bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication mechanism of friction-induced selective etching on Si(100) surface
Authors: Guo Jian , Song Chenfei , Li Xiaoying , Yu Bingjun , Dong Hanshan , Qian Linmao , Zhou Zhongrong 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
As a maskless nanofabrication technique, friction-induced selective etching can easily produce nanopatterns on a Si(100) surface. Experimental results indicated that the height of the nanopatterns increased with the KOH etching time, while their width increased with the scratching load. It has also found that a contact pressure of 6.3 GPa is enough to fabricate a mask layer on the Si(100) surface. To understand the mechanism involved, the cross-sectional microstructure of a scratched area was examined, and the mask ability of the tip-disturbed silicon layer was studied. Transmission electron microscope observation and scanning Auger nanoprobe analysis suggested that the scratched area was covered by a thin superficial oxidation layer followed by a thick distorted (amorphous and deformed) layer in the subsurface. After the surface oxidation layer was removed by HF etching, the residual amorphous and deformed silicon layer on the scratched area can still serve as an etching mask in KOH solution. The results may help to develop a low-destructive, low-cost, and flexible nanofabrication technique suitable for machining of micro-mold and prototype fabrication in micro-systems.
Provider and clinic‐level correlates of deferring antiretroviral therapy for people who inject drugs: a survey of North American HIV providers
Authors: Westergaard Ryan P , Ambrose Bridget K , Mehta Shruti H , Kirk Gregory D 
Published: February 2012

BackgroundInjection drug users (IDUs) face numerous obstacles to receiving optimal HIV care, and have been shown to underutilize antiretroviral therapy (ART). We sought to estimate the degree to which providers of HIV care defer initiation of ART because of injection drug use and to identify clinic and provider‐level factors associated with resistance to prescribing ART to IDUs.MethodsWe administered an Internet‐based survey to 662 regular prescribers of ART in the United States and Canada. Questionnaire items assessed characteristics of providers' personal demographics and training, site of clinical practice and attitudes about drug use. Respondents then rated whether they would likely prescribe or defer ART for hypothetical patients in a series of scenarios involving varying levels of drug use and HIV disease stage.ResultsSurvey responses were received from 43% of providers invited by email and direct mail, and 8.5% of providers invited by direct mail only. Overall, 24.2% of providers reported that they would defer ART for an HIV‐infected patient with a CD4+ cell count of 200 cells/mm3 if the patient actively injected drugs, and 52.4% would defer ART if the patient injected daily. Physicians were more likely than non‐physician providers to defer ART if a patient injected drugs (adjusted odds ratio 2.6, 95% CI 1.4‐4.9). Other predictors of deferring ART for active IDUs were having fewer years of experience in HIV care, regularly caring for fewer than 20 HIV‐infected patients, and working at a clinic serving a population with low prevalence of injection drug use. Likelihood of deferring ART was directly proportional to both CD4+ cell count and increased frequency of injecting.ConclusionsMany providers of HIV care defer initiation of antiretroviral therapy for patients who inject drugs, even in the setting of advanced immunologic suppression. Providers with more experience of treating HIV, those in high injection drug use prevalence areas and non‐physician providers may be more willing to prescribe ART despite on‐going injection drug use. Because of limitations, including low response rate and use of a convenience sample, these findings may not be generalizable to all HIV care providers in North America.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging correlates of memory encoding in relation to achieving remission in first-episode schizophrenia
Authors: Bodnar Michael , Achim Amelie M. , Malla Ashok K. , Joober Ridha , Benoit Audrey , Lepage Martin 
Published: February 2012

