bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mobilising uncertainty and the making of responsible sovereigns
Authors: AALBERTS TANJA E. , WERNER WOUTER G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe past few decades have witnessed a fundamental change in the perception of threats to the security of states and individuals. Issues of security are no longer primarily framed in terms of threats posed by an identifiable, conventional enemy. Instead, post-Cold War security policies have emphasised the global and radically uncertain nature of threats such as environmental degradation, terrorism and financial risks. What are the implications of this transformation for one of the constitutive principles of international society: state sovereignty? Existing literature has provided two possible answers to this question. The first focuses on the alleged need for states to seek international cooperation and to relax claims of national sovereignty. In Ulrich Beck's terminology, this would amount to a transformation of sovereign states into ‘cosmopolitan states’. The second takes the opposite position: in response to uncertain threats states rely on their sovereign prerogatives to take exceptional measures and set aside provisions of positive law. In Beck's terminology, this would amount to the creation of a ‘surveillance state’. None of these two answers, however, does justice to the complex relation between sovereignty, power and (international) law. As this article will show, the invocation of radical uncertainty has led to a transformation in sovereignty that cannot be captured in terms of the cosmopolitan/surveillance dichotomy. What is at stake is a more fundamental transformation of the way in which sovereignty is used to counter threats. Based on a study of the UN Counterterrorism Committee, this article demonstrates how state sovereignty is used as a governmental technology that aims to create proactive, responsible subjects.
Plan-View Preparation of TEM Specimens from Thin Films Using Adhesive Tape
Authors: Czigány Zsolt 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA simple plan-view sample preparation technique for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimens is proposed for thin films by tearing-off the film with adhesive tape. The demand for very thin samples is highest for nanostructured materials where the structure of 2–5 nm sized features (grains) needs to be resolved; therefore, overlapping of nanometer-sized features should be avoided. The method provides thin areas at the fracture edges of plan-view specimens with thickness in the range of the grain size in the film allowing for artifact free high-resolution TEM imaging. Nanostructured materials typically fracture between the grains providing areas with the thickness of the grain size. Besides the swiftness of the method, the samples are free of surface amorphization artifacts, which can occur in ion beam milling up to 1 nm depth even at low energy ion bombardment. The thin film tear-off technique is demonstrated on a CuMn alloy thin film with grain size of 2 nm.
Climatological characteristics in the extreme hyper-arid region of Pampas de La Joya, Peru. Astrobiological approach in four years of observation: 2004–2008
Authors: Valdivia-Silva Julio E. , Navarro-González Rafael , Fletcher Lauren , Pérez-Montaño Saúl , Condori-Apaza Reneé , Ortega-Gutiérrez Fernando , McKay Christopher 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis study reports the environmental conditions of temperature, moisture and radiation for four years (May 2004 to July 2008) in the area known as Pampas de La Joya in southern Peru, which recently has been considered as a new Mars analogue. The period of evaluation includes the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) during the months of September 2006 to March 2007, which, despite not having catastrophic effects like its predecessor on 1997–1998, showed an interesting increase in humidity. Our data describe the extreme conditions present in the region and their relationship with the presence of potential habitats that could allow for the survival of micro-organisms. The average environmental temperature was 18.9°C, with a maximum of 35.9°C and a minimum of −4.5°C. The annual average incident solar radiation was 508 W m−2, with high near 1060 W m−2 at noon during the driest period between September and March. The average relative humidity (RH) was 29.5, 20.1 and 20.4% for air, soil and rock, respectively. The RH had higher values at night due to fog during the months of June and August, and during the early morning between December and March. During the months of ENSO event there were four episodes of precipitation (1.1, 1.5, 2.0 and 0.9 mm), of which three increased soil and rock moisture on an average more than 45% and persisted for over 15 days after precipitation, while the atmospheric environment had no significant variations. Finally, quartz rocks and evaporite minerals colonized with micro-organisms were found as the only micro-habitats, in this region, capable of supporting life in this extreme environment.
WTO legality of discriminatory liberalization of internal regulations: role of RTA national treatment
Authors: KIM JONG BUM 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we study the interaction between regionalism and multilateralism by examining the role of national treatment clauses in regional trade agreements (RTAs). We ask whether discriminatory liberalization of internal regulations under RTAs can fulfill the requirements of the GATT Article XXIV defense. In the presence of pre-existing RTAs with RTA national treatment clauses, the GATT Article XXIV defenses for violations of GATT Article I and GATT Article III resulting from preferential liberalization of internal regulations may not succeed because the ‘necessity’ requirement under the Turkey–Textiles Appellate Body test is not likely to be met. The necessity requirement would fail because the RTA party may adopt ‘a reasonable alternative’ of applying the measure non-discriminatorily to all WTO members. RTA national treatment clauses in the pre-existing RTAs may have the effect of binding the RTA parties to liberalize trade-restrictive internal regulations on a non-discriminatory basis.
