bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specific heat capacities of the ternary system water + rnase + KCL and of human erythrocytes. Some remarks to the mathematical description
Authors: Müller R. G. , Hasl G. , Pauly H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFor the ternary system water + RNase + KCl and equally for packed human erythrocytes the specific heat capacities were measured in the range from 282 to 353 K. It is shown that an expansion of cp according to the McMillan–Mayer theory is helpful to the interpretation of the experimental data of the ternary system. Moreover, it will be shown that a first mathematical approximation for cp of human erythrocytes leads to an astonishing conformity with the experiments.
Some structural and biochemical features of the products of enzymatic and alkali‐salt dissolution of mature fibrillar collagen
Authors: Babloyan O. O. , Borisova M. A. , Gorbatov V. M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article investigates the influence of enzymatic and alkali‐salt treatment of the fibrillar collagen on the structure of the final products of dissolution with the help of the methods of infrared (IR) spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis. In addition we compared the products obtained by the two methods of treatment using two biochemical indices: content of ester bonds and hydroxyproline. One can conclude that enzymatic treatment is optimum for dissolution of the fibrillar collagen.
Manifestation of intraglobular dynamics at microcalorimetry of leghemoglobin crystals
Authors: Makarov A. A. , Mgeladze G. N. , Monaselidze D. R. , Esipova N. G. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDifferential scanning microcalorimetry and microscopy have been used to study thermal transitions in leghemoglobin crystals. It is observed that leghemoglobin crystals do not melt and that their lattices disappear because of denaturation of protein globules inside them. An increase in the cooperativity of a thermal transition and in the relaxation time of the system are peculiarities of the crystalline state. Consistent study and comparison of the two stages of heat absorption by leghemoglobin crystals have allowed us to estimate the physical process that takes place in them and to relate the heat absorption peaks to different intramolecular processes. The first peak reflects intramolecular motility of both single protein segments with respect to each other and single fragments of the α‐helical regions. Therefore, the method of differential scanning microcalorimetry may be seen as the most suitable for the analysis of features of intramolecular dynamics of globular proteins, which are in the crystalline state, since the crystal synchronizes the motility of single molecules due to a unification of their kinetic energy, environment, and coorientation.
New electrically conductive polymers. Dopant and architectural effects on the collective properties of cofacially joined metallophthalocyanines
Authors: Dirk Carl W. , Inabe Tamotsu , Lyding Joseph W. , Schoch Karl F. , Kannewurf Carl R. , Marks Tobin J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAn integrated chemical and physicochemical investigation of the cofacially joined metallomacrocyclic polymers [M(Pc)O]n (M = Si, Ge, Si) and the halogen‐doped, electrically conductive derivatives {[M(Pc)O]Xy}n (X = I; M = Si, Ge; X = Br; M = Si) is reported. The structures of these polymers have been studied by X‐ray diffraction, resonance Raman, transmission infrared, transmission optical, 13C CP‐MAS NMR, and EPR spectroscopy. The picture which emerges is that of inhomogeneously doped, mixed‐valent arrays of predominantly ligand‐oxidized (π radical cation) metallomacrocycles. Magnetic susceptibility and optical reflectivity measurements reveal a progressive increase in tight‐binding bandwidths with decreasing interplanar (ring‐ring) spacing. Studies of dc electrical conductivity as a function of dopant level and temperature suggest that transport in these heterogeneously doped materials can be satisfactorily described with percolation theory and fluctuation‐induced carrier tunneling. The conductivity is a sensitive function of the ring‐ring stacking separations; evidence is presented for “metal‐like” (dσ/dt < O) conductivity in the {[Si(Pc)O]I1.12}n stacking direction with σ ≈ 100 Ω−1 cm−1.
A viscosity study of mixtures of sodium smectite and poly(vinyl alcohol) in water as a function of pressure
Authors: Ali Sabz , McAtee James L. , Claesson Stig 
Published: June 2010

