bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Electron Precipitation and the Population of Trapped Electrons in LEO: New Evidence Supporting a Natural Limit to the Flux of Energetic Electrons
Authors: Ozeke L. G. , Mann I. R. , Olifer L. , Chakraborty S. , Pettit J. M. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractEnergetic particle precipitation into the atmosphere has been identified as a key loss process for electrons in the Earth's outer radiation belt region. However, direct measurements of the electron flux precipitating into the atmosphere are challenging from high altitude low inclination spacecraft, such as the Van Allen Probes, due to the small angular size of the loss cone along the orbital path of these high‐altitude spacecraft. Here we use data from the Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES)/Space Environment Monitor in low‐Earth orbit to assess the relationship between the trapped and precipitating electron flux in integral energy channels >30, >100, and >300 keV. Our results highlight that there is a strong non‐linear relationship between the flux of trapped and precipitating electrons, with the ratio of precipitating to trapped flux only becoming significantly enhanced once the trapped flux reaches a critical level. This transition from low to high levels of precipitation is consistent with the theory proposed by Kennel and Petschek (K‐P) (1966) https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ071i001p00001, whereby intense chorus waves are excited and trigger pitch angle diffusion, resulting in energetic particle precipitation and limiting the trapped flux. Using electron flux data from POES and chorus wave data from the Van Allen Probes, we further test the observations against predictions from the K‐P theory. A particle tracing model is also utilized to illustrate a direct link between the drift paths of injected electrons, the occurrence of chorus waves and the spatial distribution of strong electron precipitation into the atmosphere at different energies.
Modeling Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus) Larval Transport and Recruitment Dynamics in a Shallow Lagoon‐Inlet‐Coastal Ocean System
Authors: Mao Miaohua , Xia Meng 
Published: May 2024

AbstractBlue crab (Callinectes sapidus) supports lucrative Mid‐Atlantic crustacean fisheries and plays an important role in estuarine ecology, so their larval transport and recruitment dynamics in the Maryland Coastal Bays system were investigated using simulated and observed surface drifters. Relative contributions of winds, tides, density gradients, and waves to larval recruitment success were identified during the spawning season, particularly under hurricane conditions in 2014. Based on temperature (e.g., 19–29°C) and salinity conditions (e.g., 23–33 PSU), particles representing virtual blue crab larvae were released into the model domain from early June to late October 2014. During the spawning season, variations in the larval recruitment success caused by wind speed and direction, tides (e.g., affecting through inlets), density gradients (e.g., salinity variations), and surface gravity waves were 17%, 4%, −9%, and 17%, respectively. During Hurricane Arthur (2014), variability of self‐recruitment success caused by density gradients are negligible while by other three factors are comparable at 3%–4%. Surface drifter experiments support the modeling results that larval recruitment success is strongly associated with the coastal circulation. The high (low) self‐recruitment success in the Assawoman and Chincoteague Bays (Sinepuxent Bay) is related to the locally weak (strong) circulation; released larvae escape from inlets are likely recruited to southern Fenwick and northern Assateague Islands, and the coastal regions outside the Chincoteague Inlet. Understanding physical factors influencing larval recruitment success helps resource managers make informed decisions about habitat restoration and harvest regulations, in addition to seafood‐related food security.
Illuminating Snow Droughts: The Future of Western United States Snowpack in the SPEAR Large Ensemble
Authors: Schmitt Julian , Tseng Kai‐Chih , Hughes Mimi , Johnson Nathaniel C. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractSeasonal snowpack in the Western United States (WUS) is vital for meeting summer hydrological demands, reducing the intensity and frequency of wildfires, and supporting snow‐tourism economies. While the frequency and severity of snow droughts (SD), that is, anomalously low snowpacks, are expected to increase under continued global warming, the uncertainty from internal climate variability remains challenging to quantify with observations alone. Using a 30‐member large ensemble from a state‐of‐the‐art global climate model, the Seamless System for Prediction and EArth System Research (SPEAR), and an observations‐based data set, we find WUS SD changes are already significant. By 2100, SPEAR projects SDs to be nearly 9 times more frequent under shared socioeconomic pathway 5‐8.5 (SSP5‐8.5) and 5 times more frequent under SSP2‐4.5, compared to a 1921–2011 average. By investigating the influence of the two primary drivers of SD, temperature and precipitation amount, we find the average WUS SD will become warmer and wetter. To assess how these changes affect future summer water availability, we track late winter and spring snowpack across WUS watersheds, finding differences in the onset time of a “no‐snow” threshold between regions and large internal variability within the ensemble that are both on the order of decades. We attribute the inter‐regional variability to differences in the regions' mean winter temperature and the intra‐regional variability to irreducible internal climate variability which is not well‐explained by temperature variations alone. Despite strong scenario forcing, internal climate variability will continue to drive variations in SD and no‐snow conditions through 2100.
Constraining Shear Strength of Fault Damage Zone Using Geodetic Data and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Li Chenglong , Ma Zhangfeng , Xi Xi , Zhang Guohong , Shan Xinjian 
Published: May 2024

