bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cause and Cancer Epidemiology
Authors: GOODMAN STEVEN N. , SAMET JONATHAN M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of causal inference, focusing on the interpretation of epidemiologic data on cancer risk. It begins with an introduction to the centuries-old discussion on cause and causation and next considers the epidemiologic concept of causation, setting the discussion in the context of current understanding of carcinogenesis as a multistep process. The criteria for causation, often attributed to the British medical statistician Sir Austin Bradford Hill (Hill, 1965) or to the 1964 Report of the U.S. Surgeon General on tobacco (US Department of Health Education and Welfare—DHEW, 1964), have provided a framework for evaluating evidence to judge the causality of associations. These criteria are addressed in depth, and their application is illustrated with the example of smoking, both active and passive, and lung cancer. The chapter concludes with a consideration of emerging issues concerned with causation, including the interpretation of data coming from the new technologies of contemporary “molecular epidemiology” and new approaches to evaluating causation.
Morphologic and Molecular Classification of Human Cancer
Authors: GIORDANO THOMAS J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the morphologic assessment of cancer along with the progress made to date for select tumor types in the molecular classification revolution. Topics covered include morphologic classification of cancer, current nomenclature of human cancer, molecular methods for tumor classification, tumor-specific signatures and multitumor classifications, and organ-specific morphologic and molecular classification of select tumors.
Molecular and Genetic Events in Neoplastic Transformation
Authors: ERSON AYSE E. , PETTY ELIZABETH M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter illustrates some of the basic molecular and genetic mechanisms that underlie the development of cancer. The chapter is organized into four main sections. The first section examines perspectives on the roles of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and genomic instability genes in the pathogenesis of malignancy. The second section presents the genetic and epigenetic alterations that disrupt normal function of cancer genes. The third section discusses the alteration of cell cycle progression and checkpoint mechanisms relative to their possible contribution to carcinogenesis. The last section summarizes the phenotypic characteristics of cancer cells, including proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis as related to specific molecular events.
Risk Assessment of Carcinogenic Hazards
Authors: STAYNER LESLIE T. , BOFFETTA PAOLO , VAINIO HARRI 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter presents a brief overview of the current concepts, methods, and controversies related to cancer risk assessment with a special emphasis on the role of epidemiologic studies. Topics covered include definition of the risk assessment process, hazard identification, exposure assessment, and risk characterization.
Application of Biomarkers in Cancer Epidemiology
Authors: GARCÍA-CLOSAS MONTSERRAT , VERMEULEN ROEL , SHERMAN MARK E. , MOORE LEE E. , SMITH MARTYN T. , ROTHMAN NATHANIEL 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBiomarkers are increasingly being incorporated into epidemiologic studies of cancer etiology, often referred to as molecular epidemiology. This chapter focuses on the use of biomarkers in the context of etiologic research. It begins with a discussion of the development and characterization of biomarkers for use in epidemiologic studies, with a particular emphasis on understanding the components of variance and their impact on estimates of disease risk. It then discusses key issues in the use of exposure, intermediate end points, genetic susceptibility, and tumor biomarkers; and reviews the main epidemiologic study designs that use biomarkers. The chapter concludes with comments on collecting and processing biologic samples for use in molecular epidemiology studies.
International Patterns of Cancer Incidence and Mortality
Authors: PARKIN D. MAXWELL , BRAY FREDDIE I. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter considers the patterns of cancer mainly with respect to what they tell us of differences in the risk of cancer among populations and the possible explanations for them. Information on the burden of disease has a different, albeit related, use during the planning and monitoring of programs of cancer control. The main role of cancer surveillance in this context lies in the assessment of the current magnitude of the cancer burden and its likely future evolution as well as monitoring the effects of early detection/screening, treatment, and palliative care.
Migrant Studies
Authors: KOLONEL LAURENCE N. , WILKENS LYNNE R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the contributions of migrant studies to cancer research. Migrant populations have contributed essential information to research on the etiology of cancer. Foremost, they have shown the dominant role of environmental factors in determining cancer risk. Because the direction and magnitude of change in incidence vary by cancer site for each migrant group, these studies support the view that the major risk factors for various cancer sites also differ. In some instances, migrant studies have provided information on critical periods of life when risk factors are most influential. They have also suggested useful etiologic hypotheses, particularly those related to lifestyle, especially diet.
Tobacco
Authors: THUN MICHAEL J. , HENLEY S. JANE 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter considers the factors that transformed tobacco use from a ceremonial practice in pre-Columbian times to a global epidemic. It discusses the role of nicotine addiction in sustaining and modifying exposure to the carcinogens in tobacco, the cancers caused by various forms of tobacco use, the global burden of tobacco-attributable disease, the extent to which design changes in cigarettes have altered their pathogenicity, the influence of genetic and other factors on susceptibility to addiction or carcinogenesis, and finally the immense opportunities for prevention.
