bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retracted: Mechanical and thermal properties enhancement of polycarbonate nanocomposites prepared by melt compounding
Authors: Nayak Sanjay K. , Mohanty Smita , Samal Sushanta K. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe following article from the Journal of Applied Polymer Science, “Mechanical and thermal properties enhancement of polycarbonate nanocomposites prepared by melt compounding” by Sanjay K. Nayak, Smita Mohanty, and Sushanta K. Samal, published online on 7 April 2010 in Wiley Online Library (J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2010, 117, 2101; http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.31222/full), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal's editors, and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The retraction has been agreed due to significant overlap with respect to another article, “Effect of hydrogen bonding on the rheology of polycarbonate/organoclay nanocomposites,” by Kyung Min Lee, and Chang Dae Han, published online on 19 June 2003 in Polymer (2003, 44, 4573).
Thermal, morphological, and mechanical characterization of novel carbon nanofiber‐filled bismaleimide composites
Authors: Faraz M. I. , Bhowmik S. , De Ruijter C. , Laoutid F. , Benedictus R. , Dubois Ph. , Page J. V. S. , Jeson S. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractNovel carbon nanofiber (CNF) ‐filled bismalemide composites were fabricated by a thermokinetic mixing method. The thermal and mechanical properties of composites containing 1 wt % and 2 wt % CNFs were investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that minimal improvement in thermal stability of the nanocomposites was obtained by the addition of CNFs. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed an increase in storage modulus (E′) and glass transition temperature (Tg) upon incorporation of nanofibers. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) has also been found to increase with incorporation of CNFs. Morphological studies of fractured surfaces of the composites has been carried out by scanning electron microscopy to determine the effect of fiber content and dispersion on the failure mechanism. In general, good dispersion was observed, along with agglomeration at some points and some fiber matrix interfacial debonding. A decrease in mechanical strength has been observed and debonding was found as the main failure mechanism. Further research outlook is also presented. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Swelling kinetic study and characterization of crosslinked hydrogels containing silver nanoparticles
Authors: Ahmed Enas M. , Aggor Fatma S. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe ammonium persulfate induced polymerization of acrylamide in the presence of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinking agent were used to prepare crosslinked hydrogels containing silver ions. Subjecting this hydrogel to reduction with sodium hydroxide brought to focus the nanosilver hydrogel composites. Characterization of the latter, including proof of existence of silver nanoparticles in the hydrogel, was made. The number of silver nanoparticles embedded in the hydrogel matrix was higher at higher concentration of AgNO3 used in the preparation of the nanosilver hydrogel composite. The characterization was performed by the use of ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The swellability of the hydrogel containing nanosilver particles was also studied, and the dependence of the swellability on the abundance of silver nanoparticles in the hydrogel composite was verified. It was further disclosed that the kinetic model matched the experimental data; meanwhile, the diffusion of water into the hydrogel was non‐Fickian type. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Mycophenolic acid area under the curve correlates with disease activity in lupus patients treated with mycophenolate mofetil
Authors: Zahr Noël , Arnaud Laurent , Marquet Pierre , Haroche Julien , Costedoat‐Chalumeau Nathalie , Hulot Jean‐Sébastien , Funck‐Brentano Christian , Piette Jean‐Charles , Amoura Zahir 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveMycophenolic acid (MPA) is the active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), which is widely used to treat systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In transplantation, MPA area under the plasma concentration–time curve from 0 to 12 hours (MPA AUC0–12) is correlated with clinical outcome. We undertook the present study to assess possible relationships between SLE activity and MPA AUC0–12.MethodsUsing a Bayesian estimator, MPA AUC0–12 was determined in 71 consecutive SLE patients (61 women and 10 men; mean ± SD age 34 ± 10 years) receiving a stable MMF dose. On the same day, SLE activity was assessed using the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI; active disease defined as a SLEDAI score ≥6) and the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) index (active disease defined as BILAG A or B).ResultsTwo groups were studied: patients with active SLE (mean ± SD SLEDAI score 11.6 ± 4.4; n = 26) and patients with inactive SLE (mean ± SD SLEDAI score 1.9 ± 1.6; n = 45). MPA AUC0–12 correlated weakly with the dose of MMF (r = 0.33, P = 0.005). Mean ± SD MPA AUC0–12 in the group with active SLE was significantly lower than that in the group with inactive SLE (26.8 ± 13.6 μg.hour/ml versus 46.5 ± 16.3 μg.hour/ml; P < 0.0001). MPA AUC0–12 was negatively correlated with the SLEDAI (r = –0.64, P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, MPA AUC0–12 was the sole parameter associated with SLE activity (odds ratio 0.89 [95% confidence interval 0.83–0.96], P = 0.002). The MPA AUC0–12 threshold value of 35 μg.hour/ml was associated with the lowest risk of active SLE.ConclusionOur data show that SLE activity is strongly correlated with MPA AUC0–12. An individualized dosing regimen of MMF, with a target AUC0–12 of 35 μg.hour/ml, should be considered for SLE patients.
The programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1 inhibitory pathway is up‐regulated in rheumatoid synovium and regulates peripheral T cell responses in human and murine arthritis
Authors: Raptopoulou Amalia P. , Bertsias George , Makrygiannakis Dimitrios , Verginis Panagiotis , Kritikos Iraklis , Tzardi Maria , Klareskog Lars , Catrina Anca I. , Sidiropoulos Prodromos , Boumpas Dimitrios T. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveT cells play a major role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The programmed death 1 (PD‐1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PDL‐1) pathway is involved in peripheral tolerance through inhibition of T cells at the level of synovial tissue. The aim of this study was to examine the role of PD‐1/PDL‐1 in the regulation of human and murine RA.MethodsIn synovial tissue and synovial fluid (SF) mononuclear cells from patients with RA, expression of PD‐1/PDL‐1 was examined by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, while PD‐1 function was assessed in RA peripheral blood (PB) T cells after stimulation of the cells with anti‐CD3 and PDL‐1.Fc to crosslink PD‐1. Collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) was induced in PD‐1−/− C57BL/6 mice, and recombinant PDL‐1.Fc was injected intraperitoneally to activate PD‐1 in vivo.ResultsRA synovium and RA SF were enriched with PD‐1+ T cells (mean ± SEM 24 ± 5% versus 4 ± 1% in osteoarthritis samples; P = 0.003) and enriched with PDL‐1+ monocyte/macrophages. PD‐1 crosslinking inhibited both T cell proliferation and production of interferon‐γ (IFNγ) in RA patients; PB T cells incubated with RA SF, as well as SF T cells from patients with active RA, exhibited reduced PD‐1–mediated inhibition of T cell proliferation at suboptimal, but not optimal, concentrations of PDL‐1.Fc. PD‐1−/− mice demonstrated increased incidence of CIA (73% versus 36% in wild‐type mice; P < 0.05) and greater severity of CIA (mean maximum arthritis score 5.0 versus 2.3 in wild‐type mice; P = 0.040), and this was associated with enhanced T cell proliferation and increased production of cytokines (IFNγ and interleukin‐17) in response to type II collagen. PDL‐1.Fc treatment ameliorated the severity of CIA and reduced T cell responses.ConclusionThe negative costimulatory PD‐1/PDL‐1 pathway regulates peripheral T cell responses in both human and murine RA. PD‐1/PDL‐1 in rheumatoid synovium may represent an additional target for immunomodulatory therapy in RA.
A comparative study on communication structures of Chinese journals in the social sciences
Authors: Zhou Ping , Su Xinning , Leydesdorff Loet 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe argue that the communication structures in the Chinese social sciences have not yet been sufficiently reformed. Citation patterns among Chinese domestic journals in three subject areas—political science and Marxism, library and information science, and economics—are compared with their counterparts internationally. Like their colleagues in the natural and life sciences, Chinese scholars in the social sciences provide fewer references to journal publications than their international counterparts; like their international colleagues, social scientists provide fewer references than natural sciences. The resulting citation networks, therefore, are sparse. Nevertheless, the citation structures clearly suggest that the Chinese social sciences are far less specialized in terms of disciplinary delineations than their international counterparts. Marxism studies are more established than political science in China. In terms of the impact of the Chinese political system on academic fields, disciplines closely related to the political system are less specialized than those weakly related. In the discussion section, we explore reasons that may cause the current stagnation and provide policy recommendations.
