bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatigue during intermittent‐sprint exercise
Authors: Bishop David J 
Published: July 2012

Summary

There is a reversible decline in force production by muscles when they are contracting at or near their maximum capacity. The task‐dependent nature of fatigue means that the mechanisms of fatigue may differ between different types of contractions. This paper examines how fatigue manifests during whole‐body, intermittent‐sprint exercise and discusses the potential muscular and neural mechanisms that underpin this fatigue.

Fatigue is defined as a reversible, exercise‐induced reduction in maximal power output (e.g. during cycling exercise) or speed (e.g. during running exercise), even though the task can be continued.

The small changes in surface electromyogram (EMG), along with a lack of change in voluntary muscle activation (estimated from both percutaneous motor nerve stimulations and trans‐cranial magnetic stimulation), indicate that there is little change in neural drive to the muscles following intermittent‐sprint exercise. This, along with the observation that the decrease in EMG is much less than that which would be predicted from the decrease in power output, suggests that peripheral mechanisms are the predominant cause of fatigue during intermittent‐sprint exercise.

At the muscle level, limitations in energy supply, including phosphocreatine hydrolysis and the degree of reliance on anaerobic glycolysis and oxidative metabolism, and the intramuscular accumulation of metabolic by‐products, such as hydrogen ions, emerge as key factors responsible for fatigue.
Hf–Nd isotope constraints on the origin of Dehshir Ophiolite, Central Iran
Authors: MOGHADAM HADI SHAFAII , STERN ROBERT J. , KIMURA JUN‐ICHI , HIRAHARA YUKA , SENDA RYOKO , MIYAZAKI TAKASHI 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe peri‐Arabian ophiolite belt, from Cyprus in the west, eastward through Northwest Syria, Southeast Turkey, Northeast Iraq, Southwest Iran, and into Oman, marks a 3000 km‐long convergent margin that formed during a Late Cretaceous (ca 100 Ma) episode of subduction initiation on the north side of Neotethys. The Zagros ophiolites of Iran are part of this belt and are divided into Outer (OB) and Inner (IB) Ophiolitic Belts. We here report the first Nd–Hf isotopic study of this ophiolite belt, focusing on the Dehshir ophiolite (a part of IB). Our results confirm the Indian mid‐oceanic ridge basalt (MORB) mantle domain origin for the Dehshir mafic and felsic igneous rocks. All lavas have similar Hf isotopic compositions, but felsic dikes have significantly less‐radiogenic Nd isotopic compositions compared to mafic lavas. Elevated Th/Nb and Th/Yb in felsic samples accompany nonradiogenic Nd, suggesting the involvement of sediments or continental crust.
Uterus‐relaxing effect of β2‐agonists in combination with phosphodiesterase inhibitors: Studies on pregnant rat in vivo and on pregnant human myometrium in vitro
Authors: Verli Judit , Klukovits Anna , Kormányos Zsolt , Hajagos‐Tóth Judit , Ducza Eszter , Seres Adrienn B. , Falkay George , Gáspár Róbert 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAims:  Our aims were to examine the effects of a simultaneous stimulation of β2‐adrenergic receptors and inhibition of uterine phosphodiesterases (PDE), in the pregnant rat uterus in vivo and on human uterine tissue in vitro. We also set out to measure cAMP levels and detect the expressions of the isoenzymes PDE4B and PDE4D in human uterine tissue samples.Material and Methods:  Preterm birth was induced in Sprague‐Dawley rats with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The uterine effects of terbutaline alone or in combination with rolipram were tested in vivo. Human myometrial strips from cesarean sections at full‐term pregnancy and at preterm labor were stimulated with oxytocin, and the inhibitory effects of theophylline, rolipram and terbutaline were studied. The myometrial accumulation of cAMP in the presence of rolipram and terbutaline was determined by enzyme immunoassay. The expressions of PDE4B and PDE4D proteins were detected by Western blotting.Results:  The selective PDE4 inhibitor rolipram was more effective than the non‐selective PDE inhibitor theophylline in inhibiting the oxytocin‐induced contractions in the human uterus. The uterus‐relaxing effects of low doses of terbutaline were markedly potentiated by rolipram, both in rats and in human tissues. The changes in uterine cAMP levels correlated with these results. At preterm labor, PDE4B was the predominant form of PDE4 expressed; at full term, PDE4D was expressed more strongly.Conclusions:  A combination of selective PDE4 inhibitors and β2‐agonists should be considered for the treatment of preterm contractions.
Intra‐leiomyoma massive hemorrhage after delivery