Alcohol
Authors: MARSHALL JAMES R. , FREUDENHEIM JO 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter begins by summarizing current understanding of the mechanisms by which alcohol might affect cancer risk and then evaluates the molecular genetic factors that appear relevant to alcohol metabolism and hence the impact of alcohol on cancer risk. It briefly reviews the means by which alcohol's effects can be studied and their limitations. The role of alcohol in cancer at major cancer sites is then used to gauge the likely importance of alcohol to cancer risk and prevention. These sites are either ones for which there is a substantial literature linking alcohol to risk, or they are associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
Electromagnetic Fields and Radiofrequency Radiation
Authors: SAVITZ DAVID A. , AHLBOM ANDERS 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the link between electromagnetic fields and cancer, focusing on the nonionizing part of the electromagnetic spectrum, and within that range, only with frequencies up to 300 GHz. Topics covered include the interaction of nonionizing radiation with biological systems, potential mechanisms of carcinogenicity, public concern with nonionizing radiation, and exposure sources and populations studied.
Water Contaminants
Authors: CANTOR KENNETH P. , WARD MARY H. , MOORE LEE E. , LUBIN JAY H 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses water contaminants that may contribute to the human cancer burden. Specifically, it addresses the epidemiologic evidence for several contaminants and includes information on their levels and environmental distribution, as well as individual susceptibility, where data exist. The three categories of drinking water contaminants that may be carcinogenic and that have been studied most systematically are arsenic, disinfection by-products, and nitrate. In addition, radionuclides, microbiological agents, organic compounds from human commerce, and asbestiform particles have been reported to cause cancer, either as they occur in drinking water or in other media, giving rise to suspicion about their carcinogenicity when ingested. Future research priorities and prevention strategies are discussed.
Cancers of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
Authors: LITTMAN ALYSON J. , VAUGHAN THOMAS L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews the epidemiology of cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Cancers arising in the sinuses and nasal cavity occur rarely in the United States and in most areas of the world. In 2002, an estimated 2,000 people in the United States developed the disease. The incidence of sinonasal cancer (SNC) has remained relatively steady during the past twenty-five years at 0.7 cases per 100,000 persons per year, with a median survival of 5.7 years. The classification, demographic patterns, environmental factors, host factors, pathogenesis, and prevention of SNC are discussed.
Nasopharyngeal Cancer
Authors: YU MIMI C. , YUAN JIAN-MIN 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Cancer of the nasopharynx is a rare human malignancy with an incidence well under 1 per 100,000 population per year. Regardless of race and geography, the commonest form of nasopharyngeal cancers are those arising from the epithelial cells lining the nasopharynx. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of nasopharyngeal Cancer (NPC). Topics covered include classification, demographic patterns, environmental factors, host factors, and preventive measures.
Cancers of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx
Authors: MAYNE SUSAN T. , MORSE DOUGLAS E. , WINN DEBORAH M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews the epidemiology of cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, lip, and salivary glands. In the United States (1996–2000), invasive cancers of the OCP/lip/salivary gland account for 2.7% of cancers among men and 1.5% of cancers among women. It is estimated that 27,700 cases will be diagnosed with these malignancies in the United States in 2003 and about 7,200 will die from these cancers. The lifetime risk of being diagnosed with OCP/lip/salivary gland cancers for a US male is 1.4% and 0.7% for a US female.
Liver Cancer
Authors: LONDON W. THOMAS , MCGLYNN KATHERINE A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLiver cancers, 75%–90% of which are hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), caused more than 600,000 deaths in 2002. They are the third most common cause of cancer deaths among men and sixth most common among women. Approximately 80% of HCCs and the resulting deaths occur in the developing countries of Asia and Africa. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of cancers that originate in the liver. Topics covered include classification, demographic patterns, environmental factors, host factors, pathogenesis, and preventive measures.
Cancers of the Small Intestine
Authors: BEEBE-DIMMER JENNIFER L. , SCHOTTENFELD DAVID 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMalignant neoplasms of the small intestine are relatively rare in the United States with an estimated 5,420 new cases diagnosed in 2005, which is less than 0.5% of the total number of new cancers diagnosed in this country. The projected number of new cases among men, 2,840, is similar to that in women, 2,580. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of cancers of the small intestine. Topics covered include classification, demographic patterns, host factors, environmental factors, and preventive measures.
Multiple Myeloma
Authors: ROOS ANNECLAIRE J. DE , BARIS DALSU , WEISS NOEL S. , HERRINTON LISA J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMyeloma presently accounts for almost 10% of all hematologic malignancies and 1% of cancer deaths in Western countries. Although myeloma is a rare malignancy, there is relatively high mortality, with a five-year survival of 28%. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of myeloma. Topics covered include classification, incidence and mortality, host factors, and environmental factors.
