bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How do silicone muffin pans compare to traditional metal pans?
Authors: Barber Nelson , Boyce Janice , Binkley Margaret , Broz Charles 
Published: August 2010

AbstractResearch on the efficiency of silicone bakeware is limited. Manufacturers claim that silicone bakeware is nonstick, has easy product release and even heat distribution. This study attempted to replicate consumer baking conditions through a comparison of muffins baked in silicone pans to muffins baked in nonstick, anodized aluminum dark‐colored metal pans (‘nonsilicone’). Using a consumer corn‐muffin mix, structured baking procedures and controlled tests were performed, such as measures of the top surface browning, texture, water activity and heat transfer coefficient of the pans. The results of the tests indicated that silicone muffin pans did not produce a better product; rather, they were moister, had greater volume, with top‐crust texture and color significantly less than muffins baked in nonsilicone muffin pans.
Sensory comparison of doughnuts fried in trans fat‐free oil to those fried in oil containing trans fats
Authors: Bordi Peter L. , Hack Danielle M. , Rager Michele D. , Hessert S. William 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis sensory analysis study sought to determine consumer preferences of two doughnut frying oils for the same trans fat‐free yeast raised doughnut rings according to taste, texture, appearance, overall liking, color, moisture content and sweetness characteristics. Specifically, the aim was to indicate the acceptability of substituting trans fat‐free oil based on the sensory characteristics of untrained consumer panelists. The doughnuts were fried in a trans fat and trans fat‐free oil for testing, and the panelists were asked to rate each doughnut on various sensory attributes and indicate their preference of doughnut. There were no significant differences between the two doughnuts based on the appearance, taste, texture, sweetness, moisture content and overall liking. The doughnut fried in trans fat‐free oil rated significantly different based on color where the doughnut was perceived slightly lighter in color than the trans fat version. Overall, the 107 out of 197 taste panelists preferred the trans fat‐free doughnut to the regular version, while 18 out of 197 preferred both doughnuts equally. Based on these findings, the industry might consider using the trans fat‐free versions of frying oils for frying doughnuts, pastries and other bakery items in order to reduce trans fats in foods and to lower heart disease in the American population.
The appropriateness of ready meals for dinner
Authors: Prim Mia , Gustafsson Inga‐Britt , Hall Gunnar 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDifferent meal contexts call for different meal solutions. With the aim of understanding how people reason when choosing what to eat for dinner and how ready meal solutions fit their demands in this meal situation, a focus group study was conducted. Although there is an image of the ideal dinner as being cooked and eaten together with the family, this often conflicts with reality and scarcity of time. The social setting was shown to be of utmost importance in the choice of cooking, place to eat and actual meal. Suggestions were given on how to improve the appropriateness of ready meals for consumption at dinner.
Implementation of Low‐Fat, Low‐Sugar, and Portion‐Controlled Nutrition Guidelines in Competitive Food Venues of Maine Public High Schools
Authors: Whatley Blum Janet E. , Davee Anne‐Marie , Devore Rachel L. , Beaudoin Christina M. , Jenkins Paul L. , Kaley Lori A. , Wigand Debra A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBackground:  The prevalence of childhood “overweight” and “at risk for overweight” has become a major public health concern. School food environments can affect key nutritional risk factors, especially in high schools where foods of poor nutrient value are pervasive in à la carte and vending programs. This study examines à la carte and vending programs in Maine public high schools at baseline and following implementation of low‐fat (defined as items ≤30% of total calories from fat), low‐sugar (defined as items ≤35% of sugar by weight), and portion‐controlled (LFLS) guidelines.Methods:  Four high schools implemented LFLS guidelines and 3 made no changes to à la carte and vending programs for a period of 1 school year.Results:  Findings revealed no significant change in food and beverage offerings in control schools. Whereas, in intervention schools, the proportion of items meeting the LFLS nutrient criteria increased from 32.8% to 81.8% in à la carte items, increased from 22.5% to 84.0% in snack vending, and increased from 48.0% to 98.9% in beverage vending from baseline to follow‐up. However, these increases were mitigated when LFLS portion size criteria were applied.Conclusions:  These findings demonstrate the successful implementation of LFLS guidelines similar to recommendations recently proposed by numerous organizations. School food service personnel were identified as key stakeholders in the successful implementation of the LFLS guidelines. Furthermore, these findings emphasize an important role the food and beverage industry will have in providing foods and beverages that meet proposed nutrient and portion guidelines.
