bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporary orthodontic anchorage devices for improving occlusion
Authors: Rossouw PE , Buschang PH 
Published: July 2009

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Rossouw PE, Buschang PHThe objective of the study was to provide insight into clinical and laboratory aspects of mini‐screw implant (MI) research conducted in the Department of Orthodontics at Baylor College of Dentistry. Excerpts were selected from clinical and laboratory MI research utilizing one type of implant and one consistent placement protocol to illustrate the clinical usage of MI as skeletal anchorage during Class II bimaxillary correction. In addition, a translational animal model was utilized to illustrate possible side‐effects of MI placement. Our studies have shown that successful and consistent clinical results are possible with MI use. Although iatrogenic trauma may occur during the placement of MI, a translational research model has provided data used to develop a placement protocol in order to avoid this dilemma. Absolute skeletal anchorage is a reality with MI use and can be used for successful orthodontic outcomes in the correction of Class II bimaxillary protrusion malocclusions to ideal Class I occlusions. Moreover, meticulous care has been shown to be essential with treatment planning and during placement of MI. Significant and extensive damage can occur with poor placement while healing is possible following minor trauma.
Mandibular necrosis in beagle dogs treated with bisphosphonates
Authors: Burr DB , Allen MR 
Published: July 2009

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Burr DB, Allen MRObjectives –  To test the effect of bisphosphonate (BP) treatment for up to 3 years on bone necrosis and osteocyte death in the mandible using a canine model.Materials and Methods –  Dogs were treated with clinical doses of oral alendronate (ALN, 0.2 or 1.0 mg/kg/day) for 1 or 3 years. In a separate study, dogs were treated with i.v. zoledronate (ZOL) at 0.06 mg/kg/day for 6 months. En bloc staining was used to identify necrotic areas in the mandible; viable osteocytes were identified using lactate dehydrogenase.Results –  None of the treatments was associated with exposed bone, but 17–25% of dogs treated for 1 year and 25–33% of dogs treated for 3 years with ALN showed pockets of dead bone. Necrotic areas had no viable osteocytes and were void of patent canaliculi. No control animals demonstrated necrotic bone. ZOL treatment for 6 months was associated with osteocyte death greater than that seen in animals treated with ALN or saline. It is not clear whether osteocyte death occurs because of direct toxic effects of BPs, or because suppressed remodelling fails to renew areas that naturally undergo cell death. Necrotic areas are also associated with bone other than the mandible, e.g. the rib, which normally undergo high rates of remodelling.Conclusions –  Reduced remodelling rate using BPs may contribute to the pathogenesis of bone matrix necrosis. The development of an animal model that mimics important aspects of BP‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw is important to understanding the pathogenesis of osteonecrosis.
Detection of root resorption using dentin and bone markers
Authors: George A , Evans CA 
Published: July 2009

