bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Security Institutions: Rules, Tools, Schools, or Fools?
Authors: Duffield John S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article centres on two issues. The first is with regards to those features that distinguish International Security Institutions (ISIs) from international institutions in other issue areas. The article argues that ISIs may be usefully differentiated on the basis of two fundamental analytical distinctions that are especially relevant, if not unique, to security affairs. The second issue is related to the significance of ISIs. It also examines the four leading theoretical perspectives that provide varying and conflicting assessments of the degree to which international institutions matter.
International NGOs
Authors: Florini Ann 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides a broad overview of the literature on international non-government organizations (INGOs). The first section presents a historical overview of the rise of INGOs and other non-governmental cross-border ties. It then reviews the definitional debates and research on whether, why, and when these non-governmental bodies grow in importance to the conduct of global affairs. It also looks at the ways and conditions these non-governmental bodies matter.
Candidate Objectives and Electoral Equilibrium
Authors: Duggan John 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article looks at the known foundational results on spatial models of elections. The issues of equilibrium existence, the characterization of equilibria (in terms of their social welfare properties), and the distance between equilibrium policy and positions of the candidates are examined. It then discusses the results of the case where candidates are able to give precise predictions of voters' behaviour precisely; the article also introduces the ‘Downsian model’. The article looks at two models of probabilistic voting, before finally moving on to consider the most common objective functions that are used to model the electoral incentives of different types of candidates.
Federalism
Authors: Rodden Jonathan A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses federalism, and starts by introducing the classical approach to the study of federalism. It then reviews the influential normative approaches in economics during the 1970s and 1980s, as well as some of the empirical literatures that they spawned. The newer positive political economy literature and the resulting empirical work are reviewed also in the article. Finally, the reader is cautioned in drawing policy implications from the new literature as it stands.
Social Choice
Authors: Moulin Hervé 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides a brief overview of social choice. It concentrates on the interface between traditional notions of endstate justice and the more modern theme of strategic implementation. It outlines a general model of mechanism design and defines the classical notions of procedural and endstate justice in the context of that model. A survey of the extensive research of the last three decades that identify strategy-proof mechanisms in a variety of microeconomic problems is also included in the article.
A Tool Kit for Voting Theory
Authors: Saari Donald G. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article lists down some results that can serve as useful tools to analyze actual elections. It first looks at representing profiles, which enumerate the number of voters who have each ranking of the candidates. Procedure line and hulls are used to provide a display of the different outcomes of computing tallies. The article moves on to the ‘axiomatic representations’ of voting rules, and then looks at how the ‘will of the voters’ is determined. Finally, the theorems of Arrow's, Sen's, and Gibbard-Satterthwaite are discussed.
Fair Division
Authors: Brams Steven J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides a review of the literature on fair division, which has flourished in recent years. It focuses on three different literatures in the field: the allocation of several indivisible goods, the division of a single heterogeneous good, and the division, in whole or in part, of several divisible goods. The article discusses problems that arise in allocating indivisible goods, and highlights the trade-offs that must be made when not all of the criteria of fairness can be satisfied at the same time. It also describes and provides the procedures for dividing divisible goods fairly, which is based on different criteria of fairness.
Structure and Coherence in the Political Economy of Public Finance
Authors: Winer Stanley L. , Hettich Walter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe article provides an outline of the economics of the public sector and of its structure when collective choice is regarded as an essential component of the analysis. It identifies the key issues that must be faced by political scientists and economists who insist that collective institutions cannot be ignored in research on taxation and public budgets. It also reviews various alternatives to the median voter model; these alternatives are frameworks that interpret public policies as equilibrium outcomes in a multidimensional setting.
Fiscal Competition
Authors: Wildasin David E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article studies fiscal competition and provides a brief overview of some of the principal themes that have figured prominently in economic analyses of fiscal competition. It surveys some of the contours of existing research on fiscal competition, provides a working definition of the term ‘fiscal competition’, and identifies significant gaps that need to be studied in the future. The discussion shows how the economic impacts of fiscal policies are dependent on the mobility of the resources to which these policies are applied.
