bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meniscal substitutes – human experience
Authors: Goble E. M. , Kohn D. , Verdonk R. , Kane S. M. 
Published: July 2010

A number of clinical series have described the effect of meniscus allograft replacement in humans. The general indication has been disabling pain following loss of a meniscus in a skeletally mature individual. Overall, healing of the graft to the capsule occurs in up to 80% of all transplants. Revascularization and cell repopulation is found in all grafts but is highly variable. The risk for graft failure seems to be greater with irradiated grafts and in patients with grade III or IV osteoarthritic changes. In most series, patients experienced a decrease in pain and an increase in activity level postoperatively. In many series, concominant surgery (cruciate ligament reconstruction or osteotomy) had been performed. Meniscus replacement with frozen or cryopreserved allografts seems to give the most promising short‐term results in patients with post‐meniscectomy pain. Controlled, randomized prospective studies are needed to confirm a long‐term benefit and better define transplantation indications.Viable meniscus allografts seem to survive transplantation, as donor cells were found in the graft after 2 years. Clinically, pain was reduced and activity increased following transplantation, but after 4 years some of these gains were lost. There was no correlation between postoperative findings on MRI and clinical outcome.Meniscal replacement with a quadriceps tendon autograft in humans resulted in pain reduction, but at second‐look arthroscopy, only 2 of 9 tendon autografts looked like a meniscus. Six were in position but still looked like tendons. Total medial meniscus replacement by quadriceps tendon autrograft is still an experimental procedure.There is no proof at present that meniscal substitutes (meniscus allografts or tendon autografts) in humans can protect the hyaline cartilage of the knee from the degeneration, following loss of a meniscus. There is some evidence in animal experiments that under circumstances not yet exactly known, a meniscus substitute can have a protective effect on articular cartilage. Three factors have been identified that prevent proper meniscal function: poor fixation of the meniscal horns, no contact of the graft with the articulating surfaces under load and incorrect positioning of the horns. Meniscal allograft transplantation sensitizes humoral and cell mediated immune systems. Bone plugs attached to meniscal allograft tissue may increase cell surface antigenicity. Deep freezing and especially freeze drying of meniscal tissue decreases host immunogenicity. Cryopreservation maintains the content of donor HLA encoded antigens and is likely more sensitizing to the host. The clinical importance of immune responses to meniscal allografts is not known, but it has not been shown to result in graft failure or rejection. Prospective studies are needed.
Low‐intensity training dissociates metabolic from aerobic fitness
Authors: Helge J. W. , Damsgaard R. , Overgaard K. , Andersen J. L. , Donsmark M. , Dyrskog S. E. , Hermansen K. , Saltin B. , Daugaard J. R. 
Published: July 2010

