bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reading Gandhi in Cairo
Authors: JAHANBEGLOO RAMIN 
Published: April 2011

The Great Arab Revolt of 2011 has moved swiftly from the peaceful overthrow of autocrats in the nation‐states of Tunisia and Egypt to brutal repression in the tribal societies of Libya, Syria, Bahrain and Yemen.Meanwhile, the wired youth bulge of the Middle East that brought change is dissipating into an impotent diaspora while the organized interests of the old regimes and the once‐suppressed Islamists charge ahead to power. This section examines the revolt, the reaction and the power struggles in its aftermath.
Vitamin D Insufficiency and Sepsis Severity in Emergency Department Patients With Suspected Infection
Authors: Ginde Adit A. , Camargo Carlos A. , Shapiro Nathan I. 
Published: April 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:551–554 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  Vitamin D is increasingly recognized as an important mediator of immune function and may have a preventive role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. We sought to evaluate the association between vitamin D status and sepsis severity and hypothesized that vitamin D insufficiency would be associated with increased sepsis severity.Methods:  This was a pilot study of emergency department (ED) patients age ≥18 years evaluated for suspected infection at an urban, teaching hospital. The authors measured illness severity using the following assessments at baseline and 24 hours: 1) severe sepsis, defined as suspected infection plus two or more elements of systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria and acute dysfunction of one or more organ systems; 2) Acute Physiology Age Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores; and 3) Sepsis‐related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores. Vitamin D insufficiency was defined as baseline serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels <75 nmol/L.Results:  Eighty‐one patients were enrolled, with a median age of 62 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 48–76 years), 47% were female, and 77% were white. At baseline, 64 (79%) had 25OHD levels of <75 nmol/L, and 43 (53%) had severe sepsis. At 24 hours, 48 (59%) had severe sepsis. Patients with baseline 25OHD levels of <75 nmol/L, compared to patients with 25OHD levels of ≥75 nmol/L, were more likely to have severe sepsis (61% vs. 24%; p = 0.006) and SOFA scores ≥2 (44% vs. 18%; p = 0.049). Additionally, at 24 hours, those with 25OHD levels of <75 nmol/L were more likely to have severe sepsis (67% vs. 29%; p = 0.005), dysfunction of two or more organ systems (50% vs. 18%; p = 0.02), APACHE II score of ≥25 (19% vs. 0%; p = 0.06), and SOFA scores of ≥2 (63% vs. 29%; p = 0.02). Additionally, all four patients who died during the index hospitalization had 25OHD levels of <75 nmol/L.Conclusions:  Vitamin D insufficiency was associated with higher sepsis severity in ED patients hospitalized for suspected infection. Larger observational studies, mechanistic studies, and ultimately randomized controlled trials are needed to determine causation and to evaluate if vitamin D supplementation can reduce the risk of sepsis as a preventive or therapeutic strategy.
Opened‐Ring Adducts of 5‐Methylcytosine and 1,5‐Dimethylcytosine with Amines and Water and Evidence for an Opened‐Ring Hydrate of 2′‐Deoxycytidine
Authors: Shetlar Martin D. , Chung Janet 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTA variety of nucleic acid components and related compounds undergo photoreaction with water to form so‐called “photohydrates” (e.g. uracil forms 6‐hydroxy‐5,6‐dihydrouracil). However, the corresponding hydrates of 5‐methylcytosine (a minor nucleobase in eukaryotic DNA) and related compounds have not been characterized. We report the preparation of opened‐ring forms of such products for 5‐methylcytosine (m5C) and 1,5‐dimethylcytosine (DMC). This was accomplished via thermal reaction of ring‐opened amine adducts (e.g. N‐carbamoyl‐3‐amino‐2‐methylacrylamidine (IVa) or N‐(N′‐methylcarbamoyl)‐3‐amino‐2‐methylacrylamidine (IVb)) produced by photo‐induced reactions of m5C with ammonia or methylamine. When these adducts were treated with dilute trifluoroacetic acid, the amino group at the 3‐position was replaced with a hydroxyl group; with IVa, N‐carbamoyl‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylacrylamidine (Va) was formed, while reaction of IVb led to N‐(N′‐methylcarbamoyl)‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylacrylamidine (Vb). These compounds are ring‐opened isomers of 5,6‐dihydro‐6‐hydroxy‐5‐methylcytosine (Ia and IIa) and 5,6‐dihydro‐6‐hydroxy‐1,5‐dimethylcytosine (Ib and IIb). Compounds Va and Vb each undergo thermal ring closure reactions to form two unstable compounds with chemical and UV spectral properties expected for Ia and IIa (or Ib and IIb). The latter compounds have been identified as minor products in UV‐irradiated aqueous solutions of m5C and DMC. Evidence is also presented that the 2′‐deoxycytidine photohydrates coexist with an opened‐ring form, possibly similar in nature to Vb.
