bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diabetes and foot infection: more than double trouble
Authors: Richard Jean‐Louis , Lavigne Jean‐Philippe , Sotto Albert 
Published: January 2012

SummaryBackgroundInfection of foot ulcers is a common, often severe and costly complication in diabetes. Many factors linked to the host, mainly immune defects, neuropathy and arteriopathy, as well as bacteria‐related factors, interact in a complex way and account for the susceptibility of diabetic individuals to foot infections, the severity of such infections and difficulty to treat them.MethodsThis article reviews these factors, in the light of data from the literature and from our own results.ResultsDFIs are not as simple as previously suggested, and new concepts must be considered, especially the virulence potential of isolates and bacterial communications through biofilms.ConclusionThe development of new tools from molecular biology is a critical step to better understand and manage these infections. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient education for preventing diabetic foot ulceration
Authors: Dorresteijn Johannes A. N. , Valk Gerlof D. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryTreatment of diabetic foot ulceration is very challenging, costly and often needs to be of long duration. This leads to substantial economic burden. Population‐based research suggests that a meaningful reduction of the incidence of amputations caused by diabetes mellitus has already been achieved since the St. Vincent resolution in 1989. Still, it cannot be inferred from these studies that the current preventive efforts are (cost‐)effective because reduction of amputation incidence can also be the result of improvements in ulcer treatment. Nevertheless, education of people with diabetes is widely advocated and implemented in standard practice. Despite the fact that preventive interventions are often combined in daily practice, there is little scientific evidence demonstrating the effect of those efforts. In systematically reviewing the evidence, there is insufficient evidence that limited patient education alone is effective in achieving clinically relevant reductions in ulcer and amputation incidence. To date, high quality evidence that more complex interventions including patient education can prevent diabetic foot ulceration is not available either. This, however, should be interpreted as lack of evidence rather than evidence of no effect. Future directions for research and practice may be to concentrate preventive effort on those patients who appear to be at highest risk of foot ulceration after careful screening and selection. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expert opinion on the management of infections in the diabetic foot
Authors: Lipsky B. A. , Peters E. J. G. , Senneville E. , Berendt A. R. , Embil J. M. , Lavery L. A. , Urbančič‐Rovan V. , Jeffcoate W. J. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThis update of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot incorporates some information from a related review of diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) and a systematic review of the management of infection of the diabetic foot. The pathophysiology of these infections is now well understood, and there is a validated system for classifying the severity of infections based on their clinical findings. Diagnosing osteomyelitis remains difficult, but several recent publications have clarified the role of clinical, laboratory and imaging tests. Magnetic resonance imaging has emerged as the most accurate means of diagnosing bone infection, but bone biopsy for culture and histopathology remains the criterion standard. Determining the organisms responsible for a diabetic foot infection via culture of appropriately collected tissue specimens enables clinicians to make optimal antibiotic choices based on culture and sensitivity results. In addition to culture‐directed antibiotic therapy, most infections require some surgical intervention, ranging from minor debridement to major resection, amputation or revascularization. Clinicians must also provide proper wound care to ensure healing of the wound. Various adjunctive therapies may benefit some patients, but the data supporting them are weak. If properly treated, most diabetic foot infections can be cured. Providers practising in developing countries, and their patients, face especially challenging situations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Motor dysfunction in diabetes
Authors: Andersen Henning 
Published: January 2012

