bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of the Schmidt telescope
Authors: Wolfschmidt G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBernhard Schmidt (1879–1935) was born in Estonia. After a few years of studying engineering he ran an optical workshop in Mittweida, Saxonia, between 1901 and 1927. Astronomers appreciated the quality of his telescopes. Starting in 1925, on behalf of the Hamburg Observatory, he developed a short focal length optical system with a large field of view. For this purpose, Schmidt moved his workshop to the observatory. He succeeded in inventing the “Schmidt telescope” which allows the imaging of a large field of the sky without any distortions. Schmidt's first telescope (spherical mirror diameter 0.44 m, correction plate 0.36 m diameter, aperture ratio 1:1.75, and focal length 0.625 m) has been used since 1962 at the Boyden Observatory in Bloemfontein/South Africa. Apart from his 0.36m telescope, Schmidt produced a second larger one of 0.60m aperture. Shortly after Schmidt's death, the director of the observatory published details on the invention and production of the Schmidt telescope. After World War II, Schmidt telescopes have been widely used. The first large Schmidt telescope, the “Big Schmidt” (1.26 m), Mount Palomar, USA, was completed in 1948. The 0.80 m Schmidt telescope of Hamburg Observatory, planned since 1936, finished in 1954, is now on Calar Alto/Spain (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solving the controversy about the astronomical significance of the rock formation “Teufelstein” in Styria
Authors: Rothwangl S. , Firneis M.G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAs two very controversial surveys of the rock formation “Teufelstein” exist in literature (H. Haupt versus H.M. Maitzen as well as W. Schlosser), a photographic documentation of solar and lunar rising and setting points throughout a whole year as well as a remeasurement with a solar compass was carried out on the spot. The result is that the formation is not an accurate solar marker but could only have served as a warning peg for the summer solstice setting point (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Impairments on “open‐ended” executive function tests in autism
Authors: White Sarah J. , Burgess Paul W. , Hill Elisabeth L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe executive function (EF) theory of autism has received much support recently from a growing number of studies. However, executive impairments have not always been easy to identify consistently and so novel “ecologically valid” tests have been designed which tap into real‐life scenarios that are relevant to and representative of everyday behavior. One characteristic of many of these tasks is that they present the participant with an “ill‐structured” or “open‐ended” situation. Here, we investigated the possibility that tasks with greater degrees of open‐endedness might prove more sensitive to detecting executive impairment in autism. Forty‐five children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were compared to 27 age‐ and IQ‐matched control children on a range of cognitive tests of EF. Group differences were found on half of the tasks, with the greatest degree of impairment detected on the more open‐ended tasks. The ASD group also performed more poorly on a simple control condition of a task. Detailed consideration of task performance suggested that the ASD group tended to create fewer spontaneous strategies and exhibit more idiosyncratic behavior, which particularly disadvantaged them on the more open‐ended tasks. These kinds of behaviors have been reported in studies of neurological patients with frontal lobe involvement, prima facie suggesting a link between the scientific fields. However, we suggest that this behavior might equally result from a poor understanding of the implicit demands made by the experimenter in open‐ended test situations, due to the socio‐communicative difficulties of these children.
Determination of tannic acid in industrial wastewater based on chemiluminescence system of KIO4–H2O2–Tween40
Authors: Xie Cheng‐gen , Li Huai‐fen 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe oxidation reaction of H2O2 with KIO4 can produce chemiluminescence (CL) in the presence of the surfactant Tween40 and the CL intensity of the CL system KIO4–H2O2–Tween40 can be strikingly enhanced after injection of tannic acid. On this basis, a flow injection method with CL detection was established for the determination of tannic acid. The method is simple, rapid and effective to determine tannic acid in the range of 7.0 × 10−9 to 1.0 × 10−5 mol/L with a determination limit of 2.3 × 10−9 mol/L. The relative standard deviation is 2.6% for the determination of 5.0 × 10−6 mol/L tannic acid (n = 11). The method has been applied to determine the content of tannic acid in industrial wastewater with satisfactory results. It is believed that the CL reaction formed singlet oxygen 1O2* and the emission was from an excited oxygen molecular pair O2(1Δg)O2(1∑−g) in the KIO4–H2O2–Tween40 reaction. Tween40 played an important role in enhancing stabilization of the excited oxygen molecular pair O2(1Δg)O2(1∑−g) and in increasing CL intensity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anpassungen an das Leben in großer Höhe. Evolution bei Alpenpflanzen
Authors: Stöcklin Jürg 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSteile Gradienten und räumlich‐zeitliche Heterogenität sind typisch für alpine Lebensräume. Wie wirkt sich dies auf Evolutionsprozesse aus? Fallstudien zeigen, dass die genetische Vielfalt bei alpinen Pflanzen hoch ist und mit der Höhe nicht abnimmt. Genetische Unterschiede zwischen Populationen sind groß und nehmen mit der Distanz zu. Der Genfluss zwischen Populationen ist zu gering, um Spuren der postglazialen Siedlungsgeschichte im Genom auszulöschen. Genetische Anpassungen bei reproduktiven Merkmalen (Klonalität, Samengröße), entweder infolge der Höhe oder auf Grund der bäuerlichen Nutzung, ließen sich nachweisen. Selektion durch lokale Verhältnisse ist möglicherweise stärker als durch eine allmähliche Veränderung entlang von Gradienten. Sowohl adaptive als auch Zufallsprozesse können eine Rolle spielen. Insgesamt ist bei alpinen Pflanzen das Potenzial für Anpassungen an sich ändernde Umweltbedingungen intakt. Nicht‐genetische Anpassung (phänotypische Plastizität) ist für das Überleben von Pflanzen in den Alpen ein Erfolgsrezept.
