bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of the associations between empathy measures and patient outcomes in cancer care
Authors: Lelorain Sophie , Brédart Anne , Dolbeault Sylvie , Sultan Serge 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveDespite a call for empathy in medical settings, little is known about the effects of the empathy of health care professionals on patient outcomes. This review investigates the links between physicians' or nurses' empathy and patient outcomes in oncology.MethodWith the use of multiple databases, a systematic search was performed using a combination of terms and subject headings of empathy or perspective taking or clinician–patient communication, oncology or end‐of‐life setting and physicians or nurses. Among the 394 hits returned, 39 studies met the inclusion criteria of a quantitative measure of empathy or empathy‐related constructs linked to patient outcomes.ResultsEmpathy was mainly evaluated using patient self‐reports and verbal interaction coding. Investigated outcomes were mainly proximal patient satisfaction and psychological adjustment. Clinicians' empathy was related to higher patient satisfaction and lower distress in retrospective studies and when the measure was patient‐reported. Coding systems yielded divergent conclusions. Empathy was not related to patient empowerment (e.g. medical knowledge, coping).ConclusionOverall, clinicians' empathy has beneficial effects according to patient perceptions. However, in order to disentangle components of the benefits of empathy and provide professionals with concrete advice, future research should apply different empathy assessment approaches simultaneously, including a perspective‐taking task on patients' expectations and needs at precise moments. Indeed, clinicians' understanding of patients' perspectives is the core component of medical empathy, but it is often assessed only from the patient's point of view. Clinicians' evaluations of patients' perspectives should be studied and compared with patients' reports so that problematic gaps between the two perspectives can be addressed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Literacy Artifacts and the Semiotic Landscape of a Spanish Secondary School
Authors: Poveda David 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this article, I examine literacy artifacts placed by students in different locations of a state‐run secondary school in the city of Madrid, Spain. The data were gathered as part of a two‐year long multilevel ethnography focused on the social and academic trajectories of immigrant students in Spanish compulsory secondary education. The analysis draws from concepts developed in semiotics, linguistic anthropology, literacy studies, and social geography. Two broad types of literacy artifacts configured the school's semiotic landscape: political texts and graffiti. In turn, these artifacts were tied to two youth expressive styles present in the school: left‐wing anarkas and Latino reggaetoneros. Students associated with these expressive styles tended to have different ethnic backgrounds and followed different socioacademic trajectories: anarkas tended to be of Spanish origin and often moved on to preuniversity education while reggaetoneros were predominantly Latin American and were geared towards vocational/remedial forms of secondary education. Drawing from concepts in social geography, the analysis suggests that anarka texts occupied official spaces in the school and were construed as “in place” while reggaetonero artifacts occupied unofficial spaces and were construed as “out of place.” I argue that this distribution, alongside other institutional practices and discourses, contributed to the construction of Latin American origin immigrant students’ less favorable academic trajectories.
Words as Tools: Learning Academic Vocabulary as Language Acquisition
Authors: Nagy William , Townsend Dianna 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThere is a growing awareness of the importance of academic vocabulary, and more generally, of academic language proficiency, for students’ success in school. There is also a growing body of research on the nature of the demands that academic language places on readers and writers, and on interventions to help students meet these demands. In this review, we discuss the role of academic vocabulary within academic language, examine recent research on instruction in academic vocabulary, considering both general academic words and discipline‐specific words, and offer our perspective on the current state of this research and recommendations on how to continue inquiry and to improve practice in this area. We use the metaphor of ‘words as tools’ to reflect our understanding that instruction in academic vocabulary must approach words as means for communicating and thinking about disciplinary content, and must therefore provide students with opportunities to use the instructed words for these purposes as they are learning them.
Locomotor behavior of bonnet monkeys after spinal contusion injury: Footprint study
Authors: Suresh Babu R. , Sunandhini R.L. , Sridevi D. , Periasamy P. , Namasivayam A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAnalysis of gait functions following spinal cord injury has been widely studied in rats, mice but limited in primates. This investigation was performed to quantitatively analyze the degree of functional recovery in bipedal locomotion in bonnet monkeys after induced spinal cord contusion. The degree of locomotor recovery was examined by measuring four gait variables, viz., tip of opposite foot (TOF), print‐length (PL), toe‐spread (TS), and intermediary toe‐spread (IT) from the recorded hindlimb prints of monkeys using ink and paper technique. Contusion was induced in spinal cord at T12‐L1 level in anaesthetized monkeys by using the Allen's weight drop technique. Postoperatively, all spinal contused animals initially showed a significant decrease in TOF, which then gradually increased for longer duration and attained the near normal values by the sixth month. On the other hand, PL, TS, and IT variables in hindlimb prints of contused animals were found to dramatically increase initially and then slowly decrease subsequently. Later there was a recovery to insignificant levels which differed from the corresponding preoperative values by the fifth month. The observations of this study suggest that the functional contributions of the spared fibers, especially in ventral and ventrolateral funiculi, through collateral sprouts or synaptic plasticity that were formed in the contused spinal cord may be responsible for substantial recovery of hindlimb movements. Moreover, based on analysis of footprint variables observed in locomotion in these subjected monkeys, we understand that spinal automatism and development of responses by afferent stimuli from outside the cord could possibly contribute to recovery of the paralyzed hindlimbs. Synapse, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intergroup contact, attitudes toward homosexuality, and the role of acceptance of gender non‐conformity in young adolescents
Authors: Collier Kate L. , Bos Henny M.W. , Sandfort Theo G.M. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThis study explored how contact with gay and lesbian persons affects adolescents' attitudes toward them, and whether this association is mediated or moderated by one's acceptance of gender non‐conformity. We analyzed survey responses from 456 Dutch adolescents aged 12–15 who reported having no same‐sex attractions. Data were collected in 2008 at 8 schools in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Preliminary analyses showed that contact with lesbian/gay persons outside of school was positively associated with attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Multilevel analyses showed that acceptance of gender non‐conformity mediated rather than moderated the relationship between intergroup contact and sexual prejudice in males. The effect of intergroup contact on females' attitudes toward lesbian women was no longer significant in multilevel analyses. The findings suggest that attention to both intergroup contact and acceptance of gender non‐conformity would enhance our understanding of attitudes toward homosexuality in adolescents.
Lebensstilfaktoren und Krebs
Authors: Albers Torsten 
Published: January 2012