This study investigated the effect of prolonged whole‐body low‐intensity exercise on blood lipids, skeletal muscle adaptations and aerobic fitness. Seven male subjects completed a 32‐day crossing of the Greenland icecap on cross‐country skies and before and after this arm or leg cranking was performed on two separate days and biopsies were obtained from arm and leg muscle, and venous blood was sampled.During the crossing, subjects skied for 342±42 min/day and body mass was decreased by 7.1±0.7 kg. Peak leg oxygen uptake (4.6±0.2 L/min) was decreased (P<0.05) by 7% whereas peak arm oxygen uptake (3.0±0.2 L/min) remained unchanged. Total and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (5.0±0.2 and 3.20.2 mmol/L) were decreased by 8% and 20%, respectively. Muscle β‐hydroxy‐acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase activity was increased with 22% in arm (P=0.08) and remained unchanged in leg muscle. Hormone sensitive lipase activity was similar in arm and leg muscle prior to the expedition and was not significantly affected by the crossing.In conclusion, an improved blood lipid profile and thus metabolic fitness was present after prolonged low‐intensity training and this occurred in spite of a decreased aerobic fitness and an unchanged arm and leg muscle hormone‐sensitive lipase activity.
New Danish reference values for height, weight and body mass index of children aged 0–5 years
Authors: Nielsen AM , Olsen EM , Juul A 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAim:  To derive new reference values for height, weight and body mass index (BMI) of children aged 0–5 years in Denmark and to compare them with the national reference from the 1970s and the 2006 WHO standard.Methods:  The height and weight of 4105 healthy singleton children born in 1995 were obtained from a cohort study. Children were measured at birth and at seven regular health examinations by a general practitioner up to 5 years of age. Generalized additive models for location, scale and shape were used to construct percentile curves.Results:  Mean length, weight and BMI at birth and during the first months of life increased significantly, but the differences diminished thereafter, and at 1 year BMI had decreased. In boys, weight and BMI had decreased by 2 years of age but had increased, together with height, at 5 years. Children were taller, heavier and had a higher BMI than that referred to in the WHO standard.Conclusion:  New references for length or height, weight and BMI by age were constructed for children in Denmark. Since the 1970s, weight, length and BMI at birth increased, and growth during the first year of life appears to be healthier.
SQUAMOSA Promoter‐Binding Protein‐Like Transcription Factors: Star Players for Plant Growth and Development
Authors: Chen Xiaobo , Zhang Zenglin , Liu Danmei , Zhang Kai , Li Aili , Mao Long 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
SQUAMOSA Promoter‐Binding Protein‐Like (SPL) genes encode plant‐specific transcription factors that play important roles in plant phase transition, flower and fruit development, plant architecture, gibberellins signaling, sporogenesis, and response to copper and fungal toxins. In Arabidopsis, many SPL genes are post‐transcriptionally regulated by the microRNA (miRNA) miR156, among which AtSPL9 in turn positively regulates the expression of the second miRNA miR172. This miR156‐AtSPL9‐miR172 regulatory pathway plays critical roles during juvenile to adult leaf development and the miR156‐SPLs feedback interaction persists all through the plant development, which may be conserved in other plants. In the present paper, we provide a concise review on the most recent progress in the regulatory mechanisms associated with plant SPL transcription factors, especially in relation to miRNAs. The potential application of these discoveries in agriculture is briefly discussed.
FARM MANAGEMENT RESEARCH DATA NEEDED FOR EXTENSION1
Authors: CLARK J. H. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYExtension is a method of education for farm people who are already operating farm businesses. Farm management extension is the teaching of the facts and concepts of business management.Interest must be created in a subject so that an extension programme may be planned. Economic conditions now make it more important for farmers to consider the business concepts of farming and thus create interest in farm management. Farm account book studies, survey studies and enterprise studies help to provide a basis for continuing this interest.Farm extension workers must have both the basic facts of operation of the farms in their area and the basic input‐output data in order to indicate the way of profit maximization of farms and enterprises of the area. The facts can be obtained from farm account book studies, cost studies and special enterprise survey studies. Input‐output data can be provided by studies which include all relevant physical facts of production, by other studies designed to obtain factor‐product curves and by controlled experiments carried on in co‐operation with technical agricultural research workers. Price outlook information and other special information on particular phases of the management of the farm which may affect management decisions are also needed by the extension workers.Farm management extension workers teach decision‐making. Research work which provides simple methods of evaluating the present farm business position and of budgeting for profit maximization are useful in teaching this subject. Linear programming provides a method of evaluating budgets and is useful for establishing standards, but the presentation should be simple and recommendations should also be based on the experience of the extension worker.
ECONOMIC GUIDELINES FOR MOBILIZING LABOUR AND MANAGEMENT IN CANADIAN AGRICULTURE1
Authors: Plaunt Darrel 
Published: July 2010

This paper examines the role of management in stimulating economic growth. It sees the adjustment problem as the fundamental problem in Canadian agriculture and suggests ways of speeding the process. Recognizing that the individual farmer is the focal point of the adjustment process, the paper reviews the many kinds of adjustments possible, and suggests a new rural counselling service to help achieve the adjustment potentials.LIGNES DIRECTRICES ÉCONOMIQUES POUR LA MOBILISATION DE ľEMPLOYÉ ET DE ľEMPLOYEUR DANS ľAGRICULTURE CANADIENNE –Le présent mémoire examine le rôle de la gestion dans la stimulation de ľaccroissement économique. II considère le problème ďajustement comme le problème fondamental dans ľagriculture canadienne et suggère des moyens ďaccélérer le processus. Reconnaissant que ľagriculteur lui‐même est le point tournant du processus ďajustement, le mémoire passe en revue les nombreux genres ďajustements possibles et suggère un nouveau service rural ďorientation pour aider à atteindre les possibilités ďajustement.
AN APPLICATION OF THE STAPLE THEORY TO SONORA, MEXICO*
Authors: Hicks W. Whitney 
Published: July 2010

