bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reynolds number dependence of turbulence statistics in the wake of wind turbines
Authors: Chamorro Leonardo P. , Arndt R.E.A , Sotiropoulos F. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTA wind tunnel experiment has been performed to quantify the Reynolds number dependence of turbulence statistics in the wake of a model wind turbine. A wind turbine was placed in a boundary layer flow developed over a smooth surface under thermally neutral conditions. Experiments considered Reynolds numbers on the basis of the turbine rotor diameter and the velocity at hub height, ranging fromRe = 1.66 × 104to 1.73 × 105. Results suggest that main flow statistics (mean velocity, turbulence intensity, kinematic shear stress and velocity skewness) become independent of Reynolds number starting fromRe ≈ 9.3 × 104. In general, stronger Reynolds number dependence was observed in the near wake region where the flow is strongly affected by the aerodynamics of the wind turbine blades. In contrast, in the far wake region, where the boundary layer flow starts to modulate the dynamics of the wake, main statistics showed weak Reynolds dependence.These results will allow us to extrapolate wind tunnel and computational fluid dynamic simulations, which often are conducted at lower Reynolds numbers, to full‐scale conditions. In particular, these findings motivates us to improve existing parameterizations for wind turbine wakes (e.g. velocity deficit, wake expansion, turbulence intensity) under neutral conditions and the predictive capabilities of atmospheric large eddy simulation models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional stereoscopic plots
Authors: Symanzik Jürgen 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThree‐dimensional (3‐d) stereoscopic plots allow human viewers to interpret printed plots, plots shown on a computer screen, or plots projected to a wall as realistic 3‐d images. Our human perception of depth, that is, the third dimension, works because of the fact that each of our eyes sees a slightly different image. When these images are combined in the human brain, we interpret the result as a third dimension that represents depth or distance. In 3‐d stereoscopic plots, two slightly different images are created and are presented to the two eyes of the viewer. When done well, a realistic 3‐d image is created in our brain. Various techniques exist to create and present the two different images to the human viewer. In this article, we will focus on techniques that have been used extensively in the field of statistics, that is, freeviewing of side‐by‐side images and anaglyphs. Additional techniques exist and will be presented in the context of Virtual Reality (VR) and CAVE environments.WIREs Comp Stat2011 3 483–496 DOI: 10.1002/wics.189This article is categorized under:Algorithms and Computational Methods > Computer GraphicsStatistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Exploratory Data AnalysisStatistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Statistical Graphics and Visualization
How schools can do better: Fostering stronger connections between teachers and students
Authors: Pianta Robert C. , Stuhlman Megan W. , Hamre Bridget K. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTeachers are a centrally important yet often overlooked resource in the lives of youth. Teacher‐student relationships, when properly harnessed, may emulate mentoring at its best. This chapter explores the teacher‐student relationship and examines ways in which it can be enhanced to the benefit of youth and adults.
Reactions of the Tetraalkyldigallium Compound R2Ga–GaR2 [R = CH(SiMe3)2] with Acidic Reagents, Retention vs. Cleavage of the Ga–Ga Bond and Formation of Supramolecular Aggregates via Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Uhl Werner , Voß Matthias , Hepp Alexander 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTreatment of the tetraalkyldigallium compound R2Ga–GaR2 [1, R = CH(SiMe3)2] with two equivalents of carboxylic acid hydrazides (4‐trifluormethylbenzhydrazide, 2‐fuoric acid hydrazide and 2‐chlor‐6‐hydrazineisonicotinic acid hydrazide) afforded new digallium species by the release of CH2(SiMe3)2. The intact Ga–Ga bonds of the products (2 to 4) are terminally coordinated by two chelating hydrazide ligands via NH2 groups and the carbonyl oxygen atoms. Interesting supramolecular aggregates are formed in the solid state, which contain dimeric formula units of the digallium species connected via a complex system of hydrogen bonds. Two ether molecules are additionally coordinated to terminal N–H functions. Phenylphosphinic acid and 1 gave the analogous substituent replacement reaction with the formation of a dimeric tetragallium compound (5). Its two Ga–Ga bonds are in a perpendicular arrangement with four phosphinate ligands in the bridging positions. Oxidation of the gallium atoms and insertion of an N=N double bond into the Ga–Ga bond was observed upon treatment of 1 with azodicarbonamide.
