bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of rumen protozoa on dietary lipid in sheep
Authors: Abaza M. A. , Akkada A. R. Abou , El-Shazly K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYWashed suspensions of mixed rumen protozoa readily hydrogenated fatty acids in cottonseed, soya bean and corn oils in addition to free oleic and linoleic acids. Protozoa belonging to the familyOphryoscolecidaeappeared to account for almost all the activity of mixed protozoa, protozoa of the familyIsotrichidaepossessing little or no ability to hydrogenate the added substrates. The hydrogenation of oleic acid was markedly increased by Fe and Mn. The addition of starch cellulose, urea and sodium formate greatly stimulated hydrogenation of oleic acid by rumen protozoa. Glucose, casein, ammonium sulphate, L-cysteine andn-valeric acid had no or little effect on extent of hydrogenation.When suspensions of mixed protozoa were incubated in a buffer solution, an increase in iodine value was observed. The desaturation in the protozoal cells was appreciably increased by DL-methionine and was not influenced by L-cysteine. No desaturation activity by the pure suspensions ofOphryoscolecidaeorIsotrichidaewas observed.The presence of protozoa in the rumen of sheep greatly increased the levels of saturated fatty acids over those in the ciliate-free animals. The concentrations of saturated fatty acids in the plasma of faunated sheep were significantly higher than those in the same animals after the removal of rumen ciliate protozoa.
Growth, development and nutrient uptake in pigeonpeas (Cajanus cajan)
Authors: Sheldrake A. R. , Narayanan A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe growth and development of two early (Pusa ageti and T-21) and three mediumduration (ST-1, ICP-1 and HY-3C) cultivars of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) were compared at Hyderabad, India, in 1974 and 1975; in 1976 cv. ICP-1 was studied. The pigeonpeas were grown on a Vertisol and on an Alfisol. The crop growth rate in the first 2 months was low. The maximum rate of 171 kg/ha/day was found in the fourth month of growth of cv. ICP-1 on Alfisol. The early cultivars, one of which (cv. Pusa ageti) was morphologically determinate, and the other (cv. T-21) indeterminate, did not differ in the proportion of dry matter partitioned into seeds. The mean dry weight of the ab ove-ground parts of the medium cultivars on Vertisol in 1975 was 8·45 t/ha, including 2·23 t/ha of fallen plant material. The mean harvest index (ratio of grain dry weight to total plant dry weight) of these cultivars was 0·24 excluding fallen material and 0·17 taking fallen material into account. Starch reserves were present in the stems during the vegetative phase, but disappeared during the reproductive phase. In 1974 the maximum leaf-area index on Vertisol was 3 and on Alfisol 12·7. The net assimilation rate tended to decline throughout the growth period, but in the medium cultivars increased at the end of the reproductive phase, probably because of photosynthesis in pod walls and stems.In 1974 and 1975 the growth of roots and distribution of nodules in Vertisol was investigated by means of soil cores. Roots extended below 150 cm and root growth continued during the reproductive phase. Most nodules were found within the first 30 cm of soil, but some were found below 120 cm. In cv. T-21, grown in brick chambers150 cm deep, at the time of harvest about three-quarters of the mass of the roots was found in the first 30 cm, and the shoot:root ratio was around 4:1.In 1975 the mean uptake of nitrogen by the medium cultivars on Vertisol was 120 kg/ha, including 34 kg/ha in fallen material. In 1976 the uptake of nitrogen by cv. ICP-1 was 89 kg/ha on Vertisol and 79 kg/ha on Alfisol, including 32 and 23 kg/ha respectively in fallen material. Nitrogen uptake continued throughout the growing period. The percentage of nitrogen in stems and leaves declined as the plants developed and there was a net remobilization of nitrogen from these organs. The pattern of uptake and remobilization of phosphorus resembled that of nitrogen. In 1976 the total uptake of phosphorus by cv. ICP-1 on Vertisol was 5·8 kg/ha and on Alfisol 5·0 kg/a.The relatively low yields of pigeonpeas result from a restricted partitioning of dry matter into pods, which may be related to the plants' perennial nature.
