bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Democracy and the Concept of Public Opinion
Authors: Gunnell John G. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the intellectual history of how the term ‘public opinion’ entered into the discourse of political and social science during the nineteenth century, studying how the concept it referred to was basically changed during the early years of the twentieth century. It notes that public opinion came from the origins of the American vision of democracy and identifies the changes which the term ‘public opinion’ went through over the years.
Representative Sampling and Survey Non‐Response
Authors: Berinsky Adam J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis chapter aims to determine whether opinion polls can accurately measure the political preferences of the US population, defining survey non-response and differentiating between unit non-response and item non-response where information is usually missing on certain respondents. Next, it discusses the latest trends in response rates and the causes of non-response on surveys, and also describes the threats posed by non-response on the representativeness of surveys, as well as the different available methods for dealing with non-response.
Instrument Design
Authors: Bishop George Franklin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on instrument design, their effects, how they occur, and how they can be dealt with, beginning with the effects of question design on the attitudes, subjective judgments, and opinions of the respondents. It then studies how the actual wording and content of survey questions change the conclusions that researchers would draw with regards to public opinion. The next section centres on how the context and order in which both the questions and response alternatives are presented can impact the results. The final part of the chapter considers how various question-design effects can be understood as part of a more basic cognitive-psychological model of the question-and-answer process.
The Contours of Black Public Opinion
Authors: Harris Fredrick C. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This chapter analyzes black public opinion, starting with a review of the genealogy of its study, which, it shows, developed from scholarly and popular studies during the 1960s and 1970s. It then studies the trends in black and white partisanship and political ideology, before focusing on the nature of black political beliefs in black public opinion. The chapter also takes a look at the debates on the interpretation of the role of black nationalism in black opinion. It ends with a discussion on the emerging variability of black identity after Barack Obama's election as president of the United States and explains how this may change one's understanding of the role of linked fate in black political behaviour.
Asian‐American Public Opinion
Authors: Junn Jane , Lee Taeku , Ramakrishnan S. Karthick , Wong Janelle 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This chapter studies the implications of the socioeconomic and demographic factors on public opinion among Asian Americans. The first part reviews the present social science research on Asian-American political attitudes, and then discusses the outlines of Asian-American political partisanship and attitudes on some relevant political issues. It ends with a study of the observations on the challenges of gathering opinion data among Asian Americans and a discussion of research strategies, and also refers to some data taken from the 2008 National Asian-American Survey.
Class Differences in Social and Political Attitudes in the United States
Authors: McCall Leslie , Manza Jeff 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis chapter takes a look at class differences in political and social attitudes in the United States. The first section briefly describes some of the modern and classical controversies with regards to class differences in public opinion. Next, the chapter considers some of the definitional issues that have hindered work in this area, and offers some descriptive examples of variation in political and social attitudes across the different specifications of class. It ends with a summary of the current status of research, and possible directions that it may take in future.
Knowledge, Sophistication, and Issue Publics
Authors: Hutchings Vincent , Piston Spencer 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis chapter investigates the level of political information in America. It begins with a review of relevant research, in which it shows that American citizens have surprisingly low levels of general knowledge when compared to political elites or to citizens from other Western countries. The chapter then discusses how the current measures of refining political knowledge may be improved, and reviews literature on ideological sophistication. The next section studies scholars' contention that Americans are not only ignorant but also not ideologically sophisticated. Finally, the chapter discusses research on issue publics.
Race, Public Opinion, the Media
Authors: Lee Taeku , Willcoxon Nicole 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with race, media, and public opinion. It first reviews the available literature on media and race in non-electoral and electoral contexts, in order to determine whether racial considerations still play an important, and sometimes defining, role in shaping public opinion. Next, the chapter discusses the recent trends in the scholarship, especially those in ‘cognitive’ and ‘contextual’ turns in research. Finally, it addresses the gaps in the current knowledge, and future directions.
