bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial distribution of surface ablation in the terminus of Rhonegletscher, Switzerland
Authors: Sugiyama Shin , Yoshizawa Takeshi , Huss Matthias , Tsutaki Shun , Nishimura Daisuke 
Published: September 2011

AbstarctThe spatial pattern of glacier surface melt was measured with a resolution of 20–100m within a region extending 1 km up-glacier from the terminus of Rhonegletscher, Switzerland. The melt rate was monitored from 6 July to 6 September 2009 using 44 ablation stakes. We also measured the surface albedo near the stakes to investigate the importance of this parameter for the melt-rate distribution. The melt rate varied from 32.8 to 71.9 mm w.e. d–1in the study area. Our measurements suggest that the spatial variation of the melt rate can be explained by (1) shading of the ice surface by neighbouring mountains, (2) surface albedo and (3) effects of microclimate (e.g. radiation from sidewalls) on the surface energy balance. The observed melt-rate distribution was compared to the results of a temperature-index melt model, which takes into account shading of direct solar illumination but not the other two effects. The model reproduces some important features of the field data, but its spatial variations are generally less than the measured values. Our study shows the importance of albedo and other local conditions in the accurate estimation of the small-scale melt-rate distribution.
Inhibition of Influenza Virus Replication by Constrained Peptides Targeting Nucleoprotein
Authors: Jiang Hongbing , Xu Yidong , Li Li , Weng Leiyun , Wang Qiang , Zhang Shijian , Jia Baosen , Hu Hongxing , He Ying , Jacob Yves , Toyoda Tetsuya 
Published: September 2011

Background: Because of high mutation rates, new drug-resistant viruses are rapidly evolving, thus making the necessary control of influenza virus infection difficult. Methods: We screened a constrained cysteine-rich peptide library mimicking μ-conotoxins from Conus geographus and a proline-rich peptide library mimicking lebocin 1 and 2 from Bombyx mori by using influenza virus RNA polymerase (PB1, PB2 and PA) and nucleoprotein (NP) as baits. Results: Among the 22 peptides selected from the libraries, we found that the NP-binding proline-rich peptide, PPWCCCSPMKRASPPPAQSDLPATPKCPP, inhibited influenza replicon activity to mean ±SD 40.7% ±15.8% when expressed as a GFP fusion peptide in replicon cells. Moreover, when the GFP fusion peptide was transduced into cells by an HIV-TAT protein transduction domain sequence, the replication of influenza virus A/WSN/33 (WSN) at a multiplicity of infection of 0.01 was inhibited to 20% and 69% at 12 and 24 h post-infection, respectively. In addition, the TAT-GFP fusion peptide was able to slightly protect Balb/c mice from WSN infection when administrated prior to the infection. Conclusions: These results suggest the potential of this peptide as the seed of an anti-influenza drug and reveal the usefulness of the constrained peptide strategy for generating inhibitors of influenza infection. The results also suggest that influenza NP, which is conserved among the influenza A viruses, is a good target for influenza inhibition, despite being the most abundant protein in infected cells.
Contribution à une approche sociologique de la genèse partisane
Authors: Aït-Aoudia Myriam , Dézé Alexandre 
Published: September 2011

Résumé Cet article ambitionne de proposer une analyse sociologique de la genèse partisane à partir de l’étude du FN, du MSI et du FIS et, partant, de tenter de dépasser les écueils des approches classiques qui traitent rarement de ce phénomène en lui-même et pour lui-même. En mettant entre parenthèses l’issue du processus de création partisane pour mieux en restituer toute l’incertitude et la complexité, nous nous intéressons tout d’abord aux acteurs de la fabrique partisane, à leurs interactions préalables dans les milieux « pré-partisans » et à leurs luttes pour la définition du mode d’action légitime. Nous analysons ensuite le travail de mise en forme proprement dit des partis – travail dont nous démontrons qu’il repose pour l’essentiel sur une entreprise de conformation.
Cemented Femoral Fixation: The North Atlantic Divide
Authors: Murray David W. 
Published: September 2011

In the United Kingdom, more cemented than cementless stems are implanted, whereas in North America, few cemented stems are implanted. This is primarily because cemented stems have not performed well in North America, whereas they have in the United Kingdom, as different designs have been used.
