bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiation Effects in Steel
Authors: Porter LF 
Published: March 2009

As early as 1942 it was recognized that high-energy neutrons would have the ability to disrupt the crystal lattice of metals through which they might pass and that this disruption might lead to serious changes in the mechanical and physical properties of structural materials used in the construction of nuclear reactors. Since that time studies of these “radiation effects” have been conducted by solid stale physicists and by reactor development engineers working at or in conjunction with the various atomic energy installations. This paper is a survey of the published literature on the effect of neutron radiation on the mechanical properties of steels.
On theoretical grounds and on the basis of fundamental experiments it is postulaled that clusters of radiation-produced vacancies or interstitials, by interacting with dislocations already present and additional dislocations produced during plastic deformation, are primarily responsible for the increased strength and decreased ductility of irradiated metals.
From a tabulation of the existing information on the effect of neutron radiation on the mechanical properties of carbon, alloy, and stainless steels, it appears that relationships between the changes in properties and neulron exposure can be defined. These relationships indicate that steels behave in general as a class of material and are affected by neutron radiation in a similar manner so that the effects of a given neutron exposure can usually be predicted within rallier general limits.
Normally, a large proportion of the radiation-produced crystal lattice defects responsible for the changes in mechanical properties in steels can be removed by heating in the range 550 to 900 F. Likewise, irradiation at temperatures above 500 F usually results in less damage than irradiation at lower temperatures, presumably because of concurrent thermal annealing of the damaged regions. Under certain conditions, radiation may accelerate phase transformation or aging phenomena, and changes in mechanical properties as a result of such secondary effects may not be removed by the annealing treatments at 550 to 900 F.
It is important to recognize that the above generalizations are based on results which show considerable scatter and that there is information available which indicates that such factors as grain size, microstructure, composition, and steel cleanliness can influence the magnitude of the radiation effect.
Determination of Radioactive Materials in Water
Authors: Barker FB 
Published: March 2009

The U. S. Geological Survey has adopted methods for measuring the concentrations of certain radioactive materials in water. The methods described are useful in hydrogeochemical studies and for determining the conformance of potable water with health standards.
Gross concentrations of alpha- and beta-emitting nuclides are determined by measuring with a suitable counter the activity of the residue left upon evaporation. Sensitivities of about 1 micromicrocurie per 100 mg of solids for the determination of alpha activity and of 1 to 5 micromicrocuries per 100 mg of solids for the determination of beta activity may be obtained. Radium is determined by either of two carrier-precipitation methods depending upon the accuracy desired or the necessity for measuring concentrations of individual radium isotopes. The sensitivities vary from 0.1 to 1.0 micromicrocurie per liter depending upon calcium concentration. Radiostrontium is determined by a multiple precipitation method having a sensitivity of about 1 micromicrocurie per liter. Uranium is determined to 0.1 ppb by a fluorometnc procedure.
Graphite as a Fuel Matrix
Authors: Riley WC 
Published: March 2009

Recent work on fabrication development, laboratory evaluation, and reactor evaluation of fueled graphite is reviewed.
Methods of preparing fueled graphites are discussed with respect to possible differences in reactor perlonnance and processing costs. Geometries and fuel loadings that have been achieved are mentioned. Data are given on variation in physical properties with fuel content.
The experimental evidence presented indicates that neutron plus fission fragment irradiation at temperatures of about 1300 F tends to cause the matrix structure to change from graphite to disordered carbon.
With respect to dimensional distortion, the individual effects of fission fragment and neutron irradiation at about 1300 F have been separated. Each appears to cause contraction. A relationship between dimensional distortion and the number ol fission fragments attenuated in the matrix is suggested.
Fission product release from a number of types of fueled graphites are reported. Results of both laboratory heat-treatment studies following low-temperature, low-exposure irradiation and high-temperature in-pile studies indicated that the release of fission gases was the order of at least 1 per cent of those calculated to be present.
Methods for improving fission product retention are discussed. The experimental evidence presented indicates that surlace coatings, impervious graphite, and impervious cladding for fuel particles have some potential.
Available data on chemical reactions between fuel compounds and the graphite matrix are discussed briefly.
Recommendations for future developmental work are included. Emphasis should be placed on improved fission product retention and studies of radiation effects at high exposures.
Fabrication of U3O8 - Aluminum Dispersion Fuel Elements by Extrusion
Authors: Noland RA , Walker DE , Hymes LC 
Published: March 2009

