bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mucocutaneous manifestations of HIV‐infected patients in the era of HAART in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
Authors: Han J. , Lun W.H. , Meng Z.H. , Huang K. , Mao Y. , Zhu W. , Lian S. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackground  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are frequently associated with diverse mucocutaneous manifestations. However, few studies of HIV/AIDS‐related mucocutaneous manifestations have been reported in China.Objective  To investigate the occurrence of mucocutaneous disorders and their relationship with the degree of immunosuppression in 348 HIV‐infected Chinese patients. The influence of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the spectrum of mucocutaneous manifestations was also evaluated.Methods  A cross‐sectional study was performed on 348 HIV‐infected Chinese patients seen at the Guangxi Longtan Hospital from August 2010 to November 2010. Collected information included demographic data, HIV‐associated mucocutaneous disorders, CD4 cell count, AIDS‐defining illness and antiretroviral therapy.Results  In this study, 62.9% of all patients had mucocutaneous disorders. The prevalence of mucocutaneous disorders in the patients who had received HAART was lower than in those without HAART (54.05% vs. 88.76%, P < 0.001). The prevalence of mucocutaneous disorders was higher in the patients with CD4 < 200 cells/mm3 in comparison to those with CD4 ≥ 200 cells/mm3 (P < 0.05). The most common mucocutaneous disorders were oral candidiasis (28.47%), Penicillium marneffei infection (11.49%), drug eruptions (10.06%) and pruritic papular eruption (PPE 5.75%). Oral candidiasis, P. marneffei infection and PPE were significantly more prevalent in patients with a CD4 cell count below 200 cells/mm3, but frequency of drug eruptions was not related to the level of CD4 cell counts. Patients treated with HAART had decreased rates of herpes simplex, oral candidiasis and P. marneffei infection, but increased rates of drug eruptions.Conclusions  A wide range of mucocutaneous disorders were observed in HIV‐infected Chinese patients. Oral candidiasis, P. marneffei infection and PPE may be the signs of advanced HIV infection. HAART had an impact on the spectrum of HIV‐associated mucocutaneous disorders.
Clinical patterns and epidemiological characteristics of facial melasma in Brazilian women
Authors: Tamega A.de.A. , Miot L.D.B. , Bonfietti C. , Gige T.C. , Marques M.E.A. , Miot H.A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackground  Melasma is a common acquired chronic hypermelanosis of sun‐exposed areas which significantly impacts quality of life. There are few epidemiological studies in medical literature concerning these patients.Objective  Characterize clinical and epidemiological data on Brazilian female patients with melasma.Methods  A semi‐structured questionnaire was administered to melasma patients treated at a dermatology clinic between 2005 and 2010. Association between variables was performed by multivariate regression models.Results  We assessed 302 patients; intermediate skin phototypes III (34.4%) and IV (38.4%) were prevalent. Mean disease onset age was 27.5 ± 7.8 years and familiar occurrence of melasma was identified in 56.3%. The most commonly reported trigger factors were pregnancy (36.4%), contraceptive pills (16.2%) and intense sun exposure (27.2%). Preferred facial topographies were zygomatic (83.8%), labial superior (51.3%) and frontal (49.7%). Pregnancy induced melasma has been associated to early disease (OR = 0.86) and number of pregnancies (OR = 1.39). Childbearing was correlated to melasma extension. Older disease onset age was associated to darker skin phototypes. Co‐occurrence of facial topographies supported clinical classification as centrofacial and peripheral melasma.Conclusion  This population was characterized by: a high prevalence in adult females, intermediate skin phototypes, disease precipitation by hormonal stimulus and familiar genetic influence.
The Process of Perceiving Stigmatization: Perspectives from Taiwanese Young People with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Chen Chih‐Hsuan , Shu Bih‐Ching 
Published: January 2012

Background  There is a dearth of studies about the causes of stigmatization in people with intellectual disability. This study is aimed at gaining an understanding of how feelings of stigmatization are formed and perceived among young people with intellectual disability in Taiwanese cultural and social contexts.Materials and Methods  Fourteen young people with intellectual disability, ranging in age from 17 to 22 years, participated in this study. Data were collected and analysed using grounded theory.Results  Three persistent themes were noted in regard to the formation of feelings of stigmatization among these young people with intellectual disability. (i) Being labelled: the sources of their stigma often resulted from the educational and social welfare systems. (ii) Perceiving oneself: they viewed themselves as ‘not good’ students, as troublemakers, as sick people and as odd people. (iii) Living with the labelling: they attempted to manage the impression that their intellectual disability had on others by using avoidance, isolation and self‐promotion.Conclusions  Stigmatization among this intellectual disability group is invisibly formed while attending school and receiving social services. The value of the intellectual performance is not yet waived for young people with intellectual disability in Taiwan. Changing the social opinions of intellectual disability can help to avoid stigmatizing these people with intellectual disability.
Individual and Environmental Characteristics Associated with Cognitive Development in Down Syndrome: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Couzens Donna , Haynes Michele , Cuskelly Monica 
Published: January 2012