The quality index for radar precipitation data: a tower of Babel?
Authors: Einfalt Thomas , Szturc Jan , Ośródka Katarzyna 
Published: April 2010

AbstractOne of the quantitative metrics of quality of radar measurements of precipitation is the quality index (QI): a field of numbers whose values depend on the quality. Such an approach is operationally used in some national meteorological services. Difficulties in using this approach can be observed due to hardware and software differences and continuous quality control algorithm improvement. An overall review of commonly used approaches and connected difficulties is made. The challenges in hydrological applications using the QI are listed, as the technique is used to generate precipitation field ensembles. Recommendations for future common considerations are suggested. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Berechnung einer Kombinierten Pfahl‐Plattengründung am Beispiel des Hochhauses “Skyper” in Frankfurt/Main
Authors: Richter Thomas , Lutz Bernd 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAm Bespiel des Hochhauses “Skyper” wurden durch den Unterausschuss “Kombinierte Pfahl‐Platten‐ und Pfahlgruppengründungen” des DIN verschiedene Berechnungsverfahren zur Berechnung einer Kombinierten Pfahl‐Plattengründung angewendet. Die Ergebnisse werden verglichen und diskutiert, wobei sich für den vorliegenden Fall herausstellte, dass sowohl numerische Verfahren als auch vereinfachte Verfahren, die auf der Halbraumtheorie basieren, akzeptable Ergebnisse liefern. Für eine Auswahl der geotechnischen Berechnungsverfahren wurden Federmodelle für die Abbildung der Reaktion der Baugrundoberfläche und der Pfähle abgeleitet und mit Ansatz dieser Federmodelle die Fundamentplatte bemessen. Auf dieser Grundlage gibt der Unterausschuss eine Empfehlung zur Anwendung von Berechnungsverfahren.Calculation of a piled raft foundation as a case study for the high rise building “Skyper” in Frankfurt/Main. Various calculation methods were applied on the piled raft foundation of the high rise building ”Skyper“. The results are compared and discussed. Numerical methods as well as simplified methods based on the elastic half space theory lead in the actual case to reasonable results. With the derived subgrade reaction modulus and pile stiffness the raft reinforcement was computed. A recommendation for the application of numerical and simplified methods is given.
Der Bauingenieur Karl Bernhard
Authors: Dicleli Cengiz 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDie AEG‐Turbinenhalle wurde 1909 fertiggestellt. Sie gilt allgemein als Werk des berühmten Architekten Peter Behrens, der 1907 bis 1914 Chef‐Designer und ‐Architekt der weltweit operierenden Firma AEG war. Anlässlich dieses Jahrestages wird der Ingenieur und Miterbauer der Halle, der Bauingenieur Karl Bernhard vorgestellt, der bei Konzeption und Errichtung des Bauwerkes konstruktiv und gestalterisch eine ganz entscheidende Rolle gespielt hat. Auch anhand von z. T. noch nicht veröffentlichten Untersuchungsergebnissen wird dargelegt, dass der Anteil von Karl Bernhard qualitativ und quantitativ viel größer ist, als es ihm seitens der Bau‐ und Kunstgeschichte bisher zugebilligt wird. Dabei geht es in erster Linie darum, dieses Phänomen als ein Ergebnis der unterschiedlichen Interessen von Architekten und Bauingenieuren, aber auch von Bau‐ und Kunsthistorikern zu verstehen.Karl Bernhard — engineer and builder of the AEG‐Turbine Hall. The AEG‐Turbine Hall was realized in 1909. Generally the hall is considered to be the doing of the renowned architect Peter Behrens, who was the head designer and architect of the world wide operating company AEG. On the occasion of this anniversary the engineer and co‐builder will be presented, who relating to the construction and the design, played a very important part in developing the concept and realizing the building. Also, based on partly unreleased results of scientific studies the fact will be pointed out, that Bernard’s share of work was qualitatively and quantitatively much larger than conceded to him on part of art and building history. The point is to put across the fact, that this phenomena, is the result of different interests of architects and engineers and of building and art historians.
