bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between certain Ant Species with particular Reference to Biological Control of the Coreid, Theraptus sp.
Authors: Way M. J. 
Published: July 2009

In the coastal region of British East Africa three ant species, Anoplolepis custodiens, A. longipes and Pheidole punctulata may destroy the ant Oecophylla longinoda which is a valuable predator on the coconut pest Theraptus sp. (Coreidae). The three first-named species do not prey on Theraptus, which may severely damage palms occupied by them.Nesting habits of the three ant species and their behaviour towards O. longinoda and certain other insects are described.O. longinoda has been exterminated in the limited areas occupied by the two Anoplolepis species. P. punctulata is widespread and is usually common in areas occupied by O. longinoda and is also present, though relatively less common, in A. longipes areas.The distribution of the Anoplolepis species, particularly A. custodiens, is correlated with sandy soils bearing a sparse ground vegetation. Where there are heavy soils or a thick ground vegetation of grasses and creepers the Anoplolepis species are absent and O. longinoda is usually present. It is suggested that the Anoplolepis species are limited by the relatively low temperature of soils shaded from sunlight by thick vegetation.
An Experiment on the Control of Tsetse (Glossina palpalis R.-D.) in High Forest of West Africa
Authors: Nowosielski-Slepowron B. J. A. 
Published: July 2009

Kumasi is a rapidly expanding township of about 80,000 inhabitants. This has led to an extensive building programme which has followed the ridges in the vicinity of the town, leaving the valleys in between potentially dangerous isolated habitats of Glossina. The danger from these isolated habitats is enhanced by the large numbers of itinerant labourers.The topography of the town and its surroundings is hilly; the vegetation is of semi-deciduous rain forest type, but with very thick secondary bush along most of the valleys in which the farms had been abandoned.The climate is remarkably equable with the rainfall showing periodicity but the percentage relative humidity is high and even throughout the year.The experimental clearing of an isolated habitat of Glossina in the Dechem valley was commenced in July 1950 and finished in March 1951. The clearing was of a discriminative nature, with cutting, stumping and burning of a strip of bush up to 20 ft. high and 250–300 yards wide along the stream, and a high reduction of fly population was achieved. This reduction was such that further clearings were planned.The reduction in fly population was assessed from fly-boy catches and from trap catches. These records showed that rainfall affected the catches.At the time of writing, about a sixth of the protective clearings planned around Kumasi have been completed, the fly population being reduced between about 80 per cent. and complete eradication.
Tests for Insecticide-resistance in Lice, Mosquitos and House-flies
Authors: Busvine J. R. , Harrison C. Mary 
Published: July 2009

Between December 1947 and May 1949, six colonies of body lice from various sources were cultured in the laboratory. Three of the strains originated from natural infestations in England and the others came from laboratory cultures in Hamburg, Basle and Tunis. After being bred for at least one generation in the laboratory, these lice were subjected to a standard test for resistance to DDT. Only one strain showed any evidence of abnormal resistance; this was the strain from Tunis where it had been laboratory-cultured for over 12 years.Colonies of Aëdes aegypti from Karachi, Poona and Delhi were being cultured at the Virus Research Institute, Lagos, together with a local Nigerian strain. Extensive tests showed no difference in average susceptibility of the four strains to DDT, though there was some evidence of differences in the spread of resistance through the various populations.A colony of A. aegypti was started with larvae taken from Ilaro, a Nigerian town which had been regularly sprayed with BHC for 2½ years. Comparative tests showed no difference in resistance to γ BHC between this colony and a laboratory culture at the Malaria Service Laboratory, Lagos.Colonies of house-flies were initiated and maintained at Lagos. Tests with insecticides gave the following results:(a) M.d. vicina from Ilaro were much more resistant to γ BHC than similar flies from Yaba, near Lagos, or M.d. domestica from England.(b) The M.d. vicina from both Lagos and Ilaro were considerably more resistant to DDT than M.d. domestica from England. This is surprising, as no DDT-spraying has been done at Ilaro and, so far as can be ascertained, virtually none in Lagos.(c) The M.d. vicina flies from Lagos were considerably more susceptible to γ BHC and dieldrin than M.d. domestica from England. M. sorbens was much more susceptible to γ BHC and to DDT. These differences could be explained by the smaller average sizes of the two susceptible species.
Contributions to the Bionomics of Glossina morsitans
Authors: Jackson C. H. N. 
Published: July 2009

