bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consultation
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how consultation (“Shura”) has evolved from a traditional practice rooted in Islamic and tribal governance into the basis for modern representative institutions in the Gulf States. Consultation is vital not only as a way to mediate relations between “state” and “society” in the era before the development of formal bureaucratic structures, but also to achieve consensus when important decisions are taken, especially at times of external threat. The chapter also explores how politics is conducted in informal settings, including in the majlis and the diwaniya, how this has changed over time, and assesses the use of petitions as a mechanism by which groups of citizens historically have expressed views on contentious issues to ruling elites.
Institutions
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the challenges of institutionalization as the Gulf States transition from networks of elite relationships to modern bureaucratic structures in the twentieth century. Analysis of “state,” “regime,” and “government” draws out the process of gradual separation of ruling families from the states they led. The transition away from personalized leadership is examined, with specific examples analyzed across the six Gulf States. Specific attention is paid to the development of institutions in Saudi Arabia to illustrate the challenges of moving from a patrimonial style of governance toward a functional process of government. The chapter ends by examining institutional weaknesses in practice, including the creation of duplicative and overlapping structures and the bypassing of institutional arrangements on occasion.
Responses
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 is the second of two chapters (along with Chapter 5) that examine the contours of opposition political activity in the Gulf States, but in this chapter the focus is on regime responses. Over time, regimes have “securitized” oppositional activities by seeking to label and link them in ways that would delegitimize their actions and enlist the support of international partners, whether through associations with Communism (during the Cold War), Islamism (after the Iranian revolution), or terrorism (especially after the September 11, 2001, attacks). Splits within opposition movements are also a focus of study, with examples from across the Gulf of ways in which regimes sought to encourage divisions, but also of how, after the Arab Spring, a newer generation of youthful activists less inclined to follow the “rules of the game” challenged the older generation of opposition leaders, especially in Kuwait and Bahrain.
Militaries
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This final chapter examines the role of “hard” power in enabling regimes in the Gulf to respond to threats and challenges to internal and external security. The Gulf monarchies are the great survivors of political dynasties in the Middle East, as they have navigated the wars and revolutions which toppled many of their regional peers. External security partnerships, initially with Great Britain and subsequently with the United States, have formed a consistent backbone of local and regional security choices. Assessing the perception of threats, as constructed by ruling elites, is important to understanding how leaders react and respond to challenges to security, and the chapter explores instances in which officials got this right as well as wrong. The chapter (and the book) ends with an assessment of the development and deployment of forms of “soft” power, and looks to the future as the Gulf States grapple with new challenges associated with the energy transition and calls for meaningful and sustained climate action.
Creating DeafBlind Identity
Authors: Edwards Terra 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 sketches the history of the Seattle DeafBlind community in the decades leading up to the protactile movement. Focusing on the political and institutional systems that shaped the experiences of those entering the community in the 1980s, the chapter shows that a central motivation for moving to Seattle was not employment opportunities per se or living in a more tactile way but rather the promise of delaying the effects of becoming blind. To that end, collective political efforts worked to create DeafBlind identities, on the basis of which resources could be obtained. This led to the creation of a state-funded non-profit organization dedicated to serving DeafBlind individuals by providing sighted interpreters and related resources. As communication with those interpreters became increasingly conventionalized in the 1990s, new ways of being DeafBlind were established which were rooted not in a tactile world but in methods of accessing a receding visual world.
The Protactile Movement
Authors: Edwards Terra 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 is an account of the early stages of the protactile movement. In the late 1990s, two DeafBlind leaders who had recently moved to Seattle argued that the many problems described in previous chapters could be resolved by creating spaces away from sighted norms and standards, where new ways of being in the world could be explored. They claimed that most of the activities that were mediated by interpreters could be carried out without vision or hearing. No one knew, however, how these claims might be transformed into actual practices. Analyzing videorecorded interactions between DeafBlind people as these novel practices were becoming conventionalized and drawing on interviews with participants, this chapter argues that the success of the protactile movement was a result of starting with the discovery of a world that can be known from within rather than the creation of identities that can unlock resources from without.
