bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Millennials and globalization
Authors: Perruci Gama 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThere is much discussion about the way Millennials are shaping organizations in the 21st century. We are cautioned to consider the implications of multiple generations working within the same organization. These discussions, however, tend to leave out the cross‐cultural dimensions of intragenerational leadership. Globalization is reshaping leadership not only at the vertical level (multiple generations working in the same organization) but also horizontally (communication and technology reshaping the way Millennials interact with other Millennials across national boundaries). This article offers a framework through which we can develop key questions for curricular development and scholarly research related to intragenerational leadership. This article presents a general definition of leadership, using five components (leaders, followers, goals, context, and cultural norms). This definition is then applied to the concept of globalization as the new context that the Millennials face. The article suggests possible curricular and research questions that may help us gain a deeper understanding of intragenerational leadership.
Response of cotton fiber quality to the carbohydrates in the leaf subtending the cotton boll
Authors: Xiangbin Gao , Youhua Wang , Zhiguo Zhou , Oosterhuis Derrick M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization on leaf and boll N and carbohydrate concentrations in the development of fiber quality. A two‐year field study was conducted with two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars, Kemian 1 (average fiber strength 35 cN tex–1) and NuCOTN 33B (average fiber strength 32 cN tex–1) at five (2008) and four (2009) N levels. The relationship between leaf and boll N and carbohydrate concentrations was assessed from measurements of N, carbohydrates, chlorophyll (based on SPAD readings), and free amino acids in the leaf subtending the boll, together with fiber carbohydrates and development of fiber quality. Results indicate that leaf N concentration more accurately reflected boll N status than the concentration of chlorophyll or free amino acids. Leaf sucrose and nonstructural carbohydrate had a quadratic relation with leaf N concentration (p < 1%). The optimal leaf N concentration ranged from 3.0% to 2.4%. During 24–38 d post‐anthesis (DPA), fiber sucrose was positively related to leaf sucrose and nonstructural carbohydrate (p < 5%), but was not correlated with leaf starch or total soluble carbohydrates. Fiber strength was positively correlated with fiber sucrose before 38 DPA, and it appeared to be more easily influenced by the fiber sucrose concentration than fiber length, fineness, or maturity. These results suggest that 24–38 DPA is a crucial period for fiber development which might be significantly influenced by physiological and ecological factors. In addition, sucrose or nonstructural carbohydrates in the subtending leaf could be used as a monitoring index to evaluate sucrose levels in the developing fiber, and also for predicting the final fiber strength.
High‐temperature rate constants for H/D + C2H6 and C3H8
Authors: Sivaramakrishnan R. , Michael J. V. , Ruscic B. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe reactions of H/D with C2H6 and C3H8 have been studied with both shock‐tube experiments and ab initio transition‐state theory calculations. Rate constants for the reactions of D with C2H6 and C3H8 have been measured in reflected shock wave experiments over the temperature range, 1128–1299 K, at pressures 0.3–1 atm. D atoms are detected using atomic resonance absorption spectrometry. The measured D‐atom profiles are sensitive to only the thermal dissociation of the D‐atom source molecule, C2D5I, and to the title reactions. Since the dissociation has been previously studied in this laboratory, modeling the temporal evolution of the D‐atom profiles allows determinations of the rate constants for the title reactions. Over the T range, 1128–1228 K, rate constants from the present experiments for D + C2H6 can be represented by the Arrhenius expression

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The experimental total rate constants for D + C3H8 over the T range, 1128–1299 K, can be represented by the Arrhenius expression

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The title reactions have been studied at the CCSD(T)/aug‐cc‐pv∞z level of theory using saddle point geometries at B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) and MP2/6‐311++G(d,p) levels of theory. The reaction endothermicities are in good agreement with current Active Thermochemical Tables values. Theoretical rate constants were estimated using transition state theory. The theoretical rate constants are in good agreement with the present experiments and lower temperature literature data. Over the T range of the present experiments, the theoretically predicted isotope effects are close to unity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 194–205, 2012
A New Method for Mapping the Molecular Surface of a Protein Structure Using a Spherical Self‐Organizing Map
Authors: Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Funatsu Kimito 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA spherical self‐organizing map (SSOM) was applied for mapping the molecular surface of a protein structure on a spherical structure. The active site of the X‐ray crystal structure of β2 receptor protein was used for this purpose. After mapping the molecular surface points and assigning the associated molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) values, the original 3D structure of the active site was well reproduced by the SSOM. In order to validate the geometrical transformation and the resulting MEP distribution, the molecular surfaces of twenty β2 ligands were mapped on the established SSOM sphere. The MEP values of two spheres derived from the ligand and the β2 receptor protein were compared. In almost all cases of strong ligands, the two spheres had a moderate negative correlation.
