bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Promoting service user inclusion in risk assessment and management: a pilot project developing a human rights‐based approach
Authors: Greenhill Beth , Whitehead Richard 
Published: December 2010

Accessible summary
When people are risk assessed, they are sometimes denied their human rights.
In this paper, we say that if we balance the human rights of service users,1 their carers and people in their community we can manage risk much better.
This means that people who use services are involved in their own risk assessments.
It also means people’s human rights are looked at in the way they are supported.
SummaryRecent reports highlight the extent to which many people with learning disabilities are not afforded access to their basic human rights. In addition, traditional approaches to risk management often focus on professional assessments of risks and challenging behaviour and exclude service user perspectives. In this paper, we outline what we believe to be the key principles of a human rights‐based approach (HRBA) to risk assessment and management. We argue that if we balance the human rights of service users, their carers and members of their communities, we can, in effect, manage risk within a much more positive paradigm. A HRBA to risk emphasises service user inclusion, recognises the impact of diverse identities on risk behaviours and makes the human rights in risk management decisions explicit. We believe a human rights approach offer a coherent unifying framework for much current best practice; prompting all involved to design proactive, proportional risk management strategies which balance the rights involved in the person’s risky behaviours with the rights involved in the management strategy. The tools we have developed within our service, structuring a HRBA to risk assessment and management, are briefly presented. Case examples are included to illustrate key points.
Large vertebrate responses to forest cover and hunting pressure in communal landholdings and protected areas of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
Authors: Urquiza‐Haas T. , Peres C. A. , Dolman P. M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAlthough tropical forest vertebrate populations are often heavily impacted by both habitat loss and subsistence hunting, in many human‐dominated landscapes their fate depends on the wider habitat matrix outside protected areas. This study used line‐transect surveys to examine patterns of vertebrate species richness and encounter rates (ER) throughout Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula across a broad spectrum of anthropogenic forest disturbances. Censuses were carried out at eight forest sites, including two localities within the Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve, a communally managed protected area, a private forest reserve and three communal‐tenure landholding units. Species richness increased with increasing forest cover in the surrounding landscape, but was not affected by the degree of hunting pressure. Responses to different forms of disturbance varied markedly across species and functional groups. Aggregate ER of old‐growth specialists were positively correlated with forest cover, but unrelated to hunting pressure. Hunting pressure was strongly related to aggregate ER of game species, particularly of preferred prey, and a meta‐analysis of species‐specific correlations showed a significant effect of hunting pressure on the ER across individual game species. Sampling within old‐growth forest of Sian Ka'an yielded relatively high ER for almost all species. In comparison, low ER were obtained for several species at Sian Ka'an sites consisting of a higher proportion of open habitat. Landholding units showed low relative abundances, but species ER varied depending on disturbance type. The communally managed reserve exhibited high ER for both game and non‐game species. Synthesis of these results with comparable data from 19 additional Mesoamerican sites shows that species‐specific ER found across the Yucatan Peninsula are within the ranges observed elsewhere, with a consistent pattern of lower abundances in hunted sites. It is critical that private, communal and public‐sector reserves are integrated into a coordinated management approach across the wider landscape in this biodiversity hotspot and throughout the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor.
Chronic nicotine treatment differentially modifies acute nicotine and alcohol actions on GABAAand glutamate receptors in hippocampal brain slices
Authors: Proctor William R , Dobelis Peter , Moritz Anna T , Wu Peter H 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSETobacco and alcohol are often co‐abused producing interactive effects in the brain. Although nicotine enhances memory while ethanol impairs it, variable cognitive changes have been reported from concomitant use. This study was designed to determine how nicotine and alcohol interact at synaptic sites to modulate neuronal processes.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHAcute effects of nicotine, ethanol, and both drugs on synaptic excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic transmission were measured using whole‐cell recording in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons from brain slices of mice on control or nicotine‐containing diets.KEY RESULTSAcute nicotine (50 nM) enhanced both GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic transmission; potentiated GABAAreceptor currents via activation of α7* and α4β2* nAChRs, and increasedN‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) and α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionic acid (AMPA) receptor currents through α7* receptors. While ethanol (80 mM) also increased GABAAcurrents, it inhibited NMDA currents. Although ethanol had no effect on AMPA currents, it blocked nicotine‐induced increases in NMDA and AMPA currents. Following chronic nicotine treatment, acute nicotine or ethanol did not affect NMDA currents, while the effects of GABAergic responses were not altered.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSAcute ethanol ingestion selectively attenuated nicotine enhancement of excitatory glutamatergic NMDA and AMPA receptor function, suggesting an overall reduction in excitatory output from the hippocampus. It also indicated that ethanol could decrease the beneficial effects of nicotine on memory performance. In addition, chronic nicotine treatment produced tolerance to the effects of nicotine and cross‐tolerance to the effects of ethanol on glutamatergic activity, leading to a potential increase in the use of these drugs.
