bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A revision ofApodiphusSpinola (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Ghauri M. S. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe genusApodiphusSpinola is redefined on the basis of external structures and male and female genitalia and is compared withParanevisanusDistant. This new definition ofApodiphus, based on its type-species,A. amygdali(Germ.), excludesA. pilipesHorváth.NeonevisanusDistant is synonymised withApodiphusSpinola and the type-species of the genusNeonevisanus, (N. rugosusDist.) is synonymised withA. integricepsHorváth.Neonevisanus pallidusHoberlandt (=A. siazoviKirich. syn. n.) is transferred toApodiphusandA. amygdali,A. integriceps, A. pallidusandA. murghzarussp. n. are described in detail, with illustrations. The species ofApodiphusfeed on almond, apple and other deciduous trees. The genus ranges from Italy in the west to N. India in the east, generally at relatively low altitudes up to 1600 m. Its probable centre of origin is Iran, where three out of the four species are found.A. amygdaliis the only European species.
Mortality of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) non-freezing temperatures
Authors: Miller G.W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEggs, larvae and pupae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) were exposed to five non-freezing constant temperatures (13°, 10°, 7°, 4° and 1°C). The period of exposure required to kill eggs and larvae, and to affect pupae seriously, was determined at each temperature. Distinction was made between dead pupae and pupae which were not killed but developed into deformed adults incapable of mating or laying fertile eggs. Probit line analysis was applied to the mortality results and response lines were plotted for all developmental stages at each constant temperature. Observed 100% mortality and computed LD 99 estimates showed that at all temperatures, except 1°C, resistance to cold was minimal at the egg stage, increased in maturing larvae and was at a maximum in the pupal stage, so that the order of the LD 99 values was: pupae (dead)>larvae>eggs. At 1°C the order was: pupae (dead)>30-day-old larvae>eggs>15-day-old and 1-day-old larvae. The LD 99 (days) value decreased with decreasing temperature for all larval stages and for pupae; and for eggs it was greater at 1°C than at 4° and 7°C.
A new electric trap for tsetse flies
Authors: Rogers David J. , Smith David T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA new electric trap for tsetse flies (Glossina spp.), based on a circuit producing the necessary high voltages from a small 2-V battery, is described. Power consumption is reduced to less than 1% of its level in other circuits designed for the same purpose so that in theory up to 300 h operation per charge is available from a single 2-V dry cell with a 7-Ah capacity (weight approximately 460 g). In practice this time is more likely to be limited by the shelf-life of the cell in tropical climates. The new circuit and a modified grid were tested against G. morsitans submorsitans Newst. during field trials in Ethiopia and the results are discussed. A high percentage of females was obtained only when a stunning capacitor was introduced across the output. The capacitor stores the charge from the circuit and gives a bigger impulse as flies land across the wires. It seems that, in the absence of the capacitor, females that visit the catching device escape from the electrified grid. When they are caught they are stunned for about the same length of time as male flies.
Damage to coconut palms by Azteca sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and insecticidal control with bait, in Guyana
Authors: Rai B. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA general survey of coconut plantations in Guyana in 1976 indicated that in the total area of about 18 700 ha, 1000 of the 3000 ha of coconut palms on the east coast of Demerara were infested by Azteca sp. Detailed crop loss assessments on four plantations in 1970–72 indicate that the overall loss of crop to this pest in Guyana in 1976 was about 3·7 million coconuts, valued at G$372 000. Damage is partly due to mealybug, Nipaecoccus nipae (Mask.), and scale insect, Aspidiotus destructor Sign., colonies maintained by the ants and may also be partly attributed to interference with pollinating insects. Chemical control with aldrin and dieldrin sprays applied to tree trunks to create insecticide barriers and applied to whole trees with a power-sprayer and extension lance did not give adequate long-term control. Baits based on minced bovine intestine with 2% v/w ethyl alcohol were therefore assessed in field trials. Aldrin at 0·3–2·4% a.i., nonachlor at 0·3–2·0% and mirex at 0·05–0·6% were tested. Bait containing 0·1% mirex gave best results with complete kill of ants' nests 60 days after application at about 5 kg bait/ha. Mealybug and scale infestations were also eliminated by this treatment with subsequent reductions of leaf-yellowing and increases of leaf number 100 days after treatment. Up to September 1976, 0·15% mirex bait had been used to control Azteca sp. on 200 ha of coconut palms in Guyana.
