bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primacy of Information About Means Selection Over Outcome Selection in Goal Attribution by Infants
Authors: Verschoor Stephan , Biro Szilvia 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIt has been shown that, when observing an action, infants can rely on either outcome selection information (i.e., actions that express a choice between potential outcomes) or means selection information (i.e., actions that are causally efficient toward the outcome) in their goal attribution. However, no research has investigated the relationship between these two types of information when they are present simultaneously. In an experiment that addressed this question directly, we found that when outcome selection information could disambiguate the goal of the action (e.g., the action is directed toward one of two potential targets), but means selection information could not (i.e., the action is not efficiently adjusted to the situational constraints), 7‐ and 9‐month‐old infants did not attribute a goal to an observed action. This finding suggests that means selection information takes primacy over outcome selection information. The early presence of this bias sheds light on the nature of the notion of goal in action understanding.
A Rational Analysis of the Acquisition of Multisensory Representations
Authors: Yildirim Ilker , Jacobs Robert A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHow do people learn multisensory, or amodal, representations, and what consequences do these representations have for perceptual performance? We address this question by performing a rational analysis of the problem of learning multisensory representations. This analysis makes use of a Bayesian nonparametric model that acquires latent multisensory features that optimally explain the unisensory features arising in individual sensory modalities. The model qualitatively accounts for several important aspects of multisensory perception: (a) it integrates information from multiple sensory sources in such a way that it leads to superior performances in, for example, categorization tasks; (b) its performances suggest that multisensory training leads to better learning than unisensory training, even when testing is conducted in unisensory conditions; (c) its multisensory representations are modality invariant; and (d) it predicts ‘‘missing” sensory representations in modalities when the input to those modalities is absent. Our rational analysis indicates that all of these aspects emerge as part of the optimal solution to the problem of learning to represent complex multisensory environments.
iFamily: Internet and Social Media Technology in the Family Context
Authors: Williams Amanda L. , Merten Michael J. 
Published: December 2011

The internet has become a major research focus across disciplines and studies report both risks and benefits of use. However, less research explores family technology dynamics from an ecological perspective and how internet use occurring within and outside the family microsystem relates to individual and family well‐being. This study explores parents’ and adolescents’ use of the internet and other technology in terms of family connectedness and parent–child dynamics. Data are derived from the Pew Internet & American Life Project’s Networked Families 2008 surveys (
n
= 386) and Parents & Teens 2006 (
n
= 696). Results illustrate how social media technology has the potential to strengthen family bonds. In addition, how parents and adolescents negotiate the role of the internet in their families has implications for adolescent exposure to potential harm from outside the family system. Future directions are offered for exploring families and technology from a dynamic and multisystemic perspective.
TACI‐Fc gene therapy improves autoimmune sialadenitis but not salivary gland function in non‐obese diabetic mice
Authors: Vosters JL , Roescher N , Illei GG , Chiorini JA , Tak PP 
Published: December 2011

Oral Diseases (2012) 18, 365–374Objective:  Patients with Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) show aberrant expression of the B cell‐related mediators, B cell‐activating factor (BAFF), and a proliferation‐inducing ligand (APRIL) in serum and salivary glands (SGs). We studied the biological effect of neutralizing these cytokines by local gene transfer of the common receptor transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI) in an animal model of SS.Material and Methods:  A recombinant serotype 2 adeno‐associated virus (rAAV2) encoding TACI‐Fc was constructed, and its efficacy was tested in the SGs of non‐obese diabetic mice. Ten weeks later, SG inflammation was evaluated and serum and SG tissue were analyzed for inflammatory markers including immunoglobulins (Ig) and cytokines.Results:  AAV2‐TACI‐Fc gene therapy significantly reduced the number of inflammatory foci in the SG, owing to a decrease in IgD+ cells and CD138+ cells. Moreover, IgG and IgM levels, but not IgA levels, were reduced in the SG. Overall expression of mainly proinflammatory cytokines tended to be lower in AAV2‐TACI‐Fc‐treated mice. Salivary flow was unaffected.Conclusion:  Although local expression of soluble TACI‐Fc reduced inflammation and immunoglobulin levels in the SG, further research will have to prove whether dual blockade of APRIL and BAFF by TACI‐Fc can provide a satisfying treatment for the clinical symptoms of patients.
