bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase I Study of Vandetanib During and After Radiotherapy in Children With Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma
Authors: Broniscer Alberto , Baker Justin N. , Tagen Michael , Onar-Thomas Arzu , Gilbertson Richard J. , Davidoff Andrew M. , Panandiker Atmaram Pai , Leung Wing , Chin Thomas K. , Stewart Clinton F. , Kocak Mehmet , Rowland Christopher , Merchant Thomas E. , Kaste Sue C. , Gajjar Amar 
Published: October 2010

Purpose To evaluate the safety, maximum-tolerated dose, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of vandetanib, an oral vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, administered once daily during and after radiotherapy in children with newly diagnosed diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. Patients and Methods Radiotherapy was administered as 1.8-Gy fractions (total cumulative dose of 54 Gy). Vandetanib was administered concurrently with radiotherapy for a maximum of 2 years. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were evaluated during the first 6 weeks of therapy. Pharmacokinetic studies were obtained for all patients. Plasma angiogenic factors and VEGFR2 phosphorylation in mononuclear cells were analyzed before and during therapy. Results Twenty-one patients were administered 50 (n = 3), 65 (n = 3), 85 (n = 3), 110 (n = 6), and 145 mg/m2 (n = 6) of vandetanib. Only one patient developed DLT (grade 3 diarrhea) at dosage level 5. An expanded cohort of patients were treated at dosage levels 4 (n = 10) and 5 (n = 4); two patients developed grade 4 hypertension and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome while also receiving high-dose dexamethasone. Despite significant interpatient variability, exposure to vandetanib increased with higher dosage levels. The bivariable analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) before and during therapy showed that patients with higher levels of VEGF before therapy had a longer progression-free survival (PFS; P = .022), whereas patients with increases in VEGF during treatment had a shorter PFS (P = .0015). VEGFR2 phosphorylation was inhibited on day 8 or 29 of therapy compared with baseline (P = .039). Conclusion The recommended phase II dose of vandetanib in children is 145 mg/m2 per day. Close monitoring and management of hypertension is required, particularly for patients receiving corticosteroids.
“A Weapon as Powerful as the Vote”: Urban Protest and Electoral Politics in Venezuela, 1978–1983
Authors: Velasco Alejandro 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Scholarship on Venezuela has long cast the first decades after the founding of democracy in 1958 as a period of popular passivity, when citizen demands were effectively channeled through elections and state institutions before these broke down in the late 1980s. This article complicates such a reading and considers the role that street protest played in expanding the meaning of democracy among urban popular sectors to include a more dynamic interplay of institutional and extrainstitutional, legal and illegal protest. It focuses on a weeks-long hijacking of public service vehicles in the early 1980s by residents of Venezuela’s largest urban housing project, the 23 de Enero in downtown Caracas. Coupling archival data and oral history interviews, the article reconstructs the protest and its context to show how residents balanced a formerly contradictory experience of electoral support for the democratic regime on one hand and violent antiestablishment opposition on the other to mobilize the state around their demands. In particular it considers how residents seized on new discourses of accountability and participation emanating from political elites to lend their protest legitimacy, showing that the process to recalibrate Venezuelan democracy involved greater interaction between popular and elite-level actors than hitherto recognized.
