bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly near‐infrared photoluminescence from aza‐borondipyrromethene‐based conjugated polymers
Authors: Yoshii Ryousuke , Nagai Atsushi , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: October 2010

AbstractNear‐infrared (NIR) emissive conjugated polymers were prepared by palladium‐catalyzed Sonogashira polymerization of diiodobenzene‐functionalized aza‐borondipyrromethene (Aza‐BODIPY) monomers, which were substituted at 3 and 5 or 1 and 7 positions on the Aza‐BODIPY core, with 1,4‐diethynyl‐2,5‐dihexadecyloxybenzene or 3,3′‐didodecyl‐2,2′‐diethynyl‐5,5′‐bithiophene. The structures of the polymers were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 11B NMR, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopies, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The optical properties were then characterized by UV–vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies, and theoretical calculation using density‐functional theory (DFT) method. The polymers were fusible and soluble in common organic solvents including tetrahydrofuran (THF), o‐xylene, toluene, CHCl3, and CH2Cl2, etc. The UV–vis absorption and PL spectra of the polymers shifted to long wavelength region in comparison with simple Aza‐BODIPY as the counterpart because of extended π‐conjugation of the polymers. The polymers efficiently emitted NIR light with narrow emission bands at 713∼777 nm on excitation at each absorption maximum. Especially, the polymer attached 1,4‐diethynyl‐2,5‐dihexadecyloxybenzene to 3,5‐position on the core revealed intense quantum yields (ϕF = 24%) in this NIR region (753 nm). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Lectin‐affinity chromatography brain glycoproteomics and Alzheimer disease: Insights into protein alterations consistent with the pathology and progression of this dementing disorder
Authors: Butterfield D. Allan , Owen Joshua B. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAlzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized pathologically by the accumulation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, and both these pathological hallmarks of AD are extensively modified by glycosylation. Mounting evidence shows that alterations in glycosylation patterns influence the pathogenesis and progression of AD, but the vast number of glycan motifs and potential glycosylation sites of glycoproteins has made the field of glycobiology difficult. However, the advent of glycoproteomics has produced major strides in glycoprotein identification and glycosylation site mapping. The use of lectins, proteins that have strong affinity for specific carbohydrate epitopes, to enrich glycoprotein fractions coupled with modern MS, have yielded techniques to elucidate the glycoproteome in AD. Proteomic studies have identified brain proteins in AD and arguably the earliest form of AD, mild cognitive impairment, with altered affinity for Concanavalin‐A and wheat germ agglutinin lectins that are consistent with the pathology and progression of this disorder. This is a relatively nascent field of proteomics research in brain, so future studies of lectin‐based brain protein separations may lead to additional insights into AD pathogenesis and progression.
Taking a new biomarker into routine use – A perspective from the routine clinical biochemistry laboratory
Authors: Sturgeon Catharine , Hill Robert , Hortin Glen L. , Thompson Douglas 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThere is increasing pressure to provide cost‐effective healthcare based on “best practice.” Consequently, new biomarkers are only likely to be introduced into routine clinical biochemistry departments if they are supported by a strong evidence base and if the results will improve patient management and outcome. This requires convincing evidence of the benefits of introducing the new test, ideally reflected in fewer hospital admissions, fewer additional investigations and/or fewer clinic visits. Carefully designed audit and cost‐benefit studies in relevant patient groups must demonstrate that introducing the biomarker delivers an improved and more effective clinical pathway. From the laboratory perspective, pre‐analytical requirements must be thoroughly investigated at an early stage. Good stability of the biomarker in relevant physiological matrices is essential to avoid the need for special processing. Absence of specific timing requirements for sampling and knowledge of the effect of medications that might be used to treat the patients in whom the biomarker will be measured is also highly desirable. Analytically, automation is essential in modern high‐throughput clinical laboratories. Assays must therefore be robust, fulfilling standard requirements for linearity on dilution, precision and reproducibility, both within‐ and between‐run. Provision of measurements by a limited number of specialized reference laboratories may be most appropriate, especially when a new biomarker is first introduced into routine practice.
