bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune protection of the hatchling.
Authors: Butter C. , Walter H. J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

It has become clear that, although their immune responses are impoverished compared with those of adults, neonates are capable of mounting adaptive immune responses, which are dependent on the conditions of antigen exposure. Whilst embryonic vaccination of chicks can successfully induce adaptive immunity, the precise mechanisms whereby this is generated in the face of immune unresponsiveness remain to be elucidated. This chapter reviews existing data and further describes the ontogeny of humoral and Th1 cytokine responses in neonatal chicks and their enhancement through manipulation of the immune system. Neonatal chicks are capable of producing age-related Th1 cytokine profiles following parasitic infection. This contrasts with the mammalian system, in which neonates mount Th2-biased cytokine responses following antigen challenge. However, humoral responses are slow to develop, only being detected in juvenile birds from 18 days post-hatch in response to T-dependent non-replicating antigen. We suggest that the immaturity of this response is due to a defect in the neonatal B-cell population. The manipulation of immune function during the neonatal period, a time when chicks are uniquely vulnerable to infection, offers the prospect of improved methods for prevention and treatment of disease.
Low-chill cultivar development.
Authors: Topp B. L. , Sherman W. B. , Raseira M. C. B. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the breeding of low-chill peach cultivars adapted to the subtropics, although they may be grown in temperate environments (in the absence of spring freezes that kill the bloom) or in tropical highlands. Topics covered are: reasons for breeding low-chill cultivars; history of low-chill cultivar development; current low-chill breeding programmes (New South Wales and Queensland, Australia; São Paulo, Brazil; Mexico; South Africa; Taiwan; Thailand; and California, Florida and Texas, USA); common objectives in low-chill peach breeding (low chilling requirement, time of flowering, flower bud density, blind nodes and bud drop, fruit development period, fruit shape, fruit firmness and disease resistance); and management of low-chill breeding populations (hybrid seed production, seedling populations, and testing advanced selections).
Fresh market cultivar development.
Authors: Okie W. R. , Bacon T. , Bassi D. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the cultivation and breeding of peach cultivars for fresh consumption in the USA (north-eastern USA and Canada, south-eastern USA and California), Europe (Bulgaria, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Spain, Ukraine and former Soviet states), and Pacific and African regions (China, Japan, Korea, New Zealand and South Africa).
Nutrient and water requirements of peach trees.
Authors: Johnson R. S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the nutrient and water requirements of peach. Topics covered include diagnostic methods for nutrient status determination; effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, zinc, boron, iron, manganese, and copper on crop performance; and imposing of moderate water stress in peach orchards as a strategy for improving crop productivity.
Physiology of crop growth, development and yield.
Authors: Brewster J. L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter starts with an outline of the principles determining crop yields and how they apply to onions. It gives a context within which to discuss how environmental and internal factors control successive phases of development from seed, through shoot growth, to the harvested bulbs or shoots. Inflorescence initiation and development and seed formation are then considered, along with interrelationships between vegetative and floral growth. Models based on physiological relationships that predict crop growth, development and yield are then discussed. Onion, the most intensively studied crop, is considered primarily, followed by sections on each of the other edible alliums, which behave similarly to onion in many ways.
Grapevine growth and fruit development.
Authors: Creasy G. L. , Creasy L. L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter reviews the growth cycle (including branching, flower initiation, fruit set, fruit development and berry maturation) of grapevine, along with factors (such as plant growth regulators, environment and climate) that influence it. The fact that the vine is a perennial plant means that management is quite different to that for annual crops, as well as there being unique aspects to cultivating young versus established vines. An overarching concept, that of vine balance, is introduced as it has implications for decisions made from the very start of vineyard planning as to how the weather affects the vine after harvest. Fruit quality parameters are also mentioned, particularly with reference to grape berry maturation.
Vineyard establishment.
Authors: Creasy G. L. , Creasy L. L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

In this chapter, the process of putting in a vineyard is followed from first thoughts to making sure that the vineyard gets off to a healthy start, ready to produce as much high-quality crop as it can for the life of the vineyard. The site, climate, soil and other factors (including land cost/availability/zoning, likely pests and diseases, proximity to existing industry infrastructure, presence of skilled and unskilled labour, accessibility to markets or shipping ports, reputation of the region, pollution concerns from neighbouring activities or previous cropping, water availability and quality, natural rainfall and its timing through the year), as well as choice of rootstocks are considered. Propagation of grapevines through cuttings, layering and grafting is briefly described.
Seasonal management.
