bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Infection withBabesia divergensin Cattle Persistently Infected with Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus
Authors: Brun‐Hansen H. , Christensson D. A. , Eide D. M. , Grønstøl H. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryNine Norwegian Red cattle, aged 7–14 months, persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) were inoculated with a Swedish strain ofBabesia divergens. Six persistently infected cattle of the same age and breed were kept as controls. Blood and serum samples were collected regularly during the observation period. Rectal temperatures were recorded every morning for 25 days post infection, and the animals were examined clinically on a daily basis. Sera were examined for antibodies toB. divergensby indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Eight of the infected animals developed fever of 2–5 days duration.Babesia divergensorganisms appeared in the erythrocytes of all infected animals on the day after inoculation. The parasitaemia lasted for 4–11 days. One animal had a transient haemoglobinuria. Compared with the control group, there was a 20% decrease in the haematocrit. There was a transient lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia during the period of fever. There were no differences in mean numbers of neutrophils between the two persistently infected groups. Compared with cattle free of BVDV, the persistently infected cattle had consistently lower total leucocyte count that was mainly due to decreased mean numbers of neutrophils and monocytes. All infected animals developed antibodies ≥ 1: 1280 between day 7 and 10 post infection. The magnitude of the antibody response was considerably lower than that of BVDV‐free animals inoculated with the same strain and dosage ofB. divergens.
Measurement of Actinomyces pyogenes Specific Antibodies in Bovine Blood Samples by an Enzyme‐linked Immunosorbent Assay
Authors: Ding H. , Lämmler Ch. , Vecht U. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIn the present investigation Actinomyces pyogenes specific antigens caused an antibody response in the host. This could be determined by two enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using cell extracts and a haemolysin preparation as antigens. An increased antibody titre was detectable in the sera of cows vaccinated with culture supernatants of A. pyogenes and Peptococcus indolicus, in the sera of cows infected with live cells of A. pyogenes and P. indolicus, in the sera of cows suffering from ‘summer mastitis’, and in part of the sera of nonvaccinated, apparently healthy cows. However, the titre of the cows that were vaccinated with culture supernatants decreased 8–9 months after inoculation. Because of this wide variation in antibody titre the determination of A. pyogenes specific antibodies seems to be only of limited use for the control of this infection.
Efficacy of Difloxacin in Growing Broiler Chickens for the Control of Infection due to Pathogenic Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Authors: Kempf I. , van den Hoven R. , Gesbert F. , Guittet M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryChickens 14 days old were experimentally inoculated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) R‐P10 strain. After development of respiratory symptoms, birds were left unmedicated or medicated for 5 consecutive days with Difloxacin 5, 7.5 or 10 mg/kg body weight per day or Enrofloxacin at the dose level of 10 mg/kg body weight per day. Evaluation of efficacy was based on body weight, symptoms, post‐mortem findings, re‐isolation of MG and serology. Results indicated that under the conditions of this experiment, treatment with 7.5 mg Difloxacin per kg body weight for 5 days was already effective against pathogenic MG infection. The dose of 10 mg/kg Difloxacin was equally effective as a dose of 10 mg/kg Enrofloxacin in treating respiratory symptoms.
Characterization of Protease(s) in Adults of Trichuris globulosa (Nematoda: Trichuridae)
Authors: Kocher D. K. , Sood M. L. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe activity of protease(s) has been observed separately in male and female Trichuris globulosa. Different fractions showed optimum protease activity at 37 °C, pH 9.5 and 1.5 mg casein concentration. Excretory/secretory (E/S) products showed maximum protease activity, which might be helpful in the degradation of mucosal tissue of the host gut. Male parasites appear to feed extensively on connective tissue collagen/elastin, while females feed on both connective tissue and body/cellular fluids. Inhibition/activation studies revealed the presence of four kinds of protease in the E/S products, cytosolic‐and membrane‐bound fractions performing different functions.
