bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategies to Address Appropriate Fluoroquinolone Use in the Hospital
Authors: Kaye Keith S. , Auwaerter Paul , Bosso John A. , Dean Nathan C. , Doern Gary V. , Kays Michael B. , Pogue Jason M. , Ritchie David J. , Wispelwey Brian 
Published: November 2010

Purpose Strategies to optimally use fluoroquinolones in the hospital setting are reviewed. Summary Fluoroquinolones possess broad-spectrum antimicrobial coverage and are widely used to treat a variety of infections including some serious, life-threatening conditions. Overuse and inappropriate use of fluoroquinolones has led to rapid emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant organisms as well as multidrug-resistant pathogens. Preserving the fluoroquinolone class is important, especially given the lack of new antibiotics currently in clinical development. Maintaining the fluoroquinolone class as a therapeutic option requires the successful implementation of guidelines to promote appropriate, optimal use of these agents. Among many recommendations to control the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial stewardship programs offer the most comprehensive solution to gain appropriate antimicrobial prescribing. Effective programs include selection of the most effective agents, specific dosages, frequency of administration, routes of administration, and duration of therapy. Additionally, a dual fluoroquinolone formulary, which typically incorporates one respiratory fluoroquinolone and ciprofloxacin, has been employed to increase the diversity of fluoroquinolone treatment and thus reduce the selective antimicrobial pressure. A combination of antimicrobial stewardship programs and a dual formulary option has been demonstrated to be a good approach to optimize the use of fluoroquinolones in the hospital. Two successful experiences in applying such strategies have been reported; in both cases the empiric fluoroquinolone prescribing was reduced. Conclusion Implementation of aggressive optimization strategies such as the combined use of antimicrobial stewardship programs and a dual fluoroquinolone formulary may maintain the efficacy of fluoroquinolones and preserve their utility for future patients.
Is Diabetes Mellitus a Continuous Spectrum?
Authors: Brooks-Worrell Barbara , Palmer Jerry P 
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUNDDiabetes mellitus has been historically divided into type 1 and type 2 diabetes, with type 1 being an autoimmune disease and type 2 being primarily a metabolic disease.CONTENTThe current diabetes classification scheme needs to be reevaluated because of the accumulating evidence of immune system involvement in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.SUMMARYThere are similarities and differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes with regard to pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and genetics. We propose a resolution to the dilemma of the current classification scheme.
Stress Concentration Ratio of Model Stone Columns in Soft Clays
Authors: Fattah Mohammed Y. , Shlash Kais T. , Al-Waily Maki J. Mohammed 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
In this work, laboratory experiments have been carried out to study the value of the stress concentration ratio, n, which is defined as the ratio of vertical stress acting on the stone column to that acting on the surrounding soil. A laboratory setup was manufactured in which two proving rings are used to measure the total load applied to the soil-stone column system and the individual load carried directly by the stone column. The foundation steel plates have 220 mm diameter and 5 mm thickness. These plates contain 1, 2, 3, and 4 holes. The spacing between all the holes equals twice the stone column diameter, D, center to center. The stone columns made of crushed stone were installed in very soft clays having undrained shear strength ranging between 6 and 12 kPa. Two length to diameter ratios L/D were tried, namely, L/D=6 and 8. The testing program consists of 30 tests on single, two, three, and four columns to study the stress concentration ratio and the bearing improvement ratio (qtreared/ q untreated) of stone columns. The experimental tests showed that the stone columns with L/D=8 provided a stress concentration ratio n of 1.4, 2.4, 2.7, and 3.1 for the soil having a shear strength cu=6 kPa, treated with single, two, three, and four columns, respectively. The values of n were decreased to 1.2, 2.2, 2.5, and 2.8 when the L/D=6. The values of n increase when the shear strength of the treated soil was increased to 9 and 12 kPa.
