bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stereotactic radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations, Part 2: management of pediatric patients
Authors: Kano Hideyuki , Kondziolka Douglas , Flickinger John C. , Yang Huai-che , Flannery Thomas J. , Awan Nasir R. , Niranjan Ajay , Novotny Josef , Lunsford L. Dade 
Published: December 2011

Object
The authors conducted a study to define the long-term outcomes and risks of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for pediatric arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).

Methods
Between 1987 and 2006, the authors performed Gamma Knife surgery in 996 patients with brain AVMs; 135 patients were younger than 18 years of age. The median maximum diameter and target volumes were 2.0 cm (range 0.6–5.2 cm) and 2.5 cm3 (range 0.1–17.5 cm3), respectively. The median margin dose was 20 Gy (range 15–25 Gy).

Results
The actuarial rates of total obliteration documented by angiography or MR imaging at 71.3 months (range 6–264 months) were 45%, 64%, 67%, and 72% at 3, 4, 5, and 10 years, respectively. The median time to complete angiographically documented obliteration was 48.9 months. Of 81 patients with 4 or more years of follow-up, 57 patients (70%) had total obliteration documented by angiography. Factors associated with a higher rate of documented AVM obliteration were smaller AVM target volume, smaller maximum diameter, and larger margin dose. In 8 patients (6%) a hemorrhage occurred during the latency interval, and 1 patient died. The rates of AVM hemorrhage after SRS were 0%, 1.6%, 2.4%, 5.5%, and 10.0% at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 years, respectively. The overall annual hemorrhage rate was 1.8%. Larger volume AVMs were associated with a significantly higher risk of hemorrhage after SRS. Permanent neurological deficits due to adverse radiation effects developed in 2 patients (1.5%) after SRS, and in 1 patient (0.7%) delayed cyst formation occurred.

Conclusions
Stereotactic radiosurgery is a gradually effective and relatively safe management option for pediatric patients in whom surgery is considered to pose excessive risks. Although hemorrhage after AVM obliteration did not occur in the present series, patients remain at risk during the latency interval until obliteration is complete. The best candidates for SRS are pediatric patients with smaller volume AVMs located in critical brain regions.
A Ballroom Dance Classroom Program Promotes Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity in Elementary School Children
Authors: Huang Shirley Y. , Hogg Jeannette , Zandieh Stephanie , Bostwick Susan B. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. To determine if an existing ballroom dance classroom program meets national recommendations to engage children in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) for ≥ 50% of class time and to determine class effects on body mass index (BMI). Design. Prospective descriptive study. Setting. Two New York City public schools. Participants. Seventy-nine fourth and fifth grade students. Measurements. The System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) and direct heart rate monitoring were used to determine participants' MVPA levels during class time. Weight and height were measured to calculate BMI. Analysis. Means were calculated for continuous variables; frequency counts and percentages were calculated for categorical variables. Change in BMI percentiles was assessed by using Bhapkar's χ2 test of overall marginal homogeneity. Results. Data from SOFIT observations showed that a mean of 50.0% and 67.0% of class time in the first and second halves of the program, respectively, were spent in MVPA. Data from the heart rate monitoring revealed that 71.1% of students were at ≥ 25% heart rate reserve, which indicated MVPA for ≥ 50% of class time. Improvement was seen in BMI percentile (p = .051). Conclusion. Ballroom dance provides MVPA in elementary school children for ≥ 50% of class time and has a positive impact on BMI percentiles.
U.S. Children's Preschool Weight Status Trajectories: Patterns from 9-Month, 2-Year, and 4-Year Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Birth Cohort Data
Authors: Moss Brian G. , Yeaton William H. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. To track changes in U.S. children's early weight status (normal, at-risk, or obese) from infancy through preschool. Design. Patterns of change in individual children's weight status are established using three time points from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth cohort. Setting. United States. Subjects. Nationally representative sample of U.S. preschool children surveyed at 9 months (n = 8900), with follow-up at 2 years (n = 7500) and preschool (n = 7000). Measures. Individual children's weight status was determined from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts at multiple time periods. Analysis. Layered, categorical data analysis of changes in weight status patterns at three time periods during infancy through preschool. Results. Young children whose early weight status was normal tend to retain a normal weight status and not to develop an unfavorable status (at-risk, obese). In contrast, children who were obese at an early age were more likely to have an at-risk or obese weight category at a later age. Overall, both favorable and unfavorable early weight statuses were highly associated with subsequent status at preschool. Conclusion. Early weight status can provide important information relevant for early entry point prevention and treatment of childhood obesity.
