bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Further Toxicological Studies on Species of Capnodis in Israel
Authors: Rivnay E. 
Published: July 2009

Whilst the status of Capnodis as a pest in Israel has been considerably reduced by the control measures that have been adopted, it was considered desirable to test the new synthetic contact insecticides, in particular DDT and BHC.Techniques for the determination of the effect of insecticides on neonate larvae of Capnodis are described and the results discussed.It is shown that BHC and DDT are ineffective as fumigants against the boring larvae.Used as a contact insecticide against the larvae, a high degree of mortality is obtained with 5 per cent. BHC over a period of 50 days. DDT is far less effective. BHC, dieldrin and methoxychlor remained effective for over a year if left undisturbed in the ground.Against adult Capnodis, BHC gave results comparable to those obtained with cryolite and retained its activity for at least twelve days after application.
Studies of the Responses of the Female Aëdes Mosquito. Part IV. Field Experiments on Canadian Species
Authors: Brown A. W. A. 
Published: July 2009

1. The responses of adult mosquitos, consisting of several Canadian species of Aëdes, were investigated under field conditions by employing heated and clothed robots.2. Moisture increased the attractiveness of a warm body two to four times when the air temperature exceeded 60°F. ; at cooler temperatures, surface moisture decreased the attractiveness.3. Warmth increased the attractiveness of a body, so that a robot at 98°F. attracted three times as many mosquitos as one at 50–65°F.4. It may therefore be concluded that moisture is the major attractant factor when the air temperature exceeds 60°F., and warmth when the temperature is less than 60°F.5. Carbon dioxide vapour emitted from an artificial head almost doubles the attractiveness of a warm body.6. The vapours of ether and gasoline were significantly attractive. A sweat-soaked jerkin was more attractive than a water-soaked one.7. Light colours were less attractive than dark ones, and luminescent dyes decreased the attractiveness of cloths. Green is less attractive than red or blue.8. Glossy satins were less attractive than matt broadcloths. Greenish-khaki nylon cloth was much less attractive than khaki drill or cotton.9. There was no evidence of interspecific differences in the responses of the mosquitos investigated.
Field Tests of Dry Baiting against the Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.)
Authors: Gunn D. L. 
Published: July 2009

Field trials in British Somaliland and in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan showed that dry bran bait can be used for complete destruction of Desert Locust hoppers (Schistocerca gregaha). Wet bait was never found to be completely effective when dry bait was ineffective.Failures of dry baiting were found which were attributable to several causes : hoppers not feeding just before moulting ; ground too hot for hoppers to remain on it ; too low or too patchy a deposit of bait ; adult locusts probably not making contact with bait. None of these failures could be attributed to the bait being dry.The main constituent of standard bait, wheat bran, should not be replaced by barley husks or peanut flour, but dom flour could be used and dura and maize flours could be tried instead of bran.The use of dry bait makes it convenient and practical for locust scouts who use camels, vehicles, etc. to destroy small bands of hoppers as soon as they find them.Dry baiting against marching bands and ring baiting can be done very conveniently and speedily by means of the Shendi Funnel, designed to be tied to the back of a vehicle.Area baiting can be done rapidly by blowing dry bait up from a dusting machine, so that the wind spreads it. An area-dosage of 25 lb./acre is recommended, and a rate of ½-acre/minute should be readily achieved.The amount of labour required is reduced to about 25% by the use of dry bait instead of wet. Dry baiting by machine uses only 10 per cent. of the labour required for dry-baiting by hand, but the cost would not fall as much as this, because higher wages would have to be paid for the greater skill necessary.Adults can be killed by baiting, but it is much more difficult than with hoppers to ensure that the locusts make contact with the bait.The insecticides already in use against the Desert Locust, arsenic and benzene hexachloride, can completely destroy hoppers when applied in bait. An insecticide is required with a long persistence like that of arsenic and a low mammalian toxicity like that of BHC.
Field Trials with various Dry Baits against the Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.)
Authors: Joyce R. J. V. 
Published: July 2009

