bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations on sex attraction and mating behaviour of the tsetse flyGlossina morsitans orientalisVanderplank
Authors: Dean G. J. W. , Clements S. A. , Paget J. 
Published: July 2009

Laboratory and field investigations into sex attraction and mating behaviour ofGlossina morsitans orientalisVanderplank have been described. Male flies were not attracted to volatile and soluble compounds from two- to three-day-old mature virgin females, or to virgin females in a simple olfactometer. Removal of antennae from either sex did not appreciably reduce insemination rates after 24–48-h mating periods compared with normal flies. Similar numbers of wild male flies were caught off oxen baited or non-baited with mature virgin females.G. m. orientalisprobably does not produce a pheromone.Male flies appeared to be sexually activated only after movement by the female. Mating success was reduced in the dark and when the male's eyes were painted, but blinding the female fly did not reduce insemination. Mating was similar with or without wings and halteres and the sounds produced by them.Time between pairing the sexes and the start of mating tended to increase, and the percentage of inseminated females accepting two or more matings decreased, after the first copulation. Female flies rarely re-mated within a day. Virgin female flies accepted males passively with partly open wings, and mated females rejected further copulation with closed wings, activity to shake the male off, and primarily a downward-curved abdomen. Virgin female flies mated for periods of 1–45 min did not receive sperm but successfulad libitummating was reduced a day later. Insemination rates decreased with females older than seven days and reached zero 28–83 days after eclosion, while 37-day-old males inseminated 93% of young females.
Examination of the isolated autosomes of the SKA strain of house-flies (Musca domesticaL.) for resistance to several insecticides with and without pretreatment with sesamex and TBTP
Authors: Sawicki R. M. , Farnham A. W. 
Published: July 2009

The factors of resistance to many insecticides were located and isolated in a homozygous condition from the diazinon-selected SKA strain of house-flies (Musca domesticaL.) by inbreeding each of the five autosomes of the SKA strain into a susceptible multi-marker strainac;ar;bwb;ocraSRS. The insecticides were: DDT, methoxychlor, tri-butyl tin, the methoxy and ethoxy analogues of parathion, chlorthion and malathion and their corresponding phosphates, diazinon and diazoxon.The SKA flies' autosomes had the following factors of resistance:—autosome I—very slight resistance to ethyl-chlorthion; autosome II—geneafor low ali-esterase activity which conferred weak to moderate resistance against all organophosphates tested, andDeh(DDT-dehydrochlorinase) which gave great resistance to DDT, but none against methoxychlor; autosome III—Pen, which delayed knock-down by slowing down the entry of insecticides into the flies and had a negligible effect at death except against tri-butyl tin and methoxychlor, and a factor of resistance to Zectran unaffected by sesamex; autosome IV—Dld, the major factor of resistance to dieldrin; and autosome V—Ses, a sesamex-suppressed factor, which gave weak to moderate resistance against ethyl-malaoxon, diazoxon, diazinon, DDT and methoxychlor, but was ineffective against the other organophosphates tested.TBTP (S,S,S tri-butyl phosphorotrithioate), an ali-esterase inhibitor, greatly synergised organophosphates only against insects with genea. Pretreatment with sesamex, an inhibitor of microsomal activity, elicited two types of response: antagonism with most of the thioates, most pronounced in flies with genea, and synergism with the phosphates, especially evident with flies with factorSes. The possible reasons for differences in the response to organophosphates after pretreatment with TBTP or sesamex, and the nature of the resistance factors are discussed. High resistance in SKA flies against organophosphates arises through the interaction of resistance factors which singly give only weak to moderate resistance.
Observations on some possible attractants of tsetse flies (Glossina morsitansWestw. andG. pallidipesAust.)
Authors: Dean G. J. W. , Clements S. A. , Paget J. 
Published: July 2009