A description is given of the coextrusion of aluminum-canned U3O8- aluminum powder mixtures to produce dispersion type fuel elements. The effects of powder preparation, extrusion billet can composition, extrusion ratio, extrusion temperatures, and tri-uranium octi-oxide (U3O8) content of the powder mixture are illustrated. Use of density measurements of individual elements to determine their uranium-235 content is described.
The process entails the hot extrusion of a powder mixture of U3O8 and aluminum, contained in an aluminum can, into a long aluminum-clad shape from which individual fuel elements are sheared. The fuel elements are of near theoretical density, integrally clad, and exhibit a uniform dispersion of fissionable material in the matrix. Core compositions from less than 10 to as high as 51 per cent by weight of U3O8 have been shown to be feasible. A high conversion yield from billet to elements is regularly achieved. Reproducibility of the process is excellent; variation in the uranium-235 content of fuel elements from identically charged billets is almost negligible. The process has been used to produce the fuel loadings for the Argonaut Mark I Training Reactor (May 1956) and for the Argonaut G Reactor displayed at the 1958 Geneva Conference.
Design and Calibration of a Neutron Moisture Meter
Authors: Burn KN 
Published: March 2009

A probe using an actinium-beryllium neutron source and a scintillation-type detector was designed and built for use in determining the moisture density in soils below the surface of the ground. A portable battery-operated sealer was selected to make it possible to use the equipment in places where there is no available a-c supply.
Since the principle of the neutron moisture meter is based upon the physical interaction of neutrons with hydrogen atoms, considerable thought was given to the idea of calibrating the instrument in media other than actual soils; the advantages of using substitute materials are better uniformity and better control of both bulk density and distribution of hydrogen atoms.
Requirements ol the artificial media are discussed and those adopted for calibration are described.
Application of Nuclear Soil Meters to Compaction Control for Airfield Pavement Construction
Authors: Carlton PF 
Published: March 2009

Ten years of research have resulted in the development of nuclear soil meters capable of measuring the moisture content and density of soils within the average accuracies required for engineered construction. This paper describes the use of surface-type nuclear soil meters for compaction control testing during the construction of new pavement facilities at Clinton County Air Force Base, Ohio.
This study was made using engineering models of the P-21 surface moisture probe and the P-22 surface density probe, manufactured by the Nuclear-Chicago Corp. Both cohesive and granular soils were tested. On the basis of use of the nuclear method at the Air Force Base it was concluded that the reliability of the nuclear method was comparable to that of conventional testing procedures for compaction control, time requirements per test were greatly reduced, and radiation hazard to operating personnel was negligible.
Basic Principles of Sensory Evaluation
Authors: Danker WH 
Published: March 2009

Description
This special technical publication on Basic Principles of Sensory Evaluation was sponsored by Subcommittee II on Principles of Psychophysical Test Methods of Committee E18 on Sensory Evaluation of Materials and Products. The papers were compiled by members of Subcommittee II with W. H. Danker, Fritzsche Brothers, Inc., serving as chairman.
Metal Corrosion in the Atmosphere
Authors: Ailor WH , Coburn SK 
Published: March 2009

Description
The papers in the Symposium on Metal Corrosion in the Atmosphere were given at the 70th Annual Meeting of the Society held at Boston, Mass., 25-30 June 1967. W. H. Ailor, Jr., Reynolds Metal Corp., and S. K. Coburn, U.S. Steel Corp., were the co-chairmen of this symposium sponsored by Committee G-1 on Corrosion of Metals.
Vibration Effects of Earthquakes on Soils and Foundations
Authors: Selig ET , Hampton D 
Published: March 2009

Description
The papers in this volume were presented at the two-session Symposium on Vibration Effects of Earthquakes on Soils and Foundations held on 25 June 1968 during the 71st Annual Meeting of the Society at San Francisco, Calif. The Symposium was sponsored by Subcommittee 9 on Dynamic Properties of Soils, of Committee D18. Chairman of the Symposium was E. T. Selig, associate professor of engineering and applied sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo. Co-chairman was Delon Hampton, professor of civil engineering, Howard University.
Fatigue at High Temperature
Authors: Coffin LF 
Published: March 2009

Description
This Special Technical Publication contains most of the papers presented at a Symposium on Fatigue at High Temperature held in San Francisco, Calif., during the Seventy-first Annual Meeting of ASTM, 23—28 June 1968. The topic was chosen because of its current timeliness and interest to those seeking answers to pressing questions regarding elevated temperature material behavior. The sponsor of this symposium was the Task Group on Fatigue under Cyclic Strain, now Subcommittee VIII of the E09 Committee on Fatigue. L. F. Coffin, Jr., General Electric Company Research and Development Center, presided as symposium chairman.
Manual on Low Cycle Fatigue Testing
Authors: Wetzel RM , Coffin LF 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Manual on Low Cycle Fatigue Testing has been compiled by Subcommittee VIII on Fatigue Under Cyclic Strain of ASTM Committee E09 on Fatigue. The editorial work was coordinated by R. M. Wetzel, Ford Motor Co. L. F. Coffin, Jr., General Electric Co., is chairman of Subcommittee VIII.
Sampling of Soil and Rock
Authors: Gordon BB , Crawford CB 
Published: March 2009

