bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of decline of insecticide residues on selection for insecticide resistance in Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Ffrench-Constant R. H. , Clark S. J. , Devonshire A. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractResidues of pirimicarb or deltamethrin plus heptenophos on potatoes in field cages in southern England reduced artificial infestations of susceptible and insecticide-resistant strains of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) introduced up to 14 days after treatment. Deltamethrin plus heptenophos gave better control than pirimicarb, particularly of nymphs, but also selected more strongly for very resistant (R2) aphids. Susceptible (S) aphids survived the treatment with deltamethrin plus heptenophos better than moderately resistant (R1) aphids, probably due to a different or more pronounced behavioural response to the pyrethroid. However, the combination of the greater persistence of deltamethrin plus heptenophos and the high resistance of M. persicae to the pyrethroid led to more prolonged selection for R2 aphids, which is sometimes associated with a resurgence in aphid numbers.
Odour-baited targets to control tsetse flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae), in Zimbabwe
Authors: Vale G. A. , Lovemore D. F. , Flint S. , Cockbill G. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFrom March to October 1984, targets consisting of black cloth and netting, baited with 1-octen-3-ol (released at about 0·5 mg/h), and acetone (about 100 mg/h) or butanone (15 mg/h), and coated with deltamethrin, were deployed at 3–5/km2 in 600 km2 of the Zambezi Valley of Zimbabwe where Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen were initially abundant. About 3 000 000 adults of G. pallidipes and 200 000 of G. m. morsitans originally present in the area as adults or pupae were killed by targets or removed by sampling procedures between March and December. At the end of this period, the tsetse populations in the centre of the block had declined by at least 99·99%. The targets dealt adequately with a strong invasion pressure from initially dense infestations nearby, partly because the targets reduced the abundance of tsetse up to 5–10 km outside the block. At 18 months after the start of the study, the targets were badly faded; this was corrected by spraying them with a black dye and an ultraviolet-light absorber that protected the dye and insecticide, but by then the targets had deteriorated and were without adequate odour attractant, and many were no longer being maintained. Tsetse then invaded further into the block, but only in small numbers. Tabanids and muscoids were not strongly attracted to targets; their population densities in and near the block did not change greatly. Targets offer a simple and ecologically clean method of controlling tsetse and preventing invasion.
The effect of the activity of the African dung beetle Catharsius tricornutus De Geer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on the survival and size of the African buffalo fly, Haematobia thirouxi potans (Bezzi) (Diptera: Muscidae), in bovine dung in the laboratory
Authors: Doube Bernard M. , Moola Farida 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effect of dung burial by the African dung beetle Catharsius tricornutus De Geer on the survival and size of the dung-breeding African fly Haematobia thirouxi potans (Bezzi) was examined in the laboratory at 25°C using 1-litre pads of cattle dung. The experiment included a set of dung pads which were exposed to infrared radiation for 12 h per day to mimic the heating effect of solar radiation. C. tricornutus is a large (1–2-g live weight) dung beetle, and moderate numbers can completely bury dung pads within 24 h of pad colonization. Dung burial was proportional to the number of pairs present (range 0–8 pairs per pad), but the level of burial was reduced in the presence of infrared radiation. Dung pads lost moisture with time, and the rate of desiccation of unburied dung increased with the amount of dung burial and under infrared radiation. Mortality in the immature stages of H. t. potans increased with increasing levels of dung burial and with exposure of pads to infrared radiation. The timing of addition of dung beetles (i.e. before or after egg hatch) did not affect fly survival. At moderate levels of dung burial, fly larvae were killed directly by beetle activity and at high levels of dung burial, fly larvae also perished due to an unfavourable physical environment associated primarily with moisture stress. Infrared radiation killed immature flies and increased the level of moisture stress. There was a low level of survival in dung buried by the beetles under these unnatural laboratory conditions. Stunting of surviving flies was associated with reduced levels of moisture in the core of the unburied dung and was observed when the level of dung burial was >60% in ambient conditions and >40% under infrared radiation.
Aspects of the injuriousness of the maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Rensburg J. B. J. Van , Giliomee J. H. , Walters M. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThrough repeated sampling in maize planted on different dates over different seasons in South Africa, it was shown that damage by Busseola fusca (Fuller) to plant parts other than the whorl had an important influence on yield. Damage to plants in the period after tasselling was shown to be important. The number of larvae in the plant was a weak estimator of expected yield losses.
Metaphycus baruensis sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) parasitic in green scales, Coccus spp. (Hemiptera: Coccidae), on coffee in kenya
Authors: Noyes J. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMetaphycus baruensis sp. n., an encyrtid parasitoid of Coccus spp. on coffee in Kenya, is described and compared with related species. The parasitoid is to be introduced into Papua New Guinea in an attempt to control green scales which are serious pests of coffee there.
Some observations on the larva of Auchmeromyia luteola, F.
Authors: McConnell Robert E. 
Published: July 2009

