bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐Performance Photoresponsive Organic Nanotransistors with Single‐Layer Graphenes as Two‐Dimensional Electrodes
Authors: Cao Yang , Liu Song , Shen Qian , Yan Kai , Li Pingjian , Xu Jun , Yu Dapeng , Steigerwald Michael L. , Nuckolls Colin , Liu Zhongfan , Guo Xuefeng 
Published: June 2009

AbstractGraphene behaves as a robust semimetal with the high electrical conductivity stemming from its high‐quality tight two‐dimensional crystallographic lattice. It is therefore a promising electrode material. Here, a general methodology for making stable photoresponsive field effect transistors, whose device geometries are comparable to traditional macroscopic semiconducting devices at the nanometer scale, using cut graphene sheets as 2D contacts is detailed. These contacts are produced through oxidative cutting of individual 2D planar graphene by electron beam lithography and oxygen plasma etching. Nanoscale organic transistors based on graphene contacts show high‐performance FET behavior with bulk‐like carrier mobility, high on/off current ratio, and high reproducibility. Due to the presence of photoactive molecules, the devices display reversible changes in current when they are exposed to visible light. The calculated responsivity of the devices is found to be as high as ∼8.3 A W−1. This study forms the basis for making new types of ultrasensitive molecular devices, thus initiating broad research interest in the field of nanoscale/molecular electronics.
Association of MET with social and communication phenotypes in individuals with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Campbell Daniel B. , Warren Dana , Sutcliffe James S. , Lee Evon Batey , Levitt Pat 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAutism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed by impairments in social interaction, communication, and behavioral flexibility. Autism is highly heritable, but it is not known whether a genetic risk factor contributes to all three core domains of the disorder or autism results from the confluence of multiple genetic risk factors for each domain. We and others reported previously association of variants in the gene encoding the MET receptor tyrosine kinase in five independent samples. We further described enriched association of the MET promoter variant rs1858830 C allele in families with co‐occurring autism and gastrointestinal conditions. To test the contribution of this functional MET promoter variant to the domains of autism, we analyzed its association with quantitative scores derived from three instruments used to diagnose and describe autism phenotypes: the Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised (ADI‐R), the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), and both the parent and the teacher report forms of the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). In 748 individuals from 367 families, the transmission of the MET C allele from parent to child was consistently associated with both social and communication phenotypes of autism. Stratification by gastrointestinal conditions revealed a similar pattern of association with both social and communication phenotypes in 242 individuals with autism from 118 families with co‐occurring gastrointestinal conditions, but a lack of association with any domain in 181 individuals from 96 families with ASD and no co‐occurring gastrointestinal condition. These data indicate that the MET C allele influences at least two of the three domains of the autism triad. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SLC25A19 mutation as a cause of neuropathy and bilateral striatal necrosis
Authors: Spiegel Ronen , Shaag Avraham , Edvardson Simon , Mandel Hanna , Stepensky Polina , Shalev Stavit A. , Horovitz Yoseph , Pines Ophry , Elpeleg Orly 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFour patients, aged 7–20 years, suffered from recurrent episodes of flaccid paralysis and encephalopathy associated with bilateral striatal necrosis and chronic progressive polyneuropathy. Using homozygosity mapping, a pathogenic missense mutation in the SLC25A19 gene that encodes the mitochondrial thiamine pyrophosphate transporter was identified. An SLC25A19 mutation was previously reported in Amish congenital lethal microcephaly but the present patients' phenotype is markedly different, with normal head circumference, normal early childhood development, age‐appropriate cognitive skills, and normal urinary organic acid profile. Determination of the SLC25A19 sequence should be considered in patients with bilateral striatal necrosis and progressive polyneuropathy. Ann Neurol 2009;66:419–424
SCARB2 mutations in progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME) without renal failure
