bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FEEDING HABITS AND FOOD PREFERENCES OF MELANOPLUS BIVITTATUS AND M. FEMURRUBRUM (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Bailey C. G. , Mukerji M. K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe feeding habits of Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) and M. femurrubrum (DeGeer) in an Ontario grassland were investigated by analyzing crop contents. The study revealed that both species are mixed feeders which prefer forbs over grasses. Both species ingested a wide range of host plants in the field, showing preferences for some species over others. Differential growth and mortality resulted when grasshoppers were reared on different host plants.
A REVISION OF THE ISMARINAE OF THE NEW WORLD (HYMENOPTERA, PROCTOTRUPOIDEA, DIAPRIIDAE)
Authors: Masner Lubomir 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe genus Ismarus Haliday of the New World is revised. Twenty-one species are recognized, described, and keyed, of which the following 16 are new: I. brevicornis n. sp. ♂ (Mexico), I. clarkae n. sp. ♀ (Canada), I. dux n. sp. ♂ (Panama, Costa Rica), I. flavicrus n. sp. ♀ (Mexico), I. flavigena n. sp. ♂ (Canada, U.S.A.), I. gibsoni n. sp. ♀ (Canada, U.S.A.), I. gracilis n. sp. ♀ ♂ (Mexico, Panama), I. helavai n. sp. ♀ (Panama), I. masoni n. sp. ♀ ♂ (Mexico), I. mexicanus n. sp. ♀ ♂ (Mexico), I. neotropicus n. sp. ♀ ♂ (Brazil), I. porteri n. sp. ♂ (Argentina), I. orion n. sp. ♀ (Mexico), I. rex n. sp. ♀ ♂ (Mexico), I. varicornis n. sp. ♀ (Brazil), and I. vigil n. sp. ♂ (U.S.A.). The hitherto unknown males of I. americanus Fouts and I. nevadensis Kieff. are described. I. rugulosus Foerst., I. halidayi Foerst., and I. flavicornis (Thorns.), previously known from Europe, are recorded from Canada and the U.S.A. Higher classification, interrelationships, and world distribution of Ismarus are discussed.
A REVIEW OF THE SPIDER GENUSPHILODROMUSIN THE AMERICAS (ARANEIDA: PHILODROMIDAE)
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Redner J. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPhilodromusWalckenaer 1826 and its seven component species groups in the Americas are defined and diagnosed. The 12 species of theaureolusgroup are keyed, diagnosed, and mapped.P.obscurusBlackwail, 1871 is placed in synonymy underP.cespitum(Walckenaer, 1802).P.lutulentusGertsch, 1934 is raised to species status from synonymy underP.laticepsKeyserling, 1880, andP.eremusBuckle, 1973 is placed in synonymy underP.lutulentus.P.agreutesSchick, 1965 is placed in synonymy underP.californicusKeyserling, 1884, andP.decolorO. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899 underP.satullusKeyserling, 1880. The South American speciesP.fuliginosusNicoletinGay, 1849,P.juniorNicoletinGay, 1849, andP.meridionalisKeyserling, 1891 are removed to the genusPetrichus, andP.setosusPetrunkevitch, 1929 is removed to the genusThanatus, where it becomes a junior synonym ofT.vulgarisSimon, 1870.
SEX PHEROMONE OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): OPTIMUM BLEND OF TRANS- AND CIS-11-TETRADECENAL
Authors: Sanders C. J. , Weatherston J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA reinvestigation of the sex pheromone of the eastern spruce bud worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), showed that it contains 11-tetradecenal in the ratio 96% trans-: 4% cis-. Field trapping showed the pure trans- compound to be only slightly attractive. Maximum attraction occurred in the range 2% to 5% cis-.
RELATION OF MORTALITY CAUSED BY PARASITES TO THE POPULATION DENSITY OF HYPHANTRIA CUNEA
Authors: Morris R. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractParasitism in natural populations of Hyphantria cunea Drury was measured in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, 1957–1973. Thirteen parasite species were recovered during this period but only a few caused an appreciable degree of mortality. The per cent mortality showed an immediate rather than a delayed response to host density, the relationship being direct up to a density of about 10 host colonies per mile, then inverse. Possible reasons for this sort of relationship are discussed.
