bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the relationship between police experiences and perceptions of police bias
Authors: Renauer Brian C. , Covelli Emma 
Published: September 2011

PurposeThis paper aims to use three theoretical perspectives to understand variation in public opinion regarding the frequency with which police use race/ethnicity unfairly in making stops: procedural and instrumental justice, local government responsiveness, and intra‐racial differences.Design/methodology/approachThe paper looks at data from a telephone survey of 1,431 Oregon residents: 741 from a stratified state‐wide random sample by county; 164 African‐Americans and 161 Hispanics over samples.FindingsPerceived negative treatment during recent involuntary police contacts is related to a perception that police are more biased. Instrumental judgments regarding local government responsiveness to constituent needs and personal safety showed a negative relationship to perceptions of police bias. African‐American respondents exhibited the strongest police bias opinions; however, intra‐racial analyses showed that perceptions of government responsiveness weaken bias perceptions across race/ethnicity.Research limitations/implicationsResearch needs to explore how the public's relationship to their local government influences perceptions of police. The conclusions of the study are limited by the cross‐sectional design.Practical implicationsThe study illustrates that proper police‐citizen communication tactics, stop and investigatory procedures, and ethical decision making should continue to be reinforced along with better promotion of local government and police success in meeting constituent needs through the media.Originality/valueThe paper examines the influence of both procedural and instrumental justice perceptions, and voluntary and involuntary police contacts. The sample contains sufficient numbers of African‐Americans and Hispanics and diverse communities (urban, suburban, and rural) to gain a representative view.
The relationship between stress, strain and social capital
Authors: Gächter Martin , Savage Davd A. , Torgler Benno 
Published: September 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of social capital with the negative externalities associated with stress, or the psychological and physiological strains experienced by police officers.Design/methodology/approachUsing data collected in 1999 from a survey of Baltimore Police officers designed to examine questions about the relationship between police stress and domestic violence in police families and using multivariate regression analysis, the paper focuses on five different proxies for stress and strain, and two proxies for social capital and conducting several robustness checks.FindingsResults show that an increase in social capital is significantly correlated to a decrease in the level of strain, in the psychological, physical, burnout and health areas.Research limitations/implicationsWhile this study examines the social capital/strain relationship with US officers, more research is needed, as these findings may not extrapolate well into other national settings. It may also be interesting to further explore sub‐cultures within departments. Additionally, the data may be dated and, as major changes and events have occurred since the survey, a newer study of officers would be needed to observe whether these changes have had significant impact.Practical implicationsFrom a policy perspective, the findings suggest that stress reduction programs should actively engage employees to build stronger social networks.Originality/valueThis study comprehensively examines the ability of social capital at negating the impacts of strains, and significantly reduces the impact of major trauma events. This paper adds to the literature as there are few multivariate analyses of the social capital/strain relationship.
Problem behaviors of students pursuing policing careers
Authors: Kevin Gray M. 
Published: September 2011

PurposeThe current study aims to examine problematic behaviors of college students who identified policing as their career of choice.Design/methodology/approachA self‐report survey was administered and behaviors such as alcohol and drug use, arrest histories, and self‐reported criminality were identified in a sample of 874 undergraduate students, 171 of whom identified policing as their career goal.FindingsFindings indicate that over 60 percent of students (including those interested in becoming police officers) engage in some level of problematic behavior. While policing students engaged in more excessive recent binge drinking, they had a lower rate of arrests and less other‐than‐marijuana drug use than other students.Research limitations/implicationsThis research relies on self‐reported data and therefore under‐ or over‐reporting may occur. While the sample of policing students has similar characteristics to those of current police officers in terms of sex and race, generalizability issues from the entire sample may be present.Practical implicationsFindings suggest the importance of identifying and conveying information to students about problematic behaviors that may prohibit gainful employment. Recruitment implications are discussed for police departments as well as implications for areas of inquiry important for background hiring investigations.Originality/valueThe current research explores problematic behaviors of college students in the context of vocational restrictions that students may face from law enforcement agencies. Findings can better prepare students for such vocations and inform hiring agencies of the range of issues from this population of applicants.
Executive compensation: the role of Shari'a compliance
Authors: Marty Martin William , Hunt‐Ahmed Karen 
Published: September 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to illuminate issues surrounding executive compensation as it relates to current understandings of Islamic business law.Design/methodology/approachThe emerging bodies of literature in the fields of executive compensation and opinions of stock options under Shari'a law are reviewed.FindingsIt appears that the trend in offering employee stock options as part of a Shari'a compliant compensation package is acceptable in most cases, yet because of its close association with the more problematic idea of derivative transactions, the company must be vigilant in obtaining the approval from its Shari'a Standards Board before offering it as part of an overall compensation package.Research limitations/implicationsExisting quantitative data in this area are limited. Given the qualitative, exploratory nature of the design, generalizability is not as robust as other designs.Practical implicationsThe paper makes recommendations about the inclusion of employee stock options as part of a Shari'a compliant executive compensation package.Originality/valueThis paper advances the extant literature on the ethics of executive compensation in general as well as adding to the extant literature on Shari'a compliance of executive compensation packages.
Islam and the Olympics: seeking a host city in the Muslim world
Authors: Randeree Kasim 
Published: September 2011

