bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving sensitivity in micro‐free flow electrophoresis using signal averaging
Authors: Turgeon Ryan T. , Bowser Michael T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMicrofluidic free‐flow electrophoresis (μFFE) is a separation technique that separates continuous streams of analytes as they travel through an electric field in a planar flow channel. The continuous nature of the μFFE separation suggests that approaches more commonly applied in spectroscopy and imaging may be effective in improving sensitivity. The current paper describes the S/N improvements that can be achieved by simply averaging multiple images of a μFFE separation; 20–24‐fold improvements in S/N were observed by averaging the signal from 500 images recorded for over 2 min. Up to an 80‐fold improvement in S/N was observed by averaging 6500 images. Detection limits as low as 14 pM were achieved for fluorescein, which is impressive considering the non‐ideal optical set‐up used in these experiments. The limitation to this signal averaging approach was the stability of the μFFE separation. At separation times longer than 20 min bubbles began to form at the electrodes, which disrupted the flow profile through the device, giving rise to erratic peak positions.
Social relationships and depression among people 65 years and over living in rural and urban areas of Quebec
Authors: Mechakra‐Tahiri Samia , Zunzunegui Maria Victoria , Préville Michel , Dubé Micheline 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the prevalence of depression within the elderly Quebec population residing in rural areas, urban areas and metropolitan Montreal, and to assess differences in the associations between social relationships and depression across these urban and rural settings.MethodsData originate from the first wave of the ESA (Étude de Santé des Ainés) longitudinal study on mental health of community dwelling older persons aged over 65 (n = 2670). Depression, including major and minor depression, measured using a computer questionnaire; the ESA– Q developed by the research team and based on the DSM‐IV criteria. Assessments of associations between depression and geographic area, informal social networks and community participation were estimated adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic and health characteristics.ResultsThe prevalence of depression was higher in rural (17%) and urban areas (15.1%) than in metropolitan Montreal (10.3%). The odds ratio of rural (OR = 2.01 95% CI 1.59–2.68) and urban (OR = 1.75; 95% CI 1.25–2.45) areas compared to the metropolitan area increased slightly after adjustment by all social and health covariates. Our study indicated that social support and the lack of conflict in intimate relationships were associated with lower prevalence of depression in all areas.ConclusionGeographic differences in depression exist within the elderly population in Quebec that may generate significant impact on their health and functional abilities. Further research should be conducted to explain these differences. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving treatment access and primary care referrals for depression in a national community‐based outreach programme for the elderly
Authors: Nyunt Ma Shwe Zin , Ko Soo Meng , Kumar Rajeev , Fones Calvin CS , Ng Tze Pin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundMental illness is highly prevalent and disabling, but is under‐treated. Outreach services attempt to overcome system and personal barriers to care, but there are few reports of their effects in improving access and use of mental health services. In the Community‐based Early Psychiatric Interventional Strategy (CEPIS) programme in Singapore, community nurses routinely screened seniors for depressive symptoms, and provided psychoeducation and referral for primary care treatment. We evaluated the impact of the outreach programme and the extent to which determinants of treatment‐seeking were altered by removing socioeconomic, physical and cognitive barriers to care.MethodsParticipants were screened using the geriatric depression scale (GDS) and independently assessed using structured clinical interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV) diagnosis. Treatment‐seeking at 1 month post‐outreach was compared retrospectively to pre‐outreach spontaneous treatment‐seeking in the previous 1 year.ResultsAmong 4633 participants, 370 (8%) with depressive symptoms included 214 (57.8%) with diagnosed mental disorder(s). Pre‐outreach treatment‐seeking was 10.3%. The programme resulted in 73.8% being successfully referred to GP treatment. Pre‐outreach treatment‐seeking was significantly associated with a diagnosed mental disorder (OR = 2.22), fair or poor self‐reported mental health (OR = 3.26), ≥10 depressive symptoms (OR = 3.18), perceived need for professional help (OR = 3.58), ≥3 medical comorbidities (OR = 2.67), younger age <70 (OR = 2.55), female gender (OR = 3.58) and at least primary education (OR = 3.06). All but a few of these predisposing and enabling variables were not associated with post‐outreach treatment‐seeking.ConclusionBy eliminating socioeconomic, physical and cognitive barriers, equitable care provided in an outreach programme vastly increased referrals for primary care treatment for depression. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of the risk of postoperative delirium in elderly patients using E‐PASS and the NEECHAM Confusion Scale