Darstellung von Bakterien mittels Gramfärbung
Authors: Schrödel Andrea 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFür die Diagnostik von Infektionskrankheiten spielt das Gramverhalten von Bakterien eine wichtige Rolle. Mithilfe der Gramfärbung lässt sich innerhalb weniger Minuten anhand eines Abstriches das Gramverhalten bestimmen. Da grampositive und gramnegative Bakterien unterschiedlich auf Antibiotika reagieren, kann schnell eine optimierte Therapie begonnen werden. Warum aber lassen sich die Bakterien unterschiedlich anfärben, und wie funktioniert überhaupt eine Gramfärbung?
Entwicklung eines Labor‐Vakuumkontakttrockners mit mechanischer Durchmischung
Authors: Forbert R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFür die frühe Verfahrensentwicklung haben sich kleine Labortrockner bewährt, in denen der spätere Trocknungsprozess schon möglichst realistisch nachgestellt werden kann. Aus einer Entwicklung für einen solchen Vakuumkontakttrockner mit mechanischer Durchmischung ist mittlerweile ein Laborapparat der dritten Generation hervorgegangen. Während des Versuchslaufs erfasst er online den Trocknungsverlauf mit einer Auflösung der Restfeuchte von 500 ppm.
Recycling von Nichteisenmetallen aus Elektronikschrott – Chance und Risiken
Authors: Stelter M. , Raabe L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMit der geltenden Elektronikschrott‐Verordnung wurden in Deutschland die Voraussetzungen geschaffen, Elektronikschrott mittels eines logistischen Systems zu sammeln und somit einer Verwertung im Sinne des Kreislaufwirtschafts‐ und Abfallgesetzes zuzuführen. Die Vielfalt der Geräte, Aggregate und Bauteile, die unter dem Begriff Elektronikschrott zusammengefasst werden, bedingt allerdings auch eine große Vielfalt von Materialien, die hierbei erfasst werden. Dazu zählen im Besonderen elektrische Haushaltsgeräte, Kommunikations‐ und Informationsgeräte, Unterhaltungselektronik sowie industrielle elektrische und elektronische Geräte, soweit sie nicht fest montiert sind. Speziell an den Beispielen Computerschrott sowie Handyschrott werden die Möglichkeiten zur Rückgewinnung der Nichteisenmetalle erkennbar, aber auch die Risiken, die mit diesen Prozessen verbunden sind. Grundsätzlich kann man feststellen, dass aufgrund des wirtschaftlichen Druckes, z. B. im Handymarkt, teilweise gegen grundsätzliche gesetzliche Regelungen des Kreislaufwirtschafts‐ und Abfallgesetz verstoßen wird. Dies hat zur Folge, dass Entsorgungswege nur sehr eingeschränkt zur Verfügung stehen und teilweise zusätzlich durch Vorgaben behördlicherseits noch beschränkt werden. Die Möglichkeiten, Elektronikschrott umweltverträglich zu entsorgen und dabei die wichtigen Rohstoffe wie NE‐Metalle und besonders die Edelmetalle und Platingruppenmetalle mit hoher Effizienz zurück zu gewinnen, werden zusammengefasst, die Verfahrenswege dargestellt und auch die Risiken, die im Elektronikschrott vorhanden sind beleuchtet. Es wird klar, dass diverse Voraussetzungen erfüllt sein müssen, um dieses ausgesprochen komplexe, aber auch hochwertige, Material umweltgerecht als Sekundärrohstoff einzusetzen.
