bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The chronology of early Tongan prehistory and the Lapita ware.
Authors: Poulsen Jens 
Published: October 2009

II est évident que les conditions d'une analyse et d'une synthèse inter-régionales sont d'autant mieux assurées que sont mieux précisées les séquences régionales.
Les nombreux sites à céramique étudiés depuis 15 ans dans le Pacifique sud-occidental offrent la possibilité d'affiner les analyses de séquences culturelles. Il en est particulièrement ainsi des sites apparentés aux différentes traditions Lapita, aujourd'hui inventoriés dans nombre d'îles de la Mélanésie et de la Polynésie occidentale.
La sériation typologique de cette poterie Lapita, mise au jour à Tongatapu (Tonga) dans 11 niveaux répartis dans 5 sites, permet de préciser une séquence chronologique dont les éléments, comme les perles d'un chapelet, s'ordonnent selon un mode continu, mais en s' imbriquant légèrement les uns dans les autres, et en conformité avec la stratigraphie interne des amas coquilliers d'où provient cette poterie. Une simple méthode de taxonomie numérale a été mise au point pour obtenir ce résultat. Tous les niveaux ont été systématiquement comparés deux à deux, en termes de priorité dans l'ordre des séries et conformément aux tendances générales, exprimées en pourcentages, entre les sites clés TO2 et TO6, en tenant compte, indépendamment, des caractéristiques individuelles des bords et de leurs combinaisons. L'occurrence des décors céramiques les plus complexes semble être en conformité avec la séquence des types de bords.
En conclusion, nous avons une triple division de la préhistoire ancienne de Tonga qui, aux termes de l'analyse spectrale de la poterie, peut se subdiviser plus finement en 9 stades de développement graduel et logique de la céramique. Un pas important sur la voie d'une synthèse inter-régionale pourra être franchi lorsqu'une entreprise similaire sera effectuée pour les autres sites Lapita du Pacifique sud-occidental.
Importance de la production malacologique dans les écosystèmes marins de Polynésie française.
Authors: Richard Georges 
Published: October 2009

A study of growth and productivity has been carried out on eight abundant species of French Polynesian mollusks : Nerita plicata, Tectarius grandinatus, Erosaria obvelata, Mitra mitra, Area imbricata, Chama iostoma, Tridacna maxima and Cardium fragum.
If we endeavor to extrapolate our results on the scale of French Polynesia's coral reef complexes, we may establish the following facts :
Production potentialities are about the same on the atolls' outer reefs compared with those of the lagoon (about 50 kg/ha/y). But in the coral reef complexes of high volcanic islands, productivity is most important for the Mollusk group (about 230 kg/ha/y).
Apou Pwacili Hmae, Pasteur mélanésien
Authors: Vasseur Jacques 
Published: October 2009

La biographie du pasteur Apou Hmae est étroitement liée à l'histoire de la mission protestante française en Nouvelle-Calédonie, et à ses avatars successifs.
Élève, et fidèle disciple de Maurice Leenhardt, ce Mélanésien a reçu l'Évangile comme un message de salut individuel, mais aussi — les deux sont pour lui inséparables — comme un levier pour rendre à son peuple une dignité et un espoir.
Sa correspondance, traduite par le pasteur Raymond Leenhardt, qui avait esquissé cette biographie et en avait commencé la rédaction, révèle à la fois une grande fermeté, et un grand souci de la paix et de l'unité, quand celles-ci sont compromises. En même temps qu'une capacité remarquable à concevoir l'ensemble de l'action missionnaire, dans son rapport avec la vie quotidienne des Mélanésiens.
Sa connaissance des êtres et de la coutume, sa fidélité à une identité canaque qui lui permet d'adopter le christianisme sans être prisonnier de ses formulations occidentales, font de lui l'un des hommes qui ont contribué à maintenir une culture tout en assurant son évolution.
Easter Island Subsistence.
Authors: Ayres Williams S. 
Published: October 2009

