bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Should Responsibility Affect Who Gets a Kidney?
Authors: Chan Lok , Sinnott-Armstrong Walter , Schaich Borg Jana , Conitzer Vincent 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
When two people need a kidney transplant, but only one kidney is available, we need to decide who gets it. If one of the potential recipients needs the kidney because of their own voluntary behavior, but the other is not at all responsible for needing a kidney, then we need to decide whether this fault should be a consideration in favor of the other patient getting the kidney. While there has been considerable philosophical debate on this issue, there is far less research into the views of the public. To explore opinions on these issues, we first asked survey participants to ascribe or deny responsibility for the risky behavior for kidney disease, and for being deprived of a kidney in cases of drinking alcohol, drug abuse, smoking and unhealthy eating when the patient did or did not stop the risky behavior after being diagnosed with kidney disease. Next, we asked participants who should get the kidney when the patient who engaged in risky behavior did or did not know, or have easy access to, the information that the behavior was risky. We found that participants generally ascribed responsibility on the basis of knowledge but allocated the kidney on the basis of access to information. These findings have important implications for moral theories as well as medical policies.
Taking Responsibility for Uncertainty
Authors: Holton Richard , Fritz Zoë 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Our topic here is uncertainty, especially as this arises in medicine. We are concerned with the uncertainty of diagnosis and of prognosis, and about how this should be communicated and shared between a doctor and patient. We are concerned with the idea that the doctor might rightly take responsibility for some of that uncertainty, in the sense that they may manage it when the patient is unwilling or unable to do so. And we are concerned with the implications that this has for informed consent, for shared decision making, and for other normative dimensions of the doctor–patient relationship. Most centrally we argue that it is best understood, not in terms of informed consent, but in terms of informed trust.
Multicellularity
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Multicellularity evolved numerous times within eukaryotes and multicellular eukaryotes form the bulk of biomass on Earth. Since it evolved several times, multicellularity must have a significant evolutionary advantage. While an increase in size is an important factor in the evolution of multicellularity, the key advantage lies in the fact that the cells of a multicellular organism are different from each other and exhibit division of labor. Multicellularity has evolved via two main paths. One path is via aggregation of genetically diverse cells in order to function together. The second path is via clonal division of single cell, with the daughter cells staying together and taking on different cell identities. In clonal multicellularity, only a small subset of the cells is involved in reproduction and in transferring their genes to the next generation. This type of reproduction is usually sexual, with two individuals combining their genetic material, each contributing a single gamete. The two gametes fuse to give zygote, which is the first step toward embryonic development. Sexual reproduction is evidently a successful strategy, since the majority of multicellular organisms reproduce sexually. Nonetheless, the immediate evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction remains unclear.
Arthropoda I
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The arthropods are among the most familiar and most common animals on earth. They include insects, centipedes, crabs and shrimps, spider and scorpions, and many others. By any metric, they are the most successful group of animals on the planet. The unparalleled diversity of arthropods is based on variations on a conserved body plan, which includes a segmented body enclosed in a rigid exoskeleton, with a pair of appendages on each segment or on most segments. The different clades within Arthropoda are characterized by specific organization of the segments into functional units known as tagmata. Chelicerates are characterized by two tagmata: a prosoma, including sense organs, feeding appendages, and walking appendages, and an opisthosoma, containing the digestive and reproductive systems and usually no appendages. Nearly all chelicerates are predators, and many of them have some sort of venom and venom delivery system. The greatest diversity of chelicerates is in the terrestrial arachnids. In addition, there are two smaller marine taxa, pycnogonids or sea spiders and xiphosurans or horseshoe crabs.
Chordata and Hemichordata
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chordata is the phylum that vertebrates, including ourselves, belong to. Chordates have a series of unifying characters, including a semi-rigid support structure or notochord, a dorsal hollow neural tube, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. There are three sub-phyla within chordates. One is the vertebrates, which will be discussed separately. The other two are Cephalochordata—small, fish-like animals with a translucent body and a small head—and Tunicata—planktonic or sessile suspension feeders that lose many typical chordate characters in the adult stage. Hemichordata is a separate phylum, once thought to be closely related to chordates, but now believed to be closer to echinoderms. Hemichordates share some characters with chordates, but not all. They are worm-like animals, either benthic or planktonic.
