bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paradoxical effects of the endocannabinoid uptake inhibitor VDM11 on accumbal neural encoding of reward predictive cues
Authors: Oleson Erik B. , Cheer Joseph F. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA growing body of evidence implicates the endocannabinoid (eCB) system in brain reward function. Previous studies show that antagonizing eCB transmission decreases reward‐directed behavior and nucleus accumbens (NAc) encoding of reward predictive cues. We, therefore, hypothesized that elevating eCB levels would uniformly facilitate NAc neural encoding of reward predictive cues and reward‐directed behavior. Contrary to our expectations, the eCB transport uptake inhibitor, VDM11, dose dependently decreased both measures. Synapse 66:984–988, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developing Vocabulary Through Purposeful, Strategic Conversations
Authors: Wasik Barbara A. , Iannone‐Campbell Charlene 
Published: July 2012

AbstractExplicit instruction on the skill of creating mental imagery from text supports reading comprehension and recall. This article shares a strategy for teaching students how to process what they read by comparing mental imagery to “brain movies.” It emphasizes choosing appropriate fiction and nonfiction texts to encourage readers to build the skill of creating mental imagery, and offers examples from two classrooms on how students use brain movies to make meaning from what they read.
Dynamic analysis tool development for swept wind turbine blades
Authors: Larwood Scott , van Dam C.P. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTBecause of their aeroelastic behavior, swept wind turbine blades offer the potential to increase energy capture and lower fatigue loads. This article describes work to develop a dynamic analysis code for swept wind turbine blades. This work was an outgrowth of a U.S. Department of Energy contract on swept blades, where the authors used the Adams™ dynamic software (MSC Software Corporation, Santa Ana, CA, USA). The new code is based on the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's FAST code and allows for lower cost analysis and faster computation times for swept blades. The additions to the FAST code include the geometry and mode shapes required for the bending and twisting motion of the swept blade. In addition, a finite element program to determine mode shapes for the swept blade was developed. Comparisons of results obtained with the new code and analytical solutions for a curved cantilever beam show good agreement in local torsional deflections. Comparisons with field data obtained for a 750 kW wind turbine with swept blades were complicated by uncertainties in the test wind speed and turbine controller settings.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systems biology of skeletal muscle: fiber type as an organizing principle
Authors: Greising Sarah M. , Gransee Heather M. , Mantilla Carlos B. , Sieck Gary C. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSkeletal muscle force generation and contraction are fundamental to countless aspects of human life. The complexity of skeletal muscle physiology is simplified by fiber type classification where differences are observed from neuromuscular transmission to release of intracellular Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the resulting recruitment and cycling of cross‐bridges. This review uses fiber type classification as an organizing and simplifying principle to explore the complex interactions between the major proteins involved in muscle force generation and contraction. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2012. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1184This article is categorized under:

Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease
Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organ, Tissue, and Physiological Models
Randomized Controlled Trial of Tamsulosin for Prevention of Acute Voiding Difficulty After Rectal Cancer Surgery
Authors: Jang Je‐Ho , Kang Sung‐Bum , Lee Sung‐Min , Park Jun‐Seok , Kim Duck‐Woo , Ahn Soyeon 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackgroundWe conducted a randomized clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of the selective α1A‐adrenoceptor antagonist tamsulosin in preventing acute voiding difficulty after rectal cancer surgery.MethodsA total of 94 rectal cancer patients with an International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) of ≤7 were randomly assigned (1:1) to the tamsulosin group (0.2 mg/day orally for 7 days) (n = 47) or the control group (n = 47). The primary endpoint was the reinsertion rate of the urinary catheter after its removal on postoperative day (POD) 3. The secondary endpoints included the maximum (Qmax) and average (Qavg) urinary flow rates on POD 3, and the voided volume (VV), residual urine volume (RU), and IPSS on POD 7. Analyses were based on an intention‐to‐treat population.ResultsThe reinsertion rate of the urinary catheter in the tamsulosin group was similar to that in the control group (23.4 vs. 21.3 %, respectively; p = 0.804). The postoperative voiding parameters and IPSS were not better in the tamsulosin group than in the control group after adjustments were made for the baseline measurements with analysis of covariance (Qmax, p = 0.537; Qavg, p = 0.399; VV, p = 0.645; RU, p = 0.703; IPSS, p = 0.761). Multivariate analysis revealed that being male was the only independent risk factor for reinsertion of the urinary catheter (odds ratio 0.239; 95 % confidence interval 0.069–0.823; p = 0.023).ConclusionsThis controlled trial showed that tamsulosin at 0.2 mg/day does not prevent acute voiding difficulty after rectal cancer surgery.