AbstractShear strength of damage zone, representing the stress threshold for rupture initiation, is a critical parameter in faulting mechanics. Despite its significance, the damage‐zone's shear strength has not been estimated in natural earthquake ruptures. Here we employed coseismic deformation and strain, kinematic slip model, and finite element modeling to determine the elastic properties and peak shear stress of coseismic damage zones along the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo earthquake. Through the analysis of the lowest shear stress resulting in surface ruptures and the highest stress without surface rupture, we constrained the strength within a range of 7–17 MPa. Our result is consistent with strength (5–16 MPa) of sandstone samples from laboratory tests, demonstrating the validity of this estimation. Although factors such as fault maturity and confining pressure influence strength variation, the strength can directly reflect the stress threshold required for macroscopic surface rupture formation in fault damage zones dominated by sandstone.
A Predictive Theory for Heat Transport Into Ice Shelf Cavities
Authors: Finucane G. , Stewart A. L. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAntarctic ice shelves are losing mass at drastically different rates, primarily due to differing rates of oceanic heat supply to their bases. However, a generalized theory for the inflow of relatively warm water into ice shelf cavities is lacking. This study proposes such a theory based on a geostrophically constrained inflow, combined with a threshold bathymetric elevation, the Highest Unconnected isoBath (HUB), that obstructs warm water access to ice shelf grounding lines. This theory captures ∼ 90% of the variance in melt rates across a suite of idealized process‐oriented ocean/ice shelf simulations with quasi‐randomized geometries. Applied to observations of ice shelf geometries and offshore hydrography, the theory captures ∼80% of the variance in measured ice shelf melt rates. These findings provide a generalized theoretical framework for melt resulting from buoyancy‐driven warm water access to geometrically complex Antarctic ice shelf cavities.
Exploring the Relative Importance of the MJO and ENSO to North Pacific Subseasonal Predictability
Authors: Mayer Kirsten J. , Chapman William E. , Manriquez William A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractHere we explore the relative contribution of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to midlatitude subseasonal predictive skill of upper atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific, using an inherently interpretable neural network applied to pre‐industrial control runs of the Community Earth System Model version 2. We find that this interpretable network generally favors the state of ENSO, rather than the MJO, to make correct predictions on a range of subseasonal lead times and predictand averaging windows. Moreover, the predictability of positive circulation anomalies over the North Pacific is comparatively lower than that of their negative counterparts, especially evident when the ENSO state is important. However, when ENSO is in a neutral state, our findings indicate that the MJO provides some predictive information, particularly for positive anomalies. We identify three distinct evolutions of these MJO states, offering fresh insights into opportune forecasting windows for MJO teleconnections.
Observation of Energetic Electron Near the Electron Diffusion Region of Magnetic Reconnection
Authors: Yu Xiancai , Lu Quanming , Wang Rongsheng , Zhang Xianguo , Zhu Changbo 
Published: May 2024

