bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sales Optimization Models—Sales Force Territory Planning
Authors: Albers Sönke , Mantrala Murali K. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
There have been a number of important developments and applications of operations research‐based models in the domain of sales management that have contributed significantly to enhancing sales force productivity. In this article, the authors provide an overview of the key sales resource allocation and deployment decision problems faced by firms and extant model‐based solution approaches. Understanding and estimating relationships between selling efforts and sales outputs, that is “sales response functions,” lies at the heart of models for planning the sales force size, territories, and allocating selling efforts within territories. The authors briefly review the main challenges and proposed methods for such estimations, and a well‐known example of an optimization model (CALLPLAN) that utilizes such measurements for allocating selling efforts between customers and prospects in a salesperson's territory. This is followed by a description of models that have been proposed for the design of sales territories; that is, the assignment of sets of customers to salespeople, and sales force sizing, as well as integrated sizing, territory design, and allocation models. Throughout, the article notes outstanding issues for further investigation and closes with directions for future research.
Simulation Optimization in Risk Management
Authors: Better Marco , Glover Fred 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTraditional optimization approaches for handling uncertainty and risk typically require severe assumptions that are often not satisfied in complex practical settings. In an effort to overcome such limitations, several methods have been developed to handle uncertainty when the data and associated real‐world parameters do not behave according to classical assumptions. Two of the leading and most widely used examples are scenario optimization and robust optimization, both of which seek high‐quality decisions that are feasible for all scenarios. However, both of these approaches likewise succumb to deficiencies encountered by classical methods, by exhibiting serious limitations in terms of the complexity and size of the models they can handle. Simulation optimization overcomes these limitations, and its flexibility and ease of use has contributed to its popularity as a preferred optimization approach to risk management applications.
Standby Systems
Authors: Distefano Salvatore 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe acquired sensibility in environmental issues as well as the increasing interest in and concern for reliability, dependability, and safety fulfillments due to a common worldwide understanding and social and political commitments, and, in particular, the fundamental business rule of costs reduction, have ensured the success of standby systems in several technological areas.This article provides an overview of the concepts related to standby systems, mainly focusing on technological contexts. In particular, the discussion is developed from the reliability perspective, investigating some specific aspects of standby systems. A characterization of the concept of standby and mathematical elements for modeling the standby behavior in terms of reliability are provided but specific configuration and optimization of standby systems (standby redundancy) are beyond the scope of the article.
The

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s
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s

Queue
Authors: Kharoufeh Jeffrey P. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

This article describes the
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s
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s
queueing system, also known as the
Erlang loss model
. Customers arrive to this stochastic service system according to a homogeneous Poisson process and request service from one of
s
parallel servers (
s
≥ 1). The service times are assumed to be independent and identically distributed with a finite mean. Because there is no waiting space in the system, arriving customers who find all
s
servers busy are lost. Summarized herein are the primary operating characteristics of the
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s
system, namely, the steady‐state probability distribution of the number of occupied servers and the steady‐state blocking probability (the Erlang B formula). Also summarized is the closely related delay probability (the Erlang C formula) for systems with unlimited waiting space. Some computational issues related to the Erlang B and C formulae are also discussed.
Operations Research Society of
T
aiwan
Authors: Luh Hsing 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Operations Research Society of Taiwan was organized and established in 2003 to provide more services for OR professions, as well as academia and industry. Its mission includes promoting the advancement and practice of OR in Taiwan, boosting worldwide recognition for the profession and launching new publications. International Journal of Operations Research (IJOR), as the institutional journal for global professionals, both stimulating reading and serving as a source for practitioners
Iron‐Catalyzed Oxidative Mono‐ and Bis‐Phosphonation of N,N‐Dialkylanilines
Authors: Han Wei , Mayer Peter , Ofial Armin R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe dehydrogenative α‐phosphonation of substituted N,N‐dialkylanilines by dialkyl H‐phosphonates was achieved under mild conditions by using environmentally benign iron(II) chloride as catalyst and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide as oxidant. The reaction proceeded in the presence of electron‐donating (methoxy, methyl, benzyl) and electron‐withdrawing ring‐substitutents (bromo, carbonyl, carboxyl, m‐nitro) in moderate to good yields. The X‐ray crystal structure of N‐(5,5‐dimethyl‐2‐oxo‐2λ5‐[1,3,2]dioxaphosphinan‐2‐yl‐methyl)‐N‐methyl‐p‐toluidine was determined. Bis‐(4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl)methane and bis‐4,4′‐(dimethylamino)benzophenone underwent bisphosphonation selectively by respective monophosphonation at the remote dimethylamino groups. Furthermore, the use of excess dialkyl H‐phosphonate and oxidant allowed us to functionalize both methyl groups of N(CH3)2 in N,N‐dimethyl‐p‐toluidine and N,N‐dimethylaminomesidine, respectively, to obtain α,α′‐bisphosphonatoamines in high yield.
