bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Battle for Withdrawal: April–July 1967
Authors: Pham Phuong 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines the period following April 1967, during which the fundamental issue shifted from whether or not Britain should withdraw from Malaysia and Singapore—which had now been decided—to how Britain should withdraw. On the one side, Britain's international allies, Malaysia and Singapore as well as the ANZUS powers, and the defence and foreign policy departments hoped that the public extent of the change in policy would be minimised and the symbolic remnants of Britain's role maximised. On the other side, Labour Party and Cabinet critics of the previous defence policy hoped for as full and public a reversal as possible. These debates produced the strained outcome evidenced in the Wilson Government's 1967 Supplementary Statement on Defence Policy: an announcement of a staged withdrawal from Malaysia and Singapore, coupled to a declaration that Britain intended to retain a capability for use in the region to meet its remaining commitments, all wrapped up in the rhetoric of a continuing world role.
A Symbolic Sacrifice: July 1967–January 1968
Authors: Pham Phuong 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Chapter 7 documents the abandonment of the last symbolic remnants of Britain's world role in the aftermath of devaluation. The devaluation of Sterling itself, in November 1967, had little direct effect on defence and foreign policy. But when Roy Jenkins became the new Chancellor of the Exchequer in December 1967, he set about the task of preparing further economic measures to shore up the Pound at its new, reduced level. The bulk of his proposed cuts came from domestic expenditure: but his strategy for getting the cuts through Cabinet involved the initial symbolic sacrifice of the remnants of Britain's ‘East of Suez’ role, and an accelerated withdrawal from Malaysia and Singapore. Within the Cabinet itself, the old structure of authority that had maintained the Wilson Government's former policies had broken down, enabling Jenkins to guide it to abandon the last echo of Britain's former Empire.
Conclusion
Authors: Pham Phuong 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The Conclusion summarises the argument of the book about how the Wilson Government came to decide to withdraw from Malaysia and Singapore and the Britain's ‘East of Suez’ role. It notes that there was a conflict between Britain's fundamental interests: between its limited economic means and the need to maintain relations with its major allies, all of whom wanted Britain to maintain a significant military presence in Southeast Asia. Once this issue was decided, a second issue arose about how to balance the political pressure for a fast, public and complete withdrawal, against demands that the symbolic remnants of Britain's world role be retained as long as possible. The Conclusion notes that the roles and significance of the key actors through this process changed over time, from the Whitehall departments and their leading ministers, to the Parliamentary Labour Party, to Cabinet.
4 China's Economic Growth: Trajectories and Evolving Institutions
Authors: Zhang Jun 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter investigates the institutional reason underlying the change in the trajectory of economic growth in post‐reform China and argues that the trajectory of growth was much more typical during 1978–89 than during the post‐1989 era. In the former period, growth was largely induced by institutional change in agriculture and the emergence of a non‐state industrial sector that generates equality. In the latter period, growth was triggered by the acceleration of capital investments under an authoritarian decentralized hierarchy within self‐contained regions. Such a growth trajectory accelerates the deepening of capital, deteriorating total factor productivity, and leads to rising regional imbalance. This chapter further argues that the change in the trajectory of growth is the outcome of changes in political and intergovernmental fiscal institutions following the 1989 political crisis.
7 The Liberalization of Capital Outflows in China, India, Brazil, and South Africa: What Opportunities for Other Developing Countries?
Authors: Gottschalk Ricardo , Sodré Cecilia Azevedo 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the implications of the liberalization of capital outflows in China, India, Brazil, and South Africa (CIBS) for other developing countries. It focuses on their prospects of attracting not only foreign direct investment (FDI), but also portfolio capital flows from CIBS. To inform the discussion, two steps are taken: first, in order to identify the type of capital flows that might come from CIBS, the chapter briefly describes capital account liberalization measures undertaken by CIBS to date and future intended liberalization. Second, it maps geographic distribution of outward FDI and foreign portfolio investment in the recent past, which are taken as possible predictors of future flows. The chapter shows that portfolio investment goes mainly to OECD countries and offshore financial centres, and only a small share to developing countries. But, within developing countries, CIBS' neighbouring countries have shown a greater ability to attract this type of investment, compared with other developing countries.
8 China, India, Brazil, and South Africa: Capital Flows and Exchange Rates. What Lessons Have Been Learnt since the East Asian Crisis of 1997–8?
