bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mating behaviour of females ofGlossina pallidipesAusten (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Jaenson T. G. T 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe mating behaviour of females ofGlossina pallidipesAust. from Kibwezi Forest, Kenya, was investigated in the field and in the laboratory. Field studies showed that very few tenerals were inseminated, that most nulliparous females become inseminated after the first blood-meal and that of females caught on a moving vehicle the majority of recently fed nulliparae were not inseminated while most non-teneral nulliparae with little or no residual blood-meal were inseminated. This suggested a mate-seeking behaviour by uninseminated, non-teneral nulliparae. Field data indicated that multiple insemination occurs in some nulliparae. In the laboratory, few females were receptive until 4–5 days old, which conforms to the field data. Peak receptivity in virgins was reached about nine days after eclosion, when more than 90% copulated. Receptivity in virgins decreased from about two weeks after eclosion. Females permitted one copulation a day between days 0 and 13 copulated, on average, 1·4 times; 38% copulated twice and 2% three times. Receptivity in virgins was higher than in non-virgins, suggesting that one or more components of the copulation affect receptivity.
Life-span and fecundity of adult rice leaf folders, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), on sugar sources, including honeydew from the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
Authors: Waldbauer G. P. , Marciano A. P. , Pathak P. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdults of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Gn.), a widely distributed pest of rice, were found to require an exogenous source of sugar, life-span and fecundity being greatly increased in the laboratory when sugar was available. Their sources of sugar in the field are not known, but evidence is presented which shows that in the laboratory they can utilise the honeydew produced by Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), a common pest of rice.
A revision of the genus Monacon Waterston (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampinae), parasites of ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Platypodidae)
Authors: Bouc˘ek Z. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe chalcidoid wasps of the genus Monacon develop as parasites of the larvae of ambrosia beetles (mainly Platypodidae) in the tropical forests of the Old World. Their known hosts are reviewed. A key is given to species, which are treated in two groups, according to geographical region: first the Indo-Australian species, then the African ones. The previously known Indo-Australian species come from India and Bangladesh (two), North Borneo (one) and the Philippines (one), and another 14 are here described as new: two from Sri Lanka, two from Burma, two from West Malaysia, one from both West Malaysia and the Philippines, two from the Philippines only, four from Papua New Guinea only and one from both Papua New Guinea and the Philippines. Three African species were previously known from Zaire; one of them has now been found also in Uganda. Three species are described as new: one from Uganda, one from both Uganda and Nigeria and one from Kenya.
The incidence of Heliothis armigera (Hübner) and H. punctigera Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton and other host-plants in the Namoi Valley of New South Wales
Authors: Wardhaugh K. G. , Room P. M , Greenup L. R 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFour years of light-trap and crop survey data from the Namoi Valley of New South Wales are presented for Heliothis armigera (Hb.) and H. punctigera Wllgr. These suggest there are four generations a year. The associated seasonal sequence of major host-plants supporting successive generations, appeared to be: H. armigera—wheat; pre-flowering cotton; flowering cotton and sorghum; sorghum, flowering cotton and sunflowers; and H. punctigera—lucerne, linseed and medics; pre-flowering cotton; flowering cotton, sunflowers and soyabeans; lucerne, linseed and medics; pre-flowering cotton. On host-plants common to both species, a change in dominance from H. punctigera to H. armigera occured as each summer progressed. Suggested causes are: seasonal changes in the availability of host-plants, favouring H. armigera over H. punctigera; insecticide resistance in H. armigera; and the competitive superiority of H. armigera. Large numbers of H. armigera in cotton appeared to be related to: warm springs, which favoured moth emergence during the period of wheat anthesis; the incomplete control of infestations within cotton itself, leading to the development of resident populations; and the influx of moths from other host-plants, especially sorghum, during the latter half of the season.
