bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
P2-S1.06 Adolescents' willingness to participate in HIV vaccine clinical trial preparedness in Nigeria
Authors: Otuonye N , Onwuatuelo R , Onwuamah C 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundRoutine vaccination of recommended vaccines in adolescents/children from 1999 would prevent >14 million disease cases and 33 000 deaths over the lifetime of each birth cohort. Data from National sero-prevalence surveys estimate the prevalence of HIV among 15–24 years old to be 5.2%. Therefore including adolescents in HIV vaccine trials makes them an important target for research in primary prevention of HIV infection which they are increasingly at risk of. This study evaluated adolescent perception towards HIV vaccine trial in Nigeria.MethodsTwo hundred and ninety one consenting adolescents were randomly selected for this study. They were recruited from some secondary schools class rooms, university undergraduates' hostels and some traders at the shopping malls within Lagos State Metropolis. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaire. Information was obtained from knowledge of HIV status, willingness to participate in vaccine trial in future were obtained. Additionally, sexual risk behaviour, stigmatisation, obtain parental permission (required or not required), and function of efficacy of HIV vaccine and perceived self risk of HIV vaccine were collated and analysed using EPI INFO 2002 software (CDC, USA).ResultOf the 291 respondents interviewed, 96% were single. 72.7% who were willing to participate in the HIV vaccine trial (p<0.05), were educated (97.5%) have Knowledge of HIV vaccine (73.5%), and have no perceived risk of HIV vaccine infection from immunisation (66.2%). Few respondents (31.3%) know their HIV status. Contrarily, those seeking parental permission (66.2%) would significantly reduce willingness to participate (p>0.05).ConclusionEfforts should be made on sustained education campaigns on HIV vaccine involving adolescents/parents' consent, otherwise there would be potential obstacle to hypothetical vaccine acceptance and believe. Sexual high risk behaviour is an important factor in the retention of adolescents in future vaccine. studies. A number of other ethical and social issues need to be addressed before adolescent HIV vaccine trials in Nigeria.
P2-S1.09 Associations between early sexual debut and two types of sexual risk behaviour in Nova Scotia adolescents
Authors: Langille D , Andreou P , Wilson K 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundThis study sought to test associations between early sexual debut (first vaginal intercourse before age 15) and later sexual risk-taking among adolescents aged 15 to 19.MethodsSelf-report surveys were administered to 433 high school students in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada in May 2009. The surveys asked about general demographics, socio-economic status, substance use, depression, peers' attitudes towards sex, and the sexual behaviours of students. Categorical principal components analysis was used to determine whether several of the outcome variables could be combined, and logistic regressions were used to assess the associations between predictor and outcome variables.ResultsTwo factors emerged among the risk behaviours: i) recreational sex (having many sexual partners, having sex while using substances and having casual partners); and; ii) inconsistent condom use, each of which was predicted by a distinct set of variables. Adjusted logistic regressions revealed that early sexual debut was associated with an increased risk of having used condoms inconsistently in the last year (OR 4.7; 95% CI 1.0 to 21.5) and having had recreational sex in the same period (OR 2.5; 95% CI 0.1.0 to 6.4) among girls. The association between early debut and sexual risk behaviours was not seen in boys.ConclusionsEarly sexual debut predicted of sexual risk taking among girls but not boys. Our findings offer a partial replication and expansion on recent research examining this issue. Asking high school students about age of their sexual debut and other factors might allow healthcare professionals to identify high risk individuals.
P2-S1.12 Project prepare Tanzania: engaging multiple stakeholders to develop a school-based sexual health curriculum for adolescents
Authors: McCree-Hale R , Kajula-Maonga L , Sheya wa Mnyakaya Tatizo Ramatu , Joachim J , Mrumbi K , John E , Kaaya S 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundThe objective of this formative research was to engage multiple stakeholders to identify specific factors that may influence program development for Project Prepare Tanzania- an innovative, school-based sexual health curriculum for young adolescents in Tanzania.MethodsFocus group discussions (FGDs) and structured interviews were used to elicit data for program development from students, teachers, parents, and healthcare workers. 12 FGDs were conducted with male and female adolescents (n=90) from 6 randomly selected schools in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Individual interviews (n=16) were conducted with boys (n=8) and girls (n=8). Key informant interviews were conducted with teachers (n=12) and parents (n=12). Community social workers (n=6) and healthcare workers (n=4) also participated in key informant interviews. Interview and FGD guides were designed to elicit data on: sexuality communication, self-efficacy, parenting and sexuality, inclusion of sexual health education in schools and knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions related to peer-education and skills-building for sexual health. NVivo 8 software was used to analyse data and help develop salient qualitative themes.ResultsSalient themes were related to sexuality communication, attitudes towards skills building for condom use and negotiation of safe sex, access to correct information for sexual health, and partnership building to strengthen links between stakeholders. Factors that may influence communication about sexual health among adolescents include: fear associated with talking to parents, fear of being perceived as immoral, and inadequate opportunities to discuss sexuality including puberty. Parents and teachers reported needing skills to discuss puberty, sexually transmitted infections and sexual health. Teachers indicated that curricula should be expanded to include a sexual health component. There is a need for values clarification between parents and teachers regarding teaching about condoms and healthy sexual scripts for negotiation of safe sex. All participants suggested strengthening links between stakeholders to promote more communication.ConclusionsProject Prepare Tanzania will address the facilitators and barriers identified in this formative research to develop a culturally acceptable, innovative and sustainable sexual health curriculum for adolescents.
