bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Ensemble Kalman Filter–Based Forecasts to Traditional Ensemble and Deterministic Forecasts for a Case Study of Banded Snow
Authors: Suarez Astrid , Reeves Heather Dawn , Wheatley Dustan , Coniglio Michael 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) technique is compared to other modeling approaches for a case study of banded snow. The forecasts include a 12- and 3-km grid-spaced deterministic forecast (D12 and D3), a 12-km 30-member ensemble (E12), and a 12-km 30-member ensemble with EnKF-based four-dimensional data assimilation (EKF12). In D12 and D3, flow patterns are not ideal for banded snow, but they have similar precipitation accumulations in the correct location. The increased resolution did not improve the quantitative precipitation forecast. The E12 ensemble mean has a flow pattern favorable for banding and precipitation in the approximate correct location, although the magnitudes and probabilities of relevant features are quite low. Six members produced good forecasts of the flow patterns and the precipitation structure. The EKF12 ensemble mean has an ideal flow pattern for banded snow and the mean produces banded precipitation, but relevant features are about 100 km too far north. The EKF12 has a much lower spread than does E12, a consequence of their different initial conditions. Comparison of the initial ensemble means shows that EKF12 has a closed surface low and a region of high low- to midlevel humidity that are not present in E12. These features act in concert to produce a stronger ensemble-mean cyclonic system with heavier precipitation at the time of banding.
Early detection of malaria foci for targeted interventions in endemic southern Zambia
Authors: Davis Ryan G , Kamanga Aniset , Castillo-Salgado Carlos , Chime Nnenna , Mharakurwa Sungano , Shiff Clive 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background
Zambia has achieved significant reductions in the burden of malaria through a strategy of "scaling-up" effective interventions. Progress toward ultimate malaria elimination will require sustained prevention coverage and further interruption of transmission through active strategies to identify and treat asymptomatic malaria reservoirs. A surveillance system in Zambia's Southern Province has begun to implement such an approach. An early detection system could be an additional tool to identify foci of elevated incidence for targeted intervention.

Methods
Based on surveillance data collected weekly from 13 rural health centres (RHCs) divided into three transmission zones, early warning thresholds were created following a technique successfully implemented in Thailand. Alert levels were graphed for all 52 weeks of a year using the mean and 95% confidence interval upper limit of a Poisson distribution of the weekly diagnosed malaria cases for every available week of historic data (beginning in Aug, 2008) at each of the sites within a zone. Annually adjusted population estimates for the RHC catchment areas served as person-time of weekly exposure. The zonal threshold levels were validated against the incidence data from each of the 13 respective RHCs.

Results
Graphed threshold levels for the three zones generally conformed to observed seasonal incidence patterns. Comparing thresholds with historic weekly incidence values, the overall percentage of aberrant weeks ranged from 1.7% in Mbabala to 36.1% in Kamwanu. For most RHCs, the percentage of weeks above threshold was greater during the high transmission season and during the 2009 year compared to 2010. 39% of weeks breaching alert levels were part of a series of three or more consecutive aberrant weeks.

