bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Size Dependence Surface Activity of Metallic Nanoparticles
Authors: Yaghmaee Maziar S. , Shokri Babak , Rahimipour M. Reza 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFor fundamental research, manipulation of properties, or building functionalized smart nanomaterials via plasma‐enhanced technologies, we need to understand and predict the behavior of materials at nanoscale, which is far different from their bulk properties. Here, we first review a simple thermodynamic‐based theory for size dependency feature of total cohesion (binding) energy of metallic nanoparticles. Then, with regard to the size dependency of cohesion energy, a simple theory for size dependency of enthalpy and Gibbs free energy of formation of metallic nanoparticles will be developed. Moreover, to describe the relative activity of metallic nanoparticles, a hypothesis through the modified classical physico‐chemical formalism of activity of particles in a reactive medium will be presented. Series of computations for size dependency of Gibbs free energy of formation, relative reaction constant (nano to macro), and activity of Zn, Al, Ag, Ga, and W at nanoscale will be presented. Our computational results show that by decreasing the size of the particles to less than 100 nm, the equilibrium reaction constant, rate constant, and consequently the relative activity of particles increase. Our predicted extreme activity at nanoscale confirms the tendency observed in the experiments so far.
Human Factors Programs within Contra Costa County
Authors: Dossey Michael 
Published: June 2009

