bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uric acid utilization inPlatymonas convolutaeand symbioticConvoluta roscoffensis
Authors: Douglas A. E. 
Published: October 2009

Uric acid is an excellent nitrogen source for the growth of cultures ofPlatymonas convolutae, the symbiotic alga fromConvoluta roscoffensis, and relatedPlatymonasandTetraselmisspecies. Nitrate-grown cells ofP. convolutaeandT. tetrathelehave two uptake systems for uric acid, which conform to Michaelis–Menten kinetics; a high-affinity system operating in the concentration range 0·2–4·5 μM a nd a low-affinity system operating at higher concentrations of uric acid. Uric acid uptake byP. convolutaeis abolished by uncouplers of phosphorylation. In darkness, intact cells ofP. convolutaemetabolize [2-14C]uric acid to [14C]carbon dioxide. These results are consistent with the proposal that the algal symbionts ofC. roscoffensisutilize uric acid, received from the host, as a nitrogen source.Aposymbiotic juvenile and symbiotic adultC. roscoffensisunder standard culture conditions contain uric acid. The solid uric acid content of juveniles declines on establishment of symbiosis withP. convolutaeand the endogenous uric acid is utilized in the adult symbiosis under conditions of nitrogen demand. However, adultC. roscoffensisdo not utilize exogenous uric acid. The growth of adult but not juvenileC. roscoffensisis dependent on nitrogen enrichment of the medium, and it is proposed that uric acid utilization is of significance to the growth of the developing symbiosis in a nitrogen-poor environment.
Phenotypic and genotypic spacing within an aggregation of the anemone, Actinia equina
Authors: Quicke D. L. J. , Brace R. C. 
Published: October 2009

Enzyme and colour phenotypes were determined within a single mid-shore aggregation (n = 106) of the anemone, Actinia equina L. on the east coast of Britain. On the basis of allelic variation at four enzyme loci, a large number (n ≃ 30) of genotypes were distinguished of which only three consisted often or more anemones. Little evidence was found of obvious genotypic clustering, a result which was unexpected since this species broods young which are genetically identical with their parents, and which are potentially available for local (within site) colonization. We propose that the unexpectedly high level of genetic variability encountered at this site, can be explained by the following factors: (1) site and anemone longevities are probably measurable in tens of years, (2) distances travelled by anemones during their lifetime may be considerable, thus resulting in extensive inter-digitation of clones over time, and (3) the reproductive strategy of A. equina incorporates sexual reproduction with a planktonic dispersal phase.Nearest-neighbour analyses applied to the distribution of phenotypes within this aggregation revealed several examples of auto-phenotypic under-dispersion. These results, together with (1) departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium at a hexokinase locus, (2) evidence of linkage disequilibrium between hexokinase and malate dehydrogenase alleles, and (3) linkage between alleles at both these loci with a colour phenotype (grey pedal disc), all indicate that the genetic composition of this group of anemones had been strongly influenced by founder effects followed by clonal reproduction.A comparative analysis of the size distributions of the various phenotypes and genotypes yielded few conclusions relating either to colonization history or to differential selection; reasons are given to account for this failure.
Sargassum muticum: a taxonomic history including world-wide and western Pacific distributions
Authors: Critchley Alan T. 
Published: October 2009

Sargassum muticum(Yendo) Fensholt was first described from Japan as the formamuticus(sic.) ofS. kjellmanianumYendo. Subsequently,s. kjellmanianumandS. miyabeiYendo have been recognised as conspecific with dioecious reproductive structures.S. muticumis monoecious. The taxonomic history ofS. muticumand confusions arising are presented.The spread ofSargassum muticum to regionsof the world outside of Japan is illustrated. A distribution map ofS. kjellmanianum, S. miyabeiandS. muticumin the western Pacific is also presented with a discussion of this selected species group. Further work is required to determine the exact extent ofS. muticumin the western Pacific region.
Oxygen and the developing eggs and larvae of the lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus
Authors: Davenport John 
Published: October 2009

