bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preharvest Desiccation of Grain Sorghum with Glyphosate1
Authors: Bovey R. W. , Miller F. R. , Baur J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe need for an effective and nontoxic preharvest desiccant for grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) has been recognized for many years. Studies were conducted to compare glyphosate [(N‐phosphonomethyl) glycine] to sodium chlorate and paraquat (1,1'‐dimethyl‐4,4'‐bipyridinium ion) on hybrids RS 626 and Tophand. Glyphosate was more effective than sodium chlorate or paraquat in reducing grain, leaf, and stem moisture content. Glyphosate reduced grain moisture content to 13% or lower within 1 week after treatment from original grain moisture content of 20, 30 or 40%. Glyphosate prevented growth of axillary buds of grain sorghum and killed all established johnsongrass and Coloradograss in treated agreas. Lodging of grain sorghum was insignificant for 3 weeks following glyphosate treatment, despite heavy rainfall and high wind velocity. Germination of treated grain was not affected by glyphosate at rates of 0.56 and 1.12 kg/ha. The low mammalian toxicity and the absence of phytotoxicity from soil residue suggests that glyphosate may be a valuable preharvest grain sorghum desiccant.
Performance of Selected Silage and Summer Annual Grass Crops as Affected by Soil Type, Planting Date, and Moisture Regime1
Authors: Fribourg H. A. , Bryan W. E. , Bell F. F. , Buntley G. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn order to better understand the relative performance of forages grown on soils of different characteristics, field experiments were conducted over a period of 5 years on two soils at each of six locations to determine the effects of soil mapping unit and climatic differences on the silage yield and grain content of corn (Zea mays L.) and grain and forage sorghums (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and on the forage production of a sorghum‐sudangrass hybrid (S. bicolor) and of pearmillet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum). The soils at each location were selected for their differences in moisture supplying capacity. Climatic differences were obtained by location effects, planting dates, and irrigation. The 82 location‐treatment‐year conditions studied pointed to the dependence of yields of corn, grain and forage sorghums, and pearlmillet on soil and climatic environments. Higher yields resulted from the soil with the more desirable moistureholding characteristics in the “pair” at each location. Total silage stage dry matter production and grain content were usually higher from early plantings than from those made 5 to 6 weeks later; conversely, delay in planting resulted in relatively more green‐chop sorghum and pearlmillet dry matter production after August 1 than early plantings. Irrigation generally resulted in higher corn, grain and forage sorghum silage yields than natural rainfall alone, but it did not affect substantially production of green‐chopped sorghum and pearlmillet, illustrating the greater tolerance of these two crops to moisture stress. These results clearly indicate the interdependence of forage production with land selection.
Skip‐row Planting of Pima Cotton1
Authors: Kittock D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrowers have been planting American Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) in skip‐row patterns without supportive research data on skip‐row effects on yield and quality of Pima cotton. The purpose of this research was to obtain such data on skip‐row planting for Pima cotton. Pima cotton was grown under irrigation in five skip‐row patterns in randomized blocks in each of 5 years. All skip‐row patterns increased lint yields on a planted‐area basis as compared to solid planted. Skipping single rows increased lint yield of a two‐row strip 20%. Skipping two rows increased lint yield an additional 8%. In plant‐6‐skip‐2 pattern, lint yield of outside rows was increased 28% over that of the center two rows. The second rows from the outside had 5% increase in lint yield. A tall cultivar benefited more from skip‐row than did a short cultivar. Skip‐row effect on outside rows was greater during years of high lint yield than during years of low yield (r = 0.90). In these tests the skip‐row yield increases were about 60% of those reported on Upland cotton (G. hirsutum L.). Outside rows and single rows had lower gin turn‐out, more trash in lint, and slightly higher lint percent. Skip‐row patterns had no effect on fiber quality.
