bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Competition on Physical Activity: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Johannesson Magnus , Östling Robert , Ranehill Eva 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Recent literature in economics has highlighted that competition and symbolic awards can provide non-monetary incentives. In this paper, we report on a step contest that we carried out at a large Swedish workplace in order to test whether competition for symbolic awards can be used to promote physical exercise. Each individual was equipped with a pedometer and registered the number of steps daily during a four week period. Participants competed both in teams and individually and the winning team and individual received symbolic prizes. To evaluate the effect of the competition, we randomized teams into a control group and two treatment groups. We found that the step contest significantly increased both the fraction of subjects that completed the step contest and the number of steps. The number of steps was about 1,000 steps higher in the main treatment group than in the control group (an increase by about 10 percent). This is a conservative estimate as the dropouts on average walked fewer steps than individuals completing the study. In an additional treatment, we also included a daily step goal in the contest. The step goal had no additional significant effect on the number of steps, which may be due to the relatively low step goal used (7,000 steps per day).
Tasteless Tea Company: A Comprehensive Revenue Transaction Cycle Case Study
Authors: Premuroso Ronald F. , Hopwood William S. , Bhattacharya Somnath 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT: It is challenging for students taking the introductory accounting information systems (AIS) course to envision how to apply the topics and concepts learned during the course in real-world situations. The motivation for this case study is to have groups of students apply the many topics and concepts learned in the first AIS course to a hypothetical real-world company situation, with particular emphasis on developing a proposed new and improved system for the revenue transaction cycle. The study is also designed to help meet several of the competencies listed under the AICPA’s Core Competency and Framework for Entry into the Accounting Profession.
The case study involves analyzing three different types of revenue cycle transactions—sales by a direct sales force, retail store sales, and e-commerce website sales. Each student group is required to prepare a system analysis and design report, including addressing a list of requirements encompassing topics covered during the introductory AIS course. The requirements include preparation of data flow diagrams or system flowcharts using Microsoft Visio®, a balanced scorecard report, and the design of specification of internal controls appropriate to the revenue transaction cycle. Each group makes a presentation at the end of the semester to the class of their system recommendations using PowerPoint®. Each group also submits a written report containing their system recommendations, including responses to a list of case study questions and requirements posed by the instructor.
The experiential learning process and benefits of using such a case in the introductory AIS course are discussed. Teaching methods, including Teaching Notes on how to administer the case, and suggested answers for the case study questions and requirements (both summarized and in detail) are presented. Evidence of teaching effectiveness of the case is also included.
Specificity of a canine pancreas-specific lipase assay for diagnosing pancreatitis in dogs without clinical or histologic evidence of the disease
Authors: Neilson-Carley Shannon C. , Robertson Jane E. , Newman Shelley J. , Kutchmarick David , Relford Roberta , Woosley Kristen , Steiner Jörg M. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the specificity of a canine pancreas-specific lipase (cPSL) assay for diagnosing pancreatitis in dogs without clinical or histologic evidence of the disease.
Animals—20 dogs from another study with macroscopic evidence of pancreatitis and 44 dogs surrendered for euthanasia or expected to die.
Procedures—Prior to death, physical examination of each dog was performed and blood samples were collected for serum biochemical, serum cPSL, and hematologic analyses. After death, the pancreas was removed, sectioned in 1- to 2-cm slices, and evaluated by a pathologist. Dogs were classified by whether they had clinical or macroscopic pancreatitis. Each pancreatic section was histologically examined, and mean cumulative scores (MCSs) were assigned for 8 histologic characteristics. For each characteristic, comparisons were made between dogs with and without pancreatitis to establish histologic criteria for lack of evidence of pancreatitis.
Results—For all histologic characteristics except lymphocytic infiltration, the median MCS differed significantly between dogs with and without pancreatitis. Dogs were categorized as having no histologic evidence of pancreatitis when the MCSs for neutrophilic infiltration, pancreatic necrosis, peripancreatic fat necrosis, and edema were 0.0. On the basis of these criteria, 40 dogs were classified as having no evidence of pancreatitis. The cPSL concentration was within reference limits in 38 of these 40 dogs and was less than the cutoff value for diagnosing pancreatitis (400 μg/L) in 39 of the 40 dogs, resulting in a specificity of 97.5% (95% confidence interval, 86.8% to 99.9%).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The cutoff cPSL value used in this study may be useful for diagnosing pancreatitis in dogs with a lack of histologic lesions consistent with pancreatitis and for which pancreatitis is not considered a major differential diagnosis.
