bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Monte Carlo modeling of electron interaction with solids including cascade secondary electron production
Authors: Ding Z.‐J. , Shimizu R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA new Monte Carlo simulation approach has been developed to describe electron scattering and secondary electron generation processes in solids. This approach is based on the uses of Mott's elastic scattering cross section and Penn's dielectric function. A very good agreement has been found on the energy distribution of backscattered electrons between theoretical calculations and accurate experimental measurement recently made by Goto et al. (1994). This fact confirms that the present Monte Carlo model is very useful for more comprehensive understanding of basic phenomena in electron spec‐troscopy and microscopy, particularly in the sub‐keV energy region where cascade secondary electrons play a dominant role. In this paper the details of the Monte Carlo procedure are described and further application to the mechanism of secondary electron generation is presented.
A portable scanning electron microscope column design based on the use of permanent magnets
Authors: Khursheed A. , Phang J. C. , Thong J. T. L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA portable scanning electron microscope (SEM) column design is presented which makes use of permanent magnets. Simulation results predict that such an SEM column is feasible and that it can be compact. The column height is typically less than 12 cm. The column is designed to be modular, so that it can fit onto a wide range of different specimen chamber types, and can also be readily replaced.
Monte Carlo modeling of cathodoluminescence generation using electron energy loss curves
Authors: Toth M. , Phillips M. R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis work demonstrates the validity of approximating cathodoluminescence generation throughout the electron interaction volume by the total electron energy loss profile. The energy loss profiles in multilayer specimens were accurately calculated using the Monte Carlo simulation CASINO. Resolution of cathodoluminescence images can be estimated from the electron beam spot diameter, the electron penetration range, and the minority carrier diffusion length.
Scanning near‐field cathodoluminescence investigations
Authors: Cramer R. M. , Heiderhoff R. , Balk L. J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBy implementing a scanning near‐field optical microscope into the analysis chamber of a scanning electron microscope, the light emitted due to cathodoluminescence can be locally detected in the near‐field using tapered, coated optical fibers. In addition to the ability to perform contactless measurements of local diffusion lengths, the achievable spatial resolution can be increased to about 50 nanometers.
The morphology and composition of cholesterol, protein, and bilirubin deposits in dried human bile: Cathodoluminescence and backscattered electron imaging
Authors: Loginov A. S. , Chebanov S. M. , Saparin G. V. , Obyden S. K. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis work is the first to deal with the application of color cathodoluminescence scanning electron microscopy (CCL SEM) and a novel version of combined imaging with backscattered electrons (CCL+BSE SEM) for the study of the composition of bile and its precipitation mechanisms. The present study demonstrates cholesterol, protein, and bilirubin distribution in deposits of normal and abnormal humanbile after solution evaporation to full dryness. Qualitative CCL SEM analysis showed that dried bile remnants include different proportions of the above components. Three types of deposits were observed: Arborescent crystals, typical cholesterol crystals, and amorphous bilirubin particles. The selection of crystalline or amorphous precipitate phases is determined by the dehydration/concentration process. The findings may explain key features in lithogenesis.
Wide field scanning slit in vivo confocal microscopy of flattening‐induced corneal bands and ridges
Authors: Auran James D. , Koester Charles J. , Rapaport Rachel , Florakis George J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe used a wide field scanning slit confocal microscope to examine the response of the in vivo human cornea to flattening. Flattening‐induced effects consisted of (1) anterior corneal mosaic, which appeared as a meshwork of intersecting stromal and Bowman's layer bands with overlying epithelial ridges; (2) deep and middle stromal bands, which were narrower than and unrelated in position to the anterior corneal mosaic; and (3) posterior surface ridges. The posterior surface ridges projected posteriorly into the anterior chamber consisted of endothelium, Descemet's membrane, and posterior stroma, and were unrelated in position to posterior stromal bands. Confocal microscopy is a promising modality in the examination of the cornea and its response to mechanical stress.
