bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Silurian Rocks and Fossils of Norway, as described by M. Theodor Kjerulf, those of the Baltic Provinces of Russia, by Professor Schmidt, and both compared with their British Equivalents
Authors: Murchison R. I. 
Published: October 2009

My former brief sketches of the Silurian rocks of Norway have recently been much improved and enriched by the labours of M. Theodor Kjerulf, who has published an excellent memoir, entitled “The Silurian Basin of Christiania.” He has also addressed to me descriptive letters, with illustrative diagrams, exactly defining the relations and dimensions of the different rock-masses, as well as the organic remains of each stratum; the most characteristic specimens of the latter having been transmitted to England for comparison.
The same zealous author has published a work in which he classifies the two great sedimentary deposits of South Norway, the one exhibiting a vast development of unfossiliferous rocks, to which he applies the name of Cambrian,—the other being the overlying Silurian rocks, of which he describes each stratum with its respective fossils from the Alum Shales upwards.
My able coadjutor in the work on Russia and the Ural Mountains, Count A. von Keyserling, had previously translated and sent to me a memoir, by Prof. Schmidt, on the succession of the Silurian rocks of the Russian province of Esthonia, and the adjacent isles, which portrays the distinctions of the various members composing the Silurian system with much greater precision and clearness than had ever before been applied to that region.
I now lay an outline of these documents befbre my associates, in order to show them how independent observers in other tracts have come to the conclusion, that the Silurian system, as defined by them, as well as by myself
On some Remains of Terrestrial Plants in the Old Red Sandstone of Caithness
Authors: Salter J. W. 
Published: October 2009

N
umerous
fragments of plants have for several years past been discovered in the Old Red Sandstone of the North of Scotland; but as yet a few only have been figured. The specimens have now been gathered together by the Director of the Geological Survey for the purpose of illustration.

As no experienced botanist has yet been willing to take up such obscure relics, I have thought that some general notes on this old flora might be useful, if only to lead the way to a more critical examination of the specimens. Some of them will be figured also in the second edition of “Siluria.”
The best that I have seen are in the collection of Mr. John Miller, of Thurso, who has for some time directed his attention to these Devonian plants, and at the request of Sir Roderick Murchison, who long ago observed them, has most kindly entrusted to us the whole of his collection. Mr. R. Dick, of the same place, has also aided largely in these discoveries. Mr. C. W. Peach has more lately found similar plants at Wick, and Dr. Hamilton in Orkney. I have examined all these collections, and many of the specimens are now placed in the Museum of Practical Geology.
The fossils are preserved in hard, grey, sandy flagstones, which are in many cases abundantly marked with impressions of Annelideburrows in pairs (P]. V. fig. 6) ; and these probably indicate that there was no great depth of water where these beds were
On the species of Mastodon and Elephant occurring in the fossil state in England.—Part II. Elephas
Authors: Falconer H. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

In the introductory portion of Part I. of this Memoir, the author alluded to the ambiguity that has existed relative to the mammalian faunæ of the Miocene and Pliocene periods, in consequence of palæontologists confounding several distinct forms of
Mastodon
, of different geological ages, under one name (
M. angustidens
); and on this occasion Dr. Falconer stated, that, in the application of the name
Elephas primigenius
(Mammoth) to a multitude of elephantine remains from various superficial and deep deposits, over a vast extent of territory, and of different ages, a similar, if not a greater, amount of error and confusion had arisen.
On some Comparative Sections in the Oolitic and Iron- stone Series of Yorkshire
Authors: Phillips John 
Published: October 2009

Conclusion
On reviewing the facts here selected to illustrate and exemplify the variations of the middle and lower Oolites, and upper and middle portions of the Lias of Yorkshire, we find sufficient grounds to mark out approximately the geographical ranges of some remarkable mineral conditions—and accumulations of organic remains,—indicative of peculiarities in the depth and currents of the sea, the direction and proximity of land, and other great characteristics of the mesozoic period in this part of the earth's surface.
Reserving for another communication the development of this subject, which cannot be properly examined without additional details, I desire to call attention in the mean time to a few prominent data.
On the Gravels at Taunton, in Somersetshire
Authors: Pring J. D. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
River Tone at Taunton occupies a small depression in the red marls, and runs through a vale overspread with red gravels and clays. Its affluents descend from greensand and liassic districts on the one hand, and from hills of Devonian rocks on the other.

