bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of salt additives on film boiling heat transfer and mechanism of quenching temperature rise
Authors: Arai Takahiro , Furuya Masahiro 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA high‐temperature stainless‐steel sphere was immersed into various salt solutions to investigate the film boiling behavior at vapor film collapse. The film boiling behavior around the sphere was observed with a digital video camera. Both surface temperature of the sphere and solid–liquid contact behavior were measured. Results of the experiment showed that salt additives enhanced condensation heat transfer, and the observed vapor film was thinner. Furthermore, the frequency of direct contact between the sphere surface and coolant increased. The quenching temperature increased with increased salt concentration, and was highly correlated with ion molar concentration, which represents the density of ions regardless of the type of salt. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20327
Enhancement of nucleate pool boiling heat transfer in ammonia/water mixtures (Effect of surface‐active agent)
Authors: Inoue Toshiaki , Monde Masanori , Kuwahara Teruki , Teruya Yoshio 
Published: December 2010

AbstractNucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients of ammonia/water mixtures have been measured when a surface‐active agent was added into the mixtures. The experiment has been carried out on a horizontal heated wire at a pressure of 0.4 MPa. The effect of concentration of the ammonia and the surface‐active agent on the coefficients was investigated experimentally for the ammonia fractions C = 0.3 and 0.7 and the surfactant concentration CS = 0 to 3500 ppm. The result shows that just after onset of boiling the nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient enhances at the lower ammonia fraction i.e., C = 0.3. It was found that the enhancement effect by the surface‐active agent disappeared when the surfactant concentration is more than 1000 ppm at an ammonia fraction C = 0.3.It is also shown that the generated heat of mixing near the vaporBliquid interface can be removed easily and the pressure and temperature in the system can be controlled easily by placing a cooling pipe on the vaporBliquid interface, resulting in improvement of accuracy in measuring the heat transfer coefficients. We correlated the effect of the surfactant on the heat transfer coefficient using the improved measurement data in the current paper. 8 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20328
Application of γ‐Reθ transition model for internal cooling simulation
Authors: Li Lin , Jing Ren , Hongde Jiang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe aero thermodynamics of the flow field in a cascade with an internal cooling system plays a big role in the whole efficiency of a gas turbine. For an accurate numerical analysis, this transition is one of the main obstacles. In the present work, the γ− Reθ transition model combined with the SST turbulence model is applied to analyze the heat transfer of the Mark II blade. The prediction of the onset of the turbulence layer is proven to be satisfied, while the distribution of the blade surface temperature before the transition is also captured through the model. Meanwhile, it is pointed out that the turbulent kinetic energy might be over‐suppressed in the laminar layer before the bypass transition due to the combination of the transition model and the turbulence model. 8 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20331 5
Subsurface lateral flow generation in aspen and conifer‐dominated hillslopes of a first order catchment in northern Utah
Authors: Burke Amy R. , Kasahara Tamao 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMountain headwater catchments in the semi‐arid Intermountain West are important sources of surface water because these high elevations receive more precipitation than neighboring lowlands. This study examined subsurface runoff in two hillslopes, one aspen dominated, the other conifer dominated, adjacent to a first order stream in snow‐driven northern Utah. Snow accumulation, soil moisture, trenchflow and streamflow were examined in hillslopes and their adjacent stream. Snow water equivalents (SWEs) were greater under aspen stands compared to conifer, the difference increasing with higher annual precipitation. Semi‐variograms of shallow spatial soil moisture patterns and transects of continuous soil moisture showed no increase in soil moisture downslope, suggesting the absence of subsurface flow in shallow (∼12 cm) soil layers of either vegetation type. However, a clear threshold relationship between soil moisture and streamflow indicated hillslope–stream connectivity, deeper within the soil profile. Subsurface flow was detected at ∼50 cm depth, which was sustained for longer in the conifer hillslope. Soil profiles under the two vegetation types varied, with deep aspen soils having greater water storage capacity than shallow rocky conifer soils. Though SWEs were less under the conifers, the soil profile had less water storage capacity and produced more subsurface lateral flow during the spring snowmelt. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of GCM simulations of annual and seasonal rainfall and daily rainfall distribution across south‐east Australia
