bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health care professionals’ perspectives on oral care for long‐term care residents: Nursing staff, speech–language pathologists and dental hygienists
Authors: Yoon Minn N. , Steele Catriona M. 
Published: April 2012

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00513.xHealth care professionals’ perspectives on oral care for long‐term care residents: Nursing staff, speech–language pathologists and dental hygienistsBackground:  Oral health has been identified as a key factor in general health and systemic disease in long‐term care populations. To optimise oral health of this population, it is important to understand the oral care perspectives held by health care professionals involved in oral care provision.Objectives:  To explore perspectives regarding oral care held by nursing staff, speech–language pathologists (SLPs) and dental hygienists (DHs) in long‐term care institutions and to understand how their perspectives impact activities and processes involved in the delivery of oral care.Methods:  A focus group methodology was utilised. Separate focus groups for each targeted profession were held. Transcribed data were analysed using constant comparative analysis.Results:  Daily oral health maintenance and monitoring was considered a role of nursing staff. SLPs and DHs have roles focusing on advocacy, education and supplemental care. Social factors motivate nursing staff to provide oral care, whereas factors related to the general health consequences of poor oral health underlined the motivations of SLPs and DHs.Conclusions:  Education and training initiatives incorporating social aspects of oral health may be more effective for motivating nursing staff than approaches emphasising physical risk factors. Organisations can foster environments that support collaboration and communication amongst the members of multidisciplinary teams in order to promote oral health as a priority.
‘Like Penelope, always employed’: Reading, Life‐Writing, and the Early Modern Female Self in Katherine Austen’s Book M
Authors: Ross Sarah C. E. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractEver since Virginia Woolf evocatively imagined the frustrated existence and tragic demise of Shakespeare’s sister, the search for the literary texts of early modern women has been bound up with the search for traces of their lives. Women’s life‐writings in the early modern period, however, are often impersonal and rarely present a unified sense of self, instead occurring most frequently in generically fluid forms, and producing fragmentary subjectivities. I argue in this article that the generic eclecticism of early modern women’s life‐writings is closely related to the question of what and how early modern women read. Focusing on the example of Katherine Austen’s Book M, this article explores the relationship between early modern women’s reading and life‐writing practices. I seek to bring together scholarship in both fields, and to explore both reading and writing as activities mutually constitutive of early modern women’s textual selves.
Representing the Duke of Buckingham: Libel, Counter‐Libel and the Example of The Emperor’s Favourite
Authors: Keenan Siobhan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractGeorge Villiers, first Duke of Buckingham, enjoyed a spectacular rise to power at the Stuart court as the favourite of James I, and his son and heir, Charles I. But the Stuart monarchs’ admiration of Villiers was not shared by all. By the 1620s there was growing anxiety about the extent of his power, and Buckingham faced increasing opposition in parliament and beyond, as is reflected in parliament’s attempt to impeach him (1626), the issuing of a parliamentary remonstrance against him (1628), a massive proliferation of libellous works satirising him, including poems and plays, and his eventual assassination on 23 August 1628. This essay explores one contemporary Buckingham libel that has yet to receive sustained attention, but which sheds fascinating new light on competing contemporary perceptions of Buckingham, court favourites, and the Stuart political scene: The Emperor’s Favourite (published for the first time in 2010). Probably written by Warwickshire gentleman John Newdigate III (1600–42), The Emperor’s Favourite is a tragedy which superficially tells the story of the rise and fall of Crispinus, corrupt favourite of Roman emperor Nero, but a series of topical parallels makes clear that the play uses classical history to offer an oblique satire of Buckingham and the Stuart court.
Structural role of the active‐site metal in the conformation of Trypanosoma brucei phosphoglycerate mutase
Authors: Mercaldi Gustavo F. , Pereira Humberto M. , Cordeiro Artur T. , Michels Paul A. M. , Thiemann Otavio H. 
