bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of articaine and lidocaine for infiltration anaesthesia in patients undergoing bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
Authors: Kuivalainen Anna‐Maria , Niemi‐Murola Leila , Widenius Tom , Elonen Erkki , Rosenberg Per H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractInfiltration anaesthesia with articaine, a local anaesthetic able to penetrate bone, may relieve procedural pain better than lidocaine in bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. This randomised, double‐blind study comprised 150 patients with suspected or known haematologic disease. Either articaine 20 mg/ml (50 patients), articaine 40 mg/ml (49 patients) or lidocaine 20 mg/ml (51 patients), all with adrenaline 5 μg/ml, was infiltrated in volume of 6 ml (sternal manubrium), 8 ml (sternal body) or 10 ml (iliac crest) 2 min before puncture. Numeral rating scale score (median, range) at injection of local anaesthetic was 3.0 (0–10), at bone puncture 2.0 (0–8), at aspiration 3.5 (0–10) and at biopsy (48 patients) 3.0 (0–10). Pre‐procedural anxiety, rated on a verbal scale, correlated significantly with experienced pain (P < 0.01). Very anxious patients had fewer previous bone marrow examinations (P < 0.01) and they experienced more pain during aspiration (P < 0.05). In the post‐interview 42 patients reported appearance of pain (median 2.0, range 1–7) after 6.2 h, on average, and 15 patients needed oral analgesics. No parameter differed significantly between the groups.In conclusion, the quality of infiltration anaesthesia for bone marrow punctures and aspiration with articaine and lidocaine was similarly poor. Several patients experienced strong pain which correlated with the degree of anxiety.
Phase equilibria testing of a multiple pulse mechanism for origin of mafic–ultramafic intrusions: a case example of the Shiant Isles Main Sill, NW Scotland
Authors: LATYPOV RAIS , CHISTYAKOVA SOFYA 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this paper we examine the role of multiple emplacement of sills into partly solidified rocks (an intrusive mechanism ‘liquid into solid’) as a possible explanation for some textural and compositional ‘anomalies’ of single-cyclic mafic intrusions. As a case study we used the Shiant Isles Main Sill that is widely regarded as a classical example of a multiple, picrite–picrodolerite–crinanite alkaline sill. This sill is currently interpreted as having been formed by several olivine phenocryst-rich pulses of magma, which were successively emplaced into their almost solidified predecessors. Such an intrusive mechanism is a random process in which many parameters vary independently and unpredictably. Among them are: the number, relative volume and bulk composition of magma pulses, and their place, sequence and timing of emplacement, as well as modal abundance, phase composition and distribution of intratelluric phenocrysts in magmas upon emplacement. In terms of these variables, one can envisage countless different profiles through alkaline sills produced from only three randomly intruded magma pulses of picritic, picrodoleritic and crinanitic composition. Such multiple sills can readily be distinguished from simple ones formed from a single pulse of magma by anomalous compositional profiles with several prominent breaks in crystallization and compositional sequences. The compositional profile of the Shiant Isles Main Sill is remarkably similar to an M-shaped profile expected from fractional crystallization of a single pulse of olivine-saturated magma along a crystallization path Ol+Sp+L (picrite), Ol+Pl±Sp+L (picrodolerite = troctolite), Ol+Pl+Cpx+L (crinanite). The probability of the accidental formation of such a compositional profile by multiple intrusion ‘liquid into solid’ is exceedingly small, even for the single case of the Shiant Isles Main Sill. The probability approaches zero when considering that exactly the same sequence of intrusive events must have been repeated in about 20 neighbouring alkaline sills with similar compositional profiles. This can only be achieved by some universally operating differentiation process. The best candidate for this is the classical fractional crystallization of magma constrained by liquidus phase equilibria. This suggests that the Shiant Isles Main Sill can be best interpreted and modelled as a simple sill that crystallized from one large pulse of magma, with possible involvement of minor refilling events. Further progress in our knowledge of intrachamber magma fractionation processes will probably enable us to interpret many ‘anomalous’ textural and compositional features of mafic–ultramafic intrusions in the frame of a single magma pulse model.