Voting and the Macroeconomy
Authors: Hibbs Douglas A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses voting and the macroeconomy and focuses on its more important developments. It studies two views of economic voting, which are prospective and retrospective. This is followed by a section on empirical implementation, where pure prospective voting, pure retrospective voting, and prospective voting are introduced. The article also examines individual electoral choices and aggregate vote shares, and clarifies responsibility in macroeconomy.
Comparative Perspectives on the Role of the State in the Economy
Authors: Wren Anne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article has a comparative perspectives on the role of the state in the economy. It first describes the challenges that are posed to the thesis that state actors possess the instrumental capacity to engage in macroeconomic demand management. It also discusses the literature analyzing the capacity of state actors to effectively intervene on the supply side of the economy to create the conditions for growth, stability, and expansion. The article also presents an outline of how these debates eventually lead to important questions about the relative explanatory power of arguments.
Authoritarian Government
Authors: Haber Stephen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article discusses authoritarian government, and argues that the literature on authoritarianism can be integrated into a unified framework that explains variance in economic performance across dictatorships. It discusses the organizational theory of dictatorship and addresses the question why there are few stationary bandits. The logic of terror, which is the most direct strategy to curb the launching organization, is introduced in one section. This is followed by a study of the logic of co-optation, which is the strategy of co-opting the leadership of a launching organization by buying its loyalty. The final section focuses on the logic of organizational proliferation.
The Evolutionary Basis of Collective Action
Authors: Bowles Samuel , Gintis Herbert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses two problems in the study of political behaviours that support collective action. It reviews recent behavioural experiments documenting the variety and extent of these so called social preferences, as well as the manner in which the existence of individuals — even a minority — can affect group behaviour dramatically. This article shows that repeated interactions and kin-based altruism do not provide an adequate account of the forms of cooperation detected in natural and experimental settings.
The Future of Analytical Politics
Authors: Hinich Melvin J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article focuses on serious problems regarding the recent research agenda in political economy that are likely to continue in the future. The first problem discussed is the multidimensional political choices, followed by the lack of equilibrium in political games. This is followed by the lack of common knowledge and the complex non-linear dynamics of the political/economical system. The discussion presented in this article is within the context of electoral politics.
Globalization of the ICT labour force
Authors: Lazonick William 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article shows how, over the past four decades or so, the development strategies of the East-Asian nations interacted with the investment strategies of US-based ICT companies to generate a global supply of ICT labour. This process of developing a global ICT labour supply has entailed flows of US capital to East-Asian labour as well as flows of East-Asian labour to US capital. As a result new possibilities to pursue high-tech careers, and thereby develop their productive capabilities, have opened up to vast numbers of individuals in East-Asian nations. Many found the relevant educational programmes and work experience in their home countries. But many gained access to education and experience by following global career paths that included study and work in the US. For the East-Asian nations, the existence of these global career paths has posed a danger of ‘brain drain’: the global career path could come to an end in the US (or another advanced economy) rather than in the country where the individual had been born and bred.
Economic policy analysis and the internet: Coming to terms with a telecommunications anomaly
Authors: David Paul A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article shows, first, that the problem of congestion which was widely perceived to be a critical economic resource allocation challenge turned out to be largely chimerical; and, second, that economists were quite blasé in proposing solutions for that and other related problems by introducing pricing mechanisms whose implementation required radical engineering modifications to the Internet. The latter, however, would jeopardize, and possibly vitiate, the unique, socially valuable performance capabilities of the system. The third section takes note of the fact that the recommendations for usage-sensitive pricing that were advanced by economists on static and rather narrow ‘efficiency’ grounds probably posed less of an actual threat to the continuation of the end-to-end design principle than the pressures that presently emanate from the private sector. The fourth section addresses the questions of whether, and on what grounds, public policy might be mobilized to protect the architecture of the Internet. The final section concludes with some observations and suggestions regarding future policy-relevant directions for Internet economics.
Internet diffusion and the geography of the digital divide in the United States
Authors: Greenstein Shane , Prince Jeff 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article analyses the rapid diffusion of the Internet across the United States over the past decade for both households and firms. It puts the Internet's diffusion into the context of economic diffusion theory where costs and benefits are considered on the demand and supply side. The article also discusses several pictures of the Internet's current physical presence using some of the current main techniques for Internet measurement. It highlights different economic perspectives and explanations for the digital divide, that is, unequal availability and use of the Internet. This article provides an overview of the economic processes underlying the geographic digital divide. This involves two goals — to analyse a specific phenomenon, and to communicate general lessons.
