bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of a poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic capillary and its application for in‐tube solid‐phase microextrac‐tion coupled to high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Ma Qiao , Chen Ming , Shi Zhi‐Guo , Feng Yu‐Qi 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) (poly(NIPAAm‐co‐EDMA)) monolith was in situ prepared in the capillary and was investigated for in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction (SPME). NIPAAm, an acrylamide monomer with isopropyl group, was crosslinked with EDMA. PEG of 400–20 000 Da molecular weight and methanol were selected as the binary porogens. The porous structures of the resulting monoliths have been assessed by SEM, nitrogen adsorption–desorption, and pressure drop measurements. To investigate the extraction mechanism, several groups of model analytes (including neutral, acidic, and basic) were examined. The result showed that this monolithic material exhibited high extraction efficiencies for compounds under highly acidic and basic conditions, which was due to the hydrophobic interactions and excellent pH stability of the monolith. The equilibrium extraction time profiles were also monitored for model compounds to evaluate the extraction capacity of monolithic capillary. Finally, the developed monolith in‐tube SPME–HPLC method was applied to the determination of three tricyclic antidepressants from urine samples.
Applications of methacrylate‐based monolithic supports for speciation analysis
Authors: Ščančar Janez , Milačič Radmila 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLiquid chromatography combined with element specific detection is commonly applied in speciation analysis. In these analyses, to obtain reliable data chemical species should not be transformed. To preserve chemical species during the separation step, fast chromatographic procedures and mild separation conditions are required. Monolithic supports that enable rapid chromatographic separations have rarely been used in speciation analysis. Methacrylate‐based anion‐ and cation‐exchange monolithic supports offer separation of charged chemical species of elements and can be used as a complementary tool to particle‐packed liquid chromatographic columns. The present paper presents an overview of successful applications of methacrylate‐based monolithic supports in speciation of zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), and aluminium (Al) in environmental, occupational health, and biological samples. Measures of analytical performance of convective interaction media (CIM) monolithic chromatographic supports, namely selectivity, sensitivity, and time of analysis, are compared to those of particle‐packed columns. The potential of CIM monolithic chromatography in speciation analysis is critically discussed. Direct comparison of the experimental data in speciation of elements by ion‐exchange monolithic and fast protein liquid chromatography is reported for the first time. Finally, some recommendations are given for further investigations of the potential of monolithic chromatography and its implementations in different fields of element speciation analysis.
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies using polymeric cation exchange monoliths in combination with salt and pH gradients
Authors: Nordborg Anna , Zhang Bo , He Xiaoping Z. , Hilder Emily F. , Haddad Paul R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe characterization of three different mAb formulations of pharmaceutical interest is demonstrated using cation exchange polymethacrylate‐based monolithic columns as well as imaged CE (iCE). Elution of the mAbs from both a strong cation exchanger (ProSwiftTM SCX‐1S) and a weak cation exchanger (ProSwift WCX‐1S) was readily achieved employing a linear salt gradient or a mixed buffer pH gradient indicating that either approach can be used in purification or isolation. Using a linear salt gradient, the elution profile on the two types of exchangers was found to differ indicating that the combination of both strong and weak ion exchangers is needed for complete characterization. The elution profile of two of the mAbs on the strong cation exchanger used in combination with a linear pH gradient from pH 4 to 10 showed signs of charge heterogeneity. The use of iCE was found to be the best choice for characterization of charge heterogeneity, showing a clear charge distribution for all three mAbs.
Performance of a Chromolith RP‐18e column for the screening of β‐blockers
Authors: Pous‐Torres Sandra , Ruiz‐Ángel Maria‐José , Torres‐Lapasió José Ramón , García‐Álvarez‐Coque Maria Celia 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe chromatographic performance of a monolithic column (Chromolith RP‐18e) was comprehensively examined in the isocratic separation of ten β‐blockers, using ACN–water mobile phases, and compared with the performance of three microparticulate RP columns manufactured with different types of silica: Spherisorb ODS‐2, Kromasil C18 and XTerra MS C18. The comparison considered the analysis time, selectivity, peak shape (column efficiency and asymmetry) and resolution, and was extended to a wide range of mobile phase compositions. The Chromolith column showed good performance for the analysis of β‐blockers with regard to the packed columns. In terms of selectivity and analysis time, the greatest similarity was found between the Chromolith and XTerra columns. The addition of a silanol blocking agent (0.1% triethylamine) to both Chromolith and Spherisorb columns yielded, apparently, a similar blocking degree of the silanol groups (based on the similar peak shapes), and gave rise to similar selectivity.