Yield Potential of Soybean as Related to Soil Compaction Induced by Farm Traffic1
Authors: Nelson W. E. , Rahi G. S. , Reeves L. Z. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInjudicious traffic on the farm causes undesirable compaction of the soil, that might result in appreciable reduction in the yield of crops. The present studies were conducted for 3 years (1970 to 1972) on a Norfolk sandy loam soil (Typic Ochrult) to evaluate the effect of tractor traffic on the yield performance of soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr. ‘Bragg’]. There were five traffic combinations comprising zero, four, and eight tractor passes made on the outside only, and on both sides of a set of two 1.1 m wide plant rows. These combinations, 0‐0‐0, 4‐0‐4, 4‐4‐4, 8‐0‐8, and 8‐8‐8, were replicated three times. In the control plots (0‐0‐0), the distance between the tractor tire path and the outside of the plant row was maintained to a minimum of 38 cm. Penetration resistance indices and soil moisture content at different depths, development of root system, and the yield of soybean were determined during each crop season. Four and eight passes made either on the outside or both sides of the plant rows compacted the soil considerably, which seemed to affect the availability of soil moisture and the yield of soybean adversely. The plants in the control plots apparently made better utilization of soil moisture. This was evidenced by more developed and extensive root system, and higher yields of the soybean.
Seed Treatment of Mojave Desert Shrubs1
Authors: Graves Walter L. , Kay Burgess L. , Williams William A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation is needed for revegetation of barren scars left from destruction of native shrubs by recreational vehicles and right‐of‐way clearance. Numerous seed treatments were tested for improvement of field establishment of Mojave Desert shrubs and reduction of establishment costs.Scarification, 4‐hour 60 C and 80 C dry heat, stratification, activated carbon, 3‐hour and 15‐hour soaking, 100 ppm and 1,000 ppm ethylene, hot water (5 min), 0.5 and 6% sodium hypochlorite, 3% thiourea, and 6% hydrogen peroxide were used on the following species considered promising for revegetation: 1) Larrea divaricata Cav., 2) Atriplex polyycarpa (Torr.) Wats., 3) Atriplex canescens (Pursh.) Hutt., 4) Hymenoclea salsola T. & C., 5) Ephedra nevadensis Wats., 6) Ambrosia dumosa (Gray) Payne Franseria dumosa), and 7) Lepidospartum squamatum Gray.Activated carbon was the most effective treatment in improving fruit germination on 5 of 6 species tested (spp. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6). Stratification was effective on improving the germination of 3 of 6 species (spp. 2, 3, 6). Thiourea (3%) was effective in improving the germination of both the carpels and seeds of Larrea divayicata, The 15‐hour soaking, 100 ppm ethylene, 4‐hour 60 C, and scarification treatments improved the germination of only one species each. Treatments having no effect on germination were 3‐hour soaking, 6% hydrogen peroxide, and 1,000 ppm ethylene. The 4‐hour 80 C dry heat depressed the germination of 5 of the 7 species and 6% sodium hypochlorite depressed the germination on all species tested. Hot water (5 min) killed the embryos on all species tested.
Minimal Herbicide Treatments on the Establishment of Four Turfgrasses1
Authors: Johnson B. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEstablishment of newly planted grasses for turf is influenced by weed competition. Since herbicides may reduce weed competition during the establishment period, an experiment was initiated to determine the effects of minimal vs. no herbicide treatment during the establishment of four turfgrass varieties and species. Herbicides as preemergence treatments were applied immediately after sprigging to centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hacck.], ‘Emerald’ zoysia (Zoysia japonica × Zoysia tenuifolia Willd. ex Trin.), ‘Tifway’ and ‘Floraturf’ bermudagrasses (Cynodon sp.) in May and again the following March for experiments initiated in 1972 and 1973. The soil type was a Cecil sandy clay loam (Typic Hapludult). With the exception of Emerald zoysia, all turfgrasses grew well in untreated plots and competed successfully with the weeds after two growing seasons. Bensulide [0,0‐diisopropyl phosphorodithioate S‐ester with JV‐(2‐mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonarnide] and terbutol (2‐ 6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐p‐tolyl methylcarbamate) generally caused more injury to the different turfgrasses than pronamide [3,5‐dichloro‐N‐(l,l‐dimethyl‐2‐propynyl)benzamide], DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate), or benefin (Nbutyl‐N V‐ethyl‐a,a,a‐trif luoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐p‐toluidine). Bensulide was the only herbicide that satisfactorily controlled grassy weeds during the first growing season both years.
