bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weed–crop competition relationships differ between organic and conventional cropping systems
Authors: RYAN M R , SMITH R G , MORTENSEN D A , TEASDALE J R , CURRAN W S , SEIDEL R , SHUMWAY D L 
Published: September 2009

SummaryExperiments comparing conventional and organic systems often report similar yields despite substantially higher weed abundance in the organic systems. A potential explanation for this observation is that weed–crop competition relationships differ between the two types of systems. We analysed weed and crop yield data from the Rodale Institute Farming Systems Trial (FST), which provides a unique 27‐year dataset of a conventional (CNV) and two organic [manure (MNR) and legume (LEG)] soyabean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and maize (Zea mays L.) cropping systems. Average soyabean yields were similar between the MNR and CNV systems and only slightly reduced in the LEG system, whereas average maize yields did not differ among systems despite the two organic systems having more than four and six times greater weed biomass in soyabean and maize respectively. Plot‐level weed biomass–crop yield relationships indicated that weed–crop competition differed between the two organic and CNV systems in maize, and was strongest in the CNV system, intermediate in the LEG system and weakest in the MNR system. These results suggest that organic cropping systems may be able to tolerate a greater abundance of weeds compared to conventional systems and that fertility management within organic systems may influence weed–crop competition.
The prognosis of wheat hypersensitivity in children
Authors: Kotaniemi‐Syrjänen Anne , Palosuo Kati , Jartti Tuomas , Kuitunen Mikael , Pelkonen Anna S. , Mäkelä Mika J. 
Published: September 2009

Kotaniemi‐Syrjänen A, Palosuo K, Jartti T, Kuitunen M, Pelkonen AS, Mäkelä MJ. The prognosis of wheat hypersensitivity in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: e421–e428. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/SThe study was aimed to determine the natural history of wheat hypersensitivity, to define risk factors for persistent wheat hypersensitivity, and to evaluate the development of respiratory allergy in children with wheat hypersensitivity. The development and subsequent disappearance of wheat hypersensitivity, clinical findings, skin prick test (SPT) reactivity, and the development of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma were charted retrospectively in 28 children with wheat hypersensitivity proven by the open oral challenge at the median age of 21 months (range 6 to 75 months). Appearance of skin symptoms during the diagnostic wheat challenge was related to SPT‐positive wheat hypersensitivity, while the appearance of gastrointestinal symptoms alone was associated with SPT‐negative wheat hypersensitivity (p = 0.002). Wheat was tolerated by 59%, 69%, 84%, and 96%, by age 4, 6, 10, and 16, respectively. Sensitization to gliadin with a SPT wheal of ≥5 mm at the time of the diagnostic challenge was associated with a slower course of recovery from wheat hypersensitivity (p = 0.019), and a SPT wheal of ≥3 mm to gliadin at any time was associated with the development of asthma (p = 0.022). SPT reactivity to wheat was associated with later SPT reactivity to birch pollen (p = 0.001), and the development of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (p = 0.001). In conclusion, almost all children with wheat hypersensitivity can tolerate wheat by adolescence. Sensitization to gliadin is associated with a slower achievement of tolerance and an increased risk of asthma.
Is a repeat urine culture useful during antibiotic therapy for febrile urinary tract infection?
Authors: ANANTASIT NATTACHAI , DISSANEEWATE PORNSAK , MCNEIL EDWARD , VACHVANICHSANONG PRAYONG 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARY:Aim:  To evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of a repeat urine culture after a few days of antibiotic therapy in childhood urinary tract infection (UTI) in southern Thailand.Methods:  A retrospective review of the medical record of children diagnosed with UTI aged less than 15 years in Songklanagarind Hospital from January 1995 to December 2004 was performed. Patient demographics were collected. The results of repeat urine culture after starting antibiotic were evaluated. The risk factors that indicated positive repeat urine culture were determined.Results:  Four hundred and forty‐nine patients (245 boys and 204 girls) with 533 UTI episodes were analyzed, of which 49 (9.2%) had a repeat urine culture with significant growth. Multivariate analysis showed that age less than 1 year, aetiological agents Enterococci spp., fever of more than 72 h, inappropriate antibiotics and kidney, ureter and bladder anomalies were the most significant risk factors for a positive repeat culture, while sex, vesicoureteral reflux and recurrent UTI episodes were not significant risk factors. If the treatment protocol during the study period had indicated that children with at least one of the above risk factors should receive a repeat urine culture, then only 356 cases (66.8% ± 2.0%) would have received a repeat test and $US 655 would have been saved, while five positive repeat urine cultures would have been missed.Conclusion:  The present study in a group of Thai children indicates that a repeat urine culture during antibiotic therapy should still be recommended.
