bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emulsifier‐Free, Organotellurium‐Mediated Living Radical Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene
Authors: Kitayama Yukiya , Chaiyasat Amorn , Okubo Masayoshi 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSummary: Emulsifier‐free organotellurium‐mediated living radical emulsion polymerization (emulsion TERP) of styrene was successfully carried out using a water‐soluble TERP agent, poly(methacrylic acid)‐methyltellanyl (PMAA30‐TeMe) (degree of polymerization of PMAA, 30) and a water‐soluble thermal initiator, 4,4′‐azobis(4‐cyanovaleric acid) (V‐501), which were neutralized with NaOH, at 60 °C with stirring at 220 rpm, where most of monomer floated as a layer onto an aqueous medium. The polymerization proceeded without an induction period and completed within 20 h, resulting in a stable PS emulsion without any coagulation, although the particle size distribution was bimodal. The polymerization livingness was maintained, although the experimental number‐average molecular weight (Mn) differed from theoretical Mn, and polydispersity (Mw/Mn) reached a slightly high value (2.1) at the completion of the polymerization.
Metal Nanoparticle/Polymer Hybrid Particles: The Catalytic Activity of Metal Nanoparticles Formed on the Surface of Polymer Particles by UV‐Irradiation
Authors: Tamai Toshiyuki , Watanabe Mitsuru , Teramura Tomohiro , Nishioka Noboru , Matsukawa Kimihiro 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSummary: Polymer particles decorated with metal nanoparticles were prepared by UV‐irradiation of polystyrene latex particles incorporating polymethylphenylsilane (PS/PMPS) and P[S‐co‐NIPAM]/PMPS particles (NIPAM: N‐isopropyl acrylamide) in the presence of metal salts. The metal nanoparticle/polymer hybrid particles were used as a catalyst for the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol with NaBH4. The Pd‐ and Ag‐P(S‐co‐NIPAM)/PMPS hybrid particles had larger metal nanoparticles and the lower catalytic activity than those of Pd‐ and Ag‐PS/PMPS, respectively. The surface functional group of the polymer particles affected the formation of the metal nanoparticles and their catalytic activity.
Diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide protect endothelial nitric oxide synthase against damage by oxidized low‐density lipoprotein
Authors: Lei Yen‐Ping , Liu Cheng‐Tzu , Sheen Lee‐Yan , Chen Haw‐Wen , Lii Chong‐Kuei 
Published: March 2010

AbstractGarlic is viewed as an effective health food against atherosclerosis. In this study, we examined whether diallyl disulfide (DADS) and diallyl trisulfide (DATS) protect endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation against oxidized LDL (ox‐LDL) insult and through what mechanism. We found that DADS and DATS reversed the suppression of eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation by ox‐LDL, and wortmannin abolished the reversal by DADS and DATS. Similarly, the inhibition of cellular cGMP and nitric oxide production by ox‐LDL was reversed by DADS and DATS (p<0.05). This increase in nitric oxide bioavailability by the allyl sulfides was attenuated by wortmannin. Immunoprecipitation assay revealed that DADS and DATS preserved the interaction of eNOS with caveolin‐1 in the membrane. In addition, DADS and DATS suppressed the reduction of the cellular eNOS protein content by ox‐LDL. When cycloheximide was added to block protein synthesis, DADS and DATS suppressed eNOS protein degradation similarly to that noted by MG132. Ox‐LDL increased chymotrypsin‐like proteasome activity, and this increase was inhibited by the allyl sulfides and MG132 (p<0.05). These results suggest that DADS and DATS protect eNOS activity against ox‐LDL insult. This protection can be attributed partly to their mediation of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/protein kinase B signaling and prevention of eNOS degradation.
