bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pokes, sunburn, and hot sauce: Drosophila as an emerging model for the biology of nociception
Authors: Im Seol Hee , Galko Michael J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe word “nociception” is derived from the Latin “nocere,” which means “to harm.” Nociception refers to the sensory perception of noxious stimuli that have the potential to cause tissue damage. Since the perception of such potentially harmful stimuli often results in behavioral escape responses, nociception provides a protective mechanism that allows an organism to avoid incipient (or further) damage to the tissue. It appears to be universal in metazoans as a variety of escape responses can be observed in both mammalian and non‐mammalian vertebrates, as well as diverse invertebrates such as leeches, nematodes, and fruit flies (Sneddon [2004] Brain Research Review 46:123–130; Tobin and Bargmann [2004] Journal of Neurobiology 61:161–174; Smith and Lewin [2009] Journal of Comparative Physiology 195:1089–1106). Several types of stimuli can trigger nociceptive sensory transduction, including noxious heat, noxious chemicals, and harsh mechanical stimulation. Such high‐threshold stimuli induce the firing of action potentials in peripheral nociceptors, the sensory neurons specialized for their detection (Basbaum et al. [2009] Cell 139:267–284). In vertebrates, these action potentials can either be relayed directly to a spinal motor neuron to provoke escape behavior (the so‐called monosynaptic reflex) or can travel via spinal cord interneurons to higher‐order processing centers in the brain. This review will cover the establishment of Drosophila as a system to study various aspects of nociceptive sensory perception. We will cover development of the neurons responsible for detecting noxious stimuli in larvae, the assays used to assess the function(s) of these neurons, and the genes that have been found to be required for both thermal and mechanical nociception. Along the way, we will highlight some of the genetic tools that make the fly such a powerful system for studies of nociception. Finally, we will cover recent studies that introduce new assays employing adult Drosophila to study both chemical and thermal nociception and provide an overview of important unanswered questions in the field. Developmental Dynamics 241:16–26, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic and developmental mechanisms underlying the formation of the Drosophila compound eye
Authors: Tsachaki Maria , Sprecher Simon G. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of individual subunits (“ommatidia”), each containing photoreceptors and support cells. These cells derive from an undifferentiated epithelium in the eye imaginal disc and their differentiation follows a highly stereotypic pattern. Sequential commitment of pluripotent cells to become specialized cells of the visual system serves as a unique model system to study basic mechanisms of tissue development. In the past years, many regulatory genes that govern the development of the compound eye have been identified and their mode of action genetically dissected. Transcription factor networks in combination with cell–cell signalling pathways regulate the development of the eye tissue in a precise temporal and spatial manner. Here, we review the recent advances on how a single‐cell‐layered epithelium is patterned to give rise to the compound eye. We discuss the molecular pathways controlling differentiation of individual photoreceptors, through which they acquire their functional specificity. Developmental Dynamics 241:40–56, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differentiation of human thymic regulatory T cells at the double positive stage
Authors: Nunes‐Cabaço Helena , Caramalho Íris , Sepúlveda Nuno , Sousa Ana E. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTreg cells, best identified by the expression of the transcription factor FOXP3, play a crucial role in maintaining self‐tolerance. Natural Treg cells constitute an independent thymus‐derived T‐cell lineage whose developmental program in humans is still ill‐defined. Here, we provide evidence of a Treg‐cell differentiation pathway at the double positive (DP) stage, prior to commitment to the CD4+ or CD8+ lineage, in pediatric thymuses. FOXP3+ DP cells displayed a functional IL‐7 receptor and increased Bcl‐2 levels that may protect them from cell death/negative selection, and an activated/suppressive phenotype that was lost as CD4 single positive (SP) cells matured and acquired egress markers. A subpopulation of FOXP3+ DP thymocytes expressing CD103 likely represents the precursor of FOXP3+ CD8SP cells, which homogeneously expressed this mucosal‐homing molecule. Finally, co‐cultures of DP thymocytes with primary thymic epithelial cells and multiple linear regression analyses support that FOXP3+ SP cells are largely derived from FOXP3+ DP thymocytes. Overall, our data suggest that human Treg‐cell lineage commitment significantly occurs at the DP stage with possible implications for the diversity and autoreactivity of the natural Treg‐cell repertoire.
