bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge of Treatment Group Does Not Bias Assessment of Time to Seizure in an Animal Model of Cocaine Poisoning
Authors: Heard Kennon J. , Krier Shay , Cleveland Nathan R. 
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:E75–E77 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  Blinded outcome assessment decreases bias in human clinical trials. The necessity of blinded outcome assessment on animal studies is unknown. The authors determined the effect of knowledge of treatment group on assessment of time to seizure in an animal model of cocaine poisoning.Methods:  Four subjects observed 20 animal experiments where all animals were administered a high dose of cocaine and placebo. For each experiment, two of the observers were told the animal had been treated with placebo and two were told the animal had been treated with a medication expected to delay the onset of seizures. Each observer recorded the time from cocaine administration to onset of seizure. The median time to seizure was compared between observers told the animal received placebo and those told the animal received active treatment.Results:  Seizures were reported by all subjects in 12 animals and by no subjects in five animals, and there was disagreement in three animals. The reported median time to seizure was similar for observers told that the animals were treated with placebo and those told they were treated with study medication.Conclusions:  It is feasible to determine whether unblinded assessments are biased in an animal study. Knowledge of treatment group did not bias the assessment of time to seizure in this animal model.
Emergency Department Tachypnea Predicts Transfer to a Higher Level of Care in the First 24 hours After ED Admission
Authors: Farley Heather , Zubrow Marc T. , Gies Jonna , Kolm Paul , Mascioli Susan , Mahoney Donna D. , Weintraub William S. 
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:718–722 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  The authors hypothesized that vital sign abnormalities detected in the emergency department (ED) can be used to forecast clinical deterioration occurring within 24 hours of hospital admission.Methods:  This was a retrospective case‐control study performed after implementation of a hospitalwide rapid response team (RRT) system. Inclusion criteria for study patients consisted of age ≥ 18 years, admission to the general floor though the ED, and RRT activation and subsequent transfer to a higher level of care in the first 24 hours. Control patients were ≥18 years, were admitted to the floor though the ED, never required RRT or transfer to a higher level of care, and were matched to cases by risk of mortality. Multilevel logistic regression was used to model the odds of an adverse outcome as a function of race and sex, respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), and systolic (sBP) and diastolic blood pressure (dBP) at time of transfer from the ED.Results:  A total of 74 cases and 246 controls were used. RR (odds ratio [OR] = 2.79 per 10‐point change, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.41 to 5.51) and to a lesser extent dBP (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.67 to 0.97) contributed significantly to the odds of intensive care unit (ICU) or intermediate care transfer within 24 hours of admission; HR (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.98 to 1.37) did not.Conclusions:  Emergency department RR preceding floor transfer appears to have a significant relationship to the need for ICU or intermediate care transfer in the first 24 hours of hospital admission.
Acidosis and Catecholamine Evaluation Following Simulated Law Enforcement “Use of Force” Encounters
Authors: Ho Jeffrey D. , Dawes Donald M. , Nelson Rebecca S. , Lundin Erik J. , Ryan Frank J. , Overton Kenneth G. , Zeiders Adam J. , Miner James R. 
