bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adesão dos profissionais de saúde ás precauções-padrão: uma revisão integretiva da literatura
Authors: Ferreira Milene Dias , Godoy Vivian Stefani , Facchin Luiza Tayar , Silveira Renata Cristina de Campos Pereira , Sonobe Helena Megumi , Gir Elucir , Canini Silvia Rita Marin da Silva 
Published: January 2012

Objective: to identify and assess the available evidences in the literature about factors that interfere with the adherence of the health workers to standard precautions. Methods: this is an integrative literature review, conducted through electronic search of articles in the following databases: PubMed, digital archive produced by the National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (LILACS), EMBASE and COCHRANE Library, published between 1999 and 2008. In total, 14 articles were analyzed. Results: the analysis of articles identified a variety of factors that can interfere positively or negatively with the adherence of health workers to standard precautions. Most (13/14) were classified as evidence level 6, since they were descriptive articles. Reasons were grouped in three categories: factors related to individuals, to institutions and to the process of work. Conclusion: although the present study does not provide strong scientific evidences, it permitted the identification of a group of variables that should be better researched in analytical and experimental studies, which can support in a more concrete way the improvement of the levels of adherence of health workers to standard precautions. Descriptors: health personnel; guideline adherence; universal precautions.
Communication about sexual and reproductive health between parents and adolescent children: a literature review
Authors: Gubert Fabiane Do Amaral , Cunha Vieira Neiva Francenely , Da Costa Pinheiro Patrícia Neyva , De Oliveira Eliany Nazaré , Napoleão Albuquerque Izabelle Mont'Alverne 
Published: January 2012

Objectives: to analyze publications involving communication between parents and children about issues related to sexuality in the databases MEDLINE, BDENF E LILACS of the Virtual Health Library - VHL from 2004 to 2009. Methods: systematic literature review study, held in VHL, in May 2009, from descriptors: communication, adolescent and sexuality. For the analysis of information, there was the organization of content as thematic categories present in the publications. Results: the 20 references were analyzed, and 12 in the database MEDLINE, five in LILACS and three in BDENF. The results show the family as a reference in the communication and identify the mother, as the main mediator of the dialogue with the children. In studies, it emphasizes the need for educational strategies that strengthen parents, as young people who enjoy communication in the family, tend to experience sexual health in a more healthy and pleasant. Conclusion: place new strategies/experiences in the sexual and reproductive behavior from family relationships promote the understanding of health and quality of life. The nurse must strengthen the social support network of adolescents and actions for health promotion in this field. Descriptors: adolescent; communication; sexuality; nursing.
Assistência ao paciente submetido à artroplastia total de quadril: o saber da enfermagem traumato-ortopédica
Authors: Vital Isabel Cristina , Cameron Lys Eiras 
Published: January 2012

Objective: to achieve a mapping of national and international scientific productions about nursing care to patients that were submitted or will be submitted to hip arthroplasty. Methods: this is an exploratory and transverse study that sought to characterize the cross scientific production on the nursing care in hip arthroplasty and the articles were searched on LILACS, MEDLINE, Pubmed, SciELO and BDENF Virtual Libraries in the period of 1976-2008 and were founded 239 publications, the most ever published in international journals. Results: from these, we selected 23 articles, which had full access whether they were in Portuguese or English and was observed that there is a shortage in national scientific productions about this thematic in nursing area and a necessity of more researches. Conclusion: the analysis showed it’s necessary that more studies must be done to attend the clients’ necessities and the nurses that work on the Orthopaedic nursing area must discuss and go further in the treatment to be institutionalized pre, trans and pos surgical hip arthroplasty for a good attendance to the clients, reduce the troubles and costs. Descriptors: orthopedic nursing; nursing care; patient care; hip arthroplasty.
Transplante de órgãos e tecidos: aspectos históricos, ético-legais, emocionais e repercussão na qualidade de vida
Authors: Barros Patrícia Madruga Rêgo , Araújo Ednaldo Cavalcante de , Lima Luciane Soares de 
Published: January 2012