Authors: Vaze J. , Teng J. , Chiew F. H. S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractGlobal warming can potentially lead to changes in future rainfall and runoff and can significantly impact the regional hydrology and future availability of water resources. All the large‐scale climate impact studies use the future climate projections from global climate models (GCMs) to estimate the impact on future water availability. This paper presents results from a detailed assessment to investigate the capability of 15 GCMs to reproduce the observed historical annual and seasonal mean rainfalls, the observed annual rainfall series and the observed daily rainfall distribution across south‐east Australia. The assessment shows that the GCMs can generally reproduce the spatial patterns of mean seasonal and annual rainfalls. However, there can be considerable differences between the mean rainfalls simulated by the GCMs and the observed rainfall. The results clearly show that none of the GCMs can simulate the actual annual rainfall time series or the trend in the annual rainfall. The GCMs can also generally reproduce the observed daily (ranked) rainfall distribution at the GCM scale. The GCMs are ranked against their abilities to reproduce the observed historical mean annual rainfall and daily rainfall distribution, and, based on the combined score, the better GCMs include MPI‐ECHAM5, MIUB, CCCMA_T47, INMCM, CSIRO‐MK3·0, CNRM, CCCMA_T63 and GFDL 2·0 and those with poorer performances are MRI, IPSL, GISS‐AOM, MIROC‐M, NCAR‐PCM1, IAP and NCAR‐CCSM. However, the reduction in the combined score as we move from the best‐ to the worst‐performing GCMs is gradual, and there is no evident cut‐off point or threshold to remove GCMs from climate impact studies. There is some agreement between the results here and many similar studies comparing the performance of GCMs in Australia, but the results are not always consistent and do significantly disagree with several of the studies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐cost monitoring of snow height and thermal properties with inexpensive temperature sensors
Authors: Reusser Dominik E. , Zehe Erwin 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSmall, self‐recording temperature sensors were installed at several heights along a metal rod at five locations in a case study catchment. For each sensor, the presence or absence of snow cover was determined on the basis of its insulating effect and the resulting reduction of the diurnal temperature oscillations. Sensor coverage was then converted into a time series of snow height for each location. Additionally, cold content was calculated. Snow height and cold content provide valuable information for spring flood prediction.Good agreement of estimated snow heights with reference measurements was achieved and increased discharge in the study catchment coincided with low cold content of the snow cover. The results of the proposed distributed assessment of snow cover and snow state show great potential for (i) flood warning, (ii) assimilation of snow state data and (iii) modelling snowmelt process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FLIM and FCS detection in laser‐scanning microscopes: Increased efficiency by GaAsP hybrid detectors
Authors: Becker W. , Su B. , Holub O. , weisshart K. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPhoton counting detectors currently used in fluorescence lifetime microscopy have a number of deficiencies that result in less‐than‐ideal signal‐to‐noise ratio of the lifetimes obtained: Either the quantum efficiency is unsatisfactory or the active area is too small, and afterpulsing or tails in the temporal response contribute to overall timing inaccuracy. We have therefore developed a new FLIM detector based on a GaAsP hybrid photomultiplier. Compared with conventional PMTs and SPADs, GaAsP hybrid detectors have a number of advantages: The detection quantum efficiency reaches or surpasses the efficiency of fast SPADs, and the active area is on the order of 5 mm2, compared with 2.5 10−3 mm2 for a SPAD. The TCSPC response is clean, without the bumps and the diffusion tails typical for PMTs and SPADs. Most important, the hybrid detector is intrinsically free of afterpulsing. FLIM results are therefore free of signal‐dependent background, and FCS curves are free of the known afterpulsing peak. We demonstrate the performance of the new detector for multiphoton NDD FLIM and for FCS. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced effects of nonisotopic hafnium chloride in methanol as a substitute for uranyl acetate in TEM contrast of ultrastructure of fungal and plant cells
Authors: Ikeda Ken‐Ichi , Inoue Kanako , Kanematsu Satoko , Horiuchi Yoshitaka , Park Pyoyun 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis ultrastructural study showed that nonisotopic methanolic hafnium chloride and aqueous lead solution was an excellent new electron stain for enhancing TEM contrasts of fungal and plant cell structures. The ultrastructural definition provided by the new stain was often superior to that provided by conventional staining with uranyl acetate and lead. Definition of fine ultrastructure was also supported by quantitative data on TEM contrast ratios of organelles and components in fungal and plant cells. In particular, polysaccharides, which were localized in cell walls, glycogen particles, starch grains, and plant Golgi vesicle components, were much more reactive to the new stain than to the conventional one. The new nonisotopic stain is useful for enhancing the contrast of ultrastructure in biological tissues and is a safer alternative to uranyl acetate. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Compensation of inhomogeneous fluorescence signal distribution in 2D images acquired by confocal microscopy
