bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved multicrystalline silicon ingot crystal quality through seed growth for high efficiency solar cells
Authors: Jouini Anis , Ponthenier Damien , Lignier Hélène , Enjalbert Nicolas , Marie Benoit , Drevet Béatrice , Pihan Etienne , Cayron Cyril , Lafford Tamzin , Camel Denis 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTWork on silicon crystal quality improvement and defect control has been carried out on lab‐scale seeded growth ingots allowing wafers with controlled grain orientations. Both <111> and <100> monocrystalline‐like ingots were produced using a combination of quartz rod dipping and a modulated conductive heat extraction system, made in‐house, in a directional solidification system. Two mono‐like wafer morphology types have been produced. Their structural and electrical properties are presented in detail. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Authors: Taniguchi Naoyuki 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA combination of the EMARS reaction and the application of mass spectrometry‐based proteomics techniques promises to permit cell‐surface molecular clustering to be analyzed under physiological conditions [Jiang et al., Proteomics 2012, 12, 54–62]. It is very likely that this approach will provide new insights into a wide range of research areas directed at understanding the cell‐surface interactome.
Spherulitic growth in block copolymers and blends of miscible crystalline polymers
Authors: Ikehara Takayuki , Kurihara Hideo , Kataoka Toshiyuki 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSpherulitic morphology and growth rate of block copolymers comprised of miscible crystalline constituents, namely poly(ethylene succinate) (PES) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), were investigated. The results of the copolymers were compared with those of the blends with the same composition and molecular weight. Interpenetrating spherulites, where spherulites of one component grow in those of the other component, were observed in the copolymers as in the blends. Copolymerization, namely the connectivity of the PES and PEO blocks, reduced the spherulitic growth rate in the melt for both components. The growth inside the spherulites of the other component was discussed based on the lamellar and fibrillar (or lamella‐stack) structures, which are influenced by the interblock connectivity. Suppression of molecular mobility in the interlamellar regions resulted in the reduced nucleation and growth rate of the component growing in the spherulites of the other constituent. PES of the copolymer showed dendrites around 60 °C or above. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Experimental and quantum chemical calculational studies on N‐[4‐(3‐Methyl‐3‐phenyl‐cyclobutyl)‐thiazol‐2‐yl]‐N′‐pyridin‐3ylmethylene‐hydrazine
Authors: Saraçoǧlu Hanife , Cukurovali Alaaddin 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe title molecule, N‐[4‐(3‐Methyl‐3‐phenyl‐cyclobutyl)‐thiazol‐2‐yl]‐N′‐pyridin‐3ylmethylene‐ hydrazine (C20 H20 N4 S1), was characterized by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, IR, UV‐visible, and X‐ray determination. In addition to the molecular geometry from X‐ray experiment, the molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies and gauge including atomic orbital 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR chemical shift values of the title compound in the ground state have been calculated using the Hartree‐Fock and density functional method (B3LYP) with 6‐31G(d, p) basis set. The calculated results show that optimized geometries can well reproduce the crystal structural parameters. By using time‐dependent density functional theory method, electronic absorption spectrum of the title compound has been predicted. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Image‐quality figure evaluator based on contrast‐detail phantom in radiography
Authors: Wang Ching‐Lin , Wang Chuin‐Mu , Chan Yung‐Kuan , Chen Rong‐Tai 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundIn radiology, it is significantly important to produce adequate diagnostic information while minimally affecting the patient with the lowest amount of dose. A contrast‐detail phantom is generally used to study the quality of image and the amount of radiation dose for digital X‐ray imaging systems. To evaluate the quality of a phantom image, radiologists are traditionally required to manually indicate the location of the holes in each square in the phantom image. Then, the image quality figure (IQF) of the image can be evaluated. However, evaluation by the human eye is subjective as well as time‐consuming, and it differs from person to person.MethodsIn this paper, an image processing‐based