Background  Associations among cognitive development and intrapersonal and environmental characteristics were investigated for 89 longitudinal study participants with Down syndrome to understand developmental patterns associated with cognitive strengths and weaknesses.Materials and Methods  Subtest scores of the Stanford‐Binet IV collected between ages 4–30 years were analysed in multilevel models of age‐related change. Predictor variables were systematically entered into the models to identify associations with development for each subtest.Results  Temperament, maternal education, medical conditions and school experiences were associated with cognitive differences. Additional associations with rate of development were detected for negative mood, persistence, maternal education level and elementary school experience for several subtests.Conclusions  Early cognitive advantage and consistent opportunities to learn academic content appear to facilitate cognitive development, although this latter was confounded with ability and maternal education in this study. Data presented endorse research into interventions that enhance verbal and problem solving environments through‐out early and middle childhood and target reductions in negative affect in relation to supporting cognitive development for individuals with Down syndrome.
Examining the relationship between early axon growth and transcription factor expression in the developing cerebral cortex
Authors: Lickiss Tom , Cheung Amanda F. P. , Hutchinson Charlotte E. , Taylor Jeremy S. H. , Molnár Zoltán 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe transcription factors Satb2 (special AT‐rich sequence binding protein 2) and Ctip2 (COUP‐TF interacting protein 2) have been shown to be required for callosal and corticospinal axon growth respectively from subtypes of cerebral cortex projection neurons. In this study we investigated early stages of directed axon growth in the embryonic mouse cerebral cortex, and studied the possible correlation with the expression of Satb2 and Ctip2. Electroporation of an EYFP‐expressing plasmid at embryonic day 13.5 to label developing projection neurons revealed that directed axon growth is first seen in radially migrating neurons in the intermediate zone (IZ), prior to migration into the cortical plate, as has been suggested previously. Onset of expression of SATB2 and CTIP2 was also observed in the IZ, correlating well with this stage of migration and initiation of axon growth. Immunohistochemical staining through embryonic and early postnatal development revealed a significant population of Satb2/Ctip2 co‐expressing cells, while retrograde axon tracing from the corpus callosum at embryonic day 18.5 back‐labelled many neurons with bi‐directional axon processes. However, through retrograde tracing and simultaneous immunohistochemical staining we show that these bi‐directional processes do not correlate with Satb2/Ctip2 co‐expression. Our work shows that although expression of these transcription factors correlates well with the appearance of directed axon growth during cortical development, the transcriptional code underlying the bi‐directional axonal projections of early neocortical neurons is not likely to be the result of Satb2/Ctip2 co‐expression.
The German Reformation and Medieval Thought and Culture
Authors: Ocker Christopher 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis essay asks the question, is it useful to approach the Reformation as a phase in a linear chronology, a movement away from the Middle Ages? On the example of Matthias Flacius Illyricus and the formation of Lutheran identity in the third quarter of the sixteenth century, I argue that Protestants had a vested interest in the continuity of their beliefs with medieval thought and culture. The familiar idea of a medieval‐Reformation rupture is largely an invention of the nineteenth century. The research of recent decades, which I survey, has shown the limitations of this idea. I conclude with a proposal for seeing cultural change within multiple, overlapping chronologies.
Industrial Relations History in Transnational Perspective: A Review Essay
Authors: Fetzer Thomas 
Published: January 2012

