bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Formation of Bulgarian Countercultures: Rock Music, Socialism, and After
Authors: Trendafilov Vladimir 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article traces the evolution of musical counterculture in Bulgaria from the 1960s down to the present time. A special attention is given to its burgeoning during socialism—the creation of the early rock groups, the difficulties they met on their way to achieving popularity and style, and their uneven struggle with the various censorship strictures. The significant details and stages of this process are viewed against the background of emergent socialist consumer culture, a dubious product of the interplay between the totalitarian system and the cultural impact of the West. And, last but not least, the development of present-day trends and tastes in Bulgarian popular music is interpreted as a basic transformation of the forces that constitute the field of conflict between counterculture and the mainstream.
“Wild West,” “Gangster,” and “Desperado” Feelings: The Perception of the “West” in Youth Subcultures in Hungary in the 1960s
Authors: Horváth Sándor 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe images of the “modern youth” and moral panics concerning the youth as a metaphor played an important part in the identity construction process throughout Cold War Europe. For Hungarian youth the West represented the land of promise and desires, albeit their knowledge of the Western other was highly limited and controlled by the socialist state. But how did the partly unknown West and its “folk devils” become the objects of desire in the East? For Western youngsters it seemed to be easier to realize their cultural preferences, however, youth cultures of the sixties were represented in the transnational discourses as manifestations of intra-generational, parent–adolescent conflicts not only in the Eastern Bloc, but also in Western democracies. The perception of the parent–child conflict became a cornerstone of the studies on the sixties, and the youth studies represented youth subcultures as “countercultures.” This paper addresses the role of the official discourse in the construction of “youth cultures” which lies at the heart of identity politics concerning youngsters. It looks at some of the youth subcultures which emerged in socialist Hungary and, in particular how “Eastern” youth perceived “the West,” and how their desires concerning the “Western cultures” were represented in the official discourse. It also seeks to show that borders created in the mind between “East” and “West” worked not only in the way that the “iron curtain” did, but it also became a cultural practice to create social identities following the patterns of Eastern and Western differentiation in the socialist countries.
A Reinvestigation of Japan's Final Memorandum to the United States and the Decoding of Roosevelt's Message to the Emperor, December 1941
Authors: Takeo Iguchi 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAt the final phase of the negotiations in the fall of 1941, the Japanese government set a deadline of 30 November to reach a modus vivendi with the United States. After the failure of several proposals, on 6 December, Roosevelt sent a telegram directly to the emperor proposing further negotiations. This article draws on the author's extensive publications in Japanese to demonstrate that the Japanese Army intercepted Roosevelt's telegram and secretly decoded it before it reached the emperor and the Foreign Ministry had to amend the Memorandum to preclude further negotiation. The Army and the Foreign Ministry, which succumbed to the Army, further interfered with the transmission of the Final Memorandum, and confused the Japanese embassy's handling. Its delivery was made after the commencement of the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Foreign Minister Tōgō, facing prosecution in 1945, falsely shifted blame for the delay to the embassy in Washington, and the Foreign Ministry has released misleading documents to strengthen that accusation.
Benjamin Brodsky (1877-1960): The Trans-Pacific American Film Entrepreneur – Part Two, Taking A Trip Thru China to America
Authors: Curry Ramona 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPart One of this essay traced a biography for Benjamin Brodsky and revealed surprising facets of the production of his 1916 feature-length travelogue A Trip Thru China. Part Two addresses the film's genre inscription and cinematic qualities and relates its embedded values to its enthusiastic reception across America 1916-18. Although the ethnographic documentary pays admiring tribute to laboring men and women throughout China, it also valorizes the moribund Chinese empire, as embodied in Brodsky's ultimate patron in China, President Yuan Shikai. While fully eschewing the "Yellow Menace" U.S. discourse of its period, Trip humorously delineates the East and West as essentially different. The rare work's exceptional critical and popular success from California to New York City points to Brodsky's skilled showmanship and ability to engage the support of independent movie distributors and investors. Why, then, the essay considers in conclusion, did Brodsky's subsequent experiences after his shift in 1917 to making films in Japan, including the feature-length travelogue Beautiful Japan (1918), so diverge in its outcome from his early filmmaking career in China?
Performativity as Tense and Aspect
Authors: ŽAgar Igor Ž. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAlmost all verbs in Slovene have two aspectually different forms, the perfective (PF) and the imperfective (IPF). But in institutional settings or settings strongly marked with social hierarchy only the first, the imperfective form, is used by Slovene speakers in a performative sense.
