bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of neuroectodermal antigen by a monoclonal antibody and its application in CSF diagnosis of human glioma
Authors: Wakabayashi Toshihiko , Yoshida Jun , Seo Hisao , Kazo Kyoto , Murata Yoshiharu , Matsui Nobuo , Kageyama Naoki 
Published: May 2009

✓ Monoclonal antibodies were produced by immunization of the human glioma cell line SK-MG-4. One of the antibodies, designated G-22, reacted with 18 of 20 glioma cell lines, two melanoma cell lines, and three lung cancer cell lines, but not with 39 cell lines derived from sarcoma, carcinoma, or hematopoietic tumors. The antigen was expressed in the brain of human fetuses in early gestation (9 weeks) but not in late gestation (8 months) or in normal adult brain, suggesting that the antibody recognizes neural differentiation antigens expressed by neuroectodermal origin. A high incidence of positive antigens has been observed in gliomas but not in the other neural tumors, such as ependymomas, meningiomas, and neuroblastomas. Thus, the antigen defined by the G-22 monoclonal antibody could be defined as glioma-associated antigen. Pulse-labeling with tritiated leucine and subsequent immunoprecipitation of the solubilized cell membrane revealed that the antigen recognized by this antibody had a molecular weight of 67 kD on sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).
It was shown by dot-blot enzyme-linked immunospecific assay (ELISA) that the antigen could be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with gliomas. From analysis of affinity chromatography and SDS-PAGE, the antigen present in the CSF had a molecular weight similar to that of a 1% Nonidet P-40 (NP-40) extract from a glioma cell line. When the antigen in CSF was quantitatively assayed by ELISA, the mean antigen level (expressed as optical density at 450 nm) in the CSF of seven patients was 0.8 ± 0.28 (mean ± standard deviation), which was significantly higher than the 0.38 ± 0.14 level observed in the CSF of 15 patients with nonglioma brain tumors and the 0.23 ± 0.09 level in the CSF of four patients without brain tumors. These results indicate that the monoclonal antibody G-22 is useful for the diagnosis of glioma.
Nimodipine treatment in poor-grade aneurysm patients
Authors: Petruk Kenneth C. , West Michael , Mohr Gerard , Weir Bryce K. A. , Benoit Brien G. , Gentili Fred , Disney Lew B. , Khan Moe I. , Grace Michael , Holness Renn O. , Karwon Melinda S. , Ford Robert M. , Cameron G. Stuart , Tucker William S. , Purves G. Barrie , Miller Jack D. R. , Hunter K. Michael , Richard Michael T. , Durity Felix A. , Chan Richard , Clein Lawrence J. , Maroun Falah B. , Godon Alain 
Published: May 2009

✓ A multicenter, randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial of nimodipine in poor-grade aneurysm patients was carried out in 17 Canadian hospitals. Of 188 patients enrolled in the trial, 32 were excluded for protocol violations and two were excluded due to statistical considerations, leaving 154 patients for valid outcome analysis. Nimodipine treatment was associated with a significantly better outcome (p < 0.001): 21 (29.2%) of 72 nimodipine-treated patients had a good outcome at 3 months after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) compared to eight (9.8%) of 82 placebo-treated patients. Delayed ischemic deficits from vasospasm alone were significantly less frequent in the nimodipine group (p < 0.05) with permanent deficits occurring in five nimodipine-treated patients (6.9%) and in 22 placebo-treated patients (26.8%). Improvement in the good outcome rate and reduction in delayed ischemic deficits from vasospasm alone occurred in both Grade 3 and 4 patients, with no difference between nimodipine- and placebo-treated patients being found in Grade 5 patients.
Repeat angiography after Day 4 was carried out in 124 patients. There was no significant difference in the incidence of moderate or severe diffuse spasm, which was seen in 64.3% of nimodipine-treated patients and 66.2% of placebo-treated patients. The authors conclude that nimodipine treatment in poor-grade patients with SAH results in an increase in the number of good outcomes and a reduction in the incidence of delayed neurological deterioration due to vasospasm. This effect occurs by a mechanism other than prevention of large-vessel spasm as visualized on angiography.
Nasal encephaloceles: definitive one-stage reconstruction
Authors: Sargent Larry A. , Seyfer Alan E. , Gunby E. Neal 
Published: May 2009