Capsaicin induces apoptosis in SCC‐4 human tongue cancer cells through mitochondria‐dependent and ‐independent pathways
Authors: Ip Siu‐Wan , Lan Sheng‐Hui , Huang An‐Cheng , Yang Jai‐Sing , Chen Ya‐Yin , Huang Hui‐Ying , Lin Zen‐Pin , Hsu Yuan‐Man , Yang Mei‐Due , Chiu Chang‐Fang , Chung Jing‐Gung 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAlthough there have been advances in the fields of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy of tongue cancer, the cure rates are still not substantially satisfactory. Capsaicin (trans‐8‐methyl‐N‐vanillyl‐6‐nonenamide) is the major pungent ingredient of hot chili pepper and has been reported to have an antitumor effect on many human cancer cell types. The molecular mechanisms of the antitumor effect of capsaicin are not yet completely understood. Herein, we investigated whether capsaicin induces apoptosis in human tongue cancer cells. Capsaicin decreased the percentage of viable cells in a dose‐dependent manner in human tongue cancer SCC‐4 cells. In addition, capsaicin produced DNA fragmentation, decreased the DNA contents (sub‐G1 phase), and induced G0/G1 phase arrest in SCC‐4 cells. We demonstrated that capsaicin‐induced apoptosis is associated with an increase in reactive oxygen species and Ca2+ generations and a disruption of the mitochondrial transmenbrane potential (ΔΨm). Treatment with capsaicin induced a dramatic increase in caspase‐3 and ‐9 activities, as assessed by flow cytometric methods. A possible mechanism of capsaicin‐induced apoptosis is involved in the activation of caspase‐3 (one of the apoptosis‐executing enzyme). Confocal laser microscope examination also showed that capsaicin induced the releases of AIF, ATF‐4, and GADD153 from mitochondria of SCC‐4 cells. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
Antioxidant and metabolic impairment result in DNA damage in arsenic‐exposed individuals with severe dermatological manifestations in Eastern India
Authors: Maiti Smarajit , Chattopadhyay Sandip , Deb Bimal , Samanta Tanmoy , Maji Gurupada , Pan Bappaditya , Ghosh Amar , Ghosh Debidas 
Published: October 2010

AbstractArsenic is an environmental toxicant, free‐radical generator, carcinogenic agent, and aging promoter. Recently, blood samples were analyzed from individuals (control‐ male 12, female 13; arsenic‐exposed‐ male 16, female 14; and exposed to ≥100 μg/L As, ≥10 y) with dermatological symptoms in few affected villages in Eastern India to unravel their hematopoietic, metabolic, and antioxidant profiles. White blood cells recovered from buffy coat were used for DNA fragmentation test. Present observation suggests that significant number of individuals developed pigmentation and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis with black‐brownish patch on their body and many of those developed carcinomas. Hematopoietic data show a significant increase in eosinophil and decrease in monocyte count in either sex. Though insignificant, an increase in neutrophil in female and lymphocyte count in male arsenic‐exposed individuals are supported by the earlier report on sex dimorphic immune sensitization. Significant increase in serum alanine transaminase in both sexes and bilirubin only in male suggests the eventuality of hepatic disintegration. Arsenic exposure significantly decreased serum amylase in female. A significant decrease in antioxidant components like catalase, soluble thiol, and recently recognized uric acid worsened the situation by generating free radicals as observed in significant rise in malondialdehyde level, which finally increased DNA fragmentation and arsenic‐associated mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. This could attribute to lowering in immune competence and related necrotic and/or apoptotic manifestations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
Short Chain Saturated Fatty Acids Decrease Circulating Cholesterol and Increase Tissue PUFA Content in the Rat
