bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Service differentiation
Authors: Andreassen Tor W. , Lanseng Even J. 
Published: April 2010

PurposeService‐dominant logic of marketing claims that employees' knowledge and skills are the firm's only sustainable advantage. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the importance of branding in attracting the right employees.Design/methodology/approachThis paper employs the image congruency hypothesis and social norms from consumer behavior. To test the hypotheses empirically, it uses a scenario‐based survey of respondents recruited from job‐seeking graduate students.FindingsBased on data sampled and analyzed, it finds that both image congruency between prospective employee and preferred employer and social norm weigh in when job seekers decide on the preferred employer.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper tests the model only on first‐time job seekers. This group may have greater desire to find a job than employed job seekers do. However, it believes that image congruency and social norm will impact the latter group's attitudes regarding employer.Practical implicationsFor managers who need to differentiate their market offering the findings illuminate the importance of branding and brand building not only in the consumer market but also in the labor market. It is all about attracting the right customers and moreover, the right employees to serve them.Originality/valueTo the knowledge, this is the first study in the field of employer branding that uses the image congruency hypothesis to study branding in the labor market, thereby linking branding to organizational behavior.
China's policies on foreign‐invested travel agencies upon its entry to the WTO
Authors: Xu Jing , Zhang Hanqin , Wu Jiajia 
Published: April 2010

PurposeBased on the commitments made when it joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, China began to allow the establishment of foreign‐invested travel agencies. During this transition period, China promulgated travel service‐related policies and paid a great deal of attention to this specific business market. This paper aims to analyze the said tourism policies and provide suggestions to foreign investors for their future business activities in this promising market.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses both primary and secondary data to specify China's policies on foreign‐invested travel agencies upon its accession to the WTO and discuss foreign investors' entry modes and operating strategies for joining the market. Hall's model is employed to examine the policy‐making process, including policy demands, policy decisions, policy outputs, and policy impacts.FindingsSome foreign investment‐related tourism policies were implemented ahead of the schedule to which China committed upon its entry to the WTO. The tight nature of the policies implemented meant that only 25 foreign‐invested agencies had survived in China by August 2007. Industry professionals recruited for this study commented that the nature and pattern of FDI in this market has been successfully framed by the policies adopted.Practical implicationsThe entry modes that foreign investors in China's travel service market should adopt and the detailed operating strategies they should use are discussed.Originality/valueThe paper can be seen as a successful and enlightening attempt to pave the way for future researchers to engage in further discussions about FDI in tourism in a political environment, particularly in developing countries.
Can followers overcome pioneers? The role of superior alignable differences in consumer evaluation of brand extensions
Authors: Liang Beichen , Cherian Joseph , Fu Wei 
Published: April 2010

PurposeThis paper seeks to examine whether the follower extensions with superior alignable differences can overcome the pioneer extensions with regard to brands.Design/methodology/approachThree laboratory experiments were conducted to test hypotheses.FindingsFindings suggest that the effect of superior alignable differences on consumer evaluations of followers vs pioneers is moderated by two factors – the perceived fit between the parent brand and extensions, and order of market entry. High fit followers with superior alignable differences easily overcome pioneers; however, such alignable differences do not help low fit followers to overcome pioneers. Although the low fit followers with better quality and superior alignable differences can overcome the low fit pioneer, they cannot overcome the high fit pioneer.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitation of the study is that it does not explore how low fit followers can overcome high fit pioneers.Practical implicationsManagers can better determine whether and how to introduce brand extensions as a pioneer or follower.Originality/valueThe originality and value lie in first examining whether follower extensions can overcome pioneer extensions.
Legal institution building and economic development in China
Authors: Li Weigang , Chen Jixiang , Wu Dongying 
Published: April 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the role of legal institution building during the process of China's economic miracle of past three decades.Design/methodology/approachTo engage with the issue, the paper builds on historical research and comparable approaches which explore the interactions of legal institution building and economic reforms in China.FindingsLegal institution building is not only a passive factor that can make up market failures in developing countries. Studies on China case find that legal institution building in China has often been taken as a tool to realize the ruling party's political commitment of economic development.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper takes only one country – China as the case to explore the interactions of legal institution building and economic development. Owing to most China's peculiar characteristics, more cases should be studied in order to examine a much clearer result, which might shed lights on the current reforms of a lot of developing countries.Practical implicationsThe argument of the paper, that legal institution building can be employed as an active tool to drive economic development if designed properly, broadens policy pools for developing countries that are in a strive to fight against poverty reduction.Originality/valueThe paper opens a new arena to re‐examine the role of legal building for economic development in developing countries. Also, it develops a unique perspective to explore the myth of China's economic miracle.
Information systems outsourcing: a Delphi study from Spain
Authors: Gonzalez Reyes , Gasco Jose , Llopis Juan 
Published: April 2010

