bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On some British Larval Cestodes from Land and Fresh-water Invertebrate Hosts
Authors: Harper W. F. 
Published: June 2009

Ten larval Cestodes, eight from aquatic and two from terrestrial hosts, have been described. Of these, eight species are new, and in the case of Cysticercus “A,” both larva and adult are new. By direct animal experiment the life-histories of three forms have been definitely established, while by careful comparison of the hooks of the scolex two larvae have been related to known adults. Cysticercus Hymenolepidis setigerae, previously recorded only from Copepods, is described here from an Ostracod host.Effect of the parasite on the host. It is difficult to estimate the effect of Cestode larvae parasitic in Invertebrata, especially in the smaller forms such as the Entomostraca. In the latter, I have found that the intestine and musculature suffer most, and that the reproductive organs remain unattacked. The same remarks also hold for Oligochaete hosts. Dady (1901) considers that the influence of these cystic stages on their hosts is considerable, particularly on the musculature, sexual organs and intestine, and that death of the host may follow. Lindner (1921) states that little or no harm is done to Ostracods by the presence of tapeworm larvae, and also that the ovary of the female remains unattacked. The same author considers that, among the Entomostraca, destruction of the intestine occurs only in Copepods, the body cavity of Ostracods being so roomy that a harming of the intestine by growth of the parasite is unlikely. Schmidt (1894) finds that for Cysticercus Hymenolepidis anatinae, the host, Cypris ovata, was not particularly affected.
The Oscinidae (Diptera) as Vectors of Conjunctivitis, and the Anatomy of their Mouth Parts
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S. 
Published: June 2009

Some species of very small flies belonging to the family Oscinidae have been accused of transmitting conjunctivitis and other diseases in different parts of the world.In the first part of this paper some of the evidence apparently incriminating these flies is quoted, and in the second part an account is given of the anatomy of the mouth parts, which appear to be so modified that the flies are likely to cause minute punctures when they feed on the delicate conjunctival epithelium or on recent wounds.
On the Correlation of the Life-history of the Acephaline Gregarine, Gonospora, with the Sexual Cycle of its Host
Authors: Hentschel C. C. 
Published: June 2009

1. In general there is a correlation between the life-history of Gonospora arenicolae and the sexual cycle of its host, Arenicola ecaudata, similar to that between G. varia and Audouinia tentaculata.2. In the species under consideration the correlation is not so definite and the life-history of a generation of parasites does not necessarily coincide with a sexual cycle of the host. This is complicated by the double annual spawning of the host.3. The formation of sporocysts is simultaneous with the sexual maturity of the worm.4. It is suggested that, as in Audouinia, a secretion produced by the gonads stimulates the development of the gregarine.5. The ejection of the sporocysts with the gametes was observed.6. It is suggested that phagocytosis may be the cause of the rupture of the gametocysts in this species.
The Action of Certain Drugs and Chemicals onBalantidium coliMalm. in Cultures
Authors: Jameson A. Pringle 
Published: June 2009

1.In vitrowork on intestinal protozoa, employing the latest culture methods, seems to approach very closely to the normal conditions in the gut of the host.2.Balantidium coliis readily cultivated in a medium composed of an inspissated horse-serum slope covered with Ringer's solution to which egg-albumen and starch are added.3. Tested in this medium ipecacuanha and its alkaloids emetine and cephaeline show a considerable degree of toxicity.4.Isoemetine, methylpsychotrine and demethoxyemetine are not toxic.5. Arsenic compounds are not very toxic, atoxyl being the most toxic of those tried and stovarsol hardly at all toxic.6. Colloidal silver compounds are at best feebly toxic.7. Quinine is very feebly toxic.8. There is evidence of a distinct correspondence betweenB. coliandE. histolyticain their reaction to certain drugs.
The American Swallow Bug, Oeciacus vicarius Horvath (Hemiptera, Cimicidae)
Authors: Myers L. Emery 
Published: June 2009

