bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ambiguities of Forest Management Decentralization in Ghana
Authors: Teye Joseph K. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This article examines the outcomes of forest management decentralization in Ghana. It has been demonstrated that despite claims that Ghana has adopted forest management decentralization policy, actual forest management powers and rights over forest resources are still retained by the central government. The government is only interested in using the decentralization policy to reduce expenditure and extend its control over forest resources. Nevertheless, it has employed policy ambiguities to hide its true intentions from international donors. In order to contain international donor demands for equity in the distribution of natural resource revenue, a small stream of forest revenue is paid to a few unelected traditional rulers and district assembly officials, who are actually within the executive's patronage networks. In the absence of any meaningful reward system and secure rights over forest resources, community forestry committees are not functioning properly.
Factors to Improve Detection of Alfalfa mosaic virus in Soybean
Authors: He B. , Hill J. H. , Hajimorad M. R. 
Published: October 2011

Infection of plants with Alfalfa mosaic virus is known to be associated with symptom and virus concentration remission, a phenomenon known as “recovery.” However, for the routine detection of AMV in the infected plants, this phenomena is problematic. Indeed in soybean, detection of AMV has been problematic and inconsistent results have been obtained from tissues collected at different growth stage of the infected plants. In order to determine optimum sampling procedure for analysis by ELISA, three soybean cultivars and five biologically distinct strains of AMV were utilized in this study. Each cultivar was rub-inoculated with each of the strains and all the trifoliolate leaf samples of the infected plants were analyzed by ELISA at 30, 60, and 90 days postinoculation. Results suggested that for all virus strains and cultivars tested, tissue samples should consist of pooled fully developed trifoliolate leaflets that are positioned at the upper parts of the plants. Additionally, symptoms of AMV infection were dependent upon soybean cultivar and virus strain and varied from symptomatic to asymptomatic. This makes it problematic to conclude a soybean plant is AMV infected based upon symptomatology alone. Accepted for publication 22 July 2011. Published 26 September 2011.
Guidelines for chemical peeling in Japan (3rd edition)
Authors:   Committee for Guidelines of Care for Chemical Peeling
Published: October 2011

AbstractChemical peeling may be defined as the therapies, procedures and techniques used for the treatment of certain cutaneous diseases or conditions, and for aesthetic improvement. The procedures include the application of one or more chemical agents to the skin. Chemical peeling has been very popular in both medical and aesthetic fields. Because neither its scientific background is well understood nor a systematic approach established, medical and social problems have taken place. This prompted us to establish and distribute a standard guideline of care for chemical peeling. Previous guidelines such as the 2001 and 2004 versions included minimum standards of care such as indications, chemicals, applications, and any associated precautions, including post‐peeling care. The principles in this updated version of chemical peeling are as follows: (i) chemical peeling should be performed under the strict technical control and responsibility of a physician; (ii) the physician should have sufficient knowledge of the structure and physiology of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, and understand the mechanisms of wound‐healing induced by chemical peeling; (iii) the physician should be board‐certified in an appropriate specialty such as dermatology; and (iv) the ultimate judgment regarding the appropriateness of any specific chemical peeling procedure must be made by the physician while considering all standard therapeutic protocols, which should be presented to each individual patient. Keeping these concepts in mind, this new version of the guidelines includes a more scientific and detailed approach from the viewpoint of evidence‐based medicine.
Population regulation in sexual and asexual rotifers: an eco‐evolutionary feedback to population size?