In the excavations made at Taunton for sewering, and for the railway, the composition of the surface-beds throughout long spaces has been disclosed, and it is ascertained that at least two distinct and successive operations have produced them.
Immediately over the red marl lies a bed of coarse slaty Devonian gravel, with finer materials of the same kind, occasionally interstratiffed. In this no fragment of the upper rocks occurs. It has been deposited by the waters from the palæozoic districts alone.
This is covered by a liassie and flinty gravel, containing rolled Gryphææ and fragments of lias, with flints from the greensands. Near the surface the latter predominate.
Neither of these gravels ascends the slope of the hills : they are mere fluviatile accumulations. Remains of Rhinoceros and abundance of bog-timber were found at their base in the course of the excavation at the County Gaol at Taunton.
The West of England is remarkably free from the ancient posttertiary drifts so prevalent in the north-eastern and midland counties. The present communication, with the plans forwarded for its illustration, is intended as a contribution towards the history of the comparatively minute changes which have aided in the formation of the present surfaces, and which, though not very interesting, are yet essential portions of the complete study of geology.
On the Newer Red Sandstone, and on some other Geological Phenomena, near Loch Greinord, in Ross-shire
Authors: Nicol James 
Published: October 2009

In several passages of his work on the Western Isles, Dr. Macculloch refers to the occurrence on the shores of Loch Greinord of two small spots of a red sandstone of newer age than the great mass of similarly coloured rock which forms so conspicuous a feature on the western coasts of the Highlands. In his memoir on the Geological Map of Scotland he also several times mentions this formation, which he considered as the only undoubted instance of the occurrence of the “Red Marl” of English geologists in the northern part of the island. Although evidently regarding these beds with much interest, he has not given any detailed description of them. In their valuable memoir on the formations in the North of Scotland, Professor Sedgwick and Sir Roderick I. Murchison likewise mentioned this deposit, and pointed out its resemblance to the New Red of England, and also to some beds seen below the Lias in Skye. This sandstone does not seem to have been subsequently noticed by geologists, probably from lying in a region so seldom visited by the scientific traveller. I have therefore been induced to lay before the Society the following notes collected in an examination of this deposit in the autumn of last year (1856).
The great headland of the Ruimore or Ru Rea that separates Loch Greinord from Loch Ewe consists chiefly of the older red sandstone of the west coast, covered more or less deeply by drift or detritus. On the shore of Lake
Note on the Bones of the Hind-foot of the Iguanodon, discovered and exhibited by S. H. Beckles, F.G.S.
Authors: Owen R. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
specimens† exhibited by Mr. S. H. Beckles, F.G.S., and discovered by him in the Wealden-bed, south-coast. Isle of Wight, consist of bones of apparently the same individual of a more than half-grown Iguanodon, including the metatarsals and phalanges of the left hind-foot. This foot includes three toes.

To the inner (tibial) side of the innermost of the fully-developed metatarsals, there is attached a styliform rudiment of a more internal metatarsal: the distal end of this rudiment is broken off, but it gradually tapers to that end, and seems, like the splint-bones in the metatarsus of a horse, to have terminated in a point, and not to have supported a rudimental claw. The outer side of the outermost metatarsal shows no mark of any other bone, rudimental or otherwise, having been there attached. The co-articulating surfaces at the proximal ends of the metatarsals show them to have belonged , as their position in the matrix indicated, to the. same foot.
The innermost supports a toe of three phalanges, the middle metatarsal one of four phalanges, the outermost one of five phalanges. Only the ungual phalanx of the middle toe is wanting : and that no other phalanx is absent from this toe is shown by the modification of the distal articular surface of the penultimate phalanx ; which, like that in the adjoining toes, is less concave transversely, or is more uniformly convex, than the distal trochlear surfaces of the more proximal phalanges.
The modifications of the claw-phalanx of the
Notice of the Discovery of a Large Femur of the Iguanodon in the Weald Clay at Sandown Bay, Isle of Wight
Authors: Gibson T. F. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

I
n
the year 1829 a paper was read before the Society by Dr. Buckland, giving an account of the first discovery in the Isle of Wight of the bones of the Iguanodon. The paper described particularly a metacarpal bone of this animal discovered by Dr. Buckland in Sandown Bay, “in the iron-sand,” to use his own words, “which forms the shore there, a little east of Sandown Fort, between high and low water,” and he states his belief that it was the largest bone of this description that had then been found.

