bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brainstorming, Brainstorming Rules and Decision Making
Authors: PUTMAN VICKY L. , PAULUS PAUL B. 
Published: December 2011

This study investigated the effect of brainstorming experience on the ability of groups to subsequently select the best ideas for implementation. Participants generated ideas either alone or in interactive groups and with either the regular brainstorming rules or with additional rules designed to further increase the number of ideas generated. All participants subsequently were asked to select their top five ideas in a group evaluation phase.Groups of individuals generating ideas in isolation (nominal groups) generated more ideas and more original ideas and were more likely to select original ideas during the group decision phase than interactive group brainstormers. Additional rules increased idea generation but not idea originality or idea selection.
A Three‐Pronged Approach for Overcoming Design Fixation
Authors: SMITH STEVEN M. , LINSEY JULIE 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTEarthquakes, lightning, and history‐changing ideas are classic examples of powerful, unpredictable forces of nature. These sorts of phenomena have been difficult to explain and predict, an often frustrating fact as humans try to understand and control the significant influences in our lives. Historically, such phenomena have been attributed to supernatural sources, such as the Muses or various deities. And yet, as scientific inquiry continues to focus on such problems, we begin to make progress, albeit incremental, in comprehending such unpredictable occurrences.Earthquakes and lightning serve as analogies for the phenomenon referred to as insight. As such, these analogies may help us better understand where ideas come from; in each case, the rare, and potentially powerful phenomenon occurs unexpectedly, yet, as we learn more, it becomes better understood. Lightning is an electrical phenomenon, caused by particles colliding, and building up large electrical fields in the clouds. Earthquakes occur at the edges of tectonic plates, as the Earth releases its heat. Thus, we may begin to understand what causes insight, even though we cannot as yet predict specific occurrences of new insights.Analogies may not provide fully developed solutions to problems, but they can help us restructure our thinking about certain problems. Problem restructuring is especially appropriate when fixation obstructs problem solving. In this paper, we will explain a few of the fundamentals about human insight experiences, particularly in relation to what have been termed incubation effects. Putting a fixated problem aside can be helpful, and new ideas encountered during fixation can sometimes trigger new insights, particularly if useful analogies help resolve fixation.How does one overcome the counterproductive effects of fixation? We suggest a three‐pronged approach to this problem: 1. Forgetting fixation, 2. Redefining problems, and 3. Using clues or hints to provoke new ideas. We will explain each of these ideas, in brief, after providing a background for insight, incubation, and fixation.
Design Fixation in the Wild: Design Environments and Their Influence on Fixation
Authors: YOUMANS ROBERT J. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTMany studies of design fixation ask designers to work in controlled laboratory or classroom environments, but innovative design work frequently occurs in dynamic, social environments. The two studies reviewed in this paper investigated how three independent variables likely to be present in many design environments affect design fixation. The first study found that working with physical prototypes significantly reduced fixation effects, and that working in groups can reduce fixation effects under certain conditions. The second study found that brief interruptions in designers' thought processes during the initial states of the design process also reduce fixation effects. I conclude by discussing what the data from both studies may indicate about the theoretical causes of fixation effects, and what designers might do to prevent fixation from affecting their creative output.
Fixation and Commitment While Designing and its Measurement
Authors: GERO JOHN S. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper introduces the notion that fixation and commitment while designing can be measured by studying the protocol of the design session. It is hypothesized that the dynamic entropy of the linkograph of the protocol provides the basis for such a measurement. The hypothesis is empirically tested using a design protocol and the results demonstrate that the dynamic entropy of the design protocol's linkograph may form the basis of the measurement of fixation and commitment.
