bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Origin, history, production and processing.
Authors: Huang XuMing Huang XuMing , Subhadrabandhu S. , Mitra S. K. , Ben-Arie R. , Stern R. A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter covers the history of cultivation of longan and litchi (Litchi chinensis); litchi production in China, Vietnam, Thailand, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Philippines, Indonesia, southern Africa, Australia, North America, Brazil, Mexico and Israel; longan production in China, Vietnam, Thailand, Australia and USA; drying and canning of longan and litchi fruits; products from litchi and longan (juice and nectar, and frozen fruits); and international trading of longan and litchi.
Fruit set, development and maturation: litchi.
Authors: Huang HuiBai Huang HuiBai 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter discusses the following aspects of fruit development and maturation in litchi (Litchi chinensis): embryology, histology and organogenesis; types of fruit; fruit growth stages; fruit abscission; role of growth regulators (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene) in fruit development; and changes in sugars, acids, nutrient uptake and colour during fruit maturation.
Decision analysis with multiple objectives.
Authors: Hardaker J. B. , Huirne R. B. M. , Anderson J. R. , Lien G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter sets out the components and methods that permit decision analysis with multiple objectives, in the context of agriculture. Sections discuss: the concepts of objectives and attributes; structuring of the decision problem; basic concepts in multi-attribute utility; assessing attribute utilities; methods for weighing attribute utilities; multi-attribute utility analysis under uncertainty; and other forms of multi-attribute utility analysis.
Molecular approaches to the analysis of gastrointestinal microbial ecosystems.
Authors: Flint H. J. , Leitch E. C. M. , Duncan S. H. , Walker A. W. , Patterson A. J. , Rincon M. T. , Scott K. P. , Louis P. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Molecular analyses of ribosomal sequence diversity in mammalian and avian gut ecosystems reveal that a high proportion of gut bacteria do not correspond to known, cultured species. Many of the dominant microbial colonizers of the large intestine and rumen, of which the majority are related to the Bacteroides or Firmicutes groups, are highly sensitive to oxygen or are fastidious in their growth requirements. A wide range of 'culture-independent' approaches is now available for tracking the microbial composition of gut samples, ranging from specific probes to profiling techniques that exploit ribosomal sequence information. It remains crucially important, however, to be able to relate particular phylogenetic groups to their roles in the gut, and to their impact upon the host. This can be achieved through the isolation of abundant, but previously little-studied, groups of gut microbes, through molecular analysis of shifts in microbial communities in vivo and in vitro and, in some cases, through the targeting of functionally significant genes. Examples of these approaches, as applied to the breakdown of dietary carbohydrates, the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, will be used to illustrate their potential for advancing understanding of complex gut ecosystems.
Sperm competition and fertilization success.
Authors: Birkhead T. R. , Pizzari T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Much of our understanding of the reproductive physiology of birds is derived from research by poultry biologists. Starting in the 1970s behavioural ecologists began to explore the evolutionary consequences of female promiscuity across a range of taxa, but mainly insects and birds, focusing on the fact that, if females copulate with two or more males in a single reproductive cycle, selection will favour the male that fertilizes the female's ova. Since male-male competition and female choice can continue after copulation, this area of research is known as post-copulatory sexual selection and comprises both sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Behavioural ecologists concentrated initially on functional (ultimate) issues (the adaptive significance of particular traits) but later also started to address mechanistic (proximate) questions. Information on the reproductive biology of domesticated birds from poultry research and collaboration between poultry biologists and behavioural ecologists provided an unusually productive opportunity for understanding some of the mechanisms of post-copulatory sexual selection in birds within an evolutionary context. We review those studies to identify the factors that determine male and female reproductive success.
Hatching egg and chick quality.
Authors: Bruggeman V. , Tona K. , Onagbesan O. , Decuypere E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Increasing evidence shows that factors which can alter in the internal and external environment of the hatching egg have repercussions not only on embryonic development, hatchability and day-old-chick quality but most probably also on post-hatch growth performance. Incubation of fertile eggs, and thus embryonic development, takes place under specific conditions of turning, temperature, humidity and gaseous environment. In addition to these variables, other characteristics of the hatching egg can vary due to differences in maternal feeding, breeder age and storage conditions. All these egg- and incubation-related factors can, potentially, influence the development and metabolism of the embryo, its hatching process and the day-old-chick quality. Moreover, an overview of the current systems of scoring 1-day-old chick quality will be given. It will become clear that adaptations of components in the hatching egg or of the incubation and early post-hatch environment to the requirements of the hatching egg of modern breeds could lead to improved post-hatch performance.
Ratites, game birds and minor poultry species.
