bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistin enhances the expansion of regulatory T cells through modulation of dendritic cells
Authors: Son Young Min , Ahn Sung Min , Kim Gi Rak , Moon Yang Soo , Kim Sang Hoon , Park Yeong-Min , Lee Woon Kyu , Min Tae Sun , Han Seung Hyun , Yun Cheol-Heui 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background
Resistin, a member of adipokine family, is known to be involved in the modulation of immune responses including inflammatory activity. Interestingly, resistin is secreted by adipocytes in mice and rats whereas it is secreted by leukocytes in humans. However, the mechanism behind the effect of resistin on the expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) remains poorly understood. Therefore, we examined regulatory effect of resistin on the induction and cellular modification of Tregs.

Results
Both protein and mRNA expression of FoxP3, a representative marker of Tregs, increased in a dose-dependent manner when peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with resistin. At the same time, resistin had no direct effect on the induction of FoxP3 in CD4+ T cells, suggesting an indirect role through other cells type(s). Since DCs are an important player in the differentiation of T cells, we focused on the role of DCs in the modulation of Tregs by resistin. Resistin suppressed the expression of interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 and its target cytokines, IL-6, IL-23p19 and IL-12p40, in DCs. Furthermore, FoxP3 expression is increased in CD4+ T cells when co-cultured with DCs and concomitantly treated with resistin.

Conclusion
Our results suggest that resistin induces expansion of functional Tregs only when co-cultured with DCs.
Association study of genetic variants in eight genes/loci with type 2 diabetes in a Han Chinese population
Authors: Lin Ying , Li Pengqiu , Cai Li , Zhang Ben , Tang Xin , Zhang Xuejun , Li Ying , Xian Yang , Yang Yang , Wang Li , Lu Fang , Liu Xiaoqi , Rao Shaoqin , Chen Ming , Ma Shi , Shi Yi , Bao Mingjing , Wu Jichuan , Yang Yan , Yang Jiyun , Yang Zhenglin 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background
At least twenty genes/loci were shown to be associated with type 2diabetes in European original populations. Five of these genes were shown to be associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Chinese populations. The purpose of this study was to replicate the association of genetic vairants in the eight diabetes-related genes/loci with type 2 diabetes in a Han Chinese cohort from western part of China. Nineteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the eight genes/loci including TCF7L2, HHEX, CDKAL1, SLC30A8, PPARG, IGF2BP2, KCNJ11, and CDKN2A/CDKN2B were genotyped in 1,529 cases and 1,439 controls in a Han Chinese population using the ABI SNaPshot method. The meta-analysis of the association between rs7903146 in TCF7L2 gene and T2D in the Han Chinese was performed.

Results
Among the eight genes/loci examined, we found that four were significantly associated with T2D. Although previous studies showed that the association between the SNP rs7903146 in the TCF7L2 gene and T2D was controversial within the Han Chinese population, we have confirmed the significant association between the SNP rs7903146 in the TCF7L2 gene and T2D in both this study and the meta-analysis in the population. In addition, we also confirmed that three SNPs (rs1111875, rs7923837 and rs5015480) in HHEX , one SNP (rs10946398) in CDKAL1, and three SNPs (rs13266634, rs3802177 and rs11558471) in SLC30A8 were significantly associated with T2D in the population being studied.

Conclusions
We demonstrated that the variants in TCF7L2, CDKAL1, HHEX, and SLC30A8 genes are associated with T2D in a Han Chinese population.
Fibromuscular dysplasia presenting as a renal infarction: a case report
Authors: Van den Driessche Annelies , Van Hul Erik , Ichiche Malika , Verpooten Gert A , Bosmans Jean-Louis 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Introduction
Fibromuscular dysplasia is a non-atherosclerotic, non-inflammatory disease that most commonly affects the renal and internal carotid arteries.

Case presentation
We present the case of a 44-year-old Caucasian man who was admitted with complaints of loin pain and hypertension. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealed a right renal infarction with a nodular aspect of the right renal artery. Subsequent renal angiography revealed a typical 'string of beads' pattern of the right renal artery with thrombus formation. Oral anticoagulation was started and the secondary hypertension was easily controlled with anti-hypertensive drugs. At follow-up, our patient refused percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty as a definitive treatment.