The role of primary exports in the economic development of a country or region has been subject to much debate. The “staple theory” has been proposed as an explanation of the beneficial effect of primary exports on the economic development of Canada and the United States. However, one authority argues that the staple theory is applicable only to the special case of a new underpopulated country. This paper shows that primary exports have stimulated development in the state of Sonora, Mexico. Data showing the increase in primary production and exports between 1950 and 1960 are linked to the increase in manufacturing employment in industries producing inputs for primary production, industries processing primary products, and industries producing products to satisfy increases in final demand. The role of government policies, institutional arrangements, and the nature of the production functions for primary products are examined in an effort to determine the impact of primary exports on manufacturing activity. This study illustrates that the staple theory provides insight into the development or lack of development of all countries exporting primary products.L'IMPORTANCE DES EXPLOITATIONS DE BASE DANS LE DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMQUE: ľAPPLICATION DE LA “THEORIE DES DENREES PRINCIPALES” DANS ľETAT DE SONORA AU MEXIQUE ‐ Le rôle des exportations de base dans le développement économique ďun pays ou ďune région a fait le sujet de bien des débats, La “théorie des denrées principales” a été proposée comme une explication de ľeffet avantageux des exportations de base sur le développement économique du Canada et des États‐Unis. Toutefois, une autorité prétend que la théorie des denrées principales ne s'applique qu'au cas particulier ďun nouveau pays sous‐peuplé. Le présent exposé démontre quelles exportations de baseont stimulilé développement de ľétal de Sonora au Mexique. Des données indiquant ľaugmen tation de la production et des exportations de base entre 1950 et 1960 sont liées àľavance de ľemploi manufacturier dans les industries produisant des intrants pour la production de base, pour les industries qui préparent des produits de base et pour les industries qui produisent des marchandises pour satisfaire aux demandes accrues de produits finis. Le rôle des politique! gouvemementales, des accords institutionnels et la nature des fonctions de la production pour les produits de base sont examinés afin de déterminer ľeffet des exportations de base sur ľactivité manufacturière. Cette étude démontre que la théorie des denrées principales fournit un aperçu du développement ou du manque de développement des pays qui exponent des produits de base.
Economic Guidelines for Present and Future Capital use in Canadian Agriculture*
Authors: Andal Melvin E. 
Published: July 2010

Capital requirements for typical farms are expected to be $200,000 to $300,000 by 1980. This will necessitate substantial increases in credit and provide conditions more attractive to private investors than in the past for all types of credit as well as equity capital. Form operators' equity in the farm business is expected to decline substantially.Incorporated farm statistics are presented as well as an estimate of the aggregate farm capital and credit structure in 1981. A number of policy questions are examined in the light of the changed financial structure envisaged. GUIDES ÉCONOM1QUES CONCERNANT L'USAGE ACTUEL ET FU‐TUR DU CAPITAL DANS L'AGRICULTURE CANADIENNE–On estime que la mise de fonds en capital d'une ferme typique sera de l'ordre de $200,000 à$300,000 vers 1980. Cette situation entraînera des accroissements sensibles au chapitre du crédit et créera des conditions plus attrayantes que par le passé pour les investisseurs privés, les amenant à offrir tous les genres de credit et mime a participer au capital effectif de mise de fonds. On estime que Vavoir des exploitants agricoles dans leurs ferme diminuera sensiblement.On présente des statistiques agricoles incorporees de même qu'une estimation de la structure d'ensemble du crédit et du capital des fermes en 1981. Un certain nombre de questions de politiques sont etudiees a la lumiire des changements prevus a la structure financiere.
Guidelines for Agricultural Policy Over the Next Decade
Authors: Campbell D. R. , MacGregor M. A. 
Published: July 2010

