bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current and Future Concerns of Older Parents of Sons and Daughters With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Weeks Lori E. , Nilsson Thomy , Bryanton Olive , Kozma Albert 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIncreasingly greater numbers of older parents are providing care at home for their sons and daughters with intellectual disabilities. As attention needs to be paid to the supports needed by such families to assist them with their caregiving activities, it is prudent to identify the types of supports that will be needed when the parents are no longer able to provide care. Working with a cohort of older parent carers in Prince Edward Island, Canada, the authors undertook to examine older carer concerns and planning issues. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods to explore the key issues that older parents of sons and daughters with intellectual disabilities are currently facing and their preferences for care in the future, the authors initiated a population‐case‐finding process, undertook pilot interviews with a sample, and then used the resultant qualitative data to form the quantitative component of the study. Of 132 identified families in the province, 10 parents voluntarily participated in pilot interviews, and 33 parents agreed to complete in‐depth interviews. Analysis of qualitative data resulted in the following five themes: (1) worry about the future care of son or daughter; (2) concern about services funding; (3) having housing and care options; (4) lack of provider understanding of carer's needs; and (5) helping son or daughter become a productive and active member of society. Key issues identified through quantitative analysis included interactions with the government, the need for respite care, and meeting social and emotional needs. Preferred types of housing and care options included “small option homes” and services that provide care to both older parents and their sons and daughters. The authors' results emphasize the necessity of adequate supports being made available to older parents who wish to support their sons and daughters with intellectual disabilities at home and to ensure that desired supports are available in the future when they are no longer able to provide care.
Functional and Morphologic Characterizations of the Diabetic Mouse Corpus Cavernosum: Comparison of a Multiple Low-Dose and a Single High-Dose Streptozotocin Protocols
Authors: Jin Hai-Rong , Kim Woo Jean , Song Jae Sook , Choi Min Ji , Piao Shuguang , Shin Sun Hwa , Tumurbaatar Munkhbayar , Tuvshintur Buyankhuu , Nam Moon-Suk , Ryu Ji-Kan , Suh Jun-Kyu 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
With the advent of genetically modified mice, it seems particularly advantageous to develop a mouse model of diabetic erectile dysfunction.

Aim
To establish a mouse model of type I diabetes by implementation of either multiple low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) protocol or single high-dose STZ protocol and to evaluate morphologic alterations in the cavernous tissue and subsequent derangements in penile hemodynamics in vivo.

Methods
Eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups: a control group, a group administered the multiple low-dose STZ protocol (50 mg/kg × 5 days), and a group administered the single high-dose STZ protocol (200 mg/kg).

Main Outcome Measures
After 8 weeks, erectile function was measured by electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve. The penis was then harvested and stained with hydroethidine (in situ analysis of superoxide anion), TUNEL, or antibodies to nitrotyrosine (marker of peroxynitrite formation), PECAM-1, smooth muscle α-actin, and phospho-eNOS. Penis specimens from a separate group of animals were used for phospho-eNOS and eNOS western blot or cGMP determination.

Results
Erectile function was significantly less in diabetic groups than in control group. The generation of superoxide anion and nitrotyrosine and the number of apoptotic cells in both cavernous endothelial and smooth muscle cells were significantly higher in diabetic groups than in control group. Cavernous tissue phospho-eNOS and cGMP expression and the number of endothelial and smooth muscle cells were lower in diabetic groups than in control group. Both diabetic models resulted in similar structural and functional derangements in the corpus cavernosum; however, the mortality rate was higher in mice receiving single high-dose of STZ than in those receiving multiple low-doses.

Conclusion
The mouse model of type I diabetes is useful and technically feasible for the study of the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in diabetic erectile dysfunction.
A Rare Cause of Difficulty with Sexual Intercourse: Large Retroperitoneal Leiomyoma
Authors: Yildiz Fahrettin , Camuzcuoglu Hakan , Toy Harun , Terzi Alpaslan , Guldur Muhammet Emin 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The prevalence of sexual dysfunction is high among women; however, sexual dysfunction secondary to anatomical deformity in women is rare. In addition, primary retroperitoneal leiomyomas are very rare clinical conditions.

