bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fundamentals of cognitive rehabilitation
Authors: Mateer Catherine A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter describes the major conceptual approaches for working with individuals with acquired cognitive impairments, and provides guidelines for selecting effective intervention strategies. It briefly describes environmental interventions, implementation of compensatory devices, restorative approaches to improving attention, and the use of specialized instructional techniques. It also emphasizes the need to address the emotional needs of individuals and families that commonly arise as a function of living with persistent cognitive impairments.
The assessment of memory for memory rehabilitation
Authors: Bradley Veronica A. , Kapur Narinder , Evans Jonathan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter discusses the assessment of memory as part of the process of memory rehabilitation in terms of practical considerations and a conceptual framework. It describes the sources of evidence with particular reference to formal tests which may be useful in this context, and offers some suggestions are as to the value of certain tests or other assessment procedures in answering frequently-asked questions in the rehabilitation setting. In the future, some tests may be administered through the Internet, or by means of a videophone, there is a need for memory tests specifically designed to monitor the effects of therapeutic intervention.
Can memory impairment be effectively treated?
Authors: Glisky Elizabeth L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter reviews evidence for the effectiveness of memory rehabilitation approaches that have focused on the treatment of memory impairment. Interventions targeting impairment have usually involved either the use of repetitive practice or the teaching of mnemonic strategies. Although patients with memory disorders have learned new information using these methods, generalization to materials and situations beyond the training context has seldom been found, and so there is little evidence that impairment has been reduced. Nevertheless, in the context of disability-focused treatments, there is some evidence that a general mnemonic skill can be acquired after considerable practice of functionally-relevant specific behaviors. Similarly, strategy training may be more effective when focused on real-world problems.
The effective treatment of memory-related disabilities
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: April 2012

AbstractEveryday problems arising from organic memory impairment are the most handicapping for people with organic memory impairment and for their families. It is these problems that should be targeted in rehabilitation. Although there is little evidence that rehabilitation can restore lost memory functioning, there is considerable evidence that disabilities can be treated. This chapter presents evidence from a randomized control trial in which people were randomly allocated to a pager or to a waiting list. At a later stage, those with the pager were then monitored without the pager and those on the waiting list were given a pager. Significant improvements in remembering everyday targets only occurred once the pager had been received. It is also possible to improve the learning ability of memory impaired people through a teaching technique known as errorless learning.
Theories of frontal lobe executive function: clinical applications
Authors: Burgess Paul W. , Simons Jon S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMany of the symptoms that are particularly difficult to treat are associated with damage to the frontal lobes. There are a very large number of symptoms which are collectively referred to as ‘dysexecutive symptoms’. This chapter describes some of the latest findings about the functional anatomy of the frontal lobes, the main clusters of frontal lobe symptoms, how they relate together, and their relative importance. It explains the main theories of how the frontal lobe executive system works and how they relate to the symptoms seen day to day. It also offers some predictions about therapeutic methods that might be worth pursuing based on these theories.
The neural basis for a theory of cognitive rehabilitation
Authors: Robertson Ian H. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThroughout the previous chapters, it can be seen that some cognitive functions in some people can benefit from certain types of cognitive rehabilitation. This chapter aims to address the question of how these effects might be mediated in the brain, with a view to establishing a theoretical framework for cognitive rehabilitation. Such a framework can enable improvements in cognitive rehabilitation strategies in the future and better synchronise them with the pharmacological and other related methods that will become increasingly available over the next decade.
Resulting Trusts
Authors: Chambers Robert 
Published: April 2012

AbstractResulting trusts have received little attention in recent years and this may be because, until relatively recently, the law relating to resulting trusts was thought to be settled and uncontroversial. Most of the current academic writing about resulting trusts is found in established textbooks on equity and trusts, but these tend to provide little more than catalogues of the situations in which resulting trusts arise. There is, however, very little consensus on the principle by which the resulting trust operates, including the fundamental question of whether it arises by operation of law or depends on the presumed intention to create a trust. This book examines the true nature of the resulting trust and the question of whether the trusts brought into being to reverse unjust enrichment should not include resulting trusts. It then considers whether, when resulting trusts are properly understood, it does turn out that it is through the resulting trust that equity makes its principle contribution to reversing unjust enrichment. This book examines principally the case law of the UK, Canada and Australia, and it also makes reference to the views of academic commentators as found in the standard texts and law journals.
