bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A glycogen synthase 1 mutation associated with equine polysaccharide storage myopathy and exertional rhabdomyolysis occurs in a variety of UK breeds
Authors: Stanley R. L. , Mccue M. E. , Valberg S. J. , Mickelson J. R. , Mayhew I. G. , Mcgowan C. , Hahn C. N. , Patterson‐Kane J. C. , Piercy R. J. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: A glycogen synthase(GYS1)mutation has been described in horses with histopathological evidence of polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) in the USA. It is unknown whether the same mutation is present in horses from the UK.Objectives: To determine whether theGYS1mutation occurs in UK horses with histopathological evidence of PSSM and exertional rhabdomyolysis.Hypothesis: The R309HGYS1mutation is present in a variety of UK horse breeds and that the mutation is commonly associated with exertional rhabdomyolysis.Methods: DNA was extracted from 47 muscle or blood samples from UK horses with histories of exertional rhabdomyolysis in which muscle biopsy diagnosis had been pursued. The proportions ofGYS1mutation positive cases were compared among histopathologically defined groups. In addition, breeds that carried theGYS1mutation were identified from a total of 37grade 2(amylase‐resistant) PSSM cases.Results: Of 47 horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis in which a muscle biopsy diagnosis was pursued, 10 (21%) carried theGYS1mutation. The mutation was only found in horses withgrade 2PSSM (i.e. not in horses with normal, idiopathic myopathy orgrade 1PSSM biopsy samples). In total, theGYS1mutation was found in 24/37 (65%) ofgrade 2PSSM cases. A variety of breeds, including Quarter Horse, Appaloosa, Warmblood, Connemara‐cross, Cob, Polo Pony and Thoroughbred cross carried the mutation.Conclusions: TheGYS1mutation is an important cause of exertional rhabdomyolysis of UK horse breeds but does not account for all forms of PSSM.Potential relevance: Genotyping is recommended in cases of exertional rhabdomyolysis, prior to or in combination with, muscle biopsy. However a significant proportion of horses with histopathological evidence of PSSM and/or exertional rhabdomyolysis have different diseases.
Anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of propofol at 10% for induction and 1% for maintenance of anaesthesia in horses
Authors: Muir W. W. , Lerche P. , Erichson D. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Studies have demonstrated the clinical usefulness of propofol for anaesthesia in horses but the use of a concentrated solution requires further investigation.Objectives: To determine the anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory responses to a bolus injection of 10% propofol solution in mature horses.Methods: Three randomised crossover experimental trials were completed.Trial 1: 6 horses were selected randomly to receive 10% propofol (2, 4 or 8 mg/kg bwt i.v.).Trial 2: 6 horses received 1.1 mg/kg bwt i.v. xylazine before being assigned at random to receive one of 5 different doses (1–5 mg/kg bwt) of 10% propofol.Trial 3: 6 horses were sedated with xylazine (0.5 mg/kg bwt, i.v.) and assigned randomly to receive 10% propofol (3, 4 or 5 mg/kg bwt, i.v.); anaesthesia was maintained for 60 min using an infusion of 1% propofol (0.2‐0.4 mg/kg bwt/min). Cardiorespiratory data, the quality of anaesthesia, and times for induction, maintenance and recovery from anaesthesia and the number of attempts to stand were recorded.Results: Trial 1was terminated after 2 horses had received each dose of 10% propofol. The quality of induction, anaesthesia and recovery from anaesthesia was judged to be unsatisfactory.Trial 2: 3 horses administered 1 mg/kg bwt and one administered 2 mg/kg bwt were not considered to be anaesthetised. Horses administered 3–5 mg/kg bwt i.v. propofol were anaesthetised for periods ranging from approximately 10–25 min. The PaO2was significantly decreased in horses administered 3–5 mg/kg bwt i.v. propofol.Trial 3: The quality of induction and recovery from anaesthesia were judged to be acceptable in all horses. Heart rate and rhythm, and arterial blood pressure were unchanged or decreased slightly during propofol infusion period.Conclusions: Anaesthesia can be induced with a 10% propofol solution and maintained with a 1% propofol solution in horses administered xylazine as preanaesthetic medication. Hypoventilation and hypoxaemia may occur following administration to mature horses.Potential relevance: Adequate preanaesthetic sedation and oxygen supplementation are required in horses anaesthetised with propofol.