Open reduction and internal fixation of unstable slipped capital femoral epiphysis by means of surgical dislocation does not decrease the rate of avascular necrosis: A preliminary study
Authors: Alves Cristina , Steele Marie , Narayanan Unni , Howard Andrew , Alman Benjamin , Wright James G. 
Published: July 2012

Purpose The treatment of unstable slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) remains controversial. Surgical dislocation and open reduction has the potential to significantly reduce the rate of avascular necrosis (AVN) by allowing direct preservation of the femoral head blood supply. The purpose of this study was to determine if open reduction of the unstable SCFE by means of surgical hip dislocation reduced the risk of AVN compared with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. Methods We reviewed the medical records and radiographs of patients treated at our institution between the years 2000 and 2008. Sex, age, side of slip, precipitating event, pre- and post-operative anterior physeal separation (APS) and slip angle, slip severity, time between inciting event and surgical treatment, number of screws used, development of AVN, and need for subsequent surgery were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed to compare risk factors and occurrence of AVN. Results From 2004 to 2008, we treated 12 patients with unstable SCFEs: six had closed reduction and percutaneous pinning and six underwent open reduction by means of surgical hip dislocation. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding sex, age, slip angle, APS, time to surgery, and AVN rate. At follow-up, 4 (66.7 %) patients had AVN in the group which had open reduction, while 2 (33.3 %) patients had AVN in the group which underwent closed reduction. ( p = 0.57). Conclusions Open reduction of the unstable SCFE by means of surgical dislocation of the hip does not decrease the rate of AVN when compared to closed reduction.
SevenAcantholaimus(Chromadoridae: Nematoda) species from one deep-sea sediment sample (Angola Basin, south-east Atlantic)
Authors: Miljutina Maria A. , Miljutin Dmitry M. , Tchesunov Alexei V. 
Published: July 2012

The genusAcantholaimus(Chromadoridae: Nematoda) is one of the most species-rich deep-sea nematode genera. The descriptions of two new species and supplemental descriptions of five known species from the Angola Basin (south-east Atlantic Ocean) and a depth of about 5500 m are given.Acantholaimus formosussp. nov. is characterized by a spindle-shaped body with narrow elongated anterior end, the position of amphideal fovea on the apical tip of the body and by robust rugae and onchia.Acantholaimus skukinaesp. nov. is characterized by its cylindrical body shape; short outer labial, cephalic, cervical, and somatic setae; large amphideal fovea; the position of its amphideal fovea (situated relatively far from the head end); and relatively small onchia.Acantholaimus angustuswas previously found in the Peru Basin (central-eastern Pacific) and the Clarion–Clipperton Nodule Province (Equatorial Pacific), about 13,000 km apart from the nearest previous location of finding. The type location ofA. verscheldiis the Kenyan coast of the Indian Ocean. New specimens of this species were found about 8000 km apart from the type location.Acantholaimus akvavitus, A. iubilusandA. quintuswere previously found in different parts of the Atlantic and the Pacific.
Contextualising Romano-British Lead Tanks: A Study in Design, Destruction and Deposition
Authors: Crerar Belinda 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDespite being an intriguing, if obscure, series of artefacts there has been a hesitancy in academic discussion to address fully the myriad of questions raised by the design and archaeological find-spots of lead tanks from Roman Britain. This, and an uncritical acceptance that they were used by early Christians as baptismal fonts, has led to a lack of appreciation of their contribution to our knowledge of late Romano-British religion. This paper seeks to redress this via two channels. The first is a detailed and contextualised examination of the design, iconography and manufacture of these tanks. The second is an investigation into how the manner of their deposition can inform their function. It is concluded that the evidence used to associate the tanks with baptism is flawed and greater attention must be given to other facets of their design in order to gain an appreciation of their proper place in the culture and religion of Roman Britain.
