bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coming to America
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

According to the National Survey of College Graduates, first‐generation immigrants to the United States make up a significant portion of America's science community. Men and women born outside the United States comprise 9.8% of all American adults with bachelor of science degrees and 23% of those with doctorates in science. Of those American scientists specifically engaged in research and development, 28% originally came from other nations.Among Americans educated in geoscience, immigrants hold 5.2% of the bachelor's degrees, 9.7% of master's and technical degrees, and 16.8% of the Ph.D.s.
Invest in sunblock
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2011

According to data gathered by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) on NASA's Nimbus‐7 satellite, the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface of Earth from the Sun has increased as the total amount of ozone in the atmosphere has decreased over the past 15 years.“The increases are largest in the middle and high latitudes, where most people live and most of the world's agricultural activity occurs,” said Jay Herman, an atmospheric scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. According to Herman and colleagues, since 1978 the average annual exposure to ultraviolet B radiation (in the 290–320‐nm range) has increased by 6.8% per decade at 55°N latitude, crossing the United Kingdom, Germany, Scandinavia, and Russia. At 55°S, cutting across southern Argentina and Chile, ultraviolet exposure increased 9.8% per decade. The change in UV‐B radiation in most of North America was about 4% per decade.
Slick oil advances
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

Technological innovations in oil and gas exploration and production during the past 30 years have led to increased efficiency and environmental benefits, according to an October 5 report issued by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy.With these innovations, it now takes 22,000 fewer wells annually to develop the same amount of oil and gas reserves as it did in 1985, according to the report. In addition, fewer wells translate into less drilling waste. As much as 148 million barrels of drilling wastes annually are avoided due to increased well productivity at fewer sites, the report estimates. Industry advances also are leading to a reduction in the “footprint” of well pads and in the area cleared for drilling operations.
Paleo postings
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

A new Web site will help to satisfy the thirst for information about drought. The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has created a site called North American Drought: A Paleo Perspective, which is a sibling to another NOAA Web site, A Paleo Perspective on Global Warming.Both sites are packed with information about their topic areas and have links to a number of other sites.
Paleoclimatology: Reconstructing Climates of the Quaternary (Second Edition)
Authors: Thompson Lonnie G. 
Published: October 2011

Paleoclimatology: Reconstructing Climates of the Quaternary is the second edition of Quaternary Paleoclimatology, long considered an excellent text for students in the emerging field of paleoclimate reconstruction. The new edition is a well‐written update that expands on the earlier compilation, and like its predecessor, is one of the most comprehensive overview and reference books in its field.Using just enough detailed discussion, Bradley describes a wide variety of climate records and includes the latest techniques used to reconstruct Quaternary climate. The comprehensive nature of this book can be discerned by browsing through the bibliography that covers 82 pages and contains over 1700 references.
Mars Rovers to continue driving
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

NASA has provided funding for a 6‐month additional extension of the operation of the Mars rover missions, the agency announced on 21 September.James Erickson, project manager for the Spirit and Opportunity rovers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., said, “Although [the rovers] are well past warranty, they are showing few signs of wearing out. We really don't know how long they will keep working, whether days or months. We will do our best to continue getting the maximum possible benefit from [them].”
Research Spotlight: Computational techniques can yield large errors in hydrological models
Authors: Kumar Mohi , Tretkoff Ernie 
Published: October 2011

