bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMMUNOGLOBULIN SYNTHESIS AND ITS INDUCTION IN B-LYMPHOID CELLS
Authors: Askonas Brigitte A. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Several aspects of synthesis and assembly of Ig molecules in small lymphocytes and in differentiated plasma cells are summarized.
Some attempt has been made to analyse at the molecular level what happens on conversion of a lymphocyte to a mature cell secreting high levels of Ig. For this study LPS activation of murine B-lymphocytes into division and maturation served as a model system. A rapid rate of mitosis and high rate of H-mRNA synthesis appeared to precede the high levels of Ig production, suggesting a translational block on H-mRNA until the cell had organized its endoplasmic reticulum and matured.
In vivo, with the exception of T-independent antigens, it is unlikely that B-cell maturation is an automatic sequel to division stimuli. We are largely ignorant in this area but possible regulatory signals which achieve a dissociation of B-cell division and maturation are discussed.
STEPS IN THE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS SUSCEPTIBLE TO IMMUNOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE
Authors: Diczfalusy Egon 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
In an attempt to analyze the specific phases in the chain of reproductive events which might be susceptible to controlled immunological interference, a brief review is given of some of the current concepts of the physiological regulation of the cardinal steps of the human reproductive process, such as spermatogenesis, epididymal sperm maturation, ovulation and the menstrual cycle, sperm transport in the female organism, capacitation, fertilization, tubal transport of the fertilized ovum, implantation and early embryonic development.
The necessary prerequisites for the large scale use of a safe immunological method seem to suggest that an in-depth study of the specific constituents of unique biologically active principles (enzymes, hormones) present in suitable extracts of human sperm and/or human placenta might offer an attractive lead for the development of fertility regulating methods based on active immunization.
IMMUNOCYTOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION AND LOCALIZATION OF ANTIGENS
Authors: Avrameas Stratis 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Immunocytologic techniques allow the study of antigenic cellular constituents by optical or electron microscopy. Antibodies labelled with tracers such as fluorochromes, enzymes, radioactive isotopes, or large electron-dense molecules form the basis of these techniques. The immunochemical procedures involved in the preparation of such conjugates are well defined. Satisfactory results, however, also depend upon the proper preparation and processing of the tissue or cell suspension being studied.
CHEMICAL DISSECTION OF MAMMALIAN SPERMATOZOA
Authors: Gall W. E. , Millette C. F. , Edelman G. M. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Mammalian spermatozoa have been dissected by a variety of chemical techniques to yield free heads, tails with attached midpieces, and tails without mitochondria. By brief exposure to trypsin, mouse and rat spermatozoa were cleaved at the junction of the head and the tail, while human, guinea pig and rabbit spermatozoa were cleaved by trypsin only after prior incubation with a sulphhydryl reducing agent. Treatment with acid or base cleaved spermatozoa of all species examined. In contrast, exposure of spermatozoa to 1 % sarkosyl NL-97 resulted in the quantitative cleavage of mouse cells without noticeable effect on the spermatozoa of the other species. Mitochondria were removed from the midpiece of intact sperm and isolated tails by gentle shaking after treatment with reducing agents. Homogeneous populations of spermatozoan subcellular components were obtained by density gradient centrifugation. Ultrastructural analysis showed that cleavage of mouse spermatozoa by trypsin occurs at a specific location in the neck of the cell without observable damage to other cell structures. The basal plate remained attached to the head structures. In contrast cleavage of spermatozoa by sarkosyl or acid left the basal plate attached to the spermatozoan midpiece. Sarkosyl also removed the plasma membrane and extracted mitochondrial components. Treatment with acid or base also resulted in vesiculation of the plasma membrane and dissolution of the acrosome. Molecular probes have also been used to facilitate mapping of the cell surface. Each mouse spermatozoon has about 107 receptors for the lectin concanavalin A. Binding of fluorescein-labelled concanavalin A indicated that the majority of the receptors is in the acrosomal region; this polar distribution was confirmed by measurement of the number of sites on purified heads and tails. In addition, the low molecular weight probe ANS bound to the plasma membrane of spermatozoa from all species examined, with immediate immobilization of the cells. Ethidium bromide bound to the spermatozoan head without affecting motility.