Objective: to present the scientific production on quality of life, some historical, ethical, legal and emotional involving the transplantation of organs and tissues. Methods: this is a descriptive and exploratory study that it was sought in Medline, Scielo and Lilacs, involving adults, to search using the following descriptors depression, quality of life, transplantation of kidney and chronic disease as well as consultation on text books and articles cited in the references obtained in the review. Results: the scientific production presented had two relevant aspects: the significant technological and evolution and policies concerned with the transplantation of organs and tissues in Brazil and the evidence of an insignificant value people give to emotional and social aspects in patient’s life quality. It was also observed a disproportional between the number of viable organs and the crescent waiting list, related to the failure in the notification of cases of cerebral deaths and to the failure in approaching the families to donate the organs of their family member. Conclusion: Despite the also technological development of dialysis treatment, renal transplantation has been described as the best option in order to provide better quality of life for chronic kidney patient. But it is valid to emphasize that, like any treatment, the transplant has implications that need to be clarified in order to avoid future frustrations and complications or emotional and psychological. Descriptors: depression; quality of life; organ transplantation; chronic disease.
Theodore (Tadrus)
A
bu
Q
urrah (
d
. 825)
Authors: Amar Joseph P. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Theodore (Tadrus) Abu Qurrah (d. 825), a native of Edessa, Syria, and a Chalcedonian monk of St. Sabas monastery near Jerusalem, has the distinction of being the earliest theologian to write in Arabic for the purpose of commending the truths of the Christian faith to Muslims. An early exponent of understanding between Muslims and Christians, Theodore did this by articulating Christianity in the language and idiom of contemporary Muslim scholastic theologians known as
mutakallimun
. His writings, therefore, provide an invaluable witness to Christian thought and expression in the increasingly Islamic milieu in which eastern Christianity found itself in the 8th and 9th centuries.
Adiaphora
Authors: Schmidt Alvin J. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Most lay Christians probably have never heard of the concept
adiaphora
(plural) or
adiaphoron
(singular). Adiaphora, a word borrowed from the Greek, means “things that are indifferent.” It has its origin among the Greek Stoic philosophers (4th century
bc
) who first used the concept to indicate a given act was neither a virtue nor a vice. The Greek word
diaphoron
means “difference,” but when the letter alpha (
a
) is prefixed to
diaphoron
, the word means “indifferent.” Hence, in regard to given theological or ecclesiastical beliefs or practices, adiaphora refer to beliefs or practices that are biblically indifferent, that is, neither commanded nor forbidden in the Bible. Adiaphora are those matters that Christians in their God‐given liberty are free to do or not to do.
Alexandrian Theology
Authors: Nixon John Ashley 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Over the course of several centuries, a particular way of speaking and thinking about the incarnation was clarified among a group of theologians associated with the city of Alexandria. The roots of this theology reach back to the end of the 2nd century. Pantaenus, Clement, and Origen helped to articulate and develop a theology that emphasized the Word that became flesh. Athanasius continued to form and express this theology in his writings and it reached perhaps its deepest formation in the work of Cyril of Alexandria. The development of this theology, however, should not be seen as a consistent and continuous effort. Rather it was formed as each of these teachers faced developing questions within the life and practice of the church. In particular, Alexandrian theology was clarified in response to Arianism and took its definitive form in the 5th century in contrast to what modern scholars have termed “Antiochene theology.” One, however, must not make too much of these categories, they are simply a framework commonly used to help classify theologians or systems of thought.
A
mbrose (
c
.338–397)
Authors: Williams D. H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Born into Roman high society at Trier (Trêves), Aurelius Ambrosius, Bishop of Milan (Ambrose) never intended to pursue episcopal office. Like his brother Satyrus, he was trained in law and had already begun a career in imperial service, eventually being appointed provincial governor of the northern Italian province of Aemilia‐Liguria. When the “Arian” bishop of Milan, Auxentius, died in 374, Ambrose entered the city basilica to quell the disturbances that threatened to escalate over choosing a successor, only to find himself being elected bishop. Since he had not yet been baptized, Ambrose was rushed through the catechetical process and baptized within a week by the presbyter Simplicianus.
Anabaptists
Authors: Whiting Michael 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The expression “Anabaptists” originated in the 16th century as a derogatory term identifying “rebaptizers” who invalidated the rite of infant baptism. They were severely belittled by their Catholic, Lutheran, and Reformed contemporaries as seditious and “fanatical,” and scholars since the 1960s still commonly classify Anabaptists and antisacramental “Spiritualists” (Sebastian Francke) as the “Radical Reformation” in distinction to a Protestant mainstream. Recent research emphasizes the complexity of their origins and cautions against popular characterizations, such as that all Anabaptists were descendants of pacifist rebaptizers. A millenarian group in Germany under Hans Hut actually had roots in the more militant and revolutionary dissent of Andreas Karlstadt and Thomas Müntzer, while a Dutch community inspired by the apocalyptic spiritualism of Melchior Hoffman reconstructed a polygamous theocracy and eventually brought tragedy upon the German city of Münster in the 1530s.
Apocrypha, the
Authors: Schmidt Alvin J. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

