bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Fractured Horizontal-Well Performance in Conventional and Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Ozkan E. , Brown M. , Raghavan R. , Kazemi H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This paper presents a discussion of fractured horizontal-well performance in conventional (milli-Darcy permeability) and unconventional (micro- to nano-Darcy permeability) reservoirs. It provides interpretations of the objective of fracturing horizontal wells in both types of formations. By using a trilinear-flow model, it is shown that the drainage volume of multiply-fractured-horizontal-wells is limited to the inner reservoir between the fractures even for relatively large matrix permeabilities. Unlike conventional reservoirs, favorable productivities are not warranted in unconventional-tight reservoirs because of high reservoir permeability and high hydraulic fracture conductivity. The most efficient mechanism to improve the productivity of unconventional-tight formations is to increase the density of natural fractures. High natural fracture permeabilities may not necessarily contribute to productivity. Decreasing fracture spacing increases the productivity of the well, but the incremental production for each additional fracture decreases. The trilinear-flow model presented in this work can be used to determine optimum hydraulic fracture properties for a multiply-fractured-horizontal-well. The model can also be used as a predictive tool. The information given in this paper should help the design of multiply-fractured-horizontal-wells and predict their performances.
Desalination of Oilfield-Produced Water at the San Ardo Water Reclamation Facility, CA
Authors: Webb Charles , Nagghappan Lnsp , Smart Gerald , Hoblitzell John , Franks Rich 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This paper discusses the successful application of reverse osmosis membranes at the San Ardo Oil Field in California to desalinate produced water for beneficial re-use through surface discharge to the local groundwater.
The field produces heavy oil via a recovery process called steam flooding, in which steam is injected into the formation to heat up the crude and decrease its viscosity, thereby allowing the normally tar-like substance to flow by gravity to producing wells. This process typically results in the production of ten or more barrels of water for every barrel of oil recovered. Historically, a portion of this water has been recycled and softened to provide water for steam generation, with the remainder going to local EPA class II injection wells for disposal. However, the injection zone capacity is limited, which has constrained full field development. In October 2007, a desalination facility was commissioned to allow a portion of the produced water to be treated and discharged to the shallow fresh water aquifer, thereby providing an alternate outlet for produced water, and allowing field development to progress.
At the San Ardo site, the process is sized to treat 50,000 barrels of water per day, and consists of de-oiling followed by the OPUS™ technology, which consists of multiple treatment processes, including degasification, chemical and ion exchange softening, multi-media filtration, cartridge filtration, double-pass reverse osmosis, pH neutralization, and partial remineralization. The treated water is discharged to post-treatment constructed wetlands and aquifer recharge basins. This technology, portions of which were developed jointly and patented separately by Chevron U.S.A., Inc. and Veolia N.A. Water Systems, has proven to be a reliable and robust process for successfully treating produced water for surface discharge.
This paper details the treatment process, water quality specifications, and challenges faced during the design and operation of the facility.
Incentives to Revitalize Mature Fields in an Environmentally Safe Manner
Authors: Voskanian Marina M. , Duda Ceclia 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
California has long been a pioneer in establishing a balance between oil and gas operations and protection of the environment. The State was a major catalyst in the development of modern environmental laws and is continuing that role in its attention to green house gas emissions. These laws have had a profound effect on the management of offshore resources. Oil and gas operators, who serve as stewards of these resources, are finding new ways of utilizing conventional reservoir technologies and demonstrating that successful development can be achieved with limited environmental impacts. Some of these methods include using contractual incentives, government sponsorship, and innovative applications of conventional technologies to promote development in an environmentally safe manner. These methods are not exclusive to California, but may provide opportunities worldwide. This paper will demonstrate how economic incentives such as government contractual agreements and sponsorship provide stimulus for operators to apply off-the-shelf advanced technologies to revitalize mature oil field production. Application of these technologies will be shown in several case studies from California fields such as Wilmington, South Ellwood, and Belmont offshore. These will include: re-alignment of a complex waterflood, identification of bypassed intervals; use of horizontal drilling; reinterpretation of 3D seismic; use of new production logging tools; extended reach drilling from existing offshore infrastructure into a previously abandoned field. Many of the ideas presented in these case studies can be very successfully applied in other parts of the world and provide financial incentives to revitalize mature fields.
