bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of studies on socioeconomic inequalities in dietary intakes associated with weight gain and overweight/obesity conducted among European adults
Authors: Giskes K. , Avendaňo M. , Brug J. , Kunst A. E. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThis Review examined socioeconomic inequalities in intakes of dietary factors associated with weight gain, overweight/obesity among adults in Europe. Literature searches of studies published between 1990 and 2007 examining socioeconomic position (SEP) and the consumption of energy, fat, fibre, fruit, vegetables, energy‐rich drinks and meal patterns were conducted. Forty‐seven articles met the inclusion criteria. The direction of associations between SEP and energy intakes were inconsistent. Approximately half the associations examined between SEP and fat intakes showed higher total fat intakes among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. There was some evidence that these groups consume a diet lower in fibre. The most consistent evidence of dietary inequalities was for fruit and vegetable consumption; lower socioeconomic groups were less likely to consume fruit and vegetables. Differences in energy, fat and fibre intakes (when found) were small‐to‐moderate in magnitude; however, differences were moderate‐to‐large for fruit and vegetable intakes. Socioeconomic inequalities in the consumption of energy‐rich drinks and meal patterns were relatively under‐studied compared with other dietary factors. There were no regional or gender differences in the direction and magnitude of the inequalities in the dietary factors examined. The findings suggest that dietary behaviours may contribute to socioeconomic inequalities in overweight/obesity in Europe. However, there is only consistent evidence that fruit and vegetables may make an important contribution to inequalities in weight status across European regions.
Participation of Children with and without Disabilities in Social, Recreational and Leisure Activities
Authors: Solish Abbie , Perry Adrienne , Minnes Patricia 
Published: November 2009

Background  One method of promoting children’s friendship development is through activity participation with peers. However, children with disabilities seem to engage in fewer of these activities, and when they do participate often do so primarily with adults.Materials and Methods  This study compared activity participation and friendship in typically developing (TD) children (n = 90), children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD; n = 65), and children with an intellectual disability (n = 30) between the ages of 5 and 17 years. Parents completed a questionnaire about their child’s participation in social, recreational and leisure activities.Results  The TD children participated in significantly more social and recreational activities and had more friends than the children with disabilities. Notable differences emerged among groups in the percentage of activities the children participated in with peers, parents and/or other adults. Some significant differences were noted between the ASD and intellectual disability groups.Conclusions  Research concerning activity participation should continue to take into account not only whether children are engaging in activities, but explore more precisely ‘with whom’ these activities are occurring.
Patterns of Time Processing Ability in Children with and without Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Janeslätt Gunnel , Granlund Mats , Kottorp Anders , Almqvist Lena 
Published: November 2009