Mega-structures of the Middle Ages: the construction of religious buildings in Europe and Asia,c.1000–1500
Authors: Prak Maarten 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHow did medieval builders manage to construct some of the tallest structures in the world without access to modern engineering theories? Construction drawings were limited to details and, with only a handful exceptions, manuals for builders only appeared in the late fifteenth century. By implication, the relevant knowledge had to be transferred on a personal basis. Its underlying principles must therefore have been reasonably simple. This article shows how a modular design, combined with on-site experimentation, guided much of the construction work on large projects such as European cathedrals, Middle Eastern mosques, Indian temples, and Chinese pagoda towers.
The Cold War as a historical period: an interpretive essay
Authors: Duara Prasenjit 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAs a historical period, the Cold War may be seen as a rivalry between two nuclear superpowers that threatened global destruction. The rivalry took place within a common frame of reference, in which a new historical relationship between imperialism and nationalism worked in remarkably parallel ways across the superpower divide. The new imperial–national relationship between superpowers and the client states also accommodated developments such as decolonization, multiculturalism, and new ideologies, thus producing a hegemonic configuration characterizing the period. The models of development, structures of clientage, unprecedented militarization of societies, designs of imperial enlightenment, and even many gender and racial/cultural relationships followed similar tracks within, and often between, the two camps. Finally, counter-hegemonic forces emerged in regions of the non-Western world, namely China and some Islamic societies. Did this portend the beginning of the end of a long period of Western hegemony?
Socialist high modernity and global stagnation: a shared history of Brazil and the Soviet Union during the Cold War
Authors: Rupprecht Tobias 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article questions a prevailing bipolarity of traditional Cold War history by examining commonalities and interactions between the Soviet Union and Brazil in the 1950s and 1960s. After outlining the common characteristics of both states around 1960, it analyses the cultural diplomacy of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union towards Brazil. Transforming its hitherto prevailing image as the cradle of world revolution and communist class struggle, the USSR now represented itself as a role model for the quick industrialization of the economy and education of the masses. Many Brazilian intellectuals and political reformers from President Kubitschek to President Goulart shared with the Soviets an interest in what is here called ‘socialist high modernity’. Contacts with the Soviet Union were connected to the putsch and the end of Brazilian democracy in 1964. However, the new military leaders also had their own interests in, and surprisingly good relations with, the stagnating Soviet Union. This was again based on a set of commonalities in the historical development of the two ostensibly idiosyncratic and distant states on either side of the Iron Curtain. Eschewing teleological interpretations of the period and exploring the ideational basis of actors in the conflict, this article – based on new documents from Moscow archives and recently declassified sources from the Brazilian Foreign Ministry – aims to link Cold War historiography to the debates on global history, which have lately neglected both Latin America and eastern Europe.
Exploring NAG active site of human CD59 towards discovery of novel activators for treatment of atherosclerosis
Authors: Lakshmi Narayana Rao Challa , Pradhan Dibyabhaba , Umamaheswari Amineni 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCD59 is a potent inhibitor of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC) action that acts by binding to the C8 and C9 complements of the assembling MAC, thereby preventing incorporation of the multiple copies of C9 required for complete formation of the osmolytic pore. Human CD59 low expression leads to atherosclerosis. Therefore, computational approach methods were implemented herein to design novel activators for CD59. Crystal structure (PDB ID: 1CDR) of CD59 was investigated to locate N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) active site residues (Leu1, Gln2, Val17, Asn18, Ser20, Ser21, Asp22 and Asp67). CD59 is known for its binding affinity towards NAG and Alpha-L-Fucose, hence, were explored against more than one million entries of Ligand.Info metadatabase to create an in-house library of 708 compounds. Ligand dataset was prepared using LigPrep and filtered based on Lipinski’s rule of five and reactive group constraints. The crystal structure was optimized and energy was minimized applying OPLS force field in Maestro v9.2. Sixty four ligands were found to have binding affinity towards CD59 through virtual screening workflow of Maestro. Two ligands namely mizoribine (-8.56 kcal/mol) and gluconolactone (-8.39 kcal/mol) with better XPG score compared to NAG (-8.02 kcal/mol) were proposed potential CD59 activators. Analysis of docking complexes for both proposed leads revealed a stable hydrogen bond network, good van der Waal interactions and good agreement with NAG binding orientations. Thus, mizoribine and gluconolactone would be useful for developing potential drug molecules for atherosclerosis.
