bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production and structural analysis of triacylglycerols containing capric acid and conjugated linoleic acid isomers obtained by enzymatic acidolysis
Authors: Maurelli Silvia , Blasi Francesca , Cossignani Lina , Bosi Ancilla , Simonetti Maria Stella , Damiani Pietro 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Structured lipids containing medium‐chain fatty acids have interesting applications as reduced‐calorie fats; moreover, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have shown interesting biological properties. The aim of this study was to synthesize triacylglycerols (TAGs) containing capric acid in the sn‐1‐ and sn‐3‐ positions and CLA isomers in the sn‐2‐ position, using different commercial available lipases.RESULTS: The homogeneous CLA‐TAGs (Tri‐CLA) were chemically synthesized starting from glycerol and CLA isomers, 9‐cis,11‐trans and 10‐trans,12‐cis CLA. The acidolysis reactions of Tri‐CLA with capric acid were carried out at 55 °C for different times in hexane; after 96 h the acidolysis average yield was 65%. The best capric acid incorporation in total TAGs was obtained after 96 h with Lipozyme IM (56.6%). The results of structural analysis carried out on the obtained TAGs showed that both Novozyme 435 and anhydrous Lipozyme IM gave the best incorporation of capric acid in sn‐1(3)‐ positions (61.8%). However, anhydrous Lipozyme IM gave also the highest CLA percent content in sn‐2‐ position (73.2%).CONCLUSION: Anhydrous Lipozyme IM appears to be the more effective enzyme in acidolysis reactions to obtain structured TAGs containing CLA isomers in the central position and capric acid at external positions. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Rate constants and conversion ratios for aqueous‐phase reactions of SO with CnF2n+1C(O)O−(n= 4–7) at 298 K
Authors: Kutsuna Shuzo , Koike Kazuhide , Hori Hisao 
Published: October 2009

AbstractKinetic data for aqueous‐phase reactions of sulfate anion radicals (SO) with perfluorocarboxylates (CnF2n+1C(O)O−) are needed to evaluate removal and transformation processes of CnF2n+1C(O)O−species in the environment, but rate constants for the reactions of SOwith CnF2n+1C(O)O−(kn) have been reported only for short‐chain CnF2n+1C(O)O−species (n= 1–3). Since CnF2n+1C(O)O−reacted with SOto form CmF2m+1C(O)O−(m<n), we determined relative rateskn−1/knfor the reactions of SOwith CnF2n+1C(O)O−(n= 4–7), along with conversion ratios for conversion of CnF2n+1C(O)O−into Cn−1F2n−1C(O)O−(αn) and into Cn−2F2n−3C(O)O−(βn) at 298 K. SOwas photolytically generated from S2Oby use of sunlamps (λ ≈ 310 nm). Even ifknandkn−1change with increasing ionic strength,kn−1/kncan be determined whenkn−1/knand αnremain almost constant during the reaction. The values ofkn/k1forn= 4–7 were nearly equal, and their average was 0.82 ± 0.04 (2σ). Conversion ratios of αnand βnwere mostly independent ofnforn= 4–7, and their averages were 0.77 ± 0.07 (2σ) and 0.13 ± 0.08, respectively. Branching ratios of reactions of a possible intermediate (CnF2n+1O•), reaction of CnF2n+1O•with H2O, and fission of the CC bond of CnF2n+1O•, seemed to determine αnand βn. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 735–747, 2009
A Sensor for Acid Concentration Based on Cellulose Paper Sheets Modified with Polyaniline Nanoparticles
Authors: Souza Fernando G. , Oliveira Geiza E. , Anzai Thiago , Richa Priscila , Cosme Tainá , Nele Márcio , Rodrigues Cezar H. M. , Soares Bluma G. , Pinto José Carlos 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSheets of cellulosic paper were modified with PAni nanoparticles through a chromatographic process. When exposed to acidic conditions, strips of the modified paper sheets are subject to RGB color changes that can be detected by a scanner (and similar devices used for image analyses). As a consequence, cellulosic paper sheets modified with PAni can be used for analyses of acid concentrations in liquid and gaseous streams. Aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid were used for modeling purposes and it was observed that color changes were most significant when the HCl content was between 0–500 ppm range. Materials were characterized by FT‐IR spectroscopy, optical microscopy, AFM, and SAXS techniques, in order to reveal the main characteristics of the produced materials.magnified image
Factors associated with response to calcineurin inhibitors in myasthenia gravis