Morphological study of the fetal parotid duct and buccinator muscle and the relationship to salivary secretion
Authors: Amano Kaori , Moriyama Hiroshi , Shimada Kazuyuki , Matsumura George 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe parotid glands secrete about 25% of all saliva produced. In the presence of a stimulus, the amount of saliva secreted from the parotid gland increases to 50%. A decrease in the amount of produced saliva due to aging and parotiditis results in a dry mouth. Therefore, the parotid duct is important to maintaining a healthy oral cavity. In human adults, the parotid duct, ∼6–8‐cm long, travels over the masseter muscle and penetrates the buccinator muscle to enter the oral cavity. Although there have been various studies regarding the parotid gland, only few suggest a functional role of the parotid duct, especially its area of penetration of the buccinator muscle. In this study, 34 fetal specimens ranging from 4 to 10 months of age at death were dissected for anatomical and histological examinations. The area of the parotid duct penetrating the buccinator muscle was fully formed in 5‐month‐old fetuses. This study found buccinator muscle fibers invading the parotid duct wall near its opening in 6‐month‐old fetuses and older. Our results support the claim that the buccinator muscle may act as a sphincter, playing a role in regulating and possibly preventing the reflux of salivary secretions into the parotid duct. Clin. Anat. 23:642–648, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No Product Design without Process Design (Control)?
Authors: Stelzer T. , Ulrich J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractProduct design is an active area of research. However, the term product design is non‐uniformly discussed in the literature, especially in the field of industrial crystallization. There is often a distinction between product design and process design. Due to that fact there is an unclear situation which leaves room for discussions. This review should help to find a more clear position. The problem is that the interrelation of product and process design quite often is underestimated in the literature. Therefore, the interrelations are highlighted here based on four examples. The examples selected are randomly taken from the entire field of crystallization (commodities, solvates, polymorphs, batch crystallization). The principles and conclusions discussed can, however, be transferred to other non‐touched areas where product and process design are considered. It is stated that “no product design is possible without process design (control)”.
The Diels–Alder Reaction of 4,6‐Dinitrobenzofuroxan with 1‐Trimethylsilyloxybuta‐1,3‐diene: A Case Example of a Stepwise Cycloaddition
Authors: Lakhdar Sami , Terrier François , Vichard Dominique , Berionni Guillaume , El Guesmi Nizar , Goumont Régis , Boubaker Taoufik 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe reaction of 4,6‐dinitrobenzofuroxan (DNBF) with 1‐trimethylsilyloxybuta‐1,3‐diene (8) is shown to afford a mixture of [2+4] diastereomeric cycloadducts (10, 11) through stepwise addition–cyclization pathways. Zwitterionic intermediate σ‐adduct 9, which is involved in the processes, has been successfully characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and UV/visible spectrophotometry in acetonitrile. A kinetic study has been carried out in this solvent that revealed that the rate of formation of 9 nicely fits the three‐parameter equation log k=s(E+N) developed by Mayr to describe the feasibility of nucleophile–electrophile combinations. This significantly adds to the NMR spectroscopic evidence that the overall cycloadditions take place through a stepwise mechanism. The reaction has also been studied in dichloromethane and toluene. In these less polar solvents, the stability of 9 is not sufficient to allow direct characterization by spectroscopic methods, but a kinetic investigation supports the view that stepwise processes are still operating. An informative comparison of our reaction with previous interactions firmly identified as prototype stepwise cycloadditions is made on the basis of the global electrophilicity index, ω, defined by Parr within the density functional theory, and highlighted by Domingo et al. as a powerful tool for understanding Diels–Alder reactions.
Störeinfluss durch Schlieren bei der Tropfengrößenmessung an Zweistoffdüsen durch Laserbeugungsspektrometrie
Authors: Mescher A. , Walzel P. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBei der Charakterisierung von Sprays aus Zweistoffdüsen mittels Laserbeugungsspektrometrie können verfälschte Messergebnisse durch lokal fluktuierende Brechungsindizes (Schlieren) im Gasstrahl auftreten. Sie bewirken eine Streuung des Laserlichtes, die nicht auf das Spray, sondern allein auf das Gas zurückzuführen ist. Es wird eine in der Praxis bewährte Methode für optimierte Messungen vorgestellt.