P2-S1.13 Why individuals do not return their requestedChlamydia trachomatis(CT) home collection kit: results from a Qualitative Study
Authors: KoekenbierL Kalma R , Zuure F , Davidovich U 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundA systematic and selective screening programme for CT was set up in the Netherlands, in which adolescents were invited by a personal letter to request a home collection kit online (http://www.chlamydiatest.nl). After collection, the kit could be returned to the laboratory by mail. In the first screening round (2008/2009), 20% (52 346/261 053) of the adolescents requested a kit. Of those, 22% (11 317/52 346) did not return the kit (non-testers). Here, we describe a qualitative study examining motives of non-testers for requesting a home collection kit, and their barriers for using it.MethodsSemistructured telephone interviews were conducted with non-testers from the second screening round (2009/2010) until data saturation was reached (n=25). They were invited for participation by email. Transcribed interviews were analysed qualitatively using Flexible Content Analysis, and interpreted using health behavioural theories that is, the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA).ResultsMotives of participants to request a kit related to perceived risk for CT were: for certainty/reassurance, having complaints, or to take responsibility for one's own health. Motives related to specific features of the screening procedures were: it avoids invasive screening at STI-clinic or GP, procedures are simple, or because the screening is anonymous. Barriers for using a kit related to perceived risk for CT were: recently being tested, worries about the consequences of a positive test-result on the relationship, having no time, giving testing no priority, or laziness. Barriers related to specific features of the screening were: making wrong assumptions about the term of preservability of an unused test kit or about the term of the screening round, the user manual is unclear, being afraid to make mistakes during the collection procedures, the method of collection is unpleasant, or worries about privacy.ConclusionsMotives to request the CT home collection kit were related to the participants perceived risk of acquiring CT, and to advantages of the screening procedures compared to conventional testing. Barriers for using the test kit were related to low personal risk perception, unclear procedures of the screening, and fear for a positive test result. To overcome these barriers, the ease of contracting CT, and consequences of an untreated infection, should be emphasised. Furthermore, screening procedures should be optimised according to the users experiences.
P2-S1.17 Evaluating native STAND: a peer education curriculum for healthy decision-making for native youth
Authors: de Ravello L , Rushing S C , Doshi S , Smith M U , Tulloch S 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundAmerican Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth are disproportionately affected by a myriad of health and social conditions. Compared to other US teens, AI/AN youth have higher rates of sexually transmitted infections, teen pregnancies, tobacco use, alcohol use, and substance use. Native STAND (Native Students Together Against Negative Decisions), a 29-session peer educator curriculum was developed to address a range of sexual and reproductive health topics, including important communication and peer education skills. It is the first peer educator curriculum for healthy decision making developed for AI/AN youth.MethodsEighty students attending four Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) boarding schools were selected to be trained as peer educators. The curriculum was delivered by trained adult staff at each school and the sessions occurred over the course of the school year with each session approximately 90 min in length. A pre- and post-test using Computer Assisted Self-Interviewing (CASI) was administered to the participants. At the end of the program, focus groups with peer educators and school staff and key informant interviews with facilitators and school administration were conducted to identify programmatic strengths and weaknesses and inform final program revisions.ResultsOverall, analysis of pre- and post-test CASI data showed students at all four schools experienced increases in talking to peers about sexual health; in STI/HIV prevention and reproductive health knowledge; in the intention to use condoms to avoid pregnancy and STIs; and in condom self-efficacy indices. Focus groups and key informant interviews revealed that facilitators and students felt they learnt a lot through the curriculum and enjoyed the program; they saw the program as a badly needed source of clear and honest information; and they voiced their desire to have the program continue.ConclusionsNative STAND was well-received at all four sites by students, facilitators, and school administrators. Almost everyone felt that no topics should be eliminated and that all the curriculum's activities were relevant and important to include to address the unique needs of Native youth. We will incorporate findings from the evaluation into the curriculum and make it widely available.