Faecal shedding and serological cross‐sectional study ofLawsonia intracellularisin horses in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Guimarães‐Ladeira C. V. , Palhares M. S. , Oliveira J. S. V. , Ramirez M. A. , Guedes R. M. C. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryReason for performing the study: Proliferative enteropathy, caused by the intracellular bacteriumLawsonia intracellularis, has been described in horses in Australia, the USA, Canada and European countries but has not been reported in Latin America. The prevalence of the disease in horses worldwide is unknown.Objective: To evaluate the presence of subclinicalL. intracellularisinfection in horses in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.Methods: A longitudinal study using serology and PCR for detecting antibodies (IgG) and shedding ofL. intracellularisin faecal samples, respectively, was conducted using a total of 223 horses from 14 different horse farms in Minas Gerais, and from the Veterinary School of UFMG equine herds in Minas Gerais. The immunoperoxidase technique in glass slides was used as the serological test.Results: Twenty‐one horse sera had immunoglobulin G titres of 1:60 and were considered positive. The PCR technique in faeces forL. intracellularisDNA identified 7 horses as faecal shedders. Horses shedding the organism appeared healthy, indicating that subclinical infection ofL. intracellularisoccurred in the horses.Conclusion: Seropositivity and detection of faecal shedding ofL. intracellularisindicates the presence of the agent in the equine population in Minas Gerais.Potential relevance: Results of this study should alert clinicians in countries where proliferative enteropthy in horses has not been reported to consider this disease as a possible cause of enteric disease.
Influence of exercise and joint topography on depth‐related spatial distribution of proteoglycan and collagen content in immature equine articular cartilage
Authors: Brama P. A. J. , Holopainen J. , Van Weeren P. R. , Firth E. C. , Helminen H. J. , Hyttinen M. M. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: There is ample evidence on topographical heterogeneity of the principal biochemical components of articular cartilage over the surface of the joint and the influence of loading thereon, but no information on depth‐related zonal variation in horses.Objectives: To study depth‐related zonal variation in proteoglycan (PG) and collagen content in equine articular cartilage.Methods: Two techniques (safranin‐O densitometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) were applied to sections of articular cartilage from the proximal phalangeal bone of the metacarpophalangeal joint of 18‐month‐old Thoroughbreds that had been raised at pasture from age 0–18 months without (PASTEX) and with (CONDEX) additional exercise. Two sites were investigated:site 1at the joint margin that is unloaded at rest or at slow gaits, but subjected to high‐intensity loading during athletic activity; andsite 2, a continuously, but less intensively, loaded site in the centre of the joint.Results: Proteoglycan values increased from the surface to the deep layers of the cartilage, collagen content showed a reverse pattern. PG content was significantly higher atsite 2in both PASTEX and CONDEX animals without an effect of exercise. In the PASTEX animals collagen content was significantly higher atsite 1, but in the CONDEX group the situation was reversed, due to a significant exercise effect onsite 1, leading to a reduced collagen content.Conclusions: Collagen and PG content gradients agree with findings in other species. The observations on PG levels suggest that the exercise level was not strenuous. The collagen results in the PASTEX group confirmed earlier findings, the lower levels atsite 1in the CONDEX group being possibly due to an advancement of the physiological maturation process of collagen remodelling.Potential relevance: This study confirms earlier observations that even moderate variations in exercise level in early age may have significant effects on the collagen network of articular cartilage.
