bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of the prevalence and severity of metacarpophalangeal joint osteoarthritis in Thoroughbred racehorses via quantitative macroscopic evaluation
Authors: H. Neundorf Richelle , B. Lowerison Mark , M. Cruz Antonio , J. Thomason Jeff , J. McEwen Beverley , B. Hurtig Mark 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine the prevalence and severity of osteoarthritis in the metacarpophalangeal joints of Thoroughbred racehorses via development and validation of a quantitative macroscopic evaluation system.
Sample Population—Metacarpophalangeal joints from 50 Thoroughbred racehorses.
Procedures—Joints were collected from horses that died or were euthanized within 60 days of racing. Metacarpophalangeal joints were assessed for osteoarthritic degeneration by use of macroscopic and histologic scoring systems, polarized light microscopy, and cartilage biochemical analysis. The global macroscopic score for the entire metacarpophalangeal joint was based on factors that reflected the size and severity of lesions as well as the involvement of weight-bearing surfaces.
Results—One-third of all 2- and 3-year-old horses had partial-or full-thickness cartilage lesions and osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis severity increased until age 6 in this population. Significant correlations were found between macroscopic grade and age, cause of death, glycosaminoglycan depletion, and loss of superficial cartilage zone polarized light intensity.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The macroscopic system devised for this study had good correlations with quantitative methods. Two-and 3-year-old horses had full-thickness cartilage lesions that may have been career limiting. Year-to-year attrition and a small population of older horses may have led to underestimation of the prevalence of osteoarthritis in older horses. The macroscopic scoring system was reliable when used by nonexpert and expert users. (Am J Vet Res 2010;71:1284–1293)
Quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic analysis of perfusion in the kidneys, liver, pancreas, small intestine, and mesenteric lymph nodes in healthy cats
Authors: R. Leinonen Merja , R. Raekallio Marja , M. Vainio Outi , O. Ruohoniemi Mirja , S. Biller David , T. O'Brien Robert 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate perfusion of abdominal organs in healthy cats by use of contrastenhanced ultrasonography.
Animals—10 young healthy anesthetized cats.
Procedures—Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the liver, left kidney, pancreas, small intestine, and mesenteric lymph nodes was performed on anesthetized cats.
Results—Typical perfusion patterns were found for each of the studied organs. Differences in perfusion among organs were associated with specific physiologic features. The liver was enhanced gradually and had a more heterogeneous perfusion pattern because of its dual blood supply and close proximity to the diaphragm, compared with other organs. An obvious and significant difference in perfusion was detected between the renal cortex and medulla. No significant differences in perfusion were detected among the pancreas, small intestine, and mesenteric lymph nodes.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that contrast-enhanced ultrasonography can be used in cats to estimate organ perfusion as in other species. Observed differences in perfusion variables can be mostly explained by physiologic differences in vascularity. (Am J Vet Res 2010;71:1305–1311)
Cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression in equine nonglandular and glandular gastric mucosal biopsy specimens obtained before and after induction of gastric ulceration via intermittent feed deprivation
Authors: K. Morrissey Niamh , R. Bellenger Christopher , T. Ryan Marion , W. Baird Alan 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Objective—To measure the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA in gastric biopsy specimens serially obtained from horses before, during, and after an 8-day intermittent feed-deprivation trial and to investigate the mucosal location of COX-2.
Animals—9 mixed-breed horses for retrieval of gastric biopsy specimens and 16 additional horses for immunohistochemical analysis.
Procedures—Gastric biopsy specimens were obtained from 6 horses; 3 of these horses and 3 more participated in an intermittent feed-deprivation trial 9 weeks later. A quantitative PCR assay was used to determine the amount of COX-2 mRNA in biopsy specimens from nonulcerated and ulcerated gastric mucosa. Immunohistochemical staining of specimens by use of a polyclonal anti–COX-2 antibody was performed on full-thickness postmortem gastric biopsy specimens.
