bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moisture sorption behaviour of mineral acid, lactic and rennet caseins in the temperature range 27–80 °C
Authors: Diamante Lemuel M. , Munro Peter A. , Weeks Michael G. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe moisture desorption isotherms of mineral acid, lactic and rennet caseins were determined at ˜ 28, 55 and 80 °C. The isotherms were all sigmoid type II according to the BET (Brunauer et al. 1938) classification. A modified Henderson equation was found best to describe the relationship of equilibrium moisture content, water activity (aw) and temperature for all three types of casein. BET monolayer moisture contents and heats of desorption of the three types of casein were calculated. Equilibrium moisture contents at aw 0·432 and 30 °C for mineral acid casein made under a range of manufacturing conditions varied significantly depending on the drying conditions. More severe drying conditions produced lower equilibrium moisture contents.
Effect of propylene glycol supplementation around parturition on milk yield, reproduction performance and some hormonal and metabolic characteristics in dairy cows
Authors: Formigoni Andrea , Cornil Marie-Christine , Prandi Alberto , Mordenti Archimede , Rossi Andriana , Portetelle Daniel , Renaville Robert 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThirty-nine multiparous Holstein cows were used to measure the effect of propylene glycol treatment around parturition on milk yield, reproductive efficiency and some hormone and metabolite concentrations. Cows were assigned randomly to control (n = 19) or propylene glycol treated (n = 20) groups. Propylene glycol (300g) was administered directly mixed with the diet from day 10 prior to the expected calving date until parturition (day 0) and orally after dilution in 1 l water on days 3, 6, 9 and 12. Blood samples were collected on days −20, −5, 0, 3, 10, 25 and 50 while milk samples were taken weekly until 13 weeks post partum. Body condition scores, recorded on days −20, 15 and 50, were not affected by propylene glycol administration. Propylene glycol did not significantly affect milk yield or composition but linear somatic cell score measured from the first 13 weeks post partum was reduced by propylene glycol administration (P < 0·01). Moreover, propylene glycol reduced milk urea (−25 mg/l, P < 0·05), especially during the first 9 weeks post partum. Plasma insulin concentrations were similar in both groups during the experiment while insulin-like growth factor I (P < 0·05) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (P < 0·001) levels were higher on days 10, 25 and 50 post partum in the propylene glycol group. Propylene glycol administration decreased plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations (P < 0·05 to P < 0·01) but increased total cholesterol levels (P < 0·01) after parturition while 3-hydroxy-butyrate levels were unaffected by the treatment. Changes in the hormone and metabolic concentrations after propylene glycol administration in the last few days of gestation and the first week of lactation seem to indicate that energy balance in the treated group was probably more positive than in the control group. There was also evidence that propylene glycol administration prevented fatty liver syndrome and hastened the resumption of oestrous cycles (P < 0·001).
Growth characteristics of post-pasteurization contaminants isolated from pasteurized milk
Authors: Stevenson R. Gregory , Wisdom G. Brian , Rowe Michael T. , McConaghy Deirdre A. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryNine organisms were isolated from separate pasteurized milk samples after they had been incubated at 6 °C for 5 d (European Union preincubated count, PIC), four from high count samples (> 5 x 106cfu/ml) and five from low count samples (< 103cfu/ml). When the organisms were harvested without overt stress being applied and subjected to a simulated PIC using UHT whole milk, all except one isolate gave comparatively high (> 106cfu/ml) counts. The imposition of a heat stress at 50 °C prior to a simulated PIC resulted in a segregation of the isolates into those giving high and those giving low counts, which reflected the PIC values of the milk samples from which they were originally isolated. When the isolates were subjected to a cold stress (25 to 4 °C) and inoculated into nutrient broth at 4 °C, the high count isolates were found to have significantly (P< 0·05) shorter lag phases than the low count isolates.
319. The formation of carbon dioxide by lactic acid bacteria andBacillus licheniformisand a cultural method of detecting the process
Authors: Gibson T. , Abdel-Malek Y. 
