bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scalable group communication supporting configurable levels of consistency
Authors: Gidenstam Anders , Koldehofe Boris , Papatriantafilou Marina , Tsigas Philippas 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYGroup communication is deployed in many evolving Internet‐scale cooperative applications such as multiplayer online games and virtual worlds to efficiently support interaction on information relevant to a potentially very large number of users or objects. Especially peer‐to‐peer based group communication protocols have evolved as a promising approach to allow intercommunication between many distributed peers. Yet, the delivery semantics of robust and scalable protocols such as gossiping is not sufficient to support consistency semantics beyond eventual consistency because no relationship on the order of events is enforced. On the other hand, traditional consistency models provided by reliable group communication providing causal or even total order are restricted to support only small groups.This article proposes the cluster consistency model which bridges the gap between traditional and current approaches in supporting both scalability and ordered event delivery. We introduce a dynamic and fault tolerant cluster management method that can coordinate concurrent access to resources in a peer‐to‐peer system and can be used to establish fault‐tolerant configurable cluster consistency with predictable reliability, running on top of decentralised probabilistic protocols supporting scalable group communication. This is achieved by a general two‐layered architecture that can be applied on top of the standard Internet communication layers and offers a modular, layered set of services to the applications that need them. Further, we present a fault‐tolerant method implementing causal cluster consistency with predictable reliability, running on top of decentralised probabilistic protocols supporting group communication.This paper provides analytical and experimental evaluation of the properties regarding the fault tolerance of the approach. Furthermore, our experimental study, conducted by implementing and evaluating the two‐layered architecture on top of standard Internet transport services, shows that the approach scales well, imposes an even load on the system, and provides high‐probability reliability guarantees. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coordinated rescheduling of Bag‐of‐Tasks for executions on multiple resource providers
Authors: Netto Marco A.S. , Buyya Rajkumar 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYMetaschedulers can distribute parts of a Bag‐of‐Tasks (BoT) application among various resource providers in order to speed up its execution. The expected completion time of the user application is then calculated based on the run‐time estimates of all applications running and waiting for resources. However, because of inaccurate run time estimates, initial schedules are not those that provide users with the earliest completion time. These estimates increase the time distance between the first and last tasks of a BoT application, which increases average user response time, especially in multi‐provider environments. This paper proposes a coordinated rescheduling algorithm to handle inaccurate run‐time estimates when executing BoT applications in multi‐provider environments. The coordinated rescheduling defines which tasks can have start time updated based on the expected completion time of the entire BoT application. We have also evaluated the impact of system‐generated run‐time estimates to schedule BoT applications on multiple providers. We performed experiments using simulations and a real distributed platform, Grid'5000. From our experiments, we obtained reductions of up to 5 and 10% for response time and slowdown metrics, respectively, by using coordinated rescheduling over a traditional rescheduling solution. Moreover, coordinated rescheduling requires little modification of existing scheduling systems. System‐generated predictions, on the other hand, are more complex to be deployed and may not reduce response times as much as coordinated rescheduling. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Regulates the Pluripotent State and Lineage Fate Choice in Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Alva Jackelyn A. , Lee Grace E. , Escobar Erika E. , Pyle April D. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Understanding the intrinsic and extrinsic signals that regulate the molecular basis of the pluripotent state may improve our understanding of mammalian embryogenesis, different states of pluripotency, and our ability to tailor lineage differentiation. Although the role of the PI3K/Akt pathway in the self-renewal and maintenance of mESCs is well-established, the specific contribution of the pathway or of its negative regulator, PTEN, in the maintenance of the human pluripotent state is less understood. To explore the PI3K/AKT pathway in human embryonic stem cell (hESC) pluripotency and differentiation, we generated stable PTEN knockdown (KD) hESCs using short hairpin RNA. Similar to mESCs, we found that PTEN KD hESCs have increased self-renewal, cell survival, and proliferation over multiple passages compared to control cells. However, in contrast to mESCs, in vitro, PTEN KD hESCs differentiated inefficiently in directed differentiation assays, in part due to the continued maintenance of OCT4 and NANOG expression. In teratoma assays, PTEN KD hESCs generated tissues from the three germ layers, although with a bias toward neuroectoderm differentiation. These results demonstrate that PTEN is a key regulator of hESC growth and differentiation, and manipulation of this pathway may improve our ability to regulate and understand the pluripotent state.
Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night: The Effect of Retirement on Subsequent Mortality of U.S. Supreme Court Justices, 1801–2006
Authors: Stolzenberg Ross M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMortality hazard and length of time until death are widely used as health outcome measures and are themselves of fundamental demographic interest. Considerable research has asked whether labor force retirement reduces subsequent health and its mortality measures. Previous studies have reported positive, negative, and null effects of retirement on subsequent longevity and mortality hazard, but inconsistent findings are difficult to resolve because (1) nearly all data confound retirement with unemployment of older workers, and often, (2) endogeneity bias is rarely addressed analytically. To avoid these problems, albeit at loss of generalizability to the entire labor force, I examine data from an exceptional subgroup that is of interest in its own right: U.S. Supreme Court justices of 1801–2006. Using discrete-time event history methods, I estimate retirement effects on mortality hazard and years-left-alive. Some substantive and methodological considerations suggest models that specify endogenous effects estimated by instrumental variables (IV) probit, IV Tobit, and IV regression methods. Other considerations suggest estimation by endogenous switching (ES) probit and ES regression. Estimates by all these methods are consistent with the hypothesis that, on average, retirement decreases health, as indicated by elevated mortality hazard and diminished years-left-alive. These findings may apply to other occupational groups characterized by high levels of work autonomy, job satisfaction, and financial security.
A NEW CONSTRUCTION FOR POOLING DESIGNS
Authors: JIN FENGLIANG , ZHOU HOUCHUN , XU JUAN 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPooling designs are a very helpful tool for reducing the number of tests for DNA library screening. A disjunct matrix is usually used to represent the pooling design. In this paper, we construct a new family of disjunct matrices and prove that it has a good row to column ratio and error-tolerant property.
SUMSETS AND DIFFERENCE SETS CONTAINING A COMMON TERM OF A SEQUENCE
Authors: YANG QUAN-HUI , CHEN YONG-GAO 
Published: September 2011

