bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fractal Dimension and Lacunarity of Bulk Density Determined with X‐ray Computed Tomography
Authors: Zeng Y. , Payton R. L. , Gantzer C. J. , Anderson S. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractQuantification of soil structure is important for understanding soil behavior. The objectives of this study were to: (i) introduce the use of the point‐distribution method (PDM) for calculating fractal parameters of soil density (ρb), and (ii) introduce the use of fractal lacunarity in conjunction with the fractal dimension for quantifying small‐scale soil structure data collected with x‐ray computed tomography. Undisturbed silt loam soil cores were taken from forest and grassland sites. Additional silt loam soil collected from a nearby cultivated field was sieved and repacked in 76‐mm‐diam. cores. Four cores were packed with soil passing through a 2‐mm sieve but retained on a 1‐mm sieve (1–2 mm). Four additional cores were packed with the soil passing through a 1‐mm sieve (<1 mm). Computed tomography (CT) was used to measure small‐scale ρb of each 0.1 by 0.1 by 2 mm volume element (voxel) of a slice through a soil core. Calculation of fractal dimension and lacunarity was accomplished using the PDM on CT ρb data. Results show that CT ρb data are fractal when analyzed using the PDM. Mean fractal dimension (±SD) of the forest, grassland, <1 mm, and 1‐ to 2‐mm groups were 2.42 ± 0.13, 2.35 ± 0.14, 2.50 ± 0.025, and 2.47 ± 0.013, respectively. Corresponding mean fractal lacunarity of these four groups at a voxel size of 3.1 mm were 0.24 ± 0.025, 0.24 ± 0.019, 0.16 ± 0.005, and 0.20 ± 0.012. Fractal lacunarity, which reflects the second‐order statistics of ρb, or the uniformity of pores and aggregates within a soil core, is essential for discriminating soils of similar but slightly different structure.
In Situ Measurement of Ammonia Emissions from Organic Fertilizers in Plot Experiments
Authors: Vandré Robert , Kaupenjohann Martin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAmmonia volatilization from slurry in the field is either measured under open atmosphere from large field plots (integrated horizontal flux [IHF], mass balance) or in closed, ventilated chambers (e.g., wind tunnels), which allow the measuring of small plots but influence the climatic conditions. We conducted this study to evaluate a new method for measuring NH3 volatilization on small experimental plots under ambient climatic conditions (including rain and wind). Various pretreated cattle slurries were applied to small plots (2 by 2 m) in tillering winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Ammonia collected by passive samplers on manured plots was compared with NH3 collected on standard plots, where known rates of NH3 were being released via a tubing system (standard comparison [SC] method). Forty‐five manured plots were measured simultaneously by comparison with two standard plots. The specific detection limit of this experiment was 2.5 µg NH3‐N m−2 s−1 (90 g NH3‐N ha−1 h−1). Below this value, the coefficient of variation of measured NH3 release exceeded 30%. Slurry was applied to plastic gutters on two control plots. Measured NH3 losses from these plots accounted for 78% of the absolute NH4‐N losses determined by sampling and analyzing slurry from the gutters. Measurement of the control plots was repeated during the ripening of the wheat. A strong deviation between the measurements of the two plots suggested that the accuracy of the new method is limited in dense vegetation. The results are discussed with respect to measurement accuracy and possible sources of error. A comparison with literature reports indicated that the accuracy of the SC method compared favorably to micrometeorological methods and wind‐tunnel systems.
