bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Decomposition and Oxidation of HfTe5 Single Crystals
Authors: Saibene S. , Butz T. , Lerf A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe report on time differential perturbed angular correlation measurements of the nuclear quadrupole interaction of 181Hf(β−)181Ta in HfTe5 single crystals during thermal decomposition and oxidation above room temperature. — HfTe5 decomposes under vacuum to HfTe3 + Te and finally to HfTe2 + Te at temperatures between 740–830 K and 820–860 K, respectively. Upon subsequent annealing at about 730 K both products recrystallize to HfTe5. — In air HfTe5 reacts at mild temperatures (380 K) and is completely transformed to a cream‐coloured product after 220 h. Above 730 K this product reacts to HfTe3O8, which is stable up to 1050 K. At higher temperatures this material decomposes irreversibly to HfO2.
Spin Density and Magnetic Susceptibility of Charge‐Transfer Complexes with Chalkogenanthrene Donors
Authors: Gunßer W. , Henning J. H. , Klar G. , Martínez E. Sánchez 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSpin densities n of CT‐complexes Vn2E2·TCNQ and Vn2E2·DDQ [Vn2E2 = 2,3,7,8‐Tetramethoxychalkogenanthrene (“5,10‐Dichalkogena‐cyclo‐diveratrylene”) with E = S, Se; TCNQ = 7,7,8,8‐Tetracyanoquinodimethane; DDQ = 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyanoquinone] are evaluated from EPR measurements in the temperature range of 5–400 K. Three temperature regions with different slopes of ln n vs. 1/T are found. Correlations between donor/acceptor combinations, electrical, magnetic and structural properties are discussed.
Fluid Dynamics in Concurrent Rotary Dryers and Comparison of their Performance with a Modified Dryer
Authors: Silvério B. C. , Façanha J. M. F. , Arruda E. B. , Murata V. V. , Barrozo M. A. S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe present work analyzed aspects of the fluid dynamics of the conventional concurrent dryer equipped with lifting flights and their influence on the performance of a rotary dryer. The drying of granulated fertilizers (GTSP) in a conventional concurrent rotary dryer was experimentally investigated and compared with a modified configuration known as the roto‐aerated dryer. The main feature of this new dryer is the presence of an aerated system consisting of a central pipe (encased in the drum) from which a series of mini‐pipes lead hot air directly to the particle bed, flowing at the bottom (without flights). The results obtained confirm the superior performance of the roto‐aerated dryer due to its more effective gas‐particle contact.
Cellular, Molecular, and Metabolic Basis of Muscle Fatigue
Authors: Fitts Robert H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Definition and Current Theories of FatigueMuscle Fiber‐Type CompositionMechanical PropertiesThe Isometric Contractile PropertiesThe Maximal Shortening Speed and Peak PowerThe Force‐Frequency RelationshipExcitation‐Contraction CouplingSarcolemma and T‐Tubular MembranesT‐Tubular–Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Junction and Calcium ReleaseLactic Acid, Intracellular pH And FatigueMuscle LactateHydrogen Ion and Muscle FatigueInorganic Phosphate and Muscle FatigueTotal Phosphate and the Diprotonated FormMechanisms of Phosphate ActionHigh‐Energy Phosphates and the Free Energy ofATPHydrolysisATPand Muscle FatigueBlood Glucose and Muscle GlycogenHypoglycemia and PerformanceCarbohydrate Metabolism and Muscle FatigueUltrastructural Changes and Muscle FatigueMuscle Damage and Exercise IntensityOrganelle Susceptibility to DamageSummary and Conclusions
Thin‐Film Voltammetry of a Lutetium Bisphthalocyanine at Ionic Liquid|Water Interface
Authors: Nassi Achille , Ebelle Christophe Thiery , Njanja Evangeline , Ngameni Emmanuel 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAt room temperature, tetraoctylphosphonium bromide is a viscous ionic liquid, this gel‐like organic phase can be cast over a basal‐plane graphite electrode (BPGE). Cyclic voltammetry at such a modified electrode, in contact with an aqueous solution have revealed one reversible oxidation and five reversible reduction steps for a LuIII bisphthalocyanine dissolved in the ionic liquid film, a proof that the highly reactive reduced species were protected from interaction with water in this highly lipophilic phase. It has also been shown that the redox properties are influenced by the ions in the aqueous phase, a property which has been attributed to ion‐pairing effects; obviously, the ion transfers at the organic|aqueous interface has been ignored. Electrochemistry of Lu(III)[(tBu)4Pc]2 (cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry) under similar conditions shows that the nature and concentration of the anion in the aqueous solution in contact with the ionic liquid film influences the potential of the electrode reaction. This can be attributed to variations of the interfacial potential and also because the organic phase is an anion exchanger. Moreover, SWV experiments suggest that the rate of the overall reaction varies with the nature and concentration of the anion of the aqueous electrolyte, which implies that the ion transfer through the organic|aqueous interface is slower than the electron exchange rate of the molecule at the surface of graphite.