Aim
To present a case with sexual dysfunction secondary to anatomical deformity.

Methods
In this article, we report the case of a large retroperitoneal leiomyoma causing sexual dysfunction.

Results
After the surgical removal of the large retroperitoneal mass, previous intercourse difficulties had been resolved.

Conclusions
Retroperitoneal tumors may obstruct the vagina by congesting the pelvic area and may be considered as a possible cause of female sexual dysfunction.
The differential diagnosis and management of asthma in the preschool‐aged child
Authors: Ellis Kathleen C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPurpose: To discuss the diagnosis and management of asthma in preschool‐aged children by nurse practitioners in primary care.Data sources: Selected research and clinical articles; 2007 National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma.Conclusions: Proper diagnosis leads to appropriate treatment of asthma in preschool‐aged children, which facilitates asthma control. Well‐controlled asthma results in fewer asthma exacerbations, fewer nighttime awakenings, and an increased ability to engage in normal childhood activities.Implications for practice: Advanced practice nurses are in the position to aid in the initial diagnosis of asthma in preschool‐aged children through taking detailed medical histories, providing thorough physical examinations, and, if needed, initiating a therapeutic trial with an inhaled corticosteroid. Proper diagnosis and management of asthma is essential to reduce asthma complications, such as exacerbations leading to emergency department visits and hospitalizations.
Getting to the heart of pleural effusions: A case study
Authors: Mertin Susan , Sawatzky Jo‐Ann V. , Diehl‐Jones William L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPurpose: To provide nurse practitioners (NPs) with an overview of the physiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and comprehensive assessment, as well as the differential diagnosis process and initial management of patients with unilateral pleural effusions.Data sources: A review of the scientific literature was performed on pleural effusions, using Pub Med, Medline, and CINAHL. The case study of a patient with a pleural effusion related to heart failure is used to integrate this knowledge into clinical practice.Conclusions: Pleural effusions are common sequelae of numerous pathophysiological processes.Implications for practice: Knowledge of the underlying physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms enables the NP to obtain an accurate and comprehensive assessment, establishes a differential diagnosis, and provides the timely initial management necessary to optimize patient care outcomes.
Childhood and adolescent attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder: Diagnosis, clinical practice guidelines, and social implications
Authors: Salmeron Patricia A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPurpose: To review the diagnostic criteria for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), present an overview of the effects that ADHD has on family dynamics, school performance, and substance abuse, and provide an overview of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) clinical practice and treatment guidelines.Data sources: An extensive health science literature review was carried out using PubMed and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Other information was collected by searching reference lists of published reports.Conclusions: The diagnostic criteria and guidelines are important to make an accurate clinical assessment and manage a child with ADHD. Early diagnosis and treatment of ADHD decreases academic failure, family conflict, social isolation, substance abuse, and occupational adversity in later years for these children.Implications for practice: Often primary care nurse practitioners are the first healthcare provider a child with ADHD will see. Awareness of the diagnostic criteria and treatment for children with ADHD can assist with early identification and perhaps eliminate much impairment that accompanies this chronic disorder.
Activation of the basal forebrain by the orexin/hypocretin neurones
