bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A scale of attitudes toward the application of eugenics to the treatment of people with mental retardation
Authors: ANTONAK R. F. , FIELDER C. R. , MULICK J. A. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTAs part of a larger study of the attitudes of diverse samples towards the application of eugenics to the treatment of people with mental retardation, a 32‐item summated rating scale was developed as a contemporary, brief, easy to administer and score, and psychometrically sound instrument. Data were collected and analysed that indicated satisfactory item characteristics and reliability, and initial support for the content and construct validities of the scale. Analyses of social desirability data revealed that scale scores were not influenced by the subjects' desire to adhere to socially desirable expectations. The scale should be useful for the investigation of questions concerning the formation, structure and correlates of attitudes toward the application of eugenics to the treatment of people with mental retardation, and the relationship of these attitudes to contemporary mental retardation policies and practices.
Autism and related behaviours
Authors: GILLBERG C. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTChildhood autism is conceptualized as a behavioural syndrome with several different aetiologies. Its prevalence is estimated at about one in every thousand children born. The male:female ratio is considerably higher than in the general population, but possibly not as high as 3–4:1 (as has been suggested for almost 50 years in the literature). A number of specific medical conditions are associated with autism and a comprehensive medical work‐up is required in all cases with pervasive autistic symptomatology. Genetic factors contribute to the development of autism in some cases. Recent neurobiological and psychological studies contribute to a concept of the autistic syndrome as but one of several different syndromes characterized by impaired empathy skills.
Overestimation of mentally retarded persons' IQs using the PPVT: a re‐analysis and some implications for future research
Authors: FACON B. , BOLLENGIER T. , GRUBAR J.‐C. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTNumerous validity studies have shown that the PPVT consistently overestimates mentally retarded persons' IQs. One possible interpretation is that this phenomenon is an outcome of the dissociation between their cognitive level and their experience. Indeed, compared to intellectually average subjects of the same mental age, they have had more learning opportunities, simply because they have lived longer. In order to validate this hypothesis, the French version of the PPVT, Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM), and the 1966 version of the Binet‐Simon were administered to 90 subjects of various chronological ages matched on mental age (30 nonretarded 5 year olds and two groups of 30 retarded subjects aged 10 and 16 years, respectively). The results indicate that CA exerts a strong effect on vocabulary, but not on RCPM performance. The research implications of this finding are discussed.
Teaching prereading skills to disabled children
Authors: JOHANSSON I. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTA Swedish survey suggests that less than 10% of. children with Down's syndrome between 7 and 10 years of age are able to read a simple text. Children with Down's syndrome in a programme for early language intervention show clear progress in reading ability. The programme focuses on general language development, auditory and visual perception, and fine‐motor ability. Prereading skills are stimulated in a systematic way such as identifying and discriminating sound‐patterns at the level of the word, the syllable and the segments, and children are helped to categorize forms, to discriminate and understand pictures, to recognize the direction of reading, and to realize the grapheme‐phoneme correspondence.
Mental illness‐mental retardation in the United States: policy and treatment challenges
Authors: FLETCHER R. J. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to present an overview of current trends in the field of dual diagnosis in the United States. Policy, programme, diagnostic and treatment issues are reviewed. The paper will examine the effects of the social policy of deinsdtutionalization on people who have a dual diagnosis and will offer policy ideas for ameliorating some of the significant obstacles facing this population. Exemplary programme models are briefly discussed to illustrate the development of effective services. The challenges of assessing psychopathology in people with mental retardation are addressed. Several therapy and treatment modalities that have proven to be effective with people who have a dual diagnosis are also discussed. Lastly, this paper mentions a new commtinity ideology driven by the values of consumers choice and satisfaction.
Alterations in replication timing of X‐chromosome bands in Rett syndrome
Authors: Kormann‐Bortolotto M. H. , Webb T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA cytogenetic study has been carried out on 30 girls affected with Rett syndrome, 35 of their family members and 25 unrelated healthy control females.Karyotyping at the 850 band level revealed no detectable chromosome abnormalities in either the affected girls or their families. Observations on the sequence of the appearance of early replicating bands on both the active and the inactive X‐chromosome demonstrated the same replication patterns in all of the groups investigated with the exception that band Xp2i appeared with greater frequency in the Rett syndrome cells. A degree of variation was detected both between and within the subjects when the timing of the latest bands to replicate was investigated for the active X, but the same consensus order was obtained for all groups.A comparable number of elongated X‐chromosomes was found in the girls with Rett syndrome (8%) when compared to their mothers (12%) when synchronized cells were treated with a short pulse of BrdU. If a disturbance in X‐inactivadon does contribute to the aetiology of Rett syndrome, it is at a level which is not detected by observations on the relative timing of replication of chromosome bands.
