bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
G
onzalez,
J
usto
L
uis (
b
. 1937)
Authors: García Alberto L. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Justo Luis Gonzalez was born on August 9, 1937 in Havana, Cuba. He is an ordained Methodist minister, prolific author, and one of the fathers of US Hispanic theology. His parents Justo Bernandino (a minister, professor, and author) and Luisa née García (a professor of Spanish literature, minister, and author) worked in literacy projects throughout Latin America and founded Alfalit, a faith‐based nonprofit organization, that provides programs in literacy and basic education to the most needy of the world. He is married to Catherine née Gunzalus, who is also a church historian, and has co‐authored a number of publications with him. Gonzalez is a world renowned church historian and his work
A History of Christian Thought
(1970) is a standard text in most theological schools in the US. This work is in tune with global themes beyond a western reading of history. He is considered one of the fathers of Latino/Hispanic theology in the US because of his innumerable contributions. He has written ground breaking theological and pastoral works to support themission of the church among US Hispanics. He founded and served as editor of
Apuntes
, a journal dedicated to Hispanic theology. Gonzalez has contributed to Hispanic/Latino theological education and the formation of leaders through his guidance in founding the Association for Hispanic Theological Education (AETH), the Hispanic Theological Initiative (HTI), and the Hispanic Summer Program, sponsored by over 40 graduate theological schools in the US.
Good Friday
Authors: Neal Ryan A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe importance of Good Friday for Christianity is summed up with exacting brevity in the second article of the Apostles' Creed: Jesus Christ “suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and was buried” (Traditional English Version). Divided into four elements, these ten words capture the vital core of Good Friday, by 1) affirming the reality of Jesus' suffering; 2) situating it in historical context by connection with a political figure; 3) verifying the cause, manner, and certainty of death; and 4) asserting Jesus' burial (which is relevant primarily for resurrection claims, which presuppose the crucifixion).
G
raham,
B
illy (
b
. 1918)
Authors: Williams Will 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Evangelist and Southern Baptist minister, William Franklin “Billy” Graham has preached in person to more people than anyone else in history. Born near Charlotte, North Carolina, Graham enjoyed a rural childhood on a dairy farm, with his religious interests developing only after his conversion at a 1934 revival led by Mordecai Ham. In 1939 he became an ordained Southern Baptist minister. He graduated from Florida Bible Institute and later Wheaton College, marrying fellow Wheaton student Ruth McCue Bell, the daughter of medical missionaries to China.
G
rief and Mourning
Authors: Shields Candace C. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Grief and mourning are words that are often used simultaneously to express how an individual confronts bereavement after a loss in their life. However, while grief and mourning are often used interchangeably, there are subtle differences in the meanings of the two words. These differences allow for leverage in the individual's ability to relate to the loss. Contrary to popular belief, grieving and mourning do not just occur in people's lives with the death of a loved one, friend or associate. There are many types of losses that people face every day of their lives. Because of these losses, grief and mourning occur whenever an individual experiences a loss of any dimension. The intensity of the loss, however, accounts for how an individual will grieve and mourn. What makes the difference in grief and mourning is the process an individual must go through to bring resolution. Often there is no resolution, but an acceptance on the part of the individual that what happened was inevitable. There is no time limit as to how long it will take to reach the acceptance stage. Each person must grieve and mourn the loss in a way that helps them to be able to be a part of life again.
G
roote,
G
erard (1340–1384)
Authors: Jensen Paul 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Gerard Groote was the Dutch founder of a late medieval renewal movement called the
Devotio Moderna
or New Devotion, which spread around Northern Europe after his death; on this all scholars agree. By the time of his death, he had firmly established two of the movement's three branches — the Brothers and the Sisters of the Common Life. Groote was born into a family of wealthy cloth merchants in the town of Deventer on the Ijssel River in the diocese of Utrecht. His father, who also served as town treasurer, and his mother both died from the plague in 1350, when Groote was 10. Nearly a decade later, Deventer's record keeping changed from Latin to Middle Dutch. Had Groote followed his father vocationally, he would have kept the city's records in the vernacular language. Instead, as founder of the New Devotion, he translated and wrote spiritual texts in Middle Dutch so laity could access them for meditation in their heart language.
