bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent increase of genetic diversity in Plasmodium vivax population in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Honma Hajime , Kim Jung-Yeon , Palacpac Nirianne MQ , Mita Toshihiro , Lee Wonja , Horii Toshihiro , Tanabe Kazuyuki 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background
The reemergence of Plasmodium vivax in South Korea since 1993 represents a serious public health concern. Despite the importance in understanding genetic diversity for control strategies, however, studies remain inconclusive with the general premise that due to low rate of malaria transmission, there is generally low genetic diversity with very few strains involved. In this study, the genetic diversity and population structure of P. vivax in South Korea were explored by analysing microsatellite polymorphism.

Methods
Sequences for 13 microsatellite loci distributed across the twelve chromosomes of P. vivax were obtained from 58 South Korean isolates collected during two sampling periods, namely 1997-2000 and 2007. The sequences were used for the analysis of expected heterozygosity and multilocus genotype diversity. Population structure was evaluated using STRUCTURE version 2.3.2. Linkage disequilibrium was also analysed to investigate the extent of outbreeding in the P. vivax population.

Results
Mean expected heterozygosity significantly increased from 0.382 in 1997-2000 to 0.545 in 2007 (P < 0.05). The number of multilocus genotypes was 7 and 27; and genotype diversity was statistically significant (P < 0.01) at 0.661 and 0.995 in 1997-2000 and 2007, respectively. Analysis by STRUCTURE showed a more complex population structure in 2007 than in 1997-2000. Linkage disequilibrium between 13 microsatellites, although significant in both time points, was notably lower in 2007.

Conclusions
The present microsatellite analysis clearly showed recent increase of genetic diversity and recent relaxation of the strong population structure observed in 1997-2000. These results suggest that multiple genotypes not present previously recently migrated into South Korea, accompanied by substantial outbreeding between different genotypes.
Identification of H-2d Restricted T Cell Epitope of Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus Structural Protein VP1
Authors: Liu Xin-Sheng , Wang Yong-Lu , Zhang Yong-Guang , Fang Yu-Zhen , Pan Li , Lu Jian-Liang , Zhou Peng , Zhang Zhong-Wang , Jiang Shou-Tian 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and devastating disease affecting livestock that causes significant financial losses. Therefore, safer and more effective vaccines are required against Foot-and-mouth disease virus(FMDV). The purpose of this study is to screen and identify an H-2d restricted T cell epitope from the virus structural protein VP1, which is present with FMD. We therefore provide a method and basis for studying a specific FMDV T cell epitope.ResultsA codon-optimized expression method was adopted for effective expression of VP1 protein in colon bacillus. We used foot-and-mouth disease standard positive serum was used for Western blot detection of its immunogenicity. The VP1 protein was used for immunizing BALB/c mice, and spleen lymphocytes were isolated. Then, a common in vitro training stimulus was conducted for potential H-2Dd, H-2Kd and H-2Ld restricted T cell epitope on VP1 proteins that were predicted and synthesized by using a bioinformatics method. The H-2Kd restricted T cell epitope pK1 (AYHKGPFTRL) and the H-2Dd restricted T cell epitope pD7 (GFIMDRFVKI) were identified using lymphocyte proliferation assays and IFN-γ ELISPOT experiments.ConclusionsThe results of this study lay foundation for studying the FMDV immune process, vaccine development, among other things. These results also showed that, to identify viral T cell epitopes, the combined application of bioinformatics and molecular biology methods is effective.
Heterologous prime-boost-boost immunisation of Chinese cynomolgus macaques using DNA and recombinant poxvirus vectors expressing HIV-1 virus-like particles
Authors: Bridge Simon H , Sharpe Sally A , Dennis Mike J , Dowall Stuart D , Getty Brian , Anson Donald S , Skinner Michael A , Stewart James P , Blanchard Tom J 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background
There is renewed interest in the development of poxvirus vector-based HIV vaccines due to the protective effect observed with repeated recombinant canarypox priming with gp120 boosting in the recent Thai placebo-controlled trial. This study sought to investigate whether a heterologous prime-boost-boost vaccine regimen in Chinese cynomolgus macaques with a DNA vaccine and recombinant poxviral vectors expressing HIV virus-like particles bearing envelopes derived from the most prevalent clades circulating in sub-Saharan Africa, focused the antibody response to shared neutralising epitopes.