Authors: Legrand Philippe , Beauchamp Erwan , Catheline Daniel , Pédrono Frédérique , Rioux Vincent 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis study investigates the effect of various dietary saturated fatty acid (SFA) profiles on plasma lipid parameters and tissue fatty acid composition in rats. The experiment was designed to monitor polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels, while examining different amounts and types of SFA. Four isocaloric diets were prepared, containing 10–11 mol% of fatty acids (FA) as linoleic acid (LNA) and 2.5 mol% as α‐linolenic acid (ALA), leading to an identical and well‐balanced LNA/ALA ratio. The initial rapeseed oil/corn oil mixture providing ALA and LNA was enriched with olive oil to prepare the olive oil diet. The butterfat diet was supplemented with butterfat, containing short‐chain SFA (C4:0–C10:0, 17 mol% of FA), lauric acid (C12:0, 3.2 mol%), myristic acid (C14:0, 10.5 mol%) and palmitic acid (C16:0, 14.5 mol%). The saturates diet was supplemented with trilaurin, trimyristin and tripalmitin to obtain the same level of lauric, myristic and palmitic acids as the butterfat diet, without the short‐chain SFA. The trimyristin diet was enriched with trimyristin only. The results showed that the butterfat diet contributed to specific effects, compared to the olive oil diet and the saturates and trimyristin diets: a decrease in plasma total, LDL‐ and HDL‐cholesterol, higher tissue storage of ALA and LNA, and a higher level of (n‐3) highly unsaturated fatty acids in some tissues. This study supports the hypothesis that in diets with identical well‐balanced LNA/ALA ratios, short chain SFA may decrease circulating cholesterol and increase tissue polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the rat.
Genetic base and relatedness of Indian early maturing potato (Solanum tuberosum) selections
Authors: KUMAR R. , KANG G. S. , PANDEY S. K. , GOPAL J. 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYPedigree analysis was used to study the genetic background of 66 Indian early maturing potato selections, the pedigree of which was traced back to 35 ancestors. Six of the 35 contributed 0·42 of the genetic base, which shows the narrow genetic base of Indian early maturing genotypes. Genotypes 2814 (a)1 (f=0·145) and 3069 (d)4 (f=0·145) were the ancestors which appeared most frequently. Based on the coefficient of relationship, the 66 selections were grouped into seven groups with one common ancestor in almost all the selections within a group. The genotypes Kufri Ashoka, Kufri Pukhraj, AGB-69-1, Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Alankar, Kufri Lauvkar and Kufri Kuber were identified as very important parents/ancestors, carrying specific gene complexes valuable in new selections. Crosses between selections from different diversity groups can result in the selection of useful clones while increasing or maintaining genetic diversity, which is desirable to ensure sustainable breeding progress in the future.
Health service resource needs for pandemic influenza in developing countries: a linked transmission dynamics, interventions and resource demand model
Authors: KRUMKAMP R. , KRETZSCHMAR M. , RUDGE J. W. , AHMAD A. , HANVORAVONGCHAI P. , WESTENHOEFER J. , STEIN M. , PUTTHASRI W. , COKER R. 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYWe used a mathematical model to describe a regional outbreak and extrapolate the underlying health-service resource needs. This model was designed to (i) estimate resource gaps and quantities of resources needed, (ii) show the effect of resource gaps, and (iii) highlight which particular resources should be improved. We ran the model, parameterized with data from the 2009 H1N1v pandemic, for two provinces in Thailand. The predicted number of preventable deaths due to resource shortcomings and the actual resource needs are presented for two provinces and for Thailand as a whole. The model highlights the potentially huge impact of health-system resource availability and of resource gaps on health outcomes during a pandemic and provides a means to indicate where efforts should be concentrated to effectively improve pandemic response programmes.
