bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptability of the Arginine Maturity Index Method To Virginia Type Peanuts in North Carolina1
Authors: Fincher Patricia G. , Young Clyde T. , Wynne Johnny C. , Perry Astor 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The Arginine Maturity Index (AMI)- method for estimation of optimum maturity and highest quality of peanuts was evaluated in a two-year research station study (1977 and 1978) of large-seeded Virginia type peanuts grown in North Carolina. A one year study was conducted on farms in seven North Carolina counties in 1978. Samples were collected weekly from both the research station and farms and analyzed for arginine by the modified Sakaguchi reaction. Maximum yield corresponded to minimum AMI values for each cultivar in 1977 and for the NC 5 cultivar in 1978 in the research station study. Prediction curves were derived from each cultivar for each year using a quadratic polyonomial equation. Large differences in AMI data existed between 1977 and 1978 and between cultivars in 1978 at early harvest dates; however, near minimum AMI values, all six curves appear to be similar. AMI and yield data obtained from individual county farms fluctuated throughout the growing season. Generally, higher AMI values were observed for Virginia type than have been reported for Spanish type peanuts. Using the prediction curve derived in Georgia, and subtracting one week, predicted digging dates were within 4 days of the date of maximum dollar return per ha in five of the seven counties. Based on previous experience, the farm data of six counties (with the exception of Nash), was used to derive a tentative optimum harvest prediction equation for North Carolina.
Decompression of Chiari malformation with and without duraplasty: morbidity versus recurrence
Authors: Mutchnick Ian S. , Janjua Rashid M. , Moeller Karen , Moriarty Thomas M. 
Published: April 2010

Object
The optimal surgical management of Chiari malformation (CM) is evolving. Evidence continues to accrue that supports decompression without duraplasty as an effective treatment to achieve symptomatic relief and anatomical decompression. The risks and benefits of this less invasive operation need to be weighed against decompression with duraplasty.

Methods
The authors performed a retrospective review of all CM decompressions from 2003 to 2007. All operations were performed by a single surgeon at a single institution. Data were analyzed for outcome, postoperative morbidity, and recurrence.

Results
Of 121 unique patients, 56 underwent posterior fossa decompressions without duraplasty (PFD) and 64 patients underwent posterior fossa decompressions with duraplasty (PFDD). Of the 56 PFD patients, 7 (12.5%) needed a subsequent PFDD for symptomatic recurrence. Of the 64 patients who underwent a PFDD, 2 (3.1%) needed a repeated PFDD for symptomatic recurrence. Patients treated with PFDD had an average operative time of 201 minutes in contrast to 127 minutes for those who underwent PFD (p = 0.0001). Patients treated with PFDD had average hospital stays of 4.0 days, whereas that for patients treated with PFD was 2.7 days (p = 0.0001). While in the hospital, patients treated with PFDD used low-grade narcotics, intravenous narcotics, muscle relaxants, and antiemetic medications at statistically significant differing rates.

Conclusions
While PFD was associated with a higher rate of recurrent symptoms requiring repeated decompression, this may be justified by the significantly lower morbidity rate. Clearer delineation of the trade-off between morbidity and recurrence may be used to help patients and their families make decisions regarding care.
Hexahydropyrrolo[2,3‐b]indoles: A New Class of Structurally Rigid Tricyclic Skeleton for Oxazaborolidine‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Borane Reduction
Authors: Xiao Jian , Wong Zhen Zhou , Lu Yun Peng , Loh Teck Peng 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA new class of structurally rigid tricyclic chiral ligands based on the hexahydropyrrolo[2,3‐b]indole skeleton has been rationally designed and the catalytic abilities in asymmetric catalysis have been shown in the enantioselective borane reduction of prochiral ketones to afford the chiral alcohols in excellent yields and high enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee).