Mizoribin as a inhibitor for leukocyte immunoglobulin receptor sub family A member3
Authors: Sravani Varala , Vani Priyadarshini I , Umamaheswari Amineni 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (LILRs) are a family of receptors that was broadly expressed on all leukocytes and have the ability to regulate their function. The increased levels of human LILRA3 in rheumatoid arthritis patients leads to stroke. In quest of designing novel inhibitors against LILRA3 an accurate homology model for the protein was based on crystal structures of 1GOX and 3P2T using Modeller 9V9. The use of multiple templates for structure prediction led us to propose a structure comprising all 439 amino acids of human LILRA3 for the first time. The best model was selected based on GA341 and DOPE score and further assessed through ProSA and PROCHECK. The validated structure was subjected to CASTp analysis ligand binding site determination. N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG) that has binding affinity towards human LILRA3 was searched for structural analogs from Ligan.Info database. The structural analogs were docked with LILRA3 using Glide v5.7 to propose 17 potential inhibitors with better binding affinity compared to NAG (-7.13 Kcal/mol). Analysis of LILRA3-Lead1 (mizoribin) docking showed best XPGscore of -10.70 Kcal/mol with four hydrogen bonds with Thr425, Glu360, Ser433,Val419. The binding orientations of mizoribin correlated well with NAG binding orientations. Therefore, mizoribin would be encouraging for stroke treatment in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Sonic Layer Depth estimated from XBT temperatures and climatological salinities
Authors: Udaya Bhaskar TVS , Swain Debadatta 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSonic layer depth (SLD) plays an important role in antisubmarine warfare in terms of identifying the shadow zones for submarine safe parking. SLD is estimated from sound velocity profiles (SVP) which is in turn obtained from temperature and salinity (T/S) profiles. Given the limited availability of salinity data in comparison to temperature, SVPs need to be obtained from alternate methods. In the present work, to make use of voluminous temperature data sets from XBT, CTD and other source for estimating SLD, we propose a method of utilizing XBT measurements and World Ocean Atlas climatological salinities to compute SVP and then extract SLD. This approach is demonstrated by utilizing T/S data from Argo floats in the Arabian Sea (40° – 80° E and 0 – 30° N). SLD is estimated from SVP obtained from Argo T/S profiles first and again by replacing the Argo salinity with climatological salinity. It is found that in more than 90% of cases, SLD matched exactly, with the root mean square deviation ranging from 3 – 12 m with an average of 7 m.
The ‘Glaring’ Place of Prepositions
Authors: Yáñez-Bouza Nuria 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThis paper offers new insights into the 18th-century normative tradition, with special reference to the stigmatisation of preposition stranding. It brings to light the role of Scottish codifiers in contrast to English codifiers: works written by Scots contain more critical comments on the use of end-placed prepositions both quantitatively (in terms of frequency) and qualitatively (more semantic nuances and more condemnatory epithets). The semantic analysis of the data rules out the hypothesis that Scottish authors might have been particularly sensible towards this construction because of its nature as ‘provincial English’ or as a ‘Scotticism’. Rather, the author suggests that it was the ‘New Rhetoric’ movement (1748–1793) in the context of the Scottish Enlightenment that played a vital role in its stigmatisation. The importance of rhetoric as a facet of 18th-century prescriptivism, complementary to grammar, is thus put under the spotlight.
The End of the Jesuit Lexicographic Tradition in Nêhirawêwin
Authors: Bishop John E. , Brousseau Kevin 
Published: October 2011

SummaryOur knowledge of the Cree dialect continuum has benefited from nearly four centuries of lexicography, the earliest of which saw manuscripts produced by Christian missionaries as tools for evangelization. As esteemed as the extant dictionaries may be, very few indepth studies have been undertaken to assess their value relative to one another and to the historical and modern dialects of the continuum. This study represents one such attempt – a thorough examination of Jesuit Jean-Baptiste de la Brosse’s (1724–1782)Radicum Montanarum Silva(1766–1772), a bilingual Latin manuscript dictionary of the dialects termed Nêhirawêwin by their speakers and Montagnais by the lexicographer. By comparing this dictionary with the three sources used by La Brosse, this paper examines the practice of Jesuit lexicography and reminds us of the pitfalls that arise from an uninformed use of such manuscripts.