Organismic biology in the twenty-first century
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Organismic biology as a discipline has waxed and waned in popularity and relative importance over the years. Recently, organismic biology has regained its standing as a central component of modern biology, largely through the integration of mechanistic approaches into a broad organismic view. Developmental biology, and especially evolutionary developmental biology, has been a unifying discipline for organismic biology. The discovery that all animals share a developmental toolkit consisting of conserved genes and cellular components has made it possible to follow the evolution of animal body plans by seeing how this conserved toolkit is deployed differently in different organisms. It provides a mechanistic understanding of homology as a manifestation of ancestrally shared networks of regulatory genes. Following these developments, organismic biology is undergoing a renaissance and answering age-old questions on the evolution and relationships of animals and on the structure and function of organs and organ systems.
Displaced
Authors: Sandhya Shaifali 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Conflicts, climate change, poverty, and the pandemic are forcing 117.2 million people and more to abandon their homes and heritage. Displaced communities and their future generations can shoulder the silent epidemic of posttraumatic stress sweeping their daily lives with debilitating ailments and its pernicious after-effects. Surging pushbacks, protection gaps, and deportations precipitate their exclusion from equitable economic, social, cultural, political, and reproductive rights amplifying their sufferings. Host nations do not always associate refugees’ psychological well-being with their future self-sufficiency, and humanitarian organizations seldom inquire into the policy levers that will lead resettled refugees to improved mental health outcomes. The toll of failing to elevate refugee mental health at the personal, communal, and international levels is immense and sprawling and the stakes could not be higher for the world’s refugees - and for the rest of us. This book relates first-hand accounts of refugees and draws upon quantitative and qualitative methodologies, scientific research and interviews of government officials, agency directors, state officials and refugee camps managers in its study of the psychological trauma of refugees and their systemic treatment, and care. To investigate refugee trauma this book examines gender-specific experiences of war, the nature of women’s trauma and the environmental contexts underscoring it; main pathways of trauma transmission within conflict-affected families; the mental health ramifications of human cruelty such as political torture; local expressions of refugee resilience and illness in their countries of origin; and the role of stereotypes, social categories, and transatlantic networks in shaping refugee identity and resilience. Illustrating key themes and resettlement processes of asylum frameworks of Germany, US, UK and others, it explores how national policies can affect refugees’ self-sufficiency and well-being in host societies and the role of receiving nations in designing better opportunities for their access across integration domains. The book utilizes a systems-informed, evidence-based and human-rights based discourse to discuss the trauma-informed treatments to improve refugee health outcomes and enhance inclusivity and prosperity for all.
Amber-Gold
Authors: Loew Peter Oliver 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The first chapter discusses the prehistory of present-day Gdańsk and surrounding regions, beginning with the formation of the Baltic Sea, the Vistula River delta, and of a natural resource in which this region is especially rich—namely, amber—which made its way from this area along trade routes to Rome and other ancient cities. Details of Gdańsk’s history in the first millennium can be speculated about at best, and historians would use this opportunity to fashion conflicting theories meant to establish the city as inherently “German” or “Polish,” as well as offering sometimes comical explanations for the origins of the city’s name (Danzig in German and Gdańsk in Polish). While both Germanic and Slavic groups inhabited the area, it is clear that the city entered written history as a Slavic settlement near the end of the first millennium.
The Centrality of the Covenant, 1534–1551
Authors: Hildebrand Pierrick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
From De testamento (1534) onward Bullinger increasingly used organic and mystical terms such as societas or coniunctio as synonyms for the covenant (foedus), along with the more historical and legal terminology associated with testamentum. While Bullinger’s New Testament commentaries are particularly revealing, the covenant was addressed in a wide range of writings. This insight calls for us to reconsider some works, in particular the Decades (1549–1551), Bullinger’s final text from this period, which we find to be truly covenantal, pace recent scholarship. Unpublished sermon notes on the book of Genesis from the mid-1530s illuminate Bullinger’s covenantal view of the prelapsarian state and also the close relationship between the doctrines of the covenant and election, previously rejected by influential scholars (Baker thesis).
Supplementing Qualitative Work with Surveys, and Vice Versa
Authors: Thorson Emily , Farris Emily M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes how qualitative research can be conducted with surveys to supplement, inform, and contextualize research findings. While surveys typically are associated with quantitative research, they can be used in tandem with qualitative research in different stages of the research process. The chapter draws on real-world examples to illustrate how to survey-generated qualitative data can supplement a wide range of research projects. Specifically, the chapter describes how to use open-ended questions on surveys to collect qualitative data and offers some practical advice for analyzing and interpreting the data generated by these questions. Additionally, the chapter considers how researchers can use surveys and qualitative data in combination to improve the research process and contextualize findings. The chapter concludes with potential problems, including money and time, to consider when using surveys as a part of qualitative research.