Host–parasite relations of an angiospermous root parasite (Thonningia sanguineaVahl) in logged and unlogged sites of Budongo forest reserve, western Uganda
Authors: Olanya Concy Acen , Eilu Gerald 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHost–parasite relationships of an angiospermous root parasite (Thonningia sanguinea) were investigated in logged and unlogged sites of Budongo Forest Reserve. Host trees were identified and their diameters measured in 20 × 20 m plots established randomly in sites where the parasites were presumed to occur. The distance of the point of attachment of the parasite from the base of the host stem was determined and overstorey density measured at the centre of each plot. There were more parasites in the logged than in the unlogged sites (878 and 425 individual parasites ha−1respectively). The parasite was not host specific butAlchornea laxiflora(Benth) Pax and K.Hoffm,Celtis mildbraediiEngl andLasiodiscus mildbraediiEngl had relatively more parasites than other species. The parasite could be found within a radius of 2 m from the base of the host stem. The diameter of hosts ranged from 1 to 95 cm. There was a positive correlation between overstorey density and occurrence ofT. sanguinea. Conservation ofT. sanguinea,therefore, requires maintenance of intact forests with closed canopies rather than logged sites with many gaps and hence low overstorey density.
Ezetimibe improves postprandial hyperlipidaemia in patients with type IIb hyperlipidaemia
Authors: Masuda D. , Nakagawa‐Toyama Y. , Nakatani K. , Inagaki M. , Tsubakio‐Yamamoto K. , Sandoval J. C. , Ohama T. , Nishida M. , Ishigami M. , Yamashita S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackground  Postprandial hyperlipidaemia is known to be a high‐risk factor for atherosclerotic disease because of rapid and lasting accumulations of triglyceride‐rich lipoproteins and remnants. The Niemann‐Pick C1‐Like 1 (NPC1L1) protein acts as an intestinal cholesterol transporter and ezetimibe, which inhibits NPC1L1, has been used in patients with hypercholesterolaemia. We investigated effects of ezetimibe on fasting lipid and lipoprotein profiles and postprandial hyperlipidaemia in patients with type IIb hyperlipidaemia.Materials and methods  Ezetimibe 10 mg per day was administered in ten patients with type IIb hyperlipidaemia for 2 months, and lipid and lipoprotein profiles were examined during fasting and after an oral fat loading (OFL) test.Results  In the fasting state, ezetimibe significantly decreased not only total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL)‐cholesterol and apolipoproteinB‐100 (apoB‐100) levels but triglycerides (TG), apoB‐48 and remnant lipoprotein cholesterol (RemL‐C) levels. High performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that ezetimibe decreased cholesterol and TG levels in the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL size ranges as well as apoB‐100 levels, suggesting a decrease in numbers of VLDL and LDL particles. After OFL, ezetimibe decreased the area under the curve for TG, apoB‐48 and RemL‐C. Ezetimibe decreased postprandial elevations of cholesterol and TG levels in the chylomicrons (CM) size range, suggesting that the postprandial production of CM particles was suppressed by ezetimibe.Conclusions  These findings suggest that ezetimibe improves fasting lipoprotein profiles and postprandial hyperlipidaemia by suppressing intestinal CM production in patients with type IIb hyperlipidaemia and such treatment may prove to be effective in reducing atherosclerosis.
Community lifestyle of Candida in mixed biofilms: a mini review
Authors: Thein Z. M. , Seneviratne C. J. , Samaranayake Y. H. , Samaranayake L. P. 
Published: May 2009

Summary Candida is the most common human fungal pathogen that causes a variety of afflictions from superficial mucosal infections to deep mycoses. Biofilm formation is a major virulence factor of Candida, and more than 300 articles have been published on Candida biofilms over the past two decades. However, most of these data are on monospecies biofilms of Candida, and information on mixed‐species Candida biofilms or bacteria–Candida combinations is still scarce. Yet, in nature, the yeast exist in a mixed milieu either in the oral cavity or in other habitats with a multitude of bacteria colonising mucosal surfaces within a shared community. This mini review describes the current knowledge on candidal–candidal or bacterial–candidal interactions in mixed‐species biofilms. The underlying mechanisms of these interactions appear to depend on several factors relating to biofilm development, such as species and strains of organisms, nutritional factors, aerobiosis and related environmental factors. Although the fundamental nature of these interactions appears to be commensalism and antagonism, the emerging evidence based on novel molecular, proteomic and imaging tools indicates these biological mechanisms to be far more complex than hitherto recognised. Demystifying the mechanisms underlying the growth and development of mixed‐species communities involving Candida will undoubtedly yield useful data for the effective management of microbial infections in general.
