bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality and end-stage renal disease incidence among dry cleaning workers
Authors: Calvert Geoffrey M , Ruder Avima M , Petersen Martin R 
Published: December 2010

ObjectivePerchloroethylene (PCE) is a known animal carcinogen and probable human carcinogen. Dry cleaning exposures, particularly PCE, are also associated with renal toxicity. The objective was to follow-up a cohort of dry cleaners to evaluate mortality and assess end-stage renal disease (ESRD) morbidity.MethodsThis study adds 8 years of mortality follow-up for 1704 dry cleaning workers in four cities. Employees eligible for inclusion worked for ≥1 year before 1960 in a shop using PCE as the primary solvent. Life table analyses for mortality and ESRD morbidity were conducted. Only employees alive on 1 January 1977 were included in ESRD analyses.ResultsOverall cancer deaths were in significant excess in this cohort (standardised mortality ratio (SMR) 1.22, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.36). Oesophageal, lung and tongue cancers had significant excesses of deaths. Oesophageal cancer risk was highest among those employed in a PCE-using shop for ≥5 years with ≥20 years' latency since first such employment. Deaths from non-malignant underlying diseases of the stomach and duodenum were in significant excess. Hypertensive ESRD morbidity was significantly elevated in the entire cohort (standardised incidence ratio (SIR) 1.98, 95% CI 1.11 to 3.27), and among workers employed only in PCE-using dry cleaning shops for ≥5 years.ConclusionEmployment in the dry cleaning industry and occupational exposure to PCE are associated with an increased risk for ESRD and for cancer at several sites. The employment duration findings for oesophageal cancer and hypertensive ESRD further support an association with PCE exposure instead of lifestyle or socioeconomic factors.
Comparison of the measured and finite element–predicted ground deformations of a stiff lodgement till
Authors: Lawler Myles L. , Farrell Eric R. , Lochaden Andrew L.E. 
Published: December 2010

The use of the finite element method to model excavations and tunnels in Dublin black boulder clay has, in the past, had limited success owing to the failure of the available constitutive models in commercially available software programs to adequately represent the essential features of a stiff soil. A stiff soil — lodgement till — underlies much of the city of Dublin, Ireland; consequently, the successful prediction of deformations in this soil arising from structural and infrastructural projects is of considerable importance. Research has shown that the stress–strain response of a stiff soil is complex and depends on many factors including stress history, stress level, and strain direction. These important features are included in the hardening plasticity small strain stiffness (HSS) soil model that is incorporated in the Plaxis V8.4 finite element code. This paper describes the field and laboratory methods that were used to determine the parameters for incorporation in this soil model and the validation of these parameters. These parameters are used to model the deformations around two excavations: a 4.5 m deep excavation with a vertical face, and a 10.7 m deep excavation with a face slope of 70°–75°. Good agreement was found between the predicted and observed deformations.
DYNAMICS AND SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN EASTERN AUSTRALIA USING FUNCTIONAL PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS
Authors: SZABO JUDIT K. , FEDRIANI EUGENIO M. , SEGOVIA-GONZÁLEZ M. MANUELA , ASTHEIMER LEE B. , HOOPER MIKE J. 
Published: December 2010

