bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Conservative Lagrangian Scheme for Solving Compressible Fluid Flows with Multiple Internal Energy Equations
Authors: Cheng Juan , Shu Chi-Wang , Zeng Qinghong 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLagrangian methods are widely used in many fields for multi-material compressible flow simulations such as in astrophysics and inertial confinement fusion (ICF), due to their distinguished advantage in capturing material interfaces automatically. In some of these applications, multiple internal energy equations such as those for electron, ion and radiation are involved. In the past decades, several staggered-grid based Lagrangian schemes have been developed which are designed to solve the internal energy equation directly. These schemes can be easily extended to solve problems with multiple internal energy equations. However such schemes are typically not conservative for the total energy. Recently, significant progress has been made in developing cell-centered Lagrangian schemes which have several good properties such as conservation for all the conserved variables and easiness for remapping. However, these schemes are commonly designed to solve the Euler equations in the form of the total energy, therefore they cannot be directly applied to the solution of either the single internal energy equation or the multiple internal energy equations without significant modifications. Such modifications, if not designed carefully, may lead to the loss of some of the nice properties of the original schemes such as conservation of the total energy. In this paper, we establish an equivalency relationship between the cell-centered discretizations of the Euler equations in the forms of the total energy and of the internal energy. By a carefully designed modification in the implementation, the cell-centered Lagrangian scheme can be used to solve the compressible fluid flow with one or multiple internal energy equations and meanwhile it does not lose its total energy conservation property. An advantage of this approach is that it can be easily applied to many existing large application codes which are based on the framework of solving multiple internal energy equations. Several two dimensional numerical examples for both Euler equations and three-temperature hydrodynamic equations in cylindrical coordinates are presented to demonstrate the performance of the scheme in terms of symmetry preserving, accuracy and non-oscillatory performance.
The Space-Time CE/SE Method for Solving Reduced Two-Fluid Flow Model
Authors: Qamar Shamsul , Ahmed Munshoor , Ali Ishtiaq 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe space-time conservation element and solution element (CE/SE) method is proposed for solving a conservative interface-capturing reduced model of compressible two-fluid flows. The flow equations are the bulk equations, combined with mass and energy equations for one of the two fluids. The latter equation contains a source term for accounting the energy exchange. The one and two-dimensional flow models are numerically investigated in this manuscript. The CE/SE method is capable to accurately capture the sharp propagating wavefronts of the fluids without excessive numerical diffusion or spurious oscillations. In contrast to the existing upwind finite volume schemes, the Riemann solver and reconstruction procedure are not the building block of the suggested method. The method differs from the previous techniques because of global and local flux conservation in a space-time domain without resorting to interpolation or extrapolation. In order to reveal the efficiency and performance of the approach, several numerical test cases are presented. For validation, the results of the current method are compared with other finite volume schemes.
Study on General Governing Equations of Computational Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow
Authors: Li Wang , Yu Bo , Wang Yi , Wang Xin-Ran , Wang Qing-Yuan , Tao Wen-Quan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe governing equations for heat transfer and fluid flow are often formulated in a general form for the simplification of discretization and programming, which has achieved great success in thermal science and engineering. Based on the analysis of the popular general form of governing equations, we found that energy conservation cannot be guaranteed when specific heat capacity is not constant, which may lead to unreliable results. A new concept of generalized density is put forward, based on which a new general form of governing equations is proposed to guarantee energy conservation. A number of calculation examples have been employed to verify validation and feasibility.
A Reconstructed Discontinuous Galerkin Method for the Euler Equations on Arbitrary Grids
Authors: Luo Hong , Luo Luqing , Nourgaliev Robert 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA reconstruction-based discontinuous Galerkin (RDG(P1P2)) method, a variant of P1P2 method, is presented for the solution of the compressible Euler equations on arbitrary grids. In this method, an in-cell reconstruction, designed to enhance the accuracy of the discontinuous Galerkin method, is used to obtain a quadratic polynomial solution (P2) from the underlying linear polynomial (P1) discontinuous Galerkin solution using a least-squares method. The stencils used in the reconstruction involve only the von Neumann neighborhood (face-neighboring cells) and are compact and consistent with the underlying DG method. The developed RDG method is used to compute a variety of flow problems on arbitrary meshes to demonstrate its accuracy, efficiency, robustness, and versatility. The numerical results indicate that this RDG(P1P2) method is third-order accurate, and outperforms the third-order DG method (DG(P2)) in terms of both computing costs and storage requirements.
