bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcendence, guilt, and self-control
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractTranscendence, defined as the capacity to perceive the immediate stimulus environment in relation to long-range or abstract concerns, is a key aspect of self-control, and indeed self-regulation often breaks down because attention becomes focused exclusively on the immediate stimuli (i.e., transcendence fails). Factors that restrict attention to the here and now will weaken self-control, whereas factors that promote transcendence will enhance it. Guilt may be one example of the latter.
When is a pattern a pattern?
Authors: Branch Marc N. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractRachlin argues that according to “teleological” behaviorism self-control is evident in instances where an act is contrasted with an element of a temporally extended behavioral pattern. A strength of the argument is that it incorporates an important role for temporally extended context in identifying self-control. Weaknesses of this viewpoint are that it de-emphasizes the identification of manipulable controlling variables in defining and accounting for the origins of patterns.
Patterns, acts, and self-control: Rachlin's theory
Authors: Kane Robert 
Published: February 2010

AbstractRegarding Rachlin's behavioral act/pattern theory of self-control, it is argued that some cases of self-control involve pattern/ pattern conflicts rather than merely act/pattern conflicts and that – if all cases of self-control are to be accounted for – some patterns must be viewed as internal representational states of mind (plans) rather than merely as patterns of actual overt behavior.
Teleological behaviorism and internal control of behavior
Authors: Silverstein Albert 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe Aristotelian position on causality advocates explaining biological events by the configuration of outcomes they normally achieve. Rachlin's analysis follows this strategy as an alternative to explanation via hypothetical “inner” events, though he omits considering one definition of “inner” explanation (historical definition) as being complementary to teleological explanation. He also fails to provide a detailed teleological analysis of the role of bridging responses in allowing animals to select larger-outcome alternatives.
The role of discounting in global social issues
Authors: Summers Craig 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe willingness to trade off large but ill-defined future consequences for immediate work characterizes social problems such as environmental sustainability. This commentary argues that important applications of behavioral models of self-control are being overlooked in the experimental literature. Tying the experimental literature to longterm health, environmental, and other risks makes the experimental work more germane, and raises new research questions for experimental modeling.
Is preadaptation for language a necessary assumption?
Authors: Bryant David J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPreadaptation for language is an unnecessary assumption because intermediate stages of linguistic ability are possible and adaptive. Language could have evolved through gradual selection from structures exhibiting few features associated with modern structures. Without physical evidence pertaining to language ability in prehabilis hominids, it remains possible that selective pressures for language use preceded and necessitated modern neurolinguistic structures.
Evidence for POT expansion in earlyHomo: A pretty theory with ugly (or no) paleoneurological facts
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIf POT (parieto-occipital-temporal junction) reorganization came earlier in australopithecines than inHomo, it is likely that the selective pressures were different, and not necessarily directed toward language. The brain endocast evidence for the POT inA. afarensisis actually better than it is for earlyHomo.
Neural preconditions for proto-language
Authors: Hurford James R. , Kirby Simon 
Published: February 2010

AbstractRepresentation must be prior to communication in evolution. Wilkins & Wakefield's target article gives the impression that communicative pressures play a secondary role. We suggest that their evolutionary precursor is compatible with protolanguage rather than language itself. The difference between these two communicative systems should not be underestimated: only the former can be trivially reappropriated from a representational system.
Apes and language: Human uniqueness again?
Authors: Mitchell Robert W. , Miles H. Lyn 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWilkins & Wakefield's intriguing model of language evolution is deficient in evidence of human uniqueness in metaphorical matching, amodal representation, reference, conceptual structure, hierarchical organization, linguistic comprehension, sign use, laterality, and handedness. Primates show communicative reference, laterality, and handedness, and apes in particular show hierarchical organization, conceptual structure, cross-modal abilities, sign use, and displaced reference.
Evidence that phenomenal consciousness is the same as access consciousness
Authors: Baars Bernard J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBlock seems to propose untested answers to empirical questions. Whether consciousness is a “mongrel problem,” rather than a single core fact with many facets, is an empirical issue. Likewise, the intimate relationship between personal consciousness and global access functions cannot be decided pretheoretically. This point is demonstrated by the reader's private experience of foveal versus parafoveal vision, and for conscious versus unconscious representation of the many meanings of common words.
Triangulating phenomenal consciousness
Authors: Kitcher Patricia 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis commentary offers two criticisms of Block's account of phenomenal consciousness and a brief sketch of a rival account. The negative points are that monitoring consciousness also involves the possession of certain states and that phenomenal consciousness inevitably involves some sort of monitoring. My positive suggestion is that “phenomenal consciousness” may refer to our ability to monitor the rich but preconceptual states that retain perceptual information for complex processing.
A-consciousness: The local newspaper of the mind?
Authors: Navon David 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA-consciousness may be regarded as the visibility of information that is the output of a process within a community of other processes. The most prominent function of “public” dissemination of information is giving access to it to processes whose relevance is not clear at the moment of dissemination. The function of P-consciousness may be outside the realm of cognition.
Conscious and nonconscious control of action
Authors: Revonsuo Antti 
Published: February 2010

