bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TREATMENT OF CLIMACTERIC AND POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN WITH 17‐β‐OESTRADIOL AND NORETHISTERONE ACETATE
Authors: Furuhjelm Mirjam , Carlström Kjell 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Thirty‐four climacteric and 175 postmenopausal women were treated with three different preparations containing microcrystalline‐17β‐oestradiol and norethisterone acetate for climacteric symptoms and symptoms of oestrogen deficiency. 56 of the women (mean age 52 ± 5.2 years) were treated with trisekvens® (Group I), 131 women (mean age 53 ± 6.3 years) with trisekvens® forte (Group II) and 22 women (mean age 55.3 ± 5.2 years) with estrofem® forte (Group III). The patients were followed for 2 1/2–3 1/2 years. All patients were subjected to a general and a gynaecological examination. Two or more serum samples were obtained from 145 of the patients during the treatment. Laboratory investigations included Autochemist® analysis of serum levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, Ca++, Na+, K+, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, glucose, protein, albumin, haptoglobin, zinc sulphate, Fe, TIBC, bilirubin, ALAT and ASAT and radioimmunoassay of serum levels of FSH, LH and low polar oestrogens (LPE).S‐cholesterol levels fell during the treatment in all three groups and in patients with elevated S‐cholesterol levels the values were reverted to normal after 6 months' treatment. There was no change in S‐triglycerides except in group I where a slight increase (P < 0.01) was observed after 24 months' treatment. There were no other changes in the values obtained from the Autochemist® analysis. Serum levels of FSH and LH decreased during the treatment and this decrease was more pronounced in groups II and III. Serum LPE levels increased in group I for climacteric women to values observed during a normal luteal phase and in postmenopausal women to values found during the proliferative phase. In groups II and III the serum LPE values in postmenopausal women increased to levels corresponding to the luteal phase. Large individual variations in serum LPE levels were observed even during a rigorously standardized tablet intake, which might be explained by individual differences in absorption.The therapy resulted in a disappearance of the climacteric symptoms (vasomotor symptoms, nervousness, irritability and sleep disturbances) and a considerable improvement of the symptoms caused by oestrogen deficiency (atrophic changes in the vulva, the vaginal mucosa, urethra and bladder, and the state of the skin and skeletal mineral depots). Few side effects were observed. 34 of the patients discontinued their treatment with the oestrogen preparations: 14 changed to another type of oestrogen and 20 stopped completely, 2 of them due to the discovery of mammary carcinoma. In general the oestrogen preparations tested were well tolerated. The oestrogen dose used in trisekvens® forte and estrofem® forte seems to be sufficient for an adequate oestrogen replacement therapy in climacteric and postmenopausal women.
The Immunological Paradox of Pregnancy
Authors: Damber Mats‐Göran , von Schoultz Bo , Stigbrand Torgny 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. During a normal pregnancy the fetus can be regarded as a transplant inside the uterus. The reason why this transplant is not rejected is still unclear. In this work various models for this immunological paradox and recent results within the field of pregnancy immunology are discussed.From an immunological point of view the development of a normal pregnancy is almost impossible. During all stages the embryo can be regarded as a transplant (4), but instead of the expected rejection an intimate parasitic graft‐host relationship is established.The sperm has already been shown to be the carrier of transplantation antigenes and thus theoretically capable of initiating an immune response. The fertilized egg also carries transplantation antigenes on its surface after the first division. Foreign transplantation antigenes release in the receiver a cell mediated immune reaction, which normally causes a rejection within some weeks.
