bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
University contract research guidelines
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Concerns have been raised in the past few years over the increasing reliance of universities on contracts with outside agencies, public and private. These concerns have been the subject of meetings by the National Commission on Research, the Pajaro Dunes conference of university presidents and corporation executives, the Association of American Universities, and the Association of American University Professors, among others.The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) recently revised its “Policy #64: The University and Contract Research,” to address these issues in a way that “will help [university] administration and faculty act so that [their] relationship with government agencies or private industry will in no way violate the professional freedoms which have contributed so much to the status of American higher education.” The ACLU has followed the issue, it says, “because of our determination that contractual relationships proceed within a framework that protects fundamental academic freedoms.”
Earth sciences priorities
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Priority research areas for the solid earth sciences were recently identified by two blue‐ribbon panels. Each suggested specific areas where funds should be targeted for rapid advances in expanding our knowledge of the earth and for long‐term payoffs both in basic research and in training the next generation of earth scientists.In its report released last week, the Research Briefing Panel on the Solid Earth Sciences identified five priority research topics. In a report issued earlier this year, the Committee on Opportunities for Research in the Geological Sciences selected for top billing eight such research areas. The common scientific thread running through both reports: More research is needed on the structure, composition, and evolution of the continental lithosphere and on the dynamics of tectonic processes.
Winter weather forecast
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A milder‐than‐normal winter is predicted for the eastern and western extremes of the United States, while the country's midsection can expect colder than normal temperatures, according to the winter weather outlook issued November 28 by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service (NWS). The outlook (Figure 1, top), which covers December, January, and February, also predicts that the Northwest, Midwest, and the lower Mississippi valley can expect greater than normal precipitation (Figure 2, top).Independently, researchers with the Climate Research Group at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) issued their winter weather forecast on November 29. While the temperature outlook by Jerome Namias and Daniel Cayan (Figure 1, bottom) shows a similar—though not identical—pattern to the NWS prediction, the SIO researchers' precipitation prediction (Figure 2, bottom) is very different from the NWS one.
Registering hydrologists: An exchange: AIH comment
Authors:   The Executive Committee and Board of Registration of the American Institute of Hydrology
Published: October 2011

Some members of the Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, have taken issue with the American Institute of Hydrology (AIH) for establishing a certification process for professional hydrologists and hydrogeologists without “…involvement of the profession as a whole…” (Eos, April 19, 1983, p. 146). We wish to respond to their concerns by explaining how AIH evolved in response to a widely perceived need.The need for certification of hydrologists and hydrogeologists has been expressed repeatedly by individuals, consulting firms, and by some state and federal agencies. Individuals expressed their views in professional journals or through the nationwide survey conducted in 1976 in connection with the “State of Education in the Field of Hydrology.” Private consultants, as well, indicated the difficulty with identifying and selecting qualified hydrologists and hydrogeologists. In 1979, an Ad Hoc Committee of the Association of University Watershed Scientists recommended a strengthening of the U.S. Civil Service entry‐level requirements for hydrologists (Announcement No. 424, May 1975.) This effort was in response to professionals within the U.S. Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management who were concerned that the existing standards “did not ensure high‐quality entry‐level professionals in hydrology.” In 1975 the General Secretary of the American Water Resources Association (AWRA) recommended to AWRA that they consider developing a certification process for hydrologists and hydrogeologists, but no action was taken. Similarly, no action was taken by any other existing scientific or professional organization such as AGU, American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, National Well Water Association, Geological Society of America, AWRA, etc.
Reply [to “Registering hydrologists: An exchange”]
Authors: Eagleson Peter S. 
Published: October 2011

