bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trauma‐specific insults to the cochlear nucleus in the rat
Authors: Sekiya Tetsuji , Viberg Agneta , Kojima Ken , Sakamoto Tatsunori , Nakagawa Takayuki , Ito Juichi , Canlon Barbara 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe effect of acoustic overstimulation on the neuronal number of the cochlear nucleus (CN) was investigated by using unbiased stereological methods in rats. We found that, after 9 weeks of recovery, neurons in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) degenerated, whereas those in the posteroventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei (PVCN and DCN) were preserved. The noise trauma induced near complete loss of the outer hair cells throughout the cochlea, and the inner hair cells were preserved only in the more apical regions. This pattern of selective loss of AVCN neurons in this study was different from trauma induced by auditory deafferentation by mechanical compression of auditory neurons. In contrast to noise trauma, mechanical compression caused loss of neurons in the PVCN and DCN. After 5 weeks of recovery from mechanical compression, there was no loss of inner or outer hair cells. These findings indicate that auditory deprivation, induced by different experimental manipulations, can have strikingly different consequences for the central auditory system. We hypothesized that AVCN neuronal death was induced by excitotoxic mechanisms via AMPA‐type glutamate receptors and that excitatory neuronal circuits developed after acoustic overstimulation protected the PVCN and DCN against neuronal death. The results of the present study demonstrate that hearing loss from different etiologies will cause different patterns of neuronal degeneration in the CN. These findings are important for enhancing the performance of cochlear implants and auditory brainstem implants, because diverse types of hearing loss can selectively affect neuronal degeneration of the CN. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cardiovascular responses to glutamate microinjection in the dorsomedial periaqueductal gray of unanesthetized rats
Authors: Pelosi Gislaine Garcia , Busnardo Cristiane , Tavares Rodrigo Fiacadori , Corrêa Fernando Morgan Aguiar 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe periaqueductal gray area (PAG) is a mesencephalic area involved in cardiovascular modulation. Glutamate (L‐Glu) is an abundant excitatory amino acid in the central nervous system (CNS) and is present in the rat PAG. Moreover, data in the literature indicate its involvement in central blood pressure control. Here we report on the cardiovascular effects caused by microinjection of L‐Glu into the dorsomedial PAG (dmPAG) of rats and the glutamatergic receptors as well as the peripheral mechanism involved in their mediation. The microinjection of L‐Glu into the dmPAG of unanesthetized rats evoked dose‐related pressor and bradycardiac responses. The cardiovascular response was significantly reduced by pretreatment of the dmPAG with a glutamatergic M‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (LY235959) and was not affected by pretreatment with a non‐NMDA receptor antagonist (NBQX), suggesting a mediation of that response by the activation of NMDA receptors. Furthermore, the pressor response was blocked by pretreatment with the ganglion blocker pentolinium (5 mg/kg, intravenously), suggesting an involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in this response. Our results indicate that the microinjection of L‐Glu into the dmPAG causes sympathetic‐mediated pressor responses in unanesthetized rats, which are mediated by glutamatergic NMDA receptors in the dmPAG. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Amino acid concentrations in the hamster central auditory system and long‐term effects of intense tone exposure
Authors: Godfrey Donald A. , Kaltenbach James A. , Chen Kejian , Ilyas Omer , Liu Xiaochen , Licari Frank , Sacks Justin , McKnight Darwin 
Published: June 2012

AbstractExposure to intense sounds often leads to loss of hearing of environmental sounds and hearing of a monotonous tonal sound not actually present, a condition known as tinnitus. Chronic physiological effects of exposure to intense tones have been reported for animals and should be accompanied by chemical changes present at long times after the intense sound exposure. By using a microdissection mapping procedure combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we have measured concentrations of nine amino acids, including those used as neurotransmitters, in the cochlear nucleus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate, and auditory cortex of hamsters 5 months after exposure to an intense tone, compared with control hamsters of the same age. No very large differences in amino acid concentrations were found between exposed and control