bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphology and Null Subjects in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Rodrigues Cilene 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that null subjects in Brazilian Portuguese are quite different from null subjects in other Romance languages. Referential null subjects are permitted in matrix clauses if the verb is marked as first person singular; they do not occur in other contexts. Null subjects occur in embedded clauses with an inflected verb; however, these are not referential null subjects but rather control structures resulting from movement of the subject DP/NP. The loss of verbal inflection is correlated with changes in the properties of Brazilian Portuguese null subjects: reduced inflection prompts loss of referential null subjects.
Changes in Subject Case-Marking in Icelandic
Authors: Eythórsson Thórhallur 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows how two tendencies, Normative Sickness (NS) and Dative Sickness (DS), can coexist and what their relative domains say about the nature of syntactic change. It argues that NS and DS are conditioned by different factors: NS is motivated by syntax (structure), but DS is motivated by semantics (thematic roles). Specifically, it suggests that both changes can be accounted for in terms of a cue-based approach, on the assumption that case can be a cue in language acquisition. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 11.2 presents some basic facts about case-marking and thematic properties of subjects in Modern (Standard) Icelandic. Section 11.3 describes the domain of the two changes in Modern Icelandic and summarizes the results of two previous studies of the case alternations. Section 11.4 focuses on the diachronic development of the changes in Icelandic, and Section 11.5 contains some comparative evidence of similar changes in other languages. Section 11.6 attempts a ‘diagnosis’ of NS and DS, concluding that both ‘diseases’ involve morphosyntactic leveling of productive patterns attributable to frequency. Section 11.7 proposes a cue-based account of the changes in question in the spirit of Lightfoot (1999). Section 11.8 concludes the chapter.
The English and the Normans
Authors: Thomas Hugh M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSince the Anglo-Norman period itself, the relations between the English and the Normans have formed a subject of lively debate. For most of that time, however, complacency about the inevitability of assimilation and of the Anglicisation of Normans after 1066 has ruled. This book first challenges that complacency, then goes on to explain why the two peoples merged and the Normans became English following years of ethnic hostility. Drawing on anthropological theory, the latest scholarship on Anglo-Norman England, and sources ranging from charters and legal documents to saints' lives and romances, it provides an exploration of ethnic relations on the levels of personal interaction, cultural assimilation, and the construction of identity, investigating the notion of ‘Englishness’ in the Middle Ages. As a result, the work provides a case study in pre-modern ethnic relations that combines both old and new approaches, and sheds new light on some of the most important developments in English history.
Ethnic Identity and Cultural Difference
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn the late 11th century, English society was permeated by an awareness of ethnic difference, and of the contrast between English and Normans. Most strikingly, awareness of ethnic difference spread throughout bureaucratic systems and documents. An understanding of the level of the cultural divide between the English and the Normans, and the nature of the precise differences, is an important prerequisite to understanding the interaction between them. This chapter focuses on cultural differences that contemporaries described, because those are the ones most likely to have served as markers of ethnic difference in post-conquest England. Fortunately for the development of ethnic harmony, the English and the conquerors had much in common, thus lessening the possibility of irreconcilable cultural clashes that could permanently divide them. Nonetheless, the cultural differences were by no means negligible, and this chapter shows that a fair amount of acculturation was necessary before the two peoples could hope to become one.
The Interaction of English and Normans: Methodological Considerations
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAssimilation and the construction and maintenance of ethnic identities are social processes, and one must not lose sight of the fact that individual humans are the driving force behind them. Individual people, by developing new relationships across ethnic lines over the course of generations, cumulatively create assimilation. By exchanging beliefs, practices, and ideas between different groups, they bring about cultural assimilation. The collective impact of their personal decisions causes the loss, maintenance, or triumph of a particular ethnic identity. This chapter explores important issues and problems of methodology, terminology, evidence, and definition concerning the personal interaction between English and Normans. Because the interaction occurred over several generations, the focus is on the precise role of descent in ethnicity in this society.
The Peasants and the Middling Sort
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCommon people, most of who lived in the countryside, played a significant role in cultural assimilation between the Normans and the English during the medieval period. This chapter examines the presence of immigrants in rural areas, outside of the aristocracy, the relations of the ordinary English people of the countryside with the immigrants, and their influence on identity and culture in England after the Norman conquest. It also explores the interaction of class and ethnicity, particularly through a discussion of relations between native country people and Norman aristocrats. The chapter provides a nuanced picture of the role of English peasants and the way in which class divisions limited it. The term ‘peasant’ and the phrase ‘middling sort’ are explained. Immigration after the conquest was not limited to the elites, but included lesser people as well.