AGGREGATION OF SPRUCE BEETLES (COLEOPTERA) TO SEUDENOL AND REPRESSION OF ATTRACTION BY METHYLCYCLOHEXENONE IN ALASKA
Authors: Furniss Malcolm M. , Baker Bruce H. , Hostetler Bruce B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn tests conducted on the Kenai National Moose Range, Alaska, seudenol and α-pinene attracted more spruce beetles (Dendroctonus rufipennis(Kirby)) than did frontalin and α-pinene, the best previously reported synthetic attractant. Addition of methylcyclohexenone (MCH) to sticky traps baited with spruce logs (Picea glauca(Moench) Voss.) infested with 20 female spruce beetles or to traps treated with seudenol and α-pinene reduced the number of spruce beetles caught by 87% and 99%, respectively. MCH appears to have similar repressive effect on the attraction of spruce beetle populations that differ in their geographic locations and hosts. A total of 179 other scolytids, representing 8 genera and 10 species, were caught by traps; greatest numbers were attracted to treatments containingtrans-verbenol and uninfested spruce log sections.Scierus pubescens(Swaine) was recorded from Alaska for the first time. No members ofThanasimusspecies were caught although they have been consistently present in abundance in similar tests elsewhere.
LIFE HISTORIES OF COEXISTING SPECIES OFCERACLEACADDISFLIES (TRICHOPTERA: LEPTOCERIDAE): THE OPERATION OF INDEPENDENT FUNCTIONAL UNITS IN A STREAM ECOSYSTEM
Authors: Resh Vincent H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBionomics of the stream caddisflies,Ceraclea transversa(Hagen) (=Athripsodes angustusBanks) andCeraclea ancylus(Vorhies) (=Athripsodes ancylus(Vorhies)) were compared with generalized trichopteran life cycles. The univoltine detritus-feedingC.ancylushas five larval instars and a brief adult emergence period.C.transversahas five larval instars but two distinct cohorts, in which larvae of the first cohort feed entirely on freshwater sponge, overwinter as inactive prepupae, pupate, and emerge the following spring. The second larval cohort feeds on sponge until the onset of gemmulation in autumn, then the larvae must overwinter as active third- or fourth-instar detritus-feeders, pupating and emerging later in the summer than the first cohort. The detritus-feedingC.ancyluslarvae have a diurnal feeding cycle. The sand case ofC.ancylusand the silk-secreted case ofC.transversadiffer in shape and composition, although both species initiate case construction using egg mass matrix, silk, and detritus. Emergence, flight activity, sex ratios, and adult survival depart from reported generalizations of caddisfly biology. Neither the validity of generalizing typical life cycles in benthic studies, nor the rationale that congeneric species operate as a functional unit in stream dynamics, is substantiated.
THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE). ARTIFICIAL DIET AND REARING TECHNIQUE
Authors: Bucher G. E. , Bracken G. K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA technique is described for rearing successive generations of the insect in numbers from 200 to 40,000 continuously without diapause. All components of the diet are commercially available and the principal ingredients are of plant origin. Survival at four stages of development is given and the causes of mortality are discussed. The per cent survival of insects from instar III to pupation times the percentage of perfect female pupae obtained at harvest gives a factor considered to be the best measure of the worth of an artificial diet. The variability of these statistics is shown by frequency distributions obtained in 50 independent tests of the diet. Overall survival of 84% times 73% perfect females gave a diet worth factor of 61. An analysis of rearing costs is presented. Although 15 continuous generations have been reared, egg production of the highly selected strain has not deteriorated.
