bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the agent of canine virus hepatitis (Rubarth's disease) I. Complement-fixation and precipitin tests
Authors: Larin N. M. 
Published: October 2009

The preparation of purified antigen from canine hepatitis virus sources is described. This includes the manufacture of crude antigenie suspensions and their subsequent treatment to remove non-specific interfering substances.The solubility of the antigenie substance in various solvents has been studied and its stability is briefly discussed.The complement-fixation and precipitin tests are described in detail as they have been used for the virus studies.Various virus-rich body tissues and fluids have been serologically tested, and the identity of antigens prepared from them as well as the antigenie similarity of the various strains of canine hepatitis virus have been established.
The chronic toxicity of p-nitrophenyl diethyl thiophosphate (E. 605): A long-term feeding experiment with rats
Authors: Barnes J. M. , Denz F. A. 
Published: October 2009

1. The results of feeding albino rats on diets containing 100, 75, 50, 20 and 10 parts per million of the insecticide p-nitrophenyl diethyl thiophosphate (E. 605, Parathion) are described. The feeding of 50, 20 and 10 p.p.m. was continued for a year.2. At 100 and 75 p.p.m. most of the rats died in the first few weeks. At 50 p.p.m. a few deaths resulted from poisoning, and symptoms were seen on and off throughout the year. At 20 and at 10 p.p.m. no evidence of poisoning was found.3. Histological examination of animals dying with symptoms showed the lesions of the exocrine glands and the hypoplasia of spleen and thymus that have been reported in acute poisoning by E.605. No other lesions attributable to chronic poisoning were found.4. Breeding experiments were done with animals from all groups. The second generation of rats fed at 10 p.p.m. produced many dead in their litters. No explanation has been found for this observation.
The significance of Vi-phage types F1 and F2 of Salmonella typhi
Authors: Anderson E. S. 
Published: October 2009

1. Type F1 will appear in old Dorset egg cultures of Type F2 after storage for months or years at room temperature in the dark.2. It is probable that a similar change is responsible for the appearance of Types F1 and F2 in the same carrier and outbreak of typhoid fever.3. The two types are stable when growing logarithmically in the pure state.4. There is also evidence that the two types are stable under ordinary field conditions.5. Logarithmic growth of F1 in the presence of F2 results in the disappearance of F1.6. This change is caused by a phago carried by F2, which converts F1 into F2.7. The significance of these observations is discussed. It is suggested that the two types retain their status in the typing scheme.
An ox cell haemolysin test for the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis
Authors: Mason J. K. 
Published: October 2009

It is suggested that routine tests for infectious mononucloosis in a large number of apparently unrelated syndromes would disclose a frequent common aetiology and perhaps modify the present conception of the course of the disease.A technique is suggested for a simple test involving tho demonstration of ox cell haemolysins which would make the testing of large numbers of sera practicable.The results in sixty cases of infectious mononucleosis and 200 controls are evaluated. The test does not reduce significantly the proportion of serologically negative cases but may confirm the diagnosis before the characteristic sheep cell agglutinins are demonstrable.The test is as sensitive and as specific as other serological tests for infectious mononucleosis and is very much easier to perform.
The use of cylinder model vacuum cleaners
Authors: Rogers K. B. , Johnstone Muriel M. 
Published: October 2009