A tourism research agenda for Portugal
Authors: Silva João Albino , Rodrigues Paulo M.M. , Mendes Júlio , Pereira Luís N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe need to direct research towards the tourism industry is related to the increasingly competitive environment it finds itself in, especially in terms of services rendered, having grown more complex in the features and critique that comprise the tourist experience, and as economic and social agents become more selective regarding both demand and supply. Possessing information and the proper understanding of the real needs of information users and those responsible for public and private decision‐making processes at the action and intervention levels becomes a fundamental issue for sustainable tourism growth and its statement for international competitiveness. This paper proposes a tourism research agenda for Portugal in order to guide future developments towards the industry's needs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Versatile Responsive Surfaces via Hybrid Polymers Containing Acetal Side Groups
Authors: Wiss Kerstin T. , Kessler Daniel , Wendorff Timothy J. , Theato Patrick 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwo hybrid polymers, poly(methylsilsesquioxane)‐poly(2,2‐diethoxyethyl acrylate) and poly(methylsilsesquioxane)‐poly(1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐ylmethyl acrylate), were synthesized and used for preparation of stable surface coatings. Their acetal side groups could be functionalized via solution‐dipping with different primary amines and hydroxylamines after acidic deprotection and thus allowed for flexible modification of the surface hydrophilicity. Functionalization with a thermo‐responsive polymer resulted in a thermo‐responsive surface with temperature‐dependent contact angles. Further, the two types of acetals showed different stability toward acidic treatment and could be addressed independently.magnified image
Properties of Waterborne Polyurethane/Functionalized Graphene Sheet Nanocomposites Prepared by an in situ Method
Authors: Lee Yu Rok , Raghu Anjanapura V. , Jeong Han Mo , Kim Byung Kyu 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNanocomposites of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) with functionalized graphene sheets (FGS) were prepared by an in situ method. The morphology observed by transmission electron microscopy showed that pristine nanosize FGS can be finely dispersed in a WPU matrix so that it can efficiently improve the conductivity of WPU. The modulus improvement by the reinforcing effect of FGS was more evident than our previous results of nanocomposites prepared by a physical mixing method, showing that the interactions between FGS and WPU were improved when made by the in situ method. In addition, the FGS enhanced the crystallization of the soft segment of WPU evidently; however, it reduced that of the hard segment. The thermal degradation of WPU was accelerated by FGS.magnified image
Novel Rubbers from the Cationic Copolymerization of Soybean Oils and Dicyclopentadiene, 2 – Mechanical and Damping Properties
Authors: Andjelkovic Dejan D. , Lu Yongshang , Kessler Michael R. , Larock Richard C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA series of various soybean oil/dicyclopentadiene (DCP) thermosetting copolymers with renewable carbon percentages of 53–86% have been prepared by cationic copolymerization of regular (SOY) or 100% conjugated soybean oils (C100SOY) with DCP initiated by NFO ethyl ester modified and SOY‐ and C100SOY‐diluted BF3 diethyl etherate. The effects of stoichiometry, the type of soybean oil, and the initiator on the mechanical and damping properties of the copolymers have been investigated. The materials exhibit compressive stress/strain behavior ranging from soft rubbers to tough and ductile plastics, and possess good damping properties. They represent promising new materials for efficient sound and vibration damping applications over a broad temperature and frequency range.magnified image
Cross‐Linked Conjugated Polymers for Achieving Patterned Three‐Color and Blue Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes with Multi‐Layer Structures
Authors: Deng Xianyu , Wong King Young 
Published: July 2009

AbstractReactions between the ethylene groups in the backbone of conjugated polymers under UV illumination and heat treatment result in the cross‐linking of the main polymer chains. The cross‐linking leads to two simultaneous results in the polymer: excellent solvent resistance and increased bandgap. Using this reaction, three‐color polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) with a multi‐layer structure can be easily realized by a dry photo‐pattern in an active‐gas‐free environment. Multi‐layer blue devices with dramatically enhanced efficiency can also be achieved conveniently.magnified image