Why is that? And what, in fact, has a Slovene speaker said if (s)he used the imperfective verb in "performative circumstances"? No doubt that (s)he may be in the process of accomplishing such an act. But at the same time, having the possibility of choosing between the PF and the IPF form, (s)he may have also indicated that this act hasn't been accomplished (yet): as long as we are only promising (IPF), we have not really promised anything yet, and if we are only promising (IPF), we cannot take anything as having been really promised. That was how Stanislav Škrabec, the 19th century Slovene linguist and the central figure of this paper, saw the role of verbal aspect within language use.
Being caught in such a dilemma, a question inevitably arises: how to accomplish an act of promise (or any other performative act) in Slovene? at dilemma may seem more than artificial at first, but it was very much alive among Slovene linguists at the end of the 19 th century. And it was that very dilemma – how to use aspects in Slovene – that quite unexpectedly gave rise to the foundations of performativity in Slovene, half a century before Austin!
In the present paper, the author tries to shed some light on this controversy that involved different Slovene scholars for about thirty years, and proposes a delocutive hypothesis as a solution for the performative dilemma this controversy unveiled.
Skeletal Silica Nanoparticles Prepared by Control of Reaction Polarity
Authors: Takai Chika , Fuji Masayoshi , Fujimoto Kyoichi 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
We report skeletal silica nanoparticles using a cubic template whose surface is coated by surfactant. The controlling factors, (a) high acidity of silanol compared to that of surfactant, (b) low affinity between surfactant and organic medium, and (c) high surface energy of vertex and edge of the template, are associated to obtain such structures.
Solubility and Thermodynamic Properties of Carbonate-Bearing Hydrotalcite—Pyroaurite Solid Solutions with A 3:1 Mg/(Al+Fe) Mole Ratio
Authors: Rozov K. B. , Berner U. , Kulik D. A. , Diamond L. W. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe naturally occurring layered double hydroxides (LDH, or anionic clays) are of particular interest in environmental geochemistry because of their ability to retain hazardous cations and especially anions. However, incorporation of these minerals into predictive models of water-rock interaction in contaminant environments, including radioactive-waste repositories, is hampered by a lack of thermodynamic and stability data. To fill part of this gap the present authors have derived properties of one of the complex multicomponent solid solutions within the LDH family: the hydrotalcite-pyroaurite series, Mg3(Al1−xFex)(OH)8(CO3)0.5·2.5H2O.Members of the hydrotalcite-pyroaurite series with fixed MgII/(AlIII+FeIII) = 3 and various FeIII/(FeIII+AlIII) ratios were synthesized by co-precipitation and dissolved in long-term experiments at 23±2°C and pH = 11.40±0.03. The chemical compositions of co-existing solid and aqueous phases were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and liquid scintillation counting of 55Fe tracers; X-ray diffraction and Raman were used to characterize the solids. Based on good evidence for reversible equilibrium in the experiments, the thermodynamic properties of the solid solution were examined using total-scale Lippmann solubility products, ΣΠT. No significant difference was observed between values of SPT from co-precipitation and from dissolution experiments throughout the whole range of Fe/Al ratios. A simple ideal solid-solution model with similar end-member ΣΠT values (a regular model with 0 < WG < 2 kJ mol −1 sufficient to describe the full range of intermediate mineral compositions. In turn, this yielded the first estimate of the standard Gibbs free energy of the pyroaurite end member, G298,Pyro = −3882.60±2.00 kJ/mol, consistent with G298,Htlco = −4339.85 kJ/mol of the hydrotalcite end member, and with the whole range of solubilities of the mixed phases. The molar volumes of the solid-solution at standard conditions were derived from X-ray data. Finally, Helgeson’s method was used to extend the estimates of standard molar entropy and heat capacity of the end members over the pressure-temperature range 0−70°C and 1–100 bar.
