bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interspecies differences in the accumulation of tributyltin and its metabolites under dietary exposure in sea perch, Lateolabrax japonicus, and red sea bream, Pagrus major
Authors: Uno Seiichi , Murakami Masayo , Kokushi Emiko , Koyama Jiro 
Published: August 2009

AbstractInterspecies differences in the accumulation of dietary tributyltin (TBT) between sea perch, Lateolabrax japonicus, and red sea bream, Pagrus major, were studied. Although TBTs in both species reached steady‐state condition in low‐concentration group (L‐group, 200 ng/g nominal concentration) by 1 week, it increased up to the end of exposure in high‐concentration group (H‐group, 3000 ng/g nominal concentration). In H‐group, the accumulation rate of TBT in sea perch from 1 to 2 weeks was much higher than in red sea bream, which were 2.4‐fold for sea perch and 1.7‐fold for red sea bream, although TBT concentrations were similar between sea perch and red sea bream in L‐group. Furthermore, in the H‐group, the concentrations of TBT at 1 and 2 weeks were about 1.3‐ and 1.9‐fold, respectively, higher in the sea perch than in the red sea bream. On the other hand, DBT residue in red sea bream was about 1.4‐fold higher in sea perch for the L‐group but concentrations were similar in both fishes for the H‐group. These results suggest that red sea bream could metabolize faster the TBT to DBT than sea perch. This study also reveals that fish probably could absorb TBT through the food chain. The uptake of TBT by fish should be regarded in the real environment, because TBT concentration in seawater has been decreasing and now already at significantly low level. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 26: 29–36, 2011.
Chloride Derivatives of Lanthanide Ortho‐Oxomolybdates: 2. The Unique Crystal Structure of NdCl[MoO4] in the LnCl[MoO4] Series
Authors: Schleid Thomas , Hartenbach Ingo 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe reaction of Nd2O3, NdCl3, and MoO3 in a molar ratio of 1:1:3 leads to a phase‐pure product, consisiting of bulky, pale violet single crystals of NdCl[MoO4]. The title compound crystallises orthorhombically in space group Pbam with four formula units per unit cell (a = 1991.61(9) pm, b = 693.79(3) pm, c = 742.53(3) pm) and is therefore not isotypic with the so far observed phases within the LnCl[MoO4] series (Ln = La–Lu). The crystal structure contains two crystallographically distinguishable tetrahedral [MoO4]2– anions, which are surrounded by five Nd3+ cations each. Four of them represent terminal ligands, the fifth one coordinates through an edge. There are also two crystallographically different Nd3+ cations in the structure, which both show almost the same coordination environment, namely a distorted trigonal dodecahedron, consisting of two Cl– and six O2– anions. The structure is built up by chains of oxide‐edge sharing [NdCl2O6]11– polyhedra, which form double chains through a Cl1···Cl1 bridge at the dodecahedron around (Nd1)3+. These double chains are connected to four adjacent double chains by Cl2 vertices of the (Nd2)3+ polyhedron. Finally, the Mo6+ cations come to lie in tetrahedral oxygen voids of this three‐dimensional network.
The Chain Manganates K29Mn17O34, Rb11Mn8O16, and Cs4Mn3O6: a New Family of Mixed‐valent One‐dimensional Transition Metallates
Authors: Pfeiffer Steffen , Nuss Jürgen , Jansen Martin 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAir and moisture sensitive K29Mn17O34, Rb11Mn8O16 and Cs4Mn3O6 were prepared via the azide/nitrate route from stoichiometric mixtures of the precursors Mn2O3, AN3 and ANO3 (A = K, Rb, Cs) in special containers provided with silver inlays. Their compositions can be generalized as AxMnO2 with x varying between 1.703 and 1.333. According to the X‐ray analysis of the crystal structures [K29Mn17O34: Ima2, Z = 4, a = 93.149(3), b = 10.0063(3), c = 6.0621(2) Å, 6585 independent reflections, R1 = 0.053, wR(all) = 0.143; Rb11Mn8O16: F222, Z = 16, a = 12.2096(4), b = 20.1595(7), c = 43.712(2) Å, 11534 independent reflections, R1 = 