bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Reservoir Uplift, Seismicity and Failure Likelihood during CO2 Injection through Coupled Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Amirlatifi Amin , Eckert Andreas , Nygaard Runar , Bai Baojun 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
CO2 sequestration and injection projects are being intensively studied and conducted throughout the world. The CO2 has to be trapped below a caprock and the trap itself occurs in a complex geological setting which creates a complex geometrical model. Increased pore pressure may result in uplift of the formation and generation of new fractures or reactivation of existing structures that will generate preferred fluid flow pathways along which dissolved CO2 which may escape into the atmosphere or freshwater zones above, or result in seismicity in the region. In order to assess and mitigate these geomechanical risks, a thorough simulation coupling fluid flow through porous media and geomechanics of a realistic representation of the reservoir as well as the overburden is required. Many aspects of geomechanics and reservoir simulation coupling has been studied using idealized horizontal layer basin structures that share the same discretization of the reservoir for the two simulators, and few modeling studies of real reservoirs are carried out, but limited effort has been made for mitigating the fractures forming at the cap rock in a real reservoir. The shared earth model of a candidate shallow CO2 sequestration site in the state of Missouri was separately discretized before coupled simulation in the finite element software and reservoir simulator predicted fracture formations. A coupling module was developed which uses the relative spatial position of Finite Element nodes compared to Finite Difference grid blocks to relate the two simulation grids. Fluid flow properties such as reservoir pressure and fluid saturations are taken from the reservoir simulation and are fed into the finite element simulation model, from which a new state of stress together with new porosities and pseudo compressibility values are calculated and are used to update the reservoir model. Results of this study are used for predicting the best CO2 injection location and injection rates to provide maximum storage capacity and injection rates for safe sequestration. This approach also predicts the critical pore pressures which result in formation of extensional or shear fractures at different places in caprock. This knowledge is then used for determining type, time and amount of sealant to inject for mitigation of flow through caprock fractures so that storage of CO2 at required injection rate is maintained.
The Ultimate Potential for Unconventional Gas in the Horn River Basin: Integrating Geological Mapping with Monte Carlo Simulations
Authors: Johnson Michael F. , Walsh Warren , Budgell Peter A. , Davidson James A. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The Horn River Basin of northeastern British Columbia, Canada, contains natural gas in three Devonian shale units. Isopachs, depths, and net-to gross-pay ratios were determined from well logs for the Muskwa, Otter Park, and Evie Shales and then gridded. Pressure gradients were determined from well test and production data and then gridded into a single grid shared between shales. Because grid points were shared between each grid, volumetric and adsorbed gas equations could be integrated into each grid point. Static values or distributions could then be applied to equation variables and Monte Carlo simulations run to determine probabilistic gas in place (GIP) and marketable resources for each grid point, which were then summed for each shale.
Grid points for the isopach and depth maps were treated as static values in the equations while net-to-gross and pressure gradient grid points became most likely values in Beta distributions where end points were assigned using regional low and high values. Most non-mapped variables in the equations were filled with Beta distributions based on typical values in the area and then applied across the basin without any local variations. On each distribution, whether based on mapped or unmapped variables, a second, overlying distribution was applied on a basin scale. This made entire iterations run a full range from pessimistic to optimistic. A few non-mapped variables in the equations were given static values.
Recoverable gas resources were estimated by applying a recovery factor to free GIP estimates. Recoverable volumes from adsorbed GIP estimates were determined from a recovery factor applied to the portion of gas that would desorb during production as pressure decreased to the assumed well abandonment pressure. To determine marketable gas, gas impurities and fuel gas that would be used for processing and transport were estimated and subtracted from the recoverable estimates. Further, certain lower quality areas of the basin were excluded from the assessment, based on a low likelihood of being developed.
The Horn River Basin shales are estimated to contain 10 466 109m3 (372 Tcf) to 14 894 109m3 (529 Tcf) of GIP with the expected outcome of 12 629 109m3 (448 Tcf). The marketable resource base is expected to be 1 715 109m3 (61 Tcf) to 2 714 109m3 (96 Tcf), with an expected outcome of 2 198 109m3 (78 Tcf).
A New Unified Diffusion-Viscous Flow Model Based on Pore Level Studies of Tight Gas Formations
Authors: Rahmanian Mohammad R. , Aguilera Roberto , Kantzas Apostolos 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
A new technique for numerical reconstruction of porous media is proposed that combines the flexibility and easy data conditioning of pixel-based multiple point statistics (MPS) along with robustness of object-base algorithms. Single phase gas flow simulations that consider slippage effects through a network of slots and micro-fractures extracted from petrographic work in tight porous media of the Nikanassin Group in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) have been conducted. Furthermore, correlations between Klinkenberg slippage effect and absolute permeability have been developed. This leads to a new unified flow model in which Knudsen number acts implicitly as a flow regime indicator.
