bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil Temperature Effects on Winter Wheat and Winter Barley Emergence in the Field1
Authors: Russelle M. P. , Bolton F. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the Pacific Northwest, potential yield and erosion control are affected by time of stand establishment of winter cereals. The objectives of this study were: 1) to investigate the effect of soil temperature on the rate of first and 70% emergence of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the field; and, 2) develop a means of predicting the average effect of planting date on emergence at one location in eastern Oregon.Two depths of soil mulch on stubble‐ and bare‐fallowed field plots were used to investigate the effect they have on soil temperature and on rates of first and 70% emergence. The soil was a Walla Walla silt loam (mixed, mesic Typic Haploxeroll). McDermid wheat was planted at biweekly intervals from August to November 1976 and 1977. Hudson barley was planted at similar intervals in the fall of 1976. Seeds were placed in moist soil with a deep furrow drill. Average soil temperatures were 0.5‐2.0 C higher at 10 cm under the bare‐fallow than under the stubble‐fallow treatments, but tillage did not affect emergence rate.Regression equations of emergence rate and average 10‐cm soil temperature at a nearby U.S. Weather Bureau shelter were highly significant. The equations indicated that wheat required 149 and 210 degree days above a minimum of 0.7 and 0.4 C to obtain first and 70% emergence, respectively. Barley required 92 and 159 degree days above a minimum of 6.1 and 3.5 C for first and 70% emergence, respectively. A graph of 15‐year average daily 10‐cm temperature from 1 August through 30 November at Moro, Ore., was used with the equation to predict: 1) the average last date of planting to obtain emergence within a specified time period; and 2) the average length of time needed for emergence when the crops are planted on a given date. The average latest time to plant and obtain 70% emergence within 14 days is the last week of September.
A Screen‐Caged Thermocouple Psychrometer and Calibration Chamber for Measurements of Plant and Soil Water Potential
Authors: Brown Ray W. , Collins James M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEstimates of water potential with thermocouple psychrometers are subject to errors due to temperature gradients. The objective here is to describe the design and construction procedures of a new screen‐cage single‐junction psychrometer that minimize these errors. The screen‐cage design restricts entry of contaminants into the psychrometer cavity; allows rapid vapor equilibration between the sample and the psychrometer; and provides a 360° concentric evaporation surface that reduces the influence of vapor condensation due to temperature gradients. In addition, a calibration chamber that can also be used for plant and soil samples is described.
Water Relations of Atriplex canescens as Affected by the Salinity and Moisture Percentage of Processed Oil Shale1
Authors: Richardson Steven G. , McKell C. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOsmotic adjustment through ion uptake is believed to be an important plant mechanism for ameliorating osmotic stresses imposed by high salt concentrations in the soil solution. Differential growth responses of plants to various salts may be due at least in part, to differences in osmotic adjustment because of differential ion uptake. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine whether differences in growth of fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens) in response to Na2SO4 and MgSO4, the two major salts in processed oil shale, might be due to differences in the effects of the salts on osmotic adjustment or other aspects of plant water relations. Magnesium sulfate was more detrimental to the growth of Atriplex canescens than was Na2SO4 when added at equal osmotic concentrations to leached processed oil shale. Cation concentrations in leaves were greater in response to Na2SO2 than to MgSO2. However, the osmotic and turgor potentials, determined from pressure‐volume curves developed with a pressure bomb and analytical balance, indicated that no differences in osmotic adjustment occurred due to chemical composition of the added salts. Osmotic adjustment did occur in response to reduced moisture percentage of the processed oil shale. Differences in leaf diffusive resistance indicated that water stress was greater in MgSO4‐treated plants than Na2SO4‐treated plants. Leaf size and succulence weregreater on Na2SO4‐treated plants than MgSO4‐treated plants.
