bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Superovulation, in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro development (IVD) protocols for inbred BALB/cJ mice in comparison with outbred NMRI mice
Authors: Golkar‐Narenji Afsaneh , Gourabi Hamid , Eimani Hussein , Barekati Zeinab , Akhlaghi Aliasghar 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPurposeTo study assisted reproductive technology (ART) protocols including superovulation, in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro development (IVD) for BALB/cJ mice in comparison with a common ART protocol for NMRI mice.MethodsAdult NMRI and BALB/cJ mice were superovulated using a 48 h G‐interval. In order to find a more suitable G‐interval for the BALB/cJ strain, G‐intervals including 44, 46 and 50 h were also examined. Superovulation rates were recorded in all groups. IVF rate of BALB/c oocytes in T6 and mHTF media were compared. IVD rates of BALB/cJ zygotes in mHTF, T6 and G1V5/G2V5 media were compared. In addition, IVF and IVD rates of BALB/cJ and NMRI oocytes were compared in T6 medium during IVF–IVD procedures.ResultsIn BALB/cJ mice the highest superovulation rates were observed with 44–46 h G‐intervals. However, with a 48 h G‐interval, superovulation rates were significantly lower in BALB/cJ compared to NMRI mice (p < 0.05). mHTF medium significantly increased in vitro fertilization of BALB/cJ oocytes compared to T6 medium (p < 0.05). Fertilization rate of NMRI oocytes was significantly higher than BALB/cJ oocytes in T6 medium (p < 0.05). The BALB/cJ embryo IVD was significantly higher in G1/G2 medium compared to mHTF and T6 media (p < 0.01).ConclusionsSuperovulation with 48 h G‐interval and using T6 during all in vitro procedures produces embryos more efficiently for NMRI mice than for BALB/cJ mice. For BALB/cJ mice, a protocol including superovulation with a 44–46 h G‐interval, using mHTF during IVF and G1V5/G2V5 medium during IVD, may improve in vitro embryo production.
Sustainable scale‐up of active management of the third stage of labor for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in Ecuador
Authors: Hermida Jorge , Salas Bernarda , Sloan Nancy L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze the Ecuadorian experience regarding the adoption, scale‐up, and institutionalization of active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL) for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage via continuous quality improvement (CQI) processes.MethodsAverage AMTSL implementation rates for women with vaginal deliveries were compared using unweighted provincial aggregate data from facilities participating in 3 phases of AMTSL programming. Months taken to implement AMTSL at 80% or more and 90% or more compliance were compared across phases.ResultsRate of oxytocin administration during the first 3 months was 5.0% in phase 1, 9.8% in phase 2, and 72.2% in phase 3 (P ≤ 0.001 vs phases 1 and 2). The average number of months provinces took to increase oxytocin administration to 80% or more and 90% or in more women with vaginal deliveries was, respectively, 21.6 ± 18.7 and 30.6 ± 16.4 in phase 1, 23.5 ± 15.1 and 30.1 ± 14.9 in phase 2, and 4.7 ± 4.9 (P ≤ 0.01 vs phase 1; P ≤ 0.001 vs phase 2) and 4.0 ± 3.4 (P ≤ 0.001 vs phases 1 and 2) in phase 3. By December 2009, AMTSL implementation was sustained at 90% or more in all provinces.ConclusionCQI processes identified resistance and operational barriers, and developed mechanisms to overcome them.
A contingent theory of supplier management initiatives: Effects of competitive intensity and product life cycle
Authors: Mahapatra Santosh K. , Das Ajay , Narasimhan Ram 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDirect investments in supplier development and close relationship building are the two major collaborative supplier management strategies for developing and accessing superior supplier capability. The impact of these two strategies, however, has not been uniform across firms, calling for a deeper examination of their relative effectiveness. Utilizing multiple theoretical frameworks, this study examines the relevance and effectiveness of the two collaborative strategies across the growth and maturity stages of the product life cycle (PLC). Specifically, the study analyzes the influence of competitive intensity as an antecedent to supplier development and relational initiatives, and the role of product life cycle as a moderator of the inter‐relationships among competitive intensity, supplier development, relational initiatives, and supplier capability. Based on primary survey data, and discussion with practicing managers, the study finds that the individual and integrative effectiveness of supplier development investments (SDI) and relational orientation (RO) can be influenced differently by competitive intensity and PLC stage. In particular, RO can have a foundational role in motivating SDI for superior supplier capability, as also in safeguarding against supplier opportunism in the standardized product market context of the maturity stage. The managerial and theoretical implications of varied emphasis on the two collaborative supplier management strategies across the PLC stages are discussed.
Statistical modeling of in situ hiss amplitudes using ground measurements
Authors: Golden D. I. , Spasojevic M. , Li W. , Nishimura Y. 