Tests of the acceptability of crushed dura (Sorghum millet) of various particle size composition suggested only small differences between any of them and wheaten bran. There seemed to be a slight advantage to dura passing a sieve of 20 meshes to the inch and stopped by 30, and a slight disadvantage to dura stopped by a 20-mesh sieve. There is certainly no reason to use wheaten bran in preference to crushed dura.Maize bran containing 2·5 per cent. sodium arsenite was less acceptable than the other materials, but crushed maize was not. Nevertheless, this arsenic bait and also coarse dura with BHC produced a mortality apparently no lower than the most acceptable baits containing 0·5 per cent. BHC.It is suggested that experiments with milling and separating machinery may produce a first-class dura bait and at the same time reserve the flour for human consumption.
Introduction of armoured scale predators and establishment of the predatory miteHemisarcoptes coccophagus(Acari: Hemisarcoptidae) on latania scale,Hemiberlesia lataniae(Homoptera: Diaspididae) in kiwifruit shelter trees in New Zealand
Authors: Hill M. G. , Allan D. J. , Henderson R. C. , Charles J. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBetween 1987 and 1989, three predatory beetle species (Chilocorus bipustulatus(Linnaeus),C. infernalis(Linnaeus) andC. cacti(Linnaeus)) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and two predatory mite species (Hemisarcoptes coccophagusMeyer andH. cooremaniThomas) were imported and released for the biological control of armoured scale insects (Hemiberlesia rapaxComstock,H. lataniaeSignoret andAspidiotus nerii Bouché) on kiwifruit and shelter trees in New Zealand.Hemisarcoptes coccophagushas established onHemiberlesia lataniaeinfestations on Lombardy poplar (Populus nigravar. Italica) shelter trees at three sites. Detailed studies at one of the release sites over a period spanning nine to 24 months after release, showed that densities ofHemiberlesia lataniaein samples with mites fell to less than 20% of the level in control trees. Assessment of the dispersion characteristics of the mite suggested that the adults are repelled by the presence of other mites on a host.Hemisarcoptes coccophaguscan use two species of New Zealand ladybirds (Scymnus fagusBroun andHalmus chalybeusBoisduval) for phoresy.Hemisarcoptes coccophagusspread naturally to the control trees between 20 and 24 months after release, though the means of dispersal between trees is not known.
Effects of cyromazine on the mechanical properties of the larval integument ofLucilia cuprina(Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Kotze A. C. , Reynolds S. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effect of cyromazine on the mechanical properties of the larval integument ofLucilia cuprina(Wiedemann) was measured using third instar larvae 2–3 h after moulting placed on liver containing 1 ppm cyromazine. Cuticle stiffness (Δ force (N)/δ strain) was approximately 20–30% higher in treated larvae (relative to controls) after 6–10 h treatment, after which time stiffness decreased to levels well below controls. Larvae placed on 1 ppm cyromazine early in the second instar also showed a short period of slightly elevated cuticle stiffness (relative to controls) after 3–5 h treatment. Third instar larvae placed on cyromazine-treated diet for 8 h then transferred to normal diet showed the same short period of elevated stiffness (at 6–10 h) followed by rapid decrease in stiffness to levels well below controls and greatly reduced growth as larvae fed cyromazine continually. A slight increase in cuticle stiffness appears to be only an early and temporary effect of cyromazine poisoning inL. cuprina. These results are discussed in relation to the previously documented effects of cyromazine on the mechanical properties of the larval cuticle ofManduca sexta(Linnaeus).
Practical assessment of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) crop loss caused by grasshopper pests (Orthoptera: Acrididae)—a major outbreak in north-west Mali
Authors: Legg J. P. , Togola A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe impact of Sahelian grasshopper species on short cycle pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) was studied at two sites in north-west Mali and techniques of crop loss assessment were investigated. At one of these sites an onfarm study was carried out with the co-operation of seven village farmers. The grasshoppers Diabolocatantops axillaris (Thunberg) and Kraussaria angulifera (Krauss) were the principal destructive species, primarily causing grain loss through their feeding upon millet heads. Leaf damage was found to be sustainable to a high level before influencing yield, although direct grain loss through head damage was shown to be an important determinant of final yield. It was concluded that the best means of determining the yield loss attributable to grasshopper attack for late-season patterns of damage was to estimate head damage immediately prior to harvest. In this estimate, heads were assigned to one of ten classes according to the severity of the damage. Studies at a second site demonstrated the existence of a linear relationship between estimates of head damage and actual grain weight loss. On the basis of these findings it is concluded that the average loss of yield incurred as a result of grasshopper attack in the study village, Mamaribougou Freybe, was 25.7% + 3.0, −2.5. A system is proposed by which such village-level crop loss estimates may be undertaken.
Effect of temperature on development rates, fecundity & longevity of the groundnut leaf miner, Aproaerema modicella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in India
Authors: Shanower Thomas G. , Gutierrez Andrew P. , Wightman John A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThreshold temperatures, growth rates and physiological development times were calculated for the egg, larval and pupal stages of the groundnut leaf-miner, Aproaerema modicella (Deventer), a key pest of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and soyabean (Glycine max) in India. The life cycle of Aproaerema modicella required 660 degree-days (DD) above threshold temperatures (12.4°C for eggs, 11.3° for larvae and 14.7° for pupae). A function fitted to the adult longevity and fecundity data describes the effect of temperature and female age on fecundity. Egg production was greatest at 30°C and declined at lower and higher temperatures. Head capsule width measurements indicated that five larval instars are typical in India. The results obtained are discussed in the context of earlier work.
The Effect of Poison Bait Cattle on Populations of Glossina morsitans Westw. and G. swynnertoni Aust.
Authors: Burnett G. F. 
Published: July 2009