Forage Quality Evaluation of Two Warm−Season Range Grasses Using Laboratory and Animal Measurements1
Authors: Griffin J. L. , Wangsness P. J. , Jung G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe shortage of available forage during mid−summer is considered a major factor limiting the size of beef cowcalf herds in the Northeast. Consequently, using warmseason perennial range grasses as a supplement to existing cool−season grass forage programs is being considered. Animal feeding trials were conducted to assess the forage quality of ‘NY 1145’ big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi Vitman), and ‘Blackwell’ switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) grown in Pennsylvania. Laboratory and animal estimates of digestibility were compared.Warm−season grass hays harvested at early head emergence, 2 weeks later, and at a regrowth stage in fall were fed with protein supplement to growing wether sheep in the first trial. In vivo digestible dry matter (DDM) of the hays ranged from 67 to 74%. Big bluestem and switchgrass DDM decreased 0.50 and 0.36 percentage units/ day, respectively, when harvest was delayed 2 weeks after head emergence, but dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected. Warm−season grass DDM and DMI were equal or superior to those for summer or fall harvested ‘Ky 31’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). In the second trial, DDM of big bluestem and switchgrass hays harvested at early head emergence and fed to mature wether sheep without protein supplement ranged from 56 to 69%. Digestible dry matter and DMI for the warm−season grasses were generally lower than those for tall fescue harvested in spring at the same growth stage.In both animal studies, rankings of the grass hays using in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and DDM estimates did not differ. The IVDMD technique did underestimate DDM by approximately 17 percentage units. This emphasizes the importance of animal evaluation in supporting laboratory forage quality analyses. Results suggest that big bluestem and switchgrass forage, harvested at early head emergence or later, appear most suitable for animals with lower nutrient requirements, such as beef cows.
Prediction of Daily Green Leaf Area Index for Corn1
Authors: Dale Robert F. , Coelho Dirceu T. , Gallo Kevin P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrowth and duration of green leaf area of a crop determines the percentage of incident solar radiation intercepted by the crop canopy and thereby influences canopy photosynthesis, evapotranspiration, and final yields. The objective of this study was to develop a method for predicting the green leaf area index (LAI) for corn (Zea mays L.) on a daily basis through the growing season. Weekly measurements of the green leaf area (LA) of full‐season corn hybrids planted on one date in 1968 and two dates from 1969 to 1974 at the Purdue University Agronomy Farm, West Lafayette, Indiana, and air temperatures from the adjacent weather station were used to develop the model. A seasonal LAI curve was divided into three phenological periods, based upon the summation of a temperature function from date of planting to day t, ΣFTt. The LAIt during the first period (planting to silking) was described as a logistic function of population and ΣFTt, during the second period (silking to rapid senescence) by a linear regression of LAIt on population and ΣFTt, and during the third period (rapid senescence) by a linear regression of LAIt on the number of days past a ΣFTt threshold.LAI curves were predicted for, and tested against, independent LAI measurements. The predicted curves compard well with the LAI measurements when used on nonstressed full season hybrids similar to those from which the equations were developed.
Bermudagrass for Forage in the Central U. S. Transitional Climatic Zone1
Authors: Faix J. J. , Kaiser C. J. , Hinds F. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is adapted to and is grown widely throughout the central US transitional climatic zone, a zone extending from south central Missouri across southern Illinois and eastward. Productivity and forage quality of fescue are favorable in early spring and fall but commonly decline to low levels during the summer. Improved bermudagrass may have potential to supplement tall fescue in the summer in this zone. New cold‐hardy, high yielding, more digestible bermudagrasses developed in Georgia and Oklahoma breeding programs may be suitable for more northern areas.Experimental hybrids developed in the above programs and certain ecotypes were evaluated from 1974 through 1979 on a fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Type Fragiudalf soil in southern Illinois at the Dixon Springs Agricultural Center, 37° 26’ N, 88° 40’ W. Under 4 to 6 week harvest intervals, 11 of 17 bermudagrass entries yielded an average of 8.34 to 13.46 metric tons/ha dry matter annually. Georgia hybrids 72‐44 (now ‘Tifton 44’) and 72‐45 provided high yield, good seasonal yield distribution, and were undamaged by winter cold from 1974 to 1977. However, after two subsequent hard winters, spring recovery was markedly delayed. Early spring growth of ‘Hardie’ and ‘Midland’ was always vigorous but summer production of these cultivars was often decreased by leaf disease.Average in vitro digestibility (IVD) for the bermudagrasses ranged from 43.8 to 50.6% and crude protein (CP) 11.0 to 13.8% from 1975 through 1977. Differences between entries for IVD and CP were small. It is concluded that bermudagrass such as Tifton 44 and hybrid 72‐45 which were resistant to leaf disease could improve summer forage production in the transitional climatic zone of the USA. However, spring removery of these lines may be retarded following abnormally hard winters.