A novel paradigm in greenhouse gas mitigation
Authors: Azad Abdul‐Majeed , McDaniel Eric , Al‐batty Sirhan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe ultimate chemical fate of the conventional fossil fuel combustion is always CO2 and H2O, two well‐known greenhouse gases responsible for contributing considerably to the global warming. We propose a radically new concept where CO2 and H2O are converted into carbon monoxide and hydrogen (individually) at one hand and into syngas (if present together; a more likely scenario) under mild experimental conditions. The products then become practical feeds for generating clean electric power via solid oxide fuel cells. Syngas is also an ideal precursor for the manufacturing of scores of valuable organic compounds, including synthetic fuels by Fischer–Tropsch process. Thus, the technique promotes beneficiation rather than sequestration and storage—currently the most widely accepted option for addressing the issue of mitigating the CO2‐related greenhouse gas emission. The process uses either a ferrous metal or its oxide for the target‐specific conversion. In addition to being inexpensive and readily available commodities, the oxide, in particular, happens to be an industrial waste as well; most of it is landfill destined. Furthermore, the two greenhouse gases are reduced into ready‐to‐use fuel precursors, and the solid reactants are transformed into a component from which ceramic magnets (ferrites) could be manufactured. Thus, the concept is innovative because it not only creates valuable clean energy precursors, but it does so while reducing the impact of yet another industrial and ecological pollutant. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Demand side integration: four potential business cases and an analysis of the 2020 situation
Authors: De Ridder Fjo , Hommelberg Maarten , Peeters Eefje 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn this study, we explore four different business cases for smart power by means of simulations. The demand and supply are extrapolated to the year 2020 and the influences of photovoltaic installations and demand response are investigated. A district of 300 houses is simulated, where each household consists of three types of intelligent systems: electric devices with a storage capacity like boilers, shiftable loads like washing machines and batteries. Agents, representing devices can trade power on virtual markets, like the PowerMatcher. First, the relation between load flows and smart power is examined. We found, as a rule of thumb, that the variations in load flow decrease proportionally to the fraction controlled power. This might have important consequences for investment policies in power networks. Next, the stability of a cluster is examined. Here it is estimated how long a cluster can remain stable if a constant power flux is imposed. This flexibility can be traded, directly on an imbalance market or through a balance responsible party (BRP). In the next two business cases, the implications for retailers and end‐users are examined for three billing types: a fixed tariff, a two‐tariff structure, and an hourly “real‐time” tariff structure. Compared to the fixed tariff structure, the incentive to use smart devices is small in the double tariff structure. In a real‐time tariff structure incomes increase and risks decrease for retailers, while end‐users have the potential to decrease costs. If we succeed to implement 20% demand response by 2020, our power grid remains able to transport the increased power flows. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of pH Value on Performance of PtRu/C Catalyst Prepared by Microwave‐Assisted Polyol Process for Methanol Electrooxidation
Authors: Chu Y.‐Y. , Wang Z.‐B. , Jiang Z.‐Z. , Gu D.‐M. , Yin G.‐P. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPtRu/C catalysts with different mean particle sizes have been synthesised by microwave‐assisted polyol process at various pH values and characterised by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive analysis of X‐ray (EDAX) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Their electrochemical performances have been tested by cyclic voltammetry, amperomeric i–t, and CO‐stripping techniques. The effects of pH values on performances of the PtRu/C catalysts have been mainly investigated. It has been found that the particle size, composition and catalytic activity of the PtRu/C catalyst are very sensitive to the pH value of reducing solution, and the PtRu/C catalyst prepared at the pH value of 8 exhibits the better performance for methanol electrooxidation than the other samples. The size of the nanoparticles decreases as the pH value increases from 0.2 to 10 with the largest size of 4.4 nm and the smallest one of 2.1 nm. The two metal elements distribute uniformly in the catalyst and their metal loadings are similar to the theoretical value.