First-Principles Calculations of Shocked Fluid Helium in Partially Ionized Region
Authors: Wang Cong , He Xian-Tu , Zhang Ping 
Published: May 2012

AbstractQuantum molecular dynamic simulations have been employed to study the equation of state (EOS) of fluid helium under shock compressions. The principal Hugoniot is determined from EOS, where corrections from atomic ionization are added onto the calculated data. Our simulation results indicate that principal Hugoniot shows good agreement with gas gun and laser driven experiments, and maximum compression ratio of 5.16 is reached at 106 GPa.
Health beliefs and practices of Qatari women: A qualitative study
Authors: Kridli Suha Al-Oballi , Ilori Olufunke M , Goeth Jessica 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to understand health beliefs and practices of Qatari women by exploring puberty and sexual relations. A qualitative descriptive research design, using focus groups, was used in this study. Purposive sampling was used to recruit college-age Qatari women from six universities in Qatar. A total of 43 Qatari women participated in this study. NVivo 8 qualitative analysis software was used to analyze collected data. Participants reported that Qatari women lacked information about puberty and did not feel prepared for their first menstrual period (menarche). Participants also reported a lack of information about sexual relations due to their mothers’ and schools’ discomfort with the topic. Recommendations related to the investigated areas were elicited from the participants. There is a urgent need to conduct educational programs in Qatar.
Acid–Base and Solvation Properties of Metal PhenolatesThis chapter is dedicated to Prof. Rainer Beckert on the occasion of his 60
th
birthday.
Authors: Bastos Erick L. , Bartoloni Fernando H. , Gonçalves Letícia C. P. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the acid‐base and solvation properties of metal phenolates. The effect of the metal counterion on the structure, physicochemical properties and chemical reactivity is discussed. Medium effects on the acid‐base equilibrium as well as on chemical reactivity and electronic properties of metal phenolates are summarized. Reference data, such as dissociation constants and partition coefficients, are compiled.
Clinical manifestations of dermatomyositis and clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis patients with positive expression of anti–melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5 antibody
Authors: Cao Hua , Pan Meng , Kang Yanqing , Xia Qunli , Li Xia , Zhao Xiaoqing , Shi Ruofei , Lou Jianghua , Zhou Min , Kuwana Masataka , Ding Xiaoyi , Zheng Jie 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the clinical features of dermatomyositis (DM) and clinically amyopathic DM (CADM) patients with the presence of anti–melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5 (anti–MDA‐5) antibodies.MethodsWe screened the serum anti–MDA‐5 antibody levels of 140 patients with various connective tissue diseases (CTDs), including 32 with DM and 32 with CADM, or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The clinical courses of DM/CADM patients with a positive expression of anti–MDA‐5 antibodies were delineated.ResultsAnti–MDA‐5 antibodies were detected at a significantly higher frequency in CADM patients than in DM patients (12 of 32 versus 3 of 32; P = 0.016), but were not detected in patients with other CTDs or IPF and healthy controls. Patients with a positive expression of anti–MDA‐5 antibodies developed significantly more skin ulcerations (12 of 15 versus 4 of 49; P < 0.001) and interstitial lung disease (ILD; 15 of 15 versus 31 of 49 [P = 0.003]) than those without anti–MDA‐5 antibodies. High‐resolution computed tomography scores of the MDA‐5–positive subset were increased compared with the MDA‐5–negative group (mean ± SD 117.7 ± 76.3 versus 54.4 ± 50.7; P = 0.004), and the scores correlated well with anti–MDA‐5 antibody levels (r2 = 0.582, P = 0.029). The respiratory symptoms as well as skin ulcerations were dramatically improved in patients with anti–MDA‐5 antibody levels <500 units/ml after treatment, whereas patients with anti–MDA‐5 antibody levels >500 units/ml were resistant to the treatment and died of respiratory failure in a short period of time.ConclusionAnti–MDA‐5 antibody levels closely correlate with the severity of skin ulcerations, ILD, and the prognosis of the disease. Dynamic observation of serum anti–MDA‐5 antibody levels would be helpful in predicting the course of ILD and facilitating better therapeutic targeting.
