bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SUBJECTIVITY AS A NON‐TEXTUAL STANDARD OF INTERPRETATION IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: KAUKUA JARI , LÄHTEENMÄKI VILI 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTContemporary caution against anachronism in intellectual history, and the currently momentous theoretical emphasis on subjectivity in the philosophy of mind, are two prevailing conditions that set puzzling constraints for studies in the history of philosophical psychology. The former urges against assuming ideas, motives, and concepts that are alien to the historical intellectual setting under study, and combined with the latter suggests caution in relying on our intuitions regarding subjectivity due to the historically contingent characterizations it has attained in contemporary philosophy of mind. In the face of these conditions, our paper raises a question of what we call non‐textual (as opposed to contextual) standards of interpretation of historical texts, and proceeds to explore subjectivity as such a standard. Non‐textual standards are defined as (heuristic) postulations of features of the world or our experience of it that we must suppose to be immune to historical variation in order to understand a historical text. Although the postulation of such standards is often so obvious that the fact of our doing so is not noticed at all, we argue that the problems in certain special cases, such as that of subjectivity, force us to pay attention to the methodological questions involved. Taking into account both recent methodological discussion and the problems inherent in two de facto denials of the relevance of subjectivity for historical theories, we argue that there are good grounds for the adoption of subjectivity as a nontextual standard for historical work in philosophical psychology.
CHALLENGING CERTAINTY: THE UTILITY AND HISTORY OF COUNTERFACTUALISM
Authors: KAYE SIMON T. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTCounterfactualism is a useful process for historians as a thought‐experiment because it offers grounds to challenge an unfortunate contemporary historical mindset of assumed, deterministic certainty. This article suggests that the methodological value of counterfactualism may be understood in terms of the three categories of common ahistorical errors that it may help to prevent: the assumptions of indispensability, causality, and inevitability. To support this claim, I survey a series of key counterfactual works and reflections on counterfactualism, arguing that the practice of counterfactualism evolved as both cause and product of an evolving popular assumption of the plasticity of history and the importance of human agency within it. For these reasons, counterfactualism is of particular importance both historically and politically. I conclude that it is time for a methodological re‐assessment of the uses of such thought‐experiments in history, particularly in light of counterfactualism's developmental relatedness to cultural, technological, and analytical modernity.
THE LETTER KILLS: ON SOME IMPLICATIONS OF 2 CORINTHIANS 3:62
Authors: GINZBURG CARLO 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThe paper focuses on an argument put forward by Augustine in his De doctrina Christiana: there are passages in the Bible that need to be read in a literal, contextual, and ultimately rhetorical perspective. This approach to the Bible (usually overshadowed by Augustine's own parallel emphasis on the importance of allegory) was needed to deal with customs—for instance the patriarchs' polygamy—that had to be evaluated, Augustine argued, according to standards different from those prevailing in the present day. This need inspired Augustine to utter some sharp remarks on the need to avoid (as we would say today) ethnocentric, anachronistic projections into the Biblical text.The long‐term impact of Augustine's argument was profound. The emphasis on the letter played a significant role in the exchanges between Christian and Jewish medieval readings of the Bible, which affected Nicholas of Lyra's influential commentary (Postilla). The same tradition may have contributed to Valla's and Karlstadt's audacious hermeneutic remarks on the Biblical canon, which covertly or openly focused on contradictions in the Biblical text, questioning the role of Moses as author of Deuteronomy. Traces of those discussions can be detected in Spinoza's Tractatus theologico‐politicus. The paper suggests that the emphasis on a literal, contextual reading of the Bible provided a model for secular reading in general. The possible role of this model in the aggressive encounter between Europe and alien cultures is a matter of speculation.
Welfare program participation among rural‐to‐urban migrant workers in China
Authors: Xu Qingwen , Guan Xinping , Yao Fangfang 
Published: January 2010

Xu Q, Guan X, Yao F. Welfare program participation among rural‐to‐urban migrant workers in ChinaInt J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: 10–21 © 2010 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and International Journal of Social Welfare.An estimated 225 million Chinese people have migrated to cities from China's rural areas over the past two decades. These rural‐to‐urban migrant workers have greatly challenged China's welfare system. The pre‐reform welfare system was a duel scheme with an urban–rural distinction in which rural residents were not covered by state‐run welfare programs and had to rely on their families and rural collectives. The development of employment‐based social insurance programs in 1999 made social welfare programs available for rural‐to‐urban migrant workers. Using an anonymous survey conducted in seven cities across China in 2006, we found that social insurance program participation rates were low among rural‐to‐urban migrant workers. Individual factors, including lack of knowledge of welfare programs and of a willingness to participate, and macro‐level factors, including type of employer and industry, are critical in determining migrant workers' participation in welfare programs. Implications for policies and practice are discussed.
