bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The serotonin transporter gene linked polymorphic region is associated with the behavioral response to repeated stress exposure in infant rhesus macaques
Authors: Spinelli Simona , Schwandt Melanie L. , Lindell Stephen G. , Heilig Markus , Suomi Stephen J. , Higley J. Dee , Goldman David , Barr Christina S. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe short allele of the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) moderates the effects of stress on vulnerability to mood and anxiety disorders. The mechanism by which this occurs may relate to differential sensitivity to stressful life events. Here we explored whether 5-HTTLPR and sex affected behavioral responses to repeated maternal separation in infant rhesus macaques. Behaviors were collected during the acute (Day 1) and the chronic (Days 2–4) phases of the separation, and the effects of duration of separation (acute vs. chronic), genotype (long/long vs. short allele), and sex (male vs. female) on behavioral responses were analyzed across four successive separations. Males increased their levels of locomotion with repeated maternal separation, whereas females exhibited an increase in frequency of self-directed behavior, a measure of “depression-like” behavior. The short-allele predicted increased environmental exploration, particularly during the chronic phase of social separation, indicative of higher arousal. In addition, the short-allele carriers were more likely to increase their levels of self-directed behavior during the chronic phase of separation, as a function of repeated exposures. These findings suggest that the short allele may increase reactivity to repeated, chronic stressors, leaving them more vulnerable to affective psychopathology, with females particularly vulnerable.
Negative emotionality and externalizing problems in toddlerhood: Overreactive parenting as a moderator of genetic influences
Authors: Lipscomb Shannon T. , Leve Leslie D. , Shaw Daniel S. , Neiderhiser Jenae M. , Scaramella Laura V. , Ge Xiaojia , Conger Rand D. , Reid John B. , Reiss David 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe current study examines the interplay between parental overreactivity and children's genetic backgrounds as inferred from birth parent characteristics on the development of negative emotionality during infancy, and in turn, to individual differences in externalizing problems in toddlerhood. The sample included 361 families linked through adoption (birth parents and adoptive families). Data were collected when the children were 9, 18, and 27 months old. Results indicated links between individual levels and changes in negative emotionality during infancy and toddlerhood to externalizing problems early in the third year of life. Findings also revealed an interaction between birth mother negative affect and adoptive mother overreactive parenting on children's negative emotionality. This Genotype × Environment interaction predicted externalizing problems indirectly through its association with negative emotionality and revealed stronger effects of genetic risk for children with less overreactive parenting from their mothers. Limitations of this study and directions for future research are discussed.
Mothers' depressive symptoms and children's facial emotions: Examining the depression–inhibition hypothesis
Authors: Dix Theodore , Meunier Leah N. , Lusk Kathryn , Perfect Michelle M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractVibrant expression of emotion is the principal means infants and young children use to elicit appropriate and timely caregiving, stimulation, and support. This study examined the depression–inhibition hypothesis: that declines in mothers' support as their depressive symptoms increase inhibit children's emotional communication. Ninety-four mothers and their 14- to 27-month-olds interacted in a university playroom. Based on microanalytic coding of discrete facial displays, results supported three components of the hypothesis. (a) As mothers' depressive symptoms increased, children displayed less facial emotion (more flat affect, less joy, less sadness, less negative). (b) Mothers' low emotional and behavioral support predicted children's low facial communication and mediated relations between mothers' depressive symptoms and children's infrequent emotion. (c) Children who were passive with mothers behaviorally expressed emotion infrequently. Children's passivity mediated relations between mothers' depressive symptoms and children's infrequent emotion displays. Contrary to modeling and contagion theories, mothers' facial displays did not mediate relations between their depressive symptoms and children's facial displays. Nor were the outcomes children experienced regulating their facial displays. Rather, findings suggest that, even when depressive symptoms are modest, young children inhibit emotion as mothers' depressive symptoms increase to withdraw from unresponsive mothers, which may adversely affect children's subsequent relationships and competencies.
Inner speech is used to mediate short-term memory, but not planning, among intellectually high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Williams David M. , Bowler Dermot M. , Jarrold Christopher 
Published: January 2012

