bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Factors Research
Authors: Durso Francis T. , Jones Keith S. , DeLucia Patricia R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHuman factorsis often used as a superordinate term covering a number of endeavors that share the goal of understanding and improving the interactions of human operators with their technology, work environment, and other domain operators. We all recognize when bad design has not been informed by human factors research: the door you push that is designed to be pulled, instructions that misdirect you, the device that looks elegant but that fails to make clear how it is to be turned on (Norman, 1998).
Hyperactivity
Authors: Spetter Dante , Wertlieb Donald , Vashcencko Myrna V. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The term
hyperactivity
refers to both a symptom associated with a variety of medical and behavioral disorders and a common psychopathological syndrome. A range of related terms are often treated interchangeably, including
overactivity, hyperkinesis, minimal brain dysfunction, attention deficit disorder
and
attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder.
This discussion addresses hyperactivity as a descriptor, symptom, and syndrome, emphasizing the disorder currently called attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder.
Hyperventilation
Authors: Meuret Alicia E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Hyperventilation (or hypocapnia) refers to a state of reduced carbon dioxide in the blood. It is usually triggered by breathing too deeply or rapidly, in excess of the metabolic demand. The end result is that alveolar and arterial carbon dioxide (CO
2
) pressures decrease and blood pH increases. Sustained hyperventilation produces a variety of adverse changes, including a diminished ability for oxygen to pass from the blood to the organism's cells.
Iceland, Psychology in
Authors: Orn Arnarson Eirikur 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Psychologists in Iceland have been trained in various countries. An undergraduate course in psychology was started at the University of Iceland, Reykjavík, in 1971 and at the University of Akureyri in the north of Iceland in 2003. Icelandic psychologists had to go abroad for their post‐graduate training in psychology until 1999, when a post‐graduate professional training program in psychology at the masters level was begun at the University of Iceland. Initially most Icelandic psychologists completed their training in Denmark, but later they sought their training in other countries, including Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, England, Scotland, the United States, Canada, and Australia.
Identity Formation
Authors: McKinney Kathleen 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThere are numerous theoretical approaches that illuminate certain areas of identity development (e.g., Kagan's constructive‐developmental approach or Blos's object relations approach), but Erik Erikson's 1968 psychosocial approach to human development appeals to many professionals because of its utility in many professional arenas, including clinical, theoretical, and empirical. Erikson's seminal work stressed the importance of history (personal and societal) and social contexts in influencing individuals' lives, and he incorporated these ideas into his concept of identity formation in adolescence.
Implicit Association Test
Authors: Smith Colin Tucker , Nosek Brian A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
When waiting for a movie to begin, it is common to see advertisements for the soda, popcorn, and candy you passed by (or bought) in the lobby. Whether you are paying attention to the advertisement or are talking to a companion, the pairing of ice‐cold containers of soda with other attractive images and sounds establishes an association between “soda” and “good” in your mind. In the theater and beyond, the mind is constantly gathering information from the social environment and creating, revising, and reinforcing associations in memory. The mind is so prolific at forming these associations that it may do so even if you would rather not have them.
Impulsivity
Authors: Smith Gregory T. , Zapolski Tamika C. B. , Combs Jessica L. , Friend Regan E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The concept of impulsivity has played an important role in psychology. It is included in virtually every theoretical system of human personality. In the field of clinical psychology, it is understood to contribute to many different forms of psychopathology (Whiteside & Lynam, 2001). It is part of borderline personality disorder (a disorder characterized by emotional lability and ill‐considered, self‐harming acts); antisocial personality disorder (characterized by rash, ill‐thought out acts that often harm others); attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (characterized by difficulty waiting one's turn and persevering on tasks); bulimia nervosa (characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging); alcohol and drug‐use disorders; and a whole set of impulse‐control disorders, such as kleptomania, pyromania, and intermittent explosive disorder. For many of these forms of psychopathology, impulsivity is understood to contribute to their emergence.
Individualism
Authors: Johnson David W. , Johnson Roger T. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In common usage, individualism is defined as leading one's life in one's own way without regard for others. Individualism involves giving one's own interests precedence over the interests of the state or social group (i.e., egoism or selfishness). It is based on the belief in the primary importance of the individual and in the virtues of self‐reliance and personal independence. Individualism may be separated from individuality, which is the sum of the qualities that set one person apart from others. To individualize is to distinguish a person as different from others, whereas to individuate is to make a person individual or distinct. Individualism is also distinct from autonomy, which is the ability to understand what others expect in any given situation and what one's values are, and to be free to choose how to behave based on either or both. Whereas individuality and autonomy are important aspects of healthy psychological development and health, individualism is not. Finally, individualism is often contrasted with collectivism. Collectivism is a moral, political, or social outlook that stresses human interdependence and the importance of communities and societies rather than the importance of separate individuals, thus giving priority to group goals over individual goals. Collectivism requires attention to the well‐being of other members of the community and the common good, whereas individualism requires attention to only one's own well‐being.
