bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High carrier mobility along the [111] orientation in Cu2O photoelectrodes
Authors: Pan Linfeng , Dai Linjie , Burton Oliver J. , Chen Lu , Andrei Virgil , Zhang Youcheng , Ren Dan , Cheng Jinshui , Wu Linxiao , Frohna Kyle , Abfalterer Anna , Yang Terry Chien-Jen , Niu Wenzhe , Xia Meng , Hofmann Stephan , Dyson Paul J. , Reisner Erwin , Sirringhaus Henning , Luo Jingshan , Hagfeldt Anders , Grätzel Michael , Stranks Samuel D. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSolar fuels offer a promising approach to provide sustainable fuels by harnessing sunlight1,2. Following a decade of advancement, Cu2O photocathodes are capable of delivering a performance comparable to that of photoelectrodes with established photovoltaic materials3–5. However, considerable bulk charge carrier recombination that is poorly understood still limits further advances in performance6. Here we demonstrate performance of Cu2O photocathodes beyond the state-of-the-art by exploiting a new conceptual understanding of carrier recombination and transport in single-crystal Cu2O thin films. Using ambient liquid-phase epitaxy, we present a new method to grow single-crystal Cu2O samples with three crystal orientations. Broadband femtosecond transient reflection spectroscopy measurements were used to quantify anisotropic optoelectronic properties, through which the carrier mobility along the [111] direction was found to be an order of magnitude higher than those along other orientations. Driven by these findings, we developed a polycrystalline Cu2O photocathode with an extraordinarily pure (111) orientation and (111) terminating facets using a simple and low-cost method, which delivers 7 mA cm−2 current density (more than 70% improvement compared to that of state-of-the-art electrodeposited devices) at 0.5 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode under air mass 1.5 G illumination, and stable operation over at least 120 h.
Emx2 underlies the development and evolution of marsupial gliding membranes
Authors: Moreno Jorge A. , Dudchenko Olga , Feigin Charles Y. , Mereby Sarah A. , Chen Zhuoxin , Ramos Raul , Almet Axel A. , Sen Harsha , Brack Benjamin J. , Johnson Matthew R. , Li Sha , Wang Wei , Gaska Jenna M. , Ploss Alexander , Weisz David , Omer Arina D. , Yao Weijie , Colaric Zane , Kaur Parwinder , Leger Judy St. , Nie Qing , Mena Alexandria , Flanagan Joseph P. , Keller Greta , Sanger Thomas , Ostrow Bruce , Plikus Maksim V. , Kvon Evgeny Z. , Aiden Erez Lieberman , Mallarino Ricardo 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPhenotypic variation among species is a product of evolutionary changes to developmental programs1,2. However, how these changes generate novel morphological traits remains largely unclear. Here we studied the genomic and developmental basis of the mammalian gliding membrane, or patagium—an adaptative trait that has repeatedly evolved in different lineages, including in closely related marsupial species. Through comparative genomic analysis of 15 marsupial genomes, both from gliding and non-gliding species, we find that the Emx2 locus experienced lineage-specific patterns of accelerated cis-regulatory evolution in gliding species. By combining epigenomics, transcriptomics and in-pouch marsupial transgenics, we show that Emx2 is a critical upstream regulator of patagium development. Moreover, we identify different cis-regulatory elements that may be responsible for driving increased Emx2 expression levels in gliding species. Lastly, using mouse functional experiments, we find evidence that Emx2 expression patterns in gliders may have been modified from a pre-existing program found in all mammals. Together, our results suggest that patagia repeatedly originated through a process of convergent genomic evolution, whereby regulation of Emx2 was altered by distinct cis-regulatory elements in independently evolved species. Thus, different regulatory elements targeting the same key developmental gene may constitute an effective strategy by which natural selection has harnessed regulatory evolution in marsupial genomes to generate phenotypic novelty.
