bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Class of Non-Damaging, Environmentally Responsible Scale Squeeze Enhancement Aids
Authors: Sitz Curtis , Hardy Julie , Merryman Justin , Varner Dennis 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The scale inhibitor squeeze treatment is a well-known method widely used in the oilfield to prevent mineral scale formation. Squeeze lifetimes are dependent on a number of factors. Some of these factors are reservoir temperature, brine composition, reservoir mineralogy, and inhibitor chemistry. In an attempt to reduce the number of squeezes in a given well, thereby simplifying the logistics and improving the economics of the treatment, modifications to the procedures have been developed that are targeted at extending squeeze lifetimes. The improved performance of scale inhibitor squeezes coupled with increased squeeze lifetimes are especially important for critical applications in environmentally sensitive areas.
In situ adjustments to the reservoir brine pH, calcium or zinc ion supplementation, microcrystalline kaolin addition, and the incorporation of chemical bridging agents have been used with varying degrees of success. These methods, while offering a degree of squeeze life enhancement, are not without their drawbacks. Methods involving pH adjustment or calcium ion supplementation create the opportunity for damage caused by excessive precipitation of solids. The injection of microcrystalline kaolin is inherently troublesome in that solids are intentionally introduced into the formation. Many chemical bridging agents often have temperature limitations restricting their use to a few select reservoirs or have undesirable environmental profiles.
Recently, laboratory investigations have been conducted using a new class of non-polymeric (MW 250 to 500) squeeze life enhancement, SLE, agent. Core floods have been run using commercially available scale inhibitors in the presence of the new products generating results that show dramatically improved squeeze lifetimes. Unlike some of the products currently in use, these new SLE agents possess a much better environmental profile, being biodegradable, non-bioaccuulating and having much lower toxicity. While providing much longer effective squeeze lifetimes, the SLE agents are not permanently adsorbed onto the rock surface. The improved SLE agents are thermally stable to 180°C (~350°F) allowing use in a wide range of locations.
A Novel Approach to the Study of CaCO3 Precipitation Kinetics on Carbon Steel Pipe
Authors: Zhang Nan , Kan Amy , Shi Wei , Alsaiari Hamad , Tomson Mason B. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
In order to assess scaling risk in pipes, a better understanding of scale deposition kinetics on steel surface under realistic and complex oil field condition is needed. In this paper, we introduce the development of a novel CaCO3 pre-coated steel tubing for studies of CaCO3 crystal growth kinetics and inhibition kinetics at oilfield conditions. This approach provides a relatively stable surface area and eliminates the limits of laboratory batch experiments. Initially, the heterogeneous precipitation rate of CaCO3 from a supersaturated solution (Calcite SI=0.3–0.7) was evaluated at specific temperatures (60–80°C), linear velocities (0.01–0.75 cm/sec), and ionic strengths (0.1–1M). The curve fitted heterogeneous precipitation rate constant, kppt, ranged from 10−5 to10−4 cm/sec. The results are comparable to that calculated from the Sieder and Tate equation, which indicates that the crystal growth was dominated by mass transfer rate. With the injection of scale inhibitors for one hour through the pre-coated tubing, the calcium carbonate precipitation can be prevented for days, and the crystal growth rate can be significantly slowed down. Not only does this study contribute to the limited data base of scaling kinetics in actual flowing pipes, but also provides a new approach to better understand the inhibitor reaction with the subsurface. The approach and results will assist in the prediction of scaling risk as a function of brine composition, well conditions and scale inhibitor composition, which will improve our ability to predict the severity of scale risk, including the rate of scaling, minimum blockage time, and thus the minimum inhibitory concentration needed in actual flowing pipes.