An experiment was carried out in a small block of mixed bush in Tanganyika in an attempt to eliminate the two resident species of tsetse fly. Glossina morsitans Westw. and G. suynnertoni Aust., by means of bait cattle treated with DDT. Small cattle were used at the rate of 100 per square mile in herds of 12 or 13 per one-eighth of a square mile. Their numerical superiority over the large game was no more than about 3: 1.The cattle were sprayed twice weekly. Originally a 10 per cent. suspension of the p.p′isomer was prepared from a commercial formulation of DDT. Later a laboratory-prepared emulsion (10 per cent. technical DDT) was used.Extermination was expected with a reduction in numbers of old male tsetse of 99·9 per cent. In practice G. morsitans was reduced by 99·5 per cent. and G. swynnerloni by 92·5 per cent.It is considered that there was sufficient immigration across the barrier clearing to account for the failure to achieve extermination of either species. It is not possible to say if extermination would have been attained in the absence of immigration.It is considered that with the insecticidal formulations now available there is not much prospect of improving on these results in similar conditions although a great reduction in tsetse numbers is possible and might stop the carrying of disease. In the dry season, after the grass has been burnt, there is better prospect of success.
Host Finding and Selection bySpalangia drosophilaeAshm.
Authors: Simmonds F. J. 
Published: July 2009

Experiments were designed to determine the criteria by which an ovipositing female ofSpalangia drosophilaeAshm. is attracted to an environment where suitable hosts may be found, and by which these hosts are selected.The results obtained indicate that ovipositing femaleSpalangiaare attracted to and maintained in areas where suitable host puparia may occur by their reaction to sensory impressions. Thus females tend to be attracted to dampness and to soil level where, in grasses, host material is likely to be found. In such an area searching for hosts appears to be at random, but once an object that is a possible host is located there follows a careful examination and, if the object is “ considered ” a suitable host, oviposition follows. It appears that there are several definite criteria by which an object is accepted as a host suitable for oviposition. In general the hosts selected by the parasite are those which are suitable for the development of her progeny.
Aircraft Applications of Insecticides in East Africa. VII.—An Experiment against the Tsetse Flies, Glossina morsitans, Westw. and G. swynnertoni Aust., in the Rainy Season
Authors: Hocking K. S. , Burnett G. F. , Sell R. C. 
Published: July 2009

