bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of vertebrate appendicular structures: Insight from genetic and palaeontological data
Authors: Abbasi Amir Ali 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe new body of evidence from fossils and comparative‐developmental analysis of subset of appendicular patterning genes has revealed that limb elements seen in tetrapods are assembled in fish fin over evolutionary time. However, despite of deep homology in basic structure and underlying developmental system, there remains a large morphological gap between distal elements of tetrapod limb and distal fin skeleton of tetrapodomorph fish. Understanding the genetic basis of major transformations in distal‐limb morphology is the next challenge for evolutionary developmental biologists. Here by integrating data from fossils, comparative‐developmental and genetic studies, models are proposed describing the evolution of cis‐regulatory elements as a basis for diversification of appendicular architecture. Instead of emphasizing the subset of developmental genes, for instance Hoxd genes, the focus here is on the significance of elucidating cis‐regulatory elements for multiple other key molecular players of limb/fin development and genetic/molecular interactions among them, for a better understanding of the developmental and genetic basis of limb evolution. Developmental Dynamics 240:1005–1016, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
pH‐Sensitive Bis(2,2′:6′,2"‐terpyridine)ruthenium(II) Complexes – A DFT/TDDFT Investigation of Their Spectroscopic Properties
Authors: Lobello Maria Grazia , Fantacci Simona , Credi Alberto , De Angelis Filippo 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe report a DFT/TDDFT study on the geometric, electronic and optical properties of [Ru{4′‐(4‐pyridyl)‐2,2′:6′,2"‐terpyridine}2]2+. Because of the presence of the basic nitrogen atom on the terminal pyridyl ligands, in solution the complex can exist in three different protonation states depending on the pH, each with markedly different photophysical properties. We investigated the effect of protonation of the terminal pyridine groups on the electronic and optical properties of this RuII complex. TDDFT calculations in vacuo and aqueous solution were performed, finding good agreement between the simulated and the experimental absorption spectra, and reproducing the experimentally observed absorption redshift upon pyridine protonation. The calculated excited‐state data provide a rationale for the luminescence properties observed by varying the solution pH, in terms of the different energy separation between MLCT and MC excited states in the complexes.
Covalently Bonded Bis(phosphane)gold(I) Cations in a Cross‐Linked Phosphazene Polymeric Matrix as Recyclable Supported Catalysts for Thermal and Microwave‐Assisted Hydration of Alkynes
Authors: Carriedo Gabino A. , López Salomé , Suárez‐Suárez Silvia , Presa‐Soto David , Presa‐Soto Alejandro 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe unexpected finding that the complex [Au(PPh3)2]PF6 (C1) catalyses the specific hydration of 1‐octyne, (p‐phenoxyphenyl)acetylene, phenylacetylene, (p‐chlorophenyl)acetylene and benzylacetylene at 100 °C in the presence of H2SO4 and THF or methanol as solvents, specially using microwave radiation, led to the first gold(I) recyclable catalysts for this reaction. The phosphazene polymeric framework of idealised formula {[NP(O2C12H8)]0.85[NP(OC6H4PPh2)2 (AuPF6)0.5]0.15}n (C2), and the newly synthesised cyclomatrix material of idealised formula {[N3P3(OC6H4PPh2)6](AuPF6)3.5}n (C3), both having cationic [–Ph2P–Au+–PPh2–] cross‐linking sites, catalysed the complete hydration of terminal alkynes at 100 °C and 150 °C and could be used six and four times respectively without significant loss of activity. The mechanism of the catalytic system is based on the initial reversible displacement of one anchoring O–C6H5–PPh2 group from the [–Ph2P–Au+–PPh2–] cross‐linking sites by an alkyne molecule. Using microwave radiation, the hydration of (p‐phenoxyphenyl)acetylene, phenylacetylene, (p‐chlorophenyl)acetylene and benzylacetylene can be completed in 5 min to 2 h in the absence of any gold(I) catalyst.