The following are a few observations made on the larvae of Auchmeromyia luteola taken in Uganda. The larvae were kept in glass-topped cardboard boxes containing earth. Several attempts were made to feed them on the less hairy parts of puppies but in no case did they make any attempt to draw blood. I then placed some on my own hand. In only one instance was this successful, the details of the feeding being described below.Meat, crushed ticks, bananas were placed in the boxes at various times, but so far as could be gathered, they were left untouched. By dampening the earth with water every few days larvae were kept alive up to a month. They would probably have lived longer were it not that the exigencies of constant travelling caused their neglect. The small immature larvae however did not seem to grow, those which pupated having been mature, or almost so, at the time of capture. The longest period between capture and pupation was 12 days, and this larva was full of blood when taken and two days later its alimentary tract was still red with blood.
Observations on some recently described Coccidae
Authors: Green E. Ernest 
Published: July 2009

Pseudococcus bicaudatus, Keuchenius, Medel. v.h. Besoekisch Proefstation, Djemba, No. 16, 1915, p. 63 [see also Review of Applied Entomology, Nov. 1915, p. 647].The author's detailed description of the supposed new species shows quite clearly that he is dealing with Pseudococcus virgatus, described by Cockerell in 1893. The species occurs commonly throughout the tropics of both hemispheres and has been described by different authors under several names, e.g. ceriferus (Newstead), talini (Green), and marchali (Vayssière).Fiorinia morrisi, Brittin, Trans. N.Z. Inst., Wellington, xlvii, 1914 (issued July 1915), p. 149 [see also Rev. Appl. Entom., Dec. 1915, p. 74].Through the courtesy of the author, I have had an opportunity of examining typical examples of this insect, and find that they agree with examples of F. asteliae (ex coll. W. M. Maskell). Fiorinia asteliae is now considered to be a synonym of F. gigas of Maskell, and both have been rightly relegated to the genus Leucaspis.
Resistance of the eggs of Stegomyia fasciata (Aedes calopus) to conditions adverse to development
Authors: MacGregor Malcolm Evan 
Published: July 2009

It is a well-known fact that the eggs of Stegomyia fasciata are highly resistant to conditions adverse to their normal development.In April 1915 I received through the Colonial Office a few dried leaves from West Africa, on which—secured by a fine mud deposit—were eggs of this mosquito that had been in a dried condition for at least three and a half months. These were found to be viable and were successfully hatched and reared for many successive generations, as described in a recent paper.
On Mutillidae parasitic on Glossina morsitans
Authors: Turner R. E. 
Published: July 2009

