bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laser Doppler vibrometry on rotating structures in coast-down: resonance frequencies and operational deflection shape characterization
Authors: Martarelli M , Castellini P , Santolini C , Tomasini E P 
Published: October 2011

In rotating machinery, variations of modal parameters with rotation speed may be extremely important in particular for very light and undamped structures, such as helicopter rotors or wind turbines. The natural frequency dependence on rotation speed is conventionally measured by varying the rotor velocity and plotting natural frequencies versus speed in the so-called Campbell diagram. However, this kind of analysis does not give any information about the vibration spatial distribution i.e. the mode shape variation with the rotation speed must be investigated with dedicated procedures. In several cases it is not possible to fully control the rotating speed of the machine and only coast-down tests can be performed. Due to the reduced inertia of rotors, the coast-down process is usually an abrupt transient and therefore an experimental technique, able to determine operational deflection shapes (ODSs) in short time, with high spatial density and accuracy, appears very promising. Moreover coast-down processes are very difficult to control, causing unsteady vibrations. Hence, a very efficient approach for the rotation control and synchronous acquisition must be developed. In this paper a continuous scanning system able to measure ODSs and natural frequencies excited during rotor coast-down is shown. The method is based on a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) whose laser beam is driven to scan continuously over the rotor surface, in order to measure the ODS, and to follow the rotation of the rotor itself even in coast-down. With a single measurement the ODSs can be recovered from the LDV output time history in short time and with huge data saving. This technique has been tested on a laboratory test bench, i.e. a rotating two-blade fan, and compared with a series of non-contact approaches based on LDV:
- traditional experimental modal analysis (EMA) results obtained under non-rotating conditions by measuring on a sequence of points on the blade surface excited by an impact hammer,
- continuous scanning LDV measuring the ODS of the structure excited by an impact hammer modulating the laser output,
- tracking laser Doppler vibrometry (TLDV) operating at different rotation speeds under stationary conditions,
- tracking continuous scanning laser Doppler vibrometry (TCSLDV) operating at different rotation speeds under stationary conditions.
EMA and TLDV have been performed over the same grid of points sufficiently dense to have ODSs with adequate spatial resolution, it requiring long measurement time. The application of different techniques allowed us to completely characterize the tested bladed rotor and to validate the continuous scanning application to transient rotator processes.
Tissue-Autonomous Promotion of Palisade Cell Development by Phototropin 2 inArabidopsis
Authors: Kozuka Toshiaki , Kong Sam-Geun , Doi Michio , Shimazaki Ken-ichiro , Nagatani Akira 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLight is an important environmental information source that plants use to modify their growth and development. Palisade parenchyma cells in leaves develop cylindrical shapes in response to blue light; however, the photosensory mechanism for this response has not been elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the palisade cell response in phototropin-deficient mutants. First, we found that two different light-sensing mechanisms contributed to the response in different proportions depending on the light intensity. One response observed under lower intensities of blue light was mediated exclusively by a blue light photoreceptor, phototropin 2 (PHOT2). Another response was elicited under higher intensities of light in a phototropin-independent manner. To determine the tissue in which PHOT2 perceives the light stimulus to regulate the response, green fluorescent protein (GFP)–tagged PHOT2 (P2G) was expressed under the control of tissue-specific promoters in the phot1 phot2 mutant background. The results revealed that the expression of P2G in the mesophyll, but not in the epidermis, promoted palisade cell development. Furthermore, a constitutively active C-terminal kinase fragment of PHOT2 fused to GFP (P2CG) promoted the development of cylindrical palisade cells in the proper direction without the directional cue provided by light. Hence, in response to blue light, PHOT2 promotes the development of cylindrical palisade cells along a predetermined axis in a tissue-autonomous manner.
Current status of leprosy: Epidemiology, basic science and clinical perspectives
Authors: SUZUKI Koichi , AKAMA Takeshi , KAWASHIMA Akira , YOSHIHARA Aya , YOTSU Rie R. , ISHII Norihisa 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLeprosy has affected humans for millennia and remains an important health problem worldwide, as evidenced by nearly 250 000 new cases detected every year. It is a chronic infectious disorder, caused byMycobacterium leprae, that primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. Recent advances in basic science have improved our knowledge of the disease. Variation in the cellular immune response is the basis of a range of clinical manifestations. The introduction of multidrug therapy has significantly contributed to a decrease in the prevalence of the disease. However, leprosy control activities, including monitoring and prevention programs, must be maintained.
Models predict that culling is not a feasible strategy to prevent extinction of Tasmanian devils from facial tumour disease
Authors: Beeton Nick , McCallum Hamish 
Published: October 2011