Photoinduced Charge Separation after Excited Energy Transfer in Snowflake-Shaped Zn–Porphyrin Dendrimer with Anthraquinone Terminals: Enhancement of the Electron-Transfer Rates by “Dendrimer Effect”
Authors: Kozaki Masatoshi , Akita Kogen , Okada Keiji , Islam D-M Shafiqul , Ito Osamu 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Photoinduced electron transfer (ET) and energy transfer (EnT) of a snowflake-shaped Zn–porphyrin dendrimer with anthraquinone terminals (dendrimer-1), which has four rigid ethynylene–phenylene conjugated chains covered by soft benzyl ether (BE) branches, is investigated by means of steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements. Dendrimer-2 without anthraquinone terminals undergoes a nearly quantitative EnT from the excited singlet states of BE branches to the Zn–porphyrin core, where the conjugated chain plays an important role as a mediator of EnT within this antenna type dendrimer (the dendrimer effect on EnT). A comparison of the rates of charge separation via the singlet excited state of Zn–porphyrin to the anthraquinone terminals through oligo(ethynylenephenylene)s in a series of model compounds reveals considerable acceleration of the rate constants by the dendrimer architecture (the dendrimer effect on ET). This acceleration is attributed to hydrophobic interactions between the flexible BE chains within dendrimer-1, resulting in a significant conformational change into coplanar forms between the Zn–porphyrin plane and the ethynylene–phenylene–anthraquinone plane.
Resonance Raman Spectra of β-Diketiminatocopper(II) Complexes
Authors: Miyazaki Tomoko , Shimokawa Chizu , Matsushita Toshio , Itoh Shinobu , Teraoka Junji 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Resonance Raman spectra are measured for copper(II) complexes ([Cu(RL)2]) using a series of β-diketiminate ligands (L) carrying different α-substituents (R = Me, H, CN, and NO2), and quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) are carried out in order to derive the force fields of the copper(II) complexes. The complexes show characteristic νsym(Cu–N) frequencies, reflecting the relatively long distance of Cu–N bond in [Cu(CNL)2]. No obvious correlations were found for the other Raman bands between frequencies and the electron-withdrawal properties of the ligands. Resonance Raman profiles for [Cu(MeL)2] and [Cu(HL)2] suggest that two intense electronic absorption bands should be assigned to a charge-transfer transition accompanied by changing the Cu–N bond length and π* ← π transition by lengthening the Cβ–N bond with the aid of theoretical calculations. It is found that the complexes, [Cu(CNL)2] and [Cu(NO2L)2] with electron-withdrawing ligands, which yield only one strong absorption band around the visible region, show mainly π* ← π transition by lengthening the Cβ–N bond.
“It's Our Job”: Qualitative Study of Family Responses to Ableism
Authors: Neely-Barnes Susan L. , Graff J. Carolyn , Roberts Ruth J. , Hall Heather R. , Hankins Jane S. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Forty-five parents of children with autism, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, and sickle cell disease participated in 8 focus groups. Parents discussed how they, the child with the disability, and the siblings addressed community perceptions about the child's disability. Themes evolving from the interviews included (a) support and lack of support, (b) inclusion and exclusion, and (c) the family members' roles during their interactions with the community. Parents viewed their roles in the community as (a) advocating, (b) educating, (c) informing, (d) ignoring, and (e) hiding. The relationship between themes is presented, and the relationship between themes and parent empowerment is discussed as well as the ways in which the themes reflect underlying ableism.
Nursing Perspectives on Cancer Screening in Adults With Intellectual and Other Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Tyler Carl V. , Zyzanski Stephen J. , Panaite Vanessa , Council Linda 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Health care disparities have been documented in cancer screenings of adults with intellectual and other developmental disabilities. Developmental disabilities nurses were surveyed to better understand and improve this deficiency. Two thirds of respondents believed that adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities received fewer cancer screenings compared with the general population. The most frequently cited barriers to cancer screenings were as follows: patient need for sedation, unsuccessful attempts at screening, and failure of the primary care clinician to order cancer screening tests. Nurses observed that health care providers frequently did not tailor cancer screening recommendations to individuals' family histories, life expectancies, or their disability-specific cancer risks. The authors suggest interventions to improve cancer screening centered around education and training, accessibility, financing–insurance, modification of procedures, and patient tracking.
