bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiorespiratory effects of enoximone in anaesthetised colic horses
Authors: Schauvliege S. , Marcilla M. Gonzalo , Duchateau L. , Martens A. , Vlaminck L. , Pille F. , Declercq J. , Levet T. , Gasthuys F. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: No studies have been reported on the effects of enoximone in anaesthetised colic horses.Objective: To examine whether enoximone improves cardiovascular function and reduces dobutamine requirement in anaesthetised colic horses.Methods: Forty‐eight mature colic horses were enrolled in this prospective, randomised clinical trial. After sedation (xylazine 0.7 mg/kg bwt) and induction (midazolam 0.06 mg/kg bwt, ketamine 2.2 mg/kg bwt), anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen and a lidocaine constant rate infusion (1.5 mg/kg bwt, 2 mg/kg/h). Horses were ventilated (PaCO2<8.00 kPa). If hypotension occurred, dobutamine and/or colloids were administered. Ten minutes after skin incision, horses randomly received an i.v. bolus of enoximone (0.5 mg/kg bwt) or saline. Monitoring included respiratory and arterial blood gases, heart rate (HR), arterial pressure and cardiac index (CI). Systemic vascular resistance (SVR), stroke index (SI) and oxygen delivery index (DO2I) were calculated. For each variable, changes between baseline and T10 within each treatment group and/or colic type (small intestines, large intestines or mixed) were analysed and compared between treatments in a fixed effects model. Differences between treatments until T30 were investigated using a mixed model (α= 0.05).Results: Ten minutes after enoximone treatment, CI (P = 0.0010), HR (P = 0.0033) and DO2I (P = 0.0007) were higher and SVR lower (P = 0.0043) than at baseline. The changes in CI, HR and SVR were significantly different from those after saline treatment. During the first 30 min after enoximone treatment, DO2I (P = 0.0224) and HR (P = 0.0003) were higher than after saline administration. Because the difference in HR between treatments was much clearer in large intestine colic cases, an interaction was detected between treatment and colic type in both analyses (P = 0.0076 and 0.0038, respectively).Conclusions: Enoximone produced significant, but short lasting, cardiovascular effects in colic horses.Potential relevance: Enoximone's cardiovascular effects in colic horses were of shorter duration than in healthy ponies.
Osseous abnormalities associated with collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint. Part 2: Treatment and outcome
Authors: Dakin Miss S. G. , Dyson S. J. , Murray R. C. , Newton R. 
Published: November 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: There are currently few long‐term follow‐up data relating to recovery from injury of a collateral ligament (CL) of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint and limited information about the effect of associated osseous injury on prognosis. Objectives: To describe long‐term follow‐up results for horses with CL injury, with and without associated osseous injury; and to determine the effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ECSWT) or radial pressure wave therapy (RPWT) on outcome. Hypotheses: Prognosis for return to performance for horses with CL‐related osseous injury would be worse than for horses with CL injury alone. Methods: Magnetic resonance images from 313 feet of 289 horses with foot pain and a definitive diagnosis of collateral desmopathy of the DIP joint were analysed retrospectively for presence of osseous abnormality associated with the ligament origin or insertion and the middle and distal phalanges. Horses were assigned to groups according to the combination of their injuries. Type of treatment was recorded and follow‐up information obtained. Thirty‐two horses with additional sources of lameness were excluded from analysis of outcome. Results: Follow‐up data were available for 182 horses, 55 of which had follow‐up information for up to 2 years after presentation. Twenty‐seven percent of horses with CL injury alone and 34% of horses with CL related osseous injury returned to their previous performance level. Prognosis for a combination of injuries to multiple soft tissue and osseous structures within the hoof capsule was substantially worse. There was no effect of ECSWT or RPWT on outcome. Conclusions: The presence of mild to moderate CL related osseous injury does not appear to influence prognosis compared with CL injury alone. Clinical relevance: Further studies of a larger number of horses are necessary in order to ascertain if specific types of osseous pathology influence return to performance levels.
Preliminary study of jointed snaffle vs. crossunder bitless bridles: Quantified comparison of behaviour in four horses
Authors: Cook W. R. , Mills D. S. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThe study tested the null hypothesis that if a horse is ridden in a snaffle bridle and then a crossunder bitless bridle, there will be no change in its behaviour. It was predicted that there would be change and that behaviour would improve when bitless. Four horses, none of which had ever been ridden in a crossunder bitless bridle, were ridden through two 4 min, exercise tests, first bitted then bitless. An independent judge marked the 27 phases of each test on a 10 point scale and comments and scores were recorded on a video soundtrack. The results refuted the null hypothesis and upheld the predictions. Mean score, when bitted, was 37%; and through the first 4 min of being bitless, 64%. A binomial probability distribution suggested that the results were significantly different from random effects. All 4 horses accepted the crossunder bitless bridle without hesitation. Further studies are warranted and it is hoped that others will build on this new field of investigation. The authors are of the opinion that the bit can be a welfare and safety problem for both horse and horseman. Equestrian organisations that currently mandate use of the bit for competitions are urged to review their rules.