HL-A, FERTILITY AND NATURAL SELECTION
Authors: Amos D. Bernard 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The antibodies occasionally produced in gravid females usually cause no adverse effects and the mother may become hyporesponsive. Exceptions may occur in some cases of abortion where frequency of antibodies appears to be unduly high. Sperm antigens in the mouse include T locus alleles as well as H-2 and H-Y. The T locus is involved in differentiation. T locus alleles are expressed on early but not late embryos. A search for similar factors in man is in progress. The antigenic differences between sperm and mother and between foetus and mother may be important in natural selection. It is possible that the union of sperm with ovum is non-random and that the ovum can select "compatible" sperm through recognition of cell surface markers present on sperm. Immunologic differences between mother and foetus may cause local "graftversus-host" reactions in the placenta. This leads to increased placental size and may be a factor in hybrid vigour as well as a protective device.
LONG TERM HAZARDS IN IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS OF FERTILITY CONTROL
Authors: Mitchison N. A. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Long term problems associated with future immunological methods of fertility control include the following: (1) reversibility, (2) unscrupulous use, (3) unphysiological intervention giving rise, among other possibilities, to carcinogenesis, (4) deleterious genetical selection operating on antigens, and (5) deleterious genetical selection operating on the immune response. The first three of these constitute a hazard to individuals, and the last two to populations. None is considered to constitute a threat so serious as to inhibit further research on the subject. We should keep under review future developments in relevant areas of immunology, including particularly cell-cell cooperation as a mechanism in autoimmunity, and immune response genes as the objects of immunoselection. It will be important also to come to terms with the social, political, and economic consequences of any cheap, widely-applicable form of birth control, such as might develop from immunological research.
The possibility is raised of wide-spread immunisation against a synthetic immunological determinant, as an aid to fertility control. Another possibility is to make women grandchildless.
STUDIES ON LOW INSULIN RESPONDERS
Authors: Efendić S. , Cerasi E. , Elander I. , Thornqvist Christina , Fick G. , Berglund B. , Luft R. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The insulin responses to intravenous glucose infusion (GIT) and oral administration of glucose (OGTT) were measured in 226 control subjects and 25 chemical or mild maturity-onset non-obese diabetics. In addition, intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) were performed in all subjects.
The insulin response to GIT was analyzed by parameter identification in a mathematical model. This model assumes that glucose initiates insulin release by an immediate action, the magnitude of which is given by parameter KI. In addition, glucose induces a time-dependent potentiation (KP) of its initiating action. Insulin release is also modulated by negative feedback inhibition (KB), which displays an intermediary time course between KI and KP. The computer analysis of GIT allows the identification of a further parameter, KG, which defines sensitivity to endogenous insulin. In addition, a hypothetical plasma insulin value at 10 min was calculated, called IP, and reflecting the response to a standard glucose stimulation. Finally, the insulinogenic index (ΔI/ΔG) for the 10 min value of GIT was calculated.
V. EFFECTS OF THE ANTI-ANDROGEN TSAA-291 ON THE ANDROGEN-RECEPTOR COMPLEX FORMATION FROM [3H]TESTOSTERONE IN RAT VENTRAL PROSTATES
Authors: Sudo Katsuichiro , Yoshida Keiji , Kimura Yoshiaki , Nakayama Ryo 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Intramuscular administration of a new steroidal anti-androgen, TSAA-291(16β-ethyl-17β-hydroxy-4-oestren-3-one), in doses of 0.05, 0.5 and 5 mg/kg body weight reduced the in vivo uptake of [3H]testosterone by the ventral prostate of castrated rats to 78, 59 and 37% of the control level, respectively. Analysis on subcellular fractions of the prostate by gel-filtration and sucrose density-gradient centrifugation followed by thin layer chromatographic identification of testosterone metabolites revealed that 5α-dihydrotestosterone(5α-DHT) which was found to be largely bound to macromolecules in the cytosol and nucleus was the predominant metabolite even in the presence of the anti-androgen, and radioactivities corresponding to the 5α-DHT-macromolecular complexes were decreased by the anti-androgen. TSAA-291 also inhibited the in vitro formation of the 5α-DHT-macromolecular complexes in both cytosol and nucleus from minced prostates incubated with [3H]testosterone. The importance of the findings is discussed in connection with the mode of anti-androgenic action of TSAA-291 in terms of the interaction with the androgen receptor.
