bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Prospective Cohort Study of the Prevalence of Growth, Facial, and Central Nervous System Abnormalities in Children with Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Authors: Kuehn Devon , Aros Sofía , Cassorla Fernando , Avaria Maria , Unanue Nancy , Henriquez Cecilia , Kleinsteuber Karin , Conca Barbara , Avila Alejandra , Carter Tonia C. , Conley Mary R. , Troendle James , Mills James L. 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundMost children who are exposed to large quantities of alcohol in utero do not develop fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Population‐based prospective data on the risk of developing components of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), however, are limited.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study of 9,628 women screened during their first prenatal appointment in Chile, which identified 101 who consumed at least 4 drinks/d (exposed) matched with 101 women with no reported alcohol consumption during pregnancy (unexposed). Detailed alcohol consumption data were collected during the pregnancy. Children were evaluated up to 8.5 years of age by clinicians masked to exposure status.ResultsOne or more functional central nervous system abnormalities were present in 44.0% (22/50) of the exposed children compared to 13.6% (6/44) of the unexposed (p = 0.002). Growth restriction was present in 27.2% (25/92) of the exposed and 12.5% (12/96) of the unexposed (p = 0.02). Abnormal facial features were present in 17.3% (14/81) of the exposed children compared to 1.1% (1/89) of the unexposed children (p = 0.0002) by direct examination. Of the 59 exposed children with data available to detect at least 1 abnormality, 12 (20.3%) had no abnormalities. Binge drinking from conception to recognition of pregnancy (OR = 1.48 per day, 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.91, p = 0.002) and after recognition of pregnancy (OR= 1.41 per day, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.95, p = 0.04) and total number of drinks consumed per week from conception to recognition of pregnancy (OR = 1.02 per drink, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.04, p = 0.0009) were significantly associated with abnormal child outcome.ConclusionsAfter exposure to heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy, 80% of children had 1 or more abnormalities associated with alcohol exposure. Patterns of alcohol use that posed the greatest risk of adverse outcomes were binge drinking and high total weekly intake. Functional neurologic impairment occurred most frequently and may be the only sign to alert physicians to prenatal alcohol exposure.
Racial Differences in the Development of Impulsivity and Sensation Seeking from Childhood into Adolescence and Their Relation to Alcohol Use
Authors: Pedersen Sarah L. , Molina Brooke S. G. , Belendiuk Katherine A. , Donovan John E. 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundPronounced differences in drinking behavior exist between African Americans and European Americans. Disinhibited personality characteristics are widely studied risk factors for alcohol use outcomes. Longitudinal studies of children have not examined racial differences in these characteristics and in their rates of change or whether these changes differentially relate to adolescent alcohol use.MethodsLatent growth curve modeling was performed on 7 annual waves of data on 447 African American and European American 8‐ and 10‐year‐old children followed into adolescence as part of the Tween to Teen Project. Both mother and child data were examined.ResultsEuropean Americans had higher initial levels of (β = 0.22, p < 0.001) and greater growth in sensation seeking (β = 0.16, p < 0.05) compared with African Americans. However, African American children had higher initial levels of impulsivity compared with European American children (β = −0.27 and −0.16, p < 0.01). Higher initial levels of sensation seeking (β = 0.18, p < 0.01) and greater growth in both sensation seeking (β = 0.24, p < 0.01) and impulsivity (β = 0.30 to 0.34, p < 0.01) related to subsequent frequency of alcohol use. The association between race and alcohol use was partially mediated by initial levels of sensation seeking (β = 0.04, p < 0.05; 95% CI: 0.004 to 0.078). Additionally, sharper increases in sensation seeking predicted greater levels of subsequent alcohol use for European Americans (β = 0.33, p < 0.001) but not for African Americans (β = −0.15, ns).ConclusionsThis study revealed different developmental courses and important racial differences for sensation seeking and impulsivity. Findings highlight the possibility that sensation seeking at least partly drives early alcohol use for European American but not for African American adolescents.