T‐helper 17 cells mediate the osteo/odontoclastogenesis induced by excessive orthodontic forces
Authors: Hayashi N , Yamaguchi M , Nakajima R , Utsunomiya T , Yamamoto H , Kasai K 
Published: December 2011

Oral Diseases (2012) 18, 375–388Objective:  The aim of this study was to investigate how T‐helper 17 cells (Th17 cells), interleukin (IL)‐17, and interleukin‐6 contribute to root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement.Materials and Methods:  Fifteen male 6‐week‐old Wistar rats were subjected to orthodontic force of 10 or 50 g to induce a mesially tipping movement of the upper first molars for 7 days. The expression levels of TRAP, IL‐17, the IL‐17 receptor (IL‐17R), and IL‐6 proteins were determined in periodontal ligament (PDL) by immunohistochemical analysis. Moreover, the fluorescent localization immunoassay was performed to detect Th17 cells. Furthermore, the effects of IL‐17 on IL‐6 release were investigated using human PDL cells in vitro. The effect of IL‐17 on osteoclastogenesis was evaluated by TRAP staining, actin ring staining, and the pit formation assay.Results:  The immunoreactivity for Th17, IL‐17, IL‐17R, and IL‐6 was detected in PDL tissue subjected to the orthodontic force on day 7. IL‐17 increased the release of IL‐6 from human periodontal ligament cells in a time‐dependent manner. Moreover, IL‐17 stimulated osteoclastogenesis from human osteoclast precursor cells, and these effects were partially suppressed by an anti‐IL‐6 antibody.Conclusion:  These results suggest that Th17 cells may aggravate the process of orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption.
Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in institutionalized elderly people in Mashhad, Northeast Iran
Authors: Mozafari Pegah M. , Dalirsani Zohreh , Delavarian Zahra , Amirchaghmaghi Maryam , Shakeri Mohammad T. , Esfandyari Abdollah , Falaki Farnaz 
Published: December 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00588.x

Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in institutionalized elderly people in Mashhad, Northeast IranObjective:  The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in institutionalized elderly people in Mashhad, northeast of Iran.Background:  This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of oral lesions in the institutionalized elderly.Methods:  In this survey, we studied all of the nursing homes in Mashhad; a total of five encompassing 237 residents. The subjects were examined and lesions recorded in a designed checklist. T‐test, chi‐square and Fisher’s exact tests were used for the analysis.Results:  The mean age of the patients was 79.59 ± 8.88. Ninety‐eight per cent of cases had at least one oral mucosal lesion. The most common lesions were fissured tongue (66.5%), atrophic glossitis (48.8%), sublingual varicosity (42%) and xerostomia (38%). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of denture‐related lesions (DRLs) between men and women (p > 0.05). Xerostomia was more prevalent in 70–79‐year‐old than in 60–69‐year‐old subjects. No case of oral malignant lesion was detected.Discussion:  These findings revealed a higher prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in Mashhad city compared with other studies conducted in other major cities in Iran and abroad. The results emphasise the necessity of national programmes towards oral health promotion.
Factor H and CFHR1 polymorphisms associated with atypical Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome (aHUS) are differently expressed in Tunisian and in Caucasian populations
Authors: Leban N. , Abarrategui‐Garrido C. , Fariza‐Requejo E. , Amiñoso‐Carbonero C. , Pinto S. , Chibani J. B. , Khelil A. H. , Sánchez‐Corral P. 
Published: December 2011

SummarySeveral polymorphisms in the complement components factor H and CFHR1 are associated with higher risk to develop atypical Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome (aHUS) in Caucasians. We have determined the prevalence of these polymorphisms in Tunisian controls by using genetic and immunological techniques. No differences in the frequency of the factor H risk alleles c.−331C>T, c.2089A>G or c.2881G>T between Tunisian and Caucasians were found. On the contrary, the analysis of CFHR1 polymorphism revealed a higher frequency of Tunisian individuals homozygous for the CFHR1*Del (deleted) allele, and of individuals presenting the CFHR1*A phenotype. These results suggest distinct contributions of factor H and CFHR1 polymorphisms to aHUS in Tunisian and Caucasian populations.