The “ North Block ” at Kikore, Central Province, Tanganyika, was treated with insecticide dispersed from an Anson 1 aircraft during the period 23rd January to 4th May 1951. The area consisted of some 4,000 acres of mixed bush, including about 230 acres of miombo, infested by two species of tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans Westw. and swynnertoni Aust.The insecticide used was equivalent to a 19·4 per cent. solution of technical BHC (equal to 2·45 per cent. γ isomer) in 50 per cent. diesel oil, 50 per cent. power kerosene. The solution was dispensed through a boom and nozzles under pressure as a coarse aerosol (mass median diam. 70 microns), at a nominal mean dose of 0·25 lb. technical BHC per acre per application. Eight applications were planned and seven completed.The first application was relatively ineffective, and for the second and subsequent cycles the emission rate was increased and over part of the block the swathe width was reduced. The result was a much improved kill but neither species of tsetse was exterminated.Owing to the number of factors involved, it is not possible to give any principal reason why this experiment was less successful than previous ones, but many of the difficulties encountered are inherent in rainy-season operations in East Africa.
Studies on Aëdes Larvae in South-western Nigeria and in the Vicinity of Kano
Authors: Kumm Henry W. 
Published: July 2009

Many of the Aëdes larvae commonly met with in Nigeria have been described by Ingram & Macfie, who have made extensive studies on the Gold Coast. Wesché described larvae of seven species of Aëdes that he studied in Lagos in 1910. In 1912 Edwards published keys to the then known larvae of the African Culicinae, but many of the species of Aëdes that are plentiful in this area are not included in Edwards' key. Therefore it was thought that an additional comparative study would be of value.The larvae dealt with in this paper by no means represent all the species that can be found in this area. They merely include the commoner ones in the vicinities of Kano, Ibadan, and Lagos, and some additional specimens of species found in Nigeria, which were lent by Mr. F. W. Edwards, of the British Museum, and Dr. V. B. Wigglesworth, of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
Braconidae : Notes and new Species
Authors: Wilkinson D. S. 
Published: July 2009

Rhaconotus mahensis, sp. n.♀♂. Black ; scape and all legs red testaceous ; ovipositor bright red ; flagellum red-brown, possibly rather darker at apex ; wings hyaline, the setae with a distinctly fulvous tinge, and the stigma hyaline (at least not darkened).♀♂. The integument is not coriaceous throughout, and is only sparsely clothed with setae (except on the flagellum and possibly the legs). Head smooth and highly shining, not coriaceous, impunctate, the vertex and occiput almost entirely devoid of setae ; antennae longer than head, thorax, and abdomen together ; flagellar joints in ♀ 29–33, in ♂ 26–28. Thorax : mesonotum dully shining, coriaceous ; the notauli well marked, joining slightly before reaching the posterior margin of the mesonotum ; propodeon with five longitudinal carinae, one in the middle and two on each side, these latter rather more closely placed to each other than to the median carina ; this median carina is discernible as such only in the basal half of the propodeon, thereafter becoming lost amongst the reticulate wrinkles with which the apical half of the propodeon abounds ; the lateral carinae, on the other hand, are discernible more or less throughout their length, particularly the inner pair which can generally be traced to the median apex of the propodeon where they join each other ; the integument of the basal half of the propodeon coriaceous on each side of the median carina as far as the first lateral carina, thereafter wrinkled as in the apical half.
Larvae of Ethiopian Mosquitos
Authors: Hopkins G. H. E. 
Published: July 2009

During work on mosquitos in Uganda a certain number of hitherto undescribed larvae have been found ; advantage has also been taken of the opportunity to redescribe from fresh material some species of which the published descriptions are (in the light of our increased knowledge of mosquito larvae) found to be inadequate.Unless otherwise stated all larvae are from the neighbourhood of Kampala. All descriptions are of fourth-stage larvae, and in every case identification of larvae has been made by comparison with the cast skins of isolated specimens from which adults have been bred. The nomenclature used for the head-setae is that proposed by Edwards & Given ; measurements of the head are always maxima. As the setae of the thorax and abdomen do not appear usually to be of much value for purposes of specific identification descriptions of them have in most cases been omitted.For determination of adults and other assistance the writer is greatly indebted to Mr. F. W. Edwards, of the British Museum.
The Measurement and Control of atmospheric Humidity in relation to Entomological Problems
Authors: Buxton Patrick A. 
Published: July 2009