Perceived Access to Reinforcers as a Function of Alcohol Consumption Among One First Nation Group
Authors: Spillane Nichea S. , Smith Gregory T. , Kahler Christopher W. 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundSpillane and Smith (2007, Psychol Bull 133:395–418) postulated that high levels of problem drinking in some First Nation (FN) communities resulted in part from the perception that there is low access to alternative reinforcers (e.g., jobs, friendships, family relationships, and financial security), that many alternative reinforcers are less contingent on sobriety, and that others are available regardless of drinking status for reserve‐dwelling FN members.MethodsThis study examined perceptions of access to alternative reinforcers and the extent to which access varied as a function of drinking in 211 FN members living on 1 reserve in Canada, 138 middle socioeconomic status Caucasians (MCCs), and 98 low socioeconomic status Caucasians (LCCs).ResultsThe FN group expected less access to employment, quality family and friend relationships, and financial security compared with the MCC group. After controlling for perceived access in general, gender, and age, the FN group reported that drinking would not cause a decrease in access to employment, family relationships, friendships, and finances as compared to the MCC group. The FN group did not differ from the LCC group in the degree to which they expected drinking to cost access to family relationships or finances, but the LCC group expected drinking to have less of an impact on access to jobs and friendships as compared to the FN group.ConclusionsThe results provide initial support for the Spillane and Smith theory of problem drinking among this 1 FN group. The results suggest that increasing access to these reinforcers may reduce problematic drinking in this FN group.
Evidence for Possible Period 2 Gene Mediation of the Effects of Alcohol Exposure During the Postnatal Period on Genes Associated with Maintaining Metabolic Signaling in the Mouse Hypothalamus
Authors: Agapito Maria A. , Barreira Jacklin C. , Logan Ryan W. , Sarkar Dipak K. 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundAnimals exposed to alcohol during the developmental period develop circadian disturbances and metabolic problems that often persist during their adult period. In order to study whether alcohol and the circadian clock interact to alter metabolic signaling in the hypothalamus, we determined whether postnatal alcohol feeding in mice permanently alters metabolic sensing in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, we evaluated whether the effect of circadian disruption via Period 2 (Per2) gene mutation prevents alcohol's effects on metabolic signaling in the hypothalamus.MethodsPer2 mutant and wild‐type male and female mice of the same genetic background were given a milk formula containing ethanol (EtOH; 11.34% vol/vol) from postnatal day (PD) 2 to 7 and used for gene expression and peptide level determinations in the hypothalamus at PD7 and PD90.ResultsWe report here that postnatal alcohol feeding reduces the expression of proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) gene and production of β‐endorphin and α‐melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) in the hypothalamus that persists into adulthood. In addition, expressions of metabolic sensing genes in the hypothalamus were also reduced as a consequence of postnatal alcohol exposure. These effects were not sex‐specific and were observed in both males and females. Mice carrying a mutation of the Per2 gene did not show any reductions in hypothalamic levels of Pomc and metabolic genes and β‐endorphin and α‐MSH peptides following alcohol exposure.ConclusionsThese data suggest that early‐life exposure to alcohol alters metabolic sensing to the hypothalamus possibly via regulating Per2 gene and/or the cellular circadian clock mechanism.
Effects of l‐Cysteine on Reinstatement of Ethanol‐Seeking Behavior and on Reinstatement‐Elicited Extracellular Signal–Regulated Kinase Phosphorylation in the Rat Nucleus Accumbens Shell
Authors: Peana Alessandra T. , Giugliano Valentina , Rosas Michela , Sabariego Marta , Acquas Elio 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundAlcoholism is a neuroadaptive disorder, and the understanding of the mechanisms of the high rates of relapse, which characterize it, represents one of the most demanding challenges in alcoholism and addiction research. The extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) is an intracellular kinase, critical for neuroplasticity in the adult brain that is suggested to play a fundamental role in the molecular mechanisms underlying drug addiction and relapse. We previously observed that a nonessential amino acid, l‐cysteine, significantly decreases oral ethanol (EtOH) self‐administration, reinstatement of EtOH‐drinking behavior, and EtOH self‐administration break point.MethodsHere, we tested whether l‐cysteine can affect the ability of EtOH priming to induce reinstatement of EtOH‐seeking behavior. In addition, we determined the ability of EtOH priming to induce ERK phosphorylation as well as the ability of l‐cysteine to affect reinstatement‐elicited ERK activation. To these purposes, Wistar rats were trained to nose‐poke for a 10% v/v EtOH solution. After stable drug‐taking behavior was obtained, nose‐poking for EtOH was extinguished, and reinstatement of drug seeking, as well as reinstatement‐elicited pERK, was determined after an oral, noncontingent, priming of EtOH (0.08 g/kg). Rats were pretreated with either saline or l‐cysteine (80 to 120 mg/kg) 30 minutes before testing for reinstatement.ResultsThe findings of this study confirm that the noncontingent delivery of a nonpharmacologically active dose of EtOH to rats, whose previous self‐administration behavior had been extinguished, results in significant reinstatement into EtOH‐seeking behavior. In addition, the results indicate that reinstatement selectively activates ERK phosphorylation in the shell of the nucleus accumbens (Acb) and that pretreatment with l‐cysteine reduces either reinstatement of EtOH seeking and reinstatement‐elicited pERK in the AcbSh.ConclusionsAltogether, these results indicate that l‐cysteine could be an effective pharmacological agent for the prevention of behavioral and molecular correlates of EtOH‐primed reinstatement of EtOH seeking and that the shell of the Acb represents a critical neural substrate for priming‐elicited reinstatement mechanisms involving ERK phosphorylation.