IQF evaluator is proposed to automatically measure the quality of a phantom image. Nine phantom images, each consisting of 2382 × 2212 pixels, were used as test images and were provided by Taichung Hospital, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China. The IP‐IQF evaluator separates the phantom image into squares and then stretches the contrast of each square to the range 0–255. After that, it splits each square into 3 × 3 equal‐sized regions, and recognizes the pattern of the square based on the features computed by mean‐difference gradient operation and run length enhancer. Furthermore, a genetic algorithm‐based parameter values‐detecting algorithm is presented to compute the optimal values of the parameters used in the IP‐IQF evaluator.ResultsThe experimental results demonstrate that CoCIQ and the IP‐IQF evaluator can efficiently measure the IQF of a phantom image. The IP‐IQF evaluator is more effective than a radiologist and CoCIQ in evaluating the IQF of a phantom image.ConclusionsThe proposed IQF evaluator is more sensitive than not only the observation of radiologists but also the computer program CoCIQ. Moreover, a genetic algorithm is provided to compute the most suitable values of the parameters used in the IQF evaluator. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and field testing of the FootFall planning system for the ATHLETE robots
Authors: SunSpiral Vytas , Wheeler D.W. , Chavez‐Clemente Daniel , Mittman David 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe FootFall Planning System is a ground‐based planning and decision support system designed to facilitate the control of walking activities for the ATHLETE (All‐Terrain Hex‐Limbed Extra‐Terrestrial Explorer) family of robots. ATHLETE was developed at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and is a large, six‐legged robot designed to serve multiple roles during manned and unmanned missions to the moon; its roles include transportation, construction, and exploration. Over the 4 years from 2006 through 2010 the FootFall Planning System was developed and adapted to two generations of the ATHLETE robots and tested at two analog field sites [the Human Robotic Systems Project's Integrated Field Test at Moses Lake, Washington, June 2008, and the Desert Research and Technology Studies (D‐RATS), held at Black Point Lava Flow in Arizona, September 2010]. Having 42 degrees of kinematic freedom, standing to a maximum height of just over 4 m, and having a payload capacity of 450 kg in Earth gravity, the current version of the ATHLETE robot is a uniquely complex system. A central challenge to this work was the compliance of the high‐degree‐of‐freedom robot, especially the compliance of the wheels, which affected many aspects of statically stable walking. This paper reviews the history of the development of the FootFall system, sharing design decisions, field test experiences, and the lessons learned concerning compliance and self‐awareness. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Importance of Nanoparticle Size in Colorimetric and SERS‐Based Multimodal Trace Detection of Ni(II) Ions with Functional Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Krpetić Željka , Guerrini Luca , Larmour Iain A. , Reglinski John , Faulds Karen , Graham Duncan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractColorimetric detection of analytes using gold nanoparticles along with surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) are areas of intense research activity since they both offer sensing of very low concentrations of target species. Multimodal detection promotes the simultaneous detection of a sample by a combination of different techniques; consequently, surface chemistry design in the development of multimodal nanosensors is important for rapid and sensitive evaluation of the analytes by diverse analytical methods. Herein it is shown that nanoparticle size plays an important role in the design of functional nanoparticles for colorimetric and SERS‐based sensing applications, allowing controlled nanoparticle assembly and tunable sensor response. The design and preparation of robust nanoparticle systems and their assembly is reported for trace detection of Ni(II) ions as a model system in an aqueous solution. The combination of covalently attached nitrilotriacetic acid moieties along with the L‐carnosine dipeptide on the nanoparticle surface represents a highly sensitive platform for rapid and selective detection of Ni(II) ions. This systematic study demonstrates that significantly lower detection limits can be achieved by finely tuning the assembly of gold nanoparticles of different core sizes. The results clearly demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of a multimodal approach.
