bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uptake of Barbituric Acid Derivatives in Small Intestinal Brush Border Membrane Vesicles from Retinyl Palmitate‐Treated Rats
Authors: Tanii Hiromi , Horie Toshiharu 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Brush border membrane was prepared from the small intestinal (jejunum) cells along the crypt‐villus axis. The fluorescence spectra of 1,8‐anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid and the steady‐state fluorescence anisotropy of 1,6‐diphenyl‐1,3,5‐hexatriene were measured in the brush border membrane vesicle suspension. The hydrophobicity of brush border membrane was found to be in the order villus tip >mid villus >lower villus. The fluidity of brush border membrane was in the order villus tip <mid villus <lower villus. The uptake of barbituric acid derivatives by brush border membrane vesicles was well correlated with their partition coefficients (isopentyl acetate/water). No significant difference was observed between the uptake of hexobarbital by brush border membrane vesicles from the villus tip and lower villus. When retinyl palmitate was administered to rats, the fluidity of brush border membrane was found to be higher in the retinyl palmitate‐treated rats than in the control rats. However, no significant difference in the uptake of hexobarbital by brush border membrane vesicles was observed between the retinyl palmitate‐administered rats and the control rats. Thus, the retinyl palmitate treatment seems unlikely to affect the passively transported ligands like barbituric acid derivatives in brush border membrane vesicles.
Effects of Different Periods of Lithium Pretreatment and Aminoglycoside Antibiotics on Apomorphine‐Induced Yawning in Rats
Authors: Sharifzadeh Mohammad , Firooz Elham Khajvand , Abdollahi Mohammad 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Interactive effects of intracerebroventricular administration of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, amikacin and gentamicin, and different duration of lithium pretreatment on apomorphine‐induced yawning were investigated in male rats. The study was designed to investigate whether the hypothesis that the aminoglycoside antibiotics, amikacin and gentamicin, via their effects on phosphoinositide pathways and calcium channel might influence dopaminergic mechanisms as manifested in the yawning effect. Lithium is known to interact with phosphoinositide metabolism and was also tested after chronic studies on the apomorphine yawning model. Subcutaneous administration of apomorphine (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) to rats induced yawning in a biphasic manner. However the maximum response was obtained by 0.2 mg/kg of the drug. Intracerebroventricular administration of aminoglycoside antibiotics amikacin (25 μg/rat) increased and gentamicin (10 and 20 μg/rat) decreased apomorphine‐induced yawning. Pretreatment of animals with lithium (600 mg/l) in drinking water for 7, 14 and 21 days reduced yawning induced by apomorphine. Administration of lithium for 28 days did not induce any significant effect on yawning response. Amikacin and gentamicin function via the same mechanism on phosphoinositide cascade. Since amikacin and gentamicin did not affect the yawning response similarly, they apparently do not involve inositol trisphosphate level in the alterations of dopaminergic‐induced yawning. Probably, the effect of lithium pretreatment on the number of yawns is also time‐dependent and some tolerance to the inhibitory effect of lithium might occur after 28 days' treatment.
Copper, Ceruloplasmin and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Tórsdóttir Gudlaug , Kristinsson Jakob , Gudmundsson Grétar , Snaedal Jón , Jóhannesson Torkell 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:In two previous studies we found copper dyshomeostasis in patients with Alzheimer's disease and in patients with Parkinson's disease. In this study, the levels of copper in plasma, of ceruloplasmin in serum, ceruloplasmin oxidative activity, ceruloplasmin specific oxidative activity (activity related to mass) as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in erythrocytes have been determined in 14 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their healthy age‐ and gender‐mathced controls. Three of the patients had a familial form of the disease or were suspected of having it. The mean values of all parameters were found not to differ significantly between the patients and their controls (Student's t‐test; P>0.05). By testing the equality of variances (F distribution) we found that the variances of individual results for ceruloplasmin specific oxidative activity and SOD activity differed significantly between the patients group and the controls group (P=0.021 and P=0.003), but the individual results of these two activities were not correlated (P>0.05). We conclude that disturbances in ceruloplasmin specific oxidative activity and SOD activity could contribute to motor neurone death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and since the two enzyme activities are not correlated it is uncertain which one is more closely related to the pathology of the disease.
