bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
East German Goth and the Spectres of Marx
Authors: van Elferen Isabella 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe East of Germany, theBundesländerof the former GDR, is an important centre of Goth activity. The Goth scene is remarkably large in this part of Germany, and one of the most important yearly Goth festivals, theWave-Gotik-Treffen, takes place in Leipzig. This article investigates the specific characteristics and internal dynamics of East German Goth subcultures after German reunification. Combining subcultural theory and Gothic criticism with Derrida's notions of spectrality and hauntology, the potentials of Gothic as a form of cultural criticism are explored in an investigation of the psycho-social wasteland of the undead GDR. It will be argued that post-Cold War unification has not only led to a new political order, but has also given rise to a new type of Gothicism, as East German Goth subculture is haunted by ‘spectres of Marx’ that provide a critical engagement with globalised capital and media. As a specifically German version of the worldwide Goth scene, moreover, it marks the local boundedness of globalised subcultures.
What principles should govern the use of managed entry agreements?
Authors: Klemp Marianne , Frønsdal Katrine B. , Facey Karen 
Published: January 2011

Background: To ensure rapid access to new potentially beneficial health technologies, obtain best value for money, and ensure affordability, healthcare payers are adopting a range of innovative reimbursement approaches that may be called Managed Entry Agreements (MEAs).Methods: The Health Technology Assessment International (HTAi) Policy Forum sought to identify why MEAs might be used, issues associated with implementation and develop principles for their use. A 2-day deliberative workshop discussed key papers, members' experiences, and collectively addressed four policy questions that resulted in this study.Results: MEAs are used to give access to new technologies where traditional reimbursement is deemed inappropriate. Three different forms of MEAs have been identified: management of budget impact, management of uncertainty relating to clinical and/or cost-effectiveness, and management of utilization to optimize performance. The rationale for using these approaches and their advantages and disadvantages differ. However, all forms of MEA should take the form of a formal written agreement among stakeholders, clearly identifying the rationale for the agreement, aspects to be assessed, methods of data collection and review, and the criteria for ending the agreement.Conclusions: MEAs should only be used when HTA identifies issues or concerns about key outcomes and/or costs and/or organizational/budget impacts that are material to a reimbursement decision. They provide patient access and can be useful to manage technology diffusion and optimize use. However, they are administratively complex and may be difficult to negotiate and their effectiveness has yet to be evaluated.
Improving ethics analysis in health technology assessment
Authors: Duthie Katherine , Bond Kenneth 
Published: January 2011