Upper Cretaceous Clayey Levels from Western Portugal (Aveiro and Taveiro Regions): Clay Mineral and Trace-Element Distribution
Authors: Marques Rosa , Dias M. Isabel , Prudêncio M. Isabel , Rocha Fernando 
Published: November 2011

AbstractClay-rich deposits of Upper Cretaceous levels in the Taveiro (Reveles and S. Pedro) and Aveiro (Bustos) regions of west-central Portugal are economically and environmentally important, but detailed chemical and mineralogical characterization is lacking. The purpose of this study was to partially fill that gap by correlating the trace-element geochemistry (particularly the rare earth elements, REE) with the mineralogy of both the whole rock and of the <2 μm fraction along selected stratigraphic levels of the formations. The results will help the ceramics industry in the region and will be important in paleoreconstruction environmental studies.Mineralogical and chemical characterizations were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The following clay-mineral associations were identified: (1) at Reveles — smectite, illite, and kaolin minerals; (2) at S. Pedro — kaolin minerals and illite; and (3) at Bustos — illite, kaolin minerals, and mixed-layer illite-smectite. The distribution of trace elements in the <2 μm fraction depended on the clay mineralogy, suggesting that the trace elements were incorporated in, adsorbed to, or even replaced major elements in the clays, as follows: (1) first-row transition elements, particularly Zn and Ga, were enriched when smectite predominated; (2) As, Rb, and Cs were enriched in this fraction of the S. Pedro deposit, the only one with Fe (oxyhydr)oxides and a high proportion of illite; and (3) REE were more concentrated when kaolin minerals predominated. Eu was enriched in the <2 μm fraction, which was due to preferential incorporation in the Fe (oxyhydr)oxides and/or carbonates.
Acetic Acid
Authors: Cheung Hosea , Tanke Robin S. , Torrence G. Paul 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Carbonylation of Methanol4.2.Direct Oxidation of Saturated Hydrocarbons4.3.Acetaldehyde Process4.4.Other Processes4.5.Concentration and Purification4.6.Construction Materials5.Wastewater and Off‐Gas Problems6.Quality Specifications7.Analysis8.Storage, Transportation, and Customs Regulations9.Uses10.Derivatives10.1.Salts10.1.1.Aluminum Acetate10.1.2.Ammonium Acetate10.1.3.Alkali Metal Salts10.2.Esters10.2.1.Methyl Acetate10.2.2.Ethyl Acetate10.2.3.Butyl Acetate10.2.4.2‐Ethylhexyl Acetate10.2.5.Other Esters10.3.Acetyl Chloride10.4.Amides10.4.1.Acetamide10.4.2.N,N‐Dimethylacetamide10.5.Phenylacetic Acid11.Economic Aspects12.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Acetone
Authors: Sifniades Stylianos , Levy Alan B. , Bahl Hubert 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Cumene Oxidation (Hock Process)4.2.Dehydrogenation of 2‐Propanol4.3.Propene Oxidation4.4.Oxidation of 2‐Propanol4.5.Oxidation ofp‐Diisopropyl Benzene4.6.Fermentation of Biomass5.Environmental Protection6.Quality Specifications and Analysis7.Storage and Transportation8.Uses8.1.Methyl Methacrylate8.2.Bisphenol A8.3.Aldol Chemicals8.4.Solvent Uses9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology and Occupational Health11.Derivatives11.1.Acetone Cyanohydrin11.2.Diacetone Alcohol11.3.Miscellaneous Derivatives
Cyclohexanol and Cyclohexanone
Authors: Musser Michael Tuttle 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical and Chemical Properties3.Production3.1.Hydrogenation of Phenol3.2.Liquid‐Phase Oxidation of Cyclohexane3.3.Boric Acid Modified Oxidation of Cyclohexane3.4.Production and Hydration of Cyclohexene3.5.Dehydrogenation of Cyclohexanol4.Plant Safety5.Quality Specifications and Chemical Analysis6.Storage and Transportation7.Uses and Trade Names8.Derivatives8.1.Esters of Cyclohexanol8.2.Cyclohexanone Oxime8.3.Methylcyclohexanols and Methylcyclohexanones8.4.Trimethylcyclohexanols and Trimethylcyclohexanones9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Laundry Detergents, 1. Introduction
Authors: Smulders Eduard , von Rybinski Wolfgang , Nordskog Anette 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Historical Review2.Physical Chemistry of the Washing Process2.1.Introduction to the Washing Process2.2.Components2.2.1.Substrates2.2.2.Washing Liquid/Water2.2.3.Soils2.3.Wetting/Adsorption on Surfaces2.3.1.Wetting2.3.2.Drainage2.3.3.Adsorption Layer2.4.Soil Removal and Stabilization2.4.1.Builders2.4.1.1.Overview on Builder Systems2.4.1.2.Precipitation Builders2.4.1.3.Complexing Agents2.4.1.4.Ion Exchangers2.4.1.5.Cobuilders2.4.1.6.Soluble Builders2.4.2.Oily Soil2.4.3.Particulate Soil2.4.4.Chemical Reactions2.4.4.1.Bleachable Stains2.4.4.2.Enzymatic Soil Removal2.4.5.Soil‐Repelling Effects2.5.Formulation2.5.1.Foam2.5.2.Microemulsion2.5.3.Phase Stability2.5.4.Softeners2.6.Concluding Remarks