P2-S2.02 Role of decision makers in the lives of migrant sex workers-focus on families: an qualitative assessment
Authors: Ramanaik S , Sabnis V , Gurav K , Banandur P , Buzdugan R , Halli S , Blanchard J 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundThis study is aimed to understand the role of family members in decision-making process of female sex worker (FSW) migration and its impact on HIV risk, vulnerability and transmission dynamics in Bagalkot, Bijapur and Belgaum districts of Northern Karnataka and southern Maharashtra.MethodsQualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with family members of the migrant and non-migrant female sex workers (FSWs) as a part of a large cohort study to understand the patterns and determinants of FSW migration from northern Karnataka to southern Maharashtra, South India. The present paper specifically focuses on the findings generated from in-depth, qualitative interviews with 30 family members of migrant and non-migrant (15 each) FSWs who entered into sex work through the traditional” devadasi system.ResultsEconomic factor is inherent in the sex work initiation and FSW migration. Families (mainly mother in the family) are playing a prominent role in the decision regarding the initiation, migration, selection of destinations, brothel madams, financial dealings and the contract agreement with brothel madams. Peer influence, economic status of a family and established contacts with destinations are supportive factors for FSW migration. Migrant sex workers are made to believe that they have the responsibility of fulfilling families' economic needs including the repayment of loans.ConclusionsInformation on role of a decision maker in the lives of migrant sex workers can be used to decide regarding resource allocation and programmatic prioritisation. Building strong rapport with families and linking the place of origin and destination may increase the ability to reach FSWs at an early stage of sex work profession.
P1-S1.03 Undiscovered burden of STIs in Russia: current system shortcomings
Authors: Anisimova N , Ivanova T , Guschin A , Simonova E , Zakharova A , Novoschilova O , Shakhzadov V , Shevchenko A 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundAt the moment the major source of statistical data on STIs in Russia is the system of dermatovenerologic clinics (DVC). In accordance with Russian legislation DVCs perform periodic screening of economically active population for asymptomatic STIs disclosure and recording. We need to underline that microscopy forTrichomonas vaginalisandNeisseria gonorrhoeaeis the only method involved in this screening. PCR is not approved for the program which means that there is no control overChlamydia trachomatisburden. Thereby, this study was set to evaluate the screening efficacy in terms of one DVC in Moscow, Russia.MethodsThis study included asymptomatic women aged 16–45 invited for periodic screening. In the DVC Gram stained smear microscopy for TV and GC was used in accordance with regulatory documents. In addition to the standard process a swab for multiplex PCR analysis (GC/CT/TV/MG) was obtained from each participant. All positive results were confirmed with monoplex PCR assays.ResultsAccording to the official statistical report the overall quantity of people screened in this particular DVC throughout the year 2010 was 16 231. In this study samples from 1125 (6.95%) of them were examined. PCR detected 20 (1.78%)CTcases; 20 (1.78%) MG; 13 (1.16%) TV; 3 (0.27%) GC, whereas microscopy showed no TV or GC positive results. That means that screening revealed no STIs in this group at all. The study showed that the majority of women screened were aged 35–44 (44.2%), p<0.05, whereby the maximum prevalence of CT was observed among 20–34-years-old women (3.5%), p<0.001, MG among 25–34-years-old women (3.3%), p<0.001. We registered no significant TV or GC prevalence distribution among the age groups. It is important to note that the overall STI burden reported by this DVC for 2010 comprised of 9 (0.05%) TV positive cases, no GC was detected among 16 231 persons screened. The data observed in this study allows us to suggest that PCR could reveal the following amounts of STIs in this group—Ct-288 (95% CI 159 to 418); Mg-288 (95% CI 159 to 418); Tv-187 (95% CI 90 to 285); Ng-43 (95% CI 0 to 92).ConclusionsThe data obtained shows the inefficacy of the routine STI screening in Russia. Low sensitivity diagnostic tools prevent us from revealing huge amounts of positive results. At the same time implementation of modern methods with higher sensitivities to the ongoing system will lead to more effective STI uncovering, especially in the groups of higher risk.
