bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Wind‐Blown Material on the Soils of Massachusetts
Authors: Colby Wm. G. , Light Mitchell A. , Bertinuson T. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMost of the soil profiles of Massachusetts exhibit a surficial mantle of material that is genetically different from the underlying geologic formation. This surficial deposit exhibits a high content of very fine sand and silt and a very low content of the coarse fractions and clay. The deposit is relatively uniform in texture and mineralogical composition throughout its entire depth, irrespective of the underlying geologic formation. Results of field observations and mineralogical and mechanical analysis, give convincing evidence that the surficial mantle is of wind‐blown origin. Although this surficial mantle is not universal in its occurrence, most of the agricultural soils of the state are either entirely of wind‐blown origin or strongly influenced by such material.
Brown Forest, Polygenetic, and Congeliturbate Profiles of Potter County, Pennsylvania
Authors: Goodman Kenneth V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA Brown Forest soil, soils having polygenetic profiles, and soils believed to have developed in materials formed by frost action and slope creep were mapped in Potter County, Pa., an area of normally well developed Podzol soils. Because of the complex conditions which existed at the margins of the continental glaciers, soil classification is difficult in these areas.Field observations and the following laboratory analyses were made: mechanical analyses, pH determinations, X‐ray diffraction analyses, and exchangeable cation and base saturation determinations.The results show that the outstanding characteristics of the Brown Forest great soil group can be identified in units as small as a single soil type. The Brown Forest profile has a characteristic granular structure, brown color, and a variation in pH from nearly neutral to acid to alkaline from the surface downward. The presence of gibbsite, usually associated with tropical weathering, in the lower part of the Sweden (tentative) series suggests that it is of polygenetic nature and that the lower part of the profile formed prior to Wisconsin glaciation. The physical and chemical analyses of the congeliturbate profiles, as well as a lack of erratics and rounded sands and gravels, suggest that although till‐like in nature, such profiles may have developed in materials formed as a result of frost action rather than glacial action. Further study is needed to substantiate this hypothesis.
The Dissolution and Migration of Phosphorus from Granular Superphosphate in Some Michigan Soils
Authors: Lawton Kirk , Vomocil J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the rate of dissolution and migration of phosphorus from granular superphosphate under different soil conditions. The effect of variation in soil type, soil moisture, compaction, and soluble phosphorus level in soils was considered.Laboratory studies were conducted in which fertilizer granules and tablets were placed in soils for varying time periods, after which the remaining phosphorus in the recovered granule and in the soil was measured by chemical or radioactive isotope techniques.Rapid dissolution of phosphorus from fertilizer granules in contact with moist soil was experimentally verified. At field capacity moisture contents, 50 to 80% of water soluble phosphorus moved out of the granules in 24 hours. Even in soils as low as 2 to 4% moisture, approximately 20 to 50% of the phosphorus moved from the granule into the soil in a one day period. It was found that both commercial and experimental superphosphate 4–8 mesh granules had a strong tendency to absorb moisture when placed in a saturated atmosphere. In relatively dry soils, moisture is drawn from the soil mass toward the granule, thereby forming a moist shell.The degree of soil compaction around the granule affects the rate of fertilizer dissolution. However, differences in compaction were found to have less effect than variations in soil moisture.Placing radioactive fertilizer granules in soils with extremely high available phosphorus contents or in contact with non‐radioactive superphosphate did not markedly reduce the rate of dissolution of granular phosphorus.Migration studies showed that phosphorus moved very little under the conditions studied. Maximum movement of about one inch occurred at soil moistures approximating field capacity on three soils. Most of this movement took place in the first week of a 4‐week period. Compacting soil tended to increase both dissolution and migration of fertilizer phosphorus. The larger the superphosphate granule, the more extensive was phosphorus migration.
Availability of Phosphorus in Granulated Fertilizers
Authors: Starostka Raymond W. , Caro Joseph H. , Hill William L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA greenhouse test to measure the effect of placement, granule size, and the relative phosphate fixing capacity of the soil upon the efficiency of superphosphate and dicalcium phosphate was performed. The materials, labeled with P32, granulated, and sized to 4–6, 8–10, 14–20, 28–35, and −35 mesh were used in band and mixed placements on Evesboro and Davidson soils. A major difficulty encountered in greenhouse experimentation with granulated fertilizers stems from the problem of securing small samples for pot application that truly represent the test materials. Even with close‐sized materials the minimum representative sample of coarse granules is several‐fold larger than the quantity required for pot application. The test crop was wheat. Using increased yields, total phosphorus uptake, and percentage of the plant phosphorus derived from the fertilizer as criteria of agronomic value, the 14–20 mesh granules of superphosphate were the best size tested with this material while the 28–35 and −35 were the best sizes tested with dicalcium phosphate.