Neighboring Acetal‐Assisted Brønsted‐Acid‐Catalyzed Si–H Bond Activation: Divergent Synthesis of Functional Siloxanes through Silylation and Hydrolytic Oxidation of Organosilanes
Authors: Chen Xi‐Huai , Deng Yuan , Jiang Kezhi , Lai Guo‐Qiao , Ni Yong , Yang Ke‐Fang , Jiang Jian‐Xiong , Xu Li‐Wen 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA novel metal‐free intramolecular Brønsted‐acid‐catalyzed domino deprotection–hydrosilylation with hydrosilanes has been developed, and the unexpected Brønsted‐acid‐catalyzed intermolecular hydrolytic oxidation to functional siloxanes was described for the divergent and facile synthesis of functionalized siloxanes containing aldehyde motifs. We propose that these reactions proceed via neighboring acetal‐assisted Si–H bond activation. In addition, a related reaction is expected to open up further opportunities for the development and application of functional organosilicon compounds by organocatalysis.
DMAP‐[2.2]paracyclophane: Observation of an Unusual C–C Insertion
Authors: De Rycke Nicolas , Marrot Jérôme , Couty François , David Olivier R. P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA novel family of nucleophilic catalysts derived from 4‐(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) is described. The aminopyridine moiety is attached to a [2.2]paracyclophane skeleton, giving a catalyst with intrinsic planar chirality. Their synthesis is described starting from aminoparacyclophane 5 in four steps. In the course of this preparation, an unprecedented rearrangement involving a C–C bond insertion was observed, leading to an unexpected quinolone‐phenyl[2.2]cyclophane (8). The target catalyst 16 was obtained in enantiopure form by formation of diastereomers with a chiral secondary amine, allowing simple chromatographic separation. Preliminary catalytic studies were also performed.
Enantiodivergent Transannular Rearrangement of 3‐Isopropyl‐1,4‐benzodiazepine‐2,5‐dione by Memory of Chirality
Authors: Farran Daniel , Archirel Pierre , Toupet Loïc , Martinez Jean , Dewynter Georges 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAn unprecedented reactivity has been introduced to 3‐isopropyl‐1,4‐benzodiazepine‐2,5‐dione thanks to N‐Boc activation. Under basic conditions, a transannular rearrangement occurred by ring contraction to furnish a 3‐aminoquinoline‐2,4‐dione with good to excellent enantiomeric purity. Depending on the nature of the base, either enantiomer can be obtained in a stereocontrolled manner. This enantiodivergent synthesis could be assigned to the conformational equilibrium of the starting material, which was studied with the help of DFT calculations.
Effect of the Concentration of Supporting Electrolyte on Spectroelectrochemical Detection of [Ru(bpy)3]2+
Authors: Morris Laura K. , Abu Eme A. , Bowman Christopher , Estridge Carla E. , Andria Sara E. , Seliskar Carl J. , Heineman William R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe effect of different concentrations of supporting electrolytes, either KNO3, NaNO3 or Ca(NO3)2, on the response of a spectroelectrochemical sensor was examined using [Ru(bpy)3]2+ as the analyte. The sensor consisted of an indium tin oxide (ITO) optically transparent electrode (OTE) coated with a thin film of either Nafion or SSEBS (sulfonated polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene‐ran‐butylene)‐block polystyrene) and used attenuated total reflection absorbance for optical detection and cyclic voltammetry for electrochemical detection. The practical implication of these results is the need to take into account the effect of ionic strength of the sample when using a spectroelectrochemical sensor of this type for quantitative analysis.
Modeling Grifola frondosa fungal growth during solid‐state fermentation
Authors: Montoya Barreto Sandra , Orrego Alzate Carlos E. , Levin Laura 
Published: February 2011

