bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inherently Chiral Cyano‐Substituted Resorcin[4]arene: A Promising Starting Point for Further Functionalization
Authors: Wiegmann Sebastian , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Mattay Jochen 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAn inherently chiral cyano‐substituted resorcin[4]arene has been prepared by palladium‐catalyzed cyanation. Based on this reaction, the four cyano groups were converted into ketones, aldehydes, amides, and amines. The ketone derivative was converted into the corresponding macrocycle with four tertiary alcohol functionalities. Furthermore, demethylation of the methoxy groups to give the phenol groups was carried out in the presence of the keto groups. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis was performed with the cyano, ketone, tertiary alcohol, and phenol compounds. Changing the methoxy to a phenoxy group also led to a distinct modification of the molecular assembly in the solid state. A study of the tertiary alcohol derivative thereby revealed a remarkable twist of the C2‐symmetrical molecule.
Chirality Transfers through Sequential Sigmatropic Rearrangements of Allylic Vicinal Diols: Development and Application to Total Synthesis of (–)‐Kainic Acid
Authors: Kitamoto Katsunori , Nakayama Yasuaki , Sampei Mana , Ichiki Masato , Furuya Naoya , Sato Takaaki , Chida Noritaka 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA detailed description is presented of two sequential sigmatropic rearrangements starting from enantiopure allylic vicinal diols. Starting from the same allylic diol, the sequential Claisen/Claisen rearrangement can install two identical functional groups in a one‐pot reaction, whereas, the sequential Claisen/Overman rearrangement can introduce two different functional groups, both occurring without protecting group manipulation. Both sequential reactions proceeded with complete stereoselectivity, which was easily predictable by the judicious choice of two factors regarding the allylic diols: (1) the stereochemistry of the hydroxy groups and (2) the geometry of the olefin. To demonstrate this sequential rearrangement methodology, we accomplished the total synthesis of (–)‐kainic acid, whose three contiguous stereocenters were completely established by three chirality transfer reactions (SN2′ and sequential Claisen/Overman reactions) of flexible acyclic intermediates derived from D‐arabinose.
Effect of pretreatment on the physical properties of biomass and its relation to fluidized bed gasification
Authors: Bronson Benjamin , Preto Fernando , Mehrani Poupak 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBiomass gasification is a thriving energy conversion technology with many successful demonstrations. However, there are various constraints that may be encountered which continue to cause significant problems originating from fuel properties. Raw biomass fuels usually have high moisture content, low bulk density, low ash melting points, chemical composition with potentially high chlorine content, etc. The constraints related to gasification can include fuel preparation, handling, storage, and feeding problems. In many cases, these constraints can be significantly reduced by pretreatment. Some pretreatment processes commonly pursued are comminution, drying, and pelletization which alter physical properties of biomass that are important to fluid bed gasification. The prior investigations and analysis of the effect of size reduction (comminution), drying, and pelletization on the physical properties of biomass and its effect on gasification performance in fluid bed systems are summarized here. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2012
Corrosion resistance, chemistry, and mechanical aspects of Nitinol surfaces formed in hydrogen peroxide solutions
Authors: Shabalovskaya Svetlana A. , Anderegg James W. , Undisz Andreas , Rettenmayr Markus , Rondelli Gianni C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractTi oxides formed naturally on Nitinol surfaces are only a few nanometers thick. To increase their thickness, heat treatments are explored. The resulting surfaces exhibit poor resistance to pitting corrosion. As an alternative approach to accelerate surface oxidation and grow thicker oxides, the exposure of Nitinol to strong oxidizing H2O2 aqueous solutions (3 and 30%) for various periods of time was used. Using X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger spectroscopy, it was found that the surface layers with variable Ti (6–15 at %) and Ni (5–13 at %) contents and the thickness up to 100 nm without Ni‐enriched interfaces could be formed. The response of the surface oxides to stress in superelastic regime of deformations depended on oxide thickness. In the corrosion studies performed in both strained and strain‐free states using potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarizations, the surfaces treated in H2O2 showed no pitting in corrosive solution that was assigned to higher chemical homogeneity of the surfaces free of secondary phases and inclusions that assist better biocompatibility of Nitinol medical devices. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 100B: 1490–1499, 2012