AbstractLet β>1 be a real number, and let {ak} be an unbounded sequence of positive integers such that ak+1/ak≤β for all k≥1. The following result is proved: if n is an integer with n>(1+1/(2β))a1 and A is a subset of {0,1,…,n} with $\vert A\vert \ge (1- 1/({2\beta +1})) n +\frac 12$, then (A+A)∩(A−A) contains a term of {ak }. The lower bound for |A| is optimal. Beyond these, we also prove that if n≥3 is an integer and A is a subset of {0,1,…,n} with $\vert A\vert \gt \frac 45 n$, then (A+A)∩(A−A) contains a power of 2. Furthermore, $\frac 45$ cannot be improved.
Infrapopulations ofProcamallanus elatensisFusco & Overstreet, (Nematoda: Camallanidae) in the rabbitfishSiganus rivulatus(Teleostei, Siganidae) from the Saudi coast of the Red Sea
Authors: Al-Jahdali Mohammed O. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractFactors regulating gastrointestinal nematode infrapopulations are to a great extent density-dependent. Here, 23 natural infrapopulations (41–281 individuals) of the viviparous nematodeProcamallanus elatensis(Camallanidae) from the fishSiganus rivulatuswere found distributed in a well-defined fundamental niche (posterior 55% of the intestine). Immature worms were mostly found in the anterior third of this niche, while mature worms were found in aggregations posterior to them and followed by gravid females in the posterior 20% of the intestine. This distribution strongly suggests that worms migrate towards the posterior intestine while they mature, copulate and reproduce. In small infrapopulations, the sex ratios were distinctly female-biased and the number of gravid females was low. In large infrapopulations, the sex ratios were distinctly male-biased and the number of gravid females was high. However, the mean lengths of both immature males and females and mature females decreased dramatically as the infrapopulation size increased, while those of mature males increased significantly. These results strongly suggest intraspecific competition and density-dependent regulation of mean worm length, and the increase in the mean length of mature males strongly suggests intense sexual selection and competition between mature males. Production of larvae by female worms decreased significantly as the infrapopulation size increased, suggesting a density-dependent reduction in female worm fertility. The results are statistically significant and strongly suggest that infrapopulation self-regulation is through density-dependent mechanisms, in which development of immature worms, infrapopulation size, sex ratio, sexual selection and carrying capacity of the fundamental niche play essential roles in shaping and regulating the infrapopulations.
Theology is ethics: how Karl Barth sees the good life
Authors: Alexis-Baker Andy 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSince Immanuel Kant, moral reasoning has been divorced from classical theology and reinscribed onto self-contained individuals. Shorn of theological particularities, modern ethics tries to identify behaviours to which every right-thinking person can assent. A basic premise of classical moral philosophy, however, was that if we know who we are and what ourtelosis, then we can have a good idea of how we ought to act. In his christology, Barth reappropriates this classical view of ethics and situates it christologically. Because Jesus’ human nature finds its being andtelosin his divinity, Barth found an ethical pattern in theanhypostasis-enhypostasisdoctrine. Restoring people to their proper place as creatures rather than Kantian demi-gods, Jesus shows us what it means to be truly human by being obedient to the Father. We cannot divinise individuals or the church, but the church existsenhypostatically. Thisanhypostatic-enhypostaticchristological pattern orders our activities, making worship the first task of ethics. In prayer and in Sabbath keeping, Jesus shows us his utter dependence on God through supplication and rest. In these acts of worship, Christians act as they were created to act. We respond obediently to our Creator. But we also find an orientation towards other people in christology. Love of enemies has everything to do with the content and shape of God's command. It is involved in thetelosof human life in being Christ-like.
The «Argentine failure» from a comparative perspective: the role of total factor productivity
Authors: González Germán H. , Viego Valentina N. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe paper proposes an interpretation of the «Argentine failure» based on development accounting and econometrical approaches frequently used in the current cross-country income differentials literature. The main results are as follows: the development process of Canada — in term ofper capitaGDP –– moved away from that of Argentina around 1918, but there was a structural change in the determinants of aggregate productivity around 1935 that led Argentina to take a diverging path. Recovery — thanks to improved aggregate productivity –– was not possible after 1940. The results support the idea that Argentina fell into a «staple trap», while Canada embarked on a successful path due to the adjacency and political proximity with a larger and complementary economy.
Uniform global asymptotic stability for half-linear differential systems with time-varying coefficients
Authors: Onitsuka Masakazu , Sugie Jitsuro 
Published: September 2011