The Executive Committee of AGU's Hydrology Section has considered the question of certification for hydrologists (Eos, September 13, 1983, p. 554). It has concluded that the existing certification procedures having the backing of state or federal legislation (Professional Engineer or Professional Geologist) are currently adequate to satisfy society's needs for protection from unprofessional practiceThe committee recognizes however that there may be some hydrologists, particularly those whose education has been in forestry or in agriculture, who may not qualify for certification under the existing procedures and for whom certification might have some economic advantage.
Industry R&D to rise in 1984
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Research and development spending from private industry funds is expected to grow approximately 11% during 1984 to $48 billion, according to a new report by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Spurring this growth, say industry officials, are industry's need to keep abreast of rapidly advancing technology, the impact of foreign competition, and the expectation that more funds will be available as the economic recovery continues.The NSF report is based on mail response to an inquiry to the foundation's Industrial Panel on Science and Technology and on interviews with officials in several R&D‐intensive industries. The panel is composed of about 90 officials, primarily corporate directors of research and development, who are responsible for R&D in their companies. The report, “Companies Plan Increases in R&D Spending Through 1984,” contains projections of R&D expenditures for 1983 and 1984 for the six largest R&D‐performing industries: machinery (including computers); electrical equipment and communications; chemicals (including drugs and medicine); motor vehicles; aircraft; and professional and scientific instruments.
University/industry research
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The problems encountered in mixing industrial and university research goals can be major, but so can the benefits. The National Science Board (NSB) recently released a report on “University‐Industry Research Relationships: Selected Studies” (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1983). It is an analysis of the much‐discussed new trend toward increased industrial funding of university research projects.University laboratories cannot generally solve industry's R&D problems. Success for the corporation in sponsoring academic research is realized in the value of cooperative research programs as training exercises for future industrial scientists. An occasional patent arising from such a project is considered an added benefit, not a primary goal.
November streamflow
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

November was exceptionally wet across most of the nation, especially in some states in the West and Midwest, according to month‐end checks by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) of groundwater and surface water conditions across the country.Of 171 keys USGS streamflow stations surveyed, 81 had flows in the normal range during November and another 81 had well above average flows, while only 9 were below long‐term averages, said Carroll Saboe, a hydrologist at the USGS National Center in Reston, Va.
Trans‐Pacific Section
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A trans‐Pacific section along latitude 24.5°N is planned for 1985, with the field program tentatively scheduled for April 17 to June 27. The purpose of the expedition is to measure the transport of heat by ocean currents, to determine the net transport of water masses and estimate the meridional general circulation of the North Pacific, and to improve the mapping of tracer distributions in the deep North Pacific.Approximately 200 surface‐to‐bottom CTD/rosette stations will be occupied across the width of the ocean, with maximum station spacing of 80 km over abyssal plains, closing to 30–50 km over rough topography and boundaries. Water samples will be collected and analyzed on board for salinity, oxygen, and nutrients.
Mineral physics machines
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The field of mineral physics will benefit from an era of big physics machines that will produce intense beams of X rays, neutrons, and high‐energy particles. The new super accelerators are being built as tools for high‐energy physics experiments and for materials science research.Mineral physics studies are among the most sophisticated to be conducted. High‐intensity X rays will be used to solve complex crystal structures, to detail the steps of fast mineral phase changes, and to penetrate to the sample chambers of high‐pressure cells. Neutron beams powerful enough to penetrate surface layers of the earth's crust will be used to probe for mineral deposits.
1983 Robert E. Horton Award
Authors: Eagleson Peter S. , Woolhiser David A. 
Published: October 2011

The recipient of this year's American Geophysical Union Robert E. Horton Award is David A. Woolhiser of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service. Dr. Woolhiser is Supervisory Research Hydraulic Engineer and Research Leader for Watershed Hydrology at the Southwest Rangeland Watershed Research Center in Tucson, Arizona. His academic training was at the University of Wisconsin, where he received degrees of Bachelor of Science and Doctor of Philosophy, both in Civil Engineering, and at the University of Arizona, where he received an M.S., also in Civil Engineering.Dr. Woolhiser's career has spanned government and academia and his contributions to hydrology have ranged from theoretical developments to practical applications
NASA launch schedule
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has a record‐setting launch schedule for 1984—10 space shuttle flights (see Table 1), 10 satellite deployments from the space shuttle in orbit and 12 unmanned missions using expendable launch vehicles. Also scheduled is the launch on March 1 for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of Landsat D′, the nation's second earth resources satellite.The launch activity will begin February 3 with the launch of shuttle mission 41‐B using the orbiter Challenger. Two communications satellites will be deployed from 41‐B: Westar‐VI, for Western Union, and Palapa B‐2 for the government of Indonesia. The 8‐day mission will feature the first shuttle landing at Kennedy Space Center in Florida; and the first flight of the Manned Maneuvering Unit, a self‐contained, propulsive backpack that will allow astronauts to move about in space without being tethered to the spacecraft.
El Niño Study
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A National Research Council (NRC) committee has laid the foundation for a coordinated, decade‐long study of the ocean‐atmosphere interactions associated with the El Niño and the Southern Oscillation. The plan describes itself as intended to “serve as a mechanism for engendering a vigorous international program required to address the global problem.”The Southern Oscillation (SO) is a recurrent seesawing of atmospheric mass between the Pacific and Indian oceans in the tropics and subtropics that plays havoc with the global climate by changing wind, temperature, and rainfall in the monsoon regions, the central and western equatorial Pacific, and throughout the tropics. The El Niño (EN), a related phenomemon, is an anomalous, periodic warming of the waters off South America that in turn affects atmospheric circulation patterns, producing erratic weather patterns. Together, the phenomena are known as ENSO.
Ocean drilling update
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Although planning for the first year of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) is well under way, the National Science Foundation (NSF) invites proposals from U.S. scientists and institutions for scientific and technological activities that “serve to enrich the scientific return from ocean drilling and ensure that ocean drilling is employed to the best advantage,” according to Herman B. Zimmerman, ODP program associate for science coordination. Drilling operations for ODP are expected to begin in October (Eos, January 31, 1984, p. 33).In the United States, NSF supports participation of U.S. scientists through the research support component of ODP. This support focuses on investigations of potential drilling regions, including studies that combine aspects of continental and marine geoscience; downhole geophysical experiments and development of related instrumentation; and workshops and other activities that focus on problem definition prior to drilling operations, Zimmerman said. To be considered for support, proposed projects must be clearly relevant to the drilling plans of the international community and focus on pre‐drilling or drilling‐concurrent activities, he explained. Where appropriate, proposals may be considered jointly by ODP and other research support programs within NSF and within other agencies.
VLBI observatory begins operations
Authors: Carter William E. 
Published: October 2011