Other Classics
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: April 2024

AbstractHistory is less what happened than what is seen to have happened, and modern musicology was built on a new way of seeing the Viennese classics. The ‘Beethoven Hero’ paradigm construed music as expressing its composer’s subjectivity, experienced by listeners as the composer speaking directly to them; it privileged narrative values of continuity and directedness. But it also excluded the many premodern dimensions of Austrian music around 1800, rendering them unintelligible. Nicholas Cook creates a reverse image of the modern approach (based e.g. on juxtaposition rather than continuity, ineffability rather than textuality) and use it as a lens through which to see (and hear) the classics. Compositions that did not fit the ‘Beethoven Hero’ model can now be understood as period community music; otherwise baffling views of contemporaries begin to make sense. Even the music’s sound image is othered. Underlying all this is the contrast between premodern and modern senses of self.
The Cantigas de Santa Maria
Authors: Drummond Henry T. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Alfonso X (1221–84) ruled over the Crown of Castile from 1252 until his death. Known as ‘the Wise’, he oversaw the production of a wealth of literature in his scriptorium. One of the most impressive of these literary outputs is the collection of songs known as the Cantigas de Santa Maria, which comprises over 400 songs preserved today in four manuscripts. While the Cantigas have been the subject of much scholarly attention, this book represents a major new attempt to examine the repertory in an interdisciplinary manner. Here, song is considered as a communicative medium, one that functions as a social tool within the erudite environment of the Alfonsine court. This monograph offers a new perspective to the song collection, probing how the Cantigas use their music and text, together with rhetorical devices, to communicate with their desired audiences. The compositional tools that are considered are diverse, embracing medieval rhetoric, rhyme-based play, and song’s allegorical power. The Cantigas emerge here as propaganda pieces, designed to dignify Alfonso X through an elaborately devised courtly ritual that embraces both music and poetry. In its holistic analysis of Alfonsine song, this monograph offers a new perspective to the Cantigas by probing their humanizing qualities. Their miracle songs are shown to exhibit a key communicative function, where their inherent songfulness comes to the fore in transmitting their messages to their courtly audiences.
The Five Emotions and their Treatment in Chinese Medicine (Su wen5.3)
Authors: Hsu Elisabeth 
Published: April 2024

Abstract“Emotional counter-therapy” has long been considered a peculiar phenomenon mentioned mostly in the genre of legend. Meanwhile, medical and “scientific” discussions—such as those given in chapter 5.3 of the well-known classic, the Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon, Basic Questions—explicitly identify the five emotions as aspects of the body: each is associated with one of the five internal organs and subject to seasonal change (which puts them on a par with one another, an observation central to Kazantzidis’s argument in his contribution to this volume). This chapter takes the discussion of these seasonal “resonances” of “affective co-presence” (gan ying感應) a step further and proposes a reading that finds, in the structure of the “naturalistic” texts outlining medical treatment, the logic of an exorcistic ritual. Accordingly, the five emotions were treated as indivisible entities, not unlike demons.
Humane and Proportionate Punishment
Authors: Pozen David 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews challenges to drug laws under the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause, the Excessive Fines Clause, and analogous state constitutional provisions. Some of these challenges relied on the Supreme Court’s 1962 decision in Robinson v. California and contended that if it’s cruel to punish someone for being an addict, it must likewise be cruel to punish them for procuring or consuming the drug to which they’re addicted. Others contended that lengthy prison sentences for drug crimes are grossly excessive, especially for low-risk substances like marijuana and low-level offenses like possession. Each line of attack produced significant victories during the 1970s at the state and federal levels. By decade’s end, however, judges abandoned the experiment in policing the proportionality of drug sentences, for reasons both internal and external to constitutional law. Drug defendants thus entered the 1980s as they had entered the 1960s—with effectively zero protection from the Eighth Amendment.
Freedom of Speech and Religion
Authors: Pozen David 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews challenges to drug laws brought under the First Amendment, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, and analogous state constitutional and statutory guarantees. Invoking the Free Exercise Clause, some defendants began to argue in the 1960s that they have a right to use illicit substances for sacramental or spiritual purposes. Invoking the Free Speech Clause, others argued that they have a right to use illicit substances to access new modes of cognition and perception, express dissent, and govern their minds. A small number of Indigenous churches have been granted exemptions to use peyote or ayahuasca, and the “cognitive liberty” case for drug rights has become increasingly prominent in psychedelic reform circles worldwide. To date, though, First Amendment doctrine has not only failed to protect most drug users but also actively shifted power to prohibitionists and pharmaceutical companies and, in so doing, helped make the legal drug market more lethal.
