bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Character Education from a Children's Rights Perspective: An Examination of Elementary Students' Perspectives and Experiences
Authors: Lake Kristine 
Published: December 2011

AbstractRising divorce rates, acts of violence around the world, and other similar events have brought the concept of "character" to the forefront. Educators have responded with a resurgence of character education programmes. However, as technology unites individuals around the globe, our "community" has expanded beyond the boundaries of our own school, city, or even country. With this comes tremendous diversity and following an imposed set of "universal" values no longer seems reasonable. Given that character education has become so complex, children's rights may provide a way for us to conceptualize it on a more universal level. As a start, this pilot project examined the levels of importance and existence of rights as perceived by a small sample of Northern Ontario elementary students. Although these students, particularly the females, generally rated their rights as highly important, they indicated only moderate support for them.
The construction of children's rights in education – a research synthesis
Authors: Quennerstedt Ann 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper presents a research synthesis that aims to clarify and discuss how children's rights in education are constructed in research. A basic assumption is accordingly that research is an important participant in the process in which principal meanings and essential aspects of children's rights take shape. In the synthesis, 35 research publications, published between 1997-2008, have been selected and analysed. The main findings show that the research interest centres on four main themes: 1) Human rights orientation, 2) Education difficult to change, 3) Children's participation rights, and 4) Children's rights – parents' rights. In research, essential aspects of education are highlighted as matters of children's rights and the research construction give rise to some important insights that call for further research on children's rights in education.
Formation of flint horizons in North Sea chalk through marine sedimentation of nano-quartz
Authors: Lindgreen H. , Drits V. A. , Salyn A. L. , Jakobsen F. , Springer N. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn the Upper Cretaceous-Danian North Sea chalk, silica composed of nano-size quartz spheres is dispersed in the chalk matrix, and quartz is present in bands and nodules of flint. In the present investigation of the North Sea Danian chalk the nano-quartz in the chalk matrix is compared with the silica in the flint. Samples of chalk and flint layers from four North Sea wells have been investigated. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has been applied to image the quartz in the chalk and in the flint. X-ray diffraction (XRD), including analysis of the positions and profiles of hkl reflections in powder diffraction patterns, has been applied to characterize the lattice of the quartz in both the chalk matrix and in the flint. The quartz in the chalk matrix and in the flint is composed of nano-quartz spheres having identical cell parameters. Based on the results we propose a new model for formation of flint in North Sea chalk: (1) The nano-quartz in the flint, like the nano-quartz in the chalk matrix, has crystallized in the marine Chalk Sea environment. The colloidal quartz particles flocculated and were deposited on the sea floor mixed with calcitic bioclastic material. (2) Regional variations in the concentration of nano-quartz particles in the sediment reflect different degrees of acidification of the Chalk Sea. (3) This resulted in areas where practically all the calcite bioclasts were dissolved leaving a high concentration of nano-quartz particles to form flint layers; where there was less dissolution, indurated chalk with abundant nano-quartz particles is now preserved. (4) The acidification could have been caused by the effects of enhanced atmospheric CO2 linked to massive short-lived volcanic eruptions in the British Tertiary Igneous Province.
Role of clays in the diagenetic history of nitrogen and boron in the Carboniferous of Donbas (Ukraine)
