bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LATE POSTCLASSIC TO COLONIAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE LANDSCAPE IN THE IZALCOS REGION OF WESTERN EL SALVADOR
Authors: Sampeck Kathryn E. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe Izalcos Pipil were pre-Hispanic residents of the Río Ceniza Valley of western El Salvador and had clear linguistic ties to the Aztecs and other Nahuas of central Mexico. Both archaeological and documentary data are presented that show strong evidence that the Izalcos Pipil also maintained Nahua social and political institutions. The Izalcos Pipil emphasized characteristics of Nahua social practices that depend on dynamic mobility on the landscape to articulate discrete cultural elements, and these characteristics are observable in Izalcos inter- and intrasite settlement organization and the distribution of Nahua settlement in southern Mesoamerica. The degree of mobility on the landscape was shown in the internal organization of sites, architectural arrangements, and the relationships among sites and is indicated in historical documents. Pipil concepts, institutions, and boundaries provided the foundation for the Spanish colonial political economy. This region became a jewel in the Spanish Crown in part because of prodigious cacao production that the Izalcos Pipil established long before Spanish contact. The degree of nucleation before and after conquest did not change dramatically, but the analysis of mobility showed that even though some elements of patterning appeared superficially the same, underlying causes were fundamentally different. The most important conquest-induced change was the transition to capitalism, which created a static, disarticulated landscape of nucleated settlements, enclosures, and private property that discouraged human movement. The tensions between these two contrasting systems of landscape use heightened with the passage of time.
Gut bitter taste receptor signalling induces ABCB1 through a mechanism involving CCK
Authors: Jeon Tae-Il , Seo Young-Kyo , Osborne Timothy F. 
Published: July 2011

T2Rs (bitter taste-sensing type 2 receptors) are expressed in the oral cavity to prevent ingestion of dietary toxins through taste avoidance. They are also expressed in other cell types, including gut enteroendocrine cells, where their physiological role is enigmatic. Previously, we proposed that T2R-dependent CCK (cholecystokinin) secretion from enteroendocrine cells limits absorption of dietary toxins, but an active mechanism was lacking. In the present study we show that T2R signalling activates ABCB1 (ATP-binding cassette B1) in intestinal cells through a CCK signalling mechanism. PTC (phenylthiocarbamide), an agonist for the T2R38 bitter receptor, increased ABCB1 expression in both intestinal cells and mouse intestine. PTC induction of ABCB1 was decreased by either T2R38 siRNA (small interfering RNA) or treatment with YM022, a gastrin receptor antagonist. Thus gut ABCB1 is regulated through signalling by CCK/gastrin released in response to PTC stimulation of T2R38 on enteroendocrine cells. We also show that PTC increases the efflux activity of ABCB1, suggesting that T2R signalling limits the absorption of bitter tasting/toxic substances through modulation of gut efflux membrane transporters.
Structural analysis of the Sil1–Bip complex reveals the mechanism for Sil1 to function as a nucleotide-exchange factor
Authors: Yan Ming , Li Jingzhi , Sha Bingdong 
Published: July 2011

Sil1 functions as a NEF (nucleotide-exchange factor) for the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) Hsp70 (heat-shock protein of 70 kDa) Bip in eukaryotic cells. Sil1 may catalyse the ADP release from Bip by interacting directly with the ATPase domain of Bip. In the present study we show the complex crystal structure of the yeast Bip and the NEF Sil1 at the resolution of 2.3 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm). In the Sil1–Bip complex structure, the Sil1 molecule acts as a ‘clamp’ which binds lobe IIb of the Bip ATPase domain. The binding of Sil1 causes the rotation of lobe IIb ~ 13.5° away from the ADP-binding pocket. The complex formation also induces lobe Ib to swing in the opposite direction by ~ 3.7°. These conformational changes open up the nucleotide-binding pocket in the Bip ATPase domain and disrupt the hydrogen bonds between Bip and bound ADP, which may catalyse ADP release. Mutation of the Sil1 residues involved in binding the Bip ATPase domain compromise the binding affinity of Sil1 to Bip, and these Sil1 mutants also abolish the ability to stimulate the ATPase activity of Bip.
Redox properties of the tissue factor Cys186–Cys209 disulfide bond
Authors: Liang Hai Po Helena , Brophy Teresa M. , Hogg Philip J. 
Published: July 2011

