bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards automatic patient positioning and scan planning using continuously moving table MR imaging
Authors: Koken Peter , Dries Sebastian P.M. , Keupp Jochen , Bystrov Daniel , Pekar Vladimir , Börnert Peter 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA concept is proposed to simplify patient positioning and scan planning to improve ease of use and workflow in MR. After patient preparation in front of the scanner the operator selects the anatomy of interest by a single push‐button action. Subsequently, the patient table is moved automatically into the scanner, while real‐time 3D isotropic low‐resolution continuously moving table scout scanning is performed using patient‐independent MR system settings. With a real‐time organ identification process running in parallel and steering the scanner, the target anatomy can be positioned fully automatically in the scanner's sensitive volume. The desired diagnostic examination of the anatomy of interest can be planned and continued immediately using the geometric information derived from the acquired 3D data. The concept was implemented and successfully tested in vivo in 12 healthy volunteers, focusing on the liver as the target anatomy. The positioning accuracy achieved was on the order of several millimeters, which turned out to be sufficient for initial planning purposes. Furthermore, the impact of nonoptimal system settings on the positioning performance, the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) was investigated. The present work proved the basic concept of the proposed approach as an element of future scan automation. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
School‐wide healthy weight behaviors: Promoting Universal Longevity via School–family Ecologies (PULSE)
Authors: Anderson Laura M. , Phelps LeAdelle 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRates of childhood obesity have more than tripled in the last 40 years, resulting in a challenge from the public sector and various governmental institutions for the development of effective prevention/early intervention programming. Based on an extensive review of the literature, an evidence‐based, school‐wide curriculum is proposed. Promoting Universal Longevity via School–family Ecologies (PULSE) is intended to change weight imbalance behaviors via proactive and long‐term interventions directed toward all children and their families (universal prevention model) via the school setting. The authors provide a review of the literature and outline the conceptual model of PULSE. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cell cycle regulator cdk2ap1 inhibits prostate cancer cell growth and modifies androgen‐responsive pathway function
Authors: Zolochevska Olga , Figueiredo Marxa L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBACKGROUNDWe evaluated the effect of expressing the cell cycle regulator cdk2ap1, downregulated in prostate cancer cell lines, in inhibiting prostate cancer cell growth.METHODSExpression of cdk2ap1 using a tet‐inducible lentiviral system modified growth rate, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and reduced the invasive ability of prostate cancer cell lines, as assayed by cell viability, cell cycle profiling, Caspase 3/7 detection, and matrigel invasion assays. We examined the effect of expressing cdk2ap1 on gene expression profiles of cytokine, invasion, apoptotic, and androgen response pathways using quantitative real‐time PCR, and used androgen‐responsive reporter gene assays, and methylation‐sensitive PCR to examine the mechanism of cdk2ap1 interaction with androgen‐responsive pathways.RESULTSThe expression of cdk2ap1 correlated with a reduction in cellular growth, irrespective of inhibition or stimulation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathways. Cell cycle arrest, increased apoptosis, and a reduction in invasiveness phenotypes were observed upon cdk2ap1 expression. Enhanced demethylation at the AR promoter, AR expression increases, and enhanced AR transcriptional activity correlated with cdk2ap1 expression.CONCLUSIONSOur findings support a novel concept by which cell cycle inhibitor genes can impact prostate cancer phenotypes by restoring a tumor suppressive function to androgen‐responsive pathways and this function may involve modulation of a subset of functions of the AR. Prostate 69: 1586–1597, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Large‐scale analysis of secondary structure changes in proteins suggests a role for disorder‐to‐order transitions in nucleotide binding proteins
Authors: Dan Adi , Ofran Yanay , Kliger Yossef 
Published: July 2009

