bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macronutrient balance mediates trade‐offs between immune function and life history traits
Authors: Cotter Sheena C. , Simpson Stephen J. , Raubenheimer David , Wilson Kenneth 
Published: August 2010

Summary 1. Diet and health are intimately linked and recent studies have found that caloric restriction can affect immune function. However, when given a choice between diets that differ in their macronutrient composition, pathogen–infected individuals can select a diet that improves their survival, suggesting that the nutritional composition of the diet, as well as its calorie content, can play a role in defence against disease. Moreover, as individuals change their diet when infected, it suggests that a diet that is optimal for growth is not optimal for immunity, leading to trade‐offs. 2. Currently, our knowledge of the effects of diet on immunity is limited because previous experiments have manipulated either single nutrients or the calorie content of the diet without considering their interactive effects. By simultaneously manipulating both the diet composition (quality) and its caloric density (quantity), in both naive and immune‐challenged insects, we asked how do diet quality and quantity influence an individual’s ability to mount an immune response? And to what extent are allocation trade‐offs driven by quantity‐ versus quality‐based constraints? 3. We restricted individuals to 20 diets varying in their protein and carbohydrate content and used 3D response surfaces to visualize dietary effects on larval growth and immune traits. Our results show that both constitutive and induced immune responses are not limited by the total quantity of nutrients consumed, but rather different traits respond differently to variation in the ratios of macronutrients (diet quality), and peak in different regions of macronutrient space. The preferred dietary composition therefore represents a compromise between the nutritional requirements of growth and immune responses. We also show that a non‐pathogenic immune challenge does not affect diet choice, rather immune‐challenged insects modify their allocation of nutrients to improve their immune response. 4. Our results indicate that immune traits are affected by the macronutrient content of the diet and that no diet can simultaneously optimize all components of the immune system. To date the emphasis has been on the effects of micronutrients in improving immunity, our findings indicate that this must be widened to include the neglected impact of macronutrients on defence against disease.
Characterization of inflammatory cell infiltrate in human dental pulpitis
Authors: Bruno K. F. , Silva J. A. , Silva T. A. , Batista A. C. , Alencar A. H. G. , Estrela C. 
Published: August 2010

Bruno KF, Silva JA, Silva TA, Batista AC, Alencar AHG, Estrela C. Characterization of inflammatory cell infiltrate in human dental pulpitis. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 1013–1021, 2010.AbstractIntroduction  To evaluate the microscopic characteristics and densities (per mm2) of tryptase+ mast cells, CD4+ T helper lymphocytes, CD45RO+ memory T lymphocytes, foxp3+ T regulatory lymphocytes, CD20+ B lymphocytes, CD68+ macrophages, and CD31+ blood vessels in human dental pulpitis (n = 38) and healthy pulpal tissue (n = 6).Methodology  The pulps of 38 human teeth with a clinical diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis were removed by pulpectomy. The pulp tissue was immersed in 10% buffered formalin for evaluation using light microscopy. Tryptase, CD4, CD45RO, foxp3, CD20, CD68, and CD31 expressions were analysed using immunohistochemistry; other microscopic features, such as intensity of inflammatory infiltrate and collagen deposition, were evaluated using haematoxylin and eosin stain. Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney tests were used for statistical analysis. The significance level was set at α = 5%.Results  Two microscopic patterns of pulpitis were found: group 1 (G1) (n = 15) had an intense inflammatory infiltrate and mild collagen deposition; conversely, group 2 (G2) (n = 23) had a scarce inflammatory infiltrate and intense collagen deposition. The numbers of CD68+ macrophages (P = 0.004) and CD20+ B (P = 0.068) lymphocytes and the density of blood vessels (P = 0.002) were higher in G1 than in G2. However, a similar number of CD4+ and CD45RO+ T lymphocytes was found in both groups (P > 0.05). When present, tryptase+ mast cells were equally distributed in G1 and G2, whereas foxp3+ T regulatory lymphocytes were detected in 59% and 14% of the samples of G1 and G2. Controls exhibited lower numbers of foxp3, tryptase, CD4, CD45RO, CD68 and CD20 positive cells than G1 and G2.Conclusions  Irreversible pulpitis had distinct microscopic features with important quantitative and qualitative differences in inflammatory cell infiltration.
