bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity analysis of the response to Zn within the Arabidopsis thaliana species revealed a low contribution of Zn translocation to Zn tolerance and a new role for Zn in lateral root development
Authors: RICHARD O. , PINEAU C. , LOUBET S. , CHALIES C. , VILE D. , MARQUÈS L. , BERTHOMIEU P. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThis work reports the first characterization of the natural variation of Zn tolerance and accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Root and shoot growth as well as Zn content were determined for 27 A. thaliana accessions grown in vitro in presence of Zn concentrations ranging from 1 to 250 µm. All traits varied by at least twofold and their broad sense heritability varied from 0.36 to 0.91. Primary and lateral root developments were differently affected by Zn in the different accessions. Remarkably, Zn was for the first time shown to be essential for the development of lateral roots. As a general rule, the different traits showed uncorrelated variations. In particular, variation in Zn tolerance was not linked to either root or shoot Zn contents. The only detectable relationship between different traits linked Zn sensitivity of roots to root‐to‐shoot Zn translocation but the correlation between variation of these traits was pretty low. This suggests that Zn translocation from root to shoots explains only a part of Zn tolerance. Our analysis opens the way to the characterization of genetic determinants controlling different Zn‐related traits through the identification of particular accessions displaying contrasted phenotypes and representing excellent starting material to develop quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies.
Functional Expression of NOD2 in Freshly Isolated Human Peripheral Blood γδ T Cells
Authors: Marischen L. , Wesch D. , Oberg H.‐H. , Rosenstiel P. , Trad A. , Shomali M. , Grötzinger J. , Janssen O. , Tchikov V. , Schütze S. , Kabelitz D. 
Published: March 2011

Abstractγδ T cells play an important role in anti‐infective immunity. The major subset of human γδ T cells selectively recognizes phosphorylated bacterial metabolites of the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, so‐called phosphoantigens. The activation of γδ T cells is modulated by functionally expressed innate immune receptors, notably Toll‐like receptor 2 and 3. It was also reported that in vitro expanded γδ T cells respond to muramyl dipeptide (MDP), the minimal peptidoglycan motif activating the nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) receptor, although it is unknown whether ex vivo isolated human γδ T cells express functional NOD2. Here, we report that freshly isolated, highly purified peripheral blood γδ T cells express NOD2 mRNA and detectable amounts of NOD2 protein. The biologically active MDP L‐D isomer but not the inactive D‐D isomer augmented the interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) secretion in phosphoantigen‐stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, a moderate but reproducible and statistically significant increase in IFN‐γ secretion was also observed when highly purified peripheral blood γδ T cells were activated by T cell receptor cross‐linking in the presence of MDP. Taken together, our results indicate that in addition to the T cell receptor and Toll‐like receptors, circulating human γδ T cells express NOD2 as a third class of pattern recognition receptor for sensing bacterial products.
Epidemiology, clinical signs, histopathology and molecular characterization of canine leproid granuloma: a retrospective study of cases from Brazil
Authors: Conceição Lissandro Gonçalves , Acha Livia Maria Rosa , Borges Alexandre Secorun , Assis Fernanda G. , Loures Fabricia Hallack , e Silva Fabyano Fonseca 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThirty‐eight cases of canine leproid granuloma were diagnosed between 2000 and 2008. Diagnosis was based upon clinical and histopathological findings and the presence of acid‐fast bacilli in skin sections. The clinical lesions were localized predominantly on the pinnae and included papules, plaques and nodules, with or without ulceration. Boxer dogs were the breed most affected. Histopathological findings included nodular to diffuse pyogranulomatous, lymphoplasmocytic inflammatory infiltrates, with or without necrosis, localized in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue. The bacillary loading and morphology were variable among the lesions analysed. There was no significant correlation between bacterial load and histopathological pattern, dominant type of inflammatory infiltration or the amount of necrosis or giant cells. No correlation was observed between giant cells and histopathological pattern. In the majority of cases where a PCR‐based assay was done, a novel mycobacterium species as the main aetiological agent was identified, as reported in previous studies.
