bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomicohistological Characteristics of the Tubular Genital Organs of the Female Red Brocket Deer (Mazama americana) in the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Mayor P. , López‐Plana C. , López‐Béjar M. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThis study examined the anatomical and histological characteristics of tubular genital organs of 51 adult female red brocket deer in the wild in different reproductive stages, collected by rural hunters in the north‐eastern Peruvian Amazon. The infundibulum was characterized by a large diameter and the presence of a highly folded and ciliated epithelium, and the isthmus has a growing secretor epithelium and a thicker muscular layer. Whereas ciliated cells are more frequent in the infundibulum, epithelial secretory cells showing abundant apical secretory blebs are more frequent in the isthmus. In non‐pregnant females in luteal phase, the endometrium transforms from a proliferative to a secretory type, showing a significant proliferation of endometrial uterine glands. The red brocket deer has four large circular folds in the cervix. The epithelium of the cervix is composed primarily of secretory cells. In pregnant females, the lumen of the endocervical canal is occupied by abundant mucous secretion. All pregnant females had one embryo or fetus, with a fetal sex ratio of 54.0% females to 46.0% males. This species has a cotyledonary, syndesmochorial and partially deciduate placenta, with 6–7 dome‐shaped caruncles per female. The red brocket deer does not present a true cornification of the vaginal epithelial cells, and no vaginal epithelial pattern was determined according the reproductive state of the female.
NAT2 and CYP2E1 polymorphisms associated with antituberculosis drug‐induced hepatotoxicity in Chinese patients
Authors: An Hui‐Ru , Wu Xue‐Qiong , Wang Zhong‐Yuan , Zhang Jun‐Xian , Liang Yan 
Published: April 2012

Summary

The present study investigated the relationship between antituberculosis (anti‐TB) drug‐induced hepatotoxicity and genetic polymorphisms of two important drug‐metabolizing enzymes involved in the metabolism of isoniazid, namely
N
‐acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1).
A polymerase chain reaction direct sequencing approach was used to detect genetic polymorphisms of the
NAT2
and
CYP2E1
genes in tuberculosis (TB) patients with (n = 101) or without (n = 107) anti‐TB drug‐induced hepatotoxicity. Associations between various genetic polymorphisms and anti‐TB drug‐induced hepatotoxicity were then determined.
Patients with
NAT2
(282TT
, 590AA
and 857GA
) alleles had an increased susceptibility to anti‐TB drug‐induced hepatotoxicity. The slow acetylator
NAT2
genotypes (especially
NAT2*6A/7B and NAT2*6A/6A
) were risk factors for hepatotoxicity (odds ratio (OR) 9.57 (P < 0.001) for
NAT2*6A/7B
; OR 5.24 (P = 0.02) for
NAT2*6A/6A
).
The
CYP2E1
genotype per se was not significantly associated with the development of anti‐TB drug‐induced hepatotoxicity. However, the combination of the
CYP2E1

C1/
C1 genotype with a slow acetylator
NAT2
genotype increased the risk of anti‐TB drug‐induced hepatotoxicity (OR 5.33; P = 0.003) compared with the combination of a rapid acetylator
NAT2
genotype with either a
C1/
C2 or
C2/
C2 genotype.
Thus, slow acetylators with the
NAT2*6A/7B
and
NAT2*6A/6A
genotypes combined with the
C1/
C1