Effect of Imipramine on Tolerance to Morphine Antinociception in the Formalin Test
Authors: Zarrindast Mohammad‐Reza , Shaverdian Shirin , Sahebgharani Mousa 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:In this study, the effect of imipramine on morphine antinociception in tolerant and non‐tolerant mice in the formalin test, was investigated. Subcutaneous administration of different test doses of morphine (3, 6 and 9 mg/kg) and intraperitoneal injection of test doses of imipramine (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) induced a dose‐dependent antinociception in non‐tolerant mice, both in the first and second phases of the formalin test. The combination of morphine (1 mg/kg) with imipramine (10 mg/kg) showed a potentiated response in the second phase of the test. Combination of a single dose of morphine (1.5 mg/kg) with lower doses of imipramine (2, 4 and 8 mg/kg) did not show potentiation. The antinociceptive response of either morphine or morphine plus imipramine was reduced by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (2 mg/kg). In order to induce tolerance, mice were treated subcutaneously with morphine (50 mg/kg) once daily for 3 days. On day 4, the antinociceptive effect of test doses of morphine or imipramine were assessed. Tolerance to the responses of test doses of morphine (3, 6 and 9 mg/kg), but not imipramine (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) in both phases of the test was observed. Administration of lower dose of imipramine (4 mg/kg) before the test doses of morphine (3, 6 and 9 mg/kg) was not able to alter the expression of morphine tolerance. When imipramine was used during development of tolerance, either on days 1 and 2 or on days 2 and 3, the morphine tolerance in the second phase of the test was reduced. It is concluded that opioid receptor mechanism(s) may mediate the antidepressant‐induced antinociception, however, imipramine may be useful in inhibiting morphine tolerance.
Lindane (γ‐Hexachlorocyclohexane) Induces Internal Ca2+ Release and Capacitative Ca2+ Entry in Madin‐Darby Canine Kidney Cells
Authors: Lu Cheng‐Hsien , Lee Kam‐Chung , Chen Yu‐Chih , Cheng Jin‐Shiung , Yu Ming‐Sun , Chen Wei‐Chuan , Jan Chung‐Ren 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The effect of lindane (γ‐hexachlorocyclohexane), an organochlorine pesticide, on Ca2+ mobilization in Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells was examined by fluorimetry using fura‐2 as a Ca2+ indicator. Lindane (5–200 μM) increased [Ca2+]i concentration‐dependently. The [Ca2+]i signal comprised an immediate initial rise followed by a persistent phase. Ca2+ removal inhibited the [Ca2+]i signal by reducing both the initial rise and the sustained phase. This implies lindane‐triggered Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release. In Ca2+‐free medium, 0.15 mM lindane increased [Ca2+]i after pretreatment with carbonylcyanide m‐chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP; 2 μM), a mitochondrial uncoupler, and two endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitors, thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid. Conversely, pretreatment with lindane abolished CCCP‐ and thapsigargin‐induced Ca2+ release. This suggests that 0.15 mM lindane released Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and other stores. La3+ (1 mM) partly inhibited 0.1 mM lindane‐induced [Ca2+]i increase, confirming that lindane induced Ca2+ influx. Addition of 3 mM Ca2+ increased [Ca2+]i after pretreatment with 0.15 mM lindane for 750 sec. in Ca2+‐free medium, which indicates lindane‐induced capacitative Ca2+ entry. Lindane (0.15 mM)‐induced Ca2+ release was not reduced by inhibiting phospholipase C with 2 μM U73122, but was inhibited by 70% by the phospholipase A2 inhibitor aristolochic acid (40 μM).
Anticipation of Acute Stress in Isoprenaline‐Sensitive and – Resistant Rats: Strain and Gender Differences
Authors: Yamamotová Anna , Starec Miroslav , Holeček Václav , Racek Jaroslav , Trefil Ladislav , Rašková Helena , Rokyta Richard 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The effect of stress anticipation was studied in two inbred Wistar rat strains with high and low sensitivity to isoprenaline. The animals were exposed to tail‐flick and 4‐hr water immersion restraint stress on two consecutive days. On the first day stress was applied to one group and the next day to the anticipation group. The changes in adrenal, heart and spleen weights, tail‐flick latency, incidence of gastric ulcers, and the antioxidant defense system in the sensorimotor cortex were compared with two non‐stressed control groups. Anticipatory stress decreased adrenal weights. The content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was increased both in acute and anticipatory stress; superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and antioxidative capacity were increased in anticipatory stress only. Stress anticipation decreased the pain threshold in the isoprenaline‐sensitive and increased in the isoprenaline‐resistant rats and led to more frequent gastric ulcers in the isoprenaline‐resistant group. Significant sex differences were observed both in adrenal weights and TBARS content. The relative adrenal weights were negatively correlated with the TBARS content. We suggest that the outcome of anticipatory stress may depend upon the relation between the hormonal and antioxidant functions of the adrenals and that anticipation‐induced activation of antioxidant enzymes may ameliorate the acute stress response. Anticipation itself was found to be a stronger stressor than physical acute stress.