Treatment Utilization and Unmet Treatment Need Among Hispanics Following Brief Intervention
Authors: Field Craig A. , Cochran Gerald , Caetano Raul 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundIn a large randomized trial examining ethnic differences in response to a brief alcohol intervention following an alcohol‐related injury, we showed that Hispanics, but not non‐Hispanics, were more likely to reduce alcohol intake in comparison with treatment as usual (Addiction 105:62, 2010). The current study evaluates whether the observed improvements in drinking outcomes previously reported among Hispanics following brief intervention might be related to prior or subsequent treatment utilization.MethodsThis study is a secondary analysis of data collected in a randomized clinical trial that evaluated ethnic differences in the effect of a brief motivational intervention (BMI) on alcohol use among medical inpatients admitted for alcohol‐related injury. For this study, statistical analyses were carried out to compare alcohol use, alcohol problems, treatment utilization, and unmet treatment need between Hispanic (n = 537) and non‐Hispanic White (n = 668) inpatients. In addition, we examined the relationship between prior treatment utilization and unmet treatment need and alcohol use outcomes following brief intervention and the impact of brief intervention on subsequent treatment utilization and unmet treatment need.ResultsIn comparison with non‐Hispanic Whites, Hispanics at baseline reported heavier drinking, more alcohol problems, greater unmet treatment need, and lower rates of treatment utilization. Among Hispanics, multilevel analyses showed that prior treatment utilization or unmet treatment need did not moderate the effect of BMI on alcohol outcomes. Furthermore, BMI did not significantly impact subsequent treatment utilization or unmet treatment need among Hispanics. Finally, treatment utilization and unmet treatment need at 6 months were not significant mediators between BMI and alcohol use outcomes at follow‐up.ConclusionsThe benefits of brief intervention among Hispanics do not appear to be better explained by subsequent engagement in mutual help groups or formal substance abuse treatment. Prior history of treatment, regardless of the severity of alcohol problems, does not appear to influence the impact of brief intervention on alcohol use among Hispanics. These findings support prior results reporting the benefits of brief intervention among Hispanics and demonstrate that these improvements are not related to prior or subsequent treatment utilization.
A Novel Framework to Eliminate the Effects of Casting Distortion when Fabricating a Fixed, Detachable Screw‐Retained Prosthesis
Authors: Hatjigiorgis Costas , Urquiola Javier , Iommazzo Silvestro 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe ideal fixed, detachable framework sits passively on the implants and does not introduce any stress. Several techniques in the literature compensate for an ill‐fitting framework. These techniques require extra visits, chairtime, and laboratory time and only mitigate the stress; the stress is not eliminated. A framework is presented here that eliminates the stress transmitted to the implants by encircling the abutment cylinders and not directly incorporating them into the framework. Furthermore, the framework mitigates the stress from the polymerization distortion of acrylic when processing the acrylic onto the prosthesis.