Phenethyl isothiocyanate suppresses nitric oxide production via inhibition of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/Akt‐induced IFN‐γ secretion in LPS‐activated peritoneal macrophages
Authors: Okubo Toru , Washida Kazuto , Murakami Akira 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPhenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a constituent of many cruciferous vegetables, is well known to have versatile physiological activities, including chemopreventive effects. On the other hand, its anti‐inflammatory effects are poorly reported. Nitric oxide (NO) is associated with a wide variety of inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of PEITC on NO production in LPS‐activated peritoneal macrophages from ICR mice. The signaling pathway of LPS‐induced NO production was examined using neutralizing antibodies [anti‐interferon (IFN)‐γ and anti‐interleukin (IL‐12)] and specific protein kinase inhibitors, as well as others. The activity of PEITC toward NOx production was assessed in mice that received LPS via intraperitoneal administration. The neutralizing antibody of anti‐IFN‐γ, but not anti‐IL‐12, suppressed LPS‐induced NO production by 90%. LY294002, a specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase, suppressed Akt and IFN‐γ mRNA expression up‐regulated by LPS, whereas PEITC exhibited a similar inhibition profile. Furthermore, oral administration of PEITC significantly suppressed the serum concentration of NOx in ICR mice. Our results suggest that PEITC suppresses LPS‐induced NO production via inhibition of Akt activation and the resultant decrease in expression of IFN‐γ. This is one of the first reports to demonstrate a marked anti‐inflammatory effect of PEITC following its oral administration.
Controlled Radical Polymerization: Industrial Stakes, Obstacles and Achievements
Authors: Destarac Mathias 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe extraordinary scientific development of controlled radical polymerization (CRP) contrasts with the very limited number of commercially available products derived from these technologies. The present comprehensive survey takes up existing public knowledge on industrial features of CRP and gives a critical point of view on its global status, and on each CRP technique in particular. The main techniques, namely RAFT/MADIX, NMP, ATRP, OCRP, OHRP and (R)ITP, are introduced. The focus is put on their current status in industry, based on selected patent literature, conference proceedings, professional press releases and technical data sheets of commercial products. This includes the industrial availability of CRP agents, the types of polymers that have been already commercialized or that are at an advanced stage of development, and the related applications and markets. The strengths and weaknesses are given for the different CRP techniques, and ways of improvements are suggested. As is often the case for strong technological breakthroughs, the CRP processes face a multitude of hurdles (at different degrees depending on the type of CRP), that must be overcome and which greatly increase the time‐to‐market for polymer products compared to mature technologies. In spite of its slow development, CRP is seen as a revolutionary method to produce precisely controlled, next generation specialty polymer additives and materials.magnified image
I‐Z‐I complexes in congenital myopathy
Authors: Rhodes Roy H. , Sharer Leroy R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA 3‐month‐old boy with hypotonia at birth succumbed to a congenital myopathy. The major finding in his muscle biopsy corresponded to I‐Z‐I complexes described previously in embryonic skeletal muscle. A few previous myopathy cases have described findings suggestive of I‐Z‐I–like complexes. A mutation affecting mononuclear myoblasts or early myotubes was suspected, although an acquired lesion could not be ruled out. The findings may also have been altered by secondary events in this unusual case. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Origin of ulnar compound muscle action potential investigated in patients with ulnar neuropathy at the wrist
Authors: Higashihara Mana , Sonoo Masahiro , Imafuku Ichiro , Ugawa Yoshikazu , Tsuji Shoji 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe compound muscle action potential from the abductor digiti minimi muscle is bi‐lobed, and its second peak is formed by far‐field potentials (FFPs). We investigated their origin in two patients with ulnar neuropathy at the wrist that spared the hypothenar muscles. FFPs were lost or distorted, which indicated that the deep motor branch–innervated muscles, such as the interossei, mainly contributed to the FFPs, especially to their initial N1 and steep following P1 components. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Effects of anterior trocar guided transvaginal mesh surgery on lower urinary tract symptoms