Published: April 2012

Phosphoglycerate mutases (PGAMs) participate in both the glycolytic and the gluconeogenic pathways in reversible isomerization of 3‐phosphoglycerate and 2‐phosphoglycerate. PGAMs are members of two distinct protein families: enzymes that are dependent on or independent of the 2,3‐bisphosphoglycerate cofactor. We determined the X‐ray structure of the monomeric Trypanosoma brucei independent PGAM (TbiPGAM) in its apoenzyme form, and confirmed this observation by small angle X‐ray scattering data. Comparing the TbiPGAM structure with the Leishmania mexicana independent PGAM structure, previously reported with a phosphoglycerate molecule bound to the active site, revealed the domain movement resulting from active site occupation. The structure reported here shows the interaction between Asp319 and the metal bound to the active site, and its contribution to the domain movement. Substitution of the metal‐binding residue Asp319 by Ala resulted in complete loss of independent PGAM activity, and showed for the first time its involvement in the enzyme’s function. As TbiPGAM is an attractive molecular target for drug development, the apoenzyme conformation described here provides opportunities for its use in structure‐based drug design approaches.Database
Structural data for the Trypanosoma brucei 2,3‐bisphosphoglycerate‐independent phosphoglycerate mutase (iPGAM) has been deposited with the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB) Protein Data Bank under code 3NVL.Structured digital abstract
TbiPGAM and TbiPGAM bind by x‐raycrystallography (View interaction)
Urinary Biopyrrins: Potential Biomarker for Monitoring of the Response to Treatment with Anxiolytics
Authors: Novío Silvia , Núñez María Jesús , Ponte Carmen María , Freire‐Garabal Manuel 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDuring periods of psychological stress, excess amounts of free radicals are produced. Bilirubin oxidative metabolites (biopyrrins; BOM) are generated from bilirubin as a result of its scavenging action against free radicals. We investigated whether the urinary excretion of biopyrrins is altered by anxiolytics. In the present study, mice were immobilized for a period of 6 hr. Alprazolam (0.1–1 mg/kg of body‐weight) was administered 30 min. before subjecting the animals to acute stress. The BOM concentrations in urine and the corticosterone levels in serum were measured by ELISA with an anti‐bilirubin antibody and EIA, respectively. We observed an increase in urinary biopyrrins in stressed mice in comparison with non‐stressed mice and a decrease after the treatment of stressed animals with alprazolam. A correlation between urinary BOM and serum corticosterone levels was found. Urinary levels of biopyrrins might be used to assess the response to anxiolytics prescribed during acute stress periods.
Eosin Y Triplet State as a Probe of Spatial Heterogeneity in Microcrystalline Cellulose
Authors: Rodríguez Hernán B. , Román Enrique San , Duarte Paulo , Machado Isabel Ferreira , Vieira Ferreira Luis F. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe photophysical behavior of eosin Y adsorbed onto microcrystalline cellulose was evaluated by reflectance spectroscopy, steady‐state fluorescence spectroscopy and laser induced time‐resolved luminescence. On increasing the concentration of the dye, small changes in absorption spectra, fluorescence redshifts and fluorescence quenching are observed. Changes in absorption spectra point to the occurrence of weak exciton interactions among close‐lying dye molecules, whereas fluorescence is affected by reabsorption and excitation energy trapping. Phosphorescence decays are concentration independent as a result of the negligible exciton interaction of dye pairs in the triplet state. Lifetime distribution and bilinear regression analyses of time‐resolved phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence spectra reveal the existence of two different environments: long‐lived, more energetic triplet states arise from dyes tightly entrapped within the cellulose chains, while short‐lived, less‐energetic states result from dyes in more flexible environments. Stronger hydrogen bond interactions between the dye and cellulose hydroxyl groups lead in the latter case to a lower triplet energy and faster radiationless decay. These effects, observed also at low temperatures, are similar to those encountered in several amorphous systems, but rather than being originated in changes in the environment during the triplet lifetime, they are ascribed in this case to spatial heterogeneity.
Ideology and Social Psychology
Authors: Nafstad Hilde Eileen , Blakar Rolv Mikkel 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis article takes as critical point of departure the currently individualized nature of mainstream social psychology. It is argued that by using the concept of ideology, social psychology may be transformed into a more societal social psychology and thereby a discipline more relevant to individual, society and social life. Based on the interplay between language usage and ideology, moreover, a methodology for assessing ideological changes in society by identifying shifts in language usage in the public discourse (newspapers) is presented. Research conducted by this methodology, including comparative studies of how the globalized neoliberalism with its strong individualism merges with local ideologies in various societies around the world is then reviewed. Finally, analyses of a society’s ideological reactions upon terrorism, is presented.
iREDD hedges against avoided deforestation's unholy trinity of leakage, permanence and additionality
Authors: van Oosterzee Penny , Blignaut James , Bradshaw Corey J. A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWorkable financial mechanisms are essential to abate greenhouse gas emissions. Deforestation, which contributes a large proportion of total global emissions, must be avoided as an effective emissions‐reduction tactic, and to alleviate biodiversity loss and poverty. However, incentives to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) have had mixed and suboptimal success because of opportunity costs and administrative and technical issues, in particular, leakage, permanence, and additionality. We show that these latter concepts can be ambiguous, potentially contrived and in some cases, generate perverse outcomes. Encumbering avoided‐deforestation projects with these administrative shackles risks massive increases in global deforestation and a concomitant loss of biodiversity, ecosystem services and emissions‐reduction opportunities. We offer a solution built on a proven insurance‐based hedging principle, a concept we call iREDD, that could indirectly address specific technical and administrative challenges, whether real or contrived. Project‐specific iREDD insurance policies and premiums would be negotiated upfront using a simple assessment of risk based on governance quality, the integrity of management plans, liquidity, monitoring and evaluation frameworks, and political acceptability. iREDD acts as both an incentive for prudent forest management given the seller's potential financial windfall if forests are diligently managed, and guarantees not to disenfranchise the buyer.
