bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Definition for the Partial Remission Period in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Mortensen Henrik B. , Hougaard Philip , Swift Peter , Hansen Lars , Holl Reinhard W. , Hoey Hilary , Bjoerndalen Hilde , de Beaufort Carine , Chiarelli Francesco , Danne Thomas , Schoenle Eugen J. , Åman Jan 
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE
To find a simple definition of partial remission in type 1 diabetes that reflects both residual β-cell function and efficacy of insulin treatment.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 275 patients aged &lt;16 years were followed from onset of type 1 diabetes. After 1, 6, and 12 months, stimulated C-peptide during a challenge was used as a measure of residual β-cell function.

RESULTS
By multiple regression analysis, a negative association between stimulated C-peptide and A1C (regression coefficient −0.21, P &lt; 0.001) and insulin dose (−0.94, P &lt; 0.001) was shown. These results suggested the definition of an insulin dose–adjusted A1C (IDAA1C) as A1C (percent) + [4 × insulin dose (units per kilogram per 24 h)]. A calculated IDAA1C ≤9 corresponding to a predicted stimulated C-peptide &gt;300 pmol/l was used to define partial remission. The IDAA1C ≤9 had a significantly higher agreement (P &lt; 0.001) with residual β-cell function than use of a definition of A1C ≤7.5%. Between 6 and 12 months after diagnosis, for IDAA1C ≤9 only 1 patient entered partial remission and 61 patients ended partial remission, for A1C ≤7.5% 15 patients entered partial remission and 53 ended, for a definition of insulin dose ≤0.5 units · kg−1 · 24 h−1 5 patients entered partial remission and 66 ended, and for stimulated C-peptide (&gt;300 pmol/l) 9 patients entered partial remission and 49 ended. IDAA1C at 6 months has good predictive power for stimulated C-peptide concentrations after both 6 and 12 months.

CONCLUSIONS
A new definition of partial remission is proposed, including both glycemic control and insulin dose. It reflects residual β-cell function and has better stability compared with the conventional definitions.
Higher Levels of Urinary Albumin Excretion Within the Normal Range Predict Faster Decline in Glomerular Filtration Rate in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Babazono Tetsuya , Nyumura Izumi , Toya Kiwako , Hayashi Toshihide , Ohta Mari , Suzuki Kumi , Kiuchi Yuka , Iwamoto Yasuhiko 
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE
To assess the relationship between albuminuria, including elevation within the normal range, and decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 5,449 Japanese diabetic patients were categorized according to sex and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR; &lt;5, 5–9, 10–29, 30–99, 100–299, 300–999, 1,000–2,999, and ≥3,000 mg/g) and followed for at least 5 years. The rate of change in estimated GFR (eGFR) adjusted for age and baseline eGFR was compared among ACR categories.

RESULTS
A higher baseline ACR predicted a faster decline in eGFR for both sexes. Even within the normal range (&lt;30 mg/g), ACR ≥10 mg/g in women and ≥5 mg/g in men was associated with a significantly greater rate of decline in eGFR relative to subjects with ACR &lt;5 mg/g.

CONCLUSIONS
Elevated ACR, even within the normal range, is associated with a faster decline in eGFR in diabetic patients.
Pleiotropic Action of Short-Term Metformin and Fenofibrate Treatment, Combined With Lifestyle Intervention, in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Mixed Dyslipidemia
Authors: Pruski Maciej , Krysiak Robert , Okopien Boguslaw 
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE
To compare the effect of short-term metformin and fenofibrate treatment, administered alone or in sequence, on glucose and lipid metabolism, cardiovascular risk factors, and monocyte cytokine release in type 2 diabetic patients with mixed dyslipidemia.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We studied 128 type 2 diabetic patients with mixed dyslipidemia complying throughout the study with lifestyle intervention who were randomized twice, initially to either metformin or placebo, and then to micronized fenofibrate or placebo.

RESULTS
Fenofibrate alleviated diabetic dyslipidemia–induced changes in plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 and in monocyte cytokine release, whereas metformin or lifestyle intervention improved mainly glucose and lipid metabolism. The strongest pleiotropic effect was observed when fenofibrate was added to metformin.