Unfertilized eggs in the oviducts of female lumpsuckers are exposed to low oxygen tension (ca. 40% air saturation). After spawning and fertilization water agitation aids percolation of water through Cyclopterus egg masses, but early in development oxygen tensions within non-ventilated egg masses fall slowly because of the eggs’ low metabolic rate (consistent with their slow development – 40 days to hatching at 5 °C). There is a considerable increase in oxygen uptake at hatching; in this respect the lumpsucker resembles the herring, Clupea harengus.Early stage eggs are tolerant of hypoxic conditions and can even survive brief exposure to anoxic sea water. Later eggs and larvae are much more susceptible to oxygen lack. However, fanning behaviour by the brooding male parent (usually assumed to be designed to promote oxygen uptake by egg masses) is almost continuous at the beginning of development but becomes less frequent later. It is suggested that the initial intensive fanning helps to drive off ammonia which is released as the eggs stick together.
Ammonia output by eggs and larvae of the lumpsucker,Cyclopterus lumpus, the cod,Gadus morhuaand the plaice,Pleuronectes platessa
Authors: Davenport John , Lønning Sunniva , Kjørsvik Elin 
Published: October 2009

Cod and plaice eggs show a gradually increasing rate of ammonia excretion during development and in neither species was there a great change in individual output at hatching. The rates of ammonia excretion recorded for cod and plaice larvae were similar to those recorded for planktonic Crustacea of comparable size by Conover & Corner (1968).Lumpsucker eggs and larvae have a basically low rate of ammonia excretion (consistent with their slow rate of development and low oxygen consumption), but much ammonia was released from the eggs in the first day or two after spawning. This ammonia was of non-metabolic origin, but was not accumulated from the ovarian fluid prior to spawning. Lumpfish eggs become very sticky when they are first exposed to sea water, but this stickiness is lost within 24 h. Stickiness stems from a viscous elastic slime; it is suggested that the non-metabolic output of ammonia is caused by changes in the composition of the slime as the eggs are bound together in a lattice.
A geometric analysis of growth in gastropod shells, with particular reference to turbinate forms
Authors: Ekaratne S. U. K. , Crisp D. J. 
Published: October 2009

Nucella lapillusandLittorina littoreaafford examples of turbinately coiled shells with no space between the columella and the inner face of the whorls. Three constants are sufficient to determine the form of such shells: λ, the ratio between diameters of successive whorls; β, the semi-apical angle and ρ, the ratio of aperture length and breadth in the apertural plane passing through the axis. The variation of these three constants with size was examined and shown to be relatively small and insignificant inNucella, but inLittorinait was significant.ForNucellaandLittorinathese shell characteristics were used to relate for thenth whorl, the length along the shell spiral (ln) to the shell height (Hn), the latter being the measure usually employed in growth studies. This relation was derived mathematically and confirmed empirically aswhere α is the angle of the logarithmic spiral given by α = tan−12π sin β/logeλ. The increased resolution of the micro-growth band increments, which are measured along the shell spiral was directly related to theln:Hnratios.Since the formula for theln/Hnratio (= shell conversion factor) includes λ, β and ρ, the three constants necessary to determine shell form in turbinately coiled shells of the type described, the shell conversion factor may be a better index of shell shape than indices based on a single constant. In species where the shell grows isometrically this ratio will remain constant, whereas changes in shell shape with size will influence this ratio. Such changes in shell shape during growth can be quantified in terms of the shell constants and when included in calculating the shell conversion factor, will show the relative magnitude of shell shape changes brought about by growth. The shell conversion factor may also be used to study the effects of ecological variations on the geometry of the shell.The conical shell of the limpet,Patella vulgata, is geometrically a much simpler system in which direct shell measurements were used to relate length along the direction of maximum growth to the antero-posterior diameter of aperture.
A chronology of new European sites of attachment for the invasive brown alga,Sargassum muticum, 1973–1981
Authors: Critchley Alan T. , Farnham W. F. , Morrell S. L. 
Published: October 2009