Studies on reproduction in prolific ewes:5. The accretion of nutrients in the foetuses and adnexa
Authors: McDonald I. , Robinson J. J. , Fraser C. , Smart R. I. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe concentrations of dry matter, crude protein, fat and ash and of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K were determined for 22 sets of twin foetuses, 33 of triplets and 11 of quadruplets of known gestational ages within the range 55–145 days. In addition, determinations were made of the concentrations of dry matter, crude protein, fat and ash in their associated placentae and empty uteri, and of dry matter, nitrogen, energy and ash in the foetal fluids. The dry matter, crude protein and fat concentrations in the placentae increased with foetal age and decreased with increasing litter size. Ash concentrations were unaltered. There was no effect of litter size or foetal age on the concentration of nutrients in the empty uteri. Dry matter and nitrogen concentrations in the fluids increased with foetal age but were independent of litter size, whereas ash concentrations increased with litter size but not with age.The form of the mathematical model for foetal growth is considered in relation to the estimation of rates of accretion and the estimation of the differences in composition to be expected between foetuses that are heavy and others that are light relative to their age. When the weights of the foetal constituents were fitted by Gompertz equations extended to include foetal weight as an allometric term, the effects of litter size on foetal composition could be estimated from the foetal weights for each size of litter. Concentrations of dry matter and of most constituents in the foetuses became less as numbers of foetuses increased, irrespective of stage of gestation.A description of the changing composition of the growing foetuses was provided by specific growth rates calculated from the fitted equations. With minor exceptions, derived estimates of foetal concentrations of each constituent were found to agree quite well with most previously published estimates for ovine foetuses, but similar agreement on daily accretion rates was not to be expected in view of the sensitivity of such estimates to the choice of model for foetal growth. Rates of accretion in the gravid uterus increased up to about 5 weeks before parturition and tended to level off thereafter, but most of them still increased slightly over the last 2 weeks, even in ewes bearing triplets or quadruplets. Taking account of the changes in the maternal body of the ewes, it was concluded that although the prolific ewes incurred a substantial energy deficit, and could not have consumed sufficient of the diet to avoid this, their intakes in late pregnancy were nevertheless adequate to support the high rates of accretion of protein and of minerals in the gravid uterus.
Quantitative digestion of fresh herbage by sheep:V. The digestion of four herbages and prediction of sites of digestion
Authors: Ulyatt M. J. , Egan A. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe extents and sites of digestion of organic matter (OM), and its constituent watersoluble carbohydrates, organic acids, pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose and crude protein have been studied in sheep prepared with re-entrant duodenal cannulas and fed four fresh herbage diets, Ruanui perennial ryegrass, Tama Westerwolds ryegrass, Pitau white clover and Fakir sainfoin, at each of two levels of intake.The water-soluble carbohydrate, organic acids and pectin of all diets were almost completely digested within the rumen. Some 10% of water soluble carbohydrate reached the duodenum on each diet, though this may not have been of dietary origin. Only on legume diets, where pectin concentration was higher, did measurable amounts of pectin reach the intestine, accounting for some 5% of the pectin.Hemicellulose and cellulose digestibilities differed between diets, being lowest for sainfoin, and next lowest for clover. Between 79 and 94% of digestible hemicellulose was digested in the stomach, but diet and intake had no significant effect on this partition. Of the digestible cellulose, 87–97% was digested in the stomach.Digestibility of N was lowest for sainfoin and highest for Tama ryegrass. There were no significant differences between herbage species or intake in the percentage of digested N digested in the stomach or intestines. The tannin contained in sainfoin had no effect on nitrogen digestion.Data from this and other studies reported in the literature were examined as a basis for establishing prediction equations whereby the partition of digestion of the major carbohydrate and nitrogenous constituents in stomach and intestines might be estimated from data obtainable from standard digestibility trials. Regressions were developed for predicting the amounts of OM, cellulose, and hemicellulose digested in the stomach. There are not yet enough suitable data available to predict the amount of nitrogen entering the small intestine.
Phorate-resistant mutant strains of chick pea (Cicer arietinumL.)Rhizobiumsp. growth and their compatibility in symbiotic nitrogen fixation
Authors: Rai R. , Sinha R. B. , Prasad V. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYChick peaRhizobiumstrain RG3 was treated with 30 μg/ml of N-nitrosoguanidine and two mutants isolated were resistant to 2000 μg phorate/ml yet retained the capacity to form nodules. On the basis of number of nodules, their dry weight, N2ase activity, total pyridine nucleotides and active iron contents, mutant strains G11 and G26 were found to be equally effective with and without phorate and resulted in significantly greater grain yield.
Recovery of ryegrass species from drought
Authors: Norris I. B. , Thomas H. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effect of drought on the growth and subsequent recovery of container-grown perennial, Italian and hybrid ryegrass plants was assessed in a glasshouse. Dry-matter production and percentage of water-soluble carbohydrates were measured, and nondestructive measurements of growth components (leaf extension, leaf appearance and tillering) were made.Drought had an effect upon all the variables recorded. Italian ryegrass was most severely affected by drought in terms of tillering, leaf extension and subsequent recovery. Selecting for improved recovery growth was considered to be of more economic importance than selecting for improved growth during drought.It was concluded that subjecting pot-grown plants to drought, although in many ways unrealistic, was a very useful technique when screening a large number of different genotypes for drought tolerance and recovery.