Diameters in Supercritical Random Graphs Via First Passage Percolation
Authors: DING JIAN , KIM JEONG HAN , LUBETZKY EYAL , PERES YUVAL 
Published: October 2010

We study the diameter of1, the largest component of the Erdős–Rényi random graph(n,p) in the emerging supercritical phase,i.e., forp=$\frac{1+\epsilon}n$where ε3n→ ∞ and ε =o(1). This parameter was extensively studied for fixed ε > 0, yet results for ε =o(1) outside the critical window were only obtained very recently. Prior to this work, Riordan and Wormald gave precise estimates on the diameter; however, these did not cover the entire supercritical regime (namely, when ε3n→ ∞ arbitrarily slowly). Łuczak and Seierstad estimated its order throughout this regime, yet their upper and lower bounds differed by a factor of$\frac{1000}7$.We show that throughout the emerging supercritical phase,i.e., for any ε =o(1) with ε3n→ ∞, the diameter of1is with high probability asymptotic toD(ε,n) = (3/ε)log(ε3n). This constitutes the first proof of the asymptotics of the diameter valid throughout this phase. The proof relies on a recent structure result for the supercritical giant component, which reduces the problem of estimating distances between its vertices to the study of passage times in first-passage percolation. The main advantage of our method is its flexibility. It also implies that in the emerging supercritical phase the diameter of the 2-core of1is w.h.p. asymptotic to$\frac23 D(\epsilon,n)$, and the maximal distance in1between any pair of kernel vertices is w.h.p. asymptotic to$\frac{5}9D(\epsilon,n)$.
Uncoupling Neuroprotection from Immunosuppression: the Discovery of ILS-920
Authors: Graziani Edmund I. 
Published: October 2010

Natural product scaffolds are privileged structures that have withstood the pressures of eons of natural selection and have demonstrated utility in human medicine. They therefore represent a potential bridge to balancing risk and innovation in drug discovery and can complement modern synthetic approaches to medicinal chemistry. Our team explored modulating the activity of a medically useful natural product in order to modulate this activity towards a desired profile, while at the same time learning how structural changes affect mechanism, employing contemporary tools of chemical biology.Rapamycin is an immunosuppressive natural product inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). We tested the hypothesis that modification of rapamycin at the mTOR binding region could provide non-immunosuppressive compounds with potent neuroprotective activity and significant efficacy in an animal model of ischemic stroke. Employing cell-based screening of our existing rapamycin analog (rapalog) collection, we identified Diels-Alder adduct formation at the C19,C22 diene as a potential synthetic strategy. The subsequent preparation of biologically active, non-immunosuppressive rapalogs has yielded a clinical compound, ILS-920. Preliminary investigations of the chemical biology of the compound suggest that the in vivo efficacy of ILS-920 derives from the compound’s dual functions as a potential activator of glucocorticoid and other steroid receptors via dissociation of FK506 binding protein 52 (FKBP52) from the receptor complexes, and as an inhibitor of L-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels via binding to the β1 subunit.
Polymer–Layered Double Hydroxide Nanocomposites by Emulsion and Suspension Polymerization
Authors: Qiu LongZhen , Qu BaoJun 
Published: October 2010

LDHs, also known as anionic clays or hydrotalcite (HT)-like materials, are a family of materials consisting of positively charged brucite-like layers with intercalated anion and water molecules. The relatively weak interlayer bonding and excellent expanding properties of LDHs make them suitable for achieving well-dispersed nanocomposites through intercalation process like layered silicates. In the present chapter, we first give a brief review on the synthesis of LDHs, their organic modification, and the conventional strategies for preparing polymer/LDH nanocomposites. Then we summarize and discuss the up-to-date results obtained from the polymer/LDH nanocomposites prepared by emulsion and suspension polymerization in detail, including their synthesis, characterization, and potential applications.Owing to their heterogeneous reaction systems, emulsion and suspension polymerization provide effective ways to achieve water-insoluble polymer /LDH nanocomposites in aqueous system. These strategies allow combining the nanocomposite synthesis procedure with the synthesis and modification procedure of LDHs in one system, which makes the production more efficient. Otherwise, the emulsion and suspension polymerization show many advantages, such as environment friendly, excellent heat control, low viscosity, and high molecular weight products obtained by fast polymerization rates. The nanocomposites obtained by emulsion and suspension polymerization exhibit enhanced thermal stability, improved flame retardancy, and good optical properties.
Polymer–Magnesium Hydroxide Nanocomposites by Emulsion Polymerization
Authors: Xie Xiao-Lin , Liu Sheng-Peng , Du Fei-Peng , Mai Yiu-Wing 
Published: October 2010

With ever increasing awareness of environmental sustainability and tighter legislation, in-situ emulsion polymerization process has been widely adopted to prepare halogen-free flame retardant polymer/MH (magnesium hydroxide) nanocomposites with homogenous dispersion. Such composites possess excellent thermal stability, low flammability, good rheological properties and superb mechanical properties. They can be beneficially used as flame retardant adhesives and coatings, elastomers and plastics.