Authors: Hattori Hideyuki , Kamiya Junichi , Shimada Hiroshi , Akiyama Hirotoshi , Yasui Akihiro , Kuroiwa Kojiro , Oda Koji , Ando Masahiko , Kawamura Takashi , Harada Atsushi , Kitagawa Yuichi , Fukata Shinji 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe incidences of surgery‐field disorders such as femur neck fracture and colorectal cancer in elderly persons have increased with the rapid aging of society. In such patients, postoperative delirium is also frequent. Patients should be generally assessed from the aspect of both physical and mental conditions in order to predict a high‐delirium risk group. If so, delirium may be prevented more efficiently. In this study, we investigated whether the early detection of postoperative delirium in elderly patients is possible using a simple, useful behavior‐assessing scale, the NEECHAM Confusion Scale, and a method for comprehensively evaluating elderly persons' stress related to surgery, E‐PASS.MethodsThe subjects were 160 patients aged more than 75 years who underwent surgery. Among them, three patients had vascular surgery‐field disorders, 67 had orthopedic‐field disorders, and 90 had digestive surgery‐field disorders. To comprehensively evaluate surgery‐related stress, E‐PASS was employed. In addition, we assessed recognition, activities of daily living (ADL), and the quality of life (QOL). For delirium diagnosis and severity assessment, we used the NEECHAM Confusion Scale. The cut‐off value of the NEECHAM score was established as 20 points, and patients showing values less than this after surgery were regarded as having postoperative delirium. Evaluation was performed until 10 days after surgery.ResultsPostoperative delirium was noted in 54.7% of the subjects. There was a decrease in the NEECHAM score between the first and fourth postoperative days, but it gradually increased thereafter. Both uni‐ and multivariate analyses showed that postoperative delirium was associated with an advanced age (more than 80 years), low preoperative NEECHAM and MMSE scores, the preoperative QOL, and E‐PASS. In groups showing an MMSE score of less than 25 or a preoperative NEECHAM score of less than 27, the incidence of postoperative delirium was 76%.ConclusionThe results suggest that E‐PASS and the NEECHAM score facilitate assessment of the risk of postoperative delirium in elderly patients, contributing to early prevention/treatment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of anxiety on conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Devier Deidre J. , Pelton Gregory H. , Tabert Matthias H. , Liu Xinhua , Cuasay Katrina , Eisenstadt Rachel , Marder Karen , Stern Yaakov , Devanand D.P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo compare state and trait anxiety in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients and matched control subjects, and to assess the impact of these variables in predicting conversion to Alzheimer's disease.MethodsOne hundred and forty‐eight patients with MCI, broadly defined, were assessed and followed systematically. Baseline predictors for follow‐up conversion to AD (entire sample: 39/148 converted to Alzheimer's disease (AD)) included the Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).ResultsAt baseline evaluation, MCI patients had higher levels of state and trait anxiety than controls, with no differences between future AD converters (n = 39) and non‐converters. In age‐stratified Cox proportional hazards model analyses, STAI State was not a significant predictor of conversion to AD (STAI State ≤30 vs. > 30 risk ratio, 1.68; 95% CI, 0.75, 3.77; p = 0.21), but higher Trait scores indicated a lower risk of conversion when STAI State, education, the Folstein Mini‐Mental State Examination and HAM‐D (depression score) were also included in the model (STAI Trait ≤30 vs. > 30 risk ratio, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.16, 0.82; p = 0.015).ConclusionsIn contrast to two other recent studies that showed anxiety predicted cognitive decline or conversion to AD, in this clinic‐based sample, state anxiety was not a significant predictor. However, higher Trait anxiety predicted a lower risk of future conversion to AD. Further research with systematic long‐term follow‐up in larger samples is needed to clarify the role of state and trait anxiety in predicting MCI conversion to AD. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidative stress parameters after combined fluoxetine and acetylsalicylic acid therapy in depressive patients
