bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Workers to Entrepreneurs: Development of Bangladeshi Migrant Businesses in The Republic of Korea
Authors: Fee Lian Kwen , Rahman Md Mizanur 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe emergence of migrant businesses has been a part of the urban landscape in some metropolitan cities of relatively developed countries of East Asia and South‐East Asia in recent decades. These businesses are owned and operated by migrant entrepreneurs who were mostly temporary migrant workers in their early phase of migration. Drawing on the experiences of Bangladeshi migrant entrepreneurs in the Republic of Korea (referred to as South Korea throughout), this paper investigates how the migrants reposition themselves from the rank of workers to that of entrepreneurs under circumstances of temporary migration. We argue that opportunity structure and market conditions are central to understanding the development of entrepreneurship in Bangladeshi migrants. The study highlights the ingenuity of migrants in entrepreneurship. We suggest that Bangladeshi entrepreneurs will continue to maintain a dual orientation in cultivating both the ethnic and local markets, and even develop transnational operations to grow their businesses.
The importance of passerine birds as tick hosts and in the transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease: a case study from Scotland
Authors: JAMES MARIANNE C. , FURNESS ROBERT W. , BOWMAN ALAN S. , FORBES KEN J. , GILBERT LUCY 
Published: March 2011

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) is the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis, the most common tick‐borne zoonosis of humans in Europe and North America. Here, we assessed the relative importance of different passerine bird species as tick hosts and their contribution to the B. burgdorferi s.l. transmission cycle in a rural residential area in Scotland. We caught 1229 birds of 22 species during the tick‐questing season. On average, 29% carried larval ticks (0.8 larvae per individual) and 5% carried nymph ticks (0.06 nymphs per individual). All attached ticks tested were Ixodes ricinus. Using a nested‐PCR, we found that 20% of nymphs tested positive to B. burgdorferi s.l. and all these were of the genospecies Borrelia garinii. We identified two new bird species carrying infected nymphs: Eurasian Siskin Carduelis spinus and European Greenfinch Carduelis chloris. Ground‐foraging species were more important than arboreal species in hosting I. ricinus nymphs and B. burgdorferi s.l. Common Blackbirds Turdus merula were the most common hosts, with Song Thrushes Turdus philomelos, Dunnocks Prunella modularis, European Greenfinches and Chaffinches Fringilla coelebs also hosting high rates of infection.
Analysis of opioid efficacy, tolerance, addiction and dependence from cell culture to human
Authors: Morgan Michael M , Christie MacDonald J 
Published: March 2011

Opioid agonists are the most effective treatment for pain, but their use is limited by side effects, tolerance and fears of addiction and dependence. A major goal of opioid research is to develop agonists that have high analgesic efficacy and a low profile for side effects, tolerance, addiction and dependence. Unfortunately, there is a serious lack of experimental data comparing the degree to which different opioids produce these effects in humans. In contrast, a wide range of experimental techniques from heterologous expression systems to behaviour assessment in whole animals have been developed to study these problems. The objective of this review is to describe and evaluate these techniques as they are used to study opioid efficacy, tolerance, addiction and dependence.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Translational Neuropharmacology. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.164.issue‐4
Thomsen‐Friedenreich activation in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis in Taiwan
Authors: Wang Lin‐Yen , Chan Yung‐Shu , Chang Feng‐Chuan , Wang Chang‐Ling , Lin Marie 
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND: Thomsen‐Friedenreich (T) activation in infants with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) has in some cases led to severe hemolysis after transfusions of plasma‐containing blood components, causing some authors to advise routine screening for T activation in all infants with NEC. However, no data are available on the frequency of T activation in infants with NEC in Taiwan.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 43 infants with NEC managed in our hospital from 2000 to 2007. In all cases, Arachis hypogaea lectin was used to test for T activation.RESULTS: Of the 43 infants, 16 infants (37%) had Stage II and 27 (63%) had Stage III NEC. Four infants had trace T activation, two of whom received transfusions with washed red blood cells (RBCs) and two with unwashed RBCs. None had evidence of hemolysis. The overall mortality in this series was 16% (7/43), but none of the four babies with T activation died.CONCLUSION: In this series of Taiwanese infants with NEC, weak T activation was present in only 9% (4/43) of infants, and RBC transfusion did not result in hemolysis, regardless of whether washed or unwashed cells were administered. We considered routine screening for T activation and provision of prepared blood components in infants with NEC in Taiwan might be unnecessary.
Attitudes Towards Food Safety and the Environment: A Comparison of Conswners in Japan and the U.S.1
Authors: Jussaume, Jr. Raymond A. , Higgins Lorie 
Published: March 2011

