bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contrasting Perspectives on Work: An Exploratory Qualitative Study Based on the Concept of Adaptation
Authors: Spencer Jean , Daybell Paul J. , Eschenfelder Verna , Khalaf Randy , Pike Jeffrey M. , Woods-Petitti Marie 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objectives. Objectives of this study were (a) to compare contrasting work experiences of five persons as alternative ways individuals select and use occupational opportunities available in their environments, and (b) to examine the adaptive significance of work in their Lives.
Method. Five students in a graduate course on work and play as occupations each developed a work narrative for an adult of their choice that included how that person came to choose particular kinds of work, described the person’s current work experience, and examined the adaptive significance of work in the person’s Life. Data were gathered through observations in the persons’ work settings and through open-ended interviews. Comparative analysis of the five work narratives was completed by students and faculty members as a group.
Results. Work narratives of a fast-food restaurant manager, a Life-flight nurse, a tennis teaching pro, a financial analyst, and a manufacturer’s representative for oil field equipment illustrate contrasting perspectives on work as “escaping from seclusion,” “establishing Life work,” “enacting a family tradition, ” “getting stuck, ”and “rebuilding a Life. ” The participants who modified or combined occupational opportunities in creative ways generally found their work more rewarding than those who accepted available work opportunities as unalterable “givens.”
Conclusions. The adaptive significance of work for these persons had both short-term benefits, including intrinsic enjoyment of its activities and extrinsic benefits, such as social recognition and income, and long-term benefits of contributions to identity and contributions to purposes Larger than oneself.
Occupational Therapists’ Expectations in Rehabilitation Following Stroke: Sources of Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction
Authors: Chang Ling-Hui , Hasselkus Betty Risteen 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to gain understanding of the satisfactions and dissatisfactions in the work of occupational therapists with clients after stroke.
Method. Data consisted of narrative descriptions by 32 therapists of especially satisfying and dissatisfying experiences in practice. Phenomenology and grounded theory strategies were used for the study design and data analysis.
Results. “Expectation” emerged as the core meaning of occupational therapy in stroke rehabilitation. Strong satisfaction was expressed when therapist-informants believed that they had fulfilled their expectations for clients to achieve the following: (a) maximum neuromuscular and functional recovery in affected upper extremities; (b) independence in daily activities; and (c) return to Living in the community. Major sources of in formants’ dissatisfactions were reaching the “plateau” stage of neurological recovery, disagreement between therapist expectations and client and family member expectations, and working with clients perceived as poorly motivated.
Conclusion. American ideologies about the value of hard work, independence, and self-sufficiency appear to strongly shape therapists’ expectations, satisfaction, and dissatisfaction in stroke rehabilitation. For occupational therapists, a tension may exist between the idealism of their therapeutic expectations and the realities of stroke recovery as it is experienced within the context of clients’ ongoing lives.
The Effect of Autocorrelation on the Results of Visually Analyzing Data From Single-Subject Designs
Authors: Bengali Minoo K. , Ottenbacher Kenneth J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. Single-subject research designs are used to conduct clinical research and outcome evaluation in occupational therapy. Confusion exists regarding the best method to analyze and interpret single-subject data.
Method. One hundred graphs displaying the results of published single-subject research were examined to determine the influence of autocorrelation on the visual inferences made by the original investigators. The graphs were selected from 20 articles published over 10 years in seven rehabilitation journals. The data were extrapolated and lag 1 autocorrelation coefficients computed for both the baseline and treatment phases.
Results. Data analysis focused on two issues: (a) whether a relationship existed between the amount of autocorrelation present in a graph and the conclusion on the basis of visual analysis and (b) whether the amount of autocorrelation varied across different phases of the single-subject graphs. When a significant degree of autocorrelation was present, researchers using visual analysis were more Likely to conclude that there was no clinically significant change in performance. Autocorrelation values were significantly higher in the treatment phases of the single-subject designs.
Conclusion. Additional research is needed to establish a set of decision rules to assist clinicians in using visual analysis to evaluate the results of single-subject research.
Object Play in Infants With Autism: Methodological Issues in Retrospective Video Analysis
Authors: Baranek Grace T. , Barnett Carolyn R. , Adams Erin M. , Wolcott Nancy A. , Watson Linda R. , Crais Elizabeth R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVES. Using a taxonomy of object play, this study describes methodological issues in using retrospective video analysis and computer-based coding as a research tool for early identification of autism.
METHOD. Home videos of 32 infants with autism (n = 11), developmental delay (n = 10), and typical development (n = 11) were edited and analyzed for duration and highest level of object play in four hierarchical categories (exploratory, relational, functional, symbolic) using The Observer 3.0.
