bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional characteristics of green alga Scenedesmus obliquus (Chlorophyceae): 276–6 wild type and its two photosystems deficient mutants cultured under photoautotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions
Authors: Pokora Wojciech , Aksmann Anna , Tukaj Zbigniew 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYFunctional features of Scenedesmus obliquus: wild type 276–6 strain (WT) and its two mutants reported as photosystem I‐deficient (mutant 56.80) and photosystem II‐deficient (mutant 57.80) were characterized. Algae were cultured aseptically under continuous light or in darkness on mineral bold basal medium (BBM), yeast extract‐enriched BBM and yeast extract to evaluate the physiology of algal cells under photoautotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. Growth, superoxide dismutase activity and photosynthetic parameters, including polyphasic fluorescence rise during the first seconds of chlorophyll a illumination (OJIP), were analyzed to find relationships between the photosynthetic/respiratory activity of the cells, occurrence of oxidative stress and trophic conditions applied to PSs‐deficient algae. Despite the highest superoxide dismutase activity, indicating the presence of oxidative stress, mixotrophic conditions appeared to be optimal for S. obliquus WT and mutant strains kept in non‐aerated cultures. OJIP analysis indicated that in mutant 56.80 part of photosystem (PS) I was functional and in mutant 57.80 residual PS II activity was found.
Social support and self‐management behaviour among patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Schiøtz M. L. , Bøgelund M. , Almdal T. , Jensen B. B. , Willaing I. 
Published: October 2011

Diabet. Med. 29, 654–661 (2012)AbstractAims  To investigate the relationship between structural and functional social support and patient activation, diabetes‐related emotional distress, perceived diabetes care, self‐management behaviour and HbA1c levels among patients with Type 2 diabetes.Methods  Self‐administered questionnaires were collected from 2572 patients with Type 2 diabetes. After adjusting for gender, age and education, Tobit and logistic regression models were used to examine associations between social network and patient activation, psychosocial problems, self‐management behaviours and HbA1c levels.Results  Frequent contact with friends was associated with more positive scores for activation, fewer psychosocial problems, more positive assessment of care and health‐promoting self‐management behaviours such as frequent exercising and frequent foot examinations. Frequent contact with family was associated with more positive assessments of care. Living with a partner was associated with lower prevalence of smoking, a higher frequency of foot examinations and higher HbA1c levels. A poor functional social network, measured as perceived lack of help in the event of severe illness, was associated with low patient activation, greater emotional distress, negative assessment of care, less health‐promoting eating habits and less frequent foot examinations.Conclusions  Good social support is significantly associated with health‐promoting behaviours and well‐being among patients with Type 2 diabetes. However, HbA1c levels are higher for cohabitant persons, indicating barriers for social support. Intervention research is needed to investigate the causal relationship between social networks and health‐promoting behaviours. This knowledge should be used in clinical practice when targeting and designing education, support and care for patients with Type 2 diabetes.
Housing Provision for Rural–Urban Migrant Workers in Chinese Cities: The Roles of the State, Employers and the Market
Authors: Li Bingqin , Zhang Yongmei 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn Chinese cities, about 1.45 million migrant workers stay away from their home villages for longer than six months. The total will reach 230 million if those who work less than six months outside their home villages are also included (National Bureau of Statistics PRC 2010). The scale of migration has put huge pressure on urban housing. Apart from a few local exceptions, little state effort has been dedicated to improve migrant housing for a long time.Existing studies of migrant housing in Chinese cities have focused on the necessity for the state to remove discriminatory policies and offer equal access to urban housing benefits. However, few studies have examined carefully who are the most vulnerable and what are the causes of some of the problems. The authors of this article argue that without proper understanding of the interaction between the state and the private providers, equal access to urban housing benefits may not lead to improved housing conditions for migrant workers. We use three surveys in three cities, Tianjin, Taiyuan and Lanzhou in China to support our argument.