Methods
Three Chinese cynomolgus macaques were immunised via intramuscular injections using a regimen composed of a prime with two DNA vaccines expressing clade A Env/clade B Gag followed by boosting with recombinant fowlpox virus expressing HIV-1 clade D Gag, Env and cholera toxin B subunit followed by the final boost with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing HIV-1 clade C Env, Gag and human complement protein C3d. We measured the macaque serum antibody responses by ELISA, enumerated T cell responses by IFN-γ ELISpot and assessed seroneutralisation of HIV-1 using the TZM-bl β-galactosidase assay with primary isolates of HIV-1.

Results
This study shows that large and complex synthetic DNA sequences can be successfully cloned in a single step into two poxvirus vectors: MVA and FPV and the recombinant poxviruses could be grown to high titres. The vaccine candidates showed appropriate expression of recombinant proteins with the formation of authentic HIV virus-like particles seen on transmission electron microscopy. In addition the b12 epitope was shown to be held in common by the vaccine candidates using confocal immunofluorescent microscopy. The vaccine candidates were safely administered to Chinese cynomolgus macaques which elicited modest T cell responses at the end of the study but only one out of the three macaques elicited an HIV-specific antibody response. However, the antibodies did not neutralise primary isolates of HIV-1 or the V3-sensitive isolate SF162 using the TZM-bl β-galactosidase assay.

Conclusions
MVA and FP9 are ideal replication-deficient viral vectors for HIV-1 vaccines due to their excellent safety profile for use in humans. This study shows this novel prime-boost-boost regimen was poorly immunogenic in Chinese cynomolgus macaques.
Deciphering the role of Epstein-Barr virus in the pathogenesis of T and NK cell lymphoproliferations
Authors: Fox Christopher P , Shannon-Lowe Claire , Rowe Martin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a highly successful herpesvirus, colonizing more than 90% of the adult human population worldwide, although it is also associated with various malignant diseases. Primary infection is usually clinically silent, and subsequent establishment of latency in the memory B lymphocyte compartment allows persistence of the virus in the infected host for life. EBV is so markedly B-lymphotropic when exposed to human lymphocytesin vitrothat the association of EBV with rare but distinct types of T and NK cell lymphoproliferations was quite unexpected. Whilst relatively rare, these EBV-associated T and NK lymphoproliferations can be therapeutically challenging and prognosis for the majority of patients is dismal. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of these tumours, and the implications for treatment.
Quantifying the effect of environment stability on the transcription factor repertoire of marine microbes
Authors: Kostadinov Ivaylo , Kottmann Renzo , Ramette Alban , Waldmann Jost , Buttigieg Pier Luigi , Glöckner Frank Oliver 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background
DNA-binding transcription factors (TFs) regulate cellular functions in prokaryotes, often in response to environmental stimuli. Thus, the environment exerts constant selective pressure on the TF gene content of microbial communities. Recently a study on marine Synechococcus strains detected differences in their genomic TF content related to environmental adaptation, but so far the effect of environmental parameters on the content of TFs in bacterial communities has not been systematically investigated.

Results
We quantified the effect of environment stability on the transcription factor repertoire of marine pelagic microbes from the Global Ocean Sampling (GOS) metagenome using interpolated physico-chemical parameters and multivariate statistics. Thirty-five percent of the difference in relative TF abundances between samples could be explained by environment stability. Six percent was attributable to spatial distance but none to a combination of both spatial distance and stability. Some individual TFs showed a stronger relationship to environment stability and space than the total TF pool.