The spread of the immigrant brown algaSargassum muticum( Yendo) Fensholt, within European waters is chronicled from 1973–1981. New populations of the attached alga are listed together with maps indicating the annual addition of sites. No populations of the alga were known beyond the bounds of the Solent region, southern Britain, until after 1975.The age of the originalSargassumpopulation found at Bembridge in 1973, and the discovery of driftingS. muticumin 1971, seems to date the initial introduction of the alga in the Channel as possibly the late 1960s.This paper presents the establishment ofSargassum muticumas a permanent addition to the European marine flora. It is hoped that its future spread will continue to be documented, providing useful information upon the invasion strategy of an ‘aggressive’ introduced marine species.
Experimental observations on variability of leaf and air vesicle shape of Sargassum muticum
Authors: Critchley Alan T. 
Published: October 2009

Seasonal variations in the range of air vesicle and leaf shape upon the brown alga Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt provide some discrepancies with descriptions of material from the alga's indigenous Japanese and introduced British Columbian habitats.Experimental observations indicate that mucronate air vesicles are most common at low (i.e. 10 °C) and high (i.e. 25 °C) temperatures, with those of 30 °C being injurious to plant growth. Air vesicles with spiked proliferations are also seen to increase in occurrence with an increasing light intensity at 20 °C. Excised ‘winter’ form leaves collected in February were able to regenerate ‘summer’ form leaves from their damaged bases, under culture conditions.Field and laboratory investigations show that leaf and air vesicle shape tend to vary seasonally and may be experimentally changed by both temperature and light intensity. Such plasticity observed in the morphology of these characters in S. muticum raises doubts as to the taxonomic status of many species ascribed to the large genus Sargassum.
Efficient acceleration of a small dense plasma pellet by consecutive action of multiple short intense laser pulses
Authors: Wang X. , Yu W. , Yu M.Y. , Senecha V.K. , Xu H. , Wang J.W. , Yuan X. , Sheng Z.M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe acceleration of a micrometer-sized plasma pellet at 100 critical densities (1023 cm−3) by consecutive application of ultra-short ultra-intense laser pulses is studied using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. It is shown that due to the repeated actions of the laser ponderomotive force, a small dense plasma pellet can be efficiently accelerated, with a considerable fraction of the plasma ions accelerated to high speeds. The proposed scheme can provide a high-density flux of energetic ions, which should be valuable in many practical applications.
Electron energy enhancement by a circularly polarized laser pulse in vacuum
Authors: Singh K.P. , Gupta D.N. , Sajal V. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractEnergy enhancement by a circularly polarized laser pulse during acceleration of the electrons by a Gaussian laser pulse has been investigated. The electrons close to the temporal peak of the laser pulse show strong initial phase dependence for a linearly polarized laser pulse. The energy gained by the electrons close to the rising edge of the pulse does not show initial phase dependence for either linearly- or circularly-polarized laser pulse. The maximum energy of the electrons gets enhanced for a circularly polarized in comparison to a linearly polarized laser pulse due to axial symmetry of the circularly polarized pulse. The variation of electron energy with laser spot size, laser intensity, initial electron energy, and initial phase has been studied.
Assessment of oil content and fatty acid composition variability in different peanut subspecies and botanical varieties
Authors: Wang M. L. , Chen C. Y. , Davis J. , Guo B. , Stalker H. T. , Pittman R. N. 
Published: October 2009

