bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Well Interventions to Comply with the Upgraded Safety Code in a Maturing Field
Authors: Qadmani Marwan Ahmad , Lin Wei 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
During a typical field life of 30–50 years, significant changes occur in standard operating procedures, engineering, technology, standards, regulations, etc. Wells which met industry good practice and the relevant regulatory requirements when constructed can deteriorate over time so that they no longer meet the original requirements. Also as accepted good practice evolves and regulation improves, then wells which met the original requirements fail to meet today's improved requirements.
This is good as it demonstrates that as an industry, we are learning and improving.
The subject field produced since the 1960s, but was shut-in in early 2005 to conserve the driving energy of the reservoir.
However the operator carried out a review of the shut-in wells to evaluate their compliance with current industry well integrity practices and updated regulatory requirements. A major issue was that when originally drilled and completed it was not normal or required to have downhole safety valves.
A field survey was conducted to evaluate the integrity of the wells and the condition of safety barriers. At the same time the reservoir and surface shut-in pressures & fluid level were determined in each of the wellbores. This data formed the basis of a risk assessment, which concluded that a total 25 wells should be worked-over.
The asset team imposed a further requirement that, although the field was currently shut-in, the worked over wells should be available for future field re-development and capable of being produced if required. Consequently the well interventions were programmed and customized for each individual well. The individual well programs was reviewed in conjunction with the location of the wells on the jackets and the location of the jackets in the field. A plan was developed for both rig and rigless interventions. The workover schedule was optimized to carry out batch operations and minimize rig and vessel movements in the field.
The project has been implemented. A total of endangered 25 wells were intervened and integrity restored, in line with current industry practices. The operations were completed with no Loss Time Accidents (LTA) and 84 days ahead of the budgeted time. This case-history paper presents the development background and details of the optimized procedures which were developed and followed to set plugs in wells in an aging field to comply with upgraded safety requirements in the Gulf of Saudi Arabia. The planning and best practices that contributed to the success are detailed and explained.
A Different Approach in Handling Well Control Kick Circulation
Authors: Fan Kai , Akgun Ferda , Iddris Abukari 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This paper presents a different approach in handling well control kick circulation. The existing method is to monitor the drill pipe pressure and manage the choke to hold the bottom hole circulating pressure above formation pressure while circulating the influx out of the annulus. However, this heavily relies on the experience of the personnel particularly if problems occur. In order to circulate a kick out with a safe bottom hole pressure, usually we control chokes by observing stand pipe pressure, which was calculated on a kill sheet. One of the major disadvantage of the existing method is that pressure wave needs a few seconds to travel from the choke which is located near the casing to the stand pipe pressure gauge (say pressure wave travels at 2000ft/s from the choke to standpipe gauge, applying the U-tube model, then the response time required for pressure wave to travel in 10,000ft well would be 10 seconds). In order to avoid this pressure retard we could calculate and monitor the casing pressure on the control panel, and calculate the stand pipe pressure in addition. One of the major advantages of this method is that it enables the choke operator to handle the complicated downhole situation with more accuracy and immediate responds. In addition, this method gives more accurate and timely detection of some of the well control problems such as Nozzle Plugging, Nozzle Washout Drill String Wash out, Choke Plug and Washout, etc. Well control problems such as nozzle and choke washout and plugging may lead to major well control issues if they are not detected timely. This heavily relies on the experience of the personnel. There is a need to detect these problems timely in order to avoid subsequent problems. The suggested method in this paper, presents a techniques that does not rely on the experience of the personnel.
Post-Expansion Characterization of ExpandableTubular: Progress and Challenges
Authors: Pervez T. , Khan R. , Qamar S. Z. , Al-Jahwari F. K. , Sanchez F. J. , Al-Abri B. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Although more than a decade of work is behind the successful use of Solid Expandable Tubular (SET) in oil and gas industry for a wide range of applications, a thorough review of literature indicates that most of the research and development work is based on finding a fit-for-purpose solution for specific field problems.