AbstractViscosities of mixtures of poly(vinyl alcohol) and Na smectite in water were measured at several pressures by using Couette and falling‐body‐type viscometers. The values of viscosity of clay‐polymer mixtures were found to bear an exponential relationship to the concentration of the polymer. The viscosities of these mixtures could be related to the concentration of clay by Arrhenius law at low concentrations or by Weltmann and Green's equation at high concentrations. The viscosities of polymer, clay, and clay–polymer mixtures increase exponentially with pressure.
The structure of crystals formed from dilute polymer solutions
Authors: Domszy R. C. , Glotin M. , Mandelkern L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe structures of crystallites formed from a dilute solution of linear polyethylene and of an ethylene‐butene copolymer (hydrogenated polybutadiene) have been studied using several different methods. In addition to the conventional thermodynamic methods, small‐angle x‐ray scattering measurements and analysis of the low‐frequency Raman longitudinal acoustic mode (LAM) were also carried out. The major objectives were to establish the level of crystallinity and to determine the thickness of the crystallite core. The results of these studies were also applied to the analysis of the literature data for isotactic polystyrene crystallites formed from dilute solution. For the linear chains and the isothermally crystallized copolymer the different methods gave essentially the same results. The thickness of the amorphous overlayer for the lamellas formed by the homopolymers was found to be about 25 Å, in agreement with previous conclusions. It represents about 20–30% of the lamellar thickness. For the isothermally crystallized copolymers, the overlayer thickness increases to as much as 60 Å and the level of crystallinity is reduced to about 50%. For the rapidly crystallized, small crystallite size copolymer there is a discrepancy in the sizes obtained by the different methods. Possible reasons for the differences are pointed out However, a rather large overlayer is still deduced. When examined in perspective, it becomes clear that the lamellar‐like crystallites, typical of crystallization from dilute solution, contain a significant disordered overlayer. The relative extent of this overlayer depends on the chain structure.
Static and dynamic light‐scattering studies of poly(vinyl acetate) in the glass transition region
Authors: Tribone J. , Jamieson A. M. , Simha R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAn optically clear sample of undiluted poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) has been prepared by UV‐initiated bulk polymerization of monomer at 42°C. Measurements of light‐scattering intensities in the temperature range Tg − 30°C > T > Tg + 50°C have been carried out. Photon correlation spectroscopy has been performed in the temperature range Tg + 5°C > T > Tg + 23°C. Intensity data for T < Tg are in agreement with the Einstein–Smoluchowski expression for density fluctuations, >δρ2; below Tg statistical thermodynamic formulation of >δρ2, evaluated using experimental equation‐of‐state information, is found to be in accord with the light‐scattering results. Photon correlation functions are well described by a single Williams–Watts function. Mean relaxation times and associated activation energies are compared with results of other relaxational studies of PVAc. Discrepancies observed are interpreted to be due in part to variability of sample histories as well as to problems in analytical treatment of the pertinent relaxation spectra.
Copolymerization: 1. General remarks; 2. selective examples of copolymerizations
Authors: Overberger C. G. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDr. Turner Alfrey was a scientific pioneer in the area of copolymerization. Copolymerization is a polymerization process in which more than the minimum number of monomers required to form a polymer are polymerized together to give a product which has incorporated in it the repeat units corresponding to all the monomers employed, and the products thus obtained are called copolymers. Copolymers can also be produced by employing the mutual reactions of functional polymers or oligomers or their reactions with the appropriate monomers. Both step‐growth and chain‐growth processes, the latter involving a free‐radical, ionic, coordination, or ring‐opening mechanism, can be used to make copolymers.
Spontaneous copolymerizations initiated by tetramethylene intermediates: A new interpretation of charge‐transfer initiation
Authors: Hall H. K. , Padias A. B. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSpontaneous addition and polymerization reactions between olefins of different electron densities result in a wide variety of small molecules and polymers. The small molecules include cyclobutanes, 1‐butenes, and pyrans; the polymers can be homopolymers and/or alternating copolymers. Tetramethylenes are proposed as key intermediates in most of these reactions. The tetramethylenes, generated by bond‐forming initiation, are hybrids of 1,4‐biradical and zwitterionic forms. The character is mostly determined by the substituents at the terminals. Zwitterionic character is favored by strong donors such as alkoxy and dialkylamino groups at the carbenium ion end, and strong acceptors such as two cyano groups at the carbanion end. Biradical character is favored by acceptor groups such as diester and cyanoester at the acceptor end, and aryl and vinyl as donor groups. Zwitterionic tetramethylenes initiate ionic homopolymerization, while biradical tetramethylenes initiate alternating copolymerization.This unifying concept of bond‐forming initiation is extended to spontaneous addition and polymerization reactions of hetero‐atom acceptor molecules and 7,7,8,8‐tetrasubstituted quinodimethanes. Finally, compounds possessing labile σ‐bonds (mainly halogens and peroxides) fit the general scheme. In a few cases, coupling of tetramethylenes may contribute to polymer formation. Ion‐radical pairs, charge‐transfer complexes, and adventitious impurities are excluded as significant initiators.The bond‐forming initiation has been thoroughly discussed in a recent paper by Hall [1].
