bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How accurate is ICD coding for epilepsy?
Authors: Jetté Nathalie , Reid Aylin Y. , Quan Hude , Hill Michael D. , Wiebe Samuel 
Published: July 2009

SummaryPurpose:  Assess the validity of ICD‐9‐CM and ICD‐10 epilepsy coding from an emergency visit (ER) and a hospital discharge abstract database (DAD).Methods:  Two separate sources of patient records were reviewed and validated. (1) Charts of patients admitted to our seizure monitoring unit over 2 years (n = 127, ICD‐10 coded records) were reviewed. Sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were calculated. (2) Random sample of charts for patients seen in the ER or admitted to hospital under any services, and whose charts were coded with epilepsy or an epilepsy‐like condition, were reviewed. Two time‐periods were selected to allow validation of both ICD‐9‐CM (n = 486) and ICD‐10 coded (n = 454) records. Only PPV and NPV were calculated for these records. All charts were reviewed by two physicians to confirm the presence/absence of epilepsy and compare to administrative coding.Results:  Sample 1: Sn, Sp, PPV, and NPV of ICD‐10 epilepsy coding from the seizure monitoring unit (SMU) chart review were 99%, 70%, 85%, and 97% respectively. Sample 2: The PPV and NPV for ICD‐9‐CM coding from the ER database were, respectively, 99% and 97% and from the DAD were 98% and 99%. The PPV and NPV for ICD‐10 coding from the ER database were, respectively, 100% and 90% and from the DAD were 98% and 99%. The epilepsy subtypes grand mal status and partial epilepsy with complex partial seizures both had PPVs >75% (ICD‐9‐CM and ICD‐10 data).Discussion:  Administrative emergency and hospital discharge data have high epilepsy coding validity overall in our health region.
Validation and Comparison of Two Frailty Indexes: The MOBILIZE Boston Study
Authors: Kiely Dan K. , Cupples L. Adrienne , Lipsitz Lewis A. 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVES: To validate two established frailty indexes and compare their ability to predict adverse outcomes in a diverse, elderly, community‐dwelling sample of men and women.DESIGN: Prospective observational study.SETTING: A diverse defined geographic area of Boston.PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred sixty‐five community‐dwelling participants in the Maintenance of Balance, Independent Living, Intellect, and Zest in the Elderly Boston Study.MEASUREMENTS: Two published frailty indexes, recurrent falls, disability, overnight hospitalization, emergency department (ED) visits, chronic medical conditions, self‐reported health, physical function, cognitive ability (including executive function), and depression. One index was developed from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) and the other from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS).RESULTS: The SOF frailty index classified 77.1% as robust, 18.7% as prefrail, and 4.2% as frail. The CHS frailty index classified 51.2% as robust, 38.8% as prefrail, and 10.0% as frail. Both frailty indexes (SOF; CHS) were similar in their ability to predict key geriatric outcomes such as recurrent falls (hazard ratio (HR)frail=2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.2–4.0; HRfrail=1.9, 95% CI=1.2–3.1), overnight hospitalization (odds ratio (OR)frail=3.5, 95% CI=1.5–8.0; ORfrail=4.4, 95% CI=2.4–8.2), ED visits (ORfrail=3.5, 95% CI=1.4,8.8; ORfrail=3.1, 95% CI=1.6–5.9), and disability (ORfrail=5.4, 95% CI=2.3–12.3; ORfrail=7.7, 95% CI=4.0–14.7), as well as chronic medical conditions, physical function, cognitive ability, and depression.CONCLUSION: Two established frailty indexes were validated using an independent elderly sample of diverse men and women; both indexes were good at distinguishing geriatric conditions and predicting recurrent falls, overnight hospitalization, and ED visits according to level of frailty. Although both indexes are good measures of frailty, the simpler SOF index may be easier and more practical in a clinical setting.