Modelling evolution and management of glyphosate resistance in Amaranthus palmeri
Authors: NEVE P , NORSWORTHY J K , SMITH K L , ZELAYA I A 
Published: March 2011

Neve P, Norsworthy JK, Smith KL & Zelaya IA (2011). Modelling evolution and management of glyphosate resistance in Amaranthus palmeri. Weed Research51, 99–112.SummaryA population‐based model was developed to simulate the evolution of glyphosate resistance in populations of Amaranthus palmeri. Model parameters were derived from published and unpublished sources, and the model was implemented using previously established principles and methods. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the model was sensitive to variations in population size, mutation rate and seed bank dynamics. A distribution was assigned to these parameters and Monte Carlo type simulations were performed. Simulation results are therefore derived from a range of possible input parameters, enabling the risk of resistance evolution to be assessed when parameter values were unknown, uncertain or variable. In the ‘worst‐case’ of five annual glyphosate applications in continuous glyphosate resistant cotton, evolution of glyphosate resistance was predicted in 39% of populations after 5 years and in c. 60% of populations after 10 years. These results are consistent with observations of the timescale for evolution of glyphosate resistance in A. palmeri in the field. The main drivers for glyphosate resistance evolution were selection pressure and population size, the greatest risks being associated with the largest A. palmeri populations. Risks of resistance were reduced when one of the five glyphosate applications was replaced by another mode of action with identical efficacy. However, not all glyphosate applications exerted the same selection pressure. Application of a soil residual herbicide at the time of crop sowing can provide control of A. palmeri well into the growing season and significantly reduced the rate and risk of glyphosate resistance evolution.
Differential impact on post‐transplant outcomes between pulsatile‐ and continuous‐flow left ventricular assist devices
Authors: Ventura Pere A. , Alharethi Rami , Budge Deborah , Reid Bruce B. , Horne Benjamin D. , Mason Nathan O. , Stoker Sandi , Caine William T. , Rasmusson Brad , Doty John , Clayson Stephen E. , Kfoury Abdallah G. 
Published: March 2011

Ventura PA, Alharethi R, Budge D, Reid BB, Horne BD, Mason NO, Stoker S, Caine WT, Rasmusson B, Doty J, Clayson SE, Kfoury AG. Differential impact on post‐transplant outcomes between pulsatile‐ and continuous‐flow left ventricular assist devices. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: E390–E395. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Background:  The HeartMate II (HMII) left ventricular assist device (LVAD) has proven reliable and durable and has become the preferred choice for bridge to transplant therapy (BTT) when compared with the pulsatile HeartMate XVE (XVE). In this study, we compared the post‐transplant (PTx) outcomes between XVE and HMII using a large national data registry.Methods:  The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN)/United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) Thoracic Registry database was queried for all patients implanted with either an XVE or an HMII as BTT during 2004–2009. Statistical analysis between XVE and HMII were performed using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analyses.Results:  A total of 673 patients were implanted with the XVE and 484 with HMII. When adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, intra‐aortic balloon pump, ventilator, inotropes, dialysis, body mass index, creatinine, bilirubin, transfusion, pulmonary capillary wedge, and pulmonary arterial pressures, the HMII had similar one‐ and three‐yr survival (hazard ratio = 0.95, CI = 0.64, 1.42) and rejection‐free survival PTx compared to XVE. The XVE group had more early incidences of allograft rejection (AR) and hospitalization for infection (HI).Conclusions:  Compared to XVE, patients with HMII have similar one‐ and three‐yr survival after heart transplantation with less risk of early graft rejection and significant infection. With a strong shift toward use of continuous‐flow LVADs, PTx outcomes are expected to continue to improve.