SummaryNeuropathy is a frequent complication in diabetes and most commonly seen as distal symmetrical sensorimotor polyneuropathy (PN). Involvement of the motor system is infrequently seen at the clinical examination. However, with the application of quantitative techniques, that is, isokinetic dynamometry, type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients have been detected to have weakness at the ankle and the knee. Muscle weakness is found only in diabetic patients with PN, while non‐neuropathic patients even with long‐term diabetes have normal strength. The weakness is closely related to signs and severity of PN. With the use of magnetic resonance imaging, muscle weakness is found to be paralleled by muscular atrophy, which is observed in the feet and at the lower leg. Following diabetic patients for 8–10 years, we have observed accelerated loss of muscle strength in patients with symptomatic PN; similarly, accelerated loss of muscle mass is observed in the feet and lower legs. In large‐scale studies of diabetic and non‐diabetic subjects, lower muscle quality in diabetic patients is also found. Thus, in addition to PN, diabetes per se leads to lower strength per unit striated muscle. Muscle weakness is related to the slowing of movements, unstable gait, and more frequent falls. Furthermore, motor dysfunction leads to an increased risk of developing a foot ulcer due to due to alterations of the biomechanics of the feet caused by muscle atrophy. This may lead to an increased skin pressure that may lead to foot ulceration and ultimately amputation. Muscle and balance training may improve strength, postural stability, and walking performance; however, this needs to be studied in more detail. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diabetic foot and PAD: the endovascular approach
Authors: Reekers J. A. , Lammer J. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryDiabetic foot ulceration (DFU) is recognized as one of the most serious complications of diabetes. Active revascularisation plays a crucial role in achieving ulcer healing. Non‐surgical, minimally invasive, revascularisation options for DFU have expanded over the last decade and have become a prominent tool to prevent amputation. Endovascular treatment of arterial DFU lesions is mainly concentrated in the below‐the‐knee arteries. The outcome of both open surgery and endovascular treatment is broadly spoken the same for the endpoints ulcer healing and limb salvage and is between 78% and 85%. The choice between endovascular treatment and open surgery should always be the outcome of a team discussion. Local expertise plays an important role in these discussions. In many institutions, the endovascular approach has currently become the first choice treatment option. The revascularisation of below‐the‐knee vessels needs experienced hands, team discussion and the right set of devices. Centralisation in DFU centres is therefore probably the best guaranty for the best outcome. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Voltage‐gated calcium channel CACNB2 (β2.1) protein is required in the heart for control of cell proliferation and heart tube integrity
Authors: Chernyavskaya Yelena , Ebert Alicia M. , Milligan Emily , Garrity Deborah M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackground: L‐type calcium channels (LTCC) regulate calcium entry into cardiomyocytes. CACNB2 (β2) LTCC auxiliary subunits traffic the pore‐forming CACNA subunit to the membrane and modulate channel kinetics. β2 is a membrane associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) protein. A major role of MAGUK proteins is to scaffold cellular junctions and multiprotein complexes. Results: To investigate developmental functions for β2.1, we depleted it in zebrafish using morpholinos. β2.1‐depleted embryos developed compromised cardiac function by 48 hr postfertilization, which was ultimately lethal. β2.1 contractility defects were mimicked by pharmacological depression of LTCC, and rescued by LTCC stimulation, suggesting β2.1 phenotypes are at least in part LTCC‐dependent. Morphological studies indicated that β2.1 contributes to heart size by regulating the rate of ventricle cell proliferation, and by modulating the transition of outer curvature cells to an elongated cell shape during chamber ballooning. In addition, β2.1‐depleted cardiomyocytes failed to accumulate N‐cadherin at the membrane, and dissociated easily from neighboring myocytes under stress. Conclusions: Hence, we propose that β2.1 may also function in the heart as a MAGUK scaffolding unit to maintain N‐cadherin‐based adherens junctions and heart tube integrity. Developmental Dynamics 241:648–662, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
A simple technique for early in vivo electroporation of E1 chick embryos
Authors: Brown Charmaine Y. , Eom Dae Seok , Amarnath Smita , Agarwala Seema 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackground: The amenability of the chick embryo to a variety of manipulations has made it an ideal experimental model organism for over 100 years. The ability to manipulate gene function via in ovo electroporations has further revolutionized its value as an experimental model in the last 15 years. Although in ovo electroporations are simple to conduct in embryos ≥ E2, in ovo electroporations at early E1 stages have proven to be technically challenging due to the tissue damage and embryonic lethality such electroporations produce. Results and Conclusions: Here we report our success with in vivo microelectroporations of E1 embryos as young as Hamburger‐Hamilton Stage 4 (HH4). We provide evidence that such electroporations can be varied in size and can be spatially targeted. They cause minimal disruption of tissue‐size, 3‐dimensional morphology, cell survival, proliferation, and cell‐fate specification. Our paradigm is easily adapted to a variety of experimental conditions since it does not depend upon the presence of a lumen to enclose the DNA solution during electroporation. It is thus compatible with the in vivo examination of E1 morphogenetic events (e.g., neural tube closure) where preservation of 3‐dimensional morphology is critical. Developmental Dynamics 241:545–552, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with an eating disorder: Prevalence and characteristics