A detailed understanding of fluid flow at the micro scale level in tight porous media is essential to establish and develop techniques for economic flow rate and recovery. Direct available imaging techniques cannot capture all the details of tight formations at the pore level. Choosing an appropriate equation for flow through a single element of the network is crucial; this equation must include geometry and other structural features that affect the flow as well as all variation of fluid properties with pressure. Disregarding these details in a single element of porous media can easily lead to flow misinterpretation at the macroscopic scale.
Due to the wide flow-path-size distribution in tight porous media, a variety of flow regimes can exist in the equivalent network. Two distinct flow regimes, viscous flow and free molecular flow, are in either side of this flow regime spectrum. Since the nature of these two types of flow is categorically different, finding/adjusting a unified flow model is problematic. The complication stems from the fact that the viscosity concept misses its meaning as the flow regime changes from viscous to free molecular flow in which a diffusion-like flow mechanism dominates. For each specified flow regime, the appropriate equations for different geometries are studied. Also, different unified flow models available in the literature are critically investigated.
Simulation of gas flow through the constructed network at different mean flow pressures leads to investigate the functionality of Klinkenberg factor with permeability of the porous media and pore-level structure. It is concluded that for tight formations the slippage effects is more pronounced and cannot be neglected in the flow equations.
The Stability of Fault Systems in the South Shore of the St. Lawrence Lowlands of Québec – Implications for Shale Gas Development
Authors: Brodylo John , Jean-Yves Chatellier , Matton Guillaume , Rheault Michel 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Recent concerns over naturally occuring earthquakes, precipitated by the shale gas industry reactivating faults and the potential impact on surface structures and shallow aquifers have prompted this study to catalogue the location, type, current stress state and proximity to the surface of major Cambrian to early Ordovician faults in the St. Lawrence Lowlands of Québec.
A considerable amount of geophysical data has been collected in the St. Lawrence Lowlands of Québec over the last 30 years allowing for accurate mapping of the fault network within the Cambro-Ordovician deposits, the area being targeted for shale gas development.
Integration of modern 2-D seismic, high resolution aeromagnetic surveys, lineament analysis of surface topography and recent geophysical well logs have resulted in detailed maps of the faults affecting the autochthonous strata of the St. Lawrence Lowlands.
After correlating these maps to present day in-situ stress maps and earthquake data it has been determined that hydraulic fracturing of the Utica shale in the south shore region of the St. Lawrence Lowlands is highly unlikely to reactivate near surface faults affecting shallow aquifers or surface structures.
Flexible, Expanding Cement System (FECS) Successfully Provides Zonal Isolation Across Marcellus Shale Gas Trends
Authors: Williams H. , Khatri D. , Keese R. , Le Roy-Delage S. , Roye J. , Leach D. , Rottler P. , Porcherie O. , Rodriguez J. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Marcellus gas-shale trends have transformed the regional and national outlook for natural gas supply and are particularly attractive for their proximity to high demand markets and existing pipeline infrastructure. Marcellus shale plays offer unique operational and regulatory challenges during mud removal, cementing, and completion operations. Sustained casing pressure (SCP) is one of the greatest challenges encountered after completion. The Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) in Pennsylvania has enacted strict policies regulating cementing practices in Pennsylvanian Marcellus shale trends to reduce the risk of inter-zonal communication and SCP due to substandard annular cement sheath integrity.
To ensure compliance with DEP cementing guidelines, a flexible, expanding cement system (FECS) was developed with fit-for-purpose mechanical properties. A further FECS blend modification included an additive to promote bulk cement expansion during hydration. Since implementation, this approach, coupled with good mud removal and cementing best practices, resulted in rapid static gel strength (SGS) development, acceptable compressive strength development and waiting on cement (WOC) time, and improved flexible and expansive properties.
Since introduction in 2010, six jobs (two intermediate and four production strings) have been successfully cemented with FECS technology. A Marcellus shale trend case study will be presented in this paper that discusses the successful application of FECS during cement placement around a production casing. After completion of each job, a successful shoe test was performed. After stimulation/fracturing treatments, SCP was not reported by the client in Marcellus wells cemented with FECS.
Since implementation in 2010, FECS technology has become a proven approach for cementing Marcellus horizontal tight-gas shale environments where long-term zonal isolation and minimal SCP are required. This approach has been applied to Marcellus shale and Permian Basin formations while other applications are currently being explored.
Contemporary Tensions and Contradictions in the Global System
Authors: Denemark Robert A. 
Published: November 2011