Light‐based Regeneration Niches: Evidence from 21 Dipterocarp Species using Size‐specific RGRs
Authors: Philipson Christopher D. , Saner Philippe , Marthews Toby R. , Nilus Reuben , Reynolds Glen , Turnbull Lindsay A. , Hector Andy 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA continuing challenge in tropical ecology is to explain the coexistence of large numbers of rain forest tree species. One possible coexistence mechanism is partitioning of the highly variable and dynamic forest light environment, in which species that grow better in one light treatment grow worse in another. To test whether species respond differently to the light environment, we estimated growth rates of 21 Dipterocarpaceae species from Malaysian Borneo grown in shade houses for 2 yr in three light treatments (0.3%, 3%, and 18% full sunlight). We made regular measurements of height, diameter, and aboveground biomass, enabling us to calculate growth rates for each response. We estimated size‐specific growth rates using nonlinear mixed‐effects models, as average relative growth rate was strongly size dependent. For all species, the greatest diameter growth rate was achieved in 18 percent full sunlight, whereas for five of the twenty‐one species, the greatest height growth rate was achieved in three percent full sunlight. We investigated correlations among growth rates in different light treatments, but no negative correlations were found, indicating that species growing well in one light treatment did not grow poorly in the others. There were substantial crossovers, however, in species ranks among the three light treatments, indicating that there was no single growth rate hierarchy common to all light treatments. The lack of a single consistent growth hierarchy across light treatments indicates that heterogeneity in the forest light environment could contribute to the maintenance of the diversity of Dipterocarpaceae found in lowland Bornean rain forests via light‐based regeneration niches.
Risk factors and outcomes of massive red blood cell transfusion following living donor liver transplantation
Authors: LI Chuan , MI Kai , WEN Tian Fu , YAN Lu Nan , LI Bo , WEI Yong Gang , YANG Jia Ying , XU Ming Qing , WANG Wen Tao 
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVES:  To identify the factors influencing blood loss and secondary blood transfusion and to investigate the outcomes of patients who underwent a massive blood transfusion (MBT) following living donor liver transplantation (LDLT).METHODS:  Patients who underwent primary adult‐to‐adult right hepatic lobe LDLT were included in the study, and were divided into the MBT group [≥ 6 red blood cell (RBC) units in 24 h] and the non‐massive blood transfusion (NMBT) group (< 6 RBC units in 24 h). All potential risk factors, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay and long‐term survival rate of the patients in the two groups were analyzed.RESULTS:  The data of 181 eligible patients were retrospectively analyzed. A decreased long‐term survival rate, a higher incidence of postoperative infection and prolonged ICU stay were observed in the MBT group. No significant difference was observed in survival rate between patients having platelet transfusion > 2 units and ≤ 2 units. Hemoglobin < 100 g/L, platelet counts < 70 × 109/L, fibrinogen level < 1.5 g/L and history of upper abdominal surgery were found to be independent risk factors.CONCLUSIONS:  Blood transfusion during LDLT can be predicted using preoperative variables. Massive RBC transfusion may lead to poor long‐term survival, higher postoperative infection rate and prolonged ICU stay. Platelet transfusion may not be a risk factor for long‐term survival.