PurposeThe widespread growth of information systems (IS) outsourcing on an international scale contrasts sharply with the somewhat limited development of this practice in Spain. The purpose of this paper is to deal with the situation of IS outsourcing in this country.Design/methodology/approachFor this purpose, the paper has used the opinions and comments of those in charge of IS departments at the largest Spanish firms through a normative Delphi study.FindingsOutsourcing makes it possible to achieve strategic as well as economic advantages and managers propose a number of ways to reduce the risks associated with this practice. Provider specialisation and permanent client‐provider contact are key aspects in order to ensure outsourcing success and development.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper is basically descriptive and, though it uses quantitative information, the analysis carried out is mainly qualitative. Furthermore, it refers exclusively to the context of large Spanish firms.Originality/valueDespite the limitations mentioned above, the paper has the advantage that in the panellists' words it interprets the results obtained, which means that we can largely ratify the results of the first questionnaire elaborated. Moreover, it is worth studying the Spanish outsourcing model, which is less developed and has not received as much attention from researchers as that of other western countries.
Common Variants in Cardiac Ion Channel Genes Are Associated With Sudden Cardiac Death
Authors: Albert Christine M. , MacRae Calum A. , Chasman Daniel I. , VanDenburgh Martin , Buring Julie E. , Manson JoAnn E. , Cook Nancy R. , Newton-Cheh Christopher 
Published: April 2010

Background—
Rare variants in cardiac ion channel genes are associated with sudden cardiac death in rare primary arrhythmic syndromes; however, it is unknown whether common variation in these same genes may contribute to sudden cardiac death risk at the population level.

Methods and Results—

We examined the association between 147 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (137 tag, 5 noncoding SNPs associated with QT interval duration, and 5 nonsynonymous SNPs) in 5 cardiac ion channel genes,
KCNQ1
,
KCNH2
,
SCN5A
,
KCNE1
, and
KCNE2
, and sudden and/or arrhythmic death in a combined nested case-control analysis among 516 cases and 1522 matched control subjects of European ancestry enrolled in 6 prospective cohort studies. After accounting for multiple testing, 2 SNPs (rs2283222 located in intron 11 in
KCNQ1
and rs11720524 located in intron 1 in
SCN5A
) remained significantly associated with sudden/arrhythmic death (false discovery rate=0.01 and 0.03, respectively). Each increasing copy of the major T-allele of rs2283222 or the major C-allele of rs1172052 was associated with an odds ratio of 1.36 (95% confidence interval, 1.16 to 1.60;
P
=0.0002) and 1.30 (95% confidence interval, 1.12 to 1.51;
P
=0.0005), respectively. Control for cardiovascular risk factors and/or limiting the analysis to definite sudden cardiac death did not significantly alter these relationships.

