bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Year 1848 in German History: Reflections on a Centenary
Authors: Meinecke Friedrich 
Published: August 2009

The popular uprising of the March Days of 1848 in Berlin, superficially viewed, remained an episode, and the men who were fighting for progress along various lines failed, and were bound to fail, in their aims. The German revolution, said Friedrich Engels in his instructive articles of 1851–52 (which he published in America above the signature of Karl Marx), was a necessity, but its temporary suppression was similarly unavoidable. We shall still have to substantiate this, but must turn our gaze first upon the Berlin revolution, and upon the positive comment which it may offer for our contemporary historical situation. Yet for this too it is necessary to search somewhat deeper.We must set before ourselves today more sharply than before, the problem of critical alternatives in the history of Germany, in order to gain a deeper insight into the infinitely complex web of her dark destiny. The natural task of Germany in the nineteenth century was not only to achieve unification, but also to trasmute the existing authoritarian state (Obrigkeitsstadt) into commonwealth (Gemeinschaftsstaat). To that end, the monarchial-authoritarian structure had to be made elastic—if possible, through peaceful reform—so that the result would be an active and effective participation of all strata of society in the life of the state.
Burke and Natural Rights
Authors: Kirk Russell 
Published: August 2009

Edmund Burke was at once a chief exponent of the Ciceronian doctrine of natural law and a chief opponent of the “rights of man.” In our time, which is experiencing simultaneously a revival of interest in natural-law theory and an enthusiasm for defining “human rights” that is exemplified by the United Nations' lengthy declaration, Burke's view of the natural juridic order deserves close attention.Unlike Bolingbroke and Hume, whose outward politics in some respects resembled the great Whig statesman's, Burke was a pious man. “The most important questions about the human race Burke answered … from the Church of England's catechism.” He takes for granted a Christian cosmos, in which a just God has established moral principles for man's salvation. God has given man law, and with that law, rights; such, succinctly, is Burke's premise in all moral and juridical questions.
The Jacobin Phrenzy: Federalism and the Menace of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity
Authors: Smelser Marshall 
Published: August 2009

During the first years of the American federal republic, Europe was being overrun by French revolutionary forces and ideas. Nation after nation had fallen to the revolutionaries–first weakened by propaganda and subversive organizations, then subdued by soldiery, finally converted into subordinate allies. Watching these successes, some Americans feared that the Atlantic was too narrow to keep revolutionary arms and ideology away. Indeed, the ideology seemed already to permeate the country.American relations with the successful French nation had become tense and strained shortly after France and Britain went to war in 1793. Many people thought the country had been needlessly endangered by mismanagement of our foreign relations in such a way as to antagonize an otherwise friendly French government. Others thought the United States had been imperilled by too great a toleration of pro-French and revolutionary elements among us, who concealed diabolical designs against American security underneath their very vocal admiration for liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Philosophy and Law: Leo Strauss as a Student of Medieval Jewish Thought
Authors: Fradkin Hillel 
Published: August 2009

Even a casual glance at the list of Leo Strauss's writings devoted in whole or in part to medieval Jewish texts is sufficient to make clear that in any ordinary sense he left a substantial legacy to this field of study. They include two books, Philosophy and Law and Persecution and the Art of Writing, the monograph length essay which serves as the introduction to the English translation of Maimonides' Guide of the Perplexed done by Shlomo Pines and a number of articles.Moreover it is relatively clear that his study of these texts form an important part of his legacy as such. They remained important to his inquiries through his long scholarly career and do not belong only to one phase. Several of the articles devoted to such texts, he chose to republish in subsequent volumes concerned with major themes of his work. More important still, even towards the end of his life when his work was largely devoted to classical Greek texts, medieval Jewish texts continued to play some important role. The last work planned by Strauss, Studies on Platonic Philosophy, contains new, albeit short, treatments of Maimonides' Treatise on Logic and his Letter on Astrology which are the only essays first published in this book.
Communio Ecclesiology and Liberalism
Authors: Schindler David L. 
Published: August 2009