Results—COX-2 mRNA was expressed in all glandular gastric mucosal specimens but was only detectable in nonglandular mucosal specimens when ulceration was present or during ulcer healing. Positive staining for COX-2 was present in 12 of 14 nonulcerated glandular mucosal sections. Although such staining was weak or absent in nonulcerated nonglandular sections, stronger staining was evident in regenerating epithelium at the rims of erosions and ulcers.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—COX-2 was constitutively present in equine glandular gastric mucosa, although its contribution to mucosal protection remains unclear. Our finding of COX-2 mRNA expression in ulcer margins during healing may support a role for the products of this enzyme in mucosal repair. The potential roles of COX-2 should be considered when COX-2–selective inhibitors are prescribed for horses with gastric ulcers. (Am J Vet Res 2010;71:1312–1320)
Use of geospatial neighborhood control locations for epidemiological analysis of community-level pet adoption patterns
Authors: J. Patronek Gary 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Objective—To explore the joint effect of distance and neighborhood-level demographics on pet adoptions from an animal shelter by means of client segmentation, geospatial tools, and epidemiological techniques.
Sample Population—Geocoded locations of 1,563 adoptions from an animal shelter in eastern Massachusetts and 4,700 geospatial control locations.
Procedures—Pet adoptions were geocoded to addresses by use of spatial analysis software for area-based analysis. A population of neighborhood control locations (proportional to human population at the level of the block group) was randomly generated. Adoption and control locations were spatially joined to census data and to defined lifestyle segments. The association of geodemographic variables with adoption was assessed by use of multivariate logistic regression.
Results—The shelter service area was not well described by individual geopolitical boundaries such as county. Locations that were < 9.7 km (6 miles) from the shelter, had higher block group median income, or had a greater proportion of households that were composed of married couples with children in the block group were associated with increased odds of being an adoption location. Neighborhood lifestyle characteristics affected the association between affluence and adoption. Controlling for distance of a location to the shelter markedly affected the strength of association with adoption.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that distance as well as neighborhood lifestyle characteristics profoundly influences shelter adoption patterns. Client segmentation and geodemographic analysis can reveal communities with increased likelihood of pet adoption from a shelter and help clarify adoption patterns. (Am J Vet Res 2010;71:1321–1330)
Effects of rosiglitazone, an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, on intestinal damage induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in weaned pigs
Authors: Fan Wei , Liu Yulan , Wu Zhifeng , Hong Yu , Zhu Huiling , Hou Yongqing , Yin Yulong , Han Jie 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether rosiglitazone, an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, could alleviate intestinal damage induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in weaned pigs.
Animals—18 weaned pigs (mean ± SD age, 28 ± 3 days).
Procedures—Pigs were allocated to 3 treatments (6 pigs/treatment). Control pigs were injected IP with dimethyl sulfoxide and then injected 30 minutes later with sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, LPS-treated pigs were injected IP with dimethyl sulfoxide and then injected 30 minutes later with LPS (100 μg/kg, IP), and rosiglitazone plus LPS-treated pigs were injected with rosiglitazone (3 mg/kg, IP) and then injected 30 minutes later with LPS (100 μg/kg, IP). Pigs were euthanized 3 hours after challenge exposure, and samples of the small intestines were collected for histologic, biochemical, and immunohistochemical examination.