Large‐scale bioenergy from additional harvest of forest biomass is neither sustainable nor greenhouse gas neutral
Authors: Schulze Ernst‐Detlef , Körner Christian , Law Beverly E. , Haberl Helmut , Luyssaert Sebastiaan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractOwing to the peculiarities of forest net primary production humans would appropriate ca. 60% of the global increment of woody biomass if forest biomass were to produce 20% of current global primary energy supply. We argue that such an increase in biomass harvest would result in younger forests, lower biomass pools, depleted soil nutrient stocks and a loss of other ecosystem functions. The proposed strategy is likely to miss its main objective, i.e. to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, because it would result in a reduction of biomass pools that may take decades to centuries to be paid back by fossil fuel substitution, if paid back at all. Eventually, depleted soil fertility will make the production unsustainable and require fertilization, which in turn increases GHG emissions due to N2O emissions. Hence, large‐scale production of bioenergy from forest biomass is neither sustainable nor GHG neutral.
Efficacy and Adverse Effects of the Antiviral Compound Plerixafor in Feline Immunodeficiency Virus‐Infected Cats
Authors: Hartmann K. , Stengel C. , Klein D. , Egberink H. , Balzarini J. 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundBicyclam derivatives inhibit feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) replication through selective blockage of chemokine receptor CXCR4.Hypothesis/ObjectivesCXCR4 antagonist plerixafor (AMD3100, 1,1′‐bis‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradekan) alone or combination with adefovir (PMEA, 9‐(2‐phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine) safe and effective for treating FIV‐infected cats.AnimalsForty naturally FIV‐infected, privately owned cats.Materials and MethodsProspective, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind clinical trial. Cats randomly classified into 4 treatment groups. Received AMD3100, PMEA, AMD3100 in combination with PMEA, or placebo for 6 weeks. Clinical and laboratory parameters, including CD4+ and CD8+ cell counts, FIV proviral and viral load measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) evaluated. Additionally, FIV isolates from cats treated with AMD3100 tested for drug resistance.ResultsFIV‐infected cats treated with AMD3100 caused significant decrease in proviral load compared to placebo group (2.3 ± 3.8% to 1.9 ± 3.1%, of blood lymphocytes P < .05), but did not lead to improvement of clinical or immunological variables; it caused a decrease in serum magnesium concentration without clinical signs. No development of resistance of FIV isolates to AMD3100 found during treatment period. PMEA administration improved stomatitis (stomatitis score [degree 1 – 100] PMEA group: 23 ± 19 to 11 ± 10, P < .001; AMD3100 + PMEA group: 12 ± 17 to 3 ± 5, P < .05), but did not decrease proviral or viral load and caused anemia (RBC [×106/μL] PMEA group: 9.07 ± 1.60 to 6.22 ± 2.16, P < .05; AMD3100 ± PMEA group: 8.80 ± 1.23 to 5.84 ± 1.58, P < .001).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAdministration of CXCR4 antagonists, as AMD3100, can induce reduction of proviral load and may represent viable treatment of FIV‐infected cats. Combination treatment with PMEA not recommended.
Beneficial effects of pioglitazone against cardiovascular injury are enhanced by combination with aliskiren in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Elrashidy Rania A , Asker Mervat E , Mohamed Hoda E 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Objectives
Aliskiren is the first in a new class of orally active direct renin inhibitors, approved for the treatment of hypertension. However, the efficacy of aliskiren in diabetic cardiovascular complications remains to be defined. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that aliskiren may enhance the beneficial effects of pioglitazone against cardiovascular injury associated with diabetic nephropathy.

Methods
Diabetic nephropathy was induced in rats by unilateral nephrectomy followed by streptozotocin injection. Diabetic nephropathic rats were orally given vehicle, pioglitazone, aliskiren, or combined pioglitazone and aliskiren for four weeks to compare their effects on cardiovascular injury, particularly myocardial fibrosis.

Key findings
Pioglitazone treatment significantly attenuated cardiac lipid peroxidation, oxidative injury and myocardial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathic rats. This was associated with up-regulation of transforming growth factor-β1 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 genes, along with down-regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 gene in cardiac tissue. The combination of aliskiren with pioglitazone exerted greater beneficial effect than monotherapy with either drug, on all the aforementioned parameters.

Conclusions
Our findings suggested that aliskiren enhanced the protective effects of pioglitazone against myocardial fibrosis, in experimental diabetic nephropathy. Thus, the combination of aliskiren and pioglitazone may be a potential therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular injury associated with diabetic nephropathy.