Study of the Initial Stage and Anisotropic Growth of Oxide Layers Formed on Zircaloy-4
Authors: Zhou B. X. , Peng J. C. , Yao M. Y. , Li Q. , Xia S. , Du C. X. , Xu G. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
An in situ investigation of the epitaxial oxide layer formed on a thin specimen heated in a transmission electron microscope was carried out. Some dot-like grains about 10 nm in size were formed on the surface of a relatively thin area. The dot-like grains are monoclinic zirconium oxide and have an orientation relationship of (001)m//(01¯11)α-Zr, (111)m//(11¯01)α-Zr with the α-Zr matrix. Some long strip-like grains, probably a new kind of zirconium suboxide, were formed on the surface of a relatively thick area. The strip-like grains have a bcc structure with a lattice parameter a=0.66 nm and have an orientation relationship of (110)bcc//(101¯0)α-Zr, [11¯0]bcc//[0001]α-Zr with the α-Zr matrix. The relationship between the thickness of oxide layers and the grain orientations of the α-Zr matrix was studied with coarse-grained Zircaloy-4 specimens through autoclave corrosion tests at 500 and 400°C in superheated steam, and at 360°C in both lithiated and deionized water for long time exposure. The results show that the anisotropic growth of oxide layers on the grain surface with different orientations is considerable. However, the relationship between the thickness of oxide layers and the grain orientations of the α-Zr matrix varies with corrosion temperature and water chemistry. The largest variation of oxide thickness developed during corrosion tests at 500°C. The thickest oxide layers were formed on those grains whose surface orientations were distributed around the planes from (011¯0) to (1¯21¯0). The thicker oxide layers on these grains were further developed into nodular corrosion. When the specimens were corroded at 360°C in lithiated water, the thickest oxide layers formed on those grains, whose surface orientations tilted from 15 to 30° away from the (0001) plane. When the specimens were corroded at 400°C in superheated steam and at 360°C in deionized water, the difference between the thickness of oxide layers on different grain surfaces was less prominent.
Evaluation of the Effects of Asphalt Binder on the Properties of Hot Mix Asphalt at Intermediate Temperatures
Authors: Wen Haifang , Kutay M. Emin , Shen Shihui 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The asphalt binder is an essential component of asphaltic mixtures. The performance of an asphaltic mixture is directly related to mechanical characteristics of the binder. With the development of new material characterization methods for both asphalt binder and asphaltic mixture, there is a need to re-evaluate the relationship between the properties of binders and asphaltic mixtures such that a proper understanding and selection of an asphalt binder can be made to improve the performance of an asphaltic mixture. In this study, the effects of asphalt binder properties on asphaltic mixtures at intermediate temperatures were evaluated based on recent developments on material characterization methods for both binder and asphaltic mixture. Five asphalt binders and five asphalt mixtures containing these binders with one aggregate were tested. Four of the binders were based on a modification of a base binder with different techniques. Complex shear modulus and monotonic constant shear-rate tests were conducted on asphalt binders, whereas dynamic modulus and indirect tensile strength tests were conducted on the mixtures. The effects of modification techniques on the properties of asphalt binders and the relationships between the properties of binders and asphaltic mixtures were evaluated in this study.
Characterization of Crack Arrest Phenomena in a Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel
Authors: Sathyanarayanan S. , Moitra A. , Sasikala G. , Dasgupta A. , Saroja S. , Bhaduri A. K. , Raj Baldev , Singh Vakil 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Crack arrest toughness (K1A) is a measure of the material’s ability to stop a propagating cleavage crack. However, experimental evaluation of K1A from impact tests of small size specimens is often difficult due to the uncertainties involved in the determination of the two necessary parameters, namely, the crack arrest load (Parrest) and the crack arrest length (aarrest). In this study with Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel in normalized and tempered and in subsequent cold worked conditions, these two parameters and thus the K1A have been determined from instrumented impact tests carried out in the ductile-brittle transition temperature regime. While the Parrest has been directly determined from the load-displacement traces, the aarrest was inferred using an analytical technique, namely, the “key curve” method. The crack arrest phenomenon has been attributed to the cumulative effect of the blocking of the cleavage crack at the microstructural boundaries with high degree of misorientations as identified by scanning electron microscope and electron back scattered diffraction studies. The effect of cold work on the K1A has been found to be insignificant.