AbstractMagnetic reconnection can effectively convert magnetic energy into plasma energy, and accelerate electrons. In this article, the electrons with energies up to 150 keV are observed in the separatrix region and near the electron diffusion region (EDR) detected by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission in the magnetotail. Combined with the electron pitch‐angle distribution, the electrons in these two regions have a striking behavior: the low‐energy electrons (<∼10 keV) move mainly toward the X‐line, while the energetic electrons (69–139 keV) move mainly away from the X‐line. In the EDR, the energy of electrons can reach up to 10 keV and there is a notable enhancement in the flux of electrons in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field, which implies the presence of acceleration processes occurring in the EDR, leading to the energization of electrons. Furthermore, the energy spectrum of non‐thermal electron with energies above 6 keV shows a power law distribution in this event, suggesting the occurrence of multiple acceleration processes rather than a single energization mechanism. These findings underscore the EDR's role as a crucial region for electron acceleration during magnetic reconnection. The study provides essential clues about the mechanisms driving electron acceleration, contributing to our understanding of space weather phenomena and the broader dynamics of plasma physics in space environments.
Poynting Flux Input to the Auroral Ionosphere: The Impact of Subauroral Polarization Streams and Dawnside Auroral Polarization Streams
Authors: Liu Jiang , Lyons L. R. , Knipp Delores , Zhang Qiang , Wang Chih‐Ping , Shen Yangyang , Angelopoulos V. , Ma Yuzhang , Tian Sheng , Artemyev A. , Qian Chengyu , Liang Jun , Wang Hui , Zou Ying 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe Poynting vector (Poynting flux) from Earth's magnetosphere downward toward its ionosphere carries the energy that powers the Joule heating in the ionosphere and thermosphere. The Joule heating controls fundamental ionospheric properties affecting the entire magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere system, so it is necessary to understand when and where the Poynting flux is significant. Taking advantage of new data sets generated from DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) observations, we investigate the Poynting flux distribution within and around the auroral zone, where most magnetosphere‐ionosphere (M‐I) dynamics and thus Joule heating occurs. We find that the Poynting flux, which is generally larger under more active conditions, is concentrated in the sunlit cusp and near the interface between Region 1 and 2 currents. The former concentration suggests voltage generators drive the cusp dynamics. The latter concentration shows asymmetries with respect to the interface between the Region 1 and 2 currents. We show that these reflect the controlling impact of subauroral polarization streams and dawnside auroral polarization streams on the Poynting flux.
Modulation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress by targeting GPR55 – new approaches in the treatment of psychiatric disorders
Authors: Apweiler Matthias , Saliba Soraya Wilke , Sun Lu , Streyczek Jana , Normann Claus , Hellwig Sabine , Bräse Stefan , Fiebich Bernd L. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPharmacological treatment of psychiatric disorders remains challenging in clinical, pharmacological, and scientific practice. Even if many different substances are established for treating different psychiatric conditions, subgroups of patients show only small or no response to the treatment. The neuroinflammatory hypothesis of the genesis of psychiatric disorders might explain underlying mechanisms in these non-responders. For that reason, recent research focus on neuroinflammatory processes and oxidative stress as possible causes of psychiatric disorders. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) form the biggest superfamily of membrane-bound receptors and are already well known as pharmacological targets in various diseases. The G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), a receptor considered part of the endocannabinoid system, reveals promising modulation of neuroinflammatory and oxidative processes. Different agonists and antagonists reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine release, enhance the synthesis of anti-inflammatory mediators, and protect cells from oxidative damage. For this reason, GPR55 ligands might be promising compounds in treating subgroups of patients suffering from psychiatric disorders related to neuroinflammation or oxidative stress. New approaches in drug design might lead to new compounds targeting different pathomechanisms of those disorders in just one molecule.
Oxytocin attenuates hypothalamic injury-induced cognitive dysfunction by inhibiting hippocampal ERK signaling and Aβ deposition
Authors: Wu Guangsen , Ou Yichao , Feng Zhanpeng , Xiong Zhiwei , Li Kai , Che Mengjie , Qi Songtao , Zhou Mingfeng 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIn clinical settings, tumor compression, trauma, surgical injury, and other types of injury can cause hypothalamic damage, resulting in various types of hypothalamic dysfunction. Impaired release of oxytocin can lead to cognitive impairment and affect prognosis and long-term quality of life after hypothalamic injury. Hypothalamic injury-induced cognitive dysfunction was detected in male animals. Behavioral parameters were measured to assess the characteristics of cognitive dysfunction induced by hypothalamic–pituitary stalk lesions. Brains were collected for high-throughput RNA sequencing and immunostaining to identify pathophysiological changes in hippocampal regions highly associated with cognitive function after injury to corresponding hypothalamic areas. Through transcriptomic analysis, we confirmed the loss of oxytocin neurons after hypothalamic injury and the reversal of hypothalamic-induced cognitive dysfunction after oxytocin supplementation. Furthermore, overactivation of the ERK signaling pathway and β-amyloid deposition in the hippocampal region after hypothalamic injury were observed, and cognitive function was restored after inhibition of ERK signaling pathway overactivation. Our findings suggest that cognitive dysfunction after hypothalamic injury may be caused by ERK hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampal region resulting from a decrease in the number of oxytocin neurons, which in turn causes β-amyloid deposition.
Mitochondrial iron deficiency triggers cytosolic iron overload in PKAN hiPS-derived astrocytes
Authors: Santambrogio Paolo , Cozzi Anna , Balestrucci Chiara , Ripamonti Maddalena , Berno Valeria , Cammarota Eugenia , Moro Andrea Stefano , Levi Sonia 
Published: May 2024

