bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Police responses to diversity: A social representational study of rural British policing in a changing representational context
Authors: Morant Nicola , Edwards Elizabeth 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn the first decade of the 21st century, British policing faced two new challenges in how it responded to social diversity: As well as instituting reforms in response to a highly publicized report describing the British police as ‘institutionally racist’ (Macpherson, 1999), they faced challenges associated with rapid increases in numbers of immigrants into the UK. Studying social representations at such times of change allows access into processes, themes and value systems that may otherwise remain hidden. This paper uses social representations theory to explore interview accounts provided by regular police officers of interactions with members of minority groups. Empirically, we focus on an area of diversity policing that has received relatively little previous attention: Police work in a rural context that has recently played host to large numbers of migrant workers. Our analysis shows that interviews operate as a site of resistance in which respondents attempt to rework hegemonic representations of the police as prejudiced and to re‐present themselves and their work as able to respond appropriately to diversity. Fairness as a defining characteristic of good police practice is a central representational theme that links identity construction processes to police work with minority groups. Recent immigrant groups are represented as both needing and deserving help to assimilate into British culture: Their lack of acculturation and language difficulties provide additional challenges to police work and to how this is judged as ‘fair’. We discuss the broader origins and implications of police officers' understandings of fairness and the use of social representations theory to study representational fields within organizational settings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oscillatory behaviour of an industrial slurry polyethylene reactor
Authors: Jesus Normando J. C. , Melo Príamo A. , Nele Márcio , Pinto José Carlos 
Published: December 2010

AbstractConsiderable attention has been given to the dynamic behaviour of polymerisation processes. Distinct non‐linear phenomena have been predicted (multiple steady states, periodic, and non‐periodic oscillations), but experimental confirmation of such responses has been usually confined to free‐radical polymerisations systems. Particularly, olefin polymerisation reactors are expected to exhibit complex oscillatory dynamics, but this sort of dynamic behaviour has not been reported experimentally. In this work, real industrial data obtained in a full‐scale polyethylene slurry reactor confirm the existence of complex oscillatory behaviour that can lead to process runaway, validating model predictions about the existence of complex dynamics in similar processes.On a porté une attention toute particulière au comportement dynamique des procédés de polymérisation. Des phénomènes distincts non linéaires ont été prédits (régimes permanents multiples, oscillations périodiques et non périodiques), mais la confirmation expérimentale de ces réactions était habituellement réservée aux systèmes de polymérisation radicalaire. Les réacteurs de polymérisation des oléfines sont censés avoir des dynamiques oscillatoires complexes, mais ce type de comportement dynamique n'a pas été démontré sur le plan expérimental. Dans la présente étude, de véritables données industrielles relevées sur un réacteur à combustible en suspension en polyéthylène à grande échelle ont confirmé l'existence d'un comportement oscillatoire complexe qui peut provoquer un emballement du processus. Ces résultats valident les prédictions du modèle relatives à l'existence de dynamiques complexes dans des processus similaires. © 2010 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
A role for central spindle proteins in cilia structure and function
Authors: Smith Katherine R. , Kieserman Esther K. , Wang Peggy I. , Basten Sander G. , Giles Rachel H. , Marcotte Edward M. , Wallingford John B. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCytokinesis and ciliogenesis are fundamental cellular processes that require strict coordination of microtubule organization and directed membrane trafficking. These processes have been intensely studied, but there has been little indication that regulatory machinery might be extensively shared between them. Here, we show that several central spindle/midbody proteins (PRC1, MKLP‐1, INCENP, centriolin) also localize in specific patterns at the basal body complex in vertebrate ciliated epithelial cells. Moreover, bioinformatic comparisons of midbody and cilia proteomes reveal a highly significant degree of overlap. Finally, we used temperature‐sensitive alleles of PRC1/spd‐1 and MKLP‐1/zen‐4 in C. elegans to assess ciliary functions while bypassing these proteins' early role in cell division. These mutants displayed defects in both cilia function and cilia morphology. Together, these data suggest the conserved reuse of a surprisingly large number of proteins in the cytokinetic apparatus and in cilia. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The theory of DQF‐COSY NMR experiments. II. Phase modulation of the signal: A simple relationship between the coefficients needed to calculate the COSY and DQF‐COSY NMR spectra of an AX spin system of quadrupolar nuclei
Authors: Kempgens P. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe two‐dimensional NMR double‐quantum filtered (DQF) COSY spectrum of an AX spin system of spin‐1 has been calculated by numerical density matrix calculations. The basic phase cycle to achieve double‐quantum filtration and phase modulation of the signal consists of eight steps. The first four steps of the pulse sequence, which lead to amplitude modulation of the signal, were described in Part I. The second four steps of the pulse sequence are described here. It is possible to relate the coefficients needed to calculate the DQF‐COSY NMR spectrum of an AX spin system of quadrupolar nuclei to the one needed to calculate the COSY NMR spectrum of a similar system. This contributes to a significant simplification of the calculations compared to a full density‐matrix treatment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 36A: 394–399, 2010.