The word apocrypha is derived from the Greek word
apokryphos,
meaning hidden or secret things. Initially, the term referred to esoteric writings and also to books that contained a lot of obscure content. During the Reformation era, “the Apocrypha” referred to those books that were non‐canonical in the Hebrew Bible before Christ or in the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible about 250
bc
) The Latin Vulgate of St. Jerome (d. 420) had 15 OT apocryphal books, including The Additions to Esther. The Septuagint contained 17 OT apocryphal books. It omitted 2 Esdras from the Vulgate, but added Psalm 151 and 3 and 4 Maccabees.
Apologists
Authors: Scholer David M. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

One of the significant forms of 2nd century Christian literature is the
apologia
(= defense); the authors of these writings are known as the Apologists. Most of the Apologists wrote in Greek, although there are a few Latin Apologists. Some of the apologies were defenses of Christianity against Judaism (e.g. Barnabas; Justin Martyr,
Dialogue with Trypho
), but these works are not considered here.
Art (Painting)
Authors: Crabtree Mara Lief 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The primary reasons for the creation of artistic works in the medium of painting are: to glorify God; to express faith; to provide a means for witnessing to others concerning the message and meaning of the Christian faith; to provide beauty, meaning, and decorative elements to places of worship, schools, hospitals and other institutions with a connection to the Christian faith; and as a means to elevate and to focus one's thought on spiritual themes.
Assyrian Apostolic Church of the East
Authors: van den Berg Heleen Murre‐ 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe Assyrian Church of the East, better known as the Nestorian Church, today numbers a little over 400,000 people. Fewer than half of its members live in the Middle East, mainly in Iraq, Syria, and Iran. More than with any other church of the Middle East, its adherents have settled in Western countries, in the Americas, in Europe, and in Australia. From early times, a considerable part of this church has been found in India, and traces of that old community are still present although the overwhelming majority of the sect known as Thomas Christians is now part of other churches. The focus in this article is on the Assyrian Church of the East, but its history is closely connected with the Chaldean Church, its Catholic counterpart that came into existence from the mid 16th century onward. With a similar number of faithful worldwide, this church had until recently suffered less from largescale migration than the Church of the East, but after the political developments of the last two decades, especially in Iraq, this church, too, has seen many of its faithful move to the West. With the Syriac Orthodox Church, these churches share the use of Classical Syriac, a form of Aramaic, as the most important language of literature and liturgy. Alongside the languages of the countries in which they live, many members of these churches speak a modern Aramaic language at home.
Atonement, Theoriess of
Authors: Gomes Alan W. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The doctrine of Christ's atonement concerns his work on the cross in providing salvation for humankind. From Genesis to Revelation the Bible gives special prominence to this doctrine, beginning with the Old Testament “types” of Christ's death (e.g. Gen. 3:21; 8:20; Exod. 12:1–28; Lev. 1–7) to the direct fulfillment in the New Testament, in which, as Dr. Henry Holloman observes, the death of Christ is mentioned more than 175 times and is assumed or implied in many other instances. Consequently, there is scarcely a doctrine in all of Christian theology of greater importance.
A
ugustine,
S
aint (354–430)
Authors: Kolbet Paul R. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Augustine was a gifted orator and author whose books have been continuously read to the present day. Born in Thagaste, North Africa (modern Souk‐Ahras, Algeria), Augustine received a classical education that greatly emphasized the discipline of rhetoric. Subsequently, he taught rhetoric in Carthage, then in Rome, and finally, in 384 he was appointed the municipal orator of Milan, the imperial residence. After some years of spiritual searching, including nearly a decade as a Manichaean, Augustine was baptized as a Catholic in 386 by Ambrose of Milan, ordained a priest in 391, and made bishop of the same city in 395 or 396. At a time when to write meant conforming to defined genres, in his early dialogues Augustine showed both his mastery of classical forms of expression and genuine literary innovation (such as his
