bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Land Access and Titling in Nicaragua
Authors: Broegaard Rikke B. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTDespite the overreaching importance that the international donor community places on formal land titles as part of the process for securing property rights, improving the functioning of the land market and ensuring pro‐poor development, little attention is given to the specific ways in which factors such as inequality and abuses of public office mediate or even negate the expected effect of land titles. Based on empirical data from Nicaragua, this article shows that the state system is costly and does not provide a level playing field. In addition to land titles, different actions are used to secure property rights, drawing on other authorities which represent plural sources of recognition of land rights. Furthermore, the study shows that land transactions are often not followed up with titling and inscription in the name of the new owner, especially not among the poorest landowners. This has implications for future land titling policies.
Negotiating Post‐Socialist Property and State: Struggles over Forests in Albania and Romania
Authors: Sikor Thomas , Stahl Johannes , Dorondel Stefan 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTSince the demise of socialism, countries of Central and Eastern Europe have experienced intense negotiations over access and property. This article uses four case studies on struggles over forest in Albania and Romania to examine how these negotiations intersect with processes constituting authority. The cases demonstrate significant variations in the configurations of property and authority regarding forest, but they also reflect the influence of national politics in the two countries. In Albania, custom not only competes with the state as an institution sanctioning rights to forest but actually emerges as an alternative politico‐legal institution contesting state authority more broadly. In Romania, local struggles over forests play out the contestations between personalized and law‐based exercises of state authority at the national level. These insights suggest that due to their radical nature and simultaneous occurrence, negotiations over property and authority have challenged the position of post‐socialist states as primary politico‐legal institutions and have generated different exercises of state authority.
Property and Authority in a Migrant Society: Balinese Irrigators in Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Roth Dik 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTMultiple definitions of resources as property lead to competition over legitimate authority between state and non‐state organizational and institutional arrangements. This article focuses on the overlapping and competing domains of the water users’ association, WUA, and the ‘traditional’ Balinese irrigators’ institution,subak. While the former is backed up by the power of state regulation and administration, the latter derives legitimacy from Balinese irrigators. The author presents a case study of the establishment and transformation of property rights in an irrigation‐based Balinese migrant society in Indonesia; he concludes that, in the ongoing process of competition for authority and mutual adjustment, both institutions undergo important transformations.
Product Quality, Wage Inequality, and Trade Liberalization*
Authors: Ma Yan , Dei Fumio 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper constructs what we call a quality‐differentiation model of Chinese trade. This model captures some salient features of Chinese trade and allows us to analyze the impact of trade liberalization on wage inequality. At present, Chinese trade displays the following features: high‐quality cars are imported and low‐quality cars are produced and consumed domestically, for which some parts are imported. These features lead us to consider trade liberalization as two types of tariff reduction: namely, a tariff reduction on final quality‐differentiated goods and a tariff reduction on intermediate goods. This study shows that the two types of tariff reduction have completely different effects on wage inequality. Moreover, the results show that welfare inequality and wage inequality change in opposite directions when the tariff on final quality‐differentiated goods is reduced.
Comparative Advantages and Possible Coordination Failure: An Explanatory Note*
Authors: Tung An‐Chi , Wan, Jr. Henry 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMost trade models today are specializations of, or variations on, the general‐equilibrium model of Arrow–Debreu–McKenzie, where no one's action is conditioned on others' previous action. Although that model does not deal with free riding, trade literature has achieved much for a world under stable environment. Evidence from Asian high‐tech sectors and findings of dynamic games argue for an augmented analysis of world trade, involving new goods, new suppliers, and rapidly changing technology. Here comparative advantage depends on industrial policy to control free riding, encourage pioneers and launch industries. Distinctly different industrial policies shape international specialization among the nations.
Common External Tariff Choice in Core Customs Unions*
Authors: Melatos Mark , Woodland Alan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper investigates how customs union members select the common external tariff (CET) to levy on imports from nonmembers. A perfectly competitive, pure exchange, general‐equilibrium model of world trade is simulated. Contrary to most previous work, countries have the freedom to share authority over CET choice and to select from a variety of possible coalition forms. The results confirm that when customs unions are observed in the core, members may wish to share responsibility for CET choice in a variety of ways. Generally, however, the member country that is relatively well‐endowed or has relatively elastic consumer preferences tends to take the lead in CET choice.
Global Free Trade is in the Core of a Customs Union Game*
Authors: Konishi Hideo , Kowalczyk Carsten , Sjöström Tomas 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper shows nonemptiness of the core of a customs union game with a status quo equilibrium with tariffs by employing an appropriate notion of the core as in Kowalczyk and Sjöström (1994, Economica). Specifically, we find that if customs unions may have no effects on nonmember countries as in Ohyama (1972, Keio Economic Studies) and Kemp and Wan (1976, Journal of International Economics) then a subset of countries forming such a customs union does not block global free trade when accompanied by so‐called Grinols transfers (Grinols, 1981, Journal of International Economics).
Tariffs and Technology Transfer through an Intermediate Product*
Authors: Horiuchi Eiji , Ishikawa Jota 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe examine the relationship between tariffs and North–South technology transfer in an oligopoly model when technology is embodied in a key component that only North firms can produce. They may have an incentive to transfer their technologies to South firms even if the South's licensing market is restricted or if intellectual property right protection is imperfect in the South. Interestingly, a decrease in the tariff on the final good as well as an increase may induce technology transfer. Our analysis suggests that the South should implement pro‐competitive policies to induce technology transfer and enhance welfare.
Preference Bias and Outsourcing to Market: A Steady‐State Analysis*
Authors: Riezman Raymond , Wang Ping 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe analyze a model that focuses on the export/outsource decision. Outsourcing has the advantage of providing better information about local preferences. The disadvantage is that producing in the host country also means using the inferior technology embodied in the local capital. The decision of whether to offer an outsourcing contract weighs these two effects against each other. The host country accepts the outsourcing contract if the higher price they pay for the outsourced good is worth the benefit of consuming a manufactured good closer to their ideal variety. These results suggest that as low‐income countries develop they become a more attractive destination for outsourcing because their capital grows to meet production needs and the local market is more lucrative. In addition, the developing low‐income country finds the outsourcing contract more attractive since their increased demand for the correct variety of the manufactured good increases. This suggests that preference‐based outsourcing is more likely to occur with higher‐income host countries.
Optimal Growth and Competitive Equilibrium Business Cycles under Decreasing Returns in Two‐Country Models*
Authors: Nishimura Kazuo , Venditti Alain , Yano Makoto 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper investigates the interlinkage in the business cycles of large‐country economies in a free‐trade equilibrium. We consider a two‐country, two‐good, two‐factor general‐equilibrium model with Cobb–Douglas technologies and linear preferences. We also assume decreasing returns in both sectors. We first identify the determinants of each country's accumulation pattern in autarky equilibrium, and secondly we show how a country's business cycle may spread throughout the world once trade opens. We prove indeed that under free trade, globalization and market integration may generate a contagion of the capital‐exporting country's business cycles and thus have destabilizing effects on the capital‐importing country.
Hearing a Still‐Ticking Bomb Argument: A Reply to Bufacchi and Arrigo
Authors: WISNEWSKI J. JEREMY 
Published: April 2009