G
utiérrez
M
erino,
G
ustavo (b. 1928)
Authors: García Alberto L. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Born on June 8, 1928 in Lima, Peru, to a humble mestizo urban family. He is part Hispanic and part Quechuan Indian. He has distinguished himself for his pastoral action and theological reflection on behalf of the poor in Latin America. He is regarded as the founder of Latin American Liberation theology, although he hides away from this recognition since he believes that a theology of liberation is born in the action (praxis) and reflection from the living experience of the people in response to injustice and poverty.
H
ahn,
S
cott
W
alker (b. 1957)
Authors: Morrow Jeffrey L. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Scott Walker Hahn was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, in 1957. He became an evangelical Protestant Christian while in high school, and was involved in the parachurch movement Young Life. He earned a B.A. (1979) from Grove City College, where he triple majored in theology, philosophy, and economics. He then earned an M.Div. (1982) from Gordon‐Conwell Theological Seminary, and finally completed his Ph.D. (1995) in theology at Marquette University. After studying at Gordon‐Conwell, he became a Presbyterian minister and served as associate pastor in Virginia. During the same period he taught theology, philosophy, and economics at a Christian high school, and taught seminary courses as an assistant professor. Hahn became a high profile intellectual convert to Catholicism when in 1986 he entered the Catholic Church. He currently teaches theology at both Franciscan University of Steubenville, where he is professor of theology and scripture, and at St. Vincent Seminary, where he is The Pope Benedict XVI Chair of Biblical Theology and Liturgical Proclamation. Hahn and his wife Kimberly have six children and currently reside in Steubenville, Ohio. Hahn is also the president and founder of the St. Paul Center for Biblical Theology, which hosts a popular website for the study of the Bible and theology (
www.salvationhistory.com
). Hahn has published 28 books, including nine brief Scripture commentaries through the Ignatius Catholic Study Bible Series (Ignatius Press). His
Rome Sweet Home
(1993), which was co‐authored with his wife Kimberly and details their conversion to Catholicism, is a bestseller. He has also published widely in lay Catholic periodicals, and has produced numerous CDs containing both popular and academic theology lectures. He has become one of the most popular lay Catholic writers.
Hauerwas,Stanley (b. 1940)
Authors: Ashford Bruce Riley 
Published: January 2012

AbstractStanley Hauerwas, theologian and ethicist, born July 24, 1940 in Pleasant Grove, Texas, is one of the most prominent theologians at the turn of the 21st century. He is often identified, along with George Lindbeck and Hans Frei, as a postliberal theologian and is best known for his revival of virtue theory in ethics, his nonfoundational theology, and for his stance of “Christian nonviolence.” The publication ofA Community of Character(1981) pushed him to the forefront of American theology, while the torrent of essays and books that followed has secured his prominence in the field. Among the more noted and influential books areThe Peaceable Kingdom,Resident Aliens, andWith the Grain of the Universe.
H
aydn,
F
ranz
J
oseph (1732–1809)
Authors: Hettrick Jane Schatkin 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Franz Joseph Haydn was a pious, though not sanctimonious, Catholic who had a sincere trust in the mercy of God. He began his manuscripts with the Latin inscription “In nomine Domini” and ended “Laus Deo.” Like most composers of the time, Haydn's output of sacred music was largely determined by his employment and patrons. He received a solid grounding in (sacred) music as a chorister in St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna (1740–1750). In 1761, after a brief first appointment as music director to Count Morzin in Lucave, he began his lifelong association with the Esterházys, a Hungarian noble family of vast wealth and power. At first Vice‐Kapellmeister, then Kapellmeister, he served Prince Nikolaus the Magnificent for nearly 30 years, and continued with the prince's son and grandson. As with Mozart, Haydn's small output of sacred music (until 1796) has been ascribed to the liturgical reforms of Joseph II, but he was undoubtedly very busy with his patron's demands for instrumental and theater music, which was to be composed and directed by the Kapellmeister. Nevertheless, his command of the language of sacred music is evident even in his early works, e.g., the
Missa Cellensis
(1766),
Stabat Mater
(1767),
Grosse Orgelmesse
(c.1768), and the
Missa Cellensis
(1782). The
Kleine Orgelmesse
(?1777) is a gem, albeit with telescoped treatment of the Gloria and Credo. On a commission from Cádiz Cathedral in 1786, he composed seven orchestral interludes for “The seven last words of our Saviour on the cross.” In 1796 he adapted this work, which circulated throughout Europe, for chorus, using a pietistic German text.