Authors: Gałecki Piotr , Szemraj Janusz , Bieńkiewicz Małgorzata , Zboralski Krzysztof , Gałecka Elżbieta 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveThere are numerous reports indicating disturbed equilibrium between oxidative processes and antioxidative defense in patients with depression. Moreover, depressive patients are characterized by the presence of elements of an inflammatory process, which is one of the sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In view of the above, it was decided to study both the effect of fluoxetine monotherapy and that of fluoxetine co‐administered with acetylsalicylic acid on lipid peroxidation and antioxidative defense in patients with the first depressive episode in their life.MethodSeventy seven patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), divided into two groups were included in the study. The first group, consisting of 52 patients, received fluoxetine 20 mg, and the second one, in addition to fluoxetine 20 mg, received 150 mg of acetylsalicylic acid. The activity of antioxidative enzymes, copper‐zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD, SOD1), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPSH‐x) and the concentration of malonyldialdehyde (MDA) was determined in erythrocytes, whereas the total antioxidant status (TAS) was determined in the plasma. All parameters were measured before and after three month therapy.ResultsThe obtained results indicate a significant decrease in the activity of SOD1, CAT and GSHP‐x, as well as in MDA concentration after the combined therapy. Also a significant TAS increase was observed after the combined therapy. The study demonstrated that combined therapy with fluoxetine and ASA is characterized by the same efficacy and clinical safety as fluoxetine monotherapy, resulting additionally in improvement of oxidative stress parameters in the patients treated for depression. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dynamic epigenetic program in male germ cells: Its role in spermatogenesis, testis cancer, and its response to the environment
Authors: Godmann Maren , Lambrot Romain , Kimmins Sarah 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSpermatogenesis is a truly remarkable process that requires exquisite control and synchronization of germ cell development. It is prone to frequent error, as paternal infertility contributes to 30–50% of all infertility cases; yet, in many cases, the mechanisms underlying its causes are unknown. Strikingly, aberrant epigenetic profiles, in the form of anomalous DNA and histone modifications, are characteristic of cancerous testis cells. Germ cell development is a critical period during which epigenetic patterns are established and maintained. The progression from diploid spermatogonia to haploid spermatozoa involves stage‐ and testis‐specific gene expression, mitotic and meiotic division, and the histone–protamine transition. All are postulated to engender unique epigenetic controls. In support of this idea are the findings that mouse models with gene deletions for epigenetic modifiers have severely compromised fertility. Underscoring the importance of understanding how epigenetic marks are set and interpreted is evidence that abnormal epigenetic programming of gametes and embryos contributes to heritable instabilities in subsequent generations. Numerous studies have documented the existence of transgenerational consequences of maternal nutrition, or other environmental exposures, but it is only now recognized that there are sex‐specific male‐line transgenerational responses in humans and other species. Epigenetic events in the testis have just begun to be studied. New work on the function of specific histone modifications, chromatin modifiers, DNA methylation, and the impact of the environment on developing sperm suggests that the correct setting of the epigenome is required for male reproductive health and the prevention of paternal disease transmission. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quinazolines and 1,4‐benzodiazepines. LXXIII. The ring expansion of 2‐chloromethylquinazoline 3‐oxides with nitromethane
Authors: Fryer R. Ian , Earley James V. , Gilman Norman W. , Zally William 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe reaction of 2‐chloromethylquinazoline 3‐oxides (3) with the anion of nitromethane gave the 2‐nitromethylene benzodiazepine oxides (4) as a result of ring expansion. Other nucleophiles led only to products derived from substitution of the halogen. The ring expansion of 2,2‐dichloro‐1,2‐dihydroquinazolines with nitromethane anion is also described.