Cylinder-model vacuum cleaners cause no bacterial contamination of the air, whereas even on oiled floors domestic brooms caused statistically significant contamination of the air when compared with a vacuum cleaner.The Hoover model 402 was the only machine tested whose bag is never removed, a theoretical as well as a practical advantage. Domestic brooms can destroy an otherwise efficient barrier nursing system and should bo avoided in hospital wards.
Epithelial migration in the atelectatic tympanic membrane
Authors: Tang I P , Prepageran N , Raman R , Sharizhal T 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjective:To determine whether epithelial migration in the atelectatic tympanic membrane (secondary to any pathology) occurs in a similar fashion to that in the normal (non-pathological) tympanic membrane, by calculating and comparing the epithelial migration rate and pattern.Study design:Prospective, non-randomised, case–control study. This study was a pilot study. We included patients with an atelectatic pars tensa region of the tympanic membrane and a healthy contralateral tympanic membrane (the latter used as the control).Setting:Otorhinolaryngology out-patient clinic. The study was conducted from January 2006 to January 2008.Intervention:A total of 40 patients (80 ears) were included based on their otoscopic appearance and tympanography findings. All patients' ears were examined under an operating microscope. A dot of methylene blue dye was applied in the immediate vicinity of the umbo of the atelectatic tympanic membrane, and in the same position on the tympanic membrane of the control ear. Patients were then followed up weekly until the dye dot had migrated to reach the annulus.Main outcome measures:Direction and rate of epithelial migration.Results:In the atelectatic tympanic membranes, epithelial migration proceeded from the centre of the retraction pocket toward the annulus in a lateral, radiating manner. Thirty-three (82.5 per cent) of the 40 patients showed a similar migratory pattern in both the study and control ears. Sixty per cent of the retracted tympanic membranes showed no migration in the first week after methylene blue staining. After the first week, the migration rate was nearly constant from the umbo towards the periphery, in both the study and control ears. The mean daily epithelial migration rate in the study and control ears was 62.6 and 64.7 µm/day, respectively; however, this difference was statistically insignificant (p = 0.202, independent samplest-test).Conclusion:There is no difference in the epithelial migration rate or pattern, comparing atelectatic tympanic membranes and normal tympanic membranes. However, there may be a significant difference in the epithelial migration rate with increased grades of tympanic membrane atelectasis.
Note on a Large Squid (Ommastrephes pteropus, Stp.)
Authors: Goodrich E. S. 
Published: October 2009

On the 6th of January, 1892, Dr. Elliot of Kingsbridge most generously presented to the Marine Biological Association a large and interesting Cephalopod which was captured off Salcombe.Dr. Elliot brought the squid to the Plymouth Laboratory, and it was subsequently purchased for the Oxford Museum by Prof. Ray Lankester, who requested me to identify it, giving me much kind help, for which I wish to express my sincere thanks.
North Sea Investigations (Continued.)
Authors: Holt Ernest W. L. 
Published: October 2009

Introductory.—I believe that, so far as concerns the more important species, sufficient information has been accumulated to allow of the deduction of a reliable conclusion.Though it is certain that some local variation exists in the different parts of the North Sea, I have not found it possible to treat the area otherwise than as a single district. This is of the less importance since the variation seems to be very slight, and in any practical application of the results arrived at I do not see how it would be feasible to subdivide the district.
Notes on some Sagartiidæ and Zoanthidæ from Plymouth
Authors: Walton Chas. L. 
Published: October 2009

This small species was described by Verrill in 1898, and first observed by Miss Verrill in 1892 near New Haven, U.S.A.In 1902 Parker noted a number of new localities, and remarked upon its rapidly extending range on the American coast.
Actiniæ collected by the s.s. “Huxley” in the North Sea during the summer of 1907
Authors: Walton Chas. L. 
Published: October 2009

Voyage XCIII. Station 37. Northumberland ground. 40 fathoms. 1 specimen.Voyage XCIIL. Station 56. Lat. 55°31' N. Long. 0° 53' W. 55 fathoms. 2 specimens.The specimen from 93–37 was young and damaged. Expanse of disk and tentacles in a contracted condition, 30 mm.
General Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Garstang Walter 
Published: October 2009

The facts and experiments recorded in the preceding sections lead to the following main conclusions:—(1) Plaice below 8 inches in length are practically confined to the inshore waters of the bays at all seasons of the year. They are especially abundant in Teignmouth Bay and Torbay, where they are caught with the usual trawl-mesh in numbers at least as great as those of all the larger sizes of plaice taken together. In Start Bay, on the other hand, these small plaice are far less numerous than the larger fish, which out-number them by eighteen to one (Table II., p. 449).
The Larva of Nicothoë astaci and its Systematic Position
Authors: Gurney Robert 
Published: October 2009