H
aywood,
G
arfield T. (1880–1931)
Authors: Gerloff Roswith 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

The African American G. T. Haywood, pastor, evangelist, bishop, editor, gospel song writer, and author, was one of the most influential leaders in early Pentecostalism in the United States and a friend of W. J. Seymour. Being black, he was a symbolic figure with whom people of the African Diaspora could identify. He was born in Greencastle, Indiana, on July 15, 1880, to a poor family, descendants of slaves. Early he discovered his educational zeal and his particular talent for cartooning, which helped his ministry and turned him almost into a professional journalist. His Christian background was predominantly Baptist, but he received the Pentecostal experience in a small interracial storefront church connected with the Azusa Street Revival. Against his own intentions, he felt, after an accident, called to the ministry and became a pastor in 1909. This marks the beginning of a success story of the
Apostolic Assembly
in Indianapolis which soon moved from the black ghetto to the more integrated north of the city, building Christ Temple in 1924 with space for 1,500 members of all races, cultures, and professions. Thus Haywood rose from an obscure “Jack Leg Preacher” to the presiding bishop of a large interracial Pentecostal church. He was known as the “walking bible,” a “mighty sledge hammer in the circles of Christian journalism,” a dynamic preacher, a progressive leader, a friend of the outcasts, and a man of tolerance and an infectious smile.
H
ebrew
Authors: Bigalke Ron J. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
With few exceptions, the original autographs of the Old Testament canonical books were written in the Hebrew language. Two words in Genesis 31:47, Ezra 4:8–6:18, 7:12–26, Jeremiah 10:11, and Daniel 2:4b–7:28 were written in Aramaic. The Hebrew Bible contains 10,000 basic words, with only 1,000 occurring more than 25 times. From the perspective of an Indo‐European language, there are two primary difficulties in learning Hebrew: (1) the script reads from right to left; and (2) there are only two basic tenses, the perfect (completed action) and the imperfect (incomplete action). As Hebrew communicates distinct patterns of thought, and therefore expresses a unique Middle Eastern perspective, it provides an essential context for understanding the New Testament.
H
eidegger,
M
artin (1889–1976)
Authors: Foltz Bruce V. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
No 20th century philosopher has so strongly influenced Christian thought as Heidegger, and only Wittgenstein approaches his impact within philosophy itself. Yet despite his strongly Christian background, it is questionable whether Heidegger considered himself to be a Christian during most of his career. His work is controversial, both because of his political past, but also because while many see his work as achieving an epochal breakthrough in non‐objectifying language, others see it as merely obscure.
H
egel,
G
eorg
W
ilhelm
F
riedrich (1770–1831)
Authors: Hector Kevin W. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Any interpretation of Hegel is bound to be controversial, but in order to understand his intellectual contributions to Christian civilization, we can safely begin by characterizing Hegel as a peculiarly
modern
thinker. Hegel's thought counts as “modern” in at least two respects. On the one hand, Hegel took seriously Kant's famous injunction to “think for oneself”: rather than believing or doing something because it is “what one does” or “what one has been told,” Hegel tries to determine the conditions according to which one could identify certain commitments as one's own. On the other hand, Hegel's thought counts as “modern” because he was concerned to explain how God and free human beings were related to a “world” now construed in causal‐mechanistic terms. Hegel's intellectual contribution to Christian civilization can be understood as a response to these problems.
H
enry,
C
arl
F
.
