bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrahigh‐Pressure Liquid Chromatography: An Emerging Technique
Authors: Gilpin Roger K. , Stinson Jelynn , Gilpin Charles S. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
An overview of ultrahigh‐pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) is presented that covers both theoretical and practical aspects of the technique. The push to use higher eluent pressures is the direct result of a new column technology based on the use of smaller diameter separation media and narrower bore diameters in combination with faster linear flow velocities. The topics discussed include the general aspects of the technique, as well as specific information about instrumentation, column design, and nonlinear effects. An important consideration when carrying out UHPLC separations compared to conventional HPLC separations is eluent heating due to compression and decompression heating. In many instances, the amount of heat generated is large and cannot be ignored. Models to predict heating under different operation conditions are discussed.
Scanning Near‐Field Ultrasound Holography
Authors: Avasthy Shraddha , Shekhawat Gajendra , Dravid Vinayak P. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

Nondestructive metrology of nanoscale structures, embedded defects, and buried patterns in microelectronic devices is a daunting challenge. Similarly, noninvasive nanoscale imaging of subcellular components, spatiotemporal transfection of pathogens, and environmental pollutants in a biological cell is an equally formidable problem. Various traditional imaging methods using optics, acoustics, electron beams, X‐rays and the like are either invasive or are incapable of achieving nanoscale lateral resolution. We have developed an innovative scanning near‐field ultrasound holography (SNFUH) approach as a promising solution to this challenge. SNFUH exploits viscoelastic contrast between subsurface structures and matrix for imaging the “
phase
” component of ultrasound scattering. The experimental setup is a modified scanning probe microscopy (SPM) platform, wherein ultrasonic waves are excited at the probe tip and in the sample bulk, using transducers. Ultrasonic plane waves launched from the bottom of the specimen experience perturbations due to changes in viscoelastic properties and/or geometry of the embedded structures. These perturbations are detected and imaged via SNFUH's optoelectronic feedback system. The SNFUH system has already been used to image nanoscale structures in microelectronic and biological specimens, and further development and understanding will considerably aid in the development of nanoscale noninvasive metrology fields.
Kinetic Isotope Effects in Enzymes
Authors: Kohen Amnon , Roston Daniel , Stojković Vanja , Wang Zhen 
Published: December 2010

AbstractKinetic isotope effects (KIEs) have progressed to become one of the most useful analytical techniques to study enzymatic reactions and can answer a variety of questions ranging from the basic mechanism of a reaction to the structure of a transition state (TS) and the role of quantum mechanical tunneling. Here, we briefly discuss the development of the theory behind KIEs with an emphasis on how it guides the interpretation of experimental data. We then present some of the instrumentation and techniques commonly used for KIE experiments, followed by a number of different examples from the enzymology literature wherein KIEs have been used to probe chemical transformations, with an emphasis on the effects of quantum mechanical tunneling on KIEs.
Quality Control and Assurance of Neutron Activation Analysis
Authors: Bode Peter 
Published: December 2010

AbstractQuality assurance is a proactive operation to minimize the probability of errors in an analysis procedure. It also includes quality control, the operation by which the occurrence of errors is inspected once the analysis has been completed. Quality assurance procedures are described for individual steps in neutron activation analysis, namely, preparation of the test portion, selection of analytical protocol, calibration, instrument performance checks, irradiation, decay, measurement, spectrum analysis and interpretation, internal and external quality control, as well as for ensuring the technical competence of the personnel involved. The emphasis is on the procedures for instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), since it is the most widely applied method of neutron activation analysis (NAA).
Dispersive Solid‐Phase (Micro)Extraction
Authors: Cárdenas Aranzana M Soledad 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Dispersive solid‐phase extraction (DSPE) is a sample treatment technique focused on selectivity enhancement. It was conceived as a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe approach for the determination of pesticides in fruits and vegetables. Its applicability in this field as a standard method has been recognized by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The method involves the extraction of the analytes of interest with acetonitrile, the partitioning being promoted by the presence of salts, typically anhydrous sodium sulfate and sodium chloride. After centrifugation, a reduced amount of dispersive sorbent (in the milligram range) is added. The sorbent is selected to preferably interact with the endogenous matrix components rather than with the analytes of interest. In this way, the organic extract is cleaned up, retaining the target compounds in the liquid phase. Instrumental analysis can be done using the organic phase with or without conditioning. Since its publication, several modifications have been introduced in order to extend its applicability to a wide range of sample–analyte binomials. Recently, a miniaturized version of the DSPE technique has been proposed for analytes preconcentration, the compounds being analyzed after their transference to the organic solvent.
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Authors: Arce Lourdes 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIon mobility spectrometry (IMS) is known to be a fast technique for the detection of volatile compounds. In IMS, a gas‐phase sample is ionized using an ionization source. The ions move in a weak electrical field toward a detector. During the drift they collide with a drift gas flowing in the opposite direction. Therefore, they are slowed down depending on their size, shape, and charge. As a result, different ions reach the detector at different drift times, which is a characteristic of the ions considered. The number of ions reaching the detector is a measure of the concentration of the analyte. Ions with greater mobility reach the collector electrode earlier than heavier ions that have a lower mobility. The current induced in the ion collector is an output signal from IMS detector. Its time dependence is calleddrift time spectrum. With regard to electric field direction, it is possible to measure spectra of positive or negative ions.IMS can be manufactured in small, rugged, and portable designs and it has been used in several critical mission circumstances from security screening and military preparedness. Perhaps the most visible are the IMS analyzers that have been deployed in airports around the world to detect traces of explosives in passengers' carry‐on luggage.
Trends in Immunoassay Techniques
Authors: Gómez‐Hens Agustina , Aguilar‐Caballos María Paz 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