Authors: Środoń J. , Paszkowski M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe evolution of the nitrogen and boron content of shales during diagenesis and anchimetamorphism was studied in the Carboniferous rocks of Donbas by means of the bulk rock chemical analysis and the XRD quantification of mineral composition, aided by CEC and EGME sorption measurements. The contributions of the organic-bound N and B were taken into account, based on the literature data (B) and on the relationship established in the course of this study (N). 28–98% of the total N and 80–100% of the total B are contained in the mineral fraction of the investigated shales.The mineral nitrogen is located mostly in illite and accounts for 3 to 64% of the sites available for its fixation in 1Md illite. The fixation of N by illite seems to diminish in the course of diagenesis, but additional fixation occurs in newly formed 2M1 illite during the anchimetamorphic stage. The volume of N contained in illite in most samples greatly surpasses the N available locally from the organic matter contained in shale. Modelling indicates that the measured level of N for K substitution in illite corresponds to the capture in 30 vol.% of shale of all N released in a basin containing 5 vol.% of coal.Boron is held predominantly by the 1Md fraction (illite+smectite). During diagenesis boron is redistributed into the 1Md illite, and during anchimetamorphism it is released from the 1Md illite and incorporated into new 2M1 illite. No indication of the net enrichment of pore water in B due to the clay alteration process was found.
The acidity of surface groups of dioctahedral smectites
Authors: Kaufhold S. , Stanjek H. , Penner D. , Dohrmann R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSuspensions of thirty six bentonites were equilibrated for 24 h and then adjusted to pH 3. After an hour, pH titrations up to pH 12 at varying ionic strengths were performed within 4.5 h. The titration data were recalculated into proton affinity distributions (PAD) using the condensed approximation. In spite of widely varying chemical compositions, all bentonites showed a protonation reaction between pK 4 and 5, which could be assigned to aluminol groups at the edge surfaces of the smectites. The average pK is 4.73±80.31. A second prominent peak in the PAD at pK = 10.43±80.13 could be assigned to exchangeable Mg2+ in the interlayer space. The possibility to constrain both pK values at a fixed average value will decrease the number of parameters in surface complexation modelling and thus enhance its convergence.
Anticancer drugs loading into and in vitro release from faujasite
Authors: Betsiou M. , Bantsis G. , Zoi I. , Sikalidis C. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis investigation was carried out to determine whether the adsorptive and ion-exchange properties of faujasite (FAU) could be used to delivery locally the anticancer drugs gemcitanine hydrochloride (dFdU.HCl) and oxaliplatin (DACH-Pt). A soaking procedure was used for the determination of the maximum adsorption capacity of FAU and the mechanism described here was achieved. 274 mg dFdU.HCl/g FAU were adsorbed in 16 h, while 48 h were needed for the adsorption of 79.7 mg DACH-Pt/g FAU. Drug release studies were carried out by soaking the samples of loaded FAU in simulation body fluids (SBF). After only one hour 76% of dFdU.HCl was released while the release of DACH-Pt from the FAU was more normal since 38% of DACH-Pt was released in the first 24 h.
Essential features of the polytypic charoite-96 structure compared to charoite-90
Authors: Rozhdestvenskaya I. V. , Mugnaioli E. , Czank M. , Depmeier W. , Kolb U. , Merlino S. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCharoite, ideally (K,Sr,Ba,Mn)15–16(Ca,Na)32[(Si70(O,OH)180)](OH,F)4·nH20, is a rock-forming mineral from the Murun massif in Yakutia, Sakha Republic, Siberia, Russia, where it occurs in a unique alkaline intrusion. Charoite occurs as four different polytypes, which are commonly intergrown in nanocrystallme fibres. We report the structure of charoite-96(a =32.11(6),b =19.77(4),c =7.23(1) Å, β = 95.85(9)°,V =4565(24) Å3, space groupP21/m),which was solvedab initioby direct methods on the basis of 2676 unique electron diffraction reflections collected by automated diffraction tomography and refined toR1/wR2=0.34/0.37. The structure of charoite-96 is related to that of the charoite-90, which was also solved recently. Both structures are composed of three different types ofdreiersilicate chains running along [001] and separated by ribbons of edge-sharing Ca- and Na-centred octahedra. In the structure of charoite-96, adjacent blocks formed by three different silicate chains and stacked along thexaxis, are shifted by a translation of 1/2c. The shifts involve a hybriddreierquadruple chain, [Si17O43]18–and a doubledreierchain, [Si6O17]10–. In charoite-90 adjacent blocks are stacked without shifts.
Difficulties in Receiving a Medical Consultation among Japanese Workers with Mental Health Problems
Authors: Okubo Suguru , Yokoyama Kazuhito , Suzuki Mayo , Tani Iori , Ikeda Wakaha , Kitamura Fumihiko 
Published: December 2011