Einleitung
Krebserkrankungen entstehen multifaktoriell und stehen in der Todesursachenstatistik an zweiter Stelle. In den meisten Fällen kommt es zu einer Interaktion von Lebensstilfaktoren auf dem Boden einer genetischen Suszeptibilität, die die Erkrankung auslöst. Das Ernährungsverhalten, das Ausmaß an körperlicher Aktivität und das Körpergewicht spielen bei den häufigen Tumorentitäten Brust- und Darmkrebs in der Primärprävention und in der Rezidivprophylaxe eine wichtige Rolle.
Entwicklung einer innovativen Beratungshilfe - OptimaHl 60plus
Authors: Gallois Katharina , Strube Helga , Hassel Holger , Pigeot Iris 
Published: January 2012

Einleitung
Im Vordergrund der Studie OptimaHl 60plus stand die partizipative Entwicklung einer Beratungshilfe, um das Ernährungs- und Bewegungsverhalten zu optimieren und damit die Lebensqualität und Selbständigkeit von Senioren zu erhalten. Durch die gezielte Einbeziehung von Senioren mit niedrigem sozioökonomischen Status und/oder Migrationshintergrund wurde ein Beitrag zur Reduktion von ungleichen Gesundheitschancen geleistet. Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Beratungshilfe, eingebettet in ein Interventionsprogramm, kritische Ernährungsparameter verbessern konnte.
Deep tissue hyperalgesia after computer work
Authors: Strøm Vegard , Røe Cecilie , Matre Dagfinn , Knardahl Stein 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Background and purpose
A growing number of people are using computers. Shoulder and neck pain occur commonly during computer work. Peripheral and central sensitization may play a major role in establishing and maintaining several chronic pain conditions. We have previously reported that a 90 min simulated computer office-work induced substantial pain in the shoulders and neck. We hypothesized that the development of pain during the computer work may be related to sensitization. The aim of the present study was to examine if the 90 min computer work induced deep tissue muscle hyperalgesia manifested as altered pressure pain thresholds (PPTs).

Methods
Twenty-two subjects with chronic shoulder and neck pain (pain group) and 26 healthy and pain free subjects (reference group) performed a standardized computer office-work task with use of a computer-mouse and with time pressure and high precision demands continuously for 90 min. The pressure pain threshold was measured with a pressure algometer in shoulder and forearm muscles (bilaterally in upper trapezius and extensor carpi radialis), and at sternum, before and 15 min and 30 min after the computer work task.

Results
The PPTs before starting the computer work were not different between the groups at any of the five locations. In both groups, the PPTs in the active and inactive side of the upper trapezius as well as in the extensor carpi radialis of the forearm operating the computer mouse were significantly reduced after the 90 min computer work compared with the pre-work levels. In the pain group, also the PPT in the inactive resting forearm was significantly reduced. The changes seen in PPTs from pre-to post-work were not significantly different between the groups, except for the inactive resting forearm where the groups exhibited different time course.