Conclusions
Fibromuscular dysplasia is the most common cause of renovascular hypertension in patients under 50 years of age. Presentation with renal infarction is rare.
In fibromuscular dysplasia, angioplasty has been proven to have, at least for some indications, an advantage over anti-hypertensive drugs. Therefore, hypertension secondary to fibromuscular dysplasia is the most common cause of curable hypertension.
Pivotal Advance: Tumor-mediated induction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and M2-polarized macrophages by altering intracellular PGE2 catabolism in myeloid cells
Authors: Eruslanov Evgeniy , Daurkin Irina , Ortiz Javier , Vieweg Johannes , Kusmartsev Sergei 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Tumors impair function of tumor-infiltrated antigen-presenting cells by altering intracellular PGE2 catabolism in the myeloid cells.
Recent studies suggest that tumor-infiltrated myeloid cells frequently up-regulate COX-2 expression and have enhanced PGE2 metabolism. This may affect the maturation and immune function of tumor-infiltrated antigen-presenting cells. In vitro studies demonstrate that tumor-derived factors can skew GM-CSF-driven differentiation of Th1-oriented myeloid APCs into M2-oriented Ly6C+F4/80+ MDSCs or Ly6C–F4/80+ arginase-expressing macrophages. These changes enable myeloid cells to produce substantial amounts of IL-10, VEGF, and MIP-2. The tumor-mediated inhibition of APC differentiation was associated with the up-regulated expression of PGE2-forming enzymes COX-2, mPGES1 in myeloid cells, and the simultaneous repression of PGE2-catabolizing enzyme 15-PGDH. The presence of tumor-derived factors also led to a reduced expression of PGT but promoted the up-regulation of MRP4, which works as a PGE2 efflux receptor. Addition of COX-2 inhibitor to the BM cell cultures could prevent the tumor-induced skewing of myeloid cell differentiation, partially restoring cell phenotype and down-regulating the arginase expression in the myeloid APCs. Our study suggests that tumors impair the intracellular PGE2 catabolism in myeloid cells through simultaneous stimulation of PGE2-forming enzymes and inhibition of PGE2-degrading systems. This tumor-induced dichotomy drives the development of M2-oriented, arginase-expressing macrophages or the MDSC, which can be seen frequently among tumor-infiltrated myeloid cells.
Postcards, green cards and telephone calls: therapeutic contact with individuals following self-harm
Authors: Kapur Navneet , Cooper Jayne , Bennewith Olive , Gunnell David , Hawton Keith 
Published: June 2010

SummarySelf-harm is a major public health problem and universal interventions such as contacting individuals by post or telephone following a self-harm episode have received much attention recently. They may also appeal to service providers because of their low cost. However, a widespread introduction of these interventions cannot be justified without a better understanding of whether they work, and if so how.
MRCPsych courses: the national picture
Authors: Berrisford Giles S. , Vassilas Christopher A. 
Published: June 2010

Aims and methodMRCPsych courses are a mandatory part of training for psychiatric trainees, yet relatively little is known about them. A questionnaire was devised and sent to all course organisers in the UK.ResultsThirty courses were identified. There was large variation in nearly all areas of content and delivery of courses, including cost, number of hours of teaching, size of course and organisation. Implementation of the College requirements in terms of service user and carer involvement was patchy.Clinical implicationsThese courses are costly in terms of both time and money, and individuals involved in psychiatric training must be able to demonstrate that they are of a high quality and have been properly evaluated. Suggestions to improve the running of these courses include: the exchange of information among the different courses; a database of courses; and some uniformity in the appointment of those in charge of the course.
Synthesis and Thermally Stable Helix-Dimer Formation of Amidohelicene Oligomers
Authors: Amemiya Ryo , Ichinose Wataru , Yamaguchi Masahiko 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Optically active amidohelicene monomer to nonamer were synthesized in high yields by a two-directional method. The CD spectra in chloroform exhibited a large difference between dimer and the higher homologs, and vapor pressure osmometry studies revealed the formation of dimeric aggregates for the latter. It is noted that amidohelicene oligomers possessing two-atom linking groups between helicene and m-phenylene spacer formed helix-dimers in solution as were ethynylhelicene oligomers. The helix-dimer of the amidohelicene octamer in chloroform was very stable, and did not dissociate at 5 × 10−8 M on heating to 60 °C. The dissociation of the amidohelicene oligomers to random-coil state took place in hydrogen-bonding breaking solvents, DMSO or THF. The equilibrium between helix-dimer and random-coil changed by varying the ratio in the mixed solvents of chloroform and DMSO. Notably, the equilibriums were not affected by temperature for various mixtures of helix-dimer and random-coil. Thus, the sensitivity toward the environment was quite different between the amido- and ethynylhelicene oligomers.
Synthesis of 2-Halogenated Quinolines by Halide-Mediated Intramolecular Cyclization of o-Alkynylaryl Isocyanides
Authors: Mitamura Takenori , Nomoto Akihiro , Sonoda Motohiro , Ogawa Akiya 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
When o-alkynylaryl isocyanides 1 are treated with triethylamine in chloroform, intramolecular chlorinating cyclization of the isocyanides takes place, affording the corresponding 2-chlorinated quinoline derivatives 2 in good to excellent yields, selectively. Bromoform can be also used for the brominating cyclization of 1. Furthermore, fluorinating and iodinating cyclization of o-alkynylaryl isocyanides has been attained by the selection of fluoride and iodide (ion) sources.
Plasma free fatty acid reference interval in South African neonates in the first week of life
Authors: Omar F , van der Watt G , November V , Pillay T S 
Published: June 2010