Gender and Science: Women Nobel Laureates
Authors: CHARYTON CHRISTINE , ELLIOTT JOHN O. , RAHMAN MOHAMMED A. , WOODARD JENESS L. , DeDIOS SAMANTHA 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWomen and their creativity are underrepresented in science. To date, few women have been awarded the Nobel Prize in science. Eleven female Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry and physiology/medicine between 1901 and 2006 were compared with 37 males who received the Nobel Prize in the same area one year prior and one year after the women. Data analyzed included birth order, marital status, children, awards (Fulbright, Rhodes, and number of honorary awards received), highest education level and Nobel mentor. Results indicated that female Nobel laureates were significantly less likely to marry and have children. When female laureates had children, they had significantly fewer children than male laureates. Female laureates also had fewer publications than their male counterparts. Our findings suggest that eminent women scientists tend to choose the pursuit of scientific discovery over starting families more often than eminent male scientists. More resources are needed in order to nurture and enhance the recruitment and retention of women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM).
Effects of Jatropha oil on rats following 28‐day oral treatment
Authors: Poon Raymond , Valli Victor E. , Nimal Ratnayake W. M. , Rigden Marc , Pelletier Guillaume 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTJatropha oil is an emerging feedstock for the production of biodiesels. The increasing use of this nonedible, toxic oil will result in higher potential for accidental exposures. A repeated‐dose 28‐day oral toxicity study was conducted to provide data for risk assessment. Jatropha oil diluted in corn oil was administered by gavage to male and female rats at 0.5, 5, 50 and 500 mg kg−1 body weight per day for 28 consecutive days. Control rats were administered corn oil only. The growth rates and consumption of food and water were monitored. At necropsy, organs were weighed and hematological parameters assessed. Serum clinical chemistry and C‐reactive protein were measured and histological examinations of organs and tissues were performed. Markedly depressed growth rate was observed in males and females receiving Jatropha oil at 500 mg kg−1 per day. Decreased white blood cell and lymphocyte counts were detected in females at 50 and 500 mg kg−1 per day and in males at 500 mg kg−1 per day. These changes were correlated to mild and reversible histological changes in male and female spleens. In the liver, a mild increase in portal hepatocytes cytoplasm density was observed in males and females, while periportal vacuolation was observed exclusively in females. Mild acinar proliferation was observed in the female mammary glands at all dose levels. It is concluded that Jatropha oil produces adverse effects on female rats starting at 50 mg kg−1 per day with decreased white blood cell and lymphocyte counts and at 500 mg kg−1 per day in both genders in term of depressed growth rates. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Positive regulation of osteoclastic differentiation by growth differentiation factor 15 upregulated in osteocytic cells under hypoxia
Authors: Hinoi Eiichi , Ochi Hiroki , Takarada Takeshi , Nakatani Eri , Iezaki Takashi , Nakajima Hiroko , Fujita Hiroyuki , Takahata Yoshifumi , Hidano Shinya , Kobayashi Takashi , Takeda Shu , Yoneda Yukio 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Osteocytes are thought to play a role as a mechanical sensor through their communication network in bone. Although osteocytes are the most abundant cells in bone, little attention has been paid to their physiological and pathological functions in skeletogenesis. Here, we have attempted to delineate the pivotal functional role of osteocytes in regulation of bone remodeling under pathological conditions. We first found markedly increased osteoclastic differentiation by conditioned media (CM) from osteocytic MLO-Y4 cells previously exposed to hypoxia in vitro. Using microarray and real-time PCR analyses, we identified growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) as a key candidate factor secreted from osteocytes under hypoxia. Recombinant GDF15 significantly promoted osteoclastic differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner, with concomitant facilitation of phosphorylation of both p65 and inhibitory-κB in the presence of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand. To examine the possible functional significance of GDF15 in vivo, mice were subjected to ligation of the right femoral artery as a hypoxic model. A significant increase in GDF15 expression was specifically observed in tibias of the ligated limb