AbstractGrifola frondosa (maitake) is an edible and medicinal mushroom. Considering its increasing popularity, there are limited references for its cultivation. Previous studies demonstrated that carpophore formation is correlated directly with mycelial biomass. The development of a mathematical model for its growth under solid‐state fermentation (SSF) may help to predict the potential of different substrates for maitake production. G. frondosa growth and basidiome development was studied, using oak sawdust and corn bran as substrates. The fungal biomass content was determined by measuring N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine (NAGA). It increased steadily for the first 80 days, to a maximum in coincidence with the first fruiting (60.5 μg NAGA/mg dry sample). Two mathematical models were selected to evaluate G. frondosa development, measuring reducing sugars consumption and NAGA synthesis, as an indirect assessment of fungal growth. Both models showed a good fit between predicted and experimental data: logistic model (R2=0.8896), two‐stage model (R2=0.8878), but the logistic model required a minor number of adjustment parameters.
Effects of ionic substances in bleaching filtrates and of lignosulfonates on the activity of oxalate oxidase from barley
Authors: Winestrand Sandra , Larsson Simona , Cassland Pierre , Nilvebrant Nils‐Olof , Jönsson Leif J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe effects of ionic substances in seven industrial filtrates from kraft pulping, mechanical pulping, and sulfite pulping on the activity of oxalate oxidase from barley were investigated by pre‐treatment of the filtrates with ion‐exchange resins prior to enzymatic degradation of the oxalic acid in the filtrates. The pre‐treatment resulted in increased oxalic acid degradation rates in all filtrates, except for one that was obtained from sulfite pulping. The possibility that lignosulfonates, which were present in the filtrate from sulfite pulping, could affect oxalate oxidase was investigated in a separate set of experiments involving four different preparations of lignosulfonates. At a lignosulfonate concentration of 50 mg/mL and a pH of 3.8, only 2–16% of the activity of oxalate oxidase remained. The results show the effects of anionic and cationic substances in bleaching filtrates on oxalate oxidase and indicate that there is an interaction between the enzyme, which has a positive net charge at pH 3.8, and the polymeric anionic lignosulfonates.
Screening of Kluyveromyces strains for the production of ethyl acetate: Design and evaluation of a cultivation system
Authors: Löser Christian , Urit Thanet , Nehl Franziska , Bley Thomas 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSome members of the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus are known to convert sugars and ethanol into ethyl acetate. This metabolic activity offers a chance for an economically favorable use of whey. An exemplary batch experiment is presented to demonstrate the formation of ethyl acetate by K. marxianus DSM 5422 on whey‐based medium in an aerated 70‐L stirred reactor. A screening system was developed to check Kluyveromyces strains regarding their capability to form ethyl acetate. The designed screening system takes the volatility of ethyl acetate and the requirement of oxygen for sugar conversion into account and allows the analysis of ester formation kinetics. Modeling and measurement of the ester stripping from screening bottles guaranteed reliable data evaluation. Twelve of 23 tested strains produced noteworthy amounts of ethyl acetate with a yield between 0.13 and 0.23 g ester per gram sugar consumed. The productive strains showed individual kinetics of ester formation; some strains had a short interval of intense production while others exhibited a longer period of stable formation. Another factor of interest was the selectivity of product formation expressed as the mass ratio of formed ester and ethanol, which ranged from 0.9 to 3.5 g/g.
Waiting times for elective surgery and the decision to buy private health insurance
Authors: Johar Meliyanni , Jones Glenn , Keane Michael , Savage Elizabeth , Stavrunova Olena 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMore than 45% of Australians buy health insurance for private treatment in hospital. This is despite having access to universal and free public hospital treatment. Anecdotal evidence suggests that avoidance of long waits for public treatment is one possible explanation for the high rate of insurance coverage. In this study, we investigate the effect of waiting on individual decisions to buy private health insurance. Individuals are assumed to form an expectation of their own waiting time as a function of their demographics and health status. We model waiting times using administrative data on the population hospitalised for elective procedures in public hospitals and use the parameter estimates to impute the expected waiting time and the probability of a long wait for a representative sample of the population. We find that expected waiting time does not increase the probability of buying insurance but a high probability of experiencing a long wait does. On average, waiting time has no significant impact on insurance. In addition, we find that favourable selection into private insurance, measured by self‐assessed health, is no longer significant once waiting time variables are included. This result suggests that a source of favourable selection may be aversion to waiting among healthier people. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intention-to-treat analysis of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Living versus deceased donor transplantation
Authors: Bhangui Prashant , Vibert Eric , Majno Pietro , Salloum Chady , Andreani Paola , Zocrato Joao , Ichai Philippe , Saliba Faouzi , Adam Rene , Castaing Denis , Azoulay Daniel 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