Public Attitudes Toward People With Intellectual Disabilities: A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Scior Katrina , Kan Ka-ying , McLoughlin Anna , Sheridan Joel 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis study investigated attitudes toward people with intellectual disabilities among the general Hong Kong Chinese population and compared these to a White British sample, using the Community Living Attitudes Scale—Mental Retardation form (CLAS-MR; D. Henry, C. Keys, F. Balcazar, & D. Jopp, 1996). As predicted, attitudes among the Hong Kong Chinese public (n  =  149) were less favorable than the British sample (n  =  135). The former were less opposed to the exclusion of people with intellectual disabilities, less likely to view them as similar to themselves and more in favor of sheltering such individuals. Of all demographic variables examined, ethnicity was the strongest predictor of attitudes, although it only accounted for a small part of the variance in attitudes. The results are discussed in terms of policy implementation and additional research.
Twenty Years of Communication Intervention Research With Individuals Who Have Severe Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Snell Martha E. , Brady Nancy , McLean Lee , Ogletree Billy T. , Siegel Ellin , Sylvester Lorraine , Mineo Beth , Paul Diane , Romski Mary Ann , Sevcik Rose 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
This literature review was conducted to evaluate the current state of evidence supporting communication interventions for individuals with severe intellectual and developmental disabilities. We reviewed 116 articles published between 1987 and 2007 in refereed journals meeting three criteria: (a) described a communication intervention, (b) involved one or more participants with severe intellectual and developmental disabilities, and (c) addressed one or more areas of communication performance. Many researchers failed to report treatment fidelity or to assess basic aspects of intervention effects, including generalization, maintenance, and social validity. The evidence reviewed indicates that 96% of the studies reported positive changes in some aspects of communication. These findings support the provision of communication intervention to persons with severe intellectual and developmental disabilities. Gaps in the research were reported as were recommendations for future research.
Use of Special Education Services Among Children With and Without Congenital Gastrointestinal Anomalies
Authors: Hamrick Shannon E. G. , Strickland Matthew J. , Shapira Stuart K. , Autry Andrew , Schendel Diana 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between congenital gastrointestinal anomalies requiring neonatal surgery and neurodevelopmental outcome. Among the children born in metropolitan Atlanta during 1982–2001 who survived to age 1 year (N  =  762,824), we identified children with congenital gastrointestinal anomalies via linkage with the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program and children who received special education services via linkage with the Special Education Database of Metropolitan Atlanta. Several modest increases in special education service use were observed among children with isolated congenital gastrointestinal anomalies; no association was statistically significant. Among children with Hirschsprung disease, gastroschisis, esophageal atresia, intestinal malrotation, bowel atresia, or imperforate anus who had multiple anomalies, we observed statistically significant increases in special education service use.
Using Participant Data to Extend the Evidence Base for Intensive Behavioral Intervention for Children With Autism
Authors: Eldevik Sigmund , Hastings Richard P. , Hughes J. Carl , Jahr Erik , Eikeseth Svein , Cross Scott 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
We gathered individual participant data from 16 group design studies on behavioral intervention for children with autism. In these studies, 309 children received behavioral intervention, 39 received comparison interventions, and 105 were in a control group. More children who underwent behavioral intervention achieved reliable change in IQ (29.8%) compared with 2.6% and 8.7% for comparison and control groups, respectively, and reliable change in adaptive behavior was achieved for 20.6% versus 5.7% and 5.1%, respectively. These results equated to a number needed to treat of 5 for IQ and 7 for adaptive behavior and absolute risk reduction of 23% and 16%, respectively. Within the behavioral intervention sample, IQ and adaptive behavior at intake predicted gains in adaptive behavior. Intensity of intervention predicted gains in both IQ and adaptive behavior.
