bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of nitrate and chloride on the adsorption and transport of sulphate in soils
Authors: CURTIN D. , SYERS J. K. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe adsorption and desorption of SO4was investigated as a function of KCI and KNO3concentration using soils with contrasting surface‐charge properties. In the net negatively‐charged soils, additions of C1 or NO3of up to about 0.05–0.10 M increased the adsorption of SO4but at higher concentrations adsorption decreased. In contrast, adsorption by the net positively‐charged soils decreased with concentration increase over the entire range (0 to 1 M) investigated. The effects of CI and NO3on the adsorption of SO4were practically identical. The different pattern of SO4adsorption in the two groups of soils in response to addition of KCI or KNO3can at least partly be explained in terms of the effect of electrolyte on soil pH. The depression in pH of net negatively‐charged soils induced by an indifferent electrolyte favours adsorption of SO4; but, because pH changes in the opposite direction in positively‐charged soils, SO4adsorption decreases in these soils. The distribution of a pulse of 35S‐labelled SO4in soil columns after leaching with KCI solutions, ranging in concentration from 0 (H2O) to 0.10 M, clearly reflected the manner in which electrolyte concentration affected the adsorption of SO4. The distribution of35S was reasonably well simulated using the general transport equation combined with the Freundlich equation to describe the adsorption/desorption of SO4. In contrast to other inorganic anions (H2PO4and OH) applied in agricultural practice, C1 and NO3may have beneficial effects on the S economy of many soils by decreasing leaching losses of SO4.
A comparison of kriging, cubic splines and classification for predicting soil properties from sample information
Authors: VOLTZ M. , WEBSTER R. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe clay content of the topsoil in two regions of contrasting physiography was predicted from sample data using four different procedures. The predictors were the means of mapped classes, the usual kriging estimator, a cubic spline interpolator and a kriging estimator within classes using a pooled within‐class variogram. The performances of the procedures were evaluated and compared.In the first region, Sandford St Martin on Jurassic sediments where there were some abrupt changes in soil, the classification predicted best within those classes bounded by sharp change. Elsewhere the usual kriging performed somewhat better, and kriging within classes was still more precise. In the second region, Yenne on the alluvial plain of the Rhone where the soil varied gradually, kriging performed better than classification, though a small improvement resulted from combining kriging with classification. Both prediction by class means and kriging attempt to minimize the estimation variance, and their mean prediction variances were close to the theoretical values overall. Spline interpolation is more empirical, and though it followed the abrupt changes better than kriging, it fluctuated excessively elsewhere, and its overall performance was poorer than that of kriging.
The indicator approach to categorical soil data
Authors: BIERKENS M. F. P. , BURROUGH P. A. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThis second paper in the series presents a case study on the mapping of water table classes using indicator kriging. In particular, the behavior and performance of the method is investigated. The method performs well when validated on an independent data set and appears robust with regard to the number of observations. Sequential indicator simulation is used to generate equi‐probable maps of water table classes, which are then used in a land use suitability analysis for pasture. A measure for the errors in this analysis that arise from impurities in the map of water table classes is obtained.
Cryptopodzolic Soils in Switzerland
Authors: BLASER P. , KERNEBEEK P. , TEBBENS L. , VAN BREEMEN N. , LUSTER J. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryCryptopodzolic Soils are characterized by a thick blackish‐brown mineral horizon rich in organic matter, the dark colour of which masks the morphological characteristics of podzolization. Little is known about the specific site factors that lead to the formation of these soils. Four representative soil profiles from a typical toposequence between 1700 and 500 m above sea level in southern Switzerland, embracing Haplic Podzols, Humic Cambisols and Cryptopodzolic Soils, are described morphologically, chemically and physically. The Cryptopodzolic Soils in this region are characterized by weak to moderate A1 and Fe translocation, and by a uniform incorporation of organic matter deep into the soil. The most prominent feature is the exceptional stability of the soil organic matter with a maximum in the spodic horizon. All these characteristics can be explained by the unique combined effect of a mild, wet climate, an Fe‐ and Al‐rich acid bedrock and a litter layer providing dissolved organic matter rich in polyphenolic substances with strong metal‐binding properties.
Modelling SO2−4 surface complexation on variable charge minerals: I. H+ and SO2−4 exchange under different solution conditions
Authors: KARLTUN E. 
Published: August 2010

