bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Voluntary agreements with industry: The case of dutch covenants
Authors: Suurland Jan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper presents the main features of the Dutch covenant approach regarding the control of industrial emissions. The covenants are agreements between central government, licencing authorities and particular sectors of industry. The agreements provide for detailed arrangements regarding the implementation of sector specific medium and longer term emission reduction targets. Companies are expected to draw up medium term company environmental plans which after approval by the authorities will serve as a basis for formal licencing procedures. Central government and licencing authorities will take appropriate measures to ensure a co‐ordinated approach in licencing and to avoid as much as possible distortions in competitive relations. Implementation of the covenants is being monitored and evaluated by Sectoral Consultative Committees that will issue annual progress reports to the Minister of the Environment.
Voluntary strategies in pollution prevention: Experience from Denmark and the Netherlands
Authors: Lorenzen Kirstine Hjorth , Pedersen Mette LÜCke , Thomsen Hanne , Klemmensen BØRge 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEconomic activity continues to move away from the application end‐of‐pipe pollution control toward preventative source‐oriented approaches. This new strategy, aiming ultimately for sustainable production, requires support and commitment from industrial managers and can thus be best put into practice at the level of the firm. This paper examines the use of voluntary regulation in Denmark and the Netherlands as an alternative to traditional command and control environmental policies. It suggests that in some instances covenants between the authorities and industrial trade bodies and contracts between the authorities and individual companies have a number of advantages over traditional policy. However, while the prospects for voluntary regulation may be good, the paper concludes that experiences so far are limited.
The implementation of the climate change convention: A comparison of northern European state perspectives
Authors: Jordan Andrew , Rowbotham Elizabeth 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPoliticians and policy analysts are equally guilty of focusing more of their attention on the making of policy rather than the manner and ultimate extent to which it is actually implemented. This much is certainly true of the many international agreements which now form part of a wider body of international (including European Union) environmental law. This article attempts to redress this imbalance by comparing and contrasting the more recent attempts made by three North European states to implement the terms of the Convention on climate change within their own domestic territories. To date, the pathways through which each state has chosen to implement the Convention have been shaped both by more ‘stable’ cultural, economic and historical factors, as well as more ‘sporadic’ reactions to unforseen contingencies. On a broader plane, the three case studies give examples of the kinds of interesting and highly disparate dilemmas which now increasingly confront national governments as they seek to reconcile their international environmental obligations with domestic political imperatives.
Molybdenum Dithiolene Complexes as Structural Models for the Active Sites of Molybdenum(IV) Sulfide Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts
Authors: Nguyen Neilson , Harrison Daniel J. , Lough Alan J. , De Crisci Antonio G. , Fekl Ulrich 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe removal of sulfur (as H2S) from organosulfur species in petroleum feedstocks (hydrodesulfurization, HDS) is carried out on an enormous scale by using heterogeneous catalysts based on MoS2 (usually doped with Co). Partially hydrogenated thiophenes are postulated intermediates in the MoS2‐catalyzed hydrodesulfurization of thiophene. The present contribution describes new molecular models for the proposed active sites in HDS catalysis. The models are derived from a mixed‐ligand (push–pull) molybdenum trisdithiolene {[Mo(tfd)2(bdt)]; tfd = S2C2(CF3)2, bdt = S2C6H4}: selective intraligand alkyne binding converts the bdt group to a labile Mo‐chelating benzodithiin, which can be substituted with a variety of weak donor ligands. The complexes [Mo(tfd)2(dht)2] and [Mo(tfd)2(tht)2] (dht = 2,5‐dihydrothiophene; tht = tetrahydrothiophene) were synthesized and crystallographically characterized. The Mo(tfd)2 substructures closely resemble the presumed active site in MoS2 HDS catalysts. The coordination geometries at molybdenum are approximately trigonal prismatic, and the metal bears two strongly bound dithiolene (tfd) groups and two comparatively weakly bound thioether ligands (dht or tht). Competitive binding experiments establish that tht binds more strongly to the Mo center than dht (Keq = 6.5 ± 0.5). Preliminary reactivity studies reveal that [Mo(tfd)2(dht)2] decomposes to [Mo(tfd)3], thiophene, and unidentified species upon heating. Further, [Mo(tfd)2(tht)2] induces the isomerization of 1,4‐cyclohexadiene to 1,3‐cyclohexadiene at elevated temperatures.