AbstractConformational changes in proteins often involve secondary structure transitions. Such transitions can be divided into two types: disorder‐to‐order changes, in which a disordered segment acquires an ordered secondary structure (e.g., disorder to α‐helix, disorder to β‐strand), and order‐to‐order changes, where a segment switches from one ordered secondary structure to another (e.g., α‐helix to β‐strand, α‐helix to turn). In this study, we explore the distribution of these transitions in the proteome. Using a comprehensive, yet highly conservative method, we compared solved three‐dimensional structures of identical protein sequences, looking for differences in the secondary structures with which they were assigned. Protein chains in which such secondary structure transitions were detected, were classified into two sets according to the type of transition that is involved (disorder‐to‐order or order‐to‐order), allowing us to characterize each set by examining enrichment of gene ontology terms. The results reveal that the disorder‐to‐order set is significantly enriched with nucleotide binding proteins, whereas the order‐to‐order set is more diverse. Remarkably, further examination reveals that >22% of the purine nucleotide binding proteins include segments which undergo disorder‐to‐order transitions, suggesting that such transitions play an important role in this process. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How and when does complex reasoning occur? Empirically driven development of a learning progression focused on complex reasoning about biodiversity
Authors: Songer Nancy Butler , Kelcey Ben , Gotwals Amelia Wenk 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn order to compete in a global economy, students are going to need resources and curricula focusing on critical thinking and reasoning in science. Despite awareness for the need for complex reasoning, American students perform poorly relative to peers on international standardized tests measuring complex thinking in science. Research focusing on learning progressions is one effort to provide more coherent science curricular sequences and assessments that can be focused on complex thinking about focal science topics. This article describes an empirically driven, five‐step process to develop a 3‐year learning progression focusing on complex thinking about biodiversity. Our efforts resulted in empirical results and work products including: (1) a revised definition of learning progressions, (2) empirically driven, 3‐year progressions for complex thinking about biodiversity, (3) an application of statistical approaches for the analysis of learning progression products, (4) Hierarchical Linear Modeling results demonstrating significant student achievement on complex thinking about biodiversity, and (5) Growth Model results demonstrating strengths and weaknesses of the first version of our curricular units. The empirical studies present information to inform both curriculum and assessment development. For curriculum development, the role of learning progressions as templates for the development of organized sequences of curricular units focused on complex science is discussed. For assessment development, learning progression‐guided assessments provide a greater range and amount of information that can more reliably discriminate between students of differing abilities than a contrasting standardized assessment measure that was also focused on biodiversity content. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 610–631, 2009
Measuring progressions: Assessment structures underlying a learning progression
Authors: Wilson Mark 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article describes some of the underlying conceptualizations that have gone into the work of the BEAR Center in the development of learning progressions. The core of all of these developments has been the construct map, which is the first building block in the BEAR Assessment System (BAS). After introducing the concept of a learning progression, the article summarizes the elements of the BAS, emphasizing the central concept of a construct map. The article then describes a series of several different ways to see the relationship between the idea of a construct map and the idea of a progression (which I call the “assessment structure”), and also gives illustrative examples from recent BEAR projects. The article then discusses some strengths and limitations of these conceptualizations, focusing on both educational and measurement issues. The article concludes with some general reflections. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 716–730, 2009
Property derivatives and the subprime crisis
Authors: Syz Juerg M. , Vanini Paolo 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe recent real estate bubble was fuelled by non‐risk‐adjusted lending policies, low interest rates, and complex finance vehicles. Mortgage‐backed securities (MBS) played a crucial role in the crisis. These vehicles were praised as liquid capital market instruments that allowed mortgage lenders to replenish their funds, which could then be used for additional origination activities. However, in some forms, securitized mortgage pools are highly complex and hard to price. It turned out that MBS were not able to deal with the risks of the real estate market appropriately. The painful burst of the real estate bubble highlights the urgent need for instru‐ments that provide more transparency and allow better mitigating of both house price and commercial property risk. Property derivatives, currently emerging in the US and the UK, address real estate prices directly and make them more transparent. Thus, they facilitate a more efficient risk allocation. We illustrate the possibilities and limitations of property derivatives with respect to the current subprime crisis. Copyright © 2009 Wilmott Magazine Ltd