Social development and the status quo: professionalisation and Third Way co‐optation
Authors: Gray Mel 
Published: January 2010

Gray M. Social development and the status quo: professionalisation and Third Way co‐optationInt J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 463–470 © 2010 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and International Journal of Social Welfare.Social development is a massive undertaking that has spawned a multitude of organisational forms. It nevertheless remains an ambiguous term and ill‐defined area of work, though some social development practitioners have succeeded in making small‐scale local differences in particular situations. While largely a tool of the status quo, some believe that social development has transformative potential and provides valuable space to confront inequalities and deprivation. In this article, I argue that in contemporary neoliberal environments social development is being co‐opted by Third Way politics and professionalisation processes. As it professionalises through the creation of professional structures and educational systems, it is becoming increasingly like social work, despite arguments that it is as an alternative approach to poverty and social exclusion. In the process, it is losing its transformative, critical edge, and morphing into a neoliberal, social investment approach that absolves government of its responsibility for the welfare of citizens.
Suggestive evidence of a vesicle‐mediated mode of cell degranulation in chromaffin cells. A high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy investigation
Authors: Crivellato Enrico , Solinas Paola , Isola Raffaella , Ribatti Domenico , Riva Alessandro 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this study we used a modified osmium maceration method for high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy to study some ultrastructural details fitting the schema of piecemeal degranulation in chromaffin cells. Piecemeal degranulation refers to a particulate pattern of cell secretion that is accomplished by vesicle‐mediated extracellular transport of granule‐stored material. We investigated adrenal samples from control and angiotensin II‐treated rats, and identified a variable proportion of smooth, 30–60‐nm‐diameter vesicles in the cytoplasm of chromaffin cells. A percentage of these vesicles were interspersed in the cytosol among chromaffin granules but the majority appeared to be attached to granules. Remarkably, the number of unattached cytoplasmic vesicles was greatly increased in chromaffin cells from angiotensin II‐treated animals. Vesicles of the same structure and dimension were detected close to or attached to the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane; these, too, were increased in number in chromaffin cells from rats stimulated with angiotensin II. In specimens shaken with a rotating agitator during maceration, the cytoplasmic organelles could be partially removed and the fine structure of the vesicular interaction with the inner side of the plasma membrane emerged most clearly. A proportion of chromaffin granules showed protrusions that we interpreted as vesicular structures budding from the granular envelope. In some instances, the transection plane intersected granules with putative vesicles emerging from the surfaces. In these cases, the protrusions of budding vesicles could be observed from the internal side. This study provides high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy images compatible with a vesicle‐mediated degranulation mode of cell secretion in adrenal chromaffin cells. The data indicating an increase in the number of vesicles observed in chromaffin cells after stimulation with the chromaffin cell secretagogue angiotensin II suggests that this secretory process may be susceptible to fine regulation.
Somatotopic organization of lumbar muscle‐innervating neurons in the ventral horn of the rat spinal cord
Authors: Takahashi Yuzuru , Ohtori Seiji , Takahashi Kazuhisa 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe ventral horn of the rat spinal cord was investigated with respect to the somatotopic organization of the motor neurons that innervate the lumbar muscles. Neurotracer 1,1′‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) was applied to specific sites in lumbar muscles. Spinal cord segments at L1 through L4 levels were cut into 40‐μm serial transverse sections. Labeled neurons were located in the ventromedial nucleus (VM) and lateromedial nucleus (LM) nuclei of Rexed’s lamina IX. Motor neurons innervating the m. interspinales lumborum and m. multifidus were without exception present in the VM, whereas all motor neurons innervating the m. rectus abdominis were present in the LM. Forty percent of motor neurons innervating the m. quadratus lumborum were present in the VM and the other 60% were in the LM. Although most of the motor neurons innervating the m. psoas major were present in the LM, a few labeled neurons existed in the VM. These results suggest that the border zone demarcating the areas of innervation of the dorsal and ventral rami of spinal nerves crosses the m. quadratus lumborum.
Redistribution of nuclear pores during formation of the redundant nuclear envelope in mouse spermatids
Authors: Ho Han‐Chen 
Published: January 2010

AbstractExtensive morphological modification occurs during mammalian spermiogenesis when spermatids change their spherical shape into cells with a compact head and a long tail. In this study, freeze‐fracture was used to elucidate the alteration of the nuclear envelope during this process. Nuclear condensation resulted in a great reduction of spermatid nuclear volume and the formation of the redundant nuclear envelope. During nuclear condensation, distribution patterns of nuclear pores were greatly affected by the developing acrosome and manchette. As the acrosome enlarged to cap the nucleus, the pores redistributed caudally in the nuclear membranes and became exclusively localized to the redundant nuclear envelope. Manchette microtubules play an important role in shaping the nucleus, and formation of the manchette was associated with exclusion of nuclear pores from the underlying nuclear envelope; therefore, it is likely that the redistribution of nuclear pores was aided by manchette development. The appearance of an electron‐lucent nuclear region surrounded by the nascent redundant nuclear envelope indicated a pathway for transporting degradation products through the nuclear pores to the residual cytoplasm. The packaging of the nuclear pores into the redundant nuclear envelope suggests that they play a role in late stages of sperm maturation or in fertilization, as most other unnecessary organelles of sperm are discarded during spermiogenesis or during shedding of the cytoplasmic droplet.