Taming the smallest predators of the oceans
Authors: del Campo Javier , Not Fabrice , Forn Irene , Sieracki Michael E , Massana Ramon 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Protists (unicellular eukaryotes) arguably account for most eukaryotic diversity and are central players of the biosphere. Known protist diversity and biology is largely based on cultured strains. Yet, environmental molecular surveys have unveiled entirely novel lineages that, as their prokaryotic counterparts, are essentially uncultured. Culture bias is an important drawback for any microbe-related science and is particularly severe for heterotrophic protists, which depend on organic food sources for growth. Here, we show how ecologically significant bacterivorous protists have been brought into culture by mimicking in situ conditions. Single cells sorted by serial dilution or flow cytometry were inoculated into seawater amended with natural bacterial assemblage at nearly in situ abundances. Strains belonging to lineages only known so far from environmental sequencing were isolated. Among them, Minorisa minuta gen. nov. sp. nov. forms a novel branch within Rhizaria, holding a key evolutionary position, and with an average size of 1.4 μm represents one of the smallest bacterial grazers known to date. It has a worldwide planktonic distribution and can account for 5% of heterotrophic protists communities in coastal waters. Physiological features of this strain can partly explain its success in the environment. Culturing ecologically relevant but elusive protists provide invaluable material for ecophysiology, genomics, ecosystem modeling and evolutionary issues.
Metabolic potential of a single cell belonging to one of the most abundant lineages in freshwater bacterioplankton
Authors: Garcia Sarahi L , McMahon Katherine D , Martinez-Garcia Manuel , Srivastava Abhishek , Sczyrba Alexander , Stepanauskas Ramunas , Grossart Hans-Peter , Woyke Tanja , Warnecke Falk 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Actinobacteria within the acI lineage are often numerically dominating in freshwater ecosystems, where they can account for &gt;50% of total bacteria in the surface water. However, they remain uncultured to date. We thus set out to use single-cell genomics to gain insights into their genetic make-up, with the aim of learning about their physiology and ecological niche. A representative from the highly abundant acI-B1 group was selected for shotgun genomic sequencing. We obtained a draft genomic sequence in 75 larger contigs (sum=1.16 Mb), with an unusually low genomic G+C mol% (∼42%). Actinobacteria core gene analysis suggests an almost complete genome recovery. We found that the acI-B1 cell had a small genome, with a rather low percentage of genes having no predicted functions (∼15%) as compared with other cultured and genome-sequenced microbial species. Our metabolic reconstruction hints at a facultative aerobe microorganism with many transporters and enzymes for pentoses utilization (for example, xylose). We also found an actinorhodopsin gene that may contribute to energy conservation under unfavorable conditions. This project reveals the metabolic potential of a member of the global abundant freshwater Actinobacteria.
Microtensile testing of submicrometer thick functional polymer samples
Authors: Lang Udo , Süss Tobias , Dual Jurg 
Published: July 2012

Organic electronic devices are currently being introduced in commercial applications such as flexible displays. Due to the mechanical loading of these devices during bending, it is important to know the mechanical properties in order to assess reliability. It is therefore essential to develop experimental setups for the mechanical characterization of submicrometer thick functional polymer layers. In this paper a new microtensile approach is presented along with first results for Young's modulus of polyimide (PI) and the conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS obtained using this method. The microtensile specimen are made of a bilayer consisting of PI as the substrate layer and of a submicron layer of PEDOT:PSS deposited on top of it. The mechanical properties are derived from comparison of measurements performed on samples with and without the functional layer and by varying this layer's thickness. A thorough error analysis is also presented to provide an overview of the precision inherent in this approach. The experiments yield Young's moduli of 3.28 ± 0.34 GPa for PI and of 4.51 ± 0.34 GPa for PEDOT:PSS.
