bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bloomery iron production in the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) area during the Roman period: conditions during the metallurgical process and their uniformity between locations
Authors: Kupczak Krzysztof , Warchulski Rafał , Gawęda Aleksandra , Janiec Jan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The study assessed the uniformity of the metallurgical process carried out during the period of Roman influence in Poland. The age of the investigated material was confirmed based on an analysis of the 12C/14C isotope ratio in the charcoal found in slag. The comparison was based on four Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) locations. The evaluation included smelting temperature, viscosity of the metallurgical melt, oxidation–reduction conditions, and slag cooling rate determined based on geochemical (XRF) and mineralogical (XRD, SEM, EPMA) analyses. Despite the distance between individual sampling sites, the conditions in which smelting was carried out were similar for all samples. The liquidus temperature of the analyzed slags was in the range of 1150–1200 °C. Oxidation–reduction conditions were determined through thermodynamic calculations using SLAG software. In the temperature range of 1150–1200 °C, the oxygen fugacity had to be below logP O2 = − 13.20 to − 12.53 atm to reduce iron oxides to metallic iron. The viscosity of the metallurgical melt was calculated and ranged from 0.15 to 1.02 Pa s, indicating a low viscosity. The slag cooling rate determined based on olivine morphology was in the range of > 5 to 300 °C/h. Smelting parameters were compared with other locations in Poland, and similar results were obtained for slags from Masovia and Tarchlice. In the case of one site (Opole), despite the higher maximum value of liquidus temperature, it was indicated that the process could have taken place in similar conditions, and the differences resulted from contamination of the slag with material from the furnace/pit walls.
Systemic defense induced by fatty acid compounds from marine macroalgae, Chaetomorpha antennina in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants alters the susceptibility of the polyphagous agricultural pest, Spodoptera litura Fab
Authors: Chanthini Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian , Deva-Andrews Arulsoosairaj , Kirupaanntha-Rajan Pandian , Almutairi Bader O. , Senthil-Nathan Sengottayan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Seaweeds contain a widespread range of fatty acids (FA), and several of them have potential bioactivity. FAs are dynamic members of all biota, as well as being acknowledged for their critical function in initiating phytohormone interactions and acting as important participants in many defense signalling pathways of the plant system. The current study looks at the defense-eliciting potentials of fatty acids from the green seaweed Chaetomorpha antennina (Bory) Kützing and their impact on the polyphagous insect pest Spodoptera litura (Fab).

Results
The seaweed was detected with 19 fatty acids, with larger proportion of hexa and octadecanoic and linoleic acids. The algal fatty acid compounds (CFA) were successful in eliciting salicylic acid and phenolic compounds biosynthesis along with defense enzymes peroxidase (PO) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). CFA enhanced the synthesis of defense enzymes, PO and PPO and phenols, post infestation with S. litura (> 50%) compared to control plants exposed to the pest. CFA was also effective in causing direct mortalities (96–98%) to the larvae (II-V instars). S. litura larvae exposed to elicited tomato plants displayed physiological incursions that extended larval-pupal duration to 26–28 days, preventing both morphogenetic transitions as well as affecting their morphology, that lead to the emergence of adults with malformed wings, legs. As a consequence, the fecundity was reduced by 60% affecting the reproductive performances of second-generation adults. The consumption rate (RCR) of larvae exposed to CFA was decreased by 84%, depicting feeding deterrence. These larvae were also observed with > 50% reduction in the levels of phosphatase enzyme secretion, bringing down larval growth rate from 0.58 to 0.34 mg/day. Histological analysis of exposed larvae displayed midgut cell disruption.

Conclusion
Hence, the study finally confirms the elicitor potentials of fatty acid compounds from C. antennina, by inducing natural systemic defenses. This investigation unlocks novel forecasts besides delivering an unconventional method for crop protection to moderate or interchange the solicitation of chemical pesticides.

