bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF DAIRY PROTEIN BLENDS ON TEXTURE OF HIGH PROTEIN BARS
Authors: IMTIAZ S. RIZANA , KUHN‐SHERLOCK BARBARA , CAMPBELL MONICA 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTA number of studies have focused on bar hardening of protein bars. The instrumental texture analyzer measurement of peak force is known to measure bar hardness or firmness. However, to understand overall bar texture, another important texture dimension, crumbliness/cohesiveness, needs to be considered. This study was based on three functionally modified dairy proteins, including one whey protein concentrate and two milk protein concentrates. A mixture design was used to study the synergistic effects of these three proteins on bar texture. Instrumental texture parameters that correlated with sensory texture were developed. Peak force (Force 1) was correlated with firmness (being opposite of softness) dimension, and maximum negative force (Force 2) was correlated with cohesiveness (being opposite of crumbliness). Mathematical models with R2 > 90% were developed to optimize the texture over a 12‐month storage period, with storage at 20C, for bars using one or more of the three proteins.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSProtein bar manufacturers will be able to select the type of dairy protein and the level of the proteins in a blend required to achieve desired texture in bars based on the findings of this study. The whey protein concentrate, used in this study, proved to be important to minimize firmness over time. The milk protein concentrates in this study performed differently from each other in bars due to the different modifications made during the manufacture of these ingredients. This study has also shown the importance of the crumbliness/cohesiveness texture dimension and investigated a method to quantify this using instrumental texture analysis. The mixture design approach used in this study could be applied to a bar manufacturer's specific formulation to develop a predictive model that will help them adjust key ingredient levels to manipulate the texture in bars.
EFFECT OF FILL LEVEL IN MIXER VISCOMETRY
Authors: SULAIMAN RABIHA , DOLAN KIRK D. , STEFFE JAMES F. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThe effects of viscometer fluid level on the consistency coefficient (K) and flow behavior index (n) were evaluated using the torque curve method. Experiments with four levels of fill (multiples of the impeller height) with a Haake pitched paddle mixer impeller were conducted. Newtonian fluids and non‐Newtonian fluids were used to determine thek′,k″,Kandnvalues of each sample at different fill levels while keeping the impeller Reynolds number in the laminar flow range. This is the first quantitative study showing that mixer constant value (k′) and rheological properties (especially theKvalue) obtained from mixer viscometry are a function of fluid fill level. The recommended fluid fill level based on the matching viscosity method is 1.5 times the height of mixer impeller.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe study is useful in mixer viscometry applications aimed at establishing engineering design data and for quality control testing of materials having large particulates, settling problems and phase separation.
PREDICTION OF EXTENSOGRAPH PROPERTIES OF WHEAT‐FLOUR DOUGH: ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS AND A GENETIC ALGORITHM APPROACH
Authors: ABBASI HAJAR , ARDABILI SEYYED MAHDI SEYEDAIN , EMAM‐DJOMEH ZAHRA , MOHAMMADIFAR MOHAMMAD AMIN , ZEKRI MARYAM , AGHAGHOLIZADEH ROYA 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTWheat‐flour dough is a viscoelastic material with nonlinear rheological behavior. Extensograph is a useful system for dough rheological measurement. Our purpose in this research was to apply soft computation tools for predicting the extensograph properties of dough from several physicochemical properties of flour. This study used the resulting model to suggest modifications of processing conditions for reducing economic loss and minimizing product quality deterioration. A generalized feed‐forward artificial neural network (ANN) with a back‐propagation learning algorithm was employed to estimate the extensograph properties of dough. Trial and error and genetic algorithm (GA) were applied in the training phase for developing an ANN with an optimized structure. Developed ANN using GA has excellent potential for predicting the extensograph properties of dough. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore the ability of inputs in predicting the extensograph properties of dough. Results showed gluten index was the most sensitive input in dough extensograph characterizations.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSExtensograph is a suitable instrument for measuring the stretching properties of dough to make reliable statements about the baking behavior of the wheat‐flour dough in practical industrial applications and in research. Rheological measurements of each batch in the production line are very useful and make online and in‐time process adjustments possible, but this is usually impractical in an industrial setting. Therefore, accurate prediction of dough rheology could provide many benefits to the baking industry for satisfying consumer demands. In the current study, genetic algorithm‐neural network approach was applied to predict extensograph properties of dough as affected by physicochemical properties of flour. In comparison with trial and error, genetic algorithm can determine an artificial neural network's topology and inputs in less time with excellent performance in prediction. According to the results of sensitivity analyses, of the seven investigated inputs, changes in gluten index have the most effect on estimating extensograph properties of dough.