Structured AbstractAuthors –  George A, Evans CAObjectives –  To test the hypothesis that during root resorption, organic matrix proteins and cytokines from the surrounding bone and dentin are released into the gingival crevice.Material and Methods –  Subjects with mild (<2 mm loss) and severe root resorption (>2 mm) were identified. Control group subjects with no loss of root structure or undergoing orthodontic treatment were also identified. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected non‐invasively from the mesial and distal sides of each of the four upper incisors by using filter paper strips. The eluted GCF was used for analysis using western blot and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques. Antibodies used were against osteopontin (OPN), (osteoprotegerin) OPG, and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL).Results –  Western blot analysis showed differential expression of OPN, OPG, and RANKL in the control and root resorbed subjects. However, processed forms of these proteins were only observed in the root resorbed subjects. Results from ELISA with OPG antibodies revealed a difference in OPG concentration between the control and root resorption groups. ELISA results with RANKL antibodies did show a statistically significant difference between the control group and the two study groups. The ratio RANKL/OPG was statistically higher in subjects with severe root resorption than in the control subjects.Conclusions –  Preliminary results confirm the presence of matrix proteins and cytokines in the GCF of root resorbed subjects. Further, OPG was locally present in excess amounts over RANKL and an increased RANKL/OPG in the study groups could be correlated with an increased bone resorption activity during orthodontic tooth movement.
Vegetation restoration of secondary bare saline‐alkali patches in the Songnen plain, China
Authors: Jiang S.‐C. , He N.‐P. , Wu L. , Zhou D.‐W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractQuestions: What factors limit vegetation restoration of secondary bare saline‐alkaline patches (BSAP) in the Songnen grassland of northeast China? Is there any adaptive approach to promote revegetation in the shortest time possible and at a low cost?Location: Northeast China.Methods: Considering the climate, soil saline‐alkalization and available seed sources, a new approach was adopted to restore vegetation in BSAP, which were formed by the degradation of typical Leymus chinensis grasslands owing to long‐term overgrazing. The experimental treatments included no treatment (CK), fencing (F), fencing+inserting cornstalks (FS), fencing+inserting cornstalks+sowing L. chinensis (FSL) and fencing+inserting cornstalks+sowing Puccinellia chinampoensis (FSP). The assumptions behind inserting cornstalks were not only that they would create safe sites for initial revegetation but also that they would enhance seed input by trapping and containing the seeds from seed movement on the BSAP surface.Results: Seed bank shortage was an important factor limiting initial revegetation in BSAP; seed movement on the BSAP surface could provide the necessary seed source if it were contained by effective measures. Vegetation at the sites FS, FSL and FSP was restored well in terms of the above‐ground biomass and coverage. Inserted cornstalks acted as safe sites that enhanced the plant survival rate in BSAP; they also enhanced the ability to contain seed movement, thus providing a seed source for initial revegetation. Along with initial revegetation, tussocks around cornstalks can provide better safe sites, which in turn can accelerate subsequent vegetation restoration in BSAP.Conclusions: The approach entails the strategic use of diverse seed sources and the construction of safe sites with agricultural byproducts (cornstalks); therefore, it is a low‐cost method and can be used on a widespread scale. The results provide vigorous support in favor of vegetation restoration in BSAP and severely degraded grasslands in the region. In practice, this approach can be used in degraded ecosystems with compacted soil surfaces (including arid and salt‐affected soils) to promote revegetation in various regions.
Aesthetic demand of French seniors: a large‐scale study
Authors: Wulfman Claudine , Tezenas du Montcel Sophie , Jonas Pierre , Fattouh Jalal , Rignon‐Bret Christophe 
Published: July 2009

doi:10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00331.x

Aesthetic demand of French seniors: a large‐scale study Objectives:  The needs of seniors for oral health and aesthetics are growing, as are their demands for aesthetics. This large‐scale study aims to identify the demand for aesthetics for a population aged over 55, and the influence of age and gender.Methods:  A 15‐item questionnaire was placed on the web in partnership with a major magazine dedicated to seniors. It reflected practitioners’ questions with regard to senior patient expectations: aesthetic demand assessment, most commonly expressed complaints, the importance given to tooth colour, knowledge of available therapeutic treatments and motivation levels for treatment.Results:  The survey generated 3868 responses, 61% from women; 77% of respondents declared being satisfied to very satisfied with their smile. Their highest priority to improve their smile was tooth alignment, followed by their shape, length and shade. Although 60% of respondents were satisfied with their current shading, 53% would prefer to have them whitened. Aesthetic treatments were well‐known to seniors. Over four‐fifths of them had heard of dental implants and ceramic crowns. Two‐thirds of those who wished to improve their smile were considering dental treatment.Conclusion:  The high number of collected questionnaires confirms the strong interest shown by seniors for dental aesthetics, particularly from women. Baby‐boomers seem more attentive to the appearance of their smile than their elders. However, the importance of appearance decreases with age, as it becomes less of a priority, with attention more focused on general health.
Hepatoma‐derived growth factor is induced in liver regeneration
Authors: Enomoto Hirayuki , Nakamura Hideji , Liu Weidong , Yoshida Kenya , Okuda Yorihide , Imanishi Hiroyasu , Saito Masaki , Shimomura Soji , Hada Toshikazu , Nishiguchi Shuhei 
Published: July 2009