Calcareous dinoflagellate cysts from the Pleistocene (Marine Isotope Stage 31) of the Ross Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Streng Michael , Esper Oliver , Wollenburg Jutta 
Published: September 2011

AbstractFollowing a report of supposed fragments of calcareous dinoflagellate cysts from a Pleistocene drill core (CRP-1) recovered in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, sediments of the same core were re-investigated for their microfossil content. Besides common foraminifera and other microfossils, rare complete cysts of calcareous dinoflagellates were found. All cysts belong to the speciesCaracomia arctica(Gilbert & Clark, 1983) Streng, Hildebrand-Habel & Willems, 2002, a taxon characteristic of late Neogene high latitude, coldwater environments. Two morphotypes can be distinguished,C. arcticaf.arcticaandC. arcticaf.rossensis, of which the latter is described as a new form. The presence ofC. arcticastrengthens diatom-based palaeoenvironmental reconstructions of periodical sea ice-free conditions at the time of deposition. Accordingly, cysts ofC. arcticaare interpreted as resting cysts that allow survival during harsh intervals of the high latitude environment. Previously reported calcareous dinoflagellates cyst fragments from these sediments are re-interpreted as test fragments of bilamellar foraminifera, which represent the most common group of foraminifers in the sediments.
ExO: An Ontology for Exposure Science
Authors: Mattingly Carolyn , McKone Thomas , Callahan Michael , Blake Judith , Cohen Hubal Elaine 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAn ontology is a formal representation of knowledge within a domain and typically consists of classes, the properties of those classes, and the relationships between them. Ontologies are critically important for specifying data of interest in a consistent manner, thereby enabling data aggregation, analysis and exchange. An exposure ontology, consistent with those being used in toxicology and other health sciences, is required to formally represent exposure concepts, the relationships between these concepts and most important, the relationships between exposure, susceptibility, and toxicology information. A successful exposure ontology must facilitate the semantic retrieval of exposure data in the context of environmental health science, medical surveillance, disease control, health tracking, risk assessment, and other public health and environmental science endeavors. To address this need, an Exposure Ontology, ExO, was designed and a prototype developed to provide the foundation for exposure data centralization and integration. The root classes forming the basis for the ontology are 'exposure event’ ‘exposure stressor', 'exposure receptor', and 'exposure outcome'. Although the initial development of ExO was focused on human exposure to chemicals, the ultimate intent is to provide domains that can be extended to address exposures to the full suite of environmental stressors.
Aldehyde stress and up-regulation of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant systems accompany functional adaptations in cardiac mitochondria from mice fed n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Anderson Ethan J. , Thayne Kathleen , Harris Mitchel , Carraway Kristen , Shaikh Saame Raza 
Published: September 2011

Diets replete with n−3 PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) are known to have therapeutic potential for the heart, although a specifically defined duration of the n−3 PUFA diet required to achieve these effects remains unknown, as does their mechanism of action. The present study was undertaken to establish whether adaptations in mitochondrial function and stress tolerance in the heart is evident following short- (3 weeks) and long- (14 weeks) term dietary intervention of n−3 PUFAs, and to identify novel mechanisms by which these adaptations occur. Mitochondrial respiration [mO2 (mitochondrial O2)], H2O2 emission [mH2O2 (mitochondrial H2O2)] and Ca2+-retention capacity [mCa2+ (mitochondrial Ca2+)] were assessed in mouse hearts following dietary intervention. Mice fed n−3 PUFAs for 14 weeks showed significantly lower mH2O2 and greater mCa2+ compared with all other groups. However, no significant differences were observed after 3 weeks of the n−3 PUFA diet, or in mice fed on an HFC (high-fat control) diet enriched with vegetable shortening, containing almost no n−3 PUFAs, for 14 weeks. Interestingly, expression and activity of key enzymes involved in antioxidant and phase II detoxification pathways, all mediated by Nrf2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2), were elevated in hearts from mice fed the n−3 PUFA diet, but not hearts from mice fed the HFC diet, even at 3 weeks. This increase in antioxidant systems in hearts from mice fed the n−3 PUFA diet was paralleled by increased levels of 4-hydroxyhexenal protein adducts, an aldehyde formed from peroxidation of n−3 PUFAs. The findings of the present study demonstrate distinct time-dependent effects of n−3 PUFAs on mitochondrial function and antioxidant response systems in the heart. In addition, they are the first to provide direct evidence that non-enzymatic oxidation products of n−3 PUFAs may be driving mitochondrial and redox-mediated adaptations, thereby revealing a novel mechanism for n−3 PUFA action in the heart.
The Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Infants and Children Older Than 3 Months of Age: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America
Authors: Bradley John S. , Byington Carrie L. , Shah Samir S. , Alverson Brian , Carter Edward R. , Harrison Christopher , Kaplan Sheldon L. , Mace Sharon E. , McCracken George H. , Moore Matthew R. , St Peter Shawn D. , Stockwell Jana A. , Swanson Jack T. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEvidenced-based guidelines for management of infants and children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) were prepared by an expert panel comprising clinicians and investigators representing community pediatrics, public health, and the pediatric specialties of critical care, emergency medicine, hospital medicine, infectious diseases, pulmonology, and surgery. These guidelines are intended for use by primary care and subspecialty providers responsible for the management of otherwise healthy infants and children with CAP in both outpatient and inpatient settings. Site-of-care management, diagnosis, antimicrobial and adjunctive surgical therapy, and prevention are discussed. Areas that warrant future investigations are also highlighted.
Transition from first illicit drug use to first injection drug use among rural Appalachian drug users: a cross‐sectional comparison and retrospective survival analysis
Authors: Young April M. , Havens Jennifer R. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTAim  The study's objectives were to characterize initiation of injection drug use, examine the independent association of specific substance use with injection drug use and determine factors associated with rates of transition from first illicit drug use to first injection among a sample of rural Appalachian drug users.Design  Interview‐administered questionnaires were administered to a sample of drug users recruited via respondent‐driven sampling.Setting  Appalachian Kentucky.Participants  Injection drug users (IDUs) (n = 394) and non‐IDUs (n = 109).Measurements  Data were collected on substance use and years from age at initiation of illicit substance use to ‘event’ (initiation of injection or date of baseline interview for non‐IDUs). Logistic regression and Cox regression were used to identify factors associated with life‐time injection drug use and transition time to injection, respectively.Findings  OxyContin® was involved in nearly as many initiations to injection (48%), as were stimulants, other prescription opioids and heroin combined; for participants who initiated with OxyContin®, the median time from which they began OxyContin® use to their first injection of OxyContin® was 3 years. Adjusting for demographics, five prescription drugs (benzodiazepines, illicit methadone, oxycodone, OxyContin® and other opiates) were associated with an increased hazard for transitioning from first illicit drug use to first injection drug use (each at P < 0.01).Conclusions  In Appalachia, in the United States, the prescription opioid OxyContin® is widely used non‐medically and appears to show a particularly high risk of rapid transition to injection compared with the use of other illicit drugs.
Cessation assistance reported by smokers in 15 countries participating in the International Tobacco Control (ITC) policy evaluation surveys
Authors: Borland Ron , Li Lin , Driezen Pete , Wilson Nick , Hammond David , Thompson Mary E. , Fong Geoffrey T. , Mons Ute , Willemsen Marc C. , McNeill Ann , Thrasher James F. , Cummings K. Michael 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTAims  To describe some of the variability across the world in levels of quit smoking attempts and use of various forms of cessation support.Design  Use of the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project surveys of smokers, using the 2007 survey wave (or later, where necessary).Settings  Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Ireland, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, South Korea, Thailand, United Kingdom, Uruguay and United States.Participants  Samples of smokers from 15 countries.Measurements  Self‐report on use of cessation aids and on visits to health professionals and provision of cessation advice during the visits.Findings  Prevalence of quit attempts in the last year varied from less than 20% to more than 50% across countries. Similarly, smokers varied greatly in reporting visiting health professionals in the last year (<20% to over 70%), and among those who did, provision of advice to quit also varied greatly. There was also marked variability in the levels and types of help reported. Use of medication was generally more common than use of behavioural support, except where medications are not readily available.Conclusions  There is wide variation across countries in rates of attempts to stop smoking and use of assistance with higher overall use of medication than behavioural support. There is also wide variation in the provision of brief advice to stop by health professionals.
