bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Other Kinds of Beauty
Authors: Sherman Bernard D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
One could locate an endless number of beginning points for the early-music revival, from late 18th-century Handel-reverence to early 20th-century clavichord making. Wherever the revival first sprouted though, one could argue that it was foreshadowed by the 16th-century composer Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Palestrina was the first composer to remain influential not just for a few decades after his death, but for at least 300 years. What kept Palestrina influential was something that theorists derived (more or less) from his music—a set of rules of counterpoint. These became central to musical education and remain so today. This chapter presents an interview with Peter Phillips on the Tallis Scholars and Palestrina, Palestrina’s rules of counterpoint, issues of authenticity in the performance of Renaissance choral music, tempo, use of women instead of boys in choirs, and serenity and balance in Palestrina’s music.
Singing Like a Native
Authors: Sherman Bernard D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Alan Curtis and Rinaldo Alessandrini are gifted keyboardists who have founded vocal groups to explore the madrigals of Claudio Monteverdi and other Italian composers. The gist of their efforts is to have the music sung not by the early-music specialists—often British, who have dominated the field—but by native Italian speakers. No one else, the two believe, can equal Italian singers in this music. That may suggest nationalism, and in the 1990s many of us find ourselves recoiling from nationalism, or to be more precise, from the ideal of ethnic purity. Yet most of us do like local color. Which, then, of the two faces of nationalism show in the Monteverdi debates: the bad essentialism, or the good cultural integrity? This chapter presents the views of Curtis, Alessandrini, and Anthony Rooley on Monteverdi, Italian music, and early music.
“One Should Not Make a Rule”
Authors: Sherman Bernard D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In the 1950s and 1960s, a group of Dutch musicians created one of the world centers of what we now call the early music movement. Through the work of the Kuijken brothers, the recorder virtuoso Frans Brueggen, as well as Gustav Leonhardt and Anner Bylsma, the Netherlands became to Baroque performance what Switzerland is to chocolate, watches, and banks. Just as young musicians had long flocked to the Schola Cantorum in Basel for instruction, they now came from all over the world to Amsterdam. Leonhardt and his associates raised their instrumental technique to new heights. More significantly, they developed a new approach to playing Baroque music. In contrast to the motor-like “sewing machine” style prevalent in preceding decades, these players emphasized the metrical hierarchy that John Butt explains in the last chapter; and their playing, says Laurence Dreyfus, sounded “strikingly speech-like by mimicking ever-shifting patterns of thought”. This chapter presents an interview with Gustav Leonhardt on the use of keyboard instruments in Baroque music, early fingerings, and registration. He also discusses the interchangeability of harpsichord, clavichord, and portative organ.
Aladdin’s Lamp
Authors: Sherman Bernard D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
When the Baroque cello is mentioned, Anner Bylsma always comes up. Bylsma took up the Baroque cello in the 1960s, by which time he already had a distinguished career as a modern cellist. In the ferment of the early music scene of Amsterdam in the Netherlands, it was inevitable that Bylsma would be drawn to the early cello. That he still plays both instruments makes him a sharp observer of their differing challenges, and of current issues in their use. He also spoke about one of his favorite composers, Antonio Vivaldi. Vivaldi was the most influential Italian composer of his day, but serious musical thinkers often dismiss him. Bylsma, however, thinks that musicians play and hear Vivaldi wrong; he believes that the key to Vivaldi is his interest in depicting character. This point may reflect changes in musical aesthetics. The chapter presents an interview with Anner Bylsma on Vivaldi’s music and the cello, the style of Baroque cello playing, the use of rubato, vibrato and portamento, and the difference between French and Italian string-playing.
Taking Music Off the Pedestal
Authors: Sherman Bernard D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Was Ludwig van Beethoven the first great Romantic or the last great Classic? If you believe the movies or the booklet notes for certain mass-market CDs, he was the ultimate Romantic, the rebel who burst the chains of Classicism. But if you believe most modern scholars, he was “the culminating composer of the Classical style”. Yet recently, some Beethoven scholars, such as Maynard Solomon, have argued that focusing entirely on Beethoven’s “derivation from 18th century traditions” can oversimplify matters, by understating Beethoven’s “radical modernism” and the “overlapping of Beethoven and Romanticism”. Solomon concludes that “Beethoven’s masterworks—like his life—arise out of a perpetual tension between archaic sources and utopian possibilities”. Perhaps it is this tension that allowed even Beethoven’s disciples to put their own spin on him. This chapter presents an interview with conductor Roger Norrington on Beethoven, his views on bar lines, movements in the Beethoven symphonies, improvisation in classical music, dramatic structure, adagio, articulation and phrasing, Beethoven’s tempos, rubato, and the roughness of Beethoven’s music.
