bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marine subsurface eukaryotes: the fungal majority
Authors: Edgcomb Virginia P. , Beaudoin David , Gast Rebecca , Biddle Jennifer F. , Teske Andreas 
Published: August 2010

SummaryStudies on the microbial communities of deep subsurface sediments have indicated the presence of Bacteria and Archaea throughout the sediment column. Microbial eukaryotes could also be present in deep‐sea subsurface sediments; either bacterivorous protists or eukaryotes capable of assimilating buried organic carbon. DNA‐ and RNA‐based clone library analyses are used here to examine the microbial eukaryotic diversity and identify the potentially active members in deep‐sea sediment cores of the Peru Margin and the Peru Trench. We compared surface communities with those much deeper in the same cores, and compared cores from different sites. Fungal sequences were most often recovered from both DNA‐ and RNA‐based clone libraries, with variable overall abundances of different sequence types and different dominant clone types in the RNA‐based and the DNA‐based libraries. Surficial sediment communities were different from each other and from the deep subsurface samples. Some fungal sequences represented potentially novel organisms as well as ones with a cosmopolitan distribution in terrestrial, fresh and salt water environments. Our results indicate that fungi are the most consistently detected eukaryotes in the marine sedimentary subsurface; further, some species may be specifically adapted to the deep subsurface and may play important roles in the utilization and recycling of nutrients.
FUNCTIONAL STUDIES OF THE URETER: ITS BEHAVIOUR IN THE DOMESTIC PIG (SUS SCROFA DOMESTICA) AS RECORDED BY THE TECHNIQUE OF TRENDELENBURG
Authors: Deane R. Fletcher 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY1. The ureter of the domestic pig was examined histologically. The muscle coat does not have two distinct layers: probably there is a spiral arrangement of a single muscle coat.2. Even with specialised stains there was no sign of a plexus of nerve fibres and cells as in the niyenteric plexus of the gut: nerve fibres were seen only in the adventitia.3. The ureter of the pig lends itself to study in vitroin Trendelenburg's apparatus.4. Acetylcholine has a powerful motor action easily abolished by atropine.5. Noradrenaline and adrenaline are also powerfully motor in action. In the presence of phenoxybenzamine this motor effect is abolished and replaced by inhibition.6. lsoprenaline is inhibitor and this inhibition is abolished by pronethalol.7. There seem therefore to be α and β adrenergic receptors in ureter.8. In the discussion there is speculation about the significance of such findings for an explanation of vesico‐ureteric reflux in man.
NNEOPLASIA OF THE BLADDER AND CYSTITIS CYSTICA
Authors: Salm R. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThree uncommon bladder lesions are reported. The first case showed early malignancy arising from multicentric follicular, cystic, and glandular cystitis. The second case showed a field change of similar proliferative changes, carcinoma in situ, early alveolar and polypoidal carcinomas. The multicentric alveolar carcinoma appeared to have arisen from Brunn's nests. The third case represented what is believed to be the first recorded example of a true adenoma of the bladder, composed of epithelial elements identical to those seen in follicular and cystic cystitis. Hence all three lesions support the thesis that, in the bladder as elsewhere, hyperplasia may lead to neoplasia.