This paper introduces a new technique in ecology to analyze spatial and temporal variability in environmental variables. By using simple statistics, we explore the relations between abiotic and biotic variables that influence animal distributions. However, spatial and temporal variability in rainfall, a key variable in ecological studies, can cause difficulties to any basic model including time evolution.The study was of a landscape scale (three million square kilometers in eastern Australia), mainly over the period of 1998–2004. We simultaneously considered qualitative spatial (soil and habitat types) and quantitative temporal (rainfall) variables in a Geographical Information System environment. In addition to some techniques commonly used in ecology, we applied a new method, Functional Principal Component Analysis, which proved to be very suitable for this case, as it explained more than 97% of the total variance of the rainfall data, providing us with substitute variables that are easier to manage and are even able to explain rainfall patterns. The main variable came from a habitat classification that showed strong correlations with rainfall values and soil types.
Gene Polymorphisms in Cyclophosphamide Metabolism Pathway,Treatment-Related Toxicity, and Disease-Free Survival in SWOG 8897 Clinical Trial for Breast Cancer
Authors: Yao Song , Barlow William E. , Albain Kathy S. , Choi Ji-Yeob , Zhao Hua , Livingston Robert B. , Davis Warren , Rae James M. , Yeh I-Tien , Hutchins Laura F. , Ravdin Peter M. , Martino Silvana , Lyss Alan P. , Osborne C. Kent , Abeloff Martin , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Hayes Daniel F. , Ambrosone Christine B. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Purpose: There are no established genetic markers for prediction of outcomes after cyclophosphamide (CP)-containing adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. In an ancillary study to a SWOG (Southwest Oncology Group) trial (S8897), we investigated functional polymorphisms in 4 genes in CP pharmacokinetic pathways in relation to hematologic toxicity and disease-free survival (DFS).
Experimental Design: Germline DNA was available from 458 women who were at high risk of relapse and was randomized to CAF (CP, intravenous doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil) versus CMF (CP, intravenous methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil) ± tamoxifen, and from 874 women who had a presumed favorable prognosis and did not receive adjuvant therapy. Odds ratios for grade 3 and 4 hematologic toxicity in the treated group and hazard ratios for DFS associated with selected functional polymorphisms in CYP2B6CYP3A4GSTA1and GSTP1were estimated by logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard regression.
Results: Compared with women with AA genotypes, those with at least 1 GSTP1 variant G allele had reduced risk of grade 3 and 4 neutropenia [odds ratios (OR) = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.41–0.97] and leucopenia (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.39–0.89). No other associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms and toxicity or survival were found in the treated or untreated group.
Conclusion: Known genetic variants in genes involved in CP pharmacokinetics may not have major effects on DFS in breast cancer patients. The lower risk of developing high-grade hematologic toxicity among women with variant GSTP1alleles suggests that genetic markers in combination with clinical factors may be useful in defining a subgroup of women who are less susceptible to adverse hematologic toxicities with CP-containing therapies.
Randomized Phase II Trial of Inhaled Budesonide versus Placebo in High-Risk Individuals with CT Screen–Detected Lung Nodules
Authors: Veronesi Giulia , Szabo Eva , DeCensi Andrea , Guerrieri-Gonzaga Aliana , Bellomi Massimo , Radice Davide , Ferretti Stefania , Pelosi Giuseppe , Lazzeroni Matteo , Serrano Davide , Lippman Scott M. , Spaggiari Lorenzo , Nardi-Pantoli Angela , Harari Sergio , Varricchio Clara , Bonanni Bernardo 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Screening CT identifies small peripheral lung nodules, some of which may be pre- or early invasive neoplasia. Secondary end point analysis of a previous chemoprevention trial in individuals with bronchial dysplasia showed reduction in size of peripheral nodules by inhaled budesonide. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb trial of inhaled budesonide in current and former smokers with CT-detected lung nodules that were persistent for at least 1 year. A total of 202 individuals received inhaled budesonide, 800 μg twice daily or placebo for 1 year. The primary endpoint was the effect of treatment on target nodule size in a per person analysis after 1 year. The per person analysis showed no significant difference between the budesonide and placebo arms (response rate 2% and 1%, respectively). Although the per lesion analysis revealed a significant effect of budesonide on regression of existing target nodules (P = 0.02), the appearance of new lesions was similar in both groups and thus the significance was lost in the analysis of all lesions. The evaluation by nodule type revealed a nonsignificant trend toward regression of nonsolid and partially solid lesions after budesonide treatment. Budesonide was well tolerated, with no unexpected side effects identified. Treatment with inhaled budesonide for 1 year did not significantly affect peripheral lung nodule size. There was a trend toward regression of nonsolid and partially solid nodules after budesonide treatment. Because a subset of these nodules is more likely to represent precursors of adenocarcinoma, additional follow-up is needed. Cancer Prev Res; 4(1); 34–42. ©2010 AACR.
Screening for Intracranial Aneurysm in 355 Patients With Autosomal-Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Authors: Xu H.W. , Yu Sheng Qiang , Mei Chang Lin , Li Ming Hua 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
The association of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) with intracranial aneurysm (ICAN) is well known but little is known about the characteristics of ICAN in ADPKD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of ICAN in ADPKD.