Migrations ofDysdercusspp. (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae) related to movements of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone in West Africa
Authors: Duviard Dominique 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe possibilities of migrations in the West African species ofDysdercusare discussed and a hypothesis of long-range migrations associated with the Inter-Tropioal Convergence Zone and its wind systems is proposed. Catches of adultDysdercusin four light-traps distributed from south to north of the Ivory Coast showed that the phenology of assumed migratory activity inD. voelkeriSchmidt differs with latitude and may be correlated with particular types of weather; stainer migrations taking place during the warm, wet and sunny part of the year. The whole life cycle of the insects as well as their flight activity occur under these climatic conditions, prevailing in a belt of 600–900 km width, situated immediately to the south of the Inter-Tropical Front. Colonisation of newly available habitats is thus only possible when climatic factors allow: (i), migratory flight activity and (ii), survival in the colonised area. A close examination of the timing of both migrations in the two main species,D. voelkeriandD. melanoderesKarsch, and of annual movements of the I.T.F. leads to the only logical hypothesis that the transportation of migrating insects is effected by atmospheric convergence, prevailing wind currents and air mass displacements.
The height and direction of flight of mosquitoes in West African savanna, in relation to wind speed and direction
Authors: Snow W. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe height and direction of mosquito flight related to wind speed and direction, in the absence of a host, was investigated in open savanna in The Gambia, West Africa. Non-directional suction traps (at heigts of 0·68, 2·13 and 3·15 m); directional flight traps facing four directions ar three levels (0·00–1·37 m, 1·45–2·82 m and 2·90–4·27 m) and directional suction traps facing two directions at three heights (0–1·2 m, 2·4–3·7 m nd 4·9–6·1 m) were used. Catches form the non-directional suction traps and pooled data from all flight traps at each level showed an inverse relationship between wind speed and the height of flight ofAnopheles melas(Theo.), of gravid females and of male mosquitoes. There was no indication of a similar relationship for theCulex decensTheo. group or forC. thalassiusTheo. The results from flight traps and directional suction traps showed that all mosquitoes were apparently flying upwind at all the levels investigaed. It is concluded that, although upwind flight probably does not occur naturally in the open at eights of more than 1 or 2 m, these experiments indicate that upwind flight could occur at higher levels, in the lee of tree and other obstacles.
A latex agglutination test for the identification of blood-meals ofCulicoides(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: Boorman J. , Mellor P. S. , Boreham P. F. L. , Hewett Rosemary S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA latex agglutination test to identify the sources of blood-meals ofCulicoidesis described. The method requires the minimum amounts of reagents and apparatus and would be suitable for rapid tests under field conditions. Blood-meals ofCulicoides nubeculosus(Mg.) andC. variipennis(Coq.) from laboratory cultures, which had engorged on blood from several species of domestic animals, were differentiated without difficulty. In a series of ‘blind’ tests, the blood-meals of 49C. variipennisfrom seven species of domestic animal were identified with 100% accuracy. The differentiation of blood-meals from closely related hosts, such as mouse and guineapig or ox and sheep, is entirely dependent upon the specificity of the antisera conjugated to the latex. Blood-meals could be identified reliably for about 48 h after ingestion at 20–25°C, but at higher temperatures the reaction became less reliable after 24 h. Detergents commonly used in collecting midges had no effect on the latex agglutination test, but 0–01% mertbiolate, often used as a preservative, caused auto-agglutination and cannot be used when this test is to be applied.
Field trials of double translocation heterozygote males for genetic control ofAedes aegypti(L.) (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Petersen J. L. , Lounibos L. P. , Lorimer Nancy 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFor nine weeks from 14 April to 13 June 1975 an average of over 500 double translocation heterozygote maleAedes aegypti(L.) were released daily into a village where the estimated adult mosquito population was 1200. The two purposes of this release were to suppress theA. aegyptipopulation by sterility induced by chromosomal translocations and to assess the effect of rainy season conditions on the population dynamics of the indigenous and released mosquitoes. As a result of the releases, hatchabirity of eggs from females collected during landing-biting catches dropped from over 93% to 30–40%. For eight weeks following the termination of the releases, hatchability remained below 70% while that of the reference village averaged between 80 and 99% hatch. A relative population decline observed in the release village is not attributed solely to the effect of the releases, partly because it occurred before sufficient time had elapsed to allow induced sterility to build up in the field population.
The relationship of Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Acridoidea: Pyrgomorphidae) with cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Authors: Bernays E. A. , Chapman R. F. , Leather E. M. , McCaffery A. R. , Modder W. W. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField and laboratory studies at Ibadan, Nigeria, showed that the young nymphs of Zonocerus variegatus (L.) normally reject cassava after biting it and die if they are confined on growing leaves. Later instars will eat cassava, especially when deprived of food for some time, but the adults progressively lose weight when restricted to feeding on growing cassava. On cut cassava, on the other hand, extensive feeding occurs and normal growth is maintained. The change from unpalatability to acceptability occurs within about an hour of cutting and is apparently associated with wilting. Cassava produces latex, but this was not distasteful to Zonocerus. The readiness to feed on growing cassava was associated with low levels of hydrogen cyanide production by the leaves; wilted leaves still produced hydrogen cyanide, but at a lower rate than turgid, growing leaves. In the area around Ibadan, Zonocerus regularly defoliates cassava in the latter part of the dry season, probably because a shortage of attractive foods forces the insect to eat cassava.