The nasolacrimal duct of anuran amphibians: suggestions on its functional role in vomeronasal perception
Authors: Nowack Christine , Wöhrmann‐Repenning Angela 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTear secretions discharged by the Harderian gland are suggested to function as a solvent for molecules sensed by the vomeronasal organ (VNO) in anurans. It has been assumed that chemical stimuli are absorbed at the surface of the eye to be carried – together with the lacrimal fluid – into the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct. In the study presented herein, we examined the intranasal anatomy of 10 different anuran species to analyse the opening region of the nasolacrimal duct and its functional relationship with the VNO and the external naris. In addition, vital staining of the nasal cavities was conducted. Our results indicate that stimuli reaching the VNO are more likely to be ingested through the nostril than via the eye. In many cases the intranasal orifice of the nasolacrimal duct shows a close proximity to the external naris and simultaneously we observed a noticeable distance to the VNO. We suggest that the secretions of the Harderian gland are carried to the external naris by the nasolacrimal duct, where they bind chemical stimuli that are subsequently actively transported into the VNO. In some of the investigated species the opening region of the tear duct was situated in a more caudal part of the nasal cavity and closer to the VNO. In these cases a conspicuous system of channels can be found, which is suspected to carry the intruding medium of smell from the nostril to the nasolacrimal aperture.
Diffusion‐weighted imaging of cerebral white matter and the cerebellum following preterm birth
Authors: HART ANTHONY R , WHITBY ELSPETH H , CLARK SIMON J , PALEY MARTYN N J , SMITH MICHAEL F 
Published: January 2010

Aim  The aim of this study was to determine if apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) generated with diffusion‐weighted imaging of cerebral white matter and the cerebellum are affected by white matter damage.Method  Seventy‐two preterm infants (32 males, 40 females; mean gestational age at birth 30.3wks, SD 3.0wks; mean birthweight 1458g, SD 534g) underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the brain around term‐equivalent age and were categorized into three groups: normal, overt abnormality, and diffuse excessive high signal intensity (DEHSI). ADC values were calculated from cerebral white matter, cerebellar hemispheres, and cerebellar midline, and were compared between groups. Regression analysis identified clinical parameters correlated with ADC values.Results  Imaging was normal in 27 infants, and revealed overt abnormalities in 14 and DEHSI in 31. ADC values did not differ between groups. ADC values from cerebral white matter were negatively correlated with the number of episodes of postnatal sepsis (p=0.002). ADC values from cerebellar hemispheres (p=0.007) and cerebellar midline (p=0.036) correlated with gestational age at birth.Interpretation  ADC values from white matter are not altered in preterm infants with DEHSI but are negatively correlated with the number of episodes of postnatal sepsis. ADC values in the cerebellum are not altered by white matter damage, but are affected by preterm birth itself.
An internet‐based physical activity intervention for adolescents with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: MAHER CAROL A , WILLIAMS MARIE T , OLDS TIM , LANE ALISON E 
Published: January 2010

Aim  To determine the effectiveness of an 8‐week internet‐based, lifestyle physical‐activity intervention for adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP).Method  A randomized controlled trial using concealed allocation with blinded assessments at baseline, 10, and 20 weeks. Forty‐one adolescents with CP participated (26 males, 15 females; mean age 13y 7mo, SD 1y 8mo, range 11–17y; Gross Motor Function Classification System levels: I, n=21; II, n=17; III, n=3; unilateral distribution n=16, bilateral n=25). Primary outcome was physical activity (NL‐1000 accelerometers and self‐report [Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adolescents: MARCA]). Secondary outcomes were exercise knowledge (a purpose‐designed scale), attitudes, intention and self‐efficacy (Lifestyle Education for Activity Program II scales), self‐reported sedentary behaviour (MARCA), and functional capacity (6‐min walk test).Results  At 10 weeks the intervention group showed no increased physical activity compared with the comparison group (weekly steps: change of +2420 vs −12189 steps p=0.06; weekly moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity: change of +70 vs +8min, p=0.06; weekly distance walked: change of +3 vs −9.1km, p=0.05) and exercise knowledge (12% vs 1% improvement, p=0.08). There were no statistically significant differences for these outcomes at 20 weeks, or in self‐reported physical activity at 10 or 20 weeks.Interpretation  There was a positive short‐term pattern for improvement in physical activity and knowledge. Internet‐based programs may offer an alternative for participants unable to attend regular face‐to‐face physical activity programs.