I. I begin with a discussion of Father Michael Baxter's reflections on my Heart of the World, Center of the Church (HWCC). I am deeply grateful for the evident care and thoroughness with which he read the book, and can suggest here only the beginning of a reply to his serious questions.Appropriately for the audience of the Review of Politics, Baxter develops his reflections mostly in terms of my argument regarding John Courtney Murray. Granting a basic validity to my critique of Murray, Baxter nonetheless argues that, in the end, my own constructive proposal “gets vague,” and he suspects that “it will turn out not to be substantially different from what has already been proposed by Murray and his successors.”
Powers of sequences and convergence of ergodic averages
Authors: FRANTZIKINAKIS N. , JOHNSON M. , LESIGNE E. , WIERDL M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA sequence (sn) of integers is good for the mean ergodic theorem if for each invertible measure-preserving system (X,ℬ,μ,T) and any bounded measurable function f, the averages (1/N)∑ Nn=1f(Tsnx) converge in the L2(μ) norm. We construct a sequence (sn) which is good for the mean ergodic theorem but such that the sequence (s2n) is not. Furthermore, we show that for any set of bad exponents B, there is a sequence (sn) where (skn) is good for the mean ergodic theorem exactly when k is not in B. We then extend this result to multiple ergodic averages of the form (1/N)∑ Nn=1f1(Tsnx)f2(T2snx)⋯fℓ(Tℓsnx). We also prove a similar result for pointwise convergence of single ergodic averages.
Seed dormancy and germination of three herbaceous perennial desert ephemerals from the Junggar Basin, China
Authors: Tang An-jun , Tian Mei-hua , Long Chun-lin 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe purpose of our study was to better understand seed germination ecology of the spring ephemeral herbaceous perennials,Ixiolirion tataricum,Tulipa iliensisandScorzonera pusilla, in the temperate desert in the Junggar Basin of northwestern China. Seeds ofI. tataricum,T. iliensisandS. pusillawere dormant at maturity but when subjected to cold, dry (2 months at 4°C) followed by cold, wet ( ≤ 40 days at 4°C) conditions, they germinated to 100%, 96% and 93%, respectively. After 2 months' dry storage at 4°C, seeds germinated to only 11%, 3% and 42%, respectively at 15°C, and no seeds germinated at 30°C. Seeds of the three species were not sensitive to light. Low ( < 12.7%) and high (21.4%) soil moisture contents suppressed germination. In addition, both final germination percentages and rates of the three species decreased dramatically with a decrease in water potential from 0 to − 3.17 MPa. Thus, the low-temperature requirement for dormancy break and germination cues seed germination to occur in early spring when soil moisture is favourable for germination and subsequent seedling establishment.
THE FACE OF A MUSICAL GENIUS: THOMAS HARDY'S PORTRAIT OF JOSEPH HAYDN
Authors: DAVISON ALAN 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTHaydn's first visit to England in 1791 was accompanied by a publicity war waged between his supporters and detractors. The composer's friends were keen to present him as a musical genius while at the same time defending him against what they saw as reactionary criticisms over rules and taste. One such defence was in the form of a portrait by Thomas Hardy, probably the most famous image of the composer. While readily considered today as a matter-of-fact representation of an urbane Georgian gentleman, the portrait is in fact a sophisticated response to contemporary arguments surrounding Haydn, and presents him as an inventive genius of taste and judgment. By the manipulation of portrait conventions, Hardy created a visual representation of the composer analogous to written accounts by supporters such as Charles Burney. Haydn is shown as a man confident in his contribution to musical posterity, and the image reinforces advice from the time that repeated listening to and study of his music was required properly to appreciate it. The portrait has lost its original force as conceptions of genius changed from the early nineteenth century, reflecting a shift in the aesthetics of both music and visual art.
RECONSIDERING AN EARLY EXOTICISM: VIENNESE ADAPTATIONS OF HUNGARIAN-GYPSY MUSIC AROUND 1800
Authors: MAYES CATHERINE 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTWesternized Hungarian-Gypsy music (or the so-called style hongrois) has invariably been described as exotic. Although such a characterization is appropriate for later nineteenth-century compositions, I argue that it is inadequate for many of the earliest Viennese adaptations of Hungarian-Gypsy music. I focus in particular on representative examples from the sphere of Hausmusik, in which early adaptations were most numerous, yet which has received the least scholarly attention. Although these adaptations evoke a foreign place and foreign people through their descriptive titles, they are not, in most instances, exotic in style.
Alterations in cholinergic sensitivity of respiratory neurons induced by pre-natal nicotine: a mechanism for respiratory dysfunction in neonatal mice
Authors: Coddou Claudio , Bravo Eduardo , Eugenín Jaime 
Published: August 2009