Regional distribution of collagen and haemosiderin in the lungs of horses with exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage
Authors: Derksen F. J. , Williams K. J. , Pannirselvam R. R. , De Feijter‐Rupp H. , Steel C. M. , Robinson N. E. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Regional veno‐occlusive remodelling of pulmonary veins in EIPH‐affected horses, suggests that pulmonary veins may be central to pathogenesis. The current study quantified site‐specific changes in vein walls, collagen and haemosiderin accumulation, and pleural vascular profiles in the lungs of horses suffering EIPH.Hypothesis: In the caudodorsal lung regions of EIPH‐affected horses, there is veno‐occlusive remodelling with haemosiderosis, angiogenesis and fibrosis of the interstitium, interlobular septa and pleura.Methods: Morphometric methods were used to analyse the distribution and accumulation of pulmonary collagen and haemosiderin, and to count pleural vascular profiles in the lungs of 5 EIPH‐affected and 2 control horses.Results: Vein wall thickness was greatest in the dorsocaudal lung and significantly correlated with haemosiderin accumulation. Increased venous, interstitial, pleural and septal collagen; lung haemosiderin; and pleural vascular profiles occurred together and changes were most pronounced in the dorsocaudal lung. Further, haemosiderin accumulation colocalised with decreased pulmonary vein lumen size. Vein wall thickening, haemosiderin accumulation and histological score were highly correlated and these changes occurred only in the caudodorsal part of the lung.Conclusion: The colocalisation of these changes suggests that regional (caudodorsal) venous remodelling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of EIPH.Potential relevance: The results support the hypothesis that repeated bouts of venous hypertension during strenuous exercise cause regional vein wall remodelling and collagen accumulation, venous occlusion and pulmonary capillary hypertension. Subjected to these high pressures, there is capillary stress failure, bleeding, haemosiderin accumulation and, subsequently, lung fibrosis.
Influence of intensity and changes of physical activity on bone mineral density of immature equine subchondral bone
Authors: Brama P. A. J. , Firth E. C. , Van Weeren P. R. , Tuukkanen J. , Holopainen J. , Helminen H. J. , Hyttinen M. M. 
Published: July 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: Subchondral bone provides structural support to overlying articular cartilage and plays an important biomechanical role in osteochondral diseases. Mechanical features of bone correlate strongly with bone mineral density, which is directed by the loading conditions to which the tissue is subjected. Objective: To investigate the influence of physical activity levels on subchondral bone mineral density (sBMD) in foals during early development. Methods: Three groups of foals were subjected to different physical activity levels from birth until age 5 months. A proportion of these foals were subjected to euthanasia at 5 months while remaining foals were subjected to similar physical activity levels for 6 months until euthanasia at 11 months. Osteochondral specimens were collected for measurement of sBMD with peripheral quantitative computed tomography at 2 differently loaded anatomical sites of the proximal phalangeal bone at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm depth from the osteochondral junction. Results: Growth significantly increased sBMD but by a different amount depending on anatomical location and physical activity level. Significantly higher sBMD was found at the habitually loaded central area in comparison to the intermittently peak loaded marginal site. Exercise increased sBMD throughout the whole depth of analysed tissue, but changes were generally more obvious at a depth of 2 mm. Interestingly, foals subjected to additional sprint training preserved the exercise‐induced sBMD increase at the habitually loaded central area during the 6 months of the second phase of the study. Conclusions: Habitual low‐intensity loading elicits a greater response in sBMD in quantitative terms than high‐intensity low‐frequency loading at the sites investigated in this study. Future sBMD may be influenced by means of well‐tailored exercise regimens at young age. Potential relevance: Specific physical activity levels during early development may potentially reduce the prevalence of osteochondral injury later in life.
Transverse stress fracture of the distal diaphysis of the third metacarpus in six Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Ramzan P. H. L. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryFractures involving the fetlock region are encountered commonly in Thoroughbred racehorses. Condylar fractures of the distal metacarpus/metatarsus and mid‐sagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx account for the majority of fetlock injuries during both racing and training and clinical features, management and outcome of these injuries have been well described. Transverse fractures of the distal diaphysis of the third metacarpus, however, are seldom observed and have received little attention in the literature.This paper describes clinical and radiological findings associated with 6 cases encountered in first opinion racehorse practice over a 3 year period. Transverse third metacarpal fractures vary in presentation but typically have clinical signs referable to the fetlock region and may, on occasion, be life‐threatening. They are therefore an important differential diagnosis when a fracture involving the fetlock is suspected.
