bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proteolytic Products of the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus nsp2 Replicase Protein
Authors: Han Jun , Rutherford Mark S. , Faaberg Kay S. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

The nsp2 replicase protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was recently demonstrated to be processed from its precursor by the PL2 protease at or near the G
1196
|G
1197
dipeptide in transfected CHO cells. Here the proteolytic cleavage of PRRSV nsp2 was further investigated in virally infected MARC-145 cells by using two recombinant PRRSVs expressing epitope-tagged nsp2. The data revealed that PRRSV nsp2 exists as different isoforms, termed nsp2a, nsp2b, nsp2c, nsp2d, nsp2e, and nsp2f, during PRRSV infection. Moreover, on the basis of deletion mutagenesis and antibody probing, these nsp2 species appeared to share the same N terminus but to differ in their C termini. The largest protein, nsp2a, corresponded to the nsp2 product identified in transfected CHO cells. nsp2b and nsp2c were processed within or near the transmembrane (TM) region, presumably at or near the conserved sites G
981
|G
982
and G
828
|G
829
|G
830
, respectively. The C termini for nsp2d, -e, and -f were mapped within the nsp2 middle hypervariable region, but no conserved cleavage sites could be definitively predicted. The larger nsp2 species emerged almost simultaneously in the early stage of PRRSV infection. Pulse-chase analysis revealed that all six nsp2 species were relatively stable and had low turnover rates. Deletion mutagenesis revealed that the smaller nsp2 species (e.g., nsp2d, nsp2e, and nsp2f) were not essential for viral replication in cell culture. Lastly, we identified a cellular chaperone, named heat shock 70-kDa protein 5 (HSPA5), that was strongly associated with nsp2, which may have important implications for PRRSV replication. Overall, these findings indicate that PRRSV nsp2 is increasingly emerging as a multifunctional protein and may have a profound impact on PRRSV replication and viral pathogenesis.
FAST EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITIONS OF MULTIVARIATE DATA BASED ON ADAPTIVE SPLINE-WAVELETS AND A GENERALIZATION OF THE HILBERT–HUANG–TRANSFORMATION (HHT) TO ARBITRARY SPACE DIMENSIONS
Authors: PABEL ROLAND , KOCH ROBIN , JAGER GABRIELA , KUNOTH ANGELA 
Published: July 2010

The Hilbert–Huang-Transform (HHT) has proven to be an appropriate multiscale analysis technique specifically for nonlinear and nonstationary time series on non-equidistant grids. It is empirically adapted to the data: first, an additive decomposition of the data (empirical mode decomposition, EMD) into certain multiscale components is computed, denoted as intrinsic mode functions. Second, to each of these components, the Hilbert transform is applied. The resulting Hilbert spectrum of the modes provides a localized time-frequency spectrum and instantaneous (time-dependent) frequencies. For the first step, the empirical decomposition of the data, a different method based on local means has been developed by Chen et al. (2006). In this paper, we extend their method to multivariate data sets in arbitrary space dimensions. We place special emphasis on deriving a method which is numerically fast also in higher dimensions. Our method works in a coarse-to-fine fashion and is based on adaptive (tensor-product) spline-wavelets. We provide some numerical comparisons to a method based on linear finite elements and one based on thin-plate-splines to demonstrate the performance of our method, both with respect to the quality of the approximation as well as the numerical efficiency. Second, for a generalization of the Hilbert transform to the multivariate case, we consider the Riesz transformation and an embedding into Clifford-algebra valued functions, from which instantaneous amplitudes, phases and orientations can be derived. We conclude with some numerical examples.
CIIA Is a Novel Regulator of Detachment-Induced Cell Death
Authors: Kim Kwang Je , Yu Je-Wook , Hwang Hyun Sub , Choi Eui-Ju 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Detachment-induced cell death, or anoikis, is a type of apoptosis that occurs when epithelial cells lose their attachment to the extracellular matrix. Anoikis serves as a physiologic barrier to metastasis. Deviation from the tightly regulated mechanism of detachment-induced cell death might result in progression to metastatic cancer. Here, we investigated the function of CIIA in the regulation of anoikis. CIIA protein was upregulated in colon cancer tissue samples. Knockdown of CIIA in metastatic colorectal carcinoma SW620 and KM12SM cells promoted detachment-induced cell death through the regulation of caspase activation. Knockdown of CIIA also inhibited anchorage-independent growth in soft agar and colony formation after suspension stress. These observations suggest that CIIA is a novel negative regulator of anoikis. Cancer Res; 70(15); 6352–8. ©2010 AACR.
Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease presenting with a unilateral adrenocortical nodule treated with bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy: a case report
Authors: Zografos George N , Pappa Theodora , Avlonitis Spiros , Markou Athina , Chrysikos Dimosthenis T , Kaltsas Gregory , Aggeli Chrysanthi , Piaditis George 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Introduction
Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease is a rare cause of adrenocorticotropic hormone-independent Cushing's syndrome. We report an uncommon primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease case presenting with a unilateral adrenocortical nodule and provide a brief overview of the existing literature.

Case presentation
A 27-year-old Caucasian woman was admitted to our Department with adrenocorticotropic hormone-independent Cushing's syndrome. Its cause was initially considered a left adrenocortical adenoma based on computer tomography imaging. The patient underwent left laparoscopic adrenalectomy and histological examination revealed pigmented micronodular adrenal hyperplasia. Evaluation for the presence of Carney complex was negative. Six months later recurrence of hypercortisolism was documented and a right laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed further establishing the diagnosis of primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease. After a nine-year follow-up there is no evidence of residual disease.

Conclusions
Even though primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease is a rare cause of Cushing's syndrome, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropic hormone-independent Cushing's syndrome, especially because adrenal imaging can be misleading mimicking other adrenocortical diseases. Bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the preferred treatment in these subjects.
Molecular subtypes of breast cancer are associated with characteristic DNA methylation patterns
Authors: Holm Karolina , Hegardt Cecilia , Staaf Johan , Vallon-Christersson Johan , Jönsson Göran , Olsson Håkan , Borg Åke , Ringnér Markus 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Introduction
Five different molecular subtypes of breast cancer have been identified through gene expression profiling. Each subtype has a characteristic expression pattern suggested to partly depend on cellular origin. We aimed to investigate whether the molecular subtypes also display distinct methylation profiles.

Methods
We analysed methylation status of 807 cancer-related genes in 189 fresh frozen primary breast tumours and four normal breast tissue samples using an array-based methylation assay.

Results
Unsupervised analysis revealed three groups of breast cancer with characteristic methylation patterns. The three groups were associated with the luminal A, luminal B and basal-like molecular subtypes of breast cancer, respectively, whereas cancers of the HER2-enriched and normal-like subtypes were distributed among the three groups. The methylation frequencies were significantly different between subtypes, with luminal B and basal-like tumours being most and least frequently methylated, respectively. Moreover, targets of the polycomb repressor complex in breast cancer and embryonic stem cells were more methylated in luminal B tumours than in other tumours. BRCA2-mutated tumours had a particularly high degree of methylation. Finally, by utilizing gene expression data, we observed that a large fraction of genes reported as having subtype-specific expression patterns might be regulated through methylation.

Conclusions
We have found that breast cancers of the basal-like, luminal A and luminal B molecular subtypes harbour specific methylation profiles. Our results suggest that methylation may play an important role in the development of breast cancers.
Skiing and Snowboarding Injuries in the Czech Republic in Winter Seasons 2003–2008
Authors: Rokyta Jan , Chlad Rudolf 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The goal of our observation was to evaluate the trends in the number and anatomic location of injuries sustained during downhill skiing, snowboarding, and cross-country skiing during the six seasons between 2003 and 2008 in the major skiing areas in the Czech Republic. There is a total of 33 skiing areas in the Czech Republic with a total ski slope length of 350 km and an hourly capacity of 300,000 people. The total number of injuries per season is around 5500, with the majority of the injured being men. An increase in the prevalence of upper extremity and snowboarding injuries was observed, as well as a decrease in the prevalence of head injuries and all sustained during cross-country and downhill skiing. A surprising discovery was that the overall injury rate was ∼1.0 injury/1000 skier or snowboarder days and 0.1 injury/1000 cross-country skier days.