Functional and tableting properties of acetylated and oxidised finger millet (Eleusine coracana) starch
Authors: Afolabi T. Adeniyi , Olu‐Owolabi B. Iromidayo , Adebowale Kayode O. , Lawal Olayide S. , Akintayo C. Olufunke 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe functional and tableting properties of native (NaFM) and chemically modified (by acetylation, AcFM; and oxidation, OxFM) finger millet starches were investigated. The tablet formation properties of the starches were assessed by Heckel and Kawakita analysis. The swelling power and solubility of the starch increased with increase in temperature with AcFM having the highest swelling power, while OxFM had the highest solubility. X‐ray diffractometry showed that the starches had the characteristic ‘A’ pattern with strong peaks at 3.78, 4.37, 4.87, and 5.17 Å. Chemical modification causes rupture of some starch granules as revealed by the Scanning Electron Micrograph. Chemical modification also leads to improved gelatinisation profile, with reduction in ΔHgel from 9.64 J/g (NaFM) to 3.88 J/g (AcFM) and 8.76 J/g (OxFM). The bulk density and Hausner's ratio increased after chemical modification of the starch. Chemical modification reduced the mean yield pressure, Py (Heckel analysis) but increased the deformability Pk (Kawakita analysis) of the starch compacts. Chemical modification also increased the crushing and tensile strength of the starch compacts, but lowered its disintegration time and friability.
Inter‐group and intra‐group assertiveness: Adolescents' social skills following cultural transition
Authors: Korem Anat , Horenczyk Gabriel , Tatar Moshe 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThe goals of this study were to examine intra‐group and inter‐group assertiveness among adolescents, and to compare these two domains of assertiveness between cultural groups in Israel. Measures of intra‐group and inter‐group assertiveness were developed, and questionnaires were administrated to 441 immigrants from the Former Soviet Union (FSU), 242 immigrants from Ethiopia and 333 non‐immigrants. Compared to non‐immigrants, FSU and Ethiopian immigrants' inter‐group assertiveness was lower. Girls reported higher levels of inter‐group assertiveness than boys. Each of the immigrant groups rates itself as equally assertive as the non‐immigrant group and more assertive than the other immigrant group. Also, a difference between inter‐group and intra‐group assertiveness was found among the FSU immigrants. It is argued that adolescents' assertiveness following cultural transition is associated with socio‐cultural context, and the implications of this conclusion are discussed.
Medium and field inhomogeneity: zone of influence during magnetotelluric sounding
Authors: Plotkin V.V. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The study is devoted to the possibilities of MTS in the case of arbitrary medium and electromagnetic-field inhomogeneity. It has been shown that the local tensor impedance and admittance ratios between the field components are usually differential. Useful information about the study region, with complex behavior of sounding curves, can be obtained by unconventional processing techniques, with the help of nonlocal medium response functions (component matching). Experiments can be considerably more cost-effective if we divide the study area into several small zones of synchronous observations and perform independent experiments in each of them at different time.
Control of voluntary feed intake in fish: a role for dietary oxygen demand in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets with different macronutrient profiles
Authors: Saravanan S. , Geurden I. , Figueiredo-Silva A. C. , Kaushik S. J. , Haidar M. N. , Verreth J. A. J. , Schrama J. W. 
Published: January 2012

It has been hypothesised that, at non-limiting water oxygen conditions, voluntary feed intake (FI) in fish is limited by the maximal physiological capacity of oxygen use (i.e. an ‘oxystatic control of FI in fish’). This implies that fish will adjust FI when fed diets differing in oxygen demand, resulting in identical oxygen consumption. Therefore, FI, digestible energy (DE) intake, energy balance and oxygen consumption were monitored at non-limiting water oxygen conditions in Nile tilapia fed diets with contrasting macronutrient composition. Diets were formulated in a 2 × 2 factorial design in order to create contrasts in oxygen demand: two ratios of digestible protein (DP):DE (‘high’v.‘low’); and a contrast in the type of non-protein energy source (‘starch’v.‘fat’). Triplicate groups of tilapia were fed each diet twice daily to satiation for 48 d. FI (g DM/kg0·8per d) was significantly lower (9·5 %) in tilapia fed the starch diets relative to the fat diets. The DP:DE ratio affected DE intakes (P < 0·05), being 11 % lower with ‘high’ than with ‘low’ DP:DE ratio diets, which was in line with the 11·9 % higher oxygen demand of these diets. Indeed, DE intakes of fish showed an inverse linear relationship with dietary oxygen demand (DOD;R20·81,P < 0·001). As hypothesised (‘oxystatic’ theory), oxygen consumption of fish was identical among three out of the four diets. Altogether, these results demonstrate the involvement of metabolic oxygen use and DOD in the control of FI in tilapia.