A new radio‐telescope observatory located at Richmond, Fla. (near Miami), made its first successful Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations on December 9, 1983, according to the National Geodetic Survey (NGS). This test session was followed on December 21 by the first operational observing session of the full, three‐station POLARIS (Polar Motion Analysis by Radio Interferometric Surveying) network (the Richmond facility plus observatories near Boston, Mass., and El Paso, Tex.).The POLARIS network was joined in the historic, December 21 observing session by VLBI observatories in Onsala, Sweden, and Wettzell, Federal Republic of Germany. Only 8 hours of operations yielded sufficient data to determine the location of the Richmond site relative to the other four North American and European observatories to within a fraction of a meter. Refinements will quickly reduce uncertainties to a few centimeters.
Geo‐Biosphere Proposal
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

An international, interdisciplinary program to study the closely coupled system of the terrestrial environment and the life that inhabits it has been proposed for later this decade. As currently outlined, the International Geosphere‐Biosphere Program (IGBP) would encompass at least a decade of research and would involve a host of nations. IGBP would embrace studies of physical, biological, and ecological processes. The program, which will focus on global change, will be one of the major topics of discussion this fall at the General Assembly of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU).Development of the concept for IGBP was spearheaded by Herbert Friedman, chairman of the National Research Council (NRC) Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources. Following an informal discussion of the program 1 year ago, Friedman publically suggested the international program in April 1983 at the annual meeting of the National Academy of Sciences at a symposium marking the silver anniversary of the International Geophysical Year (IGY). Three months later, the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) gathered more than 40 scientists, government officials, and NRC staff at a workshop in Woods Hole, Mass., to consider the major problems for research in five areas that might be coordinated in IGBP: the atmosphere, oceans, lithosphere, biosphere, and the solar‐terrestrial system.
Urban hydrology
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Third International Conference on Urban Storm Drainage will be held in Goteborg, Sweden, June 4–8, 1984. Contact A. Sjoborg, Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden, for more information. The Fourth Conference will be in late August 1987 in Lausanne, Switzerland, and the Fifth Conference is planned for Tokyo in 1990. The proceedings of the First International Conference, held in Southampton, England, in April 1978, are available from Wiley‐Interscience under the title “Urban Storm Drainage.”The proceedings of the Second International Conference, held in Urbana, Illinois, in June 1981, are available from Water Resources Publications, Littleton, Colo., under the title, “Urban Stormwater Hydraulics and Hydrology” and “Urban Stormwater Quality, Management, and Planning.”
Issues and conditions summarized by USGS
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A chronology of recent significant hydrologic events, a state‐by‐state analysis of water conditions, and key water policy issues are described in two reports published earlier this year by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).In its 243 pages, the report National Water Summary 1983: Hydrologic Events and Issues highlights water issues and related activities in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the western Pacific islands under U.S. jurisdiction. Four concerns are addressed in this state‐by‐state analysis: water availability, water quality, hydrologic hazards and land use, and institutional and management issues. A chronology of significant hydrologic events between January 1982 and August 1983 is also included in the report. Copies are available for $9 each from the Branch of Distribution, Text Products Section, USGS, 604 South Pickett St., Alexandria, VA 22304. Orders must specify water supply paper 2250 and must include a check or money order made payable to the Department of the Interior/USGS.
Groundwater management modeling
Authors: Gorelick Steven M. 
Published: October 2011