Intellectual development after treatment in children with acute leukemia and brain tumor
Authors: Watanabe Shizuka , Azami Yuriko , Ozawa Miwa , Kamiya Takahiro , Hasegawa Daisuke , Ogawa Chitose , Ishida Yasushi , Hosoya Ryota , Kizu Junko , Manabe Atsushi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground:  The influence of central nervous system (CNS)‐directed chemotherapy on intelligence remains controversial. In this study, we investigated the influence of treatment on intellectual development in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and brain tumor patients undergoing CNS‐directed treatments.Methods:  Among patients treated in the Department of Pediatrics, St Luke's International Hospital between April 2000 and March 2009, the subjects were 38 patients with ALL or brain tumors who underwent regular Wechsler intelligence tests.Results:  The subjects consisted of 26 patients with ALL and 12 with brain tumors. Prophylactic cranial irradiation was not performed in patients with ALL, whereas it was done for all those with brain tumor. In patients with ALL, the IQ 1 year later was not changed from the start of treatment. In those with brain tumors, the verbal IQ 1 year later was significantly lower than that at the start of treatment. In patients with ALL, intelligence tests were performed 3 years after the start of treatment and there were no marked changes between the two time‐points (n= 11). In those with a brain tumor, intellectual functions further decreased after the completion of treatment to as late as 5 years after the initiation of treatment (n= 7).Conclusions:  There is no intellectual impairment in any patient with ALL at post‐treatment follow‐up 3 years after the start of treatment, while intelligence is serially reduced in brain tumor patients. An innovative intervention may be needed for this group of patients.
Referential communication tasks: performance by normal and pragmatically impaired children
Authors: LEINONEN EEVA , LETTS CAROLYN 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTTwo groups of children, a pragmatically impaired (PI) group and a group of language‐normal (LN) age‐matched peers, were compared by use of a referential communication task. Experimenter and child both played the roles of listener and instructor during the task and, in addition, the experimenter sometimes failed to give adequate information when in the role of instructor. Lexical content and structural complexity were controlled, and it was hypothesised that difficulties for the PI group would arise when in the role of instructor, as a result of failing to specify necessary information in order for the experimenter to respond appropriately. In fact, the main difference between the two groups arose when the experimenter failed to give adequate information to the child; the LN children were quick to realise this and to request clarification, whereas the PI children requested clarification to a lesser extent and appeared less aware of the need to do so. Possible explanations for this pattern of results are explored.
Are your minimal pairs too neat? The dangers of phonemicisation in phonology therapy
Authors: GARDNER HILARY 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTUsing Conversation Analysis (CA) to look at the interactional dynamics of therapy repair sequences, this paper shows exactly what happens for children when idealised misrepresentations of their phonology are used in therapy. The primary video extract involves a 4‐year‐old phonologically disordered boy and his therapist. It is not new to warn of the dangers of overlooking any subtle phonetic distinctions that the phonologically disordered child may have but this paper adds something new to the debate. The child's interpretation of the adult's prior turn in the sequence is made explicit and the likelihood of the child producing phonetic revision following an error is seen to be affected by the way the therapist chooses to initiate repair. This is especially true where a ‘redoing’ of the error is incorporated into such an initiation, when the child's phonetic output is ‘tidied up’ so that it fits in with the neat minimal pair which forms part of the therapy programme. This is one factor that can be seen to militate against appropriate phonetic repair by the child, especially when used in certain turn structures that are routinely associated with lexical rather than phonetic matters. When the adult ‘redoing’ more accurately reflects the child's output phonetic revision is more likely to occur. Implications for assessment and therapy are drawn from this evidence, with accurate phonological assessment and continuing interactional error analysis being recommended.
A Note on ‘The Limitations of School League Tables to Inform School Choice’
Authors: Leckie George , Goldstein Harvey 
Published: March 2011

SummaryIn earlier work, we showed that, for any given year, England’s secondary school league tables poorly predict schools’ future performances. We generalize our prediction formula to calculate predictions based on multiple years of school league table data and show that this does very little to improve precision. This reinforces the conclusion of our earlier work: school league tables are unreliable and misleading guides for school choice and that this is still the case even if several years of school league table data are considered.