Investigations into some possible attractants ofGlossina morsitansWestw. andG. pallidipesAust. have been described. In small cages (8x8x11 in.) under laboratory conditions, flies with painted eyes survived longer than those that were untreated, whilst removing the antennae decreased longevity. Olfactory stimuli were probably more important than vision in orientating a fly towards a static guinea-pig used as a host in a moulded mesh insert into the cage. Field observations indicated that tsetse flies were orientated towards an ox at a distance mainly by vision and few flies found oxen concealed by screens. Olfaction may be used at relatively short distances to find hidden host animals, andG. pallidipesmay respond to smell more readily thanG. morsitans.Tests in the laboratory and small field cages (6 ft3) indicated that tsetse were not attracted to any particular colour (red, yellow, blue) or shade (white, grey, black). However, in the field more flies were caught off a dark ox than a white ox. In the laboratory > 80% of maleG. pallidipesresponded to black light within four hours while withG. morsitansa similar proportion was attracted only after six hours. Responses by both species decreased with blue, red and white light and were least with yellow. In small field cages attraction to black light was reduced and only 20–38·6% of either species were caught by a “flap trap” in 6–13½-h test periods. Tests with either blue or red lights in these field cages trapped less than 9% of the released tsetse flies in similar periods. Field trials with black light indicated that this attractant was ineffective as a sampling technique since very few of a natural population were trapped.
A verandah-trap hut for studying the house-frequenting habits of mosquitoes and for assessing insecticides. IV. The effect of tetramethrin on the behaviour and mortality of Anopheles gambiae Giles
Authors: Smith A. , Chabeda P. I. M. 
Published: July 2009

The effects of tetramethrin on the behaviour and mortality of Anopheles gambiae Giles entering verandah-trap huts have been studied with the assistance of gaschromatographic techniques.Fifty-three to 39% of A. gambiae were deterred from entering a corrugated-iron-roof hut treated indoors with a nominal dosage of 2 gm/m2 tetramethrin active ingredient.Overall mortalities were 53–71% in the first month of application, but fell two to three months after application to 22–46%.The tetramethrin deposit had marked effects on the behaviour of A. gambiae entering treated huts. Feeding was greatly inhibited, 69–90% of the mosquitoes being unfed. Also, as the residual toxicity of the deposit declined, increasingly higher proportions (40–70%) of recently blood-fed A. gambiae left the huts due to the irritant action of the insecticide. The chemical basis of the irritant effect was indicated to the extent that survivors leaving the treated hut showed 9·5–14·0 ng tetramethrin/individual. The minimum lethal dose was indicated by 17·5–21·7 ng/individual picked up by mosquitoes showing delayed mortalities after leaving the treated huts. Mosquitoes that died indoors picked up amounts ranging from 27·0 to 42·3 ng/individual.The effects of tetramethrin on A. gambiae were in general similar to those of DDT and pyrethrum, and differed only in degree.
On the vertical distribution of Phlebotomine sandflies (Dipt., Psychodidae) in British Honduras (Belize)
Authors: Williams Paul 
Published: July 2009

Phlebotomine sandflies were collected simultaneously at ground level, 25 ft and 40 ft in an area of medium bush in British Honduras (Belize).Flies were captured on human bait, with rat-baited oil-traps and with miniature light-traps, and some resting individuals were collected at each level. One species of Brumptomyia França and 18 of Lutzomyia França & Parrot were obtained. Brief notes on some of these species are given.Miniature light-traps provided the widest range of species, were the most satisfactory means for collecting Brumptomyia, L. steatopyga (Fairchild & Hertig) and L. carpenteri (Fairchild & Hertig), and yielded new information on the flight activities of L. deleoni (Fairchild & Hertig) and L. panamensis (Shannon).Most species collected were found to be predominantly arboreal in habit, L. permira (Fairchild & Hertig) and Lutzomyia sp. P being almost exclusively so. Some species (L. panamensis, possibly L. geniculata (Mangabeira) and L. bispinosa (Fairchild & Hertig)) live amongst the foliage but descend to the forest floor to seek blood-meals. A few species (L. steatopyga, L. deleoni and L. olmeca (Vargas & Díaz Nájera)) are active mainly near the ground, though the occasional specimen may be carried much higher.L. olmeca is the principal vector of rodent leishmaniasis in British Honduras. In the present study, no evidence was obtained to incriminate any other species of Phlebotomine as an insect host for Leishmania mexicana, and the mode of transmission of the parasite to man remains obscure.
Calculations of the productivity of Glossina austeni Newst. maintained on goats and on lop-eared rabbits
Authors: Curtis C. F. , Jordan A. M. 
Published: July 2009