The economics of ICTs: Building blocks and implications
Authors: Steinmueller W. Edward 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe exploitation of technological and market opportunities in the ICT industries has produced a series of changes in both supply and demand that serve to regulate or channel the rate and direction of industrial growth. The focus of this article is on the micro or building block level, where the programme of economic research has been directed by the goal of explaining the origins and consequences of rapid technological change and cost reduction. By focusing on this level, it is possible to illuminate some of the underlying processes influencing industrial structure and to suggest consequences for policy aimed at promotion of industrial growth and success. The central theme of this article is that the micro foundations or building blocks of supply and demand shape industrial structure and performance as well as influencing the opportunities and limits for government policy (including policies aimed both at promoting industrial growth and regulating economic concentration).
ICT, organizations, and networks
Authors: Kallinikos Jannis 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article first reviews some widespread claims that associate ICTs with patterns of interaction, work, and communication that are said to be conducive to the structural arrangement of the network. In so doing, it seeks to lay bare and occasionally question a few key assumptions on which these claims are predicated. It endeavours to develop an alternative explanation of networks that is closely associated with the contemporary growth dynamics of information and the technologies which sustain and give it momentum. A key element of these dynamics is manifested in the increasing decomposability and mobility of a growing number of operations and resources that can thus be lifted out of particular contexts, and transferred, reshuffled, and recombined, often on a global scale. The article concludes by positioning an appreciation of these claims within the nexus of institutional relationships associated with current developments, and evaluating them critically.
Making sense of ICT, new media, and ethics
Authors: Introna Lucas 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to propose and clarify some of the different ways of seeing or approaching, as well as the implications these might have for regulators, designers, users, and researchers of ICT and new media, especially with regard to their ethical significance. Of course any clarification (classification, categorization, or analysis) is always problematic: incomplete, and often — in a sense — violent. It usually claims more than it can offer and forces the singular into a category in ways that deny the very idiosyncrasies that are often most important when approaching phenomena. Thus, it would be reasonable for the reader to take the analysis in the following presentation as incomplete, preliminary, and not definitive in any sense whatsoever.
Electronic networks, power, and democracy
Authors: Sassen Saskia 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The first part of the article discusses some of the general questions raised thus far regarding ICTs. The second part examines the role of digitization in shaping today's global capital market and the extent to which it is or is not largely electronic, supranational, and hence able to escape all territorial jurisdictions. And the third part examines the formation of types of global politics that run through the specificities of localized concerns and struggles yet can be seen as expanding democratic participation beyond state boundaries. This article regards these as non-cosmopolitan versions of global politics. These types of politics raise questions about the relation of law to place that are the opposite of those raised by global finance.
Communicative entitlements and democracy: The future of the digital divide debate
Authors: Couldry Nick 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article attempts to map the depth and importance of the problems at issue: first, through a review of digital divide debates at a time (2005) when in policy circles they are no longer in fashion; secondly by linking this to recent debates in political sociology and media sociology about, respectively, the declining prospects for political engagement, and the public uses of people's media consumption; and finally by reviewing competing theoretical formulations of the communicative preconditions of democracy. It suggests that all citizens require a share of a society's communicative resources if they are to participate effectively in the democratic process, and considers what form such resources should take. Arguing that ‘digital divide’ debates have pushed this issue to the centre of policy discussions the article assesses what policies might be needed to achieve improved distributive equity with respect to these resources. It provides an insight into how the communicative preconditions of democracy might be understood in the light of the growing use of ICTs.
Wittgenstein on Language: From Simples to Samples
Authors: Beaney Michael 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe so-called ‘linguistic turn’ that took place in philosophy in the first half of the twentieth century is most strongly associated with the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951). If there is a single text that might be identified as the source of the linguistic turn, then it is Wittgenstein's first book, the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, published in German in 1921 and in an English translation in 1922. Throughout his work, Wittgenstein was concerned with the foundations of language; the crucial shift lay from the appeal to simples to the appeal to samples, and a corresponding shift from assumptions about what lies hidden to an appreciation of what is visible to all in our linguistic practices. This article first outlines the main elements of Wittgenstein's early conception of language, before considering his critique of that conception and his later views.
