bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Class II Restorations with Margins below the CEJ
Authors: KANCA III JOHN , GREITZER GERALD 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIntroduction:  Historically, Class II restorations using resin composite with margins below the dentino‐enamel junction (dej) have fared poorly in investigations, exhibiting significant dye penetration along the marginal interfaces. In all reports located by the authors the gingival margins of sub‐CEJ restorations have been finished, even though in actual practice this is not feasible in the vast majority of cases.Purpose:  The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of finishing on gingival margins located below the cemento‐enamel junction of Class II resin composite restorations.Materials and Methods:  Class II resin composite restorations with margins below the dej were placed in 40 extracted human molars using a dentin‐enamel adhesive, a flowable resin composite, and a universal microhybrid resin composite restorative material. In all groups the adhesive was light activated for ten seconds and the restorative resin composite was light activated for ten seconds. The flowable increments were 1 mm in thickness and the restorative resin composite increments were 2 mm in thickness. In groups 1, 3, and 4 the flowable was light activated for ten seconds while in group 2 the flowable was light activated for 40 seconds. In groups 1, 2, and 4 the sub‐CEJ margins were finished withfinishing discs while in group 3 the sub‐CEJ margins were unfinished. In group 4 the dentin adhesive was reapplied following finishing procedures. All groups were immersed in dye for 24 hours.Results:  The two groups in which the margins were finished exhibited varying degrees of dye penetration. There was no dye penetration in the unfinished and the resealed groups.Conclusions:  It was concluded that the finishing procedure itself causes damage to the resin‐dentin interface, which allows dye penetration to occur. This could potentially explain why resin adhesive materials have fared so poorly in Class II in vitro investigations, which is not the common clinical experience.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEIt is likely that, in clinical situations in which high‐quality materials are used properly, Class II restorations with margins below the CEJ perform better than is indicated by research. In most clinical situations it is not feasible to finish Class II margins below the CEJ. However in those cases in which access is available to finish Class II margins on dentin, resealing with the adhesive is highly recommended.
Effects of Glass Fiber Layering on the Flexural Strength of Microfill and Hybrid Composites
Authors: ERONAT NESRIN , CANDAN ÜMIT , TÜRKÜN MURAT 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTStatement of the Problem:  In stress‐bearing cavities, low fracture resistance adversely affects the longevity of the dental resin composite restorations.Purpose:  The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of glass fiber layering on the flexural strength of microfill and hybrid composites.Materials and Methods:  Flexural test specimens (N = 75) were prepared according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 4049 specifications (25 × 2 × 2 mm) by using a standard metallic mold. Materials used and groups were as follows (N = 15): group 1: hybrid composite (Clearfil APX, Kuraray Co.Ltd, Osaka, Japan); group 2: microfill composite (Clearfil ST, Kuraray Co.Ltd.); group 3: hybrid + microfill composite; group 4: woven glass fiber (EverstickNet, StickTech Ltd, Turku, Finland) + hybrid composite; group 5: woven glass fiber + microfill composite. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 7 days. Afterward, they were loaded to fracture (1 mm/min) by using a universal testing machine (AG‐50 kNG Shimadzu Co., Kyoto, Japan). Flexural strengths were expressed as maximum flexural load per cross‐sectional area of the specimen. The results were statistically analyzed with Kruskall–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests (p < 0.01).Results:  Significant increases in the flexural strength were found for both hybrid and microfill composites when fiber layering was used (group 1: 78 ± 7 MPa; group 4: 93 ± 4 MPa) (group 2: 42 ± 5 MPa; group 5: 64 ± 4 MPa) (p < 0.01). Flexural strength of fiber‐reinforced hybrid composite was significantly higher than the other groups evaluated (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences in flexural strength between microfill/hybrid combination and fiber‐reinforced microfill composite (p > 0.01).Conclusions:  Glass fiber layering of microfill and hybrid composites presented higher flexural strength, and veneering of hybrid composite with microfill composite increased the resistance of the restoration.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEGlass fiber reinforcement of both hybrid and microfill resin composite materials may be a clinical option in otherwise unfavorable clinical conditions, such as large cavities and/or where bruxism is in present restorative dentistry.
A NUMERICAL APPROACH TO COMPUTE TEXTURAL ATTRIBUTES OF COOKED RICE BY EXTRUSION TESTING
Authors: PARK AERI , LEE SEUNG JU 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT The cooked rice extrusion testing system consisted of a piston disc and a sample container with a pot base insert of one outlet. Sinit (N/m) and Smax (N/m) are the slopes of the force–deformation curve in the packing and compression stages, respectively, and in the original method they are graphically drawn. Here, however, they were numerically computed as the differential of force to distance. The Sinit and Smax from the numerical and drawing methods were compared in terms of data reproducibility and accuracy as described by coefficient of variation (CV) and correlation coefficient (CC), respectively. The numerically computed Sinit and Smax showed lower CV: the new method, 0.03–0.06 and 0.03–0.06; the original method, 0.18–0.39 and 0.03–0.14, respectively. Sinit by the new method showed higher CC with the adhesiveness of the samples: the new method,−0.99; the original method,−0.4. Therefore, the new method proved to be better in data accuracy and reproducibility.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe extrusion test is a practical instrumental method for measuring the textural properties of cooked rice. Nevertheless, its force–deformation curves are difficult to analyze quantitatively. This study attempted to improve the existing method for curve data analysis by applying a numerical method to compute the instrumental parameters. Based on the findings, this new method provided better data reproducibility and accuracy, and in terms of the instrumental parameters, can facilitate the implementation of cooked rice quality control in the field.