Reviving Idiosyncrasies
Authors: Sherman Bernard D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Since the 1960s, John Eliot Gardiner has spent much of his career conducting two groups he founded in his native England, the English Baroque Soloists and the Monteverdi Chorus. It has become obvious, though, that to categorize him as an English choral conductor and early music specialist would be unfair. Not only was he conducting opera at Sadler’s Wells in 1969; he has performed alongside such composers as Georges Bizet and Emmanuel Chabrier with the opera of Lyon (whose orchestra he founded), and he has more recently turned his attention to even later music. Concerning the use of early instruments in Romantic music, some observers have dismissed experiments in this field as simple empire-building by the historical-performance movement. Yet Hector Berlioz himself wrote that “at no period in the history of music has there been greater mention made of instrumentation” than in his own. This chapter presents an interview with Gardiner on Berlioz and Johannes Brahms, 19th century music, orchestras and period instruments, the use of violins, tone color in music, and the use of vibrato and portamento.
Childhood and Education
Authors: Liberles Robert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows how knowledge of the German language among Jews increased during the course of the 18th century. By the latter part of the century, governments increasingly mandated rudimentary education in the German language and basic math skills, but the greater focus on commerce had already paved the way for more attention to these subjects among Jews even prior to government intervention. Wealthier Jews could hire private instructors for themselves or for their children. Some Jews who could not afford a tutor taught themselves basic German skills. Dissatisfaction with Jewish education in Germany did not originate with the Haskalah, or Jewish Enlightenment. Across the spectrum of Jewish life, by the late 18th century a strong sense had developed that an extensive reform of Jewish education was badly needed.
Religious and Communal Life
Authors: Liberles Robert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that during the 17th and 18th centuries, a number of changes influenced the religious lives of Jews and Christians alike. The Reformation enhanced the sense of individuality, and the printing press made knowledge more accessible. Historians who see Judaism either remaining static or moving uniformly toward the surrounding society fail to discern the complexities and inconsistencies that emerged within German Jewry. Although critics complained repeatedly that synagogue services revealed an atmosphere of religious indifference, enhanced notions of piety influenced both public and private dimensions of religious life. Some individuals — especially women — found new outlets to express their spirituality through personal prayer for themselves and their loved ones. By 1780, the meaning of being an observant Jew was not the same as it had been a century earlier.
Social Relations
Authors: Liberles Robert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that although residential and economic factors brought Jews into continual contact with Christians, Jews maintained most of their social relations with other Jews. Spare time activity and social relations may have been at a premium and are among the least researched spheres of Jewish daily life, but this should not imply that Jews did not enjoy leisure activities. Many males studied in their spare time. They also occasionally gambled, drank, and traveled together. Some males joined societies that provided companionship, and in a few communities, women formed such societies as well. Usually Jews and Christians encountered each other primarily in business, but some maintained sporadic casual relations as well.
Family Life
Authors: Maurer Trude 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that traditional criteria for a “suitable match” remained largely valid even in the Weimar era. Family size declined, and during the Nazi period the birth rate dropped dramatically. At the same time, however, most Jews attached increased significance to the family as a (supposedly) protected sphere and nucleus of the community. Emphasis on the family served to reinforce traditional gender roles, despite the rise in female wage earning. Thus, there were contradictory developments in family life during the entire period.
Religious Practice in the Synagogue and at Home
Authors: Maurer Trude 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the revival of Jewish culture in general, and also more specifically in the Jewish Communities and religious life during the Weimar Republic. Large segments of German Jewry returned to religion after the major break of January 30, 1933, but this did not last. The Jewish holidays, celebrated mostly within the family until then, started gaining social and community significance, strengthening group consciousness, as greater emphasis was placed on holidays that had previously carried minor importance. With their comprehensive practical relief efforts in the initial years of the Nazi regime, the Jewish Communities became the center of Jewish life.
Constricting and Extinguishing Jewish Life
Authors: Maurer Trude 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows how Jews were deliberately terrorized starting in 1933. As of summer 1938 more extreme persecutions peaked in the pogrom of November 9-10 and the arrest and internment of about 30,000 men in concentration camps. This made the defenselessness and isolation of the Jews clear-cut. Even at that time they received little help from non-Jews. Emigration seemed the only remaining option. But this option became virtually impossible once the war started and was finally prohibited entirely in October 1941. At the same time, forced labor and the withdrawal of almost all food stripped Jews of the material basis for survival and all psychological strength.