Objectives:The aim of this study was to critically examine the current guidance for conducting ethics analysis in health technology assessment (HTA) and to offer recommendations for how to improve this practice.Methods:MEDLINE, Philosopher's Index, and Google Scholar were searched for articles and reports using the keywords “ethics” and “health technology assessment” and related terms. Bibliographies of all relevant articles were also examined for additional references. A philosophical analysis of the existing guidance was conducted.Results:We offer three recommendations for improving ethics analysis in HTA. First, ethical and legal issues must be clearly separated so that all policy-relevant questions that the technology raises can be considered clearly and systematically. Second, analysts must make better use of ethics theory and discuss better how particular theoretical approaches and associated analytic tools are selected to make transparent which alternative approaches were considered and why they were rejected. Third, the necessity for philosophical expertise to adequately conduct ethics analysis needs to be acknowledged.Conclusions:To act on these recommendations for ethics analysis, we offer these three steps forward: acknowledge and use relevant expertise, further develop models for conducting and reporting ethics analyses, and make use of untapped resources in the literature.
Photodynamic diagnosis of bladder cancer compared with white light cystoscopy: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Mowatt Graham , N'Dow James , Vale Luke , Nabi Ghulam , Boachie Charles , Cook Jonathan A. , Fraser Cynthia , Griffiths T. R. Leyshon 
Published: January 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the test performance and clinical effectiveness of photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) compared with white light cystoscopy (WLC) in people suspected of new or recurrent bladder cancer.Methods: A systematic review was conducted of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), nonrandomized comparative studies, or diagnostic cross-sectional studies comparing PDD with WLC. Fifteen electronic databases and Web sites were searched (last searches April 2008). For clinical effectiveness, only RCTs were considered.Results: Twenty-seven studies (2,949 participants) assessed test performance. PDD had higher sensitivity than WLC (92 percent, 95 percent confidence interval [CI], 80–100 percent versus 71 percent, 95 percent CI, 49–93 percent) but lower specificity (57 percent, 95 percent CI, 36–79 percent versus 72 percent, 95 percent CI, 47–96 percent). For detecting higher risk tumors, median range sensitivity of PDD (89 percent [6–100 percent]) was higher than WLC (56 percent [0–100 percent]) whereas for lower risk tumors it was broadly similar (92 percent [20–95 percent] versus 95 percent [8–100 percent]). Four RCTs (709 participants) using 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA) as the photosensitising agent reported clinical effectiveness. Using PDD at transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) resulted in fewer residual tumors at check cystoscopy (relative risk [RR], 0.37, 95 percent CI, 0.20–0.69) and longer recurrence-free survival (RR, 1.37, 95 percent CI, 1.18–1.59), compared with WLC.Conclusions: PDD detects more bladder tumors than WLC, including more high-risk tumors. Based on four RCTs reporting clinical effectiveness, 5-aminolaevulinic acid–mediated PDD at TURBT facilitates a more complete resection and prolongs recurrence-free survival.
Novel frameshift mutation in Troponin C (TNNC1) associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sudden death
Authors: Chung Wendy K. , Kitner Carrie , Maron Barry J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPurposeHypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common cause of sudden death in young people, including trained athletes, and is caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins of the cardiac sarcomere. Mutations in the Troponin C gene (TNNC1) are a rare genetic cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. We describe a novel type of mutation (c.363dupG) in Troponin C, a rare form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.MethodsA family in which a 19-year-old asymptomatic male died of sudden cardiac death due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was genetically studied by sequencing 17 genes associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or its phenocopies.ResultsA c.363dupG mutation in Troponin C was identified, and tested across the family.ConclusionsWe report the first frameshift mutation (c.363dupG or p.Gln122AlafsX30) in Troponin C causing hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (and sudden cardiac death) in a 19-year-old male, and have demonstrated that the mutation segregates with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy within the family.
Atrioventricular septal defect with coexisting tricuspid atresia
Authors: Aiello Vera Demarchi , Afiune Jorge Yussef , Menahem Samuel , Anderson Robert H. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe describe two infants having an atrioventricular septal defect in the setting of a double inlet atrioventricular connection, but with patency of the left-sided valvar orifice and an imperforate right-sided valvar component, and a further case with atrioventricular septal defect and an imperforate Ebstein's malformation, all producing the haemodynamic effect of tricuspid atresia. We make comparisons with the arrangement in trisomy 16 mice, in whom deficient atrioventricular septation is seen at times with the common atrioventricular junction exclusively connected to the left ventricle, a situation similar to that seen in two of our infants. We also review previous reports emphasising the important theoretical implication of the findings despite their rarity.
Intelligence's likelihood and evolutionary time frame
Authors: Bogonovich Marc 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper outlines hypotheses relevant to the evolution of intelligent life and encephalization in the Phanerozoic. If general principles are inferable from patterns of Earth life, implications could be drawn for astrobiology. Many of the outlined hypotheses, relevant data, and associated evolutionary and ecological theory are not frequently cited in astrobiological journals. Thus opportunity exists to evaluate reviewed hypotheses with an astrobiological perspective. A quantitative method is presented for testing one of the reviewed hypotheses (hypothesis i; the diffusion hypothesis). Questions are presented throughout, which illustrate that the question of intelligent life's likelihood can be expressed as multiple, broadly ranging, more tractable questions.
Evaporation kinetics and phase of laboratory and ambient secondary organic aerosol
Authors: Vaden Timothy D. , Imre Dan , Beránek Josef , Shrivastava Manish , Zelenyuk Alla 
Published: January 2011

Field measurements of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) find significantly higher mass loads than predicted by models, sparking intense effort focused on finding additional SOA sources but leaving the fundamental assumptions used by models unchallenged. Current air-quality models use absorptive partitioning theory assuming SOA particles are liquid droplets, forming instantaneous reversible equilibrium with gas phase. Further, they ignore the effects of adsorption of spectator organic species during SOA formation on SOA properties and fate. Using accurate and highly sensitive experimental approach for studying evaporation kinetics of size-selected single SOA particles, we characterized room-temperature evaporation kinetics of laboratory-generated α-pinene SOA and ambient atmospheric SOA. We found that even when gas phase organics are removed, it takes ∼24 h for pure α-pinene SOA particles to evaporate 75% of their mass, which is in sharp contrast to the ∼10 min time scale predicted by current kinetic models. Adsorption of “spectator” organic vapors during SOA formation, and aging of these coated SOA particles, dramatically reduced the evaporation rate, and in some cases nearly stopped it. Ambient SOA was found to exhibit evaporation behavior very similar to that of laboratory-generated coated and aged SOA. For all cases studied in this work, SOA evaporation behavior is nearly size-independent and does not follow the evaporation kinetics of liquid droplets, in sharp contrast with model assumptions. The findings about SOA phase, evaporation rates, and the importance of spectator gases and aging all indicate that there is need to reformulate the way SOA formation and evaporation are treated by models.
First-wall erosion in fusion reactors
Authors: Behrisch R. 
Published: January 2011