Nicotine may link cigarette smoking during pregnancy with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Pre-natal nicotine leads to diminished ventilatory responses to hypercarbia and reduced central chemoreception in mice at post-natal days 0–3. We studied how pre-natal nicotine exposure changes the cholinergic contribution to central respiratory chemoreception in neonatal isolated brainstem–spinal cord and slice preparations.Osmotic minipumps, implanted subcutaneously into 5–7 days pregnant mice, delivered saline or nicotine ditartrate 60 mg kg−1d−1for up to 28 days. In control preparations, acidification of the superfusion medium from pH 7.4 to 7.3 increased the frequency and reduced the amplitude of fictive respiration. In nicotine-exposed neonatal mice, the reduction in amplitude induced by acidification was reduced. In control preparations, atropine suppressed respiratory responses to acidification, while hexamethonium did not. By contrast, in nicotine-exposed preparations, hexamethonium blocked chemosensory responses but atropine did not.Our results indicate that pre-natal nicotine exposure switches cholinergic mechanisms of central chemosensory responses from muscarinic receptors to nicotinic receptors. Modification of the cholinergic contribution to central chemoreception may produce respiratory dysfunctions, as suggested by receptor-binding studies in victims of SIDS.
RNAi in the Red Flour Beetle (Tribolium)
Authors: Posnien Nico , Schinko Johannes , Grossmann Daniela , Shippy Teresa D. , Konopova Barbora , Bucher Gregor 
Published: August 2009

INTRODUCTIONTribolium castaneum is exceptionally amenable to gene knockdown by RNA interference (RNAi) which, in this insect, is systemic (spreading throughout the organism and to the next generation), highly penetrant, and able to phenocopy genetic null phenotypes. Hence, any gene function can be knocked down at any stage in (apparently) all tissues upon injection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The RNAi effect is elicited both in the injected animal and, if female pupae or adults have been injected, transferred to the offspring. Embryonic RNAi (eRNAi) usually generates the strongest phenotypes in the injected individual, but suffers from elevated lethality caused by injection injury. Pupal RNAi (pRNAi), in which female pupae are injected and phenotypes scored in the offspring, is the easiest to perform. However, in some cases, the knockdown of a gene leads to sterility of the injected female. This problem can be circumvented in many cases by injecting adult females (aRNAi) or using eRNAi. In order to interfere with processes during metamorphosis, injection into last-stage larvae is used (lRNAi). Up to two genes in a single experiment have been successfully knocked down via RNAi. The inclusion of more than two genes usually leads to a dilution effect, which lowers phenotypic strength. This protocol describes the production of dsRNA from a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) template, injection procedures for each Tribolium life stage, and important controls for effective analysis.
Analyzing Microarray Data Using WebArray
Authors: Wang Yipeng , McClelland Michael , Xia Xiao-Qin 
Published: August 2009

INTRODUCTIONWebArray is a web platform for microarray data analysis. As an analysis suite designed by bench biologists, WebArray is user-friendly for life scientists without a bioinformatics background. It is simple to use but employs powerful analysis functions. Analysis is based on files uploaded by users. For Affymetrix GeneChip data, intensity files in CEL format can be used. For two-color experiments, WebArray can recognize intensity files generated from many different software packages. WebArray provides functions for data quality control, background correction, normalization, differential analysis, and plotting on a genome map. A user-friendly aspect of WebArray is the fact that users generally do not have to change the default parameters for common experimental designs, so they are usually protected from applying the wrong statistical tools. In most cases, novice users will have no problem finding explanations for file formats or terms in the extensive help system.
Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) Embryonic Transplantation Methods
Authors: Nacu Eugen , Knapp Dunja , Tanaka Elly M. , Epperlein Hans H. 
Published: August 2009

INTRODUCTIONA remarkable feature of axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) is their amenability to grafting at any stage of the lifecycle. The large size, slow development, and tensile properties of the axolotl embryo make it particularly easy to transplant different regions of the embryo at the neurula stage. Grafting of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing tissue from a GFP germline transgenic animal to GFP-negative hosts has proven to be a powerful method for tracking cells during development and regeneration. In the following protocol, we describe the transplantation of epidermis, neural fold, presomitic mesoderm, and lateral plate mesoderm to produce specific labeling of limb epidermis, limb Schwann cells, limb muscle, and limb connective tissue, respectively.
Chromosome Orientation Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (CO-FISH): Figure 1.
Authors: Williams Eli S. , Bailey Susan M. 
Published: August 2009

INTRODUCTIONChromosome orientation fluorescence in situ hybridization (CO-FISH) differs from standard FISH in its ability to make hybridizations strand-specific. The procedure works by culturing cells for a single round of replication in the presence of the thymidine analog 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU), thus incorporating BrdU into the newly synthesized daughter strands. The daughter strands are then specifically removed through nuclease digestion, leaving single-stranded chromosomal DNA, which is an ideal target for hybridization of single-stranded probes. Overall, the effect is to produce single-sided signals. CO-FISH allows the investigator to determine the relative orientation of two or more DNA sequences along a chromosome. With a suitable reference probe (such as a telomere), CO-FISH can also determine the absolute 5′-to-3′ direction of a DNA sequence relative to the short-arm-to-long-arm axis of the chromosome. This protocol describes the CO-FISH procedure, which uses a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe.
Isolation and Cloning of High-Molecular-Weight Metagenomic DNA from Soil Microorganisms
Authors: Liles Mark R. , Williamson Lynn L. , Rodbumrer Jitsupang , Torsvik Vigdis , Parsley Larissa C. , Goodman Robert M. , Handelsman Jo 
Published: August 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe successful construction of large-insert community DNA (i.e., metagenomic) libraries from natural environments is dependent on several parameters, including effective cell lysis, DNA purity, and a high transformation efficiency. One problem associated with constructing metagenomic libraries from soil microbes is the co-isolation of contaminants, leading to the degradation of DNA as a result of nuclease activity. Because the isolation of intact genetic pathways from soil microbes is necessary to characterize their genetic and functional diversity, obtaining high-purity, high-molecular-weight (HMW) DNA for library construction is absolutely critical. This protocol describes the steps for the indirect extraction of bacterial DNA from soil, embedding the DNA in an agarose matrix, using a formamide and high-salt treatment to eliminate nucleases, size-selecting DNA by restriction digestion and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and cloning the HMW DNA into a large-insert vector. The resulting metagenomic libraries contain high-purity, stable, HMW DNA that can be screened for various genetic loci (sequence-based) or phenotypic traits (function-based).
Preparation of Coverslips for Neuronal Cultures
Authors: Albuquerque Cristóvão , Joseph Donald J. , Choudhury Papiya , MacDermott Amy B. 
Published: August 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes methods for preparing glass coverslips to use with three different types of dissociated neuronal cultures: mass culture, microisland culture, and macroisland culture. In mass culture, the entire glass coverslip is precoated with poly-D-lysine and laminin and then plated with astrocytes followed by dissociated neurons. In this system, the plated neurons tend to form an extensive and widespread network of synapses. However, depending on the origin of the neurons, proximity might not be a good predictor of the presence of synapses between any two cells. Microisland culture aims to increase the probability of identifying neurons synaptically connected to each other; its basic principle is to restrict spatially the choice of connections. This is done by plating neurons on astrocyte-seeded collagen dots on a background of a nonadhesive agarose substrate. Synaptic interactions between dorsal horn (DH) neurons or between dorsal-root ganglion (DRG) and DH neurons on the microislands are reliably found using this system, whereas they are much harder to find in mass culture. The macroisland approach is similar, but generates larger islands. It was developed specifically to improve neuronal survival in DRG/DH cocultures while still providing a high probability of connection between DRG and DH neurons. For DH-DH synapses however, microislands are still the best system.
Dissection, Plating, and Maintenance of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons for Monoculture and for Coculture with Dorsal Horn Neurons
Authors: Albuquerque Cristóvão , Joseph Donald J. , Choudhury Papiya , MacDermott Amy B. 
Published: August 2009

INTRODUCTIONDorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons grow readily alone or in coculture with embryonic dorsal horn (DH) neurons and even appear to enhance survival of the DH cells. Furthermore, DRG neurons grow long neurites in the presence of nerve growth factor, forming many glutamatergic synapses onto DH neurons, if present. Otherwise (i.e., in monocultures), no synapses can be detected electrophysiologically. When preparing cocultures, use DRGs already removed from the same embryos used to prepare DH neurons, but after dissecting the dorsal horns; the DRGs are less sensitive to delay in dissection and dissociation, as long as they are left in culture medium. Microisland and mass cultures require different proportions of DRG and dorsal horn neurons. Synaptic interactions in the microisland culture of DRG and DH neurons are more intense than mass culture because the growing, branching DRG axons are confined to a limited area, and thus make many synapses onto each target DH neuron.
Assessing Significance in Genetic Association Studies: Figure 1.
Authors: Daly Mark J. 
Published: August 2009

INTRODUCTIONA critical step in every genetic association study is the estimation of statistical significance. It is on the basis of these estimates, frequently in the form of the traditionalP-value, that most studies attempt to draw a qualitative conclusion regarding the association, or lack of association, of the tested genetic variants. This article introduces basic concepts and fundamental considerations relevant to designing appropriate significance tests and discusses what these tests can and cannot tell us about genetic association.
Varenicline in prevention of relapse to smoking: effect of quit pattern on response to extended treatment
Authors: Hajek Peter , Tønnesen Philip , Arteaga Carmen , Russ Cristina , Tonstad Serena 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTAim  While older behavioural and pharmacological approaches to preventing relapse to smoking show little efficacy, a recent randomized trial of an extended course of varenicline reported positive results. In this secondary analysis, trial data were examined to see whether smokers who manage to achieve abstinence only later in the original course of treatment are more likely to benefit from having the course extended.Methods  A total of 1208 patients abstinent for at least the last week of 12 weeks' treatment with varenicline were randomized to 3 months continued varenicline or placebo. Overall, 44% of the 12‐week abstainers were abstinent from the target quit date (TQD), while the rest stopped smoking later. We examined the relationship between quit pattern and the varenicline versus placebo difference in continuous abstinence rates at week 52 and contributions of baseline patient characteristics.Results  With increasing delay in initial quitting, 12‐month success rates declined. Participants who had their last cigarette at week 11 of open‐label treatment had quit rates at 52 weeks of 5.7% compared with 54.9% in those who last smoked in week 1 [odds ratio (OR) 20.3 (6.3, 65.9); P < 0.0001]. Patients who failed to initiate abstinence in the first week benefited more from extended treatment than patients continuously abstinent from week 1 [OR 1.7 (1.2, 2.4); P = 0.0015 versus OR 1.1 (0.8, 1.5); P = 0.6995, respectively; with the interaction of the quit pattern with treatment effect reaching borderline significance (P = 0.0494)]. No other patient characteristics were related to treatment effect.Conclusions  Compared with smokers who quit smoking on their TQD, those who have an initial delay in achieving sustained abstinence have increased risk of relapse even several months later, and may be more likely to benefit from extended treatment with varenicline.