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:E60–E68 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  Law enforcement authorities are often charged with controlling resisting suspects. These encounters sometimes result in the sudden and unexpected death of the suspect. Drug intoxication, excited delirium syndrome, or excessive uses of force are factors that are often blamed, but sometimes the mechanism of these deaths is not fully understood. It is possible that worsening acidosis or excessive catecholamine release play a part. The objective of this study was to determine the effect on markers of acidosis and catecholamines of various tasks intended to simulate common arrest‐related situations.Methods:  Subjects were assigned to one of five task groups: 1) a 150‐meter sprint and wall hurdle (simulated flight from arrest); 2) 45 seconds of striking a heavy bag (simulated physical resistance); 3) a 10‐second TASER X26 electronic control device exposure; 4) a fleeing and resistance exercise involving a law enforcement dog (K‐9); or 5) an oleoresin capsicum (OC) exposure to the face and neck. Baseline serum pH, lactate, potassium, troponin I, catecholamines, and creatine kinase (CK) were evaluated. Serum catecholamines, pH, lactate, and potassium were sampled immediately after the task and every 2 minutes for 10 minutes posttask. Vital signs were repeated immediately after the task. Serum CK and troponin I were evaluated again at 24 hours posttask.Results:  Sixty‐six subjects were enrolled; four did not complete their assigned task. One subject lost the intravenous (IV) access after completing the task and did not have data collected, and one subject only received a 5‐second TASER device exposure and was excluded from the study, leaving 12 subjects in each task group. The greatest changes in acidosis markers occurred in the sprint and heavy bag groups. Catecholamines increased the most in the heavy bag group and the sprint group and increased to a lesser degree in the TASER, OC, and K‐9 groups. Only the sprint group showed an increase in CK at 24 hours. There were no elevations in troponin I in any group, nor any clinically important changes in potassium.Conclusions:  The simulations of physical resistance and fleeing on foot led to the greatest changes in markers of acidosis and catecholamines. These changes may be contributing or causal mechanisms in sudden custodial arrest‐related deaths (ARDs). This initial work may have implications in guiding applications of force for law enforcement authorities (LEAs) when apprehending resisting subjects.
Autophagy pathways activated in response to PDT contribute to cell resistance against ROS damage
Authors: Dewaele Michael , Martinet Wim , Rubio Noemí , Verfaillie Tom , de Witte Peter A. , Piette Jacques , Agostinis Patrizia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) concurrently instigate apoptosis and autophagy pathways, but the link between these processes remains unclear. Because cytotoxic ROS formation is exploited in anticancer therapy, such as in photodynamic therapy (PDT), a better understanding of the complex interplay between autophagy and apoptosis is urgently required. Previously, we reported that ROS generated by PDT with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐associated sensitizer leads to loss of ER‐Ca2+ homeostasis, ER stress and apoptosis. Here we show that PDT prompted Akt‐mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway down‐regulation and stimulated macroautophagy (MA) in cancer and normal cells. Overexpression of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase‐4 reversed mTOR down‐regulation and blocked MA progression and apoptosis. Attenuating MA using Atg5 knockdown or 3‐methyladenine, reduced clearance of oxidatively damaged proteins and increased apoptosis, thus revealing a cytoprotective role of MA in PDT. Paradoxically, genetic loss of MA improved clearance of oxidized proteins and reduced photokilling. We found that up‐regulation of chaperone‐mediated autophagy (CMA) in unstressed Atg5−/− cells compensated for MA loss and increased cellular resistance to PDT. CMA‐deficient cells were significantly sensitized to photokilling but were protected against the ER stressor thapsigargin. These results disclose a stress‐specific recruitment of autophagy pathways with cytoprotective function and unravel CMA as the dominant defence mechanism against PDT.
Evaluation of a multifaceted social marketing campaign to increase awareness of and screening for oral cancer in African Americans
Authors: Jedele J.M. , Ismail A.I. 
Published: July 2010

Jedele JM, Ismail AI. Evaluation of a multifaceted social marketing campaign to increase awareness of and screening for oral cancer in African Americans. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38: 371–382. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/SAbstract –  Objectives:  A 2‐year social marketing media campaign and community education activities were organized to promote screening for oral cancer in a high‐risk population in Detroit/Wayne County, Michigan. Long‐term goals of the campaign were to reduce the oral cancer death rate, increase the proportion of oral cancers detected at an early stage, and increase the proportion of adults who report having been screened. The intermediate goals of the campaign were to increase awareness of oral cancer and of oral cancer screening. This article presents outcomes related to the intermediate goals of the campaign.Methods:  The intermediate goals of the campaign were assessed by the number of calls to a toll‐free hotline, which media venues led to calls, number of screenings conducted by the free screening clinic, number of precancers and cancers detected, and the number of sessions conducted, organizations involved, and persons participating in the community education program. The costs per screened case and cancers detected were also evaluated. The media campaign promoted screening using billboards, radio and newspaper ads, and a toll‐free hotline. Culturally relevant messages were developed collaboratively with focus groups representing the target audience. Billboards were placed in highly visible locations around Detroit, Michigan. Sixty‐second messages on the impact of oral cancer and that screening is ‘painless and free’ were aired on radio stations popular with the target audience. Ads displaying the hotline were placed in two local newspapers. Callers to the hotline were scheduled for a free screening with a clinic operated by the project. Referral to an oral surgeon was scheduled if a suspicious lesion was found. Free education sessions were also conducted with community‐based organizations. Costs associated with the campaign and hotline were totaled, and the cost per screening and cancer detected were calculated.Results:  During the campaign, 1327 radio spots aired; 42 billboards were displayed; two newspaper ads were printed; and 242 education sessions were conducted. The hotline received 1783 calls. The majority of callers reported that their call was prompted by a radio ad (57%). The clinic screened 1020 adults and referred 78 for further examination. Three cancers, two precancers, and 12 benign tumors were detected. The total cost associated with the campaign and toll‐free hotline was $795,898.Conclusions:  A multifaceted social marketing campaign including radio ads, billboards, and education sessions can effectively target a high‐risk population and that given an outlet could result in a significant number of people getting screened at a relatively low cost.