PurposeAwarding the Olympic Games to a host city in the Muslim world would send a clear indication from member nations of the International Olympic Committee of a desire by the international community to engage with Muslim nations on a level that transcends sport. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to answer the question: will a city in the Muslim world ever become host to the greatest sporting spectacle on Earth, and, if so, which is most likely to receive it, when and why?Design/methodology/approachTo gauge the potential of cities in the Muslim world hosting the Olympics Games, the approach of the paper is to examine the merits of former host cities and then qualitatively comparing these with member countries of the Organisation of Islamic Conference which have a majority Muslim population.FindingsThe research findings indicate that there are five cities in the Muslim world, at least one of which is likely to be awarded one of the coming six Summer Olympic Games between the years 2020 and 2040.Research limitations/implicationsThe broader implications of the study are that, in examining Muslim nations of the world from the point of view of mega‐event management on a global scale, their development and advancement capability in the modern world can be probed.Originality/valueIn the absence of any other published study on the subject, this paper would open a discourse that would be of value to scholars and interested parties in diverse fields such as major programme management, Islamic studies, international politics, economics and international development.
Dynamic relationships between Middle East stock markets
Authors: Floros Christos 
Published: September 2011

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to examine the dynamic relationships between Middle East stock markets.Design/methodology/approachDaily data from the Egyptian (CMA) and Israeli Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE‐100) stock indices are considered. The paper employs a Bivariate cointegration GARCH(1,1) model to explain price discovery and lead‐lag relationships for the period July 1997 – August 2007.FindingsEmpirical results confirm that the Egyptian market plays a price discovery role, implying that CMA prices contain useful information about TASE‐100 prices. CMA market is more informationally efficient than TASE‐100 market. Further, CMA index reflects new information faster than TASE‐100 index.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research should examine the dynamic relationships between Middle East stock markets using intraday (high frequency) data and recent dynamic (long memory) methods.Practical implicationsThe findings are helpful to financial managers and traders dealing with Middle East stock markets.Originality/valueThe contribution of this paper is to provide evidence on the stock market dynamics and financial linkages between two Middle East emerging markets using recent daily data and a modern econometric model. To the best of the author's knowledge, no previous study has tested the dynamic relationships between daily prices of CMA and TASE‐100.
Prize‐giving to the premium savings certificate holders
Authors: Fuad Mohd. , Hassan Razi , Abdullah Faruk 
Published: September 2011

PurposeConsidering the popularity of the premium savings certificate (PSC) of the National Savings Bank of Malaysia (Bank Simpanan Nasional (BSN)) the paper aims to justify the Shari'ah compliancy of this product by analyzing its underlying contracts and to propose a Shari'ah compliant savings certificate, if the current practice is invalid in the Shari'ah.Design/methodology/approachInductive methodology is first used to obtain a basic understanding of this product and the characteristics of Shari'ah approved contracts as well as the views of the jurists. Interviewing method is also used to acquire first‐hand information when the inductive method is not sufficient. Afterwards, an analytical approach is adopted to justify the validity of this contract with the Shari'ah principles. Finally, an innovative methodology is used to propose a Shari'ah compliant savings certificate.FindingsThe paper argues that the underlying contract used in PSC violates the conditions of wadi'ah contract, as in wadi'ah, the bank is not allowed to spend the money for investment, but in practice, BSN uses the money for investment. Therefore, the underlying contract in PSC turns into qard (loan) contract. Since the scholars unanimously declare that giving any kind of benefit like prizes to the creditor is riba, then PSC is considered as invalid according to the Shari'ah. On the other hand, although PSC might seem like gambling, it is different from gambling as the prizes given to PSC are from a third party. The paper proposes implementing mudarabah contract in PSC where the bank is allowed to invest according to its interest and the depositors share the profit and loss but the huge fluctuation of profit and loss could be shrunk by a special fund method.Originality/valueIn particular, it attracts the attention of BSN management to change their product's features. In general, it discovers a non‐Shari'ah compliant feature of savings certificates and outlines the feature of a Shari'ah compliant saving certificate for the practitioners of Islamic banking all over the world.
Understanding the interdependencies of quality problems and productivity
Authors: Nebl Theodor , Schroeder Anne‐Katrin 
Published: September 2011