but not in tibias of the normally perfused limb. Under these experimental conditions, in cancellous bone of proximal tibias in the ligated limb, a significant reduction was observed in bone volume, whereas a significant increase was seen in the extent of osteoclast surface/bone surface when determined by bone histomorphometric analysis. Finally, the anti-GDF15 antibody prevented bone loss through inhibiting osteoclastic activation in tibias from mice with femoral artery ligation in vivo, in addition to suppressing osteoclastic activity enhanced by CM from osteocytes exposed to hypoxia in vitro. These findings suggest that GDF15 could play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of bone loss relevant to hypoxia through promotion of osteoclastogenesis after secretion from adjacent osteocytes during disuse and/or ischemia in bone. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Characterization of hydrophobic anti‐cancer drug‐loaded amphiphilic peptides as a gene carrier
Authors: Park Ji Hwan , Kim Hyun Ah , Cho Su Hee , Lee Minhyung 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAn amphiphilic peptide with a 3‐arginine stretch and a 6‐valine stretch was evaluated as a gene carrier. The short amphiphilic peptide, R3V6, not only formed micelles in aqueous solution, but was also able to deliver plasmid DNA (pDNA) into cells without toxicity. In this research, various amphiphilic peptides were synthesized with a 3‐arginine stretch and a 6‐valine, ‐alanine, ‐leucine, or ‐phenylalanine stretch. In vitro transfection assays in human embryonic kidney 293 cells showed that R3V6 and R3L6 peptides had higher transfection efficiencies than R3A6, R3F6, and poly‐L‐lysine (PLL). Since the peptide micelles had hydrophobic cores, a hydrophobic anti‐cancer drug, bis‐chloronitrosourea (BCNU),was able to be loaded into the cores of the micelles. The incorporation of the hydrophobic drug into the cores of the peptide micelles may stabilize the micelle structure and increase the transfection efficiency. The in vitro transfection assay with BCNU‐loaded R3V6 (R3V6‐BCNU) or R3L6 (R3L6‐BCNU) showed that the BCNU‐loaded peptide micelles had a higher transfection efficiency than the peptide micelles without BCNU. R3V6‐BCNU and R3L6‐BCNU had the highest transfection at a 0.8:1 weight ratio (BCNU:R3V6) and a 1.2:1 weight ratio (BCNU:R3L6), respectively. Furthermore, compared to simple diffusion, a more efficient delivery of the drug into cells may be facilitated by endocytosis of the micelles. R3L6‐BCNU and R3V6‐BCNU had higher cell toxicity to cells than BCNU alone. Therefore, the R3V6‐ and R3L6‐BCNU may be useful for drug and gene combination cancer therapy. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1645–1653, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endothelial cell surface expression of protein disulfide isomerase activates β1 and β3 integrins and facilitates dengue virus infection
Authors: Wan Shu‐Wen , Lin Chiou‐Feng , Lu Yi‐Tien , Lei Huan‐Yao , Anderson Robert , Lin Yee‐Shin 
Published: December 2011

AbstractInfection with dengue virus (DENV) causes diseases ranging from mild dengue fever to severe hemorrhage or shock syndrome. DENV infection of endothelial cells may cause cell apoptosis or vascular leakage and result in clinical illness of hemorrhage. However, the endothelial cell molecules involved in DENV infection and the mechanisms governing virus–cell interactions are still uncertain. Since protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) reducing function at the cell surface was shown to be required for entry of certain viruses and bacteria, we explored the role of PDI expressed on endothelial cell surface in DENV infection. Using siRNA to knock down PDI, DENV infection was reduced which could be reversed by treating cells with a reducing agent Tris(2‐carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP). DENV‐induced PDI surface expression was mediated through the Lys‐Asp‐Glu‐Leu (KDEL) receptor‐Src family kinase signal pathway. Furthermore, cell surface PDI colocalized with β1 and β3 integrins after DENV infection, and the activation of integrins was blocked by PDI inhibition. Finally, blockade of PDI inhibited DENV entry into endothelial cells. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism whereby surface PDI which causes integrin activation is involved in DENV entry, and DENV infection further increases PDI surface expression at later time points. These findings may have implications for anti‐DENV drug design. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1681–1691, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Calpain 2 is required for the invasion of glioblastoma cells in the zebrafish brain microenvironment