Abstract Numerous studies have demonstrated dwindling consumer confidence in the safety of the food supply and growing interest in purchasing "safe" foods. However, this research has painted no consistent picture of those concerned about food safety, nor has it investigated the relationship between environmental and food safety attitudes. A mail survey of Japanese and the United States consumers is used to evalulate whether selected environmental attitudes can explain food safety concerns and behavior.Findings indicate high concern about food safety in both countries, but income, age, education, and attitudes about the impacts of fossil fuel use explain little of the variance. Instead, that concern appears to be prompted largely by an interest in obtaining a healthy diet. It is also noted that Japanese consumers are more concerned about both food safety and the impacts of fossil fuel use, perhaps because of Japan's lack of natural resources and high food import levels.
Hierarchies of care work in South Africa: Nurses, social workers and home‐based care workers
Authors: LUND Francie 
Published: March 2011

Abstract.This article examines care‐worker hierarchies in South Africa, notably since the HIV/AIDS pandemic and the structural changes it has brought. The nurses, social workers, home‐based care workers and volunteers are mostly women, of varying racial, socio‐economic, demographic and educational backgrounds; they work in the public, private, and not‐for‐profit sectors. Recent changes in care provision have brought improved earnings for some, but the “care penalty” remains, and task‐shifting because of the epidemic has been mostly downwards, increasing the burden on the lowest paid – or even unpaid – in the worst working conditions, thus increasing inequality between women.
Nurses and home‐based caregivers in the United Republic of Tanzania: A dis‐continuum of care
Authors: MEENA Ruth 
Published: March 2011

Abstract.Home‐based care (particularly by non‐household caregivers) has been presented as a way to lighten the HIV/AIDS care burden on families in the United Republic of Tanzania. It is also meant to reduce the pressure on the country's formal health facilities, which are collapsing under the care demands imposed by the pandemic as well as severe resource constraints. The work of home‐based caregivers falls between unpaid and professional work on the “care continuum”– a continuum which in Tanzania suffers from gaps caused by weak referral systems, an overburdened professional health cadre, and serious staff shortages.
Does empathy change in first‐year dental students?
Authors: Beattie A. , Durham J. , Harvey J. , Steele J. , McHanwell S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIntroduction:  Professionalism is a central tenet of the dental undergraduate curriculum. Dental undergraduate curricula and standards expect the dentist to put the patient’s interests first, and in this respect, an important attitude is empathy.Objective:  This study examined the self‐reported empathy levels of first‐year dental students before and after an early analytical exposure to behavioural sciences and the clinical encounter.Method:  First‐year dental undergraduates were given an attitudinal questionnaire to complete before and after the behavioural science course. The questionnaire consisted of the HP version of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy and the Patient‐Practitioner Orientation Scale. Paired non‐parametric tests and Spearman’s Rho correlations, along with simple descriptive statistics, were used to test the statistical significance of observations.Results:  A total of 66 paired questionnaires were returned, giving a response rate of 75%. There were no correlations between age and total mean score of JSPE or PPOS, and no gender differences. There was a significant increase (P < 0.01) in empathy as measured by the JSPE between pre‐ and post‐course scores. The PPOS did not record any significant change in the sharing, caring or total scale scores pre‐ to post‐course.Conclusion:  The modified JSPE has potential utility in assessing the cognitive‐affective aspect of dental students’ empathy. Using the JSPE, short‐term measurable empathy changes can be detected in first‐year dental undergraduates after the structured and assessed analytical introduction to the clinical encounter and environment.
Accelerating improvements in nutritional and health status of young children in the Sahel region of Sub‐Saharan Africa: review of international guidelines on infant and young child feeding and nutrition
Authors: Wuehler Sara E. , Hess Sonja Y. , Brown Kenneth H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child holds governments responsible to ensure children's right to the highest attainable standard of health by providing breastfeeding support, and access to nutritious foods, appropriate health care, and clean drinking water. International experts have identified key child care practices and programmatic activities that are proven to be effective at reducing infant and young child undernutrition, morbidity, and mortality. Nevertheless, progress towards reducing the prevalence of undernutrition has been sporadic across countries of the Sahel sub‐region of Sub‐Saharan Africa. In view of this uneven progress, a working group of international agencies was convened to ‘Reposition children's right to adequate nutrition in the Sahel.’ The first step towards this goal was to organize a situational analysis of the legislative, research, and programmatic activities related to infant and young child nutrition (IYCN) in six countries of the sub‐region: Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal. The purposes of this introductory paper are to review current information concerning the nutritional and health status of infants and young children in the Sahel and to summarize international guidelines on optimal IYCN practices. These guidelines were used in completing the above‐mentioned situational analyses and encompass specific recommendations on: (i) breastfeeding (introduction within the first hour after birth, exclusivity to 6 months, continuation to at least 24 months); (ii) complementary feeding (introduction at 6 months, use of nutrient dense foods, adequate frequency and consistency, and responsive feeding); (iii) prevention and/or treatment of micronutrient deficiencies (vitamin A, zinc, iron and anaemia, and iodine); (iv) prevention and/or treatment of acute malnutrition; (v) feeding practices adapted to the maternal situation to reduce mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV; (vi) activities to ensure food security; and (vii) the promotion of hygienic practices concerning food preparation and storage and environmental sanitation. The following papers in this issue will present results of the situational analyses for the individual countries.
Decision Making in the Obama White House
Authors: PFIFFNER JAMES P. 
Published: March 2011