Authors: Arrigoni E. , Mochizuki T. , Scammell T. E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe orexin neurones play an essential role in driving arousal and in maintaining normal wakefulness. Lack of orexin neurotransmission produces a chronic state of hypoarousal characterized by excessive sleepiness, frequent transitions between wake and sleep, and episodes of cataplexy. A growing body of research now suggests that the basal forebrain (BF) may be a key site through which the orexin‐producing neurones promote arousal. Here we review anatomical, pharmacological and electrophysiological studies on how the orexin neurones may promote arousal by exciting cortically projecting neurones of the BF. Orexin fibres synapse on BF cholinergic neurones and orexin‐A is released in the BF during waking. Local application of orexins excites BF cholinergic neurones, induces cortical release of acetylcholine and promotes wakefulness. The orexin neurones also contain and probably co‐release the inhibitory neuropeptide dynorphin. We found that orexin‐A and dynorphin have specific effects on different classes of BF neurones that project to the cortex. Cholinergic neurones were directly excited by orexin‐A, but did not respond to dynorphin. Non‐cholinergic BF neurones that project to the cortex seem to comprise at least two populations with some directly excited by orexin‐A that may represent wake‐active, GABAergic neurones, whereas others did not respond to orexin‐A but were inhibited by dynorphin and may be sleep‐active, GABAergic neurones. This evidence suggests that the BF is a key site through which orexins activate the cortex and promote behavioural arousal. In addition, orexins and dynorphin may act synergistically in the BF to promote arousal and improve cognitive performance.
Hypocretin/orexin in fish physiology with emphasis on zebrafish
Authors: Panula P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOne hypocretin/orexin (hcrt) gene has been identified in several fish species. The first pufferfish gene was identified in 2002 and the zebrafish gene was cloned in 2004. Its structure is very similar to that of mammals, and it encodes for two active peptides with C‐termini similar to those of mammals. The gene is expressed in the brain in only one hypothalamic nucleus, which sends projections to the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon. The terminal fibres are found in close contact with many aminergic cell groups, including those of raphe serotonergic, locus coeruleus noradrenergic, several dopaminergic cell groups and the sole histaminergic hypothalamic cluster. One receptor corresponding to mammalian hcrt 2 receptor has been identified in fish. Overexpression of hcrt in zebrafish has been reported to consolidate wakefulness and inhibit rest. On the other hand, fish lacking the hcrt receptor show short and fragmented sleep instead of sleepiness and cataplexy. Food deprivation increases hcrt mRNA expression in zebrafish brain, and intracerebroventricular hcrt peptides stimulate food consumption and feeding behaviour in goldfish. Hcrt peptides thus have important roles in fish physiology. Many genetic and functional methods available render fish, especially zebrafish, a suitable organism to study new aspects of hcrt physiology in vertebrates.
Adalimumab (Humira®) therapy for uveitis
Authors: NERI P 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To review the current Literature and to describe the experience of a tertiary referral centre on Adalimumab (Humira®) therapy for uveitis. Methods The current literature is reviewed and the experience of a tertiary referral centre is reported. Results Chronic non‐infectious uveitis (NU) remains one of the most challenging problems in ophthalmology. Often, early and aggressive treatment is needed for a good visual acuity outcome. Local and oral corticosteroids remain the first line of treatment, even though side effects, such as glaucoma, cataract and Cushing Syndrome, can be serious and not tolerable. Therefore, a variety of immunosuppressive agents are in use, such as Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate, Cyclosporin A, Azathioprine and Mycophenolate mofetil. Recently, new types of drugs, called “biologic agents”, are available. In the model of experimental autoimmuneuveitis (EAU) it has been demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) may play a key role in uveitis. Beside other anti‐ TNF‐α drugs, Adalimumab (Humira®) is the newest biologic drug available. Adalimumab is a recombinant human IgG1 monoclonal antibody to TNF‐α that blocks the TNF‐α biologic activity. Adalimumab seems to control uveitis unresponsive to the traditional immunosuppressive agents and, moreover, its subcutaneous administration makes the procedure easier. Conclusion The data in the literature suggest that Adalimumab can be an effective and safe therapy for the uveitis, by controlling inflammation of the eye. The duration of treatment have still to be investigated in larger studies and further trials are mandatory to validate the preliminary data.
Retinal dystrophies
