bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diazepines I. A new synthesis of 6‐phenyl‐4H‐imidazo[1,2‐a] [1,4] benzodiazepines
Authors: Hara Takeshi , Itoh Kazuhiko , Itoh Nobuhiro 
Published: April 2009

Abstract6‐Phenyl‐4H‐imidazo[1,2‐a][1,4]benzodiazepines are obtained on reaction of 2‐amino‐7‐chloro‐5‐phenyl‐3H‐1,4‐benzodiazepine with α‐bromoketones. In the cases of 3‐bromo‐2‐butan‐one and of 3‐bromo‐2‐pentanone, 2‐alkylimidazobenzodiazepine but not 1,2‐dialkyl compound is the major product. A mechanism for the imidazole ring formation is presented.
Synthesis of C‐glycosylindazoles by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of α‐Diazoketoses to benzynes
Authors: Garcia‐Abbad E. , Garcia‐López M. T. , Garcia‐Muñoz G. , Stud M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA number of C‐glycosylindazoles were prepared by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddilion of several α‐diazoketoses to benzyne. When the cycloaddition reaction was carried out with benzyne derivatives the two possible isomeric indazoles were obtained in most of the cases. Structural assignments were made on the basis of nmr data.
Nucleosides CV. Synthesis of the 8‐((β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)pyrazolo[1,5‐a]‐1,3,5‐triazine isosteres of adenosine and inosine
Authors: Tam S. Y‐K. , Hwang J‐S. , De Las Heras F. G. , Klein R. S. , Fox J. J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractReaction of ethyl N‐cyanoformimidate (3) and of ethyl N‐carbelhoxyformimidate (5) with 3‐aminopyrazole (2) gave 4‐amino‐ and 4‐oxo‐3H‐pyrazolo[1,5‐a]‐1,3,5‐triazine (4 and 7), respectively. Reaction of 3‐amino‐4‐(2,3‐O‐isopropylidene‐5‐O‐trityl‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)pyrazole (8) with the same reagents similarly gave the blocked 4‐amino‐8‐ribosyl‐ and 4‐oxo‐3H‐8‐ribosyl‐pyrazolo[ 1,5‐a]‐1,3,5‐triazine (9 and 15), respectively. Deblocking in acid finally afforded the unblocked products 10 (an isostere of adenosine and formycin) and 16 (an isostere of inosine and formycin B). The corresponding derivatives in the a series were made by identical procedures for confirming all structural assignments. Preliminary in vitro testing results of 10 are included.
A Novel dioxano‐annellated benzofuroxan
Authors: Hadjimihalakis P. M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOxidation of 6‐amino‐7‐nitro‐1,4‐benzodioxane using alkaline hypochlorite affords 1,4‐benzo‐dioxano[6,7‐c]furoxan in a very good yield. Pyrolysis of 6‐azido‐7‐nitro‐1,4‐benzodioxane failed to give the same product. The structure of the new furoxan is confirmed by the spectra.
A simple convenient synthesis of trans‐1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b‐octahydrophenanthridines
Authors: Rahman M. F. , May Everette L. 
Published: April 2009

Abstracttrans‐1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b‐Octahydrophenanthridine, the 9‐methoxy analog, and 5‐methyl derivatives (6a,6b) of each have been synthesized from trans‐phenylcyclohexylamines (2a,2b) and ethyl chloroformate followed by cyclization and reduction or by cyclization, N‐methylation and reduction. The oximes (la,1b) of 2‐phenylcyclohexanone and the m‐methoxy relative, a mixture of the syn and anti isomers, were reduced to 2a and 2b with sodium and ethanol. Hydrogenation (platinum oxide‐acetic acid) of 1a gave in addition to 2a, a small yield of 2‐cyclohexylcyclohexyl‐amine. Similar hydrogenation of 1b gave only this fully reduced compound.