Presidents attract extremely smart, ambitious people to serve in the White House, but the quality of the advice the president receives depends upon how he or she uses the available talent. Chief executives face daunting challenges in evaluating the onslaught of information, judging the perspectives of their subordinates, and ensuring that they receive advice based on presidential perspectives rather than the priorities of their subordinates.Political scientists who study presidential decision making have come to consider several factors as central to understanding White House organization and process: the level of centralization, the extent of multiple advocacy, and the use of honest brokers to manage advice to the president. This article examines President Obama's decision‐making style with respect to these three factors and uses several case studies to illustrate them: economic policy, detainee policy, and decision making on the war in Afghanistan.
KINETIC MODEL AND TECHNOLOGY OF ULTRASOUND EXTRACTION OF SAFFLOWER SEED OIL
Authors: HU AI‐JUN , FENG QI‐QIN , ZHENG JIE , HU XIAO‐HUA , WU CONG , LIU CHUN‐YAN 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTSafflower seed oil rich in linoleic acid is a kind of functional health oil. The effects of various parameters, such as solvents, liquid–solid ratio and extraction time, on both ultrasonic‐aided and conventional safflower seed oil extractions were investigated through experiments. The results indicated that n‐hexane was a better solvent for the two above‐mentioned extraction methods. Under the following conditions: temperature 35C, liquid–solid ratio 5, extraction time 30 min and ultrasound power 300 W, the oil extraction yield reached 27.02%. However, with the conventional safflower seed oil extraction method, it was only 25.00% when the technical parameters were: temperature 50C; liquid–solid ratio 6; extraction time 60 min. Obviously, the advantages of ultrasonic extraction were as follows: reducing extraction temperature; decreasing solvent quantity; saving time; and improving oil yield. In addition, on the basis of Fick's first law, the kinetic models of ultrasonic extraction and conventional extraction were compared and authenticated. The results showed that a close match was found between experimental data and kinetic equations, and the equations could better simulate safflower oil extraction process. This approach provided a theoretical background for the extraction of safflower seed oil.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn this work, an efficient extraction method – ultrasound‐aided extraction method for safflower seed oil – was acquired. Compared with conventional extraction method, the advantages of ultrasonic extraction were: reducing extraction temperature, decreasing solvent quantity, saving time and improving oil yield. In addition, equipments used in ultrasound‐aided extraction and operation were simple and high efficiency. Therefore, this ultrasonic technology has a brilliant application prospect in extraction of safflower seed oil and other vegetable oils.
OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION OF POMEGRANATE SEEDS (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): EFFECT OF FREEZING PRE‐TREATMENT
Authors: BCHIR BRAHIM , BESBES SOUHAIL , ATTIA HAMADI , BLECKER CHRISTOPHE 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe osmotic dehydration of pomegranate seeds was compared using fresh and frozen seeds. The process was carried out at 50C in a 55°Brix solution of sucrose. Freezing pomegranate seeds before osmotic dehydration involved an increase of effective diffusivity and a reduction in dehydration time. The most significant changes of water loss (WL) (46 g/100 g of fresh seeds [FS]) and solids gain (SG) (7 g/100 g of FS) took place during the first 20 min for frozen seeds. After this period, seeds WL and SG ranged on average close to 43 and 8 g/100 g of FS, respectively. Osmotic dehydration was slower starting from fresh fruits but led to a higher rate of WL (62 g/100 g of FS) at the end of the process. Both scanning electron microscopy and texture analysis showed a destruction of cell structure and seed texture during the pretreatment (freezing). The same techniques also revealed a texture/structure modification induced by the osmotic dehydration process.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn Tunisia, the research of addition value to pomegranate seeds is very limited and presents a traditional feature such as jam preparation or direct consummation of fruit during the crop season (between September and December). However, other perspectives of transformation and exploitation of the pomegranate seeds should be undertaken to give an added value to this typical fruit. Osmotic dehydration can be an alternative process to increase the conservation time of fruit and to give a new osmodehydrated fruit that can be included in some food formulation such as ice cream, cereals, dairy, confectionery and bakery products.
POLYPHENOLOXIDASE DEACTIVATION IN JUICE FROM “CAMPBELL EARLY” GRAPES BY HEATING UNDER VACUUM PRESSURE
Authors: GHAFOOR KASHIF , CHOI YONG HEE 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe juice of “Campbell Early” grapes was analyzed to assess the effect of heating under low vacuum pressure on the inhibition of polyphenoloxidase (PPO), the enzyme that catalyzes browning reactions in grape juice. Treatment of grapes by heating under low vacuum pressure of 200–600 mmHg significantly inhibited the activity of PPO. Up to 82.15% reduction in the enzyme activity was observed in the grape juice by heating “Campbell Early” grapes at 65C for 20 min under 600 mmHg vacuum pressure. The vacuum heating of grapes also resulted in a significant increase in total phenols and total sugars in the grape juice, which also had improved sensory properties.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSVacuum heating enables us to attain the desired quality attributes during processing of fruits and vegetables at reduced temperature. Our study revealed that it not only deactivated polyphenoloxidase in grape juice but also increased other functional and sensory characteristics. Vacuum heating can be effectively applied in the fruits and vegetables processing industry for prevention of enzymatic browning as an alternate to the use of chemical preservatives and more costly enzyme inactivation techniques such as pulse electric fields.
Long-Term Outcome following Attendance at a Transient Ischemic Attack Clinic
Authors: Cameron Alan C. , Dawson Jesse , Quinn Terence J. , Walters M.R. , McInnes Gordon T. , Morrison David , Sloan William , Lees Kennedy R. 
Published: March 2011