Published: April 2012

Plasmaspheric hiss is a naturally occurring extremely low frequency electromagnetic emission that is often observed within the Earth's plasmasphere. Plasmaspheric hiss plays a major role in the scattering and loss of electrons from the Earth's radiation belts, thereby contributing to the maintenance of the slot region between the inner and outer electron belt. Traditionally, in situ satellite observations have been the measurement modality of choice for studies of plasmaspheric hiss due to their ability to directly measure the hiss source region. However, satellite studies are relatively short‐lived and very few satellite receivers remain operational for an entire 11‐year solar cycle. Ground stations, in contrast, may collect multiple solar cycles' worth of data during their lifetime, yet they cannot directly measure the hiss source region. This study aims to determine the extent to which measurements of hiss at midlatitude ground stations may be used to predict the mean amplitude of in situ measurements of plasmaspheric hiss. We use coincident measurements between Palmer Station, Antarctica (L = 2.4, 50°S invariant latitude) and the THEMIS spacecraft from June 2008 through May 2010, during solar minimum. Using an autoregressive multiple regression model, we show that in the local time sector from 00 < MLT < 12, when the ionosphere above Palmer Station is in darkness and hiss is observed at Palmer, the amplitude of plasmaspheric hiss observed by the THEMIS spacecraft is 1.4 times higher than when hiss is not observed at Palmer. In the same local time sector when the ground station is in daylight and hiss is observed, the THEMIS observed amplitudes are not significantly different from those when hiss is not observed on the ground. A stronger relationship is found in the local time sector from 12 < MLT < 24 where, when Palmer is in daylight and hiss is observed, THEMIS plasmaspheric hiss amplitudes are 2 times higher compared to when hiss is not observed at Palmer. There are insufficient statistics for the 12 < MLT < 24 sector during nighttime conditions. These results suggest that hiss emissions observed at Palmer in the dusk sector are likely plasmaspheric hiss, while those observed in the dawn sector may in fact be an emission other than plasmaspheric hiss, such as either ELF hiss or dawn chorus which has originated at high L‐shells. Though these results suggest that ground measurements of plasmaspheric hiss are not likely to be a viable replacement for in situ measurements, we believe that the predictive ability of our 12 < MLT < 24 sector model may be improved by including measurements taken during geomagnetically disturbed intervals that are characteristic of solar maximum.
Effects of Exhaustive Exercise on Lipid Peroxide and Hydroxy Lipids in Yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata
Authors: Tanaka Ryusuke , Nakamura Takashi 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Cultured yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata (also known as buri) are exposed to more stress and strenuous exercise than wild fish because of high-density breeding and declines in water quality from waste feed. The excessive exercise leads to the production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species that modify several critical cellular components. Thus, exercise could affect flesh quality. Yellowtail were restrained with a fishing line tied to the tail and pulled for 30–40 min until they were fully exhausted. As a result, after exercise lipid peroxide levels increased significantly, from 95 ± 25 (mean ± SD) to 170 ± 13 nmol/g of tissue in red muscle and from 130 ± 31 to 237 ± 29 nmol/g of tissue in the liver. These increases in lipid peroxide levels were mainly the result of peroxidation of phospholipids and not neutral lipids. In particular, the ratio of phospholipid peroxides to neutral lipids in the liver increased from 30.4 ± 11.4% to 55.4 ± 13.8%. However, no significant increase in hydroxy lipids was observed after exercise. These results suggest that yellowtail should be maintained at low densities, transferred quickly to marketing containers from the culture tank, and exsanguinated to prevent adverse effects on flesh quality.
Behind the Scenes
Authors: Briggs Asa 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses Great Britain's first experience of World War 2 on September 3, 1939 with a broadcast and an air-raid warning. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain made the announcement that Britain was at war with Germany and was fighting against ‘evil things’. This chapter also discusses the British Broadcasting Corporation's (BBC) meticulous preparations for the dispersal of its staff and the introduction of the single programme, which was necessary for defence reasons.
‘Twelve Weeks of War’
Authors: Briggs Asa 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter explains that Great Britain's sitzkrieg with Germany actually started on September 1, 1939, two days before Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's broadcast. It officially started when orders had been signalled to every transmitting station and studio of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) to change over to war conditions. During this time, freedom of choice disappeared for home listeners because BBC was only broadcasting one programme related to the war.
A Second Alternative Programme
Authors: Briggs Asa 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Haw-Haw radio programmes from Germany. This programmes were part of a pattern of German radio propaganda which had its origins in German policy and featured William Joyce. The opening words of Haw-Haw's programmes ‘Germany calling, Germany calling’ quickly became catchwords in Great Britain and Haw-Haw stole the headlines more than any British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) broadcasters. This chapter discusses the British background of Haw-Haw or Joyce.