✓ Nasal encephaloceles can cause complex deformities of the naso-orbital skeleton. As the encephalocele pushes through a defect in the facial skeleton it causes lateral displacement of the medial orbital walls. Correction of this skeletal deformity is necessary to achieve a normal facial contour.
Two examples of nasal encephaloceles are presented and the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of this entity are discussed. The correction of these deformities at an early age is recommended. The suggested method of reconstruction is a combined intracranial and extracranial approach with mobilization of the nasal skeleton and medial orbital walls to their normal position. The remaining defects are treated with bone grafts.
Cerebral energy metabolism following fluid-percussion brain injury in cats
Authors: Unterberg Andreas W. , Andersen Bruce J. , Clarke Geoff D. , Marmarou Anthony 
Published: May 2009

✓ Clinical and experimental evidence suggests that head injury can cause alterations of cerebral energy metabolism. However, the etiology of this metabolic perturbation is not known. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of fluid-percussion trauma on cerebral energy metabolism. Seven ventilated, chloralose-anesthetized cats were subjected to a 3.2-atm fluid-percussion brain injury. Before and for 8 hours after trauma, continuous phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectrography was obtained to noninvasively monitor tissue pH, phosphocreatine (PCr), and inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels. Measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF) by the radioactive microsphere technique and calculation of oxygen and glucose consumption (CMRO2 and CMRGl) were also performed before trauma as well as 30 minutes and 1,2,4, and 8 hours after trauma. The data showed a moderate decrease in tissue pH from 7.04 to 6.89 at 30 minutes following trauma with return to control levels by 3 hours posttrauma. During the 8-hour observation period, CBF, CMRO2, and CMRGl remained at control levels. Tissue PCr and Pi levels were also unchanged.
Fluid-percussion trauma at the 3.2-atm level in ventilated cats causes a moderate and transient decrease in tissue pH that returns to control levels after trauma. No other metabolic changes are seen later than 30 minutes posttrauma. This indicates that a mild metabolic disturbance occurs after trauma in the ventilated animal and quickly returns to normal.
Cerebral microvascular architecture following experimental cold injury
Authors: Orita Tetsuji , Nishizaki Takafumi , Kamiryo Toshifumi , Harada Kunihiko , Aoki Hideo 
Published: May 2009

