bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling of flow‐induced shear stress applied on 3D cellular scaffolds: Implications for vascular tissue engineering
Authors: Lesman Ayelet , Blinder Yaron , Levenberg Shulamit 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNovel tissue‐culture bioreactors employ flow‐induced shear stress as a means of mechanical stimulation of cells. We developed a computational fluid dynamics model of the complex three‐dimensional (3D) microstructure of a porous scaffold incubated in a direct perfusion bioreactor. Our model was designed to predict high shear‐stress values within the physiological range of those naturally sensed by vascular cells (1–10 dyne/cm2), and will thereby provide suitable conditions for vascular tissue‐engineering experiments. The model also accounts for cellular growth, which was designed as an added cell layer grown on all scaffold walls. Five model variants were designed, with geometric differences corresponding to cell‐layer thicknesses of 0, 50, 75, 100, and 125 µm. Four inlet velocities (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 cm/s) were applied to each model. Wall shear‐stress distribution and overall pressure drop calculations were then used to characterize the relation between flow rate, shear stress, cell‐layer thickness, and pressure drop. The simulations showed that cellular growth within 3D scaffolds exposes cells to elevated shear stress, with considerably increasing average values in correlation to cell growth and inflow velocity. Our results provide in‐depth analysis of the microdynamic environment of cells cultured within 3D environments, and thus provide advanced control over tissue development in vitro. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 645–654. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of postoperative radiotherapy on autologous deep inferior epigastric perforator flap volume after immediate breast reconstruction
Authors: Chatterjee J S , Lee A , Anderson W , Baker L , Stevenson J H , Dewar J A , Thompson A M 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
The effect of postoperative radiotherapy following autologous flap breast reconstruction is controversial. The aim of this study was to measure whether adjuvant radiotherapy following immediate deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) free flap breast reconstruction affected flap volume.

Methods
Sixty-eight women underwent immediate autologous DIEP flap reconstruction following mastectomy for breast cancer. Twenty-two of the 68 received postoperative radiotherapy (45Gy in 20 fractions over 4 weeks). Intraoperative flap volume data were collected prospectively. Volumetric assessment was carried out a minimum of 1 year after surgery. Patients who had volume adjustment surgery after initial reconstruction were analysed separately.

Results
The mean age of the women was 52 (range 37–69) years and median follow-up was 3·5 (range 1–10) years. There was no statistically significant difference in volume change between patients who had and those who did not have postreconstruction radiotherapy for the whole cohort (median reduction 65 versus 0 ml) or when women who had undergone further volume adjustment surgery were excluded.

Conclusion
In this study postoperative radiotherapy did not significantly affect breast volume after DIEP flap reconstruction. The potential need for postoperative radiotherapy should not deter women from undergoing immediate DIEP flap breast reconstruction.
Lateral mammaplasty reconstruction after surgery for breast cancer
Authors: Ballester M , Berry M G , Couturaud B , Reyal F , Salmon R J , Fitoussi A D 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
Up to 60 per cent of cancers develop laterally in the breast and breast-conserving surgery frequently produces superolateral nipple–areolar complex (NAC) distortion aggravated by postoperative irradiation. Correction is technically demanding and the outcomes are variable. Lateral mammaplasty may allow wider excision margins and prevent such deformities.

Methods
This was a review of 86 consecutive patients who had lateral mammaplasty: combined wide tumour excision with NAC repositioning on a reliable dermoglandular pedicle. Simultaneous axillary surgery was performed via a separate or combined incision. Aesthetic outcomes were assessed.

Results
The median age of the women was 54 (range 29–75) years; 55 (64 per cent) had palpable tumours and 73 (85 per cent) underwent simultaneous axillary surgery. Median radiological and histological tumour sizes were 29·8 and 33·6 mm, respectively, and median weight of excised tumour was 150 g. Two patients required haematoma evacuation. Eleven women required revisional surgery for involved or close margins. Aesthetic outcomes were excellent or good in 93 per cent.

Conclusion
Lateral mammaplasty produced clear margins in 87 per cent of women. It is an option when a deformity is anticipated after breast-conserving surgery, and is particularly valuable when neoadjuvant chemotherapy has downgraded a large tumour.
Feasibility study of three-nerve-recognizing Lichtenstein procedure for inguinal hernia
Authors: Lange J F M , Wijsmuller A R , van Geldere D , Simons M P , Swart R , Oomen J , Kleinrensink G J , Jeekel J , Lange J F 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
Inguinal nerve identification during open inguinal hernia repair is associated with less chronic postoperative pain. However, most Dutch surgeons do not identify all three inguinal nerves when carrying out this procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a nerve-recognizing Lichtenstein hernia repair and to measure the extra time required for surgery

Methods
Forty patients with primary inguinal hernia were operated on following the nerve-recognizing Lichtenstein hernia repair by four experienced hernia surgeons from four different Dutch teaching hospitals. The additional time needed to identify each individual nerve was recorded, and iatrogenic nerve injuries and anatomical characteristics were registered.