This paper discusses the need for developing consistent public agricultural policies for Canada. Six “realities” of today are discussed and are proposed as guidelines for public involvement in Canadian agriculture. The guidelines are indicated to be applicable not only to public policy for agriculture, but also to other sectors, and are believed to be relevant well beyond a decade.QUELQUES LIGNES DIRECTRICES CONCERNANT LA POLITIQUE AGR1COLE DES DIX PROCHAINES ANNÉES – L'article qui suit analyse pour le Canada la nécessité d'une véritable politique agricole. Dans cet ordre d'idées. six “schémas” qui pourraient constituer les lignes directrices d'une intervention des pouvoirs publics dans l'agriculture canadienne sont discutes et proposés. Ce cadre d'analyse pourrait être appliquée non seulement aux politiques agricoles mais aussi à d'autres secteurs et nous croyons qu'il serait valable bien au‐delà d'une décade.
EFFECT OF TENURE RELATIONSHIPS ON RESOURCE EFFICIENCY*
Authors: Langemeier Larry N. 
Published: July 2010

This article outlines a method for developing optimum landlord‐tenant relationships. The representative farm analysis indicates that resource efficiency is highest when the tenant's net return is maximized and production costs are shared equally between landlord and tenant. Maximizing returns to either lease participant, with the tenant paying all production costs, results in less efficient use of resources, negative capital accumulation over time, and/or an undesirable distribution of total farm returns. Resource efficiency is shown to be superior on owner‐operator farms as compared to landlord‐tenant operations. Nevertheless, similarities between owner‐operator and landlord‐tenant operations suggest that part ownership can continue to grow with only a small loss in resource efficiency when forward planning is employed.L'ÉTAT DES RELATIONS ENTRE FERMIERS ET PROPRIÉTAIRES SUR L'EFFICACITÉ DES RESSOURCES – Cet article souligne une méthode permettant d'optimiser les rapports entre le propriétaire et le fermier. L'ana‐lyse des fermes révèle que l'efficacité des ressources est la plus étevée quand d'une part le profit net du fermier est maximisé et quand d'autre part les coûts de production sont portagés équitablement entre le propriétaire et son fermier. Le fait de maximiser les rendements pour les parties prenantes du bail, avec le fermier payant tous les coûts de production, s'accompagne d'une moin‐dre efficacité dans l'utilisation des ressources, d'une desaccumulation du capital dans le temps et, ou d'une distribution inopportune des bénéfices totaux agricoles. L'efficacité des ressources est reconnue comme étant supérieure dans les exploitations gérées par leurs propriétaires que dans celles gérées pai des fermiers. Néanmoins, des similarités entre ces deux types de fermes suggèrent qu'une propriété partielle peut continuer à croître avec une perte sensible au niveau de l'efficacité des ressources quand une p/anification du futur est utilisée.
USER COST IN RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES
Authors: Nautiyal J. C. 
Published: July 2010

The development of the concept of user cost has been traced and its application in the economics of natural resources has been shown. The concept is useful in determining the optimum levels of investment and exploitation in a renewable natural resource like forestry. Application of user cost demonstrates that the rate at which a resource should be exploited is not the same at which it can be replenished, but the two are very much related to each other through the level of investment. It is not possible to say what the optimum rate of exploitation of a natural resource is without reference to the rate of investment.LE COÛT D'USACE POUR LES RESSOURCES NATURELLES RENOU‐VELABLES – Le développement du concept du coût d'usage a été esquissé et son application dans l'économie des ressources naturelles a été montrée. Le concept est utile en déterminant les niveaux optimums d'inveslissement et d'exploitation pour des ressources naturelles comme la foret. L'application du coût d'usage démontre que le taux à partir duquel un bien pourrait‐être exploité n'est pas le même que le taux à partir duquel ce même bien peut‐être reconstitué, mais les deux sont étroitement reliés à‐travers le niveau des investissements. II est impossible de livrer le taux optimum d'exploitation des ressources naturelles sans faire référence au taux d'inveslissement.
MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS APPLIED TO CANADIAN WHEAT EXPORTS
Authors: Rigaux L. R. 
Published: July 2010