Insulin inhibits Aβ fibrillogenesis through a decrease of the GM1 ganglioside‐rich microdomain in neuronal membranes
Authors: Yamamoto Naoki , Taniura Hideo , Suzuki Kenji 
Published: January 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 628–636.AbstractType 2 diabetes is a risk factor for late‐onset Alzheimer’s disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. To investigate whether insulin is associated with the assembly of amyloid β‐protein from the cell surface, we treated nerve growth factor (NGF)‐treated rat pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells with insulin, which is related to the development of diabetes. Insulin treatment induced a decrease in GM1 ganglioside (GM1) levels in detergent‐resistant membrane microdomains of NGF‐treated PC12 cells. The insulin‐induced effects on GM1 levels were regulated by a phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase inhibitor, but not by an extracellular signal‐regulated kinase inhibitor. Pre‐treatment with a protein synthesis inhibitor did not inhibit the decrease in GM1 levels induced by insulin. In addition, insulin failed to induce formation of fibrils from soluble amyloid β‐protein or to accelerate GM1‐induced fibril formation. Furthermore, assembly of amyloid β‐protein in cultures of NGF‐treated PC12 cells was significantly decreased by insulin. These results suggest that insulin inhibits amyloid β‐protein assembly by decreasing GM1 expression in detergent‐resistant membrane microdomains of neuronal membranes.
Lactacidosis modulates glutathione metabolism and oxidative glutamate toxicity
Authors: Lewerenz Jan , Dargusch Richard , Maher Pamela 
Published: January 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)113, 502–514.AbstractLactate and acidosis increase infarct size in humans and in animal models of cerebral ischemia but the mechanisms by which they exert their neurotoxic effects are poorly understood. Oxidative glutamate toxicity is a form of nerve cell death, wherein glutamate inhibits cystine uptake via the cystine/glutamate antiporter systemleading to glutathione depletion, accumulation of reactive oxygen species and, ultimately, programmed cell death. Using the hippocampal cell line, HT22, we show that lactate and acidosis exacerbate oxidative glutamate toxicity and further decrease glutathione levels. Acidosis but not lactate inhibits system, whereas both acidosis and lactate inhibit the enzymatic steps of glutathione synthesis downstream of cystine uptake. In contrast, when glutathione synthesis is completely inhibited by cystine‐free medium, acidosis partially protects against glutathione depletion and cell death. Both effects of acidosis are also present in primary neuronal and astrocyte cultures. Furthermore, we show that some neuroprotective compounds are much less effective in the presence of lactacidosis. Our findings indicate that lactacidosis modulates glutathione metabolism and neuronal cell death. Furthermore, lactacidosis may interfere with the action of some neuroprotective drugs rendering these less likely to be therapeutically effective in cerebral ischemia.
Evidence that pregabalin reduces neuropathic pain by inhibiting the spinal release of glutamate
Authors: Kumar Naresh , Laferriere Andre , Yu Jonathan S. C. , Leavitt Amelia , Coderre Terence J. 
Published: January 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)113, 552–561.AbstractPregabalin is an anti‐convulsant that successfully treats many neuropathic pain syndromes, although the mechanism of its anti‐hyperalgesic action remains elusive. This study aims to help delineate pregabalin’s anti‐hyperalgesic mechanisms. We assessed the effectiveness of pregabalin at decreasing mechanical and cold hypersensitivity induced in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Thus, we compared the effectiveness of pre‐ or post‐treatment with systemic or intrathecal (i.t.) pregabalin at reducing the development and maintenance of the neuropathic pain symptoms. Pregabalin successfully decreased mechanical and cold hypersensitivity, as a pre‐treatment, but was less effective at suppressing cold hypersensitivity when administered as a post‐treatment. Furthermore, both i.t. and systemic administration of pregabalin were effective in reducing the behavioral hypersensitivity, with the exception of systemic post‐treatment on cold hypersensitivity. We also examined pregabalin’s effects at inhibiting hind paw formalin‐induced nociception in naïve rats and formalin‐induced release of excitatory amino acids in the spinal cord dorsal horn (SCDH) both in naïve rats and in rats with neuropathic pain. Pregabalin dose‐dependently reduced nociceptive scores in the formalin test. We also present the first evidence that pregabalin reduces the formalin‐induced release of glutamate in SCDH. Furthermore, i.t. pregabalin reduces the enhanced noxious stimulus‐induced spinal release of glutamate seen in neuropathic rats. These data suggest that pregabalin reduces neuropathic pain symptoms by inhibiting the release of glutamate in the SCDH.