bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Greek Crisis — Its Constitutional Background
Authors: Black Cyril E. 
Published: August 2009

Ever since the liberation of Greece over a century ago, the central issues in Greek public life have been the political unification of all Greek-speaking peoples, questions of domestic, social and economic policy, and the elaboration of a satisfactory constitutional regime.Since Greece received at the time of its liberation only a small share of the lands which it considered to be Greek, its foreign policy has always had this goal: the unification under the political sovereignty of the national state of all the territories in the Eastern Mediterranean region where Greek-speaking inhabitants predominate. By the acquisition of the Ionian Islands in 1863, Thessaly in 1881, and Crete, die Aegean Islands, Southern Epirus and Southern Macedonia in 1913, the greater part of this task had been accomplished on the eve of the first World War.
Reagan and That Unnamed Frenchman (De Tocqueville): On the Rationale for the New (Old) Federalism
Authors: Zuckert Catherine H. 
Published: August 2009

In his 24 September 1981 television address presenting the argument for a second round of budget cuts, President Reagan concluded by citing an old authority:More than a century ago a Frenchman came to America and later wrote a book for his countrymen telling them what he had seen here. He told them that in America when a citizen saw a problem that needed solving he would cross the street and talk to a neighbor about it and the first thing you know a committee would be formed and before long the problem would be solved. And then he added, “you may not believe this, but not a single bureaucrat would have been involved.”
Making the United Nations Work
Authors: Wright Quincy 
Published: August 2009

The United Nations is a transitional organization. It includes in its structure aspects of several types of world organization. The privileged position of the great powers suggests that it is a world empire governed by these powers.The broad principles stated in the preamble and the first two articles providing for pacific settlements of disputes, forbidding aggressive wars, requiring cooperation in suppressing such war, encouraging international cooperation, and protecting the domestic jurisdiction of all states suggests that the United Nations may rely primarily on moral principles. The fact that there are five great powers, each with a veto vote on the use of sanctions, suggests that the success of the organization depends upon maintaining a balance of power among these states. Finally, the provisions concerning human rights and cooperation for human welfare through the Economic and Social Council, together with the important position given the International Court of Justice, look in the direction of world federation.
American Conservatism and the Democratic Tradition
Authors: McCloskey Robert G. 
Published: August 2009

In 1873, an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court filed a memorable dissenting opinion. His brethren had upheld a state-granted monopoly against the charge that it violated the new Fourteenth Amendment. The substance of that majority judgment has never been reversed, and it stands today as one of the great milestones in our constitutional law. But the dissent of Mr. Justice Field, though unproductive as to the specific constitutional doctrine he there espoused, is, from another viewpoint, even more noteworthy. For it marks — or we can conveniently take it as marking — the point in our intellectual history at which the democratic strain in the American tradition begins its subservience to political conservatism.The choice of a date is indeed somewhat arbitrary. A profound change in the national consciousness does not occur overnight, and the revision of the American ideology diat Field's dissent proclaimed was not yet complete in 1873. But Field was a child of his times, and he spoke with the voice of the new generation. His rambling discourse, with its moral overtones, is evidence that a new era in American political thinking had dawned.
The Background of the Soviet-Yugoslav Dispute
Authors: Ulam Adam B. 
Published: August 2009