Conclusions
Environmental stability appears to have a clearly detectable effect on TF gene content in bacterioplanktonic communities described by the GOS metagenome. Interpolated environmental parameters were shown to compare well to in situ measurements and were essential for quantifying the effect of the environment on the TF content. It is demonstrated that comprehensive and well-structured contextual data will strongly enhance our ability to interpret the functional potential of microbes from metagenomic data.
Age, Breast Cancer Subtype Approximation, and Local Recurrence After Breast-Conserving Therapy
Authors: Arvold Nils D. , Taghian Alphonse G. , Niemierko Andrzej , Abi Raad Rita F. , Sreedhara Meera , Nguyen Paul L. , Bellon Jennifer R. , Wong Julia S. , Smith Barbara L. , Harris Jay R. 
Published: September 2011

Purpose Prior results of breast-conserving therapy (BCT) have shown substantial rates of local recurrence (LR) in young patients with breast cancer (BC). Patients and Methods We studied 1,434 consecutive patients with invasive BC who received BCT from December 1997 to July 2006. Ninety-one percent received adjuvant systemic therapy; no patients received trastuzumab. Five BC subtypes were approximated: estrogen receptor (ER) or progesterone receptor (PR) positive, HER2 negative, and grades 1 to 2 (ie, luminal A); ER positive or PR positive, HER2 negative, and grade 3 (ie, luminal B); ER or PR positive, and HER2 positive (ie, luminal HER2); ER negative, PR negative, and HER2 positive (ie, HER2); and ER negative, PR negative, and HER2 negative (ie, triple negative). Actuarial rates of LR were calculated by using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Median follow-up was 85 months. Overall 5-year cumulative incidence of LR was 2.1% (95% CI, 1.4% to 3.0%). The 5-year cumulative incidence of LR was 5.0% (95% CI, 3.0% to 8.3%) for age quartile 23 to 46 years; 2.2% (95% CI, 1.0% to 4.6%) for ages 47 to 54 years; 0.9% (95% CI, 0.3% to 2.6%) for ages 55 to 63 years; and 0.6% (95% CI, 0.1% to 2.2%) for ages 64 to 88 years. The 5-year cumulative incidence of LR was 0.8% (95% CI, 0.4% to 1.8%) for luminal A; 2.3% (95% CI, 0.8% to 5.9%) for luminal B; 1.1% (95% CI, 0.2% 7.4%) for luminal HER2; 10.8% (95% CI, 4.6% to 24.4%) for HER2; and 6.7% (95% CI, 3.6% to 12.2%) for triple negative. On multivariable analysis, increasing age was associated with decreased risk of LR (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.94 to 0.99; P = .009). Conclusion In the era of systemic therapy and BC subtyping, age remains an independent prognostic factor after BCT. However, the risk of LR for young women appears acceptably low.
Chronic hypoxia stimulates an enhanced response to immune challenge without evidence of an energetic tradeoff
Authors: Baze Monica M. , Hunter Kenneth , Hayes Jack P. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThere is broad interest in whether there is a tradeoff between energy metabolism and immune function, and how stress affects immune function. Under hypoxic stress, maximal aerobic metabolism is limited, and other aspects of energy metabolism of animals may be altered as well. Although acute hypoxia appears to enhance certain immune responses, the effects of chronic hypoxia on immune function are largely unstudied. We tested: (1) whether chronic hypoxia affects immune function and (2) whether hypoxia affects the metabolic cost of immune function. First, flow cytometry was used to monitor the peripheral blood immunophenotype of mice over the course of 36 days of hypoxic exposure. Second, hypoxic and normoxic mice were subjected to an adaptive immune challenge via keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or to an innate immune challenge via lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The resting metabolic rates of mice in all immune challenge treatments were also measured. Although hypoxia had little effect on the peripheral blood immunophenotype, hypoxic mice challenged with KLH or LPS had enhanced immunological responses in the form of higher antibody titers or increased TNF-α production, respectively. Initially, mice exposed to hypoxia had lower metabolic rates, but this response was transitory and resting metabolic rates were normal by the end of the experiment. There was no effect of either immune challenge on resting metabolic rate, suggesting that mounting either the acute phase response or a humoral response is not as energetically expensive as previously thought. In addition, our results suggest that immune responses to chronic and acute hypoxia are concordant. Both forms of hypoxia appear to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses.
Aerobic capacity in wild satin bowerbirds: repeatability and effects of age, sex and condition
Authors: Chappell Mark A. , Savard Jean-Francois , Siani Jennifer , Coleman Seth W. , Keagy Jason , Borgia Gerald 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYIndividual variation in aerobic capacity has been extensively studied, especially with respect to condition, maturity or pathogen infection, and to gain insights into mechanistic foundations of performance. However, its relationship to mate competition is less well understood, particularly for animals in natural habitats. We examined aerobic capacity [maximum rate of O2 consumption () in forced exercise] in wild satin bowerbirds, an Australian passerine with a non-resource based mating system and strong intermale sexual competition. We tested for repeatability of mass and , differences among age and sex classes, and effects of several condition indices. In adult males, we examined interactions between aerobic performance and bower ownership (required for male mating success). There was significant repeatability of mass and within and between years, but between-year repeatability was lower than within-year repeatability. varied with an overall scaling to mass0.791, but most variance in was not explained by mass. Indicators of condition (tarsus and wing length asymmetry, the ratio of tarsus length to mass) were not correlated to . Ectoparasite counts were weakly correlated to across all age–sex classes but not within any class. Adult males, the cohort with the most intense levels of mating competition, had higher than juvenile birds or adult females. However, there was no difference between the of bower-owning males and that of males not known to hold bowers. Thus one major factor determining male reproductive success was not correlated to aerobic performance.