The effect of organic amendments on mineral phosphate fractions in calcareous soils
Authors: Uygur Veli , Karabatak Ibrahim 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOrganic amendments considerably affect nutrient balance and interfraction mobility of nutrients by influencing the chemical, physical, and biological environment in soils. In this study, the effects of five amendments including: two composts, farmyard manure, packaging‐industry by‐product, and olive‐mill waste on time‐dependent interfraction mobility of P among mineral P fractions in two semiarid‐region soils differing in carbonate content and texture were investigated. Organic materials were applied at the rate of 0, 25, 50, and 100 g (kg soil)–1 soil thoroughly mixed and incubated at 27°C ± 2°C for 110 d. Phosphorus fractions were sequentially extracted by 0.1 M NaOH + 1 M NaCl (NaOH‐P), citrate‐bicarbonate‐dithionite (CBD‐P), and 0.5 M HCl (Ca‐P). Results showed that organic amendments especially farmyard manure significantly influenced NaOH‐P, CBD‐P, and Ca‐P. In addition, higher application rates of organic residues increased NaOH‐P fraction. NaOH‐P and CBD‐P fractions were increased after addition of organic residues and then converted to Ca‐P fraction within the end of incubation period. Increasing application rate of organic residues allowed P to be retained in more labile fractions for a longer period. The amount of Ca‐P was found to be related with carbonate content of soils. It can be concluded that organic residues applied to calcareous soils may enhance P nutrition of agricultural plants.
Low nitrogen supply decreases water‐use efficiency of oriental tobacco
Authors: Brueck Holger , Senbayram Mehmet 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMost studies indicating positive effects of nitrogen (N) supply on biomass water‐use efficiency (WUE) used two contrasting levels of N supply and monitored some of the relevant traits being associated with WUE. In order to investigate N effects on WUE over a wider range of N‐supply levels, oriental tobacco was cultivated in pots under six (Exp. 1) and four (Exp. 2) N levels until flowering stage. Water‐use efficiency, intrinsic water‐use efficiency (A/g), carbon isotope discrimination (CID), average daily canopy transpiration rate (EC; from 12 to 7 d before harvest), and biomass‐partitioning parameters were determined. Water‐use efficiency increased from the lowest to the highest N level and was positively correlated with biomass. Intrinsic water‐use efficiency was positively correlated with leaf N and chlorophyll concentration. Whole‐plant CID was significantly less negative under high compared to low N supply. Biomass‐partitioning parameters were only slightly affected by N supply except for leaf‐area ratio, which significantly increased with N supply. The low planting density of Exp. 2 resulted in an increase of WUE and substantially less negative whole‐plant CID compared to Exp. 1. In both experiments, EC was lower under high compared to low N supply and was negatively correlated with WUE. It is concluded that plants under high N supply realized a higher WUE via increases of A/g and a reduction of EC.
Analysis of theActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeHlyX (FNR) regulon and identification of iron‐regulated protein B as an essential virulence factor
Authors: Buettner Falk F. R. , Bendalla Ibrahim M. , Bossé Janine T. , Meens Jochen , Nash John H. E. , Härtig Elisabeth , Langford Paul R. , Gerlach Gerald‐F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe Gram‐negative rodActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeis a facultative anaerobic pathogen of the porcine respiratory tract, and HlyX, theA. pleuropneumoniaehomologue of fumarate and nitrate reduction regulator (FNR), has been shown to be important for persistence. AnA. pleuropneumoniae hlyXdeletion mutant has a decreased generation time but highly prolonged survival in comparison to its wild type parent strain when grown anaerobically in glucose‐supplemented medium. Applying a combination of proteomic and transcriptomic approaches as well asin silicoanalyses, we identified 23 different proteins and 418 genes to be modulated by HlyX (≥ twofold up‐ or down‐regulated). A putative HlyX‐box was identified upstream of 54 of these genes implying direct control by HlyX. Consistent with its role as a strong positive regulator, HlyX induced the expression of genes for anaerobic metabolism encoding alternative terminal reductases and hydrogenases. In addition, expression of virulence‐associated genes encoding iron uptake systems, a putative DNA adenine modification system, and an autotransporter serine protease were induced by HlyX under anaerobic growth conditions. With respect to virulence‐associated genes, we focused on the iron‐regulated protein B (FrpB) as it is the outer membrane protein most strongly up‐regulated by HlyX. AnfrpBdeletion mutant ofA. pleuropneumoniaehad the same growth characteristics as wild type grown aerobically and anaerobically. In contrast,A. pleuropneumoniaeΔfrpBdid not cause any disease and could not be re‐isolated from experimentally infected pigs, thereby identifying FrpB as a previously unknown virulence factor.
