bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of diabetes on enzymes involved in rat hepatic corticosterone production
Authors: HYATT Tanya , CHEN Ruimin , WANG Xudong , MICK Gail , MCCORMICK Kenneth 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground:  Numerous studies have explored the etiologic or permissive role of 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β‐HSD1) in obesity and Type 2 diabetes, biochemical conditions often with concurrent hyperinsulinism. In contrast, there are limited data on the effect of insulin deficiency (i.e. Type 1 diabetes) on 11β‐HSD1 or endoplasmic reticulum enzymes that generate the reduced pyridine cofactor NADPH. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of insulin‐deficient, streptozotozin diabetes on key microsomal enzymes involved in rat hepatic corticosterone production.Methods:  After rats had been rendered diabetic with streptozotocin and some had been treated with insulin (2–6 units, s.c., long‐acting insulin once daily) for 7 days, hepatic microsomes were isolated. Serum corticosterone and fructosamine were obtained premortem. Intact microsomes were incubated in vitro and 11β‐HSD1, hexose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH), and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) measured.Results:  Although diabetes markedly altered body weight gain and serum protein glycosylation (assessed by fructosamine), there was no significant change in hepatic 11β‐HSD1 reductase activity, with or without insulin treatment. However, serum corticosterone levels were significantly correlated with 11β‐HSD1 reductase activity when all groups were analyzed together (P < 0.05). Untreated diabetes modified (P < 0.01) two hepatic microsomal NADPH‐generating enzymes, namely H6PDH and IDH, resulting in a 37% decrease and 14% increase in enzyme levels, respectively.Conclusions:  Consistent with most in vivo studies, chronic insulin deficiency with attendant hyperglycemia does not significantly modify hepatic 11β‐HSD1 reductase activity, but does alter the activity of two microsomal enzymes coupled with pyridine cofactors.
A Qualitative Risk Assessment Approach for Swiss Dairy Products: Opportunities and Limitations
Authors: Menéndez González S. , Hartnack S. , Berger T. , Doherr M. , Breidenbach E. 
Published: July 2010