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON NON-DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT IN MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Bailey Clyde G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDifferential survival and development rates were obtained for the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Wlk., reared at nine constant temperatures. Eggs and larvae had high survival rates at temperatures ranging from 8 °C to 32 °C and pupae showed good survival between 8 °C and 28 °C. Eggs and larvae did not complete development at 6° and 36 °C; and 32 °C was lethal for pupae. Duration of the egg, larval, and pupal stages decreased as the temperature increased from 8 °C to 28 °C. When duration and developmental rates were plotted against temperatures, the observed points did not differ significantly from curves formulated from the logistic equation 1/y = K/(1 + ea−bx). With a developmental threshold of 7 °C, 82, 356, and 352 accumulated day-degrees above the threshold were required for development of eggs, larvae, and pupae, respectively.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): V. REARING PROCEDURES, AND LIFE CYCLES OF 36 SPECIES
Authors: Hinks C. F. , Byers J. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA rearing method, based upon an artificial diet, has proved successful in establishing laboratory colonies of 36 species of the genus Euxoa. The diet is described, along with methods for controlling disease, particularly by the use of antimicrobial agents.Many of the 36 species of Euxoa have not been reared before and their habits and life histories are little known. The data derived from their development under laboratory conditions and which can be related to seasonal distribution are recorded. Particular emphasis is given to the overwintering stage and to the occurrence of an aestivating stage.
THE DISPERSAL OF LOPHYROPLECTUS LUTEATOR (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) ON NEODIPRION SERTIFER (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE) IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Rose A. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe introduced parasite Lophyroplectus luteator Thunberg has spread 305 km in an easterly direction in the 13 years since its release and has dispersed faster in southern Ontario than its host, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy). The prevailing westerly winds were probably an important factor. The limited dispersal from a second liberation is discussed.
AN UPPER BOUNDARY FOR THE SEX RATIO IN A HAPLODIPLOID INSECT
Authors: Mackauer M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMated females of the aphid parasiteAphidius smithiproduced only unfertilized eggs (i.e. sons) for the first 2–3 h after copulation and a variable proportion of fertilized eggs (i.e. daughters) thereafter. As a result, the mean proportion of daughters among the offspring of single females was always less than unity, even in a highly favourable environment; the limiting value of the sex ratio was estimated at approximately 85% females. An argument is presented that in haplodiploid species with a variable and environmentally controlled sex ratio a male-producing mechanism is required to ensure the production of a sufficient number of males for the fertilization of all females.
GENETIC CONTROL OF INSECT POPULATIONS: ISOLATION AND FITNESS DETERMINATION OF AUTOSOMAL TRANSLOCATIONS
Authors: Reid J. A. Keith , Wehrhahn C. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRecent advances in genetic insect control theory have made it important to investigate the fitness effects of, and isolation procedures for, autosomal translocations. We isolated 57 autosomal translocations inDrosophila melanogaster(Dipt., Dros.). Twenty-one were homozygous-viable and a few of these were almost as viable as wild-types. From data obtained during the isolation of these translocations it appears that those translocations whose heterozygotes produce high levels of unbalanced gametes have the same range of homozygous viabilities as others. We may infer, therefore, that it is possible to use our simple marker-free isolation method to isolate translocations with sufficiently low heterozygote and sufficiently high homozygote fitness to make population replacement practicable.This is confirmed in population cage competition experiments. It appears that between 5 and 10% of induced marker-free translocations may be useful for population replacement.
SELECTION FOR A UNIVOLTINE STRAIN OF MEGACHILE (EUTRICHARAEA) PACIFICA (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)
Authors: Hobbs G. A. , Richards K. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA strain of the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile pacifica Panzer, that has produced less than 1% second-generation adults for 3 consecutive years was produced by selection against bivoltinism. The selection process also resulted in the production of bees that reproduced at a much higher rate than the unselected parent stock.
HYLEMYA EXTREMITATA(DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) AND SPECIES OF CHLOROPIDAE ASSOCIATED WITH INJURY TO BROMEGRASS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF LARVAE
Authors: Teskey H. J. , Clarke J. M. , Elliott C. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA brief infestation of near outbreak proportions by larvae ofHylemya extremitataMalloch occurred on bromegrass,Bromus inermisLeyss andB.pumpellianusScribn., at Beaverlodge, Alta., in 1971–72. Larvae feeding primarily on meristematic tissue caused injury to as many as 20% of the grass tillers examined. Mature larvae overwintered within the tillers. Adults emerged in mid-June. Descriptions are given of the three larval stages of this species and of mature larvae of the first two of the following four species of Chloropidae, which were also found living within the bromegrass:Olcella provocans(Becker),Oscinella coxendix(Fitch),Oscinella incertaBecker, andConioscinella melancholicaBecker.