hamsters. However, increases of glutamate and γ‐aminobutyrate (GABA) in some parts of the inferior colliculus of exposed hamsters were statistically significant. The most consistent differences between exposed and control hamsters were higher aspartate and lower taurine concentrations in virtually all regions of exposed hamsters, which reached statistical significance in many cases. Although these amino acids are not considered likely neurotransmitters, they indirectly have roles in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, respectively. Thus, there is evidence for small, widespread, long‐term increases in excitatory transmission and decreases in inhibitory transmission after a level of acoustic trauma previously shown to produce hearing loss and tinnitus. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Osteoblast and osteocyte‐specific loss of Connexin43 results in delayed bone formation and healing during murine fracture healing
Authors: Loiselle Alayna E. , Paul Emmanuel M. , Lewis Gregory S. , Donahue Henry J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractConnexin43 (Cx43) plays an important role in osteoblastic differentiation in vitro, and bone formation in vivo. Mice with osteoblast/osteocyte‐specific loss of Cx43 display decreased gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC), bone density, and cortical thickness. To determine the role of Cx43 in fracture healing, a closed femur fracture was induced in Osteocalcin‐Cre+; Cx43flox/flox (Cx43cKO) and Cre‐; Cx43flox/flox (WT) mice. We tested the hypothesis that loss of Cx43 results in decreased bone formation and impaired healing following fracture. Here, we show that osteoblast and osteocyte‐specific deletion of Cx43 results in decreased bone formation, bone remodeling, and mechanical properties during fracture healing. Cx43cKO mice display decreased bone volume, total volume, and fewer TRAP+ osteoclasts. Furthermore, loss of Cx43 in mature osteoblasts and osteocytes results in a significant decrease in torsional rigidity between 21 and 35 days post‐fracture, compared to WT mice. These studies identify a novel role for the gap junction protein Cx43 during fracture healing, suggesting that loss of Cx43 can result in both decreased bone formation and bone resorption. Therefore, enhancing Cx43 expression or GJIC may provide a novel means to enhance bone formation during fracture healing. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:147–154, 2012
Factors affecting the adequacy of lymph node yield in prophylactic unilateral central neck dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Lang Brian Hung‐Hin , Yih Patricia Chun‐Ling , Shek Tony W.‐H. , Wan Koon Yat , Wong Kai Pun , Lo Chung‐Yau 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackgroundDeterminants for adequate lymph node yield (LNY) in prophylactic central neck dissection (pCND) for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remain unclear. We aimed to determine factors affecting LNY in pCND.MethodsOf 230 patients, 109 (47.4%) had total thyroidectomy and unilateral pCND. A specimen of ≥6 central lymph nodes (CLNs) was considered adequate. Factors such as patient clinicopathologic features, specimen dimensions, and pathologists' experience were compared between those with LNY < 6 (n = 52) and LNY ≥ 6 (n = 57). A multivariate analysis was conducted to identify independent factors for LNY ≥ 6.ResultsAge, sex, presentation, body mass index, tumor characteristics, TNM stages, MACIS score, and pathologist's experience were not significant determinants for LNY ≥ 6. In the univariate analysis, the length (P = 0.021), width (P = 0.047), thickness (P = 0.024), and pN1a (P = 0.042) were significant determinants but in the multivariate analysis, the length (OR = 1.486 (95% CI: 1.053–2.097), P = 0.024) was the only independent factor for LNY ≥ 6. Postoperative vocal cord palsy, hypoparathyroidism, stimulated thyroglobulin and recurrences were similar between LNY <6 and ≥6.ConclusionsLength (or the longest measured dimension) of the fresh CLN specimen was the only factor assuring LNY ≥ 6. Surgical complications and short‐term outcomes appeared similar between LNY <6 or ≥6. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106: 966–971. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Time, Tourism Consumption and Sustainable Development
Authors: Dickinson Janet E. , Peeters Paul 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe availability of time has played a pivotal role in the analysis of tourism. An examination of social theory and time suggests that tourists experience time in multiple ways, which has implications for the traditional temporal and spatial reference frame. This article calls for a better understanding of ‘time’ in tourism and sets the agenda for further research into time and the sustainable development of tourism. It analyses the role of time in shaping tourism consumption and illustrates the challenges posed by new temporal understandings and distance concepts to create less greenhouse‐gas‐dependent tourism in our society. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tribological response of soft materials sliding against hard surface textures at various numbers of cycles
