bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of supra-thermal particles on plasma performance at ASDEX Upgrade with GENE-Tango simulations
Authors: Di Siena A. , Bilato R. , Bañón Navarro A. , Bergmann M. , Leppin L. , Görler T. , Poli E. , Weiland M. , Tardini G. , Jenko F. ,   the ASDEX Upgrade Team,   the EUROfusion MST1 Team
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper presents global gyrokinetic simulations on the transport time scale of an ASDEX Upgrade H-mode discharge showing a pronounced peaking of the on-axis ion temperature profiles. Leveraging the newly developed GENE-Tango tool, which combines the global gyrokinetic code GENE with the transport solver Tango, we investigate the impact of energetic particles and electromagnetic effects on the improved plasma performance observed in the experimental discharge. Our results reveal that a striking agreement between the GENE-Tango simulations and the experimental measurements can be achieved only when energetic particles and electromagnetic effects are simultaneously retained in the modeling. In contrast, when these are neglected we observed a significant underestimation of the on-axis ion temperature, aligning with profiles computed using TGLF-ASTRA. The peaking in the ion temperature profile observed in the simulations can be attributed to the effective suppression of turbulence by high-frequency electromagnetic modes, likely Kinetic Ballooning Modes/Alfvén eigenmodes. These modes play a critical role in enhancing zonal flow activity and shearing rate levels which thus lead to a localized increase in the temperature gradient. However, it is crucial to maintain these modes at a state of marginal stability or weak instability to prevent energetic particle turbulence destabilization. Otherwise, the result would be a flattening of all the thermal profiles. Interestingly, we found that global GENE-Tango simulations are required to model correctly the linear dynamics of these high-frequency modes. Additionally, global simulations demonstrate greater tolerance than flux-tube simulations for marginal instability of these high frequency modes while maintaining power balance agreement.
Correction of antenna far-field image error data based on spherical scanning
Authors: Cui Yijia , Wang Weimin , Duan Siqi , Wu Yongle , Liu Yuan’an 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The antenna pattern is an important graph for measuring antenna performance, and various parameters of the antenna can be observed from the antenna pattern. The method of obtaining antenna far-field pattern through near-field measurement technology and near-to-far-field transformation algorithm has the advantages of being free from environmental interference, low cost, and fast speed, making it an effective research method. In the process of spherical near-field measurement, it is necessary to ensure the stable operation of the probe used for measurement. If one of the probe channels is abnormal, it will have a serious impact on the measurement of the antenna pattern. This article proposes an algorithm for repairing near-field measurement data through Newton interpolation based on spherical scanning. The feasibility of the proposed method is verified by using the HFSS simulation data and the measured data of the microwave anechoic chamber. It is proved that the algorithm proposed in this paper has obvious effect on improving the accuracy of antenna pattern.
A Low-frequency Compact Lightweight Dual-polarization CATR Feed Antenna
Authors: Zhu Linhuan , Dai Ning , Jin Linqian , Wang Zhengpeng 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
To address the issue of a large axial distance for low-frequency feed antennas, this paper presents a low-frequency compact lightweight dual-polarization CATR feed antenna. This feed antenna consists of a near-rhombus-shaped crossed dipole antenna with chamfers, a third-order horn enclosure, and a novel feed network based on 180° hybrid couplers. Through design, the axial length of this feed source is approximately 290mm. The VSWR is less than 1.5, the HPBW is greater than 44.5° from 300MHz to 500MHz. The phase centre varies less than 0.3λ and the cross-polarization isolation is below in the whole working frequency band.