Conclusion—

In this combined analysis of 6 prospective cohort studies, 2 common intronic variants in
KCNQ1
and
SCN5A
were associated with sudden cardiac death in individuals of European ancestry. Further study in other populations and investigation into the functional abnormalities associated with noncoding variation in these genes may lead to important insights into predisposition to lethal arrhythmias.
Legitimizing and Necessitating Inter-Faith Dialogue: The Dynamics of Inter-Faith for Individual Faith Communities
Authors: Greggs Tom 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn an age in which religion is a burning issue in the geopolitical sphere, the need for peoples of different religions to engage in inter-faith dialogue may seem clear; what is less clear is whether there is legitimacy for and an imperative to members of individual faith communities to engage with the religious other on the exclusive grounds of their individual faith. This article thus seeks to advocate that theology done in the service of individual faiths needs, as a priority, to engage in legitimizing and necessitating dialogue with the religious other as the religious other. The article considers the grounds on which exclusivist religious people can undertake inter-faith dialogue. In looking to the need to attend to particularity and the genuine otherness of the religious other, the article advocates that faiths should begin to understand what is internal to their traditions that makes inter-faith dialogue a necessity for intense and particular religious self-identity. Members of faith communities need to be legitimated on terms internal to their community and by leaders of their community to engage in dialogue with the other: they need to know not only how to engage with the other but also why they engage with the other. In considering the particular tradition of Christianity, the article attends to these themes by seeking hints from Scripture and Christ that a Christian should engage with the religious other in order to be more intensely Christian.
Jonathan Edwards, The Ethics of Virtue and Public Theology
Authors: Guyette Frederick 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn The Nature of True Virtue, Jonathan Edwards does not deny that common morality is important; benevolence, beauty, conscience, justice, love for family and country are all threads in the fabric of a common morality. Without love for God as their chief end, however, the ‘virtues’ of common morality do not rise to the level of true virtue. This incommensurability can be problematic for Christian ethics in the public square. Edwards understood his project within the horizon of a commonwealth founded on Christian faith, but modern liberal democracies envision a different relationship between religious discourse and public life. In these contexts, so different from Edwards’ setting, pluralism and tolerance are among the keys to a peaceful pursuit of the common good. With these differences in view, then, I explore what contribution Edwards’ work on virtue might make to the practice of public theology in the areas of environmental ethics, bioethics and immigration policy.
Lympho-vascular invasion in BRCA related breast cancer compared to sporadic controls
Authors: Heerma van Voss Marise R , van der Groep Petra , Bart Jos , van der Wall Elsken , van Diest Paul J 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundGermline mutations in the BRCA1 gene predispose to the development of breast cancer, exhibiting a specific histological phenotype. Identification of possible hallmarks of these tumors is important for selecting patients for genetic screening and provides inside in carcinogenetic pathways.Since BRCA1-associated breast cancers have pushing borders that prevent them from easily reaching vessels and are often of the medullary (like) type that is known to have a low rate of lympho-vascular invasion (LVI), we hypothesized that absence of LVI could characterize BRCA1 related breast cancer.MethodsA population of 68 BRCA1 related invasive breast cancers was evaluated for LVI by an experienced breast pathologist blinded to mutation status, and compared to a control group matched for age, grade and tumor type.ResultsLVI was present in 25.0% of BRCA1 related cases, compared to 20.6% of controls (P = 0.54, OR = 1.29, CI 0.58-2.78).ConclusionLVI is frequent in BRCA1 germline mutation related breast cancers, but seems to occur as often in sporadic controls matched for age, grade and tumor type. Apparently, these hereditary cancers find their way to the blood and lymph vessels despite their well demarcation and often medullary differentiation.
Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Rzeszotarski W. Janusz 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The many types of drug product dosage forms are presented. Contemporary forms are discussed, as are technologies of design and manufacture to deliver safe and effective therapeutic responses each time administered. A brief outline of information that is available on the Web pertinent to the FDA and regulatory issues is given. The process of new drug approval and its continuous modification reflects both the progress of science and the globalization of the world’s economy. The reader is encouraged to follow the changes by constant monitoring of the FDA and the industry sites dedicated to these issues. The history of drug regulation in the United States, the evolving structure of the FDA, the steps to be taken in the process of obtaining the approval to market the new molecular entity, and the post‐approval requirements are briefly described.
Petroleum Refinery Processes
Authors: Speight James G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Petroleum refining or petroleum processing is the recovery and/or generation of usable or salable fractions and products from crude oil, either by distillation or by chemical reaction of the crude oil constituents under the effects of heat and pressure. Petroleum refining also involves treating the raw products by a variety of finishing processes to yield marketable products. A refinery is an integrated group of manufacturing plants that vary in number according to the variety of products produced; it must be flexible and able to change operations as needed. Refinery processes must be selected to produce products according to demand. This article deals with the processes used to refine petroleum, from the initial pretreating of the well fluids to the finishing processes for products as well as the gas treating processes for reducing emissions to the environment.
Meat Products, Hydrodynamic Pressure Processing