Aim:  Hepatoma‐derived growth factor (HDGF) is a heparin‐binding protein, which has been suggested to be involved in the development of kidneys, the cardiovascular system and the liver. We have shown that HDGF is highly expressed in parenchymal hepatocytes in the developing liver and promotes fetal hepatocyte proliferation. In the present study, we asked whether HDGF expression was related to liver regeneration.Methods:  We examined the mRNA and protein expressions of HDGF in two liver regeneration models. In addition, cellular distribution of HDGF in the regenerating liver was investigated by immunohistochemistry.Results:  In the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‐treated liver, HDGF expression was induced and the peak was detected at 24 h after the CCl4 injection. HDGF expression was also enhanced in the hepatectomy model and the peak was detected at 12 h after surgery. The increased expression of HDGF protein was also confirmed by western blotting. Expression of the HDGF gene in the regenerating liver was dominantly detected in parenchymal hepatocytes.Conclusion:  These findings showed that HDGF expression was induced in parenchymal hepatocytes before the DNA synthesis in the regenerating liver, suggesting the possible involvement of HDGF in liver regeneration as an autocrine factor.
Autoantibody IgG subclasses to recombinant antigens and the role of bacterial stimuli in primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Kawai Toshihiro , Hosoya Naomi , Moritoki Yuki , Kajiyama Yusuke , Watanabe Masashi , Takai Atsuko , Selmi Carlo , Gershwin M. Eric , Miyakawa Hiroshi , Kikuchi Kentaro 
Published: July 2009

Aim:  Serum antimitochondrial antibody (AMA) of the IgG2 and IgG3 subclasses has been reported to be predominant in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis from developed countries. No data are available as to the significance of AMA subtypes in Japanese primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) patients who have previously manifested unique serological features, nor it is known whether AMA subclasses are influenced by bacterial stimuli, as suggested by the molecular theory of PBC. We undertook a three‐step study to address these questions.Methods:  First, Japanese PBC sera were tested using the established triple recombinant antigen (pML‐MIT3) to find AMA subclass distribution. Second, we used the three recombinant mitochondrial antigens in PBC sera of Japanese and USA patients to explore the ethnic difference. Third, we used CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and a B cell mitogen to challenge ex vivo peripheral leukocytes from indirect immunofluorescence (IIF)‐AMA‐positive patients with Japanese PBC.Results:  We detected most frequently IgG2‐AMA followed by IgG3‐AMA, with the latter being more common in IIF‐AMA‐positive cases, and demonstrated that the IgG3 reactivity against the dominant antigen was significantly higher in PBC sera from the USA. We determined that the bacterial stimulus was superior to the mitogen at inducing a predominant production of IgG2‐AMA and CD20+ B cell activation.Conclusion:  Our data cumulatively supported the hypothesis that IgG2 AMA subtypes are predominant in PBC and suggest that this might be favored by an innate immune reaction against bacterial particles, such as CpG DNA.
Vitamin K2 downregulates the expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Cao Ke , Liu Weidong , Nakamura Hideji , Enomoto Hirayuki , Yamamoto Teruhisa , Saito Masaki , Imanishi Hiroyasu , Shimomura Soji , Cao Peiguo , Nishiguchi Shuhei 
Published: July 2009