Network of large pedigrees reveals social practices of Avar communities
Authors: Gnecchi-Ruscone Guido Alberto , Rácz Zsófia , Samu Levente , Szeniczey Tamás , Faragó Norbert , Knipper Corina , Friedrich Ronny , Zlámalová Denisa , Traverso Luca , Liccardo Salvatore , Wabnitz Sandra , Popli Divyaratan , Wang Ke , Radzeviciute Rita , Gulyás Bence , Koncz István , Balogh Csilla , Lezsák Gabriella M. , Mácsai Viktor , Bunbury Magdalena M. E. , Spekker Olga , le Roux Petrus , Szécsényi-Nagy Anna , Mende Balázs Gusztáv , Colleran Heidi , Hajdu Tamás , Geary Patrick , Pohl Walter , Vida Tivadar , Krause Johannes , Hofmanová Zuzana 
Published: April 2024

AbstractFrom ad 567–568, at the onset of the Avar period, populations from the Eurasian Steppe settled in the Carpathian Basin for approximately 250 years1. Extensive sampling for archaeogenomics (424 individuals) and isotopes, combined with archaeological, anthropological and historical contextualization of four Avar-period cemeteries, allowed for a detailed description of the genomic structure of these communities and their kinship and social practices. We present a set of large pedigrees, reconstructed using ancient DNA, spanning nine generations and comprising around 300 individuals. We uncover a strict patrilineal kinship system, in which patrilocality and female exogamy were the norm and multiple reproductive partnering and levirate unions were common. The absence of consanguinity indicates that this society maintained a detailed memory of ancestry over generations. These kinship practices correspond with previous evidence from historical sources and anthropological research on Eurasian Steppe societies2. Network analyses of identity-by-descent DNA connections suggest that social cohesion between communities was maintained via female exogamy. Finally, despite the absence of major ancestry shifts, the level of resolution of our analyses allowed us to detect genetic discontinuity caused by the replacement of a community at one of the sites. This was paralleled with changes in the archaeological record and was probably a result of local political realignment.
A high-density and high-confinement tokamak plasma regime for fusion energy
Authors: Ding S. , Garofalo A. M. , Wang H. Q. , Weisberg D. B. , Li Z. Y. , Jian X. , Eldon D. , Victor B. S. , Marinoni A. , Hu Q. M. , Carvalho I. S. , Odstrčil T. , Wang L. , Hyatt A. W. , Osborne T. H. , Gong X. Z. , Qian J. P. , Huang J. , McClenaghan J. , Holcomb C. T. , Hanson J. M. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe tokamak approach, utilizing a toroidal magnetic field configuration to confine a hot plasma, is one of the most promising designs for developing reactors that can exploit nuclear fusion to generate electrical energy1,2. To reach the goal of an economical reactor, most tokamak reactor designs3–10 simultaneously require reaching a plasma line-averaged density above an empirical limit—the so-called Greenwald density11—and attaining an energy confinement quality better than the standard high-confinement mode12,13. However, such an operating regime has never been verified in experiments. In addition, a long-standing challenge in the high-confinement mode has been the compatibility between a high-performance core and avoiding large, transient edge perturbations that can cause very high heat loads on the plasma-facing-components in tokamaks. Here we report the demonstration of stable tokamak plasmas with a line-averaged density approximately 20% above the Greenwald density and an energy confinement quality of approximately 50% better than the standard high-confinement mode, which was realized by taking advantage of the enhanced suppression of turbulent transport granted by high density-gradients in the high-poloidal-beta scenario14,15. Furthermore, our experimental results show an integration of very low edge transient perturbations with the high normalized density and confinement core. The operating regime we report supports some critical requirements in many fusion reactor designs all over the world and opens a potential avenue to an operating point for producing economically attractive fusion energy.
Probing entanglement in a 2D hard-core Bose–Hubbard lattice
Authors: Karamlou Amir H. , Rosen Ilan T. , Muschinske Sarah E. , Barrett Cora N. , Di Paolo Agustin , Ding Leon , Harrington Patrick M. , Hays Max , Das Rabindra , Kim David K. , Niedzielski Bethany M. , Schuldt Meghan , Serniak Kyle , Schwartz Mollie E. , Yoder Jonilyn L. , Gustavsson Simon , Yanay Yariv , Grover Jeffrey A. , Oliver William D. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractEntanglement and its propagation are central to understanding many physical properties of quantum systems1–3. Notably, within closed quantum many-body systems, entanglement is believed to yield emergent thermodynamic behaviour4–7. However, a universal understanding remains challenging owing to the non-integrability and computational intractability of most large-scale quantum systems. Quantum hardware platforms provide a means to study the formation and scaling of entanglement in interacting many-body systems8–14. Here we use a controllable 4 × 4 array of superconducting qubits to emulate a 2D hard-core Bose–Hubbard (HCBH) lattice. We generate superposition states by simultaneously driving all lattice sites and extract correlation lengths and entanglement entropy across its many-body energy spectrum. We observe volume-law entanglement scaling for states at the centre of the spectrum and a crossover to the onset of area-law scaling near its edges.
