bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cosmic Ray Jump Detection for the Roman Wide Field Instrument
Authors: Sharma Sanjib , Casertano Stefano 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We investigate algorithms for detecting and correcting for jumps due to cosmic rays in infrared detectors, with emphasis on Roman telescope’s Wide Field Instrument. We use a statistic S based on the excess difference between adjacent resultants (average over a group of reads) normalized to the square root of the expected variance that accommodates the uneven resultants of Roman. We show that it is important to account for the covariance of excess difference with that of the estimated count rate. Due to averaging of reads, the ability to detect jumps is reduced, specially if the jump is in the first or the last resultant. Having the first and last resultants as a single-read resultants improves the ability to detect cosmic rays. The signal due to a jump is split across two resultant differences and this motivates small adjustments to the basic algorithm which improves the jump detection. Bias and false negative rate are investigated using Monte Carlo simulations for a few readout patterns. In order to investigate other scenarios approximate formulas for predicting the bias and the misclassification rate are presented. Using cosmic ray properties based on JWST darks, we show that for high count rates (1000 e−1 s−1) most of the cosmic rays remain undetected, with 65% missed identifications. When averaging over multiple exposures, due to low event rates of cosmic rays, the overall bias in estimated count rate due to undetected cosmic rays is negligible. However, for a single exposure with an undetected cosmic ray, one can have a bias of a few percent. This will manifest as abrupt changes in brightness of targets. Fortunately, the bias ranges between 1 and 5 the measurement uncertainty, and this fact can be used to screen out cosmic rays for scientific applications that seek to detect short duration time domain events.
Lines and Languages
Authors: Constantine Mary-Ann 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the work of the Flintshire naturalist and antiquarian Thomas Pennant, whose Tours in Wales were influential in the growth of the Welsh tour as practice and genre. In the first of nine place-based studies it explores Pennant’s writings through the border territories of the Dee Estuary and the earthworks of Wat’s and Offa’s Dykes. It examines the significance of these lines of demarcation between England and Wales, and asks how such borders are ‘narrated’ and represented in the writings and the cartographical productions of Pennant’s circle. It finds that they are interpreted and questioned in a spirit of open enquiry, unlike the hard conceptual lines developed in the more nation-centred discourse of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Consumed Landscapes
Authors: Constantine Mary-Ann 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Consumed Landscapes’ looks at tourist responses to the rapidly changing industrial landscapes of the coalfields, iron foundries, and copper works of south Wales. From Mary Morgan’s anxious responses to the pitted, unstable landscapes of the open-cast coalmines of south Pembrokeshire, to the scientific curiosity of naturalist Edward Donovan about the extent and nature of Glamorganshire coal-beds, it suggests that visitors to Wales in this period were as fully engaged with the ‘underscapes’ of Wales as with its more conventional scenery; the insights of the chemist Michael Faraday offer a powerful fusion of the scientific and the aesthetic—his encounter with a ‘Welch damsel’ at Melincourt waterfall provides another moment of cultural entanglement. Neath Abbey with its adjacent smelting houses emerges as a site of extraordinary historical overlay, while the compelling images of surveyor Thomas Hornor are used to explore issues of environmental degradation and industrial ingenuity
Elen of the Roads
Authors: Constantine Mary-Ann 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter uses the legendary figure of the road-building Romano-British princess Elen of the Hosts, to explore the mountains of north Wales and ideas about incursion and movement through/over/across an inherently resistant terrain. Drawing on Simon Bainbridge’s recent work on mountaineering and British Romanticism, and on Nigel Leask’s study of the Scottish Highlands, it approaches the region from three different levels: the summit, the valley floor, and sea level. The chapter shows how Thomas Pennant’s Tours in Wales shaped later tourists’ perceptions of this landscape, and examines an insightful account by Catherine Hutton. The chapter concludes with discussion of William Madocks and the Great Embankment at Tremadoc, a site of coastal land reclamation which aroused considerable tourist interest, attracting Percy and Harriet Shelley and Thomas Love Peacock.
Hydrophilic thioether-functionalized surface based on segregation of hydrophilic cage octasilsesquioxane in PMMA and its application to gold nanoparticle immobilization
Authors: Tokuami Ichiyo , Imoto Hiroaki , Naka Kensuke 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We demonstrate hydrophilic sulfur functionalization on the surface of a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film by entropy-driven surface segregation using a cage octasilsesquioxane, octa[2-(ethylthio)ethanol]-octasilsesquioxane (2a), with S-containing hydrophilic groups. Composite films were prepared by casting from solutions of 2a prepared in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and CHCl3 on a glass substrate. More effective surface segregation of 2a was achieved in the composite film casted from THF compared with that casted from CHCl3. The surface segregation behavior was strongly affected by the solubility of the compound in the casting solvent; highly soluble compounds were more likely to segregate on the surface. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were immobilized on the surface of the PMMA composite film casted from THF by immersing the film in an aqueous AuNP dispersion. Using a similar protocol as for 2a, a PMMA composite film with octa[2-(ethylthio)isobutyl]-octasilsesquioxane (2c) was prepared as the control with hydrophobic sulfur-containing substituents to confirm that hydrophilic sulfur-containing substituents were required to effectively facilitate the immobilization of AuNPs on the polymer surface.