Results
Identification of the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves was each performed within 1 min. Identification of the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve was notably more difficult but could usually be performed within 2 min. Identification of the cremasteric vein, running parallel to the genital branch, was less comprehensive. The incidence of major anatomical variations was low. Twenty-five per cent of ilioinguinal nerves, however, could not be identified. In five patients inguinal nerves were damaged iatrogenically during standard manoeuvres of the Lichtenstein hernia repair.

Conclusion
Three-nerve-recognizing Lichtenstein hernia repair is feasible and non-time consuming if the surgeon has appropriate anatomical knowledge. In view of the low incidence of major anatomical variations, knowledge of standard inguinal nervous anatomy should be adequate. This procedure could enable the surgeon to prevent or recognize iatrogenic nerve damage and offer an opportunity to perform deliberate neurectomy as an alternative to accidental nerve injury.
Randomized controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis of silver-donating antimicrobial dressings for venous leg ulcers (VULCAN trial)
Authors: Michaels J A , Campbell B , King B , Palfreyman S J , Shackley P , Stevenson M 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
Antimicrobial silver dressings are used beneath graduated compression in the treatment of venous ulceration. There is little information on whether their use is effective. This was a prospective randomized trial and cost-effectiveness analysis of silver-donating versus non-silver low-adherence dressings in the treatment of venous leg ulcers.

Methods
Patients were randomized between the two types of dressing. The primary outcome measure was complete ulcer healing at 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes included time to healing, quality of life and cost-effectiveness.

Results
A total of 213 patients were recruited. There was no difference between the dressings in the proportion of ulcers healed at 12 weeks (59·6 per cent for silver and 56·7 per cent for control dressings). Mean utility scores for the EuroQol 5D and Short Form 6D were similar in both groups at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Compared with the control group the antimicrobial group had an incremental cost of £97·85 and an incremental quality-adjusted life year gain of 0·0002, giving an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £489 250 for the antimicrobial dressings.

