bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personality Patterns of Iranian Boys and Girls on Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Test
Authors: MEHRYAR A. H. 
Published: July 2011

A Persian translation of Cattell's 16 Personality Factor test (Form A) was given to a group of 598 Iranian secondary‐school students, 259 girls and 339 boys, aged between 17 and 19. The results were analysed with respect to sex and academic specialization and compared with American norms.Iranian boys were found to score higher than Iranian girls on factors C, E, H and L, but lower than them on factors A, I, M, O and Q4. Boys following the mathematics or physical science branches differed from those enrolled in the literature or humanities branch on factors A, C, G, I, L, M, N, O and Q4; those following natural science (biology) differed from the literary group on factors C, I, M, N, O and Q4. The two scientific branches were significantly different only on factors G, I and L. For the girls, significant differences were observed only on the A and I factors. On the whole, the picture presented by the Iranian mathematics and natural science groups is very similar to that of the physical scientist as revealed by Western studies.Iranian boys differ from their American counterparts on factors G, L, N, Q3, E, F, Q2 and Q4. Similarly, Iranian girls emerge as different from American girls on factors A, F, G, H, I, L, N, O, Q3 and Q4. The findings are discussed in the light of other evidence regarding Iranian culture and the performance on the 16 PF test in other cultural settings.
An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship between Conservatism and Superstition
Authors: BOSHIER ROGER 
Published: July 2011

According to the Authoritarian Personality researchers (Adorno et al., 1950) superstition was a central component of the highly conservative fascistic type person and indicates a tendency to shift responsibility from the individual on to outside forces beyond his control; it indicates that the ego might already have “given up”, that is to say, renounced the idea that it might determine the individual's fate by overcoming external forces' (p. 236). However, close examination of the Authoritarian Personality reveals the evidence in support of the above proposition to be somewhat equivocal. Furthermore, findings derived from studies using the F Scale are now suspect because of criticisms levelled at the F Scale concerning acquiescence response bias (viz. Peabody, 1966).The constructors of the Conservatism Scale included items such as ‘horoscopes' and ‘inborn conscience’ in order to tap superstition. The balanced keying of items has successfully overcome problems of acquiescence response bias inherent in propositional statement type measures of conservatism (Cloud & Vaughan, 1970).
The Structure of Genotypic and Environmental Covariation for Personality Measurements: An Analysis of the PEN
Authors: EAVES L. J. 
Published: July 2011

Phenotypic covariation for personality measurements reflects covariation due to both genetical and environmental influences. An attempt was made to separate covariation due to genetical causes from that due to environmental causes among the responses of 101 pairs of monozygotic twins to an 80‐item questionnaire providing scores of psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism. At least part of the covariation of items known to load for extraversion could be explained by the unitary action of environmental influences. The same conclusion was reached with respect to neuroticism, but there was little evidence that environmental differences resulted in any covariation between the psychoticism items.Although genetical influences were more important in determining the relationships among the P items there was no clear indication that psychoticism was a unitary genotypic factor. The covariation of the N items, however, could reasonably be attributed to unitary genetical influences on neurotic behaviour. It was found that more than one genetical factor was probably involved in the determination of covariation among the E items, suggesting that the apparently unitary nature of extraversion at the phenotypic level could be due to environmental rather than to genetical influences.
Reversing the Process of Thought Disorder: a Serial Validation Experiment
Authors: BANNISTER D. , ADAMS‐WEBBER J. R. , PENN W. I. , RADLEY A. R. 
Published: July 2011

Previous personal construct theory studies of thought disorder suggest that it can be viewed as a state of grossly loosened construing (a weak and unstable network of links between ideas) and that it can fairly be measured by grid method. Later studies in the series indicated that it is people not things which bewilder the thought‐disordered patient ‐ it is his role as a ‘psychologist’ that is specifically damaged.The serial invalidation hypothesis argued that thought disorder is the long‐term consequence of a repeated failure to predict accurately the behaviour of others and self, resulting in the disintegration of any organized, personal ‘theory’ about relationships.The present experiment attempts to reverse the process of thought disorder by first identifying whatever weak, remaining system of expectations the thought‐disordered patient manifests and then fulfilling these expectations. Such a process of serial validation might lead to a strengthening of the ‘theory’ which generated these expectations ‐ a tightening of the construct system.Experimental and control group were closely studied over a two‐year period. Results ‐ while tending in the predicted direction ‐ yield a not proven verdict though they leave the argument viable and the experiment worth modified replication.
The Role of Visual Communication in Social Exchange
Authors: STEPHENSON G. M. , AYLING K. , RUTTER D. R. 
Published: July 2011