A rhodamine-based Hg2+-selective fluorescent probe in aqueous solution
Authors: Zhao Minglei , Yang Xiao-Feng , He Shenfeng , Wang Liping 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA new rhodamine-based Hg2+-selective fluorescent probe (I) was designed and synthesized. Compound I displays excellent selective and sensitive response to Hg2+ over other transition metal ions in neutral aqueous solutions. I itself is a colorless, nonfluorescent compound. Upon addition of Hg2+ to its solution, the thiosemicarbazide moiety of I undergoes an irreversible desulfurization reaction to form the corresponding 1,3,4-oxadiazole (II), a colorful and fluorescent product, causing instantaneous development of visible color and strong fluorescence emission. Based on this mechanism, a fluorogenic probe for Hg2+ was developed. The fluorescence increases linearly with the Hg2+ concentration up to 0.8 μmol L−1 with the detection limit of 9.4 nmol L− (3σ).
Intramolecular MLOH/π and MLNH/π interactions in crystal structures of metal complexes
Authors: Janjić Goran , Milčić Miloš , Zarić Snežana 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIntramolecular metal-ligand OH/π (MLOH/π) and metal-ligand NH/π (MLNH/π) interactions in transition metal complexes between aqua or ammine ligand and ligand containing a C6-aromatic ring were investigated in crystal structures deposited in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). These intramolecular interactions appear in 38 structures with aqua ligand as the hydrogen atom donor and in 10 structures with ammine ligand as the hydrogen atom donor. Among all these complexes only one is negatively charged, 14 are positively charged and 33 are neutral indicating that the overall charge of the molecule has an influence on the XH/π (X = O or N) interactions. Energy estimated by DFT calculations is approximately 19 kJ mol−1 for the MLOH/π interactions and approximately 15 kJ mol−1 for the MLNH/π interactions.
Adsorption and release of terbinafine hydrochloride: Effects of adsorbents, additives, pH, and temperature
Authors: Vitková Zuzana , Oremusová Jarmila , Greksáková Oľga 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe paper describes results obtained within the study of factors affecting the process of an antifungal drug — terbinafine hydrochloride adsorption on two different adsorbents — charcoal and silicagel. The effects of the adsorbent area, pH value, temperature and additives (polymers — methyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose) were analyzed and their impact on the adsorption of terbinafine was derived. The increase of pH and temperature, and the presence of additives decreased the amount of terbinafine adsorbed on the adsorbents. Terbinafine is currently applied both perorally and topically. Hydrogels, i.e. compositions of a drug, additives and water, are, due to their advantageous properties, preferred topical dosage forms. Mass fraction of additives of 1 % to 4 % were studied from the view point of drug release. This study shows that both the sort and the concentration of polymers influence the drug release from hydrogels significantly.
Chemiluminescence mechanisms of cerium-norfloxacin and its application in urine analysis
Authors: Wei Lijun , Cheng Xianglei , Lin Jin-Ming , Cai Hongping , Huang Fengqi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this article, novel chemiluminescence mechanisms between norfloxacin and cerium(IV) in an acidic medium were studied. Chemiluminescence spectra of the present system were recorded observing three maximum emissions at about 475 nm, 550 nm, and 620 nm, respectively. The results indicate that the chemiluminescence peaks located at 475 nm and 620 nm can be ascribed to the emission of a singlet oxygen, while the chemiluminescence emission at 550 nm occurred in course of the reaction between acidic cerium(IV) and the phenolic intermediate. Under optimum conditions, the chemiluminescence intensity was linear with the concentration of norfloxacin over the range of 2.0 × 10−8−1.0 × 10−5 g mL−1 and the detection limit of 1.0 × 10−8 g mL−1 (S/N = 3). The relative standard deviation was 1.94 % for a 4.0 × 10−7 g mL−1 norfloxacin solution considering eleven repeated measurements. The present chemiluminescence system was successfully applied in the determination of norfloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations and concentration-time profiles in urine.
