bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy Security and Japan: The Role of International Law, Domestic Law, and Diplomacy
Authors: Nakatani Kazuhiro 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing Japan's energy situation and current threats to their energy security. It then examines Japan's legal framework for oil supply security. It evaluates the international legal problems of oil transport to Japan. It also examines the energy security in East Asia and Japan's energy diplomacy. It discusses the first oil crisis that occurred in 1973 and how Japanese consumers reacted to that incident.
Microvariation in French Negation Markers: A Historical Perspective
Authors: MARTINEAU FRANCE , VINET MARIE-THÉRÈSE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the evolution of French negation markers, focusing on certain facts connected to negation markers and the left periphery which have been too often neglected and sometimes misinterpreted in the literature on historical change. First, it illustrates how the history of the absence of ne in certain clauses identified in the lower CP domain must be distinguished from the deletion of the discontinuous IP negation marker ne which developed in certain morphosyntactic surroundings in spoken French. Second, it explores how semantic and syntactic factors may explain the absence of ne in interrogative clauses in certain grammars of French. Most importantly, the chapter emphasizes the fact that the realization of French negation from a diachronic perspective has never been a homogeneous phenomenon. Just as contemporary grammars of French are numerous and varied, diachronic grammars of French were far from the homogeneous picture too often presented in many studies, even those reporting on the oral form of the language in the past. Such grammars, just like contemporary grammars of French, also displayed microvariation. Thus, French negation had different realizations in diachronic grammars of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries.
7 Decomposing Gradience: Quantitative versus Qualitative Distinctions
Authors: SCHLESEWSKY MATTHIAS , BORNKESSEL INA , MCELREE BRIAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter characterizes the critical phenomena from a behavioural perspective before turning to experimental methods, yielding more fine-grained data. It examines how linguistic judgments emerge from the real-time comprehension processes by drawing upon studies of word order variation in German. Based on a number of empirical observations, it argues that gradient data need not be interpreted as evidence against categorical grammars. Instead, gradience can come from a complex interaction between grammar-internal requirements, processing mechanisms, general cognitive constraints, and the environment within which the judgment task is performed.
Internationalized Courts in Kosovo: An UNMIK Perspective
Authors: Cady Jean-Christian , Booth Nicholas 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The need for international judges and prosecutors in Kosovo became apparent within the first few months of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), which was established pursuant to UN Security Council Resolution 1244 following the end of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization military action in 1999. UNMIK restarted the justice system in the first weeks of the new mission, staffing the courts with Kosovan judges and prosecutors. However, it quickly became clear that this new judicial system would not be capable of trying cases of war crimes and inter-ethnic crimes with impartiality. The need for international judges and prosecutors to bring credible neutrality to criminal trials was recognized by UNMIK. The legal framework for the deployment of international judges and prosecutors (IJP) in Kosovo has been UNMIK Regulations 2000/6 and 2000/64. This chapter deals with internationalized criminal courts in Kosovo, the administration of the IJP programme, the future role of IJPs in Kosovo, criticisms of the IJP programme, and lessons learned from the programme.
Sierra Leone: The Intersection of Law, Policy, and Practice
Authors: Smith Alison 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Special Court for Sierra Leone was established in March 2002 to try those who bear the greatest responsibility for atrocities committed during the conflict in the country back in the 1990s. Other broader aims include ending impunity, deterring would-be perpetrators, providing a measure of justice for the victims, helping to strengthen the rule of law in Sierra Leone, and contributing to capacity-building in the country, especially for the legal profession. Thus the Special Court has both backward- and forward-looking objectives: to provide redress for what happened in Sierra Leone and to contribute to lasting peace; a strengthened rule of law; and the future protection of people involved in a conflict, both in Sierra Leone and elsewhere. Indeed, the Special Court has an important role to play with respect to the identification of customary international humanitarian law and the advancement of the international rule of law. This chapter looks at the Special Court's two serious flaws: the debatable temporal and subject matter jurisdiction, and the precarious financial mechanism for its funding.
The Relationship Between Internationalized Courts and National Courts
Authors: Kleffner Jann K , Nollkaemper André 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Each of the four internationalized criminal courts examined in this book is embedded into, or grafted onto, the national legal order of one particular state: Yugoslavia/Kosovo, East Timor, Sierra Leone, and Cambodia. It is this connection that makes the courts ‘internationalized’ rather than ‘international’. The linkage to a particular state raises the question of how the internationalized courts are related to the national courts of the state. This chapter examines six questions associated with the relationship between internationalized courts and national courts: whether national courts have jurisdiction over acts that are within the jurisdiction of an internationalized court; if so, what rules govern concurrent jurisdiction between national and internationalized courts; whether individuals can resort to a national court in order to challenge the legality of establishment of an internationalized court; whether national courts can review judgements of an internationalized court; whether suspects that have been tried in an internationalized court could later also be tried in a national court or vice versa; and the authority of judgements of internationalized courts for national courts.
