bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal changes in the nutrient content in the bodies of Ips typographus L. (Col., Scolytidae)
Authors: ZUMR V. , NĚMEC V. , STARÝ P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe content of nutrients in the bodies of adult spruce bark beetles (Ips typographus L.) of an overwintering generation and a summer one, caught in pheromone traps, were compared with the nutrient content of beetles boring in the bark. The content of nutrients, especially glycogen, was much lower in beetles of the summer generation: in females it amounted to 27% of the values found in controls, in males to mere 24%. Glycogen content is then a much more sensitive indicator of physiological changes related to season than the content of lipids.ZusammenfassungSaisonaler Wechsel des Nährstoffgehalts im Körper von Ips typographus L. (Col., Scolytidae)Der Gehalt an Nährstoffen im Körper adulter Käfer einer Überwinterungs‐ und einer Sommer‐Generation von I. typographus aus Pheromonfallen wurde mit dem Nährstoffgehalt der sich einbohrenden Käfer verglichen. Bei den Käfern der Sommergeneration war insbesondere Glykogen in wesentlich geringerer Menge enthalten. Es machte bei Weibchen maximal 27% und bei Männchen 24% der Kontrolltierwerte aus. Der Glykogengehalt ist ein viel empfindlicherer Indikator für den saisonalen physiologischen Wechsel als der Fettgehalt.
Strategies for the Derivation of Pluripotent Cells from Farm Animals
Authors: Kues WA , Nowak‐Imialek M , Haridoss S , Niemann H 
Published: July 2010

ContentsRecent experiments demonstrated that forced expression of few critical genes drives conversion of a somatic into a pluripotent cell state. These induced pluripotent cells (iPS) were first generated from murine fibroblasts by Shinya Yamanaka’s laboratory in 2006. By using retroviral vectors to express combinations of stemness genes, they identified Oct4, Sox2, Krueppel‐like factor 4 and c‐Myc as essential factors for reprogramming of somatic cells. Subsequent experiments applied this technology to human and rat fibroblasts, as well as other cell types and several groups showed that iPS can be generated by an even smaller number of transcription factors. The efficiency of conversion and maintenance of a pluripotent state can be supported by small molecules, such as valproic acid and specific pharmacological inhibitors. This technology is a milestone for a basic understanding of cell potency, cell fate and pathogenesis, as well as for development of cell therapies and potential applications in animal breeding.
Do German Welfare-to-Work Programmes Reduce Welfare Dependency and Increase Employment?
Authors: Huber Martin , Lechner Michael , Wunsch Conny , Walter Thomas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring the last decade, many Western economies reformed their welfare systems with the aim of activating welfare recipients by increasing welfare-to-work programmes (WTWP) and job-search enforcement. We evaluate the short-term effects of three important German WTWP implemented after a major reform in January 2005 (‘Hartz IV’), namely short training, further training with a planned duration of up to three months and public workfare programmes (‘One-Euro-Jobs’). Our analysis is based on a combination of a large-scale survey and administrative data that is rich with respect to individual, household, agency level and regional information. We use this richness of the data to base the econometric evaluation on a selection-on-observables approach. We find that short-term training programmes, on average, increase their participants’ employment perspectives. There is also considerable effect heterogeneity across different subgroups of participants that could be exploited to improve the allocation of welfare recipients to the specific programmes and thus increase overall programme effectiveness.
Economic Growth, Public Debt and Welfare: Comparing Three Budgetary Rules
Authors: Greiner Alfred 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
We present an endogenous growth model with externalities of capital and elastic labor supply where we allow for public debt and welfare-enhancing public spending. We analyze different debt policies as regards convergence to a balanced growth path and their effects on long-run growth and welfare. Three budgetary rules are considered: the balanced budget rule, a budgetary rule where debt grows in the long run but at a rate lower than the balanced growth rate and a rule where public debt grows at the same rate as all other economic variables but where it guarantees that the intertemporal budget constraint is fulfilled.