Tolerances of Triticale Lines to Manganese in Soil and Nutrient Solution1
Authors: Mugwira L. M. , Floyd M. , Patel S. U. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHigh Mn in acid soils is sometimes toxic to plants. The Mn tolerance of triticale lines has not been established. The objective of this study was to determine the relative sensitivities of triticale (X Triticosecale, Wittmack) lines from the Alabama germplasm grown on high Mn soil and in nutrient solution. Twenty‐eight lines were grown on an Mn‐toxic Greenville sandy loam (Typic Hapludult) at pH 4.7 and 5.8 (Experiment 1). Lines ‘AM 2149’, ‘AM 3384’, ‘6TA 131’, and ‘6TA 203’ which showed differential responses to lime in Experiment 1 were grown on the same soil limed to pH values of 4.7, 4.9, 5.2, 5.5, 5.8, and 6.1 (Experiment 2). The same lines were grown in 1/5‐strength Steinberg solution with 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 ppm Mn added (Experiment 3) and adjusted daily to pH 4.6. The relative top growth on the soil (pH 4.7/pH 5.8) varied between 24 and 98% for AM 3384 and AM 2149, respectively. The relative growth in nutrient solution with 32 ppm Mn ranged between 33 and 84%, respectively for AM 3384 and 6TA 131.However, most of the cultivars had similar responses. The highest growth was obtained at pH 6.1 for the four cultivars tested (Experiment 2). The Mn concentrations in plant tops in the unlimed soil were not correlated to Mn sensitivities of the triticales. Nutrient solution studies indicated that 16 and 32 ppm Mn reduced plant growth when compared with lower Mn concentrations. Manganese tolerance rankings of cultivars were similar in soil and nutrient solutions. These data indicate that triticale lines can be selected for differential tolerance to Mn.
Effect of Temperature on Soybean Growth and Manganese Accumulation1
Authors: Ghazali N. J. , Cox F. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractManganese deficiency in soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) appears to be more severe in spring than in summer. This may result from a decrease in the Mn supply relative to growth or an increase in the functional requirement of Mn under cooler conditions. To examine the supply‐functional concentration relationship, experiments were conducted in growth chambers at various temperatures. Manganese deficient soybeans were exposed to various concentrations of Mn in nutrient solution and sampled periodically during vegetative growth. Both Mn accumulation and the growth parameters such as dry weight of plant parts, leaf area, and plant height increased exponentially with time. Since the growth parameters responded similarly, the results were expressed as the dry weight of the tops. The relative growth rate (RGR) and relative accumulation rate of Mn (RAR) were calculated. The RGR increased with both increasing temperature and Mn supply whereas the RAR increased primarily with increasing Mn supply. The RGR maximized between 10 and 20 ppb Mn in solution, indicating an adequate plant Mn concentration. At adequate Mn, the RGR increased from 0.08 to 0.12 g g−1 day−1 with increasing temperature and plant Mn increased with the Mn concentration in the nutrient solution. At inadequate Mn, the RGR increased with the Mn concentration in the nutrient solution and plant Mn equilibrated at a minimal concentration the functional requirement that decreased linearly from 7 to 4 µg/g with increasing temperature. Relative growth rate was then expressed as a function of plant Mn concentration and temperature. At higher temperatures, the functional requirement, of Mn was low but on increasing the top Mn concentration, the RGR plateaued at a high rate. On the other hand, at lower temperatures the functional requirement was greater and the RGR with adequate Mn was lower. At the functional requirement, the RGR was governed by the rate of Mn accumulation.