Skeletal muscle weakness caused by carrageenan‐induced inflammation
Authors: Pinniger Gavin J. , Lavin Tina , Bakker Anthony J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIntroduction: The skeletal muscle weakness associated with many chronic diseases has been attributed to the catabolic effect of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. We aimed to determine if local muscle inflammation has direct affects on contractile function and contributes to muscle weakness independent of muscle atrophy or mechanical injury. Methods: Local muscle inflammation was induced by injecting an algal‐derived polysaccharide, carrageenan (10 mg/kg), into the right tibialis anterior muscle in healthy ARC mice. The contralateral muscle was injected with sterile isotonic saline, and the muscles were removed after 24 h for measurement of contractile function and cytokine concentration. Results: Carrageenan significantly reduced maximum specific force, decreased the maximum rate of force development, altered the force‐frequency relationship, and increased intramuscular levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Conclusions: These results indicate that carrageenan directly affects contractile function and causes skeletal muscle weakness. Local muscle inflammation may contribute to the weakness observed in inflammatory related disorders. Muscle Nerve 46: 413–420, 2012
The effect of rectal distension on bladder function in patients with overactive bladder
Authors: Akl Mohamed N. , Jacob Kristina , Klauschie Jennifer , Crowell Michael D. , Kho Rosanne M. , Cornella Jeffrey L. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAimsTo investigate the effect of rectal distension on bladder sensation volumes and the number of detrusor contractions in patients with overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms.MethodsA prospective randomized study included patients with OAB symptoms. Multichannel urodynamic studies were completed with and without rectal balloon distension. Bladder sensation volumes and detrusor contractions were compared.ResultsTwenty‐six patients were included in the study. The mean age was 67 years and mean BMI was 28.3 kg/m2. Bladder sensation volumes were lower with rectal distention as follows: normal desire to void (139 ml SD, ±114 vs. 197 ml SD ±150, P = 0.01), strong desire to void (260 ml SD ±171 vs. 330 ml SD ±172, P = 0.01), and maximum cystometric capacity (326 ml SD ±183 vs. 403 ml SD ±180, P = 0.0001). There was no difference in the number of detrusor contractions or the bladder volume at which the first detrusor contraction had occurred with and without rectal distension.ConclusionRectal distention in patients with OAB symptoms significantly lowered bladder sensation volumes (normal desire, strong desire, and maximal capacity). Neurourol. Urodynam. 31:541–543, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How does the urothelium affect bladder function in health and disease?: ICI‐RS 2011
Authors: Birder LA. , Ruggieri M. , Takeda M. , van Koeveringe G. , Veltkamp S. , Korstanje C. , Parsons B. , Fry CH. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe urothelium is a multifunctional tissue that not only acts as a barrier between the vesical contents of the lower urinary tract and the underlying tissues but also acts as a sensory organ by transducing physical and chemical stresses to the attendant afferent nervous system and underlying smooth muscle. This review will consider the nature of the stresses that the urothelium can transduce; the transmitters that mediate the transduction process; and how lower urinary pathologies, including overactive bladder syndrome, painful bladder syndrome and bacterial infections, are associated with alterations to this sensory system. In particular, the role of muscarinic receptors and the TRPV channels system will be discussed in this context. The urothelium also influences the contractile state of detrusor smooth muscle, both through modifying its contractility and the extent of spontaneous activity; potential pathways are discussed. The potential role that the urothelium may play in bladder underactivity is introduced, as well as potential biomarkers for the condition that may cross the urothelium to the urine. Finally, consideration is given to vesical administration of therapeutic agents that influence urinary tract function and how the properties of the urothelium may determine the effectiveness of this mode of delivery. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31:293–299, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polymerization of free secondary amine bearing monomers by RAFT polymerization and other controlled radical techniques
Authors: Janoschka Tobias , Teichler Anke , Krieg Andreas , Hager Martin D. , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis work describes the polymerization of the free secondary amine bearing monomer 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐4‐yl methacrylate (TMPMA) by means of different controlled radical polymerization techniques (ATRP, RAFT, NMP). In particular, reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization enabled a good control at high conversions and a polydispersity index below 1.3, thereby enabling the preparation of well‐defined polymers. Remarkably, the polymerization of the secondary amine bearing methacrylate monomer was not hindered by the presence of the free amine that commonly induces degradation of the RAFT reagent. Subsequent oxidation of the polymer yielded the polyradical poly(2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyloxy‐4‐yl methacrylate), which represents a valuable material used in catalysis as well as for modern batteries. The obtained polymers having a molar mass (Mn) of 10,000–20,000 g/mol were used to fabricate well‐defined, radical‐bearing polymer films by inkjet‐ printing. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Energy transfer from fluorene‐based conjugated polyelectrolytes to on‐chain and self‐assembled porphyrin units