High‐Throughput Screening in Olefin‐Polymerization Catalysis: From Serendipitous Discovery Towards Rational Understanding
Authors: Busico Vincenzo , Pellecchia Roberta , Cutillo Francesco , Cipullo Roberta 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHigh–throughput‐screening (HTS) tools and methods are used more and more, especially in industry, in the search for new, selective organometallic catalysts. In most cases, the approach is, in essence, empirical, and the strategy is to increase the number of experiments that can be run at a given place in a given time. Highly miniaturized, parallel reaction setups have been implemented for the rapid assessment of whether novel catalysts resulting from the structural amplification of a basic framework are “good” or “bad” with respect to the properties of interest, and, depending on the response, worthy of a subsequent, more‐careful evaluation. In this article, we demonstrate that it is possible to utilize these state‐of‐the‐art HTS platforms with a different strategy: the rapid generation of reliable kinetic data for mechanistic studies in view of a thorough understanding and rational catalyst design. Ziegler–Natta‐type catalytic olefin polymerization will be used throughout as an example.magnified image
Discriminating Among Co‐monomer Sequence Distributions in Random Copolymers Using Interaction Chromatography
Authors: Han Junwon , Jeon Byung Ho , Ryu Chang Y. , Semler James J. , Jhon Young K. , Genzer Jan 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInteraction chromatography has been employed to validate that adsorption of poly[styrene‐co‐(4‐bromostyrene)] (PBrxS) random copolymers, where x denotes the mole fraction of 4‐bromostyrene (4–BrS) in PBrxS in solution depends on the average number of adsorptive segments, the type of adsorbing substrate, and on the co‐monomer sequence distribution in PBrxS.magnified image
In situ Pressure Fluctuations of Polymer Melt Flow Instabilities: Experimental Evidence about their Origin and Dynamics
Authors: Palza Humberto , Naue Ingo F. C. , Wilhelm Manfred 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDespite the practical importance of polymer melt instabilities, there is still a lack of experiments able to characterize in situ the origin and behavior of these phenomena. In this context, a new set‐up consisting of high sensitive pressure transducers located inside a slit‐die and an advanced mathematical framework to process in situ measurements of polymer melt instabilities, are developed and applied. Our results show for the first time that pressure oscillations can actually be detected inside the die under sharkskin conditions. This originates from a factor of 103 and 102 improvement in terms of time and pressure resolution. Furthermore, new evidence towards the propagation of the slip phenomena along the die in spurt instabilities are found.magnified image
Temporal lobe changes in early, untreated Parkinson's disease
Authors: Martin W.R. Wayne , Wieler Marguerite , Gee Myrlene , Camicioli Richard 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine if focal cortical abnormalities may occur in early Parkinson's disease (PD). We studied 26 untreated patients with early PD and 14 healthy control subjects, with cognitive screening and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Voxel‐based morphometry was used to assess for the presence of localized cortical grey matter (GM) and/or subcortical white matter (WM) changes. Patient and control groups showed no differences in age or gender distribution. Females had a greater GM% than males (P = 0.001). Comparison of patients and controls revealed no difference in local GM volumes. In PD, however, there was decreased WM volume in the anterior right fusiform gyrus and superior temporal gyrus. There were no correlations between the California Verbal Learning Test long delay free recall, Judgment of Line Orientation, Trail Making A or B and either the GM or WM localized volumes. These results suggest that right anterior temporal lobe changes occur in untreated patients with PD. The earliest changes may occur in subcortical white matter rather than temporal cortex. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
TARDBP variation associated with frontotemporal dementia, supranuclear gaze palsy, and chorea