Impact of first metatarsophalangeal joint osteoarthritis on health‐related quality of life
Authors: Bergin Shaun M. , Munteanu Shannon E. , Zammit Gerard V. , Nikolopoulos Nikolaos , Menz Hylton B. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether there are differences in the foot‐specific and general health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) of people with and without first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsThe foot‐specific and general HRQOL of 43 participants (mean ± SD age 50.0 ± 10.8 years) with symptomatic radiographically confirmed first MTP joint OA (case group) was compared to an age‐, sex‐, and body mass index–matched control group. Foot‐specific HRQOL was assessed using the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ) and general HRQOL was assessed using the Short Form 36 (SF‐36) questionnaire. Both questionnaires are validated instruments with 0–100‐point domains.ResultsAll domains of the FHSQ were significantly lower in the case group (mean ± SD foot pain 55.5 ± 22.3 versus 93.0 ± 7.8, foot function 73.8 ± 20.9 versus 96.9 ± 11.5, footwear 39.1 ± 28.7 versus 76.6 ± 27.0, and general foot health 50.2 ± 27.0 versus 89.7 ± 16.0). Further, the SF‐36 physical functioning domain was significantly lower (mean ± SD 82.8 ± 14.7 versus 95.2 ± 6.3) in the case group.ConclusionPeople with first MTP joint OA experience more foot pain, have greater difficulty performing functional weight‐bearing activities, find it more difficult to obtain suitable footwear, and perceive their feet to be in a poorer state of health. Additionally, people with symptomatic first MTP joint OA have greater difficulty performing a broad range of physical tasks and activities.
Is there subclinical enthesitis in early psoriatic arthritis? A clinical comparison with power doppler ultrasound
Authors: Freeston J. E. , Coates L. C. , Helliwell P. S. , Hensor E. M. A. , Wakefield R. J. , Emery P. , Conaghan P. G. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveEnthesitis is a recognized feature of spondylarthritides (SpA), including psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Previously, ultrasound imaging has highlighted the presence of subclinical enthesitis in established SpA, but there are little data on ultrasound findings in early PsA. The aim of our study was to compare ultrasound and clinical examination (CE) for the detection of entheseal abnormalities in an early PsA cohort.MethodsForty‐two patients with new‐onset PsA and 10 control subjects underwent CE of entheses for tenderness and swelling, as well as gray‐scale (GS) and power Doppler (PD) ultrasound of a standard set of entheses. Bilateral elbow lateral epicondyles, Achilles tendons, and plantar fascia were assessed by both CE and ultrasound, the latter scored using a semiquantitative (SQ) scale. Inferior patellar tendons were assessed by ultrasound alone. A GS SQ score of >1 and/or a PD score of >0 was used to describe significant ultrasound entheseal abnormality.ResultsA total of 24 (57.1%) of 42 patients in the PsA group and 0 (0%) of 10 controls had clinical evidence of at least 1 tender enthesis. In the PsA group, for sites assessed by both CE and ultrasound, 4% (7 of 177) of nontender entheses had a GS score >1 and/or a PD score >0 compared to 24% (9 of 37) of tender entheses. CE overestimated activity in 28 (13%) of 214 of entheses. All the nontender ultrasound‐abnormal entheses were in the lower extremity.ConclusionThe prevalence of subclinical enthesitis in this early PsA cohort was low. CE may overestimate active enthesitis. The few subclinically inflamed entheses were in the lower extremity, where mechanical stress is likely to be more significant.