Effects of Animations in Learning—A Cognitive Fit Perspective1
Authors: Li Pengtao , Santhanam Radhika , Carswell Catherine M. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTInformation technology (IT) artifacts such as animations are increasingly used in educational institutions. Researchers caution that, if we are to derive benefits from animations and other such IT artifacts, we must understand how to use it optimally. In this study, we look at the effects of animations in supporting learning processes. IT‐enabled animations dynamically depict changes in events and are used in the classroom as external representations to elaborate on the knowledge content transferred in the classroom. Research in related disciplines has investigated the effects of using these animations on student learning outcomes and has reported conflicting results. We propose that the theory of cognitive fit in information systems could reconcile these conflicting findings and offer some insight into how these animations might be used most beneficially. We conduct laboratory‐based experiments to test our ideas. Our findings indicate that these representations are superior to text‐based representations and reduce students' cognitive load only in learning tasks where animations have a good cognitive fit. We discuss the implications of our findings for the use of animations and other external representations in the classroom and for future research on the role of Technology Mediated Learning.
Oral health education in schools: promoting health agents
Authors: Garbin CAS , Garbin AJI , Dos Santos KT , Lima DP 
Published: July 2009

Abstract:  Purpose:  The aim of this study was to verify the influence of preschool children participating in an oral health education programme on daily health practices of their families, through parent’s perception.Methods:  A sample of 119 parents of 5‐ to 6‐year‐old preschool children were selected. Data were collected using a structured open–closed questionnaire, self‐administered. The questions focused on parents’ knowledge about activities of oral health education conducted in school, the importance given by them to these activities, learning from their offspring and the presence of habit change at home.Results:  In total, 63 (52.9%) parents agreed to participate. Ninety‐eight per cent knew about educative and preventive activities developed at school and all of them affirmed that these activities were important, mainly because of knowledge, motivation and improvement in children’s health. Ninety and half per cent of parents reported that they learned something about oral health from their children and, among these, almost half (47.8%) cited toothbrushing as the indicator for better learning. Besides this, 87.3% of participants revealed the change in oral health habits of their family members.Conclusion:  Preschool children were able to transmit knowledge acquired at school to their parents that included change in oral health routine of their family members.
The strip patch test – indication in occupational dermatology demonstrated with a case history
Authors: Dickel Heinrich , Scola Nina , Altmeyer Peter 
Published: July 2009

SummaryIn occupational dermatology, repeat patch testing is a frequent occurrence when an expert opinion is required. As a result, discrepancies in test results may affect the legal position in respect of insurance and a reduction in the level of disability. The strip patch test (SPT) supports the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis when a weak sensitization is present or when a weak sensitizer with poor epidermal penetration is involved leading to a false‐negative patch test result. We report on a 30‐year‐old man working as an industrial mechanic from 1995 to 2006. After approval of an occupational disease no. 5101 of the German ordinance on industrial disease in 2007, he went to court claiming compensation. The sensitization with clinical and occupational relevance to potassium dichromate that was decisive for the evaluation for insurance purposes was first confirmed in a patch test in 2005. Succeeding tests in 2006 in the context of an expert opinion and in 2008 in the context of our decisive expert opinion remained negative. We could reconfirm the potassium dichromate sensitization only by the SPT performed in the proposed standardized manner. The potassium dichromate allergy was the determining factor in the assessment for insurance purposes. This resulted in an adjustment in the severity of disability and a pension entitlement. From this case it is obvious that the detection of a SPT‐positive and patch test‐negative sensitization may have a significant impact on the situation with respect to the legal and insurance position.
The Lady Has a Price: Charity and Gratitude in Alencar's Diva
Authors: De Almeida Cardoso André Cabral 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn his novel Diva, nineteenth‐century Brazilian romanticist José de Alencar re‐articulates the sentimental notions of charity and gratitude, investing them with new ideological contours, different from the ones they assumed in European sentimental fiction. In Alencar's text, charity and gratitude cease to be an expression of bourgeois ideology in order to function as instruments to support patriarchal power. While in European sentimental discourse they paved the way for the establishment of the contract as an ideological construct that was seen as the basis for modern social relations, in Alencar's nineteenth‐century Brazil they appear as elements that resist the idea of contractual social relations.