Optimizing HIV‐1‐specific CD8+ T‐cell induction by recombinant BCG in prime‐boost regimens with heterologous viral vectors
Authors: Hopkins Richard , Bridgeman Anne , Bourne Charles , Mbewe‐Mvula Alice , Sadoff Jerald C. , Both Gerald W. , Joseph Joan , Fulkerson John , Hanke Tomáš 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe desire to induce HIV‐1‐specific responses soon after birth to prevent breast milk transmission of HIV‐1 led us to propose a vaccine regimen which primes HIV‐1‐specific T cells using a recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (rBCG) vaccine. Because attenuated live bacterial vaccines are typically not sufficiently immunogenic as stand‐alone vaccines, rBCG‐primed T cells will likely require boost immunization(s). Here, we compared modified Danish (AERAS‐401) and Pasteur lysine auxotroph (222) strains of BCG expressing the immunogen HIVA for their potency to prime HIV‐1‐specific responses in adult BALB/c mice and examined four heterologous boosting HIVA vaccines for their immunogenic synergy. We found that both BCG.HIVA401 and BCG.HIVA222 primed HIV‐1‐specific CD8+ T‐cell‐mediated responses. The strongest boosts were delivered by human adenovirus‐vectored HAdV5.HIVA and sheep atadenovirus‐vectored OAdV7.HIVA vaccines, followed by poxvirus MVA.HIVA; the weakest was plasmid pTH.HIVA DNA. The prime‐boost regimens induced T cells capable of efficient in vivo killing of sensitized target cells. We also observed that the BCG.HIVA401 and BCG.HIVA222 vaccines have broadly similar immunologic properties, but display a number of differences mainly detected through distinct profiles of soluble intercellular signaling molecules produced by immune splenocytes in response to both HIV‐1‐ and BCG‐specific stimuli. These results encourage further development of the rBCG prime‐boost regimen.
Oxidovanadium(IV) Complexes of Tetradentate Ligands Encapsulated in Zeolite‐Y as Catalysts for the Oxidation of Styrene, Cyclohexene and Methyl Phenyl Sulfide
Authors: Maurya Mannar R. , Saini Priyanka , Kumar Amit , Costa Pessoa João 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe reaction of oxidovanadium(IV)‐exchanged zeolite‐Y with N,N′‐ethylenebis(pyridoxyliminato) (H2pydx‐en, I), N,N′‐propylenebis(pyridoxyliminato) (H2pydx‐1,3‐pn, II) and H2pydx‐1,2‐pn (III) in methanol heated at reflux leads to the formation of the corresponding complexes, abbreviated herein as [VIVO(pydx‐en)]‐Y (4), [VIVO(pydx‐1,3‐pn)]‐Y (5) and [VIVO(pydx‐1,2‐pn)]‐Y (6) in the supercages of zeolite‐Y. The neat complexes [VIVO(pydx‐en)] (1), [VIVO(pydx‐1,3‐pn)] (2) and [VIVO(pydx‐1,2‐pn)] (3) were also prepared. Spectroscopic studies (IR, UV/Vis and EPR), elemental analyses, thermal studies, field‐emission scanning electron micrographs (FESEM) and X‐ray diffraction patterns were used to characterize these complexes. Oxidations of styrene, cyclohexene and methyl phenyl sulfide were investigated using these complexes as catalyst precursors in the presence of H2O2 as oxidant. Under the optimized reaction conditions, a maximum of 85.5 % conversion of styrene was obtained with 4, 84.6 % conversion with 5 and 82.9 % conversion with 6 in 6 h of reaction time. The selectivity of the various products was similar for the catalyst precursors 4–6 and followed the order: benzaldehyde > 1‐phenylethane‐1,2‐diol > benzoic acid > phenyl acetaldehyde. With cyclohexene, a maximum conversion of 95.9 % was achieved with 4, 94.5 % with 5 and 94.2 % conversion with 6, also in 6 h of reaction time. The selectivity of the various products was similar for the three catalysts: 2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one > 2‐cyclohexen‐1‐ol > cyclohexane‐1,2‐diol. The oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide was achieved with 4, 5 and 6 in 2.5 h of reaction time with 85.5, 82.1 and 80 % conversion, with higher selectivity towards sulfoxide. Overall, the encapsulated catalysts were significantly more active than their neat counterparts and have the further advantage of being recyclable. No relevant difference in activity was found due to a change in the diamine in the Schiff base ligands I–III. UV/Vis and 51V NMR spectroscopic experiments with 1 confirmed the plausible formation of VVO(O2)L as intermediates in the catalytic oxidations.