Rockburst classification based on cross reconstruction learning under small-sample condition
Authors: Cai Xin , Chen Liye , Zhou Zilong , Yuan Hang , Wang Peiyu , Zheng Ao 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Rockburst is a prevalent geological hazard in deep geotechnical engineering, and its accurate prognostication is vital for prevention measures. Consequently, this research proffers a pioneering classification prediction methodology, namely Cross Reconstruction Learning (CR), underpinned by conventional machine learning algorithms and metric learning strategies. Initially, this technique partitions and restructures the original dataset, where each sample feature intersects and reconfigures with features from other samples within the set. During this amalgamation, new samples are assigned labels based on the degree of divergence or congruity between two sets of sample labels, thereby forming a new set of samples. Subsequently, an array of machine learning algorithms is utilized to train and test this new dataset. Ultimately, employing a universal class voting mechanism and decoding test set results through probability assignment, the predicted labels are converted back into rock burst outcomes, thereby determining the final prediction classification. The proposed model was trained on a database encompassing 239 instance samples, and its performance was validated against the currently proficient models (KNN, XGBoost, and Random Forest algorithms) employed in rock burst prediction. The outcome revealed a decline in the performance metrics of all three machine learning algorithms when interfaced with the Cross Reconstruction learning method, particularly the KNN algorithm, owing to the doubled feature dimensions in the combined dataset. However, the metrics of ensemble models, XGBoost and Random Forest, exhibited a notable improvement compared to the original classification models. On comparing multiple performance metrics, it was discovered that the CR-XGBoost model outperformed others across all evaluations, thereby offering significant guidance for practical engineering applications.
Influences of coordination structures on the electronic properties of Zn ion and the adsorption of O-containing and S-containing molecules
Authors: Liu Chongjun , Wu Guiye , Liu Huinan , Ma Yanhong , Lu Tong , Zhu Yangge 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Ligands in minerals have an important effect on the chemical properties of metal ions. The electronic properties of Zn ions formed by O and S ligands have been studied using density functional theory (DFT), and the interaction strength between O and S-containing molecules and Zn ions has been analyzed. The results show that the electronic properties of Zn ions may be influenced by the type of ligands, the number of ligands, and the distance between ligands and Zn ions. The adsorption capacity of zinc ions decreased with an the in increase ligand coordination number, but increased with an increase in the distance between the ligand and zinc ion. The adsorption of O- and S-containing molecules on sphalerite smithsonite and hemimorphite was then studied. It was indicated that O-containing molecules had a strong collecting ability for sphalerite, smithsonite and hemimorphite, but the adsorption capacity of S-containing molecules was weaker than that of O-containing molecules. The influence of water molecules on the adsorption behavior of O- and S-containing molecules was studied. The results of the calculations show that the relationship between H2O and O-containing sulfur-containing molecules is competitive adsorption on the surface of sphalerite smithsonite and hemimorphite. Adsorption of water molecules can reduce the adsorption energy of O-containing and S-containing molecules on mineral surfaces.
Beneficiation process reengineering under the background of green development-- take the full utilization of a low-grade lead-zinc ore as an example
Authors: Hu Xiaoxing , Zhu Yangge , Song Zhenguo , Chen Kangkang 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A zero-waste mine is an advanced mine development and resource utilization strategy that aims to encourage the reduction of mine solid waste at source and the utilization of all its components. A low-grade lead-zinc ore in Guangxi, China, contains valuable components like galena, sphalerite, pyrite, barite, etc. and the gangue mineral is primarily dolomite. This paper proposes a flow of “waste pre-discarding by dense medium cyclone - sequential priority flotation of lead and zinc recovery - flotation and gravity combined process for barite recovery” to realize full component utilization. In this technical approach, 38.81% of the waste rock that can be utilized as concrete aggregate was removed from the feed ore through pre-discarding prior to grinding, after that recovers lead and zinc by the sequential priority flotation method with yield of Pb concentrate and Zn concentrate at 7.61%. In order to more efficiently recover barite and pyrite from lead-zinc flotation tailings, the gravity equipment of reflux classifier (RC) was used, which obtained barite concentrate with a yield of 7.97% and pyrite concentrate with a yield of 2.28%. The remaining yield of 43.34% tailings can be used for filling after the recovery of barite concentrate. Utilizing waste rock, lead, zinc, barite, and other resources might help the mine achieve the dynamic balance of “mining-discarding-beneficiation-filling” and realize zero tailings discharge.