Automation in an addiction treatment research clinic: Computerised contingency management, ecological momentary assessment and a protocol workflow system
Authors: VAHABZADEH MASSOUD , LIN JIA‐LING , MEZGHANNI MUSTAPHA , EPSTEIN DAVID H. , PRESTON KENZIE L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIntroduction and Aims.A challenge in treatment research is the necessity of adhering to protocol and regulatory strictures while maintaining flexibility to meet patients' treatment needs and to accommodate variations among protocols. Another challenge is the acquisition of large amounts of data in an occasionally hectic environment, along with the provision of seamless methods for exporting, mining and querying the data.Design and Methods.We have automated several major functions of our outpatient treatment research clinic for studies in drug abuse and dependence. Here we describe three such specialised applications: the Automated Contingency Management (ACM) system for the delivery of behavioural interventions, the transactional electronic diary (TED) system for the management of behavioural assessments and the Protocol Workflow System (PWS) for computerised workflow automation and guidance of each participant's daily clinic activities. These modules are integrated into our larger information system to enable data sharing in real time among authorised staff.Results.ACM and the TED have each permitted us to conduct research that was not previously possible. In addition, the time to data analysis at the end of each study is substantially shorter. With the implementation of the PWS, we have been able to manage a research clinic with an 80 patient capacity, having an annual average of 18 000 patient visits and 7300 urine collections with a research staff of five. Finally, automated data management has considerably enhanced our ability to monitor and summarise participant safety data for research oversight.Discussion and Conclusions.When developed in consultation with end users, automation in treatment research clinics can enable more efficient operations, better communication among staff and expansions in research methods. [Vahabzadeh M, Lin J‐L, Mezghanni M, Epstein DH, Preston KL. Automation in an addiction treatment research clinic: Computerised contingency management, ecological momentary assessment and a protocol workflow system.Drug Alcohol Rev2009;28:3–11]
They fight because we let them! Applying a situational crime prevention model to barroom violence
Authors: GRAHAM KATHRYN 
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper draws on situational crime prevention and social interactionist theories to develop a theoretical model for preventing aggression and injury in licensed drinking establishments. The model includes six components: (i) the presence of willing participants; (ii) the role of guardians, handlers and place managers; (iii) environmental deterrents of aggression; (iv) environmental precipitators of aggression; (v) theories regarding the effects of alcohol that contribute to increased risk of aggression; and (vi) social interaction theory relevant to the process of aggressive incidents in drinking establishments. The model provides a basis for developing a range of strategies to reduce barroom aggression that includes but is not restricted to addressing the role of alcohol. The paper discusses how these strategies can be developed and implemented through interventions, programs, policies or regulations at the level of the drinking establishment, the community level or the state/national level.[Graham K. They fight because we let them! Applying a situational crime prevention model to barroom violence. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:103–109]
Is socioeconomic status in early life associated with drug use? A systematic review of the evidence
Authors: DANIEL JAMES Z. , HICKMAN MATTHEW , MACLEOD JOHN , WILES NICOLA , LINGFORD‐HUGHES ANNE , FARRELL MICHAEL , ARAYA RICARDO , SKAPINAKIS PETROS , HAYNES JON , LEWIS GLYN 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Aim.
To conduct a systematic review of longitudinal studies that examined the association between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and illegal drug use in later life. Design and Methods. Systematic search with an agreed list of search items was used to identify all longitudinal population‐based studies that examined the association between childhood SES and later drug use. These included MEDLINE (1966–2005), EMBASE (1990–2005), CINAHL (1982–2005) and PsychInfo (1806–2005), and specialist databases of the Lindesmith Library, Drugscope and Addiction Abstracts. Foreign‐language papers were included. Abstracts were screened independently by two reviewers. If there was disagreement to accept or reject the abstract, then a third reviewer acted as arbiter. Data were extracted by one of the authors. Results. Eleven relevant papers were identified (two birth cohorts and nine papers on school‐aged cohorts). There was consistent evidence to support an association between lower childhood SES and later drug use, primarily cannabis use. However, few studies examined cannabis dependence, and studies of more problematic forms of drug use gave contradictory results. Discussion and Conclusions. We found consistent, though weak, evidence to support the assumption that childhood disadvantage is associated with later cannabis use. Further research is needed to clarify this issue and to inform future policies and public health messages. [Daniel JZ, Hickman M, MacLeod J, Wiles N, Lingford‐Hughes A, Farrell M, Araya R, Skapinakis P, Haynes J, Lewis G. Is socioeconomic status in early life associated with drug use? A systematic review of the evidence. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:142–153]