TF (tissue factor) is a transmembrane cofactor that initiates blood coagulation in mammals by binding Factor VIIa to activate Factors X and IX. The cofactor can reside in a cryptic configuration on primary cells and de-encryption may involve a redox change in the C-terminal domain Cys186–Cys209 disulfide bond. The redox potential of the bond, the spacing of the reduced cysteine thiols and their oxidation by TF activators was investigated to test the involvement of the dithiol/disulfide in TF activation. A standard redox potential of −278 mV was determined for the Cys186–Cys209 disulfide of recombinant soluble TF. Notably, ablating the N-terminal domain Cys49–Cys57 disulfide markedly increased the redox potential of the Cys186–Cys209 bond, suggesting that the N-terminal bond may be involved in the regulation of redox activity at the C-terminal bond. Using As(III) and dibromobimane as molecular rulers for closely spaced sulfur atoms, the reduced Cys186 and Cys209 sulfurs were found to be within 3–6 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm) of each other, which is close enough to reform the disulfide bond. HgCl2 is a very efficient activator of cellular TF and activating concentrations of HgCl2-mediated oxidation of the reduced Cys186 and Cys209 thiols of soluble TF. Moreover, PAO (phenylarsonous acid), which cross-links two cysteine thiols that are in close proximity, and MMTS (methyl methanethiolsulfonate), at concentrations where it oxidizes closely spaced cysteine residues to a cystine residue, were efficient activators of cellular TF. These findings further support a role for Cys186 and Cys209 in TF activation.
Metabolic modulation induced by oestradiol and DHT in immature rat Sertoli cells culturedin vitro
Authors: Rato Luís , Alves Marco G. , Socorro Sílvia , Carvalho Rui A. , Cavaco José E. , Oliveira Pedro F. 
Published: July 2011

Sertoli cells actively metabolize glucose that is converted into lactate, which is used by developing germ cells for their energy metabolism. Androgens and oestrogens have general metabolic roles that reach far beyond reproductive processes. Hence, the main purpose of this study was to examine the effect of sex hormones on metabolite secretion/consumption in primary cultures of rat Sertoli cells. Sertoli cell-enriched cultures were maintained in a defined medium for 50 h. Glucose and pyruvate consumption, and lactate and alanine secretion were determined, by 1H-NMR (proton NMR) spectra analysis, in the presence or absence of 100 nM E2 (17β-oestradiol) or 100 nM 5α-DHT (dihydrotestosterone). Cells cultured in the absence (control) or presence of E2 consumed the same amount of glucose (29±2 pmol/cell) at similar rates during the 50 h. After 25 h of treatment with DHT, glucose consumption and glucose consumption rate significantly increased. Control and E2-treated cells secreted similar amounts of lactate during the 50 h, while the amount of lactate secreted by DHT-treated cells was significantly lower. Such a decrease was concomitant with a significant decrease in LDH A [LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) chain A] and MCT4 [MCT (monocarboxylate transporter) isoform 4] mRNA levels after 50 h treatment in hormonally treated groups, being more pronounced in DHT-treated groups. Finally, alanine production was significantly increased in E2-treated cells after 25 h treatment, which indicated a lower redox/higher oxidative state for the cells in those conditions. Together, these results support the existence of a relation between sex hormones action and energy metabolism, providing an important assessment of androgens and oestrogens as metabolic modulators in rat Sertoli cells.
ECM remodelling components regulated during jaw periosteal cell osteogenesis
Authors: Alexander Dorothea , Ardjomandi Nina , Munz Adelheid , Friedrich Björn , Reinert Siegmar 
Published: July 2011