1. Fly rounds and reconnaissances about Sambala have indicated the following types of fly community: (a) Compact “female centres” characterised by frequent passage of game, and showing high apparent female percentage and often apparent concentration of fly; (b) “spread centres” over larger areas believed to be comparable in function to true, compact “female centres”; (c) “male areas” spread over large areas of Berlinia-Brachystegia and sometimes other kinds of wooding, where the apparent female percentage is low; (d) areas where fly is scarce.2. Investigation of these phenomena by field experiments and other methods has led to the conclusion that the “female centres” and “spread centres” are most probably feeding-grounds of fly, and that the “male areas” are its home.3. It is difficult to draw reliable conclusions from fly-rounds on the apparent variations of fly numbers in time, in relation either to season or to movements of game.
On Sandflies from Persia and Palestine
Authors: Adler S. , Theodor O. , Lourie E. M. 
Published: July 2009

The distribution and bionomics of the species of Phlebotomus in N.W. Persia are described.The distribution of Leishmania in this area and the possible relations of sandflies to it are discussed.Observations on the quite distinct and well-defined hours of activity of the different species are recorded.P. chinensis is recorded from Persia for the first time.The diagnosis of the female of P. caucasicus is established.P. wenyoni, sp. n., P. kandelaki, Schour., and P. perniciosus var. tobbi, var. n., are described.A simple method of breeding sandflies while travelling is described.P. perniciosus var. tobbi was infected by feeding on cultures of L. donovani of Mediterranean origin.P. caucasicus was infected by feeding on cultures of L. tropica.
Some Notes on the Biology and Physiology of the Sheep Blowfly,Lucilia sericata, Meig
Authors: Evans A. C. 
Published: July 2009

1. The increase in weight of flies of both sexes is followed on several diets. Unfed flies and flies fed on water alone or on meat and water lose weight. Males fed on meat, sugar and water, or on sugar and water, increase in weight rapidly during the first day of adult life and then lose weight until they die. Females fed on sugar and water increase in weight rapidly for the first day and then more slowly until the twelfth day, when they commence to lose weight until death occurs. A similar rapid increase in weight on the first day occurs in females fed on meat, sugar and water, but a second period of rapid increase occurs between the fourth and sixth days. The first period corresponds to the growth of the imaginal fat-body and the second to the growth of the ovaries. The percentage dry weight of flies fed on meat, sugar and water and on sugar and water increases rapidly at first but then decreases slowly until death occurs.2. The disappearance of the pupal fat-body cells and the growth of the imaginal fat-body on several diets is described. It is suggested that the inclusions of the pupal fat-body cells are transferred to the rapidly growing imaginal fat-body.3. The hypothesis is put forward that the abdominal air-sacs in flies of the Muscid type have but little respiratory function and are chiefly concerned in(a) preserving the increased volume of the newly-emerged fly ;(b) providing ample space within the abdomen for growth of the imaginal fat-body in the male and for the fat-body and ovaries in the female, both of which organs increase greatly in size.
The Behaviour and Mortality of Anopheles maculatus and Culex fatigans in experimental Huts treated with DDT and BHC
Authors: Wharton R. H. 
Published: July 2009