Coordination Versatility of Pyrazole‐Based Ligands towards High‐Nuclearity Transition‐Metal and Rare‐Earth Clusters
Authors: Viciano‐Chumillas Marta , Tanase Stefania , de Jongh L. Jos , Reedijk Jan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe synthesis of transition‐metal and rare‐earth clusters has become a very active research field, mainly because these compounds can behave as molecule‐based magnets. The formation of such compounds strongly depends on the choice of the bridging ligand. This review covers the progress made by pyrazole‐based ligands in the formation of new transition‐metal and rare‐earth clusters. Synthetic approaches, structural diversity and magnetic properties are described. The formation of other interesting supramolecular structures, such as metallocycles or metallohelicates is also described to emphasize the richness of this type of ligands.
Two‐dimensional capillary electrophoresis: Capillary isoelectric focusing and capillary zone electrophoresis with laser‐induced fluorescence detection
Authors: Dickerson Jane A. , Ramsay Lauren M. , Dada Oluwatosin O. , Cermak Nathan , Dovichi Norman J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCIEF and CZE are coupled with LIF detection to create an ultrasensitive 2‐D separation method for proteins. In this method, two capillaries are joined through a buffer‐filled interface. Separate power supplies control the potential at the injection end of the first capillary and at the interface; the detector is held at ground potential. Proteins are labeled with the fluorogenic reagent Chromeo P503, which preserves the isoelectric point of the labeled protein. The labeled proteins were mixed with ampholytes and injected into the first‐dimension capillary. A focusing step was performed with the injection end of the capillary at high pH and the interface at low pH. To mobilize components, the interface was filled with a high pH buffer, which was compatible with the second‐dimension separation. A fraction was transferred to the second‐dimension capillary for separation. The process of fraction transfer and second dimension separation was repeated two dozen times. The separation produced a spot capacity of 125.
Associations between imatinib resistance conferring mutations and Philadelphia positive clonal cytogenetic evolution in CML
Authors: Schnittger Susanne , Bacher Ulrike , Dicker Frank , Kern Wolfgang , Alpermann Tamara , Haferlach Torsten , Haferlach Claudia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), resistance against imatinib is associated with mutations in the kinase domain (KD) of the BCR‐ABL1 fusion gene and/or with additional chromosomal abnormalities (ACAs) secondary to the Philadelphia chromosome. To evaluate associations between these molecular and cytogenetic events, we correlated cytogenetic data with results of KD mutation analysis in 205 CML patients with acquired resistance to imatinib (100 females, 105 males, 17.9‐90.3 years). In 79/205 patients (38.5%), at least one KD mutation was detected; in 13/79 (16.5%) even two different mutations were observed. A second KD mutation was frequent in cases with G250E (4/9), E255V (1/3), T315I (5/18), F317L (2/7), F359C/V (4/7), or H396R (2/3), but was never detected in cases with V299L (n = 3) or Y253H (n = 4). With respect to cytogenetics, ACAs were identified in 76/205 patients (37.1%), in 29 (36.7%) together with KD mutations. ACAs were frequent in cases with E255V (2/3), T315I (8/18), F317L (4/7), F359C/V (4/7), or H396R (2/3), but rare in those with M351T (1/9). Therefore, some KD mutations (e.g., T315I) might be associated with higher genetic instability paving the way to additional cytogenetic and molecular genetic events. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis A and Non–A, Non–B Viral Hepatitis in São Paulo, Brazil: Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Comparisons in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Koff Raymond S. , Pannuti Claudio S. , Pereira Marcelo L.G. , Hansson Bengt G. , Dienstag Jules L. , NETO Amato V. , Wong Doris C. , Purcell Robert H. 