Nitrate Accumulation in Radish as Affected by Nitrapyrin1
Authors: Mills Harry A. , Barker Allen V. , Maynard Donald N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIngestion of NO3‐N in vegetables represents a major source of dietary intake of NO3‐N and is potentially hazardous to human health. Radish (Raphanus sativus L.), when cultured in a NO3‐rich medium accumulates substantial quantities of NO3‐N. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of a nitrification suppressor, 2‐chloro‐6‐(trichloromethyl)pyridine (nitrapyrin), on NO3‐N accumulation in radish plants. In one study, ‘Cherry Belle’ radish was grown in pot culture under greenhouse conditions and was fertilized with KNO3 or (NH4)2SO4 to provide 0, 200, 400, 600, or 800 mg N/pot of soil (1 kg) in a factorial arrangement with pH 6.5 and pH 7.5 and with no nitrapyrin and 50 mg nitrapyrin/pot. In a second study, the same cultivar was grown with 400 mg N/pot, an amount shown to be optimum for growth in the first study, and with nitrapyrin applications of 0, 5, 10, or 50 mg/pot.Nitrate accumulation in the plants was less with (NH4)2SO4, fertilization than with KNO3 fertilization, and all nitrapyrin applications essentially eliminated the accumulation in both roots and shoots. Total N concentrations of shoots were significantly greater with NH4‐N than with NO3‐N nutrition although total N in roots was unaffected by N treatment. Shoot growth was greatest with NH4‐N nutrition, but root growth was restricted by NH4‐N nutrition relative to NO3‐N nutrition. Nitrapyrin as such had little effect on plant growth but appeared to increase the potential for NH4toxicity. Nitrapyrin caused significantly lower concentrations of NO3‐N in the soil with (NH4)2SO4 fertilization but increased soil NO3‐N levels with KNO3 treatments. Liming the soil had no effect on any of the factors considered in this study.
Chemical Control of Wild Allium Species1
Authors: Hardcastle W. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWild Allium sp. often occur in pastures, lawns, and small grain fields in the Southeastern U.S. They are on the noxious weeds lists of several states in this area. Commonly two or more applications of 2,4‐D [(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] per year for up to 3 years are the current recommended practice for their control. Single applications of glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl) glycine] and 2,4‐D were made in February or April on wild garlic (Allium vineale L.) and wild onion (Allium canadense L.) growing in fields in the Piedmont and Limestone Valley regions of Georgia. Scape counts, 6 and 14 weeks after treatment, indicated that excellent control was obtained from treatments of 4.48 and 6.72 kg/ha glyphosate especially when a surfactant was used. The 2.24 kg/ha treatment rate usually equalled or surpassed the 2,4‐D treatments in control.
Salinity Effects on Nitrogen Use by Wheat Cultivar Sonora 641
Authors: Jadav K. L. , Wallihan E. F. , Sharpless R. G. , Printy Wilma L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe importance of N nutrition to fulfilling the high production potential of some semidwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under irrigation culture raises problems of balance between N and salinity. Inasmuch as growth may be limited in salt affected soils, thereby reducing total N requirement, the usual rates of fertilizer application may be excessive and thus contribute to the salinity problem.This study with ‘Sonora 64’ wheat was done to measure the effects of salinity and stand density on plant growth and grain yield, to estimate N uptake in relation to salinity and the stage of plant development, and to evaluate leaf‐N as a basis for diagnosing the N status of the plant.Plants were grown in sand cultures (pots) in the greenhouse and out of doors. Treatments were factorial combinations of salinity and N supply. Stand densities of 5, 10, and 15 plants/pot were compared. Some comparisons were made with an old line cultivar ‘Ramona 50’ grown simultaneously with the Sonora 64.Depression of grain yield by added chloride salts was caused primarily by reduced tillering, suggesting that significant compensation can be achieved by using higher seeding rates.Data on N concentrations in various plant tissues indicate that total N is not a useful index of N status. At flowering, factors other than N supply controlled tissue N concentrations and, at maturity, total N concentration increased with salinity. At flowering NO3‐N in Y‐leaves correlated well with grain yield but did not reflect levels of N supply under saline conditions.Variations of apparent salinity tolerance associated with differences in plant density 1) indicates that this relationship needs to be included in salinity studies, and 2) raises doubts about the value of pot cultures for the purpose.
