bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of Comparative Antihemophilic Factor Levels in Fresh Frozen Plasma in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Hawkey Christine M. , Anstall Harold B. , Grove‐Rasmussen Morten 
Published: October 2009

The stability of AHF in fresh frozen plasma stored at −30 C. was found to be the same for plasma stored in glass containers, silicone‐coated or plastic containers. Less than 24 per cent of the original AHF was lost during storage for periods up to 126 days. Shaking the plasma during thawing was shown to have a deleterious effect on the AHF activity. The rate of loss of AHF activity from plasma kept at room temperature after thawing was rapid, regardless of the nature of the storage vessel.In vivo experiments demonstrated good correlation between AHF levels in fresh frozen plasma and the actual rise in AHF activity of a patient with severe hemophilia.
The Rho Variant — Du
Authors: Sturgeon Phillip 
Published: October 2009

A series of experiments to assess the influence of several variables in a direct tube test for the Du factor and a set of conditions that give optimal results are reported. The most important of the latter is the maintenance of a high protein content. The reagent should have a 25 per cent albumin concentration; its titer should approximate 1/128 and it should be specific, particularly for the various types of weak “low grade” Du. The applicator stick method for transferring the unknown cells from clotted or whole blood reduces the dilution of reagent that occurs when one drop of a light cell suspension in serum is used. Centrifugation at the relatively high R.C.F. of 1,200 is the other salient point of the test; following this, the test is completed by the addition of one drop of saline and a direct reading.A scheme is proposed for the application of the direct Du tube test, in conjunction with an anti‐CDE reagent, to typing donor bloods. It permits, in one direct test, the division of D negative bloods into a group consisting exclusively of type ccddee and a small group which includes all combinations of D negative bloods having factors C, Du and E. The phenotypes of the latter bloods can then be readily established in conjunction with routine methods and the direct Du tube test.Using the direct Du tube and the indirect antiglobulin methods in parallel tests of 28 Du positive bloods, the former was the equal in accuracy and sensitivity of the antiglobulin test. The conditions which lead to false positive reaction with the tube test also gave false positive reactions with the antiglobulin test. With cells of very “low grade” type CcDuee and/or ccDuEe, false negative reactions were encountered with both methods. However, 13 examples of low grade type ccDuee bloods were studied; all gave relatively strong positive reactions with both methods.These studies indicate that the direct Du tube method is deserving of trial under the conditions of a routine blood typing program, particularly as experienced in the collection of large numbers of donor bloods. They also suggest that the test will be found the equal of the indirect antiglobulin test both in sensitivity and accuracy at a significant reduction in technician time and reagents.
Effectiveness of Technics in Demonstrating Isohemagglutinins
Authors: Griffitts James J. , Schmidt R. Pauline 
Published: October 2009

The referral of blood samples from many sources to this laboratory has afforded an opportunity to search for antibodies, using multiple methods, with a deliberateness not often possible in a busy transfusion service.This report summarizes the finding of 668 antibodies in 518 serum specimens after the application of seven methods to the study of each serum. No single technic was outstanding in the detection of all antibodies. In addition, variability in reactivity of human antibodies of the same specificity was noted.
Relation between Anti‐antibodies and Gm‐Agglutinins
Authors: Andresen P. H. 
Published: October 2009

The paper gives the results of some studies on anti‐antibodies, which differ in some directions from the agglutinins found by Milgrom.The most of these anti‐antibodies did not react with all incomplete Rh‐antibodies, but only with some. Some react only with cells coated with incomplete Rh‐antibodies from persons of serum‐group Gma and others only with cells coated with Rh‐antibodies from persons of serum group Gmb.
Three Members of One Family with the Phenotype i; One with an Anti‐I Antibody
Authors: Claflin Alice J. 
Published: October 2009