Role of Double-Stranded RNA Pattern Recognition Receptors in Rhinovirus-Induced Airway Epithelial Cell Responses
Authors: Wang Qiong , Nagarkar Deepti R. , Bowman Emily R. , Schneider Dina , Gosangi Babina , Lei Jing , Zhao Ying , McHenry Christina L. , Burgens Richai V. , Miller David J. , Sajjan Umadevi , Hershenson Marc B. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV), a ssRNA virus of the picornavirus family, is a major cause of the common cold as well as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Viral dsRNA produced during replication may be recognized by the host pattern recognition receptors TLR-3, retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I, and melanoma differentiation-associated gene (MDA)-5. No study has yet identified the receptor required for sensing RV dsRNA. To examine this, BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells were infected with intact RV-1B or replication-deficient UV-irradiated virus, and IFN and IFN-stimulated gene expression was determined by quantitative PCR. The separate requirements of RIG-I, MDA5, and IFN response factor (IRF)-3 were determined using their respective small interfering RNAs (siRNA). The requirement of TLR3 was determined using siRNA against the TLR3 adaptor molecule Toll/IL-1R homologous region-domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β (TRIF). Intact RV-1B, but not UV-irradiated RV, induced IRF3 phosphorylation and dimerization, as well as mRNA expression of IFN-β, IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2/3, IRF7, RIG-I, MDA5, 10-kDa IFN-γ-inducible protein/CXCL10, IL-8/CXCL8, and GM-CSF. siRNA against IRF3, MDA5, and TRIF, but not RIG-I, decreased RV-1B-induced expression of IFN-β, IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2/3, IRF7, RIG-I, MDA5, and inflammatory protein-10/CXCL10 but had no effect on IL-8/CXCL8 and GM-CSF. siRNAs against MDA5 and TRIF also reduced IRF3 dimerization. Finally, in primary cells, transfection with MDA5 siRNA significantly reduced IFN expression, as it did in BEAS-2B cells. These results suggest that TLR3 and MDA5, but not RIG-I, are required for maximal sensing of RV dsRNA and that TLR3 and MDA5 signal through a common downstream signaling intermediate, IRF3.
Cutting Edge: Memory CD8 T Cell Compartment Grows in Size with Immunological Experience but Nevertheless Can Lose Function
Authors: Huster Katharina M. , Stemberger Christian , Gasteiger Georg , Kastenmüller Wolfgang , Drexler Ingo , Busch Dirk H. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The size of the adaptive immune system is considered to be kept constant by the attrition of pre-existing memory. However, recently it was shown that the CD8 memory compartment can grow in size and the number of pre-existing memory is largely preserved, predicting that pre-existing immunity should be maintained (Vezys et al.; Nature 457: 196–199). Experimental proof for this assumption is still lacking. We address this question in the Listeria monocytogenes (L.m.) infection model and confirm the growth of size of the memory compartment by subsequent vaccination with modified vaccinia virus Ankara. We also find only modest attrition of pre-existing L.m.-specific memory CD8 T cells. However, pre-existing protective immunity toward L.m. is not preserved. Pre-existing L.m.-specific effector-memory cells, in contrast to central memory cells, become altered, and this results in a significant loss of pre-existing protective immunity. Our findings are clinically relevant for vaccines introducing new CD8 memory cells in high numbers, as this might influence pre-existing immunity.
Synthesis of 2,5‐Diaminoquinones by One‐Pot Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Hydroquinones and Addition Reaction of Amines
Authors: Kim Sungjin , Kim Daehwan , Park Jaiwook 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe aerobic oxidation of various hydroquinones was achieved by using copper nanoparticles entrapped in aluminum oxyhydroxide [Cu/AlO(OH)] at room temperature. Furthermore, 2,5‐diamino‐1,4‐benzoquinones were synthesized directly from hydroquinone and amines by a one‐pot procedure consisting of the copper‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation of hydroquinones and the double addition of amines to the resulting quinones.