WHITE GUAVA FRUIT AND PUREES: TEXTURAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND EFFECT OF THE TEMPERATURE
Authors: SÁNCHEZ CONSTANZA , BLANCO DOMINGO , ORIA ROSA , SÁNCHEZ‐GIMENO ANA C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT This study focuses on the effect of temperature on the rheological properties of white guava puree. The results of the textural analysis on the whole guava as well as the rheological analysis on the puree made from it showed different behaviors depending on whether the fruit was unripened or ripened. A relationship was observed between the textural properties of the whole guava and the rheological parameters of its puree. The behavior of white guava puree was thixotropic and pseudoplastic, and its rheological properties were dependent of the temperature. Its consistency coefficient decreased and its flow behavior index increased with an increase in temperature. Experimental data were fitted by the power law, and the activation energy of the process was calculated from the Arrhenius equation. Oscillation test data showed that the viscoelasticity for the guava puree was also affected by temperature. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSKnowledge of the rheological properties of foods is useful for quality control, and design and evaluation of process equipment. In this study, it has demonstrated the relationship between textural properties of whole white guava fruit and rheological properties of the purees obtained from these fruits.
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: An evidence‐based prevention resource for nurse practitioners
Authors: Trinite Tricia , Loveland‐Cherry Carol , Marion Lucy 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPurpose: To describe the work of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and to encourage nurse practitioners (NPs) to use its evidence‐based recommendations for clinical preventive services.Sources: Evidence reports, recommendation statements, and journal articles published under the auspices of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force since its establishment in 1984.Conclusions: A core competency for NPs working in primary care is knowledge about and provision of appropriate preventive services for their patients. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, an independent panel of experts in prevention and primary care, is an important resource for NPs.Implications for Practice: NPs can use Task Force recommendations to guide their screening, counseling, and preventive medication decisions. They can also educate patients about the missed prevention opportunities related to underuse of effective services and the potential harms of overuse of inappropriate preventive services.
Diarrhea A to Z: America to Zimbabwe
Authors: Spies Lori A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPurpose: To review international statistics on the morbidity and mortality of diarrhea, pathophysiology, global incidence, and implications for the clinical practice of nurse practitioners (NPs).Data sources: Selective review of literature.Conclusions: Because of ever‐increasing international travel, immigration, and rising awareness of global health issues, NPs must be current on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diarrhea.Implications for Practice: Increased awareness of diarrhea as a significant international health issue mandates that NPs counsel clients who travel to high‐risk areas about preventive measures to avoid exposure or manage symptoms while traveling. Guidelines for evidence‐based treatments of diarrheal illness are widely available and should be followed.
Teen Perceptions of Facilitator Characteristics in a School‐Based Smoking Cessation Program
Authors: Jarrett Traci , Horn Kimberly , Zhang Jianjun 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTBackground:  Facilitators are often responsible for the implementation of public health programs, yet little is known about how they influence outcomes. Not‐On‐Tobacco (N‐O‐T) is a youth smoking‐cessation program implemented by trained facilitators. The purpose of this study was to investigate teens’ perceptions of facilitator characteristics and the relationship between those perceptions and program outcomes.Methods:  Data were collected from N‐O‐T participants aged 14 to 19 who completed a survey about perceptions of facilitator characteristics that were linked to program outcomes 3 months post‐baseline (n = 769). Eight facilitator characteristics were ordered, based on importance to participants. Chi‐square tests measured differences in perceptions of facilitator characteristics according to race and sex, and an aggregate facilitator favorability score was created and analyzed in relation to program outcomes (smoking reduction or cessation vs increase/no change). Logistic regression was used to analyze facilitator characteristics’ relationship to outcomes, controlling for race and sex.Results:  Participants rated facilitator characteristics of trustworthy, cares about students, and confidential as most important. Girls consistently ranked facilitator characteristics as more important than did boys. There were few significant differences based on race, except that white students rated nonjudgmental to be more important than did nonwhite students. There were no significant findings from the logistic regression, but there was a significant relationship between the aggregate facilitator favorability score and favorable changes in smoking outcomes (reduction or cessation).Conclusions:  This study provides insights into the facilitator characteristics that are important to teen participants. It demonstrates that teens’ overall perceptions of facilitators contribute to their perception of how the program contributes to their success and program outcomes.
Riegel v. Medtronic, Inc.: Revisiting Pre-Emption for Medical Devices
Authors: Patsner Bruce 
Published: June 2009