Steric Course of the Electrophilic Substitution of a Lithiocarbanion Generated from (S,E)‐1‐Phenylbut‐2‐en‐1‐yl Diisopropylcarbamate and Solvent Effects
Authors: Ikemoto Hidaka , Sasaki Michiko , Kawahata Masatoshi , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Takeda Kei 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe effects of electrophiles and solvents on the stereochemistry of electrophilic substitution of a lithiocarbanion generated from (S,E)‐1‐phenylbut‐2‐en‐1‐yl diisopropylcarbamate were examined using various acids and carbon electrophiles. The stereochemical outcomes were influenced by the relative ability of the electrophiles and solvents to coordinate to lithium.
Copper(II)‐Mediated Intramolecular Cyclization of (Z)‐Chalcogenoenynes: Synthesis of 3‐Halochalcogenophene Derivatives
Authors: Barancelli Daniela A. , Schumacher Ricardo F. , Leite Marlon R. , Zeni Gilson 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe present our results on the cyclization of (Z)‐chalcogenoenynes mediated by copper(II) salts to afford 3‐halochalcogenophenes in satisfactory yields through an intramolecular 5‐endo‐dig cyclization. The methodology was carried out using CuCl2 at 50 °C or CuBr2 at room temperature under an ambient atmosphere. The reaction took place under very mild reaction conditions and tolerated considerable functionality. One 3‐bromo‐selenophene derivative was applied as a substrate in the palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction with a boronic acid to give the Suzuki type product in good yield.
CuII–β‐Cyclodextrin Complex as a Nanocatalyst for the Homo‐ and Cross‐Coupling of Arylboronic Acids under Ligand‐ and Base‐Free Conditions in Air: Chemoselective Cross‐Coupling of Arylboronic Acids in Water
Authors: Kaboudin Babak , Abedi Yaghoub , Yokomatsu Tsutomu 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe report here the transition‐metal‐catalyzed chemoselective cross‐coupling of arylbroronic acids in high yields without using ligand or base. We have developed an efficient copper‐catalyzed protocol for the homocoupling and cross‐coupling of arylboronic acids. The protocol is also suitable for the cross‐coupling of aliphatic primary amines with arylboronic acids. Aminophenols and primary amines bearing an alcoholic substituent on the aliphatic chain were coupled with arylboronic acids, and the products were obtained with high C–N coupling selectivity. An effective catalyst was Cu2–β‐cyclodextrin, which is readily available and structurally simple, but has not previously been explored as a catalyst.
Efficient Synthesis of DNA Conjugates by Strain‐Promoted Azide–Cyclooctyne Cycloaddition in the Solid Phase
Authors: Singh Ishwar , Freeman Colin , Heaney Frances 
Published: September 2011

AbstractConjugation of ligands to DNA oligonucleotides has been achieved in the solid phase by strain‐promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC). The oligonucleotide, modified with a simple nonfluroinated, monocyclic octyne, efficiently forms conjugates with a range of azide dipoles with varying steric and electronic characteristics. The reaction is clean and easily executed in a copper free environment at room temperature. It provides a variety of triazole‐linked nucleic acid conjugates and is potentially useful in biotechnology and cell biology.
Zinc supplementation augments in vivo antitumor effect of chemotherapy by restoring p53 function
Authors: Margalit Ofer , Simon Amos J. , Yakubov Eduard , Puca Rosa , Yosepovich Ady , Avivi Camila , Jacob‐Hirsch Jasmine , Gelernter Ilana , Harmelin Alon , Barshack Iris , Rechavi Gideon , D'Orazi Gabriella , Givol David , Amariglio Ninette 
Published: September 2011

AbstractActivated p53 is necessary for tumor suppression. Homeodomain‐interacting protein kinase‐2 (HIPK2) is a positive regulator of functional p53. HIPK2 modulates wild‐type p53 activity toward proapoptotic transcription and tumor suppression by the phosphorylation of serine 46. Knock‐down of HIPK2 interferes with tumor suppression and sensitivity to chemotherapy. Combined administration of adriamycin and zinc restores activity of misfolded p53 and enables the induction of its proapoptotic and tumor suppressor functions in vitro and in vivo. We therefore looked for a cancer model where HIPK2 expression is low. MMTV‐neu transgenic mice overexpressing HER2/neu, develop mammary tumors at puberty with a long latency, showing very low expression of HIPK2. Here we show that whereas these tumors are resistant to adriamycin treatment, a combination of adriamycin and zinc suppresses tumor growth in vivo in these mice, an effect evidenced by the histological features of the mammary tumors. The combined treatment of adriamycin and zinc also restores wild‐type p53 conformation and induces proapoptotic transcription activity. These findings may open up new possibilities for the treatment of human cancers via the combination of zinc with chemotherapeutic agents, for a selected group of patients expressing low levels of HIPK2, with an intact p53. In addition, HIPK2 may serve as a new biomarker for tumor aggressiveness.