The Myometrial Response to Intra‐Uterine Administration of PGF2α and PGE2 in Dysmenorrheic Women
Authors: Lundström V. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Serial recordings of uterine contractility during different phases of the menstrual cycle were carried out in five dysmenorrheic women, and in two subjects during the acute stage of severe dysmenorrheic pain.The sensitivity and reactivity of the uterus to intrauterine administration of small doses of PGF2α and PGE2 were studied. A relative insensitivity of the uterus was found in the proliferative phase and around ovulation. The uterus was highly sensitive to the stimulatory effect of PGF2α in the secretory phase and at menstruation but probably not more sensitive than in normal women. The corresponding results with PGE2 were rather variable in that small doses did not induce any response or slight stimulation whereas high doses occasionally caused an inhibition in the secretory phase and during menstruation.The results indicate that PGF2α may be a significant factor in eliciting uterine hypercontractility and dysmenorrheic pain. Whether the occasional inhibitory effect of PGE2 is of any significant importance in the pathogenesis of dysmenorrhea cannot be stated.
Impact of Fetal and Maternal Factors on the Normal Growth of the Biparietal Diameter
Authors: Persson P.‐H. , Grennert L. , Gennser G. , Kullander S. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. 9,846 BPD measurements made from the 20th gestational week to term were used to study the influence on the BPD growth of various maternal factors known to affect fetal size at birth. Also the covariation of the growth of BPD and fetal size at birth was studied. Cross‐sectional growth curves were constructed for each studied condition, and regressions were calculated for their difference from the normal curve. Maternal age, weight, height, and weight gain during pregnancy, and also parity were not found to affect the BPD growth; thus no difference from the normal growth curve could be found. Diseases during pregnancy, such as toxaemia, early bleeding, and infections, had no apparent effect on the BPD growth. The group of preterm delivered infants had a slow intrauterine growth rate from the 26th week. Throughout pregnancy, male infants had mean BPD values 1.7 % larger than female infants. The intrauterine growth pattern reflected fetal size at birth. The large fetuses (heavy, fat, and tall) had a faster growth rate from the 20th week on, and the regression lines on the difference from the normal mean pointed to a starting point of the deviation close to zero weeks. The short infants mirrored the tall infants; but for the negative weight variants (thin and light), the deviation from the normal mean increased towards term. Placental weight in relation to infant weight was of no significance for the intrauterine BPD growth.The results suggest that neither maternal size nor caloric supply have much influence on the BPD development. Fetal size at birth is parallel to the intrauterine growth rate. The growth pattern for the large infants seemed to be determined from the beginning, whereas the infants of small weight were influenced by additional factors towards term. The results also imply that measurements of the BPD for the assessment of fetal age have to be done early in pregnancy lest the range of the BPD values of fetuses of different size should invalidate age determination.
Serum and amniotic fluid heat labile alkaline phosphatase and aminotransferases in association with meconium stained liquor: On their origin, distribution and clinical use
Authors: Thaler I. , Zinder O. , Abramovici H. , Brandes J. M. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A method for detecting meconium in the amniotic fluid is described. Samples of maternal serum, cord serum and amniotic fluid were tested for alkaline phosphatase and transaminases activity in 32 healthy, term gravidas during labor in whom meconium stained amniotic fluid was found. The values obtained were compared to those of a control group consisting of 32 normal term pregnancies in whom the amniotic fluid was clear.Mean alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly higher in the study group in all three compartments ‐ maternal, fetal and amniotic fluid.A significant and positive correlation between levels of alkaline phosphatase in the amniotic fluid and in maternal serum was found in the study group. Alkaline phosphatase value of 550 IU/L or more in maternal serum was diagnostic and levels between 350–500 IU/L were highly suggestive for the presence of menconium in the amniotic fluid.Mean levels of transaminases (SGOT and SGPT) were similar in the two groups and all were within normal range. The origin of alkaline phosphatase and the mode of transfer of the three enzymes are also discussed.It is suggested that this method can also be used during the third trimester of pregnancy.