Descriptions and morphometrics of the nymphs of Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Orthoptera: Acridoidea)
Authors: Chapman R. F. , Cook A. G. , Mitchell G. A. , Page W. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe nymphal instars of Zonocerus variegatus (L.) are described from insects collected near Ibadan, Nigeria. Most insects reared in the laboratory passed through six nymphal instars, although more had only five nymphal instars when reared in crowded conditions. The proportions with five or six instars were not altered by different food-plants. Femur length, head width and pronotal length of laboratory-reared insects were measured. The sizes were only slightly affected by food-plants; they fall into fairly discrete classes corresponding with each instar. The form of antennae, genitalia and wing pads in successive instars is also described. The early-instar nymphs are almost entirely black, with a few yellow markings. In later instars, the extent of the yellow increases. Field data from insects collected during the dry season can be interpreted on the basis of the laboratory studies and indicate that most insects in the field pass through six nymphal instars. More data are needed before nymphs collected in the wet season can be characterised with certainty.
Cumulative and sensitisation effects of repeated applications of methomyl to the housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Gerolt P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRepeated sublethal doses of methomyl and certain of its analogues have been found fully cumulative against adult Musca domestica L. Successive dose treatments were at least as effective as, and in many cases more effective than, a single dose treatment of equivalent amount. Treatment with sublethal doses of methomyl also enhanced the efficacy of insecticides of other chemical groups applied subsequently. The cumulative effect is not due to persistence of the compound in the tissues, to interference with the detoxification mechanism for the insecticides or to prolonged inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Only a very tentative explanation can be suggested at present.
Effect of farming on population movements and acoustic behaviour of two bush crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
Authors: Samways M. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMature, singing adults of the bush cricketsPlatycleis intermedia(Serv.) andP. affinisFieb. are normally separated in the field through differences in habitat preference. At some localities in southern France, nymphs and young adults of the two species occurred mixed together in herbaceous vegetation surrounding barley fields. Occasionally, there was acoustic interference between them, with modification of the song ofP. intermedia. This was overcome byP. intermediamoving into the bushes andP. affinisinto the barley. Cutting of the barley resulted in an invasion of theP. intermediahabitat byP. affinisso that there was further interspecific acoustic interference. Sheep grazing caused vegetation mosaics, which again created the conditions for acoustic interaction between the two species.
The distribution and migration of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepi-doptera: Noctuidae), in relation to meteorology on Cyprus, interpreted from maps of pheromone trap samples
Authors: Campion D. G. , Bettany B. W. , McGinnigle J. B. , Taylor L. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA network of 51 pheromone traps was distributed throughout Cyprus for a period of seven months during 1972, and catches of males of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) were recorded each day. The aim was to find whether Spodoptera adults were immigrating from elsewhere by mapping changes in their distribution and density in relation to current meteorological conditions, especially wind-flow patterns. No major immigration was demonstrated during the investigation period, even when favourable winds from neighbouring countries occurred at times when the insect was abundant. The major increases in catch in the island trap network were explained by population growth within the island, together with localised. movements away from areas of high population density.
Comparative studies on Tetrastichus hagenowii (Ratzeburg) and T. asthenogmus (Waterston), two primary parasites of cockroach oothecae, and on their hyperparasite Tetrastichus sp. (T. miser (Nees) group) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Authors: Narasimham A. Uma 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTetrastichus hagenowii (Ratz.) and T. asthenogmus (Wtstn.) are parasitic in cockroach oothecae and may themselves be attacked by a species of Tetrastichus of the group of T. miser (Nees). In Bangalore in 1976–79, the primary parasites were reared from oothecae of Periplaneta americana (L.), P. australasiae (F.) and P. brunnea Burm., and laboratory colonies of them were established on oothecae of P. americana. The hyperparasite, reared from field-collected oothecae of Periplaneta spp., was bred in the laboratory on oothecae of P. americana containing larvae of T. hagenowü. The immature stages of the three species of parasites were compared and their biologies studied. The eggs of the three species can be differentiated on the basis of their shape as can the pupae, but the larvae of the two primary parasites are indistinguishable. The duration of the developmental stages of the three species overlapped but the hyperparasite had a slightly shorter pupal period. Host finding by the T. hagenowii female was investigated. The two primary parasites were similar in most of their biological attributes. However, T. asthenogmus was inherently superior to the Bangalore strain of T. hagenowii in having lower levels of female sterility and its greater preference for the oothecae of P. brunnea, the predominant species of cockroach in Bangalore. T. hagenowii proved to be more tolerent of low temperatures than T. asthenogmus. The hyperparasite had an advantage over the other two species in possessing longer life-span and synovigenic females, and individual females parasitised more oothecae in their life-span than the primary parasites; but it was unable to distinguish healthy oothecae from those containing larvae of the other two species until it had drilled into them.