New aqueous base developable photoresist for lithographic printing plates applications
Authors: El‐Demerdash A. M. , Sadik W. A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNegative photoresists are materials that become insoluble in developing solution when exposed to optical radiation. This work describes the production of simple negative‐working resists, demonstrating aqueous development, for potential printing plate applications. The copolymers comprised glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and acrylic acid (AA) via free‐radical solution polymerization in methyl ethyl ketone as a solvent using azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator at 60°C. Characterization of the copolymers prepared was carried out via IR, 1H‐NMR, and thermal analysis techniques. The copolymers of GMA/AA were successfully prepared over a wide range of composition. It was found that the copolymer containing 15 mol % of AA unit in the feed was developed with NaOH on copper plate rather than zinc plate and crosslinked in the presence of photogenerated acid (PAG) caused by acid‐initiated ring‐opening polymerization of pendant epoxide groups. Exposure of the resist films to UV radiation at λmax = 365 nm results in the generation of acid, and the subsequent baking process at 80°C for 1 min promotes the diffusion of the PAG, which initiates the cationic crosslinking of the epoxide rings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
A study on the colloidal nature of urea‐formaldehyde resins and its relation with adhesive performance
Authors: Ferra João M. M. , Mendes Adélio M. , Costa Mário Rui N. , Carvalho Luisa H. , Magalhães Fernão D. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractUrea‐formaldehyde (UF) resins present a swollen colloidal phase dispersed within a continuous water phase containing soluble oligomers. The main goal of the present investigation is to clarify the physical and chemical nature of those two phases and elucidate their impact on the bonding process. Optical and electronic microscopy has provided information on the morphology of the colloidal phase, showing primary particles and particle agglomerates. Mechanisms are suggested for the colloidal stabilization and dilution‐induced flocculation. Three commercial UF resins with different F/U molar ratios were studied using particle size distribution (PSD) analysis. The results showed the influence of the resin's degree of condensation and the aging status on the size of the colloidal structures. Gel permeation chromatography analysis was performed on samples of different resins and of the respective continuous and dispersed phases, separated by centrifugation. The quantified fraction of insoluble molecular aggregates present in the chromatograms was related to the resins synthesis conditions and age. Differential scanning calorimetry and tensile shear strength tests were performed to evaluate the reactivity and adhesive performance of each phase. It is suggested that the colloidal phase acts as a reactive filler at the wood joint interfaces, contributing for the resins bonding performance. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Kinetic modeling of esterification of cardanol‐based epoxy resin in the presence of triphenylphosphine for producing vinyl ester resin: Mechanistic rate equation
Authors: Sultania Minakshi , Rai J. S. P. , Srivastava Deepak 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this study, cardanol‐based epoxidized novolac resins and methacrylic acid were used to produce cardanol‐based epoxidised novolac vinyl ester resins. The reactions were conducted under nonstoichiometric condition using triphenylphosphine as catalyst in the temperature range of 80–100°C with an interval of 5°C. The first‐order rate equation and mechanism based rate equation were examined. Parameters were evaluated by least square method. A comparison of mechnism based rate equation and experimental data showed an excellent agreement. Finally, Arrhenius equation and activation energy were presented. The specific rate constants, based on linear regression analysis, were found to obey Arrhenius equation. The values of activation energy, frequency factor, enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of the reaction revealed that the reaction was spontaneous and irreversible and produced a highly activated complex. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Resin‐V: Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a biphenol–guanidine–formaldehyde terpolymer resin