Conclusion
No significant differences were found in either primary or secondary endpoints. There was no evidence to support the routine use of silver-donating dressings beneath compression for venous ulceration. Registration number: ISRCTN 72485131 (http://www.controlled-trials.com).
Randomized clinical trial of techniques for closure of the pancreatic remnant following distal pancreatectomy (Br J Surg 2009; 96: 602–607)
Authors: Chiu Chong-Chi 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Letter 1: Randomized clinical trial of antibiotic therapy versus appendicectomy as primary treatment of acute appendicitis in unselected patients (Br J Surg 2009; 96: 473–481)
Authors: Spanos C P 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Understanding the glycemic index and glycemic load and their practical applications
Authors: Lazarim Fernanda Lorenzi , Stancanelli Mirtes , Brenzikofer René , de Macedo Denise Vaz 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe have introduced the study of synthesis pathways using two experiments: 1—the determination of the glycemic index (GI) of some foods and the effects of fiber and fat on the GI; 2—the determination of blood glucose levels after the ingestion of meals with high and low glycemic loads (GL). After a practice assembly, when the foods and meals that were eaten by the students were tallied, the students were divided into groups. At the next class, three members of each group, who had fasted for 8 hr, ingested 50 g of carbohydrate in food or a meal. After ingestion, the blood glucose was measured with a portable device every 30 min for a period of 2 hr. Discussion of the data obtained in experiment 1 allowed the students to understand the mechanism of action of insulin and to understand how the GI, as presented in the literature, is determined. The students also concluded that the addition of fiber to food reduces the glycemic response even with high GI foods, and these results could be a useful strategy for diet prescription. Discussion of experiment 2 allowed the students to understand that the amount of food intake is a determining factor for the glycemic response and subsequent release of insulin. These experimental observations allowed the students to transfer theoretical knowledge to their daily lives very easily. The students approved the classes and felt encouraged to study the synthesis pathways and metabolic integration in the fed state.
Determining the skills for child protection practice: from quandary to quagmire?
Authors: Keys Marjorie 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article, the first of two, provides an account of an extended literature review that was undertaken in order to establish the evidence base for the learning and teaching of skills for child protection practice. It considers the contribution to the knowledge base from child abuse inquiries and from policies, guidelines and other documents from governmental departments and professional bodies. The subsequent analysis of terminology used for the review illustrates the complexity of searching for evidence that relates to concepts about which there are many differing perspectives, and also highlights the relevance to the study of activities undertaken by practitioners from a wide range of backgrounds. The paper describes the review method beginning with an initial search from which several hundred articles were located, only six of which generated evidence of value to the study. These six, however, highlighted a range of skills that provided the basis for a second, more focused search. Following an account of organisation and analysis of material, the paper concludes with discussion of some of the challenges presented during the process of this review, the complexities of which are reflected in the paper's title. A second paper will present the findings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determining the skills for child protection practice: emerging from the quagmire!
Authors: Keys Marjorie 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper, the second in a series of two, presents and analyses the results of an extended literature review undertaken for a Master's dissertation, the purpose of which was to establish the evidence base for the learning and teaching of skills for child protection practice. The review, discussed in the previous paper, was carried out in two stages. An initial search yielded a very small number of studies of direct relevance but they provided the trigger and the key words for a second search. Many potentially useful areas had to be omitted from the second stage because of limited resources, but the two stages in the search generated large amounts of material, much of which was indirectly relevant to child protection practice. The review did not achieve the original aim of determining skills that are identified through research and other evidence as being essential for child protection practice, but it was possible to draw some conclusions. For example, evidence was found of the importance of a range of communication skills, whether these be child focused, carer focused or inter‐professional. Skills in managing conflict and challenge were found to be crucial, with the importance of role clarification being acknowledged. There was some evidence of the use of decision‐making skills and problem‐solving skills, but little research that explored procedural skills. This paper reports on gaps in the literature identified by the review, and indicates where further research would be beneficial. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence, people and processes: a consideration of the implications of Lord Laming's progress report on the protection of children in England
Authors: Driscoll Jennifer J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMedia coverage of the death of Baby P revived national concerns about the standard of child safeguarding practice in England following the implementation of widespread structural changes in response to the Victoria Climbié Inquiry chaired by Lord Laming in 2003. This paper discusses the recommendations of Lord Laming's recent Progress Report. It questions whether the scale of the challenge in improving child protection is fully recognised and considers briefly the culture of social care in the UK and the barriers to effective reform. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prozessüberwachung bei der anaeroben Vergärung mit Hilfe eines adaptierbaren Prozessbeobachters
Authors: Krassowski J. , Kabasci Ing. S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEine der größten Herausforderungen bei der technischen Nutzung der Biogaserzeugung ist die Gewährleistung eines stabilen Anlagenbetriebs. Dieser wird bisher immer noch am besten durch einen erfahrenen, mit der Anlage vertrauten Experten sichergestellt. Um dieses Expertenwissen in einer automatisierten Prozessüberwachung nutzbar zu machen, wurde ein adaptierbarer Prozessbeobachter für den anaeroben Vergärungsprozess entwickelt und in Form eines von der Anlagensteuerung unabhängigen Überwachungsprogramms implementiert.
Kultivierung von Mikroalgen im Photobioreaktor zur stofflichen und energetischen Nutzung