Novel N‐ethyl‐2‐styrylquinolinum iodides as sensitizers in photoinitiated free radical polymerization of trimethylolopropane triacrylate (TMPTA), part 3
Authors: Kabatc Janina , Pączkowski Jerzy 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThree‐component systems, which contain a light‐absorbing species (dye), an electron donor (n‐butyltriphenylborate salt), and a third component (N‐alkoxypyridinum salt or 1,3,5‐triazine derivative), have emerged as efficient, visible‐light sensitive photoinitiators of free radical polymerization. It was found that three‐component systems are more efficient than their two‐component counterparts. Kinetic studies based on microcalorimetry revealed a significant increase in polymerization rate with increasing concentration of N‐alkoxypyridinum salt. Such results were not obtained for photoinitiating systems possessing 1,3,5‐triazine derivative as a second coinitiator. Based on the experimental results we concluded that the primary photochemical reaction involves electron transfer from the borate anion to the excited dye followed by the reaction of resulting dye‐based radical with second coinitiator that regenerates the original dye and simultaneously produces the alkoxy radical or triazynyl radical which could start the polymerization chain reaction. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Electrochemical polymerization of p‐terphenyl in mixed electrolyte of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate and CH2Cl2
Authors: Zhou Weiqiang , Xu Jingkun , Du Yukou , Yang Ping 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHigh quality poly(p‐phenylene) (PPP) film with conductivity of 0.015 S cm−1 was synthesized electrochemically by direct anodic oxidation of p‐terphenyl (PP) oligomers in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE) containing 37.5% CH2Cl2 (v/v). The oxidation onset potential of PP in this medium was measured to be only 1.23 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE), which was lower than that determined in CH2Cl2 + 0.1 mol L−1 Bu4NBF4 (1.87 V vs. SCE). As‐formed PPP films showed good electrochemical behavior, good electrochromic property and good thermal stability. The structures and morphology of doped and dedoped PPP were investigated by UV‐vis, FTIR, and Scanning electron micrographs. The infrared spectroscopic measurements for the estimation of chain lengths revealed that PPP was composed of about 10 phenyl rings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and photopolymerization of phosphonic acid monomers for applications in compomer materials
Authors: Catel Yohann , Le Pluart Loïc , Madec Pierre‐Jean , Pham Thi‐Nhàn 
Published: April 2010

AbstractNovel methacrylate monomers bearing phosphonic acid groups 1 and 2 as well as new sulfur methacrylates 9 and 10 have been prepared in good yields from thiophenol. They have been fully characterized by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, 31P‐NMR, and HRMS. Their copolymerization with a bis‐GMA : TEGDMA (1 : 1) blend has been investigated with photodifferential scanning calorimetry at 50°C with camphorquinone as a photoinitiator and ethyl 4‐(dimethylamino)benzoate (EDAB) as a coinitiator. The higher the content of acidic monomer 1 or 2 incorporated in the bis‐GMA : TEGDMA (1 : 1) blend, the lower the mixtures reactivity. The phosphonic acid group has been proved to be responsible for this drop of reactivity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Aqueous chloramine diffusion into elastomers
Authors: Nagisetty Raja M. , Rockaway Thomas D. , Willing Gerold A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAqueous chloramine diffusion into styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and natural rubber was analyzed using approximate analytical and numerical solutions of Fick's second law of diffusion to develop long‐term mass intake prediction curves. Diffusion coefficients were calculated for 1 mg/L chloramine concentration at three temperatures (23, 45, and 70°C) and also for 23°C at three chloramine concentrations (1, 30, and 60 mg/L). The reasonableness of using increased temperature and/or chloramine concentration to accelerate the diffusion process to obtain long‐term information was discussed. For 1 mg/L chloramine concentration, the activation energy for the diffusion of chloramines into SBR and natural rubber were computed to be 51.13 and 77.29 kJ/mol, respectively. Also, concentration profiles were developed to understand the extent of penetration through the elastomer thickness over time and temperature. Considering the reports of elastomeric compound failure in chloramine disinfectant water distribution systems because of swelling, this study will be helpful in understanding the performance of the elastomeric compounds in the system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