The present paper deals with the following system:where p and p* are positive numbers satisfying 1/p + 1/p* = 1, and ϕq(z) = |z|q−2z for q = p or q = p*. This system is referred to as a half-linear system. We herein establish conditions on time-varying coefficients e(t), f(t), g(t) and h(t) for the zero solution to be uniformly globally asymptotically stable. If (e(t), f(t)) ≡ (h(t), g(t)), then the half-linear system is integrable. We consider two cases: the integrable case (e(t), f(t)) ≡ (h(t), g(t)) and the non-integrable case (e(t), f(t)) ≢ (h(t), g(t)). Finally, some simple examples are presented to illustrate our results.
Avian conservation value of pine plantation forests in northern Vietnam
Authors: THINH VU TIEN , DOHERTY PAUL F. , HUYVAERT KATHRYN P. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryDecline of native forest cover is a worldwide concern. Recently, overall forest cover in Vietnam has increased, but most of the increase has been attributed to plantations of non-native trees. The conservation value of these plantations for birds is unknown. We compared avian species richness in pine plantations to that in second-growth and mature native forests in Tam Dao National Park, Vietnam. Bird species were classified into two categories: forest specialists or forest generalists. To account for strong heterogeneity in detection probabilities, the number of species in each category was estimated using the Pledger-Huggins estimator. We estimated total species richness and number of forest specialist species to be highest in mature forest (191; 95% CI = 96, 287, and 88; 95% CI = 47, 129 respectively), lower in second-growth forest (158; 95% CI = 87, 245 and 58; 95% CI = 18, 98 respectively), and lowest in pine plantation (106; 95% CI = 52, 158 and 49; 95% CI = 2, 97 respectively). The estimated number of forest generalist species was similar between mature forest and second-growth forest (103; 95% CI = 17, 189 and 100; 95% CI = 42, 158, respectively) and least in pine plantation (57; 95% CI = 31, 82). The maintenance of native forest types should receive priority for conservation in Vietnam and pine plantations should be managed to provide additional structure in the hope of increasing species richness.
Comments on “The Qajar Uymaq in The Safavid Period, 1500–1722”
Authors: McChesney R.D. 
Published: September 2011

