bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of azadirachtin on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its compatibility with predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on strawberry
Authors: Bernardi Daniel , Botton Marcos , da Cunha Uemerson Silva , Bernardi Oderlei , Malausa Thibaut , Garcia Mauro Silveira , Nava Dori Edson 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: The spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is the major strawberry pest in Brazil. The main strategies for its control comprise synthetic acaricides and predatory mites. The recent register of a commercial formula of azadirachtin (Azamax® 12 g L−1) can be viable for control of T. urticae. In this work, the effects of azadirachtin on T. urticae and its compatibility with predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus macropilis in the strawberry crop were evaluated.RESULTS: Azadirachtin was efficient against T. urticae, with a mortality rate similar to that of abamectin. In addition, the azadirachtin showed lower biological persistence (7 days) than abamectin (21 days). Azadirachtin did not cause significant mortality of adult predatory mites (N. californicus and P. macropilis), but it did reduce fecundity by 50%. However, egg viability of the azadirachtin treatments was similar to that of the control (>80% viability). The use of azadirachtin and predatory mites is a valuable tool for controlling T. urticae in strawberry crop.CONCLUSIONS: Azadirachtin provided effective control of T. urticae and is compatible with the predatory mites N. californicus and P. macropilis. It is an excellent tool to be incorporated into integrated pest management for strawberry crop in Brazil. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of the Molecular Structure and Morphology of Self‐Assembled 1,3,5‐Benzenetrisamide Nanofibers on their Mechanical Properties
Authors: Kluge Daniel , Singer Julia C. , Neubauer Jens W. , Abraham Frank , Schmidt Hans‐Werner , Fery Andreas 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe influence of molecular structure on the mechanical properties of self‐assembled 1,3,5‐benzenetrisamide nanofibers is investigated. Three compounds with different amide connectivity and different alkyl substituents are compared. All the trisamides form well‐defined fibers and exhibit significant differences in diameters of up to one order of magnitude. Using nanomechanical bending experiments, the rigidity of the nanofibers shows a difference of up to three orders of magnitude. Calculation of Young's modulus reveals that these differences are a size effect and that the moduli of all systems are similar and in the lower GPa range. This demonstrates that variation of the molecular structure allows changing of the fibers' morphology, whereas it has a minor influence on their modulus. Consequently, the stiffness of the self‐assembled nanofibers can be tuned over a wide range—a crucial property for applications as versatile nano‐ and micromechanical components.
Differential effects of age on human striatal adenosine A1 and A2A receptors
Authors: Mishina Masahiro , Kimura Yuichi , Naganawa Mika , Ishii Kenji , Oda Keiichi , Sakata Muneyuki , Toyohara Jun , Kobayashi Shiro , Katayama Yasuo , Ishiwata Kiichi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of age on the distribution of adenosine A1 receptors (A1Rs) and adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) in the striatum of healthy subjects using PET imaging with 8‐dicyclopropylmethyl‐1‐[11C]methyl‐3‐propylxanthine ([11C]MPDX) and [7‐methyl‐11C]‐(E)‐8‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxystyryl)‐1,3,7‐trimethylxanthine ([11C]TMSX), respectively. We recruited 8 young (22.0 ± 1.7 years) and 10 elderly (65.4 ± 7.6 years) volunteers to undergo [11C]MPDX PET scanning, and 11 young (22.7 ± 2.7 years) and six elderly (60.7 ± 8.5 years) volunteers to undergo [11C]TMSX PET scanning. A dynamic series of decay‐corrected PET scans was performed for 60 min following injection of [11C]MPDX or [11C]TMSX. We calculated the binding potential (BPND) of [11C]MPDX and distribution volume ratio (DVR) of [11C]TMSX in the striatum. The BPND of [11C]MPDX was significantly lower in elderly than in young subjects, both in the putamen and head of the caudate nucleus. The BPND was negatively correlated with age in both the putamen and the head of the caudate nucleus. However, no difference was found between the DVR of [11C]TMSX in the striata of young and elderly subjects, nor was there a correlation between age and the DVR of [11C]TMSX. The effect of age on the distribution of A1Rs in the human striatum described herein is similar to previous reports of age‐related decreases in dopamine D1 and D2 receptors. Unlike A1Rs, however, this study suggests that the distribution of A2ARs does not change with age. Synapse 66:832–839, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimal power scheduling in 802.11n wireless networks for real‐time services
Authors: Deng Yiping , Lin Chuang , Ren Fengyuan , Wu Dapeng 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThe growing popularity of mobile devices in our daily life demands higher throughput of wireless networks. The new communication standard 802.11n has significantly improved throughput because of the use of advanced technologies such as the multiple‐input multiple‐output communication technique. Because mobile devices are usually battery‐operated, power efficiency is critical; on the other hand, delay performance can be improved by transmitting at high power. To address the conflicting requirement of power saving and small delay, power scheduling is needed. In the past, many approaches to power scheduling have been proposed for real‐time applications, but few of them have considered complicated modes of channel state information(CSI) in multiple‐input multiple‐output. In this paper, we study this and classify the CSI into four types, namely, constant, slow fading, fast fading, and unknown. For known CSI, we propose an optimal algorithm for power scheduling. For unknown CSI, we propose an approximate algorithm based on some heuristics. To improve resource utilization, a stochastic delay‐bound method is proposed for fast‐fading condition. Simulation results demonstrate that the performance achieved by the optimal and heuristic algorithms agrees well with the analysis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Properties of a Hydrolysis Resistant Cationic Trisiloxane Surfactant