Production of Corn and Soybeans in Alternate Pairs of Rows
Authors: Alexander Morris W. , Genter C. F. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisCorn intercropped with soybeans yielded approximately 30% more (for area actually in corn) than when planted alone. Methods of planting and rates of planting within hybrids gave no significant difference in standability. On the basis of area occupied by the crop, soybean yields obtained by the intercrop method were about the same as would be expected when planted alone in 36‐inch rows.
Social Cohesion of Steers and Sheep as a Possible Variable in Grazing Studies1
Authors: Bond James , Carlson G. E. , Jackson C. , Curry W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring a 4‐year study on the comparative productivity of pastures grazed by cattle and sheep, we also observed the social behavior of these species when kept together. We observed that a strong social relationship between steers and sheep will develop and that time will add to the strength of this relationship. Changes in feeding behavior in response to established social relationships might affect animal performance.
Consumption and Digestibility of Crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.) Forage by Sheep1
Authors: Reynolds Paul J. , Jackson Charlie , Lindahl Ivan L. , Henson Paul R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree experiments are reported in which crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.) forage was fed to sheep for periods up to 40 days. Crownvetch soilage cut in the early bloom stage was consumed as readily as regrowth ladino doverorchardgrass soilage. Ground, pelleted crownvetch cut in July in the seed stage was poorly digested. Gross energy digestibility and voluntary consumption of chopped, frozen crownvetch cut in early bloom were similar to published values for dehydrated, early bloom alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, and red clover. According to the literature, crownvetch forage may be unpalatable or even toxic, but neither of these properties was observed in the experiments reported. Crownvetch as a forage may compare well with other biennial and perennial legumes. More extensive experiments, in which the yield of animal product is measured, are indicated.
Influence of Osmotic Potential, Temperature, and Calcium on Growth of Plant Roots1
Authors: Gerard C. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies to determine influences of temperature, osmotic potential, and Ca on root growth were conducted. Hourly elongation of pea roots at 27C was a maximum of about 1.0 mm/hr after 64 to 72 hours. Osmotic potentials of −7.8 and −13.1 bars reduced root growth of peas by about 50 and 85%, respectively. Maximum hourly elongation of cotton was about 3.3 mm/hr at 32 to 38 C after 24 to 48 hours. At optimum temperature conditions and salinity levels of −0.8, −6.6, and −12.9 bars, maximum root elongation of cotton averaged 3.3, 1.8, and 0.8 mm/ hr, respectively. Optimum temperature for root elongation of cotton varied from 27 to 38 C depending upon the salinity and Ca levels. At low salinity levels Ca requirement for maximum elongation was low, but at moderate and high salinity levels Ca requirement for maximum elongation was 15 to 20 meq/liter. The stimulatory effect of Ca on root growth of cotton under salinity conditions was greatest at high temperatures (32 to 38 C). However, root growth and vigor was significantly improved by Ca at low temperatures (21 C). Calcium seems to induce root vigor and growth at adverse soil temperatures and salinity conditions. Additions of Ca may promote better stands and higher yields on certain soils.
The Auburn Small‐Plot Forage Harvester1
Authors: McCormick R. F. , Hoveland C. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA dependable harvester has been developed at Auburn University for harvesting experimental forage plots. This, machine can be constructed with only minor modification of currently manufactured equipment. It is compact, maneuverable, and easily transported. In addition, this machine will allow rapid harvesting of plots and requires a minimum of labor.