BackgroundPrevious studies in schizophrenia have shown a strong relationship between memory deficits and a poor clinical outcome. However, no previous study has identified the functional neural correlates of memory encoding in relation to remission.AimsTo determine whether functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation patterns differed between individuals that later achieved remission v. those who did not.MethodForty-two participants with first-episode schizophrenia were divided into two groups after 1 year of treatment as per the 2005 remission in schizophrenia consensus definition. We then examined fMRI activation using three contrasts (associative v. item-oriented strategy, semantically unrelated v. related image pairs, and successful v. unsuccessful memory encoding) among 15 participants who had achieved remission (remitted group), 27 who had not (non-remitted group) and 31 healthy controls (control group).ResultsParticipants in the non-remitted group displayed a positive activation in the posterior cingulate compared with those in the remitted group when encoding related images; no significant differences between the two groups were identified for the other contrasts. From the behavioural data, compared with the remitted and control groups, the non-remitted group demonstrated an inability to encode related images and displayed worse recognition memory overall.ConclusionsThis is the first study to identify differential neural activation between individuals with first-episode schizophrenia that later achieved remission v. those who did not. The behavioural and functional results together add to the growing evidence relating a poor clinical outcome in schizophrenia to memory-related deficits.
Magnetic Edge State of Nanographene and Unconventional Nanographene-Based Host–Guest Systems
Authors: Enoki Toshiaki , Takai Kazuyuki , Kiguchi Manabu 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Nanographene, nanosized fragments of graphene, has edge-shape-dependent electronic structures different from those of infinite size graphene. Around the zigzag-shaped edges of a nanographene sheet, a nonbonding edge state of π-electron origin is created, which is the origin of electronic and chemical activities of nanographene. In addition, the strongly spin-polarized edge state has localized spin, giving magnetic activity. We investigate the magnetic properties of nanoporous activated carbon fibers consisting of a three-dimensional disordered network of nanographite domains, each of which is a stack of 3–4 nanographene sheets, in relation to host–guest interaction. Chemically inert guest species such as water, organic solvent, or argon, physisorptively condensed into the nanopores mechanically compress the nanographite domains, resulting in high spin/low spin magnetic switching of the edge-state spins. The presence of an energy gap and the nanographene edges decorated by oxygen-containing functional groups make nanographene less amphoteric, modifying charge-transfer mechanisms in the host–guest interaction. HNO3 shows a two-step charge-transfer process. In Br adsorption, physisorbed Br species cooperate with charge-transfer Br species, giving an interesting interplay of charge transfer and magnetic switching phenomena. In the K adsorption, physisorbed K atoms form antiferromagnetic K clusters in the nanopores, while a portion of K species are responsible for charge transfer. The reaction with fluorine creates magnetic σ-dangling bond states, at the expense of the π-conjugated electron system. The interplay between the edge-state spins and the σ-dangling bond spins gives a variety of magnetism depending on the fluorine concentration.
Utilization of DMF–PhCOCl Adduct as an Acid Activator in a New and Convenient Method for Preparation of β-Lactams
Authors: Zarei Maaroof 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
An efficient one-pot synthesis of β-lactams by the reaction of imines with acetic acid derivatives in the presence of DMF and benzoyl chloride adduct, a cheap reagent, has been described. Optimization of solvents, temperature, and molar ratio of reagent was also performed. Several types of β-lactams including monocyclic, spirocyclic, N-alkyl, 3-butadienyl, and 3-electron-withdrawing group have been synthesized by this method in good to excellent yields. All steps of the reaction proceed at room temperature.
Neck duplex Doppler ultrasound evaluation for assessing chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Zaniewski M , Kostecki J , Kuczmik W , Ziaja D , Opala G , Świat M , Korzeniowski T , Majewski E , Urbanek T , Pawlicki K 
Published: February 2012