Three‐Dimensional Location of the Retaining Screw Axis for a Cemented Single Tooth Implant Restoration
Authors: Wicks Russell , Shintaku Werner H. , Johnson Andrew 
Published: July 2012

AbstractRetrievability is a major concern with cemented versus screw‐retained implant restorations. This article describes the use of cone beam radiography to help target and create a precise screw access opening for a loosened implant‐supported single crown retained by cement to its abutment.
The Application of Rapid Prototyping in Prosthodontics
Authors: Sun Jian , Zhang Fu‐Qiang 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDentists have used rapid prototyping (RP) techniques in the fields of oral maxillofacial surgery simulation and implantology. With new research emerging for molding materials and the forming process of RP techniques, this method is becoming more attractive in dental prosthesis fabrication; however, few researchers have published material on the RP technology of prosthesis pattern fabrication. This article reviews and discusses the application of RP techniques for prosthodontics including: (1) fabrication of wax pattern for the dental prosthesis, (2) dental (facial) prosthesis mold (shell) fabrication, (3) dental metal prosthesis fabrication, and (4) zirconia prosthesis fabrication. Many people could benefit from this new technology through various forms of dental prosthesis production. Traditional prosthodontic practices could also be changed by RP techniques in the near future.
Thoracic Epidural Catheter Placement Using a Paramedian Approach with Cephalad Angulation in Three Dogs
Authors: Franci Paolo , Leece Elizabeth A. , Corletto Federico 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveTo describe a technique for insertion of a thoracic epidural catheter.Study DesignClinical report.AnimalsDogs (n = 3) undergoing thoracic wall resection and thoracotomy.MethodsA paramedian approach with cephalic angulation was used to place a 24‐g epidural catheter in 3 dogs. Dogs 1 and 2 had left caudal thoracic wall resection and dog 3 had left thoracotomy. In dog 1, the epidural catheter was inserted at L2–L3 intervertebral space and the tip of the catheter advanced to the level of T13 vertebral body. In dog 2, the epidural catheter was inserted at T12–T13 intervertebral space and the tip of the catheter was advanced to the level of T8 vertebral body. In dog 3, the epidural catheter was inserted at T13–L1 intervertebral space and its tip advanced until reaching the vertebral body of T10. All dogs were administered a combination of bupivacaine and morphine through the epidural catheter to provide intra‐ and postoperative analgesia.ResultsThe peridural space was identified and the tip of the catheter was positioned where intended in all dogs. Dog 1 developed transient Horner's syndrome and dog 3 required intraoperative fentanyl during the first part of the procedure.ConclusionParamedian approach with cephalad angulation is a suitable technique to place thoracic epidural catheters in dogs.
Effect of External Rotational Humeral Osteotomy on the Contact Mechanics of the Canine Elbow Joint
Authors: Gutbrod Andreas , Guerrero Tomás G. 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of 15° external rotational humeral osteotomy (ERHO) on canine elbow joint contact mechanics.Study DesignEx vivo biomechanical study.Sample PopulationUnpaired cadaveric canine thoracic limbs (n = 8)MethodsDigital pressure sensors placed in a subchondral osteotomy distal to the elbow joint were used to measure contact area, peak and mean contact pressure, peak pressure location, center of pressure, and total force in the subchondral bone of the radius and the ulna. Measurements were taken in the following sequence: (i) neutral and (ii) after 15° external rotation. The distal aspect of the humerus was externally rotated by a middiaphyseal osteotomy and stabilized with an internal fixator. Data were normalized and analyzed using paired t‐tests;P≤ .05 was considered significant.ResultsPeak pressure location and center of pressure shifted 37.5 ± 15.9% and 21.5 ± 6.8% laterally afterERHO(P< .001 for both). Both were situated over the subchondral bone of the ulna in neutral position and over the radius after rotation in all 8 specimens (P< .001). Pressure measured in the ulnar part of the osteotomy was reduced from 58.7 ± 9.1% to 27.1% afterERHO(P< .001). Contact area, peak and mean contact pressure, and total force did not vary significantly between conditions.ConclusionERHOshifts the peak pressure location and the center of pressure laterally, toward the radial head and reduced the pressure acting on the ulna. The lateral shift of peak pressure may be beneficial in dogs with medial compartment disease.