Hydrological models are frequently used in flood forecasting, water resources assessments, and other environmental management projects. They are also useful tools for advancing scientific understanding of hydrological processes. In many applications to date, especially those using conceptual models, data uncertainty and model conceptualization are tacitly assumed to be the main sources of modeling error.However, in a recent review of practical model robustness, Kavetski and Clark focus on errors arising from the computational technique used to approximate the time‐dependent catchment dynamics and on how the lack of numerical error control can affect model behavior. They found that unless careful attention is paid to numerical calculations, troublesome artifacts arise and severely deform the response characteristics of hydrological models.
Introduction
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the political, economic, cultural, and international factors that influenced Chinese Communist Party (CCP) chairman Mao Zedong to launch the Cultural Revolution. This book chronicles how Mao came to focus upon the nation's spiritual metamorphosis after having failed in the material transformation of China. It attempts to explain why Mao decided to tear down and rebuild a regime that he had done so much to create. It discusses the failure of the Great Leap Forward (GLF) and Mao's conflict with Soviet Union Communist Party First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev.
Resuscitating the United Front
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the opinion of Deng Zihui, member of the CCP's Central Committee, on collectivization as a way to stimulate agriculture. It suggests that Zihui's outspokenness on the issue reflected not only his own courage but also the general amelioration of the political atmosphere that had taken place after the Seven Thousand Cadres Conference. The combination of economic necessity and political change led Chinese leaders to revalidate the expert and try to coax a hundred new followers to bloom, which led to the revival of the united front policies.
Store and Mill
Authors: Ayers Edward L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The mercantile business in the South has been in an upswing. The chapter details the experiences of a young “drummer” Arch Trawick and the opportunities that wholesale drummers had. Advertising was revolutionized accompanying corporate standardization leading to the earliest mass advertising campaigns in the country. Mail-order houses came on the scene and local Southerners became “much addicted to shopping by mail” as it offered autonomy and anonymity which were of high value to the poor as much as the lower prices. Purchases made by tenants were controlled by merchants or land owners. Modern merchandising and advertising found its way in to every aspect of Southern life. Cooking and food preparation was revolutionized during this time and the invention of Coca-Cola can be traced back to the growing network of Southern stores. Textile production and the timber industry triggered economic change in the New South.
Slavery in France The Problem and Early Responses
Authors: Peabody Sue 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In this chapter, the attitude toward slavery in France is discussed. The government was not completely consistent in its application of the Freedom Principle. A new law was drafted to deal with the problem of colonial slave owners who wanted to bring their slaves to France. This is known as the Edict of October 1716, which set conditions whereby slave owners could bring their slaves to France without fear of losing. According to the edict, there were two legitimate purposes for bringing slaves to France: to give them religious instruction or to teach them a trade. Based on Lemerre's report, Joly de Fleury and de Chauvelin decided that the Parlement of Paris should not register the Edict of October 1716. The fact that it was never registered by the Parlement of Paris created a legal limbo for slaves who came to Paris or other cities within the parlement's jurisdiction.
The House of Scotto: A Printing Dynasty
Authors: Bernstein Jane A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBy the closing decades of the fifteenth century, a wave of “foreigners” had arrived in Venice to try their hand at the burgeoning printing industry. One such émigré was Ottaviano Scotto. He arrived prior to 1479 and very quickly gained prominence as a printer and publisher. Making a name for itself as a publisher of Latin texts, the Scotto firm also acted as a primary player in the development of music printing in Italy. The dynasty mirrored the growth of the Venetian book trade from its inception in the latter decades of the fifteenth century through its years of expansion and commercial success in the sixteenth century.
Inside the Scotto Print Shop: The Manufacturing of a Music Book
Authors: Bernstein Jane A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe cost of labor was considerable. The workers Scotto employed ranged from young apprentices and piece-work journeymen to pressmen, compositors, and proof correctors. Other members of the print shop might include a journeyman who, after serving his apprenticeship, traveled from town to town, often for several years. A journeyman would stay in a particular locality anywhere from a month to one or two years, where he worked at the shop of the master printer. Ranking above the journeyman were the trained laborers, who worked either as compositors setting type and preparing forms or as pressmen who pulled the sheets of paper and operated the press. At the top of the workforce was the head compositor, who supervised the other workers and corrected the first proofs.
The Late Years (1554–1572)
Authors: Bernstein Jane A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe late 1550s and 1560s was a period of unprecedented wealth for Venice and her merchants. For the book trade, the economic boom meant an increase in the number of printing establishments. At its peak toward the end of the 1960s, the industry embraced some fifty-six presses employing 500 to 600 persons. Venetian publishers, printers, and book sellers alike felt the prosperity. The larger dynastic houses of Giunti, Manuzio, Giolito, and Scotto, as well as the more modest firms of Valgrisi, Tramezzino, Guerra, Ziletti, and Bevilacqua, expanded their output. Smaller presses also became more active, averaging three or four titles per year.