Experimental huts fitted with window traps, of the same basic design as those described by Thomson (1948), modified for Malayan conditions, were used in studying the behaviour and mortality of A. maculatus in relation to DDT and BHC. Other species of Anophelines formed a large proportion of the human bait trap catch but rarely entered the huts.In untreated huts, A. maculatus fed at all hours of the night with a peak between 9 p.m. and midnight. The large majority left before 8 a.m. in search of outdoor resting places, at least 50 per cent. before dawn. It appeared that attraction to light was the strongest, but not the only factor influencing exit from the huts.Large numbers of Culicines (mostly Culex fatigans) were recovered. In untreated huts about 80 per cent. were blood fed ; 28 per cent. were in the window traps.DDT (33 per cent.) and BHC (“ Gammexane P530 and P520 ”) water dispersible powders were tested.An application of 100 mg. DDT and 20 mg. γ BHC (P530) per sq. ft. was unsuccessful, due in part to the small numbers of mosquitos recovered. No conclusions are drawn from the results.DDT at 200 mg. and BHC (P520) at 40 mg. γ isomer per sq. ft. were both effective for at least 12 to 16 weeks against A. maculatus. With DDT, 63 per cent. initial, and 83 per cent. 24-hour corrected mortalities were recorded over 16 weeks. With BHC, though the initial mortality dropped from 100 per cent. in weeks 1–4 to 19 per cent. in weeks 12–16, the 24-hour mortality, almost 100 per cent. for weeks 1–10, was still 88 per cent. for weeks 12–16.DDT apparently had little effect on the feeding of A. maculatus ; with BHC there was a reduction in the percentage fed.DDT was relatively non-lethal to C. fatigans, but had a marked irritant effect driving them into the light trap and the biting rate was reduce to 45 per cent. BHC killed all C. fatigans which entered for 2 weeks but most of its toxic effects were lost by the eighth week. The biting rate was reduced to 27 per cent. for weeks 1 to 8 and the majority of mosquitos were recovered in the light trap.Ants, cockroaches, spiders, etc., were found to affect the number of mosquitos recovered and special precautions had to be taken against losses.The results suggested that BHC when freshly applied acts as a repellent to mosquitos.Mansonia uniformis was shown to be susceptible to both DDT and BHC residual deposits.
The Movement of Grain Weevils through Grain
Authors: Howe R. W. 
Published: July 2009

The movement of weevils in a mass of grain was investigated using metal pipes 4 ins. in diameter. These grain columns were broken down into samples. It was found that the predominant movement of weevils was towards the bottom.The major factor affecting movement was tightness of packing but although tight packing restricts movement it does not prevent oviposition. Small insects move more easily in grain than bigger ones and also show a greater tendency to move downwards. Increase of moisture content which increases the amount of airspace also increases the ease of insect movement.The results of experiments giving the weevils a choice of moisture content were somewhat contradictory. This is partly due to the choice of the weevil being affected by the humidity it experienced prior to the test and partly due to the moisture choice being overridden by the greater attraction of the end of the grain column. On the whole, however, damper grain appears to be preferred to dry grain.In the field, owing to the tighter packing, movement is likely to be more restricted than in these experiments. The tight packing will prevent much of the downward penetration of weevils observed in these experiments but some such movement may occur on the walls and posts. Where insects are originally placed in the centre of a bulk of grain they will often be immobile but will lay eggs and be liable to cause heating. It is clear that the insects will tend to move toward the edges of the bulk and remain there.
Contact Activity and Real Toxicity of some Iodo-Nitrobenzene Compounds
Authors: Krijgsman B. J. , Lingbeek Tita 
Published: July 2009

Experiments have been carried out on the insecticidal action of p-, m- and o-iodo-nitrobenzene and their dichlorides. The real toxicity of these substances was estimated with the micro-injection method of Dresden, the contact action with the petri-dish method of Krijgsman & Berger. The real toxicity of the p- compounds appeared to be somewhat higher than that of their isomers. The dichlorides showed a somewhat higher toxicity than the other compounds. The contact action of the p- compounds is much higher than that of their isomers. This is caused by considerable differences in permeation velocity. The position of the iodine atom affects the permeation velocity very considerably but has much less influence on the real toxicity. It is suggested that the enhanced effect of the p- position on the permeation velocity is a general rule.P-iodo-nitrobenzenedichloride shows such a high permeation velocity that it must be considered as a promising contact insecticide despite the fact that its real toxicity is low as compared with several other modern insecticides.
The Haemagogus Mosquitos of Brazil
Authors: Kumm Henry W. , Cerqueira Nelson L. 
Published: July 2009