Authors: Luo Ru‐xian , Liu Ping‐ping , Chen Yao‐bin 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn order to improve the hydrolysis resistant ability (HRA) of trisiloxane surfactants, a new kind of quaternary ammonium salt cationic trisiloxane surfactant (QASCTSS) was synthesized in three steps and investigated. The chemical structure of QASCTSS was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Compared with normal trisiloxane surfactants, QASCTSS exhibits a lower surface tension, especially under strong acid or alkaline conditions. This was attributed to the protection for Si–O backbone from the quaternized side chain, and some improvement in HRA is seen in acidic conditions with ethyl instead of methyl side chains on the quaternary structure.
Participating in a policy debate program and academic achievement among at‐risk adolescents in an urban public school district: 1997–2007
Authors: Anderson Susannah , Mezuk Briana 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the relationship between participating in a high school debate program on college‐readiness in the Chicago Public School district over a 10‐year period. At‐risk school students were identified using an index including 8th grade achievement, poverty status, and enrollment in special education. Regression analyses were used to assess the association between debate participation and graduation and ACT performance. Overall, debaters were 3.1 times more likely to graduate from high school (95% confidence interval: 2.7–3.5) than non‐debaters, and more likely to reach the college‐readiness benchmarks on the English, Reading, and Science portions of the ACT. This association was similar for both low‐risk and at‐risk students. Debate intensity was positively related to higher scores on all sections of the ACT. Findings indicate that debate participation is associated with improved academic performance for at‐risk adolescents.
An Investigation of the Satisfaction and Perception of Fieldwork Experiences Among Occupational Therapy Students
Authors: Ariel Chiang Hsin-Yu , Pang Chu-Hou , Li Wan-Shan , Shin Yi-Nuo , Su Chia-Ting 
Published: May 2012

Objective Fieldwork practice is an essential part of education in occupational therapy (OT). For an OT educator, it is crucial to understand students’ perceptions and satisfaction of fieldwork practice to raise its overall quality. Methods Students’ perceptions and satisfaction of their fieldwork were measured with the students’ fieldwork satisfaction assessment. The assessment contains three subscales: the degree of satisfaction with the clinical setting, supervisors, and the improvement of professional knowledge. A total of 67 senior-year OT students from six universities in Taiwan were recruited. The students’ overall perceptions of and satisfaction with their fieldwork were obtained. Results Results indicated that the level of satisfaction was high among students (mean ± standard deviation = 3.94 ± 0.52). In addition, students had relatively lower satisfaction with the hospital environment (3.57 ± 0.48). Students who considered pre-fieldwork preparation to be necessary often had higher satisfaction (4.05 ± 0.51) with fieldwork experience than those who considered it unnecessary (3.61 ± 0.47; p = .004). Our results showed that students practicing in the field of physical disabilities were more satisfied with their fieldwork than were students in the field of psychiatric disabilities (p = .003). Students’ perception of OT was a significant predictor for students’ degree of satisfaction with fieldwork (p < .001). Conclusion To elevate the quality of the clinical education of OT students, educators may improve the facilities and spaces in the hospital departments.
Neuromuscular Prehabilitation to Prevent Osteoarthritis After a Traumatic Joint Injury
Authors: Tenforde Adam S. , Shull Pete B. , Fredericson Michael 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPost‐traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is a process resulting from direct forces applied to a joint that cause injury and degenerative changes. An estimated 12% of all symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip, knee, and ankle can be attributed to a post‐traumatic cause. Neuromuscular prehabilitation is the process of improving neuromuscular function to prevent development of PTOA after an initial traumatic joint injury. Prehabilitation strategies include restoration of normative movement patterns that have been altered as the result of traumatic injury, along with neuromuscular exercises and gait retraining to prevent the development of OA after an injury occurs. A review of the current literature shows that no studies have been performed to evaluate methods of neuromuscular prehabilitation to prevent PTOA after a joint injury. Instead, current research has focused on management strategies after knee injuries, the value of exercise in the management of OA, and neuromuscular exercises after total knee arthroplasty. Recent work in gait retraining that alters knee joint loading holds promise for preventing the development of PTOA after joint trauma. Future research should evaluate methods of neuromuscular prehabilitation strategies in relationship to the outcome of PTOA after joint injury.