FROM HUTS TO ‘THE HOUSE’: THE SHIFT IN PERCEIVING HOME BETWEEN THE BRONZE AGE AND THE EARLY IRON AGE IN CENTRAL IBERIA (SPAIN)
Authors: BLANCO‐GONZÁLEZ ANTONIO 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThis paper focuses on the domestic realm in Late Prehistory in inland Iberia. A diachronic study of living quarters reveals two organizational approaches based on very different principles. The Bronze Age societies consisted of ephemeral family units: their huts are scattered, being relocated completely and regularly about every decade. From 800 BC onward, nucleated and permanent villages are formed: they are centred around ‘the house’. This is an institution that shelters generations of a family; it is the basic cell of the social order introduced in the Iron Age when everyday domestic practices were differently organized. Dwelling places become larger and are rebuilt over earlier ones. This change in practice is due to a new emphasis on links with the ancestral past and the genealogical transmission of land rights.
Augmentation of rat skin flap viability by relaxin‐expressing adenovirus
Authors: Lee Won Jai , Yun Chae‐Ok , Yun In Sik , Kim Yong‐Oock , Choi Il‐Kyu , Yun Tae Jin , Rah Dong Kyun 
Published: October 2011

AbstractRelaxin (RLX) has multiple vascular actions, including vasodilation and angiogenesis, which occur via induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. We generated a RLX‐expressing (dE1‐RGD/lacZ/RLX) adenovirus and investigated whether it enhances skin flap survival. Thirty Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into three groups: RLX‐expressing adenovirus group, control virus group, and phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) group. Two days before surgery and immediately after flap elevation, the caudally based flap that was 3 × 9 cm in size was subdermally injected with the dE1‐RGD/lacZ/RLX virus (107 PFU), dE1‐RGD/lacZ virus (107 PFU), or PBS. The surviving area of the flap and the amount of blood flow were measured. On postoperative day 10, CD31‐positive vessels and VEGF protein expression were examined. We observed a significant increase in the survival area of the flap in the RLX group. Doppler measurement also showed significantly increased blood flow immediately after the operation and on postoperative days 7 and 10. CD31‐positive vessels and VEGF protein expression were significantly greater in the RLX group. Thus, administration of RLX‐expressing adenovirus into elevated skin flaps increased VEGF expression, the number of capillaries, and blood flow to the flap, thereby improving skin flap survival.
Fifteen Years’ Experience of Treating Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis by Interventional Nephrologists in India
Authors: Hegde Umapati , Rajapurkar Mohan , Gang Sishir , Khanapet Mallikarjun , Durugkar Santosh , Gohel Kalpesh , Aghor Nagesh , Ganju Anil , Dabhi Manish 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAtherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) is an important cause of kidney disease, accelerated hypertension (HTN), and its treatment is controversial. Our aim was to evaluate the outcomes, safety, and efficacy of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for ARAS. Retrospective analysis of ARAS was performed among 470 angiographies during 1995–2010. Patients with nonatherosclerotic RAS and renal transplant were excluded. We assessed preintervention and postintervention mean arterial pressure (MAP), antihypertensive medications, and renal function to classify as deteriorated (>10% increase in MAP/increase in drugs/>20% reduced GFR), improved (>10% reduced MAP/reduced drugs/>20% increased eGFR), or stabilized (<10% change in MAP/same antihypertensive drugs/<20% change in eGFR) at last follow‐up. A total of 220 subjects with mean age of 57.6 ± 10.4 years underwent PTA and/or stenting. The average follow‐up was 23.07 ± 21.2 months. Accelerated HTN, HTN onset >50 years, unexplained renal failure, and unilateral small kidney were the most common presentations. In all, 255 significant stenotic lesions in 220 patients (119 unilateral, 66 single functioning kidney, and 35 bilateral) were observed. In total, 255 PTA were performed, including 177 stenting. Technical success was seen in 220/243 (90.5%) subjects. Combined MAP and antihypertensive drugs improved in 154/220 (70%) patients. Renal function improved/stabilized in 175/220 (79.5%). Angioplasty and stenting are relatively safe and feasible tools for control of blood pressure (BP) in ARAS. Angioplasty produced improvement/stabilization of BP in 70%, and the renal function in 79.5% subjects.
