bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships between the superior colliculus and hippocampus: Neural and behavioral considerations
Authors: Foreman Nigel , Stevens Robin 
Published: February 2010

AbstractTheories of superior collicular and hippocampal function have remarkable similarities. Both structures have been repeatedly implicated in spatial and attentional behaviour and in inhibitory control of locomotion. Moreover, they share certain electrophysiological properties in their single unit responses and in the synchronous appearance and disappearance of slow wave activity. Both are phylogenetically old and the colliculus projects strongly to brainstem nuclei instrumental in the generation of theta rhythm in the hippocampal EECOn the other hand, close inspection of behavioural and electrophysiological data reveals disparities. In particular, hippocampal processing mainly concerns stimulus ambiguity, contextual significance, and spatial relations or other subtle, higher order characteristics. This requires the use of largely preprocessed sensory information and mediation of poststimulus investigation. Although collicular activity must also be integrated with that of “higher” centres (probably to a varying degree, depending on the nature of stimuli being processed and the task requirements), its primary role in attention is more “peripheral” and specific in controlling orienting/localisation via eye and body movements toward egocentrically labelled spatial positions. In addition, the colliculus may exert a nonspecific influence in alerting higher centres to the imminence of information potentially worthy of focal attention. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that collicular and hippocampal lesions produce deficits on similar tasks, although the type of deficit is usually different (often opposite) in each case. Functional overlap between hippocampus and colliculus (i.e., strategically synchronised or mutually interdependent activity) is virtually certain vis-à-vis stimulus sampling, for example in the acquisition of information via vibrissal movements and visual scanning. In addition, insofar as stimulus significance is a factor in collicular orienting mechanisms, the hippocampus — cingulate – cortex — colliculus pathway may play a significant role, modulating collicular responsiveness and thus ensuring an attentional strategy appropriate to current requirements (stimulus familiarity, stage of learning). A tentative “reciprocal loop” model is proposed which bridges physiological and behavioural levels of analysis and which would account for the observed degree and nature of functional overlap between the superior colliculus and hippocampus.
Sensory cortex and the mind-brain problem
Authors: Puccetti Roland , Dykes Robert W. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractOne of the implicit, and sometimes explicit, objectives of modern neuroscience is to find neural correlates of subjective experience so that different qualities of that experience might be explained in detail by reference to the physical structure and processes of the brain. It is generally assumed that such explanations will make unnecessary or rule out any reference to conscious mental agents. This is the classic mind-brain reductivist program. We have chosen to challenge the optimism underlying such an approach in the context of sensory neurophysiology and sensory experience. Specifically, we ask if it is possible to explain the subjective differences among seeing, hearing, and feeling something by inspecting the structure and function of primary visual, auditory, and somesthetic cortex.After reviewing the progress in localization of sensory functions over the past two centuries and examining some aspects of the structure and function of somesthetic, auditory, and visual cortex, we infer that one cannot explain the subjective differences between sensory modalities in terms of present day neuroscientific knowledge. Nor do present trends in research provide grounds for optimism.At this point we turn to three philosophical theories to see what promise they hold of explaining these differences. A brief discussion of each – identity theory, functionalism, and eliminative materialism – suggests that none adequately accounts for the facts of the situation, and we tentatively conclude that some form of dualism is still a tenable hypothesis.
Toward a general theory of infantile attachment: a comparative review of aspects of the social bond
Authors: Rajecki D. W. , Lamb Michael E. , Obmascher Pauline 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis critical appraisal of contemporary interpretations in the area of infantile attachment begins with an outline of the principal features of the Bowlby-Ainsworth ethological theory, the instrumental/operant learning theory of Gewirtz, and Hoffman's classical conditioning model. Some attention is also given to Cairns's contiguity learning analysis and the Hoffman-Solomon opponentprocess model Discussion of these theories is followed by a review of representative data from infants at four phyletic levels (precocial birds, dogs, monkeys, and human beings), with an emphasis on three aspects of social bonding: (a) the formation and persistence of social ties in the infant under conditions of maltreatment, (b) the role of the attachment object in the adjustment of the infant to the broader environment (the so-called secure base effect), and (c) the infant's reaction to involuntary separation from the attachment object.An attempt is made to judge how well each of the interpretations accounts for all or part of the data, with the conclusion that current theories do not accord completely with documented attachment phenomena. The following criticisms are highlighted: Ethological theory emphasizes that infants' behavior systems have been shaped by the ordinarily expectable environment and depend on that environment for their functioning, yet infants of many species form bonds to objects not typical in any species' environment, or even to sources of maltreatment. Learning theory is faulted for making predictions contradicted by the maltreatment data and for a lack of formal mechanisms to account for the secure base and separation effects. The contiguity analysis is criticized for its inability to account for the emergence of certain response patterns during separation, and the opponent-process model is called into question because of its failure to fit important affective dynamics of social separation (a central focus of this theory). Recommendations for future theories of attachment are offered.