Subquasivarieties of implicative locally‐finite quasivarieties
Authors: Pynko Alexej P. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA quasivariety is said to be implicative if it is generated by a class of algebras with equationally‐definable implication of equalities. Implicative finitely‐generated quasivarieties appear naturally within logic, for instance, as equivalent quasivarieties of Gentzen‐style calculi for finitely‐valued propositional logics with equality determinant (cf. [17], [18, Subsection 7.5] and Section A). Furthermore, any discriminator quasivariety is implicative. We prove that, for any implicative locally‐finite quasivariety ℚ and any skeleton S of the class of all finite ℚ‐simple members of ℚ, the image of the first component of a natural Galois connection between the dual poset of subquasivarieties of ℚ and the poset of all sets of finite subsets of S is the closure system of all US‐ideals of the poset 〈S, ⪯〉, where ⪯ is the embeddability relation and US is the up‐set on S constituted by all members of S having a one‐element subalgebra, with closure basis determined by the sets of all principal and non‐empty finitely‐generated up‐sets on S. It is also shown that the first component of the Galois connection under consideration is injective if and only if, for each finite sequence magnified image of members of S and any subdirect product 𝔅 of magnified image, there is a covering C of the image of magnified image such that, for each P ∈ 𝒞, ∏ P is embeddable into 𝔅. This condition (even with one‐element coverings) holds, for instance, when ℚ is discriminator or when ℚ has a set of binary terms satisfying semilattice identities while the direct product of any finite T ⊆ S is generated by corresponding semilattice zeros. We present several examples of quasivarieties which are equivalent to Gentzenstyle calculi for certain well‐known finitely‐valued logics with equality determinant, satisfy the latter sufficient condition of injectivity but are not congruence‐permutable, some of them having non‐simple relatively‐simple algebras. Moreover, we give an example of a quasivariety equivalent to Gentzen‐style calculi for some wellknown finitely‐valued logics with equality determinant, for which the first component of the Galois connection involved is not injective. We also apply our general elaboration to some discriminator quasivarieties, one of which is equivalent to no Gentzen‐style calculus associated with any finitely‐valued logic having an equality determinant while is equivalent to an extension of such a calculus (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Functional MRI characterization of isolated human islet activation
Authors: Leoni Lara , Serai Suraj D. , Magin Richard L. , Roman Brian B. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe noninvasive assessment of pancreatic islets would be an invaluable tool in advancing the treatment of type I diabetes and in understanding its pathophysiology. As shown previously in rodents, manganese‐enhanced MRI (MEMRI) can be successfully used to quantify β‐cell function. In this study, we successfully applied this technique to isolated human pancreatic islets in both a static and, more significantly, MRI‐compatible perfusion set‐up. Unlike rodent islets, which produced a significant increase in the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) when treated with 25 µM MnCl2 or less, human islets demonstrated significant manganese uptake when exposed to an extracellular concentration of 50 µM MnCl2. Nonspecific passive manganese uptake was present and quantified in a 15% SNR increase over the control group. However, glucose‐induced manganese uptake caused an SNR increase equal to 45% over nonactivated islets. This corresponds to a statistically significant decrease in the T1 relaxation time from 1501 ms for untreated islets to 1362 ms following passive uptake, and to 861 ms following glucose stimulation. As expected, no manganese cytotoxicity was measured, as shown by normal insulin secretion profiles. These data confirm the viability of MEMRI to assess isolated human islet functionality in vitro, and this technique shows promise for the monitoring of their performance in vivo following transplantation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study on fine motor skills of Iranian children with attention deficit/hyper activity disorder aged from 6 to 11 years
