bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4 Hesiod in Plato: Second fiddle to Homer?
Authors: Yamagata Naoko 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter surveys the relationship between Homer and Hesiod in Plato's work, focusing on the ways in which different Platonic characters portray and invoke the two poets. Tabulating and analysing Platonic allusions to Hesiod, it concludes that Plato depicts Socrates as a lover of Homer, whereas his interlocutors draw more freely on Hesiod. Moreover, there appears to be a tendency among Platonic speakers to be more optimistic about the truth of ‘Homeric’ myths (i.e. myths constructed from Homeric elements) than that of ‘Hesiodic’ ones.
5 Plato's Hesiod: not Plato's alone
Authors: Koning Hugo 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter shows that Plato's view of Hesiod is shaped not only by a critical tradition that pairs him with Homer, but also by sophistic appropriations of a more specific kind. Prodicus in particular, with his concern for the ‘correctness of names’, recognized Hesiod as an intellectual ancestor. More generally, Hesiod could be appropriated to represent particular philosophical interests, including etymology and epistemological atomism. As such, he became a convenient target for Plato's attacks on those approaches.
8 The seductions of Hesiod: Pandora's presence in Plato'sSymposium
Authors: Kenaan Vered Lev 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that, in the Symposium, Plato not only recalls Hesiodic passages and motifs at important moments in the dialogue, but founds his portrayal of Socrates on Hesiod's Pandora. The claim is striking, even paradoxical if one thinks of Pandora as the bringer of evils. But defined, like Socrates, by the rift between interior and exterior, essence and appearance, Pandora is, like Socrates, a marvel to behold — and (also like him) a challenge to the intellect, the obvious prompt to philosophical inquiry.
East Germany's Dual Crisis: Politics and Economics on the Eve of the Wall
Authors: Major Patrick 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This is a scene‐setting chapter, explaining postwar Berlin's quadripartite status within the division of Germany, the Berlin Blockade of 1948–49, the 1953 uprising, and the city's exploitation by all the occupiers for espionage purposes. The chapter then explores popular opinion within East Germany regarding the Second Berlin Crisis of 1958–62, revealing considerable uncertainty as well as hopes for a diplomatic compromise between the superpowers on the part of ordinary East Germans. With the failure of summits such as Geneva in 1959 and Paris in 1960, there was marked resignation and fear of a third World War. The chapter also addresses the economic ‘crisis behind the crisis', in other words East Germany's promise in July 1958 to overtake per capita consumer production in West Germany by 1961 and to make the economy autarkic against a possible western embargo. Mood reports suggest considerable disbelief among both blue‐ and white‐collar workers, and a regime whose foreign policy was put on the defensive by its economic failings closer to home.
The Fall of the Wall: 9 November 1989
Authors: Major Patrick 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Synthesizes work on the collapse of the GDR in the fateful year of 1989, comparing economic dissatisfaction with the reform impulse given by perestroika coming from the Soviet Union. The opening of the iron curtain by Hungary in May 1989 leads to detailed reconstruction of the internal pressures on the police's travel visa departments, as citizens became ever more demanding, against the background of embassy occupations in neighbouring eastern bloc states. Liberal use is made of the reports coming to Egon Krenz, the party's Security secretary, during the hot autumn of 1989 to give a view of the embattled regime from within and its attempts to relax travel restrictions without losing political control overall. The chapter concludes with a recognition of the harmful effects for the citizens' movement of the continuing exodus to the Federal Republic, following the fall of the Wall on 9 November.
Seeking Closure: Remembering the Wall
Authors: Major Patrick 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Considers how the Wall has thrown shadows into the post‐1989 era, both in the wave of nostalgic and critical films and novels, but also in the trials of border guards which took place in the 1990s. The bulk of the chapter concerns the politics surrounding memorials to the Wall. The aestheticization of the Wall through graffiti before its fall reflected a ‘western’ vision of the edifice as Cold War absurdity, but also a message board for an eclectic range of libertarian causes. Likewise, the artistic commemoration of the Wall since 1989 has been driven largely be western architects who have sometimes unwittingly prioritized the Wall ‘under western eyes'; for instance in marking in Berlin's pavements the line where the western ‘frontline’ wall ran, rather than the eastern wall which confronted East Germans. This final chapter reinforces the book's overall message of looking at the Wall with eastern eyes, both those of the party, but those of ordinary East Germans caught up in a system of real and invisible walls which deeply marked their life stories.