This article attempts to provide an overview of different approaches proposed to improve the performance of immunoassay techniques, most of which are used in routine clinical analysis and are finding wide acceptance in other analytical areas, such as environmental and food analysis. The term
immunoassay
here encompasses all the methods that involve the formation of antigen‐antibody complex to attain the separation and/or detection of analytes, including conventional immunoassays, immunosensors, and immunoaffinity techniques. Advances in the production of antibodies, in the availability of new labels, and in the immobilization of immunoreagents, which are allowing the improvement of the selectivity, sensitivity and robustness of these assays, are described. The recent use of different nanomaterials as labels, nanoscaffolds, and separation media in immunoassay techniques is especially emphasized. Also, the development of new approaches to increase the usefulness of immunoassays for multianalyte detection is shown through the different microarray systems proposed. The efforts carried out to miniaturize immunoassays are described by discussing the usefulness of microfluidic systems. Finally, recent achievements in immunoextraction, alone or in combination with other separation techniques, such as liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, are also included.
Customer Equity
Authors: Lemon Katherine N. , Lemon Loren J. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

Customer equity is defined as the total lifetime value of a firm's current and potential customer base. The customer equity (CE) construct can be utilized via both a conceptual framework (CE framework) and a mathematical model (CE model) which will allow a firm to evaluate various marketing initiatives, either conceptually or by a potential‐ROI analysis, in order to create, manage, and grow the firm's CE. The CE framework utilizes three primary elements that drive the creation and dynamic growth of CE:
v
alue, brand, and relationship. With insights derived from the CE framework and CE model, a firm can tailor its marketing efforts to meet unfulfilled customer expectations, and identify and exploit situations in which the firm has a competitive advantage vis‐à‐vis its competitors. This allows the firm to make a more disciplined and informed decision on which marketing initiatives to implement and at what levels.
Competitor Analysis
Authors: Shankar Venkatesh 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Competitor analysis refers to the strategic evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of current and potential competitors for a focal brand in its market(s) or for a focal strategic business unit (SBU) or firm in the corresponding industry(ies). Competitor analysis is part of a marketing plan and can be done at the product‐market level, the SBU level, or the firm level. The main purpose of competitor analysis is to develop business and marketing strategies that are based on sustainable competitive advantage. When applied at the brand level, competitor analysis is useful in deciding whether to launch a new product and in formulating brand‐positioning strategy. A good competitor analysis should include assessments of both current and potential future competitors. The most direct or relevant competitors can be identified based on an analysis of the market structure, which includes such considerations as similarity of served needs, substitutability, cross‐price elasticity, switching costs, and perceptual positions. Competitor analysis is performed at intervals of a year or less. The term, competitor analysis, is used interchangeably with competitive analysis, although competitive analysis typically refers to the assessment of a business situation with a view to develop a sound business or marketing strategy relative to competitors.
Customer Relationship Management
Authors: Kumar V. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Customer relationship management (CRM) refers to building one‐to‐one relationships with customers that can drive value for the firm. This manuscript discusses proven CRM strategies that companies can use as means of effective customer management (CM). The continuing evolution of CM is made possible by understanding the interactive relationships that develop between firms and customers and among customers themselves. Firms will increasingly be able to customize marketing messages to larger target audiences on the basis of the customer's expected response and the customer's value to the firm. By following the CRM strategies discussed here, firms can reduce overall marketing costs, increase overall customer response rates, and, most importantly, increase overall customer and firm profitability.
Customer Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction
Authors: Brown Steven P. , Zahn William 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Customer satisfaction constitutes the conceptual centerpiece of marketing thought and practice. Research on customer satisfaction is briefly reviewed from three distinct perspectives: the philosophical, the psychological, and the managerial. From the philosophical perspective, customer satisfaction is seen as the fundamental objective and purpose of a business. The psychological perspective has been dominated by the disconfirmation of expectations paradigm, and a broadened conceptual framework for psychological models of satisfaction is needed. From the managerial perspective, customer satisfaction is seen as a fundamental requirement for realizing the benefits of retaining current customers. Managerial research on customer satisfaction has demonstrated linkages with an array of financial performance metrics and provided validation for the philosophical idea that delivering satisfaction is the fundamental purpose of a business.