Authors: Stelzer Claus‐Peter 
Published: October 2011

Summary1. Population size is often regulated by density dependence, that is negative feedbacks between growth and population density. Several density‐dependent mechanisms may operate simultaneously in a population.2. In this study, I focus on two different mechanisms of density‐dependent population regulation, resource exploitation (RE) and density‐dependent sexual reproduction (DDS).3. I analyse both mechanisms in clonal populations of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, which differ in the investment in sex because of a polymorphism at a single Mendelian locus. Some clones were cyclical parthenogens (CP) and possessed both mechanisms of population regulation (RE + DDS), while other clones were obligate parthenogens (OP) and thus lacking the DDS mechanism.4. Equilibrium population size was considerably lower in CP clones, compared with OP clones, regardless of the exact measurement variable for population size (numbers of individuals or total biovolume/biomass). Interestingly, the decrease in population size was most pronounced in CP clones that heavily invested in sexual reproduction.5. This suggests that the DDS mechanism can significantly contribute to population regulation and that genotypes lacking this mechanism (because of a mutation in genes affecting this trait) reach substantially higher population sizes. Apparently, the DDS mechanism operates already at much lower population densities than the RE, causing CP populations to stop growing before they are limited by resources.6. As these differences in population regulation were caused by genetic variation within a single species and as rapid selective sweeps by OP clones are common in B. calyciflorus, this study provides an example for an eco‐evolutionary feedback on an important ecological variable – equilibrium population size.
The human‐induced imbalance between C, N and P in Earth's life system
Authors: Peñuelas Josep , Sardans Jordi , Rivas‐ubach Albert , Janssens Ivan A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHuman‐induced carbon and nitrogen fertilization are generating a strong imbalance with P. This imbalance confers an increasingly important role to P availability and N : P ratio in the Earth's life system, affecting carbon sequestration potential and the structure, function and evolution of the Earth's ecosystems.
Damage to roots of Trifolium subterraneum L. (subterranean clover), failure of seedlings to establish and the presence of root pathogens during autumn–winter
Authors: Simpson R. J. , Richardson A. E. , Riley I. T. , McKay A. C. , McKay S. F. , Ballard R. A. , Ophel‐Keller K. , Hartley D. , O’Rourke T. A. , Li H. , Sivasithamparam K. , Ryan M. H. , Barbetti M. J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractField‐based plant bioassays were employed to assess the potential for pre‐ and post‐emergence loss of seedlings and for root damage affecting Trifolium subterraneum L. (subterranean clover) during autumn–winter at 17 pasture sites across a broad agricultural area of temperate southern Australia. Between 9 and 93% (median 21%) of T. subterranean seedlings failed to emerge at the 14 locations where soil moisture was considered adequate for germination. Post‐emergence losses were lower (range 0–32%; median 7%). Moderate damage (lateral roots) to severe damage (taproots) was recorded on surviving test plants at all of the sites. Sublethal damage to pasture roots constitutes a potentially large, but underestimated cost to production because it was so widespread and because the damage occurs during autumn–winter when pasture yield limits stocking rate. Potential for the loss of Lolium rigidum × multiflorum (annual ryegrass) seedlings was also demonstrated at some of the sites. DNA assays for common root rot disease pathogens (Pythium irregulare, Phytopthora clandestina and Rhizoctonia) were used for the first time to construct cost‐effective profiles of fungal and oomycete pathogens at each site. These assays may be useful for indicating disease risks and guiding plant cultivar selection and appropriate use of pesticides. DNA assays for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were also used and have the potential to provide novel insights into the soil biology of farming systems.
Functionally similar species have similar dynamics
Authors: Rocha Marcia R. , Gaedke Ursula , Vasseur David A. 
Published: October 2011

Summary1. Improving the mechanistic basis of biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships requires a better understanding of how functional traits drive the dynamics of populations. For example, environmental disturbances or grazing may increase synchronization of functionally similar species, whereas functionally different species may show independent dynamics, because of different responses to the environment. Competition for resources, on the other hand, may yield a wide range of dynamic patterns among competitors and lead functionally similar and different species to display synchronized to compensatory dynamics. The mixed effect of these forces will influence the temporal fluctuations of populations and, thus, the variability of aggregate community properties.2. To search for a relationship between functional and dynamics similarity, we studied the relationship between functional trait similarity and temporal dynamics similarity for 36 morphotypes of phytoplankton using long‐term high‐frequency measurements.3. Our results show that functionally similar morphotypes exhibit dynamics that are more synchronized than those of functionally dissimilar ones. Functionally dissimilar morphotypes predominantly display independent temporal dynamics. This pattern is especially strong when short time‐scales are considered.4.  Negative correlations are present among both functionally similar and dissimilar phytoplankton morphotypes, but are rarer and weaker than positive ones over all temporal scales.5.
