bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of Three Grass Species Grown Alone and with Alfalfa under Intensive Pasture Management: Animal and Plant Response1
Authors: Hamilton R. I. , Scholl J. M. , Pope A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnimal and plant responses of three grass species: smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), grown alone and fertilized with nitrogen (112, 146 and 168 kg N/ha in 1962, 1963, and 1964, respectively) and each grass in two‐component mixtures with ‘Vernal’ alfalfa, (Medicago sativa L.), were measured at Arlington, Wis.Animal response, measured by average daily lamb gains and total weight gains per hectare did not differ between grass species, although alfalfa‐dominant swards showed a trend towards higher total weight gains in comparison to the grass species grown alone with nitrogen fertilizer. Although no differences occurred between varieties within species, species did differ in total forage dry weight yields, aggressiveness in mixtures, seasonal distribution of dry matter production, winter hardiness and persistence.
Reflectance and Internal Structure of Cotton Leaves, Gossypium hirsutum L.1
Authors: Gausman H. W. , Allen W. A. , Myers V. I. , Cardenas R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants were grown hydroponically in a controlled environment. Sodium chloride was used to induce three osmotic stresses: low (0 atm), medium (6 atm), and high (12 atm). Leaves of approximately the same age were harvested 49 days after planting from five replications of each treatment, and their reflectance and transmittance spectra were obtained for the wavelength interval 500‐ to 2,500µ Osmotic stresses of 6 and 12 atm reduced reflectance and increased transmittance of near‐infrared light (750 ‐ 1,350 mµ) as compared with leaves from plants grown with low osmotic stress. Tissue sections from the same leaves were processed to provide transverse sections for histological examination; leaves from plants grown with 6 and 12 atm of osmotic stress exhibited a more compact cell arrangement than nonosmotically stressed leaves.
Factors Affecting Plant Growth in High‐Zinc Medium: I. Influence of Iron on Growth of Flax at Various Zinc Levels1
Authors: Lee C. R. , Craddock G. R. , Hammar H. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrowth chamber experiments, employing a two‐zone root technique and nutrient solutions, were conducted to study the influence of iron on the growth of Linum usitatissimum L., fiber flax, at various levels of zinc sulfate. Zinc and iron variables were added to one root zone, while all other essential nutrients were added to a second root zone. Plant growth in nutrient solutions containing as much as 1.00 ppm of Zn was increased by the addition of 5.0 ppm of iron as FeCl3. Competition for root absorption sites existed between Zn+2 and Fe+3. Zinc appeared to interfere with iron uptake, whereas iron did not interfere with zinc uptake. FeEDDHA (sodium ferric ethylenediamine di‐[o‐hydroxyphenylacetate]) and Rayplex Fe (iron complexed with modified polyflavonoid copolymers) also increased plant growth in solutions containing 0.50 ppm zinc.
Relative Occurrence of Toxic Concentrations of Cyanide and Nitrate in Varieties of Sudangrass and Sorghum‐Sudangrass Hybrids1
Authors: Gillingham J. T. , Shirer M. M. , Starnes J. J. , Page N. R. , McClain E. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field experiment was conducted to determine the concentrations of CN and NO3‐N that could occur in successive aftermaths of recommended varieties of Sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense P. Stapf) and sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench × Sorghum sudanense P. Stapf) when fertilized with frequently used rates of N.Nitrate concentration was affected by N rate, and CN concentration was affected by N rate, variety, and especially height of the forage (P=.05). The overall varietal means for CN concentration were: ‘Trudan II’‐189, ‘Su Chow 34’‐326, ‘Sweet Sioux’‐378, ‘Grazer A’‐396, and ‘Tift’‐402 ppm CN. The probability of CN poisoning was found to exceed that for NO3 poisoning significantly.Attention is called to the special case where toxic concentrations of CN and NO3 coexist in these forages; a poisoning would result in which methemoglobin arising from the NO3 poisoning would be a “built‐in” treatment for the initial and rapid detoxification of CN. Consequently, in this situation NaNO2 injection, to induce a limited methemoglobinemia, should be omitted.We suggest that diagnosis and treatment of symptoms associated with “nitrate poisoning” in animals eating these heavliy fertilized aftermaths or green chop should involve more than clinical judgement. Cyanide poisoning should be confirmed or excluded before treating sick animals for NO3 poisoning.
