bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scale‐down prediction of industrial scale pleated membrane cartridge performance
Authors: Brown A.I. , Titchener‐Hooker N.J. , Lye G.J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFlat‐sheet membrane discs represent the current standard format used for experimental prediction of the scale‐up of normal flow filtration processes. Use of this format is problematic, however, since the scale‐down results typically show a 40–55% difference in performance compared to large‐scale cartridges depending upon the feedstock used. In this work, novel pleated scale‐down devices (Am = 1.51–15.1 × 10−3 m2) have been designed and fabricated. It is shown that these can more accurately predict the performance of industrial scale single‐use pleated membrane cartridges (Am = 1.06 m2) commonly used within biopharmaceutical manufacture. The single‐use scale‐down cartridges retain the same pleat characteristics of the larger cartridges, but require a reduced feed volume by virtue of a substantially diminished number of active membrane pleats. In this study, a 1,000‐fold reduction in feed volume requirement for the scale‐down cartridge with the smallest membrane area was achieved. The scale‐down cartridges were tested both with clean water and a pepsin protein solution, showing flux‐time relationships within 10% of the large‐scale cartridge in both cases. Protein transmission levels were also in close agreement between the different scale cartridges. The similarity in performance of the scale‐down and the large‐scale cartridges, coupled with the low feed requirement, make such devices an excellent method by which rapid scale‐up can be achieved during early stage process development for biopharmaceutical products. This new approach is a significant improvement over using flat‐sheet discs as the quantitative similarity in performance with the large‐scale leads to reliable scale‐up predictions while requiring especially small volumes of feed material. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:830–838. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Steganography and encrypting based on immunochemical systems
Authors: Kim Kyung‐Woo , Bocharova Vera , Halámek Jan , Oh Min‐Kyu , Katz Evgeny 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSteganography and encrypting were demonstrated with immuno‐specific systems. IgG‐proteins were used as invisible ink developed with complementary antibodies labeled with enzymes producing color spots. The information security was achieved by mixing the target protein‐antigens used for the text encoding with masking proteins of similar composition but having different bioaffinity. Two different texts were simultaneously encoded by using two different encoding proteins in a mixture. Various encrypting techniques were exemplified with the immuno‐systems used for the steganography. Future use of the developed approach for information protection and watermark‐technology was proposed. Scaling down the encoded text to a micro‐size is feasible with the use of nanotechnology. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1100–1107. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rheological characterization of dilute acid pretreated softwood
Authors: Wiman Magnus , Palmqvist Benny , Tornberg Eva , Lidén Gunnar 
Published: December 2010

AbstractLarge‐scale bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass will require high solids loading in the enzymatic hydrolysis step. However, slurries of pretreated lignocelluloses are complex fluids due to the fibrous nature, especially at high concentrations of water insoluble solids (WIS). A prerequisite for dealing with transport issues and for developing efficient full‐scale processes is a fundamental understanding of the flow properties of pretreated lignocellulose. A comprehensive rheological characterization of dilute acid pretreated spruce has been carried out in this study, accounting for the effects of WIS concentration, particle size distribution (PSD), and the degree of enzymatic hydrolysis. The rheology of pretreated spruce slurries was found to be strongly dependent on the WIS concentration. The storage modulus (G′LVR) and yield stress showed typical power‐law dependencies on volume fraction and WIS content. Milling of the pretreated material resulted in significantly higher yield stress and viscosity, likely due to narrower PSD, which suggests that the strength of the network of the coarsest fibers determines the rheology of these materials to a large extent. During enzymatic hydrolysis, yield stress and viscosity decreased dramatically, partly due to decreasing WIS content, but possibly also due to changes in fiber properties such as the chemical composition. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1031–1041. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimizing the medium perfusion rate in bone tissue engineering bioreactors