Authors: Pircher Marion 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the movement of capital flows to and from the exchange rate regimes and monetary policies of China, India, Brazil, and South Africa (CIBS). This chapter compares the level of financial stability and the composition and duration of capital flows of the countries on a policy level according to the “third generation” crisis models'; following which the East Asian Crisis of 1997–8 linkages between the corporate and financial sectors, and foreign short‐term debt are given further attention. The chapter concludes by comparing all four countries and analysing possible risks in CIBS financial systems.
9 Foreign Direct Investment from China, India, and South Africa in sub‐Saharan Africa: A New or Old Phenomenon?
Authors: Henley John , Kratzsch Stefan , Külür Mithat , Tandogan Tamer 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe burgeoning literature on outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) from emerging markets has largely focused on analysing the motives of investors as reported by parent companies. This chapter, instead, focuses on firm‐level investments originating from China, India, or South Africa in fifteen host countries in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). The analysis is based on a subset of firms drawn from the overall sample of 1,216 foreign‐owned firms participating in the UNIDO Africa Foreign Investor Survey, carried out in 2005. The sample of investments originating from China, India, and South Africa is analysed in terms of firm characteristics, past and forecast performance in SSA over three years, and management's perception of ongoing business conditions. Comparisons are made with foreign investors from the North. The chapter concludes that, while investors in SSA from the three countries are primarily using their investment to target specific markets, they are largely operating in different sub‐sectors. While there appear to be specific features that firms from a given country of origin share, there are no obvious features at an operating level that they all share apart from market seeking.
11 Foreign Direct Investment and Trade in the Southern African Development Community
Authors: Bezuidenhout Henri , Naudé Wim 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter uses a modified gravity model to estimate the relationship between trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The chapter finds evidence of a significant causal relationship from SADC's exports to inward FDI. Distance (reflecting remoteness and transport costs) and political instability are confirmed to be significant determinants of FDI to SADC. The chapter discerns differences in the patterns and determinants of FDI to SADC, whether it is from the USA and UK or from continental Europe. In the case of FDI to SADC from the USA and UK, it is exports from SADC to these countries that are significant, and not imports, while in the case of continental Europe both exports and imports are significantly associated with FDI to SADC.
Signals
Authors: Skyrms Brian 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis book presents an exploration of how fundamental signals are to our world. It uses a variety of tools — theories of signaling games, information, evolution, and learning — to investigate how meaning and communication develop. The book shows how signaling games themselves evolve, and introduces a new model of learning with invention. The juxtaposition of atomic signals leads to complex signals, as the natural product of gradual process. Signals operate in networks of senders and receivers at all levels of life. Information is transmitted, but it is also processed in various ways. That is how we think — signals run around a very complicated signaling network. Signaling is a key ingredient in the evolution of teamwork, in the human but also in the animal world, even in micro-organisms. Communication and co-ordination of action are different aspects of the flow of information, and are both effected by signals.
4 Evolution
Authors: Skyrms Brian 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDarwin was right about the broad outlines of the theory of evolution. Traits are inherited by some unknown mechanism. There is some process that produces natural variation in these traits. The traits may affect the ability of the organism to reproduce, and thus the average number of individuals bearing the traits in the next generation. Therefore, those traits that enhance reproductive success increase in frequency in the population, and those that lead to reproductive success below the average decrease in frequency. This chapter discusses the three essential factors in Darwin's account: (i) natural variation, (ii) differential reproduction, and (iii) inheritance.
7 Learning
Authors: Skyrms Brian 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that investigation of reinforcement learning is a complement to the study of belief learning, rather than being a ‘dangerous antagonist’. It begins at the low end of the scale, to see how far simple reinforcement learning can get us, and then move up. Exactly how does degree of reinforcement affect the strengthening of the bond between stimulus and response? Different answers are possible, and these yield alternative theories of the law of effect.
2 Aid, Growth, and Development
Authors: Tarp Finn 
Published: May 2010

AbstractForeign aid looms large in the public discourse; and international development assistance remains squarely on most policy agendas concerned with growth, poverty, and inequality in Africa and elsewhere in the developing world. The present review takes a retrospective look at how foreign aid has evolved since the Second World War in response to a dramatically changing global political and economic context. I review the aid process and associated trends in the volume and distribution of aid and categorize some of the key goals, principles, and institutions of the aid system. The evidence on whether aid has been effective in furthering economic growth and development is discussed in some detail. I add perspective and identify some critical unresolved issues. I finally turn to the current development debate and discuss some key concerns that should be kept in mind in formulating any agenda for aid in the future.