Townspeople
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTownspeople were far less numerous than peasants, but more important to cultural assimilation, and perhaps to the survival of Englishness. Towns were important in ethnic interaction, due to the fair amount of immigration from the Continent to urban centres, and natives also remained an important presence at all levels of urban society. Towns and cities were therefore obvious places where Normans and English could intermingle and cultural influences could be interchanged. This chapter examines the strength of the English presence among the elites of both large cities and small towns in England. Because a relatively small social distance divided rural landholders and powerful townspeople, many of whom were rural landholders themselves, wealthy native townspeople could interact and intermarry not only with their immigrant counterparts in towns, but also with immigrant aristocrats. All townspeople, French and English, poor and rich, played a role in assimilation and the question of identity, but the native urban elites were particularly important.
The Religious
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe clergy, regular and secular, native and immigrant, were central to cultural assimilation and the triumph of English identity during the medieval period. On the level of the personal, the church provided an existing set of institutions and relationships that drew English and Normans together and forced them to interact, ultimately with very positive results for ethnic harmony. Religious difference in the Middle Ages was one of the greatest sources of ethnic hostility, and in Christian Europe, including England, religious minorities suffered terribly. In the case of the English and Normans, however, religion ultimately helped to unite the two peoples. Far greater evidence survives of close cooperation and of affective relationships at an early stage involving Norman and English monks, nuns, and clerics than the laity. Undoubtedly this owes much to the bias of the sources toward the religious, but this chapter also argues that many within the church were pioneers in creating harmonious relations across ethnic lines.
The Defence of English Honour
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn an article published in 1973, R. W. Southern argued that a key inspiration for the burst of historical writing in England in the aftermath of the Norman conquest was the desire to cope with the changes brought by it and to preserve as much as possible of the pre-conquest past. This is by now a well-established point in the historiography. This chapter contends that much history, as well as other writing, was animated by a desire to protect English pride and honour against the accusations, negative stereotypes, and casual scorn of the Normans. The debate over Norman and English character was crucial for the eventual triumph of English identity. With the occasional exception, people will adopt a new ethnic identity voluntarily only if that identity is an honourable and respectable one. Rarely do people choose to belong to a low-status group, and thus any movement across ethnic lines tends to go toward the more prestigious group.
The Image of England and a Sense of Place
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAn important support for the emergence of Englishness after the Norman conquest was the construct of England. This raises important questions about the relations between place and identity and about how a large and highly abstract geographic designation could command loyalty and therefore influence questions of ethnicity. This was typical of a process known as the territorialisation of memory, by which ethnic identity can lead to a new conceptualisation of landscape through linking a place to a people and their historical memory. This chapter examines how a conceptualisation of the landscape and a sense of place influenced ethnicity. More specifically, it examines the survival of the concept of England after the conquest, and its contribution to the triumph of English identity. It argues that in contrast to Englishness, which became problematic because of the introduction of ethnic divisions and the creation of a non-English ruling elite, the concept of England remained largely unaffected by the conquest.
The English Church, English Saints, England, and the English
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAnother institution that led immigrants to feel a part of England, and therefore promoted Englishness, was the English church. Like the English government, the English church acted in subtle but important ways to reshape geographic and ethnic loyalties. As an institution with responsibility for the spiritual well-being of the inhabitants of England, the English church could foster a collective identity in the country. It could also foster cultural unity, at least once some of the initial disputes, such as the confrontation at Glastonbury over liturgy, were healed. As the loyalty of immigrant laypeople shifted to local churches and as powerful members of the laity became involved in issues involving the English church, they too could have been drawn into a nexus of existing ideas and loyalties that would help in their Anglicisation. This chapter provides some illustrations of precisely how saints were associated with and raised the prestige of both England and the English.
The Intensification and Politicization of English Identity
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractEnglish identity and anti-foreign feeling were important in English politics during the 13th century. This chapter examines five interrelated developments in the reigns of Richard I and John. The first was the intensification of English identity among the predominantly immigrant elites. The second was the increasingly strong focus on the realm of England as a community to which loyalty was owed. The third was the development of a politically based xenophobia, directed not only against potentially hostile or disruptive outsiders, but also against new immigrants who might compete for power and royal favour with the established and increasingly English elites. Fourth was the solidification of anti-French views during the civil war surrounding Magna Carta. Fifth was the increasing tendency to view politics through an ethnic or national lens. In tracing the politicization of Englishness, this chapter pays as much attention to the interpretation of events and the rhetoric surrounding them as to the events themselves.