Psychologism
Authors: Travis Charles 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article develops Frege's conception of answerability, and his correlative views on psychologism of the first sort. Compared to prior philosophers, such as British empiricists, Frege is a minimalist in the demands he sets on answerability. If he is ever less than minimalist, that is something that flows out of his particular conception of logic. The article then turns to Wittgenstein's (last) conception of answerability, by which Frege is not quite minimalist enough. That allows us to see how the pursuit of answerability might lead to psychologism of the second kind.
Rule‐Following, Meaning, and Normativity
Authors: Wilson George M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article starts out by delineating an interpretation of Kripke on Wittgenstein, an interpretation that seems to stand the best chance of fitting at least the basic concerns and insights expressed in the Investigations. In doing so, this article sketches a conception of meaning and truth conditions against which Wittgenstein's remarks are plausibly directed, and it explains how Kripke's reconstruction of Wittgenstein can be read as incorporating a broad attack on that conception. The interpretation with which the article opens offers what the article calls ‘the (merely) dramatic reading of the Skeptical Argument.’
Naturalist Theories of Meaning
Authors: Papineau David 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Naturalist theories of meaning aim to account for representation within a naturalist framework. This programme involves two ideas: representation and naturalism. Both of these call for some initial comment. To begin with the former, representation is as familiar as it is puzzling. Sentences can represent, and so can mental states. By and large, naturalist theories of meaning take mental representation to be basic, and linguistic representation to be derivative. Most such theories aim first to account for the representational powers of mental states — paradigmatically beliefs — and then to account for the representational powers of sentences in public languages by viewing the latter as in some sense ‘expressing’ mental states.
Truth and Meaning
Authors: Segal Gabriel 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article says something about previous work related to truth and meaning, goes on to discuss Davidson (1967) and related papers of his, and then discusses some issues arising. It begins with the work of Gottlob Frege. Much work in the twentieth century developed Frege's ideas. A great deal of that work continued with the assumption that semantics is fundamentally concerned with the assignments of entities (objects, sets, functions, and truth-values) to expressions. So, for example, those who tried to develop a formal account of sense did so by treating senses as functions of various kinds; the sense of a predicate, for example, was often seen as a function from possible worlds to extensions.
Meaning Holism
Authors: Pagin Peter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe term ‘meaning holism’ (together with variants like ‘semantic holism’ and ‘linguistic holism’) has been used for a number of more or less closely interrelated ideas. According to one common view, meaning holism (MH) is the thesis that what a linguistic expression means depends on its relations to many or all other expressions within the same totality. Sometimes these relations are called ‘conceptual’ or ‘inferential’. A related idea is that what an expression means depends, mutually, on the meaning of the other expressions in the totality, or alternatively on some semantic property of this totality itself. The totality in question may be the language to which the expressions belong, or a theory formulation in that language.
Indeterminacy of Translation
Authors: Weir Alan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractW.V. Quine's thesis of the indeterminacy of translation is the theory which launched a thousand doctorates. During the 1970s it sometimes seemed to be as firmly entrenched a dogma among North American philosophers as the existence of God was among medieval theologians. So what is the indeterminacy thesis? It is very tempting, of course, to apply a little reflexivity and deny that there is any determinate thesis of indeterminacy of translation; to charge Quine with championing a doctrine which has no clear meaning, or which is hopelessly ambiguous. Such a charge is, it is argued in this article, false. His meaning is fairly clear and there is widespread agreement on what the thesis amounts to. The second section of the article looks at Quine's ‘argument from below’ for indeterminacy, then the ‘argument from above’, with concluding remarks in the last section.
The Essence of Reference
Authors: Sainsbury R. M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
People use words and concepts to refer to things. There are agents who refer, there are acts of referring, and there are tools to refer with: words and concepts. Reference is a relation between people and things, and also between words or concepts and things, and perhaps it involves all three things at once. It is not just any relation between an action or word and a thing; the list of things which can refer, people, words and concepts, is probably not complete (scenes in more recent movies can refer to scenes in less recent movies); and a complete account would need to speak of cases in which the reference relation seems to involve three terms in a different way from the one already mentioned. In the philosophy of language, it has been customary to think of reference as a two-place relation, with some object as the second term and a word or phrase as the first.