Description
The papers in the Symposium on Sampling of Soil and Rock were given at the Seventy-third Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Toronto, Ont., Canada, 21-26 June 1970. The sponsor of this symposium was Committee D18 on Soil and Rock for Engineering Purposes. B. B. Gordon, Woodward Clyde and Associates, and C. B. Crawford, National Research Council of Canada, presided as symposium cochairmen.
Effect of Automotive Emission Requirements on Gasoline Characteristics
Authors: Niles HT 
Published: March 2009

Description
The papers in the Symposium on Effect of Automotive Emission Requirements on Gasoline Characteristics Were given at the 73rd Annual Meeting of theAmerican Society for Testing and Materials held in Toronto, Ont., Canada, 21—26 June 1970. The symposium was sponsored by Division A of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants. The symposium committee consisted of H. T. Miles, chairman, Ford Motor Company; J. B. Rather, Jr., Mobil Oil Corporation; and J. E. Sigsby, Jr., National Air Pollution Control Administration.
Elevated Temperature Testing Problem Areas
Authors: Voorhees HR , Faurschou DK , Smith GV 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Problem Areas in Elevated Temperature Testing was presented at the Seventy-third Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 21—26 June 1970. The Joint Committee on Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Metals (ASTM-American Society of Mechanical Engineers-Metal Properties Council) sponsored the two-session meeting on 22 June 1970. H. R. Voorhees of the Materials Technology Corp. served as symposium chairman; he was assisted by D. K. Faurschou, Canada Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, and G. V. Smith, Cornell University, who acted as session chairmen.
Hold-Time Effects in High-Temperature Low-Cycle Fatigue: A Literature Survey and Interpretive Report
Authors: Wundt BM , Krempl E 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Metal Properties Council Subcommittee on Fatigue sponsored preparation by B. M. Wundt of an extensive Bibliography on Low-Cycle Fatigue. Published by ASTM in 1968 as their Special Technical Publication No. 449, that survey listed over 800 references for the years 1957 through 1967.
Fracture Toughness Testing at Cryogenic Temperatures
Authors: Kaufman JG 
Published: March 2009

Description
Committee E24 on Fracture Testing of Metals sponsored the Symposium on Fracture Toughness Testing at Cryogenic Temperatures at the Seventy-third Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials, held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 21—26 June 1970. The two-session meeting, given on 24 June, was chairmaned by J. G. Kaufman of the Alcoa Research Laboratories, who was assisted by J. F. Boysen of the Boeing Company.
Composite Materials: Testing and Design (Second Conference)
Authors: Corten HT 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Second Conference on Composite Materials: Testing and Design was held 20-22 April 1971 in Anaheim, Calif. Committee D30 on High Modulus Fibers and Their Composites of the American Society for Testing and Materials sponsored the conference, in conjunction with the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers. H. T. Corten of the College of Engineering, University of Illinois, served as conference and program chairman. Of the 53 papers presented at the ten sessions, 36 are included in the volume, which complements the first conference publication, ASTM STP 460, Composite Materials: Testing and Design.
Ignition, Heat Release, and Noncombustibility of Materials
Authors: Robertson AF 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Ignition, Heat Release, and Noncombustibility of Materials was held 6 October 1971 at the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Subcommittee 10 on Research of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Tests of Materials and Construction, with the assistance of the Committee on Fire Research of the National Academy of Sciences National Research Council, sponsored the symposium. A. F. Robertson, National Bureau of Standards, presided as symposium chairman.
Stereology and Quantitative Metallography
Authors: Pellissier GE , Purdy SM 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Stereology and Quantitative Metallography was presented at the Seventy-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Atlantic City, N. J., 27 June—2 July 1971. Subcommittees 11, 14, and 15 on Electron Microscopy and Diffraction, Quantitative Metallography, and Scanning Microscopy and Microprobe Analysis, respectively, of Committee E04 on Metallography sponsored the symposium. G. E. Pellissier, Ernest F. Fullam, Inc. and S. M. Purdy, Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., served as cochairmen. Of the ten papers presented at the two sessions, eight are included in this volume.
Acoustic Emission
Authors: Liptai RG , Harris DO , Tatro CA 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Acoustic Emission was presented at the December Committee Week of ASTM held in Bal Harbour, Florida, 7-8 December 1971. The ASTM Publications Committee sponsored the symposium. R. G. Liptai, Lawrence Radiation Lab., presided as symposium chairman, and D. O. Harris and C. A. Tatro, also of Lawrence Radiation Lab., served as co-chairmen.
Bibliographical Abstracts on Evaluation of Fluorescent Whitening Agents 1929–1968
Authors: Weeks LE , Staubly JL , Millsaps WA , Villaume FG 
Published: March 2009