The majority of cemented stems used in the United Kingdom are polished, collarless, and tapered. These are forgiving, as they subside within the cement mantle and compress the cement and stabilize the interface. They perform well in both young and active patients and elderly patients. They also do well in osteoporotic bone, with deformity, or with suboptimal cementing techniques. As the position of the stem can be varied, it is simple to achieve appropriate leg length, offset, and version. Cement can be used to deliver antibiotics locally. If revision is necessary, it is relatively straightforward. Cement has numerous advantages that outweigh the main disadvantage of an extended operating time.
TKA Sans Tourniquet: Let It Bleed: Opposes
Authors: Whitehead David J. , MacDonald Steven J. 
Published: September 2011

The literature supports the routine use of a tourniquet during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). With tourniquet use, there is decreased intraoperative blood loss with subsequent improved visibility and a bloodless surgical field. This facilitates efficiency with the potential for decreased operating time. Increased operating time has been associated with an increase in the incidence of infection after TKA.
Opponents of routine tourniquet use cite rare or theoretical concerns. Multiple authors have concluded that the incidence of deep vein thrombosis is not related to using a tourniquet. The rare events of muscle dysfunction or nerve injury are transient. Peripheral vascular disease, in which patients have no palpable distal pulses, should be considered a possible contraindication to the use of a tourniquet during TKA. If tourniquet time and pressure are respected during TKA, we believe the benefits outweigh the perceived and theoretical concerns.
Myeloid-Specific Expression of Human Lysosomal Acid Lipase Corrects Malformation and Malfunction of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in lal
−/− Mice
Authors: Qu Peng , Yan Cong , Blum Janice S. , Kapur Reuben , Du Hong 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) cleaves cholesteryl esters and triglycerides to generate free fatty acids and cholesterol in lysosomes. LAL deficiency causes expansion of CD11b+Gr-1+ immature myeloid cells, loss of T cells, and impairment of T cell function. To test how myeloid cell LAL controls myelopoiesis and lymphopoiesis, a myeloid-specific doxycycline-inducible transgenic system was used to reintroduce human lysosomal acid lipase (hLAL) expression into LAL gene knockout (lal−/−) mice. Expression of hLAL in myeloid cells of lal−/− mice reversed abnormal myelopoiesis in the bone marrow starting at the granulocyte–monocyte progenitor stage and reduced systemic expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Myeloid hLAL expression inhibited reactive oxygen species production and arginase expression in CD11b+Gr-1+ cells of lal−/− mice. Structural organization of the thymus and spleen was partially restored in association with reduced infiltration of CD11b+Gr-1+ cells in these mice. In the thymus, reconstitution of myeloid cell LAL restored development of thymocytes at the double-negative DN3 stage. Myeloid cell LAL expression improved the proliferation and function of peripheral T cells. In vitro coculture experiments showed that myeloid hLAL expression in lal−/− mice reversed CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid cell suppression of CD4+ T cell proliferation, T cell signaling activation, and lymphokine secretion. Blocking stat3 and NF-κB p65 signaling by small-molecule inhibitors in MDSCs achieved a similar effect. Injection of anti–Gr-1 Ab into lal−/− mice to deplete MDSCs restored T cell proliferation. These studies demonstrate that LAL in myeloid cells plays a critical role in maintaining normal hematopoietic cell development and balancing immunosuppression and inflammation.
