bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La raison d'État constitutionnelle
Authors: Simard Augustin 
Published: May 2012

ResuméCet article examine la façon dont les constitutionnalistes allemands ont cherché à tirer leçon de l'échec de la République de Weimar, ainsi que le rôle de repoussoir que cette référence traumatique a joué dans la mise en place d'une compréhension «robuste» et «défensive» de la démocratie libérale dès les années 1930. À partir des réflexions de quelques juristes émigrés aux États-Unis, il distingue trois programmes concurrents : celui de l'antiextrémisme, qui trouve son origine dans l'antipositivisme weimarien; celui de la «démocratie militante» (Karl Loewenstein); et celui de la «dictature constitutionnelle» (Carl J. Friedrich). Au sein de chacun, la confrontation avec Carl Schmitt revêt une importance décisive, en dépit de son caractère parfois implicite et médiatisé. Éclairer ces échanges permet de juger dans quelle mesure les régimes démocratiques post-1945 ont intégré les idées de Schmitt.AbstractThis paper explores the lessons drawn by German constitutional scholars from the breakdown of the Weimar Republic, and how this traumatic experience became a starting point at the end of the 1930s for a new conception of democracy both liberal and robust (or “defensive”). Emigré constitutional scholars devised three distinctive versions of this “democratic robustness”: an “anti-extremist” (which originated in Weimar legal antipositivism); a “militant democracy” (first exposed by Karl Loewenstein); and a “constitutional dictatorship” (Carl J. Friedrich, Frederick W. Watkins). At the heart of each one lies a decisive debate with Carl Schmitt, even if implicit or diffracted. By reconstructing these debates one can appreciate to what extent postwar constitutional democracies have incorporated Schmitt's ideas.
Non-planar Gardner double layers in two-ion-temperature dusty plasma
Authors: ASADUZZAMAN M. , MAMUN A. A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractNon-planar (cylindrical and spherical) double layers (DLs) in two-ion-temperature dusty plasma, whose constituents are inertial negative dust, ions with two distinctive temperatures, and Boltzmann electrons, are studied by employing the reductive perturbation method. The modified Gardner equation describing the nonlinear propagation of dust-acoustic (DA) waves is derived, and its non-planar double layer solutions are analyzed numerically. The parametric regimes for the existence of DA DLs, which are found to be associated with positive potential only, are obtained. The basic features of non-planar DA DLs, which are found to be different from planar ones, are also identified. The implications of our results to different space and laboratory dusty plasma situations are discussed.
Proteomics at the schistosome-mammalian host interface: any prospects for diagnostics or vaccines?
Authors: WILSON R. ALAN 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYSince 2004 there has been a remarkable increment in our knowledge of the proteins and glycans that reside at, or are released from the surfaces of schistosomes in the mammalian host. Initial characterization of the soluble proteome permits distinctions to be made between the parasite secretome and its necrotome. The principal proteins secreted by the cercaria to gain access to the skin have been described as well as those released by migrating schistosomula. An inventory of transporters, enzymes and structural proteins has been shown to reside the tegument surface, but also immunoglobulins, complement factors and host CD44. The secreted membranocalyx that overlies the plasma membrane may contain a small number of proteins, not simply acting as physical barrier, but its lipid composition remains elusive. Analysis of worm vomitus has provided insights into blood feeding, increasing the number of known lysosomal hydrolases, and identifying a series of carrier proteins potentially involved in uptake of lipids and inorganic ions by the gut epithelium. The egg secretions that aid escape from the tissues include a mixture of MEG-2 and MEG-3 family variant proteins. The utility of identified proteins for the development of new diagnostics, and their potential as vaccines candidates is evaluated.