In vitro antimicrobial properties of caprylic acid, monocaprylin, and sodium caprylate against Dermatophilus congolensis
Authors: Valipe Satyender Rao , Nadeau Jenifer Ann , Annamali Thirunavukkarasu , Venkitanarayanan Kumar , Hoagland Thomas 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Objective—To determine antimicrobial effects of caprylic acid and its derivatives, monocaprylin and sodium caprylate, on Dermatophilus congolensis and to determine effects of caprylic acid on the ultrastructure of D congolensis by use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Sample—3 strains of D congolensis (33411, 33413, and 14639).
Procedures—Strains of D congolensis were incubated separately under anaerobic conditions at 37°C for up to 48 hours in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth that was supplemented with various concentrations of caprylic acid (7.5, 12.5, 15, 17.5, or 20mM), monocaprylin (2.5, 5, 7.5, or 10mM), or sodium caprylate (15, 50, 60, 70, 100, or 120mM) or contained no antimicrobial treatment. After incubation, bacterial counts were determined by means of plating in triplicate on BHI-agar plates. Caprylic acid-treated or untreated D congolensis samples were embedded in epoxide resin for TEM; cross sections were examined for structural damage.
Results—Minimum inhibitory concentrations of caprylic acid, monocaprylin, and sodium caprylate against D congolensis were 7.5, 2.5, and 15mM, respectively. Minimum bactericidal concentrations of caprylic acid, monocaprylin, and sodium caprylate against D congolensis were 15, 5, and 70mM, respectively. Examination via TEM revealed that a 15-mM concentration of caprylic acid disintegrated the plasma membrane of D congolensis.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that caprylic acid, monocaprylin, and sodium caprylate could potentially be used to treat D congolensis infections. However, in vivo studies should be undertaken to determine whether these compounds can be considered as treatment options.
Time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography of the canine brain at 3.0 Tesla and 7.0 Tesla
Authors: Martin-Vaquero Paula , da Costa Ronaldo C. , Echandi Rita L. , Tosti Christina L. , Knopp Michael V. , Sammet Steffen 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the ability of 2-D time-of-flight (ToF) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to depict intracranial vasculature and compare results obtained with 3.0- and 7.0-T scanners in dogs.
Animals—5 healthy Beagles.
Procedures—2-D ToF-MRA of the intracranial vasculature was obtained for each dog by use of a 3.0-T and a 7.0-T scanner. Quantitative assessment of the images was obtained by documentation of the visibility of major arteries comprising the cerebral arterial circle and their branches and recording the number of vessels visualized in the dorsal third of the brain. Qualitative assessment was established by evaluation of overall image quality and image artifacts.
Results—Use of 3.0- and 7.0-T scanners allowed visualization of the larger vessels of the cerebral arterial circle. Use of a 7.0-T scanner was superior to use of a 3.0-T scanner in depiction of the first- and second-order arterial branches. Maximum-intensity projection images had a larger number of vessels when obtained by use of a 7.0-T scanner than with a 3.0-T scanner. Overall, image quality and artifacts were similar with both scanners.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Visualization of the major intracranial arteries was comparable with 3.0- and 7.0-T scanners; the 7.0-T scanner was superior for visualizing smaller vessels. Results indicated that ToF-MRA is an easily performed imaging technique that can be included as part of a standard magnetic resonance imaging examination and should be included in the imaging protocol of dogs suspected of having cerebrovascular disease.
Evaluation of the electroencephalogram in young cats
Authors: Lewis Melissa J. , Williams D. Colette , Vite Charles H. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Objective—To characterize the electroencephalogram (EEG) in young cats.
Animals—23 clinically normal cats.
Procedures—Cats were sedated with medetomidine hydrochloride and butorphanol tartrate at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks of age, and an EEG was recorded at each time point. Recordings were visually inspected for electrical continuity, interhemispheric synchrony, amplitude and frequency of background electrical activity, and frequency of transient activity. Computer-aided analysis was used to perform frequency spectral analysis and to calculate absolute and relative power of the background activity at each age.
Results—Electrical continuity was evident in cats ≥ 4 weeks old, and interhemispheric synchrony was evident in cats at all ages evaluated. Analysis of amplitude of background activity and absolute power revealed significant elevations in 6-week-old cats, compared with results for 2-, 20-, and 24-week-old cats. No association between age and relative power or frequency was identified. Transient activity, which consisted of sleep spindles and K complexes, was evident at all ages, but spike and spike-and-wave discharges were observed in cats at 2 weeks of age.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Medetomidine and butorphanol were administered in accordance with a sedation protocol that allowed investigators to repeatedly obtain EEG data from cats. Age was an important consideration when interpreting EEG data. These data on EEG development in clinically normal cats may be used for comparison in future studies conducted to examine EEGs in young cats with diseases that affect the cerebral cortex.