Tall Fescue and Smooth Bromegrass. I. Nitrogen and Water Requirements1
Authors: Eck H. V. , Martinez Tito , Wilson G. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIrrigated cool‐season grasses are needed in the Southern High Plains to extend grazing provided by winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) pasture and native range. Little information is available concerning their N requirements in relation to irrigation water application. The main objective of this study was to determine the N and water requirements for sustained high production of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.). ‘Fawn’ tall fescue and ‘Southland’ smooth bromegrass were grown on Pullman clay loam (fine mixed thermic, Torrertic Paleustoll) under fertilizer N rates of 0, 168, 336, 504, and 672 kg ha‐1year‐1 on three water regimes. The N source was NH4NO3 except in a companion study in which feedlot manure was used.In one year of the 3‐year study when all irrigation treatments could be compared, adequately watered (W‐2) and fertilized (672 kg N/ha) tall fescue yielded 15.2 metric tons/ha, whereas similarly treated smooth bromegrass yielded 12.0 metric tons/ha. With moderate water (W‐I) and adequate N, however, smooth bromegrass yielded 6.9 and tall fescue yielded 5.2 metric tons/ha. With moderate water distributed for cool‐season forage production (W‐3), respective yields of similarly fertilized tall fescue and smooth bromegrass were 11.9 and 10.9 metric tons/ha. Also in 1976, first cuttings produced 77, 62, and 82% of total seasonal yields on W‐l, W‐2, and W‐3 plots, respectively.Over the 3‐year period, yield increases were almost directly proportional to the amount of N applied through 336 kg/ha. Yield increases per kg of applied N (to 336 kg/ha) were 12.1, 24.1, and 17.9 kg on W‐l, W‐2, and W‐3 plots, respectively. Feedlot waste, at N rates equivalent to those applied as‐ NH4NO3, was about one‐half as efficient as NH4NO3 in increasing yields.In the Southern High Plains, the most efficient irrigation management for tall fescue and smooth bromegrass is for early spring production with subsistence irrigation for the rest of the year.
Leaf Azimuthal Orientation of Sorghum in Four Row Directions1
Authors: Lugg D. G. , Youngman V. E. , Hinze Greg 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine if the leaf azimuthal orientation of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) was at random. Plants were grown in each of four row directions, North‐South (N‐S), Northeast‐ Southwest (NE‐SW), East‐West (E‐W), and Northwest‐ Southeast (NW‐SE). In 1972, from 8 to 16 August, there was a strong bimodal azimuthal orientation which was either east‐west or perpendicular to the rows. In addition, there was a significantly larger proportion of leaves to the south of the east‐west axis than to the north. In 1973, three readings were taken: 17 or 18 July, 2 or 3 August, and 29 or 30 August. On the earliest sampling, a significant proportion of leaves faced west rather than east. Orientation was altered with the emergence of the flag leaves, of which 60% faced east. We concluded that leaf orientation was not distributed randomly either year.
Screening Sorghum for Aluminum Tolerance in Nutrient Solutions1
Authors: Furlani P. R. , Clark R. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIdentification of Al tolerant sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is important if this crop is to be grown successfully on acid, Al‐toxic soils. A rapid method for screening genotypes for Al tolerance was developed by growing over 100 plants in the same container of relatively small volume (50 ml/plant). Mineral element conditions that gave good differential responses for Al tolerance were 148 µmol liter−1 Al, 64 µmol liter−1 P, 7.4 mmol liter−1 Ca, 1.6 mmol liter−1 Mg, 3.9 mmol liter−1 K, 24.7 mmol liter−1 N (8 NO3−:1 NH4+), light (17 hours)/dark (7 hours) temperatures of 28/23 C, and solution pH values below 4.0. Mineral element levels or temperatures higher or lower than these resulted in poorer differential responses of genotypes to Al, either because Al had essentially no effect or Al effects were too severe. Nitrate as a single N source could not be used to screen for Al tolerance because the solution pH increased as plants grew and Al in solution was inactivated. A mixture of NO3− or NH4+ gave better genotypic separation than NO3− or NH4+ alone. Visual Al toxicity symptoms on roots were noted within 10 days, and seminal root lengths could be used to assess Al tolerance of sorghum genotypes. Differences in root and top dry matter yields did not distinguish sorghum genotypes for Al tolerance.