CONCLUSIONS
Fenofibrate, particularly administered together with metformin, is superior to metformin and lifestyle intervention in exhibiting beneficial effects on systemic inflammation, hemostasis, and monocyte secretory function in type 2 diabetic patients with mixed dyslipidemia.
Basal-State Hyperinsulinemia in Healthy Normoglycemic Adults Is Predictive of Type 2 Diabetes Over a 24-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Dankner Rachel , Chetrit Angela , Shanik Michael H. , Raz Itamar , Roth Jesse 
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE
We examined the predictive value of hyperinsulinemia in the basal state on the 24-year progression from normoglycemia to dysglycemia.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A sample of 515 normoglycemic men and women were studied again after 24 years for glycemic status.

RESULTS
Half of the participants developed dysglycemia: 11.1% progressed to impaired fasting glucose (IFG), 9.9% to impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 4.5% to both IFG and IGT, and another 24.3% to type 2 diabetes. Elevated levels of overnight fasting (basal) insulin, triglycerides, BMI ≥27 kg/m2, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, North African or Yemenite background, and male sex each favored conversion to dysglycemia after 24 years. In multiple ordered logistic regression analysis, the most significant predictor of progression to dysglycemia was hyperinsulinemia (upper quintile), after adjusting for BMI, ethnic origin, sex, age, smoking, physical activity, blood pressure, and triglycerides.

CONCLUSIONS
Basal hyperinsulinemia in normoglycemic adults constitutes an independent risk factor for developing dysglycemia over 24 years.
Sex and Racial/Ethnic Differences in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Treatment and Control Among Individuals With Diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
Authors: Winston Ginger J. , Barr R. Graham , Carrasquillo Olveen , Bertoni Alain G. , Shea Steven 
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE
To examine sex and racial/ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk factor treatment and control among individuals with diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This study was an observational study examining mean levels of cardiovascular risk factors and proportion of subjects achieving treatment goals.

RESULTS
The sample included 926 individuals with diabetes. Compared with men, women were 9% less likely to achieve LDL cholesterol &lt;130 mg/dl (adjusted prevalence ratio 0.91 [0.83–0.99]) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) &lt;130 mmHg (adjusted prevalence ratio 0.91 [0.85–0.98]). These differences diminished over time. A lower percentage of women used aspirin (23 vs. 33%; P &lt; 0.001). African American and Hispanic women had higher mean levels of SBP and lower prevalence of aspirin use than non-Hispanic white women.

CONCLUSIONS
Women with diabetes had unfavorable cardiovascular risk factor profiles compared with men. African American and Hispanic women had less favorable profiles than non-Hispanic white women.
Tooth Discoloration in Patients With Neonatal Diabetes After Transfer Onto Glibenclamide
Authors: Kumaraguru Janani , Flanagan Sarah E. , Greeley Siri Atma W. , Nuboer Roos , Støy Julie , Philipson Louis H. , Hattersley Andrew T. , Rubio-Cabezas Oscar 
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE
To assess if tooth discoloration is a novel side effect of sulfonylurea therapy in patients with permanent neonatal diabetes due to mutations in KCNJ11.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 67 patients with a known KCNJ11 mutation who had been successfully transferred from insulin injections onto oral sulfonylureas were contacted and asked about the development of tooth discoloration after transfer.

RESULTS
Altered tooth appearance was identified in 5 of the 67 patients. This was variable in severity, ranging from mild discoloration/staining (n = 4) to loss of enamel (n = 1) and was only seen in patients taking glibenclamide (glyburide).