The swallow bug, Oeciacus vicarius Horvath, is of common occurrence in North America, chiefly, if not entirely, upon the cliff swallows, Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say); it has been recorded from the barn swallow, probably in error.It appears to be really distinct from the European swallow bug, Oeciacus hirundinis (Linnacus).The habits, structure, and specific characters of the bug do not seem to have been adequately studied hitherto.This paper deals with the external structure of the bug and of such of its biology as could be worked out under the handicap that its natural host could not be kept in captivity.The bugs attack man readily, but do not appear to adapt themselves readily to living upon man or in his dwellings.
The incidence of larval trematodes in males and females of the gastropod Littorina neritoides (L.) on the Plymouth Breakwater
Authors: Lysaght Averil M. 
Published: June 2009

Females of Littorina obesa, L. scabra and L. littorea have been shown by other workers to grow more rapidly than the males so that they predominate in the larger size groups. They are significantly more numerous than the males among the larger specimens of L. neritoides on the Plymouth Breakwater.More male than female snails are infected by a larval trematode, Metacercaria A, when it occurs alone, and the percentage infection falls when the proportion of males falls. A second larval trematode, Cercaria B, infects more female snails than males. Infections with this species alone remain consistently low, but where it occurs in the same snails as Metacercaria A the percentage infection rises rapidly, that is, in the larger size groups of the snails where the females predominate. Females infected by Cercaria B appear then to be attractive to the metacercariae.Evidence is given to show that it is extremely unlikely that these large female snails were originally males in which sex reversal has occurred.This different intensity of infection of the sexes of L. neritoides is considered to be primarily responsible for the shapes of the curves when infection is plotted against size, and it does not appear likely that primary infections with larval trematodes cause acceleration of the growth rate in this species.It is thought that ecological factors on the breakwater are likely to be the chief causes of the large size attained there by L. neritoides.
The ecology of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus L. Distribution of the tick on hill pasture
Authors: Milne A. 
Published: June 2009

Further details of tick distribution (Ixodes ricinus L.) on the pastures of a typical hill farm are given.Sheep paths (tracks) and their borders have tick populations similar in density to that of the general pasture.Sheep lairs (night resting places) have significantly lower nymphal densities than the general pasture. With males and females, though the difference is in the same direction, it is less well marked.On the typical hill, the vegetation layer generally becomes thinner, and nymphal density decreases, with altitude. The case is not so clear with males and females. Provided vegetation conditions are suitable (i.e. sufficiently thick), altitude has no limiting effect on nymphal density distribution within the levels studied. Tick density distribution is therefore a function of vegetation conditions, the latter usually being affected by altitude.Distribution of ticks on apparently uniform areas of vegetation is studied. Sampling methods are discussed. Probably no more than twelve nymphs per square yard of ground are present on the average in heavily infested pasture. The numbers of nymphs per 100 sq. yd. differed significantly. The number per acre (approx.) also differed significantly in rather more than half the cases observed. Larger areaunits within uniform stretches of pasture probably carry similar numbers of ticks.Practical applications of the findings to the study of tick control are indicated.Thanks are due to Dr V. B. Wigglesworth, F.R.S., Director, Agricultural Research Council Unit of Insect Physiology; Dr A. E. Cameron, Edinburgh University; and Captain the Hon. Claud Lambton, on whose farm the work was carried out.
Tomato black-ring: a new virus disease
Authors: Smith Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2009

A new virus disease of tomatoes is described for which the name tomato black-ring is suggested. The host range of the virus is wide but no insect vector has yet been identified. The longevity in vitro of the virus is 7 days or longer, the thermal inactivation point is about 58° C. and the concentration of the virus in the host plant is low. Tomato black-ring is essentially a disease of young plants which rapidly lose their symptoms if they survive the severe initial infection. The virus is carried without symptoms by a large number of miscellaneous plants.Note added in proof. In a private communication Kassanis has pointed out that the tomato black ring virus produces enations on the undersides of the leaves of cucumber. The writer has confirmed this but finds that the enations develop only in the greenhouse type of cucumber, never on the outdoor or ridge variety. The enations do not seem to develop under winter conditions.The writer's best thanks are due to Miss Margaret Short for her assistance in this work and to Dr Roy Markham for taking the photographs.
Testing arecoline hydrobromide as an anthelminthic for hydatid worms in dogs
Authors: Batham E. J. 
Published: June 2009

