bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology, complications and management of diabetes in Ethiopia: A systematic review
Authors: NIGATU Tilahun 
Published: December 2011

AbstractNon‐communicable diseases are becoming major problems of public health importance in most developing countries as a result of the effects of globalization and epidemiologic transition; however, there is little evidence regarding diabetes and other non‐communicable diseases in these countries. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature on the magnitude of diabetes, the relationship between malnutrition and diabetes, diabetic complications, and the management of diabetes in Ethiopia. Relevant studies and other evidence were identified by searches in the Embase from 1970 to December 2011 and by reviewing the reference lists from retrieved articles. Relevant articles from non‐indexed local journals were also included. Data were extracted and summarized using the major themes of the systematic review. Although the prevalence of diabetes in Ethiopia is estimated to be 2% nationally, evidence suggests that it prevalence could be >5% in those older than 40 years of age in some settings. Studies in the 1980s and 1990s have reported conflicting evidence regarding malnutrition‐related diabetes; however, more recent studies are reconfirming a strong association between malnutrition and diabetes. There is remarkable prevalence of both acute and chronic complications in diabetic cases in Ethiopia. In addition to this, more than one‐third, but only less than half, of diabetic patients in Ethiopia receive standard diabetes care. The results of this study indicate that, in response to the emergence of diabetes and other non‐communicable diseases, effective and efficient prevention and control strategies should be designed and implemented in Ethiopia.
Geochemical Constrains on Petrogenesis and Tectonic Setting of Volcanic Rocks from the Baimianxia and Sanwan Formations in the Northern Margin of the Yangtze Plate
Authors: Xueyi XU , Junlu CHEN , Xiangmin LI , Zhongping MA , Hongliang WANG , Ping LI , Ting LI 
Published: December 2011

Abstract:On the basis of petrogeochemical data, the volcanic lavas of the Baimianxia Formation can be classified into two units: high TiO2 and low TiO2. The TiO2 concentration of the former is generally higher than 1%, which occurs in the lower part with high‐grade metamorphism, but the latter is less than 1% and crops out in the upper part with low‐grade metamorphism. The high‐TiO2 unit is dominated by tholeiitic lavas showing high rare earth element (REE) contents (ΣREE = 83.4–180.8 μg/g), high light/heavy REE (LREE/HREE) ratios (LREE/HREE=2.17–5.85) and weak negative Eu anomaly (Eu=0.79–1.01). Its trace element patterns display weak Nb‐Ta anomalies with respect to Th, K, La, Ce, showing within‐plate basalt affinities. In contrast, the low‐TiO2 unit is characterized by low REE contents, low LREE/HREE ratios, and pronounced Nb‐Ta anomalies, indicating typical arc or continental arc signature. Chondrite‐normalized REE patterns of basalts and andesites from the Sanwan Formation are flat or LREE depletion, which is very similar to normal mid‐oceanic basalt. Therefore, we suggest that these lavas should be formed in a back‐arc basin setting. Sr‐Nd isotopic data of the basalt in the lower part suggest that the rocks would have been formed in ∼1144 Ma. Based on the geochemical and isotopic features of the basalts, we suggest that these rocks in the low part of the Baimianxia Formation should originate from an asthenospheric oceanic‐island basalt‐like mantle source, which may be produced by partial melting of garnet lherzolite, and significantly underwent fractional crystallization and crustal or lithospheric mantle contamination en route to the surface. However, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry zircon U‐Pb dating of the basalt sample from the upper part of the Baimianxia Formation gives a 437 Ma, indicating a Early Paleozoic age. The geochemical analysis in this paper suggests that they may originate from an arc or continental arc in response to aqueous fluids or melt expelled from a subducting slab, and the partial melting occurred in the garnet stability field. The samples of basalts and andesites in the Sanwan Formation show they are derived from depleted mantle source similar to normal mid‐oceanic basalt. Finally, we can conclude that the lavas in the lower part of the Baimianxia Formation represent the geological records of rift‐related volcanism in the middle Proterozoic, which is commonly considered to be the precursor of continental breakup and followed by oceanic basin forming from Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic. Whereas, the lavas in upper part of the Baimianxia Formation and Sanwan Formations may have been generated by the oceanic and continental conversion that occurred in the early Paleozoic.