Customer Solutions
Authors: Bharadwaj Sundar G. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Customer solutions are a strategic imperative for firms competing in a business environment that is highly competitive and where current offerings are perceived as commodities. However, a vast majority of firms have failed with their solutions strategy since consumers have perceived such offerings as bundles of products and/or services in the guise of solutions. Drawing on in‐depth research of buyers in firms, this article provides guidelines on (i) designing effective customer solution, (ii) the organizational processes needed, and (iii) the type of customers for whom solutions are appropriate.
Demand Elasticity
Authors: Prasad Ashutosh 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The price elasticity of demand is a well‐established concept with many implications for pricing strategy. This concept together with the interrelated concepts of cross‐price elasticity and income elasticity of demand is covered. First, the price elasticity is defined and several illustrative examples of the same are provided. This is followed by a discussion on the economic theory relating elasticity and optimal pricing in monopoly and competitive markets. Recent empirical findings regarding the determinants of pricing are mentioned. Next, the topic of cross‐price elasticity of demand is introduced and its application to market structure analysis is presented. The article concludes by relating income elasticity to the remaining elasticities.
Ethical Marketing and Marketing Strategy
Authors: Laczniak Gene R. , Murphy Patrick E. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This article begins with a definition of ethical marketing and its relationship to marketing strategy. In the body of this work, seven basic perspectives for the ethical practice of marketing are outlined. Each basic perspective is discussed with reference to the American Marketing Association Statement of Ethics as well as exemplary corporate policies and behaviors that can serve as illustrations of ethical marketing approaches.
Integrated Marketing Communication Strategy
Authors: Villarreal Ricardo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIntegrated marketing communications (IMC) is an organized method of thinking about a brand's overall marketing communications strategy that evolved into a way of thinking in the early 1990s. Although it has its detractors and supporters, academics have identified a number of trends that helped lead to the formulation of a general IMC concept. Additionally, there are identifiable key features, benefits, orientations, and challenges. Despite a lack of consensus on what IMC is and how it should be defined, IMC plays an important role in marketing strategy.
Later Mover (Nonpioneer) Advantage
Authors: Golder Peter N. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Later mover (or nonpioneer) advantage results from the challenges faced by first movers and the associated opportunities created for later movers. First movers face five key disadvantages relative to later entrants: free‐rider effects, technological discontinuities, missing consumers' ideal point, shifting consumer tastes, and incumbent inertia. Rewards for first movers are much lower than reported in studies initially supporting a first‐mover advantage. First movers long‐term survival rate is 36%, average market share is 6%, and market leadership rate is 9%. Overall, both first movers and later entrants should not expect that entry timing alone will be a major factor in either firm's long‐term success. Instead, all firms should focus on persistently developing their new products and new markets, and then relentlessly innovating and pursuing associated market opportunities to capitalize on their past successes.
Disintermediation
Authors: Sisodia Rajendra 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Disintermediation refers to the removal or elimination of existing intermediaries from a supply chain. The purpose in doing so is to be more efficient and effective by reducing costs and serving customers better. Reintermediation refers to the addition of new intermediaries in a supply chain (subsequent to disintermediation typically), with the purpose again being to increase efficiency and effectiveness.
Positioning Analysis and Strategies
Authors: Umesh U. N. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
As the world becomes a globalized economy, billions of people continue to hold on to their individual values and expectations. Firms that cater to these individuals need to position their products and brands to satisfy their specific needs. A single product is unlikely to satisfy the needs of billions of people, suggesting a need for multitudes of offerings by one or more firms. An organization's offering occupies a distinct and valued place in the mind of the customer, relative to competitive offerings. Customers can also be firms that buy from other firms. The challenge to firms is to create a sufficiently broad offering that will be viewed as suitable by a large group of customers so as to achieve economies of scale, rather than creating a separate unit for every single customer. Mispositioned offerings can fail as they will not satisfy the needs of customers, and there are eager competitors waiting in the wings to cater to their specific needs.
Trademarks, Proprietary Marks, and Brands
Authors: Zerrillo Philip C. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