Authors: HAWLINA M 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Review of typical clinical pictures and gene defects associated with most prevalent retinal dystrophies such as retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt's macular dystrophy, Best's macular dystrophy, cone dystrophy, congenital stationary night blindness, pattern dystrophy and some rarer types of dystrophies. Methods Clinical methodology to diagnose retinal dystrophies is based on conventional perimetry, microperimetry, autofluorescence imaging, OCT and electrophysiology. The use of these methods will be outlined in characteristic cases. Genetic testing is necessary to characterise the genetic cause of these diseases as clinical heterogeneity is large. Results Autofluorescence imaging and OCT non‐invasively reveal typical morphological patterns of different retinal dystrophies, for which fluorescein angiography is not necessary. Different electrophysiological methods (photopic/scotopic ERG, pattern ERG, multifocal ERG, visual evoked potentials) determine function of retinal layers and the macula. Residual retinal function and progression of the disease can thus be objectively assessed and followed‐up. In initial stages when retinal changes may not be visible, electrophysiological features can reveal the site of dysfunction and dissociate it form putative optic nerve disease. Conclusion The residents should be aware of the differential diagnosis of retinal dystropies and be able to dissociate between them. Also, typical genetic transmission and genetic counseling is important for the information that is given to the patient. Residents should be aware of treatable associated features of retinal dystrophies such as cataract or cystoid macular edema or glaucoma.
Retinal detachment in phakic patients
Authors: CHIQUET C 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose this review aims to summarize risk factors, preoperative evaluation and principles of operative methods of retinal detachment of phakic eyes Methods Preoperative evaluation includes detailed examination of the retina, the identification of retinal breaks and classification of proliferative retinopathy. Main operative methods will be presented with ab externo or ab interno techniques. Results after a detailed characterization of the retinal detachment, the more appropriate surgical methods will be explained for the search, the treatment (laser or cryotherapy), closure (scleral buckling materials) of retinal breaks, management of subretinal fluid (drainage) and the choice of the intraocular tamponnade (gas or silicone). Conclusion this review will discuss the main advantages of each surgical technique and examples of management will be presented (simple phakic detachment, associated cataract, giant tears, high myopia).
Primary vitrectomy in retinal detachment: is scleral buckling still indicated?
Authors: POURNARAS CJ 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose The surgical management of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment has evolved due to introduction of primary pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). The choice of primary vitrectomy has grown over recent years even for managment of simple retinal detachment. Methods Review of reports on primary vitrectomy treatment for rhegmatogenous uncomplicated retinal detachment. Evaluation of optimal indications of vitreectomy for specific types of retinal detachments. Results Comparaison of primary vitrectomy with scleral buckling had failed to demonstrate advantage of this method regarding anatomical and functional results. Vitrectomy avoids some of the complications associated with scleral buckling, such as diplopia, choroidal detachment, perforation of the sclera, abnormalities in the eyelid, but it carries higher risks of several other complications,including cataract formation in phakic eyes, glaucoma and other problems with tamponade, and new retinal breaks. Data from case series and randomized studies suggest that primary detachments in phakic eyes may be treated successfully with scleral buckling or vitrectomy, whereas vitrectomy appears to be preferable for corresponding detachments in pseudophakic eyes. Conclusion The choice of primary PPV in new uncomplicated retinal detachment remains to the surgeon's discretion and skills due to lack of controlled randomized trials covering the large spectrum of the retinal detachment pathology.
Retinal detachment after ocular trauma
Authors: JONAS JB 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To discuss the clinical characteristics and treatmentoptions for retinal detachment after ocular trauma Methods The various types of ocular trauma and the different types of retinal detachments occurring as a complication of ocular trauma will be presented and comapred with each other Results The surgical treatment options for retinal detachment after ocular trauma will be presented. Conclusion Due to the high variability of ocular traumata and the reulting high high variability in the type and extent of retinal detachments after ocular traumata, the decision on the type of surgical treatment will usually be rather indivudual according to the special clincal situation.
Comparison of the corneal thickness measured by anterior segment optical coherence tomography and specular microscope versus ultrasound pachymetry