Temperament and emotion regulation: the role of autonomic nervous system reactivity
Authors: Stifter Cynthia A. , Dollar Jessica M. , Cipriano Elizabeth A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to examine the moderating role of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system functioning on the relationship between child temperament and emotion regulation. Sixty‐two 4.5‐year olds (31 females) were rated by their parents on temperamental surgency. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and pre‐ejection period (PEP) were measured at baseline and in reaction to an interaction with an unfamiliar person and a cognitive test. The preschoolers' ability to self‐regulate emotion was assessed in response to a disappointment. Results revealed little or no PEP reactivity to the unfamiliar person to be related to poorer emotion regulation for children high in surgency, indicating that the lack of sympathetic activation may be a risk factor for behavioral maladjustment. Reciprocal sympathetic activation, or increases in sympathetic activity accompanied by decreases in parasympathetic activity, was associated with better regulation of emotion for all levels of temperamental surgency supporting previous work that reciprocal activation is an adaptive form of autonomic control. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:266–279, 2011.
Hooks and comets: The story of microtubule polarity orientation in the neuron
Authors: Baas Peter W. , Lin Shen 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIt is widely believed that signature patterns of microtubule polarity orientation within axons and dendrites underlie compositional and morphological differences that distinguish these neuronal processes from one another. Axons of vertebrate neurons display uniformly plus‐end‐distal microtubules, whereas their dendrites display non‐uniformly oriented microtubules. Recent studies on insect neurons suggest that it is the minus‐end‐distal microtubules that are the critical feature of the dendritic microtubule array, whether or not they are accompanied by plus‐end‐distal microtubules. Discussed in this article are the history of these findings, their implications for the regulation of neuronal polarity across the animal kingdom, and potential mechanisms by which neurons establish the distinct microtubule polarity patterns that define axons and dendrites. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 403–418, 2011
Afp::mCherry, a red fluorescent transgenic reporter of the mouse visceral endoderm
Authors: Viotti Manuel , Nowotschin Sonja , Hadjantonakis Anna‐Katerina 
Published: December 2010

AbstractLive imaging of genetically encoded fluorescent protein reporters is increasingly being used to investigate details of the cellular behaviors that underlie the large‐scale tissue rearrangements that shape the embryo. However, the majority of mouse fluorescent reporter strains are based on the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Mouse reporter strains expressing fluorescent colors other than GFP are therefore valuable for co‐visualization studies with GFP, where relative positioning and relationship between two different tissues or compartments within cells are being investigated. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a transgenic Afp::mCherry mouse strain in which cis‐regulatory elements from the Alpha‐fetoprotein (Afp) locus were used to drive expression of the monomeric Cherry red fluorescent protein. The Afp::mCherry transgene is based on and recapitulates reporter expression of a previously described Afp::GFP strain. However, we note that perdurance of mCherry protein is not as prolonged as GFP, making the Afp::mCherry line a more faithful reporter of endogenous Afp expression. Afp::mCherry transgenic mice expressed mCherry specifically in the visceral endoderm and its derivatives, including the visceral yolk sac, gut endoderm, fetal liver, and pancreas of the embryo. The Afp::mCherry reporter was also noted to be expressed in other documented sites of Afp expression including hepatocytes as well as in pancreas, digestive tract, and brain of postnatal mice. genesis 49:124–133, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐Resolution Imaging of Nanostructured Si/SiO2 Substrates and Cell Monolayers Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
Authors: Bergner Stefan , Palatzky Peter , Wegener Joachim , Matysik Frank‐Michael 
Published: December 2010

AbstractHigh‐resolution scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in the constant‐height mode was applied to image details of a nanostructured porous substrate as well as a confluent epithelial cell monolayer. Platinum disk ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) with radii down to 100 nm were fabricated by sealing electrochemically etched Pt wires into soda‐lime glass capillaries. A subsequent thermal treatment was used to improve the quality of electrode sealing. The size and shape of the SECM probes were adapted to the requirements of the inorganic and biological surfaces to enable high‐resolution SECM imaging and to ensure stability and reliability during image acquisition. A mesoporous substrate (Si/SiO2) with 800 nm rectangular pores was imaged with sub‐µm resolution. In addition, confluent epithelial cell monolayers derived from kidney were investigated. Independent measurements with ferrocene methanol and hexamine ruthenium (III) chloride led to equivalent SECM results. High quality SECM images with well separated cells within the monolayer were obtained. Resolved regions of cell‐cell contacts extending about 1–3 µm in lateral direction were imaged.