Defoliation and consequent crop loss in cassava caused by the grasshopper Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) in southern Nigeria
Authors: Page W. W. , Harris J. R. W. , Youdeowei A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSevere defoliation of cassava by Zonocerus variegatus (L.) can occur every year during the dry season in southern Nigeria, but the effect of such defoliation on tuber yield was not known. Experiments simulating different forms of damage and direct observation on damage by Z. variegatus indicated that tuber yield is reduced significantly by defoliation only towards the end of the dry season after natural leaf regeneration has begun, when its effect is to delay regeneration so that damaged plants lag behind those which are undamaged. Continuous defoliation over six weeks at the end of the dry season caused a mean crop loss of 63%, and simulated debarking a mean loss of 49%. Z. variegatus confined in plots until the end of the dry season caused a mean loss of 36%, losses being less than those caused by simulated defoliation because cropping took place sooner after the end of defoliation. Defoliation during the dry season caused no significant crop loss when damage occurred before leaf regeneration at the beginning of the following wet season. Monitoring of natural defoliation by Zonocerus in successive years showed there were considerable differences in amount and timing. It is concluded that crop loss due to Zonocerus damage is significant only occasionally despite defoliation occuring every year.
Studies on disruption of sexual communication in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), with microencapsulated gossyplure or its component Z, Z-isomer
Authors: Flint H. M. , Merkle J. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMicroencapsulated gossyplure or its component Z,Z-isomer were applied to 0·04-ha field plots in Arizona for disruption of sexual communication in adults of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). In an initial efficacy test, the materials were placed on cotton plants in 50-μl drops by hand at a rate of 3·7 g a.i./ha (24 690 drops/ha). Trap catches were reduced by averages of 92 and 81% for the Z,Z-isomer or gossyplure treatments, respectively, during a one-week test period. Mating in mini-mating stations was reduced by 100 and 91% for Z,Z-isomer and gossyplure treatments, respectively. In a further test, sprays were applied using a Micron Herbi 77 hand-held spinning disc applicator that was calibrated to deliver 1·97 × 108 spray droplets/ha (about 250 μm in diameter and 0·01 μl/drop). The spray and drop methods were used to apply rates of 2·5 or 12·3 g a.i./ha of both materials to 0·04-ha field plots. The 12·3 g/ha rate of microencapsulated materials was necessary to give about 90% reductions in trap catches for the 9–12–day test periods. Gossyplure and its Z,Z-isomer gave similar reductions in catches when the same rates and method of application were used. However, comparisons of results for 50-μl drops vs. spray indicated that the drops generally resulted in significantly lower trap catches than sprays at the 2·5 g/ha dose rate. The results indicate that spray application of microencapsulated gossyplure or its Z,Z-isomer have potential for communication disruption of P. gossypiella.
Crossing relationships among seven members of the group ofAedes scutellaris(Walker) (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Meek S. R. , MacDonald W. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA rickettsia-free (aposymbiotic) stock ofAedes polynesiensisMarks (POLY-A) was crossed with (a) three symbiont-infected stocks ofA. polynesiensis(POLY-S from Samoa and POLY-N and POLY-T from Fiji), (b)A. pseudoscutellaris(Theo.) (PSE) from Fiji, (c)A. alcasidiHuang (ALC),A. scutellaris katherinensisWoodhill (KATH),A. s. malayensisColless (MAL) andA. s. scutellaris(Wlk.) (SCUT), which occur to the west of Fiji and (d) an aposymbiotic stock ofA. cookiBelkin (CO) from Niue. It was bidirectionally compatible with CO, but in all other crosses compatibility was high when POLY-A was the male parent and very low when it was the female parent. Backcross data suggested that the crossing type was maternally inherited. ALC and KATH were bidirectionally compatible; both were virtually incompatible with POLY-S and PSE, compatible with SCUT when the latter was the female parent, and compatible with CO when the latter was the male parent. POLY-S females were moderately compatible with a third Fijian stock ofA. polynesiensis(POLY-V), and POLY-N and POLY-V were compatible with PSE. If, as inCulex pipiensL., rickettsia-like symbionts are responsible for cytoplasmic incompatibility, then aposymbiotic males should cross successfully with symbiont-infected females, whereas the reciprocal cross should be unsuccessful. Since PSE, MAL and SCUT contain symbionts, their crossing relationships are consistent with the hypothesis. However, ALC and KATH appear to be aposymbiotic and their crossing relationships conflict with the hypothesis. There is little evidence of behavioural barriers to mating between species, but whereas male hybrids of two eastern species were capable of normal insemination, male hybrids between western and eastern species gave very low insemination rates. The egg-hatch rates from backcrosses of female hybrids between western and eastern species to the parents were reduced.