Growth Response and Feed Utilization of Juvenile Hybrid Catfish Fed Diets Containing Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles to Replace a Combination of Soybean Meal and Corn Meal
Authors: Zhou Ping , Zhang Wenbing , Davis D Allen , Lim Chhorn 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
A feeding trial was conducted in aquaria with juvenile hybrid catfish (channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus × blue catfish I. furcatus) to evaluate distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as a replacement for a combination of soybean meal (SBM) and corn meal (CM). Twenty-five 75-L glass aquaria were each stocked with 30 juvenile hybrid catfish (initial weight = 1.16–1.25 g). Five replicates were randomly assigned to each of five dietary treatments. Diet 1, the basal diet, contained 32% SBM and 20% CM (no DDGS and no lysine supplementation) and was based on a practical diet formulated for channel catfish. Diet 2 contained 20% DDGS and 0% lysine supplementation; diet 3 contained 20% DDGS and 0.10% lysine supplementation; diet 4 contained 30% DDGS and 0% lysine supplementation; and diet 5 contained 30% DDGS and 0.20% lysine supplementation. Fish were fed at a restricted rate equaling 5% of wet body weight twice daily for 8 weeks. There were no significant differences in percent weight gain or final weight among the four treatments with DDGS supplements. However, weight gain and final weights of fish offered diet 1 were significantly poorer than those of fish offered diets 3–5. These diets also produced significantly lower feed conversion ratios and higher protein efficiency ratios than diet 1. Results of the present study indicate that the diets formulated with 30% DDGS using the reported combination of other protein sources were not deficient in lysine and supported good growth and feed utilization in juvenile hybrid catfish.
Pond Demonstration of Production Diets Using High Levels of Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles with or without Lysine Supplementation for Channel Catfish
Authors: Zhou Ping , Davis D Allen , Lim Chhorn , Yildirim-Aksoy Mediha , Paz Patricio , Roy Luke A 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Due to the increased availability and potential price advantage of distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), there is considerable interest in utilizing this product in aquaculture diets. The response of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus to practical diets containing 20% and 30% DDGS with and without lysine supplementation was evaluated over a 150-d pond trial. Twenty earthen ponds were stocked with 650 juvenile channel catfish. The basal diet contained 35% soybean meal, 15% cottonseed meal, and 23.7% corn meal and was based on a typical practical diet formulation for channel catfish. The experimental diets, which were formulated to contain 32% protein and 6% lipid, were as follows: diet 1 (control [basal] diet) contained 0% DDGS and 0% lysine; diet 2 included 20% DDGS and 0% lysine; diet 3 contained 20% DDGS and 0.10% lysine; diet 4 contained 30% DDGS and 0% lysine; and diet 5 included 30% DDGS and 0.20% lysine. There were no significant differences in the measured variables (i.e., final weight, weight gain, yield, survival, and feed conversion ratio) among the dietary treatments, indicating that diets containing a soybean meal–corn meal mixture and 30% DDGS without lysine supplementation allow for good growth and feed utilization in pond-produced channel catfish.
New Fossil Elaterids (Coleoptera: Polyphaga: Elateridae) from the Jehol Biota in China
Authors: Chang Huali , Kirejtshuk Alexander , Ren Dong 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Three new genera and six new species of fossil elaterids of the tribe Desmatini Dolin, 1975 from second Bed of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation in Huangbanjigou, Liaoning Province, China are described: Paradesmatus dilatatus sp. nov., Desmatinus cognatus gen. et sp. nov., Apoclion clavatus gen. et sp. nov., A. dolini gen. et sp. nov., A. antennatus gen. et sp. nov. and Anoixis complanus, gen. et sp. nov. This tribe demonstrates some characters similar to those in Throscidae and Eucnemidae, elucidating the evolutionary process of the Elateroidea. New materials make clear the distinctness of the genera related to DesmatusDolin, 1975 (tribe Desmatini) from all other Elateridae. Tetraraphes ebersiniIablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961 could be regarded somewhat nearby the subfamily Protagrypninae; however, this species seems to be similar to some Cenozoic groups rather than any of Mesozoic groups.