Genetic analysis of IRF2BPL in a Taiwanese dystonia cohort: The genotype and phenotype correlation
Authors: Chen Pin‐Shiuan , Chen Ying‐Fa , Chiu Jian‐Ying , Wu Meng‐Chen , Tai Chun‐Hwei , Chang Yung‐Yee , Lan Min‐Yu , Lee Ni‐Chung , Lin Chin‐Hsien 
Published: April 2024

AbstractObjectiveIRF2BPL mutation has been associated with a rare neurodevelopmental disorder with abnormal movements, including dystonia. However, the role of IRF2BPL in dystonia remains elusive. We aimed to investigate IRF2BPL mutations in a Taiwanese dystonia cohort.MethodsA total of 300 unrelated patients with molecularly unassigned isolated (n = 256) or combined dystonia (n = 44) were enrolled between January 2015 and July 2023. The IRF2BPL variants were analyzed based on whole exome sequencing. The in silico prediction of the identified potential pathogenic variant was performed to predict its pathogenicity. We also compared the clinical and genetic features to previous literature reports.ResultsWe identified one adolescent patient carrying a de novo heterozygous pathogenic variant of IRF2BPL, c.379C>T (p.Gln127Ter), who presented with generalized dystonia, developmental regression, and epilepsy (0.33% of our dystonia cohort). This variant resides within the polyglutamine (poly Q) domain before the first PEST sequence block of the IRF2BPL protein, remarkably truncating the protein structure. Combined with other patients with IRF2BPL mutations in the literature (n = 60), patients with variants in the poly Q domain have a higher rate of nonsense mutations (p < 0.001) and epilepsy (p = 0.008) than patients with variants in other domains. Furthermore, as our index patient, carriers with substitutions before the first PEST sequence block have significantly older age of onset (p < 0.01) and higher non‐epilepsy symptoms, including generalized dystonia (p = 0.003), and ataxia (p = 0.003).InterpretationIRF2BPL mutation is a rare cause of dystonia in our population. Mutations in different domains of IRF2BPL exhibit different phenotypes.
Assembly of Amorphizing Porous Bimetallic Metal‐Organic Frameworks Spheres with Zn─O─Fe Cluster and Coordination Deficiency via Ligand Competition for Efficient Electro‐Fenton Catalysis
Authors: Xu Zehai , Teng Ruzhao , Xu Lusheng , Zhang Honghua , Lv Bosheng , Zhang Guoliang 
Published: April 2024

AbstractElectro‐Fenton process stands out as a highly promising approach for generating reactive oxygen‐containing radicals to address the escalating issue of environmental pollution. However, the long‐term goal of application necessitates ongoing pursuit of high‐quality catalysts with both sufficient activity and stability. Herein, a general route is reported for large‐scale synthesis of amorphizing porous bimetallic metal‐organic framework (MOF) spheres with Zn─O─Fe structure and coordination deficiency through facile and low‐cost synthesis of ligand competition. Assisted by a coordination modulator, deprotonation of terephthalic acid is accelerated and rapid synthesis of amorphous bimetallic MOF spheres is successfully achieved at room temperature. As inactive metal Zn is introduced into metal clusters of MOFs, the cycling efficiency of Fe3+/Fe2+ is improved and a secondary building unit of Zn─O─Fe is constructed, greatly accelerating electron conduction rate. Compared to crystalline spindle cMIL‐88B(Fe2Zn) by traditional solvothermal route, amorphous aMIL‐88B(Fe2Zn) has a unique spherical porous structure with larger surface area, higher conductivity, and more exposed active sites. Endowed with unique textural and surface chemistry, aMIL‐88B(Fe2Zn) exhibits superior catalytic activity in the degradation of refractory organic pollutants. The progress offers a feasible way to rational design of iron‐based hybrid MOF materials with tunable structures and enhance properties for various applications.