Laboratory and field evaluation of cocoa progenies for resistance to mealybug vectors (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) of swollen shoot virus
Authors: Firempong S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractResistance of cocoa to Planococcoides njalensis (Laing) was assessed in the laboratory in Ghana by rearing the mealybug from birth until death on seven cocoa progenies, and determining survivorship, duration of reproduction, gross reproductive rate and live weight. Field evaluation was by sampling both P. njalensis and Planococcus citri (Risso) on the tree trunks and in terminal buds. Progenies 85D/176A × M7/537 and T12/116 × T62/977 were judged the most resistant using the parameters determined in the laboratory. The resistance factor is attributed to antibiosis. The mealybug populations in the field did not show any significant differences among the progenies, but the trend followed the laboratory results. It is suggested that the laboratory method reported here is adequate in assessing resistance, has the advantage of being faster than the field technique and can be used in combination with existing methods for assessing cocoa progenies for resistance to the virus disease.
Egg parasitoids of hemipteran pests of cowpea in Nigeria and Tanzania, with Special reference to Ooencyrtus patriciae Subba Rao (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) attacking Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål (Hemiptera: Coreidae)
Authors: Matteson P. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEgg parasitoids attacking economically important pod-sucking Hemiptera on cowpea were collected in Nigeria and Tanzania. The three coreid hosts, Anoplocnemis curvipes (F.), Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål and C. elongata Sign., and the two alydid hosts, Mirperus jaculus (Thnb.) and Riptortus dentipes (F.), form a pest complex that attacks grain legumes across Africa. Parasitoids attacking eggs of C. tomentosicollis were monitored on farmers' fields at a locality in northern Nigeria. Parasitism rose from low initial levels to maxima of 62% in 1978 and 51% in 1979. This mortality did not keep host populations below the economic injury level. The egg parasitoid complex of C. tomentosicollis was dominated by the scelionid Gryon gnidus (Nixon), while the encyrtids Ooencyrtus patriciae Subba Rao and O. kuvanae (How.) parasitised a large proportion of host eggs at times. Small numbers of Gryon fulviventris (J. C. Crawford) and the eupelmids Anas tatus spp. were reared. Observations on the biology and behaviour of O. patriciae are presented. This species occurred in both Tanzania and Nigeria and attacked all hosts studied. Rearings of all these parasitoids and also another species of Gryon, a species of Baeus and two species of Telenomus from eggs of the five species of Hemiptera are reported.
Diapause and overwintering of the carrot fly,Psila rosae(F.) (Diptera: Psilidae)
Authors: Burn A. J. , Coaker T. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPsila rosae(F.) overwinters in Britain in both the larval and pupal stages. Overwintering pupae formed in October and November at soil temperatures of between 10 and 16°C entered diapause. A period of similar temperature in the laboratory during the prepupal stage also caused pupae to enter diapause. Overwintering larvae continued to feed and gain weight; they pupated in early spring at soil temperatures of 2–8°C but did not enter diapause. The sensitivity to diapause-inducing conditions decreased between November and March, associated with changes in developmental temperatures and pupal weight. The differential effects of temperature on larval, pupal and diapause development together serve to synchronise adult emergence from the overwintering population. The mechanisms which allow overwintering by a variable proportion of larvae and pupae also provide the opportunity for the development of a third generation of adult flies in October and November.
