bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of lameness, subclinical mastitis and loss of body condition on the reproductive performance of dairy cows
Authors: Peake K. A. , Biggs A. M. , Argo C. M. , Smith R. F. , Christley R. M. , Routly J. E. , Dobson H. 
Published: March 2011

A total of 318 cows were monitored in the pre‐breeding postpartum period for the presence of three production stressors: lameness, subclinical mastitis and body condition score (BCS) loss. For each stressor, cows were given a classification of severely, moderately or non‐affected based on mobility scores, somatic cell counts and BCS change. The number of days from calving to onset of the first luteal phase was greater in cows that had one severe production stressor (median 44 days) or two moderate production stressors (41 days) compared with cows that had no stressors (31 days) (P=0.02 and P=0.04, respectively). More than one severe stressor increased the interval further. There was no difference between cows with one moderate stressor (median 38 days) and those with none (P=0.13). The delay to the first luteal phase was significantly longer in cows with two moderate stressors if the onset of one stressor occurred at the time when resumption of ovarian activity was expected. The presence of these production stressors in early lactation had no effect on the interval from calving to establishment of the next pregnancy or the number of inseminations required despite the negative effect on the onset of the luteal phase.
Interview with Peter King
Authors: Atzenbeck Claus 
Published: March 2011

Dr. Peter King has been active in digital documents and hypertext for almost thirty years. He was one of the founders of the Electronic Publishing conference series and of the ACM Symposium on Document Engineering, whose Steering Committee he now chairs. He holds the position of Professor Emeritus of Computer Science at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada. He has recently held research positions at the University of Kent, UK and at LIRMM, Montpellier, France, and has worked at several other European and Canadian research institutes.
Peter's work in document engineering covers several areas. He has performed individual and collaborative work on formalisms for multimedia document specification and on document description languages and systems, leading to the creation of several working systems. He has collaborated on work on hypertext, including the OPALES system and its successors, and on hypertext architectures supporting collaborative document usage and user communities. His joint work with Marc and Jocelyne Nanard won the ACM Engelbart award for best paper at the Hypertext 2003 Conference. Prior to developing his interest in document engineering and hypertext, he worked extensively in the area of programming language design and implementation.
Peter King is a leader in computing education and educational standards. He is Director of Accreditation for CIPS, the Canadian Information Processing Society, which establishes and assesses industry recognized standards for postsecondary computing education in university and college institutions across Canada and internationally.
Promoting sharing behaviours in children through the use of a customised novel computer system
Authors: Menzies Rachel 
Published: March 2011

Asperger Syndrome is a condition on the Autism Spectrum, characterised by a lack of ability to recognise and understand the thoughts, beliefs, desires and intentions of others. Thus, the ability to make sense of others' behaviours and predict their social actions is reduced.
This paper aims to develop a technology-enhanced learning environment in which children with Asperger Syndrome can explore and improve their sharing skills. This may increase their social awareness and interaction. The system is scenario-based, with each scenario focussing on a specific aspect of sharing. It is expected that, through the user-centred development and implementation of this system, children who previously were socially isolated will be more capable of becoming more socially networked as individuals. This will have implications on learning and interaction.
βγ-CAT, a non-lens betagamma-crystallin and trefoil factor complex, induces calcium-dependent platelet apoptosis
Authors: Gao Qian , Xiang Yang , Chen Zhongming , Zeng Lin , Ma Xutong , Zhang Yun 
Published: March 2011

SummaryIn recent years, it has been reported that apoptosis may occur in platelets and play a role in the clearance of effete platelets. βγ-CAT, a newly identified non-lens βγ-crystallin and trefoil factor complex from frog Bombina maxima skin secretions, caused several in vivo toxic effects on mammals. Through determined haematological parameters of rabbits, it has been found that βγ-CAT significantly reduced the number of platelets in a time-dependent manner. Here, in order to explore the effect of βγ-CAT on platelets, washed platelets were incubated with various concentrations of βγ-CAT for 30 minutes. We found that βγ-CAT induced several apoptosis events in human platelets, including caspase-3 activation, phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, depolarisation of mitochondrial inner transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), cytochrome c re-lease and strong expression of pro-apoptotic Bax and Bak proteins. However, βγ-CAT did not significantly induce platelet activation as detected by P-selectin surface expression, GPIIb/IIIa activation and platelet aggregation. In addition, we observed that βγ-CAT-induced PS exposure and ΔΨm depolarisation in platelets are Ca2+-dependent. Taken together, βγ-CAT can induce Ca2+-dependent platelet apoptosis but does not cause platelet activation.
Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes With Telmisartan, Ramipril, or Both in People at High Renal Risk
Authors: Tobe Sheldon W. , Clase Catherine M. , Gao Peggy , McQueen Matthew , Grosshennig Anja , Wang Xingyu , Teo Koon K. , Yusuf Salim , Mann Johannes F.E. 
Published: March 2011

Background—
In the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination With Ramipril Global End Point Trial (ONTARGET), dual therapy did not reduce cardiovascular or renal outcomes compared with either angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers alone. Previous controlled trials with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers have demonstrated greater cardiovascular and renal benefit in people with renal risk. We hypothesized that dual therapy would be more effective than monotherapy in patients with low glomerular filtration rate and elevated albuminuria.