Background  Children with developmental disabilities, e.g. intellectual disability or autism, are reported to have problems in time perception, time orientation or time management, i.e. in time‐processing ability (TPA). The aim was to investigate whether the problems described are diagnosis specific or reflect differences in age or in level of TPA.Methods  Using a cross‐sectional design, this study investigated if there were different patterns of TPA in 5‐ to 10‐year‐old children with (n = 77) and without disabilities (n = 89). The results indicated that the patterns of TPA mainly follow the chronological age of children without disabilities, all clusters differing as regards levels of TPA. Daily time management (as estimated by the parents) and children’s self‐rated autonomy differed between clusters and was related to TPA.Conclusions  The level of TPA seems to be a more valid overall base than the type of diagnosis for the planning of interventions in daily time management.
Migration of Mn‐rich fluids through normal faults and fine‐grained terrigenous sediments during early development of the Neogene Vallès‐Penedès half‐graben (NE Spain)
Authors: TRAVÉ A. , ROCA E. , PLAYÀ E. , PARCERISA D. , GÓMEZ‐GRAS D. , MARTÍN‐MARTÍN J. D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe Miocene siliciclastic sediments infilling the Vallès‐Penedès half‐graben are affected by two sets of structures developed during the extensional tectonics that created the basin. The first set, represented by extension fractures infilled with mud and sands, is attributed to seismically induced liquefaction. The second set, represented by normal faults, corresponds to a high‐permeability horsetail extensional fracture mesh developed near the surface in the hanging walls of normal faults. The incremental character of the vein‐fills indicates episodic changes in the tectonic stress state and fault zone permeability. Two episodes of fluid migration are recorded. The first episode occurred prior to consolidation and lithification when shallow burial conditions allowed oxidizing meteoric waters to flow horizontally through the more porous and permeable sandy layers. Development of clastic dikes allowed local upward flow and dewatering of the sandy beds. Liquefaction and expulsion of fluids were probably driven by seismic shaking. During the first episode of fluid migration there was no cementation of the sandstone or within the fractures, probably because little fluid was mobilized by the predominantly compaction‐driven flow regime. The second episode of fluid migration occurred synchronously with normal fault development, during which time the faults acted as fluid conduits. Fluids enriched in manganese, probably leached from local manganese oxyhydroxides soon after sedimentation, moved laterally and produced cementation in the sandstone layers, eventually arriving at the more porous and permeable fault pathways that connected compartments of different porosities and permeabilities. Carbonate probably precipitated in fractures saturated with meteoric water near the ground surface at a transitional redox potential. Once the faults became occluded by calcite cement, shortly after fault development, they became barriers to both vertical and horizontal fluid flow.
Source of ore fluids at the Kalahari Goldridge deposit, Kraaipan greenstone belt, South Africa: evidence from Sr, C and O isotope signatures in carbonates
Authors: HAMMOND N. Q. , MORISHITA Y. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe Kalahari Goldridge deposit is located in the Archaean Kraaipan greenstone belt in the north‐west province of South Africa. Gold mineralization in this deposit is hosted within banded iron formation which is flanked by a mafic schist in the footwall and clastic metasedimentary units in the hanging wall. Data from carbonate minerals from mineralized veins and bulk rock from the A and D zone ore bodies have helped to define the ultimate origin of the ore‐forming fluids and their migration history. Carbon isotope ratios of carbonates from both the A and D zone ore bodies have tight clustering from −7.6 to −5.3‰ that indicates a unique origin for the ore‐forming fluids associated with the mineralization at Kalahari Goldridge. The δ18O values of the carbonates have been influenced by temperature gradients and variable degrees of fluid–rock interaction promoting oxygen isotope exchange between ore fluid and host rocks. Minimum 87Sr/86Sr ratio values of 0.70354 in mineralized veins are most consistent with ore‐forming fluids being relatively pristine with a mantle origin. Strontium and the corresponding ore‐forming fluids were most likely derived from mantle‐derived magmatic rocks probably represented by the meta‐basaltic rocks that underlie the ferruginous package in the Kraaipan greenstone belt. Strontium isotopic composition of vein carbonates show considerable variation in 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.70354 to 0.73914. This is consistent with an ore fluid composition that has been modified by the addition of radiogenic Sr possibly during passage of fluid through siliciclastic country rock concomitant with the observed hydrothermal alteration.
β‐arrestins – scaffolds and signalling elements essential for WNT/Frizzled signalling pathways?
Authors: Schulte Gunnar , Schambony Alexandra , Bryja Vítězslav 
Published: November 2009

β‐arrestins were originally identified as negative regulators of G protein‐coupled receptor signalling. Recent studies have revealed that β‐arrestins serve as intracellular scaffolds and signalling intermediates. Their diverse functions in intracellular signalling pathways provide mechanisms for achieving signal specificity that might be attacked for pharmacological intervention. Here, we summarize the importance of β‐arrestin function for WNT [wingless (from Drosophila) and the oncogene int‐1]/Frizzled (FZD) signalling. WNTs are secreted lipoglycoproteins that act through the seven transmembrane‐spanning receptors of the FZD family. It recently became evident that β‐arrestins are required for cellular communication by means of WNTs and FZDs both in cellular systems and in vivo. Although the overall importance of arrestin for WNT/FZD signalling remains obscure, interaction with the central phosphoprotein Dishevelled and the endocytic machinery implicates β‐arrestin as a determinant of WNT signalling specificity, a mediator of WNT/FZD desensitization and a regulator of signalling compartmentation.This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCR. To view the editorial for this themed section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00695.x
Enhancement of the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐arthritic effects of theophylline by a low dose of a nitric oxide donor or non‐specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor
Authors: Gomaa Adel , Elshenawy Mohsen , Afifi Noha , Mohammed Eman , Thabit Romany 
Published: November 2009

