bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of leucocyte antigens in Icelandic horses affected with summer eczema compared to non‐affected horses
Authors: HALLDÓRSDÓTTIR S. , LAZARY S. , GUNNARSSON E. , LARSEN H. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThree hundred and three horses, exported from Iceland to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland or Germany were tested for their distribution of leucocyte antigens. One hundred and thirty‐six horses were affected with summer eczema. The panel of sera recognised the internationally accepted ELA‐specificities A 1 to A10, and the nine work shop specificities W 11 to W 15 and W 18 to W 21. Also, some local specificities, characterised in Switzerland (Be I, Be III, Be 8, Be 25, Be 26, Be 27), and two non major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐linked antigens (Ely 1:1, Ely 2) were included. Only one antigen, Be 8, gave a statistically significant difference in distribution between the two populations: Relative risk = 2.5, x2= 10.11, corrected P < 0.01.
Intake, digestion and gastrointestinal transit time in resting donkeys and ponies and exercised donkeys given ad libitum hay and straw diets
Authors: PEARSON R. ANNE , MERRITT JANE B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFour donkeys and four ponies maintained in climate rooms, were provided with meadow hay or barley straw supplemented with minerals and vitamins ad libitum. Both diets were given to all animals for periods of 21 days. Measurements were made during the last seven days following single doses of two non‐absorbable markers (Crfibre and Co‐EDTA). After six weeks the donkeys repeated the trial, walking 14 km and ascending 260 m five days per week. At rest ponies ate more than donkeys, however the donkeys showed a higher digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) than the ponies. Both species lost weight, ate less and had a lower digestibility of DM, OM and energy on the straw than on the hay ration. Fibre digestibility (neutral detergent fibre [NDF] and ADF) was higher on the straw than the hay diet. Gastrointestinal transit time was slower in the donkeys than in the ponies on both diets. Both species showed a higher mean retention time of digesta on straw than on hay. Exercise had no significant effect on food intake and liveweight changes in the donkeys. Although digestibility coefficients were higher in exercised animals, the effect was not significant. We conclude that, although it is generally considered that donkeys can thrive better on poor feeds than ponies, when the animals are allowed ad libitum access to hay and straw better intakes by ponies may compensate for any differences in digestibility seen in donkeys. Intake of barley straw by both species was not sufficient to meet maintenance requirements.
Clinical and biochemical features of grass sickness (equine dysautonomia)
Authors: DOXEY D. L. , MILNE E. M. , GILMOUR J. S. , POGSON D. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAn attempt has been made to assess the diagnostic value of clinical features seen at initial examination of horses with grass sickness, colic cases and cases submitted as possible grass sickness but diagnosed subsequently as some other condition. There appears to be no single pathognomonic sign for grass sickness. A range of signs has been associated with grass sickness but these are of value only when related to the length of illness and the history. Biochemical tests related to intestinal tissue damage, stress and dehydration were evaluated and most were found to be of value in diagnosing acute grass sickness. No evidence was found relating selected mineral or vitamin deficiencies to grass sickness, nor were protein changes specific. A marked fall in glutathione peroxidase values was associated with grazing rather than disease.
A preliminary study of the tolerance of healthy foals to a low residue enteral feeding solution
Authors: KOHN CATHARINE. W. , KNIGHT D. A. , JEAN K. E. YVORCHYK‐ST. , SCAMAN P. A. , RUEY P. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAfter a three day acclimatisation period, six healthy, young (aged 4 to 20 days) orphan foals of mixed breeding were fed 100 per cent of their caloric needs (estimated at 523 kjoules/kg bodyweight [bwt] or 125 kcal/kg bwt/day) as a low residue isotonic feeding solution (LRF) for seven days. The solution provided 4.18 kjoules (1 kcal/ml) and was fortified with minerals and protein to meet estimated foal requirements. The solution was fed through an indwelling 12 French feeding tube. Five of the six foals completed the study; the loss of the sixth foal apparently was unrelated to the feeding protocol. The foals tolerated LRF well. Signs of intolerance were noted in two foals and were limited to flatulence, mild bloat and very mild abdominal pain associated with a decreased interval between two feedings during the first 48 h on 100 per cent LRF. Complete recovery without therapy occurred within 6 h and feedings were resumed. Growth in height and weight were comparable to published data for healthy foals raised with their dams. Feeding tubes were easily maintained with no apparent dysphagia, regurgitation or discomfort to foals. This low residue, calorically dense, isotonic feeding solution may be useful for enteral feeding of selected foals aged at least seven days.