Research conducted on Easter Island habitation sites provides evidence concerning the local prehistoric and protohistoric subsistence base. Quantified data on faunal remains in midden are evaluated for reliability as indicators of the relative importance of domesticates and marine food resources in island subsistence and for population size estimate.
A review of subsistence oriented research in the Pacific includes discussions of initial attempts to identify subsistence bases qualitatively, later quantifications of faunal and other subsistence information, a consideration of the development of economic prehistory, and finally, a summary of insights derived through ethno-archaeological approaches. A review of previous research on Easter Island provides very little quantified subsistence information.
Quantifiable faunal data on three major food remains, fish, chicken, and shellfish, are available from my research. Obsidian hydration measurements allow short-term dating; several sites overlap timewise from about A.D. 1200 to the present. Identification of fish classes (genera) from skeletal remains is hindered by an incomplete comparative collection, but it is possible to recognize the fishing methods and technology used. The data provides evidence for the limited importance of offshore (pelagic) fishing and a great reliance on chicken as a protein source. Shellfish were never of great significance in diets primarily because of their small size. A preliminary definition of the subsistence strategies developed by the Easter Islanders is possible.
This paper is suggested as a contribution toward attaining reliable population estimates, for understanding the relationships between levels of technology and subsistence patterns and for recognizing the relative importance of domesticates versus collected food resources on Easter Island and on Pacific islands in general.
Notes sur l'intégration urbaine des communautés rurales originaires des villages de la vallée du fleuve Sépik : le cas du bidonville de Bumbu (ou Buko) à Lae (Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée).
Authors: Coiffier Christian 
Published: October 2009

En 1980, lors d'un stage à l'Université de Technologie (UNITECH) de Lae, j'ai fait une enquête sur l'habitat dans le bidonville de Bumbu (ou Buko) où résident des communautés originaires des villages de la Province de Sépik Est, que j'avais précédemment étudiés.
J'ai donc cherché à comprendre comment, en une soixantaine d'années des villageois vivant de manière autonome dans des conditions difficiles s'étaient transformés, pour une majorité d'entre eux, en citadins chômeurs et assistés, dans un contexte urbain aux multiples possibilités.
Je montre dans cet article, que tout a été fait pendant la période coloniale pour pousser les jeunes ruraux hors de leurs villages et leur apprendre le mépris de leur ancienne culture. Les mécanismes d'émigration étant bien en place, il est maintenant difficile de contrarier ce mouvement.
The development of ethnic identity and ethnic stereotypes on Papua New Guinea plantations.
Authors: Chowning Ann 
Published: October 2009