Quistclose Trusts
Authors: Chambers Robert 
Published: April 2012

AbstractQuistclose trust is still the subject of academic debate. This chapter looks at resulting trusts which arise when property has been transferred to be utilized for certain purposes and those purposes become incapable of fulfillment. Three propositions are presented. One, the loan of money to be used for a particular purpose does not generate a trust for the benefit of the intended recipients of the money and nor does the lender retain full equitable ownership of it. The borrower receiving the entire beneficial ownership of the money is subjected to the lender's right to prevent it being used for any other purpose. Two, if the purpose fails, there is a resulting trust in favour of the lender. Last, the Quistclose trust is not restricted to loans for the purposes of paying other creditors of the borrower.
Vitiated Intention
Authors: Chambers Robert 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAs one of the three chapters that explores the extent of the resulting trust's response to enrichments which are unjust on the basis of non-voluntary transfer, this chapter focuses on those cases in which the provider's intention to benefit the recipient is absent or vitiated. Two bases for restitution are discussed. This chapter begins with a discussion on the traditional categories of resulting trust while the latter part of this chapter concentrates on the unjust factors which motivate restitution on the basis of either an absent or vitiated intention to benefit the recipient. A ‘sliding scale’ of defective intention is set out by the chapter. These unjust factors include ignorance, incapacity, mistake, duress, undue influence, and unconscionable conduct.
Qualified Intention
Authors: Chambers Robert 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter focuses on cases in which property has been transferred and the provider of that property did not intend to benefit the recipient in the particular circumstances which have occurred. It explores the issue on whether the vitiation or qualification of the provider's intention to benefit the recipient makes the enrichment of the recipient unjust and whether giving rise to a right of restitution also gives rise to a resulting trust. One of the assertions of this chapter is that when the recipient is unaware that the provider has only a qualified intention to transfer the benefit of the property, the resulting trust is still possible, unless the recipient is entitled to the defence of bona fide purchase or good faith exchange. Requirements for a resulting trust, void contracts, recipient's knowledge, and a brief summary serve as the main sections of this chapter.
Competition Law and Regional Trade Agreements: An Overview
Authors: Desta Melaku Geboye , Barnes Naomi Julia 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of the application of competition law in regional trade agreements (RTA). It explains that competition law became a common element of bilateral and regional trade agreements because private business conduct, if left unregulated, can distort and defeat the intended effects of trade agreements. However, competition provisions are usually not consistent in their scope and terms, and they often include important exemptions from competition regimes.
Is Mutual Recognition an Alternative to Harmonization? Lessons on Trade and Tolerance of Diversity from the EU
Authors: Davies Gareth 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter discusses the lessons from the European Union's (EU) experience with mutual recognition of standards for goods and services that may be applicable to other regional trade agreements (RTA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). It examines the nature of the dichotomy between mutual recognition and harmonization in an abstract way and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of mutual recognition. It explains that while mutual recognition offers an attractive alternative to harmonized rules it has a self-destructive quality, and while it is effective in enabling trade it rapidly creates the conditions in which domestic lobbies push for harmonized rules.
The EU and its Member States in the WTO—Issues of Responsibility
Authors: Piet Eeckhout 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines how the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement tackles the issue of joint membership of the European Community (EC) and its Member States. It describes actual practices in WTO dispute settlement and considers some of the underlying theoretical questions in the current debates concerning the International Law Commission (ILC). The WTO appears to accept the practice that the EC is responsible for violations, even by its Member States.
Towards a rational theory of human information acquisition
Authors: Nelson Jonathan D. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter considers the crucial question of the usefulness of data, with respect to a set of hypotheses under consideration. Some data are clearly irrelevant to the hypotheses of concern; some decisively favour one hypothesis or another. But, in general, data modifies the probability of the hypotheses, but to a modest degree. Only with a measure of the usefulness of data is it possible to formulate a theory of which experiments should be carried out, or which observations should be made. It provides a thorough analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of a range of measures of evidential usefulness, drawn from a variety of fields of cognitive science.
A decision-by-sampling account of decision under risk
Authors: Stewart Neil , Simpson Keith 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter outlines a possible extension of Stewart et al.'s (2006) decision by sampling theory, to account for how people integrate probability and value information in considering ‘gambles’. The resulting account provides a theory of decision-under-risk that is directly comparable to prospect theory (Kahneman & Tversky,1979) and its competitors (e.g. Brandstatter et al. 2006). The model correctly predicts the direction of preference for all 16 prospects from the Kahneman and Tversky (1979) data set and produces a high correlation between choice proportions and model predictions.