The intracellular distribution of vinculin and alpha2 integrin in epithelial cells and chondrocytes
Authors: Hirsch M. S. , Law L. Y. , Trinkaus‐Randall V. , Svoboda K. K. H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to demonstrate the presence of vinculin and alpha2 integrin in chondrocytes in situ and epithelial cells. We also determined that the appropriate fixation and extraction protocols for immunohistochemistry and laser scanning confocal microscopy for an integral membrane protein and an actin‐associated protein in cultured cells and whole tissue was different. Cultured epithelial cells, whole mount human cornea and avian cartilage were fixed and prepared using a number of standard procedures used for indirect fluorescence immunohistochemistry. The distribution of vinculin was cell‐type and fixation‐specific. Chondrocytes and cultured epithelial cells demonstrated vinculin in areas that appear to be associated with filamentous actin. Vinculin was associated with cell membranes in human cornea. The expression of alpha2 integrin observed in chondrocytes fixed with methanol, paraformaldehyde, or formaldehyde is consistent with its role in cell‐substrate interaction, but may also suggest a role in dividing and differentiating cells. The localization of alpha2 integrin in human corneal epithelia supports its role as a cell‐cell adhesion molecule. The cytoplasmic distribution of vinculin and alpha2 integrin in tissues fixed without detergent extraction suggests that the fixation step may be sufficient for antibody penetration and antigen extraction. These studies are the first report of vinculin and alpha2 integrin in embryonic chondrocytes. In addition we have shown that confocal laser scanning microscopy combined with proper fixation and extraction protocols may optimize the localization of antigens in cultured and whole mount cells.
In vivo observation of the corneal epithelium
Authors: Tsubota Kazuo 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSpecular microscopy is an important addition to the ophthalmologist's diagnostic armamentarium. Using this technique, it has been found that normal corneal epithelial cells are polygonal, with no abnormal specular reflex. There are no spindle‐shaped, large or small cells, as may be observed in a variety of pathologic conditions. Spindle‐shaped cells are characteristic of the wound‐healing process with cell migration. Large cells were observed not only in wound healing, but also in aphakic diabetic patients, extended‐wear soft contact lens wearers, and individuals with keratoconus. These changes may result from depressed mitosis or inhibited sloughing of superficial cells. Morphometric analysis adds a quantitative dimension to epithelial cell analysis.
In vivo observation of the human tear film by tandem scanning confocal microscopy
Authors: Mathers William D. , Daley Thomas E. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA new method for observing normal and pathologic states of the human tear film using tandem scanning confocal microscopy is presented. The confocal microscope is configured with a horizontal light path, a 10 × dry objective, and an image‐intensified camera for collecting images at a magnification of approximately 150×. The advantages of confocal microscopy can be used to collect reflected images of the human tear film with improved detail and resolution.
Near fields of periodic gratings calculated using rigorous electromagnetic theory
Authors: Körner T. O. , Sheridan J. T. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractRigorous electromagnetic theory (REMT) can be used to calculate the fields above dielectric and metallic gratings. In this paper, by including evanescent orders, the near fields are presented. The Legendre method is used to carry out these calculations. In this method the fields in each of the homogeneous sections along a grating period are approximated by Legendre polynomials. This method is an exact eigenfunction method in which the eigenvalues are found using simple matrix eigenvalue/eigenvector algorithms. By carefully dealing with the boundary conditions, extremely deep and highly conducting gratings can be examined. The convergence of the diffraction orders and nonimplicit power conservation are used to test the results. Contour plots showing the absolute value of the E‐field near gratings for a large range of periods, depths, duty cycles, angles of incidence, and surface profiles are presented.
Vital confocal microscopy in bone
Authors: Boyde A. , Wolfe L. A. , Maly M. , Jones S. J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe wished to exploit confocal microscopy for high spatial and temporal resolution vital microscopy in bone. To this end, we evolved implants with glass windows supported in titanium, which were placed in the medial proximal tibial plateau of the rabbit, and special small, self‐focussing objectives (dry 10/0.25, water immersion 20/0.45, and oil immersion 45/0.65 and 120/1.0) which mated and matched to the conical window entrance section of the metal components. At intervals of up to 21 months after implant healing, these lenses were used to study live tissue using two genera of confocal microscope: multiple aperture disc, tandem scanning, microscopes for observation in reflection, and video rate confocal laser scanning microscopes for recording, mainly in the fluorescence mode. The latter allowed the study of a variety of intravenously administered substances, including fluorescein, fluorescein‐dextrans, fluorescent microspheres, acridine orange, DASPMI, calcein, and tetracycline. We were able to remove blood, stain cells with fluorescent markers, and replace them into the circulation. Calcein and tetracycline bind to the mineral front in bone: this labelling was studied in progress. We observed that both substances partition and remain for long periods (at least days) in adipocytes. Further characterisation of the system used both confocal fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy methods in the study of retrieved implants. These studies showed that the subimplant cortical bone remodelled to a less compact structure with a rich microvasculature extremely close to bone. The points of attachment of bone to glass were found to involve coarse fibres, with the matrix containing large numbers of large cells: some of this tissue was cartilage and some immature bone. An amorphous, mineralised matrix was in immediate contact with glass. The results provide further confirmation of the general utility of high‐scan speed confocal methodology in physiology.
Calibration and applications of a high‐precision piezo scanner for nanometrology
Authors: Dürselen R. , Grunewald U. , Preuss W. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPiezoelectric tube scanners are being used with many scanning probe microscopes for scanning sample surfaces in three dimensions. Since the piezo effect has nonlinearity, hysteresis, and drift, difficulties will occur with distortion, reproducibility, and accuracy of measurements (Barrett and Quate 1991). Correction procedures, which are not based on improvement of linearity of scan movements, will still be affected by remaining nonlinearities of an order of a few percent. The manufacturing of increasing amounts of miniaturized structures for microsystems and semiconductors, as well as certification of standards and measuring devices, will, however, require higher accuracy of profile measurements in the submicrometer and nanometer range. This publication describes a scanner which has a nonlinearity of < 0.05%, a procedure for calibration and detection of nonlinearity, as well as some applications. The calibration technique is based on the fact that manufacturing and measurement of optical diffraction gratings can be very well controlled, allowing light wavelength as an indirect reference in the nanometer range (Antrak 1993, Bartzke et al. 1993, Grunewald 1993, Hutley 1982).
Influence of the angular distribution of backscattered electrons on signals at different take‐off angles in low‐voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM)
Authors: Spranck M. , Kässens M. , Reimer L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIt is well known that the differential Mott cross section for large‐angle elastic scattering shows maxima and minima at angles depending on material and electron energy. For electron energies of 10–30 keV, the averaging by frequent elastic scattering processes results in approximate Lambert angular distributions of backscattered electrons (BSE). However, the present Monte Carlo calculations for electron energies E = 1–5 keV and different angles of incidence show strong deviations from a Lambert distribution which increases with decreasing energy. The signals of the BSE detector with five annular segments for different take‐off directions show good agreement with the calculations for normal electron incidence.
Cathodoluminescence imaging—the study of yttrium aluminates distribution in aluminum nitride
Authors: Wang Frank Cheng‐Yu 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCathodoluminescence imaging is a technique which may combine a high‐resolution spectroscopic method with a high‐spatial resolution electron imaging technique to characterize chemical identity as well as physical size, shape, and spatial distribution of the materials which have cathodoluminescence. Cathodoluminescence imaging has been used to characterize yttrium aluminates in aluminum nitride ceramics. By digitally combining cathodoluminescence and backscat‐tering electron images, it is possible not only to distinguish between different yttrium aluminates, but also to determine the size, shape, and spatial distribution of these phases. This information provides a route to understanding the local residual oxygen concentration before sintering, the amount of sintering aid to be added, and possible sintering schedule. Furthermore, this information may be related to other properties of aluminum nitride such as residual oxygen concentration and thermal conductivity.
Combined atomic force and scanning reflection interference contrast microscopy
Authors: Hillner P. E. , Radmacher M. , Hansma P. K. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA sphere attached to a cantilever is used simultaneously as an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip and as a curved reflective surface for producing scanning reflection interference contrast microscope (RICM) images of fluorescent beads dried onto a glass slide. The AFM and RICM images are acquired in direct registration which enables the identification of individually excited beads in the AFM images. The addition of a sharp, electron beam‐deposited tip to the sphere gives nanometer resolution AFM images without loss of optical contrast.
Image compression and data integrity in confocal microscopy
Authors: Avinash Gopal B. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTo manage large volumes of image data generated routinely using real‐time confocal microscopy, compressing image data using a lossy algorithm prior to sustained video rate transferring and/or storing is proposed. Test criteria for determining the acceptability of uncompressed data, both qualitatively and quantitatively, are described, and an empirical demonstration of the use of lossy compression in data management is provided. It is found that, if appropriately used, the lossy compression scheme could retain all the useful information in the data while providing better compression ratios (memory for the original/ memory for the compressed) when compared with a lossless scheme.
Frictional effects in atomic force microscopy of Langmuir‐Blodgett films
Authors: ten Grotenhuis E. , van Milterburg J. C. , van der Eerden J. P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFrictional effects in atomic force microscopy (AFM) of Langmuir‐Blodgett films of 1, 2‐dipalmitoyl‐snglycero‐phosphoglycerol were examined. Height measurements of the Langmuir layers are strongly influenced by the orientation of the cantilevers used in AFM relative to the sample. A simple model is used to describe the frictional effects and to calculate the real height of the monolayers.