Retrochalcone derivatives are positive allosteric modulators at synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in vitro
Authors: Jiang Ruotian , Miyamoto Akiko , Martz Adeline , Specht Alexandre , Ishibashi Hitoshi , Kueny‐Stotz Marie , Chassaing Stefan , Brouillard Raymond , de Carvalho Lia Prado , Goeldner Maurice , Nabekura Junichi , Nielsen Mogens , Grutter Thomas 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Flavonoids, important plant pigments, have been shown to allosterically modulate brain GABAA receptors (GABAARs). We previously reported that trans‐6,4′‐dimethoxyretrochalcone (Rc‐OMe), a hydrolytic derivative of the corresponding flavylium salt, displayed nanomolar affinity for the benzodiazepine binding site of GABAARs. Here, we evaluate the functional modulations of Rc‐OMe, along with two other synthetic derivatives trans‐6‐bromo‐4′‐methoxyretrochalcone (Rc‐Br) and 4,3′‐dimethoxychalcone (Ch‐OMe) on GABAARs.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings were made to determine the effects of these derivatives on GABAARs expressed in HEK‐293 cells and in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal and thalamic neurones from rat brain.KEY RESULTS Rc‐OMe strongly potentiated GABA‐evoked currents at recombinant α1–4β2γ2s and α4β3δ receptors but much less at α1β2 and α4β3. Rc‐Br and Ch‐OMe potentiated GABA‐evoked currents at α1β2γ2s. The potentiation by Rc‐OMe was only reduced at α1H101Rβ2γ2s and α1β2N265Sγ2s, mutations known to abolish the potentiation by diazepam and loreclezole respectively. The modulation of Rc‐OMe and pentobarbital as well as by Rc‐OMe and the neurosteroid 3α,21‐dihydroxy‐5α‐pregnan‐20‐one was supra‐additive. Rc‐OMe modulation exhibited no apparent voltage‐dependence, but was markedly dependent on GABA concentration. In neurones, Rc‐Br slowed the decay of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents and both Rc‐OMe and Rc‐Br positively modulated synaptic and extrasynaptic diazepam‐insensitive GABAARs.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The trans‐retrochalcones are powerful positive allosteric modulators of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAARs. These novel modulators act through an original mode, thus making them putative drug candidates in the treatment of GABAA‐related disorders in vivo.
Protein kinase C regulates the internalization and function of the human organic anion transporting polypeptide 1A2
Authors: Zhou Fanfan , Lee Andy C , Krafczyk Katja , Zhu Ling , Murray Michael 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe human organic anion transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2) is expressed in cells from several regions of the human body, including the kidney, cholangiocytes and the blood‐brain barrier, and mediates the cellular flux of various anionic substances, including drugs in clinical use. Several related mammalian transporters have been shown to be subject to post‐translational regulation, including kinase‐induced internalization. In the present study the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in the regulation of OATP1A2 was investigated in anin vitrocell model.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHCOS‐7 cells in which OATP1A2 was overexpressed were treated with the PKC‐specific activator (phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate; PMA) and the PKC‐specific inhibitor (Go6976). The impact of these treatments on the function and regulation of OATP1A2 was determined.KEY RESULTSPKC activation decreased the transport function of OATP1A2 in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner. PMA (0.1 µM) decreased theVmaxof oestrone‐3‐sulphate uptake and decreased the cell surface expression of OATP1A2 immunoreactive protein; these effects of PMA were prevented by the PKC specific inhibitor Go6976. In further studies, PMA treatment accelerated the internalization of OATP1A2 but did not affect its recycling. The disruption of clathrine‐dependent endocytosis attenuated both the constitutive and PKC‐modulated internalization of OATP1A2. In contrast, blocking the caveolin‐dependent pathway was without effect.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSPKC regulates the transport function of OATP1A2 by modulating protein internalization; this effect of PKC is mediated in part by clathrine‐dependent pathways.