AbstractHuman JPCs (jaw periosteal cells) are a promising source for the engineering of cell‐based osteoinductive grafts in oral surgery. For this purpose, cell characteristics of this stem cell source should be elucidated in detail. Analysis of gene expression profiles may help us to evaluate key factors and cellular targets of JPC osteogenesis. Because little is known about the interplay of osteogenic‐related components, we analysed the expression of different collagen types reflecting important players for extracellular matrix assembly and of TIMPs (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases) responsible for the inhibition of matrix degradation. Gene expression analyses using microarrays and quantitative RT—PCR (reverse transcription—PCR) during JPC osteogenesis revealed the induction of several collagen types' expression (VII, VIII, XI and XII), and some of them (types I, VIII and XI) seemed to be susceptible to BMP‐2 (bone morphogenetic protein‐2) that is known to be a potent osteogenic inducer of periosteal cells. Among the TIMPs, only TIMP‐4 and RECK (reversion‐inducing cysteine‐rich protein with Kazal motifs) expressions were strongly up‐regulated during JPC osteogenesis. Proteome profiler analysis of supernatants from untreated and differentiated JPCs confirmed the gene expression data in terms of TIMP expression. In summary, we identified new collagen types and TIMPs that seem to play important roles during the osteogenesis of jaw periosteal progenitor cells.
Delayed caspase‐8 activation and enhanced integrin β1‐activated FAK underpins anoikis in oesophageal carcinoma cells harbouring mt p53‐R175H
Authors: Fanucchi Stephanie , Veale Robin B 
Published: July 2011

AbstractFAK (focal adhesion kinase)‐mediated signalling reportedly suppresses caspase‐8 activation and, as a consequence, rescues epithelial cells from Fas‐mediated anoikis. Critical was the use of a HOSCC (human oesophageal squamous carcinoma) cell line harbouring mt (mutant) p53‐R175H and displaying resistance to detachment and Tyr397 dephosphorylation of FAK. Here we show, although caspase‐8 activation is delayed in the mt p53‐R175H cell line, comparable apoptotic events evidenced in the wt (wild type) p53 HOSCC cell lines could be induced in the mt p53‐R175H cell line by strengthening the apoptotic stimulus. Significant to anoikis‐related regulation, the delay in caspase‐8 activation was accompanied by the maintenance of FAK Tyr397 phosphorylation, integrin β1‐associated FAK and a FAK/caspase‐8 complex. Thus, mt p53‐R175H may desensitize tumours to Fas‐mediated anchorage‐independent death via a FAK‐dependent mechanism.
Dissection of carotid sinus hypersensitivity: the timing of vagal and vasodepressor effects and the effect of body position
Authors: Krediet C. T. Paul , Jardine David L. , Wieling Wouter 
Published: July 2011