AKAP‐independent localization of type‐II protein kinase A to dynamic actin microspikes
Authors: Rivard Robert L. , Birger Monique , Gaston Kara J. , Howe Alan K. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRegulation of the cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA) in subcellular space is required for cytoskeletal dynamics and chemotaxis. Currently, spatial regulation of PKA is thought to require the association of PKA regulatory (R) subunits with A‐kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). Here, we show that the regulatory RIIα subunit of PKA associates with dynamic actin microspikes in an AKAP‐independent manner. Both endogenous RIIα and a GFP‐RIIα fusion protein co‐localize with F‐actin in microspikes within hippocampal neuron growth cones and the leading edge lamellae of NG108‐15 cells. Live‐cell imaging demonstrates that RIIα‐associated microspikes are highly dynamic and that the coupling of RIIα to actin is tight, as the movement of both actin and RIIα are immediately and coincidently stopped by low‐dose cytochalasin D. Importantly, co‐localization of RIIα and actin in these structures is resistant to displacement by a cell‐permeable disrupter of PKA‐AKAP interactions. Biochemical fractionation confirms that a substantial pool of PKA RIIα is associated with the detergent‐insoluble cytoskeleton and is resistant to extraction by a peptide inhibitor of AKAP interactions. Finally, mutation of the AKAP‐binding domain of RIIα fails to disrupt its association with actin microspikes. These data provide the first demonstration of the physical association of a kinase with such dynamic actin structures, as well as the first demonstration of the ability of type‐II PKA to localize to discrete subcellular structures independently of canonical AKAP function. This association is likely to be important for microfilament dynamics and cell migration and may prime the investigation of novel mechanisms for localizing PKA activity. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A uniform residual tumor (R) classification
Authors: Wittekind Christian , Compton Carolyn , Quirke Phil , Nagtegaal Iris , Merkel Susanne , Hermanek Paul , Sobin Leslie H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Since the introduction of the TNM residual tumor (R) classification, the involvement of resection margins has been defined either as a microscopic (R1) or a macroscopic (R2) demonstration of tumor directly at the resection margin (“tumor transected”).METHODS:The recognition of the importance of the circumferential resection margin (CRM) in patients with rectal cancer patients raises the need for an alternative definition of resection margin involvement, namely, the importance of delineating tumor with a minimal distance from the CRM of ≤1 mm (CRM‐positive) from tumor directly at the resection margin. The different use of both definitions of resection margin involvement prevents valid comparisons between reports on treatment results.RESULTS:To avoid confusion by different definitions, the authors proposed including the minimal distance between tumor and resection margin into the current R classification.CONCLUSIONS:By using the proposed expanded classification, comparisons of new data with previous publications will be possible. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Vincristine sulfate liposomes injection (Marqibo) in heavily pretreated patients with refractory aggressive non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Rodriguez M. A. , Pytlik Robert , Kozak Tomas , Chhanabhai Mukesh , Gascoyne Randy , Lu Biao , Deitcher Steven R. , Winter Jane N. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Marqibo, a sphingosomal/cholesterol encapsulation of vincristine sulfate has targeted, increased, and sustained delivery of vincristine to tumor tissues. A phase 2, open‐label, single‐arm, and multinational study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of Marqibo as a single agent in patients with multiply relapsed or refractory aggressive non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).METHODS:Eligible patients had relapsed or refractory de novo or transformed aggressive NHL and prior treatment with at least 2 multiagent chemotherapy regimens. Marqibo was administered at 2 mg/m2, every 2 weeks, for a maximum of 12 cycles or until toxicity or disease progression.RESULTS:One hundred and nineteen patients were enrolled and treated on trial. Ninety‐six had histological confirmed de novo (N = 89) or transformed (N = 7) aggressive NHL. Median number of cycles was 4 (median dose/cycle 4 mg). Overall response (CR and complete response unconfirmed and PR) was 25% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17, 35), CR and complete response unconfirmed confirmed by external reviewers was 5%. Median overall survival was 6.6 months (Kaplan‐Meier estimate, 95% CI, 4.7, 9.8). Grade 3 of 4 neurotoxicity occurred in 32% of patients. All patients had prior neurotoxic agents, and 85% had baseline residual neuropathy symptoms (grades 1‐2) from prior treatment.CONCLUSIONS:Marqibo is an active agent in patients with heavily pretreated aggressive NHL, and tolerated at approximately twice the dose intensity of standard vincristine. Its activity supports further investigation as a substitution for vincristine in combination treatment of lymphoid disorders. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Phase 1 study of concurrent sunitinib and image‐guided radiotherapy followed by maintenance sunitinib for patients with oligometastases