Latanoprost 0.005% Test Formulation is as Effective as Xalatan® in Patients with Ocular Hypertension and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Authors: Allaire Catherine , Dietrich Alice , Allmeier Helmut , Grundmane Iveta , Mazur-Piotrowska Grazyna , Neshev Pepo , Kahle Gunther 
Published: September 2011

Purpose To determine if a test formulation of latanoprost 0.005% (Bausch & Lomb) eyedrops reduced intraocular pressure (IOP) as well as Xalatan® (latanoprost 0.005%) in patients with ocular hypertension (OH) or primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods This multicenter, randomized, investigator-masked, parallel-group study allocated 266 patients with OH or POAG in a 1:1 ratio to latanoprost or Xalatan administered once daily for 6 weeks. The primary endpoint was the mean change in 8:00 AM IOP of the study eye from baseline to week 6. Secondary endpoints included mean change in 8:00 AM IOP from baseline to week 2, and in 12:00 noon and 4:00 PM IOP from baseline to week 2 and week 6. The safety and tolerability of both drugs were also assessed. Results Both study groups had comparable demographics and baseline characteristics. The mean (SD) change in 8:00 AM IOP from baseline to week 6 was −7.29 (2.61) and −7.54 (2.80) mmHg with latanoprost and Xalatan, respectively. Latanoprost was found noninferior to Xalatan in the primary analysis (mean [SEM] treatment difference, 0.252 [0.504] mmHg; 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.408, 0.913; p = 0.0001; noninferiority margin, 1.5 mmHg) and met the predefined definition of equivalence to Xalatan (95% CI within [–1.5, 1.5 mmHg] margin). The IOP-lowering effects of latanoprost and Xalatan were comparable at all assessed time points. Both study treatments demonstrated a comparable safety and tolerability profile. Conclusions Bausch & Lomb latanoprost 0.005% is clinically equivalent to Xalatan for treating OH and POAG as demonstrated through this unique comparative trial.
Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Employees of New York City Companies Affected by the September 11, 2001 Attacks on the World Trade Center
Authors: North Carol S. , Pollio David E. , Smith Rebecca P. , King Richard V. , Pandya Anand , Surís Alina M. , Hong Barry A. , Dean Denis J. , Wallace Nancy E. , Herman Daniel B. , Conover Sarah , Susser Ezra , Pfefferbaum Betty 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTObjective: Several studies have provided prevalence estimates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to the September 11, 2001 (9/11) attacks in broadly affected populations, although without sufficiently addressing qualifying exposures required for assessing PTSD and estimating its prevalence. A premise that people throughout the New York City area were exposed to the attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) towers and are thus at risk for developing PTSD has important implications for both prevalence estimates and service provision. This premise has not, however, been tested with respect to DSM-IV-TR criteria for PTSD. This study examined associations between geographic distance from the 9/11 attacks on the WTC and reported 9/11 trauma exposures, and the role of specific trauma exposures in the development of PTSD.Methods: Approximately 3 years after the attacks, 379 surviving employees (102 with direct exposures, including 65 in the towers, and 277 with varied exposures) recruited from 8 affected organizations were interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule/Disaster Supplement and reassessed at 6 years. The estimated closest geographic distance from the WTC towers during the attacks and specific disaster exposures were compared with the development of 9/11–related PTSD as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition, Text Revision.Results: The direct exposure zone was largely concentrated within a radius of 0.1 mi and completely contained within 0.75 mi of the towers. PTSD symptom criteria at any time after the disaster were met by 35% of people directly exposed to danger, 20% of those exposed only through witnessed experiences, and 35% of those exposed only through a close associate’s direct exposure. Outside these exposure groups, few possible sources of exposure were evident among the few who were symptomatic, most of whom had preexisting psychiatric illness.Conclusions: Exposures deserve careful consideration among widely affected populations after large terrorist attacks when conducting clinical assessments, estimating the magnitude of population PTSD burdens, and projecting needs for specific mental health interventions.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:S205-S213)
Nanoporous PtRu Alloy Enhanced Nonenzymatic Immunosensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Microcystin‐LR
Authors: Wei Qin , Zhao Yanfang , Du Bin , Wu Dan , Cai Yanyan , Mao Kexia , Li He , Xu Caixia 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA novel nonenzymatic immunosensor for sensitive detection of Microcystin‐LR (MC‐LR) is constructed using a graphene platform combined with mesoporous PtRu alloy as a label for signal amplification. Primary antibody‐Microcystin‐LR (Ab1) is immobilized onto the surface of a graphene sheet (GS) through an amidation reaction between the carboxylic acid groups attached to the GS and the available amine groups of Ab1. Mesoporous PtRu alloy, prepared by corrosion PtRuAl alloys, is employed as a label to immobilize secondary antibody (Ab2). The resulting nanoparticles, PtRu‐Ab2, are used as labels for the immunosensor to detect MC‐LR. Under optimal conditions, the immunosensor exhibits a wide linear response to MC‐LR that ranges from 0.01 to 28 ng·mL−1, with a low detection limit of 9.63 pg·mL−1 MC‐LR. The proposed immunsensor shows good reproducibility, selectivity, and stability. The assayed results of polluted water with the sandwich‐type sensor are acceptable. Importantly, this methodology may provide a promising ultrasensitive assay strategy for other environmental pollutants.
