bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language Minorities and Language Maintenance
Authors: Edwards John 
Published: October 2009

The position of minority groups and the maintenance of their languages are very much in the news today. For (largely) indigenous minorities, consider the case of continental Europe: As it moves—sometimes erratically—towards federalism, its minorities and its “stateless” peoples are pressing for increased and improved recognition. In October 1981, the European Parliament adopted the Arfé resolution, providing such recognition. A number of further developments have occurred, important among which was the establishment in 1982 of the Dublin-based Bureau for Lesser Used Languages. Its Secretary-General recently observed that:If our languages have been ignored in the past by European institutions this is no longer the case. The European Community is positive towards the cause of our languages and now includes in its budget a provision of 3.5 million ECU to promote regional and minority languages and cultures (Breathnach 1993:1). (See also Baetens Beardsmore 1993; 1994, Edwards 1994a, Sikma and Gorter 1991.)
Navigation Aspects of JTIDS
Authors: Wray G. L. , Sheppard C. P. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe United Kingdom's interest in the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) and its Relative Navigation (relnav) capability began in 1979 with studies into an Electronic Counter-measures (ECM) Resistant Communications System (ERCS). The Singer Kearfott Division (SKD) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) JTIDS system, which includes a relnav and position reporting capability, was selected to fulfill this requirement. Early in 1985, approval was also granted to the Royal Navy to procure an ERCS.Technical studies on JTIDS for airborne applications are being directed by RAE Farnborough and by ARE Portsdown for maritime use. Systems Designers Scientific (SD Scientific) is providing technical support in a number of areas including relnav.This paper, which was presented at an Ordinary Meeting of the Institute held in London on 15 January, gives a very brief overview of JTIDS and describes the principles of relnav before outlining the structured approach to JTIDS relnav evaluation which has been adopted.
An Omega/Transponder Display System
Authors: Litchford George B. , Saganowich Joseph T. 
Published: October 2009

A new application of the Omega navigation system is described in which a ground station is enabled to display multiple vehicle locations. Pulses from the vehicles are triggered by Omega signals and the times of arrival of the pulses at the ground station are processed to provide a ‘radar-like’ display of each vehicle's range and bearing.This paper was presented at the eleventh Annual Meeting of the International Omega Association held in Quebec in August 1986.
Operational Aspects of JTIDS Relative Navigation
Authors: Doherty P. A. , Sheppard C. P. , Wray G. L. 
Published: October 2009

This paper represents a follow-up of work previously reported at an Ordinary Meeting of the Institute and published in the Journal in May 1986 under the title ‘Navigational Aspects of JTIDS’.Technical studies on JTIDS for the airborne applications are being directed by the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE), Farnborough and by the Admiralty Research Establishment (ARE), Portsdown, for maritime use, for which Systems Designers Scientific is providing technical support in a number of areas. One such field is Relative Navigation (relnav). As part of this MOD-funded work a relnav simulator has been developed at the RAE. This simulator is currently in use for the assessment of the relnav capability and has been used to produce the results presented in following sections.This report gives a brief description of JTIDS relnav and presents some basic features of relnav performance in simple communities. Then a description of relnav performance in fragmented and loosely coupled communities is presented. Finally a brief summary of the main points and conclusions is given.
Loran-C Chains: Determination of Extent of Cover
Authors: Woodman K. F. , Juleff J. , Allen R. A. 
Published: October 2009

A mainly theoretical study has been undertaken to demonstrate how the extent of cover from a hyperbolic navigation system chain can be evaluated. The impetus for the study was the need to assess how Loran-C could be extended over Western Europe, particularly in the South western Approaches, North Sea, English Channel and Bay of Biscay sea areas.The technique described in this article leads to an accurate determination of the electric field strength at a distance from each transmitting site and takes into account the complexities of the ground-wave propagation path. This field-strength contour is combined with the geometric effects of station siting (expansion factors) to yield a constant S/N contour (–10 dB) which defines the ¼n.m. error and hence the limit of cover for the hyperbolic chain under study.In order to exercise the analytical methods a hypothetical Loran-C chain was studied comprising a master station at Lessay (France), with secondary stations at Soustons (also in France), at Sylt (dual rated; off the North Sea coast of Germany, near the Danish border) and at a fourth station located in north-west Britain on the Hebridean island of Barra. The study indicated that such a hypothetical chain would significantly improve Loran-C cover over much of western Europe.
Marine Safety Information
Authors: Fuller A. C. 
Published: October 2009

Marine Safety Information is defined as the coordinated service of navigational and meteorological warnings, meteorological forecasts and distress alerts.It represents the core information which the Master of a ship is required to receive under the provisions of chapters IV and V of the Safety of Life at Sea Convention (SOLAS).In essence these cover the responsibilities of nations to broadcast messages relating to marine hazards, the obligation placed upon Masters to report such hazards, and to receive messages broadcast about them.Three separate kinds of information are dealt with in the SOLAS Convention. First, Meteorological Services: these are the business of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), which seeks to coordinate the work of various national meteorological administrations. Unfortunately a multitude of overlapping services and areas have grown up out of an expanding practical requirement and capability. This has resulted in overlap of services and consequent multiplication of effort.
Interoperability versus Integration of Omega and GPS
Authors: Schlachta Henry B. , Studenny John 
Published: October 2009

This paper was presented at the 14th annual meeting of the International Omega Association, held at Long Beach, California in October 1989.The integration of Omega and GPS sensors into a single navigation system offers the advantages of good accuracy under almost all signal conditions, low capital investment, and certifiable worldwide navigation. The accuracy of the existing Omega network can be progressively improved as GPS satellite coverage is fully implemented. This is done by having the GPS system update the Omega navigator. Eventually, the same equipment can provide full GPS navigation accuracy but with Omega as a back-up.This paper proposes a method of further improving the overall accuracy and reliability of Omega-GPS navigation. The conceptsof Omega-GPS integration, interoperability, modes of operation, and Kalman filter data fusion are presented. Four interoperability modes of operation and their ability to improve navigation reliability are also discussed.
Land Vehicle Navigation—A Worldwide Perspective
Authors: French Robert L. 
Published: October 2009

This paper and the following five papers were presented at the NAV90 Conference on Land Navigation and Information Systems. The Conference was organized by the Institute in September at the University of Warwick. Complete sets of the proceedings are available from the Director, Royal Institute of Navigation, price £60 (to RIN members).This paper takes a global overview of technical developments in vehicular navigation. From this vantage point, the author gives his perception of some of the critical issues involved in the major shakeout and consolidation which he expects to occur during the next one or two decades, and he speculates on the outcome.
Secrets of PANDORA's Box – Creation of Digital Road Networks for Vehicle Navigation in Europe
Authors: McCallum D. G. 
Published: October 2009

The Automobile Association, Ordnance Survey, Philips BV and Robert Bosch GmbH are collaborating in a project to create and test a prototype navigation database. The project, (PANDORA–Prototyping A Navigation Database Of Road-network Attributes) which is being managed by consultants MVA Systematica, is supported by the European Community's DRIVE initiative.The data requirements of future vehicle navigation systems such as CARIN from Philips, Travelpilot/EVA from Bosch and the Autoguide scheme for London have been examined. Digital street networks have been extracted mainly from Ordnance Survey's large-scale digital mapping, and the necessary road and traffic attributes have been collected by the AA. These data have been integrated into a specially-designed prototype database for parts of London and Birmingham and the major interconnecting roads. Data have been abstracted from the database and supplied to Bosch and Philips using the Geographic Data Files (GDF) standard developed in the DEMETER project. This dataset is being tested in field trials using prototype vehicle navigation systems. The dataset will also be provided to the DRIVE Project ‘Task Forc European Digital Road Map’ as benchmark test task number 12.This paper describes the project, dealing with its objectives and relationship to other European initiatives, the work undertaken, the standards utilized and developed, its results and conclusions, and the lessons learned with respect to provision of data for larger areas of Europe. A glossary of technical terms and abbreviations is also included.
A Review of Weather Routeing of Sailboats
Authors: Thornton Tim 
Published: October 2009

A variety of different techniques has been developed for the weather routeing of sailboats. These have varied according to whether the technique is intended for yachts or for sail-assisted powered vessels, whether the routeing is for long or short time periods, and whether the routeing is used for navigation or design purposes.The techniques that have been implemented to date are reviewed, comparing their strengths and weaknesses. Ways in which these problems may be overcome in future implementations of weather routeing are also discussed
British Airways ETOPS Flight Planning System
Authors: Moore P. E. 
Published: October 2009

The constraints imposed by the regulatory authorities give flight crews more tasks to perform at the flight planning stage for an Extended Range Twin Operations (ETOPS) flight than for a non–ETOPS flight. Among the additional checks the flight crew has to make are the following:(i) That the aircraft will at all times be within the distance, calculated using the still–air single engine speed for the certified time, from the nearest ‘ suitable ’ airfield.(ii) That the ETOPS planning minima, which are typically three times the Category 1 operating minima in terms of forecast cloud base and visibility, are attained for each of the ‘suitable’ airfields used.(iii) That the weather at each of the ‘ suitable’ airfields used is forecast to be above the planning minima, not just for the time of passing, but for a period, termed the time window, from one hour before to one hour after the expected time of arrival of the aircraft at this airfield.(iv) That there is sufficient fuel, using the most critical fuel scenario, to take the aircraft from the critical point to any ‘ suitable’ airfield used in the calculation of the route.
Precision Aircraft Height Estimation with Horizontal Axis Marine Radars: (The Dual Autonomous Monitoring System (DAMS))
Authors: ten Have J. M. 
Published: October 2009

Civil aviation authorities have a requirement for the application of devices which are capable of determining the geometric height of aircraft above flight level 290 with a high degree of precision. These devices, called height monitoring units (HMUS), should pave the way for a safe and expeditious introduction of reduced vertical separation of 1000 ft above flight level 290.In this paper the design philosophy as well as the prototype development of such a device, which is called the dual-synchronized autonomous monitoring system (DAMS), are outlined. This device operates fully independently of any airborne equipment such as secondary surveillance radar transponders.The configuration basically consists of two standard marine radars with both axes of revolution situated in a horizontal plane. With this configuration it is possible to determine the trajectory of an aircraft and, in particular, the geometrical height above ground level within typical radar slant range coverage of some 18 km. The basic application of this equipment will be in the field of height monitoring of aircraft targets in environments with reduced vertical separation standards of 1000 ft above flight level 290, but a wider application of this concept is foreseen for local precision tracking of aircraft targets.
Monitoring the Integrity of GNSS
Authors: Ward N. 
Published: October 2009

The purpose of the study on which this paper is based was to establish whether there was a maritime requirement for a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) integrity monitoring and warning service in UK and Irish waters, and, if so, how best it could be established and operated.The scope of the study extended to all maritime users: merchant ships; fishing vessels; pleasure craft; and all aspects of the voyage: harbour/harbour approach; coastal and ocean passage.It has been assumed that the United States Global Positioning System (GPS) would be the system adopted, since it is the closest to an operational state. However, most of the technical considerations would apply equally to the Russian GLONASS or any future replacement system under international control.The views expressed are those of the author, and should not be taken to represent the policies of the Department of Transport or any of the other bodies mentioned.
Integration of Navigation Data
Authors: Svensson A. , Holst J. 
Published: October 2009

This article treats integration of navigation data from a variety of sensors in a submarine using extended Kalman filtering in order to improve the accuracy of position, velocity and heading estimates. The problem has been restricted to planar motion. The measurement system consists of an inertial navigation system, a gyro compass, a passive log, an active log and a satellite navigation system. These subsystems are briefly described and models for the measurement errors are given.Four different extended Kalman filters have been tested by computer simulations. The simulations distinctly show that the passive subsystems alone are insufficient to improve the estimate of the position obtained from the inertial navigation system. A log measuring the velocity relative to the ground or a position determining system are needed. The improvement depends on the accuracy of the measuring instruments, the extent of time the instrument can be used and which filter is being used. The most complex filter, which contains fourteen states, eight to describe the motion of the submarine and six to describe the measurement system, including a model of the inertial navigation system, works very well.
GPS –An Airline User's View
Authors: Shand Andrew 
Published: October 2009

This paper is intended to provide an operator's view of the impact of GPS on the air transport industry. The discussion centres on use of GPS for the en-route, oceanic, terminal area and precision approach phases of flight. In summary the author suggests the following:(i) Inefficient use of airspace is costing the airlines a huge amount of money. However, GPS is not a pre-requisite of a move towards more efficient use of that airspace, although it will be required as part of the eventual CNS/ATM package. In the near term, better usage of current equipment such as IRS and DME, together with the introduction of ADS can provide the required level of accuracy for reduced separation in en-route and oceanic airspace.(ii) There is a real need to provide navigation for non-precision approach worldwide, independent of ground-based infrastructure. This is the area in which GPS can provide the most immediate improvement to safety.(iii) There are still a large number of questions hanging over GPS for precision approach. This leads the author to believe that it will not be capable of replacing ILS for the more critical Cat 2 and 3 applications quickly enough to avoid the loss of these capabilities in some critical locations. For this reason, it is postulated that MLS will be required in Europe, at least. Even if MLS is not required, there will still need to be a means of dealing with the transition away from ILS and for this reason the concept of a multi-mode receiver has been developed.
Towards Intelligent Ships in Marine Training Simulators
Authors: Colley B. A. , Curtis R. G. , Stockel C. T. 
Published: October 2009