The pre-emption doctrine as applied to food and drug law argues that manufacturers whose products gain Food and Drug Administration (FDA) marketing approval are immune from tort liability in state court solely on the basis of their FDA approval. This pre-emption protection applies both to claims of direct damages caused by the product and as well as indirect (failure to warn/labeling) damages claims.The recent 8-1 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Riegel v. Medtronic, Inc. upheld the manufacturer’s contention that the pre-emption provision in the 1976 Medical Device Amendments of 1976 (MDA) to the 1938 Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) completely precluded civil damages suits by injured plaintiffs in state court. Justice Ginsburg was the lone dissenter.
Legal Preparedness for Obesity Prevention and Control
Authors: Mensah George A. 
Published: June 2009

Acommon theme throughout the greatest public health achievements of the 20th century is the importance of law. From the seminal successes in immunizations and motor vehicle safety to the recognition and control of tobacco as a health hazard, laws have been invaluable. More recently in this century, laws have been fundamental in public health preparedness to address environmental disasters and terrorist threats. In fact, the first National Summit on Legal Preparedness in 2007 focused on these “urgent threats.” It only seemed natural that the second summit would focus on the “urgent realities” posed by the continuing epidemic of obesity — an epidemic that directly attacks our children’s health and drains our nation’s wealth.Recognized worldwide as an energy imbalance resulting from excess caloric intake and reduced energy expenditure, obesity contributes to diabetes, heart disease, other multiple chronic diseases, impaired quality of life, and premature mortality.
Legal Preparedness for Obesity Prevention and Control: A Framework for Action
Authors: Monroe Judith A. , Collins Janet L. , Maier Pamela S. , Merrill Thomas , Benjamin Georges C. , Moulton Anthony D. 
Published: June 2009