EFFECT OF MILK FAT, KEFIR GRAIN INOCULUM AND STORAGE TIME ON THE FLOW PROPERTIES AND MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KEFIR
Authors: MAGRA TAXIARHOULA I. , ANTONIOU KLIO D. , PSOMAS EVDOXIOS I. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThe flow behavior, pH and the main microbial populations of kefir, produced from commercial pasteurized and homogenized bovine milk with fat contents of 0, 1.5 or 3.5% (w/w) and the addition of 1, 3 or 7% (w/w) of kefir grains, were examined after storage for 0, 7 and 14 days at 4C. Increasing the kefir grain inoculum or the storage time of the final product resulted in pH reduction. The viscosity of kefir increased as the fat content of the milk increased, whereas it was reduced during storage for 14 days. Samples prepared with 7% kefir grains exhibited greater viscosity values when compared with samples prepared with 1 and 3%. The increase of kefir grain content resulted in a reduction of lactococci and an increase of yeasts, whereas increasing storage time of kefir resulted in population reduction for lactococci and lactobacilli and to an increase of yeasts.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSKefir is a dairy product with noticeable nutritional and health‐related attributes increasing its market potential in today's health‐oriented food market. The quality of the product, its standardization and the parameters affecting it is of scientific and commercial interest. The present study investigates the effect of milk fat content, kefir grain inoculum and storage time on the microbial populations, the pH and especially the rheological properties of the product. A prototype pneumatic tube rheometer was used for the study of the rheological properties of kefir and their development during fermentation and storage.
Poststroke Infections are an Independent Risk Factor for Poor Functional Outcome after Three-months in Thrombolysed Stroke Patients
Authors: Rocco Andrea , Fam Geraldine , Sykora Marek , Diedler Jennifer , Nagel Simon , Ringleb Peter 
Published: May 2012

Background Infections are common complications in patients with acute ischemic stroke; however, the pathophysiology of the stroke-induced immunodepression is still under debate. Although it has been shown that increased mortality and longer hospital stay are associated with the presence of poststroke infections, it remains unclear if early poststroke infections occurring in the first seven-days have an effect on the overall functional outcome. Aims Aim of our study was to identify the frequency of poststroke infections in thrombolysed stroke patients and to analyze their effect on the outcome after three-months. Methods From 1998 to 2011, all patients in our institution undergoing thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke were included into a prospective database. Baseline variables, clinical, radiographic, and laboratory data were collected prospectively. Outcome measures included symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage per European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study II criteria, mortality, and modified Rankin Scale at three-months. Logistic regression models were used to identify independent predictors for poor outcome where appropriate. Results One thousand sixteen patients were included; of them, 36·3% had an infection during the first week. Pneumonia (9·6%) and urinary tract infections (5·4%) were most frequent. Severity of stroke ( P < 0·0001), infarct size ( P < 0·0001), atrial fibrillation ( P = 0·005), and cardio embolic cause of stroke ( P < 0·0001) were associated with infections. Age (odds ratio 1·089, 95% confidence interval 1·064–1·115, P < 0·0001), severity of stroke (odds ratio 1·111, 95% confidence interval 1·073–1·149; P < 0·0001) history of diabetes (odds ratio 0·555. 95% confidence interval 0·357–0·864; P = 0·009), infarct size (odds ratio 4·256 95% confidence interval 2·697–6·745; P < 0·0001), infections (odds ratio 1·548, 95% confidence interval 1·008–2·376; P = 0·046), and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage were independent predictors for poor outcome after three-months. Conclusions In our cohort of thrombolysed stroke patients, poststroke infections were frequent in patients with severe cardio embolic stroke, a large infarct, and a longer hospital stay; those patients have a higher risk of infection and a poorer functional outcome after three-months. This risk increases after occurrence of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Prevention of infection with antibiotic therapy or other prophylactic treatment could potentially lead to a better functional outcome and further randomized studies on this aspect are needed.