Foamed Scale Inhibitor and Scale Dissolver Treatments for Improved Placement in a Subsea Norne Well
Authors: Selle Olav Martin , Nygård Ole-Kristian , Storås Elisabeth , Moen Arild , Chen Ping , Matheson Rozenn , Juliussen Bjørn , Håland Torstein , Mebratu Amare , Melien Ingrid 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The success of chemical treatments to prevent or remove formation damage, depend on the placement efficiency. In down-hole scale control treatments, diversion techniques are applied for improved placement of scale dissolvers or scale inhibitors in the potentially productive intervals. Foamed scale treatment is a new diversion technology developed by the operator and two oil service companies. The new approach is to foam the scale inhibitor and scale dissolver solutions for improved placement of down-hole scale inhibitor squeezes and scale dissolver treatments. An additional benefit is that the gas used to create foam is perfectly suited for wells with low reservoir pressure and with no gas lift system in place. In theory the foamed fluid will enter the highly injective zones at a higher rate than the others so that the resistance to flow increases in the zones which have accepted the foamed fluid.
The technical qualification of the foamed scale chemicals was divided into advanced bottle tests and dynamic flooding tests. The first ever field application was performed in a Norne subsea well, under challenging weather conditions from an intervention vessel. Two subsequent pumping operations; one foamed scale dissolver and one foamed scale inhibitor operation were done. The post job evaluation concluded that the foamed scale treatments were successful and the technology is qualified for future use at the Norne field. The well became protected against scaling as seen from the scale inhibitor return curve, and the well came easily on stream following each treatment. The operational challenges were mostly in connection with wave height and vessel movement affecting the Nitrogen pumping stability.
The benefits seen with this technology are: it is a solid free system, it can be deployed by bullheading, the foaming agent is environmentally friendly and the system helps a quick post treatment production.
New Environmentally Acceptable Chemistry and Evaluation Methods for Scale Inhibitor Testing Under Turbulent Flow and Harsh Scaling Conditions
Authors: Benvie Ronald , Chen Tao , Heath Steve , Chen Ping , Montgomerie Harry , Hagen Thomas 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Dynamic scale loop tests are one of the major test methods used in the oilfield scale industry to evaluate the minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) performance of scale inhibitors under laminar flow conditions. However, this laminar flow condition may not often be representative of field flow conditions especially around chokes, downhole safety valves and in wells with ESP and ICD completions where the flow is turbulent. Under these turbulent flow conditions the MIC derived by standard dynamic loop test may be too low to inhibit scale formation and very seldom has focus been placed on the effect of turbulence on MIC of scale inhibitors.
It is possible to modify existing dynamic scale loop equipment to achieve turbulent flow conditions. However, the turbulent flow conditions imparted by the higher flow rate and narrow test coils still cannot match the really high Reynolds numbers experienced in real field conditions so a different approach was adopted to more closely replicate field conditions. This consisted of installing an adjustable small bore valve in the dynamic loop rig which closely simulates the turbulent environment around chokes and downhole safety valves.
This new methodology and testing under turbulent and laminar conditions (at lower Reynolds numbers) was used to gain an understanding of the impact of flow on scale deposition and MIC and this information was used to design and identify new environmentally friendly P containing scale squeeze inhibitors that demonstrated excellent performance under turbulent flow conditions.
This paper will give a comprehensive study of the effect of flow condition on the scale formation and inhibition and, in addition, will detail how this methodology and new chemistry can be coupled to a chemical technology toolbox, that also implements techniques for advanced scale inhibitor analysis and improved scale inhibitor retention, to design optimum scale squeeze packages for harsh scaling conditions.
