bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decreased leg glucose uptake during exercise contributes to the hyperglycaemic effect of octreotide
Authors: Hovind Peter , Simonsen Lene , Bülow Jens 
Published: January 2010

SummaryAim:  During prolonged infusion of somatostatin, there is an increase in arterial glucose concentration, and this increase persists even during prolonged exercise. The aim of the study was to measure glucose uptake in the leg muscles during infusion of the somatostatin analogue octreotide before and during leg exercise.Material and methods:  Eight healthy male subjects were investigated twice in the fasting state: during 3 h infusion of octreotide [30 ng (kg min)−1] or sodium chloride with exercise at 50% of maximal VO2 in the last hour. Glucose uptake and oxygen uptake in the leg were measured using Fick’s principle by blood sampling from an artery and a femoral vein. Blood flow in the leg was measured using the indicator (indocyanine green) dilution technique.Results:  After an initial decrease during rest, octreotide infusion resulted in a significant increase in arterial glucose concentrations compared to control conditions during exercise (mean ± SEM: 7·6 ± 0·6 versus 5·6 ± 0·1 mmol l−1, P<0·01). During rest, octreotide did not change the leg glucose uptake (59 ± 10 versus 55 ± 11 μmol min−1). In contrast, leg glucose uptake was significantly lower during exercise compared to control conditions (208 ± 79 versus 423 ± 87 μmol min−1, P<0·05). During exercise, leg oxygen uptake was not different in the two experiments (20·4 ± 1·3 versus 19·5 ± 1·1 μmol min−1).Conclusion:  In conclusion, infusion of octreotide reduced leg glucose uptake during exercise, despite the same leg oxygen consumption and blood flow compared to control conditions. The hyperglycaemic effect of octreotide can partly be explained by the reduction in leg glucose uptake. Furthermore, the results suggest that a certain level of circulating insulin is necessary to obtain sufficient stimulation of glucose uptake in the exercising muscles.
Porcelain Fracture Resistance of Screw‐Retained, Cement‐Retained, and Screw‐Cement‐Retained Implant‐Supported Metal Ceramic Posterior Crowns
Authors: Al‐Omari Wael M. , Shadid Rola , Abu‐Naba’a Layla , Masoud Bilal El 
Published: January 2010

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the porcelain fracture resistance between screw‐retained, cement‐retained, and combined screw‐ and cement‐retained metal–ceramic (MC) implant‐supported posterior single crowns; and to investigate the effect of offsetting the occlusal screw‐access opening on porcelain fracture resistance of screw‐retained and cement‐retained MC implant‐supported posterior single crowns. Materials and Methods: Forty standardized MC molar‐shaped restorations were fabricated. The 40 restorations were divided into four groups (SRC, SRO, CRP, and CSC) of 10 specimens each. Group SRC: screw‐retained, screw‐access hole placed in the center of the occlusal surface; Group SRO: screw‐retained, screw access hole placed 1 mm offset from the center of the occlusal surface toward the buccal cusp; Group CRP: cement‐retained, zinc phosphate cement was used; Group CSC: cement‐retained with a screw‐access hole in the center of the occlusal surface. The screw‐retained restorations and abutments were directly attached to 3i implant fixtures embedded in acrylic resin blocks. Subsequently, all test specimens were thermocycled and vertically loaded in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min until fracture. Mean values of load at fracture (in N) were calculated in each group and compared with a one‐way ANOVA and Tukey's Studentized test (α= 0.05). Results: Mean values of loads required to fracture the restorations were as follows (N): Group SRC: 1721 ± 593; Group SRO: 1885 ± 491; Group CRP: 3707 ± 1086; Group CSC: 1700 ± 526. Groups SRC, SRO, and CSC required a significantly lower force to fracture the porcelain than did the CRP group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The cement‐retained restorations showed significantly higher mean fracture loads than the restorations having screw‐access openings in their occlusal surface. The position of the screw‐access hole within the occlusal surface did not significantly affect the porcelain fracture resistance.