The region that includes Papua New Guinea is famous for linguistic diversity. For the period preceding European influence, it is probably safe to assume that this linguistic diversity was accompanied by an equal degree of cultural diversity. Much of this latter has been reduced in recent decades, both because of policies on the part of missionaries and government officials eliminating customs they found offensive, and because of the voluntary adoption of foreign items and customs considered superior to traditional ones. At the same time, however, neighboring societies have amalgamated themselves into groupings that are viewed as sharing features that distinguish their members from people belonging to other "ethnic units" within Papua New Guinea. Some of this amalgamation resulted from the often artificial boundaries employed by the colonial administration and by missions, which led those within their compass to accept a measure of common identity. It seems, however, that a more powerful factor was the plantation experience.
Labor recruiters and plantation managers were responsible for a considerable part of the new groupings. They tended to develop stereotypes about people from particular regions, and these influenced decisions to seek them out or avoid recruiting them. The regions were labelled with terms, which might originally have applied to a small area. The common practice of housing together men from the same region and of assigning them to similar tasks led to further consolidation of a joint identification. Traditional antaganisms between villages often vanished when the recruits were confronted with people who were culturally, or physically, very different. The equivalent of the Pidgin term wantok (from "one talk"), originally designating those who shared a language and culture, was extended to those who were more similar than others encountered in the new surroundings. Cultural resemblances were stressed, and sometimes assumed to exist when they did not. Just as the workers developed a new sense of unity with their former enemies, they also accepted the essential unity of other groups working on the same plantation or living near it. Stereotypes about such and such people included not only ideas about their cultural practices but about their natures — as aggressive, oversexed, callous. The stereotypes were not all negative, but those most often mentioned were, and they played a part in the subsequent history of relations between ethnic groups. Although the plantation experience also produced lasting friendships across ethnic barriers, and although it was a factor in the spread of ideas and customs between cultures, the raising and firming of barriers between new groupings of neighboring societies has been an equally important consequence.
Kastom, cargo and the construction of Utopia on Santo, Vanuatu: the Nagriamel movement
Authors: Kolig Erich 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARY
In 1980, as the condominium of the New Hebrides was about to become the new, independent nation of Vanuatu, two major secession moves, one on the island of Tanna and another one on Espiritu Santo, occurred threatening to tear this island nation apart. In this paper the dominant political ideology involved in the secession attempt on Santo is discussed to point up its historical complexity and internal contradictions. Autochthonous traditionalism and its main political proponent on Santo, the Nagriamel movement, in using the concept of kastom in fact draw on many non-traditional contents. Far from having been the last hurrah of a conservative tribalism opposed to its incorporation into a modern western-type nation and imminent immersion into a faceless citizenry, the secession turns out to have, to a considerable extent, been inspired by a colonial ideological heritage, as rich as it is diverse and already considerably removed from pre-European cultural and ideological roots.
Technique et rituel : l'exemple du poteau central de la grande case des Kanaks (centre-nord de la Nouvelle-Calédonie)
Authors: Boulay Roger 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The information presented in this article was gathered in the course of more general research on techniques used in the construction of Big Round Houses in New Caledonia.
Transporting the tree intended for the central pole in the framework appears to be one of the essential sequences of the operation because, in addition to technical difficulties inherent in the means available in traditional society, it has proved to be of considerable symbolic importance. On one hand the tree is the medium for representations relating to living persons, although it also serves as a gathering place for spirits ; and on the other hand the choice of itinerary for transporting the tree seems to be determined by varying sociopolitical requirements, the sense and coherence of which are bound up in ritual.
Notes on Warlpiri women's personal names
Authors: Dussart Françoise 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
This article looks at Aboriginal personal names, an area of study neglected for over 40 years, and concentrate on an Aboriginal group in Central Australia. Personal names are considered to be linked to the Dreamtime, and the methods by which names are acquired, and the people involved in bestowing names, are discussed. It is argued that naming may be seen as a rite de passage. Usage of personal names, and the factors affecting such usage, are presented, along with some observations on the relationship of personal names to territory.
Notes sur les cultivars d'arbre à pain dans le Nord de Vanuatu
Authors: Walter Annie 
Published: October 2009

Résumé.
Un inventaire partiel des cultivars d'arbre à pain a été réalisé en 1983 puis 1986 dans huit îles de l'archipel de Vanuatu. Un total de 132 noms de cultivars fut obtenu. L'étude porte essentiellement sur la signification de ces noms, sur la description des cultivars et sur la tradition orale attachée à l'arbre à pain. Il semble qu'à Vanuatu la présence de l'arbre à pain soit ancienne et que la reproduction de l'espèce se fasse principalement par voie sexuée (graines).
Le débarquement des Chinois à Futuna : une histoire inventée par des Européens ?
Authors: Harms Volker 
Published: October 2009

Résumé.
A Futuna en Polynésie occidentale, il existe une tradition — confirmée du reste par des écrits d'Européens depuis la date approximative de 1875 — qui mentionne qu'une jonque chinoise y aurait fait naufrage à la fin du 17e ou durant la première moitié du 18e siècle. On dit que les hommes formant l'équipage de cette jonque auraient survécu et se seraient établis à Futuna où ils auraient épousé des femmes de l'île. Après quelque temps pourtant, ils auraient été, à la suite d'une dispute, les victimes d'un massacre, mais leurs descendants auraient été épargnés. L'auteur de l'article, comme d'ailleurs d'autres auteurs peu de temps avant lui, a pu constater lors d'un séjour sur l'île en 1987, que les Futuniens affirment aujourd'hui encore la véracité de cette histoire. Après un examen précis des sources écrites mentionnant cette histoire et la tentative de reconstruire son origine, il semble pourtant probable qu'elle a été inventée par des Européens, que ce soit en toute connaissance de cause ou plutôt le fruit du hasard.
Compagnie et consulat : lois germaniques et emploi des travailleurs sur les plantations de Samoa, 1864-1914
Authors: Firth Stewart , Munro Doug 
Published: October 2009