Authors: Ek Marion , Altman Daniel , Falconer Christian , Kulseng‐Hanssen Sigurd , Tegerstedt Gunilla 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAimsTo assess the effects of trocar guided transvaginal mesh on lower urinary tract symptoms after anterior vaginal wall prolapse repair.MethodsOne hundred twenty‐one patients undergoing anterior transvaginal mesh surgery was prospectively evaluated at baseline and 1 year after surgery using the urogenital distress inventory (UDI).ResultsOverall UDI scores declined from 91 before surgery to 31 one year after surgery (P < 0.001). UDI subscales for obstructive and irritative symptoms improved 1 year after surgery (P < 0.001 for both) while stress symptoms did not (P = 0.11).ConclusionTrocar guided transvaginal mesh surgery for anterior vaginal wall prolapse was associated with an overall resolution of most symptoms associated with overactive bladder syndrome and bladder outlet obstruction. These beneficial effects should be weighed against an increased risk for stress urinary incontinence related to the procedure. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1419–1423, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Test of a conceptual model of uncertainty in children and adolescents with cancer
Authors: Stewart Janet L. , Mishel Merle H. , Lynn Mary R. , Terhorst Lauren 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDespite recognition as a significant stressor in childhood cancer, illness‐related uncertainty from the perspective of children remains under‐studied. We tested a conceptual model of uncertainty, derived from Mishel's uncertainty in illness theory, in 68 school‐aged children and adolescents with cancer. As hypothesized, uncertainty was significantly related to psychological distress, but only one hypothesized antecedent (parental uncertainty) significantly predicted children's uncertainty. An alternative model incorporating antecedent developmental factors (age and illness‐specific expertise) explained 21% of the variance in child uncertainty; controlling for stage of treatment, uncertainty was higher in children with shorter time since diagnosis, older age, lower cancer knowledge, and higher parental uncertainty. These findings provide the foundation for further studies to understand children's management of uncertainty and its contribution to psychological adjustment to illness. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 33:179–191, 2010
A review of trepanations in Anatolia with new cases
Authors: Erdal Y. S. , Erdal Ö. D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this study, trepanations in ancient Anatolia were discussed from a historical perspective. Trepanations were studied in respect to temporal and spatial distribution, sex and age distribution, techniques and reasons, completeness, healing and number of holes. Forty individuals from 23 different Anatolian settlements are identified to have undergone trepanations. Cranial trepanations in Anatolia show a distribution over a period of 10 000 years ranging from the Aceramic Neolithic period to the Late Ottoman period and spread to whole Anatolia. The greater majority of the individuals had single trepanation orifices while only four individuals were identified with multiple holes. It is observed that the surgical procedure was predominantly carried out on males in Anatolia. Main techniques of trepanations used in Anatolia are drilling and cutting. Early cases of trepanation were made by drilling; however, this technique has been used for cranial surgery until the Ottoman period. Scraping and rectangular sawing techniques first applied in the Early Bronze Age. The boring‐and‐cutting technique was only applied in the Iron Age. More than half of the trepanations practiced due to cranial trauma. Training and treatment besides of cranial trauma are also considered as likely causes of trepanations in Anatolia. It is concluded that trepanation techniques are similar to South America and the Mediterranean region rather than Europe. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement and simulation of mid‐ and far‐infrared spectra in the presence of cirrus
Authors: Cox C. V. , Harries J. E. , Taylor J. P. , Green P. D. , Baran A. J. , Pickering J. C. , Last A. E. , Murray J.E. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObserved far‐infrared and mid‐infrared radiance spectra measured insitu above cirrus with both the Tropospheric Airborne Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TAFTS) and the Airborne Research Interferometer Evaluation System (ARIES) are presented. Two sets of upwelling spectra between wavenumbers 100 and 1415cm−1 taken over ice cloud of visible optical thickness 0.1 and 0.3 are shown. These observations address the need for more measurements of radiance from cirrus, particularly in the far infrared, where experimental data are lacking. A test of consistency in modelling in both the far infrared and mid infrared is performed by fitting a model calculation of radiances in the infrared window region, and comparing with the measured radiances. In this consistency check, the sampling of the surrounding atmosphere and the cloud is given extensive consideration. The model was not able to consistently reproduce the observed radiance across the entire region, and was particularly poor in the 330–600cm−1 region of the far infrared. Possible causes are thought to be primarily model input uncertainties arising from inadequate sampling of cloud and atmosphere. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown Copyright.