0.042, wR(all) = 0.131; Cs4Mn3O6: C222, Z = 8, a = 12.790(3), b = 21.123(4), c = 8.179(2) Å, 2212 independent reflections, R1 = 0.051, wR(all) = 0.122], the main feature of all three crystal structures are {}^1_\inftyMnO2n– chains built up from partially distorted edge‐sharing MnO4 tetrahedra. The alkali metal ions fill the space between the anionic entities forming honeycomb like arrangements. In all cases manganese is in a mixed‐valent state but no full charge ordering is noticeable. The variations of the charges along the MnO2n– chains seem to be best described in terms of charge density waves. The magnetic susceptibilities show the dominance of strong antiferromagnetic interactions for the rubidium and the cesium compounds, whereas ferro‐ or ferrimagnetic interactions prevail in the potassium compound.
Ln3[SiON3]O (Ln = La, Ce, Pr) – Three Oxonitridosilicate Oxides with Crystal Structures Derived from the Anti‐Perovskite Structure Type
Authors: Kechele Juliane A. , Schmolke Christian , Lupart Saskia , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe oxonitridosilicate oxides Ln3[SiON3]O with Ln = La, Ce, Pr were obtained by high‐temperature syntheses (1450–1600 °C) in a radio‐frequency furnace. The crystal structures were determined from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data and confirmed by Rietveld refinements. The compounds Ln3[SiON3]O crystallize in space group I4/mcm (La3[SiON3]O: a = 6.8224(10), c = 11.074(2) Å, Z = 4; R1 = 0.0240; Ce3[SiON3]O: a = 6.7233(10), c = 11.069(2) Å, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0234; Pr3[SiON3]O: a = 6.6979(9), c = 11.005(2) Å, Z = 4; R1 = 0.0156) and they were found to be isotypic with Gd3[SiON3]O, whose structure derives from the anti‐perovskite structure type. In the crystal structure there are elongated OLn6‐octahedra, which are interconnected through common vertices. In the cavities of this network there are exclusively non‐condensed SiON3 tetrahedra. 29Si solid‐state NMR investigations, lattice energy calculations (MAPLE) and EDX measurements confirmed the crystal structure and the chemical compositions. For Ce3[SiON3]O, magnetic susceptibility measurements were carried out and the paramagnetic behavior with an experimental magnetic moment of 2.2 μB per cerium atom indicates Ce3+.
Surgical strategy for mucin‐producing bile duct tumor
Authors: Ohtsuka Masayuki , Kimura Fumio , Shimizu Hiroaki , Yoshidome Hiroyuki , Kato Atsushi , Yoshitomi Hideyuki , Furukawa Katsunori , Mitsuhashi Noboru , Takeuchi Dan , Takayashiki Tsukasa , Suda Kosuke , Miyazaki Masaru 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTumors with copious mucin production within the intra‐ or extrahepatic bile ducts have been reported as mucin‐producing bile duct tumors (MPBTs). Because mucin produced by these tumors causes recurrent cholangitis and obstructive jaundice, surgical resection should be indicated even if these tumors are regarded as benign. In order to choose the appropriate surgical procedure, exact preoperative assessment of tumor location and cancer extension is important, especially evaluation of the extent of superficial spreading through cholangioscopic observation and biopsy. In principle, MPBTs should be resected in a manner similar to that employed for other types of bile duct carcinomas. That is, major hepatectomy with or without extrahepatic bile duct resection or pancreaticoduodenectomy should be chosen as the surgical procedure, and intraoperative frozen section at the stumps of the bile duct is essential. On the other hand, when precise diagnosis is completed preoperatively and the lesion is diagnosed as adenoma or carcinoma with invasion confined to the ductal wall and limited superficial spreading, limited resections preserving organ functions as much as possible can be considered as a choice among surgical procedures. All ten patients with MPBT resected at our institution according to these strategies are still alive without tumor recurrence, with a median survival of 48.0 months.
A. J. P. Taylor and History
Authors: Segel Edward B. 
Published: August 2009

