bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of growth and development in the final instar of three species of predatory Coccinellidae under varying prey availability
Authors: Phoofolo Mpho W. , Elliott Norman C. , Giles Kristopher L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFor insects such as aphidophagous lady beetles, whose preferred food varies naturally in space and time, variation in adult body size is most likely a reflection of food acquired and allocated to growth by the final instar. We conducted a laboratory study to evaluate the nature of body size variation in Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer), Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), and Hippodamia convergens Guerin‐Meneville (all Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) by assessing how fourth instars respond developmentally to food deprivation. We also determined which growth functions best describe larval growth trajectories and evaluated whether these fourth instars regulate their growth based on initial body size. Access to food for a minimum of 1 day during the fourth stadium appeared to be a requirement for pupation in all three species. Putative critical weight for pupation falls within 10–14 mg for C. maculata, 13–16 mg for H. convergens, and 19–22 mg for H. axyridis, and development period after attaining the critical weight is not affected by food deprivation. The mixed‐effect logistic function that accounted for individual and gender differences provided the best description of growth in the fourth instars of the three species. The reduced major axis regression revealed that growth in these lady beetles was convergent‐regulated. The logistic growth trajectory, existence of critical weight, and determinate developmental response to food deprivation are traits that seem to suggest that fitness increase is attained by maximizing body size rather than survival in these beetles.
Attraction and mortality of oriental fruit flies to SPLAT‐MAT‐methyl eugenol with spinosad†
Authors: Vargas Roger I. , Piñero Jaime C. , Mau Ronald F. L. , Stark John D. , Hertlein Mark , Mafra‐Neto Agenor , Coler Reginald , Getchell Anna 
Published: May 2009

AbstractStudies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 in Hawaii, USA to quantify attraction and feeding responses resulting in mortality of the male oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), to a novel male annihilation treatment (MAT) formulation consisting of specialized pheromone and lure application technology (SPLAT) in combination with methyl eugenol (ME) and spinosad (=SPLAT‐MAT‐ME with spinosad) in comparison with Min‐U‐Gel‐ME with naled (Dibrom). Our approach involved a novel behavioral methodology for evaluation of slow‐acting reduced‐risk insecticides. Methyl eugenol treatments were weathered for 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks in California, USA, and shipped to Hawaii for bioassays. In field tests involving bucket traps to attract and capture wild males, and in toxicity studies conducted in 1 m3 cages using released males of controlled ages, SPLAT‐MAT‐ME with spinosad performed similar to or outperformed the standard formulation of Min‐U‐Gel‐ME with naled for material aged for up to 8 weeks in the 2008 tests. In laboratory feeding tests in which individual males were exposed for 5 min to the different ME treatments, mortality induced by SPLAT‐MAT‐ME with spinosad recorded at 24 h did not differ from that caused by Min‐U‐Gel ME with naled at 1, 2, and 4 weeks. Spinosad has low contact toxicity, and when mixed with SPLAT offers a reduced‐risk alternative for control of B. dorsalis, without many of the negative effects to humans and non‐targets of broad‐spectrum contact poisons such as naled. Our results indicate that SPLAT‐MAT‐ME with spinosad offers potential for control of males in an area‐wide integrated pest management (IPM) system without the need for conventional organophosphates.
Insecticidal activity of Cry3Bb1 expressed in Bt maize on larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Authors: Meissle Michael , Romeis Jörg 
Published: May 2009

AbstractEnvironmental risk assessment for genetically modified crops producing insecticidal Cry proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) includes the evaluation of adverse effects on non‐target organisms. Although ELISA concentration measurements indicate the presence of Cry proteins, sensitive insect bioassays determine whether there is biological activity. The insecticidal activity of the coleopteran‐active Cry3Bb1 expressed in different tissues of Bt maize, contained in maize‐fed herbivores, and in spiked soil was measured in sensitive insect bioassays using larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biological activity was confirmed of Cry3Bb1 contained in pulverized Bt maize pollen, roots, leaves, silk, and Bt maize‐fed spider mites and western corn rootworm adults. When test substances were incorporated into artificial diet at the same concentrations of Cry3Bb1 (measured by ELISA), maize pollen and leaf litter exhibited lower toxicity than fresh plant material and maize‐fed arthropods. This suggests that nutritional quality of food and degradation of Cry proteins may influence toxicity to insects. When soil was spiked with Cry3Bb1, the Bt protein was highly adsorbed and retained its full biological activity. Because toxicity of Cry proteins contained in different matrices cannot always be determined from ELISA values alone, sensitive insect bioassays can improve hazard and exposure assessments in environmental risk assessment of Bt crops.