Methods and Results—

Post hoc analysis was performed of renal subgroups of dual therapy versus monotherapy for the ONTARGET study and angiotensin receptor blocker versus placebo for the Telmisartan Randomized Assessment Study in ACE Intolerant Subjects With Cardiovascular Disease (TRANSCEND). The studies featured hazard ratios by subgroups and Cox regression models with factors for treatment, subgroup, and interactions. The main cardiovascular outcome was the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure, and the main renal outcome was the composite of chronic dialysis or doubling of creatinine. In ONTARGET, there was no cardiovascular or renal benefit from dual over monotherapy in any subgroup, even with low glomerular filtration rate and/or elevated albuminuria. In TRANSCEND, in the comparison of angiotensin receptor blocker with placebo, there was a significant interaction for the main renal outcome (
P
=0.01) in the direction of harm for patients with normoalbuminuria (0.37 versus 0.16 events per 100 patient-years; hazard ratio, 2.35; confidence interval, 1.33 to 4.15) but a trend to benefit with microalbuminuria (0.52 versus 0.89 events per 100 patient-years; hazard ratio, 0.60; confidence interval, 0.25 to 1.46) and macroalbuminuria (1.57 versus 2.60 events per 100 patient-years; hazard ratio, 0.71; confidence interval, 0.21 to 2.44).

Conclusions—
This post hoc analysis does not support dual therapy over monotherapy in high–vascular risk patients with low glomerular filtration rate or albuminuria. This observation is a post hoc comparison and should be interpreted appropriately.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://clinicaltrials.gov
Identifier: NCT00153101.
Prevalence of C-Reactive Protein Elevation and Time Course of Normalization in Acute Pericarditis
Authors: Imazio Massimo , Brucato Antonio , Maestroni Silvia , Cumetti Davide , Dominelli Antonio , Natale Giuseppe , Trinchero Rita 
Published: March 2011

Background—
The role of inflammatory markers is not well defined for either diagnosis or treatment of pericarditis. The aim of this study is to prospectively evaluate the frequency of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) elevation in patients with acute pericarditis, its time course of normalization, and the possible importance for diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis.

Methods and Results—

Two hundred consecutive patients with viral or idiopathic acute pericarditis (mean age, 53±15.5 years; 103 men) were studied from August 2005 to August 2007 in 2 Italian referral centers. Hs-CRP was determined at presentation and then every week until normalization. Hs-CRP elevation was recorded in 156 of 200 cases (78%) at presentation. Recognized causes of a negative hs-CRP at presentation were early assessment in 15 of 44 cases (34%) and previous anti-inflammatory therapies in 22 of 44 cases (50%). Hs-CRP normalization was achieved with the following time course: 120 of 200 (60%) at week 1, 170 of 200 (85%) at week 2, 190 of 200 (95%) at week 3, and all cases (100%) at week 4. In multivariable analysis, incomplete response to empirical anti-inflammatory therapy at week 1 (hazard ratio, 2.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.80 to 4.94;
P
<0.001), corticosteroid therapy (hazard ratio, 2.80; 95% confidence interval, 1.59 to 4.95;
P
<0.001), and the presence of elevated hs-CRP at week 1 (hazard ratio, 2.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.32 to 4.21;
P
=0.004) were independent risk factors for recurrence.

Conclusions—
Hs-CRP is elevated at the initial presentation in ≈3 of 4 cases of acute pericarditis, identifies patients at higher risk of recurrence, and could be used to monitor disease activity and select appropriate therapy length.
Why Languages and Contacts?
Authors: Zima Petr 
Published: March 2011

AbstractContacts of human beings using the available codes in definable contact communication situations/models is analytically distinguished from interference of language systems; the former being the object of the anthropology of communication, the latter being in the focus of linguistics. An attempt at a typology is presented for both complexes, in this paper.Contacts of speakers are classified according to their intensity/quantity, their quality, and their stratification. Interference types of language systems are classified in terms of their intensity/quantity, and their quality. These general typologies are illustrated by data available from different contact and interference areas and/or language structures current in Europe or Sub-Saharan Africa.
Population Movements and Contacts in Language Evolution
Authors: Mufwene Salikoko 
Published: March 2011