Lie–truth judgments: adaptive lie detector account and truth-default theory compared and contrasted
Authors: Levine Timothy R , Street Chris N H 
Published: May 2024

AbstractTwo contemporary theoretical perspectives explain when and how people make lie–truth judgments. The adaptive lie detector account (ALIED) and truth-default theory (TDT) are described, compared, and contrasted. ALIED and TDT come from different scholarly traditions and propose very different processes and mechanisms, yet they converge on many behavioral predictions. Both views presume adaptive processes. ALIED presumes that humans are adaptive by using available information while TDT presumes that the adaptive value of efficient communication outweighs the value of real-time deception detection. ALIED proposes a Bayesian reasoning approach to lie–truth judgments that weighs information based on its perceived diagnosticity, making no distinction in the processes between reaching a lie and truth judgment. TDT alternatively proposes that the passive presumption of the truth is the default, and the presence of triggers is required to reach a lie judgment. Suggestions for future research are provided.
Climate change and winter wheat yields: the roles of freezing days and long-run adaptations
Authors: Da Yabin , Xu Yangyang , Yi Fujin , McCarl Bruce 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This paper employs the recently proposed climate penalty model to estimate season-specific climate change impacts on Chinese winter wheat yields and also reveals the effects of long-run adaptions by comparing the short-run and long-run estimates identified from the model. We find that Spring freezing days are critical as we estimate small yield gains when considering a reduction in the number of freezing days (induced by global warming), as opposed to large yield losses when such effects are omitted. We also find substantial influences of adaptation effects that could reverse the sign of climate change impacts.
Clean your own house first: integrating sustainability into microbiology labs
Authors: Carrillo-Barragan Priscilla 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Microbiology laboratories are pivotal hubs for exploring the potential of microorganisms and addressing global challenges. Particularly, Environmental Microbiology facilities hold substantial influence in advancing knowledge and capabilities crucial for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This raises the imperative of integrating sustainable practices to mitigate the environmental impact of research activities and foster a culture of responsibility. Such an approach not only aligns with global sustainability objectives but also catalyses innovative, eco-conscious methodologies in scientific research aimed at tackling pressing environmental issues. Concerns regarding the environmental footprint of laboratory practices have stimulated innovative improvements within the scientific community, ranging from resource-efficient initiatives to the management of essential commodities like water and energy. This perspective discusses specific areas where microbiology laboratories can enhance their sustainability efforts, drawing on reports and case studies of pioneering groups. Additionally, it explores potential collaborators to support these endeavours and emphasises the pivotal role of early career researchers in driving this transition. By initiating discussions and sparking curiosity within the environmental microbial community, this commentary seeks to propel the microbial ecology field toward a greener future, starting from within the laboratory environment.
Cointegration of Timberland Value in the United States, South and Central America, and Oceania
Authors: McIntosh Michael G , Zhang Daowei 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this article, we examine whether the United States, South and Central America, and Oceania timberland markets have integrated per acre timberland values. The vector error correction model and orthogonal impulse response functions provide strong evidence of a long-run relationship regarding per acre timberland value between South and Central America, the United States, and Oceania. The comovement of per acre timberland values and lack of arbitrage opportunities among regions may induce investors to invest locally or diversify portfolios through other industries.
Study Implications: This article explores the relationship between timberland price/value in geographically separate timberland markets to help timberland investors in their portfolio decisions.