Authors: Nagane Yuriko , Suzuki Shigeaki , Suzuki Norihiro , Utsugisawa Kimiaki 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe objective was to assess which clinical factors of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) are associated with responsiveness to calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs, cyclosporine and tacrolimus). We retrospectively analyzed the 6‐month effects of CNIs in 62 MG patients. We excluded the influence of other immune treatments and determined factors associated with response to CNIs. The frequency of patients who achieved neither a ≥3‐point reduction in quantitative MG score nor a ≥25% reduction in daily dose of prednisolone (poor responders) reached 35.5% (22/62) and 64.5% (40/62), respectively, compared with patients who achieved at least one of these improvements (responders). Neither dose nor blood concentration of CNIs differed between groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed time since onset of disease [odds ratio (OR) = 0.85, P = 0.005] and presence of thymoma (OR = 5.56, P = 0.05) as clinical factors that predict response to CNIs. As for MG‐related autoantibody status, an autoantibody against a voltage‐gated potassium channel, Kv1.4, was associated with response (OR = 9.01, P = 0.04) and showed a correlation with the presence of thymoma (P < 0.01). In MG, the early stages of disease and thymoma‐associated MG are responsive to treatment with CNIs. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Changes in self‐assessment of continence status between telephone survey and subsequent clinical visit
Authors: Thomas A. , Low L. Kane , Tumbarello J.A. , Miller J.M. , Fenner D.E. , DeLancey J.O.L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAimsTo explore variance in reporting continence information obtained by telephone survey with face‐to‐face clinician interview in a clinical setting.MethodsAs part of a cross‐sectional, epidemiologic study of incontinence prevalence among Black and White women aged 35–64 years, randomly selected households were contacted from geographic areas of known racial composition. Of 2,814 women who completed a 20‐min, 137‐item telephone interview, 1,702 were invited for future components of the study. A subset of these women was recruited for a clinical evaluation that was conducted within a mean of 82 days (SD 38 days) following the interviews. Prior to urodynamics testing, a clinician interview was conducted inquiring about continence status. The criterion for incontinence for both the telephone interview and the clinician interview was constant: 12 or more episodes of incontinence per year. Women whose subjective reports of continence information differed between telephone and clinician interviews were designated as “switchers.”ResultsOf the 394 women (222 Black and 172 White) who completed the clinical portion, 24.6% (n = 97) were switchers. Switchers were four times more likely to change from continent to incontinent (80.4%, N = 78) than from incontinent to continent (19.4%, N = 19; P = 0.000) and nearly three times more likely to be Black (69%, N = 67) than White (31%, N = 30; P = 0.001). Telephone qualitative interviews were completed with 72 of the switchers. The primary reason for switching was changes in women's life circumstances such as variation in seasons, activities of daily living, and health status followed by increased awareness of leakage secondary to the phone interview.ConclusionOne‐time subjective telephone interviews assessing incontinence symptoms may underestimate the prevalence of incontinence especially among Black women. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:734–740, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased free fetal DNA levels in early pregnancy plasma of women who subsequently develop preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Illanes S. , Parra M. , Serra R. , Pino K. , Figueroa‐Diesel H. , Romero C. , Arraztoa J. A. , Michea L. , Soothill P. W. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if maternal plasma ffDNA is increased early in pregnancies which subsequently develop preeclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).MethodsBlood was obtained at 11–14 weeks and plasma stored. Among those who delivered a male infant and had a birth weight under the tenth centile and/or PE, we divided them into those who delivered before 35 weeks (9) and those who delivered after this gestation (15). A third group with uncomplicated pregnancies was used as controls (24). Real time‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was carried out to detect the multi‐copy Y chromosome associated DSY14 gene.ResultsThere were no differences between the ffDNA levels in the group delivered after 35 weeks and the control group (2.23ge/mL–1.61ge/mL p = 0.39). However, the levels of ffDNA at 11–14 weeks were statistically, significantly higher in patients that delivered before 35 weeks (4.34ge/mL–1.61ge/mL p = 0.0018). A logistic regression analysis shows that for every unit (1ge/mL) in which ffDNA increases, the likelihood of having PE or a fetus growing under the tenth centile delivered before 35 weeks increases by 1.67 times (CI 1.13–2.47).ConclusionThe concentration of ffDNA is significantly higher even during early pregnancy, in patients who subsequently develop PE and/or IUGR and are delivered before 35 weeks. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of radical species on polypropylene by alkylborane‐oxygen system and its application to graft polymerization