CYP2E1
genotype may be involved in the pathogenesis of anti‐TB drug‐induced hepatotoxicity.
The present findings may be explained, in part, by changes in the metabolism of the anti‐TB drug isoniazid induced via NAT2 and CYP2E1, a metabolic process known to produce hepatotoxic intermediates.
Feasibility study of secure closure of gastric fundus perforation using over‐the‐scope clips in a dog model
Authors: Zhang Xiu‐Li , Qu Jian‐Hui , Sun Gang , Tang Ping , Yang Yun‐Sheng 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Gastric fundus perforation is a serious complication of endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection performed for the removal of early gastric cancers or subepithelial tumors. The novel over‐the‐scope clip (OTSC) has recently been found to be effective for closing gastrointestinal‐tract perforations and accesses for natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery. However, feasibility studies of OTSCs in gastric fundus perforation are still lacking. The aim of this study was therefore to demonstrate the feasibility of endoscopic closure of gastric fundus perforation using the OTSC system in a dog model.Methods:  Gastric fundus perforations were created by needle‐knife electrocautery in seven dogs. The perforations were then closed using the OTSC clipping system. Stomach distension was maintained by maximum insufflation with air and methylene blue solution (500 mL) was instilled to submerge the closed perforation. Leaks were detected laparoscopically.Results:  Perforations were closed in all seven cases with a mean time of 18.5 ± 6.4 min (11–28 min). Twin Grasper assistance failed to release the OTSCs in two of the seven cases (2/7, 28.6%) because of difficulties associated with the J‐maneuver (retroflexion of endoscope) required for the gastric fundus procedure, and OTCS were forced into place by suction. Minor leakage was observed in one case (1/7, 14.3%). No damages related to the clip system were found during postmortem examinations.Conclusions:  Despite difficulties associated with the J‐maneuver of the endoscope, this small series demonstrated that sufficient closure of gastric fundus perforation could be achieved using the OTSC system.
Categorical representation of objects in the central nucleus of the monkey amygdala
Authors: Kuraoka Koji , Nakamura Katsuki 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe primate amygdala consists of several subnuclei. Neurons in this brain area have been known to respond to stimuli belonging to specific categories of objects, such as faces, animals, and artifacts. However, little is known about the functional differences among the nuclei of the primate amygdala. To clarify functional differences among these subnuclei in object categorization, we compared the responsiveness of neuronal populations among the lateral, basal and central nuclei of the monkey amygdala. The activity of 203 neurons was recorded while video clips of 13 stimuli belonging to three categories (monkey, human, and artifact) were presented. Of these neurons, 37, 39 and 37 neurons in the lateral, basal and central nuclei, respectively, responded to at least one of the stimuli. We applied a cluster analysis to the neuronal population responses from these nuclei, and also calculated information about the three categories and monkey identity from each neuronal population. We found that the three categories and monkey identity could be more properly classified by neuronal responsiveness in the central nucleus, which is an output gate of the amygdala, than by that in the lateral and basal nuclei. These results suggest that the information about objects suitable for the generation of appropriate emotional response is built up within the primate amygdala via an intra‐amygdala network from the lateral nucleus to the central nucleus.
Imbalanced suppression of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission onto mouse striatal projection neurons during induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane in vitro
Authors: Oose Yoshiyuki , Miura Masami , Inoue Ritsuko , Andou Nozomi , Aosaki Toshihiko , Nishimura Kinya 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSuppression of movement during induction of anesthesia is mediated through subcortical structures. We studied the effects of a brief, 5‐min application of a clinically relevant concentration of sevoflurane (two minimum alveolar concentration) on the electrophysiological activities of the medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the striatum in brain slice preparations, using a whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique. We found that sevoflurane slightly depolarized principal neurons in the cortex and the striatum without a significant alteration in spike threshold. Furthermore, it depressed the peak, as well as the net, charge transfer of intrastriatally evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (eIPSCs) much more strongly than those of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), and this inhibition was accompanied by an elevated paired‐pulse ratio. The strong suppression of eIPSCs paralleled a significant suppression of the frequency, but not the amplitude, of miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs), and was associated with a transient increase in the frequency of spontaneous EPSCs. Treatment with the Ca2+ channel blocker Cd2+ restored the frequency of mIPSCs to the control level, indicating sevoflurane’s strong presynaptic suppression of γ‐aminobutyric acid release in the striatum. In contrast, in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons sevoflurane produced an enhancement of the net charge transfer of IPSCs, while it suppressed EPSCs to an equivalent degree to that in striatal MSNs. These results suggest that, in contrast to its effects on other brain structures, sevoflurane shifts the balance between synaptic excitation and inhibition in the direction of excitation in the striatum, thereby causing involuntary movements during induction of anesthesia by sevoflurane.
Obstacle avoidance locomotor tasks: adaptation, memory and skill transfer
Authors: Kloter Evelyne , Dietz Volker 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore the neural basis of adaptation, memory and skill transfer during human stepping over obstacles. Whilst walking on a treadmill, subjects had to perform uni‐ and bilateral obstacle steps. Acoustic feedback information about foot clearance was provided. Non‐noxious electrical stimuli were applied to the right tibial nerve during the mid‐stance phase of the right leg, i.e. ‘prior’ to the right or ‘during’ the left leg swing over the obstacle. The electromyogram (EMG) responses evoked by these stimuli in arm and leg muscles are known to reflect the neural coordination during normal and obstacle steps. The leading and trailing legs rapidly adapted foot clearance during obstacle steps with small further changes when the same obstacle condition was repeated. This adaptation was associated with a corresponding decrease in arm and leg muscle reflex EMG responses. Arm (but not leg) muscle EMG responses were greater when the stimulus was applied ‘during’ obstacle crossing by the left leg leading compared with stimulation ‘prior’ to right leg swing over the obstacle. A corresponding difference existed in arm muscle background EMG. The results indicate that, firstly, the somatosensory information gained by the performance and adaptation of uni‐ and bilateral obstacle stepping becomes transferred to the trailing leg in a context‐specific manner. Secondly, EMG activity in arm and leg muscles parallels biomechanical adaptation of foot clearance. Thirdly, a consistently high EMG activity in the arm muscles during swing over the obstacle is required for equilibrium control. Thus, such a precision locomotor task is achieved by a context‐specific, coordinated activation of arm and leg muscles for performance and equilibrium control that includes adaptation, memory and skill transfer.
Top‐down determinants of niche structure and adaptation among African Acacias
Authors: Staver A. Carla , Bond William J. , Cramer Michael D. , Wakeling Julia L. 
Published: April 2012