A. J. P. Taylor's reputation among his fellow historians, like his writings, is marked by paradoxes and contradictions. There is respect for his learning, envy of his brilliance, admiration for his originality, and irritation, if not downright indignation, at his alleged vices. In private, his close friends assure you of his very great qualities as a historian, only to grumble at his absurdities as a showman. In public, his reviewers, even when they praise his scholarship, complain of the impossibility of seeing him as a wholeThere is something Shavian about A. J. P. Taylor and his place among academic historians: he is brilliant, erudite, witty, dogmatic, heretical, irritating, insufferable, and withal inescapable. He sometimes insults and always instructs his fellow-historians.…Almost ten years have passed since this comment was made, and Taylor is no less controversial now than before. Indeed, his two latest books, The Origins of the Second World War (1961) and the Illustrated History of the First World War (1963) have only increased his notoriety among his colleagues. As for this essay, the assumption behind it is that a historian as prolific and important as Taylor deserves a comprehensive and sober analysis, and that perhaps even his eccentricity and insufferableness can be instructive.
Technology and Social Change
Authors: Davisson William I. 
Published: August 2009

We live in a world of constant change. Western society as opposed to Eastern society has always been characterized by change, though perhaps today Eastern societies such as China and Japan are changing faster than we of the West.Our folklore in America pictures the “new” world that Rip van Winkle found when he awakened. Every day we listen for the news. What's new in the world? We have a newspaper. We have newscasters on the media. We greet each other with, “What's new?” Our scientists set out for New Worlds to conquer. We have New Math and Art Nouveau. We change washing machine models every year. We change dress and hair styles. In most cases anything 100 years old is fit only for discard. We tear down our old buildings and move to the suburbs. Things change so fast we don't have time or the inclination or the ability to evaluate whether it was really necessary to have a new style of car or washing machine or a new design for the detergent box. We are driven by maximizing of profits, by being efficient, and by moving people and things.
Should Environmentalists Reject the Enlightenment?
Authors: Hinchman Lewis P. , Hinchtnan Sandra K. 
Published: August 2009

Among environmentalists today, there is a widespread opposition to the “Enlightenment project.” Deep ecologists, in particular, aspire to ground environmental ethics and politics in premodern modes of life and thought. This move fails to account for the myriad important connections between Enlightenment themes and those of contemporary ecophilosophy. Notions of a public sphere, cosmopolitanism, multiculturalism, and deep time, as well as new approaches to the self and doubts about the market, persist from the Enlightenment into current environmental theory and practice. The essay warns against severing environmentalism from its Enlightenment antecedents and urges instead an ethic drawn from the revered nature writer and ecologist Aldo Leopold, who was profoundly indebted to Enlightenment ideals.In recent years a rift has opened up between some currents of environmental philosophy and the legacy of the Enlightenment. Prominent eco-philosophers have blamed the latter for our contemporary environmental crisis. William Ophuls, for example, describes the Enlightenment as a desperate attempt to defy the ecological implications of the laws of thermodynamics by erecting a political order based on untrammeled growth rather than selflimiting virtue. One of the reviewers of Ophuls's book regards this indictment as “old news”; he criticizes Ophuls, in fact, for clinging to the Enlightenment paradigm in seeking to derive environmental ethics from natural laws. It would be fair to say that many, if not most, green intellectuals have come to define their enterprise as a counter-Enlightenment.
Religion in the Public Square: A Reconsideration of David Hume and Religious Establishment
Authors: Jordan Will R. 
Published: August 2009

While recent scholarship has attempted to clarify the Founders′ opposition to religious establishment, few pause to consider public establishment as a viable alternative. This study examines one of the eighteenth century's least likely proponents of religious establishment: David Hume. Despite his reputation as an avowed enemy of religion, Hume actually defends religion for its ability to strengthen society and to improve morality. These salutary qualities are lost, however, when society is indifferent about the character of the religion professed by its citizens. Hume's masterful History of England reveals that a tolerant established church is best equipped to reap the advantages of religion while avoiding the dangers of fanaticism. Hume's differences in this respect from Adam Smith and Alexis de Tocqueville are explored.In the last few years, we have witnessed a remarkable increase in public discourse about the role of religion in American life. From the spirited campaign rhetoric of vice-presidential candidate Joseph Lieberman to George W. Bush's faith-based initiative, our national leaders have demonstrated a growing willingness to bring religion into the public square. One result has been a renewed debate about the meaning of both the First Amendment and the Founders′ principle of nonestablishment. Often missing from this debate is a discussion of the deeper issues at play in the relationship between church and state. What exactly do individual citizens have to fear from a union of church and state?
The Constitutional Theories of Thomas Paine
Authors: Meng John J. 
Published: August 2009

