bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
White shiny structures: dermoscopic features revealed under polarized light
Authors: Liebman T.N. , Rabinovitz H.S. , Dusza S.W. , Marghoob A.A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground  White shiny structures, including white shiny lines, white shiny areas and rosettes, are features only observed under polarized dermoscopy (PD).Objective  To evaluate the prevalence of the varied morphologies of white shiny structures in melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), actinic keratosis (AK) and lichen planus‐like keratosis (LPLK).Methods  Retrospective study using dermoscopic images of biopsy‐proven melanoma, BCC, SCC, AK and LPLK.Results  A total of 538 lesions were assessed under PD. One or more types of white shiny structures were observed in 38.7% of study lesions (208/538). BCCs were significantly more likely to display a combination of white shiny areas and white shiny lines (short lines and/or ill‐defined strands) (31.9%; 61/191) than any other lesions (P < 0.001). BCC were more likely than other lesions to have white shiny lines distributed without any organized pattern (P < 0.001). Lines in melanoma were significantly more likely than other lesion types to be oriented orthogonally (P < 0.001). When white shiny lines were present, melanomas were significantly more likely than other lesions to exhibit short discrete white lines (P < 0.001). Rosettes were significantly more likely to be observed in actinic tumours than other lesions (P < 0.001).Conclusion  The presence of white shiny lines of any length accompanied by white shiny areas is most suggestive of a diagnosis of BCC (P < 0.001). Melanomas are more likely to display short white shiny lines in an orthogonal distribution (P < 0.001) and without white shiny areas. Actinic tumours are most likely to exhibit rosettes (P < 0.001).
Genetically alike Syrian hamsters display both bifoliate and trifoliate aortic valves
Authors: Sans‐Coma Valentín , Fernández M. Carmen , Fernández Borja , Durán Ana C. , Anderson Robert H. , Arqué Josep M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe bifoliate, or bicuspid, aortic valve (BAV) is the most frequent congenital cardiac anomaly in man. It is a heritable defect, but its mode of inheritance remains unclear. Previous studies in Syrian hamsters showed that BAVs with fusion of the right and left coronary leaflets are expressions of a trait, the variation of which takes the form of a phenotypic continuum. It ranges from a trifoliate valve with no fusion of the coronary leaflets to a bifoliate root devoid of any raphe. The intermediate stages are represented by trifoliate valves with fusion of the coronary aortic leaflets, and bifoliate valves with raphes. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether the distinct morphological variants rely on a common genotype, or on different genotypes. We examined the aortic valves from 1 849 Syrian hamsters belonging to a family subjected to systematic inbreeding by full‐sib mating. The incidence of the different trifoliate aortic valve (TAV) and bifoliate aortic valve (BAV) morphological variants widely varied in the successive inbred generations. TAVs with extensive fusion of the leaflets, and BAVs, accounted for five‐sixths of the patterns found in Syrian hamsters considered to be genetically alike or virtually isogenic, with the probability of homozygosity being 0.999 or higher. The remaining one‐sixth hamsters had aortic valves with a tricuspid design, but in most cases the right and left coronary leaflets were slightly fused. Results of crosses between genetically alike hamsters, with the probability of homozygosity being 0.989 or higher, revealed no significant association between the valvar phenotypes in the parents and their offspring. Our findings are consistent with the notion that the BAVs of the Syrian hamster are expressions of a quantitative trait subject to polygenic inheritance. They suggest that the genotype of the virtually isogenic animals produced by systematic inbreeding greatly predisposes to the development of anomalous valves, be they bifoliate, or trifoliate with extensive fusion of the leaflets. We infer that the same underlying genotype may account for the whole range of valvar morphological variants, suggesting that factors other than genetic ones are acting during embryonic life, creating the so‐called intangible variation or developmental noise, and playing an important role in the definitive anatomic configuration of the valve. The clinical implication from our study is that congenital aortic valves with a trifoliate design, but with fusion of coronary aortic leaflets, may harbour the same inherent risks as those already recognised for BAVs with fusion of right and left coronary leaflets.