Background and purpose Many patients who attend transient ischemic attack clinics have a noncerebrovascular diagnosis. The long-term outcomes in this group are not well described. We evaluated these in a cohort referred to a transient ischemic attack clinic with a suspected transient ischemic attack. Methods Patients were clinically classified as having stroke or a transient ischemic attack or a noncerebrovascular diagnosis (nontransient ischemic attack). Follow-up was via electronic record linkage. The primary endpoint was cardiovascular death or a major cardiovascular event. Secondary outcomes included incident neurological disease (excluding stroke or transient ischemic attack) and the need for permanent pacemaker insertion. Outcomes in the transient ischemic attack and nontransient ischemic attack cohorts were compared using Cox's proportional hazards models. Mortality outcomes were further compared with those in a contemporary control group of individuals with hypertension. Results Of the 3533 patients who attended the transient ischemic attack clinic, 53·5% had a transient ischemic attack. Of these, 769 (40·7%) suffered a cardiovascular endpoint, compared with 458 (27·9%) with a nontransient ischemic attack (hazard ratio 1·53, 95% confidence interval 1·36–1·72). The risk remained higher but was attenuated following adjustment (hazard ratio 1·21, 95% confidence interval 1·05–1·41). Cardiovascular mortality in both groups was higher than that in hypertensive controls. The risk of a subsequent nonstroke neurological event was higher in those without a transient ischemic attack. Conclusions Patients without a transient ischemic attack referred to a transient ischemic attack clinic have a high risk of future vascular events that exceeds risk in a cohort with hypertension. All patients attending transient ischemic attack clinics should undergo assessment of their cardiovascular risk and the use of methods to reduce this risk should be explored.
Life history of the Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin in the Pearl River Estuary, southern China
Authors: Jefferson Thomas A. , Hung Samuel K. , Robertson Kelly M. , Archer Frederick I. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe studied life history characteristics of the Hong Kong/Pearl River Estuary population of Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis), based on data from 120 specimens stranded between 1995 and 2009, 40 individuals biopsied at sea, and a long‐term (14+ yr) photo‐identification study. Ages were determined for 112 specimens by thin‐sectioning teeth and counting growth layer groups. Estimated length at birth was 101 cm. Longevity was at least 38 yr, and there was little difference in growth patterns of males and females. Growth was described by a Bayesian two‐phase Gompertz model; asymptotic length was reached at 249 cm. The tooth pulp cavity filled at an average of 18.5 yr of age. Physical maturity was reached at between 14 and 17 yr of age, apparently a few years after attainment of sexual maturity. Maximum lengths and weights of about 268 cm and 240 kg were attained. Females appear to lose all their spots by 30 yr, although males may retain some spotting throughout life. Calving occurred throughout the year, with a broad peak from March to June. Of 60 females monitored at sea for >14 yr of the study, none were documented to have more than three calves, suggestive of low reproductive output or low calf survival.