No evidence for DPOAEs in the mechanical motion of the locust tympanum
Authors: Moir Hannah M. , Jackson Joseph C. , Windmill James F. C. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARY
Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) are present in non-linear hearing organs, and for low-intensity sounds are a by-product of active processes. In vertebrate ears they are considered to be due to hair cell amplification of sound in the cochlea; however, certain animals lacking a cochlea and hair cells are also reported to be capable of DPOAEs. In the Insecta, DPOAEs have been recorded from the locust auditory organ. However, the site of generation of these DPOAEs and the physiological mechanisms causing their presence in the locust ear are not yet understood, despite there being a number of potential places in the tympanal organ that could be capable of generating DPOAEs. This study aimed to record locust tympanal membrane vibration using a laser Doppler vibrometer in order to identify a distinct place of DPOAE generation on the membrane. Two species of locust were investigated over a range of frequencies and levels of acoustic stimulus, mirroring earlier acoustic recording studies; however, the current experiments were carried out in an open acoustic system. The laser measurements did not find any evidence of mechanical motion on the tympanal membrane related to the expected DPOAE frequencies. The results of the current study therefore could not confirm the presence of DPOAEs in the locust ear through the mechanics of the tympanal membrane. Experiments were also carried out to test how membrane behaviour altered when the animals were in a state of hypoxia, as this was previously found to decrease DPOAE magnitude, suggesting a metabolic sensitivity. However, hypoxia did not have any significant effect on the membrane mechanics. The location of the mechanical generation of DPOAEs in the locust's ear, and therefore the basis for the related physiological mechanisms, thus remains unknown.
Causes and consequences of stolon regression in a colonial hydroid
Authors: Vogt Kimberly S. Cherry , Harmata Katherine L. , Coulombe Hilary L. , Bross Lori S. , Blackstone Neil W. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYA cnidarian colony can be idealized as a group of feeding polyps connected by tube-like stolons. Morphological variation ranges from runner-like forms with sparse polyp and stolon development to sheet-like forms with dense polyp and stolon development. These forms have typically been considered in a foraging context, consistent with a focus on rates of polyp development relative to stolon elongation. At the same time, rates of stolon regression can affect this morphological variation; several aspects of regression were investigated in this context. More sheet-like forms were produced by periodic peroxide treatment, which induced high rates of stolon regression. Caspase inhibitors altered the effects of regression induced by peroxide or vitamin C. These inhibitors generally diminished physical regression and the abundance of associated reactive oxygen species. Caspase inhibitors also altered cellular ultrastructure, resulting in features suggestive of necrosis rather than apoptosis. At the same time, caspase inhibitors had little effect on reactive nitrogen species that are also associated with regression. Although regression is most easily triggered by pharmacological perturbations related to reactive oxygen species (e.g. peroxide or vitamin C), a variety of environmental effects, particularly restricted environments and an interaction between feeding and temperature, can also induce regression. Stolon regression may thus be a factor contributing to natural variation between runners and sheets.
Scaling of resting and maximum hopping metabolic rate throughout the life cycle of the locust Locusta migratoria
Authors: Snelling Edward P. , Seymour Roger S. , Matthews Philip G. D. , Runciman Sue , White Craig R. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARY
The hemimetabolous migratory locust Locusta migratoria progresses through five instars to the adult, increasing in size from 0.02 to 0.95 g, a 45-fold change. Hopping locomotion occurs at all life stages and is supported by aerobic metabolism and provision of oxygen through the tracheal system. This allometric study investigates the effect of body mass (Mb) on oxygen consumption rate (, μmol h–1) to establish resting metabolic rate (), maximum metabolic rate during hopping () and maximum metabolic rate of the hopping muscles () in first instar, third instar, fifth instar and adult locusts. Oxygen consumption rates increased throughout development according to the allometric equations , , and, if adults are excluded, and . Increasing body mass by 20–45% with attached weights did not increase mass-specific significantly at any life stage, although mean mass-specific hopping was slightly higher (ca. 8%) when juvenile data were pooled. The allometric exponents for all measures of metabolic rate are much greater than 0.75, and therefore do not support West, Brown and Enquist's optimised fractal network model, which predicts that metabolism scales with a ¾-power exponent owing to limitations in the rate at which resources can be transported within the body.
Parents' Role in Critical Events during a Child's Hospitalization Nplate Has a Confusing Label
Authors: Cohen Michael R. , Smetzer Judy L. 
Published: September 2011