A Bioluminescent Microbial Biosensor for In Vitro Pretreatment Assessment of Cytarabine Efficacy in Leukemia
Authors: Alloush Habib M , Anderson Elizabeth , Martin Ashley D , Ruddock Mark W , Angell Johanna E , Hill Phil J , Mehta Priyanka , Smith M Ann , Smith J Graham , Salisbury Vyv C 
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND
The nucleoside analog cytarabine (Ara-C [cytosine arabinoside]) is the key agent for treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML); however, up to 30% of patients fail to respond to treatment. Screening of patient blood samples to determine drug response before commencement of treatment is needed. This project aimed to construct and evaluate a self-bioluminescent reporter strain of Escherichia coli for use as an Ara-C biosensor and to design an in vitro assay to predict Ara-C response in clinical samples.

METHODS
We used transposition mutagenesis to create a cytidine deaminase (cdd)-deficient mutant of E. coli MG1655 that responded to Ara-C. The strain was transformed with the luxCDABE operon and used as a whole-cell biosensor for development an 8-h assay to determine Ara-C uptake and phosphorylation by leukemic cells.

RESULTS
Intracellular concentrations of 0.025 μmol/L phosphorylated Ara-C were detected by significantly increased light output (P &lt; 0.05) from the bacterial biosensor. Results using AML cell lines with known response to Ara-C showed close correlation between the 8-h assay and a 3-day cytotoxicity test for Ara-C cell killing. In retrospective tests with 24 clinical samples of bone marrow or peripheral blood, the biosensor-based assay predicted leukemic cell response to Ara-C within 8 h.

CONCLUSIONS
The biosensor-based assay may offer a predictor for evaluating the sensitivity of leukemic cells to Ara-C before patients undergo chemotherapy and allow customized treatment of drug-sensitive patients with reduced Ara-C dose levels. The 8-h assay monitors intracellular Ara-CTP (cytosine arabinoside triphosphate) levels and, if fully validated, may be suitable for use in clinical settings.
Simultaneous Quantification of Apolipoprotein A-I and Apolipoprotein B by Liquid-Chromatography–Multiple- Reaction–Monitoring Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Agger Sean A , Marney Luke C , Hoofnagle Andrew N 
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND
If liquid-chromatography–multiple-reaction–monitoring mass spectrometry (LC-MRM/MS) could be used in the large-scale preclinical verification of putative biomarkers, it would obviate the need for the development of expensive immunoassays. In addition, the translation of novel biomarkers to clinical use would be accelerated if the assays used in preclinical studies were the same as those used in the clinical laboratory. To validate this approach, we developed a multiplexed assay for the quantification of 2 clinically well-known biomarkers in human plasma, apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein B (apoA-I and apoB).

METHODS
We used PeptideAtlas to identify candidate peptides. Human samples were denatured with urea or trifluoroethanol, reduced and alkylated, and digested with trypsin. We compared reversed-phase chromatographic separation of peptides with normal flow and microflow, and we normalized endogenous peptide peak areas to internal standard peptides. We evaluated different methods of calibration and compared the final method with a nephelometric immunoassay.

RESULTS
We developed a final method using trifluoroethanol denaturation, 21-h digestion, normal flow chromatography-electrospray ionization, and calibration with a single normal human plasma sample. For samples injected in duplicate, the method had intraassay CVs &lt;6% and interassay CVs &lt;12% for both proteins, and compared well with immunoassay (n = 47; Deming regression, LC-MRM/MS = 1.17 × immunoassay − 36.6; Sx|y = 10.3 for apoA-I and LC-MRM/MS = 1.21 × immunoassay + 7.0; Sx|y = 7.9 for apoB).

CONCLUSIONS
Multiplexed quantification of proteins in human plasma/serum by LC-MRM/MS is possible and compares well with clinically useful immunoassays. The potential application of single-point calibration to large clinical studies could simplify efforts to reduce day-to-day digestion variability.