The Proceedings of the National Summit on Legal Preparedness for Obesity Prevention and Control is based on a two-part conceptual framework composed of public health and legal perspectives. The public health perspective comprises the six target areas and intervention settings that are the focus of the obesity prevention and control efforts of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).This paper presents the legal perspective. Legal preparedness in public health is the underpinning of the framework for the four “assessment” papers and the four “action” papers that are integral to the application of public health law to any particular health issue. In addition, this paper gives real-world grounding to the legal framework through examples that illustrate the four core elements of legal preparedness in public health that are at work in obesity prevention and control.
Legal Preparedness for Obesity Prevention and Control: The Structural Framework and the Role of Government
Authors: Kouzoukas Demetrios L. 
Published: June 2009

This paper discusses the relationship between obesity, law, and public health preparedness as well as the relevant roles of public health practitioners, policymakers, and lawyers. Each group believes they have a unique role in this relationship although there can be overlap and/or lack of clarity as to what that role may be.The role of the lawyer in the public policy process is to identify relevant legal issues, to analyze them and give advice on the risks of taking a given action, and to communicate legal advice in a clear manner. Simply put, the lawyer’s role is to dive deep into the law surrounding the topic at hand and to offer advice regarding the permissible limits of policymakers’ options and the associated risks.
Improving Legal Competencies for Obesity Prevention and Control
Authors: Fleischhacker Sheila , Ammerman Alice , Perdue Wendy Collins , Miles Joan , Roller Sarah , Silver Lynn , Soronen Lisa , Van de Putte Leticia 
Published: June 2009

This paper is one of four interrelated papers resulting from the National Summit on Legal Preparedness for Obesity Prevention and Control (Summit) convened in June 2008 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and the American Society of Law, Medicine, Ethics. Each of the papers deals with one of the four core elements of legal preparedness: (1) laws and legal authorities for public health practitioners; (2) legal competencies public health practitioners and legal and policy decision makers need for use of these laws and authorities; (3) crossdisciplinary and cross-jurisdiction coordination of law-based public health actions; and (4) information on public health law best practices. Collectively, they are referenced as the “white papers.”Our purpose is to offer action options that will help to improve the legal competencies of public health practitioners and policy decision makers with respect to drafting, interpreting.
Die „X‐Komponente“ in Schanghais Reformen der sozialen Sicherheit
Authors: Davies Gloria , Nielsen Ingrid , Nyland Chris , Smyth Russell , Zhu Cherrie , Zhu Judith 
Published: June 2009

AuszugIm Jahr 2003 startete das Amt für Arbeit und soziale Sicherheit von Schanghai das zhenbao (Stadtversicherungs‐)Programm, das nun unter dem Namen 25 plus X bekannt ist. Dieses System gilt als wichtiges Experiment in der Reform der sozialen Sicherheit und wird gelobt, weil es die soziale Sicherheit auf Bereiche ausweitet, in denen vorher nur gewisse Segmente der Bevölkerung obligatorischem Schutz unterstanden. Gestützt auf die Daten von 103 000 Personen, die in 25 plus X Mitglied sind, untersuchen wir, inwieweit das System eine Ausweitung der Deckung durch die soziale Sicherheit bedeutet. Unsere Analyse lässt vermuten, dass es zwar für einige zu einer Ausweitung der Leistungen, für viele aber eine erhebliche Verwässerung der Leistungen bedeutet.
Beweggründe, von einem Rentensystem mit individuellen Konten zu einem umlagefinanzierten Rentensystem zu wechseln: Belege aus Argentinien
Authors: D'Elia Vanesa Valeria 
Published: June 2009

AuszugVor der kürzlich erfolgten Einführung des Argentinischen Integrierten Altersvorsorgesystems (Sistema Integrado Previsional Argentino, SIPA) stellte die Reform von 2007 die erste große Veränderung des argentinischen sozialen Altersvorsorgesystems seit 1994 dar. Zum ersten Mal konnten sich Arbeitnehmer frei entscheiden, vom privaten System mit festgelegten Beiträgen und individuellen Konten zum staatlichen umlagefinanzierten System zu wechseln. In dieser Studie sollen die speziellen Merkmale der Personen ermittelt werden, die den Wechsel zum staatlichen umlagefinanzierten System gewählt haben, und es soll untersucht werden, ob ihr Verhalten mit dem eines „simulierten Arbeitnehmers“übereinstimmt, der sich bemüht, sein Alterseinkommen zu optimieren. Die Analyse umfasst auch eine Schätzung der Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass Personen mit bestimmten Merkmalen den Wechsel vollziehen werden.
Geschlechterspezifische Wirkung der nationalen Rentenreformen in der Republik Korea
Authors: An Mi‐young 
Published: June 2009