abstract My aim in this paper is to demonstrate that the recent anti‐Ticking Bomb argument offered by Bufacchi and Arrigo is unsuccessful. To adequately refute the Ticking Bomb strategy, I claim, requires carefully addressing both policy questions and questions involving exceptional conduct.
Why ‘Health’ is not a Central Category for Public Health Policy
Authors: JOHN STEPHEN 
Published: April 2009

abstract We normally think that public health policy is an important political activity. In turn, we normally understand the value of public health policy in terms of the promotion of health or some health‐related good (such as opportunity for health), on the basis of the assumption that health is an important constituent or determinant of wellbeing. In this paper, I argue that the assumption that the value of public health policy should be understood in terms of health leads us to overlook important benefits generated by such policy. To capture these benefits we need to understand the ends of public health policy in terms of the promotion of ‘physical safety’. I then go on to argue that the idea that ‘health’ is an important category for evaluating or estimating individuals’ wellbeing in the normative context of social policy is confused. I then clarify the relationship between my arguments and QALY‐based accounts of health assessment. In the final section of the paper, I defend this surprising conclusion against various attacks.
Educational Equality versus Educational Adequacy: A Critique of Anderson and Satz
Authors: BRIGHOUSE HARRY , SWIFT ADAM 
Published: April 2009

abstract Some theorists argue that rather than advocating a principle of educational equality as a component of a theory of justice in education, egalitarians should adopt a principle of educational adequacy. This paper looks at two recent attempts to show that adequacy, not equality, constitutes justice in education. It responds to the criticisms of equality by claiming that they are either unsuccessful or merely show that other values are also important, not that equality is not important. It also argues that a principle of educational adequacy cannot be all there is to justice in education.
Against Desert as a Forward‐Looking Concept
Authors: CELELLO PETER 
Published: April 2009

