bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamical, Statistical–Dynamical, and Multimodel Ensemble Forecasts of Australian Spring Season Rainfall
Authors: Lim Eun-Pa , Hendon Harry H. , Anderson David L. T. , Charles Andrew , Alves Oscar 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The prediction skill of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology dynamical seasonal forecast model Predictive Ocean Atmosphere Model for Australia (POAMA) is assessed for probabilistic forecasts of spring season rainfall in Australia and the feasibility of increasing forecast skill through statistical postprocessing is examined. Two statistical postprocessing techniques are explored: calibrating POAMA prediction of rainfall anomaly against observations and using dynamically predicted mean sea level pressure to infer regional rainfall anomaly over Australia (referred to as “bridging”). A “homogeneous” multimodel ensemble prediction method (HMME) is also introduced that consists of the combination of POAMA’s direct prediction of rainfall anomaly together with the two statistically postprocessed predictions.
Using hindcasts for the period 1981–2006, the direct forecasts from POAMA exhibit skill relative to a climatological forecast over broad areas of eastern and southern Australia, where El Niño and the Indian Ocean dipole (whose behavior POAMA can skillfully predict at short lead times) are known to exert a strong influence in austral spring. The calibrated and bridged forecasts, while potentially offering improvement over the direct forecasts because of POAMA’s ability to predict the main drivers of springtime rainfall (e.g., El Niño and the Southern Oscillation), show only limited areas of improvement, mainly because strict cross-validation limits the ability to capitalize on relatively modest predictive signals with short record lengths. However, when POAMA and the two statistical–dynamical rainfall forecasts are combined in the HMME, higher deterministic and probabilistic skill is achieved over any of the single models, which suggests the HMME is another useful method to calibrate dynamical model forecasts.
Genomic organization and gene expression of the multiple globins in Atlantic cod: conservation of globin-flanking genes in chordates infers the origin of the vertebrate globin clusters
Authors: Wetten Ola F , Nederbragt Alexander J , Wilson Robert C , Jakobsen Kjetill S , Edvardsen Rolf B , Andersen Øivind 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Background
The vertebrate globin genes encoding the α- and β-subunits of the tetrameric hemoglobins are clustered at two unlinked loci. The highly conserved linear order of the genes flanking the hemoglobins provides a strong anchor for inferring common ancestry of the globin clusters. In fish, the number of α-β-linked globin genes varies considerably between different sublineages and seems to be related to prevailing physico-chemical conditions. Draft sequences of the Atlantic cod genome enabled us to determine the genomic organization of the globin repertoire in this marine species that copes with fluctuating environments of the temperate and Arctic regions.

Results
The Atlantic cod genome was shown to contain 14 globin genes, including nine hemoglobin genes organized in two unlinked clusters designated β5-α1-β1-α4 and β3-β4-α2-α3-β2. The diverged cod hemoglobin genes displayed different expression levels in adult fish, and tetrameric hemoglobins with or without a Root effect were predicted. The novel finding of maternally inherited hemoglobin mRNAs is consistent with a potential role played by fish hemoglobins in the non-specific immune response. In silico analysis of the six teleost genomes available showed that the two α-β globin clusters are flanked by paralogs of five duplicated genes, in agreement with the proposed teleost-specific duplication of the ancestral vertebrate globin cluster. Screening the genome of extant urochordate and cephalochordate species for conserved globin-flanking genes revealed linkage of RHBDF1, MPG and ARHGAP17 to globin genes in the tunicate Ciona intestinalis, while these genes together with LCMT are closely positioned in amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae), but seem to be unlinked to the multiple globin genes identified in this species.

Conclusion
The plasticity of Atlantic cod to variable environmental conditions probably involves the expression of multiple globins with potentially different properties. The interspecific difference in number of fish hemoglobin genes contrasts with the highly conserved synteny of the flanking genes. The proximity of globin-flanking genes in the tunicate and amphioxus genomes resembles the RHBDF1-MPG-α-globin-ARHGAP17-LCMT linked genes in man and chicken. We hypothesize that the fusion of the three chordate linkage groups 3, 15 and 17 more than 800 MYA led to the ancestral vertebrate globin cluster during a geological period of increased atmospheric oxygen content.