Expression Changes of CYP2A and CYP3A in Microsomes from Pig Liver and Cultured Hepatocytes
Authors: Skaanild Mette T. , Friis Christian 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The P450 enzymes of the liver are responsible for the metabolism of a wide range of chemical compounds, and hepatocytes are used in pharmacological and toxicological in vitro tests. Thus, it is important to know how stable these enzymes are in culture. We measured the activity of CYP2A and CYP3A in microsomes isolated from both pig liver and primary pig hepatocyte cultures, together with the apoprotein concentration using Western blotting. The CYP2A activity and apoprotein concentration decreased rapidly; only about 5 percent remained after 48 hr incubation, whereas the CYP3A activity and apoprotein concentration was constant. CYP3A was induced 3 times after exposure to rifampicin, whereas neither rifampicin nor pyrazole could induce CYP2A. The hepatocytes were also incubated with varying concentration of FCS and autologous serum, however without effect on the stability of CYP2A, nor did different concentrations of growth hormone and testosterone added to the cultures have any effect.
Mycophenolate Mofetil Pharmacokinetics in Transplant Patients Receiving Cyclosporine or Tacrolimus in Combination Therapy
Authors: Vidal Elena , Cantarell Carmen , Capdevila Luis , Monforte Victor , Roman Antonio , Pou Leonor 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Mycophenolate mofetil is a highly effective immunosuppressant drug used in the prophylaxis of organ rejection in combination with cyclosporine or tacrolimus and corticosteroids. The present study is a retrospective data analysis of the routinely estimated mycophenolic acid plasma trough levels in 60 transplant patients (kidney, n=49; lung, n=11) receiving mycophenolate mofetil in combination with prednisone and cyclosporine (n=45) or tacrolimus (n=15). Co‐administration of cyclosporine instead of tacrolimus resulted in a significant increase of median (range) of the ratio of dose‐to‐concentration 0.92 (0.11–8.33) (n=167) versus 0.38 (0.11–14.28) (n=66); P<0.0001. No correlation was seen between mycophenolate mofetil dose and mycophenolic acid trough concentrations. The dose‐to‐concentration in cyclosporine‐treated patients increased significantly (P<0.0001) as the cyclosporine level increased, suggesting a possible interaction between mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine. No correlation was seen between dose‐to‐concentration and tacrolimus blood levels (P×0.215). Further studies are necessary to investigate this issue.
Impairment of the Ca2+‐Permeable AMPA/Kainate Receptors by Lead Exposure in Organotypic Rat Hippocampal Slice Cultures
Authors: Sui Li , Ruan Di‐Yun 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Previous studies have demonstrated that chronic lead exposure may impair neuronal process underlying synaptic plasticity via a direct interaction with N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of lead exposure on non‐NMDA (α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propionic acid, AMPA/kainate) receptors of rat hippocampus. Ca2+‐permeable AMPA/kainate receptors in organotypic slice cultures were evaluated by using cobalt uptake, a histochemical method that identifies cells expressing Ca2+‐permeable non‐NMDA receptors. Ten mM L‐glutamate‐induced cobalt accumulation was enriched in area CA1, area CA3 and in dentate gyrus, which was totally blocked by 100 μM DL‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovaleric acid (AP5) and 100 μM 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2, 3‐dione (CNQX). Three hundred μM NMDA‐induced cobalt accumulation was in area CA1, area dentate gyrus and was blocked by AP5 or CNQX. One hundred μM AMPA had effects in area CA1, area CA3 and in dentate gyrus, which were blocked by CNQX, not by AP5. Furthermore, cobalt accumulations induced by NMDA and AMPA in the lead‐exposed rats decreased significantly than those in the controls. The results indicate that AMPA receptors enriched in area CA1, area CA3, area dentate gyrus and kainate receptors enriched in area CA1, area dentate gyrus are impaired by lead exposure.