Combined Inhibitors - A New Experimental Method for a Simultaneous Assessment of Scale and Corrosion Phenomena
Authors: Sanders Laura , Hu Xinming , Mavredaki Eleftheria , Eroini Violette , Barker Richard , Neville Anne 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The formation of calcium carbonate scale and the occurrence of corrosion in CO2-saturated environments in different parts of oil and gas facilities are both phenomena that have been extensively studied. However, to date, very limited work has been carried out on evaluating combined products in a combined scale/corrosion methodology. This paper presents the results from a new combined bulk jar scaling/bubble cell corrosion test. The aim of this project is to investigate the effect of two combined chemicals in a new experimental setup; to study the corrosion and scale interactions which occur simultaneously. Two combined products were assessed at 5 ppm concentration at two temperatures (60°C and 80°C) in a CO2-saturated brine. Bulk scale precipitation was monitored using a turbidity meter and the corrosion rate measurements were made using the linear polarisation resistance (LPR) technique. Scale deposition and corrosion mechanisms have been studied using surface analyses. The performance of the two combined products has also been tested to measure: (i) the increase in the induction time of the calcium carbonate formation in the bulk, (ii) the change of the morphology of the crystals and (iii) the formation of a partial protective layer on the sample.
According to this study, the new experimental method has enabled the corrosion and scale deposition on pipeline steel (X65) and the bulk precipitation process to be studied simultaneously. Detailed scale deposition mechanisms on the material surface in the presence of corrosion processes and combined products are addressed from this study.
Virus infections in wild plant populations are both frequent and often unapparent
Authors: Prendeville Holly R. , Ye Xiaohong , Jack Morris T. , Pilson Diana 
Published: May 2012

• Premise of the study: Pathogens are thought to regulate host populations. In agricultural crops, virus infection reduces yield. However, in wild plants little is known about the spatial and temporal patterns of virus prevalence. Thus, pathogen effects on plant population dynamics are unclear. Prevalence data provide necessary background for (1) evaluating the effects of virus infection on plant population size and dynamics and (2) improving risk assessment of virus‐resistant transgenic crops.• Methods: We used ELISA and RT‐PCR to survey wild Cucurbita pepo populations over 4 years for five viruses, aphid‐transmitted viruses of the genus Potyvirus as a group and PCR to survey for virus‐resistance transgenes. In addition, we surveyed the literature for reports of virus prevalence in wild populations.• Key results: In 21 C. pepo populations, virus prevalence (0–74%) varied greatly among populations, years, and virus species. In samples analyzed by both ELISA and RT‐PCR, RT‐PCR detected 6–44% more viruses than did ELISA. Eighty percent of these infections did not cause any visually apparent symptoms. In our samples, the virus‐resistance transgene was not present. In 30 published studies, 92 of 146 tested species were infected with virus, and infection rates ranged from 0.01–100%. Most published studies used ELISA, suggesting virus prevalence is higher than reported.• Conclusions: In wild C. pepo, the demographic effects of virus are likely highly variable in space and time. Further, our literature survey suggests that such variation is probably common across plant species. Our results indicate that risk assessments for virus‐resistant transgenic crops should not rely on visual symptoms or ELISA and should include data from multiple populations over multiple years.
Des barrières autistiques aux limites : des voies nouvelles d'interprétation
Authors: Suarez-Labat Hélène 
Published: May 2012

Résumé La question des interprétations vectrices des processus de changement qui se déploient dans le dégagement de l’état autistique est analysée à partir des travaux de M. Klein et de F. Tustin chez l’enfant et l’adolescent bénéficiant de cures psychanalytiques au long cours. L’analyse et l’interprétation du transfert/contre-transfert s’appuient sur le relevé des mouvements qui contribuent à la construction de la synthèse du moi corporel : construction du regard, qualification de l’affect, fantasme de scène primitive, symbolisations, décorporation des corps maternel et paternel. L’effet des interprétations constitue des révélateurs et indicateurs du dégagement de l’état autistique.
Pour une éducation au cinéma intégrée dans une pédagogie de projet multimédia : un exemple de translittératie
Authors: Velez Irma 
Published: May 2012

Si la didactique du cinéma et par le cinéma éveille aujourd’hui l’attention des chercheurs, c’est pour répondre à l’urgence d’une formation des enseignants du premier degré qui intègre le langage audiovisuel dans une littératie médiatique multimodale. C’est aussi pour mieux répondre aux enjeux d’une démocratie participative qui se veut globale et multimédia dans ses stratégies de communication. À partir de l’évolution des usages du cinéma à l’école, toute considération faite aux dispositifs pédagogiques technologiques exploités et à la place accordée aux apprenants, l’article résumera une proposition de formation des enseignants mise en place à l’IUFM de Paris Sorbonne dans le cadre d’une spécialisation en « E-learning et mobilité » du nouveau Master Enseignement, Éducation, Médiation. L’article suggère que l’éducation au cinéma intégrée dans une pédagogie de projet multimédia dans un dispositif hybride de formation peut servir d’exemple de translittératie.