Adverse conditions in vitro stimulate chondrocytes to produce prostaglandin E2 and stromelysin
Authors: MAY S. A. , HOOKE REBECCA E. , LEES P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryChondrocytes subjected to adverse culture conditions in vitro are stimulated to produce the eicosanoid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the neutral metalloproteinase stromelysin (proteoglycanase). This indicates the potential role of the chondrocyte in cartilage degeneration in equine clinical joint disease and suggests a mechanism which may be involved in the potentiation of the effects of other inflammatory mediators. Therefore, adverse conditions within the joint, such as decreased pH in an inflammatory focus and decreased access of nutrients to deeper layers of cartilage, might contribute to the activation of chondrocytes which leads to cartilage degradation.
Equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever): a review
Authors: MULVILLE P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIn the late 1970s, a new infectious disease in horses, involving acute enteritis, was recognised in the Potomac River area of Maryland, U.S.A. The causative agent was identified subsequently as a new species of rickettsial organism, later namedEhrlichia risticii.Since then, the disease has been reported in many other states, and in enzootic areas vaccination is common. Signs associated with the clinical disease included depression, fever, anorexia, decreased or absent intestinal sounds, profuse watery diarrhoea and laminitis. However, considerable variation in clinical manifestations has been reported in both the natural and experimental disease. Accurate diagnosis depends on serological testing; currently, the immunofluorescent antibody test (IFA) is used widely, although an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed recently. Mortality in untreated cases is 15 to 35 per cent. Antibiotics of the tetracycline series have shown activity against the organismin vitro, in anin vivomurine model and appear to be useful in clinical cases.
The prevalence of enteric pathogens in diarrhoeic Thoroughbred foals in Britain and Ireland
Authors: BROWNING G. F. , CHALMERS R. M. , SNODGRASS D. R. , BATT R. M. , HART C. A. , ORMAROD S. E. , LEADON D. , STONEHAM S. J. , ROSSDALE P. D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA survey of 77 normal and 326 diarrhoeic foals in Britain and Ireland from 1987 to 1989 revealed a significantly higher prevalence of Group A rotaviruses andAeromonas hydrophilain diarrhoeic foals. The prevalence of cryptosporidia, potentially pathogenicEscherichia coli, Yersinia enterocoliticaandClostridium perfringenswas similar in normal or diarrhoeic foals. Rotaviruses had a similar prevalence in all age groups of scouring foals up to three months of age, with an overall prevalence of 37 per cent among diarrhoeic foals. The number of cases of diarrhoea varied considerably from year to year, but in all three years of the survey rotavirus was a significant pathogen. A comparison of diagnostic tests for rotavirus in the faeces showed electron microscopy (EM) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to have similar sensitivity. The Rotazyme ELISA test kit was found to have the same sensitivity as a combination of EM and PAGE.A. hydrophilahad an overall prevalence of 9 per cent among diarrhoeic foals, although its prevalence was higher in some age groups.A. hydrophilahas not been established previously as a significant enteric pathogen in foals. Other putative pathogens found at very low prevalence were coronavirus, the putative picobirnavirus,Campylobacterspp. andSalmonellaspp. No evidence was found of synergistic effects between rotavirus, cryptosporidia and potentially pathogenicE. coli.Neither coccidia nor non‐Group A rotaviruses were found in any of the samples examined.