Amprolium‐Induced Cerebrocortical Necrosis (CCN) in Dromedary Racing Camels
Authors: Wernery U. , Haydn‐Evans J. , Kinne J. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryAmprolium was successfully used to induce cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN) in dromedary racing camels, only when they were fed on a barley diet. Camels which were fed on hay ad libitum did not suffer from CCN, although their thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) reached similar levels as in camels fed on barley. The reason for this phenomenon is discussed. Five camels which suffered from CCN had TPP values of 80–115 % and were euthanized on humane grounds when they were in lateral recumbency. Pathohistological investigations revealed a polioencephalomalacia of the dorsal cerebral cortex with oedema and status spongiosus. Cerebral autofluorescence was observed under untravoilet light. The major clinicopathological changes were a slight anaemia and a decreased potassium value whereas glucose, muscle enzymes, leucocyte counts and differential counts were elevated. A TPP effect of 12 % was found during this study in healthy dromedary racing camels and symptoms were observed when TPP values reached 80–115%. The test is now being widely used during the camel racing season.
Clinical, Clinico‐Pathological and Serological Studies of Babesia ovis in Experimentally Infected Sheep
Authors: Yeruham I. , Hadani A. , Galker F. , Avidar Y. , Bogin E. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryClinical, clinico‐pathological and serological studies were performed in sheep experimentally infected with Babesia ovis.Acute babesiosis occurred in all the lambs infested with adult Rhipicephalus bursa ticks and in one lamb infested with the larvae. The rate of parasitaemia and the degree of anaemia were not correlated. Decrease in the packed‐cell volume ranged from 30 to 40 %. Parasitized erythrocytes were not observed to block capillaries in the brain, which explained the absence of nervous symptoms in acute babesiosis. The kidneys were the most severely affected organs, exhibiting acute glomerulonephritis. The lesions observed were suggestive of vascular alteration and vascular stasis, leading to anoxia of the tissues. A disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) syndrome was recorded in sheep infected with babesiosis.A marked increase in the enzymes of the transaminase groups, mainly aspartate aminotransferase (AST), was observed. Enzymatic changes (increases in AST, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and decreases in sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and malic enzyme (MEZ)), decreases in total proteins and albumin, and increases in urea and creatinine might reflect the degree of severity of the damage to the liver and kidney tissues.Most of the lambs (85 %) that were infested with larvae, and all lambs infested with adult R. bursa ticks, reacted serologically to B. ovis antigen. The serological reactions following infestation with the larvae occurred much later than those following infestation with the adult stage.The lambs which were infested with larvae showed mild clinical reactions when challenged by infected R. bursa adults, as compared with the reactions to the challenge in naive control animals.The serological findings, in addition to the fact that one splenectomized lamb reacted to larval infestation with acute ovine babesiosis, show that the preimaginal stages of R. bursa can transmit B. ovis, usually causing a sub‐clinical disease. It is suggested that infections derived from preimaginal ticks in the winter can preimmunize sheep for the subsequent more severe infections derived from adult ticks in the summer. Furthermore, in the absence of a reliable vaccine against B. ovis, grazing flocks in the enzootic regions should be exposed to the preimaginal stages during their activity period (October—February) before exposure to the adult ticks in spring and summer (April—July).
Evaluation of a Commercial ELISA Test for the Detection of Allergen‐Specific IgE Antibodies in Atopic Dogs
Authors: Ginel P. J. , Riaño C. , Lucena R. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) designed to detect allergen‐specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E antibodies was evaluated in 36 atopic dogs and in 12 normal dogs. The test showed a sensitivity of 72.23 % and a specificity of 41.6 %. Positive and negative predictive values were 76.47 and 35.71 % respectively. Correlation between the ELISA kit results and intradermal skin testing varied depending on the allergen and ranged from 47.1 to 80.4%, although positive correlation (i.e. allergens positive in both tests) ranged rom 2.7 to 19.4 %. In conclusion, this serological test gave both false positive and false negative results. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values indicate that this ELISA may not be useful in canine atopy. Although correlation studies were hampered by the impossibility of using the same allergenic extracts, the correlation observed between intradermal and serological testing indicates that results from both tests are not interchangeable.