Psychiatric comorbidity and the persistence of drug use disorders in the United States
Authors: Fenton Miriam C. , Keyes Katherine , Geier Timothy , Greenstein Eliana , Skodol Andrew , Krueger Bob , Grant Bridget F. , Hasin Deborah S. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTAims  DSM‐IV drug use disorders, a major public health problem, are highly comorbid with other psychiatric disorders, but little is known about the role of this comorbidity when studied prospectively in the general population. Our aims were to determine the role of comorbid psychopathology in the 3‐year persistence of drug use disorders.Design and setting  Secondary data analysis using waves 1 (2001–02) and 2 (2005–05) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.Participants  Respondents with current DSM‐IV drug use disorder at wave 1 who participated in wave 2 (n = 613).Measurements  Alcohol Use Disorders and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule IV (AUDADIS‐IV) obtained DSM‐IV Axis I and II diagnoses. Persistent drug use disorder was defined as meeting full criteria for any drug use disorder between waves 1 and 2.Findings  Drug use disorders persisted in 30.9% of respondents. No Axis I disorders predicted persistence. Antisocial [odds ratio (OR) = 2.75; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27–5.99], borderline (OR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.06–3.45) and schizotypal (OR = 2.77; 95% CI: 1.42–5.39) personality disorders were significant predictors of persistent drug use disorders, controlling for demographics, psychiatric comorbidity, family history, treatment and number of drug use disorders. Deceitfulness and lack of remorse were the strongest antisocial criteria predictors of drug use disorder persistence, identity disturbance and self‐damaging impulsivity were the strongest borderline criteria predictors, and ideas of reference and social anxiety were the strongest schizotypal criteria predictors.Conclusions  Antisocial, borderline and schizotypal personality disorders are specific predictors of drug use disorder persistence over a 3‐year period.
Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of escitalopram in overdose and the effect of activated charcoal
Authors: van Gorp Freek , Duffull Stephen , Hackett L. Peter , Isbister Geoffrey K. 
Published: September 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Escitalopram is a selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitor and the S‐enantiomer of racemic citalopram. Previous studies have shown that the most clinically important effect of escitalopram overdose is QT prolongation with the associated risk of torsade de pointes. It remains unclear at what dose the risk of QT prolongation is important and whether decontamination will reduce this risk.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• Escitalopram overdose causes a dose‐related increase in the QT interval that lags the increase in drug concentration. In escitalopram overdose, single dose activated charcoal reduces the fraction absorbed and reduces the risk of QT interval prolongation.AIMS To describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PKPD) of escitalopram in overdose and its effect on QT prolongation, including the effectiveness of single dose activated charcoal (SDAC).METHODS The data set included 78 escitalopram overdose events (median dose, 140 mg [10–560 mg]). SDAC was administered 1.0 to 2.6 h after 12 overdoses (15%). A fully Bayesian analysis was undertaken in WinBUGS 1.4.3, first for a population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis followed by a PKPD analysis. The developed PKPD model was used to predict the probability of having an abnormal QT as a surrogate for torsade de pointes.RESULTS A one compartment model with first order input and first‐order elimination described the PK data, including uncertainty in dose and a baseline concentration for patients taking escitalopram therapeutically. SDAC reduced the fraction absorbed by 31% and reduced the individual predicted area under the curve adjusted for dose (AUCi/dose). The absolute QT interval was related to the observed heart rate with an estimated individual heart rate correction factor (α= 0.35). The heart rate corrected QT interval (QTc) was linearly dependent on predicted escitalopram concentration [slope = 87 ms/(mg l–1)], using a hypothetical effect‐compartment (half‐life of effect‐delay, 1.0h). Administration of SDAC significantly reduced QT prolongation and was shown to reduce the risk of having an abnormal QT by approximately 35% for escitalopram doses above 200 mg.CONCLUSIONS There was a dose‐related lengthening of the QT interval that lagged the increase in drug concentration. SDAC resulted in a moderate reduction in fraction of escitalopram absorbed and reduced the risk of the QT interval being abnormal.
