bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis): evidence of active extrahepatic site of HAV replication
Authors: Amado Luciane A. , Marchevsky Renato S. , De Paula Vanessa S. , Hooper Cleber , Freire Marcos da S. , Gaspar Ana Maria C. , Pinto Marcelo A. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryThis work studied the replication sites of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) after intravenous inoculation. The cynomolgus monkeys were inoculated with the Brazilian hepatitis A virus strain (HAF‐203). Monkeys were euthanized on days 15, 30, 45 and 60 postinoculation (pi). Liver samples, submandibular salivary gland, mesenteric lymph node and tonsils were removed for virological and pathological evaluation. Immunofluorescence analyses on liver and salivary gland sections using confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed the presence of HAV antigen (HAV Ag). The presence of HAV genome was monitored by real‐time PCR. The HAV RNA was detected at 7 days postinoculation (dpi), concomitantly in serum, saliva and faeces. The highest HAV viral load was observed in faeces at 15 dpi (105 copies/ml), followed by serum viral load of 104 copies/ml at 20 dpi and saliva viral load of 103 copies/ml at 7 dpi. The animals showed first histological and biochemical signs of hepatitis at 15 dpi. The HAV antigen (Ag) was present from day 7 until day 60 pi in the liver and salivary glands. The HAV replicative intermediate was also detected in the liver (4.5 × 104 copies/mg), salivary glands (1.9 × 103 copies/mg), tonsils (4.2 × 101 copies/mg) and lymph nodes (3.4 × 101 copies/mg). Our data demonstrated that the salivary gland as an extrahepatic site of early HAV replication could create a potential risk of saliva transmitted infection. In addition, the cynomolgus monkey was confirmed as a suitable model to study the pathogenesis of HAV human infection.
Reference values of clinical chemistry and hematology parameters in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Chen Younan , Qin Shengfang , Ding Yang , Wei Lingling , Zhang Jie , Li Hongxia , Bu Hong , Lu Yanrong , Cheng Jingqiu 
Published: December 2009

Chen Y, Qin S, Ding Y, Wei L, Zhang J, Li H, Bu H, Lu Y, Cheng J. Reference values of clinical chemistry and hematology parameters in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Xenotransplantation 2009; 16: 496–501. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract: Background:  Rhesus monkey models are valuable to the studies of human biology. Reference values for clinical chemistry and hematology parameters of rhesus monkeys are required for proper data interpretation.Methods:  Whole blood was collected from 36 healthy Chinese rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) of either sex, 3 to 5 yr old. Routine chemistry and hematology parameters, and some special coagulation parameters including thromboelastograph and activities of coagulation factors were tested.Results and conclusion:  We presented here the baseline values of clinical chemistry and hematology parameters in normal Chinese rhesus monkeys. These data may provide valuable information for veterinarians and investigators using rhesus monkeys in experimental studies.
A method to detect recombination between a genetic marker and the QTL that it marks
Authors: Kinghorn B.P. 
Published: December 2009