Mechanism of single-stranded DNA annealing by RAD52–RPA complex
Authors: Liang Chih-Chao , Greenhough Luke A. , Masino Laura , Maslen Sarah , Bajrami Ilirjana , Tuppi Marcel , Skehel Mark , Taylor Ian A. , West Stephen C. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractRAD52 is important for the repair of DNA double-stranded breaks1,2, mitotic DNA synthesis3–5 and alternative telomere length maintenance6,7. Central to these functions, RAD52 promotes the annealing of complementary single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)8,9 and provides an alternative to BRCA2/RAD51-dependent homologous recombination repair10. Inactivation of RAD52 in homologous-recombination-deficient BRCA1- or BRCA2-defective cells is synthetically lethal11,12, and aberrant expression of RAD52 is associated with poor cancer prognosis13,14. As a consequence, RAD52 is an attractive therapeutic target against homologous-recombination-deficient breast, ovarian and prostate cancers15–17. Here we describe the structure of RAD52 and define the mechanism of annealing. As reported previously18–20, RAD52 forms undecameric (11-subunit) ring structures, but these rings do not represent the active form of the enzyme. Instead, cryo-electron microscopy and biochemical analyses revealed that ssDNA annealing is driven by RAD52 open rings in association with replication protein-A (RPA). Atomic models of the RAD52–ssDNA complex show that ssDNA sits in a positively charged channel around the ring. Annealing is driven by the RAD52 N-terminal domains, whereas the C-terminal regions modulate the open-ring conformation and RPA interaction. RPA associates with RAD52 at the site of ring opening with critical interactions occurring between the RPA-interacting domain of RAD52 and the winged helix domain of RPA2. Our studies provide structural snapshots throughout the annealing process and define the molecular mechanism of ssDNA annealing by the RAD52–RPA complex.
The Imperial College Storm Model (IRIS) Dataset
Authors: Sparks Nathan , Toumi Ralf 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAssessing tropical cyclone risk on a global scale given the infrequency of landfalling tropical cyclones (TC) and the short period of reliable observations remains a challenge. Synthetic tropical cyclone datasets can help overcome these problems. Here we present a new global dataset created by IRIS, the ImpeRIal college Storm model. IRIS is novel because, unlike other synthetic TC models, it only simulates the decay from the point of lifetime maximum intensity. This minimises the bias in the dataset. It takes input from 42 years of observed tropical cyclones and creates a 10,000 year synthetic dataset of wind speed which is then validated against the observations. IRIS captures important statistical characteristics of the observed data. The return periods of the landfall maximum wind speed are realistic globally.
Ionic liquids adsorption and interfacial tension reduction for synthetic resinous and asphaltenic oils: salinity and pH effects
Authors: Moradi Seyed Ehsan , Hosseini Seyednooroldin , Akhlaghi Naser , Narimani Mostafa , Golab Elias Ghaleh 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe effects of sulfate salts under low and high salinity conditions and pH of 3.5–11 on interfacial tension (IFT) reduction and IL adsorption using resinous (RSO) and asphaltenic (8 wt/wt%) synthetic oils are investigated. The measurements showed the increasing effect of pH on the IFT of RSO/DW from 23.5 to 27.3 mN/m (pH = 3.5 → 7) in the first place and a reducing effect (0.4 mN/m) if pH = 7 → 11. Using a high concentration of 50,000 ppm for MgSO4, and Na2SO4revealed an extensive IFT reduction for a pH value of 11 with the value of 0.20 mN/m for Na2SO4. The measured IFT values showed the significant impact of IL (500 ppm) on the IFT (minimum value of 0.01 mN/m for RSO/50,000 Na2SO4 + 500 ppm 1-decyl-3-methyl imidazolium triflate ([C10mim][TfO])) for pH = 11. The IL adsorption measurements showed the role of in-situ surfactant production (saponification process) on the 1-decyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ([C10mim][Cl]) and [C10mim][TfO] adsorption reduction from 3.67 to 2.33 and 4.21 to 3.34 mg IL/g rock, respectively. The performed core flooding experiments using the optimum chemical formulation showed the possibility of tertiary oil recovery with maximum oil recovery of 28.8% based on original oil in place in the presence of 500 ppm.
