bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE LATE ARRIVAL OF LANGUAGE: WORD, NATURE AND THE DIVINE IN PLATO'S CRATYLUS
Authors: PICKSTOCK CATHERINE 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn his dialogue Cratylus, Plato presents λóγος as meaning both word and notion. Thought is in language, and this means that it is connected to the senses, to embodiment and to thinking through the exterior world. If he is to resist the Protagorean view that knowledge is perspectival and arbitrary, he must try to show that language is not merely conventional. As a human action, speaking is an art; arts imitate, but what do speaking and thinking imitate? They must imitate the essences of things but those only appear indirectly through matter and sensation. I shall defend the view that Plato offers an “onomatopoeic” theory of language in this dialogue and that this is compatible with the final discussions in the dialogue: words were originally composed of mimetic elements. However, a copy can only be a copy, Socrates suggests, by its difference from the original. This difference is not just a lapse, but has a positive valency. Plato allows that the very conventionality and later development of language away from its mimetic roots is paradoxically still onomatopoeic. He suggests, via Socrates, that the basic units of language indicate flow or stoppage of flow and being pulled down or escaping from this. Language as “punctuated flow” responds to and reflects time; as both animal and spiritual, it embodies the struggle between embodiment and mind. But both aspects generate . If we think in language, did language ever begin? If language is onomatopoeic, why is etymology confused as to whether free motion is good or limitation is good? If the gods invented language, why are they themselves confused? Plato's answer in either case is to appeal to the recollection of the forms as known through the reach of the soul beyond ordinary cognition. Although the Cratylus offers parallels with other dialogues in this respect, the fact that the forms are invoked in order to save the linguistic and so embodied and passionate character of language (since language is viewed as mimetic) reveals with particular clarity how the theory of forms is in no way a denial of a link between human cognition and materiality. Indeed, the religious element in Plato's philosophy enables him to sustain materiality and reason in balance with his account of cognition.
HUME VERSUS KANT: FAITH, REASON AND FEELING
Authors: MILBANK JOHN 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe sharp separation between religion and reason in public life is not compatible with democracy. For thinkers like Habermas this separation is based upon enlightenment, but in fact it is based only on one version of enlightenment, that of Kant. If we turn instead to Hume, who made feeling, not reason, central for the workings of the human mind, then we discover far more fluidity between religious and other modes of thought and yet at the same time a greater ease with naturalism. Moreover, when we understand the centrality of feeling for thought, modes of physicalist reductionism of mind become much harder to entertain, even within a naturalistic perspective.
Effects of Pulsatile and Nonpulsatile Perfusion on Cerebral Regional Oxygen Saturation and Endothelin‐1 in Tetralogy of Fallot Infants
Authors: Zhao Ju , Yang Jiuguang , Liu Jinping , Li Shoujun , Yan Jun , Meng Ying , Wang Xu , Long Cun 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAlthough benefits of pulsatile flow during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in pediatric heart surgery remain controversial and nonpulsatile CPB is still widely used in clinical cardiac surgery, pulsatile CPB must be reconsidered due to its physiologic features. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of pulsatile perfusion (PP) and nonpulsatile perfusion (NP) on cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) and endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) in pediatric tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) patients undergoing open heart surgery with CPB. Forty pediatric patients were randomly divided into the PP group (n = 20) and the NP group (n = 20). Pulsatile patients used a modified roller pump during the cross‐clamp period in CPB, while NP patients used a roller pump with continuous flat flow perfusion. The subjects were monitored for rSO2 from the beginning of the operation until 6 h after returning to the intensive care unit (ICU). We also monitored the hemodynamic status and ET‐1 concentration and plasma free hemoglobin (PFH) in blood samples of all patients over time. Effective PP was monitored in PP patients, and pulse pressure was significantly higher in the PP group than in the NP group (P <  0.01). rSO2 of the PP group was higher than that of the NP group (P < 0.01) during the cross‐clamp period, and this advantage of PP would be maintained until 2 h after patients returned to the ICU (P < 0.05). ET‐1 level in blood samples was lower at clamping off and CPB weaning and early ICU period in the PP group than in the NP group (P < 0.01), and ET‐1 concentration remained at a normal level after patients were transferred to the ICU 24 h in all patients. PFH levels in the PP group at pre‐clamp off and CPB weaned off were higher than those of the NP group (P < 0.05) in these cyanotic patients. PP can increase rSO2 and improve microcirculation during cross‐clamping period in TOF pediatric patients, while PP resulted in more severe hemolysis in these cyanotic patients than NP.