Synthesis of 2‐amino‐4‐hydroxy‐1,3,5‐triazanaphthalenes
Authors: DeGraw J. I. , Brown V. H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of 2‐amino‐4‐hydroxy‐6‐amyl‐1,3,5‐triazanaphthalene (8) is described as a model sequence pertinent to preparation of 8‐deazafolic acid and its analogs. Condensation of 2‐acet‐amido‐4‐hydroxy‐6‐pyrimidinealdehyde (3) with dimethyl 2‐oxoheptylphosphonate afforded 1‐(2′‐acetamido‐4′‐hydroxy‐6′‐pyrimidinyl)‐1‐octene‐3‐one (4) as a key intermediate. Conversion of 4 to 1‐(2′‐amino‐4′‐hydroxy‐5′ ‐phenylazo‐6′ pyrimidinyl)‐3‐octanone (7) followed by reductive cyclization yielded 8 or its tetrahydro derivative (9).
Synthesis and properties of some tetracyclic derivatives of 9H‐carbazole, 10,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenz[b,f]azepine, and 5,11‐dihydrodibenz[b,e] [1,4]oxazepine
Authors: Toscano Luciano , Seghetti Ennio , Fioriello Giuseppe 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe behavior of 5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐pyrido[3,2,1‐jk]carbazol‐4‐one (10), 1,2,7,8‐tetrahydro‐3H‐quino[1,8‐ab][1]benzazepin‐3‐one (11), 1,2‐dihydro‐9H‐[1]benzazepino[1,9‐ab] [4,1]benzoxazepin‐4 (3H)one (13), and 1,2‐dihydro‐8H‐[1]benzazepino[1,9‐cd] [1,5]benzoxazepin‐4(3H)one (14) towards the Schmidt reaction has been determined in polyphosphoric acid and in benzeneor chloroform‐sulfuric acid. Evidence for the structure of the new heterocyclic systems obtained from these four compounds is presented.
Diels‐alder cycloadditions of N‐substituted‐1,2‐dihydropyridines with 1,2,4‐triazoline‐3,5‐diones and maleimides
Authors: Knaus E. E. , Pasutto F. M. , Giam C. S. , Swinyard E. A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe reaction of N‐substituted‐1,2‐dihydropyridines 1 with 1,2,4‐triazoline‐3.5‐diones 2 and maleimides 9 proceeds stereospecifically to afford endo cycloaddition products. N‐Acetyl‐1,2‐dihydropyridines react with 2 to afford a stereo isomeric mixture of 3 and 4 whereas those possessing a N‐ethoxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonyl, methanesulfonyl or benzenesulfonyl substituent yield 3 exclusively: similar results are also obtained in reactions employing maleimides. Stereochemistry was assigned on the basis of nmr data and use was made of the anisotropic effects of the 7,8 unsaturation on the R1 and R2 substituents.
Heterocycles. CXLII. Synthesis of some triazoloazine 3‐oxides
Authors: Babič K. , Molan S. , Polanc S. , Stanovnik B. , Stres‐Bratoš J. , Tišler M. , Verček B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe formation of 3‐oxides of triazolopyridine, triazolopyridazine and triazolopyrazine was investigated. The corresponding 3‐oxides were obtained by oxidative cyclization of 2‐hydroxy‐iminomethyleneaminoazines and some transformations are described.