Onset and lifetime use of drugs in New Zealand: Results from Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey 2003–2004
Authors: WELLS JESSIE ELISABETH , McGEE MAGNUS A. , BAXTER JOANNE , AGNEW FRANCIS , KOKAUA JESSE ,   FOR THE NEW ZEALAND MENTAL HEALTH SURVEY RESEARCH TEAM
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. Onset and lifetime use of drugs have not previously been reported for all adult ages in New Zealand. This paper reports such results and, for people born in New Zealand, compares age of onset across ethnic groups. Design and Methods. A nationally representative cross‐sectional survey was carried out in 2003–2004, with oversampling of Māori and Pacific people. Participants were aged 16 years or more, living in permanent private dwellings. In the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0), participants were asked if they had ever used drugs (alcohol, tobacco and five groups of other drugs) and the age of first use (except for tobacco). Estimates are weighted. Results. The response rate of 73.3% yielded 12 992 interviews. The percentage of participants who had ever used drugs was: 94.6% for alcohol, 50.8% for tobacco and 42.6% for any extramedical drug, including 41.6% for cannabis, 4.2% for cocaine and 2.9% for opioids. Use was much more common in recent cohorts for extramedical drugs. The median age of onset in each age cohort was always lowest for alcohol, then cannabis, then opioids, then cocaine. Among those born in New Zealand, Māori were more at risk of use than ‘Others’ with the lowest risk for Pacific people. Discussion and Conclusions. Interventions to prevent or to delay the onset of drug use need to occur before and during adolescence. The major cohort differences and the widespread experience of cannabis use help to explain the diversity of opinion in New Zealand about how to deal with this drug.[Wells JE, McGee MA, Baxter J, Agnew F, Kokaua J for the New Zealand Mental Health Survey Research Team. Onset and lifetime use of drugs in New Zealand: Results from Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey 2003–2004. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:166–174]
Estimating alcohol‐attributable mortality among Indigenous Australians: Towards Indigenous‐specific alcohol aetiologic fractions
Authors: PASCAL RICHARD , CHIKRITZHS TANYA , GRAY DENNIS 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. Past estimates of Indigenous alcohol‐attributable health in Australia have been based on drinking prevalence estimates from the general population, rather than prevalence figures from the Indigenous population. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the efficacy of using Indigenous‐specific drinking prevalence to estimate alcohol‐attributable deaths among Indigenous Australians. Design and Methods. Estimates of Indigenous alcohol‐attributable deaths between 2000 and 2004 were obtained using both (i) national general‐population drinking prevalence estimates and (ii) national Indigenous‐specific drinking prevalence. Estimates were calculated using the ‘aetiologic fraction’ method. Results. By using national general‐population drinking prevalence figures, past reports on Indigenous health have underestimated alcohol‐attributable deaths for the national Indigenous population. Female deaths due to alcohol‐attributable haemorrhagic stroke were estimated to be approximately four times higher and alcohol‐attributable suicides among men were estimated to be 30% higher than was previously held, when Indigenous‐specific drinking prevalence figures were used. Discussion and Conclusions. By substituting Indigenous‐specific alcohol consumption prevalence estimates for general‐population drinking prevalence, the accuracy of estimates of alcohol‐related harm among Indigenous Australians can be significantly improved.[Pascal R, Chikritzhs T, Gray D. Estimating alcohol‐attributable mortality among Indigenous Australians: Towards Indigenous‐specific alcohol aetiologic fractions. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:196–200]
Hepatitis C treatment in pharmacotherapy services: Increasing treatment uptake needs a critical view
