bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MINMUM DISTANCE REQUIREMENTS IN THE GAMMA RADIOGRAPHY OF ONE AND THREE INCH STEEL SECTIONS
Authors: Kaiser Herman F. , Friedman Herbert , Hafner Robert 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT.A study was made to determine the minimum practical source to film distances which may be employed in gamma radiography of steel sections up to three inches in thickness for several sizes of radium capsules. Existing analyses of the geometrical exposure conditions have been reviewed and found useful in connection with these experimental studies. It has been found that the conditions in x‐ray and gamma ray radiography differ in certain respects. The minimum permissible practical source to film distances determined in this work are listed below:
CALCULATION OF THE IMPEDANCE PROPERTIES OF PARASITIC ANTENNA ARRAYS INVOLVING ELEMENTS OF FINITE RADIUS
Authors: Harrison Charles W. 
Published: August 2010

Summary: After a brief resumé of a general theory for the current in coupled antennas, expressions are derived for the distribution of current along two parallel antennas of unequal length and radius. The input impedance to each antenna is then determined when the antennas are driven in phase, and in phase opposition, for applied voltages of equal magnitude. Conventional circuital relations for coupled systems yield the self‐impedance of each radiator, and mutual impedance, in terms of these four calculated impedances.Methods for obtaining optimum conditions in two element arrays, consisting of a driven antenna in proximity to a director or reflector are considered.
THE THRUST DEDUCTION
Authors: WEINBLUM GEORG P. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe application of the source and sink concept to the system ship and propeller leads to a satisfactory explanation of the various phenomena summarized under the notation “thrust deduction.” The quantitative analytic evaluation of the forces involved, altho in principle successful, meets still some difficulties and there are some important gaps between results of theory and facts. Thus, there remains a wide field for systematic experimental investigations which can be planned and guided by the present theory. One basic problem—the influence of the scale effect on the thrust deduction, especially the relation between the corresponding values for the model and the ship—cannot yet be rigorously solved; theoretical considerations indicate, however, that the common assumption following which the thrust deduction coefficient t is roughly the same for the model and the ship may be a reasonable approximation especially when the size of the model is large.
A NOMOGRAM FOR DETERMINING THE ENDURANCE OF NAVAL VESSELS
Authors: BURKE R. E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to provide forces afloat with a method for readily determining their vessel' endurance depending on the amount of fuel oil remaining. The use of this method will provide accurate and rapid evaluation of varying the vessels speed. The result then will furnish forces afloat with a quick method of selecting appropriate vessel speed to reach their destination based on operational, economical, and time requirements.
Immunotherapy of malignant melanoma – Basic principles and novel therapeutic approaches
Authors: Enk Alexander H. , Becker Jürgen C. , Schuler Gerold 
Published: August 2010

SummaryImmunotherapy has assumed increasing importance in the therapy of malignant melanoma. The main reason is the high immunogenicity of the tumor itself, so that an immune response against the tumor often exists even without immune stimulation. The goal of modern immunotherapeutic approaches is to augment these anti‐tumoral immune reactions to fight the tumor. Despite multiple successes, the ultimate breakthrough in the therapy of malignant melanoma has not yet been achieved. This overview summarizes the reasons for this lack of success and highlights future strategies for more successful therapy of malignant melanoma.
Skin toxicity of anti‐cancer therapy
Authors: Ulrich Jens , Hartmann Jörg T. , Dörr Wolfgang , Ugurel Selma 
Published: August 2010