RESULTS. The three groups had similar levels of engagement with objects, and no statistically significant differences in duration of exploratory play. Higher levels of play were rarely evident at 9–12 months, however, the highest level achieved (functional play) was apparent only in the typical group.
CONCLUSION. This study provides the first naturalistic investigation of object play skills in infants with autism ages 9–12 months. It also demonstrates feasibility for using computer-based coding technology within the context of retrospective video analysis methods. Duration of exploratory play was not a discriminating feature of autism at this early age.
The Use of Interactive Video Client Simulation Scores To Predict Clinical Performance of Occupational Therapy Students
Authors: Tomlin George 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. Student academic performance (grades) has traditionally shown a weak correlation with clinical performance (supervisor ratings). A computer-based interactive video client evaluation program was created to determine whether the decision making of occupational therapy students on a client simulation explained variability in fieldwork supervisor ratings not accounted for by grades.
METHOD. Two student cohorts (N = 43; N = 30) selected evaluation procedures for a client with a cerebrovascular accident from on-screen menus and recorded and interpreted client responses as shown on videodisc. Multiple regressions were calculated in which grades and simulation scores were used to predict fieldwork supervisor ratings.
RESULTS. In cohort 1, grade in a physical disabilities course predicted 31% of the variance in supervisor ratings, whereas the simulation score for “completeness” accounted for an additional 12%, F(2, 39) = 16.75, p &lt; .0001, adjusted R 2 = .434. Students with better grades received higher ratings, whereas students who evaluated the simulated client less exhaustively received higher ratings. For cohort 2, fieldwork ratings were best predicted by a combination of several simulation efficiency scores (number of correct answers given per unit time), F(4, 21) = 6.17, p &lt; .002, adjusted R 2 = .453. Mostly, higher efficiency scores were associated with higher supervisor ratings.
CONCLUSION. Video simulations of client encounters may measure decision-making skills not measured by grades, in particular, making correct decisions in a timely manner within a realistic context.
Qualities of Caregiver–Child Interaction During Daily Activities of Children Born Very Low Birth Weight With and Without White Matter Disorder
Authors: Kadlec Mary Beth , Coster Wendy , Tickle-Degnen Linda , Beeghly Marjorie 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to examine qualities of caregiver–child interactions during daily activities of healthy children born full-term and of children born prematurely and very low birth weight with and without white matter disorder.
METHOD. Three groups of 12 caregiver–child dyads, representing three levels of child biological risk, were matched on birth history, maternal education, ethnicity, and child gender. Ten expert clinicians used videotapes to rate behaviors of caregivers and their 30-month-old children engaging in dressing and snack activities. Correlations between ratings of three qualities were examined: caregiver directiveness, caregiver engagement, and child engagement.
RESULTS. There were no significant differences between groups for the average caregiver and child ratings. However, correlations between caregiver directiveness and caregiver engagement ranged across the three groups from greatest to least biological risk (i.e., r = .63, .35, –.67, respectively). In the full-term group, correlations between the caregiver qualities of directiveness and engagement and child engagement were r = .62 and –.69, respectively. In contrast, the correlations between the caregiver and child qualities were small in the two very-low-birth-weight groups.
CONCLUSION. Results suggest patterns of caregiver interactions during daily activities may vary according to the child’s level of biological risk. Caregivers of children with the greatest risk (i.e., white matter disorder) were both engaging and directive of their children during the activities, whereas caregivers of full-term children were less engaging when directive. The findings suggest that caregivers may be adjusting the level of their social and emotional assistance during caregiver–child interactions to the level of their children’s abilities.
When a Child Dies the World Should Stop Spinning: An Autoethnography Exploring the Impact of Family Loss on Occupation
Authors: Hoppes Steve 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The death of a loved one disrupts family-members’ occupational lives. This paper explores the role and course of occupation during a time when my nephew died. A qualitative research methodology, autoethnography, is used to develop the narrative. I found that familiar occupations lost meaning during this time and even seemed absurd. Paradoxically, occupation helped forge a vital pathway back to health and reconstruction of meaning. Four stages of occupation during a family crisis are proposed: maintenance, dissolution, ambivalence, and restoration and adaptation. Reflections on occupational therapists’ role during family crises are discussed, as are implications for further research.