Mutilla glossinae, Turn.Mutilla glossinae, Turner, Bull. Entom. Res., v., 1915, p. 383, ♀.♂. Niger, albo-pilosus ; pronoto, mesonoto, scutelloque rufo-ferrugineis ; calcaribus albidis ; segmentis dorsalibus 2–4 apice anguste albo-fimbriatis ; alis basi hyalinis, dimidio apicali modice infuscatis ; mandibulis apice tridentatis. Long. 6 mm.♂. Head narrower than the thorax, broader than long, rounded at the posterior angles, closely and not very finely punctured, the antennal tubercles well developed. Clypeus concave, smooth and shining. Third joint of the flagellum equal to the fourth, half as long again as the second and more than twice as long as the first. Eyes ovate, converging towards the clypeus, not emarginate ; ocelli placed in a triangle, the posterior pair a little further from each other than from the anterior ocellus and situated on the inner edge of a large but shallow depression. Thorax broad and short, closely but not coarsely punctured ; anterior margin of the pronotum straight, the posterior margin broadly arcuate ; scutellum flat, broadly truncate at the apex ; pleurae very closely punctured and sparsely clothed with long white pubescence. Median segment very coarsely reticulate, shorter than the scutellum, posterior slope very steep, not distinctly separated from the dorsal surface. Abdomen subsessile ; closely punctured, with distinct but narrow apical bands of long white hairs on segments 2–4, a less clearly defined band on the first ; apical dorsal segment broadly rounded, more coarsely punctured, the punctures more or less confluent longitudinally. Second ventral segment closely punctured and sparsely clothed with long whitish hairs, which form a continuous band on the apical margin. First dorsal segment short and broad, slightly depressed on the apical margin ; second very broad, fully twice as broad as long, the sides convex. Fore-wing with three cubital cells, radial cell very broad, not more than twice as long as broad ; first abscissa of the radius equal to the third, shorter than the second, the two recurrent nervures received near the middle of the second and third cubital cells.
On Water-finding and Oviposition by captive Mosquitoes
Authors: Kennedy John S. 
Published: July 2009

1. The behaviour of Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus, Culex pipiens molestus and Aëdes aegypti has been studied before and during oviposition.2. Anopheles and Culex when ready to lay make repeated descents to the ground and fly about with a skimming-hopping movement, while Aëdes flies about generally, at all heights.3. On encountering water Anopheles breaks into a hovering flight, laying its eggs during this “oviposition dance” or while settled on the water. Culex stops “dead” on the water and lays its eggs settled there, as does Aëdes but with some fidgeting about. After encountering water mosquitoes may leave it again, but fly about the floor more steadily and persistently than before.4. Among the factors which stimulate mosquitoes after they have arrived directly over a water surface, contact with the surface is essential for actual oviposition by Culex and Aëdes, and almost so for Anopheles. Good pre-ovipository responses may be induced by water vapour alone and by the reflection from the surface, although how this latter stimulus acts is not clear. A dark appearance, especially if the surroundings are relatively light, facilitates these responses.5. Direct attraction of the mosquitoes over the short range available in a cage was only induced by a contrastingly dark appearance, but Anopheles and Culex are aided in water finding by diurnal changes, correlated with light and activity changes, in the sense of their geotactic response.
Studies on Insects bred from Barley, Wheat, Maize and Oats
Authors: Goodliffe F. D. 
Published: July 2009

Larvae of a flea-beetle,Chaetocnema arida, were found mining in the stems of young barley shoots in June 1939.Chlorops pumilionislarvae infested barley most heavily in fields whereAgrioteslarvae were doing most damage. TheChloropsadults showed marked sexual dimorphism in both size and colour. The size range for this species is correlated with a proportionate size range in its parasitesCoelinius nigerandStenomalus micans. Perforations 1·3 mm. in diameter in the top of a cage were sufficient for the escape ofStenomalusbut not ofChloropsorCoelinius.Lasiosina cinctipeslarvae were commonly synoecious withChloropsin barley shoots, but in some cases (5–10 per cent.) they were living withoutChlorops. In these shoots the nodes were not swollen as inChloropsinfestation.Lasiosinawas not attacked by the above parasites ofChlorops.The larvae ofElachiptera cornutainfested shoots already badly damaged by other species and were accompanied by manyLasiosinalarvae. Wet weather in July favours these two species. Their puparia differ in the form of the posterior spiracles.Elachipteraalso occurred in maize and wheat.Meromyza saltatrixvar.nigriventriswas present in stunted barley shoots in small numbers, producing swelling of the nodes very like that due toChlorops. The summer pigmentation in both these species in Hampshire differed from that reported by Mesnil in France.Meromyzawas also bred from wheat.Meromyzapuparia, unlike those ofChlorops, were attached to barley sheathing-leaves by silk.Oscinella fritlarvae, infesting young sweet maize shoots at Gosden, Surrey, were either accompanied or followed by those ofAphanotrigonum trilineatumandElachiptera. Infesting oat shoots at Long Sutton, Hampshire,Oscinella fritlarvae were accompanied by larvae ofLasiosinaandCamarota curvinervis. Adults of the latter emerged from stunted barley shoots in September. They showed some resemblance to flea beetles, possibly protective.Oscinella fritwas also bred in small numbers from stunted wheat and barley shoots. The Chalcid,Callitula pyrrhogaster, was reared from pupae of this species found in oat shoots.Larvae of a Muscid,Hylemyia(Phorbia)genitalis, infested a winter wheat crop in large numbers in May 1940.Tropidoscinis albipalpis, Oscinella? graciliorandAgromyza nigripes, were bred in small numbers from potted plants of this crop kept in a cage in the laboratory during the summer.Hylemyia genitalisandAgromyza(Domomyza)ambiguapupated in the soil surrounding the roots of these plants. The adults (together with a Braconxd parasite,Phaenocarpa pullata, Hal.) emerged from the soil in the following spring.
On the Ecology of Larvae of Anopheles culicifacies Giles, in Borrow-pits
Authors: Russell Paul F. , Rao T. Ramachandra 
Published: July 2009