For patients who have cirrhosis with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) reduces waiting time and dropout rates. We performed a comparative intention-to-treat analysis of recurrence rates and survival outcomes after LDLT and deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) in HCC patients. Our study included 183 consecutive patients with HCC who were listed for liver transplantation over a 9-year period at our institution. Tumor recurrence was the primary endpoint. At listing, patient and tumor characteristics were comparable in the two groups (LDLT, n = 36; DDLT, n = 147). Twenty-seven (18.4%) patients dropped out, all from the DDLT waiting list, mainly due to tumor progression (19/27 [70%] patients). The mean waiting time was shorter in the LDLT group (2.6 months versus 7.9 months;

P

= 0.001). The recurrence rates in the two groups were similar (12.9% and 12.7%,

P

= 0.78), and there was a trend toward a longer time to recurrence after LDLT (38 ± 27 months versus 16 ± 13 months,

P

= 0.06). Tumors exceeding the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) criteria, tumor grade, and microvascular invasion were independent predictive factors for recurrence. On an intention-to-treat basis, the overall survival (OS) in the two groups was comparable. Patients beyond the Milan and UCSF criteria showed a trend toward worse outcomes with LDLT compared with DDLT (

P

= 0.06).

Conclusion:

The recurrence and survival outcomes after LDLT and DDLT were comparable on an intent-to-treat analysis. Shorter waiting time preventing dropouts is an additional advantage with LDLT. LDLT for HCC patients beyond validated criteria should be proposed with caution. (Hepatology 2011;)
An Iterative Acetylene–Epoxide Coupling Strategy for the Total Synthesis of Aspinolide A
Authors: Sabitha Gowravaram , Reddy Teega Rammohan , Srinivas Chitti , Yadav Jhillu Singh 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe total synthesis of aspinolide A (1) was successfully achieved by an iterative acetyleneepoxide coupling strategy and a Yamaguchi lactonization as the key steps.
Facile Synthesis of Substituted Ethyl 2‐(Chloromethyl)‐2‐hydroxy‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐3‐carboxylates
Authors: Raju Bhimapaka China , Saidachary Gannerla , Kumar Jaladi Ashok , Sridhar Balasubramanian 
Published: February 2011