Stockpiling Kentucky Bluegrass and Tall Fescue Forage for Winter Pasturage1
Authors: Taylor T. H. , Templeton W. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe main objective of these experiments was to study the effect of three levels of N fertilizer on the quantity and quality of late‐summer and autumn‐produced ‘Kenblue’ Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L., and ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., forage left standing in the field during fall and winter. Information is needed on the extent to which stockpiled pasturage can serve as a reliable cheap source of feed for beef brood cows, dry dairy cows, and growing stock.Factorial experiments were conducted for three successive years. The trials involved two grasses, three N levels, and six stockpiling periods. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied in mid‐August, and the standing stockpiled grass crops were harvested in early October, November, December, February, and March. Regrowth herbage was harvested in May, July, and mid‐August, after which the experiments were terminated. Production from 15 Aug. to I Dec. on plots receiving 0, 50, and 100 kg/ha of N was 800, 1,800, and 2,300 kg DM/ha for Kentucky bluegrass and 1,900; 3,100; and 4,400 for tall fescue, respectively.At the high level of N tall fescue continued to accumulate dry matter at a significant level (17.7 kg/ha per day) during November. From December to March accumulated dry matter of the standing crops decreased, apparently owing to unfavorable growing conditions, weathering, and leaf drop.Swards of both grasses were high enough in crude protein and P throughout the winter to meet the requirements of non‐lactating beef brood cows. Generally, tall fescue contained more total sugar in late autumn and early winter than did bluegrass. Sward sugars of both grasses declined sharply as the winter advanced. Phosphorus concentration was high in October, November, and early December, but declined markedly during late winter. Estimated nutritive value indices of the standing forage decreased as the autumn and winter advanced.Fall and winter harvesting of stockpiled forage resulted in little or no yield reduction of the spring crop.
Evapotranspiration and Water Use Efficiency by Soybean Lines Differing in Growth Habit1
Authors: Singh B. P. , Whitson E. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDeterminate and indeterminate soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] differ in canopy morphology due to a difference in their growth habits. Canopy morphology may affect receipt and loss of radiation, air circulation, and eddy turbulence. These factors may in turn influence heat and water vapor transfer, thereby possibly influencing plant water use. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of soybean growth habits on evapotranspiration and water use efficiency.The daily evapotranspiration rate for both lines was maximum at the early reproductive stage. Water extraction by both lines extended to a l22cm soil depth, the lowest depth measured. The total evapotranspiration by the determinate line was 41.2 cm as compared to 39.2 cm for the indeterminate line. The difference in evapotranspiration as a result of the difference in growth habits amounted to only a small fraction of the total evapotranspiration.The determinate line produced 24.9% more main than the indeterminate line by utilizing only 5.6% more water.This accounted for an 18.1% greater water use efficiency of the determinate line. These values suggest that growth habits affect water use efficiency primarily by controlling grain yield.
Influence of Seed Pretreatments on Salt Tolerance of Cotton during Germination1
Authors: Shannon M. C. , Francois L. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne factor which limits crop production in the arid Southwest is the high salinity of soils and irrigation waters; especially during germination and early growth. The purpose of this study was to determine if salt‐conditioning seed pretreatments would be effective in increasing the salt tolerance of cottonseed.Effects of 11 seed pretreatments on cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) germination under saline and nonsaline conditions were studied in the laboratory to determine their usefulness in increasing relative salt tolerance. Salts, phytohormones, and adenosine monophosphate were used in seed pretreatments and their effectiveness was tested by germinating the pretreated seeds in single and mixed salts of NaCl and CaCl2.Several pretreatments hastened germination under salinity by at least 1 day over nontreated controls. However, soaking in distilled water enhanced germination under saline conditions as much as any other pretreatment. Using original seed weight to determine drying time of seeds after pretreatment was inadequate because of gains or losses of solute during the soaking cycle.