Chemical etching of natural fluorapatite crystals in acid solutions studied with the scanning electron microscope
Authors: Dorozhkin Sergey V. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDifferent aspects of the chemical etching process for natural fluorapatite (FAP) crystals in pure phosphoric acid solutions and for those with additives of Ca2+ and H2SO4 have been studied by means of the scanning electron microscope. The resulting experimental data obtained in the etching process are very sensitive to dissolving conditions, type of crystal face, and the presence or absence of any epitaxial coatings on the surface of dissolving crystals. It was found that the pyramidal crystal faces of the FAP have the highest dissolution rate value and, as a result, are not etched at all. The prism and pinacoid faces usually are covered by hexagonal etch pits under the same conditions. Additives of Ca2+ to the phosphoric acid solution result in transition from a chemical etching to a chemical polishing process, and additives of H2SO4 result in epitaxial coatings of CaSO4· xH2O (x = 0,0.5, 2) and shapeless pits formation.
A study of the kinetics of topochemical reactions by scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Melikhov I. V. , Nikolaev A. L. , Bozhevolnov V. E. , Ivanov L. N. , Kozlovskaya E. D. , Saparin G. V. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBased on the data of fluorapatite interaction with tartaric and sulfuric acids, a scheme is developed for establishing the function of states distribution for product particles by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result of the studies confirms the availability of a quantitative description of topochemical reactions kinetics using SEM data in the terms presented by diagnostic formulae.
Experimental determination of angular‐energy distributions of electrons backscattered by bulk gold and silicon samples
Authors: Gérard P. , Balladore J. L. , Martinez J. P. , Ouabbou A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis work describes an experimental study of the backscattering of electron beams with an energy range between 20 and 100 keV. The energy distribution of electrons backscattered by bulk gold and silicon samples at different take‐off angles was determined with an original device. The different major sources of noise were studied and then the spectra obtained were processed. Theoretical interpretation of this phenomenon using Monte Carlo simulations will be presented in a future paper.
An improved cone‐beam reconstruction algorithm for the circular orbit
Authors: Hu Hui 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBy reformulating Grangeat's algorithm for the circular orbit, it is discovered that an arbitrary function to be reconstructed, f(\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop r\limits^ \to $\end{document}), can be expressed as the sum of three terms:f(\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop r\limits^ \to $\end{document})=fMO(\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop r\limits^ \to $\end{document})+fMI(\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop r\limits^ \to $\end{document})+f N(\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop r\limits^ \to $\end{document}) wherefMO(\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop r\limits^ \to $\end{document}) corresponds to the Feldkamp reconstruction,fMI(\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop r\limits^ \to $\end{document}) represents the information derivable from the circular scan but not utilized in Feldkamp's algorithm, andfN(\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop r\limits^ \to $\end{document}) represents the information which cannot be derived from the circular scanning geometry. Thus, a new cone‐beam reconstruction algorithm for the circular orbit is proposed as follows: (1) compute fMO(\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop r\limits^ \to $\end{document}) using Feldkamp's algorithm, (2) compute fMI(\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop r\limits^ \to $\end{document}) using the formula developed in this paper, and (3) estimatefN(\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop r\limits^ \to $\end{document}) using a priori knowledge such as that suggested in Grangeat's algorithm. This study shows that by including the fMI(\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop r\limits^ \to $\end{document}) term, the new algorithm provides more accurate reconstructions than those of Feldkamp even without thefN(\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop r\limits^ \to $\end{document}) estimation.
Color cathodoluminescence study of oxides subjected to thermal environments
Authors: Nazarova T. A. , Saparin G. V. , Obyden S. K. , Ivannikov P. I. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe behavior of cathodoluminescence (CL) from oxides associated with plastic deformation as well as with annealing at different temperatures and atmospheres has been examined. Observations using the real color CL (CCL) mode in a scanning electron microscope show that the annealing temperature rather than the annealing atmosphere is the major factor influencing the observed changes in the spatial distribution of the total CL emission from the microdeformed surface. However, at the same annealing temperature, the spectral composition of the CL depends on the annealing atmosphere. An attempt has been made to explain the obtained results in terms of defect theory and radiation effects in electron microscopy.