Magnetic Nanoparticle Supported Second Generation Hoveyda–Grubbs Catalyst for Metathesis of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Esters
Authors: Yinghuai Zhu , Kuijin Loo , Huimin Ng , Chuanzhao Li , Stubbs Ludger Paul , Siong Chia Fu , Muihua Tan , Peng Ship Chee 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Hoveyda–Grubbs catalyst has been successfully immobilized on surface‐modified magnetic nanoparticles with a loading amount of 0.28 mmol ruthenium/g (magnetic support). The supported catalysts were active for the self‐metathesis of methyl oleate and macro‐monomer in a quantitative conversion, respectively. In addition, the catalyst can be easily separated by using a magnet and reused several times with sustained activity.
Multicatalytic Tandem Reactions of 2‐Alkynylbenzaldoximes with Isocyanides
Authors: Chen Zhiyuan , Yu Xingxin , Su Mingchao , Yang Xiaodi , Wu Jie 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAn efficient tandem reaction of 2‐alkynylbenzaldoximes with isocyanides co‐catalyzed by silver triflate and bismuth triflate has been developed, which gives rise to the unexpected N‐(isoquinolin‐1‐yl)formamides in good to excellent yields. The iodo‐ and bromo‐containing products could be obtained as well by variation of the reaction conditions.
Aerobic Oxidation of Benzylic Alcohols in Water by 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO)/Copper(II) 2‐N‐Arylpyrrolecarbaldimino Complexes
Authors: Figiel Paweł J. , Sibaouih Ahlam , Ahmad Jahir Uddin , Nieger Martin , Räisänen Minna T. , Leskelä Markku , Repo Timo 
Published: October 2009

AbstractNovel copper(II) 2‐N‐arylpyrrolecarbaldimine‐based catalysts for the aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols mediated by the 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) radical are reported. The catalytic activity for both synthesized and in situ made complexes in alkaline water solutions was studied revealing high efficiency and selectivity (according to GC selectivity always >99%) for both of these catalytic systems. For example, quantitative conversion of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde can be achieved with the in situ prepared bis[2‐N‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐pyrrolylcarbaldimide]copper(II) catalysts in 2 h with atmospheric pressure of O2 at 80 °C. Interestingly, these catalysts can utilize dioxygen as well as air or hydrogen peroxide as the end oxidants, producing water as the only by‐product.
Iron‐Catalyzed Regioselective Hydroaryloxylation of CC Triple Bonds: An Efficient Synthesis of 2H‐1‐Benzopyran Derivatives
Authors: Xu Xiaobing , Liu Jun , Liang Linfeng , Li Hongfeng , Li Yanzhong 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAn efficient, regioselective, iron‐catalyzed intramolecular hydroaryloxylation of 2‐propargylphenols or naphthols is reported. The reactions proceed through an endo‐dig cyclization to afford benzopyran or naphthopyran derivatives in good to high yields using iron(III) chloride as the catalyst with the assistance of aniline in dimethylformamide (DMF).
Direct Preparation of 7‐Allyl‐ and 7‐Arylindolines
Authors: Leonori Daniele , Coldham Iain 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAddition of allyl halides to the organolithium species derived from lithiation of N‐tert‐butoxycarbonylindoline with sec‐butyllithium (sec‐BuLi) and tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) occurs regioselectively by SN2 allylation. In contrast, the organolithium species can be transmetalated to the mixed zinc cuprate that undergoes regioselective SN2′ allylations. Transmetalation to the organozinc chloride allows a Negishi‐type cross‐coupling reaction with aryl bromides using palladium catalysis with triphenylphosphine (PPh3) as ligand. The chemistry was applied to a very short synthesis of 7‐prenylindole and of the alkaloid vasconine.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Quinoxalines Catalyzed by Iridium/PipPhos
Authors: Mršić Nataša , Jerphagnon Thomas , Minnaard Adriaan J. , Feringa Ben L. , de Vries Johannes G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA catalyst made in situ from the (cyclooctadiene)iridium chloride dimer, [Ir(COD)Cl]2, and the monodentate phosphoramidite ligand (S)‐PipPhos was used in the enantioselective hydrogenation of 2‐ and 2,6‐substituted quinoxalines. In the presence of piperidine hydrochloride as additive full conversions and enantioselectivities of up to 96% are obtained.