Quantification of Porphyromonas gingivalis and fimA genotypes in smoker chronic periodontitis
Authors: Teixeira Sílvia R. L. , Mattarazo Flávia , Feres Magda , Figueiredo Luciene C. , De Faveri Marcelo , Simionato Maria R. L. , Mayer Marcia P. A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim: Porphyromonas gingivalis fimA genotypes were associated with virulence factors in vitro, but little evidence of an association with disease severity were shown in humans. We aimed to correlate levels of P. gingivalis fimA genotypes II and IV and probing depth in smoker‐chronic periodontitis subjects.Material and Methods: One hundred and sixty eight subgingival samples of 20 smokers non‐treated chronic periodontitis subjects obtained from sites with different probing depths [shallow (3 mm), intermediate (4–6 mm), deep (7 mm)] were analysed by real‐time PCR for P. gingivalis and genotypes fimA II and IV.Results: P. gingivalis and fimA IV were detected in all subjects, whereas fimA II was detected in 18 subjects (90%). One hundred and fifty two sites (90.5%) harboured P. gingivalis. Genotypes II and IV were detected in 28% and 69.6% of sites, respectively. The proportions of genotypes II and IV in relation to P. gingivalis levels were similar in shallow, intermediate and deep probing sites (2.4%, 4.6%, 1.4% for genotype II and 15.5%, 17.7%, 11.7% for genotype IV, respectively), indicating that other non‐tested genotypes were more abundant. Increased levels of genotype IV were associated with increasing probing depth, but not of genotype II.Conclusions: The data suggested an association between P. gingivalis genotype fimA IV and disease severity in smoker‐chronic periodontitis subjects.
The current state of dermatopathology education: a survey of the association of professors of dermatology
Authors: Hinshaw Molly , Hsu Philip , Lee Li‐Yin , Stratman Erik 
Published: May 2009

Background:  Dermatology training programs develop program‐specific dermatopathology (DP) curricula. We summarize the current state of DP education in dermatology residency programs and identify opportunities for DP education resource development.Methods:  A 27‐question survey was emailed to members of the Association of Professors of Dermatology (APD).Results:  Fifty‐two of 109 programs responded for a response rate of 48%. Results were calculated using a non‐response adjustment. Thirty per cent of the overall education time during residency is spent in DP‐specific education. Lever and Weedon are the texts most often cited as primary texts utilized for DP education. Three‐quarters of programs have third year residents spend three or more weeks on the DP service. The majority of dermatology residency programs have a specific DP service rotation at some point during residency.Conclusions:  The majority of training programs use a variety of resources and mechanisms for teaching DP to dermatology residents. Some programs list barriers to DP education including lack of cases, microscopes, resident education time for DP‐related teaching and availability of educators. We conclude that a greater depth and breadth of resources for DP education would be of benefit to dermatology residency programs.
Initial comparison of proteomic profiles of whole unstimulated saliva obtained from generalized aggressive periodontitis patients and healthy control subjects
Authors: Wu Y. , Shu R. , Luo L‐J. , Ge L‐H. , Xie Y‐F. 