Authors: Manopunya Manatsawee , Tongprasert Fuanglada , Sukpan Kornkanok , Tongsong Theera 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMassive bleeding into a uterine leiomyoma is an extremely rare cause of hypovolemic shock. Only one case of this life‐threatening condition has been reported. Our patient was a 39‐year‐old woman who had a gradual growth of a subserous myoma throughout pregnancy and sudden rapid growth after cesarean section at 35 weeks of gestation. The rapid growth was due to intra‐tumor massive bleeding and was associated with hypovolemic shock without evidence of external or intra‐abdominal hemorrhage. We hypothesize that a rapid decrease in size of the uterus after delivery might have compressed the venous drainages, which were more vulnerable to occlusion than arterial blood flows, resulting in blood sequestration into the tumor leading to hypovolemia.
Rectus abdominis muscle endometriotic mass in a woman affected by multiple sclerosis
Authors: Marci Roberto , Lo Monte Giuseppe , Soave Ilaria , Bianchi Albino , Patella Alfredo , Wenger Jean Marie 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe report a case of a rectus abdominis muscle endometriotic mass in a woman affected by multiple sclerosis. The pathogenesis of endometriosis is poorly understood but an immune system alteration could play a role in its onset and development. To date few studies have investigated the connection between autoimmune diseases and endometriosis. Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory, autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. An autoimmune background might contribute both in the establishment of extrapelvic endometriotic lesions and in the possible increased risk of women with endometriosis to develop autoimmune diseases.
Autopsy case of sudden maternal death from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Yamamoto Takuma , Fujimura Yoshihiro , Emoto Yuko , Kuriu Yukiko , Iino Morio , Matoba Ryoji 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA 31‐year‐old pregnant woman was transferred to the emergency room at 27 weeks of gestation. She had one‐day history of fever and upper abdominal pain. Soon after admission, she underwent cardiopulmonary arrest. Autopsy was performed and multiple microthrombi were seen within the small‐caliber vessels of many organs, but not in the lungs. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the thrombi were rich in von Willebrand factor. We also obtained results which showed severely deficient plasma a disintegrin‐like and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) 13 activity and positive ADAMTS13 inhibitor, confirming a diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. As far as we know, in Japan, this is the first autopsy report of sudden maternal death from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. We expect that the routine laboratory application of ADAMTS13 assays for unknown thrombocytopenic patients during pregnancy may help in differential diagnosis at an earlier stage of the disease and facilitate tailor‐made therapeutic intervention.
Maternal carbon dioxide level during labor and its possible effect on fetal cerebral oxygenation: Mini review
Authors: Tomimatsu Takuji , Kakigano Aiko , Mimura Kazuya , Kanayama Tomoko , Koyama Shinsuke , Fujita Satoko , Taniguchi Yukiko , Kanagawa Takeshi , Kimura Tadashi 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDuring pregnancy, and especially during labor, the maternal carbon dioxide level declines considerably. Maternal carbon dioxide levels show a close relation with fetal carbon dioxide levels. The latter affects fetal cerebral oxygenation by regulating cerebral blood flow and shifting the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. In addition, maternal hypocapnia appears to impair placental oxygen transfer. Thus, maternal hyperventilation may interfere with optimal fetal cerebral oxygenation. Here, we provide a brief overview of the literature relevant to this issue.
Gut microbiota instead of host genotype drive the specificity in the interaction of a natural host‐parasite system
Authors: Koch Hauke , Schmid‐Hempel Paul 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSpecific interactions between parasite genotypes and host genotypes (Gp × Gh) are commonly found in invertebrate systems, but are largely lacking a mechanistic explanation. The genotype of invertebrate hosts can be complemented by the genomes of microorganisms living on or within the host (‘microbiota’). We investigated whether the bacterial gut microbiota of bumble bees (Bombus terrestris) can account for the specificity of interactions between individuals from different colonies (previously taken as host genotype proxy) and genotypes of the parasite Crithidia bombi. For this, we transplanted the microbiota between individuals of six colonies. Both the general infection load and the specific success of different C. bombi genotypes were mostly driven by the microbiota, rather than by worker genotype. Variation in gut microbiota can therefore be responsible for specific immune phenotypes and the evolution of gut parasites may be driven by interactions with ‘microbiota types’ as well as with host genotypes.
Two Sinorhizobium meliloti glutaredoxins regulate iron metabolism and symbiotic bacteroid differentiation
Authors: Benyamina Sofiane M. , Baldacci‐Cresp Fabien , Couturier Jérémy , Chibani Kamel , Hopkins Julie , Bekki Abdelkader , de Lajudie Philippe , Rouhier Nicolas , Jacquot Jean‐Pierre , Alloing Geneviève , Puppo Alain , Frendo Pierre 
Published: July 2012