The anatomy of fetal peripheral lymphatic vessels in the head‐and‐neck region: an immunohistochemical study
Authors: Cho Kwang Ho , Cheong Jin Sung , Ha Yeon Soo , Cho Baik Hwan , Murakami Gen , Katori Yukio 
Published: October 2011

AbstractUsing D2‐40 immunohistochemistry, we assessed the distribution of peripheral lymphatic vessels (LVs) in the head‐and‐neck region of four midterm fetuses without nuchal edema, two of 10 weeks and two of 15 weeks’ gestation. We observed abundant LVs in the subcutaneous layer, especially in and along the facial muscles. In the occipital region, only a few LVs were identified perforating the back muscles. The parotid and thyroid glands were surrounded by LVs, but the sublingual and submandibular glands were not. The numbers of submucosal LVs increased from 10 to 15 weeks’ gestation in all of the nasal, oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cavities, but not in the palate. The laryngeal submucosa had an extremely high density of LVs. In contrast, we found few LVs along bone and cartilage except for those of the mandible as well as along the pharyngotympanic tube, middle ear, tooth germ, and the cranial nerves and ganglia. Some of these results suggested that cerebrospinal fluid outflow to the head LVs commences after 15 weeks’ gestation. The subcutaneous LVs of the head appear to grow from the neck side, whereas initial submucosal LVs likely develop in situ because no communication was evident with other sites during early developmental stages. In addition, CD68‐positive macrophages did not accompany the developing LVs.
Functional adaptations in the forelimb muscles of non‐human great apes
Authors: Myatt Julia P. , Crompton Robin H. , Payne‐Davis Rachel C. , Vereecke Evie E. , Isler Karin , Savage Russell , D’Août Kristiaan , Günther Michael M. , Thorpe Susannah K. S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe maximum capability of a muscle can be estimated from simple measurements of muscle architecture such as muscle belly mass, fascicle length and physiological cross‐sectional area. While the hindlimb anatomy of the non‐human apes has been studied in some detail, a comparative study of the forelimb architecture across a number of species has never been undertaken. Here we present data from chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and an orangutan to ascertain if, and where, there are functional differences relating to their different locomotor repertoires and habitat usage. We employed a combination of analyses including allometric scaling and ancovas to explore the data, as the sample size was relatively small and heterogeneous (specimens of different sizes, ages and sex). Overall, subject to possible unidentified, confounding factors such as age effects, it appears that the non‐human great apes in this sample (the largest assembled to date) do not vary greatly across different muscle architecture parameters, even though they perform different locomotor behaviours at different frequencies. Therefore, it currently appears that the time spent performing a particular behaviour does not necessarily impose a dominating selective influence on the soft‐tissue portion of the musculoskeletal system; rather, the overall consistency of muscle architectural properties both between and within the Asian and African apes strengthens the case for the hypothesis of a possible ancient shared evolutionary origin for orthogrady under compressive and/or suspensory loading in the great apes.
A novel early intervention for preschool depression: findings from a pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Luby Joan , Lenze Shannon , Tillman Rebecca 
Published: October 2011

Background:  Validation for depression in preschool children has been established; however, to date no empirical investigations of interventions for the early onset disorder have been conducted. Based on this and the modest efficacy of available treatments for childhood depression, the need for novel early interventions has been emphasized. Large effect sizes (ES) for preschool psychotherapies for several Axis I disorders suggest that earlier intervention in depression may also be promising. Therefore, a novel form of treatment for preschool depression, Parent–Child Interaction Therapy Emotion Development (PCIT‐ED) was developed and tested.Methods:  A preliminary randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted comparing PCIT‐ED to psycho‐education in depressed 3‐ to 7‐year‐olds and their caregivers. A total of 54 patients met symptom criteria for DSM–IV major depressive disorder and were randomized, 19 patients completed the active treatment (n = 8 dropouts) and 10 completed psycho‐education (n = 17 dropouts).Results:  Both groups showed significant improvement in several domains, with PCIT‐ED showing significance in a greater number of domains. An intent‐to‐treat analysis suggested that PCIT‐ED was significantly more effective than psycho‐education on executive functioning (p = .011, ES = 0.12) and emotion recognition skills (p = .002, ES = 0.83).Conclusions:  The RCT proved feasible and suggests an individual control condition should be used in future trials to minimize differential dropout. These pilot data, although limited by power, suggest that PCIT‐ED may be a promising early intervention for depression. Larger scale randomized controlled trials of PCIT‐ED for depressed preschoolers are now warranted.
Making something of the sacrifice: gender, migration and Mexican children's educational aspirations
Authors: DREBY JOANNA , STUTZ LINDSAY 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTransnational families often use international migration as a strategy not only for survival, but also for social mobility. Migrant parents hope their sacrifices via migration will translate into educational benefits for non‐migrant children. In this article, we use mixed methods to explore the success of parents' efforts by considering the relationship between gender, family migration patterns and the educational aspirations of children in the Mixteca region of Mexico. Analysis of surveys collected from 1273 students show that mothers' migrations affect children's educational goals in different ways depending on whether they migrate alone or with their husbands. Fathers' lone migrations have no significant impact on children's educational aspirations. Interviews with 51 children of migrants suggest that children of unmarried migrant mothers are motivated academically because they invest in their mothers' migrations as a sacrifice, whereas the emotional consequences of parental absences lower the educational aspirations of children with both parents in the USA.
Scale, networks, and information strategies: exploring indigenous peoples' refusal of a protected area in Suriname
Authors: HAALBOOM BETHANY J. , CAMPBELL LISA M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this article, we examine the response of three indigenous communities in western Suriname to the proposed establishment of a protected area on their traditional lands. In particular, we focus on how the transnational, national and sub‐national networks associated with indigenous rights and protected areas influenced the decision the communities made to reject the protected area. Central to the analysis are the concepts of scale, networks and information; we explore how a national indigenous rights organization used scale and networks to relay information strategically and empower communities in their decision‐making. However, while scale was an empowering political tool, it has also served to disempower indigenous peoples in Suriname through the continuing importance of the state in protected area implementation and legal claims to lands and resources.
Medical simulation for professional development—science and practice
Authors: Fox R , Walker JJ , Draycott TJ 
Published: October 2011

Please cite this paper as: Fox R, Walker J. Draycott T. Medical simulation for professional development—science and practice. BJOG 2011;118 (Suppl. 3): 1–4.From the earliest days of medical practice, when surgeons used cadavers to explore the possibilities of surgical intervention, simulation has been employed to advance the practice of health care. In the last 10 years, technological advances have allowed for a wider availability and greater realism of simulation, and this has encouraged a great expansion in its use. Simulation aims to create a virtuous cycle of professional development to improve patient outcomes. Although it seems eminently logical to believe that simulation will result in better outcomes, there is a need to test these new training interventions rigorously to be sure of their worth and to understand any limitations. The purpose of this BJOG supplement is to examine in depth several paradigms of medical simulation within maternity care and gynaecology, in different settings, looking at what can be achieved and how. In this opening review, we look at the potential use of medical simulation in broad terms and describe the types of evidence that can be employed to support its use.
Practical simulation training for maternity care—where we are and where next
Authors: Crofts JF , Winter C , Sowter MC 
Published: October 2011

Please cite this paper as: Crofts J, Winter C, Sowter M. Practical simulation training for maternity care—where we are and where next. BJOG 2011; 118 (Suppl. 3): 11–16.Improving maternal and perinatal care is a global priority. Practical simulation training for maternity care might prevent many of these deaths. There have been numerous evaluation studies published on the effectiveness of simulation training for obstetric emergencies, with increasing evidence that it is associated with improvement in clinical outcomes. Evidence has begun to move from subjective assessment of participants’ experiences towards objective assessment of clinical outcomes. However, the results are not entirely consistent and, at present, all of the evidence associating training with improvements in clinical outcomes relates to neonatal outcomes. This review summarises recent progress in the evaluation of the effectiveness of simulation training for maternity care in both high‐ and low‐resource settings, and presents a vision for ensuring that practical simulation training for maternity care can become an effective tool to reduce global maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.
