bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low-Dose Physical Activity Attenuates Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Men and Women With Clustered Metabolic Risk Factors
Authors: Hamer Mark , Stamatakis Emmanuel 
Published: May 2012

Background—
Physical activity may ameliorate the health hazards of metabolic disorders but evidence is inconclusive, and estimates of the minimal threshold for protection remain unknown.

Methods and Results—
The sample comprised 23 747 men and women (aged 54.1 ± 12.7 years [mean±SD], 45.2% men) without a known history of cardiovascular disease at baseline who were drawn from the Health Survey for England and the Scottish Health Survey. Based on blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, diabetes, waist circumference, and low-grade inflammation (C-reactive protein ≥ 3 mg/L), participants were classified as metabolically healthy (zero or one metabolic abnormality) or unhealthy (≥ 2 metabolic abnormalities). Self-reported physical activity was assessed at baseline. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association of clustered metabolic risk and physical activity with mortality, controlling for age, sex, smoking, socioeconomic group, cardiovascular disease medication, and self-rated health. Over 7.0 ± 3.0 years follow-up, there were 2264 all-cause and 717 cardiovascular disease deaths, respectively. A physical activity threshold of at least one to 2 sessions per week was found to provide protection against mortality. Compared with active/metabolically healthy, the active with clustered metabolic abnormalities were not at elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.54 –1.26) or all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.89 –1.39), although their inactive counterparts were at elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.05 –1.91) and all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.27–1.78).

Conclusions—
The risk of cardiovascular disease associated with poor metabolic health is substantially lower among those who are physically active. At minimum, a weekly bout of moderate to vigorous physical activity is protective in men and women with clustered metabolic abnormalities.
Modulation of Training by Single-Session Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to the Intact Motor Cortex Enhances Motor Skill Acquisition of the Paretic Hand
Authors: Zimerman Máximo , Heise Kirstin F. , Hoppe Julia , Cohen Leonardo G. , Gerloff Christian , Hummel Friedhelm C. 
Published: May 2012

Background and Purpose—
Mechanisms of skill learning are paramount components for stroke recovery. Recent noninvasive brain stimulation studies demonstrated that decreasing activity in the contralesional motor cortex might be beneficial, providing transient functional improvements after stroke. The more crucial question, however, is whether this intervention can also enhance the acquisition of complex motor tasks, yielding longer-lasting functional improvements. In the present study, we tested the capacity of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied over the contralesional motor cortex during training to enhance the acquisition and retention of complex sequential finger movements of the paretic hand.

Method—
Twelve well-recovered chronic patients with subcortical stroke attended 2 training sessions during which either cathodal tDCS or a sham intervention were applied to the contralesional motor cortex in a double-blind, crossover design. Two different motor sequences, matched for their degree of complexity, were tested in a counterbalanced order during as well as 90 minutes and 24 hours after the intervention. Potential underlying mechanisms were evaluated with transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Results—

tDCS facilitated the acquisition of a new motor skill compared with sham stimulation (
P
=0.04) yielding better task retention results. A significant correlation was observed between the tDCS-induced improvement during training and the tDCS-induced changes of intracortical inhibition (
R
2
=0.63).

Conclusions—
These results indicate that tDCS is a promising tool to improve not only motor behavior, but also procedural learning. They further underline the potential of noninvasive brain stimulation as an adjuvant treatment for long-term recovery, at least in patients with mild functional impairment after stroke.
Which Risk Factors Are More Associated With Ischemic Stroke Than Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation?
Authors: McGrath Emer R. , Kapral Moira K. , Fang Jiming , Eikelboom John W. , Conghaile Aengus ó , Canavan Michelle , O'Donnell Martin J. 
Published: May 2012

Background and Purpose—
The decision to prescribe oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation is based on an assessment of the competing risks of ischemic stroke and major bleeding, of which intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most important type. We sought to determine the comparative importance of risk factors for ischemic stroke and ICH in patients with acute stroke and atrial fibrillation with particular emphasis on risk factors common to both stroke types.