Therapeutic removal of amyloid deposits in cutaneous amyloidosis by localised intra‐lesional injections of anti‐amyloid antibodies
Authors: Clos Audra L. , Lasagna‐Reeves Cristian A. , Wagner Richard , Kelly Brent , Jackson George R. , Kayed Rakez 
Published: July 2010

Please cite this paper as: Therapeutic removal of amyloid deposits in cutaneous amyloidosis by localised intra‐lesional injections of anti‐amyloid antibodies. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 904–911.Abstract:  In the skin, amyloidosis can be found with or without systemic disease. Primary cutaneous amyloidosis defines those amyloidoses restricted to the skin without involvement of other systems. Here, we used conformation‐specific antibodies to characterise both fibrillar and oligomeric amyloid aggregates in the skin from patients with cutaneous amyloidosis. Localised cutaneous amyloidosis with different morphology was reproduced in mice by intra‐dermal (i.d.) and subdermal administration of amyloid‐enhancing factor. Moreover, we demonstrated that conformational antibodies were effective in clearing amyloid deposits caused by localised intra‐lesional injections without the necessity of an immune response. Given the accessibility and amyloid localization in this disease, direct i.d. injections of conformational antibodies could be a convenient and direct method for treatment.
Inhibition of TRPV1 for the treatment of sensitive skin
Authors: Kueper Thomas , Krohn Michael , Haustedt Lars Ole , Hatt Hanns , Schmaus Gerhard , Vielhaber Gabriele 
Published: July 2010

Please cite this paper as: Inhibition of TRPV1 for the treatment of sensitive skin. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 980–986.Abstract:  During the past years, the topic sensitive skin became one of the most important fields in dermatology. The tremendous interest is based on several studies showing that about 50% of the population declares to have sensitive skin. The human thermoreceptor hTRPV1 was previously identified to contribute to this skin condition while facilitating neurogenic inflammation leading to hyperalgesia. Furthermore, skin sensitivity towards capsaicin, a natural activator of TRPV1, was shown to correlate with sensitive skin. In a screening campaign based on recombinant HEK293‐cells stably transfected with hTRPV1, the selective antagonist trans‐4‐tert‐butylcyclohexanol was identified. This antagonist is able to inhibit capsaicin‐induced hTRPV1 activation with an IC50 value of 34 ± 5 μm tested in HEK293‐cells as well as in electrophysiological recordings performed in oocytes expressing hTRPV1. Strikingly, in a clinical study with 30 women using topical treatment with o/w emulsions containing 31.6 ppm capsaicin, we were able to show that 0.4% of this inhibitor significantly reduces capsaicin‐induced burning (P < 0.0001) in vivo. Thus trans‐4‐tert‐butylcyclohexanol has the potential as a novel bioactive for the treatment of sensitive skin.
Controls for trout and char migratory/resident behaviour mainly in stream systems above and below waterfalls/barriers: a multidecadal and broad geographical review
Authors: Northcote T. G. 