Conclusions
The inconsistent sensitivity of the zonal threshold levels impugns the reliability of the alert system. With more years of surveillance data available, individual thresholds for each RHC could be calculated and compared to the technique outlined here. Until then, "aberrant" weeks during low transmission seasons, and during high transmission seasons at sites where the threshold level is less sensitive, could feasibly be followed up for household screening. Communities with disproportionate numbers of aberrant weeks could be reviewed for defaults in the scaling-up intervention coverage.
Fixed point theorems for some new nonlinear mappings in Hilbert spaces
Authors: Lin Lai-Jiu , Chuang Chih-Sheng , Yu Zenn-Tsun 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we introduced two new classes of nonlinear mappings in Hilbert spaces. These two classes of nonlinear mappings contain some important classes of nonlinear mappings, like nonexpansive mappings and nonspreading mappings. We prove fixed point theorems, ergodic theorems, demiclosed principles, and Ray's type theorem for these nonlinear mappings.Next, we prove weak convergence theorems for Moudafi's iteration process for these nonlinear mappings. Finally, we give some important examples for these new nonlinear mappings.
Government use licenses in Thailand: The power of evidence, civil movement and political leadership
Authors: Wibulpolprasert Suwit , Chokevivat Vichai , Oh Cecilia , Yamabhai Inthira 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This paper attempts to describe and analyse the policy processes that led to the granting and implementation of the government use licenses to enable the import and production of generic versions of medicines patented in Thailand. The decision to grant the series of government use licenses was taken despite much domestic and international controversy. The paper demonstrates that the policy processes leading to the granting of government use licenses are a successful application of the concept of "the triangle that moves the mountain". This is a well-known conceptualisation of a philosophical and strategic approach to public policy advocacy in Thailand, which propounds that the effective bridging of three powers; a.) Knowledge and evidence generated by research and analysis, b.) Civil society movements and public support, and c.) Leadership of policy makers and politicians; in a synergistic "triangle" can move "mountains", meaning the resolution of seemingly insurmountable problems. The paper provides insights into the policy context for the decision and analyses the roles of key actors, their motivations and the policy processes in the country.
High level secretion of cellobiohydrolases by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Ilmén Marja , den Haan Riaan , Brevnova Elena , McBride John , Wiswall Erin , Froehlich Allan , Koivula Anu , Voutilainen Sanni P , Siika-aho Matti , la Grange Daniël C , Thorngren Naomi , Ahlgren Simon , Mellon Mark , Deleault Kristen , Rajgarhia Vineet , van Zyl Willem H , Penttilä Merja 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe main technological impediment to widespread utilization of lignocellulose for the production of fuels and chemicals is the lack of low-cost technologies to overcome its recalcitrance. Organisms that hydrolyze lignocellulose and produce a valuable product such as ethanol at a high rate and titer could significantly reduce the costs of biomass conversion technologies, and will allow separate conversion steps to be combined in a consolidated bioprocess (CBP). Development ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaefor CBP requires the high level secretion of cellulases, particularly cellobiohydrolases.ResultsWe expressed various cellobiohydrolases to identify enzymes that were efficiently secreted byS. cerevisiae. For enhanced cellulose hydrolysis, we engineered bimodular derivatives of a well secreted enzyme that naturally lacks the carbohydrate-binding module, and constructed strains expressing combinations ofcbh1andcbh2genes. Though there was significant variability in the enzyme levels produced, up to approximately 0.3 g/L CBH1 and approximately 1 g/L CBH2 could be produced in high cell density fermentations. Furthermore, we could show activation of the unfolded protein response as a result of cellobiohydrolase production. Finally, we report fermentation of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel™) to ethanol by CBH-producingS. cerevisiaestrains with the addition of beta-glucosidase.ConclusionsGene or protein specific features and compatibility with the host are important for efficient cellobiohydrolase secretion in yeast. The present work demonstrated that production of both CBH1 and CBH2 could be improved to levels where the barrier to CBH sufficiency in the hydrolysis of cellulose was overcome.
Information of Imminent Death or Not: Does It Make a Difference?
Authors: Lundquist Gunilla , Rasmussen Birgit H. , Axelsson Bertil 
Published: September 2011