Methods—
Consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke or ICH and atrial fibrillation included in the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network constituted the cohort. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between baseline risk factors and presentation with ICH versus ischemic stroke. Risk factors included: (1) those previously reported to be risk factors for both ischemic stroke and major bleeding (particularly ICH) (“shared” risk factors, including age, alcohol, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, renal impairment, prior stroke/transient ischemic attack and preadmission dementia); and (2) other risk factors associated with either stroke subtype alone.

Results—
A total of 3197 patients presented with atrial fibrillation and acute stroke, of which 12.2% presented with ICH. Of the “shared” risk factors, age (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.06–1.34 per decade) and prior stroke/transient ischemic attack (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.12–1.87) were more associated with ischemic stroke than ICH, whereas a history of hypertension (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.68–1.17), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.23; 95% CI, 0.92–1.64), renal impairment (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.95–1.71), and alcohol intake were not more strongly associated with either stroke subtype.

Conclusion—
Of the risk factors known to be associated with both ischemic stroke and ICH in patients with atrial fibrillation, we found that none had a stronger association with ICH. Older age was more strongly associated with ischemic stroke than ICH.
Management of bleeding in acquired hemophilia A: results from the European Acquired Haemophilia (EACH2) Registry
Authors: Baudo Francesco , Collins Peter , Huth-Kühne Angela , Lévesque Hervé , Marco Pascual , Nemes László , Pellegrini Fabio , Tengborn Lilian , Knoebl Paul 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAcquired hemophilia A is a rare bleeding disorder caused by autoantibodies to coagulation FVIII. Bleeding episodes at presentation are spontaneous and severe in most cases. Optimal hemostatic therapy is controversial, and available data are from observational and retrospective studies only. The EACH2 registry, a multicenter, pan-European, Web-based database, reports current patient management. The aim was to assess the control of first bleeding episodes treated with a bypassing agent (rFVIIa or aPCC), FVIII, or DDAVP among 501 registered patients. Of 482 patients with one or more bleeding episodes, 144 (30%) received no treatment for bleeding; 31 were treated with symptomatic therapy only. Among 307 patients treated with a first-line hemostatic agent, 174 (56.7%) received rFVIIa, 63 (20.5%) aPCC, 56 (18.2%) FVIII, and 14 (4.6%) DDAVP. Bleeding was controlled in 269 of 338 (79.6%) patients treated with a first-line hemostatic agent or ancillary therapy alone. Propensity score matching was applied to allow unbiased comparison between treatment groups. Bleeding control was significantly higher in patients treated with bypassing agents versus FVIII/DDAVP (93.3% vs 68.3%; P = .003). Bleeding control was similar between rFVIIa and aPCC (93.0%; P = 1). Thrombotic events were reported in 3.6% of treated patients with a similar incidence between rFVIIa (2.9%) and aPCC (4.8%).
Development of Biosensing Devices and Systems Using Micro/Nanoelectrodes
Authors: Matsue Tomokazu 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This article presents an overview of the recent progress made by our group in the development of bioelectrochemical devices and systems. The topics include intra- and extracellular measurements for the characterization of cellular functions, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) with a probe-type micro/nanoelectrode, characterization of localized enzymes and membranes with SECM, characterization of live cells with SECM, high-resolution SECM systems for biological applications, cellular chips and devices for biosensing, cellular devices based on detection of gene expression, addressable micro/nanoelectrode arrays for multipoint measurements, and bioimaging microfluidic devices and dielectrophoretic devices with microelectrodes.
α-MoO3 Hollow Nanospheres as an Anode Material for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Sasidharan Manickam , Gunawardhana Nanda , Noma Hiroaki , Yoshio Masaki , Nakashima Kenichi 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