Copper‐Catalyzed Efficient Multicomponent Reaction: Synthesis of Benzoxazoline‐Amidine Derivatives
Authors: Shang Yongjia , He Xinwei , Hu Jinsong , Wu Jianwei , Zhang Min , Yu Shuyan , Zhang Qianqian 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe have developed an efficient copper‐catalyzed method for the synthesis of the benzoxazoline‐amidine derivatives. The protocol uses inexpensive copper(I) iodide as the catalyst, and furnished the expected product in good to excellent yields by a three‐component reaction of sulfonyl azides, terminal alkynes and Schiffs’ bases in terahydrofuran (THF) at room temperature for 8 h in the presence of triethylamine. This novel synthetic protocol is selective, efficient and general. A plausible mechanism for this process is proposed.
Highly Efficient Synthesis of Quaternary α‐Hydroxy Phosphonates via Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Hydrophosphonylation of Ketones
Authors: Zhou Xin , Liu Yanling , Chang Lu , Zhao Jiannan , Shang Deju , Liu Xiaohua , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA Lewis acid catalyst has been first applied to the hydrophosphonylation of ketones, giving the corresponding quaternary α‐hydroxy phosphonates in high yields (up to 98%). The present method was highly tolerable for functionalized ketones. Moreover, the first catalytic enantioselective hydrophosphonylation of an unactivated ketone was also realized by using a tridentate Schiff base‐titanium complex.
Preparation of 2H‐1,4‐Benzoxazin‐2‐one Derivatives under Heterogeneous Conditions via Domino Process
Authors: Ballini Roberto , Palmieri Alessandro , Talaq Mohammad AbdulKarim , Gabrielli Serena 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCarbonate on polymer is a valuable solid supported reagent (SSR) to promote, under eco‐friendly conditions, the preparation of 2H‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐2‐one derivatives starting from β‐nitroacrylates and aminophenols via a domino process.
Technologien der Cellulose‐ und Stärkeverarbeitung
Authors: Fink H.‐P. , Ebeling H. , Vorwerg W. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCellulose und Stärke gehören zu den industriell wichtigsten nachwachsenden Rohstoffen mit einer Vielzahl von Nutzungsmöglichkeiten, die sich aus den besonderen Strukturen und Möglichkeiten der Modifizierung dieser Biopolymere ergeben. Die chemisch‐technische Verarbeitung von Cellulose und Stärke erfordert dabei spezifische Verfahren, die insbesondere bei der nicht schmelzbaren und in herkömmlichen Lösungsmitteln unlöslichen Cellulose aufwendig sind. Im Beitrag wird zunächst ein Überblick über industrielle Verarbeitungsverfahren der Cellulose gegeben, die für die Herstellung von Celluloseregeneraten und Cellulosederivaten heute eingesetzt werden. Dabei wird insbesondere auf neuere Entwicklungen für die effektive und umweltfreundliche Herstellung von Cellulosefasern, Folien und Nonwovens eingegangen. Ein Überblick über technologische Prinzipien der Stärkeverarbeitung wird im zweiten Teil des Beitrags gegeben, wobei physikalische, enzymatische und chemische Verfahren zur Stärkemodifizierung erläutert werden. Von besonderer Bedeutung sind hier neuere Entwicklungen zur Herstellung unterschiedlicher Additive für die Papierindustrie sowie die Produktion von Stärke für den Einsatz in bioabbaubaren Kunststoffen.
Ressourcen‐ und Energieeffizienz
Authors: Woidasky J. , Schweppe R. , Hirth T. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDie Steigerung der Ressourceneffizienz ist heute nicht nur ein Gebot der ökologischen Vernunft, sondern wird zunehmend zu einer wirtschaftlichen Notwendigkeit: Deutsche Unternehmen sind in großem Maße abhängig von den Entwicklungen auf den internationalen Rohstoffmärkten. Diese Abhängigkeit kann die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Unternehmen bedrohen, wenn es nicht gelingt, handelspolitisch und technologisch die Auswirkungen zu begrenzen. Um auch langfristig und nachhaltig eine Wertschöpfung durch Rohstoffveredlung am Standort Deutschland zu sichern, sind vorrangig Innovationen im Bereich der Steigerung von Rohstoff‐ und Energieproduktivität erforderlich. Erste Entwicklungen wurden in Deutschland und Europa bereits eingeleitet mit der Erwartung, hier als „first mover”︁ mittel‐ bis langfristig von den erarbeiteten Lösungen profitieren zu können. Durch die Verbesserung der Materialeffizienz, die Entwicklung Ressourcen schonender Werkstoffe sowie die Verstärkung des Recyclings und des Einsatzes von Sekundärrohstoffen und nachwachsenden Rohstoffen können im industriellen Umfeld Effizienzpotentiale erschlossen werden. Hier werden die Rahmenbedingungen und wichtige Handlungsfelder vorgestellt.