Klinefelter’s syndrome (47,XXY) among men with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Dillon Skyler , Aggarwal Rachna , Harding James W , Li Liang‐Jing , Weissman Michael H , Li Shibo , Cavett Joshua W , Sevier Sydney T , Ojwang Joshua W , D’Souza Anil , Harley John B , Hal Scofield R 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim:  To determine the rate of Klinefelter’s syndrome among men with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and to determine whether the manifestations of SLE in these men are different from that seen in 46,XY men.Methods:  A total of 276 men with SLE underwent a real‐time PCR procedure to screen for more than one X chromosome. Those with results consistent with two X chromosomes were further characterized by karyotype and FISH. Clinical manifestations of SLE were determined by interview, questionnaire and medical chart review. Each man with Klinefelter’s and SLE was matched to four 46,XY men with SLE. Rates of SLE manifestations were compared with chi‐square analyses.Results:  We found seven of the 286 men with SLE had Klinefelter’s syndrome. Four of these seven were nonmosaic 47,XXY, while two were mosaic 46,XY/47,XXY and one was 46,XX/47,XXY. The men with 47,XXY did not have severe manifestations of SLE including no proliferative renal disease, neurological disease, thrombocytopenia, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, discoid skin disease or anti‐RNP/Sm.Conclusion:  47,XXY is found in excess among men with SLE. Men commonly have SLE that is more severe than that found among women, but the 47,XXY men had less severe SLE than other men.
Severe kerion celsi due to Trichophyton mentagrophytes: a case report
Authors: Jaspers Gerald J , Werrij Barbara G , Jagtman Berend A , Loza Bettina 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe report on a 5‐year‐old girl with a severe kerion celsi, caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes, probably acquired from a pet guinea pig. The lesions had started as small irritating squamous lesions that had been accurately diagnosed as skin infection, but had only been treated with local antifungal agents. The lesions progressed and developed into a kerion celsi that had to be treated with long‐term systemic griseofulvin. Nevertheless, reinfection occurred and treatment had to be restarted. The girl is left with areas of alopecia, as a result of which she is required to wear a wig.Conclusion:  Tinea capitis is a common skin infection that should be considered in any type of scalp lesion. It requires systemic treatment, and inappropriate and delayed treatment can result in the development of kerion celsi, with sometimes devastating consequences.
Relationships between urine pH and electrolyte status in cows fed forages
Authors: KUME Shinichi , SATO Tomoe , MURAI Iori , KITAGAWA Masayuki , NONAKA Kazuhisa , OSHITA Tomoko 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTData of 20 balance measurements from Holstein dairy cows and urine samples from 24 Japanese Black beef cows were collected to evaluate the relationships between urine pH and electrolyte status in cows fed forages. The ratio of forages in the diet was 70–100% in dairy cows and beef cows were fed Italian ryegrass silage and wheat bran. Mean urine pH in dairy cows was 8.10, ranging from 7.27 to 8.71, and that in beef cows was 7.73, ranging from 7.42 to 8.12. There were positive correlations between urine pH and urinary K contents (P = 0.0012) or K intake (P = 0.019) in dairy cows, although plasma Na, Cl and K had no effect on urine pH. There was a weak negative correlation (P = 0.039) between urine pH and urinary Na content in dairy cows. However, there were no significant correlations between urine pH and urinary Na, Cl and K contents in beef cows. These results indicate that the concentrated urinary K due to the increased K intake may directly enhance urine pH in dairy cows fed mainly forages.