Survival and age-specific fecundity rates are given for samples of Glossina austeni Newst. fed on lop-eared rabbits or goats. From these, rm (the innate capacity for increase in numbers) is calculated as being 0·0173 for rabbit-fed and 0·0157 for goat-fed colonies of flies.The outputs available for disposal from stationary colonies maintained on the two hosts are calculated and the predicted effect of killing the surviving breeding females at various ages is indicated. It is concluded that the weekly output of males, depending on the conditions, could be 20–30% of the number of breeding flies that have to be maintained and that for a given output the number of goat-fed flies that would have to be maintained would be 18–20% greater than the number of rabbit-fed flies. Such small differences in productivity would probably be outweighed by considerations of availability and ease of maintenance of host species in relation to local conditions and costs.It is believed that the maximum output for colonies of G. austeni has been approached.
Superparasitism by Collyria calcitrator, Grav
Authors: Salt George 
Published: July 2009

(1) It has been assumed that parasites oviposit in their hosts purely at random, not discriminating between healthy hosts and those already parasitized.(2) Only one Collyria calcitrator can develop in each Cephus pygmaeus so that parasites of this species ovipositing in hosts already parasitized endanger or doom their progeny.(3) 3,761 larvae of Cephus pygmaeus were dissected; 1,049 were unparasitized and 2,712 were parasitized by Collyria calcitrator; 2,195 contained one, 332 two, 98 three, 49 four, 18 five, 7 six, 4 seven, 5 eight, 2 nine, 1 eleven, and 1 sixteen parasites.(4) These observed data do not agree, even when corrected for several factors, with the values to be expected from random distribution of the eggs one at a time.(5) The observed data indicate a degree of discrimination on the part of the ovipositing females.
The original Habitat and Hosts of three major Sugar-cane Pests of Tropical America (Diatraea, Castnia and Tomaspis)
Authors: Myers J. G. 
Published: July 2009

A study has been made of the small moth-borers (Diatraea), the giant mothborer (Castnia), and the froghopper (Tomaspis) of sugar-cane, in their respective primitive environments, primarily with a view to finding new parasites for them and secondarily to obtain light on their ecology under agricultural conditions.The original hosts of Diatraea saccharalis are shown to be certain aquatic and semi-aquatic grasses growing at the edge of forest creeks in the Orinoco Delta and of rivers flowing through the Venezuelan llanos, and in lakes of the Greater Antilles.In the llano habitat D. busckella and D. impersonatella were found under indubitably primitive conditions.The original host of D. canella, another destructive cane species include two forms of Paspalum millegrana, growing on the Trinidad littoral.
The Phases of Locusts in South Africa
Authors: Faure Jacobus C. 
Published: July 2009

Adding together all the hoppers listed above, we find that 637 individuals were reared in these experiments from 34 different pairs of adults; 394 were reared in complete isolation, and 243 under crowded conditions, but each crowd consisted of the progeny of one pair only. The majority of those isolated were placed in isolation on the day of hatching, but some first lived in a crowd for a week or two before being used to replace isolated individuals that had died.Comparing the results in Tables XXI and XXII, we noted that the isolated hoppers acquired thesolitariacharacters, while those crowded tended to develop thegregariacharacters, regardless of whether the parents had beengregariaorsolitaria. Only two isolated hoppers from the pair L.p.352 showedgregariacharacters, and one of these had lived in a crowd and had acquiredgregariacharacters before it was placed in isolation in its second instar. Table XXIII shows that crosses betweengregariaandsolitariagave the same results.In the second generation (Table XXIV) the progeny of the P1gregariapair 352 reacted to isolation and crowding in the same way as all other hoppers, and the same was true of the F2back-cross togregaria(L.p.569).Examining the hypothesis of Potgieter in the light of these experiments, we find that the data presented in Tables XXI to XXIV are in direct contradiction with the three phases enumerated above. Instead of giving a majority ofgregaria, the matings ofgregariabygregariaproduced bothgregariaandsolitariaaccording to the conditions under which the progeny were reared. According to the second thesis, the crossing ofsolitariaandgregariashould always result in a majority ofgregaria, but Table XXIII shows that 90 isolated hoppers all becamesolitaria. Thirdly, the mating ofsolitariawithsolitariais supposed never to producegregariaprogeny; Table XXII shows that the progeny of these crosses developedgregariacharacters when crowded andsolitariawhen isolated.
The Physico-chemical Factors of Water in Relation to Mosquito Breeding in Trinidad
Authors: Beattie Mary V. F. 
Published: July 2009