Placebo-Controlled Trial to Determine the Effectiveness of a Urea/Lactic Acid–Based Topical Keratolytic Agent for Prevention of Capecitabine-Induced Hand-Foot Syndrome: North Central Cancer Treatment Group Study N05C5
Authors: Wolf Sherry L. , Qin Rui , Menon Smitha P. , Rowland Kendrith M. , Thomas Sachdev , Delaune Robert , Christian Diana , Pajon Eduardo R. , Satele Daniel V. , Berenberg Jeffrey L. , Loprinzi Charles L. 
Published: November 2010

Purpose Hand-foot syndrome (HFS) is a dose-limiting toxicity of capecitabine for which no effective preventative treatment has been definitively demonstrated. This trial was conducted on the basis of preliminary data that a urea/lactic acid–based topical keratolytic agent (ULABTKA) may prevent HFS. Patients and Methods A randomized, double-blind phase III trial evaluated 137 patients receiving their first ever cycle of capecitabine at a dose of either 2,000 or 2,500 mg/m2 per day for 14 days. Patients were randomly assigned to a ULABTKA versus a placebo cream, which was applied to the hands and feet twice per day for 21 days after the start of capecitabine. Patients completed an HFS diary (HFSD) daily. HFS toxicity grade (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE] v3.0) was also collected at baseline and at the end of each cycle. The primary end point was the incidence of moderate/severe HFS symptoms in the first treatment cycle, based on the patient-reported HFSD. Results The percentage of patients with moderate/severe HFS symptoms was not different between groups, being 13.6% in the ULABTKA arm and 10.2% in the placebo arm (P = .768 by Fisher's exact test). The odds ratio was 1.37 (95% CI, 0.37 to 5.76). Cycle 1 CTCAE skin toxicity was higher in the ULABTKA arm but not significantly so (33% v 27%; P = .82). No significant differences were observed in other toxicities between groups. Conclusion These data do not support the efficacy of a ULABTKA cream for preventing HFS symptoms in patients receiving capecitabine.
Transient Disablement in the Physically Active With Musculoskeletal Injuries, Part I: A Descriptive Model
Authors: Vela Luzita I. , Denegar Craig 
Published: November 2010

AbstractContext:Disablement theory has been characterized as the sequence of events that occurs after an injury, but little research has been conducted to establish how disablement is experienced and described by physically active persons.Objective:To describe the disablement process in physically active persons with musculoskeletal injuries.Design:Concurrent, embedded mixed-methods study. For the qualitative portion, interviews were conducted to create descriptive disablement themes. For the quantitative portion, frequencies analysis was used to identify common terminology.Setting:National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I collegiate and club sports, collegiate intramural program, large high school athletics program, and outpatient orthopaedic center.Patients or Other Participants:Thirty-one physically active volunteers (15 males, 16 females; mean age  =  21.2 years; range, 14–53 years) with a current injury (18 lower extremity injuries, 13 upper extremity injuries) participated in individual interviews. Six physically active volunteers (3 males, 3 females; mean age  =  22.2 years; range, 16–28 years) participated in the group interview to assess trustworthiness.Data Collection and Analysis:We analyzed interviews through a constant-comparison method, and data were collected until saturation occurred. Common limitations were transformed into descriptive themes and were confirmed during the group interview. Disablement descriptors were identified with frequencies and fit to the themes.Results:A total of 15 overall descriptive themes emerged within the 4 disablement components, and descriptive terms were identified for each theme. Impairments were marked by 4 complaints: pain, decreased motion, decreased muscle function, and instability. Functional limitations were denoted by problems with skill performance, daily actions, maintaining positions, fitness, and changing directions. Disability consisted of problems with participation in desired activities. Lastly, problems in quality of life encompassed uncertainty and fear, stress and pressure, mood and frustration, overall energy, and altered relationships. A preliminary generic outcomes instrument was generated from the findings.Conclusions:Our results will help clinicians understand how disablement is described by the physically active. The findings also have implications for how disablement outcomes are measured.