The Enlightenment Kidney—Nephrology in and about the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Eknoyan Garabed , De Santo Natale G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe intellectual movement of inquiry by direct observation and inductive reasoning to acquire new knowledge matured in the Enlightenment. In medicine, personal observation as the prime mover of investigation began in anatomy, and gradually extended into studies of function, site of disease, and composition of body fluids. This led to the generation of new information on renal structure, function, and urine composition in health and to some extent in disease. Studies on the dissected, injected, and teased kidneys have left us with many of the eponymous renal structures described by Eustachio, Bellini, Malpighi, and Ferrein. Subsequent studies by Haller of the renal circulation and scrutiny of the separation of serous fluid from blood in the renal cortical glandular components established the beginnings of renal physiology. The movement to integrate chemistry into medicine championed by Boerhaave, which launched studies of urine composition in diabetes, urolithiasis, and gout led to the exploration of a chemical basis of other diseases. Albuminous precipitate in the urine of a dropsical case was described by Cotugno, but its association with kidney disease went unappreciated. Most of the new information on the kidney was communicated to and discussed in the increasing number of new scientific societies that were being formed, and transmitted to the eager members of the learned bourgeoisie of the period in the Encyclopédie of Diderot and d’Alembert.
Unemployment and Hospitalization Owing to an Alcohol‐Related Diagnosis Among Middle‐Aged Men in Sweden
Authors: Lundin Andreas , Backhans Mona , Hemmingsson Tomas 
Published: October 2011

Background:  Unemployment is associated with alcohol‐related morbidity. However, the extent to which the association is causal is unclear, and it is not known whether other risk factors remain uncontrolled for. This study examines the association between unemployment and later alcohol‐related hospitalization, adjusted for preexisting alcohol disorders, psychiatric diagnoses, behavioral risk factors, and social factors.Methods:  The study was based on a military conscription cohort (men born in 1949 to 1951), with information on psychiatric diagnosis and psychological assessment and from a drug‐use survey, which was then linked to national registers. The analyses were performed on data on the 37,798 individuals who were in paid employment in 1990 to 1991.Results:  It was found that short‐ and long‐term unemployment (1 to 89 days and ≥90 days) were associated with hospitalization owing to an alcohol‐related diagnosis at 12‐year follow‐up (HRcrude = 2.25, 95% CI 1.64 to 3.09 and HRcrude = 2.95, 95% CI 2.51 to 3.48, respectively). After adjustment for confounders, the hazard ratios (HRs) decreased but were still significantly elevated (HRadjusted = 1.52, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.10 and HRadjusted = 1.61, 95% CI 1.36 to 1.92, respectively). When follow‐up was split into 3 time bands, it was found that the short‐ and medium‐term associations were about the same and independent of unemployment duration, with adjusted HRs ranging between 1.70 and 1.76. No significant long‐term associations were found after adjustment.Conclusions:  Unemployment was related to becoming hospitalized owing to an alcohol‐related diagnosis. A substantial part of the elevated relative risk of alcohol‐related hospitalization related to unemployment was found to be associated with already existing individual risk factors.
Does Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring Add to the Predictive Value of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography for Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Low‐risk Chest Pain Patients?
Authors: Chang Anna Marie , Le Jeffrey , Matsuura Asako C. , Litt Harold I. , Hollander Judd E. 