Accuracy of peritoneal fluid measurements by transvaginal ultrasonography
Authors: Verguts J. , Timmerman D. , Bourne T. , Lewi P. , Koninckx P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the accuracy of the assessment of peritoneal fluid volumes of up to 1 L by transvaginal ultrasonography and to re‐evaluate the formula used to calculate total volume from the dimensions of the largest pocket.MethodsPatients (n = 13) enrolled for a minor laparoscopic procedure were prospectively recruited. At the end of the procedure, with the patient in the 30° anti‐Trendelenburg position, Ringer's lactate was instilled into the abdomen in discrete steps up to 1 L. Following equilibration the diameters of the single pocket of fluid were measured by transvaginal ultrasonography in order to calculate the volume, and regression models were used to determine the relationship between this and the instilled volume. The body mass index (BMI) of the patient was evaluated as a parameter for predicting the instilled volume more accurately.ResultsThe intra‐abdominal fluid volume could be calculated from the measured volume using a quadratic regression equation with an overall coefficient of variation of 19%. In individual patients, changes in volume could be assessed with a coefficient of variation of 7.3%. BMI was not found to be a significant parameter in relating the measured to the instilled volume.ConclusionTransvaginal ultrasound in a standardized setting can accurately estimate the volume of peritoneal fluid, with the accuracy consistent for small and large volumes. Changes in peritoneal fluid volume over time in the same individual can be measured more accurately than the total volume present. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A values‐based approach to vulnerability and adaptation to climate change
Authors: O'Brien Karen L. , Wolf Johanna 
Published: March 2010

AbstractValues play a significant role in climate change debates. To date, however, the use of the term values has been narrowly focused on monetary worth, relative worth, or fair return on exchanges. This article argues that another, broader interpretation of values, one concentrating on intrinsically desirable principles or qualities is needed to understand and respond to climate change. How to respond to climate change impacts depends importantly on what the effects of climate change mean to those affected. Similarly, what is considered as effective and legitimate adaptation depends on what people perceive to be worth preserving and achieving. How to adapt to climate change therefore hinges on the values underlying people's perspectives on what the goals of adaptation should be. This article examines what a values‐based approach is, why it is needed, and what its benefits for understanding adaptation are. The implications for research and policy are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Values‐Based Approach to Vulnerability and Adaptation
Public–private partnerships in global climate governance
Authors: Pattberg Philipp 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article assesses the contributions of public–private partnerships, understood as a specific type of networked climate governance, to effective and legitimate climate governance. The appraisal of networked governance in the climate change arena is based on three sets of criteria. First, their potential contribution to effective climate change mitigation and adaptation; second, their contribution to broader political goals such as increased participation and inclusiveness in global environmental governance; and third, their linkages and fit with the existing institutional architecture of international climate change governance. I conclude with a set of questions for future research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Policy and Governance > Private Governance of Climate Change
Nanodevices in diagnostics
Authors: Hu Ye , Fine Daniel H. , Tasciotti Ennio , Bouamrani Ali , Ferrari Mauro 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe real‐time, personalized and highly sensitive early‐stage diagnosis of disease remains an important challenge in modern medicine. With the ability to interact with matter at the nanoscale, the development of nanotechnology architectures and materials could potentially extend subcellular and molecular detection beyond the limits of conventional diagnostic modalities. At the very least, nanotechnology should be able to dramatically accelerate biomarker discovery, as well as facilitate disease monitoring, especially of maladies presenting a high degree of molecular and compositional heterogeneity. This article gives an overview of several of the most promising nanodevices and nanomaterials along with their applications in clinical practice. Significant work to adapt nanoscale materials and devices to clinical applications involving large interdisciplinary collaborations is already underway with the potential for nanotechnology to become an important enabling diagnostic technology. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011 3 11–32 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.82This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices
Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Characterisation of Siliceous Extra‐Framework Species in DAY Zeolites by 29Si MAS NMR and IR Spectroscopic Measurements
Authors: Lutz Wolfgang , Heidemann Detlev , Kurzhals Rolf , Kryukova Galina 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDealuminated Y zeolites (DAY) were obtained by steaming of NH4NaY at temperatures between 450 °C and 700 °C. They were characterised by means of 27Al and 29Si MAS NMR, IR spectroscopic and XRD measurements. The Si/Al framework ratios of samples were calculated using the 29Si MAS NMR signal intensities, the wave numbers of the double‐ring vibration band wDR and the asymmetrical TOT valence vibration wTOT of IR spectra as well as the XRD lattice constant a0. In contrast to actual Si/Al ratio obtained from wDR and a0, the NMR spectroscopic and wTOT values were determined to be too high because of the superposition of the signals coming from dealuminated zeolite framework and silica gel which forms in the zeolite as a result of steaming. The differently determined Si/Al ratios characterise the siliceous extra‐framework species.