MR elastography for noninvasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis: Experience from a tertiary center in asia
Authors: Kim Bo Hee , Lee Jeong Min , Lee Ye Ji , Lee Kyoung Bun , Suh Kyung‐Suk , Han Joon Koo , Choi Byung Ihn 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPurpose:To determine the sensitivity and specificity of MR elastography (MRE) in the staging of hepatic fibrosis (HF) using histopathology as the reference standard in an Asian population.Materials and Methods:MRE was performed on 55 patients with chronic liver diseases or biliary diseases and on 5 living related liver donors (48 men and 12 women; mean age, 55.7 years). MRE was performed with modified, phase‐contrast, gradient‐echo sequences, and the mean stiffness values were measured on the elastograms in kilopascals(kPa). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to determine the cutoff value and accuracy of MRE for staging HF. Histopathologic staging of HF according to the METAVIR scoring system served as the reference.Results:Liver stiffness increased systematically along with the fibrosis stage. With a shear stiffness cutoff value of 3.05 kPa, the predicted sensitivity and specificity for differentiating significant liver fibrosis (≥ F2) from mild fibrosis (F1) were 89.7% and 87.1%, respectively. In addition, MRE was able to discriminate between patients with severe fibrosis (F3) and those with liver cirrhosis (sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 92.2%), with a shear stiffness cutoff value of 5.32 kPa.Conclusion:MRE could be a promising, noninvasive technique with excellent diagnostic accuracy for detecting significant HF and liver cirrhosis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kinetics of elementary steps in the reaction of atomic bromine with 2,3‐dimethyl‐2‐butene under atmospheric conditions
Authors: Laine Patrick L. , Sohn Yoon S. , Nicovich J. Michael , Mckee Michael L. , Wine Paul H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe have employed the laser flash photolysis–resonance fluorescence technique to investigate the gas‐phase kinetics of elementary steps in the Br‐initiated oxidation of 2,3‐dimethyl‐2‐butene (TME) under atmospheric conditions. At T⩾ 274 K, measured rate coefficients are independent of pressure suggesting hydrogen abstraction as the dominant pathway. The following Arrhenius expression adequately describes all kinetic data at 274 K ⩽T⩽ 420 K: k1a(T) = (3.84 ± 0.84) × 10− 11 exp[(−169 ± 61)/T] cm3 molecule−1s−1 (uncertainties are 2σ, precision only). At 203 K ⩽T⩽ 241 K, kinetic evidence for reversible addition, Br + TME ↔ Br−TME (k1b, k−1b), is observed. Analysis of the approach to equilibrium data allows evaluation of the rate coefficients k1b and k−1b. At atmospheric pressure addition of Br to TME occurs at a near gas kinetic rate. Equilibrium constants are obtained from k1b/k−1b. Combining the experimental results with electronic structure calculations allows third‐law analyses of the equilibrium data. The following thermochemical parameters for the addition reaction (1b) at 0 and 298 K are obtained (standard state = 1 atm): ΔrH0= −47.1 ± 3.0 kJ mol−1, ΔrH298=−47.3 ± 3.0 kJ mol−1, and ΔrS298=−101.5 ± 10.0 J mol−1 K−1. Examination of the effect of added O2 on Br atom kinetics under conditions where reversible adduct formation is observed allows determination of the rate coefficient for the Br–TME + O2 reaction (k2). At 223 K, we find that k2 increases from 3.9 to 5.5 × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1s−1 as pressure increases from 25 to 200 Torr. Our results suggest that under most atmospheric conditions the Br–TME reaction with O2 occurs more rapidly than the Br–TME unimolecular decomposition. Hence, the fast addition reaction appears to control the rate of TME loss by reaction with Br in the atmosphere. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 13–26, 2012
Tracking the contour
Authors: Franz Christoph , Singpiel Holger , Trein Johannes 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn recent years the use of modern solid‐state lasers has brought about a distinct increase in operational speed in laser materials processing. Whether with scanners or fixed optics, high speeds – as far as possible in various axes at the same time – have almost become the norm. But although the movement of the optic is precisely calculated, the position of the processing point can deviate from the planned contour. Help is at hand, thanks to a process monitoring system developed by Fraunhofer ILT which precisely tracks the relative movement of work piece and optic. It enables acceleration related deviations from the set contour and speed to be measured exactly and the numerical control system to be adjusted accordingly. The kinematics measurement can be adapted to most laser processes (e.g. welding, brazing, cutting, selective laser melting, etc.) as an optional metrology method.