Avoidance Responding Following Amphetamine‐Induced Dopamine Depletion
Authors: Halladay Alycia K. , Coyne Thomas , Sharifi Jill , Seto Jeremy , Wagner George C. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The effect of an amphetamine‐induced depletion of striatal dopamine on active and passive avoidance responding of rats was examined. Sixteen animals received two sets of 4 injections each of 15 mg/kg d‐amphetamine, administered at 2 hr intervals with each set delivered one week apart. One week after the last injection, animals were given 50 consecutive active avoidance trials in a shuttle box. Animals treated with amphetamine exhibited a 50% depletion of striatal dopamine and showed a slower learning curve, as evidenced by significantly fewer avoidances and a slower escape latency during trials 21–30. Both groups demonstrated a 90% avoidance rate by trials 41–50. A separate group of rats was treated as above and trained for several weeks on the active avoidance procedure. Haloperidol (0.01–0.10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) dose‐dependently decreased avoidance number and increased avoidance and escape latency in both groups, an effect that was exaggerated in those animals previously treated with amphetamine. Finally, these animals were tested in the same apparatus using a passive avoidance procedure. The amphetamine treatment produced a significantly higher mean number of avoidances in this procedure compared to saline‐treated animals during trials 1–20. These results suggest that the impairment in conditioned avoidance following amphetamine treatment is due to a motoric, rather than a cognitive deficit.
Pharmacokinetics of Chlorambucil in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia: Comparison of Different Days, Cycles and Doses
Authors: Silvennoinen Raija , Malminiemi Kimmo , Malminiemi Outi , Seppälä Erkki , Vilpo Juhani 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The effects of repeated treatment cycles and different doses on intraindividual variation in oral bioavailability of chlorambucil and its first, active, and more toxic metabolite, phenylacetic acid mustard, were studied. Chlorambucil and phenylacetic acid mustard concentrations were measured with HPLC on Day 1 and on Day 4 in 15 timed blood samples from 11 chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients receiving chlorambucil therapy cycles. Bioavailability was evaluated also after the first chlorambucil doses of six consecutive treatment cycles repeated every 4 weeks with increasing chlorambucil doses starting with 0.8 mg/kg/4 days, and increased by 0.1 mg/kg/4 days cycle. Area under the concentration‐time‐curve (AUC) from t=0 to infinite was in average 3.2 hr*μg/ml for the first cycle, and decreased by 17% in four days (P<0.05). The mean distribution half‐life of chlorambucil was 0.49 hr and the terminal elimination half‐life 2.45 hr. The bioavailability of chlorambucil decreased further when 4‐day treatment cycles were repeated. For the fifth cycle, dose‐corrected AUC for the first 2 hr was 33% smaller than that for the first cycle (P for trend <0.01). Data suggest accelerated metabolism and elimination of chlorambucil and phenylacetic acid mustard, but reduced oral bioavailability of chlorambucil cannot be excluded. However, except for AUC, none of the pharmacokinetic parameters of chlorambucil changed significantly during the first 4‐day treatment period. The maximal plasma concentration and AUC of phenylacetic acid mustard did not change significantly during repeated treatment cycles. According to this trial a dose adjustment of chlorambucil is not necessary during a short‐term course, but may be necessary when treatment cycles are repeated. An average increase in the chlorambucil dose of 10% per cycle maintains similar plasma concentration of chlorambucil.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of fluorinated deoxynucleotide analogs based on bis-(difluoromethylene)triphosphoric acid
Authors: Surya Prakash G. K. , Zibinsky Mikhail , Upton Thomas G. , Kashemirov Boris A. , McKenna Charles E. , Oertell Keriann , Goodman Myron F. , Batra Vinod K. , Pedersen Lars C. , Beard William A. , Shock David D. , Wilson Samuel H. , Olah George A. 