Background Non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels are an important diagnostic tool in the investigation of neonatal hypoglycaemia. NEFA reference intervals have not been reported for neonates previously. Methods The objective of this study was to determine an NEFA reference interval for neonates. Results Heparinized plasma obtained from 106 healthy neonates in the first week of life was analysed using the Roche “Free fatty acid, Half-micro test” kit. Results were then analysed statistically for normality (Shapiro–Wilk test) and reference interval determined non-parametrically (bootstrap method). Conclusions NEFA levels displayed a non-Gaussian distribution and the reference interval (2.5th and 97.5th percentiles) was 0.2–1.5 mmol/L (90% confidence intervals 0.1–0.3 and 1.4–2.0 mmol/L, respectively). The NEFA reference interval in South African neonates less than a week old is similar to that described in infants (1–12 months), indicating that this reference range can be used over the entire neonatal period.
The ‘Retro-Fibular Wire’
Authors: Loughenbury P. R. , Harwood P. J. , Tunstall R. , Britten S. 
Published: June 2010

Anatomical atlases document safe corridors for placement of wires when using fine-wire circular external fixation. The furthest posterolateral corridor described in the distal tibia is through the fibula. This limits the crossing angle and stability of the frame. In this paper we describe a new, safe Retro-Fibular Wire corridor, which provides greater crossing angles and increased stability. In a cadaver study, 20 formalin-treated legs were divided into two groups. Wires were inserted into the distal quarter of the tibia using two possible corridors and standard techniques of dissection identified the distance of the wires from neurovascular structures. In both groups the posterior tibial neurovascular bundle was avoided. In group A the peroneal artery was at risk. In group B this injury was avoided. Comparison of the groups showed a significant difference (p < 0.001). We recommend the Retro-Fibular wire technique whereby wires are inserted into the tibia mid-way between the posteromedial border of the fibula and the tendo Achillis, at 30° to 45° to the sagittal plane, and introduced from a posterolateral to an anteromedial position. Subsequently, when using this technique in 30 patients, we have had no neurovascular complications or problems relating to tethering of the peroneal tendons.
Token Monism, Event Dualism and Overdetermination
Authors: Benbaji Hagit 
Published: June 2010

The argument from causal overdetermination (‘the CO-argument’) is considered to be the shortest route to token monism. It only assumes that:1.Efficacy: Mental events are causes of physical events.2.Closure: Every physical event has a sufficient physical cause (if it has any sufficient cause).3.Exclusion: Systematic Causal Overdetermination (CO) is impossible: if an event x is a sufficient cause of an event y then no event x* distinct from x is a cause of y.4.Identity: Therefore, mental events are physical events.Exclusion does not deny the possibility of two gunmen that fi re at a victim at the same time. But event-dualism is like a systematic fi ringsquad case — whenever I want to raise my arm, my arm is raised, and that is intolerable.
Autonomy, Agency, and the Value of Enduring Beliefs
Authors: Kawall Jason 
Published: June 2010