Short report: suboptimal diabetes care in high‐risk diabetic patients attending a specialist retina clinic
Authors: Al‐Ansari S. A. , Tennant M. T. S. , Greve M. D. J. , Hinz B. J. , Senior P. A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAims  Individuals with diabetic retinopathy (DR) represent a high‐risk group who would benefit from intensive metabolic control and risk factor management. This brief report examines quality of care among diabetic patients attending a tertiary retinal clinic.Methods  A cross‐sectional survey, notes review, and slit‐lamp examination was conducted in 139 diabetic patients attending a specialist retinal clinic to assess the quality of comprehensive diabetes care. DR was graded according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study scale.Results  The prevalence of non‐proliferative DR (NPDR) and proliferative DR (PDR) was 39.6 and 35.2%, respectively. The prevalence of microalbuminuria in patients with no DR, NPDR and PDR was 32, 54.1 and 68.8%, respectively. Glycaemic control was suboptimal (mean HbA1c 8.0 ± 1.8%) and 15.8% were current smokers. Drugs affecting the renin–angiotensin system were used by only 61.9% of patients with both DR and microalbuminuria, and aspirin by only 35.3%.Conclusions  These data suggest that diabetes care in this high‐risk population with established microvascular complications was suboptimal. Specialist clinics dealing with diabetic complications may be a setting where quality improvement strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality should be focused.
A Multi‐Dimensional Framework of Organizational Innovation: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Crossan Mary M. , Apaydin Marina 
Published: September 2009

abstractThis paper consolidates the state of academic research oninnovation. Based on a systematic review of literature published over the past 27 years, we synthesize various research perspectives into a comprehensive multi‐dimensional framework of organizational innovation – linking leadership, innovation as a process, and innovation as an outcome. We also suggest measures of determinants of organizational innovation and present implications for both research and managerial practice.
Prevalence of obesity in Indian women
Authors: Garg C. , Khan S. A. , Ansari S. H. , Garg M. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryComparison of two major studies conducted by National family health survey (NFHS‐2) in 1998–1999 and NFHS‐3 in 2005–2006 shows that prevalence of obesity among Indian women has elevated from 10.6% to 12.6% (increased by 24.52%). The prevalence is more profound in the women of age between 40–49 years (23.7%), residing in cities (23.5%), having high qualification (23.8%), belonging to Sikh community (31.6%) and households in the highest wealth quintile (30.5%). Highest percentage of obese women is found in Punjab (29.9%). Although this number seems small in the international perspective, it is significant because of the sheer size of population in India. While the problem of under‐nutrition still exists in many parts of India, the additional burden of obesity due to increasing sedentary lifestyle, junk food habits in some urban and economically sound areas is really alarming. Prevention and control of this serious problem through awareness programmes to adopt diversified nutritional food and healthy lifestyle are strongly recommended.