Testing of Thermal Barrier Coatings by Laser Excitation
Authors: Nies Daniel , Pulz Robert , Glaubitz Steffen , Finn Monika , Rehmer Birgit , Skrotzki Birgit 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are used to increase the operating temperature of land‐, sea‐, or air‐based turbines. As failure of the coating may result in serious damage of the turbine, reliable estimation of the lifetime is essential. Most experiments to assess the lifetime or to determine parameters for simulations of the behavior of TBCs are done by burner‐rig‐tests, where the operating conditions are simulated by cyclic heating of the surface and cooling of the backside of a coated sample.In this work a possibility is presented to do comparable experiments by heating the surface with laser irradiation instead of a burner. For this purpose a Nd:YAG‐laser with a maximum output power of 1 kW and a wavelength of 1064 nm is used. The laser spot can be moved by integrated optics across the sample surface to achieve homogeneous heating of the coating. Cooling of the backside is done by air. The temperature of the sample surface is determined by an infrared‐camera which also enables the possibility to detect failures in the coating via thermography. Additionally, acoustic sensors attached to the sample holder are used to detect failures in the sample. The investigated ceramic material (yttria stabilized zirconia) has a very low absorption coefficient at the used laser wavelength. Therefore, a pre‐treatment of the samples was needed to increase the absorption coefficient to be able to heat up the samples.In this paper, the experimental setup and first experimental results are presented.
Formation of Well‐Ordered Heterojunctions in Polymer:PCBM Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: He Ximin , Gao Feng , Tu Guoli , Hasko David G. , Hüttner Sven , Greenham Neil C. , Steiner Ullrich , Friend Richard H. , Huck Wilhelm T. S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe nanoscale morphology in polymer:PCBM based photovoltaic devices is a major contributor to overall device performance. The disordered nature of the phase‐separated structure, in combination with the small length scales involved and the inherent difficulty of reproducing the exact morphologies when spin‐coating and annealing thin blend films, have greatly hampered the development of a detailed understanding of how morphology impacts photo­voltaic device functioning. In this paper we demonstrate a double nano­imprinting process that allows the formation of nanostructured polymer:PCBM heterojunctions of composition and morphology that can be selected independently. We fabricated photovoltaic (PV) devices with extremely high densities (1014 mm−2) of interpenetrating nanoscale columnar features (as small as 25 nm; at or below the exciton diffusion length) in the active layer. By comparing device results of different feature sizes and two different polymer:PCBM combinations, we demonstrate how double imprinting can be a powerful tool to systematically study different parameters in polymer photovoltaic devices.
Synthesis and characterization of novel polyurethanes based on fluorine‐containing polyphosphazene
Authors: Huang Xiaobin , Wei Wei , Li Jing , Zheng Yuanli , Zhou Yubo , Tang Xiaozhen 
Published: November 2010

AbstractFluorine‐containing poly[bis‐(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5‐octafluoro‐1‐pentanol)1.6 (4‐hydroxybutaneoxy)0.4 phosphazene] (OFHBP) was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The obtained OFHBP was used as a cross‐linker to prepare a series of novel polyurethanes (PUPFs). The composition of the PUPFs was confirmed by FTIR and elemental analysis (EA). The crystalline structure and microstructure of the PUPFs were examined by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The thermal and tensile properties of the PUPFs were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and tensile testing. In addition, the surface energy of the PUPFs was also evaluated by contact angle measurements (CA). The results showed that glass transition temperature of the PUPF‐4 was decreased by 15°C, elongation at break was improved by 61% and a 41% decrease in surface energy in comparison with conventional polyurethane. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Adsorption kinetics and isotherms of a pesticide on polyester fibers by carrier finishing
Authors: Zhang X. L. , Cai Z. S. , Zhao Y. P. , Sun G. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe effective management and control of mosquitoes in human living environments are crucial to minimize vector‐borne diseases in homes. Pesticides, such as pyrethroids, are considered powerful tools in the control of mosquitoes and are intended to be incorporated into textiles. The adsorptive behavior of the pesticide ZX‐1 [the main component is 1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl) ethane] in aqueous solution on polyesters fibers at different treatment times, temperatures, and concentrations are discussed in this article. The second‐order model was found to be the most suitable for describing the kinetic diffusion process, and the intraparticle diffusion was the rate‐controlling process. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Radushkevich adsorption models were applied to these approaches. The results show that the Langmuir model appeared to fit the adsorption of ZX‐1 on the polyester fibers better than other adsorption models. In addition, thermodynamic parameters, such as the free energy of adsorption (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0), and entropy, were calculated. Positive values of ΔH0 and ΔG0 indicated the endothermic and nonspontaneous nature of ZX‐1 adsorption on the polyester fibers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Molecular composites created by the solution blending of polyaniline and sulfonated poly(ether sulfone)