Graphical Abstract
NIHR Race Equality Framework: development of a tool for addressing racial equality in public involvement
Authors: Faluyi David , Ovseiko Pavel V. , Dziedzic Krysia , Scott Fay ,   on behalf of the NIHR Race Equality Public Action Group, Tulloch André , Barker Caroline , Wallace-Watson Claire , Cole Jon , Castledine John , Holmes Kate , Cook Katie , Oliva Laurie , Slocombe Mark , Rogers Mike , Bent Nikki , Ovseiko Pavel , John Royston , Richards Sandra , Knowles Sarah , Kosar Zahra 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
While there has been a long recognition of the importance of race equality in health and care research, there is a lack of sustained action among research funding and research performing organisations to address racial equality in public involvement. This paper describes how the UK’s National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) convened a Race Equality Public Action Group (REPAG), which co-developed with public contributors and stakeholders a Race Equality Framework – a tool for addressing racial equality in public involvement.

Methods
The REPAG, through meetings and discussions, defined the focus of the Framework, and developed an initial draft of the Framework. Public contributors identified the need for broader consultation with other public members. Three community consultation events with a total of 59 members of Black African-, Asian- and Caribbean-heritage communities were held to seek their views on health and care research generally and on the draft Framework specifically. The draft Framework was modified and piloted among 16 organisations delivering health and care research. Following feedback from the pilot, the Framework was modified and prepared for publication.

Results
The Framework is designed as a self-assessment tool comprised of 50 questions pertaining to five domains of organisational activity: 1) individual responsibility, 2) leadership, 3) public partnerships, 4) recruitment, and 5) systems and processes. The questions were co-designed with REPAG public members and provide key concepts and elements of good practice that organisations should consider and address on their path to achieving racial competence. The accompanying materials provide implementation guidance with 20 detailed steps, case studies of actions taken in seven pilot organisations, and links to additional resources. The pilot demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a meaningful self-assessment over a period of three months and the usefulness of the results for developing longer-term action plans.

Conclusion
The Framework represents the first self-assessment tool for addressing racial equality in public involvement. Co-design with REPAG public members enhanced its authenticity and practicality. Organisations in the field of health and care research and any other organisations that use partnerships with the public are encouraged to adopt the Framework.
A retrospective study of the prevalence of isolated prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time in the preoperative setting
Authors: Watanabe Yasuhiro , Kato Yuki , Matsuno Takayuki 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Isolated prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) has various causes including inheritable bleeding disorders, and has medical significance as it can lead to the cancelation of surgery. However, even an emergency surgery can be conducted in a patient presenting with severe APTT prolongation, provided careful evaluation and appropriate measures are taken. Hence, the identification of the underlying etiology of the prolonged APTT is crucial. To date, little evidence exists regarding the prevalence of isolated APTT prolongation in Japanese patients undergoing surgery. Herein, we aimed to clarify the prevalence of isolated prolongation of APTT in the preoperative setting and to identify the reasons underlying isolated, severely prolonged APTT.

Methods
Preoperative coagulation data of all elective and emergent patients who presented to the anesthetic department between January 1, 2020, and June 30, 2023, were retrospectively collected. Isolated prolongation of APTT was defined as an APTT ≥ 37 s with an international normalized ratio of prothrombin time < 1.2. The underlying etiology of the patient with isolated, severely prolonged APTT (≥ 46 s) was investigated, and canceled surgical procedures in relation to the isolated APTT prolongation were searched.

Results
Overall, 10,684 measurements from 9413 patients were included, of which 725 (6.8%) were identified as having isolated APTT prolongation. The reasons for the severely prolonged APTT (n = 60) were miscellaneous, with the most frequently detected etiology being antiphospholipid antibody positivity. Preoperative isolated APTT prolongation contributed to the cancellation of surgery in elective five cases.

