bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance improvement of conjugated polymer and ZnO hybrid solar cells using nickel oxide as anode buffer layer
Authors: Tan H. R. , Zhang X. W. , Tan F. R. , Gao H. L. , Yin Z. G. , Bai Y. M. , Zhang X. L. , Qu S. C. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe open‐circuit voltage of hybrid solar cells based on ZnO nanoparticles (nc‐ZnO) and conjugated polymer MDMO‐PPV increased significantly by replacing poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐poly(styrenesulphonate) (PEDOT:PSS) with NiOx as the anode buffer layers. The open‐circuit voltage as high as 0.828 V was obtained at high amount of ZnO (80% in weight) in the photoactive blend. Such improvement could be ascribed to the appropriate energy level of NiOx, which allows less energy loss for holes while having a sufficiently high‐conduction band minimum to function as a more efficient electron/exciton blocking layer than PEDOT:PSS. The increase of open‐circuit voltage, as well as photocurrent, resulted in a 42% improvement in power conversion efficiency. The results indicate that nickel oxide has promising potential to increase the performance of hybrid solar cells based on nc‐ZnO.
A survey of client‐side Web threats and counter‐threat measures
Authors: Hein Daniel , Morozov Serhiy , Saiedian Hossein 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe increasing frequency and malevolence of online security threats require that we consider new approaches to this problem. The existing literature focuses on the Web security problem from the server‐side perspective. In contrast, we explore it from the client‐side, considering the major types of threats. After a short threat summary, we discuss related research and existing countermeasures. We then examine intuitive human‐oriented trust models and posit a flexible, multilayer framework to facilitate automated client‐side decision making. The proposed suggestions are not intrusive and do not require advanced technical knowledge from end users. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on Solidification Structure of Wheel Steel Round Billet Using FE‐CA Coupling Model
Authors: Jing Cailiang , Wang Xinhua , Jiang Min 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSolidification structure of wheel steel round billet during the continuous casting process was simulated using FE (Finite Element)–CA (Cellular Automaton) coupling model. Variation of thermo‐physical parameters during solidification was considered based on a thermodynamic database. Meanwhile effect of electromagnetic stirring (EMS) was reflected by increasing both the thermal conductivity and crystal formation rate in liquid phase. It was found that the cooling curves and solidification structure calculated by this model agreed well with that in experiments. Optimum casting temperature range was discussed based on the simulation results and actual conditions in plant. An optimized casting superheat will be no more than 25 °C in order to obtain at least 50% equiaxed crystal ratio, while the degree of segregation in the billet is less than 1.05 correspondingly.
Low‐complexity turbo detection for single‐carrier low‐density parity‐check‐coded multiple‐input multiple‐output underwater acoustic communications
Authors: Wang Longbao , Tao Jun , Xiao Chengshan , Yang T. C. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTA low‐complexity turbo detection scheme is proposed for single‐carrier multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) underwater acoustic (UWA) communications using low‐density parity‐check (LDPC) channel coding. The low complexity of the proposed detection algorithm is achieved in two aspects: first, the frequency‐domain equalization technique is adopted, and it maintains a low complexity irrespective of the highly dispersive UWA channels; second, the computation of the soft equalizer output, in the form of extrinsic log‐likelihood ratio, is performed with an approximating method, which further reduces the complexity. Moreover, attributed to the LDPC decoding, the turbo detection converges within only a few iterations. The proposed turbo detection scheme has been used for processing real‐world data collected in two different undersea trials: WHOI09 and ACOMM09. Experimental results show that it provides robust detection for MIMO UWA communications with different modulations and different symbol rates, at different transmission ranges. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of prognosis‐associated factors in fulminant viral hepatitis during pregnancy in China
Authors: Yang Yuebo , Deng Liuzhi , Li Xiaomao , Shi Zhongjie , Jiang Peiru , Chen Dunjin , Yu Yanhong , Wang Zehua , Tang Xiaoping , Zhao Shaofei , Feng Liping , Tan Hualin , Ma Lin 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze factors contributing to the prognosis of patients with fulminant viral hepatitis in pregnancy (FVHP).MethodsA retrospective study was conducted among 90 patients with FVHP who were admitted between January 1994 and August 2008 in 9 Chinese hospitals with expertise in the treatment of FVHP.ResultsDifferent clinical types of FVHP presented with different fatality rates; the acute type showed the highest fatality rate and the chronic type showed the lowest fatality rate. Serum albumin (Alb), total cholesterol (Tch), total bilirubin (Tbil), prothrombin activity (PTA), creatinine (Scr), white blood cell count (WBC), the phenomenon of “bilirubin‐transaminase separation”, and intractable complications correlated with the prognosis of FVHP. The fatality rate increased with decreasing Tch and PTA, increasing WBC, the appearance of “bilirubin‐transaminase separation”, and complications such as hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, hemorrhage, and infection. The above indices were all significantly different between survivor and non‐survivor groups.ConclusionThe clinical type of fulminant hepatitis, Alb, Tch, PTA, TBIL, Scr WBC, phenomenon of “bilirubin‐transaminase separation”, and intractable complications are important factors associated with prognosis of patients with FVHP. Dynamic monitoring of these indicators and active treatment of complications are key to the improvement of outcomes in patients with FVHP.