Mr. Leigh-Sharpe, in his account of the external structure of this interesting Copepod (1926), concludes that it is most nearly related to the Ascomyzontidæ. Having recently obtained a number of larvæ, hatched from adults obtained at Plymouth, and finding that my own conclusion as to the relationship of the genus differs from that of Mr. Leigh-Sharpe, it seems worth while to describe the larvæ and the bearing they seem to have upon the systematic position of the adult.The larvæ hatch and become active inside the egg-sac. Immediately after becoming free they swim vigorously for a short time, but very soon sink to the bottom and remain quiescent, with occasional spasms of activity.
Incubation-habit in a Phyllodocid Polychæte, Notophyllum foliosum Sars
Authors: Okada Yô K. 
Published: October 2009

That a mother worm protects its eggs until tie young are hatched is common enough among Polychætes, but not in the family Phyllodocidas.McIntosh (1908) mentioned in his British Annelids, Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 49, that two female specimens of Notophyllum foliosum, procured by his late friend Dr. Howden, at Lamlash, Arran, in August, were laden with mature eggs. Certainly the words “were laden” used here tell us something about the particular habit of the worm, but the sentence is too short and is not emphatic enough to attract attention.
Studies on Conditioned Responses in Fishes. Part II
Authors: Bull H. O. 
Published: October 2009

The present paper continues the account of my experiments ou the capacity of fishes to form conditioned responses towards definite stimuli under strict experimental control. No change has been made in the method of recording the results except in the section on auditory discrimination in the wrasse. This slight variation is explained in the appropriate place.All the experiments described in this part belong to Section A of the previous paper (1), in which food is the unconditioned stimulus. The work which has been carried out in Section B will receive fuller treatment at a later date.
Notes on the Littoral Polychaeta of Torquay (Part III)
Authors: Elwes Major E. V. 
Published: October 2009