Authors: Dibbens L.M. , Michelucci R. , Gambardella A. , Andermann F. , Rubboli G. , Bayly M.A. , Joensuu T. , Vears D.F. , Franceschetti S. , Canafoglia L. , Wallace R. , Bassuk A.G. , Power D.A. , Tassinari C.A. , Andermann E. , Lehesjoki A.E. , Berkovic S.F. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectiveMutations in SCARB2 were recently described as causing action myoclonus renal failure syndrome (AMRF). We hypothesized that mutations in SCARB2 might account for unsolved cases of progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME) without renal impairment, especially those resembling Unverricht‐Lundborg disease (ULD). Additionally, we searched for mutations in the PRICKLE1 gene, newly recognized as a cause of PME mimicking ULD.MethodsWe reviewed cases of PME referred for diagnosis over two decades in which a molecular diagnosis had not been reached. Patients were classified according to age of onset, clinical pattern, and associated neurological signs into “ULD‐like” and “not ULD‐like.” After exclusion of mutations in cystatin B (CSTB), DNA was examined for sequence variation in SCARB2 and PRICKLE1.ResultsOf 71 cases evaluated, 41 were “ULD‐like” and five had SCARB2 mutations. None of 30 “not ULD‐like” cases were positive. The five patients with SCARB2 mutations had onset between 14 and 26 years of age, with no evidence of renal failure during 5.5 to 15 years of follow‐up; four were followed until death. One living patient had slight proteinuria. A subset of 25 cases were sequenced for PRICKLE1 and no mutations were found.InterpretationMutations in SCARB2 are an important cause of hitherto unsolved cases of PME resembling ULD at onset. SCARB2 should be evaluated even in the absence of renal involvement. Onset is in teenage or young adult life. Molecular diagnosis is important for counseling the patient and family, particularly as the prognosis is worse than classical ULD. Ann Neurol 2009;66:532–536
Aminophosphines: their chemistry and role as ligands and synthons
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Janarthanan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn recent years, research in organophosphorus chemistry has mainly focused in designing newer and better phosphorus ligands for synthesizing novel metal complexes with improved catalytic activities. Aminophosphines [tricoordinate phosphorus(III)–nitrogen systems] are considered as versatile compounds owing to the presence of nitrogen centres which, in principle, can influence additional reactivity features. They are quite sensitive to air and moisture due to the presence of polar PN bond(s). In spite of this, research in aminophosphine chemistry is gaining momentum day‐by‐day and this is due mainly to one reason: their rich behaviour as ligands in metal complex chemistry and subsequently in catalysis. Their role as synthons in inorganic heterocyclic chemistry has also helped produce new types of heterocycles. In this paper, the chemistry of simple acyclic aminophosphines (synthesis, characterization, reactivity and applications) is covered and particular focus is given to their ability to form chalcogenides along with their role played as ligands in coordination chemistry and as synthons in inorganic heterocyclic chemistry. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel types of boronated chlorin e6 conjugates via ‘click chemistry’
Authors: Bregadze Vladimir I. , Semioshkin Andrey A. , Las'kova Julia N. , Berzina Maria Ya. , Lobanova Irina A. , Sivaev Igor B. , Grin Mikhail A. , Titeev Rustam A. , Brittal Dmitry I. , Ulybina Olga V. , Chestnova Anastasija V. , Ignatova Anastasija A. , Feofanov Alexey V. , Mironov Andrey F. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractConjugates of chlorin e6 with closo‐dodecaborate and cobalt bis(dicarbollide) anions were synthesized for the first time in high yields using the advanced ‘click’ methodology. In vitro study on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells revealed that the synthesized boronated conjugates are able to penetrate and accumulate in cancer cells, but their intracellular concentration is not sufficient for effective photodynamic and boron neutron capture therapy of cancer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A test of the association between Lake Habitat Quality Assessment and macroinvertebrate community structure
Authors: McGoff Elaine , Irvine Kenneth 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Lake Habitat Survey (LHS) provides a standard method for characterizing the physical habitat of lakes and reservoirs, but has not been tested for its relevance to the composition and abundance of macroinvertebrates. This study investigated the relationship between the metrics used in LHS and components of macroinvertebrate communities found in the littoral zone of a shallow calcareous lake in the west of Ireland.