Thiazoles polycycliques. I. Substitution par les nucléophiles anioniques des dérivés 2‐méthylsulfonylés de la thiazolo[5,4‐b]‐pyridine et du benzothiazole
Authors: Bourdais Jacques , Abenhaim David , Sabourault Bernard , Lorre Anne 
Published: March 2009

AbstractLes réactions de substitution en ‐2 de la méthylsulfonyl‐2 thiazolo[5,4‐b]pyridine (3) et du méthylsulfonyl‐2 benzothiazole (10) par les agents nucléophiles anioniques sont étudiées. Dans le N,N‐diméthylformamide à 20°, ces réactions sont rapides, particulièrement dans le cas de 3. L'étude cinétique de la substitution par le méthylate de sodium, et les valeurs de pKa des composés acides obtenus permettent de comparer le benzothiazole à son analogue “aza‐7”.
On aromatic stability of oxygen‐ imino‐, and sulfur‐bridged [18]annulenes
Authors: Knop J. V. , Milun M. , Trinajstić N. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOxygen‐, imino‐. and/or sulfur‐bridged [18]annulenes are studied using the As‐index of aromatic stabilization. Theoretical predictions, which indicate that these compounds should differ among themselves in their aromatic properties, correlate nicely with the available experimental findings. Unknown compounds of this class: [18]annulene imino‐dioxide and [18]annulene oxide‐imino‐sulfide are predicted to be aromatic and good candidates for preparation. The same prediction is also reached for 1,10‐diaza[18]annulene.
The 1‐alkoxy‐1,2,3‐benzotriazole system
Authors: Servé M. P. , Seybold P. G. , Feld W. A. , Chao M. A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe 1‐alkoxy‐1,2,3‐benzotriazole system has been synthesized and defined on the basis of its physical and spectral properties. Bond orders and charge densities of the parent compound in the series 1‐methoxy‐1,2,3‐benzotriazole have been calculated. All‐valence‐electron calculations with configuration interaction give a reasonable account of the observed absorption spectrum.
Mass spectral fragmentation pattern of 2,2′‐bipyridyls. Part II. 5‐Hydroxy‐ and 5‐alkoxy‐2,2′‐bipyridyls
Authors: Keats N. G. , Summers L. A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe mass spectra of 5‐hydroxy‐, 5‐methoxy‐, 5‐ethoxy‐ and 5‐propoxy‐2,2′‐bipyridyls are reported. The fragmentation proposals are supported by high resolution mass measurements and metastable transitions.
The reaction of 4‐(p‐nitrobenzyl)pyridine with some electrophiles
Authors: Goldschmidt B. M. , Van Duuren B. L. , Goldstein R. C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe nucleophile 4‐(p‐nitrobenzyl)pyridine was allowed to react with four carcinogenic alkylating agents, chloromethyl methyl ether, bis(chloromethyl) ether, glycol sulfate and propane sultone, one carcinogenic acylating agent, N,N‐dimethylcarbamyl chloride, and one noncarcinogenic electrophile, perchlorocyclobutenone. The structures of the major products formed, which are substituted pyridinium salts or 1,4‐dihydropyridines, were determined.
Oxydation par le carbonate d'argent sur célite. XV. Alcools hétérocycliques
Authors: Fétizon Marcel , Gomez‐Parra Federico , Louis Jean‐Marie 
Published: March 2009

AbstractL'oxydation d'alcools primaires et secondaires en série hétérocyclique par le carbonate d'argent adsorbé sur Célite conduit facilement aux aldéhydes ou cétones avec des rendements excellents. Le groupe OH n'est pas nécessairement en position “benzylique”. Ainsi, des alcools avec des noyaux furanne, pyrrole, thiophène, pyridine ou indole ont été oxydés. L'oxydation de la codéine et de la dihydrocodéine a été étudiée de nouveau. Bien que le carbonate d'argent pur ne réagisse pas avec la dihydrocodéine, l'oxydation est rendue possible avec le carbonate d'argent/Célite (75%). Le rendement en codéinone est amélioré (91% au lieu de 82%). L'alcool tétrahydrofurfurylique et l'hydroxyméthyl‐2 tétrahydropyranne sont dégradés lentement en γ‐butyrolactone et δ‐valérolactone respectivement.
