the Vero cell cytotoxin.
Microbiological studies on hamburgers
Authors: Tamminga S. K. , Beumer R. R. , Kampelmacher E. H. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryOne hundred and eighty-two raw, 112 pre-cooked and 750 cooked hamburgers composed mainly of beef or beef and pork were subjected to microbiological examination.Raw hamburgers gave total bacterial counts from 105to 108per g, counts of Enterobacteriaceae from 104to 108per g, ofEscherichia colifrom 103to 105, of group D streptococci from 102to 104, ofStaphylococcus aureusfrom 3 to 102and ofClostridium perfringensless than 10 bacteria per g. Of the samples, 32 % contained salmonellas; the highest most probable number was 102per g but most estimates were below 1 per g. Corresponding figures for the pre-cooked samples were 2–3 log cycles lower, and only one sample contained salmonella.Yersinia enterocoliticawas not isolated from any raw or pre-cooked sample.Three hundred and ninety-five of the cooked hamburgers were prepared by grilling raw hamburgers for between 2 and 5·5 min. These gave total bacterial counts from 105to 107per g, and counts of Enterobacteriaceae from 102to 105per g. Of the samples, 9·4 % contained salmonellas, always in numbers below 1 per g. The remaining 355 cooked hamburgers were prepared from samples pre-cooked for 10 min at 80 °C. Some were grilled and some fat fried. The total bacterial counts were from 103to 105per g, and counts of Enterobacteriaceae below 102perg. Salmonellae, again in small numbers only, were recovered from 3·5 % of samples.When hamburgers were artificially contaminated withSalmonella typhimuriumit took 5·5 min on a commercial grill, 2·25 min frying in a frying pan and 1·75 min on a household grill to reliably reduce the salmonella count one hundredfold. This means that at many vending places hamburgers are often cooked for too short a time.D-values were determined forS. typhimuriumin hamburger meat at 50, 55, 60, 65 and 70 °C, these values were 7·1, 5·1, 1·2, 0·9 and 0·6 min respectively. It can be concluded that the heating action in the centre of the hamburgers will take place more slowly than in the hamburger as a whole, and that the time between cooking and consumption is very important in reducing the microbial load to acceptable levels.Pre-cooking (10 min at 80 °C in a water bath) gives a reduction in the numbers of salmonella of about 4 × 103, after which cooking gives a further reduction as mentioned above.
Comparison of agglutination, complement fixation and immunofluorescence tests in Campylobacter jejuni infections
Authors: Watson K. C. , Kerr E. J. C. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryGood antibody responses usually follow infection with Campylobacter jejuni. A comparison of agglutination, complement fixation and immunofluorescence tests was done on 55 sera from 40 sporadic patients with diarrhoeal disease and positive cultures for C. jejuni. Results showed 82 % positive with immunofluorescence, 62 % by complement fixation but only 38 % by agglutination, using two reference strains COP and MEL as antigens. Overall 90 % of the 40 patients were positive by one or more serological tests. Paired sera from 15 patients showed a fourfold or greater rise in only five, confirming previous observations that antibody formation occurs early in the course of infection. Results also suggest that different test systems may be detecting antibodies of different specificities. Results confirm the value of serological tests, but further information on serotypes is required for selection of suitable reference strains.
Transmission of Salmonella mbandaka to cattle from contaminated feed
Authors: Jones P. W. , Collins P. , Brown G. T. H. , Aitken M. 
Published: March 2010

SummarySalmonella mbandaka was isolated from cattle on three dairy farms. The duration of infection was less than four weeks and none of the animals became clinically ill. The animals had all consumed a diet containing a vegetable fat supplement contaminated with S. mbandaka and this was shown to be the source of the infections. It is significant that a feed containing purely vegetable components was incriminated.
Antimicrobial resistance among salmonella isolates from hospitals in Rome
Authors: Falbo Vincenzo , Caprioli Alfredo , Mondello Francesca , Cacace Maria Luisa , Luzi Stefania , Greco Donato 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of 569 salmonella isolates collected in 1977–8 from patients in hospitals in Rome was tested. Fifty-nine per cent of all isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobials. Resistance was most common to sulphathiazole, tetracycline, streptomycin, whereas colistin, gentamicin, tobramycin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and nalidixic acid were the most activein vitro.Multiple resistance was most frequently found in strains ofSalmonella wienandS. typhimurium(94% and 38% respectively).A significant change in the resistance pattern ofS. wienwas observed between 1977 and 1978, with a significant increase of susceptibility to some antimicrobials in 1978.Twenty-one R-plasmids transmissible toE. coliK12 were derived from 46 resistant strains ofS. typhimurum.