CONCLUSIONS
These previously unreported side effects may relate to the developing tooth and/or to the high local concentrations in the children who frequently chewed glibenclamide tablets or took it as a concentrated solution. Given the multiple benefits of sulfonylurea treatment for patients with activating KCNJ11 mutations, this association warrants further investigation but should not preclude such treatment.
Suitability of Maraging Steel Weld Cladding for Repair of Die-Casting Tooling
Authors: Klobčar Damjan , Tušek Janez , Kosec Ladislav 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A comprehensive study of 18 % Ni maraging steel welds is done in order to determine the suitability of repair welding of aluminum die-casting dies and to prolong the in-service tool life. This study emphasizes the influence of welding parameters and post-welding precipitation annealing heat treatment on the welds' mechanical and metallurgical properties. A series of U-grooved specimens of 1.2344 tool steel is prepared. These grooves are filled with 1.6356 maraging steel as filler wire using multi-pass Gas Tungsten Arc welding. The metallurgical properties of the filler welds, in the as-welded condition and after precipitation annealing with a series of different parameters, are studied. The influence of preheat temperature, heat input during welding, and hot working of maraging steel welds is evaluated regarding mechanical and metallurgical properties. The response surface models for the prediction of mechanical properties (i. e. hardness, toughness, tensile strength, and yield stress after post-welding heat treatment) are developed. The results show that metallurgical and mechanical properties significantly depend on welding technology and post-welding heat treatment parameters. Gas Tungsten Arc welding with low heat input permits the omission of solution heat treatment after welding, while hot working of welds during welding increases the mechanical properties. Developed models for the prediction of mechanical properties enable selection of precipitation annealing parameters for a particular application based on desired mechanical properties.
Effects of Lanthanum on Magnetic Behavior and Hardness of Electroless Ni–Fe–P Deposits
Authors: Huang Wei-Qing , Huang Gui-Fang , Wang Xing , Xie Chun-Lin , Liang Bing 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this paper, the effects of lanthanum on the deposition rate, composition, structure, hardness, magnetic and anti-corrosion behaviors of electroless Ni – Fe – P deposits prepared from sulphate bath were investigated. In order to characterize the deposits, gravimetric and electrochemical measurement, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and magnetic measurement were applied. The results show that the deposition rate decreases with increasing LaCl3· 7 H2O concentration in the bath due to the competition adsorptions between rare earth lanthanum, metal ions, and hypophosphite on the surface of the substrate. The magnetic behavior of the deposit is strongly dependent on the LaCl3· 7 H2O concentration in the bath. The coercive force of the deposit increases, while its saturation magnetization decreases with LaCl3· 7 H2O concentration increase. When the LaCl3· 7 H2O concentration reaches 1.50 g l– 1, the deposit shows a rectangular hysteresis loop with high coercivity. The moderate addition of lanthanum in the bath will increase the hardness of the deposits as a result of the change of composition and structure of deposits. However, the addition of lanthanum has little effect on the corrosion resistance of the deposits.
Interfacial Reactions between Lead-Free Solders and the Multilayer Au/Ni/SUS304 Substrate
Authors: Yen Yee-Wen , Lee Chun-Yu , Kuo Meng-Han , Chao Kuo-Sing , Chen Kuen-Da 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Interfacial reactions between Sn, Sn-3.0 wt.% Ag-0.5 wt.% Cu (SAC) and an Au/Ni/SUS304 stainless steel (SUS304) substrate were conducted using the reaction couple technique at 240, 255 and 270 °C for 1 – 5 h. In the earliest stage of the reaction, only the Ni3Sn4 phase was formed on the Sn/Au/Ni/SUS304 interface. As the reaction time increased to 4 h, the Ni layer was gradually consumed and the Ni3Sn4 phase detached from the interface. Meanwhile, the Sn reacted with the SUS304 to form the FeSn2 phase. In the SAC/Au/Ni/SUS304 reaction couple, both Ni3Sn4 and Cu6Sn5 phases were formed on the interface. When the reaction time exceeded 4 h, the Ni3Sn4 phase disappeared; the Cu6Sn5 phase was spread over the SUS304 surface and the FeSn2 phase was formed on the SUS304 surface. The growth of intermetallic compounds can be described by the parabolic law and the reactions were diffusion-controlled.
Melting Behavior of Sn–Bi Alloy Powder Compacts Observed Using Optical Dilatometry
Authors: Nakamoto Masashi , Heikinheimo Erkki , Kekkonen Marko , Friman Michael , Holappa Lauri 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The melting behavior of Sn – Bi alloy powder compacts was observed using optical dilatometry. The change in standard deviation of compact width with temperature obtained by dilatometry was used to evaluate the melting behavior by considering the factors in the shape change of the compact under heating. The effects on melting behavior of alloy composition, particle size and pressing load at compacting are discussed in this study.
The difference in composition affected the melting behavior in accordance with the phase diagram. Smaller particle size showed a lower degree of melting. The effects of these two parameters, viz. composition and particle size, however, are highly dependent on surface oxidation of powders. The influence of surface oxidation, on the other hand, was reduced by producing the compacts with a higher pressing load.
Sintering Behavior of ZnO: Mn Ceramics Fabricated from Sol-Gel Derived Nanocrystalline powders
Authors: Bahşi Z. B. , Büyükaksoy A. , Köseoğlu N. C. , Oral A. Y. , Aslan M. H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Undoped and Mn doped ZnO ceramics, sintered at 1200 °C, were produced from sol-gel derived nanocrystalline powders calcined at 750 °C. Mn doped powders showed trace amounts of spinel (ZnMn2O4) phase in addition to a dominant zincite phase, while Mn doped ceramics were comprised solely of zincite structure. X-ray mapping of the powders did not reveal any Mn concentrated areas, indicating that the ZnMn2O4 phase was homogeneously distributed with a very small grain size. The grain size of the undoped powders was around 50 nm, and there was a minor increase in the grain size when powders were doped with Mn. Undoped ceramics exhibited grain sizes distributed in the range 2 – 10 μm while Mn doped ceramics displayed slightly smaller grains. Relative densities of the undoped and Mn doped ceramics were measured as 0.695 and 0.950, respectively.
Enhanced properties of functionally graded Cu–Cr powder compacts
Authors: Lahiri Indranil , Bhargava Sanjeev 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The paper aims to present the processing and development of functionally graded Cu – Cr materials, widely used as a monolithic contact material in vacuum circuit breakers. Simple and novel processing routes, used in this study, in addition to being cost-effective and energy efficient, generate higher density and electrical conductivity of the Cu – Cr compacts. It is shown that the use of mechanically alloyed Cu – Cr powders enhances the properties of the compacts, as compared to those prepared from as-received powders. Furthermore, explosive compaction and application of coated powder were found to result in still better properties. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to explain the scientific significance of this development.
Influence of Cr on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti–Si Eutectic Alloys
Authors: Zhan Yongzhong , He Linbin , Ma Jianbo , Zhang Xinjiang , Hu Zhaohua 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
As promising candidates for new high-temperature structural materials, Ti – Si eutectic alloys are required for the next generation of advanced aircraft engines. In this paper, microstructures of the Ti – Si eutectic alloys with various Cr contents were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and light optical microscopy. The results show that with the increase of Cr content up to 9 wt.%, β-Ti (Si, Cr)ss matrix and Ti5Si3 form in the as cast alloy, however, the α-Ti (Si, Cr)ss phase disappears. Cr element solute in β-Ti and Ti5Si3 can significantly change the morphology and distribution of Ti5Si3 intermetallic phase. This greatly affects the fracture behavior and mechanical properties of as-cast Ti – Si eutectic alloys.
Nd–Fe–B permanent magnets a quarter century later: implications for patentability
Authors: Stadelmaier Hans H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Events are described that precede the announcement of the high performance permanent magnets based on the neodymium-iron boride Nd2Fe14B. When accounts of innovations stem from the principals initiating them, they can be distorted in the interest of establishing a patent position of high commercial value. The problems of finding objective criteria to assess inventiveness in this technological breakthrough are discussed.
Penetrating craniocerebral injuries in the Israeli involvement in the Lebanese conflict, 1982–1985
Authors: Brandvold Benny , Levi Lion , Feinsod Moshe , George Eugene D. 
Published: May 2009