Ecology Letters (2012) 15: 673–679AbstractThe role of top‐down factors like herbivory and fire in structuring species’ niches, even in disturbance‐dependent biomes like savanna, remains poorly understood. Interactions between herbivory and fire may set up a potential tradeoff axis, along which unique adaptations contribute to structuring communities and determining species distributions. We examine the role of herbivory and fire in structuring distributions of Acacia saplings in Hluhluwe iMfolozi Park in South Africa, and the relationship of species’ niche structure to traits that help them survive herbivory or fire. Results suggest that (1) fire and herbivory form a single trade‐off axis, (2) Acacia sapling distributions are constrained by fire and herbivory, and (3) Acacia saplings have adaptations that are structured by the tradeoff axis. Herbivory‐adapted species tend to have ‘cage’‐like architecture, thicker bark, and less starch storage, while fire‐adapted species tend to have ‘pole’‐like architecture, relatively thinner bark, and more starch storage.
Tracking differential incorporation of dissolved organic carbon types among diverse lineages of Sargasso Sea bacterioplankton
Authors: Nelson Craig E. , Carlson Craig A. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryBacterioplankton are the primary trophic conduit for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and linking community structure with DOC utilization is central to understanding global carbon cycling. We coupled stable isotope probing (SIP) with 16S rRNA pyrosequencing in dark seawater culture experiments on euphotic and mesopelagic communities from the Sargasso Sea. Parallel cultures were amended with equimolar quantities of four DO13C substrates to simultaneously evaluate community utilization and population‐specific incorporation. Of the substrates tested – two cyanobacterial products (exudates or lysates from a culture of Synechococcus) and two defined monosaccharides (glucose or gluconic acid) – the cyanobacterial exudates were incorporated by the greatest diversity of oligotrophic bacterioplankton populations in surface waters, including taxa from > 10 major subclades within the Flavobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria (including SAR11). In contrast, the monosaccharide glucose was not incorporated by any taxa belonging to extant oligotrophic oceanic clades. Conversely, proteobacterial copiotrophs, which were rare in the ambient water (< 0.1% of sequences), grew rapidly on all DOC amendments at both depths, but with different substrate preferences among lineages. We present a new analytical framework for using SIP to detect DOC incorporation across diverse oligotrophic bacterioplankton and discuss implications for the ecology of bacterial–DOC interactions among populations of diverging trophic strategies.
In situsurvey of life cycle phases of the coccolithophoreEmiliania huxleyi(Haptophyta)
Authors: Frada Miguel J. , Bidle Kay D. , Probert Ian , de Vargas Colomban 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThe cosmopolitan coccolithophoreEmiliania huxleyiis characterized by a strongly differentiated haplodiplontic life cycle consisting of a diploid phase, generally bearing coccoliths (calcified) but that can be also non‐calcified, and a non‐calcified biflagellated haploid phase. Given most studies have focused on the bloom‐producing calcified phase, there is little‐to‐no information about non‐calcified cells in nature. Using field mesocoms as experimental platforms, we quantitatively surveyed calcified and non‐calcified cells using the combined calcareous detection fluorescentin situhybridization (COD‐FISH) method and qualitatively screened for haploid specific transcripts using reverse transcription‐PCR duringE. huxleyibloom successions. Diploid, calcified cells formed dense blooms that were followed by the massive proliferation ofE. huxleyiviruses (EhVs), which caused bloom demise. Non‐calcified cells were also detected throughout the experiment, accounting for a minor fraction of the population but becoming progressively more abundant during mid‐late bloom periods concomitant withEhV burst. Non‐calcified cell growth also paralleled a distinct window of haploid‐specific transcripts and the appearance of autotrophic flagellates morphologically similar to haploid cells, both of which are suggestive of meiosis and sexual life cycling during natural blooms of this prominent marine phytoplankton species.
Ciliate and bacterial communities associated with White Syndrome and Brown Band Disease in reef‐building corals
Authors: Sweet Michael , Bythell John 
Published: April 2012