Anarsia achrasella sp.n. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on sapodilla (Achras zapota) in northern India and Pakistan
Authors: Bradley J. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA gelechiid moth whose larvae attack the flower buds and young leaves of sapodilla (Achras zapota), known also as chicle gum, chiko or naseberry, in northern India and Pakistan is described and named Anarsia achrasella sp.n. Wing pattern, labial palpal and genitalic features of both sexes of the adult are figured, and the species is differentiated from the closely related Afrotropical A. pinnata Meyr.
The relationship between light- and suction-trap catches of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), and the adjustment of light-trap catches to allow for variation in moonlight
Authors: Bowden John 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAnalysis of catches of Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) in a light-trap and a suction trap at Rothamsted, southern England, showed that the light-trap catch varied as predicted from a model proposed to describe the functioning of a light-trap: catch = constant × , where W = trap illumination and I = background illumination. After adjustment to allow for changes in illumination during the flight period of C. carnea, the light-trap catch was very similar to the suction-trap catch. For C. carnea, a light-trap provides as unbiased a sample as a suction trap, but because of variation in trap effectiveness with variation in illumination, light-trap catches obscure changes in activity and abundance. Although similar studies are desirable to confirm this for other species, it is suggested that in light-trap studies catches should be adjusted to allow for changes in illumination during flight or trapping periods.
Ecological and genetic separation of three sympatric species ofAedes(Diptera: Culicidae) from the Kenya coast
Authors: Lounibos L. P. , Munstermann L. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAedes ledgeriHuang,A. soleatusEdw. andA. calceatusEdw. of the group ofA. aegypti(L.) of the subgenusStegomyiacollected on the coast of Kenya are distinguished on the strength of ecological and genetic (isozyme) data. The preferred oviposition sites ofA. ledgeriandA. soleatuswere tree holes above ground level, whereasA. calceatusfavoured abandoned gastropod shells.A. ledgeriwas most abundant in ecotonal habitats andA. soleatusin undisturbed forest At least two diagnostic enzyme loci separated each of the three species pairs.
Comparison of ant community structure (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in citrus orchards under chemical and biological control of red scale, Aonidiella aurantii(Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
Authors: Samways M. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEpigaeic ants were sampled by pitfall trapping in three South African citrus orchards supporting low levels of Aonidiella aurantii(Mask.). All three were similar except that chemical control of the scale was in progress in one, biological control in the second, while the third was in transition from chemical to biological control. Within-orchard variation was statistically zero at the chemical and biological control sites, both of which had constant species abundances and rank-abundance sequences throughout. Within the transition site, rank-abundance sequences were constant but species abundancies varied. Despite the statistical constancy of rank, within-orchard samples at the transition and chemical control sites varied in their dominant ants. The biological control site was dominated throughout by Pheidole megacephala(F.). Individuals of the dominant species made up between 59 and 69% of the total, and as the dominant species varied, this high figure suggested strong interspecific competition. Log-normal models were fitted to the site rank-abundance plots. The interquartile index, Q, was higher when based on an underlying log-series model (α) than on a log-normal one; it was about 2·0, which is low compared with most other studies. The total numbers of individuals and species of ants were higher in the biological control than chemical control orchard. Diversity, as measured by α or Q log-normalwas lowest in the chemical control site, medium in the biological controlone, and highest in the transition site. Between-site variation showedvariation in general ant abundance. As with the within-orchard results, those between orchards were relatively constant. Ant management in relation to community structure is critically appraised on the basis of limiting factors (especially abundance of honeydew as food for potentially dominant ants) and rank-abundance sequences.
Status and taxonomy of the Trioza (Bactericera) nigricornis Förster complex (Hemiptera: Triozidae)
Authors: Hodkinson I. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe taxonomic status of the western Palaearctic crop plant pests Trioza nigricornis Först., T. tremblayi Wagn. and T. brassicae Vasil'ev is discussed, and a related species T. trigonica sp. n. (of which the probable host-plant is carrot) is described. Each species is fully illustrated, and a key to them is provided.