Methods—
We screened 355 patients with ADPKD (mean age, 46.5±13.2 years; range, 7 to 87 years) with 3-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography. Size, location, and morphology of aneurysms were assessed. The prevalence and characteristics of ICAN in patients with ADPKD were evaluated. Patients with ICAN found by MR angiography and moderate renal function subsequently were recommended to undergo digital subtraction angiography for comparison.

Results—
The prevalence of ICAN in ADPKD was 12.4% (95% CI, 8.95% to 15.82%) with an equal gender distribution. The prevalence increased as age increased, reaching a peak value of 23.3% (95% CI, 16.85 to 29.75%) in the 60- to 69-year age group. The prevalence of ICAN in patients with ADPKD with a positive family history of hemorrhagic stroke or ICAN was higher than patients with ADPKD lacking such family history (relative risk, 1.968; 95% CI, 1.57 to 2.67). The mean diameter of ICAN was 3.85±3.25 mm. The most frequent site of ICAN was the internal carotid artery. The result of digital subtraction angiography of 15 patients with 18 ICANs and moderate renal function corresponded to the detection of MR angiography.

Conclusion—
The characteristics of ICAN in patients with ADPKD were different from some previous reports. Systematic screening of ICAN with 3-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography is recommended for patients with ADPKD, particularly for adult patients (≧30 years) or patients with a positive family history of hemorrhagic stroke or ICAN.
Proteomic Temporal Profile of Human Brain Endothelium After Oxidative Stress
Authors: Ning MingMing , Sarracino David A. , Kho Alvin T. , Guo Shuzhen , Lee Sun-Ryung , Krastins Bryan , Buonanno Ferdinando S. , Vizcaíno Juan A. , Orchard Sandra , McMullin David , Wang Xiaoying , Lo Eng H. 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
Because brain endothelial cells exist at the neurovascular interface, they may serve as cellular reporters of brain dysfunction by releasing biomarkers into the circulation.

Methods—
We used proteomic techniques to screen conditioned media from human brain endothelial cultures subjected to oxidative stress induced by nitric oxide over 24 hours. Plasma samples from human stroke patients were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results—

In healthy endothelial cells, interaction mapping demonstrated cross-talk involving secreted factors, membrane receptors, and matrix components. In oxidatively challenged endothelial cells, networks of interacting proteins failed to emerge. Instead, inflammatory markers increased, secreted factors oscillated over time, and endothelial injury repair was manifested as changes in factors related to matrix integrity. Elevated inflammatory markers included heat shock protein, chemokine ligand-1, serum amyloid-A1, annexin-A5, and thrombospondin-1. Neurotrophic factors (prosaposin, nucleobindin-1, and tachykinin precursors) peaked at 12 hours, then rapidly decreased by 24 hours. Basement membrane components (fibronectin, desomoglein, profiling-1) were decreased. Cytoskeletal markers (actin, vimentin, nidogen, and filamin B) increased over time. From this initial analysis, the high-ranking candidate thrombospondin-1 was further explored in human plasma. Acute ischemic stroke patients had significantly higher thrombospondin-1 levels within 8 hours of symptom onset compared to controls with similar clinical risk factors (659±81 vs 1132±98 ng/mL;
P
<0.05; n=20).