A significant aspect, which in certain circumstances is not well understood, is the pre and post expansion material and mechanical characterization of SET. Simple analytical and numerical models are developed to estimate the operational parameters like expansion force, length shortening, wall thinning etc., without having an appropriate understanding of material transformation and contact effects, which the tubular experiences during expansion. Although the calculated parameters are not optimum, these have significant effect on SET performance during its operational life in the well. In order to understand the critical mechanical properties and design accordingly, a predictive control of the material characteristics in the deformation process is essential.
The current study is based on the comparison of experimental and simulation results of the expansion process for SET. Experimental work done using expandable tubular test-rig and simulation using finite element analysis has been done on 174.625 mm, 177.8 mm and 182.88 mm inner diameter tubular for expansion ratios varying from 12% to 28%. However, only the results of selected tubular are presented. The results clearly indicate that the maximum expansion ratio is severely limited by the post expansion collapse pressure of the tubular. Simple calculations as well as numerical simulation show that the thickness reduction beyond 13% results in considerable reduction in collapse rating. The microscopic study of the tubular material after burst and fracture zone showed regions of overload, shallow dimples and fine microscopic cracks. The elongated dimples intermingled with fine microscopic voids are reminiscent of localized ductile failure.
These informations will lead to a better understanding of possible SET failure mechanism during its operational life and comprehensive data to manufacturers and scientists to seek improved material with higher ductility while maintaining strength after expansion. A good progress will result in extending the operational envelope of the tubular and its applications.
Managed Pressure Drilling Applications Proves Successful in the Middle East and North Africa Region
Authors: Qutob H. , Vieira P. , Torres F. , Arnone M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
There are no doubts that Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) technology is going to be applied in the near future as the conventional practice to drill what today are defined as un-drillable, hazardous and expensive wells. The several cases analyzed, applications and results obtained in the Middle East and North Africa region are clearly leading to this conclusion.
Managed Pressure Drilling, from the core concept point of view is a collection of drilling optimization techniques that correctly designed, planned and applied will improve the overall drilling performance, mitigate risks and reduce operating costs by proactively managing the hydraulic pressure profile and solving the problems associated with a high Non Productive Time (NPT) commonly experienced in conventional drilling practices. This simple concept is what promotes this technology to be the new standard and conventional drilling practice in the near future.
From the technical point of view, IADC defines MPD as an adaptive drilling process used to precisely control the annular pressure profile throughout the drilled wellbore. The objectives are to ascertain the downhole pressure environment limits and to manage the annular hydraulic pressure profile accordingly, avoiding continuous influx of formation fluids to the surface. Any influx will be early detected, managed and safely contained. MPD may include semi-automatic or full automatic control of annular backpressure, fluid density, fluid rheology, annular fluid level, circulating friction, hole geometry or combination thereof. MPD represents the ability to dynamically control annular pressures, optimizing the drilling process facilitating what might otherwise be economically unattainable prospects.
This paper summarizes the process used to visualize the ideal prospects, the conceptual development including re-engineering planning and design phases, the process to implement the technology and the results obtained, lessons learned and the range of opportunities this technology has created in the Middle East and North Africa region from year 2007 to early 2009.
Conceptualizing Community Development: Occupational Therapy Practice at the Intersection of Health Services and Community
Authors: Lauckner Heidi M. , Krupa Terry M. , Paterson Margo L. 