SummaryChanges in skin and its adnexa such as hair follicles and nails are among the most common side effects of antineoplastic treatments. They pose a challenge with regard to diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. This article reviews the various cutaneous reactions to chemotherapy and their most common causative agents, the adverse events of radiation therapy, as well as the characteristic skin changes under treatment with new molecular‐driven targeted agents.
Australian food regulations public consultation process: Teaching postgraduate dietetics students to participate
Authors: Somerset Shawn 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjective:  To assess a teaching strategy to develop competency, familiarity and willingness of dietetic students to participate in food regulation development.Design:  Qualitative evaluation of self‐perceived learning outcomes.Subjects/Setting:  Two consecutive cohorts (n = 39) of postgraduate dietetics students from Griffith University.Intervention:  Preparation and presentation of a formal response to a call for comment by Australia's food regulatory body (Food Standards Australia New Zealand) during the period 1999–2001.Main outcome measures:  Self‐reported descriptions of confidence, familiarity and willingness to participate in the public consultation process.Results:  Following the assignment, students generally reported being more familiar with the regulatory process and more confident to participate. Most students identified the importance of reference material on Food Standards Australia New Zealand procedures that they could use for review should the opportunity for participation arise at a later date. A major issue identified was the potential for cynicism towards the process. This issue was seen as a potential barrier to participation by students after graduation.Applications/Conclusions:  This issues‐based approach to teaching of a food regulation system has potential to enhance participation in regulatory development by a broader cross‐section of dietitians.
Vitamin D deficiency in Australia and New Zealand: What are the dietary options?
Authors: SHRAPNEL William , TRUSWELL Stewart 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMeasurement of serum vitamin D levels in population samples has revealed unexpectedly high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among children, adults, the elderly and other vulnerable groups in Australia and New Zealand. The new Nutrient Reference Values report has established dietary recommendations for vitamin D of between 5 and 15 µg/day, depending on age. Dietary intakes of vitamin D in Australia typically fall in the range of 2–3 µg/day, below intakes in comparable countries. Dietary intake of vitamin D is currently dependent on consumption of a few key foods, notably margarine and oily fish. Current models of healthy eating do not deliver the recommended amounts of vitamin D and need review. Consideration should be given to the range of foods fortified with vitamin D, which is currently limited. Higher dietary intakes of vitamin D in overseas countries have been achieved through the fortification of margarine, milk and breakfast cereals. Increased voluntary fortification of dairy products with vitamin D would be a safe and simple means of increasing vitamin D intakes in Australasia in the short term. The relatively high dietary recommendation for vitamin D for elderly people cannot be met through the existing food supply and supplementation appears to be a desirable option for many.
Depression: Does nutrition have an adjunctive treatment role?
Authors: VOLKER Dianne , NG Jade 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDepression is a serious illness, affecting more than one million Australians each year. It causes significant morbidity and is a major risk factor for deliberate self‐harm and suicide. Depression was traditionally viewed as a personality weakness, for which few treatment options were available. The simplistic view that depression is a personality weakness has changed in recent times. Depression is now widely recognised as a mood disorder with underlying biological (biochemical and genetic) and psychosocial causes and as such is responsive to a number of different treatments. The aim of the present paper is to review the literature related to dietary manipulation and how manipulation may assist in treating this illness. Evidence reviewed supports a potential therapeutic benefit of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for the alleviation of negative symptoms associated with depression. Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, optimal omega balance, folate, tryptophan, vitamin B6, B12, S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine and Hypericum perforatum may all serve as adjuncts to psychosocial and pharmacological therapies, with positive implications for long‐term prognosis.
Non‐intrusive monitoring of atmospheric CO2 in analogue models of terrestrial carbon cycle
Authors: Lukac Martin , Milcu Alexandru , Wildman Dennis , Anderson Rob , Sloan Tom , Ineson Phil 
Published: August 2010