Subtropical Grass Species Response to Different Irrigation and Harvest Regimes1
Authors: Mislevy P. , Everett P. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPerennial grasses can be grown in subtropical areas of the world having little frost damage, but, in many areas low temperatures (1 to 10 C) at higher elevations and lack of moisture may restrict growth of most subtropical forages and create critical feed shortages for livestock. A study of the seasonal distribution of forage production of subtropical grasses was conducted to determine production and quality and to develop improved management practices. Sixteen grasses (four Cynodons, three Paspalums, eight Digitarias, and one Brachiaria) were grown with and without irrigation and harvested at two stubble heights (5 and 10 cm) at 30‐day intervals for 30 consecutive months (March 1973 through August 1975). The experiment was conducted at the Immokalee Research Center in south Florida on a sandy siliceous, hyperthermic, Arenic Haplaquod (Immokalee fine sand) soil. Winter forage production (October through March) was highest for Cynodon spp (27% of total annual yield) and lowest for Paspalum spp. (14% of total annual yield). Plants cut at a 5‐cm stubble initially outyielded plants harvested at 10 cm. However, after 2.5 years little difference was observed in dry matter yield between stubble heights, except for the Paspalum spp. and Brachiaria sp. which continued to produce more forage at the 5‐cm stubble height. Little difference was observed in percentage crude protein and IVOMD between grass entries harvested during the summer growth period with the exception of Brachiaria which was significantly higher in IVOMD. Both crude protein and IVOMD were much lower in forage harvested during the summer than the winter for all grasses, again with the exception of the IVOMD for Brachiaria which had a summer‐winter range of 58 to 64%. This entry was one of the highest in dry matter yield, crude protein, and IVOMD percentage, but produced 83% of its dry matter during the summer. Irrigation had little effect on dry matter production at any season. Higher IVOMD was obtained from cut short with no irrigation. These data indicated that Cynodons harvested at a 5‐cm stubble produced highest dry matter production during the cool winter season, containing high crude protein and IVOMD levels. Dry matter yields in summer were 200 to 300% higher than in winter, however, forage quality was much lower during the summer.
Manganese Effects on Yield and Nutrient Concentration in Leaves and Seed of Soybean Cultivars1
Authors: Parker M. B. , Boswell F. C. , Ohki K. , Shuman L. M. , Wilson D. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCritical and sufficiency concentrations of Mn in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] leaves are levels which are deficient and adequate, respectively. These levels have been determined with a single cultivar. However, since several cultivars are often grown in Mn deficient areas, it becomes important to know if cultivars have different Mn requirements.A 3‐year study was conducted on an Olustee‐Leefield sand (Ultic Haplaquads — Arenic Plinthaquic Paleudults) near Tifton, Georgia to evaluate Mn treatments on soil test values, on nutrient concentration in leaves and seed, and on seed yields of eight soybean cultivars.The addition of Mn increased the amount of Mn extracted from the soil each year by the double acid (0.05 N HCl + 0.025 N H2SO4) and DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) solutions, but double acid extracted considerably more Mn than did DTPA. Significant differences in yield, concentration of Mn in tissue, and seed weight among cultivars from Mn application were obtained only in the third year (1977) when the soil pH was increased to 7.0. The addition of Mn to the soil increased leaf Mn in all cultivars and seed Mn and seed yields in five of eight cultivars. Concentrations of Mn in recently matured leaves (R2 stage) varied among cultivars in untreated plots from 10 to 17 ppm and in Mn treated plots from 20 to 28 ppm. Seed Mn varied from 8 to 14 ppm in untreated plots and 13 to 20 ppm in Mn treated plots. Average seed yield (across cultivars) in the third year was increased 5.3 quintals/ha or 27% by Mn over no Mn with more than one‐third of the yield increase attributed to increased seed weight. Nutrients, other than Mn, in plant tissue were not affected by Mn treatments; however, small differences occurred among cultivars in concentration of P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, and Zn in leaves and seeds.A regression equation indicated that the average critical and sufficiency levels of leaf Mn for eight soybean cultivars were 18 and 29 ppm, respectively. Our data suggest that several cultivars should be used to establish critical or sufficiency values for leaf Mn in order to develop an adequate range in values for the number of cultivars usually grown in Mn deficient areas.