Hepatic microsomal enzyme activity in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and its clinical significance
Authors: Sotaniemi Eero A , Arranto Arno J , Salmela Pasi I , Stengård Jari H , Pelkonen R Olavi 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT. Hepatic microsomal enzyme activity was investigated in 280 patients with diabetes mellitus. The oral antipyrine test was used as an in vivo index, and cytochrome P-450 content and arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase activity, determined from liver biopsies (80 subjects), were used as in vitro indices of the liver microsomal enzyme system. Indices of both in vivo and in vitro liver metabolism were decreased in patients with noninsulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM, type 2) as compared to subjects with insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM, type 1) and with age- and sex-matched controls. Drug-induced activation of hepatic enzyme system in type 2 patients having reduced microsomal enzyme activity resulted in improved drug metabolizing ability and also improved glucose utilization. In addition, a decrease of hepatic fat content and a change in serum lipid levels were observed. The function of the hepatocellular endoplasmic reticulum, as measured by microsomal enzyme activity, hence seems to be an important factor in the regulation of glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetics.
Key words: Diabetes mellitus, microsomal enzyme activity, blood glucose, liver histology.
Metabolism and receptor binding of nandrolone and testosterone under in vitro and in vivo conditions
Authors: Bergink E. W. , Geelen J. A. A. , Turpijn E. W. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract. The metabolism and receptor binding of nandrolone (N) and testosterone (T) were studied under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The results of both in vitro incubation studes with 3H-N and 3H-T in tissue homogenates from rats and in vivo infusion studies with 3H-N and 3H-T in conscious rats show the importance of the enzymes 5α-reductase and 3α/β-hydroxysteroid-oxidoreductases in the prostate and the importance of the enzyme 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the kidney for the effects of N and T on these tissues. Following infusion of a combined dose of 3H-N and 3H-T there is a preferential retention at the receptor of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) over 5α-dihydronandrolone (DHN), N and T (DHT ⪢ DHN > N > T) in the prostate because T is a better substrate than N for 5α-reductase and because DHT binds more strongly to the androgen receptor than DHN, N and T. In the kidney 5α-reductase is not important; there is a preferential retention of N in T (DHN and DHT were only present in small amounts) because N is less susceptible than T for metabolic inactivation by the enzyme 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and N binds strongly to the androgen receptor. Both in vitro and in vivo studies show that N and T were relatively stable in spleen, thymus and muscular tissue (only shown in vivo) and, as a result, the same amount of N and T was bound to the receptor in these tissues in the in vivo infusion experiment.
In vitro binding studies with the androgen receptor in intact human cells show that 5α-reduction increases the affinity of T and decreases the affinity of N and of the 17α-ethyl derivative of N (3-keto-ethylestrenol).
The results of the present studies explain the relatively strong effect of N, or derivatives of N, compared to that of T on tissues devoid of 5α-reductase activity (e.g. muscular tissue) and they suggest that in particular there may be a strong effect of N on tissues which in addition have a high 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (e.g. kidney).
Strategy for self-monitoring of diabetic control
Authors: Ludvigsson Johnny , Hermansson Göran 
Published: October 2009

Abstract.