The antiangiogenic effect of thalidomide on occult liver metastases: An in vivo study in mice
Authors: Liu Yi , Li Hui , Matsui Osamu 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim:  To investigate the morphological changes of intratumoral microvessels after administration of thalidomide in occult hepatic metastases.Methods:  Twenty mice with hepatic metastases created by injection of colon‐26 tumor cells into the spleen were enrolled. Ten mice were treated with thalidomide (200 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection daily from the first day after inoculation of tumor cells, and the other 10 with saline only. Fifteen days after tumor cell inoculation, the intratumoral microvessels of hepatic metastases in both groups were studied by intravital microscopy and immunohistochemistry.Results:  For the control group, although the intratumoral microvessel density (MVD) and CD34 positive microvessel density (MVD‐CD34) of larger metastases (> 400 µm in diameter) were more than those of small metastases respectively (P < 0.01), the intratumoral branch density (BD) was similar to that of small metastases (P > 0.05). For the thalidomide treated group, despite the fact that MVD‐CD34 of larger metastases was more than that of small metastases (P < 0.01), the MVD and BD were similar to those of small metastases respectively (P > 0.05). The MVD, BD and MVD‐CD34 of small metastases of both groups were similar (P > 0.05); however, those of large metastases in the thalidomide treated group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.01).Conclusions:  Thalidomide exerts an antiangiogenic effect on occult hepatic metastases with angiogenesis only, and the different vascular components in the tumor vasculature demonstrate various responses to antiangiogenic therapy.
Coordinate regulation of metabolic enzymes and transporters by nuclear transcription factors in human liver disease
Authors: Congiu Mario , Mashford Maurice L , Slavin John L , Desmond Paul V 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackground: It has been hypothesised, mainly from studies with animal models of liver disease, that the transport of substrates for metabolic enzymes and their subsequent metabolism and elimination in hepatic bile or blood is co‐ordinated, but there is little information on this process in diseased human liver.Methods: In this study we have measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) major genes involved in drug metabolism from UDP‐glucuronosyltransferases (UGT1A1, UGT1A6, UGT1A9, and UGT2B4) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) families (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4), transport (OATP‐C, MRP2, MRP3, and MDR1) and major transcription factors (PXR, CAR, HNF1alpha, HNF4alpha, RXR, and AHR) involved in their regulation. Liver biopsy tissue from patients with viral hepatitis was scored for inflammation and fibrosis by the METAVIR system, and separated into groups with mild (A0‐1; F0‐1,n = 20) or severe (A2‐3; F3‐4,n = 19) liver disease. Correlation analysis (Spearman rank‐test,P < 0.05) was used to identify metabolic enzymes and transporters which shared significant correlation with transcription factors.Results: Our results show an extensive correlation between transcription factors, transporters, and metabolic enzymes. An unexpected finding was that this was substantially greater in the severely diseased liver. Cross‐talk between transcription factors was markedly increased in tissue from patients with severe liver disease, particularly between CAR, HNF4alpha, and PXR.Conclusion: Our results support the hypothesis of co‐ordinate regulation of metabolic enzymes and transporters in diseased human liver, as part of a widespread co‐ordinated process under the control of nuclear receptor transcription factors.