Summary1. Culling, either of all animals or infected animals only, is often suggested as a way of managing infectious diseases in wildlife populations. However, replicated experiments to investigate culling strategies are often impractical because of costs and ethical issues. Modelling therefore has an important role. Here, we describe a suite of models to investigate the culling of infected animals to control an infectious cancer in the Tasmanian devilSarcophilus harrisii.2. The Tasmanian devil is threatened by an infectious cancer, Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease. We developed deterministic susceptible, exposed and infectious (SEI) models with differing ways of incorporating the time delays inherent in the system. We used these to investigate the effectiveness for disease suppression of various strategies for the removal of infected animals.3. The predictions of our models were consistent with empirical time series on host population dynamics and disease prevalence. This implies that they are capturing the essential dynamics of the system to a plausible extent.4. A previous empirical study has shown that removals every 3 months did not appear to be sufficient to suppress disease in a semi‐isolated infected population. Our models are in accordance with this observed result. The models further predict that while more frequent removals are more likely to be effective, the removal rate necessary to successfully eliminate disease may be too high to be achievable.5. Synthesis and applications.Our results, in association with a previous experimental study, show that culling is unlikely to be a feasible strategy for managing Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease. Similar conclusions have been reached in studies of other wildlife diseases. We conclude that culling is rarely appropriate for controlling wildlife diseases and should only be attempted if models predict that it will be effective.
Interventions for children's language and literacy difficulties
Authors: Snowling Margaret J. , Hulme Charles 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAgainst a backdrop of research on individual differences in reading disorders, this review considers a range of effective interventions to promote reading and language skills evaluated by our group. The review begins by contrasting the reading profiles seen in dyslexia and reading comprehension impairment and then argues that different interventions will be required. It is well established that effective interventions for decoding deficits (dyslexia) involve work on letter–sound knowledge, phonological awareness and reading practice to reinforce emergent skills. In contrast, effective interventions for reading comprehension difficulties involve training to promote oral language skills and text comprehension strategies. Together the findings of controlled trials provide a robust evidence base that can be used to devise plans for the management of pre‐school and school‐aged children with language learning difficulties.
Retail investors exonerated: the case of the January effect
Authors: Henker Julia , Paul Debapriya J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe dispel the belief that the January effect is due to retail investor trading. Previous studies suggest that retail investors, affected by behavioural biases and disproportionally invested in small capitalization stocks, are the source of the January effect. Furthermore, the literature regards retail investor trading and the tax‐loss selling hypothesis as essentially the same explanation. We separate tax implications and market capitalization to show that retail traders are not the cause of the January effect. Our study is an important direct test of whether retail trading causes market anomalies.
Education‐Service Partnership to Promote Best Practices in a Latent Tuberculosis Infection Program
Authors: Belcher Anne , Conner Loretta , Anderson Jennifer M. , Branham Jaclyn , Levett Megan , Paddock Gregory , Printy Jessica , Showalter Rachel , Zonca Mary 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe education‐service partnership described addresses the challenges presented to local health departments and public health nurses in completing required latent tuberculosis (LTBI) follow‐up in population groups. A service learning partnership between the local health department and a Midwestern university school of nursing resulted in the development of an LTBI follow‐up program that completed contacts with 193 subjects. Populations served by the program included immigrants to the community and workers from several occupational settings. Outcome data from the project included recommendations for the management of the information database for local health department LTBI follow‐up. Nursing students gained an appreciation for the complexities involved in TB surveillance, and improved their cultural competence in the interface with Latino, African, and East European immigrant populations. Students gained first‐hand experience with the current health care system, which resulted in communication challenges between health care providers and economic barriers in compliance with the CDC protocol for LTBI follow‐up. The program demonstrated a successful partnership between service and education with positive results for the LTBI clients and the local health department nurses.
Rebuilding or Intruding? Media Coverage and Public Opinion on Latino Immigration in Post‐Katrina Louisiana
Authors: Dunaway Johanna , Goidel Robert K. , Kirzinger Ashley , Wilkinson Betina Cutaia 
Published: October 2011