Changes in Drainage Properties of a Muck Soil as a Result of Drainage Practices
Authors: Jongedyk H. A. , Hickok R. B. , Mayer I. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInvestigations of physical properties of muck soils using core samples, field observations of structure, and draw‐down studies, showed that the drainage characteristics of organic soils may be changed as a result of drainage practices. Studies were conducted on tiled drainage plots at the Northern Indiana Muck Experiment Farm at Walkerton, Ind. Average water table depths of 1.3 feet, 2.1 feet, and 3.3 feet were maintained from 1944 through 1950.Significant changes have occurred in depth of soil, horizontal and vertical permeability rates, pore space distribution, and soil structural characteristics in the soil of the deeper drained plots (2.1 feet to 3.3 feet deep water tables) compared with shallow drained plots which may be considered as checks. Soils with very high permeability rates and desirable structural characteristics, favorable to crop growth and easy water control, exist on plot areas which had the deeper water tables. High water table plots have had more peaty muck soil with blocky, spongy structure and low effective permeability rates. Increased decomposition of soil, root growth, and earthworm activity occurred with lower water tables.Some practical aspects of the changes in soil properties are presented.
Forest Soils‐Site Index Studies in Maine
Authors: Young Harold E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe field, laboratory and analysis technique employed by Coile and his students in forest soils‐site index studies in the South have been tried on a modest scale in Maine. A White Pine study based on 16 plots located in 16 different White Pine stands in the vicinity of Orono, Maine, yielded a regression equation which correlated site index with the depth of the A horizon and the percentage of stones in the B horizon. As both of these factors increase, the site index decreases. This was field checked in a series of white pine stands within a 50 mile radius of Orono and in the southern part of the state along the Maine Turnpike. Data were also collected on 16 plots in spruce‐fir stands on the Penobscot Experimental Forest and this yielded a regression equation correlating the site index of spruce with the depth of the A horizon and the inhibitional water value of the A horizon. As both of these increase, the site index for spruce decreases. It is apparent that Coile's methods apply in Maine. Further study based on many more plots and covering a wider range of conditions are essential to obtain equations that can be used in practical forest management.
Response of Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Inoculation with Mixtures of Effective and Ineffective Rhizobia
Authors: Burton J. C. , Allen O. N. , Berger K. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIneffective rhizobia have often accounted for poor growth and low yields of certain leguminous plants despite the presence of effective rhizobia in the rhizosphere. The purpose of this study was to determine the plant growth response of beans to effective and ineffective rhizobia applied at different time intervals. Precedence in the addition of the different inocula and time of harvest were also employed as major variables.Beans receiving both effective and ineffective rhizobia simultaneously made as good growth and fixed as much nitrogen as did those which received only effective strains at planting or 21 days later. Plant response to the inoculation treatments was not different at the 35, 45, and 68‐day harvests.Plants bearing ineffective nodules and nodule‐free plants of the same age were equally susceptible to nodulation by effective rhizobia added at the 21‐day period. Ineffective rhizobia added to 21‐day old plants bearing effective nodules had no adverse effect on growth or on nitrogen content of these plants.The amount of nitrogen in the bean nodules examined was related to the kind of inoculum applied. Effective nodules contained 6–8% nitrogen, ineffective ones averaged 3–4% nitrogen and those from plants treated with mixed inocula showed a range of 5–8% nitrogen.
The Effect of Anhydrous Ammonia on Nitrification and the Microbiological Population in Sandy Soils
Authors: Eno Charles F. , Blue William G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnhydrous ammonia was applied to Arredondo loamy fine sand and Lakeland fine sand at rates of 100 and 250 pounds of nitrogen per acre. In all soils the numbers of fungi were decreased. The numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes were increased except for a period not longer than 3 days after application, on the neutral soil, during which time they were decreased. A more detailed study of the zone of retention showed that both the numbers of fungi and bacteria were decreased on the first day. This decrease occurred in both acid and neutral soil. On the tenth day the numbers of fungi were still markedly reduced, whereas the numbers of bacteria had increased to 6 to 25 times those in the check soil. The changes in the microbiological population were noticeable while high concentrations of ammonia were present and were restricted to a 3‐inch zone centered on the injector row; this corresponded to the zone in which most of the ammonia was retained. From a total population standpoint, none of the changes noted are likely to permanently disturb the ecological balance in the soil.The drastic reduction in numbers of fungi in the anhydrous ammonia‐treated soil indicated that there may be a possibility of it being used as a fungicidal agent in soil.Compared to ammonium sulfate, anhydrous ammonia nitrified more rapidly in the slightly acid soils and less rapidly in the neutral soil. This may be of practical significance in choosing between these two fertilizer materials.