Workers, Marginalised Voices and the &#x2028;Employment Tribunal System: Some Preliminary Findings
Authors: BUSBY NICOLE , MCDERMONT MORAG 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT
This paper reports on pilot study research which sought to explore perceptions and experiences of vulnerable employees who attempted to use the Employment Tribunal (ET) system to resolve disputes. We interviewed clients of a Citizens Advice Bureau seeking to explore the concerns of those for whom the system potentially poses the greatest barriers—those who cannot afford legal advice and/or are not trade union members. We conclude that the ETs, and the mediating role played by Acas, produce barriers to justice for vulnerable employees. Furthermore, the role played by Citizens Advice is critical in reclaiming labour law’s public law function, by which private disputes between individuals are translated into matters of public concern.
Effects of small‐scale environmental variation on metaphyton condition and community composition
Authors: SAUNDERS LYNNETTE L. , KILHAM SUSAN S. , WINFIELD FAIRCHILD G. , VERB ROBERT 
Published: July 2012

Summary1. Metaphyton mats typically originate as benthic algal biofilms that experience higher solar radiation and temperatures, and reduced access to nutrients, once they reach the water surface, but the impacts of these physicochemical changes on metaphyton condition and community composition have received little attention.2. Using microprobes positioned at 0, 2, 4 and 6 cm depth, we recorded small‐scale differences in water chemistry within metaphyton mats constrained in floating nets during an 8‐week period. Concurrent weekly samples of filamentous algae and their diatom epiphytes were collected from the top, middle and bottom of the mats and were analysed for changes in ash‐free dry mass (AFDM) and chlorophyll‐a, nutrient (N, P, C, Si) content and taxonomic composition.3. Light intensity, temperature and dissolved oxygen declined both with increasing depth in the mat and over the study period. The autotrophic index (=AFDM/chlorophyll‐a) was greatest at the top of the mats and increased over time; samples also had higher C/P and C/N ratios than samples deeper within the mat.4. Pithophora was consistently the dominant algal filament throughout the study (representing 85% of all filaments averaged over time and depth); epiphytic diatom cover on Pithophora (calculated as epiphyte area index) declined over time, particularly at the top of the mat.5. Densities of the diatom epiphytes Gomphonema, Cocconeis and Fragilaria increased with increasing depth within the mat, whereas Cymbella/Encyonema was more common in surface samples.6. Our results indicate that metaphyton mats are highly dynamic communities, spatially organised in part by small‐scale environmental variation and subject to changes in taxonomic composition following their arrival at the water surface.
The molecular determinants of CD8 co‐receptor function
Authors: Cole David K. , Laugel Bruno , Clement Mathew , Price David A. , Wooldridge Linda , Sewell Andrew K. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryCD8+ T cells respond to signals mediated through a specific interaction between the T‐cell receptor (TCR) and a composite antigen in the form of an epitopic peptide bound between the polymorphic α1 and α2 helices of an MHC class I (MHCI) molecule. The CD8 glycoprotein ‘co‐receives’ antigen by binding to an invariant region of the MHCI molecule and can enhance ligand recognition by up to 1 million‐fold. In recent years, a number of structural and biophysical investigations have shed light on the role of the CD8 co‐receptor during T‐cell antigen recognition. Here, we provide a collated resource for these data, and discuss how the structural and biophysical parameters governing CD8 co‐receptor function further our understanding of T‐cell cross‐reactivity and the productive engagement of low‐affinity antigenic ligands.