Synthesis. We demonstrate that diversity in functional traits decreases community variability and ecosystem‐level properties by decoupling the dynamics of individual morphotypes.
Optimization of EBSD parameters for ultra‐fast characterization
Authors: CHEN Y. , HJELEN J. , GIREESH S.S. , ROVEN H.J. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryUltra‐fast pattern acquisition of electron backscatter diffraction and offline indexing could become a dominant technique over online electron backscatter diffraction to investigate the microstructures of a wide range of materials, especially for in situ experiments or very large scans. However, less attention has been paid to optimize the parameters related to ultra‐fast electron backscatter diffraction. The present results show that contamination on a clean and unmounted specimen is not a problem even at step sizes as small as 1 nm at a vacuum degree of 6.1 × 10−5 Pa. There exists an optimum step size at about 50 data acquisition board units. A new and easy method to calculate the effective spatial resolution is proposed. Effective spatial resolution tends to increase slightly as the probe current increases from 10 to 100 nA. The fraction of indexed points decreases slightly as the frame rate increases from 128 patterns per second (pps) to 835 pps by compensating the probe current at the same ratio. The value 96 × 96 is found to be the optimum pattern resolution to obtain optimum speed and image quality. For a fixed position of electron backscatter diffraction detector, the fraction of indexed points as a function of working distance has a maximum value and drops sharply by shortening the working distance and it decreases slowly with increasing the working distance.
Granulysin Expression in Lymphocytes that Populate the Peripheral Blood and the Myocardium after an Acute Coronary Event
Authors: Persic V. , Ruzic A. , Miletic B. , Samsa D. Travica , Rakic M. , Raljevic D. , Pejcinovic V. Pehar , Eminovic S. , Zaputovic L. , Laskarin G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe aimed to analyse granulysin (GNLY)‐mediated cytotoxicity in the peripheral blood of patients with non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) treated with anti‐ischaemic drug therapy. Thirty‐nine NSTEMI patients with a median age of 70 years and 28 age‐matched healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. On day 7 after MI, the number of GNLY+ lymphocytes in the peripheral blood increased approximately six‐fold of that in the healthy subjects, measured by flow cytometry. On day 14, the number of GNLY+ cells significantly decreased in T, NKT, and both CD56+dim and CD56+bright NK subsets. GNLY+ CD3+ and GNLY+ CD56+ cells infiltrated central zone of myocardial infarction (MI). In persons who died in the first week after MI, GNLY+ cells were found within accumulation of apoptotic leucocytes and reached the apoptotic cardiomyocytes in border MI zones probably due to the influence of interleukin‐15 in peri‐necrotic cardiomyocytes, as it is was shown by immunohistology. By day 28, the percentage of GNLY+ lymphocytes in peripheral blood returned to the levels similar to that of the healthy subjects. Anti‐GNLY mAb decreased apoptosis of K562 targets using peripheral blood NK cells from days 7 and 28 after MI, while in assays using cells from days 1 and 21, both anti‐GNLY and anti‐perforin mAbs were required to significantly decrease apoptosis. Using NK cells from day 14, K562 apoptosis was nearly absent. In conclusion, it seems that GNLY+ lymphocytes, probably attracted by IL‐15, not only participate partially in myocardial cell apoptosis, but also hasten resolution of cardiac leucocyte infiltration in patients with NSTEMI.