Prevalence of autoimmune inflammatory myopathy in the first nations population of Alberta, Canada
Authors: Barnabe Cheryl , Joseph Lawrence , Bélisle Patrick , Labrecque Jeremy , Barr Susan G. , Fritzler Marvin J. , Svenson Lawrence W. , Peschken Christine A. , Hemmelgarn Brenda , Bernatsky Sasha 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the population‐based prevalence of autoimmune inflammatory myopathy (AIM) in Alberta, Canada, with a specific focus on rates in the First Nations population.MethodsPhysician billing claims and hospitalization data for the province of Alberta (1994–2007) were used to estimate the probability of having AIM (i.e., polymyositis or dermatomyositis) based on 3 case definitions. A latent class Bayesian hierarchical regression model was employed to account for the imperfect sensitivity and specificity of billing and hospitalization data in case ascertainment. We accounted for demographic factors of sex, age group, and location of residence (urban or rural) in estimating the prevalence rates within the First Nations and non–First Nations populations.ResultsThe overall prevalence of AIM was 25.0 per 100,000 persons (95% credible interval [95% CrI] 13.4–49.0) in the First Nations population and 33.8 (95% CrI 28.9–39.6) in the non–First Nations population. For both groups, prevalence was increased in women relative to men, rural women relative to urban women, and in those age >45 years.ConclusionUnlike other rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis, we did not detect an increased prevalence of AIM in Alberta's First Nations population relative to the non–First Nations population. Potential limitations include coding errors, underidentification of First Nations members, and recognized differences in access to care for the First Nations population.
Formation of Hierarchically Porous Metal Oxide and Metal Monoliths by Nanocasting into Silica Monoliths
Authors: Smått Jan‐Henrik , Sayler Franchessa M. , Grano Amy J. , Bakker Martin G. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe formation of hierarchically porous metal and metal oxide monoliths by replication of hierarchically porous silica templates is reviewed. The various factors that impact the structure and properties of the synthesized materials are discussed and illustrated by the formation of new α‐Fe2O3, ZrO2, nickel, silver, and silver silicate porous monoliths. The impact of the atmosphere is addressed in the formation of Co3O4 and silver monoliths. For Co3O4, formation of the monolith under vacuum, air, argon, or nitrogen was found to dramatically change the structure of the final material. For silver, decomposition of the silver nitrate under air resulted in porous monoliths composed of silver silicates. Decomposition of silver nitrate under vacuum produced monoliths for which the chemical composition of the monolith was predominantly silver on the exterior of the monolith consisted of silver silicates in the interior of the monolith.
Structure and Microscopic Magnetism of Epitaxial Ni–Mn–Ga Films
Authors: Eichhorn Tobias , Hausmanns Richard , Klaer Peter , Kallmayer Michael , Elmers Hans‐Joachim , Jakob Gerhard 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe report on the structural and magnetic properties of epitaxial thin films of the ferromagnetic shape memory material Ni–Mn–Ga prepared by DC magnetron sputter deposition. Different substrate materials, i.e., MgO(100) and Al2O3(11−20) allow for a tailored epitaxial growth. Using a sacrificial chromium buffer layer freestanding epitaxial films are obtained. In combination with photolithography partially freestanding structures such as microbridges are fabricated. The complex martensite crystal structure in substrate‐constrained and freestanding films is studied by means of X‐ray diffraction. The identified asymmetric twin variant configuration is associated with a macroscopic surface pattern observed by optical microscopy. The absence of magnetic‐field induced strain in the (100) oriented samples is explained on basis of the detected twin variant configuration using a simplified model. Taking advantage of the thin film geometry spectroscopic methods are applied to the samples. The measurements provide the first experimental test for changes in the electronic structure of the involved 3d metals during a martensitic transition. Exploiting the X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism quantitative information on the element‐specific spin and orbital magnetic moments are accessed. In addition, angular‐dependent experiments allow us to trace the microscopic origin of the magnetic anisotropy in Ni2MnGa improving the fundamental understanding of this material.