ObjectivesFew studies fully integrate the interactive effects of political, geographic, and media contexts into studies of public opinion on immigration. We rectify this by utilizing the post‐Katrina Latino immigrant migration to Louisiana as an opportunity for study of these relationships.MethodsWe utilize survey data and content analysis of news coverage to examine the influence of news exposure on attitudes toward immigrants and immigration.ResultsExposure to immigration news influences the relative importance of immigration to other issues, self‐reported personal contact with Spanish‐speaking populations, and perceptions of the legal status of immigrant populations.ConclusionsLocal news coverage of immigration increases awareness and concern about immigration and heightened news exposure increases perceptions about personal interactions with Spanish‐speaking populations. Additionally, local news coverage of immigration influences the importance of key characteristics of immigrant populations, particularly whether immigrants are here illegally. Tone of coverage, as opposed to amount, exerts the more consistent effect on immigration‐related attitudes.
Civic Engagement and Patriotism
Authors: Richey Sean 
Published: October 2011

ObjectivesRecent research has shown a link between patriotism and civic participation. This research assumes that the causal arrow flows from patriotism to civic participation, but a counterperspective in the social capital literature assumes that causation runs in the opposite direction, from civic participation to patriotism. I seek to untangle these relationships by positing a bicausal relationship between these beliefs and actions.MethodsI use a structural equation model of survey data from the 2004 American National Election Studies.ResultsThe findings show that constructive patriotism promotes civic participation, and that civic participation separately increases constructive patriotism. Conversely, I also find that blind patriotism lowers civic participation, and that civic participation lowers blind feelings.ConclusionsThis research provides a fuller picture of the relationship of patriotism with civic participation than has been provided previously in political theory or political psychology. These results are then tied to a current debate about the benefits of civic education and service learning.
Policy Venues and Policy Change: The Case of Education Finance Reform
Authors: Cann Damon , Wilhelm Teena 
Published: October 2011

ObjectiveIn theU.S. states, policy development can occur in multiple venues. In fact, the likelihood of policy success may be directly related to the policy arena chosen by advocates. In this article, we examine those conditions under which policy reform results in success within education finance reform.MethodWe model the likelihood that successful reform may take place via courts, legislatures, or referenda, and whether it occurs over multiple policy events. We simultaneously estimate the relative probability of the occurrence of different possible policy events (judicial action, legislative action, and referendum) in a given state and year. Our data comprise an exhaustive analysis of all litigation and policy events in education finance over time (1971–2005), for all states.ResultsOur findings indicate court‐ordered policy reform will most likely take place when judicial ideology supports it, while legislative‐ordered reform is meaningfully influenced by the passage of time. We also find that policy reform via direct democracy has a resounding and constraining effect on the other branches of government.ConclusionIn our conclusions, we evaluate those scenarios in which reform will most likely occur within a specific policy venue, and the possible implications this may have for policy change in the states.
Social Network and Occupational Mobility: A Mathematical Model
Authors: Demchenko Oleg 
Published: October 2011