✓ From June, 1982, through June, 1985, 113 patients were evacuated to Rambam Maimonides Medical Center with penetrating craniocerebral injuries sustained in ongoing military hostilities in Lebanon. Two factors distinguished this group of patients from those presenting in earlier conflicts: 1) this was the first large series in which computerized tomography (CT) was routinely used to initially evaluate combat head injuries; and 2) in an effort to preserve maximum cerebral tissue, intracranial debridement was significantly less vigorous than that advocated during the Korean or Vietnam conflicts. No efforts were made to locate or remove indriven bone or metal fragments visualized on CT unless they readily presented themselves on gentle irrigation. In fact, it was elected to treat a number of patients without intracranial hematomas nonoperatively. The acute outcome was quite similar to that reported in Vietnam series in respect to both complications and mortality.
Of the 83 survivors, 46 were Israeli citizens and thus were available for follow-up review. These 46 patients were reevaluated in late 1988, a mean follow-up period of 5.9 years. None had died in the interim; 10 had developed chronic seizure disorders, and there was one case of delayed meningitis in a patient with no retained fragments. Repeat CT scans were performed on 43 patients; 22 (51%) were found to have retained intracranial bone fragments. No relationship existed between the presence of retained fragments and the development of either a seizure disorder or an infection of the central nervous system. These findings suggest that not only is it unnecessary to reoperate for retained bone fragments, but it may also be possible to temper the initial debridement in an effort to preserve additional cerebral tissue.
Lumbar spinal stenosis: postoperative results in terms of preoperative posture-related pain
Authors: Ganz Jeremy C. 
Published: May 2009

