bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Armenian Life of Marutha of Maipherkat
Authors: Marcus Ralph 
Published: October 2011

The Armenian Vita here translated, of Marutha, a Syrian bishop of the fifth century, has an interest because of Marutha's activity as mediator between the Byzantine emperors, Arcadius and Theodosius II, and the Sassanian king Yezdegerd I.The ancient sources for the life of Marutha are scanty nor does the biography here translated add greatly to our knowledge of him. From the Greek and Nestorian sources it is known that he was present at the important councils of the church in the last decades of the fourth century; was sent to the court of Persia, probably at least twice, once on the accession of Yezdegerd in 399 A.D. and again about 408 A.D., when Theodosius II became emperor of the eastern Romans; and that he was present at the Council of Seleucia in 410 A.D.
The Meaning of ‘Authority’ in Mark 1, 22
Authors: Starr Joshua 
Published: October 2011

He entered into the synagogue and taught. And they were astonished at his teaching, for he taught them as one having authority and not as the scribes (Mk. 1, 21–22).The accepted interpretation of Mark 1, 21 f. is well known. In the words of Herford, the passage means that Jesus taught “with the spiritual force of a tremendous personality,” and this was bound to shock his contemporaries who adhered to the idea of Torah. Such a view has the advantage of making the material self-explanatory, while it receives corroboration both from other data in the gospels regarding Jesus' personal traits and from facts derived from the Judaistic sources concerning the Pharisaic method of teaching.
An Armenian Version of Athanasius's Letter to Epictetus
Authors: Casey Robert P. 
Published: October 2011

The following Armenian text of Athanasius's Letter to Epictetus is found in two manuscripts of the Mechitarists at Vienna:A. Cod. 629, ff. 66a–73b, 19th century, notragir, copied from an 18th century archetype at Ispahan.B. Cod. 648, ff. 102b–105b, paper, 14th century, bolorgir, without word division and badly worm-eaten.The version is different from that published by Tajezi, and belongs to an Armenian corpus of Athanasian writings compiled early in the eighth century. I have added a collation with Ludwig's edition of the Greek, but have deliberately refrained from discussing at length its relation to other textual authorities.
Suarez and Vico: A Note on the Origin of the Vichian Formula
Authors: Gianturco Elio 
Published: October 2011

Veri criterium est id ipsum fecisse.This is the pivotal formula, the central theme of the speculative system of G. B. Vico.When the question of the origin of this axiom, fraught with such important results for the destiny of moral sciences, is investigated in detail, it will be necessary to proceed to a thorough examination of the relations connecting Vico's metaphysics with scholastic thought, and especially with the systematization given to it by F. Suarez.
Ethnic differences in sensory perception
Authors: Kalmus Hans 
Published: October 2011

SummaryIt is possible to summarize our survey under the following four headings:1. Members of different ethnic groups may react differently to comparable natural (usually complex) situations.2. Laboratory measurements of various sensory functions of ethnic groups have often been contradictory; and even though some peripheral differences in perception are a priori probable, others may still be caused by cultural differences in cognition, memory content or motivation; these cognitive and memory differences may be best interpreted as differences in individually acquired but group characteristic reafference systems.
Population prospects for regions of the world
Authors: Taylor Wallis 
Published: October 2011

SummaryTwo different projections of world population for the years 1980 and 2000, viz. the United Nations Medium Variant Projection and Current Fertility Projection, are considered. Both show large increases in world population. When the more developed regions and the less developed regions are considered separately, the major part of the growth is seen to be concentrated in the less developed regions.The changes in total population expected in the next 40 years (1960–2000) are seen to be very different from changes which have taken place in the last 40 years.
Sociological aspects: Introduction
Authors: Mason Philip 
Published: October 2011