Detection of the EGFP sequence in breast muscle of 3‐year‐old chicken after transfection using sonoporation
Authors: MATSUBARA Yuko , TAGAMI Takahiroi , MATSUNAGA Daisuke , SANO Akiko , MARUYAMA Kimiaki 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTIn our continuing effort to generate transgenic chickens, sonoporation was chosen to insert an exogenous gene into the chicken genome. An EGFP expression vector (pCAG‐EGFPac) and microbubbles were injected into the central disc of stage‐X blastoderm or the germinal crescent of stage‐4 embryos, followed by ultrasonic vibration. Nineteen chicks out of 108 treated embryos hatched, six females and six males out of these 19 chicks grew to sexual maturity and two females and three males lived for 3 years. Genomic DNA from 17 out of 35 gonads from embryos and chicks that died before sexual maturity was EGFP‐positive by PCR. No EGFP sequence was detected in the genomic DNA of 322 embryos from six sexually mature females and the semen from four sexually mature males by PCR. When genomic DNA was obtained from various tissues of five 3‐year‐old chickens, the EGFP sequence was amplified from the genomic DNA of the breast muscle of a female (No. 85). The above sequence was subjected to DNA sequencing and verified to be the EGFP sequence. These results showed that sonoporation is an effective tool for the transduction of exogenous genes into chicken embryos for the generation of transgenic chickens.
Sex chromosomes behavior and G‐banding treatment of male meiosis in nuptial gift‐giving spiders of the family Trechaleidae
Authors: ALBO Maria J. , POSTIGLIONI Alicia 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPreliminary genetic studies in Trechaleidae spider family show high variation in sex chromosomes and high heterocigocity, suggesting high chromatin plasticity. The trechaleids Paratrechalea ornata, Trechalea bucculenta and Trechaleoides biocellata are present in Uruguay. Males offering nuptial gifts during courtship have been reported in P. ornata and T. bucculenta but not in T. biocellata. Nuptial gifts are an inherited trait probably highly affected by environmental factors, which play an important role in gene expression. We hypothesize that this trait could be associated with tissue‐specific genes existing in G‐bands. We investigate the male meiosis in these 3 species, their sex chromosome system and the effects of G‐banding on their chromosomes, and elucidate genetic differences among them. Meiotic stages of the 3 species were submitted to Giemsa‐staining and G‐banding treatments. We observed a haploid number of n= 11 in P. ornata and n= 13 in both T. bucculenta and T. biocellata. Males from the 3 species presented an X1X20 sex chromosome system, which is suggested as ancestral in Araneae. In P. ornata and T. bucculenta, both sex chromosomes were together and aligned in parallel until the segregation during anaphase I. In contrast to these species, sex chromosomes of T. biocellata usually remained distant from each other until diakinesis when they were observed associated in parallel disposition. Interstitial G‐bands were similar in P. ornata and T. bucculenta, and they both differed from those in T. biocellata. The special behavior of sex chromosomes in T. biocellata as well as the different G‐banding pattern of this species suggests the existence of novel modifications in this species.
Post-Neoliberalism or Deepened Neoliberalism? The Chicago Public Transportation Service and Elite Response during the Great Stagnation
Authors: Farmer Stephanie , Noonan Sean 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBoth mainstream and progressive commentators heralded President Obama’s economic stimulus program as sounding the death knell of the global neoliberal accumulation regime and inaugurating a form of Neo-Keynesianism. Although some funds have been earmarked for urban infrastructure projects, elite actors have used the shock of the crisis as a pretext to delimit and dismantle the public sector. In this article, we examine the case of Chicago’s public transportation in order to evaluate these countervailing forces. On one hand, federal stimulus money has been used to rehabilitate deteriorating public transit infrastructure. On the other hand, the response of local elites to budget shortfalls caused by the current economic crisis has involved support for a combination of service cuts and intensified attacks on unions to “share the burden”. Our study of neoliberalism in Chicago’s public transit sector illustrates how local elites strategically wield the state as an instrument for accumulation, whether by retrenching the role of the state or mobilizing for a more activist role of the state in seeding accumulation.