Authors: Lal Sangeet , La Du Jane , Tanguay Robert L. , Greenwood Jeffrey A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractGlioblastoma is an aggressive primary brain tumor with a 5‐year survival rate of less than 5%. The ability of glioblastoma cells to invade surrounding brain tissue presents the primary challenge for the success of focal therapeutic approaches. We previously reported that the calcium‐activated protease calpain 2 is critical for glioblastoma cell invasion in vitro. Here, we show that expression of calpain 2 is required for the dispersal of glioblastoma cells in a living brain microenvironment. Knockdown of calpain 2 resulted in a 2.9‐fold decrease in the invasion of human glioblastoma cells in zebrafish brain. Control cells diffusely migrated up to 450 μm from the site of injection, whereas knockdown cells remained confined in clusters. The invasion study was repeated in organotypic mouse brain tissues, and calpain 2 knockdown cells demonstrated a 2.3‐fold lower area of dispersal compared with control cells. In zebrafish brain, glioblastoma cells appeared to migrate in part along the blood vessels of the host. Furthermore, angiogenesis was detected in 27% of zebrafish injected with control cells, whereas only 12.5% of fish receiving knockdown cells showed the formation of new vessels, suggesting a role for calpain 2 in tumor cell angiogenesis. Consistent with the progression of glioblastoma in humans, transplanted tumor cells were not observed to metastasize outside the brain of zebrafish. This study demonstrates that calpain 2 expression is required for the dispersal of glioblastoma cells within the dynamic microenvironment of the brain, identifying zebrafish as a valuable orthotopic system for studying glioblastoma cell invasion. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of growing system on nitrate accumulation in two varieties of lettuce and red radicchio of Treviso
Authors: Lucarini Massimo , D'Evoli Laura , Tufi Sara , Gabrielli Paolo , Paoletti Sara , Di Ferdinando Sandra , Lombardi‐Boccia Ginevra 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Green leafy vegetables contribute greatly to the total intake of nitrates from the daily diet. This study evaluates the influence of different cultivation systems on nitrate accumulation in leafy vegetables. Two varieties of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) (Lattuga Romana, Foglia di Quercia) and two varieties of red radicchio of Treviso (Cychorium intibus L.) (Early, Late) were selected. Lettuce varieties were both organically and biodynamically grown; red radicchio varieties were conventionally grown both in the field and in spring water.RESULTS: Both lettuce varieties biodynamically grown accumulated 1.3–2 times less nitrate than the respective organically grown plants. The two lettuce varieties showed differences in nitrate accumulating capacity: Foglia di Quercia was almost three times richer in nitrate than Lattuga Romana. The traditional growing systems applied to the red radicchio of Treviso varieties strongly influenced nitrate accumulation in leaves, the Early variety having up to 15 times higher nitrate than the Late variety.CONCLUSIONS: Our findings on nitrate levels in both lettuce and red radicchio of Treviso varieties suggest that both genetic factors and cultivation systems strongly affect the nitrate accumulation capacity. This study also highlights how the cultivation strategy can reduce nitrate levels in leafy vegetables, suggesting the possibility of modulating the N supply along the harvesting time. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Polyacetylenes in fresh and stored carrots (Daucus carota): relations to root morphology and sugar content
Authors: Kjellenberg Lars , Johansson Eva , Gustavsson Karl‐Erik , Olsson Marie E 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Carrot roots contain polyacetylenes, reported to be both beneficial and distasteful when consumed by humans. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between polyacetylene contents, root morphology and sugar content in order to increase the opportunities to optimise the composition of polyacetylenes in carrots.RESULTS: The falcarinol/total polyacetylene ratio was positively correlated with root size, the amount of sucrose and the sucrose/total soluble sugar ratio among both fresh and stored samples. Root size was inversely correlated with the amounts of falcarindiol and falcarindiol‐3‐acetate, especially among stored samples. Stored carrots exhibited an inverse correlation between polyacetylenes and the amount of soluble sugar. At a falcarinol content at harvest below approximately 200 mg kg−1 dry weight the amounts of all polyacetylenes increased during storage, but above that level the amounts of all polyacetylenes instead decreased.CONCLUSION: The results indicate similarities in the activity of the enzymes transforming sucrose to hexoses and the enzymes transforming falcarinol to falcarindiol‐3‐acetate and falcarindiol. The negative correlation between root size and polyacetylenes seems to be partly due to dilution but also to a higher synthetisation rate in smaller roots. The results indicate the existence of an equilibrium regulating the level of falcarinol. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Distribution of olive oil phenolic compounds in rat tissues after administration of a phenolic extract from olive cake