Conclusions
We clarified the prevalence of preoperative isolated prolongation of APTT. The presence of antiphospholipid antibody was the most frequently detected etiology of the patient with isolated, severely prolonged APTT. The present study provides an important dataset regarding the isolated prolongation of APTT in East Asian patients undergoing surgery.
Five social and ethical considerations for using wildfire visualizations as a communication tool
Authors: Edgeley Catrin M. , Cannon William H. , Pearse Scott , Kosović Branko , Pfister Gabriele , Kumar Rajesh 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Increased use of visualizations as wildfire communication tools with public and professional audiences—particularly 3D videos and virtual or augmented reality—invites discussion of their ethical use in varied social and temporal contexts. Existing studies focus on the use of such visualizations prior to fire events and commonly use hypothetical scenarios intended to motivate proactive mitigation or explore decision-making, overlooking the insights that those who have already experienced fire events can provide to improve user engagement and understanding of wildfire visualizations more broadly. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 101 residents and professionals affected by Colorado’s 2020 East Troublesome and 2021 Marshall Fires, using 3D model visualizations of fire events on tablets as a discussion tool to understand how fire behavior influenced evacuation experiences and decision-making. We provide empirically gathered insights that can inform the ethical use of wildfire visualizations by scientists, managers, and communicators working at the intersection of fire management and public safety.

Results
Study design, interview discussions, and field observations from both case studies reveal the importance of nuanced and responsive approaches for the use of 3D visualizations, with an emphasis on the implementation of protocols that ensure the risk of harm to the intended audience is minimal. We share five considerations for use of visualizations as communication tools with public and professional audiences, expanding existing research into post-fire spaces: (1) determine whether the use of visualizations will truly benefit users; (2) connect users to visualizations by incorporating local values; (3) provide context around model uncertainty; (4) design and share visualizations in ways that meet the needs of the user; (5) be cognizant of the emotional impacts that sharing wildfire visualizations can have.

Conclusions
This research demonstrates the importance of study design and planning that considers the emotional and psychological well-being of users. For users that do wish to engage with visualizations, this technical note provides guidance for ensuring meaningful understandings that can generate new discussion and knowledge. We advocate for communication with visualizations that consider local context and provide opportunities for users to engage to a level that suits them, suggesting that visualizations should serve as catalysts for meaningful dialogue rather than conclusive information sources.
Mapping the diversity & transformative potential of approaches to sustainable just cities
Authors: Avelino Flor , van Steenbergen Frank , Schipper Karlijn , Steger Tamara , Henfrey Tom , Cook Ian M. , Bach Matthew , Crowley Duncan , Kotsila Panagiota , Kramer Jakob , Crudi Franco 
Published: May 2024

AbstractHow can cities be more sustainable and just? This question has guided a process of synthesizing insights from previously funded research and innovation projects that deal with approaches tackling urban sustainability and justice. As part of this process, a database in the form of a knowledge commons was developed to gather 40+ approaches: sets of interventions, actions, strategies, solutions or policies that address urban sustainability and justice. This paper reflects on what we can learn from this database of approaches from an urban transitions perspective, both by sharing the method we used to develop the database and by analysing the content of those approaches and what research has revealed in relation to them. Not only do we introduce our methodology of co-creating the database (Section 2) we also present its outcomes in terms of the interlinkages between sustainable and just cities in the identified approaches (Section 3), their transformative potential (Section 4) and which institutional logics are involved (Section 5). We conclude that in addressing sustainability challenges in cities, tensions and contradictions emerge between ecological sustainability on the one hand and inclusivity, recognition and equity on the other (Section 6). Based on the identified approaches, we find that issues linked to justice are frequently glossed over, implicitly addressed, and instrumentalized in favour of ecological improvements or profitability which causes serious implications for future urban research and innovation. In order to address this gap, we present four recommendations for city-makers and city-thinkers across the globe to integrate sustainability and justice at the urban level.
Assessment of olfactory and gustatory functions in COVID-19 patients
Authors: Behairy Essam A. , Khalil Yaser A. , Hamza Ahmed A. , Hamdan Ahmad M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Olfactory and gustatory disorders are common problems encountered during the COVID-19 pandemic with a significant impact on the patient’s quality of life: The aim of this study was to assess the olfactory and gustatory functions in COVID-19 patients with correlation between them and clinical and laboratory markers. This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 63 subjects recruited from the COVID-19 clinics at Police Authority and Menoufia University hospitals. The patients were assessed using history taking, anterior rhinoscopy, endoscopic examination, computed tomography, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Olfactory functions were assessed using the alcohol threshold test. Gustatory functions were assessed using the three-drop method. The olfactory and gustatory functions were correlated with age, gender, and laboratory parameters. Also, the recovery of smell and taste disorders was correlated with our assessed laboratory markers.