Limits on the location of planetesimal formation in self-gravitating protostellar discs
Authors: Clarke C. J. , Lodato G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this Letter, we show that if planetesimals form in spiral features in self-gravitating discs, as previously suggested by the idealized simulations of Rice et al., then in realistic protostellar discs, this process will be restricted to the outer regions of the disc (i.e. at radii in excess of several tens of au). This restriction relates to the requirement that dust has to be concentrated in spiral features on a time-scale that is less than the (roughly dynamical) lifetime of such features, and that such rapid accumulation requires spiral features whose fractional amplitude is not much less than unity. This in turn requires that the cooling time-scale of the gas is relatively short, which restricts the process to the outer disc. We point out that the efficient conversion of a large fraction of the primordial dust in the disc into planetesimals could rescue this material from the well-known problem of rapid inward migration at an approximate metre-size scale and that in principle the collisional evolution of these objects could help to resupply small dust to the protostellar disc. We also point out the possible implications of this scenario for the location of planetesimal belts inferred in debris discs around main sequence stars, but stress that further dynamical studies are required in order to establish whether the disc retains a memory of the initial site of planetesimal creation.
Boundary shear acceleration in the jet of MKN501
Authors: Sahayanathan S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The high-resolution image of the jet of the BL Lac object MKN501 in radio shows a limb-brightened feature. An explanation of this feature as an outcome of the differential Doppler boosting of jet spine and jet boundary due to transverse velocity structure of the jet requires large viewing angle. However, this inference contradicts with the constraints derived from the high-energy γ-ray studies unless the jets bend over a large angle immediately after the γ-ray zone (close to the central engine). In this Letter, we propose an alternate explanation to the limb-brightened feature of MKN501 by considering the diffusion of electrons accelerated at the boundary shear layer into the jet medium, and this consideration does not require large viewing angle. Also, the observed difference in the spectral index at the jet boundary and jet spine can be understood within the framework of shear acceleration.
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF JACKFRUIT PULP AFFECTED BY CHANGES IN MOISTURE CONTENT AND TEMPERATURE
Authors: SOUZA MICHELLE A. , BONOMO RENATA C.F. , FONTAN RAFAEL C.I. , MINIM LUIS ANTONIO , COIMBRA JANE SÉLIA DOS REIS 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT Thermophysical properties of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) pulp affected by temperature and moisture content were analyzed. Density (ρ), heat capacity (cp) and thermal diffusivity (α) were experimentally determined at moisture content between 65% m/m and 95% m/m, and temperatures between 5 and 85C. Then, thermal conductivity was calculated from experimental results of thermal diffusivity, specific heat and density. The empirical models for each property as a function of moisture content and temperature were obtained (R2 ≥ 0.90). Estimated equations were fitted to the experimental data for density and specific heat, and the accuracy of those equations was checked.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe design of juice concentrate plants needs thermophysical parameters. Information about tropical and exotic fruits, such as jackfruit, is insufficient, and much specific information is still unknown. The knowledge of how temperature and moisture content affect properties such as density, specific heat, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity will enable the development, adaptation and optimization of more efficient specific equipment for processing jackfruit.