Early Cambrian Mollusc Watsonella crosbyi: A Potential GSSP Index Fossil for the Base of the Cambrian Stage 2
Authors: LI Guoxiang , ZHAO Xin , GUBANOV Alexander , ZHU Maoyan , NA Lin 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:The mollusc Watsonella crosbyi was studied on the basis of material from the lower Cambrian Dahai Member of the Zhujiaqing Formation in eastern Yunnan, China and the Pestrotsvet Formation of the Aldan River region in the Siberian Platform. This fossil had been excessively described under different names in the literature, such as Heraultia varensalensis Cobbold, 1935, H. sibirica Missarzhevsky, 1974, Heraultipegma yunnanensis He and Yang, 1982, H. yannanese He and Yang, 1982, Watsonella yunnanensis, W. crosbyi Grabau, 1900, etc. Taxonomic revision shows that other species are junior synonyms of W. crosbyi. Analysis of functional morphology implies that W. crosbyi may be rather a helcionelloid than a rostroconch since its univalved conch is untorted endogastric and lacks a rostrum and a true internal pegma. Replicas of the original microstructures preserved on the surfaces of phosphatic internal moulds confirm that the shell consists of two layers. The inner layer is lamello‐fibrillar, and the outer layer is spherulitic prismatic. The widespread geographical occurrences in both siliciclastic and carbonate rocks of the late Terreneuvian indicate that W. crosbyi is an important index fossil for global correlations and subdivision of the Cambrian Series 1 (Terreneuvian). The first appearance datum (FAD) of W. crosbyi is suggested to be a potential GSSP (Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point) candidate marker for defining the base of the Cambrian Stage 2.
A Potential Global Standard Stratotype‐Section and Point of the Moscovian Stage (Carboniferous)
Authors: WANG Xiangdong , QI Yuping , LAMBERT Lance , WANG Zhihao , WANG Yue , HU Keyi , LIN Wei , CHEN Bo 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:Conodonts and fusulinids are the two most widely used biotic groups for subdividing and correlating Bashkirian and Moscovian strata. The definition of the base of the Global Moscovian Stage is undecided because there are many disagreements among existing boundary definition proposals, each of which has disadvantages. Declinognathodus donetzianus is easily recognized but somewhat limited in its paleogeographic distribution. Idiognathoides postsulcatus is slightly more widespread, but it is less easily identified and its occurrences may be diachronous from region to region. Diplognathodus ellesmerensis is easily recognized and even more widespread, but it is usually rare and its ancestry is not adequately known. The Naqing Section of South Guizhou, South China contains diverse conodont evolutionary lineages among different taxa, including Idiognathoides, Idiognathodus, Diplognathodus, Neognathodus, Gondolella and Mesogondolella. There are numerous transitional forms in almost every lineage of the Naqing section, which shows that the prospects for South China to play a critical role in determining the basal Moscovian Stage definition are good.
Lower Triassic and Induan‐Olenekian Boundary in Chaohu, Anhui Province, South China
Authors: TONG Jinnan , ZHAO Laishi 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:Since the West Pingdingshan Section in Chaohu was proposed as the candidate of the Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Induan‐Olenekian boundary in 2003, the Lower Triassic of Chaohu has been extensively studied. Based on the studies on the Lower Triassic of Chaohu, (1) a continuous conodont zonation is established, which has become an important reference for Lower Triassic stratigraphic correlation over the world; (2) the First Appearance Datum of conodont Neospathodus waageni was suggested and has been basically accepted as the primary marker to define the Induan‐Olenekian boundary; (3) a characteristic Lower Triassic excursion of carbon isotopes was brought to light and has been proven to be not only an excellent index for the stratigraphic correlation but also a unique indication for the perturbation of ecological environments in the aftermath of the end‐Permian mass extinction; (4) a magnetostratigraphic sequence is constituted with a certain biostratigraphic control in the low‐latitude region and it presents an important correlation to the Boreal sequence; (5) a cyclostratigraphic study provides an alternative method to constrain the age of the chronostratigraphic units; and (6) a scheme of the Olenekian subdivision is recently suggested to define the boundary between the Smithian and Spathian Substages. In addition, Chaohu is also the type locality of the Chaohuan Stage, the upper stage of the Lower Triassic in the China Chronostratigraphic System. Thus, the Lower Triassic of Chaohu is not only a classic sequence in South China, but also a key reference sequence to the investigation of the corresponding stratigraphy and geological events over the world. The recent achievements are viewed here for an overall understanding of the sequence. Then the current situation of the Induan‐Olenekian and Smithian‐Spathian boundaries is discussed to provide a reference for later works.