Published: July 2010

During a 33–month period, 295 patients with acute viral hepatitis were admitted to a state hospital for civil servants and their dependents in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Seventy–nine per cent (232) were HBsAg negative. To define the contribution of non–A, non–B viral hepatitis to hepatitis morbidity in this population, further serological studies were performed in 147 confirmed HBsAg–negative patients. One hundred and twelve (76%) were serologically classified as hepatitis A based on identification of IgM antibody to hepatitis A virus. Thirty patints (20%) without IgM antibody to hepatitis A virus, HBsAg, or anti–HBc were categorized as the non–A, non–B hepatitis group. The remaining five patients had probable hepatitis B (IgM antibody to hepatitis A virus negative, HBsAg negative, anti–HBs negative but anti–HBc positive). These data suggest that all three etiological forms of viral hepatitis are endemic in Sao Paulo.
Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory features were compared in the hepatitis A and non–A, non–B hepatitis groups. Patients with non–A, non–B hepatitis were significantly older than patients with hepatitis A (mean age ± S.D.: 30 ± 22 years vs. 9 ± 9 years, p < 0.001). Contact with hepatitis or jaundice was recognized in 26 (23%) of 112 hepatitis A patients and 3 (10%) of 30 non–A, non–B patients, a difference which was not statistically significant. Parenteral exposures were identified in 13 (43%) of 30 patients with non–A, non–B hepatitis and 23 (21%) of the 112 hepatitis A patients. Blood transfusion in the 2 months preceding onset of illness was reported in 5 (17%) of the 30 non–A, non–B patients and in none of the hepatitis A group (p < 0.001). Although prodromal symptoms and fever were more common in patients with hepatitis A, neither these nor other clinical features appeared to be distinguishing characteristics. Similarly, mean peak SGPT levels, peak SGPT levels of > 1,000 HJ/per liter, and the mean duration of SGPT elevations for each group were not significantly different. Mean peak serum bilirubin levels were slightly higher in the non–A, non–B group than in the hepatitis A group (7.6 ± 8.0 mg per dl vs. 5.1 ± 2.7, p < 0.01) and peak bilirubin levels > 10 mg per dl were found in 27% of the non–A, non–B group and 5% of the hepatitis A group (p < 0.001). Whether the higher bilirubin levels reflect an agent–related phenomenon or an older population of affected patients is uncertain.
Splanchnic and Hepatic Metabolism of Somatostatin: A Study in Cirrhotic Patients With A Portacaval Shunt
Authors: Webb Susan , Kravetz David , Bosch Jaume , Wass John A.H. , Evans Joan , Gomis Ramon , Rees Lesley H. , Rodes Joan 
Published: July 2010

Experimental data suggest that somatostatin is metabolized by both liver and kidneys. Results in humans are conflicting. By studying a group of cirrhotic patients with surgically induced end–to–side portacaval shunts, basally and during a somatostatin infusion, we have been able to analyze separately the hepatic and splanchnic metabolism of this peptide. After catheterization, samples were obtained from the pulmonary artery, portal and hepatic veins. Basal pulmonary artery immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.001) in the cirrhotic patients (96 ± 11 pg per ml) than in a sex– and age–matched control group (31.4 ± 5.8 pg per ml). During the infusion of exogenous somatostatin, HiS values were higher in arterial (12,269 ± 1, 198 pg per ml) than in hepatic venous blood (7,648 ± 1,234 pg per ml), indicating hepatic extraction of the peptide; but there was also a substantial splanchnic extraction demonstrated by higher arterial (12,269 ± 1,532 pg per ml) than portal values (6,754 ± 1,040 pg per ml) of IRS.
During the somatostatin infusion, at very high circulation IRS levels, the liver was able to extract 38% of the peptide. This suggests that the high basal IRS levels found in liver cirrhosis are not likely to be due to hepatic failure. Possible mechanisms may involve increased somatostatin secretion, predominance of high molecular weight moieties of IRS which may not be as effectively removed by the liver, and/or portal–systemic shunting.
Plasma Lipid and Lipoprotein Response to Fat Feeding in Alcoholic Liver Disease
Authors: Avgerinos Alec , Chu Peter , Greenfield Charles , Harry David S. , Mcintyre Neil 
Published: July 2010

Serum lipids and lipoproteins were analyzed after an overnight fast, and following a fatty meal in 10 patients with cirrhosis, 5 with fatty liver, and 5 normal subjects. Cirrhotic patients were divided into two groups of five on the basis of serum lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity. Fasting triglyceride levels were similar in all four groups. In all but cirrhotic patients with low lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity, most fasting triglyceride was found in very low density lipoproteins; in the latter group, most of it was found in low density lipoproteins.