Prospects for a cognitive ethology
Authors: Griffin Donald R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractEthologists and comparative psychologists have found that the social behavior, discrimination learning, and especially the communicative behavior of many animals are sufficiently versatile to call into question the customary denial that animals have mental experiences comparable to our own. Many of their behavior patterns suggest that animals have mental images of objects, events, or relationships remote from the immediate stimulus situation, as well as self-awareness and intentions concerning future actions. Our behavioristicZeitgeisthas inhibited investigation of such possibilities, but reopening these long-neglected questions requires no departure from the materialistic approach to biological and behavioral science. The basic question at issue involves a comparison of those aspects of human and nonhuman brain function that sometimes lead to what we call mental experiences, at least in our own species. It seems more feasible to devise objectively verifiable tests for the existence of these general categories of mental experiences than for that of many others. While many other kinds of evidence could well be used (with appropriate caution and all possible controls) to weigh the likelihood that animals sometimes know what they are doing, the experimental use of communicative behavior seems especially promising, because the latter could serve a function analogous to human language, which provides our best evidence about the mental experiences of our fellow men.
A working-class hero is something to be: the American Musicians’ Union's attempt to ban the Beatles, 1964
Authors: Roberts Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis article examines the historical and cultural significance of the attempted ban on the Beatles’ concerts in the US by the American Federation of Musicians and the Immigration and Naturalization Service of the United States government in 1964. While there has been much attention given to the court case against John Lennon waged by the INS and the Nixon Administration in the early 1970s, much less is known about the earlier case brought against the Beatles by the INS and the Department of Labor on behalf of the AFM, which became a national scandal in 1964, pitting fans of the Beatles against the AFM and the INS. Fans framed the controversy over the Beatles as a cultural conflict between generations, while the AFM framed the problem as a labour market issue. My examination of the incident reveals the way in which a submerged cultural problem embedded in a putatively economic discourse rose to the surface through conflicts over the discursive framing of the Beatles controversy. This case is important not only in terms of expanding our empirical knowledge of the internal history of the Beatles and rock and roll music, but also more generally as an episode that foreshadowed the cultural conflict between the American labour union bureaucracy and the counter-culture that emerged in the late 1960s. This essay analyses heretofore-unexamined documents from the US National Archives and Records Administration.
Administration of a low dose of sildenafil for 1 week decreases intrahepatic resistance in rats with biliary cirrhosis: the role of NO bioavailability
Authors: Lee Kuei-Chuan , Yang Ying-Ying , Huang Yi-Tsau , Lee Fa-Yauh , Hou Ming-Chih , Lin Han-Chieh , Lee Shou-Dong 
Published: February 2010

Increasing NO bioavailability improves hepatic endothelial dysfunction, which ameliorates intrahepatic resistance and portal hypertension. Acute administration of sildenafil increases hepatic production of NO with a reduction in hepatic sinusoid resistance in cirrhotic patients and enhances the vasorelaxation response to NO in cirrhotic rat livers. However, the mechanisms were still unclear. Therefore, our present study aims to evaluate the effects and mechanisms of administration of sildenafil for 1 week on the hepatic microcirculation of cirrhotic rats. Cirrhosis was induced by bile duct ligation with sham-operated rats serving as normal controls. Intrahepatic resistance was evaluated by in situ liver perfusion. Expression of phospho-eNOS (endothelial NO synthase), iNOS (inducible NO synthase), phospho-Akt, PDE-5 (phosphodiesterase-5) and sGC (soluble guanylate cyclase) were determined by Western blot analysis. Biosynthesis of BH4 (tetrahydrobiopterin) and GTPCH-I (GTP cyclohydrolase I) activity were examined by HPLC. Intravital microscopy was used to observe the direct change in hepatic microcirculation. In cirrhotic rat livers, sildenafil treatment increased hepatic sinusoid volumetric flow, NO bioavailability, BH4, GTPCH-I activity, and the protein expression of phospho-Akt, phospho-eNOS and sGC. These events were associated with reduced protein expression of PDE-5, portal perfusion pressure and portal vein pressure. In contrast, sham rats did not produce any significant change in these measurements. In conclusion, sildenafil treatment improves endothelial dysfunction by augmenting NO bioavailability in the hepatic microcirculation.