Authors: KRUKONYTE R , GALGAUSKAS S , JUODKAITE G , PAJAUJIS M , GARLAITE O , ASOKLIS R 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To compare measurements of central corneal thickness (CCT) between the noncontact and contact ultrasound pachymetry and to define endothelial cells density in normal eyes. Methods 60 eyes of 30 clinically healthy persons – 20 women and 10 men, whose age ranged from 22 to 26 years, were studied. Measurements were performed by specular microscope, anterior segment optical coherence tomography and ultrasound pachymetry. Results obtained with these devices were compared. For statistical analysis of Pearson correlation coefficient and Bland‐Altman plot was used MedCalc software, version 8.1. Results The mean central corneal thickness (CCT) as measured by CP was 544.9 ± 43.2µm of the right eye and 544.7 ± 41.1µm of the left eye. The mean CCT as measured by OCT was 544.2± 42.1µm of the right eye and 549.50 ± 44.5µm of the left eye. The mean CCT as measured by SM was 558.87± 45.8µm of the right eye and 556.93 ± 45.6µm of the left eye. Pearson correlation coefficient was statistically significant (0.919 ‐ 0.964) for all compared groups. By Bland‐Altman plot method statistically significant deviation was not found for any set of groups. The mean endothelial cell density was 2917.3 ± 532.1 cell/mm² for the right and 2947.6 ± 331.5 cell/mm² for the left eye respectively. Conclusion 1.The results of central corneal thickness measurements obtained using all three methods are in linear dependence. 2. The intrasession variation of central corneal thickness measured by specular microscope was higher than that of contact method and Visante OCT.
Trabecular meshwork contribution to the uveoscleral outflow
Authors: KARLOVA E , ZOLOTARYOV A , NIKOLAYEVA G 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To specify the anterior chamber source of uveoscleral outflow pathway. Methods We performed perfusion of human cadaver eyes with India ink suspension through clear corneal tunnel. Lamellar scleral dissection revealed the ciliary muscle surface. We observed the character and volume of suprachoroidal fluid. After formaldehyde fixation we performed further dissection of trabecular meshwork and ciliary muscle with subsequent preparation of flat specimens of different layers of trabecular meshwork as well as histological sections for light microscopy. Results Voluminous flow of India inc‐stained fluid was observed after the ciliary muscle exposure. No unintended damage of the anterior chamber structures or choroid was found. Histological research revealed numerous ink particles in the trabecular meshwork and between the ciliary muscle bundles. The ink particles go from the anterior chamber to the Schlemm’s canal and particularly retain at the scleral spur. The main stream goes along the trabecular beams of uveal layers (2‐nd and 3‐rd of 4 trabecular meshwork layers), bypass the scleral spur and flows into the ciliary muscle. No inc particles were found in the iris root. Conclusion As the uveal trabeculae continue directly into the clilary muscle bundles, the intertrabecular slits naturally continue into the spaces between the bundles of ciliary muscle. These slits may represent sufficient pathway for uveoscleral outflow. In the sclero‐uveal layer aqueous humor can flow towards the ciliary muscle down to the scleral spur but not beyond. In the uveal layer the fluid can freely pass into radial portion of ciliary muscle. The other structures of the anterior segment appear to play no substantial role in the aqueous outflow.
Retinal ganglion cells in culture induced to die by insults of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), rotenone and glutamate/buthionine sulfoximine (GB) are differentially protected by the flavonoids, epicatechin gallate (EG) epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and g
Authors: TENGKU KAMALDEN TA , OSBORNE NN 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To investigate the neuroprotective properties of three different flavonoids. Methods : Immortalized retinal ganglion cells (RGC‐5 cells) in culture were exposed H2O2, rotenone or GB in the presence or absence of EG, EGCG or genistein and cultures analysed by viability assays, immunocytochemistry, western blot, stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and for histological evidence for apoptosis. Results Insults of H2O2, rotenone and GB resulted in a time and dose‐dependent stimulation of ROS associated with an apoptotic type of cell death of RGC‐5 cells. Importantly, EG blunted these effects significantly but genistein was ineffective. In contrast, EGCG attenuated these affects only for insults induced by H2O2 and rotenone and not by GB. Conclusion The results suggest the idea that defined insults can be attenuated by specific flavonoids.