✓ The sequential changes in microvascular architecture following local cold injury in rat brains were studied post mortem by scanning electron microscopy and the vascular casting method. The findings were compared with the results of immunohistochemical studies of injured endothelial cells using the bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) and anti-BUdR monoclonal antibody technique.Repair of the microvascular architecture had begun by the 3rd day after injury, with hematogenous cells and reactive astrocytes present in the edematous brain participating in the regenerative process. The normal microvascular architecture was reconstructed starting from the edge of the lesion nearest to the brain surface. On the other hand, in the most severely injured part of the brain surface, newly formed microvascular architecture appeared, resembling that of the developing fetal and newborn rat cortex. Seven days after injury, the entire microvascular architecture in the region of the lesion had been reconstructed.
Pineal region tumors in children
Authors: Edwards Michael S. B. , Hudgins Roger J. , Wilson Charles B. , Levin Victor A. , Wara William M. 
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors believe that the preferred treatment for pineal region tumors in children requires definitive surgery with a histological diagnosis and that a conservative approach consisting of shunting and radiation therapy no longer seems to be appropriate. The results are reported of a retrospective review of the presentation, treatment, and outcome of 36 children under the age of 18 years treated between 1974 and 1986. Eleven children had germinomas (two-cell type), seven had astrocytomas, and the remaining 18 had 15 histologically different tumor types. Surgery was performed on 30 patients; there were no deaths, but a 10% rate of persistent morbidity was found. The median follow-up period was 4 years. Nine (82%) of 11 patients with germinomas are alive without evidence of recurrence; one child died from recurrent tumor in the pineal region and another is presently being treated for recurrent tumor of the spinal cord. Six (86%) of the seven patients with astrocytoma are well after biopsy and radiation therapy. Of the remaining 18 children, five (28%) died from tumor progression.The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tumor markersα-fetoprotein andβ-human chorionic gonadotropin were helpful in determining the presence of malignant germ-cell tumors, particularly those with a poor prognosis. Magnetic resonance imaging was useful for diagnosis and for planning the operative approach. Magnetic resonance images showed the presence of pineal region tumors in four children with hydrocephalus who had no evidence of tumor on computerized tomography scans.Because the great variety of tumor types found in the pineal region must be treated in different ways and because improved microsurgical and stereotaxic surgical techniques have made mortality and morbidity rates acceptably low, a biopsy diagnosis should be obtained in all patients. Preoperative assessment of CSF tumor markers and cytology is useful for the identification of patients who have a poor prognosis.
Prognostic value of auditory brain-stem responses for late postconcussion symptoms following minor head injury
Authors: Schoenhuber Rudolf , Gentilini Massimo , Orlando Adelina 
Published: May 2009

✓ Minor head injury is frequently followed by a subjective postconcussion syndrome. Brain-stem auditory evoked responses (BAER's) were found to be pathological in different small series of patients with a postconcussion syndrome who were examined months after sustaining a slight cranial or cervical trauma; abnormal BAER's have also been reported in larger groups of patients examined early after minor head injury. A relationship between these findings and late subjective symptoms has never been demonstrated.
The results of a prospective study into the value of BAER's in the prognosis of a postconcussion syndrome after minor head injury are presented. In 103 patients with minor head injury, BAER's were recorded within 48 hours of the trauma. One year later, the patients were examined for headache, dizziness, depression, anxiety, subjective loss of memory and concentration, and irritability. Eighty percent claimed at least one symptom, most often irritability (54%), memory loss (47%), or depression (39%). Pathological BAER's were found with the same prevalence in patients with and without a postconcussion syndrome.
This study confirms the disturbance of brain-stem function in some head-injured patients. However, the lack of correlation with a postconcussion syndrome limits the prognostic value of BAER recordings for postconcussion syndrome. The data suggest that BAER's not be used for medicolegal evaluation of patients with a postconcussion syndrome.
Benign osteoblastoma of the spine in childhood
Authors: Myles S. Terence , MacRae M. Elizabeth 
Published: May 2009

✓ Osteoblastoma of the spine is a rare but important cause of back pain in children. Ten children with this tumor were treated at the Alberta Children's or Foothills Hospital in Calgary, Alberta, between 1974 and 1986. There were seven boys and three girls; the age at diagnosis ranged from 2 to 16 years (average 11 years). In nine patients the tumor involved the posterior vertebral elements. One of the cervical lesions was in the vertebral body. Three patients had tumor in the extradural space. The commonest symptom was pain in the back and neck. Bone scans were positive in all patients, and computerized tomography scans were abnormal in the eight patients who had this imaging performed.Nine children were treated with laminectomy and removal of the abnormal pedicle and facet. Two patients required two operations each because of incomplete tumor excision at the first operation; in these, subsequent surgery gave complete relief of symptoms and radiographic studies showed no further tumor. In three other patients, tumor removal was incomplete, and one patient received postoperative radiation therapy. Bone grafts were placed in four patients. The diagnosis of benign osteoblastoma was confirmed histologically in nine patients. The outcome was good in all cases, with excellent pain relief. The follow-up period has varied from 8 to 153 months (average 66 months) and there have been no recurrences.Based on this experience, complete excision of spinal osteoblastomas is recommended whenever possible. However, a satisfactory outcome may be achieved following incomplete excision and bone grafting.
Photoradiation therapy and its potential in the management of neurological tumors
Authors: Kaye Andrew H. , Morstyn George , Apuzzo Michael L. J. 
Published: May 2009