Authors: Deeming D. C. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

There is considerable emphasis on understanding the breeding biology of domestic fowl, turkeys and duck but not of the other commercially significant species, such as ratites, game birds, guinea fowl and pigeons. In general, our understanding of breeding in these species is poor relative to that of commercial poultry. The only exception is the ostrich, which has been the subject of numerous studies of breeding behaviour, fertility and incubation, both in the wild and in captivity. Other ratite species have received less attention. Despite the economic importance of game birds in Europe and North America, especially pheasant and partridge, studies on reproduction in these species are mainly limited to a few investigations into factors affecting fertility. Improving our understanding of guinea fowl breeding would greatly assist in maximizing production in its native Africa. Of the species described in this chapter, the pigeon is of note because its pattern of reproduction is reliant on long-term pairing of birds and their role in the rearing of the altricial offspring. The paucity of information made it difficult to derive general trends between species in their reproductive biology. However, it was clear that to maximize productivity many of these species of birds needed to be kept as pairs or at least in small groups. This contrasts with industrial poultry production, where group sizes are typically in the thousands. Another aspect of the breeding biology of these minor species is a general lack of breeding technology, e.g. artificial insemination, in egg production. There is considerable scope for further research into these species, which will yield information of both scientific and commercial interest.
Orchard floor management systems.
Authors: Tworkoski T. J. , Glenn D. M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter considers individual system management components (orchard floor preparation before planting; weed effects; weed management; orchard floor management effects on insects and small mammals; management of ground covers, row middles and drive alleys; and ground cover interactions with irrigation and fertilizer application), their integration, and their influences on the management of a peach orchard floor (soil and understorey vegetation of an orchard ecosystem). Management systems (year-round vegetation-free orchard floor, vegetation-free tree rows with vegetated drive alleys, and permanent vegetation management by mowing) are discussed.
Insects and mites.
Authors: Horton D. L. , Fuest J. , Cravedi P. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter presents the following insect and mite pests of peach: direct insect pests (Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta; codling moth, Cydia pomonella; peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella; tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis; plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar; scarab beetles; plant bugs (Miridae); stink bugs (Pentatomidae); leaf-footed bugs (Coreidae); thrips (Thysanoptera); and Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata), indirect insect pests (peach tree borers, Synanthedon spp.; armoured scale (Diaspididae); and aphids, Aphididae) and mite pests (two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, and European red mite, Panonychus ulmi). The effects of these pests on crop growth and yield are discussed. The life history and management (mainly through pheromone mating disruption and chemical control methods) of these pests are covered.
Preharvest factors affecting peach quality.
Authors: Crisosto C. H. , Costa G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

In this chapter, peach fruit quality definitions from the consumer point of view are discussed. The relationship between fruit maturity and quality, and the effects of genotype (cultivar and rootstock) on fruit flavour and postharvest life potential are described. The effects of mineral nutrition (mainly N and Ca as the most studied nutrients) and irrigation regimes on fruit quality are discussed. A canopy management section providing practical information on leaf removal, girdling techniques, and the use of reflective materials to improve fruit size and enhance red skin colour is included. Examples that illustrate the influence of crop load and canopy position on fruit quality and postharvest storage potential are presented.
'Glocal' heterotopias: new-flâneur's transit narratives.
Authors: Fahmi W. S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter explores a mobilities connection with urban semiotics within what it calls Moscow's 'post-Soviet' contested Metro(scape) enacting a variety of (re-/de-)constructed local identities within emerging global urban spaces which are subjected to branded global-local ('glocal') landscapes with distinct signs and billboards, representing the corporate identity of postmodern spatiality. As spatial infrastructure and venue for contested social spaces, post-communist Metro(scape)'s spatiality is phenomenologically experienced as 'a series of stages' where individuals (petty traders, commuters, and urban youth) assume different identities under space-time compression, and is semiologically represented as a collective collage. The chapter proposes a (de)constructive narrative of a transit journey of dissolved boundaries (within) Moscow's underground Metro, a situational representation of a navigation with the camera's lens inside-out of transit spaces within Moscow's post-Soviet Metro(scape), employing digital pixels and collages.
Mineral nutrition of the olive.
Authors: Therios I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter aims to provine some information on mineral nutrition and salt tolerance of olive trees. The topics discussed are: the needs of olives for N, P, K and their concentration in various plant parts; the annual needs for N, P, K and Ca for various fruits and the annual variations in N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations in leaves as well as N distribution in fruiting olive shoots; the concentrations of various nutrients considered as being adequate; nutrient stress and growth; nutrient deficiency or excess and photosynthesis; N excess and quality of olive oil and table olives; roles of N and its assimilation, kinetics of nitrate absorption and effect of N form on growth; olive culture and the nitrate accumulation problem; nitrates leaching from olive orchards; roles of K, P, Ca and Mg and their absorption; roles of B and Mn; response of olive trees to salinity; olive fertilizer application and slow-release fertilizers.