Answering Back
Authors: Briggs Asa 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Great Britain's answer to the Haw-haw radio programmes, Germany's war propaganda. It argues that during this time the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was more active than the Ministry of Information in getting back at Germany and discusses the appointment of former BBC General-Director J.W.C. Reith as Minister of Information. It also describes Reith's meeting with current BBC Director-General Frederick Ogilvie and his proposals for wartime broadcasting.
Attack by Radio
Authors: Briggs Asa 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter highlights the role of radio broadcasting in the success of Germany's blitzkrieg attack in western Europe. Many analysts attributed the success of the blitzkrieg to the success of the German broadcasting machine and in particular to the skilful tactics employed in the defeat of France. This chapter explains the reasons behind the success of Germany's radio propaganda including the role of radio broadcaster Paul Ferdonnet, called ‘the traitor of Stuttgart’.
Counter-attack
Authors: Briggs Asa 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines the reorganization of British broadcasting in France during the summer and autumn of 1940. It suggests that this reorganization was part of a much bigger, though incomplete, reorganization of the British Broadcasting Corporation's (BBC) overseas service. It argues that British broadcasting's offensive strategy of propaganda during Germany's attack on Great Britain played a major role in Germany's first military defeat.
The Battle of Britain
Authors: Briggs Asa 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines the events in the Battle of Britain to provide a better understanding of the domestic and international role of British broadcasting in 1940. It argues that the propaganda tactics of German broadcasters during this battle were far less effective that they had been during the blitzkrieg in Holland, Belgium, and France. It describes the programmes and broadcasting of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) during this time.
Propaganda and Intelligence
Authors: Briggs Asa 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the reorganization of British propaganda and military intelligence in 1942 following the creation and growth of the Political Warfare Executive (PWE). It discusses the impact of the PWE on the European service of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and highlights the problem in the operation of the PWE. It explains that there were differences within the PWE and the absence of Director-General Bruce Lockhart were often sharp divergences of viewpoint.
The World Map of Radio
Authors: Briggs Asa 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses the expansion of the British Broadcasting Corporation's (BBC) European service into a world service in 1942. During this time the BBC had to deal with so many difficult wartime problems, both of intelligence and of propaganda, that its staff became too busy even to attend discussion on the international uses of radio. It explains that the British Home Office was also relying on BBC to coordinate monitoring of war-related developments around the world.
Reorganization
Authors: Briggs Asa 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the reorganisation of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). It suggests that the goal of General Adviser on War-Time Organisation was not to break the organization, but to produce a tidy and acceptable pattern which would save the BBC from incessant intervention from the Treasury Department. It explains that the reorganisation was designed to establish financial control and to reform the highly centralised pre-administrative machine built up in peace-time.
D-Day and After
Authors: Briggs Asa 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter focuses on British Broadcasting Corporation's (BBC) broadcasting during and after D-Day. It discusses the BBC's creation of War Reports, which was first introduced by John Snagge. This programme was essentially personal and informal, and was listened to by an audience of ten to fifteen million in Great Britain and thousands overseas. This chapter also explores the war of words between German and BBC broadcasters and highlights the Ministry of Information of announcement of the official start of VE Day on May 8, 1945.
Management of cardio-vascular abnormalities caused by autonomic dysfunction in spinal cord injury
Authors: Mathias C. J. , Frankel H. L. , Cole J. D. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe activity of the autonomie nervous system is dependent on a cranial parasympathetic outflow and on spinal pathways, which traverse the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar sections of the spinal cord, with the sympathetic outflow emerging from the thoracic and upper lumbar segments, and the parasympathetic outflow from the sacral segments. In patients with spinal cord lesions the major proportion of the autonomie outflow may therefore be disrupted, resulting in inactivity, or dissociation of actions from cerebral regulation. A greater degree of disordered cardio-vascular control often occurs in patients with cervical and high thoracic spinal cord lesions. Activity of the autonomie nervous system, however, is also dependent on the afferent nervous system, and the level and extent of lesion thus influences responses. This chapter concentrates on the management of cardiovascular abnormalities which result from autonomie dysfunction in patients with high spinal cord injury. The initial description involves patients with acute lesions, as their cardio-vascular problems are often different from those in the chronic stages.