Wheat Yields and Soil Fertility on the Canadian Prairies after a Half Century of Farming
Authors: Hill K. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAt three Experimental Stations in Western Canada the yields of spring wheat on summerfallow in grain rotations have been maintained for 40 years without the addition of fertilizer or manure. Yields of wheat following wheat in these rotations at two Stations may have declined slightly but this was not due entirely to reduced fertility since weed infestations have adversely affected yields.At the Lethbridge Station in Alberta, average losses of 25% nitrogen and 19% organic matter have occurred in the grain rotations since 1910.It appears that a cropping practice which includes wheat and summerfallow can be continued profitably for some time to come in Western Canada if soil erosion and weeds can be controlled.
Identification of Lime‐Deficient Peat Soils
Authors: Nygard Iver J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField and laboratory studies were made of 37 Minnesota peat bogs to fix the upper limit of lime content in the surface of lime‐deficient bogs, and to determine criteria of lime‐deficient peats3 other than the lime content. Field trials to determine whether the peats were lime‐deficient, using common farm crops, were conducted on peats from 35 uncultivated bogs and two cultivated bogs. All lime‐deficient peats and most of the lime‐sufficient peats were extremely acid as indicated by pH measurements. A close correlation existed between the lime (calcium oxide) content and lime‐deficiency. No native plant species were found to indicate lime‐deficiency reliably.
Phosphorus Diffusion in Soils
Authors: Bouldin D. R. , Black C. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe validity of activity measurements as estimates of phosphorus diffusion from P32‐tagged phosphate sources was investigated. Significant changes in the apparent specific activity of diffusing phosphorus were found; these could be accounted for by assuming exchange between diffusing P32 and native soil P31. Despite such changes in apparent specific activity, the overall picture of phosphorus diffusion obtained from activity measurements was not substantially different from that obtained by total phosphorus analysis. One‐dimensional diffusion of tagged phosphates from Ca(H2PO4)2 and KH2PO4 sources was studied in 10 water‐saturated soils using x‐ray film and Geiger tubes to estimate the resulting distribution of diffused phosphorus. The x‐ray film revealed many local areas of P32 concentrations 0.5 to 2 millimeters in diameter. Large‐scale irregularities in the curves relating phosphorus concentration in the soil column to distance from the source were found in three cases. In both Miami silt loam and Muscatine silt loam with Ca(H2PO4)2 as source, peaks of phosphorus concentration were found at 4‐cm. intervals. With Miami silt loam and KH2PO4 as source, one peak of phosphorus concentration was found about 1 cm. from the source. Distribution of diffused calcium, as measured by extraction with 0.5 N acetic acid, was similar to distribution of diffused phosphorus in Muscatine and Miami silt loam columns treated with Ca(H2PO4)2.
Further Studies Involving Cationic Activities in Systems of Plant Roots
Authors: McLean E. O. , Adams D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCationic activities were determined by means of clay membrane electrodes, and mean free bonding energies were computed for Ca and K in systems of plant roots representing five different plant species. The study involved measurements in both homoionic and biionic systems of roots from Reed canary grass, red top, oats, alfalfa, and buckwheat.When all cation saturations of the roots studied are considered, results indicate that on a molar basis Ca is usually bonded to plant roots more strongly than is K. Using the homoionic systems at 100% saturation as a basis for comparison, buckwheat roots were found to have bonded Ca 3.3 times as strongly as K. Reed canary grass roots under the same conditions, however, held K equally as strongly as Ca. Roots from the other plant species were intermediate between these extremes in relative bonding energies for these two cations. Varietal differences in the relative bonding energies were also noted.The ratio of the mean free bonding energies of the cations in the homoionic systems at 100% saturation was found not to be closely related to the cation exchange capacity of the roots. This suggests that the root exchange capacity alone will not be a reliable guide in predicting relative uptake of Ca and K by different crops.It is suggested that buckwheat's well known ability to utilize phosphates of low solubility may be related to the relatively high mean free bonding energy for Ca by its roots. Such a high relative bonding energy might well be the weathering force necessary to release the phosphate from the otherwise unavailable form.
How Accurate is a Summary of Soil Test Information?
Authors: McCollum R. E. , Nelson W. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemical analyses of soils from 1184 systematically sampled fields in Duplin County, N. C., were compared with results from 538 voluntary farmer samples sent into the Soil Testing Division. Cropping history for fields included in both samples was obtained by personal contact and by correspondence, respectively. Results were compared on the basis of the previous crop as well as on the basis of the general mean of the two samples.The pH and content of organic matter and potassium were significantly higher in the farmer samples but the differences were small in magnitude. The calcium and magnesium were distinctly higher in the farmer samples. On the other hand, the phosphorus was significantly lower in the farmer sample but again the difference was small. The tendency for higher levels of pH, potassium, calcium and magnesium may serve to substantiate the idea that the better farmers are sending in the majority of the samples. However, the difference in results for pH, organic matter, phosphorus and potassium is not considered sufficiently great to invalidate a summary of results from farmer samples. Seasonal effects on values obtained for pH, phosphorus and potassium present a problem. However, assuming the same type of seasonal distribution from year to year and the same type of farmers sending in samples, relative differences among areas, among crops, or in trends can be established.