SummaryLegumes interact symbiotically with bacteria of the Rhizobiaceae to form nitrogen‐fixing root nodules. We investigated the contribution of the three glutaredoxin (Grx)‐encoding genes present in the Sinorhizobium meliloti genome to this symbiosis. SmGRX1 (CGYC active site) and SmGRX3 (CPYG) recombinant proteins displayed deglutathionylation activity in the 2‐hydroethyldisulfide assay, whereas SmGRX2 (CGFS) did not. Mutation of SmGRX3 did not affect S. meliloti growth or symbiotic capacities. In contrast, SmGRX1 and SmGRX2 mutations decreased the growth of free‐living bacteria and the nitrogen fixation capacity of bacteroids. Mutation of SmGRX1 led to nodule abortion and an absence of bacteroid differentiation, whereas SmGRX2 mutation decreased nodule development without modifying bacteroid development. The higher sensitivity of the Smgrx1 mutant strain as compared with wild‐type strain to oxidative stress was associated with larger amounts of glutathionylated proteins. The Smgrx2 mutant strain displayed significantly lower levels of activity than the wild type for two iron‐sulfur‐containing enzymes, aconitase and succinate dehydrogenase. This lower level of activity could be associated with deregulation of the transcriptional activity of the RirA iron regulator and higher intracellular iron content. Thus, two S. meliloti Grx proteins are essential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation, playing independent roles in bacterial differentiation and the regulation of iron metabolism.
Investigation of intracellular signalling cascades mediating stimulatory effect of a Gymnema sylvestre extract on insulin secretion from isolated mouse and human islets of Langerhans
Authors: Al‐Romaiyan A. , Liu B. , Docherty R. , Huang G.‐C. , Amiel S. , Persaud S. J. , Jones P. M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAimTraditional plant‐based remedies such as Gymnema sylvestre (GS) extracts have been used to treat diabetes mellitus for many centuries. We have shown previously that a novel GS extract, OSA®, has a direct effect on insulin secretion but its mode of action has not been studied in detail Thus this study investigated the possible underlying mechanism(s) by which OSA® exerts its action.MethodsThe effects of OSA® on [Ca2+]i and K+ conductances were assessed by Ca2+ microfluorimetry and electrophysiology in dispersed mouse islets and MIN6 β‐cells, respectively. Isolated mouse (from 20 to 25 mice) and human (from 3 donors) islets, and MIN6 β‐cells, were used to investigate whether the stimulatory effect of OSA® on insulin secretion was dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium and protein kinase activation.ResultsOSA
®‐induced insulin secretion from mouse islets and MIN6 β‐cells was inhibited by nifedipine, a voltage‐gated Ca2+ channel blocker, and by the removal of extracellular Ca2+, respectively. OSA® did not affect the activities of KATP channels or voltage‐dependent K+ channels in MIN6 β‐cells but it caused an increase in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) concentrations in Fura‐2‐loaded mouse islet cells. The insulin secretagogue effect of OSA® was dependent, in part, on protein kinase activation since incubating mouse or human islets with staurosporine, a general protein kinase inhibitor, resulted in partial inhibition of OSA®‐induced insulin secretion. Experiments using permeabilized, Ca2+‐clamped MIN6 β‐cells revealed a Ca2+‐independent component action of OSA® at a late stage in the stimulus–response coupling pathway. OSA®‐induced insulin secretion was unexpectedly associated with a decrease in intracellular cAMP levels.ConclusionsThese data indicate that the GS isolate OSA® stimulates insulin secretion from mouse and human islets in vitro, at least in part as a consequence of Ca2+ influx and protein kinase activation.
Effects of once‐daily teneligliptin on 24‐h blood glucose control and safety in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 4‐week, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Eto T. , Inoue S. , Kadowaki T. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAimTo assess blood glucose control over 24 h and the safety of teneligliptin 10 and 20 mg, a novel dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor, in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exercise.MethodsNinety‐nine patients were administered teneligliptin 10 or 20 mg or placebo before breakfast for 4 weeks in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group study.ResultsBoth teneligliptin‐treated groups showed significantly smaller 2‐h postprandial glucose (2‐h PPG), 24‐h mean glucose and fasting plasma glucose values than the placebo group. The differences between the teneligliptin 10 mg and placebo groups in changes in 2‐h PPG after each meal were −50.7 ± 7.8, −34.8 ± 9.2 and −37.5 ± 7.5 mg/dl at breakfast, lunch and dinner, respectively [least‐squares (LS) means ± standard error (s.e.), all, p < 0.001]. The corresponding LS means ± s.e. for teneligliptin 20 mg versus placebo were −38.1 ± 7.8, −28.6 ± 9.2 and −36.1 ± 7.5 mg/dl, respectively (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively). Both doses of teneligliptin increased postprandial plasma active glucagon‐like peptide‐1 concentrations compared with placebo. The incidence of adverse events and drug‐related adverse events was similar among groups. There were no hypoglycaemic symptoms or serious adverse events.ConclusionsOnce‐daily teneligliptin improved blood glucose levels over 24 h without hypoglycaemia.
Microvascular anatomy of the esophagus in larval and adult Xenopus laevis Daudin: a scanning electron microscope study of microvascular corrosion casts and correlative light microscopy
Authors: Lametschwandtner Alois , Bartel Heidi , Minnich Bernd 
Published: July 2012