Results
The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction among study participants was 41 patients (65%) of the participants including 12 patients (19.1%) having mild hyposmia, 10 patients (15.8%) having moderate hyposmia, 9 patients (14.3%) having severe hyposmia, and 10 patients (15.8%) having complete anosmia. The prevalence of gustatory dysfunction among study participants was 24 patients (38.1%). Age, gender, and laboratory parameters did not show any statistically significant difference between those who experienced olfactory dysfunction or gustatory dysfunction and those who did not. However, there was a significant positive correlation between the total leucocytic count, serum level of CRP, and serum level of D-dimer and the degree of olfactory dysfunction (0.049, 0.03, and 0.02, respectively). There was a nonsignificant correlation between recovery of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction and laboratory markers.

Conclusion
Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction are established clinical presentations among COVID-19-positive patients. The laboratory markers had no correlation with the incidence of these dysfunctions or their recovery. However, TLC, serum CRP, and serum D-dimer had a significant positive correlation with the severity of olfactory dysfunction.
Latent groups from multidimensional factors and effects on suicidal ideation in older adults
Authors: Lee Hyun , Lee Eunjin 
Published: May 2024

BackgroundSuicide is a serious social problem among older adults. However, little is known about how multidimensional factors affect suicide of older adults.AimsWe classify the multidimensional suicidal risk types of older adults based on their characteristics and identify differences in suicidal ideation.MethodData were obtained via a nationwide online survey targeting 612 older adults over the age of 55 years. A latent profile analysis identified three profiles, one of which represented the optimal situation for these adults.ResultsWe identified three distinct multidimensional suicidal risk types in older adults: high-risk predicament (24.5%), moderate-risk predicament (57.7%) and abundant internal/external resources (17.8%). In particular, depression, a major risk factor for suicide, was found together with self-neglect in each group. Multiple regression analysis showed that older adults in the moderate-risk predicament and high-risk predicament groups were more likely to have suicidal ideation than those in the abundant internal/external resources group.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that co-occurrence of depression and self-neglect represents a suicide risk pattern in high-risk older individuals. Therefore, local communities need to urgently screen and provide interventions for such older adults and strengthen their capacity for multidimensional aspects of life to prevent suicide in the long term.
Differential Effect of 2 Hormonal Contraceptives on the Relative Telomere Length of Youth With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Castro Andrea , Lardone M Cecilia , Giraudo Franco , López Patricia , Ortiz Eliana , Iñiguez Germán , Cassorla Fernando , Codner Ethel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Context
Adolescents and young women (AYA) with type 1 diabetes (T1D) may require hormonal contraception for an extended period. However, it is unclear what effect hormonal contraception has on telomere length, a marker of the risk for complications.

Objective
To investigate the relative telomere length (RTL) in AYA with T1D (AYA-T1D) and healthy young women (AYA-C) after 18 months of combined oral contraception use (COC) with ethinyl estradiol/desogestrel, or a subdermal etonogestrel implant (IM).

Methods
A nonrandomized prospective study was performed in which 39 AYA-T1D and 40 AYA-C chose the COC or the IM. RTL was measured by monochrome multiplex–quantitative PCR in DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The impact of contraceptives and clinical variables on RTL was assessed using lineal regression analysis.