It is a matter of general agreement that atmospheric humidity is often of great importance in limiting the times or places at which insects are abundant. But though one may collect facts which suggest that a particular degree of dryness or dampness favours some stage of an insect, it is not easy to devise experiments which will give unassailable facts. Some of us feel that the precise study of water relations and water balance may lead to greatly increased knowledge of the living insect, and therefore to results of economic value ; and it is certain that a fuller understanding of these matters is delayed because few know the methods appropriate for measuring and controlling humidity.The purpose of the present paper is to make known a number of practical methods, which might be of service to a worker even in a remote country. As this is my objective, I shall include material which is already well known to physicists, and as our concern is with the conditions in the places where insects are actually living, I have given particular attention to unorthodox devices which can be used in small spaces and which are portable; among the great variety of methods, I have endeavoured to show what is good and bad in each.
A Chalcidoid Egg-parasite of an Australian Buprestid
Authors: Ferrière Ch. 
Published: July 2009

In the course of a study of the biology of the Buprestid, Prospheres aurantiopictus, Cast., in Australia, Mr. A. R. Brimblecombe has obtained from the eggs an interesting small Chalcid belonging to the family Encyrtidae.Several Encyrtid parasites of insect eggs are already known. In Australia Ovidencyrtus pallidipes, Girault, parasitises Reduviid eggs, Tetracnemella megymeni, Dodd, and T. hyalinipennis, Dodd, Pentatomid eggs, and Cheiloneurus viridiscutum, Girault, has been bred from those of cockroaches. In Hawaii the genera Ectopiognatha, Perkins, and Fulgoridicida, Perkins, are found parasitising the eggs of Homoptera. In addition Leefmansia bicolor, Waterston, has been bred from the eggs of the Orthopteron, Sexava sp., in Amboina and Leurocerus ovivorus, Crawford, from the moth, Amathusia phidippus, L., in Java. But most of the Encyrtid egg parasites belong to the genus Ooencyrtus, Ashmead, and it is among them that is placed the only other species known to breed in the eggs of a Coleopteron, Ooencyrtus batocerae, Ferrière, from Malaya. Another species, Tyndarichus rudnevi, Nowicky, is said to have been obtained from the eggs of Cerambyx cerdo, L., in Russia, but as the species of Tyndarichus are generally considered to be hyperparasites, the real parasite of this European Longicorn is still uncertain.
On the Effect of DDT-treated Surfaces on Adults of Anopheles gambiae and A. funestus
Authors: MacInnes D. G. 
Published: July 2009

1. Certain experiments intended to throw light on problems arising from the practical application of DDT against A. gambiae and A. funestus are recorded. These refer particularly to the action of larvicidal DDT on adult mosquitos; to the effect of varying periods of exposure; and to the possibility of repellence of adults by DDT treatments.(a) Solutions of DDT on water surfaces produce an appreciable mortality, particularly on laying mosquitos, but also on ♀♀ in earlier stages of ovary development, when confined in cages with a bowl of water so treated.(b) The greatest effect is produced by a DDT solution in a heavy oil film of long persistency.(c) The presence of a DDT solution on the water, particularly when applied in a heavy oil, appears to have produced an appreciable inhibition against laying.3. With a 5-months-old residual film of 200 mgms. DDT per sq. foot on smooth wood, a 60-minute exposure killed 22 per cent. immediately and 100 per cent, within 3 hours. After a 5-minute exposure none was killed immediately, but 17 per cent. were dead within 3 hours, and 73 per cent. at 12 hours. Intermediate periods of exposure gave corresponding results.4. Anopheles exposed in inter-connecting treated and untreated cages showed characteristic restlessness as a result of contact with a treated surface. When inserted first into a treated cage, and subsequently allowed access to untreated cages, a higher mortality was recorded than when the procedure was reversed. The degrees of mortality and of restlessness appeared to be closely connected.