The value of testing semen for Chlamydia trachomatis in men of infertile couples
Authors: Eley A. , Pacey A. A. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryChlamydia trachomatis is an important bacterial cause of infertility. In men, the recommended specimen for diagnosing chlamydial infection is urine, with little or no emphasis placed on testing semen. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to search for studies in which men undergoing investigations for infertility produced both samples of urine and semen that were tested concurrently for C. trachomatis. An analysis of these studies was then performed. From 322 papers identified from the US National Library of Medicine PubMed database, 14 were selected for a detailed review and 11 were analysed further. Overall, the size of the study groups was only modest and differences between the studies included variation in geography and test methodology, especially whether commercial testing systems had been used. There was also a lack of consistency with regard to including men with azoospermia. Patients were typically 30–35 years old and the median duration of infertility was about 4 years. Of those patients positive for C. trachomatis in the 11 studies, 56% could be detected in both semen and urine, 20% only in urine and 23% only in semen. Deficiencies in existing studies would not allow for a meta‐analysis, emphasizing the need for further research in this area for which a number of recommendations are made.
Widespread deficits in adult neurogenesis precede plaque and tangle formation in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Hamilton Laura K. , Aumont Anne , Julien Carl , Vadnais Alexandra , Calon Frédéric , Fernandes Karl J. L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) affects cognitive modalities that are known to be regulated by adult neurogenesis, such as hippocampal‐ and olfactory‐dependent learning and memory. However, the relationship between AD‐associated pathologies and alterations in adult neurogenesis has remained contentious. In the present study, we performed a detailed investigation of adult neurogenesis in the triple transgenic (3xTg) mouse model of AD, a unique model that generates both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the hallmark pathologies of AD. In both neurogenic niches of the brain, the hippocampal dentate gyrus and forebrain subventricular zone, we found that 3xTg mice had decreased numbers of (i) proliferating cells, (ii) early lineage neural progenitors, and (iii) neuroblasts at middle age (11 months old) and old age (18 months old). These decreases correlated with major reductions in the addition of new neurons to the respective target areas, the dentate granule cell layer and olfactory bulb. Within the subventricular zone niche, cytological alterations were observed that included a selective loss of subependymal cells and the development of large lipid droplets within the ependyma of 3xTg mice, indicative of metabolic changes. Temporally, there was a marked acceleration of age‐related decreases in 3xTg mice, which affected multiple stages of neurogenesis and was clearly apparent prior to the development of amyloid plaques or neurofibrillary tangles. Our findings indicate that AD‐associated mutations suppress neurogenesis early during disease development. This suggests that deficits in adult neurogenesis may mediate premature cognitive decline in AD.