The conflict between Stalin's Russia and Tito's Yugoslavia is reminiscent of a quarrel between two old friends whose long intimacy serves only to make their dispute all the more violent and ultimately irreconcilable. Certainly the reaction of the Yugoslavs has followed a familiar pattern: at first, complete incredulity that their old friends and protectors should take a minor dispute centered around a few personalities and a few administrative problems as the opening of a great campaign to proclaim Tito and his collaborators traitors and to call for the destruction of their regime. Then, as the hope of reconciliation vanished (this hope was evident, at least on the Yugoslav side, during the first few months of the dispute), both sides began to recall those moments of strain which at the time of mutual admiration had appeared as only minor dissonances, but now upon reflection, were seen as the first clear signs of the other side's brutality or treachery.The Partisans fought during the war for their own country but they also fought with a fanatical devotion to the Soviet Union. Apart from the Communist persuasion of their leaders the fact that the Soviet Union was meeting the main fury of German attacks and that it stood as the main defender of the Slavic nations, against Germany's aggression, created an atmosphere in which the slightest criticism of Yugoslavia's great ally would have been inconceivable. Even a few months after July 1948, Tito in his speech to the 5th Congress of the C.P.Y.
The Soviet Concept of Democracy
Authors: Timasheff N. S. 
Published: August 2009

The cold war—now aggravated by shooting war in Korea, —is being waged on many fronts. One of these fronts is ideological, reflecting the incompatibility of the social ideals of the opponents. The ideological war is being conducted in many ways; and among the weapons used by the foe there is perhaps none more irritating to the Americans than the assertion that the Soviets enjoy real democracy while American democracy is but a ridiculous fake.From the very first day of their rule over Russia the Soviet leaders have insisted that their democracy is the best, or the highest ever achieved in history. This insistence they have made both before and after the enactment of the Stalin Constitution (1936)—in other words, both when their democracy excluded from the exercise of political rights the members of the former “bourgeoisie” and its servants (for example, clergymen and Tsarist policemen), and after their shift to universal suffrage.
Pobedonostsev's Conception of the Good Society: An Analysis of His Thought After 1880
Authors: Byrnes Robert F. 
Published: August 2009

Established societies as well as revolutionary organizations and movements have always developed, though often only obscurely, a vision of an ideal society, generally located in the future although often also in the romantic past. For established communities, the goal sought by the society has had tremendous significance because faith in the desirability of the end envisioned has been one of the chief binding forces. Perhaps of even greater importance has been the dynamic stimulus the belief in an ideal society has given to rising revolutionary movements, such as those which have led to the great upheavals of history. The ultimate and ideal goal is particularly significant during times of crisis, when the loyalties of men are shaken and when frequently the factors most decisive in determining a citizen's position are his acceptance of and confidence in the final aims of the group to which he belongs. As an eminent English dramatist once said, a map of the world which does not include the ideal society has little interest for man, for it is upon the shores of such societies that man is always landing.A study of a conception of the good society is not only an analysis of a source of cohesion and power; it can also shed great illumination upon an entire system of thought. The examination of a philosophy from this angle, that of the ultimate, ideal aims to be achieved, is particularly revealing in the case of Konstantine Petrovich Pobedonostsev, who was lay administrator of the Russian Orthodox Church from 1880 until October, 1905, and was one of the most prominent statesmen in Russia during the last third of the nineteenth century. During the 1880's in particular, he was as powerful in determining the direction of Russian domestic policy as Bismarck was for three decades in guiding the German state.
Towards a Fourth Reich? The History of National Bolshevism in Germany
Authors: von Klemperer Klemens 
Published: August 2009

National Bolshevism represents a chapter in German-Russian relations since the First World War. As a policy advocating an Eastern orientation for Germany it is a most puzzling and at this day a very acute phenomenon. To those educated to observe the spectrum of political opinions in terms of Right and Left, with the extreme Right at the opposite end from the extreme Left, National Bolshevism seems a paradox. It suggests the meeting of extremes. More concretely the term stands for a rapprochement between German nationalism and Russian Communism. The story of National Bolshevism is the story of two “strange bedfellows.”In the effort to comprehend this upsetting pattern it might be recalled that modern psychology has in many ways succeeded in breaking down our traditional thinking about human relations. Love, for example, has lost its meaning apart from hate, which has become its alter ego. We might be tempted to translate this finding into political terms, and National Bolshevism would appear as an example of a political love-hate relationship. It might also be suggested that the further we get from the origins and die more insight we gain into die workings of die two twentieth century extremes — Fascism and Communism — the more we are struck by dieir affinities. We grant diat Fascism is nodiing more dian “doctrineless dynamism,” whereas Communism goes back to die solid doctrinaire structure of Marxism. And even through European history since 1917 often threatened to lead up to an ultimate conflict between Fascism and Communism, die “transmutation” through which Marxism has gone in modern Russia has brought it ironically close to Fascism. It has become increasingly evident that die fight between die two was a mere sham battle.
On a Certain Critique of “Straussianism”
Authors: Tarcov Nathan 
Published: August 2009

