bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degradation of poly(ethylene glycol) by electrolysis during the Cu electroplating: A combined experimental and density functional theory study
Authors: Won Yong Sun , Cho Donghyun , Kim Yunhee , Lee Jinuk , Park Sung Soo 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe polymer additives are key factor materials in the Cu electroplating process, essential for controlled acceleration and inhibition of Cu deposition. In this study, the degradation behavior of a polymer additive—poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)—during the Cu electroplating was investigated by MALDI‐TOF MS technique. The PEG was completely degraded after 4 h at a constant electric current density of 13 mA/cm2, whereas it showed no degradation without an electric field even at a very low pH (pH < 1). The pathways and energetics of PEG degradation by electrolysis in aqueous chloride medium was investigated using density functional theory calculations at the same time. It demonstrated how facile the decomposition of PEG internal radical is, which is generated via the hydrogen abstraction from PEG by hydroxyl radical formed at the anode in aqueous chloride medium under an electric field. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Optimal designs for constant‐heating‐rate differential scanning calorimetry experiments for polymerization kinetics:nth‐order kinetics
Authors: Mannarswamy Aravind , Munson‐McGee Stuart H. , Steiner Robert , Johnson Charles L. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractOptimal designs have been constructed for differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments conducted under constant‐heating‐rate conditions for materials that area prioriassumed to follownth‐order kinetics. Two different operating scenarios are considered, including single‐scan and multiscan DSC experiments for eight different kinetic parameter combinations representing a range of typical polymeric curing reactions. The resulting designs are studied to determine which kinetic model parameters are influential in determining the optimal design. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Spontaneous transesterification reactions between poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) and poly(trimethylene carbonate) at the interface
Authors: Zhang Jianbin , Luo Lian , Lyu SuPing , Schley Jim , Pudil Bryant , Benz Mike , Buckalew Adam , Chaffin Kim , Hobot Chris , Sparer Randy 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPoly(lactide) (PLA) and its copolymers can be made from naturally occurring materials. They are ideal candidates as sustainable materials to replace the petroleum based polymers. However, these polymers often are brittle so toughening is needed. One of the most effective toughening methods is to reactive blend brittle polymers with materials having very different rigidity. This approach requires that the two materials chemically bond with each other at the interface to compatibilize the blends. Thus, to design and make reactive systems is a key to the success of reactive blending. In this article, we studied toughening poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) with a rubbery material poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC). We observed that PTMC spontaneously reacted with PLGA during melt blending. The reaction produced PLGA‐co‐PTMC copolymers that stayed at the PLGA/PTMC interface. Those copolymers not only helped to create a stable blend microstructure at a length scale of 100 nm but also promoted the bonding between the PLGA and PTMC domains. It is interesting that the reaction did not need a catalyst or initiator. We speculated that this reaction between PLGA and PTMC was a transesterification reaction. This reaction is easy to achieve and is expected to broaden the property range of the PLGA and other degradable polyesters, enabling them to replace certain types of petroleum based polymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Intrinsic viscosity–number average molecular weight relationship for poly(1,4‐butylene adipate) diol
Authors: Yin Na , Zeng Zuo‐Xiang , Xue Wei‐Lan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe relationship between number average molecular weight (Mn) and intrinsic viscosity ([η]) was studied for poly(1,4‐butylene adipate) diol (PBAD) in tetrahydrofuran, toluene, and ethyl acetate at 25°C. Thus, a series of PBAD samples were prepared by polymerization between 1,6‐adipic acid and 1,4‐butanediol. The values of Mn for the samples were determined by end‐group analysis as well as by ebulliometry, and the average difference of Mn between the two analysis ways was about 2.69%. The Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equations for PBAD were obtained to relate [η] with Mn in the range of 1900–10,000. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Display forming polymer/liquid crystal composite layers and their stability against external mechanical distortions