Morphology and correction of distal tibial valgus deformities
Authors: Jaeger G. H. , Marcellin‐Little D. J. , Ferretti A. 
Published: August 2010

Objectives:To characterise distal tibial valgus deformities in dogs through physical examination and radiographic evaluation.Methods:In a clinical study of 16 client‐owned dogs, twelve unilateral and four bilateral distal tibial valgus deformities were evaluated using palpation and radiographs. The origin and amplitude of angulation, rotation and length deficits if present were measured. Radiographically, fibular length and position in relation to the tibia was compared in affected and clinically normal limbs. The dimensions of the fibular physes were also compared between clinically normal and affected limbs.Results:Rottweilers and Shetland sheepdogs were overrepresented. Valgus deformities ranged from 16° to 48° (median, 32°) in affected and from 0° to 13° (median, 6°) in contralateral, clinically normal limbs. Fibular length, fibular position relative to the tibia or physeal dimensions were not statistically different between affected and clinically normal limbs.ConclusionandClinicalRelevance:Many distal tibial valgus deformities in dogs are a uniplanar deformity without concurrent craniocaudal or rotational changes or length deficits. A growth cessation in the fibula does not appear to be responsible for the development of the deformity.
Indications, outcomes and complications following lateral thoracotomy in dogs and cats
Authors: Moores A. L. , Halfacree Z. J. , Baines S. J. , Lipscomb V. J. 
Published: August 2010

Objectives:Lateral thoracotomy is widely used for surgical management of thoracic diseases in small animals. The purpose of this paper is to describe the indications for lateral thoracotomy in dogs and cats and the associated outcomes and complications.Methods:Medical records of animals undergoing lateral thoracotomy were reviewed and owners contacted regarding complications and survival. Relationships between signalment and treatment variables and outcome variables were investigated.Results:Seventy dogs and 13 cats underwent lateral thoracotomy. Sixty‐two per cent of cats and 91 per cent of dogs survived to discharge. Survival to discharge was significantly lower in cats than dogs, for neoplastic than non‐neoplastic disease and in older animals. Survival to discharge was higher in animals undergoing patent ductus arteriosus ligation than in those undergoing lung lobectomy or oesophageal surgery. Survival to discharge was not related to surgeon experience. The incidence of complications was not related to species, age, disease, duration of surgery, surgeon experience or duration of thoracostomy tube placement. A low complication rate (5 per cent) was associated with thoracostomy tubes.ClinicalSignificance:The approach of lateral thoracotomy has a minimal complication rate and animals with a disease requiring this approach have a high survival rate.
White and Green Teas (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis): Variation in Phenolic, Methylxanthine, and Antioxidant Profiles
Authors: Unachukwu Uchenna J. , Ahmed Selena , Kavalier Adam , Lyles James T. , Kennelly Edward J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Recent investigations have associated white teas with anti‐carcinogenic, immune‐boosting, and antioxidative properties that may impact human health in a manner comparable to green teas. An in‐depth chemical analysis of white tea types was conducted to quantify polyphenols and antioxidant potential of 8 commercially available white teas, and compare them to green tea. Extraction and HPLC protocols were optimized and validated for the quantification of 9 phenolic and 3 methylxanthine compounds to examine inter‐ and intra‐variation in white and green tea types and subtypes. A sampling strategy was devised to assess various subtypes procured from different commercial sources. Variation in antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC) of both tea types was further assessed by the 1‐1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Folin–Ciocalteau (F–C) assays, respectively. Total catechin content (TCC) for white teas ranged widely from 14.40 to 369.60 mg/g of dry plant material for water extracts and 47.16 to 163.94 mg/g for methanol extracts. TCC for green teas also ranged more than 10‐fold, from 21.38 to 228.20 mg/g of dry plant material for water extracts and 32.23 to 141.24 mg/g for methanol extracts. These findings indicate that statements suggesting a hierarchical order of catechin content among tea types are inconclusive and should be made with attention to a sampling strategy that specifies the tea subtype and its source. Certain white teas have comparable quantities of total catechins to some green teas, but lesser antioxidant capacity, suggesting that white teas have fewer non‐catechin antioxidants present.Practical Application:  In this investigation white and green teas were extracted in ways that mimic common tea preparation practices, and their chemical profiles were determined using validated analytical chemistry methods. The results suggest certain green and white tea types have comparable levels of catechins with potential health promoting qualities. Specifically, the polyphenolic content of green teas was found to be similar to certain white tea varieties, which makes the latter tea type a potential substitute for people interested in consuming polyphenols for health reasons. Moreover, this study is among the first to demonstrate the effect subtype sampling, source of procurement, cultivation, and processing practices have on the final white tea product, as such analysis has previously been mostly carried out on green teas.