Public Opinion, the Media, and War
Authors: Mueller John 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This chapter tries to determine who or what eventually decides the policy agenda in case of war, concluding which kinds of facts are the ones that are relevant to the process. It studies the framing of issues and the priming and setting of the agendas for public discussion, and notes that the public can be rather selective about the facts of war which it is ready to accept. The chapter also considers the impact of visual information and the role of media during times of war.
The Media, Public Opinion, and Terrorism
Authors: Nacos Brigitte L. , Bloch‐Elkon Yaeli 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This chapter studies the links between public opinion, terrorism, and media. It discusses counterterrorism, specifically how the responses to terrorism become a part of the propaganda and demand schemes of governments and terrorists, and looks at how the media puts up with them. The chapter then reviews and evaluates the important literature of different research strains in four categories on media and terrorism.
Differential expression of genes characterizing myofibre phenotype
Authors: Nierobisz L. S. , Sporer K. R. B. , Strasburg G. M. , Reed K. M. , Velleman S. G. , Ashwell C. M. , Felts J. V. , Mozdziak P. E. 
Published: September 2011

SummarySkeletal muscle is composed of metabolically heterogeneous myofibres that exhibit high plasticity at both the morphological and transcriptional levels. The objective of this study was to employ microarray analysis to elucidate the differential gene expression between the tonic‐‘red’ anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle, the phasic‐‘white’ posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) and ‘mixed’‐phenotype biceps femoris (BF) in 1‐week‐and 19‐week‐old male turkeys. A total of 170 differentially expressed genes were identified in the muscle samples analysed (P < 0.05). Gene GO analysis software was utilized to identify top gene networks and metabolic pathways involving differentially expressed genes. Quantitative real‐time PCR for selected genes (BAT2D, CLU, EGFR and LEPROT) was utilized to validate the microarray data. The largest differences were observed between ALD and PLD muscles, in which 32 genes were over‐expressed and 82 genes were under‐expressed in ALD1‐PLD1 comparison, and 70 genes were over‐expressed and 70 under‐expressed in ALD19‐PLD19 comparison. The largest number of genes over‐expressed in ALD muscles, as compared to other muscles, code for extracellular matrix proteins such as dystroglycan and collagen. The gene analysis revealed that phenotypically ‘red’ BF muscle has high expression of glycolytic genes usually associated with the ‘white’ muscle phenotype. Muscle‐specific differences were observed in expression levels of genes coding for proteins involved in mRNA processing and translation regulation, proteosomal degradation, apoptosis and insulin resistance. The current findings may have large implications in muscle‐type‐related disorders and improvement of muscle quality in agricultural species.
Deciphering the oxygen isotope composition of nitrous oxide produced by nitrification
Authors: Snider David M. , Venkiteswaran Jason J. , Schiff Sherry L. , Spoelstra John 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe ability to use δ18O values of nitrous oxide (N2O) to apportion environmental emissions is currently hindered by a poor understanding of the controls on δ18O–N2O from nitrification (hydroxylamine oxidation to N2O and nitrite reduction to N2O). In this study fertilized agricultural soils and unfertilized temperate forest soils were aerobically incubated with different 18O/16O waters, and conceptual and mathematical models were developed to systematically explain the δ18O–N2O formed by nitrification. Modeling exercises used a set of defined input parameters to emulate the measured soil δ18O–N2O data (Monte Carlo approach). The Monte Carlo simulations implied that abiotic oxygen (O) exchange between nitrite (NO2−) and H2O is important in all soils, but that biological, enzyme‐controlled O‐exchange does not occur during the reduction of NO2− to N2O (nitrifier‐denitrification). Similarly, the results of the model simulations indicated that N2O consumption is not characteristic of aerobic N2O formation. The results of this study and a synthesis of the published literature data indicate that δ18O–N2O formed in aerobic environments is constrained between +13‰ and +35‰ relative to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW). N2O formed via hydroxylamine oxidation and nitrifier‐denitrification cannot be separated using δ18O unless 18O tracers are employed. The natural range of nitrifier δ18O–N2O is discussed and explained in terms of our conceptual model, and the major and minor controls that define aerobically produced δ18O–N2O are identified. Despite the highly complex nature of δ18O–N2O produced by nitrification this δ18O range is narrow. As a result, in many situations δ18O values may be used in conjunction with δ15N–N2O data to apportion nitrifier‐ and denitrifier‐derived N2O. However, when biological O‐exchange during denitrification is high and N2O consumption is low, there may be too much overlap in δ18O values to distinguish N2O formed by these pathways.