Authors: Michálek Jan , Čapek Martin , Kubínová Lucie 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn images acquired by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), regions corresponding to the same concentration of fluorophores in the specimen should be mapped to the same grayscale levels. However, in practice, due to multiple distortion effects, CLSM images of even homogeneous specimen regions suffer from irregular brightness variations, e.g., darkening of image edges and lightening of the center. The effects are yet more pronounced in images of real biological specimens. A spatially varying grayscale map complicates image postprocessing, e.g., in alignment of overlapping regions of two images and in 3D reconstructions, since measures of similarity usually assume a spatially independent grayscale map. We present a fast correction method based on estimating a spatially variable illumination gain, and multiplying acquired CLSM images by the inverse of the estimated gain. The method does not require any special calibration of reference images since the gain estimate is extracted from the CLSM image being corrected itself. The proposed approach exploits two types of morphological filters: the median filter and the upper Lipschitz cover. The presented correction method, tested on images of both artificial (homogeneous fluorescent layer) and real biological specimens, namely sections of a rat embryo and a rat brain, proved to be very fast and yielded a significant visual improvement. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel synthetic protocol toward pyrazolo[3,4‐h]‐[1,6]naphthyridines via Friedlander condensation of new 4‐aminopyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine‐5‐carbaldehyde with reactive α‐methylene ketones
Authors: Jachak Madhukar N. , Bagul Sandeep M. , Kazi Muddassar A. , Toche Raghunath B. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractNovel pyrazolo[3,4‐h][1,6]naphthyridine derivatives 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, and 15 have been synthesized by Friedlander condensation of new 4‐amino‐3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine‐5‐carbaldehyde (o‐aminoaldehyde) 4 with active methylene ketones, such as symmetric acetone 5a, monoalkylketones 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i, 5j, 5k, unsymmetrical dialkyl ketones 7a, 7b, p‐bromophenylacetonitrile 10, β‐ketoester 12a, β‐ketoamide 12b, or diethyl malonate 14, respectively. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Sodium cromolyn reduces expression of CTGF, ADAMTS1, and TIMP3 and modulates post‐injury patellar tendon morphology
Authors: Sharma Aishwariya , Abraham Thomas , Sampaio Arthur , Cowan Matthew , Underhill Michael , Scott Alexander 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether administration of a mast cell inhibitor (sodium cromolyn, SC) would influence tendon repair and extracellular matrix gene expression following acute injury. CD1 mouse patellar tendons were unilaterally injured and mast cell prevalence was determined. The effect of SC injection on tendon hypercellularity, cross‐sectional area, collagen organization, and expression of extracellular matrix‐related genes was examined. Mast cell prevalence was markedly increased in injured patellar tendons (p = 0.009), especially at 8 weeks post‐injury (p = 0.025). SC injection increased collagen organization compared to uninjected animals at 4 weeks and attenuated the development of tendon hypercellularity and tendon thickening post‐injury. Expression of CTGF, ADAMTS1, and TIMP3 in injured tendon was reduced in the SC group. SC injections moderated the structural alterations of healing tendon in association with downregulation of several genes associated with tendon fibrosis. This work corroborates previous findings pointing to a role of mast cells in tendon repair. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:678–683, 2011
High‐performance purification of quaternary alkaloids from Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang using a new polar‐copolymerized stationary phase
Authors: Wang Chaoran , Guo Zhimou , Zhang Jing , Zeng Jing , Zhang Xiuli , Liang Xinmiao 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAn efficient method for purification of alkaloids from Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang using HPLC was developed, featuring a polar‐copolymerized stationary phase named C18HCE. As ionizable solutes, the crude alkaloid sample often suffered from serious peak tailing problem on conventional RP‐LC columns, and the separation would rapidly became destroyed with the increasing of load amount. However, on the new stationary phase, good peak shapes (asymmetry factor <1.5) as well as good loadability were easily obtained in a commonly used acidic mobile phase condition. The loading amount could reach 10 mg per injection on an analytical C18HCE column for laboratory‐scale purification. About 6.8 mg of palmatine (HPLC purity >98%) and 44.4 mg of dehydrocorydaline (HPLC purity >98%) were rapidly derived from 200 mg of the crude alkaloid sample, and the recoveries of these two compounds were 76.5 and 81.7%, respectively. The purified alkaloids were characterized by comparing retention times with standard compounds as well as 1H‐NMR data. The new method is simple and high yielding, and it may provide a promising tool for purification of alkaloids as well as other alkaline compounds.