Treatment of diabetes must aim at normal metabolism. Sporadic measurements of any known parameter is not a sufficient guarantee but continous regular self-monitoring is necessary. At least in insulin dependent diabetes it seems reasonable that we should monitor the free insulin levels, but that still belongs to the future. As blood glucose gives us a good reflection of the hormonal and metabolic balance, this is a relevant parameter to follow. Glycosylated proteins, mainly hemoglobin, give only retrospective information of moderate value for the practical management of the disease. Furthermore, one should be aware of the different weak points of glycosylated hemoglobin which does not tell the only, total truth about glucose balance. Self-monitoring of blood glucose is a very valuable tool, especially when used in a systematic way. To get information covering the whole day every day tests for glucosuria have still a place, especially among children and young adults with rather short duration of diabetes. With a sensible approach it is possible to get good compliance among most patients. A combination of blood and urine glucose selfcontrol creates opportunities for a good metabolism in diabetes.
KEY WORDS: diabetes mellitus, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, self-monitoring, blood glucose, urine tests, motivation.
Growth impairment due to transient hypercortisolism
Authors: ARMOUR KAREN , CHALEW STUART , KOWARSKI A. AVINOAM 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Cushing's syndrome in childhood is generally recognized by classical features such as truncal obesity, striae, easy bruising, moon facies, hypertension and growth retardation. Exceptionally, Cushing's syndrome has been reported to present as growth failure alone.
We diagnosed transient hypercortisolism in 6 children who had poor growth as their only presenting abnormality. The 6 children all had integrated concentrations of cortisols (IC-F) (14.1+1.7 μg/dl; mean±ISD) which exceeded the IC-F in healthy children and adults (5.7±1.5 μg/dl; P<0.001). The IC-F of these 6 index cases overlapped the range of IC-F in patients with pathologically proven Cushing's syndrome (20.2±4.7 μg/dl). Four of the 6 patients were treated with human growth hormone for 8 months and showed a marked improvement in their growth rates. Four patients have entered puberty and are growing at normal rates. Three of the 6 children had normal repeat IC-Fs, subsequently, at a time they had normal growth rates. In 1-1/2 to 3 years of follow-up, none of the patients developed any other stigmata of Cushing's syndrome.
We conclude that transient hypercortisolism, documented by the IC-F, may cause growth failure without other symptoms of Cushing's syndrome. Growth hormone therapy may improve the growth rate of these children at the time of their poor growth.
Growth hormone-releasing hormone in the diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone deficient children
Authors: ROSS R.J.M. , GROSSMAN A. , BESSER G.M. , SAVAGE M.O. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) has recently been extracted and synthesised, and appears to be identical to human hypothalamic GHRH.
Immunoreactive GHRH is found in the venous blood of normal subjects and GH-deficient children, but is probably not hypothalamic in origin and therefore not important in GH regulation. GHRH is a potent specific stimulator of GH secretion in man, and provides a valuable diagnostic test in differentiating hypothalamic from pituitary causes of GH deficiency.
Preliminary data suggests that GHRH may promote linear growth in some GH deficient children. GHRH may well prove an important alternative therapy for GH deficient children especially if depot preparations or intranasal administration prove effective.
Growth and development in girls with Turner's syndrome during early therapy with low doses of estradiol
Authors: KASTRUP K.W. , _ _ 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Early therapy with a low dose of estrogen (estradiol-17β) was given to 33 girls with Turner's syndrome (T.s.) for a period of 4 years. The dose (0.25-2 mg/day) was adjusted every 3 months to maintain plasma estradiol in the normal concentration range for bone age. Growth velocity was compared with that of untreated girls with T.s. All girls were above age 10 years. Bone age was below 10 years in 11 girls (group I) and above 10 years in 22 girls (group II). Growth velocity in the first year of treatment in group I 7.5 ± 1.3 cm (SD) with mean SD score (SDS) of +4.3 and in group II 4.9 ± 1.3 with mean SDS of +3.5. Growth velocity decreased in the following years to 1.6 ± 1.0 cm, SDS -1.44 in group I and 0.9 ± 0.6cm, SDS -2.34 in group II during the fourth year. Withdrawal bleeding occurred in 16 girls of group II after the mean of 23 (range 15-33) months and in 3 girls of group I after 15 to 51 months of treatment. The treatment did not cause an inappropriate acceleration of pubertal development. Breast development appeared in most girls by 3 months of treatment. Pubic hair appeared by 12 months of treatment in group I; it was present in most girls in group II at start of treatment. Final height is known for 12 girls of group II; it was 144.2 ± 4.5 cm. The final height as predicted at the start of therapy was 142.2 ± 5.3 cm. Bone age advanced in the first year of treatment by 2 years. Early treatment with small doses of estrogens induces a growth spurt and normalizes the events of puberty. This will presumably decrease the psychological risks associated with abnormally delayed development.