SummarySwitzerland implemented a risk‐based monitoring of Swiss dairy products in 2002 based on a risk assessment (RA) that considered the probability of exceeding a microbiological limit value set by law. A new RA was launched in 2007 to review and further develop the previous assessment, and to make recommendations for future risk‐based monitoring according to current risks. The resulting qualitative RA was designed to ascertain the risk to human health from the consumption of Swiss dairy products. The products and microbial hazards to be considered in the RA were determined based on a risk profile. The hazards included Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli, coagulase‐positive staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin. The release assessment considered the prevalence of the hazards in bulk milk samples, the influence of the process parameters on the microorganisms, and the influence of the type of dairy. The exposure assessment was linked to the production volume. An overall probability was estimated combining the probabilities of release and exposure for each combination of hazard, dairy product and type of dairy. This overall probability represents the likelihood of a product from a certain type of dairy exceeding the microbiological limit value and being passed on to the consumer. The consequences could not be fully assessed due to lack of detailed information on the number of disease cases caused by the consumption of dairy products. The results were expressed as a ranking of overall probabilities. Finally, recommendations for the design of the risk‐based monitoring programme and for filling the identified data gaps were given. The aims of this work were (i) to present the qualitative RA approach for Swiss dairy products, which could be adapted to other settings and (ii) to discuss the opportunities and limitations of the qualitative method.
Note on Self‐Selection of Auditors in the Municipal Sector*
Authors: BANDYOPADHYAY SATI P. , KAO JENNIFER L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of this article is to revisit the literature on Big‐N audit fee premiums in the municipal setting using a methodology that controls for self‐selection bias. Because auditor choices can be predicted based on certain client characteristics, using standard one‐stage ordinary least squares regressions to draw inferences about the presence or absence of such a premium in the extant public‐sector audit fee studies may not be appropriate.Results indicate that, after controlling for a self‐selection bias, Big‐6 (non‐Big‐6) municipal clients on average pay a fee premium, compared to the case if they were to retain a non‐Big‐6 (Big‐6) auditor. Results continue to hold when we conduct further analyses on a subset of municipalities with access to both Big‐6 and non‐Big‐6 auditors in a local market defined by a 60‐km radius, rather than over a province‐wide audit market. The existence of non‐Big‐6 audit fee premiums has not been documented previously in the private‐ or public‐sector audit fee literature. We surmise that it may be caused by the dominance (79.4 percent) of non‐Big‐6 auditors in the Ontario municipal market, compared to most private‐sector audit markets where their market share generally does not exceed 20 percent. The strong market position of non‐Big‐6 firms in turn may have allowed these auditors to command a fee premium for the subset of municipalities that self‐selects to be audited by them.An implication from our study is that Ontario municipalities often choose to be audited by more costly auditors, even though they could have paid lower audit fees by switching to an alternative auditor type. These results do not support those reported by Chaney et al. (2004), who find that U.K. private firms are audited by the least costly auditor type. The conflicting findings may be attributable to the fact that the Ontario municipal audit market is subject to regulation by not just the audit profession but also the Ontario government and that, unlike business corporations, municipalities receive funding from provincial governments to fulfil much of their financial requirements. Thus, municipal clients may be relatively more willing to accept higher audit fees provided their chosen auditor (or auditor type) matches their needs.
Incidence of swallowing during exercise in horses with dorsal displacement of the soft palate
Authors: PIGOTT J. H. , DUCHARME N. G. , MITCHELL L. M. , SODERHOLM L. V. , CHEETHAM J. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:The relationship between dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) and swallowing is unclear.Objective:To quantify the relationship between DDSP and swallowing in horses at exercise.Hypotheses:The frequency of swallowing increases immediately prior to DDSP in horses at exercise.Methods:Videoendoscopic and upper airway pressure data were collated from horses with a definitive diagnosis of DDSP at exercise. Horses with no upper airway abnormalities were matched by age, breed and sex and used as controls. Sixty‐nine horses were identified with a definitive diagnosis of DDSP during the study interval. Airway pressure data were available for 42 horses.Results:The majority of horses displaced at high exercising speeds while accelerating; a smaller number displaced during deceleration after peak speed had been reached. Horses swallowed significantly more frequently in the 1 min immediately preceding DDSP than in the control horses at equivalent speeds. DDSP at exercise results in a significant increase in tracheal expiratory pressure, a significant decrease in pharyngeal expiratory pressure and a significantly less negative pharyngeal inspiratory pressure compared to matched controls and compared to the pressures during the 1 min interval prior to DDSP. There was no significant difference between any measure of airway pressure before or after a swallow when examined at each time interval in the DDSP population.Conclusions:The frequency of swallowing decreases with increasing speed in normal horses. In contrast, the frequency of swallowing increases immediately prior to onset of DDSP. This is not a result of pharyngeal and tracheal pressure changes.Potential relevance:The increased frequency of swallowing observed prior to DDSP may be related to the aetiology of the disease.
'Tritus in eo lector': Grotius's emendations to the text of Tacitus
Authors: Damon Cynthia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper considers Grotius's emendations to the text of Tacitus in his 1640 Notae et emendationes, with a particular emphasis on those passages in which Grotius has made a lasting contribution to our understanding of the ancient author: An. 1.32.3, 6.3.1, 11.14.3, 15.47.1, H. 2.1.2, Ag. 10.5, 46.2. It also argues that in four further passages (An. 3.54.6, 12.37.2, 13.46.3, 16.26.2) his contribution deserves to loom a little larger in the text, or at least in the apparatus criticus, of Tacitus's works than it presently does. These emendations are a valuable indication of Grotius's close engagement with the text of an author whose style he aims to reproduce in his own historical writings.
Developing positive relationships with voices: A preliminary Grounded Theory
Authors: Jackson Lana J. , Hayward Mark , Cooke Anne 
Published: July 2010

Background: Research has been exploring the phenomenon of ‘voice hearing’ within a relational framework. To date, studies have paid limited attention to voice hearers who view the experience positively. Material: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five mental health service users and seven non-service users who had had positive experiences of hearing voices. Interview transcripts were analyzed using Grounded Theory. Conclusions: The preliminary theory suggests that the moderation of fear and control may impact on relationships with voices. Actively engaging with voices to understand their subjective meaning may be beneficial. Promoting a positive self-concept and connecting with communities who value and accept voice-hearing experiences may be particularly important.
The history and future of nation-building? Building capacity for public results
Authors: Bourgon Jocelyne 
Published: July 2010