Legal Assistance to Internationalized Criminal Courts and Tribunals
Authors: Sluiter Göran 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In order to carry out their mandates, internationalized criminal courts and tribunals require effective legal assistance, not only by the authorities of the states where they operate, but also by third states and international organizations. Since internationalized courts and tribunals lack enforcement powers of their own, they need external cooperation in order to carry out several vital activities, such as the collection of evidence and the arrest of accused persons. The crucial question is how tribunals can obtain the necessary assistance and to what extent states are under a duty to cooperate with them. The present chapter analyses this question separately for the prosecutions under the authority of the United Nations (Kosovo and East Timor) on the one hand, and for Sierra Leone and Cambodia prosecutions on the other. First, a distinction between the different forms of legal assistance needed by internationalized courts is made. Two models of legal assistance are considered: one is characteristic of the provision of legal assistance between sovereign states, and the other is typical of the provision of assistance to internationalized criminal tribunals.
Oracles, Curses, and Risk Among the Ancient Greeks
Authors: Eidinow Esther 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In this book, question tablets from the oracle at Dodona are set side-by-side with curse tablets (katadesmoi or defixiones) from across the Ancient Greek world (for the period 6th-1st centuries BCE). It explores what these texts reveal about perceptions of and responses to the uncertain future, and the nature of risk among ordinary Greek men and women, as well as the insights they afford into civic institutions and activities, and social dynamics. The author follows the anthropologist Mary Douglas in defining ‘risk’ as socially constructed, in contrast to other ancient historians, who treat risk-management as a way of handling objective external dangers. The use of this theory encourages a new approach to both oracles and curses, and in particular, challenges the categories and theories usually used to describe and explain curses. The book includes a full catalogue of all published texts from Dodona, as well as a number of new tablets not published elsewhere, along with the 159 curse tablets discussed, together with translations of all texts.
Curses!
Authors: Eidinow Esther 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter turns the reader's attention to binding spells, or curses (katadesmoi or defixiones). It examines the scanty literary evidence for the practice of creating these curses, and describes the development and spread of this practice across the Graeco-Roman world. It examines the language of binding spells; the gods, and other supernatural entities invoked; the shapes of curse tablets (including ‘voodoo dolls’ in miniature coffins); and the motivation behind their creation. The texts in the corpus of ancient Greek curse tablets (6th-1st centuries BCE) show individuals seeking to bind or restrain an imminent danger, often a person or people in particular circumstances. The chapter introduces the categories usually used to describe these circumstances and theories used to describe the motivation behind curse-writing (in particular, the theory that they were used in situations of competition), and why and how this study suggests a re-examination of both.
Business as Usual?
Authors: Eidinow Esther 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the curses usually described as concerned with business or commercial competition. It questions this categorisation, arguing that across the tablets in this category, commercial detail receives a range of different kinds of attention from the writers of the curses; and that, for a number, the explanation of commercial competition simply does not make sense. It suggests that an explanation that turns on a simple statement about commercial competition cannot adequately explain the contents of them all, and that other explanations (concerning local rivalries) must be considered.
Pindar's Songs for Young Athletes of Aigina
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book examines choral performance, audience response, and the poetic means used by Greek lyric poet Pindar to control this response. It consists of individual studies of Pindar's eleven odes for Aiginetan victors, preceded by a brief survey of the history of the island and the nature of its aristocracy. The discussion focuses in particular on questions of mythic self-presentation in Pindar's choral songs, as exemplified by such non-literary evidence as the pedimental sculptures of the Aphaia Temple, and the parallel ‘narrative’ sections of the odes. The overall concern is with Pindaric techniques for unifying an audience and leading it into a shared experience of inspired success, but there is also a concern with the realities of athletic contest and its celebration.