Authors: Schmid‐Staiger U. , Preisner R. , Trösch W. , Marek P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFür die stoffliche und energetische Nutzung von Algenbiomasse wird ein Flachplatten‐Airlift‐Reaktor eingesetzt, der eine verbesserte Lichtversorgung aller Zellen gewährleistet. Damit kann Algenbiomasse in hoher Zelldichte und mit hoher Produktivität erzeugt werden. Diese ist Basis für die Produktion der omega‐3‐Fettsäure Eicosapentaensäure oder von Speicherlipiden für die energetische Nutzung unter Verwendung von Abgas‐CO2.
Surveillance of prophylactic mastectomy
Authors: McLaughlin Colleen C. , Lillquist Patricia P. , Edge Stephen B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Prophylactic mastectomy, prophylactic oophorectomy, and antiestrogen chemoprevention are currently the only available methods for breast cancer risk reduction. To the authors' knowledge there is little published information regarding the prevalence of prophylactic mastectomy for the primary prevention of breast cancer among high‐risk women or for the prevention of subsequent tumors among women with breast cancer.METHODS:The objective of the current study was to examine the frequency of prophylactic mastectomy in New York State between 1995 and 2005 using mandated statewide discharge data combined with data from the state cancer registry.RESULTS:Identified were 6275 female residents of New York State receiving prophylactic mastectomy; 19% had no identifiable personal history of breast cancer (including women with lobular carcinoma in situ) and 81% had a personal history of breast cancer (84% with invasive disease and 16% with ductal carcinoma in situ). The increased use of prophylactic mastectomy over time was found to be more pronounced among women with breast cancer compared with those without. Women who underwent prophylactic mastectomies were more likely to be younger and white and to have private insurance compared with women who underwent therapeutic mastectomies and compared with all women with breast cancer. The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition, Clinical Modification diagnostic code for prophylactic mastectomy introduced in 1995 was found to have low sensitivity for identifying prophylactic mastectomies in coded discharge data.CONCLUSIONS:The results of the current analysis demonstrate that, although the discharge data alone are inadequate for surveillance purposes, combining these data with the cancer registry data allowed for the detailed examination of the prevalence of prophylactic mastectomies. Mastectomy among high‐risk women for cancer prevention appears to be relatively uncommon, but the use of contralateral mastectomy in women with breast cancer is increasing. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Effect of PCBM Concentration on Photoluminescence Properties of Composite MEH‐PPV/PCBM Nanoparticles Investigated by a Franck–Condon Analysis of Single‐Particle Emission Spectra
Authors: Tenery Daeri , Gesquiere Andre J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe emission of composite conjugated polymer (MEH‐PPV)/fullerene (PCBM) nanoparticles is investigated by single particle spectroscopy (SPS), and changes in vibronic structure with nanoparticle composition are evaluated by means of a detailed Franck–Condon analysis. Consistent with previous reports we find that the emission spectra can be modeled as the superposition of two types of emitters, one with aggregate character and one with molecular character. Major findings from the fitting of the SPS data to a Franck–Condon model are that 1) the occurrence of each of the two types of emitters changes with nanoparticle composition to the point that no aggregate emitters are detected (at 50 wt % PCBM), 2) at the highest PCBM doping levels (75 wt % PCBM) aggregate emitters reappear due to nanoscale phase separation in the composite nanoparticles, 3) the molecular emitters show small Huang–Rhys factors that increase with PCBM doping, indicative of extensive delocalization and exciton migration that is reduced by the disorder introduced in the polymer material by PCBM doping and 4) the aggregate emitters show large Huang–Rhys factors, indicative of the localized nature of these energy trap sites, with a broad distribution of values of these Huang–Rhys factors. The latter observation suggests a broad heterogeneous distribution of aggregate morphologies in blended conducting polymer materials, which can be attributed to variations in polymer chain folding and stacking at the aggregate sites. The reported results obtained by the SPS approach show how blending conjugated polymers with fullerenes at various doping levels induces changes in interchain interactions and aggregate site density even at length scales below a few tens of nanometers that affect conjugated polymer material properties, an observation that has gone unnoticed in bulk studies of blended conjugated polymer films.
Identification of specific angiotensin‐converting enzyme variants and haplotypes that confer risk and protection against type 2 diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Ezzidi Intissar , Mtiraoui Nabil , Kacem Maha , Chaieb Molka , Mahjoub Touhami , Almawi Wassim Y. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackgroundCross‐sectional and family studies identified angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) gene as a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy (DN). The contribution of ACE gene variants to DN development and progression is controversial and varies among different ethnic/racial groups.MethodsWe investigated the association of three ACE gene variants with DN, rs1799752 insertion/deletion (I/D), rs1800764T/C and rs12449782A/G in 917 Tunisian type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients: 515 with (DN) and 402 without (DWN) nephropathy. ACE genotyping was done by PCR‐based assays; haplotype estimation was performed using H‐Plus software (χ2‐test based).ResultsGenotype frequency distributions of the three studied variants were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Minor allele frequency of rs1800764 was higher in DN patients than DWN patients or healthy controls, and minor allele frequency of rs1799752 was higher in DN than DWN patients. Higher frequency of rs1799752 and rs1800764 homozygous mutant genotypes was seen in DN compared to DWN patients. Of the three variants, only rs1799752 deletion/deletion (D/D) genotype was associated with a significant increase in albumin to creatinine ratios levels, and D/D carriers had elevated low‐density lipoprotein, total cholesterol and urea. Three locus haplotype [rs1799752(I/D)/rs1800764(T/C)/rs12449782(A/G)] analysis revealed that the frequency of DCG haplotype was higher, while that of ITG and ICA haplotypes were lower among unselected type 2 diabetic patients. Taking ITA haplotype as reference, multivariate regression analysis confirmed the negative (ITG), and positive (DCG, DTG, DCA and DTA) association of specific ACE haplotypes with DN, after adjusting for potential nephropathy‐linked covariates.ConclusionsOur results support the involvement of specific ACE variants in DN pathogenesis and demonstrate the presence of DN‐specific haplotypes at the ACE locus. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.