Authors: Grayson Warren L. , Marolt Darja , Bhumiratana Sarindr , Fröhlich Mirjam , Guo X. Edward , Vunjak‐Novakovic Gordana 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThere is a critical need to increase the size of bone grafts that can be cultured in vitro for use in regenerative medicine. Perfusion bioreactors have been used to improve the nutrient and gas transfer capabilities and reduce the size limitations inherent to static culture, as well as to modulate cellular responses by hydrodynamic shear. Our aim was to understand the effects of medium flow velocity on cellular phenotype and the formation of bone‐like tissues in three‐dimensional engineered constructs. We utilized custom‐designed perfusion bioreactors to culture bone constructs for 5 weeks using a wide range of superficial flow velocities (80, 400, 800, 1,200, and 1,800 µm/s), corresponding to estimated initial shear stresses ranging from 0.6 to 20 mPa. Increasing the flow velocity significantly affected cell morphology, cell–cell interactions, matrix production and composition, and the expression of osteogenic genes. Within the range studied, the flow velocities ranging from 400 to 800 µm/s yielded the best overall osteogenic responses. Using mathematical models, we determined that even at the lowest flow velocity (80 µm/s) the oxygen provided was sufficient to maintain viability of the cells within the construct. Yet it was clear that this flow velocity did not adequately support the development of bone‐like tissue. The complexity of the cellular responses found at different flow velocities underscores the need to use a range of evaluation parameters to determine the quality of engineered bone. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1159–1170. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Towards clinical proteomics analysis
Authors: Imai Kazuhiro , Koshiyama Akiyo , Nakata Katsunori 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTo understand accurate protein dynamics, a highly reproducible proteomics analytical method is required. The acquired thus knowledge will lead to the diagnosis, treatment and protection against diseases. This review deals with proteomics analysis from a view of sample pre‐treatment, sensitivity and reproducibility of the methods, including two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D‐PAGE), liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). and fluorogenic derivatization (FD)‐LC‐MS/MS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface Science Studies on Cobalt Fischer–Tropsch Catalysts
Authors: Wang Zhou‐jun , Yan Zhen , Liu Chang‐jun , Goodman D. W. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis has received considerable recent attention from academic and industrial researchers. Cobalt catalysts exhibit excellent activity/selectivity for FT; however its relative cost is high. Therefore the design of enhanced Co catalysts is economically attractive. To achieve this goal, the fundamental processes occurring on the surface of cobalt catalysts need to be better understood. Surface science studies, with the aid of model catalysts, can provide such crucial information. Numerous review articles concerning the details of technical FT catalysts are available, however very few of these specifically address cobalt model catalysts. In this review, we briefly summarize the literature regarding FT synthesis on various cobalt model catalysts, ranging from well‐defined single crystals to nanoparticles dispersed on planar oxide supports. Fundamental issues such as structure sensitivity, surface restructuring, olefin readsorption, promoter effects, particle size effects, and the oxidation of nanoparticles are addressed.
Preparation of Highly Hindered Polyenes with tert‐Butyl Groups in Internal Positions
Authors: Betz Markus , Hopf Henning , Ernst Ludger , Jones Peter G. , Okamoto Yoshio 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe conjugated tetraenes 3 and 4 a–c have been prepared and shown to possess an orthogonal structure. This was not only demonstrated by their spectroscopic properties and X‐ray structural analysis of solid representatives (e.g., 4 a–c) but also by the resolution of these chiral compounds by GC and HPLC chromatography using various chiral selector systems. The chemical behavior of the typical tetraene 4 a has been studied using bromination, hydrogenation, epoxidation, and photo equilibration reactions.
Interfacial Impregnation Chemistry in the Synthesis of Nickel Catalysts Supported on Titania
Authors: Bourikas Kyriakos , Stavropoulos John , Garoufalis Christos S. , Kordulis Christos , Petsi Theano , Lycourghiotis Alexis 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe interfacial chemistry of the impregnation step involved in the preparation of nickel catalysts supported on titania is presented. Several methodologies based on deposition data, pH measurements, potentiometric mass titrations, and microelectrophoresis have been used in conjunction with diffuse reflectance UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy, simulations, and semiempirical quantum chemical calculations. Three mononuclear inner‐sphere complexes were formed at the compact layer of the “titania/electrolyte solution” interface: A monosubstituted, dihydrolyzed complex above a terminal oxo group, a disubstituted, dihydrolyzed complex above two terminal adjacent oxo groups, and a disubstituted, nonhydrolyzed complex above one terminal and one bridging adjacent oxo groups. The monosubstituted, dihydrolyzed complex predominates. The contribution of the disubstituted configurations is also important at very low NiII surface concentration, but it decreases as the NiII surface concentration increases. In addition, bi‐ and trinuclear inner‐sphere complexes were formed. The receptor site involves one bridging and two terminal oxo groups in the first case and two bridging and three terminal oxo groups in the second case. The relative surface concentrations of these configurations increase initially with NiII surface concentration and then remain practically constant. The understanding of these interfacial processes at a molecular level is very important to shift the catalytic synthesis from an art to a science as well as to obtain strict control of the impregnation step and, to some extent, of the whole preparative sequence. This study is very relevant to the synthesis of submonolayer/monolayer nickel catalysts supported on TiO2 following equilibrium deposition filtration (otherwise called equilibrium adsorption).