The modern day “brand” is an outgrowth of the trademark as well as the proprietary mark. While the former protected the
makers
of goods from those who would trade‐off of their quality craftsmanship, the latter was used to protect the
owners
of goods and assist in sorting out who had rightful title in cases of shipwreck or piracy. Over time the primary emphasis of brand law has migrated from protecting the consumer from the tort of fraud, toward protecting the assets (brands) of the brand owner.

Brands serve a vital purpose for the modern firm as they distinguish the goods of one seller from those of another, and thus provide a basis for differentiation. This differentiation serves to reduce the importance of price in the customer decision process as the goods or services are not so easily compared. In reducing price sensitivity or, better yet, enhancing the price and volume premiums of the mark owner, the brand has great value to the firm and thus has equity. While brand equity is often a substantial portion of a firm's financial valuation, it must be maintained and cared for by continuous marketing efforts.
Focus Groups and Depth Interviews
Authors: Rook Dennis W. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

Historically, marketers gathered marketplace data through extensive surveying or polling that generated statistical measures of consumers' demographic characteristics, product and media consumption behavior, purchase intentions, and so on. However, the explanatory power of the survey data is limited by its largely descriptive, factual, and somewhat mechanical qualities. The subtler factors that explain why, for example, women like Brand X significantly more than men often lie below the surface and are likely to elude blunt survey instruments with their direct questions, fixed‐format responses, and few degrees of freedom. At around the same time that intellectual grumbling about survey research was gaining momentum in the 1930s, psychological theories, insights, and methods began to migrate into marketing thought and quickly expanded and enriched marketing's domain. No longer wedded so strongly to quantitative survey methodology, various types of what came to be known as
qualitative research
came quickly onto the marketing scene. Within the qualitative research arena, individual marketing researchers designed their studies around talking with and interviewing consumers either on an individual basis or in group discussions. Over time, the former research approach became known as
individual depth interviews
(or
IDIs
) and the latter are most commonly called
focus groups
. This article traces the origins of these two pervasive qualitative methods, identifies their similarities and differences, and discusses current issues that surround their uses in marketing‐research today.
Questionnaire Design
Authors: Agrawal Jagdish 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Conducting surveys by using a questionnaire is a dominant method of collecting data for academic research, for public institutions, and for business organizations. A questionnaire, containing a list of predesigned questions, affects both the quality and quantity of data. A well‐designed questionnaire could motivate respondents to complete the survey and reduce the sampling error by increasing the response rate and, therefore, the sample size of the study. At the same time, it also helps to reduce nonsampling errors arising due to the nature of responses. In other words, a poorly designed questionnaire is likely to make a significant impact on the findings and conclusions of a research study. Therefore, it is very important to follow the best practices of questionnaire design in terms of following certain steps when designing a questionnaire and practicing certain “do's” and “don't's” of questionnaire design. Following the steps of questionnaire design beginning from the identification of data needed to the last step of pilot testing of the questionnaire will increase the likelihood of getting quality data in the desired quantity. Designing a good survey essentially requires keeping the interests of both the researcher and the respondents in mind.
Sampling Techniques
Authors: Kamakura Wagner A. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Marketing researchers are seldom able to study the entire population of target consumers, and must therefore draw inferences about the population from a sample. To ensure that these inferences are unbiased, the sample must be representative of the population. If the sample is randomly drawn, the researcher may also assess the estimation error associated with these inferences. This article discusses the steps involved in drawing samples from a population, and describes the most common probability and nonprobability sampling methods.
Experimental Design
Authors: Oppewal Harmen 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

Experiments aim to test causal relationships between independent and dependent variables while ruling out any alternative explanation of the relationship observed in the experiment. To achieve this, experimentation involves standardization and control of external factors, and random assignment of test units to experimental conditions. Experiments that are using existing groups of test units are called
quasi‐experiments
. Field experiments involve the implementation of experimental procedures within a real or realistic setting, which reduces control but enhances external validity.