✓ Photoradiation therapy is a form of local treatment that depends on the selective retention of a photosensitizer, such as hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD), by the tumor followed by treatment with light of an appropriate wavelength to activate the sensitizer in the tumor. The selective uptake of HpD by cerebral tumors has been demonstrated both in laboratory animal model studies and in clinical studies, and selective destruction of intracerebral tumors has been demonstrated in animal glioma models. The biological basis for photoradiation therapy and, in particular, the mechanisms for the selective uptake of the sensitizer into the tumor and the destruction of tumor with photoradiation therapy are discussed. Current evidence suggests that singlet oxygen is the major intermediary leading to cell damage, although other radicals such as hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals may be involved. Other studies suggest that the initial damage is to the blood vessels, and the tumor subsequently undergoes ischemic changes.
Sixty-four patients treated with photoradiation therapy have been reported in the literature. The initial clinical studies were disappointing in their therapeutic effect but these studies often included treatment of recurrent gliomas and low doses of light were used. Technical advances, particularly in laser technology, have enabled more effective photoradiation therapy and the clinical trials are reviewed.
Isovolemic hemodilution in experimental focal cerebral ischemia
Authors: Tu Yong-Kwang , Heros Roberto C. , Karacostas Dimitris , Liszczak Ted , Hyodo Akio , Candia Guillermo , Zervas Nicholas T. , Lagree Karen 
Published: May 2009

✓ Seventy-six splenectomized dogs were entered in a study of the value and effects of isovolemic hemodilution. Of these, seven were not included in the analysis because of technical errors. Of the remaining 69 dogs, 35 were treated with hemodilution; 28 were subjected to a 6-hour period of temporary occlusion of the distal internal carotid artery and the proximal middle cerebral artery, and seven underwent a sham operation only, with arterial manipulation but no occlusion. The other 34 dogs were not subjected to hemodilution; 26 of these underwent temporary arterial occlusion and eight had a sham operation only. In each group the animals were about equally divided into 1) an acute protocol with regional cerebral blood flow measurements by a radioactive microsphere technique and sacrifice at the end of the acute experiment, and 2) a chronic protocol with survival for 1 week to permit daily neurological assessment and final histopathological examination but without blood flow measurements. The general experimental protocol, the hemodynamic and rheological measurements, and the changes in intracranial pressure are described in Part 1 of this report.
In the animals with arterial occlusion, blood flow decreased significantly in the territory of the ischemic middle cerebral artery. This decrease was partially reversed by hemodilution in the animals so treated. When the changes in blood flow before and after hemodilution in treated animals are compared with the changes at equivalent times in animals without hemodilution, the increases in flow in the gray matter of the ischemic hemisphere brought about by hemodilution are statistically significant. The neurological condition of the animals in the chronic protocol (sacrificed 1 week after occlusion) with hemodilution, as evaluated by daily neurological assessment, was significantly better than that of the control animals.
In the animals sacrificed acutely (8 hours after arterial occlusion), the volume of infarction as estimated by the tetrazolium chloride histochemical method was 7.36% of the total hemispheric volume in the control animals and 1.09% in the hemodiluted animals, showing a statistically significant difference (p < 0.005). In the chronic animals these values were 9.84% and 1.26%, respectively (p < 0.005), as calculated by fluorescein staining. By histopathological examination the volume of infarction in the chronic animals was calculated as 10.92% in the control animals and 1.20% in the hemodiluted animals (p < 0.005). There was good correlation between the size of infarction and the decrease in hematocrit and viscosity, and excellent correlation between the size of infarction estimated by fluorescein and that determined by histopathological examination in each animal in the chronic group.
Stereotaxic implantation of dispersed cell suspensions into brain
Authors: Plunkett Robert J. , Weber Richard J. , Oldfield Edward H. 
Published: May 2009