abstract Fred Feldman and, more recently, David Schmidtz have challenged the standard view that a person's desert is based strictly on past and present facts about him. I argue that Feldman's attempt to overturn this ‘received wisdom’ about desert's temporal orientation is unsuccessful, since his examples do not establish that what a person deserves now can be based on what will occur in the future. In addition, his forward‐looking account introduces an unnecessary asymmetry regarding desert's temporal orientation in different contexts. Schmidtz advances a promissory account of desert, only part of which presents a strong challenge to the received wisdom. After disambiguating the two main elements of his account, I examine Schmidtz's arguments for forward‐looking desert. I find these arguments to be unconvincing because they seem to either rely on past or present facts about people, including people's dispositions, or they give us desert without desert bases. I briefly examine the relationship between desert and merit, and I argue that some dispositions might be desert bases and others might be merit bases. I conclude the paper with a summary of the arguments against desert as a forward‐looking concept.
Species Inegalitarianism as a Matter of Principle
Authors: KNAPP CHRISTOPHER 
Published: April 2009

abstract Most critics of species egalitarianism point to its counter‐intuitive implications in particular cases. But this argumentative strategy is vulnerable to the response that our intuitions should give way in the face of arguments showing that species egalitarianism is required by our deepest, most fundamental moral principles. In this article, I develop an argument against deontological versions of species egalitarianism on its own terms. Appealing to the fundamental moral ideal of proportionality, I show that deontological species egalitarianism is morally objectionable as a matter of principle: it is committed to treating two individuals who are extraordinarily similar in morally relevant respects drastically differently. I then illustrate how an inegalitarian account of moral standing might be incorporated into traditional moral theories in ways that make them far more promising as theories of our obligations to the non‐human world.
Should there be separate parent and teacher‐based categories of ODD? Evidence from a general population
Authors: Munkvold Linda , Lundervold Astri , Lie Stein Atle , Manger Terje 
Published: April 2009

Objective:  To examine the occurrence of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms in a general population of boys and girls, as reported by parents and teachers, and to investigate differences in prevalence estimates, depending on how parents’ and teachers’ ratings were combined.Method:  Data were collected from 7007 children (aged 7–9) who participated in The Bergen Child Study (BCS), an ongoing population‐based study of children’s development and mental health. ODD symptoms were measured by the SNAP‐IV (Swanson, Nolan, & Pelham‐IV) Oppositional Defiant Disorder sub‐scale (SNAP‐IV ODD) that was distributed to parents and teachers. Co‐occurring symptoms of mental health problems were measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).Results and Conclusion:  Prevalence‐estimates of ODD varied considerably depending on how ratings from parents and teachers were combined. Specific ODD symptoms occurred at very different rates depending on the rater and on the gender of the child being rated. Parents and teachers co‐identified very few children with ODD. ODD identified by only one informant was associated with high levels of comorbid mental health problems and impairment according to both informants. The results support an informant‐specific conceptualization of childhood ODD.
The developmental course of anxiety symptoms during adolescence: the TRAILS study
Authors: Van Oort F.V.A. , Greaves‐Lord K. , Verhulst F.C. , Ormel J. , Huizink A.C. 
Published: April 2009

Background:  Little is known about the development of anxiety symptoms from late childhood to late adolescence. The present study determined developmental trajectories of symptoms of separation anxiety disorder (SAD), social phobia (SoPh), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), and obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) in a large prospective community cohort.Methods:  Anxiety symptoms were assessed in a community sample of 2220 boys and girls at three time‐points across a 5‐year interval. The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) was used to assess anxiety symptoms, and multilevel growth‐curve analyses were performed.Results:  All subtypes of anxiety first showed a decrease in symptoms (beta for age ranged from –.05 to –.13, p < .0001), followed by a leveling off of the decrease, and a subsequent slight increase in symptoms (beta for age‐squared ranged from .006 to .01, p < .0001) from middle adolescence (GAD, SoPh, SAD) or late adolescence (PD and OCD) onwards. This increase in anxiety symptoms could not be explained by a co‐occurring increase in depression symptoms. Girls had more anxiety symptoms than boys, and this difference remained stable during adolescence (p < .0001). Gender differences were strongly attenuated by adjustment for symptoms of depression.Conclusions:  The current study shows that, in the general population, anxiety symptoms first decrease during early adolescence, and subsequently increase from middle to late adolescence. These findings extend our knowledge on the developmental course of anxiety symptoms during adolescence. This is the first study to separate the development of anxiety symptoms from that of symptoms of depression.
Dopamine and serotonin transporter genotypes moderate sensitivity to maternal expressed emotion: the case of conduct and emotional problems in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Sonuga‐Barke Edmund J.S. , Oades Robert D. , Psychogiou Lamprini , Chen Wai , Franke Barbara , Buitelaar Jan , Banaschewski Tobias , Ebstein Richard P. , Gil Michael , Anney Richard , Miranda Ana , Roeyers Herbert , Rothenberger Aribert , Sergeant Joseph , Steinhausen Hans Christoph , Thompson Margaret , Asherson Philip , Faraone Stephen V. 
Published: April 2009