Interventions to Increase Enrollment in a Large Multicenter Phase 3 Trial of Carotid Stenting Vs. Endarterectomy
Authors: Longbottom Mary E. , Roberts Jamie N. , Tom MeeLee , Hughes Susan E. , Howard Virginia J. , Sheffet Alice J. , Meschia James F. , Brott Thomas G. ,   for the CREST Investigators
Published: May 2012

Background Randomized clinical trials often encounter slow enrollment. Failing to meet sample size requirements has scientific, financial, and ethical implications. Aims We report interventions used to accelerate recruitment in a large multicenter clinical trial that was not meeting prespecified enrollment commitments. Methods The Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy vs. Stenting Trial began randomization in December 2000. To accelerate enrollment, multiple recruitment tactics were initiated, which included expanding the number of sites, hiring a recruitment director (May 2003), broadening eligibility criteria (April 2005), branding with a study logo, Web site, and recruitment materials, increasing site visits by study leadership, sending e-mails to the site teams after every enrollment, distributing electronic newsletters, and implementing investigator and coordinator conferences. Results From December 2000 through May 2003, 14 sites became active (54 patients randomized), from June 2003 through April 2005, 44 sites were added (404 patients randomized), and from May 2005 through July 2008, 54 sites were added (2044 patients randomized). During these time intervals, the number of patients enrolled per site per year was 1.5, 3.6, and 5.6. For the single years 2004 to 2008, the mean monthly randomization rates per year were 19.7, 38.1, 56.4, 53.0, and 54.7 (annualized), respectively. Enrollment was highest after recruitment tactics were implemented: 677 patients in 2006, 636 in 2007, and 657 in 2008 (annualized). The prespecified sample size of 2502 patients, 47% asymptomatic, was accomplished on July 2008. Conclusions Aggressive recruitment tactics and investment in a full-time recruitment director who can lead implementation may be effective in accelerating recruitment in multicenter trials.
Predictors of Poststroke Driving or Riding in Indian Stroke Patients (POINT Study)
Authors: Bose Shiti , Kaur Paramdeep , Dhillon Sudeepa , Raju Rinu Susan , Pandian Jeyaraj D. 
Published: May 2012

Background There is no information regarding the proportion of stroke patients who drive or ride after a stroke from developing countries. Aim We aimed to study the predictors of poststroke driving or riding and its impact on social life in Indian patients. Methods This study was done in the stroke and neurology clinics of Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, from May 1, 2008 to May 31, 2010. Patients were recruited if they had completed ≥1-year follow-up. Subjects were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Stroke outcome was assessed by using the modified Rankin scale. Outcome was classified as good (modified Rankin scale ≤2) and poor (modified Rankin scale >2). Results Two hundred and one patients were interviewed. Mean age was 58·0 ± 13·4 years (median 59 years, range 17–85 years), 139 (69·2%) were men. The mean duration of follow-up was 37·4 ± 29·2 months (range 19–210 months). Out of 201 patients, 132 (65·7%) drove or rode before stroke and among them only 54 (40·9%) returned to driving or riding after stroke [men 53 (98·1%)]. Among the 78 who did not return to driving or riding, 51 (65·4%) had an impact on social life. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the predictors of inability to drive were lower education (odds ratio 0·32, confidence interval 0·12–0·89, P = 0·03), unemployment (odds ratio 4·59, confidence interval 1·67–12·6, P = 0·003), and poor outcome (odds ratio 3·97, confidence interval 1·06–14·8, P = 0·04). Conclusions Only 40·9% of the patients returned to driving or riding. Lower education, unemployment, and poor recovery were the predictors of inability to drive or ride. Inability to drive had a major impact in their social life.