The subject of sputtering by ions and neutrons has been reviewed, and yields for various ions on Nb in the energy range of 100 eV to 100 keV have been assembled. Furthermore, evaporation rates of Nb for stationary conditions and for short time energy pulses are calculated, and a brief summary is given of the blistering phenomena.For a Tokamak or Stellarator-type CTR first-wall bombardment is estimated from the a-energy released in the plasma. First-wall-erosion data as well as the flux of sputtered and evaporated Nb-atoms back to the plasma are calculated for two CTR reactors with a difference of a factor of 10 in first-wall load. It is shown that sputtering can account for wall deterioration at a rate of more than 1 mm per year.
Cross-section sensitivity of tritium breeding in a fusion reactor blanket: effects of uncertainties in cross-sections of6Li,7Li, and93Nb
Authors: Steiner D. , Tobias M. 
Published: January 2011

The authors have examined the cross-section sensitivity of the tritium-breeding ratio in a fusion reactor blanket model which is representative of a large class of blanket configurations under current investigation. This blanket model exhibits the following tritium-breeding and neutronic characteristics: (1) liquid lithium of natural isotopic abundance is used for breeding; (2) the tritium-breeding ratio is in the “high” range, ∼ 1. 5; (3) graphite is employed for neutron moderation; and (4) the neutron leakage from the blanket is relatively low, ∼4% of the source neutrons. The sensitivity of the breeding ratio was evaluated by altering reference cross-section sets to reflect estimates of the uncertainties in the cross-section of the6Li(n, α)t, the7Li(n, n′α)t, and the93Nb(n,2n) reactions. Our analysis leads to the following observations:The status of the6Li(n,α)t cross-section data appears adequate for accurate (of the order of ∼1%) tritium-breeding calculations. We emphasize that this observation applies to the class of blanket configurations considered here and that other classes must be examined to determine the generality of the observation.Uncertainties in the cross-section and secondary-neutron energy distribution of the7Li(n, n′α)t reaction attach uncertainties in excess of 5% to the tritium-breeding ratio. A re-evaluation of the relevant data in the energy range above ∼ 10 MeV might provide a smaller uncertainty, and we recommend that such a re-evaluation be undertaken. Additional measurements may be required to reduce the uncertainty in the tritium-breeding ratio to the order of 1 to 2%.Uncertainties in the (n, 2n) cross-section of93Nb attach uncertainties of ∼ 2.4% to the tritium-breeding ratio. New experimental data on the93Nb(n, 2n) cross-section are available, and a recent evaluation of this data suggests that the variations adopted here may reflect too pessimistic an estimate of the uncertainty. This point will be pursued in future studiesWhen the cross-sections of the6Li(n, α)t, the7Li(n, n′α) t, and the93Nb(n, 2n) reactions are varied simultaneously, the calculated uncertainty in the tritium-breeding ratio is ∼ 7 to 8%. This uncertainty approaches 10% when uncertainties in the secondary-neutron energy distribution of the7Li(n, n′α)t reaction are included.
Powerful relativistic electron beams in a plasma and in a vacuum (theory)
Authors: Brejzman B.N. , Ryutov D.D. 
Published: January 2011

The possibility of using intense relativistic electron beams (REBs) for heating plasmas in open systems is discussed. Within this context the following three sets of problems are discussed:REB transport in a vacuum with a strong magnetic field; beam equilibrium, stability and critical currents in a vacuum.Beam transport in a plasma; charge and current neutralization of the beam; reverse-current heating of the plasma, and macroscopic REB instabilities in the plasma.The theory of collective relaxation of REBs in a plasma, including quasi-linear and non-linear relaxation models; the role of plasma non-uniformity, and macroscopic effects during REB relaxation.
Density limit of tokamak experiments
Authors: Lehnert B. 
Published: January 2011

Neutral gas which penetrates into a hot plasma body, of characteristic dimension
Lb, average density n̄ and temperature T, consists mainly of a slow and
a fast component, of densities nns, nnf and temperatures
Tns≪T, Tnf≃T, respectively. These components have the
penetration lengths Lns = l/σcsn̄ and Lnf=
1/σcfn̄, corresponding to the critical densities
ncs=1/σcsLb and
ncf=l/σcfLb where
l/σcf≃lOO/σcs≃5 × 1018 m−2 for
hydrogen in the range 106 < T < 107 K. Thus, hot plasmas
can be divided into the classes of permeable dilute, permeable non-dilute, and
impermeable systems defined by n̄⪅ncs≪ncf,
ncs≪n̄⪅ncf, and ncs ≪ ncf ≪ n̄,
respectively.
Concerning tokamaks, an analysis of the plasma-neutral gas interaction leads to the
following conclusions:

So far, all reported tokamak experiments have been conducted in the permeable
density range and have been limited by instabilities in the transition region
close to n̄ = ncf. Full-scale tokamak reactors should, on the other
hand, operate far inside the impermeable density range.