Increasing Public Expenditure: Wagner’s Law in OECD Countries
Authors: Lamartina Serena , Zaghini Andrea 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe paper proposes a panel cointegration analysis of the joint development of government expenditure and economic growth in 23 Organization Economic Cooperation and Development countries. The empirical evidence provides indication of a structural positive correlation between public spending and per-capita gross domestic product (GDP), which is consistent with the so-called Wagner’s law. A long-run elasticity larger than 1 suggests a more than proportional increase of government expenditure with respect to economic activity. In addition, according to the spirit of the law, we found that the correlation is usually higher in countries with lower per-capita GDP, suggesting that the catching-up period is characterized by a stronger development of government activities with respect to economies in a more advanced state of development.
Research ethics committees and the benefits of involving people with profound and multiple learning disabilities in research
Authors: Boxall Kathy , Ralph Sue 
Published: July 2010

Accessible summaryPeople with learning disabilities who do not use speech are often left out of research.Ways of doing research which do not use words (for example, using photographs) might make it easier for them to join in.Ethics committees decide if plans for research projects are good enough.It is important for ethics committees to stop people from being hurt by research. But they also need to know about thepositivethings that can happen for people with learning disabilities who get involved in research.This article explains what happened when Martha (not her real name), a woman with learning disabilities who did not use speech, got involved in a research project at the hostel where she lived.We hope this article will help researchers and ethics committees think about the positive things that can happen when people with learning disabilities get involved in research.SummaryAlthough there is increasing interest in service user involvement in research, such involvement rarely extends to people with profound and multiple learning disabilities. New developments in visual methodologies offer the potential for people with profound and multiple learning disabilities to be included in research. At the same time, however, tighter regulation of the UK Research Governance Framework and the requirements of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 have increased the complexity of ethical approval processes. In reaching decisions about whether or not to grant approval, ethics committees are obliged to consider the potential harm to research participants and also the potential benefits. This article documents the benefits of involvement for ‘Martha’, who participated in a research project using photographic methods at the hostel where she lived. We hope the article will stimulate debate about ethical approval and the use of creative methodologies in research with people with profound and multiple learning disabilities.
Threat of suffocation and defensive reflex activation
Authors: Lang Peter J. , Wangelin Bethany C. , Bradley Margaret M. , Versace Francesco , Davenport Paul W. , Costa Vincent D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe current study examined emotional reflex reactions of participants threatened with respiratory distress caused by imposing a resistive load at inspiration. Cues signaling threat (breathing MAY be difficult) and safe periods were intermixed while startle reflexes, heart rate, skin conductance, and facial EMG activity were measured. Compared to safe cues, threat cues elicited significant startle potentiation, enhanced skin conductance, heightened corrugator EMG changes, and pronounced “fear bradycardia” consistent with defensive activation in the context of threatened respiratory dysfunction. These data indicate that anticipating respiratory resistance activates defensive responding, which may mediate symptomatology in patients with panic and other anxiety disorders.
Generation of H2O2 in Brain Mitochondria
Authors: Patole Milind S. , Swaroop Anand , Ramasarma T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGeneration of H2O2 by rat brain mitochondria using succinate and glycerol‐l‐phosphate as substrates has been demonstrated. Earlier workers were unable to detect this activity in sucrose‐Tris buffer. We found that this was due to a lag in the expression of activity in sucrose medium. Using phosphate buffer (50 mM), good rates are now obtained. Generation of H2O2 by rat brain mitochondria required the presence of antimycin A and was dependent on the substrates succinate and glycerol‐l‐phosphate. Low rates were obtained with NAD+‐linked substrates and none with choline, glutamate, and NADH. The Km and Vmax values for H2O2 generation were considerably lower than the corresponding values for the respective dehydrogenase activity, measured by dye reduction. Oxygen‐radical scavengers inhibited H2O2 generation, suggesting oxygen radical involvement. Depletion of ubiquinone from mitochondria resulted in loss of H2O2 generation. Reconstitution of such depleted particles with ubiquinone restored the capacity to generate H2O2 in a concentration‐dependent manner. Levels of H2O2 production were found to be maximal in cerebellum. Brain mitochondria from rabbit, hamster, mouse, and guinea pig also have the capacity to generate H2O2 on oxidation of glycerol‐l‐phosphate.