Rewritable and Non‐Volatile Memory Effects Based on Polyimides Containing Pendant Carbazole and Triphenylamine Groups
Authors: Li Yueqin , Fang Runchen , Ding Shijin , Shen Yingzhong 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAs part of a strategy to explore highly functionalized macromolecular semiconductors, two novel polyimides consisting of electron‐donating carbazole and triphenylamine side groups are synthesized and characterized. Polyimide films sandwiched between an indium‐tin oxide (ITO) bottom electrode and Al top electrode exhibit two accessible conductivity states and can be switched from the low‐conductivity state to the high‐conductivity state. Memory devices with the configuration of Al/PI(CzBD‐DPBPDA)/ITO exhibit bipolar flash‐type memory characteristics while that of Al/PI(TPABD‐DPBPDA)/ITO demonstrate excellent unipolar ON and OFF switching behavior. Both devices show high ON/OFF current ratios up to 104 and long retention times of 104 s in ambient atmosphere.
Beneficial effects of albuterol in congenital endplate acetylcholinesterase deficiency and Dok‐7 myasthenia
Authors: Liewluck Teerin , Selcen Duygu , Engel Andrew G. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIntroduction: Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are disabling but treatable disorders. Anticholinesterase therapy is effective in most of them, but is contraindicated in endplate (EP) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) deficiency, the slow‐channel syndrome, Dok‐7 myasthenia, and β2‐laminin deficiency, and is not useful in CMS due to defects in muscle‐specific kinase (MuSK), agrin, and plectin. EP AChE, Dok‐7, and β2‐laminin deficiencies respond favorably to ephedrine, but ephedrine can no longer be prescribed in the USA. Methods: We used albuterol, another sympathomimetic agent, to treat 3 patients with EP AChE deficiency and 15 with Dok‐7 myasthenia. Response to therapy was evaluated by a 9‐point questionnaire pertaining to activities of daily life. Results: Comparison of the pre‐ and posttreatment responses indicated a beneficial response to albuterol (P < 0.001) in both patient groups. The adverse effects of therapy were like those of ephedrine. Conclusion: Our observations should spur controlled, prospective clinical trials of albuterol in these as well as other CMS. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Frequency domain analysis of acoustic wave propagation in heterogeneous media considering iterative coupling procedures between the method of fundamental solutions and Kansa's method
Authors: Soares Delfim , Godinho Luís , Pereira Andreia , Dors Cleberson 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYAcoustic wave propagation in heterogeneous media is a topic of significant interest in many areas of science and engineering, including aeroacoustics and sound propagation in oceans. In the present work, numerical frequency domain models based on the joint use of the method of fundamental solutions and of the radial basis function collocation method (also known as Kansa's method) are discussed. In this context, the method of fundamental solutions is used to model the homogeneous part of the propagation domain, while Kansa's method is employed to model the presence of heterogeneities. The coupling between the two parts of the propagation domain is performed iteratively, allowing independent spatial discretization between the different subdomains of the model (i.e. matching collocation points at common surfaces are not necessary). Additionally, an optimised algorithm, based on the use of a varying relaxation parameter, is employed to speed up and/or to ensure the convergence of the iterative coupling process. At the end of the paper, numerical results illustrate the applicability and potentialities of the proposed formulations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.