bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPUTER VISION CLASSIFICATION OF POTATO CHIPS BY COLOR
Authors: PEDRESCHI FRANCO , MERY DOMINGO , BUNGER ANDREA , YAÑEZ VERÓNICA 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTIn this research the automatic classification of commercial potato chips by computer vision was studied. The general objective was to design a tool that would be able to classify objectively potato chips according to their color in different categories. For this purpose, sensory measurements of color in 100 potato chips were correlated with the corresponding objective measurements obtained by computer vision system. Potato chips with and without ruffles of different brands were used for training and validation experiments. Sensory evaluations were done with a special chart that classifies potato chips in seven color categories. Simultaneously, the color of the same potato chips classified by the sensory panel, was determined objectively by a computer vision system in L*, a*, b* units. A linear regression model was good enough to predict potato chip sensory color values from the corresponding instrumental measurements by computer vision. The linear model after following the process of crossed validation crossed presented an error of ∼4% for smooth chips (without ruffles) and ∼7% for chips with ruffles.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe automatic classification methodology presented for potato chips is general and has a wide range of potential uses. It could be applied not only to other potato cultivars and frying conditions but also to other less heterogeneous raw materials and unit operations different than potato and frying, respectively. The computer vision system used in this research could as well be very useful in the food industry as a large amount of information can now be obtained from measurements at the pixel level that allows a better characterization of foods and thus improves quality control.
One year follow‐up of contrast sensitivity following conventional laser in situ keratomileusis and laser epithelial keratomileusis
Authors: Townley Deirdre , Kirwan Caitriona , O’Keefe Michael 
Published: January 2010

Abstract.Purpose:  To determine the effect of conventional laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) for myopia on contrast sensitivity (CS) using the Pelli‐Robson and Vector Vision CSV‐1000E CS tests.Methods:  A prospective, comparative study was conducted on 36 eyes of 36 patients with myopia undergoing LASIK (18 eyes) and LASEK (18 eyes). Surgery was performed using the Technolas 217z laser (Bausch & Lomb). CS was recorded preoperatively and at 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively.Results:  No statistically significant difference was found in LogMAR uncorrected visual acuity post‐LASIK (−0.02 ± 0.16) and LASEK (−0.04 ± 0.14). Using the Pelli‐Robson, CS was significantly lower in the LASIK group 3 and 6 months postoperatively. No significant postoperative reduction in CS was observed in either treatment group. Using the CSV‐1000E test, CS was significantly reduced post‐LASIK at 3 (p = 0.05) and 6 (p = 0.05) cycles/degree under photopic conditions. No significant postoperative change occurred in the LASEK group under photopic or scotopic conditions. There was no significant difference in postoperative CS between the LASIK and LASEK groups at 3, 6, 12 or 18 cycles/degree using the CSV‐1000E test.Conclusion:  One year postoperatively, there was no difference in CS between both treatment groups using the Pelli‐Robson and CSV‐1000E tests. CS was reduced postoperatively in the LASIK group at the lower spatial frequencies under photopic conditions. No postoperative change was detected in CS following LASIK or LASEK using the Pelli‐Robson test.
Slip Flow in the Hydrodynamic Entrance Region of Circular and Noncircular Microchannels
Authors: Duan Zhipeng , Muzychka Y. S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Microscale fluid dynamics has received intensive interest due to the emergence of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology. When the mean free path of the gas is comparable to the channel’s characteristic dimension, the continuum assumption is no longer valid and a velocity slip may occur at the duct walls. Noncircular cross sections are common channel shapes that can be produced by microfabrication. The noncircular microchannels have extensive practical applications in MEMS. The paper deals with issues of hydrodynamic flow development. Slip flow in the entrance of circular and parallel plate microchannels is first considered by solving a linearized momentum equation. It is found that slip flow is less sensitive to analytical linearized approximations than continuum flow and the linearization method is an accurate approximation for slip flow. Also, it is found that the entrance friction factor Reynolds product is of finite value and dependent on the Kn and tangential momentum accommodation coefficient but independent of the cross-sectional geometry. Slip flow and continuum flow in the hydrodynamic entrance of noncircular microchannels has been examined and a model is proposed to predict the friction factor and Reynolds product f Re for developing slip flow and continuum flow in most noncircular microchannels. It is shown that the complete problem may be easily analyzed by combining the asymptotic results for short and long ducts. Through the selection of a characteristic length scale, the square root of cross-sectional area, the effect of duct shape has been minimized. The proposed model has an approximate accuracy of 10% for most common duct shapes.
Comparative
In Vitro
Activities of Nemonoxacin (TG-873870), a Novel Nonfluorinated Quinolone, and Other Quinolones against Clinical Isolates
Authors: Lauderdale Tsai-Ling , Shiau Yih-Ru , Lai Jui-Fen , Chen Hua-Chien , King Chi-Hsin R. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT

The
in vitro
antibacterial activities of nemonoxacin (TG-873870), a novel nonfluorinated quinolone, against 770 clinical isolates were investigated. Nemonoxacin (tested as its malate salt, TG-875649) showed better
in vitro
activity than ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against different species of staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci,
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
, and
Haemophilus influenzae
. The
in vitro
activity of TG-875649 was also comparable to or better than that of moxifloxacin against these pathogens, which included ciprofloxacin-resistant, methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
and levofloxacin-resistant
Streptococcus pneumoniae
.
Resistance to Linezolid in a Porcine
Clostridium perfringens
Strain Carrying a Mutation in the
rplD
Gene Encoding the Ribosomal Protein L4
Authors: Hölzel Christina S. , Harms Katrin S. , Schwaiger Karin , Bauer Johann 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT

Coresistance to human reserve antibiotics can be selected by antibiotics used in veterinary medicine. A
Clostridium perfringens
strain isolated from pig manure was resistant to the reserve drug linezolid and, simultaneously, resistant against florfenicol and erythromycin. We detected a new mutation in a highly conserved region of
rpl
D
, encoding protein L4 of the 50S ribosomal subunit. This is the first genetic substantiation of linezolid resistance in the genus
Clostridium
.
GES-13, a β-Lactamase Variant Possessing Lys-104 and Asn-170 in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Kotsakis S. D. , Papagiannitsis C. C. , Tzelepi E. , Legakis N. J. , Miriagou V. , Tzouvelekis L. S. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT

GES-13 β-lactamase, a novel GES variant possessing Lys-104 and Asn-170, was identified in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. bla
GES-13
was the single gene cassette of a class 1 integron probably located in the chromosome. GES-13 efficiently hydrolyzed broad-spectrum cephalosporins and aztreonam. Imipenem was a potent inhibitor of GES-13 but was not hydrolyzed at measurable rates.
Three Decades of β-Lactamase Inhibitors
Authors: Drawz Sarah M. , Bonomo Robert A. 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYSince the introduction of penicillin, β-lactam antibiotics have been the antimicrobial agents of choice. Unfortunately, the efficacy of these life-saving antibiotics is significantly threatened by bacterial β-lactamases. β-Lactamases are now responsible for resistance to penicillins, extended-spectrum cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems. In order to overcome β-lactamase-mediated resistance, β-lactamase inhibitors (clavulanate, sulbactam, and tazobactam) were introduced into clinical practice. These inhibitors greatly enhance the efficacy of their partner β-lactams (amoxicillin, ampicillin, piperacillin, and ticarcillin) in the treatment of seriousEnterobacteriaceaeand penicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections. However, selective pressure from excess antibiotic use accelerated the emergence of resistance to β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Furthermore, the prevalence of clinically relevant β-lactamases from other classes that are resistant to inhibition is rapidly increasing. There is an urgent need for effective inhibitors that can restore the activity of β-lactams. Here, we review the catalytic mechanisms of each β-lactamase class. We then discuss approaches for circumventing β-lactamase-mediated resistance, including properties and characteristics of mechanism-based inactivators. We next highlight the mechanisms of action and salient clinical and microbiological features of β-lactamase inhibitors. We also emphasize their therapeutic applications. We close by focusing on novel compounds and the chemical features of these agents that may contribute to a “second generation” of inhibitors. The goal for the next 3 decades will be to design inhibitors that will be effective for more than a single class of β-lactamases.
ThesmpB-ssrAMutant ofYersinia pestisFunctions as a Live Attenuated Vaccine To Protect Mice against Pulmonary Plague Infection
Authors: Okan Nihal A. , Mena Patricio , Benach Jorge L. , Bliska James B. , Karzai A. Wali 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThe bacterial SmpB-SsrA system is a highly conserved translational quality control mechanism that helps maintain the translational machinery at full capacity. Here we present evidence to demonstrate that thesmpB-ssrAgenes are required for pathogenesis ofYersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague. We found that disruption of thesmpB-ssrAgenes leads to reduction in secretion of the type III secretion-related proteins YopB, YopD, and LcrV, which are essential for virulence. Consistent with these observations, thesmpB-ssrAmutant ofY. pestiswas severely attenuated in a mouse model of infection via both the intranasal and intravenous routes. Most significantly, intranasal vaccination of mice with thesmpB-ssrAmutant strain ofY. pestisinduced a strong antibody response. The vaccinated animals were well protected against subsequent lethal intranasal challenges with virulentY. pestis. Taken together, our results indicate that thesmpB-ssrAmutant ofY. pestispossesses the desired qualities for a live attenuated cell-based vaccine against pneumonic plague.
Intracellular Trafficking ofBordetella pertussisin Human Macrophages
Authors: Lamberti Yanina A. , Hayes Jimena Alvarez , Perez Vidakovics Maria L. , Harvill Eric T. , Rodriguez Maria Eugenia 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTAlthoughBordetella pertussishas been observed to survive inside macrophages, its ability to resist or evade degradation in phagolysosomes has not been defined. We here investigated the trafficking ofB. pertussisupon entry into human macrophages. During the first hours following phagocytosis, a high percentage of bacteria were destroyed within acidic compartments positive for the lysosome-associated membrane proteins (LAMP). However, roughly one-fourth of the bacteria taken up evade this initial killing event, remaining in nonacidic compartments. Forty-eight hours after infection, the number of intracellular bacteria per cell increased, suggesting thatB. pertussisis capable of replicating in this type of compartment. Viable bacteria accumulated within phagosomal compartments positive for the early endosomal marker Rab5 but not the late endosomal marker LAMP. Moreover,B. pertussis-containing phagosomes acquired exogenously added transferrin, indicating that intracellular bacteria have access to extracellular components and essential nutrients via the host cell recycling pathway. Overall, these results suggest thatB. pertussissurvives and eventually replicates in compartments with characteristics of early endosomes, potentially contributing to its extraordinary ability to persist within hosts and populations.
Management of hepatic encephalopathy in children
Authors: Arya Ravindra , Gulati Sheffali , Deopujari Satish 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy is a common metabolic condition in children, having a significantly different aetiopathogenesis from that in adults. The present paper reviews the medical interventions of proven efficacy and also discusses recent advances from various fields as applicable to management of children with this disorder, focusing on measures other than liver transplant. The most important component of managing a child with hepatic encephalopathy is basic intensive care with regulation of fluid status, glucose and electrolyte homeostasis. Specific management includes measures to reduce serum ammonia concentrations, and the prevention and prompt treatment of complications. Methods to reduce ammonia target various steps in its metabolism. This includes reducing its production in and absorption from the intestine and promoting its metabolism in the liver. Significant secondary complications occurring in fulminant hepatic failure which require urgent recognition and management include coagulopathy, cerebral oedema and renal dysfunction. Children with hepatic encephalopathy also have several other paediatric care issues such as fever, requirement for sedation, etc, where the choice of drug is not straightforward and is often different from other settings. This is reviewed here along with an attempt to provide rational choices based on available evidence. Certain controversial and experimental approaches to treatment of fulminant hepatic failure are also discussed, but clearly delineated from the established management protocol. Finally, the role of artificial liver support devices is discussed, with the realisation that they can provide an effective bridge during the time when a patient is waiting for a suitable donor for liver transplant.
Cardiac resynchronisation therapy: what a hospital practitioner needs to know?
Authors: Albouaini Khaled , Alkarmi Amr , Wright David Justin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of heart failure are rapidly rising. Despite the improvement in pharmacologic treatment, many patients have severe persistent symptoms, and their prognosis remains poor. One of the most recent advances in heart failure management is the concept of cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT). This therapy aims to pace the right and left ventricles synchronously to contract simultaneously and therefore enhances cardiac output. Clinical trials on CRT have demonstrated both morbidity and mortality benefits. This article reviews the evidence for CRT, the current indications, and important information relevant to the clinician treating patients with heart failure. It also highlights some of the current controversies in this field as well as the need for future research.
Magnetic resonance imaging in fetal medicine: a pictorial review of current and developing indications
Authors: Weston M J 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Improvements in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging now permit diagnostic images of the fetus to be obtained. Ultrasound remains vital in all aspects of fetal imaging but MR provides a useful second line imaging test. Its value is best researched in fetal central nervous system disorders but it can be applied in other areas too. This pictorial review shows many of the commonly encountered problems. The pictures have a powerful impact on parental understanding. Future research must involve determination of the prognosis of abnormalities found at MR.
Epidemic dropsy in India
Authors: Sharma B D , Malhotra Sanjay , Bhatia Vikram , Rathee Mandeep 
Published: January 2010

