bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crossing fitness valleys during the evolution of limpet homing behaviour
Authors: Stafford Richard 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Evolution is often considered a gradual hill-climbing process, slowly increasing the fitness of organisms. Here I investigate evolution of homing behaviour in simulated intertidal limpets. While the simulation of homing is only a possible mechanism by which homing may have evolved, the process allows an investigation of how evolution may occur over different fitness landscapes. With some fitness landscapes, in order to evolve path integration as a homing mechanism, a temporary reduction in an organism’s fitness was required — since high developmental costs occurred before successful homing strategies evolved. Simple hill-climbing algorithms, therefore, only rarely resulted in the evolution of a functional homing behaviour. The inclusion of trail-following greatly increases the frequency of success of evolution of a path integration strategy. Initially an emergent homing behaviour is formed combining path integration with trail-following. This also demonstrates evolution through exaptation, since in the simulation, the original role of trail-following is likely to be unrelated to homing. Analysis of the fitness landscapes of homing in the presence of trail-following behaviour shows a high variability of fitness, which results in the formation of ‘stepping-stones’ of high fitness across fitness valleys. By using these stepping-stones, simple hill-climbing algorithms can reach the global maximum fitness value.
A Bacteriological Study of Diabetic Foot Infection in an Urban Tertiary Care Hospital in Dhaka City
Authors: Paul Samir , Barai Lovely , Jahan Ashraf , Haq J Ashraful 
Published: January 2010

Identification of organisms and effective antibiotic therapy is an important component of treatment of diabetic foot infections. This study was undertaken to determine the organisms associated with diabetic foot infection (DFI) and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. A total of 75 patients having type 2 diabetes mellitus with Wagner's grade 1-5 foot ulcers attending BIRDEM hospital were included in the study. Specimens were processed for aerobic culture. The bacteriological isolation and antimicrobial sensitivity tests of the isolates were done by standard microbiological methods. Gram negative bacilli were tested for extended spectrum â lactamase (ESBL) production by double disc diffusion method. Culture was positive in 92% of the cases which yielded 135 pathogens. Of the positive culture, 75.3% had multiple organisms. Polymicrobial infection was more in higher grade of foot ulcers. Gram negative organisms were most frequently isolated (80%) bacteria. Pseudomonas (48%) and Proteus sp.(33%) was the most common Gram negative organisms isolated. Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated gram positive organism (21.3%). ESBL production was noted in 31.5% Gram negative bacilli and methicillin resistance was noted in 43.8% of Staphylococcus aureus. Most of the Gram negative bacilli were resistant to various classes of antibiotics. Imepenem was the most effective agent against Gram negative organisms, while vancomycin was for staphylococcus. The present study has shown that infection with multidrug resistant Gram negative bacilli is the most common cause of DFI in BIRDEM hospital. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 50-54 DOI: 10.3329/imcj.v3i2.4216
Management Strategies of Major Hepatobiliary Cysts - A Retrospective Study of 145 Consecutive Patients
Authors: Ali Mohammad , Rashid Md Mamunur , Husain Muhd. Mustaque , Rabbi Hashim , Ahmed AHM Tanvir , Akhter Kazi Mahbuba , Alam Hasina , Faruq Amreen , Narmeen Tamanna , Yasmin Farzana 
Published: January 2010

Hepatobiliary cysts consist of a heterogeneous group of diseases that differ in cause, prevalence and manifestations. Some are found incidentally on imaging studies and tend to have a benign course. Symptomatic cysts and those become endanger to life need adequate treatment. We are reporting clinical and pathological features of 145 patients with different types of Hepatobiliary cysts along with their therapeutic approaches and outcomes. Study period was September 1997 to July 2006 (107 months). The most common was simple cyst followed by hydatid and choledochal cysts. Fifty-four (37.25%) cysts were asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally, 75 (51.72%) had some form of symptoms; like abdominal pain, discomfort and swelling. Complications like obstructive jaundice; portal hypertension, vena caval obstruction, bronchobiliary fistula and peritonitis are noted in remaining 16 (11.03%) symptomatic patients. They were treated by partial pericystectomy with omentoplasty (44.83%), excision of the cyst with Roux-en-Y Hepaticojejunostomy or Cholangiojejunostomy (16.55%), partial pericystectomy with closure of the biliary leakage and omentoplasty (13.8%), closed total cystectomy (5.52%), right or left typical or atypical hepatectomy (14.49%), segmental deroofing and fenestration (4.8%). There were no operative deaths or major postoperative complications. The recurrence was documented in 7 patients (4.83%) in the follow up period. Three patients with hepatobiliary cystadenocarcinoma died during follow-up. In summary, Clinico-pathological features, therapeutic approaches and outcome of 145 Hepatobiliary cysts after surgery has been discussed in the light of published literatures. DOI: 10.3329/jbcps.v27i1.4238 J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2009; 27: 13-21
Achievement Motivation
Authors: Wigfield Allan , Cambria Jenna 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Motivational psychologists study what moves people to act and why people think and do what they do (Weiner, 1992). Motivation energizes and directs actions, and so it has great relevance to many important developmental outcomes such as school achievement, performance in other activity areas, and overall mental health. Fundamentally, motivational theorists and researchers work to understand the motivational predictors of choice, persistence, and effort (Wigfield, Eccles, Schiefele, Roeser, & Davis‐Kean, 2006). Achievement motivation refers more specifically to motivation relevant to performance on tasks in which there are criteria to judge success or failure. Examples of these kinds of tasks are school activities, work activities, and competitive sport activities. In all such activities competence is a crucial part of motivation to achieve. Motivation in all forms is most directly observable in the level of energy in individual's behaviors.