✓ The application of several recent advances in cell biology, brain implantation, and cell-mediated tumor immunotherapy requires successful and reproducible placement of viable cell suspensions into brain. Stereotaxic implantation is being used to inject cytotoxic lymphocytes into gliomas and to replace dopaminergic cells in parkinsonian models. Systematic assessment of the factors that influence success in implantation of cell suspensions into solid tissues is needed.
A model was developed for investigation of stereotaxic implantation using radiolabeled rat lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. Anesthetized rats received microliter injections of cell suspension into the right caudate nucleus. The injection volume, cell concentration, infusion rate, and needle size were varied systematically. The animals were sacrificed 1 hour after injection; the brain was removed and sectioned, and the radioactivity was counted. Three aliquots of the suspension were injected into counting tubes for control analysis. Recovery of radioactivity was expressed as the percent of mean counts per minute (cpm) in the right frontal lobe/mean cpm in the three control tubes. To assess the viability of implanted cells, the right frontal region was mechanically dissociated in media and centrifuged, and the pellet and supernatant were counted. By using small needles and slow infusion of volumes of 10 µl or less, 85% to 90% of the radioactivity was recovered in the caudate nucleus. At least half of the implanted cells were viable. Consistent, accurate implantation of dispersed cells into brain over a range of volumes, cell concentrations, infusion rates, and needle sizes was achieved.
Further characterization of malignant glioma-derived vascular permeability factor
Authors: Criscuolo Gregory R. , Merrill Marsha J. , Oldfield Edward H. 
Published: May 2009

✓ The nature of vascular permeability factor (VPF) activity derived from serum-free conditioned medium containing cultured human malignant glial tumors has been further investigated. A 1000-fold purification was accomplished by sequential heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography gel filtration chromatography steps. Vascular permeability factor activity falls into a molecular weight range of 41,000 to 56,000 D. Activity is bound to hydroxylapatite, carboxymethyl-Sepharose, phenyl-Sepharose, and heparin-Sepharose, whereas little or no activity was bound to diethylaminoethyl-Sephacel. Vascular permeability factor activity is trypsin-and pepsin-sensitive but is unaffected by treatment with ribonuclease A. This suggests that VPF is a hydrophobic, positively charged (cationic) polypeptide with a potentially biologically significant affinity for heparin. As most proteins are negatively charged (anionic) and have no affinity for heparin, a significant advantage was gained by performing these purification steps.
The activity of VPF is not inhibited by coinjection of conditioned medium with soybean trypsin inhibitor; or hexadimethrine (both known antagonists of tissue plasminogen activator, Hageman factor, and serum kallikrein); or aprotinin (an antagonist of both plasmin and tissue kallikrein); or phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (a serine esterase (elastase) inhibitor); or pepstatin-A (an acid protease inhibitor which inactivates vascular permeability-inducing leukokinins). These data, together with the fact that VPF is produced and released into serum-free media, provides substantial evidence against it being one of the more commonly known serum-derived permeability mediators. Treatment with dithiothreitol inhibited VPF activity, indicating the presence of at least one essential disulfide bond in this molecule. Inhibition by dexamethasone of VPF expression in cultured malignant glial cells appears to be selective. Dexamethasone-induced inhibition of VPF was dose-responsive and was not associated with a parallel inhibition of cellular protein synthesis as determined by tritiated leucine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material. Inclusion of dexamethasone in the culture medium was not associated with altered cell viability or cell number.
A series of in vivo studies confirmed the inhibition of VPF activity in test animals pretreated with dexamethasone. This steroid-induced inhibition was partially reversed by treatment of test animals with actinomycin D prior to exposure to dexamethasone. The latter finding suggests that dexamethasone exerts its inhibitory action by induction of de novo protein synthesis.