Conclusion
A decrease in pressure pain thresholds of involved muscles suggests that computer office-work can induce deep tissue hyperalgesia within 90 min. The development of pain during the computer work indicates peripheral sensitization as the predominant mechanism. Decreased pressure pain thresholds also in sites distant from pain areas may indicate a contribution from central sensitization in the subjects with chronic shoulder and neck pain.

Implications
The lasting pain after work and the reduced PPTs both in involved and distant musculature may indicate need for frequent pauses during computer work, especially when performed with time pressure and high precision demands, in order to avoid pain to increase and sustain after work, and thus to prevent the possibility of pain to become chronic.
Chronic non-cancer pain and the long-term efficacy and safety of opioids: Some blind men and an elephant?
Authors: Peter C. , Watson N. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Background
The use of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) remains very controversial. There are a number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showing efficacy and safety in the short-term, but long-term data are limited.

Methods
This article contains 10 case reports (followed to 2011) that were selected from a survey of 84 patients with intractable CNCP treated with opioids and followed every 3 months now for a median of 10 years. The previous published survey of this group reported outcomes of pain severity, adverse effects, pain relief, satisfaction, mood, problematic opioid use, tolerance, physical dependency, functional status, health-related quality of life (HRQL), immune status and sexual function. The outcome measures for that study included a numerical rating scale (NRS) for pain, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Brief Pain Inventory Interference Scale (BPI-I), the Pain Disability Index (PDI), and for Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) the Short Form Health Survey 12 version 2 (SF12v2). These selected patient reports were chosen to illustrate some important aspects of the diagnostic categories of CNCP, the opioids and doses used, particular issues (concurrent addiction history, bipolar disorder, and combination therapy), disease-specific and other outcomes (pain severity and relief, adverse effects, mood, function) and duration of follow-up with complex pain problems.

Results
Opioids were found to be safe and effective in the long-term for these particular patients, as well as in the larger group from which they originate. Most patients in the total sample reported 50% or greater relief and a moderate improvement in disability. Scores for functional status and HRQL were not severely affected (PDI and BPI-I ratings moderate or less and SF12v2 slightly below normative values for age). Problematic use, tolerance, and serious adverse effects including constipation were not major issues.

Conclusion
These 10 reports of patients with intractable CNCP treated with opioids with some success over many years put a face on some of the participants in the larger survey of 84 suggesting that this approach is effective and safe for some patients over many years.

Implications
These data may not be generalizable to a larger population of patients with CNCP because of the probable selection of patients who benefit and who do not have intolerable adverse effects.
An exact Lagrangian-mean wave activity for finite-amplitude disturbances to barotropic flow on a sphere
Authors: Solomon Abraham , Nakamura N. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe finite-amplitude Rossby wave activity introduced recently by Nakamura and co-workers measures disturbances in terms of the areal displacement of potential vorticity (PV) from zonal symmetry and possesses exact Eliassen–Palm and non-acceleration theorems. This article investigates both theoretically and numerically how this wave activity, denoted ${A}^{\ensuremath{\ast} } $, relates to previously defined quantities such as the generalized Lagrangian-mean (GLM) pseudomomentum density and the impulse-Casimir (IC) wave activity in the context of barotropic flow on a sphere. It is shown that under the barotropic constraint both the new and GLM formalisms derive the non-acceleration theorem from the conservation of Kelvin’s circulation, but the two differ in the way the circulation is partitioned into a mean flow and wave activity/pseudomomentum density. The new wave activity differs from the (negative of) GLM pseudomomentum density by the Stokes correction to angular momentum density, which is not negligible even in the small-amplitude limit. In contrast, ${A}^{\ensuremath{\ast} } $ converges to the IC wave activity and the familiar linear pseudomomentum density in the conservative small-amplitude limit, provided that their reference states are identical. Both the GLM pseudomomentum density and the zonal-mean IC wave activity may be cast in a flux conservation form in equivalent latitude, which may then be related to an exact Eliassen–Palm theorem through a gauge transformation. However, of the three wave activity forms, only ${A}^{\ensuremath{\ast} } $ satisfies an exact non-acceleration theorem for the zonal-mean zonal wind $\bar {u} $. A simple jet forcing experiment is used to examine the quantitative differences among these diagnostics. In this experiment, ${A}^{\ensuremath{\ast} } $ and the IC wave activity behave similarly in the domain average; however, they differ substantially in the local profiles, the former being more closely related to the flow modification. Despite their close conceptual relationship, the GLM pseudomomentum fails to capture the meridional structure of ${A}^{\ensuremath{\ast} } $ because the Stokes correction term dominates the former. This demonstrates various advantages of ${A}^{\ensuremath{\ast} } $ as a diagnostic of eddy–mean flow interaction.
Use of bilateral suture lateralisation technique in severe paradoxical vocal fold movement, allowing removal of long-term tracheostomy: case report
Authors: van Griethuysen J , Al Yaghchi C , Sandhu G 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjective:We report a novel bilateral suture lateralisation technique that allowed permanent tracheostomy decannulation in a patient with severe paradoxical vocal fold movement.Case report:A 45-year-old woman presented to the accident and emergency department with worsening shortness of breath. Flexible nasoendoscopy revealed limited vocal fold abduction and an emergency tracheostomy was sited; this was subsequently changed to a long-term Silver Negus tube. Her tracheostomy care was complicated by discomfort and dislodgement. The diagnosis of paradoxical vocal fold movement was only made when the patient presented to our department. Cognitive behaviour therapy and botulinum toxin injection were tried without success. A right vocal fold lateralisation procedure was performed, which enabled temporary tracheostomy decannulation. A left vocal fold lateralisation procedure was subsequently performed and the patient was successfully decannulated, with significant improvement in quality of life.Conclusion:Paradoxical vocal fold movement is a rare condition that is most commonly managed by biofeedback sessions, relaxation manoeuvres or botulinum toxin injection. However, in cases similar to ours in which these treatments are unsuccessful, we suggest a ‘last resort’ technique to manage this rare condition.
Child maltreatment and adult violent offending: population-based twin study addressing the ‘cycle of violence’ hypothesis
Authors: Forsman M. , Långström N. 
Published: January 2012