Scrotal Flap for Closure of Perineal Skin Defects in Dogs
Authors: Grigoropoulou Virginia A. , Prassinos Nikitas N. , Papazoglou Lysimachos G. , Galatos Apostolos D. , Pourlis Aris F. 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveTo describe the use of a scrotal flap for covering perineal skin defects in dogs.Study DesignExperimental study.AnimalsMale Beagles (n = 5).MethodsA scrotal flap was created by making aU‐shaped incision around the scrotum, with the base of the flap at its rostral border. Orchiectomy was performed through this incision and the scrotum was undermined from the underlying tissue. A small median longitudinal incision in the caudal aspect of the scrotum eliminated its curvature. A skin defect, comparable to the size of the scrotal flap, was created in the perineum extending from the caudal side of the scrotum toward the anus. The scrotal flap covered the defect and was sutured in place.ResultsBy 5–7 days, all flaps had ∼27% necrosis on their caudal border. The necrotic area was surgically excised and the defect was covered completely again by the remaining healthy flap. One year after surgery, wound healing was normal and flap survival was complete, providing full coverage of the perineal skin defect.ConclusionA scrotal flap can be used to reconstruct perineal skin defects ventral to the anus.
Factors Associated With Resident Aggression Toward Caregivers in Nursing Homes
Authors: Zeller Adelheid , Dassen Theo , Kok Gerjo , Needham Ian , Halfens Ruud J.G. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPurpose: Caregivers in nursing homes often experience aggressive behavior of residents. The aim of this study was to explore the caregivers’ experiences with aggressive behavior from residents and to identify environmental factors as well as caregiver and resident characteristics related to aggressive behavior in Swiss nursing homes.Design: A retrospective cross‐sectional survey was conducted between November 2010 and April 2011 with a sample of caregivers working in various nursing homes in the German‐speaking part of Switzerland. In total, 814 caregivers (response rate 51.8%) of 21 nursing homes participated in the study.Methods: Data were collected using the German version of the Survey of Violence Experienced by Staff (SOVES‐G‐R). Standard descriptive statistics were used to describe and summarize the date. To identify risk factors related to the experience of aggression by residents, multilevel logistic regression analysis was applied.Findings: The prevalence of participants reporting an aggressive incident during the 12‐month period prior to data collection was 81.6%. Of these, 76.5% had experienced verbal aggression, 27.6% threats, and 54.0% physical aggression. The predictive variables in the multiple regression model for physical aggression were: staff education level (odds ratio [OR]= 1.82), gender (OR = 1.82), age (< 30 years vs. 30–45 years: OR = 1.46; < 30 years vs. > 45 years: OR = 2.13), and confidence in managing physical aggression (OR = 1.49). The predictive variables for threatening behavior were staff education level (registered nurses vs. non‐registered nurses: OR = 1.70; nonstudent vs. student: OR = 1.89) and age (< 30 years vs. 30–45 years: OR = 2.00; < 30 years vs. > 45 years: OR = 2.04).Conclusions: Caregivers in nursing homes are at high risk for experiencing aggressive behavior. The identified risk factors are in line with earlier investigations, but some contradictory results also were observed.Clinical Relevance: The high risk for registered nurses exposed to aggressive behavior and the increased risk for caregivers who feel confident in managing aggressive behavior cast a critical light on the content and aim on present programs for management of aggressive behavior. Caregivers in nursing homes should be qualified in understanding resident aggression in a comprehensive way. A critical point in this topic seems to be the interaction between caregiver and resident during basic care activities. This topic should be investigated in further research projects.
A Facile Solvothermal Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of MnFe2O4 Spheres with Tunable Sizes
Authors: Chen Gen , Wang Jingying , Zhou Libin , Ma Wei , Zhang Dan , Ren Fenlian , Yan Hailong , Qiu Guanzhou , Liu Xiaohe 
Published: July 2012

We demonstrated that MnFe2O4 spheres could be successfully prepared in large‐scale via a facile solvothermal process. The average size of final products over a wide range from 40 to 420 nm was remarkably influenced by the experimental parameters, such as reaction duration, surfactants, and initial concentration of reagents. The structure, size, morphology, and magnetic properties of final products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The magnetic properties of final products varied with the change of experimental conditions. Preliminary results revealed that this approach could be successfully extended to the preparation of other ferrite compounds.