Enzymatic Sensor Using Mediator‐Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrodes
Authors: Biscay Julien , Rama Estefaniá Costa , García Maria Besoña González , Carrazón José Manuel Pingarrón , García Austin Costa 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA new glucose sensor was developed using screen‐printed ferrocyanide/carbon electrodes. The ferrocyanide is included in the carbon ink of the commercial screen‐ printed electrode. The immobilization of enzymes glucose oxidase (Gox) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were carried out in a very easy way. An aliquot of 10 µL of a Gox/HRP mixture was deposited on the electrode surface and left there until dried (approximately 1 h) at room temperature. The ferricyanide generated enzymatically was detected amperometrically applying a potential of −0.1 V (vs. Ag pseudo reference electrode). The sensor, so constructed, shows a good sensitivity to glucose (−2.12 µA/mM) with a slope deviation of ±0.06 µA/mM and a linear range comprised between 0.05 and 1 mM of glucose, with a limit of detection of 0.025 mM. These sensors show good intersensor reproducibility and a high stability. When they are stored at 4 °C, no significant changes in the slope value of the glucose calibration plot were found after 3 months. Glucose was determined in real samples as honey, blood, drink for babies and glucosed drink with a great accuracy.
A New Electrochemical Multiplexed Assay for PSA Cancer Marker Detection
Authors: Zani Angela , Laschi Serena , Mascini Marco , Marrazza Giovanna 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this paper, two simple and sensitive approaches for prostate specific antigen (PSA) detection are presented, by using antibody modified paramagnetic microparticles coupled to multiplexed electrochemical platforms. The first proposed approach is based on 8‐sensors screen‐printed arrays as candidate for electrochemical transducers and a simple target capturing step by means of antibody‐functionalised magnetic beads. In order to improve the performances of the immunosensing, a second approach is developed by using GRAVI‐Cell. This is microfluidic‐based affinity assay device for running bead‐protocols. This innovative system combines a special chip containing eight polymer microchannels, with a portable, computer‐controlled instrument. Both immunosensing strategies developed promise to be a sensitive, multiplexed tool for fast and easy PSA analysis.
Novel Chromosomal DNA Assay Based on Nickel Hydroxide Nanocomposite Films with Facile Construction
Authors: Jiang Mian , Villagomez Rosa , Vo An , Spears Larry G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe present a new protocol for DNA assay under ambient, routine operation. The novelty of the proposed approach is the direct analysis, meaning there is no need for derivatization or other pretreatments which are usually coupled with conventional bio or biochemical assay. The proposed method is based on our new preparation of a nanocomposite thin film composed of nickel hydroxides. Fabrication of the sensing film is facile, in situ, and thickness‐controllable, and combines the metal deposition and the subsequent stripping/formation. The film construction and the novel sensing events were thorough examined and characterized by various techniques. Although the responding sensitivities vary among nucleic acids, the sensing mechanism was found to be attributed to the Ni(III/II) moieties within the film. In alkaline media the electrogenerated higher valent Ni(III) would oxidize DNA at around the redox potential of Ni(III/II). This electrocatalytic oxidation thus accounts for the much enhanced voltammetric current and for the much reduced overpotentials of these analytes at unmodified electrodes. The advantage of this protocol stemmed from the utilization of the same medium for both sensor fabrication and subsequent exploration that preserve and maximize the catalytic capacity. In addition to chromosomal DNAs, denatured DNA, single stranded DNA, and synthetic oligomers can all be determined by the proposed protocol with negligible interference. The present work offers a fast, ergonomic, and cost‐effective alternative to the existing DNA assay arena.