Macrophages in the Chicken Oviduct: Morphometrical Studies by Light and Transmission Electron Microscopy and the Possible Influence of Sex Hormones
Authors: Khan M. Z. I. , Hashimoto Y. , Iwanaga T. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryLight and electron microscopic techniques were used to study the morphometry and dynamic changes of macrophages in the postnatal and sex hormone‐treated chicken oviduct, respectively. Abundant typical macrophages, containing clear vacuoles, well‐developed mitochondria, Golgi complexes and lysosomal bodies in their cytoplasms, were observed in the lamina propria of all segments of the postnatal chicken oviduct, occurring more frequently in the vaginal part. When 7‐day‐old chickens were injected with diethylstilbestrol (DES), and DES plus progesterone, infiltration of a significant number of macrophages in both groups, but not in controls could be seen. The light and electron microscopic structures of the macrophages in both postnatal and sex hormone‐treated chicken oviduct were similar. These results show that typical macrophages are present in the chicken oviduct; their frequency of occurrence varies with different oviductal segments, and they are influenced by sex hormones.
Relationship Between Abortions and Seroprevalences to Selected Infectious Agents in Dairy Cows
Authors: Hässig M. , Lubsen J. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine whether the occurrence of abortion is related to the seroprevalence of abortion‐causing infectious agents. In a cross‐sectional study, cattle from dairy farms in Switzerland that were defined as having an abortion problem were divided into two groups: cows with a history of abortion within the previous 3 months (cases) and cows without a history of abortion (controls). A positive titre to Leptospira spp. was associated with an increased probability of being a case (OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.21–2.47). There were interactions between Coxiella burnetti titre and parity, and between Chlamydia psittaci and C. burnetti titre and breed. Multiparous cases after the second lactation with a positive titre to C. burnetti were less likely (OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.22–0.82) to be cases. Swiss Browns (Swiss Braunvieh and Brown Swiss) with a positive titre to C. psittaci and Swiss Browns with a positive titre to C. burnetti were more likely (OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.13–2.37 and OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.15–2.78, respectively) to be cases. Parity alone was not associated with the occurrence of abortion.
Haemorrhagic Septicaemia by Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in a Black‐tip Reef Shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus)
Authors: Briones V. , Fernández A. , Blanco M. , Ramiro F. , de Vicente M. L. , Garcia J. , Méndez J. L. , Goyache J. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryOne black‐tip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) was found dead without previous signs of disease. Major lesions consisted in cutaneous erythema, mainly at the base of the fins, focal to diffuse inflammatory lesions in gills and intestinal wall, and discrete haemorrhages in the same organs, liver and kidneys. Microcolonies of Gram‐negative rods were observed in the lamina propia of gills, underneath the intestinal mucosa and randomly distributed in the renal and hepatic parenchymas. Also, emboli containing Gramnegative rods were observed in capillaries of these organs. Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida was isolated in pure culture from gills, liver and intestine. Specific immunostaining confirmed the relationship between the isolate and lesion‐associated bacteria. No previous reports on this infection in sharks have been found in the literature.