I was thinking as we went through the first three sessions of this symposium of a difficulty faced by human geneticists which is not faced by those who are concerned with the genetics of plants and animals, and which I do not think has been mentioned—though, certainly, it was implied in Dr Harrison's Galton Lecture.The geneticist of plants and animals, if he is concerned with wild plants and wild animals, is considering their viability in a particular environment. The geneticist who is concerned with domestic strains is concerned with something which he knows much more precisely. He knows what he wants; he knows that he wants a cow that will give more milk, or a hen that will give more eggs.
Cognitive aspects of prejudice
Authors: Tajfel Henri 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThe aim of this paper was to stress the importance of the adaptive cognitive functioning of man in the causation of prejudice. It was felt that this approach has the merits of economy, credibility and testability of explanation which are not always shared by views seeking the psychological causes of intergroup tensions in the evolutionary past of the species or in unconscious motivation. Three cognitive processes were considered from the point of view of their relevance to the genesis of prejudice in an individual: categorization, assimilation, and search for conceptual coherence.Though the paper was not concerned either with discussing ways to reduce prejudice or with outlining in any detail designs for future research, it is my belief that the general approach adopted here has implications, both for social action and for research, which have not been as yet consistently and fully taken into account.
Which is the weaker sex?
Authors: Potts D. M. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThe male is the weaker sex in nearly all disease categories and age groups. Sexual differences in mortality rates sometimes pose some interesting biological problems and warrant the interest of those concerned with the health of society. Males are undoubtedly the weaker sex. In contemporary, developed countries most mortality is man-made, the male being particularly adept at killing himself. In addition, men, the weaker sex, appear to reap some sort of vengeance on women, as the attitudes of doctors—and these are predominantly male attitudes—do not always lead to the most rational care of women undergoing the uniquely female risk of reproduction.
Human fertility in global perspective
Authors: Potts D. M. 
Published: October 2011

Sir David Owen, who should have given this lecture, died very suddenly and unexpectedly at the end of June.U Thant said in a tribute: ‘David Owen was literally the first member of the United Nations Secretariat. He joined the United Nations directly from the San Francisco Conference in 1945…. As the first and only Executive Chairman of the Technical Assistance Board he was key organizer of what has now become the United Nations Development Programme…. When he left the United Nations a year ago to assume his new post as Secretary General of the International Planned Parenthood Federation he was continuing the work to which he had devoted his life, the application of human ingenuity and technological progress to problems of peoples of the world. It is a tragedy, and a loss to all mankind, that his life and his new career have been so abruptly cut short.’
Physiology of lactation
Authors: McNeilly A. S. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryIn adult life the human breast, unlike that of other species, is sufficiently developed to allow milk secretion to occur after only a brief period of hormonal stimulation. During pregnancy the ducts and secretory alveoli develop under the influence of both oestrogen and progesterone. Growth hormone and placental lactogen are not required; the role of prolactin in mammogenesis remains questionable. Lactogenesis, the onset of milk secretion, is inhibited during pregnancy despite high levels of prolactin, by a direct inhibitory action of steroids on the breast. The clearance of placental steroids after delivery removes this inhibition and milk secretion is initiated.Inhibition of prolactin secretion prevents milk secretion, suggesting that prolactin is the essential hormone for lactation in man. Prolactin release occurs in response to suckling and the amount released depends on the strength and duration of the suckling process. No release of prolactin occurs in response to stimuli other than stimulation of the nipple.Removal of milk from the mammary gland is effected by the milk-ejection reflex (MER) involving the release of oxytocin in response to suckling. Unlike prolactin, oxytocin may be released in response to stimuli associated with breast-feeding, e.g. the cry of the infant. The MER may be inhibited by psychological and physical stress, either by inhibiting oxytocin release or by preventing its action upon the breast contractile elements. The susceptibility of the MER to disturbance requires consideration when encouraging the establishment of breast-feeding.Breast-feeding is geared directly to the needs of the infant, since not only does the suckling infant obtain its present meal by inducing oxytocin release, but also by stimulating prolactin release it orders the next (Tindal, 1972).
Effect of oral contraceptives on the production and composition of human milk
Authors: Gupta A. N. , Mathur V. S. , Garg S. K. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryOne hundred and thirty six lactating women were studied, 42 controls and 94 taking oral contraceptives. Combination pills of oestrogen and progestogen (Primovlar and Minovlar) and a low dose progestogen pill (Norgestrel) were used. The selection of a particular formulation was based on the endocrine profile of an individual; this reduced drop-outs due to side effects.The change in the quantity of milk was assessed by test-feeding followed by manual expression. Milk was also analysed quantitatively. Significant reduction in the milk yield was found with the Primovlar and Minovlar groups but no change was observed with Norgestrel. No change in the quality of milk was found for any of the three groups.
Side effects of steroid contraception
Authors: Gellén J. J. 
Published: October 2011