Looking for reference genes for real‐time quantitative PCR experiments in Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
Authors: Majerowicz D. , Alves‐Bezerra M. , Logullo R. , Fonseca‐de‐Souza A. L. , Meyer‐Fernandes J. R. , Braz G. R. C. , Gondim K. C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractQuantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) has become one of the most used techniques to measure gene expression. However, normalization of gene expression data against reference genes is essential, although these are usually used without any kind of validation. The expression of seven genes was compared in organs of Rhodnius prolixus under diverse conditions, using published software to test gene expression stability. Rp18S and elongation factor 1 (RpEF ‐1) were the most reliable genes for normalization in qPCR when gene expression in different organs was compared. Moreover, both genes were found to be the best references when transcript levels were compared in the posterior midgut of insects infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Rp18S was also the best reference gene in the fat bodies of unfed and fed insects. By contrast, RpEF‐1 was found to be the best reference gene for comparison between posterior midguts, and RpMIP or RpActin should be used to compare gene expression in the ovaries. Although Rp18S is indicated here as the best reference in most cases, reports from the literature show that it is difficult to find an optimum reference gene. Nevertheless, validation of candidate genes to be taken as references is important when new experimental conditions are tested to avoid incorrect data interpretation.
Species traits and their non‐additive interactions control the water economy of bryophyte cushions
Authors: Michel Pascale , Lee William G. , During Heinjo J. , Cornelissen Johannes H. C. 
Published: September 2011

Summary1. Ecological processes in mixed‐species assemblages are not always an additive function of those in monocultures. In areas with high ground cover of bryophytes, renowned for their considerable water retention capacity, non‐additive interactions in mixed‐species cushions could play a key role in the ecosystem water economy.2. We investigated mixture effects on external water loss in natural cushions with different species pairs of mosses and liverworts and the underlying mechanism of any non‐additivity through shoot characteristics and canopy traits.3. Species mixtures in bryophyte cushions had both additive and non‐additive effects on the water economy, and these interactions were dependent on the composition of species assemblages and on plant tissue mass. Non‐additivity of species mixtures was positive, resulting in the improvement of water retention.4. Our results suggest advantages for bryophyte species to grow smaller and denser when in mixtures. They appear to alter the surface exchange area to converge in size with their neighbours, thus controlling boundary‐layer properties and evaporation to reduce water loss.5. Synthesis. A shift in bryophyte assemblages thus may influence ecohydrological processes of various ecosystems that cannot be simply predicted from the water economy of the component species when in monospecific cushions. In contrast to vascular plants, bryophytes do not compete for water but share it, and trait plasticity amongst bryophyte mixtures acts as a critical physical strategy in the community water economy.