The Effect ofN‐duopropenide (a New Disinfectant with Quaternary Ammonium Iodides) and Formaldehyde on Survival of Organisms of Sanitary Interest in Pig Slurry
Authors: Redondo V. A. de la Puente , Martín C. B. Gutiérrez , Blanco N. García Del , Ferri E. F. Rodríguez 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe counts of different groups of organisms (mesophilic total aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, enterobacteriaceae, faecal coliform bacteria and faecal streptococci type D), as well as the presence or absence ofPseudomonasspp. andSalmonellaspp., were recorded in both unfiltered and filtered pig slurry samples at 1, 8 and 29 days of storage, before and after applyingN‐duopropenide (a new disinfectant with a quaternary ammonium structure) at 1, 2 times 1, 5 and 2 times 5% concentrations of the commercial product (equivalent to 0.11, 2 times 0.11, 0.55 and 2 times 0.55%, respectively, of active ingredient) for 1 h, or 0.5% commerical formaldehyde for 6 days. Before disinfection, anaerobic and aerobic organisms resulted in the highest counts (between 6 and 7 log units/ml), followed by enterobacteriaceae, faecal coliforms and streptococci (4–5 log units/ml). The unfiltered slurry showed higher bacterial counts than the filtered slurry. The variation in counts was similar for all the groups studied, with the highest count on day 1 of storage with a continuous decrease over the 3 days studied.N‐duopropenide efficacy depended on the dose used, but a 2 times 5% concentration resulted in total inactivation (100% reduction) of all the bacteria studied, except for the total aerobic and anaerobic organisms present in unfiltered slurry. Formaldehyde efficacy was much lower. In respect ofPseudomonasspp., more isolates were obtained after usingN‐duopropenide at lower concentrations (1 and 2 times 1%) than before treatment, thus suggesting its suitability for selective isolation of this genus. Finally, noSalmonellaspp. strains were isolated in any of the cases considered in this study.
Strain Differentiation of Clostridium perfringens by Bacteriocin Typing, Plasmid Profiling and Ribotyping
Authors: Schalch B. , Eisgruber H. , Schau H. P. , Wiedmann M. , Stolle A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryBacteriocin typing, plasmid profiling and ribotyping were used to type 34 food and patient Clostridium perfringens isolates from 10 food poisoning cases, respectively, outbreaks. In nine cases/outbreaks bacteriocin patterns showed identical main groups. Subgroups differed within all cases/outbreaks. Plasmid profiles were identical for all isolates within each of three outbreaks. In eight food poisoning cases and outbreaks, all the ribotypes of each food and stool isolate were found to be identical. All three typing methods give valuable results for the characterization of C. perfringens beyond the species level. Bacteriocin typing represents a suitable addition to plasmid typing, particularly since the results do not show any correlation between losses of plasmids and changes in bacteriocin sensitivity patterns. Ribotyping was found to be a suitable tool to determine the genetic relationship of C. perfringens isolates in the context of food‐borne poisoning.
Isotype‐Specific Immune Responses in Murine Experimental Anisakiasis
Authors: Perteguer M. J. , Cuéllar C. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA murine experimental model of anisakiasis has been developed in BALB/ c and C57BL/ 10 mice orally inoculated with an Anisakis simplex living third stage larva (L3) in order to investigate isotype‐specific immune responses against excretory‐secretory (ES) products and crude extracts (CE) from L3. Specific antibody production showed similar patterns against both ES and CE antigens with higher levels against the latter. The dynamics of the production showed the earliest responses in BALB/c, in which antibodies were principally of the immunoglobulin (Ig)M isotype. Responses to the IgG1 subclass were mainly produced in the C57BL/ 10 strain. Levels of IgG2a were practically undetectable. With sera from C57BL/ 10 mice high levels of the IgG2b isotype were detected. A slight IgG3 response was only detected against the CE antigen in the C57BL/ 10 strain by the end of the experiment and IgA responses were very low. Humoral responses against A. simplex antigens are different depending on individual characteristics and thymus‐independent epitopes might be represented into A. simplex antigens and their stimuli could be different regarding the murine strain used.