The symposium on Optimization Techniques for Managing Groundwater and Stream‐Aquifer Systems, held at the 1983 AGU Fall Meeting, covered (1) small‐scale optimal design of well fields which were for the most part associated with the containment of contaminated groundwater, and (2) use of management models to evaluate conjunctiveuse and water allocation policy. The presentations focused on methodology and case studies which have combined groundwater flow (and contaminant transport) simulation with linear and nonlinear optimization.The 8 presentations and panel discussion brought together those who have largely shaped the field of groundwater management modeling and those who have extended and applied earlier methods and made contributions as part of recent or ongoing thesis work. After the formal presentations, Manoutch Heidari chaired the lively panel which consisted of Nathan Buras, John D. Bredehoeft, Yacov Y. Haimes, Thomas Maddock III, Gerald T. O'Mara, and Robert Willis.
Atmosphere, Weather, and Climate
Authors: Houghton J. T. 
Published: October 2011

The fourth edition of this book, first published in 1968, is to be welcomed. It is widely used in geography courses in schools and universities and has had considerable success in introducing, with the minimum of mathematics, synoptic and dynamic meterology and climatology into such courses. Its chapters cover atmospheric composition and energy, atmospheric moisture, atmospheric motion, air masses, fronts and depressions, weather and climate in temperate latitudes, tropical weather and climate, small scale climates and climatic variability, trends and fluctuations.The main changes in the fourth edition have been in the last two chapters, which have been substantially rewritten. The chapter on small‐scale climates goes into considerable detail concerning the energy balance over different surfaces and also discusses the influence of pollution and urban conditions on the local climate. The first chapter on climate variability and change first presents evidence for climate change in the past and then briefly mentions, with virtually no discussion, a few possible causes of climate change. The possible influence of the ocean, for instance, is given only four sentences!
No olivine in the mantle?
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Perhaps the most impressive factors in D.L. Anderson's analysis of new physical models of the earth are contributions from the numerous disciplines of modern geophysics, including 3‐dimensional seismological observations, high‐pressure experiments, highly precise isotope analyses, and studies of other solar system bodies [Science, 223, pp. 347–355, 1984].The results? In short, there are the “ins” and the “outs.” For example, the basalt‐eclogite transition is back in fashion, whereas the notion of an olivine‐rich deep mantle assemblage is no longer in fashion. This analogy is not to be construed as any return to old, preplate‐tectonic concepts. Modern research, in the purest sense, is forcing “a reexamination of some long‐held assumptions.”
Acid rain trends summarized
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

In the northeastern United States, the acidity of precipitation has changed little in recent years, although the acidity is increasing in other regions. That's the latest word from a comprehensive review by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) of more than 200 published reports of acid rain research from the past 30 years. The report contributes to the controversy over whether increased sulfur emissions from Midwest powerplants increase the acidity of precipitation in the Northeast.“When the results of the many individual studies are combined, they show that acidification of precipitation in the Northeast, which has the most damaging level of acidity on a regional basis, occurred primarily before the mid‐1950's and has been largely stabilized since the mid‐1960s,” said John T. Turk, a research hydrologist at the USGS Denver office and author of the 18‐page summary report.
Negev: Land, Water, and Life in a Desert Environment
Authors: Back William 
Published: October 2011

In view of the continuing increased concern about the extreme fragility of deserts and desert margins, Negev provides a timely discussion of land‐use practices compatible with the often conflicting goals of preservation and development. The success o f agricultural and hydrologic experiments in the Negev desert of Israel offers hope to the large percentage of the world's population that lives with an unacceptably low quality of life in desert margins. Deserts are the one remaining type of open space that, with proper use, has the potential for alleviating the misery often associated with expanding population.In addition to the science in the book, the author repeatedly reinforces the concept that “western civilization is inextricably bound to the Negev and its environs, from which it has drawn, via its desert‐born religions—Judasium, Christianity, and Islam—many of the mores and concepts, and much of the imagery and love of the desert, including man's relation to nature and to ‘God’.” Deserts often are erroneously perceived to be areas of no water: In reality, these are areas in which a little rainfall occurs sporadically and unpredictably over time. This meager water supply can be meticulously garnered to produce nutritious crops and forage.