Should We Use Telegraphic or Grammatical Input in the Early Stages of Language Development With Children Who Have Language Impairments? A Meta-Analysis of the Research and Expert Opinion
Authors: van Kleeck Anne , Schwarz Amy Louise , Fey Marc , Kaiser Ann , Miller Jon , Weitzman Elaine 
Published: February 2010

PurposeIn working with children with language impairments, some clinical scholars and clinicians advocate using input that is simplified to the point of being ungrammatical (telegraphic input), while others advocate simplified but grammatical input. This article considers 2 types of external evidence on this topic.MethodFirst, a meta-analysis of relevant research, including intervention studies and processing studies, is reported. Next, 4 experts present their opinions.ResultsChildren in the majority of the intervention studies showed no difference in language comprehension based on type of input, although 1 study with very few children favored telegraphic input for language production. In the processing studies, which measured immediate comprehension, children from clinical populations responded inconsistently when listening to the 2 types of input. Children who had typical language, however, favored grammatical input in their responses. Regarding the experts' opinions, 2 suggest that telegraphic input is sometimes warranted; 1, who previously indirectly promoted its occasional use, no longer believes it should be used; and 1 provides reasons why telegraphic input should not be used and may even be harmful.ConclusionsEmpirical findings and expert views are summarized as ways of informing parents of the weak evidence base regarding the best type of input.
Engineered vascularized bone grafts
Authors: Tsigkou Olga , Pomerantseva Irina , Spencer Joel A. , Redondo Patricia A. , Hart Alison R. , O’Doherty Elisabeth , Lin Yunfeng , Friedrich Claudia C. , Daheron Laurence , Lin Charles P. , Sundback Cathryn A. , Vacanti Joseph P. , Neville Craig 
Published: February 2010

Clinical protocols utilize bone marrow to seed synthetic and decellularized allogeneic bone grafts for enhancement of scaffold remodeling and fusion. Marrow-derived cytokines induce host neovascularization at the graft surface, but hypoxic conditions cause cell death at the core. Addition of cellular components that generate an extensive primitive plexus-like vascular network that would perfuse the entire scaffold upon anastomosis could potentially yield significantly higher-quality grafts. We used a mouse model to develop a two-stage protocol for generating vascularized bone grafts using mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) from human bone marrow and umbilical cord-derived endothelial cells. The endothelial cells formed tube-like structures and subsequently networks throughout the bone scaffold 4–7 days after implantation. hMSCs were essential for stable vasculature both in vitro and in vivo; however, contrary to expectations, vasculature derived from hMSCs briefly cultured in medium designed to maintain a proliferative, nondifferentiated state was more extensive and stable than that with hMSCs with a TGF-β-induced smooth muscle cell phenotype. Anastomosis occurred by day 11, with most hMSCs associating closely with the network. Although initially immature and highly permeable, at 4 weeks the network was mature. Initiation of scaffold mineralization had also occurred by this period. Some human-derived vessels were still present at 5 months, but the majority of the graft vasculature had been functionally remodeled with host cells. In conclusion, clinically relevant progenitor sources for pericytes and endothelial cells can serve to generate highly functional microvascular networks for tissue engineered bone grafts.
GENDER INEQUALITIES AND THE ROLE OF MONEY IN SPANISH DUAL-INCOME COUPLES
Authors: Dema-Moreno Sandra , Díaz-Martínez Capitolina 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT
This article analyses to what extent the incorporation of women into the labour market and their consequent economic contribution to family income affects couple's relationships. We focus particularly on Spanish couples, using a qualitative method that consists of 48 in-depth interviews of 16 couples. The partners in each couple were first interviewed together and then separately. From the analysis of the interviews, we have identified three types of dual-income couples: ‘traditional’, ‘egalitarian’ and ‘false egalitarian’ couples. According to our findings, these three types of couples differ in the meaning that men and women attribute to money and in the dynamics and processes related to the control and expenditure of money. Whereas for the majority of women money is linked to personal autonomy, their salaries do not automatically generate a balance between the partners. Moreover, despite social changes, gender socialisation and gender roles persist within the couple, reinforcing, for instance, the belief that men symbolically remain the main providers in dual-income couples.
First Report of Tobacco rattle virus in Sedum in Minnesota
Authors: Lockhart B. E. , Mason S. L. 