Integral Psychology
Authors: EsbjÖRN‐Hargens Sean , Wilber Ken 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe phrase “integral psychology” was first used in the 1940s by Indra Sen, a student of the Indian philosopher‐sage Sri Aurobindo (1872–1950), to describe the synthesis of yoga (karma‐, jnana‐, and bhakti‐yoga) pioneered by Aurobindo. Forty years later, in 1986, Sen published a book in India by that title,Integral Psychology: The Psychological System of Sri Aurobindo.On a somewhat parallel track, another student of Aurobindo, Haridas Chaudhuri, further developed an integral yoga psychology based on his teacher's evolutionary philosophy. His approach to integral psychology is explicated in his bookThe Evolution of Integral Consciousness(1977). More recently, Brant Cortright published a book entitledIntegral Psychology: Yoga, Growth, and Opening the Heart(2007), which explores psychotherapy in the context of the Aurobindo tradition of integral yoga.
Intelligence
Authors: Das J. P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Intelligence is cognition comprising sensory, perceptual, associative, and relational knowledge. A concise definition of intelligence, according to Das, Naglieri, and Kirby (1994), is the ability to plan and structure one's behavior with an end in view. If the end is a social one, then it is the most parsimonious solution to a problem that will best serve the common good. Sternberg (2005) defined intelligence as a number of components that allow one to adapt, select, and shape one's environment. Gardner (1999) defined intelligence as the ability to create an effective product or offer a service that is valued in a culture; in other words, intelligence is a set of skills that make it possible for a person to solve problems in life. The challenge, however, is to devise ways of measuring intelligence by operationalizing the above concepts.
Interference
Authors: Miller Ralph I. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
One of the earliest and most robust findings of experimental psychology is that two event representations in memory can compete with one another. If training on Task A precedes Task B, subsequent testing on Task B may yield impaired (i.e., proactive interference) or facilitated performance relative to control subjects who were not exposed to Task A. Conversely, subsequent testing on Task A may yield impairment (i.e., retroactive interference) or facilitation relative to control subjects who were not exposed to Task B. Such interference is commonly viewed as evidence of competition between the representations of Tasks A and B. Interference (and facilitation) has been observed across a wide variety of subjects (including humans and nonhuman species) and tasks. Much of the memory research conducted over the past century has attempted to identify relevant variables (for excellent reviews, old but still relevant, see Postman & Underwood, 1973; Underwood, 1957). The following remarks apply equally to proactive and retroactive interference (and facilitation) except where otherwise noted.
International Council of Psychologists
Authors: McCarthy Sherri 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The International Council of Psychologists (ICP), comprised of members from over 35 countries, has been active since 1941. The organization's mission is to strengthen international bonds and improve communication among psychologists throughout the world. Regular Members are psychologists with membership in a national psychological association affiliated with the International Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS) who have been working in psychology for at least two years. Associate Members lack two years of qualifying experience, or, in countries in which the national psychological association recognizes a higher and lower level of experience, qualify at the lower level. Professional Affiliates are active in a profession allied to psychology. Student Affiliates are working toward a degree in psychology or a related field.
International Psychology
Authors: Stevens Michael J. , Gielen Uwe P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAlthough modern psychology is often said to have originated with Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory, it actually arose in several Western countries at nearly the same time (i.e., Germany, United Kingdom, United States). Because of these multiple beginnings, psychology was an international discipline from its inception (Brock, 2006; Stevens & Gielen, 2007). Following World War II, with the emigration of prominent psychologists from Germany and Austria and the growth of the American Psychological Association (APA), psychology in the United States advanced rapidly and came to dominate the discipline. Given its preeminence, psychology in the United States became increasingly monocultural and monolingual as well as less responsive to scientific and applied innovations occurring elsewhere in the world (Brock, 2006; David & Buchanan, 2003; Stevens & Gielen, 2007). As a consequence of the insularity and hegemony of U.S. psychology, efforts were undertaken in many countries to develop psychologies of greater relevance to local culture and needs (i.e., indigenization). The internationalization of psychology is also an outgrowth of the broader process of globalization, which has expanded and accelerated the worldwide exchange of information and dialogue among diverse peoples.