Protective effect of various toothpastes and mouthwashes against erosive and abrasive challenge on eroded dentin: an in vitro study
Authors: Memarpour Mahtab , Jafari Saba , Rafiee Azade , Alizadeh Marzieh , Vossoughi Mehrdad 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe study aimed to compare various toothpastes and mouthwashes on permanent tooth dentin after erosive and abrasive challenges. 130 sound premolars dentin were randomly submitted to an initial erosive challenge and a cycle of erosive and abrasive challenges for five days. The five experimental groups (n = 26) were: (1) Control group (artificial saliva), (2) Elmex erosion protection toothpaste and mouthwash, (3) Vitis anticaries biorepair toothpaste and mouthwash, (4) Oral B Pro-expert toothpaste and Oral B Fluorinse mouthwash, and (5) MI Paste ONE toothpaste and Caphosol mouthwash. Microhardness, surface roughness values, and the topographical characteristics of the dentin surface were assessed. The highest percentage of recovered dentin microhardness (%RDMH) value was observed in groups 2 and 4, followed by groups 5 and 3, respectively. The %RDMH values in groups 2 and 4 did not demonstrate a significant difference (p = 0.855). The highest percentage of improvement in surface roughness was recorded in groups 2 and 4, with no significant differences (p = 0.989). The atomic force microscopy (AFM) findings were consistent with the surface roughness data. The best recovery of dentin microhardness and roughness were measured with the Elmex and Oral B toothpaste and mouthwash, followed by MI Paste ONE toothpaste and Caphosol mouthwash and Vitis anticaries biorepair toothpaste and mouthwash.
Trained neural networking framework based skin cancer diagnosis and categorization using grey wolf optimization
Authors: K. Amit Kumar , T.Y. Satheesha , Ahmed Syed Thouheed , Mathivanan Sandeep Kumar , Varadhan Sangeetha , Shah Mohd Asif 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSkin Cancer is caused due to the mutational differences in epidermis hormones and patch appearances. Many studies are focused on the design and development of effective approaches in diagnosis and categorization of skin cancer. The decisions are made on independent training dataset under limited editions and scenarios. In this research, the kaggle based datasets are optimized and categorized into a labeled data array towards indexing using Federated learning (FL). The technique is developed on grey wolf optimization algorithm to assure the dataset attribute dependencies are extracted and dimensional mapping is processed. The threshold value validation of the dimensional mapping datasets is effectively optimized and trained under the neural networking framework further expanded via federated learning standards. The technique has demonstrated 95.82% accuracy under GWO technique and 94.9% on inter-combination of Trained Neural Networking (TNN) framework and Recessive Learning (RL) in accuracy.
Comprehensive genome assembly reveals genetic diversity and carcass consumption insights in critically endangered Asian king vultures
Authors: Buthasane Wannapol , Shotelersuk Vorasuk , Chetruengchai Wanna , Srichomthong Chalurmpon , Assawapitaksakul Adjima , Tangphatsornruang Sithichoke , Pootakham Wirulda , Sonthirod Chutima , Tongsima Sissades , Wangkumhang Pongsakorn , Wilantho Alisa , Thongphakdee Ampika , Sanannu Saowaphang , Poksawat Chaianan , Nipanunt Tarasak , Kasorndorkbua Chaiyan , Koepfli Klaus-Peter , Pukazhenthi Budhan S. , Suriyaphol Prapat , Wongsurawat Thidathip , Jenjaroenpun Piroon , Suriyaphol Gunnaporn 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe Asian king vulture (AKV), a vital forest scavenger, is facing globally critical endangerment. This study aimed to construct a reference genome to unveil the mechanisms underlying its scavenger abilities and to assess the genetic relatedness of the captive population in Thailand. A reference genome of a female AKV was assembled from sequencing reads obtained from both PacBio long-read and MGI short-read sequencing platforms. Comparative genomics with New World vultures (NWVs) and other birds in the Family Accipitridae revealed unique gene families in AKV associated with retroviral genome integration and feather keratin, contrasting with NWVs’ genes related to olfactory reception. Expanded gene families in AKV were linked to inflammatory response, iron regulation and spermatogenesis. Positively selected genes included those associated with anti-apoptosis, immune response and muscle cell development, shedding light on adaptations for carcass consumption and high-altitude soaring. Using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq)-based genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genetic relatedness and inbreeding status of five captive AKVs were determined, revealing high genomic inbreeding in two females. In conclusion, the AKV reference genome was established, providing insights into its unique characteristics. Additionally, the potential of RADseq-based genome-wide SNPs for selecting AKV breeders was demonstrated.