Ruminant organotypic brain‐slice cultures as a model for the investigation of CNS listeriosis
Authors: Guldimann Claudia , Lejeune Beatrice , Hofer Sandra , Leib Stephen L. , Frey Joachim , Zurbriggen Andreas , Seuberlich Torsten , Oevermann Anna 
Published: July 2012

SummaryCentral nervous system (CNS) infections in ruminant livestock, such as listeriosis, are of major concern for veterinary and public health. To date, no host‐specific in vitro models for ruminant CNS infections are available. Here, we established and evaluated the suitability of organotypic brain‐slices of ruminant origin as in vitro model to study mechanisms of Listeria monocytogenes CNS infection. Ruminants are frequently affected by fatal listeric rhombencephalitis that closely resembles the same condition occurring in humans. Better insight into host–pathogen interactions in ruminants is therefore of interest, not only from a veterinary but also from a public health perspective. Brains were obtained at the slaughterhouse, and hippocampal and cerebellar brain‐slices were cultured up to 49 days. Viability as well as the composition of cell populations was assessed weekly. Viable neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes were observed up to 49 days in vitro. Slice cultures were infected with L. monocytogenes, and infection kinetics were monitored. Infected brain cells were identified by double immunofluorescence, and results were compared to natural cases of listeric rhombencephalitis. Similar to the natural infection, infected brain‐slices showed focal replication of L. monocytogenes and bacteria were predominantly observed in microglia, but also in astrocytes, and associated with axons. These results demonstrate that organotypic brain‐slice cultures of bovine origin survive for extended periods and can be infected easily with L. monocytogenes. Therefore, they are a suitable model to study aspects of host–pathogen interaction in listeric encephalitis and potentially in other neuroinfectious diseases.
From middens to molecules: phylogeography of the piñon pine, Pinus edulis
Authors: Duran Kristy L. , Pardo Alicia , Mitton Jeffry B. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAim  Data from packrat middens have established a hypothesized historical biogeography of piñon pine, Pinus edulis, including locations of glacial refugia in the south‐western USA and subsequent migration out of the refugia. In this study, we used molecular techniques to test the glacial refugial hypotheses inferred from packrat (Neotoma) midden data for P. edulis.Location  South‐western USA.Methods  Two fragments of chloroplast DNA (a portion of the matK gene and a portion of the rbcL gene) for a total of 1045 base pairs were amplified and sequenced for 100 individuals. Thirty‐one populations were sampled throughout the range of P. edulis. Phylogenetic analyses included maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood.Results  Very little variation existed among the individuals sampled. Four haplotypes were identified. The inferred ancestral haplotype was the most widespread; it was most common in Texas and New Mexico where, with the exception of one individual, it was the only haplotype found. Arizona and Utah populations were more diverse, with almost half of the populations containing two or more haplotypes. The most derived haplotype was most abundant in Arizona.Main conclusions  The distribution of haplotypes is geographically informative. Only one haplotype exists in the south‐eastern portion of the range of P. edulis whereas up to four haplotypes are found in other populations, suggesting one of two hypotheses: either all modern populations are descended from a refugial population in central Arizona, or modern populations are descended from two refugial populations, one in central Arizona and another in Texas–southern New Mexico. Interpreting these data in the light of packrat midden data gives more support for the latter hypothesis.
Diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: a clinical practice guideline appraisal using AGREE II instrument
Authors: Yan Juping , Min Jie , Zhou Bo 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the quality of clinical practice guidelines providing diagnostic recommendations on pheochromocytoma (PHEO) using the new Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) instrument and to promote the development of clinical guidelines.Research design and methodsWe searched MEDLINE and electronic databases for guidelines published between 2001 and 2010 regarding the diagnosis of PHEO. The methodological quality of guidelines for three fields for the diagnosis of PHEO was evaluated using the new AGREE II instrument by two independent appraisers. We also compared two different types of guidelines to determine the superior guideline.ResultsFour special guidelines and six general guidelines related to the diagnosis of PHEO were included in the study. According to AGREE II, two guidelines performed well in recommending biochemical evaluations. One guideline was good for radiodiagnosis, but no guideline was good for recommending genetic testing. The best‐performing domain of the AGREE II instrument was domain 1 (D1) (scope and purpose), while the worst performing domain was D5 (applicability) in both types of guidelines. The special guideline was significantly better than the general guideline in D4 (P < 0.01), while the general guideline performed better in D6. There were no differences in the other four domains.ConclusionsThe quality and rigour of guidelines for the diagnosis of PHEO vary. It is difficult to identify one guideline that performed well in all three fields for the diagnosis of PHEO based on the AGREE II instrument. Therefore, additional studies and greater efforts should be taken to provide high‐quality guidelines that serve as a useful and reliable tool for clinical decision making in diagnosing PHEO according to the AGREE II instrument.