Molecular mechanisms of the effects of mulberry (Morus Rubra) extracts on UV-radiation and oxidative stress-induced skin cell damage
Authors: Kartsagoulis Angelika , Faust Ahnna , Carroll Joseph , Delano Alexandra , Healey Ryan , Lautato Patrick , Salo Meriam 
Published: May 2024

Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, while beneficial for the homeostasis of human skin at proper doses, causes skin cell damage under extreme conditions, with a result of photoaging and skin cancer. With the depletion of the ozone layer, the prevalence of UV-induced skin cancer including melanoma has increased dramatically worldwide. Unfortunately, that poses a public health challenge for almost all countries. Over the past two decades, we have been working extensively on understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which UV radiation induces skin aging and skin cancer. We have observed that UV radiation activates cell surface receptors, more pronouncedly EGFR, leading to a cascade of activation of MAP kinase pathways, with a result of MMP activation and in turn matrix degradation, and apoptosis. We have also found that UV radiation induces the downregulation of water channel aquaporins and skin cell dehydration. This novel discovery together with other reports has resulted in the emergence of numerous skin care products. Moreover, UV radiation induces the generation of reactive oxygen species, which exacerbates skin cell damage. With this important line of discovery, more skin care products with added antioxidants have been developed. Mulberries ( Morus Rubra) have been known to be rich in antioxidants and applied to cosmetic products in Asian countries with reported effcacy although the cellular and molecular mechanisms of its actions remain elusive. The objective of this study was to investigate these mechanisms from various perspectives. We hypothesize that the mulberry extracts affect cell signaling pathways that lead to protection against UV radiation or oxidative stressed-induced cell damage. First, we extracted the antioxidants with methanol from two types of mulberries, red and white. Human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) were treated with UV radiation and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), with and without mulberry extracts. Confocal microscopy and Western blot analysis were employed to measure various cell signaling components. The results showed that mulberry extracts protect against UV radiation and H2O2 induced cell death, with red extracts showing better protection than white extracts. Mulberry extracts attenuate H2O2-induced mitochondrial activity as tested by MitoTracker™ Red CMXRos. Our previous studies have shown that UV radiation induces mTOR pathway activation evidenced by elevation of phosphorylated S6. Interestingly, in this study, Western blot analysis data indicated that mulberry extracts potentiate UV-induced S6 phosphorylation and H2O2-induced MEK activation. Furthermore, confocal data demonstrated that mulberry extract pretreatment inhibits IL1β induced NFκB p65 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Taken all together, our data suggest that mulberry extracts containing abundant antioxidants affect MAPK kinase and mTOR pathways and modulate cell signaling pathways associated with skin cell survival and inflammation under UV radiation and oxidative stress. Funding from the Committee on Aid to Faculty Research (CAFR) from Providence College. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.