AbstractEvidence regarding the use of inner speech by individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is equivocal. To clarify this issue, the current study employed multiple techniques and tasks used across several previous studies. In Experiment 1, participants with and without ASD showed highly similar patterns and levels of serial recall for visually presented stimuli. Both groups were significantly affected by the phonological similarity of items to be recalled, indicating that visual material was spontaneously recoded into a verbal form. Confirming that short-term memory is typically verbally mediated among the majority of people with ASD, recall performance among both groups declined substantially when inner speech use was prevented by the imposition of articulatory suppression during the presentation of stimuli. In Experiment 2, planning performance on a tower of London task was substantially detrimentally affected by articulatory suppression among comparison participants, but not among participants with ASD. This suggests that planning is not verbally mediated in ASD. It is important that the extent to which articulatory suppression affected planning among participants with ASD was uniquely associated with the degree of their observed and self-reported communication impairments. This confirms a link between interpersonal communication with others and intrapersonal communication with self as a means of higher order problem solving.
Sibling influences on adolescent substance use: The role of modeling, collusion, and conflict
Authors: Low Sabina , Shortt Joann Wu , Snyder James 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe longitudinal associations of older sibling substance use as well as dyadic sibling conflict and collusion to younger sibling substance use were examined in a community-based sample of 244 same-sex sibling pairs. Indirect effects of older siblings on younger sibling substance use were hypothesized via younger sibling deviant peer affiliation and conflict with friends. Adolescents, parents, friends, and teachers completed measures of substance use, conflict, and deviant peer involvement. Observational data were used for both measures of collusion and conflict. Findings suggest that older sibling substance use has a direct effect on younger sibling use, but relationship dynamics and reinforcement played a significant role as well. Specifically, collusion and conflict in the sibling relationship both had indirect effects through younger siblings’ deviant peer affiliation. Findings validate the powerful socializing role of both siblings and peers, and elucidate the complex mechanisms through which socialization occurs. Furthermore, data underscore the importance of considering how multiple dimensions of socialization operate in the elaboration of antisocial behavior.
Impact of fathers on risky sexual behavior in daughters: A genetically and environmentally controlled sibling study
Authors: Ellis Bruce J. , Schlomer Gabriel L. , Tilley Elizabeth H. , Butler Emily A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractGirls receiving lower quality paternal investment tend to engage in more risky sexual behavior (RSB) than peers. Whereas paternal investment theory posits that this effect is causal, it could arise from environmental or genetic confounds. To distinguish between these competing explanations, the current authors employed a genetically and environmentally controlled sibling design (N = 101 sister pairs; ages 18–36), which retrospectively examined the effects of differential sibling exposure to family disruption/father absence and quality of fathering. Consistent with a causal explanation, differences between older and younger sisters in the effects of quality of fathering on RSB were greatest in biologically disrupted families when there was a large age gap between the sisters (thus maximizing differential exposure to fathers), with greater exposure within families to higher quality fathering serving as a protective factor against RSB. Further, variation around the lower end of fathering quality appeared to have the most influence on RSB. In contrast, differential sibling exposure to family disruption/father absence (irrespective of quality of fathering) was not associated with RSB. The differential sibling-exposure design affords a new quasi-experimental method for evaluating the causal effects of fathers within families.
Air quality over the Canadian oil sands: A first assessment using satellite observations
Authors: McLinden C. A. , Fioletov V. , Boersma K. F. , Krotkov N. , Sioris C. E. , Veefkind J. P. , Yang K. 
Published: January 2012