Geology of the European Union
Authors: Curtin Deirdre 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of scope of the power that is exercised by actors and institutions under the auspices of the European Union (EU). It then outlines the focus of the book: the shadowy side of EU decision-making — the part that is not so visible even in the unwritten constitution, and the role multiple actors play at different levels and wearing different hats. It addresses questions such as who are they, what are they doing, and how can one even begin to structure a debate on their democratic and political embedding within a political system, at which governance level or at multiple governance levels? What is the EU precisely; how can we understand it in holistic terms; and what are these actors, European and national, doing in this context? How can we frame it so as to relate it to the institutional normative order? An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Externalizing National Executive Power
Authors: Curtin Deirdre 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter highlights the salience and centrality of contemporary executive power in the EU, and provides an overview of how executive power has jumped arenas over the course of time. This does not indicate a replacement of executive powers at other levels or in other arenas but rather an accumulation of executive power (or ‘executive order’). The picture is more one of overlapping orders and arenas and not neatly ordered substitution.
Balancing Executive Power
Authors: Curtin Deirdre 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the internal ordering of executive power within the EU political system and discusses the manner in which executive power is balanced by the other ‘countervailing’ powers in the constitutional system of checks and balances. It focuses on the key ‘executive’ institutions in terms of their original conception and in terms of the interests they were representing, as well as the manner in which that has evolved to become what can be referred to as a composite executive order of sorts.
Transparent Executive Power
Authors: Curtin Deirdre 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter deals with the issue of ‘transparency’ and the manner in which this principle has evolved, both in law and in practice, to constitute a salient part of the evolving operating system of the EU. It provides clear examples of how the notion of openness or transparency is now, in the contemporary understanding of the EU as a political system, regarded as necessary to confer greater legitimacy on the institutions in the eyes of the citizens.
Chapter 1 Constitutional Anomie
Authors: Flinders Matthew 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
During 1997–2007 the constitution of the United Kingdom was modified but not fundamentally reformed. New Labour suffered from constitutional anomie predominantly due to intra‐executive confusion regarding what it was seeking to achieve. Constitutional anomie is a debilitating condition. Its symptoms include the introduction of reforms in a manner bereft of any underlying logic or explicit principles combined with the inability to adopt a strategic approach which is sensitive to the inter‐related nature of any constitutional configuration. It is therefore an ailment of both mental and physical health vis‐à‐vis the body politic. Social and political anxiety, confusion, and frustration emerge with the result that reforms that were designed to enhance levels of public trust and confidence in politics, politicians and political institutions can actually have the opposite effect.
Chapter 5 V1. Party System
Authors: Flinders Matthew 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
There is no such thing as the party system in the United Kingdom but an embryonic multi‐levelled hierarchy of party systems. The existence of different party systems, founded and perpetuated by electoral systems that have been designed to inculcate a quite different value‐set, raises questions about the long‐term stability of the polity, while also providing the first empirical evidence of a bi‐constitutional statecraft.
Chapter 10 V6. Federal–Unitary Dimension
Authors: Flinders Matthew 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The federal‐unitary dimension of politics altered significantly during 1997–2007. Devolution was, however, implemented within the contours of the Westminster Model and has also overlooked by far the largest component of the United Kingdom—England. The asymmetrical nature of devolution and the existence of anomalies and dynamic‐tensions complements arguments concerning constitutional anomie.
Chapter 13 V9. Judicial Review
Authors: Flinders Matthew 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The logic of legal constitutionalism promotes the role of judges as external regulators of political behaviour. It therefore seeks to increase the degree of constitutional rigidity by seeking to locate some basic rights, values, or principles beyond the reach of elected politicians. New Labour sought to embrace elements of legal constitutionalism while maintaining a ‘political constitution’. The outcome is a confused and anomalous element of the broader bi‐constitutionality argument.
Aberrations of the Realism Debate
Authors: Devitt Michael , Devitt Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter begins by arguing that contrary to received opinion, the issue of realism about the physical world has almost nothing to do with semantic issues about truth. It follows that it is an aberration to identify the two issues (Dummett), to dismiss the realism issue out of hostility to correspondence truth (Rorty, Fine), to think that the realism issue is one of interpretation, or to argue against realism by criticizing various claims about truth and reference (Putnam, Laudan). It is also an aberration to identify realism with nonskepticism (Margolis), truth-as-the-aim-of-science (van Fraassen), or scientific convergence (Blackburn). Realism is an overarching metaphysical issue which should be settled before any of these epistemological and semantic issues.
Resurrecting Biological Essentialism
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter defends the doctrine that Linnaean taxa, including species, have essences that are, at least partly, underlying intrinsic, mostly genetic, properties. The consensus among philosophers of biology is that such essentialism is deeply wrong, indeed incompatible with Darwinism. The chapter argues that biological generalizations about the morphology, physiology, and behaviour of species require structural explanations that must advert to these essential properties. The objection that, according to current ‘species concepts’, species are relational is rejected. These concepts are primarily concerned with what it is for a kind to be a species and throw little light on the essentialist issue of what it is for an organism to be a member of a particular kind. Finally, the chapter argues that this essentialism can accommodate features of Darwinism associated with variation and change.