THE CROSS‐CULTURAL IMPORTANCE OF SATISFYING VITAL NEEDS
Authors: ALVAREZ ALLEN ANDREW A. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTEthical beliefs may vary across cultures but there are things that must be valued as preconditions to any cultural practice. Physical and mental abilities vital to believing, valuing and practising a culture are such preconditions and it is always important to protect them. If one is to practise a distinct culture, she must at least have these basic abilities. Access to basic healthcare is one way to ensure that vital abilities are protected. John Rawls argued that access to all‐purpose primary goods must be ensured. Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum claim that universal capabilities are what resources are meant to enable. Len Doyal and Ian Gough identify physical health and autonomy as basic needs of every person in every culture. When we disagree on what to prioritize, when resources to satisfy competing demands are scarce, our common needs can provide a point of normative convergence. Need‐based rationing, however, has been criticized for being too indeterminate to give guidance for deciding which healthcare services to prioritize and for tending to create a bottomless‐pit problem. But there is a difference between needing something (first‐order need) and needing to have the ability to need (second‐order need). Even if we disagree about which first‐order need to prioritize, we must accept the importance of satisfying our second‐order need to have the ability to value things. We all have a second‐order need for basic healthcare as a means to protect our vital abilities even if we differ in what our cultures consider to be particular first‐order needs.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: THE ETHICS OF RECOGNITION, RESPONSIBILITY, AND RESPECT
Authors: HÄYRY MATTI 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTEthics can be understood as a code of behaviour or as the study of codes of behaviour. While the mission of the International Association of Bioethics is a scholarly examination of moral issues in health care and the biological sciences, many people in the field believe that it is also their task to create new and better codes of practice. Both ways of doing bioethics are sound, but it is important to be aware of the distinction. In this paper, I will study the sources and aims of ethics and suggest a code of conduct for bioethicists based on recognition, responsibility, and respect.
THINKING ANIMALS AND EPISTEMOLOGY
Authors: BRUECKNER ANTHONY , BUFORD CHRISTOPHER T. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe consider one of Eric Olson's chief arguments for animalism about personal identity: the view that we are each identical to a human animal. The argument was originally given in Olson's book The Human Animal. Olson's argument presupposes an epistemological premise which we examine in detail. We argue that the premise is implausible and that Olson's defense of animalism is therefore in trouble.
MAKING UP THE TRUTH
Authors: REYNOLDS STEVEN L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA recent account of the meaning of ‘real’ leads to a view of what anti‐realism should be that resembles fictionalism, while not being committed to fictionalism as such or being subject to some of the more obvious objections to that view. This account of anti‐realism explains how we might ‘make up’ what is true in areas such as mathematics or ethics, and yet these made‐up truths are resistant to alterations, even by our collective decisions. Finally it is argued that the sort of anti‐realism suggested explains the appearance that the ethical domain supervenes on the naturalistic.
INDIVIDUAL PROCREATIVE RESPONSIBILITY AND THE NON‐IDENTITY PROBLEM
Authors: RIVERA‐LÓPEZ EDUARDO 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe question I address in this paper is whether and under what conditions it is morally right to bring a person into existence. I defend the commonsensical thesis that, other things being equal, it is morally wrong to create a person who will be below some threshold of quality of life, even if the life of this potential person, once created, will nevertheless be worth living. However commonsensical this view might seem, it has shown to be problematic because of the so‐called ‘Non‐Identity Problem’. Both utilitarian and rights‐based approaches have been unable to provide a solution to this problem. I rest my thesis on two premises: that causing a disability or impairment in a future person isprima faciewrong, so long as we can avoid causing such a disability to that very person; and that reproduction, under normal conditions, isprima faciemorally indifferent. From these two premises, I conclude that it isprima faciewrong to bring into existence a person with a non‐trivial disability or impairment (which might be, nonetheless, compatible with a worthwhile life), even if the only available alternative is to remain childless.
DIS‐UNIFIED PLURALIST ACCOUNTS OF CAUSATION
Authors: TAYLOR JASON 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOne way of assessing the philosophical literature on causation is to consider views on the nature of the causal relation. Early theorists were ‘monists’, taking there to be one causal relation. More recent theorists, however, have turned to pluralism, which holds that the causal relation is only accurately captured by two (or more) relations. I argue that one way of being a pluralist – the way which takes there to be exactly two types of causation – is self defeating, if it promises to handle intuitions about all causal situations. I illustrate the point via neuron diagrams.