Trait‐specific effects of habitat isolation on carabid species richness and community composition in managed grasslands
Authors: WAMSER SABINE , DIEKÖTTER TIM , BOLDT LUISE , WOLTERS VOLKMAR , DAUBER JENS 
Published: August 2010

Abstract.1. Isolation of natural and semi‐natural habitats, a consequence of increasing management intensification, has been identified as a major threat to the diversity of many taxa in agricultural landscapes. Yet, it is increasingly apparent that the effects of habitat isolation vary not only among distantly but also closely related taxa, depending on their respective ecological traits.2. We studied the effects of habitat isolation on carabid beetles with different dispersal potential in common perennial grasslands. The grasslands belonged to three isolation classes: (i) situated in a continuous belt of grasslands, (ii) in an arable matrix but connected to the continuous belt via corridors or (iii) completely isolated in the arable matrix.3. Neither total carabid species richness nor richness of carabids with high dispersal potential was affected by habitat isolation. In contrast, richness of carabid species with low dispersal potential was more than two times lower in isolated than in continuous grasslands. Communities of isolated sites were characterised by species with high dispersal potential whereas species with low dispersal potential were associated with continuous or well connected grasslands.4. Our results revealed trait‐specific responses of carabids to habitat isolation and highlight the need for considering these differences when predicting effects of landscape structure on carabid diversity. Grassy corridors seemed to assist the dispersal of carabids with low dispersal potential, thereby allowing these species to persist also in non‐continuous but connected habitats. Thus, corridors represent a suitable measure to maintain the diversity of carabids in spatially structured grasslands in agricultural landscapes.
Survey of the level of anti‐HBs antibody titer in vaccinated Iranian general dentists
Authors: Alavian Seyed‐Moayed , Izadi Morteza , Zare Ali‐Akbar , Lankarani Maryam Moghani , Assari Shervin , Vardi Mohammad‐Mahdi 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTHepatitis B is an infectious disease to which dentists are susceptible. The main aim of this study was to determine the level of antibody titer and immunity in vaccinated Iranian general dentists. A total of 861 general dentists were invited to participate in this study; 598 persons who could recall their history of vaccination and consented to have blood samples taken were recruited. Demographic and work‐related data were recorded, and anti‐Hepatitis B surface antigen (anti‐HBs‐Ag) evaluations were measured using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Of the 598 participants, 35 (5.9%) were nonimmune (anti‐HBs <10 IU/l), 101 (16.9%) were relatively immune (anti‐HBs = 10–99 IU/l), and 462 (77.3%) were completely immune (anti‐HBs ≥100 IU/l). Only 218 (36.5%) of the dentists knew their HBs antibody titer. Fourteen (2.3%) persons reported receiving one dose and 65 (10.9%) had received two doses. The number of those who had received the three recommended doses totaled 519 (86.8%), 491 (82.1%) of them receiving their vaccine on schedule. Age, city, pack‐years of smoking, years of smoking, and the interval between the last vaccination and the commencement of the study had a significant relationship to the antibody titer level, whereas sex, marital status, place of practice, smoking, and vaccination schedule were not related. Only 36.5% of the general dentists had checked their antibody titer. We, therefore, recommend that dentists, as a potential high‐risk group, should know their level of anti‐HBs antibody titer so that those who require revaccination can get treatment.