Published: June 2009

The amount of CO2formed during the fermentation of sugars by the heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria depends on several factors:(1) The sugar fermented. Gas is produced more readily from glucose than from lactose, even in the case of active lactose fermenters.(2) The reaction and the buffering capacity of the medium. The optimum initial reaction of the medium is approximatelypH 7 and the greater the buffering capacity the more active is the gas production.(3) Factors which occur in plant juices and yeast. They may promote gas formation without increasing cell proliferation and apparently have a specific activating effect on the mechanism of the fermentation.(4) The concentration of sugar, the optimum being about 5%.The formation of CO2by Bacillus licheniformis is influenced in a similar way, but in this case the optimum initial reaction of the medium is in the region ofpH 8–9 and the factors of (3) have little effect.
323. Observations on cheese starters with reference to bacteriophage and the phageorganism relationships of strains isolated
Authors: Nichols Agnes A. , Wolf J. Z. 
Published: June 2009

1. Frequent examination of the mother and bulk starters from several cheese-making creameries during the 1942 season has shown bacteriophage to be prevalent in some factories and apparently absent from others. Outbreaks of phage attack could not be correlated with heat treatment of the cheese milk, and were geographically widespread over the country.2. The phage-organism relationships of these starter strains and their phage races were studied, and on this basis it was possible to arrive at the relationship and in some cases the identity of some of the strains circulating in commerce. It was found that for the isolation of some phaging strains, milk was a more sensitive medium than broth. Commercial starters appear to be composed of more than one distinct strain, and no starter can be judged by the reactions of one of its component strains.The nascent phage phenomenon was found not to be common in the selected starter strains. The reaction itself may, however, possibly be used to demonstrate fundamental relationships between strains.
Effect of feed intake on digesta flow and myoelectric activity in the gastrointestinal tract of the preruminant calf
Authors: Sissons John W. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe effect of feed intake on abomasal digesta outflow and gastrointestinal motility of preruminant calves given whole milk was studied. Digesta collections were made from calves fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulas. In other calves myoelectric activity was recorded from electrodes implanted on the abomasum and proximal small intestine, sometimes concurrently with recordings from an electromagnetic flow sensor on the duodenum. After a feed of 2–8 kg milk recurring patterns of intestinal myoelectric activity associated with fasting were temporarily interrupted by a period of continuous irregular spike activity; the duration of the post feeding activity increased with intake of milk. Patterns of abomasal digesta flow were characterized by alternating periods of rapid and slower flow with a frequency that corresponded to cyclic change in myoelectric activity of the small intestine. Hourly rates of abomasal emptying of digesta during a 6-h collection period were significantly greater (P < 0·05) after giving feeds of 6–8 kg milk compared with measurements of flow rate when 2 kg feeds were given. It is concluded that myoelectric activity of the proximal small intestine exercises control over abomasal emptying of digesta by a mechanism which adjusts the mixing and propulsive functions of gut motility in accordance with the amount of milk consumed.
A fluorimetric method for the determination of Pseudomonas fluorescens AR11 lipase in milk
Authors: Stead Donald 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYA method has been developed, using the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl oleate, to measure the activity of the extracellular lipase of the psychrotroph Pseudomonas fluorescens AR11 in milk. Inhibition of lipolysis by constituents of skim-milk was prevented by including both sodium taurocholate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in the reaction mixture. Cream also interfered with the reaction and skim-milk was used for high sensitivity. Natural milk lipase was readily inactivated by heat treatment to which AR11 lipase was relatively resistant.
Effect of reducing the block size on the flavour of Cheddar cheese
Authors: Manning Donald J. , Ridout Elizabeth A. , Price John C. , Gregory Richard J. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYBlocks of Cheddar cheese ranging in weight from ¾ to 44 lb were vacuum-wrapped and stored for up to 6 weeks. Panel assessment after 0, 3 and 6 weeks showed that the quality decreased, and off-flavours increased with decrease in block size. Headspace analysis showed that the volatile substances H2S and CH3SH decreased in concentration in line with quality.