AbstractInspired by the ‘transnational turn’ in history writing, this essay reviews recent scholarship dealing with industrial relations from a transnational perspective. The essay starts with conceptual reflections on the merits and potential pitfalls of a transnational approach, and suggests that that such an approach should include not only the study of actors, networks and processes at the transnational level (top down perspective), but also that of the impact of transnational factors on industrial relations in specific countries and locations (bottom up perspective). The main part of the essay critically reviews the available scholarship with regard to this two‐pronged agenda and makes suggestions for future research.
Viking Ethnicities: A Historiographic Overview
Authors: Downham Clare 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe ‘Viking Age’ is well established in popular perception as a period of dramatic change in European history. The range of viking activities from North America to the Middle East has excited the interest of many commentators. Vikings are variously regarded as blood thirsty barbarians or civilised entrepreneurs; founders of nations or anarchic enemies. But how cohesive was the identity of the ‘Vikings’ and how did they see themselves? In recent years the answer to this question has been evaluated from a range of perspectives. Established paradigms (often situated within a nationalist framework of thought) have come under greater scrutiny and new ideas have entered the debate. This paper will review some trends in the historiography of viking ethnicities and cultural identities in the period 800–1000 AD. This overview also highlights the value of comparative analysis of human migrations to the field of Viking Studies.
“Decline and British Romantic Literary Culture”
Authors: Sachs Jonathan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn “Signs of the Times” (1829), Thomas Carlyle characterizes what we now call the Romantic period as obsessed with crisis. After an account of what distinguishes Romantic anxieties of decline from 18th century precedents, this essay reads the period’s anxiety of impending decline as an index of how those living through this period understood their own historicity. Through close attention to Anna Barbauld’s poem Eighteen Hundred and Eleven (1812), it asks about the kind of cultural work done by the forecast of ruin and reflects on how such anticipations of decline produce cultural and literary value, and how they seek, paradoxically, to stave off decline through the very acknowledgement of its inevitability.
The Other Great Exhibition: Mayhew’s Catalog of the Industrious
Authors: Joshi Priti 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHenry Mayhew’sLondon Labour and the London Poorhas always had an enthusiastic following, but scholarship on it has been limited and scholars fairly restrained in response to it. This essay examines questions about Mayhew’s sample set (the working‐class or the lumpenproleteriat? the poor or the marginal?), the veracity of his interviews, his relations with his subjects, and the publication history of his text. While he has been read as a proto‐sociologist, this essay, following Christopher Herbert, suggests that it is more fruitful to view Mayhew’s project as an early‐ethnographic effort. The review of Mayhew criticism concludes with a brief reading of Mayhew’s presentation of the street‐folk involved in reclaiming wastes – a project that has clear affinities with Mayhew’s own work.
Black Transnationalism: 20th‐Century South African and African American Literatures
Authors: Robolin Stéphane 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis review article considers recent criticism on transnational literary and cultural relationships between black South Africans and African Americans across the 20th century. Using Black Atlantic and comparative models as the basis for discussion, this essay maps past patterns, current trends, and new directions in this particular strand of black transnational studies, while providing some commentary on certain developments in the field.
The Prison in Early Modern Drama
Authors: Ahnert Ruth 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPrison scenes and references to incarceration are ubiquitous in early modern drama, ranging from the Counter‐scene in Ben Jonson’s Every Man Out of his Humour, to Hamlet’s famous statement that ‘Denmark’s a prison’. This article considers the reason for the early modern obsession with incarceration, providing a survey of the influence of contemporary prison legislation and conditions on city comedies; the use of chronicles and martyrologies in the writing of history plays; and the linguistic traces of prison literature and literary tropes of imprisonment. In doing so, it demonstrates that many of the recurring features in those plays deemed to be influenced by contemporary London prisons – including the representation of the prison as corrupt and variable in its administration, as unjust or lacking in power – have analogues in earlier literary and historical works.
Postcoital Penile Drug Eruption in a Co-Trimoxazole-Sensitive Patient Following Vaginal Use of Triple Sulfa Vaginal Cream by His Partner
Authors: Zargooshi Javaad , Kavoussi Hossein , Rahmanian Elham , Motaee Hiwa , Kohzadi Mozhgan , Nourizad Samad 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
This is a report of a very rare case of proven postcoital penile drug eruption in a patient following vaginal use of triple sulfa vaginal cream by his partner.

Aim
To report the rare case of cross-reaction following vaginal use of triple sulfa vaginal cream in partner.

Methods
A case of postcoital penile drug eruption in a patient following vaginal use of triple sulfa vaginal cream in his partner is presented including subjective reporting, physical examination, and laboratory evaluations.

Results
We report a 42-year-old man with known sensitivity to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) who developed a penile drug eruption at the glans after having intercourse with his wife, who was taking sulfathiazole/sulfacetamide/sulfabenzamide (triple sulfa) vaginal cream. The nature of the lesion was confirmed by a rechallenge test.