Summary.
Compagnie et Consulat.
Plantation development in Samoa until the outbreak of the First World War was overwhelmingly dominated by the Hamburg firm of J. C. Godeffroy & Sohn and their commercial successor, the DHPG. Far from being a triumph of free enterprise capitalism, the company's Samoan plantations were only successful because the directors in Berlin and the managers on-the-spot so assiduously and successfully courted state support. During the 1860s and 1870s the local company manager doubled as the German consul, and operated in the absence of any regulations covering the imported labour force. Even when protective legislation was introduced between 1882 and 1884 the material conditions of labourers on the DHPG's plantations deteriorated. Since the DHPG plantations constituted Germany's sole political claim to Samoa, a succession of German consuls (by now a post for a career diplomat) functioned as the official arm of the firm and they worked to ensure its survival in the face of critical labour shortages and severe profitability constraints. Consular co-operation involved easing the company's labour crisis, minimising its labour costs and by endorsing a system of harsh discipline, and was reinforced by the company directors lobbying their political and personal contacts in the Colonial Department of the Foreign Office, and sometimes even the Chancellor himself. Even after the hoisting of the German flag over the western islands of Samoa in 1900, official policy continued in the DHPG's favour. Annexation was followed by an influx of smaller cacao and rubber plantation companies and individual planters who languished while the DHPG prospered in the circumstances of privileged access to New Guinea labour. Other planters had to employ expensive Chinese labour, and they attributed their problems to Governor Wilhelm Soif s partiality towards the DHPG. But Solf survived their attacks and the status quo continued, in part because he was supported the company which dominated German Samoa and which wielded most influence in Berlin, the DHPG. The paper concludes by suggesting that although the DHPG grew up under the shelter of massive state and government support and was harsh in its treatment of labourers, parallels are to be found in the British Pacific. Depending on wider political and economic circumstances, the British labour trade could display all the abuses of its German counterpart.
Les jardins enfouis de Futuna : une ethno-archéologie de l'horticulture.
Authors: Di Piazza Anne 
Published: October 2009

Summary.
The discovery, in Futuna, of a fossilized taro pondfield dating from 785-1035 A.D. contributes further knowledge to the development of the domestication of plants in the Pacific. Particuliar circumstances of sedimentation allowed for the examination of taro holes and of a drainage system. These horticultural formations, which are similar to the water-logged pondfields cultivated to this day, have been around for centuries.
The treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand law and politics
Authors: Ward Alan 
Published: October 2009

Résumé.
Le Treaty of Waitangi Act a été établi en 1975 par le parlement néo-zélandais afin d'appuyer le Traité de Waitangi en 1840. Désormais toute action entamée par le gouvernement qui porterait atteinte aux principes du Traité et aux intérêts Maori, pourrait faire l'objet d'une revendication devant le Tribunal de Waitangi. En 1985 le gouvernement travailliste étendit l'autorité du Tribunal de façon à couvrir rétrospectivement les actes du gouvernement depuis 1840. Plus de deux cents revendications ont été déposées. Ces revendications concernent l'achat inéquitable de terrains, la confiscation
«Cannibal Tours», l'envers du décor : mani bilong waitman
Authors: Coiffier Christian 
Published: October 2009

Résumé.
Cet article est à la fois un commentaire sur le film « Cannibal Tours » du réalisateur australien D. O'Rourke et une réflexion sur l'influence du tourisme dans l'économie rurale de la vallée du fleuve Sépik.
La critique du tourisme faite dans ce film est un peu primaire et ne permet pas de comprendre la place de cette industrie dans les réels enjeux économiques de cette région de Papouasie Nouvelle- Guinée.
Listes déclamatoires ("viva") et principes d'organisation sociale dans la vallée de la Kouaoua (Nouvelle-Calédonie)
Authors: Pillon Patrick 
Published: October 2009