Wireless Technologies in Flexible and Wearable Sensing: From Materials Design, System Integration to Applications
Authors: Kong Lingyan , Li Weiwei , Zhang Tinghao , Ma Huihui , Cao Yunqiang , Wang Kexin , Zhou Yilin , Shamim Atif , Zheng Lu , Wang Xuewen , Huang Wei 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWireless and wearable sensors attract considerable interest in personalized healthcare by providing a unique approach for remote, noncontact, and continuous monitoring of various health‐related signals without interference with daily life. Recent advances in wireless technologies and wearable sensors have promoted practical applications due to their significantly improved characteristics, such as reduction in size and thickness, enhancement in flexibility and stretchability, and improved conformability to the human body. Currently, most researches focus on active materials and structural designs for wearable sensors, with just a few exceptions reflecting on the technologies for wireless data transmission. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the state‐of‐the‐art wireless technologies and related studies on empowering wearable sensors. The emerging functional nanomaterials utilized for designing unique wireless modules are highlighted, which include metals, carbons, and MXenes. Additionally, the review outlines the system‐level integration of wireless modules with flexible sensors, spanning from novel design strategies for enhanced conformability to efficient transmitting data wirelessly. Furthermore, the review introduces representative applications for remote and noninvasive monitoring of physiological signals through on‐skin and implantable wireless flexible sensing systems. Finally, the challenges, perspectives, and unprecedented opportunities for wireless and wearable sensors are discussed.
Liquid‐Metal‐Loaded Hydrogel with Antibacterial Effect and Sustained Release of Growth Factor for Wound Healing
Authors: Wang Bo , Fan Linlin , Cui Ziliang , Feng Weichen , Chen Sen , Shan Xiaohui , Zhu Xiyu , Sun Xuyang , Zhou Gang , Liu Jing 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMultifunctional medical hydrogels play an important role in wound healing because of their excellent biocompatibility, convenient operation, and drug release capacity. So far, many efforts have been exploited to developing new‐generation hydrogels with distinctive capabilities in promoting wound healing. Herein, the liquid‐metal (LM)‐loaded hydrogels are reported with antibacterial effect under an 808 nm near‐infrared laser irradiation for wound healing therapeutic strategies. The addition of LM droplets enables the hydrogel to control the temperature rise and plays an antibacterial effect with the release of gallium3+ under laser irradiation. Benefiting from the porous network structure of hydrogels, the encapsulated growth factors can be released stably at the wound site. Under the synergistic effect of LM and growth factors in the wound tissue, the hydrogel displays antibacterial features and promotes the regeneration of epithelial tissue and neovascularization, thereby further accelerating wound healing. This hydrogel has proven biosafety and low toxicity in vitro and in vivo. With these advantages, such hydrogel is a promising candidate to be developed as a new medical product for future clinical medicine.
Regulating the Electron Distribution of Metal‐Oxygen for Enhanced Oxygen Stability in Li‐rich Layered Cathodes
Authors: Yin Zijia , Zhao Jun , Luo Dong , Chin Yi‐Ying , Chen Chien‐Te , Chen Huaican , Yin Wen , Tang Yu , Yang Tingting , Ren Jincan , Li Tianyi , Wiaderek Kamila M. , Kong Qingyu , Fan Jun , Zhu He , Ren Yang , Liu Qi 
Published: April 2024

AbstractLi‐rich Mn‐based layered oxides (LLO) hold great promise as cathode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to their unique oxygen redox (OR) chemistry, which enables additional capacity. However, the LLOs face challenges related to the instability of their OR process due to the weak transition metal (TM)‐oxygen bond, leading to oxygen loss and irreversible phase transition that results in severe capacity and voltage decay. Herein, a synergistic electronic regulation strategy of surface and interior structures to enhance oxygen stability is proposed. In the interior of the materials, the local electrons around TM and O atoms may be delocalized by surrounding Mo atoms, facilitating the formation of stronger TM─O bonds at high voltages. Besides, on the surface, the highly reactive O atoms with lone pairs of electrons are passivated by additional TM atoms, which provides a more stable TM─O framework. Hence, this strategy stabilizes the oxygen and hinders TM migration, which enhances the reversibility in structural evolution, leading to increased capacity and voltage retention. This work presents an efficient approach to enhance the performance of LLOs through surface‐to‐interior electronic structure modulation, while also contributing to a deeper understanding of their redox reaction.