AuszugDer vorliegende Artikel untersucht die geschlechterspezifische Wirkung der Reform des nationalen Rentensystems (NR) in der Republik Korea. Im Jahr 2007 führte die koreanische Regierung ein einkommensabhängiges Altersgrundrentensystem mit pauschalen Grundrenten ein. Zugleich wurde die Anrechnung von Zeiten der Kinderbetreuung für Rentenansprüche eingeführt und die Anspruchsvoraussetzungen für Geschiedene und Witwen und Witwer geändert. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Auswirkungen dieser neuen Politik auf Personen mit kürzeren Erwerbsbiografien und niedrigeren Löhnen, auf Hinterbliebene und auf die in Korea traditionelle Rolle der Familie im Sozialschutz. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Reformen einige positive Aspekte haben. Aber auch nach den Reformen erhalten Personen mit höherem Verdienst und einer ununterbrochenen Erwerbsbiografie mehr — beides Kriterien, die häufiger auf männliche Arbeitnehmer zutreffen. Ferner ist die wichtige Rolle der Familie für die Einkommenssicherung weiterhin stark in den Bestimmungen verankert, und der Schutz für Hinterbliebene bleibt schwach.
Identifying and reducing inadequacies in flood warning processes: an Australian perspective
Authors: Keys C. , Cawood M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFloods are a serious threat to life, property and infrastructure in Australia, and accordingly there has been a strong focus on the development of flood warning services. These are provided by the Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology in conjunction with emergency management agencies and councils of local government. Often there are performance shortfalls in the provision of warnings of impending floods, and community criticism is common. This paper argues that most of the weaknesses in Australian flood warning practice are ‘cultural’ (that is, pertaining to the ways in which agencies operate) rather than ‘technical’ (resulting from deficiencies in data management or analysis). The paper makes a number of suggestions designed to overcome these deficiencies.
Effect of Thyroxine Supplementation on Glomerular Filtration Rate in Hypothyroid Dogs
Authors: Gommeren K. , Van Hoek I. , Lefebvre H.P. , Benchekroun G. , Smets P. , Daminet S. 
Published: June 2009

Background: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is decreased in humans with hypothyroidism, but information about kidney function in dogs with hypothyroidism is lacking.Hypothesis: Hypothyroidism influences GFR in dogs. The objective of this study was to assess GFR in hypothyroid dogs before implementation of thyroxine supplementation and after re‐establishing euthyroidism.Animals: Fourteen hypothyroid dogs without abnormalities on renal ultrasound examination or urinalysis.Methods: Blood pressure and GFR (measured by exogenous creatinine clearance) were measured before treatment (T0, n = 14) and at 1 month (T1, n = 14) and at 6 months (T6, n = 11) after beginning levothyroxine supplementation therapy (20 μg/kg/d, PO). The response to therapy was monitored at T1 by measuring serum total thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations. If needed, levothyroxine dosage was adjusted and reassessed after 1 month. Statistical analysis was performed using a general linear model. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.Results: At T0, the average age of dogs in the study group was 6.3 ± 1.4 years. Their average body weight decreased from 35 ± 18 kg at T0 to 27 ± 14 kg at T6 (P < .05). All dogs remained normotensive throughout the study. GFR increased significantly with levothyroxine supplementation; the corresponding results were 1.6 ± 0.4 mL/min/kg at T0, 2.1 ± 0.4 at T1, and 2.0 ± 0.4 at T6 (P < .01).Conclusion: GFR was <2 mL/min/kg in untreated hypothyroid dogs. Re‐establishment of a euthyroid state increased GFR significantly.