Cellular materials: the unending opportunity and challenge for multidisciplinary polymer science
Authors: Rubens L. C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCellular polymers are important products accounting for about 10% of the global markets for thermoplastic and thermoset materials. During his industrial research career, Turner Alfrey made important contributions to the science and technology of various foams. His studies have not been published elsewhere, but they were pioneering concepts that had a major impact upon the understanding of the continuous extrusion process for polystyrene foams. The included paper entitled “Compression Behavior of Open‐Celled Polyurethane Foams” was intended for presentation at the 1980 Gordon Conference on Foams. This author believes this to be the last scientific paper written by Turner Alfrey.
IPN foams
Authors: Frisch Kurt C. , Sakhpara Dilip , Frisch Harry L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSemirigid IPN foams were prepared by simultaneous polymerization (SIN technique) of urethane‐isocyanurate and epoxy resin systems. Significantly higher compressive strength was obtained with the IPN foams as compared to the corresponding urethane‐isocyanurate foams. Due to the relatively low functionality of the foam components, and hence, resulting low crosslink density of the IPN foams, the oxygen indices and the friability were relatively low but increased with increasing isocyanate index and epoxy content. Although these studies were preliminary in nature, this type of IPN foams could find applications in sound and noise attenuation as well as for energy absorption such as shock and vibration damping.
The role of viscoelasticity in adhesion
Authors: Andrews E. H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper demonstrates how a recent formulation of fracture mechanics termed “Generalized Fracture Mechanics” is specially suited to the analysis of adhesive failure since it permits the separation of the interfacial component of adhesion from viscoelastic and other energy losses in the bulk of the adhesive (and/or adherends). The role of such losses can therefore be uniquely defined.
Harmonic modes of a disordered zig‐zag chain
Authors: Halley J. W. , Thorpe M. , Walker A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe describe the results of a simulation of a model of a random chain embedded as a self‐avoiding walk on a diamond lattice. The dynamic model is the same as Kirkwood's. The equation of motion method we use permits such functions as S(k, ω), the dynamic structure factor, to be calculated as easily as the density of states. We present results on the density of states and S(k, ω) for chains of 1000 monomers. The results illustrate a mechanism of harmonic self‐stabilization of a chain, which we also discuss in physical terms. We believe that simulations of this type can be useful to experimentalists in relating spectral features to morphology.
Hydrodynamics of polymer fluids
Authors: Mackley M. R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractExperimental systems in which polymer fluids can be examined in different velocity fields are briefly described. The steady‐state predictions of dilute solution theory are examined and their particular relevance to extensional flow experiments discussed. The observed flow behavior of broad‐molecular‐weight distribution polymer melts in different velocity fields is examined, particularly in relation to the apparent connections with the theoretical predictions of dilute solution behavior.
A mean field theory for diffusion‐limited cluster formation
Authors: Muthukumar M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA mean field theory for diffusion‐controlled cluster formation is presented by considering the competition among the different protions of a growing cluster for the incoming diffusive particles. This competition is shown to introduce a screening length that depends inversely on the density of the cluster. The Hausdorff dimensionality D of these clusters is shown to be (d2 + 1)/(d + 1), where dis the eudidean dimensionality. This result is in excellent agreement with that of the computer simulations of Witten and Sander and Meakin. The theory also predicts that the growth of these clusters occurs on their periphery in any d.PACS nos: 68.70,+ w, 82.70.Dd, 05.70.‐a
Kinetic percolation with mobile monomers and solvents as a model for gelation
Authors: Bansil R. , Herrmann H. J. , Stauffer D. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe discuss the results of Monte Carlo simulations of a recent kinetic percolation model applicable to free radical initiated copolymerization of bifunctional and tetrafunctional units in the presence of a solvent. We find that the critical exponent for gelation and the critical amplitudes are unchanged by the inclusion of solvent and mobility. We also obtain relations for the dependence of the critical conversion and the maximum value of the suscepiibility on the fraction of tetrafunctional monomers, solvent concentration, and initiator concentration.
L'importance du processus dans la création d'une équipe de leadership cadre: Une étude de cas
Authors: Zakariasen Kenneth L. 
Published: June 2010