Hydraulic experiment on macro-instability in the lead smelting side-blown furnace
Authors: Wang Shu-xiao , Wen Zhi , Xing Yi , Chen Xue-gang , Liu Xun-liang 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Macro-instability phenomenon in side-blown furnace was first reported in this paper, and the occurrence conditions, influencing factors and rules, eliminating measures were studied and analyzed by hydraulic experiment. The results show that the occurrence of macro-instability in side-blown furnace needs to meet certain conditions, which is mainly related to the liquid level above the jet nozzle, the number and arrangement of jet nozzles. However, the frequency macro-instability is irrelevant the nozzle height, liquid level, air flow and the nozzle diameter, the number and arrangement of jet nozzles, and the frequency of this model is 1.2Hz.The macro-instability phenomenon in side-blown furnace can be avoided or eliminated by adoption certain measures which can be used as the reference for side-blown furnace design and operation.
A decade’s Production Practice of JCC Kivcet Technique
Authors: Yangren Li , Xudong Jing 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This article provides an overview of the Kivcet technique in Jiangxi Copper Corporation, reviews the production status and problems encountered in the past decade, introduces its technological advantages and prospect. It is believed that the Kivcet process has advantages such as strong adaptability to raw materials, stable operation, high metal recovery rate, and low cost of zinc leaching residue treatment, which is the vitality of lead-zinc smelting enterprises in the future.
Evaporation and its Effects on Physico-Chemical Properties of PbO-containing Slag
Authors: Kang Y , Zhao J X , Cui Y R , Li B , Ren M M , Wang Z M 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
PbO as well as other volatiles will evaporate at high temperature. In the measure of relevant slag property, the slag will be kept at high temperature for a long time (even several hours). The continuous evaporation will result in uncertainty of the measured results. In another point of view, that means the measured result is no longer in consistent with the pre-determined slag composition, but a new one changed obviously. For high or medium PbO content slag, the weight loss can reach to 20∼40 % at high temperature. The effect is not negligible. In this work, the evaporation and physicochemical property (melting point and viscosity) measurement of typical PbO-containing slag were jointly analyzed based on calculation, TG-DSC, melting temperature and viscosity measurement. A deviation method based on traditional measurement ways was suggested and practiced. It is proved that to take physicochemical property value with traditional method and the get the in-time composition to match the measured values is feasible. how obtain in-time composition is also discussed and tried. The work will be of extensive reference significance to other slag system with higher volatiles.
Study on Optimization of Deep Purification Process Design of Zinc Oxygen Pressure Acid Leaching Solution
Authors: Liu Ziliang , Tong Yizhe , He Xingmin , Chen Longyi 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
According to the characteristics of high impurity content and complex composition of oxygen pressure leaching (OPL) solution of zinc sulfide concentrate, combined with the quality requirements of large plate electrowinning and automatic plate stripping, the advanced purification process of solution was designed. Through the deep purification process consisting of neutralization indium precipitation and low iron purification, high temperature antimony salt nickel and cobalt removal, copper slag chlorine removal, low temperature zinc powder replacement copper and cadmium removal, fine purification, calcium and magnesium removal, the contents of harmful impurities such as iron, indium, copper, cadmium, nickel, cobalt, fluorine and chlorine in the solution are strictly controlled to ensure that the quality of the deeply purified zinc sulfate solution is qualified and can meet the needs of continuous and stable production. The energy-saving effect of advanced purification process is obvious, and the average DC power consumption per ton of electric zinc is 2880kWh, reaching the advanced level of the same industry in China. The good effect of advanced purification process ensures the successful application of OPL and large plate zinc electrowinning, and improves the technology and equipment level of zinc smelting industry, which has important popularization and application value.