Comparison of human skin irritation patch test data within vitroskin irritation assays and animal data
Authors: Jírová Dagmar , Basketter David , Liebsch Manfred , Bendová Hana , Kejlová Kristina , Marriott Marie , Kandárová Helena 
Published: January 2010

Background:Efforts to replace the rabbit skin irritation test have been underway for many years, encouraged by the EU Cosmetics Directive and REACH. Recently variousin vitrotests have been developed, evaluated and validated.Objective:A key difficulty in confirming the validity ofin vitromethods is that animal data are scarce and of limited utility for prediction of human effects, which adversely impacts their acceptance. This study examines whetherin vivoorin vitrodata most accurately predicted human effects.Methods:Using the 4‐hr human patch test (HPT) we examined a number of chemicals whose EU classification of skin irritancy is known to be borderline, or wherein vitromethods provided conflicting results.Results:Of the 16 chemicals classified as irritants in the rabbit, only five substances were found to be significantly irritating to human skin. Concordance of the rabbit test with the 4‐hr HPT was only 56%, whereas concordance of human epidermis models with human data was 76% (EpiDerm) and 70% (EPISKIN).Conclusions:The results confirm observations that rabbits overpredict skin effects in humans. Therefore, when validatingin vitromethods, all available information, including human data, should be taken into account before making conclusions about their predictive capacity.
Temporal trends of preservative allergy in Denmark (1985–2008)
Authors: Thyssen Jacob P. , Engkilde Kåre , Lundov Michael D. , Carlsen Berit C. , Menné Torkil , Johansen Jeanne D. 
Published: January 2010

Background: Most cosmetics and industrial products contain preservatives. Preservative allergy is common and, historically, changing contact allergy epidemics caused by preservatives have been observed. In 1997, Alan Dillarstone predicted a stable development of preservative allergy following mandatory ingredient labelling on cosmetic products. Objectives: To investigate the development in the prevalence of preservative allergy in Denmark over a 24‐year period (1985–2008) and to challenge the prediction made by Dillarstone. Patients/Methods: A retrospective analysis of patch test data was performed (n = 18179). Comparisons were made using a χ2 test. Logistic regression analyses were used to test for associations. Results: The development of preservative allergy mirrored those of other European patch test centres. The development was not dependent on sex or age group. The prevalence was higher among women and those aged 41–60 years. Formaldehyde allergy was persistently prevalent over the study years. The overall prevalence of preservative allergy increased significantly (Ptrend = 0.001), mainly because of patch testing with additional preservatives in recent years. Conclusions: Dillarstone's prediction was confirmed as the prevalence of contact allergy to individual preservatives remained relatively stable. However, the overall burden of preservative allergy seemed to increase. Introduction of new preservatives may add to the burden of contact allergy.
Development of SNP markers for individual identification and parentage test in a Japanese Black cattle population
Authors: HARA Kazuhiro , WATABE Hideki , SASAZAKI Shinji , MUKAI Fumio , MANNEN Hideyuki 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThis study describes the development of efficient single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for individual identification and parentage tests in a Japanese Black cattle population. An amplified fragment length polymorphism method was employed to detect informative candidate markers, and yielded 44 SNP markers from 220 primer combinations. 29 unlinked SNPs were finally selected as diagnostic markers. The allelic frequencies for each marker were estimated by using PCR‐RFLP in the Japanese Black population. Based on the frequency data, the estimated identity power of these markers was 2.73 × 10−12. Parentage exclusion probabilities, when both suspected parents' genotypes were known and when only one suspected parent was genotyped, were estimated as 0.96929 and 0.99693, respectively. This panel of SNP markers is theoretically sufficient for individual identification, and would also be a powerful tool for a parentage test in Japanese Black cattle. The markers could contribute to the management of the beef industry in Japan.