SummarySurface complexation of SO2−4 and H+ exchange were compared between goethite, gibbsite and a soil material from a podzol B horizon. Intrinsic equilibrium constants were determined for the surface complexation of SO2−4 and H+ using the diffuse layer model (DLM). Three surface group configurations for the SO2−4 adsorption were tested. A model with only one SO2−4 surface species and no H+ explicitly taking part in the reaction gave the overall best prediction of adsorption. The concomitant H+ exchange occurring during SO2−4 adsorption was attributed to decreased surface potential caused by charge neutralization in the inner layer. The H+/SO2−4 stoichiometric ratios (η) were determined by back‐titration under different pH, ionic strength (I) and SO2−4 concentrations. The experimentally determined η was close to 1 for all materials at I= 0·1 M but 1·5, 1·0 and 1·7 in I = 1 mM for goethite, gibbsite and the soil suspension, respectively. The DLM gave a quantitatively correct description of SO2−4 and H+exchange at small I, but predictions were less accurate at large I. The surface complexation model give insight in the role of SO2−4 adsorption for the reversibility of soil acidification but remain to be evaluated in experiments more closely related to field conditions.
Assessment of a laboratory method to obtain the equilibrium solution composition of forest soils
Authors: MATSCHONAT G. , VOGT R. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryEquilibrium studies on soil require reliable estimates of ion concentrations in the soil solution under field conditions. We evaluated the previously described iterative method to approximate the equilibrium soil solution (ESS) with four acid forest soils. We examined for which ions the ESS is suitable, making use of the fact that concentrations in water extracts are functions of the soil: solution ratio. The electric conductivity, pH, and the concentrations of base cations, Mn2+, NO−3, SO42+, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were usually linear with the soil:solution ratio in water extracts, whereas no relation was observed for Al (with one exception) and Fe. Assuming that the ESS can be attributed the soil solution ratio of the field moist soil at the time of sampling, concentrations appeared as the continuation of the linear relation with the soil: solution ratio for base cations, pH, and the electric conductivity. This indicates that the ESS actually represents field conditions for these solution properties. For Al water extracts allowed no evaluation of the ESS result. The ESS underestimated SO42− concentrations under field conditions, presumably because the lack of DOC in the solutions added distorts the balance amongst anions.
The effect of removal of soil organic matter and iron on the adsorption of radiocaesium
Authors: DUMAT C. , CHESHIRE M. V. , FRASER A. R. , SHAND C. A. , STAUNTON S. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryRadiocaesium is more available to biological systems in organic soils than in mineral soils. Part of the reason is that the adsorption of caesium on minerals, particularly illites, is very specific, whereas its adsorption on organic matter is non‐specific. However, increasing evidence shows that even organic upland soils contain enough illitic material to immobilize caesium effectively. The presence of organic matter may reduce the affinity of soil minerals for caesium.We have studied adsorption of radiocaesium on the clay fractions of a mineral soil obtained from a surface, and the corresponding C, horizon. The soil clay fractions were treated to remove organic matter and Fe oxides progressively.Adsorption isotherms of caesium were obtained in dilute suspension using trace amounts of 137Cs and stable caesium. In general, adsorption was greater when the organic matter content was less, namely on the soil from the C horizon rather than the surface horizon, or when organic matter had been removed. However, adsorption is not a simple function of organic matter content: Cs adsorption was greater on the topsoil fraction after organic matter removal than on the subsoil fraction. X‐ray diffraction analysis indicated that the surface soil clay contained more weathered minerals and less illite than the subsoil clay. The effect of organic matter removal was more marked at large Cs concentrations than when only radiocaesium was added, suggesting that very selective Cs adsorption sites are less sensitive to the presence of organic macromolecules. Iron oxides do not play a role in the affinity of soil clays for Cs. The form of the Freundlich isotherm was unchanged by any of the chemical treatments.
Modelling the impact of within‐storm variability of rainfall on the loading of solutes to preferential flow pathways
Authors: McGrath G. S. , Hinz C. , Sivapalan M. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryRainfall variability within a storm can have a significant impact on the amount of chemical transported by surface runoff and preferential flow. Previously, studies have evaluated only a few slowly varying rainfall patterns and related sorption capacities. We use a bounded random cascade approach to generate 50 000 realizations of realistic rainfall intensity patterns within a single storm event (96 minutes duration, mean intensity of 18.75 mm hour−1) to explore the effects on the partitioning of rainfall and linearly sorbing solutes between fast preferential flow (loading) and slow flow in the soil matrix for a silt loam and a sandy clay. Loading and infiltration are modelled by a near‐surface mixing model and Green–Ampt infiltration. The statistical properties of loading were evaluated from these simulations. For this storm the mean total of resident solute mixing from the soil to preferential flow reached a maximum for a retardation factor R ∼ 5. Much smaller loadings occurred for more weakly sorbing and more strongly sorbing solutes. The variability of loading tended to decrease with increasing R. Ensemble averaged rainfall patterns were derived which related to the magnitude of loading. The patterns of rainfall generating large preferential flows did not necessarily lead to large solute loading. Early peaking, mid‐storm peaking and late peaking rainfall contributed to large solute loadings, depending upon soil and chemical properties. These patterns result from a balance between the amount of preferential flow generated and the amount of solute available when preferential flow is triggered. The results suggest that the use of R as a measure of the mobility of resident solutes depends on the flow pathway considered. In addition, characterization of flux distributions in soil with weakly sorbing, resident tracers, may underestimate the potential for rapid transport of strongly sorbing solutes subject to natural variations in rainfall.