BackgroundAssociations between child maltreatment and adult violence, often termed the ‘cycle of violence’, are well documented. However, the nature of such links after appropriate control for confounding remains uncertain. We aimed to determine whether child maltreatment causes adult violent offending or whether suggested links are due to genetic or family environment confounding.MethodA total of 18 083 20- to 47-year-old twins from the Swedish population-based Study of Twin Adults: Genes and Environment (STAGE) participated. We linked information on self-reported child maltreatment with national register data on convictions for adult crime. We used a case-control design to elucidate associations among unrelated individuals and also conducted within-discordant twin pair analyses to estimate the influence of familial confounding on this association.ResultsThe odds ratio (OR), adjusted for age, sex and education, for violent offending in maltreated children grown upversusunrelated controls was 1.98 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.52–2.57]. However, the association decreased to 1.18 (95% CI 0.62–2.25) when maltreated children were compared to their non-maltreated twins, suggesting substantial confounding by genetic or family environmental factors (within-twin OR <1.98) and a weak, non-significant causal effect (within-twin OR >1.00). Familial confounding was also pronounced for the association between child maltreatment and any offending.ConclusionsChildhood maltreatment was found to be a weak causal risk factor for adult violent offending; hence, reducing maltreatment might decrease violent crime less than previously expected. Instead, considerable familial confounding of the link between child maltreatment and adult violent offending suggests that prevention strategies need to address overlapping genetic and/or family environmental liability for abusive and violent behavior.
On the track of evaluated programmes targeting the social participation of seniors: a typology proposal
Authors: RAYMOND ÉMILIE , SÉVIGNY ANDRÉE , TOURIGNY ANDRÉ , VÉZINA ALINE , VERREAULT RENÉ , GUILBERT ALEXIS C. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTNowadays, the social participation of seniors represents a central challenge for both individuals and collectivities. The participative perspective is indeed present in most of the contemporary discourses on ageing, and is viewed both as a way to manage the current demographic juncture and as a promising direction for enhancing seniors’ wellbeing and achievements. This article examines 32 programmes aimed at fostering the social participation of seniors that were both implemented and evaluated, and whose results were published between January 1970 and August 2011. Based on each programme's approach, a typology of social programmes is proposed. The programmes are grouped in five categories, ranging from programmes offering an individualised approach to socio-political programmes. Classification is based on the various ways the concept of social participation is defined and acted upon by the reviewed programmes. Far from being neutral, each category suggests a specific representation of the social roles of seniors. In addition, the paper discusses how the proposed typology can guide both policy and practice, linking identity and agency issues to organisational and structural considerations. Three uses for the typology are suggested: as a policy-making support, as an evaluative framework, and as an experimental space for community practice.
Gasto Público Total y Social: El Caso De Uruguay En El Siglo XX
Authors: Azar Paola , Fleitas Sebastián 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis article discusses the evolution of the total and social public expenditure in Uruguay during the 20thcentury. It analyzes the growth path of the social public expenditure and the extent up to which it could be preserved from the cyclical economic downturns and the fiscal constraints of the Public Sector. The paper finds a low long-run elasticity of public spending to GDP – leading to a slow growth of social public expenditure and a remarkable procyclical pattern of total and social public expenditure. It also shows that social spending, especially education expenditure, has often been used as an instrument to curb budget deficits. No distinctive «fiscal regimes» for the period could be identified.