SummaryEpidemic dropsy is a clinical state resulting from use of edible oils adulterated with Argemone mexicana oil. Sanguinarine and dehydrosanguinarine are two major toxic alkaloids of Argemone oil, which cause widespread capillary dilatation, proliferation and increased capillary permeability. Leakage of the protein-rich plasma component into the extracellular compartment leads to the formation of oedema. The haemodynamic consequences of this vascular dilatation and permeability lead to a state of relative hypovolemia with a constant stimulus for fluid and salt conservation by the kidneys. Illness begins with gastroenteric symptoms followed by cutaneous erythema and pigmentation. Respiratory symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath and orthopnoea progressing to frank right-sided congestive cardiac failure are seen. Mild to moderate anaemia, hypoproteinaemia, mild to moderate renal azotemia, retinal haemorrhages, and glaucoma are common manifestations. There is no specific therapy. Removal of the adulterated oil and symptomatic treatment of congestive cardiac failure and respiratory symptoms, along with administration of antioxidants and multivitamins, remain the mainstay of treatment. Selective cultivation of yellow mustard, strict enforcement of the Indian Food Adulteration Act, and exemplary punishment to unscrupulous traders are the main preventive measures.
Severe hypercalcaemia in B-cell lymphoma: combined effects of PTH-rP, IL-6 and TNF
Authors: Daroszewska Anna , Bucknall Roger C , Chu Patrick , Fraser William D 
Published: January 2010

Summary
Hypercalcaemia as the only manifestation of B-cell lymphoma is seen very rarely. Its pathophysiology is heterogenous and not well understood. We report a 73-year-old man who presented with severe hypercalcaemia before any signs of malignancy became evident. He was diagnosed with a B-cell lymphoma on bone marrow trephine biopsy. The hypercalcaemia was associated with high plasma concentrations of parathyroid-hormone-related protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor. Our patient had markedly increased osteoclast and osteoblast activity as a result of synergistic effects between these factors, with consequent severe hypercalcaemia. This is the first reported example of such combined effects of these factors in humans.
Eye disease in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Shinzato M , Yamamoto J , Hirata C E , Goldberg A C , Yoshinari N H , Bonfá E 
Published: January 2010