Unveiling the dramatic secret of ‘Ghost’ in Hamlet
Authors: Kikuchi Shigeo 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
This article examines Shakespeare's dramatic secret of a “Ghost” in Hamlet. The idea of a “Ghost,” a being of uncertain existence, whether an idea or an event or the soul of a deceased person, is effectively used in this work to create a world of doubt into which Hamlet is drawn by the words of what seems to be the ghost of King Hamlet. Through Hamlet's words and behavior, Claudius is drawn into this world, which I call the world of SEEMING. It is in this world that Hamlet utters the famous phrase “To be, or not to be.” Finally, Hamlet kills his uncle without obtaining evidence of Claudius's crime and himself dies without knowing whether Claudius actually killed his father. In this circumstance, Hamlet cannot be said to have taken vengeance, which even in Elizabethan times was not allowed by law or religion; and yet vengeance is seemingly created in the audience's belief world.
Towards a new convergence between Anglo-American and Russian literary linguistics: “mind style” and “kartina mira”
Authors: Dhooge Ben W. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Anglo-American and Russian stylistics influenced each other substantially in the 1960s and 1970s. From the 1980s on, however, this fruitful mutual influence came to an end. The two schools started to grow apart, but despite that, they would develop almost parallel to each other, displaying many theoretical and methodological similarities. The present paper illustrates this by highlighting one such specificity – the idea of the possible reflection of one's conceptualization of the world in the use of literary language, and the possibility of reconstructing that conceptualization by means of a stylistic analysis (‘mind style’–‘kartina mira’). By comparing the Anglo-American and Russian theories on the topic, it is shown that the separately evolved conceptions are similar and even complement each other: the differences between them clarify and help solve possible theoretical and methodological gaps. Moreover, the juxtaposition of both conceptions allows us to perfect the notion of ‘mind style’ and its practical applications. A similar approach to other conceptions and tendencies in current seemingly mutually independent Anglo-American and Russian stylistics have the same potential, and may lead to a new convergence between the two schools.
Das Breviarium des Liberatus von Karthago. Einige Hypothesen zu seiner Intention
Authors: Meier Mischa 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT
The aim of this article is to demonstrate that some current views on Liberatus and his Breviarium must be modified. The author suggests that Liberatus did not write the small book in order to criticize Justinian's religious policy in the Three Chapters Controversy. He rather intended to defend Justinian and to introduce his African contemporaries in the structure and mechanisms of the now ruling East Roman church policy.
A Systematic Review of Faces Scales for the Self-report of Pain Intensity in Children
Authors: Tomlinson Deborah , von Baeyer Carl L. , Stinson Jennifer N. , Sung Lillian 
Published: October 2010

CONTEXT:Numerous faces scales have been developed for the measurement of pain intensity in children. It remains unclear whether any one of the faces scales is better for a particular purpose with regard to validity, reliability, feasibility, and preference.OBJECTIVES:To summarize and systematically review faces pain scales most commonly used to obtain self-report of pain intensity in children for evaluation of reliability and validity and to compare the scales for preference and utility.METHODS:Five major electronic databases were systematically searched for studies that used a faces scale for the self-report measurement of pain intensity in children. Fourteen faces pain scales were identified, of which 4 have undergone extensive psychometric testing: Faces Pain Scale (FPS) (scored 0–6); Faces Pain Scale–Revised (FPS-R) (0–10); Oucher pain scale (0–10); and Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBFPRS) (0–10). These 4 scales were included in the review. Studies were classified by using psychometric criteria, including construct validity, reliability, and responsiveness, that were established a priori.RESULTS:From a total of 276 articles retrieved, 182 were screened for psychometric evaluation, and 127 were included. All 4 faces pain scales were found to be adequately supported by psychometric data. When given a choice between faces scales, children preferred the WBFPRS. Confounding of pain intensity with affect caused by use of smiling and crying anchor faces is a disadvantage of the WBFPRS.CONCLUSIONS:For clinical use, we found no grounds to switch from 1 faces scale to another when 1 of the scales is in use. For research use, the FPS-R has been recommended on the basis of utility and psychometric features. Data are sparse for children below the age of 5 years, and future research should focus on simplified measures, instructions, and anchors for these younger children.