Discrimination and Manifestation of Belief: Higgs v Farmor’s School
Authors: Foran Michael 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This paper analyses the case of Higgs v Farmor’s School, a decision of the Employment Appeal Tribunal concerning unlawful discrimination on the basis of the manifestation of protected philosophical beliefs. It discusses the relationship between human rights standards and discrimination law standards in the interpretation of direct discrimination on grounds of religion or belief. While this decision goes a long way towards providing guidance on how this interaction is to be parsed out in the context of discrimination law, it nevertheless leaves certain important questions open. Finally, the paper argues that much of the discussion of proportionality around the censorship of protected belief manifestation is misconstrued. It is commonly accepted without question that the legitimate aim pursued by censorship is the protection of the rights of others. Yet in the cases dealing with manifestation such as this, there is an extremely remote threat to rights, if one exists at all. The expression of views that some take offense to is not a human rights violation. Rather, censorship of such views is better described as aimed at the protection of morals; the enforcement of speech codes or workplace standards in order to maintain a particular ethos or atmosphere of professionalism. There is then an interesting question which arises: would the choice of justification grounded in protecting morals over the rights of others affect the intensity of the proportionality assessment? There is a plausible argument that attempts to justify infringement on the exercise of fundamental rights by reference to a desire to impose a moral code, unconnected to the rights of others, would attach more intensive scrutiny. If this is true, it is incumbent upon courts not to accept at face value that employment speech codes are necessary to protect the rights of others, certainly not without more searching analysis of which rights in particular are claimed to be infringed by a failure to mandate speech. This is of particular salience given that courts have repeatedly stressed that the right to freedom of expression includes the right to say things that are offensive, shocking or even disturbing.
Effectiveness of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir in non-hospitalized adults with COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Authors: Mesfin Yonatan M , Blais Joseph E , Kibret Kelemu Tilahun , Tegegne Teketo Kassaw , Cowling Benjamin J , Wu Peng 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effectiveness of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir among vaccinated and unvaccinated non-hospitalized adults with COVID-19.

Methods
Observational studies of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir or molnupiravir compared to no antiviral drug treatment for COVID-19 in non-hospitalized adults with data on vaccination status were included. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, WHO COVID-19 Research Database and medRxiv for reports published between 1 January 2022 and 8 November 2023. The primary outcome was a composite of hospitalization or mortality up to 35 days after COVID-19 diagnosis. Risk of bias was assessed with ROBINS-I. Risk ratios (RR), hazard ratios (HR) and risk differences (RD) were separately estimated using random-effects models.

Results
We included 30 cohort studies on adults treated with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (n = 462 279) and molnupiravir (n = 48 008). Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir probably reduced the composite outcome (RR 0.62, 95%CI 0.55–0.70; I2 = 0%; moderate certainty) with no evidence of effect modification by vaccination status (RR Psubgroup = 0.47). In five studies, RD estimates against the composite outcome for nirmatrelvir/ritonavir were 1.21% (95%CI 0.57% to 1.84%) in vaccinated and 1.72% (95%CI 0.59% to 2.85%) in unvaccinated subgroups.
Molnupiravir may slightly reduce the composite outcome (RR 0.75, 95%CI 0.67–0.85; I2 = 32%; low certainty). Evidence of effect modification by vaccination status was inconsistent among studies reporting different effect measures (RR Psubgroup = 0.78; HR Psubgroup = 0.08). In two studies, RD against the composite outcome for molnupiravir were −0.01% (95%CI −1.13% to 1.10%) in vaccinated and 1.73% (95%CI −2.08% to 5.53%) in unvaccinated subgroups.

Conclusions
Among cohort studies of non-hospitalized adults with COVID-19, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is effective against the composite outcome of severe COVID-19 independent of vaccination status. Further research and a reassessment of molnupiravir use among vaccinated adults are warranted.

Registration
PROSPERO CRD42023429232.
The influence of legal scholars on the development of international investment law
Authors: Byrne William Hamilton 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
International investment arbitration is inhabited by actors who theorize the law as scholars and decide on it when arbitrating, which raises critical questions concerning their normative role within the legal system. This article explores empirically the influence of legal scholars on the development of inter-national investment law through a combined legal-empirical and sociological approach designed to capture the multidirectional nature of influence. It relies on a novel database of all citations to legal scholarship in International Centre for the Settlement of Disputes (ICSID) case law, which is analysed quantitatively and qualitatively and contextualized alongside interviews with 16 leading arbitrators and lawyers. The article firstly introduces the arbitrator/academic as an agent of international law, and then details the methodology. It then turns to provide an overview of citations to legal scholarship in ICSID case law, before considering why legal actors find it useful. The following parts show how legal scholarship influenced the development of the definition of an ‘investment’ in ICSID arbitration through an analysis of legal decisions and scholarship authored by arbitrators. The final part goes into conversation with the actors to further unravel how they manage competing and complementary obligations towards theory and practice, and the article concludes by reflecting on the ethical implications of their law-making function.