Zircon U‐Pb Dating on Granitoids from the Northern South China Sea and its Geotectonic Relevance
Authors: Hesheng SHI , Changhai XU , Zuyi ZHOU , Changqian MA 
Published: December 2011

Abstract:Zircon U‐Pb ages of 163.8–100.4 Ma and 146.6–134.5 Ma are obtained for the granitoids from the Pearl River mouth basin, and from southern Guangdong Province, respectively. These new dating data accord well with the crystallization ages of Yanshanian granitoids broadly in the Nanling. The active continental margin of South China, as revealed by a combination of zircon U‐Pb data, underwent a key granitoid‐dominated magmatism in 165–100 Ma. Its evolution varied temporally, and spatially, registering under control of the paleo‐Pacific slab subduction. The granitoids that occurred in 165–150 Ma broadly from the South China Sea to the Nanling are preferably related to two settings from volcanic‐arc to back‐arc extension, respectively. The activities of Cretaceous granitoids migrated from the southeastern Guangdong (148–130 Ma) to the Pearl River Mouth basin (127–112 Ma), corresponding to the model of a retreating subduction. The subduction‐related granitoid magmatism in South China continued until 108–97 Ma. A tectonic transformation from slab‐subduction to extension should occur at ∼100 Ma.
Risk Factors Associated with Transmission ofMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisto Calves within Dairy Herd: A Systematic Review
Authors: Doré E. , Paré J. , Côté G. , Buczinski S. , Labrecque O. , Roy J.P. , Fecteau G. 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundParatuberculosis has a worldwide distribution and many countries have implemented control programs to prevent transmission among and within herds. For these programs to be efficient, knowledge of the risk factors involved in transmission is essential.ObjectivesSystematically review the scientific literature concerning risk factors associated withMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis(MAP) transmission to dairy calves.Study DesignSystematic review.MethodsAn electronic search was done inPubMed andCABto retrieve references relevant to answer at least 1 of the 5 questions concerning neonatal environment, colostrum, milk, housing of calves, and contact of calves with adult cow feces as risk factors inMAPtransmission. A 1st screening was done using titles only, then abstracts, and finally full‐length articles were reviewed for relevance. From the articles selected, risk factors and presence of a significant association between these risk factors andMAPtransmission were recorded.ResultsTwenty‐three articles from 11 different countries and published in 12 different journals were reviewed. The most common study design was cross‐sectional (n = 16). The case definition and diagnostic tests used were very variable among studies, but serumELISAwas used in most studies (n = 14). The study unit was the herd in 18 studies.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe contact of calves with adult cow feces is the most important risk factor inMAPtransmission. The 5 categories of risk factors are linked to one another.
Latent Equine Herpesvirus‐1 in Trigeminal Ganglia and Equine Idiopathic Headshaking
Authors: Aleman M. , Pickles K.J. , Simonek G. , Madigan J.E. 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundTrigeminal neuralgia or neuropathic pain has been regarded as a putative cause of idiopathic headshaking in horses. Equine herpesvirus‐1 (EHV‐1) infection and resultant postherpetic pain have been suggested as a possible cause of such neuropathic pain.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo determine the presence of EHV‐1 in the trigeminal ganglia of horses with idiopathic headshaking.AnimalsNineteen horses: control (n = 11, 9 geldings, 2 mares, median age 11 years) and headshaking (n = 8, all geldings, median age 11.5 years) horses were sourced from the equine research herd and caseload at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital.MethodsProspective study to determine the presence of EHV‐1 latency in trigeminal ganglia of horses with idiopathic headshaking by real‐time PCR detection of the glycoprotein B (gB) gene and the DNA polymerase (ORF 30) gene of EHV‐1 in the absence of detectable late structural protein gene (gB gene) mRNA. Control horses were used for comparison. A house keeping gene (equine GAPDH) and positive and negative samples for EHV‐1 were used for quality control.ResultsAll samples from control horses and 7 of 8 headshaking horses were negative for EHV‐1. One headshaking horse tested positive for a single copy of EHV‐1 gene.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThis study does not support a role for EHV‐1 infection and presumed postherpetic pain in the etiopathogenesis of equine headshaking.