How Personal Heirloom Stories Can Spark Emotion and Motivation by Using Short Films in the EFL Classroom
Authors: Beirne Kenneth , Floquet Pierre 
Published: May 2012

Using film in class has been a long-standing practice with our non-specialist students in a French engineering school, in multiple formats for multiple purposes. Heirlooms, the Australian series of very short animated films, offers teachers an alternative way of having students work with and reflect upon multi-culturalism abroad, and eventually within their own scope.This paper discusses the potential and limitations of using such short animated films recounting personal heirlooms for teaching purposes in a foreign language learning classroom. The Heirlooms films were used as models on which students could base their own personal stories, which were recorded and uploaded onto a YouTube account. Although the number of students participating was low (15 out of 40), the submitted videos do suggest that such a personalised and do-able task can yield a relatively rich and varied end product which can also improve group cohesion and lead to greater levels of exchange.
Le cinéma, de la motivation à la mobilisation intellectuelle
Authors: Medioni Maria-Alice 
Published: May 2012

Le cinéma est un support support de plus en plus travaillé à l’école, particulièrement intéressant dans l’apprentissage des langues étrangères mais pas forcément le plus facile d’accès pour un apprenant. Cela oblige l’enseignant à préparer sérieusement le visionnage d’un film pour en permettre la compréhension par tous, en essayant d’éviter deux écueils : la préparation trop poussée qui gâte la curiosité et la consommation passive d’images dans le cadre de la « sortie » cinéma. Il s’agit avant tout de mettre en appétit, de donner quelques clés sans révéler l’essentiel pour susciter le désir de savoir qui naît d'une situation mobilisatrice.Cette note de pédagogie a pour objet de présenter différentes didactisations de films en espagnol et en anglais dans un projet d’apprentissage visant à outiller les apprenants dans la lecture et la compréhension des œuvres cinématographiques. Il abordera également les situations de travail qui en découlent à partir du scénario, de l’œuvre littéraire dont est tiré le film, des photos, de l’image et du son, etc.
The Effect of Glycemic Control on Visual and Anatomic Outcomes in Response to Therapy for Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Macky Tamer A. , Mahgoub Mohamed M. 
Published: May 2012

Purpose. To evaluate the effect of glycemic control on response to therapy of diabetic clinically significant macular edema (CSME). Methods. Patients with CSME had their glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measured at baseline and 6 months. Central foveal thickness (CFT) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in logMAR were measured at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Therapy included laser and intravitreal bevacizumab. HbA1c was graded as G1 <7%, G23 7%–7.9%, G3 8%–8.9%, G4 >9%. Results. Fifty-two eyes were included with mean logMAR BCVA and CFT as follows: baseline 0.75 and 423±106 μm; 3 months 0.47 and 293±69 μm; and 6 months 0.48 and 324±76 μm. Mean HbA1c was 8.13% and 7.43% at baseline and 6 months, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between baseline and 6 months HbA1c groups and logMAR BCVAs and CFTs at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. However, there were positive correlations between baseline HbA1c levels and each of baseline logMAR BCVA (p=0.024), baseline CFT (p<0.001), and 6-month logMAR BCVA (p=0.007). Improved HbA1c by 6 months did not show any correlation with logMAR BCVA and CFT at 6 months. Conclusions. Lower HbA1c appeared to be correlated with better visual acuity and lower CFT values at baseline, and also correlated with significantly better vision and nonsignificantly thinner CFT with therapy at 6 months.