The goal of nation-building is to build the collective capacity to achieve public results and to pursue a shared vision of the future. This article, which is based on a theoretical vantage point and the author’s experience as a senior public official, explores the theme of collective capacity-building from the point of view of government. It describes how achieving collective results requires institutional and organizational capacities but, building on these foundations, governments must also develop greater capacity to anticipate, innovate and adapt in the face of increasingly complex public issues and unpredictable circumstances. Points for practitioners Building institutional capacity has been a focus of governments for many decades and, indeed, centuries. Building organizational capacity has been the centrepiece of reforms since the 1980s. But public organizations are not yet aligned with the complex problems they are expected to address. Addressing complexity and uncertainty will likely require practitioners to work with (i) a broader definition of public results, (ii) an expanded view of the role of government and of the range of possible relationships between government and citizens, and (iii) a more dynamic approach to public administration.
Designing and implementing sample and data collection for an international genetics study: the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC)
Authors: Hilner Joan E , Perdue Letitia H , Sides Elizabeth G , Pierce June J , Wägner Ana M , Aldrich Alan , Loth Amanda , Albret Lotte , Wagenknecht Lynne E , Nierras Concepcion , Akolkar Beena ,   T1DGC
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose The Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC) is an international project whose primary aims are to: (a) discover genes that modify type 1 diabetes risk; and (b) expand upon the existing genetic resources for type 1 diabetes research. The initial goal was to collect 2500 affected sibling pair (ASP) families worldwide. Methods T1DGC was organized into four regional networks (Asia-Pacific, Europe, North America, and the United Kingdom) and a Coordinating Center. A Steering Committee, with representatives from each network, the Coordinating Center, and the funding organizations, was responsible for T1DGC operations. The Coordinating Center, with regional network representatives, developed study documents and data systems. Each network established laboratories for: DNA extraction and cell line production; human leukocyte antigen genotyping; and autoantibody measurement. Samples were tracked from the point of collection, processed at network laboratories and stored for deposit at National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Central Repositories. Phenotypic data were collected and entered into the study database maintained by the Coordinating Center. Results T1DGC achieved its original ASP recruitment goal. In response to research design changes, the T1DGC infrastructure also recruited trios, cases, and controls. Results of genetic analyses have identified many novel regions that affect susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. T1DGC created a resource of data and samples that is accessible to the research community. Limitations Participation in T1DGC was declined by some countries due to study requirements for the processing of samples at network laboratories and/or final deposition of samples in NIDDK Central Repositories. Re-contact of participants was not included in informed consent templates, preventing collection of additional samples for functional studies. Conclusions T1DGC implemented a distributed, regional network structure to reach ASP recruitment targets. The infrastructure proved robust and flexible enough to accommodate additional recruitment. T1DGC has established significant resources that provide a basis for future discovery in the study of type 1 diabetes genetics. Clinical Trials 2010; 7: S5—S32. http://ctj.sagepub.com
Arecoline induced disruption of expression and localization of the tight junctional protein ZO-1 is dependent on the HER 2 expression in human endometrial Ishikawa cells
Authors: Giri Sarbani , Poindexter Kevin M , Sundar Shyam N , Firestone Gary L 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
Approximately 600 million people chew Betel nut, making this practice the fourth most popular oral habit in the world. Arecoline, the major alkaloid present in betel nut is one of the causative agents for precancerous lesions and several cancers of mouth among those who chew betel nut. Arecoline can be detected in the human embryonic tissue and is correlated to low birth weight of newborns whose mothers chew betel nut during pregnancy, suggesting that arecoline can induce many systemic effects. However, few reports exist as to the effects of arecoline in human tissues other than oral cancer cell lines. Furthermore, in any system, virtually nothing is known about the cellular effects of arecoline treatment on membrane associated signaling components of human cancer cells.

Results
Using the human Ishikawa endometrial cancer cell line, we investigated the effects of arecoline on expression, localization and functional connections between the ZO-1 tight junction protein and the HER2 EGF receptor family member. Treatment of Ishikawa cells with arecoline coordinately down-regulated expression of both ZO-1 and HER2 protein and transcripts in a dose dependent manner. Biochemical fractionation of cells as well as indirect immunofluorescence revealed that arecoline disrupted the localization of ZO-1 to the junctional complex at the cell periphery. Compared to control transfected cells, ectopic expression of exogenous HER2 prevented the arecoline mediated down-regulation of ZO-1 expression and restored the localization of ZO-1 to the cell periphery. Furthermore, treatment with dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid reported to up-regulate expression of HER2 in Ishikawa cells, precluded arecoline from down-regulating ZO-1 expression and disrupting ZO-1 localization.

Conclusion
Arecoline is known to induce precancerous lesions and cancer in the oral cavity of betel nut users. The arecoline down-regulation of ZO-1 expression and subcellular distribution suggests that arecoline potentially disrupts cell-cell interactions mediated by ZO-1, which may play a role in arecoline-mediated carcinogenesis. Furthermore, our study has uncovered the dependency of ZO-1 localization and expression on HER2 expression, which has therefore established a new cellular link between HER2 mediated signaling and apical junction formation involving ZO-1.
Long-term follow-up with Granulocyte and Monocyte Apheresis re-treatment in patients with chronically active inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Lindberg Annelie , Eberhardson Michael , Karlsson Mats , Karlén Per 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
Patients with IBD and chronic inflammation refractory to conventional therapy often demonstrate higher risk of serious complications. Combinations of immunosuppression and biological treatment as well as surgical intervention are often used in this patient group. Hence, there is need for additional treatment options. In this observational study, focused on re-treatment and long-term results, Granulocyte/Monocyte Adsorption (GMA, Adacolumn®) treatment has been investigated to study efficacy, safety and quality of life in IBD-patients with chronic activity.