Herzl's Place in Zionist Historiography
Authors: Goldstein Yossi 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Zionist historiography is not blessed with an abundance of biographies. However, more than forty biographies and monographs on Theodor Herzl have appeared. Herzl's attractiveness to the biographer or essayist is clear: his Zionist activity and his success in establishing the World Zionist Organization. It is not surprising that the abundance of biographies is matched by a broad range of interpretations of Herzl's life. In 1934 the first edition Alex Bein's biography of Herzl appeared in Vienna and years afterward would be considered the definitive account. According to Bein, Herzl founded Zionism and endeavored to implement its programs almost singlehandedly. One of Bein's innovations was his attempt to furnish psychological explanations for Herzl's behavior. Peter Loewenberg adduced psychological explanations to analyze Herzl's historical developmnet and evoked psychology as his sole analytical tool. Several biographies of Herzl were published including that of Stewart Desmond, Steven Beller, Leon Kellner, Andrew Handler, Jacques Kornberg, and Ernst Pawel.
Localism Revived: Three Studies of National-Local Relations in Israel
Authors: Weingrod Alex 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter explores three books on national–local relations in Israel. These are Sam N. Lehman-Wilzig's Wildfire: Grassroots Revolts in Israel in the Post-Socialist Era, Shlomo Hasson's Urban Social Movements in Jerusalem: The Protest of the Second Generation, and Efraim Ben-Zadok's Local Communities and the Israeli Polity: Conflict of Values and Interests. Since its inception, Israel has been a highly centralized state, and the view has long been held that the great power of national government is at the expense of underfinanced, inefficient, poorly led, and bureaucratized local governments. Each of the three books reviewed here explains the historical background to centralization and focuses on a surprising new theme: during the past decade or two, significant changes have been taking place, and as a result local interests have grown stronger. What is more, in portions of these books the United States appears as the model for Israel to follow.
The End of Magic
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book offers a new approach towards the definition and understanding of magic. Basing the analysis in the Indian city of Banaras, where magic is a familiar part of everyday life, it reviews the major theories that have explained (or explained away) magic over the last century. It argues that all of these theories leave out something critical, namely what it calls “magical consciousness”—a special state of awareness of magicians and their clients which, though extraordinary, is also perfectly natural.
The Association of Ideas: Bringing People Together
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe rise of modern anthropology in England coincided, paradoxically, both with the new theory of evolution and with the popularity of spiritualism. Edward B. Taylor could not have been anything but shocked by the “duping” of such renowned figures as Alfred Russell Wallace or William Crookes. Magic was an exception to the evolutionary pattern seen in the religious and practical aspects of culture. Its survival in Victorian England testified to the persistence of primitive ways of thinking, which Taylor called the “association of ideas.” Instead of recognizing true causality in natural events, primitive peoples—including some Englishmen—were misled by the resemblance or the proximity of objects into thinking that they were related. By regarding magic as a form of pre-scientific thinking—the “association of ideas” as opposed to proper causality—and by rigorously placing modern spiritualism in historical perspective as the fulfillment of certain psychological needs, Taylor took the occult out of magic.
From Magic to Social Function
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe beginning of professional sociology signaled the end of theories that explained magic as a mental phenomenon of the individual. The crude and often provincial evolutionism to which James Frazer subscribed gave way to a genuine science of society. Sociology showed no tolerance for armchair speculations on such things as “bad science” or “errors of reasoning.” Because magic clearly served social functions, a new generation of professional sociologists set out to define and explain it in some collective manner. Emile Durkheim rejected the intellectualist idea that magic was an illusion or bad science. Durkheim was the first to replace Frazer's mentalistic interpretation of magic with a comprehensive and coherent sociological theory. Bronislaw Malinowski demonstrated that magic derives its meaning from the way it functions within the social and economic systems of the Trobriands. For Malinowski, the most important feature of Trobriand magic is the spell.
The Chapter of Eve
Authors: Stowasser Barbara Freyer 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Qur'an speaks of Adam and his wife in several Suras. On each occasion, the story is a rounded narrative featuring a particular emphasis that differentiates one version from the other. The Qur'an does not mention Adam's wife by the name, nor does it state how she was created. Of the 5 Qur'anic accounts pertaining to Adam, the woman appears in three instances. In all these three, the focus of the narrative is with the disobedience of humans toward God, as well as the Forbidden Tree which is a central feature of the story. By contrast, the remaining two do not state the female focus on Iblis (Satan) as well as Iblis' disobedience and rebellion.
Introduction
Authors: Trobisch David 
Published: October 2011