Recombinant DNA immunotherapy ameliorate established airway allergy in a IL‐10 dependent pathway
Authors: Fonseca D. M. , Wowk P. F. , Paula M. O. , Campos L. W. , Gembre A. F. , Turato W. M. , Ramos S. G. , Dias‐Baruffi M. , Barboza R. , Gomes E. , Silva C. L. , Russo M. , Bonato V. L. D. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryBackgroundPrevious studies have established that mycobacterial infections ameliorate allergic inflammation. However, a non‐infectious approach that controls allergic responses might represent a safer and more promising strategy. The 60–65 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp) family is endowed with anti‐inflammatory properties, but it is still unclear whether and how single mycobacterial Hsp control allergic disorders.ObjectiveTherefore, in this study we determined whether the administration of Mycobacterial leprae Hsp65 expressed by recombinant a DNA plasmid could attenuate a previously established allergic response.MethodsWe used an experimental model of airway allergic inflammation to test the effects of immunotherapy with DNA encoding Hsp65. Allergic mice, previously sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin, were treated with tree intramuscular doses of recombinant DNA encoding Hsp65. After treatment, mice received a second allergen challenge and the allergic response was measured.ResultsWe found that immunotherapy attenuated eosinophilia, pulmonary inflammation, Th2 cytokine and mucus production. Moreover, we showed that the inhibition of allergic response is dependent on IL‐10 production. Both Hsp65 and allergen‐specific IL‐10‐producing cells contributed to this effect. Cells transferred from DNA‐immunized mice to allergic mice migrated to allergic sites and down‐modulated the Th2 response.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceOur findings clearly show that immunotherapy with DNA encoding Hsp65 can attenuate an established Th2 allergic inflammation through an IL‐10‐dependent mechanism; moreover, the migration of allergen‐ and Hsp65‐specific cells to the allergic sites exerts a fundamental role. This work represents a novel contribution to the understanding of immune regulation by Hsp65 in allergic diseases.
Frequency‐domain acoustic‐elastic coupled waveform inversion using the Gauss‐Newton conjugate gradient method
Authors: Bae Ho Seuk , Pyun Sukjoon , Chung Wookeen , Kang Seung‐Goo , Shin Changsoo 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTWe developed a frequency‐domain acoustic‐elastic coupled waveform inversion based on the Gauss‐Newton conjugate gradient method. Despite the use of a high‐performance computer system and a state‐of‐the‐art parallel computation algorithm, it remained computationally prohibitive to calculate the approximate Hessian explicitly for a large‐scale inverse problem. Therefore, we adopted the conjugate gradient least‐squares algorithm, which is frequently used for geophysical inverse problems, to implement the Gauss‐Newton method so that the approximate Hessian is calculated implicitly. Thus, there was no need to store the Hessian matrix. By simultaneously back‐propagating multi‐components consisting of the pressure and displacements, we could efficiently extract information on the subsurface structures. To verify our algorithm, we applied it to synthetic data sets generated from the Marmousi‐2 model and the modified SEG/EAGE salt model. We also extended our algorithm to the ocean‐bottom cable environment and verified it using ocean‐bottom cable data generated from the Marmousi‐2 model. With the assumption of a hard seafloor, we recovered both the P‐wave velocity of complicated subsurface structures as well as the S‐wave velocity. Although the inversion of the S‐wave velocity is not feasible for the high Poisson's ratios used to simulate a soft seafloor, several strategies exist to treat this problem. Our example using multi‐component data showed some promise in mitigating the soft seafloor effect. However, this issue still remains open.