Pioglitazone attenuates prostatic enlargement in diet‐induced insulin‐resistant rats by altering lipid distribution and hyperinsulinaemia
Authors: Vikram Ajit , Jena Gopabandhu , Ramarao Poduri 
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Increased incidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia among insulin‐resistant individuals suggests a role for hyperinsulinaemia in prostatic enlargement. We have already reported increased cell proliferation and enlargement of prostate gland in insulin‐resistant rats. The present study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the reversal of prostatic enlargement in insulin‐resistant rats by the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ agonist pioglitazone.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a normal pellet or a high‐fat diet for 12 weeks with or without pioglitazone (20 mg·kg−1). Subgroups of animals fed different diets were castrated. Effects of dietary manipulation and pioglitazone were measured on insulin sensitivity, lipid distribution, cell proliferation and apoptosis.KEY RESULTS A high‐fat diet led to the accumulation of fat in non‐adipose tissues, insulin resistance, compensatory hyperinsulinaemia and prostatic enlargement in rats. Pioglitazone treatment altered fat distribution, improved insulin sensitivity and normalized lipid and insulin level in rats on the high‐fat diet. The improved metabolic parameters led to decreased cellular proliferation and increased apoptosis in the prostate gland. High‐fat diet feeding and pioglitazone treatment did not change plasma testosterone levels. However, significant prostatic atrophy was observed in castrated rats irrespective of dietary intervention.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results show a previously unexplored therapeutic potential of pioglitazone for prostatic enlargement under insulin‐resistant condition and further suggest that targeting distribution of lipid from non‐adipose tissue to adipose tissue and insulin signalling could be new strategies for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Caffeine inhibits the viability and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells
Authors: Zhou Y , Guan XX , Zhu ZL , Guo J , Huang YC , Hou WW , Yu HY 
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Caffeine is consumed extensively in Europe and North America. As a risk factor for osteoporosis, epidemiological studies have observed that caffeine can decrease bone mineral density, adversely affect calcium absorption and increase the risk of bone fracture. However, the exact mechanisms have not been fully investigated. Here, we examined the effects of caffeine on the viability and osteogenesis of rat bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (rBMSCs).EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cell viability, apoptosis and necrosis were quantified using thymidine incorporation and flow cytometry. Sequential gene expressions in osteogenic process were measured by real‐time PCR. cAMP, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin were assessed by immunoassay, spectrophotometry and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Mineralization was determined by calcium deposition.KEY RESULTS After treating BMSCs with high caffeine concentrations (0.1–1 mM), their viability decreased in a concentration‐dependent manner. This cell death was primarily due to necrosis and, to a small extent, apoptosis. Genes and protein sequentially expressed in osteogenesis, including Cbfa1/Runx2, collagen I, alkaline phosphatase and its protein, were significantly downregulated except for osteocalcin and its protein. Moreover, caffeine inhibited calcium deposition in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner, but increased intracellular cAMP in a concentration‐dependent manner.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS By suppressing the commitment of BMSCs to the osteogenic lineage and selectively inhibiting gene expression, caffeine downregulated some important events in osteogenesis and ultimately affected bone mass.
Ibuprofen is a non‐competitive inhibitor of the peptide transporter hPEPT1 (SLC15A1): possible interactions between hPEPT1 substrates and ibuprofen
Authors: Omkvist Diana Højmark , Brodin Birger , Nielsen Carsten Uhd 
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSERecently, we identified etodolac as a possible ligand for the human intestinal proton‐couple peptide transporter (hPEPT1). This raised the possibility that other non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, and especially ibuprofen, could also interact with hPEPT1. Here, we have assessed the interactions of ibuprofen with hPEPT1.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHThe uptake of [14C]Gly‐Sar, [3H]Ibuprofen and other radio‐labelled compounds were investigated in Madin–Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK)/hPEPT1, MDCK/Mock, LLC‐PK1or Caco‐2 cells. The transepithelial transport of ibuprofen and hPEPT1 substrates was investigated in Caco‐2 cell monolayers.KEY RESULTSIbuprofen concentration dependently inhibited hPEPT1‐mediated uptake of Gly‐Sar in MDCK/hPEPT1 cells (Kiapp= 0.4 mM) but uptake of ibuprofen in Caco‐2 cells and MDCK/hPEPT1 cells was not inhibited by hPEPT1 substrates. The maximum uptake rate for Gly‐Sar uptake was reduced from 522 pmol·min−1·cm−2to 181 pmol·min−1·cm−2and 78 pmol·min−1·cm−2in the presence of 0.5 mM and 1 mM ibuprofen, respectively. The interaction between ibuprofen and hPEPT1 was thus non‐competitive. In LLC‐PK1 cells, ibuprofen (1 mM) did not influence the transporter‐mediated uptake of glycine or α‐methyl‐D‐glycopyranoside. In Caco‐2 cell monolayers the absorptive transport of δ‐aminolevulinic acid was reduced by 23% and 48% by ibuprofen (1 and 10 mM), respectively. Likewise the transport of Gly‐Sar was reduced by 23% in the presence of ibuprofen (1 mM).CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSIbuprofen is a non‐competitive inhibitor of hPEPT1. As ibuprofen reduced the transepithelial transport of δ‐aminolevulinic acid, drug–drug interactions between ibuprofen and hPEPT1 drug substrates at their site of absorption are possible if administered together.