Authors: Kao Johnny , Packer Stuart , Vu Ha Linh , Schwartz Myron E. , Sung Max W. , Stock Richard G. , Lo Yeh‐Chi , Huang Delphine , Chen Shu‐Hsia , Cesaretti Jamie A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:To determine the safety and maximum‐tolerated dose of concurrent sunitinib and image‐guided radiotherapy (IGRT) followed by maintenance sunitinib in oligometastastic patients.METHODS:Eligible patients had 1 to 5 sites of metastatic cancer measuring ≤6 cm. The most common treatment sites were bone, liver, and lung. Patients were treated with concurrent sunitinib (Day 1 through Day 28) and IGRT (40‐50 Gy in 10 fractions starting on Day 8) followed by maintenance sunitinib (50 mg daily, 4 weeks on/2 weeks off starting on Day 43). The starting dose was sunitinib 25 mg and IGRT 40 Gy. Doses were escalated in a ping‐pong design with incremental increases in either sunitinib or IGRT.RESULTS:Twenty‐one patients with 36 metastatic lesions were enrolled, with a median follow‐up of 10 months. No dose limiting toxicities (DLT) were noted at dose levels 1 or 2 (SU 37.5 mg/RT 40 Gy). One of 10 patients at dose level 3 (SU 37.5 mg/RT 50 Gy) and 2 of 5 patients at dose level 4 (SU 50 mg/RT 50 Gy) experienced DLTs comprising grade 4 myelosuppression and grade 3 nausea. At last follow‐up, 8 patients are alive without evidence of progression. The 1‐year local, progression‐free, and overall survival were 85%, 44%, and 75%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS:Addition of SU (25 to 37.5 mg) to IGRT is tolerable in patients with oligometastases, without potentiation of RT toxicity. On the basis of promising antitumor responses observed with this novel combination, a multi‐institutional phase 2 trial using SU 37.5 mg/RT 50 Gy is ongoing. Cancer 2009; 115:3571–80. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Wilms tumor 1 gene mutations are associated with a higher risk of recurrence in young adults with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Renneville Aline , Boissel Nicolas , Zurawski Virginie , Llopis Laura , Biggio Valéria , Nibourel Olivier , Philippe Nathalie , Thomas Xavier , Dombret Hervé , Preudhomme Claude 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) is a transcription factor that is overexpressed in most acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs). Recently, 2 groups reported that WT1 mutations occur in approximately 10% of normal karyotype AMLs and are an independent predictor of poor outcome in this subgroup of patients with AML.METHODS:The authors studied a cohort of 268 young adults (ages 15‐50 years) with AML who were treated on the Acute Leukemia French Association 9802 trial. WT1 exon 7 and 9 mutations were screened retrospectively by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. The patients also were assessed for the presence of the fms‐related tyrosine kinase 3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3‐ITD), FLT3‐D835/I836, nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1), and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (CEBPA) mutations.RESULTS:WT1 mutations were identified in 14 patients (5%) and were associated with a younger age (P = .02) and an FLT3‐ITD (P = .03). No mutation was detected in patients who had favorable cytogenetics. Patients who had WT1 mutations had a shorter overall survival at 4 years (22% vs 56%; P = .01) and a higher risk of recurrence at 4 years (82% vs 46%; P = .0008) compared with patients who had wild‐type WT1. Within the subgroup of patients who had normal karyotype AML (n = 106), WT1 mutation was identified as an independent adverse prognostic factor for the risk of recurrence.CONCLUSIONS:The current results indicted that WT1 mutations represent an adverse prognostic factor in young adults with AML. Prospective trials should confirm the clinical relevance of WT1 mutations in relation to other prognostic factors in patients with AML. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Phase 2 trial of sorafenib in patients with advanced urothelial cancer