SummarySome individual genetic markers show strong and apparently consistent effects on trait merit and are taken as causative mutations that can be used directly as fixed effects in marker‐assisted selection programs. If the effect of such a marker is seen to decrease over time, key reasons include epistasis, where the effect depends on genetic background, and recombination, where the marker is in fact not causative, and strong linkage disequilibrium between the marker and the causative QTL is breaking down. This paper presents a method to detect the latter scenario, including calculation of the probability of a recombinant haplotype for each gamete contributing to each individual in a pedigree. This method requires only pedigree, phenotypes and genotypic information on the single marker. Missing marker genotypes are handled by the method, but with diminishing power. For biallelic markers, strong QTL effects are needed for the method to be of clear value. Given suitable results, breeders may chose to eliminate certain individuals from the breeding program in order to continue using the single genetic marker under high linkage disequilibrium with the causative QTL. Alternatively, other linked markers might be sought that can be used individually or in haplotype tests to restore strong LD for marker‐assisted selection.
Managing Marginality in Railway Stations: Beyond the Welfare and Social Control Debate
Authors: BONNET FRANÇOIS 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHow to rid railway stations of the marginalized people who congregate in them? This is the problem faced by railway companies which are seeking to maximize the commercial drawing power of their spaces. The limitations of a strictly repressive policy are prompting railway companies to fund non‐profit community‐based organizations to carry out social policies aimed at the marginalized. Based on two studies in the railway stations of Lyon and Milan, the article analyses how this strategy was implemented. Our analysis involves differentiating our work from two hypotheses: the irenic hypothesis, which sets social policies in opposition to security policies, and the malefic hypothesis, which equates social policies with security policies. The work of the non‐profit community‐based organizations shows that the boundary between social policy and security policy is a tenuous one, since the principal aim is to disperse marginalized people and move them away from the station. Control of marginalized people is based on the use of incentive structures rather than on coercion. The community organizations also have to retain control of their philanthropic legitimacy, which they are selling to the railway companies, but which they are also putting at risk. Focusing on the agency of the actors allows us to avoid both an irenic analysis (in which ‘human’ and ‘just’ social policies come to the aid of the marginalized) and a malefic analysis (in which social policies are merely security policies in disguise).RésuméComment se débarrasser des marginaux qui se concentrent dans les gares? Tel est le problème des compagnies ferroviaires qui cherchent à maximiser l'attractivité de leur espace. Les limites d'une politique strictement répressive conduisent les compagnies ferroviaires à financer des associations afin que celles‐ci mènent des politiques sociales en direction des marginaux. L'article, fondé sur deux monographies dans les gares de Lyon et Milan, analyse la mise en œuvre de cette stratégie. Analyser la politique mise en œuvre suppose de se démarquer de deux conceptions, celle qui oppose politiques sociales et politiques de sécurité, et celle qui identifie les politiques sociales à des politiques de sécurité. Le travail des associations montre que la frontière entre politique sociale et politique de sécurité est ténue: il s'agit avant tout de disperser les marginaux et de les éloigner de la gare. La gestion des marginaux repose sur la mise en œuvre de structures d'incitation plutôt que sur la coercition. Les associations doivent aussi gérer leur légitimité philanthropique, qu'elles monnaient auprès des compagnies ferroviaires, mais qu'elles mettent aussi en danger. L'attention à l'agencydes acteurs permet d'éviter une analyse irénique (où des politiques sociales «humaines» et «justes» viennent en aide aux marginaux) et une analyse maléfique (où les politiques sociales ne sont que des politiques de sécurité travesties).
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: The emerging role of the Registered Intermediary with the vulnerable witness and offender: facilitating communication with the police and members of the judiciary
Authors: O’Mahony Brendan M. 
Published: December 2009

Accessible summaryMany people with a learning disability are frightened when they are interviewed by the police.They are worried that the police will not understand their story and sometimes keep quiet because they do not understand what is happening.It can also be very worrying for a person with a learning disability if they have to attend court and give evidence.The law allows for vulnerable witnesses to have access to support from a professional known as an intermediary.The law does not yet support vulnerable offenders in this way, but It may now be possible to get professional support from an intermediary if you are an offender.The intermediary might be able to help you communicate with the police and with people at court if you are a witness or an offender.SummaryBeing interviewed by the police as a witness or as a suspect can be a frightening experience for many people; these feelings can be multiplied for many people who have a learning disability and who do not understand the legal proceedings. Intermediaries were introduced by the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 as one of the special measures available to help facilitate communication between the police, the courts and the vulnerable witness. Research has shown that this measure has been valuable in assisting the vulnerable witness to testify. This study was an exploratory examination of the recent use of intermediaries with defendants. The defendant does not by law have the right to an intermediary; however the Coroner’s and Justice Bill (2008–09), is attempting to amend this situation. Meanwhile judges are starting to request an intermediary for vulnerable defendants, in the interests of justice. Using a mixed methods approach this study found that intermediaries were very positive about the need for vulnerable defendants to have support. The intermediaries also highlighted that they required additional training and they raised concerns about how their role was viewed by the courts when they were assisting defendants.
Blood transfusion for caesarean delivery complicated by placenta praevia
Authors: BOYLE R. K. , WATERS B. A. , O’ROURKE P. K. 
Published: December 2009