This article examines a certain critique of what I will take the liberty of calling “Straussianism,” a critique which raises questions I believe are worth discussing, especially by all those interested in the work of Leo Strauss. This particular critique appeared in a review of a book on Platonic political philosophy, a review by a young scholar who had published only a couple of articles on classical political philosophy himself.This reviewer aptly characterizes the author as one who, “thoroughly dissatisfied with modern philosophy in all its forms, and unwilling to take refuge in Thomism … turns back to classical philosophy, to the teaching of Plato and Aristotle, as the true teaching” (p. 326). According to this perceptive critic, the author considered the quarrel of the ancients and the moderns “definitely settled in favor of the classics. After having disposed of this fundamental question, which as such is a theoretical question, he can pursue a practical or political intention on the foundation of the classical teaching.”
The Crisis in Church-State Relationships in the U.S.A.
Authors: Murray John Courtney 
Published: August 2009

In this memorandum four points will be briefly made.First, a grave danger confronts the Church in the United States, because the Church is the object of a newly intense fear, distrust, and hostility. At the same time a new apostolic opportunity is being offered to the Church, because the Church is now the object of a new interest, curiosity, and sympathy.Second, one great obstacle hinders the Church in coping effectively with the danger confronting her. And the same obstacle also blocks her from making full use of the opportunity offered to her. This obstacle consists in the present state of development of the Church's doctrine on Church-State relationships. This doctrine has not yet been vitally adapted to modern political realities and to the legitimate democratic aspirations, especially as they have developed in the United States.
Salmonella entericaserotypes and antibiotic susceptibility in New Zealand, 2002–2007
Authors: BROUGHTON E. I. , HEFFERNAN H. M. , COLES C. L. 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYWe analysed the serotypes and antibiotic susceptibility of 1560 human and 1505 non-humanSalmonellaisolated in New Zealand (NZ) between 2002 and 2007. The most common serotypes in humans wereSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium,S. Enteritidis,S. Brandenburg andS. Infantis. Over the 6-year period human cases due toS. Agona andS. Enteritidis increased and cases due toS. Typhimurium decreased. The most common serotypes from non-human sources wereS. Typhimurium,S. Brandenberg,S. Hindmarsh andS. Infantis, and there were no significant changes over time. More isolates were non-susceptible to streptomycin than to any other antibiotic. Almost all isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. There were significant trends of increasing non-susceptibility to streptomycin and sulfonamides in isolates from human and non-human sources, while ampicillin, tetracycline and multidrug non-susceptibility also increased in human isolates. Despite these increases, rates of antibiotic non-susceptibility inSalmonellain NZ are still lower than in many international settings.
Geographical heterogeneity of dengue transmission in two villages in southern Vietnam
Authors: THAI K. T. D. , NAGELKERKE N. , PHUONG H. L. , NGA T. T. T. , GIAO P. T. , HUNG L. Q. , BINH T. Q. , NAM N. V. , De VRIES P. J. 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYThis study was performed to test the hypothesis that there are ‘hotspots’, i.e. geographical heterogeneity, of dengue transmission. Data from two repeat serosurveys in two villages in Vietnam were used to identify incident infections and to relate these to prevalence at baseline and thus assess geographical heterogeneity, i.e. clustering, in dengue transmission. A total of 400 households were surveyed; serological data from 521 children at baseline and from 119 children at follow-up were included in a spatial analysis. Geographical heterogeneity of dengue transmission was explored using a permutation null distribution test. This showed for the first time evidence of clustering of dengue virus transmission at the household level in asymptomatic children. Risk areas could be identified by seroprevalence surveys combined with mapping. Control of dengue virus transmission could be supported by identification and control of hotspots.