Authors: Menezes Pradeep L. , Kishore  , Kailas Satish V. , Lovell Michael R. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTIn the present investigation, various kinds of textures were attained on the steel surfaces. Roughness of the textures was varied using different grits of emery papers or polishing powders. Pins made of pure Al, Al–4 Mg alloy and pure Mg were then slid against prepared steel plate surfaces at various numbers of cycles using an inclined pin‐on‐plate sliding tester. Tests were conducted at a sliding velocity of 2 mm s−1 in ambient conditions under both dry and lubricated conditions. Normal loads were increased up to 110 N during the tests. The morphologies of the worn surfaces of the pins and the formation of transfer layer on the counter surfaces were observed using a scanning electron microscope. Surface roughness parameters of the plate were measured using an optical profilometer. In the experiments, it was observed that the coefficient of friction and formation of a transfer layer (under dry and lubricated conditions) only depended on surface texture during the first few sliding cycles. The steady‐state variation in the coefficient of friction under both dry and lubrication conditions was attributed to the self‐organisation of texture of the surfaces at the interface during sliding. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of hardness of sliding bodies on the wear regime transition of steels
Authors: Viáfara Cristian C. , Sinatora Amilton 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper aims to investigate the effect of varying the hardness of both sliding bodies on the operating wear regime. Unlubricated sliding wear tests were performed using a pin‐on‐disc configuration. The friction coefficient was monitored during the wear tests, and the variation of mass loss of bodies as a function of sliding distance was obtained to estimate the steady‐state wear rate. The results showed that the operation of mild and severe wear regimes was influenced by the initial hardness of materials. Under the high pin hardness conditions, a decrease in the disc hardness promoted the severe wear regime operation prior to the action of a mild wear regime. Under the low pin hardness conditions, a severe wear regime was established. When the harder disc was tested, a mild wear regime was observed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tribological properties of crown‐type phosphate ionic liquids as lubricating additives in rapeseed oils
Authors: Jiang Dong , Hu Litian , Feng Dapeng 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe friction and wear properties of rapeseed oils with different concentrations and crown‐type phosphate ionic liquids were studied by an Optimol SRV oscillating friction and wear tester. Crown‐type phosphate ionic liquids have better solubility than conventional ionic liquids in rapeseed oils. The tribological test results showed that the crown‐type phosphate ionic liquids as lubricating additives in rapeseed oil exhibited better tribological performance than the base oil for steel/steel friction pair under various loads. It is noted that the friction pair showed the least friction coefficient and wear volume when the concentration of ionic liquids was 1 wt.%. The better tribological properties of friction pair should be attributed to the effective boundary films formed in the worn surface, on various tribochemical products, organometallic products and iron oxides. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finger pulp reconstruction with free flaps from the upper extremity
Authors: Yan Hede , Fan Cunyi , Gao Weiyang , Chen Zenggan , Li Zhejie , Chi Zhenglin 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAlthough never exceeding a few square centimeters, finger pulp defects are reconstructive challenges due to their special requirements and lack of neighboring tissue reserve. Local flaps are the common choice in the management of this injury. However, the development of microsurgery and clinical practice have greatly boosted the application of different free flaps for finger pulp reconstruction with excellent results, especially when local flaps are unsuitable or impossible for the coverage of large pulp defects. These flaps are all located in the same operation field and can be performed under one tourniquet; therefore, they are more convenient with better patients' compliance in clinical setting. Nonetheless, there is still no consensus about which type of these flaps should be preferred among various finger pulp reconstructive options. In this article, we attempt to review articles describing finger pulp reconstruction using free flaps from the upper extremity from the literature. We summarize the clinical applications of these free flaps and detail their advantages and drawbacks, respectively. The algorithm of flap selection for finger pulp reconstruction based on our experience and literature review is also discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