Studies of elemental composition as a biological marker in insects. I. The influence of soil type and host-plant on elemental composition of Noctua pronuba (L). (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Bowden J. , Digby P. G. N. , Sherlock P. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to make quantitative determinations of the elemental composition of adults of Noctua pronuba (L.) that had been reared on eight soil-plant combinations and a semi-synthetic diet. There were two host-plants, beans and lettuce, each grown in two clay soils of different acidity, a sand and a commercial potting compost. Analyses were done for fifteen elements: K, P, S, Mg, Ca, Cl, Zn, Si, Al, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr and Ti. Two groups of elements were distinguished; the first six, or major elements, each with an average content about equal to or more than 1000 μg/g, and the last nine, or minor elements, each with an average content of <1000 μg/g. The second group was subdivided into four, Zn, Si, Al, Fe, each with an average content of >100 μg/g and four, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, of <100 μg/g; Ti was of erratic occurrence and was excluded from most statistical analyses. When all elements in all soil-plant combinations were considered, principal components analyses showed no distinction between insects reared on any soil-plant combination, probably because of interactions between host-plants and soils. When data were grouped into two host-plant subsets and only the major elements were analysed, soils were separable within each host-plant subset. In each case, the two clay soils were clearly separable from the other two soils but not from each other. In both host-plant subsets, sexes were distinguishable by a consistently higher K content in males. No clear separations were evident in either host-plant subset when all eight minor elements were considered or when these were separated into two further groups. This work indicates that (i) characteristic elemental compositions, or chemoprints, are present in N. pronuba; (ii) choice, not necessarily number, of elements is likely to be critical in describing and interpreting chemoprints; (iii) chemoprinting is unlikely to enable sources of populations to be identified in polyphagous species like N. pronuba; and (iv) the environmentally linked variation in chemical composition, affecting biologically essential elements, may have important consequences in the population dynamics of migratory and parthenogenetic species.
Esterase activity and associated insecticide resistance in the damson-hop aphid,Phorodon humuli(Schrank) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Lewis G. A. , Madge D. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPhorodon humuli(Schr.) was obtained from both wild and cultivated hop plants, cultured, and bioassayed using seven different foliar spray insecticides, and the results were assesssed by probit analysis to determine LC50s and LC95s. The wild aphids and their progeny were highly susceptible to the insecticides, whereas those from cultivated hops were generally resistant to them. The level of resistance was related to the source of the original aphid population and the insecticide used. Clones of insecticide-resistant and susceptible aphids were maintained under identical conditions, and individual adult apterae were assayed for total esterase and esterase isoenzyme activities. Total esterase activity was appreciably higher in resistant aphids than in susceptible ones. Resistant aphids were associated with high esterase isoenzyme activity of complex bands II–V, while in susceptible aphids these bands were virtually missing. An insecticide-resistant clone ofP. humuliwas selected for low esterase activity and a susceptible clone was selected for high esterase activity, over eight generations. Selection pressure was then reversed for a further eight generations. The resistant clone lost its esterase activity by generation six and it remained low thereafter, whereas that of the control stock remained high. By contrast, the esterase activity of the susceptible clone remained unaltered by selection. The resistant clone also lost its resistance to both methomyl and methidathion.
The attraction of Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) to the weed Chromolaena odorata and associated feeding behaviour
Authors: Modder W. W. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn studies in Nigeria, all instars of Zonocerus variegatus (L.) were found to be strongly attracted to flowers of the common exotic composite weed Chromolaena odorata. Experiments in the field and with caged nymphs suggested that the attraction is due to a volatile compound(s) concentrated in the conspicuous stigmas and released when the buds open. Although very palatable, the flowers seemed inadequate as food, and most of the nymphs roosting on C. odorata even during the flowering season had fed on leaves of C. odorata or other plants. Feeding diminished the attraction to the inflorescences in experimental cages, and of the field nymphs attracted between 11.00 and 15.00 h, a significantly higher proportion than on other plants had relatively empty foreguts. The numbers of field nymphs attracted were maximal at 08.00–10.00h and minimal at 11.00–12.00 h. Both in the cages and in the field, interest in the inflorescences diminished after about 17.00 h, when the highest points within reach are being looked for as roosting sites. Reduction of C. odorata around plantations is unlikely to lessen crop damage by Z. variegatus, but insecticides for Z. variegatus control could be applied conveniently to the tops of C. odorata at roosting time during the flowering season.