Authors: Bauer M. , Hartmann L. , Kuschel F. , Seiler B. , Noack E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe liquid crystal display (LCD) technology is confronted with the task to substitute rigid glass plates enclosing the electro‐optically active liquid crystal (LC) material by plastic substrates. In particular, the commercialization of flexible displays requires a sufficient stabilization against external mechanical distortions. To achieve LC layer stabilization, several procedures have been suggested. In this work, the thermal‐induced phase separation (TIPS) technique has been applied to generate composite films consisting of LC compartments which are encased by coherent polymer walls after binodal phase separation. Composite films were prepared from a series of poly(methacrylates) and various commercial nematic LC mixtures. Furthermore, the use of copolymers as well as binary blends from “hard” and “soft” poly(methacrylates) broadens the possibilities to control the film morphology. To compare different polymer/LC composite films regarding their stability under compression load, the samples were investigated by indentation tests using an inverse reflected‐light microscope combined with a digital image acquisition technique. The deformation of the composite layers was evaluated by the uniDAC image analysis which relies on the more general method of Digital Image Correlation (DIC). Some of the fabricated composites show a remarkably high indentation resistance, especially such prepared from poly(1‐tetralyl methacrylate) and poly(4‐tert‐butylcyclohexyl methacrylate). The results facilitate the selection of suitable composite systems for the fabrication of mechanically stabilized flexible LC displays. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Treatment with rapamycin prevents fibrosis in tight‐skin and bleomycin‐induced mouse models of systemic sclerosis
Authors: Yoshizaki Ayumi , Yanaba Koichi , Yoshizaki Asako , Iwata Yohei , Komura Kazuhiro , Ogawa Fumihide , Takenaka Motoi , Shimizu Kazuhiro , Asano Yoshihide , Hasegawa Minoru , Fujimoto Manabu , Sato Shinichi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveRapamycin, a novel macrolide immunosuppressive drug, is increasingly used as an agent for posttransplant immunosuppression and treatment of autoimmune disease. The molecular mechanism related to rapamycin‐mediated immunosuppression is that rapamycin binds to FK‐506 binding protein 12, and the formed complex inhibits the function of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which in turn reduces protein phosphorylation, cell cycle progression, and cytokine production. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of rapamycin against the development of fibrosis and autoimmunity in 2 different types of systemic sclerosis (SSc) model mice.MethodsTight skin (TSK/+) mice and bleomycin‐ induced SSc model mice were used to evaluate the effect of rapamycin on fibrosis and immunologic abnormalities. Furthermore, the antifibrotic effect of rapamycin was assessed using TSK/+ mouse fibroblasts.ResultsTreatment with rapamycin reduced skin fibrosis of TSK/+ mice and skin and lung fibrosis of bleomycin‐induced SSc model mice. The production of fibrogenic cytokines, such as interleukin‐4 (IL‐4), IL‐6, IL‐17, and transforming growth factor β1, was attenuated by rapamycin. Hypergammaglobulinemia and anti–topoisomerase I antibody production were also reduced by rapamycin treatment in TSK/+ mice. In addition, mTOR expression levels were increased in TSK/+ mouse fibroblasts compared with those in wild‐type mouse fibroblasts. Rapamycin treatment inhibited proliferation and collagen production of TSK/+ mouse fibroblasts in a dose‐dependent manner.ConclusionThis study is the first to show that rapamycin has a significant inhibitory effect on fibrosis in both TSK/+ and bleomycin‐induced SSc model mice. These results suggest that rapamycin might be an attractive candidate for clinical trials in SSc patients.
Hybridization of Long Pyridine‐Dicarboxamide Oligomers into Multi‐Turn Double Helices: Slow Strand Association and Dissociation, Solvent Dependence, and Solid State Structures
Authors: Baptiste Benoit , Zhu Jiang , Haldar Debasish , Kauffmann Brice , Léger Jean‐Michel , Huc Ivan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractOligoamides of 2,6‐diaminopyridine and 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid comprised of 5, 7, 9, 11, or 13 units and bearing 4‐isobutoxychains on all pyridine rings and tert‐butyl‐carbamate terminal groups have been synthesized stepwise, along with an 11 mer having benzyl‐carbamate terminal groups. The crystal structure of all five Boc‐terminated compounds has been obtained and shows a highly regular and conserved double helical hybridization motif of up to 3 complete turns for the 13 mer. Four pyridine units span one helical turn and define a helix pitch of ca 7 Å. Solution studies in CDCl3 demonstrated that the Boc‐terminated oligomers strongly hybridize in this solvent, and that Kdim values increase with oligomer length. The Kdim values are 31000 and 7×105 L mol−1 for the 7 mer and the 9 mer, respectively, and are too high to be measured by NMR for the 11 mer and the 13 mer. Hybridization and dissociation kinetics at 2 mM proceed at decreasing rates upon increasing oligomer length. The rate was faster than minutes for the 7 mer, of the order of hours for the 9 mer, and days for the 11 mer and 13 mer. The same trend was observed in [D5]pyridine but with considerably lower Kdim values and faster kinetics. The benzylcarbamate 11 mer was also found to hybridize into a double helix but with reduced Kdim values and faster kinetics compared to its Boc‐terminated analogue. Combined with previous studies, the results presented here frame a global understanding of the hybridization of these pyridinecarboxamide oligomers and provide useful guidelines for the design of other artificial double helices.