Dans un monde où, comme aujourd'hui, les soins de santé sont concurrentiels et en évolution rapide, les organismes ne peuvent pas tolérer un leadership inefficace à long terme s'ils veulent continuer à connaître le succès. Il est très habituel pour les équipes de leadership de se regrouper et de commencer immédiatement à travailler… du moins à tenter d'accomplir le travail que chaque membre de l'équipe croit qu'il doit accomplir. Malheureusement, chaque personne a probablement une idée différente de ce que doit accomplir l'équipe et sur la façon de s'y prendre pour arriver aux résultats escomptés. C'est là une recette certaine d'inefficacité. Dans l'étude de cas suivante, nous examinons comment l'équipe de cadres dans un collège de sciences de la santé a abordé la création d'une équipe de leadership efficace et décrivons l'importance du processus qui permet de réaliser les résultats escomptés. Le processus ainsi décrit peut servir à n'importe quelle équipe de leadership, mais il doit toujours être adapté aux besoins et aux aspirations uniques de chaque équipe.
THE POLITICS OF RACE-BLINDNESS
Authors: Keaton Trica Danielle 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe discourse of “race-blindness” in contemporary France cannot help but engender what it seeks to evade, “race” consciousness. Nowhere, is this dynamic better illustrated than by the current public debate on “Black” consciousness, “Black” identity discourses, and “French Black” activism that have emerge in response to an avoided “race” question in hexagonal France where “Blacks” have now reached a critical mass. In examining these issues, I argue that “French Black” activists are, however, limiting their own effectiveness when its adherents also retreat from a critical concept of “race” in their anti-black struggles. While the potent ideals of French republicanism are intrinsic to “race” avoidance, this stance unwittingly contributes to the prevalent practice of camouflaging the very discrimination and racism that such activists seek to document through controversial ethno-racial statistics, presently proscribed in France. Negated with “race” is the under-stated significance of the semantic particularity of the notion of “black” and its relevance in anti-black discrimination, also explored in this essay. By this, I am referring to those stigmatizing meanings of “black” prior to its incorporation into social categories used to designate and rank people so-perceived and so-denoted in Europe where those meanings crystallized and migrated beyond its shores. The critical use of “race” by these activists, then, would force the recognition, presently occulted, that this construct has played a fundamental role in structuring belonging and opportunity in France, and thereby buttress demands for statistics to demonstrate and analyze that lived reality towards its undoing. Ultimately, the existence of anti-blackness and anti-black struggles serve to illustrate that France has not escaped its “race” question or fulfilled it promises of “race-blind” equality.
Representation of 0 as ∑^{𝑁}_{𝐾=-𝑁}𝜖_{𝑘}𝑘
Authors: van Lint J. H. 
Published: June 2010