ObjectivesThis article examines the comparative effectiveness of different types of social ties used by a job seeker and proposes an explanation for the inconsistency in empirical evidence for strength‐of‐weak‐ties hypothesis.MethodsGranovetter's strength‐of‐weak‐ties hypothesis predicted that in a job search, weak ties (acquaintances) are a more valuable source of information as compared to strong ties (close friends or relatives). However, subsequent empirical research has provided ambiguous support for this hypothesis. To sort out the conflicting results, a mathematical model of the transmission of job information through a contact network has been constructed. Along with the strength of tie, a widely used characteristic of contact, the model also incorporates the work relation of tie.ResultsThe model has numerous implications with strong empirical support, as well as propositions going beyond the findings of prior empirical work, which can be evaluated in subsequent studies. It is shown that the effectiveness of a certain type of contact depends on both the ego's status (weak and work‐related contacts are more advantageous for higher‐status workers) and the composition of the ego's network (work‐related contacts promote the effectiveness of weak ties, while strong‐tie contacts hinder the effectiveness of work‐related ties). In particular, it implies that the inconsistency in empirical evidence for the strength‐of‐weak‐ties hypothesis can be explained by the differences in status or the proportion of work‐related contacts in the samples examined.ConclusionWork‐related ties play a significant role in the analysis of informal job‐search methods; their incorporation into the model allows one to account for a number of previously unexplained empirical results.
A Reassessment of the Association Between Social Disorganization and Youth Violence in Rural Areas
Authors: Kaylen Maria T. , Pridemore William Alex 
Published: October 2011

ObjectiveTo study the association between social disorganization and youth violence rates in rural communities.MethodWe employed rural Missouri counties (N = 106) as units of analysis, measured serious violent victimization data via hospital records, and the same measures of social disorganization as Osgood and Chambers (2000). Controlling for spatial autocorrelation, the negative binomial estimator was used to estimate the effects of social disorganization on youth violence rates.ResultsUnlike Osgood and Chambers, we found only one of five social disorganization measures, the proportion of female‐headed households, to be associated with rural youth violent victimization rates.ConclusionAlthough most research on social disorganization theory has been undertaken on urban areas, a highly cited Osgood and Chambers (2000) study appeared to extend the generalizeability of social disorganization as an explanation of the distribution of youth violence to rural areas. Our results suggest otherwise. We provide several methodological and theoretical reasons why it may be too early to draw strong conclusions about the generalizeability of social disorganization to crime rates in rural communities.
Effect of Insulation Material in Aging Pacing Leads: Comparison of Impedance and Other Electricals
Authors: JOHNSON W. BEN , BRALY ALAN , COBIAN KENNETH , CRAIG MARY B. , VOEGTLIN LOLINE , HADDAD TAREK , McVENES RICK 
Published: October 2011

Background: There has been concern over declining bipolar (BP) impedance (Z) in aging polyurethane (PU) cardiac pacing leads. Subsequently, a prospective study was conducted comparing BP Z, threshold (Th), and R‐wave sensing amplitude of 55D PU‐insulated (Model 4024, Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) and silicone‐insulated (Model 5024) leads.
Methods: This study was initiated by The Iowa Heart Center. Patients with Model 4024 (N = 162) or 5024 (N = 120) pacing leads with at least 6 years implant time were enrolled and followed for an additional 5 years.
Results: There was a significant drop in the mean BP Z for the Model 4024 population, between enrollment (6 years) and the final endpoint (11 years), which was in contrast to the Model 5024 which did not see a significant drop in its mean BP Z for this same period. The trend difference seen in the means between the two models was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). In addition, a statistically significant relationship was found between dropping BP Z and rising Th (P < 0.0001). The analysis showed that if BP Z dropped below 200 ohms, the probability of having a >3X increase over baseline, in Th at 2.5 V, increases from approximately 3–7% to as high as 30%.
Conclusions: A significant drop in BP Z observed in the PU‐insulated Model 4024 lead was not present in the silicone‐insulated Model 5024 lead. The statistically significant relationship between dropping BP Z and rising Th helps to understand how to better manage patients with aging leads. (PACE 2012; 35:51–57)
Patient and Cardiologist Perceptions on Decision Making for Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillators: A Qualitative Study
Authors: MATLOCK DAN D. , NOWELS CAROLYN T. , MASOUDI FREDERICK A. , SAUER WILLIAM H. , BEKELMAN DAVID B. , MAIN DEBORAH S. , KUTNER JEAN S. 
Published: October 2011