Barrier options and lumpy dividends
Authors: Vitalis Siven Johannes , Suchanecki Michael , Poulsen Rolf 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe study the pricing of barrier options on stocks with lumpy dividends. By extending the European option methodology presented in Haug, Haug, and Lewis (2003), we show that in the Black–Scholes model with a single dividend payment, barrier option prices can be expressed in terms of well‐behaved one‐dimensional integrals that can be evaluated very rapidly. With multiple dividend payments, the price integrals are more involved, but we show that for the down‐and‐out call option a simple approximation method gives accurate results. Copyright © 2009 Wilmott Magazine Ltd
A note on hedging: restricted but optimal delta hedging, mean, variance, jumps, stochastic volatility, and costs
Authors: Ahn Hyungsok , Wilmott Paul 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe consider the pricing of options when delta hedging only takes place at discrete intervals. We show how to include transaction costs, jumps and stochastic volatility while optimally, but discretely, dynamically hedging. Copyright © 2009 Wilmott Magazine Ltd
Within‐tree distribution of nest sites and foraging areas of ants on canopy trees in a tropical rainforest in Borneo
Authors: Tanaka Hiroshi O. , Yamane Seiki , Itioka Takao 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIt has been argued that canopy trees in tropical rainforests harbor species‐rich ant assemblages; however, how ants partition the space on trees has not been adequately elucidated. Therefore, we investigated within‐tree distributions of nest sites and foraging areas of individual ant colonies on canopy trees in a tropical lowland rainforest in Southeast Asia. The species diversity and colony abundance of ants were both significantly greater in crowns than on trunks. The concentration of ant species and colonies in the tree crown seemed to be associated with greater variation in nest cavity type in the crown, compared to the trunk. For ants nesting on canopy trees, the numbers of colonies and species were both higher for ants foraging only during the daytime than for those foraging at night. Similarly, for ants foraging on canopy trees, both values were higher for ants foraging only during the daytime than for those foraging at night. For most ant colonies nesting on canopy trees, foraging areas were limited to nearby nests and within the same type of microhabitat (within‐tree position). All ants foraging on canopy trees in the daytime nested on canopy trees, whereas some ants foraging on the canopy trees at night nested on the ground. These results suggest that spatial partitioning by ant assemblages on canopy trees in tropical rainforests is affected by microenvironmental heterogeneity generated by three‐dimensional structures (e.g., trees, epiphytes, lianas, and aerial soils) in the crowns of canopy trees. Furthermore, ant diversity appears to be enriched by both temporal (diel) and fine‐scale spatial partitioning of foraging activity.
Early meiosis in Rhynchospora pubera L. (Cyperaceae) is marked by uncommon ultrastructural features
Authors: San Martin Barrera Juca Abramo , de Andrade Jesus Tardeli Celia Guadalupe , Vanzela Laforga André Luís 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe family Cyperaceae has an unusual microsporogenesis in which tetrad formation does not occur. In addition, other cytological features are important, such as the occurrence of holokinetic chromosomes and post‐reductional meiosis. We have examined the ultrastructural features of the pollen mother cell (PMC) of Rhynchospora pubera. Anthers of several sizes were analyzed using light and transmission electron microscopy. The PMC before meiosis presented a central nucleus and a regular profile of the nuclear envelope. During prophase I, the nucleus was in the abaxial region of the cell. This cellular polarization was accompanied by other marked ultrastructural features in the nuclear envelope. Morphological changes involved dilations of perinuclear cisterns and polarization of the nuclear pore complexes. The results show that polarization occurs in the initial phases of microsporogenesis in R. pubera, unlike other plant species.
Gesundheit zwischen Staat und Markt: Der Einfluss Europas
Authors: Gerlinger Thomas 
Published: July 2009

Einleitung
Die deutsche Gesundheitspolitik wird heutzutage in wachsendem Maße von der Europäischen Union (EU) beeinflusst, obwohl der EG-Vertrag ausdrücklich vorsieht, dass „die Verantwortung der Mitgliedstaaten für die Organisation des Gesundheitswesens und die medizinische Versorgung in vollem Umfang gewahrt“ wird (Art. 152 Abs. 5 EGV). Der Beitrag beschreibt die Wege der direkten und indirekten Einflussnahme der europäischen Ebene auf die Gesundheitspolitik der Mitgliedsstaaten und die sich daraus ergebenden Konsequenzen.