SummarySide effects of steroid contraception during lactation are discussed and followed by a review of the relevant literature. It appears that oestrogen has an inhibiting effect on lactation performance, but progestogen alone does not. Most of the undesirable systemic side effects of oral contraceptives on the mother are connected with the relative excess or deficiency of the oestrogen and/or the progestogen component. It is likely that a low oestrogen content preparation causes no dangerous side effects. There are few data about the appearance of contraceptive steroids in breast milk. Probably only a small proportion of the steroids are excreted into the milk. Any adverse effects, on the infant, such as slow weight gain, neonatal breast hypertrophy and breast milk jaundice, are dependent on the two preceding factors. It is doubtful whether the small amount of contraceptive steroids contained in modern pills exert any influence on the fetus. Although further examinations are necessary, the low dosage of progestogen and oestrogen combined contraceptives given at fully established lactation under close control seems to be advantageous to both mothers and their infants.
Demographic considerations
Authors: Gray R. H. 
Published: October 2011

I should like to discuss both the demographic and public health implications of the matters which have arisen at this meeting.There are clearly some areas of consensus: we all agree that lactation is of fundamental importance, and that the birth interval is important, both for the health of the mother and child and with regard to fertility. Obviously, the longer the birth interval, the fewer births a woman will have during her reproductive life. A number of schemes were presented yesterday to show that in traditional societies with very long birth intervals there will be a reduced total fertility.
Contraception in adolescence—a review of the literature
Authors: Ryde-Blomqvist Elsa 
Published: October 2011

SummaryDuring the last 10 years an increasing number of pregnancies have been noted in adolescents. The children of these pregnancies are often at risk. The problem was discussed in a meeting on Pregnancy and Abortion in Adolescence in 1974, held at WHO headquarters, Geneva. An annotated bibliography was prepared for that meeting, from which this review originated. The literature covered a wide range of subjects, but an attempt has been made in this review to discuss the problem in six main sections: social aspects; sexual attitudes and behaviour; sex education and information; contraceptive services for adolescents; medical and clinical aspects and legislation. Quite a number of teenagers are sexually active even in their early teens but often keep to one partner. Their use of contraception is poor, partly because of a lack of education and information. Young people are demanding better information and services, which would probably best be provided through special teenage clinics. So far, there have been very few investigative studies dealing exclusively with adolescent use of different contraceptive methods. Methods of contraception available at present are often unsuitable for use by adolescents, and further research on the problem is needed.
Social and psychosexual problems of African adolescents
Authors: Sai F. A. 
Published: October 2011