Conodont Biostratigraphy and Age Determination of the Lower‐Middle Triassic Boundary in South Guizhou Province, China
Authors: YAO Jianxin , JI Zhansheng , WANG Liting , WANG Yanbin , WU Zhenjie , LIU Dunyi , WU Guichun , ZHANG Jianwei , LI Suping 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:The demarcation of the Lower–Middle Triassic boundary is a disputed problem in global stratigraphic research. Lower–Middle Triassic strata of different types, from platform to basin facies, are well developed in Southwest China. This is favorable for the study of the Olenekian–Anisian boundary and establishing a stratotype for the Qingyan Stage. Based on research at the Ganheqiao section in Wangmo county and the Qingyan section in Guiyang city, Guizhou province, six conodont zones have been recognized, which can be correlated with those in other regions, in ascending order as follows: 1, Neospathodus cristagalli Interval‐Zone; 2, Neospathodus pakistanensis Interval‐Zone; 3, Neospathodus waageni Interval‐Zone; 4, Neospathodus homeri‐N. triangularis Assemblage‐Zone; 5, Chiosella timorensis Interval‐Zone; and 6, Neogongdolella regalis Range‐Zone. An evolutionary series of the Early–Middle Triassic conodont genera Neospathodus‐Chiosella‐Neogongdolella discovered in the Ganheqiao and Qingyan sections has an intermediate type named Neospathodus qingyanensis that appears between Neospathodus homeri and Chiosella timorensis in the upper part of the Neospathodus homeri‐N. triangularis Zone, showing an excellent evolutionary relationship of conodonts near the Lower–Middle Triassic boundary. The Lower–Middle Triassic boundary is located at 1.5 m below the top of the Ziyun Formation, where Chiosella timorensis Zone first appears in the Qingyan section, whereas this boundary is located 0.5 m below the top of the Ziyun Formation, where Chiosella timorensis Zone first appears in the Ganheqiao section. There exists one nearly 6‐m thick vitric tuff bed at the bottom of the Xinyuan Formation in the Ganheqiao section, which is usually regarded as a lithologic symbol of the Lower–Middle Triassic boundary in South China. Based on the analysis of high‐precision and high‐sensitivity Secondary Ion Mass Spectrum data, the zircon age of this tuff has a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 239.0 ± 2.9 Ma (2σ), which is a directly measured zircon U‐Pb age of the Lower–Middle Triassic boundary. The Ganheqiao section in Wangmo county can therefore provide an excellent section through the Lower–Middle Triassic because it is continuous, the evolution of the conodonts is distinctive and the regionally stable distributed vitric tuff near the Lower–Middle Triassic boundary can be regarded as a regional key isochronal layer. This section can be regarded not only as a standard section for the establishment of the Qingyan Stage in China, but also as a reference section for the GSSP of the Lower–Middle Triassic boundary.