Intuitions
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIntuition mongering is common in the theory of reference and in philosophy generally. Why is this appropriate? And why is it appropriate for linguists to take intuitions as the main evidence for a grammar. The Chomskian answer to the latter question is that the intuitions are derived by a rational process from a representation of linguistic principles in the mind. Stich has suggested (although not endorsed) an analogous answer to the question about referential intuitions. This chapter takes a different view, arguing for a naturalistic and non-Cartesian view of intuitions in general. They are empirical central-processor responses to phenomena differing from other such responses only in being immediate and fairly unreflective. The view yields a naturalistic view of the characteristic method of ‘armchair philosophy’.
On Determining What There Isn't
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractStich points out that typical arguments for eliminativism about the mind presuppose a description theory of reference. His gloomy view of theories of reference leads him to a gloomy view of ontological issues in general. What has gone wrong? Stich thinks that the mistake came in looking to such theories to settle ontological issues. This chapter argues that Stich is right about that, but for the wrong reasons. We should not share his gloom about theories of reference, taken as proto-science. Still, an appropriately modest view of the accomplishments of this proto-science counts against using it to settle ontological issues. We should put metaphysics first. How then are we to settle ontological issues? Stich's answer is very much along the right lines. We do not have any principles adequate to help us with the difficult cases and it may be that some of these are indeterminate.
The Neo-liberal State
Authors: Plant Raymond 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis book has two central aims. The first is to give a fair, comprehensive, and analytical account of the central features of the neo‐liberal view about the role and limits of the state in the modern world. It considers important ideas such as the contrast between a state based on rules and the one based on outcomes, the implications of this contrast for the rule of law, for the ideas of freedom, social justice, and rights. It provides a full account of the neo‐liberal view of the relationship between the state and the economy and to civil society and voluntary organizations. It draws upon a wide range of works by neo‐liberal thinkers to build up the theoretical case for this conception of the role of government and politics. The thinkers at the heart of this part of the study are Hayek, Buchanan, Mises, Menger, as well as others who while not regarding themselves as neo‐liberals nevertheless have contributed to neo‐liberal ideas. These include Oakeshott, Nozick, and Rothbard. The study also looks at the public policy implications of neo‐liberal ideas in relation to the role of the welfare state and other forms of public sector provision. The second part of the book provides a detailed critical appraisal of some of the central neo‐liberal doctrines particularly in relation to the core ideas of freedom, justice, rights, the role of collective organizations in civil society, and the provision of welfare. The book argues that contrary to neo‐liberal arguments there is no coherent way of providing a sharp and categorical distinction between neo‐liberalism and Social Democracy on the one hand and libertarianism on the other.
Chapter 1 The Nature of the Neo-liberal State and the Rule of Law
Authors: Plant Raymond 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter does two related things. First of all it sets out the neo‐liberal case for thinking that the state should be conceived largely in terms of rules and procedures instead of delivering certain types of outcomes and goals. To use the terminology of Oakeshott, endorsed by Hayek, the state should be seen as nomocratic and not telocratic. The neo‐liberal state embodies a set of basic rules about mutual non‐coercion as well as contract keeping rather than embodying the pursuit of a specific goal such as social justice, welfare, or a particular understanding of national identity. It looks at the close relationship between these ideas and the neo‐liberal idea of the rule of law. Neo‐liberals are critical of legal positivism and in contrast believe that the rule of law is in fact a moral ideal.
Chapter 2 The Foundations of the Rule of Law as a Moral Ideal
Authors: Plant Raymond 
Published: February 2010

AbstractGiven that the rule of law as embodied in the basic nomocratic order of the neo‐liberal state is based upon a moral ideal, and given that these rules as constitutional rules can be seen as a constraint on majoritarian democratic decision making, it is important that the moral ideal on which these rules are based should be of a particularly compelling sort. This chapter considers the ways in which different neo‐liberal thinkers have approached this issue. The rather different ideas in play here of Hayek and Buchanan (both Nobel Laureates), Mises, Nozick, and Rothbard are considered in an attempt to see whether there is common ground between neo‐liberals to provide the basis of a nomocratic constitutional order.