Authors: Creasy G. L. , Creasy L. L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Once a vineyard has been established there is ongoing management to keep it in top producing form. In many ways, this process starts at pruning and matching the vine to the trellising system, as this sets the vine up for producing fruit in the following year. There are then many other management interventions that can be used during the growing season, including those dealing with the canopy, any cover crop, water application (irrigation) and other methods that fine-tune the grape product. Finally, determining when and how to harvest the crop caps off a season of preparation. Other management practices are also described, such as girdling, fruit thinning and application of growth regulators.
Nutrition.
Authors: Creasy G. L. , Creasy L. L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter deals with the macronutrients (N, P, S, K, Ca and Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, B and Cl) that the grapevines need to grow and produce fruit. Soil and plant tissue nutrient analysis and correction strategies are discussed.
Fruit thinning.
Authors: Therios I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Olive fruit thinning aims at reducing limb breakage, increasing fruit size, improving fruit quality and stimulating flower bud initiation for the following year's production. This chapter describes the effect of fruit thinning on leaf:fruit ratio and transport of assimilates. Different thinning methods are discussed, which include hand (removal of flowers and fruits manually), mechanical (use of hand-operated spray with high-pressure water, and use of a mechanical shaker to shake the tree trunk), and chemical (using NAA).
Propagation of olive trees.
Authors: Therios I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

All aspects of olive propagation, from traditional systems to in vitro propagation and other more advanced biotechnologies, are discussed. The propagation of olive by seed, cuttings (hardwood and leafy), sphaeroblasts (ovular overgrowths of parenchymatic tissue located in the tree crown or in old wood in the upper part of the tree), suckers, grafting (cleft, bark, whip, splice, wedge, bridge, T-budding and patch) and budding are described. The in vitro culture of olive trees and other micropropagation techniques (synthetic seed production, protoplast culture and cryopreservation) for the olive are also described.
Table olives.
Authors: Therios I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Worldwide interest exists in using processing methods for olives such as brine, fermentation and salt-/heat-drying methods rather than processing with lye (caustic soda). Primary processing involves any of several operations (soaking, fermentation, lye treatment or heat). Secondary processing involves increasing the organoleptic value of the olive by, e.g. addition of herbs, spices or vegetables, de-stoning and stuffing with peppers, cheeses, almonds, garlic or onion. The most important table olive cultivars internationally are 'Kalamata', 'Conservolia', 'Manzanillo', 'Sevillana', 'Hojiblanca' and 'Ascolana tenera'. The Californian table olive industry is based on five cultivars in order of volume sales: 'Manzanillo', 'Sevillano', 'Mission', 'Ascolano' and 'Barouni'. Rules for production of high-quality table olives are given.
Olive mill products and environmental impact of olive oil production.
Authors: Therios I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Thus chapter focuses on the utilization of olive mill by-products (washing water, leaves, pomace, and mill waste water). Tabulated data are provided on the characteristics and quantities of olive pomace produced by three different extraction methods: (i) traditional pressing; (ii) triphasic decanting; and (iii) biphasic decanting. The advantages and disadvantages of using olive mill waste water as fertilizer are given. The use of olive mill waste water as a raw material for bio-hydrogen production is discussed.
Global production, supply and demand.
Authors: Erskine W. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter surveys global and national production, and export and demand/consumption of lentil. It provides an update on the topic written in 1981 by Nygaard and Hawtin in 'Lentils' (Nygaard and Hawtin, 1981). The chapter is based primarily on FAOSTAT, i.e. the statistical database of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2008), which provides country-/global-level estimates of crop production, area harvested, yield, exports, imports and consumption since 1961. However, it provides no hint of the situation at the sub-national, district and importantly household level.
Genetic enhancement for yield and yield stability.
Authors: Sarker A. , Aydogan A. , Chandra S. , Kharrat M. , Sabaghpour S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter discusses lentil breeding with reference to: history; constraints to production addressable by breeding; genetic resources and their variation in key traits; breeding strategies and approaches; major agroecology and specific breeding objectives; breeding methodologies; breeding achievements in (i) broadening the genetic base in South Asia, (ii) identification and exploitation of resistance to abiotic stresses (winter hardiness, drought and salt tolerances, and mineral imbalances), (iii) gene mining and utilization to combat biotic stresses (such as diseases), (iv) construction of suitable plant type for mechanical harvest, (v) development of micronutrient-dense cultivars, and (vi) varietal releases by national programmes; and evolution of the international breeding programme. Future directions are given.
Biological nitrogen fixation and soil health improvement.