Feeding value of total mixed ration silage with spent mushroom substrate
Authors: XU Chuncheng , CAI Yimin , ZHANG Jianguo , MATSUYAMA Hiroki 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTSix wethers were used in a digestibility experiment arranged as replicated 3 × 3 Latin square to evaluate the nutritive value of total mixed ration (TMR) silages that were made from ensiling of TMR containing 0, 6.5 and 13.0% (dry matter basis) of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) for 45 days (treatments denoted as CSMS, LSMS and HSMS, respectively). The amount of SMS replaced the same amount of timothy hay in the respective TMR. All TMR were well preserved as indicated by their low pH, low ammonia‐N and high lactic acid contents. Increasing levels of SMS in the TMR silage quadratically reduced (P < 0.05) nutrient digestibility with the exception of ether extract. The difference of total digestible nutrients and digestible energy contents between LSMS and CSMS TMR silage were less than those between LSMS and HSMS. Increasing concentration of SMS in the ration tended to decrease content of total volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid but increased the ratio of acetate to propionate and pH. The study suggests that a SMS level of 6.5% in the diet DM can be recommended for silage based TMR.
Assessment of Aboveground Carbon in Primary and Selectively Harvested Tropical Forest in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Fox Julian C. , Yosi Cossey K. , Nimiago Patrick , Oavika Forova , Pokana Joe N. , Lavong Kunsey , Keenan Rodney J. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTPapua New Guinea (PNG) has become the focus of climate change mitigation initiatives such as reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, but defensible estimates of forest carbon are lacking. Here we present a methodology for estimating aboveground forest carbon, and apply it to a large Permanent Sample Plot system maintained by Papua New Guinea Forest Research Institute. We report the first estimates of forest carbon in lowland tropical forest in PNG. Average aboveground carbon in stems >10 cm diam. for 115 selectively harvested 1‐ha plots in lowland tropical forest was 66.3±3.5 Mg C/ha (95% CI) while for 10 primary forest plots the average was 106.3±16.2 Mg C/ha. We applied ratios based on field observations, in‐country studies, and the literature to estimate unmeasured pools of aboveground carbon (stems <10 cm diam., fine litter and coarse woody debris). Total aboveground carbon was estimated at 90.2 and 120.8 Mg C/ha in selectively harvested and primary lowland forest, respectively. Our estimate for primary tropical forest is lower than biome averages for tropical equatorial forest, and we hypothesize that frequent disturbances from fire, frost, landslides, and agriculture are limiting carbon stock development. The methodology and estimates presented here will assist the PNG government in its preparedness for mitigation initiatives, are of interest to communities that are seeking to participate in voluntary carbon markets, and will encourage transparency and consistency in the estimation of forest carbon.
Age‐Dependent Radial Increases in Wood Specific Gravity of Tropical Pioneers in Costa Rica
Authors: Williamson G. Bruce , Wiemann Michael C. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTWood specific gravity is the single best descriptor of wood functional properties and tree life‐history traits, and it is the most important variable in estimating carbon stocks in forests. Tropical pioneer trees produce wood of increasing specific gravity across the trunk radius as they grow in stature. Here, we tested whether radial increases in wood specific gravity were dependent on a tree's diameter or its age by comparing trees of different diameters within cohorts. We cored trunks of four pioneer species in naturally regenerating, even‐aged stands in the lowland, wet forests of Costa Rica. For each core, specific gravity was determined for 1‐cm radial wood segments, pith to bark. Increases across the radius were evident in all four species studied, and in four different stands for one species. For any given species in a given stand, the rate of radial increase in specific gravity as a function of radial distance from the pith was greater in smaller diameter trees. As the trees in a stand represent a colonizing cohort, these results strongly suggest that the radial increases in specific gravity in lowland pioneers are associated with tree age, not with tree diameter. Furthermore, the specific gravity of the outermost wood was not associated with tree radius, further negating size dependence. One consequence of these results is that species‐specific biomass estimates for trees in secondary forests are likely to be confounded by age, as diameter alone may be a poor indicator of specific gravity in individual trees for pioneers of tropical wet forests.