On orderings and bounds in a generalized Sparre Andersen risk model
Authors: Cheung Eric C. K. , Landriault David , Willmot Gordon E. , Woo Jae‐Kyung 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA generalization of the Gerber–Shiu function proposed by (Cheung et al., Scand. Actuarial J., in press, 2010) is used to derive some ordering properties for certain ruin‐related quantities in a Sparre Andersen type risk model. Additional bounds and/or refinements can be obtained by further assuming that the claim size and the interclaim time distributions possess certain reliability properties. Finally, numerical examples are considered to compare the exact solution to the bounds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personality disorders and biosocial trait theories: The argument for radical legal reform
Authors: Peters David C. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article reviews antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy, and violence and develops a three factor model of personality traits. Then a discussion of related personality disorders precedes the development of a categorical two factor model of impulsive versus remorseless violence. A paradigm of proactive, medical, and school based early intervention and prevention is advocated as a useful addition to the reactive detention of criminal justice. Integration of psychological tests, neuroimaging, and genomic data in early childhood and school based intervention strategies to prevent the development of conduct disorder and attenuate criminal propensity inform this approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The knee kinematic pattern associated with disruption of the knee extensor mechanism in ambulant patients with diplegic cerebral palsy
Authors: O'Sullivan Rory , Walsh Michael , Kiernan Damien , O'Brien Tim 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFailure of the knee extensor mechanism is a potentially disastrous complication of diplegic cerebral palsy and if left undiagnosed may lead to a cessation of independent walking. The disruption of the extensor mechanism usually occurs through or distal to the patella. The aim of this article is to describe the knee kinematic pattern associated with such knee pathology. We also present a mathematical model of knee crouch that leads to this problem. In a retrospective review of patients with radiographically proven disruption, we compared the postfailure clinical and kinematic data to premorbid data. All patients included in this study had attended our clinical Gait Analysis Laboratory on two occasions. In the patients with disruption of the extensor mechanism, the kinematic pattern changed from crouch with shock absorption to one of increased crouch and loss of shock absorption. Clinical characteristics included knee flexion contracture and increased hamstring tightness. We demonstrate how the prefailure crouch position of the knee increases the flexor moment arm about the knee. We suggest that this knee crouch position during walking is the primary cause of pathology. Failure of the knee extensor mechanism is associated with a distinctive knee kinematic pattern. Regular gait analysis can help identify this pathology and enable treatment to be planned accordingly. Clin. Anat. 23:586–592, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The potential complications of open carpal tunnel release surgery to the ulnar neurovascular bundle and its branches: A cadaveric study
Authors: Boughton O. , Adds P. J. , Jayasinghe J. A. P. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis study investigated the ulnar artery and the ulnar nerve and its branches in the palm to assess how frequently they may be at risk of damage during open carpal tunnel release surgery. Twenty‐one formalin‐embalmed cadaveric hands were dissected, and the proximity of the ulnar neurovascular bundle to two different lines of incision, the 3rd and 4th interdigital web space axis and the ring finger axis, was assessed and compared. It was found that an incision in the latter (ring finger) axis put the ulnar artery at risk in 12 of 21 specimens, whereas an incision in the former axis (3rd/4th interdigital web space) put the ulnar artery at risk in only two specimens. In 15 hands at least one structure (the ulnar artery or a branch of the ulnar nerve) was at risk in the ring finger axis compared to only seven hands in the axis of the 3rd/4th interdigital web space. We conclude that the ulnar artery and branches of the ulnar nerve are at increased risk of damage with an incision in the axis of the ring finger. The importance of using a blunt dissection technique under direct vision during surgery to identify and preserve these structures and median nerve branches is emphasized. Clin. Anat. 23:545–551, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Remote control laboratory for DSP‐controlled induction motor drives
Authors: Tekin Ahmet , Ata Fikret , Gökbulut Muammer 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article presents an Internet‐based remote laboratory for digital signal processor (DSP)‐controlled induction motor (IM) drive. The remote experimental rig uses MATLAB/Simulink compatible dSPACE DS1104 signal processor to realize the control algorithm, current control, and PWM modulation. MATLAB Real‐Time Workshop (RTW) environment provides the real‐time operation using a PC and I/O boards and, therefore, application files required for conducting the experiment in laboratory environment can be prepared with the RTW and dSPACE real‐time interface (RTI). Also a graphical‐user interface can be designed using the dSPACE ControlDesk Developer (CDD). However, for implementation of remote laboratory, interface software between local application and remote users should be developed, since the MATLAB Web Server (MWS) does not allow online access to some hardware such as DS1104 used in this study. For this purpose, an interface using the Python code is developed for remote automation of the ControlDesk. Furthermore, server–client communication software with Delphi programming language is developed for remote implementation of the experiment. Using the user‐friendly interface, the Internet‐based remote laboratory allows the students to conduct the experiment by changing the predefined control parameters online or uploading the controller designed by the user and then to observe system responses in numerical, graphical, or video format on the remote computer. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 20: 702–712, 2012
Abnormal Behaviour of Allenylsulfones under Lu’s Reaction Conditions: Synthesis of Enantiopure Polyfunctionalised Cyclopentenes
Authors: Núñez Alberto , Martín M. Rosario , Fraile Alberto , García Ruano José L. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFormal [3+2] cycloadditions of 5‐alkoxyfuran‐2(5H)‐ones 1 and 2 with allenylsulfones 3–5, promoted by different nucleophiles, afford 3‐alkoxy‐5‐arylsulfonyl‐3,3 a,6,6 a‐tetrahydro‐1H‐cyclopenta[c]furan‐1‐ones in good yields with complete control of both regio‐ and π‐facial selectivity. The incorporation of a sulfinyl group on the furanone ring enhances the reactivity of the furanones and allows the synthesis of optically pure, bicyclic adducts in good yields. Allenylsulfones evolve through a different mechanism to that proposed for allenoates (Lu’s reaction) and afford bicyclic adducts in which the sulfonyl group is joined to C‐5. This has advantages on the stereochemical control of further reactions leading to enantiomerically pure polyfunctionalised cyclopentenes and cyclopentanes.