Authors: Dingemans Alexandra E. , van Rood Yanda R. , de Groot Ineke , van Furth Eric F. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjective:Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), an abnormal preoccupation with perceived defects in one or more body parts, and eating disorders (ED) share several essential clinical features, making it sometimes difficult to differentiate between the two disorders. The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of BDD in patients with ED and to compare characteristics of ED patients with and without BDD.Method:We measured dysmorphic appearance concerns and behaviors, ED symptoms, general psychopathology, and quality of life in 158 patients seeking treatment for ED.Results:Forty‐five percent screened positive for BDD. Patients with both disorders (ED + BDD) had significantly more dysmorphic appearance concerns, had more psychopathology, and were dissatisfied with a larger number of body parts than patients with ED only. The differences remained significant even after correcting for severity of eating disorder psychopathology.Discussion:This finding suggests that BDD is a distinct comorbid disorder in almost half of the patients with ED. It is thus important to recognize and treat the manifestation of BDD in patients with both disorders. Given that the treatment of BDD is different from that of ED, it is important to recognize BDD. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
FACT‐Graph: Trend visualization by frequency and co‐occurrence
Authors: Saga Ryosuke , Terachi Masahiro , Tsuji Hiroshi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn order to visualize keyword trends embedded in newspaper articles, this paper proposes the FACT‐Graph (Frequency And Co‐occurrence‐based Trend Graph). First, we introduce a trend analysis method that works by using keyword classes. We identify four classes of keywords by term frequency (TF) values and document frequency (DF) values in an analytical period, and then some keywords are classified into different classes by period. We pay attention to class transitions between periods and use them as a clue for trend analysis. Next, we apply a method of identifying relationships between multiple words by their co‐occurrence and their transitions in order to resolve problems that have occurred in prior class transition analysis. Finally, we output a FACT‐Graph by extending the traditional simple co‐occurrence graph, which visualizes trend analysis, and simultaneously examine keyword class and keyword co‐occurrence relationships. The FACT‐Graph is based on four classes of keywords, keyword co‐occurrences, and their transitions between time periods. While each class is characterized by the shapes of nodes and keyword co‐occurrence relationships are represented by the types of links, the trend transition patterns are colored. Applying the proposed FACT‐Graph to a data set of 220,000 newspaper articles, this paper gives some example results and validates the effectiveness of visualizing keyword trends embedded in volumes of text. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(2): 50–58, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10347
A fuzzy‐based control method for smoothing power fluctuations in substations along high‐speed railways
Authors: Sugio Tetsuya , Yamamoto Masayoshi , Funabiki Shigeyuki 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe use of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) for smoothing power fluctuations in a railway substation has been discussed. This paper proposes a smoothing control method based on fuzzy reasoning for reducing the SMES capacity at substations along high‐speed railways. The proposed smoothing control method comprises three countermeasures for the reduction of the SMES capacity. The first countermeasure involves modification of rule 1 for smoothing out the average electric power to its average values. The other countermeasures involve the modification of the central value of the stored energy control in the SMES and revision of the membership function in rule 2 for the reduction of the SMES capacity. The SMES capacity in the proposed smoothing control method is reduced by 49.5% compared to that in the nonrevised control method. Computer simulations confirm that the proposed control method is suitable for smoothing out power fluctuations in substations along high‐speed railways and for reducing the SMES capacity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(2): 35–43, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21175