Results—Rosiglitazone alleviated LPS-induced intestinal damage, which was manifested as a lower crypt depth in the duodenum and a higher villus height-to-crypt depth ratio in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Rosiglitazone also mitigated inhibition of crypt cell proliferation in the jejunum and ileum induced by LPS injection. Pretreatment with rosiglitazone significantly increased the number of cells that stained for PPARγ and significantly decreased the number of cells that stained for inducible nitric oxide synthase.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Rosiglitazone alleviated intestinal damage induced by LPS injection in weaned pigs. The protective effects of rosiglitazone on the intestines may be associated with inhibition of intestinal proinflammatory mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase. (Am J Vet Res 2010;71:1331–1338)
Longitudinal prevalence and molecular typing of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by use of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in fecal samples collected from a range-based herd of beef cattle in California
Authors: Kondo Sonoko , R. Hoar Bruce , Villanueva Veronica , E. Mandrell Robert , R. Atwill Edward 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate seasonal patterns and risk factors for Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feces in a beef cattle herd and determine strain diversity and transition in E coli over time by use of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).
Sample Population—456 samples of freshly passed feces collected over a 1-year period from cattle in a range-based cow-calf operation located in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California.
Procedures—E coli O157:H7 was recovered from feces by use of immunomagnetic separation and 2 selective media. Virulence factors were detected via reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates were subtyped with MLVA and PFGE. Prevalence estimates were calculated and significant risk factors determined. A dendrogram was constructed on the basis of results of MLVA typing.
Results—Overall prevalence estimate for E coli O157:H7 was 10.5%, with the prevalence lowest during the winter. Mean temperature during the 30 days before collection of samples was significantly associated with prevalence of E coli O157:H7 in feces. Nineteen MLVA and 12 PFGE types were identified.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A seasonal pattern was detected for prevalence of E coli O157:H7 in feces collected from beef cattle in California. Subtyping via MLVA and PFGE revealed a diversity of E coli O157:H7 strains in a cow-calf operation and noteworthy turnover of predominant types. Given the importance of accurately determining sources of contamination in investigations of disease outbreaks in humans, MLVA combined with PFGE should be powerful tools for epidemiologists. (Am J Vet Res 2010;71:1339–1347)
Evaluation of the effect of pelvic tilt in the coronal plane on the Norberg angle measured in ventrodorsal radiographic views of a canine hip joint bone model
Authors: Bausman Jerrold A. , Wendelburg Kirk L. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effect of pelvic tilt on the Norberg angle (NA) measured in ventrodorsal radiographic views of a hip joint in a canine femoral-pelvic bone model.
Sample Population—Radiographic views of a femoral-pelvic bone model with 1 articulated hip joint (without evident laxity).
Procedures—The bone model was placed on a radiography table. With the joint fully extended, the pelvic coronal plane was tilted from 0— in 5— increments caudally and cranially to a maximum of 30— in each direction (femoral frontal plane was maintained parallel with the radiograph cassette); a digital ventrodorsal radiographic view was obtained at each tilt position. In each image, the NA was measured 3 times by 2 observers (operators). The effect of pelvic tilt on the NA was evaluated by use of a repeated-measures analysis; within-and between-operator variances were also assessed.
Results—Within-operator repeatability was excellent for assessments of hip joint NAs in radiographic views obtained when cranial or caudal tilt was applied to the femoral-pelvic model; replicate measurement variation was < 2.5% (coefficient of variation < 5%). Mean NA values determined by the 2 operators in cranial or caudal tilt views did not differ. Mean between-operator difference in caudal tilt measurements was —0.55— (95% confidence interval, —1.69— to 0.59—) and in cranial tilt measurements was —0.13— (95% confidence interval, —1.33— to 1.06—). Cranial or caudal pelvic tilt did not affect measurement of the NA.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Model-derived results indicated that pelvic tilt during acquisition of ventrodorsal radiographic views of the hip joints of a dog should not affect measurement of the NA.
Evaluation of 12- and 24-month survival rates after treatment with masitinib in dogs with nonresectable mast cell tumors
Authors: Hahn Kevin A. , Legendre Alfred M. , Shaw Neil G. , Phillips Brenda , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Prescott Deborah M. , Atwater Stephen W. , Carreras Janet K. , Lana Susan E. , Ladue Tracy , Rusk Anthony , Kinet Jean Pierre , Dubreuil Patrice , Moussy Alain , Hermine Olivier 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effectiveness of masitinib for the treatment of nonresectable mast cell tumors (MCTs) in dogs at 12 and 24 months after onset of treatment.