The latter half of the eighteenth century was a period of tremendous social, political, and economic fermentation. Much of our contemporary civilization was shaped by the forces released during those five decades. Frenchmen, Englishmen, and Germans of great ability and deserved renown had written and were writing of the rights of man and of the citizen. More than ever before in the history of the modern world thought was being given to the lot of the common people. In America, and later in France, Thomas Paine epitomized this liberal intellectual trend in words that have been adopted as classic expressions of the inherent value of the human personality.Unfortunately, the phenomenal growth of industrial capitalism during he nineteenth and twentieth centuries caused the new bourgeois ruling classes to lose sight of the basic human values stressed so emphatically by the eighteenth-century intellectuals.
A Leninist before Lenin: Ernest Coeurderoy (1825–1862)
Authors: Kheraskov Ivan 
Published: August 2009

The name Coeurderoy, of course, will mean nothing to the reader. It is that of a thoroughly forgotten French revolutionary writer. Nettlau, the bibliographer of anarchism in the nineteenth century, who devoted to him an enthusiastic article in the second issue of the Archives of the History of Socialism (1910) and reedited the three volumes of his diary, Days of Exile, with an extensive biographical introduction (1911), has literally rediscovered him for the reader of the twentieth century.And yet Coeurderoy was a most unusual personality. Nettlau considers him an outstanding writer, a master of the written word worthy of a place in world literature next to Nietzsche. In the present study we propose to acquaint the reader only with the political aspect of Coeurderoy's thought—his militant social philosophy which, as will be seen, is of strikingly contemporary interest. Not only did his revolutionary vision foreshadow “Leninism,” not only did he discern through the mists of the future the Russian communist upheaval in its European aspect, but he was spiritually a contemporary, as it were, of our own period of history. “Outwardly,”—he wrote,—“I live in our century, but in spirit I belong to the future.”
Denazifying the Reich
Authors: Plischke Elmer 
Published: August 2009

“What shall be done with Germany upon her defeat?” For many months prior to the surrender of the Wehrmacht this vital question evoked a host of conflicting proposals, official and unofficial, in both Military Government planning staffs and in higher policy-formation circles. Despite many differences, these proposals uniformly demanded immediate disarmament, demilitarization, and—denazification.Early plans called for the occupation of Germany with the objective of insuring that she never again would threaten her neighbors and the rest of the world. The demilitarization and disarmament of the German armed forces was undertaken rapidly and resolutely by our occupation forces and those of our Allies as a preliminary step in securing this objective. But the more difficult task of denazification—that is, the permanent elimination of the institutions, leadership, and psychology in German life which produced and supported the Nazi regime—is still far from completed.
Genesis of U. S.-Soviet Relations in World War II
Authors: Fischer George 
Published: August 2009

American wartime policy regarding Russia continues to be disputed heatedly. In these controversies the genesis of Soviet-American relations in World War II, although it obviously played a key role in shaping both the victorious anti-Axis alliance and the uneasy peace that followed, has so far been neglected. To throw light on the initial rapprochement, this paper is presented as a survey of the half-year period in 1941 between the German attack on Russia and the Japanese attack on the United States.Sumner Welles, Under Secretary of State in 1941, records that “the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, particularly during the period of the German-Soviet agreement, had been practically non-existent.” The Soviet invasion of Finland, sharply resented by American public opinion, served to exacerbate relations further. Only after the German attack of June 22, 1941, did the two great powers draw together.
The processing and comprehension of wh-questions among second language speakers of German
Authors: JACKSON CARRIE N. , BOBB SUSAN C. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTUsing the self-paced reading paradigm, the present study examines whether highly proficient second language (L2) speakers of German (English first language) use case-marking information during the on-line comprehension of unambiguous wh-extractions, even when task demands do not draw explicit attention to this morphosyntactic feature in German. Results support previous findings, in that both the native and the L2 German speakers exhibited an immediate subject preference in the matrix clause, suggesting they were sensitive to case-marking information. However, only among the native speakers did this subject preference carry over to reading times in the complement clause. The results from the present study are discussed in light of current debates regarding the ability of L2 speakers to attain nativelike processing strategies in their L2.
Effects of large herbivores on murid rodents in a South African savanna
Authors: Hagenah Nicole , Prins Herbert H.T. , Olff Han 
Published: July 2009