Purpose This study examines whether end-of-life care for patients with cancer who were informed about imminent death differs from care for those patients with cancer who were not informed. Patients and Methods This study included all cancer deaths between 2006 and 2008 for which the patient did not lose his or her decision-making capacities until hours or days before death (N=13,818). These patients were taken from a national quality register for end-of-life care. The majority of the patients—91% (n=12,609) —had been given information about imminent death; 9% (n=1,209) had not been informed. Because of the difference in sample size, a matching procedure was performed to minimize bias. This resulted in a comparison of 1,191 informed and 1,191 uniformed patients. Nonparametric methods were used for statistical analyses. Results Informed patients significantly more often had parenteral drugs prescribed as needed (ie, PRN), had his or her family informed, died in his or her preferred place, and had family who were offered bereavement support. There was no difference in symptom control (ie, pain, anxiety, confusion, nausea, and respiratory tract secretions) between the groups. Conclusion Providing information of imminent death to a patient with cancer at the end of life does not seem to increase pain or anxiety, but it does seem to be associated with improved care and to increase the likelihood of fulfilling the principles of a good death.
Comparison of Two Bone Surrogates for Interbody Device Subsidence Testing
Authors: Aiyangar Ameet K. , Au Anthony G. , Anderson Paul A. , Ploeg Heidi-Lynn 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Bone surrogates are proposed alternatives to human cadaveric vertebrae for assessing interbody device subsidence. Polyurethane foam blocks are an accepted surrogate for cancellous bone but do not share their heterogeneous bone density distribution. Synthetic vertebrae have been recently developed as an alternative bone surrogate with representations of cortices, endplates, and cancellous bone. The efficacy of each surrogate was evaluated by uniaxially indenting it with an interbody device. The force-displacement curve profiles, failure forces, and depth of implant subsidence were compared for devices seated centrally and peripherally on the surrogates. The synthetic endplate mimicked human endplates through a gradually increasing endplate thickness toward the periphery. This enabled the synthetic vertebrae to provide additional subsidence resistance to implants seated at the periphery. By contrast, the foam block was insensitive to implant placement. Absence of failure in synthetic vertebrae from peripheral implant indentation suggests the synthetic endplate is stronger than human endplates but further study with human cadaveric vertebrae is needed.
Who Gets the Benefit of the Doubt From Uncertainty?
Authors: Hall John R. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Codes, standards and regulations require compliance with criteria stated as the results of tests or calculations. These results have associated uncertainty. This paper discusses different approaches to the use of uncertainty in the determination of compliance. In particular, most discussion addresses the many ways in which the decision-making protocol, intended to result in a determination of compliance, may shift the benefit of the doubt of the uncertainty between different interested parties.
CPVL/CHN2 Genetic Variant Is Associated With Diabetic Retinopathy in Chinese Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Hu Cheng , Zhang Rong , Yu Weihui , Wang Jie , Wang Congrong , Pang Can , Ma Xiaojing , Bao Yuqian , Xiang Kunsan , Jia Weiping 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
Diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy are two important microvascular diabetes complications with a high concordance rate in diabetic patients. A recent genome-wide association study in type 1 diabetic patients of European descent identified four loci to be associated with diabetic nephropathy. The aim of this study was to test the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from these four loci on diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In stage 1, we recruited 1,276 type 2 diabetic patients, including 378 patients with diabetic nephropathy but no retinopathy, 374 patients with diabetic retinopathy but no nephropathy, 244 patients with both diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy, and 280 control subjects with diabetes for &gt;10 years and no diabetic retinopathy or nephropathy. Fifty-five SNPs from four loci (CPVL/CHN2, FRMD3, CARS, and IRS2) were genotyped. The SNPs that showed associations to diabetic retinopathy or nephropathy were genotyped in stage 2 samples for replication.

RESULTS
SNPs from CPVL/CHN2 and FRMD3 were associated with diabetic retinopathy with rs39059 and rs10868025 as the top SNPs (odds ratio [OR] 1.292, 95% CI 1.097–1.523, P = 0.0022, for rs39059; 1.201, 1.014–1.422, P = 0.0343, for rs10868025) in stage 1 samples. In stage 2 analysis, only rs39059 showed similar effect to diabetic retinopathy (OR 1.269, 0.989–1.628, P = 0.0689), and meta-analysis showed a significant association between rs39059 and diabetic retinopathy, with an OR of 1.285 (1.120–1.474, P = 0.0003). CPVL/CHN2 rs39059 was also associated with levels of diabetic retinopathy (P = 0.0007 for trend). However, no association was detected between these SNPs and diabetic nephropathy.