Summary1. Closed ecological systems (CES) are small man‐made ecosystems which do not have any material exchange with the surrounding environment. Recent ecological and technological advances enable successful establishment and maintenance of CES, making them a suitable tool for detecting and measuring subtle feedbacks and mechanisms.2. As a part of an analogue (physical) C cycle modelling experiment, we developed a non‐intrusive methodology to control the internal environment and to monitor atmospheric CO2 concentration inside 16 replicated CES. Whilst maintaining an air‐tight seal of all CES, this approach allowed for access to the CO2 measuring equipment for periodic re‐calibration and repairs.3. To ensure reliable cross‐comparison of CO2 observations between individual CES units and to minimize the cost of the system, only one CO2 sampling unit was used. An ADC BioScientific OP‐2 (open‐path) analyser mounted on a swinging arm was passing over a set of 16 measuring cells. Each cell was connected to an individual CES with air continuously circulating between them.4. Using this setup, we were able to continuously measure several environmental variables and CO2 concentration within each closed system, allowing us to study minute effects of changing temperature on C fluxes within each CES. The CES and the measuring cells showed minimal air leakage during an experimental run lasting, on average, 3 months. The CO2 analyser assembly performed reliably for over 2 years, however an early iteration of the present design proved to be sensitive to positioning errors.5. We indicate how the methodology can be further improved and suggest possible avenues where future CES based research could be applied.
Phase I Study of the Selective Aurora A Kinase Inhibitor MLN8054 in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors: Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics
Authors: Macarulla Teresa , Cervantes Andres , Elez Elena , Rodríguez-Braun Edith , Baselga José , Roselló Susana , Sala Gemma , Blasco Inma , Danaee Hadi , Lee Yih , Ecsedy Jeffrey , Shinde Vaishali , Chakravarty Arijit , Bowman Douglas , Liu Hua , Eton Omar , Fingert Howard , Tabernero Josep 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
This phase I trial examined the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of MLN8054, an oral, selective, small-molecule inhibitor of Aurora A kinase. Patients with advanced solid tumors received increasing doses of MLN8054 in 28-day cycles until dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was seen in ≥2 of 3-6 patients in a cohort. For the 10-mg and 20-mg cohorts, treatment was administered once daily on days 1 to 5 and 8 to 12. Patients in later cohorts (25, 35, 45, 55, 60, 70, and 80 mg/day) were treated four times daily on days 1 to 14, with the largest dose at bedtime (QID-14D) to mitigate benzodiazepine-like effects possibly associated with peak plasma concentrations. Patients (n = 43) received a median of 1 cycle (range, 1–10). DLT of somnolence was first noted in the 20-mg cohort. Two DLTs of somnolence (n = 1) and transaminitis (n = 1) were seen at QID-14D 80 mg. Grade 2 oral mucositis (n = 1), predicted to be a mechanistic effect, was observed only at QID-14D 80 mg. MLN8054 exposure levels were roughly linear with dose; terminal half-life was 30 to 40 hours. Pharmacodynamic analyses of skin and tumor mitotic indices, mitotic cell chromosome alignment, and spindle bipolarity provided evidence of Aurora A inhibition. MLN8054 dosing for 10 to 14 days in 28-day cycles was feasible. Somnolence and transaminitis were DLTs. Pharmacodynamic analyses in mitotic cells of both skin and tumor provided proof of mechanism for Aurora A kinase inhibition. A more potent, selective, second-generation Aurora A kinase inhibitor, MLN8237, is in clinical development. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(10); 2844–52. ©2010 AACR.
Elevated levels of human beta-defensin 2 and human neutrophil peptides in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Vordenbäumen S. , Fischer-Betz R. , Timm D. , Sander O. , Chehab G. , Richter J. , Bleck E. , Schneider M. 
Published: August 2010