1. Aigina and the Aiakids
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Pindar's Aiginetan odes were made for the commercial aristocracy of a small, civilised, and very rich island. The commercial success of Aigina attracted the interest of Argos and Epidauros, and for about a century the sea-going lords of Aigina supplied ships and probably tribute to one or the other of the older mainland powers. The storytellers of Aigina began very early to patch together a mythic cloak, a combination of borrowed Aiakid traditions with basic local legend, which should lend a distinguishing identity to the island lords. Pindar described the time he imagined the island encircled with Aiakid powers ready to hear its songs. This chapter looks at the legend involving Aiakos, Peleus, Phokos, Ajax, and Telamon, among other characters in Pindar's odes.
8. Nemean 4: Wrestling with a Form-Changer
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Composed by Pindar about a decade after Nemean 5, Nemean 4 once again takes Peleus as the figure through whom a victorious boy may discover his new identity. It was made for Timasarchos, a young man who has won in wrestling contests in Athens and Thebes as well as at Nemea, having been coached in this most devious of Greek sports by the famous trainer, Melesias. Timasarchos' prizes have been brought back to his grandfather, Euphanes, who celebrates the boy's victory with an ode that addresses an audience explicitly divided in age and experience. The song announces itself as an agent of Euphrosyna, the high-spirited sense of Joy that rules during the spontaneous victory night celebration and also in the more mature and inhibited symposium. The song engages with the magnificence of the Aiakids, specifically with Peleus' struggle with the Thetis-monster.
Introduction
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book considers the eleven odes composed by Pindar for the athletes of Aigina and looks at the pleasures taken and the influences felt as a particular audience watched each performance. The odes are ample in scale, richly textured, constructed around a central mythic passage, and all seemed to celebrate victors who have not yet reached manhood. This discussion of the Aiginetan victory songs assumes performance by troupes of singing male dancers, amateurs who were, like the victors, not yet eighteen years old. These entered, well-rehearsed, and naked or nearly so, into a limited space (hall or courtyard of a house in town, or perhaps in one case the lower terrace of the Apollo temple) and there entertained a small and familiar audience — the relatives and friends of the host, most of whom had, at least as boys, performed similar choral songs.
3 Establishment of the Refugee Settlement Commission: Settlement Policies in Macedonia
Authors: Kontogiorgi Elisabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the establishment of the Greek Refugee Settlement Commission (RSC) in 1923, tasked with not only monitoring and administering the resettlement of the refugees but also to function in a similar capacity as regards the financial reconstruction of the Greek national state, at a time when Greece was in a dire state of emergency. Topics covered include the structure of the RSC, categories of refugees, and reasons for resettlement in rural Macedonia.
9 Infrastructure Development
Authors: Kontogiorgi Elisabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that rural refugee resettlement and its success were not limited to allocation of a plot and at best a house to each refugee family, but it was related to the general improvement of conditions in the countryside of Macedonia. This goal made necessary a number of infrastructural works which included the organization of health services in the countryside, as well as the execution of irrigation and drainage works in marshlands, the construction of roads, etc. Health services, reclamation works, frontier settlements, and landscape transformations are discussed.
Competitive and Co-operative Strategies I: Information-Questions
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
According to Jennifer Coates there are three characteristic modes in discourse of a dominant kind: information-questions, directives, and interruption. Information-questions are ostensibly designed to seek information, but may also be used (by virtue of their challenging nature) to establish power and status. In a co-operative style of discourse, on the other hand, information-questions are more likely to serve as an invitation to others to participate. Coates has attributed these different styles to men and women respectively. In information-questions in Homer's Iliad there is support for this claim: men's use of questions in the public sphere reflects a competitive, coercive, or status-aware mode of discourse — questions are an exercise of power. In the small sample of women's talk, women ask information-questions for affective rather than referential purposes.
Introduction
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the fluent, coherent, and complete nature of character-speech in Homer. It then introduces the means by which this discourse will be examined: discourse analysis, conversation analysis, cognitive psychology (which provides a framework for studying ‘scripted’ routines, both behavioural scripts and, as argued here, verbal scripts), and sociolinguistics (especially on the question of language and gender). Finally, there is some discussion of non-verbal signals, to which verbal communication often responds, and on which it is very often dependent.
The Denationalization of Slaves
Authors: Hezser Catherine 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
One of the characteristic traits of a slave was his denationalisation. Slaves had to be removed from their family, culture, and country of origin ‘to be introduced and reproduced as aliens in the slave-owning society’. Once he was (re)introduced as an alien, the slave's links to his ancestors and origins were disregarded, and he was not allowed to marry and establish new kinship ties during the period of his enslavement. The slave's alienation from all social ties except for those his master allowed him to maintain, his being a ‘blank slate’ which his master could inscribe, and his total lack of honour distinguished him from other dependants of the householder and members of the lower strata of society.