Electric Folk
Authors: Sweers Britta 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In the 1960s and 1970s, British musicians rediscovered traditional folk ballads, fusing the old melodies with rock, jazz, and blues styles to create a new genre dubbed “electric folk” or “British folk rock.” This revival featured groups such as Steeleye Span, Fairport Convention, and Pentangle, and individual performers like Richard Thompson and Shirley Collins. While working in multiple styles, all were making music based on traditional English song and dance material. After reasonable commercial success, electric folk disappeared from mainstream notice in the late 1970s, yet performers continue to create it today. This multi-layered analysis explores electric folk as a cultural phenomenon, commercial entity, and performance style. Drawing on rare historical sources, contemporary music journalism, and first-hand interviews, the book argues that electric folk resulted from both the American folk revival of the early 1960s and a reaction against the dominance of American pop music abroad. In this process, the musicians turned to traditional musical material as a means of asserting their British cultural identity. Yet, they were less interested in the “purity” of folk ballads than in the music's potential for lively interaction with modern styles, instruments, and media. This book also delves into the impact of the movement on mainstream pop, American rock music, and neighboring European countries.
The Music
Authors: Sweers Britta 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter provides a broader overview of the different musical elements that form the hybrid genre electric folk. This includes adaptations from the tradition (e.g. Child Ballads, broadsides, uneven metric-rhythmic structures), borrowings from modern music (particularly progressive rock), and specifically hybrid elements like the sound combination of electric and acoustic instruments. The complexity of electric folk becomes particularly apparent in the variety of arrangement possibilities employed by the musicians. Another significant characteristic is the integration of traditional singing styles. The physical and ornamental techniques have been adapted from a variety of sources and were combined with new elements (including Bulgarian singing styles). The chapter is completed by a discussion of the performance practices such as rehearsal practices, differences between live and recorded versions, yet also amplification and volume of electric and acoustic instruments.
The Theology of Massive Resistance: Sex, Segregation, and the Sacred after Brown
Authors: Dailey Jane 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter asserts that segregationists were motivated by their fear of miscegenation to seek divine sanction for the separation of the races. It explains that in their reading of the Bible, segregationists make theological justification for their opposition to the atheistic Supreme Court decision. It adds that many of the ordinary white southerners who quoted Holy Scripture in support of segregation were women.
Flexing the Frame in Javanese Gamelan Music
Authors: Sutton R. Anderson , Vetter Roger R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter provides a study of composition and improvisation techniques in Javanese music: Javanese “Compositions” for Gamelan Ensemble: Gendhing; Ladrang Pangkur; Treatment (Garapan): Realizing Ladrang Pangkur in Performance; The Macro-form; Enriching the Form: Tempo Changes, Interruptions, and Irama Shifts; and Varying the Main Melody.
Cell Proliferation
Authors: Suter Bernhard , Bhide Pradeep G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Cell proliferation is the earliest step in the protracted process of mammalian brain development. Various genetic and environmental factors modulate the pace of cell proliferation and the number and type of cells produced. This chapter describes the spatiotemporal features of cell proliferation and the effect of neurotransmitters, major constituents of the chemical environment of the developing brain that modulate the process of precursor cell formation. It focuses on three neurotransmitters that are the most abundant in the developing brain: dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate. The goal is to present an overview of the organization and activity of precursor cell populations and discuss the potential for modulation of precursor cell activity by neurotransmitters.
Developmental Disorders and Evolutionary Expectations: Mechanisms of Resilience
Authors: Finlay Barbara L. , Yost Jeremy C. , Cheung Desmond T. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Every living organism can trace its lineage back to the unicellular organisms that first populated Earth. Humans are the descendants of creatures who have not only survived but successfully reproduced in the face of events such as gross atmospheric shifts, blasts of ionizing radiation, the impacts of comets, ice ages, global warming, earthquakes, and hurricanes. Any survivor of this wildly improbable lineage is made of tough stuff. This chapter examines the design features of the tough stuff of which we are made. It argues that only in this evolutionary context will disorders of development that sometimes emerge make mechanistic sense.
Neuronal Receptors for Nicotine: Functional Diversity and Developmental Changes
Authors: Mansvelder Huibert D. , Role Lorna W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is the principal target-mediator of nicotine from smoking and chewing of tobacco. The effects of nicotine on offspring of pregnant smokers are widespread, ranging from altered neural development to increased susceptibility to addiction in adolescence. These facts underscore the importance of understanding nAChR functions in the prenatal mammalian brain. This chapter discusses the fundamental aspects of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors with which nicotine interacts in the context of potential effects on neural development and plasticity.