EFFECT OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE PRETREATMENT ON THE ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF CELLULOSE
Authors: SHEN GUANGLIN , TAO HONG , ZHAO MOUMING , YANG BAO , WEN DONGQI , YUAN QINGZHAO , RAO GUOHUA 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT In this work, the effect of oxidation pretreatment on the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in tobacco stems was evaluated. A comparison was made between the effect of H2O2 pretreatment and conventional alkali pretreatment on the weight loss of cellulose, lignins and hemicelluloses of tobacco stems. The effects of H2O2 concentration, pretreatment time and temperature on the enzymatic hydrolysis of tobacco stems were investigated. This pretreatment could give a higher recovery of cellulose and better removal of lignin and hemicellulose than alkali‐only pretreatment. Compared with the untreated stems, the yield of reducing sugar pretreated by H2O2 pretreatment (pH 11.5, 0.6% H2O2) for 9 h at 60C increased 347.2%. The results of scanning electron microscope and X‐ray diffraction analysis also showed that the structural and crystalline properties of the tobacco stems were changed by pretreatment, and they were in favor of the following enzymatic hydrolysis. The optimal pretreatment conditions were 60C of temperature, 0.6% of H2O2 concentration and 9 h of time, which were calculated by orthogonal experiments. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSPretreatment on lignocellulosic materials to disrupt the recalcitrant structure is helpful for their bioconversion into low‐molecular weight substances. The tobacco stems were pretreated by H2O2 oxidation before subjecting to enzymatic hydrolysis by cellulase in this work. This pretreatment was confirmed effectively to improve the recovery of celllulose, and helpful to remove lignin and hemicellulose. Moreover, the yield of reducing sugar produced by cellulase hydrolysis was apparently improved. These results were helpful for the extensive development of tobacco stems.
Surveillance of Trend and Distribution of Stroke Mortality by Subtype, Age, Gender, and Geographic Areas in Tianjin, China, 1999–2006
Authors: Wang X. , Jiang G. , Choi B. C. K. , Wang D. , Wu T. , Pan Y. , Boulton M. 
Published: July 2009

Background The purpose of this study was to analyze the epidemiological trend and distribution of stroke mortality in the city of Tianjin, China, in order to provide evidence for the prevention and control of stroke. Methods The study was based on 102 718 cases of stroke mortality in Tianjin between 1999 and 2006. The cause of death was coded according to the International Classification of Diseases into stroke subtypes. Standardized mortality rates were calculated for stroke and its subtypes, adjusted for age and gender using the year 2000 world standard population. The age, gender, and geographic distribution of stroke and subtype mortality were analyzed. χ2-tests were used to determine the statistical significance of differences in mortality trends. Results The stroke mortality rate in Tianjin declined from 133·52/100000/year in 1999 to 102·52/100000/year in 2006. The stroke mortality rate for males was higher than that for females. Stroke mortality rates increased with increasing age. The subtypes of stroke have changed considerably in Tianjin. Hemorrhagic was major in 1999–2001, while cerebral infarction attained the first rank and accounted for more than 50% of stroke mortality in 2002–2006. The most pronounced finding was that the proportion of ischemic stroke was 66·65% in the urban population and over 20% higher than that in the rural area. Stroke in the suburban area was mainly hemorrhagic stroke, up to 62·67%. Conclusions There are significant differences in the distribution of stroke mortality by subtype, age, gender, and geographic areas in Tianjin, China. Various subtypes of stroke are associated with different risk factors and therefore require different public health prevention and control measures. This study provides pertinent information for formulation of measures for the prevention and control of stroke.
CADISP-Genetics: An International Project Searching for Genetic Risk Factors of Cervical Artery Dissections
Authors: Debette S. , Metso T. M. , Pezzini A. , Engelter S. T. , Leys D. , Lyrer P. , Metso A. J. , Brandt T. , Kloss M. , Lichy C. , Hausser I. , Touze E. , Markus H. S. , Abboud S. , Caso V. , Bersano A. , Grau A. , Altintas A. , Amouyel P. , Tatlisumak T. , Dallongeville J. , Grond-Ginsbach C. ,   on behalf of the CADISP-groupw†
Published: July 2009

Background Cervical artery dissection (CAD) is a frequent cause of ischemic stroke, and occasionally death, in young adults. Several lines of evidence suggest a genetic predisposition to CAD. However, previous genetic studies have been inconclusive mainly due to insufficient numbers of patients. Our hypothesis is that CAD is a multifactorial disease caused by yet largely unidentified genetic variants and environmental factors, which may interact. Our aim is to identify genetic variants associated with an increased risk of CAD and possibly gene-environment interactions. Methods We organized a multinational European network, Cervical Artery Dissection and Ischemic Stroke Patients (CADISP), which aims at increasing our knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms of this disease in a large group of patients. Within this network, we are aiming to perform a de novo genetic association analysis using both a genome-wide and a candidate gene approach. For this purpose, DNA from approximately 1100 patients with CAD, and 2000 healthy controls is being collected. In addition, detailed clinical, laboratory, diagnostic, therapeutic, and outcome data are being collected from all participants applying predefined criteria and definitions in a standardized way. We are expecting to reach the above numbers of subjects by early 2009. Conclusions We present the strategy of a collaborative project searching for the genetic risk factors of CAD. The CADISP network will provide detailed and novel data on environmental risk factors and genetic susceptibility to CAD.