AbstractLarval to adult microvascular anatomy of the esophagus was studied in the South African Clawed Toad, Xenopus laevis (Daudin) by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts and correlative light microscopy of paraplast embedded stained tissue sections. Analyses of vascular corrosion casts of tadpole esophaguses at premetamorphosis revealed a wide‐meshed, but mature looking capillary bed which during following prometamorphosis increased in density and gained the adult‐like pattern during late metamorphic climax by sprouting and nonsprouting angiogenesis. In adult Xenopus, the esophageal mucosa possessed a dense subepithelial capillary bed fed by one or two esophageal arteries that originated from right and/or left thoracic aorta just distal to the origin of the subclavian arteries. In the adult undistended esophagus, esophageal arteries revealed an undulating course, a pattern that guarantees a continuous blood supply when the esophagus is extremely wide expanded as it is the case when adult Xenopus swallows large prey.
Multimodal assessment of and for learning: A theory‐driven design rubric
Authors: Hung Hsiu‐Ting , Chiu Yi‐Ching Jean , Yeh Hui‐Chin 
Published: July 2012

AbstractGiven the changing nature of literacy, there is an urgent need to develop alternative ways of assessment in support of students' new literacy practices in the digital age. While emergent models of multimodal assessment are being developed in theoretical contexts, the study reported in this paper illustrates how multimodal theories can be realized in classroom practice. Seeking to address the needs of both literacy instruction and assessment, this study proposed a design rubric from the multiliteracies perspective to assess students' design of multimodal texts as a means to support assessable new literacy practices. Specifically, this research aimed to investigate how the design rubric as a formative assessment tool affects English learners' multimodal text production (in this case, presentation slides). The empirical results of this study reveal that the theory‐driven design rubric was useful for enhancing the students' understanding and awareness of the multimodal nature of presentation slides and led to improvement in their multimodal text production. The findings have important implications for scaffolding students' multimodal literacy by using formative assessment as one of the instructional approaches in multiliteracies pedagogy.Practitioner Notes
What is already known about this topic
The advent of digital technology brings about a re‐conceptualization of literacy.
Today's students must be literate in both traditional printed texts and multimodal texts that are commonly associated with digital technology and multimedia.
New literacy practices require teachers to develop new assessment practices.