AbstractI argue for uniformitarianism (Mufwene 2001) in accounts of language evolution. Below, after dismissing a few myths about the development of creoles, I show how what we have learned to date about this case of language speciation prompts genetic linguists to reopen the books about language diversification in general and as a concomitant of language death in many cases. I adduce various examples from distant and recent histories to illustrate how population movements and contacts have been a critical ecological factor even in the cases of so-called "internally-motivated" change. The distinction between "internally" and "externally-motivated" language change boils down to a mere sociological contrast once contact is situated at the inter-idiolectal level, where interactions and negotiations between linguistic systems take place, regardless of whether or not xenolectal features participate in the feature pool. Ultimately, the same mechanisms of competition and selection that apply to linguistic features also apply to languages and dialects. Driven by the ecology of language use, the mechanisms roll the dice not only on how a particular language evolves under specific ecological conditions but also on the vitality of languages.
Calquing and Metatypy
Authors: Ross Malcolm 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMetatypy, meaning 'change in type' is a diachronic process in which the syntactic system of one of a bilingual community's languages is restructured so that it more closely resembles the syntax of its speakers' other language. It is thus a language contact phenomenon. In this paper I deconstruct my earlier account of metatypy and show that metatypy is preceded chronologically by lexical and grammatical calquing but is separate from these processes. Thus there are languages which have undergone widespread grammatical calquing but have stopped short of metatypy. The article also examines alternative terms for metatypy and indicates why I believe that the term 'metatypy' is preferable to them and useful for the subdiscipline of contact linguistics. Associated with this is a proposal that contact linguists adopt a strong hypothesis to the effect that bilingual speakers do not copy single constructions from one of their languages to the other on a piecemeal basis but that they always restructure larger systems. This hypothesis is put forward as a basis for research, not as a statement of belief.
Grammar, Contact and Time
Authors: Mithun Marianne 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA continuing issue in work on language contact has been determining the relative borrowability of various structural features. It is easy to imagine, for example, how a tendency to use particular word order patterns in one language might be replicated by bilinguals in another, but difficult to understand how abstract morphological structures could be transferred. When we look at linguistic areas, however, we often find grammatical features shared by genetically unrelated languages that seem unborrowable. Here we consider the importance of adding the dimension of time to investigations into the potential effects of contact. As a point of departure we examine a relatively straightforward example from western North America, a striking parallelism in verbal structure among large numbers of languages indigenous to California. The example illustrates the fact that parallel grammatical structures in neighboring languages need not have been borrowed in their current form. They might instead be the result of an earlier transfer of patterns of expression that set the stage for subsequent parallel developments.
A mechanism of lexical borrowing
Authors: Sullivan Celeste 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper offers a model to explain the general observation that lexical items are more often borrowed from a higher status language into a lower status one, than visa versa. Material from Lahore, Pakistan, shows that in casual speech among plurilinguals codeswitching is the norm. In formal contexts, in which there is attention to proper language, educated speakers filter out features which are not part of the standard language. Constraints on language and education in the hierarchical social structure withhold from most speakers of the lower status languages the knowledge necessary to evaluate their own speech in this way, thus allowing features of other languages to become established in their language.
Old Helsinki Slang and language mixing
Authors: Jarva Vesa 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe study concerns itself with Old Helsinki Slang (OHS), a peculiar speech variety (spoken approximately between 1890 and 1950), mixing Finnish morpho-syntax and Swedish vocabulary. It is claimed that it resembles intertwined mixed languages. The study focuses on the lexical, phonological, morphological and syntactical features which are most likely contact-based. Besides the vocabulary, the impact of Swedish is clearly seen in phonology, while in morpho-syntax differences from Finnish are minor. In the conclusion, OHS is compared with Media Lengua and Ma'á. Although OHS was never an independent or an established system, it has a particular value as an example of language mixing in an exceptionally well-documented urban environment, even though the process was interrupted, and OHS gradually merged with Finnish.
Subversion of Language Structure in Heterogeneous Speech Communities: the Work of Discourse and the Part of Contact
Authors: Ploog Katja 
Published: March 2011