Chapter 3 Freedom, Coercion, and the Law
Authors: Plant Raymond 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides an analysis of neo‐liberal views about the idea of freedom. It is important for neo‐liberals that the absolutely central ideal of freedom should be compatible with a nomocratic order rather than embodying some controversial moral goods. This means that freedom has to be understood in a negative rather than a positive sense – that freedom is to be seen as the absence of coercion rather than being related to capacities and capabilities. This means that the idea of coercion also has to be subjected to close analysis since it is the absence of coercion which creates negative freedom. Again it is centrally important for the neo‐liberal that the idea of coercion should be free of positive moral content and has to be defined in a wholly empirical manner.
Chapter 5 Neo‐liberal Rights
Authors: Plant Raymond 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter deals with two broad themes. The first is the account of the nature and scope of rights adopted by the neo‐liberal. Obviously, an account of the nature of rights has to be made compatible with the general nomocratic and rule‐governed nature of the neo‐liberal conception of the role of the state. Rights basically protect negative freedoms if they are to be at all compatible with the rule of law and separated from disputed moral conceptions. The second theme is the critique of social and economic rights, which social democrats have tended to favour as part of the pursuit of social justice within society. This is rejected by the neo‐liberal partly because the pursuit of social justice is seen to be a mirage in Hayek's own word and because there are other compelling arguments against the conception of social and economic rights.
Chapter 9 Government, Money, and Taxation
Authors: Plant Raymond 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA central theme of this chapter is the role of monetary theory within the neo‐liberal account of the role of the state. For a neo‐liberal thinker such as Mises, monetary theory consists of a set of a priori truths derived from the concept of money itself. Thus, the quantity of money theory or monetarism is not one hypothesis among others within economics, but has a more profound status and basis than that. Such a monetary theory when allied to the points made in the first part of Chapter 8 along with other economic theories (such as crowding out and neo‐liberal microeconomic theories) undermine in a fundamental way Keynesian ideas. Such ideas have been central to Social Democracy and again therefore such a critique of Keynes is an attempt to undermine a basic means of arriving at social democratic ends such as social justice which have already been the subject of critical analysis. One central role for the state from a neo‐liberal view is the provision of public goods that is to say goods which rely on cooperation to produce but which cannot be partitioned so that only those who cooperate in their production can benefit (clean air would be an example). The market will not produce such goods because each individual has a strong incentive from a rational utility maximizing point of view not to contribute and they will therefore not be produced. The details of this argument are considered and analysed.
Iambosin Aristotle's Works
Authors: Rotstein Andrea 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWhat is the place of iambos in Aristotle's history of poetry? How does the genre of iambos relate to psogos? What does Aristotle really mean by the expression iambike idea? Ancient and modern perceptions of the nature and function of ancient Greek iambos have been largely shaped by Aristotle's statements in the Poetics. This chapter looks afresh at those statements and offers a reconstruction of Aristotle's conceptualization of iambos.
Ancient Theories ofIambos
Authors: Rotstein Andrea 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter explores the various historical ‘ways of seeing’ the genre of iambos in ancient scholarship after Aristotle. It begins with an overview of the Hellenistic scholarship on iambos and the views emerging from ancient etymologies, before turning to late antique definitions of the genre. Since generic concepts are explicit in works that belong to what the ancients considered the realm of grammar rather than philology, in order to find iambos within something akin to systematic treatments of genres, we will have to go backwards and forwards in time: from the grammarian Diomedes (4th cent. BCE), to Photius' (9th cent. CE) summary of a handbook by Proclus (5th cent. CE, or 2nd cent. CE), and back to the late Hellenistic period through the testimony of Philodemus of Gadara (1st cent. BCE). Three main historical ways of conceptualizing literary genres and the ensuing views of iambos are proposed.
The Pen and the People
Authors: Whyman Susan 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The Pen and the People shows how 18th-century men and women learned to write letters, why and how they used them, and the impact of letter writing on their lives and the wider culture. Based on over sixty unknown collections of family papers discovered over a ten year period, it tells the stories of middling and lower-sort people — a Yorkshire bridle maker, a domestic female servant, a Derbyshire wheelwright, an untrained woman writing poetry and short stories, as well as merchants and their families — all over many generations. Their ordinary backgrounds and extraordinary writings challenge accepted views that popular literacy was rare in England before 1800. This democratization of letter writing could never have occurred without the development of the Royal Mail. New information gleaned from personal letters tells a very different story about the development of the Post Office, which had altered the rhythms of daily life long before the 19th century. Yet the popularization of letter writing not only affected individuals, it had social, economic, and political impacts on 18th-century society. Its unique influence on literary culture, especially on reading and the rise of the novel, is reassessed from an historical point of view. Whyman's fresh approach captures actual dialogues of people telling stories about their lives. Easy to read tables present the newly-discovered archives, biographical details of principal letter writers, and the topics and social relationships revealed in thousands of letters.