In the month of October last, an unusually high tide and violent sea washed away a portion of the low bank which forms the boundary of the shore a little to the west of Sandown Fort, so as to render the section of the Weald Clay, which comes out at this point, perpendicular to the height of about 15 feet. This bed of clay lies mediately above the ferruginous sandstone in which Dr. Buckland discovered the metacarpal bone. About midway between the bottom and the top of the clay-bank, I found, lying in a horizontal position, a fossil bone of such unusual dimensions, that it appeared worthy of notice, as being the largest of its kind yet recorded. It measures four feet ten inches in its extreme length, and fourteen inches in diameter near the centre. It has suffered much from pressure, but is so far perfect, that Professor Owen, on inspection of a small claymodel of the bone, pronounced it to be, in all probability, the femur of an Iguanodon. Owing to the kindness of my friend Mr. Tite, who happened to be at Sandown at the time, and assisted me in some researches for further remains of the animal, which proved fruitless, I am able to exhibit the drawing of the bone, of the actual size, on the wall.
The clay-bed in which the bone was found is near the centre of the arch which, as is well known, is formed by the Wealden in Sandown Bay, dipping slightly westward. Where the same bed occurs on the reverse, or eastern dip, at a distance of about half-a-mile, large vertebree and other portions of bone are frequently found, but always much rolled and broken.
On the Triassic and Permian Rocks of the Odenwald, in the Vicinity of Heidelberg, and the Corresponding Formations in Central England
Authors: Hull Edward 
Published: October 2009

T
he
resemblances and general relations of the Trias and Permian formations of the Thüringerwald and Hartz, with their representatives in England, have already been pointed out in the joint memoir of Sir R. I. Murchison and Professor Morris. The present communication refers to a neighbouring range of hills, destitute, it is true, of that fine assemblage of palæozoic rocks below the Permian, which have been shown to abound in the Hartz and Thüringerwald, but, in the case of the more recent formations, presenting many points of analogy with their contemporaries, both in the regions referred to, and in Central England.

It has been shown by Professors Sedgwick and King, as also by the authors of the memoir on the Hartz, that the Permian groups of Germany and this country can be strictly contemporanized, stratum for stratum. In visiting the Odenwald, it was partly my object to ascertain whether a similar parallelism might be observed in the case of the Trias. In doing so, however, occasion was taken to examine the Permian formation, which, though only sparingly represented in the Odenwald, presents those peculiar lithological characters which appear to identify it, not only with formations in the Thüringerwald and Hartz, but also with the trappoid breccias of Worcestershire.
Since the establishment of three well-defined subformations in the Bunter Sandstone of England, a notice of which I had the honour of laying before the Geological Section of the British Association in 1854, and which have been adopted by the Geological Survey of
On the Extinct Volcanos of Victoria, Australia
Authors: Smyth R. Brough 
Published: October 2009

T
he
district within which volcanic products and other evidences of recent igneous action are found extends from the River Plenty (a tributary of the Yarra), on the east, to Mount Gambier on the west. Its most northern point is McNeil's Creek (a tributary of the River Loddon), in 37° south latitude, and its most southern Belfast, in 38° 21′ south latitude (see accompanying Map, fig. 1). Its extreme length is 250 miles, and its extreme breadth about 90 miles.