A scoring system, the Habitat Quality Assessment (HabQA), developed from the Lake Habitat Quality Assessment (LHQA) of the LHS, was used to assess the relationship between habitat quality based on physical structure within 10 LHS ‘habplots’ and metrics of the macroinvertebrate community.
Macroinvertebrate taxon richness, both of adults found in the riparian zone and larvae found in the littoral zone, correlated positively with the HabQA score. Macrophytes within the littoral zone, and complexity of riparian vegetation within the riparian zone, were particularly important in driving the HabQA score. While overall abundance of macroinvertebrates did not vary with HabQA score, that of particular genera did.
The HabQA score was a useful surrogate of taxon richness for adult and larval aquatic macroinvertebrates, suggesting that, in general, LHS provides a useful conservation assessment tool relevant for macroinvertebrates. However, in some circumstances, such as wave‐washed stony substrates devoid of macrophytes, the HabQA score may not capture the quality of a site for macroinvertebrates, and the importance of natural but low diversity sites should not be neglected in conservation assessment of lakes. Similarly, while the LHS method notes the presence of alien species, further work on how these could be incorporated into the method would be useful.
Reliance on a single, or overall combined, metric score across quality elements, whether based on biotic or structural assessment, has some potential limitations. It is clear that for conservation management a holistic assessment of naturalness, representativeness and species rarity needs to be made in conjunction with scoring systems.
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of Toll‐Like Receptor 9 in Horse Lungs
Authors: Schneberger David , Caldwell Sarah , Suri Sarabjeet Singh , Singh Baljit 
Published: June 2009

AbstractToll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9) has been found to be the main receptor to respond to bacterial DNA in a wide variety of species. Recent work has shown that TLR9 is expressed in a diverse set of cells within the lung. However, much of this data has been centered on human and mouse cell culture lines or primary cultures and very little is known of TLR9 expression in intact lung, especially that of the horse. Here we show that TLR9 is expressed in the lungs of horses in a wide variety of cells. In particular, we note expression in pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs), alveolar macrophages, bronchial epithelial cells, and type‐II cells amongst others. Immunogold electron microscopy localized TLR9 in nuclei, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane of various lung cells. The data also show that E. coli lipopolysaccharide significantly increased expression of TLR9 mRNA in lungs and the number of cells in the lung septa that were positive for TLR9 protein. Protein expression was seen in airway epithelium, vascular endothelium, and inflammatory cells in blood vessels. Intravenous administration of gadolinium chloride, which depletes macrophages, before the lipopolysaccharide treatment significantly inhibited the LPS‐induced increase in TLR9 mRNA in the lungs of the horses. We conclude that TLR9 is expressed in lung cells including PIMs and that the lipopolysaccharide treatment increases TLR9 mRNA expression. The increase in TLR9 mRNA is eliminated by depletion of PIMs, implicating these cells as a major source of TLR9 in the equine lung. Anat Rec, 292:1068–1077, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanical Properties of the Hindlimb Bones of Bullfrogs and Cane Toads in Bending and Torsion
Authors: Wilson Megan P. , Espinoza Nora R. , Shah Sagar R. , Blob Richard W. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWhen compared with most vertebrates, frogs use a novel style of jumping locomotion powered by the hindlimbs. Hindlimb bones of frogs must withstand the potentially erratic loads associated with such saltatory locomotion. To evaluate the load bearing capacity of anuran limb bones, we used three‐point bending, torsion, and hardness tests to measure the mechanical properties of the femur and tibiofibula from adults of two species that use different jumping styles: explosively jumping bullfrogs (Rana(Lithobates)catesbeiana) and cyclically hopping cane toads (Bufo(Chaunus)marinus). Yield stress and strain values forR. catesbeianaandB. marinushindlimb bones are within the range of values previously reported for other vertebrates. However, anuran hindlimb bones generally stand out as having higher yield stresses in bending than those of closely related, nonsaltatory salamanders, highlighting the importance of considering phylogenetic context in comparisons of bone functional capacity and adaptation. Stiffness values for both frog species tested were also high, which may facilitate efficient transmission of muscular forces while jumping. Elevated stiffness may also contribute to some discrepancies between determinations of bone properties via hardness versus bending tests. In comparisons between species,B. marinusbones showed significantly higher bending yield stresses thanR. catesbeiana, whereasR. catesbeianabones showed significantly higher torsional yield stresses thanB. marinus. These differences may correlate with differences in jumping style and limb anatomy between ranid and bufonid frogs, suggesting that evolutionary changes in bone mechanical properties may help to accommodate new functional demands that emerge in lineages. Anat Rec, 292:935–944, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Study on the Tongue and Lingual Papillae of the Common Hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius amphibius