Release of cytokines and hemodynamic instability during the reperfusion of a liver graft
Authors: Bezinover Dmitri , Kadry Zakiyah , McCullough Paul , McQuillan Patrick M. , Uemura Todahiro , Welker Kelli , Mastro Andrea M. , Janicki Piotr K. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

The objectives of this prospective, observational study were (1) to determine whether a transplanted liver graft releases proinflammatory cytokines into the systemic circulation upon reperfusion and (2) to determine whether they contribute to any subsequent hemodynamic instability observed after graft reperfusion (if this release occurs). Blood samples from 17 consecutive patients undergoing liver transplantation were analyzed for cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8. Blood samples were obtained from the radial artery, portal vein, and flush blood (a sample taken from a catheter placed above the infrahepatic inferior vena cava clamp). The amount of catecholamines necessary to maintain a mean arterial pressure between 65 and 75 mm Hg during graft reperfusion was compared with the level of cytokines. A statistical analysis was performed with the least squares method, Kendall's tau-b test, and regression analysis. We demonstrated that flush blood from the liver grafts contained a significant amount and variety of cytokines. Most of these were removed by graft irrigation. The concentration of TNF-α in samples obtained from flush blood at the end of liver irrigation was significantly higher than the concentration in samples obtained from the radial artery (P = 0.0067) or portal vein (P = 0.0003) before reperfusion. This correlated directly with the amount of catecholamines used to treat hemodynamic instability. Although there were increased levels of IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-8 in the flush blood, there was no statistically significant correlation between the levels of these cytokines and the amount of catecholamines used. Liver Transpl, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
The interaction among donor characteristics, severity of liver disease, and the cost of liver transplantation
Authors: Salvalaggio Paolo R. , Dzebisashvili Nino , MacLeod Kara E. , Lentine Krista L. , Gheorghian Adrian , Schnitzler Mark A. , Hohmann Samuel , Segev Dorry L. , Gentry Sommer E. , Axelrod David A. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

Accurate assessment of the impact of donor quality on liver transplant (LT) costs has been limited by the lack of a large, multicenter study of detailed clinical and economic data. A novel, retrospective database linking information from the University HealthSystem Consortium and the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network registry was analyzed using multivariate regression to determine the relationship between donor quality (assessed through the Donor Risk Index [DRI]), recipient illness severity, and total inpatient costs (transplant and all readmissions) for 1 year following LT. Cost data were available for 9059 LT recipients. Increasing MELD score, higher DRI, simultaneous liver-kidney transplant, female sex, and prior liver transplant were associated with increasing cost of LT (P < 0.05). MELD and DRI interact to synergistically increase the cost of LT (P < 0.05). Donors in the highest DRI quartile added close to $12,000 to the cost of transplantation and nearly $22,000 to posttransplant costs in comparison to the lowest risk donors. Among the individual components of the DRI, donation after cardiac death (increased costs by $20,769 versus brain dead donors) had the greatest impact on transplant costs. Overall, 1-year costs were increased in older donors, minority donors, nationally shared organs, and those with cold ischemic times of 7-13 hours (P < 0.05 for all). In conclusion, donor quality, as measured by the DRI, is an independent predictor of LT costs in the perioperative and postoperative periods. Centers in highly competitive regions that perform transplantation on higher MELD patients with high DRI livers may be particularly affected by the synergistic impact of these factors. Liver Transpl, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
Absolute integrity is the basis of heroic leadership
Authors: Cohen William A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSubordinates will forgive a leader almost any mistake, except a lack of integrity, William A. Cohen argues. “Don't say ‘it is a jungle out there’ and that you have to make compromises. Follow the path of integrity. Do this and others in your organization will do it too and you will build the foundation that can and will make a difference not only in your organization, but also in society as a whole,” Cohen says. Citing a wide variety of leaders who displayed absolute integrity, Cohen challenges us all to live up to their example.
Twenty years of experience with corrosion failures caused by manganese oxidizing microorganisms
Authors: Linhardt P. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractManganese oxidizing microorganisms are known as ubiquitous species in soil and fresh water. Their ability to extract dissolved manganese even at minute concentrations from the water and to biomineralize it as manganese(III/IV)oxides makes them potentially relevant for corrosion processes in technical systems carrying freshwater. These oxides are known as strong oxidants and may act as catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. Thus, they are cathodically active, possibly driving anodic metal dissolution processes. The personal experiences over two decades from failure analysis related to these organisms have indeed shown that manganese oxidizers may appear in all kinds of freshwater systems. This paper summarizes observations and conclusions drawn from these cases and provides an overview on the methods found useful in their investigation.
Coatings against corrosion and microbial adhesion
Authors: Telegdi J. , Szabó T. , Al‐Taher F. , Pfeifer É. , Kuzmann E. , Vértes A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA systematic study on anti‐corrosion and anti‐fouling effect of hydrophobic Langmuir–Blodgett and self‐assembled molecular layers deposited on metal surfaces, as well as anti‐microbial adhesion properties of coatings with biocide is presented. Both types of efficiencies produced by LB films are enhanced by Fe3+ ions built in the molecular film. The quaternary ammonium type biocide embedded into the cross‐linked gelatin decreased significantly the microbial adhesion, the biofilm formation.