4 Reconstructing the Aid Effectiveness Debate
Authors: Nissanke Machiko 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter criticizes the current International Development Association (IDA) aid allocation and debt sustainability framework on the grounds of their over-reliance on the country policy and institutional assessment (CPIA) as the guiding criterion. It argues that CPIA-centred allocation of aid fails to introduce an incentives structure supportive of a genuine donor-recipient partnership, conducive to development. Further, it claims that the CPIA-dependent debt thresholds—central to the new debt sustainability framework—effectively submit sustainability concerns to the policy performance prerogatives of the aid allocation system. Resting on a thin empirical basis, such approach fails to take due account of low-income countries' vulnerability to exogenous shocks, as a key determinant of debt distress. As an alternative to the current CPIA-based scheme, the paper outlines the key features of a state-contingent mechanism, guiding both aid allocation and debt sustainability analysis.
5 The Implications of Horizontal Inequality for Aid
Authors: Brown Graham , Stewart Frances , Langer Arnim 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that the reduction of horizontal inequalities (HIs) or inequalities between culturally defined groups should inform aid policy in heterogeneous countries with severe HIs. It shows how this would change aid allocation across countries, leading to more aid to heterogeneous countries relative to homogeneous ones, the opposite of the existing bias in aid distribution. It explores how adopting an HI approach would affect the use of particular aid instruments, arguing that different instruments are appropriate according to the attitude and capacity of the government in relation to correcting HIs. Drawing on case studies of Ghana and Nepal it argues that at present there is neglect of HI considerations in aid policy, which can be particularly damaging where aid forms a large part of government resources.
7 Aid to Fragile States: Do Donors Help or Hinder?
Authors: Browne Stephen 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe record of aid to fragile and poorly-performing states is the real test of aid effectiveness. Rich countries can justify aid to fragile states both through altruism and self-interest. But, with some exceptions, donors have appeared at the wrong times and with the wrong attitudes, even sometimes undermining development progress. State failure has dimensions of both will and capacity. Failure demands constructive engagement by donors, in some cases to save people in weak states from their leaders, and in all cases to save the states from circumstances which they cannot control. This chapter examines the aid relationship with respect to three weak countries. Burma presents a case of comprehensive failure of political will and capacity, but isolating the regime, as some donors have chosen to do, will only perpetuate the plight of the population. Rwanda provides an alarming example of donor complicity in state collapse. The country has now rebounded from the terrible genocide of 1994, but some donors still cannot set aside their political and cultural biases. Zambia has lived through many years of bilaterally-assisted economic mismanagement, and also proved to be a highly unsuitable case for Bretton Woods treatment. It is doing better now that the country is more willing and able to take control of its development agenda. The paper concludes with eight principles for donors to observe in engaging more productively with fragile states.
9 Can New Aid Modalities Handle Politics?
Authors: Haan Arjan de , Everest‐Phillips Max 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAre recent donor approaches compatible with a political understanding of policy processes in partner or recipient countries? This question is given increased urgency with the recent calls for and commitment to increasing financial flows, scaling-up of aid, and promoting donor coordination. Do these commitments sharpen the potential dilemma between increased aid and the political processes, and the changes that inevitably accompany this? This chapter discusses the nature of the partnership enshrined in the Monterrey consensus, budget support, and poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSP) approaches, and assistance directly targeted to the poor, as one way of increasing aid flows to poorest countries. It also discusses approaches to the role of aid in economic growth, and argues for better understanding of the politics of growth. The chapter questions whether the current ‘institutions’ or governance paradigm brings sufficient political context to aid delivery, and discusses the relationship between domestic revenue generation and foreign aid. A concluding section draws out implications for aid delivery, and for a potential role of socio-political analysis in new aid modalities.