Published: October 2011

Academic Emergency Medicine 2011; 18:1065–1071 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  Coronary angiography calcium score (CACS) is included for patients who receive coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) as part of diagnostic testing for low‐risk chest pain. Both tests add radiation exposure, and it is unclear whether the combination provides more information than either test alone. The objective was to asses if CACS = 0 determines freedom from coronary artery disease (CAD) and whether the addition of CACS to coronary CT angiography provides additional risk stratification information or helps predict 30‐day cardiovascular outcomes.Methods:  This was a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study at an urban university hospital emergency department (ED), of patients with symptoms suggestive of potential acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and low Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk scores who received coronary CTA. Data collected included demographics and medical history. The main outcome was CAD, defined as the presence of a maximal stenosis >50% on coronary CTA, stratified by CACS results. The secondary outcome was cardiovascular events including death, myocardial infarction, or revascularization at 30 days. Data were analyzed with standard descriptive techniques and relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results:  A total of 1,049 patients were enrolled (median age = 48.1 years; interquartile range [IQR] = 42.4 to 53.3 years); 55% were female, and 63% were black or African American. Of these, 17 of 795 (2.1%) with CACS of 0 had CAD, 16 of 169 patients (9.5%) with CACS of 0.1 to 99 had CAD, 53.3% (32 of 60) with CACS between 100 and 399 had CAD, and 10 of 23 (43.5%) with CACS ≥ 400 had CAD. There was a higher likelihood of significant CAD with increased CACS. Patients who had a calcium score of 0 but still had CAD were more likely to be young (50 years old or less; RR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.01 to 2.96). For the secondary outcome, there were 15 cardiovascular events within 30 days: one patient with CACS = 0 and no CAD (1 of 733; 0.1%), one patient with CACS > 0 and no CAD (1 of 182; 0.5%), four patients with CACS = 0 and CAD (4 of 17; 23.5%), and nine patients with CACS > 0 and CAD (9 of 58; 15.5%), with a net reclassification index of −0.001 (p = 0.32).Conclusions:  In the study sample, elevated CACS was associated with a higher likelihood of underlying CAD on coronary CTA, but the addition of CACS to coronary CTA did not help predict 30‐day cardiovascular events.
Logistic Regression: A Brief Primer
Authors: Stoltzfus Jill C. 
Published: October 2011

Academic Emergency Medicine 2011; 18:1099–1104 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractRegression techniques are versatile in their application to medical research because they can measure associations, predict outcomes, and control for confounding variable effects. As one such technique, logistic regression is an efficient and powerful way to analyze the effect of a group of independent variables on a binary outcome by quantifying each independent variable’s unique contribution. Using components of linear regression reflected in the logit scale, logistic regression iteratively identifies the strongest linear combination of variables with the greatest probability of detecting the observed outcome. Important considerations when conducting logistic regression include selecting independent variables, ensuring that relevant assumptions are met, and choosing an appropriate model building strategy. For independent variable selection, one should be guided by such factors as accepted theory, previous empirical investigations, clinical considerations, and univariate statistical analyses, with acknowledgement of potential confounding variables that should be accounted for. Basic assumptions that must be met for logistic regression include independence of errors, linearity in the logit for continuous variables, absence of multicollinearity, and lack of strongly influential outliers. Additionally, there should be an adequate number of events per independent variable to avoid an overfit model, with commonly recommended minimum “rules of thumb” ranging from 10 to 20 events per covariate. Regarding model building strategies, the three general types are direct/standard, sequential/hierarchical, and stepwise/statistical, with each having a different emphasis and purpose. Before reaching definitive conclusions from the results of any of these methods, one should formally quantify the model’s internal validity (i.e., replicability within the same data set) and external validity (i.e., generalizability beyond the current sample). The resulting logistic regression model’s overall fit to the sample data is assessed using various goodness‐of‐fit measures, with better fit characterized by a smaller difference between observed and model‐predicted values. Use of diagnostic statistics is also recommended to further assess the adequacy of the model. Finally, results for independent variables are typically reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Critical Appraisal of Emergency Medicine Educational Research: The Best Publications of 2010