Evaluation of an ELISA for canine leishmaniasis immunodiagnostic using recombinant proteins
Authors: De SOUZA C. M. , SILVA E. D. , ANO BOM A. P. D. , BASTOS R. C. , NASCIMENTO H. J. , Da SILVA JUNIOR J. G. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryThe present work describes the isolation and purification of twoLeishmania chagasi(= syn.Leishmania infantum) recombinant proteins, rLci2B and rLci1A, and their use in the development of an immunoassay for the diagnostic of canine leishmaniasis. After protein expression and cell disruption, rLci2B was purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography followed by size exclusion chromatography, whereas rLci1A, expressed as an inclusion body, was treated with urea and purified by anion‐exchange chromatography. Homogeneities were ascertained by denaturing gel electrophoresis (MWrLci2B = 46 370; MWrLci1A = 88 400), isoelectric focusing (pIrLci2B = 5·91; pIrLci1A = 6·01) and Western blot. An indirect ELISA was developed using the purified antigens rLci2B and rLci1A and a leishmaniasis canine serum panel (n = 256). The ELISA showed 100% sensitivity and 95% specificity for rLci2B and 96% sensitivity and 92% specificity for rLci1A. The purified proteins did not present cross‐reactivity with sera from dogs infected withTrypanosoma caninum, Babesia canisandEhrlichia canis. Cross‐reaction was verified with sera from dogs infected withLeishmania brasiliensis(11·7% for rLci2B and 2·9% for rLci1A). Based on ELISA results, it is suggested the use of rLci2B and rLci1A as antigens in an alternative serological assay for diagnostic of canine leishmania.
TLR2 and TLR4 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with chronic cystic echinococcosis and its relationship with IL‐10
Authors: SHAN J.‐Y. , JI W.‐Z. , LI H.‐T. , TUXUN T. , LIN R.‐Y. , WEN H. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryThis study aims at relating Toll‐like receptors (TLR) and human systemic cytokines in patients with chronic cystic echinococcosis (CE). By real‐time fluorescent quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction, we measured the expression level of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and using ELISA, we detected the cytokines IFN‐γ, IL‐12p70, IL‐10, IL‐4 and IL‐17A from 34 chronic CE cases (four patients with biliary leakage; four patients with secondary location including three in lung and one in bone) and 22 healthy controls (HC). TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression were significantly higher in the CE group (P < 0·05); levels of serum IL‐10, IL‐4 and IL‐12p70 in patients with CE were significantly higher than those in controls (P < 0·05). There were no differences in IFN‐γ and IL‐17A levels between the CE group and the HC group (P > 0·05). In the patients with CE, positive correlations were noted between the expression of TLR2 and the serum level of IL‐10, as well as between the expression of TLR4 and the serum level of IL‐10. Our findings supported the hypothesis that during chronic CE infection, altered TLR expression might be involved in the cytokine modulation, which allowed the parasite to escape host immunosurveillance and promoted chronic infection.
Optogenetics: potentials for addiction research
Authors: Cao Zhen Fang Huang , Burdakov Denis , Sarnyai Zoltán 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTResearch on the biology of addiction has advanced significantly over the last 50 years expanding our understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying reward, reinforcement and craving. Novel experimental approaches and techniques have provided an ever increasing armory of tools to dissect behavioral processes, neural networks and molecular mechanisms. The ultimate goal is to reintegrate this knowledge into a coherent, mechanistic framework of addiction to help identify new treatment. This can be greatly facilitated by using tools that allow, with great spatial and temporal specificity, to link molecular changes with altered activation of neural circuits and behavior. Such specificity can now be achieved by using optogenetic tools. Our review describes the general principles of optogenetics and its use to understand the links between neural activity and behavior. We also provide an overview of recent studies using optogenetic tools in addiction and consider some outstanding questions of addiction research that are particularly amenable for optogenetic approaches.