These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again—perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them at your inservice training programs. Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) National Medication Errors Reporting Program. Any reports published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writers' names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below. Errors, close calls, or hazardous conditions may be reported directly to ISMP through the ISMP Web site ( www.ismp.org ), by calling 800-FAIL-SAFE, or via e-mail at ismpinfo@ismp.org . ISMP guarantees the confidentiality and security of the information received and respects reporters' wishes as to the level of detail included in publications.
Ofatumumab: A Novel Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibody for Treatment of Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Nightingale Ginah 
Published: September 2011

Objective: To present the current clinical evidence on ofatumumab for use in refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Data Sources: A literature search was performed using MEDLINE and PubMed (both 1966-May 2011), as well as the American Society of Hematology abstracts (2000-May 2011), using the primary search terms ofatumumab and HuMax-CD20, Study Selection and Data Extraction: Clinical studies and abstracts available in the English language, describing the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical activity, and safety of ofatumumab in CLL were included in this review. Data Synthesis: Ofatumumab is a human immunoglobulin monoclonal antibody that binds to B-lymphocytes expressing CD-20 cell surface antigens. Ofatumumab was granted accelerated approval by the Food and Drug Administration in October 2009 for the treatment of CLL refractory to fludarabine and alemtuzumab. A Phase 1/2 trial has established the safety and tolerability of single-agent ofatumumab at an initial dose of 300 mg intravenously on week 1, followed by 2000 mg once weekly for 7 doses (weeks 2–8), followed by 2000 mg once every 4 weeks for 4 doses (weeks 9–12), for a total of 12 doses. The final analysts of a pivotal international multicenter trial has shown promising activity in patients with CLL refractory to fludarabine and alemtuzumab, demonstrating overall response rates of 44–51 %, with prolonged progress ion-free and overall survival. Ofatumumab activity has also been shown in a variety of other malignant and nonmalignant conditions, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. The most common adverse effect is grade 1 and 2 infusion reactions. Other adverse effects include infection, neutropenia, anemia, rash, fever, and diarrhea. Conclusions: Clinical evidence suggests that ofatumumab is an effective agent in patients with CLL refractory to fludarabine and alemtuzumab. Data are awaited comparing ofatumumab to other salvage regimens. Until results of head-to-head trials are conducted comparing ofatumumab to existing regimens, it cannot be said whether ofatumumab is more efficacious or tolerable than currently available therapies.