Published: October 2011

Background. Despite occupational therapy's theoretical commitment to community development (CD) approaches, current practice models focus on individual interventions rather than community issues. Purpose. This research examined three cases of Canadian occupational therapists working in CD to conceptualize CD from an occupational therapy perspective. Method. Data collection occurred over 12–14 days at each site and included observations, document reviews, and interviews with 14 colleagues and program participants. Constructivist grounded theory informed data analysis. Findings. A conceptual framework was developed that describes the contextual background to CD initiatives and the strategies used: nurturing community partnerships, building community capacity, influencing health services, and linking sectors. Underlying these strategies was the strategic use of self, which allowed the sharing of power and legitimacy to create opportunities for meaningful occupational engagement. Implications. The conceptual framework helps articulate CD's underlying processes and can be used to understand and guide practice.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Bone Fractures
Authors: Monami Matteo , Dicembrini Ilaria , Antenore Alessandro , Mannucci Edoardo 
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE
Thiazolidinediones and insulin are associated with a higher risk of fractures in type 2 diabetic patients. Incretin hormones increase bone density in experimental models, but the effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors on bone fractures has not been reported so far.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A meta-analysis was performed including all randomized clinical trials with a duration of at least 24 weeks, enrolling patients with type 2 diabetes, comparing DPP-4 inhibitors with placebo or active drugs.

RESULTS
Twenty-eight trials enrolling 11,880 and 9,175 patients for DPP-4 inhibitors and comparators, respectively, were included, reporting 63 fractures. DPP-4 inhibitors, compared with placebo or other treatments, were associated with a reduced risk of fractures (Mantel–Haenszel odds ratio [MH-OR] 0.60, 95% CI 0.37–0.99, P = 0.045), even after the exclusion of comparisons with thiazolidinediones or sulfonylureas (MH-OR 0.56, 0.33–0.93, P = 0.026).

CONCLUSIONS
The present meta-analysis suggests that treatment with DPP-4 inhibitors could be associated with a reduced risk of bone fractures.
Effects of acepromazine maleate or morphine on tear production before, during, and after sevoflurane anesthesia in dogs
Authors: Mouney Meredith C. , Accola Peter J. , Cremer Jeannette , Shepard Molly K. , Rodriguez Guarin Carolina , Hofmeister Erik H. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the effects of acepromazine maleate and morphine on aqueous tear production before, during, and after sevoflurane anesthesia in dogs.
Animals—6 mixed-breed dogs.
Procedures—In a Latin square study design, dogs underwent IM administration of morphine (1 mg/kg), acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg), or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (0.05 mL/kg), followed by induction and maintenance of anesthesia with sevoflurane for 30 minutes. The protocol was repeated until all dogs had received all treatments, with a minimum of 7 days between anesthetic episodes. Aqueous tear production was measured via Schirmer tear test I before treatment (baseline); before anesthetic induction; 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after anesthetic induction; immediately once dogs recovered from anesthesia; and 2 and 10 hours after recovery.
Results—Aqueous tear production for all treatments was significantly lower 10, 20, and 30 minutes (but not 5 minutes) after anesthetic induction than at baseline, before anesthetic induction, at recovery, and 2 and 10 hours after recovery. Aqueous tear production was significantly higher after saline solution administration than after morphine administration at the preinduction measurement point and 2 hours after recovery. No other differences were detected among the 3 treatments.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Aqueous tear production after anesthesia did not differ significantly from baseline values after any treatment following 30 minutes of sevoflurane anesthesia, suggesting premedication with morphine or acepromazine does not contribute to a decrease in lacrimation in these circumstances.
Selected cardiopulmonary values and baroreceptor reflex in conscious green iguanas (Iguana iguana)
Authors: Hernandez Sonia M. , Schumacher Juergen , Lewis Stephen J. , Odoi Agricola , Divers Stephen J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective—To determine selected cardiopulmonary values and baroreceptor response in conscious green iguanas (Iguana iguana) and to evaluate the use of blood gas analysis and pulse oximetry in this species.
Animals—15 healthy juvenile green iguanas.
Procedures—Baseline cardiopulmonary values were determined in 15 conscious iguanas breathing room air. Effects of 100% O2 inspiration were also measured (n = 6), and the baroreceptor reflex was characterized by exponential sigmoidal curve fitting analysis.