Lecture Three— Function and Explanation
Authors: COLEMAN JULES L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter returns to the idea that tort law is a human practice that, broadly speaking, serves certain functions. It argues that if it is to be understood as a causal-functional account, the economic analysis of tort law has not risen beyond being a ‘Just So Sorry’. It does not defend its claim that tort law actually produces optimal deterrence, and more importantly, it proposes no causal mechanism that might explain how this putative fact about the outcome or effect of tort law might explain tort law’s existence, persistence, and shape.
Lecture Eleven— Legal Content, Social Facts, and Interpretive Practice
Authors: COLEMAN JULES L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter outlines the chapter’s views on three fundamental substantive questions in jurisprudence regarding the relationship between law and political morality. These are: (1) What are the existence conditions of the criteria of legality in any community? (2) What are the constraints, if any, on the content of those criteria? (3) How do we construct the content of the law of any community? It is argued that conceptual analysis reveals that the existence conditions of the criteria of legality are social, not moral facts; that morality can be, but need not be, a criterion of legality; and that determining the content of law in any community is not an exercise in political morality.
The Essential Role of Organizational Law
Authors: HANSMANN HENRY , KRAAKMAN REINIER 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the legal and institutional framework required for affirmative asset partitioning and its economic role in organization enterprise. It argues that the essential role of organizational law is to define the property rights over which the participants in the firm can contract. The separation of the firm's assets and its participants is called ‘affirmative asset partitioning’. The chapter also considers a second form of asset partitioning, ‘negative asset partitioning’ or limited liability, which functions to protect owners by limiting creditors of the entity to purse claims on shareholders' separate assets. It is argued that negative asset partitioning plays a secondary role to affirmative asset partitioning. Affirmative asset partitioning played a central role in enhancing the development of modern business activity.
The Evolving Partnership
Authors: RIBSTEIN LARRY E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers whether partnership law as it developed in the United States has evolved to efficiency as a consequence of regulatory competition. Section 6.2 broadly describes partnerships, contrasting the traditional and new varieties, and partnership with corporation. Section 6.3 discusses the forces that have shaped partnerships in the United States, primarily firms' ability to engage in horizontal choice among jurisdictions and vertical choice among business forms. Section 6.4 discusses the evolution in partnership terms wrought by these competitive forces. Section 6.5 presents some implications of the analysis, particularly for present and future European law, while Section 6.6 presents concluding remarks.
Federalism, Regulatory Competition, and The Limited Liability Movement: The Coyote Howled and the Herd Stampeded
Authors: CALLISON J. WILLIAM 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the different tax treatments of US tax corporations and US tax partnerships, as well as the Internal Revenue Service's (IRS) and the court's original position that unincorporated businesses cannot possess a majority of corporate business characteristics and be taxed as partnerships. It then considers the genesis of the limited liability company (LLC) form and the process by which the IRS abandoned its historic approach and divorced income tax classification from business characteristics. The chapter concludes by addressing normative and theoretical questions that went unanswered during the ensuring period of rapid statutory change, and by posing questions concerning the interplay of independent federal and state regimes in business organization law.
The Sources of Charles-Brun’s Federalism: Maurras or Proudhon?
Authors: WRIGHT JULIAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The federalist idea in French political thought had, by the Belle Époque, begun to experience a dichotomy similar to that in the Félibrige. Promoted by the far left as the central theme of the Paris Commune in 1871, the federalism of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was transformed by Charles Maurras and Maurice Barres in the 1890s. Ironically, the relationship between the right and regionalism, so often misunderstood, developed because of the interest of Maurras and Barres in ideas that had emerged from left-wing democratic thought in France. Jean Charles-Brun sought in his own history of federalism to demonstrate that both Maurras and Proudhon were valid as references for Belle Époque federalists, and showed the centrality of republican federalism to his own regionalism. He explained that his idea of regionalism was merely a staging-post to his long-term goal, a federalist constitution. This federalism in turn pointed to internationalism, as his activity on behalf of the League of Nations in 1920s showed.