Authors: Okamura Hirokazu , Sudo Atushi , Endo Takeshi 
Published: October 2009

AbstractGraft polymerization of ethyl acrylate and n‐butyl acrylate onto surface of polypropylene (PP) beads (diameter: 3.2 mm) were carried out by using a redox system composed of triethylborane (Et3B) and molecular oxygen in air. The amounts of the grafted polymers increased by prolonging a period of soaking PP beads in a solution of Et3B in hexane, a less polar solvent of which affinity with PP would be higher than that of tetrahydrofuran, a highly polar solvent. These results implied that the present graft polymerization involved: (1) interpenetration of Et3B into the surface area with the aid of hexane as a solvent, (2) its aerobic oxidation to generate a radical species, (3) abstraction of proton from PP by the radical species, and (4) initiation of polymerization from the resulting radical on the PP surface. Besides the acrylates, acrylic acid, and glycidyl methacrylate were also grafted onto the surface of PP to endow it with carboxyl and epoxy moieties, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6163–6167, 2009
Control of thermoresponsive property of urea end‐functionalized poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) based on the hydrogen bond‐assisted self‐assembly in water
Authors: Fuchise Keita , Kakuchi Ryohei , Lin Sung‐Tso , Sakai Ryosuke , Sato Shin‐Ichiro , Satoh Toshifumi , Chen Wen‐Chang , Kakuchi Toyoji 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe precise synthesis and variation in the thermoresponsive property based on the supramolecular assembly of a novel urea end‐functionalized poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) were studied. A series of PNIPAMs with different diphenylurea groups at the chain end (XPhNHCONHPhtrzPNIPAM: X = H, OCH3, CH3, NO2, Cl, and CF3) were synthesized by using a combination of the atom transfer radical polymerization and the copper(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition. The cloud point of the obtained polymers depended on the hydrogen‐bonding ability of the introduced urea group. The 1H NMR measurement suggested that the obtained PNIPAM assembled in water via the intermolecular hydrogen bonding by the terminal urea group. From the dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy measurements, the aggregated nanoparticles of the resulting polymer were directly observed in water at a temperature below its cloud point. The hydrogen‐bonding property of the chain end urea group was concluded to be involved in the aggregation of the PNIPAM in water, leading to the variation in its cloud point. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6259–6268, 2009
Melt rheology of hyperbranched‐polystyrene synthesized with multisite macromonomer
Authors: Sugimoto Masataka , Koizumi Takumi , Taniguchi Takashi , Koyama Kiyohito , Saito Katsuhiro , Nonokawa Daigo , Morita Tsuyoshi 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMelt rheological behaviors of hyperbranched‐polystyrene (PS) copolymerized by dendric macromonomer technique are presented. The time–temperature superposition principle was applicable to the hyperbranched‐PS. The branched‐PS showed slightly lower zero‐shear viscosity in comparison with linear PS regardless of a presence of a number of branches expected from the dendric macromonomer technique. Although the influence of use of multimethacryloyl macromonomer in the polymerization process was marginal for linear viscoelastic regime, nonlinear shear and uniaxial elongational flows showed distinct differences between linear and branched‐PS. The strain dependence of the damping function became weak as increase of macromonomer content. The branched‐PS exhibited the growing elongational viscosity function comparing with linear PS. This prominent effect on the elongational flow behavior can be explained by the molecular architecture of the branched‐PS. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 2226–2237, 2009
Glass transition temperature of polymer nanocomposites: Prediction from the continuous‐multilayer model