Results—Conscious iguanas had a mean ± SD resting heart rate of 52 ± 8 beats/min, respiratory rate of 28 ± 6 breaths/min, and systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial blood pressures of 69 ± 10 mm Hg, 62 ± 12 mm Hg, and 56 ± 13 mm Hg, respectively. Mean arterial pH at 37°C was 7.29 ± 0.11, Pao2 was 81 ± 10 mm Hg, and Paco2 was 42 ± 9 mm Hg; corrected for a body temperature of 30°C, mean arterial pH at 37°C was 7.382 ±0.12, Pao2 was 54 ± 15 mm Hg, and Paco2 was 32 ± 7 mm Hg. Inspiration of 100% O2 did not change heart and respiratory rates but increased Pao2 to 486 ± 105 mm Hg (corrected value, 437 ± 96 mm Hg). A baroreceptor reflex was evident, with mean heart rates ranging from 30 ± 3 beats/min to 63 ± 5 beats/min and mean arterial blood pressures ranging from 42 ± 3 mm Hg to 58 ± 3 mm Hg.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—This study provided needed information on cardiopulmonary values in healthy green iguanas, the application and limitation of arterial and venous blood gas analysis, and the accuracy of pulse oximetry.
Serologic response to Mannheimia haemolytica in calves concurrently inoculated with inactivated or modified-live preparations of M haemolytica and viral combination vaccines containing modified-live bovine herpesvirus type 1
Authors: Cortese Victor S. , Seeger Jon T. , Stokka Gerald S. , Hunsaker Breck D. , Lardy Gregory P. , Weigel Daniel J. , Brumbaugh Gordon W. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective—To assess the serologic response of calves to inactivated and modified-live (ML) Mannheimia haemolytica (MH) preparations given alone and concurrently with combination viral vaccines containing ML bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1).
Animals—642 calves seronegative for BHV-1.
Procedures—In experiment 1, 192 calves received 1 of 3 MH preparations alone or concurrently received 1 of 3 MH preparations and 1 of 4 combination viral vaccines. In experiment 2, 450 calves received 1 of 4 MH preparations alone or concurrently received 1 of 4 MH preparations and 1 of 5 combination viral vaccines. Pretreatment and posttreatment blood samples were processed to obtain serum, which was analyzed to detect concentrations of antibodies against MH leukotoxin and BHV-1.
Results—In experiment 1, antibody titers against MH leukotoxin in calves receiving MH and ML virus vaccine appeared decreased, albeit nonsignificantly, compared with titers for calves receiving MH preparations alone. In experiment 2, all groups (except for 1) concurrently receiving an MH preparation and viral vaccine had a significant decrease in antibodies against MH leukotoxin. In both experiments, there was a significant decrease in the number of calves responding to MH leukotoxin when ML viral vaccine was coadministered.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Coadministration of ML BHV-1 and MH preparations interfered with the serologic response to MH leukotoxin in calves seronegative for BHV-1. Serologic response to MH leukotoxin may be substantially improved in seronegative calves when MH vaccination is delayed until after calves have received a dose of ML BHV-1 vaccine.
Approximations of the partial derivatives by averaging
Authors: Dalík Josef 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
A straightforward generalization of a classical method of averaging is presented and its essential characteristics are discussed. The method constructs high-order approximations of the l-th partial derivatives of smooth functions u in inner vertices a of conformal simplicial triangulations T of bounded polytopic domains in ℝd for arbitrary d ≥ 2. For any k ≥ l ≥ 1, it uses the interpolants of u in the polynomial Lagrange finite element spaces of degree k on the simplices with vertex a only. The high-order accuracy of the resulting approximations is proved to be a consequence of a certain hypothesis and it is illustrated numerically. The method of averaging studied in [Dalík J., Averaging of directional derivatives in vertices of nonobtuse regular triangulations, Numer. Math., 2010, 116(4), 619–644] provides a solution of this problem in the case d = 2, k = l = 1.