The study of Iranian history in the Safavid period is at a relatively rudimentary stage. Despite the wealth of chronicle, biographical, numismatic, documentary, and journalistic material available, few monographic studies of Safavid institutions have been produced. As Minorsky pointed out four decades ago, “not until all the available sources have been properly scrutinized and more material…discovered, shall we be able to get to the bedrock of social and economic conditions under the Safavids.”His admonition holds true for political institutions as well. Certain fundamental features of the political life of Safavid Iran are well known to its students. But aside from the state structure itself, as analyzed by Minorsky in his translation of and commentary on the Tadhkirat al-muluk and in articles by Roger Savory and Ann K. S. Lambton, other aspects of political life—for instance the Safaviyya and the persistence of Sufi loyalties in political, life, the character and evolution of the qizilbash as a political party, the political integration of local aristocrats (e.g., the maliks of Farah and Sistan and the divs of Mazandaran), and the organization and functioning of tribal uymaqs—remain largely unstudied.
Isfahan 1881–1891: A Close-up View of Guilds and Production
Authors: Philipp Thomas 
Published: September 2011

During the last third of the nineteenth century, Isfahan was the third largest city in Iran after Tehran and Tabriz. As was the case everywhere else in Iran, the process of economic linkage with Europe was beginning to have an impact on Isfahan, too. But the city was also caught in its own history and geography. It had lost its role as the center of political power in Iran and had experienced 150 years of sorry decline. In 1860 a German traveler noted:The sight was exceedingly depressing. Instead of the magnificence we had expected we encountered a frightfully desolate place, where ruined and dilapidated houses, palaces, and mosques indicated the earlier delineation of streets and squares in the old royal city by their rubble only…. Long rows of collapsed houses were occasionally interrupted by inhabited houses.It seems that not until 1880 was the population slowly increasing again.
The Illiustratsiia Affair of 1858: Polemics on the Jewish Question in the Russian Press
Authors: Klier John D. 
Published: September 2011

Writing in 1862, the testy Slavophile publicist and editor Ivan Aksakov complained:
The expressions: ‘idea of the age,’ ‘liberal idea,’ ‘human thought’ — act in our progressive society as some sort of scarecrow (pugalo), to frighten the most courageous critic. This is that sort of sign for which every lie is willingly concealed, a lie often not only not liberal and not humane, but forcibly disturbing and insulting to the rights of life, and the daily existence of the voiceless mass, to the advantage of the imaginarily-oppressed (mnimo-ugnetennyi), the clamerous, vocal minority …. As in the case of the Jewish Question, we only bow and scrape civilly and — it is necessary to recognize — not quite sincerely, before any new privilege for the [the Jews], not taking into account the significance and limits of such a privilege.
The Present State of Ukrainian Historiography in Soviet Ukraine: A Brief Overview
Authors: Wynar Lubomyr R. 
Published: September 2011

“To write history well, one must live in a free society.”— Voltaire to Frederick the GreatHistoriography, as a special historical discipline, is defined as a history of historical scholarship reflecting the development of historical thought. In the context of this definition the study of modern Ukrainian historiography is directly related to the analysis of present historiographical trends, historical concepts, the conditions under which the discipline developed, the role of Ukrainian historical research centers in Ukraine and the West, the nature and scope of historical serials, critical evaluations of contributions of individual historians, as well as the study of characteristics of various historical schools. In my opinion, the older definition of historiography as the history of historical writings is too narrow and sometimes results only in critical or enumerative historical bibliography covering writings of individual historians.
Worlds Apart: The Swabian Expulsion from Hungary after World War II
Authors: Spira Thomas 
Published: September 2011

The German expulsion is a sad chapter of post-World War II Hungrian history. After 1945, hundreds of thousands of Hungary's German-speaking citizens (popularly known as Swabians) were expelled as traitors. They were accused of having joined the Nazi-oriented Volksbund, or of having “volunteered” in the Third Reich's SS forces. The legality, morality, and rationality of the Hungarian government's action will be disputed for many years to come. More useful, however, might be an exploration of this apparently arbitrary and cruel expulsion of German-speaking Hungarian citizens. This essay surveys the troubled relationship that bound the Swabians and Hungarians together in ceaseless controversy from 1918 until the end of World War II. Their misunderstandings were basic and defied solution through dialogue, mutual concessions, or compromise.Prior to World War I, Hungary's German citizens considered themselves relatively secure in their adopted Magyar-dominated homeland. As Hungarian citizens, they owed allegiance to Franz Josef I in his dual capacity as king of Hungary and as emperor of the supra-national Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Despite some assimilationist efforts by the Magyars after the Ausgleich of 1868, the Swabians felt protected by the presence of a German king-emperor, and by the fact that the empire was largely Germandominated.
Memory for Sentences: The Subject Superiority Effect
Authors: Adams Ray , Berry Colin 
Published: September 2011

Three experiments are reported on subject noun superiority in cued recall from S-V-O sentences. In Experiment I surface subjects were superior cues across a wide variety of conditions when the order of nouns/pronouns was matched in sentences and probes. The effect was less clear-cut in Experiment II, when cues and responses were confined to single key words. The final experiment showed that cue superiority depends on the cue which subjects learn to use in retrieving information from sentences, and can be reversed by brief training. Several other aspects of the results, including a contrast in recall and recognition patterns, suggest that subject cue superiority results from the way subjects process remembered sentences rather than from memory trace structure. It is suggested that failure to control the utilisation of cues for memory retrieval may account for the sometimes elusive nature of the subject superiority effect.
One Process, Not Two, in Reading Aloud: Lexical Analogies Do the Work of Non-Lexical Rules
Authors: Kay Janice , Marcel Anthony 
Published: September 2011

It is widely held that there are two (non-semantic) processes by which oral reading may be achieved: (a) by known words visually addressing lexical storage of their complete orthography and phonology; (b) by parsing a letter string into graphemes which are translated by rule into phonemes. Irregular words (HAVE) rely on the former, new and non-words rely on the latter. Recent evidence casts doubt on this view; to meet some of this data a revised version is presented. An alternative view is that the phonology of both words and non-words, at each encounter, is retrieved by analogy with all known words having matching segments. In a mixed list of words and non-words, presented singly for pronunciation, phonologically ambiguous non-words (NOUCH) were preceded critically by words with the same ambiguous segments, either pronounced regularly (COUCH) or irregularly (TOUCH). Standard (and revised) dual-process theory predicts that preceding words will not affect pronunciation of non-words; analogy theory predicts that they will. Significant biasing effects, compared to control conditions, support analogy theory, but a further modification to dual-process theory enables it to deal with these results. However the presence in critical non-words of morphemes pronounced consistently or inconsistently with the biased pronunciations significantly affected biasing. This makes the case for lexical analogy theory even stronger. Formal knowledge (descriptive spelling-sound rules) may be used consciously, but does not reflect tacit processes in oral reading, which are better described by a single-process lexical analogy model.