We believe in-situ emulsion polymerization is an efficient method to modify the surface of nano-MHs. We can adjust the thickness of the polymer shell covered on the nano-MH surface by controlling the ratio of monomer to nano-MHs; we can easily adjust the solubility parameter of polymers or copolymers covered on the nano-MHs, and disperse the modified nano-MHs in any polymer matrix uniformly, and hence enhance the interfacial interaction between nano-MHs and polymer. Hence, we have the tools to fabricate high-performance polymer/MH nanocomposites. Finally, to overcome the formation of homopolymer during in-situ monomer/nano-MH emulsion polymerization or copolymerization, surface-initiated in-situ emulsion polymerization seems to be a promising method not yet explored to-date.
Engineering of self-assembled nanoparticle platform for precisely controlled combination drug therapy
Authors: Kolishetti Nagesh , Dhar Shanta , Valencia Pedro M. , Lin Lucy Q. , Karnik Rohit , Lippard Stephen J. , Langer Robert , Farokhzad Omid C. 
Published: October 2010

The genomic revolution has identified therapeutic targets for a plethora of diseases, creating a need to develop robust technologies for combination drug therapy. In the present work, we describe a self-assembled polymeric nanoparticle (NP) platform to target and control precisely the codelivery of drugs with varying physicochemical properties to cancer cells. As proof of concept, we codelivered cisplatin and docetaxel (Dtxl) to prostate cancer cells with synergistic cytotoxicity. A polylactide (PLA) derivative with pendant hydroxyl groups was prepared and conjugated to a platinum(IV) [Pt(IV)] prodrug,c,t,c-[Pt(NH3)2(O2CCH2CH2COOH)(OH)Cl2] [PLA-Pt(IV)]. A blend of PLA-Pt(IV) functionalized polymer and carboxyl-terminated poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer in the presence or absence of Dtxl, was converted, in microfluidic channels, to NPs with a diameter of ∼100 nm. This process resulted in excellent encapsulation efficiency (EE) and high loading of both hydrophilic platinum prodrug and hydrophobic Dtxl with reproducible EEs and loadings. The surface of the NPs was derivatized with the A10 aptamer, which binds to the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) on prostate cancer cells. These NPs undergo controlled release of both drugs over a period of 48–72 h. Targeted NPs were internalized by the PSMA-expressing LNCaP cells via endocytosis, and formation of cisplatin 1,2-d(GpG) intrastrand cross-links on nuclear DNA was verified. In vitro toxicities demonstrated superiority of the targeted dual-drug combination NPs over NPs with single drug or nontargeted NPs. This work reveals the potential of a single, programmable nanoparticle to blend and deliver a combination of drugs for cancer treatment.
Excess Length of Stay Due to Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infection in Intensive Care Units in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico
Authors: Barnett Adrian G. , Graves Nicholas , Rosenthal Victor D. , Salomao Reinaldo , Rangel-Frausto Manuel Sigfrido 
Published: October 2010

Objective.To estimate the excess length of stay in an intensive care unit (ICU) due to a central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), using a multistate model that accounts for the timing of infection.Design.A cohort of 3,560 patients followed up for 36,806 days in ICUs.Setting.Eleven ICUs in 3 Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico.Patients.All patients admitted to the ICU during a defined time period with a central line in place for more than 24 hours.Results.The average excess length of stay due to a CLABSI increased in 10 of 11 ICUs and varied from -1.23 days to 4.69 days. A reduction in length of stay in Mexico was probably caused by an increased risk of death due to CLABSI, leading to shorter times to death. Adjusting for patient age and Average Severity of Illness Score tended to increase the estimated excess length of stays due to CLABSI.Conclusions.CLABSIs are associated with an excess length of ICU stay. The average excess length of stay varies between ICUs, most likely because of the case-mix of admissions and differences in the ways that hospitals deal with infections.