Arecoline hydrobromide was tested for its efficiency in causing dogs to purge and in removing hydatid worms by infecting, dosing and autopsying 157 dogs. Doses were given by mouth in water at various rates, by mouth in meat, and by subcutaneous injection.The tabulated results indicate that the median efficiency of hydatid-worm removal, with doses of or above grain/10 lb. weight, are 95% or more. Dosing in meat is almost equally efficient but the action is slower, taking usually over 1 hr. instead of 15–30 min. Injections of arecoline caused purgation but not worm removal. Increasing the dosage rate above grain/10 lb. body weight increased the proportion of dogs that vomited and caused convulsions in some, but did not markedly increase efficiency in worm removal. The dose recommended for general use is grain/10 lb. body weight; though half or double this dose is about equally suitable. None of the dogs tested was killed by arecoline.Repeated doses were given to see how many were required to ‘clear‘ a dog. Dogs usually gave negative results after three doses that caused purging.Arecoline showed a similar high degree of efficiency against Taenia species and Dipylidium; usually removed about half the Toxocara specimens present, and had no significant effect against hookworms.Solutions of arecoline were tested in vitro on isolated Taenia segments arranged to record. Solutions of 0.001% or more in Ringer's solution almost invariably caused extreme relaxation of the segment, its normal rhythmical contractions ceasing. The segments were not killed.Arecoline hydrobromide appears to exert its anthelminthic action: first, by causing the muscles of cestodes to relax, so that the hold on the host's intestine is lost; secondly, by causing the host to purge, so that the detached worms are removed from the host's body.The writer wishes to thank Sir Louis Barnett, Dr Hercus and other members of the Hydatid Committee for their interest and support. She especially thanks Miss D. Medley, Hydatid Assistant, who has carried out the heavy share of the infecting of dogs and handling of faeces. Thanks are also given to Mr L. K. Whitten, Agricultural Parasitologist, for technical advice; to Mr Grimmett, for analysing arecoline-content of pills; and to the various members of the Medical School staff who have given helpful advice.
Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates in the Philadelphia Zoological Garden and Vicinity
Authors: Canavan William P. N. 
Published: June 2009

Emended descriptions of the female ofAscaridia hermaphrodita(Froelich 1789) and of the male ofWellcomia evoluta(Linstow 1899) are given. The female ofA. hermaphroditais described in full as a description of it does not appear in the literature. Several corrections are made of errors found in descriptions. Especially noticeable is the illustration of the male tail ofW. evolutaby Yorke and Maplestone (1926), p. 197, (fig. 131 E) which they wrongly label “Posterior extremity of female (After Hall).”Further evidence is furnished upon the probable life-cycle of a species of the genus Eustrongylides in showing that pre-adult stages ofE. wenrichiCanavan 1929 have been found encysted in a fish, as well as in a frog and amphiuma (“Congo eel”); the adults of the worm were found in a Canadian goose. Thus confirming Jaegerskiöld in his opinion that fish are the intermediate host and fish-eating aquatic birds are the final hosts of the genus.Superparasitism is shown to be of fairly common occurrence. Numerous records of new hosts are mentioned. Three worms that previously were found and described by the writer as new were found again. In each case they were encountered in new but closely related hosts to those in which they were previously found.There are five new species and one new genus described and illustrated in this paper (II):Pharyngostrongylus brevissp. nov. from a Bernard's kangaroo,Phascolostrongylus turleyigen. et sp. nov. from a common wombat.Oesophagostomum vigintimembrumsp. nov. from an Arabian camel,Ascaris hippopotamisp. nov. from a hippopotamus andDiplotriaena bifidussp. nov. from both blue-bearded and pileated jays.Finally, there are 209 determinations of 39 genera and 69 species, including new ones, from 181 hosts involving 94 different host species.
Some more Remarkable Cestodes from Amazon Siluroid Fish
Authors: Woodland W. N. F. 
Published: June 2009