Accuracy assessment of time–concentration–effect models in predicting chronic lethality from acute toxicity data
Authors: Mayer Foster L , Ellersieck Mark R , Slaughter Andrew R 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAcute-to-chronic (ACE) models (accelerated life testing, ALT; linear regression analysis, LRA) are used to estimate chemical concentrations resulting in low levels of chronic mortality from acute toxicity data, thereby greatly increasing the inferential value of acute data. We applied the ACE models to test data from 72 chemicals and 14 aquatic species (131 acute and 97 chronic tests) and then compared the results with reported chronic no observed effect concentrations (NOEC) and lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC), as determined by traditional analysis of variance techniques. Acute-to-chronic models produced highly accurate chronic lethality estimates compared with reported chronic NOEC and LOEC values. Lethality estimates fell within two times reported NOEC-LOEC values 71% of the time and within five times 98% of the time. Therefore, ACE models are very appropriate for estimating chronic lethality from acute toxicity data when chronic data are absent and have high applicability in probability-based hazard and risk assessments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:757–762. © 2011 SETAC
Using artificial neural network to analyze harmonic overvoltages during power system restoration
Authors: Ketabi Abbas , Sadeghkhani Iman , Feuillet Rene 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDuring early stage of primary restoration process, unexpected overvoltage may happen due to nonlinear interaction between the unloaded transformer and the transmission system. Such an overvoltage might damage some equipment and delay power system restoration. Artificial neural network (ANN) is addressed in this work, in order to estimate the temporary overvoltages (TOVs) due to transformer energization. In the proposed methodology, Levenberg–Marquardt second order method is used to train the multilayer perceptron. Equivalent parameters of the network are added to ANN inputs to achieve good generalization capability for trained ANN. The developed ANN is trained with the worst case scenario of switching angle and remanent flux, and tested for typical cases. The simulated results for a partial of 39‐bus New England test system, show that the proposed technique can estimate the peak values and duration of switching overvoltages with good accuracy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of shuffled frog leaping algorithm and PSO in data clustering with constraint for grouping voltage control areas in power systems
Authors: Rameshkhah F. , Abedi M. , Hosseinian S.H. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractVoltage Control Areas (VCAs) play an important role in voltage stability assessment and control. Since it is impossible to detect VCAs in real time during appearance of emergency cases for large‐scale power systems, it is a reasonable solution to train and employ an artificial intelligent system (AIS), for on‐line predicting of VCAs. However, at different emergency and alert cases, there are various VCAs for power system. Clustering the data of Participation Factors (PFs) of all studied cases into a finite number of groups would lead to a more accurate ANN‐based online VCA identifier. Each cluster has a representative center that is the critical VCA corresponding to all contingencies and load stresses which would lead to the same cases as the members of that cluster. In this paper a novel data clustering method based on shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) is presented for this purpose. In the first part of present study the general application of SFLA in data clustering is compared with PSO as the most popular Memetic Algorithm (MA), to demonstrate the validity of proposed clustering method. Consequently, as the clustering of VCAs is a problem with linear equality constraint, the compatibility of SFLA for solving under constraint clustering problems and its priority to PSO from this point of view, are shown in this study. Numerical results are presented at the first part for three standard test data sets and at the second part for IEEE 118‐bus test system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic event detection and location using wide area phasor measurements
Authors: Rovnyak Steven M. , Mei Kejun 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper presents an online dynamic event detection and location method that uses wide‐area generator rotor frequency measurements. It combines a variance‐based approach to event detection with a clustering‐based approach to event location. In the offline phase, the method involves partitioning the buses in a power network into coherent groups and selecting a single generator to represent each group. In the online phase, the method involves calculating the variance of each representative's rotor frequency over sliding window. This paper provides explanation and evidence that different detection thresholds should be used for variance‐based triggers that have different window lengths. If the threshold is varied linearly with the window length then the variance‐based criterion resembles the long‐window derivative‐based criterion. This paper provides guidelines for adjusting the window length and the detection threshold in a coordinated manner to balance the tradeoff between the detection delay and the prevalence of false detections. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A generalized relationship between the normalized yields of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide
Authors: Wang Zhaozhi , Jia Fuchen , Galea E. R. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractExperimental studies have demonstrated that there are close correlations between the normalized yields of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from the combustion of materials containing nitrogen. In this paper, a generalized relationship using the stoichiometric oxygen to fuel mass ratio (SOFMR) is derived to represent these correlations. Using this generalized relationship, the predicted yields of HCN for nylon in tube furnace experiments and HCN concentrations in full‐scale cable fire tests are in good agreement with the corresponding measured data. The derived relationship is used to analyse the contributions of CO from different materials in a complex fire reconstruction. The generalized relationship is then used to predict HCN concentrations in two full‐scale nylon fires and the predicted concentrations are compared with both experimental data and predictions from a flamelet model. Finally, a method to incorporate the generalized relationship within CFD fire simulations to determine HCN (or CO) concentrations based on measurements of CO (or HCN) yields is presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.