It is said that there are crateriform hills near Lake Omeo, on the flanks of the Australian Alps, and at Lake Tyrrell, near Castle Donnington, on the River Murray; but I have not such precise information as would warrant me to mark those as belonging to or connected with the district now under consideration.
By referring to the map it will be seen that this district is bounded on the south by the sea, and on the north it crosses the Spur from the Australian Alps near the Ballaarat Gold-fields. In the centre is a basin-like depression, the drainage of which is into Lake Korangamite.
On a New Species of Plesiosaurus from Street, near Glastonbury; with Remarks on the Structure of the Atlas and Axis Vertebræ, and of the Cranium, in that Genus
Authors: Huxley Thomas H. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
locality where the
Plesiosaurus
, which forms the subject of the present brief notice, was obtained is already famous for its richness in such remains. In fact, the limestone beds of the Lower Lias at Street have already yielded at least three species of
Plesiosaurus—P. Hawkinsii, P. macrocephalus
, and
P. megacephalus
; and it seemed so unlikely that a fourth species should have inhabited the same area, that I was for a long while unwilling to admit the distinctness of the form at present under consideration.

The evidence which I shall bring forward, however, seems to me to admit of no other conclusion.
The specimen is a remarkably fine one. The limestone matrix in which it is imbedded being hard and free from pyrites, every part is well preserved ; and the value of the fossil is further enhanced by two circumstances :mfirst, the very slight amount of disturbance which the bones have undergone, so that the vertebrae from the third cervical to the last caudal are all in their natural positions ;secondly, the perfeetly lateral view of the body which is presented. The only important defects are the absence of the paddles, and the flattening and apparent loss of the lower jaw which the head has suffered.
The total length of the skeleton is about 7½ feet. The left side is exposed, and the neck and tail are strongly bent upwards, as if the creature had died in a state of opisthotonic rigidity. The head is twisted, so that its
On the Coal found to the South of Concepcion, in Southern Chili
Authors: Forbes C. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
coal* is found in seams alternating with shales and overlaid by calcareous sandstone; fire-clay underlies the whole. The shales contain fine impressions of dicotyledonous leaves; and some of the sandstones above the coal abound with casts of a Mactra-like bivalve; and others with Turritellæ. From this association of fossils, Dr. C. Forbes believes that the coal is decidedly not of palæozoic age, and may be tertiary.
On a quantity of Crabs thrown up on the Beach in Payta Bay
Authors: Forbes C. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

F
or
some time previous to the occurrence of a severe earthquake-shock, on or about the 30th August 1857, the Bay of Payta swarmed with crabs of a kind not generally observed, and ten days after the earthquake they were thrown up on the beach, in a raised wall-like line, 3 to 4 feet wide, and to the height of about 3 feet, along the whole extent of the bay, and above highwater-mark.

At the same time as the upheaval of the crabs took place, the water of the bay became changed, from a clear blue, to a dirty blackish-green colour, much resembling that off the Island of Chiloe, Concepcion, and the southern parts of Chili. Ten days afterwards, Dr. C. Forbes found that living specimens of the crabs were still numerous in the bay, but all appeared to be sickly, and numbers came ashore to die.
There were no appearances of any alteration of the relative position of sea and land in the vicinity, nor had any ebullition of gases been observed; although probably to both these causes combined the phenomenon described was due.
On the Palæozoic Basin of the State of New York. Part I. A Synoptical View of the Mineralogical and Fossil Characters of the Palæozoic Strata of the State of New York
Authors: Bigsby J. J. 
Published: October 2009

It having appeared to others as well as myself that a
résumé
, such as is contemplated by the above heading, is desirable, I have attempted the task in the following pages.

The characteristic geological points have been distributed under a few heads, and then treated with brevity or fulness according to the demands of the occasion;—the heads being those of “mineral character,” “mode of transition” (among groups), “place,” “position or dip,” “thickness,” “fossils,” in general (typical), “fossils occurrent in Europe,” “recurrent in New York.”
My hope and intention has been to form a standard of reference with which to confront other palæozoic basins. The materials have been scrupulously selected from the best authorities;—from the able reports of the State Geologists of New York, and from the admirable researches of De Verneuil and Sharpe; introducing also some observations of my own, for it has been my privilege to visit many of the most interesting localities, and very much of the whole region.
On the Palæozoic Basin of the State of New York. Part II. Classification of the Palæozoic Strata of the State of New York
Authors: Bigsby J. J. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
task of distributing the palæozoic sedimentary rocks of New York into natural divisions became easy after the publication of the ‘Silurian System’ of Sir Roderick Murchison.