Rational analysis as a link between human memory and information retrieval
Authors: Steyvers Mark , Griffiths Thomas L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter provides a complementary Bayesian analysis of the problem of memory retrieval. A Bayesian model that is able both to classify words into semantically coherent groups, merely from observing their co-occurrence patterns in texts, is used as the basis for understanding aspects not only of how some linguistic categories might be created, but also how relevant information can be retrieved, using probabilistic principles. This work can be viewed as a natural follow-on from Anderson and colleagues' pioneering rational analyses of memory (Anderson & Milson, 1989; Anderson & Schooler, 1991). This chapter uses innovations in information retrieval as a way to explore the connections between research on human memory and information retrieval systems. It also provides an example of how cognitive research can help information retrieval research by formalizing theories of knowledge and memory organization that have been proposed by cognitive psychologists.
Causality in time:
Authors: Huber David E. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter puts a specific priming effect in memory under the microscope, from a probabilistic point of view. Priming effects in word recognition and memory have typically been viewed as side-effects of the mechanisms of recognition — e.g. as arising from associations between lexical items, which operate automatically. It suggests, instead, that many priming phenomena may arise from the structure of the probabilistic reasoning problem that the perceiver faces. The perceiver has a range of pieces of evidence, but has to infer their likely source. When a piece of evidence from one source is attributed to another, priming may be observed. Huber demonstrates that experimentally observed priming is sensitive to the rational structure of the ‘attribution’ problem, rather than to the operation of mere associative mechanisms.
Through the looking glass: a dynamic lens model approach to multiple cue probability learning
Authors: Speekenbrink Maarten , Shanks David R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter considers a probabilistic perspective on a classic problem of human contingency learning: finding the relationships between a category or outcome, for which there are several probabilistic cues. It provides an analysis within the framework of Brunswik's (1955) lens model. It focuses on the dynamics of learning, e.g. the rate of learning and how the learner may respond to changing contingencies — which are, presumably, the norm, in many real-world contexts.
Semi-rational models of conditioning:
Authors: Daw Nathaniel D. , Courville Aaron C. , Dayan Peter 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter considers the question of how learning adapts to changing environments, with particular reference to animal studies of operant and classical conditioning. It discusses a variety of probabilistic models, with different assumptions concerning the environment; and contrasts this type of model with a model by Kruschke (2006) which carries out local, approximate, Bayesian inference. It further suggests that it may be too early to incorporate mechanistic limitations into models of conditioning — enriching the understanding of the environment, and working with a ‘pure’ Bayesian rational analysis for that environment, may provide an alternative, and perhaps theoretically more elegant, way forward.
The value of rational analysis:
Authors: Sloman Steven , Fernbach Philip M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter provides a skeptical analysis of the technical machinery of causal Bayesian networks. It points out that this machinery provides valuable insights into how the representational power of probabilistic method is of crucial importance. But the learning algorithms for such networks do not provide a good model of human causal learning. It argues that human causal learning is rational, to some degree — but also exhibits large and systematic biases. Models of causality learning that are exclusively based on rational principles are unlikely to be successful.
EU-NATO Relations: Consistency as a Strategic Consideration and a Legal Requirement
Authors: Terpan Fabien 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter explores the EU-NATO relations with regard to security and defence matters. In both NATO and the EU there is a legal basis for the development of a European role in security and defence. When one looks at overall objectives and main principles, there is consistency between the EU and NATO. This does not guarantee that both organisations will evolve in the same direction: arrangements must be made in order to put this theory into practice. NATO-EU relations face three major challenges: subsidiarity, interoperability, and a more balanced partnership between European members and the United States.
Cognitive and social cognitive development: Dual-process research and theory
Authors: Klaczynski Paul A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter describes some counterintuitive age trends, presents a developmental dual-process theory that affords a more parsimonious interpretation of these trends than offered by traditional theories of development, and surveys a research program intended to test developmental predictions derived from dual-process theories. It begins by outlining evidence that contravenes traditional, unidirectional theories of development and then presents an amended version of the developmental dual-process theory the author has advocated in recent years. Next, the chapter presents research that has upheld several dual-process predictions, challenges black-and-white conceptions of rationality, and supports the ‘levels of rationality’ approach advocated by Reyna and her colleagues. It concludes by discussing briefly some theoretical and methodological shortcomings of developmental dual-process theories. Most of the chapter refers to two forms of processing: ‘experiential’ and ‘analytic’.