International Society of Clinical Psychology
Authors: Ardila Ruben 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The International Society of Clinical Psychology (ISCP) was founded in 1998 in San Francisco, due to the initiative of a group of psychologists led by Donald K. Routh of the University of Miami. The ISCP was established to fill the need for a world organization of clinical psychologists, with the aim of providing a vehicle for global communication among clinicians, intended to foster multicultural understanding in the practice of clinical psychology, to enhance knowledge by cross‐cultural research, to support the education and training of clinical psychologists based on a foundational level of knowledge, to encourage the development of a world certification for clinical psychologists, and to collaborate with other world organizations in providing clinical psychology expertise where required.
Interview Assessment
Authors: Craig Robert J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSurveys reveal that the clinical interview is the most frequently used assessment method among 95% of psychologists (Watkins, Campbell, Nieberding, & Hallmark, 1995). Although there are general factors that influence the content and structure of a clinical interview, perhaps the single most guiding factor is the theoretical orientation of the psychologist. There are primarily four major theoretical orientations that are popular among psychologists today: psychodynamic, client‐centered (which has merged with humanistic and existential orientations), cognitive‐behavioral, and family systems approaches.
Intrinsic Motivation
Authors: Deci Edward L. , Ryan Richard M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Little children love to play and to learn. They are active, curious, and eager to engage their environments, and when they do they learn. To some extent adults also love to play and to learn. When people are playing and learning in this eager and willing way, they are intrinsically motivated. Throughout life, when they are in their healthiest states, they are active and interested, and the intrinsically motivated behaviors that result help them acquire knowledge about themselves and their world.
Introversion‐Extraversion
Authors: Thorne B. Michael 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Carl Jung coined the terms
introversion
and
extraversion
to refer to two different psychological attitudes. By introversion, Jung meant a turning inward of the libido (psychic energy), whereas extraversion referred to a directing outward of the libido. Note that either term can be spelled with an “o” or an “a” (that is, either as above or as intraversion and extroversion). Although inconsistent, introversion and extraversion are the spellings used with the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator
®
(MBTI
®
) instrument, which is a popular personality assessment tool based on Jung's type theory.
Irrational Beliefs
Authors: Bridges K. Robert , Harnish Richard J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Irrational beliefs are rigid, inaccurate, or illogical beliefs that are used to interpret external events. They are self‐defeating, unconditional, inconsistent with reality, and unlikely to find empirical support. Conversely, rational beliefs are logical, flexible, and consistent with reality. If a person holds irrational beliefs, negative life events—inevitable in everyone's life—will result in inappropriate negative emotions and dysfunctional behaviors. Irrational beliefs also play a role as predisposing or causal factors in a number of behavior disorders.
Item Analysis
Authors: Hogan Thomas P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Item analysis refers to a family of techniques for examining characteristics of test items. Most psychological tests consist of a collection of individual items. Test developers use item analysis techniques to evaluate these test items, eliminate poorly performing items, include nicely performing items, and apprise test users of test features resulting from the selection of items. In formal test development projects, item analysis precedes preparation of the final test. In less formal applications, item analysis may occur only after administration of the final test to indicate quality of the test.
J
ames,
W
illiam (1842–1910)
Authors: Haynie N. A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
An American philosopher and psychologist, William James was educated in Europe, England, and America. He was part of a prominent Harvard family of literature professors. Frequent trips abroad gave James a wide knowledge of the world. Although he was supported and encouraged to pursue a scientific education, James suffered physical illness, indecision, and depression throughout his early years. Finally he earned a medical degree from Harvard in 1869 and took a teaching position there in 1872. From 1875 to 1876 James taught the first psychology course in an American university at Harvard. He was given funds for laboratory and demonstration equipment for the course in 1875, about the same time that Wilhelm Wundt established his psychology laboratory at Leipzig.
Job Stress Survey
Authors: Spielberger Charles D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Negative effects of stress in the workplace on the health and well‐being of workers have been observed throughout human history. The phrase “mad as a hatter” came into the English language long before anyone knew that mercury in the materials used in making hats affected the central nervous system (Kahn, 1981). In the nineteenth century, descriptions of the “black lung” disease of coal miners recognized a causal link between a hazardous work environment and a particular physical disorder. The World Health Organization has noted that “…occupational health and the well‐being of working people are crucial prerequisites for productivity and are of utmost importance for overall socioeconomic and sustainable development” (2000, p. 2). In a recent survey by Northwestern National Life, many employees viewed their jobs as the number one stressor in their lives.
Kagan,Jerome (1929– )
Authors: Staff  
Published: January 2010

AbstractJerome Kagan received his bachelor of science degree from Rutgers University in 1950 and the PhD from Yale University in 1954. After a term at Ohio State University, he was inducted into the United States Army during the Korean War. Following discharge from the Army in 1957, Kagan became senior scientist at the Fels Research Institute in Yellow Springs, Ohio, where his major work involved analyzing a large corpus of longitudinal data on children who were followed from birth to adolescence and assessed again when they were young adults. The results of his work, in collaboration with Howard Moss, revealed that preservation of individual differences in this relatively typical middle‐class sample did not emerge until after six or seven years of age. A summary of the project was published in a book, entitledBirth to Maturity, which won the Hofheimer Prize of the American Psychiatric Association.
Kinsey Institute
Authors: Bass Jennifer L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction was founded in 1947 by pioneering researcher Alfred C. Kinsey. Located on the campus of Indiana University, the Kinsey Institute's mission is to promote interdisciplinary research and scholarship in the fields of human sexuality, gender, and reproduction. Research scientists conduct studies into sexual health and behavior, and the extensive research collections provide resources for scholars across disciplines in humanities, art, and science.
Kleptomania
Authors: Kohn Carolynn S. , Szafranski Derek D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Kleptomania is currently defined as an impulse control disorder in which the essential feature is a recurring failure on the part of the individual to resist impulses to steal items, even though those items are not needed for personal use or their monetary value. The individual experiences an increasing sense of tension just prior to the theft and then a release of pressure, gratification, or relief after successfully completing the theft. In order to receive the diagnosis, the stealing should not be committed as an expression of anger or vengeance, should not be done in response to delusions or hallucinations, and cannot better be accounted for by another disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Thus, the individual's intention prior to and following stealing is important.
Kruskal‐Wallis Test
Authors: McKight Patrick E. , Najab Julius 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Kruskal‐Wallis (Kruskal & Wallis, 1952) is a nonparametric statistical test that assesses the differences among three or more independently sampled groups on a single, non‐normally distributed continuous variable. Non‐normally distributed data (e.g., ordinal or rank data) are suitable for the Kruskal‐Wallis test. In contrast, the one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), which is a parametric test, may be used for a normally distributed continuous variable. The Kruskal‐Wallis test is an extension of the two‐group Mann‐Whitney U (Wilcoxon rank) test. Thus, the Kruskal‐Wallis is a more generalized form of the Mann‐Whitney U test and is the nonparametric version of the one‐way ANOVA.
Lesbianism
Authors: Carr Malique L. , Golblum Peter B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractLesbianism denotes a woman's same‐sex attraction, behavior, and/or identification. Lesbian is the preferred term for women who self‐identify as having same‐sex preference. Most recently, the term lesbianism has also given way to the use of “lesbian” as an adjective; thus we speak of “lesbian behavior,” “lesbian relationships,” and “lesbian community.”
L
ewin,
K
urt (1890–1947)
Authors: Lundin Ralph W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Kurt Lewin received his PhD from the University of Berlin in 1914. Among his early associates were two of the Gestalt psychologists, Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Köhler. Some psychologists consider Lewin's system to be an extension of the Gestalt movement. Lewin considered his system to be
topological
and
vectoral psychology
. He took the terms “topology” and “vector” from mathematics. Topology investigates the properties of space. But topology was not enough: he needed a concept of force or vector.
Libido
Authors: Wertlieb Donald 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

“Libido is a term used in the theory of the instincts for describing the dynamic manifestation of sexuality.” Thus Sigmund Freud began his 1923 encyclopedia article on libido theory. He had used the term
libido
(derived from the Latin for lust and desire) as early as 1894. His major theoretical treatise,
Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
(1905/1973, p. 255) placed libido at the center of his theories of development and psychopathology. In his
New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis
, a decade later, he introduced his review and current synthesis of libido theory by noting that “the theory of instincts is so to say our mythology” (Freud (1933/1973, p. 95). Even in Freud's later years, libido remained a central construct in psychoanalytic theory, one side of the basic, pervasive, instinctual dualisms: sex and aggression, life and death. The metapsychology of libido's vicissitudes and reorganizations over the course of development through the psychosexual stages—oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital—formed the core of early psychoanalytic theories of developmental psychopathology and clinical practice.
L
uria,
A
lexander
R
omanovich (1902–1977)
Authors: Staff  
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Alexander Luria graduated from the University of Kazan, Russia, at the age of 19 in 1921. He entered medical school in the late 1930s and earned degrees of MD, EdD, and DMed from the University of Moscow, where he later became a professor in the Department of Psychology and head of the Department of Neuropsychology. Luria was influenced in the direction of his studies and research by Vygotsky, whom he met in 1924.