Authors: Kanhegaokar Shivkalyan A. , Chunji Gao , Choi Eun‐Young , Kwon O‐Pil , Lee Suck‐Hyun 
Published: November 2010

AbstractNew conducting thermally stable blends of polyaniline (PANi) with sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) as a matrix were prepared by a solution‐blending method. Camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) was used as a protonic agent for PANi. A sulfonyl group was introduced into the poly(ether sulfone) to enhance the coulomb interaction among the blends. The influence of the sulfonated group in poly(ether sulfone) was monitored with electrical property measurements. Ultraviolet–visible spectra of the blend compositions showed a well‐developed polaron band. The compatibility of the blends, that is, hydrogen bonding and dispersion at the molecular level, was ascertained with X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy; these supported intermolecular interaction. A smooth and uniform morphology was observed in the blends. The electrical conductivity of the blends increased up to 14 S/cm with the protonation of the PANi complex with CSA, and the percolation threshold was found to be 2 wt % PANi. These new blends showed increases in conductivity and compatibility over other PANi–poly(ether sulfone) blends. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Individuelle und kollektive Teilchenbewegungen in festen Körpern
Authors: Stiller H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMacroscopic considerations on the internal dynamics of matter deal with densities (for instance mass or charge densities) rather than with particles. The properties of materials are characterized by certain constants like for instance the electric conductivity or transport coefficients like the diffusion constant D, the viscosity η and the heat conductivity X. For a semi‐microscopic approach, these coefficients sometimes are generalized into so‐called memory functions, for instance η (r, t). Models for the internal dynamics of materials are formulated often in terms of such functions; a few attempts have been made to measure such functions directly. — Microscopic considerations depend, of course, on the desired “resolution”; taking into account as particles: nuclei and electrons or ions and “free” electrons or merely atoms or molecules (rigid — “globular” or “elongated” — or flexible molecules) etc. With high resolution, quantum mechanics must be applied. With relaxed resolution, quantum mechanics still may be necessary for periodic motions, even in case of collective dynamic states. The different views are illustrated with examples: for individual and collective rotational motions, for collective translational tunneling, for a pseudo‐spin glass transition and for the generalized hydrodynamic behaviour of a simple fluid. Non‐linear phenomena presently are in the center of interest.
Gauge Theory, Symmetry Breaking and Molecular Rotation in Crystals
Authors: Clough S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMolecular rotation in solids involves elastic forces for which no description has existed at the quantum level. An example is a rotating methyl group which may be compared with the propeller of an elastic powered model aeroplane. How does the lattice surrounding the methyl group play the role of the twisting elastic in restraining and counting rotation? The answer is found in gauge theory whose relevance to dynamics was realised following Berry's discovery of the topological phase. Through the introduction of the concept of curved space, the missing forces are revealed in the curvature which is a consequence of the dynamic interaction between the rotor and its thermal environment. The symmetries associated with dynamic isolation are broken as in the dynamic Jahn‐Teller effect, with the appearance in the quantum regime of new coordinates which are embryonic versions of the classical Euler angles. Incorporating both quantum and classical features, a description is obtained of the smooth transition with increasing temperature from quantum tunnelling to classical hopping rotation. Rotation of tetrahedral ammonium ions raises a further problem since the number of distinguishable orientations is either six or twelve according to quantum or classical mechanics. These are reconciled by symmetry breaking, the former pertaining to dynamic isolation and the latter to interaction with a heat bath. Various nuclear magnetic resonance and neutron scattering experiments demonstrate the symmetry breaking and the simple predictable character of the evolution of molecular rotation between the extremes of free quantum tunneling and thermally driven hopping motion.