Reduced neuronal expression of ribose‐5‐phosphate isomerase enhances tolerance to oxidative stress, extends lifespan, and attenuates polyglutamine toxicity in Drosophila
Authors: Wang Ching‐Tzu , Chen Yi‐Chun , Wang Yi‐Yun , Huang Ming‐Hao , Yen Tzu‐Li , Li Hsun , Liang Cyong‐Jhih , Sang Tzu‐Kang , Ciou Shih‐Ci , Yuh Chiou‐Hwa , Wang Chao‐Yung , Brummel Theodore J. , Wang Horng‐Dar 
Published: October 2011

SummaryAging and age‐related diseases can be viewed as the result of the lifelong accumulation of stress insults. The identification of mutant strains and genes that are responsive to stress and can alter longevity profiles provides new therapeutic targets for age‐related diseases. Here we reported that a Drosophila strain with reduced expression of ribose‐5‐phosphate isomerase (rpi), EP2456, exhibits increased resistance to oxidative stress and enhanced lifespan. In addition, the strain also displays higher levels of NADPH. The knockdown of rpi in neurons by double‐stranded RNA interference recapitulated the lifespan extension and oxidative stress resistance in Drosophila. This manipulation was also found to ameliorate the effects of genetic manipulations aimed at creating a model for studying Huntington’s disease by overexpression of polyglutamine in the eye, suggesting that modulating rpi levels could serve as a treatment for normal aging as well as for polyglutamine neurotoxicity.
Sphingosine kinase 1 promotes tumour cell migration and invasion via the S1P/EDG1 axis in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Bao Meiyan , Chen Zhiao , Xu Yongfen , Zhao Yingjun , Zha Ruopeng , Huang Shenglin , Liu Li , Chen Taoyang , Li Jinjun , Tu Hong , He Xianghuo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground/AimsSphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), which phosphorylates sphingosine to sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P), is overexpressed in various types of cancers, and may act as an oncogene in tumorigenesis. However, little is known about the precise role of the SphK1/S1P pathway in human liver cancer, especially regarding the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Materials and methodsThe expression of SphK1 was detected by quantitative reverse‐transcription PCR. In addition, transwell cell migration and invasion assay were carried out for functional analysis. Furthermore, the level of S1P was quantified by ELISA and Rac1/Cdc42 GTPase activation was assessed by western blot analysis.ResultsThe levels of SphK1 mRNA are commonly up‐regulated in HCC patients and human liver cancer cell migration and invasion can be promoted by the overexpression of SphK1. In addition, inhibition of SphK1 with either a SphK1 inhibitor or siRNA reduced human liver cancer cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, overexpression of SphK1 increased S1P levels, and the exogenous addition of S1P increased liver cell migration and invasion through the EDG1 receptor.Discussion and conclusionThe results from this study provide strong evidence of a role for the SphK1/S1P/EDG1 pathway in liver metastasis, thus making it an attractive therapeutic target for the development of new anti‐HCC drugs.
Cognitive Functioning Predicts Driver Safety on Road Tests 1 and 2 Years Later
Authors: Aksan Nazan , Anderson Steven W. , Dawson Jeffrey D. , Johnson Amy M. , Uc Ergun Y. , Rizzo Matthew 
Published: October 2011

ObjectivesTo describe longitudinal changes in mean level and evaluate rank‐order stability in potential predictors of driving safety (visual sensory, motor, visual attention, and cognitive functioning) and safety errors during an 18‐mile on‐road driving test in older adults and to evaluate the relative predictive power of earlier visual sensory, motor, visual attention, and cognitive functioning on future safety errors, controlling for earlier driving capacity.DesignThree‐year longitudinal observational study.SettingLarge teaching hospital in the Midwest.ParticipantsOne hundred eleven neurologically normal older adults (60–89 at baseline).MeasurementsSafety errors based on video review of a standard 18‐mile on‐road driving test served as the outcome measure. A comprehensive battery of tests on the predictor side included visual sensory functioning, motor functioning, cognitive functioning, and a measure of useful field of view.ResultsLongitudinal changes in mean levels of safety errors and cognitive functioning were small from year to year. Relative rank‐order stability between consecutive assessments was moderate in overall safety errors and moderate to strong in visual attention and cognitive functioning. Although prospective bivariate correlations between safety errors and predictors ranged from fair to moderate, only functioning in the cognitive domain predicted future driver performance 1 and 2 years later in multivariate analyses.ConclusionNormative aging‐related declines in driver performance as assessed using on‐road tests emerge slowly. Even in the presence of conservative controls, such as previous driving ability, age, and visual sensory and motor functioning, cognitive functioning predicted future on‐road driving performance 1 and 2 years later.