Introduction: Recent clinical studies have suggested a relationship between multiple sclerosis (MS) and the occurrence of pathological changes in the jugular, vertebral and azygous veins that result in abnormal blood outflow from the brain and the spinal cord. Together, these pathological changes have been designated chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of duplex Doppler ultrasound in the evaluation of central nervous system venous outflow disturbances in patients suffering from MS. Methods: We examined 181 patients with MS, diagnosed on the basis of the McDonald criteria, and 50 healthy volunteer controls. All patients underwent Doppler ultrasound examination of the internal jugular veins (IJV) and vertebral veins (VVs). The presence of outflow disturbances and morphological abnormalities were evaluated. Results: Pathological changes in the extracranial jugular veins were diagnosed in 148/181 MS patients (82%) and 7/50 control group volunteers (14%). The following abnormalities in the MS group were revealed: the presence of a reflux in the IJVs and/or VVs (54%), narrowing (54%), a complete block in the flow through the IJV (10%) and an abnormal postural control of the cerebral outflow route (25%). These particular pathologies were of statistical significance in the MS group compared with the control group. This study also revealed a correlation between the occurrence of inverted flow in patients in a sitting position and chronic progressive MS ( P = 0.0033). Conclusions: The examinations undertaken indicate a possible connection between MS and CCSVI. The widely accessible and highly sensitive and specific Doppler ultrasound test may be useful for revealing, and preliminary analysis of, CCSVI pathologies.
Safety and Efficacy of Once-Weekly Exenatide Compared With Insulin Glargine Titrated to Target in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Over 84 Weeks
Authors: Diamant Michaela , Van Gaal Luc , Stranks Stephen , Guerci Bruno , MacConell Leigh , Haber Harry , Scism-Bacon Jamie , Trautmann Michael 
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE
We recently reported that after 26 weeks, exenatide once weekly (EQW) resulted in superior A1C reduction, reduced hypoglycemia, and progressive weight loss compared with daily insulin glargine (IG) in patients with type 2 diabetes who were taking metformin alone or with sulfonylurea. This 84-week extension study assessed the long-term safety and efficacy of EQW versus IG.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This multicenter, open-label, randomized, two-arm, parallel trial assessed change in A1C, proportions of patients achieving A1C &lt;7.0 and ≤6.5%, body weight, incidence of hypoglycemia, and overall safety.

RESULTS
Of 415 patients who completed 26 weeks, 390 (194 EQW and 196 IG patients) entered the extension study. At 84 weeks, A1C decreased from baseline (8.3%) by −1.2% for EQW vs. −1.0% for IG (P = 0.029). The proportions of patients who achieved end point A1C targets &lt;7.0 and ≤6.5% were 44.6% for EQW patients vs. 36.8% for IG patients (P = 0.084) and 31.3% for EQW patients vs. 20.2% for IG patients (P = 0.009), respectively. Patients taking EQW lost 2.1 kg of body weight, whereas those taking IG gained 2.4 kg (P &lt; 0.001). Among patients taking metformin plus sulfonylurea, the incidence of minor hypoglycemia was 24% for EQW patients vs. 54% for IG patients (P &lt; 0.001); among patients taking metformin alone, it was 8% for EQW patients vs. 32% for IG patients (P &lt; 0.001). Among adverse events occurring in ≥5% of patients, diarrhea and nausea occurred more frequently (P &lt; 0.05) in the EQW group than in the IG group (12 vs. 6% and 15 vs. 1%, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
After 84 weeks, patients treated with EQW continued to experience better glycemic control with sustained overall weight loss and a lower risk of hypoglycemia than patients treated with IG.
Diabetes Screening Among Immigrants
Authors: Creatore Maria I. , Booth Gillian L. , Manuel Douglas G. , Moineddin Rahim , Glazier Richard H. 
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE
To examine diabetes screening, predictors of screening, and the burden of undiagnosed diabetes in the immigrant population and whether these estimates differ by ethnicity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A population-based retrospective cohort linking administrative health data to immigration files was used to follow the entire diabetes-free population aged 40 years and up in Ontario, Canada (N = 3,484,222) for 3 years (2004–2007) to determine whether individuals were screened for diabetes. Multivariate regression was used to determine predictors of having a diabetes test.

RESULTS
Screening rates were slightly higher in the immigrant versus the general population (76.0 and 74.4%, respectively; P &lt; 0.001), with the highest rates in people born in South Asia, Mexico, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Immigrant seniors (age ≥65 years) were screened less than nonimmigrant seniors. Percent yield of new diabetes subjects among those screened was high for certain countries of birth (South Asia, 13.0%; Mexico and Latin America, 12.1%; Caribbean, 9.5%) and low among others (Europe, Central Asia, U.S., 5.1–5.2%). The number of physician visits was the single most important predictor of screening, and many high-risk ethnic groups required numerous visits before a test was administered. The proportion of diabetes that remained undiagnosed was estimated to be 9.7% in the general population and 9.0% in immigrants.