In 1956, the anti‐I antibody was first described in connection with a cold hemolytic anemia. Since that time, healthy individuals have been found with the anti‐I antibody and the phenotype i. The anti‐I antibody reacts best at 4 C. and weakly or not at all with cord blood and erythrocytes of known phenotype i. The I antigen is unstable with increasing age of the cell. Survival study with I incompatible erythrocytes labeled with Cr51 is reported for the first time and shows a T1/2 of 6.5 days.The identification of the anti‐I antibody in this patient and subsequent typing of his family has supplied three names for the rare donor file. A complete family study would be of interest and could possibly further establish evidence of genetic control of the Ii antigens.
Quantitative Studies of the Reactions of Ulex europeus Extracts
Authors: Solomon Joel M. 
Published: October 2009

Ulex europeus anti‐H reacts best at low temperatures, is insensitive to 2‐mercaptoethanol treatment, and possesses some molecules which combine irreversibly with the H antigen although most reverse readily.Probit assays revealed qualitative variations among human adult H antigens, positively correlated with the ABO phenotype, and characteristic of each of them. A hypothesis is advanced that relates these qualitative differences to steric influences of the various A and B determinants on the H receptor detected with Ulex.
Behavior of Incomplete Antibodies in Quantitative Hemagglutination Reactions
Authors: Solomon Joel M. 
Published: October 2009

The increase in agglutinating activity of group O sera following centrifugation has been related to incomplete, cross‐reactive antibodies in these sera. The effect is thought to be due to steric interference of smaller 7S, cross‐reactive molecules by the larger 19S agglutinins rather than to any lack of equilibrium in the agglutinating system.An increase in activity was also demonstrated with anti‐Rh sera containing saline agglutinins and incomplete antibodies following centrifugation. With anti‐Rh sera, centrifugation at 17,750 × g for 7.5 minutes was required to produce the same effect apparent with group O sera centrifuged at 100 × g for two minutes.High speed centrifugation produced saline agglutination with incomplete anti‐Rh antibodies equivalent to that produced in 20 per cent bovine albumin.
A Two‐Stage Antiglobulin Test for the Detection of ABO Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Authors: Cohen I. , Nelken D. 
Published: October 2009

A two‐stage antiglobulin test using rabbit anti‐human serum and hen anti‐rabbit serum is described. This test gives positive results with cord blood cells in cases of ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn.Optimal dilutions of rabbit anti‐human serum and hen anti‐rabbit serum are of great importance for this test. The serum dilutions are prepared by coating human Rh positive erythrocytes with anti‐Rh antibodies and adding a diluted rabbit anti‐human globulin serum. The cells which are not agglutinated in this serum are then washed and added to different dilutions of a hen anti‐rabbit globulin serum. The serum dilution giving the strongest agglutination is used in the test. Cord bloods from eight babies with ABO hemolytic disease were examined in the two‐stage antiglobulin test. Forty‐two random cord bloods were also tested. Only the blood specimens from the babies with ABO hemolytic disease (increased plasma bilirubin and clinical jaundice treated by exchange transfusion) showed a strongly positive two‐stage antiglobulin test.
The Rho Variant‐Du
Authors: Pittenger Robert G. , McQuiston Dorothy , Sturgeon Phillip , Gunnink Cornelia , Agnew Jo Ann 
Published: October 2009

A simplified test for the Du factor employing a reagent containing 25 per cent serum albumin, the “stick” technic to introduce cells and forceful cen‐trifugation has been given an extensive trial in a routine blood bank operation. A routine preliminary test with anti‐D gave 5,051 negative reactions among 26,753 bloods tested. The Du tube test was then performed on the former with an anti‐CDE reagent in parallel with the indirect antiglobulin test done with anti‐D. All bloods positive by one or both tests were tested further for D antigens by an anti‐D elution technic; they were also tested for Rh‐Hr factors.Among the 126 bloods positive by elution for the Dufactor, 122 and 126 were positive respectively by the antiglobulin and the Du tube tests. The two tests were in agreement on all eight of the type ccDuee bloods found in the study. The Dutube test, as done with anti‐CDE, gave no false negative reactions. It is, thus, concluded that bloods which are negative with this test will be type ccddee and can be labeled “Rh negative tested for Du. Serological factors which might account for sensitivity of the Du tube test's being the equal of the antiglobulin test are considered, as are the probabilities of the existence of D variants so weak that they could not be detected by either test.
Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Due to Appearance of Multiple Antibodies Following Transfusion of Apparently Compatible Blood
Authors: Joseph Julian I. , Awer Mrs. Erika , Laulicht Mrs. Martine , Scudder John 
Published: October 2009

A delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction, appearing seven days after transfusions, characterized by jaundice, hemolysis and hemoglobinuria accompanied by the appearance of multiple antibodies in the patient's serum (anti‐hr″ (c) anti‐rh″ (E) and anti‐Jkb) is explained as an anamnestic phenomenon. The original sensitizing antigens and those which precipitated the recall mechanism may be traced to her 20‐year‐old son and to the single‐unit transfusion which she received five years previous to the last admission, and to the transfusions given with the operation from which she recovered.The important fact is that these latent antibodies failed to be detected by standard crossmatching tests (saline, high protein and Coombs) and by a pool of cells containing most of the antigens. The triple enzyme method was the only test which detected the anti‐rh″ (E) antibody.The direct Coombs test became positive at the height of the reaction and persisted for 48 hours. Blood tests after 31/2 and 41/2 months revealed that both the anti‐Jkb and anti‐rh″ (E) antibodies had vanished and only anti‐hr‘ (c) of low titer was still present.
Agar‐Gel Electrophoretic and Analytic Agar‐Gel Electrophoretic Study of Bromelin
Authors: Cawley Leo P. , Eberhardt Lucile , Goodwin William L. 
Published: October 2009

Six protein bands designated 1 through 6 from anode to cathode were demonstrated by agar‐gel electrophoresis of a concentrated solution of bromelin at pH 8.6 and pH 5.5. The proteolytic activity corresponded to the two most cathodal migrating bands, 5 and 6. This was the same area where sensitized erythrocyte agglutinating factor (SEAF) was located. SEAF was demonstrated only in electrophoretograms at pH 5.5 and proteolytic activity was most active at this pH. Acid phosphatase was found to be present in bands 1, 2, and 3, amylase at the point of application, peroxidase at bands 2 and 5, with an additional band lying between the point of origin and band 3. Esterase activity was present in bands 1 and 2, and PAS positive material was present in bands 4 and 5 and in a zone between the origin and band 3.From these studies it appeared that the proteolytic activity and SEAF traveled in the same portion of the electrophoretogram. Esterase, amylase and acid phosphatase activity were apparently unrelated to SEAF. Peroxidase activity and PAS positive material each were present in one of three active zones which coincided with the serologically active portion of electrophoretically separated bromelin.
The V‐A‐B Blood Group System of Chimpanzees: A Paradox in the Application of the 2 × 2 Contingency Test
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Moor‐Jankowski J. 
Published: October 2009

Using population genetics it was demonstrated that two newly discovered blood factors of chimpanzee blood, Ac and Bc, and the blood factor Nv detected by Vicia graminea lectin, belong to the same blood group system, designated the V‐A‐B blood group system. In a study of 60 chimpanzees, all eight of the theoretically possible phenotypes were encountered. By gene frequency analysis, it was demonstrated that five of the eight possible genes postulated by the genetic theory of multiple allelic genes occurred among these 60 animals. A suitable nomenclature has been formulated which incorporates the facts observed.In the analysis of the findings, a paradox was encountered in the application of the 2 × 2 contingency test. This paradox has been resolved and explained.
The Effect of Dextran on Platelet Factor 3 Activity: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
Authors: Ewald Roger A. , Eichelberger James W. , Young Allen A. , Weiss Harvey J. , Crosby William H. 
Published: October 2009