The calcium‐sensing receptor and calcimimetics in blood pressure modulation
Authors: Smajilovic Sanela , Yano Shozo , Jabbari Reza , Tfelt‐Hansen Jacob 
Published: March 2011

Calcium is a crucial second messenger in the cardiovascular system. However, calcium may also be an extracellular first messenger through a G‐protein‐coupled receptor that senses extracellular concentration (Ca2+o), the calcium‐sensing receptor (CaR). The most prominent physiological function of the CaR is to maintain the extracellular Ca2+ level in a very tight range by regulating the circulating levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). This control over PTH and Ca2+ levels is partially lost in patients suffering from primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Allosteric modulators of the CaR (calcimimetics) are the first drugs in their class to become available for clinical use and have been shown to successfully treat certain forms of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. In addition, several studies suggest beneficial effects of calcimimetics on cardiovascular risk factors associated with hyperparathyroidism. Although a plethora of studies demonstrated the CaR in heart and blood vessels, exact roles of the receptor in the cardiovascular system still remain to be elucidated. However, several studies point toward a possibility that the CaR might be involved in the regulation of vascular tone. This review will summarize the current knowledge on the possible functions of the CaR and calcimimetics on blood pressure regulation.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Vascular Endothelium in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.164.issue‐3
Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and repair: the role of sterile inflammation and innate immunity
Authors: Jaeschke Hartmut , Williams C. David , Ramachandran Anup , Bajt Mary L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAcetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity because of overdose is the most frequent cause of acute liver failure in the western world. Metabolic activation of APAP and protein adduct formation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidant stress, peroxynitrite formation and nuclear DNA fragmentation are critical intracellular events in hepatocytes. However, the early cell necrosis causes the release of a number of mediators such as high‐mobility group box 1 protein, DNA fragments, heat shock proteins (HSPs) and others (collectively named damage‐associated molecular patterns), which can be recognized by toll‐like receptors on macrophages, and leads to their activation with cytokine and chemokine formation. Although pro‐inflammatory mediators recruit inflammatory cells (neutrophils, monocytes) into the liver, neither the infiltrating cells nor the activated resident macrophages cause any direct cytotoxicity. In contrast, pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines can directly promote intracellular injury mechanisms by inducing nitric oxide synthase or inhibit cell death mechanisms by the expression of acute‐phase proteins (HSPs, heme oxygenase‐1) and promote hepatocyte proliferation. In addition, the newly recruited macrophages (M2) and potentially neutrophils are involved in the removal of necrotic cell debris in preparation for tissue repair and resolution of the inflammatory response. Thus, as discussed in detail in this review, the preponderance of experimental evidence suggests that the extensive sterile inflammatory response during APAP hepatotoxicity is predominantly beneficial by limiting the formation and the impact of pro‐inflammatory mediators and by promoting tissue repair.
The Limits of Hermeticity Test Methods for Micropackages
Authors: Vanhoestenberghe Anne , Donaldson Nick 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHermeticity is crucial for the long‐term implantation of electronic packages. Pushed by advances in micromachining, package volumes are decreasing and current leak detection methods are no longer sensitive enough. This article reviews the limits of the most common methods and exposes their inadequateness for medical electronic applications where the device's life is 50 years or longer.
Current‐Distance Relations for Microelectrode Stimulation of Pyramidal Cells
Authors: Wenger Cornelia , Paredes Liliana , Rattay Frank 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMicroelectrodes placed within the densely packed cortical neuronal region are surrounded by many thin processes. Although dendrites are considered to be functionally different to axons, they also possess voltage sensitive membrane channels. Therefore, dendritic regions are suitable candidates for spike initiation sites when stimulated externally, although they demand two to three times higher thresholds in comparison with thin axons. Simulations based upon recently reported distributions of two types of sodium channels and traced pyramidal cell data accompanied by a simplified model structure enlightened the spike initiation sites for extracellular cortical microstimulation and revealed insights into dendritic excitation patterns. Surprisingly low dendritic threshold values for cathodic stimulation were detected, that is, 3.3 µA for a 0.4‐µm diameter fiber excited with a 100‐µs pulse in 4‐µm distance. However, according to the activating function concept the excited region is calculated by 1414*electrode‐distance, therefore a minimum electrode‐fiber distance is required as sufficient sodium channels are needed to produce enough intracellular current for spike conduction. The minimum distance for dendritic spike initiation increases with diameter and hinders low current stimulation of thick dendrites. This effect is in contrast to the inverse recruitment order known from functional electrical stimulation. Simulations were performed using NEURON and MATLAB.