Background and purpose: Although there are many new specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors with anti‐inflammatory activity, none have yet reached the market because of their low therapeutic efficacy. Our study was aimed to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐arthritic effect of an established phosphodiesterase inhibitor, theophylline, and to investigate the effect of the nitric oxide (NO) donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or NO synthase inhibitor, L‐NG‐monomethyl arginine (L‐NMMA) on its actions.Experimental approach: The effects of theophylline alone and combined with SNP or L‐NMMA on the pathogenesis of adjuvant‐induced arthritis in rats were evaluated.Key results: Prophylactic or therapeutic doses of theophylline significantly ameliorated the pathogenesis of adjuvant arthritis in rats as evidenced by a significant decrease in the arthritis index, hind paws volume, ankle joint diameter, fever, body weight loss and hyperalgesia in a dose‐dependent manner. Inflammatory cellular infiltrate in synovium of ankle joint and pannus formation were also markedly inhibited. Interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) levels were significantly increased in arthritic rats given theophylline alone or in combination with either SNP or L‐NMMA. Co‐administration of a low dose of SNP or L‐NMMA enhanced significantly the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐arthritic effect of theophylline. In contrast, a high dose of SNP counteracted the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐arthritic effects of theophylline.Conclusions and Implication: These findings confirm the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐arthritic activities of theophylline and suggest a new approach to enhance the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐arthritic effects of theophylline would be to administer it in combination with a low dose of a NO donor or a non‐specific NO synthase inhibitor.
Hybrid Framework for Managing Uncertainty in Life Cycle Inventories
Authors: Williams Eric D. , Weber Christopher L. , Hawkins Troy R. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryLife cycle assessment (LCA) is increasingly being used to inform decisions related to environmental technologies and polices, such as carbon footprinting and labeling, national emission inventories, and appliance standards. However, LCA studies of the same product or service often yield very different results, affecting the perception of LCA as a reliable decision tool. This does not imply that LCA is intrinsically unreliable; we argue instead that future development of LCA requires that much more attention be paid to assessing and managing uncertainties. In this article we review past efforts to manage uncertainty and propose a hybrid approach combining process and economic input–output (I‐O) approaches to uncertainty analysis of life cycle inventories (LCI). Different categories of uncertainty are sometimes not tractable to analysis within a given model framework but can be estimated from another perspective. For instance, cutoff or truncation error induced by some processes not being included in a bottom‐up process model can be estimated via a top‐down approach such as the economic I‐O model. A categorization of uncertainty types is presented (data, cutoff, aggregation, temporal, geographic) with a quantitative discussion of methods for evaluation, particularly for assessing temporal uncertainty. A long‐term vision for LCI is proposed in which hybrid methods are employed to quantitatively estimate different uncertainty types, which are then reduced through an iterative refinement of the hybrid LCI method.
Using Total Material Requirement to Reduce the Global Environmental Burden
Authors: Arto Iñaki 
Published: November 2009

SummaryTotal material requirement (TMR), a measure of all of the material input required by a national economy, is sometimes criticized for failing to link material flows within an economy and their global environmental impacts. This article presents a three‐step method for bridging this gap. The method shows how to (1) analyze TMR accounts to identify potentially environmentally relevant flows (PERF), that is, material flows with potential environmental impacts abroad; (2) assess the socioenvironmental impacts of the identified PERF; and (3) determine the main economic activities underlying these PERF. Using this method we are able to add an environmental dimension to TMR accounts and to make the connection between economic activities and their socioenvironmental impacts worldwide. This methodology has been applied to the Basque Country (BC) region (Spain). An in‐depth analysis of the trends in the TMR of the BC shows that tin imports associated with tin capsule production account for around 7% of the TMR. These high figures are due to the substantial hidden flows (HF) of tin imports, which is an indicator of potential environmental impacts abroad. We find that tin extraction and concentration involve several social and environmental impacts such as waste generation, soil, water, and air pollution affecting biodiversity and human health, and child labor. These impacts are located in Indonesia, China, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Malaysia, and Thailand.
Utility of Substance Stock and Flow Studies
Authors: Månsson Nina , Bergbäck Bo , Hjortenkrans David , Jamtrot Arne , Sörme Louise 
Published: November 2009

SummaryDespite phase‐out policies, regulations, planning, and systematic thinking, diffuse emissions of hazardous substances from goods and materials accumulate in society. This is most pronounced in urban areas, since such emissions are related to high densities of people, services, and goods. In this study of Stockholm, Sweden, the aim is to discuss the utility of substance flow analyses (SFAs) for the urban management of hazardous substances. Several SFAs in Stockholm have been conducted during the period from 1995–2007. Eleven case studies were selected and were related to utility aspects to discover specific factors involved in the practical application of SFA. As far as ongoing environmental management is concerned, it can be stated that the SFAs’ results have been implemented in several local environmental objectives. Citations and use of the SFAs show that the studies, which focus on diffuse emissions, have had a strong influence on local policy. The application of SFA in Stockholm reveals that methodology factors, type of information, local context, and method of communication may be important in the utilization of SFA in policy. In the implementation of the results of Stockholm studies, it has been a strength to have both the environmental monitoring, which indicates the existence of hazardous substances in different environmental compartments, and SFAs that map and monitor sources of emissions.
aVR, An Index of all ECG Limb Leads, with Clinical Utility for Monitoring of Patients with Edematous States, Including Heart Failure
Authors: MADIAS JOHN E. 
Published: November 2009

