bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MATURATION AND SPAWNING OF ABLATED AND NONABLATEDPenaeus semisulcatusde HAAN (1844)
Authors: Browdy Craig L. , Samocha Tsachi M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTReproductive performance of unilateral eyestalk ablated and unablated wild and pond rearedPenaeus semisulcatuswas compared in a series of experiments in Eilat, Israel. Tagging techniques were used to study the maturation and spawning of individual females. The average numbers of spawns and eggs per ablated females were more than double those produced by unablated females, although fewer eggs per spawn were produced by ablated females. There were no significant differences in spawn quality, as measured by the percent fertility, hatch, and metamorphosis to zoea 1, between ablated and nonablated females. Egg production of ablated females was consistent for 70 to 80 days after which a decline was observed. The average rate of egg production of nonablated shrimp was more erratic with an apparent decline only after 100 to 110 days.No significant differences were found in spawn size or spawn quality between the first three spawns of ablated and nonablated females. A significant reduction in spawn size was apparent over the molt cycle although the percent fertility remained constant. Spermatophore transfer rates of 84 to 92% were achieved with female to male rations of 1.8:1 to 2.5:l. A reduction in fecundity was observed for successive generations of pond‐reared brood stock.Eyestalk ablation was used to stimulate spawning of P.semisulcatusin captivity with no significant reduction in brood stock survival or in spawn quality.
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, BACTERIAL INOCULATION, AND EDTA ON SPERM QUALITY IN CAPTIVEPenaeus setiferus
Authors: Bray William A. , Leung‐Trujillo Joanna R. , Lawrence Addison L. , Robertson Stephen M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA 60‐day preliminary study was conducted to determine whether excessive temperature, bacterial infection, or heavy metals contamination contributed to spermatophore and sperm deterioration in laboratory‐heldPenaeus setiferusmales. Three treatments were tested in which: 1) culture water temperature was held at 25–26°C; 2) males were inoculated with a killedVibrio sp. bacterin; and 3) EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) was added to culture water at 25 ppm. These were compared with a control treatment at mean ambient temperature of 29.1°C. A combination of males from the primary offshore breeding population (mean weight 43.9 g ± 1.78 S.E.M.) and young‐of‐the‐year males (mean weight 24.5 g ± 0.83) were used. Mean baseline values (± S.E.M.) established at initiation were, per male: sperm count, 38.7 × 106± 10.165 × 106; percent abnormal sperm, 5.0% ± 1.13; and spermatophore weight, 0.103 g ± 0.0215. At the midpoint 30‐day samples, mean sperm counts were significantly lower in the ambient and EDTA treatments. The chilled and inoculated treatments showed no decline in sperm counts during the first 30‐day period, but the percentage of abnormalities had increased from 5.0% ± 1.13 in the baseline to 16.3% ± 9.94 and 57.0% ± 9.64, respectively. At termination (60 days), only the chilled treatment contained any males bearing sperm (33% of males sampled from the treatment), but sperm abnormalities ranged from 53–72%. Results indicate that parameters tested did not prevent decline in male reproductive condition over time.
EFFECTS OF DIET AND SIZE ON GROWTH, FEED DIGESTIBILITY AND DIGESTIVE ENZYME ACTIVITIES OF THE MARINE SHRIMP,Penaeus setiferusLINNAEUS
Authors: Lee Phillip G. , Lawrence Addison L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTRelationships between protein level, size, apparent feed digestibility, digestive enzyme activities and growth ofPenaeus setiferuswere investigated during a 30‐day growth trial. Small (3.7 g), medium (9.5 g), and large (14.7 g) shrimp were fed four isocaloric diets with varying protein levels. Apparent total dry matter digestibilities and apparent protein digestibilities were determined for small and medium shrimp. General and acid protease, trypsin, carboxypeptidase A and B, amylase, chitinase, non‐specific esterase and lipase activities were also assayed for small and medium shrimp.Shrimp survival was unrelated to diet or size. Instantaneous growth rate, total dry matter and protein digestibilities decreased as shrimp size increased. Small shrimp fed the 22% protein diet grew the least but exhibited the highest enzyme activities, especially carbohydrases. Small shrimp fed the 38% protein diet displayed the highest dry matter digestibility. Medium shrimp fed the 30% protein diet exhibited the lowest survival and growth while medium shrimp fed the 22% protein diet exhibited the highest enzyme activities. Higher digestive enzyme activities on the 22% protein diet may be evidence of an adaptation to a diet containing less digestible proteins.