Making News: The Appearance of Tobacco Control Organizations in Newspaper Coverage of Tobacco Control Issues
Authors: Wakefield Melanie A. , Brennan Emily , Durkin Sarah J. , McLeod Kim , Smith Katherine C. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. To characterize the presence of advocacy groups in media coverage about tobacco issues. Design. A content analysis of tobacco-related newspaper articles. Setting. Australia. Sample. All 12 national and state capital daily newspapers published in Australia between 2004 and 2007. Measures. We coded each article for explicit mentions of any of 16 major national or state tobacco control advocacy groups; for the article type, prominence, and topic; for the tone of the event; and for the author's opinion. Analysis. A series of 2 × 2 χ2 analyses assessed the extent to which advocacy groups were more or less likely to be mentioned in articles of each type, prominence, topic, event impact, and opinion orientation. Results. Of the 4387 tobacco-related articles published over this period, 22% mentioned an advocacy group. There was a greater-than-expected proportion of advocacy groups mentioned in news articles with very high prominence (44%; χ2 [1, N = 3118] = 27.4, p < .001), high prominence (34%; χ2 [1, N = 3118] = 10.9, p < .001), and medium prominence (30%; χ2 [1, N = 3118] = 7.3, p = .007), and in articles covering events with mixed (30%; χ2 [1, N = 4387] = 10.0, p = .002) or positive (24%; χ2 [1, N = 4387] = 26.1, p < .001) implications for tobacco control. Conclusions. Australian tobacco control advocacy groups have a reasonable presence within the news discourse on tobacco control issues and so are likely to contribute to generating and shaping this discourse, particularly in relation to evolving and controversial issues.
How Residential Mobility and School Choice Challenge Assumptions of Neighborhood Place—Based Interventions
Authors: Silver Diana , Weitzman Beth C. , Mijanovich Tod , Holleman Martha 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. Explore the importance of residential mobility and use of services outside neighborhoods when interventions targeting low-income families are planned and implemented. Design. Analysis of cross-sectional telephone household survey data on childhood mobility and school enrollment in four large distressed cities. Setting. Baltimore, Maryland; Detroit, Michigan; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Richmond, Virginia. Subjects. Total of 1723 teens aged 10 to 18 years and their parents. Measures. Continuous self-report of the number of years parents lived in the neighborhood of residence and city; self-report of whether the child attends school in their neighborhood; and categorical self report of parents' marital status, mother's education, parent race, family income, child's age, and child's sex. Analysis. Chi-square and multivariate logistic regression. Results. In this sample, 85.2% of teens reported living in the city where they were born. However, only 44.4% of black teens lived in neighborhoods where they were born, compared with 59.2% of white teens. Although 50.3% of black teens attended schools outside of their current neighborhoods, only 31.4% of whites did. Residential mobility was more common among black than white children (odds ratio = 1.82; p < .001), and black teens had 43% lesser odds of attending school in their home communities. Conclusions. Mobility among low-income and minority families challenges some assumptions of neighborhood interventions premised on years of exposure to enriched services and changes in the built environment.
Adopting Local Alcohol Policies: A Case Study of Community Efforts to Regulate Malt Liquor Sales
Authors: McKee Patricia A. , Nelson Toben F. , Toomey Traci L. , Shimotsu Scott T. , Hannan Peter J. , Jones-Webb Rhonda J. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. To learn how the local context may affect a city's ability to regulate alcohol products such as high–alcohol-content malt liquor, a beverage associated with heavy drinking and a spectrum of nuisance crimes in urban areas. Approach. An exploratory, qualitative case study comparing cities that adopted policies to restrict malt liquor sales with cities that considered, but did not adopt policies. Setting. Nine large U.S. cities in seven states. Participants. City legislators and staff, alcohol enforcement personnel, police, neighborhood groups, business associations, alcohol retailers, and industry representatives. Method. Qualitative data were obtained from key informant interviews (n = 56) and media articles (n = 360). The data were coded and categorized. Similarities and differences in major themes among and across Adopted and Considered cities were identified. Results. Cities faced multiple barriers in addressing malt liquor–related problems, including a lack of enforcement tools, alcohol industry opposition, and a lack of public and political will for alcohol control. Compared to cities that did not adopt malt liquor sales restrictions, cities that adopted restrictions appeared to have a stronger public mandate for a policy and were less influenced by alcohol industry opposition and lack of legislative authority for alcohol control. Strategies common to successful policymaking efforts are discussed. Conclusion. Understanding the local context may be a critical step in winning support for local alcohol control policies.
Is Fear of Strangers Related to Physical Activity among Youth?