AbstractDisease models of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) offer the possibility to explore the relationship between iron dyshomeostasis and neurodegeneration. We analyzed hiPS-derived astrocytes from PANK2-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN), an NBIA disease characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and high iron accumulation in the globus pallidus. Previous data indicated that PKAN astrocytes exhibit alterations in iron metabolism, general impairment of constitutive endosomal trafficking, mitochondrial dysfunction and acquired neurotoxic features. Here, we performed a more in-depth analysis of the interactions between endocytic vesicles and mitochondria via superresolution microscopy experiments. A significantly lower number of transferrin-enriched vesicles were in contact with mitochondria in PKAN cells than in control cells, confirming the impaired intracellular fate of cargo endosomes. The investigation of cytosolic and mitochondrial iron parameters indicated that mitochondrial iron availability was substantially lower in PKAN cells compared to that in the controls. In addition, PKAN astrocytes exhibited defects in tubulin acetylation/phosphorylation, which might be responsible for unregulated vesicular dynamics and inappropriate iron delivery to mitochondria. Thus, the impairment of iron incorporation into these organelles seems to be the cause of cell iron delocalization, resulting in cytosolic iron overload and mitochondrial iron deficiency, triggering mitochondrial dysfunction. Overall, the data elucidate the mechanism of iron accumulation in CoA deficiency, highlighting the importance of mitochondrial iron deficiency in the pathogenesis of disease.
Reanalysis of genomic data in rare disease: current practice and attitudes among Australian clinical and laboratory genetics services
Authors: Best Stephanie , Fehlberg Zoe , Richards Christopher , Quinn Michael C. J. , Lunke Sebastian , Spurdle Amanda B. , Kassahn Karin S. , Patel Chirag , Vears Danya F. , Goranitis Ilias , Lynch Fiona , Robertson Alan , Tudini Emma , Christodoulou John , Scott Hamish , McGaughran Julie , Stark Zornitza 
Published: May 2024