Probing Redox Reactions of Immobilized Cytochrome c Using Evanescent Wave Cavity Ring‐Down Spectroscopy in a Thin‐Layer Electrochemical Cell
Authors: Powell Hayley V. , Schnippering Mathias , Cheung Michelle , Macpherson Julie V. , Mackenzie Stuart R. , Stavros Vasilios G. , Unwin Patrick R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe report the use of evanescent wave cavity ring‐down spectroscopy (EW‐CRDS) to monitor the reduction by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid iron(II) complex, [FeEDTA]2−, of an adsorbed layer of oxidized cytochrome c immobilized on fused silica. The adsorption of cytochrome c at the silica–water interface was also probed using EW‐CRDS and found to be in qualitative agreement with previous studies. The reduction of the adsorbed cytochrome c was achieved by using a strategically positioned electrode to electrogenerate FeEDTA2−, which diffused to the silica surface and reduced the cytochrome c. The difference in the absorption spectra of the reduced and oxidized forms of cytochrome c at 400 nm allowed the direct monitoring of the electron transfer in real time. Using finite‐element modelling, the rate constant of electron transfer (ET) between FeEDTA2− and cytochrome c was found to be 4.3(±0.6)×10−9 cm s−1 equivalent to 2.7(±0.4) M−1 s−1. The latter value is considerably lower than previously reported ET rate constants between cytochrome c and FeEDTA2− in solution, which can be attributed to the confinement of the immobilized cytochrome c on the surface and possible effects from molecular crowding. This study highlights the importance of new methods which can be used to study ET at interfaces and opens up the possibility of studying ET to proteins in biologically relevant environments using EW‐CRDS.
Mutated cylindromatosis gene affects the functional state of dendritic cells
Authors: Bros Matthias , Dexheimer Nadine , Besche Verena , Masri Joumana , Trojandt Stefanie , Hövelmeyer Nadine , Reissig Sonja , Massoumi Ramin , Grabbe Stephan , Waisman Ari , Reske‐Kunz Angelika B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCylindromatosis gene (CYLD) is a ubiquitously expressed deubiquitinating enzyme, which interacts with members of the NF‐κB signaling pathway and attenuates NF‐κB and JNK signaling. Here, we report that DC derived from transgenic mice, which solely express a naturally occurring CYLD isoform (CYLDex7/8), display a higher content of nuclear RelB and express elevated levels of NF‐κB family members as well as of known NF‐κB‐target genes comprising costimulatory molecules and pro‐inflammatory cytokines, as compared with WT DC. Accordingly, unstimulated CYLDex7/8 DC exhibited a significantly higher primary allogenic T‐cell stimulatory capacity than WT DC and exerted no tolerogenic activity. Transduction of unstimulated CYLDex7/8 DC with relB‐specific shRNA reduced their T‐cell stimulatory capacity. Treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone known to inhibit NF‐κB and AP‐1 activity reverted the pro‐immunogenic phenotype and function of CYLDex7/8 DC and re‐established their tolerogenic function. DC derived from CYLD knockout mice showed no functional alterations compared with WT DC. Therefore, although complete loss of CYLD may be compensated for by other endogenous NF‐κB inhibitors, CYLDex7/8 acts in a dominant negative manner. Our findings raise the question of whether genetic defects associated with increased NF‐κB activity may result in disturbed maintenance of peripheral tolerance.
Prevalence of THAP1 sequence variants in German patients with primary dystonia
Authors: Söhn Anne S. , Glöckle Nicola , Doetzer Andrea Duarte , Deuschl Günther , Felbor Ute , Topka Helge R. , Schöls Ludger , Riess Olaf , Bauer Peter , Müller Ulrich , Grundmann Kathrin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrimary dystonias are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of movement disorders, but only for two of them, i.e., dystonia 1 and dystonia 6, the disease causing gene has been identified. Dystonia 1 is characterized by an early onset and is caused by a mutation in the TOR1A gene. Only recently, mutations in THAP1 have been shown to be the cause of DYT6 dystonia. We analyzed 610 patients with various forms of dystonia for sequence variants in the THAP1 gene by means of high resolution melting to delineate the prevalence of sequence variants and phenotypic variability. We identified seven sequence variants in patients and one sequence variant in a control. The sequence variants were not detected in 537 healthy controls. Four patients present with generalized dystonia with speech involvement of early onset, another three patients suffered exclusively from cervical dystonia of adult onset. These findings suggest that THAP1 sequence variations seem to be associated with different ages of onset and distribution of symptoms. Consequently, the phenotypic spectrum might be broader than previously assumed. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Synthesis and characterization of poly(arylene ether s‐triazine)s containing alkyl‐, aryl‐ and chloro‐substituted phthalazinone moieties in the main chain