Electrophysiological correlates of psychopathology in individuals with mental retardation and epilepsy
Authors: Deb S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne hundred adults with mental retardation and epilepsy were randomly selected from hospital and community settings for a detailed study of psychopathology (maladaptive behaviour, psychiatric illness and personality disorder). All of them had a recording of interictal EEG within the 12‐month study period. Of all the EEG recordings, nine were completely normal, 48 showed excessive slow background wave, and a further 43 showed epileptiform discharges. Of the 43 with epileptiform discharges in the EEG, 12 showed bilateral, diffuse, generalized activities (including 3 Hz abnormality), 18 showed temporal lobe focus (five left‐sided, four right‐sided and nine bilateral), and the other 13 showed secondary generalization from a temporal lobe focus. A comparison of psychopathology between the groups with a generalized epileptiform activity in the EEG (n= 12) and focal changes (n= 18) did not reveal any significant difference.
Autism in immigrants: children born in Sweden to mothers born in Uganda
Authors: Gillberg C. , Schaumann H. , Gillberg I. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree boys diagnosed as suffering from autistic disorder were born in Sweden to mothers born in Uganda. Two were related but the third boy was unrelated to the others. The prevalence for autistic disorder in Goteborg children born to mothers who were born in Uganda was 15% which is almost 200 times higher than in the general population of children. The possible reason for the high autism rate in this particular ethnic subgroup is discussed.
The use of anti‐psychotic drugs with adults with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour
Authors: Kiernan C. , Reeves D. , Alborz A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of anti‐psychotic medication with an adult population of people with learning disabilities and challenging behaviours was investigated as part of an epidemiological study covering seven district health authorities and corresponding local authorities in North West England. The study found a high rate of prescription of anti‐psychotic drugs (48·1%). Chlorpromazine was the most frequently prescribed drug, followed by Thiorid a zineand Hal of eri‐dol. Three variables, psychiatric diagnosis, where the person was resident (hospital disturbed ward, hospital non‐disturbed ward, hostel or family home) and district of origin were found to be significant determinants of prescriptions when all other variables were controlled. Of the variables reflecting individual characteristics those significantly related to prescription suggested that the socially disruptive effects of challenging behaviour were determining prescription. The results are discussed in the context of differing prescription practices across residence and district in the context of the management of socially disruptive behaviour.
The dexamethasone suppression test and the diagnosis of depression in adults with severe and profound developmental disabilities
Authors: Mudford O. C , Barrera F. J. , Murray A. , Boundy K. , Caldwell K. , Goldberg B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was administered to 40 adults with severe and profound mental retardation. All participants were free from known conditions which may have given misleading results from cortisol assay. Of nine participants who showed symptoms possibly indicating depression the DST results concurred in two cases (i.e. there were two true‐positives). However there were four or five (depending on criteria adopted) false‐positive DST results. There did not appear to be a consistent behavioural profile for positive DST responders. With sensitivity to possible depression estimated at 22%, and a diagnostic confidence of <35%, these data do not support recommendations that the DST is useful for assisting in diagnosis of depression in this population.
The Behavior Problem Inventory: a further replication of its factor structure
Authors: Sturmey P. , Sevin J. A. , Williams D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Behavior Problem Inventory was administered to a random sample of people living in a state school. The scores from all items and from self‐injury items only were factor analysed. The three scales of the Behavior Problem Inventory were highly internally consistent. Factor analysis of all the items showed some similarities to previous studies, and factor analysis of the self‐injury items showed a very close correspondence to two previous studies. The results are discussed in terms of the design of this instrument, the possible multi‐factorial nature of self‐injury and future research on the design of measures of assessments of maladaptive behaviours in people with developmental disabilities.
The prescribing of neuroleptic drugs for people with learning disabilities living in Leicestershire
Authors: Branford D. , Collacott R. A. , Thorp C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNeuroleptics are prescribed for 23% of individuals with learning disabilities resident in Leicestershire, England. The rate of neuroleptic prescription is significantly higher in individuals resident in N.H.S. facilities (44%) than in non‐N.H.S. managed connmunlty facilities (13%). Significantly higher doses of neuroleptics are prescribed to individuals resident in N.H.S. facilities. However, ratings for the level of behavioural disturbance were significantly higher in N.H.S. facilities. The decision to prescribe neuroleptics was associated with disturbed behaviour, and higher doses of neuroleptic medication prescribed were associated with more disturbed behaviour.
Age‐specific standardized mortality rates in people with learning disability
Authors: McGuigan S. M. , Hollins S. , Attard M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to calculate the ageand sex‐specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) in two populations of people with learning disability (LD). These populations included people living in institutions and community settings. It was found that SMRs tended to be raised for both males and females in each population, but SMRs do not always significantly differ from unity. For the combined Register populations, SMRs are generally significantly greater than unity. We conclude that these data provide evidence that death rates for people with LD are often higher than in the general population.