The ultimate cataclysm: the orbital (in)stability of terrestrial planets in exoplanet systems including planets in binaries
Authors: Pilat-Lohinger Elke 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThere is no doubt that stability studies are of great importance in the fascinating research of extrasolar planetary systems. Even if most of the more than 300 extrasolar planets orbit their host stars as single giant planet and build simple two-body systems, we should not exclude the possibility that these systems could host other (small) planets that have not yet been detected due to obsevational limits. Another aspect to carry out stability studies is the growing interest in the search for extraterrestrial life in the universe. The long-term stability of a planetary system is one of the basic requirements for the evolution of life on a terrestrial planet. In this paper the dynamical behaviour of Earth-like planets will be discussed in single-star single-giant-planet systems, multi-planet systems and binary systems.
Searching for better flu surveillance? A brief communication arising from Ginsberg et al. Nature 457, 1012-1014 (2009)
Authors: Olson Donald , Baer Atar , Coletta Michael , Deyneka Lana , Gentry Ryan , Ising Amy , Murray Erin , Paladini Marc , Pendarvis Justin , Soetebier Karl , Konty Kevin , Schulmann Jill , Engel Jeffrey , Gunn Julia , Rolfs Robert , Mostashari Farzad 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThrough retrospectively analyzing billions of internet search queries, Ginsberg et al. identified a collection of specific searches that track the course of influenza-like illness (ILI) reported by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prospective monitoring during 2007-2008 found high correlation between Google estimates and CDC-reported ILI, with next-day timeliness compared to the 1-2 week delay reported in traditional CDC ILI surveillance. The assertion by Ginsberg et al., however, that internet search term estimates enable public health officials to respond better to seasonal and pandemic influenza does not take into account the current practice of public health, or the state of the art in electronic disease surveillance.
Nitric oxide stimulates myoglobin gene and protein expression in vascular smooth muscle
Authors: Rayner Benjamin S. , Hua Susan , Sabaretnam Tharani , Witting Paul K. 
Published: August 2009

Mb (myoglobin) is a haemoprotein present in cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle and is primarily responsible for the storage and ‘facilitated transfer’ of molecular oxygen from the cell membrane to mitochondria. Also, Mb plays a role in regulating •NO (nitric oxide) homoeostasis through (i) binding •NO (Mb–NO complex); (ii) oxidation of •NO to nitrate; and (iii) formation of vasoactive S-nitroso-Mb [Rayner, B.S., Wu, B.-J., Raftery, M., Stocker, R. and Witting, P.K. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 9985–9993]. Pathological •NO concentrations affect mitochondrial function and decrease cell viability through inducing apoptosis. Treatment of cultured rat VSMCs (vascular smooth muscle cells) with cumulative doses (0.1, 1 or 10 μM) of •NO from the donors diethylamineNONOate or spermineNONOate (N-[2-aminoethyl]-N-[2-hydroxy-3-nitrosohydrazine]-1,2-ethelenediamine) yielded a time-dependent increase in Mb gene expression. Concomitant transcriptional activation increased the concentration of Mb within cultured rat or primary human VSMCs as judged by Western blot analysis and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Cell viability did not decrease in these cells at the •NO doses tested. Importantly, sub-culturing isolated rat aortic segments for 7 days in the presence of L-arginine at 37 °C stimulated •NO production with a parallel increase in Mb in the underlying VSMCs. Overall, exposure of VSMCs (either in cell culture or intact vessels) to pathological •NO promotes an up-regulation of the Mb gene and protein, suggesting a feedback relationship between •NO and Mb that regulates the concentration of the potent cell signalling molecule in the vessel wall, similar to the role haemoglobin plays in the vessel lumen.
Low density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 5 (LRP5) mutations and osteoporosis, impaired glucose metabolism and hypercholesterolaemia
Authors: Saarinen Anne , Saukkonen Tero , Kivelä Tero , Lahtinen Ulla , Laine Christine , Somer Mirja , Toiviainen‐Salo Sanna , Cole William G. , Lehesjoki Anna‐Elina , Mäkitie Outi 
Published: August 2009