There has been much recent interest in questions of value in epistemology (for a thorough overview of this work, see Pritchard 2007), and in what follows I argue that epistemologists concerned with the value of true beliefs and knowledge would do well to devote attention to the enduring nature of beliefs, and in particular to the essential role that they play in constituting agents themselves.I begin by considering an analogy commonly drawn by epistemologists between acts in the domain of ethics and beliefs in the domain of epistemology, and argue that it is fl awed in important respects. I propose that a better, more fruitful analogue for belief would be desire, or a similarly enduring state of an agent. This revision of a commonly used analogy may be of some value in itself, but I further consider how focusing excessively upon the belief-act analogy (with its implicit emphasis on the process of belief-formation) can lead to flaws or shortcomings in our epistemic value theorizing.
Dilemmas of Rawlsian Opportunity
Authors: Gomberg Paul 
Published: June 2010

InA Theory of Justiceand elsewhere John Rawls writes that the basic structure of any society affects the life prospects of those growing up in different ‘starting places,’ yet his conception of equal opportunity seems to require that one's opportunities not be affected by the class position of one's birth. Here I explicate this apparent contradiction and reconcile these assertions. In Rawlsian fair equality of opportunity children from working-class families have lesser opportunity to attain advantaged positions.Rawls's view cannot be easily revised to allow equal prospects for all children. Within the framework of Rawls's understanding of a just society, he is right to say that his own conception of fair equality of opportunity allows deep inequalities in life prospects.
Morality or Modality? What Does the Attribution of Intentionality Depend On?
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: June 2010

It has been argued that the attribution of intentional actions is sensitive to our moral judgment (Knobe 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, see also Mele 2003, Phelan & Sarkissian 2008). I will examine these arguments and Suggest an alternative explanation for the experiments they are based on.Joshua Knobe conducted the following experiment (Knobe 2003) to support this claim. Subjects were given two vignettes that differed only in one small detail and this difference influenced their attribution of intentionality. The first vignette was the following:The vice-president of a company went to the chairman of the board and said, ‘We are thinking of starting a new program. It will help us increase profits, but it will also harm the environment.’The chairman of the board answered, ‘I don't care at all about harming the environment. I jus)t want to make as much profit as I can. Let's start the new program.’They started the new program. Sure enough, the environment was harmed.
Decomposition of a phenolic lignin model compound over organic N-bases in an ionic liquid
Authors: Jia Songyan , Cox Blair J. , Guo Xinwen , Zhang Z. Conrad , Ekerdt John G. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Lignin depolymerization is a necessary process step in utilizing the carbohydrates in biomass and in potentially converting the lignin into a chemical feedstock. Lignin contains several aryl-alkyl ether linkages and the β-O-4 linkage is dominant among lignins. Base-mediated cleavage of the β-O-4 bond in a lignin model compound, guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether, is reported. Ionic liquids have shown promise in a variety of biomass processes and this study explores the potential to use an ionic liquid solvent (1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride) and non-aqueous bases in cleaving the β-O-4 bond. N-bases of varying basicity and structure were used at temperatures up to 150°C. The cleavage reaction was not found to be catalytic. Among all the tested N-bases, 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene was the most active, leading to more than 40% β-O-4 ether bond cleavage, and the higher activity is probably associated with the exposed nature of the N-atoms.
Prevalence of Dental Anomalies in a Population of Cleft Lip and Palate Patients
Authors: Jamal Ghaida A. Ai , Hazza'a Abdalla M. , Rawashdeh Ma'amon A. 
Published: June 2010

Objective The aim of our study was to investigate radiographically the prevalence of dental anomalies in a group of Jordanian cleft lip and/or palate subjects. Design This is a retrospective review of panoramic radiographs of 78 subjects with cleft lip and/or palate that were evaluated from their file records and investigated for possible dental anomalies. Results Dental anomalies were found frequently in cleft lip and/or palate subjects. Missing teeth were found in 66.7% of the patients; the tooth most commonly missing was the maxillary lateral incisor. Supernumerary teeth were found in 16.7% of patients; 37% had microdontia; 70.5% had taurodontism; 30.8% had transposition and/or ectopic teeth; 19.2% had dilacerations; and 30.8% had hypoplastic teeth. There was no statistically significant difference in the above anomalies’ prevalence between males and females. However, it was found that subjects with bilateral cleft lip and/or palate had significantly more microdontia ( p = .005), dilaceration ( p = .002), and hypoplastic teeth ( p = .0001) than subjects with unilateral cleft lip and/or palate. Conclusions The prevalence of dental anomalies in cleft lip and/or palate patients was higher than what had been reported in the normal Jordanian population. This emphasizes the relation of cleft lip and/or palate to all dental anomalies studied. Although our study represents a thorough and complete description of dental anomalies present in a sample of cleft lip and/or palate subjects, larger samples are required to effectively determine the relationship of each dental anomaly with cleft type.
Performance of Different Polishing Techniques for Direct CAD/CAM Ceramic Restorations
Authors: Flury S. , Lussi A. , Zimmerli B. 
Published: June 2010