Load‐bearing capacity and biological allowable limit of biodegradable metal based on degradation rate in vivo
Authors: Cho Sung Youn , Chae Soo‐Won , Choi Kui Won , Seok Hyun Kwang , Han Hyung Seop , Yang Seok Jo , Kim Young Yul , Kim Jong Tac , Jung Jae Young , Assad Michel 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this study, a newly developed Mg‐Ca‐Zn alloy for low degradation rate and surface erosion properties was evaluated. The compressive, tensile, and fatigue strength were measured before implantation. The degradation behavior was evaluated by analyzing the microstructure and local hardness of the explanted specimen. Mean and maximum degradation rates were measured using micro CT equipment from 4‐, 8‐, and 16‐ week explants, and the alloy was shown to display surface erosion properties. Based on these characteristics, the average and minimum load bearing capacities in tension, compression, and bending modes were calculated. According to the degradation rate and references of recommended dietary intakes (RDI), the Mg‐Ca‐Zn alloy appears to be safe for human use. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 100B: 1535–1544, 2012.
Cognitive function in young men and the later risk of fractures
Authors: Nordström Peter , Franks Paul W , Gustafson Yngve , Nordström Anna 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Dementia has been associated with an increased risk of fractures. These associations may be explained by an impaired cognitive function, as well as comorbid illness and toxic reaction from drugs. To investigate whether cognitive function in young, healthy individuals already affects the risk of fractures, overall cognitive function scores were calculated from four cognitive tests accomplished during a national conscriptions test in 960,956 men with a mean age of 18 years. Incident fractures were searched in national registers. During a median follow-up of 30 years (range 0 to 41 years), 65,313 men had one fracture and 2589 men had a hip fracture. Compared with men with no fracture, overall cognitive function at baseline was 3.5% lower for men sustaining one fracture and 5.5% lower for men sustaining a hip fracture (p &lt; 0.001 for both). When comparing the lowest and the highest decile, low overall cognitive function scores increased the risk one fracture (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50–1.61) and a hip fracture (HR = 2.12, 95% CI 1.77–2.55), after adjustment for confounders. A higher education (university level versus elementary school) was associated with a decreased risk of a fracture (HR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.65–0.69) and a hip fracture (HR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.45–0.57). The effects of education and cognitive function were reduced when also adjusting for total income and disability pension. In summary, low cognitive function and education in young men were associated with the later risk of especially hip fractures. These associations may partly be mediated by socioeconomic factors. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Influence of Doping Different Rare Earth Ions on the Luminescence of CaTiO3‐based Phosphors
Authors: Korkmaz Esra , Kalaycioglu Nilgun Ozpozan 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis paper reports the Gd3+, Dy3+, Tb3+ and Lu3+ doped CaTiO3 based phosphors were synthesized by modified solid‐state reaction method and its crystal structure and luminescent properties were investigated. The X‐ray diffraction patterns (XRD) showed that the phosphors sintered at 1000 °C for 2 h were a pure CaTiO3 phases. The optimization of reaction conditions were carried out by thermal gravimetry and differential thermal analysis methods (DTA/TG). Surface and elemental analyses were performed by using on SEM instrument. The excitation and emission spectras were recorded by photoluminescence spectrophotometer (PL).