Authors: Ahn Sung Il , OHk Chang Woo , Kim Jae Hyun , Zin Wang‐Cheol 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe continuous‐multilayer model introduced in our previous study for the Tg behavior of thin films is adapted to nanocomposite systems. Tg enhancement in both thin films and nanocomposites with attractive interfacial interactions can be explained by the same model. Various shapes of nanoparticles are proposed to rationalize the adaptation of the one‐dimensional model for the Tg behavior of thin film to three‐dimensional system such as nanocomposite. The tendency of predicted Tg enhancements in poly(methyl methacrylate) and P2VP nanocomposites with silica particles are qualitatively fit to experimental data in literatures. For the further quantitative fitting, the model is partially modified with the consideration for other factors affecting Tg deviation in nanocomposite. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 2281–2287, 2009
Rural–urban migration in West Africa: towards a reversal? Migration trends and economic situation in Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Beauchemin Cris 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAlthough Africa is still the continent with the highest urban growth in the world, this paper shows that, in some African countries, rural outmigration is tending now to decrease, or at least to stagnate, while urban outmigration is on the rise. These trends are so sharp in Côte d'Ivoire that the country is experiencing a pattern of counterurbanisation (i.e. the level of urbanisation is decreasing). Results are based on a proposed method to build a history of migration using retrospective data from national migration surveys. A review of literature is also provided on the potential explanations of the observed trends. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in positron studies of age hardening in light alloys
Authors: Somoza A. , Dupasquier A. , Ferragut R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe extensive experimental work on age hardening of Al‐ and Mg‐based alloys, performed by the associated groups at IFIMAT (UNCentro, Argentina) and at LNESS (Politecnico di Milano, Italy) in recent years, is discussed here in a comprehensive way, with attention to experimental procedures and to results of general validity. For Al‐based alloys, the established knowledge regarding the different action of Zn, Cu, Mg and Ag in the formation of vacancy‐solute clusters is presented. For Mg‐based alloys, the limits of positron annihilation spectroscopy are discussed on the basis of experience in progress. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multi‐wall carbon nanotubes investigated by positron annihilation techniques and microscopies for further production handling
Authors: Luu A. T. , Kajcsos Zs. , Thanh N. D. , Dung T. Q. , Nhon M. V. , Lázár K. , Havancsák K. , Huhn G. , Horváth Z. E. , Tap T. D. , Son L. T. , Phuc P. T. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMulti‐wall carbon nanotube samples with various tube diameters produced by Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition technique using various catalysts were studied by various microscopic methods and positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) with the aim of assessing the applicability of these methods for structural studies in these novel materials. Specifically, positron lifetime (LT) and Doppler broadening (DB) techniques, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were employed, on iron‐containing samples Mössbauer spectroscopy was also utilized. The PAS measurements were carried out on densely packed powder samples and on samples pressed into pills in atmospheric pressure and in vacuum as well. The lifetime values could be interpreted by assuming trapping of positrons, the low contribution from longer‐living trapped positronium can be probably related to defects on walls of the tubes. Possibility of correlation of LT and DB data with the nanotube sizes and sample composition was also considered. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of high area nanostructured gold surfaces by slow positron depth profiling
Authors: Macchi C. , Somoza A. , Mariazzi S. , Brusa R. S. , Vericat C. , Vela M. E. , Salvarezza R. C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA monoenergetic positron beam was employed to characterize the uniformity and the nanostructures of gold surfaces layers grown using an electrochemical treatment. The results obtained indicate that positrons are sensitive to the roughness process and their different levels of roughness. They are discussed in terms of the morphological changes in the columnar‐like structure formed during the roughening process. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation of the free volume in olanzapine by PALS