Association of periodontal disease with systemic health indices in dogs and the systemic response to treatment of periodontal disease
Authors: Rawlinson Jennifer E. , Goldstein Richard E. , Reiter Alexander M. , Attwater Daniel Z. , Harvey Colin E. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether severity of periodontal disease (PD) was associated with systemic health indices in dogs and whether treatment of PD altered systemic health indices.
Design—Prospective cohort study.
Animals—38 dogs.
Procedures—Healthy dogs with clinical signs of PD were included in the study. Physical examination, serum biochemical analysis, a CBC, urine evaluati on, measurement of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration, and a microalbuminuria test were performed prior to treatment of PD. All tooth roots were scored for gingivitis and attachment loss, and appropriate treatment of PD was performed. Laboratory data were obtained 4 weeks after treatment. The Spearman rank correlation and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used for statistical analysis.
Results—Analyses of the correlation of several variables with attachment loss or gingivitis or of differences before and after treatment revealed significant results for several variables. After applying Bonferroni corrections for family-wise error rate, significant rank correlations were found between attachment loss and platelet number (r = 0.54), creatinine concentration (r = −0.49), and the within-dog difference in CRP concentrations before and after treatment (r = 0.40). The BUN concentration was significantly higher after treatment than before treatment.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increasing severity of attachment loss was associated with changes in systemic inflammatory variables and renal indices. A decrease in CRP concentration after treatment was correlated with the severity of PD. The BUN concentration increased significantly after treatment of PD. There is a need for continued research into the systemic impact of PD.
Long-term evaluation of the use of Ahmed gonioimplants in dogs with primary glaucoma: nine cases (2000–2008)
Authors: Westermeyer Hans D. , Hendrix Diane V. H. , Ward Daniel A. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the outcome and describe the complications associated with use of an Ahmed gonioimplant in the treatment of glaucoma in dogs.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—9 client-owned sighted dogs (median age, 9 years) with primary glaucoma.
Procedures—Medical records of dogs with primary glaucoma that underwent unilateral gonioimplant placement (in 2000 through 2008), during which a temporalis muscle fascia graft (n = 8) or porcine intestinal submucosa (1) was used to cover the implant tube as it exited the globe, were reviewed. All dogs were treated with mitomycin C in the conjunctival pocket intraoperatively and with tissue plasminogen activator immediately after surgery; 1% prednisolone acetate was applied to the implanted eye daily until failure of the implant. Medical intervention or additional surgery was performed when intraocular pressures (IOPs) were > 20 mm Hg or progressively increasing values were detected.
Results—After gonioimplant placement, IOP was controlled for a variable period in all dogs. Subsequently, IOP exceeded 20 mm Hg in 7 dogs (median postoperative interval, 326 days). Median interval to vision loss despite interventional surgery was 518 days (range, 152 to 1,220 days). Surgical intervention was necessary in 4 dogs to maintain satisfactory IOP. Implant extrusion attributable to conjunctival dehiscence or necrosis occurred in 4 dogs. At 365 days after surgery, 8 dogs retained vision, and 5 dogs retained vision throughout follow-up.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In dogs with medically refractory primary glaucoma, placement of a gonioimplant appears to be effective in maintaining vision.
Ecological and sociological spectrum of Ostericum palustre at new localities in central Poland
Authors: Michalska-Hejduk Dorota , Kopeć Dominik 
Published: March 2011

Ecological and sociological spectrum of Ostericum palustre at new localities in central Poland
The paper presents new data on the distribution of Ostericum palustre (a strictly protected vulnerable species) in central Poland. In the period of 2008-2009, new population of this species were found in the north-eastern part of Łódź Province. Ostericum palustre was present in the described localities in meadow, herb, peat bog and reed bed communities. The species was most numerous in well preserved purple moor-grass meadows. New localities of Ostericum palustre described in the article are instrumental in the protection of this species in central Poland.
Terrestrial and aquatic flora along a mesotrophic lake shore remaining under increasing human impact: a case study of Lake Powidzkie (Poland)
Authors: Stachnowicz Wojciech 
Published: March 2011

Terrestrial and aquatic flora along a mesotrophic lake shore remaining under increasing human impact: a case study of Lake Powidzkie (Poland)
Floristical investigations were carried out in 2009 in both terrestrial and littoral zones along the NW shore of the mesotrophic Lake Powidzkie (a Natura 2000 site: PLH300026). The results comprise: a general comparison of aquatic vs. terrestrial species richness; a census of 296 species of vascular plants and 7 species of charophytes; the taxonomical, biological (life forms) and geographical-historical (native vs. alien taxa) structure of vascular flora. Distribution of nationally and regionally threatened and legally protected species is presented on maps which illustrate that most of these taxa are concentrated in Lake Powidzkie and in its neighbourhood. The ongoing synanthropization of the flora is assessed and discussed considering localities of chosen alien species and their occurrence within natural plant communities: 21 of 27 aliens were recorded at least once in natural vegetation, whereas 4 of them (Aster lanceolatus, Elodea canadensis, Impatiens parviflora and Rhus typhina) formed their own, xenospontaneous communities. The main conclusion is that while the area still abounds in regionally valuable components of native biodiversity, it simultaneously is more and more threatened by increasing anthropopressure, which has already been manifested by the presence of many potentially invasive alien species.
Orobanche purpurea on its newly discovered site near Zatoń Dolna (NW Poland): the problem of protection of a threatened parasitic plant species
Authors: Prajs Bożena 
Published: March 2011

Orobanche purpurea on its newly discovered site near Zatoń Dolna (NW Poland): the problem of protection of a threatened parasitic plant species
A newly discovered local population of Orobanche purpurea in NW Poland is described. It was composed of 141 specimens when first found in 2007 on fallow land near the village of Zatoń Dolna. However, the size and distribution of this population changed considerably during the last three growing seasons. The remarkable decline in population size is probably due to competition of other species with the host plant, Achillea millefolium, and the effect of the parasite itself, which weakens its host.
Nonsurgical Treatment of Acetabular Labrum Tears: A Case Series
Authors: Yazbek Paula M. , Ovanessian Vanessa , Martin Robroy L. , Fukuda Thiago Y. 
Published: March 2011

Study Design Case series. Background While the literature has emphasized surgical treatment of acetabular labrum tears, there is a lack of information regarding conservative treatment. The purpose of this case series was to describe a nonsurgical program for those with clinical evidence of an acetabular labrum tear, that emphasized hip and lumbopelvic stabilization, correction of hip muscle imbalance, biomechanical control, and sport-specific functional progression. Case Description The 4 patients in this series had clinical evidence and magnetic resonance imaging confirmation of an acetabular labrum tear and underwent a similar treatment protocol consisting of 3 phases. Phase 1 emphasized pain control, education in trunk stabilization, and correction of abnormal joint movement. Phase 2 focused on muscular strengthening, recovery of normal range of motion (ROM), and initiation of sensory motor training. And phase 3 emphasized advanced sensory motor training, with sport-specific functional progression. ROM, flexibility, pain, special tests, and level of function were assessed, and strength was measured with handheld dynamometry. Outcomes All patients demonstrated decreased pain, functional improvement, and correction of muscular imbalance. Increased muscle strength, primarily for the hip flexors (1%–39%), abductors (18%–56%), and extensors (68%–139%) was also noted. Discussion All patients responded well to our program. This case series suggests that patients with clinical evidence of an acetabular labral tear confirmed with MRI can show meaningful improvement with nonsurgical intervention. Level of Evidence Therapy, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(5):346–353, Epub 18 February 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3225
Associations Between Disordered Eating, Menstrual Dysfunction, and Musculoskeletal Injury Among High School Athletes
Authors: Thein-Nissenbaum Jill M. , Rauh Mitchell J. , Carr Kathleen E. , Loud Keith J. , McGuine Timothy A. 
Published: March 2011

Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Objectives To determine the prevalence of, and association between, disordered eating (DE), menstrual dysfunction (MD), and musculoskeletal injury (MI) among high school female athletes. Background Female athlete triad (Triad) syndrome is the interrelatedness of DE, MD, and low bone mass. Few studies have examined 2 or more Triad components simultaneously, or their relationship to injury, among female high school athletes. Methods The subject sample consisted of 311 female high school athletes competing on 33 interscholastic high school teams during the 2006–2007 school year. Athletes completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Healthy Wisconsin High School Female Athletes Survey (HWHSFAS). Athletes were classified by sport type as aesthetic (AES), endurance (END), or team/anaerobic (T/A). Results Of those surveyed, 35.4% reported DE, 18.8% reported MD, and 65.6% reported sustaining a sports-related musculoskeletal injury during the current sports season. Athletes reporting DE were twice as likely to be injured compared to those reporting normal eating behaviors (odds ratio [OR], 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4, 4.0). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that athletes who reported a history of DE (OR, 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.9) or prior injury (OR, 5.1; 95% CI: 2.9, 8.9) were more likely to be injured during the sports season. Conclusion A high prevalence of DE and MD exists among high school female athletes. Additionally, athletes with DE were over 2 times more likely to sustain a sports-related injury during a sports season. Screening and intervention programs designed to identify and decrease the prevalence of DE should be implemented with high school females. Level of Evidence Prognosis, level 2b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(2):60‱69, Epub 22 October 2010. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3312