α-MoO3 hollow nanospheres have been synthesized using a soft template of polymeric micelles with core–shell–corona architecture. Poly(styrene-block-[3-(methacryloylamino)propyl]trimethylammonium chloride-block-ethylene oxide) micelles (PS–PMAPTAC–PEO) with cationic shell block effectively produce core/shell composite particles through electrostatic interaction with anionic MoO42− precursor. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of α-MoO3 have confirmed the hollow structure with an average outer diameter of 42 ± 2; the hollow cavity diameter was found to be 23 ± 1 nm. The molybdenum trioxide hollow nanospheres were investigated as anode materials for lithium intercalation in a Li-ion battery (LIBs). The nanostructured electrode delivers high discharge capacity of 263 mA h g−1 for the first cycle at a rate of 0.3 C. The capacity retention of MoO3 hollow nanospheres is 2.2 times higher than that of dense MoO3 particles. Interestingly, the hollow particle based electrodes maintain structural integrity even after subjecting to a high current density 2000 mA g−1 (10 C) and show good electrode stability vis-à-vis cycling performance. The enhanced electrochemical behavior is attributed to hollow particles with thin shell domain that facilitates fast lithium diffusion kinetics.
Collective Interactions of Molecules with an Interfacial Solid
Authors: Kaneko Katsumi , Itoh Tsutomu , Fujimori Toshihiko 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Confinement of molecules in nanoscale pores of an interfacial solid such as single wall carbon nanotubes of which all component carbon atoms are exposed to the interface with gas phase induces collective phenomena; the confinement effect is interpreted by the interaction potential theory. The nanoconfinement effect gives rise to in-pore phase anomalies for NO, H2O, CCl4, superhigh-pressure effect, hydrophobic to hydrophilic transformation for carbon, and a marked quantum molecular sieving. The confinement of KI in the nanotube space below 0.1 MPa produces high-pressure-phase KI above 1.9 GPa. Water molecules gain hydrophilicity with cluster formation in order to accommodate in the hydrophobic carbon spaces. The subnanometer quantum fluctuation for H2 and D2 gives rise to a marked quantum molecular sieving effect in nanoscale pores. The Cu-based porous coordination polymer crystals can detect the surrounding stimuli such as CO2 pressure change to vary the crystal lattice, accompanying gate adsorption.
Synthesis of π-Conjugated Two Generation Dendrimer Composed of p-Phenylenevinylene Dendron and Triphenylamine Surface Group
Authors: Mizusaki Masanobu , Yamada Yuichiro , Obara Satoru , Tada Kentaro 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
π-Conjugated two generation dendrimer composed of p-phenylenevinylene dendron and triphenylamine surface group was synthesized via a convergent route. The dendrimer shows high solubility in organic solvents and fluorescence emission resulting from the p-phenylenevinylene site.
Nonadditive Substituent Effects on Expanding Prestrained C–C Bond in Crystal: X-ray Analyses on Unsymmetrically Substituted Tetraarylpyracenes Prepared by a Flow Microreactor Method
Authors: Suzuki Takanori , Uchimura Yasuto , Ishigaki Yusuke , Takeda Takashi , Katoono Ryo , Kawai Hidetoshi , Fujiwara Kenshu , Nagaki Aiichiro , Yoshida Jun-ichi 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Based on space integration using a flow microreactor system, the title unsymmetrically substituted pyracenes with an extremely long C–C bond [1.714(2)–1.739(4) Å] are readily accessible, whose structures demonstrate nonadditive substituent effects on expanding the polyarylated C1–C2 bond in crystal. The bond lengths rather exhibit correlation with the eclipsing degree of the Csp3–Csp3 bond, which is more affected by the intermolecular factors such as crystal packing.
Convenient Peptide Synthesis Using Unprotected α-Amino Acids Containing Another Hydrophilic Moiety under Basic Conditions
Authors: Noguchi Takuya , Jung Seunghee , Imai Nobuyuki 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Carboxylic acids 1 and 7 reacted effectively with unprotected α-amino acids 2 containing another hydrophilic moiety under basic conditions via activation by ethyl chloroformate and triethylamine to afford the corresponding amides in 74–99% yields.
Dehydration and Hydration Behavior of Rare-earth Hydroxides for Chemical Heat Pumps
Authors: Ishitobi Hirokazu , Ryu Junichi , Kato Yukitaka 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Pure and mixed rare-earth hydroxides are expected to be new materials for chemical heat pumps. In this study, the dehydration and hydration behavior of these materials was investigated by thermogravimetry. The dehydration temperature could be lowered by increasing the Nd or Gd ion content in the hydroxides. La0.50Gd0.50(OH)3 is an ideal candidate material for chemical heat pumps that can store thermal energy at 300 °C; further, heat output can be generated from the heat source at 40 °C.
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the normal endometrium: temporal and spatial variations of the apparent diffusion coefficient
Authors: Fornasa Francesca , Montemezzi Stefania 
Published: May 2012