Authors: Dreicer Robert , Li Hailun , Stein Mark , DiPaola Robert , Eleff Michael , Roth Bruce J. , Wilding George 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:There is no effective second‐line systemic chemotherapy for patients with disease progression after cisplatin‐based chemotherapy. A phase 2 trial of sorafenib was performed to determine the activity and toxicity of this agent in a multi‐institutional setting in patients previously treated with 1 prior chemotherapy regimen.METHODS:Twenty‐seven patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma were treated with sorafenib 400 mg orally twice daily continuously until progression or unacceptable toxicity.RESULTS:There were no objective responses observed. The 4‐month progression‐free survival (PFS) rate was 9.5%; median overall survival of the group was 6.8 months. There were no therapy‐related deaths, and common grade 3 toxicities included fatigue and hand‐foot syndrome.CONCLUSIONS:Although sorafenib as a single agent has minimal activity in patients with advanced urothelial cancer in the second‐line setting, further investigation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors using different trial designs with PFS endpoints is warranted. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Synthetic tumor‐specific breakpoint peptide vaccine in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia and minimal residual disease
Authors: Jain Nitin , Reuben James M. , Kantarjian Hagop , Li Changping , Gao Hui , Lee Bang‐Ning , Cohen Evan N. , Ebarb Theresa , Scheinberg David A. , Cortes Jorge 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Imatinib is the current standard frontline therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). In the majority of patients, imatinib induces a complete cytogenetic response (CCyR); however, complete molecular responses are infrequent. The Bcr‐Abl fusion creates a unique sequence of amino acids that could constitute a target for immunomodulation.METHODS:A mixture of heteroclitic and native peptides derived from both b3a2 and b2a2 sequences was used to vaccinate patients with CML in CCyR who were receiving imatinib therapy and who had stable Bcr‐Abl transcript levels.RESULTS:Ten patients were enrolled, all with b2a2 transcripts (including 2 patients who had coexpression of b2a2 and b3a2). Patients had received imatinib for a median of 62 months. Three of 10 patients achieved 1‐log reduction in Bcr‐Abl transcript levels, including the 2 patients who had received previous interferon therapy, and 3 other patients achieved a major molecular response. The vaccine was tolerated well, and there were no grade ≥3 adverse events. Vaccination did not affect the leukocyte profiles in peripheral blood except for regulatory T cells, which were down‐regulated briefly during the late stage of vaccination in patients who achieved approximately 1‐log reduction in Bcr‐Abl transcript levels.CONCLUSIONS:The current data suggested that vaccination‐related transient disruption of immune tolerance may contribute to the reduction in Bcr‐Abl transcripts. Clinically, this Bcr‐Abl peptide vaccine may transiently improve the molecular response in a subset of patients with CML. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Prognostic factors and predictive model in patients with advanced biliary tract adenocarcinoma receiving first‐line palliative chemotherapy
Authors: Park Inkeun , Lee Jae‐Lyun , Ryu Min‐Hee , Kim Tae‐Won , Sook Lee Sung , Hyun Park Do , Soo Lee Sang , Wan Seo Dong , Koo Lee Sung , Kim Myung‐Hwan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Advanced biliary tract adenocarcinoma (BTA) has been a rare but fatal cancer. If unresectable, palliative chemotherapy improved the quality and length of life, but to the authors' knowledge, prognostic factors in such patients have not been well established to date. In the current study, prognostic factors were investigated in patients with advanced BTA receiving first‐line palliative chemotherapy.METHODS:Data from 213 patients with advanced BTA who were in prospective phase 2 or retrospective studies from September 2000 through October 2007 were used.RESULTS:With a median follow‐up duration of 29.7 months, the median overall survival (OS) was 7.3 months (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 6.3 months‐8.3 months). A Cox proportional hazards model indicated that metastatic disease (hazards ratio [HR], 1.521; P = .011), intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma (HR, 1.368; P = .045), liver metastasis (HR, 1.845; P < .001), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (HR, 1.707; P < .001), and alkaline phosphatase level (IU/L) (HR, 1.001; P < .001) were statistically significant independent predictors of poor prognosis. Patients were classified into 3 risk groups based on the prognostic index (PI), which was constructed using the regression coefficients of each variable. The median OS was 11.5 months (95% CI, 9.6 months‐13.5 months) for the low‐risk group (PI ≤ 1.5; n = 67), 7.3 months (95% CI, 5.7 months‐8.9 months) for the intermediate‐risk group (PI > 1.5 but ≤ 2.2; n = 75), and 3.6 months (95% CI, 2.9 months‐4.1 months) for the high‐risk group (PI > 2.2; n = 70 [P < .001]).CONCLUSIONS:Five prognostic factors in patients with advanced BTA were identified. The predictive model based on PI appears to be promising and may be used for the management of individual patients and to guide the design of future clinical trials, although external validation is needed. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.