Copeland, Daryl. 2009. Guerrilla Diplomacy: Rethinking International Relations. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Mittelman, James. 2010. Hyperconflict: Globalization and Insecurity. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Thompson, William R., ed. 2009. Systemic Transitions: Past, Present, and Future. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mortality Risk by Functional Status and Health-related Quality of Life in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: MICHAUD KALEB , VERA-LLONCH MONTSERRAT , OSTER GERRY 
Published: November 2011

Objective.Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at increased risk of death. Modern RA therapy has been shown to improve health status, but the relationship of such improvements to mortality risk is unknown. We assessed the relationship between health status and all-cause mortality in patients with RA, using the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 questionnaire (SF-36) physical and mental component summary scores (PCS, MCS).Methods.Subjects (n = 10,319) were selected from the National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases, a prospective longitudinal observational US study with semiannual assessments of HAQ, PCS, and MCS. Risk of death up to 7 years through 2006 was obtained from the US National Death Index. Relationship of HAQ, PCS, and MCS to mortality was assessed using Cox regression models; prediction accuracy was compared using Harrell’s concordance coefficient (C).Results.Over 64,888 patient-years of followup, there were 1317 deaths. Poorer baseline health status was associated with greater mortality risk. Adjusting for age, sex, and baseline PCS and MCS, declines in PCS and HAQ were associated with higher risk of death. HAQ improvement was associated with reduced mortality risk from 6 months through 3 years; a similar relationship was not observed for PCS or MCS improvement. Controlling for baseline values, change in PCS or HAQ did not improve prediction accuracy.Conclusion.The HAQ and the SF-36 PCS are similarly and strongly associated with mortality risk in patients with RA. Change in these measures over time does not appear to add to predictive accuracy over baseline levels.
Non-Hodgkin′s lymphoma "masquerading" as Pott′s disease in a 13-year old boy
Authors: Adegboye Olasunkanmi Abdulrasheed 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLymphomas are malignant neoplasms of the lymphoid lineage. They are broadly classified as either Hodgkin disease or as non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Burkitt′s lymphoma, a variety of NHL, is significantly most common in sub-Saharan Africa, where it accounts for approximately one half of childhood cancers. Lymphoblastic lymphoma is less common. A case of paravertebral high grade non-Hodgkin′s lymphoma (lymphoblastic lymphoma) "masquerading" as Pott′s disease in a 13-year-old child is reported. The present report was informed by the unusual presentation of this case and the intent of increasing the index of diagnostic suspicion. A brief appraisal is provided of the clinical parameters, management strategies and challenges. AT was a 13-year boy that presented on account of a slowly evolving and progressively increasing hunch on the back and inability to walk over 4 and 8 months duration, respectively. There was subsequent inability to control defecation and urination. There was no history of cough. He and his twin brother lived with their paternal grandfather who had chronic cough with associated weight loss. The grandfather died shortly before the child′s admission. The child had no BCG immunization. The essential findings on examination were in keeping with lower motor neurons (LMN) paralysis of the lower limbs. The upper limbs appeared normal. There was loss of cutaneous sensation from the umbilicus (T10) downward. There was a firm, (rather tense), non-tender non-pulsatile, smooth swelling over the mid-third of the back (T6-L1) the mass had no differential warmth. It measures about 20×12 cm. Chest radiograph showed no active focal lung lesion, but the thoraco-lumbar spine showed a vertebral planner at L1 and a wedged collapse of T11-T12 vertebrae. There was sclerosis of the end plates of all the vertebral bodies with associated reduction in the bone density. He had an excision biopsy on the 90th day on admission, following which his clinical state rapidly deteriorated. He died within 48 h post surgery. This report aims at raising the local index of clinical suspicion by highlighting the reality of rarities, even in the presence of inadequate diagnostic facilities!
Equity Aspects of Canadian Immunization Programs: Differences within and between countries
Authors: Veras Mirella , Zakus David 
Published: November 2011