11 Practical and Theoretical Implications of the Joint Evaluation of General Budget Support
Authors: Hubbard Michael 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe chapter discusses implications for practice and theory of the recently completed Joint Evaluation of General Budget Support 2004-06 based on case studies in Burkina Faso, Malawi, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Rwanda, Uganda, and Vietnam. The chapter first looks at the extent to which general budget support, on the evidence of the evaluation, stands up to common criticisms of the effects of aid on government in low income, aid dependent countries. Allowing for much caution owing to the short period of partnership general budget support (PGBS) programmes in some countries, the finding is that there are small but positive impacts. The chapter then considers how the evaluation results affect the way that PGBS is understood in theory: (i) suggesting that PGBS raise entitlements (by increasing confidence that there will be continuing flows of budget support), which encourages policy development and stable donor-government collaboration structures, to which other shorter term aid arrangements gravitate, thereby reducing previous coordination failures; (ii) relations in organizations are then identified on a spectrum from market through club to hierarchy; and (iii) entitlements are accompanied by rules which attempt to raise positive incentive effects of the entitlement and reduce its negative incentive effects. The analysis of rules in relation to PGBS incentives and operating environments (on a spectrum from rigid/uncertain to flexible/predictable) concludes that fine tuning rules in rigid/uncertain operating environments is counterproductive. Integrating PGBS performance assessment frameworks (PAFs) into government plans and monitoring systems will serve to unify rules.
12 New Aid Modalities and Reporting Support for Child Rights: Lessons from Assessing Aid for Basic Social Services
Authors: Jespersen Eva , Benn Julia 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe chapter reflects on the potential of the OECD-DAC creditor reporting system to systematically capture flows of official development assistance (ODA) in support of realizing children's rights. The growth in modalities for delivering aid, including sector programmes, sector wide approaches (SWAPs), dedicated funds which encompass public-private partnerships such as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, as well as the OECD-DAC commitment to promote harmonization and simplification in the provision of ODA and promote government ownership through general budget support raises challenges to assessing ODA for children. The question also needs asking whether singling out and measuring direct assistance to children is meaningful. The chapter goes on to analyse ODA trends for basic social services. It shows that ODA to basic social services as a proportion of total ODA has been on an upward trend during the 1995–2004 period, particularly since 2000, the year in which the Millennium Summit set out the Millennium Agenda including the Millennium Development Goals. It shows that ODA to combat HIV and address AIDS infections has increased rapidly since 2000, but does not alone explain the overall increased aid share for basic social services. The analysis further confirms that social sector programmes and SWAPs are on the rise but still account only for a small portion of total ODA to basic social services although a number of such programmes are targeted specifically to basic services.
2 Terminology: What the Questions Mean
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter explicates key terms in the main questions raised in this book: What does it take for an individual to represent the physical world objectively? What are minimum constitutive conditions necessary for an individual to represent the physical environment in such a way as to attribute, sometimes accurately, specific physical attributes to physical particulars? The objective is to set background assumptions and guard against confusion.
3 Anti‐Individualism
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the philosophical background that underlies the author's rejection of Individual Representationalism — specifically anti-individualism. In general form, this standpoint is compatible with some types of Individual Representationalism. In the specific form that it takes through reflecting on perception, anti-individualism is incompatible with all types. Anti-individualism is a view about constitutive conditions for individuals to be in certain representational states. It is not specifically about conditions for objective representation. Many mental states whose constitutive conditions it is concerned with, however, do represent an objective (mind-independent or constitutively non-perspectival) subject matter objectively (veridically). By reflecting on anti-individualism in both general and specific forms, one better understands origins of objectivity. The chapter also sketches some general points about the science of perceptual psychology.
5 Individual Representationalism after Mid‐Century: Preliminaries
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on relations between second-family Individual Representationalism and other standpoints that either reinforced it or began to undermine it. Sense-data theory was the prevailing form of Individual Representationalism in mainstream philosophy during the first half of the 20th century. By the early 1950s, the influence of sense-data theory was fast evaporating. Sense-data theories did not influence subsequent philosophizing except negatively. Apart from their departures from common sense, sense-data approaches were rejected on two main grounds: they were criticized as subjectivistic and atomistic. Philosophical work at mid-century took on a more realist, more objectivist flavour. It emphasized dependence on context, public availability of expression, and interlocking psychological capacities that make cognition and language use possible. Many philosophers insisted on a role for language even in perception and the simplest perception-based thought.
European Governance
Authors: Börzel Tanja A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that the EU's ‘nature of the beast’ is not to be captured by one particular type of governance. Rather, the EU combines forms of governance, which involve the member states to different degrees and are best characterised as ‘governance with the state’. The chapter starts with conceptualising the relationship between state and governance. It draws on the distinction between government or governance by the state and governance without the state. The second part uses this typology to study European governance. It shows that EU policies are largely formulated and implemented in multiple overlapping negotiation systems that mostly involve supranational and state actors and give little room for business and civil society. The chapter concludes by discussing some implications of this governance constellation for the European constitutional structure.