Background Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) is increasingly used in the diagnosis of endometrial disease. No complete knowledge, however, exists yet of the influence of physiology on the endometrial apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values on which DWI is based. Purpose To establish whether the ADC values measured with DWI in the endometrium of healthy reproductive-aged women significantly vary from the early proliferative to the periovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle and between the fundus and the isthmus of the uterus. Material and Methods In 17 women the endometrial ADC values measured on the fifth menstrual day, both at the fundus and at the isthmus of the uterus, were compared to the values obtained on the 14th day before the subsequent cycle. In 81 women (menstrual day: fifth through 21st) the endometrial ADC values measured at the fundus were compared to the values obtained at the isthmus of the uterus. All examinations were performed with a 1.5 T magnet (b values: 0 and 800 mm/s2). The results were analyzed by means of Student's t-test per paired data. Results The endometrial ADC values measured on the fifth day of the menstrual cycle were lower than those obtained in the periovulatory phase both at the fundus (mean 0.923 vs. 1.256 × 10−3 mm2/s) and at the isthmus (mean 1.297 vs. 1.529 × 10−3 mm2/s) of the uterus. The endometrial ADC values measured at the fundus of the uterus were lower than those obtained at the isthmus (mean 1.132 vs. 1.420 × 10−3 mm2/s) through the menstrual cycle. All these differences were highly significant ( P < 0.001) at statistical analysis. Conclusion Physiological variations occurring in endometrial ADC values of healthy women should be considered by the radiologists when interpreting DWI examinations in patients with endometrial disease.
Comparison of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalopathy with other disorders: an observational study
Authors: Knudsen Ak , Lervik Lv , Harvey Sb , Løvvik Cms , Omenås An , Mykletun A 
Published: May 2012

Summary Objectives To examine the level of activity in online discussion forums for chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalopathy (CFS/ME) compared to other disorders. We hypothesized the level of activity to be higher in CFS/ME online discussion forums. Design Observational study Setting Norway, which has more than 80% household coverage in internet access, September 2009 Participants Twelve Norwegian disorder-related online discussion forums Main outcome measures Number of registered users and number of posted messages on each discussion forum Results Two forums were targeted towards individuals with CFS/ME. These forums had the highest number of registered users per estimated 1,000 cases in the population (50.5 per 1,000 and 29.7 per 1,000), followed by a site for drug dependency (5.4 per 1,000). Counting the number of posted messages per 1,000 cases gave similar indications of high online activity in the CFS/ME discussion forums. Conclusions CFS/ME online forums had more than ten times the relative activity of any other disorder or condition related forum. This high level of activity may have multiple explanations. Individuals suffering from a stigmatized condition of unknown aetiology may use the internet to look for explanations of symptoms or to seek out alternative treatments. Internet forum activity may also be reinforced by the creation of in-group identity and pre-morbid personality traits. More knowledge on the type and quality of information provided in online forums is urgently needed.
The constructive use of images in medical teaching: a literature review
Authors: Norris Elizabeth M 
Published: May 2012