Twelve male and twelve female pairs of subjects, assuming management and union roles, engaged in a negotiation‐type task either face‐to‐face or in separate rooms communicating via a headphone–microphone link. Transcripts of their discussions were taken and analysed using Conference Process Analysis, a new system for describing the content of negotiations.It was predicted that in comparison with face‐to‐face conversations, conversations by audio link would be ‘depersonalized’ and ‘task‐oriented’. Results supported both hypotheses. In the absence of visual communication there was less praise for one's opponent and more ‘party’ references. The second hypothesis was supported by a significantly greater exchange of ‘offers of information’ in the absence of visual communication, while union representatives exchanged more ‘offers of information about their opponent's party’ by audio link than face‐to‐face. Results highlighted interesting and unpredicted differences in behaviour between the representatives of the two sides in relation to medium of communication. Taken together, the results suggest that visual communication has three main effects upon the content of exchanges: it encourages spontaneity and, hence, a more wide‐ranging discussion, while at the same time promoting the adoption of conventional role relationships by the participants.
Visual Interaction in Recently Admitted and Chronic Long‐stay Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: RUTTER D. R. 
Published: July 2011

Several reports have suggested that schizophrenic patients engage in very little Looking and eye‐contact*. However, previous work, much of it methodologically unsatisfactory, has been based almost always on the clinical psychiatric interview, with the result that several important questions remain unanswered. In particular, we do not know how schizophrenic patients behave in free conversation, how their behaviour with another patient may differ from their behaviour with a psychiatrically normal partner, nor even whether they show individual consistency across encounters. The first study was designed to examine these questions, by observing recently admitted schizophrenic patients in two free dyadic conversations, one with a schizophrenic partner and one with a psychiatrically normal partner, and comparing them with three control groups: depressive patients; patients suffering from neurotic or personality disorders; and psychiatrically normal chest patients. The second study went on to test whether the early descriptions of gross abnormality may be more appropriate to chronic long‐stay patients than to recently admitted patients, and the design consisted of a comparison between the two groups.The first study revealed a quite unexpected pattern of results. Consistently across their two encounters, schizophrenic subjects behaved similarly for the most part to all three control groups, normal and abnormal alike. Moreover, the few differences which did emerge conflicted sharply with previous findings, including the writer's, and were no more marked in patient‐patient than patient‐normal encounters. The second study revealed no differences between chronic long‐stay and recently admitted schizophrenic patients. It is suggested that the differences in findings between the present two studies and previous reports are most likely to be attributable to differences in verbal content: schizophrenic patients show abnormalities of visual interaction when talking about personal matters, but behave quite normally when the topic is not of immediate personal relevance.
Games Theory, Television and Leisure: An Adolescent Study
Authors: HENDRY L. B. , THORNTON D. J. E. 
Published: July 2011

Sutton‐Smith's games typologies of potency, strategy, and fortunism were applied to television viewing preferences in order to: (1) construct a television classification based on Sutton‐Smith's three types; and (2) ascertain whether or not 204 adolescents designated as potents, strategists and fortunists could be distinguished in terms of their games involvement, attitudes to sport and social class.Results suggested that adolescents who prefer television programmes which represent a given lifestyle exhibit characteristics similar to Sutton‐Smith's original descriptions. Potents were distinguished by risk‐taking, favourable ascetic attitudes to games and to some extent by non‐manual social class; strategists by favourable social attitudes to games and non‐manual social class; and fortunists by lower social class and favourable attitudes to games of chance. In addition, male potents and strategists were significantly more often involved in games playing in their leisure time than fortunists.
Simultaneous speech, interruptions and dominance
Authors: Ferguson Nicola 
Published: July 2011

Simultaneous speech and interruptions are often employed as measures of dominance in observational studies of family interaction. This paper questions the assumption that these particular features of conversation are signs of dominance. Four types of interruption or ‘speaker‐switch non‐fluency’ are distinguished on the basis of data drawn from 7 1/2 hours of spontaneous, experimentally unstructured conversation. Three of these non‐fluencies involve simultaneous speech. It is suggested that the classification of interruptions and simultaneous speech may not be altogether satisfactory in many observational studies of family interaction. Coefficients of correlation are computed for the four types of speaker‐switch non‐fluency and two measures of dominance. Only two of the non‐fluency types are significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with dominance.The data presented here are not final or conclusive, but it is hoped that they will stimulate critical evaluations of various behavioural measures which are used in family interaction research.
Children's behaviour and the BSAG: Some theoretical and statistical considerations
Authors: Ghodsian M. 
Published: July 2011

The 12 syndromes of the Bristol Social Adjustment Guide were factor analysed using data obtained on some 14000, 11 year olds. Separate analyses carried out for six social class and two sex categories revealed two very stable factors. These were discussed in relation to factors found in other similar analyses.Certain theoretical and empirical limitations and problems were pointed to and it was suggested that within the context of these, the factors provide simple and parsimonious descriptions of classroom behaviour and might be of value in future research.
The relationship of age, sex and personality to social attitudes in children aged 8–15 years
Authors: Powell Graham E. , Stewart Robert A. 
Published: July 2011