INTERNATIONAL STUDY ONArtemia1XXXIII. PROMISING RESULTS IN LARVAL REARING OFPenaeus stylirostrisUSING A PREPARED DIET AS ALGAL SUBSTITUTE AND FORArtemiaENRICHMENT2
Authors: Léger Philippe , Bieber Glen F. , Sorgeloos Patrick 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe importance of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) such as 20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3 has been investigated for the larvae of the blue shrimpPenaeus stylirostris. HUFA‐rich or HUFA‐enrichedArtemianauplii yielded higher production results in the hatchery than HUFA‐poorArtemia, especially when yeast was used as a substitute for algae during the early larval stages. Best results were obtained when a HUFA‐rich formulated diet was used as a supplement to the yeast and as an enrichment for theArtemianauplii. Differences in production results could be attributed to the HUFA content in living and non‐living larval diets.
THE EFFECT OF CLAM SIZE, NET SIZE, AND POISONED BAIT TREATMENTS ON SURVIVAL OF HARD CLAM, Mercenaria mercenaria, SEED IN FIELD PLOTS
Authors: Kraeuter John N. , Castagna Michael 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTEconomics dictates that the seed of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, be grown only to moderate sizes before field planting. Survival in the field nursery area is a function of multiple interactions with size specific predation playing the dominant role in survival of planted seed clams. This investigation compares field survival of five sizes of clam seed (4 to 14 mm) with two protective mesh sizes (6.25 mm and 12.5 mm openings) and poisoned bait treatments (malathion injected fish). Baffle treatments for two seed sizes are included to relate these studies to those previously published. Analysis indicates significant increases in survival with the use of poisoned bait and mesh size treatments for small seed sizes. No effect of poisoned bait was found for large seed sizes. Statistically significant interactions occur between seed size and mesh combinations. Comparisons are made with other data to indicate the significance of these interactions.
POLYCULTURE OF CHANNEL CATFISH,Ictalurus punctatus, WITH POST‐LARVAL AND JUVENILE PRAWNS,Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Authors: Pavel David L. , Cange Stephen W. , Avault James W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTPost‐larval (0.01 g) and juvenile (0.2 g) Malaysian prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) were stocked with channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fingerlings (66 9) in earthen ponds. Prawns and catfish were stocked at densities of 4,940 per ha and 7,410 per ha respectively. There were five treatments: replicated ponds stocked with post‐larval prawns and channel catfish; post‐larval prawns only, juvenile prawns and channel catfish, juvenile prawns only, and catfish only. Prawns and catfish were stocked on 26 June and harvested 107 days later on 10 October. Prawn survival in ponds without catfish averaged 90%. This was significantly higher (p< 0.05) than survival of prawns in ponds with catfish (81%). Prawn yield averaged 192 kg per ha in ponds without catfish. This was significantly higher (p< 0.01) than the 124 kg per ha of prawns harvested from ponds with catfish. There were no significant differences (p> 0.05) in prawn survival, average size of prawns at harvest, and prawn yields between prawns stocked as postlarvae and prawns stocked as juveniles. There were no significant differences (p> 0.05) in catfish survival, average weight of catfish at harvest, and catfish yields among all treatments. Catfish survival averaged 83%; the average weight of catfish at harvest was 315 g, and the average catfish yield was 1,968 kg per ha. The good prawn survival, and the fact that prawns reached large sizes (30 g+) in a growing season that could have been extended by 40 days, indicates that there may be a potential for the integration of prawns into catfish farming.