Use of consensus sequences and genetic networks to identify members of the Bemisia tabaci cryptic species complex in Egypt and Syria
Authors: Ahmed M. Z. , De Barro P. J. , Olleka A. , Ren S.‐X. , Mandour N. S. , Greeff J. M. , Qiu B.‐L. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), is a cryptic species complex composed of at least 24 different morphologically indistinguishable species. The considerable differences in the pest status across the complex, and the ability of some to develop resistance to, insecticides make awareness of their identity critical in terms of developing effective control measures. Previously, phylogenetic reconstructions have been used to identify different B. tabaci, but this approach is no longer necessary because of the existence of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase one consensus sequences for each of the known species. We therefore use these consensus sequences to determine the identities of the members of the complex in Syria and Egypt and then used genetic networks to reveal the pattern of their genetic relatedness to other haplotypes in the species to which they were assigned. The results showed the presence of three species in Syria, AsiaII 1, Middle East–Asia Minor 1 (this equates to the global invader known commonly as the B biotype) and Mediterranean (this equates to the global invader known commonly as the Q biotype). Egypt was shown to have two cryptic species, Middle East–Asia Minor 1 and Mediterranean. In Syria, Middle East–Asia Minor 1 was found around Damascus only (south‐west Syria), while Mediterranean was found throughout Aleppo (northern Syria) and Hama (north central Syria). AsiaII 1 was found around Hims (south central Syria) and Damascus (south‐western Syria). In Egypt, Mediterranean was found in Cairo and Ismailia (central Upper Egypt), while Middle East–Asia Minor 1 was found in the remaining all parts of Upper Egypt, Suez, North Sinai, Port Said, Dakahila, Behera and Alexandria which cover the main agricultural zone of Egypt. Genetic relatedness of Syrian and Egyptian populations with each other and with rest of world is also discussed.
Spatial Analysis of Avocado Sunblotch Disease in an Avocado Germplasm Collection
Authors: Schnell Raymond John , Tondo Cecile Lorraine , Kuhn David Norton , Winterstein Michael Carl , Ayala‐Silva Tomas , Moore John Michael 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAvocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) causes an important disease of avocado, Persea americana. Symptoms of avocado sunblotch were first observed in the avocado germplasm collection at the National Germplasm Repository in Miami in the early 1980s; however, the extent of infection was unknown. An ASBVd‐specific reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) protocol was developed in 1996 and used to screen every tree in the collection. Surveys in 1996 and 2000 found that although 23 newly infected trees were detected, the proportion of ASBVd‐positive accessions remained unchanged at 19%. However, in a 2009 survey, 50 newly infected trees were detected for an overall infection rate of 21%. Results of spatial analyses indicate that for the older plantings, the effective range of spread increased more than threefold during the 13 year span, while in the newer plantings, the pattern of infection indicates a reintroduction of the viroid rather than natural spread. Despite strict sanitization procedures in field and greenhouse operations, ASBVd infections have increased in the USDA collection. Although genetic diversity in the collection would be reduced, eliminating all ASBVd‐positive plants may be necessary to ensure that other accessions in the collection do not become infected.
Predictors of fluoxetine remission for hospitalized patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Lin Ching‐Hua , Lane Hsien‐Yuan , Chen Cheng‐Chung , Juo Suh‐Hang Hank , Yen Cheng‐Fang 
Published: September 2011

Aim:  The goal of treating major depressive disorder is to achieve remission. This prospective study aimed to identify predictors of remission in a cohort of depressive inpatients who received fluoxetine.Methods:  A total of 131 newly hospitalized patients with major depressive disorder received a fixed dose of 20 mg/day (the recommended dose from the literature) of fluoxetine for 6 weeks. Symptom severity was assessed using the 17‐item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6. Remission was defined as a score of ≤7 on the 17‐item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale after 6 weeks of treatment. We compared the remitters and non‐remitters in terms of baseline variables. The Short‐Form‐36 pain interference item was used to assess pain. It was classified as high (score ≥ 3) or low (score < 3).Results:  A total of 31 (27.7%) of 112 completers remitted after 6 weeks of treatment. The remitters and non‐remitters did not differ in baseline variables, except pain interference, baseline depression severity, and depression improvement at week 1.Conclusion:  These findings obtained from newly hospitalized major depression patients support the previous notion that pain interference, depression severity, and early improvement can be the predictors for remission. Patients with high pain interference, a greater depression severity or a less early improvement are likely to require aggressive treatment early. These data require confirmation and extension to outpatients and other antidepressants.