1. An analysis of rice-field and canal waters was made over a period of 1 year.2. The incidence of Anopheles tarsimaculatus in these fields and canals was noted.3. The chemical factors estimated were pH, carbon dioxide, organic nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, nitrites, nitrates, phosphates and ammonia nitrogen.4. No correlation was found between the incidence of A. tarsimaculatus and the following factors: pH, carbon dioxide, organic nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, nitrites, nitrates and phosphates.5. In nature the female A. tarsimaculatus seemed to prefer waters with a low ammonia nitrogen content, larvae being rarely found in water with a content greater than 0·04 parts per 100,000. In the laboratory the larvae of A. tarsimaculatus lived several days in waters with an ammonia nitrogen content as high as 0·12 parts per 100,000. Therefore it was concluded that ammonia nitrogen had some bearing upon the prevalence of this
Anopheles, affecting the oviposition of the female rather than the growth of the larvae.
A second Report on some miscellaneous African Encyrtidae in the British Museum
Authors: Compere Harold 
Published: July 2009

The holotypes and allotypes of all species described as new in this paper are to be deposited in the British Museum and paratypes in the United States National Museum. All the species described in this paper are parasitic in scale-insects or mealybugs.Some of the classifications presented in these papers on African Encyrtidae are tentative only, for in the case of closely related variable species it is impossible to make final identifications on the basis of a few museum samples. The exact degrees of relationship can be expressed only when the insects are known intimately throughout their entire range and a knowledge of the limits and degrees of variation obtained. Even with this knowledge it is not always possible to make final determinations with assurance.
The Seasonal and Annual Incidence of the Sheep Tick,Ixodes ricinus, in Britain
Authors: MacLeod J. 
Published: July 2009

1. Serial examinations of the degree of infestation of thirty-five flocks during a nine-year period in Argyllshire, Perthshire, Selkirk and Northumberland, showed that tick incidence is greatest in spring and decreases markedly in early summer. Evidence is given of a similar periodicity in North Wales.2. Evidence is given of the occurrence of a slight recrudescence of activity in autumn, and of the almost complete absence of activity in winter.3. The spring curve of activity terminated in early May in Argyllshire, in the middle of May in Perthshire, and towards the end of May in the Borders and Northumberland.4. The estimation of the relative annual infestation,e.g., in relation to the question of spread or increase of ticks, by single annual counts is shown to be quite unreliable.5. No evidence was obtained of an increase in density of ticks in any area during the period of observation.6. The seasonal periodicity in activity was found to bear no relation to the density of stocking of the ground by sheep.7. The seasonal activity of ticks in Argyllshire, Perthshire, Selkirkshire and Northumberland, was found to be related to the air temperature, expressed as the weekly average of maximum temperatures. The limits of the air-temperature range corresponding to active tick infestation are 45°F. and 60°F. (average weekly maximum).8. The curve of tick infestation during 1937 on a moor in North-east Scotland was found to differ markedly from the normal, and the possible explanations of the discrepancy are discussed.
On the Period of Survival of the Egg, Larva, and First Nymph Stages of the Argasid Tick Ornithodorus moubata, Murray, at different relative Humidities
Authors: Brett G. A. 
Published: July 2009