Animals—132 dogs with nonresectable grade 2 or 3 MCTs.
Procedures—Dogs received masitinib (12.5 mg/kg/d, PO; n = 106) or a placebo (26). After 6 months, treatment was extended with tumor assessments at 3-month intervals until detection of disease progression. Endpoints were tumor response and overall survival rate and time.
Results—In dogs with nonresectable MCTs, masitinib significantly improved survival rate, compared with results for the placebo, with 59 of 95 (62.1%) and 9 of 25 (36.0%) dogs alive at 12 months and 33 of 83 (39.8%) and 3 of 20 (15.0%) dogs alive at 24 months, respectively. Median overall survival time was 617 and 322 days, respectively. Tumor control at 6 months had a high predictive value for 24-month survival, with high specificity (88%) and sensitivity (76%), whereas short-term tumor response (within 6 weeks) had a poor predictive value. Complete responses at 24 months were observed in 6 of 67 (9.0%) dogs with nonresectable MCTs treated with masitinib.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Masitinib significantly increased survival rates at 12 and 24 months in dogs with nonresectable MCTs. Control of disease at 6 months, but not best response at 6 weeks, was predictive of long-term survival in dogs treated with masitinib, which suggested that short-term response may be irrelevant for assessing clinical efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for treatment of MCTs.
Effects of lycopene on proliferation and death of canine osteosarcoma cells
Authors: Wakshlag Joseph J. , Balkman Cheryl E. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effects of lycopene with and without concurrent chemotherapeutic treatment on growth and apoptosis of canine osteosarcoma cells.
Sample Population—Cell cultures of 3 established canine osteosarcoma cell lines (D17, OS 2.4, and HMPOS).
Procedures—Growth curve kinetics and cell cytotoxicosis for various treatment combinations were assessed by use of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Additionally, cell cycle kinetics and colony-forming soft agar assays were performed to determine the influences of lycopene on the cell cycle and anchorageindependent growth. Western immunoblotting of HMPOS cells was performed to examine signaling and apoptotic pathways implicated in lycopene-induced apoptosis.
Results—Lycopene alone caused mild to pronounced attenuation of cell proliferation of all 3 cell lines as well as apoptosis in HMPOS cells but did not interfere with cell death in response to doxorubicin. Soft agar anchorage-independent growth assays revealed complete inhibition of cell proliferation in 2 of 3 osteosarcoma cell lines. Further investigation into the apoptotic response revealed activation of mitochondrial-induced apoptosis primarily through expression of truncated Bid and a decrease in protein kinase B (ie, AKT) phosphorylation.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that lycopene may be beneficial during treatment of osteosarcomas. Lycopene did not negatively or positively affect survival of osteosarcoma cells during doxorubicin treatment and independently induced apoptosis in the HMPOS cell line. These findings warrant further in vitro and in vivo studies into the use of this natural compound as an adjuvant antiproliferative, proapoptotic treatment in dogs with osteosarcoma.
Pharmacokinetics of gallium maltolate after intragastric administration in adult horses
Authors: Arnold Carolyn , Chaffin M. Keith , Cohen Noah , Fajt Virginia R. , Taylor Robert J. , Bernstein Lawrence R. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of gallium maltolate (GaM) after intragastric administration in adult horses.
Animals—6 adult horses.
Procedures—Feed was withheld for 12 hours prior to intragastric administration of GaM (20 mg/kg). A single dose of GaM was administered to each horse via a nasogastric tube (time 0). Blood samples were collected at various time points from 0 to 120 hours. Serum was used to determine gallium concentrations by use of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. Noncompartmental and compartmental analyses of serum gallium concentrations were performed. Pharmacokinetic models were selected on the basis of the Akaike information criterion and visual analysis of plots of residuals.