Pd‐Catalyzed CN Bond Formation with Heteroaromatic Tosylates
Authors: Mantel Mette L. H. , Lindhardt Anders T. , Lupp Daniel , Skrydstrup Troels 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA protocol for the palladium(0)‐catalyzed amidation of heteroaromatic tosylates was successfully developed. The methodology proved to be effective for a variety of heteroaryl tosylates including the pyridine, pyrimidine, quinoline and quinoxaline ring systems. Successful carbonnitrogen bond formation with these heteroaryl tosylates could be performed with a wide range of primary amides, oxazolidinones, lactams, anilines and indoles, including one cyclic urea. Moreover, this CN bond forming reaction provided products with high structural diversity. The coupling reaction was also amenable to scale up applications.
Solvent‐Dependent Self‐Discrimination of Bis(2‐hydroxyphenyl)diamides
Authors: Matsuzawa Akinobu , Nojiri Akihiro , Kumagai Naoya , Shibasaki Masakatsu 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSolvent‐dependent, self‐discrimination of diamides is described. Mixing a solution of (R)‐1 a and (S)‐1 a, which are valine‐derived, bis(2‐hydroxyphenyl)diamide‐bearing, multiple hydrogen‐bonding modules, in dichloromethane immediately led to the formation of a thick suspension comprising a 1:1 heterochiral aggregate of 1 a. The solubility of heterochiral 1 a was substantially lower in halogenated solvents than in ethyl acetate. A perusal of racemic crystal structures obtained from chloroform and ethyl acetate revealed a significant difference in the crystal‐packing pattern, which is likely to be the basis for the pronounced difference in solubility. Specific self‐discrimination of 1 a in an ensemble of eight structurally related molecules showcased the specific aggregation through the hydrogen‐bonding network of the bis(2‐hydroxyphenyl)diamide framework. The low solubility of heterochiral 1 a in halogenated solvent was exploited to achieve high stereoselectivity in a catalytic asymmetric reaction by using a low enantiomeric excess sample of 1 a.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon Doped Boron Nitride Cages as Competitive Candidates for Hydrogen Storage Materials.
Authors: Wu H. Y. , Fan X. F. , Kuo Jer‐Lai , Deng Wei‐Qiao 
Published: April 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Drastic Changes in Photoluminescence Properties of Multilayer Films Composed of Europium Hydroxide and Titanium Oxide Nanosheets.
Authors: Ida Shintaro , Sonoda Yuki , Ikeue Keita , Matsumoto Yasumichi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Conductivity of Ce3NF6.
Authors: Noetzel Gerd , Schweda Eberhard , Wiemhoefer Hans‐Dieter 
Published: April 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural and Magnetic Properties of Metal Telluromolybdates MxM′1‐xTeMoO6 (M, M′: Mn, Co, Cd).
Authors: Suzuki Ryo , Doi Yoshihiro , Hinatsu Yukio 
Published: April 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Crystal Structures of CsCuNd2Se4 and CsCuGd2Te4: Two Non‐Isotypical Cesium Copper Lanthanide Chalcogenides with ∞1{[CuCh3]5‐} Chains of Vertex‐Shared [CuCh4]7‐ Tetrahedra.
Authors: Babo Jean‐Marie , Strobel Sabine , Schleid Thomas 
Published: April 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photooxygenation of Furans in Water and Ionic Liquid Solutions.
Authors: Astarita Anna , Cermola Flavio , DellaGreca Marina , Iesce Maria Rosaria , Previtera Lucio , Rubino Maria 
Published: April 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimetic Oxidation of Alcohols Catalyzed by TEMPO‐Functionalized Polyethylene Glycol and Copper(I) Chloride in Compressed Carbon Dioxide.
Authors: Miao Cheng‐Xia , He Liang‐Nian , Wang Jin‐Quan , Gao Jian 
Published: April 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.