Within the cultivated peanut species (Arachis hypogaeaL.), there are two subspecies comprising six botanical varieties, and the effect of botanical taxon on oil content and fatty acid composition variability is unclear. To gauge the variability, 83 peanut accessions were analyzed for oil content (expressed at 0% moisture) and fatty acid composition. We found that within the subsp.hypogaea, var.hypogaeacontained a much higher amount of oil in seeds than did the var.hirsutaKöhler (520 vs. 473 g/kg,P < 0.05); within the subsp.fastigiataWaldron, the vars.aequatorianaKrapov. & W.C. Gregory andvulgarisHarz contained a similar amount of oil in seeds (491 g/kg), not significantly different from other botanical varieties, but var.fastigiatacontained a higher amount of oil (500 g/kg) than the var.peruvianaKrapov. & W.C. Gregory (483 g/kg). In terms of the fatty acid composition, oil from seeds of var.hypogaeacontained much more oleic acid than did var.hirsuta(491 vs. 377 g/kg,P < 0.05), but much less palmitic acid (97 vs. 138 g/kg,P < 0.05%) and linoleic acid (308 vs. 402 g/kg,P < 0.05). Oil from seeds of var.vulgariscontained much more oleic acid than did var.aequatoriana(437 vs. 402 g/kg,P < 0.05), but much less linoleic acid (346 vs. 380 g/kg,P < 0.05). Significant negative correlations of oleic with palmitic and linoleic acids were detected. The information on the oil content and fatty acid composition variability among botanical varieties would be useful for peanut breeders seeking germplasm containing both high oil content and proper fatty acid composition.
Supervisory Practices in Speech - Language Pathology: Pre-practicum Assessment of Student Clinicians in Graduate Training Programs
Authors: Phillips Daniel E. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
How do supervisors determine the level of clinical independence of graduate student clinicians before clinic practicum begins and how do supervisors determine the style of supervision used with each student clinician? A qualitative research methodology was used to investigate supervisory practices of clinical educators supervising graduate student clinicians in speech-language pathology graduate training programs. Data was gathered through standardized open-ended interviews with 11 supervisors from five graduate training programs accredited by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). All 11 supervisors conducted a pre-practicum assessment, but none used a published program or model to assess the student clinicians. All participants met with the student clinicians prior to the start of therapy to discuss the client. Analysis of data revealed three distinct types of meetings: presentation of the client by the clinician, presentation of the clinician to the supervisor, and pre-practicum assessment using a form. Eight of the 11 supervisors interviewed for this study determined the level of clinical independence of the student clinician solely by asking the clinician to present the client to the supervisor. The supervisors then evaluated the manner, organization, accuracy, and completeness of the presentation to estimate the student's level of clinical independence.
Building Teams in Speech-Language Pathology Clinical Education
Authors: Sbaschnig Kristine V. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Competition for entry into graduate school in speech-language pathology is intense. Building teams is one way for students to put aside the competitive mindset and learn to collaborate. Building teams is a peer-supervision method of learning that forms a bridge between instructor-driven supervision and self-supervision. Teams meet weekly and include the student clinicians, as well as the clinical educators assigned to the team. The Coordinator of Clinical Services schedules the meetings at a time that is convenient for all members of the team and sets the agenda. The team meetings include two main activities: Case Studies and the Teaching Clinic. The procedures for these activities are discussed. The benefit to students is that it teaches appropriate consultation and advocacy strategies as well as developing knowledge of the clinical process. The benefits to Coordinators of Clinical Services is that it assists them in becoming familiar with the graduate students on a personal level, in knowing the clients and their treatments, and in scheduling to meet each student's professional growth needs.
Reflections on Student Perceptions of Supervisory Needs in Clinical Education
Authors: Fitzgerald Mary Dale T. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Clinical supervision is a multi-faceted process involving changing interactions between clinical mentors and supervisees. This paper presents a reflection on students' perspectives from a series of focus groups, surveys, and rating scales completed by students enrolled in residential and distance delivery programs. Qualitative themes which emerged from student focus groups regarding self-identified needs within the clinical education process are examined. Self-assessment surveys and rating scales constructed from focus group data were administered to different cohorts of students during on-campus practica. Participants completed a 5-point rating scale indicating agreement-disagreement with statements of the importance of specific supervisory behaviors and rankings of their five highest priority supervisory needs. Comparisons between students' perceived needs across the developmental continuum and across both delivery modes were examined for differences in the thematic focus of student-identified needs. While the overall patterns of needs were basically similar for the distance education cohort and the beginning, intermediate, and advanced level clinicians in traditional cohorts, differences were observed among the cohorts in terms of patterns of self-identified needs and priorities for emotional support, technical assistance, and collegiality. Implications for accommodating student-identified priority needs for technical knowledge and skills as well as relational interactions with clinical educators are addressed.