Evaluation of serovar‐independent ELISA antigens of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in pigs, following experimental challenge with A. pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Eamens GJ , Gonsalves JR , Whittington A‐M , Turner B 
Published: May 2012

Objective  To compare the sensitivity and specificity of six serological enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) based on serovar‐independent antigens of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) and investigate cross‐reactivity in disease‐free pigs challenged with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida.Design  Five experimental pig trials using direct challenge with App serovars 1, 7 or 15 or direct challenge with M. hyopneumoniae and/or various dose rates of P. multocida.Procedure  A 39‐kDa outer membrane protein antigen and five recombinant antigens from the apxIVA gene of App were evaluated. The latter were derived from the ApxIVA N‐terminus (ApxIVA‐N, ApxIVA‐NP, ApxIVA‐NPS) or C‐terminus (ApxIVA‐C, ApxIVA‐CP). Pigs were sampled after challenge and clinical and necropsy findings evaluated.Results  The 39‐kDa ELISA had high sensitivity but lacked specificity, with significantly increased cross‐reactivity following P. multocida challenge. ELISAs based on ApxIVA N‐terminus antigens were significantly more sensitive than C‐terminus antigens for the detection of App‐induced disease. Although ApxIVA‐N and ApxIVA‐NP ELISAs had increased reactivity following P. multocida challenge, they retained high specificity for App‐induced disease (90–93%). Affinity purified ApxIVA‐NP antigen had marginally better specificity than ApxIVA‐N, without reduced sensitivity. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae did not affect serological cross‐reactivity. In disease‐free pigs, the specificity of the ApxIVA‐NPS ELISA may be adversely affected by nasal carriage of apparently low‐virulence App strains.Conclusions  ApxIVA‐N‐based ELISAs can be used for evaluating App status in commercial herds, but some appear limited by high carriage rates of low‐virulence App. The 39‐kDa antigen is only of merit in exclusion of App disease by negative serology.
Idiopathic haemarthrosis in eight horses
Authors: Vallance SA , Lumsden JM , Begg AP , O'Sullivan CB 
Published: May 2012

Objectives  To review eight horses diagnosed with idiopathic haemarthrosis and to describe the intra‐articular use of yttrium‐90 (90Y) and methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) in recurrent haemarthrosis cases.Design  Retrospective case series.Method  The medical records, diagnostic images, histopathology and outcome of all horses diagnosed with idiopathic haemarthrosis between 1998 and 2010 were reviewed.Results  Four Thoroughbred racehorses with haemarthrosis of the antebrachiocarpal joint had severe acute lameness (median, grade 4) and marked joint effusion after high‐speed exercise. Another four horses (2 Thoroughbred racehorses, 1 Standardbred racehorse, 1 Warmblood) had haemarthrosis of the tarsocrural joint and presented with mild, intermittent lameness (median, grade 1) and marked, persistent joint effusion. Six of the eight horses had recurrent haemarthrosis prior to treatment. Radiographic and nuclear scintigraphic examinations did not identify bone pathology. Diagnostic arthroscopy (7 cases) identified grossly hypertrophied yellow/brown discoloured synovium. Synovial histopathology of these cases revealed chronic synovial hyperplasia with severe haemosiderosis and granulomatous inflammatory reaction of varying severity. All horses underwent rest, bandaging and phenylbutazone administration. Two horses had subtotal mechanical synovectomy, four horses had intra‐articular administration of 90Y and MPA, and one horse underwent both treatments. Seven cases returned to their previous use (median time, 7 months). Haemarthrosis recurred in three horses, two of which had received the 90Y and MPA treatment.Conclusion  Idiopathic haemarthrosis should be considered a differential for acute and recurrent joint related lameness and effusion. Recurrence appears not uncommon and the use of intra‐articular 90Y and MPA in conjunction with a conservative management treatment protocol warrants further evaluation.
The effect of close relatives on unsupervised Bayesian clustering algorithms in population genetic structure analysis
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ‐RAMILO SILVIA T. , WANG JINLIANG 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe inference of population genetic structures is essential in many research areas in population genetics, conservation biology and evolutionary biology. Recently, unsupervised Bayesian clustering algorithms have been developed to detect a hidden population structure from genotypic data, assuming among others that individuals taken from the population are unrelated. Under this assumption, markers in a sample taken from a subpopulation can be considered to be in Hardy–Weinberg and linkage equilibrium. However, close relatives might be sampled from the same subpopulation, and consequently, might cause Hardy–Weinberg and linkage disequilibrium and thus bias a population genetic structure analysis. In this study, we used simulated and real data to investigate the impact of close relatives in a sample on Bayesian population structure analysis. We also showed that, when close relatives were identified by a pedigree reconstruction approach and removed, the accuracy of a population genetic structure analysis can be greatly improved. The results indicate that unsupervised Bayesian clustering algorithms cannot be used blindly to detect genetic structure in a sample with closely related individuals. Rather, when closely related individuals are suspected to be frequent in a sample, these individuals should be first identified and removed before conducting a population structure analysis.