P1-S1.30 Chlamydia trachomatisprevalence and detection in men attending the urologist's office to get tested for sexually transmitted infections in St Petersburg
Authors: Smelov V , Ouburg S , Catsburg A , Pleijster J , Gorelov A , de Vries H , Novikov A , Morre S 
Published: July 2011

ObjectivesThe data about the prevalence sexually transmitted infection (STI) asChlamydia trachomatis(CT) among the Russian population is limited and controversial. This information is of great scientific and health care interest. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of genital CT infection among male attendees of the urologist's office in STI clinics in St. Petersburg and the role of molecular tests in low-resource settings.MethodsThe prospective, multicenter study was undertaken throughout urologist's offices in St. Petersburg during the January 2007—December 2009 timeframe. Urethral samples from 907 men (mean age 31.7 years), who were seeking to be routinely tested for STIs and with no HIV, gonorrhoea, syphilis andTrichomonas vaginalisdetected in the time of study, were collected to be tested for CT infection by culture and in-house RT-PCR assays in St. Petersburg and to be confirmed in Amsterdam.ResultsThe results are presented in the Abstract P1-S1.30 table 1. In total CT infection was found in 6.4% of men tested by RT-PCR. Urethral specimens were tested by culture and RT-PCR assays for CT finding positivity rates of 2.2% (n=466 culture samples) and 7.6% (n=804 RT-PCR samples). Use of only culture test would result in missing up to 60% of CT+ cases (p<0.0001). Symptoms were presented in 48% of CT+ men. CT was less often detected in men reporting previous CT infection, as compared with first CT infection—4.3% vs 7.4% (p=0.0475). Only 14/907 (1.5%) questioned men openly reported being MSM but CT prevalence in this small group was 28.6% (p<0.0001). CT positivity assessed in St. Petersburg by culture and in-house RT-PCR tests was confirmed in Amsterdam by a molecular CE marked CT test.Abstract P1-S1.30 Table 1Chlamydia trachomatisprevalence, detected by culture and RT-PCR tests, among male attendees of the urologist's office in St. PetersburgNo men testedChlamydia trachomatis(CT) detectionCT−CT+CT prevalenceIn total907849586.4%Culture test, only466456102.2%RT-PCR test, only804747577.6%Culture and RT-PCR, both376351256.7%ConclusionsOur study showed that—(1) CT prevalence among the Russian population is still high especially in MSM. (2) Risk factor include—being symptomatic at the time of testing (p=0.0043), inconsistent condom use and practicing sex with men (both—p<0.0001). (3) All samples found culture and/or RT-PCR CT+ in Russia were confirmed CT+ using molecular biological techniques in Amsterdam, showing the validity of CT detection in this study in St. Petersburg. At the moment we additionally—A) extent.
P2-S2.05 Mobilising female sex workers to access outreach and medical services: a case study from Solapur district, Maharashtra, South India
Authors: Raghavendra T 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundSolapur in south India is a district to which large numbers of female sex workers (FSWs) migrate from nearby states. The district also holds a number of jatras (religious festivals), in which thousands of people assemble for a short duration of time at a specific location, and where FSWs find a ready market for their services. We are implementing an HIV prevention program in the district among approximately 2525 FSWs, with a view to reducing the transmission of HIV and STIs, and improving their health seeking behaviour.MethodsServices provided include condom promotion and distribution, and clinic visits for STI detection and treatment. Strategies used for mobilising the community include outreach planning using a peer-educator based approach, development of site-wise social and local hotspot analysis maps, provision of voluntary HIV counselling and testing services in public-private partnerships, and provision of night outreach clinics in brothels. Those FSWs accessing the program are registered with a unique identification number and each outreach contact or clinic visit is recorded using a standard format, with type of service rendered. Peer cards and clinic forms are used to record individual outreach and clinical services provided, and information is entered into a computerised database at local level. The system is web-enabled to avoid double counting, and local implementation units can access information on the provision of services to any particular FSW at multiple clinics across the district.ResultsOver a nine-month period in 2010, 51% (1,298) of the FSWs visited the clinic each month, and 88% (2214) visited the clinic at least once in a quarter. 31% of newly identified FSWs received presumptive STI treatment within 1 month of initial contact. 86% of the women reported condom use at last sex with a commercial sex partner. 1,051 FSWs were tested for HIV, and 4% of them tested positive. 91% of positive FSWs were linked to care services, including assessment for anti-retroviral therapy.ConclusionsMobilising the FSW community to utilise clinic services on a regular basis is a challenge, especially in a context of high levels of migration, with frequent turnover. This requires a multi-faceted strategy and effective outreach planning, using micro-plans at local site level. Providing health services close to the community and at convenient times is very important for achieving high levels of coverage.