Aim:  This study was undertaken to determine if the need for red cell blood transfusion in placenta praevia could be predicted.Methods:  Data from a retrospective observational study of 246 obstetric patients, with placenta praevia, from 1999 to 2005 were analysed to generate a model to predict requirement for transfusion.Results:  Seventy‐one patients were transfused. Independent risk factors for transfusion were gestational age at delivery of 32–35 weeks [odds ratio (OR): 2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1–6.4] and caesarean combined with hysterectomy (OR: 29.4; 95% CI: 5.9–145.9; P < 0.001). No independent risk of transfusion was associated with maternal age, race, parity, smoking status, type of anaesthesia, caesarean combined with arterial balloon occlusion, grade of placenta, accreta and previous uterine surgery.Conclusions:  Gestational age at delivery and type of surgery required are predictors of transfusion during caesarean for placenta praevia. Arterial balloon occlusion does not appear to increase transfusion risk and may be considered as one of the techniques in management.
Efficacy of micronised vaginal progesterone versus oral dydrogestrone in the treatment of irregular dysfunctional uterine bleeding: A pilot randomised controlled trial
Authors: KARAKUS Savas , KIRAN Gurkan , CIRALIK Harun 
Published: December 2009

Background:  The vaginal route is more effective than the other drug delivery routes for some specific indications.Aim:  To compare the efficacy of a vaginal progesterone preparation with that of oral dydrogesterone.Methods:  A total of 69 women with irregular dysfunctional uterine bleeding were randomly assigned into one of two groups: oral dydrogesterone group (n = 35) and vaginal progesterone group (n = 34). At the end of a three‐month treatment period, the women were re‐evaluated. The endometrial histology findings and menstrual cycle characteristics were used as primary outcome measures. Pearson chi‐square and Fisher’s exact test were used for data analysis.Results:  Findings from 54 eligible women were evaluated. There was no statistically significant difference in both menstrual recordings and endometrial histology results between the groups.Conclusions:  Vaginal micronised progesterone could be an alternative to oral preparations in the treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. This needs to be further evaluated in adequately controlled randomised trials against other effective treatments.
Double Inversion Recovery MRI with Fat Suppression at 7 Tesla: Initial Experience
Authors: Madelin Guillaume , Oesingmann Niels , Inglese Matilde 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Double Inversion Recovery Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DIR) consists of two adiabatic non‐selective inversion pulses applied before a Turbo Spin Echo (TSE) sequence, in order to suppress the signal from two tissues with different longitudinal relaxation times T1 simultaneously. In the brain, DIR is used to selectively image the gray matter (GM) by nulling the signal from white matter (WM) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The main limitation of the technique remains the intrinsic low SNR due to the specific preparation of the longitudinal magnetization. The recent availability of high field magnets operating at 7 T for human imaging offers the advantage of higher SNR. This study shows the feasibility of brain Double Inversion Recovery Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DIR‐MRI) at 7 T in vivo in healthy volunteers. METHODS The MRI experiments were performed on phantoms at 7 T and on four healthy volunteers at 7 and 3 T. For fat suppression, a chemical shift selective Fat Inversion Recovery (csFatIR) technique was used and compared to the standard fat saturation (FatSat). RESULTS The csFatIR method resulted to be significantly more efficient than the Fatsat at 7 T and slightly more efficient at 3 T, enabling a clear delineation of GM. CONCLUSIONS DIR is feasible at 7 T despite the problems associated with B1 in‐homogeneity. J Neuroimaging 2010;20:87‐92.
Uptake and depuration of the C‐ and E‐genotypes of Vibrio vulnificus by the Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica)
Authors: Froelich Brett , Ringwood Amy , Sokolova Inna , Oliver James 
Published: December 2009