SILVER BRAZING ALLOYS IN THE MARINE FIELD
Authors: Leach Robert H. , Edelson Leo 
Published: August 2010

The use of silver alloys for joining metals has shown a large increase in recent years, and this development has taken place in spite of the great improvements that have been made in welding and brazing processes in which base metals or their alloys are used. These alloys have been called silver solders and classed as hard solders to diflerentiate them from the common lead tin alloys which are used extensively. It is believed, however, that “silver brazing alloys” is a more descriptive term to use and indicates more definitely the temperatures at which they melt and the type of joint made with them.The following definition is suggested:Silver Alloy Brazing—A method of joining metals by means of heat, wherein the filler metal is a silver alloy with a melting point above 1000 degrees F., but lower than those of the metals or alloys to be joined.
The association between demographic and oral health‐related quality of life factors and dental care attendance among underprivileged older people
Authors: Zini Avi , Vered Yuval , Sgan‐Cohen Harold D 
Published: August 2010

Aim:  In order to identify whether demographic and oral health‐related quality of life factors are associated with dental care attendance among an underprivileged older population, a comparison was performed between people who have and have not attended dental care.Methods:  A cross‐sectional purposive sample of 344 older underprivileged people comprised the study population. The dependent variable was dental care attendance. The 14‐item version of the Oral Health Impact Profile index (OHIP‐14) was used as the independent variable, together with other social and general variables, using a structured interview.Results:  The variables that were significantly associated with dental care attendance were family status (not married, the highest attendance), dwelling location (living at home, the highest attendance), caregiver (family member, the highest attendance), place of birth (Western countries, the highest attendance) and income (pension, the highest attendance). Sex, welfare support, functional ability, education, age and OHIP‐14 were not associated with dental care attendance.Conclusions:  Attending dental care was not associated with oral health‐related quality of life measured by OHIP‐14. Several socioeconomic variables were strongly associated.
Paenimacrolidin, a novel macrolide antibiotic from Paenibacillus sp. F6‐B70 active against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Wu Xue‐Chang , Qian Chao‐Dong , Fang Hai‐Huan , Wen Yan‐Ping , Zhou Jian‐Ying , Zhan Zha‐Jun , Ding Rui , Li Ou , Gao Haichun 
Published: August 2010

SummaryPaenibacillus sp. F6‐B70 was selected from several dozens of isolates with activity against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus using a 16S rDNA‐based screening method. F6‐B70 contained polyketide synthase (PKS) and non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) clusters in its genome revealed by PCR amplification of conserved adenylation and ketosynthase (KS) domains. Phylogenetic data suggested that the strain hosts trans‐AT PKSs and their product may be a branched molecule. An antibiotic was subsequently isolated from the methanol extract of F6‐B70 cells. The molecular formula of the antibiotic was deduced to be C33H50NaO6 ([M + Na]+, m/z 565.3505) by analysis of electrospray ionization mass spectral data. Elucidation of the structure by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy revealed that the active compound, paenimacrolidin (PAM), was a novel 22‐membered macrolide with side‐chains. The new antibiotic, mainly as a bacteriostatic agent, inhibits a couple of multidrug‐resistant Staphylococcus sp. strains. The antibiotic capacity of PAM was compromised by its instability, which can be overcome significantly with addition of an anti‐oxidant. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of an active macrolide from paenibacilli, which may be a promising source of novel antibiotics.
Characteristics and Dissemination of Mosaic Penicillin-Binding Protein 2-Harboring Multidrug-Resistant
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Isolates with Reduced Cephalosporin Susceptibility in Northern Taiwan
Authors: Huang Chung-Ter , Yen Muh-Yong , Wong Wing-Wai , Li Lan-Hui , Lin Kun-Yen , Liao Mei-Hui , Li Shu-Ying 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Among 254
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
isolates from a sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic in northern Taiwan, 69 isolates were found to contain the mosaic
penA
(MA) gene and were associated with elevated cefixime and ceftriaxone MICs. Most of these MA gene-harboring isolates were also resistant to penicillin (71.4%) and ciprofloxacin (100%) and were from men who have sex with men (MSM) or from bisexual men (81.2%). Three major sequence types (ST835, ST2180, and ST2253) constituted 55.7% of these isolates. The major sequence types harboring the mosaic
penA
gene may represent major sexual networks responsible for the emergence/introduction and the spread of the multidrug-resistant clones in Taiwan.