Authors: Quinn M. A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This paper provides information on: the importance of biological nitrogen fixation and legumes; nodulation and nitrogen fixation in lentil; and the different factors affecting the contribution of lentils to soil health (i.e., abiotic soil factors, biotic soil factors, tillage, intercropping, green manures and crop rotations with lentils).
Introduction: botany and importance.
Authors: Mukherjee S. K. , Litz R. E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter on mango covers the following: tree, flower, fruit and seed morphology; polyembryony; history of cultivation; origin; domestication; geographical distribution; germplasm conservation; genetic erosion; collection and documentation of Mangifera germplasm; relevance of germplasm resources to mango improvement; cultivars; and production and uses.
Foliar, floral and soilborne diseases.
Authors: Ploetz R. C. , Freeman S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter presents the foliar and floral diseases (algal leaf spot, Alternaria leaf spot, anthracnose, apical necrosis, bacterial black spot or black canker, black-banded disease, black mildew, sooty blotch and sooty mould, blossom blight, decline disorders, galls and scaly bark, grey leaf spot, leaf blight, malformation, Phoma blight, Phoma leaf spot, pink disease, powdery mildew, scab, seca and sudden decline, and Stigmina leaf spot) and soilborne diseases (black root rot, nematode damage, Phytophthora diseases, root rot and damping off, Sclerotium rot, Verticillium wilt and white root disease) of mango that are mainly caused by pathogenic fungi and bacteria, nematodes or parasitic plants. Information on symptoms, aetiology, epidemiology and management strategies (mainly through chemical control) is provided.
Fruit processing.
Authors: Raymundo L. C. , Ombico M. T. , Villa T. M. de 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter discusses current trends in mango fruit processing, covering the production of dehydrated mango products, dried mango, fruit bar, fruit roll, vacuum-puffed dried mango, spray-dried mango powders, spray-dried mango fruit powder and instant mango juice, spray-dried green mango powder, and spray-dried instant green mango shake. An overview of capital investment costs and raw material requirements of mango processing is presented.
Biological control of
Liriomyza
leafminers: progress and perspective.
Authors: Liu T. X. , Kang Le Kang Le , Heinz K. M. , Trumble J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

There are more than 330
Liriomyza
species (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and many are economically important pests of field crops, ornamentals and vegetables. Given the substantial economic losses associated with various aspects of
Liriomyza
feeding as well as the ability of these insects to rapidly develop resistance to insecticides, researchers from many countries have attempted to use biological control to manage these pests. Unfortunately, progress on the science and implementation of effective
Liriomyza
biological control is hampered by the literature being scattered widely and in many different languages. A primary goal of this review is to consolidate the available information and provide an analysis of the published work. Investigations of natural enemies of
Liriomyza
have identified approximately 140 species of parasitoids, a few species of predators (including nematodes), and some entomopathogens. Some species of parasitoids and nematodes have been mass-reared and used for biological control of
Liriomyza
species under confined environmental conditions. While chemical control is still used extensively, conservation biological control and inoculative releases are being adopted as a primary strategy for
Liriomyza
suppression in select situations.
Agriculture, poverty and growth in Africa: linkages and policy challenges.
Authors: Sundberg S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Agriculture in Africa has been neglected by African governments and donor institutions for the last two decades. In the last few years there has been a resurgence in official commitment to the agricultural sector. For the vast majority of countries in Africa, agriculture will continue to be the main engine driving overall economic growth and poverty reduction, as many country case studies demonstrate. However, one should not equate increases in agricultural production with improvements in indicators of well-being, such as poverty rates and nutritional status. Complementary interventions are needed to ensure that overall economic gains translate into improvements in the lives of the poor. Macroeconomic and trade policy reforms of the late 1980s and 1990s in Africa did not unleash a great boom in agricultural production, economic growth and poverty reduction. Even with a favourable policy environment, the efficiency of agricultural markets is constrained by a host of institutional and infrastructure factors. There is significant disagreement in the literature about the proper role of African governments in supporting agricultural markets. A substantial increase in resources devoted to agricultural research will help the sector realize its anticipated potential for productivity gains. The empirical analysis of individual country experiences with growth and poverty linkages in Africa is relatively new; future directions for research are identified.
New targets in wheat improvement.
Authors: Trethowan R. , Turner M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Climate change, expanding regional populations, changes in consumer preferences and improved technology will influence wheat breeding objectives in the coming decades. Traits that improve productivity in drier, warmer conditions are likely to become increasingly important and wheat cultivars with perennial habit, C
4
photosynthesis, improved nutrient use-efficiency and better adaptation to conservation agriculture could improve both the sustainability and productivity of wheat farming systems worldwide. The distribution of insects and diseases is expected to change in certain regions with implications for the deployment of resistance genes. The effectiveness of resistance genes may also change with temperature and CO
2
levels. Transgenes conferring immunity to some intractable diseases may offer longer-lasting solutions to disease infection and spread. The nutritional quality of both wholemeal and refined flour is expected to improve as more is understood of genetic variability for key micronutrients, their bioavailability and expression in different seed components. As markets become increasingly sophisticated, the demand for healthier foods will increase and wheat products with low glycaemic index or more antioxidants will be sought. The distribution of processed products worldwide may also change, as western societies increasingly favour wholemeal-based products and many developing countries replace rice-based diets with wheat as incomes improve. Wheat cultivars with strong, extensible dough and short mixing time have always been an important objective in western countries as longer mixing times reduce throughput. However, mixing time will take on an additional importance as energy costs continue to increase. As the proportion of meat increases in the diets of populations in transitional economies, the demand for grain for animal feed is also expected to continue to increase. Wheat cultivars with higher grain yield, improved digestibility and higher metabolizable energy, specific to monogastric and ruminant metabolisms, will be sought.
Causes of and predisposing risk factors for leg disorders in growing-finishing pigs.
Authors: Jensen T. B. , Toft N. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This review provides an overview of common causes of leg disorders in growing-finishing pigs (30-100 kg) reared in intensive production systems. We define three overall cause categories of leg disorders in finishers: (1) infectious arthritis caused by
Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
,
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
,
Haemophilus parasuis
and
Streptococcus suis
, (2) physical injuries such as fractures of the leg and lesions to the claw and (3) osteochondrosis. Different predisposing risk factors at herd and animal level are important with regard to the occurrence of leg disorders. The construction of the pen, the floor type and the supply of straw are of primary importance for the occurrence of physical leg disorders, while anatomic characteristics, the growth rate and the feeding strategy can affect the risk of osteochondrosis. Exposing the individual pig to a stressful environment (such as mixing pigs from several herds) may alter the immune status, and hence, predispose to infectious arthritis. The review summarizes and quantifies (where possible) the effect of important predisposing risk factors for leg disorders in growing-finishing pigs.
Impacts of
Bt
crops on non-target invertebrates and insecticide use patterns.
Authors: Naranjo S. E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

The ubiquitous nature of
Bacillus thuringiensis
(
Bt
), a Gram-positive bacterium capable of producing crystal proteins with insecticidal activity during sporulation, is now being mirrored in major crops plants that have been engineered through recombinant DNA to carry genes responsible for producing these crystal proteins and providing host plant resistance to major lepidopteran and coleopteran pests. In 2007, the 11th year of commercial production,
Bt
maize and
Bt
cotton were commercially produced on a total of ∼42 million hectares in 20 countries. Assessment of environmental safety has been and continues to be a key element of transgenic crop technology. This review focuses on two environmental elements, effects on non-target invertebrates and changes in insecticide use patterns since the adoption of
Bt
maize and cotton. Meta-analyses of the extant literature on invertebrate non-target effects reveals that the pattern and extent of impact varies in relation to taxonomy, ecological or anthropomorphic guild, route of exposure and the non-
Bt
control against which effects are gauged. Hazards identified in the laboratory may not always manifest in the field and the minor negative effects of
Bt
crops demonstrated in the field pale in comparison with alternative pest suppression measures based on insecticides. The efficacy of
Bt
maize and cotton against major pest species has been associated with an estimated 136.6 million kg global reduction in insecticide active ingredient used between 1996 and 2006 (29.9% reduction). Benefits vary by country and region and are heavily weighted towards cotton production, which has historically been one of the largest users of insecticides in the world.
Dehydroascorbate reductase and salt stress.
Authors: Amako K. , Ushimaru T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Salinity is the major environmental limiting factor of plant growth and productivity. Salt, as well as drought, chilling and extreme temperatures, increases the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excessive levels of ROS lead to oxidative damage to cellular molecules, ageing and cell death. The antioxidative system is important for the maintenance of intracellular ROS at appropriate levels. The antioxidant ascorbate is oxidized in antioxidative reactions, and a system for the regeneration of ascorbate is critical for maintaining the antioxidative system. Dehydroascorbate (DHA) reductase (DHAR) catalyses the re-reduction of DHA to ascorbate. The transcription levels and activity of DHAR are increased in response to various abiotic stresses. Mutant plants deficient in DHAR are hypersensitive to stress. Conversely, transgenic plants that overexpress DHAR show enhanced salt tolerance. Thus, manipulation of DHAR expression is important for genetic engineering of salt-tolerant plants.