The Conditions of Constitutional Complicity
Authors: Pozen David 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter zooms out from the case law to explore broader institutional and sociological features of the U.S. constitutional order that have constrained possibilities for resistance to the drug war—by determining how constitutional decisions get made, where they get made, and what counts as a constitutional claim in the first place. The “modalities” and “anti-modalities” of constitutional argument have prevented litigants from foregrounding the most important problems with prohibition. Criminal juries were sidelined by the rise of plea bargains and the decline of jury nullification. Presidential and gubernatorial pardons became vanishingly rare by the end of the twentieth century. The norm of judicial supremacy choked off the development of alternative constitutional approaches in the political arena, while federal constitutional hegemony choked off the development of alternative approaches in the judicial arena. And the poorly organized movement for drug rights failed to satisfy the informal conditions that contribute to constitutional success.
New Directions for Constitutional Reform
Authors: Pozen David 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers whether the two biggest shifts in constitutional practice since the 1970s, the rise of originalism at home and proportionality review abroad, could facilitate a new wave of challenges to punitive drug laws. In theory, originalism enables challenges under the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause, the Privileges or Immunities Clause, and more. But in practice, this interpretive method remains tied to a conversative movement that has shown little appetite for drug liberalization. Proportionality is well-suited to addressing the core criticisms of prohibition and has delivered the most drug-friendly rulings across the globe. But drug cases present distinctive difficulties for this approach both empirically and conceptually. Although pursuing drug reform through litigation is a risky proposition, constitutional arguments can be addressed to audiences other than courts—and there are strong reasons to think it would be a mistake for U.S. drug reformers to give up on the Constitution altogether.
The Evolving Chinese Strategy in the Arctic
Authors: Sørensen Camilla T. N. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Establishing itself as an Arctic stakeholder is a persistent Chinese strategic priority, but especially in the context of intensifying great power competition with the United States, China faces challenges. This chapter examines the evolving Chinese strategy in the Arctic. It specifically asks whether there is a development of Chinese grey zone tactics aimed at taking advantage of the legal gaps, thresholds, and uncertainties in Arctic governance to create more influence for non-Arctic States such as China. While the analysis points to various Chinese efforts to challenge the privileges of the Arctic States and gradually influence or shape Arctic governance, it also shows that these Chinese efforts have so far been limited. There are nonetheless reasons to continue to carefully follow the development. Beijing will continue to cautiously promote changes in the Arctic governance regime, but remain under the threshold of eliciting a strong opposing response.
Rethinking the International Law of Interference in the Digital Age
Authors: Barela Steven J. , Haataja Samuli 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines cyber-enabled disinformation operations and election interference under international law. It draws on the theoretical frameworks provided by legitimacy and information ethics to reconceptualize the two key elements of the non-intervention principle in this context. First, we examine the domaine réservé in light of the legitimacy of the conferral and exercise of power, and the operation of the election process as part of the proper operation of the State. Second, we demonstrate that a broad approach to coercion is required that considers the breadth, depth, and precision of a cyber operation. Here, access to data from social media companies finally arriving in the Digital Services Act of the European Union can aid in quantifying the impact of disinformation operations used to interfere in elections.
Decolonizing Linguistics
Authors: 9780197755280  
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Decolonizing Linguistics, the companion volume to Inclusion in Linguistics, is designed to uncover and intervene in the history and ongoing legacy of colonization and colonial thinking in linguistics and related fields. The volume’s introduction theorizes decolonization as a process of centering Black, Native, and Indigenous perspectives, describes the extensive dialogic and collaborative process through which the volume was developed, and then lays out key principles of decolonizing linguistic research and teaching. The 20 chapters cover a wide range of languages and linguistic contexts (e.g., Bantu languages, Creoles, Dominican Spanish, Francophone Africa, Zapotec) as well as various disciplines and subfields (applied linguistics, communication, historical linguistics, language documentation and revitalization/reclamation, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, syntax). Contributors address such topics as being transparent about the political nature of all linguistic research; exposing colonial and racist thought in psycholinguistics; refusing settler-colonial practices and centering community goals in research on Indigenous languages; amplifying the liberatory tradition of Caribbean linguistics; confronting minoritization as a racialized applied linguist in Europe; anti-Blackness in French linguistics; teaching linguistics and communication through a decolonial and antiracist lens; decolonizing research partnerships between the Global South and the Global North; envisioning anticolonial Open Methods in linguistics; decolonizing research on Creoles; prioritizing Black Diasporic perspectives in linguistics; and challenging deficit approaches to linguistic variation in communication curricula. The volume’s conclusion lays out specific actions that linguists can take through research, teaching, and institutional structures to refuse coloniality in linguistics and to move the field toward a decolonized future.