The longevity and development of the eggs of Ornithodorus moubata, Murray, at different relative humidities between 6·2 per cent. and 80 per cent. were investigated. It was found that:—(1) All stages investigated, i.e., egg, larva and 1st nymph, survived for a much longer period at high humidities than at low. The longevity snowed a steady gradation through the range of humidities used.(2) Even at very low humidities a sufficient proportion of eggs developed to the 1st nymph stage to carry on the race.(3) The 1st nymph is much more resistant to desiccation than the earlier stages.This result does not agree with opinions expressed as the result of field observations, or with the only previous laboratory experiment it was possible to trace. Reasons for both these disagreements are suggested.
Longevity of Anopheles maculipennis race atroparvus, van Thiel, at controlled Temperature and Humidity after one Blood Meal
Authors: Leeson H. S. 
Published: July 2009

From January to July 1938, experiments with Anopheles maculipennis race atroparvus, Van Thiel, were undertaken to discover whether humidity and the age at which the females fed influenced their longevity. It was found that they lived longer at higher than at lower humidities; that most of the females which fed did so in the first three days; that those which fed on the second day after emergence lived longer than those which fed at other ages; and that the feeding period was slightly extended in the later experiments, though only a small proportion lived long enough to take their first blood meals on the fourth and fifth days.Rather more than 50 per cent. of each batch of newly emerged adults were females.A large proportion of the deaths of unfed males and females occurred during the first three days, most of them on the second day; this mortality decreased in successive experiments.Culex fatigans, Wied., behaved similarly.
Investigations on the Cotton Bollworm, Heliothis armigera, Hübn. (obsoleta, Fabr.)
Authors: Parsons F. S. 
Published: July 2009

Methods for the quantitative survey of the incidence of Heliothis armigera have been in continuous operation in the Barberton area of the Eastern Transvaal from 1929 to the present; since 1933 the Survey was operated similarly in Swaziland and Northern Natal.It was accepted early that the bollworm situation in cotton, which primarily it was desired to ameliorate, depends largely upon the influences exerted by other food-crops of the insect grown prior to and in association with cotton, and the investigations were instituted with a view to acquiring the fullest information on the incidence, habits and reactions of H. armigera with respect to the chain of cultivated and natural food-plant situations existing under differing climatic conditions in the course of the year.The present paper is the first of a series communicating the results of investigations which proceed in various directions from information supplied by the Cotton Pest Survey centred upon Barberton. The paper deals with the annual course of bollworm incidence as indicated, in the first instance, by egg counts taken twice-weekly, year by year, in examples of all food-plant situations according to methods of sampling and calculation devised here.
Air Transport, Insects and Disease
Authors: Whitfield F. G. Sarel 
Published: July 2009

The increase of air transport and the potential dangers therefrom, together with the related problems are investigated.The introduction of a malarial vector from one faunal region to another, and the effects thereof are discussed.The literature of the epidemiology of yellow fever, particularly the work done on the insect vectors and the susceptible animals is reviewed, and the implications thereof in connexion with air transport are considered.The air communications of the world are shown as a map; maps of Africa and South America showing the air routes and yellow fever areas are presented.The control of air ports and aerodromes is discussed, in connexion with which the literature on the flight-range of insects, the dissemination of insects by wind, and insects and the upper air is reviewed.A comparison is made between the insects collected from the terrestrial zone of the atmosphere and those from the upper air.The work done upon insects found in aircraft is reviewed, and the results incorporated together with those from Khartoum in a “World List” table. The work done in Khartoum is described, and this, together with other workers' results, is analysed.A comparison is made between insects found in the terrestrial zone, the upper air or “Plankton zone” and those found in aircraft.The medical, veterinary and agricultural aspect of insects found in aircraft is discussed.The control of insects in aircraft is considered and suggestions made for future research.
A Study of the Variation of Size within two Species of Aphides
Authors: Dicker G. H. L. , Pearce S. C. 
Published: July 2009

At least 30 specimens of each form of Macrosiphum rubiellum, Theobald, and Aphis idaei, van der Goot, were collected, mounted and their principal organs measured.Correlations were calculated between different parts on the right side and the conclusion reached that the ratios of lengths of organs were unstable characteristics of the species examined. High correlations were obtained between the same part on different sides of the body.The mean values and standard errors are tabulated and a method given for assigning limits of variation within a species. The standard errors obtained were of the order of 7 per cent. of the mean.The asymmetry, kurtosis and skewness of the distributions were calculated to test the effect of possible non-normality on the foregoing work.