A model for estimating soil moisture deficits under cereal crops in Britain:1. Development
Authors: Francis P. E. , Pidgeon J. D 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA new and detailed model, involving meteorological, crop and soil variables, is proposed to provide daily estimates of moisture deficits in soils under cereal cropping in Britain. The model incorporates developments in the calculation of potential evapotranspiration specifically for cereal crops. Four processes of loss of water are considered, namely drainage, evaporation of free water from the crop canopy, evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration by the crop. Thus the model is applicable at all stages of the cropping cycle. Above-ground and root system development of the crop are modelled and available and extractable water capacities of a wide range of soils are estimated. Thus the demand for water and its availability are varied with crop species, stage of development and soil type as well as with meteorological variables.The calculation of water losses is not dependent on arbitrary assumptions about the division of losses between the four processes considered or between different horizons of the soil.Extreme simplicity of input data requirement has been maintained. The model has been programmed in FORTRAN, and is compatible with Meteorological Office data archives.
The Contribution of Clay and Organic Matter to the Base Exchange Capacity of Soils
Authors: Williams Rice 
Published: March 2009

1. The total exchangeable bases, clay, total carbon and carbon oxidisable by 4 per cent, hydrogen peroxide, have been determined for a number of carbonate soils.2. Assuming soils containing excess of carbonate under natural conditions to be base saturated, equations have been derived connecting exchange capacity with clay and (a) total or (b) “oxidisable” carbon content.3. When the organic matter of these soils was assumed to have a constant base exchange capacity, no correlation was found between the exchange capacity of their clay fractions and either their silica-alumina or their silica-sesquioxide ratios.4. Carbonate soils whose exchangeable base content was appreciably less than the calculated values were found to contain either small amounts of calcium carbonate (< 1 percent.), or the bulk of it was present in coarse form.
High moisture maize grain for growing pigs: some effects on acceptability, digestibility, nitrogen retention and performance of physical form and tocopherol supplementation
Authors: Lawrence T. L. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn seven experiments involving a total of 300 Large White pigs, moist maize preserved with propionic acid was compared, at dietary inclusion levels of approximately 85%, in whole (W) or rolled (R) forms with maize taken from the same samples, dried and then ground (DrG). Propionic acid lost in drying was returned to give identical levels in all three forms. In the first two experiments the moist maize contained 37·4% moisture, was included in diets to which no synthetic tocopherol was added and had been in storage for approximately 1 year when drying was effected and experiments on acceptability (using 54 pigs offered diets based on the three forms simultaneously in Expt 1) and digestibility and nitrogen retention (using 12 pigs on two occasions in Expt 2) were started. The moist maize used in Expts 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 contained 45·8% moisture and was dried 2 months after harvesting. Between this time and 12 months post-harvesting experiments were made, with all diets supplemented with 10 g/t δ-α-tocopherol, on digestibility and nitrogen retention (using 18 pigs on two occasions in Expt 3) and performance between approximately 20 and 72 kg live weight (using three sets of 48 ad libitum group-fed pigs per set in Expts 5, 6 and 7). A further performance study (Expt 4) of factorial design and conducted over a similar live-weight range, between 2 and 5 months post-harvesting, investigated, using 72 individually but restrictedly fed pigs, responses from R, W and DrG based diets with or without the addition of 10 g/t δ-α-toeopherol.Four months post-harvesting the δ-α-tocopherol levels of the moist and dried maize used in Expts 3–7 were 0·5 and 7·2mg/kg D.M. respectively. Five-six months post-harvesting the peroxide values of the other extractable fat of the moist maize markedly increased. In Expt 1 the diet based on the DrG form was eaten to the virtual exclusion of the diets based on the other two forms but performance responses were poor and symptoms (partially confirmed) of a tocopherol deficiency apparent. However, in Expt 4 there were no significant differences in response to the zero and 10 g/t δ-α-tocopherol supplementation. Overall, the DrG and R forms of maize gave similar utilization and growth (up to 8 months post-harvesting) responses. Compared with these responses those from the W form were inferior (in most cases significantly). When the moist cereal in R and W forms was fed after 8 months of storage (Expts 1, 6 and 7) the daily intakes of D.M. and induced growth responses obtained were lower than those obtained from the DrG form.
Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to graded doses of P and N on soils of different P and organic carbon fertility classes under rainfed conditions
Authors: Meelua O. P. , Bishnoi S. R. , Randhawa N. S. , Sharma K. N. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryResults of experiments made on cultivators' fields under rainfed conditions show that response to P application decreased as available P status of soil increased. The response to N application was higher in low organic carbon soils than in medium organic carbon soils with all levels of application and the difference in response widened with increase in N level.