A second species of the genusEndorchisis described—E. mandubé;also new species of the rare generaMonticellia, AmphoteromorphusandNomimoscolex, viz.Monticellia piracatinga, M. rugosa, Amphoteromorphus parkarmoo, Nomimoscolex piracatingaandN. kaparari.A new genusManaosiais created to contain the anomalous speciesM. braço de moça.Proteocephalus lenhabecomesNomimoscolex lenha.The speciesSpatulifer surubim, originally described by me asPeltidocotyle rugosaand later referred to the Amphilaphorchidinae, is now regarded as a species of the Monticelliinae.The eight known species of the Monticelliinae are all referred to the single genusMonticellia, since, differences in vitellaria distribution not corresponding to differences of scolex form, the only alternative is to create an unnecessary number of genera. The generaGoezeellaFuhrmann andSpatuliferWoodland are thus regarded as superfluous.“Ephedrocephalus” lobosusis removed from the Ephedrocephalinae (which retains its single speciesE. microcephalus) and, with the two species of“Amphilaphorchis”recently described by me, is placed in Fuhrmann's genusRudolphiella, now re-established, in the subfamily Rudolphiellinae, thus replacing the Amphilaphorchidinae.The complete list of known subfamilies, genera and species of the Proteocephalidae described from the Amazon, amended in accordance with the above conclusions, has been published in my last paper on the subject (Woodland, 1935).
The Perispiracular Glands of Mosquito Larvae
Authors: Keilin D. , Tate P. , Vincent M. 
Published: June 2009

1. Perispiracular glands are present in the larvae ofAnophelesandCulex.2. These glands secrete an oily substance which is responsible for the hydrofuge properties of the spiracular region of mosquito larvae.3. The differential wetting of the spiracular region and the action of oil on mosquito larvae depend on the presence of this oily secretion.
The Structure and Taxonomic Position ofMegasolena estrixLinton 1910 (Trematoda) with Notes on Related Trematodes
Authors: Manter H. W. 
Published: June 2009

1.Megasolena estrixLinton 1910 has been incorrectly classified in the Allocreadiidae.2. The possession of two pairs of longitudinal lymph vessels, a remarkable hermaphroditic sac as well as other minor characters indicate relationship to the Paramphistomidae.3.HapladenaLinton 1910 possesses these same characters and is considered related toMegasolena.4. These characters are considered to be of more fundamental taxonomic value than the position of the acetabulum.5. A new subfamily, Megasoleninae, of the family Opistholebetidae is named and described.
Two Strains of Streak: A Virus Affecting the Tomato Plant
Authors: Smith Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2009

The symptoms produced by a green strain of tomato streak virus 1 upon a variety of Solanaceous plants are described. A yellow variant of the streak virus which appears to have arisen during the culturing of the green strain is also described. This variant produces local yellow spots upon all inoculated leaves of White Burley tobacco.Healthy tobacco plants have been infected with the green strain of the streak virus by spraying them with a virus suspension from an atomiser.The behaviour of the green and yellow virus strains when, co-existing in the tobacco plant is discussed.Filtration through graded collodion membranes shows that the two strains have different filtration end-points and that therefore they can be separated by this means. The difference in filterability is considered to be a quantitative effect and cannot yet be assigned to difference in particle size.Immunity tests have shown that a complete cross-immunity exists between the green and yellow strains of streak themselves, between them and two other strains of streak which produce local lesions and between the green and yellow strains and tobacco virus 1. No immunity was found between the streak viruses and those of tobacco necrosis, tobacco ringspot, tomato spotted wilt and potato virus X.The yellow strain of streak produced local yellow spots on mature leaves of White Burley tobacco. This suggests that the chlorophyll is actually attacked by the virus, and that the formation of the chlorotic spots is not due merely to the inhibition of plastid formation by the virus.
A new record of Plasmodium ovale (Stephens, 1922)
Authors: Lewis Webb J. , Hervel J. E. 
Published: June 2009

1. Malaria parasites of the Plasmodium ovale type are recorded from Mauritius.2. The chief differential characters between P. vivax and P. ovale are given.3. Stress is laid on the difficulty of correctly diagnosing such an infection using the thick smear method.
Some more myxosporidia observed in Canadian fishes
Authors: Fantham H. B. , Porter Annie , Richardson L. R. 
Published: June 2009