Aim:  Vitamin K2 exerts an antitumor activity on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), however, its inhibitory mechanism has not yet been clarified. This study was designed to identify the attractive target molecule of vitamin K2 and shed some light on its effects on fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)3 in HCC cells.Methods:  The changes in the gene expression of HuH‐7 after vitamin K2 treatment were evaluated by a DNA chip analysis. The mRNA and protein levels of FGFR were evaluated by semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR), real‐time PCR and western blot analysis. The promoter activity of the FGFR3 gene was measured by a dual‐luciferase assay.Results:  The DNA chip analysis revealed different inhibitory rates of gene expression of FGFR3 (60.6%) and FGFR1 (19.4%) after vitamin K2 treatment. Vitamin K2 suppresses the proliferation of HuH‐7 in a dose‐dependent manner and its inhibitory rate reached approximately 61.8% at the dose of 30 µM. FGFR3 mRNA was significantly reduced based on semiquantitative RT‐PCR and decreased 61.5% by a real‐time PCR method after vitamin K2 treatment, but FGFR1 mRNA was not. The level of FGFR3 protein was also reduced by vitamin K2 treatment. The luciferase assay demonstrated that vitamin K2 significantly suppressed the promoter activity of FGFR3. Furthermore, the FGFR3–ERK1/2 signaling pathway was suppressed by vitamin K2 treatment.Conclusion:  These findings suggest that vitamin K2 may suppress the proliferation of HCC cells through the downregulation of the FGFR3 expression. The transcriptional suppression of FGFR3 may be a novel mechanism of the vitamin K2 action for HCC cells.
Influence of inducible nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms in Japanese patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Yoneda Masato , Hotta Kikuko , Nozaki Yuichi , Endo Hiroki , Tomeno Wataru , Watanabe Seitaro , Hosono Kunihiro , Mawatari Hironori , Iida Hiroshi , Fujita Koji , Takahashi Hirokazu , Kirikoshi Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Noritoshi , Inamori Masahiko , Kubota Kensuke , Shimamura Takeshi , Saito Satoru , Maeyama Shiro , Wada Koichiro , Nakajima Atsushi 
Published: July 2009

Aim: Genetic factors as well as environmental factors play an important role in the development of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recently, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was significantly higher in the severest form of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and nitric oxide (NO) has been determined to play an important role in the process of fibrosis in NASH. In this study, we investigated iNOS gene polymorphisms for associations with NAFLD.Methods: A total of 115 NAFLD patients, consisting of 65 patients with NASH and 50 patients with simple steatosis, in whom a positive diagnosis had been made by liver biopsy, and 435 healthy control subjects, were recruited into this study.Results: We investigated 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the iNOS gene, one of which, rs1060822, had the lowestP‐value in the allele frequency model (P = 0.00078) with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.49 (0.32–0.75). Four SNP, rs2297510, rs2297511, rs2797512 and rs1060822, were significantly associated with NAFLD, even when the most conservative Bonferroni's correction was applied. Linkage disequilibrium analysis revealed that SNP rs1060822 and three other SNP, rs2297510, rs2297511 and rs2797512, were in the same block. We also investigated associations between rs1060822 genotypes and the fibrosis index, and the results of the analysis revealed an additive increase in the fibrosis index and intrahepatic iNOS mRNA expression in the patients with the T allele of rs1060822.Conclusion: This is the first study to identify genetic variations in iNOS that may influence the risk of NAFLD and liver fibrosis in NAFLD.
Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, CTS‐1027, attenuates liver injury and fibrosis in the bile duct‐ligated mouse
Authors: Kahraman Alisan , Bronk Steven F. , Cazanave Sophie , Werneburg Nathan W. , Mott Justin L. , Contreras Patricia C. , Gores Gregory J. 
Published: July 2009