Nutrient Uptake by Corn and Grain Sorghum Silage as Affected by Soil Type, Planting Date, and Moisture Regime1
Authors: Fribourg H. A. , Bryan W. E. , Lessman G. M. , Manning D. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFew data have been published on whole‐plant nutrient removal by silage crops as influenced by soil types and species. In order to quantify nutrient removals by corn (Zea mays L.) and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) silage crops, early (30 April‐15 May) and late (2‐12 June) plantings of ‘Funk G‐4831’ corn and ‘AKS 614’ sorghum were grown in 1969 in 34 environments on 12 soil types, two soils at each of six locations in Tennessee. Non‐irrigated plots of the two plantings were grown on all soils, and irrigated plots were added to five of the soils. The corn was harvested for silage when 80 to 90% of the kernels were dented, and grain sorghum when the oldest seeds were in the soft dough stage. Tissue samples were collected and analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Total seasonal uptake was calculated by multiplying percent composition of each element by dry matter yield/ha. Corn silage yields ranged from about 6 to 28 metric tons/ha, and sorghum silage yields ranged from about 7 to 18 metric tons/ha. Nutrient uptake generally increased linearly with yield. Mean total uptake of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were, for corn silage, 192, 28, 144, 39, and 37 kg/ha; and, for grain sorghum silage, 169, 26, 143, 40, and 35 kg/ha, respectively.
Quantity and Quality of Triticale Forage Compared to other Small Grains1
Authors: Brown A. R. , Almodares A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral triticale cultivars are being used as supplemental wintergrazing in the southeastern United States. This experiment was conducted to provide comparative data on the yield and quality of forage of triticale Triticale hexaploide Lart.), rye (Secale cereale L.), wheat (Trticum aestivum L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.).Triticale cultivars ‘Fasgro 385’ and ‘Fasgro 514’ produced as much forage as ‘Jefferson’ oats and ‘Holley’ wheat during the 1971‐72 season but were inferior to ‘Athens Abruzzi’ and ‘Pennington Wintergrazer 70’ ryes. In the 1973–74 season triticale cultivars ‘Fasgro 131’ and Fasgro 385 produced as much or more forage as the other small grain cultivars except Athens Abbruzzi rye. Triticale cultivars differed considerably in their ability to survive low temperatures (—11.1 C) during the 1971–72 season.Crude protein content of the triticale forage at comparable stages of growth was similar to rye, wheat and oats. The only exceptions to this were Funk's Rosner and Graze Green 70 at the last clipping in 1972. Cell wall content of the triticale cultivars was lower than rye or rye‐wheat mixtures late in the season; however, their CWC was similar to Holley wheat throughout the growing season. Triticale CWC was similar to oats at all harvest dates except the last one in 1974.
Field Performance of Alfalfa Cultivars Resistant and Susceptible to Phytophthora Root Rot1
Authors: Lueschen W. E. , Barnes D. K. , Rabas D. L. , Frosheiser F. I. , Smith D. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBecause phytophthora root rot (PRR) resistant cultivars of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) are new developments, there have not been opportunities to determine what effect PRR resistance may have on forage production in different alfalfa growing areas. This paper presents results from several experiments comparing the performance of PRR susceptible and resistant cultivars grown under a range of environments in Minnesota.Broadcast plots were established in April and May in three different years. Some plots received only natural rainfall; others received an additional period of supplemental sprinkler irrigation during mid‐June each year to simulate a 10 to 14‐day wet period.Natural levels of Phytophthora megasperma Drechs. inoculum were adequate in the soil to cause significant yield losses. PRR resistant cultivars usually out‐yielded susceptible cultivars in plots receiving supplemental irrigation or when natural rainfall was sufficient to induce PRR. The most severe losses occurred during the seedling year. PRR killed seedlings and damaged the normal tap root system of alfalfa. Injured plants usually produced adventitious lateral roots, resulting in a shallow root system. This appeared to make the plants more sensitive to stress, such as drought and frequent harvesting. Resistant cultivars appear to be a feasible method for reducing losses from PRR. A minimum of 60% resistant plants may be necessary in a cultivars to provide an adequate amount of protection under severe PRR conditions.