Tomatidine promotes the inhibition of 24-alkylated sterol biosynthesis and mitochondrial dysfunction in Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes
Authors: MEDINA J. M. , RODRIGUES J. C. F. , DE SOUZA W. , ATELLA G. C. , BARRABIN H. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYLeishmaniasis is a set of clinically distinct infectious diseases caused by Leishmania, a genus of flagellated protozoan parasites, that affects ∼12 million people worldwide, with ∼2 million new infections annually. Plants are known to produce substances to defend themselves against pathogens and predators. In the genus Lycopersicon, which includes the tomato, L. esculentum, the main antimicrobial compound is the steroidal glycoalkaloid α-tomatine. The loss of the saccharide side-chain of tomatine yields the aglycone tomatidine. In the present study, we investigated the effects of tomatidine on the growth, mitochondrial membrane potential, sterol metabolism, and ultrastructure of Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes. Tomatidine (0·1 to 5 μM) inhibited parasite growth in a dose-dependent manner (IC50=124±59 nM). Transmission electron microscopy revealed lesions in the mitochondrial ultrastructure and the presence of large vacuoles and lipid storage bodies in the cytoplasm. These structural changes in the mitochondria were accompanied by an effective loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and a decrease in ATP levels. An analysis of the neutral lipid content revealed a large depletion of endogenous 24-alkylated sterols such as 24-methylene-cholesta-5, 7-dien-3β-ol (5-dehydroepisterol), with a concomitant accumulation of cholesta-8, 24-dien-3β-ol (zymosterol), which implied a perturbation in the cellular lipid content. These results are consistent with an inhibition of 24-sterol methyltransferase, an important enzyme responsible for the methylation of sterols at the 24 position, which is an essential step in the production of ergosterol and other 24-methyl sterols.
Epidemiology of Brazilian spotted fever in the Atlantic Forest, state of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: OGRZEWALSKA MARIA , SARAIVA DANILO G. , MORAES-FILHO JONAS , MARTINS THIAGO F. , COSTA FRANCISCO B. , PINTER ADRIANO , LABRUNA MARCELO B. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYThe tick-borne bacteriumRickettsia rickettsiiis the aetiological agent of Brazilian spotted fever (BSF). The present study evaluated tick infestations on wild and domestic animals, and the rickettsial infection in these animals and their ticks in 7 forest areas adjacent to human communities in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA). The results were compared to ecological traits of each sampled area. Two main tick species,Amblyomma aureolatumandRhipicephalus sanguineus,were collected from dogs. The major ticks found on small mammals and birds wereIxodes loricatusandAmblyomma longirostre, respectively. Both anti-R. rickettsiiantibodies andR. rickettsii-infected ticks were detected on dogs from only 2 areas in the southern part of the SPMA, which were considered to be endemic for BSF; the remaining 5 areas were considered to be non-endemic. Ecologically, the BSF-endemic areas clearly differed from the non-endemic areas by the presence of significantly more degraded forest patches in the former. The present results corroborate historical observations that have indicated that all human cases of BSF in the SPMA were contracted in the southern part of this metropolitan area. However, not all forest patches in the southern part of the SPMA were shown to be associated with BSF endemism.
Robert Pinker, the Idea of Welfare and the Study of Social Policy: On Unitarism and Pluralism
Authors: OFFER JOHN 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article reappraises the distinction upon which Robert Pinker has insisted since the 1970s between the heuristic and the normative dimensions of concepts and theories associated with ‘welfare’ in social policy studies, a distinction prompted by, for instance, the writings of Richard Titmuss. It discusses Pinker's differentiation of forms of study which seek to account for the likenesses and unlikenesses within and between the welfare systems of different countries from forms of study aiming to establish moral criteria by which one system of welfare can be deemed superior to another. In particular, it highlights his emphasis on the need for social policy as a subject to attend to: (a) the reality of everyday ideas of social welfare and ‘faring well’ in general; (b) how everyday ideas of ‘faring well’ are exhibited in what he has called ‘conditional altruism’, whether exercised within families, towards strangers or across nations; (c) the practices undertaken by individuals and families to attain freedom and security as well as to meet those of their needs commonly taken within social policy studies to be the components of ‘welfare’; (d) the difficulties, moral, political, social and economic, associated with Titmussian welfare unitarism, in contrast to welfare pluralism. The article thus provides a review of aspects of Pinker's many published papers as well as his influentialSocial Theory and Social PolicyandThe Idea of Welfare.
Speedups of ergodic group extensions
Authors: BABICHEV ANDREY , BURTON ROBERT M. , FIELDSTEEL ADAM 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe prove that for all ergodic extensions $S_{1}$ of a transformation by a locally compact second countable group $G$, and for all $G$-extensions $ S_{2} $ of an aperiodic transformation, there is a relative speedup of $ S_{1} $ that is relatively isomorphic to $S_{2}$. We apply this result to give necessary and sufficient conditions for two ergodic $n$-point or countable extensions to be related in this way.