Annual Legume‐Grass Mixtures for Forage and Seed1
Authors: Robinson R. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMixtures of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and annual grasses were compared with soybeans for forage production. Soybeans‐foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.) was the best mixture and exceeded soybeans in forage yield, dry matter percentage, weed control, and lodging resistance. The mixture equalled soybeans in protein yield but was lower in protein percentage.Oat (Avena sativa L.)‐legume mixtures, legume mixtures, and legume‐Brossica mixtures were compared with oats alone for forage and seed production. Oat‐legume mixtures were superior to pure oats in protein yields and concentrations but did not produce greater forage or seed yields. Oat‐horsebean (Vicia faba L. equina Pers.) mixture is an alternative to oats‐peas (Pisum sativum L.) for fertile soils where oats‐peas lodge badly.Alternate rows of soybeans and millet produced forage of higher protein percentage but lower forage yield than did drilling soybeans and then broadcasting or drilling millet. For oat‐horsebean mixture, alternate rows were less satisfactory than mixed drilling.
Variable Selectivity for Sr by Corn Hybrids Which Accumulate Different Concentrations of Sr, Ca, Mg, and K1
Authors: Bradford R. R. , Baker Dale E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour single‐cross corn hybrids (Zea mays L.) which differ with respect to their accumulations of Ca, Sr, Mg, and K were grown under greenhouse conditions in soil treated with 0, 100, 200, and 400 ppm of Sr as SrNO3. The investigation was conducted to determine if these hybrids would exhibit variable selectivity for Sr compared with Ca and Mg.All hybrids responded substantially to Sr additions to the soil. The concentrations of Sr in hybrids I and IV increased more with increasing rates of Sr than was observed for the other two hybrids. Relative to concentrations of Ca plus Mg in the plants, hybrid IV accumulated more Sr than did hybrid III with the other two hybrids being intermediate. Results for selectivity ratios indicated that Sr was removed as readily by hybrid IV as were Ca and Mg, while other hybrids were selective for Ca and Mg in preference to Sr. It was concluded that although variable selectivity was evident among the hybrids, the concentrations of Sr accumulated by the hybrids were predominantly a function of the availability of Sr in the soil and the Sr and Ca accumulation characteristics of the hybrids. It is not likely that hybrids can be developed which accumulate high concentrations of Ca and low concentrations of Sr.
Effect of Phosphorus and Potassium on Alfalfa Root Anatomy1
Authors: Schnappinger M. G. , Bandel V. A. , Kresge C. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of P and K on alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) root anatomy were determined. A sand culture method was used to grow the plants. Phosphorus (P) levels in the nutrient solutions were 0, 3.4, 6.9, 13.8, 27.7, and 55.4 ppm at the beginning of the experiment. Potassium (K) was supplied at the rates of 0, 4.3, 8.6, 17.3, 34.6, 51.9, 69.3, and 173.2 ppm. No effort was made to maintain the nutrient solutions at their initial levels.Plants were harvested three times at approximately 28‐day intervals when the plants were in the full‐bloom stage. The roots were preserved in a 70% Formalin‐acetoalcohol fixative. Permanent microscope slides were prepared from which various characteristics of alfalfa root anatomy could be studied.Root diameter was Increased by the addition of either P or K to the nutrient solution. Xylem vessel diameter was decreased by the removal of either P or K. But, removal of P from the nutrient solution had a greater effect on xylem vessel diameter than did K. Xylem vessel differentiation as well as the percent of the root area occupied by xylem vessels was increased more by P than by K.
Monitoring Cotton Plant Stem Radius as an Indication of Water Stress1
Authors: Namken L. N. , Bartholic J. F. , Runkles J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCotton plant water stress was monitored continuously during a drying cycle by measuring microchanges in plant stem radius with a linear variable displacement transducer (LVDT). Plant stem contraction was directly related to the degree of leaf water stress, and plant stem radius was very responsive to changes in the energy load at the evaporating surface. The LVDT provided a stable, trouble‐free method for monitoring relative plant water stress under field conditions without destroying plant tissue.
Effect of Windbreaks and Soil Water Potential on Stomatal Diffusion Resistance and Photosynthetic Rate of Sugar Beets (Beta vulgaris)1
Authors: Brown K. W. , Rosenberg Norman J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe stomatal resistance (rs) to diffusion of water vapor and CO2 through leaves of sugar beets grown in well irrigated open plots and plots sheltered by windbreaks was calculated from measurements of stomatal density and aperture.Mean daily stomatal resistance in both sheltered and exposed situations increased markedly as the soil water potential decreased from −035 to −0.52 bars. As potential decreased, increases in the stomatal resistance occurred earlier in the day. Superimposed upon this increase in resistance were cyclical changes which were attributed to the readjustment of stomatal apertures necessary for the maintenance of a balance between water uptake and loss. The results suggest that, even under well‐irrigated conditions, climatic stresses characteristic of the Plains environment may induce partial slomatal closure during afternoon hours on many days.The mean stomatal resistances were found to be independent of CO2 concentration, air temperature, water vapor pressure, and wind speed, except in an extreme case where the passage of a front caused high winds and the influx of dry air. In this case, the stomatal resistance increased sharply.Mid‐day values of stomatal resistance averaged 1.4 sec cm−1. The mean difference in stomatal resistance between the open and sheltered plots can explain a 6% decrease in the resistance to CO2 flux and therefore a 6% increase in photosynthetic rate in shelter. The extreme observed difference in r. can explain a 26% increase in photosynthetic rate in shelter.These results occurred under conditions of ample irrigation. The data suggest that photosynthetic rate should be even more strongly favored where plants grown on dryland are sheltered from wind.
Chemical Composition and In Vitro Digestibility of Vertical Layers of Coastal Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.)1
Authors: Wilkinson S. R. , Adams W. E. , Jackson W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCoastal bermudagrass, fertilized at two levels (224‐98‐112 and 1,120‐98‐560 kg N‐P‐K/ha) was clipped at 6‐week intervals and separated into six vertical layers. Each layer was assayed for dry matter (DM), cell wall constituents (CWC), acid‐detergent fiber (ADF), acid‐detergent lignin (ADL), and in vitro digestibility for three harvests during 1965. One harvest was assayed for crude protein (CP) content. In vitro digestibility increased from basal to top layers. Associated with this increase were lower ADL and ADF and small decreases in CWC. Fertility level did not significantly influence ADL or ADF content of vertical layers, however, lower CWC in the top layers at the high fertility level was observed. Increased in vitro digestibility associated with the high fertility level was considered a result of the greater protein content of the forage. Although “quality” as indicated by chemical composition and in vitro digestibility was greater in the upper layers, the high proportion of dry‐matter yield in the lower layers indicates that more total nutrients were present in the basal layers of the sward.
Response of Nodulated and Nonnodulated Soybean Seedlings to Sulfur Nutrition1
Authors: Wooding Frank J. , Paulsen Gary M. , Murphy Larry S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSulfur deficiency decreased growth and concentrations of nonsoluble N and soluble protein N, increased concentrations of nonprotein N and free amino acids, and had little effect on nitrate N in soybean seedlings. Amide N concentration increased and nitrate reductase activity decreased only in S‐deficient nonnodulated seedlings grown with nitrate N source. Ammonia N concentration increased only in S‐deficient nodulated seedlings grown without an available N source. Nodule hemoglobin concentration was affected little, but nodule quantity and total N2 fixed were decreased markedly by S deficiency. The capacity of soybean seedlings to fix N2 was less than their ability to utilize nitrate N.
Oxygen Diffusion in the Soil‐Plant System IV. Oxygen Concentration Profiles, Respiration Rates, and Radial Oxygen Losses Predicted for Rice Roots1
Authors: Luxmoore R. J. , Stolzy L. H. , Letey J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOxygen concentration profiles, mean respiration rates, and the percent radial oxygen losses (proportion of the oxygen diffusing into the top of the root that is lost radially from the root) were obtained from an analysis of steady state oxygen diffusion in rice (Oryza sativa L.) root models under simulated paddy field conditions.An increase in root radius and water layer thickness results in an increase in the oxygen concentration within the root and at the root wall at all positions along the root. These higher oxygen concentrations resulted in higher mean respiration rates, however the percent radial oxygen loss (PRL) was reduced. The mean respiration rate and PRL were both decreased with increase in root length. Under paddy conditions it seems that oxygen concentration is a factor limiting respiration rate since the mean respiration rate is much less than the maximum rate for mature root tissue. A 20‐cm root with 0.05‐cm radius is predicted to radially lose about 5 to 7% of the oxygen diffusing into the top of the root. This has considerable ecological significance for roots growing in an anaerobic medium.
Toxicity of Preplant Anhydrous Ammonia to Germination and Early Growth of Corn: II. Laboratory Studies1
Authors: Colliver G. W. , Welch L. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to determine concentrations of NH3 in soil which are toxic to germination and early root growth of corn (Zea mays L.). In one experiment seeds were germinated in soil uniformly mixed with a given rate of anhydrous ammonia, and in another experiment roots were grown into successive layers of soil containing increasing amounts of NH3. Germination and early growth was retarded when soil [NH3 + NH4+)‐N concentration reached 944 ppm (pH 3.1) and essentially completely inhibited when it reached 1,628 ppm (pH 9.0). Roots grew through 3‐cm layers of soil containing 1,172 ppm (NH3 + NH4 +)‐N (pH 8.4), but did not grow into layers containing 1485 ppm (NH3 + NH4+)‐N (pH 8.7). Radicles stunted by NH3 were thicker and had more branching than those of control plants. Root tips which encountered toxic amounts of NH3 had a brown, scorched appearance.
Number of Replications for Precise Estimation of Optimum Plant Density and Maximum Corn Yield1
Authors: Carmer S. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe precision of estimates of A and K in the exponential regression model, Y = NAKN + error, relating corn (Zea mays) yield to plant density, and the precision of estimates of optimum density and maximum yield are influenced by the particular set of densities employed in an experiment. A procedure for determining the number of replications necessary to provide reasonable confidence of obtaining precise estimates is outlined, and two illustrative examples are given.
Digestible Dry Matter, Crude Protein, and Dry Matter Yields of Grazing‐Type Sorghum Cultivars as Affected by Harvest Frequency1
Authors: Wedin W. F. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract‘Piper’ sudangrass, a sudangrass hybrid ‘Trudan II,’ and six sorghum ✕ sudangrass hybrids were variously managed in 1965 and 1966 to provide yield and compositional data. At heights of 46 cm (management A), five harvests resulted; at 92 cm (B), three harvests; at 137 cm (C), two harvests; and hard dough (D), one harvest. Percentages of crude protein and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) were highest for frequently harvested forage. Yields of dry matter, crude protein, and IVDDM were 27, 10, and 22% greater, respectively, for A (5 harvests) over B (3 harvests). Comparing B to C (3 to 2 harvests) total crude protein yields decreased 4% but dry matter and IVDDM yields increased 23 and 18%, respectively. From C to B (2 to 1 harvest) yields of dry matter, crude protein, and IVDDM were 86% more, 17% less, and 52% more, respectively. Piper was generally inferior to either Trudan II or one or more of the sorghum ✕ sudangrass hybrids. Trudan II was significantly higher yielding in dry matter, crude protein, and IVDDM over all managements as compared to Piper.Over all managements, Trudan II was significantly higher in crude protein yield than the mean of six sorghum ✕ sudangrass hybrids whereas differences in yields of dry matter and IVDDM were not significant. Sorghum ✕ sudangrass hybrids were definitely superior under D (1 harvest) management. While the sorghum ✕ sudangrass hybrids and Trudan II were both superior to Piper under multiple harvest (A,B,C managements), the sudangrass hybrid (Trudan II) should be given strong consideration because of its known advantage in lower prussic acid potential.
Influence of Dicamba on the Growth and Development of Grain Sorghum1
Authors: Pepper Thomas F. , Weibel Dale E. , Santelmann P. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments were conducted in the field and greenhouse to determine the responses of grain sorghum to 3,6‐dichloro‐o‐anisic acid (dicamba). Plants were treated on different segments of the plant and at different growth stages. The influence of dicamba on floral development was also studied. Treatment of 2‐ to 3‐week‐old plants delayed maturity and reduced sorghum height. Varietal differences in dicamba susceptibility occurred, with two of seven varieties not producing seed after treatment. Soil treatments caused more injury than foliar applications. Treatments when the plants were 40 days old reduced yield. Treatments after head emergence caused increased lodging and sometimes resulted in head damage at anthesis. When applied to the 12th leaf of flowering plants, radioactive dicamba was found to translocate readily and to accumulate in the floral organs. Treatment of A‐ and B‐line sorghum indicated that dicamba did not affect pollen production or viability. However, the female flower organs were affected.
Effect of Ferrous Sulfate and Sulfuric Acid on Grain Sorghum Yields1
Authors: Mathers Aubra C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSulfuric acid and ferrous sulfate treatnients of calcareous soil increased yields of hybrid grain sorghum grown in the greenhouse. Effects of 250 ppm or more Fe with 250 ppm or more H2SO4 were still significant on the third crop after soil treatments were made. This study shows that residual effects are possible from heavy applications of FeSO4and H2SO4.In a field experiment, 560 kg/ha iron as FeSO4 or 560 kg/ha of H2SO4 produced about the same yield response on calcareous Arch Fine sandy loam.
The Statistics‐Computer Interface in Agronomic Research1
Authors: Cady F. B. , Fuller W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResearch situations which fall into one of two broad classifications: (1) those which can be managed without the computer but less efficiently and (2) those which can not be managed without a computer, are emphasized through utilization of existing programs. The Statistics‐Computer interface is focused on experimental situations through a general linear (least squares) model program. These least squares programs are being developed for a wide class of data processing problems, including the capacity to handle more complete analyses of variance. In addition to data processing, experimenters can use computers efficiently in other phases of agronomic research, e.g., literature searching, planning of experiments, simulation, and data storage and retrieval.
Effect of N, P, and K Tissue Levels and Late Fall Fertilization on the Cold Hardiness of Tifgreen Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon X C. transvaalensis1
Authors: Reeves Sim A. , McBee George G. , Bloodworth M. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTifgreen bermudagrass grown under different nutrient treatments in a greenhouse and artificially frozen in a growth chamber showed that nutrient level has some effect on winter hardiness. The nutrient treatment levels did not seem to vary the temperature range required for killing the grass over the range of 1 to 3 C. Within this range, the P/K ratio in the tissue appeared to influence cold hardiness. A high P/K ratio increased winterkill whereas low ratios showed little damage. Tissue N levels showed little effect on winterkill but seemed to influence uptake of P and K.N, P, and K were applied at the rate of 1.47 kg/100m2 per month through December 1967 to Tifgreen bermudagrass under field conditions at College Station, Texas. With a low temperature of ‐8 C there was no winter‐kill of grass from any treatment. Plots receiving late applications of N remained green longer in the fall and were the first to recover in the spring.Under greenhouse conditions as well as in the field the tissue content of P and K tended to increase as the N level increased. Chemical analysis of grass samples collected from the various treatments showed a direct relationship between tissue content of N‐K and N‐P.
Four‐terminal Peltier Type Thermocouple Psychrometer for Measuring Water Potential in Nonisothermal Systems1
Authors: Millar A. A. , Lang A. R. G. , Gardner W. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe construction, calibration, and tests of a miniature four‐terminal thermocouple psychrometer are described. Improved thermal stability under nonisothermal conditions is the main feature of this new type of psychrometer. This is achieved using a separate thermocouple to cool and condense water vapor on the sensing thermocouple.The sensitivity for this thermocouple psychrometer is about 0.4 μv/bar ‐ at 25C, and is operable at temperature fluctuations of about 0.5C during the course of a measurement.In situ measurements of water potential in onion leaves under a cloudy day differed by 0.5 to 1 bar from measurements on detached leaves. With greater temperature fluctuations, water potentials obtained by the two methods differed by as much as 2 to 3 bars.
Yield and Quality of Different Vertical Layers of a Tall Fescue Sward1
Authors: Burns Robert E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) sward was mowed to a stubble height of 5 or 10 cm when it had attained various heights to determine the effect of these two factors on yield. To determine the vertical location of the growth in the sward, sucessive layers were harvested from 7.5 cm to the ground level. Yield of forage was affected by forage height when cut rather than by stubble height; the higher the grass was permitted to grow before each clipping the more forage produced per year. Approximately 65% of the dry matter was found below the 5‐cm level. The in vitro DMD of this forage was 30% compared to 60% for the higher layers. Ash content was not high enough from any layer to affect yield or forage quality.