Four species of Haemagogus have been found in Brazil, the commonest and most widely distributed being H. spegazzinii.Keys and diagrams are given to facilitate the identification of the Haemagogus of this country.Two of the proven vectors of sylvan yellow fever, H. capricornii and H. spegazzinii, can be distinguished one from another only by their male terminalia.
Field Observations on the Activity of Pheidole
Authors: Kemp P. Belinda 
Published: July 2009

A method is described for observing the numbers of ants foraging on the surface of of the ground by attracting them to baits of raw meat. The general area is described briefly and sites were selected for the work in three types of country.A total of 50 baits were laid on each site in July and October. Pheidole sculpturata and P. crassinoda were the most abundant ants found on the baits. These were active mainly in the morning and evening, fewer ants were found at midday during the dry season. Comparing the numbers collected on the baits, more Pheidole were found in July than in October, and in July more ants were found on the unburnt grey soil sites than elsewhere. On the red soil sites there was a difference between burnt and unburnt country only in October, when more ants were found on the red soil in unburnt country. Pheidole is compared with three other genera of ants commonly found on the baits.The food of Pheidole is mainly grass seeds ; some reference is made to the supply of grass seeds in different types of country and the relation between this and the numbers of foraging ants.
Piperonyl Butoxide as a Constituent of Heavy-oil Sprays for the Control of Stored Product Insects. I.—Piperonyl Butoxide as a Synergist for Pyrethrum and its Effect on the Persistence of Pyrethrum Films
Authors: Hewlett P. S. 
Published: July 2009

Laboratory experiments showed that piperonyl butoxide (PB) is a powerful synergist of pyrethrins in Shell oil P31.The toxicity of PB alone to different species of insects was determined. Tribolium castaneum was resistant to direct sprays of PB in P31, but appreciably susceptible to films : the toxic action of the films on this species was unusually delayed. Ptinus tedus and Calandragranaria were resistant to films, but C. oryzae somewhat susceptible.In view of claims that PB makes pyrethrum films more persistent, an experiment specifically designed to reveal such an effect was carried out. This failed to show that PB makes the films any more persistent.A formula was obtained giving the approximate pyrethrin equivalent of different pyrethrin-PB mixtures applied to T. castaneum as films on filter paper. It was shown, however, that the pyrethrin equivalent of a given pyrethrin-PB mixture could differ according to the method of application and according to the species of test insect.
Food-plants of Citrus Leaf-miner (Phyllocnistis citrella Stn.) in the Punjab
Authors: Latif Abdul , Yunus Ch. Muhammad 
Published: July 2009

The Citrus Leaf-miner (Phyllocnistis citrella) has been recorded from plants belonging to several widely differing botanical families.It is shown that the true food-plants of this pest are the various species of Citrus and Aegle marmelos.Elephant lemon (Citrus medica), which has comparatively succulent leaves, is the most susceptible species of Citrus, whilst lime (C. aurantiifolia), with its comparatively thick and coarse leaves, is the least susceptible. Aegle marmelos is not of any importance as the attack in this case is negligible.C. medica should be excluded from citrus orchards as it is of least economic importance, and is highly susceptible to attack. C. limonia, which is usually grown as a hedge around gardens, provides an undisturbed breeding ground for the pest and should as far as possible not be planted around citrus plantations.
Probable Insect Vectors of Yellow Fever Virus, from Monkey to Man, in Bwamba County, Uganda
Authors: Lumsden W. H. R. 
Published: July 2009