Conclusions—
Screening of simplified cell culture systems may aid the discovery of novel biomarkers in clinical neurovascular injury. Further collaborative efforts are warranted to discover and validate more candidates of interest.
Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Sensorimotor Function After Stroke
Authors: Sullivan Katherine J. , Tilson Julie K. , Cen Steven Y. , Rose Dorian K. , Hershberg Julie , Correa Anita , Gallichio Joann , McLeod Molly , Moore Craig , Wu Samuel S. , Duncan Pamela W. 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
Outcome measurement fidelity within and between sites of multi-site, randomized, clinical trials is an essential element to meaningful trial outcomes. As important are the methods developed for randomized, clinical trials that can have practical utility for clinical practice. A standardized measurement method and rater training program were developed for the total Fugl-Meyer motor and sensory assessments; inter-rater reliability was used to test program effectiveness.

Methods—
Fifteen individuals with hemiparetic stroke, 17 trained physical therapists across 5 regional clinical sites, and an expert rater participated in an inter-rater reliability study of the Fugl-Meyer motor (total, upper extremity, and lower extremity subscores) and sensory (total, light touch, and proprioception subscores) assessments.

Results—
Intra-rater reliability for the expert rater was high for the motor and sensory scores (range, 0.95–1.0). Inter-rater agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient, 2, 1) between expert and therapist raters was high for the motor scores (total, 0.98; upper extremity, 0.99; lower extremity, 0.91) and sensory scores (total, 0.93; light touch, 0.87; proprioception, 0.96).

Conclusions—
Standardized measurement methods and training of therapist assessors for a multi-site, rehabilitation, randomized, clinical trial resulted in high inter-rater reliability for the Fugl-Meyer motor and sensory assessments. Poststroke sensorimotor impairment severity can be reliably assessed for clinical practice or rehabilitation research with these methods.
The Safety of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Clopidogrel in Patients After Stroke
Authors: Juurlink David N. , Gomes Tara , Mamdani Muhammad M. , Gladstone David J. , Kapral Moira K. 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
Evidence suggests that some proton pump inhibitors can attenuate the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel. The significance of this potential drug interaction in patients with cerebrovascular disease is unknown.

Methods—
We conducted a nested case–control study of all Ontario residents aged ≥66 years newly treated with clopidogrel after a stroke between April 1, 2002, and September 30, 2008. In the primary analysis, case patients were those readmitted for stroke, and a secondary analysis examined all-cause mortality. For each case, up to 4 event-free control subjects were matched on age, gender, and outcome type (stroke or transient ischemic attack). Exposure to proton pump inhibitors was categorized as current (within 60 days), previous (61 to 180 days), or remote (181 to 365 days).

Results—
Among 2765 patients entering the cohort, we identified 118 cases readmitted for stroke and 472 control subjects. After multivariable adjustment, current use of proton pump inhibitors was not associated with a significantly increased risk of recurrent stroke (adjusted odds ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.60 to 1.82) or death (adjusted odds ratio, 1.84; 95% CI, 0.88 to 3.89).

Conclusions—
As a class, proton pump inhibitors are not associated with an increased risk of recurrent stroke or death among older patients treated with clopidogrel after stroke.
Neuroprotection and Recovery
Authors: Hurtado Olivia , Lizasoain Ignacio , Moro María Ángeles 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
In this work, we review recent data on the actions of citicoline, citicoline is a drug with demonstrated neuroprotective properties in both animals and humans.

Summary of Review—
For neuroprotection, mechanisms involved are the improvement of cellular functions aimed to control excitotoxicity and to maintain cellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate levels by preserving membrane function and integrity at different levels. Importantly, these actions are theoretically achieved without interfering with possible underlying mechanisms for neurorepair. Furthermore, citicoline stimulates neuronal plasticity and improves sensorimotor recovery in the chronic phase of experimental stroke.