Sub-Saharan Africa: The Challenge of Integration into the Global Trading System
Authors: Fosu Joseph 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDeveloping countries that are integrating quickly into the global trading system are among the fastest growing economies in the world. The impressive economic growth combined with significant reduction in poverty levels in recent years in China and India seem to demonstrate that increased international integration has the potential to spur growth capable of reducing poverty levels in poor countries. In contrast Sub-Saharan Africa appears to have been marginalized. The textile and apparel industry provides ample illustration of the daunting problems that make it difficult for countries in the region to successively engage in the global economy. Being unable to take advantage of the global market economy to promote economic growth and poverty reduction, countries in Sub-Saharan Africa continue to rely on official development assistance (ODA) from rich nations. The challenge for Sub-Saharan Africa is to help spur economic growth by becoming well integrated into the global economy in order to share more fairly in its benefits.
Becoming Indonesians: The Bā 'Alawī in the Interstices of the Nation
Authors: Alatas Ismail Fajrie 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper examines the Bā' Alawī—a group of Hadramī diaspora acknowledged as the descendants of Prophet Muhammad—in post-colonial Indonesia. In particular, it observes the Bā 'Alawī scholars' creative adaptation and manipulation of their Sufi path, tarīqa 'alawiyya, in their attempt to secure their place within the wider imagination of Indonesian nationhood while protecting their distinctive genealogical eminence. In the twentieth century the tarīqa, which had long functioned to secure their identity, differentiate them from others and nurture their diasporic consciousness, proved incompatible with the assimilationist discourse of the nation. Further challenges came from Islamic reformism, preaching egalitarianism increasingly defined public articulation of Islam, confronting the Bā 'Alawī's notion of Islamic authority. The Bā 'Alawī scholars adapted by reshaping of the tarīqa rituals, shifting emphasis on Prophetic piety, expanding the Bā 'Alawī textual community to include local scholars, and the projecting of a new form of Prophetic authority in a framework of hadīth studies. Such shifts were sustained by the construction of a new Bā 'Alawī center in Kwitang, Jakarta, and the cultivation of scholarly networks connecting the Bā 'Alawī and local kyais (Indonesian Islamic scholars). More specifically, this paper observes the career of three Bā 'Alawī scholars and their efforts to reconfigure the discursive practice of the tarīqa in the early decades of the Indonesian republic. By presenting practices recognizable to the dominant modes of Islamic reformism in the country, the Bā 'Alawī succeeded in maintaining their visibility in Sukarno's Indonesia.
Consistency in the Armed Enforcement of Human Rights: A Moral Necessity?
Authors: Dobos Ned 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThere is no denying that international human rights norms are enforced selectively. Some oppressive governments become the targets of military intervention, while the political sovereignty of other, equally oppressive regimes is left intact. My aim in this paper is to determine whether a military operation to defend human rights can possibly be made morally illegitimate by the fact that the state prosecuting it has failed, is failing or will fail to defend human rights under relevantly similar circumstances elsewhere.
Energy Transfer and trans–cis Isomerization in Dendrimer Aggregates
Authors: Miura Yousuke , Momotake Atsuya , Sato Tomoo , Kanna Yoko , Moriyama Masaya , Nishimura Yoshinobu , Arai Tatsuo 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Stilbene-cored dendrimers having benzophenone peripheries with alkyl chains formed 1 µm and 4 nm aggregates in methylcyclohexane (MCH) for trans-1 and trans-2, respectively. Even in the aggregates, trans-1 underwent efficient trans–cis photoisomerization from the excited triplet state produced via intramolecular two-step energy transfer.
Self-Embedment of Small Rectangular Parallelepiped Platinum Particle Array in Etch Pits on {100} Planes of Diamond Crystallites
Authors: Ohashi Tatsuya , Sugimoto Wataru , Takasu Yoshio 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Small platinum particles less than about 200 nm in size with the unique form of a rectangular parallelepiped array were self-embedded in etch pits that were formed through partial gasification of the diamond with hydrogen and the platinum particles on the {100} planes of synthetic diamond crystallites at 1173 K.