Safranal Enhances Non‐Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Pentobarbital‐Treated Mice
Authors: Liu Zheng , Xu Xin‐Hong , Liu Tian‐Ya , Hong Zong‐Yuan , Urade Yoshihiro , Huang Zhi‐Li , Qu Wei‐Min 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYAims: Safranal (2,6,6‐trimethyl‐1,3‐cyclohexadiene‐1‐carboxaldehyde, C10H14O) is an active ingredient in the saffron, which is used in traditional medicine. It has been reported to have sedative and anti‐epileptic effects, but its hypnotic effects remain uncertain. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of safranal on sleep‐wake cycle. Methods: We established hypnotic‐model mice treated with a low dose of pentobarbital 20 mg/kg, and administered different doses of safranal, vehicle, or diazepam. The change of sleep‐wake cycle was assessed by sleep recording and c‐Fos expression in the brain was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results: Safranal increased the duration of non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, shortened NREM sleep latency, and enhanced the delta power activity of NREM sleep. Immunohistochemical evaluation revealed that safranal increased c‐Fos expression in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), one of the putative sleep centers, and decreased it in the arousal histaminergic tuberomammillary nuclei (TMN). Conclusion: These findings indicate that safranal enhances NREM sleep in pentobarbital‐treated mice. The hypnotic effects of safranal may be related to the activation of the sleep‐promoting neurons in the VLPO and the simultaneous inhibition of the wakefulness‐promoting neurons in the TMN, suggesting that safranal may be a hypnotic substance.
ABCC2 Polymorphisms and Haplotype are Associated with Drug Resistance in Chinese Epileptic Patients
Authors: Qu Jian , Zhou Bo‐Ting , Yin Ji‐Ye , Xu Xiao‐Jing , Zhao Ying‐Chun , Lei Guang‐Hua , Tang Qiang , Zhou Hong‐Hao , Liu Zhao‐Qian 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARY Aims: Some study found that ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) efflux transporters play an important role in antiepileptic drug resistance, especially ABCB1 and ABCC2. The aims of this study were to evaluate the relationship between the genetic polymorphisms of ABCC2 and ABCB1 and the therapeutic efficacy of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in Chinese epileptic patients. Methods:ABCB1 rs1045642 (3435C>T) and ABCC2 rs717620 (−24C>T), rs3740066 (3972C>T), and rs2273697 (1249G>A) polymorphisms loci in 537 Chinese epilepsy patients (217 drug resistant patients and 320 drug responders) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP). Results:ABCC2 rs717620 −24TT genotype was significantly associated with drug resistant epilepsy (odds ratio [OR]= 4.06 [1.79–9.20], P= 0.001). The OR values of ABCC2 rs717620 −24 CT+TT genotypes and ABCC2 rs3740066 (3972C>T) CT+TT genotypes were markedly higher in drug resistant patients (OR = 1.57 [1.08–2.29], P= 0.018; OR = 1.49 [1.02–2.18], P= 0.038, respectively) compared with responsive patients. ABCC2 rs2273697 (1249G>A) and ABCB1 rs1045642 (3435C>T) polymorphisms were not associated with drug resistant epilepsy. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) test showed that the ABCC2 rs717620 were in strong LD with rs2273697 (D’= 0.694) and rs3740066 (D’= 0.699). The frequencies of haplotypes TGT (ABCC2 −24C>T/ABCC2 1249G>A/ABCC2 3972C>T) in resistant patients was significantly higher than those in responsive patients (21.0% vs. 14.2%, P < 0.05). Conclusion:ABCC2−24C>T, 3972C>T polymorphisms and one ABCC2 haplotype is associated with AED resistance; ABCC2 1249G>A and ABCB1 3435C>T polymorphisms are not associated with AED resistance in our study. These data suggest that ABCC2 polymorphisms and haplotype may affect the response of antiepileptic drugs.