Thyroid Cancer
Authors: RON ELAINE , SCHNEIDER ARTHUR B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCancer of the thyroid is relatively uncommon, although it is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system and is the eighth ranking cancer among women. The prognosis is extremely good for papillary and follicular carcinoma and extremely poor for anaplastic carcinoma. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of thyroid cancer, taking histology into account whenever possible.
Cancers in Children
Authors: ROSS JULIE A. , SPECTOR LOGAN G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNearly 12,400 children and adolescents under the age of twenty years will be newly diagnosed with cancer each year in the United States. This means that a newborn has an approximately 1 in 315 chance of developing cancer in the first two decades of life. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of cancer in children. Topics covered include overall incidence, mortality and morbidity, acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia, brain/central nervous system cancers, lymphomas, sympathetic nervous system tumors, soft tissue sarcoma, renal cancers, bone tumors, germ cell tumors, retinoblastoma, and hepatic tumors.
Cancer Risk Communication and Comprehension
Authors: EMMONS KAREN M. , CUITE CARA , WATERS ERIKA 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter presents a summary of key issues that must be considered in risk communication. There has been a long-standing effort to improve patient understanding of the risks and benefits of medical procedures and treatments. The challenge of risk communication related to cancer and cancer prevention has become even more complex over the past decade, as more data is available to provide detailed risk estimates to different population subgroups. Further, it is increasingly possible to tailor treatment strategies to individual characteristics.
Cancer Chemoprevention
Authors: VINER JAYE L. , HAWK ERNEST , LIPPMAN SCOTT M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews principles of cancer chemoprevention and suggests opportunities for future research. Topics covered include carcinogenesis as the target of prevention, germline mutations, somatic mutations, biomarkers, mitochondrial genomic mutations, chemopreventive agents, and toxicity and safety standards for chemoprevention.
Novel synthesis strategies for natural polymer and composite biomaterials as potential scaffolds for tissue engineering
Authors: Ko Hsu-Feng , Sfeir Charles , Kumta Prashant N. 
Published: March 2010

Recent developments in tissue engineering approaches frequently revolve around the use of three-dimensional scaffolds to function as the template for cellular activities to repair, rebuild and regenerate damaged or lost tissues. While there are several biomaterials to select as three-dimensional scaffolds, it is generally agreed that a biomaterial to be used in tissue engineering needs to possess certain material characteristics such as biocompatibility, suitable surface chemistry, interconnected porosity, desired mechanical properties and biodegradability. The use of naturally derived polymers as three-dimensional scaffolds has been gaining widespread attention owing to their favourable attributes of biocompatibility, low cost and ease of processing. This paper discusses the synthesis of various polysaccharide-based, naturally derived polymers, and the potential of using these biomaterials to serve as tissue engineering three-dimensional scaffolds is also evaluated.
In this study, naturally derived polymers, specifically cellulose, chitosan, alginate and agarose, and their composites, are examined. Single-component scaffolds of plain cellulose, plain chitosan and plain alginate as well as composite scaffolds of cellulose–alginate, cellulose–agarose, cellulose–chitosan, chitosan–alginate and chitosan–agarose are synthesized, and their suitability as tissue engineering scaffolds is assessed. It is shown that naturally derived polymers in the form of hydrogels can be synthesized, and the lyophilization technique is used to synthesize various composites comprising these natural polymers. The composite scaffolds appear to be sponge-like after lyophilization. Scanning electron microscopy is used to demonstrate the formation of an interconnected porous network within the polymeric scaffold following lyophilization. It is also established that HeLa cells attach and proliferate well on scaffolds of cellulose, chitosan or alginate. The synthesis protocols reported in this study can therefore be used to manufacture naturally derived polymer-based scaffolds as potential biomaterials for various tissue engineering applications.
Biologically active collagen-based scaffolds: advances in processing and characterization
Authors: Yannas I. V. , Tzeranis D. S. , Harley B. A. , So P. T. C. 