Population dynamics of Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead and G. tachinoides Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in sub-Sudan savanna in northern Nigeria. I. Sampling methodology for adults and seasonal changes in numbers caught in different vegetation types
Authors: Dransfield R. D. , Brightwell R. , Onah J. , Okolo C. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn investigation was carried out into the use of water traps for sampling Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newst. and G. tachinoides Westw. in Yankari Game Reserve in sub-Sudan savanna in northern Nigeria. The traps consisted of coloured trays filled with water plus small quantities of formalin and detergent. Colour was thought to be the major factor attracting flies to the traps, white traps being most effective for G. m. submorsitans and black ones for G. tachinoides. Water traps were compared with biconical traps, and both methods showed similar changes in catches in different vegetation types over a year. Males and females of both species showed a marked expansion in distribution in the rains and a contraction to riverine woodland in the dry season, though females of G. m. submorsitans could be caught in the adverse deciduous woodland and open savanna all year round. Water traps are considered a very cheap and practicable sampling method for ecological studies on these species of Glossina, providing specimens well preserved upon capture for later morphometric and analytical studies.
The history of, and prospects for, the biological control of Chromolaena odorata (Compositae) by Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata Rego Barros and allies (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
Authors: Cock M. J. W. , Holloway J. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractChromolaena odorata is a tropical American species of the Compositae that has become a serious problem in plantations in the tropics of Asia and Africa. The history of attempts to control it using the arctiid moth Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata Rego Barros (misidentified in previous literature as Ammalo insulata (Wlk.)) is summarised. The taxonomy and distributions of the five species in Pareuchaetes are presented, together with keys based on genitalic characters, three new synonyms and one new combination. Information on the biogeography and ecology of the Pareuchaetes species is used to assess their potential as biological control agents.
Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) of the Yemen Arab Republic. I. Species infesting livestock
Authors: Pegram Rupert G. , Hoogstraal Harry , Wassef Hilda Y. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractData from surveys in 1951, 1972, 1973 and 1978–79 showed that tick numbers are generally low on the miniature breed of cattle in the Yemen Arab Republic and tick-borne diseases have not been recognised as a serious problem. This breed should be investigated for properties of resistance to tick bite. Each tick species commonly infesting livestock has been recorded as transmitting viruses (and some also rickettsiae) causing human illness in Africa and/or Eurasia. Between 1300 and 2000 m in altitude, Amblyomma variegatum (F.) is more abundant on camels than on cattle and Boophilus annulatus (Say) infests cattle. Below 1500 m, B. kohlsi Hoogst. & Kaiser is more abundant on goats than on sheep. Haemaphysails sulcata C. & F. infests sheep in certain highland areas. Hyalomma dromedarii Koch is the most prevalent and abundant tick of livestock. H. anatolicum excavatum Koch is next in abundance on camels. The numbers of H. anatolicum anatolicum Koch vary greatly in collections from different years. Few examples of H. erythraeum Tonelli-Rondelli were taken. H. impeltatum Schultze & Schlottke and H. marginatum rufipes Koch are widely distributed; the former is most abundant in coastal lowlands, the latter in humid habitats. H. arabica Pegram, Hoogst. & Wassef is recorded from goats, and also sheep, in southern hills. Immature examples of Hyalomma spp. are especially abundant on camels and hares. Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neum. is common in the highlands, as is R. simus Koch below 2000 m. Species of the R. sanguineus (Latr.) group occur on some livestock.
Economic thresholds for cotton pest management in Sri Lanka
Authors: Keerthisinghe C. I. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField experiments conducted on cotton in southern Sri Lanka, where the main pests were Heliothis armigera (Hb.), Earias vittella (F.) and Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.), indicated that a damage action threshold of five squares and six bolls per 30 plants could be used for forecasting and early warning in pest management. A parallel sampling study indicated that a sample size of 30 plants would reduce the sampling error to acceptable levels as well as being a more convenient number in the field. An expression that corrects experimentally established thresholds for changes in the cost of control and the market price of the yield is given.