AbstractEthyl 2‐(chloromethyl)‐2‐hydroxy‐2H‐chromene‐3‐carboxylates 2a–2j have been synthesized by reaction of substituted salicylaldehydes with ethyl 4‐chloro‐3‐oxobutanoate, in the presence of piperidine in CH2Cl2 at room temperature, in good yields.
A Different Role of Meldrum's Acid in the Biginelli Reaction
Authors: Svĕtlík Jan , Veizerová Lucia 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA Biginelli‐type condensation using Meldrum's acid has been accomplished in refluxing AcOH to give 6‐substituted dihydropyrimidine‐2,4‐(1H,3H)‐diones. In contrast to other aldehydes, the three‐component reaction with salicylaldehyde led to an oxygen‐bridged pyridine. A reaction mechanism is proposed.
Two New Constituents from Torricellia tiliifolia Stem Barks
Authors: Huang Ji‐Guang , Zhou Li‐Juan , Xu Han‐Hong 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA new iridoid, torrilliolide (1), and a new pyridine alkaloid, torricelline (2), were isolated from the stem barks of Torricellia tiliifolia. Their structures were determined by analysis of their spectroscopic data. Both compounds exhibited cytotoxicity against Spodoptera litura cell line.
Stage‐dependent transient storage of phosphorus in alluvial floodplains
Authors: Heeren Derek M. , Fox Garey A. , Miller Ronald B. , Storm Daniel E. , Fox Amanda K. , Penn Chad J. , Halihan Todd , Mittelstet Aaron R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractModels for contaminant transport in streams commonly idealize transient storage as a well mixed but immobile system. These transient storage models capture rapid (near‐stream) hyporheic storage and transport, but do not account for large‐scale, stage‐dependent interaction with the alluvial aquifer. The objective of this research was to document transient storage of phosphorus (P) in coarse gravel alluvium potentially influenced by large‐scale, stage‐dependent preferential flow pathways (PFPs). Long‐term monitoring was performed at floodplain sites adjacent to the Barren Fork Creek and Honey Creek in northeastern Oklahoma. Based on results from subsurface electrical resistivity mapping which was correlated to hydraulic conductivity data, observation wells were installed both in higher hydraulic conductivity and lower hydraulic conductivity subsoils. Water levels in the wells were monitored over time, and water samples were obtained from the observation wells and the stream to document P concentrations at multiple times during high flow events. Contour plots indicating direction of flow were developed using water table elevation data. Contour plots of total P concentrations showed the alluvial aquifer acting as a transient storage zone, with P‐laden stream water heterogeneously entering the aquifer during the passage of a storm pulse, and subsequently re‐entering the stream during baseflow conditions. Some groundwater in the alluvial floodplains had total P concentrations that mirrored the streams' total P concentrations. A detailed analysis of P forms indicated that particulate P (i.e. P attached to particulates greater than 0·45 µm) was a significant portion of the P transport. This research suggests the need for more controlled studies on stage‐dependent transient storage in alluvial systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Environmental Conditions on Bottom Oligochaete Communities in Subsidence Ponds (The Silesian Upland, Southern Poland)
Authors: Krodkiewska Mariola , Królczyk Anna 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe aim of the study was to estimate the influence of environmental conditions resulting from coal mining on the diversity of bottom oligochaete communities in subsidence ponds. In the ponds studied 17 oligochaete species representing the families Lumbriculidae (1 species), Enchytraeidae (1 species) and Naididae (15 species), in the new sense (Erséus et al., 2008) were collected. The presence of Aulodrilus japonicus Yamaguchi, 1953 and Potamothrix bavaricus (Oschmann, 1913), rare species in anthropogenic water bodies, is noteworthy. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that the important factors influencing oligochaete distribution in the subsidence ponds studied were the type of substratum, the organic matter content of the sediment as well as the mineralization of the water. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Politics of Welfare State Reform
Authors: Van Kersbergen Kees 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article presents and discusses the state of the art in political science research on welfare state reform. While scholars first aimed at explaining the emergence and growth of the welfare state, national variation in its development, and crises of welfare state regimes, more recently the focus has shifted to the persistence and reform of the major welfare state institutions. Research in this direction has typically adopted an institutionalist perspective, stressing how institutional settings affect the feasibility and direction of reforms. These studies have shed light on important aspects of the question, in particular by demonstrating the role of path dependency and veto players in reform processes, but suffer from two main problems, namely the difficulty of defining the dependent variable in an appropriate way, and the neglect of the importance of power resources.
Between Post‐nationalism and Neo‐institutionalism: The Structuring of Public Debates in Switzerland in the Field of Immigration and Ethnic Relations
Authors: Giugni Marco , Passy Florence 
Published: February 2011

RésuméThis article attempts to assess the relevance of post‐nationalist and neo‐institutionalist theories to explain the structuring of public debates on immigration and ethnic relations in Switzerland. To escape the contradictory debate existing between proponents of these two theoretical perspectives, but above all to improve our knowledge of processes of globalization and of resistance by nation‐states in the field of migrations, we propose a systematic analysis of public debates in this field during the 1980s. This allows us to assess the impact of external pressures and of national traditions on the treatment of migration issues. Our analysis unveils three changes that may attest to the impact of transnationalization of migration issues on national states. First, an important growth of debates on issues concerning the integration of immigrants took place, especially in the field of the fight against discriminations. Second, there was a more active participation of immigrants in the national public debates. Third, variations in the activity of the extreme right and the Swiss People's Party occurred, and more precisely a growth of the latter. In particular, the introduction of the Law against racism provided a window of opportunities for the Swiss political actors. Thus, within the constraining framework represented by the nation‐state, which yields political resources and a structure of legitimacy for the intervention of political actors in the field of immigration and ethnic relations, transnational forces are a source of variations and changes which should not be overlooked. In particular, the introduction of a transnational anti‐discrimination norm provides other types of political resources and another structure of legitimacy. Finally, our analysis suggests that the development of personhood rights at a supranational level can be a source of change that yields new models and new scripts for the action of national actors.