Fatigue and Fracture Resistance of Zirconia Crowns Prepared with Different Finish Line Designs
Authors: Aboushelib Moustafa N. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPurpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of finish line design on the fatigue, fracture resistance, and failure type of veneered zirconia restorations.Materials and Methods: A CAD/CAM system (Cercon) was used to prepare zirconia frameworks (0.5 mm thick) for a maxillary central incisor. Three finish line designs were evaluated: a complete narrow chamfer, a narrow chamfer with a lingual ledge, and a complete ledge. The prepared frameworks were veneered using a press‐on ceramic (Ceram Press) and were cemented on the corresponding prepared teeth using a resin cement (Panavia F2.0). The cemented specimens were thermocycled, subjected to dynamic fatigue, and finally loaded till fracture. Fractured specimens were examined under a scanning electron microscope to assess fracture type. One‐way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to analyze the data (α= 0.05).Results: The finish line design did not have any significant statistical influence on the fracture resistance (F = 1.9, p= 0.346) or on the failure type of the tested specimens. Adjusted R squared value (R = 0.049) indicated a weak correlation between finish line design and fracture load of the tested specimens. All specimens failed due to cracking and fracture of the veneer ceramic. Meanwhile, the framework remained entirely intact. Three narrow chamfer finish line specimens demonstrated adhesive fracture of the veneer ceramic during dynamic fatigue testing, related to overextension of the veneer ceramic during the layering procedure.Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the finish line design did not influence the fatigue or the fracture resistance of veneered zirconia crowns. Selection of any of the finish line designs should be based on the clinical condition of the restored tooth.
Disinfection of Bacterially Contaminated Hydrophilic PVS Impression Materials
Authors: Estafanous Emad Wadie , Palenik Charles John , Platt Jeffrey A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPurpose: This study evaluated disinfection of bacterially contaminated hydrophilic polyvinylsiloxane (PVS) and polyether impressions.Materials and Methods: Four light‐bodied PVS (Examix, Genie, Take 1, Aquasil) and one polyether (Impregum) impression materials were evaluated using three disinfectants (EcoTru [EnviroSystems], ProSpray [Certol], and bleach [diluted 1:9]) as spray and immersion disinfections for 10‐minute exposures. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Salmonella choleraesius ATCC 10708, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 was the microbial challenge. Test specimens were prepared using aluminum molds with ten tapered cones. Mucin covered each cone, followed by 0.01 mL of each bacterium. Impressions were made using low viscosity impression material that was injected over the cones and filled custom trays. One‐half of the impressions were spray disinfected, while the others underwent immersion disinfection. Trays that were contaminated but not disinfected served as positive controls, while those not bacterially contaminated or disinfected served as negative controls. The impressions were poured with Silky Rock Die Stone, and after setting, two cones were placed within a sterile capsule and triturated into powder. Four milliliters of TRIS buffer (0.05 M, pH 7.0) containing sodium thiosulfate (0.0055% w/v) were poured in each tube. After mixing, the solution was serially diluted and spread‐plated onto selective agars. After incubation, colony counting occurred.Results: No viable bacteria transferred to casts from either spray‐ or immersion‐disinfected impressions. Negative controls produced no microbial colonies. Positive controls produced on average 3.35 × 105 bacterial cells.Conclusion: Results suggest the methods used could disinfect contaminated impression materials. Microbial transfer from nondisinfected impressions to cones approached 33.5%.