Effect of Light Quality and Temperature on Fe3+ Reduction, and Chlorophyll Concentration in Plants1
Authors: Brown J. C. , Cathey H. M. , Bennett J. H. , Thimijan R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlant species differ in their response to light; some grow best in full sunlight, some in partial shade, and others in full shade. Inside, under growth chamber conditions, cool white fluorescent (CWF) lamps, in combination with supplemental incandescent (Inc) lamps, have been a satisfactory light source. Low pressure sodium (UPS) lamps have also been used. The spectral radiant power curve for the CWF lamps extends from 350 (includes UV and blue) to above 700 nm, whereas the spectral curve for LPS lamps is between 560 to 610 nm (no UV or blue) with no radiation below 550 nm. This study was conducted to determine affect of LPS and CWF lamps, alone and in combination with Inc lamps, on plant growth and reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+. Lettuce (Lactuca saliva L. ‘Grand Rapids’), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘M8’) and petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilm. ‘Pink Cascade’) were grown in environmental control cabinets at 22 and 28 C under LPS or CWF lamps, with and without Inc lamps. Reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ was determined as Fe2+ ferrorine [disodium salt of 3‐(2‐pyridyl)‐ 5,6‐bis(4‐phenylsulfonic acid‐l,2,4‐triazine] in solution under all light treatments to determine if chlorophyll concentration in plant tops was related to Fe3+ reduction in solution. We had observed that cotton was chlorotic under LPS, but not under CWF lamps. Only small amounts of Fe3+ were reduced to Fe2+ at wavelengths above 420 nm, and more Fe3+ was reduced to Fe2+ in solution under CWF than under LPS lamps. Chlorophyll concentration in lettuce and cotton leaves followed about the same pattern as Fe3+ reduced to Fe2+ in solution. Chlorophyll levels were greater in leaves grown under CWF than under LPS lamps, and generally greater in leaves grown at 28 than at 22 C. If we assume that CWF light mediates reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ in plant foliage as it does in ferric‐ferrozine solutions then it could make Fe2+ available for biochemical reactions related to chlorophyll synthesis. Petunia did not respond to the light regimes and temperature as did lettuce and cotton.
Residual Effects of MSMA on Sterility in Rice Cultivars1
Authors: Gilmour J. T. , Wells B. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn a study conducted in 1975, sterility in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars grown on Crowley silt loam soil (Typic Albaqualf) amended with monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) increased as cultivar susceptibility to straight‐head increased. A midseason drain and dry treatment was found to decrease MSMA induced sterility. This study was a continuation of the experiment initiated in 1975 to evaluate the residual effects of the 1975 MSMA application on rice growth and yield 2 and 4 years later for two water management schemes. Two rice cultivars (‘Lebonnet’ and ‘Nova 76’ or ‘Mars’) of different straighthead resistance were grown in rotation with ‘Lee 74‘ soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Two years after application of MSMA, sterility and decreased yield were observed under continuous flood for the 11.2 kg arsenic/ha rate with the straighthead susceptible cultivar (Nova 76) being damaged more severely. No damage was found at this arsenic (As) rate for the midseason draining and drying treatment, a common straighthead control practice, or for either water management at the 1.1 kg As/ha rate. Four years after MSMA application, no sterility or yield reduction were noted in any treatment. These data suggest that where rice production is desired on a silt loam soil previously treated with MSMA crop rotation, in addition to cultivar selection and water management, could be used to minimize yield loses due to sterility.
Effects of Tillage Practices on Soil and Wheat Spectral Reflectances1
Authors: Aase J. K. , Tanaka D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of the study, which was located on a Williams loam soil (fine‐loamy, mixed Typic Argiborolls) near Sidney, Mont., was to attempt to discriminate by reflectance determinations among varying degrees of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) stubble and crop growth covering the soil surface. Spring and winter wheat were seeded no‐till (NT) into standing spring wheat stubble and after one tillage operation on stubble‐mulch fallow and on bare soil. Also included in the study were bare fallow, stubble‐mulch fallow, and chemical fallow. A handheld radiometer With bandpass intervals similar to those of the multispectral scanner aboard Landsat was used to measure radiances from the plots. Reflectances were calculated as the ratio of plot radiance to the radiance from a barium sulfate plate. Reflectance differences among fallow treatments were not consistent throughout the season, and it is questionable whether, with present techniques, we can discern among fallow treatments. Wheat that was seeded NT into standing stubble and wheat that was seeded after one tillage operation could be detected and separated from soil readings as early as wheat seeded on bare fallow. Sparse crop growth during a drought year could not be separated from soil background. The relationship between green leaf dry matter (DM) and IR/Red ratio suggests that reflectance measurements may substitute for manual measurements of green leaf DM.