AbstractStarting in 1999, regulated industrial facilities in Contra Costa County, California were required to develop Human Factors Programs as part of the Industrial Safety Ordinance (ISO). Human Factors Programs within the County are designed to be a thorough assessment of the interactions between equipment, work processes, procedures, practices, work environment, people, and management systems as they relate to health and safety. Committees were established at each facility to oversee the development, training, and execution of the site‐specific programs. Primary areas of focus in the ongoing implementation of an effective Human Factors Program are periodic assessments and resolution of Latent Conditions, and performance of Management of Organizational Change Assessments before staffing changes. This article describes the steps that facilities in Contra Costa County have taken to develop comprehensive site specific Human Factors Programs. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2009
Varying cluster sizes in trials with clusters in one treatment arm: Sample size adjustments when testing treatment effects with linear mixed models
Authors: Candel Math J. J. M. , Van Breukelen Gerard J. P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTrials in which treatments induce clustering of observations in one of two treatment arms, such as when comparing group therapy with pharmacological treatment or with a waiting‐list group, are examined with respect to the efficiency loss caused by varying cluster sizes. When observations are (approximately) normally distributed, treatment effects can be estimated and tested through linear mixed model analysis. For maximum likelihood estimation, the asymptotic relative efficiency of unequal versus equal cluster sizes is derived. In an extensive Monte Carlo simulation for small sample sizes, the asymptotic relative efficiency turns out to be accurate for the treatment effect, but less accurate for the random intercept variance. For the treatment effect, the efficiency loss due to varying cluster sizes rarely exceeds 10 per cent, which can be regained by recruiting 11 per cent more clusters for one arm and 11 per cent more persons for the other. For the intercept variance the loss can be 16 per cent, which requires recruiting 19 per cent more clusters for one arm, with no additional recruitment of subjects for the other arm. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Phospholipid Multilayer Patterns of Controlled Size and Thickness by Capillary Assembly on a Microstructured Substrate
Authors: Diguet Antoine , Le Berre Maël , Chen Yong , Baigl Damien 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBy dragging a phospholipid solution on microstructured silicon surfaces, phospholipid molecules are selectively deposited inside the microstructures to get regular phospholipid multilayer patterns of controlled thickness over a large scale (∼cm2). By varying the dragging speed, the thickness of the patterns varies between 28 and 100 nm on average (7 to 25 bilayers). Electroswelling of phospholipid multilayer patterns leads to the formation of giant liposomes of controlled size and narrow size distributions.
Evaluation of progressive collapse potential of steel moment frames considering catenary action
Authors: Kim Jinkoo , An Dawoon 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of catenary action on the progressive collapse potential of steel moment framed structures. Non‐linear static and dynamic analyses of three‐ and six‐story model structures with and without bracing were carried out following the alternate path method recommended by the General Services Administration 2003. According to the non‐linear static push‐down analysis results, the contribution of catenary action and the progressive collapse potential of structures increased as the number of story and the number of bay increased. The effect of catenary action increased significantly in braced frames, in which the movement of beam–column joints were fully restrained until the tensile capacity of beams located both sides of the removed column reached their maximum values. The non‐linear dynamic analyses showed that the maximum deflection caused by sudden removal of a column decreased when the catenary action was taken into account. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical shifts of Cr Kα and Kβ1, 3 lines by WDXRF spectrometry
Authors: Baydaş E. , Öz E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractChemical shift and full widths at half maximum (FWHM) intensity of chromium Kα and Kβ1, 3 lines were examined for 12 kinds of materials containing chromium (CH3CO2)7Cr3(OH)2, CrK(SO4)2.12H2O, Cr(NO3)3.9H2O, Cr2O3, CrF2, CrF3.4H2O, CrCl2, CrCl3, CrCl3.6H2O, [CrCl2(H2O)4]Cl.2H2O, Cr2(SO4)3.15H2O, CrO and Cr metal by wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometry. The chemical shifts, asymmetry index and the half‐widths of both the X‐ray emission lines show interesting trends with the oxidation state of chromium. It was observed that the chemical shifts for F compounds are higher than Cl compounds. It was also found larger chemical shifts and FWHM for Kβ1, 3 lines than Kα ones. It should be noted that the magnitude of chemical shifts increases with increase in the number of ligand atoms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Properties of Two Novel Trinuclear Copper Complexes Constructed by a Tripodal Heptadentate Ligand Containing Three Imidazolate Groups
Authors: Tong Shi‐Fang , Yang Hong , Lao Yan‐Ni , Liu Guo‐Hua , Wu Hui‐Xia , Yang Shi‐Ping , Yu Jie , Tan Hong , Li Wei 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTwo CuIIcomplexes, {Cu3[(mim)3htren]2}(ClO4)6·2H2O (1) and {Cu3[(mim)3htren]2}(PF6)6·2(CH3CN)·2H2O (2) with the tripodal heptadentate ligand (mim)3htren (= tris{2‐[2‐(1‐methyl)imidazolyl]methylaminoethyl}amine) were synthesized and characterized. In complex1and2, the tripodal ligand (mim)3htren coordinates in a very unusual configuration to the copper atoms, which resulted in trinuclear complexes. In the trinuclear cation, {Cu3[(mim)3htren]2}6+, the middle atom located on a crystallographic inversion center is coordinated in an elongated octahedral arrangement for1and coordinated in square‐planar arrangement for2, respectively, and the other two CuIIatoms are coordinated in a distorted square‐pyramid. The results from magnetic data, measured in the temperature range 2.0–300 K, showed that1and2obeyed the Curie–Weiss law with Weiss constantsθ= 0.10 and 0.14 K, respectively, and the same Curie constantC= 1.14 K·mo1–1, indicating weak ferromagnetic interactions in the two trinuclearentities.
Alloying and Strain Relaxation in SiGe Islands Grown on Pit-Patterned Si(001) Substrates Probed by Nanotomography
Authors: Pezzoli F , Stoffel M , Merdzhanova T , Rastelli A , Schmidt OG 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The three-dimensional composition profiles of individual SiGe/Si(001) islands grown on planar and pit-patterned substrates are determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanotomography. The observed differences in lateral and vertical composition gradients are correlated with the island morphology. This approach allowed us to employ AFM to simultaneously gather information on the composition and strain of SiGe islands. Our quantitative analysis demonstrates that for islands with a fixed aspect ratio, a modified geometry of the substrate provides an enhancement of the relaxation, finally leading to a reduced intermixing.