Results from the first assessment of air quality over the Canadian oil sands–one of the largest industrial undertakings in human history–using satellite remote sensing observations of two pollutants, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), are presented. High‐resolution maps were created that revealed distinct enhancements in both species over an area (roughly 30 km × 50 km) of intensive surface mining at scales of a few kilometers. The magnitude of these enhancements, quantified in terms of total mass, are comparable to the largest seen in Canada from individual sources. The rate of increase in NO2between 2005 and 2010 was assessed at 10.4 ± 3.5%/year and resulted from increases both in local values as well as the spatial extent of the enhancement. This is broadly consistent with both surface‐measurement trends and increases in annual bitumen production. An increase in SO2 was also found, but given larger uncertainties, it is not statistically significant.
Spectral analysis of flickering aurora
Authors: Michell R. G. , McHarg M. G. , Samara M. , Hampton D. L. 
Published: January 2012

We present a case study of a flickering aurora event observed from Poker Flat, Alaska. The data were recorded using an Andor EMCCD narrow field of view (15° × 15°) imager. The images were recorded at 33.58 frames per second resulting in 256 × 256 pixel images. The specific event analyzed consists of a time series of images lasting approximately 30 seconds (1000 images) where flickering aurora was observed throughout the entire sequence. An asymmetry was found in the scale size of the patches, with the East–West direction being approximately twice as large as the North–South direction. The calculation of the spatiotemporal spectra reveals that the temporal frequencies of the luminosity variations occur throughout the well‐defined range of 5 Hz to 14 Hz, with a sharp increase in power around 5 Hz and the peak at approximately 10 Hz. These data are compared to the theoretically calculated dispersion relation for ion cyclotron waves and the observed wave power can be bounded by using a k∥ between 1 × 10−5 m−1 and 3 × 10−5 m−1 for an altitude of 3100 km. Observationally there is a lack of power at values of k⊥ larger than ∼2 × 10−3 m−1, suggesting the existence of a minimum spatial scale for flickering auroral patches of approximately the O+ ion gyroradius (∼1 km) at the interaction altitude.
Formation, shape, and evolution of magnetic structures in CIRs at 1 AU
Authors: Broiles T. W. , Desai M. I. , McComas D. J. 
Published: January 2012

We have surveyed the properties of 153 co‐rotating interaction regions (CIRs) observed at 1 AU from January, 1995 through December, 2008. We identified that 74 of the 153 CIRs contain planar magnetic structures (PMSs). For planar and non‐planar CIRs, we compared distributions of the bulk plasma and magnetic field parameters. Our identification of CIRs and their features yields the following results: (1) The different pressures within CIRs are strongly correlated. (2) There is no statistical difference between planar and non‐planar CIRs in the distributions and correlations between bulk plasma and magnetic field parameters. (3) The mean observed CIR azimuthal tilt is within 1 σ of the predicted Parker spiral at 1 AU, while the mean meridional tilt is about 20°. (4) The meridional tilt of CIRs changes from one solar rotation to the next, with no relationship between successive reoccurrences. (5) The meridional tilt of CIRs in the ecliptic is not ordered by the magnetic field polarity of the parent coronal hole. (6) Although solar wind deflection is a function of CIR shape and speed, the relationship is not in agreement with that predicted by Lee (2000). We conclude the following: (1) PMSs in CIRs are not caused by a unique characteristic in the local plasma or magnetic field. (2) The lack of relationship between CIR tilt and its parent coronal hole suggests that coronal hole boundaries may be more complex than currently observed. (3) In general, further theoretical work is necessary to explain the observations of CIR tilt.
The distinct behaviors of Pacific and Indian Ocean warm pool properties on seasonal and interannual time scales
Authors: Kim Seon Tae , Yu Jin‐Yi , Lu Mong‐Ming 
Published: January 2012