Waiting To Get Better: A Dilemma Regarding Habits in Daily Occupations After Stroke
Authors: Wallenbert Inger , Jonsson Hans 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore and gain an understanding of how habits are experienced when performing daily occupations after a stroke. In-depth interviews were conducted with 7 participants and a constant comparative method was used for data analysis. Four men and three women with stroke between the ages of 42 and 82 years participated in the study. The interviews were conducted 1.5 to 7 months after the participants had been discharged from hospital to their home. The findings show that the participants experienced frustration when performing daily occupations because changes in their performance meant that former habits could not automatically be reestablished; daily occupations had to be re-organized and planned with greater deliberation than had been required prior to the stroke. In reestablishing their daily occupations, the participants experienced an ongoing conflict about whether or not to develop new habits. Although adaptation and change would be beneficial in the short-term, both also represented giving up possible improvements, and participants seemed to consider that their eventual recovery and independence would be compromised if they allowed themselves to alter their habits. This dilemma led to a sensation of waiting: waiting to get better, waiting for another solution and waiting for the treatment to make an impact. As a result, few new habits were established in daily occupations. The findings suggest that occupational therapists need to be aware of the dilemma clients may perceive regarding decisions about whether or not to adapt and develop new habits during poststroke recovery.
Scholarship and Practice: Bridging the Divide
Authors: Kielhofner Gary 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
There is evidence that the growth theory and research about occupation produced by academics are not consistently translated into occupational therapy practice. Rather, practitioners often report finding such theory and research to be of limited relevance to and/or difficult to implement in their everyday work. Although many factors contribute to this academic-practice gap one important contributor is how knowledge is traditionally viewed and generated in academia. Changes in traditional views about academic knowledge and its relationship to practice both outside and within occupational therapy are discussed. Ways that occupational therapy scholarship can be more clearly grounded in everyday practice are examined drawing from experience with participatory research. Consideration is given to how researchers and practitioners might share power and have a more effective dialogue.
Occupational Goals of Mothers of Children With Disabilities: Influence of Temporal, Social, and Emotional Contexts
Authors: Donovan J. Mark , VanLeit Betsy J. , Crowe Terry K. , Keefe Elizabeth B. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to describe the occupational concerns and goals of mothers who care for children with disabilities.
METHOD. Retrospective data collected from 38 mothers of children with disabilities using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) were analyzed qualitatively.
RESULTS. Six themes emerged: (I) doing and being alone: taking care of my own health and well-being; (II) doing and being with others: expanding my social life; (III) improving my child’s quality of life; (IV) household management: organizing time and resources; (V) balancing work, home, and community responsibilities; and (VI) sharing the workload.
CONCLUSION. Overarching patterns in the data suggested that the occupational performance of mothers of children with disabilities is constrained by time, overlaid by difficult emotions, and involves a desire for increased social contact. Qualitative analysis of data from the COPM may provide insight into contextual factors that affect occupational performance as well as signaling point of entry for therapists to facilitate client-centered occupational goals.
Meanings and Purposes of Caring for a Family Member: An Autoethnography
Authors: Hoppes Steve 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Engagement in two interlinked areas of occupation, familial social participation and caring for my father at the end of his life, led to a journey of self-discovery. A qualitative research methodology, autoethnography, is used to develop a narrative that examines engagement in these two occupations before, during, and after my father’s illness and death. I discuss meanings and purposes of familial social participation and caregiving, suggesting that transforming fear of death to awareness of death is a central purpose of caregiving. Implications for therapists and caregivers include considerations about the value of occupation, discussion of a continuum of caregiving, examination of boundaries when caring for a parent, thoughts about the roles of altruism, love, anger, and “bad faith” in caregiving, and analysis of sons as caregivers for fathers. Further research on meanings and purposes of caregiving is proposed.
Cultural Competency in Occupational Therapy: Beyond a Cross-Cultural View of Practice
Authors: Odawara Etsuko 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The purposes of this paper are two. The first purpose is to contribute to cultural competence in occupational therapy practice. The second is to contribute to occupational therapy literature about culture and cultural analysis related to practice. This paper introduces a cultural analysis of stories about the therapeutic process with two Japanese therapists and their Japanese patients. Two therapeutic situations, including therapists’ and their patients’ experiences, are interpreted by the author, a Japanese occupational therapist, as critical incidents for reflection to improve culture general competence. The stories illustrate the patients’ perception of life with illness and, particularly, the emergence of their cultural values within the therapy process. The analyses focus on how an understanding of the patients’ illness experience is integrated into the therapy process and how the therapeutic interventions reflect the culture. In one case, the therapeutic occupation of cooking links to the meaning found in the traditional Japanese woman’s role. In the second case, the therapist–patient relationship, based on local rather than western social relationships, promoted the patient’s engagement in meaningful occupations. Reflection on these stories, which illustrate an alternative cultural view of occupations and therapeutic relationships, may assist occupational therapists in the development of improved level of cultural competence.