The F‐box protein CPR1/CPR30 negatively regulates R protein SNC1 accumulation
Authors: Gou Mingyue , Shi Zhenying , Zhu Ying , Bao Zhilong , Wang Guoying , Hua Jian 
Published: October 2011

SummaryDisease resistance (R) proteins, as central regulators of plant immunity, are tightly regulated for effective defense responses and to prevent constitutive defense activation under non‐pathogenic conditions. Here we report the identification of an F‐box protein CPR1/CPR30 as a negative regulator of an R protein SNC1 likely through SCF (Skp1‐cullin‐F‐box) mediated protein degradation. The cpr1‐2 (cpr30‐1) loss‐of‐function mutant has constitutive defense responses, and it interacts synergistically with a gain‐of function mutant snc1‐1 and a bon1‐1 mutant where SNC1 is upregulated. The loss of SNC1 function suppresses the mutant phenotypes of cpr1‐2 and cpr1‐2 bon1‐1, while overexpression of CPR1 rescues mutant phenotypes of both bon1‐1 and snc1‐1. Furthermore, the amount of SNC1 protein is upregulated in the cpr1‐2 mutant and down‐regulated when CPR1 is overexpressed. The regulation of SNC1 by CPR1 is dependent on the 26S proteosome as a protease inhibitor MG132 stabilizes SNC1 and reverses the effect of CPR1 on SNC1. Interestingly, CPR1 is induced after infection of both virulent and avirulent pathogens similarly to the other negative defense regulator BON1. Thus, this study reveals a new mechanism in R protein regulation likely through protein degradation and suggests negative regulation as a critical component in fine control of plant immunity.
The turbulent life of Sirevirus retrotransposons and the evolution of the maize genome: more than ten thousand elements tell the story
Authors: Bousios Alexandros , Kourmpetis Yiannis A. I. , Pavlidis Pavlos , Minga Evangelia , Tsaftaris Athanasios , Darzentas Nikos 
Published: October 2011

SummarySireviruses are one of the three genera of Copia long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons, exclusive to and highly abundant in plants, and with a unique, among retrotransposons, genome structure. Yet, perhaps due to the few references to the Sirevirus origin of some families, compounded by the difficulty in correctly assigning retrotransposon families into genera, Sireviruses have hardly featured in recent research. As a result, analysis at this key level of classification and details of their colonization and impact on plant genomes are currently lacking. Recently, however, it became possible to accurately assign elements from diverse families to this genus in one step, based on highly conserved sequence motifs. Hence, Sirevirus dynamics in the relatively obese maize genome can now be comprehensively studied. Overall, we identified >10 600 intact and approximately 28 000 degenerate Sirevirus elements from a plethora of families, some brought into the genus for the first time. Sireviruses make up approximately 90% of the Copia population and it is the only genus that has successfully infiltrated the genome, possibly by experiencing intense amplification during the last 600 000 years, while being constantly recycled by host mechanisms. They accumulate in chromosome‐distal gene‐rich areas, where they insert in between gene islands, mainly in preferred zones within their own genomes. Sirevirus LTRs are heavily methylated, while there is evidence for a palindromic consensus target sequence. This work brings Sireviruses in the spotlight, elucidating their lifestyle and history, and suggesting their crucial role in the current genomic make‐up of maize, and possibly other plant hosts.
Legionella pneumophila lung abscess associated with immune suppression
Authors: Guy S. D. , Worth L. J. , Thursky K. A. , Francis P. A. , Slavin M. A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLegionella species are a common cause of community‐acquired pneumonia, infrequently complicated by cavitary disease. We describe Legionella pneumophila pneumonia and abscess formation in an immunosuppressed patient receiving corticosteroid therapy for metastatic breast carcinoma. The predisposing role of corticosteroids is discussed and the management of this complication is reviewed.
Charitable Giving for Overseas Development: UK Trends over a Quarter Century
Authors: Atkinson Anthony B. , Backus Peter G. , Micklewright John , Pharoah Cathy , Schnepf Sylke V. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryCharitable giving is an important source of funding for overseas development and emergency relief. Donations in the UK are about a quarter of the size of government development aid. There has been strong growth over time, reflecting the activities of development charities and the public response to humanitarian emergencies. The paper examines how this charitable giving has changed since 1978, using a newly constructed panel data set on donations to individual UK charities. When did the increase take place? Did the public respond to events such as Live Aid or has there been a steady upward trend? What has been the relationship with changes in household income? Which charities have grown fastest? Have new charities displaced old? How do changes in giving for overseas compare with changes in giving for other causes?