Why is Abundance of Herbaceous Legumes Low in African Savanna? A Test with Two Model Species
Authors: Cech Patrick G. , Edwards Peter J. , Olde Venterink Harry 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTAlthough fire is frequent in African savanna ecosystems and may cause considerable loss of nitrogen (N), N2‐fixing herbaceous legumes—which could be expected to benefit from low N conditions—are usually not abundant. To investigate possible reasons for this scarcity, we conducted a pot experiment using two common plants of humid African savannas as model species, the legume Cassia mimosoides and the C4 grass Hyperthelia dissoluta. These species were grown at different levels of water, N and phosphorus (P), both in monoculture and in competition with each other. In the monocultures, yields were significantly increased by the combined addition of N and P in pots receiving high water supply. In pots with interspecific competition, the legume grew poorly unless P was added. Foliar δ15N values of legume plants grown in mixtures were considerably lower than those in monocultures, suggesting that rates of symbiotic N‐fixation were higher in the presence of the grass. Grass δ15N values, however, were also lower in mixtures, while N concentrations were higher, indicating a rapid transfer of N from the legume to the grass. We conclude that the main reason for the low abundance of C. mimosoides is not low P availability as such, but a greater ability of H. dissoluta to compete for soil N and P, and a much higher N‐use efficiency. If other C4 grasses have a similar competitive advantage, it could explain why herbaceous legumes are generally sparse in African savannas. We encourage others to test these findings using species from other types of savanna vegetation.
Dispersal of Desiccation‐Sensitive Seeds is not Coincident with High Rainfall in a Seasonal Tropical Forest in Australia
Authors: Hill James P. , Edwards Will 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTWe tested the hypothesis that dispersal periods of recalcitrant seeded species were coincident with the wet season in a seasonal tropical forest in Australia. Unlike similar forests, we found no support for this pattern. Intensification of seasonal aridity may increase mortality in desiccation‐sensitive seeds.
Diversity of Interactions: A Metric for Studies of Biodiversity
Authors: Dyer Lee A. , Walla Thomas R. , Greeney Harold F. , Stireman III John O. , Hazen Rebecca F. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTMultitrophic interactions play key roles in the origin and maintenance of species diversity, and the study of these interactions has contributed to important theoretical advances in ecology and evolutionary biology. Nevertheless, most biodiversity inventories focus on static species lists, and prominent theories of diversity still ignore trophic interactions. The lack of a simple interaction metric that is analogous to species richness is one reason why diversity of interactions is not examined as a response or predictor variable in diversity studies. Using plant–herbivore–enemy trophic chains as an example, we develop a simple metric of diversity in which richness, diversity indices (e.g., Simpson's 1/D), and rarefaction diversity are calculated with links as the basic unit rather than species. Interactions include all two‐link (herbivore–plant and enemy–herbivore) and three‐link (enemy–herbivore–plant) chains found in a study unit. This metric is different from other indices, such as traditional diversity measures, connectivity and interaction diversity in food‐web studies, and the diversity of interaction index in behavioral studies, and it is easier to compute. Using this approach to studying diversity provides novel insight into debates about neutrality and correlations between diversity, stability, productivity, and ecosystem services.