The seasonal and interannual variabilities of warm pool properties in the Pacific and Indian Ocean sectors are examined and contrasted. The properties examined are the size, mean and maximum sea surface temperatures (SSTs), and central position. The seasonal variability is more vigorous in the Indian Ocean sector, but the interannual variability is comparable in the Pacific and Indian Ocean sectors. The variability is associated with significant longitudinal and latitudinal displacements on seasonal time scales but only with longitudinal displacements on interannual time scales. As for the controlling factors, while the seasonal variability of the warm pool is controlled by the annual march of the Sun in the Pacific sector and by the Indian summer monsoon in the Indian Ocean sector, the interannual variability in both sectors is related mostly to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). ENSO is closely correlated with the size variations and longitudinal displacements of the warm pool. Interestingly, the warm pool intensity in both sectors is not highly correlated with ENSO until 5 to 6 months after ENSO peaks. The possible causes of this delayed ENSO influence are discussed. Only size and intensity (i.e., mean SST) variations in the Indian Ocean warm pool are significantly correlated with quasi‐biennial variability in the Indian monsoon, which indicates that the Indian Ocean warm pool may be a potential predictor for Indian monsoon variations.
Detecting tropical thin cirrus using Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer's oblique cameras and modeled outgoing longwave radiation
Authors: Prasad Abhnil Amtesh , Davies Roger 
Published: January 2012

We report the improved detection of thin cirrus clouds over the Tropics using oblique camera stereo retrieval of cloud top heights from the Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument on the Terra satellite. The MISR oblique stereo captures 10% of thin cirrus with mean height of 13 km over all scenes that the standard stereo misses completely, especially when they are over lower‐level clouds that provide more contrast. To determine thin cirrus properties missed by MISR, differences between modeled and measured outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) were used to compute its fractional cover and optical depth. The oblique MISR measurements were used as inputs to the model and a merged data set from CERES, MODIS and MISR instruments on the Terra satellite provided the measured fluxes and the cloud properties. For the cases investigated including all clear and cloudy scenes in the Tropics, the difference between modeled and measured OLR (Cirrus Forcing) averaged ≈ 19 W m−2. This can be accounted for by the addition of thin cirrus of coverage 77%. However, oblique analysis only detects 10% of thin cirrus (0.1 < τ < 0.3) and misses 67% of cirrus with τ < 0.3. The missed cirrus coverage includes 32% of homogeneous cirrus (0.1 < τ < 0.3) and 35% of subvisual cirrus (τ < 0.1). To improve the detection of homogeneous cirrus with MISR, the current contrast threshold should be decreased. This will increase the number of pixels to be matched stereoscopically that were screened as noise initially.
Dispersion of the volcanic sulfate cloud from a Mount Pinatubo–like eruption
Authors: Aquila Valentina , Oman Luke D. , Stolarski Richard S. , Colarco Peter R. , Newman Paul A. 
Published: January 2012

We use the GEOS‐5 general circulation model to simulate the transport of the volcanic cloud from an eruption similar to the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo. The simulated aerosol optical thickness and transport of the volcanic cloud are in good agreement with observations of the actual Pinatubo eruption from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and with vertical profiles of sulfur dioxide observed by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). We tested the importance of initial conditions corresponding to the specific meteorological situation at the time of the eruption by comparing results when GEOS‐5 is initialized using Modern Era Retrospective Analyses for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis fields with results when it is initialized from an existing model run. We found no significant difference in the transport of the cloud. We show how the inclusion of the interaction between volcanic sulfate aerosol and radiation is essential for a reliable simulation of the transport of the volcanic cloud. The absorption of longwave radiation by the volcanic sulfate largely induces the rising of the volcanic cloud up to the middle stratosphere and the divergent motion from the latitude of the eruption to the tropics. Our simulations indicate that the cloud is transported to the Northern Hemisphere through a lower stratospheric pathway and to middle and high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere through a middle stratospheric pathway, centered at about 30 hPa. The direction of the middle stratospheric pathway depends on the season of the eruption.
The Evolutionary Seesaw: Origins of biodiversity?
Authors: Boettiger Carl 
Published: January 2012