Composition of butters on sale in Britain
Authors: Buss David H. , Jackson Patricia A. , Scuffam David 
Published: June 2009

SummaryHigh-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the amounts of all-trans retinol, 13-cis retinol and β-carotene in butters on sale in Britain. Samples originating in England and Ireland, New Zealand, Denmark and The Netherlands, and in France were analysed and each type of butter was measured in each season of the year. Fat, water, N and Na contents were also determined. The influence of season and country of origin on vitamin A content and on the level of salting are discussed.
Survival of some non-starter bacteria in naturally ripened and enzyme-accelerated Cheddar cheese
Authors: Bautista Lydia , Kroll Rohan G. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryEffects of the addition of a proteinase (Neutrase 1–5S) and a peptidase (aminopeptidase DP-102) as agents for accelerating the ripening of Cheddar cheese on the survival of some non-starter bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coliand aSalmonellasp.) were studied throughout a 4-month ripening period. The enzymes were found to have no significant effect on the survival of the Gram-positive bacteria but some significant effects were observed, at some stages of the ripening period, with the Gram-negative bacteria in that lower levels were recovered from cheeses treated with the enzyme system.
Ichthybothrium ichthybori gen. et sp. nov. (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) from the African Freshwater Fish Ichthyborus besse (Joannis, 1835)
Authors: Khalil L. F. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryIchthybothrium ichthybori gen. et sp. nov. (Pseudophyllidea : Ptychobothriidae) is described and figured from specimens collected from the intestine of the African freshwater fish Ichthyborus besse from the White Nile near Khartoum, Sudan. Ichthybothrium and Ptychobothrium show some similarities but can be differentiated by the shape of the scolex and the position of the vitelline follicles. Ptychobothrium cypseluri Rao, 1957 and Plicatobothrium cypseluri Cable and Michaelis, 1967 are congeneric and a new name Plicatobothrium raoi is proposed for the former.
The Use of a Membrane Feeding Technique for Infecting Mosquitoes with Filarial Worms Transported between Laboratories
Authors: Ponnudurai T. , Denham D. A. , Nelson G. S. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryBlood containing microfilariae has been successfully transported from various laboratories to London. This blood was used to infect mosquitoes with filarial parasites by means of a membrane feeding system. Brugia malayi, Wuchereria bancrofti and Dirofilaria immitis have been successfully transported in this way.
Primers for polymerase chain reaction to detect genomic DNA of Toxocara canis and T. cati
Authors: Wu Zhiliang , Nagano Isao , Xu Dong , Takahashi Yuzo 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPrimers for polymerase chain reaction to amplify genomic DNA of both Toxocara canis and T. cati were constructed by adapting cloning and sequencing random amplified polymorphic DNA. The primers are expected to detect eggs and/or larvae of T. canis and T. cati, both of which are known to cause toxocariasis in humans.
Intestinal parasites of the grey fox (Pseudalopex culpaeus) in the central Peruvian Andes
Authors: Moro P.L. , Ballarta J. , Gilman R.H. , Leguia G. , Rojas M. , Montes G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe intestines of 20 grey Peruvian foxes (Pseudalopex culpaeus) were examined for the presence ofEchinococcus granulosusand other intestinal parasites.Echinococcus granulosuswas not found in foxes butTaenia hydatigenaandT. multicepswere found in 7 and 4 animals respectively. The grey fox may not be a suitable definitive host forE. granulosus. However, it may act as a sylvatic reservoir ofT. hydatigenaandT. multicepsin the central Peruvian Andes.
The mating behaviour of Zygocotyle lunata adults grown in mice
Authors: Nollen P.M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractZygocotyle lunata adults grown in mice were treated in vitro with 3-H-adenosine to label sperm and then transplanted to the caecum of mice singly or with 6 to 8 unlabelled adults. After 6 to 10 days, worms were recovered, processed for autoradiography, and observed for radioactive sperm in their seminal receptacles. Adults would not incorporate radioactive thymidine into dividing cells. Tyrosine was utilized only by juvenile worms and then not enough to label germinal cells for mating studies. Four of 13 (31%) worms transplanted singly self-inseminated, whereas 9 of 10 (90%) labelled worms in multiple infections self-inseminated. When in groups, the labelled worms cross-inseminated with 14 of 43 (33%) unlabelled worms. This mating pattern was unrestricted in that both self- and cross-insemination took place in multiple infections, much like the mating pattern in another paramphistomatid, Megalodiscus temperatus, but unlike the restrictive pattern shown by three species of eyeflukes.