Sleep–Wake Disturbances and Frailty in Community‐Living Older Persons
Authors: Vaz Fragoso Carlos A. , Gahbauer Evelyne A. , Van Ness Peter H. , Gill Thomas M. 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between sleep–wake disturbances and frailty.DESIGN: Cross‐sectional.SETTING: New Haven, Connecticut.PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred seventy‐four community‐living persons aged 78 and older.MEASUREMENTS: Frailty was based on the Fried phenotype, and sleep–wake disturbances were defined as daytime drowsiness, based on an Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score of 10 or greater, and as subthreshold and clinical insomnia, based on Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) scores of 8 to 14 and greater than 14, respectively.RESULTS: Mean age was 84.3; 87 (23.8%) participants were drowsy, 122 (32.8%) had subthreshold insomnia, 38 (10.2%) had clinical insomnia, and 154 (41.2%) were frail. There was a significant association between drowsiness and frailty, with unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 3.79 (95% confidence interval (CI)=2.29–6.29) and 3.67 (95% CI=2.03–6.61), respectively. In contrast, clinical insomnia was significantly associated with frailty in the unadjusted analysis (OR=2.77, 95% CI=1.36–5.67) but not the adjusted analysis (OR=1.93, 95% CI=0.81–4.61)), and subthreshold insomnia was not associated with frailty in the unadjusted or adjusted analysis.CONCLUSION: In older persons, sleep–wake disturbances that present with daytime drowsiness, but not insomnia, are independently associated with frailty. Because drowsiness is potentially remediable, future studies should determine whether there is a temporal relationship between drowsiness and frailty, with the ultimate goal of informing interventions to reverse or prevent the progression of frailty.
Accuracy of Spirometry in Diagnosing Pulmonary Restriction in Elderly People
Authors: Scarlata Simone , Pedone Claudio , Conte Maria Elisabetta , Incalzi Raffaele Antonelli 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVES: To compare the accuracy of a diagnosis of pulmonary restriction made using forced vital capacity (FVC) less than the lower limit of normal (LLN) with the criterion standard diagnosis made using total lung capacity (TLC) less than the LLN in an elderly population.DESIGN: Retrospective analysis.SETTING: A teaching hospital.PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred sixty‐four ambulatory and acute care hospital patients aged 65 to 96 underwent complete pulmonary function evaluation.MEASUREMENTS: Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) of diagnosis of pulmonary restriction defined as FVC less than the LLN were calculated in the overall sample and after stratification according to bronchial obstruction. Expected PPV and NPV at different background prevalence of true pulmonary restriction (5% and 15%) were calculated using the Bayes theorem.RESULTS: Low sensitivity (0.32) and high specificity (0.95) were found, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.89. In participants without bronchial obstruction, specificity was even higher, although sensitivity decreased to 0.28 (AUC=0.92). The PPV was good (0.81), whereas with a low to moderate a priori probability (prevalence from 5% to 15%) the NPV was fair (≥0.89).CONCLUSION: A reduction in FVC below LLN cannot reliably identify true pulmonary restriction in elderly people, confirming previous findings in the adult population. Normal FVC, instead, can effectively exclude pulmonary restriction regardless of the presence of bronchial obstruction when the a priori probability is low or moderately high.
Right Ventricular Dysfunction and the Incidence of Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillator Therapies
Authors: AKTAS MEHMET K. , KIM DAVID D. , MCNITT SCOTT , HUANG DAVID T. , ROSERO SPENCER Z. , HALL BURR W. , ZAREBA WOJCIECH , DAUBERT JAMES P. 
Published: September 2009

Introduction: Implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) therapy is well established in preventing sudden cardiac death in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. The influence of right ventricular (RV) function on ICD therapy for sudden cardiac death (SCD) is not known.
Methods: We retrospectively studied 222 patients receiving an ICD for primary prevention of SCD. Baseline clinical and echocardiographic data were gathered. RV systolic function was qualitatively assessed as normal or abnormal (described as mildly, moderately, or severely reduced). Primary endpoint was combined ICD therapy or death and secondary endpoint was ICD therapy alone.
Results: The mean follow‐up was 940 ± 522 days. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 0.23 ± 0.07. By Kaplan‐Meier analysis, RV dysfunction was predictive of combined ICD therapy or death when comparing between normal and abnormal RV function (P = 0.008) and among qualitative ranges of RV function (P = 0.012). RV dysfunction was not predictive of ICD therapy alone with either type of classification. After adjusting for clinical covariates, severe RV dysfunction was predictive of the combined endpoint of ICD therapy or death (HR 2.02, 95% CI 1.04–3.92, P = 0.037).