Acting Out
Authors: Toch Hans 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The term “acting out” has been used to label behavior in a variety of contexts, ranging from preschools and kindergartens (to describe kids such as Johnny, who has decimated a prized collection of stuffed animals, and thrown them about) to psychological treatment settings (with regard to patients like Mildred, who has punched her therapist in the nose after he offered her a particularly insightful interpretation). The concept is most extensively in vogue, however, in organizations that deal with criminal offenders or persons who have been diagnosed as having mental health problems.
Actualization
Authors: Fischer Constance T. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The general common meaning of actualization is moving from potential into reality–actuality. Actualization is broadly valued in American culture, as is evident in the saying that anyone can become president, and in a recent army advertisement campaign urging potential recruits to “Be all that you can be.” In American psychology, self‐actualization has come to refer to a person's bringing into reality his or her own potential for a richly fulfilling, open, and appreciative life. In most recent times, actualization is more explicitly coming to include moving beyond self to identifying with humanity, nature, and the cosmos.
A
dler,
A
lfred (1871–1937)
Authors: Ansbacher Heinz L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Alfred Adler founded the school of Individual Psychology, a theory of personality and psychopathology, as well as a method of psychotherapy. Based on the concepts of the unit, goal striving, and active participation of the individual, it is a humanistic view of psychology rather than a mechanistic drive psychology. It stresses cognitive rather than unconscious processes. Adler accepted being called “father of the inferiority complex.”
Adolescent Depression
Authors: McCauley Elizabeth , Schloredt Kelly 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Depression during the adolescent years is a major public health problem. While somewhat rare in childhood, the rate of depressive disorders escalates over five‐fold in the adolescent years, moving from a 12‐month prevalence of less than 3% in the sixth‐ to ninth‐grade years to a prevalence of 17% during the eighteenth year of life (Hankin
,
Abramson, Moffitt, Silva, McGee, & Angell, 1998). Whereas rates of depression increase during this period for both boys and girls, by mid to late adolescence, depressed females outnumber depressed males by a ratio of 2:1 (Hankin et al., 1998). It is estimated that 20% of young people will have at least one episode of clinical depression by age 18, and 65% will experience transient or less severe depressive symptoms (Lewinsohn, Hops, Roberts, Seeley, & Andrews, 1993).
Aesthetics
Authors: Smith Lisa F. , Smith Jeffrey K. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Aesthetics is the study of how human beings react in sensory and emotional fashion to the things we encounter in life, especially as being appealing or not appealing. Is a person beautiful? Is this dessert delicious? Is that work of art particularly moving? Researchers who study taste or beauty in humans are engaged in work in aesthetics, but in recent years the field has focused more on how people react to works of art, broadly defined (fine arts, music, architecture, film, and so on). Although the field evolved from and still has close ties to philosophy, aesthetics from the perspective of how people actually perceive and react to works of art can be seen as a logical branch of the study of psychology. This is sometimes referred to as the psychology of aesthetics or empirical aesthetics, to differentiate it from its philosophical cousin. This line is not always clear, however, and some scholars, notably Dewey, move with facility between philosophy and psychology. Aesthetics can be contrasted to the related term, art, in that aesthetics concerns the reception of stimuli rather than their production.
Affective Development
Authors: Wertlieb Donald , Vashchenko Myrna V. , Spetter Dante 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAffect, as a feature or type of behavior, and hence a focus of psychology, is one of the least understood and most challenging problems in the field. “Affect” relates to and/or encompasses a wide range of concepts and phenomena including feelings, emotions, moods, motivation, and certain drives and instincts. It is often used as a synonym of “emotion”; however, others have used it to describe external manifestations of emotion or mood. Anger, joy, fear, laughter, sadness, anxiety, pride, love, hate, and so on—are all so central to human experience, yet so little understood by psychology. Theorists and researchers have approached affect in numerous ways, often using idiosyncratic, contradictory, or mutually exclusive conceptualizations and operational definitions, thus resulting in confusion and limited progress in our understanding of affect or any of these other related or synonymous constructs.