Characterization and Cellular Localization of a Developmentally Regulated Rat Neural Sialidase
Authors: Moran Niamh M. , Breen Kieran C. , Regan Ciaran M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA developmentally regulated neural sialidase has been identified in pariculate, subcellular fractions of rat brain. Enzyme activity, measured using a [3H]sialo‐ganglioside substrate, was linear with time and had a pH optimum of 4.0–4.5. Protein linearity was only observed at low protein concentrations. This appeared to be caused by enzyme access to a lipophilic substrate, as activity was significantly stimulated by membrane‐flu‐idizing agents. Enzyme activity was developmentally expressed in P2 pellets coincident with in vivo synapto‐genesis. It was located on the synaptosome and was particularly high in myelin‐containing fractions. Its cellular distribution was confined to neuronal cells and centrally derived oligodendrocytes.
Risk of recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure
Authors: Berg Anne T. 
Published: July 2010

Summary The risk of recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure has been examined in numerous observational studies and two large, high‐quality randomized trials. Overall, in untreated individuals, 40–50% can expect a recurrence within 2 years of the initial seizure. Treatment may reduce this risk by as much as half. Those at the greatest risk of recurrence have either an abnormal EEG or an identifiable neurological condition or symptoms consistent with one (“symptomatic”). Status epilepticus and a history of febrile seizures may be associated with an increased risk of recurrence in individuals with symptomatic seizures. The great majority of people (∼90%) who are seen for a first unprovoked seizure attain a one to two year remission within 4 or 5 years of the initial event.
Effect of Walking Distance on 8‐Year Incident Depressive Symptoms in Elderly Men with and without Chronic Disease: The Honolulu‐Asia Aging Study
Authors: Smith Toby L. , Masaki Kamal H. , Fong Kaon , Abbott Robert D. , Ross George W. , Petrovitch Helen , Blanchette Patricia L. , White Lon R. 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of walking on incident depressive symptoms in elderly Japanese‐American men with and without chronic disease.DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.SETTING: The Honolulu‐Asia Aging Study.PARTICIPANTS: Japanese‐American men aged 71 to 93 at baseline.MEASUREMENTS: Physical activity was assessed according to self‐reported distance walked per day. Depressive symptoms were measured using an 11‐question version of the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D 11) at the fourth examination (n=3,196) and at the seventh examination 8 years later (1999/00, n=1,417). Presence of incident depressive symptoms was defined as a CES‐D 11 score of 9 or greater or taking antidepressants at Examination 7. Subjects with prevalent depressive symptoms at baseline were excluded.RESULTS: Age‐adjusted 8‐year incident depressive symptoms were 13.6%, 7.6%, and 8.5% for low (<0.25 miles/day), intermediate (0.25–1.5 miles/day), and high (>1.5  miles/day) walking groups at baseline (P=0.008). Multiple logistic regression analyses, adjusted for age, education, marital status, cardiovascular risk factors, prevalent diseases, and functional impairment, showed that those in the intermediate and highest walking groups had significantly lower odds of developing 8‐year incident depressive symptoms (odds ratio (OR)=0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.32–0.83, P=.006 and OR=0.61, 95% CI= 0.39–0.97, P=.04, respectively). Analysis found that this association was significant only in participants without chronic diseases (coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular accident, cancer, Parkinson's disease, dementia, or cognitive impairment) at baseline.CONCLUSION: Daily physical activity (≥0.25 mile/day) is significantly associated with lower risk of 8‐year incident depressive symptoms in elderly Japanese‐American men without chronic disease at baseline.