Seven species of marine fishes and three of fresh or brackish water Canadian fishes have yielded new or known Myxosporidia. The marine fishes were from St Andrews, New Brunswick and Halifax, Nova Scotia, places 250–275 miles apart by sea, and from the Labrador coast. The brackish and freshwater fishes were obtained in Montreal and the Salmon River, Nova Scotia.Descriptions and illustrations are given of the morphology of five new species of Myxosporidia: Ceratomyxa urophysis, Myxoproteus myoxocephali, Myxidium myoxocephali, Myxosoma diaphana and Henneguya amiae.Chloromyxum leydigi Mingazzini, C. granulosum Davis, Myxidium lieberkuhni Bütschli, Myxidium gadi Georgévitch and Zschokkella hildae Auerbach are recorded from new piscine hosts in Canada.Some effects of the Myxosporidian infections, both macroscopic and microscopic, on their hosts are considered. Comparison of the effects of similar infections of Myxosporidia on allied fishes in Normandy and Eastern Canada has shown a general similarity between them.The economic importance of some Myxosporidian infections of the edible fish examined is shown by parasitism of the cod, haddock and sculpin. Amia calva is also used for food in Montreal. The possibility of edible fishes acquiring Myxosporidian infections by way of their food is noted, with reference to the host-specificity of the Myxosporidia of Fundulus heteroclitus described by Bond.The influence of environment on and powers of adaptation to different habitats exhibited by certain Myxosporidia is discussed.Some remarks are made on the zoogeographical distribution of certain Myxosporidia and their piscine hosts.
The parasitology of human scabies
Authors: Johnson C. G. , Mellanby Kenneth 
Published: June 2009

1. An analysis has been made of the numbers and location of adult female Sarcoptes scabiei found on 886 men suffering from scabies2. The average number of mites per man was 11·3. 52% of the cases had under six mites and only 3·6% over fifty.3. 63% of the mites were found on the hands and wrists, 10·9% on the elbows, 9·2% on the feet, 8·4% on the genitals and 4% on the buttocks.4. So-called ‘severe’ cases of scabies, showing widespread clinical symptoms, may have very few parasites, whereas cases with few symptoms may have large mite populations.
The ecology of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus L. The infestations of hill sheep
Authors: Milne A. 
Published: June 2009

In general, female ticks infest the hairy areas of sheep: head and legs; the (comparatively) bare areas: axillary and inguinal; and certain woolled areas: chiefly the short-woolled margins of the hairy and bare areas; they do not attach in the long wool of withers, back, rump and flanks.More female ticks attach on the head than on the axillary region, and more on the axillary than on the inguinal region, obviously on the principle: first come best served.Different tick stages tend to attach in different zones of the same regions; two theories are put forward to account for this.On a hill pasture where the main tick activity occurs in spring only, the average totals of female ticks carried per annum by ewe, hogg and lamb were in the proportions 8:6: 1. Host size is thought to be the chief governing factor.Under existing British hill pastoral conditions, the upper limits to female tick infestation appear to be of the following order: average spring peak total count per ewe reaches 100–150, with extreme individual limit about 300; and about five times as many ticks are carried per ewe over the entire spring season.On heavily infested hill pasture, stocked at one sheep to 1–5 acres, typical flocks feed from 100 to 600 female ticks per acre per annum. The densest sheep stocking results in the highest tick density.For every one female tick, about eight nymphs were fed by sheep in one season.The better the condition of a sheep, the less bare of wool and apparently (to touch and sight only) the more greasy, and the lower the tick infestation.In any age group of sheep on one grazing, there is considerable range in weekly infestation weights but individuals tend to keep their relative positions consistently in this range. Sheep differing markedly in their infestation weights show a remarkable lack of difference in the majority of physical and physiological characteristics of body form and body surface. (Fleece humidity was omitted from study.) Notably, there is no indication of significant differences in fleece greasiness. Apparently only two characteristics go with the lighter infestations in Blackfaced sheep. These are coarser fleece hair and less clearance between fleece tips and ground, having doubtful and minor effects respectively.The most important factor in individual differences of infestation within an age group is very probably individual activity, i.e. the more ground covered in unit time, the more ticks picked up.