Occlusion Devices and Approaches in Canine Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Comparison of Outcomes
Authors: Singh M. K. , Kittleson M. D. , Kass P. H. , Griffiths L. G. 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundA comparison of transvascular occlusion methods for closing patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in dogs has not been done.ObjectivesTo determine if clinically important differences exist between the approaches and devices currently used.AnimalsA total of 112 client‐owned dogs with left‐to‐right shunting PDA.MethodsRetrospective study. Records from dogs that underwent attempted transvascular PDA occlusion from January 2006 to December 2009 were examined. Dogs were placed into 4 groups: Group 1: Amplatz Canine Duct Occluder (ACDO) (transarterial) — 36 dogs; Group 2: Gianturco or MReye Flipper Detachable Embolization (Flipper) coil (transarterial) — 38 dogs; Group 3: Amplatzer Vascular Plug (AVP) (transarterial) — 23 dogs; Group 4: Flipper coil (transvenous) — 15 dogs.ResultsThe overall success rate of the procedures was high (92%) with comparable success rates among groups (87–97%). There were significantly fewer complications (P < .0001) in dogs receiving an ACDO than in the remaining groups (3% for ACDO versus 26–33% for the other groups). Fluoroscopy time for the transvenous method was significantly longer (median, 13 minutes) than for the other groups (median, 6 minutes) (P < .0001). Severity of residual flow 24 hours postprocedure was significantly less in the ACDO group than in the remaining groups (P = .0001–.05).ConclusionsThe ACDO appears superior in ease of use, complication rate, and completeness of occlusion. The remaining limiting factor with this device is patient size. Until a smaller ACDO device is marketed, coils remain the only choice for interventional closure in very small dogs.
Survival Characteristics and Prognostic Variables of Dogs with Preclinical Chronic Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease Attributable to Myxomatous Degeneration
Authors: Borgarelli M. , Crosara S. , Lamb K. , Savarino P. , La Rosa G. , Tarducci A. , Haggstrom J. 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundPreclinical myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD) includes a heterogeneous group of dogs. Therefore, identifying risk factors for progression of the disease is of clinical importance.ObjectivesTo investigate survival time and risk factors for clinical and echocardiographic variables taken at initial examination for clinical progression in preclinicalMMVDdogs.AnimalsA total of 256 dogs with stage B1 or B2 MMVD.Materials and MethodsMedical records of 256 dogs with preclinicalMMVDwere reviewed retrospectively. Long‐term outcome was assessed by telephone interview. Dogs alive at the time of phone interview were asked to return to the hospital for re‐evaluation of their cardiac status.ResultsSeventy of 256 (27.3%) dogs died during the observation period. The median survival time, regardless of cause of death, was 588 (range 75–1,668) days. The presence of a murmur was associated with an increased risk of death (AHR2.14; 95%CI1.12, 4.11;P = 0.022). Thirty (12%) deaths were considered cardiac related.LA/Ao > 1.4 was the only negative predictor (AHR2.64; 1.13, 6.13;P = 0.024) for cardiac‐related deaths. Eighty‐three dogs were re‐examined, of which 34 progressed to a more advanced stage ofMMVD. The presence of Emax > 1.2 (AHR2.75; 95%CI1.01, 7.48;P = 0.047) and cough (AHR7.89; 95%CI3.18, 20.07;P < 0.001) were significant in the multivariate analysis.Conclusions and Clinical ImportancePreclinicalMMVDrepresents a relatively benign condition in dogs. Clinicians might find stratification of this dog population according to risk factors based on clinical and echocardiographic findings helpful in determining treatment.