SIZE- AND SEX-RELATED EMERGENCE, AND SURVIVAL IN COLD STORAGE, OF MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE ADULTS
Authors: Safranyik L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLarvae of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk., were reared to adults in naturally infested bolts of lodgepole pine, Pinus conforta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm., at 21 ± 3 °C. The mean pronotal width of the emerging beetles of both sexes decreased, and the male:female ratio increased, during the emergence period. On the average, larger individuals of both sexes survived longer when adult beetles were stored at 1 ± 2 °C. Also, the male:female ratio of the surviving beetles decreased with increased storage duration. These and related results in the literature suggest that in natural populations of the mountain pine beetle average adult size increases, and the male:female ratio decreases, following stress-induced mortality in the larval and(or) adult stages.
FUMIGATION OF APPLES UNDER PLASTIC TARPAULINS WITH ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE TO CONTROL DIAPAUSING EUROPEAN RED MITE (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE) EGGS
Authors: Sanford K. H. , Stewart D. K. R. , Poapst P. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOverwintering eggs of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), were killed on McIntosh and Red Delicious apples by 4½-h fumigation treatments with ethylene dibromide. Constant concentrations of 8 mg EDB/1. at 14 °C achieved 100% mortality, and absorption of the fumigant by the apples, the bins, and the chamber was determined so that the amount of fumigant for various size commercial loads could be calculated. Treatments increased scald on McIntosh but reduced it on Red Delicious. Taste and other qualities of the fruit were not affected.
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE NAMIB DESERT TENEBRIONID BEETLE ONYMACRIS RUGATIPENNIS
Authors: Hamilton William J. , Buskirk Ruth E. , Buskirk William H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOnymacris rugatipennis is one of several diurnal adesmiine tenebrionid beetles living in various habitats near Gobabeb in the Namib Desert, South West Africa.Late in the active part of the female daily cycle and before they dig into the ground, females are often persistently followed by one or more males. Intruding male challenges to followers are commonplace. Following occurs during the latter phase of the morning and especially during the afternoon activity cycle. Early in these activity cycles the principle male activity is feeding. Males emerge in the morning earlier than females, and late in their activity period most males are engaged in following or attempts to dislodge other followers. Of the five diurnal adesmiine species living near Gobabeb, only the males of O. rugatipennis fight with one another and defend space. Their space is maintained above the site where a female has dug into the ground at midday or in the evening. Defense involves exclusion of other males from the immediate vicinity of the female. Alien males are immediately evicted, but on some occasions there are serious challenges. Pairs of males may engage in vigorous wrestling matches involving head butting, shoving, throwing, biting, and kicking. Evenly matched individuals may wrestle for over 30 min and for more than 20 falls. The winner of such encounters remains over the buried female. The last individual to hold the space in the evening may mate with the resident female. The observed behavior is not territorial in the sense that there are no mutually recognized frontiers. There is, however, exclusive use of space and aggressive defense of that space.Social order is re-established daily. There are no persistent inter-individual bonds between males and females. Males may return to the general area but not the exact place where they held space the previous day. Many individuals move long distances from the place where they were active on the preceding day.Larger males tend to win wrestling matches. However, males are on the average smaller than females. Since larval males live in the habitats occupied by females, adult male body size is apparently not limited by larval energy limits. Hence we conclude that small adult male body size conveys advantages which may outweigh the disadvantage in wrestling matches. Some of the possible selection relationships countering large male size are discussed.Females reject most mating attempts by males when they are active on the surface. They exercise no choice in mate selection following burrowing. Hence the mating system results in mating by the most persistent male followers and aggressive individuals able to hold the space above the place where the female burrows into the ground.