Description
Fluorescent whitening agents are essentially colorless dyes which when applied to textiles, papers, plastics, and other substrates absorb ultraviolet radiation and emit light of a bluish hue complementary to the yellow tint already present on the off-white substrate. In this manner the fluorescent whitening agents impart a greater apparent whiteness to the materials treated.
Probabilistic Aspects of Fatigue
Authors: Heller RA 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Probabilistic Aspects of Fatigue was presented at the Seventy-fourth Annual Meeting of ASTM held in Atlantic City, N. J., 27 June-2 July 1971. The sponsor of this symposium was ASTM Committee E09 or Fatigue. Robert A. Heller, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, presided as symposiun chairman.
Creep of Zirconium Alloys in Nuclear Reactors
Authors: Franklin DG , Lucas GE , Bement AL 
Published: March 2009

Description
This book is aimed at the practicing engineer who is involved with the design, fabrication of operation of zirconium core components. The Metals Properties Council, as part of its continuing role of collecting, analyzing, and updating materials properties data, has arranged for the preparation of this book. STP 815 presents the reader with pertinent metallurgical and phenomenological aspects of creep in zirconium and zirconium alloys and the different ways in which this information is used in the design of core components for nuclear reactors.
Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology
Authors: Hollander HI 
Published: March 2009

Description
STP 832 is a compendium of terms identified as useful to those involved or interested in recovering the resources in the solid wastes discarded by communities, institutions, commercial enterprises, and industry. The terms included were selected to readily permit communication and commodities recovered from waste materials and the users of these commodities. To provide the greatest utility, this compilation of terms also recognizes the need of these individuals or associations who have yet to become involved in resource recovery.
Museums and Media: A View from Canada
Authors: Gendreau Andrée 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The rapid transformation of museums over the last twenty years, both in Canada and around the world, has provoked numerous commentaries and interpretations. It has also fanned the flames of an argument that began three hundred years ago. The quarrel of the ancients and the moderns on the question of “museumfication” continues today. The quarrel is now not so much about problem of works and objects being placed in a kind of thesaurus, removed from their true context and accessible to only a limited public, but rather about the mummification of living traditions, intangible heritage, public spaces, and certain cities or their neighborhoods. The museum networks is growing extremely quickly, while at the same time becoming part of today's mass media universe. These changes are received enthusiastically by some, but are met with disapproval by others. Communication, theatrical presentation, the exchange and sharing of works, and the increased forging of links between institutions throughout the world have all contributed to making museums places of encounter and debate. As a result, museums now are among the liveliest and most productive cultural industries in the Western world. This hypermediatization has also brought about internal changes in museums. The goal of the museum has not necessarily been modified, but the ways of managing the institution have definitely undergone a transformation. What is the place of historians and researchers in this shifting world? Are they still welcome there?
Experts on Our Own Lives: Commemorating Canada at the Beginning of the 21st Century
Authors: Strong-Boag Veronica 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This article highlights the contested nature of public commemoration in Canada. Vigorous grassroots enthusiasm for commemoration is compared with the evolving commitment of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board, one of Canada's senior players in national commemoration. The article begins by pointing to the ongoing attention to history that pervades contemporary movement politics among the First Nations, ethno-cultural groups, women, and workers. It next considers recent popular efforts at commemoration, with a particular focus on those targeting ethnic and racial injustice, violence against women, and the invisibility of workers. It then considers the role of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada from its founding in 1919 to the present. Ultimately, it asks what grassroots and official actors in historical commemoration contribute to the maintenance of public memory.
Canada's Historic Sites: Reflections on a Quarter Century, 1980–2005
Authors: Pannekoek Frits 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The current heritage landscape in Canada was shaped between 1980 and 2008 by provincial legislation and grants, by federal government influence and funding, by private provincial and federal foundations, but most important of all by the realities of the property development and the opposition and foresight of local community action groups. The ability of government to make any real change was tempered by the belief that less government was better and that the forces of the marketplace were best placed to determine the shape of a society and its heritage.
“Battle and Burial”: Recapturing the Cultural Meaning of Canada's National Memorial on Vimy Ridge
Authors: Hucker Jacqueline 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The Vimy Memorial commemorates Canadians who fought and died in the First World War. In honoring the ordinary soldier, it departs from earlier traditions of celebrating victory or paying tribute to military leaders. The memorial is remarkable for its aesthetic qualities, as well as for its relationship to its battle landscape. This presentation examines the original conception of the monument and memorial park as a sacred site. It traces the gradual deterioration of the site, and the consequential challenges to its management and presentation, attributable to an under-appreciation of its metaphysical qualities. The presentation concludes with a description of a recent major international restoration project aimed at recapturing the significance of the place.