Genome-wide CRISPR screens identify the YAP/TEAD axis as a driver of persister cells in EGFR mutant lung cancer
Authors: Pfeifer Matthias , Brammeld Jonathan S. , Price Stacey , Pilling James , Bhavsar Deepa , Farcas Anca , Bateson Jessica , Sundarrajan Anjana , Miragaia Ricardo J. , Guan Nin , Arnold Stephanie , Tariq Laiba , Grondine Michael , Talbot Sarah , Guerriero Maria Lisa , O’Neill Daniel J. , Young Jamie , Company Carlos , Dunn Shanade , Thorpe Hannah , Martin Matthew J. , Maratea Kimberly , Barrell Daniel , Ahdesmaki Miika , Mettetal Jerome T. ,   Functional Genomics Centre, Brownell James , McDermott Ultan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMost lung cancer patients with metastatic cancer eventually relapse with drug-resistant disease following treatment and EGFR mutant lung cancer is no exception. Genome-wide CRISPR screens, to either knock out or overexpress all protein-coding genes in cancer cell lines, revealed the landscape of pathways that cause resistance to the EGFR inhibitors osimertinib or gefitinib in EGFR mutant lung cancer. Among the most recurrent resistance genes were those that regulate the Hippo pathway. Following osimertinib treatment a subpopulation of cancer cells are able to survive and over time develop stable resistance. These ‘persister’ cells can exploit non-genetic (transcriptional) programs that enable cancer cells to survive drug treatment. Using genetic and pharmacologic tools we identified Hippo signalling as an important non-genetic mechanism of cell survival following osimertinib treatment. Further, we show that combinatorial targeting of the Hippo pathway and EGFR is highly effective in EGFR mutant lung cancer cells and patient-derived organoids, suggesting a new therapeutic strategy for EGFR mutant lung cancer patients.
3D printed titanium carbide MXene-coated polycaprolactone scaffolds for guided neuronal growth and photothermal stimulation
Authors: Li Jianfeng , Hashemi Payam , Liu Tianyi , Dang Ka My , Brunk Michael G. K. , Mu Xin , Nia Ali Shaygan , Sacher Wesley D. , Feng Xinliang , Poon Joyce K. S. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe exploration of neural circuitry is paramount for comprehending the computational mechanisms and physiology of the brain. Despite significant advances in materials and fabrication techniques, controlling neuronal connectivity and response in 3D remains a formidable challenge. Here, we introduce a method for engineering the growth of 3D neural circuits with the capability for optical stimulation. We fabricate bioactive interfaces by melt electrospinning writing (MEW) 3D polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds followed by coating with titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx MXene). Beyond enhancing hydrophilicity, cell adhesion, and electrical conductivity, the Ti3C2Tx MXene coating enables optocapacitance-based neuronal stimulation, induced by localized temperature increases upon illumination. This approach offers a pathway for additive manufacturing of neural tissues endowed with optical control, facilitating functional tissue engineering and neural circuit computation.
Interleaved TMS/fMRI shows that threat decreases dlPFC-mediated top-down regulation of emotion processing
Authors: Patel Milan , Teferi Marta , Gura Hannah , Casalvera Abigail , Lynch Kevin G. , Nitchie Frederick , Makhoul Walid , Sheline Yvette I. , Oathes Desmond J. , Balderston Nicholas L. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is thought to be a key site in the brain’s cognitive control network, supporting cognitive processes like attention and working memory [1–7]. There is also evidence that the dlPFC is engaged during anxiety regulation tasks, suggesting that anxiety regulation may be mediated in part by dlPFC activity [8–15]. However, the degree to which these two domains of processing overlap is unclear. Therefore, in the current study, we tested the hypothesis that the dlPFC regulates brain regions critical for the expression of anxiety. To do so, we used interleaved TMS/fMRI to record TMS-evoked BOLD responses during periods of threat compared to periods of safety. We hypothesized that TMS pulses would reduce activity in anxiety expression regions during threat. Forty-four healthy controls (no current or history of psychiatric disorders) were recruited to take part in a broader study. Participants completed the neutral, predictable, and unpredictable (NPU) threat task while receiving TMS pulses to either the right dlPFC or a control region. A whole brain analysis identified regions showing significant BOLD responses evoked by dlPFC stimulation. We then extracted these responses and compared those evoked during safe blocks to those evoked during unpredictable threat. We found that responses in the left insula (LI), right sensory/motor cortex (RSM), and a region encompassing the bilateral SMA regions (BSMA) showed significantly different responses during the safe blocks compare to the threat. During the safe periods, these regions showed significant BOLD deactivations. These deactivations were reduced during the threat blocks. Overall, these findings are largely consistent with the hypothesis that the dlPFC plays a role in the top-down control of emotion and suggest that dlPFC activity reduces downstream activity in emotional expression regions, but that this effect is reduced under threat.