SummaryWhite Syndrome (WS) and Brown Band Disease (BrB) are important causes of reef coral mortality for which causal agents have not been definitively identified. Here we use culture‐independent molecular techniques (DGGE and clone libraries) to characterize ciliate and bacterial communities in these diseases. Bacterial (16S rRNA gene) and ciliate (18S rRNA gene) communities were highly similar between the two diseases. Four bacterial and nine ciliate ribotypes were observed in both diseases, but absent in non‐diseased specimens. Only one of the bacteria, Arcobacter sp. (JF831360) increased substantially in relative 16S rRNA gene abundance and was consistently represented in all diseased samples. Four of the eleven ciliate morphotypes detected contained coral algal symbionts, indicative of the ingestion of coral tissues. In both WS and BrB, there were two ciliate morphotypes consistently represented in all disease lesion samples. Morph1 (JN626268) was observed to burrow into and underneath the coral tissues at the lesion boundary. Morph2 (JN626269), previously identified in BrB, appears to play a secondary, less invasive role in pathogenesis, but has a higher population density in BrB, giving rise to the visible brown band. The strong similarity in bacterial and ciliate community composition of these diseases suggests that they are actually the same syndrome.
Resistant ticks inhibit Metarhizium infection prior to haemocoel invasion by reducing fungal viability on the cuticle surface
Authors: Ment Dana , Churchill Alice C. L. , Gindin Galina , Belausov Eduard , Glazer Itamar , Rehner Stephen A. , Rot Asael , Donzelli Bruno G. G. , Samish Michael 
Published: April 2012

SummaryWe studied disease progression of, and host responses to, four species in the Metarhizium anisopliae complex expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). We compared development and determined their relative levels of virulence against two susceptible arthropods, the cattle tick Rhipicephalus annulatus and the lepidopteran Galleria mellonella, and two resistant ticks, Hyalomma excavatum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Metarhizium brunneum Ma7 caused the greatest mortality of R. annulatus, Metarhizium robertsii ARSEF 2575 and Metarhizium pingshaense PPRC51 exhibited intermediate levels of virulence, and Metarhizium majus PPRC27 caused low mortality of cattle ticks. Conidia of all four species germinated on all hosts examined, but on resistant hosts, sustained hyphal growth was inhibited and GFP emission steadily and significantly decreased over time, suggesting a loss of fungal viability. Cuticle penetration was observed only for the three most virulent species infecting susceptible hosts. Cuticles of resistant and susceptible engorged female ticks showed significant increases in red autofluorescence at sites immediately under fungal hyphae. This is the first report (i) of tick mortality occurring after cuticle penetration but prior to haemocoel colonization and (ii) that resistant ticks do not support development of Metarhizium germlings on the outer surface of the cuticle. Whether reduced Metarhizium viability on resistant tick cuticles is due to antibiosis or limited nutrient availability is unknown.
Utility of non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol in assessing incident type 2 diabetes risk
Authors: Ley S. H. , Harris S. B. , Connelly P. W. , Mamakeesick M. , Gittelsohn J. , Wolever T. M. , Hegele R. A. , Zinman B. , Hanley A. J. 
Published: April 2012