The thyroid hormone receptors as tumor suppressors
Authors: Ruiz-Llorente Lidia , Martínez-Iglesias Olaia , García-Silva Susana , Tenbaum Stephan , Regadera Javier , Aranda Ana 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
In addition to the well-known role of the thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) in growth, development and metabolism, there is increasing evidence that they have profound effects on cell proliferation and malignant transformation. TRs repress transcriptional induction of cyclin D1 by the ras oncogene and block transformation and tumor formation by Ras-transformed fibroblasts in nude mice. Mutant receptors that do not bind coactivators are able to display these actions, whereas receptors defective in corepressors binding are unable to antagonize the responses to the ras oncogene. Furthermore, expression of TRβ1 in hepatocarcinoma and breast cancer cells abolishes anchorage-independent growth and migration, blocks responses to growth factors and represses expression of prometastatic genes, reducing tumor growth and strongly inhibiting invasiveness, extravasation and metastasis formation in euthyroid mice. By contrast, when cells are inoculated into hypothyroid host, tumor growth is retarded, but tumors are more invasive and metastatic growth is enhanced. Increased aggressiveness and tumor growth retardation was also observed with parental cells that do not express TRs, showing that changes secondary to hypothyroidism can modulate tumor progression and metastatic growth independently of the presence of TRs on the tumor cells. Finally, increased malignancy of skin tumors is found in mice lacking TRs, further demonstrating the role of these receptors as inhibitors of tumor progression and suggesting that they represent a potential therapeutic target in cancer.
The corepressor Alien as a novel tumor suppressor?
Authors: Baniahmad Aria 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Alien has been characterized as a corepressor for nuclear hormone receptors that harbor a silencing domain such as the thyroid hormone receptor (TR), the vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) and DAX-1. In addition, the androgen receptor (AR), a steroid hormone receptor, interacts with Alien. Alien enhances gene silencing mediated by TR, VDR and DAX-1, whereas Alien inhibits AR-mediated transactivation. The inhibition of AR by Alien seems to be restricted to cases where AR is bound to AR antagonists. In line with this, Alien inhibits AR target gene expression and human prostate cancer cell proliferation in an antagonist-specific manner indicating that Alien has an inhibitory role for cell cycle progression. Alien mediates gene silencing by recruitment of histone deacetylase activity and interestingly through nucleo-some assembly activity. Hereby, Alien enhances nucleosome positioning mediated by nucleosome assembly protein 1, which suggests a novel molecular mechanism of corepressor function. Using a proteomic approach to identify Alien interacting partners, we detected the cell cycle factor E2F1 to bind to Alien in vivo. The E2F1-mediated transactivation and E2F target gene expression is inhibited by Alien, and in line with this Alien is observed to repress cell cycle progression.
The antihormonal preventive therapy of breast cancer and prostate cancer
Authors: Senn Hans-Jörg , Morant Rudolf , Otto Florian 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
With the continuing increase of median life expectancy of important segments of the world's population, cancer incidence, as well as cancer related morbidity and mortality, are constantly increasing, especially for developing countries and for breast and prostate cancer, the predominant gender-associated cancer types. In addition to continuing, with more and more expensive efforts to develop new and more effective cancer treatments, it is health-politically and medico-professionally important to realise that only successful approaches to primary cancer prevention of major and frequent cancer types will be able to change this socially and economically unfavourably outlook. It is therefore encouraging to see that primary (or pharmacologic, interventional) cancer prevention programs have been successfully developed over the past decade for individuals at elevated risk for breast and prostate cancer on the basis of several scientifically well-conducted, prospective chemoprevention trials, mainly with synthetic anti-hormones (anti-estrogens and anti-androgens) in the USA, in Europe and Australia. This paper summarises the presently published results and design of several completed and some currently running primary cancer prevention trials in breast cancer and prostate cancer, and also points to the important obstacles for their conduct and translation into general practice in the broader populations at risk outside of clinical prevention research.