On Arthrostoma felineum, gen. et sp. nov., a Parasite of Cats
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M. 
Published: June 2009

This small species of Ankylostome worm was found in the small intestine of a golden cat (Felis temmincki) from Sumatra, in association with numerous specimens of Ancylostoma caninum, A. braziliense and Strongyloides sp. It has been experimentally transmitted to the domestic cat.The cuticle shews not only transverse striations but numerous very fine longitudinal striations.Like Ancylostoma, the body shews a distinct longitudinal torsion, and when the dorsal aspect of the cephalic opening is facing upwards, the posterior extremity is displaced laterally. The body is narrowed anteriorly, terminating in a pyriform buccal capsule which, as in Ancybostoma, opens dorsally. The anterior end does not form a hook– like bend as in Necator and forms allied to it.
On the Development, in Culicoides furens Poey, of Filaria (= Mansonella) ozzardi Manson, 1897
Authors: Buckley J. J. C. 
Published: June 2009

1. The life-cycle of Filaria ozzardi was studied in St. Vincent, B.W.I.2. Culicoides furens Poey, a common sandfly in Calliaqua, where a 37·7% human infection was found, was used in the experimental infections.3. Two hundred sand-flies, collected at Calliaqua, were given an infective feed of blood of F. ozzardi carriers. Of these flies, fifty-five, i.e., 27·5%, were subsequently found to be infected with developing stages of the parasite. The ingested microfilariae migrated within 24 hours to the thorax, where the entire morphological development takes place. In flies which were kept alive for seven or eight days, advanced stages were found in the thorax and head, and their emergence from the proboscis was induced by slight pressure on the head.4. The development in the sandfly consists of a metamorphosis from the 1st stage or “sausage” larva to a 2nd stage larva during the first 3 to 4 days, and from this stage to a 3rd stage or infective larva on the fifth or sixth day. Two ecdyses occur during these metamorphoses, which are discussed in relation to the other human filarial parasites.5. Five per cent. of C. furens caught at Calliaqua were found to be naturally infected with developing larvae, apparently F. ozzardi.6. The possibility that C. paraensis, another species in Calliaqua, may also act as a vector, is not excluded.
Observations on the Epidemiology of Parasitic Gastro-enteritis in Calves
Authors: Michel J. F. 
Published: June 2009

Over a period of seven years several series of observations were made on infestations of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora on the herbage of pastures grazed by calves. A regular seasonal pattern was revealed. The concentration of larvae on the herbage falls to a low level in spring. Susceptible calves turned out at this time may begin to contaminate the pasture in mid-May but it is not until July that the infestation on the herbage increases significantly. Generally the increase is to a high level which is maintained with little change until the following spring.Evidence is presented which indicates that contamination of the pasture in the first half of the grazing season is far more effective in the production of an infestation on the herbage than is contamination in the second half of the season.In a discussion of the epidemiology of parasitic gastro-enteritis the formerly accepted view, that clinical helminthiasis results from a continuous build-up of infection in the calves and on the pasture is rejected. It appears that the parasites complete little more than one generation each year.The results of these observations suggest a simple and widely applicable means of controlling parasitic gastro-enteritis in calves.
The Genus Proteocephalus in the Netherlands
Authors: Willemse J. J. 