ON HOMOLOGICAL PROPERTIES FOR SOME MODULES OF UNIFORMLY CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS OVER CONVOLUTION ALGEBRAS
Authors: NASR-ISFAHANI RASOUL , SOLTANI RENANI SIMA 
Published: July 2011

AbstractFor a locally compact group G, let LUC(G) denote the space of all left uniformly continuous functions on G. Here, we investigate projectivity, injectivity and flatness of LUC(G) and its dual space LUC(G)* as Banach left modules over the group algebra as well as the measure algebra of G.
Adaptive changes of pancreatic protease secretion to a short-term vegan diet: influence of reduced intake and modification of protein
Authors: Walkowiak Jaroslaw , Mądry Edyta , Lisowska Aleksandra , Szaflarska-Popławska Anna , Grzymisławski Marian , Stankowiak-Kulpa Hanna , Przysławski Juliusz 
Published: July 2011

In our previous study, we demonstrated that abstaining from meat, for 1 month, by healthy omnivores (lacto-ovovegetarian model) resulted in a statistical decrease in pancreatic secretion as measured by faecal elastase-1 output. However, no correlation between relative and non-relative changes of energy and nutrient consumption and pancreatic secretion was documented. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to assess the changes of exocrine pancreatic secretion with a more restrictive dietetic modification, by applying a vegan diet. A total of twenty-one healthy omnivores (sixteen females and five males) participated in the prospective study lasting for 6 weeks. The nutrient intake and faecal output of pancreatic enzymes (elastase-1, chymotrypsin and lipase) were assessed twice during the study. Each assessment period lasted for 7 d: the first before the transition to the vegan diet (omnivore diet) and the second during the last week of the study (vegan diet). The dietary modification resulted in a significant decrease in faecal elastase-1 (P < 0·05) and chymotrypsin output (P < 0·04). The lipase excretion remained unchanged. The decrease in proteolytic enzymes was documented to be positively correlated with a decreased protein intake (P < 0·05). In addition, elastase-1 and chymotrypsin outputs were also related to the changes of protein type, plantv.animal (P < 0·04 andP < 0·03, respectively). It was concluded that significant reduction and modification of protein intake due to a short-term vegan diet resulted in an adaptation of pancreatic protease secretion in healthy volunteers.
Molecular data delineate crypticNassariusspecies and characterize spatial genetic structure ofN. nitidus
Authors: Couceiro L. , López L. , Sotka E.E. , Ruiz J.M. , Barreiro R. 
Published: July 2011

Nassarius nitidusis a marine snail species with a widespread distribution along European shorelines from the North Sea to the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Despite its widespread distribution,N. nitidushas been largely neglected due to taxonomic confusion with the congenericNassarius reticulatus. Discrimination between these twoNassariusis particularly challenging in areas where their ranges overlap: the European Atlantic and western Mediterranean. Here, we propose the use of the mtDNA gene cytochromecoxidase subunit I (COI) to discriminate between these two morphologically similar congeneric species. A numerically comprehensive sampling of the areas of overlap reveals strong population-level differentiation inN. nitidus, particularly between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. Despite this strong population structure, we found a wide (9.6 ± 1.6% mean K2P corrected sequence distance) barcoding gap withN. reticulatusthat guarantees that COI barcodes may serve as a reliable diagnostic tool. A protocol using species-specific restriction patterns was developed to allow a quick and accurate discrimination between these two cryptic species.