Effect of ZrO2 addition on tolerance characteristics of the electrical degradation of ZnO varistors
Authors: Akiyama Yuji , Takada Masayuki , Fukumori Ai , Sato Yuuki , Yoshikado Shinzo 
Published: January 2012

Abstract3 ZnO varistors with excellent electrical degradation tolerance characteristics were made by addition of Bi2O3‐MnO2‐Co3O4‐Cr2O3‐SiO2‐Sb2O3‐NiO. The electrical degradation tolerance characteristics were evaluated by varying the amount of ZrO2. The evaluation methods were voltage–current (V–I) characteristics, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersion X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). Monoclinic and tetragonal ZrO2 and compounds derived from Zr were observed at both the grain boundaries and triple points. Moreover, the compounds derived from Zr with added Sb showed improved electrical degradation tolerance characteristics. On the other hand, monoclinic ZrO2 in particular degraded the electrical degradation tolerance characteristics. One factor in the improvement of the electrical degradation tolerance characteristics is that the mobility of oxide ions or interstitial Zn2+ ions might be hindered by the formation of compounds containing Zr, Sb, Si, and Bi atoms. The electrical degradation tolerance characteristics of ZnO varistors with added ZrO2 were better than those of varistors without addition of ZrO2 but subjected to heat treatment. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(2): 11–19, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21228
Structural Heterogeneity of AgI Complexes with a Flexible 1,2‐Bis[(imidazol‐2‐yl)thiomethyl]benzene Ligand and Issues Regarding the Phase Purity of the Bulk Material
Authors: Dobrzańska Liliana 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA series of AgI coordination compounds with a new ligand, 1,2‐bis[(imidazol‐2‐yl)thiomethyl]benzene, and counterions such as PF6–, SbF6–, CF3SO3–, BF4– and NO3– was characterised by powder and single‐crystal XRD. Powder XRD revealed the presence of a mixture of crystallographic phases that were further identified by single‐crystal XRD. Despite conformational flexibility, 1,2‐bis[(imidazol‐2‐yl)thiomethyl]benzene has a tendency to form N,N‐chelated AgI mononuclear cationic complexes with a linear N–AgI–N unit. However, T‐shaped geometry (N2O) around the silver ion was also observed, which involved solvent molecules and/or counterions. The formation of a cationic 1D chain with the N,N′‐bridging ligand was revealed with the BF4– counterion. Coordination compounds that possess different nuclearity were formed with the NO3– counterion. In the dinuclear and trinuclear complexes, the ligand showed bischelating behaviour with N‐donor atoms that interact with one and S‐donor atoms with another metal centre. Furthermore, the crystal structure of the trinuclear complex revealed the presence of two crystallographically independent cationic moieties in the asymmetric unit, which only differ by a single O‐donor ligand (NO3– vs. H2O), where both of the moieties possess three different geometries around the constituent silver ions. Argentophilic interactions are present in the majority of the reported structures. Available amine N atoms facilitate hydrogen bond formation and promote the occurrence of solvates.
Ruthenium(III) Cyclometalates Obtained by Site‐Specific Orthometallation and Their Reactivity with Nitric Oxide: Photoinduced Release and Estimation of NO Liberated from the Ruthenium Nitrosyl Complexes
Authors: Ghosh Kaushik , Kumar Sushil , Kumar Rajan , Singh Udai P. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCyclometalated RuIII complexes [Ru(LSB1)(PPh3)2Cl] (1), [LSB1H2 = 2‐(3‐nitrobenzylideneamino)phenol], and [Ru(LSB2)(PPh3)2Cl] (2), [LSB2H2 = 4‐methyl‐2‐(3‐nitrobenzylideneamino)phenol and H = dissociable protons], were synthesized by site‐specific orthometallation and characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical studies. Complexes 1 and 2 were treated with in situ generated nitric oxide (NO), derived from an acidified nitrite solution, which afforded the ruthenium nitrosyl complexes [Ru(LSB3H)(PPh3)2(NO)Cl](ClO4) (1a) and [Ru(LBOX)(PPh3)2(NO)Cl](ClO4) (2a), respectively, [LSB3H2 = 4‐nitro‐2‐(3‐nitrobenzylideneamino)phenol, LBOXH = 5‐methyl‐7‐nitro‐2‐(3‐nitrophenyl)benzoxazole and H = dissociable protons]. Complexes 1a and 2a were found to be diamagnetic and were characterized by 1H NMR and 31P NMR spectral studies. Both 1a and 2a exhibited νNO in the range 1800–1835 cm–1 in the IR spectra. Molecular structures of σ‐aryl ruthenium nitrosyl complexes 1a·CH3OH·2CH2Cl2·H2O and 2a·2CH2Cl2 were determined by X‐ray crystallography. Nitrosylation at the metal centre, oxidative cyclization and ligand nitration were authenticated from the crystal structures. The redox properties of the metal centre were investigated. In both the nitrosyl complexes 1a and 2a, coordinated NO was found to be photolabile. The amount of photoreleased NO was estimated by using the Griess reagent and the data was compared with that obtained from sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The role of the nitro group in the ligand frame was discussed with regard to orthometallation, NO reactivity and photolability.