An application of the model to manoeuvre ships based on the range to domain over range rate (RDRR) concept is described. A simulation of a training simulator has been set up on which the target ships manoeuvre by the RDRR model in response to mariner controlled ships. Results of experiments show that the RDRR model manoeuvres targets realistically. The applications are reduced instructor work load and increased simulator reality. The method has the potential for development to manoeuvre ships at sea.B. A. Colley is now with Plessey Marine, R. G. Curtis is with the Department of Trade and Industry and C. T. Stockel is at Plymouth Polytechnic.
Bacterial populations on dressed pig carcasses
Authors: Morgan I. R. , Krautil F. L. , Craven J. A. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYSamples were collected at two abattoirs from four sites on pig carcasses as they were being placed in a chiller. Bacteriological examination showed that no single sampling site could be used to assess the microbiological status of pig carcass surfaces. Sampling from multiple sites on a carcass may be required to assess the degree of contamination by different bacteria. It is suggested that the hygiene of slaughtering and dressing of pig carcasses at an abattoir cannot be assessed on a single visit and that a number of visits are necessary to establish a hygiene pattern.
Seroepidemiological studies on the occurrence of common respiratory infections in paediatric student nurses and medical technology students
Authors: Gerth H.-J. , Grüner Ch. , Müller R. , Dietz K. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe occupational risk of acquiring minor respiratory infections for paediatric student nurses was estimated by performing serological examinations with influenza A, B, C, parainfluenza, mumps, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus andMycoplasma pneumoniaeat 6-month intervals over a period of 4 years in paediatric student nurses at two schools of nursing and students at one school of medical technology, litre increases against all tested agents occurred 1·86 times more often in the student nurses than in the medical technology students, the most frequent agents in both groups being influenza A and B. No difference in the relative distribution of the agents could be verified in the two occupational groups. Data on the protective value of pre-infectious antibody levels for influenza A, B, and coronavirus OC43 and on the importance of the spread of single agents among classmates are presented.
Shigellosis in the south-western Cape of Good Hope 1968–85
Authors: Donald P. R. , Pretorius Marie-Louise , Burger P. J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYDuring the period 1968–85 shigella organisms were isolated from stool specimens of 1562 patients attending Tygerberg Hospital, situated in the south-western province of the Cape of Good Hope of the Republic of South Africa.Shigella flexneri(72% of patients) was the commonest subgroup identified.Sh. sonneiwas the second-commonest isolate (20%), with smaller number ofSh. boydii(5%) andSh. dysenteriae(3%).Sh. dysenteriaehas not been isolated since 1979. In 1985 30% of isolates were resistant to ampicillin and 52% to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. During this period 12 cases of shigellaemia were seen, 11 in young infants less than 13 months of age who were malnourished in 6 cases. The single adult had had a previous gastrectomy and splenectomy.
Factors affecting the toxicity of rotting carcasses containingClostridium botulinumtype C
Authors: Smith G. R. , Turner Ann 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYMice killed shortly after receiving 1300–3000 spores ofClostridium botulinumtype Cper oswere incubated at one of four chosen temperatures together with bottles of cooked meat medium seeded with a similar inoculum. After incubation the rotting carcasses were homogenized. Sterile membrane filtrates of the homogenates (10–20.8%, w/v) and pure cultures were then titrated for toxicity. A temperature of 37 °C produced less toxicity in most carcasses than in cultures. At 30 °C, however, toxicity (often 2× 105to 2× 106mouse intraperitoneal LD/g or ml) was roughly similar in both systems, and some carcasses and cultures were still toxic (2× 104to 2× 105LD/g or ml) after 349 days. Surprisingly, at 23 °C, though greatly reduced in the cultures, toxicity was high in many carcasses for at least 28 days. Little or no toxin was produced in either system at 16 °C. Unfiltered homogenates (17·8–22·5%, w/v; dose 0·25 mlper os) of toxic carcasses incubated at 30 °C for 7 days invariably produced death from botulism, often within as little as 4 h, but a 1 in 10 dilution produced less than 100% mortality.
Correlation between electrophoretic types B1and B2of carboxylesterase B and host-dependent factors inEscherichia colisepticaemia
Authors: Picard B. , Goullet Ph. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYElectrophoretic types B1and B2of carboxylesterase B produced by strains ofEscherichia coliisolated from 100 septicaemia cases were correlated with α-haemolysin and mannose resistant haemagglutinin (MRHA) production and with clinical data including eventual underlying diseases, origin of septicaemia and evolution. Electrophoretic type B2was phenotypically linked with α-haemolysin and MRHA production. The proportion of type B2isolates varied significantly with occurrence of an underlying illness (45% for patients without an underlying disease and 22% for compromised patients) and with the site of origin of the septicaemia (40% for those of urinary origin and 18% for infection of digestive origin). In the former infections, type B2isolates were obtained in the majority from male patients while type B1isolates predominated in women. The septicaemias associated with type B1were characterized by a lower proportion of isolates producing α-haemolysin and MRHA and by a greater frequency of septic shock and death than those associated with type B2. These facts emphasize the importance of host-dependent factors inE. colisepticaemia.