Effects of official youth taekwondo competitions on jump and strength performance
Authors: Chiodo Salvatore , Tessitore Antonio , Lupo Corrado , Ammendolia Antonio , Cortis Cristina , Capranica Laura 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate differences in athletes’ (7 females, 10 males) motor performances (countermovement jump and handgrip) before and after official youth (13–14 years) taekwondo matches. Exercise load was evaluated by means of the heart rate responses during the match. Independent of round and gender, during the competitions mean heart rate was 187 beats·min−1 (s=11). During the match, the frequency of heart rate responses above 85% of an individual's maximum heart rate was 77% (s=27). Jump performances showed differences for gender (P=0.044; ES = 0.47) and its interaction with session (P=0.045; ES = 0.49). Female athletes’ post‐match countermovement performances were no different from their pre‐match performances (pre and post: 22 cm, s=2), whereas male athletes post‐match performances (28 cm, s=6) were better than their pre‐match performances (25 cm, s=6). Handgrip performances related to the body mass of the athletes showed main effects for session (P=0.017; ES = 0.20) and for gender (P=0.026; ES = 0.47), with no significant interaction. Male athletes showed higher handgrip values (5.8 N·kg−1, s=0.6) than their female counterparts (5.1 N·kg−1, s=0.7). For absolute grip strength performances, values were higher pre‐match (290.3 N, s=61.4) than post‐match (272.4 N, s = 58.3). The heart rate responses indicate that official youth taekwondo competition imposes a high load on athletes. In particular, post‐match decreases in isometric grip strength suggest that coaches should better prepare their very young athletes to prevent reductions in muscle force during fighting. Considering that lower limb power remained unaffected or increased depending on gender, further research in this area is strongly recommended.
Anthropometric characteristics and body composition of Italian national wrestlers
Authors: Zaccagni Luciana 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the anthropometric characteristics and body composition of wrestlers from the Italian national team. The study was carried out on a sample of 23 wrestlers (9 females and 14 males) aged 18–33 years. Various anthropometric measurements were performed (weight, height, sitting height, some girths and skinfold thicknesses) and anthropometric indices calculated (body mass index, cormic index, upper arm muscle area, upper arm fat area, and arm fat index). Body composition was assessed and minimum wrestling weight was determined based on a minimum body fat percentage of 5% for males and 12% for females. We undertook comparisons by sex, wrestling style (for males), and weight category. The comparison between men's and women's wrestling corroborated known differences between the sexes; the comparison between wrestling styles stressed the relevance of the cormic index. The most interesting finding of this study was that no female wrestler competed in a lower weight class than her minimum wrestling weight, even if all of them were heavier than values allowed for their weight class. Five of 14 male wrestlers competed in a weight class lower than their minimum wrestling weight, and all of them, except two, were heavier than the uppermost limit of their weight class.
Comparison of treadmill and over‐ground Nordic walking
Authors: Dechman Gail , Appleby Jennifer , Carr Mike , Haire Melanie 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare the physiological responses of Nordic walking on a specially designed treadmill and Nordic walking on a level over‐ground surface. Thirteen participants completed three 1‐h Nordic walking training sessions. Following the training sessions, each participant performed two 1600‐m over‐ground Nordic walking trials at a self‐selected pace. Each participant then completed two 1600‐m Nordic walking treadmill trials on a Hammer Nordic Walking XTR Treadmill®, at the mean walking speed of their two over‐ground Nordic walking trials. Breath‐by‐breath analysis of oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O2) and heart rate was performed during each trial. Caloric expenditure was calculated using the [Vdot]O2. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was assessed at the end of each trial. We found no significant differences in physiological variables collected during the two over‐ground Nordic walking trials or the two treadmill Nordic walking trials. Mean walking speed was 106.96±11.49 m · min−1. Mean heart rate during treadmill walking (99±13 beats · min−1) was 22% lower than that during the over‐ground condition (126±17 beats · min−1). Mean [Vdot]O2 and mean caloric expenditure were also lower during treadmill walking (15.18±3.81 ml · min−1 · kg−1, 0.08±0.02 kcal · min−1 · kg−1) than over‐ground walking (24.16±4.89 ml · min−1 · kg−1, 0.12±0.02 kcal · min−1 · kg−1). Analysis of variance demonstrated that all variables were significantly higher during over‐ground Nordic walking (P<0.001). A Mann‐Whitney U‐test demonstrated that the RPE for over‐ground Nordic walking was greater than that for treadmill Nordic walking (P=0.02). Thus over‐ground Nordic walking created a greater physiological stress than treadmill Nordic walking performed at the same speed and distance. The reason for this difference may have been the relatively narrow walking and poling decks on the treadmill, which made it difficult for the participants to place their poles correctly and maintain a consistent walking pattern. This would decrease the contribution of the arm muscles to overall oxygen consumption. In conclusion, the Hammer Nordic Walking XTR Treadmill® does not replicate the physiological stress of over‐ground Nordic walking. Increasing the width of the decks could eliminate the discrepancy.
Predictors of attempts to stop smoking and their success in adult general population samples: a systematic review
Authors: Vangeli Eleni , Stapleton John , Smit Eline Suzanne , Borland Ron , West Robert 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTAims  To identify the predictors of attempts to stop smoking and the predictors of quit attempt success in adult general population samples.Methods  We performed an electronic search of EMBASE, Pubmed, Web of Science, PsychINFO and the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group specialized register for articles that examined, in prospective adult general population samples, predictors of quit attempts and the success of quit attempts. Experts were contacted for knowledge of other relevant studies. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria and results were extracted independently by two researchers.Results  There was considerable methodological heterogeneity between studies. Motivational factors dominated the prediction of quit attempts, whereas only cigarette dependence consistently predicted success after an attempt had been made. Social grade also appeared to predict success but was only examined in two studies. None of the other socio‐demographic factors consistently predicted making a quit attempt or success.Conclusions  Population‐level studies from a number of countries show that past quit attempts and measures of motivation to stop are highly predictive of quit attempts, whereas only measures of dependence are consistently predictive of success of those attempts. Gender, age and marital status and educational level are not related consistently to quit attempts or quit success across countries.