Experimental Mixed Infection With Yersinia Enterocolitica and Listeria Monocytogenes in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Najdenski H. , Nikolova S. , Wesselinova D. , Kazatchca D. , Vesseunova A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe pathogenesis and the cell immune response (CIR) of guinea pigs after mixed infection with Y. enterocolitica and L. monocytogenes was investigated. The guinea pigs were infected per os with 1,1 times 109 CFU Y. enterocolitica 0:3, (pYV+) and four days later with 1,1 times 109 CFU L. monocytogenes 4B.Clinical, paraclinical and morphological findings attending the infectious process were followed in dynamics up to the 28th day post infection (p.i.) with L. monocytogenes. The phagocyting activity of alveolar macrophages (aMa) was suppressed against Y. enterocolitica, in contrast to peritoneal macrophages (pMa) engulfing yersiniae more actively at the end of the study. Moreover, the tendency of augmented entering in both phagocytes of L. monocytogenes cells was well demonstrated, starting at the earlier intervals of examination.Histopathological studies showed a purulent meningoencephalitis and a catarrhal pneumonie, non‐reactive micronecroses in the spleen and lymphadenitis catarrhalis in the mesenteric lymph nodes.Analysis of the T‐cell immune response (T‐CIR) showed maximal values in the spleen lymphocytes after Y. enterocolitica and L. monocytogenes mixed infection. The B‐CIR occurred early (at the 7th day p.i.) and was maximal at the 28th day p.i. in blood lymphocytes.The results obtained demonstrated that the mixed infection of guinea pigs with Y. enterocolitica and L. monocytogenes runs has a non lethal, generalized illness with a dominant role of L. monocytogenes cells.
Infections and Reinfections with Avian Pneumovirus Subtype A and B on Belgian Turkey Farms and Relation to Respiratory Problems
Authors: Van de Zande S. , Nauwynck H. , Cavanagh D. , Pensaert M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA longitudinal study was performed on six turkey farms in order to determine whether infections with avian pneumovirus (APV) occur and if they are related to outbreaks of respiratory problems in Belgium. Blood was taken at 1–3 week intervals of 20 identified animals during the fattening period. On five farms, the turkeys seroconverted against APV shortly after the appearance of respiratory problems. On two farms, where the animals had not been vaccinated against APV, attempts were made to isolate APV during the outbreaks. Two isolates were obtained: one of subtype A, the other of subtype B. These results indicate that the respiratory problems on five farms were related to an infection with APV. A second increase in APV antibody titres detected on four farms at the end of the fattening period, indicates that reinfections frequently occur. This is, to our knowledge, the first report on the isolation of an APV subtype A on the continent.
Diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi in Saudi Arabian Camels (Camelus dromedarius) by the Passive Haemagglutination Test and Ag‐ELISA
Authors: Omer O. H. , Magzoub M. , Haroun E. M. , Mahmoud O. M. , Hamid Y. M. Abdel 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe passive haemagglutination test and Ag‐ELISA were employed to monitor antibody titres and antigenaemia levels in 4 Najdi camels experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. The two tests were also used to determine the prevalence of trypanosomiasis in a total of 218 Najdi camels in the Gassim region, Central Saudi Arabia, during the period from October 1992 to September 1993. Trypanosoma evansi antibodies in the experimentally infected camels rose after 14–21 days and reached a maximum of between 1:64 and 1:128 by the 12th week post infection. Circulating antigens were detected in the experimentally infected camels one week post infection and antigenaemia levels fluctuated but generally remained above preinfection OD values. The results obtained from the field survey showed that 5.5 % of the sampled camels were parasitologically positive for trypanosomes, while 19.7 % were serologically positive by the passive haemagglutination test and 13.8 % by Ag‐ELISA. No significant age difference in seropositivity was observed in the tested camels.
Proton pump inhibitor and clopidogrel interaction: The case for watchful waiting
Authors: Tan Victoria P , Yan Bryan P , Hunt Richard H , Wong Benjamin CY 
Published: May 2010

AbstractClopidogrel is an integral part of the management of several important vascular diseases. However the medium to long term clinical outcomes are poorer for these patients if they experience gastro‐intestinal bleeding, hence patients with risk factors for gastro‐intestinal bleeding are frequently prescribed proton pump inhibitors. Conflicting evidence exists as to the existence of an adverse interaction between clopidogrel and proton pump. This review examines the original studies, which suggested the adverse interaction, the subsequent and most recent studies, the pharmaco‐dynamics of the two drugs and suggests an algorithm for the use of clopidogrel with proton pump inhibitors.