(1) In seepage-filled borrow-pits in South India it was observed that there was a progressive decline in the density of larvae of Anopheles culicifacies, Giles, as the pits became older. The largest numbers of larvae were tound soon after water entered the newly-dug pits.(2) There was less ovipositing by culicifacies in older pits than in new ones dug late in the irrigation season. Newer pits seemed definitely more attractive in this species than older ones. These newer pits sheltered more culicifacies larvae late in the season than the older pits.(3) The decline of culicifacies larva density in a borrow-pit seemed to be due mainly to factors internal to the pits. There was no evidence of the influence of external factors, except from October to January, when perhaps meteorological influences supplemented the internal factors. The attractiveness of new borrow-pits to culicifacies appeared to be due mainly to internal factors.(4) Certain simple factors studied did not seem to have any significance in relation to culicifacies density in the pits. Rainfall, predators, macroscopic vegetation, pH, CO2, dissolved oxygen, bicarbonate alkalinity, ratio of free to bound and half bound CO2, hardness, chlorine, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrates, nitrites, sulfates and iron, appeared to have no significance in this regard. Albuminoid nitrogen and oxygen absorbed perhaps had some significance, which was not clear.(5) Among planktonic organisms, the individual groups of organisms, such as green algae, diatoms, rotifers, and copepods, definitely showed no relation to culicifacies breeding. Protozoa as a group appeared to be negatively associated to a slight degree. Blue-green algae also seemed to have a negative association.(6) Amorphous organic matter and total plankton, however, showed statistically significant negative association with larval density of culicifacies The decline in culicifacies larvae was clearly associated with increase in total plankton and amorphous matter. The attractiveness of new borrow-pits also seemed to be related to their low total plankton content.(7) The exact manner in which the total organic matter acted as an inhibitory factor against culicifacies breeding was not determined.
Notes on African Chalcidoidea—V
Authors: Waterston James 
Published: July 2009

Eupelminus tarsatus, Waterst. (1916).Eupelminus tarsatus, Waterston, Bull. Ent. Res., vi, Feb. 1916, p. 389, figs. 7 and 8 ; Lamborn, ibid., vii, May 1916, p. 34.A series of both sexes of this parasite of Glossina morsitans enables me to describe the male for the first time and the female more fully. One of the striking features about this species, apart from its remarkable sexual dimorphism, is the great range in size which it exhibits. The females run from 3½ mm. to 5 mm. and the males from 1½ mm. to 2¼ mm., with a range in the alar expanse of 2¼ mm. to 3¾ mm. The larger female examples are invariably darker and more metallic in coloration. Dr. Lamborn is certainly right in correlating the smaller size of some of the parasites with a reduced food supply (l.c. p. 35). I cannot yet agree, however, that the parasitic status of E. tarsatus is definitely fixed by our present knowledge of its habits. Plainly the proportion of Mutilla-parasitised puparia supplied to the Eupelminus females was larger than could have occurred under natural conditions. Again, the factors, whatever they are, inducing Mutilla to oviposit in a particular puparium may be equally decisive for the female Eupelminus. If, for example, in two cases three Eupelminus punctures all close together could be seen with a high-power lens one might suggest that some structural peculiarity invited the attack. Nor, incidentally, is it legitimate to infer that because a puparium observed to be stung produced no Eupelminus the attack had failed. The presumption is that the attack had not been delivered, stinging and ovipositing being, in many cases, two separate processes. Many Chalcids plunge the ovipositor into ova, puparia, etc., and then, applying the mouth to the wound, suck up the contents which have been expelled. In other cases the first stinging observed is merely the narcotising and rendering antiseptic of the host, which precedes the real introduction of the ova. The parasitic status of Eupelminus can, in fact, be settled only by examination of puparia, collected under natural conditions, from which the Chalcids have been noted to emerge.
A new parasite bred from Glossina morsitans in Nyasaland
Authors: Turner R. E. , Waterston James 
Published: July 2009