Design and production practice of large fluidized roasting furnace
Authors: Liang Yuan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
With the expansion of the scale of zinc smelting enterprises and the progress of new equipment and technology, 152 m2 fluidized roasting furnace has been developed and applied to industrial production, with a single unit capacity of 150,000 to 170,000 tons of electrolytic zinc per year. This paper analyzes and introduces an engineering example of zinc concentrate treatment by a dual-series fluidized roasting furnace. The project was designed by China ENFI Engineering Corporation and put into operation in Hunan province of China in 2018. This paper firstly describes the process flow and main equipment of the preparation system, roasting furnace system, waste heat utilization system, dust collection system from a design perspective. Then, based on production practice, it analyzes and compares aspects such as furnace operation, actual production data, major technical and economic indicators, and the characteristics and optimization of the roasting system equipment. Finally, it is concluded that the dual-series large-scale fluidized roasting furnace has stable production, good product quality, less investment, and fewer labor requirements, which brings good economic benefits to the enterprise. Its operational experience has accumulated parameters and experience for the development of larger roasting furnaces in the future.
Development and Innovative Application of Main Equipment for Zinc Electrowinning
Authors: Tong Yizhe , Liu Ziliang 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The latest development and application of zinc electrowinning equipment in China are introduced. The characteristics and innovative applications of main equipment for zinc electrowinning, such as cathode and anode, electrolytic cell, cathode and anode multifunctional crane, zinc stripping and cathode washing machine, zinc sheet conveyor, anode temper mill and solution cooling tower, are analyzed. It is pointed out that the application of advanced equipment characterized by large-scale and automation will dominate the upgrading and transformation of existing zinc electrowinning capacity.
Application of Oxygen-enriched Side-blowing Technology in Treating Zinc Leaching Residue in China
Authors: Liang Xu , Ge Zhang , Bo Wang 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Zinc hydrometallurgy is the main process of zinc smelting in the world. The leaching residue produced by different hydrometallurgical processes have different components, but they contain valuable metals such as zinc, silver, gold, indium and germanium, and heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and arsenic. In China, leaching residue is defined as hazardous waste, which requires harmless treatment and recovery of valuable metals. At present, China’s main zinc leaching residue treatment technologies include Welz kiln, fuming furnace and Top-submerged lance Smelting furnace. These technologies have been applied for many years and are mature and reliable, but they need further improvement in energy conservation and environmental protection. In recent years, with the continuous progress of China’s smelting technology, the oxygen-enriched side-blowing technology has been successfully applied to the treatment of zinc leaching residue, mainly including the Side-submerged combustion smelting technology of China ENFI and the Vanukov side-blowing technology. At present, the above two side blowing technologies have been put into industrial practice in many zinc smelters in China, which are characterized by low energy consumption, high recovery rate of valuable metals and high sulfur recovery rate. This paper introduces the application of the above two side blowing technologies in China’s zinc smelters, and compares them from furnace structure, production operation, and technical indicators. Oxygen-enriched side-blowing technology will become the mainstream treatment process of zinc residue in China and even in the world in the future.
Application of side-submerged combustion smelting(SSC) process in recovery of lead smelting by-products
Authors: Peng Siyao 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The treatment of lead smelting by-products,such as anode slime and antimony-containing dust and slag is an important process, which is not only related to improvement the rate of comprehensive recovery of resources, but also plays a very important role in improving the economic benefits of plant. The existing by-product treatment technology and current situation were introduced in first. Combined with the current treatment process and characteristics of by-products, this paper focuses on the characteristics of the oxygen-enriched submerged combustion side-blown smelting technology and the application of by-products treatment. Based on the engineering practice and relevant technical and economic indicators of treating 5812t anode slime annually, compared with the conventional technology, this technology has obvious advantages in operation cost, treatment efficiency and environmental protection.