The posterior tibial island flap for coverage in complex injuries of the lower extremity
Authors: Hafeez Kamran , Siddiqui Ather , Rashid Haroon‐Ur‐ , CH Sara Iqbal , Cheema Tahseen A 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe lower third of the leg poses a surgical challenge in patients with complex injuries requiring reconstruction of soft tissue defects. The posterior tibial island fasciocutaneous flap is recognized as a suitable option for coverage of these defects, and provides a versatile solution for a complex problem. A retrospective audit was conducted at our institution from 1996 to 2008 including all patients who underwent this procedure. Patient's demographics, clinical features, outcome, and complications were noted. The study population was 24 patients (23 males, one female) with age ranging from 11 to 60 years. Mechanism of injury was road traffic accident in 20 patients and firearm injury in 4. The defect was located in the lower half of the leg in all cases. Tibial fracture was present in 15 patients, treated by external fixation in 13 and internal fixation in two patients. Fasciocutaneous flap from the medial aspect of leg was raised based on a perforator of the posterior tibial artery and rotated distally. Average length of the flaps was 12.3 cm. Patients were followed for an average of 11 months (minimum 3 months). Clinical outcome was graded as good in 19 patients, fair in four patients, and poor in one patient. Posterior tibial island flap appears to be a safe and reliable option for coverage of complex wounds in lower third of the leg. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
Formulation and sequential numerical algorithms of coupled fluid/heat flow and geomechanics for multiple porosity materials
Authors: Kim Jihoon , Sonnenthal Eric L. , Rutqvist Jonny 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYWe extend constitutive relations of coupled flow and geomechanics for the isothermal elastic double porosity model by Berryman [Journal of Engineering Mechanics ASCE 2002; 128(8):840–847] in the previous study to those for the nonisothermal elastic/elastoplastic multiple porosity model, finding coupling coefficients and constraints of the multiple porosity model and determining the upscaled elastic/elastoplastic moduli as well as relations between the local strains of all materials within a gridblock and the global strain of the gridblock. Furthermore, the coupling equations and relations between local and global variables provide well‐posed problems, implying that they honor the dissipative mechanism of coupled flow and geomechanics. For numerical implementation, we modify the fixed‐stress sequential method for the multiple porosity model. From the a priori stability estimate, the sequential method provides numerical stability when an implicit time‐stepping algorithm is used. This sequential scheme can easily be implemented by using a modified porosity function and its porosity correction.In numerical examples, we observe clear differences among the single, double, and multiple porosity systems, and the multiple porosity model can reflect the substantial heterogeneity that exists within a gridblock. We also identify considerably complicated physics in coupled flow and geomechanics of the multiple porosity systems, which cannot accurately be detected in the uncoupled flow simulation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A partition of unity FEM for time‐dependent diffusion problems using multiple enrichment functions
Authors: Shadi Mohamed M. , Seaid Mohammed , Trevelyan Jon , Laghrouche Omar 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYAn enriched partition of unity FEM is developed to solve time‐dependent diffusion problems. In the present formulation, multiple exponential functions describing the spatial and temporal diffusion decay are embedded in the finite element approximation space. The resulting enrichment is in the form of a local asymptotic expansion. Unlike previous works in this area where the enrichment must be updated at each time step, here, the temporal decay in the solution is embedded in the asymptotic expansion. Thus, the system matrix that is evaluated at the first time step may be decomposed and retained for every next time step by just updating the right‐hand side of the linear system of equations. The advantage is a significant saving in the computational effort where, previously, the linear system must be reevaluated and