Summary
We report the case of a 40-year-old women with diffuse uveitis, sensorineural hearing loss and cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis as features of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome who developed symmetric polyarthritis and stiffness of small and large joints, in addition to rheumatoid arthritis. Although their target tissues are distinct, both diseases have a possible autoimmune origin strongly associated with HLA-DRB4.
The dark side of marketing seemingly “Light” cigarettes: successful images and failed fact
Authors: Pollay R W , Dewhirst T 
Published: January 2010

Objective: To understand the development, intent, and consequences of US tobacco industry advertising for low machine yield cigarettes.Methods: Analysis of trade sources and internal US tobacco company documents now available on various web sites created by corporations, litigation, or public health bodies.Results: When introducing low yield products, cigarette manufacturers were concerned about maintaining products with acceptable taste/flavour and feared consumers might become weaned from smoking. Several tactics were employed by cigarette manufacturers, leading consumers to perceive filtered and low machine yield brands as safer relative to other brands. Tactics include using cosmetic (that is, ineffective) filters, loosening filters over time, using medicinal menthol, using high tech imagery, using virtuous brand names and descriptors, adding a virtuous variant to a brand's product line, and generating misleading data on tar and nicotine yields.Conclusions: Advertisements of filtered and low tar cigarettes were intended to reassure smokers concerned about the health risks of smoking, and to present the respective products as an alternative to quitting. Promotional efforts were successful in getting smokers to adopt filtered and low yield cigarette brands. Corporate documents demonstrate that cigarette manufacturers recognised the inherent deceptiveness of cigarette brands described as “Light”or “Ultra-Light” because of low machine measured yields.
Tax, price and cigarette smoking: evidence from the tobacco documents and implications for tobacco company marketing strategies: Figure 1
Authors: Chaloupka F J , Cummings K M , Morley CP , Horan JK 
Published: January 2010

Objective: To examine tobacco company documents to determine what the companies knew about the impact of cigarette prices on smoking among youth, young adults, and adults, and to evaluate how this understanding affected their pricing and price related marketing strategies.Methods: Data for this study come from tobacco industry documents contained in the Youth and Marketing database created by the Roswell Park Cancer Institute and available through http:// roswell.tobaccodocuments.org, supplemented with documents obtained fromhttp://www.tobaccodocuments.org.Results: Tobacco company documents provide clear evidence on the impact of cigarette prices on cigarette smoking, describing how tax related and other price increases lead to significant reductions in smoking, particularly among young persons. This information was very important in developing the industry's pricing strategies, including the development of lower price branded generics and the pass through of cigarette excise tax increases, and in developing a variety of price related marketing efforts, including multi-pack discounts, couponing, and others.Conclusions: Pricing and price related promotions are among the most important marketing tools employed by tobacco companies. Future tobacco control efforts that aim to raise prices and limit price related marketing efforts are likely to be important in achieving reductions in tobacco use and the public health toll caused by tobacco.
Simulating believable forward accelerations on a stewart motion platform
Authors: Berger Daniel R. , Schulte-Pelkum Jörg , Bülthoff Heinrich H. 
Published: January 2010

It is still an unsolved problem how to optimally simulate self-motion using motion simulators. We investigated how a forward acceleration can be simulated as believably as possible on a hexapod motion platform equipped with a projection screen.
Human participants rated the believability of brief forward accelerations. These were simulated as visual forward accelerations over a ground plane with people as size cues, presented together with brief forward surge translations and backward pitches of the platform, and synchronous random up--down movements of the camera in the visual scene and the platform. The magnitudes of all of the parameters were varied independently across trials.
Even though variability between participants was high, the most believable simulation occurred when visual accelerations were combined with backward pitches of the platform, which changed the gravitoinertial vector direction approximately consistent with the visual acceleration. However, a wide range of platform pitches was accepted as believable. With high visual acceleration cues most participants reported trials as realistic even when the platform tilt rate was above vestibular canal thresholds reported in other works. Other manipulated parameters had only a mild influence on the responses. These results can be used to optimize motion-cueing algorithms for simulating linear accelerations in motion simulators.