Objective: Defensins are immunomodulatory peptides and components of the innate immune response. They have been shown to be modulated in various disease states and in response to inflammatory stimuli. Recently, alpha-defensins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In order to explore whether these defensins may have a role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we sought to determine whether altered expression can be found in SLE patients. Material and Methods: Serum and EDTA-blood of 50 SLE patients who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria (aged 41.4 ± 13.3 years) and 28 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were collected. Real-time polymerase chain reaction with gene-specific primers for human neutrophil peptides (HNPs), human beta-defensin 2 and 3 (hBD2, 3) in isolated polymorphonuclear cells and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum samples were performed. Results of SLE patients were compared with the control group and correlated to routine laboratory parameters, clinical data and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Results: SLE patients were predominantly female (90%) with a mean SLEDAI of 5.7 ± 6.1. In sera, patients displayed higher amounts of hBD2 and HNPs when compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, hBD2 correlated with levels of anti-dsDNA antibodies, erythrocyte count and the SLEDAI. Elevated values were observed in patients with myositis (n = 4). Serum HNPs on the other hand correlated with the neutrophil count and was elevated in patients with a rash (n = 7). Lupus patients suffering from transverse myelitis (n = 3) had raised serum-values of both HNPs and hBD2. While no mRNA of hBD2 or hBD3 was detected in polymorphonuclear cells, HNP mRNA was found in both healthy controls and patients without significant difference. Lupus nephritis and rash were associated with higher amounts of HNP mRNA, and the relative amount of copies correlated positively with the SLEDAI and negatively with C3 measurements. Conclusions: Serum levels of hBD2 and HNPs are elevated in SLE. The correlations of hBD2 and HNPs to established disease activity parameters and distinct clinical situations suggest that innate immune mechanisms are activated. Defensins may be involved in SLE pathogenesis.
Olfactomedin 4 is a novel target gene of retinoic acids and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine involved in human myeloid leukemia cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis
Authors: Liu Wenli , Lee Hyun Woo , Liu Yueqin , Wang Ruihong , Rodgers Griffin P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractClinical application of retinoic acids (RAs) and demethylation agents has proven to be effective in treating certain myeloid leukemia patients. However, the target genes that mediate these antileukemia activities are still poorly understood. In this study, we identified olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4), a myeloid-lineage–specific gene from the olfactomedin family, as a novel target gene for RAs and the demethylation agent, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine. We demonstrated that the retinoic acid receptor alpha/retinoic X receptor alpha heterodimer binds to a retinoic acid response-element (DR5) site in the OLFM4 promoter and mediates all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)–induced transactivation of the OLFM4 gene. OLFM4 overexpression in HL-60 cells led to growth inhibition, differentiation, and apoptosis, and potentiated ATRA induction of these effects. Conversely, down-regulation of endogenous OLFM4 in acute myeloid leukemia-193 cells compromised ATRA-induced growth inhibition, differentiation, and apoptosis. Overexpression of OLFM4 in HL-60 cells inhibited constitutive and ATRA-induced phosphorylation of the eukaryote initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), whereas down-regulation of OLFM4 protein in acute myeloid leukemia-193 cells increased 4E-BP1 phosphorylation, suggesting that OLFM4 is a potent upstream inhibitor of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation/deactivation. Thus, our study demonstrates that OLFM4 plays an important role in myeloid leukemia cellular functions and induction of OLFM4-mediated effects may contribute to the therapeutic value of ATRA.
Rationale and efficacy of interleukin-1 targeting in Erdheim–Chester disease
Authors: Aouba Achille , Georgin-Lavialle Sophie , Pagnoux Christian , Martin Silva Nicolas , Renand Amédée , Galateau-Salle Françoise , Le Toquin Sophie , Bensadoun Henri , Larousserie Frederique , Silvera Stéphane , Provost Nicole , Candon Sophie , Seror Raphaèle , de Menthon Mathilde , Hermine Olivier , Guillevin Loïc , Bienvenu Boris 
Published: August 2010

AbstractErdheim–Chester disease (ECD) pathophysiology remains largely unknown. Its treatment is not codified and usually disappointing. Interferon (IFN)-α therapy lacks efficacy for some life-threatening manifestations and has a poor tolerance profile. Because interleukin (IL)-1Ra synthesis is naturally induced after stimulation by IFN-α, we hypothesized that recombinant IL-1Ra (anakinra) might have some efficacy in ECD. We treated 2 patients who had poor tolerance or contraindication to IFN-α with anakinra as a rescue therapy and measured their serum C-reactive protein, IL-1β, IL-6, and monocytic membranous IL-1α (mIL-1α) levels before, under, and after therapy. Another untreated ECD patient and 5 healthy subjects were enrolled as controls. After treatment, fever and bone pains rapidly disappeared in both patients, as well as eyelid involvement in one patient. In addition, retroperitoneal fibrosis completely or partially regressed, and C-reactive protein, IL-6, and mIL-1α levels decreased to within the normal and control range. Beside injection-site reactions, no adverse event was reported. Therefore, our results support a central role of the IL-1 network, which seemed to be overstimulated in ECD. Its specific blockade using anakinra thereby opens new pathophysiology and therapeutic perspectives in ECD.
Monozygotic twins with Neurofibromatosis type 1, concordant phenotype and synchronous development of MPNST and metastasis
Authors: Melean German , Hernández Alba Marina , Valero María Carmen , Hernández-Imaz Elisabete , Martín Yolanda , Hernández-Chico Concepción 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Background
Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a common autosomal dominant disorder with full penetrance and variable expression. The condition predisposes individuals to the development of malignant nervous system tumours, most frequently Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumours (MPNSTs). Previous studies indicate that genetic factors other than mutations in NF1 may be responsible for the condition's variable expression.