Short‐term memory in persons with intellectual disabilities and Down's syndrome
Authors: Vicari S. , Carlesimo A. , Caltagirone C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe present study was designed to investigate verbal and spatial short‐term memory abilities in persons with Down's syndrome (DS) and intellectual disability (ID) of different aetiology. For this purpose, we compared performances of DS (n= 15; mean mental age=5.2 years; SD= 1.2 years; mean chronological age= 16.6 years; SD=2.9 years) and ID subjects (n= 14; mean mental age=5.8 years; SD=2.I years; mean chronological age= 16.4 years; SD=2.5 years) with those of normally developed subjects matched for mental age (n=24) on tasks of forward and backward immediate recall of verbal and spatial sequences. Our results are discussed in the light of the Working Memory model developed by Baddeley (1986, 1990). Altogether, our data documents a deficit of verbal and spatial backward spans in persons with DS. The deficit seems to be specific for this particular aetiology group, confirming the hypothesis that ID is not a uniform condition, characterized by an undifferentiated delay of the cognitive development, but rather that it is characterized by a deficit in a complex cognitive system in which some cognitive abilities can be disrupted more than others (Detterman 1987; Vicari et al. 1992).
Molecular genetic analysis of mentally retarded males with features of the fragile‐X syndrome
Authors: Butler M. G. , Pratesi R. , Vnencak‐Jones C. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe fragile‐X [fra(X)] or Martin‐Bell syndrome is the most common familial cause of mental retardation and is characterized by the presence of an Xq27.3 chromosome fragile site. Unstable DNA sequences representing large increases in the number of CGG trinucleotide DNA base repeats of the FMR‐1 gene are located at the fragile site and responsible for the fra(X) syndrome. In order to identify whether cytogenetically normal yet mentally retarded males without 3 known cause of their retardation had expansion of the CGG repeat segment of the FMR‐1 gene, molecular genetic studies using Southern hybridization were Performed with two DNA probes (fxa24l and Ox1.9) following digestion of genomic DNA from each patient with restriction enzymes PstI and EcoRI/EagI, respectively. DNA studies were performed on 20 (12.3%) out of 162 (122 white and 40 black people) cytogenetically normal mentally retarded males without a known cause of their retardation, but with high anthropometric discriminant values and/or clinical checklist scores identified previously and consistent with the fra(X) syndrome. None of the 20 males showed expansion of the CGG repeat of the FMR‐1 gene detectable with the two probes used in this study. While heterogeneous single base pair substitutions, or small deletions or insertions in the FMR‐1 gene could exist in our patients, aberrations in other X‐tinked mental retardation genes, not identified to date but whose gene product can produce a phenotype similar to fra(X), either independently or in conjunction with the recently identified FMR‐1 protein, should be considered and are under investigation. Our study supports the idea that major FMR‐1 gene expansion detectable with Southern hybridization is rare in cytogenetically normal mentally retarded males, including those with physical and behavioural features seen in the fra(X) syndrome.
Adaptation to group home living for adults with mental retardation as a function of previous residential placement
Authors: Maisto A. A. , Hughes E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChanges in adaptive fianctioning subsequent to a group home placement was assessed for deinstitutionalized and previously non‐institudonalized adults with mental retardation. Results indicated that both groups experienced a significant increase in overall adaptive functioning subsequent to group home placement. The results also indicated that neither group experienced a significantly greater increase in adaptive behaviour compared to the other. Additionally, it was found that the deinstitutionalized group functioned at a higher adaptive level overall than did the previously non‐institudonalized group. These results are consistent with previous research regarding the benefits of a group home placement on deinstitudonalized individuals. This research extends previous research by demonstradng that group home placements also have a signi‐ficant impact on the adapdve behaviour of previously non‐institudonalized individuals.
