bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Précis ofUnified theories of cognition
Authors: Newell Allen 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe book presents the case that cognitive science should turn its attention to developing theories of human cognition that cover the full range of human perceptual, cognitive, and action phenomena. Cognitive science has now produced a massive number of high-quality regularities with many microtheories that reveal important mechanisms. The need for integration is pressing and will continue to increase. Equally important, cognitive science now has the theoretical concepts and tools to support serious attempts at unified theories. The argument is made entirely by presenting an exemplar unified theory of cognition both to show what a real unified theory would be like and to provide convincing evidence that such theories are feasible. The exemplar is SOAR, a cognitive architecture, which is realized as a software system. After a detailed discussion of the architecture and its properties, with its relation to the constraints on cognition in the real world and to existing ideas in cognitive science, SOAR is used as theory for a wide range of cognitive phenomena: immediate responses (stimulus-response compatibility and the Sternberg phenomena); discrete motor skills (transcription typing); memory and learning (episodic memory and the acquisition of skill through practice); problem solving (cryptarithmetic puzzles and syllogistic reasoning); language (sentence verification and taking instructions); and development (transitions in the balance beam task). The treatments vary in depth and adequacy, but they clearly reveal a single, highly specific, operational theory that works over the entire range of human cognition, SOAR is presented as an exemplar unified theory, not as the sole candidate. Cognitive science is not ready yet for a single theory – there must be multiple attempts. But cognitive science must begin to work toward such unified theories.
A psychobiological theory of attachment
Authors: Kraemer Gary W. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article describes a neurobiological basis for the “first attachment” of the primate infant to its caretaker. The infant normally internalizes a neurobiological “image” of the behavioral and emotional characteristics of its caregiver that later regulates important features of its brain function. Current models of sensorimotor analysis and its relation to emotion suggest that sensorimotor systems are also habit and memory systems, their functional status and lability regulated in part by biogenic amine systems. The intertwined development of neural and social functions can sometimes go awry. If the attachment process fails or the caregiver is incompetent, the infant may become socially dysfunctional. This helps explain the developmental psychopathology and later vulnerability to adult psychopathology that result from disruptions of social attachment.
Informal and formal home-care use among older adults in Europe: can cross-national differences be explained by societal context and composition?
Authors: SUANET BIANCA , VAN GROENOU MARJOLEIN BROESE , VAN TILBURG THEO 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTCross-national comparisons employed welfare state classifications to explain differences in care use in the European older population. Yet these classifications do not cover all care-related societal characteristics and limit our understanding of which specific societal characteristics are most important. Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement (second wave, 2006–07), the effect of societal determinants relating to culture, welfare state context and socio-economic and demographic composition on informal and formal care use of older adults in 11 European countries was studied. Multinomial multi-level regression analyses showed that, in addition to individual determinants, societal determinants are salient for understanding care use. In countries with fewer home-based services, less residential care, more informal care support and women working full time, older adults are more likely to receive informal care only. Older adults are more likely to receive only formal home care or a combination of formal and informal care in countries with more extensive welfare state arrangements (i.e. more home-based services, higher pension generosity), whereas the odds of receiving a combination of informal and formal care are also larger in countries that specify a legal obligation to care for parents. We tentatively conclude that the incorporation of societal determinants rather than commonly used welfare state classifications results in more understanding of the societal conditions that determine older adults’ care use.