A library of thiol‐terminated methacrylate telomers prepared by photoinitiated iniferter mediated polymerization for use in modifications of chromatographic surfaces by the “grafting to” approach
Authors: Nordborg Anna , Irgum Knut 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA library of thiol‐terminated methacrylate telomers aimed for use in surface modifications of chromatographic support materials has been prepared by iniferter mediated polymerization, using isopropylxanthic disulfide as a photoiniferter. The telomers range from hydrophobic to hydrophilic and were prepared in different lengths, with the length being adjusted by the ratio of monomer to iniferter used in the polymerization mixture. The telomers were characterized by size‐exclusion chromatography and MALDI‐TOF‐MS. In initial surface characterization experiments, the prepared telomers were attached to the inner surface of fused silica capillaries by radical initiated addition to vinyl groups, and the electro‐osmotic flow (EOF) in the prepared capillaries was determined in a capillary electrophoresis set‐up. The EOF measurements verified surface grafting. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation of poly(lactic acid)/poly(methyl methacrylate)/silicon dioxide degradable hybrid electrolytes
Authors: Wang Hualin , Shu Liping , Jiang Shaotong 
Published: April 2010

AbstractOn the basis of sol–gel methodology, a novel degradable hybrid electrolyte, poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/silicon dioxide (SiO2) hybrid electrolyte, was prepared from PLA, methyl methacrylate, and tetraethoxylsilicon with 3‐methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane as a coupling agent. As observed from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra, the PLA, PMMA, and silica units were linked by covalent bonds through the coupling agent in a hybrid network. Differential scanning calorimetry results show that the heat‐resistance properties of the hybrid electrolyte improved with increasing SiO2 content. The hybrid electrolyte was shown to be amorphous by the X‐ray diffraction results. From study of ionic conductivity by alternating‐current impedance, the ionic conductivity of the PLA/PMMA/SiO2 hybrid electrolyte increased with increasing silica content, reached a maximum value of 2.42 × 10−4 S/cm at 2 wt % SiO2, and then decreased. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation and characterization of crosslinked poly(methylmethacrylate‐acrylic acid sodium salt)‐modified bone cement
Authors: Nien Yu‐Hsun , Chen Shao‐Heng , Chen Jian‐Wen 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBone cement is used as load‐distributing filler between the prosthesis and the bone as well as a method to anchor prosthesis in orthopedic implants. In this study, crosslinked poly(methylmethacrylate‐acrylic acid sodium salt), denoted as poly(MMA‐AAS‐AMA), was applied to bone cement. Allylmethacrylate (AMA) was used as a crosslinking agent. It was demonstrated by FTIR that the wavenumbers of the asymmetrical and symmetrical stretching vibrations for carboxylate anion of poly(MMA‐AAS‐AMA) were 1586 and 1407 cm−1, respectively. The poly(MMA‐AAS‐AMA)‐modified bone cement was prepared and characterized using tensile and compressive test. An excess of poly(MMA‐AAS‐AMA) in bone cement caused poor mechanical properties of the modified bone cement, because poly(MMA‐AAS‐AMA) absorbed water. In dynamic mechanical analysis, the excessive content of poly(MMA‐AAS‐AMA) lowered the stiffness of the modified bone cement, because of water existed in poly(MMA‐AAS‐AMA). The glass transition temperature of the bone cement shifted to higher temperature at higher frequency because of viscoelasticity. Based on swelling measurement, the modified bone cement was able to swell in controlled manner, and the swelling rate of the modified bone cement was improved. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Color improvment of C9hydrocarbon resin by hydrogenation over 2% Pd/γ‐alumina catalyst: Effect of degree of aromatic rings hydrogenation
Authors: Sae‐Ma Nikom , Praserthdam Piyasan , Panpranot Joongjai , Chaemchuen Somboon , Dokjamp Siraprpha , Suriye Kongkiat , Rempel Garry L. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractColor improvement of commercial C9hydrocarbon resin (c‐C9HR) and prepared C9hydrocarbon resin (p‐C9HR) has been investigated under various hydrogenation conditions over 2% Pd/γ‐alumina catalysts. The degrees of aromatic rings hydrogenation (DHs) and molecular structure of resin were determined from nuclear magnetic resonance of1H and13C (1H‐NMR and13C‐NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. The starting c‐C9HR presented in yellow color (Gardner color No. 8.4). Under the hydrogenation conditions used (H2pressure 70 bar, 250°C, and 8 h), the ethylenic proton in c‐C9HR was completely removed, but the aromatic rings content remained unaltered and very little change in resin color was observed (Gardner color No.8.1). On the other hand, the starting p‐C9HR contained only unsaturated aromatic proton with Gardner color No.17.1. Under similar conditions, aromatic rings in p‐C9HR were converted to alicyclic rings, and its color was reduced to Gardner color No.5.7. By varying the DH of aromatics in p‐C9HR, two‐step decolorization was observed in which at lower DH (≤10%) the color decreased sharply from 17.1 to 9.3, while further color reduction to 5.7 was obtained when the DH was increased to 94%. It is suggested that both color body and aromatic rings were the main sources contributing to C9HR color. Nevertheless, color stability of the resin during heat treatment was significantly improved by hydrogenation especially at DH ≥ 50%. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