Abstract:Our study presents experimentally based results on how large herbivore species affect savanna vegetation and thus murid rodents in the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. We permanently excluded groups of large herbivore guilds of various body sizes (ranging from white rhino to hares) from sixteen 40 × 40-m plots of vegetation by using different fence types. We determined grass species composition and vegetation height and collected capture–mark–recapture data on murid rodents. Nutrient concentrations of the dominant grass species and rodent diet compositions were analysed. We found that herbivore species of different body sizes had different effects on murid rodents. The exclusion of medium-sized herbivores, such as warthog, impala and nyala increased the abundance of high-quality grass species, especiallyPanicum maximum. However, the dominant rodent speciesLemniscomys rosaliapreferred the most abundant grass species, rather than high-quality grasses. The absence of large bulk feeders, such as zebra, buffalo and white rhino led to an increase in vegetation height. In response, tall vegetation promoted both rodent abundance and species diversity and altered rodent species composition. Ultimately, our results indicate that the greatest effect on murid rodents came from the reduction of vegetation cover by large bulk feeders, which likely increased rodent predation risk.
Effect of rodents on seed fate of five hornbill-dispersed tree species in a tropical forest in north-east India
Authors: Velho Nandini , Datta Aparajita , Isvaran Kavita 
Published: July 2009

Abstract:Hornbills are important dispersers of a wide range of tree species. Many of these species bear fruits with large, lipid-rich seeds that could attract terrestrial rodents. Rodents have multiple effects on seed fates, many of which remain poorly understood in the Palaeotropics. The role of terrestrial rodents was investigated by tracking seed fate of five hornbill-dispersed tree species in a tropical forest in north-east India. Seeds were marked inside and outside of exclosures below 6–12 parent fruiting trees (undispersed seed rain) and six hornbill nest trees (a post-dispersal site). Rodent visitors and seed removal were monitored using camera traps. Our findings suggest that several rodent species, especially two species of porcupine were major on-site seed predators. Scatter-hoarding was rare (1.4%). Seeds at hornbill nest trees had lower survival compared with parent fruiting trees, indicating that clumped dispersal by hornbills may not necessarily improve seed survival. Seed survival in the presence and absence of rodents varied with tree species. Some species (e.g. Polyalthia simiarum) showed no difference, others (e.g. Dysoxylum binectariferum) experienced up to a 64% decrease in survival in the presence of rodents. The differing magnitude of seed predation by rodents can have significant consequences at the seed establishment stage.
Seed rain in a tropical agricultural landscape
Authors: Martínez-Garza Cristina , Flores-Palacios Alejandro , De La Peña-Domene Marines , Howe Henry F. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract:Seed dispersal into fragmented tropical landscapes limits the rate and character of ecological succession between forest remnants. In a novel experiment in recovery of dispersal between forest remnants, 120 1-m2 seed traps were placed in fenced plots in active pasture 90–250 m from forest, and in nearby primary and secondary forests. Total seed rain from December 2006 to January 2008 included 69 135 seeds of 57 woody species. High richness of seed rain of early-successional trees occurred in all habitats, but seed rain of late-successional woody plants was much lower into pastures and secondary forest than into old-growth forest. Non-metric ordination analysis further demonstrated high movement of late-successional species within and between forest and secondary forest, but little movement of species of either forest type to pastures. Most species were dispersed by animals, but most seeds were dispersed by wind. A pattern of seed rain biased strongly towards wind-dispersed species creates a template for regeneration quite unlike that in nearby forest.