Medical aspects of ageing in a population with intellectual disability: II. Hearing impairment
Authors: Evenhuis H. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHearing function of an institutionalized population with intellectual disability, consisting of 70 subjects with a mean age of 70.1 (range 60–92) years at initial evaluation, was assessed during a 10‐year longitudinal study. One subject had Down's syndrome and could not be assessed as a result of dementia. The total prevalence of mild to severe hearing loss (33.3% in the 60–70 age group and 70.4% in those over age 70) was comparable to reported data from an ageing populadon without intellectual disability in the United Kingdom (37%, respectively 60%), However, the proportion of moderate to severe losses might be higher (16.7%vs. 7% in the 60–70 age group and 33.3%vs. 18% in the older age group). Excess impairment was caused by severe congenital and childhood hearing impairment on one hand, and by conductive losses, probably caused by unrecognized chronic middle ear infections, superposed upon presbyacusis, on the other. Impacted ear wax was also a major problem. The incidence of new cases with hearing loss during follow‐up was 50%, After individual habituation training hearing aids were used without difiFiculdes by 20 out of 24 subjects. The importance of acdve screening and treatment of middle ear infections and hearing impairment from a young age
Sexual knowledge interview schedule: reliability
Authors: Forchuk C. , Martin M.‐L. , Griffiths M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Sexual Knowledge Interview Schedule (SKIS) is a 46‐item interview schedule with an abuse scale and knowledge scale. The knowledge scale includes feelings, body parts identification, body parts function and general sexual knowledge. The reliability of the SKIS is reported. Internal consistency for scales/subscales ranges from 0.78 to 0.96, Inter‐rater reliability was 95.3% agreement and test‐retest reliability was 70.1%
Providing intensive community support to people with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour: a preliminary analysis of outcomes and costs
Authors: Allen D. , Lowe K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe impact of a specialist community service on the lives of three people with challenging behaviour was assessed using single‐case studies. The outcome measures employed recorded changes in adaptive behaviours, challenging behaviours and staff sadsfaction with the interventions used. Improvements on the behavioural measures were observed for each client, and positive feedback was received from each of the staff groups concerned. The costs of providing these interventions in community settings were calculated and compared to the costs of alternative service options.
Long‐term survival in the Wolf–Hirschhorn (4p‐) syndrome
Authors: Smith S. A. , Walker A. M. , Monk A. J. , Young I. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe clinical features of Wolf‐Hirschhom syndrome are described in a 29‐year‐old woman who shows severe retardation of growth and development. It is important for health care professionals involved with families in which this condition is present to realize that long‐term survival may occur.
BIOMED‐MEROPE* project: service provision for adults with intellectual disability: a European comparison
Authors: Holt G. , Costello H. , Bouras N. , Diareme S. , Hillery J. , Moss S. , Rodriguez‐Blazquez C. , Salvador L. , Tsiantis J. , Weber G. , Dimitrakaki C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe aim of the present paper is to describe and compare services for adults with intellectual disability (ID) and mental health needs in five European countries: Austria, England, Greece, Ireland and Spain. A framework and structure for collecting information about service provision was designed. This information was collected through a mixture of interviews with service providers, questionnaires and a review of the research literature within each country. Information was collected on historical context, policy, legislation, assessment, treatment and the structure of services for people with ID and mental health problems. Overall, the needs of those with additional mental health needs have not been specifically addressed at a national level with perhaps the exception of England and Ireland, although there are still gaps in services in these nations. Normalization has been adopted in each of the five countries, and there are moves toward deinstitutionalization, integration and inclusion. Families and self‐advocacy groups have grown. The pace of this change varies between and even within countries. The main findings of the study include: unclear policy, trends for legislative changes, increased prevalence of mental health problems, inadequate generic service provision, a need for specialist mental health services, a need for improved interconnections of services, and a need for training developments. Policy and legislation in the five European countries under consideration tend to separate the disability aspects of people with ID from their mental health needs. Consequently, the service needs of this group remain largely invisible. This might be a direct reflection of policy clarity and legislation, or could be the result of a failure to implement existing guidelines. This has a detrimental effect on the lives of people with ID, and their families and carers.
The prevalence of features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a special school in Ireland
Authors: Buckley S. , Hillery J. , Guerin S. , McEvoy J. , Dodd P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground  The prevalence of features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with intellectual disabilities (ID) in Irish schools is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of features of ADHD in a special school, in order to ascertain the number of children who may need further assessment for ADHD. The study also explores the reliability of the Conners Teachers Rating Scale in this population.Method  All teachers in a special school for children with ID were asked to complete the Conners Teachers Rating Scale and the Attention‐Distractibility, Inhibition–Excitation Classroom Assessment Rating Scale, for those children whose parents had consented for them to take part in this study. Consent was obtained for 84 children a response rate of 71%, between the ages of 5 and 18 (mean = 10.5 years; SD = 3.7).Results  The Conners Teachers Rating Scale was found to be internally reliable and had a normal distribution with our results. Overall, 55.9% of participants (47/84) had markedly elevated scores (T > 69) for at least one of the target subscales, which were the ‘Hyperactivity’, ‘Inattention’ and the ‘ADHD Index’ subscales of the Conners Teachers Rating Scales. In addition, the findings would suggest that the Conners Teachers Rating Scale can be a useful screening tool in the population of school children with ID.Conclusions  The study suggests that ADHD may be under diagnosed in children with ID. This has practical implications for the mental health needs of these children. It is recommended that further studies are carried out to determine the prevalence of ADHD in this population.