Intravenous infusions of one liter of low molecular weight and standard clinical dextran in normal adult subjects resulted in a significant alteration of platelet function as characterized by marked depression of platelet factor 3 (PF 3) activity. Disruption of the abnormal platelets by sonic oscillation corrected the defect, indicating that dextran coating of the platelets inhibited the release of PF 3 activity. These findings were confirmed by in vitro studies.Infusions of serum albumin failed to produce a significant alteration in PF 3 activity.The PF 3 depression could not be related to hemodilution or the total platelet count. Clot retraction, platelet adhesiveness, and the platelet thromboplastin test were normal. Serum prothrombin time was abnormal in some subjects.The platelet abnormality was related to the plasma dextran concentration and the retention of large dextran molecules in the circulation. Clinical dextran had a more deleterious effect on PF 3 activity than low molecular weight dextran.Since the majority of subjects had normal bleeding times associated with their reduced levels of PF 3 activity, the clinical significance of these studies is not clear. Nevertheless, the results of these experiments indicate that dextran coating of platelets interferes with the release of PF 3 activity, and suggest that alteration of the platelet surface may modify other platelet functions involved in maintaining a normal bleeding time.
Simultaneous Determination of the Volume of Red Cells and Plasma for Survival Studies of Stored Blood
Authors: Button Lawrence N. , Gibson John G. , Walter Carl W. 
Published: October 2009

A method is described for the determination of the in vivo survival of stored human red cells. Cr51 labeled red cells and I125 labeled human serum albumin are infused simultaneously to esti‐mate the whole blood volume and establish the 100 per cent retention value for subsequent red cell survival determination.The whole body hematocrit correction factor, necessary for the determination of 100 per cent retention value, has been established by the simul‐ taneous measurement of the red cell and plasma volumes in a group of 71 patients.Cr51 and I125 gamma emissions are separated for plasma and red cell volume determinations by measuring their values on a scaler equipped with a pulse height analyzer.This method has proven to be a safe and suitable means for the accurate establishment of in vivo survival of stored red cells, red cell mass, and plasma volume.
A Study of the Forces Involved in the Second Stage of Hemagglutination
Authors: Pollack William , Hager Hans J. , Reckel Rudolph , Toren David A. , Singher Heron O. 
Published: October 2009

Agglutination of antibody coated human erythrocytes has been found to depend on the zeta‐poten‐tial at the surface of shear and the dimensions of the antibody molecules. The critical zeta‐potential above which agglutination cannot occur has been shown to be —23 millivolts and —13 millivolts for saline and albumin antibodies respectively. A zeta‐potential below —18 millivolts for 19S molecules and below —8 millivolts for 7S molecules has been found to be necessary to give optimum agglutination and titer.The value of the enzymes used in blood group serology has been shown to be related to their ability to reduce the net surface charge density with a consequent reduction in zeta. It is postulated that this effect is due to esterase rather than protease activity.Bovine albumin and three synthetic polymers were found to bring about agglutination by reducing the zeta‐potential as a result of raising the dielectric constant. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that they reduce the surface charge of the erythrocytes.A satisfactory equation for calculating zeta, that can be used to predict the course of a serological reaction, has been computed from a determined value of —3190 esu/cm2 for the net surface charge density of human erythrocytes in NaCl‐buffer at 25 C. This has been extended to include electrolytes of other valences by taking into account the mean activity coefficient of the electrolyte. Evidence is presented to show that the minimum zeta associated with erythrocyte stability is about —7 millivolts. This was considered to be the minimum potential required to overcome the cohesive forces of interfacial tension.In reaction mixtures imparting a zeta‐potential of —7 millivolts, tests with ten anti‐K and ten anti‐Fya sera show them to react similarly to anti‐D. There was no evidence to support the claim that these antibodies are monovalent.
The In Vivo Survival, Mode of Removal of the Non‐Viable Cells, and the Total Amount of Supernatant Hemoglobin in Deglycerolized, Resuspended Erythrocytes
Authors: Valeri C. Robert , Fowler Kenneth , Sobucki John 
Published: October 2009