The habits and habitations of the natives in the Bwamba lowlands, Uganda, are briefly described.A series of catches designed to assess the relative importance of the various species of biting insect and of various routes of transference in the transmission of yellow fever virus from the monkey population of the forest to the nearby human population is reported.The microclimate in a native hut is discussed.The species of biting insect encountered are listed, the results of the catches given, and the relative importance of the different species and routes assessed by means of indices.It is concluded that yellow fever virus is most likely to be transferred to the native population by A. (S.) simpsoni in plantations, the infection in this insect being derived from forest monkeys which raid the plantations for food.
The Selection and Rearing of Leaf-eating Insects for Use as Test Subjects in the Study of Insecticides
Authors: Way M. J. , Smith P. M. , Hopkins B. 
Published: July 2009

A number of leaf-eating insects have been studied with the object of selecting species suitable for rearing in the laboratory.Four species have proved satisfactory for large-scale rearing throughout the year. These arePlutella maculipennis, Plusia gamma, Diataraxia oleraceaandPhaedon cochleariae. A number of species possess certain disadvantages : (1) apparently obligate diapause (Mamestra brassicae, Sphinx ligustri). (2) The same as (1) with the additional disadvantage of lack of food-plant in winter (Lymantria dispar). (3) Uncertain copulation and oviposition (Pieris brassicae). When available, these species may be reared satisfactorily in large numbers.Mesographe forficalis, Xanthorhoë fluctuata, Lema melanopaandCrioceris asparagihave been reared in relatively small numbers. They possess certain disadvantages but should be satisfactory for large scale rearing at any rate during some part of the year.At present laboratory rearing ofPhlogophora meticulosa, Agrotis segetum, Triphaena pronuba, Aclypea opacaandAthalia colibriis considered impracticable. A number of leaf-eating species, particularly Hymenoptera, which appear to possess suitable qualities for laboratory rearing, have not yet been obtained and studied in the laboratory.Particular attention has been paid to factors influencing development of leaffeeding insects with the object of determining the conditions under which healthy stocks of uniform resistance can be maintained. The results of experiments on the effect of food-plant, temperature, humidity and illumination are described. Studies on the factors influencing diapause in the various species are mentioned. Descriptions, are given of the rearing techniques that have been developed.
Observations on the Life-history of the Red Locust, Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serv.) in the solitary Phase
Authors: Burnett G. F. 
Published: July 2009

The populations of Nomadacris septemfasciata described in this paper were all of solitaria or neai-solitaria phase.Sexual maturation as measured by the developing ovaries took place rapidly though irregularly through the population. Its onset coincided with an increase in the daily number of hours of relative humidity at or above 75 per cent., and abundance of green food; Copulation, which started after the first wide-spread rain, took place before the ovaries of many females were completely mature.Caged locusts gave a mean fecundity of 183 eggs contained in 2·4 pods which is probably a minimum figure. Pods were laid at intervals of about two weeks and each was laid before the next batch had visibly developed.The period spent in the egg was at least 39 days, at most 46 days and probably 42 days. Adults appeared 67 days after the first hatchings. Both these periods are greater than those recorded in phase transiens or gregaria.Solitaria locusts were found to pass through seven instead of six nymphal instars as do gregaria. This difference seemed to be constant. The extra instar was probably interpolated between the second and third of gregaria but was not an exact duplicate of any other instar.The number of vertical dark eye-stripes is a convenient and fairly constant indicator of the instar. The number of antennal segments in the later instars and in the adult, and also the number of adult eye-stripes, is greater in the solitaria phase.Amongst the hoppers three main types of coloration were encountered and are briefly described but they could not be closely related to phase. The amount of dark pigment present in late stage nymphs was reflected in the young adult, the appearance of which is described in some detail. Subsequent changes during the dry season are briefly noted, in particular the pink of the hind wing, which becomes faintly visible within a month of the last moult.The changes in pigmentation which take place during sexual maturation are described in detail. In addition to pronounced darkening of the tegmina which completely changes the appearance of the solitaria locust, certain bright pigments are laid down which are later obscured by a general blackening. It is unsafe to classify Nomadacris septemfasciata as to phase on colour alone unless the date of capture and its relation to the breeding season in the locality is taken into consideration. Solitaria do not normally develop the general reddening of the body which is shown by migrating swarms, even when these are only transiens in phase.