Conclusion: Severe RV dysfunction appears to be an independent predictor of the combined endpoint of ICD therapy or death. RV dysfunction does not reliably predict the incidence of ICD therapy alone.
The LPD 17 Ship Design: Leading a Sea Change Toward Collaborative Product Development
Authors: KEANE ROBERT G. , MCINTIRE JOHN , FIREMAN HOWARD , MAHER DANIEL J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn the summer of 2005, the lead ship of the LPD 17 Class was delivered to the US Navy. The LPD 17 is a highly capable amphibious assault warship, designed as a total ship system, which will provide significantly improved warfighting capabilities to support US Marine Corps and joint operations. Potential ship capabilities were initially explored as LX Concept Studies (1989–1990) and the final ship took form in the 1990s as Preliminary, Contract, and Detail Design progressed. Fabrication of the lead ship began in June 2000 and the LPD 17 was launched in July 2003. Currently, three ships have been delivered to the US Navy and five are under construction. The LPD 17 was the last contract design developed in‐house under the leadership of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) ship design group utilizing NAVSEA's highly experienced ship design workforce. Many new and innovative concepts and approaches were introduced into the LPD 17 design and acquisition process. The LPD 17 was the first surface ship design to experience the benefits of Total Ship Systems Engineering, Integrated Product and Process Development (IPPD), Navy–Shipbuilder Integrated Product Teams (IPTs) collocated at the shipyard, and an Integrated Product Data Environment (IPDE). Such dramatic changes created many opportunities, hurdles, and even some pain. The Navy's Center for Innovation in Ship Design (CISD) championed a systems engineering case study of the LPD 17 ship design addressing all phases from requirements determination through detail design. This paper provides a retrospective of what occurred in order to document best ship design practices and lessons learned and to determine how the naval ship design process can be further improved. These lessons learned and best design practices will help transmit accumulated intellectual capital to other shipbuilding programs and future design leaders. The construction and delivery of ships is at a stage that provides a logical benchmark from which to make assessments. For example, the Secretary of the Navy recently received the US Marine Corps initial impressions of the LPD 17 Operational Evaluation (OPEVAL): “The Right Ship, The Right Size, The Right Capabilities.” Although a number of ship design process innovations contributed to a sound Contract Design technical package, it is now common knowledge that the LPD 17 lead ship was over budget and late. The authors conclude that the most significant best practice, or lesson learned in the case of LPD 17, is that there must be a tightly integrated, seamless, collaborative design‐build approach between the Navy and the Shipbuilder(s) throughout the whole design‐build process starting at the very beginning of ship design. There are new ship design projects like MPF(F) and CG(X) that could benefit from the innovations, best practices, and lessons learned of the LPD 17 Ship Design: leading a sea change toward collaborative product development.
Snatch Pickup of Gliders from Naval Vessels
Authors: THOMS KEITH H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDuring World War II, US cargo gliders were retrieved with surprising regularity using an unusual technique. A passing airplane would physically “snatch” the stationary glider into towed flight. Snatch pickup's modern reapplication would revolutionize expeditionary resupply by releasing the beachhead from resupply lines and turning supply ships into open ammunition boxes. Snatch pickup enables faster sea‐based resupply and indefinite sustainment to warfighters ashore. Physics models of the snatch pickup technique, if they ever existed, are lost to history along with its wood and canvas icons. This paper develops physics models of the culmination of the operationally approved technique. A Newtonian modeling approach approximates a modern marinized capability toward estimating supply chain performance. It shows that snatch pickup's modern reapplication, without exceeding historical achievement, is both viable and highly desirable in the supply chain. Then a continuous physics approach uses Hook's Law to characterize the culminating technique toward future systems design. Using differential equations, this second modeling approach succeeds in matching a one‐dimensional nonlinear continuous simulation with historical measurements. Because the exploratory models successfully indicate system viability, this paper recommends further developing these concepts of operations. Three‐dimensional visualizations using the continuous physics model can demonstrate to the expeditionary maneuver community the value in developing marinized snatch pickup.