Authors: Shayne Philip , Coates Wendy C. , Farrell Susan E. , Kuhn DO Gloria J. , Lin Michelle , Maggio Lauren A. , Fisher Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:1081–1089 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  The objective was to critically appraise and highlight medical education research studies published in 2010 that were methodologically superior and whose outcomes were pertinent to teaching and education in emergency medicine (EM).Methods:  A search of the English language literature in 2010 querying PubMed, Scopus, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), and PsychInfo identified 41 EM studies that used hypothesis‐testing or observational investigations of educational interventions. Five reviewers independently ranked all publications based on 10 criteria, including four related to methodology, that were chosen a priori to standardize evaluation by reviewers. This method was used previously to appraise medical education published in 2008 and 2009.Results:  Five medical education research studies met the a priori criteria for inclusion and are reviewed and summarized here. Comparing the literature of 2010 to 2008 and 2009, the number of published educational research papers increased from 30 to 36 and then to 41. The number of funded studies remained fairly stable over the past 3 years at 13 (2008), 16 (2009), and 9 (2010). As in past years, research involving the use of technology accounted for a significant number of publications (34%), including three of the five highlighted studies.Conclusions:  Forty‐one EM educational studies published in 2010 were identified. This critical appraisal reviews and highlights five studies that met a priori quality indicators. Current trends and common methodologic pitfalls in the 2010 papers are noted.
Umm an‐Nar burial 401 at Bat, Oman: architecture and finds
Authors: Böhme Manfred , Al‐Sabri Biubwa Ali 
Published: October 2011

The archaeological site at Bat has an important status with regard to research on the Umm an‐Nar culture. Investigations began there in 1972 and were revived in 2004, when the excavation of tomb 401 was begun. This paper presents the complete corpus of grave‐goods. Despite all the disturbances within the find layers, when comparing the two chambers it is possible to observe some indications of the different burial cycles and detect distinguishing characteristics. Taking into account the divergent earlier and later ceramic styles, burial use must be proposed between 2400 and 2200 BC. This date accords with observations of the architectural details of tomb 401 and with the sequence of tomb construction types in the Bat region.This paper is dedicated to the memory of professor Gerd Weisgerber.
Gastroschisis with ceco‐appendicular agenesis: A novel presentation
Authors: Vaze Dhananjay , Hombalkar N. N. , Dhandore Priya 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTGastroschisis is associated with intestinal atresia and malrotation. A few cases have been reported of appendicular agenesis associated with gastroschisis. No previous case has been reported of cecal agenesis with gastroschisis in the literature. As cecal agenesis is a very rare anomaly, its concomitant presentation with gastroschisis is extremely rare. We report a case of gastroschisis associated with ceco‐appendicular agenesis. The possible embryological explanation for the presentation is discussed.
Renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury: possible role of aquaporins
Authors: Hussein A.‐A. M. , El‐Dken Z. H. , Barakat N. , Abol‐Enein H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractRenal ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common problem that occurs when blood flow is interrupted to the kidney in case of kidney transplantation, aortic cross‐clamping and shock with subsequent resuscitation. Renal I/R injury is a complex conditions which includes the onset of an inflammatory process, which is associated with impairment of concentrating ability of the kidney and impairment of solute transport. Characteristically, renal I/R injury is associated with marked reduction in the protein expression of renal aquaporins (AQPs) mainly (AQP1, AQP2 and AQP3), and solute transporters were observed in this condition and could account for the impaired urinary concentration that observed in this condition. Recently, many agents were tested for a possible protective effect against this insult such as erythropoietin (EPO), α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) and α‐lipoic acid which were proved to prevent downregulation of AQPs and solute transporters. The aim of this short review is to outline the potential pathophysiological role of AQPs in renal I/R injury and to put a spotlight on the modulation of renal functions impairment in renal ischaemia by new drugs that prevent downregulation of AQPs.