If

ε
k

{\varepsilon _k}

are independent identically distributed random variables with values

0
0

and

1
1

, each with probability

1
2

\tfrac {1} {2}

then
\[

P

(

∑

k
=
−
N

+
N

ε
k

k
=
0

)

∼

(

3
π

)

1

/

2

N

−
3

/

2

.

P\left ( {\sum \limits _{k = - N}^{ + N} {{\varepsilon _k}k = 0} } \right ) \sim {\left ( {\frac {3} {\pi }} \right )^{1/2}}{N^{ - 3/2}}.

\]
Commutative 𝑄𝐹-1 artinian rings are 𝑄𝐹
Authors: Dickson S. E. , Fuller K. R. 
Published: June 2010

In a recent paper, D. R. Floyd proved several results on algebras, each of whose faithful representations is its own bicommutant ( = R. M. Thrall’s

QF -

1

{\text {QF - }}1

algebras, a generalization of

QF

{\text {QF}}

-algebras) among which was the theorem in the title for algebras. We obtain our extension of Floyd’s result by use of interlacing modules, replacing his arguments involving the representations themselves.
Solutions of 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑓(𝑎)+(𝑅𝐿)∫ₐ^{𝑥}(𝑓𝐻+𝑓𝐺) for rings
Authors: Helton Burrell W. 
Published: June 2010

We show that there is a solution

f
f

of the equation
\[

f
(
x
)
=
f
(
a
)
+
(
R
L
)

∫
a
x

(
f
H
+
f
G
)

f(x) = f(a) + (RL)\int _a^x {(fH + fG)}

\]
such that

f
(
p
)
=
0

f(p) = 0

and

f
(
q
)
≠
0

f(q) \ne 0

for some pair

p
,
q
∈
[
a
,
b
]

p,q \in [a,b]

iff there is a number

t
∈
[
a
,
b
]

t \in [a,b]

such that one of

1
−
H
(

t
−

,
t
)
,
1
−
H
(
t
,

t
+

)
,
1
+
G
(

t
−

,
t
)

1 - H({t^ - },t),1 - H(t,{t^ + }),1 + G({t^ - },t)

or

1
+
G
(
t
,

t
+

)

1 + G(t,{t^ + })

is zero or a right divisor of zero, where

f
,
G

f,G

and

H
H

are functions of bounded variation with ranges in a normed ring

N
N

. Furthermore, if

N
N

is a field, then for each discontinuity of

H
H

on

[
a
,
b
]

[a,b]

there exists

λ
∈
N

\lambda \in N

and a finite set of linearly independent nonzero solutions on

[
a
,
b
]

[a,b]

of the equation

f
(
x
)
=
f
(
a
)
+
(
R
L
)

∫
a
x

(
f
H
+
f
G
)
λ

f(x) = f(a) + (RL)\int _a^x {(fH + fG)\lambda }

such that if

f
f

is a solution and has bounded variation on

[
a
,
b
]

[a,b]

, then

f
f

is a linear combination of this set of solutions. Product integrals are used extensively in the proofs.
A special class of Moufang loops
Authors: Orlik-Pflugfelder Hala 
Published: June 2010

Loops satisfying the identical relation

(
x
y
)
(
z
x
)
=
[
x
(
y
z
)
]
x

(xy)(zx) = [x(yz)]x

are known as Moufang loops. In the present paper considered is a class of loops satisfying the identical relation
\[

(
1
)

(
x
y
)
(
z

x
λ

)
=
[
x
(
y
z
)
]

x
λ

,

(1)\qquad (xy)(z{x^\lambda }) = [x(yz)]{x^\lambda },

\]
where

x
λ

{x^\lambda }

is the image of

x
x

under some mapping

λ
\lambda

of the loop into itself. Loops satisfying (1) are called

M
M

-loops. If

λ
:
x
→

x
k

,
k

\lambda :x \to {x^k},k

an integer, (1) is called an

M
k

{M_k}

-law. It is shown that every

M
M

-loop is Moufang, and every

x
δ

=

x

−
1

⋅

x
λ

{x^\delta } = {x^{ - 1}} \cdot {x^\lambda }

belongs to the nucleus. Furthermore, if a loop satisfies (1) so do all its loop-isotopes.
On the ideal structure of the algebra of radial functions
Authors: Schwartz Alan 
Published: June 2010

Let

L
L

denote the convolution Banach algebra of integrable functions defined on

R
n

{R^n}

and let

L
r

{L_r}

consist of the subalgebra of radial functions. If

I
I

is a closed ideal of

L
L

, the zero-set of

I
I

is defined by

Z
(
I
)
=
{
y

|

f
^

(
y
)
=
0

for all

f
∈
I
}

Z(I) = \{ y|\hat f(y) = 0{\text { for all }}f \in I\}

where

f
^

\hat f

is the Fourier transform of

f
f

. The following theorem is proved. If

I
1

{I_1}

and

I
2

{I_2}

are closed ideals of

L
r

{L_r}

such that

I
1

⊂

I
2

{I_1} \subset {I_2}

(

⊂
\subset

denotes proper inclusion) then there is a closed ideal

I
I

such that

I
1

⊂
I
⊂

I
2

{I_1} \subset I \subset {I_2}

.