AbstractI criticize Block's examples of P-consciousness and A-consciousness for being flawed and the notion of A-consciousness for not being a notion of consciousness at all. I argue that an empirically important distinction can be made between behavior that is supported by an underlying conscious experience and behavior that is brought about by nonconscious action-control mechanisms. This distinction is different from that made by Block.
How many concepts of consciousness?
Authors: Block Ned 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWith some help from the commentators, a few adjustments to the characterizations of A-consciousness and P-consciousness can avoid some trivial cases of one without the other. But it still seems that the case for the existence of P without A is stronger than that for A without P. If indeed there can be P without A, but not A without P, this would be a remarkable result that would need explanation.
Eggs in more than one basket: Mediating mechanisms between evolution and phobias
Authors: Öhman Arne 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe evolutionary origin of phobias is strongly supported by behavioral genetics and monkey vicarious conditioning data. Prepared Pavlovian conditioning may be only one of the mechanisms mediating the evolutionarily determined outcome in phobias, avoidance. Davey's alternative biased expectancy hypothesis has merit in accounting for some aspects of laboratory data, but it is insufficient to explain the unconscious origin of phobic fear.
Précis ofImages of Mind
Authors: Posner Michael I. , Raichle Marcus E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis volume explores how functional brain imaging techniques like positron emission tomography have influenced cognitive studies. The first chapter outlines efforts to relate human thought and cognition in terms of great books from the late 1800s through the present. Chapter 2 describes mental operations as they are measured in cognitive science studies. It develops a framework for relating mental operations to activity in nerve cells. In Chapter 3, the PET method is reviewed and studies are presented that use PET to map the striate cortex and to activate extrastriate motion, color, and form areas. Chapter 4 shows how top down processes involving attention can lead to activation of these same areas in the detection of targets, visual search, and visual imagery. This chapter reveals complex networks of activations. Chapters 5 and 6 deal with the presentation of words. Chapter 5 illustrates PET studies of the anatomy of visual word processing and shows how the circuitry used for generating novel uses of words changes as the task becomes automated. Chapter 6 applies high density electrical recording to explore these activations in real time and to show how a constant anatomy can be reprogrammed by task instructions to produce and perform different cognitive tasks. Chapter 7 shows how studies of brain lesions and PET converge on common networks underlying attentional functions such as visual orienting, target detection, and maintenance of the alert state. Chapters 8 and 9 apply the network approach to examine normal development of attention in infants and pathological conditions resulting from brain damage, and psychiatric pathologies of depression, schizophrenia, and attention deficit disorder. In Chapter 10, new developments such as functional MRI are discussed in terms of future developments and integration of cognitive neuroscience.
Tough times for dualists
Authors: Donald Merlin 
Published: February 2010