MSM Actuators: Design Rules and Control Strategies
Authors: Holz Benedikt , Riccardi Leonardo , Janocha Hartmut , Naso David 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMagnetic shape memory (MSM) alloys are comparatively new active materials which can be used for several industrial applications, ranging from precise positioning systems to advanced robotics. Beyond the material research, which deals with the basic thermo‐magneto‐mechanical properties of the crystals, the design as well as the control of the actuators displacement is an essential challenge. This paper addresses those two topics, trying to give to the reader a useful overview of existing results, but also presents new ideas. First, it introduces and discusses in details some possible designs, with a special emphasis on innovative actuator design concepts which are able to exploit the particular potentialities of MSM elements. The second focus of the paper is on the problem of designing a controller, i.e., an algorithm that allows to obtain a required performance from the actuator. The proposed control strategies try to take into account two main characteristics of MSM elements: the hysteresis and the temperature dependence. The effectiveness of the strategies is emphasized by experimental results performed on a commercially available MSM actuator demonstrator.
Grain Boundary Segregation in UFG Alloys Processed by Severe Plastic Deformation
Authors: Sauvage Xavier , Ganeev Artur , Ivanisenko Yulia , Enikeev Nariman , Murashkin Maxim , Valiev Ruslan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractGrain boundary (GB) segregations were investigated by atom probe tomography in an Al–Mg alloy, a carbon steel and Armco® Fe processed by severe plastic deformation (SPD). In the non‐deformed state, the GBs of the aluminum alloy are Mg depleted, but after SPD some local enrichment up to 20 at% was detected. In the Fe‐based alloys, large carbon concentrations were also exhibited along GBs after SPD. These experimental observations are attributed to the specific structure of GBs often described as “non‐equilibrum” in ultra fine grained materials processed by SPD. The GB segregation mechanisms are discussed and compared in the case of substitutional (Mg in fcc Al) and interstitial (C in bcc Fe) solute atoms.
Preparation and properties of aluminum nitride‐filled epoxy composites: Effect of filler characteristics and composite processing conditions
Authors: Zhu B. L. , Wang J. , Ma J. , Wu J. , Yung K. C. , Xie C. S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPolymer‐matrix composites based on brominated epoxy as the matrix and aluminum nitride (AlN) particle as the filler were prepared. Effects of AlN size and content as well as composite processing conditions on the preparation and properties of the composites had been investigated. At the same processing conditions, Young's modulus (E) and dielectric constant (Dk) of the composites increase, whereas coefficient of thermal expansion decreases when increasing AlN content or decreasing AlN size; tensile strength and elongation at break first increase then decrease with AlN content, and they reach maximum values at lower AlN content with decreasing AlN size; glass transition temperature (Tg) also exhibits a trend of first increase then decrease with AlN content, and it decreases with decreasing AlN size, especially at high AlN content; dissipation factor (Df) generally decreases with AlN content except for the composites filled with 50 nm‐AlN, and it increases with decreasing AlN size. Comparing the composites prepared at different processing conditions, the properties of the composite are relatively poor at low vacuum conditions during removal of solvent and bubble. The scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared analyses indicate that the properties of the composites are related to the aggregation of AlN filler and voids in the composites as well as the crosslink density of epoxy matrix. The preparation of the composites is also found to be affected by AlN size and content as well as vacuum conditions, indicating that increase of viscosity of system and/or the solvent evaporation during curing results in poor formability of the composites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effect of styrene–butadiene latex on the bond performance of macro synthetic fiber in micro jute/macro synthetic hybrid fiber‐reinforced latex‐modified cement‐based composites
Authors: Jung Ji‐Youn , Lee Jin‐Hyung , Park Chan‐Gi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis study evaluated the effect of latex content on the pullout behavior of macro synthetic fiber in hybrid fiber‐reinforced latex‐modified cement‐based composites (HFLMCCs). A bond‐strength test which utilized dog‐bone‐shaped test specimens was used to determine the pullout behavior. Micro jute fiber was incorporated at 9.00 kg/m3 and macro synthetic fiber at 0.45 kg/m3. Latex was added at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% of the binder weight (wt %). Pullout tests showed that latex increased the area of the debonded zone of the pullout load–displacement curve. Bond strength increased with latex content up to 15% in HFLMCCs and decreased when the latex content reached 20%. The interface toughness increased until the latex content reached 20% and decreased when the latex content was 25%. These results were confirmed by microstructural analysis of the macro synthetic fiber surface, which showed that the number of scratches increased due to friction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci, 2013