Public attitudes towards mental health facilities in the community
Authors: Repper Julie , Brooker Charles 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTaking account of community attitudes towards mental health problems may be crucial to the success of community care. Exceeding the limits of the community's tolerance could lead to the policy ‘backfiring’ ‐ jeopardizing the future of community care and increasing rather than decreasing the stigma attached to mental health problems (Hall et al. 1991, p. 302). There is evidence that local opposition to community facilities has escalated over the past 3 years and frequently threatens the siting of community mental health facilities. This paper reviews research into attitudes towards community facilities for people with mental health problems, and explores the nature of public protest in order to make recommendations for the consensual siting of mental health facilities in the community. Although a substantial body of research exists concerning attitudes towards people with mental health problems, far less work has focused on attitudes towards facilities for people with mental health problems. An understanding of this literature is sought in the nature of community opposition more generally: the siting of locally unwanted land uses (for example power stations and waste disposal sites) and the phenomenon of the ‘not in my back yard’ (NIMBY) attitude are discussed critically and rival theoretical explanations are explored. Taken as a whole, this literature gives rise to strategies that might reduce opposition and achieve positive working relationships. Nevertheless, in view of the scarce, inconclusive and somewhat contradictory research in this area, there is a need for specific investigation into the concerns of local communities, and an assessment of factors that exacerbate and ameliorate these concerns.
Evaluating the potential causes of range limits of birds of the Colombian Andes
Authors: Graham Catherine H. , Silva Natalia , Velásquez‐Tibatá Jorge 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAim  To evaluate how factors acting at different spatial scales influence range limits in bird species of the Colombian Andes.Location  Andes Mountains of Colombia.Methods  We used Maxent, a climate envelope model (CEM), and environmental and geographic information to study range‐filling (i.e. the extent to which a species occurs in all the areas in which it is predicted to occur) in 70 range‐restricted bird species of the Colombian Andes. Environmental data were taken from the WorldClim database, and species occurrence data were taken from museum data collated by the BioMap project, an observational database, and the literature. We evaluated how climate and geographic barriers may shape range limits at two scales.Results  At a broad extent (i.e. across the three main cordilleras within the Colombian Andes), we find that CEMs predict there to be suitable environmental conditions for particular species in regions where the species is absent, possibly as a result of dispersal limitation or biotic interactions. In contrast, at a finer scale (within a given cordillera), species generally occur across the entire area predicted to be suitable by a given CEM. Geographic discontinuities within cordilleras do not generally correspond to range limits; instead, range limits correspond to changes in environmental conditions.Main conclusions  Our results suggest that different mechanisms influence the presence of species at different scales. Dispersal limitation, potentially combined with species interactions, may influence range limits at a broad extent (the entire Colombian Andes), while strong environmental gradients correspond to range limits at a finer scale (within a cordillera).
The population genomics of plant adaptation
Authors: Siol Mathieu , Wright Stephen I. , Barrett Spencer C. H. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThere has been an enormous increase in the amount of data on DNA sequence polymorphism available for many organisms in the last decade. New sequencing technologies provide great potential for investigating natural selection in plants using population genomic approaches. However, plant populations frequently show significant departures from the assumptions of standard models used to detect selection and many forms of directional selection do not fit with classical population genetics theory. Here, we explore the extent to which plant populations show departures from standard model assumptions, and the implications this has for detecting selection on molecular variation. A growing number of multilocus studies of nucleotide variation suggest that changes in population size, particularly bottlenecks, and strong subdivision may be common in plants. This demographic variation presents important challenges for models used to infer selection. In addition, selection from standing genetic variation and multiple independent adaptive substitutions can further complicate efforts to understand the nature of selection. We discuss emerging patterns from plant studies and propose that, rather than treating population history as a nuisance variable when testing for selection, the interaction between demography and selection is of fundamental importance for evolutionary studies of plant populations using molecular data.