H
. (1913–2003)
Authors: Mullin Miles S. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Journalist, author, professor, and theologian, Carl Ferdinand Howard Henry was born in New York City in 1913. The son of German immigrant parents, he was raised in a nominally Christian home. As a young man, he launched a successful journalism career, but an evangelical conversion in 1933 led him to Wheaton College, where he married Helga Bender. At Wheaton, he received both a B.A. and an M.A. before earning divinity and doctorate degrees at Northern Baptist Theological Seminary. Henry earned a second doctorate from Boston University in 1949 under the supervision of liberal theologian Edgar Brightman.
Hermeneutical Theology
Authors: Werntz Myles 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Hermeneutical theology emerged in the 1960s in response to systematic theology, emphasizing the particularities of time and place in theo‐logical formulation, and calling for the rethinking of classical theological formulations. Taking many of its initial philosophical cues from Paul Ricoeur and Hans‐Georg Gadamer, hermeneut‐ical theology traces its roots to the methodology of Schleiermacher and, later, the hermeneutical work of Bultmann. Based in the assertion that God is a self‐communicating God, hermeneut‐ical theology is concerned primarily with questions of reception and understanding, of how this self‐communicating God is understood and responded to. As a result of the rise of hermeneutics, the task of theology shifted from a primarily dogmatic task to a descriptive, particular, and localized one.
Hermeneutics
Authors: Lee Jason K. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Hermeneutics is the science or art of interpreting texts. Written texts of various types, lengths, and genres can be the subject of hermeneutics. Within Christianity, the Bible has been the object of obvious hermeneutical interest. The application of hermeneutics to biblical texts argu‐ably traces back to the Hebrew Bible in the interpretations of the Law in the Prophets and Writings. Many early Christian interpreters used methodologies similar to that of some of their Jewish predecessors and contemporaries as they investigated the texts of the Hebrew scriptures. Scholars differ on how much New Testament authors or other early Christian exegetes relied on the Jewish interpretive methods of peshat, midrash, pesher, and allegory. Christian herme‐neutics focused on the idea that the ministry of Jesus fulfilled the Hebrew scriptures (or Old Testament) and how the resultant apostolic tradition, encapsulated in the New Testament texts, completed the canon.
Hildegard ofBingen (1098–1179)
Authors: Yardley Anne Bagnall 
Published: January 2012

AbstractGerman abbess, born in Bermersheim, tenth child of Hildebert and Mechtild of Bermersheim, Hildegard was the author of many literary, theological, medical, scientific, and musical works and the founder of two abbeys. She also preached throughout Germany and corres‐ponded with important ecclesiastical authorities of the day.
J
esus
S
eminar, the
Authors: Schmidt Alvin J. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

The term “historical Jesus” refers to efforts trying to reconstruct Jesus of Nazareth. Those in this pursuit argue that the four Gospels do not necessarily give an accurate account of the life of Jesus because much of the Gospels present a Christ of faith, not as an historical figure. The search for the historical Jesus has its roots in the writings of men such as the German skeptic Hermann Samuel Reimarus (1694–1768) and David Friedrich Strauss (1808–1874). As a disciple of the Enlightenment, a rationalist, and a deist, Reimarus rejected the historicity of the New Testament's four Gospels. And in 1835, Strauss published his book
Leben Jesu
(The Life of Jesus) in which he rejected all supernatural events and miracles in the four Gospels.
H
offman (or
H
offmann),
M
elchior (1495?–1543)
Authors: Blakeley James J. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
German Anabaptist lay preacher, reformer, self‐proclaimed charismatic prophet, and “Father of Dutch Anabaptism.” Although the exact date is unknown, he was born around 1495 in Swabia.
H
olbein,
H
ans (1497–1543)
Authors: Kurian George Thomas 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

German painter and designer. He was the scion of a German family of painters that included his father Hans Holbein the Elder (1460–1524), his brother Sigmund (1470–1540), and his sons Ambrosius (1495–1519) and Hans the Younger (1498–1543). Hans Holbein the Elder was one of the foremost artists of his generation and he was the head of a busy workshop in Augsburg. Hans Holbein started work as a journeyman designing prints for publishers, including the title page for Sir Thomas More's
Utopia
. He was in Basle from 1520, where his early religious paintings include the
Oberreid Altarpiece
, which included
Nativity
and
Adoration of the Kings.