Acute septic arthritis in children
Authors: Al Saadi Muslim M. , Al Zamil Fahad A. , Bokhary Nada A. , Al Shamsan Layla A. , Al Alola Sulaiman A. , Al Eissa Youssef S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackground:  Acute septic arthritis is a health‐care problem in growing children. The aim of the present study was to determine the demographic features, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, treatment and outcome of children suffering from acute septic arthritis.Methods:  Retrospective review of consecutive admissions of children ≤14 years of age with a bacteriologically and/or radiologically confirmed diagnosis of septic arthritis during the 10 year period, January 1997–December 2006 at King Fahad Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City was undertaken.Results:  Sixty‐five patients (male : female, 2.4:1), 10 days–14 years of age (mean ± SD: 3.3 ± 3.2 years), met the inclusion criteria. More than half of the patients were under 2 years. The most frequent clinical features were pain (92%), fever (77%), limitation of joint movement (77%) and joint swelling (72%). Joint involvement was monoarticular in 97% of knees, and hips were affected in 75% of patients. Bacteria were isolated from joint aspirate or blood in 28 patients (43%), and Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism, comprising 39% of the total bacterial isolates. Radiological diagnostic findings were observed in 19 (32%) of 60 patients with plain radiographs, nine (69%) of 16 patients with sonograms of the hip, 36 (80%) of 45 patients with Tc‐labeled bone scan and nine (100%) of nine patients with magnetic resonance imaging. The joint infection resolved with no sequelae in 46 patients who were followed up for 6–36 months, but two had bone deformity and 17 were lost to follow up.Conclusion:  According to the present series, septic arthritis is most common in young infants, mainly monoarticular, and is frequently localized in the knee and hip joints. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are associated with excellent outcome.
Knowledge and attitude regarding human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in dermatological outpatients
Authors: Kouznetsov L , Kuznetsov AV , Ruzicka T , Matterne U , Wienecke R , Zippel SA 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackground  Dermatologists are often the first‐line specialists who recognize and diagnose human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection because of pathognomic skin signs. It is therefore important to investigate attitudes and knowledge regarding HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) amongst dermatological patients in order to provide information for dermatologists and to draw their attention to the issues.Objectives  Awareness of HIV/AIDS, its prevention, and hypothetical behaviour were surveyed in dermatological outpatients.Patients/method  The anonymous cross‐sectional survey was conducted with consecutive German‐speaking outpatients aged 18–65 years, who registered at the dermatological outpatient's clinic (excluding venereology, genitourinary or HIV medicine) of the University of Munich (Germany).Results  Three hundred forty‐seven (77.5%) questionnaires were accepted for analysis. Most of the patients knew about HIV incurability (89.4%), HIV transmissibility during needle sharing (95.3%), or vaginal (87.4%) and anal intercourse (79.5%), as well as about HIV prevention by condom use (97.8%), and use of single needles (76.2%). However, knowledge gaps and misconceptions were detected regarding the risk of HIV transmission during oral sex, and the efficacy of sexual fidelity and avoidance of blood transfusions in HIV prevention. The lowest knowledge level (< 50% correct answers) was detected in patients aged 50–59 years, in unemployed, divorced/widowed, and in those without or with incomplete school education.Conclusions  Patient education about HIV/AIDS in dermatological ambulant settings should be performed differentially with regard to socio‐demographic factors, and focused on the topic of oral sexual HIV transmission and on some other specific misconceptions.Conflicts of interestNone declared.
Use of topical herbal remedies and cosmetics: a questionnaire‐based investigation in dermatology out‐patients
Authors: Corazza M , Borghi A , Lauriola MM , Virgili A 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackground Although topical remedies and cosmetics based on herbal ingredients are becoming increasingly popular with the public due to the perception that botanical compounds are safer and healthier than their synthetic counterparts, a large number of adverse cutaneous effects of plant extracts, notably contact sensitization, have been reported in medical literature.Objective To evaluate the prevalence of herbal compound usage in a dermatological out‐patient population and to estimate the incidence of consequent cutaneous side‐effects.Methods Four hundred patients were subjected to a self‐administered 15‐item questionnaire to assess both prevalence and type of topical botanical preparations used and occurrence of skin adverse reactions.Results Two hundred forty‐one patients (60.25%) reported use of natural topical products, predominantly aloe, marigold, chamomile, propolis and arnica. Females used herbal products, for both medicinal and cosmetic purposes, more frequently than males. Fifteen patients (6.22%) referred one or more adverse cutaneous reactions.Conclusion Herbal preparations were widely used in the examined population, but, despite the common belief in the innocuous nature of botanical extracts, the incidence of side‐effects referred by the patients confirms that they should be regarded as a potential source of adverse skin events. The lack of adequate patch testing in case of suspected contact allergic dermatitis, incomplete or misleading product labelling, and the risk of chemical adulteration may represent further concerns as regards application of botanical products.