AbstractReanalyzing stored genomic data over time is highly effective in increasing diagnostic yield in rare disease. Automation holds the promise of delivering the benefits of reanalysis at scale. Our study aimed to understand current reanalysis practices among Australian clinical and laboratory genetics services and explore attitudes towards large-scale automated re-analysis. We collected audit data regarding testing and reanalysis volumes, policies and procedures from all Australian diagnostic laboratories providing rare disease genomic testing. A genetic health professionals’ survey explored current practices, barriers to reanalysis, preferences and attitudes towards automation. Between 2018 and 2021, Australian diagnostic laboratories performed over 25,000 new genomic tests and 950 reanalyses, predominantly in response to clinician requests. Laboratory and clinical genetic health professionals (N = 134) identified workforce capacity as the principal barrier to reanalysis. No specific laboratory or clinical guidelines for genomic data reanalysis or policies were identified nationally. Perceptions of acceptability and feasibility of automating reanalysis were positive, with professionals emphasizing clinical and workflow benefits. In conclusion, there is a large and rapidly growing unmet need for reanalysis of existing genomic data. Beyond developing scalable automated reanalysis pipelines, leadership and policy are needed to successfully transform service delivery models and maximize clinical benefit.
Do chewing gums and sweets containing xylitol prevent caries in children?
Authors: Ramasubbu Darshini , Duane Brett 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Data sources
Three electronic databases (Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane Library) were searched in December 2022, and again for additional literature on 3–5th January 2023. Reference lists of relevant systematic reviews were hand searched for other eligible studies for inclusion.

Study selection
Randomised controlled clinical trials and controlled clinical trials conducted on children (aged ≤ 18 years), conducted between 1974–2022 and available in English, were eligible for inclusion. Studies were excluded if caries was not an outcome, the control group was not sufficient, they were lab-based studies or studies where xylitol delivery was not a sweet or chewing gum and where the xylitol product contained a component such as fluoride which may influence the outcomes.

Data extraction and synthesis
Four calibrated reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, and disagreements were resolved via group discussion. Preventative effect was determined by comparing the mean caries increment in the control and intervention groups, producing a preventative fraction. A total of 617 titles were initially screened for relevance. After duplicate removal, 268 abstracts were screened and 16 full text articles reviewed, with one more study then excluded. 10 studies investigated xylitol-containing chewing gum, and six looked at xylitol candy (one did both). Eight included studies were randomised controlled trials. Data extraction was undertaken by two reviewers.

Results
3466 participants were included in the 10 studies that investigated xylitol chewing gum, and all 10 studies reported a statistically significant preventive effect compared to a no chewing gum or placebo control. In 9 studies, the preventive fraction was clinically significant. The six studies investigating xylitol candies contained a total of 1023 participants, and only one study demonstrated a significant preventative effect.

Conclusions
There is some evidence that incorporating xylitol chewing gum daily has a caries-reducing effect in those with a moderate-to-high baseline caries level. This effect was not present for xylitol sweets.
Steering and cloaking of hyperbolic polaritons at deep-subwavelength scales
Authors: Teng Hanchao , Chen Na , Hu Hai , García de Abajo F. Javier , Dai Qing 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPolaritons are well-established carriers of light, electrical signals, and even heat at the nanoscale in the setting of on-chip devices. However, the goal of achieving practical polaritonic manipulation over small distances deeply below the light diffraction limit remains elusive. Here, we implement nanoscale polaritonic in-plane steering and cloaking in a low-loss atomically layered van der Waals (vdW) insulator, α-MoO3, comprising building blocks of customizable stacked and assembled structures. Each block contributes specific characteristics that allow us to steer polaritons along the desired trajectories. Our results introduce a natural materials-based approach for the comprehensive manipulation of nanoscale optical fields, advancing research in the vdW polaritonics domain and on-chip nanophotonic circuits.