Homoleptic Diphosphacyclobutadiene Complexes [M(η4‐P2C2R2)2]x− (M=Fe, Co; x=0, 1)
Authors: Wolf Robert , Ehlers Andreas W. , Khusniyarov Marat M. , Hartl František , de Bruin Bas , Long Gary J. , Grandjean Fernande , Schappacher Falko M. , Pöttgen Rainer , Slootweg J. Chris , Lutz Martin , Spek Anthony L. , Lammertsma Koop 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe preparation and comprehensive characterization of a series of homoleptic sandwich complexes containing diphosphacyclobutadiene ligands are reported. Compounds [K([18]crown‐6)(thf)2][Fe(η4‐P2C2tBu2)2] (K1), [K([18]crown‐6)(thf)2][Co(η4‐P2C2tBu2)2] (K2), and [K([18]crown‐6)(thf)2][Co(η4‐P2C2Ad2)2] (K3, Ad=adamantyl) were obtained from reactions of [K([18]crown‐6)(thf)2][M(η4‐C14H10)2] (M=Fe, Co) with tBuCP (1, 2), or with AdCP (3). Neutral sandwiches [M(η4‐P2C2tBu2)2] (4: M=Fe 5: M=Co) were obtained by oxidizing 1 and 2 with [Cp2Fe]PF6. Cyclic voltammetry and spectro‐electrochemistry indicate that the two [M(η4‐P2C2tBu2)2]−/[M(η4‐P2C2tBu2)2] moieties can be reversibly interconverted by one electron oxidation and reduction, respectively. Complexes 1–5 were characterized by multinuclear NMR, EPR (1 and 5), UV/Vis, and Mössbauer spectroscopies (1 and 4), mass spectrometry (4 and 5), and microanalysis (1–3). The molecular structures of 1–5 were determined by using X‐ray crystallography. Essentially D2d‐symmetric structures were found for all five complexes, which show the two 1,3‐diphosphacyclobutadiene rings in a staggered orientation. Density functional theory calculations revealed the importance of covalent metal–ligand π bonding in 1–5. Possible oxidation state assignments for the metal ions are discussed.
Lineage‐based analysis of the development of the central complex of the drosophila brain
Authors: Pereanu Wayne , Younossi‐Hartenstein Amelia , Lovick Jennifer , Spindler Shana , Hartenstein Volker 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMost neurons of the central complex belong to 10 secondary (larvally produced) lineages. In the late larva, undifferentiated axon tracts of these lineages form a primordium in which all of the compartments of the central complex can be recognized as discrete entities. Four posterior lineages (DPMm1, DPMpm1, DPMpm2, and CM4) generate the classes of small‐field neurons that interconnect the protocerebral bridge, fan‐shaped body, noduli, and ellipsoid body. Three lineages located in the anterior brain, DALv2, BAmv1, and DALcl2, form the large‐field neurons of the ellipsoid body and fan‐shaped body, respectively. These lineages provide an input channel from the optic tubercle and connect the central complex with adjacent anterior brain compartments. Three lineages in the posterior cortex, CM3, CP2, and DPMpl2, connect the posterior brain neuropil with specific layers of the fan‐shaped body. Even though all of the compartments of the central complex are prefigured in the late larval brain by the axon tracts of the above‐mentioned lineages, the neuropil differentiates during the first 2 days of the pupal period when terminal branches and synapses of secondary neurons are formed. During this phase the initially straight horizontal layers of the central complex bend in the frontal plane, which produces the characteristic shape of the fan‐shaped and ellipsoid body. Our analysis provides a comprehensive picture of the lineages that form the central complex, and will facilitate future studies that address the structure or function of the central complex at the single cell level. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:661–689, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell‐poor septa separate representations of digits in the ventroposterior nucleus of the thalamus in monkeys and prosimian galagos
Authors: Qi Hui‐Xin , Gharbawie Omar A. , Wong Peiyan , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe architectonic features of the ventroposterior nucleus (VP) were visualized in coronal brain sections from two macaque monkeys, two owl monkeys, two squirrel monkeys, and three galagos that were processed for cytochrome oxidase, Nissl bodies, or the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGluT2). The traditional ventroposterior medial (VPM) and ventroposterior lateral (VPL) subnuclei were easily identified, as well as the forelimb and hindlimb compartments of VPL, as they were separated by poorly staining, cell‐poor septa. Septa also separated other cell groups within VPM and VPL, specifically in the medial compartment of VPL