There is a global recognition that immunization is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions which should be available to everyone. The equity approach to immunization provides a holistic and integrated framework for addressing inequalities and disproportions in the realization of human rights. The aim of this study is to review the performance of the immunization programs in Canada through an equity lens using two analytical frameworks for immunization programs. It focuses on four elements of the programs: a) the burden of disease; b) immunization strategy; c) ability to evaluate; and d) research questions. To achieve universal access to vaccination, Canada should have a strong connection with human rights, where realities and outreach need to be prioritized. Preventable diseases such as influenza, H1N1, and varicella have been reported specifically in Aboriginal Canadians, immigrants and refugees. Our study seeks to demonstrate that access to vaccines should be considered one of the most vital human rights and as a matter of fundamental intervention to achieve health equity.
Global Health and the Demands of the Day
Authors: Stalcup Meg , Verguet Stéphane 
Published: November 2011

We have two goals in this paper: first, to provide a diagnosis of global health and underline some of its blockages; second, to offer an alternative interpretation of what the demands for those in global health may be. The assumption that health is a "good" that requires no further explanation, and that per se it can serve as an actual modus operandi, lays the foundations of the problem. Related blockages ensue and are described using HIV prevention with a focus on vaginal microbicides as a case study. Taking health as a self-evident, and self-explanatory "good" limits other possible goods; and prevents further inquiry into the actual practices of creating good practices and good measures. We propose that to create conditions under which global health could be reconstructed, "problematization" be taken up as a practice, around a series of questions asked in conjunction with those ever-urgent ones of how to ameliorate the condition of living beings.
Space, Identity and Health Risks: a study of domestic waste in Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Ajala Aderemi Suleiman 
Published: November 2011