Aging and Intelligence
Authors: Li Shu‐Chen , Li Karen Z. H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPhenomena of aging effects on intellectual and cognitive functioning are investigated by research approaches at the psychometric, information‐processing, and biological levels. Evidence from these approaches complements each other and should be considered conjointly for a comprehensive overview of aging and intelligence. Recent neurcomputational approaches help to integrate theory and data across these levels.
Akathisia
Authors: Brüne Martin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The term
akathisia
(literally “not to sit”) was introduced by the Bohemian neuropsychiatrist Lad Haskovec in 1901 (Haskovec, 1901). Akathisia represents a complex psychomotor syndrome, comprising a subjective (emotional) and an objective (motor) component (Sachdev, 1995; Iqbal, Lambert, & Masand, 2007). The subjective symptoms of akathisia include inner restlessness, urge to move (tasikinesia), inability to remain still, general unease, discomfort, inability to relax, poor concentration, dysphoria, anxiety, fear, terror, rage, suicidal ideation, and aggressive thoughts.
Alcohol Use Disorders
Authors: Sher Kenneth J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWithin theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM‐IV‐TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), alcohol use disorders (AUDs) can be subdivided into two major diagnoses: alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence.Alcohol abuserefers to a pathological pattern of drinking marked by one or more of four domains of problems—specifically recurrent using of alcohol in physically hazardous situations, legal problems, problems in fulfilling role obligations, and interpersonal problems.Alcohol dependencerefers to a presumed more severe condition marked by three or more of seven criteria—tolerance, withdrawal, impaired control of drinking, inability to cut down or abstain, a great deal of time spent drinking or recovering from alcohol's effects, important activities given up because of drinking, and drinking despite knowledge that it is having adverse effects on one's mental and/or physical health.
Alexia/Dyslexia
Authors: Miller Carlin J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

In an increasingly literate world, the inability to read is a significant disability that may affect academic success, employment, and self‐concept. Because widespread literacy is a relatively recent historical development, it should not be surprising that it was only about 100 years ago that the first case of alexia or “word blindness” was described. By definition, the term
alexia
describes a condition in which reading ability is lost as a result of some neurological insult, such as head injury or stroke. With alexia, it is assumed that the individual had adequate reading achievement prior to the neurological insult, and therefore, the disability is not developmental in nature.
Alexithymia
Authors: Zimmermann Grégoire 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
All individuals experience emotions and feelings, two terms that are often used interchangeably in everyday language. However, contemporary specialists in the area of affect concur that emotions are multifaceted phenomena characterized by more or less coordinated changes in three components: a cognitive‐experiential component (subjective conscious experience, such as feeling happy), a behavioral‐expressive component (characteristic overt expression, such as frowning), and a physiological component (autonomic arousal, such an increase in heart rate or blood pressure). With particular respect to the cognitive component, people differ considerably in the degree to which they pay attention to their emotional experiences, as well as in their abilities to differentiate between their feelings and share them with others. The alexithymia construct has been proposed to account for this variability.
All‐or‐None Law
Authors: Thorne B. Michael 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The major parts of a neuron or nerve cell include the dendrites, the cell body, and the axon, which is a single, relatively long process extending away from the cell body. The neuron typically receives information from neighboring neurons through chemical substances called neurotransmitters that are released near the dendrites and cell body. The neuron may relay this information to other neurons by the nerve impulse, which is a characteristic of the axon.
American Psychological Association of Graduate Students
Authors: Hasan Nadia T. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The American Psychological Association of Graduate Students (APAGS) is a continuing committee within the American Psychological Association (APA) that advocates for the unique needs and concerns of graduate students. APAGS consists of approximately 40,000 student affiliate members and is one of the largest constituency groups within the APA. APAGS is the largest group of organized psychology graduate students in the world (APAGS, 2008).
American Psychological Association Code of Ethics
Authors: Stricker George 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The American Psychological Association (APA) promulgated the first Code of Ethics for psychologists in 1953. This publication, however, had been preceded by a committee devoted to ethical concerns that had been formed in 1938, and was based on the work of a committee organized in 1947 (Canter, Bennett, Jones, & Nagy, 1994). The formalization and codification of ethical standards was a response to the increasing professionalization of psychology, a development that began during World War II.