representing the hand (hand VPL). In one squirrel monkey and one galago we demonstrated that these five groups of cells represent digits 1–5 in a mediolateral sequence by injecting tracers into the cortical representation of single digits, defined by microelectrode recordings, and relating concentrations of labeled neurons to specific cell groups in hand VPL. The results establish the existence of septa that isolate the representation of the five digits in VPL of primates and demonstrate that the isolated cell groups represent digits 1–5 in a mediolateral sequence. The present results show that the septa are especially prominent in brain sections processed for vGluT2, which is expressed in the synaptic terminals of excitatory neurons in most nuclei of the brainstem and thalamus. As vGluT2 is expressed in the synaptic terminations from dorsal columns and trigeminal brainstem nuclei, the effectiveness of vGluT2 preparations in revealing septa in VP likely reflects a lack of synapses using glutamate in the septa. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:738–758, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bipolar cells of the ground squirrel retina
Authors: Puller Christian , Ondreka Katharina , Haverkamp Silke 
Published: December 2010

AbstractParallel processing of an image projected onto the retina starts at the first synapse, the cone pedicle, and each cone feeds its light signal into a minimum of eight different bipolar cell types. Hence, the morphological classification of bipolar cells is a prerequisite for analyzing retinal circuitry. Here we applied common bipolar cell markers to the cone‐dominated ground squirrel retina, studied the labeling by confocal microscopy and electron microscopy, and compared the resulting bipolar cell types with those of the mouse (rod dominated) and primate retina. Eight different cone bipolar cell types (three OFF and five ON) and one rod bipolar cell were distinguished. The major criteria for classifying the cells were their immunocytochemical identity, their dendritic branching pattern, and the shape and stratification level of their axons in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Immunostaining with antibodies against Gγ13, a marker for ON bipolar cells, made it possible to separate OFF and ON bipolars. Recoverin‐positive OFF bipolar cells partly overlapped with ON bipolar axon terminals at the ON/OFF border of the IPL. Antibodies against HCN4 labeled the S‐cone selective (bb) bipolar cell. The calcium‐binding protein CaB5 was expressed in two OFF and two ON cone bipolar cell types, and CD15 labeled a widefield ON cone bipolar cell comparable to the DB6 in primate. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:759–774, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Multidimensional Study of the Reaction CH2I+O2: Products and Atmospheric Implications
Authors: Gravestock Tom J. , Blitz Mark A. , Bloss William J. , Heard Dwayne E. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe CH2I+O2 reaction has been studied using laser flash photolysis followed by absorption spectroscopy, laser‐induced fluorescence spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The rates of formation of IO and CH2O were found to be dependent upon the concentration of CH2I2 under pseudo‐first‐order conditions ([O2]≫[CH2I2]), demonstrating that IO and CH2O are not formed directly from the title reaction, in contrast to recent investigations by Enami et al.1, 2 It is proposed that the reaction proceeds via the formation of the peroxy radical species CH2IO2, which undergoes self‐reaction to form CH2IO, and which decomposes to CH2O+I, and that in laboratory systems IO is formed via the reaction I+CH2IO2. The absorption spectrum of a species assigned to CH2IO2 was observed in the range 310–400 nm with a maximum absorption at 327.2 nm of σ≥1.7×10−18 cm2 molecule−1. A modelling study enabled the room temperature rate coefficients for the CH2IO2+CH2IO2 self‐reaction and the I+CH2IO2 reaction to be confined within the ranges (6–12)×10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, and (1–2)×10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, respectively. In the atmosphere, CH2IO2 will slowly react with other radicals to release iodine atoms, which can then form IO via reaction with ozone. Slow formation of IO means that lower concentrations are formed, which leads to a lower propensity to form particles as the precursor molecule OIO forms at a rate which is dependent on the square of the IO concentration.