The driving force of instabilities due to the pressure gradient is expected to
reach its maximum value when n̄ approachesthe density limit ncf from below,
i.e. at the transition to the impermeable state.

The experimentally observed parameter values at the instability limit agree
with those calculated from the theory on collisionless ballooning modes driven
by the pressure gradient.
Confinement of a dense plasma by a static magnetic and stationary electromagnetic fields
Authors: Consoli Térenzio , Le Gardeur René , Slama Lucien 
Published: January 2011

The confinement of a plasma by the radiation pressure of a stationary electromagnetic wave has been proposed and made the subject of experiments by different authors.In these various projects and devices, the HF field creates and confines the plasma.In the device described here one starts with a cavity containing a plasma that is pre-formed and pre-heated in order to fix the mode, to facilitate the tuning of the oscillators exciting the cavity and to permit investigation of the reduction in frequency resulting from the evolution of the plasma.The initial plasma in the form of a spindle is strongly ionized (>> 50%) and of high density (> 1013e/cm3). The spherical cavity, in the absence of plasma, is resonant at ∼1130 MHz in the mode H101. The depth of penetration (< 2 mm) is a small fraction of the diameter of the plasma (∼6 cm). The plasma behaves like a metallic conductor.Use of two H101modes perpendicular to one another in space gives a confinement with no gap.The initial plasma is created by means of a pulsed reflex discharge (pulse length ∼100 μsec) of which the cavity constitutes the interanode section. Controllable densities from 1012to 1014e/cm3are readily obtained. The portion of the discharge situated outside the cavity allows the determination of the parameters of the discharge.A system of eight pulsed auto-oscillators (total power 200 kW, pulse length ∼100 μsec) are coupled to the cavity and regulated in such a manner that oscillation frequency will be near the theoretical resonance frequency of the cavity containing the plasma.In this way the radiation pressure is maintained in spite of the variations in diameter and form of the plasma. The power delivered increases progressively as the resistivity of the plasma diminishes.The couplings of the oscillators to the cavity are capable of being oriented in an arbitrary manner. One can thus either fix the axis of the mode or choose an operational regime with one or two modes.Windows are provided for the application of various diagnostic techniques:ultra-fast cinematography and image convertor for the study of the evolution of the plasmaoptical interferometry with time resolution (Perrot-Fabry) for the measurement of ion temperatureUHF interferometry at 8 and 4 mm for the determination of the electron densityLangmuir probes placed in the wall thickness and along the axis of a mode for the measurement of radial leakage flux.
Influence of the initial conditions on the adiabatic
compression of a column of plasma
Authors: Consoli Térenzio , Geller Richard , Le Gardeur René 
Published: January 2011

In the CIRCE experimental apparatus we have chosen as a medium undergoing adiabatic
compression the plasma created by a pulsed reflex discharge, which is preheated by
oscillating electromagnetic fields. We have been able to realize the following
conditions necessary for an effective compression:

a quasi-thermalized medium, for which the ionic and electronic temperatures,
which can be measured and calculated, are of the order of a few electron volts

low pressure of neutrals outside the discharge with ionization greater than
70% in the plasma column

high initial charge density in order to have rapid thermalization;
ne = 1014 electrons/cm3

purity of the initial plasma

magnetic field trapped in the discharge uniform, reversable in direction and
well determined before the compression

finally, the possibility of varying at will the parameters electronic
temperature, ionic temperature, density of neutrals, electronic density, level
of ionization, compression magnetic field and mirror ratio.

Thanks to a battery of 28 capacitors of 2.5 μF and 25 kV, the compression apparatus
enables the production of a 70-kG magnetic field in a volume of 280 cm3.
The rise time is some 1.5 μsec. Provision is made for a short circuit permitting one
to prolong the duration of this field to 100 μsec.
Magnetic compression is thus applied to the ionized medium under well defined,
controlable and reproducible conditions, which can be made very close to the
hypotheses used in the theory of the phenomenon. The comparison of this theory with
experiment thus becomes particularly favorable.
Bifurcating equilibria and hydromagnetic stability
Authors: Laval G. , Pellat R. , Rebut P. H. 
Published: January 2011

The bifurcating equilibria of a family of hydromagnetic equilibria are defined and studied. It is shown that if the laws of motion satisfy certain very general conditions, the results of this study permit the formulation of a criterion necessary for stability.
A formalism independent of geometry is introduced and a variation principle is found from which the equilibrium equations are derived.
The method proposed is used to study the stability of plane, cylindrical and rotational equilibria, and the results are compared with those obtained with explicit laws of motion.
In cases of tubular configurations, a stricter criterion is obtained than that derived from classical magnetohydrodynamics since new possibilities of instability are taken into account corresponding to changes in topology of the magnetic surfaces.