A Checklist of Calliphoridae Blowflies (Insecta, Diptera) Associated with a Pig Carrion in Central Brazil*
Authors: Biavati Graziela M. , De Assis Santana Fernando H. , Pujol‐Luz José R. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Although the Cerrado is the second major Brazilian biome, few studies have been undertaken about its entomofauna. Blowflies have an important role in forensic entomology, helping in the determination ofpostmortemintervals. The main goal of this exploratory study was to identify and to catalog the blowfly species associated with a pig carcass. The study was conducted in a pasture in Brasília, Distrito Federal. A pig (Sus scrofa) was killed with a .22 caliber shot in the frontal region of the head. Adult blowflies were surveyed daily from June 1 through 30, 2004. A total of 14,910 adult calliphorids were collected, representing eight species:Chrysomya albiceps, C. megacephala, Cochliomyia macellaria, Chloroprocta idioidea, Hemilucilia semidiaphana, H. segmentaria, Lucilia cuprina,andL. eximia.C. albicepswas the most frequent species, amounting to 94.76% of the catch. Five decomposition stages were observed, and for calliphorids, the most attractive stage was the bloated one.
Teratological Studies on Thalidomide in Rabbits
Authors: Jonsson B. Göran 
Published: July 2010

Pregnant rabbit females, divided into five groups (10‐12 in each) were treated as shown below:The substance was homogenised in a 0.5% solution of methylcellulose and was given orally. The foetuses were delivered by Caesarean section and were examined for soft tissue and skeletal malformation. The administration of 150 mg thalidomide per kg during days 0–6 or 7–9 of the gestation resulted in a high frequency of resorptions and of congenital malformations. 5 mg/kg given during days 7–9 had no effect either on the frequency of resorption or on malformations. When 150 mg/kg was given from day 10 through day 15 there was no increased frequency of either the number of resorptions or of soft tissue malformations. However, the number of skeletal malformations was increased.
Aspects of Present and Future Possibilities for Intraluminal Pressure Recordings in the Urogenital Tract.
Authors: Ulmsten U. , Hök B. , Lindström K. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract In this brief survey some aspects of present and future possibilities for intraluminal pressure recordings in the urogenital tract are considered. It is emphasized that present water‐filled catheter‐manometer systems are afflicted with several biotechnical disadvantages. Althoug the micro‐transducers and centre‐hole catheters seem to be superior to conventional pressure recording systems, they ought to be further improved.Feed‐back pressure transducers, electronic compensation, and micro‐manometers could be realistic alternatives for pressure recordings in the urogential tract in the future. Some results from pressure recordings obtained with different measuring systems are presented and discussed.
Identification of gamyb‐4 and Analysis of the Regulatory Role of GAMYB in Rice Anther Development
Authors: Liu Zhenhua , Bao Wenjie , Liang Wanqi , Yin Jingyuan , Zhang Dabing 
Published: July 2010

Abstract In higher plants, male reproductive development is a complex biological process that includes cell division and differentiation, cell to cell communication etc., while the mechanism underlying plant male reproductive development remains less understood. GAMYB encodes a gibberellins acid (GA) inducible transcription factor that is required for the early anther development in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a new allele gamyb‐4 with a C base deletion in the second exon (+2308), causing a frame shift and premature translational termination. Histological analysis showed that gamyb‐4 developed abnormal enlarged tapetum and could not undergo normal meiosis. To understand the regulatory role of GAMYB, we carried out quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction analysis and comparison of microarray data. These results revealed that the expression of TDR (TAPETUM DEGENERATION RETARDATION), a tapetal cell death regulator, was downregulated in gamyb‐4 and udt1 (undeveloped tapetum1). While the GAMYB expression was not obviously changed in tdr and udt1‐1, and no apparent expression fold change of UDT1 in tdr and gamyb‐4, suggesting that TDR may act downstream of GAMYB and UDT1, and GAMYB and UDT1 work in parallel to regulate rice early anther development. This work is helpful in understanding the regulatory network in rice anther development.