Retracted: Natural course of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in southern China: A prospective cohort study
Authors: ZHOU Yong Jian , LI Yu Yuan , NIE Yu Qiang , HUANG Chun Ming , CAO Chuang Yu 
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE:  Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disease, the natural course of which has not been well documented. This study aimed to perform a prospective cohort study to investigate NAFLD in a Chinese population.METHODS:  Using our previous epidemiological survey, 3543 patients were followed‐up for a median of 4 years (range 3.6–4.8 years). Of these patients, 624 participated in a new survey. Interviews, physical examinations, biochemical tests and abdominal ultrasonography were repeated for these patient.RESULTS:  The annual incidence of NAFLD was 9.1% (male 7.3% vs female 9.7%, P = 0.047). Among 117 NAFLD patients at baseline, 51 (43.6%) remained unchanged, 26 (22.2%) became worse, and 40 (34.2%) improved. Patients with simultaneous metabolic syndrome (MS) showed accelerated progression (P = 0.026). For the NAFLD patients, both general annual mortality rates and cardiovascular disease deaths (both 0.54%) were significantly higher than those of patients without NAFLD (0.19% and 0.17%, P = 0.005). Age and several variables related to MS were risk factors for NAFLD progression.CONCLUSIONS:  The incidence of NAFLD in southern China is relatively lower in comparison with that of the developed countries. Patients with NAFLD have a benign prognosis. Variables related to MS are risk factors for NAFLD occurrence and progression.
Optimization of preservation and storage time of sponge tissues to obtain quality mRNA for next‐generation sequencing
Authors: RIESGO ANA , PÉREZ‐PORRO ALICIA R. , CARMONA SUSANA , LEYS SALLY P. , GIRIBET GONZALO 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTranscriptome sequencing with next‐generation sequencing technologies has the potential for addressing many long‐standing questions about the biology of sponges. Transcriptome sequence quality depends on good cDNA libraries, which requires high‐quality mRNA. Standard protocols for preserving and isolating mRNA often require optimization for unusual tissue types. Our aim was assessing the efficiency of two preservation modes, (i) flash freezing with liquid nitrogen (LN2) and (ii) immersion in RNAlater, for the recovery of high‐quality mRNA from sponge tissues. We also tested whether the long‐term storage of samples at −80 °C affects the quantity and quality of mRNA. We extracted mRNA from nine sponge species and analysed the quantity and quality (A260/230 and A260/280 ratios) of mRNA according to preservation method, storage time, and taxonomy. The quantity and quality of mRNA depended significantly on the preservation method used (LN2 outperforming RNAlater), the sponge species, and the interaction between them. When the preservation was analysed in combination with either storage time or species, the quantity and A260/230 ratio were both significantly higher for LN2‐preserved samples. Interestingly, individual comparisons for each preservation method over time indicated that both methods performed equally efficiently during the first month, but RNAlater lost efficiency in storage times longer than 2 months compared with flash‐frozen samples. In summary, we find that for long‐term preservation of samples, flash freezing is the preferred method. If LN2 is not available, RNAlater can be used, but mRNA extraction during the first month of storage is advised.
Nailfold capillaroscopy by digital microscope in an Indian population with systemic sclerosis
Authors: BHAKUNI Darshan S. , VASDEV Vivek , GARG M.K. , NARAYANAN Krishanan , JAIN Rahul , MULLICK Gautam 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Aim:  Nailfold capillaroscopy (NFC) is a simple, non‐invasive method with exceptional predictive value for the analysis of microvascular abnormalities, especially in systemic sclerosis (SSc) but remains underutilized due to cost factors of the nailfold videocapillaroscope, lack of expertise and availability issues. The aim of this study was to establish the utility of an inexpensive digital microscope to study NFC changes in SSc in correlation with disease subsets and extent of skin involvement.
Methods:  Twenty‐two diffuse cutaneous SSc (DSS), 20 limited cutaneous SSc (LSS) patients and 42 controls were evaluated with NFC using a digital microscope at 30× and 100× magnification. Digital micrographs were used to study qualitative and quantitative changes in microvasculature.
Results:  The capillary density was significantly less in all cases of SSc as compared to controls (5.3 ± 1.4 vs. 8.7 ± 1.2; P < 0.00001). Disorganized architecture was much more prevalent in DSS versus LSS (86.4%vs. 25%). The vascular deletion score (VDS) was significantly higher in DSS as compared to LSS (P < 0.0001). Scleroderma pattern (SP) was seen in 18 (81.9%) and 15 (75%) of patients with DSS and LSS, respectively. Only 4% of normal subjects showed non‐specific pattern and none showed SP. The mean modified Rodnan skin score (MRSS) was positively correlated with vascular deletion score (r = 0.572; P < 0.001) and negatively with capillary density (r = −0.8; P < 0.001).