Antimicrobial therapy for difficult to identify and atypical pathogens
Authors: Weese J. S. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryDetermination of appropriate antimicrobial therapy may be difficult for certain pathogens because of problems isolating the organism, inability to perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing, difficulty in obtaining a definitive diagnosis and lack of standard evidence‐based guidelines for treatment. Pathogens such as anaerobes, Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Leptospira spp., Lawsonia intracellularis, Mycoplasma spp. and Mycobacterium spp. present such challenges. While determination of optimal treatment may be more complicated than with other organisms, general recommendations have been made based on knowledge of the organism, data from other species, available in vitro data and clinical observation.
Severe hyperkalaemia associated with renal dysplasia in a 2‐day‐old foal
Authors: Naylor R. J. , Mair T. S. , Last R. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryA 2‐day‐old filly foal presented with signs of depression, recumbency and inappetence. Blood analyses revealed hypoalbuminaemia, hyperfibrinogenaemia, hyperglycaemia and hyperkalaemia. The foal deteriorated despite intensive treatment and was subjected to euthanasia. Atpost mortemexamination, the urinary bladder, ureters and kidneys appeared normal grossly. Histologically both kidneys showed disorganised development with the presence of structures inappropriate for a foal of this age, including primitive glomeruli, immature renal tubules and persistent metanephric ducts. Based on these findings a diagnosis of bilateral renal dysplasia was made.
Treatment of incisive bone fracture in a horse using an acrylic splint
Authors: Iacopetti I. , De Benedictis G. M. , Faughnan M. , Perazzi A. , Busetto R. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryA ventrally displaced incisive bone fracture was diagnosed in a 3‐year‐old Andalusian stallion. Symptoms included swelling of the lips, dysphagia and ptyalism.External manipulation revealed pain and crepitus in the gingival region of the rostral maxilla. An intraoral examination revealed upper gingival haematomas, misalignment and malocclusion of the incisors (prognathism). A radiograph of the rostral maxilla confirmed ventrally displaced bilateral fractures of the incisive portion of the maxilla rostral to the canine teeth (Triadan 104/204).The fracture was reduced under general anaesthesia. A methylmethacrylate intraoral splint was used to stabilise the fracture. Post operative radiographs confirmed the fracture reduction. Post operative clinical control confirmed the correct position of the splint. No complications were encountered in the post operative period and good stabilisation was obtained. The splint was removed 60 days post operatively.The use of an acrylic intraoral splint successfully stabilised a bilateral, ventrally displaced incisive bone fracture. Normal occlusion was obtained.The use of an acrylic splint may represent a relatively simple, inexpensive and noninvasive technique for the repair of incisive bone fractures rostral to canine teeth in horses.
Ruptured capsule of the elbow joint of a draught horse
Authors: Livesey L. , Schumacher J. , Sartin E. , Caldwell M. , Ziska S. , Brock K. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryA cyst filled with fluid was found to be the cause of an enlarged antebrachium in a horse. Communication between the cyst and the elbow joint was demonstrated by: 1) finding, during radiographic examination of the elbow, radiopaque contrast solution instilled into elbow joint within the cyst; 2) finding cytological values in fluid aspirated from the cyst that were similar to those in fluid aspirated from the elbow joint; and 3) finding hyperechoic foci, assumed to be air bubbles, during ultrasonographic examination of the cyst after administration of air into the elbow joint. Communication of the cyst with the elbow joint was confirmed duringpost mortemexamination of the affected limb.
Fracture repair techniques for the equine mandible and maxilla
Authors: Beard W. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThe purpose of this article is to review the principles of fracture repair for the rostral mandible and maxilla and to demonstrate a variety of repair techniques. Because each fracture is unique, knowledge of the different repair techniques will allow the practitioner to choose a repair method best suited to the fracture configuration, equipment available, and the skill level and preferences of the surgeon.