Time as an ecological constraint
Authors: Dunbar R. I. M. , Korstjens A. H. , Lehmann J. ,   British Academy Centenary Research Project
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTConventional approaches to population biology emphasise the roles of climatic conditions, nutrient flow and predation as constraints on population dynamics. We argue here that this focus has obscured the role of time as a crucial constraint on species’ abilities to survive in some habitats. Time constraints may be particularly intrusive both for species that live in intensely bonded groups (where the need to devote time to social interaction may ultimately limit the size of group that a species can maintain in a particular habitat) and for taxa that face constraints on the length of the active day. We use a linear programming approach that allows us to specify both how time allocations to different activities are influenced by local environmental and climatic variables and how these in turn limit group size and population density. The linear programming approach identifies the realizable niche space within which a species can maintain coherent groups that are larger than the minimum viable group size (or density). This approach thus allow us to understand better why a given taxon can survive in some habitats but not others, as well as the demographic stress that a population may face. In addition, they also allow us to evaluate the implications of both past and future climate change for a taxon’s ability to cope with particular habitats.
Parametric Study of Blade Tip Clearance, Flow Rate, and Impeller Speed on Blood Damage in Rotary Blood Pump
Authors: Kim Nahn Ju , Diao Chenguang , Ahn Kyung Hyun , Lee Seung Jong , Kameneva Marina V. , Antaki James F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPhenomenological studies on mechanical hemolysis in rotary blood pumps have provided empirical relationships that predict hemoglobin release as an exponential function of shear rate and time. However, these relations are not universally valid in all flow circumstances, particularly in small gap clearances. The experiments in this study were conducted at multiple operating points based on flow rate, impeller speed, and tip gap clearance. Fresh bovine red blood cells were resuspended in phosphate‐buffered saline at about 30% hematocrit, and circulated for 30 min in a centrifugal blood pump with a variable tip gap, designed specifically for these studies. Blood damage indices were found to increase with increased impeller speed or decreased flow rate. The hemolysis index for 50‐µm tip gap was found to be less than 200‐µm gap, despite increased shear rate. This is explained by a cell screening effect that prevents cells from entering the smaller gap. It is suggested that these parameters should be reflected in the hemolysis model not only for the design, but for the practical use of rotary blood pumps, and that further investigation is needed to explore other possible factors contributing to hemolysis.
HBOC‐201 use in traumatic brain injury: case report and review of literature
Authors: Marinaro Jonathan , Smith Jessica , Tawil Isaac , Billstrand Mary , Crookston Kendall P. 
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND: The first use of HBOC‐201 in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is presented. The use of noninvasive cerebral oximetric devices to follow clinical progress in a patient infused with HBOC‐201 is reported and the literature of hemoglobin‐based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) in brain injury is reported.CASE REPORT: A 21‐year‐old Jehovah's Witness who was hit and dragged by a motor vehicle was admitted to the University of New Mexico Hospital Level 1 Trauma Center Trauma Surgical Intensive Care Unit with severe TBI and extensive soft tissue loss resulting in profound anemia. The patient received infusion of HBOC‐201 with regional and global oximetric monitoring.RESULTS: Chart abstraction was performed to identify clinically relevant physiologic markers of patient progress. We observed a marked increase in brain tissue oxygen saturations, central venous oxygen saturation, and hemodynamic variables after administration of HBOC‐201. The patient subsequently suffered massive cerebral edema and died.CONCLUSIONS: Major HBOC trials to date have excluded severe TBI. We report the first use of an HBOC in severe TBI to correct profound anemia. The HBOC‐201 rapidly corrected cerebral venous and central venous oxygen saturations. The patient's death may have been due to massive reperfusion injury from delayed repayment of cerebral oxygen debt in a severely ischemic brain.