Frequency of Use and the Organization of Language
Authors: Bybee Joan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book essentially argues for the importance of word frequency as a factor in the analysis and explanation of language structure. In other words, the roles of words and other linguistic phenomena such as morphology, phonology, and syntax are highly influenced by low, medium, or high frequency with which they occur. The book includes three decades of influential research in one thematic source. It provides an introductory overview that traces the development of thinking on this important subject. The discussion covers word frequency in lexical diffusion, morphophonemics, lexical and morphological conditioning of alternations using Spanish verbs as example, rules and schemas in the development and use of the English past tense, morphological classes as natural categories, regular morphology and lexicon, sequentiality as the basis of constituent structure, and mechanisms of change in grammaticization.
Chapter 2 Word Frequency in Lexical Diffusion and the Source of Morphophonological Change
Authors: Bybee Joan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Two ideas that have been around for almost a century need to be reexamined in the light of existing theories of linguistic change. These ideas involve the relationship between word frequency and morphophonological change. Morphophonological change can be divided into sound change, which is largely, perhaps entirely, phonetically motivated, and analogy, which is primarily conceptually motivated. This chapter argues that the relation between sound change and word frequency is just the reverse of the relation between analogy and word frequency. That is, sound changes affect the most frequent lexical items first. Infrequent items are the most resistant to phonetically motivated change, while frequent items are the most resistant to conceptually motivated change. This chapter considers the role of the child versus the adult speaker in the initiation of linguistic change.
Chapter 3 Explanation in Morphophonemics Changes in Provençal and Spanish Preterite Forms
Authors: Brewer Mary Alexandra 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on analogical changes in the preterite verbal paradigms of dialects of Castilian and Provençal. Though the changes work with different phonological material, indicating their independence from one another, the principles underlying the changes are the same. These changes point to the relative autonomy of certain forms, particularly the third singular and the first singular, which both resist change and serve as the basis of new analogical formations. Autonomy is said to depend on semantic simplicity, morphophonemic irregularity, and word frequency. Morphophonemic alternations (alternations with some morphosyntactic or lexical conditioning) would seem to be among the most arbitrary and conventional aspects of natural language. Their treatment in most theories characterizes them as synchronically arbitrary. This chapter argues that morphophonemic alternations are not arbitrary but rather tend to form diagrammatic relations. Evidence is presented to show that there is a basic-derived relationship among the forms of a stem paradigm that diagrams the basic-derived relationship in the semantic domain.
Chapter 7 Are Stem Changes as Natural as Affixes?
Authors: NEWMAN JEAN E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A prominent claim made in the theory of natural morphology is that among morphological processes, affixation is more “natural” than internal stem changes. According to this theory, the criteria for “more natural” include the following: more common in the world's languages; more common within a single language; easier to acquire, and thus acquired earlier; later lost in aphasia; and easier to process in general. This chapter compares explanations traced to grammaticization with explanations based on synchronic processing preferences. It argues that the rarity of stem changes versus affixes in the languages of the world is due to the way each mode of expression develops diachronically and not to a postulated extra processing cost for stem changes. The acquisition difficulty associated with stem changes is due to their low type frequency in the languages in which they have been studied. This chapter describes an experiment in which subjects were taught an artificial language in which stem changes have type frequency comparable to affixes. In this experiment, subjects learned the stem changes as easily as the affixes.
Chapter 16 Mechanisms of Change in Grammaticization
Authors: MODER CAROL LYNN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the frequency effects associated with grammaticization using the case study of the development of the English auxiliary can. It argues that many of the phenomena associated with grammaticization relate directly to the frequency increase observed in this process. Semantic bleaching is attributed to habituation, phonological reduction to chunking, and the resulting reduction to the automatization of neuromotor routines. The developing autonomy of the new construction, also due to frequency, accounts for the growing semantic opacity of the parts of the construction and the entrenchment of its morphosyntactic characteristics.
Introduction: Empire in an Age of Discord
Authors: DAUGHTON J. P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by describing the archives of French colonialism as being filled with stories of disagreement, conflict, and reconciliation like the exchanges between Monsieur Julia and Père Delmont. It then notes that this book tells the story of how French people with markedly different backgrounds, moral codes, and political perspectives shaped colonial and national politics between 1880 and 1914, the most intense period of colonial expansion in French history. It argues that missionaries are essential to understand republican attitudes toward colonialism. It adds that the criticisms and condemnations that shaped much of the interaction between missionaries and their detractors are essential to understand the formation of colonial policies. It discusses that the main impetus for developing republican civilizing programs was neither a purely liberal ideological nor a “humanitarian” one.