Institutional Balance as a Guarantee for Democracy in EU Governance
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Verhoeven Amaryllis 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The notion of institutional balance is firmly embedded in the constitutional language of the European Union. Its content and language, however, are far from clear. This chapter begins by fleshing out the contours of the notion of institutional balance as it emerges from the current constitutional acquis and providing it with some theoretical underpinnings. It then uses this theoretical framework to address two unresolved questions on the relationship between the institutional players within the EU. Section II is devoted to the role of the Commission and its relationship to the European Parliament and Council. In particular, it considers how the accountability of the Commission can best be ensured. Section III discusses the budgetary procedure and, in particular, the role of the European Parliament therein.
The Judge and the Community's Administrative Governance
Authors: Azoulay Loïc 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter also focuses on the search for a ‘new institutional balance’, but addresses a series of tensions that need to be balanced. The potential of law to resolve social problems may be jeopardized by the respect for the rule of law. The judiciary is nevertheless expected to promote ‘good governance’ while simultaneously protecting individual rights and supervising public authorities. It is argued that the legitimacy problems of European market governance differ significantly between the areas of economic and social regulation. The core problem of economic regulation is the discretionary power granted to the European Commission. The challenges in the field of social regulation require a more fundamental re-orientation: the search for legitimacy no longer involves the democratic nature of government. It now involves local and operational forms of administrative coordination.
Delegation is Dead, Long Live Delegation: Managing the Democratic Disconnect in the European Market-Polity
Authors: Lindseth Peter 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter portrays the EC as a supranational, administrative, non-democratic, and non-national agent. The legitimacy of this institution is not directly derived from the people but must be mediated. In that sense, the legal character of the Community is essentially ‘administrative’, and the juridification of Community governance seems to belong within the domain of ‘administrative law’. The idea of the Community as a system of ‘transnational governance’ provides a promising conceptual terrain on which to develop a sophisticated understanding of the relationship between national constitutional orders and supranational regulatory processes.
Directly-Deliberative Polyarchy: An Institutional Ideal for Europe?
Authors: Gerstenberg Oliver , Sabel Charles F. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The continuing effort to harmonize the laws of EU Member States and the prospect of extending EU membership to new states intensifies the debate already underway in the Atlantic political community about the connections between democracy and nation state as we have known it since the time of the American and French Revolutions. This chapter argues that the opening boundaries of the modern polity, the undeniable increase in heterogeneity that follows, and the manifold institutional responses that these changes in turn provoke are better seen as creating the occasion for, indeed in part anticipating, a radical redefinition of constitutional and democratic ideals, rather than as signs of democratic declension. The exploration of difference, as it may occur in choosing among diverse solutions to the pressing problems of daily life, can provide a basis for protecting the economically vulnerable and the politically disdained that may become as effective under emerging conditions as the policies of redistribution and judicial determination of rights have been in the world that is passing.
Preparing for Accession to the European Union: How to Establish Capacity for Effective and Credible Application of EU Rules
Authors: Nicolaides Phedon 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter is developed along a series of questions exploring the issue of effective policy implementation, in general, and that of EU rules, in particular. The questions and the answers given eventually lead to a proposal on how candidate countries may establish capacity for the effective implementation of the acquis communautaire. The recommendations made by the EU to the candidates in this connection and the information provided by the candidates back to the EU have centred on what may be called the ‘M&M solution’: i.e. it is expected that EU rules will be effectively applied and enforced in the candidates once sufficient and properly qualified staff are hired and adequate amounts of resources are committed to those purposes (hence, the ‘money & men’ (M&M) solution). By contrast, this chapter advocates an institutional approach to building that kind of capacity.
The Rationales for Judicial Restraint
Authors: Oesch Matthias 
Published: April 2012

AbstractApart from considerations of allocation of power, other aspects are also relevant for determining whether panel restraint is appropriate in certain circumstances or not. This chapter examines the value of the commonly invoked rationales in favour of panel deference. In particular, methods of treaty interpretation, expertise in and knowledge of factual and legal matters, and purely practical considerations are discussed. Section I focuses on rationales for judicial restraint towards legal issues. Section II turns to those commonly invoked for judicial restraint towards factual issues.