Published: March 2010

A small number of type I collagen–glycosaminoglycan scaffolds (collagen–GAG scaffolds; CGSs) have unusual biological activity consisting primarily in inducing partial regeneration of organs in the adult mammal. Two of these are currently in use in a variety of clinical settings. CGSs appear to induce regeneration by blocking the adult healing response, following trauma, consisting of wound contraction and scar formation. Several structural determinants of biological activity have been identified, including ligands for binding of fibroblasts to the collagen surface, the mean pore size (which affects ligand density) and the degradation rate (which affects the duration of the wound contraction-blocking activity by the scaffold). Processing variables that affect these determinants include the kinetics of swelling of collagen fibres in acetic acid, freezing of the collagen–GAG suspension and cross-linking of the freeze-dried scaffold. Recent developments in the processing of CGSs include fabrication of scaffolds that are paucidisperse in pore size, scaffolds with gradients in physicochemical properties (and therefore biological activity) and scaffolds that incorporate a mineral component. Advances in the characterization of the pore structure of CGSs have been made using confocal and nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM). The mechanical behaviour of CGSs, as well as the resistance to degradative enzymes, have been studied. Following seeding with cells (typically fibroblasts), contractile forces in the range 26–450 nN per cell are generated by the cells, leading to buckling of scaffold struts. Ongoing studies of cell-seeded CGSs with NLOM have shown an advantage over the use of confocal microscopy due to the ability of the former method to image the CGS surfaces without staining (which alters its surface ligands), reduced cell photodamage, reduced fluorophore photobleaching and the ability to image deeper inside the scaffold.
Functional Cyanobacterial β-Carboxysomes Have an Absolute Requirement for Both Long and Short Forms of the CcmM Protein
Authors: Long Benedict M. , Tucker Loraine , Badger Murray R. , Price G. Dean 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Carboxysomes are an essential part of the cyanobacterial CO2-concentrating mechanism, consisting of a protein shell and an interior of Rubisco. The β-carboxysome shell protein CcmM forms two peptides via a proposed internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) within the ccmM transcript in Synechococcus PCC7942. The abundant short form (35 kD, M35) consists of Rubisco small subunit-like repeats and binds Rubisco. The lower abundance long form (58 kD, M58) also contains a γ-carbonic anhydrase-like domain, which binds the carboxysomal carbonic anhydrase, CcaA. We examined whether these CcmM forms arise via an IRES or by other means. Mutations of a putative internal start codon (GTG) and Shine-Dalgarno sequence within ccmM, along with a gene coding for M35 alone, were examined in the high-CO2-requiring (HCR) carboxysomeless mutant, ΔccmM. Expression of wild-type ccmM in ΔccmM restored the wild-type phenotype, while mutation of putative start and Shine-Dalgarno sequences led to as much as 20-fold reduction in M35 content with no recovery from HCR phenotype. These cells also contained small electron-dense structures. Cells producing little or no M58, but sufficient M35, were found to contain large electron-dense structures, no CcaA, and had a HCR phenotype. Large subcellular aggregates can therefore form in the absence of M58, suggesting a role for M35 in internal carboxysome Rubisco packing. The results confirm that M35 is independently translated via an IRES within ccmM. Importantly, the data reveal that functional carboxysomes require both M35 and M58 in sufficient quantities and with a minimum stoichiometry of close to 1:1.
Carbon Starved AntherEncodes a MYB Domain Protein That Regulates Sugar Partitioning Required for Rice Pollen Development
Authors: Zhang Hui , Liang Wanqi , Yang Xijia , Luo Xue , Jiang Ning , Ma Hong , Zhang Dabing 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn flowering plants, sink tissues rely on transport of carbohydrates from photosynthetic tissues (sources) for nutrition and energy. However, how sugar partitioning in plants is regulated at the molecular level during development remains unknown. We have isolated and characterized a rice (Oryza sativa) mutant, carbon starved anther (csa), that showed increased sugar contents in leaves and stems and reduced levels of sugars and starch in floral organs. In particular, the csa mutant had reduced levels of carbohydrates in later anthers and was male sterile. The csa mutant had reduced accumulation of 14C-labeled sugars in anther sink tissue. CSA was isolated by map-based cloning and was shown to encode an R2R3 MYB transcription factor that was expressed preferentially in the anther tapetal cells and in the sugar-transporting vascular tissues. In addition, the expression of MST8, encoding a monosaccharide transporter, was greatly reduced in csa anthers. Furthermore, CSA was found to be associated in vivo and in vitro with the promoter of MST8. Our findings suggest that CSA is a key transcriptional regulator for sugar partitioning in rice during male reproductive development. This study also establishes a molecular model system for further elucidation of the genetic control of carbon partitioning in plants.
Public libraries: political vision versus public demand?
Authors: Boughey Alan , Cooper Mike 
Published: March 2010

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to review UK government policy on public libraries since 2003, and to examine its relationship to other forms of demand for public librariesDesign/methodology/approachThe published literature from government and professional bodies is reviewed, alongside published statistics on library use.FindingsSince 2003 public libraries have been the subject of sustained interest from UK government, in the form of a range of policy initiatives and incorporation in the Best Value and more recent Common Area Assessment monitoring frameworks. Alongside this, professional bodies and other commentators have put forward views on the role of libraries, but even taken together it is not clear that these represent the needs or aspirations of library service users.Originality/valueThis paper provides an overview of the demand for UK public libraries, and its synthesis will be of value to librarians, government departments and professionals in this and related fields.