Enhanced anti-inflammatory effect of resveratrol and EPA in treated endotoxin-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages
Authors: Pallarès Victor , Calay Damien , Cedó Lídia , Castell-Auví Anna , Raes Martine , Pinent Montserrat , Ardévol Anna , Arola Lluís , Blay Mayte 
Published: January 2012

Macrophages play an important role in immunogenic challenges by producing reactive oxygen species, NO and proinflammatory cytokines that can aggravate and propagate local inflammation. Multiple mechanisms regulate these inflammatory processes. NF-κB and activator protein 1 pathways are crucial in the expression of proinflammatory genes, such as TNF-α, IL-1 (α or β) and -6. Some polyphenols, which are present in beverages, vegetables and fruits, and PUFA, which are present in marine oils and fish food, possess anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro. Our aim in the present study was to assess whether polyphenols and PUFA have synergistic anti-inflammatory effects in murine macrophages in vitro. Inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages was induced by lipopolysaccharide at 100 ng/ml. The treatments with molecules were performed by co-incubation for 19 h. A NO production assay by Griess reaction, a phosphoprotein assay by Pathscan ELISA kit and gene expression analysis using the TaqMan® Low-density Array for ninety-one genes related to inflammation, oxidative stress and metabolism were performed to assess the synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate and resveratrol (Res; 2·5 μg/ml), and the PUFA, DHA and EPA (30 μm). Adding Res+EPA had an enhanced anti-inflammatory effect, in comparison with EPA and Res alone, leading to decreased NO levels; modulating the phospho-stress activated protein kinase/Jun N-terminal kinase (P-SAPK/JNK) level; down-regulating proinflammatory genes, such as IL, chemokines, transcription factors; and up-regulating several antioxidant genes. Therefore, this combination has a stronger anti-inflammatory effect than either of these molecules separately in RAW macrophages.
RNA interference in plant parasitic nematodes: a summary of the current status
Authors: LILLEY C. J. , DAVIES L. J. , URWIN P. E. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYRNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as an invaluable gene-silencing tool for functional analysis in a wide variety of organisms, particularly the free-living model nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans. An increasing number of studies have now described its application to plant parasitic nematodes. Genes expressed in a range of cell types are silenced when nematodes take up double stranded RNA (dsRNA) or short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that elicit a systemic RNAi response. Despite many successful reports, there is still poor understanding of the range of factors that influence optimal gene silencing. Recentin vitrostudies have highlighted significant variations in the RNAi phenotype that can occur with different dsRNA concentrations, construct size and duration of soaking. Discrepancies in methodology thwart efforts to reliably compare the efficacy of RNAi between different nematodes or target tissues. Nevertheless, RNAi has become an established experimental tool for plant parasitic nematodes and also offers the prospect of being developed into a novel control strategy when delivered from transgenic plants.
Making Motions in a Language we do not Understand: The Apophaticism of Thomas Aquinas and Victor Preller
Authors: Eitel Adam 
Published: January 2012

AbstractVictor Preller's Divine Science and the Science of God makes an unjustly neglected contribution to understanding the apophaticism of Thomas Aquinas and, by extension, the possibilities and constraints of theological discourse. Preller contends that, according to Thomas, God-talk can be meaningful though not intelligible. That is, by faith one can know that one's propositions refer to God; one cannot, however, know how they do so. The first part of the article explains the main inferences leading up to these conclusions. The second part attends to some key passages in Thomas' Summa Theologiae in order to substantiate Preller's interpretation. Spelling out these passages requires coming to grips with Aquinas’ distinction between the ‘thing signified’ (res significata) and ‘mode of signification’ (modus significandi). Armed with this second stock of concepts, the argument doubles back on the conclusions already set out: building on Preller, I argue that Thomas distinguishes between meaning and intelligibility for semantic reasons, judgements about the practice of language which are bound up with certain other ontological judgements. Throughout the article, the virtues of this line of interpretation are compared and contrasted with the position laid out in Kevin Hector's article, ‘Apophaticism in Thomas Aquinas: A Reformulation and Recommendation’, Scottish Journal of Theology 60/4 (2007), pp. 377–93.