Four phenolic acids determined by an improved HPLC method with a programmed ultraviolet wavelength detection and their relationships with lignin content in 13 agricultural residue feeds
Authors: Wang Rui , Yang Hong‐Jian , Yang Xin , Cao Bing‐Hai 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Lignification‐associated phenolic acids are widely distributed in graminaceous plant cell walls. This study developed a rapid and sensitive reversed‐phase method for the simultaneous quantification of protocatechuic (PRA), vanillic (VA), ferulic (FA) and p‐coumaric (PCA) acids and investigated the relationship between these compounds and lignin contents in 13 fibrous feeds.RESULTS: The phenolic acids were identified at a column temperature of 15 °C in a single run, in which the wavelength was programmed at 260 nm for PRA and VA, then switched to 310 nm for FA and PCA determinations. Satisfactory precision, recovery, and linearity were obtained with this method. Among 13 feeds, PCA was most abundant, followed by FA, VA and PRA. Great variations in phenolic acid and lignin contents were found. FA content was much richer than PCA content in maize and wheat brans, and the highest PCA content occurred in maize stalks. Lignin content was correlated with proportions of FA (r = − 0.95) and PCA (r = 0.90) in the summed phenolic acids and the PCA:FA ratio (r = 0.91).CONCLUSION: The improved method appears to be useful for simultaneous quantification of target phenolic compounds. Both FA and PCA may be good indicators for plant cell wall lignification associated with feed digestibility. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Characteristic aroma compounds of cooked and fermented soybean (Chungkook‐Jang) inoculated with various Bacilli
Authors: Yoon Ki‐Hong , Chang Yeong‐Il , Lee Gyu‐Hee 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: For selecting Chungkook‐jang products with a less undesirable odour, the volatile compounds that affect the overall consumer acceptance of Chungkook‐jang products were analysed. The volatile compounds of Chungkook‐jang were extracted by using solid phase microextraction and direct solvent extraction and were detected by using gas chromatography‐olfactometry. The results were represented as the mean of the log3 flavour dilution factors; principal component analysis was used to determine the effective components.RESULTS: Fifteen and 14 volatile compounds were detected in the extracts using solid phase microextraction and direct solvent extraction, respectively. The Bacillus species 2‐M1L, which has the most overall acceptance, might have a nutty initial top note and nutty and cheesy long‐lasting note aromas. In correlation analysis between the characteristic aromas and the overall acceptance, trimethyl pyrazine (nutty, pungent), butanoic acid (cheesy, butyric), and methyl pyrazine (burnt, roasted) were positively correlated with overall acceptance. In contrast, 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone (buttery, fatty) and 2,3‐butanediol (chemical, fatty) were negatively correlated with overall acceptance.CONCLUSION: Consumers might prefer Chungkook‐jang that has a more nutty and cheesy flavour and a less fatty one. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder in forensic psychiatric outpatients in the Netherlands
Authors: Henrichs Jens , Bogaerts Stefan 
Published: June 2012

AbstractUsing a sample of 154 Dutch forensic psychiatric outpatients aged 18–62 years, this study investigated whether risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), mainly identified in nonforensic research, forensic psychiatric factors, and potential comorbid mental disorders were associated with PTSD. Data on demographics, victimization during childhood or adolescence, and forensic psychiatric factors were derived from electronic medical records. Mental disorders were assessed using structured psychiatric interviews and consensus diagnoses were established during weekly case consultations. The PTSD rate was 75% in the sample. Whereas the PTSD group was significantly more likely to be older, female, not Dutch, and to have a history of victimization, previously perpetrated family violence, and lower psychosocial and occupational functioning than the non‐PTSD group, the latter group had significantly higher rates of psychiatric history, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), antisocial personality disorder, drug abuse, and previous repeated nonfamily violence perpetration. Effect sizes ranged from Nagelkerke R2 = .04 for psychosocial and occupational functioning to Nagelkerke R2 = .70 for ADHD. This study demonstrated differences between those with and without PTSD in demographic, victim, forensic, and psychological characteristics. Future studies should examine the complexity between early victimization, delinquency patterns, and psychopathology regarding the prediction of PTSD among forensic psychiatric outpatients.