Authors: Marques Ana T. , Pinto Sara M. A. , Monteiro Carlos J. P. , Seixas de Melo J. Sérgio , Burrows Hugh D. , Scherf Ullrich , Calvete Mário J. F. , Pereira Mariette M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA new water soluble fluorene‐based polyelectrolyte containing on‐chain porphyrin units has been synthesized via Suzuki coupling, for use in optoelectronic devices. The material consist of a random copolymer of poly{1,4‐phenylene‐[9,9‐bis(4‐phenoxy butylsulfonate)]fluorene‐2,7‐diyl} (PBS‐PFP) and a 5,15‐diphenylporphyrin (DPP). The energy transfer process between the PBS‐PFP units and the porphyrin has been investigated through steady state and time‐resolved measurements. The copolymer PBS‐PFP‐DPP displays two different emissions one located in the blue region of the spectra, corresponding to the fluorene part and another in the red due to fluorescent DPP units either formed directly or by exciton transfer. However, relatively inefficient energy transfer from the PFP to the on‐chain porphyrin units was observed. We compare this with a system involving an anionic blue light‐emitting donor PBS‐PFP and a anionic red light‐emitting energy acceptor meso‐tetrakisphenylporphyrinsulfonate (TPPS), self‐assembled by electrostatic attraction induced by Ca2+. Based on previous studies related to chain aggregation of the anionic copolymer PBS‐PFP, two different solvent media were chosen to further explore the possibilities of the self‐assembled system: dioxane–water and aqueous nonionic surfactant n‐dodecylpentaoxyethylene glycol ether (C12E5). In contrast, with the on‐chain PBS‐PFP‐DPP system the strong overlap of the 0‐0 emission peak of the PBS‐PFP and the Soret absorption band of the TPPS results in an efficient Förster transfer. This is strongly dependent on the solvent medium used. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
An evaluation of stereo and laser‐based range sensing for rotorcraft unmanned aerial vehicle obstacle avoidance
Authors: Hrabar Stefan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe present an evaluation of stereo vision and laser‐based range sensing for rotorcraft unmanned aerial vehicle (RUAV) obstacle avoidance. Our focus is on sensors that are suitable for mini‐RUAV class vehicles in terms of weight and power consumption. The study is limited to the avoidance of large static obstacles such as trees. We compare two commercially available devices that are representative of the state of the art in two‐dimensional scanning laser and stereo‐based sensing. Stereo is evaluated with three different focal length lenses to assess the tradeoff between range resolution and field of view (FOV). The devices are evaluated in the context of obstacle avoidance through extensive flight trials with an RUAV. We discuss the merits and limitations of each sensor type, including sensing range, FOV, accuracy, and susceptibility to lighting conditions. We show that the stereo device fitted with 8‐mm lenses has a better sensing range and vertical FOV than the laser device; however, it relies on careful calibration and is affected by high‐contrast outdoor lighting conditions. The laser has a wider horizontal FOV and is more reliable at detecting obstacles that are within a 20‐m range. Overall the laser produced superior obstacle avoidance performance, with a success rate of 84% compared to 42% for 8‐mm stereo. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mental models of dynamic systems: taking stock and looking ahead
Authors: Groesser Stefan N. , Schaffernicht Martin 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper deals with the representation of the conceptual structure of mental models of dynamic systems (MMDS). Heretofore, this structure has not been consistently defined. Consequently, studies about MMDS continue to use different conceptual structures to measure mental models. Even such properties as feedback loops and delays, which lie at the core of dynamic systems, are often not considered. This situation leads to incompatible findings and stagnating research. We review the literature about mental models in the field of system dynamics. In addition, we refer to dynamic systems theory as the mathematical basis for system dynamics to complement and validate our conceptual structure. One may conclude that most of the existing mental model studies measure only parts of the structure that we propose. The paper's contribution is to elaborate the conceptual structure of an MMDS and to use this structure to operationally enhance the definition of an MMDS. Copyright © 2012 System Dynamics Society
How knowledge affects radical innovation: Knowledge base, market knowledge acquisition, and internal knowledge sharing
Authors: Zhou Kevin Zheng , Li Caroline Bingxin 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper examines how existing knowledge base (i.e., knowledge breadth and depth) interacts with knowledge integration mechanisms (i.e., external market knowledge acquisition and internal knowledge sharing) to affect radical innovation. Survey data from high technology companies in China demonstrate that the effects of knowledge breadth and depth are contingent on market knowledge acquisition and knowledge sharing in opposite ways. In particular, a firm with a broad knowledge base is more likely to achieve radical innovation in the presence of internal knowledge sharing rather than market knowledge acquisition. In contrast, a firm with a deep knowledge base is more capable of developing radical innovation through market knowledge acquisition rather than internal knowledge sharing. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Situ Controlled Synthesis of Thermosensitive Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)/Au Nanocomposite Hydrogels by Gamma Radiation for Catalytic Application