The Dublin Society of United Irishmen and the politics of the Carey–Drennan dispute, 1792–1794
Authors: Durey Michael 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis article is concerned with political divisions within the Dublin Society of United Irishmen in a period, 1792–1794, which historians, accepting the contemporary argument of its leaders, have generally agreed demonstrated the society's unity of purpose. It is argued that ideological tensions existed between the middle-class leadership and the middling-class rank and file which reflected the existence of two different conceptions of radicalism, one ‘Jacobin’ and one ‘sans-culotte’. These tensions are brought to light through an examination of the dispute between William Paulet Carey and William Drennan, which culminated in the latter's trial in 1794, and the career of the former until he exiled himself from Ireland after the ijg8 rebellion. It is further argued that, because these ideological differences have been ignored, historians have wrongly assumed that Carey was a political turncoat. In reality, he remained true to the sans-culotte principles of direct democracy and rotation of office, even after his ostracism. Carey's deep suspicion of the motivation of the United Irish leaders came to be accepted by Drennan in retrospect.
English catholicism and the Jesuit mission of 1580–1581
Authors: Carrafiello Michael L. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTHistorians have misunderstood the fundamental nature of the English Jesuit mission of 1580–1. Beginning with A.O. Meyer in 1916 and continuing through John Bossy and Christopher Haigh in the 1970s and 1980s, historians have mistakenly characterized this mission as essentially pastoral. They have admired the Jesuit priests for their personal courage in the face of persecution but have simultaneously criticized them for their inability to sustain English catholicism among the laity. But in fact the mission was fundamentally political in nature, and Robert Parsons in particular hoped to use the mission to return England to the catholic fold, by force if necessary. Parsons's designs on Scotland and on James VI in the early 1580s are especially illuminating in this regard. The English mission failed in this its principal goal, and the exact nature of the missioners' failure must be understood for what it was.
Dedominionization: the Anglo-Australian experience, 1939–1945
Authors: Tsokhas Kosmas 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe role of decolonization in the decline of the British empire has received a great deal of attention. In comparison there has been little research or analysis of the process of dedominionization affecting Australia and the other dominions. During the Second World War economic ties were seriously weakened and there were substantial conflicts over economic policy between the British and Australian governments. Australia refused to reduce imports in order to conserve foreign exchange, thus contributing to the United Kingdom's debt burden. The Australian government insisted that the British guarantee Australia's sterling balances and refused to adopt the stringent fiscal policies requested by the Bank of England and the British treasury. Australia also took the opportunity to expand domestic manufacturing industry at the expense of British manufacturers. Economic separation and conflict were complemented by political and strategic differences. In particular, the Australian government realized that British military priorities made it impossible for the United Kingdom to defend Australia. This led the Australians towards a policy of cooperating with the British embargo on Japan, only to the extent that this would be unlikely to provoke Japanese military retaliation. In general, the Australians preferred a policy of compromise in the Far East to one of deterrence preferred by the British.
Henry VIII's wills: a comment
Authors: Houlbrooke R. A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTProfessor Ives has demonstrated the weakness of some of the grounds for thinking that Henry VIII's will was tampered with after 30 December 1546. But he has not mentioned Paget's later testimony suggesting that the ‘unfulfilled gifts clause’ was inserted in the will after 12 January 1547. Even if it was part of the will by 30 December, the gifts implemented by its authority resulted from later skilful and ruthless manipulation of the king. Henry's ‘unwritten will’ greatly strengthened Edward Seymour and his allies and gave William Paget, who was largely responsible for its final shape, the means of buying off potential objectors to Seymour's elevation to the protectorship.
‘An odd question enough’. Charles James Fox, the crown and British policy during the Hanoverian crisis of 1806
Authors: Simms Brendan 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe essay aims to close a longstanding gap in the political historiography of later Georgian Britain by examining the ‘Hanoverian Crisis’ of 1806. Drawing on a broad range of British, Hanoverian and Prussian records, the essay demonstrates that the British–Prussian conflict of that year was caused not – as conventionally assumed – by the closure of the North Sea ports to British shipping, but by the Prussian occupation of George III's electoral land of Hanover. The essay then shows how the commitment of the British government to its restitution was largely motivated by the desire of Charles James Fox and the incoming Ministry of All the Talents to build bridges to the crown. This stance was in complete contradiction both to the broad thrust of the new ‘maritime’ foreign policy of the Talents and to Fox's previous policy in matters Hanoverian. Subsequently the implications of this for our understanding of Fox's political biography are assessed. Finally, the essay illuminates the existence of a coherent ‘Hanoverian Faction’ in London headed by Count Münster which together with a highly activist George III was often able to tip the balance in the formulation of British policy.
Women, consumption and coverture in England,c. 1760–1860
Authors: Finn Margot 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTHistorians concerned to demonstrate women's increasing relegation to a private, domestic sphere in the later eighteenth and nineteenth centuries have emphasized the extent to which married women's opportunities were restricted by the common law practice of coverture, which deprived wives of the ability to enter into economic contracts in their own right. Yet social and cultural historians have argued that women played an essential role as purchasers in promoting the consumer revolution of these decades. This article explores the devices used by married women consumers to evade the strictures of coverture. Focusing on three overlapping practices – wives' willingness and ability to pledge their husbands' credit to purchase a wide range of ‘necessary’ goods, their use of this tactic to secure a degree of independence from unsuccessful marriages, and their active participation in the deliberations of a variety of small claims courts – it argues that the purchase of coverture in the sphere of consumption was partial and contested, rather than monolithic.
42. The Yield and Composition of Milk with Special Reference to the Influence of Climatic Conditions and other Factors
Authors: Houston J. , Hale R. W. 
Published: June 2009