Alterations in GABAergic Biomarkers in the Autism Brain: Research Findings and Clinical Implications
Authors: Blatt Gene J. , Fatemi S. Hossein 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAutism is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by repetitive stereotyped behavior, social‐emotional deficits, and delayed or absent language abilities. There are known neuropathologies in the autism brain affecting limbic, cerebellar, and cortical structures but the neurochemical profile of affected individuals, revealed in postmortem tissue studies, is only recently emerging. One major component that appears highly impacted in autism is the GABAergic system. It is now apparent that there are widespread significant effects in many distributed regions in the autism brain revealed by histochemical, autoradiographic, and biochemical studies. The key synthesizing enzymes for GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase type 65 and 67 (GAD65 and GAD67), are decreased in the cerebellum and closer examination of mRNA levels revealed that it is largely due to decreases in Purkinje cells and a subpopulation of larger dentate neurons as measured by in situ hybridization studies. Other cell types had either normal GAD levels (Golgi cells, smaller dentate interneurons, and stellate cells) or increased levels (basket cells). GABA receptor density, number, and protein expression are all decreased in the cerebellum and in select cortical areas. GABAA and GABAB subunit protein expression was significantly reduced in cerebellum, BA 9 and BA 40. Benzodiazepine binding sites were significantly reduced in the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex (BA 24). Taken together, data from these studies suggest that there is a marked dysregulation of the inhibitory GABA system in the autism brain affecting particular biomarkers localized to specific cell types and lamina likely influencing circuitry and behavior. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporal and Regional Alterations in NMDA Receptor Expression in Mecp2‐Null Mice
Authors: Blue Mary E. , Kaufmann Walter E. , Bressler Joseph , Eyring Charlotte , O'driscoll Cliona , Naidu Sakkubai , Johnston Michael V. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractOur previous postmortem study of girls with Rett Syndrome (RTT), a development disorder caused by MECP2 mutations, found increases in the density of N‐Methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the prefrontal cortex of 2–8‐year‐old girls, whereas girls older than 10 years had reductions in NMDA receptors compared with age‐matched controls (Blue et al., Ann Neurol 1999b;45:541–545). Using [3H]‐CGP to label NMDA‐type glutamate receptors in 2‐ and 7‐week old wild‐type (WT), Mecp2‐null, and Mecp2‐heterozygous (HET) mice (Bird model), we found that frontal areas of the brain also exhibited a bimodal pattern in NMDA expression, with increased densities of NMDA receptors in Mecp2‐null mice at 2 weeks of age but decreased densities at 7 weeks of age. Visual cortex showed a similar pattern, while other cortical regions only exhibited changes in NMDA receptor densities at 2 weeks (retrosplenial granular) or 7 weeks (somatosensory). In thalamus of null mice, NMDA receptors were increased at 2 and 7 weeks. No significant differences in density were found between HET and WT mice at both ages. Western blots for NMDAR1 expression in frontal brain showed higher levels of expression in Mecp2‐null mice at 2 weeks of age but not at 1 or 7 weeks of age. Our mouse data support the notion that deficient MeCP2 function is the primary cause of the NMDA receptor changes we observed in RTT. Furthermore, the findings of regional and temporal differences in NMDA expression illustrate the importance of age and brain region in evaluating different genotypes of mice. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the Skull of the Pantropical Spotted Dolphin (Stenella attenuata)
Authors: Moran Meghan M. , Nummela Sirpa , Thewissen J.G.M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe describe the bony and cartilaginous structures of five fetal skulls of Stenella attenuata (pantropical spotted dolphin) specimens. The specimens represent early fetal life as suggested by the presence of rostral tactile hairs and the beginnings of skin pigmentation. These specimens exhibit the developmental order of ossification of the intramembranous and endochondral elements of the cranium as well as the functional and morphological development of specific cetacean anatomical adaptations. Detailed observations are presented on telescoping, nasal anatomy, and middle ear anatomy. The development of the middle ear ossicles, ectotympanic bone, and median nasal cartilage is of interest because in the adult these structures are morphologically different from those in land mammals. We follow specific cetacean morphological characteristics through fetal development to provide insight into the form and function of the cetacean body plan. Combining these data with fossil evidence, it is possible to overlie ontogenetic patterns and discern evolutionary patterns of the cetacean skull. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neonatal Exposure of Rats to Antidepressants Affects Behavioral Reactions to Novelty and Social Interactions in a Manner Analogous to Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Rodriguez‐Porcel Federico , Green Donald , Khatri Nidhi , Harris Sharonda Swilley , May Warren L. , Lin Rick C.S. , Paul Ian A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe have demonstrated that neonatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors has lasting effects on behavior and serotonergic neurons in Long Evans rats. Hyperserotoninemia and altered sensory processing are reported in autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). We hypothesized that early life exposure to SSRIs alters sensory processing, disrupts responses to novelty, and impairs social interactions in a manner similar to that observed in ASD. Male and female Long‐Evans rat pups were administered citalopram, buproprion, fluoxetine, or saline from postnatal day (P) 8–21. Rats were tested for response to a novel tone before weaning (P25). Later, rats were tested 2× for response to a novel object (P39), and to a novel conspecific (P78, P101). In addition, rats were assessed for juvenile play behaviors (P32–P34) and later, we assessed sexual response to an estrus female in male rats (P153–184). Antidepressant exposure increased freezing after tone, diminished novel object exploration, and reduced conspecific interaction up to 3× compared to saline exposed rats. Juvenile play was profoundly reduced in antidepressant‐exposed males when compared to saline exposed groups. Exposure to the SSRIs, but not bupropion disrupted male sexual behaviors. Moreover, specific male responses to female proceptive behaviors were disrupted in SSRI, but not bupropion exposed rats. We conclude that neonatal exposure to antidepressants in rats results in sensory and social abnormalities that parallel many of those reported in ASD. Anat Rec,, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reversal of serologic, immunologic, and histologic dysfunction in mice with systemic lupus erythematosus by long‐term serial adipose tissue–derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation
Authors: Choi Eun Wha , Shin Il Seob , Park So Young , Park Ji Hyun , Kim Jong Sung , Yoon Eun Ji , Kang Sung Keun , Ra Jeong Chan , Hong Sung Hwa 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of human adipose tissue–derived mesenchymal stem cell (AD‐MSC) transplantation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to determine the optimal transplantation window for stem cells either before or after disease onset.Methods(NZB × NZW)F1 mice with SLE were administered human AD‐MSCs (5 × 105) intravenously every 2 weeks from age 6 weeks until age 60 weeks, while the control group received saline vehicle on the same schedule. Another experiment was carried out with a different initiation time point for serial transplantation (age 6 weeks or age 32 weeks).ResultsLong‐term serial administration (total of 28 times) of human AD‐MSCs ameliorated SLE without any adverse effects. Compared with the control group, the human AD‐MSC–treated group had a significantly higher survival rate with improvement of histologic and serologic abnormalities and immunologic function, and also had a decreased incidence of proteinuria. Anti–double‐stranded DNA antibodies and blood urea nitrogen levels decreased significantly with transplantation of human AD‐MSCs, and serum levels of granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, interleukin‐4 (IL‐4), and IL‐10 increased significantly. A significant increase in the proportion of CD4+FoxP3+ cells and a marked restoration of capacity for cytokine production were observed in spleens from the human AD‐MSC–treated group. In the second experiment, an early stage treatment group showed better results (higher survival rates and lower incidence of proteinuria) than an advanced stage treatment group.ConclusionSerial human AD‐MSC transplantation had beneficial effects in the treatment of SLE, without adverse effects. Transplantation of human AD‐MSCs before disease onset was preferable for amelioration of SLE and restoration of immune homeostasis.