Authors: Ding Ding , Bracy Nicole L. , Sallis James F. , Saelens Brian E. , Norman Gregory J. , Harris Sion Kim , Durant Nefertiti , Rosenberg Dori , Kerr Jacqueline 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. To (1) assess the reliability of the newly developed Fears of Stranger Danger (FSD) scale, (2) examine measurement invariance and identify demographic variation in FSD, and (3) examine associations of FSD with physical activity, screen time, and body mass index (BMI) z score. Design. Cross-sectional survey with test-retest. Setting. Neighborhoods with various socioeconomic characteristics and walkability in San Diego, Boston, and Cincinnati. Participants. Parent-adolescent pairs (n = 171), and parents of children (n = 116). Response rate was 47% for Survey 1, and 69% were retained for Survey 2. Methods. Data analyses included test-retest reliability and internal consistency for FSD, tests of differential functioning for measurement invariance, t-test for associations between FSD and demographic variables, and partial correlation for associations of FSD with physical activity, screen time, and BMI z score. Results. The FSD scale had moderate to substantial test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .65–.85) and excellent internal consistency (Cronbach á = .88–.94). Measurement invariance was established across gender, race/ethnicity, and income. FSD was higher regarding younger children, females, nonwhites, and lower-income youth. FSD was positively associated with restrictive parental rules for playing outside (partial r = .28–.33), and negatively associated with children's outdoor physical activity in the neighborhood (partial r = −.27), but not associated with other measures of physical activity, screen time, or BMI z score. Conclusion. The new measure of FSD had good evidence of reliability and measurement invariance, but there were inconsistent associations of FSD with youth physical activity.
The Impact of Alternative Incentive Schemes on Completion of Health Risk Assessments
Authors: Haisley Emily , Volpp Kevin G. , Pellathy Thomas , Loewenstein George 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. The biggest challenge for corporate wellness initiatives is low rates of employee participation. We test whether a behavioral economic approach to incentive design (i.e., a lottery) is more effective than a direct economic payment of equivalent monetary value (i.e., a grocery gift certificate) in encouraging employees to complete health risk assessments (HRAs). Design. Employees were assigned to one of three arms. Assignment to a treatment arm versus the nontreatment arm was determined by management. Assignment to an arm among those eligible for treatment was randomized by office. Setting. A large health care management and information technology consulting company. Patients. A total of 1299 employees across 14 offices participated. Intervention. All employees were eligible to receive $25 for completing the HRA. Those in the lottery condition were assigned to teams of four to eight people and, conditional on HRA completion, were entered into a lottery with a prize of $100 (expected value, $25) and a bonus value of an additional $25 if 80% of team members participated. Those in the grocery gift certificate condition who completed an HRA received a $25 grocery gift certificate. Those in the comparison condition received no additional incentive. Measures. HRA completion rates. Analysis. Logistic regression analysis. Results. HRA completion rates were significantly higher among participations in the lottery incentive condition (64%) than in both the grocery gift certificate condition (44%) and the comparison condition (40%). Effects were larger for lower-income employees, as indicated by a significant interaction between income and the lottery incentive. Conclusion. Lottery incentives that incorporate regret aversion and social pressure can provide higher impact for the same amount of money as simple economic incentives.
Examining Physical Activity Levels and Alcohol Consumption: Are People Who Drink More Active?
Authors: Piazza-Gardner Anna K. , Barry Adam E. 
Published: December 2011

Objective. Summarize/categorize current scientific literature examining the association between alcohol consumption (AC) and levels of physical activity (PA). Data Source. Electronic databases spanning education, psychology, sociology, medicine, and interdisciplinary reports. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. Included studies (n = 17) must be published in a peer-reviewed, English language journal; measure either AC or PA as an independent/dependent variable; and primarily examine the relationship between AC and PA. Data Extraction. Search terms/phrases included alcohol, alcohol consumption, drinking, physical activity, exercise, and physically active. Data Synthesis. The Matrix Method and PRISMA guidelines organized pertinent literature and identified/extracted salient findings. Results. Alcohol consumers of all ages were more physically active than nondrinking peers. Further, several studies suggest a dose-response relationship between AC and PA, indicating that as drinking increases, so does PA level. Conclusion. Reviewed studies support a positive association between AC and PA across all ages. Findings were contrary to the hypothesis of the investigators. Future research should place specific emphasis on identifying why alcohol consumers exercise at higher levels than non–alcohol consumers.
How Sensory Experiences of Children With and Without Autism Affect Family Occupations
Authors: Bagby Molly Shields , Dickie Virginia A. , Baranek Grace T. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
We used a grounded theory approach to data analysis to discover what effect, if any, children’s sensory experiences have on family occupations. We chose this approach because the existing literature does not provide a theory to account for the effect of children’s sensory experiences on family occupations. Parents of six children who were typically developing and six children who had autism were interviewed. We analyzed the data using open, axial, and selective coding techniques. Children’s sensory experiences affect family occupations in three ways: (1) what a family chooses to do or not do; (2) how the family prepares; and (3) the extent to which experiences, meaning, and feelings are shared.