Authors: Solomon Morse B. , Liu Martha N. , Callahan Janice A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFood safety and inconsistency in meat quality, in particular tenderness, are two of the top priorities facing the meat industry. Development of commercial methods to ensure consistently tender meat products is of primary importance for enhanced consumer acceptance of meat. Hydrodynamic pressure processing (HDP) is a technology for tenderizing meat using shock waves from underwater detonation of explosives. Upon cooking HDP‐treated meat is found to be 25% more tender than nontreated control samples and displays no outward visual signs of change.However, the effects of HDP treatment on further processed meat products are not fully understood and additional studies on further processed meat products of varying textures are necessary to determine the effect of HDP.
Sampling Techniques
Authors: Diwekar Urmila M. , Ulas Saadet 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSampling is a statistical procedure used for uncertainty analysis and stochastic modeling in many applications related to process design, operation, control and optimization. The increased efforts for pollution prevention and sustainability necessitate a more contemporary approach for process design, in which objectives such as reducing environmental and health impacts, increasing reliability, safety and controllability, reducing risk and achieving better profitability are considered simultaneously. In this multifaceted approach to process design and operation, uncertainties need to be considered and included in process models and simulations. These uncertainties can be static or dynamic. A review of sampling techniques such as Monte Carlo sampling, importance sampling, Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) and Hammersley Sequence Sampling (HSS) are provided here. These sampling techniques have a wide range of use in chemical and process synthesis, process scheduling, supply chain management, process control and reliability as well as risk management. Apart from uncertainty analysis, sampling and sampling accuracy plays an important role in discrete, stochastic, and multi‐objective optimization algorithms. This article also describes the recent developments in this area. In addition, future trends in process design and sampling techniques are also presented.
Vegetable Fibers
Authors: Young Raymond A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Plant‐derived vegetable fibers are classified according to their source in plants as bast, leaf, or seed‐hair. The fibers in bast and leaf plants are integral to the plant structure, providing strength and support. The principal chemical component of vegetable fibers is cellulose, with varying amounts of lignin and hemicelluloses also usually present; thus the fibers are also referred to as cellulosic or lignocellulosic. Vegetable fibers are usually stiffer but less tough than synthetic fibers. The fibers are grown throughout the world but mostly in tropical and subtropical climates in developing countries. The principal bast fibers are flax, jute, and hemp, which are utilized primarily for fabrics (linen‐flax, hessian‐jute), bags, ropes, in newer biobased composites, and as a source of papermaking fibers, principally cigarette papers. The primary leaf fibers are abaca and sisal, which have uses similar to bast fibers, except fabrics are not produced from the leaf fibers. Cotton, coir, and kapok are the principal seed‐hair fibers, with cotton by far the most important commercial vegetable fiber. Bast fibers are obtained from the plant, after harvest, by water retting (rotting) in ponds or streams. The leaf fibers are obtained by crushing and scraping followed by washing. Vegetable fibers are generally graded according to color, luster, cleanliness, strength, fineness, and uniformity. The world market for vegetable fibers has dropped dramatically in recent years because of periods of economic recession and synthetic fiber replacements.
Processing, Modeling
Authors: Denn Morton 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A model is a quantitative abstraction of a physical process, in which the description of the process is represented by the solution to a set of mathematical equations. The mathematical formulation enables the model to be used for a variety of purposes, including design, control, and exploration of operating strategies; the effects of changes in process variables and material properties can be inferred from the model without extensive experimentation. This article addresses the modeling of polymer melt processes, including extrusion, coating, calendaring, injection and compression molding, spinning, film blowing, and mixing. The topics include melt rheology, process classification, numerical methods, continuous low Deborah number processes, periodic low Deborah number processes, free‐surface processes, numerics, boundaries, mixing, stability and sensitivity, and anisotropic materials.
Postsynaptic Membranes at the Neuromuscular Junction: Molecular Organisation
Authors: Cartaud Jean , Kordeli Ekaterini , Cartaud Annie 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAccurate neurotransmission between motor nerve and muscle fibres at the vertebrate cholinergic neuromuscular junction (NMJ) depends on the differentiation of highly specialised structures both pre‐ and postsynaptically. The accumulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and voltage‐gated sodium channels represents the hallmark of postsynaptic membrane differentiation. Several synaptic organising proteins are required for the aggregation of postsynapticAChRs. Themuscle‐specific receptor tyrosine kinase(MuSK) provides a structural scaffold necessary to initiate aggregates of postsynaptic molecules.Agrin– a nerve‐derived extracellular matrix glycoprotein – is required forAChRclustering probably by activating MuSK activity.Rapsyn– theAChR‐associated peripheral protein acting downstream ofagrin–MuSK signalling – is essential forAChRclustering. These proteins, together with a wealth of other components of the synapse, cooperate in multiple ways to play both structural and signalling roles in synaptic differentiation. Synaptopathies of the NMJ result from mutations in several key players of synaptic differentiation.Key Concepts:Efficient communication between neurons or between neurons and their targets requires the enrichment of synaptic proteins, in particular, ligand‐gated ion channels at postsynaptic sites.The NMJ represents a particularly striking example of accumulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the postsynaptic membrane and is an ideal model to study receptor clustering.Formation and maintenance of the postsynaptic membrane is a complex mechanism involving synaptic organising molecules derived both from nerve and muscle.The muscle tyrosine kinase, MuSK, is the master organiser of the NMJ capable to initiate clustering of postsynaptic components, even in the absence of neuronal cues.Mutations in several components of the postsynaptic membrane (not only in AChR subunits genes but also in agrin, ColQ, DOK‐7, laminin, MuSK, rapsyn, etc.) result in severe dysfunction of the NMJ: the congenital myasthenic syndromes.