Commercial harvesting and regeneration of epiphytic macrolichen communities in the Western Ghats, India
Authors: MOLLEMAN LUCAS , BOEVE SIL , WOLF JAN , OOSTERMEIJER GERARD , DEVY SOUBADRA , GANESAN RENGAIAN 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYNon-timber forest products form a substantial contribution to the livelihood of many rural communities worldwide. In the Western Ghats, India, epiphytic macrolichens are harvested by Paliyan tribes to generate supplementary income. Paliyan tribes employ two harvesting methods: shallow harvesting, with a minimum of attached bark substratum, and deep harvesting, which exposes the sapwood. To evaluate the regeneration of the lichen community in terms of species diversity, abundance and composition, 320 bark samples of up to 50 cm2were collected from bark patches where lichens had been harvested previously, as shown by bark scars. Samples selected represented four host tree species, both harvesting methods and seven one-year intervals of time since harvesting. In each case, the field guide estimated sample age, and peer-testing proved these estimates to be reliable up to an age of seven years. Seven years after harvesting, the lichen community showed noteworthy regeneration capacity in terms of total lichen coverage and species richness. However, to assess the risk of local species loss in the long-term, any harvesting should include continuous monitoring of lichen species composition. Since shallow harvesting resulted in a swifter recovery of species abundance and richness compared with deep harvesting, harvesters should preferentially employ the shallow harvesting method.
Cross-generational vowel change in American English
Authors: Jacewicz Ewa , Fox Robert Allen , Salmons Joseph 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis study examines cross-generational changes in the vowel systems in central Ohio, southeastern Wisconsin, and western North Carolina. Speech samples from 239 speakers, males and females, were divided into three age groups: grandparents (66–91 years old), parents (35–51), and children (8–12). Acoustic analysis of vowel dynamics (i.e., formant movement) was undertaken to explore variation in the amount of spectral change for each vowel. A robust set of cross-generational changes in /ɪ, ɛ, æ, ɑ/ was found within each dialect-specific vowel system, involving both their positions and dynamics. With each successive generation, /ɪ, ɛ, æ/ become increasingly monophthongized and /ɑ/ is diphthongized in children. These changes correspond to a general anticlockwise parallel rotation of vowels (with some exceptions in /ɪ/ and /ɛ/). Given the widespread occurrence of these parallel chainlike changes, we term this development the “North American Shift,” which conforms to the general principles of chain shifting formulated by Labov (1994) and others.
Lifetime ruin minimization: should retirees hedge inflation or just worry about it?
Authors: HUANG HUAXIONG , MILEVSKY MOSHE A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractInflation for retirees is different from and mostly higher than the macro-economic (average) inflation rate for the entire population. In the U.S.A, for example, the Consumer Price Index for the Urban population (CPI-U) calculated and reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has a lesser known cousin called the CPI-E (for the elderly) in which the sub-component weights are based on the consumption patterns of Americans above the age of 62. This suggests that Inflation-Linked Bond Funds (ILBFs) – whose individual component bond adjustments are based on broad population (CPI-U) inflation – might not be the best hedge for individual retirees’ cost of living. But then again, broad shocks to inflation are likely to impact both indices. So, motivated by the question – is it good enough? – the current paper uses lifetime ruin minimization (LRM) techniques to investigate the optimal allocation between an ILBF and a nominal investment fund for a retiree facing an exogenous liability. Our model trades off the benefit of an imperfect hedge against the cost of lower investment growth. However, our numerical results suggest that although ILBFs can be a large part of the optimal retirement portfolio, it should be treated as just another asset class in the broad optimization problem as opposed to a special or unique category.
Parameter Estimation for Hidden Markov models with Intractable Likelihoods
Authors: Jasra Ajay , Dean Thomas , Simgh Sumeetpal , Peters Gareth 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this talk I consider sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods for hidden Markov models. In the scenario for which the conditional density of the observations given the latent state is intractable we give a simple ABC approximation of the model along with some basic SMC algorithms for sampling from the associated filtering distribution. Then, we consider the problem of smoothing, given access to a batch data set. We present a simulation technique which combines forward only smoothing (Del Moral et al, 2011) and particle Markov chain Monte Carlo (Andrieu et al 2010), for an algorithm which scales linearly in the number of particles.