Sleep Optimizes Motor Skill in Older Adults
Authors: Tucker Matthew , McKinley Sophia , Stickgold Robert 
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether sleep benefits motor memory in healthy elderly adults and, if so, whether the observed sleep‐related benefits are comparable with those observed in healthy young adults.DESIGN: Repeated‐measures cross‐over design.SETTING: Boston, Massachusetts (general community) and Harvard University.PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen healthy older and 15 healthy young participants.MEASUREMENTS: Motor sequence task (MST) performance was assessed at training and at the beginning and end of the retest session; polysomnographic sleep studies were recorded for the elderly participants.RESULTS: After 12 hours of daytime wakefulness, elderly participants showed a dramatic decline in MST performance on the first three retest trials, and only a nonsignificant improvement by the end of retest (the last 3 retest trials). In contrast, when the same participants trained in the morning but were retested 24 hours after training, after a day of wake plus a night of sleep, they maintained their performance at the beginning of retest and demonstrated a highly significant 17.4% improvement by the end of the retest session, essentially identical to the 17.3% improvement seen in young participants. These strikingly similar improvements occurred despite the presence of other age‐related differences, including overall slower motor speed, a lag in the appearance of sleep‐dependent improvement, and an absence of correlations between overnight improvement and sleep architecture or sleep spindle density in the elderly participants.CONCLUSION: These findings provide compelling evidence that sleep optimizes motor skill performance across the adult life span.
Morphological evaluation of cranial and maxillary shape differences of the brachymorphic mouse with spontaneous malocclusion using three‐dimensional micro‐computed tomography
Authors: Saito F , Kajii TS , Sugawara‐Kato Y , Tsukamoto Y , Arai Y , Hirabayashi Y , Fujimori O , Iida J 
Published: March 2011

To cite this article:
Saito F, Kajii TS, Sugawara‐Kato Y, Tsukamoto Y, Arai Y, Hirabayashi Y, Fujimori O, Iida J:  Morphological evaluation of cranial and maxillary shape differences of the brachymorphic mouse with spontaneous malocclusion using three‐dimensional micro‐computed tomography  Orthod Craniofac Res 2011;14:100–106Structured AbstractAuthors –  Saito F, Kajii TS, Sugawara‐Kato Y, Tsukamoto Y, Arai Y, Hirabayashi Y, Fujimori O, Iida JObjectives –  The aim of this study was to determine whether significant cranial and maxillary deformity exists in BALB/c‐bm/bm (brachymorphism) mouse with spontaneous malocclusion using three‐dimensional (3D) images.Materials and Methods –  Thirty female mice were divided into the following three groups: control group (BALB/c mice, n = 10), Norm group (BALB/c‐bm/bm mice with normal occlusion, n = 10), and Mal group (BALB/c‐bm/bm mice with malocclusion, n = 10). Nine points in the skull were selected, and transverse and antero‐posterior distances were measured using three‐dimensional images of micro‐computed tomography (CT). Moreover, 3D images were superimposed at the median plane to visualize the skull shape asymmetry.Results –  The transverse distances at the posterior cranial and maxillary region and the antero‐posterior distances in the Norm and Mal groups were significantly shorter than those in the control group. The nasal septum of the Mal group was significantly shorter than that of the Norm group. Morphological measurements and superimposed 3D images showed that lateral deviation occurred at the anterior cranial and maxillary region in the Mal group.Conclusion –  The 3D micro‐CT images revealed that the antero‐posterior length and posterior transverse width at the cranium and maxilla in BALB/c‐bm/bm mice were significantly smaller than those in BALB/c mice. It was quantitatively and morphologically clear that BALB/c‐bm/bm mice show a spontaneous transverse crossbite owing to lateral deviation of the maxilla and nasal bone.