Eight hundred and eight children between 8 and 15 completed the Junior Personality Questionnaire yielding psychoticism (P), extraversion (E), neuroticism (N) and lie (L) scores, and the Children's Scale of Social Attitudes giving conservatism (CON), religion (REL), ethnocentrism (ETH), punitiveness (PUN) and SEX scores.It was found that: P related positively to PUN and ETH and negatively to CON and REL: E related positively to SEX and negatively to ETH; N related to social attitudes in only a few specific group instances; L related positively to CON and REL and negatively to SEX. The relationships seemed to be mediated by the tough‐mindedness of the high P child; by the sociability of the extravert; and by the social acquiescence of high Lie scorers. The claim of Pearson & Sheffield (1976) that personality and social attitudes are unrelated is therefore rejected.With age, CON, REL, ETH, and PUN scores tended to fall whilst SEX scores rose. These developmental trends were discussed in the light of social‐group theory, social‐learning theory and cognitive‐developmental theory. These theories had to cope with the very early acquisition of orthodox attitudes and then their subsequent liberalization. Modelling theory dealt with this task most adequately.
Hypnosis as obedience behaviour
Authors: Hunt Sonja M. 
Published: July 2011

Obedience to authority has been implicated in hypnotic behaviour from the earliest theories. However, no exact formulation of a model of obedience was available until Milgram's experiments in the 1960s. Milgram's model can usefully be applied to hypnotic behaviour in terms of antecedent and immediate antecedent variables, binding and strain factors and the resolution of conflict.An experiment was carried out to test the hypothesis that the presence of a “disobedient” hypnotic subject in the same room as another hypnotic subject would lower the susceptibility to hypnosis of the second subject. Results showed that when one subject disobeyed by leaving the hypnotic situation, susceptibility was significantly less than that of control subjects. It is suggested that hypnosis can be viewed as an “agentic state” whereby the subject gives up autonomy and relinquishes responsibility for his actions to the hypnotist, whilst remaining responsible to the hypnotist for his performance as an hypnotic subject.
The British Study of Values: II. The effects of “test‐faking‘ and of maturation on a psychology degree course
Authors: Gibson H. B. 
Published: July 2011

An experiment is reported involving students who went through an honours psychology degree course. After admission they were given the British version of the Study of Values test, and immediately afterwards asked to repeat the test “faking good” in a manner which they would imagine would make them appear as ideal candidates for the psychology course.Three years later, all the 62 students who had completed the course were again asked to complete the test in the standard manner. Certain significant differences were noted between the original genuine test profiles and the profiles obtained by “faking good”. In general, the final profiles obtained at the end of the course were found to be more similar to the original genuine profiles (although certain significant changes had taken place) than to the profiles obtained by “faking good”. These data provide some test‐retest data about the test after a lapse of 3 years, and highlighted the uselessness of the test as a screening device where test‐faking might be an operative factor.
Personality and extinction of a conditioned electrodermal response
Authors: Hemming J. H. 
Published: July 2011

This study investigated personality differences in extinction of a conditioned EDR. The subjects were selected on the basis of EPI neuroticism and impulsivity scores. Subjects with scores on, or near, the sample means were excluded.Fifty‐one subjects underwent an aversive discrimination conditioning procedure. The reinforcement was 75 per cent, the UCS was 100 dB white noise for 1 sec, while the CS was one of five different coloured lights of 2 sec duration. The UCS was presented at CS termination. Subjects were informed of the CS‐UCS contingency before the acquisition phase and informed of the onset of the extinction phase.Subjects high on impulsivity showed significantly (P < 0·01) greater extinction of the discrimination than subjects low on impulsivity.
Memory for medical information
Authors: Ley Philip 
Published: July 2011

The frequency with which patients fail to recall advice presented by their doctors is described. The amount forgotten is shown to be a linear function of the amount presented, to be correlated with the patient's medical knowledge, anxiety level and possibly age, but not with intelligence.It is probable that instructions and advice are more often forgotten than other information, and that this is the result of their low perceived importance, and their being presented late in the series of statements presented ‐ there being (a) a primacy effect in recall of medical information, and (b a tendency for statements perceived as more important to be better recalled.Experiments to control the content and amount of forgetting are described. Control of content can be obtained by use of the primacy and importance effects, while control of amount forgotten can be achieved by use of (a) simpler language, (b) explicit categorization, (c) repetition, and (d) concrete‐specific rather than general‐abstract advice statements.
Attribution tendencies of popular and unpopular children
Authors: Aydin Orhan , Markova Ivana 
Published: July 2011