PurposeThis viewpoint seeks to provide evidence that up until now, neither a systematic analysis of quality problems in terms of resource, process and product quality has been undertaken, nor has the respective impact on productivity been sufficiently described and understood.Design/methodology/approachA structured literature review is used to define productivity and quality problems and shows their interdependencies as well as problem solving approaches in a model.FindingsIn a “Four Level Model of Quality” the impact of quality problems on productivity is apparent. A flow chart has been developed which not only identifies quality problems but also provides for approaches to resolve such problems through techniques of quality management. A practical example within the context of asset management further illustrates the overarching problems.Practical implicationsUtilizing the developed flow chart in order to identify quality problems and use techniques of quality management as a solution to overcome such problems, will contribute to an increase in productivity of a company.Originality/valueThis paper provides the development of methodical basics in reference to the definition and identification of quality problems including systematic attribution of quality management techniques for problem solving. It presents a “Four Level Model of Quality” to show how to secure the best impact on productiveness. This viewpoint shall lay foundations for target‐oriented continuation of research in this particular field and provide a scientific platform for companies of positive influences of quality on productivity.
The impact of TQM implementation on the organizational performance of Iranian manufacturing SMEs
Authors: Valmohammadi Changiz 
Published: September 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to provide reliable and valid constructs of total quality management (TQM) and a measurement instrument in the context of Iranian manufacturing small to medium‐ sized enterprises (SMEs) and to examine the effects of these seven TQM criteria, namely: leadership, process management, supplier, customer focus, employee management, communication and quality information system (QIS) and tools and techniques on the organizational performance of the Iranian manufacturing SMEs.Design/methodology/approachIn order to search the impact of TQM practices on Iranian manufacturing SMEs a questionnaire was developed and distributed to quality managers of 65 Iranian manufacturing SMEs, resulting in a response rate of 81.5 percent. In particular, hypotheses were developed to evaluate the impact of TQM implementation on the organizational performance of the manufacturing SMEs.FindingsStatistical analysis revealed that a number of significant relationships between TQM practices and organizational performance of the manufacturing SMEs. The result found that leadership plays an important role in enhancing organizational performance of the Iranian manufacturing SMEs; however, these organizations encounter some obstacles in fully utilizing some TQM criteria, namely tools and techniques and suppliers.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample is restricted to only a single region and manufacturing, so it would be strongly recommended that data be gathered from various parts of Iran including both manufacturing and service industries. As the data in this study were collected from top managers of organizations on the basis of their subjective evaluations, objective performance indicators should also be employed in the analysis.Originality/valueThis study has the potential to enhance the understanding of TQM practices impact on organizational performance of the Iranian manufacturing SMEs amongst researches and practitioners. Also the research adds knowledge in the field of quality management within the context of developing countries and gives a particular focus on the Iran manufacturing SMEs; as a review of literature, has identified no studies that have undertaken a comprehensive analysis of TQM practices and organizational performance of manufacturing SMEs in the Iranian context.
Behavior patterns of quality cost categories
Authors: Chopra Arvind , Garg Dixit 
Published: September 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to find out the behavior patterns of different quality cost categories to enable us to take the right decisions in allocating resources for reducing quality costs.Design/methodology/approachCosts of quality, existing in a small‐scale industry in India, in the financial year 2006‐2007, were found out. At the start of the financial year 2007‐2008 a quality cost program was implemented in that organization and more resources were allocated for prevention and appraisal cost activities. Subsequently, the costs of quality related to the financial year 2007‐2008 and 2008‐2009 were found out. Based on the quality cost data of three years, co‐relation co‐efficient between the different quality cost categories were calculated.FindingsThe co‐relation co‐efficient between different quality cost categories suggest that by increasing the efforts towards prevention and appraisal activities, costs of non conformance decrease. Furthermore, there exists positive co‐relation within costs of conformance and between costs of non conformance.Orginality/valueIn the competitive modern world, small scale organizations have limited resources. They do not have funds to hire consultants. So, the behaviour patterns of quality cost categories help these organizations to allocate precious resources more effectively and result in the reduction of quality costs thereby improving profitability.
High‐involvement work practices, quality results, and the role of HR function
Authors: Wickramasinghe Vathsala , Gamage Anuradha 
Published: September 2011