AbstractChange is an ongoing process constitutive of human language to which will be refered by the term of dynamics. It will be worked out how mere interaction conditions the language dynamics and how the disposable structural resources will be coordinated in microsystems. Since from this point of view grammar exists as a process, it will be of interest to work out by what type of mechanisms a bilingual speaker elaborates his/her discourse. It will be discussed what can be called a (more) 'useful' construction and through what type of mechanisms the constructions get coordinated. We will argue that all discursive mechanisms are bound to satisfy the pragmatic demands of an actual speech production and that the most useful items are those which best satisfy these pragmatic demands.One of the most characteristic phenomena of the linguistic dynamics in Ivory Coast is the microsystem of LA: In a highly heterogeneous context of social interaction, LA is used in (the locally dominant) discursive traditions of French and Mande languages, undergoing a grammaticalization process separately in each of them and used - consequently - in various constructions. The wide range of its referential values, the very importance of the negotiation of discourse referents between speaker and hearer and its simple phonological form seem to predestine LA to get reappropriated and to become a 'favorite' form in the emergent speech community.
Processes of Creole Formation and Related Contact-Induced Language Change
Authors: Winford Donald 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this paper, I explore the relationship between creole formation and other outcomes of contact induced change and argue that in many respects the comparisons that earlier scholars made between the two have a sound basis in terms of the processes of change that produced such outcomes. I focus my attention only on those aspects of creole formation that result from the kind of cross-linguistic influence that has been referred to variously as 'substratum influence.' I argue that such influence is part of a more general type of contact-induced change that is brought about by imposition, a transfer type that manifests itself in a wide variety of contact situations not traditionally treated as involving the creation of creoles. I illustrate the workings of imposition in a variety of contact situations, including those that involve second language acquisition (including creole formation), and those that involve language attrition. I discuss two linguistic models that have been proposed for the description and analysis of such phenomena in creole formation, namely, Lefebvre's (1998) Relexification model, and Myers-Scotton's (2002) Abstract Level Structure model. I argue that these models are compatible with the view of imposition proposed here, and shed some light on the mechanisms underlying this transfer type, and how they produce the kinds of contact phenomena found in creole formation, as well as in cases of language attrition. I further argue that these mechanisms are essentially psycholinguistic in nature, and can best be understood in the context of psycholinguistic models of bilingual speech production. Finally, I suggest how insights from such models can clarify our understanding of how imposition produces the kinds of convergence phenomena we find in creoles and related outcomes of contact-induced change.
A History of Metatypy in the Bel Languages
Authors: Ross Malcolm 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn earlier work Takia, an Oceanic Austronesian language, has been compared with its Papuan neighbour Waskia to show that much of the grammar of Takia can be explained as the outcome of metatypy on the model of Waskia or a language typologically like it. Takia belongs to the Western subgroup of the small Bel family, the members of which have all undergone metatypy to some degree. In this paper data from the Bel languages are used to reconstruct the history of certain Takia grammatical features, especially clause chaining and postverbal enclitics, in order to confirm or refute earlier inferences about their history. These inferences are largely confirmed, and the origins of clause chaining and postverbal enclitics are situated as a sequence of changes within a history of the Bel languages. The investigation shows that, as expected, metatypy is a gradual process. It also confirms that the innovation of clause-chaining was a normal piece of grammaticisation, but one that was triggered by speakers' bilingualism in a clause-chaining language or languages.The investigation has yielded an unexpected spin-off by showing that metatypy was an ongoing process during the development of the Bel languages. Reconstructing the genesis of Western Bel clause-chaining and enclitic sequences forces us to reconstruct ongoing contact, whilst Matugar, an Eastern Bel language, reflects metatypy probably on the model of its Western Bel relatives.
Contact-Induced Change and the Openness of 'Closed' Morphological Systems: Some Cases from Native America
Authors: Grant Anthony 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper examines the effects of contact-induced language change on the nominal and verbal inflectional morphology of several Native American languages, most of which have also replaced large amounts of their basic vocabulary with loans from other language. It shows that although there are few if any limitations on the kinds of concepts which may be expressed by borrowed items, borrowing as a source of morphological renewal is an infrequently-employed process in these languages, and even those languages which have borrowed heavily have not always borrowed the same types of morphemes from other languages. Information derived from diachronic inspection of inflectional morphology remains the most reliable means of classifying languages genealogically with accuracy.
Transmission Biases in Linguistic Epidemiology
Authors: Enfield Nicholas 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThere is growing interest in approaching research on language contact and change through an epidemiological, population-based model which takes 'linguistic items' or equivalent as a key unit of analysis. This paper explores a number of elements of such a model, with particular attention to a set of biases which may act as conduits or filters for the transmission of linguistic items in populations. These include a number of such biases introduced in recent models of cultural transmission: a threshold bias, a sociometric bias, a model bias, a conformity bias, and a frequency bias. A further bias is of particular relevance to language, but is argued to be equally important for models of cultural transmission in general. This is a context bias, which takes into account the kind of structural context which a given item or variant presupposes for its function. The presence or absence of a relevant structural context will determine the likelihood that the item will be transmitted, and if so to what degree of faithfulness. These biases may help toward characterising an anatomy of cultural epidemiology which makes explicit the relation between individual cognition, social processes, and population-level structure.