This paper proposes a framework for market share analysis that provides for a distribution effect in addition to a competitive effect on a supplier's total sales of a commodity. The framework is applied to the change in Canadian wheat exports from 1963‐64 to 1967‐68. It is estimated that 3/5 of the reduction in export volume is attributable to the distribution effect, 1/5 to the competitive effect, and 1/5 to a smaller size of wheat market. The findings caution that scope may be limited for major improvements in Canadian wheat export policy. The paper concludes with an appraisal of the analytical technique and with proposals for its extension in further investigation.Cet article expose les grandes lignes ďune méthode ďanalyse des parts de marché, faisant entrer en ligne de compte les effets de distribution et de compétition sur la rente ďun certain produit par un exporteur. La méthode est utilisee pour évaluer le changement des exportations cana‐diennes de blé, pour la période allant de 1963‐64 à 1967‐68. ďapres les estimations, on peut attribuer 3/5 de la réduction àľeffet de distribution, 1/5 à la compétition tandis que 1/5 est attribuable a la réduction du marché global du blé. Les résultats suggérent done une certaine prudence dans ľélaboration de nouvelles politiques ayant trait àľexportation de blé canadien. ľauteur termine par une évaluation de la méthode analytique, et fait quelques suggestions relatives à son usage pour des recherches futures.
THE IMPACT OF INPUT PRICE INFLATION ON THE UNITED STATES FARMING INDUSTRY*
Authors: Tweeten Luther , Quance Leroy 
Published: July 2010

The impact of national inflation on net income of American farmers is expressed as the elasticity E of net income with respect to input prices. E is derived mathematically from a series of equations expressing productivity, revenue, costs, and elasticities of supply and demand. Empirical estimates of E are calculated for large input categories as well as for all purchased inputs for both the short and long run using estimates of the required parameters. Price inflation for cash operating inputs with an elastic demand such as fertilizer tends not to disadvantage farmers. But total use of inputs such as real estate, labor, and, durable inventories are relatively unresponsive to higher taxes, wages and interest rales, and thus farmers are seriously disadvantaged by inflation of these “prices.” In general, farmers benefit from input price increases if the price elasticity of demand for the input exceeds that of farm output. For all purchased inputs, this study reveals a small impact on net farm income from a once‐for‐all input price increment of one percent.ľeffet de ľinflation nationale sur le revenu net des fermiers amériains s'exprime par la flexibilité E du revenu net par rapport au prix de revient. E est dérivé par calcul mathémalique d.une série ďéquations qui expriment la productivité, le rapport, les frais et la flexibilité de ľoffre el de la demande. On estime empiriquement la valeur de E pour des catégories ďinvestissement importantes de même que pour loutes les matières premières achelées, à tongue et à courte échéance, en se servant ďestimes des paramètres nécessaires. La hausse des prix des investissements achetés cast et dont le besoin est variable, tels que les engrais, tend a ne pas occasioner de perte pour le fermier. Mais ľemploi total ďinvestissements tels que biens immeubles, main ďoeuvre et invenlaires à longue durée sont relativemenl peu sensibles àľaugmentation du laux des impôts, des salaires, el ďintérêt. de sorte que les fermiers sont sérieusement handicapes par la hausse de ces “prix”. En général, les fermiers bénéficient de ľaugmentation des prix de revient si la flexibilityé de prix des ressources excede celle de la production fermiere. Pour toutes les ressources achetées, cette étude révèle qu'une augmentation de un pour‐cent dans les prix des investissements definitifsproduit un effet minime sur le revenufermier net.
SIMULATION OF THE GROWTH RESPONSE OF DRYLAND AND IRRIGATED CORN*
Authors: BIackie Malcolm J. , Schneeberger Kenneth C. 
Published: July 2010

This paper studies the complex relationship between plant growth and the variables affecting that growth. The author has developed several growth models, with soil moisture being a primary explanatory variable in the models. The relationship of plant growth to moisture is demonstrated by the sensitivity of a corn plant to moisture at different periods in its growth.Ce papier fail une études des relations complexes entre la croissance des plantes et les variables qui influent cette croissance. ľauteur a construit plusieurs modèles de croissance en se servant de ľhumidité du sol comme variable primaire explicalif La connexité entre la croissance des plantes el ľhumidilé est démonstée en utilisant une plante de blé d;inde ei en montrant comment sensible àľhumidité est cette plante à differentes étapes de sa maturation.