Contents

Summary
313

I.
Introduction
314

II.
Methods to detect selection at the molecular level
314

III.
Population size changes
317

IV.
Population subdivision
321

V.
Local adaptation, standing genetic variation, quantitative traits and multiple adaptive substitutions
324

VI.
Demographic context of selection and future directions
326

Acknowledgements
328

References
328
Morphometrics and the breeding biology of the Tahiti Petrel Pseudobulweria rostrata
Authors: VILLARD PASCAL , DANO STÉPHANIE , BRETAGNOLLE VINCENT 
Published: August 2010

The genus Pseudobulweria includes four extant species, three being classified as critically endangered, while the fourth (Tahiti Petrel P. rostrata) is near threatened. Information on the breeding biology of any species of the genus is scarce, even for the Tahiti Petrel. We monitored two Tahiti Petrel nests in New Caledonia and provide the first data on the breeding biology for the genus. Incubation lasts about 55 days, and young fledge at 110 days. Breeding in the southern lagoon of New Caledonia extends from September to April. Very strong interspecific competition for nest cavities occurs with Wedge‐tailed Shearwaters Puffinus pacificus. We also document geographical variation in both biometry and breeding phenology over the Pacific breeding range.
Post‐fledging behaviour in Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos: onset of juvenile dispersal and progressive distancing from the nest
Authors: SOUTULLO ALVARO , URIOS VICENTE , FERRER MIGUEL , PEÑARRUBIA SANTIAGO G. 
Published: August 2010

Thirteen juvenile Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos were tracked during their first year of life using satellite telemetry. Distances to the nest attained during that period and the age at the onset of juvenile dispersal were explored. The performance of nine different criteria to determine that age was analysed. In general, after a brief period of restricted movements around the nest, the average distance to the nest increased with time. Maximum distances to the nest ranged between 57.7 and 184.3 km, and were considerably greater in females (mean ± sd, 138.5 ± 44.5 km) than in males (70.5 ± 14.0 km). No sex difference was observed in the age at which that distance was attained (males: 329 ± 32 days, females: 312 ± 20 days). The onset of juvenile dispersal took place around the fifth month of life (September in Spain). Eight of the nine criteria provided similar results, suggesting that in Spain dispersal starts when birds are between 140 and 180 days old, and that the post‐nestling period lasts between 60 and 120 days. For future studies, to determine the age at which the onset of juvenile dispersal occurs, we recommend the use of either the first day on which individuals were located beyond the mean distance between nests of different pairs (10 km in our study area), or the date of the record midway between the first and the last location recorded during the month in which the maximum variability in the distance to the nest was observed.
What we spend and what we get: Public and private provision of crime prevention and criminal justice
Authors: Dryden Witte Ann , Witt Robert 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we consider a number of issues regarding crime prevention and criminal justice. We begin by considering how crime is measured and present both general and specific evidence on the level of crime in a variety of countries. Crime is pervasive and varies substantially across countries. We outline the arguments for some public role in crime prevention, enforcement, prosecution, defence, adjudication and punishment. We consider the relative roles of the public and private sectors in crime control and criminal justice. We discuss various measures for the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. We conclude by suggesting some potential areas for research.
Dentists and oral cancer prevention in the UK: opinions, attitudes and practices to screening for mucosal lesions and to counselling patients on tobacco and alcohol use: baseline data from 1991
Authors: Warnakulasuriya KAAS , Johnson NW 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the opinions, attitudes and practices towards oral cancer prevention among UK dentists as a baseline from which to measure the need for continuing education efforts in this area.DESIGN AND METHOD: Postal questionnaire survey carried out in August 1991.A questionnaire with 13 test items was piloted at continuing education courses then distributed to all subscribers of the British Dental Journal with a postage paid return envelope. The aspects inquired into were recent attempts by dentists at updating their knowledge on oral cancer, their practical approaches to screening for oral mucosal diseases and follow‐up actions after oral screening, their questions to patients regarding the major risk factors for oral cancer, their efforts towards behavioural counselling for patients and any constraints felt or experienced in this regard.RESULTS: The questionnaire was circulated to 15 836 dentists. The response rate of 16% was poor but due to the many dentists circulated, 2519 responses were available for analysis. This large sample, though presumptively biased towards those interested in professional matters, showed an encouraging 84% claiming to perform screening of the oral mucosa routinely. Among these, 74% reported referral of screen detected cases to a hospital for further attention and only 4% would adopt a wait and see policy. Disturbingly, half of the respondents did not enquire about risk habits related to oral cancer and, among the other half who claimed to make such enquiries, only 30% routinely provided brief health education advice concerning these. Seventy‐one percent agreed that giving advice against tobacco use is desirable but major constraints were identified, notably a lack of training, and frustration regarding patient compliance. There was even greater reluctance on the part of the respondents to enquire into the alcohol use of their patients and to provide advice on alcohol moderation.CONCLUSIONS: Most of this large but unrepresentative sample of UK dentists were carrying out screening of the oral mucosa as a part of their prevention activities in 1991.However, the survey indicated a considerable need for improvement in the manner and extent of provision of health advice in respect of the major risk factors for oral cancer: such a substantial need amongst the presumptively better motivated implies that the need amongst the practitioner population at large is even greater.