What this paper adds
This paper offers valuable insights into literacy instruction and assessment.
This paper presents a course design using action research that responds to the urgent need to develop alternative ways of assessment in support of students' new literacy practices in the digital age.
This paper proposes a theory‐driven design rubric from the multiliteracies perspective to assess learners' multimodal text production.
Implications for practice and/or policy
Multimodal assessment allows teachers to help students build a metalanguage for understanding and describing multimodal texts.
Literacy and language educators may consider adapting the proposed design rubric as a formative assessment tool to provide students with constructive feedback pertaining to the multimodality of texts.
The proposed design rubric can also be used for peer review and self‐assessment.
Extent and fragmentation of suitable leopard habitat in South Africa
Authors: Swanepoel L. H. , Lindsey P. , Somers M. J. , van Hoven W. , Dalerum F. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractLarge mammalian carnivores are threatened by anthropogenic environmental impacts, particularly through habitat loss which often cause population declines. Understanding the extent of suitable habitat is therefore of great importance for carnivore conservation. The leopard (Panthera pardus) is a widespread and relatively common large carnivore, but the species is declining in large parts of its range. Using maximum entropy‐based habitat models, we estimated the extent of suitable leopard habitat in South Africa, what variables that are associated with suitable leopard habitats, the extent of habitat that has been negatively impacted by human activity and the effectiveness of protected areas to capture suitable habitat. Suitable leopard habitat was highly fragmented. Although vegetation and physical variables were the most influential variables for habitat suitability, livestock farming primarily seem to underlie fragmentation. We suggest that the sustainability of the South African leopard population depends on maintaining dispersal routes between areas with suitable habitat. This will require mitigation of human–carnivore conflict in habitat corridors, particularly mitigation strategies targeting conflict between carnivores and livestock farmers. Because most suitable habitat occurred outside of protected areas, we also recommend that leopard conservation efforts should focus on areas that are not legally protected.
Neurotoxin‐induced selective ubiquitination and regulation of MEF2A isoform in neuronal stress response
Authors: She Hua , Yang Qian , Mao Zixu 
Published: July 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 122, 1203–1210.AbstractThe myocyte enhancer factor 2A–D (MEF2) proteins are members of the MCM1‐agamous‐deficiens‐serum response factor family of transcription factors. Various MEF2 isoform proteins are enriched in neurons and exhibit distinct patterns of expression in different regions of the brain. In neurons, MEF2 functions as a converging factor to regulate many neuronal functions including survival. MEF2 activities are tightly controlled in neurons in response to stress. Whether stress signal may differentially regulate MEF2s remains largely unknown. In this work, we showed that MEF2A, but not MEF2C or MEF2D, was modified by ubiquitination in dopaminergic neuronal cell line SN4741 cells. MEF2A was ubiquitinated at its N’‐terminus, and the ubiquitination of MEF2A was first detectable in the nuclear compartment and later in the cytoplasm. Ubiquitination of MEF2A correlated with reduced DNA‐binding activity and transcriptional activity. More importantly, disturbing the degradation of ubiquitinated MEF2A through proteasome pathway by neurotoxins known to induce Parkinson’s disease features in model animals caused accumulation of ubiquitinated MEF2A, reduced MEF2 activity, and impaired cellular viability. Our work thus provides the first evidence to demonstrate an isoforms‐specific regulation of MEF2s by ubiquitination‐proteasome pathway in dopaminergic neuronal cell by neurotoxins, suggesting that stress signal and cellular context‐dependent dysregulation of MEF2s may underlie the loss of neuronal viability.