Adolescent sexology and ephebiatric sexual medicine
Authors: MONEY JOHN 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Ephebiatric sexual medicine is a specialty that still awaits its Vesalius. The age of onset of puberty has decreased by four years in the past two centuries, without a concordant change in social and legal institutions governing sexual and economic autonomy. Concomitant with the reintroduction of the ancient European betrothal system, the adolescent age of first coitus has lowered and averages two years earlier than first contraception. The hiatus is attributed to the moral sanctions against open access to contraception in adolescence. The neglect of sexual learning in teenage allows cases of suicidal and homicidal lovesickness to be undetected and likewise the mental template or "lovemap" of paraphilic pathology in adolescence lacks both preventive measures and treatment. The newest treatment of the paraphilias is with antiandrogen combined with counseling. Positive or negative preparedness for first orgasm or first coitus correlate with positive or negative outcome in subsequent sexuoerotic health. Knowing the sexology of syndromes, for example genetic and endocrine syndromes of childhood, expedites the delivery of sexological health care service in adolescence.
Plasma ACTH in diagnosis and control of adrenal disorders
Authors: Girard J. , Eberle A.N. , Baumann J.B. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Unstimulated plasma ACTH concentrations remain at or below the detection limit of conventional immunoassays. Grossly elevated ACTH concentrations are diganostic in suspected adrenal insufficiency, remain elevated well above 200 ng/l during substitution therapy and obviate the need of further tests. For the diagnosis of secondary adrenal failure, plasma ACTH, cortisol and 11-desoxycortisol response to a single midnight dose of metyrapone (1.2 g/m2 = 30 mg/kg) discriminates between a normal (morning ACTH above 100 ng/l), diminished (morning ACTH detectable, but below 100 ng/l), and an absent (ACTH below 20 - 40 ng/l) ACTH reserve. In congenital adrenal hyperplasia, plasma ACTH concentrations mirror, together with 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, the extent of ACTH suppression. Elevated ACTH concentrations were suppressed by prednisolone (25 %), dexamethasone (2 % of the hydrocortisone dose) or by addition of cyproterone acetate (100 mg/m2/day). Using selective venous catheterisation in clinically and biochemically proven Cushing's syndromes, a pituitary adenoma could be identified and localized in 6 of 8 patients by measuring ACTH concentrations in the left and right petrosal sinus before and after stimulation with corticotrophin releasing hormone.
Usefulness of plasma pregnenolone sulfate in testing pituitary-adrenal function in children
Authors: de Peretti E. , Forest M.G. , Loras B. , Morel Y. , David M. , François R. , Bertrand J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARY
In normal subjects, plasma pregnenolone sulfate (PS) levels high at birth, decreased during the first year of life in relation to the pattern of involution of the fetal adrenal zone. Thereafter, PS levels, in contrast with those of DHAS, did not show the abrupt rise characteristic of the adrenarche, but increased very progressively till adulthood. The response of PS to various provocative tests of adrenal and pituitary function (ACTH and Metyrapone stimulation, dexamethasone suppression), has been established in normal subjects. The measurement of plasma PS levels in basal conditions as well as in response to dynamic tests was very useful in the diagnosis of various adrenal and pituitary diseases in children.