Bacterial Inactivation by Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Compared with Sensitivity to 254 nm Radiation
Authors: Coohill Thomas P. , Sagripanti Jose‐Luis 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOur goal was to derive a quantitative factor that would allow us to predict the solar sensitivity of vegetative bacterial cells to natural solar radiation from the wealth of data collected for cells exposed to UVC (254 nm) radiation. We constructed a solar effectiveness spectrum for inactivation of vegetative bacterial cells by combining the available action spectra for vegetative cell killing in the solar range with the natural sunlight spectrum that reaches the ground. We then analyzed previous studies reporting the effects of solar radiation on vegetative bacterial cells and on bacterial spores. Although UVC‐sensitive cells were also more sensitive to solar radiation, we found no absolute numerical correlation between the relative solar sensitivity of vegetative cells and their sensitivity to 254 nm radiation. The sensitivity of bacterial spores to solar exposure during both summer and winter correlated closely to their UVC sensitivity. The estimates presented here should make it possible to reasonably predict the time it would take for natural solar UV to kill bacterial spores or with a lesser degree of accuracy, vegetative bacterial cells after dispersion from an infected host or after an accidental or intentional release.
Cationic Hypericin Derivatives as Novel Agents with Photobactericidal Activity: Synthesis and Photodynamic Inactivation of Propionibacterium acnes
Authors: Hager Beate , Strauss Wolfgang S. L. , Falk Heinz 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe present communication describes for the first time the synthesis and preliminary testing of two cationic hypericin derivatives. Uncharged hypericin derivatives with ω,ω’‐attached C2‐linkers leading to a pyridyl or a 4‐dimethylaminophenyl residue were prepared and subsequently quaternized by means of iodomethane. Photobactericidal activity was assessed using Propionibacterium acnes. The quaternary N,N,N‐trimethyl‐anilinium derivative displayed a pronounced photodynamic inactivation of the bacteria at low incubation concentrations (<100 nm) and a short incubation time (1 h) after illumination with yellow light (590 nm, 20 J cm−2), whereas the photobactericidal efficacy of the N‐methyl‐pyridinium derivative was negligible under identical experimental conditions.
A Role for Hydrogen Peroxide in the Pro‐apoptotic Effects of Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Price Michael , Terlecky Stanley R. , Kessel David 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlthough the first reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during irradiation of photosensitized cells is almost invariably singlet molecular oxygen (1O2), other ROS have been implicated in the phototoxic effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Among these are superoxide anion radical (•O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (•OH). In this study, we investigated the role of H2O2 in the pro‐apoptotic response to PDT in murine leukemia P388 cells. A primary route for detoxification of cellular H2O2 involves the peroxisomal enzyme catalase. Inhibition of catalase activity by 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole led to an increased apoptotic response. PDT‐induced apoptosis was impaired by addition of an exogenous recombinant catalase analog (CAT‐skl) that was specifically designed to enter cells and more efficiently localize in peroxisomes. A similar effect was observed upon addition of 2,2′‐bipyridine, a reagent that can chelate Fe+2, a co‐factor in the Fenton reaction that results in the conversion of H2O2 to •OH. These results provide evidence that formation of H2O2 during irradiation of photosensitized cells contributes to PDT efficacy.