Published: July 2010

Northcote TG. Controls for trout and char migratory/resident behaviour mainly in stream systems above and below waterfalls/barriers: a multidecadal and broad geographical review. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 487–509. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/SAbstract – Controls for trout and char migratory and resident behaviour in rivers and streams for above and below natural and man‐made waterfalls/barriers are covered in a multi‐decadal (1950–2000) and wide geographical review (North America, UK, Europe, Japan) that includes reference to over 380 publications. These note 53 for rainbow trout, 61 for cutthroat trout, 104 for brown trout, 47 for bull trout, 41 for brook trout, 35 for Dolly Varden and 42 for white‐spotted char, plus a few general contributions of relevance on some. For each of these species, there has been a major increase in relevant decadal publications since the early 1980s, no doubt in large part because of the upsurge in micro‐genetic methodology for DNA and related technology, coupled with a broadening of interest in stream migratory behaviour of salmonids. Main mechanisms for the control of stream migratory versus resident behaviour appear to cover an interplay among both genetic and environmental factors; in some populations and locations, genetic controls seem to be more important than environmental ones, but in others the reverse. Habitat degradation by various human activities and their introductions of non‐native fish species are becoming causes of reduction in abundance of above and below waterfall stream populations for several of these salmonid species.
Spawning dynamics of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in the St. Lawrence River, Canada–USA
Authors: Maltais E. , Daigle G. , Colbeck G. , Dodson J. J. 
Published: July 2010

Maltais E, Daigle G, Colbeck G, Dodson JJ. Spawning dynamics of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in the St. Lawrence River, Canada–USA. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 586–594. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/SAbstract –  The most northerly population of American shad (Alosa sapidissima), located in the St. Lawrence River, is considered vulnerable because of low population abundance and limited spawning habitat located at the upstream extent of the population’s anadromous migration. Here, we aimed to establish the temporal and spatial extent of spawning based on a novel hatch‐date analysis of juveniles. Spawning activity lasted from early May to early July. We found that juveniles captured downstream during the summer hatched later in the year than those captured further upstream. As a result, younger juveniles were distributed somewhat further downstream. In addition, we found significant multimodality in hatch‐date distributions at midstream and downstream sampling stations. Together, these results provide evidence that the 2‐month spawning period involved numerous spawning events that progressed in a downstream direction as the season advanced, rather than being restricted to upstream sites over the spawning season.
Rebound in the incidence of pneumococcal meningitis in northern France: effect of serotype replacement
Authors: Alexandre C , Dubos F , Courouble C , Pruvost I , Varon E ,   the Hospital Network for Evaluating the Management of Common Childhood Diseases, Martinot A 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAim:  To determine whether the recent emergence of nonvaccine pneumococcal serotypes has affected the incidence of pneumococcal meningitis in children a few years after the introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.Methods:  We conducted a multicentre retrospective cohort study from 2005 to 2008 in all hospitals with paediatric units in northern France. It included all patients <18 years of age who were admitted for laboratory‐confirmed pneumococcal meningitis during the study period. Data were collected from medical files and laboratory records at each hospital and compared with the regional hospital discharge codes. We assessed global and age‐specific incidence rates of pneumococcal meningitis from 2005 through 2008, compared them with those from the prevaccine era (2000–2002) and evaluated pneumococcal serotypes.Results:  In all, 41 cases were found during the study period. The incidence rate of pneumococcal meningitis varied from 0.8/100 000 children <18 years in 2005 to 1.8/100 000 children in 2008 (2.2‐fold increase, p = 0.06); and from 1.8 to 11.9/100 000 children <2 years (6.5‐fold increase, p = 0.004). This increase was caused by nonvaccine pneumococcal serotypes.Conclusion:  The incidence of pneumococcal meningitis in infants has rebounded in northern France during the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine programme, with the emergence of nonvaccine pneumococcal serotypes.