This State is peculiarly favourable to such studies, from the directions, lofty sides, and other features of its principal lakes and rivers. Many of the latter, such as the Genesee, Black, and Onondaga Rivers, rise in the south, and, running north, cross and lay bare successive strata in the most satisfactory manner. Other streams, like the Mohawk, in the eastern part of New York, rise in the west, and also traverse nearly the whole series.
Glacial and other natural erosions, as well a s some prolonged artificial excavations, disclose the outcrops of the strata in a succession of exposures unparalleled in number and extent. In the counties of Herkimer and Otsego the cliffs often attain an elevation of a thousand feet, followed closely by others surmounting them.
No country in the world, says De Verneuil, presents so complete and uninterrupted a development of the Silurian and Devonian systems, if we except Sweden, where it is on a small scale. In these regions, therefore, our investigations are far simpler and more decislve than amid the disturbances of manv parts of Europe. We are in the position of the anatomist who examines a perfect animal instead of a mass of dismembered fragments.
As types of comparison, the palaeozoic rocks of this State are to be preferred to any other, as a whole.
In the following
On the Succession of Rocks in the Northern Highlands, from the oldest Gneiss, through strata of Cambrian Lower Silurian age, to the Old Red Sandstone inclusive
Authors: Murchison R. I. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
his
memoir comprised a general sketch of the succession of the stratified rock-masses occupying the northernmost counties of Scotland (Sutherland, Caithness, and Ross), as determined by former observations of Prof. Sedgwick and the author, and of Macculloch, Jameson, Cunningham, Miller, and Nicol, and by the recent discoveries of Mr. C. Peach. In the commencement. Sir Roderick, having referred to the long-held opinion that the great mountainous masses of red conglomerate and sandstone of the west coast were detached portions of the Old Red Sandstone, alluded to Mr. C. Peach's discovery (in 1854) of organic remains in the limestone of Durness, which led the author to revisit the Highlands (accompanied by Prof. Nicol), when having found still more fossils, he expressed his conviction (at the British Association, Glasgow Meeting, 1854) that the quartzites of Sutherland and their subordinate limestones were of Lower Silurian age; and was strengthened in the opinion (which he had already published) that large portions of the crystalline rocks of the Highlands would prove to he the equivalents of the Lower Silurian deposits in the South of Scotland.
On the Gradual Elevation of the Coast of Sicily from the mouth of the Simeto to the Onobola
Authors: Gemmellaro Gaetano Giorgio 
Published: October 2009

A
recent
alluvial soil which forms the plain of Catania is composed of rolled blocks (
ciottoli
) of sandstone, limestone, and basalt, with day and sand. Volcanic currents from Etna more or less recent, all augitic,—basalt, for the most part spheroidal and prismatic, a pleistocene formation which has succeeded to that of the Terre Forte of Catania, ancient prismatic and compact currents from Etna, recent alluvium from San Tecla to Mascali, formed of volcanic felspathic and augitic rocks—these elements constitute the topography of the coast of Sicily from the mouth of the Simeto to the Onobola.

From the Simeto to the Sciarra del Principe it is difficult to find characteristic features in the recent alluvium, such as may mark the lapse of time. The Sciarra del Principe, a volcanic current of 1669 ; the shore at Catania, in which are seen pebbles of sandstone, recent lavas, and fragmentary matter ; the Sciarra dell’ Armisi ; that of the Crocifisso of Lognina; the current of 1361,—these form the coast to the neighbourhood of Lognina, and have been much changed from their primitive aspect, these materials being daily used in the construction of the mole at Catania.
In the Scala di Lognina, from 4 decimetres to 1 metre above the level of the sea, among great blocks of lava which form the shore, one may observe a marine breccia, formed of small blocks of sandstone, augitic lava, and fragmentary matter, cemented together by a calcareo-siliceous cement.
From Lognina to Aci Castello, the volcanic