Authors: Yoshimura Ken , Hama Natsuki , Shindo Junji , Kobayashi Kan , Kageyama Ikuo 
Published: June 2009

AbstractScanning electron microscopic micrograph of the connective tissue core of fungiform papillae distributed in the dorsal surface of the tongue in the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius amphibius). There are various kinds of lingual papillae distributed on the dorsal surface of the tongue among mammal species. It has been revealed that there were morphological differences found on each lingual papilla; filiform, fungiform, conical, foliate, and vallate papillae depend on the mammalian species, especially on the connective tissue cores beneath the epithelial surface. The fungiform connective tissue core of hippopotamus exhibited are quite similar to those found in the other artiodactyls; however, it lacked other typical morphological types of the lingual papillae found on the artiodactyl species. The unique mosaic‐like morphological characteristics of the hippopotamus' lingual papillae may represent the unique evolutional or dietary background of this species. See Yoshimura et al., on page 921, in this issue. (Scanning electron micrograph courtesy of the authors).
Household Epidemics: Modelling Effects of Early Stage Vaccination
Authors: Shaban Nyimvua , Andersson Mikael , Svensson Åke , Britton Tom 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA Markovian susceptible → infectious → removed (SIR) epidemic model is considered in a community partitioned into households. A vaccination strategy, which is implemented during the early stages of the disease following the detection of infected individuals is proposed. In this strategy, the detection occurs while an individual is infectious and other susceptible household members are vaccinated without further delay. Expressions are derived for the influence on the reproduction numbers of this vaccination strategy for equal and unequal household sizes. We fit previously estimated parameters from influenza and use household distributions for Sweden and Tanzania census data. The results show that the reproduction number is much higher in Tanzania (6 compared with 2) due to larger households, and that infected individuals have to be detected (and household members vaccinated) after on average 5 days in Sweden and after 3.3 days in Tanzania, a much smaller difference.
Dual color localization microscopy of cellular nanostructures
Authors: Gunkel Manuel , Erdel Fabian , Rippe Karsten , Lemmer Paul , Kaufmann Rainer , Hörmann Christoph , Amberger Roman , Cremer Christoph 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe dual color localization microscopy (2CLM) presented here is based on the principles of spectral precision distance microscopy (SPDM) with conventional autofluorescent proteins under special physical conditions. This technique allows us to measure the spatial distribution of single fluorescently labeled molecules in entire cells with an effective optical resolution comparable to macromolecular dimensions. Here, we describe the application of the 2CLM approach to the simultaneous nanoimaging of cellular structures using two fluorochrome types distinguished by different fluorescence emission wavelengths. The capabilities of 2CLM for studying the spatial organization of the genome in the mammalian cell nucleus are demonstrated for the relative distributions of two chromosomal proteins labeled with autofluorescent GFP and mRFP1 domains. The 2CLM images revealed quantitative information on their spatial relationships down to length‐scales of 30 nm.
PALM and STORM: What hides beyond the Rayleigh limit?
Authors: Henriques Ricardo , Mhlanga Musa M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSuper‐resolution imaging allows the imaging of fluorescently labeled probes at a resolution of just tens of nanometers, surpassing classic light microscopy by at least one order of magnitude. Recent advances such as the development of photo‐switchable fluorophores, high‐sensitivity microscopes and single particle localization algorithms make super‐resolution imaging rapidly accessible to the wider life sciences research community. As we take our first steps in deciphering the roles and behaviors of individual molecules inside their living cellular environment, a new world of research opportunities beckons. Here we discuss some of the latest developments achieved with these techniques and emerging areas where super‐resolution will give fundamental new “eye” sight to cell biology.