The population of African countries, typical of developing countries, is characterized by the large proportion of children and young people. An almost perfect pyramid illustrates the age distribution of Ghana's population (Text-fig. 1).Projections of future population point to a further rise in the proportion of children (0–15 years of age) from the present 45% to 47–49% by the year 1980. The children of today will be the parents of tomorrow and for the adolescents the statement can be taken literally; the study of adolescents and their sexual and fertility problems, therefore, needs urgent attention. Especially in black Africa, these problems cannot be studied in isolation from the traditional, cultural and socio-economic environment. Indeed much of the psychosexual trauma of this group is closely interwoven with their complex backgrounds.
Factors affecting the age at menopause
Authors: Keep P. A. Van , Brand P. C. , Lehert Ph. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryA postal questionnaire was sent out in September 1977 to all women aged between 40 and 60 years in Ede, the Netherlands. The design of the study was similar to that used by Jaszmann et al. in 1967 in the same locality. The response rate was 66·6%. Data were analysed using theprobit analysis, a segmentation analysis and by applying chi-squared tests to cross tabulations. The median age at menopause was 51·7 years, 3 months later than in 1967. When, however, women who were taking oral contraceptives at the time of the survey were excluded the median age at menopause was found to be virtually the same as 10 years previously. The effect of factors associated with early or late menopause was studied. The results are discussed. The concept of a secular trend is briefly commented upon.
Women and sport – social aspects
Authors: Talbot Margaret 
Published: October 2011

SummaryA wide ranging coverage is given of the issues involved in the interaction between women and sport. The pressures on girls and women to take part in or to refrain from various sports are considered. The question of the leisure time available to women in various situations, and the pressures on that leisure time, are discussed, and space is also given to the opportunities available at school level, the Equal Opportunities Commission's involvement in sport and the problems of sportswomen at the highest level.
Consequences of breast-feeding for mother and child
Authors: Labbok Miriam H. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryBreast-feeding is an integral part of the reproductive process. This paper reviews the consequences of breast-feeding and bottle-feeding for the child and the mother with emphasis on health parameters and child spacing. Controversies that have arisen in this field are considered. Methodological problems in study design and areas for further research are discussed.
Sociodemographic determinants of contraceptive method choice in Sri Lanka: 1975–82
Authors: Kahn Joan R. , Thapa Shyam , Gaminiratne K. H. W. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThe determinants of contraceptive method choice in Sri Lanka are examined during a period in which contraceptive prevalence increased by over 60% and involved substantial use of sterilization and traditional methods. Data are from the 1975 World Fertility and 1982 Contraceptive Prevalence Surveys. Polytomous logistic regression is used to model four current contraceptive choices: non-use, use of a traditional method, use of a modern temporary method and use of sterilization. The analysis shows, in 1975 and 1982, strong socioeconomic as well as demographic effects on whether any method is used. However, in both years the type of method chosen is primarily a function of demographic considerations related to the couple's family-building stage rather than social status, implying that in Sri Lanka there are few socioeconomic barriers limiting access to different contraceptive methods. The family planning programme, however, has emphasized sterilization rather than birth spacing methods.
Contraceptive method choice in the Philippines, 1973–83
Authors: Zablan Zelda , Choe Minja Kim , Palmore James A. , Ahmed Tauseef , Alcantara Adelamar , Kost Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

SummaryContraceptive use and method mix were analysed using Philippines national survey data of 1973, 1978, and 1983. The analyses suggest that the reported decline in contraceptive prevalence between 1978 and 1983 was due to under-reporting of use in 1973 and 1983. The shifts in contraceptive method mix were also partly from under-reporting of rhythm and other methods in 1973 and 1983. Nevertheless, the determinants of method choice were similar in all three sets of data. Filipino couples were making rational choices in terms of their contraceptive goals, access, evaluation, and competence. Modifications in the directions and magnitude of the relationships in determining method choice also occurred, partly reflecting the increased use of sterilization by older, higher parity women.
Contraceptive prevalence and continuation: a longitudinal analysis of traditional and other method users in the Philippines
Authors: Schwartz J. Brad , Flieger Wilhelm 
Published: October 2011