Authors: Serra Aida , Rubió Laura , Borràs Xenia , Macià Alba , Romero Maria‐Paz , Motilva Maria‐José 
Published: December 2011

AbstractScope The distribution and accumulation of olive oil phenolic compounds in the body are topics lacked of information. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioavailability, metabolism and distribution of phenolic compounds from olive cake.Methods and results The metabolism and distribution of phenolic compounds were examined by UPLC‐MS/MS after an acute intake of a phenolic extract from olive cake, analyzing plasma and tissues (heart, brain, liver, kidney, spleen, testicle and thymus) 1, 2 and 4 h after ingestion using Wistar rats as the in vivo model. The results showed a wide distribution of phenolic compounds and their metabolites in the tissues, with a main detoxification route through the kidneys. Highlighting the quantification of the free forms of some phenolic compounds, such as oleuropein derivative in plasma (Cmax 4 h: 24 nmol/L) and brain (Cmax 2 h: 2.8 nmol/g), luteolin in kidney (Cmax 1 h: 0.04 nmol/g), testicle (Cmax 2 h: 0.07 nmol/g) and heart (Cmax 1 h: 0.47 nmol/g); and hydroxytyrosol in plasma (Cmax 2 h: 5.2 nmol/L), kidney (Cmax 4 h: 3.8 nmol/g) and testicle (Cmax 2 h: 2.7 nmol/g).Conclusion After a single ingestion of olive oil phenolic compounds, these were absorbed, metabolized and distributed through the blood stream to practically all parts of the body, even across the blood‐brain barrier.
Insights into internal dynamics of 6‐phosphogluconolactonase from Trypanosoma brucei studied by nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular dynamics
Authors: Calligari Paolo A. , Salgado Gilmar F. , Pelupessy Philippe , Lopes Philippe , Ouazzani Jamal , Bodenhausen Geoffrey , Abergel Daniel 
Published: December 2011

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance is used to investigate the backbone dynamics in 6‐phosphogluconolactonase from Trypanosoma brucei (Tb6PGL) with (holo‐) and without (apo‐) 6‐phosphogluconic acid as ligand. Relaxation data were analyzed using the model‐free approach and reduced spectral density mapping. Comparison of predictions, based on 77 ns molecular dynamics simulations, with the observed relaxation rates gives insight into dynamical properties of the protein and their alteration on ligand binding. Data indicate dynamics changes in the vicinity of the binding site. More interesting is the presence of perturbations located in remote regions of this well‐structured globular protein in which no large‐amplitude motions are involved. This suggests that delocalized changes in dynamics that occur upon binding could be a general feature of protein–target interactions. Proteins 2012; © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design, synthesis and insecticidal activities of novel pyrazole amides containing hydrazone substructures
Authors: Wu Jian , Song Bao‐An , Hu De‐Yu , Yue Min , Yang Song 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Pyrazole and hydrazone derivatives possess good insecticidal activities; their substructural units are widely used in pesticide design. In an effort to discover new molecules with good insecticidal activities, a series of pyrazole amide derivatives containing hydrazone substructures were synthesised and bioassayed.RESULTS: Bioassays demonstrated that some of the title compounds exhibited notable control of Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), Culex pipiens pallens, Laphygma exigua (Hübner), Spodoptera litura (Fabricius), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) at 5, 10, 0.25, 200, 20, 100 and 500 mg L−1 respectively. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) based on the bioactivities for P. xylostella was studied; the values of q2 and r2 for the CoMFA model were 0.701 and 0.964 respectively.CONCLUSION: Some of the title compounds displayed good and broad‐spectrum insecticidal activities against different insect species; the CoMFA model revealed that a bulky and negatively charged group at the 4‐position of benzene could enhance insecticidal activity. These results could provide useful information for the design of novel insecticide containing substructural units of pyrazole amide and hydrazone. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry