bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shortcut Consequentialism
Authors: Kolber Adam J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Standard retributivism is quite incomplete relative to pure consequentialism even beyond axiological considerations. It has no here-and-now method to apply deontological rules, and, even if it did, it doesn’t tell us how to translate those rules into the legal system. Pure consequentialism is not only more comprehensive but has other superior theoretical virtues: it is more simple, elegant, and fruitful as a moral theory. Consequentialists usually achieve the best consequences by following simple, context-specific rules or strategies. These decision “shortcuts” help them cope with empirical uncertainty. They also make consequentialism seem more intuitive because there are often good consequentialist reasons to rely on conventional morality when empirical considerations are too complicated or hard to measure. Absent evidence that consequentialism has significantly worse fit with our moral intuitions, we ought to prefer the consequentialist view because of its superior theoretical virtues.
Countering Counterintuition
Authors: Kolber Adam J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Pure consequentialism is less counterintuitive than often assumed. While many think consequentialists are embarrassed by cases in which innocent people are punished, Kolber argues that consequentialists manage these cases no worse than standard retributivists and probably far better. If so, the claim that consequentialism is too counterintuitive becomes a weak response to Kolber’s arguments that consequentialism has superior theoretical virtues in the here and now. When consequences become grave enough, most standard retributivists are willing to violate deontological constraints. Under the banner of “threshold deontology,” they would avoid the death of, say, a thousand people by knowingly punishing an innocent person. So the real debate among most theorists is about how bad consequences need to be before we can knowingly punish the innocent. Unlike consequentialists, however, threshold deontologists offer no solid theoretical grounds for selecting thresholds. Moreover, threshold deontology may effectively turn some standard retributivists into consequentialists because the worldwide effect of neglecting consequences could itself be viewed as a constant, ongoing catastrophe.
Against Proportionality
Authors: Kolber Adam J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Two of retributivism’s defining features are its commitment to proportional punishment and its commitment to never deliberately punish in excess of what is proportional. When combined, these views lead to quite counterintuitive results. If we use the traditional definition of punishment that refers to intentional inflictions, Kolber argues, it’s not clear how to measure the severity of sentences. If we broaden punishment to consider harsh treatment more generally, then retributivism has very counterintuitive implications: for example, that we should generally incarcerate rich inmates for less time or in better conditions than poor inmates. So even if we somehow fulfilled eternal hopes of operationalizing proportionality, it would lose its intuitive appeal. While proportionality is often considered a great strength of retributivism, it may turn out to be its most serious weakness.
Fostering Racial/Ethnic Identity
Authors: Williams Monnica , Faber Sonya 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes how parents can support the formation of a healthy, positive racial/ethnic identity in children and adolescents, including both youth of color and White youth. Ethnic identity is defined and the stages of ethnic identity development are described for minoritized and White individuals. Guidance for how parents can support healthy ethnoracial identity development are also discussed.
Bullying and Peer Victimization
Authors: Fite Paula J. , Cooley John L. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Although peer victimization is relatively common in childhood and adolescence, these experiences can be quite harmful to an individual. Often, parents and caregivers are unaware that peer victimization is occurring, and when they do know, it is difficult to know how to help. The current chapter focuses on describing the types of victimization that youth may experience, identifying characteristics that increase risk for victimization, reviewing the harmful outcomes that frequently occur as a result of peer victimization, describing the common locations where these incidents take place, and helping you as a parent recognize common warning signs of victimization. The authors also outline ways in which parents can intervene and support children who are experiencing peer victimization. It is hoped that this chapter will help parents understand and prevent peer victimization, as well as provide a road map for how to limit its harmful effects.
Raising Children to Be Activists
Authors: Talusan Liza A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Children are always watching and learning from the adults around them and often imitate what they hear adults talking about and doing. They also observe when adults are silent and when they choose not to get involved in issues. If parents want to raise young people to engage in activism and to be change makers, the children must see adults getting involved in this work as well. In this chapter, the authors explore how adults, parents, and caregivers can build knowledge, engage in reflection, and move to action as they work with young people to see themselves as activists and change makers. This chapter guides parents and caregivers in developing the habits and skills for talking about difficult social issues and supporting the work of young people in their homes, peer groups, and communities.
Connecting with the School Community
Authors: Jackman Charmain F. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Starting a new school, new grade, or new school year often means that children will be engaging with new teachers or even a new school. While schools are responsible for teaching, there is also an expectation that parents will be actively involved in their children’s education. For some parents and caregivers, getting involved with their children’s school community is pretty easy, but for others, it may be more of a challenge. For example, some parents/caregivers find it difficult to actively engage with the school due to cultural values, family or work demands, or stress reactions connected to their own childhood experiences in school. This chapter will address ways that parents can partner with their children’s teachers, school leaders, and other parents/caregivers to ensure their children’s adjustment and overall success at school.
High School Graduation and Beyond
Authors: Feigenberg Luba Falk 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
It is normal for parents and teens to feel stress and anxiety about the transition from high school and into college. Managing expectations, providing emotional support, and respecting teens’ independence are helpful ways to relieve the pressure. It is important for parents to keep an open line of communication and be willing to listen and support their teens during this developmental milestone. Parents also need to pay attention to their own needs throughout the process.
Romantic Relationships
Authors: Davila Joanne , Bibby Emily S. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Adolescence is a time when teens may begin dating and engaging in their first romantic experiences, which can be an exciting but also a quite stressful time. This chapter provides tips on how parents can talk with their teenager about romantic relationships and sex, how to help with relationship problems, and what to do if one’s adolescent does not want to talk.
When Professional Help Is Needed
Authors: Cherry Marcus F. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Children and adolescents will encounter many developmental and situational stressors in the process of growing up. In many cases, parents and caregivers are the first to notice changes in their child’s behaviors, feelings, and thoughts. The purpose of this chapter is to provide parents a guide to understanding when their child may have behavioral, social, or emotional challenges that may warrant seeking professional help.
Preparing Your Child for Psychotherapy
Authors: Sterling Cheryl M. , Labay Larissa E. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
When a child is struggling with an emotional issue and it is getting in the way of their happiness, their parent/caregiver may consider bringing them to see a psychotherapist. This chapter describes how parents can prepare their child for this experience. Younger children will wonder about different things than older children or adolescents, and they will all have questions. The authors discuss questions that children may have, depending on their ages, and offer suggestions for how to manage their expectations and those of their parents.
Introduction
Authors: Gazit Ofer 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The introduction describes the growing numbers of migrant jazz musicians in New York since the 1990s, and how these musicians have confronted restricting and essentializing ways of listening. The chapter then turns to a theoretical discussion about the framing of immigrant musics around ethnic communities, showing how this framing reduces the interactions between migrant musicians and simplifies their complex musical lives. This sets up the main theoretical framework of the book: the notion of “musical borders,” and the way modes of listening reinforce ethnic boundaries and national borders. It then turns to debates about jazz as a global genre and as a vernacular African American music, and to how such debates are crucial to understanding the migrations of jazz musicians over the last decades. The chapter concludes with an overview of the chapters to follow.
The Loop
Authors: Gazit Ofer 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship between the academization of jazz education and its contribution to the proliferation of migrants in the New York jazz scene. Building on recent literature on the growing centrality of jazz schools in jazz training, the chapter follows the globalization of jazz education since the 1990s through case studies in India, Israel, and the Bronx. It documents efforts by American jazz programs to recruit international students and traces the role of schools as conduits for migrant musicians into the United States through the facilitation of visas and award of scholarships. It concludes with a discussion of the blurring of boundaries between educational institutions and performance venues, and of how such processes create an economic imbalance between studying, teaching, and performing jazz. The chapter argues that these processes have an important effect on the socioeconomic and racial makeup of the musician population in the New York jazz scene.
Is Time Travel Possible?
Authors: Bardon Adrian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The static theory of time treats temporal location a lot like spatial location. In accordance with contemporary physics, spacetime is treated in this theory as an unchanging four-dimensional block. Each temporal slice of the continuum is just as real as any other, just as any part of space is just as real as any other. Some might suggest that this means that travel to other parts of time should be possible, at least in theory, just as travel to other parts of space is possible. Thus an investigation of the possibility of time travel is at the same time an investigation of the implications of the static theory of time.
The Beginning of Time
Authors: Bardon Adrian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Did time itself begin, and will it end? Has the universe always been around, and will it one day cease to exist? What is the relationship between the beginning of the universe and the beginning of time? If the universe had a beginning, does that mean there was a time when it didn’t exist? Or did time begin when the universe did? Two very different research methodologies have been applied to addressing such issues. Relationists (represented by Aristotle and Leibniz) and idealists (represented by Kant) have each tried to use reason alone to work out the possibility of a beginning or end to time. Realists (represented by modern physical cosmologists) rely on empirical methodology, albeit supplemented by a lot of conjecture, in arriving at some ideas on the subject.
Christ the Emperor
Authors: Smolin Nathan Israel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This project focuses on the intersection of Roman Imperial politics and Christian theology in the 4th century AD. It contends that during this period, Christian theology became the principal realm in which political structure and theory were debated. Chapters 1 and 2 argue that the Emperor Constantine possessed a consistent theological viewpoint centered on justifying his legitimacy in religious terms, as a charismatic “Man of God” appointed by a monarchical deity to supreme rule. This theology in later stages was developed in dialogue with that of Eusebius of Caesarea, also profiled in Chapter 2, which posited a chain of monarchical powers extending from heaven to earth. Chapters 3 and 4 provide a narrative of the reign of Constantine’s son Constantius II, whose interventions focused on the urgent need to repair the failing Constantinian Settlement and justify his rule against dynastic and episcopal rivals. The final two chapters focus on the development, by an alliance of bishops including Lucifer of Cagliari and Hilary of Poitiers, of a consensus “Nicene” political theology centered on the assertion of equality among divine and human persons and a theory of legitimacy whereby bishops, not Emperors, represented the divine in human society. As described in the Epilogue, this conflict ultimately gave way to a more collaborative settlement under Theodosius I, requiring the Emperor to construct his legitimacy not as a privileged agent within a fixed cosmic order, but as a holder of essentially temporary, “secular” power within the structures and rituals of the Christian Church.
Introduction
Authors: Smolin Nathan Israel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the Introduction, the goal of the study as a whole is set out: to demonstrate the close, inextricable links between theology and politics in the 4th century Roman Empire. While politics has never been value-neutral at any time, this was true in a special way in this period, when political discourse and theory was normatively carried out in and with reference to theological texts and topics. Three ways are explicated by which divinity and politics are related to each other within 4th century texts: rhetorical, cosmic, and metaphysical. The study as a whole is situated within the general trends of Constantinian studies, in contrast to both portrayals of an unimpeachably “secular” Constantine and portrayals of an unproblematically “religious” Constantine. Finally, the continuing relevance of 4th century theology and politics to contemporary society is argued for with reference to the careers of Carl Schmitt, Erik Peterson, and Pope Benedict XVI.
Geopolitics All Around
Authors: Toal Gerard 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the concept and history of geopolitics across the world. It discusses a conceptual framework concerning the relationship between geopolitical practice and the climate crisis. Geopolitics addresses what people on the Earth have created, and what people and Earth make together. The chapter then presents four understandings of geopolitics by referencing the theories and works of several prominent figures, including Rudolf Kjellén, Friedrich Ratzel, and Henry Kissinger. It explains how the contemporary climate emergency has provoked new forms of critical geopolitical thinking while also prompting renewed interest among prominent intellectuals in the history and meaning of geopolitics.
Making Geopolitics Critical
Authors: Toal Gerard 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter tackles the earthly dimension of politics and international relations. It also discusses the correlation between human territoriality and the imperial making of the modern world. Halford Mackinder's ideas are reformulated as critical tools to analyze geopolitics as territorial politics to further the understanding of its relation to the climate crisis. Additionally, European overseas expansionism created a worldwide geopolitical field that grew in thickness and density of flows as time passed and forms of capitalist production intensified. The chapter explains how capitalism doubles as a description of modernity and a condition of space-time compression. It mentions that spatial revolutions are enabled by transformative changes in modes of production, transportation, communication, and destruction.
Missions and Emissions
Authors: Toal Gerard 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the entanglement of the geopolitical cultures of world powers and geo-ecological materialities. It explains that world powers are characterized by visions of their exceptionality, greatness, and mission in world affairs. The United States adopted an anti-communist missionary role after World War II at the same time as it was the vanguard of a carbon-polluting modernity. The entwinement of missions and emissions raise profound questions about the sustainability of liberal notions of freedom and peace, which tacitly naturalize growth without end. The chapter discusses how Vladimir Putin’s missionary visions resulted in his invasion of Ukraine, and then examines the missionary attitude of Euro-Atlantic powers.
Norm Violations and Punishment Beyond the Nation-State
Authors: Wagner Wolfgang , Durmuşoğlu Linet R. , Holá Barbora , Kroeze Ronald , van Prooijen Jan-Willem , Werner Wouter G. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Punitive practices are highly revealing of a society’s social fabric, normative order, and power structure. However, the social sciences and humanities have hitherto studied punishment mostly in the context of the nation-state by examining how people, organizations, and legal institutions punish individual offenders within national boundaries. In contrast, this chapter examines punitive practices of international society, where punitive practices have assumed three main forms: sanctions, international courts and tribunals, and the punitive use of armed force. A punitive lens on international affairs contributes to the understanding of international society in three ways: It identifies which norms and values are at the core of the international order and its conception of justice, it helps identify structures of power and authority in international society, and an analysis of the penal philosophies that buttress the punitive enforcement of norms points to the potential for conflict and cooperation in international society.
A Social Psychological Approach to Punishment
Authors: Gollwitzer Mario , de Vel-Palumbo Melissa , Fischer Moritz , Twardawski Mathias 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses whether and to what extent social psychological theories and research findings on punishment between individuals and/or groups can be transferred to punitive acts in international politics. The chapter first distinguishes different types of punishment (e.g., second- vs. third-party punishment) and reviews their relevance for punitive acts in the political context. It then discusses research findings on goals and motives that individuals pursue when punishing other people and the question of whether states (and other relevant actors in international politics) pursue similar goals/motives when sanctioning other states, nations, or political groups. The chapter also considers the relevance of cultural factors (i.e., culture of honor norms) and restorative justice procedures for the aftermath of conflicts in the political arena. It is concluded that social psychology offers an informative and fruitful perspective on punishment in international politics.
The Fruits of Wrongdoing in International Law
Authors: Neff Stephen C. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
There are three basic perspectives on consequences of norm violations in international law: the compensatory, the utilitarian, and the punitive. The principal one is compensatory, in which the purpose is to make the injured party whole. This was an important feature of medieval just-war doctrine, and it is seen at its clearest in the original medieval practice of reprisals. It remains at the core of the modern law as the principle of reparation. The utilitarian approach is oriented toward inducing the norm-violating party to alter its conduct and thereby is essentially rehabilitative in nature. Its clearest manifestation is in the 19th-century reprisal practice, which is the direct ancestor of the contemporary law of countermeasures. Least prominent of the three approaches has been the punitive one. Post-medieval just-war doctrine provided for punitive wars, although actual examples are few. Modern international law takes a principled stand against punitivity, although there are some indications that that could change in the future.
Cooperation in Christ’s Kingdom
Authors: Madden Kirsten , Persky Joseph 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the middle of the 19th century, British Christian Socialists, with strong financial support from E. V. Neale, established a number of cooperative workshops. The group’s understanding of social psychology builds off the theology of their leader, F. D. Maurice, who preached that the sin of selfishness results in a bleak separation from God. Human psychology reflects the personal struggle between a rebellious selfishness and a deep desire to join in a fellowship with others and with God. The Christian Socialists’ economic theoretician, John Ludlow, weaves such a social psychology into a coherent defense of cooperation. Insightfully, he argues that a wide range of activities in businesses and government offices already work through “concert” and not competition. With proper organization, a reliance on concert can be extended to the economy as a whole. Maurice, however, balks at Ludlow’s reliance on “system,” leading to a definitive falling out.
The Women’s Cooperative Guild
Authors: Madden Kirsten , Persky Joseph 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Women’s Cooperative Guild emerged in late 19th-century Britain as an activist organization devoted to advancing women’s influence and concerns within the context of the broader British consumer co-operative movement. Led by Margaret Llewelyn Davies, the Guild advanced an empirical methodology, designed to engage their members in purposeful reform. The guildswomen directly addressed the realities of gender inequality across the sectors of household, formal production, and retail. Their writings also offer gender equal visions to guide sectoral reform. While they received much credit for their campaign strategies, the Guild also made noteworthy contributions to debates over the minimum wage for cooperatively employed women, the problems of credit, and the importance of profit sharing. Ultimately, their thought points toward a feminist theory of cooperative transition supportive of human development for women as well as men.
Guild Socialism
Authors: Madden Kirsten , Persky Joseph 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the early 20th century, the Guild Socialist G. D. H. Cole elaborated a sweeping blueprint of a new cooperative world. Building on the full urban complexity of the modern industrial economy, he theorizes the replacement of labor markets, consumer markets, and investment markets with a broad new approach to bargaining among self-managed cooperative producers, democratically controlled cooperative consumers, and community service institutions. Cole takes from Owen, Thompson, and Morris the key insight that, in a world of abundance, motivation can and should be intrinsic. He goes on to explore questions of multiple jobs, worker agency, equality of pay, the redesign of technology, just prices, and investment mechanisms. Cole’s Guild Socialism is nothing less than an apotheosis of the British cooperative movement; its theoretical structure is elaborate and impressive addressing many of the weak points of earlier efforts. By the mid-1920s Guild Socialism is little more than a memory.