Geochemistry of Platinum Group and Rare Earth Elements of the Polymetallic Layer in the Lower Cambrian, Weng'an, Guizhou Province
Authors: FU Yong , WU Chaodong , GUAN Ping , QU Wenjun , CHEN Jiafu 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The black shales of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Weng'an, on the Yangtze platform of south China, contain voluminous polymetallic sulfide deposits. A comprehensive geochemical investigation of trace, rare earth, and platinum group elements (PGE) has been undertaken in order to discuss its ore genesis and correlation with the tectono‐depositional setting. The ore‐bearing layers enrich molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), lead (Pb), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), uranium (U), arsenic (As), and rare earth elements (REE) in abundance. High uranium/thorium (U/Th) ratios (U/Th>1) indicated that mineralization was mainly influenced by the hydrothermal process. The δU value was above 1.9, showing a reducing sedimentary condition. The REE patterns showed high enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE) (heavy rare earth elements (HREE) (LREE/HREE=5–17), slightly negative europium (Eu) and cerium (Ce) anomalies (δEu=0.81–0.93), and positive Ce anomalies (δCe=0.76–1.12). PGE abundance was characterized by the PGE‐type distribution patterns, enriching platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), ruthenium (Ru) and osmium (Os). The Pt/Pd ratio was 0.8, which is close to the ratios of seawater and ultramafic rocks. All of these geochemical features suggest that the mineralization was triggered by hydrothermal activity in an extensional setting in the context of break‐up of the Rodinian supercontinent.
Rheological Properties of Fractal Deformation in Multilayer Folds
Authors: HOU Guiting 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The fractal dimensions of folds are related to layer thickness and viscosity of the multilayer. This paper discusses how the thickness, viscosity, and anisotropic degree affect the rheological deformation of fractal folds in multilayers. The number of layers, their thicknesses, viscosities, and anisotropic degree of multilayers cooperate to affect the rheological deformation of folds, which is not controlled by a single rheological factor. A greater anisotropic degree of multilayers is favorable to develop the more complex and disharmonious fractal folds.
Biodiversity and Sequence of the Middle Triassic Panxian Marine Reptile Fauna, Guizhou Province, China
Authors: JIANG Dayong , MOTANI Ryosuke , HAO Weicheng , RIEPPEL Olivier , SUN Yuanlin , TINTORI Andrea , SUN Zuoyu , SCHMITZ Lars 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The Middle Triassic Panxian fauna is a physical marker and representative record of the rapid recovery of the Triassic marine ecosystem following the Early Triassic stagnant stage after the end‐Permian mass extinction. Ten marine reptile taxa have been found from the 1.82–2.10 m‐thick fossiliferous level in the Upper Member of the Guanling Formation, which can be subdivided into three marine reptile beds through the analysis on the stratigraphic distributions of fossil reptiles. The Lower Reptile Bed yields the sauropterygians Placodus inexpectatus Jiang et al., 2008 and Lariosaurus hongguoensis Jiang et al., 2006, the ichthyopterygians Xinminosaurus catactes Jiang et al., 2008 and Phalarodon cf. Phalarodon fraasi Merriam, 1910, associated with Mixosaurus panxianensis Jiang et al., 2006, representing a stage of predominance of durophagous taxa. In this bed, the large complete skeletons may reach up to 2.3 m in length, and lithofacies and chemostratigraphic analyses indicate a relatively deep carbonate platform with an oxic water environment near the bottom, as well as a rising sea level. The Middle Reptile Bed yields the sauropterygian Nothosaurus yangjuanensis Jiang et al., 2006 and the archosaur Qianosuchus mixtus Li et al., 2006, associated with Mixosaurus panxianensis Jiang et al., 2006. The fossils in this bed are characterized by its pincering dentition and large overall body size, with the largest possibly exceeding 3 m in length. This bed might represent a time of deepest basin with relatively anoxic condition near the bottom. The Upper Reptile Bed yields the sauropterygians Wumengosaurus delicatomandibularis Jiang et al., 2008, Keichousaurus sp., the protorosaur Dinocephalosaurus orientalis Li, 2003, and the ichthyopterygian Mixosaurus panxianensis Jiang et al., 2006. In this bed, reptilian taxa characterized by suction feeding appeared, and most are less than 1 m long. This bed corresponds to a period of decreasing water depth.