Obesity and Weight Loss in the Treatment and Prevention of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Vincent Heather K. , Heywood Kendrick , Connelly Jacob , Hurley Robert W. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObesity is associated with an increasing prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints and pain. Obesity is a major risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA), and pain can manifest in load‐bearing and nonload‐bearing joints. The lumbar spine and the knee are 2 primary sites for pain onset in the obese patient. Irrespective of the weight loss method, reduction of body fat can lower the mechanical and inflammatory stressors that contribute to OA. Single or combined methods of weight loss including exercise, dietary modification, medications, and bariatric surgery are associated with lower joint pain and increased physical function. Methods of weight loss or maintenance in early years may reduce the life exposure of joints to the obesity induced stressors on load bearing joints.
Epidemiology of Osteoarthritis and Associated Comorbidities
Authors: Suri Pradeep , Morgenroth David C. , Hunter David J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is the most common cause of walking‐related disability among older adults in the United States, and the prevalence and incidence of OA are increasing rapidly. Systemic and local risk factors for knee OA have been identified, and obesity and joint injury appear to be the strongest risk factors that are both modifiable and have the potential for substantial impact on a population level. The risk factors for functional decline and disability in persons with symptomatic OA have been examined in relatively few studies. The course of functional decline in persons with symptomatic OA on a population level is generally one of stable to slowly deteriorating function, but on an individual level, many patients maintain function or improve during the first 3 years of follow‐up. Obesity stands out as one of few modifiable risk factors of OA that also is a potentially modifiable predictor of functional decline. Physical activity also appears to have a substantial protective impact on future OA‐related disability. Further epidemiologic studies and randomized controlled trials are needed to prioritize prevention through targeting these modifiable risk factors for OA and related disability.
Resistance Exercise for Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Vincent Kevin R. , Vincent Heather K. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe initiation, progression, and severity of knee osteoarthritis (OA) have been associated with decreased muscular strength and alterations in joint biomechanics. Chronic OA pain may lead to anxiety, depression, fear of movement, and poor psychological outlook. The fear of movement may prevent participation in exercise and social events, which could lead to further physical and social isolation. Resistance exercise (RX) has been shown to be an effective intervention both for decreasing pain and improving physical function and self‐efficacy. RX may restore muscle strength and joint mechanics while improving physical function. RX also may normalize muscle firing patterns and joint biomechanics, leading to reductions in joint pain and cartilage degradation. These physical adaptations could lead to improved self‐efficacy and decreased anxiety and depression. RX can be prescribed and performed by patients across the spectrum of OA severity. When designing and implementing an RX program for a patient with knee OA, one should consider both the degree of OA severity and the level of pain. RX, either in the home or at a fitness facility, is an important component of a comprehensive regimen designed to offset the physical and psychological limitations associated with knee OA. Unique considerations for this population include (1) monitoring pain during and after exercise, (2) providing days of rest when disease flares occur, and (3) infusing variety into the exercise regimen to encourage adherence.
Pharmaceutical Therapy for Osteoarthritis
Authors: Cheng David S. , Visco Christopher J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThere are a variety of oral and topical pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of osteoarthritis. To date there is no pharmacologic agent proved to prevent disease progression. This article focuses primarily on the medications used for symptomatic relief and palliation of pain. The article reviews the medications' mechanisms of action and the available efficacy literature, as well as indications, contraindications, and common adverse effects.
Total Joint Arthroplasty for Persons With Osteoarthritis
Authors: Grayson Christopher W. , Decker Robert C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOsteoarthritis is a process largely associated with aging, and Americans today are living longer than ever before, with the most recent data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention showing an average life expectancy of 78.2 years. With an increasingly older society, there will be an increased need for medical and surgical treatment of osteoarthritis. At the same time, a decline in the number of surgeons performing total joint arthroplasty is anticipated, by as much as 30% in some studies. Due to this anticipated shortage, nonoperative physicians will play a more prominent role in patient care and should become better educated in maximizing nonoperative care, recognizing appropriate surgical indications, and educating their patients on surgical outcomes. Total joint arthroplasty offers pain relief and potential functional improvement. Unfortunately, the outcomes for joint replacement differ significantly by the joint being replaced. The best examples of positive outcome for both pain relief and functional improvement are total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty. Shoulder arthroplasty has demonstrated encouraging outcomes but the outcome data is not yet as robust as the data for hip and knee arthroplasty. Elbow arthroplasty provides good pain relief but functional outcomes are not nearly as good, and significant potential complications exist. Lastly, ankle arthroplasty has not demonstrated outcomes that are as positive as the other major joints, and the criterion standard treatment continues to be ankle fusion. In this article, surgical options for arthroplasty will be reviewed for each of the major joints, including the joint‐specific indications and outcomes for each procedure.