Published: February 2010

Sedums (Sedum spp.; Crassulaceae) are perennial landscape plants that are grown widely because they are drought tolerant and winter hardy. Plants of Sedum ‘Matrona’ showing faint foliar ringspot symptoms were collected at a nursery retail outlet in St. Paul, MN in July 2008 and tested for possible viral infection by transmission electron microscopic (TEM) examination of negatively stained, partially purified leaf tissue extracts (1). The only virus-like particles observed were rigid, rod-shaped particles similar to those of Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) and other tobraviruses. A random sample of 100 measurements showed particles 20 nm in diameter with two modal lengths of 115 nm and 175 nm. These virus-like particles were confirmed to be those of TRV by immunosorbent electron microscopy (1) using antiserum to TRV (ATCC PVAS 75) and by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using total RNA extracted with the RNeasy Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and primers that yield a 462-bp amplicon from TRV RNA 1 (4). An amplicon of the expected size was obtained by RT-PCR and its nucleotide sequence (GenBank Accession No. GQ268817) had 95 to 99% identity to published TRV sequences (AAW13192 and AAB48382). Two additional amplicons generated by RT-PCR from separate plants were identical in size and nucleotide sequence to the first. On the basis of virion morphology, serological relatedness, and sequence identity, the virus associated with mild ringspot symptoms in sedum was identified as an isolate of TRV. To our knowledge, this represents the first report of TRV incidence in sedum. Although Arabis mosaic virus is the only other virus reported to occur in sedum (2), we have observed numerous, flexuous filamentous 750 to 800 nm virus-like particles in partially purified extracts of a range of sedums showing mild mosaic and/or vein-clearing symptoms in Minnesota. Similar virus-like particles were not observed by TEM in partially purified extracts from TRV-infected ‘Matrona’ plants, suggesting that they did not contribute to the symptoms observed. We have reported previously (3) the occurrence of TRV in a variety of widely grown perennial ornamentals that provide potential sources of inoculum for spread of this virus by nematode vectors (Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus spp.) that occur commonly in garden soil, and Sedum is now added to the list of potential TRV reservoir plants. References: (1) Y. S. Ahlawat et al. Plant Dis. 80:590, 1996. (2) A. Gera et al. Acta Hortic. 722:175, 2006. (3) B. E. Lockhart et al. Plant Dis. 79:1249, 1995. (4) D. J. Robinson. J. Virol. Methods 40:57, 1992.
First Report of Leaf Blotch Caused by Septoria phalaridis on Phalaris paradoxa
Authors: Seifbarghi Sh. , Razavi M. , Abbasi M. , Zare R. 
Published: February 2010

Phalaris paradoxa (hood canarygrass) is one of the most abundant weeds in wheat fields of Iran. In a survey conducted from 2005 to 2007 in Ilam (Dehloran City) and Golestan (Gorgan City) provinces, leaf blotch symptoms were prevalent on P. paradoxa. Initial symptoms were pale brown and necrotic lesions that were 3 to 4 mm long on the leaves. Severity of the disease on the lower leaves was higher than on the upper leaves. Pycnidia were observed on the adaxial surface of infected leaves, scattered or sometimes in clusters, dark brown, globose, and 70 to 90 μm in diameter, with the ostiole approximately 10 μm in diameter. Conidia were filiform, hyaline, 0 to 3 septate (mostly 1 septate), and 17 to 40 × 1.5 to 2.0 μm. Conidiogenesis type was holoblastic. On the basis of the above morphological characters, this species was identified as Septoria phalaridis Cocc. & Morini (2,3). Sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the fungus (GenBank Accession No. GU123926) showed 98% homology to Mycosphaerella graminicola strain 687 and 97% to S. passerinii strain ATCC26515 (GenBank Accession Nos. AB435068.1 and AF181696.1). To confirm pathogenicity of the fungus, 25 P. paradoxa seedlings were inoculated at the three-leaf stage with 20 ml of 1 × 107 spores/ml suspension with a hand sprayer. Plants were covered with a clear polyethylene bag to increase humidity and prevent cross contamination. After 72 h, bags were removed and plants were kept in a greenhouse at 21 ± 2/16 ± 2°C (day/night) and a 16-h photoperiod. Control plants received sterilized distilled water only. Leaves of each plant were visually inspected every day and the appearance of disease symptoms was recorded. After 1 month, all inoculated leaves showed symptoms and signs of the disease such as chlorosis, necrosis, and pycnidia, whereas control plants showed no symptoms or signs of disease. The infected plant tissues were examined with a microscope, the pycnidia and pycnidiospores were measured, and S. phalaridis was reisolated from leaf lesions. The first description of S. phalaridis was on P. brachystachys (1); however, to our knowledge, this is the first report of this pathogen on P. paradoxa. In addition, this is a new fungal species for the mycobiota of Iran. Two voucher specimens (IRAN 14078 F and IRAN 14218 F) were deposited in the Fungus Collection of the Ministry of Jihad-e Agriculture, Tehran, Iran. References: (1) G. Cocconi and F. Morini. Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna, Cl. Sci. Fis. Ser. 4, 6:371, 1884. (2) M. J. Priest. Fungi of Australia, Septoria. ABRS, Canberra. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 2006. (3) D. N. Teterevnikova-Babayan. Fungi of the Genus Septoria in the USSR. Akademiya Nauk Armyanskoi SSR, Yerevan, 1987.