Soliloquies
). Augustine's
Confessions
, written in mid‐life in his early years as a bishop, illustrates the psychological awareness, rhetorical power, and theological insight that characterize his written works. More of his writings have been preserved than any other ancient author, including, among others, his
City of God
,
On the Trinity
, nearly a thousand sermons, and a sizable collection of letters.
A
ustrian Christianity
Authors: Schirrmacher Thomas 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Christianity probably came to Austria — by then made up of the Roman provinces Rhaetia, Noricum, and Pannonia — through Roman soldiers and officers in the 1st century, and the first local churches were founded in the 2nd century
ad
. After the tolerance edict by Constantine in
ad
313, Christianity spread and there is evidence of the installation of the first bishoprics. The Germanic tribes moving to Austria in the emigrations of nations during the end of Roman rule were mainly Arian Christians, and Christianity became the majority religion till the 5th century. But in the 6th century, all kinds of heathen tribes wandered or expanded to Austria, especially the Slavs, the Bavarians and the Alamans. Christians were again in the minority, even though, differently from the German regions, some of the structure of the Christian churches continued through the fall of the Roman Empire.
Authority
Authors: Laing Jacqueline 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

The term authority derives from the Latin
auctoritas
. Although often regarded as synonymous with
potestas
or power, authority is more properly considered power legitimately exercised. Whereas Stalin had the power to kill millions of innocent civilians he did not have the authority to do so. Accordingly, it is often said that the supreme authority is God himself who is both omnipotent and all good. On this view God is the source of the eternal law which is observed both in the fullness of the physical universe and also in the moral universe that governs men and angels. Accordingly the book of Proverbs states that “By me kings reign and lawgivers decree just things” (Prov. 8:15).
B
axter,
R
ichard (1615–1691)
Authors: Bain‐Conkin Jeffrey L. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Richard Baxter was a Puritan clergyman in 17th century England. The Puritan movement sought to remove all vestiges of Roman Catholicism from the Church of England. Some left for the New World when persecuted by Archbishop Laud. This “Great Migration” to the colonies demonstrated the two paths of Puritanism: churchly and separate Puritans. (Separatists had given up on the redemption of Anglicanism.)
B
ea,
A
ugustin
C
ardinal (1881–1968)
Authors: Morrow Jeffrey L. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Augustin Cardinal Bea was born in Riedböhringen, Germany in 1881. He is primarily recognized for his role as a pioneering leader in the Catholic ecumenical movement, but he was originally trained as an Old Testament exegete. Bea became a Jesuit in 1902. From 1924 until 1949, Bea taught courses in the Bible at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome (Gregorianum) and at the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome (PBI), where he served as Rector from 1930 until 1949. He assisted Pope Pius XII with his encyclical on the sacred liturgy,
Mediator Dei
, and he also assisted in drafting Pius XII's encyclical on biblical studies,
Divino Afflante Spiritu
. Pope John XXIII made Bea a cardinal in 1959, and he became that Pope's closest advisor. When John XXIII began preparations for the Vatican II (1962–1965), he commissioned Bea to draft a document on the relationship between the Catholic Church and the Jewish people for the Council to discuss. The text Bea wrote was revised and expanded, and eventually became Vatican II's famous Declaration on the Church's Relation to Non‐Christian Religions,
Nostra Aetate
. Bea was an important figure at the Council. He contributed significantly to the Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation,
Dei Verbum
, for which he was the Co‐President of the commission responsible for drafting the document. In 1960, two years before the Vatican II, John XXIII appointed Bea as the first President of the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity. After the Council Bea's work focused on ecumenism, work which he had begun as early as 1949. Much of his publishing during this time dealt with Christian ecumenism. His other major publications treated biblical interpretation and inspiration. In 1968 Bea died at the age of 87.
B
enedict of
N
ursia (
c
.480–c.547)
Authors: Matus Zachary A. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