Bipolar Suppression for High Performance n‐Type GeTe‐Based Thermoelectrics
Authors: Yin Liang‐Cao , Liu Wei‐Di , Li Meng , Wang De‐Zhuang , Li Shuai , Li Shu‐Qing , Shi Xiao‐Lei , Wang Yifeng , Zhang Lixiong , Liu Qingfeng , Chen Zhi‐Gang 
Published: April 2024

AbstractStable operation of thermoelectric devices requires both p‐ and n‐type materials with desirable compatibility and similar application temperature range. However, n‐type GeTe‐based materials currently have a lower application temperature range (<525 K) than p‐type GeTe‐based materials (500–800 K) due to the strong bipolar effect. Here, it is demonstrated that the bipolar effect of n‐type GeTe can be inhibited by the combination of bandgap enlargement and minority carrier filtering. Specifically, reducing cation vacancies can enlarge the bandgap, while introducing localized heavy doping areas with relatively large bandgap can generate a minority carrier barrier in the valence band to block the minority carrier transport. Consequently, a record‐high power factor (5.3 µW cm−1 K−2) and figure‐of‐merit (zT) of 0.45 can be obtained at 723 K in n‐type Ge0.46Bi0.17Pb0.37Te0.7Se0.3. This work demonstrates that bipolar suppression is an effective strategy to realize high‐performance n‐type GeTe‐based materials in the mid‐temperature range, and correspondingly extends the applicability.
Discovery, Structure, and Engineering of a cis‐Geranylfarnesyl Diphosphate Synthase
Authors: Li Fang‐Ru , Wang Qingling , Pan Xingming , Xu Hui‐Min , Dong Liao‐Bin 
Published: April 2024

Abstractcis‐Prenyltransferases (cis‐PTs) catalyze the sequential head‐to‐tail condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) to allylic diphosphates, producing mixed E–Z prenyl diphosphates of varying lengths; however, the specific enzymes synthesizing cis‐C25 prenyl diphosphates have not been identified. Herein, we present the discovery and characterization of a cis‐geranylfarnesyl diphosphate synthase (ScGFPPS) from Streptomyces clavuligerus. This enzyme demonstrates high catalytic proficiency in generating six distinct cis‐polyisoprenoids, including three C25 and three C20 variants. We determined the crystal structure of ScGFPPS. Additionally, we unveil the crystal structure of nerylneryl diphosphate synthase (NNPS), known for synthesizing an all‐cis‐C20 polyisoprenoid. Comparative structural analysis of ScGFPPS and NNPS has identified key differences that influence product specificity. Through site‐directed mutagenesis, we have identified eight single mutations that significantly refine the selectivity of ScGFPPS for cis‐polyisoprenoids. Our findings not only expand the functional spectrum of cis‐PTs but also provide a structural comparison strategy in cis‐PTs engineering.
Electrochemical Synthesis of C(sp3)‐Rich Amines by Aminative Carbofunctionalization of Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Liu Wen‐Qiang , Lee Boon Chong , Song NingXi , He Zhenghao , Shen Zi‐An , Lu Yixin , Koh Ming Joo 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAlkylamines form the backbone of countless nitrogen‐containing small molecules possessing desirable biological properties. Despite advances in amine synthesis through transition metal catalysis and photoredox chemistry, multicomponent reactions that leverage inexpensive materials to transform abundant chemical feedstocks into three‐dimensional α‐substituted alkylamines bearing complex substitution patterns remain scarce. Here, we report the design of a catalyst‐free electroreductive manifold that merges amines, carbonyl compounds and carbon‐based radical acceptors under ambient conditions without rigorous exclusion of air and moisture. Key to this aminative carbofunctionalization process is the chemoselective generation of nucleophilic α‐amino radical intermediates that readily couple with electrophilic partners, providing straightforward access to architecturally intricate alkylamines and drug‐like scaffolds which are inaccessible by conventional means.