Living with children who have coeliac disease: a parental perspective
Authors: Cederborg A.‐C. , Hultman E. , Magnusson K. F. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground  This study explores how a child's coeliac disease (CD) influences the daily life of families because such knowledge can enhance the understanding of how to support family adjustment to a gluten‐free diet (GFD).Methods  We used an interpretative phenomenological approach, interviewing 20 parents of 14 children diagnosed with CD about their individual thoughts and beliefs.Results  Once parents know, especially when their children are young, they seem to have the capacity to rapidly adapt to GFD, mainly because they notice how quickly their children recover. Parents may have problems controlling how staff at daycare and at school complies with their information about a GFD.Conclusions  To ensure that children with CD are given a GFD at daycare and school, it is necessary for municipalities to educate staff about the disease and to give them the prerequisites for serving a GFD. There is also a need of early identification of children who may have CD. When parents express their worries, not just at the hospital but also at the well‐baby clinic and primary care units, supporting treatment could prevent children from suffering from inappropriate food.
Rapid light‐induced shifts in opsin expression: finding new opsins, discerning mechanisms of change, and implications for visual sensitivity
Authors: FULLER REBECCA C. , CLARICOATES KRISTIN M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractLight‐induced shifts in cone frequency and opsin expression occur in many aquatic species. Yet little is known about how quickly animals can alter opsin expression and, thereby, track their visual environments. Similarly, little is known about whether adult animals can alter opsin expression or whether shifts in opsin expression are limited to critical developmental windows. We took adult wild‐caught bluefin killifish (Lucania goodei) from three different lighting environments (spring, swamp and variable), placed them under two different lighting treatments (clear vs. tea‐stained water) and monitored opsin expression over 4 weeks. We measured opsin expression for five previously described opsins (SWS1, SWS2B, SWS2A, RH2‐1 and LWS) as well as RH2‐2 which we discovered via 454 sequencing. We used two different metrics of opsin expression. We measured expression of each opsin relative to a housekeeping gene and the proportional expression of each opsin relative to the total pool of opsins. Population and lighting environment had large effects on opsin expression which were present at the earliest time points indicating rapid shifts in expression. The two measures of expression produced radically different patterns. Proportional measures indicated large effects of light on SWS1 expression, whereas relative measures indicated no such effect. Instead, light had large effects on the relative expression of SWS2B, RH2‐2, RH2‐1 and LWS. We suggest that proportional measures of opsin expression are best for making inferences about colour vision, but that measures relative to a housekeeping gene are better for making conclusions about which opsins are differentially regulated.
Parental perceptions and dietary adherence in children with seafood allergy
Authors: Ng Ian E. , Turner Paul J. , Kemp Andrew S. , Campbell Dianne E. 
Published: July 2011

To cite this article: Ng IE, Turner PJ, Kemp AS, Campbell DE. Parental perceptions and dietary adherence in children with seafood allergy. Pediatric Allergy Immunology 2011; 22: 720–728.AbstractBackground:  Allergy to seafood (fish, mollusc and crustacean) is increasing and is now a leading cause of food anaphylaxis, but there is only limited data on the impact of seafood allergy on affected children and their families.Methods:  We assessed dietary adherence and perceptions of seafood allergy amongst the parents of 94 children presenting to a specialist allergy clinic with proven seafood allergy, by means of a postal questionnaire and cross‐referencing the data obtained to clinical records.Results:  One‐quarter of parents were unable to correctly recall the dietary advice provided. Nonetheless 89% of parents implemented a safe diet, but over half followed a more stringent elimination than that recommended. One‐fifth of the children had subsequent allergic reactions to seafood after diagnosis, and these were generally a result of accidental rather than intentional exposure or cross‐contamination. Provision of an adrenaline auto‐injector device was associated with increased adherence to dietary advice. Oral food challenges had a beneficial effect on parental perceptions and were helpful to parents in managing their child’s allergy.Conclusions:  Seafood allergy has a significant adverse effect on anxiety and stress in the families of affected children. Parental recall of dietary advice is variable and many tend to impose more stringent dietary avoidance than that recommended. Despite this, subsequent accidental reactions are common. Thus, the avoidance of seafood in children may be more difficult than often presumed.