In the
Nativity
, the room is lit by the light from the Infant Christ. The
Passion Altar
is a series of eight scenes from Gethsemane while the
Solothurn Madonna
and
The Body of the Dead Christ in the Tomb
are more traditional. In Basle, Holbein also designed the title page for Luther's Bible (1522) and 41 wood‐cuts for the original edition of the
Dance of Death
, which was an enormous success and remains his most famous work. Around 1524 Holbein went to France, where he painted
Noli Me Tangere
, the
Last Supper
, and the
Meyer Madonna
. The harrowing
Christ in the Tomb
(1521) shows a mastery of chiaroscuro that rivals Leonardo. In 1526 he left for England encouraged by Erasmus' reports and the rise to prominence of Sir Thomas More. However, with the Reformation there were fewer patrons for religious art. By 1529 he had become a Protestant and thereafter turned away from religious imagery. He made some polemical prints against the papacy and turned to classical themes. He eventually became court portraitist for Henry VIII, glorifying the Tudor king as the head of the church.
Holiness
Authors: Kurian George Thomas 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHoliness is the exclusive and defining characteristic of God and distinguishes the divine from the profane and human. Its primary attributes are sinlessness, incorruptibility, and purity in the sense that light is free of darkness. It is one of the characteristics that cannot be transferred in its fullest sense to human beings because human beings are mired in space and time and Original Sin. In Isaiah the angels cry (addressing God) “Holy, Holy, Holy is the Lord of Hosts … the whole earth is full of his glory.” Because holiness is built into the very nature and essence of divinity and is part of the divineding an sich(German: the essence of being) it is permanent and not affected by time and space. There is a secondary holiness that is associated with human spirituality and sanctification but it is always a journey, not a state of being. Holiness in the first sense cannot be directly transferred to holiness in the second sense. Significantly, the English word ‘holiness’ has no verb form.
Holy Spirit
Authors: Burgess Stanley M. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The Holy Spirit, the third member of the Christian Trinity, has been until recently relatively ignored by Christian theologians and writers. Participants in recent movements, such as Classical Pentecostalism and various Charismatic renewals, have reversed this neglect by claiming to be Spirit‐gifted and Spirit‐led. They liken themselves to first‐century Apostolic Christians, who either were present on the Day of Pentecost or experienced the fall‐out of that first outpouring of the divine Spirit.
Holy Week
Authors: Schmidt Alvin J. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Holy Week, the last week in Lent, begins with Palm Sunday and ends with Easter Sunday. Liturgically, it is especially observed by Catholics, Anglicans, Lutherans, and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The first day of Holy Week is Palm Sunday, on which Christians commemorate Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem, as crowds hailed him as their earthly Messiah, waving palm branches and cheering, “Hosanna! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord, even the King of Israel!” By riding on a donkey, Jesus fulfilled the prophecy of Zechariah 9:9.
Hospice
Authors: Shields Candace C. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
It is believed that the concept of hospice was developed in the Middle Ages when provisions were made for the sick and the weary as they went on journeys throughout the country. At that time, sources of comfort were commonplace. The nuns and monks who cared for the dying did so as a result of a worldview that saw caring for another as a sign of love and devotion to God. During those times the dying were not separated from the living, but were made comfortable and given a chance to settle their affairs before they died. This makes hospice care not a new concept but a return to the caring for the dying that has always been part of everyday life.
Huguenots
Authors: Lilliback Peter 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The Huguenots began as the French followers of the Protestant Reformation. The forerunners of the French Reformation were the humanist biblical scholars from “the little flock of Meaux” led by Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples (Stapulensis, c.1455–1536) and Guillaume Briçonnet (bishop of Meaux, 1470–1534). While there is considerable discussion about the origins of Protestantism in France, John Calvin (1509–1564) was a foundational leader. Other forces for the reformation of the French church included Luther's writings and the reformers of Strasbourg. While the French reformers had great respect for Calvin and the reformation from Geneva, they exercised a measure of independence.