A novel anti‐peroxiredoxin autoantibody in patients with Kawasaki disease
Authors: Fujieda Mikiya , Karasawa Rie , Takasugi Hisashi , Yamamoto Masaki , Kataoka Koichi , Yudoh Kazuo , Kato Tomohiro , Ozaki Shoichi , Wakiguchi Hiroshi 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTAntibodies to the anti‐oxidative peroxiredoxin (Prx) enzymes occur in both systemic autoimmune disease and vasculitis in adulthood. Because increased oxidative stress induces vasculitis in Kawasaki disease (KD), autoimmunity to Prxs in patients with KD was investigated. The presence of antibodies to Prx 1, 2 and 4 was analyzed by ELISA and Western blot. Of 30 patients with KD, 13 (43.3%) possessed antibodies to Prx 2, whereas these antibodies were present in only 1 of 10 patients (10.0%) with sepsis (4 with purulent meningitis and 6 with septicemia). In contrast, antibodies to Prx 1 and 4 were not detected in either group. There was no significant correlation among the titers of the three antibodies. Clinical parameters were compared between anti‐Prx 2‐positive and ‐negative patients. The presence of anti‐Prx 2 antibodies correlated with a longer period of fever and poor response to high‐dose γ‐globulin therapy in patients with KD. Anti‐Prx 2‐positive patients had significantly greater excretion of urinary 8‐isoprostaglandin than did anti‐Prx 2‐negative patients. These results provide the first evidence for an antibody to Prx 2 in patients with KD. They also suggest that this antibody might serve as a marker of disease severity and be involved in the pathophysiology of vasculitis in some patients with KD.
Randomised clinical trial: escitalopram for the prevention of psychiatric adverse events during treatment with peginterferon‐alfa‐2a and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C
Authors: de Knegt R. J. , Bezemer G. , Van Gool A. R. , Drenth J. P. H. , Hansen B. E. , Droogleever Fortuyn H. A. , Weegink C. J. , Hengeveld M. W. , Janssen H. L. A. 
Published: October 2011

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 1306–1317SummaryBackground  Treatment of hepatitis C with peginterferon and ribavirin is associated with psychiatric side‐effects, frequently necessitating dose reduction or therapy cessation.Aim  To assess the efficacy of prophylactic escitalopram to prevent psychiatric side‐effects during peginterferon and ribavirin treatment in a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial.Methods  Seventy‐nine hepatitis C patients were treated with peginterferon and ribavirin. Patients received escitalopram (n = 40, 10 mg) or placebo (n = 39), which was initiated together with peginterferon and ribavirin. Primary outcomes were an increase of two points or more on the items reported sadness, inner tension and impaired concentration of the Montgomery‐Asberg Depression Rating Scale, and hostile feelings of the Brief Anxiety Scale. Secondary outcome was the development of depression diagnosed by the Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Measurements were performed at baseline, week 4, 12 and 24 during anti‐viral treatment, and 24 weeks thereafter.Results  The incidence of psychiatric side‐effects was significantly lower in patients treated with escitalopram compared with placebo for all primary and secondary outcomes, except for impaired concentration: reported sadness 27.5 vs. 48.7% (P = 0.052), inner tension 17.5 vs. 38.5% (P = 0.038), impaired concentration 55.0 vs. 66.7% (P = 0.288) and hostile feelings 22.5 vs. 43.6% (P = 0.046) (escitalopram vs. placebo, Chi‐squared test). The sum scores of all four endpoints showed an overall beneficial effect of escitalopram (P = 0.009, Mann–Whitney U‐test). Depression occurred in 12.5% of the patients in the escitalopram‐group vs. 35.9% in the placebo‐group (P = 0.015, Chi‐squared test).Conclusions  Prophylactic treatment with escitalopram is effective in the prevention of psychiatric side‐effects during interferon‐based treatment of hepatitis C.
Systematic review: the relationship between interstitial lung diseases and gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Hershcovici T. , Jha L. K. , Johnson T. , Gerson L. , Stave C. , Malo J. , Knox K. S. , Quan S. , Fass R. 
Published: October 2011

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 1295–1305SummaryBackground  A potential relationship has been suggested between gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and interstitial lung diseases (ILDs).Aim  To evaluate whether there is a causal relationship between GERD and different ILDs.Methods  We conducted a systematic search of literature published between 1980 and 2010. After a review by two independent authors, each study was assigned an evidence‐based rating according to a standard scoring system.Results  We identified 319 publications and 22 of them met the entry criteria. Of those, the relationship between GERD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) was investigated in 14 articles, pulmonary involvement in systemic sclerosis (SSc) in six articles and pulmonary involvement in mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) in two articles. We found the prevalence of GERD and/or oesophageal dysmotility to be higher in patients with different types of ILD as compared with those without ILD [Evidence B]. Among patients with IPF, 67–76% demonstrated abnormal oesophageal acid exposure off PPI treatment. No relationship was demonstrated between severity of GERD and severity of IPF [Evidence B]. Data are scant on outcomes of antireflux treatment in patients with IPF. There is a correlation between the severity of ILD and the degree of oesophageal motor impairment in patients with SSc and MCTD [Evidence B].Conclusions  Based on the currently available data, a causal relationship between GERD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis cannot be established. There is scant evidence about antireflux therapy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. There may be an association between lung and oesophageal involvement in systemic sclerosis and mixed connective tissue disease, but a causal relationship cannot be established.