Abstract 198: Two novel insertion polymorphisms of the BRM gene are associated with loss of BRM expression and lung cancer risk
Authors: Rogers Colin , Liu Geoffrey , Munoz Daniela , Cheng Dangxiao , Kalam Azad K. , Mirshams Maryam , Chen Zhou , Xu Wei , Roberts Heidi , Shepherd Frances , Tsao Ming , Reisman David 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
BACKGROUND: BRM, a catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, regulates expression/function of key signal transduction pathways with anticancer functions. In 15-25% of lung cancers, BRM protein expression is lacking. When BRM null mice (who display distinct cell cycle abnormalities) are exposed to carcinogens, they develop 10-fold more tumors then control mice. BRM silencing does not appear to be driven by mutational changes. We hypothesized that BRM silencing may be related to sequence variants in the BRM promoter region. METHODS: We compared novel BRM promoter polymorphisms to BRM protein expression in cancer cell lines and tumors of lung cancer patients. We then performed a case-control analysis of these polymorphisms with lung cancer risk. RESULTS: Sequencing of human cancer cell lines identified a 7-bp (rs34480940; located −741 from transcription start site) and 6-bp (rs3832613; located −1321) BRM insertion polymorphisms. In Caucasians, minor allele frequencies (MAF) of 45% were found for both polymorphisms. Cancer cell lines were evaluated for BRM protein expression (Western blot). Twelve BRM staining (BRM-positive) and twelve non-staining (BRM-negative) cancer cell lines were genotyped. In the BRM-negative cell lines, 11/12 cell lines were homozygous variant for at least one of the two BRM promoter polymorphisms (5/12 were double homozygous; 6/12 were homozygous for one polymorphism). In contrast, the BRM-positive cell lines yielded a good mix of genotypes for both polymorphisms. In lung cancer tissues, all ten BRM-negative samples carried at least one homozygous variant (eight were double homozygous variant, while two were homozygous for one polymorphism). In contrast, genotyping of normal adjacent tissue of twelve BRM-positive samples yielded population-normal MAFs of 42% for BRM −741 and 46% for BRM −1321. Tumour-normal tissue genotyping concordance rate was 86%. In the case-control analysis, 484 ever-smoker lung cancer cases were compared to 715 age and gender frequency-matched ever-smoker controls. Compared with a wildtype reference, carrying one homozygous variant was associated with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.40 (95%CI:0.95-2.05; p=0.09); carrying two homozygous variants was associated with aOR=2.19 (1.40-3.43; p=0.0006), after adjusting for age, gender, and smoking variables. CONCLUSIONS: Homozygous variants of two novel BRM promoter polymorphisms are tightly associated with loss of BRM expression in lung cancer tissues and cancer cell lines. These homozygous variants are also associated with lung cancer risk in ever-smokers. Since epigenetic silencing of BRM can be reversed by various compounds (e.g. HDAC inhibitors, novel compounds from screening libraries), reversing BRM silencing could be developed as part of a chemoprevention strategy in smokers who carry the homozygous variants of these two BRM promoter polymorphisms.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 198.