Conclusion
To our knowledge, this is the fourth case of proven postcoital penile drug eruption in a patient following vaginal use of triple sulfa vaginal cream in his partner. Our case illustrates the importance of history taking. In clinical practice of urology, it is not rare to see patients who present with strange penile lesions following coitus. To reach a correct diagnosis, one should obtain a drug history of the sexual partner and allergic history of the patient in such cases.
Keratinocyte Stem Cells and the Targets for Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer†
Authors: Singh Ashok , Park Heuijoon , Kangsamaksin Thaned , Singh Anupama , Readio Nyssa , Morris Rebecca J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe mammalian skin is a complex dynamic organ composed of thin multilayered epidermis and a thick underlying connective tissue layer dermis. The epidermis undergoes continuous renewal throughout life. The stems cells uniquely express particular surface markers utilized for their identification, isolation and localization in specific niches in epidermis as well as hair follicles (HFs). The two stage skin carcinogenesis model involves stepwise accumulation of genetic alterations and ultimately leading to malignancy. Whereas early research on skin carcinogenesis focused on the molecular nature of carcinogens and tumor promoters, more recent studies have focused on the identification of the target cells and tumor promoting cells for both chemical and physical carcinogens and promoters. Recent studies support the hypothesis that keratinocyte stem cells are the targets in skin carcinogenesis. In this review, we discuss briefly the localization of stem cells in the epidermis and HFs, and review the possibility that skin papillomas and carcinomas are derived from stem cells, as well as from other cells in the cutaneous epithelium whose stem cell properties are not well known.
Positivity Advantages in Social Information Processing
Authors: Unkelbach Christian 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe article examines advantages of positive information in social information processing. First, it presents a ubiquitous positivity advantage in processing speed. Then it introduces the density hypothesis as an explanation: Positive information is processed faster because it is more similar to other positive information compared to the overall similarity of negative information. Accordingly, positivity advantages are not only caused by the information’s valence itself, but by a structural property of the information that strongly correlates with valence. Further, the article provides an overview of recent density effects in other social psychology paradigms (i.e., evaluative priming, person perception, and person memory). The final discussion considers possible reasons for the correlation of density and valence, which leads to the observed positivity advantages.
Approaching Religiosity/Spirituality and Health from the Eudaimonic Perspective
Authors: Steffen Patrick R. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractReligiosity/spirituality (RS) has been linked to positive health outcomes across a large number of studies, with these effects seen most strongly among disadvantaged groups such as minorities, women, and those of lower socioeconomic status (SES). Given that disadvantaged groups typically have worse health outcomes and not better, it is not clear why the effects of RS are stronger for disadvantaged groups. A key difficulty in understanding the relationship between RS and health lies in the theoretical perspectives used in research. Health and well‐being is typically assessed from the hedonic perspective which emphasizes pleasure and happiness as important outcomes and assumes that difficult life situations contribute to negative health. The eudaimonic perspective, on the other hand, emphasizes meaning and relationships, and assumes that difficult life situations can contribute to increased meaning in life and stronger relationships. The eudaimonic perspective provides a better framework for understanding why RS leads to better health for disadvantaged groups for three reasons. First, having meaning in life and strong relationships are related to positive health outcomes and buffer the negative effects of stress. Second, in addition to being more religious, disadvantaged groups report lower hedonic well‐being and report higher eudaimonic well‐being. Third, low SES religious individuals have better than expected health outcomes and low SES materialistic individuals have worse than expected health outcomes. Overall, the eudaimonic perspective better accounts for the research findings in RS and health and provides a strong foundation for future research in this area.
How Reward and Emotional Stimuli Induce Different Reactions Across the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Sakaki Michiko , Mather Mara 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDespite widespread belief that moods are affected by the menstrual cycle, researchers on emotion and reward have not paid much attention to the menstrual cycle until recently. However, recent research has revealed different reactions to emotional stimuli and to rewarding stimuli across the different phases of the menstrual cycle. The current paper reviews the emerging literature on how ovarian hormone fluctuation during the menstrual cycle modulates reactions to emotional stimuli and to reward. Behavioral and neuroimaging studies in humans suggest that estrogen and progesterone have opposing influences. That is, it appears that estrogen enhances reactions to reward, but progesterone counters the facilitative effects of estrogen and decreases reactions to rewards. In contrast, reactions to emotionally arousing stimuli (particularly negative stimuli) appear to be decreased by estrogen but enhanced by progesterone. Potential factors that can modulate the effects of the ovarian hormones (e.g., an inverse quadratic function of hormones’ effects; the structural changes of the hippocampus across the menstrual cycle) are also discussed.
Racial Bias and Prosocial Behavior
Authors: Triplett Jennifer 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe ways in which people exhibit racially biased attitudes are complex. For instance, social scientists differentiate between explicit bias, or bias that is obvious and conscious, and implicit bias, or bias that is to a degree uncontrollable. Many studies focus on how these forms of racial bias relate to discrimination, however, a growing body of research indicates that racial bias can also relate to prosocial behavior. This paper discusses how social scientists measure different forms of racial bias, as well as the effects of racial bias on prosocial behaviors.
The Science of Two‐Timing: The State of Infidelity Research
Authors: Munsch Christin L. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis article provides an overview of research on infidelity in an effort to synthesize past studies and orient future studies. It begins with infidelity estimates, followed by a synopsis of evolutionary explanations prominent in both popular and academic writing. Despite the potential utility of evolutionary arguments, I argue that infidelity needs to be understood as a dynamic social process subject to influence by the context in which it is embedded. This conceptualization urges scholars to attend to the component, proximate, and psychological factors that affect one’s decision to engage in infidelity. Accordingly, I categorize empirical infidelity research in this manner. I conclude by addressing new developments and avenues for future research.