Published: June 2009

The present paper deals with investigations on the occurrence in Netherlands' fresh water fishes and host specificity of tapeworms belonging to the genus Proteocephalus. The species involved are:P. tetrastomus (Rudoiphi, 1810) in smelt, Osmerus eperlanus.P. longicollis (Zeder, 1800) in smelt, Osmerus eperlanus.P. cernuae (Gmelin, 1790) in pope, Acerina cernua.P. ocellatus (Rudolphi, 1802) in perch, Perca fluviatilis.P. macrocephalus (Creplin, 1825) in eel, Anguilla anguilla.Seasonal cycles were found in P. telrastomus and P. ocellalus; in the latter species this was certainly induced by low winter temperatures.Experimental infections showed that a high degree of host specificity exists in all species considered. Infections of an alien host were never successful. Two kinds of infections were carried out: (a) feeding plerocercoids (in the intermediate host), coming from a known source, to a number of fishes, belonging to several species including the original host species, and (b) transplanting worms, collected from the intestine of a fish, to the intestines of a number of other fishes, belonging to several species including the original host species.Notwithstanding the high degree of host specificity, worms may survive for one or two days, but usually in a bad condition, in the intestine of an alien host. Occasionally they survived up to 14 days: e.g. P. tetratomus in Anguilla anguilla. Consequently sometimes dissections of predator fishes or carrion eating fishes may produce dubious host records because actually Proteocephalus from their prey are recorded. We are convinced that P. tetrastomus found in Salmo trutta, Platichihys flesus and Perca fluviatilis originate from Osmerus eperlanus having been eaten by these species.Additionally cannibalism may be responsible for the fact that large specimens of some fish species, e.g. smelt, are heavily infected with Proteocephalus while they hardly eat any Cyclops, the intermediate host. This is clearly demonstrated by the transplantation experiments, transplanting worms to the proper host.From the data recorded it is apparent that representatives of the genus Proteocephalus are not harmful to commercially important fishes in the Netherlands. In these fishes natural infection with the proper species of Proteocephalus is low and successful infection with other species, showing a high incidence in less valuable fishes, is prevented by the high degree of host specificity. Additionally worms of the species studied did not injure the tissues of the intestinal wall by the action of their suckers and piercing of the intestinal wall never occurred. Even smelts infected with large numbers of worms-more than 50 in a single 20 cm. specimen-did not show any abnormalities in genital development or in the amount of fat in the body cavity.
Studies on the Helminths of India. Trematoda III
Authors: Bhalerao G. D. 
Published: June 2009

In the case of the species Pleurogenes gastroporus observations are recorded in regard to the excretory pore, the position of the receptaculum seminis and the shell gland and the relative size of the suckers. The tendency to form new subspecies is deprecated.The new species Ganeo korkei has been described and separated from the allied species. Its specific diagnosis has been given.Ganeo tigrinum has been recorded from Rana tigrina in Nagpur.In the case of Mehraorchis ranarum observations have been recorded with regard to the position of mouth and oral sucker, prepharynx, pharynx, in stinal fork, testes, ovary, receptaculum seminis, uterus and the excretory bladder. Measurements of the material from Nagpur have been given.The new species Prosthodendrium pushpai has been described and separated from the allied species.The formation of the new genus Prosthodendrium Dollfus, 1931 for the species having vitellaria anterior to testes and retention of Lecithodendrium for those having vitellaria posterior to testes has been approved of. The genera Mesodendrium and Acanthatrium have been considered to be synonyms of Lecithodendrium and Prosthodendrium respectively. Reasons for so doing have been given.A key to the species of the genus Prosthodendrium has been given.The species P. cordiforme from Nyctinomus plicatus in Rangoon and P. ovimagnosum from Nycticejus pallidus in the Punjab have been recorded.The species Opisthorchis noverca from the wild dog, Cyon dukhunensis, in Calcutta has been studied and found to possess a prepharynx and no spines on the cuticle. Typical Opisthorchis noverca from a dog in the Punjab has been recorded.Echinochasmus perfoliatus from cats in Calcutta and Muktesar has been recorded.The non-tuberculate variety of Schistosoma spindalis has been recorded from a calf in Coorg.Halipegus mehransis has been recorded from Rana tigrina in Nagpur and in view of the variations occurring in this species the variety minutum has been abolished.Halipegus sp. has been recorded from the intestine of Rana tigrina in Nagpur.A critical review is given of the various species of Haplorchis (Heterophyidæ) recorded so far. The species H. taichui from cats in Calcutta and Muktesar has been recorded and measurements of a few of its organs given.History of the discovery of Isoparorchis hypselobagri is given and a few more hosts harbouring the larval forms are recorded.