Principles of nuclear magnetic resonance and MRI
Authors: Jezzard Peter , Clare Stuart 
Published: April 2012

AbstractImaging using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was first demonstrated in the 1970s, and has since seen huge application in diagnostic radiology. It has been described using a number of formalisms and at a number of levels of complexity. This chapter traverses a path inbetween unnecessary rigorous complexity and over-simplifying inaccuracy of NMR imaging, and involves a discussion of most imaging experiments that can be understood using the principles of classical physics and quantum effects. It illustrates that NMR has a long history in helping to elucidate the chemical composition of samples via an analysis of their NMR spectra. The chapter emphasizes the concepts of spatial understanding and k- space, discusses Fourier imaging and studies nuclei namely hydrogen, phosphorus and carbon in the case of biomedical magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Selection of the optimal pulse sequence for functional MRI
Authors: Bandettini Peter A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter assists the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) user in making an informed decision regarding the choice of functional MRI pulse sequence, and presents the pulse sequence choices against a wider backdrop of relevant variables, ranging from paradigm timing to available hardware. It explores the variables that can be optimized in typical functional MRI experiments, which include: information content, sensitivity, acquisition speed, image resolution, brain coverage and anatomical image quality. Summaries and discussions of the tradeoffs regarding the variables described are also included, and some of the issues relating to selection of the possible and the optimal temporal resolution and spatial resolution in fMRI experiments are considered. The rapid rate of improvement in pulse sequence design, data processing, information content, data interpretation and paradigm design can be overwhelming to the novice and even to the advanced user. The hope is to build a broader perspective of what the limits and possibilities of fMRI are.
Registration, atlases and cortical flattening
Authors: Jenkinson Mark 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter discusses the details of structural analysis methods in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to interpret, relate and compare spatial locations, beginning with a description of some preliminary and related processing methods. It proceeds with a discussion of registration including both manual and automatic registration, and gives a brief overview of the important concepts and various approaches involved in registration. The chapter also discusses the two basic tasks for which an atlas is helpful, and mentions that when analysing the functional response of the brain, it is the spatial relationships between different parts of the cortical surface which are of interest. Therefore, an understanding and analysis of these spatial relationships is critical for the knowledge of cognitive function. Analysing the spatial relations in three dimensions, however, is complicated. It is more natural to express the relations in a two-dimensional representation, since the cortical grey matter is in effect a folded two-dimensional surface. Cortical flattening provides a way of creating such a two-dimensional map from the three-dimensional images of the brain. Finally, the chapter discusses the three main applications of structural analysis in fMRI
Extracting brain connectivity
Authors: Büchel Christian , Friston Karl 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter shows that new methods for measuring effective connectivity allow us to characterize the interactions between brain regions which underlie the complex interactions among different processing stages of functional architectures. It reviews the basic concepts of effective connectivity in neuroimaging. The methods introduced to assess effective connectivity are multiple linear regression, covariance structural equation modelling and variable parameter regression. The first example demonstrates that non-linear interactions can be characterized using simple extensions of linear models, while in the second, structural equation modelling is introduced as a device that allows one to combine observed changes in cortical activity and anatomical models. Finally, the chapter concludes that the approach to neuroimaging data and regional interactions is an exciting endeavour, which is starting to attract more attention.
Clinical applications of mapping neurocognitive processes in the human brain with functional MRI
Authors: Thulborn Keith R. , Gisbert Antonio 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA critical issue in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is to ensure that the subject is performing the required task. This can be important particularly in clinical studies. Clinical applications of fMRI conducted thus far can be summarized in three general areas. This chapter deals with aspects of these applications along with special problems associated with patient studies, and presents strategies that serve to meet these challenges. Quality control of the imaging environment, patient preparation and selection, as well as appropriately calibrated paradigms, are also discussed. The chapter reviews quality assurance and considers several aspects of the fMRI examination to ensure this level of success, concluding that fMRI has now become an exciting window onto brain function in many patient populations currently thought to be inappropriate for imaging.
Dynamic functional neuroimaging integrating multiple modalities
Authors: George John S. , Schmidt David M. , Rector David M. , Wood Chris 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter discusses the relative importance of imaging technologies and the need to integrate information from multiple methods. It deals with several classes of computational techniques that allow the integration of data from magnetoencephalography (MEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to improve the accuracy and reliability of functional neuroimaging by MEG. The chapter analyses the integrated application of two powerful paradigms for functional neuroimaging, exploiting the strengths and minimizing the weaknesses of each. Furthermore, it illustrates that because of the ambiguity associated with the neural electromagnetic inverse problem, a number of investigators have pursued the strategy of using fMRI to define the locations of activation while using MEG or EEG to estimate time-courses. Finally, the chapter mentions the need to expand the arsenal of methods available to the neuroscientist or physician for understanding the architecture and dynamic function of the human brain.
The Upright Head in Hominid Evolution
Authors: Tobias Phillip V. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractHuman uprightness and its anatomic basis are among the most outstanding features that differentiate the living man from the apes of Africa and Asia. The manner in which the body has modified its structure and biomechanics to the new forms of uprightness and bipedalism is only short of ingenious. After more than 4 to 5 million years, humans have not yet evolved a mechanism that is free of errors and vexatious problems. Our bodies are still subject to what Sir Arthur Keith termed the ills of uprightness. These include flat feet, slipped disks, hernias, prolapses, malposture, malocclusion, and painful cephalocervical pathology showing itself as headaches, hypertonicity of the neck muscles, and effects of pressure on motor and sensory nerves.