Flotation and free surface flow in a model for subglacial drainage. Part 1. Distributed drainage
Authors: Schoof Christian , Hewitt Ian J. , Werder Mauro A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe present a continuum model for melt water drainage through a spatially distributed system of connected subglacial cavities, and consider in this context the complications introduced when effective pressure or water pressure drops to zero. Instead of unphysically allowing water pressure to become negative, we model the formation of a partially vapour- or air-filled space between ice and bed. Likewise, instead of allowing sustained negative effective pressures, we allow ice to separate from the bed at zero effective pressure. The resulting model is a free boundary problem in which an elliptic obstacle problem determines hydraulic potential, and therefore also determines regions of zero effective pressure and zero water pressure. This is coupled with a transport problem for stored water, and the coupled system bears some similarities with Hele-Shaw and squeeze-film models. We present a numerical method for computing time-dependent solutions, and find close agreement with semi-analytical travelling wave and steady-state solutions. As may be expected, we find that ice–bed separation is favoured by high fluxes and low ice surface slopes and low bed slopes, while partially filled cavities are favoured by low fluxes and high slopes. At the boundaries of regions with zero water or effective pressure, discontinuities in water level are frequently present, either in the form of propagating shocks or as stationary hydraulic jumps accompanied by discontinuities in potential gradient.
Flotation and free surface flow in a model for subglacial drainage. Part 2. Channel flow
Authors: Hewitt I. J. , Schoof C. , Werder M. A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe present a new model of subglacial drainage incorporating flow in a network of channels and a porous sheet, with water exchange between the two determined by pressure gradients. The sheet represents the average effect of many linked cavities, whilst the channels emerge from individual cavities that enlarge due to dissipation-induced melting. The model distinguishes cases when the water pressure drops to zero, in which case it allows for the drainage space to be only partially filled with water (free surface flow), and when the pressure reaches the ice overburden pressure, in which case it allows for uplift of the ice to whatever extent is needed to accommodate the water (flotation). Numerical solutions are found for a one-dimensional flow-line version of the model. The results capture typically observed or inferred features of subglacial drainage systems, including open channel flow at the ice margin, seasonal channel evolution, and high water pressures and uplift of the ice surface driven by rapid changes in water supply.
Frontotemporal white-matter microstructural abnormalities in adolescents with conduct disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study
Authors: Sarkar S. , Craig M. C. , Catani M. , Dell'Acqua F. , Fahy T. , Deeley Q. , Murphy D. G. M. 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundChildren with conduct disorder (CD) are at increased risk of developing antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and psychopathy in adulthood. The biological basis for this is poorly understood. A preliminary diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) study of psychopathic antisocial adults reported significant differences from controls in the fractional anisotropy (FA) of the uncinate fasciculus (UF), a white-matter tract that connects the amygdala to the frontal lobe. However, it is unknown whether developmental abnormalities are present in the UF of younger individuals with CD.MethodWe used DT-MRI tractography to investigate, for the first time, the microstructural integrity of the UF in adolescents with CD, and age-related differences in this tract. We compared FA and perpendicular diffusivity of the UF in 27 adolescents with CD and 16 healthy controls (12 to 19 years old) who did not differ significantly in age, IQ or substance use history. To confirm that these findings were specific to the UF, the same measurements were extracted from two non-limbic control tracts. Participants in the CD group had a history of serious aggressive and violent behaviour, including robbery, burglary, grievous bodily harm and sexual assault.ResultsIndividuals with CD had a significantly increased FA (p = 0.006), and reduced perpendicular diffusivity (p = 0.002), in the left UF. Furthermore, there were significant age-related between-group differences in perpendicular diffusivity of the same tract (Zobs = 2.40, p = 0.01). Controls, but not those with CD, showed significant age-related maturation. There were no significant between-group differences in any measure within the control tracts.ConclusionsAdolescents with CD have significant differences in the ‘connectivity’ and maturation of UF.
The role of the amygdala in the appraising brain
Authors: Sander David 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLindquist et al. convincingly argue that the brain implements psychological operations that are constitutive of emotion rather than modules subserving discrete emotions. However, thenatureof such psychological operations is open to debate. I argue that considering appraisal theories may provide alternative interpretations of the neuroimaging data with respect to the psychological operations involved.