Pruning.
Authors: Therios I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Pruning of olive trees has two main objectives, i.e. to improve vegetative growth and reproductive growth. The effects of pruning on the photosynthesis, shape, growth habit and hormone balance in olive trees are discussed. The pruning tools and costs are described. The objectives of pruning during the training period, the procedures that should be followed for the annual pruning of mature olive trees, and the main canopy shapes created by pruning of olive trees are also described.
Chemical and integrated weed management in olive orchards.
Authors: Therios I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter describes the effects of soil characteristics (soil texture and organic matter), irrigation system and age of the orchard on weed management using herbicides in olive orchards. Different types of herbicides used and their modes of action are described. The integrated method of weed control, which is the combination of chemical, biological, cultural, and mechanical methods, is highlighted. Future perspectives of integrated weed management are given.
Agroecology and crop adaptation.
Authors: Materne M. , Siddique K. H. M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter describes the production environments; phenological adaptation to the environment; flowering response to photoperiod and temperature; and the impact of abiotic stresses (water availability, waterlogging, temperature, nutrient toxicity including salinity and sodicity, and mineral deficiency), diseases, and management (sowing time, weed control, and harvesting method) on adaptation of lentil. Improvement of adaptation through understanding genotype by environment interactions in lentil is discussed. To improve adaptation, the key traits that facilitate increased production (level and reliability of seed production), farming system benefit and price (quality of seed), or reduce cost must be identified, quantified and addressed through improved production technology and breeding. More specifically, profitability is a culmination of a species interaction with the environment, in particular the quantity and distribution of rainfall and temperature which influences the length of growing season, soil characteristics and biotic stresses, and cultural practices. Farming system benefits include those involved with rotation, such as providing a disease break or improving soil nutrition, weed management, and the timing and simplicity of total farm operation.
Genetic resources: collection, characterization, conservation and documentation.
Authors: Furman B. J. , Coyne C. , Redden B. , Sharma S. K. , Vishnyakova M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter describes the major ex situ and core collections (including landraces, wild relatives, elite germplasm and cultivars), aiming to explore the genetic diversity of the global germplasm collections; in situ conservation; characterization and evaluation of collections for key agronomic traits (such as disease resistance, yield and quality); and utilization of germplasm of lentil.
Cropping systems and production agronomy.
Authors: Masood Ali Masood Ali , Singh K. K. , Pramanik S. C. , Ali M. O. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter reviews lentils with respect to cropping systems (monocropping, double cropping, mixed cropping, intercropping, relay cropping) and production (climate, soil, cultivars, seedbed preparation/land preparation, sowing time, plant population, spacing and methods of planting, fertilizer management, seed priming, water management, weed management, integrated management, harvesting, and drying and storage).
Diseases and their management.
Authors: Chen W. D. , Basandrai A. K. , Daisy Basandrai Daisy Basandrai , Banniza S. , Bayaa B. , Buchwaldt L. , Davidson J. , Larsen R. , Rubiales D. , Taylor P. W. J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter reviews the important fungal and nematode diseases of lentil and their management. The important foliar diseases include Ascochyta blight, rust, Botrytis grey mould, anthracnose, Stemphylium blight and powdery mildew, and important soilborne diseases are Fusarium wilt, Sclerotinia stem rot and nematode diseases.
Nutritional and health-beneficial quality.
Authors: Grusak M. A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter describes the nutritive value (energy, protein and amino acids, carbohydrates, lipid and fatty acids, minerals and vitamins) and non-nutrient components (fibre, phenolics, phytoestrogens, phytate, saponins, enzyme inhibitors and toxins) of lentil seeds. The effects of processing on the nutritive value of lentil seeds are briefly discussed.
Food preparation and use.
Authors: Raghuvanshi R. S. , Singh D. P. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter on lentil briefly covers the following: physico-chemical properties and cooking quality, food uses (salad, soup, dal, khichri, vegetable, and snacks), processing methods (soaking, boiling, sprouting/germination, fermentation, frying, and dry heat treatment), and medicinal uses.
Pests.
Authors: Peña J. E. , Aluja M. , Wysoki M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter describes the management (through chemical and biological control methods, and host resistance) of the following pests of mango fruits: fruit flies (Anastrepha, Bactrocera and Ceratitis spp.), seed weevils, seed borer (Pyralidae), fruit spotting bugs (Coreidae) and thrips. Pests of blossoms, buds, leaves, trunks, twigs and roots are briefly covered.