St. Benedict, author of a monastic rule, founder of the religious houses of Subiaco and Monte Cassino, and brother of St. Scholastica (c.480–c.543), was a pivotal figure in the development of monasticism in Western Europe. Details of Benedict's life are scarce, however, and survive only as a hagiographical account in Pope Gregory the Great's (590–604)
Dialogues.
Gregory did not know Benedict and makes his report on the basis of information gathered from Benedict's disciples.
B
enedict
XVI
,
P
ope (
b
. 1927)
Authors: Morrow Jeffrey L. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Pope Benedict XVI was born Josef Alois Ratzinger in Marktl am Inn, Germany, on April 16, 1927 (Holy Saturday). Growing up in Bavaria, Ratzinger was immersed in a Catholic culture that attracted him early on. He fell in love with Catholic liturgy, with art, and with music. He was an avid pianist, and knew from an early age that he wanted to become a Catholic priest. As a 16 year old seminarian, he was drafted by the German army in World War II to protect a motor production site. When he reached 17, he was drafted into the SS, which he refused, explaining he intended to become a priest. Instead he was forced to dig trenches. Benedict eventually deserted and only missed execution because of the mercy of the soldiers who captured him. After the war Ratzinger was awarded two doctorates in theology. His first dissertation considered St. Augustine's doctrine on the church. His second dealt with St. Bonaventure's theology of history. A consummate historical theologian, Ratzinger has been said to possess an encyclopedic knowledge of church history, the history of biblical interpretation, and the history of the development of the liturgy.
B
erdyaev,
N
ikolai
A
lexandrovich (1874–1948)
Authors: Phillips Benjamin Blair 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

The Russian philosopher Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev was born on March 6, 1874 to aristocratic parents in Kiev. He attended the University of Kiev but was arrested as a Marxist and exiled to Vologda in 1898. Returning to Kiev in 1901, his commitment to Eastern Orthodox theology was awakened by Sergei Bulgakov. In 1920, Berdyaev began teaching philosophy at Moscow State University, but was exiled 2 years later for anti‐authoritarian views. Berdyaev moved to Paris in 1923, where he published
Put
(“The Way”), a journal of religious philosophy, from 1925 to 1940. Though he never completed a university degree, Berdyaev lectured at the Sorbonne in 1939, and received an honorary doctorate of divinity from Cambridge University in 1947. Berdyaev died at his desk on March 24, 1948.
Bioethics and Christianity
Authors: Foreman Mark W. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBioethics can be defined asthe analysis and study of ethical issues and problems which arise due to the interrelationship between the practice of the medical/biological sciences and the moral rights and values of human beings. Almost everyone recognizes the value of medical research and treatment. Over the history of the past century there have been tremendous advances in medical progress reducing or even eliminating much disease and suffering. A number of conflicts have arisen, however, between that medical progress and the rights and values of human beings. These conflicts have generated a large amount of thought and discussion on the nature of human life, the goals of medicine, and appropriate ways to respond to human suffering. These discussions make up the field of bioethics.