Prolaelius glossinae, sp. nov.♀. Nigra ; scapo apice, flagello articulo primo, tibiis tarsisque anticis brunneotestaceis ; alis medio late leviterque infuscatis ; basi et marginibus hyalinis.Head as long as the greatest breadth, narrowed both in front of and behind the eyes ; opaque, very finely and shallowly reticulate, with sparse piliferous punctures. Eyes separated across the frons by twice the diameter of either and situated nearer to the base of the mandibles than to the posterior margin of the head ; ovate and smooth ; ocelli in an equilateral triangle, the posterior pair a little farther from each other than from the hind margin of the head. Antennae thirteen-jointed, as long as the thorax and propodeon together. Scape about twice the pedicel, the latter slightly exceeding the first funicular joint ; joints of the funicle subequal, no definite club ; the last joint and the fourth and fifth of the funicle longer, equalling the pedicel.
The domestic mosquitos of Accra
Authors: Macfie J. W. Scott , Ingram A. 
Published: July 2009

Samples of water containing mosquito larvae are collected at Accra by the Sanitary Inspectors, and are sent regularly to the Laboratory for identification. The number of samples submitted in this way is never very large, and varies considerably from time to time; but, recently, a careful examination has been made of all the specimens received during a complete year, and it is proposed to analyse in this paper the materials thus collected. In 1910–1911 Graham made a similar study of the larvae found in native water-receptacles at Lagos, and it will therefore be interesting to compare our results with those obtained by him.Accra, the capital of the Gold Coast Colony, is situated on the coast a few miles west of the meridian of Greenwich and about 330 miles north of the Equator. The town itself is divided into three portions, Accra proper to the west, Christiansborg where the Governor resides to the east, and the official residential area Victoriaborg between these two. The surrounding country is level for some miles, but the actual site of the town slopes slightly upwards as it recedes from the sea. Accra is a very dry and dusty town, almost completely denuded of vegetation. The rainfall is low ; during the twelve months under consideration, December 1914 to November 1915, 21·75 inches of rain fell. During the same period the maximum shade temperature averaged 85·39°, the minimum 73·83°, and the relative humidity 72·46°. The physical features and climatic conditions of Accra differ therefore greatly from those of Lagos, a low-lying town surrounded by swamps with an average rainfall of about 70 inches.
Studies on oil palm pollination by insects
Authors: Syed R. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn Cameroun, about a dozen species of insects were associated with oil palm inflorescences. All except Prosoestus spp. visited female inflorescences after visiting male inflorescences during anthesis and transported pollen to the receptive female flowers. At a rough estimate, about 20 000 individuals visited each female inflorescence during the period of receptivity, and about 70% of the pollen transported was viable. In Peninsular Malaysia, Thrips hawaiiensis (Morg.) is almost certainly the main pollinating agent. Some 200 000 individuals were estimated to visit a single male inflorescence. They also visited female inflorescences, Where up to 7.3 thrips per flower were estimated to be present at any one time, each carrying 4–5 pollen grains, of which 76% were viable. In Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah, a momphid moth. Pyroderces sp., may contribute to oil palm pollination. As natural pollination of all oil palms in Cameroun and taller palms in Peninsular Malaysia is considered adequate while in most areas of Sabah where few insects visit the flowers it is inadequate, it is concluded that the insects observed achieve pollination so the oil palm should be considered an entomophilous rather than an anemophilous plant.