Crop production: mineral nutrition.
Authors: Bally I. S. E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter on mango covers the following: soils mineral diagnosis and sampling; tissue mineral diagnosis and sampling; interpretation of soil and leaf analyses; uptake and translocation of nutrients (N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Mn); nutrient deficiency and toxicity; and effect of nutrients on crop production and fruit quality.
Biotechnology.
Authors: Litz R. E. , Gómez-Lim M. A. , Lavi U. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter discusses the current state of mango cell culture, gene cloning, and manipulation of cell cultures to address plant breeding objectives by genetic engineering. Specific topics that are covered consisted of: cell and tissue culture (organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, and protoplast isolation and culture), molecular breeding and genetics (marker-assisted selection, gene cloning and genomics), genetic engineering (in vitro induced mutations and genetic transformation), and in vitro conservation (medium-term storage and long-term storage).
Factors influencing consumer perception of food hazards.
Authors: Ellis J. D. , Tucker M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Consumer perceptions of food hazards have been researched through a range of different disciplines and their study constitutes a rich and growing body of literature in the biological and social sciences. This paper reviews recent research to identify correlates and predictors of the wide scope of perceived food hazards found in the literature. Results reveal that sex and education are the most consistent demographic predictors of perceived food risk. Four categories of non-demographic correlates are also identified, including nature of perceived threat, trust, communication sources and channels, and health and environmental concerns. Although a significant body of food risk research has been heavily influenced by the psychometric paradigm, this methodological approach is giving way to new methods and theories for conceptualizing food hazards. The review summarizes key findings from the literature, provides an overview of the dominant theories and methods used, and concludes with a discussion of observed trends.
BAC‐based upgrading and physical integration of a genetic SNP map in Atlantic salmon
Authors: Lorenz S. , Brenna‐Hansen S. , Moen T. , Roseth A. , Davidson W. S. , Omholt S. W. , Lien S. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryA better understanding of the genotype–phenotype correlation of Atlantic salmon is of key importance for a whole range of production, life history and conservation biology issues attached to this species. High‐density linkage maps integrated with physical maps and covering the complete genome are needed to identify economically important genes and to study the genome architecture. Linkage maps of moderate density and a physical bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) fingerprint map for the Atlantic salmon have already been generated. Here, we describe a strategy to combine the linkage mapping with the physical integration of newly identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We resequenced 284 BAC‐ends by PCR in 14 individuals and detected 180 putative SNPs. After successful validation of 152 sequence variations, genotyping and genetic mapping were performed in eight salmon families comprising 376 individuals. Among these, 110 SNPs were positioned on a previously constructed linkage map containing SNPs derived from expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences. Tracing the SNP markers back to the BACs enabled the integration of the genetic and physical maps by assigning 73 BAC contigs to Atlantic salmon linkage groups.
Allopatric divergence and phylogeographic structure of the plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi), a fossorial rodent endemic to the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Tang Li‐Zhou , Wang Liu‐Yang , Cai Zhen‐Yuan , Zhang Tong‐Zuo , Ci Hai‐Xin , Lin Gong‐Hua , Su Jian‐Ping , Liu Jian‐Quan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim  Most species of temperate regions are believed to have shifted to lower latitudes or elevations during the glacial periods of the Quaternary. In this study we test whether this phylogeographic assumption is also true for the plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi), a fossorial rodent endemic to the climate‐sensitive Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP), which ranges in elevation from 2600 to 4600 m.Location  The QTP of western China.Methods  Phylogeographic analyses were conducted based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences of 193 individuals from 20 populations over the entire range of the species.Results  A total of 54 haplotypes identified in the present study clustered into four geographically correlated clades located in the interior of the QTP (clade A) and at the plateau edge (B, C and D). Molecular calibrations suggest that the interior plateau (A) and plateau‐edge (B–D) clades diverged at 1.2 Ma and that the three plateau‐edge clades diverged between 0.85 and 0.80 Ma. These estimates are concordant with diastrophism and glaciation events in the QTP. Coalescent tests rejected both the hypothesis that all current populations originated from a single refugium at a low elevation during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the hypothesis that the two lineages diverged during the LGM. The tests instead supported the hypothesis that there were four refugia during the LGM, and that the four clades diverged prior to the late Pleistocene.Main conclusions  Our results suggest that Quaternary diastrophisms and glaciations repeatedly promoted allopatric divergence of the plateau zokor into geographical clades, and that these regional clades subsequently persisted at high elevations, rather than migrating to the low‐elevation plateau edge during subsequent glacial ages.