The Metastable State of Metallic Glasses
Authors: Bormann R. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractElectromotive force (EMF) measurements on amorphous CuZr and NiTi alloys demonstrate that these alloys are in a metastable state. This is concluded on the basis of a stable electrochemical equilibrium in a galvanic cell and of the reversibility of the cell reaction with respect to shorting and applying an overvoltage to the electrodes. The partial free energies of the amorphous alloys calculated from the EMF measurements are in agreement with those obtained by the CALPHAD method indicating the validity of the Gibbs‐Duhem equation. Metastable amorphous phases can therefore be treated thermodynamically similar to equilibrium phases as long as crystallization is avoided during the experiment and kinetics allow to achieve the metastable equilibrium state.
Molecular Motion in Solid [Sb(CH3)4]X, X = Cl, Br, I, PF6, and BF4. 1H, 19F NMR Second Moment and Crystal Structure
Authors: Burbach Günter , Dou Shi‐Qi , Weiss Alarich 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe tumbling motion of the tetramethylstibonium cation [Sb(CH3)4]+ has been studied in the ionic compounds [Sb(CH3)4]X, X = Cl, Br, I, PF6, and BF4, by measurement of the second moment of the protons M2(1H) in the temperature range 95 ≧ T/K ≧ 340. — At room temperature the iodide, hexafluorophosphate, and tetrafluoroborate crystallize with hexagonal unit cell. The crystal structure of [Sb(CH3)4]I was determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction: a = 728.4(3) pm, c = 1037.7(5) pm, space group C46v — P63 mc, Z = 2. — M2 (1H) of [Sb(CH3)4]I shows cation tumbling at T > 320 K. The methyl groups are rotating about their threefold axes in the whole temperature range studied. — In [Sb(CH3)4]PF6 and [Sb(CH3)4]PF4 both, cation and anion are tumbling at T ≧ 259 K and T ≧ 248 K, respectively, as seen by M2(1H) and M2(19F). A jump in the second moments and differential thermal analysis (DTA) of [Sb(CH3)4]BF4 reveals a solid‐solid phase transition with hysteresis (width 28 K). Activation energies for the tumbling motion of the tetramethylstibonium cation have been determined.
Diffusion of Hydrogen in ZrV2Hx
Authors: Schönfeld C. , Schätzler R. , Hempelmann R. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe diffusion of hydrogen in the cubic Laves‐phase hydride ZrV2Hx with 0.5 ≦ x ≦ 4.8 has been intensively studied by means of quasielastic neutron scattering using the newly built high resolution backscattering spectrometer at the FRJ‐2 reactor in Jülich. A remarkable feature of this hydride is its phase diagram: by means of differential thermoanalysis we determined the stability range of ordered hydride phases; above 320 K the homogeneous α‐solubility‐phase extends over the whole concentration range. Therefore this system offers the possibility to study the concentration dependence of the H‐diffusion over a wide range not being disturbed by phase transitions. The tracer diffusion coefficient increases with concentration possibly due to the occupation of interstitial sites of different site energy. At low hydrogen concentration we found evidence for a localized motion of hydrogen in the metal host lattice.
The Phase‐Diagram CuI — HgI2
Authors: Nölting J. , Wiegert F. , Puschmann E. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractCalorimetric measurements have been performed on mixed crystals of couprous and mercury iodide at a wide range of compositions. From these investigations specific heats, transition enthalpies and finally the phase diagram CuI — HgI2were derived. The separating lines of different phase regions were calculated from enthalpies of transition versus composition diagrams. In this way the homogeneous region of the existing compound Cu2HgI4could be determined too.