Methods
Fifteen patients with ulcerative colitis and 25 patients with Crohn's disease, both groups with chronically active inflammation refractory to conventional medication were included in this observational study. The patients received 5-10 GMA sessions, and the clinical activity was assessed at baseline, after each completed course, and at week 10 and 20 by disease activity index, endoscopy and quality of life evaluation. Relapsed patients were re-treated by GMA in this follow-up study up to 58 months.

Results
Clinical response was seen in 85% and complete remission in 65% of the patients. Ten patients in the UC-group (66%) and 16 patients in the CD-group (64%) maintained clinical and endoscopic remission for an average of 14 months. Fourteen patients who relapsed after showing initial remission were re-treated with GMA and 13 (93%) went into a second remission. Following further relapses, all of seven patients were successfully re-treated for the third time, all of three patients for the fourth time and one for a fifth time.

Conclusions
IBD-patients with chronic inflammation despite conventional therapy seem to benefit from GMA. Re-treatment of relapsing remission patients seems to be effective.
The identification of unique serum proteins of HIV-1 latently infected long-term non-progressor patients
Authors: Van Duyne Rachel , Guendel Irene , Kehn-Hall Kylene , Easley Rebecca , Klase Zachary , Liu Chenglong , Young Mary , Kashanchi Fatah 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe search for disease biomarkers within human peripheral fluids has become a favorable approach to preventative therapeutics throughout the past few years. The comparison of normal versus disease states can identify an overexpression or a suppression of critical proteins where illness has directly altered a patient's cellular homeostasis. In particular, the analysis of HIV-1 infected serum is an attractive medium with which to identify altered protein expression due to the ease and non-invasive methods of collecting samples as well as the corresponding insight into thein vivointeraction of the virus with infected cells/tissue. The utilization of proteomic techniques to globally identify differentially expressed serum proteins in response to HIV-1 infection is a significant undertaking that is complicated due to the innate protein profile of human serum.ResultsHere, the depletion of 12 of the most abundant serum proteins, followed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with identification of these proteins using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, has allowed for the identification of differentially expressed, low abundant serum proteins. We have analyzed and compared serum samples from HIV-1 infected subjects who are being treated using highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to those who are latently infected but have not progressed to AIDS despite the absence of treatment, i.e. long term non-progressors (LTNPs). Here we have identified unique serum proteins that are differentially expressed in LTNP HIV-1 patients and may contribute to the ability of these patients to combat HIV-1 infection in the absence of HAART. We focused on the cdk4/6 cell cycle inhibitor p16INK4Aand found that the treatment of HIV-1 latently infected cell lines with p16INK4Adecreases viral production despite it not being expressed endogenously in these cells.ConclusionsIdentification of these unique proteins may serve as an indication of altered viral states in response to infection as well as a natural phenotypic variability in response to HIV-1 infection in a given population.
Whole exome capture in solution with 3 Gbp of data
Authors: Bainbridge Matthew N , Wang Min , Burgess Daniel L , Kovar Christie , Rodesch Matthew J , D'Ascenzo Mark , Kitzman Jacob , Wu Yuan-Qing , Newsham Irene , Richmond Todd A , Jeddeloh Jeffrey A , Muzny Donna , Albert Thomas J , Gibbs Richard A 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe have developed a solution-based method for targeted DNA capture-sequencing that is directed to the complete human exome. Using this approach allows the discovery of greater than 95% of all expected heterozygous singe base variants, requires as little as 3 Gbp of raw sequence data and constitutes an effective tool for identifying rare coding alleles in large scale genomic studies.
Television and Video Game Exposure and the Development of Attention Problems
Authors: Swing Edward L. , Gentile Douglas A. , Anderson Craig A. , Walsh David A. 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES:
Television viewing has been associated with greater subsequent attention problems in children. Few studies have examined the possibility of a similar association between video games and attention problems, and none of these has used a longitudinal design.

METHODS:
A sample of 1323 middle childhood participants were assessed during a 13-month period by parent- and child-reported television and video game exposure as well as teacher-reported attention problems. Another sample of 210 late adolescent/early adult participants provided self-reports of television exposure, video game exposure, and attention problems.

RESULTS:
Exposure to television and video games was associated with greater attention problems. The association of television and video games to attention problems in the middle childhood sample remained significant when earlier attention problems and gender were statistically controlled. The associations of screen media and attention problems were similar across media type (television or video games) and age (middle childhood or late adolescent/early adult).

CONCLUSIONS:
Viewing television and playing video games each are associated with increased subsequent attention problems in childhood. It seems that a similar association among television, video games, and attention problems exists in late adolescence and early adulthood. Research on potential risk factors for attention problems should be expanded to include video games in addition to television.