Developing and Implementing Driving Rehabilitation Programs: A Phenomenological Approach
Authors: Stav Wendy B. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
This qualitative research study examined the experiences of practitioners who developed and implemented driving rehabilitation programs within the past 5 yr. Researchers interviewed 4 occupational therapists with 10–19 yr of experience, who identified the following facilitators of and barriers to driving program implementation: funding and equipment, institutional support, interdisciplinary conflict, role expectations, professional development, and staffing. Results support prior quantitative research identifying barriers to developing and sustaining driving and community mobility programs. Findings also suggest that program success is dependent on much more than clinical expertise. Results provide occupational therapists with a foundation of expectations when developing new programs to assist them with anticipating and counteracting barriers to success.
Effects of Sensory-Enhanced Yoga on Symptoms of Combat Stress in Deployed Military Personnel
Authors: Stoller Carolyn C. , Greuel Jon H. , Cimini Lucy S. , Fowler Mary S. , Koomar Jane A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractOBJECTIVE. We examined the effects of sensory-enhanced hatha yoga on symptoms of combat stress in deployed military personnel, compared their anxiety and sensory processing with that of stateside civilians, and identified any correlations between the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory scales and the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile quadrants.METHOD. Seventy military personnel who were deployed to Iraq participated in a randomized controlled trial. Thirty-five received 3 wk (≥9 sessions) of sensory-enhanced hatha yoga, and 35 did not receive any form of yoga.RESULTS. Sensory-enhanced hatha yoga was effective in reducing state and trait anxiety, despite normal pretest scores. Treatment participants showed significantly greater improvement than control participants on 16 of 18 mental health and quality-of-life factors. We found positive correlations between all test measures except sensory seeking. Sensory seeking was negatively correlated with all measures except low registration, which was insignificant.CONCLUSION. The results support using sensory-enhanced hatha yoga for proactive combat stress management.
Relationship Between Intuition and Emotional Intelligence in Occupational Therapists in Mental Health Practice
Authors: Chaffey Lisa , Unsworth Carolyn A. , Fossey Ellie 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. Clinical reasoning studies have acknowledged tacit aspects of practice, and recent research suggests that clinical reasoning contains intuition informed by tacit knowledge. Intuition also appears to be influenced by awareness and understanding of emotions. This study investigated the relationship between intuition and emotional intelligence among occupational therapists in mental health practice.
METHOD. We mailed a survey containing measures of cognitive style and of use of emotional competencies at work and demographic questions to 400 members of the national occupational therapy association; 134 occupational therapists responded.
RESULTS. A moderate relationship was found between intuitive cognitive style and emotional intelligence. Experienced therapists scored higher on the use of emotional competencies at work and reported a preference for an intuitive cognitive style to a greater extent than novices.
CONCLUSION. This study represents the first attempt to explore occupational therapists’ preferred cognitive style and self-reported emotional intelligence. Findings suggest that exploring emotions through reflective practice could enhance intuitive aspects of clinical reasoning.
Interrater Reliability in Finger Joint Goniometer Measurement in Dupuytren’s Disease
Authors: Engstrand Christina , Krevers Barbro , Kvist Joanna 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
We investigated interrater reliability of range of motion (ROM) measurement in the finger joints of people with Dupuytren’s disease. Eight raters measured flexion and extension of the three finger joints in one affected finger of each of 13 people with different levels of severity of Dupuytren’s disease, giving 104 measures of joints and motions. Reliability measures, represented by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of the mean (SEM), and differences between raters with the highest and lowest mean scores, were calculated. ICCs ranged from .832 to .973 depending on joint and motion. The SEM was ≤3° for all joints and motions. Differences in mean between highest and lowest raters were larger for flexion than for extension; the largest difference was in the distal interphalangeal joint. The results indicate that following these standardized guidelines, the interrater reliability of goniometer measurements is high for digital ROM in people with Dupuytren’s disease.
Rater Reliability and Rater Effects of the Safe Driving Behavior Measure
Authors: Classen Sherrilene , Wen Pey-Shan , Velozo Craig A. , Bédard Michel , Winter Sandra M. , Brumback Babette A. , Lanford Desiree N. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
We used the Safe Driving Behavior Measure (SDBM) to determine rater reliability and rater effects (erratic responses, severity, leniency) in three rater groups: 80 older drivers (mean age = 73.26, standard deviation = 5.30), 80 family members or caregivers (age range = 20–85 yr), and two driving evaluators. Rater agreement was significant only between the evaluators and the family members or caregivers. Participants rated driving ability without erratic effects. We observed an overall rater effect only between the evaluator and family members or caregivers, with the evaluators being the more severe rater group. Training family members or caregivers to rate driving behaviors more consistently with the evaluator’s ratings may enhance the SDBM’s usability and provide a role for occupational therapists to interpret proxy reports as an entry point for logical and efficient driving safety interventions.