CONCLUSIONS
In this study, we found CPVL/CHN2 rs39059 was associated with diabetic retinopathy in the Chinese type 2 diabetic patients.
High Prevalence of Microvascular Complications in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes and Newly Diagnosed Celiac Disease
Authors: Leeds John S. , Hopper Andrew D. , Hadjivassiliou Marios , Tesfaye Solomon , Sanders David S. 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
The implications of celiac disease (CD) in adult patients with type 1 diabetes are unknown, with respect to diabetes-related outcomes including glycemic control, lipids, microvascular complications, quality of life, and the effect of a gluten-free diet (GFD). We identified CD in adults with type 1 diabetes and investigated the effect of a GFD on diabetes-related complications.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a case-control study conducted at a U.K. teaching hospital. Patients with type 1 diabetes aged &gt;16 years (n = 1,000) were assessed for CD. HbA1c, lipid profile, quality of life, retinopathy stage, nephropathy stage, and degree of neuropathy before and after 1 year on a GFD were assessed.

RESULTS
The prevalence of CD was 33 per 1,000 subjects (3.3% [95% CI 2.3–4.6]). At diagnosis of CD, adult type 1 diabetic patients had worse glycemic control (8.2 vs. 7.5%, P = 0.05), lower total cholesterol (4.1 vs. 4.9, P = 0.014), lower HDL cholesterol (1.1 vs. 1.6, P = 0.017), and a higher prevalence of retinopathy (58.3 vs. 25%, P = 0.02), nephropathy (41.6 vs. 4.2%, P = 0.009), and peripheral neuropathy (41.6 vs. 16.6%, P = 0.11). There was no difference in quality of life (P &gt; 0.1). After 1 year on a GFD, only the lipid profile improved overall, but in adherent individuals HbA1c and markers for nephropathy improved.

CONCLUSIONS
Adults with undetected CD and type 1 diabetes have worse glycemic control and a higher prevalence of retinopathy and nephropathy. Treatment with a GFD for 1 year is safe in adults with type 1 diabetes and does not have a negative impact on the quality of life.
Effect of Conventional and Resin-modified Glass-Ionomer Liner on Dentin Adhesive Interface of Class I Cavity Walls After Thermocycling
Authors: Sampaio PCP , de Almeida Júnior AA , Francisconi LF , Casas-Apayco LC , Pereira JC , Wang L , Atta MT 
Published: September 2011

Clinical Relevance
The long-term quality of a dentin adhesive interface appears to be maintained when a resin-modified glass-ionomer liner is used.
Plasticizers
Authors: Reinecke Helmut , Navarro Rodrigo , Pérez Mónica 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA plasticizer is an additive that is mixed with a polymer in order to make it more flexible, durable, and processable by lowering the second‐order transition temperature of the macromolecule. Plasticizers (1–3) are generally low molecular weight (Mw) resins or liquids, which form secondary bonds to polymer chains and spread them apart increasing the “free volume.” Thus, plasticizers reduce polymer‐polymer chain secondary bonding and provide more mobility for the macromolecules, resulting in a softer, more easily deformable mass.Plasticizers are incorporated in the amorphous parts of polymers while the structure and size of any crystalline part remains unaffected. Plasticizers are expected to reduce the modulus, tensile strength, hardness, density, melt viscosity, glass transition temperature, electrostatic chargeability, and volume resistivity of a polymer, while at the same time increasing its flexibility, elongation at break, toughness, dielectric constant, and power factor. Ideal plasticizers should be highly compatible with the polymer, stable in both high and low temperature environments, sufficiently lubricating over a wide temperature range, insensitive to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, leaching, and migration resistant, inexpensive, and should fulfill health and safety regulations.
Polyurethanes
Authors: Sonnenschein Mark F. , Koonce William 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPolyurethanes are among the most widespread polymer technologies and account for about 5% of all plastics produced worldwide. This review covers the technology of polyurethane building block production and physical properties, the fundamental science underlying reactivity and polymer properties and industrial applications. Specifically covered are isocyanates, polyols, elastomers, foams, coatings, adhesives, thermoplastics, recycling, and health and environmental issues. Industrial size, participants, and trends are also reviewed.
Theory of pseudogap and superconductivity in doped Mott insulators
Authors: Imada M. , Yamaji Y. , Sakai S. , Motome Y. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractUnderdoped Mott insulators provide us with a challenge of many‐body physics. Recent renewed understanding is discussed in terms of the evolution of pole and zero structure of the single‐particle Green's function. Pseudogap as well as Fermi arc/pocket structure in the underdoped cuprates is well reproduced from the recent cluster extension of the dynamical mean‐field theory. Emergent coexisting zeros and poles set the underdoped Mott insulator apart from the Fermi liquid, separated by topological transitions. The cofermion proposed as a generalization of exciton in the slave‐boson framework accounts for the origin of the zero surface formation. The cofermion‐quasiparticle hybridization gap offers a natural understanding of the pseudogap and various unusual Mottness. Furthermore the cofermion offers a novel pairing mechanism, where the cofermion has two roles: It reinforces the Cooper pair as a pair partner of the quasiparticle and acts as a glue as well. It provides a strong insight for solving the puzzle found in the dichotomy of the gap structure.
From transporter to transceptor: Signaling from transporters provokes re‐evaluation of complex trafficking and regulatory controls
Authors: Kriel Johan , Haesendonckx Steven , Rubio‐Texeira Marta , Van Zeebroeck Griet , Thevelein Johan M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWhen cells are starved of their substrate, many nutrient transporters are induced. These undergo rapid endocytosis and redirection of their intracellular trafficking when their substrate becomes available again. The discovery that some of these transporters also act as receptors, or transceptors, suggests that at least part of the sophisticated controls governing the trafficking of these proteins has to do with their signaling function rather than with control of transport. In yeast, the general amino acid permease Gap1 mediates signaling to the protein kinase A pathway. Its endocytic internalization and intracellular trafficking are subject to amino acid control. Other nutrient transceptors controlling this signal transduction pathway appear to be subject to similar trafficking regulation. Transporters with complex regulatory control have also been suggested to function as transceptors in other organisms. Hence, precise regulation of intracellular trafficking in nutrient transporters may be related to the need for tight control of nutrient‐induced signaling.
Co‐expression of Arabidopsis thaliana phytochelatin synthase and Treponema denticola cysteine desulfhydrase for enhanced arsenic accumulation
Authors: Tsai Shen‐Long , Singh Shailendra , DaSilva Nancy A. , Chen Wilfred 
Published: September 2011