A Middle–Upper Devonian Boundary Section in the Open Platform, Platform Margin Facies of Guilin, South China
Authors: LI Hua , MA Xueping , WEI Longming 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The Caiziyan Middle and Upper Devonian boundary section is located approximately 30 km northeast of Guilin. It hosts relatively abundant benthic and common‐rare pelagic fossils, including brachiopods, corals, tentaculites, and conodonts, which may serve as a better suitable section for pelagic and neritic stratigraphic correlation. In this section, 10 “standard” conodont zones are recognized across the Givetian–Frasnian boundary, including, in descending order, the Lower hassi Zone, punctata Zone, transitans Zone, the Upper falsiovalis Zone, the Lower falsiovalis Zone, disparilis Zone, the Upper hermanni–cristatus Zone, the Lower hermanni–cristatus Zone, the Upper varcus Zone, and the Middle varcus Zone, all of which are defined by the first occurrence of their defining conodont species. The Middle–Upper Devonian (Givetian–Frasnian) boundary is defined by the first occurrence of Ancyrodella pristina in accordance with the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP), which is assigned at 6.2m above the base of bed 19 in the Caiziyan section.
Evaluating the Provenance of Metasedimentary Rocks of the Jiangxian Group from the Zhongtiao Mountain Using Whole‐Rock Geochemistry and Detrital Zircon Hf Isotope
Authors: LI Qiugen , CHEN Xu , LIU Shuwen , WANG Zongqi , ZHOU Yingkui , ZHANG Jian , WANG Tao 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:In this study, whole‐rock geochemical and Nd isotopic data, as well as detrital zircon Hf isotopes of Palaeoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks from the Jiangxian Group are presented to evaluate the characteristics of their provenance and the tectonic history. The major and trace element compositions are comparable to Post‐Archean upper continental crust (PA‐UCC), but have slight enrichment in the LILE, with the exception of Cs and Sr, and a slight depletion in ferromagnesian elements, HFS elements, such as Nb and Ta, and some major elements, such as CaO and Na2O. The geochemical data reveal that the collected metasedimentary rocks have experienced intermediate source weathering with chemical index of alteration values ranging from 72 to 78, varying degrees of K‐metasomatism, and post‐depositional loss of Na, as well as negligible sorting, and are derived from the weathering of mostly felsic and non‐mafic rocks. The selected Lu–Hf isotopic analysis on detrital zircon points to both the Trans‐North China Orogen and Eastern Block of the north China craton as the most likely sources for the metasedimentary rocks of the Jiangxian Group. However, a contribution of detritus from the Western Block of the north China craton can be ruled out. The sediments were probably deposited in a back‐arc basin within an active continental margin setting.
Two Zosterophyll Plants from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) Xitun Formation of Northeastern Yunnan, China
Authors: XUE Jinzhuang 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Two zosterophyll plants are described from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) Xitun Formation of Qujing, Yunnan, China. Xitunia spinitheca gen. et sp. nov. has stalked sporangia laterally attached on the axis in a helical arrangement. Sporangia are dorsoventrally flattened and composed of two unequal valves; the adaxial valve is round in face view, while the abaxial valve is larger than the former, triangular or wedge‐shaped, and radially bears long spiny appendages along the distal margin. Xitunia shows new variation of sporangial morphology within the zosterophylls. Zosterophyllum minorstachyum sp. nov. has K‐shaped branchings at the basal parts and small‐sized terminal spikes, which consist of round to elliptical sporangia arranged helically. This paper provides new data on the diversity of plant types during Lochkovian when rare vascular plants were reported. As for various species of Zosterophyllum in South China, their apparent evolutionary trend of features from the Late Silurian to Early Devonian (Emsian) is discussed.