Privates Kapital und staatliche Regulierung im Gesundheitsmarkt
Authors: Bührlen Bernhard 
Published: July 2009

EinleitungBedingt durch den medizinisch-technischen Fortschritt, die alternde Bevölkerung, einen Rückgang informeller Pflege und steigende Preise nimmt der Kapitalbedarf für die Gesundheitsversorgung zu (OECD, 2006). Da gleichzeitig die Beiträge zur Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung (GKV) begrenzt werden sollen, wird ein Teil der GKV-Ausgaben aus Steuermitteln ergänzt. Zunehmend werden Leistungen auch aus privaten Mitteln finanziert. Die Abstimmungsprozesse zwischen den Interessensgruppen müssen der veränderten Rolle der Nutzer angepasst werden.
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Neuraminidase Gene Reveals that the H5N1 Strains Prevalent in Chickens During 2006 Bird Flu Outbreaks in Two Regions of Maharashtra, India are Genetically Different
Authors: Danishuddin Mohd , Khan Asad U. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In February 2006, two outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H5N1 occurred in chickens in two neighboring districts (first in Nandurbar and second in Jalgaon) of Maharashtra, India, in a span of 12 days. In the present study, the neuraminidase (NA) gene of the two Indian H5N1 isolates was taken into consideration to find if the two strains are genetically similar. Phylogenetic analysis of the NA gene showed that the H5N1 strains isolated from the two outbreaks were not originated from the same source. The first Indian isolate (Nandubar/7972/06) was clustered closest to an isolate from chicken in Vietnam in 2004, whereas the second Indian isolate (Jalgaon/8824/06) showed resemblance to strains isolated from swan in Italy and Iran in 2006. Moreover, amino acid sequence analysis showed varying hot spots for substitutions between these two Indian isolates, and three substitutions were found at functional domain sites. Secondary structure changes due to these substitutions were also reported. This study reveals that the H5N1 strains isolated from chickens during 2006 bird flu outbreaks in two neighboring districts of Maharashtra, India are genetically different.
d-chiro-Inositol is absorbed but not synthesised in rodents
Authors: Lin Xiaobo , Ma Lina , Gopalan Chaya , Ostlund Richard E. 
Published: July 2009

d-chiro-inositol (DCI) and pinitol (1d-3-O-methyl-chiro-inositol) are distinctive inositols reported to possess insulin-mimetic properties. DCI-containing compounds are abundant in common laboratory animal feed. By GC–MS of 6 m-HCl hydrolysates, Purina Laboratory Rodent Diet 5001 (diet 5001) contained 0·23 % total DCI by weight with most found in the lucerne and soya meal components. In contrast, only traces ofl-chiro-inositol were observed. The DCI moiety was present in a water-soluble non-ionic form of which most was shown to be pinitol. To measure the absorption of dietary inositols, rats were fed diet 5001 in a balance study or given purified pinitol or [2H6]DCI. More than 98 % of the total DCI fed to rats as diet 5001, purified pinitol or [2H6]DCI was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Rats chronically on diet 5001 consumed 921 μmol total DCI/kg body weight per d but excreted less than 5·3 % in the stools and urine, suggesting that the bulk was metabolised. The levels of pinitol or DCI in plasma, stools or urine remained relatively stable in mice fed Purina PicoLab®Rodent Diet 20 5053 over a 5-week period, whereas these values declined to very low levels in mice fed a pinitol/DCI-deficient chemically defined diet. To test whether DCI was synthesised or converted frommyo-inositol, mice were treated with heavy water or [2H6]myo-inositol. DCI was neither synthesised endogenously from2H-labelled water nor converted from [2H6]myo-inositol. DCI and pinitol in rodents appear to be derived solely from the diet.