The Effect of H1N1 (Swine Flu) Media Coverage on Agricultural Commodity Markets
Authors: Attavanich Witsanu , McCarl Bruce A. , Bessler David 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe authors estimate the market impact of media coverage related to the name “swine flu,” relabeled subsequently as “2009 H1N1 flu,” on the future prices of lean hogs, live cattle, corn, and soybeans. They then quantified the revenue loss, employing the subset vector autoregressive model. The results indicate that the media coverage was associated with a significant and temporary negative impact on the futures prices of lean hogs, but with little impact on the other futures prices. The impact persisted for about four months, yielding an April–December 2009 market revenue loss of about $200 million (about 2.51 percent).
Plasma proteomic analysis in obese and overweight prepubertal children
Authors: Galata Zoi , Moschonis George , Makridakis Manousos , Dimitraki Ploumisti , Nicolaides Nicolas C. , Manios Yannis , Bartzeliotou Anastasia , Chrousos George P. , Charmandari Evangelia 
Published: May 2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41 (12): 1275–1283AbstractBackground  Childhood obesity represents one of the most challenging health problems of our century and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in adult life. Proteomics is a large‐scale analysis of proteins, which provides, information on protein expression levels, post‐translational modifications, subcellular localization and interactions.Objective  To investigate whether obesity in childhood is associated with alterations in plasma protein expression profiles.Methods  Plasma samples from 10 obese [age: 10·75 ± 0·16 year; body mass index (BMI): 27·50 ± 0·69 kg m−2], 10 overweight (age: 10·54 ± 0·1 year; BMI: 21·88 ± 0·28 kg m−2) and 10 normal‐weight (age: 10·89 ± 0·19 year; BMI: 18·34 ± 0·42kg m−2) prepubertal boys were subjected to protein fractionation and analysed by two‐dimensional electrophoresis, followed by protein identification using matrix‐assisted laser desorption time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin, lipid and apolipopoprotein concentrations were determined in all subjects.Results  The expression of apolipoprotein (Apo) A‐I (ApoA‐I) was significantly lower in obese and overweight children compared with children of normal BMI (P < 0·05). The expression of ApoE was significantly lower in overweight compared with normal‐weight children (P < 0·05), while that of ApoA‐IV was significantly higher in obese children compared with their normal counterparts (P < 0·01). Serum ApoA‐I concentrations were significantly lower in obese (147 ± 4·27mg dL−1) and overweight (145·5 ± 9·65mg dL−1) than in normal‐weight (157 ± 8·77mg dL−1; P = 0·036) children.Conclusions  Obese and overweight prepubertal children demonstrated prominent alterations in the expression of plasma apolipoproteins compared with their normal counterparts. Low ApoA‐I plasma expression levels and serum concentrations in obesity might be present in childhood before any significant alterations in total or high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol concentrations are documented. We recommend that serum ApoA‐I concentrations are determined in all overweight and obese children.
Complex coacervation of chitosan and soy globulins in aqueous solution: a electrophoretic mobility and light scattering study
Authors: Liu Chong , Yang Xiao‐Quan , Lin Min‐Gang , Zhao Ren‐Yong , Tang Chuan‐He , Luo Lin , Liu Li 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThe effect of pHs and heating on the protein–polysaccharide complexation between the 0.5 wt% soy globulin (7S or 11S) and 0.1 wt% chitosan was studied. Electrophoretic and light scattering techniques were used to examine the electrical charge and aggregation of the individual biopolymers and complexes. At pH 3.0–6.5, 7S (or 11S) globulin in the presence of chitosan had significantly higher ζ‐potentials and lower particles size than 7S (or 11S) globulin alone did (e.g. 600–6000 nm at pH 5.5), indicating the formation of complexes. After heating 7S (or 11S)–chitosan mixtures had higher positive value of ζ‐potential. 7S (or 11S)–chitosan mixtures exhibited a significant increase in positive value of ζ‐potential and stability after heating at lower pH values (pH 3.3 instead of pH 4.5). Compared with other mixtures, at pH 2.5–6.0, the most remarkable decrease in aggregation was obtained for 11S–chitosan mixtures after heating at pH 3.3.