A case of a periarticular abscess and suppurative arthritis of the atlanto‐occipital joint
Authors: van Galen G. , Busoni V. , Sandersen C. , Verwilghen D. , Cassart D. , Linden A. , Fortier G. , Amory H. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThis Case Report describes a periarticular abscess and a suppurative arthritis of the atlanto‐occipital joint in an adult horse. The horse showed a painful swelling localised on the atlanto‐occipital region and ataxia in all 4 limbs. During hospitalisation, the horse developed recumbency, dysphagia, facial paralysis and seizures. Ultrasonography of the atlanto‐occipital region enabled a tentative diagnosis to be made, which was later confirmed at autopsy. Culture of the abscess revealed a Staphylococcus aureus. However, the horse had a history of recurrent fever, hypertrophy and abscessation of the submandibular lymph nodes, neck pain and dyspnoea for 2 months, which was suggestive of strangles.
A review of angular limb deformities
Authors: Witte S. , Hunt R. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThis article provides some guidelines for the evaluation and management of angular limb deformities in young horses. It begins by looking at factors that influence conformation and that should be taken into consideration when making a decision as to the significance of a particular conformational trait. Perinatal and acquired deformities are then discussed separately with an emphasis on the latter. Options for their correction are described as well as the results of recent publications using these techniques. Finally the approach to management of deformities at each of the most commonly encountered locations is described.
Fourth branchial arch defect in a Welsh section A pony mare
Authors: Smith L. J. , Mair T. S. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryFourth branchial arch defect is a term used to describe a syndrome of congenital defects affecting the extrinsic structures of the larynx, due to a failure of development of structures that derive from the fourth branchial arch. This Case Report describes a 6‐year‐old Welsh section A mare presented for investigation of a chronic cough that was exacerbated on exercise. A fourth branchial arch defect was identified on resting upper airway endoscopy, with dorsal pharyngeal collapse evident on dynamic respiratory endoscopy, although full abduction of both the left and right arytenoid could be achieved and maintained at exercise.
Dynamic respiratory endoscopy without a treadmill: Initial experiences
Authors: Pollock P. J. , Reardon R. J. M. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThere are potential advantages to imaging the upper portion of the respiratory tract (URT) of horses during ridden exercise within their normal environment. With the advent of a wireless endoscope, this is now possible. The following article describes initial experiences using the dynamic respiratory endoscope (DRS) on horses presented for the investigation of poor performance or abnormal respiratory noise and suggests that this technique can be used to diagnose common causes of URT associated with poor performance in horses during normal training. This has substantial implications for future clinical diagnosis, treatment of URT pathology and equine welfare.
The natural history of brain contusion: an analysis of radiological and clinical progression
Authors: Alahmadi Hussein , Vachhrajani Shobhan , Cusimano Michael D. 
Published: July 2009

Object
Although brain contusions are a common neurosurgical condition, surprisingly little has been written about their natural history. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that predict radiological and clinically significant progression of this pattern of traumatic brain injury in patients who did not initially require surgery. On the basis of their results and the available literature, the authors suggest a management algorithm.

Methods
The authors performed a retrospective review of clinical and radiological records of consecutive patients with brain contusions who initially underwent conservative treatment. Significant radiological progression was defined as a 30% increase in contusion size on CT scans. Statistical analysis was performed to identify clinical and radiological predictors of CT contusion progression, the significance of progression, and predictors of clinical outcome.

Results
Of 98 patients identified with brain contusions who initially received conservative treatment, 44 (45%) had significant progression on CT, and 19 (19%) required surgical intervention. The initial size of the contusion and the presence of subdural hematoma were the only statistically significant predictors of CT progression in the multivariate analysis (p = 0.0212 and 0.05, respectively). Four patients required delayed contusion evacuation (3 had radiological progression on follow-up scans). Good Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores on presentation and younger age were predictors of eventual discharge from the hospital (OR 1.471, CI 1.233–1.755, p < 0.001 and OR 0.949, CI 0.912–0.988, p = 0.011, respectively). No patients with an initial GCS score of 15 or an initial contusion size < 14 ml required delayed evacuation.

Conclusions
Contusion progression is a common phenomenon that is seen more commonly in larger contusions. Patients with large contusions and low initial GCS scores are at risk for delayed deterioration. A proposed management algorithm for patients with contusions initially treated conservatively may help practitioners identify the best course of treatment.