SummaryObjective  Mutations in the low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 5 gene (LRP5) underlie osteoporosis–pseudoglioma syndrome. Animal models implicate a role for LRP5 in lipid and glucose homeostasis. The objective was to evaluate metabolic consequences of LRP5 mutations in humans.Design and patients  Thirteen Finnish individuals with homozygous or heterozygous LRP5 mutations were assessed for bone health, glucose and lipid metabolism, and for serum serotonin concentration. Results were compared with findings in family members without mutations.Measurements  Bone mineral density (BMD), vertebral morphology, oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests, lipid profile and serum serotonin concentrations.Results  Two individuals were homozygous for R570W, one compound heterozygous for R570W and R1036Q, and 10 were heterozygous (six for R570W, three for R1036Q and one for R925C). Subjects with two LRP5 mutations had multiple spinal fractures and low BMD. Subjects with one mutation had significantly lower median lumbar spine (P = 0·004) and femoral neck (P = 0·005) BMD Z‐scores, and more often vertebral fractures than the 18 individuals without mutations. Of the 12 subjects with LRP5 mutation six had diabetes and one had impaired glucose tolerance. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests suggested impaired beta‐cell function; no insulin resistance was observed. Prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia was similar in mutation positive and negative subjects. Serum serotonin concentrations showed a trend towards higher concentrations in subjects with LRP5 mutation.Conclusions  We found high prevalence of osteoporosis and abnormal glucose metabolism in subjects with LRP5 mutation(s). Further studies are needed to establish the role of LRP5 in glucose and lipid metabolism.
Bone marrow transplantation in Europe: major geographical differences
Authors: GRATWOHL A. , HERMANS J. , GOLDMAN J. M. , GAHRTON G. ,   (for the European Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation [EBMT])
Published: August 2009

Abstract. In 1991 171 teams in 21 European countries performed 4976 bone marrow transplants. There were 1829 transplants from an HLA‐identical sibling donor. 101 from a non‐identical family member. 30 from a twin. 217 from an unrelated volunteer donor and 2799 autologous transplants. Indications for transplants were leukaemias in 2569 (52%), lymphoproliferative disorders in 1472 (30%), solid tumours in 549 (11%), aplastic anaemia and thalassaemia in 261 (5%), inborn errors in 97 and miscellaneous disorders in 28 patients. There are marked differences between the participating European countries. They relate to absolute numbers, indications and techniques. Less than 10 transplants per 10‐million inhabitants are performed in Eastern European countries. Ten to fifty transplants per 10‐million inhabitants are done in two, 50–100 transplants per 10‐million inhabitants in five, 100–200 transplants per 10‐million inhabitants in eight countries and more than 200 per 10‐million inhabitants in one country (P < 0.01). The number of transplant teams ranges from less than one to twelve per 10‐million inhabitants (P < 0.01). For the continent it becomes 3.3 per 10‐million inhabitants.The reasons for these differences are not explained by this survey. The most likely explanation for the differences in transplant activity is availability of transplant beds, trained staff and resources. Bone marrow transplants are expensive. However, the demand is increasing and will increase further with the routine availability of unrelated volunteer donors. Clearly, criteria are required in Europe to define the indications and solutions to meet the legitimate requirements for transplantation in the various regions of Europe.