Aims: Traditional lipid indices have been associated with type 2 diabetes, but limited data are available regarding non‐high‐density lipoprotein (non‐HDL) cholesterol. In view of recent guidelines for the clinical management of dyslipidemia recommending the monitoring of non‐HDL cholesterol as a secondary target after achieving the low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol goal, we aimed to assess the association of non‐HDL cholesterol with incident type 2 diabetes and compare its utility as a risk predictor with traditional lipid variables in Aboriginal Canadians.Methods: Of 606 diabetes‐free participants at baseline, 540 (89.1%) returned for 10‐year follow‐up assessments. Baseline anthropometry, blood pressure, fasting insulin and serum lipids were measured. Fasting and 2‐h postload glucose were obtained at baseline and follow‐up to determine the incidence of type 2 diabetes.Results: The cumulative incidence of type 2 diabetes was 17.5%. Higher non‐HDL cholesterol, total‐to‐HDL cholesterol ratio, apolipoprotein B, triglyceride and LDL cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol concentrations were individually associated with incident type 2 diabetes in univariate analyses (all p < 0.05). Non‐HDL cholesterol was a superior determinant of incident diabetes compared with LDL cholesterol (comparing C‐statistics of univariate models p = 0.01) or HDL cholesterol (p = 0.004). With multivariate adjustment including waist circumference, non‐HDL cholesterol remained associated with incident diabetes [odds ratio (OR) 1.42 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.07–1.88)], while LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol became non‐significant.Conclusions: Non‐HDL cholesterol was associated with incident type 2 diabetes and was superior to LDL cholesterol as a risk predictor in this population. Further studies are required to establish the utility of non‐HDL cholesterol in non‐Aboriginal populations.
Fasting hyperglycaemia blunts the reversal of impaired glucose tolerance after exercise training in obese older adults
Authors: Malin S. K. , Kirwan J. P. 
Published: April 2012

Aim: Lifestyle modification, consisting of exercise and weight loss, delays the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, no study has determined the efficacy of exercise training on glucose metabolism in the different prediabetes subtypes.Methods: Seventy‐six older (65.1 ± 0.6 years) obese adults with impaired fasting glucose (IFG; n = 12), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; n = 9) and combined glucose intolerance (IFG + IGT = CGI; n = 22) were compared with normal glucose tolerant (NGT; n = 15) and T2D (n = 18) groups after 12 weeks of exercise training (60 min/day for 5 days/week at ∼85% HRmax). An oral glucose tolerance test was used to assess glucose levels. Insulin sensitivity (IS; euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp at 40 mU/m2/min), β‐cell function (glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion corrected for IS), body composition (hydrostatic weighing/computed tomography scan) and cardiovascular fitness (treadmill VO2max) were also assessed.Results: Exercise training reduced weight and increased cardiovascular fitness (p < 0.05). Exercise training lowered fasting glucose levels in IFG, CGI and T2D (p < 0.05) and 2‐h glucose levels in IGT, CGI and T2D (p < 0.05). However, 2‐h glucose levels were not normalized in adults with CGI compared with IGT (p < 0.05). β‐Cell function improved similarly across groups (p < 0.05). Although not statistically significant, IS increased approximately 40% in IFG and IGT, but only 17% in CGI.Conclusion: The magnitude of improvement in glucose metabolism after 12 weeks of exercise training is not uniform across the prediabetes subtypes. Given the high risk of progressing to T2D, adults with CGI may require more aggressive therapies to prevent diabetes.