Results—Serum concentration data for 1 horse were such that this horse was considered an outlier and excluded from noncompartmental and compartmental analyses. Noncompartmental analysis was used to determine individual pharmacokinetic parameters. A 1-compartment model with first-order input and output and lag time was selected as the best-fit model for the data and used to determine mean — SD values for maximum observed serum concentration (0.28 — 0.09 μg/mL), time of maximum concentration (3.09 — 0.43 hours), time to the first measurable concentration (0.26 — 0.11 hours), apparent elimination half-life (48.82 — 5.63 hours), area under the time-concentration curve (20.68 — 757 h—μg/mL), and apparent volume of distribution (73,493 — 18,899 mL/kg).
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Further studies are necessary to determine the bioavailability of GaM after intragastric administration in adult horses.
Pharmacokinetics of orally administered DL-α-lipoic acid in dogs
Authors: Zicker Steven C. , Avila Albert , Joshi Dinesh K. , Gross Kathy L. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of DL-α-lipoic acid in dogs when administered at 3 dosages via 3 methods of delivery.
Animals—27 clinically normal Beagles.
Procedures—In a 3 × 3 factorial Latin square design, 3 dosages (2.5, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg) of DL-α-lipoic acid were administered orally in a capsule form and provided without a meal, in a capsule form and provided with a meal, and as an ingredient included in an extruded dog food. Food was withheld for 12 hours prior to DL-α-lipoic acid administration. Blood samples were collected before (0 minutes) and at 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 minutes after administration. Plasma concentrations of DL-α-lipoic acid were determined via high-performance liquid chromatography. A generalized linear models procedure was used to evaluate the effects of method of delivery and dosage. Noncompartmental analysis was used to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of DL-α-lipoic acid. Nonparametric tests were used to detect significant differences between pharmacokinetic parameters among treatment groups.
Results—A significant effect of dosage was observed regardless of delivery method. Method of delivery also significantly affected plasma concentrations of DL-α-lipoic acid, with extruded foods resulting in lowest concentration for each dosage administered. Maximum plasma concentration was significantly affected by method of delivery at each dosage administered. Other significant changes in pharmacokinetic parameters were variable and dependent on dosage and method of delivery.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Values for pharmacokinetic parameters of orally administered DL-α-lipoic acid may differ significantly when there are changes in dosage, method of administration, and fed status.
Evaluation of fluid pressures of common wound-flushing techniques
Authors: Gall Trent T. , Monnet Eric 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate fluid pressures generated via common wound-flushing techniques.
Sample Population—24 combinations of bottles, needles, a syringe, and a bag.
Procedures—12 medically trained individuals used the following devices to forcefully expel fluid as for wound flushing: full and half-full 1-L and 500-mL bottles with holes in the cap made with 16-, 18-, 20-, and 22-gauge needles; a 35-mL syringe with the same needle sizes; and a 1-L bag placed in a cuff pressurized to 300 mm Hg, with the same needle sizes. Fluid expulsion pressures were measured and compared.
Results—The highest pressure generated with the bottle was 3.90 — 1.30 psi (mean — SD) with a 16-gauge needle and a full 1-L bottle. The highest pressure generated with the 35-mL syringe was 18.40 — 9.80 psi with a 16-gauge needle. The lowest pressure generated with the 35-mL syringe was 16.70 — 6.50 psi with an 18-gauge needle. The bag under pressure generated a pressure of 7.3 — 0.1 psi with a 16-gauge needle. Needle size did not have a significant effect.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Solution bottles of any size and needle gauge do not meet the requirement for satisfactory flushing pressure of 7 to 8 psi. Use of a 35-mL syringe can produce pressure substantially > 7 to 8 psi, which could damage tissues. The most consistent delivery method to generate 7 to 8 psi was use of a 1-L plastic bag within a cuff pressurized to 300 mm Hg.