AbstractI consider the problem of evolutionary branching in adaptive dynamics without applying the limits of separation of timescales between ecological and evolutionary processes. I derive expressions for the waiting time for a branching event to occur and survive in terms of both ecological and evolutionary parameters, and show how demographic stochasticity alone can result in the frequent failure of adaptive branching.
Transient exposure to sodium butyrate after germinal vesicle breakdown improves meiosis but not developmental competence in pig oocytes
Authors: Liu Limei , Song Guangqi , Gao Fei , Guan Jiyu , Tang Bo , Li Ziyi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractOocyte maturation is a complex process during which epigenetic modifications are dramatically changed, especially histone acetylation and phosphorylation. We have investigated the effects of NaBu (sodium butyrate), a natural HDAC (histone deacetylase) inhibitor, on porcine oocyte maturation at different stages and subsequent embryonic development to improve IVF (in vitro fertilization) and embryo production. COCs (cumulus oocyte complexes) were cultured, IVM (in vitro maturation) supplemented with 1 mM NaBu before or after GVBD [GV (germinal vesicle) breakdown] during maturation. NaBu delayed oocyte meiosis in the GV and GVBD stages in an exposure‐dependent manner. However, the short treatment with 1 mM NaBu after GVBD significantly improved the meiotic competence. No positive effects of NaBu on GSH levels and subsequent embryonic development following IVF were seen. Transient exposure to NaBu after GVBD improves meiotic competence, but not subsequently, probably by having an effect on histone acetylation during oocyte maturation.
Synthetic model of the asymmetric [Mn
3
CaO
4
] cubane core of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II
Authors: Mukherjee Shreya , Stull Jamie A. , Yano Junko , Stamatatos Theocharis C. , Pringouri Konstantina , Stich Troy A. , Abboud Khalil A. , Britt R. David , Yachandra Vittal K. , Christou George 
Published: January 2012

The laboratory synthesis of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II has been the objective of synthetic chemists since the early 1970s. However, the absence of structural information on the OEC has hampered these efforts. Crystallographic reports on photosystem II that have been appearing at ever-improving resolution over the past ten years have finally provided invaluable structural information on the OEC and show that it comprises a [Mn
3
CaO
4
] distorted cubane, to which is attached a fourth, external Mn atom, and the whole unit attached to polypeptides primarily by aspartate and glutamate carboxylate groups. Such a heterometallic Mn/Ca cubane with an additional metal attached to it has been unknown in the literature. This paper reports the laboratory synthesis of such an asymmetric cubane-containing compound with a bound external metal atom, [

(
1
)] . All peripheral ligands are carboxylate or carboxylic acid groups. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility data have established
1
to possess an
S
= 9/2 ground state. EPR spectroscopy confirms this, and the Davies electron nuclear double resonance data reveal similar hyperfine couplings to those of other Mn
IV
species, including the OEC S
2
state. Comparison of the X-ray absorption data with those for the OEC reveal
1
to possess structural parameters that make it a close structural model of the asymmetric-cubane OEC unit. This geometric and electronic structural correspondence opens up a new front in the multidisciplinary study of the properties and function of this important biological unit.
THREE-MINUTE OSCILLATIONS ABOVE SUNSPOT UMBRA OBSERVED WITH THE SOLAR DYNAMICS OBSERVATORY/ATMOSPHERIC IMAGING ASSEMBLY AND NOBEYAMA RADIOHELIOGRAPH
Authors: Reznikova V. E. , Shibasaki K. , Sych R. A. , Nakariakov V. M. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
Three-minute oscillations over a sunspot's umbra in AR 11131 were observed simultaneously in UV/EUV emission by the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) and in radio emission by the Nobeyama Radioheliograph (NoRH). We use 24 hr series of SDO and 8 hr series of NoRH observations to study spectral, spatial, and temporal variations of pulsations in the 5–9 mHz frequency range at different layers of the solar atmosphere. High spatial and temporal resolution of SDO/AIA in combination with long-duration observations allowed us to trace the variations of the cutoff frequency and spectrum of oscillations across the umbra. We found that higher frequency oscillations are more pronounced closer to the umbra's center, while the lower frequencies concentrate on the peripheral parts. We interpreted this discovery as a manifestation of variation of the magnetic field inclination across the umbra at the level of temperature minimum. Possible implications of this interpretation for the diagnostics of sunspot atmospheres are discussed.