Influence of age on neutrophil function in foals
Authors: WICHTEL M. G. , ANDERSON K. L. , JOHNSON T. V. , NATHAN U. , SMITH L. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFunctional activities (phagocytosis and killing) of neutrophil leucocytes (NL) and immunoglobulin G concentrations were evaluated in six healthy foals from birth to 6 months of age. Peripheral blood NL were reacted withStreptococcus equisimilisin 20 per cent pooled equine serum for 30, 60 and 90 mins and functional activities of NL were determined using a fluorochrome microassay. Values for foal NL function were compared with those of healthy adult horses (n = 28). Foal neutrophil function was influenced by age. Killing capacity of NL decreased, whereas phagocytic capacity increased, until 113 days of age, after which a reversal in trends became apparent. Immunoglobulin G concentrations changed significantly over time and were lowest at 29 to 56 days of age. All foal values for NL function fell within the range of normal values established for healthy adult horses.
Diagnosis of Equid herpesviruses −1 and −4 by polymerase chain reaction
Authors: SHARMA P. C. , CULLINANE A. A. , ONIONS D. E. , NICOLSON L. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a sensitive technique used to detect DNA of viral pathogens. We have applied the technique to the detection of Equid herpesviruses‐1 and −4 (EHV‐1 and EHV‐4) DNA within nasopharyngeal swab samples from horses. Ninety‐eight samples from suspected field cases and in‐contact horses were analysed. The assays were conducted blind and later decoded and compared with virus isolation data. Our results indicate that PCR is a sensitive and rapid technique for the diagnosis of EHV‐1 and EHV‐4 infection.
The effects of stress on gastric ulceration, T3, T4, reverse T3 and Cortisol in neonatal foals
Authors: FURR M. O. , MURRAY M. J. , FERGUSON D. C. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySixteen neonatal foals stressed by disease underwent endoscopic examination of their stomachs and blood was assayed for triiodothyronine (T3), reverse T3 (rT3), thyroxine (T4) and Cortisol, to determine the effects of severe physiological stress and the occurrence of gastric ulcers, compared with eight age‐matched controls, six foals had abnormal Cortisol, seven had abnormal T3 and 12 had abnormal T4. Eleven of 13 foals had rT3 outside the 95 per cent confidence interval for clinically normal foals of comparable ages. Gastric lesions were seen more frequently in stressed foals, and gastric glandular mucosal lesions were noted in 40 per cent of the stressed foals. Previous studies report low (3 per cent) occurrence of gastric mucosal lesions. The frequency of squamous mucosal lesions was not different from that reported previously, indicating that stress has little effect on the development of lesions at this site.
Total carnitine content of the middle gluteal muscle of Thoroughbred horses: normal values, variability and effect of acute exercise
Authors: FOSTER C. V. LOUISE , HARRIS R. C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThere was no detectable loss of total carnitine associated with intense exercise from the middle gluteal muscle of Thoroughbred horses. Measurements made on a single biopsy obtained during the course of a normal training and exercise programme may, therefore, be considered representative of the normal content at rest. The variability in total carnitine content within the normal muscle biopsy area amounted to 13.2 per cent of the normal mean content. Approximately 50 per cent of this variability could be attributed to covariation with citrate synthase, to which it was highly significantly correlated. The muscle carnitine content of yearling Thoroughbred horses ranged from 10.5 to 18.8 mmol/kg dry muscle (dm); the ranges in untrained, lightly trained and fully trained two‐year‐olds were 18.5 to 34.7, 14.1 to 24.2 and 22.9 to 26.9 mmol/kg dm, respectively. In horses aged over three years total carnitine ranged from 21.3 to 35.5 mmol/kg dm. A trend toward higher contents of total carnitine with age and training appeared to be largely a consequence of underlying changes in mitochondria density as indicated by differences in levels of citrate synthase activity. There was a marked difference in ratios of total carnitine to citrate synthase activity between training yards, reflecting possible differences in management regimes and/or bloodstock selection.