A photoinitiator‐free photosensitive polyimide with low dielectric constant
Authors: Choi Seunghyuk , Lee Seokkyu , Jeon Jihee , An Jaein , Khan Sher Bahadar , Lee Sangyup , Seo Jongchul , Han Haksoo 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA series of photoinitiator‐free photosensitive polyimides (PSPIs) with lower dielectric constants have been synthesized by reaction of fluorine aromatic diamine, 2,2′‐bis(3‐amino‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane diamine (AHHFP) with 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) and a mixture of various mole ratios of 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) and 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) by using solution poly‐condensation reaction at room temperature and further imidization at 180°C. These aromatic polyimides were further acrylated via a reaction with acryloyl chlroride in the presence of triethyl amine to produce negative photoinitiator‐free PSPIs. All the photoinitiator‐free photosensitive polyimides were characterized by FTIR and NMR while their morphologhy was evaluated by X‐ray diffractions study. These newly synthesized PSPIs were evaluated to determine their electrical, thermal, and photolithographic properties. The PSPI (AHHFP‐BTDA‐6FDA [1 : 0.5 : 0.5]) with high mole ratio of 6FDA showed lower dielectric constants of 2.420 at 1 kHz and 2.170 at 1 MHz in capacitance and optical methods, respectively. Further, the acrylated AHHFP‐BTDA showed the highest photosensitivity than other PSPIs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Kinetics and crystal structure of isothermal crystallization of poly(lactic acid) plasticized with triphenyl phosphate
Authors: Xiao Hanwen , Liu Fen , Jiang Tao , Yeh Jen‐Taut 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this article, the spherulitic growth rate of neat and plasticized poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with triphenyl phosphate (TPP) was measured and analyzed in the temperature range of 104–142°C by polarizing optical microscopy. Neat PLA had the maximum value of 0.28 μm/s at 132°C, whereas plasticized PLA had higher value than that of neat PLA, but the temperature corresponding to the maximum value was shifted toward lower one with increasing TPP content. The isothermal crystallization kinetics of neat and plasticized PLA was also analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry and described by the Avrami equation. The results showed for neat PLA and its blends with various TPP contents, the average value of Avrami exponents n were close to around 2.5 at two crystallization temperatures of 113 and 128°C, the crystallization rate constant k was decreased, and the half‐life crystallization time t1/2 was increased with TPP content. For neat PLA and its blend with 15 wt % TPP content, the average value of n was 2.0 and 2.3, respectively, the value of k was decreased, and the value of t1/2 was increased with crystallization temperature (Tc). Further investigation into crystallization activation energy ΔEa of neat PLA and its blend with 15 wt % TPP showed that ΔEa of plasticized PLA was increased compared to neat PLA. It was verified by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction that neat PLA and its blends containing various TPP contents crystallized isothermally in the temperature range of 113–128°C all form the α‐form crystal. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Use of nanoparticles for improving the foaming behaviors of linear PP
Authors: Zheng W. G. , Lee Y. H. , Park C. B. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis research presents the foaming behaviors of linear polypropylene (PP) and PP/clay nanocomposites blown with supercritical CO2. The cell nucleation and expansion behaviors of the linear PP and PP‐based nanocomposites at various clay contents during extrusion foaming are studied. The experimental results indicate that the nano‐particles have a positive impact on improving the cell morphology, the cell density and the expansion ratio of the linear PP foams. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Fractionated crystallization and self‐nucleation behavior of poly(ethylene oxide) in its miscible blends with poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate)