Molecular Fingerprinting and Population Dynamics of Brevipalpus Mites on Texas Citrus
Authors: Mata J , Setamou M , French J V , Louzada E 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Three species of Brevipalpus mites are known potential vectors of the citrus leprosis virus (family Rhabdoviridae, genus Cyto- and Nucleorhabdovirus, CiLV). Species identification of these mites is difficult because of their small size and morphological similarities. The objective of this study was to develop an accurate and rapid molecular fingerprinting method for identifying B. phoenicis and B. californicus on Texas citrus. Iso-colonies of the two Brevipalpus species were cultured on immature citrus fruit and identified using a dichotomous key. Whole genome amplification was used to produce DNA template from single mites to identify the two species by amplified fragment length polymorphism and sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR). Population dynamics of Brevipalpus were monitored in four citrus orchards during the 2007 growing season. Subsamples of mites were identified morphologically or by species-specific SCAR markers. Molecular fingerprinting was very efficient in identifying the two species of mites in subsamples, even in cases where the morphological identification did not discriminate between species. Brevipalpus spp. density per fruit was significantly affected by the host plant species, with sweet orange fruit hosting significantly higher density than grapefruit, Citrus x paradisi Macfad. The percentage of fruit infested with Brevipalpus mites varied significantly with time but not with host plant and the host plant by sampling date interaction. Comparison of molecular fingerprinting and morphological identification provided a high percentage of match &gt;85% between the two methods, suggesting that molecular fingerprinting could facilitate studies on population dynamics of Brevipalpus in citrus.
Functional Morphology of the Honey Stomach Wall of the European Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Sammataro D , Cicero Joseph M 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The crop, or honey stomach, of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), is invested in cords of muscles that are numerous enough, in both latitudinal and longitudinal directions, to fully enclose and confine the underlying, cuticle-lined epithelium. Although appressed against the inner wall of this enclosure by the crop's contents, the epithelium is largely free of ligations that would immobilize it. It can therefore slide on the inner wall and undergo extensive pleating as needed to conform to the diameter of the enclosure, regardless of the extent of contraction or distention. The two primary components of the epithelial layer, epidermal cells and procuticle, can undergo extreme compression to maintain pleats while enduring the pressure exerted by the volume of crop contents. During engorgement with nectar, the muscular enclosure relaxes to larger and larger diameters. Correspondingly, pleats unfold as needed. During dispensation of nectar in the hive, the muscular enclosure contracts and forces the epithelium to pleat itself again. Pleats are present in even the most grossly distended crops, indicating that capacity is not a limiting factor in the volume of nectar a bee can accumulate during foraging. Individual pleats are appressed, too, indicating that a lubricating, cohering substance occurs between them.
Morphological Characterization of Antennal Sensilla of the Dogwood Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)
Authors: Frank D L , Leskey T C , Bergh J C 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe external morphology of the dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), antennae and their sensilla was investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. Male and female antennae were clavate before tapering to an apical point and consisted of three main segments; scape, pedicel, and flagellum. Although there was no significant difference in the length of the flagellum between genders, the number of flagellomeres was significantly greater in females than in males and the length and width of individual flagellomeres was significantly greater in males than in females, except near the proximal and distal end of the antennae. The antennal flagellum of both male and female dogwood borer contained seven sensillum types: auricillica, basiconica, chaetica, coeloconica, squamiformia, styloconica, and trichoidea (three subtypes). The mean number of sensilla basiconica did not differ between female and male antennae, but all other sensillum types were significantly more abundant on female antennae. The morphology and purported function of each sensillum type are discussed in relation to the host and oviposition site finding and acceptance behaviors exhibited by dogwood borer.