Induced Ovulation of Southern Flounder Paralichthys lethostigma Using Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Analogue Implants
Authors: Berlinsky David L. , King V William , Smith Ted I. J. , Hamilton Richard D. , Holloway John , Sullivan Craig V. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractImplanted pellets that provide a sustained release of [D‐Ala6 Des‐Gly10] LHRH‐ethylamide (GnRHa) were used to induce maturation and ovulation of Southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma. Of the 12 females whose ovaries contained follicles with a maximum diameter ≥500 μm, 11 ovulated for the first time within 90 h of hormone implantation. Only 1 fish with a maximum follicle diameter less than 500 μm ovulated within 2 wk after implantation. Ovulated eggs were manually stripped from the females and mixed with sperm from several males. Most females were spawned 1 to 3 times on consecutive days with variable fertility. One female was spawned 11 times producing 668,000 eggs. Fertility was evaluated by examining the incubated eggs for early stages of embryonic cleavage. The percentage of fertile eggs in subsamples of incubated eggs ranged from 7–95%. The results indicate that GnRHa implants can be used to induce repeated ovulation in this species. The variability in fertility is discussed in relation to egg quality.
Stable Isotopic Evaluation of the Relative Assimilation of Natural and Artificial Foods by Golden Shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas in Ponds
Authors: Lochman Rebecca , Phillips Harold 
Published: August 2010

AbstractStable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) were used to estimate the relative contributions of natural and prepared feeds to the nutrition of golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas in ponds. Concurrent feeding trials were conducted in tanks (110 L) and ponds (0.04 ha) to determine the response of golden shiners to three isotopically distinct prepared diets both in the presence (pond) and absence (tank) of natural food. Seston was the primary indicator of the δ13C of natural foods available in the ponds, but δ13C's of free‐swimming, unfed golden shiners provided an additional index. Fish receiving experimental diets were maintained in floating nets within the same ponds. After 6 wk, fish in tanks fed all three diets had acquired the diet label to some degree, while fish in ponds also tracked their respective feeds except for those fed diet 3. This diet contained a large amount of corn meal, which appeared to be poorly assimilated by golden shiners. The use of natural foods by golden shiners fed all three prepared feeds ranged from 40–83% and was inversely correlated with the relative assimilation of the prepared feeds.
Larval Rearing and Weaning Techniques for White Bass Morone chrysops
Authors: Denson Michael R. , Smith Theodore I. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe effects of culture parameters of tank color and feeding regimes were examined on larval white bass Morone chrysops during 1994–1995. Under high surface illumination (998 lux), dark tank walls were essential for effective prey capture. Larvae reared in clear glass aquaria did not grow and had died by day 6 of the study. In contrast, 48.7% of the larvae reared in black‐walled tanks were alive on day 24 and had grown to 17.2 mm total length (TL). In another study, larvae were fed rotifers Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia nauplii in different feeding protocols. In one treatment only rotifers (10/mL) were fed day 1 (4 d post‐hatch), rotifers and Artemia (3/mL) were fed days 2–4, and Artemia fed days 5–15. This protocol produced similar growth (mean size 11.7 mm TL) and survival (mean 30.3%) as slower weaning times from rotifers to Artemia. Juveniles (27‐day‐old, 17.2 mm TL) were converted to a dry crumble diet over a 14‐d period by slow transfer from a combination diet consisting of live Artemia nauplii, frozen adult Artemia, plankton flakes and dry crumbles. Survival offish weaned to the dry diet was 64.5%. Most of the mortalities during the weaning period were fish with uninflated swim bladders which were cannibalized by larger fish. Using the above tank culture techniques, white bass were reared to a mean size of 73.2 mm TL (mean weight 5.8 g) over a 73‐d period. This essentially closes the life cycle of white bass.
The Effect of Capture and Handling Stress on Plasma Steroid Levels and Gonadal Condition in Wild and Farmed Snapper Pagrus auratus (Sparidae)
Authors: Cleary Jennifer J. , Pankhurst Ned W. , Battaglene Stephen C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe effects of stress on reproductive steroids and the developing oocytes were investigated in female wild snapper Pagrus auratus caught by trap, 5‐yr‐old snapper caught as juveniles and reared in captivity, and 2‐ and 3‐yr‐old hatchery‐reared snapper. Fish were confined post‐capture for 1, 6, 24, 48 or 168 h. Stress resulted In an increase in plasma cortisol and concomitant decreases in 17β‐estradiol and testosterone. In addition, there was an increase in the incidence of ovarian atresia. These results confirm that both wild and hatchery‐reared snapper are highly susceptible to stress‐induced impairment of reproduction.