Electron-beam accelerator for pumping of a Xe2 lamp
Authors: Kovalchuk B.M. , Kharlov A.V. , Volkov S.N. , Zherlitsyn A.A. , Zorin V.B. , Smorudov G.V. , Kiselev V.N. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA high-current electron-beam accelerator for pumping of a Xe2 lamp was developed. It is intended for injection of an electron beam into cylindrical gas cavity (diameter of 400 mm, length of 1600 mm, and the absolute pressure up to 3 bars). Two electron diodes in parallel are used in the accelerator. Each diode is connected to a linear transformer driver with vacuum insulation of a secondary turn. The next parameters of the accelerator have been obtained: diode voltage — 550–600 kV, diode current — 276–230 kA, current rise time — 160 ns, maximum power of the electron beam — 130 GW, pulse width on half maximum — 160 ns, electron beam energy at power level not less than half of maximum value — 20 kJ. The total energy of electrons, which pass through a 40 µm Ti foil into the Xe cell, is 8–9 kJ in the 150–160 ns pulse (full width at half maximum) mean specific power of energy input into gas cavity is about 330 kW/cm3. Design of the accelerator and test results are presented and discussed in this paper.
A New Obsidian Source in the Highlands of Guatemala
Authors: Braswell Geoffrey E. , Glascock Michael D. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA new obsidian source has recently been discovered in the highlands of Guatemala, near the city of Sansare, El Progreso. Ten samples have been subjected to neutron activation analysis, and the results are presented. While ceramic affinities tie the Sansare area with Formative and Classic period Highland Maya sites, linguistic evidence suggests that Postclassic inhabitants of this region were Xinca speakers.
Identity of a New World Psychoactive Toad
Authors: Davis Wade , Weil Andrew T. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAnthropologists have long speculated that ancient peoples of Mesoamerica used a toad,Bufo marinus, as a ritual intoxicant. This hypothesis rests on many iconographic and mythological representations of toads and on a number of speculative ethnographic reports. We rejectB. marinusas a candidate for such use because of the toxicity of its venom. A more likely candidate is the Sonoran desert toad,Bufo alvarius, which secretes large amounts of the potent, known hallucinogen, 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). We demonstrate that the venom ofB. alvarius, though known to be toxic when consumed orally, may be safely smoked and is powerfully psychoactive by that route of administration. These experiments are the first documentation of a hallucinogenic agent from the animal kingdom, and they provide clear evidence of a psychoactive toad that could have been employed by Precolumbiae peoples of the New World.
Evolution of Classic Period Architecture in the Eastern Acropolis, Copan:A progress report
Authors: Sharer Robert J. , Miller Julia C. , Traxler Loa P. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractInterpreting the social meaning of polity center architecture opens a window onto the organization and history of the society responsible for its construction. Our research is designed to examine the form, function, and organization of Copan's Acropolis architecture. Through a unique program of tunneling, surface excavation, and architectural recording, more than 400 years of monumental architecture (c. A.D. 400–800) are being documented and analyzed to comprehend the evolution of the Acropolis and its role in the Copan polity. The dramatic erosion cut through the eastern Acropolis edge allows ready access to all major construction levels and presents a rare opportunity for extensive exposure of superimposed architectural plans. Our tunneling excavation methods provide a more complete, less destructive, and more efficient means of such documentation. Exposed architecture is being recorded by a computer-assisted mapping program, its first application to the sequential development of Classic Maya architecture, and its first use in tunnel excavations. As a result, our research is documenting the architectural transformation of the Acropolis during the time of Copan's increasing sociopolitical complexity and is doing so at a level of detail impossible to achieve by most projects using traditional archaeological techniques. The correspondence between architectural data and data sets from epigraphy, iconography, and settlement survey is being evaluated in light of current discussion on the political and economic trajectory of Copan in particular, and in general, the architectural expression of political power and integration in complex societies.