Conclusions—
Although the mechanisms of some of these actions remain to be elucidated, so far citicoline appears as a drug with the ability to promote “safe” neuroprotection capable of enhancing endogenous protective pathways at the same time as preparing the scenario for plasticity.
Recent trends in French scholarship on Hobbes
Authors: Milanese Arnaud , Crignon Philippe 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper presents the state of research on Hobbes in France these last 7-8 years. First of all, it explains how the generation of forerunners in the 1970s and 1980s has been replaced by the birth of a vigorous French school of Hobbes scholars in the 1990s and then by a new generation of academics during the recent years. The first part of this paper deals with the institutions and the institutional life concerned with Hobbes in France (Centre Hobbes, Groupe Hobbes, conferences, etc.). The second part is devoted to eight recent monographs on the English philosopher. The third one is focused on various collections of papers as well as special issues. The fourth part reckons five recent translations into French of some of Hobbes's works (Elements of Law, Latin Leviathan, Vitae, De cive). The whole gives a complete account of the intense activity of scholars on Hobbes in France today, including works that are about to be published.
Reason and Reciprocity in Hobbes's Political Philosophy: On Sharon Lloyd's: Morality in the Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes
Authors:   Martinich
Published: December 2010

AbstractLloyd's book, Morality in the Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes, correctly stresses the deductive element in Hobbes's proofs of the laws of nature. She believes that “the principle of reciprocity” is the key to these proofs. This principle is effective in getting ego-centric people to recognize moral laws and their moral obligations. However, it is not, I argue, the basic principle Hobbes uses to derive the laws of nature, from definitions. The principle of reason, which dictates that all similar cases be treated similarly, is. It is important not to diminish the centrality of reason for Hobbes because it is essential to understanding his reply to “the fool” and understanding why the state of nature cannot be a continuum.
Nation-Building and Nationalism in Karamzin's History of the Russian State
Authors: Offord Derek 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis essay analyzes Karamzin's contribution, through his History of the Russian State, to the formation of national identity and to the development of nationalism in early nineteenth-century Russia. It explores Karamzin's argument that the development of a unified state gave Russia an equal claim to membership in Europe's family of nations, and thus underlines the way that, for Karamzin, Russia's national identity was subsumed in imperial expansion. Karamzin was first and foremost a political nationalist. Yet the essay also explores the humane, cosmopolitan elements of Karamzin's thinking – elements that were in some tension with his statism and which pointed toward a cultural nationalism more complex than this statism.
"Shestidesiatniki"
Authors: Ramer Samuel 
Published: December 2010

AbstractZubok's Zhivago's Children examines the rebirth of the Russian intelligentsia during the decades following Stalin's death. Zubok devotes particular attention to de-Stalinization and greater openness to the outside world that characterized the Khrushchev era. Leaders of the artistic as well as scientifi c intelligentsia sought to achieve a freer public life as well as greater autonomy and public infl uence for themselves. e Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 brought hopes for such an emancipated public life to an end until the advent of Mikhail Gorbachev in the mid-1980s. Zubok argues that the intelligentsia advisers that Gorbachev brought to power contributed to the demise of the Soviet Union.
Analysis of the Urban Thermal Fingerprint of the City of Trento in the Alps
Authors: Giovannini Lorenzo , Zardi Dino , de Franceschi Massimiliano 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe temperature contrasts typically marking urban heat island (UHI) effects in the city of Trento, Italy, located in an Alpine valley and inhabited in its inner urban area by a population of about 56 000, are investigated. Time series of air temperature data, collected at an urban weather station, in the city center, and at five extraurban stations are compared. The latter are representative of rural and suburban areas, both on the valley floor and on the valley sidewalls. It is found that the extraurban weather stations, being affected by different local-scale climatic conditions, display different temperature contrasts with the urban site. However, the diurnal cycle of the UHI is characterized by similar patterns of behavior at all of the extraurban weather stations: the UHI intensity is stronger at night, whereas during the central hours of the day an “urban cool island” is likely to occur. The diurnal maximum UHI intensity turns out to be typically of order 3°C, but under particularly favorable conditions it may be higher than 6°C. An urban cool island effect is also detected, which is probably caused by the compactness of the inner urban area, and displays typical diurnal maximum intensities of order 1.5°C. As to the seasonal dependence, at the extraurban weather stations on the valley floor the UHI intensity tends to be slightly stronger during dry months, whereas on the valley sidewalls it is mainly influenced by the seasonal lapse-rate changes. Further weather factors, such as wind speed and cloud cover, also affect urbanization effects, making them weaker with stronger winds and cloudier skies.