CONCLUSIONS
Overall diabetes-screening rates are high in Canada’s universal health care setting, including among high-risk ethnic groups. Despite this finding, disparities in screening rates between immigrant subgroups persist and multiple physician visits are often required to achieve recommended screening levels.
Arterial Stiffness Is Increased in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Without Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Llauradó Gemma , Ceperuelo-Mallafré Victòria , Vilardell Carme , Simó Rafael , Freixenet Núria , Vendrell Joan , González-Clemente José Miguel 
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relationship between arterial stiffness and low-grade inflammation in subjects with type 1 diabetes without clinical cardiovascular disease.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Sixty-eight patients with type 1 diabetes and 68 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were evaluated. Arterial stiffness was assessed by aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV). Serum concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin (IL)-6, and soluble fractions of tumor necrosis factor-α receptors 1 and 2 (sTNFαR1 and sTNFαR2, respectively) were measured. All statistical analyses were stratified by sex.

RESULTS
Subjects with diabetes had a higher aPWV compared with healthy control subjects (men: 6.9 vs. 6.3 m/s, P &lt; 0.001; women: 6.4 vs. 6.0 m/s, P = 0.023). These differences remained significant after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors. Men with diabetes had higher concentrations of hsCRP (1.2 vs. 0.6 mg/L; P = 0.036), IL-6 (0.6 vs. 0.3 pg/mL; P = 0.002), sTNFαR1 (2,739 vs. 1,410 pg/mL; P &lt; 0.001), and sTNFαR2 (2,774 vs. 2,060 pg/mL; P &lt; 0.001). Women with diabetes only had higher concentrations of IL-6 (0.6 vs. 0.4 pg/mL; P = 0.039). In men with diabetes, aPWV correlated positively with hsCRP (r = 0.389; P = 0.031) and IL-6 (r = 0.447; P = 0.008), whereas in women with diabetes no significant correlation was found. In men, multiple linear regression analysis showed that the following variables were associated independently with aPWV: age, BMI, type 1 diabetes, and low-grade inflammation (R2 = 0.543). In women, these variables were age, BMI, mean arterial pressure, and type 1 diabetes (R2 = 0.550).

CONCLUSIONS
Arterial stiffness assessed as aPWV is increased in patients with type 1 diabetes without clinical cardiovascular disease, independently of classical cardiovascular risk factors. In men with type 1 diabetes, low-grade inflammation is independently associated with arterial stiffness.
The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Study
Authors: Catalano Patrick M. , McIntyre H. David , Cruickshank J. Kennedy , McCance David R. , Dyer Alan R. , Metzger Boyd E. , Lowe Lynn P. , Trimble Elisabeth R. , Coustan Donald R. , Hadden David R. , Persson Bengt , Hod Moshe , Oats Jeremy J.N. ,   for the HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE
To determine associations of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and obesity with adverse pregnancy outcomes in the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Participants underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between 24 and 32 weeks. GDM was diagnosed post hoc using International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. Neonatal anthropometrics and cord serum C-peptide were measured. Adverse pregnancy outcomes included birth weight, newborn percent body fat, and cord C-peptide &gt;90th percentiles, primary cesarean delivery, preeclampsia, and shoulder dystocia/birth injury. BMI was determined at the OGTT. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine associations of GDM and obesity with outcomes.

RESULTS
Mean maternal BMI was 27.7, 13.7% were obese (BMI ≥33.0 kg/m2), and GDM was diagnosed in 16.1%. Relative to non-GDM and nonobese women, odds ratio for birth weight &gt;90th percentile for GDM alone was 2.19 (1.93–2.47), for obesity alone 1.73 (1.50–2.00), and for both GDM and obesity 3.62 (3.04–4.32). Results for primary cesarean delivery and preeclampsia and for cord C-peptide and newborn percent body fat &gt;90th percentiles were similar. Odds for birth weight &gt;90th percentile were progressively greater with both higher OGTT glucose and higher maternal BMI. There was a 339-g difference in birth weight for babies of obese GDM women, compared with babies of normal/underweight women (64.2% of all women) with normal glucose based on a composite OGTT measure of fasting plasma glucose and 1- and 2-h plasma glucose values (61.8% of all women).