This article records the preliminary results of an investigation of some of the causes of the variations in the yield and composition of milk. The influence of the season of the year, and the influence of climatic conditions on the average yield and composition of the milk of a herd, are discussed.The relationships between the data are studied by means of simple corre-lation and also by means of partial correlation. The temperatures used are the average temperatures for the periods between the milkings. Thus the day-temperature is the average temperature of the interval between the morning and evening milking, and the night temperature is the average temperature of the interval between the evening milking and the next morning milking. The daily temperature is the average of these two temperatures.
61. Discoloration in New Zealand Cheddar Cheese. Muddy, Bleached and Pink Defects. II. Biochemical Investigations
Authors: Moir George M. 
Published: June 2009

The evidence of pH and catalase tests confirms the view that mould growth is closely associated with the production of discoloration in cheese.The pink discoloration appears to be the result of acids acting upon the annatto colour.Evidence available from observations and other sources, suggests that the bleaching is chemically a reduction in which changes in the fat play a part.The muddy or dark discoloration appears to be produced by enzymes (including possibly tyrosinase) which diffuse into the cheese from centres of mould growth and act upon chemical substances present in mature cheese.
65. The Composition of the “Isotonic Diluent” in Samples of Milk low in Solids-not-fat
Authors: Davies William Lewis 
Published: June 2009

Casein nitrogen has been shown to account for roughly 76 per cent, of the total nitrogen in over 200 samples of normal milk. Samples low in solids-notfat have shown a casein nitrogen percentage below this figure, and by assuming a 76 per cent, level of casein nitrogen as standard, it is suggested that milk may be considered as made up of two fractions, (a) a true-milk fraction and (b) an isotonic diluent. From the distribution of the nitrogen in whole-milk samples it has been possible to calculate on this basis the amount of dilution and the nitrogen distribution in the diluent. Results are given for 38 samples of milk. The chloride content of the diluent has also been approximately arrived at and is approximately isotonic with a hypothetical non-lactosecontaining milk.The similarity in composition of the diluent either to a modified blood serum or lymph serum or a casein- and lactose-free lacteal secretion has been discussed. Its high chloride content favours its similarity either to lymph serum or a “transudate” or “exudate” closely allied in composition to lymph serum from pathological secretory tissue. The possibility of after-effects of attacks of mastitis causing a chronic catarrhal condition of the udder being the cause of the secretion of this diluent is also discussed.
71. The Heat Denaturation of Albumin and Globulin in Milk
Authors: Rowland S. J. 
Published: June 2009

The heating of milk causes denaturation of the lactalbumin and lactoglobulin to an extent depending on both the temperature and the time of heating.A series of data has been given for the amounts of albumin and globulin denatured on heating samples of milk at various temperatures from 63 to 80° C, for periods of from 2½ to 60 min.An average of 10·4 per cent, of the total soluble protein was denatured after 30 min. heating at as low a temperature as 63° C.Smooth curves were obtained for the progress of denaturation with time at each temperature, and, over the range of 63–75° C, the relative increase in velocity of denaturation for each rise in temperature of 1° C. was found to be constant, the temperature coefficient of the reaction being 1·5.
77. A Study of Factors Influencing the Keeping Quality of Some Victorian Salted Butters in Cold Storage
Authors: Loftus-Hills G. , Scharp L. R. , Bellair T. S. 
Published: June 2009

Seventy boxes of salted Victorian butter were held at 12° F. for three months. Bacteriological and chemical examinations were carried out before and after storage in order to observe the changes which occurred and the factors which controlled deterioration.The bacteriological examination showed that on the average only slight changes in bacterial numbers occurred during the actual cold storage period. None of the bacterial, yeast or mould counts revealed any positive association with keeping quality.The catalase test gave negative results. It is suggested that enzyme activity is not an important factor in controlling deterioration of the butters.The chemical examinations indicated that the variations in curd or salt content did not affect keeping quality. Fat hydrolysis, as measured by ether soluble acidity of the fat, and fat oxidation as measured by peroxide value, did not appear to be important factors in deterioration. Considerable variations were observed in the acidity of butters made from cream supposed to be “neutralised” to the same acidity. Acidity of the butter as measured by titration of water-soluble material was closely related to the pH of the butter. Butter acidity and copper content appeared to be the most important factors controlling keeping quality. The mechanism by which acidity causes deterioration was not revealed by the investigation.
124. The Metabolism of Betaine and Allied Tertiary Nitrogenous Bases in the Ruminant
Authors: Davies William Lewis 
Published: June 2009

In the ruminant, the main tertiary nitrogenous metabolite of all the tertiary nitrogenous bases examined is trimethylamine oxide. Small traces of trimethylamine and insignificant traces of mono- and dimethylamine also occur in cow's urine. The nitrogen of simple bases (trimethylamine and trimethylamine oxide) is almost quantitatively and rapidly excreted as trimethylamine oxide. With betaine, choline and the methyl ester of dimethylaminoacetic acid, only from 14 to 43 per cent, of the nitrogen is excreted as trimethylamine oxide, the amount so excreted depending on the level of nitrogen intake, the nature of the base fed and the degree of accommodation of the animal to the base fed.The rates of excretion of the tertiary metabolite show well-defined peaks depending on the nature and amount of the base fed. The feeding of 100 g. of betaine would show a peak of excretion at about 4½ hours after feeding. The importance of the time interval between feeding and milking is discussed from this aspect. No unchanged betaine was be detected in the urine.