Authors: Kovacs Gabor G. , Murrell Jill R. , Horvath Sandor , Haraszti Laszlo , Majtenyi Katalin , Molnar Maria J. , Budka Herbert , Ghetti Bernardino , Spina Salvatore 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTDP‐43 has been identified as the pathological protein in the majority of cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). TARDBP mutations have so far been uniquely associated with familial and sporadic ALS. We describe clinicopathological and genetic findings in a carrier of the novel K263E TARDBP variation, who developed frontotemporal dementia, supranuclear palsy, and chorea, but no signs of motor neuron disease. Neuropathologic examination revealed neuronal and glial TDP‐43‐immunoreactive deposits, predominantly in subcortical nuclei and brainstem. This is the first report of a TARDBP variation associated with a neurodegenerative syndrome other than ALS. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
No evidence for cognitive dysfunction or depression in patients with mild restless legs syndrome
Authors: Driver‐Dunckley Erika , Connor Donald , Hentz Joe , Sabbagh Marwan , Silverberg Nina , Hernandez Jose , Vedders Linda , Evidente Virgilio Gerald , Shill Holly , Caviness John , Adler Charles 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRestless legs syndrome is a common disoder that may interrupt sleep and has been reported to produce daytime fatigue and/or mood changes. This study assessed whether patients with RLS have more cognitive dysfunction and depression than individuals of the same age and education who do not have RLS. The study showed that older individuals with mild RLS for at least 1 year do not have cognitive dysfunction and are not depressed compared with a control group of similar age and education. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Medial malleolus and deltoid ligament reconstruction in open ankle fractures with combination of vascularized fibular head osteo‐tendinous flap and free flap transfers
Authors: Wu Shui‐Pei , Zhang Fa‐Hui , Yu Feng‐Bin , Zhou Rong 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTreatment of the traumatic bone and soft tissue defect of the medial ankle is a challenge in reconstructive orthopedic surgery. In this report, we described a novel reconstruction procedure for the medial malleolus reconstruction using microsurgical transfer of the fibular head osteo‐tendinous flap combined with a free latissimus dorsi flap (free LD flap) or a free anterolateral thigh flap (free ALT flap) in six patients. The sizes of the wounds ranged from 10 × 8 cm to 24 × 10 cm, and the sizes of the LD and ALT flaps were from 12 × 9 cm to 24 × 12 cm. All transplants survived. Five patients had primary wound healing. One patient had fibular graft and soft tissue infection that caused delayed healing. On average 4 months after surgery, all patients were able to stand and walk without crutch assistance. With a mean follow‐up of 3.5 years (range, 1–5 years), all patients achieved stable ankles and were satisfied with the range of motion with excellent American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society functional scores (>85). The fibular head resembles the medial malleolus in morphology. Vascularized fibular head transfer combined with a free flap provides satisfactory results for complex medial malleolus reconstruction. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.
Global existence, blow up and asymptotic behaviour of solutions for nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation with dissipative term
Authors: Runzhang Xu 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe study the Cauchy problem of nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation with dissipative term. By introducing a family of potential wells, we derive the invariant sets and prove the global existence, finite time blow up as well as the asymptotic behaviour of solutions. In particular, we show a sharp condition for global existence and finite time blow up of solutions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new model for gas flow in pipe networks
Authors: Herty M. , Mohring J. , Sachers V. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe introduce a new model for gas dynamics in pipe networks by asymptotic analysis. The model is derived from the isothermal Euler equations. We present the derivation of the model as well as numerical results illustrating the validity and its properties. We compare the new model with existing models from the mathematical and engineering literature. We further give numerical results on a sample network. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in joint angle, muscle‐tendon complex length, muscle contractile tissue displacement, and modulation of EMG activity during acute whole‐body vibration