Comparison of Modified Montmorillonite to Salts and Chelates as Carrier for Micronutrients for Plants: I. Supply of Copper, Zinc, and Manganese1
Authors: Banin Amos , Navrot Jerzy 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to compare the effectiveness of a novel micronutrient fertilizer, modified montmorillonite clay, to the of the conventionally used salts and chelates as carriers of micronutrients to plants. Three elements — Cu, Zn, and Mn — in combination in various rates, and in three forms, as sulphates, EDTA chelates, or attached to montmorillonite clay, were applied to two micronutrient deficient sandy soils. Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were grown under controlled greenhouse conditions in the treated soils. The application of micronutrient elements, in all of the forms used, significantly increased plant yields. In addition, the supply of micronutrients significantly increased the elemental concentrations of the plants. However the highest concentration of elements found in the plants did not always correspond to the highest yields. Generally the lower levels of addition of combined micronutrients improved the growth conditions considerably and the higher ones were less effective. The clay carrier was similar to the expensive chelates and generally more efficient than the salts in element supply and this resulted in better yield responses. The optimal rate of application of the combined elements for dry yield production in tomato plants in the soils studied appeared to be: 0.5 mg Cu, 1.6 mg Zn, and 2.5 mg Mn per kg of soil for the clay and chelate forms and somewhat higher for the salts.
Moisture Conservation Potential with Conservation Tillage Treatments in the Thick Loess Area of Western Iowa1
Authors: Miller E. L. , Shrader W. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMoisture is usually in short supply for production of corn (Zea mays L.) on thick loess derived soils in western Iowa. Practices that conserve moisture should increase crop yields but quantitative data is very scarse. The objectives were to develop a yield response curve for moisture applicable in western Iowa and evaluate the potential effect of conservation tillage systems on corn yields. Computerized modeling techniques were used to develop the yield response curve and to evaluate conservation practices.Moisture stress indices, which were highly correlated with measured corn yields, were used to evaluate the effectiveness of modeled tillage treatments in terms of corn yield. The model budgeted daily soil moisture use based on initial soil moisture measurements, actual weather data, and simulated hydrologic processes. The appropriate hydrologic processes were modified to approximate the tillage system under study. The hydrologic processes assumed most altered by conservation tillage management were surface runoff and surface evaporation in the spring fallow period.The modeled tillage practices were evaluated at three assumed spring soil moisture levels in combination with actual long term weather records. When spring soil moisture levels were at 100% of the plant‐available water capacity (PAWC), tillage practices had little effect on estimated corn yields. At the medium and low spring soil moisture levels, modeled conservation tillage was effective in increasing yield estimates over those obtained with conventional tillage.
Effect of Shade and Fertility on NO3‐N Accumulation, Carbohydrate Content, and Dry Matter Production of Tall Fescue1
Authors: Stritzke J. F. , Croy L. I. , McMurphy W. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrate‐N poisoning is a suspected cause of death among cattle grazing in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) under cloudy or shade conditions. The practice of aerially seeding tall fescue into sprayed brush areas is of special concern since fescue plants grow in shade at times. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of shade and N fertility levels on NO3‐N, carbohydrate content, and tall fescue production. An artificial shade study was designed in which tall fescue and a check forage (wheat, Triticum aestivum L.) were grown in containers at shade levels of 0, 30, 47, 63, 80, and 94%, using Saran shade cloth. Production was measured during three periods of the growing season.Dry matter production of tall fescue increased with some shade. Seedlings did best with 47 and 63% shade. Older plants produced best with 30 and 47% shade! As shade levels increased, there was a reduction in forage production of wheat, and water soluble carbohydrate content of both tall fescue and wheat. More than 63% shade was required to significantly increase NO3‐N content of fescue forage grown with a low level of fertility, whereas only 30% was necessary in high fertility conditions. At 80% shade, fescue forage grown at high fertility showed concentrations of NO3‐N above 9,000 ppm. Levels of NO3‐N in wheat forage were much lower, and no NO3‐N levels above 5,000 ppm were detected.