Jeunesse or Sagesse? Charles-Brun and the Rejuvenation of the City
Authors: WRIGHT JULIAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that regionalism, as Jean Charles-Brun expounded it, had a coherent praxis or theory of action. This praxis was the most distinctive and original aspect of regionalism. In fact, it stemmed from the regionalists' belief that their methods should reflect their ideal. Thus, slow, considered reforms were preferred to revolutionary upheaval. The longed-for decentralisation would incarnate a polity where the variety of local existence was properly reflected in the structure of the state; to bring this about by imposing an abstract plan on the nation would be to deny the fundamental principle of regionalism. Hence, the collection and dissemination of empirical data was a more important activity for the regionalists than the invention of an abstract vision of regional France. This explains the doctrinal vagueness in Charles-Brun's writing. The tension between sagesse and jeunesse in Charles-Brun's character in general, but particularly in his regionalism, can be explained by seeing him as a typically ‘post-rationalist’ thinker. The regionalist philosophy based on broad positivist principles was carried over into Charles-Brun's teaching method.
The Praxis of Regionalism: Context and Application
Authors: WRIGHT JULIAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Regionalism in France emerged from ‘post-rationalism’, the dominant political discourse of the Belle Époque. Realistic rather than dogmatic or abstract ways of examining political problems were prescribed within this context. Because of this, the regionalists were concerned with defining a new praxis of change. If much of the impetus for this derived, where Jean Charles-Brun was concerned, from his family background and professional career the intellectual climate of the Belle Époque gave his praxis a solid grounding in the philosophy of an older thinker from Montpellier, Auguste Comte. Charles-Brun himself was regularly described as a positivist. From the outset, he and his colleagues developed a theory of action whose justification they sought in the methodology of positivism. Other writers of the 19th century who had sought to overturn the hegemony of a priori reasoning in French political philosophy were also important in the development of this praxis. This chapter looks at the roots of regionalist praxis and examines the public declarations of the regionalists on the subject.
Love in Parentheses: Digression and Narrative Hierarchy in Ovid’s Erotodidactic Poems
Authors: Sharrock Alison 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter rethinks the relationship between ‘digression’ and ‘main text’ in didactic poetry. By looking at both the narrative ‘digressions’ and the ‘action’ of central characters implicit in the instructional parts of the text, it is argued that both parts can be seen to work together, rather than in opposition, in the creation of an ‘implied narrative’. It might even be argued that it is the instructional parts which are obstructive, in that they slow down the instructional momentum of the ‘digressional’ stories.
The Art of Making Oneself Hated: Rethinking (Anti-)Augustanism in Ovid’s Ars Amatoria
Authors: Casali Sergio 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the most overtly ‘Augustan’ part of the Ars – the Parthian expedition of Gaius Caesar (1.171-228) – and invites us to read the event as an episode that exposes tensions in the dynastic family, and draws attention to the spectacle and theatricality of the Emperor's Parthian campaign.
Aspect and the Syntax of Argument Structure
Authors: HALE KEN , KEYSER SAMUEL JAY 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter uses argument structure to refer to the syntactic configuration projected by a lexical item: a verb, a preposition, or other nuclear element. In terms of this framework three linguistic subsystems are examined: conflation; merge and obviation; and active and stative. It is argued that contrary to earlier positions taken by the authors, conflation is not a movement operation after all but is to be identified with the familiar operation of selection, whereby a governing head selects for the target X° in its complement. The status of root as opposed to category is examined in an attempt to show that there is an independent status for argument structure unaffected by obviative and proximate distinctions. Finally, a similar conclusion is presented with respect to argument structure, and active and stative.
Complex Aspectual Structure in Hindi/Urdu
Authors: BUTT MIRIAM , RAMCHAND GILLIAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines two types of complex verbal predication in Hindi/Urdu, and argues that the language internal diagnostics support a constructionalist view of lexical meaning. It first shows empirically that these constructions must be distinguished both from genuine biclausal structures on the one hand, and auxiliary-verb monoclausal structures on the other. It then shows that the semantic contribution and linear order of the components of the complex predicate can be understood under an event structure decomposition, represented syntactically in the ‘first phase’. Specifically, one species of light verb will be argued to be an instantiation of a ν ‘initiational’ head, while another species of light verb instantiates a ‘process’-event head with the main verb providing a ‘result’ predicational head. If the authors' analysis is correct, complex constructions in Hindi/Urdu are a test case that offers striking semantic evidence for an event structure decomposition of the form ‘initiation → &lt; process, result &gt;’, and of its syntactic reality.