Drosophila proteins interacting with metallothioneins: A metal‐dependent recognition
Authors: Tio Laura , Pagani Maria‐Ayelén , Atrian Sílvia 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMetallothioneins (MTs) are ubiquitous, low‐molecular weight, cysteine‐rich proteins. Despite a well‐established protective role in metal excess detoxification, there is little data about their putative physiological functions, commonly assumed to be metal homeostasis and redox equilibrium. Protein–protein interactions should have provided useful information to unveil unsuspected functions, but reports on MT interactions are scarce. This is probably due to the MT metal‐dependent 3D structure, a fact that has been seldom taken into account when performing proteomic interaction assays. In the present work, we have detected that the two major D. melanogaster isoforms (MtnA and MtnB) interact with the peroxiredoxin (Prx) encoded by the gene Jafrac1, both in a clear metal‐dependent pattern. The MT–Prx interaction is further confirmed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by assaying both yeast MTs (Crs5p and Cup1p) versus Tsa1p and Tsa2p, the Jafrac1 homologous Prxs in this organism. Thus, a new methodological approach to detect MT‐interacting proteins in different proteomes is established on the basis of assaying MTs in the form of different metal complexes. Furthermore, new perspectives to investigate the often hypothesized contribution of MTs to the redox physiological networks are open.
GST‐P1 as a histological biomarker of synovial sarcoma revealed by proteomics
Authors: Suehara Yoshiyuki , Kikuta Kazutaka , Nakayama Robert , Tochigi Naobumi , Seki Kunihiko , Ichikawa Hitoshi , Fujii Kiyonaga , Hasegawa Tadashi , Shimoda Tadakazu , Kurosawa Hisashi , Chuman Hirokazu , Beppu Yasuo , Kawai Akira , Hirohashi Setsuo , Kondo Tadashi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSynovial sarcoma have two histological subtypes, biphasic and monophasic, defined respectively by the presence or absence of glandular epithelial differentiation. To develop histological biomarkers for synovial sarcoma subtypes, we examined the proteomic profile using two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis. We identified 29 protein spots whose intensity was statistically different between the monophasic (15 cases) and biphasic (9 cases) subtypes (p<0.01). Mass spectrometric protein identification demonstrated that these 29 spots corresponded to 24 distinct gene products involved in cytoskeletal organization, trsnscription/trsnslation, protein/collagen binding, and ion transport, as well as structural constituents of the epidermis. Two of the 29 spots derived from glutathione S‐transferase P (GST‐P1) had higher intensity in biphasic type. Immunohistochemistry on additional 42 synovial sarcoma cases revealed that positive expression of GST‐P1 was observed in 10 of 12 biphasic (83.3%), in 4 of 27 monophasic (14.8%) and in 1 of 3 poorly differentiated synovial sarcomas (p= 0.0002). Among the clinico‐pathological parameters examined, GST‐P1 expression significantly correlated only with the histological subtype. GST‐P1 had more discriminative power than the status of fusion genes SYT‐SSX1 and SYT‐SSX2, previously reported to be correlated with the histological subtype. These results establish GST‐P1 as a histological biomarker candidate for synovial sarcoma differentiation into subtypes.
High school science teachers' views of standards and accountability
Authors: Donnelly Lisa A. , Sadler Troy D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPrevious literature has documented how teachers perceive both advantages and disadvantages associated with standards‐based reform. These teacher perceptions may be connected to classroom practices in terms of the extent to which standards are utilized by individual teachers. The purpose of this study was to identify how secondary science teachers characterize state science standards, modify their curricula on the basis of standards, and view the impacts of standards on students and teachers in their schools. Twenty‐two science teachers from five purposefully selected school districts were interviewed using a protocol targeting attitudes toward standards and accountability, ways teachers use standards to develop and modify curricula, impacts of standards on students and teachers, and utilization of standards‐based resources and professional development. An inductive approach was used to analyze data and produced both common views of science standards held by many teachers and profiles that characterize subgroups of teachers. Participants described both positive and negative aspects of standards‐based accountability, and roughly half of the teachers described modifying their curricula according to standards. Teachers were categorized into six different profiles: negative perspectives, game of testing, already doing it, part of the cycle, reality of teaching, and useful tools. Suggestions for different approaches to professional development are elaborated for teachers of these various profiles. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 93:1050–1075, 2009
Guiding-center recursive Vlasov and Lie-transform methods in plasma physics
Authors: BRIZARD A. J. , MISHCHENKO A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe gyrocenter phase-space transformation used to describe nonlinear gyrokinetic theory is rediscovered by a recursive solution of the Hamiltonian dynamics associated with the perturbed guiding-center Vlasov operator. The present work clarifies the relation between the derivation of the gyrocenter phase-space coordinates by the guiding-center recursive Vlasov method and the method of Lie-transform phase-space transformations.