Studies of Japanese Society and Culture: Sociology and Cognate Disciplines in Hong Kong
Authors: CHU YIN-WAH 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis paper reviews the studies of Japanese society and culture undertaken by Hong Kong-based sociologists and scholars in related disciplines. It presents information on research projects funded by the Research Grants Council, Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), and Arts and Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) journal articles, authored and edited books, book chapters, non-SSCI and non-A&HCI journal articles, as well as master and doctoral theses written by scholars and graduate students associated with Hong Kong's major universities. It is found that the main topics of research are Japan's capitalist development and corporate growth, meanings and social ramifications of traditional and popular culture, education, gender, and marriage, as well as aspects of work and employment, whereas the major research methods include document analysis, ethnography, and in-depth interviews. The limited amount of research and the preoccupation with economic development and popular culture reflect in part Hong Kong's unique political conditions and the government's indifference to the pursuit of social and political policy analysis. In recent years, the growth of academic exchanges between scholars in Hong Kong, Japan, and other East Asian regions and the heightened emphasis by university administrators on academic research will hopefully bring about advancements in such academic endeavors.
NICE's social value judgements about equity in health and health care
Authors: Shah Koonal K. , Cookson Richard , Culyer Anthony J. , Littlejohns Peter 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) routinely publishes details of the evidence and reasoning underpinning its recommendations, including its social value judgements (SVJs). To date, however, NICE's SVJs relating to equity in the distribution of health and health care have been less specific and systematic than those relating to cost-effectiveness in the pursuit of improved total population health. NICE takes a pragmatic, case-based approach to developing its principles of SVJ, drawing on the cumulative experience of its advisory bodies in making decisions that command respect among its broad range of stakeholders. This paper aims to describe the SVJs about equity in health and health care that NICE has hitherto used to guide its decision making. To do this, we review both the general SVJs reported in NICE guidance on methodology and the case-specific SVJs reported in NICE guidance about particular health care technologies and public health interventions.
Access to primary care in Hong Kong, Greater London and New York City
Authors: Chau Pui Hing , Woo Jean , Gusmano Michael K. , Weisz Daniel , Rodwin Victor G. , Chan Kam Che 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe investigate avoidable hospital conditions (AHC) in three world cities as a way to assess access to primary care. Residents of Hong Kong are healthier than their counterparts in Greater London or New York City. In contrast to their counterparts in New York City, residents of both Greater London and Hong Kong face no financial barriers to an extensive public hospital system. We compare residence-based hospital discharge rates for AHC, by age cohorts, in these cities and find that New York City has higher rates than Hong Kong and Greater London. Hong Kong has the lowest hospital discharge rates for AHC among the population 15–64, but its rates are nearly as high as those in New York City among the population 65 and over. Our findings suggest that in contrast to Greater London, older residents in Hong Kong and New York face significant barriers in accessing primary care. In all three cities, people living in lower socioeconomic status neighborhoods are more likely to be hospitalized for an AHC, but neighborhood inequalities are greater in Hong Kong and New York than in Greater London.
New evidence for the origin of the Porcupine Median Volcanic Ridge: Early Cretaceous volcanism in the Porcupine Basin, Atlantic margin of Ireland
Authors: Calvès Gérôme , Torvela Taija , Huuse Mads , Dinkleman Menno G. 
Published: May 2012

Two‐dimensional pre‐stack depth migrated seismic reflection data, gravity and velocity models are used to assess the nature and origin of a prominent, buried ridge, the Porcupine Median Volcanic Ridge (PMVR) within the Porcupine Basin, offshore Ireland. The debate on the origin of the PMVR during the past 30 years has followed the evolution of the concept of continental margin genesis. In this paper, the origin of the ridge is evaluated on the basis of the internal geometry and velocity structure, revealed by the seismic data. Implication of the presence of these type of ridges in hyper‐extensional rifted margins is discussed and compared with other margins. The analysis indicates that the ridge is an extrusive volcanic ridge, probably tholeiitic in composition, constructed by stacked hyaloclastite deltas and topped by carbonate platforms. The results invalidate previously proposed models involving highly rotated fault blocks and the serpentinite mud volcanism. The extension magnitude analysis suggests a highly stretched setting where limited mantle serpentinization may have occurred, but the architecture and velocity of the PMVR demonstrates that it is made of lower velocity materials than serpentinite. During the opening of the North Atlantic, the PMVR represents the northern time‐equivalent magmatic event expressed along the Newfoundland‐Iberia‐Galicia, recorded by the J anomaly that originate from Cretaceous volcanic deposits.
Slow shock formation and structure with sub‐Alfvénic shear flow in magnetic reconnection
Authors: Li L. J. , Zhang X. , Wang L. C. , Ma Z. W. 
Published: May 2012

Slow shock formation and structure associated with magnetic reconnection are investigated in the presence of sub‐Alfvénic shear flow using a compressible resistive MHD model. It is found for the first time that one or two pairs of the slow shocks are formed in the inflow region away from the reconnection separatrices within compressible resistive MHD. The distributions of the slow shocks depend largely on the plasma beta and the shear flow velocity that lead to the increase of magnetic reconnection rate. One pair of the slow shocks is formed for β = 0.2 and two pairs of the slow shocks are generated for β = 1.0 with the shear flow velocity in the range 0.6 VA to 0.9 VA. For high plasma beta (β = 5.0), there is no slow shock formed outside the reconnection separatrices. The results can be applied to interpret slow shock observations at the dayside magnetopause.
Groundwater pressure changes in Central Japan induced by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake
Authors: Niwa Masakazu , Takeuchi Ryuji , Onoe Hironori , Tsuyuguchi Koji , Asamori Koichi , Umeda Koji , Sugihara Kozo 
Published: May 2012

In the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake, groundwater pressure changes were observed in and around the Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory (MIU) in Central Japan, where two vertical shafts and horizontal research galleries are excavated in the granitic rock mass. Coseismic changes of groundwater pressure are believed to correspond to crustal dilation/contraction induced by earthquakes. In this study we calculated volumetric strain changes due to the Tohoku Earthquake based on previously reported fault slip models. The calculation indicates approximately 2 × 10−7 of dilational strain around the MIU. Based on the strain sensitivities calculated from tidal responses at the monitoring boreholes, the dilation corresponds to drawdowns of several tens of centimeters, and is almost the same as the drawdown observed in the boreholes at distances greater than 1 km from the MIU. In contrast, rapid elevation of groundwater pressures associated with the earthquake was observed in the boreholes within the 500 m vicinity of the MIU. The anomalous elevation is explained by a temporary recovery of the drawdown due to excavation of the shafts and a unique permeability increase induced by the coseismic dilation of heterogeneous local geological structures such as impervious faults controlling the hydrogeological environment.
Multiple expressions of plume‐ridge interaction in the Galápagos: Volcanic lineaments and ridge jumps
Authors: Mittelstaedt E. , Soule S. , Harpp K. , Fornari D. , McKee C. , Tivey M. , Geist D. , Kurz M. D. , Sinton C. , Mello C. 
Published: May 2012

Anomalous volcanism and tectonics between near‐ridge mantle plumes and mid‐ocean ridges provide important insights into the mechanics of plume‐lithosphere interaction. We present new observations and analysis of multibeam, side scan sonar, sub‐bottom chirp, and total magnetic field data collected during the R/V Melville FLAMINGO cruise (MV1007; May–June, 2010) to the Northern Galápagos Volcanic Province (NGVP), the region between the Galápagos Archipelago and the Galápagos Spreading Center (GSC) on the Nazca Plate, and to the region east of the Galápagos Transform Fault (GTF) on the Cocos Plate. The NGVP exhibits pervasive off‐axis volcanism related to the nearby Galápagos hot spot, which has dominated the tectonic evolution of the region. Observations indicate that ∼94% of the excess volcanism in our survey area occurs on the Nazca Plate in three volcanic lineaments. Identified faults in the NGVP are consistent with normal ridge spreading except for those within a ∼60 km wide swath of transform‐oblique faults centered on the GTF. These transform‐oblique faults are sub‐parallel to the elongation direction of larger lineament volcanoes, suggesting that lineament formation is influenced by the lithospheric stress field. We evaluate current models for lineament formation using existing and new observations as well as numerical models of mantle upwelling and melting. The data support a model where the lithospheric stress field controls the location of volcanism along the lineaments while several processes likely supply melt to these eruptions. Synthetic magnetic models and an inversion for crustal magnetization are used to determine the tectonic history of the study area. Results are consistent with creation of the GTF by two southward ridge jumps, part of a series of jumps that have maintained a plume‐ridge separation distance of 145 km to 215 km since ∼5 Ma.