Conclusion:  Nailfold capillaroscopy changes in SSc are related to disease subset and MRSS. NFC with digital microscope is a simplified, inexpensive, outpatient procedure with results comparable to previous studies.
Towards a Bourgeois Revolution? Explaining the American Civil War
Authors: Ashworth John 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
This paper introduces arguments from Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics in the Antebellum Republic1 to suggest that the Civil War arose ultimately because of class-conflict between on the one hand, Southern slaves and their masters and, on the other, Northern workers and their employers. It does not, however, suggest that either in the North or the South these conflicts were on the point of erupting into revolution. On the contrary, they were relatively easily containable. However, harmony within each section (North and South) could be secured only at the cost of intersectional conflict, conflict which would finally erupt into civil war. The Civil War was a ‘bourgeois revolution’ not only because it destroyed slavery, an essentially precapitalist system of production, in the United States but also because it resulted in the enthronement of Northern values, with the normalisation of wage-labour at their core.
Karl Marx and Abraham Lincoln: A Curious Convergence
Authors: Blackburn Robin 
Published: December 2011

AbstractKarl Marx and Abraham Lincoln held very different views on the ‘social question’. This essay explores the way in which they converged in their estimation of slavery during the course of the Civil War; Marx was an ardent abolitionist, and Lincoln came to see this position as necessary. It is argued that the rôle of runaway slaves – called ‘contraband’ – and German-revolutionary ’48ers played a significant rôle in the radicalisation of Lincoln and the direction of the War.
Marx and Engels on the US Civil War: The ‘Materialist Conception of History’ in Action
Authors: Nimtz August H. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMarx’s analysis, supplemented by that of Engels, of the US Civil War is as instructive, if not more, as any of their writings to illustrate their ‘materialist conception of history’. Because the American experience figured significantly in the young Marx’s path to communist conclusions, the outbreak of the War in 1861 obligated him to devote his full attention to its course. His application of their method allowed him to see more accurately the course of the War than his partner. Also, he was able to see what President Abraham Lincoln had to do, that is, to convert the War from one to end secession to one to overthrow slavery, before the President himself. Despite its contradictory outcome, Marx’s expectation that the War would put the US working class on terra firma for the first time was justified.
Social-Property Relations, Class-Conflict and the Origins of the US Civil War: Towards a New Social Interpretation
Authors: Post Charles 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The origins of the US Civil War have long been a central topic of debate among historians, both Marxist and non-Marxist. John Ashworth’s Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics in the Antebellum Republic is a major Marxian contribution to a social interpretation of the US Civil War. However, Ashworth’s claim that the War was the result of sharpening political and ideological – but not social and economic – contradictions and conflicts between slavery and capitalism rests on problematic claims about the rôle of slave-resistance in the dynamics of plantation-slavery, the attitude of Northern manufacturers, artisans, professionals and farmers toward wage-labour, and economic restructuring in the 1840s and 1850s. An alternative social explanation of the US Civil War, rooted in an analysis of the specific path to capitalist social-property relations in the US, locates the War in the growing contradiction between the social requirements of the expanded reproduction of slavery and capitalism in the two decades before the War.
Karl Marx and Contemporary Philosophy, edited by Andrew Chitty and Martin McIvor, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009
Authors: Noonan Jeff 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis essay is a review ofKarl Marx and Contemporary Philosophy. While the text will provide even knowledgeable Marxist readers with new insights on key texts and concepts in Marx, it nevertheless fails to intervene in crucial contemporary philosophical debates. The book is concerned less with the contemporary significance of Marxist philosophyas philosophyand more with re-reading classical Marxist texts in a contemporary context. This job it does well, but leaves the more important question of what Marxists have to say about fundamental philosophical problems today unaddressed for the most part.
Pufendorf and Condillac on Law and Language
Authors: Aarsleff Hans 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
This essay argues that Pufendorf conceived the principles of natural law against the rationalism and innatism of the 17th century, and that Condillac similarly formulated a conception of the human origin of language, both of them thus securing open and human foundations for the two primal institutions of law and language, and also making all citizens free agents in the ordering of communal living.