EDHF: spreading the influence of the endothelium
Authors: Garland Christopher J , Hiley C Robin , Dora Kim A 
Published: December 2010

Our view of the endothelium was transformed around 30 years ago, from one of an inert barrier to that of a key endocrine organ central to cardiovascular function. This dramatic change followed the discoveries that endothelial cells (ECs) elaborate the vasodilators prostacyclin and nitric oxide. The key to these discoveries was the use of the quintessentially pharmacological technique of bioassay. Bioassay also revealed endothelium‐derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), particularly important in small arteries and influencing blood pressure and flow distribution. The basic idea of EDHF as a diffusible factor causing smooth muscle hyperpolarization (and thus vasodilatation) has evolved into one of a complex pathway activated by endothelial Ca2+opening two Ca2+‐sensitive K+‐channels, KCa2.3 and KCa3.1. Combined application of apamin and charybdotoxin blocked EDHF responses, revealing the critical role of these channels as iberiotoxin was unable to substitute for charybdotoxin. We showed these channels are arranged in endothelial microdomains, particularly within projections towards the adjacent smooth muscle, and close to interendothelial gap junctions. Activation of KCachannels hyperpolarizes ECs, and K+efflux through them can act as a diffusible ‘EDHF’ stimulating Na+/K+‐ATPase and inwardly rectifying K‐channels. In parallel, hyperpolarizing current can spread from the endothelium to the smooth muscle through myoendothelial gap junctions upon endothelial projections. The resulting radial hyperpolarization mobilized by EDHF is complemented by spread of hyperpolarization along arteries and arterioles, effecting distant dilatation dependent on the endothelium. So the complexity of the endothelium still continues to amaze and, as knowledge evolves, provides considerable potential for novel approaches to modulate blood pressure.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed issue on Vascular Endothelium in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this issue visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.164.issue‐3
Limited Influence? The Role of the Party of European Socialists in Shaping Social Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Holmes Michael , Lightfoot Simon 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis article looks at the role of the Party of European Socialists (PES) in its attempts to shape social democratic parties in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) towards a West European norm. It discusses how existing views in the academic literature on the role of transnational parties are inadequate. We argue that the PES did not play a key role in encouraging the establishment and development of parties in the CEE states from the 2004 enlargement in the early stages of accession. We contend that the overall influence of party federations has been limited, and that these limitations were as much in evidence before enlargement took place as they were afterwards.
Democracy by Delegation? Who Represents Whom and How in European Governance
Authors: Bellamy Richard , Castiglione Dario 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe democratic legitimacy of European governance is often said to rest on its ‘output’. However, such arguments also make the implicit ‘input’ claim that the community method and new modes of governance offer a more participatory and deliberative style of democratic politics to standard democratic processes, which is best suited to represent the European interest. We test such claims by analysing them from three different perspectives: functional, societal and delegatory. We conclude that they are grounded on a substantive conception of representation in which the agents of European governance ‘stand’ or ‘act’ for the European public. However, such claims are empty without formal democratic processes of authorization and accountability that ensure European governance effectively promotes the democratic values of political equality and responsiveness.
Frequent manual repositioning and incidence of pressure ulcers among bed‐bound elderly hip fracture patients
Authors: Rich Shayna E. , Margolis David , Shardell Michelle , Hawkes William G. , Miller Ram R. , Amr Sania , Baumgarten Mona 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTFrequent manual repositioning is an established part of pressure ulcer prevention, but there is little evidence for its effectiveness. This study examined the association between repositioning and pressure ulcer incidence among bed‐bound elderly hip fracture patients, using data from a 2004–2007 cohort study in nine Maryland and Pennsylvania hospitals. Eligible patients (n=269) were age ≥65 years, underwent hip fracture surgery, and were bed‐bound at index study visits (during the first 5 days of hospitalization). Information about repositioning on the days of index visits was collected from patient charts; study nurses assessed presence of stage 2+ pressure ulcers 2 days later. The association between frequent manual repositioning and pressure ulcer incidence was estimated, adjusting for pressure ulcer risk factors using generalized estimating equations and weighted estimating equations. Patients were frequently repositioned (at least every 2 hours) on only 53% (187/354) of index visit days. New pressure ulcers developed at 12% of visits following frequent repositioning vs. 10% following less frequent repositioning; the incidence rate of pressure ulcers per person‐day did not differ between the two groups (incidence rate ratio 1.1, 95% confidence interval 0.5–2.4). No association was found between frequent repositioning of bed‐bound patients and lower pressure ulcer incidence, calling into question the allocation of resources for repositioning.