Results
Longer RTL compared to baseline was observed in AYA-T1D (P &lt; .05) and AYA-C (P &lt; .01) after using the IM. However, the total of AYA and the AYA-C group treated with COC decreased RTL after 18 months of treatment compared to baseline (P &lt; .05). The type of contraceptive used was determinant for the changes in RTL compared to baseline in all subjects and controls (P ≤ .006). For AYA-T1D, HbA1c levels were not associated with RTL, but the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein was negatively related with the changes in RTL at 18 months compared to baseline (standardized R2: 0.230, P = .003).

Conclusion
IM was associated with longer RTL in AYA-T1D and AYA-C. In contrast, a shortening of telomere length in PBMC was observed after using COC.
Identification of Predictors of Metastatic Potential in Paragangliomas to Develop a Prognostic Score (PSPGL)
Authors: Iguchi Daniela Yone Veiga , Martins Filho Sebastião Nunes , Soares Iberê Cauduro , Siqueira Sheila Aparecida Coelho , Alves Venâncio Avancini Ferreira , Assato Aline Kawassaki , Yang Ji Hoon , Almeida Madson Q , Villares Fragoso Maria Candida Barisson , Fagundes Gustavo Freitas Cardoso , Mendonca Berenice B , Lourenço Junior Delmar Muniz , Hoff Ana O , Castroneves Luciana Audi , Ferraz-de-Souza Bruno , Giannella Maria Lucia Cardillo Correa , Pereira Maria Adelaide Albergaria 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Context
Paragangliomas (PGLs) are rare tumors in adrenal and extra-adrenal locations. Metastasis are found in approximately 5% to 35% of PGLs, and there are no reliable predictors of metastatic disease.

Objective
This work aimed to develop a prognostic score of metastatic potential in PGLs.

Methods
A retrospective analysis was conducted of clinical data from a cohort with PGLs and tumor histological assessment. Patients were divided into metastatic PGL (presence of metastasis) and nonmetastatic PGL (absence of metastasis ≥96 months of follow-up) groups. Univariate and multivariable analysis were performed to identify predictors of metastatic potential. A prognostic score was developed based on coefficients of multivariable analysis. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated to estimate disease-specific survival (DSS).

Results
Out of 263 patients, 35 patients had metastatic PGL and 110 patients had nonmetastatic PGL. In multivariable analysis, 4 features were independently related to metastatic disease and composed the Prognostic Score of Paragangliomas (PSPGL): presence of central or confluent necrosis (33 points), more than 3 mitosis/10 high-power field (HPF) (28 points), extension into adipose tissue (20 points), and extra-adrenal location (19 points). A PSPGL of 24 or greater showed similar sensitivity with higher specificity than the Pheochromocytoma of the Adrenal Gland Scaled Score (PASS) and Grading System for Adrenal Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma (GAPP). PSPGL less than or equal to 20 was associated with a risk of metastasis of approximately 10%, whereas a PSPGL of 40 or greater was associated with approximately 80%. The presence of metastasis and Ki-67 of 3% or greater were related to lower DSS.

Conclusion
The PSPGL, composed of 4 easy-to-assess parameters, demonstrated good performance in predicting metastatic potential and good ability in estimating metastasis risk.
Workplace Automation and Corporate Liquidity Policy
Authors: Bates Thomas W. , Du Fangfang , Wang Jessie Jiaxu 
Published: May 2024

Using an occupational probability of computerization, we measure a firm’s ability to replace labor with automated capital. Our evidence suggests that the potential to automate a workforce enhances operating flexibility, allowing firms to hold less precautionary cash. To provide evidence for this mechanism, we exploit the 2011–2012 Thailand hard drive crisis as an exogenous shock to the cost of automation. In addition, the negative relation between prospective automation and cash holdings is greater for firms with a lower expected cost of worker displacement and greater labor-induced operating leverage. This paper was accepted by Lukas Schmid, finance. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.03902 .