Atresia coli in the foal: a review of six cases
Authors: YOUNG R. L. , LINFORD R. L. , OLANDER H. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPhysical examination and exploratory celiotomy were performed on five neonatal foals presented with signs of acute colic. Atresia coli was confirmed in each foal during surgery. The most consistent finding on physical examination was the absence of meconium staining following repeated enemas. The large, transverse and/or small colon were involved in all foals. One eight month aborted foetus was submitted for necropsy and diagnosed as having atresia coli and congenital hydrocephalus. Atresia coli should be considered for neonatal foals with signs of acute colic.
Ileal intussusception in 16 young Thoroughbreds
Authors: GREET T. R. C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe paper describes the outcome of 16 cases of short ileal‐ileal intussusception in young Thoroughbred horses. The intussusception was often associated with chronic or intermittent low grade abdominal pain. At laparotomy, only the intussusception was reduced in one horse; in another, a myotomy of the thickened stenosed intussusception was carried out after reduction. In 11 cases an ileocaecal bypass anastomosis was performed proximal to the intussusception after its reduction. One horse was subjected to euthanasia during operation because of irreversible intestinal wall damage and another because of intestinal rupture. One foal had a cardiac arrest following reduction of the intussusception. One horse was subjected to euthanasia 4 months post‐operatively because of intractable abdominal pain caused by intestinal adhesions. Although several horses suffered episodes of postoperative abdominal pain, and 2 were subjected to a second laparotomy, 12 horses made an eventual complete recovery.
A two year, prospective survey of equine colic in general practice
Authors: PROUDMAN C. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe records of 200 colic episodes, collected prospectively, over a two year period, from first opinion cases, were analysed and compared with a control sample selected at random from the same population. Analysis by colic type revealed 72% spasmodic/undiagnosed; 7% surgical; 5.5% flatulent; 5% pelvic flexure impactions; 9.5% other impactions and 1% colitis. A possible predisposing cause was identified in 43% of the spasmodic/undiagnosed cases. The total incidence of colic in each age group showed no statistically significant differences from the control population. Stallions were significantly under represented in the colic population. When compared with the control sample the number of spasmodic/undiagnosed colic cases in the 5–10‐year‐old group and the number of surgical colics in the over 15‐year‐old group were significantly greater than expected. No statistically significant correlation was found when the seasonal incidence of colic was compared with monthly temperature, change in monthly temperature, monthly rainfall, and rainfall weighted for temperature.
On the genetic basis of equine allergic diseases: II. Insect bite dermal hypersensitivity
Authors: MARTI ELIANE , GERBER H. , LAZARY S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe horses studied were of the Swiss Warmblood breed and most were ELA‐typed to assess a possible association of dermal hypersensitivy to insect bites with the major histocompatibility complex.Firstly, the occurrence of the condition was examined in 304 half‐siblings sired by six stallions (A to F). Fourteen cases of dermal hypersensitivity were recognized and all were in the 153 offspring of Stallions C, E and F. Most animals of this group were also investigated for chronic hypersensitivity bronchitis: none of the sires displayed clinical signs of dermal hypersensitivity, but Stallions D, E and F were affected by chronic bronchitis. Among the animals investigated for both conditions only one horse showed coincidence of the two diseases as can be expected when the diseases are not correlated. The frequency of manifest dermal hypersensitivity and/or chronic hypersensitivity bronchitis varied in the half‐sibling groups of individual sires. These findings suggest that the allergic conditions are independent entities.Secondly, the occurrence of dermal hypersensitivity was studied in three generations of horses at a stud at which Stallion C had exerted a particularly strong influence. A total of 302 animals, all born and raised at this stud, were surveyed over a period of 12 years. The descendants of Stallion