Comparative Analysis of Acidobacterial Genomic Fragments from Terrestrial and Aquatic Metagenomic Libraries, with Emphasis onAcidobacteriaSubdivision 6
Authors: Kielak Anna M. , van Veen Johannes A. , Kowalchuk George A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe bacterial phylumAcidobacteriahas a widespread distribution and is one of the most common and diverse phyla in soil habitats. However, members of this phylum have often been recalcitrant to cultivation methods, hampering the study of this presumably important bacterial group. In this study, we used a cultivation-independent metagenomic approach to recover genomic information from soilborne members of this phylum. A soil metagenomic fosmid library was screened by PCR targeting acidobacterial 16S rRNA genes, facilitating the recovery of 17 positive clones. Recovered inserts appeared to originate from a range ofAcidobacteriasubdivisions, with dominance of subdivision 6 (10 clones). Upon full-length insert sequencing, gene annotation identified a total of 350 open reading frames (ORFs), representing a broad range of functions. Remarkably, six inserts from subdivision 6 contained a region of gene synteny, containing genes involved in purinede novobiosynthesis and encoding tRNA synthetase and conserved hypothetical proteins. Similar genomic regions had previously been observed in several environmental clones recovered from soil and marine sediments, facilitating comparisons with respect to gene organization and evolution. Comparative analyses revealed a general dichotomy between marine and terrestrial genes in both phylogeny and G+C content. Although the significance of this homologous gene cluster across subdivision 6 members is not known, it appears to be a common feature within a large percentage of all acidobacterial genomic fragments recovered from both of these environments.
Anaerobic Oxidation of Arsenite Linked to Chlorate Reduction
Authors: Sun Wenjie , Sierra-Alvarez Reyes , Milner Lily , Field Jim A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Microorganisms play a significant role in the speciation and mobility of arsenic in the environment. In this study, the oxidation of arsenite [As(III)] to arsenate [As(V)] linked to chlorate (ClO
3
−
) reduction was shown to be catalyzed by sludge samples, enrichment cultures (ECs), and pure cultures incubated under anaerobic conditions. No activity was observed in treatments lacking inoculum or with heat-killed sludge, or in controls lacking ClO
3
−
. The As(III) oxidation was linked to the complete reduction of ClO
3
−
to Cl
−
, and the molar ratio of As(V) formed to ClO
3
−
consumed approached the theoretical value of 3:1 assuming the
e
−
equivalents from As(III) were used to completely reduce ClO
3
−
. In keeping with O
2
as a putative intermediate of ClO
3
−
reduction, the ECs could also oxidize As(III) to As(V) with O
2
at low concentrations. Low levels of organic carbon were essential in heterotrophic ECs but not in autotrophic ECs. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries indicated that the ECs were dominated by clones of
Rhodocyclaceae
(including
Dechloromonas
,
Azospira
, and
Azonexus
phylotypes) and
Stenotrophomonas
under autotrophic conditions. Additional phylotypes (
Alicycliphilus
,
Agrobacterium
, and
Pseudoxanthomonas
) were identified in heterotrophic ECs. Two isolated autotrophic pure cultures,
Dechloromonas
sp. strain ECC1-pb1 and
Azospira
sp. strain ECC1-pb2, were able to grow by linking the oxidation of As(III) to As(V) with the reduction of ClO
3
−
. The presence of the arsenite oxidase subunit A (
aroA
) gene was demonstrated with PCR in the ECs and pure cultures. This study demonstrates that ClO
3
−
is an alternative electron acceptor to support the microbial oxidation of As(III).