Reactions of 1,1′‐Diphosphaferrocene with CuCl and CuBr Resulting in Cu4P4X4Fe2 (X = Cl, Br) Complexes with Adamantane‐like Topologies
Authors: Schnödt Johannes , Winter Rainer F. , Zabel Manfred 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCu4P4X4Fe2 (X = Cl, Br) cages are formed upon reactions of octaethyl‐1,1′‐diphosphaferrocene (odpf) with the respective CuI halide in CH2Cl2/CH3CN solvent mixtures. These cages have adamantoid Cu4X4P2 cores with two planar anelated CuP2Fe rings as the flaps. Both complexes 1 and 2 feature tri‐ and tetracoordinate CuI ions and an additional acetonitrile solvent molecule in the crystal. In 1, the solvent molecule is coordinated to one copper ion whereas it remains uncoordinated in 2. The tricoordinate CuI ions show a slight pyramidalization at the metal atom and somewhat short contacts to the other tricoordinate CuI ion in 2 or the Cu3‐triangle in 1. NMR spectroscopy revealed easy decoordination of the acetonitrile ligand from 1 and a dynamic “windshield‐wiper”‐type process that interconverts the differently coordinated phospholide rings of each odpf ligand and the tri‐ and tetracoordinate CuI ions.
PbADC and PbADC·H2O: Two Coordination Polymers with Acetylenedicarboxylate (ADC2–) as Bridging Ligand
Authors: Schuy Andrea , Stein Irena , Ruschewitz Uwe 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSingle crystals of PbADC (1) and PbADC·H2O (2) formed at the phase boundary of an aqueous silica gel containing acetylenedicarboxylic acid (HOOC–C≡C–COOH, H2ADC) and an aqueous solution containing Pb(NO3)2. By choosing different concentrations of Pb(NO3)2, compounds 1 and 2 were obtained as phase pure products. Additionally, 1 was obtained by grinding Pb(CH3COO)2·3H2O with H2ADC resulting in a polycrystalline sample. The crystal structures of 1 (I41/amd, Z = 4; SrADC type structure) and 2 (P21/c, Z = 4, new structure type) were solved and refined from X‐ray single crystal data. Compound 1 exhibits a three‐dimensional framework structure: lead cations with a diamond‐like arrangement are interconnected by bridging ADC2– ligands. In 2 double‐layers are formed by lead cations, bridging ADC2– anions, and water molecules. These layers are held together by hydrogen bonds through water molecules and oxygen atoms of the ADC2– ligands. Suspending 1 for 24 h in water at ambient conditions leads to the formation of 2, which can be converted to 1 again by careful dehydration at approx. 400 K in vacuo. This reversible reaction can be structurally interpreted as a topochemical reaction, which transforms a 3D coordination network into a 2D network structure and vice versa, as both crystal structures show noticeable structural similarities.
Sodium Trinitratouranylate(VI) Na[UO2(NO3)3]
Authors: Bäcker Tobias , Mudring Anja‐Verena 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAlthough potassium, rubidium, and cesium uranyl nitrate have been characterized a long time ago, the crystal structure and properties of the homologous sodium compounds has not been reported yet. Na[UO2(NO3)3] crystallizes in a unique structure [Pearson code cP72, cubic, P213, no. 198, Z = 4, a = 10.6324(14) Å, 938 unique reflections with Io > 2σ(Io), R1 = 0.0379, wR2 = 0.0947, GooF = 1.092, T = 293 K]. The structure is characterized by an open framework built by interconnected helical chains formed by {UO8} and {NaO6} units. The vibrational and optical (UV/Vis absorption and luminescence) spectra match well with those of the higher alkali metal uranyl nitrates.