Influences of Varying Plant Population, Soil Fertility and Hybrid on Corn Yields
Authors: Duncan E. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour experiments on widely different soil types were carried out in 1952 to study the influences of varying plant population, fertility level, and hybrid on yield of corn grain and on plant characteristics. Selected hybrids of three maturity ratings were used at each location.Corn yields were increased by an application of fertilizer, assumed to be adequate, at all locations. The degree of response to applied fertilizer was influenced by plant population level, the initial fertility level of the soil, and to a lesser extent by the hybrids grown. Yield increases attributable to fertilizer ranged from 7.5 to 101.9 bushels per acre.Grain yields of all hybrids were increased on the high fertility level plots by increasing plant populations above 8,000 plants per acre. Lowest yields at this fertility level occurred at the lowest population and best yields were obtained at the highest population (approximately 24,000 plants per acre). Yield responses to different populations were not consistent at the low fertility level. Responses varied with higher populations from slight increases to slight, but consistent decreases. Yield differences attributable to increasing plant populations from 8,000 to 24,000 plants, ranged from a decrease of 22.7 on the lowest fertility level to an increase of 64.8 bushels on the high fertility level. Intermediate populations at both fertility levels resulted in intermediate yield differences.The “late” hybrid on the high fertility level generally produced higher yields than the “adapted” and “early” hybrids up to 16,000 plants per acre. Above this population the adapted hybrid was generally equal or higher in yield.There were small and inconsistent differences between hybrids at the low fertility level. Any general yield advantages favored the adapted and early hybrids over the late hybrid.
The Absorption of Phosphorus from Radioactive Phosphate Fertilizers Applied to Established Meadows I. Effect of Source, Rate, and Time of Application
Authors: Caldwell A. C. , Hustrulid A. , Hammers F. L. , MacGregor J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the spring of 1950 radioactive superphosphate and fused tricalcium phosphate at rates of 40 and 120 pounds of P2O5 per acre were applied as a topdressing to alfalfa on two fields of Waukegan silt loam. Superphosphate was more effective than fused tricalcium phosphate in supplying phosphorus to the plant but differences became less with time. The yield and phosphorus content of alfalfa were increased by both sources of phosphorus.Similar trials were conducted in 1951 on the same soil type with the added teatment of potassium to the heavier phosphate application. Again superphosphate was superior to fused tricalcium phosphate as a source of phosphorus for alfalfa. The uptake of phosphorus was increased by the addition of potassium to the soil.Phosphate broadcast after removal of first‐crop alfalfa was effective in supplying phosphorus to the plant (1951). In 1952, in a similar type of experiment, superphosphate at 40, 80, and 120 pounds of P2O5 per acre was broadcast after the removal of first crop alfalfa. Approximately one‐half of the phosphorus in mature alfalfa came from the fertilizer. The addition of potassium increased the uptake of phosphorus. The phosphorus content of alfalfa increased progressively with increased rates of phosphate application.The recovery of applied phosphorus was low regardless of kind, rate, or time of application. The best recovery was only 11.6% of the phosphorus from superphosphate applied at 120 pounds of P2O5 per acre.
Evaluation of Residual Soil Phosphorus in Permanent Fertility Plots
Authors: Webb J. R. , Pesek J. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAreas of four long‐time fertility experiments that were planted to oats in 1952 were used to study the effect of different past treatments upon the level of available soil phosphorus.Phosphorus A values, as derived by Fried and Dean, were compared with the Bray soil phosphorus test, and with crop yields as a means of evaluating the soil phosphorus level. The A values appeared to be very satisfactory for this purpose, and correlated significantly with soil test phosphorus values and with oat yields. At three of the four locations, a higher degree of correlation existed between A values and yields than between soil test phosphorus and yields. Phosphorus A values, determined from plant samples harvested at maturity were higher than those determined from an earlier sampling, but did not correlate any better with yields or soil test phosphorus.The 1952 results from the long‐time experimental treatments indicated that ordinary superphosphate, concentrated superphosphate, and calcium metaphosphate applied at equal rates of P2O5 over a period of years appear to have an equal effect upon the residual level of available soil phosphorus and upon the yield of oats. Fused tricalcium phosphate compared favorably with these materials on an acid soil but was less effective as a phosphate source on a calcareous soil. Rock phosphate applied at equal or higher rates of P2O5 was a less effective source at all locations and by all three standards of comparison.