Published: May 2009

Background and Objective:  Salivary proteomics technology can be used to evaluate the disease progession of periodontitis and the systemic screening of proteomes of saliva from subjects with aggressive periodontitis has not been available. The objective of this preliminary study was to compare the proteomic profile of whole unstimulated saliva of subjects with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) with that of healthy volunteers to identify proteins, the levels of which were significantly altered between the two groups.Material and Methods:  Whole unstimulated saliva was obtained from five subjects with GAgP and five healthy subjects, and proteins were separated using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis. Proteins, the levels of which were significantly different between the two groups, were identified by computer image analyses and subsequent electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.Results:  Eleven proteins that exhibited a different level in the GAgP group vs. the control group were identified. Compared with whole saliva of healthy control subjects, the levels of serum albumin, immunoglobulin (Ig) γ2 chain C region, Ig α2 chain C region, vitamin D‐binding protein, salivary α‐amylase and zinc‐α2 glycoprotein were increased in whole unstimulated saliva of GAgP subjects, while those of lactotransferrin, elongation factor 2, 14‐3‐3 sigma, short palate, lung and nasal epithelium carcinoma‐associated protein 2 precursor and carbonic anhydrase 6 were decreased.Conclusion:  Comparison of the proteomic profile of whole unstimulated saliva of GAgP subjects with that of healthy control subjects revealed at least 11 differential proteins. The approach applied herein might be helpful to aid understanding of the etiology of GAgP.
Interleukin‐2 −330 and 166 gene polymorphisms in relation to aggressive or chronic periodontitis and the presence of periodontopathic bacteria
Authors: Reichert S. , Machulla H. K. G. , Klapproth J. , Zimmermann U. , Reichert Y. , Gläser C. , Schaller H‐G. , Schulz S. 
Published: May 2009

Background and Objective:  As a pro‐inflammatory cytokine, interleukin‐2 mediates the activation, growth and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Promoter polymorphisms of the interleukin‐2 gene have been associated with altered interleukin‐2 production or identified as prognostic markers for various infectious diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate two polymorphisms at positions −330 T/G and 166 G/T in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (n = 58) or generalized aggressive periodontitis (n = 73) in comparison with periodontitis‐free controls (n = 69).Material and Methods:  Both interleukin‐2 polymorphisms were analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction with sequence‐specific primers. Distributions of single alleles, genotypes and haplotypes were calculated using the chi‐square test. Risk factor analyses were carried out by logistic regression with respect to established cofactors for periodontitis. The presence of subgingival bacteria in an individual were analyzed using a molecular biological method (the micro‐Ident® test).Results:  The interleukin‐2 genotype −330 TG occurred less frequently in patients with chronic periodontitis (25.9% vs. 49.3%). Moreover, this genotype decreased the adjusted odds ratio for chronic periodontitis (odds ratio = 0.394), whereas the interleukin‐2 genotype 166 TT and the haplotype combination interleukin‐2 −330,166 TT : TT were associated with an increased adjusted odds ratio (odds ratio = 2.82 or 2.97). For the latter interleukin‐2 combination, a positive association for the subgingival presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis (81.3% vs. 59.5%) and bacteria of the ‘red complex’ (78.1% vs. 56.0%) was shown.Conclusion:  The interleukin‐2 genotypes −330 TG and 166 TT, as well as the combination genotype interleukin‐2 TT : TT, could be putative prognostic factors for chronic periodontitis.
Extracellular neutrophil traps in periodontitis
Authors: Vitkov L. , Klappacher M. , Hannig M. , Krautgartner W. D. 
Published: May 2009

Background and Objective:  Chronic periodontitis, the chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontium, is caused by bacteria and is characterized by an influx of neutrophils into the gingival crevice. Recently, a ‘new’ extracellular neutrophil defense mechanism – neutrophil extracellular traps – has been described. However, their role in periodontitis has not yet been investigated.Material and Methods:  Clinical examinations, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, as well as cytology and confocal laser‐scanning microscopy, were employed to analyze gingiva biopsies and crevicular exudate from patients with chronic periodontitis.Results:  An abundance of neutrophil extracellular traps and some phagocytic neutrophils was found on the gingival pocket surface and in the purulent crevicular exudate. Finding neutrophil extracellular traps in the spontaneously effused purulent crevicular exudate clearly indicated that they are flushed from the pocket by the crevicular exudate. In cases of dispersal of subgingival plaque bacteria, their trapping by neutrophil extracellular traps in purulent crevicular exudate and on the gingival surface was demonstrated.Conclusion:  Trapping the crevicular bacteria prevents their adhesion to and invasion of the gingiva. The combination of neutrophil extracellular traps and crevicular exudate outflow appears to be a ‘novel’ defense mechanism for the clearance of crevicular bacteria in chronic periodontitis.