Case report
Here we present data from a pair of monozygotic twins affected by Neurofibromatosis type 1 resulting from a de novo mutation. Both twins developed a left sciatic plexiform neurofibroma that evolved into MPNST at a similar age and they also developed pulmonary metastasis at the same age. Other concordant traits between the twins were: macrocephaly, psychomotor delay, café-au-lait spots, cutaneous neurofibromas, retroperitoneal, pleural and paraspinal neurofibromas. The main discordant features observed were tibial pseudoarthrosis, pectus carinatum, osteoporosis and thymus hyperplasia.

Conclusions
This is the first report of monozygotic twins with Neurofibromatosis type 1 that develop MPNSTs, the localization and chronological evolution of which, and its metastasis, is concordant in both twins. These cases suggest that the events involved in the transformation of benign plexiform neurofibromas to MPNSTs in Neurofibromatosis type 1, follow a spatiotemporally programme that is influenced by heritable factors other than NF1 mutations.
Resveratrol-induced cytotoxicity in human Burkitt's lymphoma cells is coupled to the unfolded protein response
Authors: Yan Ying , Gao Yan-Yan , Liu Bao-Qin , Niu Xiao-Fang , Zhuang Ying , Wang Hua-Qin 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Background
Resveratrol (RES), a natural phytoalexin found at high levels in grapes and red wine, has been shown to induce anti-proliferation and apoptosis of human cancer cell lines. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are at present only partially understood.

Method
The effects of RES on activation of unfolded protein responses (UPR) were evaluated using Western blotting, semi-quantitative and real-time RT-PCR. Cell death was evaluated using Annexin V/PI staining and subsequent FACS.

Results
Similar as tunicamycin, treatment with RES lead to the activation of all 3 branches of the UPR, with early splicing of XBP-1 indicative of IRE1 activation, phosphorylation of eIF2α consistent with ER resident kinase (PERK) activation, activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) splicing, and increase in expression levels of the downstream molecules GRP78/BiP, GRP94 and CHOP/GADD153 in human Burkitt's lymphoma Raji and Daudi cell lines. RES was shown to induce cell death, which could be attenuated by thwarting upregulation of CHOP.

Conclusions
Our data suggest that activation of the apoptotic arm of the UPR and its downstream effector CHOP/GADD153 is involved, at least in part, in RES-induced apoptosis in Burkitt's lymphoma cells.
Adoptive transfer of splenocytes to study cell-mediated immune responses in hepatitis C infection using HCV transgenic mice
Authors: Naas Turaya , Ghorbani Masoud , Soare Catalina , Scherling Nicole , Muller Rudy , Ghorbani Peyman , Diaz-Mitoma Francisco 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackgroundHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis and a health problem affecting over 170 million people around the world. We previously studied transgenic mice that express HCV Core, Envelope 1 and Envelope 2 proteins predominantly in the liver, resulting in steatosis, liver and lymphoid tumors, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Herein, the immune-mediated cell response to hepatitis C antigens was evaluated by adoptive transfers of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) labelled splenocytes from HCV immunized mice into HCV transgenic mice.ResultsIn comparison to non-transgenic mice, there was a significant decrease in the percentage of CFSE-labeled CD4+and CD8+T cells in transgenic mouse peripheral blood receiving adoptive transfers from immunized donors. Moreover, the percentage of CFSE-labeled CD4+and CD8+T cells were significantly higher in the spleen of transgenic and non-transgenic mice when they received splenocytes from non-immunized than from immunized mice. On the other hand, the percentages of CD4+and CD8+T cells in the non-transgenic recipient mouse lymph nodes were significantly higher than the transgenic mice when they received the adoptive transfer from immunized donors. Interestingly, livers of transgenic mice that received transfers from immunized mice had a significantly higher percentage of CFSE labeled T cells than livers of non-transgenic mice receiving non-immunized transfers.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the T cells from HCV immunized mice recognize the HCV proteins in the liver of the transgenic mouse model and homed to the HCV antigen expression sites. We propose using this model system to study active T cell responses in HCV infection.