Efficacy of Protamine Zinc Recombinant Human Insulin for Controlling Hyperglycemia in Dogs with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Maggiore A. Della , Nelson R. W. , Dennis J. , Johnson E. , Kass P. H. 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundAlternative insulin preparations are needed whenNPHinsulin is ineffective in diabetic dogs. This study evaluated the efficacy of recombinant human protamine zinc insulin (rhPZI) for treating diabetic dogs.HypothesisrhPZIis effective for treating diabetic dogs.AnimalsSix newly diagnosed and 11 insulin‐treated diabetic dogs.MethodsProspective clinical trial. Dogs were treated withrhPZIfor 60 days. Control of glycemia was assessed on days 7, 14, 30, and 60 by evaluation of history, physical examination, body weight, serum fructosamine concentration, and blood glucose concentrations measured before and 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours afterrhPZIadministration. Adjustments in dosage ofrhPZIwere made as needed to control glycemia.ResultsrhPZIadministration resulted in a significant decrease in 10‐hour mean blood glucose (MBG10h; 299 ± 115 versus 457 ± 38 mg/dL,X ± SD,P = .0003) and serum fructosamine (478 ± 83 versus 557 ± 104 μmol/L,P = .006) concentration at day 60, compared with day 1, respectively. By day 60, polyuria and polydipsia had improved in 14, body weight was stable or increased in 16,MBG10hhad decreased in 16, and serum fructosamine concentration had decreased in 11 of 17 dogs, compared with day 1. Hypoglycemia (<80 mg/dL) was the only consistent adverse event.Conclusions and Clinical RelevancerhPZIis effective in diabetic dogs and can be considered as an alternative treatment in diabetic dogs that are poorly controlled using other insulin preparations.
Identification of a functional capsule locus in Streptococcus mitis
Authors: Rukke H.V. , Hegna I.K. , Petersen F.C. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryThe polysaccharide capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae is a hallmark for virulence in humans. In its close relative Streptococcus mitis, a common human commensal, analysis of the sequenced genomes of six strains revealed the presence of a putative capsule locus in four of them. We constructed an isogenic S. mitis mutant from the type strain that lacked the 19 open reading frames in the capsule locus (Δcps mutant), using a deletion strategy similar to previous capsule functional studies in S. pneumoniae. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed a capsule‐like structure in the S. mitis type strain that was absent or reduced in the Δcps mutant. Since S. mitis are predominant oral colonizers of tooth surfaces, we addressed the relevance of the capsule locus for the S. mitis overall surface properties, autoaggregation and biofilm formation. The capsule deletion resulted in a mutant with approximately two‐fold increase in hydrophobicity. Binding to the Stains‐all cationic dye was reduced by 40%, suggesting a reduction in the overall negative surface charge of the mutant. The mutant exhibited also increased autoaggregation in coaggregation buffer, and up to six‐fold increase in biofilm levels. The results suggested that the capsule locus is associated with production of a capsule‐like structure in S. mitis and indicated that the S. mitis capsule‐like structure may confer surface attributes similar to those associated with the capsule in S. pneumoniae.
Application of a public health framework to examine the characteristics of coroners' recommendations for injury prevention
Authors: Bugeja Lyndal , Ibrahim Joseph Elias , Ozanne-Smith Joan , Brodie Lisa Ruth , McClure Roderick J 
Published: December 2011

ObjectivesExploring the characteristics of recommendations generated from medicolegal death investigations is an important step towards improving their contribution to injury prevention. This study aimed to: (1) quantify coroners' recommendations; and (2) examine the nature of these recommendations according to public health principles of injury causation and prevention.MethodsDeaths where coroners' recommendations were and were not made in the State of Victoria, Australia during the period 1 July 2000 to 30 June 2005 were compared by sex, age group and underlying cause of death. The nature of recommendations made was examined retrospectively using a derived model based on principles of injury causation and prevention, comprising seven elements: (1) priority population; (2) risk/contributing factors; (3) countermeasure; (4) level of intervention; (5) strategy for implementation; (6) organisation; (7) time frame for implementation.ResultsCoroners' recommendations were relatively rare, made in only ∼6% of external-cause deaths. When coroners did make recommendations, they were statistically significantly more likely for persons aged 0–14 years and deaths resulting from transport crashes, complications of medical and surgical care, drowning and inanimate mechanical forces. Of the coroners' recommendations, ∼70% included at least four of the model's seven elements. The elements ‘countermeasure’ and ‘level of intervention’ were most commonly specified by coroners (∼95%) in their recommendations.ConclusionsThis study shows that highly evolved medicolegal death investigation systems may not draw systematically from the scientific research evidence base to inform the formulation of coroners' public health and safety recommendations. To maximise its contribution to fatal injury prevention, the medicolegal death investigation may benefit from incorporation of a public health perspective.