B‐1a cells and plasma cells in periodontitis lesions
Authors: Donati M. , Liljenberg B. , Zitzmann N. U. , Berglundh T. 
Published: May 2009

Background and Objective:  Host response mechanisms in periodontal tissues are complex and involve numerous systems of interactions between cells. The B‐cell lineage seems to predominate in chronic periodontitis lesions. The aim of the present investigation was to study the correlation between inflammatory cells and some functional markers in gingival lesions obtained from subjects with severe chronic periodontitis.Material and Methods:  Thirty‐eight Caucasian subjects volunteered to take part in the study. A gingival biopsy from one randomly selected diseased proximal site (probing pocket depth > 6 mm and bleeding on probing positive) was obtained from each patient. Immunohistochemical preparation was used to identify inflammatory cells and functional markers. Correlations between the different percentages of cell markers were analyzed by pairwise correlation.Results:  B cells (B‐1a and B‐2 cells) occurred in larger proportions than T cells and plasma cells. A statistically significant correlation was found between the percentage of B‐1a cells and plasma cells and between all B lymphocytes and plasma cells. About 60% of B lymphocytes exhibited autoreactive features.Conclusion:  It is suggested that B‐1a cells constitute a significant part of the host response in periodontitis lesions and that plasma cells may develop from both B‐2 and B‐1a cells.
ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS ON EXTRUSION OF TARHANA, A WHEAT FLOUR BASED PRODUCT
Authors: IBANOGLU ŞENOL , AINSWORTH PAUL 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT Tarhana, a traditional Turkish cereal food, was extruded using a twin‐screw extruder. The effect of the changes in barrel temperature (60–120C), feed rate (10–20 kg/h, wet basis) and screw speed (100–300 rpm) on the mechanical and thermal energy inputs was investigated. Energy balances showed that increasing barrel temperature tends to reduce the contribution of heat energy converted from the mechanical energy (ME) to the total heat energy absorbed by tarhana. The use of high‐screw speeds at relatively high barrel temperatures and at low feed rates is not suitable from an energy point of view because only a small portion of the ME introduced into the system is absorbed by tarhana. It is concluded that higher barrel temperatures, lower screw speeds and higher feed rates are more suitable for economic tarhana extrusion. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSTraditional batch method of tarhana production is not automated with manufacturing capacities being low and highly labor extensive. Developing tarhana using extrusion cooking would allow tarhana to be produced at a lower cost because of more efficient use of energy and greater process control; production capacity would be greater, and quality control could be more easily monitored, leading to a standard product. Moreover, an easier preparation of instant tarhana soup would facilitate its usage at home for households and in school, hospital and military canteens. Investigating the energy changes during tarhana extrusion could lead to a clearer understanding of tarhana extrusion from an engineering point of view.
D72°C VALUES OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN CITRUS JUICES: PREDICTIVE EFFICACY OF A MODEL
Authors: GABRIEL ALONZO A. , AZANZA MARIA PATRICIA V. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT A previously developed predictive model for the decimal reduction times (D72°C) of Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 13311) in simulated citrus systems was validated for its efficacy to estimate the D72°C of the reference organism in real citrus juices. Model predictive efficacy was assessed by calculating performance indices for accuracy (Af) and bias (Bf); and through graphical validations. In all validating citrus juices, the predicted D72°C of the reference strain were greater than the actual values calculated from thermal inactivation studies. The model overestimations were also demonstrated in the graphical validations where all model predictions were classified as fail‐safe predictions. Results obtained in this study may be used in establishing new processes as well as in the verification of existing processes for citrus juices to ensure the safety of the products against the reference organism.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis study dealt with the validation of the predictive efficacy of a previously developed regression model for the thermal death times of the pathogen Salmonella typhimurium in citrus juices. The validated model may be used in estimating the thermal death times of the reference pathogen in appropriate citrus juices and applied in establishing thermal process schedules. Recognizing that the more traditional means of establishing the thermal death times of a specific organism in a specific food system entails rigorous work, the use of the validated model may be considered as a convenient alternative.