A Synopsis of the Aphroditidre of the English Channel by Mr. T. V. Hodgson is given in the Journal Marine Biological Association, Vol. VI, No. 2, 1900.APhrodita aculeata, Lin. McIntosh, Mon. Brit. Ann., Vol. II, p. 247.
Intraperitoneal and intra-nasal vaccination of mice with three distinct recombinantNeospora caninumantigens results in differential effects with regard to protection against experimental challenge withNeospora caninumtachyzoites
Authors: DEBACHE K. , GUIONAUD C. , ALAEDDINE F. , HEMPHILL A. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYRecombinant NcPDI(recNcPDI), NcROP2(recNcROP2), and NcMAG1(recNcMAG1) were expressed inEscherichia coliand purified, and evaluated as potential vaccine candidates by employing the C57Bl/6 mouse cerebral infection model. Intraperitoneal application of these proteins suspended in saponin adjuvants lead to protection against disease in 50% and 70% of mice vaccinated with recNcMAG1 and recNcROP2, respectively, while only 20% of mice vaccinated with recNcPDI remained without clinical signs. In contrast, a 90% protection rate was achieved following intra-nasal vaccination with recNcPDI emulsified in cholera toxin. Only 1 mouse vaccinated intra-nasally with recNcMAG1 survived the challenge infection, and protection achieved with intra-nasally applied recNcROP2 was at 60%. Determination of cerebral parasite burdens by real-time PCR showed that these were significantly reduced only in recNcROP2-vaccinated animals (following intraperitoneal and intra-nasal application) and in recNcPDI-vaccinated mice (intra-nasal application only). Quantification of viable tachyzoites in brain tissue of intra-nasally vaccinated mice showed that immunization with recNcPDI resulted in significantly decreased numbers of live parasites. These data show that, besides the nature of the antigen, the protective effect of vaccination also depends largely on the route of antigen delivery. In the case of recNcPDI, the intra-nasal route provides a platform to generate a highly protective immune response.
Unravelling causality from correlations: revealing the impacts of endemic ectoparasites on a protected species (tuatara)
Authors: GODFREY STEPHANIE S. , MOORE JENNIFER A. , NELSON NICOLA J. , BULL C. MICHAEL 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYUnderstanding the impacts of endemic parasites on protected hosts is an essential element of conservation management. However, where manipulative experiments are unethical, causality cannot be inferred from observational correlative studies. Instead, we used an experimental structure to explore temporal associations between body condition of a protected reptile, the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) and infestation with ectoparasites (ticks and mites). We surveyed tuatara in a mark-recapture study on Stephens Island (New Zealand), which encompassed the pre-peak, peak and post-peak infestation periods for each ectoparasite. Tick loads during the peak infestation period were negatively related to body condition of tuatara. Body condition before the peak was not related to subsequent infestation rates; however, tick loads in the peak were negatively related to subsequent changes in body condition. Mite loads during the peak infestation period were not correlated with body condition of tuatara. Body condition before the peak had no effect on subsequent mite infestation rates, but mite loads of small males during the peak were negatively related to subsequent changes in body condition. Our results suggest that both ectoparasites reduce the body condition of tuatara, which has implications for the long-term conservation management of this host and its parasites.
The influence of habitat quality on the foraging strategies of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis megidis
Authors: KRUITBOS L. M. , HERITAGE S. , HAPCA S. , WILSON M. J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYEntomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are soil-transmitted parasites and their foraging strategies are believed to range from ‘ambush’ to ‘cruise’ foragers. However, research on their behaviour has not considered the natural habitat of these nematodes. We hypothesized that EPN behaviour would be influenced by soil habitat quality and tested this hypothesis using 2 EPN species Steinernema carpocapsae (an ‘ambusher’) and Heterorhabditis megidis (a ‘cruiser’) in 2 contrasting habitats, sand and peat. As predicted from previous studies, in sand most S. carpocapsae remained at the point of application and showed no taxis towards hosts, but in peat S. carpocapsae dispersed much more and showed a highly significant taxis towards hosts. H. megidis dispersed well in both media, but only showed taxis towards hosts in sand. In outdoor mesocosms in which both species were applied, S. carpocapsae outcompeted H. megidis in terms of host finding in peat, whereas the opposite was true in sand. Our data suggest that these 2 EPN may be habitat specialists and highlight the difficulties of studying soil-transmitted parasites in non-soil media.
Parasite-specific variation and the extent of male-biased parasitism; an example with a South African rodent and ectoparasitic arthropods
Authors: MATTHEE SONJA , McGEOCH MELODIE A. , KRASNOV BORIS R. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYWe asked whether the occurrence and the extent of host gender-biased parasitism vary among higher parasite taxa, among individual species within these taxa and within parasite species among localities. To answer this question, we studied prevalence, abundance, species richness and the level of aggregation of ectoparasites (ticks, mites, lice and fleas) collected from male and female striped mice (Rhabdomys pumilio) in 9 localities of the Western Cape Province of South Africa. We used meta-analyses to compare parasitological variables between male and female hosts across localities for individual parasite species and higher taxa as well as across parasite species within a higher taxon. Whenever gender-biased parasitism was found, it indicated higher infestation of male than female hosts (except 1 low abundant mite species). We found that the occurrence and extent of gender-biased infestation varied mainly within a parasite species among localities and among parasite species within a higher taxon but not among parasite taxa. Our results suggest that the extent of a gender-biased pattern of parasite infestation of the same host may not only involve host-related mechanisms but also depends on biological features of a particular parasite species.
The use of DNA markers to map anthelmintic resistance loci in an intraspecific cross ofHaemonchus contortus
Authors: HUNT P. W. , KOTZE A. C. , KNOX M. R. , ANDERSON L. J. , McNALLY J. , LE JAMBRE L. F. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe use of DNA markers to track the development of anthelmintic resistance in parasites of livestock would allow informed choices for the management of this important problem. We describe a genetic mapping approach for the discovery of DNA markers for anthelmintic resistance inHaemonchus contortus. We crossed a multi-drug resistant field isolate ofH. contortuswith a well-characterized laboratory strain susceptible to 4 drug classes. The F2were separately selected with 5 anthelmintics from 4 drug classes, producing drug-resistant populations carrying gene variants derived from both the field isolate and the laboratory strain. Individual F2worms were analysed using amplicon length polymorphisms (ALPs). We looked for field isolate alleles over- or under-represented in F2populations compared to the unselected F2and/or the laboratory strain. The data we obtained suggest that marker association can be used to link neutral markers with resistance, but also that more markers and perhaps more inbred laboratory strains would make the procedure more likely to succeed.
Public History and Militant Identities: Brazilian Unions and the Quest for Memory
Authors: Santana Marco Aurélio , Pimenta Ricardo Medeiros 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to analyze how Brazilian trade unions are using social memory as a tool to build up workers' collective identities, in an attempt to fight the fragmentation resulting from the impact of the industrial restructuring of the 1990s. We will draw upon two ongoing programs conducted by the ABC Metal Workers Union (SMABC) and the Oil Workers Union of Brazil's state oil company Petrobras (Sindipetro). The SMABC and Sindipetro have recently been addressing the issue of workers memory with social and public projects. These projects are building up memories, which in spite of being institution-based are also collective, framed by the unions through the use of new types of communication and electronic media.
Keynes's Theory of Probability and Its Relevance to His Economics: Three Theses
Authors: Cottrell Allin 
Published: October 2009