Stratigraphy of the Triassic–Jurassic Boundary Successions of the Southern Margin of the Junggar Basin, Northwestern China
Authors: SHA Jingeng , VAJDA Vivi , PAN Yanhong , LARSSON Linda , YAO Xiaogang , ZHANG Xiaolin , WANG Yaqiong , CHENG Xiansheng , JIANG Baoyu , DENG Shenghui , CHEN Siwei , PENG Bo 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:The Triassic–Jurassic (Tr–J) boundary marks a major extinction event, which (∼200 Ma) resulted in global extinctions of fauna and flora both in the marine and terrestrial realms. There prevail great challenges in determining the exact location of the terrestrial Tr–J boundary, because of endemism of taxa and the scarcity of fossils in terrestrial settings leading to difficulties in linking marine and terrestrial sedimentary successions. Investigation based on palynology and bivalves has been carried out over a 1113 m thick section, which is subdivided into 132 beds, along the Haojiagou valley on the southern margin of the Junggar Basin of the northern Xinjiang, northwestern China. The terrestrial Lower Jurassic is conformably resting on the Upper Triassic strata. The Upper Triassic covers the Huangshanjie Formation overlaid by the Haojiagou Formation, while the Lower Jurassic comprises the Badaowan Formation followed by the Sangonghe Formation. Fifty six pollen and spore taxa and one algal taxon were identified from the sediments. Based on the key‐species and abundance of spores and pollen, three zones were erected: the Late Triassic (Rhaetian)Aratrisporites‐AlisporitesAssemblage, the Early Jurassic (Hettangian)Perinopollenites–PinuspollenitesAssemblage, and the SinemurianPerinopollenites–CycadopitesAssemblage. The Tr–J boundary is placed between bed 44 and 45 coincident with the boundary between the Haojiagou and Badaowan formations. Beds withFerganoconcha(?),Unio–FerganoconchaandWaagenoperna–Yananoconchabivalve assemblages are recognized. TheFerganoconcha(?) bed is limited to the upper Haojiagou Formation,Unio–FerganoconchaandWaagenoperna–Yananoconchaassemblages are present in the middle and upper members of the Badaowan Formation. The sedimentary succession is interpreted as terrestrial with two mainly lake deposit intervals within Haojiagou and Badaowan formations, yielding fresh water algae and bivalves. However, the presence of brackish water algaeTasmanitesand the marine‐littoral facies bivalveWaagenopernafrom the Badaowan Formation indicate that the Junggar Basin was influenced by sea water caused by transgressions from the northern Tethys, during the Sinemurian.
On the Lower Cretaceous in Yixian County of Jinzhou City, Western Liaoning, China
Authors: JI Qiang , LIU Yongqing , JIANG Xiaojun 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:Traditionally, the lacustrine deposits in Yixian County of Western Liaoning have been assigned to either “the Dakangpu Bed” of the Yixian Formation or the Jiufotang Formation. However, a 206Pb/238U age of 126.47 ± 0.87 Ma is newly obtained from the tuff sample (06051) of the lacustrine deposits in the Baitaigou fossil site of Potaizi village, Yixian County, indicating that the lacustrine deposits in Potaizi area are approximately equivalent to the Wumingshan volcanics of the Sihetun Bed of the Yixian Formation in Beipiao. From our new dating data have arisen some new problems: Where could we find the Jiufotang Formation in Yixian County? How widely distributed is the Jiufotang Formation in Western Liaoning? Could the traditionally named Jiufotang Formation somewhere in Western Liaoning be the synchronous deposits of other litho‐units (e.g. the Yixian Formation) in different facies? Could some lacustrine deposits somewhere in Western Liaoning have been assigned to the Jiufotang Formation?
Chinese Continental Paleocene‐Eocene Boundary and Its Correlation
Authors: WANG Yuanqing , TONG Yongsheng , LI Qian 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:Recent paleontological, paleomagnetic and carbon isotopic investigations have provided new evidence supporting placement of the Chinese terrestrial Paleocene–Eocene boundary at the base of the Lingcha Formation in the Hengyang Basin, Hunan Province, and within the upper part of the Nomogen Formation in the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia. Based on mammalian and ostracod biostratigraphic data, the boundary can also be roughly correlated with the contacts between the Baoyue and Huayong formations in the Sanshui Basin of Guangdong, the Qingjiang and Xinyu formations of Jiangxi, the Fourth Formation of the Funing Group and the Dainan Formation in northern Jiangsu, and the Dabu and Shisanjianfang formations in the Turfan Basin of Xinjiang.
Special Lateral Increase in a Permian Rugose Coral Kepingophyllum aksuence Wu et Chow
Authors: ZHANG Feng , WANG Xiangdong 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:Well‐preserved specimens of Kepingophyllum aksuence Wu et Chow were collected from Early Permian strata in western Tarim Basin, Xinjiang. More than 100 serial thin sections were made for this study. Kepingophyllum aksuence displays a unique increase pattern. The bud appears in lonsdaleoid dissepiments between the corallites where the wall of parent corallite disappears and the area becomes aphroid. This increase pattern is different from other lateral increases of most colonial rugose corals, and therefore has taxonomic significance to differentiate Kepingophyllidae from other compound rugose corals. It is also discussed that Kepingophyllum aksuence has a high “reproductive integration”, which means a rapid growth of buds during the offsetting process. Kepingophyllum was possibly originated from Ivanovia and was also a probable ancestor of Wentzellophyllum, which is supported here by more or less the similarity of the blastogeny in different stages of three taxa.