Biology of Dineulophus phtorimaeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Field Interaction with Pseudapanteles dignus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Larval Parasitoids of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Tomato
Authors: Luna María G , Wada Verónica I , Sánchez Norma E 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Some biological characteristics of the ectoparasitoid Dineulophus phtorimaeae (de Santis) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and field interaction with the endoparasitoid Pseudapanteles dignus (Muesebeck), both larval parasitoids of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), were examined. In addition, we completed the original description of D. phtorimaeae. Preimaginal developmental time of the ectoparasitoid was 11.17 ± 0.60 d for both sexes, and adult life span was 11.73 ± 0.92 d for females and 8.78 ± 0.93 d for males. The proportion of males to females was equal. In the field, hosts were parasitized at the third larval instar. On average, a female attacked ca. four hosts throughout her lifetime and deposited eggs in ≈50% of cases. The most successful female attacked six hosts, yielding a potential fecundity of ≈10 eggs. Host paralysis without parasitism was observed, suggesting stinging for host feeding. The daily oviposition curve is compatible with a synovigenic-type parasitoid. Our prediction stating that D. phtorimaeae would succeed when competing for hosts with P. dignus was correct, because the former species had greater parasitism rates. In the field, both T. absoluta parasitoids were able to coexist at leaf scale. The negative aspects of differences in feeding behavior, narrower host range (third instar), and lower fecundity of D. phtorimaeae would be compensated by its better attributes as natural enemy, in comparison with P. dignus, enabling coexistence.
Reevaluation of theDiceroprocta texanaSpecies Complex (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae)
Authors: Sanborn Allen F , Phillips Polly K 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe Diceroprocta texana species complex is currently composed of Diceroprocta texana texana (Davis, 1916) and Diceroprocta texana lataDavis, 1941. We analyzed physiological, morphological, and biogeography to determine whether these taxa in fact represent two distinct species rather than subspecies. There are statistically significant differences in morphological, acoustic, and thermal parameters as well as the biogeographic patterns of the two taxa. From these data, we suggest that the two taxa actually represent two species and that D. texana lata be elevated to species full species rank with the name Diceroprocta lataDavis, 1941 n. stat. We provide the first records of D. lata collected in the United States.
Effect of Temperature on the Development and Longevity ofPlanococcus ficus(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: Varikou K , Birouraki A , Bagis N , Kontodimas D C 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe developmental biology of Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on table grape (Vitis spp.) leaves (‘Soultanina’) was studied at seven constant temperatures—15, 17.5, 20, 25, 30, 32.5, and 35°C—under laboratory conditions. Developmental time and adult longevity were inversely related to temperature. No nymphs hatched from eggs when incubated at 15 and 35°C, whereas no nymphs survived at 32.5°C. The highest egg-to-adult survival (72.09%) was found at 30°C and the lowest (48.80%) at 25°C. The mean total developmental time from egg to adults for females ranged from 39.87 d at 30°C to 112.62 d at 17.5°C. The recorded sex ratio of the offspring was strongly female biased. Adult females lived from 27.64 d at 30°C to 63.70 d at 20°C, whereas males lived 1.66–7.55 d, respectively. Both linear and nonlinear models adequately described the relationship between temperature and developmental rates for immature stages of P. ficus. Thus, P. ficus required 555.56 degree-days to complete development from egg to adult stage, above a minimum threshold of 11.11°C as estimated by linear regression. The temperature thresholds for all nymph instars of P. ficus, estimated by the linear model, were lower than values that were estimated by the non linear model. The predicted upper lethal temperature was 32.5°C, with a minimum threshold for total development occurring at 14.20°C, as estimated by a nonlinear model. These results may lead to better management of P. ficus by improving predictions of its seasonal appearance.