Positive Consequences of Surviving a Stroke
Authors: Gillen Glen 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This exploratory study focused on gaining insight into the psychological experience of stroke survivors undergoing inpatient rehabilitation. Specifically it investigated whether stroke survivors undergoing inpatient rehabilitation were able to identify any positive consequence of their stroke. This phenomenon, also know as benefit finding or positive reframing, has recently received more attention in the coping literature examining reactions to severe illness.
Using a case series methodology and qualitative analytic techniques, 16 stroke survivors were interviewed using standardized open-ended questions related to identification of positive consequences attributed to surviving a stroke. Sixty-three percent of the patients interviewed were able to identify positive consequences of their stroke. The following five themes regarding positive consequences of stroke emerged from this case series: increased social relationships, increased health awareness, change in religious life, personal growth, and altruism. It was concluded that some individuals who have survived an acute stroke are able to reframe their experience in a positive light. This study provides occupational therapists and others with further insight into the coping mechanisms of those individuals who have survived a stroke. The need for further research is stressed.
Problems With Dressing in the Frail Elderly
Authors: Mann William C. , Kimble Christine , Justiss Michael D. , Casson Elena , Tomita Machiko , Wu Samuel S. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. Dressing is an important activity of daily living, yet many older adults have difficulty due to impairments. The purpose of this study was to explore the use of assistive devices for dressing by older persons with impairments, and to look at differences among frail elders with no dressing difficulty, upper-extremity-only dressing difficulty, lower-extremity-only dressing difficulty, and both upper- and lower-extremity dressing difficulty.
METHOD. We conducted in-home interviews and functional assessments with 1,101 elderly persons with activities of daily living and/or instrumental activities of daily living limitations in Western New York and Northern Florida. Participants were assigned to one of four groups based on Functional Independence Measure™ item scores for upper-extremity dressing and lower-extremity dressing. Descriptive statistics were used to report results.
RESULTS. Compared to women, there were relatively more men with lower-extremity dressing difficulty than with upper-extremity dressing difficulty. The group with both upper- and lower-extremity dressing difficulty reported the highest level of pain and scored lowest on all measures of functional status and mental status. The most commonly used dressing devices were associated with lower-extremity dressing.
CONCLUSION. There are differences in gender, health status, functional status, and mental status among elderly persons grouped by upper- or lower-extremity dressing difficulty. Results suggest that therapists should consider such differences as gender and type of difficulty (upper- or lower-extremity dressing) in both therapeutic approaches and recommendations for assistive devices. Pain is another important consideration, but it can often be reduced during dressing by using assistive devices.
Occupational Therapy Workforce Needs: A Model for Demand-Based Studies
Authors: Powell Janet M. , Griffith Sonya L. , Kanny Elizabeth M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
PURPOSE. To provide a model for assessing occupational therapy workforce needs by using a demand-based approach to determine current workforce status in the Northwest region. Regional information may have implications for addressing national occupational therapy service needs.
METHOD. A questionnaire was sent to a proportional random sample of 234 facilities that hire occupational therapy practitioners. Data were collected in July–August 2003 using structured mailing and follow-up procedures.
RESULTS. Response rate was 79%. Twenty-four percent reported occupational therapy vacancies and 11% occupational therapy assistant vacancies; 48% predicted an increase in occupational therapy positions in the next 2 years and 41% an increase in occupational therapy assistant positions. Sixty-three percent of respondents reported difficulty in hiring.
DISCUSSION. This study identifies an occupational therapy workforce shortage in the Northwest. Management of a shortage is critical, for even short-term adjustments could lead to permanent changes in service provision. This study demonstrates the importance of current information on the status of the national workforce and serves as a model for future studies.
An Occupational Perspective on the Concept of Participation in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health—Some Critical Remarks
Authors: Hemmingsson Helena , Jonsson Hans 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF; World Health Organization, 2001) provides an international and interprofessional scientific basis for understanding and studying health. The concept of participation plays an important role in the classification and has become a central construct in health care, rehabilitation, and in occupational therapy. The aim of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of the concept of participation in the ICF. As background, the origins and current presentation of the ICF are presented. The use and function of the ICF and the contemporary discussions regarding the classification are reviewed. An occupational perspective on participation in the ICF reveals major shortcomings regarding the subjective experience of meaning and autonomy. Furthermore, the ICF has limitations in capturing different kinds of participation in a single life situation. Following these analyses we discuss the advantages and shortcomings of using the ICF, and how an occupational perspective can contribute to an ongoing discussion about the development of the ICF.