Amniotic Fluid Phospholipid Concentrations in Pregnancies with Pre‐Eclampsia and/or Intrauterine Growth‐Retardation of the Fetus
Authors: Skjæraasen Julie 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios were examined in 74 samples from 65 patients with preeclampsia. The median values were comparable to those obtained in a reference series up to 36 weeks of gestation, whereas the median values after 37 weeks of gestation were found to be significantly smaller in the preeclamptic group (p<0.01).According to the present results a L/S ratio 2 would in fact guarantee no development of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in the infants of preeclamptic mothers. On the contrary L/S ratios s 1.6 may be of limited predictive value in these women since only Vy of the children developed RDS. When preeclampsia was combined with intrauterine growth‐retardation of the fetus, RDS was found to be less apt to develop.In 21 samples of amniotic fluid from 13 women with idiopathic intrauterine growth‐retardation of the fetus the L/S ratios were significantly below those in the reference series (p<0.05). No case of RDS was observed.
PLATELET FUNCTION, COAGULATION AND FIBRINOLYSIS DURING TERMINATION OF MISSED ABORTION AND MISSED LABOR BY PGF2α AND OXYTOCIN
Authors: Briel R. C. , Kunz S. , Kidess E. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. In cases of missed abortion and missed labor, labor was induced by PGF2α i.a., i.v. and by oxytocin infusion. Platelet function (methods of Born and Breddin), the coagulation system and fibrinolysis have been studied within the three groups.Using PGF2α i.v., the initially increased platelet aggregation showed a tendency to become normal. There was no manifestation of activation of the coagulation system. Fibrinolytic activity showed a slight increase during PGF2α i.v.No essential changes in platelet function, coagulation and fibrinolytic system were found after i.a. injection of PGF2α.When inducing labor by oxytocin i.v., both the coagulation and the fibrinolytic system were slightly activated and platelet aggregation increased.The results and their clinical importance for hemostasis as well as therapeutic consequences are discussed.
ARTERIOGRAPHY AND CHEMOTHERAPY IN LOCALIZED TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE, BY MEANS OF LOCAL‐ (PELVIC‐) INTRAARTERIAL INFUSION
Authors: Goldman Jack A. , Peleg Dan , Agmon Moshe , Shapiro Gerald 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. In spite of considerable progress in systemic chemotherapy in malignant throphoblastic disease, there remains a small group of patients who fail to respond to this type of therapy. Here the trophoblastic process may be localized by means of an arteriography, and treated by a local, intraarterial infusion of cytotoxic compounds in high concentration. The latter makes possible the treatment of processes localized in essential organs which are hard to remove, as well as in young women wishing to preserve their reproductive capacity.Our experience is limited to one case of a young woman with chorioadenoma destruens in the uterus, resistant to systemic chemotherapy, yet sucessfully treated with pelvic, intraarterial infusion of cytotoxics.
CONTINUOUS MINI‐INFUSION OF BUPIVACAINE INTO THE EPIDURAL SPACE DURING LABOR
Authors: Matouskova A. , Hanson B. , Elmén H. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Obstetric analgesia was accomplished by segmental continuous blockade in 225 women. the technique involved automatic pump infusion of 0.25 per cent bupivacaine solution into the epidural space at a rate of 5 ml per hour after initial doses of 2 and 5 ml bupivacaine. If the analgesia was insufficient one or two single injections of 5 ml of bupivacaine were added. Statistical evaluation of the results could be carried out for 218 women, 158 of whom were nulliparae and 60 multiparae. Fully satisfactory analgesia was achieved in 96 per cent of the nulliparae and 88 per cent of the multiparae in the first stage of labor. in the second stage of labor 46 per cent of the mothers were given pudendal blockade to maintain satisfactory analgesia.The positioning of the patient in the first stage of labor from supine to semirecumbent was of importance to spread the analgesic agent caudally, to the sacral nerve roots, and to control the pain due to stretching of the vagina and perineum. in the total material 17 per cent of the neonates were delivered by vacuum extraction. When the infusion into the epidural space was started in early labor, the incidence of vacuum extraction was 9 per cent, as compared with 38 per cent when it was started at 6 cm cervical dilatation or later (p:<0.01). 9.8 per cent of the neonates were delivered by cesarean section. Fetal head malposition occurred in 8.7 per cent. a drop in blood pressure was noted in 7 per cent of the women. the condition of the newborn was unaffected by the analgesia. the mini‐infusion system minimized the risk for infection. the danger in case of accidental intravascular injection was reduced, due to slowly administered bupivacaine. At the maternity department this technique has created a positive attitude towards epidural blockade, as mid‐wives and doctors have found it safe and easy.
Epidemiological aspects of toxoplasma infections among women in norway
Authors: Stray‐Pedersen Babill , Lorentzen‐Styr Anne‐Marie 
Published: December 2009

In order to elucidate some of the epidemiological factors involved in the acquisition of Toxoplasma infections in Norway, 196 women were requested to answer a series of questions in their post‐natal periods. Of these women, 27 had recently been infected with T. gondii, 84 had old infections, and 85 were non‐infected.The answers given indicated that frequent intake of raw meat and frequent travelling abroad, especially to countries with high infection risks, were of great significance for the contamination among adults. Living in rural districts appeared to represent a predisposing factor for the acquisition at younger ages. Contacts with animals, especially cats, were not shown to increase the infection risk.With special reference to the results obtained, a list of instructions to sero‐negative pregnant women is proposed in order to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis in the Scandinavian countries.
Combined estrogen and progestogen for the menopause
Authors: Mugglestone C. J. , Swinhoe J. R. , Craft I. L. 
Published: December 2009

A single‐blind pilot study using combined estrogen and progestogen therapy was undertaken in 25 patients for a period of six months in an attempt to evaluate symptomatic control, the acceptability or otherwise of bleeding patterns, and the effect on endometrial pathology.Two different progestogens were employed, i.e. norgestrel and norethisterone acetate, and each was given in combination with estradiol valerate in a cyclical and a continuous regime.Symptomatic control was good in all groups, but there was a mild recrudescence of some symptoms during the tablet‐free interval in the cyclical groups. Regular withdrawal bleeding was reported in almost all cases receiving cyclical therapy, and unscheduled bleeding was noted in those on continuous regimes.Endometrial hyperplasia did not occur following treatment in any of the groups, and there was a return to the normal histology in two patients in whom hyperplasia existed prior to treatment. These results support the view that endometrial hyperplasia is least likely to occur if progestogens are adminstered in combination with estrogens.There were no obvious differences between the effects of the two progestogens.
Fetal Systolic Time Intervals After Paracervical Block During Labor
Authors: Jenssen Helge 
Published: December 2009

Fetal systolic time intervals (FSTI) were recorded every 10th second (s) during uterine contractions in 25 parturients in the first stage of labor before and after paracervical block (PCB). Twentytwo patients had good or excellent relief of pain. The newborn infants were not depressed.After PCB the duration of the R – R and S1 – S2 intervals increased. A close correlation was found between the R – R and S1 – S2 intervals, both before and after PCB, and during early decelerations recorded before and after PCB. The S1 – S2 interval was prolonged after PCB, even after correction for the heart rate.The R – S1 interval and the amplitude of the first part of the first heart sound (S1a) also increased after PCB.The FSTI showed a conspicuous cyclic variation during uterine contraction. The S1a amplitude decreased after the peak of contraction, the others increased simultaneously.The results contradict the assertion that PCB causes fetal hypoxia or reduction of the maternal placental circulation.A centralization of the fetal circulation, possibly combined with a direct effect of local anesthetic on the fetal heart, would explain the changes found after PCB.The cyclic variation of the parameters during uterine contraction is probably caused by a transfer of blood between the placenta and fetus. The changes of myometrial dynamics after PCB, as shown by the alteration of the phases of the amniotic pressure curve, are compatible with this transfer of blood.
The Effects of Estrogens and Gestagens on the Urethral Pressure Profile in Urinary Continent and Stress Incontinent Women
Authors: Rud T. 
Published: December 2009

The present investigation was performed to study the urodynamic effects of hormones on the lower urinary tract in women. Twenty‐four stress incontinent and 6 continent women were randomly given E2 and E3 orally in doses of 4–8 mg per day for 3 weeks. Another group of 8 women were given a single i.m. injection of 1000 mg gestagen.All the women were examined with simultaneous urethro‐cystometry, including urethral pressure profile measurement, before and after treatment. After estrogen treatment the transmission of intraabdominal pressure to the urethra increased. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in maximum urethral pressure and urethral length at rest. After gestagen treatment no significant changes of the recorded parameters were observed.
Response of Endometrioid Ovarian Carcinoma in Nude Mice to the Combination of Vincristine Sulphate and Cyclophosphamide
Authors: Bjondahl K. , Grönroos M. , Klemi P. , Möttönen M. 
Published: December 2009

The effect of a combination treatment with vincristine sulphate and cyclophosphamide to endometrioid ovarian carcinoma grown in nude mice hosts was studied by histopathological, ultrastructural and biochemical methods.The first course of treatment had little or no effect. After the second and third courses, however, the growth of the tumors was suppressed as evidenced by increased necrosis and decreased weight of tumors. The total volume of the mitochondria decreased but there was no change in the nucleo‐cytoplasmic ratio and other ultrastructural features. In the DNA and RNA contents a decreasing trend was found.No complete remission was observed during the treatment. However, in two treated animals, kept for a longer observation period, the tumors regressed completely and no new tumor growths were found. In the control animals, the tumors grew progressively and the histology was identical to that in the patient. However, the frequency of mitoses was slightly higher in the transplanted tumor than in the primary tumor.
Hydrop Degeneration: A Histopathological Investigation of 260 Early Abortions
Authors: Ladefoged Christian 
Published: December 2009

Placental tissue from 160 abortions provoked during the 6th–12th weeks, and 100 spontaneous abortions between weeks 5 and 16, were studied histopathologically in respect of a comparison and quantitation of hydrop degeneration.Significantly more cases of severe hydrop degeneration were observed among the spontaneous abortions (p> 0.001). Of these abortions, 87 per cent were hydrop degenerated to varying degrees; 41 per cent were severely hydrop degenerated. Among the provoked abortions, approximately 81 per cent were hydrop degenerated to varying degrees but only 6.9 per cent were severely hydrop degenerated. The relationship between severe hydrop degeneration and chromosome abnormality is discussed.
Infertility Factors: Their Relative Importance and Share in an Unselected Material of Infertility Patients
Authors: Sørensen SØRen Stampe 
Published: December 2009

A 7‐year material of 196 infertile couples is presented. 1.5–8.5 years after investigation and/or treatment for infertility rather more than 48 per cent of the women had conceived, and of these pregnancies 19 per cent ended in abortion.Various factors, such as duration of infertility, age, history of pelvic inflammatory disease, and previous use of oral contraceptives are analyzed for their relative share in the material and relative importance for the chances of pregnancy.—Unlike age, the duration of infertility was an important prognostic factor, also when it exceeded 2 years. Previous operations on the internal genitalia reduced the chances of conceiving essentially more than a history of one episode of pelvic inflammation, whereas several episodes of pelvic inflammation seemed to spell an equally unfavorable prognosis. As expected, infertility caused by oral contraceptive‐conditioned oligo‐amenorrhea was considerably easier to treat than other forms of infertility. Oligo‐amenorrhea was significantly more common among patients who had used oral contraception for 1–6 years than among those who had used it for less than 1 year.—The incidence of abortion in patients with secondary infertility was about three times higher before than after the infertility investigations.Lastly, the individual infertility diagnoses were analyzed in the same way, as regards relative share and importance. About 42 per cent of the operated patients succeeded in conceiving. It is remarkable that 8 patients had a bicornuate uterus, and of them 7 had oligo‐ and/or hypomenorrhea.