Authors: Yu Guipeng , Liu Cheng , Wang Jinyan , Xu Jing , Jian Xigao 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoluble and heat‐resistant polymers have great potential for use as processable, high‐temperature polymeric materials. In this study, four types of new poly(arylene ether s‐triazine)s containing alkyl‐, aryl‐ and chloro‐substituted phthalazinone moieties in the main chain were prepared through direct solution polycondensation of 2,4‐bis(4‐fluorophenyl)‐6‐phenyl‐s‐triazine with each of methyl‐, phenyl‐ and chloro‐substituted phthalazinones. A key feature of these polymers is the incorporation of phthalazinone and side groups into the poly(arylene ether s‐triazine) backbone to endow them with good solubility while maintaining other attractive properties. The polymers were obtained in high yields, and had inherent viscosities ranging from 0.38 to 0.55 dL g−1. Their structure was characterized using Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectra and elemental analysis. The polymers were almost amorphous, and soluble in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, pyridine, N,N‐dimethylacetamide, hot N,N‐dimethylformamide and sulfolane. Tough and nearly transparent films obtained by direct solution casting exhibited good mechanical properties. The resulting polymers displayed glass transition temperatures ranging from 255 to 265 °C and thermal decomposition temperatures for 10% mass loss ranging from 476 to 599 °C, according to differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The reactivity of substituted phthalazinones in nucleophilic displacement reactions and the effect of the side groups on the physical properties of the polymers were also investigated. The results obtained revealed that such s‐triazine‐containing polymers possessed good solubility while maintaining acceptable thermal stability and high mechanical strength with the incorporation of alkyl‐, aryl‐ and chloro‐substituted phthalazinone moieties into their backbones, which makes them an attractive series of high‐performance structural materials. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Ultrasonic Attenuation Measurements of the Mixing, Agglomeration, and Sedimentation of Sucrose Crystals Suspended in Oil
Authors: Yucel Umut , Coupland John N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe structure and properties of solid‐in‐oil dispersions are important in many industrial products, notably chocolate, yet are difficult to characterize by existing methodologies. Sensors based on ultrasonic attenuation measurements offer potential to characterize changes in these systems. Sucrose crystals (d ~ 29.8 μm) were dispersed into corn oil (8–16 wt%) in a stirred tank. The dispersed crystals were agglomerated by the addition of small volumes of water (<1%) and finally allowed to sediment quiescently. The processes were monitored continuously by ultrasonic attenuation measurements (2.25 MHz). Ultrasonic attenuation increased with increasing sucrose crystal concentration and with the degree of agglomeration. Adding water also decreased the equilibrium sediment density and decreased the time taken for the sucrose to sediment out quiescently. Water‐induced agglomeration led to the formation of a few very large particles as inferred from sedimentation kinetics and confirmed by micrometer measurements of crystal agglomerates. In conclusion, ultrasonic attenuation measurements provide a variety of novel approaches that can be used to characterize suspensions of particles in oil.
Enhancement of Oil Extraction from Sumac Fruit using Steam‐Explosion Pretreatment
Authors: Chen Guozhong , Chen Hongzhang 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSteam explosion, in which materials are crushed through rapid decompression after high‐pressure steaming, has been widely used for biomass pretreatment. In this study, we used steam‐explosion pretreatment (SEP) for oil extraction from sumac fruit. SEP reduced particle size and formed fissures and micropores on the fruit. The kinetics of the extraction process indicates that under optimal conditions (steam pressure 1.5 MPa, residence time 3 min), the oil yield at equilibrium increased to 16.04%, approximately fourfold higher than that of the raw sample. The mass transfer coefficient of the oil extraction decreased as a result of SEP. In addition, the acidity of the extracted oil decreased and peroxide value increased in the steam‐exploded sample compared with that of the raw material. Few changes in fatty acid composition were observed, with low palmitic acid content and high linoleic acid composition. These results suggest that SEP improved the yield of oil extraction from sumac fruit and affected oil quality.