AbstractImages of mindmarks a new era in human cognitive neuroscience. Despite the difficult conceptual problems associated with using group-averaged data and paired subtractions, human PET images converge well with existing data from other areas of cognitive neuroscience while opening up new theoretical and experimental possibilities. However, greater attention to individual differences might prove necessary in the study of culturally driven adaptations such as literacy.
A major advance in neuropsychology
Authors: Freides David 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPosner & Raichle's book presents methods and data that increase support for mind-brain unity and provide a method for studying and verifying brain dysfunction objectively. Their incorporation into the assessment technology of neuropsychology should accordingly constitute a major advance. In addition, these techniques may help clarify longstanding controversies in cognitive psychology such as whether perception is multimodal or amodal.
Regions, networks: Interpreting functional neuroimaging data
Authors: Horwitz Barry 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe subtraction and covariance paradigms are two analytic techniques used with functional neuroimaging data. The first assumes that a brain region participating in a task should show altered neural activity (relative to a control task). The second assumes that tasks are mediated by networks of interacting regions.Images of mindattempts to link results from the subtraction paradigm with a network interpretation that could have been more explicitly done using the covariance paradigm.
Mind mappers and cognitive modelers: Toward cross-fertilization
Authors: Jacobs Arthur M. , Carr Thomas H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIt is argued that current neuroimaging studies can provide useful constraints for the construction of models of cognition, and that these studies should be guided by cognitive models. A numberof challenges for a successful cross-fertilization between “mind mappers” and cognitive modelers are discussed in the light of current research on word recognition.
If a picture is worth a thousand words, how many pictures is a word worth?
Authors: Paller Ken A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPictures of normal brain activity during human thought can be worth a great deal. Electrophysiology and functional neuroimaging together allow both temporal and spatial dimensions of neurocognitive functions to be explored. Although these techniqueshave their limitations, the Cognitive Neuroscience approach is well-suited to pursuing questions about how words are perceived, understood, and remembered.
Neural images and neural coding
Authors: Perrone Antonio L. , Basti Gianfranco 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn Posner & Raichle's (1994) book, two essential and strictly related limitations of cognitive neurophysiology are not sufficiently enhanced: (1) The problem of “coding,” namely the capability of a natural brain to redefine its own “basic symbols” as a function of a changing environment; (2) the inadequacy of a Hebbian rule to reckon with complex computational problems such as those solved by real brains.
Interaction of method and theory in cognitive neuroscience
Authors: Posner Michael I. , Raichle Marcus E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe divided the many diverse comments on our book into categories. These are: theory, scope and goals of our project, methods, comments on specific anatomical areas, the concept of attention, consciousness and cognitive control, and finally other issues. Although many of the points of the critics are certainly well taken, we believe studies that have emerged since our book provide strong evidence that the general approach taken in our book is now yielding important new data on the relation of cognitive processes to underlying brain activity.
Future directions for rhodopsin structure and function studies
Authors: Hargrave Paul A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractTo understand how the photoreceptor protein rhodopsin performs in its role as a receptor, its structure needs to be determined at the atomic level. Upon receiving a photon of light, rhodopsin undergoes a change in conformation that allows it to bind and activate the C-protein, transducin. An important future goal should be to determine the structure of both the inactive and the photoactivated state of rhodopsin, R*. This should provide the groundwork necessary for experiments on how rhodopsin achieves its signaling state R*, and how R* functions to activate transducin. To do this, the crystal structure of both rhodopsin and R* must be determined. Few membrane proteins have been successfully crystallized, so this is not a trivial undertaking. Two- or three dimensional crystals of rhodopsin must be prepared that are well ordered, to produce a high-resolution structure. Rhodopsin must be purified to homogeneity and the appropriate detergent(s) selected for crystallization experiments. Long-term thermal stability of the rhodopsin-detergent complex must be achieved in the presence of a precipitant. Two-dimensional crystals may offer advantages in investigating the structure of R*, but the structure obtained may be limited in resolution. It is necessary to work with rhodopsin in the dark, unless suitable light-stable retinal derivatives are developed. Protein engineering of rhodopsin offers attractive opportunities to improve its ability to crystallize, but is presently hindered by the absence of a high-yielding expression system. Knowledge of the structure of rhodopsin will have general importance. Because rhodopsin is a member of the family of C-protein-coupled receptors, knowledge of the structure and the mechanism of action of rhodopsin suggests by analogy how other members of the receptor family may function.
The determination of rhodopsin structure may require alternative approaches
Authors: Albert Arlene D. , Yeagle Philip L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe structure of rhodopsin is a subject of intense interest. Solving the structure by traditional methods has proved exceedingly challenging. It may therefore be useful to confront the problem by a combination of alternate techniques. These include FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and AFM (atomic force microscopy) on the intact protein. Furthermore, additional insights may be gained through structural investigations of discrete rhodopsin domains.
Mechanisms of photoreceptor degenerations
Authors: Barnstable Colin J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe candidate gene approach has identified many causes of photoreceptor rod cell death in retinitis pigmentosa. Some mutations lead to increased cyclicGMP concentrations in rods. Rod photoreceptors are also particularly susceptible to some mutations in housekeeping genes. Although many more cases of macular degeneration than retinitis pigmentosa occur each year, there is much less known about both genetic and sporadic forms of this disease.
Molecular insights gained from covalently tethering cGMP to the ligand-binding sites of retinal rod cGMP-gated channels
Authors: Brown R. Lane , Karpen Jeffrey W. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA photoaffinity analog of cGMP has been used to biochemically identify a new ligand-binding subunit of the retinal rod cGMP-activated ion channel, as well as amino acids in contact with cGMP in the original subunit. Covalent tethering of this probe to channels in excised menbrane patches has revealed a functional heteogeneity in the ligand-binding sites that may arise from the two biochemically identified subunits.
The atomic structure of visual rhodopsin: How and when?
Authors: Garavito R. Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractStrong arguments are presented by Hargrave suggesting that the crystallization of visual rhodopsin for high resolution analysis by X-ray crystallography or electron microscopy is feasible. However, the effort needed to achieve this goal will most likely exceed the resources of a single laboratory and a concerted approach to the research is necessary.
Structure and physiology of photoreceptor cGMP-gated cation channels
Authors: Haynes Lawrence W. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe primary sequence of two subunits of the rod and one subunit of the cone cGMP-gated channel have been described, but describing how structure determines function is only just beginning. The discovery that the affinity of the rod channel for its agonist can be modulated indicates that the relationship between intracellular cGMP and the channel's open probability (current) during the course of the photoresponse may be more complex than previously thought.
Unsolved issues in S-modulin/recoverin study
Authors: Kawamura Satoru 
Published: February 2010