Authors: TRELOAR CARLA J. , FRASER SUZANNE M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Issues. In an effort to increase the number of people undergoing hepatitis C treatment, a range of initiatives are planned or underway to provide treatment in non‐specialist services, such as opioid pharmacotherapy treatment (OPT) clinics. Approach. This commentary considers the implications of this new approach to treatment delivery, taking account of individual‐level issues generally discussed in the literature, such as knowledge of treatment and concerns about side effects. In addition, because less visible organisational and structural factors would equally influence the successful implementation of hepatitis C treatment in OPT services, these are also explored. Key Findings. Provision of hepatitis C treatment in OPT services raises a broad range of pressing questions, from individual knowledge and concern about treatment, to workforce issues, such as discrimination, and tensions between the need for supportive care during hepatitis C treatment and the surveillant, regulatory nature of OPT clinic operations. Implications. A thorough critical examination of the structure and delivery of all services involved is necessary. Social research can play a unique role in this assessment because of its ability to generate detailed insights into lived experience and make use of social theories that allow previously invisible operations of power to become visible. Conclusion. The success of hepatitis C treatment in new sectors, such as OPT clinics, is not a given. Close attention needs to be paid to the context and culture in which OPT is delivered. In turn, this needs to be considered alongside the context and culture necessary for successful hepatitis C treatment delivery.[Treloar CJ, Fraser SM. Hepatitis C treatment in pharmacotherapy services: Increasing treatment uptake needs a critical view. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:436–440]
Predictors of young adults' amphetamine use and disorders: A prospective study
Authors: HAYATBAKHSH MOHAMMAD R. , NAJMAN JAKE M. , BOR WILLIAM , WILLIAMS GAIL M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. Understanding the risk factors that predict amphetamine use and development of amphetamine abuse or dependence (disorder) may help guide preventive interventions. This study aimed to investigate the correlates and predictors of young adults’ amphetamine use and use disorders. Design and Methods. Prospective cohort, population‐based study which started in Brisbane, South East Queensland (Australia) in 1981. The study participants were a cohort of 2042 young adults, followed up from birth to young adulthood. At the 21‐year follow‐up, amphetamine use was assessed via a self‐report questionnaire, and amphetamine use disorder (AUD) was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI‐Auto). Potential predictors (15 risk factors) were assessed between baseline (antenatal visit) and the 21‐year follow‐up. These included participant's gender, mother's age and education, maternal marital status and quality of marital relationship, maternal tobacco and alcohol consumption, mother‐child communication, child mental health and problem behaviours, child smoking and alcohol consumption and child school performance. Results. Young adult amphetamine users were more likely to have concurrent symptoms of mental illness and problem behaviours and to use or abuse cigarettes, cannabis, or other illicit drugs. In multivariate analyses, young adults’ amphetamine use and disorder were disproportionately more common among males and those who have prospectively reported aggression/delinquency or smoking at 14 years, or who have experienced childhood sexual abuse. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that problem behaviours, smoking and childhood sexual abuse are predictors of initiation to use of amphetamines and development of amphetamine abuse and dependence.[Hayatbakhsh MR, Najman JM, Bor W, Williams GM. Predictors of young adults' amphetamine use and disorders: A prospective study. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]
Evaluation of a training program to improve clinicians' assessment of patient stability
Authors: WINSTOCK ADAM R. , LEA TOBY 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. Public clinics in New South Wales (NSW), Australia play a central role in inducting and stabilising opioid dependent clients onto treatment before transfer to a community pharmacy. Clinical assessment of stability is a vital skill in ensuring that clients are appropriately and effectively transferred. A two‐hour clinical training program was delivered to staff at 31 public clinics, that aimed to improve staff confidence in assessing client stability, and skills in negotiating the transfer of clients to community pharmacies. Design and Methods. Pre‐ and post‐training evaluation was conducted examining self‐ratings of confidence and ability in the assessment of client stability, and the perceived utility of a clinical algorithm to improve assessments. Follow‐up was conducted 3 to 6 months post‐training assessing individual and clinic level changes in clinical practice. Results. 205 staff completed pre‐ and post‐training questionnaires. Staff demonstrated a moderate level of self‐reported baseline knowledge and skills in assessing client stability (mean = 6.5; 1 = poor; 10 = excellent) that improved when re‐assessed following the training (mean = 8.0). 