A Histopathologic Pattern of Centrilobular Hepatocyte Injury Suggests 6-Mercaptopurine-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Masia Ricard , Pratt Daniel S. , Misdraji Joseph 
Published: May 2012

Context.—Hepatotoxicity is an important side effect of thiopurine analog treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. A variety of histopathologic findings have been observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease with thiopurine-induced hepatotoxicity, including nodular regenerative hyperplasia, vascular injury, and cholestasis.
Objective.—To describe the histologic features shared by 3 cases of thiopurine-induced hepatotoxicity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Design.—We identified 3 patients with inflammatory bowel disease who developed hepatotoxicity due to 6-mercaptopurine from the educational files of the Department of Pathology at Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston). Histology slides (stained with hematoxylin-eosin, trichrome, periodic-acid Schiff with diastase digestion, and iron stains) and patients' medical records were reviewed retrospectively.
Results.—All 3 patients were receiving 6-mercaptopurine monotherapy at therapeutic doses, had normal thiopurine metabolite levels, and presented with elevated aminotransferase levels. Biopsies from all 3 cases exhibited a pattern of centrilobular hepatocyte injury characterized by ceroid-laden macrophages, hepatocyte anisonucleosis, and increased lipofuscin pigment, as well as centrilobular steatosis. Aminotransferase levels trended downward and either normalized or remained at borderline elevated levels after 6-mercaptopurine dose was reduced (in 1 patient) or discontinued (in 2 patients).
Conclusions.—Recognition of a pattern of centrilobular injury enables pathologists to suggest thiopurine-induced liver injury as the cause of elevated aminotransferases in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Structured Electronic Template for Histopathology Reporting on Colorectal Carcinoma Resections: Five-Year Follow-up Shows Sustainable Long-Term Quality Improvement
Authors: Casati Bettina , Bjugn Roger 
Published: May 2012

Context.—To improve quality, pathology organizations have published guidelines with key parameters for histopathology reporting on cancer resections. Checklists or structured templates improve upon the presence of key parameters in histopathology reports, but data are lacking on long-term sustainability of such reporting. From 2003 to 2006, the Cancer Registry of Norway and the Norwegian Society of Pathology collaborated on the development of a structured electronic template for histopathology reporting on colorectal carcinoma resections.Objective.—To investigate use and long-term effect of this structured template in one of the first laboratories implementing the template for routine diagnostic work.Design.—All histopathology reports (n  =  123) in the 1-year period prior to implementation were evaluated with respect to presence of key parameters. Likewise, all histopathology reports (n  =  1186) in the 5-year period after implementation were evaluated with respect to template use and presence of key parameters.Results.—The electronic template had been used in 1089 (91.8%) of the 1186 cases. Template use was stable in the entire 5-year period, and had significantly improved upon the presence of data on 7 of 11 key parameters valid for both the preimplementation and the postimplementation period. Eight hundred and twenty-two (75.5%) of the 1089 template reports contained information on all key parameters, compared to just 20 (16.3%) of the 123 free text reports in the 1-year preimplementation period.Conclusion.—Electronic template reporting has a significant and sustainable long-term, positive effect upon the quality of histopathology reports.
Management Control Systems and ISO Certification as Resources to Enhance Internationalization and Their Effect on Organizational Performance
Authors: Conde Jacobo Gómez , Sampedro Ernesto López‐Valeiras , Feliu Vicente Ripoll , Sánchez María Beatriz González 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThere has been a general consensus in recent literature that internationalization is a key success factor in the competitive business environment we now live in. Using a sample of Spanish agri‐food companies, the main objective of this research is to determine the linkage of Management Control Systems (MCS), ISO certifications, internationalization and performance. The results obtained reveal, as expected, that internationalization has a direct and positive relationship with organizational performance. In addition, we find that both the use of MCS and the deployment of ISO certification positively influence companies' level of internationalization. Nevertheless, our findings clearly indicate that MCS and ISO do not influence performance directly.