Fecundity and brood loss in four species of fiddler crabs, genusUca(Brachyura: Ocypodidae), in the mangroves of Inhaca Island, Mozambique
Authors: Torres Paulo , Penha-Lopes Gil , Narciso Luís , Macia Adriano , Paula José 
Published: April 2009

In this study, four species of fiddler crabs (Uca) at Inhaca Island, Mozambique, were studied: their fecundity determined and egg loss between the first and last embryonic development stage evaluated. Ovigerous female crabs were collected throughout February to March (wet season) of 2006, during day-time at low tide, in Ponta Rasa (U. annulipesandU. inversa) and Saco (U. chlorophthalmusandU. vocans) mangroves. Average brood size increased significantly with female and species size, ranging from 932 (CW = 8.51 mm) inU. annulipes, to 18,057 (CW = 23.5 mm) inU. vocans. The number of embryos decreased significantly over the incubation period for each species. Brood loss from embryonic stage I to stage IV forU. annulipes, U. inversa, U. chlorophthalmusandU. vocanswas 12.3%, 14%, 43.2% and 23.6%, respectively (P < 0.05). Positive allometry was recorded for all species in the early development stage, however, due to the higher relative brood loss in larger females (U. vocans), when comparing the number of embryos in late developmental stage, a negative allometry was possible to observe. The average volume of embryos at the same stage differed among species although significant differences were found between embryonic stages for all species. Embryo volume increased 96.1%, 93.3%, 92.9% and 96.3% in, respectively,U. annulipes, U. inversa, U. chlorophthalmusandU. vocans(P < 0.05). Differences in brood loss were attributed to habitat substrate and structure, stress factors and behavioural aspects.
Could Time be Change?
Authors: Corish Denis 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSydney Shoemaker argues that time without change is possible, but begs the question by assuming an, in effect, Newtonian absolute time, that ‘flows equably’ in a region in which there is no change and in one in which there is. An equally possible, relativist, assumption, consistent, it seems, with relativity theory, is that where nothing changes there is no time flow, though there may be elsewhere, where there is change. Such an assumption would require some revision of uncritical common thought about time. Aristotle argues that there is no time without change but that time is not change. His arguments for the latter can be faulted both internally and again in terms of the same relativist assumption. From thePhysicswe can derive, though Aristotle himself did not, an argument that time is to change as geometrical space is to body: the thing itself in abstraction.
The Balance of Power in the Balance
Authors: Nexon Daniel H. 
Published: April 2009

This article reviews four recent books on balancing and the balance of power. Both in isolation and when taken together, they provide strong analytical and empirical warrants against the proposition that balance of power equilibria represent the “normal condition” or “natural tendency” of international relations. They also reflect the growing dissensus among realists concerning how to conceptualize and operationalize the key concept of “balancing.”The author argues that their analysis implies a tripartite distinction between balance of power theory, theories of power balances, and theories of balancing. Recognizing this distinction undermines many objections to expanding the concept of balancing to include “nontraditional” variants, but it also helps elucidate why we should eschew describing nontraditional balancing through the language of hard and soft balancing.Even a more expansive conception of balancing, however, fails to insulate balance of power theory against mounting disconfirming evidence. While one might be able to salvage a “weak” variant of balance of power theory, realists are probably better off adopting a more nuanced and comprehensive approach to power-political competition. The entire field would benefit from treating “balancing” and the “balance of power” as objects of inquiry in their own right, rather than as the province of realist theory.
Ambitious U.S. Federal Budget Proposal Strong on Science, Short on Details
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: April 2009

The proposed $3.6 trillion U.S. federal budget for fiscal year (FY) 2010, which the Obama administration released on 26 February, includes significant funding for federal science agencies. The budget also emphasizes the development of a comprehensive energy and climate change plan—including a cap and trade program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions—“ to transform our energy supply and slow global warming,” according to the budget document released by the White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB).However, the 134‐page budget document— which also emphasizes a theme of rebuilding environmental and resource agencies—is thin on specifics. Programmatic budget details will be released in April, according to an OMB senior official.