Infliximab therapy in children with Crohn’s disease: a one‐year evaluation of efficacy comparing ‘top‐down’ and ‘step‐up’ strategies
Authors: Kim Mi Jin , Lee Jong Seung , Lee Ji Hyuk , Kim Jae Young , Choe Yon Ho 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ‘top‐down’ regimens for the treatment of paediatric Crohn’s disease (CD) and to compare it with the effects of ‘step‐up’ treatment.Methods:  We evaluated patients treated with ‘top‐down’ and ‘step‐up’ regimens at 8 weeks after the initiation of treatment, with 1 year of follow‐up. Of the 29 patients who received infliximab, 11 cases refractory to conventional therapy were categorized as the ‘step‐up’ group; and 18 cases, with moderate to severe CD, were categorized as the ‘top‐down’ group. Treatment efficacy was assessed by Pediatric Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (PCDAI) scores.Results:  At 8 weeks, remission was achieved in three of 11 patients in the ‘step‐up’ group and 16 of 18 patients in the ‘top‐down’ group. At 1 year, remission was maintained in five of 11 patients and in 15 of 18 patients, in the ‘step‐up’ and ‘top‐down’ groups, respectively. The serum albumin level, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, PCDAI score and perianal fistula status demonstrated significant improvement in the ‘top‐down’ group.Conclusion:  In paediatric patients with CD, the infliximab ‘top‐down’ strategy resulted in superior outcomes when compared to the ‘step‐up’ strategy for inducing and maintaining remission at 8 weeks and 1 year posttreatment.
Milk of northern Sudanese mothers whose traditional diet is high in carbohydrate contains low docosahexaenoic acid
Authors: Nyuar KB , Min Y , Ghebremeskel K , Khalil AKH , Elbashir MI , Cawford MA 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAim:  The suckling neonates and infants are reliant primarily on the mother for optimal supply of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The richest source of preformed DHA is cold‐water oily fish. Although there is paucity of data, existing evidence suggest women with restricted access to these foods have low or marginal DHA status. The aim of the study was to investigate milk fatty acids of Sudanese mothers whose traditional diet is high in carbohydrate and low in fat and gain some insight into the provision of DHA to the suckling offspring.Methods:  Colostrum (n = 26), transitional (n = 20) and mature (n = 14) milk samples were obtained from Northern Sudanese women (NSW) recruited prior to delivery from Ibrahim Malik and Khartoum Teaching Hospitals.Results:  The arachidonic acid content of the colostrum (0.87 ± 0.28%) and transitional (0.89 ± 0.29%) and mature (0.48 ± 0.12%) milk of the NSW were broadly comparable with published international values. In contrast, the DHA level (colostrum 0.13 ± 0.07%, transitional 0.13 ± 0.06% and mature milk 0.06 ± 0.05%) was very low.Conclusion:  The study reveals breast milk of NSW, whose traditional diet is almost devoid of fish and fish products, is unlikely to provide sufficient DHA to support optimal postnatal neuro‐visual development.
The Redox State of Albumin and Serious Cardiovascular Incidence in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Terawaki Hiroyuki , Takada Yukie , Era Seiichi , Funakoshi Yoichi , Nakayama Keisuke , Nakayama Masaaki , Ogura Makoto , Ito Sadayoshi , Hosoya Tatsuo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHuman serum albumin is composed of human mercaptoalbumin (HMA) with cysteine residues having reducing powers and oxidized human non‐mercaptoalbumin. The aim of this study is to clarify whether such redox state of albumin (HSA‐redox) influences the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in chronic kidney disease patients on regular hemodialysis (HD). We measured HSA‐redox using high‐performance liquid chromatography in 86 anuric HD patients. The association between HSA‐redox and incidental CVD events was evaluated. Twenty patients experienced symptomatic CVD events (16 patients died) at the 2‐year follow‐up. The fraction of HMA (f(HMA)) showed a significantly lower value in patients with CVD than that without CVD, in both pre‐HD (36.5 ± 5.8% and 44.6 ± 9.8%, respectively) and post‐HD (57.2 ± 6.2% and 67.2 ± 7.4%, respectively). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for the incidental CVD event in patients with pre‐HD f(HMA) < 40% was 5.0 (95% CI; 1.2 to 21.3), and that in patients with post‐HD f(HMA) < 60% was 20.6 (3.2 to 134.7). Likewise, the adjusted OR for the CVD death in patients with pre‐HD f(HMA) < 40% was 2.5 (0.6 to 12.5), and that in patients with post‐HD f(HMA) < 60% was 25.6 (2.5 to 262.8). In conclusion, HSA‐redox is closely related to serious CVD incidence and mortality among HD patients.