Relationships between histopathological findings and phylogenetic divergence in Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: De Diego J.A. , Palau M.T. , Gamallo C. , Penin P. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryProblems have been raised by natural genetic diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas’ disease, and other protozoa in terms of both basic and applied science. T. cruzi manifests a great diversity of medical and biological properties which could be the origin of clinical variability in the disease. We propose possible correlations between genetic distances, or phylogenetic divergence, and histopathological data. To ascertain this aspect, 15 cloned stocks pertaining to three major clones or genotypes (19, 20 and 39) were compared. Sets of 24 mice infected with each stock were studied for histopathological lesions. Brain, heart, lung, liver, spleen, urinary bladder, bone marrow, colon, kidney and skeletal muscle were extracted from each mouse. Qualitative and quantitative differences showed at histopathological examination. An important encephalic softening was found in brains of most mice infected by genotype 20, corresponding to areas of inflammation and liquified necrosis. Other inflammatory tissue lesions in the histological sections of the three genotypes were similar. Skeletal muscle tropism was higher than cardiac tropism in all the studied genotypes. All three genotypes shared parasite presence in skeletal muscle. Differences related to cardiac tropism were important: in genotype 19, 50% of studied stocks presented pseudocysts; 20% in genotype 20 and 83% in genotype 39. Parasite presence in other tissues was scanty: in brain only in genotype 20 and in spleen and liver only in genotype 39. We found important histopathogenicity differences among the three studied genotypes, but they do not support the hypothesis of zymodeme pathogenic specificity due to the great diversity among stocks within each genotype.
The Hindlimb Muscles of Rhea americana (Aves, Palaeognathae, Rheidae)
Authors: Picasso M. B. J. 
Published: July 2010

With 13 figuresSummaryThe Greater Rhea is the largest cursorial Ratitae bird native to South America. Due to its increasing importance in farming and therefore in the sustainable use of this species, a comprehensive knowledge of their anatomy is essential. The goal of this study was to provide an anatomical description of the hindlimb muscles of Rhea americana. Six adult birds of both sexes were macroscopically studied analysing the origin and insertion of thigh and shank muscles. The thigh showed the highest number of muscles, whereas the shank showed the lowest number; this feature minimizes inertia and allows achieving high stride frequencies. The muscles of the shank showed long tendons of insertion that reduce the energetic cost during running. The major muscles responsible for extension of the hip and the ankle joints were massive and robust indicating their importance for cursorial locomotion. The pelvic limb muscles of Rhea americana resemble those of other cursorial Ratitae and their features are consistent with specialization for high‐speed locomotion.
KATZ AND STIRRAT HAND DIAGRAM REVISITED
Authors: Amirfeyz Rouin , Mehendale Sanchit , Tyrrell Sarah , Bhatia Raj , Leslie Ian , Bannister Gordon 
Published: July 2010

Katz and Stirrat devised a hand diagram, which uses subjective information from the patient for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). They reported a good result. We tested the inter-observer and intra-observer reliability of this hand diagram. Twenty five consecutive patients with a diagnosis of CTS, 25 with other common hand and wrist problems but CTS and 25 healthy individuals were prospectively recruited. Each patient filled in a hand diagram. Two experienced hand surgeon scored the diagrams blindly on two different sittings four-week apart. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cohen's Kappa were used for intra and inter-observer reliability respectively. The intra-observer agreement was poor (ICC 95% 0.33–0.65) and inter-observer was fair (Kappa = 0.241). This study does not support the use of Katz and Stirrat Hand Diagram for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome in place if a thorough clinical examination.
Boron Requirement for Crimson Clover Seed Production, Its Accumulation in Soils, and Residual Effects on Sensitive Crops1
Authors: Wear John I. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisAfter each of 4 annual applications on 6 Alabama soils, boron did not accumulate in the surface 12 inches of coarse‐textured soils, but did in fine‐textured soils. Crimson clover seed yield increases were highest with the first 10‐lbs. rate of borax per year on coarse‐textured soils. Four annual 30‐lb. applications on crimson clover were not toxic to soybeans and cotton following the clover.
Cold Resistance in Alfalfa at Two Diverse Latitudes1
Authors: Bula R. J. , Smith Dale , Hodgson H. J. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisCold resistance in very hardy falcateand hardy Ranger alfalfa developed faster and at higher levels at Palmer, Alaska, than at Madison, Wis. The level for nonhardy Arizona Common was very low at both locations. Trends of water‐soluble protein nitrogen appeared to follow those of cold resistance in Ranger and falcate. Arizona Common showed the highest level of total available carbohydrates at both locations; Ranger was intermediate, and falcate lowest.