A systematic derivation of the STG machine verified in Coq
Authors: Pirog Maciej , Biernacki Dariusz 
Published: December 2011

Shared Term Graph (STG) is a lazy functional language used as an intermediate language in the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC). In this article, we present a natural operational semantics for STG and we mechanically derive a lazy abstract machine from this semantics, which turns out to coincide with Peyton-Jones and Salkild's Spineless Tagless G-machine (STG machine) used in GHC. Unlike other constructions of STG-like machines present in the literature, ours is based on a systematic and scalable derivation method (inspired by Danvy et al.'s functional correspondence between evaluators and abstract machines) and it leads to an abstract machine that differs from the original STG machine only in inessential details. In particular, it handles non-trivial update scenarios and partial applications identically as the STG machine.
The entire derivation has been formalized in the Coq proof assistant. Thus, in effect, we provide a machine checkable proof of the correctness of the STG machine with respect to the natural semantics.
Contractual Partnerships in the Geniza and the Relationship between Islamic Law and Practice
Authors: Ackerman-Lieberman Phillip I. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
It is the consensus of scholars that Jewish merchants in the medieval Islamic world structured their economic relationships according to the norms of a broad, “Islamic” marketplace. Legal agreements found in the Cairo Geniza show that, on the contrary, these merchants adhered to the norms of Jewish law. I discuss the implications of this finding for the study of Jewish and Islamic social, economic, and legal history, for which the Geniza documents are an important direct witness.
Instructive Memory: An Analysis of Auto/Biographical Writing in Early Mughal India
Authors: Zaman Taymiya R. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
This article analyzes three early Mughal auto/biographical texts written at the order of Akbar as forms of instructive memory, and contextualizes these texts within an existing body of writings about akhlāq literature and literary genres. In doing so, this article discusses how auto/biographical narratives in Mughal India were both collected and collective, and how the didactic undercurrents of these texts relied upon individuated notions of character and kingship presented through the figure of Humayun. By reading lived experience across genres that often contained elements of one another, this article places interconnected Mughal lives as central to textual renderings of the past.
A Tale of Two Celebrations: The Pesta Kaamatan as a Site of Struggle between a Minority and the State in Sabah, East Malaysia
Authors: Barlocco Fausto 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The paper looks at the Harvest Festival of the Kadazandusun people of Sabah, East Malaysia, as a site of struggle between the ethnic group and the state over the role the culture of this minority should have in the national culture. While the state tries to impose its vision of a hybrid Malaysian nation controlled by the Malay ruling parties, and the ethnic elites to use identity as a political rallying point, Kadazan villagers react by attributing the highest value to ‘lived culture’ and identities affording participation rather than to the objectified culture and reifications over which both elites compete.
A Scythian Burial-Mound with a Sarcophagus Bearing Painted Decoration
Authors: Bunyatyan Ekaterina P. , Fialko Elena E. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
In 1976 an expedition of the Archaeology Institute of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic investigated Scythian Burial-mound No. 9 in a group of burial-mounds near the village of Mar’evka in the Zaporozhie District of the Zaporozhie Region. The mound had been erected from blocks of turf in the manner traditional for the Scythians. Later on a Polovtsian shrine was evidently erected on top of the mound but in the post-Medieval period this would appear to have been destroyed (the base and the lower part of a statue have survived intact). The mound was erected over a grave in the form of a catacomb with two entrances and a burial of a bridled horse in a separate pit. The grave was looted in antiquity. Among the remains of grave goods typical for Scythian burials of various levels rare items were also discovered, including fragments of a sword with one cutting edge, a gold ring with a coin used for its bezel (a Pantikapaion stater). The most remarkable find of all was a board from the lid of a sarcophagus bearing painted decoration. The decoration, applied in three tiers, consisted of battle scenes depicting three pairs of fighting warriors. The attire, weaponry and poses of the warriors make it possible to assume that the decoration illustrates one of the motifs from the mythology of Ancient Greece – Amazonomachy.
The dimensions and arrangement of the burial-chamber and the diverse grave goods indicate that a number of individuals had been buried in it – an individual of high rank accompanied by his servants. Details of the funerary rite (the overall lay-out of the grave and its details, features of the horse burial) and also the range of artefacts enable us to date the burial-mound to the very end of the 4th or beginning of the 3rd century BC.