ATTRIBUTION OF CONCEPTS AND PROBLEMS WITH ANACHRONISM1
Authors: MITROVIĆ BRANKO 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTMany long‐standing debates about anachronistic concept‐attributions derive from an essentialist understanding of concepts that is often difficult to sustain for metaphysical or epistemological reasons. The intentionalist alternative to essentialism elaborated in this article successfully clarifies and avoids many standard problems with anachronism.
MYTH IN HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY AS MYTH: ON THE AMBIVALENCE OF HANS BLUMENBERG'S INTERPRETATION OF ERNST CASSIRER'S THEORY OF MYTH
Authors: BARASH JEFFREY ANDREW 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThis essay explores the different interpretations proposed by Ernst Cassirer and Hans Blumenberg of the relation between Platonic philosophy and myth as a means of bringing to light a fundamental divergence in their respective conceptions of what precisely myth is. It attempts to show that their conceptions of myth are closely related to their respective assumptions concerning the historical significance of myth and regarding the sense of history more generally. Their divergent conceptions of myth and of history, I argue, are at the same time not simply matters of abstract speculation, but spring from fundamental presuppositions concerning myth's political significance. The present elucidation aims not only to set in relief one or another of the ways in which Cassirer or Blumenberg understood myth, nor even to present Blumenberg's critical reception of Cassirer's theories, but above all to contribute to the interpretation of the political implications of myth and of its historical potency in our contemporary epoch.
Climate change issues in fund investment practices
Authors: Sørensen Ole Beier , Pfeifer Stephanie 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThere has been a marked development in the way that institutional investors address environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues in their investment practices. For public and private investors alike, these issues have now become part of mainstream investment practices, reflecting a greater understanding that they represent material risks and opportunities that must be addressed as part of fiduciary duty. Some ESG issues require an approach that goes far beyond the traditional simple screening approaches that the early niche funds employed. This is illustrated through a detailed discussion of investor practices on climate change, which must include an assessment of long‐term risks and opportunities and of the strategies that have been put in place to address these. It is also argued that as the role of policy and regulation is critical to shifting the economics in favour of low carbon investments, a structured dialogue between investors and policy‐makers is critical to ensuring that institutional capital is mobilized to support the policy goals of limiting climate change whilst still allowing investors to operate in line with their fiduciary responsibility.
Light‐activated channels in acute seizures
Authors: Kokaia Merab 
Published: October 2011

SummaryOptogenetics allow for timely precise and cell‐population specific activation or inhibition of neuronal activity. Hallorhodopsin NpHR is an inward cholride pump, which when activated by orange light, hyperpolarises neuronal membrane and inhibitis action potential generation. We were first to show that transduction of principal neurons with NpHR in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures effectivey attenuates epileptiform activity when exposed to orange light. Our data suggest that optogenetic approach may become a useful method for controlling epileptiform activity, and may open novel avenues to develop alternative treatment strategies for epilepsy.
Febrile infection–related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): Does duration of anesthesia affect outcome?
Authors: Kramer Uri , Chi Ching‐Shiang , Lin Kuang‐Lin , Specchio Nicola , Sahin Mustafa , Olson Heather , Kluger Gerhard , van Baalen Andreas 
Published: October 2011

SummaryWe conducted a retrospective multicenter study on children who had been included in eight studies published between November 2001 and July 2010 to explore the correlations between burst‐suppression coma (BSC) with outcome in febrile infection‐related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES). The 77 enrolled patients presented with prolonged refractory status epilepticus. BSC was induced in 46 patients. Cognitive levels at follow‐up were significantly associated with duration of a BSC (p = 0.005). The outcome of FIRES is poor. Treatment by inducing a prolonged BSC was associated with a worse cognitive outcome.