Morphology, biology and molecular characterizations of Opisthoteuthis calypso (Cephalopoda: Octopoda) from the Sardinian Channel (central western Mediterranean)
Authors: Cuccu Danila , Mereu Marco , Cannas Rita , Follesa Maria Cristina , Cau Angelo , Jereb Patrizia 
Published: July 2009

Several aspects of the biology of Opisthoteuthis calypso were studied based on 38 individuals (23 males, 14 females and 1 indeterminate) retrieved from bottom trawls fished at 871 to 1420 m depth in the Sardinian Channel (central western Mediterranean). Data on full maturity of females are presented for the first time for this species. Information on the distribution, size, structure and fecundity for both sexes is provided, and the biological characteristics of the Sardinian samples are compared to those of other Mediterranean and Atlantic samples. Morphological variability and the peculiar structure of the shell and beak are reported and discussed. Molecular DNA sequences were obtained and compared with sequences available for the genus Opisthoteuthis.
A new marine flatworm (Plathelminthes: Rhabditophora: Otoplanidae) from the Ligurian coast
Authors: Lanfranchi A. , Melai M. 
Published: July 2009

The morphology and taxonomy of a new species of otoplanid (Plathelminthes: Rhabditophora: Proseriata) is discussed. Otoplana proxima sp. nov., collected at Marina di Bibbona (Livorno), presents the typical morphological peculiarities of the subfamily Otoplaninae, but clearly differs from the previously described species with regard to the organization of the genital organs. The new flatworm appears more similar to Otoplana intermedia, but differs sharply in its body length and male copulatory organ made up of 23–24 pliable spines (42–70 μm long) characterized by a forked tip and a canaliculated proximal end.
Strindberg's illness
Authors: Anderson E. W. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe nature of the episodes of severe mental disorder which Strindberg suffered after the age of 45 has led to considerable discussion, much of which must remain inconclusive until all the relevant documents, some still awaiting publication, can be assessed. On the basis of present evidence, the diagnosis of an affective, schizophrenic, or toxic state is considered, and the views of earlier psychiatrists are discussed.
Parental abnormalities of verbal communication in the transmission of schizophrenia
Authors: Hirsch Steven R. , Leff Julian P. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA carefully controlled comparison of communication defects and deviances in parents of schizophrenics and neurotics was undertaken using the 41-category Rorschach manual of Singer and Wynne. Subjects were tested and scored blindly and scoring was shown to be reliable. Although a statistically significant difference was found between the two groups, the marked overlap of the distribution of scores found in this study is not compatible with theories advanced by other authors concerning communication abnormality in parents of schizophrenics. Evidence is presented which provides a more parsimonious explanation of the difference between groups and leads to a hypothesis which would explain the failure of this study to confirm the striking differences between groups reported by previous workers.
Akinetic mutism with recovery after repeated carbon monoxide poisoning
Authors: Smith J. Sydney , Brierley H. , Brandon S. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYA 27-year-old man developed signs of personality change after exposure to carbon monoxide. One month later a second exposure was followed by an akinetic mute state with unusual motor seizures, probably associated with tentorial herniation and brain-stem compression. Elimination of carbon monoxide was unduly prolonged after the second exposure. The patient showed clinical evidence of dementia, but there has been a gradual improvement in cognitive and social functioning over two years.
Blood barbiturate levels in a patient dependent upon amylobarbitone sodium
Authors: Watson J. P. , Radford M. D. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYIn a barbiturate dependent patient, the blood barbiturate was less than 0·2 mg% two and a half hours after an oral dose of 200 mg amylobarbitone sodium. Amylobarbitone was withdrawn, and the patient was maintained on phenobarbitone, with a blood barbiturate level that remained at about 4·0 mg% over several weeks. Themost likelyexplanation of the findings is that the oxidation of amylobarbitone, but not phenobarbitone, is accelerated in patients dependent on the former drug.