Gd‐Aminoethyl‐DO3A Complexes: A Novel Class of pH‐Sensitive MRI Contrast Agents
Authors: Giovenzana Giovanni B. , Negri Roberto , Rolla Gabriele A. , Tei Lorenzo 
Published: January 2012

AbstractMolecular imaging relies on the availability of imaging probes designed to modify their efficiency in the presence of a specific parameter, among which pH is one of the most investigated. Introduction of an aminoethyl moiety into the well‐known DO3A platform imparts the desired pH sensitivity to the corresponding Gd3+ complex. The amine group is accessible and easy to functionalize; in particular, the possibility of tuning its pKAH through N‐substitution makes it a good pH‐responsive functionality to access a novel class of tailored pH‐sensitive MRI contrast agents. This was demonstrated by a relaxometric study on a functionalized Gd‐DO3A complex bearing a simple primary amine group and comparison with the results of the corresponding N,N‐dimethyl analogue.
Synthesis of Difluoromethyl‐Containing α‐Acyloxycarboxamide Derivatives through a Passerini Reaction and Desulfonylation
Authors: Wu Jingjing , Zhao Wenwen , Cao Song 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA series of difluoromethyl‐containing α‐acyloxycarboxamide derivatives were synthesized through a Passerini reaction of acids, aldehydes, and phenylsulfanyl‐protected difluorinated isocyanide followed by meta‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid mediated oxidation and the removal of the phenylsulfonyl protecting group. The unexpected formation of deacylation products from the reaction between the Passerini products and Bu3SnH/azobis(isobutyronitrile) was also reported.
Tethered Aminohydroxylation Reaction and Its Application to Total Synthesis (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 4/2012)
Authors: Donohoe Timothy J. , Callens Cedric K. A. , Lacy Adam R. , Winter Christian 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe cover picture shows the careful installation of oxygen and nitrogen atoms into a complex environment, as illustrated by the city centre of Oxford. Hereby the atoms are already tethered to the settings via a crane, ensuring the right positioning of both atoms. The mobile crane can be removed after the functionalization leading to a selectively modified site. This regioselective aminohydroxylation of complex molecules was developed at the University of Oxford, which symbolizes the complex pattern of a molecule. Of course, this methodology can also be applied to other cities representing employment in the total synthesis of complex natural products. The Microreview by T. J. Donohoe et al. on p. 656 ff describes the development and recent improvments of the tethered aminohydroxylation for the stereo‐ and regioselective functionalization of alkenes and its application to total synthesis. The design of the cover image by Dr. K. Harrison is acknowledged. magnified image
Preparation of Platinum‐Poly(O‐dihydroxybenzene) Composite Catalyst and Its Electrocatalytic Activity Toward Methanol and Formic Acid Oxidation
Authors: Ren F. , Zhou R. , Jiang F. , Zhou W. , Du Y. , Xu J. , Wang C. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA composite catalyst has been successfully prepared by dispersing Pt nanoparticles on a poly(o‐dihydroxybenzene) (PoDHB) modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode and characterized by SEM, EDX, and electrochemical analysis. Compared with Pt nanoparticles deposited on the bare GC, the Pt/PoDHB/GC exhibits higher catalytic activity and stronger poisoning tolerance for electro‐oxidation of methanol and formic acid. The enhanced performance could be attributed to the increase of electrochemical active surface area (EASA) arisen from the PoDHB modification. Furthermore, performance limiting factors such as platinum loading, polymer mass, H2SO4, methanol, and formic acid concentrations have been evaluated for optimizing the electrocatalytic activities.