We assessed the timing of vagal and sympathetic factors that mediate hypotension during CSM (carotid sinus massage) in patients with carotid sinus hypersensitivity. We hypothesized that a fall in cardiac output would precede vasodepression, and that vasodepression would be exaggerated by head-up tilt. We performed pulse contour analyses on blood pressure recordings during CSM in syncope patients during supine rest and head-up tilt. In a subset we simultaneously recorded muscle sympathetic nerve activity supine. During supine rest, systolic blood pressure decreased from 150±7 to 107±7 mmHg (P&lt;0.001) and heart rate from 64±2 to 39±3 beats/min (P&lt;0.01). Cardiac output decreased with heart rate to nadir (66±6% of baseline), 3.1±0.4 s after onset of bradycardia. In contrast, total peripheral resistance reached nadir (77±3% of baseline) after 11±1 s. During head-up-tilt, systolic blood pressure fell from 149±10 to 90±11 mmHg and heart rate decreased from 73±4 to 60±7 beats/min. Compared with supine rest, cardiac output nadir was lower (60±8 compared with 83±4%, P&lt;0.05), whereas total peripheral resistance nadir was similar (81±6 compared with 80±3%). The time to nadir from the onset of bradycardia did not differ from supine rest. At the onset of bradycardia there was an immediate withdrawal of muscle-sympathetic nerve activity while total peripheral resistance decay occurred much later (6–8 s). The haemodynamic changes following CSM have a distinct temporal pattern that is characterized by an initial fall in cardiac output (driven by heart rate), followed by a later fall in total peripheral resistance, even though sympathetic withdrawal is immediate. This pattern is independent of body position.
A longitudinal phenomenological analysis of coping effectiveness among Scottish international adolescent golfers
Authors: Nicholls Adam R. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore coping effectiveness among international golfers. Five Scottish international adolescent golfers (mean age 16.6 years, s = 0.6) maintained daily coping effectiveness diaries over a 28‐day period during their competitive season. Data were thematically analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis (Smith & Osborn, 2003). The participants reported 56 effective coping strategies and 23 ineffective coping strategies. The unique finding from this study is that the same coping strategies were often rated as being both effective and ineffective, even when they were employed to manage the same stressor. This suggests that the goodness‐of‐fit approach and the choice of coping strategy theories may not be adequate explanations of coping effectiveness. Applied practitioners working with golfers are encouraged to teach their clients a variety of coping strategies, which should be deployed in combination.
Immunohistochemical distinction of haematogones from B lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma or B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B‐ALL) on bone marrow trephine biopsies: a study on 62 patients
Authors: Al‐Shieban Saeed , Byrne Elizabeth , Trivedi Pritesh , Morilla Ricardo , Matutes Estella , Naresh Kikkeri N. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryHaematogones are normal, maturing B‐cell precursors. They can be confused with neoplastic immature lymphoid cells of B lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma or B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B‐ALL). Though multi‐colour flow‐cytometry strategies for distinguishing haematogones from cells of B‐ALL are well‐described, similar strategies have not been determined for bone marrow trephine biopsies (BMTB). We revisited the morphological and immunohistochemical features (CD20, CD34, TdT and PAX5 expression) in 69 BMTB from 62 patients – 27 with excess haematogones; seven with residual B‐ALL after therapy; 18 with no reported excess of haematogones or residual acute leukaemia on BMTB; and 17 diagnostic samples of B‐ALL. The distinctive immunophenotypic pattern of BMTB with excess haematogones was of CD34, TdT, CD20 and PAX5 accounting for increasing proportions of cells in the order mentioned, whereas among B‐ALL, the immunohistochemical pattern was of CD20, PAX5 and TdT accounting for an equal proportion of cells. Furthermore, among haematogones, the intensity of CD20 expression was extremely heterogeneous as compared to the neoplastic cells in CD20‐positive B‐ALL. The TdT‐positive haematogones were generally small and uniform, while a certain degree of heterogeneity was noticed among neoplastic B‐ALL cells. This study provides a practical strategy to distinguish haematogones from B‐ALL cells in BMTB.
An examination of how adolescent–caregiver dyad illness representations relate to adolescents' reported diabetes self‐management
Authors: Gaston A. M. , Cottrell D. J. , Fullen T. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground  Adolescence is a period associated with poor glycaemic control. The key developmental concerns of young people are in conflict with the requirements of diabetes self‐management. This study explores the relative influence of adolescents' and caregivers' illness representations and how any difference/similarity in their representations may be related to adolescents' diabetes self‐management.Methods  Fifty‐five adolescents between 12 and 16 years of age were asked to complete the Diabetes Illness Representation Questionnaire and Summary of Diabetes Self‐Care Activities Questionnaire. Their primary caregivers were asked to complete a caregivers' version of the Diabetes Illness Representation Questionnaire.Results  Caregivers believed diabetes to be more chronic, to have a more negative impact, pose more of a threat to adolescents' health and believed more strongly in the effectiveness of treatment than did adolescents. Caregivers' representations about the impact of diabetes and the ability of treatment to prevent future complications were related to adolescents' dietary self‐management.Conclusions  This study emphasizes the important role of significant others illness representations in adolescent self‐management of diabetes.
The views of mental health nurses on continuing professional development
Authors: Cleary Michelle , Horsfall Jan , O’Hara‐Aarons Maureen , Jackson Debra , Hunt Glenn E 
Published: July 2011