Authors: Jadhao Manjusha M. , Kumar Sandeep , Paliwal L. J. , Bhave N. S. , Alam Sarfaraz 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA terpolymer resin was synthesized by the condensation of 2,2′‐dihydroxybiphenyl with guanidine and formaldehyde in the presence of 2M HCl as a catalyst. The resin obtained was characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis. The number‐average molecular weight was determined by nonaqueous conductometric titration. A thermal study of the resin was carried out to determine its mode of decomposition, activation energy, order of reaction, frequency factor, entropy change, free energy, and apparent entropy change. The Freeman–Carroll and Sharp–Wentworth methods were applied for the calculation of the kinetic parameters, and the data from the Freeman–Carroll method were used to determine various thermodynamic parameters. The chelation ion‐exchange properties of this resin were studied for Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ ions. A batch equilibrium method was used in the study of the selectivity of the metal‐ion uptake that involved the measurements of the distribution of a given metal ion between the polymer sample and a solution containing the metal ion. The study was carried out over a wide pH range and in media of various ionic strengths. The terpolymer showed a higher selectivity for Fe3+ ions than for the other metal ions in this study. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis of polymorpholine‐2,5‐dione‐block‐polylactide by two‐step anionic ring‐opening polymerization
Authors: Yongzhen Li , Jidong He , Guozhen Cui , Weina He , Zheng Peng 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPolymorpholine‐2,5‐dione‐block‐polylactide (PMD‐b‐PLA) was synthesized via two‐step anionic ring‐opening polymerization at room temperature. First step of ring‐opening polymerization was the ring‐opening of morpholine‐2,5‐dione (MD). It was carried out in an airtight and dry polymerization tube using potassium ethoxide/THF (0.2M/L) as an initiator for 90 min. Then lactide was ring‐opened in THF solution by the potassium alcoholate of PMD. From the FTIR of the copolymer, we can find all the peaks in PLA and PMD. The 1H‐NMR of copolymer gave us a proof to the principle of the anionic ring‐opening polymerization and the fraction of PMD in the copolymer was calculated as 86.3%. DSC analysis of copolymer indicated that it was a copolymer with one Tg (63.6°C) and two Tms (155.6 and 171.4°C) instead of a mixture of PMD and PLA. The yields of the PMD and the copolymer were 32 and 26%, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Alginate‐based biodegradable superabsorbents as candidates for diclofenac sodium delivery systems
Authors: Pourjavadi A. , Zeidabadi F. , Barzegar Sh. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNovel types of highly swelling hydrogels were prepared by grafting crosslinked polyacrylamide‐co‐poly‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid (PAAm‐co‐PAMPS) chains onto sodium alginate (Na‐Alg) through a free radical polymerization method. The superabsorbent formation was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR). The controlled release behavior of diclofenac sodium (DS) from superabsorbent polymer was factinvestigated, and shown that the release profiles of DS from superabsorbent polymer were slow in simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) over 3 h, but nearly all of the initial drug content was released in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 7.4) within 21 h after changing media. Overall the results demonstrated that biodegradable superabsorbent could successfully deliver a drug to the intestine without losing the drug in the stomach, and could be potential candidates as an orally administrated drug delivery system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Bioinduced changes in the colored nitrocellulose‐coated cellophane films, induced by the Shewanella J18 143 strain
Authors: Farajollahi Sanaz , Marshall Colin , Guthrie James T. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTwo types of the nitrocellulose (NC)‐coated cellophane films, denoted 335 MS films (uncolored) and 335 MSC films (dyed with C.I. Direct Red 81), were incubated with Shewanella J18 143 for a period of 1 month at 50°C. The colored films were decolorized by Shewanella strain throughout this process. Changes in the NC coating of the films were studied by FTIR analysis, by determination of the surface wettability, and by ESEM evaluations. The colored films that were exposed to the Shewanella culture and decolorized, lost a significant amount of nitrate groups and became enriched in the hydroxyl group content. Moreover, the critical surface tension of the colored NC‐coated cellophane films increased, from 18.7 mN/m, for the original films, to 33.1 mN/m, for the film that was treated by the Shewanella strain. Unlike the colored film, the uncolored NC‐coated films did not give any considerable changes in their NC coating when exposed to the Shewanella culture, for the same time period. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Polyaniline/carbon black composite as Pt electrocatalyst supports for methanol oxidation: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Qu Bo , Xu Yiting , Deng Yuanming , Peng Xiaoliang , Chen Jiangfeng , Dai Lizong 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCore/shell composites of polyaniline (PANI) and Vulcan XC‐72 Carbon (VC), in which the carbon represents the core and PANI forms the shell, were synthesized by in situ chemical oxidation polymerization. Platinum (Pt) particles were then deposited on the PANI/VC composites by chemical reduction method. The highest conductivity is obtained when a mass ratio of PANI/VC equals to 0.28, as proved by Fourier transform infrared spectra. And it is also proved that there are some reactions happened between PANI and VC. Scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and X‐ray diffraction measurements were performed to analyze their structure and surface morphology. It has been observed that the Pt particles are smaller in size and more uniformly distributed on these composite supports than on pure VC supports, considered as a reference. Methanol oxidation performed on the electrode modified by such a composite catalyst has been measured by cyclic voltammogram focusing on the attenuation of methanol oxidation current after 200 cycles. The attenuation degree for the composite catalyst is only one‐third of the one measured for a simple Pt/VC catalyst. It is proved that the composite catalyst better resist carbon monoxide poisoning in comparison with the Pt/VC catalyst, which may be due to the synergetic effects between the composite support and the Pt catalyst. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Fabrication and properties of crosslinked poly(propylene carbonate maleate) gel polymer electrolyte for lithium‐ion battery
Authors: Yu Xiaoyuan , Xiao Min , Wang Shuangjin , Han Dongmei , Meng Yuezhong 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe poly(propylene carbonate maleate) (PPCMA) was synthesized by the terpolymerization of carbon dioxide, propylene oxide, and maleic anhydride. The PPCMA polymer can be readily crosslinked using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as crosslinking agent and then actived by absorbing liquid electrolyte to fabricate a novel PPCMA gel polymer electrolyte for lithium‐ion battery. The thermal performance, electrolyte uptake, swelling ratio, ionic conductivity, and lithium ion transference number of the crosslinked PPCMA were then investigated. The results show that the Tg and the thermal stability increase, but the absorbing and swelling rates decrease with increasing DCP amount. The ionic conductivity of the PPCMA gel polymer electrolyte firstly increases and then decreases with increasing DCP ratio. The ionic conductivity of the PPCMA gel polymer electrolyte with 1.2 wt % of DCP reaches the maximum value of 8.43 × 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature and 1.42 × 10−2 S cm−1 at 50°C. The lithium ion transference number of PPCMA gel polymer electrolyte is 0.42. The charge/discharge tests of the Li/PPCMA GPE/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cell were evaluated at a current rate of 0.1C and in voltage range of 2.8–4.2 V at room temperature. The results show that the initial discharge capacity of Li/PPCMA GPE/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3 O2 cell is 115.3 mAh g−1. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Morphology‐Dependent Gas‐Sensing Properties of ZnO Nanostructures for Chlorophenol
Authors: Li Zhipeng , Pan Wenxiao , Zhang Dongju , Zhan Jinhua 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe crystal‐plane effect of ZnO nanostructures on the toxic 2‐chlorophenol gas‐sensing properties was examined. Three kinds of single‐crystalline ZnO nanostructures including nanoawls, nanorods, and nanodisks were synthesized by using different capping agents via simple hydrothermal routes. Different crystal surfaces were expected for these ZnO nanostructures. The sensing tests results showed that ZnO nanodisks exhibited the greatest sensitivity for the detection of toxic 2‐chlorophenol. The results revealed that the sensitivity of these ZnO samples was heavily dependent on their exposed surfaces. The polar (0001) planes were most reactive and could be considered as the critical factor for the gas‐sensing performance. In addition, calculations using density functional theory were employed to simulate the gas‐sensing reaction involving surface reconstruction and charge transfer both of which result in the change of electronic conductance of ZnO.
CH Bond Activation/Borylation of Furans and Thiophenes Catalyzed by a Half‐Sandwich Iron N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complex
Authors: Hatanaka Tsubasa , Ohki Yasuhiro , Tatsumi Kazuyuki 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA coordinatively unsaturated iron‐methyl complex having an N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand, [Cp*Fe(LMe)Me] (1; Cp*=η5‐C5Me5, LMe=1,3,4,5‐tetramethyl‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene), is synthesized from the reaction of [Cp*Fe(TMEDA)Cl] (TMEDA=N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine) with methyllithium and LMe. Complex 1 is found to activate the CH bonds of furan, thiophene, and benzene, giving rise to aryl complexes, [Cp*Fe(LMe)(aryl)] (aryl=2‐furyl (2), 2‐thienyl (3), phenyl (4)). The CH bond cleavage reactions are applied to the dehydrogenative coupling of furans or thiophenes with pinacolborane (HBpin) in the presence of tert‐butylethylene and a catalytic amount of 1 (10 mol % to HBpin). The borylation of the furan/thiophene or 2‐substituted furans/thiophenes occurs exclusively at the 2‐ or 5‐positions, respectively, whereas that of 3‐substituted furans/thiophenes takes place mainly at the 5‐position and gives a mixture of regioisomers. Treatment of 2 with 2 equiv of HBpin results in the quantitative formation of 2‐boryl‐furan and the borohydride complex [Cp*Fe(LMe)(H2Bpin)] (5). Heating a solution of 5 in the presence of tert‐butylethylene led to the formation of an alkyl complex [Cp*Fe(LMe)CH2CH2tBu] (6), which was found to cleave the CH bond of furan to produce 2. On the basis of these results, a possible catalytic cycle is proposed.
Cyclam‐Cored Dendrimers Appended with Four Dendrons of Two Different Types: Intradendrimer Energy Transfer
Authors: Bergamini Giacomo , Sottilotta Angela , Maestri Mauro , Ceroni Paola , Vögtle Fritz 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe have synthesized two cyclam‐cored dendrimers appended with dendrons of two different types by proper protection/deprotection of the cyclam unit. The resulting dendrimers contain six naphthyl and two dansyl units (N6 D2) or two dansyl and six naphthyl units (N2 D6) at the periphery. Their photophysical properties have been compared to those of a dendrimer containing 8 dansyl units (D8) and a previously investigated dendrimer containing 8 naphthyl units (N8). The absorption spectra are those expected on the basis of the number of chromophores, demonstrating that no ground state interaction takes place. The emission spectra of N2 D6 and N6 D2 show naphthalene localized and naphthalene excimer emission similar to those observed in the case of N8, together with a much stronger dansyl emission with maximum at 525 nm. Addition of CF3SO3H to dendrimer solutions in CH3CN/CH2Cl2 1:1 (v/v) leads to protonation of the aliphatic amine units of the cyclam core at first and then of the aromatic amine of each dansyl chromophores. Cyclam can be diprotonated and this affects dansyl absorption and, most significantly, emission bands by a charge perturbation effect. Each dansyl unit is independently protonated in both dendrimers. The most interesting photophysical feature of these heterofunctionalized cyclam‐cored dendrimers is the occurrence of an intradendrimer photoinduced energy transfer from naphthyl to dansyl chromophores of two different dendrons (interdendron mechanism). The efficiency of this process is 50 % for N6 D2 and it can be increased up to 75 % upon protonation of the cyclam core and formation of N6 D2(2H+). This arises from the fact that protonation of the amine units of the cyclam prevents formation of exciplexes upon naphthyl excitation, thus shutting down one of the deactivation processes of the fluorescent naphthyl excited state.