76 staff responded to the follow‐up questionnaire. ≥ 75% reported some level of improvement in their approach to clinical practice regarding stability assessment, and 59% reported being more effective in identifying clients appropriate for community pharmacy transfer. Of 19 public clinics, 14 reported an increased focus on stability assessment. Nine clinics reported barriers to achieving changes in clinical practice. Discussion and Conclusions. This evaluation demonstrates that it is possible to implement a targeted clinical training package to staff that translates into positive changes in clinical practice.[Winstock AR, Lea T. Evaluation of a training program to improve clinicians' assessment of patient stability. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:353–359]
Linked electronic medication systems in community pharmacies for preventing pseudoephedrine diversion: A review of international practice and analysis of results in Australia
Authors: BERBATIS CONSTANTINE G. , SUNDERLAND VIVIAN BRUCE , DHALIWAL SATVINDER S. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. Pseudoephedrine is a precursor often diverted into the illegal manufacture of amphetamine type substances (ATS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a linked electronic medication recording system (LEMS) established in Australian pharmacies in 2005 for preventing the diversion of pseudoephedrine. Design and Methods. The number of illegal ATS laboratories detected in each jurisdiction of Australia from 1996–1997 to 2004–2005 were analysed by linear regression nationally and by each jurisdiction. The statistical significance of seizures in 2005–2006 was based on the comparison of the observed value to the 95% prediction confidence intervals calculated from the historical data for each jurisdiction and nationally. Results. Pharmacies in Queensland commenced an LEMS in late 2005 to minimise retail pseudoephedrine diversion. The number of ATS laboratories seized in 2005–2006 in Queensland was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than predicted by historical data. For all other jurisdictions and nationally the totals of laboratories seized in 2005–2006 were not significantly different from predicted values. Discussion and Conclusions. The significant decline in ATS illegal laboratories seized in Queensland in 2005–2006 suggests the effective use of LEMS in pharmacies to minimise pseudoephedrine diversion. In order to evaluate a national LEMS, more frequent data on numbers of linked pharmacies, ATS laboratories seized and indicators of pseudoephedrine sales and misuse are required. Testing the use of LEMS by pharmacies for preventing the diversion of other medicines seems appropriate.[Berbatis CG, Sunderland VB, Dhaliwal SS. Linked electronic medication systems in community pharmacies for preventing pseudoephedrine diversion: A review of international practice and analysis of results in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]
A healthy dose of scepticism: Four good reasons to think again about protective effects of alcohol on coronary heart disease
Authors: CHIKRITZHS TANYA , FILLMORE KAYE , STOCKWELL TIM 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Issues. Alcohol has been implicated in both the popular press and scientific literature as having a protective effect for at least a dozen conditions including coronary heart disease (CHD). Approach. Epidemiological evidence for an apparent protective effect of alcohol on CHD is now being challenged on a number of fronts. This paper is a synopsis of those various challenges as they currently stand. Key Findings. The argument that systematic misclassification of ex‐drinkers and occasional drinkers to ‘abstainer’ categories among epidemiological studies might explain apparent protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption on CHD has recently been supported by new meta‐analyses and independent research. The influence of uncontrolled or unknown factors on the relationship between alcohol and disease cannot be ruled out. Exclusion of participants on the basis of ill‐health severely reduces study sample size and new analyses suggest that doing so might artificially create the appearance of protective effects. The ability of respondents to accurately recall their own alcohol consumption is in serious doubt and very few individuals maintain one single drinking level or style throughout life. The relationship between alcohol and some conditions might be a function of drinking patterns but few studies have addressed the issue. Implications. Popular perceptions regarding the strength of evidence for alcohol's protective effect on a growing number of conditions might be misguided. Conclusion. It is time for the wider research, health and medical community to seriously reflect on the quality of current evidence for apparent protective effects of alcohol on human disease.[Chikritzhs T, Fillmore K, Stockwell T. A healthy dose of scepticism: Four good reasons to think again about protective effects of alcohol on coronary heart disease. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:441–444]