CONCLUSIONS
Both maternal GDM and obesity are independently associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Their combination has a greater impact than either one alone.
Insulin Sensitivity, β-Cell Function, and Incretin Effect in Individuals With Elevated 1-Hour Postload Plasma Glucose Levels
Authors: Marini Maria A. , Succurro Elena , Frontoni Simona , Mastroianni Simona , Arturi Franco , Sciacqua Angela , Lauro Renato , Hribal Marta L. , Perticone Francesco , Sesti Giorgio 
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE
Individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), whose 1-h postload plasma glucose is ≥155 mg/dL (NGT 1h-high), have an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to characterize their metabolic phenotype.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 305 nondiabetic offspring of type 2 diabetic patients was consecutively recruited. Insulin secretion was assessed using both indexes derived from oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp.

RESULTS
Compared with individuals with a 1-h postload plasma glucose &lt;155 mg/dL (NGT 1h-low), NGT 1h-high individuals exhibited lower insulin sensitivity after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI. Insulin secretion estimated from the OGTT did not differ between the two groups of individuals. By contrast, compared with NGT 1h-low individuals, the acute insulin response during an IVGTT and the disposition index were significantly reduced in NGT 1h-high individuals after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI. Incretin effect, estimated as the ratio between total insulin responses during OGTT and IVGTT, was higher in NGT 1h-high individuals compared with NGT 1h-low individuals.

CONCLUSIONS
NGT 1h-high individuals may represent an intermediate state of glucose intolerance between NGT and type 2 diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and reduced β-cell function, the two main pathophysiological defects responsible for the development of type 2 diabetes. Postload hyperglycemia is the result of an intrinsic β-cell defect rather than impaired incretin effect.
The classification of synusial epigeic and epiphytic bryophyte communities of forest coenoses of forest-steppe zone of Ukraine
Authors: Gapon Svetlana 
Published: February 2012

The classification of synusial epigeic and epiphytic bryophyte communities of forest coenoses of forest-steppe zone of Ukraine
The syntaxonomical classification and characteristics of synusial epigeic and epiphytic bryophyte communities of forest coenoses of forest-steppe zone of Ukraine is presented in this paper.
The correct phylogenetic position of Lotus conimbricensis Brot. (Leguminosae, Loteae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences
Authors: Faria Miguel , Harris D. , Visnevschi-Necrasov Tatiana , de Sousa Manuel , Nunes Eugénia 
Published: February 2012

The correct phylogenetic position of Lotus conimbricensis Brot. (Leguminosae, Loteae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences
The nrDNA ITS sequence determined in Lotus conimbricensis in a previous phylogenetic study was unusual, in that it was almost identical to those retrieved from the morphologically distinct species L. subbiflorus. In the present study we sequenced new specimens of both species to reassess the phylogenetic position of L. conimbricensis. We conclude that the ITS sequence of L. conimbricensis used in the earlier analyses was most likely erroneous, and in fact L. conimbricensis is not closely related to L. subbiflorus. Critical reexamination of previously published data indicates that several other similar errors may exist for other Lotus species, and these should be checked before taxonomic conclusions are made.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal and dark septate fungal associations in shallot (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum) under conventional agriculture
Authors: Priyadharsini Perumalsamy , Pandey Radha , Muthukumar Thangavelu 
Published: February 2012

Arbuscular mycorrhizal and dark septate fungal associations in shallot (Allium cepaL. var.aggregatum) under conventional agricultureWe examined roots of the shallot (Allium cepaL. var.aggregatum), one of the most popular cultivated crops of the family Aliaceae, cultivated under conventional agriculture for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) and dark septate fungal endophyte (DSE) associations. All the plants had dual colonization of both AMF and DSE associations. The intermediate-type AMF morphology in the shallot is the first report of this AMF type for the family Aliaceae. The extents of total AMF and DSE colonization ranged from 20.7 to 67.3% and 3.6 to 35.3% respectively and varied significantly among fields. Though no significant relationship existed between total AMF and DSE variables, they were correlated to the soil variables. Significant correlations existed between soil P and microscelerotia and also between soils N and K and AMF spore numbers. A total of six AMF spore morphotype belonging toGlomusandScutellosporawere identified.Scutellospora calosporawas the most dominant morphotype in the studied fields.