Clinical RelevanceVITA Mark II and IPS Empress CAD specimens polished with Sof-Lex discs exhibit smoother surfaces than glazed specimens. The investigated ceramic polishing systems are universally applicable and show increased durability, but they do not result in smoother surfaces than Sof-Lex treatment. Furthermore, certain steps of some polishing methods do not contribute to improved smoothness and could be omitted.
Heritage Complex
Authors: Macdonald Sharon 
Published: June 2010

Hemme, D., M. Tauschek and R. Bendix (2007) (eds), Prädikat ‘Heritage’. Wertschöpfung aus kulturellen Ressourcen (Berlin: LIT), 368 pp., Pb: €29.90, ISBN-13: 978-8258-9892-2.Kockel, U. and M. Nic Craith (2007) (eds), Cultural Heritages as Reflexive Traditions (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 240pp., Hb: £52.00, ISBN- 13: 978-1-4039-9748-7.
Subchronic toxic effects of fusarium moniliforme and fumonisin B1 in rats and mice
Authors: Voss Kenneth A. , Riley Ronald T. , Bacon Charles W. , Chamberlain William J. , Norred William P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFumonisins are mycotoxins produced by the fungi Fusarium moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and other Fusarium species. Fumonisin B1, the most commonly found fumonisin, causes the fatal diseases equine leukoencephalomalacia and porcine pulmonary edema. Fumonisins are suspected human carcinogens because of the extraordinarily high incidences of esophageal cancer coincidentally found in areas of southern Africa and China where F. moniliforme‐contaminated corn is consumed as a dietary staple. The subchronic (up to 90 days) effects of F. moniliforme‐contaminated corn, corn cultures of this fungus, and purified fumonisin B1 (FB1) in rats and mice were systematically studied to determine target organs, characterize organ‐specified lesions, and obtain dose‐response data. The liver is a target organ in both species. Serum chemical findings indicative of hepatocellular injury and morphological findings, including apoptosis, appeared qualitatively similar in both species. The kidney is also a target organ in rats, but not mice. Lesions which include apoptosis and cellular degeneration are predominately found in the outer medella. Results of several investigations showed that the kidney was consistently affected at lower doses than the liver. The “no‐observed‐effect” level for nephropathy in rats was also consistently lower in males than females, suggesting a sex‐related difference in nephrotoxic response to fumonisins. Other findings suggest that toxigenesis may be mediated by disruption of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis. Hepatic and renal sphingolipid profiles, specifically sphinganine concentration and sphinganine‐to‐sphingosine ratio, were altered in rats fed FB1 at levels that did not cause serum chemical, organ weight, or histopathological evidence of toxicity.
Leukoencephalomalacia and hemorrhage in the brain of rabbits gavaged with mycotoxin fumonisin B1
Authors: Bucci Thomas J. , Hansen Deborah K. , Laborde James B. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTwo of five pregnant rabbits gavaged with purified fumonisin B1 at 1.75 mg/kg/day died, one after 9 and one after 13 doses. Microscopic examination revealed focal small hemorrhages in cerebral white matter in both animals, with malacia and hemorrhage also present in the hippocampus of one. The lesions were bilateral. Both animals also had marked degeneration of renal tubule epithelium and of hepatocytes. Apoptosis was the dominant degenerative change in kidney and liver.Fumonisin is known to cause leukoencephalomalacia and hemorrhage in equines, but CNS changes associated with exposure to fumonisins apparently have not been reported in other species. This preliminary observation in rabbits is reported to alert other investigators of a potential model of the disease in equines, as well as for investigation of potential mechanisms of toxicity to the CNS. c̊ 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.