THEORETICAL APPROACH FOR THE CALCULATION OF RADIATION D10‐VALUE
Authors: MOREIRA R.G. , EKPANYASKUN N. , BRABY L.A. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT In the design of the food irradiation process, the knowledge of the radiation resistance of the target organism in the specific food commodity is required. The D10‐value, the radiation dose needed to inactivate 90% of the microbial load in the food medium, is used to relate the amount of absorbed energy to the fractional population of the viable cells. Numerous experimental studies have been performed to determine the D10 values of several food borne microorganisms irradiated under various conditions. Nevertheless, accurate prediction of D10 value for a radiation treatment of a food product that has not been empirically examined can not be made due to insufficient understanding of the biological response to radiation exposure. A theoretical model for the derivation of the D10‐value has been proposed in this study to mechanistically assess the DNA damage by energetic electrons. The step‐by‐step Monte‐Carlo simulation technique which employed the detailed histories of the ionizing particles and the radiolytic species was utilized. The impacts of the genomic sequence, the number of the genome equivalents, and the method of DNA double strand break determination were hypothetically investigated. The developed computational methodology as well as the results presented can be used as an analytical tool to evaluate the effect of ionizing radiation on the cell survival.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe presented methodology can be employed as an investigative technique complementary to other approaches to understand the physical, chemical and biological changes in food‐born pathogens exposed to e‐beam.
Raising the bar of care for older people in Ontario emergency departments
Authors: Flynn Doris Splinter , Jennings Jane , Moghabghab Rola , Nancekivell Tracy , Tsang Clara , Cleland Michelle , Shipman‐Vokner Karen 
Published: January 2010

flynn d.s., jennings j., moghabghab r., nancekivell t., tsang c., cleland m. & shipman‐vokner k. (2010) Raising the bar of care for older people in Ontario emergency departments. International Journal of Older People Nursing 5, 219–226 doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2010.00209.xAim.  To describe the role of geriatric emergency management nurses as a catalyst for culture change in emergency department processes with the goal to improve care and outcomes of older people.Background.  The changing context and literature has called for a culture change within emergency department care to integrate principles of older people care into care delivery. There is a paucity of reports describing how geriatric emergency care models bring about a broader change in culture within the entire emergency department.Methods.  The Ontario Ministry of Health and Long‐term Care in Canada established a programme to place geriatric emergency management nurses into emergency departments with the goal to improve delivery of care through development of unique, site‐appropriate solutions.Results.  Geriatric emergency management nurses incorporate capacity building into their role to develop and strengthen the skills, instincts, abilities, process and resources of the emergency department. Care processes focus on areas of staffing, mobilization, comfort, medication, hygiene, nutrition/hydration, cognition, environment, equipment and stimulation. Multi‐modal educational strategies and advocacy promote appropriate person‐centred care. Improved communication among care providers at key patient transition points remains a priority system‐level improvement.Conclusion.  Geriatric emergency management nurses work collaboratively with the emergency department team to facilitate change in the way that emergency department care is provided to the older person experiencing health emergencies.Implications for practice.  Known strategies that have been effective in improving outcomes for older people within the hospital and residential care setting can be generalized into emergency department care. Further research into the effectiveness of these strategies in this environment is recommended.
‘Programma2000’: a multi‐modal pilot programme on early intervention in psychosis underway in Italy since 1999
Authors: Meneghelli Anna , Cocchi Angelo , Preti Antonio 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAim: The aim of this study was to describe a service operating in Milan, Italy, that provides early intervention for young people aged 17–30 years at the onset and at high risk of psychosis.Method: Following 2 years of preliminary study and organization, Programma2000 was launched in Milan in 1999. This programme was targeted at early detection and intervention in subjects at the onset of, at risk of, or showing ‘prodromal’ signs of psychosis. This paper contains data on the organization and activities of Programma2000.Results: The service has been active since its launch and has received 378 referrals as of March 2009, 342 of which were thoroughly evaluated. At entry, patients undergo a detailed evaluation of their psychopathology, personal and social role functioning, and cognitive status, with repeated testing over time in order to multidimensionally assess outcome. Treatment involves cognitive–behavioural psychotherapy, structured and unstructured psychosocial interventions, and pharmacotherapy when deemed necessary. Treatment appears effective in reducing morbidity and improving social functioning.Conclusion: A team dedicated to the early identification and treatment of young people with early psychosis is a feasible and sustainable extension of the traditional methods of care for people with mental disorders in Italy.