Difficulties in Receiving a Medical Consultation among Japanese Workers with Mental Health Problems: Suguru OKUBO, et al. Department of Healthcare Quality Assessment, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo—ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to elucidate the factors affecting the difficulties in receiving a medical consultation among workers with mental health problems.MethodsThe present study was performed using a cross‐sectional survey. We requested occupational physicians and nurses who were members of the Japan Society for Occupational Health to distribute self‐administered questionnaires to their clients.ResultsNinety‐nine workers (68 males and 30 females), aged 40.6 ± 9.1 yr, returned completed questionnaires; 65% of the respondents had been diagnosed with depression. The most common difficulty perceived by them was that there were no intra‐office counselors. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the number of months between the onset of mental health problems and the first medical consultation was significantly associated with age and having no sick leave allowance.ConclusionsThe implementation and enhancement of sick leave allowance may promote early intervention in regard to workplace mental health problems. Mental health education and regular checkups for older workers is also critical for early detection and intervention of mental health problems.
Visual Display Terminal Use Increases the Prevalence and Risk of Work‐related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Chinese Office Workers: A Cross‐sectional Study
Authors: Wu Shanshan , He Lihua , Li Jingyun , Wang Jianxin , Wang Sheng 
Published: December 2011

Visual Display Terminal Use Increases the Prevalence and Risk of Work‐related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Chinese Office Workers: A Cross‐sectional Study: Shanshan WU, et al. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, P.R. China—ObjectivesLittle is known about Work‐related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among computer users mainland China. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of WMSDs in office workers in Beijing, and to determine risk factors for WMSDs in the neck (WMSDs‐N).MethodsIn a cross‐sectional study, a self‐administered questionnaire was delivered to 720 office workers who use a computer as a main working tool. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for risk factors.ResultsThe prevalence of WMSDs of the neck, shoulder, wrist/hand, upper back and low back amongst office workers were 55.5, 50.7, 31.5, 26.2 and 6.6%, respectively. Both individual risk factor and working condition factors were found to be independently related to WMSDs‐N.ConclusionsThe WMSDs prevalence rates among office workers in Beijing, China, were high. The most affected area was the neck. Preventive measures for office work should be focused on the neck (e.g., rest breaks).
The Model for Predicting Stream Breakthrough Timing during Steam Drive Development of Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Wu Keliu , Li Xianfang , Zhai Yujia 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
During steam drive development of heavy oil Reservoirs, only by predicting steam breakthrough timing and taking measures to prevent steam channeling will avoid the decrease of oil production rate, enlarge swept volume of steam, increase heat utilization ratio and enhanced oil recovery. Based on routine field performance data, the production performance index hosting information of steam breakthrough is transformed into the probability distribution of evaluation index and its Cumulative Distribution Function and Expectation are calculated. By applying Random Predomination Principle and comparing each pair of CDF, random predomination relation among all the indexes is obtained. Then establish an overall optimal sequence degrees matrix, calculate the sort order of production well steam breakthrough timing and sort the production well steam breakthrough timing. Finally, the multi-index forecast model for steam breakthrough timing during steam drive development of heavy oil reservoirs is established. Case application demonstrates that the results got by forecast model correspond with reality and forecast model enlightens steam drive exploration of heavy oil reservoirs.
An Unintended Consequence of SFAS 133: Promoting Speculation
Authors: Nan Lin 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT
The Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 133 (SFAS 133) allows firms to apply hedge accounting only to qualified hedges that pass effectiveness tests. Unqualified hedges (speculations) are required to be marked to market, and the unrealized gains/losses are to be recognized in earnings immediately. The purpose of SFAS 133 is to improve the timeliness of the information about financial derivatives risk. This paper, however, shows through a specific agency model that the early recognition of the unqualified use of derivatives may change the risk allocation in the manager's compensation and motivate speculation. Speculation is modeled as engaging in high-risk, high-return derivatives contracts, while hedging activities are modeled as engaging in low-risk, low-return contracts (the low return is normalized to be zero for simplicity). The higher expected return from speculation makes it possible for the principal to offer a lower incentive in the early stage of derivative contracts. The lower incentive, in return, makes speculation less detrimental when the induced volatility is recognized earlier than the maturity date of the contracts because the induced risk premium is decreased with the lower incentive.
The Moderating Effects of Task Complexity and Task Attractiveness on the Impact of Monetary Incentives in Repeated Tasks
Authors: Bailey Charles D. , Fessler Nicholas J. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT
This study examines the interactive effects of task complexity and attractiveness on the effectiveness of explicit monetary incentives in promoting task performance. We provide theory for and find an interaction such that monetary incentives are more effective when tasks are less complex, but only when the task is viewed as relatively unattractive. In addition, by varying task complexity, this study extends Bailey et al. (1998), finding that when incentive pay leads to higher performance, it is through faster initial performance, not faster improvement.
Examining Shareholder Value Creation over CEO Tenure: A New Approach to Testing Effectiveness of Executive Compensation
Authors: Gong James Jianxin 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT
This paper examines the relationship between CEO compensation and shareholder value added over CEO tenure. The research design exploits two fundamental attributes of CEO compensation and shareholder value added: (1) both CEO compensation and shareholder value added aggregate naturally over CEO tenure, and (2) extending the time interval over which the two variables are measured is likely to result in a better match between CEO compensation and shareholder value created by the CEO. I measure CEO compensation with nominal value of CEO pay, ex post realized pay, and ex ante pay-for-performance sensitivity. I find that CEOs receiving higher nominal or realized pay create more shareholder value. Further, higher median pay-for-performance sensitivity during CEO tenure is associated with higher aggregate market value changes and cumulative abnormal stock returns. Finally, CEO pay efficiency (calculated as the ratio of shareholder value added to CEO pay, both aggregated over CEO tenure) is higher if median pay-for-performance sensitivity during CEO tenure is higher.
Data Availability: The data are available from public sources identified in this study.
An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship between Profitability Persistence and Firms' Choice of Business Model: Evidence from the U.S. Airline Industry
Authors: Collins Denton L. , Román Francisco J. , Chan Hung C. (“Leon”) 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT
This paper examines the influence of a firm's business model on the relative persistence of profitability in the U.S. airline industry. The strategic management literature describes a firm's business model as reflecting how that firm chooses to compete in the marketplace. Given this linkage between business model, competition, and the marketplace, we conjecture that the persistence of profit margin and asset turnover ratios will be influenced by firms' choices of business model. Further, we hypothesize that this choice of business model influences the relative persistence of the individual revenue and expense components of current profit margin and asset turnover ratios for future profitability ratios. We test these conjectures by (1) partitioning our sample firms according to business model (network carriers versus low-cost carriers), and (2) decomposing sample firms' profit margin and asset turnover ratios into components relating to pricing policy, input cost control, and productivity. We find that the profit margin and asset turnover ratios of network carriers tend to be more persistent than those of low-cost carriers, and that this differential persistence is reflected in the associations between current revenue and expense components, and future profit margin and asset turnover ratios.
L'espace rural rhônalpin. Dynamisme démographique et migrations résidentielles
Authors: Baccaïni Brigitte 
Published: December 2011