Summary.
" Ceremonial declamations (« viva ») and principales of social organization in the Kouaoua valley (New Caledonia ").
" viva " are lists of names paired together and hierarchically ordered, referring to lineages. Their conception — being somewhat different from their enunciation — encompasses the bulk of kin groups living in the largest common territory known as ' mwaciri ' or " country ". This generally comprises a valley or part of a coastal plain. The Kouaoua valley has several such lists, differently arrayed.
Though " viva " strongly relate to local social organization they cannot be entirely equated to it as they also relate to principles intrinsic to their function. Comparison and analysis of different lists of « viva » from the Kouaoua valley show that their resemblances and differences are the combination of various social principles, namely the conservation of past-orders, the emphasising of filiation and political alliance, and the ordering of groups through status and hierarchies.
Marquesan prehistory and the origins of East Polynesian culture
Authors: Rolett Barry V. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract .
Temporal relationships are established among artifact assemblages from four archaeological sites on different islands in the Marquesas. One of four models of early East Polynesian prehistory may best explain the data available from these sites. The Marquesan archaeological data are analyzed in terms of the four models. These data, as well as those from sites elsewhere in East Polynesia, favor a model of Interaction and cultural continuity. This model suggests that long distance two-way voyaging linked distant archipelagoes during early East Polynesian prehistory, creating a regional homeland with cultural similarities maintained by intercommunication.
Données archéologiques et géomorphologiques du site anciein d'Asipani, Futuna, Polynésie occidentale
Authors: Sand Christophe 
Published: October 2009

This text presents the results of the 1986' archaeological excavation of the SI-001A site of Asipani in Futuna (Western Polynesia). This excavation revealed the presence of occupation levels dated between 700 B.C. and the first centuries A.D. and more recent horticultural levels.
The first part presents the general caracte- ristics of the site, the stratigraphy, the archaeological levels which have been differenciated, the C14 datations and the geomorphological transformations of the Asipani plain during prehistoric times.
The second part presents the analysis of the ceramic material. The principal caracteristics of the different types of poteries and a rim typology are given. The analysis of the decorated sherds shows the presence of two predominant assemblages of poteries : poteries decorated with dentate-stamps or incisions, caracteristic of the Lapita ceramic tradition, and poteries with paddled impressed decorations. Finally, the evolution of the typology of the wares is analysed. The third part presents the non- ceramic material.
The two major periods of the ceramic chronology of Futuna — the Asipani period (between 700 and 400 B.C.) and the Tavai period (between 400 B.C. and the middle of the first
Quel avenir pour la Polynésie Française ?
Authors: Blanchet Gilles 
Published: October 2009

La Polynésie Française vit depuis 1963 à l'heure du Centre d'Expérimentation du Pacifique (CEP). La réduction de ses activités et la décision prise par la France d'interrompre ses expériences nucléaires rendent de plus en plus probable son départ et font craindre la disparition des retombées économiques et financières qui lui sont liées.
L'inquiétude est d'autant plus grande que, malgré les efforts déployés, aucune solution de rechange n'a pu jusqu'ici être trouvée. Comme dans le reste de l' Outre-Mer, les activités de consommation ont pris le pas sur celles de production et l'économie du Territoire se fonde de plus en plus sur la quasi-rente que représentent les fonds qu'y transfère l'État.
Pour pallier les inconvénients et les effets pervers qu'entraîne cette situation, l'État et le Territoire viennent de conclure un « Pacte de Progrès ». Il doit par des efforts concertés amorcer une reconversion de l'économie en direction d'un développement plus endogène, moins tributaire des transferts.
L'incertitude qui pèse sur la poursuite des expériences nucléaires risque de retarder ce processus comme le maintien en place du CEP et des transferts qui l'accompagnent risquent de prolonger le statu quo.
Façon de dire, manière de penser. Les piri — devinettes — de Tahiti
Authors: Saura Bruno 
Published: October 2009

Cet article s'intéresse aux piri ou devinettes tahitiennes, aux images spécifiques qu'elles véhiculent, au type de rapport au réel qu'elles manifestent, et à leur logique intrinsèque. Il met en évidence l'hétérogénéité de la catégorie des piri qui tient non seulement à celle des thèmes et objets évoqués, mais aussi aux différentes fonctions qu'elles remplissent en matière de transmission des savoirs.
Rapprochant ces devinettes d'autres types de discours religieux contemporains également structurés suivant un mode de pensée formelle, l'auteur souligne aussi l'importance de l'acculturation chrétienne en Polynésie orientale et son incidence sur les piri. Enfin, l'analyse porte sur la manière dont ces devinettes manifestent une forme dépensée et de « culture populaire » somme toute assez universelles.