Seasonal variation in some characteristics of seminal plasma of Sudan Desert sheep in the tropics
Authors: Galil K. A. A. , Galil A. K. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSome androgen-dependent constituents of seminal plasma of Sudan Desert rams were measured during the hot dry summer, the hot rainy season and the winter under tropical conditions in the Sudan. Higher concentrations of both fructose and citric acid were obtained between July and October during the rainy season and low values between January and April during winter, with marked monthly and seasonal variation in both characters. Considerable monthly variation in the hydrogen-ion concentration of semen was obtained with lower values between August and January and higher values between February and July. The androgenic status of the animals appears not to be decreased during the hot weather, but no explanation can be offered for the decrease during the winter.
The effect of fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the calcium, magnesium and phosphorus status of pasture cut for silage
Authors: Rodger J. B. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYPhysiological problems in some Fife dairy herds were thought to be associated with mineral imbalance in grass cut for silage. Consequently trials at two sites were conducted to study the effects of three levels of nitrogen and phosphorus and two levels of potassium on yield and composition of pasture cut for silage.Nitrogen increased yield of herbage and reduced its clover content whereas phosphorus and potassium had little effect on yield or clover content. Herbage clover content and calcium concentration declined over the period of the experiment. Mean concentrations of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus were 5·8, 1·7 and 3·4 g/kg respectively. Concentrations of these minerals varied more with time of cutting and with season than with level of applied phosphorus and potassium.Nitrogen tended to reduce calcium concentration in mixed herbage and to increase magnesium concentration in the grass component; it did not affect herbage phosphorus concentrations, but narrowed the calcium-phosphorus ratio in the second cuts. Applied phosphorus increased herbage phosphorus concentration only at the site with the lower soil phosphorus status. Potassium tended to reduce magnesium concentration in clover and, at one site, in mixed herbage; it also tended to reduce herbage phosphorus concentrations in second cuts.Mineral uptake was increased by applied nitrogen. Mean annual uptake of calcium magnesium and phosphorus was 34, 10 and 20 kg/ha respectively.The effects of treatments on concentration and balance of these minerals are discussed in relation to ruminant requirements and maintenance of suitable levels of the minerals in the soil.It is concluded that normal applications of NPK fertilizer are not detrimental to satisfactory mineral balance in pasture.
Fattening studies with cross-bred (European×Zebu) bulls: 1. Performance on diets of native hay and concentrate
Authors: O'Donovan P. B. , Gebrewolde A. , Kebede B. , Galal E. S. E. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTwo group-feeding and one individual-feeding experiments were made for 112 and 182 days, respectively, with 76 cross-bred and eight Zebu bulls. Simmental, Friesian and Jersey sire breeds were mated to three Ethiopian Zebu breeds, namely Boran, Horro and Barca, while Zebu bulls were included for comparison purposes in Expt 3. The trials were conducted in confinement at Holetta Research Station, located at 2400 m elevation and having a mean maximum temperature range of 18·7–24 °C. In the group-feeding trials (Expts 1 and 2) a common diet was fed, consisting of native hay (30%) molasses (20%) and a concentrate supplement. In the third experiment, two diets containing 30 and 50% native hay were supplemented by concentrate and fed individually to eight Simmental and eight Friesian cross bulls, while eight Zebus served as a control.The average daily gains, feed intake and conversion did not differ markedly between Simmental and Friesian crosses, but lower values were generally found for Jersey crosses. Cross-breds outgained Zebus, consumed more feed and converted it more efficiently to live-weight gain. Performance differences were noted between the Zebu breeds as well as some evidence of sire × dam breed interactions. Significantly higher gains were achieved with the low than with the high roughage diet.
The effects of dietary starch and fibre on thein vitrorates of lipolysis and hydrogenation by sheep rumen digesta
Authors: Gerson T. , John A. , King A. S. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe objective of this work was to investigate the effects of changing proportions of readily fermentable carbohydrate and fibre in the diet on the rates of lipolysis and fatty acid hydrogenation by sheep rumen digesta. Three experiments were carried out using rumen-fistulated Romney wethers. In the first experiment rumen digesta from one sheep on a high-fibre diet was incubatedin vitrowith [1–14C]linoleic acid and 0, 0·1, 0·2 and 0·5% sucrose. It was found that sucrose increased the rate of hydrogenation of linoleic acid by up to 40%.In the second experiment five rumen-fistulated Romney wethers were fed five diets according to a latin-square experimental design. These diets had decreasing proportions of fibre (42·8–19·5%) and increasing proportions of starch (12·2–35·7%). Lipolysis and hydrogenation rates decreased significantly with decreasing fibre content which was reflected in the amounts of stearic and octadecenoic acids in the rumen digesta.In the third experiment sheep were fed the high-fibre diet used in the first experiment and the rumen digesta incubated in the presence of 0, 0·15, 0·45, 0·75 and 1·50% starch. Lipolysis rates increased but no effect of added starch on hydrogenation was observed.It was concluded that the short-term addition of energy to the rumen digesta increases lipolysis and hydrogenation rates. However, long-term replacement of fibre by starch results in a reduction of these rates.