The data presented indicate that with the use of the Cohn fractionator to add and remove the intracellular additive, glycerol, and using the slow freeze technic with storage in the frozen state at —80 C or —120 C, the viability of erythrocytes can be maintained for at least two months. The thawed, deglycerolized erythrocytes can then be resuspended in either autologous plasma or in an artificial 5% Hyland albumin resuspension medium, stored up to 8 days at 4C, and transfused to the original donor with acceptable red blood cell survival. ACD blood can be stored for up to seven days at 4 C prior to glycerolization with acceptable 24‐hour posttransfusion survival. The mode of removal of the non‐viable erythrocytes is primarily through an extravascular mechanism without detectable hemoglobinemia. A limiting factor in the clinical acceptability of deglycerolized, resuspended erythrocytes is the amount of free supernatant hemoglobin present in the unit on the day of transfusion. Washing units of deglycerolized erythrocytes resuspended in autologous plasma and stored for up to 12 days at 4 C is effective in reducing the total amount of supernatant hemoglobin, and the saline washed erythrocytes show acceptable posttransfusion survival. However, deglycerolized red blood cells resuspended initially in the 5% Hyland albumin medium and stored at 4 C for five days or longer do not tolerate saline washing; 24‐hour survival of less than 70 per cent was observed and intravascular liberation of hemoglobin was noted in this group only.This paper reports the total in vitro loss of hemoglobin associated with preservation and with the saline wash used to remove the excessive supernatant hemoglobin which accumulates during the post‐thaw period at 4C.
Evidence That Sutter Belongs to the Kell Blood Group System
Authors: Stroup Marjory , MacIlroy Mija , Walker Richard , Aydelotte Jane V. 
Published: October 2009

While studying the original anti‐Jsb serum it was observed that the red cells of the two Ko individuals (Peltz and Kanto) were Js(a—b—). Two additional examples of anti‐Jsb are also reported as a result of this study.More than 4,000 Negroes were tested and six were found who were K+, Js(a+). Five of these families are presented in which K and Jsa can be followed in the offspring of a parent who is K+, Js(a+). In six children of three matings in which one parent is K+Js(a+) and the other parent is K—, Js(a_) no recombinations were observed. One child from such a mating inherited neither K nor Jsa. In the other two families one parent was K+, Js(a+) but the other parent could not be tested or was Js(a+).In the Memphis area the incidence of K+ among Negroes is 1.5% and of Js(a+) 14%. Among the K+ individuals the incidence of Js(a+) was found to be 8%. The population studied is not large enough to be statistically significant but the data suggest that K and Jss will rarely if ever occur on the same thromoscme.The possible relationship of the two systems is discussed.
Two Populations of Erythrocytes Associated with XX/XY Mosaicism
Authors: Myhre Byron A. , Meyer Thomas , Opitz John M. , Race R. R. , Sanger Ruth , Greenwalt Tibor J. 
Published: October 2009

A 12‐year‐old boy with a ventricular septal defect was found to have two populations of red cells: 85 per cent O, Jk(a—b+) and 15 per cent B, Jk(a+b+). All the other genetical blood characters were identical in both populations. Buccal smears showed an average of 30 per cent chromatin positive cells, while peripheral leukocyte cultures were composed of approximately 50 per cent XX and 50 per cent XY cells. The child had previously undergone repair of a hypospadias and un‐descended testicles.Family studies suggest that the boy is the product of the fertilization of two identical egg nuclei by two spermatozoa.
Antibodies to Gamma Globulin in the Serum of Children and Adults
Authors: Wilson Janet A. , Steinberg Arthur G. 
Published: October 2009

Sera from 200 infants (0 to 6 months of age), 1,282 children (6 months to 16 years), and 1,989 adults, who were outpatients or inpatients of the University Hospitals in Cleveland, Ohio, were tested for the presence of antibodies to gamma globulin as represented by five different anti‐D sera. The frequency of such antibodies (11.3%) was significantly higher in children between six months and five years of age than in older children (4.1%) or adults (6.3%). The frequency of “nonspecific” antibodies against gamma globulin was higher in adults (5.4%) than in children (0.8%). Eighty‐five of 1,282 (6.6%) samples from children had useable antibodies and 18 of 1,989 (0.9%) samples from adults had useable antibodies.There was no correlation between the occurrence of the antibody and sex, diagnosis, or history of transfusion. The data indicate, however, that a correlation with race may exist.