Poor waste management has characterized Ibadan’s modern and historical identity. As a consequence, residents of Ibadan (indigenes) hold diverse views about the city's image, while non-indigenes label it "filthy" and "dirty". These perceptions, spatial and cultural, are deep rooted, intertwining with the political and cultural plane of Nigerian society. A distinction between “self” and “others” is seen to mark a discourse and counter discourse in the perception of health risks associated with domestic waste in the Ibadan. Through survey and descriptive ethnography, our paper examines the nature and extent of domestic waste in Ibadan, as a physical, community and psychological reality, where we seek to explain how generation and poor waste management impacts on these spaces and the very mechanics of identity. Different perceptions of health risks are observed as well the vulnerability to diseases associated with domestic waste and poor hygiene, bringing into play the socioeconomic variables and residential patterns which constitute the daily reality of this city. Our study establishes that the increase in urban population, the low economic status, the indiscriminate setting up of artisans’ shops or outlets and the overall inability of government agencies to monitor the menace of domestic waste and its attendant health risks, are central factors to the problem generically deemed one of “waste”.
Aniline
Authors: Kahl Thomas , Schröder Kai‐Wilfrid , Lawrence F. R. , Marshall W. J. , Höke Hartmut , Jäckh Rudolf 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical and Chemical Properties3.Production3.1.Raw Materials3.2.Processes3.2.1.Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene3.2.1.1.Catalytic Vapor‐Phase Hydrogenation3.2.1.2.Catalytic Liquid‐Phase Hydrogenation3.2.2.Reduction of Nitrobenzene with Iron and Iron Salts3.2.3.Amination of Phenol4.Quality Specifications5.Handling, Storage and Transportation6.Uses6.1.Methylene Diphenylene Isocyanate (MDI)6.2.Rubber Processing Chemicals6.3.Dyes and Pigments6.4.Agricultural Chemicals6.5.Pharmaceuticals6.6.Cyclohexylamine/Dicyclohexylamine6.7.Miscellaneous7.Economic Aspects8.Derivatives9.Toxicology9.1.Toxicokinetic Properties and Metabolism9.2.Toxicological Properties10.Occupational Health
Azo Dyes, 1. General
Authors: Hunger Klaus , Mischke Peter , Rieper Wolfgang 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Production2.1.Diazotization and Coupling2.1.1.Diazotization2.1.2.Coupling2.2.Other Azo Group Syntheses2.2.1.Condensation of Nitro Compounds with Amines2.2.2.Reduction of Nitro Compounds2.2.3.Oxidation of Amino Compounds2.3.Synthesis from Azo Compounds2.3.1.Exposure of Concealed or Protected Amino Groups2.3.2.Acylation of Amino Azo Compounds2.3.3.Alkylation and Acylation of Phenolic Hydroxyl Groups2.3.4.Metal‐Complex Formation2.4.Processes without Industrial Importance2.4.1.Reduction of Diazonium Compounds2.4.2.Oxidative Coupling2.4.3.Dehydrogenation of Diarylhydrazines2.4.4.Reaction of Arylhydrazines with Quinones2.4.5.Condensation of Nitroso Compounds with Amines2.4.6.Azo Compounds from Azido Compounds2.5.Equipment for Industrial Production of Azo Dyes
Ceramics, Advanced Structural Products
Authors: Roger Cannon W. , Gugel Ernst , Leimer Gerhard , Woetting Gerhard , Heimann Robert B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Advanced Structural Ceramics in Engineering – An Overview3.General Mechanical Properties3.1.Failure of Brittle Materials — Flaws3.2.The Small Strain to Failure3.3.Effects of Microstructure on Strength3.4.Effects of Temperature on Strength3.5.Wear Resistance and Hardness4.Individual Ceramic Materials4.1.Alumina4.2.Zirconia4.3.Silicon Carbide4.4.Silicon Nitride4.5.Boron Carbide4.6.Ceramic–Ceramic Composites4.7.Other Ceramic Materials5.Manufacturing and Testing Methods6.Uses
Ceramics, Electronic
Authors: Blum John B. , Heimann Robert B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Theoretical Background2.1.Dielectric Effects and Classification of Dielectrics2.2.Characteristic Dielectric Parameters3.Linear Dielectrics3.1.Al2O33.2.New Substrate Materials3.3.Polymer–Ceramic Composites4.Nonlinear Dielectrics4.1.Physics of Ferro‐ and Piezoelectricity4.2.BaTiO3(BT)4.3.PbTiO3, PbZrO3, PbTiO3–PbZrO34.3.1.Crystal Structures, Processing, and Properties4.3.2.Applications4.4.PLZT4.5.Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3/Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3(PMN/PZN)4.6.PbNb2O64.7.LiNbO3, LiTaO34.8.Lead‐Free Perovskites4.9.Calcium Gallium Germanate (CGG) Compounds4.10.Other Materials5.Semiconducting Ceramics5.1.SiC5.1.1.Structure and Properties5.1.2.Single‐Crystal Growth5.1.3.Doping and Device Fabrication5.1.4.Applications5.2.TiO26.Superconducting Ceramics7.Sensor Materials7.1.Oxide‐Based Sensors7.2.Ferroic, Smart, and Intelligent Sensors
Citric Acid
Authors: Verhoff Frank H. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Chemical Properties

4.

Production

4.1.

Laboratory Synthesis

4.2.

Early Production

4.3.

Fermentation

4.3.1.

Surface Fermentation

4.3.2.

Submerged Fermentation

4.3.3.

Other Fermentation Methods

4.4.

Recovery

5.

Quality Specifications and Uses

6.

Economic Aspects