Le Musée de la mer, Gorée, Sénégal
Authors: Monod Théodore 
Published: July 2010

Linstitut français d'Afrique noire (IFAN) s'est attaché, depuis sa création, à développer les musées dans l'Afrique occidentals d'expression française. Si le futur grand musée africain de Dakar (ethnographie et sciences naturelles) n'existe pas encore, d'autres réalisations out cependant vu le jour à Abomey, Niamey, Bamako, Abidjan, Saint‐Louis et Dakar (Musée historique de Gorée).Le Musée de la mer est la plus récente de ces réalisations. Il s'agissait, avec des moyens matériels limités, de donner au public une vue d'ensemble des choses de la mer, depuis la composition de l'eau de mer jusqu'à la pêche, en passant par les aspects les plus divers du monde vivant. Qu'a‐t‐on voulu faire ? Comment l'a‐t‐on fait ? Les deux articles qui suivent, dus aux deux principaux artisans du nouveau musée, tenteront de l'expliquer et montreront qu'avec un pen de méthode, de courage et de dévouement, on peut, même dans des circonstances exceptionnellement difficiles, parvenir à réaliser, au moins … quelque chose.
Le Musée de la ville de Rüsselsheim: Prix du Conseil de l'Europe 1980
Authors: Schirmbeck Peter 
Published: July 2010

A Rüsselsheinz, ville de la République fédérale d'Allemagne de quelque GO O00 habitants située dam la vallée du Main, à trente kilom'tres de Francfort, le musée de la ville préiente l'histoire de la' commuizauté dans le contexte historique bien plus large de chaque époque, mettant en évidence la trame qui forme l'évolution historique: progrès techniques, strzLctures économiques, sociales et politiques, production artisanale et industrielle, vie quotidienne… C'est pourquoi, en attribuant ` cette institution le Prix du Musée du Conseil de l'Europe' en 1980, le juty de ce prix a commenté ainsi sa décision:»,. Par sa philosophie, sa conceptiorz et sa contribution pédagogique, son sens de la responsabilité sociale et morale [le Musée de la uille de] Rüsselsheim apporte une contribution nouvelle et indipensable à la compréhension historique d'une société itdustrialisée.«Peter Schinnbeck, directeur de ce masée, le décrit et explique la philosophie qui a préjidé 2 sa conception.
Vol et viol des cultures: un aspect de la dégradation des termes de l‘échange culturel entre les nations
Authors: de Varine Hugues 
Published: July 2010

De 1969 à 1974, le Conseil international des musées, dont l'auteur de cet article était alors le directeur, concentra une grande partie de son action sur la lutte contre les trafics illicites de biens culturels et sur la promotion d'une éthique de l'acquisition parmi les professionnels des musées. A l'issue de cette période, Hugues de Varine a tenté de faire le point de l'expérience accumulée et proposé en quelque sorte une analyse du phénomène de transfert de patrimoine des pays pauvres vers les pays riches. Dans le catalogue d'une exposition (Collections passion) qui a eu lieu récemment au Musée d'ethnographie de Neuchâtel, Suisse (voir encadré), sont reproduits des extraits concluants de cette analyse, qui lui paraît garder une actualité certaine. Il en veut pour preuve deux articles: dans Le monde‐dimanche du 7 mars 1982, un article d'une demi‐page intitulé « Népal. Les voleurs de dieux » et, dans Museum, vol. XXXIII. n° 4, un témoignage de Keith Nicklin sous le titre « Pillages et restitution: à propos de la région de Cross River, Nigéria ».L'auteur reste convaincu qu'il faut agir sur la demande, c'est‐à‐dire sur l'esprit de collection qui accompagne, dans notre monde riche, la disparition du spirituel et la perte de la capacité de créer. Quant à l'offre, si souvent liée à la misère des opprimés, rien ne sert de la réprimer par la loi et par la police, tant que les trafiquants seront encouragés dans leur fructueux commerce par l'existence d'acheteurs publics et privés dont la bonne conscience est appuyée sur la certitude de contribuer aux « échanges culturels » entre les peuples1…Les pages suivantes, qui sont une version abrégée du texte publié dans le catalogue de Collections passion, apportent des faits à l'appui de cette opinion. Nous sommes reconnaissants à l'auteur et à Jacques Hainard, directeur du Musée d'ethnographie de Neuchâtel d'avoir bien voulu nous permettre de reproduire ces pages dans Museum.