One calls a lot of things propositions. If one sees this, then one can discard the idea Russell and Frege had that logic is a science of certain objects – propositions, functions, the logical constants – and that logic is like a natural science such as zoology and talks about these objects as zoology talks of animals. Like a natural science, it could supposedly discover certain relations. For example, Keynes claimed to discover a probability relation which was like implication, yet not quite implication. But logic is a calculus, not a natural science, and in it one can make inventions but not discoveries.Giving grounds, however, justifying the evidence, comes to an end; – but the end is not certain propositions' striking us immediately as true, i.e. it is not a kind ofseeingon our part; it is ouracting, which lies at the bottom of the language-game. (Wittgenstein, 1969, §204)
On the Foundations of Hysteresis in Economic Systems
Authors: Cross Rod 
Published: October 2009

Hysteresis means literally “that which comes later,” being derived from the Greek verb ύστερέω. Thus, hysteresis effects, generally defined, are those that persist after the initial causes giving rise to the effects are removed.During the course of the 1980s, it became increasingly fashionable to invoke hysteresis effects to explain economic phenomena. Two of the main areas of application were to unemployment and international trade. In the case of unemployment, distinctive features of labor markets, such as social norms that rule out wage-cutting in the face of rising unemployment, imply that “increases in unemployment have a direct impact on the ‘natural’ rate of unemployment” (Blanchard and Summers, 1988, p. 15). The implication for macroeconomic systems is that “temporary shocks can have a permanent effect on the level of employment” (Ibid., p. 307). In the case of international trade, hysteresis effects arise from the industrial economics of sunk costs: “the argument is that firms must incur sunk costs to enter new markets, and cannot recoup these costs if they exit.… thus foreign firms that entered the U.S. market when the dollar was high do not abandon their sunk cost investments when the dollar falls.” The implication for trade flows is “an effect which persists after the cause that brought it about has been removed” (Dixit, 1989, p. 205).
Effects of physical maltreatment on the development of peer relations
Authors: Dodge Kenneth A. , Pettit Gregory S. , Bates John E. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe effect of early physical maltreatment on the development of peer relationships was examined in a representative sample of 585 boys and girls. Subjects were assessed for physical maltreatment in the first 5 years of life and then followed for 5 consecutive years. The assessment was based on a clinical interview with parents. Twelve percent of the sample was identified as having experienced physical maltreatment. Peers, teachers, and mothers independently evaluated the maltreated group of children as being more disliked, less popular, and more socially withdrawn than the nonmaltreated group in every year of evaluation, with the magnitude of difference growing over time. These effects held even when family socioeconomic status was controlled. The findings were interpreted as being consistent with the hypothesis that early maltreatment disrupts attachment relationships with adult caregivers, and these disruptions then impair a child's ability to form effective peer relationships.