SummaryThe human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus is a Gram‐negative estuarine bacterium that infect via wounds and ingestion, and is the leading cause of seafood‐borne death in the United States. Vibrio vulnificus is part of the naturally occurring flora of both estuaries and estuarine mollusks (especially oysters). Vibrio vulnificus is divided into two genotypes, including a clinically associated C‐type, and an environmentally associated E‐type that is more rarely involved in septicemia. These two genotypes are found in a nearly even ratio in the aquatic environment, but oysters harvested from those very environments show a V. vulnificus genotype ratio disparity, with 87% of the species being that of the E‐genotype. To determine if oysters selectively incorporate E‐types over C‐types, we placed oysters in water inoculated with either C‐ or E‐type V. vulnificus strains that were phenotypically different from the normal flora and measured the uptake and depuration over a course of 6 days. We found significantly greater uptake, but equally effective depuration, of C‐type V. vulnificus in oyster gill tissue, mantle tissue and whole oyster homogenates. Because uptake of the C‐genotype was generally greater than the E‐genotype, it appears unlikely that simple selective uptake is the cause of E‐type V. vulnificus predominating in oysters.
Maternal occupation and the risk of birth defects: an overview from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Authors: Herdt-Losavio M L , Lin S , Chapman B R , Hooiveld M , Olshan A , Liu X , DePersis R D , Zhu J , Druschel C M 
Published: December 2009

Objectives:To examine the association between a spectrum of 24 maternal occupations and 45 birth defects for hypothesis generating purposes.Methods:Cases of isolated and multiple birth defects (n = 8977) and all non-malformed live-born control births (n = 3833) included in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) with estimated dates of delivery from 1 October 1997 through 31 December 2003 were included. A computer-assisted telephone interview with mothers was conducted. Occupational coding using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification System and the 1997 North American Industry Classification System was completed for all jobs held by mothers. Jobs held from 1 month before pregnancy to the end of the third pregnancy month were considered exposures. Logistic regression models were run, adjusted for potential confounders. We also used a Bayesian approach to logistic regression.Results:Approximately 72% of case mothers and 72% of control mothers in the NBDPS were employed. Several occupational groups were positively associated with one or more birth defects, including janitors/cleaners, scientists and electronic equipment operators. Using standard logistic regression, we found 42 (26 for Bayesian) significantly elevated risks of birth defects in offspring of working mothers. In addition, several other occupational groups were found to be negatively associated with one or more birth defects, including teachers and healthcare workers. Using standard logistic regression, we found 12 (11 for Bayesian) significantly reduced risks of birth defects among offspring of working women.Conclusions:Results from these analyses can be used for hypothesis generating purposes and guiding future investigations of occupational exposures and birth defects.
Long-Term Regional Estimates of Evapotranspiration for Mexico Based on Downscaled ISCCP Data
Authors: Sheffield Justin , Wood Eric F. , Munoz-Arriola Francisco 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The development and evaluation of a long-term high-resolution dataset of potential and actual evapotranspiration for Mexico based on remote sensing data are described. Evapotranspiration is calculated using a modified version of the Penman–Monteith algorithm, with input radiation and meteorological data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and vegetation distribution derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) products. The ISCCP data are downscaled to ⅛° resolution using statistical relationships with data from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR). The final product is available at ⅛°, daily, for 1984–2006 for all Mexico. Comparisons are made with the NARR offline land surface model and measurements from approximately 1800 pan stations. The remote sensing estimate follows well the seasonal cycle and spatial pattern of the comparison datasets, with a peak in late summer at the height of the North American monsoon and highest values in low-lying and coastal regions. The spatial average over Mexico is biased low by about 0.3 mm day−1, with a monthly rmse of about 0.5 mm day−1. The underestimation may be related to the lack of a model for canopy evaporation, which is estimated to be up to 30% of total evapotranspiration. Uncertainties in both the remote sensing–based estimates (because of input data uncertainties) and the true value of evapotranspiration (represented by the spread in the comparison datasets) are up to 0.5 and 1.2 mm day−1, respectively. This study is a first step in quantifying the long-term variation in global land evapotranspiration from remote sensing data.
Proof of concept pilot study: prevalence of grass virus infection and the potential for effects on the allergenic potency of pollen
Authors: Pallett Denise W , Soh Emily , Edwards Mary-Lou , Bodey Kathleen , Lau Laurie CK , Cooper J Ian , Howarth Peter H , Walls Andrew F , Wang Hui 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Background
Wild plants harbour a variety of viruses and these have the potential to alter the composition of pollen. The potential consequences of virus infection of grasses on pollen-induced allergic disease are not known.