Aims and objectives.  To determine clinical mental health nurses’ views and preferences about continuing professional development.Background.  Participation in continuing professional development is now expected for nurse and midwifery registration. However, it is unclear how clinically based mental health nurses view continuing professional development and its relevance to career intentions.Design.  Qualitative.Method.  Semi‐structured face‐to‐face interviews with mental health nurses (n = 50) drawn from inpatient mental health units.Results.  The most prominent factor identified through this research is that the majority of the fifty participants valued continuing professional development and sought more opportunities to participate. They particularly favoured in‐house locally based sessions targeting patient‐related clinical skills enhancement. Importantly, this interest in continuing professional development was not confined to new graduates needing to consolidate their skills. Work‐based flexibility, the types of courses available and opportunities for study leave were also identified as important factors. Of the 50 nurses interviewed, 40% expressed a desire for continuing professional development vis‐à‐vis remaining in the service; 30% of nurses responded to the same question with an emphasis on the importance of collegial support amongst peers and management; and 30% of the nurses indicated their primary focus for continuing professional development was to further their tertiary studies.Conclusions.  These results are not only timely given the requirements around continuing professional development, but are also important to drive improvements in quality continuing professional development where needs are prioritised, discussed and agreed on.Relevance to clinical practice.  Findings from this study highlight the value clinical nurses place on having access to work‐based and clinically focussed education and development. Relevant on‐the‐job professional education has the potential to improve job satisfaction and retention of clinical nurses, thus ultimately directly and positively influence patient care.
The evolution of the role of the Emergency Nurse Practitioner in Scotland: a longitudinal study
Authors: Fotheringham Diane , Dickie Sarah , Cooper Mark 
Published: July 2011

Aims and objectives.  To examine how the role of the Emergency Nurse Practitioner has evolved in Scotland.Background.  In 2001, Cooper and colleagues published a report on their survey (carried out in 1998) which described the extent and nature of Emergency Nurse Practitioner services in Scotland. They described a nascent nursing role and service that existed in almost half of Emergency Departments and that concentrated its activity on the management of minor distal limb trauma and wound management. Since that date, several relevant and important political, professional and local issues have combined to accelerate the development of this role.Design.  Longitudinal survey of Scottish Emergency Departments (n = 97 in 1998, n = 93 in 2009).Method.  Census survey of all Scottish Emergency Departments identified by NHS National Services Scotland’s Information and Statistics Division Accident and Emergency Waiting Times dataset 2006‐07.Results.  Emergency Nurse Practitioners are now practising in the majority (89%) of Emergency Departments and Minor Injury Units compared with 47% in 1998. Most departments (78%) use Emergency Nurse Practitioners in dual roles, and most departments (67%) differentiate their Emergency Nurse Practitioners from other nursing staff by use of a title. Wide variations in pay, role and scope of practice still exist.Conclusions.  The role of the Emergency Nurse Practitioner has increasingly become part of mainstream health care delivery in Emergency Departments across Scotland and can now be considered to be common place. This study demonstrates that ‘Advanced Nursing Practitioners’ and ‘Nurse Practitioners’ cannot necessarily be considered to be synonymous, and nursing roles that are allowed to evolve naturally adopt a non‐uniform level of practice.Relevance to clinical practice.  This paper is of interest to Nurse Practitioners and workforce planners.
Weed seedbanks in arable fields: effects of management practices and surrounding landscape
Authors: JOSÉ‐MARÍA L , SANS F X 
Published: July 2011

José‐María L & Sans FX (2011). Weed seedbanks in arable fields: effects of management practices and surrounding landscape. Weed Research51, 631–640.SummaryWeed seedbanks are a reserve of weed diversity and can contribute to the prediction of future weed problems in arable fields. Managing seedbanks should therefore help in optimising biodiversity and controlling weed infestations. This study assessed the effects of management system (organic vs. conventional) and landscape complexity on seedbank size and species richness at the edges and centres of Mediterranean dryland cereal fields and examines the relationship between specific management practices and seedbanks. Field edges and organic fields had more species‐rich, denser seedbanks than field centres and conventional fields, and landscape complexity had a limited effect on arable seedbanks. Accordingly, the promotion of low‐intensity farming practices regardless of landscape complexity, especially at field edges, would be an effective measure for conservation purposes in Mediterranean agroecosystems. Nevertheless, the high seed density of organic seedbanks reveals the need for more effective seedbank management. The analysis of the effects of specific management practices highlights the importance of cleaning crop seeds properly to reduce seedbank size and using complex rotations, especially as this tends to conserve species richness while reducing seed abundance.