The Slave as Chattel and Human Being
Authors: Hezser Catherine 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The denationalisation or ‘deracination’ of slaves, the fact that they were seen as non-persons without a proper identity, was based on the identification of slaves with animals and other types of property in the ancient (upper-class) imagination. Those who identified slaves with animals would ignore all aspects of their human identity such as their personal names, ancestry, and religion. This dehumanisation and depersonalisation allowed slave masters to treat their slaves in a degrading and exploitative way. Nevertheless, human traits could not be destroyed entirely and masters had to take them into consideration. Slaves ‘retained human intelligence and emotion in bodies no longer their own’. Despite their physical submission to their masters, they were not entirely passive beings. They could benefit their masters through their knowledge and skills or act against their interests and constitute a danger for them and their families. This ability set certain limits to their masters' power and created a situation of mutual dependency.
Hierarchical Equations and DiVerentiations
Authors: Hezser Catherine 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Although all slaves were affected by the general aspects of slavery (denationalisation, identification with chattel, total dependency on the master), in reality there were great differences among slaves as far as their actual status within the household and in society at large was concerned. Household slaves were generally better off than farmhands, well-educated and skilled slaves were more valuable for their masters than the rest of the familia, and slaves of prominent masters were both respected and feared within society. Altogether, slaves' roles and functions were very diverse and the boundaries between slaves' and free men's work and lifestyle were blurred. Female slaves were probably sexually exploited to a greater extent than male slaves were.
The Manumission of Slaves
Authors: Hezser Catherine 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The eventual manumission of slaves was an ideal held up by many ancient slaveholding societies. It is expressed in numerous Greek and Roman literary texts as well as in the Hebrew Bible and later rabbinic and patristic writings. It has been suggested that one of the reasons why people believe in certain shared ideals is to enable them to come to terms with and tolerate practices which would be intolerable when looked at from some alternative point of view. The ideal of manumission allowed slaveholders to clear their conscience and to maintain their moral integrity: If they believed that it was a generally accepted rule that a loyal slave would soon be freed, and that a wicked slave did not deserve freedom, then they could sleep with an easier conscience even if the criteria they applied in practice were those of self interest.
Conclusions
Authors: Hezser Catherine 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book investigates ancient Jewish slavery in the context of slavery in Graeco-Roman society to determine whether and in what regard Jews differed from Romans and early Christians in their discourse about and practice of slavery. The book examines whether ancient Jewish literary sources reveal different attitudes towards slaves and indicate a different treatment of slaves from Graeco-Roman sources. As pointed out at the outset, the socioeconomic conditions in which slavery develops tend to be similar in many societies, whereas the specific configuration of slavery varies from one society to the next. Slavery was an important aspect of the everyday life of Jews in both the land of Israel and the Diaspora in Hellenistic and Roman times: Jews owned slaves and Jews were employed as slaves by Jewish and non-Jewish owners.
3 The Legal Consequences of Marriage: Property Regimes
Authors: Cretney Stephen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The common law accepted the principle that marriage made husband and wife ‘one flesh’ — but what consequences did this have? This unity theory led to men automatically getting control of their wife’s property, and in the late nineteenth century, pressure for reform led to acceptance of so-called ‘separation of property’. But in the twentieth century, it became apparent that the outcome was to favour the financial contributions made by male employment, and there was pressure for the introduction of some form of community of property under which all the contributions of each spouse would be recognised in decisions about the ownership of property. The unity theory also influenced the law of tort: if a man’s careless driving caused injury to his wife, should the insurance company be allowed to refuse to pay because the man would not be allowed to sue for causing injury to ‘himself’? And what was to happen on divorce or death?
19 The State, Parent and Child: (2) The Welfare State and Child Care Legislation
Authors: Cretney Stephen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The social conditions of World War II led to an increase of official interest in how best the welfare of children could be promoted; and the huge Evacuation programmes of 1940 and 1944 led to concern that the potential for social work support for divided families should be given greater recognition. A number of child abuse scandals (notably the death at the hands of foster parents of the twelve-year-old Dennis O'Neill in 1945 raised public interest and helped put reform onto the urgent agenda of practical politics, as did the Government's commitment to the abolition of the Poor Law. The Children Act 1948 greatly expanded the work of Local Authorities, and ensured that each Authority should have a Children's Officer taking charge of the provision of services. At the same time, there was concern about what seemed to be an increase in juvenile delinquency, and the Children and Young Persons Act 1969 eventually recognised the importance of welfare considerations in deciding how offenders should be dealt with.