AbstractArsenic is one of the most hazardous pollutants found in aqueous environments and has been shown to be a carcinogen. Phytochelatins (PCs), which are cysteine‐rich and thio‐reactive peptides, have high binding affinities for various metals including arsenic. Previously, we demonstrated that genetically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains expressing phytochelatin synthase (AtPCS) produced PCs and accumulated arsenic. In an effort to further improve the overall accumulation of arsenic, cysteine desulfhydrase, an aminotransferase that converts cysteine into hydrogen sulfide under aerobic condition, was co‐expressed in order to promote the formation of larger AsS complexes. Yeast cells producing both AtPCS and cysteine desulfhydrase showed a higher level of arsenic accumulation than a simple cumulative effect of expressing both enzymes, confirming the coordinated action of hydrogen sulfide and PCs in the overall bioaccumulation of arsenic. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:605–608. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Riemannian formulation and comparison of color difference formulas
Authors: Raj Pant Dibakar , Farup Ivar 
Published: September 2011

AbstractStudy of various color difference formulas by the Riemannian approach is useful. By this approach, it is possible to evaluate the performance of various color difference formulas having different color spaces for measuring visual color difference. In this article, the authors present mathematical formulations of CIELAB (ΔE), CIELUV (ΔE), OSA‐UCS (ΔEE) and infinitesimal approximation of CIEDE2000 (ΔE00) as Riemannian metric tensors in a color space. It is shown how such metrics are transformed in other color spaces by means of Jacobian matrices. The coefficients of such metrics give equi‐distance ellipsoids in three dimensions and ellipses in two dimensions. A method is also proposed for comparing the similarity between a pair of ellipses. The technique works by calculating the ratio of the area of intersection and the area of union of a pair of ellipses. The performance of these four color difference formulas is evaluated by comparing computed ellipses with experimentally observed ellipses in the xy chromaticity diagram. The result shows that there is no significant difference between the Riemannized ΔE00 and the ΔEE at small color difference, but they are both notably better than ΔE and ΔE. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011;