Human spermatozoa possess a calcium‐dependent chloride channel that may participate in the acrosomal reaction
Authors: Orta Gerardo , Ferreira Gonzalo , José Omar , Treviño Claudia L. , Beltrán Carmen , Darszon Alberto 
Published: April 2012

Key points
Ion channels participate in crucial sperm functions such as motility, capacitation and the acrosome reaction.
Chloride, the main anion in physiological solutions, is deeply involved in sperm physiology.
We implemented a modified perforated patch‐clamp strategy to obtain whole cell recordings sealing on the head of mature human spermatozoa to investigate their ion channels.
This work presents the first evidence for the presence of calcium‐dependent chloride channels (CaCCs) in human spermatozoa; they could be constituted by TMEM16.
The CaCCs play an important role in the physiology of human spermatozoa and participate in the acrosome reaction.
Evaluation of a Mouse Model of Necrotic Granuloma Formation Using C3HeB/FeJ Mice for Testing of Drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Driver Emily R. , Ryan Gavin J. , Hoff Donald R. , Irwin Scott M. , Basaraba Randall J. , Kramnik Igor , Lenaerts Anne J. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Persistence of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
remains a significant challenge for the effective treatment of tuberculosis in humans. In animals that develop necrotic lung lesions following infection with
M. tuberculosis
, drug-tolerant bacilli are present and persist in an extracellular microenvironment within the necrotic cores. In this study, we examined the efficacy of drug treatment in C3HeB/FeJ (Kramnik) mice that develop lesions with liquefactive necrosis, in comparison to BALB/c mice that develop nonnecrotic lesions following aerosol challenge. To accomplish this, Kramnik and BALB/c mice were infected by aerosol with
M. tuberculosis
and treated for 7 to 8 weeks with monotherapy using drugs with different modes of action. The efficacy of drug therapy was quantified by enumeration of bacterial load. The progression of disease and location and distribution of bacilli within lesions were visualized using various staining techniques. In the late stages of infection, Kramnik mice developed fibrous encapsulated lung lesions with central liquefactive necrosis containing abundant extracellular bacilli, whereas BALB/c mice formed nonnecrotic lesions with primarily intracellular bacilli. Necrotic lesions in Kramnik mice showed evidence of hypoxia by pimonidazole staining. Kramnik mice were significantly more refractory to drug therapy, especially for pyrazinamide. Metronidazole showed no bactericidal activity in either model. There were significantly higher numbers of drug-resistant colonies isolated from the Kramnik mice compared to BALB/c mice. These results suggest that the Kramnik mouse model will be a valuable model to test antituberculosis drugs, especially against bacilli that persist within necrotic lesions.
Evaluation of Standard- and High-Dose Daptomycin versus Linezolid against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus Isolates in an
In Vitro
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model with Simulated Endocardial Vegetations
Authors: Hall Ashley D. , Steed Molly E. , Arias Cesar A. , Murray Barbara E. , Rybak Michael J. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Daptomycin MICs for enterococci are typically 1- to 2-fold higher than those for
Staphylococcus aureus
, and there is an imminent need to establish the optimal dose for appropriate treatment of enterococcal infections. We investigated the bactericidal activity of daptomycin at various dose exposures compared to that of linezolid against vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) in an
in vitro
pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model utilizing simulated endocardial vegetations over 96 h. Daptomycin at doses of 6, 8, 10, and 12 mg/kg of body weight/day and linezolid at a dose of 600 mg every 12 h were evaluated against two clinical vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcus faecium
strains (EFm11499 and 09-184D1051), one of which was linezolid resistant (09-184D1051), and one clinical vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcus faecalis
strain (EFs11496). Daptomycin MICs were 4, 2, and 0.5 μg/ml for EFm11499, 09-184D1051, and EFs11496, respectively. Bactericidal activity, defined as a ≥3 log
10
CFU/g reduction from the initial colony count, was demonstrated against all three isolates with all doses of daptomycin; however, bactericidal activity was not sustained with the daptomycin 6- and 8-mg/kg/day regimens. Linezolid was bacteriostatic against EFm11499 and displayed no appreciable activity against 09-184D1051 or EFs11496. Concentration-dependent killing was displayed with more sustained reduction in colony count (3.58 to 6.46 and 5.89 to 6.56 log
10
CFU/g) at 96 h for the simulated regimen of daptomycin at doses of 10 and 12 mg/kg/day, respectively (
P
≤ 0.012). No
E. faecium
mutants with reduced susceptibility were recovered at any dosage regimen; however, the
E. faecalis
strain developed reduced daptomycin susceptibility with daptomycin at 6, 8, and 10 but not at 12 mg/kg/day. Daptomycin displayed a dose-dependent response against three VRE isolates, with high-dose daptomycin producing sustained bactericidal activity. Further research is warranted.