We confirmed that patients with fatty liver have a higher serum triglyceride response to fat feeding than normal subjects, but we did not find higher levels in cirrhotic patients. Cirrhotic patients with “normal” lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity had a normal triglyceride response to dietary fat. In patients with cirrhosis and low lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity, the increase in triglyceride was less than in normal subjects. In this group, most of the extra triglyceride was carried in low density lipoprotein, and not in chylomicrons and very low density lipoprotein, as in the other groups.
Mucin Glycoprotein Content of Human Pigment Gallstones
Authors: Lamont Thomas J. , Ventola Allen S. , Trotman Bruce W. , Soloway Roger D. 
Published: July 2010

Mucin glycoproteins, a secretory product of the gallbladder, are thought to contribute to the matrix or nucleus of gallstones. Human black pigment stones originate in the gallbladder and have as their major constituent calcium bilirubinate, as well as inorganic salts and small amounts of cholesterol. The object of this study was to estimate the amount of glycoprotein in black pigment stones and to isolate gallbladder mucin from dissolved stones. Black pigment stones containing 18 to 65% calcium bilirubinate were first dissolved in 12.5 mMEDTA/0.1 iVNaOH and decolorized, then subjected to glycoprotein assay. The mean glycoprotein content of eight stones was 12.4%. In separate experiments, pigment stones were partially dissolved by brief exposure to EDTA/NaOH to minimize glycoprotein breakdown, and the glycoproteins isolated by gel filtration and ultracen-trifugation. Pigment stones contained two glycoprotein fractions on Sepharose 4B; a high molecular weight mucin glycoprotein in the void volume and a lower molecular fraction in the included volume. Mucin was further purified by density gradient ultracentrifugation in cesium chloride. Three separate mucin fractions had an average buoyant density of 1.48 gm per ml which is typical for these glycoproteins. Bile pigment was associated with high molecular weight mucin even after extensive dialysis, gel filtration, and density gradient ultracentrifugation. The identity of mucin was further established by β-elimination of glycoproteins in alkaline borohydride which yielded galactosaminitol from cleavage of O-glycosidic bonds.
Our results indicate that mucin glycoproteins are present in significant concentrations in human black pigment stones and can be purified from stones solubilized in EDTA/NaOH. The association of bile pigment with gallbladder mucin, even after extensive purification, is consistent with the hypothesis that mucin contributes to the matrix of pigment gallstones.
Immunosuppressive Serum Factors in Viral Hepatitis. I. Characterization of Serum Inhibition Factor(s) as Lymphocyte Antiactivator(s)
Authors: Brattig Norbert W. , Berg Peter A. 
Published: July 2010

Sera from patients with acute viral hepatitis B were found to inhibit the in vitro proliferation of normal lymphocytes induced by different mitogens and antigens. In addition, an effect on concanavalin A-induced T suppressor cell activity and pokeweed mitogen-stimulated IgG and IgM synthesis was demonstrated.
Studies concerning the kinetics of serum immunosuppressive effects indicated that serum immunosuppressive factor (SIF) interfered with the intermediate phase of mitogen-induced lymphocyte activation which was defined by protein and RNA synthesis. Thus, when SIF-positive sera were added to lymphocytes, which were already activated by phytohemagglutinin, for 8, 12, or 18 hr, the inhibitory effect decreased in relation to the duration of lymphocyte activation. No inhibition could be demonstrated when SIF-positive sera were added 24 hr after initiation of mitogen stimulation. Furthermore, similar inhibitory effects were found measuring either uptake of [3H]uridine (RNA synthesis) or [3H]leucine (protein synthesis) in a 24 hr culture of phytohe-magglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes or [3H]thymidine uptake (DNA synthesis) after 48 hr.
These results indicate that SIF act(s) like an antiactivator and may belong to immunoregulatory physiologic serum factors.