Published: August 2010

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of nucleoside triphosphates in cellular chemistry: They are the building blocks for DNA and RNA and important sources of energy. Modifications of biologically important organic molecules with fluorine are of great interest to chemists and biologists because the size and electronegativity of the fluorine atom can be used to make defined structural alterations to biologically important molecules. Although the concept of nonhydrolyzable nucleotides has been around for some time, the progress in the area of modified triphosphates was limited by the lack of synthetic methods allowing to access bisCF
2
-substituted nucleotide analogs—one of the most interesting classes of nonhydrolyzable nucleotides. These compounds have “correct” polarity and the smallest possible steric perturbation compared to natural nucleotides. No other known nucleotides have these advantages, making bisCF
2
-substituted analogs unique. Herein, we report a concise route for the preparation of hitherto unknown highly acidic and polybasic bis(difluoromethylene)triphosphoric acid
1
using a phosphorous(III)/phosphorous(V) interconversion approach. The analog
1
compared to triphosphoric acid is enzymatically nonhydrolyzable due to substitution of two bridging oxygen atoms with CF
2
groups, maintaining minimal perturbations in steric bulkiness and overall polarity of the triphosphate polyanion. The fluorinated triphosphoric acid
1
was used for the preparation of the corresponding fluorinated deoxynucleotides (dNTPs). One of these dNTP analogs (dT) was demonstrated to fit into DNA polymerase beta (DNA pol β) binding pocket by obtaining a 2.5 Å resolution crystal structure of a ternary complex with the enzyme. Unexpected dominating effect of triphosphate/Mg
2+
interaction over Watson–Crick hydrogen bonding was found and discussed.
Agro-techniques for soybean production.
Authors: Guriqbal Singh Guriqbal Singh , Hari Ram Hari Ram , Navneet Aggarwal Navneet Aggarwal 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Different agricultural practices for soyabean production which include tillage/seedbed preparation, time, method, and depth of sowing, planting density and geometry, straw mulching, seed priming, intercropping/mixed cropping, nutrient, water and weed management are discussed. These practices are employed not only produce high crop yields, but also to reduce the costs of production by utilizing resources and inputs judiciously and taking care of the environment.
Insect pests of soybean and their management.
Authors: O'Neal M. E. , Johnson K. D. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

The current chapter reviews the most significant insect pests of soyabean and gives an overview of integrated pest management (IPM) theory and the consequences that can occur with greater frequency when IPM is not practised. The main tactics used in IPM is briefly reviewed and their potential and limitations for soyabean production is discussed. This chapter also includes an update of the recent invasion of the soyabean aphid (Aphis glycines) to North America and Australia from its native range in Asia and discusses how multiple tactics are employed to limit this economically important pest of soyabean.
Uses of soybean: products and preparation.
Authors: Raghuvanshi R. S. , Kavita Bisht Kavita Bisht 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

This chapter discusses the physicochemical and functional properties, as well as the food, medicinal, fodder/feed and non-food versatile uses of soyabeans (Glycine max). The methods used in the preparation of soyabean products (soaking, germination, fermentation, blanching, boiling, dry roasting, frying and extrusion) and the different preparations and recipes using soyabean products (green leaves, pods, grains, soya flour and soya milk) as ingredients are described.
Structure of the endonuclease IV homologue fromThermotoga maritimain the presence of active-site divalent metal ions
Authors: Tomanicek Stephen J. , Hughes Ronny C. , Ng Joseph D. , Coates Leighton 
Published: August 2010

The most frequent lesion in DNA is at apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites resulting from DNA-base losses. These AP-site lesions can stall DNA replication and lead to genome instability if left unrepaired. The AP endonucleases are an important class of enzymes that are involved in the repair of AP-site intermediates during damage-general DNA base-excision repair pathways. These enzymes hydrolytically cleave the 5′-phosphodiester bond at an AP site to generate a free 3′-hydroxyl group and a 5′-terminal sugar phosphate using their AP nuclease activity. Specifically,Thermotoga maritimaendonuclease IV is a member of the second conserved AP endonuclease family that includesEscherichia coliendonuclease IV, which is the archetype of the AP endonuclease superfamily. In order to more fully characterize the AP endonuclease family of enzymes, two X-ray crystal structures of theT. maritimaendonuclease IV homologue were determined in the presence of divalent metal ions bound in the active-site region. These structures of theT. maritimaendonuclease IV homologue further revealed the use of the TIM-barrel fold and the trinuclear metal binding site as important highly conserved structural elements that are involved in DNA-binding and AP-site repair processes in the AP endonuclease superfamily.