Potential for eradication of the exotic plant pathogens Phytophthora kernoviae and Phytophthora ramorum during composting
Authors: Noble R. , Blackburn J. , Thorp G. , Dobrovin‐Pennington A. , Pietravalle S. , Kerins G. , Allnutt T. R. , Henry C. M. 
Published: May 2011

Temperature and exposure time effects on Phytophthora kernoviae and Phytophthora ramorum viability were examined in flasks of compost and in a large‐scale composting system containing plant waste. Cellophane, rhododendron leaf and peat‐based inoculum of P. kernoviae and P. ramorum isolates were used in flasks; naturally infected leaves were inserted into a large‐scale system. Exposures of 5 and 10 days respectively at a mean temperature of 35°C in flask and large‐scale composts reduced P. kernoviae and P. ramorum inocula to below detection limits using semi‐selective culturing. Although P. ramorum was undetectable after a 1‐day exposure of inoculum to compost at 40°C in flasks, it survived on leaves exposed to a mean temperature of 40·9°C for 5 days in a large‐scale composting system. No survival of P. ramorum was detected after exposure of infected leaves for 5 days to a mean temperature of ≥41·9°C (32·8°C for P. kernoviae) or for 10 days at ≥31·8°C (25·9°C for Phytophthora pseudosyringae on infected bilberry stems) in large‐scale systems. Fitted survival probabilities of P. ramorum on infected leaves exposed in a large‐scale system for 5 days at 45°C or for 10 days at 35°C were <3%, for an average initial infection level of leaves of 59·2%. RNA quantification to measure viability was shown to be unreliable in environments that favour RNA preservation: high levels of ITS1 RNA were recovered from P. kernoviae‐ and P. ramorum‐infected leaves exposed to composting plant wastes at >53°C, when all culture results were negative.
A multicenter epidemiological study of acne vulgaris in Korea
Authors: Suh Dae Hun , Kim Byung Yoon , Min Seong Uk , Lee Dong Hun , Yoon Mi Young , Kim Nack In , Kye Young Chul , Lee Eil Soo , Ro Young Suck , Kim Kwang Joong 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackground  Acne is a common skin disorder that affects both adolescents and adults. However, few epidemiological studies on this condition have been conducted in Asia.Objectives  The purpose of this study was to analyze the incidence of acne and to identify its demographic and clinical features and aggravating factors. In addition, we examined the relationships between these factors.Methods  Epidemiological and clinical data were obtained, using a self‐administered questionnaire, from patients who visited 17 general hospitals and from the consulting dermatologists.Results  A total of 1236 patients were involved in this study. Acne first developed and presented most commonly on the forehead and cheeks, although the cheeks were more severely affected. Significant associations were found between the clinical, epidemiological, and behavioral characteristics of acne patients according to several factors, such as sex, age at onset, previous treatment history, and family history. The present study indicates that stress, lack of sleep, smoking, alcohol consumption, and menstruation aggravate acne.Conclusions  This study presents the demographic features and clinical characteristics of acne sufferers in Korea. This large‐scale analysis provides a useful overview of acne in Korea.
In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy for the differential diagnosis between vitiligo and nevus depigmentosus
Authors: Pan Zhan‐Yan , Yan Fang , Zhang Zhen‐hua , Zhang Qiao‐an , Xiang Lei‐hong , Zheng Zhi‐Zhong 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackground  Nevus depigmentosus (ND) is frequently confused with vitiligo. Differential diagnosis can be difficult. In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a noninvasive technique for real‐time en face imaging of the superficial layers of the skin down to the superficial dermis with cellular level resolution close to conventional histopathology. In this study, we tried to use this new technology to study the features of the distribution of pigment cells of these two hypopigmentation disorders and then concluded the differential features.Methods  Sixty vitiligo patients and 62 ND patients were enrolled in the study. Three points in each patient (lesional, margin of the lesions and adjacent non‐ lesional points) were examined with RCM. The gray value of image was quantified using software, and we calculated the relative gray value.Results  The RCM image feature was different between vitiligo and ND patients. The differential diagnosis was made based on the following four RCM features: complete absence of pigment cells; the distribution of pigment cells; the margins; and the relative gray value.Conclusion  RCM can be used as an auxiliary diagnostic tool for the differential diagnosis between vitiligo and ND.