Animal Intelligence
Authors: Vonk Jennifer , Povinelli Daniel J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe study of animal intelligence has been addressed by ethologists, biologists, psychologists, anthropologists, neurologists, zoologists, and ecologists, among others, each guided by different theoretical perspectives. Representatives from each field have thus defined intelligence in different ways. The resulting disparate theoretical definitions have, not surprisingly, led to distinct operational definitions, encouraging strikingly different methodological approaches to the study of intelligent behavior in animals. Two broad approaches can be identified. Researchers studying animals in the field (e.g., ethologists, biologists, behavioral ecologists) have tended to focus on questions of how animals adapt to and solve ecological problems, whereas those studying animals in captive environments (e.g., psychologists) have focused on questions of generalized learning and memory and concept formation.
Anomic Aphasia
Authors: Casas Rachel , Tranel Daniel 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAnomic aphasia is a very disabling disorder that results from acquired brain dysfunction (typically stroke, traumatic brain injury, or temporal lobe resection). Patients with anomic aphasia manifest an isolated deficit in their ability to name things like concrete entities (named by nouns), actions (named by verbs), or spatial relationships (named by prepositions). Defective naming, also known as anomia, is a frequent part of the symptom complex that characterizes patients with aphasia (Goodglass & Wingfield, 1997; Tranel & Anderson, 1999), where aphasia refers to disturbances of the comprehension and formulation of verbal messages caused by acquired damage to language‐related brain structures (typically in the left hemisphere).
Applied Behavior Analysis
Authors: Meador Stephanie K. , Hatfield David B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractApplied behavior analysis (ABA) refers to the application of the science of behavior whereby observable behavior is studied and operantly modified. Data are continually collected and evaluated during baseline and intervention phases, and guide all decisions regarding intervention modifications. The roots of applied behavior analysis can be tracked back to the field of experimental behavior analysis in which animal behaviors were modified through systematic manipulation of environmental events, such as the repeated presentation and removal of antecedents (events that immediately precede behavior) and consequences (events that immediately follow behavior).
Approach‐Avoidance Conflict
Authors: McNaughton Neil 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
When meeting a group of strangers, or being asked to speak in public, we can experience concurrent approach and withdrawal tendencies—both stick and carrot. When approach and avoidance are both strong, the conflict can be experienced as social, or performance, or some other form of anxiety. It can also bias our economic behavior making us risk averse. If chronic, conflict results in stress.
Assistive Technology
Authors: Brodwin Martin G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
As all areas of society continue to become more technologically advanced, individuals who have disabilities and chronic medical conditions are benefiting through the use of assistive technology and becoming more mainstreamed into American society. As they become more independent in all areas of life and are less reliant on public services, society benefits as well. Many of these persons have been able to find employment or return to work. Therefore, the income for individuals with disabilities increases, as does their purchasing power to buy goods and services. Assistive technology offers an effective and viable means to increase or restore functioning, enhance quality of life, and diminish barriers, physical as well as attitudinal.
Association for Psychological Science
Authors: Kraut Alan , Brookhart Sarah 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The Association for Psychological Science (APS,
http://www.psychologicalscience.org
) is the leading international organization devoted solely to scientific psychology. Its mission is to promote, protect, and advance the interests of scientifically oriented psychology in research, application, and improvement of human welfare. APS has been a significant force in unifying and strengthening the science of psychology.
Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers
Authors: Kaslow Nadine J. , Keilin W. Gregory , Hsu Jeanette 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFounded in 1968 and incorporated in 1982, the Association of Psychology Internship Centers (APIC) was originally constituted as an informal group of psychologists involved in internship training. These trainers banded together for the purpose of sharing information about mutual problems. Over time, the organization expanded its mission to include postdoctoral training as well as internship training, and in 1992 it was renamed the Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC).
Asthma
Authors: Schmaling Karen B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Asthma is characterized by inflammation of the airways, leading to hyperresponsiveness and/or and obstruction, which result in cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and other clinical symptoms. Asthma often begins in childhood and is the most common chronic illness of childhood. Host (e.g., genetic) and environmental (e.g., allergens, stress) factors appear to interact to produce altered immune system responses that result in inflammation. Asthma is more prevalent in children (8.5%) than in adults (6.7%), females than males, African Americans than whites, those of Puerto Rican than Mexican origin among Hispanics, and among impoverished persons versus those at or above the federal poverty level (Moorman et al., 2007).
Attribution Theory
Authors: Weiner Bernard 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAttribution theory refers to a field of study rather than to a specific scientific conception. The heart of this area of investigation includes assumptions, hypotheses, and theories regarding how laypersons arrive at answers to “why” questions such as: “Why did I fail my exam?” and “Why did Jim and Mary break up?” Note, then, that this approach grapples with both self‐ and other perception. In addition, there also is concern with the consequences of causal beliefs, including their emotional and motivational significance. Although attribution inquiry is typically included under the domain of social psychology, it has had impact in the areas of clinical, cognitive, developmental, educational, personality, and motivational psychology as well, thereby providing a general foundation for psychology.