Background:
Although implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs) reduce mortality in selected patients, they are also associated with potential risks. Periprocedural decision making requires understanding both benefits and risks.
Methods:
This qualitative study aims to understand cardiologists’ and patients’ perspectives about decision making surrounding ICD implantation using semi‐structured, in‐depth interviews. We interviewed 11 cardiologists (including four electrophysiologists) and 20 patients (14 with ICDs; six who declined ICDs). The data were analyzed through the theoretical lens of patient‐centered care using the constant comparative method.
Results:
Cardiologists emphasized the benefits of ICD therapy but varied substantially in the extent to which they emphasized the various risks associated with ICD implantation with patients. Cardiologists indicated that they were influenced by the benefits of therapy as presented in published guidelines. Many patients who chose to receive an ICD indicated that they followed the advice of their physician without questioning the risks and benefits of the device. Some ICD recipients described not learning many of the risks until after device implantation or when they experienced these side effects. Patients who declined ICD implantation were concerned that the ICD was unnecessary or believed that the risks related to sudden death without an ICD did not apply to them. Only one patient considered the trade‐off between dying quickly versus living longer with progressive heart failure.
Conclusions:
In our sample, cardiologists’ desire to adhere to published guidelines appears to inhibit shared decision making. The marked variability in the discussions surrounding ICD decisions highlights a need for an improved process of ICD decision making. (PACE 2011; 34:1634–1644)
TNF‐α inhibits aquaporin 5 expression in human salivary gland acinar cells via suppression of histone H4 acetylation
Authors: Yamamura Yoshiko , Motegi Katsumi , Kani Kouichi , Takano Hideyuki , Momota Yukihiro , Aota Keiko , Yamanoi Tomoko , Azuma Masayuki 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSjögren's syndrome is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by reductions in salivary and lacrimal secretions. The mechanisms underlying these reductions remain unclear. We have previously shown that TNF‐α plays an important role in the destruction of acinar structures. Here we examined TNF‐α's function in the expression of aquaporin (AQP) 5 in human salivary gland acinar cells. Immortalized human salivary gland acinar (NS‐SV‐AC) cells were treated with TNF‐α, and then the expression levels of AQP5 mRNA and protein were analysed. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the reduction of AQP5 expression by TNF‐α treatment were investigated. TNF‐α‐treatment of NS‐SV‐AC cells significantly suppressed the expression levels of AQP5 mRNA and protein, and reduced the net fluid secretion rate. We examined the expression and activation levels of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) in NS‐SV‐AC cells treated with TNF‐α. However, no significant changes were observed in the expression or activation levels of Dnmt1, Dnmt3a or Dnmt3b. Although we also investigated the role of NF‐κB activity in the TNF‐α‐induced suppression of AQP5 expression in NS‐SV‐AC cells, we detected similar TNF‐α suppression of AQP5 expression in non‐transfected cells and in a super‐repressor form of IκBα cDNA‐transfected cell clones. However, interestingly, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated a remarkable decrease in levels of acetylated histone H4 associated with the AQP5 gene promoter after treatment with TNF‐α in NS‐SV‐AC cells. Therefore, our results may indicate that TNF‐α inhibition of AQP5 expression in human salivary gland acinar cells is due to the epigenetic mechanism by suppression of acetylation of histone H4.