MATING ABILITY IN NEODIPRION SERTIFER (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Lyons L. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLaboratory tests showed that the mating frequency of males of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) averaged 4.28 and varied from 0 to 11. A few adults of both sexes did not mate, despite repeated opportunities. As many virgin as mated females oviposited, but virgins laid 19% fewer eggs. Progeny sex ratios were independent of the number of previous matings by the parental male, but apparently were inversely related to the male’s mating ability and may have been determined paternally.
EFFECT OF VARIED COPULATORY PERIODS OF MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) FEMALES ON EGG HATCHABILITY AND HATCHLING SEX RATIOS
Authors: Pickford R. , Gillott C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMating studies with M. sanguinipes (Fabr.) indicated that egg hatchability and percentage of males among the hatchlings decreased as copulatory period decreased; this was probably caused by depletion of viable sperm in the female resulting from inadequate sexual contact with the male.
RESOURCE UTILIZATION BY THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Coulson Robert N. , Mayyasi Adil M. , Foltz J. L. , Hain F. P. , Martin W. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe process of resource utilization by Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman attacking loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., was investigated. The quantitative relationship of attacking parent adult D. frontalis as a function of the normalized infested bole height is described by the model y = Ax(1−x)eBx. Greatest attack density occurs at the mid-bole of the tree and tapers toward the top and bottom. Gallery length (and hence eggs)/100 cm2 was independent of attack density. The relationship between gallery length (or eggs) per parent adult and parent adult density is described by the exponential decay curve y = AeBx, indicating that gallery length and egg population density are controlled by a density dependent compensatory feedback process operating instantaneously. Further support for the mechanism was obtained by analyzing the gallery length per parent adult at different locations on the infested bole. The relationship is described by the model y = [AeBx]/[x(1−x)] and indicates that gallery construction and egg population per attacking beetle increase in the upper and basal portion of the bole. The result is a uniform amount of food and space per individual of the developing population.
EVALUATION OF PHEROMONE BAITED TRAPS IN A PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ON PEARS FOR CODLING MOTH CONTROL
Authors: Westigard P. H. , Graves K. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTraps baited with the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), sex pheromone, trans-8, trans- 10-dodecadien-1-ol, were evaluated for their suitability in a pest management program in an area of high host abandonment. Modifications in trap design, trap condition, or pheromone cap type resulted in variation in male moth catch. In commercial orchards the necessity of both interior and perimeter traps is indicated. Reduction in pesticide sprays was obtained in two of the four orchards monitored, but utilization of traps in a pest management program is hampered by several factors including orchard design, grower attitude, and considerations of cultural practices.
INFLUENCE OF DIETARY COPPER AND ZINC ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF THE HOUSE CRICKET (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE)
Authors: McFarlane J. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe addition of copper to an artificial diet greatly improves growth of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.). Adding zinc improves growth in the presence of added copper, but not in its absence, indicating an interaction between the two trace elements. Reproduction is always ’normal’ with added copper in the diet. Zinc added at a low level will support ’normal’ reproduction, but not at high levels. Survival is poor without added copper in the diet. It is suggested that the minimum growth requirements for zinc and copper are a total of 23 μg/g diet and 14 μg/g diet respectively.
COMPLEXITIES IN THE NUMBER OF LARVAL INSTARS OF THE BIRCH CASEBEARER IN NEWFOUNDLAND (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE)
Authors: Raske Arthur G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe birch casebearer, Coleophora fuscedinella Zeller, has five larval instars in northeastern North America, but commonly only four in insular Newfoundland. The occurrence of four larval instars in Newfoundland represents the omission of either the third or the fourth instar. Local Newfoundland populations may have five larval instars, but the late-developing larvae of these populations have only four larval instars. Head capsule width can be used to identify instars but case characteristics are recommended because the bimodality of third instar head widths can cause confusion.
RELATIONSHIP OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURES TO DIEL PERIODICITIES OF SEX ATTRACTION IN SIX SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Comeau A. , Cardé R. T. , Roelofs W. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractField studies of male sex attraction rhythms in Argyrotaenia velutinana and five other lepidopterous species reveal that the diel periodicity was modified by ambient temperature. The temperature near the mean hour of attraction appeared to be the most important environmental parameter correlated to the shift in rhythmicity.