AbstractToday, the Christian bible is like any other book as it is published, distributed, and sold. The New Testament—the second part of the bible made up of 27 writings, which starts with the Gospels and ends with the Revelation of John—has brought about several discussions regarding Jesus of Nazareth or the setting and intentions of the authors of the New Testament and their works. As this book focuses on the “Canonical Edition”, this study concentrates on a time when editors, publishers, and those involved in book sales may have made modifications that resulted in the edition of the New Testament that we are familiar with today. Historical sources used here include indirect evidence, direct evidence, and the redactional structure of the New Testament.
A Note to the Readers of the Canonical Edition
Authors: Trobisch David 
Published: October 2011

AbstractEditors are not supposed to hide their identities in order to address readers' concerns through making use of prefaces, appendices, commentaries, and other such remarks that entail redaction, which the author collectively refers to here as editorial notes to the reader. As we may have already observed, such an editorial note is shown in Jn 21. The author, in this chapter, asserts that Jn 21 may have gotten reference not just from John's Gospel but possibly also from the Four-Gospel Book. Apart from examining the relative chronology and the arrangement of the Gospels, we also consider how the Book of Acts, 2 Timothy, and 2 Peter may also reveal implications of the editorial concept attributed to the final redaction of this edition.
Prelude
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book starts telling the story of Philippa Duke Schuyler, a child of a racially mixed marriage, with her death. It happened on a Tuesday, May 9, 1967, when a helicopter assigned to the 282nd Aviation Company crashed into the ocean just about ten miles north of Da Nang and Philippa was one of the passengers on board. The book also flashes back to three weeks before the death of Philippa, to April 15, 1967, when she gave a piano concert on South Vietnamese television. The book also describes how Philippa was involved in missions of mercy, evacuating children from an orphanage in Hue to Da Nang.
Sergeant Jackson
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
George was raised by middle-class family living in a two-storey house in Syracuse, New York, the only Black family on the street. His father died when George was only three years old. And when his widowed mother remarried, the family moved to another house on the border of Syracuse. Growing up in Syracuse made George realize that the place offers him few opportunities, so he joined the United States Army to liberate himself from that life and travel. After three years in the army, George decided to go to San Francisco as an unemployed ex-soldier and began looking for a job, discovering that he had the ability to write stories. Years later, he wrote an essay for H. L. Mencken's American Mercury entitled “Black Warriors” and his most memorable character in the story was Jackson. This story was most likely based on his own life at the end of his active army service.
Winter's Night
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Philippa's twenty-sixth year was an emotional all-time low because she spent eight depressing months in 1956 and eleven months the following year at home, these being her longest single stretches in the States since she had started travelling the world. Philippa began working on a book in the hope of writing a successful novel, and this ultimately bloomed into her quasi-autobiography, entitled Adventures in Black and White. She used it as a vehicle to express her anger at Josephine. She created a character named Rolande, mirroring her own life.
Felipa Monterro y Schuyler
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The foundation of Josephine's belief that her brilliant interracial child would be able to overcome the barriers of American segregation was a failure, although Philippa was a well-known role model for African American women, the doors to the white-dominated classical music arena remained resolutely closed in America. When Philippa performed in Texas, at the Southern University in 1949, Philippa hoped some of the Cogdells would come hear her perform. But there were only ten whites in the audience, including three white music critics. In the middle of March 1963, Philippa landed in Lisbon and five days later, she opened a bank account under the name of Felipa Monterro y Schuyler. She has no scheduled concerts in Lisbon but through connections, she had the chance to perform two unofficial recitals for the director of the Music Conservatory.
Ritual Impurity and Sin in Tannaitic Literature
Authors: Klawans Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter draws a brief contrast between the approach taken and the most clearly delineated approach in the field today in order to situate the methodological assumptions of the present work within contemporary approaches. It specifically describes the approach taken to impurity and sin in tannaitic halakhah. The tannaitic approach to purity is characterized by the “compartmentalization” of the notions of ritual and moral impurity, and of ritual impurity and sin more generally. Moreover, it addresses the fact that in tannaitic halakhah, ritual impurity retains an overall similarity to what is articulated in the Torah: ritual impurity is natural and unavoidable, generally not sinful, and is typically impermanent. The chapter also examines more closely the claim that the tannaim “compartmentalized” ritual and moral impurity. Lastly, it presents the fact that in tannaitic halakhah, the issues of sin and atonement are generally kept distinct from issues of defilement and purification.
Ritual and Moral Impurity in the New Testament
Authors: Klawans Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter points out some ways in which the analysis can shed light on some problems facing contemporary New Testament scholarship. In particular, the distinction between ritual and moral impurity can help provide clarity to a scholarly discussion regarding purity in the New Testament that is, unfortunately, too often lacking in specificity. It also considers the distinction between ritual and moral impurity and recognizes that ancient Jews differed on the issue of the defiling force of sin. The better understanding of a number of aspects of the New Testament is shown.