Fibers, 1. Survey
Authors: Frank Erik , Bauch Volker , Schultze‐Gebhardt Fritz , Herlinger Karl‐Heinz 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.History3.Characteristics of Fibers3.1.Fineness3.2.Tenacity and Modulus of Elasticity3.3.Elongation4.Spinning4.1.Wet Spinning4.2.Dry Spinning4.3.Melt Spinning4.4.Electrospinning5.Prerequisites for Fiber Formation5.1.Molecular Mass and Fiber Formation5.2.Molecular Structure and Fiber Properties5.3.Property Requirements for the Formation of Fiber Structures5.4.Crystallization5.5.Organization of Structural Elements5.6.Structural Models5.7.Molecular Symmetry and Physical Properties5.8.Changes in Properties Caused by Symmetry Defects6.Fiber Properties Required by Textiles6.1.Requirements to Be Met by Textiles6.2.Modification of Fiber Properties6.3.Comfort Properties of Textiles7.Economic Aspects8.Tabular Survey of Fibers
Formic Acid
Authors: Reutemann Werner , Kieczka Heinz 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Methyl Formate Hydrolysis4.1.1.Kemira ‐ Leonard Process4.1.2.BASF Process4.1.3.USSR Process4.1.4.Scientific Design ‐ Bethlehem Steel Process4.2.Other Processes4.2.1.Oxidation of Hydrocarbons4.2.2.Hydrolysis of Formamide4.2.3.Production of Formic Acid from Formates4.2.4.Direct Synthesis from Carbon Monoxide and Water4.2.5.Use of Carbon Dioxide4.3.Concentration of Formic Acid4.4.Construction Materials5.Environmental Protection6.Quality Specifications7.Chemical Analysis8.Storage and Transportation9.Legal Aspects10.Uses11.Economic Aspects12.Derivatives12.1.Esters12.1.1.Methyl Formate12.1.2.Ethyl Formate12.1.3.Isobutyl Formate12.1.4.Miscellaneous Esters12.2.Salts12.2.1.Alkali‐Metal and Alkaline‐Earth Metal Formates12.2.2.Ammonium Formate12.2.3.Aluminum Formate12.2.4.Nickel Formate12.2.5.Copper Formate13.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Oxalic Acid
Authors: Riemenschneider Wilhelm , Tanifuji Minoru 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties2.1.Anhydrous Oxalic Acid2.2.Oxalic Acid Dihydrate3.Chemical Properties4.Production Processes and Raw Materials4.1.Oxidation of Carbohydrates4.2.Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol4.3.Oxidation of Propene4.4.Production from Carbon Monoxide4.5.Production of Anhydrous Oxalic Acid5.Chemical Analysis6.Uses6.1.Metal Treatment6.2.Textile Treatment6.3.Bleaching Agents6.4.Chemical Uses7.Economic Aspects8.Storage, Handling, Transportation, Waste Disposal9.Derivatives9.1.Salts9.2.Organic Derivatives10.Toxicology
Styrene
Authors: James Denis H. , Castor William M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene4.1.1.Reaction Mechanisms4.1.2.Adiabatic Dehydrogenation4.1.3.Isothermal Dehydrogenation4.1.4.Distillation of Crude Styrene4.1.5.Oxidative Hydrogen Removal4.2.Styrene ‐ Propylene Oxide Process4.3.Styrene from Butadiene4.4.Styrene from Toluene4.5.Styrene from Pyrolysis Gasoline5.Quality and Testing6.Storage and Transportation7.Uses and Economic Aspects8.Related Monomers8.1.Vinyltoluene8.2.Divinylbenzene8.3.α‐Methylstyrene8.4.Chlorostyrene8.5.Vinylbenzyl Chloride9.Toxicology and Occupational Health
N‐(Imidazolidin‐2‐ylidene)‐1‐arylmethanamine Oxides: Synthesis, Structure and Pharmacological Evaluation
Authors: Saczewski Jarosław , Hudson Alan , Laird Shayna , Rybczyńska Apolonia , Boblewski Konrad , Lehmann Artur , Ma Daqing , Maze Mervyn , Watts Helena , Gdaniec Maria 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA high yielding three‐step procedure was applied for the synthesis of N‐(imidazolidin‐2‐ylidene)‐1‐arylmethanamine oxides 3 (α‐aminonitrones) starting from the easily accessible imidazolidin‐2‐one O‐benzyl oxime 1. The α‐aminonitrone–α‐iminohydroxyloamine tautomerism of these products was studied theoretically and the structures of the synthesised compounds were confirmed by single crystal X‐ray crystallographic analysis. The compounds were evaluated in vitro for their binding affinities to α1 and α2 adrenoceptors as well as imidazoline I1 and I2 receptors. The highest potencies at the α2 adrenergic receptors were observed for compounds bearing biphenyl (4h, Ki = 9 nM) and naphthyl (4i, Ki = 92 nM) moieties. Compounds 4h and 4i were further tested in vivo for their cardiovascular and sedative‐hypnotic effects in rats.
Neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin is instrumental in the pathogenesis of antibody‐mediated nephritis in mice
Authors: Pawar Rahul D. , Pitashny Milena , Gindea Simona , Tieng Arlene Tan , Levine Benjamin , Goilav Beatrice , Campbell Sean R. , Xia Yumin , Qing Xiaoping , Thomas David B. , Herlitz Leal , Berger Thorsten , Mak Tak W. , Putterman Chaim 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe mechanism by which anti‐DNA antibodies mediate lupus nephritis has yet to be conclusively determined. Previously, we found that treatment of mesangial cells with anti‐DNA antibodies induced high expression of neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL), an iron‐binding protein up‐regulated in response to kidney injury. We undertook this study to determine whether NGAL is instrumental in the pathogenesis of nephritis, is induced as part of repair, or is irrelevant to damage/repair pathways.MethodsTo investigate the role of NGAL in antibody‐mediated nephritis, we induced nephrotoxic nephritis by passive antibody transfer to 129/SyJ and C57BL/6 mice. To determine if NGAL up‐regulation is instrumental, we compared the severity of renal damage in NGAL wild‐type mice and NGAL‐knockout mice following induction of nephrotoxic nephritis.ResultsWe found that kidney NGAL expression, as well as urine NGAL levels, were significantly increased in mice with nephrotoxic nephritis as compared to control‐injected mice. Tight correlations were observed between NGAL expression, renal histopathology, and urine NGAL excretion. NGAL‐knockout mice had attenuated proteinuria and improved renal histopathology compared to wild‐type mice. Similarly, following nephritis induction, NGAL injection significantly exacerbated nephritis and decreased survival. NGAL induced apoptosis via caspase 3 activation and up‐regulated inflammatory gene expression in kidney cells in vitro and when injected in vivo.ConclusionWe conclude that kidney binding of pathogenic antibodies stimulates local expression of NGAL, which plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of nephritis via promotion of inflammation and apoptosis. NGAL blockade may be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of nephritis mediated by pathogenic antibodies, including anti–glomerular basement membrane disease and lupus nephritis.
Current policies affecting the market penetration of biomaterials*
Authors: Hermann Barbara , Carus M. , Patel M. , Blok K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPolicies aimed at supporting the bio‐based economy have so far centered on biomass use for electricity and fuels. But using biomass for the production of materials offers higher greenhouse gas savings than bioenergy per kg feedstock as well as per hectare. This has received comparatively little attention from policy‐makers; analyses of either existing or potential policy measures are almost entirely missing in this field. This paper by Barbara Hermann, M Carus, M Patel and K Blok, provides an overview of policy measures which are currently in place and investigates how they affect market penetration of biomaterials. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Secondary Metabolites from Two Species of Pulicaria and Their Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Triana Jorge , López Mariana , Pérez Francisco Javier , León Francisco , Quintana José , Estévez Francisco , Hernández Juan C. , González‐Platas Javier , Brouard Ignacio , Bermejo Jaime 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTwo new compounds, the sesquiterpene (1E,5E)‐8β‐acetoxy‐4α‐hydroxy‐7βH‐germacra‐1(10),5‐dien‐14‐oic acid (2), and a nor‐sesquiterpene, (5E)‐8β‐acetoxy‐4α‐hydroxy‐7βH‐germacr‐5‐en‐10‐one (3), were isolated from Pulicaria canariensis ssp. lanata, along with ten known compounds, including the flavonoid 5,3′‐dihydroxy‐3,7,4′‐trimethoxyflavone (4). From Pulicaria burchardii, we isolated seven known compounds; the physical and spectroscopic data of the triterpenoid 3β‐hydroxytaraxaster‐20‐en‐30‐al (1) are reported. The structures of compounds 1–3 were determined on the basis of HR‐MS, and 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR studies. The structure of 2 was corroborated by X‐ray crystal diffraction. Cell viability experiments revealed that the semisynthetic flavonoid 4b was the most cytotoxic compound against human leukemia cells, and the cytotoxicity was caused by induction of apoptosis, as determined by microscopy of nuclear changes.