An imaging‐based approach to the evaluation of xerostomia
Authors: Duong Steven , Youssef Joseph , Pimenta Paloma , Aguigam Holly , Zhang Jun , Calantog Alden , Pilch Shira , Masters James G. , Wilder‐Smith Petra 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveGoal was to evaluate the potential of in vivo optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to determine the response of patients with xerostomia to a dry mouth toothpaste versus fluoride toothpaste placebo.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTen subjects with xerostomia participated in this double‐blind, crossover, placebo‐controlled study. After examination and OCT imaging, subjects used the first product for 15 days, followed by a 7‐day washout period, and then they used the second product for 15 days. Data were acquired at 5‐day intervals, also before and after the washout.ResultsVisual examination and tongue blade adhesion test did not reflect response to the product. Two imaging‐based markers were identified: (i) In OCT images, epithelial thickness increased significantly (P < 0.05) after use of the dry mouth toothpaste, but did not change significantly (P > 0.05) after the use of a fluoride toothpaste and (2) Optical backscattering data showed progressive characteristic changes from baseline with use of the active product.ConclusionsIn this pilot study using in vivo OCT imaging, it was possible to detect and measure oral epithelial response to the dry mouth product versus placebo in patients with xerostomia.Clinical ImplicationsThis approach may permit site‐specific assessment of xerostomia, individualized treatment planning and monitoring, and sequential mucosal mapping in patients with dry mouth. Lasers Surg. Med. 44: 482–489, 2012. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flattened facial colliculus on magnetic resonance imaging in Machado–Joseph disease
Authors: Ogawa Yoshitsugu , Ito Shoichi , Makino Takahiro , Kanai Kazuaki , Arai Kimihito , Kuwabara Satoshi 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAtrophy of the pontine tegmentum and facial colliculus is a characteristic pathological feature of Machado–Joseph disease. We assessed whether this finding can be detected by conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging. A total of 17 patients with genetically confirmed Machado–Joseph disease, 15 disease controls (spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 and dentatorubral‐pallidoluysian atrophy), and 17 normal subjects were examined using a 1.5‐Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner. The widths of the facial colliculus, pontine tegmentum, and pontine base and the area of the fourth ventricle were measured on axial T2‐weighted imaging. Pathological examination was performed in 9 Machado–Joseph disease patients. In addition, visual inspection of the facial colliculus was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic analysis. The width of the facial colliculus was significantly smaller in Machado–Joseph disease patients (0.37 ± 0.16 mm; mean ± standard deviation) than in normal subjects (0.73 ± 0.30 mm; P < .01), whereas the width of the pontine tegmentum was smaller in both Machado–Joseph disease (4.85 ± 0.58 mm) and dentatorubral‐pallidoluysian atrophy (4.72 ± 0.59) patients than in normal subjects (6.35 ± 0.74 mm; P < .01). Visual evaluation of the facial colliculus showed sufficient area under the receiver operating characteristic curves to differentiate Machado–Joseph disease from dentatorubral‐pallidoluysian atrophy (0.78) and spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (0.87). Pathological evaluation showed significant atrophy of the facial colliculus in all Machado–Joseph disease patients. Atrophy of the facial colliculus is a feasible magnetic resonance imaging finding for diagnosing Machado–Joseph disease, and it is easily found as a flattening of the fourth ventricular floor. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Indications for revision of artificial urinary sphincter and modifiable risk factors for device‐related morbidity
Authors: Anusionwu Ifeanyichukwu I. , Wright E. James 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAimsThe aim of the study is to evaluate the causes for artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) failure in a contemporary series, and to detect modifiable risk factors for device‐related complications. The aim is to also report outcome after AUS revision.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of consecutive patients who underwent AUS revision at a tertiary care institution by a single surgeon from 2006 to 2011. There were 53 AUS revisions performed on 34 patients at a median age of 69 years.ResultsUrethral atrophy was the most common indication for revision. Fourteen patients (41%) underwent more than one revision. Seven patients had urethral catheterization in the setting of an active AUS while admitted to a non‐urologic service; these patients all developed cuff erosion. Fifty‐four percent of urethral erosions were associated with such traumatic catheterizations. After revision, 80% of patients with an AUS in place were using one or no pad daily at mean follow up of 27 months.ConclusionUrethral atrophy remains the most common reason for AUS revision. More than half of all urethral erosions are secondary to urethral catheterization in the setting of an active sphincter, suggesting that some of the risk of device‐related morbidity may be modifiable. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32: 63–65, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The application of radiation therapy to the pediatric preclinical testing program (PPTP): Results of a pilot study in rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Kaplon Rita , Hadziahmetovic Mersiha , Sommerfeld Jim , Bondra Kathryn , Lu Lanchun , Leasure Justin , Nguyen Phuong , McHugh Kelsey , Li Ning , Chronowski Christopher , Sebastian Nikhil , Singh Mamta , Kurmasheva Raushan , Houghton Peter , Pelloski Christopher E. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) has been successfully used to determine the efficacy of novel agents against solid tumors by testing them within a mouse‐flank in vivo model. To date, radiation therapy has not been applied to this system. We report on the feasibility and biologic outcomes of a pilot study using alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma xenograft lines.ProceduresWe developed a high‐throughput mouse‐flank irradiation device that allows the safe delivery of radiotherapy in clinically relevant doses. For our pilot study, two rhabdomyosarcoma xenograft lines from the PPTP, Rh30 (alveolar) and Rh18 (embryonal) were selected. Using established methods, xenografts were implanted, grown to appropriate volumes, and were subjected to fractionated radiotherapy. Tumor response‐rates, growth kinetics, and event‐free survival time were measured.ResultsOnce optimized, the rate of acute toxicity requiring early removal from study in 93 mice was only 3%. During the optimization phase, it was observed that the alveolar Rh30 xenograft line demonstrated a significantly greater radiation resistance than embryonal Rh18 in vivo. This finding was validated within the standardized 30 Gy treatment phase, resulting in overall treatment failure rates of 10% versus 60% for the embryonal versus alveolar subtype, respectively.ConclusionsOur pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of our device which enables safe, clinically relevant focal radiation delivery to immunocompromised mice. It further recapitulated the expected clinical radiobiology. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 377–382. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐assembled nanoparticles from folate‐decorated maleilated pullulan–doxorubicin conjugate for improved drug delivery to cancer cells
Authors: Li Fei , Zhang Haitao , Gu Chunhu , Fan Li , Qiao Youbei , Tao Yangchun , Cheng Chong , Wu Hong , Yi Jun 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe goal of this study was to develop doxorubicin conjugate nanoparticles with increased antitumor effects, reduced side effects and the ability to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR). In this regard, folate‐decorated maleilated pullulan–doxorubicin conjugate nanoparticles were developed as carriers for co‐delivery of pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and doxorubicin (FA‐MP‐DOX/PDTC + DOX NPs). The resultant nanoparticles showed spherical geometry, with an average diameter of 152 nm. The two drugs were released from the nanoparticles in a slow, pH‐dependent sustained release. To test the efficacy of these nanoparticles, in vitro tests including cell viability and folate receptor‐mediated endocytosis were conducted against both A2780 cells and A2780/DOXR cells. Compared to free DOX, the FA‐MP‐DOX/PDTC + DOX NPs showed effective but less potent cytotoxicity against A2780 cells. For A2780/DOXR cells, they showed enhanced cellular uptake, increased targeting capacity and cytotoxicity. These results suggest that co‐delivery of PDTC and DOX may further overcome MDR by transporting an increased amount of DOX within cells in addition to the folate receptor‐mediated endocytosis process. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Connecting students to the real world: Developing gifted behaviors through service learning
Authors: Bruce‐Davis Micah N. , Chancey Jaclyn M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractLearning in today's classrooms can be disconnected from students' real world experiences. Providing students the opportunity to address real‐world problems may provide avenues for students to engage in their communities while developing academic skills and knowledge. Additionally, for students whose interests are piqued by the nature of their community's problems, these activities have the potential to offer students meaningful, motivating work in a supportive environment. This article explores how providing students with interest‐based service‐learning opportunities may help them develop and demonstrate gifted behaviors. In addition, methods for integrating student interests and service‐learning projects are presented. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.