Synthese und Charakterisierung von Polyestern und Polyamiden auf der Basis von Furan‐2,5‐dicarbonsäure
Authors: Fehrenbacher U. , Grosshardt O. , Kowollik K. , Tübke B. , Dingenouts N. , Wilhelm M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractKunststoffe, die aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen hergestellt werden, gewinnen als Produkte eine immer größere Bedeutung. Aufgrund der einfachen Bearbeitung sind vor allem Thermoplaste von besonderem Interesse. Derzeit sind allerdings nur thermoplastische Kunststoffe mit aromatischen Bausteinen wie z. B. Terephthalsäure verfügbar, die aus petrochemischen Rohstoffen hergestellt werden. Bekannte Beispiele sind Polyethylenterephthalat und Polytrimethylenterephthalat. Eine mögliche Alternative ist die Furan‐2,5‐dicarbonsäure, die aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen hergestellt werden kann. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden ausgewählte Polyester und Polyamide auf Basis der Furan‐2,5‐dicarbonsäure mittels Schmelzekondensation hergestellt und die thermischen sowie dynamisch‐mechanischen Eigenschaften bestimmt.
Die dritte industrielle Revolution am Bau auf biogener und bionischer Basis
Authors: Hofbauer W. , Rennebarth T. , Breuer K. , Sedlbauer K. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFür nachwachsende Rohstoffe und bionische Applikationen bestehen vielfältige Einsatzmöglichkeiten in der modernen Bautechnik, aber auch traditionell werden seit langer Zeit erneuerbare Materialien verwendet. Biogene Baustoffe haben neben interessanten technischen Eigenschaften den Vorteil, dass sie auch biologisch abbaubar bzw. weitgehend CO2‐neutral thermisch verwertet werden können. Neben der Anwendung von Produkten, die direkt der Landwirtschaft entstammen, wie z. B. Fasern, gibt es heute Ansätze für Biokomposite, die neue Eigenschaften aufweisen, welche für den Bau von Interesse sind. Biogene Composite bieten nicht nur im Hinblick auf das Life Cycle Assessment enorme Vorteile, sondern beispielsweise auch im Hinblick auf ihre bessere Statik bei geringerem Gewicht oder erhöhte Dauerhaftigkeit bei gleichzeitiger Wiederverwertbarkeit. In der Baustoffchemie eröffnen sich durch die Verwendung von Basischemikalien biogenen Ursprungs sowie durch die Nanotechnologie neue Perspektiven. Zusätzliche Impulse erhält die Bautechnik durch Anwendung bionischer Prinzipien.
Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Sensor Based on Tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II)‐Immobilized Natural Clay and Ionic Liquid
Authors: Jiang Ping , Yan Lei , Zhang Xicui , Yuan Hongyan , Xiao Dan , Choi Martin M. F. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA novel electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) sensor based on natural clay and ionic liquid was fabricated. Tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+) was immobilized on natural clay surface through simple adsorption. An ECL sensor was prepared by mixing Ru(bpy)32+‐incorporated clay, graphite powder and an ionic liquid (1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) as the binder. The electrochemical behavior and ECL of the immobilized Ru(bpy)32+ was investigated. It was observed that the ECL of immobilized Ru(bpy)32+ was activated by the ionic liquid. The proposed ECL sensor showed high sensitivity to tri‐n‐propylamine (TPrA) and the detection limit was found to be 20 pM. In addition, the ECL sensor displayed good stability for TPrA detection and long‐term storage stability.
Electrochemical Preparation and Characterization of Neodymium Hexacyanoferrate and Its Application
Authors: Fang Bin , Shen Rongxing , Zhang Cuihong , Yuan Huali , Yao Li , Wang Guangfeng 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA novel route for the fabrication of neodymium hexacyanoferrate (NdHCF) modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) was proposed. The morphological characterization of NdHCF was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). The performances of the NdHCF/GCE were characterized with cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammograms (DPV). The modified electrode showed excellent electrocatalytic effect and high stability toward the electrochemical oxidation of dopamine (DA) in phosphate buffer solution (pH 5.5) with a diminution of the anodic overpotential of 155 mV. The anodic peak currents increased linearly with the concentration of DA from 5.0×10−7 to 6.0×10−4 M with a detection limit of 1.0×10−8 M (S/N=3). The most important is that the modified electrode could be used for the determination of DA in the presence of an ascorbic acid concentration as large as 100‐fold that of DA. The proposed method was used to determine DA in DA‐hydrochloride injection and showed excellent sensitivity and recovery. The ease of fabrication, high stability, and low cost of the modified electrode are the promising features of the proposed sensor.