Development and validation of a pressure ulcer risk assessment tool for acute hospital patients
Authors: Page Karen Nicola , Barker Anna Lucia , Kamar Jeannette 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to develop and validate a pressure ulcer risk assessment for acute hospitals. This tool was developed in a cohort of 342 patients with a mean age 63 years (SD 19.82) and validated in a second cohort of 165 patients with a mean age 68 years (SD 18.40). Risk factors for inclusion on The Northern Hospital Pressure Ulcer Prevention Plan (TNH‐PUPP) were identified from the literature then examined and weighted using logistic regression. Risk factors included on the TNH‐PUPP were requires assistance to move in bed (odds ratio [OR] 5.15; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.49–10.65), admission to intensive care during current admission (OR 2.98; 95% CI: 1.33–6.67), aged ≥65 years (OR 2.81; 95% CI: 1.24–6.36), reduced sensation (OR 2.29; 95% CI: 1.19–4.42), and cognitive impairment (OR 2.26; 95% CI: 1.09–4.67). The TNH‐PUPP was validated in a prospective sample. The new tool had high diagnostic validity (area under the receiver operating curve=0.86), consistent in the validation sample (area under the receiver operating curve=0.90). The TNH‐PUPP has a moderate positive predictive value (development=0.50; validation=0.13), and a high negative predictive value (development=0.94; validation=0.99) enabling low‐risk patients to be screened out, as noncandidates for pressure ulcer prevention interventions. An accurate pressure ulcer risk assessment has been developed and validated, which identifies a high‐risk group to whom limited pressure ulcer prevention resources should be directed. The TNH‐PUPP facilitates effective resource allocation and is likely to reduce unnecessary patient harm and costs from pressure ulcers in acute hospitals.
Ozonated sesame oil enhances cutaneous wound healing in SKH1 mice
Authors: Valacchi Giuseppe , Lim Yunsook , Belmonte Giuseppe , Miracco Clelia , Zanardi Iacopo , Bocci Velio , Travagli Valter 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTOzone is well recognized as a bactericidal agent and its beneficial effect on wound healing could be a consequence of this property. Because ozone itself does not penetrate the cells but immediately reacts with polyunsaturated fatty acids, its effects should be the results of oxidative reaction. For this reason, ozonated oils could be a way to deliver ozone messengers to the skin. This paper evaluated the therapeutic effects of three different grades of ozonated sesame oil in acute cutaneous wounds made in the skin of SKH1 mice. Specifically, wound closure rate, histological parameters, and the level of key proteins such as vascular endothelial growth factors and cyclin D1 have been analyzed in relation to the peroxide level present in the ozonated oil. Treatment with moderately ozonated sesame oil—expressed as peroxide value about 1,500)—has a faster wound closure rate in the first 7 days than treatment with oil containing either lower or higher peroxide value, and even with controls. Moreover, under the same treatment, an earlier and higher response of cells involved in wound repair, a higher angiogenesis, as well as an enhanced vascular endothelial growth factors and cyclin D1 expression were observed. The present study shows the validity of ozonated sesame oil in cutaneous wound healing and emphasizes the importance of the ozonation grade.
Rejuvenation improves roller pump–induced physical stress resistance of fresh and stored red blood cells
Authors: Gelderman Monique P. , Vostal Jaroslav G. 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND: Retrospective studies on transfusion recipients suggested that transfusion of older red blood cells (RBCs) was associated with higher morbidity. Similar studies were also done on cardiac surgery patients who were placed on cardiac bypass pumps. It is possible that stored RBCs are more fragile and could be more easily damaged by these pumps, thus leading to additional morbidity.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Fresh and stored (42 days) RBCs, rejuvenated and nonrejuvenated, were compared in resistance to physical stress, induced by a roller pump, and osmotic fragility changes during physical stress to model RBCs going through cardiac bypass instruments. In addition, posttransfusion in vivo recovery was evaluated in an immunodeficient mouse model to minimize species differences between transfusion product and recipient.RESULTS: Fresh RBCs were more resistant to both osmotic and physical stress than stored cells. After 2 hours of physical stress, the osmotic stress resistance of fresh cells declined and was the same as for stored cells. Rejuvenated fresh cells did not demonstrate a decline in osmotic resistance during the stress test and both fresh and stored cells had the same improved resistance to osmotic stress before and after the physical stress. Rejuvenation slightly improved recovery of fresh RBCs but almost doubled the recovery of stored cells in the mouse model.CONCLUSIONS: Our studies suggest that rejuvenation improves roller pump–induced physical and osmotic stress resistance of stored RBCs.
X-ray flares from propagation instabilities in long gamma-ray burst jets
Authors: Lazzati D. , Blackwell C. H. , Morsony B. J. , Begelman M. C. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
We present a numerical simulation of a gamma-ray burst jet from a long-lasting engine in the core of a 16 solar mass Wolf–Rayet star. The engine is kept active for 6000 s with a luminosity that decays in time as a power law with index −5/3. Even though there is no short time-scale variability in the injected engine luminosity, we find that the jet's kinetic luminosity outside the progenitor star is characterized by fluctuations with relatively short time-scale. We analyse the temporal characteristics of those fluctuations and we find that they are consistent with the properties of observed flares in X-ray afterglows. The peak-to-continuum flux ratio of the flares in the simulation is consistent with some, but not all, the observed flares. We propose that propagation instabilities, rather than variability in the engine luminosity, are responsible for the X-ray flares with moderate contrast. Strong flares such as the one detected in GRB 050502B, instead, cannot be reproduced by this model and require strong variability in the engine activity.