Authors: Lavasani Negar Miri , Stagnitti Karen 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the fine motor skills of two groups of Iranian children. Of the 55 male Tehranian children aged 6 to 10 years, 29 children were typically developing and 26 were identified as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder. All children were assessed using the Raven Intelligence Test and nine fine motor tasks. There were no significant differences between the groups based on intelligence. In eight of the fine motor tasks, there was a significant difference between the groups. These tasks were cutting, placing dots in a grid pattern without direction, threading beads, drawing a line within 1 and 2 minutes, finger movements and Purdue pegboard. Boys who have been identified as ADHD have poorer fine motor skills compared to typically developing boys of the same age. Children aged 6 to 10 years who have been identified as ADHD will require more attention to their fine motor skill performance to enable greater participation in daily living tasks in Tehran such as writing, fine arts and dressing which require fast and quick hand motor skills. There are still limitations in this area; therefore, research in fine motor skills and ADHD children are recommended for future research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MRI and DWI: feasibility of DWI and ADC maps in the evaluation of placental changes during gestation
Authors: Manganaro Lucia , Fierro Francesca , Tomei Alessandra , La Barbera Laura , Savelli Sara , Sollazzo Paolo , Eleonora Sergi Maria , Vinci Valeria , Ballesio Laura , Marini Mario 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo establish if a correlation exists between apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values, obtained by diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), and placental aging.MethodThe study is divided into a retrospective phase and a prospective one.In the first phase, 145 pregnant women underwent fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for suspected disorders in several organs. We performed DWI (bvalue 0, 200 and 700 s/mm2) in all the fetuses, evaluating the patients in whom the whole placenta was visible.In the prospective phase, 50 women (52 fetuses) underwent MRI. We performed, in the same patient, two echo‐planar sequences withbvalues of 0, 200 and 700, and 50, 200 and 700 s/mm2, including the whole placenta.The ADC maps were calculated for all fetuses, divided into three groups based on gestational age (GA): group I: 20–26 weeks' gestation, II: 27–33, III: 34–40.ResultsIn the retrospective phase, ADC values had a range from 1 to 2.4 mm2/s, showing a significant correlation between ADC values and GA.ADC values obtained by DWI withbvalue 0, 200 and 700 s/mm2had a range from 0.8 to 2.5 mm2/s, with an inverse correlation between ADC values and GA, whereas the ADC values withbvalue 50, 200 and 700 s/mm2did not show any statistical correlation (range: 1.5–1.7 mm2/s).ConclusionDWI with ADC maps can not be considered markers for placental aging because they are affected by perfusional and circulatory motion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is the neutral Knoevenagel reaction initiated by the carbanion formation?
Authors: Yamabe Shinichi , Yamazaki Shoko 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe title reactions were studied by means of the density functional theory calculations. A base promoted reaction (called here ‘B’) was traced in a model composed of benzaldehyde, malononitrile, and (H2O)11. A neutral model (‘N’) of Ph‐CHO, H2C(CN)2 and (H2O)12 was also examined in line with a reported clean reaction. It was found that the ion pair of HC(CN) and H3O+ is generated at the first step for N. For B, there are five elementary processes, and for N, four ones were obtained. By RB3LY/6‐311 + G** SCRF = PCM//RB3LYP/6‐31(+)G* energy calculations, the rate determining steps for both B and N reactions are the second proton removal, TS5(B) and TS3(N), respectively. In both B and N, the neutral species Ph(HO)HC‐CH(CN)2 is the key intermediate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Light emission from SrTiO3
Authors: Kanemitsu Yoshihiko , Yamada Yasuhiro 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe summarized our recent optical studies on perovskite semiconductor SrTiO3 crystals. Photocarrier recombination dynamics of undoped, electron‐doped, and vacancy‐doped SrTiO3 crystals were studied by photoluminescence (PL) and transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy. By high‐density photoexcitation and electron doping, the blue PL is clearly observed in SrTiO3 crystals at room temperature. The PL spectrum and dynamics are sensitive to the photoexcited carrier density and the chemically doped electron density. The PL and TA decay dynamics under high‐density excitation are determined by nonradiative Auger recombination. It is demonstrated that the PL lifetime can be used as a probe for determining spatial profiles of carriers and defects in SrTiO3.