Monitoring the Removal of Phosphate from Ground Water Discharging through a Pond‐Bottom Permeable Reactive Barrier
Authors: McCobb Timothy D. , LeBlanc Denis R. , Massey Andrew J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractInstallation of a permeable reactive barrier to intercept a phosphate (PO4) plume where it discharges to a pond provided an opportunity to develop and test methods for monitoring the barrier’s performance in the shallow pond‐bottom sediments. The barrier is composed of zero‐valent‐iron mixed with the native sediments to a 0.6‐m depth over a 1100‐m2 area. Permanent suction, diffusion, and seepage samplers were installed to monitor PO4 and other chemical species along vertical transects through the barrier and horizontal transects below and near the top of the barrier. Analysis of pore water sampled at about 3‐cm vertical intervals by using multilevel diffusion and suction samplers indicated steep decreases in PO4 concentrations in ground water flowing upward through the barrier. Samples from vertically aligned pairs of horizontal multiport suction samplers also indicated substantial decreases in PO4 concentrations and lateral shifts in the plume’s discharge area as a result of varying pond stage. Measurements from Lee‐style seepage meters indicated substantially decreased PO4 concentrations in discharging ground water in the treated area; temporal trends in water flux were related to pond stage. The advantages and limitations of each sampling device are described. Preliminary analysis of the first 2 years of data indicates that the barrier reduced PO4 flux by as much as 95%.
Combined Src and Aromatase Inhibition Impairs Human Breast Cancer GrowthIn vivoand Bypass Pathways Are Activated in AZD0530-Resistant Tumors
Authors: Chen Yi , Guggisberg Natalia , Jorda Merce , Gonzalez-Angulo Ana , Hennessy Bryan , Mills Gordon B. , Tan Chen-Keat , Slingerland Joyce M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPurpose: Antiestrogens are used to treat estrogen receptor (ER)-α-positive breast cancers and cause a p27-dependent G1 arrest. Estrogen-bound ER recruits Src to mediate proteolysis of p27 and drive cell proliferation. Here, we tested the antitumor efficacy of combined Src and aromatase inhibition for ER-positive breast cancer.Experimental Design: Antiproliferative effects of the aromatase inhibitor, anastrozole, and Src inhibitor, AZD0530, alone or in combination were tested in vitro and in vivo on aromatase-transfected MCF-7Arom5 xenografts. Xenografts were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and proteomic analysis to identify potential biomarkers of drug response and resistance.Results: AZD0530 and anastrozole together increased p27 and caused greater G1 cell cycle arrest than either drug alone. AZD0530 monotherapy initially retarded xenograft growth in vivo, but drug resistance rapidly emerged. Combined anastrozole/AZD0530 reduced drug resistance and showed greater antitumor efficacy in vivo with greater Src and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition and a greater increase in p27 and reduction of Ki-67 than either drug alone, supporting further evaluation of these putative predictors of response to combined Src/aromatase inhibition in vivo. Anastrozole alone stimulated Src activity both in vitro and in vivo. AZD0530-resistant tumors showed activation of bypass pathways including MEK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin, raising the possibility that MEK, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), or PI3K inhibitors may augment Src inhibitor efficacy.Conclusions: These data support clinical investigation of anastrozole-AZD0530 therapy for postmenopausal ER-positive breast cancer. Loss of p27 and increased Ki-67 may predict response and further clinical studies should evaluate for activation of bypass pathways including MEK and PI3K pathways during Src inhibitor therapy.
Gallium(III) Chloride-catalyzed Sakurai Reaction of α-Amido Sulfones with Allyltrimethylsilane: Access to Synthesis of 2,6-Disubstituted Piperidine Alkaloid Derivatives
Authors: Kumar R Sateesh Chandra , Reddy G Venkateswar , Babu K Suresh , Rao J Madhusudana 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The Sakurai reaction of N-alkoxycarbonylamino sulfones (α-amido sulfones) with allyltrimethylsilane in the presence of gallium(III) chloride (5 mol %) proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding protected homoallylamines in high yields (82–96%). As an application of this methodology, two-step synthesis of biologically active natural products, 2,6-disubstituted piperidine alkaloid derivatives was carried out.