Authors: Pan Pengju , Zhao Li , Zhu Bo , He Yong , Inoue Yoshio 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe fractionated crystallization and self‐nucleation behavior of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) component in the miscible PEO/poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) binary blends were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small‐angle X‐ray diffraction (SAXS) under different crystallization conditions. The distribution of PEO component in the PEO/PHB blend greatly influences its fractionated crystallization behavior. The active heterogeneities, on which the semicrystalline components in the molten state can nucleate at a small supercooling, are favored to locate out of the interlamellar regions of PHB crystals during the crystallization of PHB component. The PEO component confined in the interlamellar regions of PHB crystals crystallizes at an extremely large supercooling, which is induced by the homogeneous nucleation or less active heterogeneities, while the PEO component expelled out of the interlamellar regions of PHB crystals can crystallize at a small supercooling due to the nucleation induced by active heterogeneities. In addition, the self‐nucleation behavior of PEO component in the PEO/PHB blend is also affected by the active heterogeneities and the distribution of PEO phase in the blend. Different from the block copolymer systems, the PEO component confined into the interlamellar regions of PHB crystals can not be self‐nucleated in the PEO/PHB blend without a nucleating agent (NA). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Characterization of a clinical polymer‐drug conjugate using multiscale modeling
Authors: Peng Lili X. , Ivetac Anthony , Chaudhari Akshay S. , Van Sang , Zhao Gang , Yu Lei , Howell Stephen B. , McCammon J. Andrew , Gough David A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe molecular conformation of certain therapeutic agents has been shown to affect the ability to gain access to target cells, suggesting potential value in defining conformation of candidate molecules. This study explores how the shape and size of poly‐γ‐glutamyl‐glutamate paclitaxel (PGG‐PTX), an amphiphilic polymer‐drug with potential chemotherapeutic applications, can be systematically controlled by varying hydrophobic and hydrophilic entities. Eighteen different formulations of PGG‐PTX varying in three PTX loading fractions (fPTX) of 0.18, 0.24, and 0.37 and six spatial arrangements of PTX (‘clusters’, ‘ends’, ‘even’, ‘middle’, ‘random’, and ‘side’) were explored. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of all‐atom (AA) models of PGG‐PTX were run until a statistical equilibrium was reached at 100 ns and then continued as coarse‐grained (CG) models until a statistical equilibrium was reached at an effective time of 800 ns. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to suggest initial modeling configurations. Results show that a PGG‐PTX molecule has a strong tendency to form coil shapes, regardless of the PTX loading fraction and spatial PTX arrangement, although globular shapes exist at fPTX = 0.24. Also, less uniform PTX arrangements such as ‘ends’, ‘middle’, and ‘side’ produce coil geometries with more curvature. The prominence of coil shapes over globules suggests that PGG‐PTX may confer a long circulation half‐life and high propensity for accumulation to tumor endothelia. This multiscale modeling approach may be advantageous for the design of cancer therapeutic delivery systems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 936–951, 2010.
Synthesis of Fluorine‐Containing Molecular Rotors and Their Assembly on Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Thibeault Dominic , Auger Michèle , Morin Jean‐François 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA series of eight rotors containing thiol groups for attachment to gold surfaces and fluorine atoms for solid‐state 19F NMR spectroscopy have been prepared through linear, multistep synthesis. The common rotating part of the rotors (rotator), consisting of a 2,6‐difluorobenzene moiety, is introduced into the rotor structure through an unusual regioselective Sonogashira coupling with 2,6‐difluoro‐1,4‐diiodobenzene. Rotors with different bulky trityl headgroups were prepared, along with their linear, less hindered analogues. These molecular rotors were assembled on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and preliminary characterization was performed on these AuNPs in order to study the effects of the sizes of the molecules on the packing behaviour on the AuNP surfaces. As expected, we found that linear molecules adopt more closely packed structures on the surfaces than their bulky analogues. This offers a very promising opportunity to study rotation dynamics at the molecular level by solid‐state NMR spectroscopy.