Buddhism and Science
Authors: Wallace B. Alan 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
While Buddhism is often referred to as a ‘non-theistic religion’, it has the potential to play a unique mediating role between theistic religions, with their emphasis on faith and divine revelation, and the natural sciences, with their ideals of empiricism, rationality, and scepticism. The main body of this article focuses on Buddhist approaches to cultivating eudaimonic well-being, probing the nature of consciousness, and understanding reality at large. In each case, religious, scientific, and philosophical elements are blended in ways that may not only lend themselves to dialogue with Western science, but push forward the frontiers of scientific research as well as interdisciplinary and cross-cultural inquiry. The article also argues that Buddhism has developed a science of consciousness, with a few exceptions regarding sciences with no controlled experiments.
Judaism and Science
Authors: Samuelson Norbert M. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the role of science in Judaism using familiar terms in unfamiliar ways, such as creation, revelation, redemption, God, world, humanity, belief, wisdom, philosophy, and science. Judaism is the formal expression of the faith of the Jewish people from its origins in the land of Israel almost 4,000 years ago to the present. Judaism and Christianity share a common textual origin; much of what they believe at least shares a common religious terminology. Furthermore, the centre for Jewish intellectual life for at least the past 500 years has been in Western European Christian civilization. However, Jewish intellectual development took place over more than 1,000 years, in lands where the dominant religion became Islam, and where Christianity consequently had little importance.
Islam And Science
Authors: Nasr Seyyed Hossein 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The issue of Islam and modern science, along with its progeny, modern technology, continues today as one of the most crucial faced by the Islamic community. It has been, and continues to be, addressed by numerous scholars and thinkers, covering nearly the whole gamut of the spectrum of Islamic intellectual activity since the last century. This article analyses modern science and subjects it to an in-depth criticism from the Islamic point of view, drawing from the Islamic intellectual tradition. It holds that any science that could legitimately be called Islamic science, and not be disruptive of the whole Islamic order, must be one that remains aware of the ‘vertical cause’ of all things, along with the horizontal, a science that issues from and returns to the Real (al-Haqq), who is the cause of all things.
Molecular Biology and Religion
Authors: Hewlett Martinez 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
This article introduces the background, assumptions, and kinds of descriptive models used in molecular biology. It aims to provide a way to navigate through the jargon-spiked waters of this field and examine how and where these places of overlap between this field and religion exist, as well as where the controversies lie. Molecular biology as a discipline has had a short and tumultuous history. It has risen to become the pre-eminent paradigm of the life sciences and, from that position, has dominated the research agenda of the last half of the twentieth century in disciplines far removed from the pure study of genes. With the massive complexity issues that arise from the ultimate reductionist project, the Human Genome Project, molecular biology has been offered a chance for humility and introspection.
Sociology and Religion
Authors: Fenn Richard K. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
In studying social order, sociologists of religion investigate the sacred. When a social system begins to emerge from the flux of everyday life, it develops boundaries that separate it from those outside. To signify the continuity of certain relationships over time, to give them an identity, and to mark their difference from other relationships, social systems define themselves in symbols, construct themselves through rituals, and realize themselves through practices. Whether it is called the numinous or the holy, charisma or mana, the sacred is always somewhat mysterious. In all of its manifestations, whether personal or social, natural or supernatural, the sacred provides only a limited embodiment of unfulfilled possibilities. What might well be called the upper-case Sacred, then, or the Sacred itself, comprises the set of all possibilities that any social system must necessarily exclude.