1QS. The Rule of the Association
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The introductory chapter presents the manuscript evidence and discusses the development of the Rule. It the discusses the evidence for a sectarian association, outlines the history of its development and argues that it should most probably be identified with the Essene sect, known from Greek and Latin sources. It then turns to some major theological themes in 1QS: the dualism of the two spirits, the renewal of the Mosaic covenant, the distinction of different degrees of holiness and the need for a higher revelation to supplement the Torah. The Introduction concludes with a discussion of the nature of the Rule, which is taken to be a wisdom document intended as an aid for the Maskil or Master in instructing the members.
1QS 1:1–3:12. Introductory Statement and Covenant Renewal
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 presents the text and translation of 1QS 1:1–3:12 with explanatory notes. 1QS 1:1–15 is an introduction to the Rule, outlining its objectives in general terms. The remainder of this chapter is taken up with the renewal of the covenant. The covenant renewal ceremony is based on Deuteronomy 27, with curses and blessings. The latter part of the section deals with those who refuse to enter the covenant. This chapter raises issues about the sectarian understanding of the covenant and its relation to the traditional Mosaic covenant, but it also raises questions as to how the covenant, which presupposes individual free will and responsibility, can be reconciled with the deterministic theology of the Rule, which is especially prominent in the following chapter.
1QS 3:13–4:26. The Instruction on the Two Spirits
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with what is arguably the most distinctive part of the Rule. Unlike the other sections, this one does not speak of the covenant or the Mosaic Law, or even of the yahad or association. For this reason, it is likely that it was composed outside the association. According to the Instruction, God created two spirits for humanity to walk in, those of light and darkness, or truth and deceit. It goes on to outline the virtues and vices associated with these spirits, and their outcome, or visitation in reward or punishment after death. The last section of the Instruction makes clear that everyone has a share in both spirits, and that they struggle within the human heart. God has set a limit to the spirit of darkness and will eventually destroy it. The chapter discusses various theories about the coherence of the Instruction, and also the evidence for its reception elsewhere in the Scrolls. An excursus considers the background of the Instruction. While there are important points of contact with the Jewish wisdom tradition, the distinctive character of the passage is indebted to Zoroastrian dualism, although it modifies that dualism in important respects.
1QS 8:1–9:11. An Elite Community
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
1QS 8:1 introduces a controversial sub-group of eight men and three priests. These have been interpreted as “the first fifteen members of the Qumran community.” It is clear, however, that they are not the first members of the association or yaḥad. Rather they are set aside in the midst of the association and sent into the desert to prepare the way of the Lord by study of the Torah and attaining a higher degree of sanctity. It is not certain whether they were to go to Qumran, but that is the only settlement in the desert for which we have any evidence. The second part of this section (8:20–9:11) contains the ordinances for these “men of perfect holiness,” and concludes with a reference to the future coming of a prophet and the messiahs of Aaron and Israel.
1Q29a
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a transcription, translation, notes, and commentary on 1Q29a of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
4QSd (4Q258)
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers transcriptions, translations, notes, and commentary on 4QSd of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
4QSh (4Q262)
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers transcriptions, translations, notes, and commentary on 4QSh of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
Constructing Wales as a Site of Solace
Authors: Ugolini Wendy 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
‘Constructing Wales as a Site of Solace’ addresses the ways in which Wales was conceived as a site of wartime refuge and depicted within twentieth-century life writing as a site of healing or rejuvenation. It examines the wartime convalescence of writer Alex Cordell in Harlech which served to reignite a connection with his ancestral ‘homeland’. A particular focus is on the ‘affinity’ Welsh: English cultural figures with no ancestral connection with Wales but who expressed a strong affinity with the nation, such as the artist John Petts and the poet Robert Graves. In particular, it looks at how Graves’s identification with Wales, forged in childhood, was reinforced by his First World War experiences. It then addresses the lifelong implications of this affinity Welshness both for Graves and for his eldest son David, who died during the Second World War whilst serving with his father’s regiment, the Royal Welch Fusiliers (RWF).