resolved at every time step. In comparison with the traditional finite element analysis with p‐version refinements, the present approach is much simpler, more efficient, and yields more accurate solutions for a prescribed number of DoFs. Numerical results are presented for a transient diffusion equation with known analytical solution. The performance of the method is analyzed on two applications: the transient heat equation with a single source and the transient heat equation with multiple sources. The aim of such a method compared with the classical FEM is to solve time‐dependent diffusion applications efficiently and with an appropriate level of accuracy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of highly refractive barium‐titanate‐incorporated polyimide nanocomposite films with high permittivity and thermal stability
Authors: Abe Keisuke , Nagao Daisuke , Watanabe Akira , Konno Mikio 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCrystalline nanoparticles of barium titanate (BT) are incorporated into polyimide (PI) to fabricate highly refractive, anti‐UV‐degradable nanocomposite films with high permittivity and thermal stability. For homogeneous incorporation of BT nanoparticles into the PI matrix, the BT nanoparticles are surface modified by phthalimide with the aid of a silane coupling agent as a scaffold. The PI nanocomposites are prepared by in situ polymerization in which a diphthalic anhydride and a diamine are used to form the PI matrix in the presence of the surface‐modified nanoparticles. The refractive index of the transparent nanocomposite films reaches 1.85 at a nanoparticle content of 59 vol% with a high dielectric constant of ε = 37 and thermal stability up to 460 °C. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparative analyses of the electrical properties and dispersion level of VGCNF and MWCNT: Epoxy composites
Authors: Cardoso Paulo , Silva Jaime , Paiva Maria Conceição , Hattum Ferrie van , Lanceros‐Mendez Senentxu 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe electrical properties and dispersion of vapor‐grown carbon nanofibers (VGCNF) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)—epoxy resin composites are studied and compared. A blender was used to disperse the nanofillers within the matrix, producing samples with concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 wt % for both nanofillers, besides the neat sample. The dispersion of the nanofillers was qualitatively analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission optical microscopy, and grayscale analysis. The electrical conductivity and the dielectric constant were evaluated. The percolation threshold of MWCNT epoxy composites is lower than 0.1 wt % while for VGCNF lies between 0.1 and 0.5 wt %. The difference on the dispersion ability of the two nanofillers is due to their intrinsic characteristics. Celzard's theory is suitable to calculate the percolation threshold bounds for the VGCNF composites but not for the MWCNT composites, indicating that intrinsic characteristics of the nanofillers beyond the aspect ratio are determinant for the MWCNT composites electrical conductivity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
The use of DiazaCon™to limit fertility by reducing serum cholesterol in female grey squirrels,Sciurus carolinensis
Authors: Mayle Brenda A , Ferryman Mark , Peace Andrew , Yoder Christi A , Miller Lowell , Cowan David 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: The grey squirrel,Sciurus carolinensisGmelin, is an invasive alien species introduced into Great Britain in the late nineteenth century and into Northern Italy during the early twentieth century. Grey squirrels have displaced the native European red squirrel,Sciurus vulgarisL., throughout much of Great Britain and have a significant impact on trees and woodlands through bark‐stripping activity. In Britain, eradication is no longer an option at a regional scale, but fertility control offers a non‐lethal approach to reducing negative impacts. The cholesterol mimic DiazaCon™has been successfully used to inhibit reproduction in some species. These studies aimed to evaluate whether DiazaCon™is effective in inhibiting reproduction in grey squirrels.RESULTS: DiazaCon™reduced serum cholesterol levels in female grey squirrels at a range of doses. The period of effect increased with increasing dose. Reproduction rate was not significantly different between treatment and control groups owing to a lack of breeding in controls.CONCLUSIONS: DiazaCon™has potential to reduce serum cholesterol levels enough and for a sufficient period to reduce fertility in female grey squirrels. Information on baseline physiology and blood chemistry of grey squirrels is required to inform interpretation of the level of significance of the effect. © Crown copyright 2012. Reproduced with permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.