Aim:  Excessive matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic liver injury. CTS‐1027 is an MMP inhibitor, which has previously been studied in humans as an anti‐arthritic agent. Thus, our aim was to assess if CTS‐1027 is hepato‐protective and anti‐fibrogenic during cholestatic liver injury.Methods:  C57/BL6 mice were subjected to bile duct ligation (BDL) for 14 days. Either CTS‐1027 or vehicle was administered by gavage.Results:  BDL mice treated with CTS‐1027 demonstrated a threefold reduction in hepatocyte apoptosis as assessed by the TUNEL assay or immunohistochemistry for caspase 3/7‐positive cells as compared to vehicle‐treated BDL animals (P < 0.01). A 70% reduction in bile infarcts, a histological indicator of liver injury, was also observed in CTS‐1027‐treated BDL animals. These differences could not be ascribed to differences in cholestasis as serum total bilirubin concentrations were nearly identical in the BDL groups of animals. Markers for stellate cell activation (α‐smooth muscle actin) and hepatic fibrogenesis (collagen 1) were reduced in CTS‐1027 versus vehicle‐treated BDL animals (P < 0.05). Overall animal survival following 14 days of BDL was also improved in the group receiving the active drug (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  The BDL mouse, liver injury and hepatic fibrosis are attenuated by treatment with the MMP inhibitor CTS‐1027. This drug warrants further evaluation as an anti‐fibrogenic drug in hepatic injury.
Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Primary Antibody Deficiencies and Infections
Authors: Fried Ari J. , Bonilla Francisco A. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYPrimary antibody deficiencies are the most common primary immunodeficiency diseases. They are a heterogeneous group of disorders with various degrees of dysfunctional antibody production resulting from a disruption of B-cell differentiation at different stages. While there has been tremendous recent progress in the understanding of some of these disorders, the etiology remains unknown for the majority of patients. As there is a large spectrum of underlying defects, the age at presentation varies widely, and the clinical manifestations range from an almost complete absence of B cells and serum immunoglobulins to selectively impaired antibody responses to specific antigens with normal total serum immunoglobulin concentrations. However, all of these disorders share an increased susceptibility to infections, affecting predominantly the respiratory tract. A delay of appropriate treatment for some diseases can result in serious complications related to infections, while timely diagnosis and adequate therapy can significantly decrease morbidity and increase life expectancy and quality of life.
Pathogenesis ofAspergillus fumigatusin Invasive Aspergillosis
Authors: Dagenais Taylor R. T. , Keller Nancy P. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYAspergillusspecies are globally ubiquitous saprophytes found in a variety of ecological niches. Almost 200 species of aspergilli have been identified, less than 20 of which are known to cause human disease. Among them,Aspergillus fumigatusis the most prevalent and is largely responsible for the increased incidence of invasive aspergillosis (IA) in the immunocompromised patient population. IA is a devastating illness, with mortality rates in some patient groups reaching as high as 90%. Studies identifying and assessing the roles of specific factors ofA. fumigatusthat contribute to the pathogenesis of IA have traditionally focused on single-gene deletion and mutant characterization. In combination with recent large-scale approaches analyzing global fungal responses to distinct environmental or host conditions, these studies have identified many factors that contribute to the overall pathogenic potential ofA. fumigatus. Here, we provide an overview of the significant findings regardingA. fumigatuspathogenesis as it pertains to invasive disease.
LOOKING FOR EVIDENCE OF DIFFERENTIATION AND COOPERATION: NATURAL MEASURES FOR THE STUDY OF EVOLUTION OF MULTICELLULARITY
Authors: BUCK MORITZ , NEHANIV CHRYSTOPHER L. 
Published: July 2009

The understanding of the evolutionary transitions is a major area of research in artificial life and in biology. We follow an artificial life approach to investigate these phenomena, using a system inspired by Anabaena cyanobacteria (which exhibit rudimentary multicellular differentiation and cooperation) in order to look for evidence of emerging differentiation and multicellular cooperation in colonies of individual cells.We first evolve single free-living cells with the help of a Genetic Algorithm (GA). These cells are controlled with genetic regulatory networks. The single cells are evolved to each perform both of two tasks: an abstraction of house-keeping metabolism and a reproductive cycle. Once such a cell was evolved with the GA, the cell is used to seed the growth of a multicellular filamentous colony, whose constituent cells continue to reproduce and evolve. Two types of colonies generated from the seed cell are studied: one with intercellular communication ability and one without.We introduce and apply new measures for assessing the impact of multicellular interaction on individual reproduction and on life span.The conclusion of these studies shows that the colony with the ability to communicate shows, with the help of our new measures, behaviors that hint at the emergence of early cooperation.