The Entropic Growth of the GCC Economies
Authors: Sfakianakis John , Tzannatos Zafiris 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the key development policy instrument in Saudi Arabia of the last fifty years: the five-year development plans. The authors argue that Saudi Arabia has both a roadmap and, unlike any other time in its economic history, the political will to press ahead. So far, the evidence points to an impressive array of changes brought to the country in a very short period. The speed with which Saudi Arabia has transformed is remarkable. The state has a critical role to play in ensuring transparency and competition in the economy, and incubating and abetting new industries and sectors, keeping the objective of Saudization in mind. Still, even if they are fully successful, a question for the mega projects remains: that is, whether they will give sufficient impetus to transform Saudi Arabia into a post-oil economy over a reasonable time horizon so that the new social contract is supportable by ordinary Saudis and therefore viable. The role of the private sector is fundamental if it is to contribute to 65 per cent of the country’s gross domestic product by 2030 and, by extension, become the main generator of employment opportunities. The authors posit that it remains to be seen how the state will change its current leading role and how the private sector will react, evolve, and prosper.
Decolonizing the GCC
Authors: Tzannatos Zafiris , Sfakianakis John 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the functioning and outcomes of the labour market in the context of the development model Saudi Arabia has pursued since the 1970s. The author notes the historical failure of policies to provide decent employment to Saudis outside the public sector, to increase productivity, and to accelerate economic growth despite massive revenues from the oil sector. The reasons for these less than satisfactory outcomes can be associated politically with a social contract that has been based on an authoritarian bargain between the political leaders and the citizens, and economically with the patronage of the private sector in such a way that its proceeds have mainly been appropriated by the establishment’s elite. This political and economic configuration combined with an excessive reliance on low-wage migrant labour has had a direct adverse effect on the employment outcomes for nationals. Vision 2030 aims to address these areas, among others, by eliminating corruption, energizing the economy through the private sector, reducing the number of migrants, and increasing the employment of nationals.
The Political Economy of Reforms under Vision 2030
Authors: Hertog Steffen 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains that the old Saudi social contract is eroding and, with it, the old growth model based on state spending and state employment. At the same time, the social opening of the country is compensating for the erosion of the older system. Nevertheless, the new era has yet to bring about new private economic activities as the economy continues to rely on fiscal stimulus from the state, government employment, and low labour costs through the employment of migrant workers. Economic diversification is hard and takes a long time under the best circumstances. The adjustment process may not be completed by 2030 and much pain could be inflicted along the way, with living standards dropping. Vision 2030 has focused more on large projects than on addressing structural constraints to economic development—although, in the end, it will very likely be these constraints which determine the Kingdom’s growth and diversification trajectory. Many of the Vision’s components are being deployed only slowly, not only because of limited buy-in by the stakeholders but also because they are in tension with the structural foundations of the established social contract and growth model. The chapter proposes some reorientation of rent sharing towards a market-conforming welfare mechanism rather than simply dismantling the old social contract through a reactive policy of austerity.
The Spiritual Lives and Manuscript Cultures of Eighteenth-Century English Women
Authors: Aalders Cynthia 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The Spiritual Lives and Manuscript Cultures of Eighteenth-Century English Women explores the vital and unexplored ways in which women’s life writings acted to undergird, guide, and indeed shape religious communities. Through an exploration of various significant but understudied personal relationships—including mentorship by older women, spiritual friendship, and care for non-biological children—the book demonstrates the multiple ways in which women were active in writing religious communities. The women discussed here belonged to communities that habitually communicated through personal writing. At the same time, their acts of writing were creative acts, powerful to build and shape religious communities: these women wrote religious community. The book consists of a series of interweaving case studies and focuses on Catherine Talbot (1721–70), Anne Steele (1717–78), and Ann Bolton (1743–1822), and on their literary interactions with friends and family. Considered together, these subjects and sources allow comparison across denomination, for Talbot was Anglican, Steele a Baptist, and Bolton a Methodist. Further, it considers women’s life writings as spiritual legacy, as manuscripts were preserved by female friends and family members and continued to function in religious communities after the death of their authors. Various strands of enquiry weave through the book: questions of gender and religion, themselves inflected by denomination; themes related to life writings and manuscript cultures; and the interplay between the writer as individual and her relationships and communal affiliations. The result is a variegated and highly textured account of eighteenth-century women’s spiritual and writing lives.