✓ Thirty-three consecutive patients with lumbar spinal stenosis were treated with decompressive surgery aimed at relieving pain. The selection criteria for surgery included marked symptoms and lumbar spinal stenosis demonstrated by myelography. Preoperatively, only 15 patients had claudication; however, 23 experienced relief or exacerbation of symptoms related to changes in posture. A good postoperative result was obtained in 82% of the entire series, but in only 50% of patients whose symptoms were not affected by posture. Of those whose symptoms did have a postural component, a good result was obtained in 96%.
The relief of back pain by decompressive surgery was significantly less successful than the relief of leg pain. It is therefore suggested that surgery be restricted to as few levels as possible.
Gauze-induced granuloma (“gauzoma”): an uncommon complication of gauze reinforcement of berry aneurysms
Authors: Chambi Israel , Tasker Ronald R. , Gentili Fred , Lougheed William M. , Smyth Harley S. , Marshall John , Young Iain , Deck John , Shrubb Jane 
Published: May 2009

✓ Incompletely and even adequately clipped berry aneurysms are often reinforced with finely shredded gauze. In seven female patients this practice led to a series of events including headache, pyrexia, seizures, cranial nerve deficits, endocrinopathy, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, and an enhancing mass demonstrated by computerized tomography at the aneurysm site. One patient with blindness, hydrocephalus, and panhypopituitarism died and was examined at autopsy.
Three additional female patients have been identified in the literature with similar case histories. It is suggested that in these patients the gauze induced a foreign-body granuloma, accompanied by progressive occlusion of neighboring small arteries. It would seem prudent to reserve gauze reinforcement for aneurysms that cannot be securely obliterated surgically.
The importance of dopamine in the pathogenesis of experimental prolactinomas
Authors: El-Azouzi Mustapha , Hsu Dora W. , Black Peter McL. , Jolesz Ferenc , Hedley-Whyte E. Tessa , Klibanski Anne , Zervas Nicholas T. 
Published: May 2009

✓ The factors responsible for the production of prolactin-secreting tumors are obscure. One hypothesis, that chronic loss of dopamine control from the hypothalamus may be associated with prolactinoma formation, was tested. Female adult Fischer 344 rats were subjected to ovariectomy and were then given subcutaneous implants of diethylstilbestrol (DES) Silastic capsules to produce lactotrophic hyperplasia. Sequential studies assessed the neuronal activity of the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (A12) during and after this estrogen-induced pituitary growth. Immunocytochemical staining for tyrosine hydroxylase was used as a marker for dopamine synthesis, plasma radioimmunoassay provided plasma prolactin levels, and magnetic resonance imaging and histological studies were performed to examine the structural changes occurring in the pituitary gland. Animals were sacrificed from 3 to 67 days after DES implantation. To determine the reversibility of the estrogen-induced changes, rats were also sacrificed at different time intervals after the removal of 30-, 40-, or 60-day DES implants.
After 30 days of DES treatment, plasma prolactin levels increased 40-fold and pituitary weight increased more than threefold. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity diminished gradually and was almost completely depleted at 30 days. Pituitary histology revealed marked prolactin cell hyperplasia. These changes were completely reversible; removal of the capsule after 30 days resulted in eventual normalization of plasma prolactin levels and pituitary size and in restoration of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the A12 region.
Sixty days of DES treatment produced large hemorrhagic tumors with sustained high plasma prolactin levels and an irreversibly distorted A12 area. These observations suggest that in these animals loss of dopamine regulation secondary to estrogen stimulation initially produces prolactin hyperplasia but that prolonged loss leads to adenoma formation.