Authors: Jasińska B. , Kędzior M. , Śniegocka M. , Kozioł A. E. , Wawrzycka‐Gorczyca I. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTwo polymorphic forms of olanzapine were investigated as a function of temperature in a range from 100 to 420 K and as a function of hydrostatic pressure from 0 to 1300 MPa using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. In the crystallographic structure of both investigated forms exists component ascribed to positronium formation. The lifetime value of o‐Ps changes nonmonotinicaly from 1.0 to 1.6 ns as a function of temperature. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Increasing high‐throughput Discovery bioanalysis using automated selected reaction monitoring compound optimization, ultra‐high‐pressure liquid chromatography, and single‐step sample preparation workflows
Authors: Smalley James , Xin Baomin , Olah Timothy V. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractQuickQuan is an integrated software package for Thermo Scientific triple quadrupole mass spectrometers that allows users to automate routine operations ranging from method development to data processing. QuickQuan automated optimization of compound‐selected reaction monitoring (SRM) transitions by evaluating both positive and negative polarities during an infusion. Whichever mode produces the most intense Q1 scan is then carried to product ion spectra. QuickQuan then writes these SRM methods to a shared network database. The total volume of compound needed is 100 µL infused over approximately 1.6 min. The auto‐optimization is carried out in 96‐well plates and does not require an operator present. The SRM database was shared between two identical TSQ Quantum mass spectrometers. For data acquisition, QuickQuan automatically created a sequence file complete with a data processing method pre‐populated with compound IDs and corresponding SRM transitions. To increase throughput we coupled each Finnigan Quantum with ultra‐high‐pressure liquid chromatography (uHPLC) accomplished using 4× Ultra Flux quaternary pumps that were designed to handle pressures up to 15 000 psi. The total run time for all analyses was 1.2 min using BEH 1.7 µm particle C18 columns. Further time reductions were realized with sample preparation accomplished using Strata Impact protein precipitation plates which provided an in‐well protein crash and 0.20 micron filtering in a one‐step process. Pharmacokinetic data turnaround time was significantly improved by combining these three techniques of automated method development with the speed efficiency of uHPLC and a single step in well sample preparation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequence confirmation of chemically modified RNAs using exonuclease digestion and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Gao Hong , Liu Yong , Rumley Megan , Yuan Huimin , Mao Bing 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA broadly applicable, robust, and rapid method for complete sequence confirmation of highly modified oligonucleotides containing a mixture of 2′‐deoxy, 2′‐fluoro, 2′‐o‐methyl, abasic and ribonucleotides is presented. The passenger (sense) and guide (antisense) strands from synthetic short interfering RNA duplexes (siRNA) were digested individually using both 5′‐ and 3′‐exonucleases and the resulting ladders were analyzed using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry. Conditions for enzymatic digestion and MALDI‐TOF mass analysis were investigated and optimized, and the digestion pattern and sequence coverage of each strand was discussed. Complete sequence confirmation for the antisense strands of four synthetic RNA duplexes was obtained, whereas a three‐base sequence gap in the 5′‐end was observed for all four sense strands. A general strategy is proposed for routine sequence confirmation of highly modified oligonucleotides, and the potential for complete automation of the method is also discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stahlbau für die Kunst – Bühnenbilder der Bregenzer Festspiele
Authors: Lener Gerhard , Weichert Jörn 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFür bekannte Festivalstätten in Österreich, wie zum Beispiel Wien, Salzburg und die Seebühnen in Bregenz und Mörbisch, sind im Sommer Freilufttheater die Publikumsmagnete. Dabei zeichnet sich Bregenz durch spektakuläre Kulissenkonstruktionen auf dem See aus. In diesem Beitrag werden Konstruktionen bekannter Bühnenbilder und Spezifika im Planungsprozess für die Bregenzer Seebühne vorgestellt.Steel construction for performing arts – Stage sets of the Bregenzer Festivals.For well‐known festivals in Austria like e.g. Vienna, Salzburg and the Floating Stages in Bregenz and Mörbisch, open air theatres are the public magnets in summer time. Bregenz is characterized by the spectacular stage sets on the Floating Stage. In this contribution constructions of stage sets and specifics in the planning process for the Bregenzer Floating Stages are presented.