Background:  Mothers’ positive emotions expressed about their children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with a reduced likelihood of comorbid conduct problems (CP). We examined whether this association with CP, and one with emotional problems (EMO), is moderated by variants within three genes, previously reported to be associated with ADHD and to moderate the impact of environmental risks on conduct and/or emotional problems; the dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3/DAT1), the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) and the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4/5HTT).Methods:  Seven hundred and twenty‐eight males between the ages of 5 and 17 with a DSM‐IV research diagnosis of combined type ADHD were included in these analyses. Parents and teachers rated children’s conduct and emotional problems. Positive maternal expressed emotion (PMEE) was coded by independent observers on comments made during a clinical assessment with the mother based on current or recent medication‐free periods.Results:  Sensitivity to the effects of PMEE on CP was moderated by variants of the DAT1 and 5HTT genes. Only children who did not carry the DAT1 10R/10R or the 5HTT l/l genotypes showed altered levels of CP when exposed to PMEE. The effect was most marked where the child with ADHD had both these genotypes. For EMO, sensitivity to PMEE was found only with those who carried the DAT1 9R/9R. There was no effect of DRD4 on CP or EMO.Conclusion:  The gene–environment interactions observed suggested that genetic make‐up can alter the degree of sensitivity an ADHD patients has to their family environment. Further research should focus on distinguishing general sensitivity genotypes from those conferring risk or protective qualities.
A facial electromyographic investigation of affective contrast
Authors: Larsen Jeff T. , Norris J. Ian 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAffective contrast refers to the tendency for stimuli to be judged as less evocative when preceded by more evocative same‐valence stimuli. The authors used facial electromyographic (EMG) activity over corrugator supercilii, which is inversely related to affective valence, to determine if context influences underlying affective reactions. In Experiment 1, moderately pleasant pictures elicited less activity over corrugator supercilii when they were embedded among mildly pleasant, as opposed to extremely pleasant, pictures. In Experiment 2, moderately pleasant pictures elicited less activity over corrugator supercilii when they were embedded among mildly valent (i.e., pleasant and unpleasant), as opposed to extremely valent, pictures; moderately unpleasant pictures elicited comparable EMG activity regardless of context. Results indicate that context can influence affective reactions underlying affective judgments of moderately pleasant stimuli.
Eye movements and visuospatial problem solving: Identifying separable phases of complex cognition
Authors: Kaller Christoph P. , Rahm Benjamin , Bolkenius Kristina , Unterrainer Josef M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIdentifying overtly observable indicators of cognitive processes should provide a promising basis for a more precise tracking of the associated cognitive and neural events. In the current study we used recordings of eye movements to gain deeper insight into the time course of visuospatial problem solving as measured by the Tower of London. Single‐trial, saccade‐locked analyses revealed that, despite the complexity of the implemented task, gaze alternations between start and goal state followed a highly regular pattern. Consistent with the buildup of an internal representation, the first two fixations were of constant duration and unaffected by experimental variations of planning demands. Instead, planning manipulations exclusively influenced the duration of the very last fixation before problem execution. Our results demonstrate that different phases of complex cognition can be identified on a single‐trial level using eye movement analyses.
Neural generators of ERPs linked with Necker cube reversals
Authors: Pitts Michael A. , Martínez Antígona , Stalmaster Clea , Nerger Janice L. , Hillyard Steven A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMultistable perception occurs when a single physical stimulus leads to two or more distinct percepts that spontaneously switch (reverse). Previous ERP studies have reported reversal negativities and late positive components associated with perceptual reversals. The goal of the current study was to localize the neural generators of the reversal ERP components in order to evaluate their correspondence with previous fMRI results and to better understand their functional significance. A Necker‐type stimulus was presented for brief intervals while subjects indicated their perceptions. Local auto‐regressive average source analyses and dipole modeling indicated that sources for the reversal negativity were located in inferior occipital‐temporal cortex. Generators of the late positive component were estimated to reside in inferior temporal and superior parietal regions.
Prolonged reduction of electrocortical activity predicts correct performance during rapid serial visual processing
Authors: Keil Andreas , Heim Sabine 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWhen two targets are shown in a rapid temporal stream of distractors, performance for the second target (T2) is typically reduced when presented between 200 and 500 ms after the first (T1). The present study used the steady‐state visual evoked potential (ssVEP), a continuous index of electrocortical facilitation, to compare brain responses in trials with correct versus incorrect T2 responses. We found a reduction of the electrocortical response following T1 in trials with correct T2 identification. By contrast, incorrect T2 trials were characterized by enhanced electrocortical amplitude. Amplitude attenuation predictive of successful T2 report was sustained over time, suggesting a reduction of resources allocated to the distractor stream in correct trials. Across intertarget intervals, T2 performance was a linear function of the ssVEP amplitude reduction in correct trials, weighted by the stimulus onset asynchrony.