Recent mass changes of glaciers in the Russian High Arctic
Authors: Moholdt Geir , Wouters Bert , Gardner Alex S. 
Published: May 2012

Glaciers and ice caps are known to contribute significantly to present‐day sea level rise, but there are still glaciated regions where little is known about modern changes in glacier mass. One of these regions is the Russian High Arctic archipelagos which has a total glaciated area of 51,500 km2. We have assessed the glacier mass budget of this region for a 6‐year period between October 2003 and October 2009 using independent ICESat laser altimetry and GRACE gravimetry. Over this period we found that the archipelagos have lost ice at a rate of −9.1 ± 2.0 Gt a−1, which corresponds to a sea level contribution of 0.025 mm a−1. Approximately 80% of the ice loss came from Novaya Zemlya with the remaining 20% coming from Franz Josef Land and Severnaya Zemlya. Meteorological records of temperature and precipitation for the period 1980–2009 suggest that the recent climatic mass budget is not substantially different from the longer‐term trend.
Near infrared and ultraviolet spectra of TLEs
Authors: Gordillo‐Vázquez F. J. , Luque A. , Simek M. 
Published: May 2012

We have found that sprites, beads and halos have similar optical spectra, but measurable differences in the near IR and near UV spectra. In particular, near infrared (NIR) and ultraviolet (UV) spectra of sprites, halos and beads corresponding to the first (1PG) and second positive (2PG) bands of N2 have been calculated for different observation altitudes from mountains (3.25 km) to airplanes (14 km), balloons (35 km) and space (nadir) platforms. The calculated non‐equilibrium vibrational distribution functions (VDF) of the N2(B3Πg) states in halos and beads show that the calculated NIR emissions produced through strong N2‐1PG (B3Πg → A3Σu+) transitions differ from the calculated sprite spectral emission patterns at ∼888 nm but particularly pronounced differences are found in the NIR spectral region at ∼1046 nm and ∼1231 nm corresponding to the N2‐1PG (0,0) and (0,1) transitions, respectively. The blue ‐ near UV spectra from N2‐2PG (C3Πu → B3Πg) transitions in halos and beads also exhibits slightly different spectral features when compared to the blue ‐ near UV spectrum of sprites for bands originating from higher v‐levels (v > 0) although they might not be above electronic noise level to be distinguished.
On the signature of the quasi‐3‐day wave in the thermosphere during the January 2010 URSI World Day Campaign
Authors: England Scott L. , Liu Guiping , Zhou Qihou , Immel Thomas J. , Kumar Karanam K. , Ramkumar Geetha 
Published: May 2012

Ultra‐fast Kelvin waves with periods of 3–5 days are important in the coupling of the lower atmosphere to the thermosphere and ionosphere. Here we focus on the observations and effects of a 3‐day wave during January 2010. As this time period coincides with a stratospheric warming event, a coordinated set of observations with incoherent scatter radars are available. While there is no evidence that the occurrence of this 3‐day wave is connected with this event, these observations offer an unprecedented glimpse of the thermospheric conditions during this period, including the first‐ever detection of a 3‐day wave with an incoherent scatter radar. Using a combination of ground‐ and space‐based observations, we identify an eastward moving zonal wave number‐one 3‐day equatorial wave that is comprised of a Kelvin wave at the lowest latitudes and a Rossby‐gravity wave at higher latitudes. In the equatorial region, the vertical wavelength is ∼40 km and the wave peaks in amplitude around 95–100 km altitude. The wave observed here is only seen to propagate to around 105 km altitude. Evidence of an interaction between this wave and the diurnal tide is seen between 82–88 km. The resultant 3‐day periodicity in the diurnal tide is seen to propagate up to altitudes of ∼150 km. This could have a significant impact on the ionosphere via modulation of the E‐region dynamo, thus carrying the 3‐day periodicity to higher altitudes.