Conversion of Micronodular Cirrhosis into Macronodular Cirrhosis
Authors: Fauerholdt Lis , Schlichting Poul , Christensen Erik , Poulsen Hemming , Tygstrup Niels , Juhl Erik 
Published: July 2010

The conversion from micro- to macronodular cirrhosis is claimed to be a general phenomenon. In this study, the conversion was quantitated by means of liver needle follow-up biopsies and autopsy in 156 patients followed in a controlled clinical trial of prednisone treatment in cirrhosis.
In the initial biopsy, 75 patients were classified as micronodular cirrhosis, and of them, 68 had macronodular cirrhosis at autopsy indicating a conversion ratio of about 0.9 in 10 years. This may overestimate the true conversion ratio slightly since conversion in many cases only was demonstrated at autopsy where the diagnosis of macronodular cirrhosis is made with greater certainty than from a needle biopsy. The median time interval between the diagnosis of micro- and macronodular cirrhosis was 2.25 years which is a maximum estimate of the conversion time due to irregular spacing between biopsies (or biopsy and autopsy). No significant difference was found between the conversion time in females and males. The conversion was faster in patients not drinking alcohol compared to patients drinking alcohol, but the difference was not significant. Prednisone treatment tended to accelerate the conversion, but not significantly.
Benefits and risks of combination therapy for hepatitis B #
Authors: Terrault Norah A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
In successful antiviral therapy of hepatitis B, drug combinations, particularly combinations without cross-resistance, can delay or prevent the emergence of drug-resistant mutants. Because drug-resistant mutants are archived and may limit future therapeutic options, prevention is important for long-term therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, combining drugs may achieve synergistic or additive antiviral effects compared with single drug therapy. Undesirable aspects of combination therapy include higher treatment costs and possibly lower adherence rates (due to pill number or complexity of regimen). Potentially harmful effects of combination therapy include higher rates of side effects, reduced efficacy due to drug competition, and the risk of multidrug-resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) if combination therapy is insufficient to prevent resistance. Combination therapy has been shown to reduce the rate of drug resistance in chronic hepatitis B, but only when drugs with a low barrier to resistance are used (lamivudine, adefovir). Combination therapies may achieve greater degrees of HBV DNA suppression, but this has not been associated with higher rates of seroconversion (hepatitis B e antigen or hepatitis B surface antigen) compared to single drug therapy. The benefit of combination therapy has yet to be demonstrated with agents that are associated with a high barrier to resistance (tenofovir, entecavir). The use of combination therapy is recommended in specific patient groups: those with decompensated cirrhosis, those coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and HBV who are on antiretroviral therapy, those who have undergone liver transplantation, and those with drug-resistant HBV infection. There is insufficient evidence to recommend combination therapy as first-line therapy for all patients with chronic hepatitis B. (Hepatology 2009;49:S122–S128.)
Benefits and risks of interferon therapy for hepatitis B #
Authors: Perrillo Robert 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Alpha interferon is the only licensed drug for hepatitis B with immunomodulatory as well as viral inhibitory properties. Potential advantages of interferon compared to nucleoside analogs include a lack of drug resistance, a finite and defined treatment course, and a higher likelihood for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) clearance. Approximately 30% of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive and 40% of HBeAg-negative cases have a sustained virological response (when defined as HBeAg seroconversion and/or hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels below 20,000 copies/mL, respectively) 6 months after completion of a 48-week course of peginterferon alfa-2a These responses remain durable in 80% and 50% of cases, respectively, when evaluated several years later. Recent studies have shown that changes in HBsAg and HBeAg concentration during treatment predict sustained virological response and serial monitoring of HBsAg is helpful in predicting HBsAg clearance. HBeAg-positive patients with genotype A have higher rates of HBeAg and HBsAg clearance, whereas HBeAg-negative patients with genotype D have the lowest rate of response to interferon therapy. Long-term follow-up of virological responders to either standard alpha interferon or peginterferon has demonstrated a progressive increase in the rate of HBsAg clearance, particularly in patients who were initially HBeAg-positive. Future studies need to address if specific virological benchmarks during therapy can be used to tailor treatment duration. Conclusion: Peginterferon alfa has a place as first-line therapy of hepatitis B in patients who are carefully selected on the basis of pretreatment serum HBV DNA and aminotransferase levels, safety considerations, and viral genotype. (Hepatology 2009;49:S103–S111.)