Forty‐one popular and 36 unpopular 8–10 year old children were presented with 11 ambiguous pictures, five of them with ongoing actions and six with completed actions with a negative outcome. The pictures were designed to investigate a child's tendency to attribute positive or negative intentions, and personal or impersonal causality, respectively. Subjects were asked to make up stories about each of the pictures, and in a second session were given a questionnaire with multiple choice answers, related to each of the pictures. The following results were obtained:(1)Popular children attributed more impersonal causes to negative outcomes in both stories and questionnaires (F = 16.27, F = 14.35, respectively, P <0.001), and more positive intentions (F = 15.59, F = 24.52 respectively, P <0.001). There was no effect of sex, but a main effect of age (F = 3.15, P <0.05) showing an increasing tendency with age to attribute negative intentions to uncompleted actions when using the questionnaire method.(2)A high correlation between intention scores and causality scores demonstrates that attribution of positive intentions and impersonal causality on the one hand, and of negative intentions and personal causality on the other hand, are expressions of the same general attributional tendency.
Anxiety as state and trait following survived myocardial infarction
Authors: Byrne D. G. 
Published: July 2011

Measures of state anxiety (visual analogue scales) and trait anxiety (the Neuroticism scale of the EPI) were examined in 120 survivors of acute MI and in a further 40 persons admitted to coronary care with chest pain but failing to attract a diagnosis of MI. Results indicated that state anxiety responses to coronary care admission were modulated by a neurotic predisposition, for both groups of patients. Those patients aware that they had sustained a MI were higher on measures of state anxiety than those whose discharge from coronary care was accompanied by the information that their chest pain had not signalled a heart attack, but trait anxiety failed to distinguish the two groups. Among those who had sustained a MI, women reported greater state anxiety than men but were not significantly higher on the measure of trait anxiety. It was suggested that the former difference might be explained by sex‐role related tendencies in the reporting of emotional states.The finding that a neurotic predisposition appeared to modulate state anxiety responses to MI was discussed in terms of the possible role of liaison psychology services to coronary care units. In this respect it was suggested that an awareness of psychological responses to past crises may sensitize coronary care medical staff to those patients most at risk of an adverse emotional response to the present crisis (MI), and so facilitate rapid referral to liaison psychology services for intervention.
A social skills group with mentally retarded subjects
Authors: Holley Sheila 
Published: July 2011

The importance of social effectiveness in securing personal needs, and of social competence training in rehabilitation programmes for psychiatric and mentally retarded patients, have been frequently stated.The need to improve further the social effectiveness, especially communication skills, of the mentally retarded prior to discharge from hospital has been particularly stressed. However, the focus of communication training has been on linguistic and arithmetic skills, while little attention has been paid to non‐verbal skills, this despite the fact that their importance in communication has been widely demonstrated. It is suggested here that improvement in basic interaction skills, including non‐verbal components, will improve communication and increase the social effectiveness of the mentally retarded in the community outside the hospital.An attempt was made to improve mentally retarded subjects' basic interaction skills by means of a social skills training group. There was significant improvement in target behaviours after training and some improvement was maintained at 8 weeks follow‐up. The study suggests that such training groups might effectively improve the communication skills of mentally retarded subjects.
Cue utilization in the perception of dominance
Authors: van de Sande J. P. 
Published: July 2011

Persons engaged in videotaped dyadic conversations were rated on dominance by 40 judges, and 13 behavioural variables related to speech and gaze behaviour were systematically observed.Principal component analysis showed that the variance in judges’ ratings of dominance could for a large part (71 per cent) be explained from the variance in behaviour.Most strongly associated with dominance judgement were variables related to speech duration. Gaze behaviour seemed to be associated with dominance impression if seen in relation to speech behaviour. Several implications of the findings are discussed.
Are authoritarians extraverted?
Authors: Ray J. J. 
Published: July 2011

In spite of much past criticism, Eysenck & Wilson (1978) restate Eysenck's earlier theory concerning the structure of social attitudes with only minor changes. A third dimension of ‘economic conservatism’ has been added and psychoticism as well as extraversion has been implicated in the explanation of tough‐mindedness. Good evidence for the proposed relationship between extraversion and tough‐mindedness still, however, seems to be lacking.Eysenck (1954), of course, proposes his tough‐mindedness dimension as a ‘pure’ measure of authoritarianism — unlike the Rightist authoritarianism of the F scale. Extraversion, then, is supposed to make both Rightists and Leftists authoritarian. One trouble in testing this theory, however, is the general rejection of Eysenck's own ‘T’ scale (see, for example, Christie, 1956). Since Eysenck & Wilson (1978) identify as measuring ‘tough‐mindedness’ items which are almost entirely concerned with religion and morality, this is perhaps understandable.Inadequacies in Eysenck's empirical work do not however amount to a disproof of his theory and it is this theory that the present paper sets out to test in a hopefully more rigorous way.