Authors: Cochrane Darryl J. , Loram Ian D. , Stannard Stephen R. , Rittweger Jörn 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIt has been suggested that vibration causes small changes in muscle length, but to the best of our knowledge, these have yet to be demonstrated during whole‐body vibration (WBV). This was an observational study to determine whether acute WBV would result in muscle lengthening. We hypothesized that acute WBV would increase electromyography (EMG) activity concurrently with measurable changes in muscle contractile length. Nine healthy males performed two conditions on a Galileo vibration machine for 15 s at 0 HZ (resting) and 6 HZ at a set knee angle of 18°. Muscle tendon complex length, contractile tissue displacement of the medial gastrocnemius muscle, and EMG of soleus, tibialis anterior, and vastus lateralis muscles were measured. At 6 HZ the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle tendon complex (MTC) amplitude (375 μm) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) compared to 0 HZ (35 μm). The MG contractile length (CD) amplitude at 6 HZ (176 μm) was significantly greater (P < 0.01) compared to 0 HZ (4 μm). Significant increases (P < 0.05) in EMG modulation were found for all muscles during the 6 HZ compared to the 0 HZ condition. The major finding was that ≈50% of the elongation occurred within the muscle itself and was associated with preceding changes in EMG. This indicates muscle lengthening may be a prerequisite for eliciting stretch reflexes. In conclusion, there is a temporal association between EMG activity and muscle contractile tissue displacement where low‐frequency WBV results in small muscle length changes and increases muscle activation. Muscle Nerve, 2009
Assay of diffusion of different botulinum neurotoxin type a formulations injected in the mouse leg
Authors: Carli Luca , Montecucco Cesare , Rossetto Ornella 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBotulinum neurotoxin type‐A (BoNT/A) is very effective in the therapy of a wide range of human syndromes characterized by hyperactivity of peripheral cholinergic nerve terminals. Little diffusion of this toxin from the site of injection is commonly observed, but even minor changes in this property would greatly affect the validity of the treatment. Different pharmacological formulations of BoNT/A are available, and they may have different diffusion characteristics due to protein complex size, product format, and pharmacological properties. Here we assessed the extent of diffusion of three commercial preparations of BoNT/A: Botox (Allergan), Dysport (Ipsen), and Xeomin (Merz Pharmaceuticals) using a novel and highly sensitive test based on neural cell adhesion molecule (N‐CAM) expression in muscle. N‐CAM is a membrane glycoprotein that accumulates on muscle fibers after denervation and is not expressed in untreated adult muscle. This allows fine monitoring of the functional diffusion of this toxin, and the sensitivity of this assay is emphasized by the use of the mouse model because of the small muscle dimensions. The results presented here indicate that there is no significant difference between Botox, Dysport, and Xeomin with respect to diffusion into adjacent muscles in the mouse leg. Muscle Nerve, 2009
Sciatic nerve moneuropathy: An unusual late effect of radiotherapy
Authors: Pradat Pierre‐François , Bouche Pierre , Delanian Sylvie 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this study we report a progressive sciatic mononeuropathy occurring 13 years after radiotherapy (56‐Gy prescribed dose) for a synovial sarcoma of the thigh. Conformal dosimetric reconstitution showed that irradiation was heterogeneous and that the sciatic nerve received 66 Gy over a 25‐cm length. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed muscle fibrosis and increased sciatic nerve diameter. Our observation suggests that the risk of late mononeuropathy should be considered when large‐volume and high‐dose radiotherapy includes a nerve trunk. Muscle Nerve, 2009
In vivo bioluminescent imaging of Schwann cells in a poly(DL‐lactide‐ε‐caprolactone) nerve guide
Authors: Ma Ming‐San , Van Dam Gooitzen , Meek Marcel , Boddeke Erik , Copray Sjef 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNerve guides seeded with Schwann cells (SCs) promote axonal regeneration in peripheral nerve lesions. We examined the applicability of bioluminescent imaging (BLI) for monitoring the fate of SCs in nerve guides after implantation. Rat SCs were transfected with the firefly luciferase (Fluc) gene and subsequently seeded in nerve guides, which were implanted subcutaneously in rats. In vivo bioluminescence of transfected SCs (Fluc‐SCs) was assessed with a BLI system. Scans were validated ex vivo using immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. We found that BLI enables longitudinal in vivo monitoring of Fluc‐SCs, given that proper access of luciferin to the cells is assured. Muscle Nerve, 2009