Opportunistic MAC layer design with stochastic Petri Nets for multimediaad hocnetworks
Authors: Escheikh M. , Barkaoui K. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractProviding optimal resource utilization while minimizing costs involved for wireless networks remains a challenging issue. Particularly mobilead hocenvironments subject to multi‐path fading and characterized by a dynamic topology need better resource management mechanisms. The focus of this paper is the performance evaluation of IEEE 802.11e MAC layer modeling under slow time‐varying Rayleigh fading channel via both layered and multi‐layered design approaches via a non‐Markovian Stochastic Petri Nets modeling. We propose two MAC IEEE 802.11e models considering service differentiation features. The first one is non cross‐layer based, whereas the second is cross‐layer based. The cross‐layer design approach adopted permits us to deal with both collisions and fading. We show the impact of the virtual load on the expected throughput. Compared to the conventional approach, our cross‐layered design approach provides significant performance gains. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Power generation confirmation of induction motors and influence on islanding detection devices
Authors: Igarashi Hironobu , Sato Takashi , Miyamoto Kazunori , Kurokawa Kousuke 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPhotovoltaic generation systems must have protection devices and islanding detection devices if they are connected to utility lines of the electric power company. This is regulated in national technological requirement guidelines and the electric equipment technology standards. Islanding detection devices are installed to detect blackouts due to events such as ground faults and short circuits in utility lines. When an islanding detection device detects a power blackout, the photovoltaic generation system must be stopped immediately. It is known that islanding detection devices cannot detect islanding if induction motors are present among the loads. We investigated the influence of induction motors on islanding detection devices and found that when the frequency decreases after a utility line failure, induction motors change over to generator mode, thus compensating the active power imbalance and suppressing voltage variation. In addition, if the postfault frequency is adjusted by PLL control so as to maintain a fixed power factor, induction motors suppress this frequency change, thus extending islanding operation. It is clear from the above results that induction motors are more likely to produce islanding phenomena than static loads. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(4): 8–18, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20962
A proposal of a power distortion compensator using a matrix converter
Authors: Tamada Shunsuke , Itoh Jun‐ichi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractRecently, renewable resource supplies, such as fuel cells, photovoltaic cells, wind power, and engine generators for distributed power systems have been studied intensely. Conventional compensators with switching devices are constructed based on a voltage source inverter using six arms. Therefore, conventional power quality compensators require a large electrolytic capacitor in the DC link part of the equipment. The use of a large capacitor hinders downsizing efforts and the lowering of equipment costs.Direct converters, which do not have a large electrolytic capacitor and an initial charge circuit, can be used to realize downsizing and lowering of equipment costs, when compared with conventional converters.This paper proposes a new application of a matrix converter to a PM generator for power quality compensation, such as reactive power compensation, harmonic current, and power interruption. The novel point of this work is that the matrix converter provides reactive power with harmonic current. Simulated and experimental results confirm that the matrix converter can maintain high performance the same as a conventional active filter and an uninterruptible power supply (UPS). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(4): 37–44, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20972
Neural network‐based PID gain tuning of chemical plant controller
Authors: Abe Yoshihiro , Konishi Masami , Imai Jun , Hasegawa Ryusaku , Watanabe Masanori , Kamijo Hiroaki 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPlant control systems are now highly automated and are used in many industries. The control performance changes with the passage of time because of deterioration of plant facilities. For this reason, human experts tune the control system to improve overall plant performance. In this study, a PID control system for the oil refining chemical plant process is discussed. In oil refining, thousands of control loops are used in plants in order to keep the product quality at the desired value and to assure the safety of plant operation. Due to the ambiguity of the interference between control loops, it is difficult to estimate the plant dynamical model accurately. Using a neuro emulator and a recurrent neural networks model (RNN model) for emulation and tuning of parameters, a PID gain tuning system for a chemical plant controller is constructed. Numerical experiments using actual plant data demonstrate the effect of the proposed method. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(4): 28–36, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20973