Background:

Nonreproducibility of precordial electrocardiogram (ECG) leads in serial ECGs has led to emphasis on the limb leads for some applications. Since modern electrocardiographs measure leads I and II and calculate on line the other four limb leads, the former can substitute for the set of six limb leads. Furthermore, based on the mathematical relationship of lead aVR and leads I and II, it was hypothesized that aVR could be used as a representative index of the set of the six limb leads. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether ECG lead aVR could function as an index of all limb leads, in clinical electrocardiography.
Methods:

Automation‐derived and manually derived QRS voltage amplitude measurements of all limb leads in ECGs of a series of 100 randomly selected consecutive patients, and ECGs of 36 patients with various edematous states (EDST), congestive heart failure (CHF), or undergoing hemodialysis (HD), and aVR were inter‐correlated with the sums of leads I and II (ΣI&II), and the entire set of the six limb leads (Σ6LbLds).
Results:

Correlation of aVR with ΣI&II and Σ6LbLds was excellent (P < 0.00005); also, aVR was found to be a reliable index of the six limb leads in repeat ECGs in the patients with various EDST, CHF, or undergoing HD, in whom changes in aVR correlated with changes in patients’ body weight.
Conclusion:

aVR could be taken as an index of all ECG limb leads in analysis in general, and in monitoring patients with EDST, CHF, and HD in particular.
When Classic Ethnographic Work Is Made Impossible: The Human Politics of Research in India
Authors: Motzafi‐Haller Pnina 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYIn this personal account, I describe the first days of research I begun in Rajasthan, in India in the winter of 2008. This graphic narrative of my encounters with my research interlocutors includes not only what I learned from my research subjects, a group of multiply marginalized people known as the Banjara. It also depicts my conversations with academic colleagues and assistants, local officials, and translators. It describes the human politics that had, in fact, blocked my ability to carry out classical ethnographic research work that I was so intent on carrying out and offers the readers a look into the scene that is often excluded from ethnographic reports. I propose that these encounters are part and parcel of the learning process in a new setting. I argue that a detailed exploration of my own position in the field—one that exposes the confusion, the ignorance, the struggles, the affection, and the dislike I develop toward a range of people I met in these first days—is necessary for writing in a humanistic way about the process through which we learn what we claim we know. Through this reflexive article, I offer a model for anthropological writing that is intellectually engaging, politically aware, and humane.
Illegitimate Killers: The Symbolic Ecology and Cultural Politics of Coyote‐Hunting Tournaments in Addison County, Vermont
Authors: Boglioli Marc A. 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYAlthough I have conducted ethnographic research on hunting in central Vermont since 1996, one important issue has remained conspicuously absent from my field notes: organized hunting protest. That all changed one cold February day in 2005 as protesters from a home‐grown animal rights group stood along a country road in Whiting, Vermont, to voice their opposition to the first annual Howlin' Hills Coyote Hunt. This coyote‐hunting tournament was characterized by a broad assortment of local residents—including hunters—as a morally corrupt departure from traditional hunting ethics and from that day forward Addison County has been caught up in a social drama that may forever change the face of hunting in Vermont. As deep philosophical differences were revealed between not only hunters and antihunters, but between hunters themselves, a small window opened for a more general moral critique of hunting. Drawing on testimony from hunters, animal rights activists, Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife personnel, and my own experiences at coyote tournaments, I explain the perspectives of the various actors in this drama as they struggle to define the meaning and ethical place of hunting in the 21st century.[Keywords: human–animal relations, symbolic ecology, hunting, rural America, coyotes]
Conceptual Models of Health Behavior: Research in the Emergency Care Settings
Authors: Boudreaux Edwin D. , Cydulka Rita , Bock Beth , Borrelli Belinda , Bernstein Steven L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article provides recommendations for incorporating conceptual models of health behavior change into research conducted in emergency care settings. The authors drafted a set of preliminary recommendations, which were reviewed and discussed by a panel of experienced investigators attending the 2009 Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference. The original recommendations were expanded and refined based on their input. This article reports the final recommendations. Three recommendations were made: 1) research conducted in emergency care settings that focuses on health behaviors should be grounded in formal conceptual models, 2) investigators should clearly operationalize their outcomes of interest, and 3) expected relations between theoretical constructs and outcomes should be made explicit prior to initiating a study. A priori hypothesis generation grounded in conceptual models of health behavior, followed by empirical validation of these hypotheses, is needed to improve preventive and public health–related interventions in emergency care settings.