Tracking algorithms chase down pathogens
Authors: Chenouard Nicolas , Dufour Alexandre , Olivo‐Marin Jean‐Christophe 
Published: June 2009

AbstractUnderstanding subcellular dynamic processes governing pathogenic mechanisms is a necessary step towards the development of new drugs and strategies against infectious diseases. Subcellular pathogenic mechanisms, such as viral invasion processes involve highly dynamic nanometric‐scale objects and rapid molecular interactions that require the study of individual particle paths. Single‐particle tracking methods allow visualizing and characterizing the dynamics of biological objects, and provide a straightforward and accurate means to understand subcellular processes. This review describes a number of particle‐tracking methods in time‐lapse microscopy sequences and provides examples of using such techniques to investigate mechanisms of host‐pathogen interactions.
Fluorescence of unmodified oligonucleotides: A tool to probe G‐quadruplex DNA structure
Authors: Mendez Miguel Angel , Szalai Veronika A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFluorescence of unmodified oligonucleotides has not been exploited for guanine‐quadruplex (G‐quadruplex) characterization. We observe that G‐rich sequences fluoresce more strongly than duplex or single‐stranded DNA but much more weakly than fluorophores like fluorescein. This increase in the intrinsic fluorescence is not due to an increase in absorption at the excitation wavelength but rather to a change in the quantum yield. We show that unlabeled oligonucleotides that form G‐quadruplexes can be differentiated on the basis of their emission spectra from similar sequences that do not contain consecutive guanines. Intermolecular quadruplexes formed by the oligonucleotides 5′‐T4GnT4‐3′ (n = 4–10) display a nonlinear, but continuous, increase in emission intensity as the G content increases. The sequence 5′‐GGGT‐3′, which has been proposed to form a monomeric quadruplex and an interlocked quadruplex (Krishnan‐Ghosh et al. J Am Chem Soc 2004, 126, 11009), was compared with the similar sequence 5′‐TGGG‐3′, the structure of which has not been characterized. Both the maximum emission intensity and the spectral shape differ for these oligonucleotides as a function of sample preparation, indicating that different types of quadruplexes form for both sequences. Our work is the first to demonstrate that the suprastructure of G‐rich sequences can be probed using fluorescence signatures of unmodified oligonucleotides. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 841–850, 2009.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The ”Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Lipid‐dependent cytotoxicity by the lipase PLRP2 and by PLRP2‐positive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)
Authors: Alves Bryce N. , Marshall Kristen , Tamang David L. , Leong Jeffrey , Redelman Doug , Elliott Viki , Lowe Mark E. , Hudig Dorothy 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIL‐4 induces a lipase, pancreatic lipase related protein 2 (PLRP2), in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Because PLRP2 in semen can mediate lipid‐dependent toxicity to sperm, we questioned whether CTL‐derived PLRP2 could support similar cytotoxicity toward tumor cells. Recombinant PLRP2 was toxic to P815 tumor cells in 48 h when lipid and another protein, colipase, were present. However, PLRP2‐positive CTLs (induced with many lots of IL‐4) were unable to mediate lipid‐dependent cytotoxicity. Notably, CTLs induced with only one lot of IL‐4 had lipid‐dependent cytotoxicity. The exceptional lot of IL‐4 was effective in multiple experiments at inducing lipid‐dependent cytotoxicity. The lipid‐dependent cytotoxicity it induced was determined to be perforin‐independent. CTLs induced with IL‐4 that was unable to induce lipid‐dependent cytotoxicity had mRNA for PLRP2 but not mRNA for colipase. Therefore, we added exogenous colipase to the CTL assays but still cytotoxicity was unchanged. We conclude (1) that lipid‐dependent cytotoxicity, promoted by the lipase PLRP2 and colipase, will kill tumor cells and (2) that more than PLRP2 alone is required for lipid‐dependent cytotoxicity mediated by CTLs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.