AbstractS-Modulin is a frog homolog of recoverin. The function and the underlying mechanism of the action of these proteins are now understood in general. However, there remain some unsolved issues including; two distinct effects of S-modulin; Ca2+-dependent binding of S-modulin to membranes and a possible target protein; S-modulin-like proteins in other neurons. These issues are considered in this commentary.
Structure of the cGMP-gated channel
Authors: Oprian Daniel D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe subunit structure of the cGMP-gated cation channel of rod photoreceptors is rapidly being defined, and in the process the mode of regulation by Ca2+-calmodulin unraveled. Intriguingly, early results suggest that additional subunits of unknown function are associated with the channel and remain to be identified.
Adenylyl cyclase, G proteins, and synaptic plasticity
Authors: Rasenick Mark M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIt has been suggested that type I adenylyl cyclase may play a unique role in long-term potentiation, due to both unique regulatory properties as well as a specialized distribution within the mammalian brain. This would allow an integration of the signals wrought by increased intracellular calcium with those conveyed into the cellular milieu via increased cAMP. These results are discussed in the context of changes in cellular structure, because of changing interactions between G proteins and cytoskeletal components, which might be expected to accompany chronic synaptic activation.
Regulation of adenylyl cyclase in LTP
Authors: Roberson Erik D. , Sweatt J. David 
Published: February 2010

AbstractOur results on hippocampal long-term potentiation are considered in the context of Xia et al.'s hypothesis. Whereas the target article proposes presynaptic PKC involvement in adenylyl cyclase activation by phosphorylation of nenromodulin, we suggest an additional postsynaptic role involving RC3/nenrogranin. Finally, we examine the possibility that the adenylyl cyclase mutant mouse may display normal learning with a selective impairment of memory.
Unique lipids and unique properties of retinal proteins
Authors: Sanada Kamon , Fukada Yoshitaka 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAmino-terminal heteroacylation has been identified in retinal proteins including recoverin and α subunit of G-protein, transducin. The tissue-specific modification seems to mediate not only a proteinmembrane interaction but also a specific protein-protein interaction. The mechanism generating the heterogeneity and its physiological role are still unclear, but an interesting idea for the latter postulates a fine regulation of the signal transduction pathway by distinct N-acyl groups.
Na-Ca + K exchanger and Ca2+homeostasis in retinal rod outer segments: Inactivation of the Ca2+efflux mode and possible involvement of intracellular Ca2+stores in Ca2+homeostasis
Authors: Schnetkamp Paul P. M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractInactivation of the Ca2+extrusion mode of the retinal rod Na- Ca + K exchanger is suggested to be the mechanism that prevents lowering of cytosolic free Ca2+to < 1 nM when rod cells are saturated for a prolonged time under bright light conditions. Under these conditions, Ca2+fluxes across disk membranes can contribute significantly to Ca2+homeostasis in rods.
Glutamate accumulation in the photoreceptor-presumed final common path of photoreceptor cell death
Authors: Tamai Makoto 
Published: February 2010

AbstractGenetic abnormalities of three factors related to the photoreceptor mechanism have been reported in both animal models and humans. Apoptotic mechanism has also been suggested as a final common pathway of photoreceptor cell death. Our findings of increased level of glutamate in photoreceptor cells inrdsmice suggest that amino acid might mediate between these two pathological mechanisms.
The genetic kaleidoscope of vision
Authors: Wahlsten Douglas 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSite-specific phenotypic effects of the 73 known alleles in the rhodopsin gene that cause retinal degeneration are difficult to interpret because most alleles are documented in only one case or one family, which means variation in effects could actually arise from interactions with other loci. However, sample sizes necessary to detect epistatic interaction may place an answer to this question beyond our grasp.
More answers about cGMP-gated channels pose more questions
Authors: Wensel Theodore G. , Angleson Joseph K. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractOur understanding of the molecular properties and cellular role of cGMP-gated channels in outer segments of vertebrate photo-receptors has come from over a decade of studies which have continuously altered and refined ideas about these channels. Further examination of this current view may lead to future surprises and further refine the understanding of cGMP-gated channels.