Endocrine Control of Sodium Balance
Authors: Fray John 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Components of the Renin–Angiotensin SystemProrenin/ReninRenin Gene Structure, Evolutionary Function, and RegulationBiosynthesis and Chemiosmotic ActivationTissue Distribution in Health and DiseaseKidneyHeart and Blood VesselsAdrenalBrainEye, Liver, and IntestineOvary, Uterus, Testis, and Sex Accessory and Subcutaneous TissueSubmandibular GlandSpontaneously Hypertensive RatRenal Hypertensive RatGrowth RetardationRelative Renin Plasma Levels and Suggestive MeaningAngiotensinogenBiochemical PropertiesTissue Expression and In Situ RegulationFactors Regulating ReleaseMechanism of Action and Physiological EffectsSummary and ChallengesAngiotensin I–Converting EnzymeMolecular Structure and RegulationActive Sites and Catalytic PropertiesTissue DistributionSummary and ChallengesAngiotensin PeptidesAldosteroneBiosynthesis and MetabolismSecretion and Its RegulationAngiotensin IIPotassiumCorticotropin and Other Proopiomelanocortin PeptidesVarious Stimulators of Aldosterone SecretionVarious Inhibitors of Aldosterone SecretionCellular ActionsDisorders of Aldosterone SecretionSystemic Regulation of Sodium Volume HomeostasisRegulation of Sodium Volume HomeostasisIntegrative Regulation of Sodium Volume and Blood Pressure HomeostasisIntegrative Regulation of Sodium and Potassium HomeostasisIntegrative Regulation by Potassium and Hydrogen in Volume HomeostasisPolyendocrinopathy Type III: Systemic Dysregulation of Sodium Volume HomeostasisPrimary and Pseudoprimary AldosteronismSecondary Aldosteronism: Renin Tumors and Edematous StatesHigh‐Renin States and Low‐Renin SyndromesSummary and Challenges: Defining Functions and Processing Strategies of Renin–Angiotensin System Molecules
Renal Actions of Vasopressin
Authors: Knepper Mark A. , Valtin Heinz , Sands Jeff M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Vasopressin and the Urinary Concentrating and Diluting MechanismGeneral Features of the Urinary Concentration and Dilution ProcessMechanism of Tubule Fluid DilutionMechanism of Tubule Fluid ConcentrationCountercurrent MultiplicationRole of Vasopressin in Urinary Concentration and DilutionVasopressin ReceptorsV1a and V1b Receptor SubtypesV2 ReceptorsRenal LocalizationRegulation of Aquaporin Water Channels by VasopressinAquaporin StructureLocalization of Aquaporins in the KidneyShort‐ and Long‐Term Regulation of Water Permeability in the Collecting DuctShort‐Term Regulation of Aquaporin‐2 by Vasopressin‐Induced TraffickingLong‐Term Regulation of Water Transport Through Regulation of Aquaporin Protein AbundanceRole of Vasopressin in Pathophysiological Stales Associated with Abnormalities of Water BalanceThe Vasopressin‐Regulated Urea TransporterPhysiological Evidence for a Vasopressin‐Regulated Urea TransporterMolecular Cloning of Renal Urea TransportersShort‐Term RegulationLong‐Term RegulationRegulation of Loop of Henle Function by VasopressinThick Ascending LimbThin Ascending LimbRegulation of Renal Hemodynamics by VasopressinMedullary Blood FlowGlomerular Function
Endocrine Control of Acid‐Base Balance
Authors: Alpern Robert J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Components of Renal Acid‐Base RegulationRenal Acid ExcretionGlomerular FiltrationUrinary BuffersTubular H+/HCO3−TransportRegulation by Peptide Hormones and CatecholaminesSignaling IntermediatesAngiotensin IIAdrenergic CatecholaminesEndothelinParathyroid HormoneDopamineAtrial Natriuretic FactorInsulinRegulation by Steroid HormonesMineralocorticoidsGlucocorticoidsRegulation by Thyroid Hormone
Coping with Danger: The Neural Basis of Defensive Behavior and Fearful Feelings
Authors: Labar Kevin S. , Ledoux Joseph E. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Fear ConditioningThe Neural System Mediating Conditioned Fear ResponsesInput PathwaysOutput PathwaysAssessing Dangerous Environmental ContextsCortical Control of Fearful and Defensive BehaviorFear Conditioning in HumansCellular Mechanisms Involved in Fear ConditioningElectrophysiological StudiesLong‐Term PotentiationStress and Fear CircuitsFrom Evolutionary Reaction to Cognitive CopingDefensive Behaviors and Fearful FeelingsSummary