Methods
We have collected pollen from Dactylis glomerata (cocksfoot; a grass species implicated as a trigger of allergic rhino-conjunctivitis) from Wytham Wood, Oxfordshire UK. Extracts were prepared from pollen from uninfected grass, and from grass naturally infected by the Cocksfoot streak potyvirus (CSV). Preparations of pollen from virus-infected and non-infected grasses were employed in skin testing 15 grass pollen-allergic subjects with hayfever. Allergen profiles of extracts were investigated by Western blotting for IgE with sera from allergic subjects.

Results
The prevalence of CSV infection in cocksfoot grasses sampled from the study site varied significantly over an eight-year period, but infection rates of up to 70% were detected. Virus infection was associated with small alterations in the quantities of pollen proteins detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and in the patterns of allergens identified by Western blotting with IgE from grass pollen allergic subjects. For individual subjects there were differences in potencies of standardised extracts of pollen from virus-free and virus-infected plants as assessed by skin testing, though a consistent pattern was not established for the group of 15 subjects.

Conclusion
Infection rates for CSV in cocksfoot grass can be high, though variable. Virus-induced alterations in components of grass pollen have the potential to alter the allergenic potency.
A framework to explore micronutrient deficiency in maternal and child health in Malawi, Southern Africa
Authors: Dickinson Natalie , Gulliver John , MacPherson Gordon , Atkinson John , Rankin Jean , Cummings Maria , Nisbet Zoe , Hursthouse Andrew , Taylor Avril , Robertson Chris , Burghardt Wolfgang 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Background
Global food insecurity is associated with micronutrient deficiencies and it has been suggested that 4.5 billion people world-wide are affected by deficiencies in iron, vitamin A and iodine. Zinc has also been identified to be of increasing concern. The most vulnerable are young children and women of childbearing age. A pilot study has been carried out in Southern Malawi, to attempt to link the geochemical and agricultural basis of micronutrient supply through spatial variability to maternal health and associated cultural and social aspects of nutrition. The aim is to establish the opportunity for concerted action to deliver step change improvements in the nutrition of developing countries.

Results
Field work undertaken in August 2007 and July/August 2008 involved the collection of blood, soil and crop samples, and questionnaires from ~100 pregnant women. Complex permissions and authorisation protocols were identified and found to be as much part of the cultural and social context of the work as the complexity of the interdisciplinary project. These issues are catalogued and discussed. A preliminary spatial evaluation is presented linking soil quality and food production to nutritional health. It also considers behavioural and cultural attitudes of women and children in two regions of southern Malawi, (the Shire Valley and Shire Highlands plateau). Differences in agricultural practice and widely varying soil quality (e.g. pH organic matter, C/N and metal content) were observed for both regions and full chemical analysis of soil and food is underway. Early assessment of blood data suggests major differences in health and nutritional status between the two regions. Differences in food availability and type and observations of life style are being evaluated through questionnaire analysis.

Conclusion
The particular emphasis of the study is on the interdisciplinary opportunities and the barriers to progress in development support in subsistence communities. Engaging at the community level and the balance of expectations from both study subjects and research team highlight the merit of careful and detailed planning and project delivery.