SummaryContraceptive prevalence rates and estimates of continuation rates are derived from unique longitudinal data on post-partum behaviour collected in the Cebu region of the Philippines. Continuation rates vary by base-line and time-varying socioeconomic characteristics for certain contraceptive methods and for using no contraception. Calendar rhythm users have a much lower relative continuation rate than has been found in cross-sectional samples. For women who use a contraceptive method, breast-feeding does not appear to influence contraceptive continuation, but for those who use no methods, breast-feeding appears to substitute for other forms of contraception. Profiles by socioeconomic characteristics of those who continue to use each type of contraceptive method and who use no method could be used to direct family planning programmes towards population sub-groups. The results suggest that for women wishing to postpone a pregnancy, a family planning programme aimed at the young and less educated could effectively increase contraceptive use and continuation.
Contraceptive method change among rural Sri Lankan women
Authors: Tsui Amy Ong , Thapa Shyam , Hamill David , de Silva Victor 
Published: October 2011

SummaryPatterns of contraceptive method change and their association with reproductive motivation and contraceptive failure are examined using data from a 1986 survey of family planning behaviour of rural Sinhalese married women aged 15–44 in seventeen districts of Sri Lanka. A notable degree of rationality in contraceptive method changes occurs with family formation. The attempt to control unwanted fertility leads to more efficacious use of contraception, including traditional methods. Some methodological improvements to the analysis of contraceptive switching are indicated. Implications of the findings for programmatic emphasis on permanent versus non-permanent modern methods are discussed.
Double Alfvén waves
Authors: WEBB G. M. , HU Q. , DASGUPTA B. , ZANK G. P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDouble Alfvén wave solutions of the magnetohydrodynamic equations in which the physical variables (the gas density ρ, fluid velocity u, gas pressure p, and magnetic field induction B) depend only on two independent wave phases ϕ1(x,t) and ϕ2(x,t) are obtained. The integrals for the double Alfvén wave are the same as for simple waves, namely, the gas pressure, magnetic pressure, and group velocity of the wave are constant. Compatibility conditions on the evolution of the magnetic field B due to changes in ϕ1 and ϕ2, as well as constraints due to Gauss's law ∇ · B = 0 are discussed. The magnetic field lines and hodographs of B in which the tip of the magnetic field B moves on the sphere |B| = B = const. are used to delineate the physical characteristics of the wave. Hamilton's equations for the simple Alfvén wave with wave normal n(ϕ), and with magnetic induction B(ϕ) in which ϕ is the wave phase, are obtained by using the Frenet–Serret equations for curves x=X(ϕ) in differential geometry. The use of differential geometry of 2D surfaces in a 3D Euclidean space to describe double Alfvén waves is briefly discussed.
Assessing market-based conservation governance approaches: a socio-economic profile of Indonesian markets for wild birds
Authors: Jepson Paul , Ladle Richard J. , Sujatnika  
Published: October 2011

AbstractOne of the most difficult situations for conservation is where state capacity to regulate is weak, major corporate organizations are absent, and the population does not have a strong culture of wildlife conservation. All these apply to the hugely popular urban Indonesian pastime of keeping wild songbirds, thought to be responsible for rolling local extinctions of several native species. In such situations the introduction of a voluntary, market-based approach could interact with regulation to create new and more effective approaches to reducing the negative conservation impacts of the associated trade. Here we assess the potential of such an approach through an in-depth analysis of the socio-economic and cultural aspects of bird keeping. We project that overall the pastime contributes USD 78.8 million to the economies of the six cities surveyed, supporting a range of associated small-scale rural and urban livelihoods relating to the production of cages and collection of live bird food. Finally, we describe five general bird-breeding models with the capacity to scale up the production of captive-bred birds that may substitute for wild-caught conspecifics. Based on this information we argue that a market-based policy instrument that is capable of shifting bird-keeping trends from wild-caught birds to captive-bred alternatives would align easily with macro-policy agendas in Indonesia relating to pro-poor growth and the creation of more and better jobs. Such a policy instrument could provide exciting opportunities for conservationists to engage the interest and support of non-conservation sectors in Indonesia in efforts to conserve diminishing populations of wild birds.