Effect of backscatter radiation on the occupational eye-lens dose
Authors: Ohno Saya , Konta Satoe , Shindo Ryota , Yamamoto Keisuke , Isobe Rio , Inaba Yohei , Suzuki Masatoshi , Zuguchi Masayuki , Chida Koichi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We quantified the level of backscatter radiation generated from physicians’ heads using a phantom. We also evaluated the shielding rate of the protective eyewear and optimal placement of the eye-dedicated dosimeter (skin surface or behind the Pb-eyewear). We performed diagnostic X-rays of two head phantoms: Styrofoam (negligible backscatter radiation) and anthropomorphic (included backscatter radiation). Radiophotoluminescence glass dosimeters were used to measure the eye-lens dose, with or without 0.07-mm Pb-equivalent protective eyewear. We used tube voltages of 50, 65 and 80 kV because the scattered radiation has a lower mean energy than the primary X-ray beam. The backscatter radiation accounted for 17.3–22.3% of the eye-lens dose, with the percentage increasing with increasing tube voltage. Furthermore, the shielding rate of the protective eyewear was overestimated, and the eye-lens dose was underestimated when the eye-dedicated dosimeter was placed behind the protective eyewear. We quantified the backscatter radiation generated from physicians’ heads. To account for the effect of backscatter radiation, an anthropomorphic, rather than Styrofoam, phantom should be used. Close contact of the dosimeter with the skin surface is essential for accurate evaluation of backscatter radiation from physician’s own heads. To assess the eye-lens dose accurately, the dosimeter should be placed near the eye. If the dosimeter is placed behind the lens of the protective eyewear, we recommend using a backscatter radiation calibration factor of 1.2–1.3.
Genetically engineered Lactococcus lactis strain constitutively expresses GABA-producing genes and produces high levels of GABA
Authors: Monteiro Marcos P , Kohl Hannah M , Roullet Jean-Baptiste , Gibson K Michael , Ochoa-Repáraz Javier , Castillo Andrea R 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system that impacts physical and mental health. Low GABA levels have been documented in several diseases, including multiple sclerosis and depression, and studies suggest that GABA could improve disease outcomes in those conditions. Probiotic bacteria naturally produce GABA and have been engineered to enhance its synthesis. Strains engineered thus far use inducible expression systems that require the addition of exogenous molecules, which complicates their development as therapeutics. This study aimed to overcome this challenge by engineering Lactococcus lactis with a constitutive GABA synthesis gene cassette. GABA synthesizing and transport genes (gadB and gadC) were cloned onto plasmids downstream of constitutive L. lactis promoters [P2, P5, shortened P8 (P8s)] of different strengths and transformed into L. lactis. Fold increase in gadCB expression conferred by these promoters (P2, P5, and P8s) was 322, 422, and 627, respectively, compared to the unmodified strain (P = 0.0325, P8s). GABA synthesis in the highest gadCB expressing strain, L. lactis-P8s-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), was dependent on media supplementation with glutamic acid and significantly higher than the unmodified strain (P &lt; 0.0001, 125 mM, 200 mM glutamic acid). Lactococcus lactis-P8s-GAD is poised for therapeutic testing in animal models of low-GABA-associated disease.
A path towards constraining the evolution of the interstellar medium and outflows in the Milky Way using APOGEE
Authors: Sharda Piyush , Ting Yuan-Sen , Frankel Neige 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT
In recent years, the study of the Milky Way has significantly advanced due to extensive spectroscopic surveys of its stars, complemented by astroseismic and astrometric data. However, it remains disjoint from recent advancements in understanding the physics of the Galactic interstellar medium (ISM). This paper introduces a new model for the chemical evolution of the Milky Way that can be constrained on stellar data, because it combines a state-of-the-art ISM model with a Milky Way stellar disc model. Utilizing a data set of red clump stars from APOGEE, known for their precise ages and metallicities, we concentrate on the last 6 billion years – a period marked by Milky Way’s secular evolution. We examine the oxygen abundance in the low-$\alpha$ disc stars relative to their ages and birth radii, validating or constraining critical ISM parameters that remain largely unexplored in extragalactic observations. The models that successfully reproduce the radius–metallicity distribution and the age–metallicity distribution of stars without violating existing ISM observations indicate a need for modest differential oxygen enrichment in Galactic outflows, meaning that the oxygen abundance of outflows is higher than the local ISM abundance, irrespective of outflow mass loading. The models also suggest somewhat elevated ISM gas velocity dispersion levels over the past 6 billion years compared to galaxies of similar mass. The extra turbulence necessary could result from energy from gas accretion onto the Galaxy, supernovae clustering in the ISM, or increased star formation efficiency per freefall time. This work provides a novel approach to constraining the Galactic ISM and outflows, leveraging the detailed insights available from contemporary Milky Way surveys.
Voices Unveiled: Personal Reflections of Faculty of Color in Nursing Academia
Authors: Brockett-Walker Camille , Moore Erica 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The presence of faculty of color (FOC) provides critical role modeling and mentorship for diverse students and thereby contributes to increasing diversity in the nursing workforce. Personal reflections of FOC within a predominantly White institution involved feelings of isolation, not belonging, and lacking support and mentorship. Addressing negative experiences of FOC supports retention and advances diversity, equity, and inclusion.