9H‐Pyrimido[4,5‐b]indole‐2,4‐diones. The acid‐catalyzed cyclization of 6‐(phenylhydrazino)uracils
Authors: Wright G. E. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract6‐(Phenylhydrazino)uracils undergo facile Fischer‐type cyclization in both N hydrochloric acid and in formic acid at reflux to give 9H‐pyrimido[4,5‐b]indole‐2,4‐diones. Yields appear to be related to substituent effects and side reactions, and these are discussed in light of the mechanism of this reaction. In the reaction of 6‐(phenylhydrazino)uracil itself with hydrochloric acid, the major competing reaction is hydrolysis to barbituric acid and phenylhydrazine, whereas in formic acid a novel cyclization occurs to give I‐phenyl‐3‐carboxamidomethyl‐1,2,4‐triazole as the major product. Nmr spectra of pyrimido[4,5‐b]indole‐2,4‐diones provide interesting examples of peri effects on proton chemical shifts.
Synthesis of a 1,2,3‐triazolo[1,5‐a]‐1,3,5‐triazine. A new heterocyclic system
Authors: Klein Robert S. , De Las Heras Federico G. , Tam Steve Y‐K. , Wempen Iris , Fox Jack J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of 3‐methyl‐7‐oxo‐5‐thioxo‐4H,6H‐1,2,3‐triazolo[1,5‐a]‐1,3,5‐ triazine (a new bicyclic system) is described. The key step involves reaction of 4‐amino‐5‐methyl‐1,2,3‐triazole with carbethoxyisothiocyanate followed by cyclization with alkali.
Reduction of 4‐arylidene‐1,3‐(2H,4H)isoquinolinediones
Authors: Elliott I. W. , Takekoshi Y. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCatalytic hydrogenation of some 4‐arylidene‐1,3‐(2H,4H)isoquinolinediones (1) afforded the corresponding 4‐arylmethyl‐1,3‐(2H,4H)isoquinolinediones (2), but reduction of 1 by sodium borohydride gave 4‐arylmethyl‐1(2H)isoquinolones (isocarbostyrils, 3). Compounds of type 1 studied had aryl substituents phenyl, 3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl, 3,4‐methyleneoxyphenyl and 2‐furyl. In one example of sodium borohydride reduction of an N‐methylisoquinolinedione derivative (1) the heterocylic ring was opened, and 2‐(1‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐phenylethenyl)‐N‐methylbenzamide (4) was obtained from 4‐benzylidene‐2‐methyl‐1,3‐(2H,4H)isoquinolinedione.
Rearrangement of ethyl 2‐(3‐amino‐4‐pyridinyl)hydrazinecarboxylate hydrochloride to 1‐amino‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐c]pyridin‐2(3H)one hydrochloride
Authors: Wright George C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn a study of the synthesis (unsuccessful) of pyrido[3,4‐e]‐as‐triazino‐3 (4H)one (6), the acidification of 2‐(3‐amino‐4‐pyridyl)hydrazinecarboxylate hydrochloride (8) unexpectedly gave 1‐amino‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐c]pyridin‐2(3H) one hydrochloride (10). The isolation and characterization of 10 has been described.
The dihedral angle of 2‐(trifluoromethyl)phenothiazine
Authors: Phelps D. W. , Cordes A. W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe structure of 2‐(trifluoromethyl)phenothiazine, C13H8NSF3, was determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The molecule crystallizes in space group P212121, with a = 7.766(2), b = 5.957(1), and c = 23.499(5)Å. The final R value is 0.073. The CSC bond angle is 102.0°, the CNC bond angle is 124.8°, and the dihedral angle between the phenylene planes is 171.2(1)°. The hydrogen atom bonded to the nitrogen atom was located; it is on the inside of the butterfly angle and the S…NH bond angle is 173.3°.