PurposeThis article explores the relationship between high‐involvement work practices and quality results, and the role of HR function in the implementation of quality and high‐involvement work practices.Design/methodology/approachQuality managers and HR managers from 34 manufacturing firms with ISO 9001 certification and competing for national/international quality awards responded. Correlation and regression were used for the data analysis.FindingsTeam work, communication, performance evaluation, empowerment, rewards and recognition, and skill development practices significantly positively correlate with quality results. Of these practices, performance evaluation has the greatest impact followed by communication, and rewards and recognition. In the implementation of quality and work practices, the role of the HR department can be identified as “steering”.Originality/valueA majority of research studies on high‐involvement work practices has been confined to Western manufacturing contexts; and findings of these studies are not conclusive. It is expected that the findings of this exploratory study will be able to establish baseline data to stimulate further research in this area.
Delighting customers of management education in India: a student perspective, part II
Authors: Sahney Sangeeta 
Published: September 2011

PurposeEducational institutions must provide quality of services so as to be to able to delight the customers and be able to compete and achieve a leading position in the long run. This paper is a continuation to an earlier study and aims to present the results of an empirical study conducted on management institutes in India with a customer orientation to the quality paradigm through a focus on the students' perspective. While multiple methodologies were applied, SERVQUAL has already been discussed as the first part of the paper. This part of the series presents a prioritization for improvement of service design of an educational system through incorporation of the Voice of the Customer. The study is an attempt towards the integration of multiple methodologies so as to be able to identify customer requirements and evaluate service quality with the application of SERVQUAL; prioritize improvement of service through the Kano model; and, guide and develop educational services by incorporating the Voice of the Customer through the QFD.Design/methodology/approachAfter having derived the findings from the application of the SERVQUAL, the Kano model and the Quality Function Deployment was used to guide and develop an educational system through the Voice of the Customer.FindingsThe Kano model provided a guide to prioritize improvement and enhancement of attributes and thus, proposed the improvement and enhancement of delivery of educational service. The QFD helped develop educational services by incorporating the Voice of Customers.Practical implicationsThe paper could be useful to policy makers, educational planners and administrators in developing a system that could lead to customer satisfaction and delight.Originality/valueThe integration of the multiple tools and their application to the field of management education in India, has not yet been made available in the literature.
Travel agencies in Alicante, Spain: a productivity analysis
Authors: Álvarez‐Suárez Alberto , Fuentes Ramón 
Published: September 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide lines of action based on the results aimed at improving the future levels of productivity of the travel agencies in Alicante.Design/methodology/approachEstimates of output‐oriented Malmquist Productivity Indices and the values of their components will be calculated. Furthermore, in order to avoid problems that may arise from these results (which are based on finite samples that are sensitive to sampling variations) bootstrapping techniques (smoothed bootstrap) are used. Lastly, the Mann‐Whitney‐U test is used in order to accept or reject the influence that different factors have on productivity levels.FindingsThis study is a continuation of previous studies analysing the variation productivity of 22 travel agencies located in Alicante (Spain) over the period 2008‐2010. The results obtained from applying the afore‐mentioned methods do not provide substantially different conclusions to those obtained in previous studies. The authors can observe that the technological component (T) is the main factor, which these companies use to sustain their productivity levels and, thanks to this, the negative effects of a poor application of economies of scale are neutralised. In light of this, and for the whole of the period 2008‐2010, the inappropriate management of resources and the inability to obtain higher output levels played an insignificant role. Perhaps, a higher amount of information online about both economics and efficiency could be a good strategy to help these agencies to improve their results.Research limitations/implicationsThe impossibility of increasing the amount of data for carrying out the study, given the scarcity of statistical sources available and the reticence of the travel agencies to provide us with more information.Originality/valueAlthough other studies have been previously carried out using Malmquist indices and bootstrapping techniques to analyse the productivity of travel agencies in other countries or cities, this is the first to be undertaken in Spain using the smoothed bootstrap method based on output‐oriented models, so as to examine this field of study from a new perspective.