The Inheritance of Lint Density Index in American Upland Cotton1
Authors: Thurman R. L. , Henderson M. T. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisIn three crosses between high and low lint density varieties, lint density index was found to be quantitative in inheritance. Relatively large parent differences appeared to be governed by not more than 5 or 6 pairs of genes. In 2 crosses, heritability estimates of 35 and 43% were obtained from regression of F3 means on F2 plant values. Selection of high fiber density among single plants was found to be highly effective. A relatively high negative association between strength and lint density was found in one cross. Lint density index was highly associated with fiber number.
Selection in Smooth Bromegrass for Resistance to Pyrenophora bromi (Died.) Drechs1
Authors: Emery Donald A. , Dunn Gerald M. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisBromegrass strains and varieties differed significantly in reaction to Pyrenophora bromi in the field, but a particular strain or plant tended to react similarly in different years. Agar and grain cultures were used in the greenhouse where significant correlations were found between clone and their open‐pollinated progenies for reaction to P. bromi. Selection for resistance was not effective in nurseries exposed only to natural infection. Field inoculation with infected leaves was easy and effective. A procedure is suggested for screening plants for disease resistance before progeny yield tests are initiated.
A Field Comparison of Eight Phosphate Fertilizers1
Authors: Odland T. E. , Bell R. S. , Salomon M. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisDifferences in yields of corn from different phosphate sources were small, and in nearly all cases statistically insignificant. Fused phosphate produced a significantly higher yield of hay than any other source. Differences in yield from other treatments were insignificant. Regular grade superphosphate, concentrated superphosphate, and dicalcium phosphate produced the highest yields of potatoes; rock phosphate produced only about 60% as high potato yield as these even at double the P2O5 rate. The other materials were intermediate. Tests at the close of the experiment showed the most extractable phosphorus in plots receiving rock phosphate, fused phosphate, or calcium metaphosphate.
Inheritance of the White Seed Character in Alfalfa1
Authors: Oldemeyer Robert K. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisWhite seed in alfalfa is conditioned by a duplicate set of homozygous recessive genes for colorless and one dominant color inhibitor gene. This gene complex also inhibits anthocyanin production throughout the plant. The distribution of the offspring of a white‐seeded hybrid having pure alfalfa parentage was interpreted as resulting from selective pairing of chromosomes, and that of a white‐seeded hybrid, having as one parent an artificially induced autotetraploid from diploid Medicago falcata, as being the result of random chromosome pairing. These results are taken as evidence that alfalfa is of autotetraploid origin, and has evolved into a functional diploid.
Growth Rates of Oats from Different Test Weight Seed Lots1
Authors: Frey K. J. , Wiggans S. C. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisThe test weight of seed oats was found to be positively correlated with the dry weight of seedlings produced. Except in one or two instances the plant weights from light test weight seed reached the same weight as those from heavy seed sometime before maturity. However, in some cases this required until heading time. Oat kernels produced on plants from light test weight seed weighed less than those from the heavy seed.
The Effect of Controlled Limited Moisture on Seedling Growth of Cheyenne Winter Wheat Selections1
Authors: Powell Laverne M. , Pfeifer Robert P. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisTwo generations of Cheyenne winter wheat selections had highly correlated growth rates when the seed was germinated under drouthy conditions. D‐mannitol solutions at 7 and 11 atmospheres tension were used to create the controlled drouth.
Treatment of Corn Seed With Phosphate1
Authors: Guttay J. R. , Stritzel J. A. , Englehorn A. J. , Black C. A. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisThe weight of young corn plants in soil cultures in the greenhouse was found to increase with the content of phosphorus present naturally in the seed independently of seed weight. In field experiments, supplementation of the natural phosphorus content of each seed with 6 mg. of P as NaH2PO4·H2O applied in a glue coating resulted in an average corn yield 4.5 bu. per acre above that produced from seed treated with glue alone.
Effect of Nitrogen on Growth, Quality, and Yield of Irrigated Wheat in West Pakistan1
Authors: Wahhab A. , Hussain Iltaf 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisSixty pounds of nitrogen applied at seeding time gave higher yield increases on irrigated wheat than other rate or time of application. Nitrogen did not affect germination, number of spikes per head and number of kernels per spike. It increased highly significantly the number of tillers and mature heads per plant, and weight of 1,000 grains. It also increased nitrogen, moisture and potash content but decreased phosphorus and dry matter percentage. Number of kernels per head and fat and ash content were not affected.