Prevalence and risk factors for herpes simplex infection among patients at high risk for HIV infection in Brazil
Authors: Lupi Omar 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackground  Herpes simplex infection is responsible for substantial morbidity in patients with HIV infection. Data from less‐developed countries analyzing risk factors within this population are largely unavailable.Aims  Investigate the incidence and seroprevalence of HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 infection in populations at high and low risk for HIV infection.Materials and methods  A prospective cohort study was performed in a population at high risk for STDs composed of 170 HIV seronegative male homosexuals and bisexuals (group A). The population at low risk for STDs was composed of 155 volunteer male blood donors (group B). All blood samples were screened using a type specific ELISA to HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 glycoprotein G (gG).Results  The prevalence of HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 infection among all the 325 patients was 83.5% and 63.4%, respectively. Annual incidence of HSV‐1 and 2 among group A were 0.053% and 0.08%, respectively. Among group B, the incidence for HSV‐1 was 0.04% and for HSV‐2 was 0.02%. Educational parameters (P<0.001), irregular use of condoms (P<0.001), and percentage of previous receptive anal intercourse (P<0,012) were significantly associated with seropositivity to HSV‐2. About 8.4% of the HSV‐1 seronegative subjects presented recurrence episodes of herpes labialis as well as 7.6% of the HSV‐2 seronegative patients had genital herpes in the past.Discussion  The high seroprevalence detected suggests that routine screening for HSV should be performed in populations at high risk for STDs, especially in HIV‐infected patients.Conclusion  Educational campaigns, with particular focus on the transmission of HSV, and the regular use of condoms are important measures to reduce the HSV dissemination among patients with less advanced educations and at high risk for STDs.
Effects of feeding roasted safflower seeds (variety IL‐111) and fish oil on dry matter intake, performance and milk fatty acid profiles in dairy cattle
Authors: Alizadeh A. R. , Alikhani M. , Ghorbani G. R. , Rahmani H. R. , Rashidi L. , Loor J. J. 
Published: May 2011

SummarySafflower seed has the highest concentration of linoleic acid among 80 oilseeds but little information exists on the effective use of SS for lactation cows. It was hypothesised that a diet supplemented with an Iranian SS variety (IL‐111) in combination with fish oil (FO) would result in higher concentrations of trans‐18:1 (including vaccenic acid) and conjugated linoleic acids in milk fat than feeding an unsupplemented control diet. Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding diets containing: (i) Control: (C); (ii) 25 g of roasted SS IL‐111 (RSS); (iii) 20 g FO and (iv) 25 g RSS + 10 g FO (RSS + FO) per kilogram of dietary DM on feed intake, ruminal fermentation, milk production and fatty acid profile. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design study. The experiment had four periods of 21 days. Milk Fat percentage was lower (p < 0.01) with FO supplementation and averaged 19.0 and 21.5 g/kg milk with FO and RSS + FO compared with 30.3 and 32.5 g/kg with C and RSS. Feed intake also was lower (p < 0.01) with FO vs. C (23.1 vs. 24.5 kg/day) but feeding RSS resulted in greater feed intake compared with other treatments (26 kg/day). Despite lower feed intake with FO, milk production did not change from controls but feeding RSS + FO resulted in greater milk yield than controls (42.6 vs. 39.3 kg/day). Ruminal pH was greater (p < 0.01) in cows fed FO than other treatments. Supplemental FO alone or in combination with RSS resulted in dramatic increases (p < 0.01) in c9,t11‐18:2 in milk fat (12.7 and 13.2 g/day vs. 5.8 and 7.02 with C and RSS). It was surprising to note that 25 g/kg RSS can improve feed intake.