Particle Size Distribution in Two Lipid Emulsions Used for the Enrichment of Artemia nauplii as a Function of Their Preparation Method and Storage Time
Authors: Han Kyungmin , Geurden Inge , Meeren Paul Van der , Bai Sungchul C. , Sorgeloos Patrick 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe present study examined the distribution of particle sizes in two experimental standardized lipid emulsions (distributed by ICES, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) as a function of the preparation method (hand shaking or ultrasonic blending) and as a function of storage time. A 24‐h enrichment trial compared the incorporated HUFA levels in the nauplii of Artemia franciscana.The emulsion droplets in the 50% HUFA emulsion (ICES 50, ethyl ester based) were much smaller than in the 30% HUFA emulsion (ICES 30, triacylglycerol‐based) in which 90% of the droplets had a diameter below 12.3 μm as compared to 1.3 pn in ICES 50. The blending method highly affected particle sizes. High‐shear blending instead of the classical hand shaking of the emulsion of both ICES 30 and 50 reduced the mean particle size from 5.06 to 1.07 μm and from 0.38 to 0.11 μm, respectively. The particle size distributions remained stable during the 1‐wk storage, suggesting the absence of agglomeration or bacterial development. The fatty acid composition of 24‐h enriched Artemia reflected differences in the HUFA profile of the emulsions, but was independent of observed differences in the size of the particles.
Reevaluation of the Phosphorus Requirement of Juvenile Olive Flounder Pavalichfhys olivaceus and the Bioavailability of Various Inorganic Phosphorus Sources
Authors: Choi Se‐Min , Kim Kang‐Woong , Kang Yong‐Jin , Wang Xiaojie , Kim Jae‐Won , Yoo Gwan‐Yeol , Bai Sungchul C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA 6‐wk feeding trial was conducted to reevaluate the phosphorus (P) requirement of juvenile olive flounder and the bioavailability of various inorganic phosphorus sources (IPS). Eight experimental diets were prepared such that all diets contained the same amount of calories, nitrogen, and calcium. Each diet included 0.33% total phosphorus (TP) and 0.60 % total calcium supplied by the basal diet. The eight experimental diets were: the basal diet without P supplementation (BD), three diets consisting of the BD supplemented with NaH,PO4.2H2O (NaP0.45 NaP0.57 or NaP1.14) to supply 0.45, 0.57 or 1.14% TP, and four diets consisting of the BD supplemented with K2HPO4 (KP0.57), Ca(H2PO4);H2O (Cap0.57), CaH2PO4;2H2O (CaHP0.57) or flounder bone meal (FBP0.57) to supply 0.57% TP. Fish (N = 480)averaging 4.02 ± 0.03 g (Mean ± SD) were distributed randomly into 24 aquaria (20 fish per aquarium), and were fed one of the eight experimental diets in triplicate groups.The weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed efficiency (FE) of fish fed the NaP0.57 diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed the BD, NaP1.14, KP0.57, CaHP0.57 and FBP0.57 diets (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in WG, SGR, PER, and FER among fish fed the Nap0.45, NaP0.57 and Cap0.57, diets. Whole body P retention (WBPret) in fish fed the Nap0.57 diet was significantly higher than in fish fed the BD, NaP1.14, KP0.57 CaHP0.57 and FBP0.57diets (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in WBPret among fish fed the NaP0.47, NaP0.57, and CaP0.57, diets. The ability of the fish to digest the phosphorus in the NaP0.45, Nap0.57, NaP1.14, and CaP0.57 diets was significantly better than that of fish fed the other diets (P > 0.05). These results indicated that the dietary P requirement for juvenile olive flounder could be 0.45457%. Also, NaH,PO; 2H2O and Ca(H2PO4);H2O appeared to have a better bioavailability than the other P sources in juvenile olive flounder.
Comparison of the Coat Protein Gene of Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV) Detected from Marine Fishes in Korea
Authors: Oh Myung‐Joo , Jung Sung‐Ju , Kitamura Shin‐Ichi 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMarine fishes, red drum Sciunops ocellatus. oblong rock fish Sebastes oblongus and Japanese flounder Purulichthys olivaceus showing clinical signs of nodavirus infection and mortality were subjected to histopathological and reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) detection assay. Histologically, the diseased fish showed prominent vacuolisation in the brain, spinal cord, and retina of eyes. Fish nodavirus was detected by RT‐PCR amplification in these fish species. Sequence analysis of the RT‐PCR products were identical in comparison among T4 regions of Japanese flounder, red drum, and oblong rock fish isolates. From the sequence analysis, three isolates in this study could be included in the red‐spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), which is one of the clusters among four major clusters of NNV.