Rural Areas of Rhône-Alpes. Population Dynamics and residential Mobility.

Between 1990 and 1999, the rural areas of Rhône-Alpes experienced a notable demographic growth, superior to what the urban areas experienced. As with the rest of the French rural areas, this demographic upswing, which can be traced to the late "70s, is due to the renewed attractiveness of those areas, not quite to the natural component: more than 80% of the growth in Rhône-Alpes rural areas is accounted for by migratory balance.
The sociodemographic structure of the rural areas remains markedly different from that of the cities: the rural population is older, thus showing a relatively large number of retired people.
During the 1990-1999 intercensal period, a net 56.200 people migrated to rural Rhône- Alpes from the metropolitan urban areas. The 15-29 age group (in 1999) is the only one for which the balance is in favor of the urban areas. Still, rural areas appear to be very appealing to families with children. Urban populations are most attracted by the rural communities at the edge of urban centers. Rural centers are more often declining. Lack of urban equipment, poor public transportation service or enclosure do not discourage urban dwellers in search of a finer living environment. The most attractive communities are those least equipped. Migrants to the rural areas of Rhône-Alpes come from a rather broad geographic area, while those leaving rural for urban areas do not tend to go as far away. Migrants from the Paris basin clearly outnumber those going from rural Rhône-Alpes to the Parisian urban centers.
Whether they leave from or move to the rural areas, the young adults aged 25 to 29 are those travelling the farthest. Distance covered also varies with the type of urban area, regardless it is the origin or the destination. one for which the balance is in favor of the urban areas. Still, rural areas appear to be very appealing to families with children. Urban populations are most attracted by the rural communities at the edge of urban centers. Rural centers are more often declining. Lack of urban equipment, poor public transportation service or enclosure do not discourage urban dwellers in search of a finer living environment. The most attractive communities are those least equipped. Migrants to the rural areas of Rhône-Alpes come from a rather broad geographic area, while those leaving rural for urban areas do not tend to go as far away. Migrants from the Paris basin clearly outnumber those going from rural Rhône-Alpes to the Parisian urban centers.
Whether they leave from or move to the rural areas, the young adults aged 25 to 29 are those travelling the farthest. Distance covered also varies with the type of urban area, regardless it is the origin or the destination.
Nouvelles fonctions tertiaires et dynamiques démographiques en milieu rural
Authors: Berger Alain , Chevalier Pascal 
Published: December 2011

The new Service Sector and demographic Dynamics in rural Areas.

The demographic growth of the rural areas is a phenomenon that can be observed today in the majority of the European territories. Several processes contribute to this demographic revitalization, of which some, like the extension of the areas of urban influence and the growth of the residential zones or the development of tourism have long been factors. Others are more recent and less perceptible due to their specificity, the diversity of the local situations and their variable levels of influence. The rise of the environmental function is generally considered one of the principal components of rural revival. If environment and landscape are often mentioned as explanatory factors for the choices concerning the localization of people as well as of certain economic activities, the creation of activities which one can directly attribute to these factors and their influence on employment remains very limited and often partial, seasonal and complementary to other activities.
In fact, it is in the very broad field of the service sector that one must look, in its various levels of development, to find the economic counterpart of the demographic growth of rural areas.