C showed a significantly higher incidence (P<0.01) of dermal hypersensitivity (two daughters out of 19; eight second generation offspring out of 103; one third generation offspring out of 85) than did the controls of the same age classes but unrelated to Stallion C at the same stud (0 out of 95). In this group the predisposition was not associated with the ELA antigens of Stallion C.Thirdly, the pedigrees and the ELA‐haplotypes of eight affected half‐siblings by Stallion F were studied more closely. The predisposition in these horses was associated with the paternal haplotype A3,W23. Four multiple‐case families were studied separately. One sire (G) produced nine affected offspring out of 22 out of four clinically healthy dams. The dams, however, were descendants from Stallion C and they produced four unaffected foals by other sires. The paternal ELA‐haplotype, A15,W23, segregated (with one exception) coupled with the predisposition to the affection. Stallion G and the dams were born, raised and kept at the same stud as their offspring.Based on these findings, we suggest that certain animals can transfer hereditary susceptibility for dermal hypersensitivity due to insect bites to their offspring. In different families the ELA class II specificity W23 segregated with the susceptibility. A gene or genes of the major histocompatibility complex appeared to play a role in some families as well as a gene or genes outside the MHC. Therefore we suggest that insect bite dermal hypersensitivity is a multifactorial disease, including hereditary and environmental factors in its pathogenesis.
Plasma elimination and urinary excretion of procaine after administration of different products to Standardbred mares
Authors: STEVENSON ADRIENNE J. , WEBER M. P. , TODI F. , YOUNG L. , BEAUMIER P. , KACEW S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPlasma and urinary concentrations of procaine were examined in Standardbred mares after subcutaneous administration of various doses (80 mg to 1600 mg) of procaine hydrochloride. Regardless of dose, peak plasma procaine values occurred within 1 h, but remained detectable in a dose‐dependent manner, with procaine present at 1 h with the 80 mg dose and 6 h at the 1600 mg dose. Similarly, peak urinary procaine concentrations were attained within 1.5 to 3 h, irrespective of dose, while detection time was dose‐dependent, being 23 h for 80–200 mg doses but as long as 30–54 h with the 1600 mg dose. When mares were given a single intramuscular injection of a penicillin G‐procaine preparation (Ethacillin, Cillimycin, Penamycin, Derapen A, Azimycin or Diathal), peak plasma procaine concentrations varied and were reached from 10 min to 3 h in all cases, with detection from 3 to 20 h after drug administration. Although the peak urinary levels of procaine occurred between 30 mins and 6 h, detection in urine in most cases was as long as 78–120 h except for Diathal for which detection was limited to 54 h. Daily administration of a penicillin G‐procaine preparation (Pen‐Di‐Strep) for 5 days produced a biphasic peak in plasma procaine at 3 and at 6–9 h with detection from 16 to 23 h after drug treatment. Although peak urinary procaine values were reached at similar times after single or multiple injections, the duration of detection was markedly longer (425 h) after the multiple‐dose regimen. Plasma procaine concentrations could not be detected after topical (Special Formula 17900) or oral (Pro‐Pen Feed Mix) penicillin G‐procaine administration but procaine was detected in urine at 30 h with the topical and at 54 h with the oral treatment.
Constrictive pericarditis in a mare: attempted treatment by partial pericardiectomy
Authors: HARDY JOANNE , ROBERTSON J. T. , REED S. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryChronic constrictive pericarditis was diagnosed in a 6‐year‐old Thoroughbred mare based on the clinical findings of right congestive heart failure, hyperechoic pericardium without pericardial effusion, and a dip‐and‐plateau shape of the right ventricular pressure curve with equilibration of the diastolic pressures in all cardiac chambers. Treatment was attempted by partial pericardiectomy using a right lateral thoracotomy approach. Because of severe epicardial involvement recurrence of the constrictive pathology was noted 6 weeks after the surgical procedure. However, in selected cases in which the disease process is limited to the pericardium, partial pericardiectomy may offer a mode of therapy in horses suffering from constrictive pericarditis.