Authors: Zhu Chun‐Hua , Hai Zi‐Bin , Cui Chun‐Hua , Li Hui‐Hui , Chen Jia‐Fu , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThermosensitive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)/Au nanoparticle (NP) nanocomposite hydrogels are synthesized by in situ γ‐radiation‐assisted polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide monomer aqueous solution in the presence of HAuCl4·4H2O. In this reaction, the PNIPAM hydrogels and the Au NPs are formed simultaneously, thus demonstrating an easy and straightforward synthetic strategy for the preparation of a uniform nanocomposite. The results suggest that increasing the monomer content during the preparation of nanocomposite materials can increase the sizes of Au NPs. The effects of irradiation dose and concentration of HAuCl4·4H2O on the optical and thermal properties of the hydrogel are also investigated. The PNIPAM/Au nanocomposite hydrogels act as an excellent catalyst for the conversion of o‐nitroaniline to 1,2‐benzenediamine, and the catalytic activity of the composite hydrogel can be tuned by the volume transition of PNIPAM. The in situ polymerization of monomer and reduction of metal ions initiated by a “clean” and “green” γ‐radiation technique can be extended to the efficient synthesis of other nanocomposite materials.
An information systems design product theory for the class of integrated requirements and release management systems
Authors: Käkölä Timo , Koivulahti‐Ojala Mervi , Liimatainen Jani 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHigh‐tech companies conducting product development need to collect and analyze requirements effectively, plan and implement releases, and allocate requirements to appropriate releases. Requirements and release management are complicated because development activities typically are scattered across multiple sites, involve multiple partners in different countries, leverage various development methods and tools, and are realized through various organizational arrangements such as release projects in organizations structured around products and permanent release teams in organizations responsible for the long‐term development and maintenance of strategic software and hardware assets. Flexible, scalable, and secure groupware‐based support for the activities provides substantial payoffs. Yet, the extant literature provides little theoretical guidance for designing and using requirements and release management systems (RRMS) in multi‐site, multi‐partner environments. This article develops the meta‐requirements and a meta‐design of an Information Systems Design Product Theory for the class of RRMS based on a case study in a global company and a literature review. The theory is scalable to meet the needs of global companies but simple enough so that small and medium‐sized companies can also leverage it to implement requirements and release management solutions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive linguistics
Authors: Evans Vyvyan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCognitive linguistics is one of the fastest growing and influential perspectives on the nature of language, the mind, and their relationship with sociophysical (embodied) experience. It is a broad theoretical and methodological enterprise, rather than a single, closely articulated theory. Its primary commitments are outlined. These are the Cognitive Commitment—a commitment to providing a characterization of language that accords with what is known about the mind and brain from other disciplines—and the Generalization Commitment—which represents a dedication to characterizing general principles that apply to all aspects of human language. The article also outlines the assumptions and worldview which arises from these commitments, as represented in the work of leading cognitive linguists.WIREs Cogn Sci2012, 3:129–141. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1163This article is categorized under:Linguistics > Linguistic Theory
Neural crest migration: interplay between chemorepellents, chemoattractants, contact inhibition, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and collective cell migration
Authors: Theveneau Eric , Mayor Roberto 
Published: January 2012

AbstractNeural crest (NC) cells are induced at the border of the neural plate and subsequently leave the neuroepithelium during a delamination phase. This delamination involves either a complete or partial epithelium‐to‐mesenchyme transition, which is directly followed by an extensive cell migration. During migration, NC cells are exposed to a wide variety of signals controlling their polarity and directionality, allowing them to colonize specific areas or preventing them from invading forbidden zones. For instance, NC cells are restricted to very precise pathways by the presence of inhibitory signals at the borders of each route, such as Semaphorins, Ephrins, and Slit/Robo. Although specific NC chemoattractants have been recently identified, there is evidence that repulsive interactions between the cells, in a process called contact inhibition of locomotion, is one of the major driving forces behind directional migration. Interestingly, in cellular and molecular terms, the invasive behavior of NC is similar to the invasion of cancer cells during metastasis. NC cells eventually settle in various places and make an immense contribution to the vertebrate body. They form the major constituents of the skull, the peripheral nervous system, and the pigment cells among others, which show the remarkable diversity and importance of this embryonic‐stem cell like cell population. Consequently, several birth defects and craniofacial disorders, such as Treacher Collins syndrome, are due to improper NC cell migration. WIREs Dev Biol 2012, 1:435–445. doi: 10.1002/wdev.28This article is categorized under:

Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan