bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes After Radiation Therapy Are Similar to De Novo Disease and Differ From Other Therapy-Related Myeloid Neoplasms
Authors: Nardi Valentina , Winkfield Karen M. , Ok Chi Young , Niemierko Andrzej , Kluk Michael J. , Attar Eyal C. , Garcia-Manero Guillermo , Wang Sa A. , Hasserjian Robert P. 
Published: May 2012

Purpose Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MN) represent a unique clinical syndrome occurring in patients treated with chemotherapy and/or external-beam radiation (XRT) and are characterized by poorer prognosis compared with de novo disease. XRT techniques have evolved in recent years and are associated with significantly reduced bone marrow exposure. The characteristics of post-XRT t-MN in the current era have not been studied. Patients and Methods We analyzed patients who developed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) after XRT alone (47 patients) or cytotoxic chemotherapy/combined-modality therapy (C/CMT, 181 patients) and compared them with patients with de novo MDS or AML (222 patients). We estimated bone marrow exposure to radiation and compared the clinical, pathologic, and cytogenetic features and outcome of the XRT patients with the C/CMT patients and with patients with de novo MDS and AML. Results Patients with t-MN after XRT alone had superior overall survival (P = .006) and lower incidence of high-risk karyotypes (P = .01 for AML and < .001 for MDS) compared with patients in the C/CMT group. In contrast, there were no significant differences in survival or frequency of high-risk karyotypes between the XRT and de novo groups. Conclusion AML and MDS diagnosed in the past decade in patients after receiving XRT alone differ from t-MN occurring after C/CMT and share genetic features and clinical behavior with de novo AML/MDS. Our results suggest that post-XRT MDS/AML may not represent a direct consequence of radiation toxicity and warrant a therapeutic approach similar to de novo disease.
E-Learning im Prozess der Arbeit – Vom Instrument zum Innovationstreiber
Authors: Voigtländer Christine , Breitner Michael H. 
Published: May 2012

Summary
Changes in today‘s working environment require innovative further development concepts and instruments within a company‘s personnel development strategy. E-Learning plays more and more the role of a driver for these necessary innovations. The current discussion in both the scientific community and corporate practice demonstrate the underlying E-Learning potential for future-proof lifetime learning concepts.
Inflammatory Breast Cancer: What We Know and What We Need to Learn
Authors: Yamauchi Hideko , Woodward Wendy A. , Valero Vicente , Alvarez Ricardo H. , Lucci Anthony , Buchholz Thomas A. , Iwamoto Takayuki , Krishnamurthy Savitri , Yang Wei , Reuben James M. , Hortobágyi Gabriel N. , Ueno Naoto T. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Purpose.
We review the current status of multidisciplinary care for patients with inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) and discuss what further research is needed to advance the care of patients with this disease.

Design.
We performed a comprehensive review of the English-language literature on IBC through computerized literature searches.

Results.
Significant advances in imaging, including digital mammography, high-resolution ultrasonography with Doppler capabilities, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography–computed tomography, have improved the diagnosis and staging of IBC. There are currently no established molecular criteria for distinguishing IBC from noninflammatory breast cancer. Such criteria would be helpful for the diagnosis and development of novel targeted therapies. Combinations of neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy have led to an improved prognosis; however, the overall 5-year survival rate for patients with IBC remains very low (∼30%). Sentinel lymph node biopsy and skin-sparing mastectomy are not recommended for patients with IBC.

Conclusion.
Optimal management of IBC requires close coordination among medical, surgical, and radiation oncologists, as well as radiologists and pathologists. There is a need to identify molecular changes that define the pathogenesis of IBC to enable eradication of IBC with the use of IBC-specific targeted therapies.
Plasma Fatty Acid–Binding Protein 4, Nonesterified Fatty Acids, and Incident Diabetes in Older Adults
Authors: Djoussé Luc , Khawaja Owais , Bartz Traci M. , Biggs Mary L. , Ix Joachim H. , Zieman Susan J. , Kizer Jorge R. , Tracy Russell P. , Siscovick David S. , Mukamal Kenneth J. 
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVE
To examine the relation of fatty acid–binding protein (FABP)4 and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) to diabetes in older adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We ascertained incident diabetes among 3,740 Cardiovascular Health Study participants (1992–2007) based on the use of hypoglycemic medications, fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, or nonfasting glucose ≥200 mg/dL. FABP4 and NEFA were measured on specimens collected between 1992 and 1993.

RESULTS
Mean age of the 3,740 subjects studied was 74.8 years. For each SD increase in log FABP4, hazard ratios (HRs) for diabetes were 1.35 (95% CI 1.10–1.65) for women and 1.45 (1.13–1.85) for men controlling for age, race, education, physical activity, cystatin C, alcohol intake, smoking, self-reported health status, and estrogen use for women (P for sex-FABP4 interaction 0.10). BMI modified the FABP4-diabetes relation (P = 0.009 overall; 0.02 for women and 0.135 for men), in that statistically significant higher risk of diabetes was mainly seen in men with BMI &lt;25 kg/m2 (HR per SD: 1.78 [95% CI 1.13–2.81]). There was a modest and nonsignificant association of NEFA with diabetes (Ptrend = 0.21). However, when restricted to the first 5 years of follow-up, multivariable-adjusted HRs for diabetes were 1.0 (ref.), 1.68 (95% CI 1.12–2.53), and 1.63 (1.07–2.50) across consecutive tertiles of NEFA (Ptrend = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS
Plasma FABP4 was positively associated with incident diabetes in older adults, and such association was statistically significant in lean men only. A significant positive association between plasma NEFA and incident diabetes was observed during the first 5 years of follow-up.
Sequential Intensification of Metformin Treatment in Type 2 Diabetes With Liraglutide Followed by Randomized Addition of Basal Insulin Prompted by A1C Targets
Authors: DeVries J. Hans , Bain Stephen C. , Rodbard Helena W. , Seufert Jochen , D’Alessio David , Thomsen Anne B. , Zychma Marcin , Rosenstock Julio ,   on behalf of the Liraglutide-Detemir Study Group
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVE
We evaluated the addition of liraglutide to metformin in type 2 diabetes followed by intensification with basal insulin (detemir) if glycated hemoglobin (A1C) ≥7%.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In 988 participants from North America and Europe uncontrolled on metformin ± sulfonylurea, sulfonylurea was discontinued and liraglutide 1.8 mg/day added for 12 weeks (run-in). Subsequently, those with A1C ≥7% were randomized 1:1 to 26 weeks’ open-label addition of insulin detemir to metformin + liraglutide (n = 162) or continuation without insulin detemir (n = 161). Patients achieving A1C &lt;7% continued unchanged treatment (observational arm). The primary end point was A1C change between randomized groups.

RESULTS
Of 821 participants completing the run-in, 61% (n = 498) achieved A1C &lt;7% (mean change −1.3% from 7.7% at start), whereas 39% (n = 323) did not (−0.6% from 8.3% at start). During run-in, 167 of 988 (17%) withdrew; 46% of these due to gastrointestinal adverse events. At week 26, A1C decreased further, by 0.5% (from 7.6% at randomization) with insulin detemir (n = 162) versus 0.02% increase without insulin detemir (n = 157) to 7.1 and 7.5%, respectively (estimated treatment difference −0.52 [95% CI −0.68 to −0.36]; P &lt; 0.0001). Forty-three percent of participants with insulin detemir versus 17% without reached A1C &lt;7%. Mean weight decreased by 3.5 kg during run-in, then by 0.16 kg with insulin detemir or 0.95 kg without insulin detemir. In the randomized phase, no major hypoglycemia occurred and minor hypoglycemia rates were 0.286 and 0.029 events per participant-year with and without insulin detemir (9.2 vs. 1.3%).

CONCLUSIONS
Supplementation of metformin with liraglutide and then insulin detemir was well tolerated in the majority of patients, with good glycemic control, sustained weight loss, and very low hypoglycemia rates.
Shared Medical Appointments in Diabetes Care: A Literature Review
Authors: Ridge Terry 
Published: May 2012

In Brief
Most patients with type 2 diabetes receive their medical care from primary care providers. Shared medical appointments (SMAs) are one option to meet the various medical and education needs of patients in one appointment, while also providing peer support and motivation. Research suggests that SMAs can be effective in improving knowledge, quality of life, and problem-solving skills in patients with diabetes. However, more research is needed to determine the optimal group size, format, and curriculum.
Group Care for Type 2 Diabetes: The Turin Experience
Authors: Miselli Valerio , Trento Marina , Porta Massimo 
Published: May 2012

In Brief
In an attempt to make education a nonstop process, the University of Turin in Italy developed an education and clinical care model called Group Care for patients with type 2 diabetes. Through this model, a series of seven sessions facilitated by a nurse, a dietitian, and a pedagogist are matched with clinical practice in the diabetes clinic. A primary goal of the sessions is to transform people with diabetes into self-educators. A randomized, controlled trial documented improvements in metabolic outcomes, quality of life, and health behaviors for participants in Group Care compared to a control group. A second multicenter trial demonstrated that Group Care can be effectively reproduced in other medical clinics. This article describes the Turin experience, from development of the program through its evaluation.
Combined Anterior and Lateral Approaches for Bone Tumors of the Femoral Neck and Head
Authors: Hu Yong-cheng , Lun Deng-xing , Zhao Shang-kun 
Published: May 2012

Few reports in the literature describe the treatment experience of benign lesions of the femoral head and neck. Between July 2005 and August 2009, twenty-four patients with bone tumor of the femoral neck and head were treated at the authors’ institution. Fourteen patients had pathological fractures of the femoral neck; in the other 10 patients, the bone cortex was involved. Average tumor size was 78 cc (range, 45–130 cc). The patients were treated by curettage plus bone grafting via an anterior approach (Smith-Petersen incision) and internal fixation via a lateral approach (Hardinge approach). Average follow-up was 34 months (range, 10–68 months).
Average blood loss and operative time were 450 mL and 87 minutes, respectively. Six patients experienced complications: 2 superficial wound infections, 2 immunological rejections, and 2 hollow screw loosenings and slight limps at 12 and 16 months postoperatively, respectively. No recurrence or other serious complications, such as pathological fracture, ischemic necrosis of the femoral head, or joint degeneration, occurred. Average Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score for lower extremity function was 29.2 (range, 27–30) at final follow-up, and all patients resumed their normal preoperative work and were pain free postoperatively, although 1 patient had a slight limp at final follow-up.
A combination of anterior and lateral approaches may produce good clinical and functional results with minimal complications in bone tumors of the femoral neck.
Clinical Outcomes After Computer-assisted Versus Conventional Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Xie Chunming , Liu Kai , Xiao Luxin , Tang Rong 
Published: May 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of computer-assisted surgery can improve the clinical results in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) compared with conventional methods of TKA.A literature search of PubMed (1966 to August 2011), CENTRAL (Cochrane Controlled Trials Register; issue 3, 2011), and EMBASE (1984 to August 2011) was conducted. Randomized, controlled trials detecting the clinical outcomes of TKA with or without the use of computer-assisted surgery were identified. A meta-analysis of these clinical trials was then performed. Twenty-one articles were included in the meta-analysis. The results confirmed that operative time was significantly increased with the use of computer-assisted TKA (mean standard difference, 14.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 11.74 to 17.62;P<.00001], whereas no significant difference existed between the 2 groups regarding the total operative blood loss (mean standard difference, −54.38; 95% CI, −119.76 to 11.00;P=.10). As for other clinical outcomes, including the Knee Society Score (mean standard difference, 4.47; 95% CI, −1.05 to 9.99;P=.36) and range of motion (mean standard difference, 1.38; 95% CI, −1.43 to 4.18;P=.34), the use of computer-assisted TKA did not help to improve function recovery postoperatively.
Functional Disabilities and Issues of Concern for Asian Patients Before Total Ankle Arthroplasty
Authors: Lee Kyung Tai , Choi Jae Hyuck , Lee Young Koo , Young Ki Won , Kim Jun Beom , Kim Jin Su , Kim Wook Joong , Kim Jun Ho , Lee Ji Yun 
Published: May 2012

Total ankle arthroplasty is a commonly performed invasive procedure that can be distressing to patients. Therefore, surgeons should consider patients’ issues of greatest interest and concerns at the time of surgery and the function that patients hope to recover. Many studies have reported surgeon concerns before total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty, but few have focused on patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patients’ functional disabilities and issues of concern regarding total ankle arthroplasty.
Between May 2008 and June 2010, eighty-five patients (52 men and 33 women; mean age, 60 years) were recruited for the study. All patients were asked to complete a questionnaire divided into 3 parts: sociodemographic data, current functional disabilities and their perceived importance, and issues concerning patients before total ankle arthroplasty. Regarding functional disability based on severity, the top 5 issues were limping, difficulty squatting, daytime pain, difficulty kneeling, and difficulty climbing stairs. Regarding functional disability based on perceived importance, the top 5 issues were daytime pain, limping, difficulty walking, difficulty kneeling, and difficulty working. Regarding issues of concern, the top 5 issues were pain intraoperatively, ability to walk as much as desired, ability to climb stairs, pain after discharge from the hospital, and pain immediately postoperatively. The most important issue before total ankle arthroplasty was pain. Patients had a strong interest in high ankle extension and increased range of motion due to the lifestyle and religious activities of Eastern populations.
Thoracic Disk Herniation With Paraparesis Treated With Transthoracic Microdiskectomy in a 14-year-old Girl
Authors: Ueda Yasuhiro , Kawahara Norio , Murakami Hideki , Demura Satoru , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2012

Herniated thoracic intervertebral disk causing spinal cord compression with paraparesis is uncommon in adults and rare in children. This article describes a case of pediatric thoracic disk herniation with paraparesis treated surgically.
A 14-year-old girl presented with a 4-month history of diffuse back pain and sudden onset paraparesis. Motor strength was 4/5 in both legs, and she had lost the ability to ambulate. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed spinal cord compression due to a herniated intervertebral disk at T5–T6. Computed tomography scan after myelogram demonstrated anterior dural sac compression at T5–T6 but no intervertebral disk calcification. She underwent transthoracic microdiskectomy. The herniated disk was removed, and the thoracic spinal cord was decompressed. No fusion was performed after microdiskectomy. The postoperative course was uncomplicated, and neurologic deficit resolved within 2 weeks postoperatively. The patient was pain free with no neurologic deficit at 24-month follow-up, and computed tomography scan showed remodeling of the T5 and T6 vertebral bodies.
Most cases of thoracic disk herniation are asymptomatic. If no compression of the spinal cord exists, the natural history of the disease justifies conservative management. Although the treatment of choice is conservative, surgery is required in patients who develop progressive neurologic deficit or severe radicular pain. Transthoracic microdiskectomy without fusion is considered a treatment in similar cases.
The Health System Dynamics Framework: The introduction of an analytical model for health system analysis and its application to two case-studies
Authors: Olmen J Van , Criel B , Bhojani U , Marchal B , Belle S Van , Chenge M F , Hoerée T , Pirard M , Damme W Van , Kegels G 
Published: May 2012

Frameworks can clarify concepts and improve understanding of underlying mechanisms in the domain of health systems research and strengthening. Many existing frameworks have a limited capacity to analyze interactions and equilibriums within a health system overlooking values as an underlying steering mechanism. This paper introduces the health system dynamics framework and demonstrates its application as a tool for analysis and modelling. The added value of this framework is: 1) consideration of different levels of a health system and tracing how interventions or events at one level influence other elements and other levels; 2) emphasizes the importance of values; 3) a central axis linking governance, human resources, service delivery and population, and 4) taking into account the key elements of complexity in analysis and strategy development. We urge the analysis of individual health systems and meta-analysis, for a better understanding of their functioning and strengthening.
Molybdenum‐Containing Hydroxylases
Authors: Zientek Michael , Kang Ping , Hutzler Matthew J. , Obach Scott R. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter contains a comprehensive summary about molybdenum‐containing hydroxylases and what role these enzymes play in drug metabolism. The molybdenum‐containing hydroxylases of interest to drug discovery consist of mainly two enzymes: aldehyde oxidase (AO) EC 1.2.3.1 and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) EC 1.2.3.2. These two enzymes will be compared and contrasted. Topics covered for both of these enzymes are structure, function, genetics, biotransformation, known inhibitors, tissue distribution, species and ethnic differences, enzyme activity variation and possible clinical implications.
Amine Oxidases and Reductases
Authors: Hines Ronald N. , Prough Russell A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractFAD‐containing, copper‐containing, and the cytochrome P450‐dependent monooxygenases are widely recognized for their ability to catalyze amine oxidation and/or reduction of a variety of compounds. Substrates include a variety of drugs, endogenous amines important in signaling, and both man‐made and natural environmental chemicals. This chapter describes the genes encoding these enzymes, the protein products themselves, as well as possible tools that investigators might use to determine which enzyme is catalyzing a particular reaction.
Epoxide Hydrolases
Authors: Omiecinski Curtis J. , Yang Xi , Laurenzana Elizabeth M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractEpoxides are three‐membered carbon–oxygen compounds that typically arise from the metabolism of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds via chemical and enzymatic oxidation processes. Many different oxygenase enzymes are capable of forming epoxide derivates, from either arene or alkene substrate; however, the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are principal contributors to their generation. Certain epoxides are highly electrophilic and chemically reactive, and they have been implicated as initiators of various cellular toxicities, including the formation of DNA mutations and ultimately, cancers. Therefore, it is of vital importance for the organism to regulate levels of these reactive species. A single mammalian enzyme, microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1, mEH), functions as a predominant pathway responsible for detoxification of xenobiotic epoxides, as well as bioactivation pathway for certain xenobiotic epoxides. In contrast, another important epoxide hydrolase, soluble epoxide hydrolase (EPHX2, sEH), has more recently been established as a mediator of epoxide hydrolysis of several endogenously derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), intermediates resulting from arachidonic acid metabolism. In this respect, EPHX2 is now characterized as an important regulator of physiological processes, such as blood pressure and inflammation, and has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for pharmacological intervention. This chapter reviews the biochemistry, biological regulation, genetics, and pharmacological relevance of these important enzyme systems.
Direct Biofluid Analysis Systems
Authors: Blair Ian A. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The extraction and concentration of samples prior to analysis represents a major hurdle for the implementation of routine assays and for assays when there are large number of samples such as in drug disposition studies. This review will provide a survey on the use of four different direct injection techniques that have been employed in combination with liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry over the last decade for the analysis of biofluid samples‐solid phase extraction, restricted access media, monolithic chromatography, and turbulent flow chromatography have been reviewed. On‐line solid‐phase extraction offers numerous advantages including the ability to readily automate the analyses. Turbulent flow chromatography is a flexible high sensitivity system, which can be employed to concentrate the sample and to remove proteins and phospholipids. The resulting extract is then separated on an analytical column, which provides enormous flexibility. A particularly attractive feature of the turbulent flow systems is the ability to remove constituents from the biofluid that cause suppression or enhancement of ionization in the mass spectrometer. Clearly direct analysis of biofluid samples has come of age and is now a realistic alternative to more time consuming off‐line purification procedures particularly when large numbers of sampled are involved.