Removal of Lead and Zinc from Blast Furnace Sludge Through High Temperature Carbochlorination
Authors: Xiao Y. , Beentjes P. , Soefihara M. , Yang Y. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A new dual kiln processing route has been proposed and investigated for removal of heavy metals from the zinc-rich fraction of blast furnace (BF) sludge and recovery of ferrous materials. The zinc in BF sludge exists both as ZnO and ZnS. The thermodynamic analysis indicates that the carbochlorination of the sludge shows a selective heavy metal removal. Lead can be removed at a temperature below 900°C followed by the zinc removal at higher temperatures, producing an iron-rich clean residue free of heavy metals in the end feasible for recycling back to ironmaking. High temperature carbochlorination experiments have been conducted with designed mini-pellets. The experimental results prove that via the proposed dual kiln route, a valuable zinc-rich fraction and a clean iron-bearing residue can be achieved with addition of iron chloride, leaving a small stream of lead-rich residue for further processing. This newly developed recycling flowsheet provides a sequential carbochlorination in two inter-connected rotary kilns, incorporated with efficient dust-capturing systems. In total, over 98% heavy metal removal has been achieved. The Zn-rich dust contains more than 60% of zinc, and the quality of the iron-rich residue is sufficient for re-use in the integrated steel works.
Scorodite synthesis process using solid iron oxides
Authors: Adachi Ken , Karube Tomoro , Anezaki Takumi , Iizuka Atsushi , Shibata Etsuro 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The immobilization of arsenic in the form of scorodite (FeAsO4·2H2O), which has excellent chemical stability, is attracting attention as a method for treating wastewater containing high concentrations of arsenic generated at nonferrous metal smelting plants. Scorodite, with its low solubility and high arsenic content per volume, is expected to be an environmentally friendly arsenic fixation method suitable for final disposal. Various scorodite synthesis methods have been studied. The first synthesis method proposed is the hydrothermal method using an autoclave to synthesize highly crystalline scorodite. Although the hydrothermal method is capable of synthesizing scorodite with good crystallinity, from an economic point of view, scorodite synthesis under ambient pressure and at low temperatures is more attractive. As a low-temperature scorodite synthesis method under atmospheric pressure, the oxidation of Fe(II) process by O2 bubbling was proposed. In this method, ferrous sulfate is added to an arsenic-containing solution as a Fe ion source, and in situ oxidation of Fe(II) by O2 or air bubbling to form scorodite with good crystallinity. In addition to temperature, other conditions, pH, Fe/As ratio, and reaction time have been reported to affect scorodite crystallization. Recently, scorodite synthesis using solid iron oxide as the Fe source for scorodite synthesis, instead of aqueous Fe salt solutions, has attracted much attention. In this presentation, we will report on the investigation of reaction parameters, such as the type of iron oxide and reaction temperature, for the scorodite synthesis using solid iron oxide.
Characteristics and risk assessment of arsenic contamination in a lead and zinc plant area in Yunnan Province
Authors: Mei Xiangyang , Qing Hua , Liu Qunxing , Yue Yuan , Zhao Hua , Wa Xiaoyan , Ma Qicheng 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Taking a lead and zinc plant plot in Yunnan as the research object, the land use status and planting types of the region were investigated, the original enterprise distribution area and crop growing area of the plot were defined, and 67 surface soil samples and 14 columnar soil samples were systematically arranged in the plot for monitoring. Combined with the monitoring results and analysis, it is concluded that there is no definite basis that the high arsenic content in soil in the region is caused by the enterprise production, and the high arsenic content in the region may be caused by the background value. Based on the monitoring and investigation results, the risk assessment of the area was carried out. The results showed that the non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic hazard index of arsenic exceeded the prescribed acceptable level when the area was developed as the second type of construction land, and soil remediation should be carried out. At the same time, the collaborative distribution monitoring of regional crops showed that the arsenic content of crops was low, which met the requirements of food standards, possibly because the cultivated crops did not have strong adsorption and enrichment effects on the arsenic occurrence form in the regional soil.