The variational iteration method for solving n-th order fuzzy differential equations
Authors: Jafari Hossein , Saeidy Mohammad , Baleanu Dumitru 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The variational iteration method (VIM) proposed by Ji-Huan He is a new analytical method for solving linear and nonlinear equations. In this paper, the variational iteration method has been applied in solving nth-order fuzzy linear differential equations with fuzzy initial conditions. This method is illustrated by solving several examples.
Analyzing selected risk factors for the development of kidney cancer
Authors: Kollárová Helena , Azeem-Skřejpková Kateřina , Tomášková Hana , Horáková Dagmar , Magnusková Silvie , Janout Vladimír 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine influence of selected lifestyle factors on kidney cancer. The study brings data from two centres of international multicentric hospital-based analytical observational case-control studies. Data were obtained from a group of 300 patients newly diagnosed with kidney cancer (ICD-O-2 code C64) and 335 controls from two centres in the Czech Republic. Results showed that smoking increased OR to 1.09 (95% CI 0.77–1.55) and 1.06 (95% CI 0.73–1.52), but the results were not statistically significant. Obesity (BMI⩾30) created adjusted OR 1.71 (95% CI 1.11–2.66) and 1.44 (95% CI 0.91–2.28), showing a minor, statistically insignificant, effect of obesity on the development of kidney cancer. For hypertension, adjusted OR was 1.73 (95% CI 1.25–2.40), suggesting a minor to moderate effect of hypertension on kidney cancer. The analysis results showed a positive association between hereditary predisposition and the development of kidney cancer with an OR of 1.97 (95% CI 1.41–2.76) and 1.97 (95% CI 1.40–2.77) depending on the model of adjustment. The reasons for the high incidence of kidney cancer are not fully understood. Genetic polymorphisms, together with other lifestyle and environmental factors, are likely to contribute to various rates of kidney cancer incidence throughout the world.
A reburning process using sewage sludge-derived syngas
Authors: Werle Sebastian 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe motivation for this work was to define the reburning potential of sewage sludge (SS) gasification gas (syngas). A numerical simulation of the co-combustion process of syngas in a hard coal-fired boiler was made. All calculations were performed using the Chemkin program and a plug-flow reactor model was used. The calculations were modelled using the GRI-Mech 3.0 mechanism. The highest conversions for nitric oxide (NO) were obtained at temperatures of approximately 1000 K to 1200 K. The highest reduction efficiency was achieved when the molar flow-ratio of the syngas was 15 %. The combustion of hard coal with sewage sludge-derived syngas reduces NO emissions and the amount of coal needed to produce electricity and heat. Furthermore, advanced reburning, a more complex process, achieved an efficiency of up to 80 %. Calculations show that the syngas thus analysed can provide better results.
The epilithon of a cooling tower of the power plant at Bełchatów, Poland
Authors: Hindák František , Wołowski Konrad , Hindáková Alica 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
We studied the diversity of the photosynthetic microscopic epilithon overgrowing the concrete walls of a cooling tower of the power plant at Bełchatów, central Poland. Epilithon samples were collected from the open upper part of concrete walls of a cooling tower in March 2006 and examined in labs as dried material in September 2006, and again in March 2011. The aerophytic assemblages were strongly dominated by a nostocalean cyanobacterium, Scytonema myochrous C. Agardh ex Bornet et Flahault. Other cyanobacteria and algae occurred very sporadically and in low abundance. The trichome morphology of S. myochrous growing directly on the tower differs considerably from that of lab-cultured ones. Trichomes from field material were very long, conspicuously sheathed and dark brown, with relatively sparse ramification and with cylindrical cells and heterocytes. Trichomes cultivated in the laboratory were shorter and thicker, with thin, hyaline sheaths which were not layered; they were frequently ramified, and the cells and heterocytes were discoid. Besides Scytonema myochrous, the first revitalized cyanobacteria growing in laboratory conditions included Nostoc sp., Leptolyngbya gracillima (Zopf ex Hansgirg) Anagnostidis et Komárek, and Gloeothece rupestris (Lyngbye) Bornet in Witrock et Nordstedt.