Introduction
Authors: Aalders Cynthia 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
A theoretical and historiographical discussion here establishes the book’s key strands of enquiry: questions of gender and religion, including inflected by religious denomination; themes related to life writings and manuscript cultures; and the interplay between the writer as individual and her relationships and communal affiliations. The leading subjects and sources for the book and the content of each chapter are also introduced. Since the book examines the ways in which life writings functioned within religious communities, the subject’s multiple communities are outlined, highlighting emotional, spiritual, and intellectual links that are developed in subsequent chapters. Those chapters have a parallel structure, each featuring a particularly significant relationship, a mode of interaction, and a spiritual theme, thus broadly addressing questions about who was active in the literary encounter analysed, how the encounter proceeded, and what constituted the content of their belief.
Integrability in classical mechanics
Authors: Dunajski Maciej 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Integrable systems are non-linear differential equations (DEs) which ‘in principle’ can be solved analytically. This means that the solution can be reduced to a finite number of algebraic operations and integrations. Such systems are very rare—most non-linear DEs admit chaotic behaviour and no explicit solutions can be written down. Integrable systems nevertheless lead to very interesting mathematics ranging from differential geometry and complex analysis to quantum field theory and fluid dynamics. In this chapter we introduce the integrability of ordinary differential equations (ODEs).
Soliton equations and the inverse scattering transform
Authors: Dunajski Maciej 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
A universally accepted definition of integrability does not exist for partial differential equations (PDEs). The phase space is infinite-dimensional, but having ‘infinitely many’ first integrals may not be enough-we could have missed every second one. One instead focuses on properties of solutions and solution-generation techniques. In this chapter we study solitons-solitary non-linear waves which preserve their shape (and other characteristics) in the evolution. These soliton solutions will be constructed by means of an inverse problem: recovering a potential from the scattering data.
Anti-self-dual conformal structures
Authors: Dunajski Maciej 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we consider a more conformal structures with anti-self-dual Weyl curvature. Such structures, and their symmetry reductions to Einstein-Weyl equations provide the framework for dispersionless integrability. Several integrable systems, like the heavenly equations, the dKP equation, and the SU(∞) Toda fit into this framework. Conformal anti-self-duality is also the necessary and sufficient condition for the twistor space to exist. This is described by Penrose’s non-linear graviton theorem. We describe this twistor theory, its reductions and the non-relativistic limit.
At The Expense of The Claimant
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the interpretation of the ‘at the expense of the claimant’ requirement to establish unjust enrichment. It examines the extent to which the defendant’s enrichment must be direct and the reasons why this is the requirement. It considers whether it is possible to recover consequential gains. There is then an examination of the importance of establishing correspondence between the defendant’s gain and the claimant’s loss, including whether the defence of passing on is recognized in English law and whether it should be recognized. Finally, the bar on claims for restitution where the defendant’s benefit is incidental is examined.
Absence of Intent
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the circumstances, if any, where the claimant’s absence of intention to transfer a benefit to the defendant can establish a ground of restitution for the purposes of the Law of Unjust Enrichment. It identifies that ignorance of the transfer can ground a claim for restitution in unjust enrichment, although normally, a proprietary claim for restitution will also lie and will be preferable. Whether interceptive subtraction should be recognized is considered. Also, whether the claimant can choose between a claim in unjust enrichment or one based on the vindication of property rights is examined. Further, whether grounds of powerlessness and lack of consent should be recognized as grounds of restitution is also examined.