Effect of Feeding Frequency, Water Temperature, and Stocking Density on the Growth of Tiger Puffer, Takifugu rubripes
Authors: Kikuchi Kotaro , Iwata Nakahiro , Kawabata Toyoki , Yanagawa Toshiharu 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Effects of daily feeding frequency, water temperature, and stocking density on the growth of tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes, fry were examined to develop effective techniques to produce tiger puffer in a closed recirculation system. Fish of 4, 14, and 180 g in initial body weight were fed commercial pellet diets once to five times a day to apparent satiation each by hand for 8 or 12 wk at 20 C. Daily feeding frequency did not affect the growth of 14‐ and 180‐g‐size fish. However, the daily feed consumption and weight gain of the 4‐g‐size fish fed three and five times daily were significantly higher than those of fish fed once daily (P < 0.05). Fish of 4 and 50 g in initial body weight were reared with the pellet diet at 15–30 C for 8 wk. The weight gain of fish increased with increasing water temperature up to 25 C and decreased drastically at 30 C for both sizes. Similar trends were observed for feed efficiency, although 4‐g fish had highest efficiency at 20 C. Effects of stocking density on growth were examined with fish of 8, 13, and 100 g in initial body weight. Fish were reared with the pellet diet for 8 or 16 wk at 20 C. Fish were placed in floating net cages in the culture tank, and the stocking density was determined based on the total weight of fish and volume of the net cage. Fish of 8 g in body weight grew up to 35–36 g during the 8‐wk rearing period independent of the stocking density of 8, 15, and 31 kg/m3 at the end of rearing. Final biomass per cage reached 32, 60, and 115 kg/m3 for 13‐g‐size fish, and 10, 18, and 35 kg/m3 for 100‐g‐size fish, and the growth of the fish tended to decrease with increasing stocking density for both sizes.
Effects of Feeding Levels on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, Body Composition, and Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Nutrients for Grouper Epinephelus coioides Juveniles
Authors: Luo Zhi , Liu Yong‐Jian , Mai Kang‐Sen , Tian Li‐Xia , Tan Xiao‐Ying , Shi Jin‐Fang 
Published: August 2010

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine effects of feeding levels on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, and apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of nutrients for juvenile grouper Epinephelus coioides (initial weight, 10.31 ± 0.36 g). Grouper were fed a practical diet from 0 (starvation) to 3.5% (at 0.5% increments) body weight per day (bw/d) for 8 wk. ANOVA indicated that growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, and ADCs of dry matter, protein, and energy were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by feeding levels. Survival was the lowest for the starvation group and for fish fed a ration of 0.5% bw/d. Final mean body weight, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate, and metabolic growth rate increased with feeding rate from 0 to 2.5% bw/d (P < 0.05) and showed no significant differences above the level (P > 0.05). Feed conversion rate was significantly lower at a feeding level of 2.0% bw/d than above and below the level (P < 0.05). Protein efficiency ratio was markedly highest at the 2.0% bw/d ration level (P < 0.05). Lipid contents of whole body, muscle, and liver increased with increasing feeding rates from 0 to 3% bw/d and showed a slight decline at the feeding level of 3.5% bw/d. Protein contents of whole‐body composition, muscle, and liver remained relatively stable with the different ration amount with the exception of fish fed a ration of 0.5% bw/d, at which grouper possessed significantly lower body protein concentration (P < 0.05). Condition factor, viscerosomatic index, and hepatosomatic index were the lowest for fish fed 0.5% bw/d and tended to increase with the increasing feeding levels. ADCs of dry matter, protein, and energy decreased with increasing feeding levels from 0 to 2.5% bw/d and then remained relatively constant over the level. Based on the broken‐line regression analysis using WG data, the optimum and maintenance feeding levels for grouper were 2.5% bw/d and 0.25% bw/d, respectively.