First Description of Fossil Naucoridae (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha) from Late Mesozoic of China
Authors: ZHANG Weiting , YAO Yunzhi , REN Dong , ZHAO Yunyun 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:Herein the description and illustration of two new fossil genera and species of Naucoridae, Exilcrus cameriferus gen. & sp. Nov. and Miroculus laticephlus gen. & sp. Nov., are provided. Both species were collected from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. The complete preservation of the new specimens enable us to determine the characters of the specimens reported here. This finding represents the first record of fossil Naucoridae from China, which includes well‐preserved nymphs. The possibility of a predatory habit of these specimens is discussed.
A New Cockroach Genus of the Family Fuziidae from Northeastern China (Insecta: Blattida)
Authors: GUO Yinxia , REN Dong 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:A new genus and two new species of fossil Fuziidae are described and illustrated: Parvifuzia gen. nov., P. marsa sp. nov. and P. brava sp. nov. Both species were collected from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan, Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia of China. In conjunction with Fuzia Vršanský, Liang et Ren, 2009, the present findings allow us to demonstrate that members of the family were morphologically diverse, with body length ranging from medium (17 mm) in Fuzia to small (9.7 mm) in the present genus. Wing venation of F. dadao is complicated, but simple in the present species, and apex of male's cerci are sharp and forceps‐like in F. dadao, but strongly curved inward and round in the new genus.
The epidemiology of osteoarthritis in Asia
Authors: FRANSEN Marlene , BRIDGETT Lisa , MARCH Lyn , HOY Damian , PENSERGA Ester , BROOKS Peter 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWorldwide, osteoarthritis (OA) is estimated to be the fourth leading cause of disability. Most of this disability burden is attributable to the involvement of the hips or the knees. OA is strongly associated with ageing and the Asian region is ageing rapidly. Further, OA has been associated with heavy physical occupational activity, a required livelihood for many people living in rural communities in developing countries. Unfortunately, joint replacement surgery, an effective intervention for people with severe OA involving the hips or knees, is inaccessible to most people in these regions. On the other hand, obesity, another major risk factor, may be less prevalent, although it is on the increase. Determining region‐specific OA prevalence and risk factor profiles will provide important information for planning future cost‐effective preventive strategies and health care services. An update of what is currently known about the prevalence of hip and knee OA from population‐based studies conducted in the Asian region is presented in this review. Many of the recent studies have conducted comparisons between urban and rural areas and poor and affluent communities. The results of Asian‐based studies evaluating risk factors from population‐based cohorts or case–control studies, and the current evidence on OA morbidity burden in Asia is also outlined.
Improving care for people with osteoarthritis of the hip and knee: How has national policy for osteoarthritis been translated into service models in Australia?
Authors: BRAND Caroline , HUNTER David , HINMAN Rana , MARCH Lyn , OSBORNE Richard , BENNELL Kim 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThere is strong rationale for improving care for people with chronic conditions, including osteoarthritis (OA). Successful implementation of healthcare reform requires new concepts and directions that are strongly supported by policy, new models of care (service redesign) and changes in day‐to‐day practice (healthcare provider and patient practice). In this paper we discuss the extent to which policy about management of OA of the hip and knee has been translated into new service models in Australia. A structured search of government and other key health websites in Australia was performed to identify policy, funding initiatives and new services models for managing OA of the hip and knee. This search was supported by a literature review. Musculoskeletal conditions were designated a National Health Priority in Australia in 2002. Under the Better Arthritis and Osteoporosis Care initiative, Australia has developed a national policy for OA care and national evidence‐based clinical practice guidelines for management of OA of the hip and knee. Only two well‐described examples of new chronic disease management service models, the Osteoarthritis Clinical Pathway (OACP) model and the Osteoarthritis Hip and Knee Service (OAHKS) were identified. Primarily focused within acute care public hospital settings, these have been shown to be feasible and acceptable but have limited data on clinical impact and cost‐effectiveness. While policy is extant, implementation has not been systematic and comprehensive. Clinicians have evidence‐based recommendations for OA management but are poorly supported by service models to deliver these effectively and efficiently.