Summary This literature review illustrates the various ways images are used in teaching and the evidence appertaining to it and advice regarding permissions and use. Four databases were searched, 23 papers were retained out of 135 abstracts found for the study. Images are frequently used to motivate an audience to listen to a lecture or to note key medical findings. Images can promote observation skills when linked with learning outcomes, but the timing and relevance of the images is important – it appears they must be congruent with the dialogue. Student reflection can be encouraged by asking students to actually draw their own impressions of a course as an integral part of course feedback. Careful structured use of images improve attention, cognition, reflection and possibly memory retention.
Segmental proximal femoral bone loss and revision total hip replacement in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Sternheim A. , Rogers B. A. , Kuzyk P. R. , Safir O. A. , Backstein D. , Gross A. E. 
Published: May 2012

The treatment of substantial proximal femoral bone loss in young patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is challenging. We retrospectively analysed the outcome of 28 patients (30 hips) with DDH who underwent revision total hip replacement (THR) in the presence of a deficient proximal femur, which was reconstructed with an allograft prosthetic composite. The mean follow-up was 15 years (8.5 to 25.5). The mean number of previous THRs was three (1 to 8). The mean age at primary THR and at the index reconstruction was 41 years (18 to 61) and 58.1 years (32 to 72), respectively. The indication for revision included mechanical loosening in 24 hips, infection in three and peri-prosthetic fracture in three.Six patients required removal and replacement of the allograft prosthetic composite, five for mechanical loosening and one for infection. The survivorship at ten, 15 and 20 years was 93% (95% confidence interval (CI) 91 to 100), 75.5% (95% CI 60 to 95) and 75.5% (95% CI 60 to 95), respectively, with 25, eight, and four patients at risk, respectively. Additionally, two junctional nonunions between the allograft and host femur required bone grafting and plating.An allograft prosthetic composite affords a good long-term outcome in the management of proximal femoral bone loss in revision THR in patients with DDH, while preserving distal host bone.
Gemella haemolysans spondylodiscitis
Authors: Rajagopal T. S. , Walia M. , Wilson H. A. , Marshall R. W. , Andrade A. J. , Iyer S. 
Published: May 2012

We report on two cases of infective spondylodiscitis caused by Gemella haemolysans in otherwise healthy patients. This organism has only rarely been identified as a cause of bone and joint infection, with only two previous reports of infective spondylodiscitis. We describe the clinical features, investigations and treatment options.
The open blast pelvis
Authors: Ramasamy A. , Evans S. , Kendrew J. M. , Cooper J. 
Published: May 2012

The open blast fracture of the pelvis is considered to be the most severe injury within the spectrum of battlefield trauma. We report our experience of 29 consecutive patients who had sustained this injury in Afghanistan between 2008 and 2010. Their median new injury severity score (NISS) was 41 (8 to 75), and mean blood requirement in the first 24 hours was 60.3 units (0 to 224). In addition to their orthopaedic injury, six had an associated vascular injury, seven had a bowel injury, 11 had a genital injury and seven had a bladder injury. In all, eight fractures were managed definitively with external fixation and seven required internal fixation. Of those patients who underwent internal fixation, four required removal of metalwork for infection. Faecal diversion was performed in nine cases. The median length of hospital stay following emergency repatriation to the United Kingdom was 70.5 days (5 to 357) and the mean total operating time was 29.6 hours (5 to 187). At a mean follow-up of 20.3 months (13.2 to 29.9), 24 patients (82.8%) were able to walk and 26 (89.7%) had clinical and radiological evidence of stability of the pelvic ring. As a result of the increase in terrorism, injuries that were previously confined exclusively to warfare can now occur anywhere, with civilian surgeons who are involved in trauma care potentially required to manage similar injuries. Our study demonstrates that the management of this injury pattern demands huge resources and significant multidisciplinary input. Given the nature of the soft-tissue injury, we would advocate external fixation as the preferred management of these fractures. With the advent of emerging wound and faecal management techniques, we do not believe that faecal diversion is necessary in all cases.