Decay kinetics of the triplet luminescence from self‐trapped excitons in CdMoO4 and ZnWO4
Authors: Itoh Minoru , Kajitani Takushi 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDecay kinetics of the intrinsic luminescence from the triplet excited state of self‐trapped excitons in CdMoO4 and ZnWO4 has been investigated in a wide temperature range between 7 and 300 K. The measurements are carried out under low‐density excitation with the fourth harmonics (266 nm) of a Nd:YAG laser. The decay curves show two decay components, fast and slow, at T < 40 K in CdMoO4 and at T < 15 K in ZnWO4. At higher temperatures, the decay curves in both materials are well described by single‐exponential functions. A three‐level model consisting of two excited states separated by an energy D and a ground state is applied to explain the temperature dependences of fast and slow decay times. From the fit to the experimental data, we obtain D = 3.7 ± 0.5 meV for CdMoO4 and 2.1 ± 0.3 meV for ZnWO4.
Localization and screening in GdNi alloy films
Authors: Wu N. , LaGraffe D. , Yakovkin I. N. , Dowben P. A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractGd/Ni compounds with different Gd concentration have been investigated with constant initial state spectroscopy (CIS) of photoemission utilizing the light of synchrotron radiation. The photoemission cross‐sections of Gd 5d and 4f states show a strong resonance in CIS spectra at the Gd 5p absorption edge. The screenings of Gd ions by Ni 3d conduction electrons results in a dramatic suppression of the 5p64f75d16s2 to 5p54f75d26s2 resonant enhancement of photoemission valence band intensities. This decrease in the super‐Coster–Kronig photoemission resonant enhancement of the valence band can be related to the hybridized Gd 5d and Ni 3d bands near the Fermi level, consistent with performed first‐principles calculations of local densities of states.
Analysis of thin films and molecular orientation using cluster SIMS
Authors: Green Felicia M. , Seah Martin P. , Gilmore Ian S. , Salter Tara L. , Spencer Steve J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA study of phenylalanine films of different thicknesses from submonolayer to 55 nm on Si wafers has been made using Bin+ and C60+ cluster primary ions in static SIMS. This shows that the effect of film thickness on ion yield is very similar for all primary ions, with an enhanced molecular yield at approximately 1 monolayer attributed to substrate backscattering. The static SIMS ion yields of phenylalanine at different thicknesses are, in principle, the equivalent of a static SIMS depth profile, without the complication of ion beam damage and roughness resulting from sputtering to the relevant thickness. Analyzing thin films of phenylalanine of different thicknesses allows an interpretation of molecular bonding to, and orientation on, the silicon substrate that is confirmed by XPS. The large crater size for cluster ions has interesting effects on the secondary ion intensities of both the overlayer and the substrate for monolayer and submonolayer quantities. This study expands the capability of SIMS for identification of the chemical structure of molecules at surfaces. © Crown copyright 2010.
Self‐Organized Ce1‐xGdxO2‐y Nanowire Networks with Very Fast Coarsening Driven by Attractive Elastic Interactions
Authors: Gibert Marta , Abellán Patricia , Benedetti Alessandro , Puig Teresa , Sandiumenge Felip , García Alberto , Obradors Xavier 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAssembling arrays of ordered nanowires is a key objective for many of their potential applications. However, a lack of understanding and control of the nanowires’ growth mechanisms limits their thorough development. In this work, an appealing new path towards self‐organized epitaxial nanowire networks produced by high‐throughput solution methods is reported. Two requisites are identified to generate the nanowires: a thermodynamic driving force for an unrestricted elongated equilibrium island shape, and a very fast effective coarsening rate. These requirements are met in anisotropically strained Ce1‐xGdxO2‐y nanowires with the (011) orientation grown on the (001) surface of LaAlO3 substrates. Nanowires with aspect ratios above ≈100 oriented along two mutually orthogonal axes are obtained leading to labyrinthine networks. A very fast effective nanowire growth rate (≈60 nm min−1) for ex‐situ thermally annealed nanostructures derives from simultaneous kinetic processes occurring in a branched network. Ostwald ripening and anisotropic dynamic coalescence, both promoted by strain‐driven attractive nanowire interaction, and rapid recrystallization, enabled by fast atomic diffusion associated with a high concentration of oxygen vacancies, contribute to such an effective growth rate. This bottom‐up approach to self‐organized nanowire growth has a wide potential for many materials and functionalities.