Calibration of Photometry from the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph on Gemini North
Authors: Jørgensen Inger 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAll available observations of photometric standard stars obtained with the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph at Gemini North in the period from August 2001 to December 2003 have been used to establish the calibrations for photometry obtained with the instrument. The calibrations presented in this paper are based on significantly more photometric standard star observations than usually used by the individual users. Nightly photometric zero points as well as color terms are determined. The color terms are expected to be valid for all observations taken prior to UT 2004 November 21 at which time the Gemini North primary mirror was coated with silver instead of aluminium. While the nightly zero points are accurate to 0.02 mag or better (random errors), the accuracy of the calibrations is limited by systematic errors from so-called ‘sky concentration’, an effect seen in all focal reducer instruments. We conclude that an accuracy of 0.035 to 0.05 mag can be achieved by using calibrations derived in this paper. The color terms are strongest for very red objects, e.g. for objects with (r′ – z′) = 3.0 the resulting z′ magnitudes will be ≈0.35 mag too bright if the color term is ignored. The calibrations are of importance to the large Gemini user community with data obtained prior to UT 2004 November 21, as well as future users of achive data from this period in time.
A statistical-spectral method for echo classification
Authors: Demer David A. , Cutter George R. , Renfree Josiah S. , Butler John L. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Demer, D. A., Cutter, G. R., Renfree, J. S., and Butler, J. L. 2009. A statistical-spectral method for echo classification. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1081–1090. The frequency dependence of sound-scatter intensity is commonly exploited to classify fish, zooplankton, and the seabed observed in acoustic surveys. Although less utilized, techniques based on the statistics of echo amplitudes can also be used to extract information. For example, single-frequency echo statistics have been used to determine whether backscatter originates from single or multiple fish or from rough or smooth seabeds, and to estimate scatterer sizes and densities. The efficacies of the amplitude-based techniques are challenged, however, by the usual requirement to group echo measurements to facilitate meaningful comparisons with model predictions. Groupings of data over space, time, or both, can combine scatter from multiple taxa or species, confounding the comparisons. These methods are improved with a hybrid, statistical-spectral method for target identification (SSID), which incorporates information contained in both the signal amplitudes and phases. The SSID uses multifrequency echo statistics from individual time-space intensities (pixels) to identify general scattering types, before applying model-based identification schemes for target identifications. The effectiveness of the SSID is demonstrated for fine-scale separation of scatter from demersal fish and the seabed and estimating seabed depth, within-beam slope, hardness and roughness, and the height of the dynamic acoustic dead zone.
Development of a questionnaire to measure patient‐reported postoperative recovery: content validity and intra‐patient reliability
Authors: Allvin Renée , Ehnfors Margareta , Rawal Narinder , Svensson Elisabeth , Idvall Ewa 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAims and objectives In this study we describe the development of a short, easy‐to‐use questionnaire to measure postoperative recovery and evaluate its content validity and intra‐patient reliability. The questionnaire is designed to evaluate the progress of postoperative recovery and the long‐term follow‐up of possible effects of interventions during recovery.Methods The study involved four steps. (1) A conceptualization and item definitions were based on a theoretical framework and a description of patients’ postoperative recovery from the perspective of patients, registered nurses and surgeons; (2) Content validity of items was tested through expert judgements; (3) A test run of the questionnaire was performed to confirm its feasibility and workload requirement; and (4) The stability of the questionnaire was evaluated through intra‐patient reliability assessment.Results As a result of the operationalization process of the concept postoperative recovery, five dimensions (physical symptoms, physical functions, psychological, social, activity) and 19 items were identified. Each item was formulated as a statement in the questionnaire. Content validity was judged to be high. After the pre‐test of the questionnaire a revision with refinements in the layout was made. The vast majority of items showed a high level of intra‐patient reliability.Conclusion Based on a theoretical framework and empirical data, we developed a short and easy‐to‐use tentative questionnaire to measure patient‐reported postoperative recovery. Initial support for content validity was established. The vast majority of items showed a high level of test–retest reliability.