bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The fractal yam: botanical imagery and human agency in the Trobriands
Authors: Mosko Mark S. 
Published: November 2009

Anthropologists have long appreciated that animals are ‘good to think’. In this essay I ponder whether plants might be good to think too, and particularly whether there is any sense in asking if plants (along with animals) might also be ‘good to act’. The botanical metaphor of ‘base’, ‘body’, and ‘tip’ animates the origin structures of many if not most societies of the Austronesian world. Less attention has been directed at indigenous elaborations in other socio‐cultural domains of the region. Based on recent fieldwork, I outline such ramifications in Trobriand culture, drawing upon the notions of fractal recursion and self‐similarity from chaos theory wherein emergent ‘tips’ yield ‘fruit’ which become the condition or ‘base’ for further production and transformation. Accordingly, the base‐body‐tip‐fruit metaphor serves as a cultural template or scenario for social action, shedding new interpretative light on many topics of long‐standing anthropological interest (e.g. yam propagation, display, and exchange, kula, mortuary celebration, age categories, fame) as well as more recent theoretical interests.RésuméLes anthropologues ont compris il y a longtemps déjà que les animaux sont « bons à penser ». Dans cet essai, l’auteur se demande si les plantes sont elles aussi bonnes à penser, et en particulier s’il vaut la peine de se demander si les plantes (comme les animaux) pourraient être « bonnes à agir ». La métaphore botanique de « base », « corps » et « tête » anime les structures originelles de beaucoup de sociétés du monde austronésien, sinon toutes. On s’est moins intéressé aux élaborations indigènes de la région dans d’autres domaines socioculturels. Sur la base d’un récent travail de terrain, l’auteur retrace ces ramifications dans la culture trobriandaise, utilisant les notions de récursivité fractale et d’autosimilitude de la théorie du chaos, selon lesquelles les « têtes » donnent des « fruits » qui deviennent la condition ou « base » d’une nouvelle production et transformation. En conséquence, la métaphore base‐corps‐tête‐fruit sert de modèle culturel ou de scénario d’action sociale, jetant un nouvel éclairage interprétatif sur de nombreux sujets qui intéressent depuis longtemps les anthropologues (tels que la propagation, la présentation et l’échange des ignames, la kula, les célébrations mortuaires, les classes d’âge, la renommée), mais aussi sur de nouvelles questions théoriques plus récentes.
Shamanism and ritual in South America: an inquiry into Amerindian shape‐shifting
Authors: Praet Istvan 
Published: November 2009

Using ethnographic material on the Chachi, an Amerindian group in Northwest Ecuador, this article attempts to develop a renewed understanding of shamanism and ritual among so‐called ‘indigenous peoples’ in South America, in both lowland and highland areas. I show that the human domain and that of spirits are always equivalent. It is also suggested that shamanic curing and many other forms of ritual can fruitfully be understood as instances of metamorphosis. In order to explore this argument I develop the notion of ‘shape‐shifting’.RésuméUtilisant des matériaux ethnographiques sur les Chachi, groupe amérindien de la côte pacifique équatorienne, cet article tente de développer une compréhension renouvelée du chamanisme et des rituels des peuples indigènes de l’Amérique du Sud, à la fois dans les basses terres et dans les Andes. L’auteur explique pourquoi le domaine de l’humain et celui des esprits sont toujours équivalents. Il suggère ensuite que l’on gagne à comprendre les thérapies chamaniques et beaucoup d’autres formes rituelles comme des faits de métamorphose. Pour étayer cet argument, il développe la notion de « changement de forme ».
From ‘impregnation’ to ‘attunement’: a sensory view of how magic works
Authors: Novellino Dario 
Published: November 2009

Anthropological theories of magic make several claims about the contagious transfer of attributes from object to object and object to person through ‘impregnation’, ‘absorption’, and ‘penetration’. This article argues that such notions, which emphasize violation of physical space and ontological boundaries, are often incongruent with emic perspectives. For the Batak of Palawan, ‘magical efficacy’ in rituals is achieved by attuning the properties of objects, powerful words, sounds, and gestures to other sensory qualities of the environment, in relation to a wider spatio‐temporal dimension. Operating from these general premises, I introduce the analytical concept of tool‐sign(s); these are vehicles of both cross‐ontological communication and action on the material world. This notion sheds new light on long‐standing debates about the look and logic of magic.RésuméLes études anthropologiques de la magie évoquent à maintes reprises un transfert de caractère contagieux des attributs d’un objet à un autre ou d’un objet à une personne par « imprégnation », « absorption » ou « pénétration ». L’auteur avance que ces notions, qui mettent l’accent sur une violation de l’espace physique et des frontières ontologiques, ne concordent pas souvent avec les points de vue émiques. Pour les Bataks du Palawan, « l’efficacité magique » des rituels est obtenue en accordant les propriétés des objets, des mots, sons et gestes de puissance aux autres qualités sensorielles de l’environnement, en lien avec une dimension spatiotemporelle plus large. Sur cette base générale, l’article introduit le concept analytique de signe(s)‐outil(s) : il s’agit de véhicules de communication inter‐ontologique aussi bien que d’action sur le monde matériel. Cette notion jette un nouvel éclairage sur les débats de longue date concernant l’aspect et la logique de la magie.
Raising the roof in the transnational Andes: building houses, forging kinship
Authors: Leinaweaver Jessaca B. 
Published: November 2009

Transnational migration transforms houses, the rituals surrounding them, and the people who live in those houses and use them to understand aspects of their social and ethnic identities. I focus on the Andean house‐roofing ritual known as the zafacasa to demonstrate the centrality of the house as a mediator for personal relationships, and the importance of such rituals for reconstituting social bonds both in spite of and because of distance. The article goes on to argue that research on consumption should be complemented by a kinship framework in order fully to represent the local meanings of expenditures.RésuméLa migration transnationale transforme les maisons, les rituels qui les entourent et les gens qui les habitent et les utilisent pour saisir certains aspects de leur identité sociale et ethnique. L’auteur s’intéresse au rituel de pose de toit andin connu sous le nom de zafacasa pour démontrer le rôle central de la maison en tant que médiateur de relations personnelles et l’importance de ces rituels pour la reconstitution de liens sociaux malgré, et à cause de, la distance. L’article avance qu’il serait utile d’ajouter aux recherches sur la consommation un cadre concernant la parenté, afin d’appréhender de façon plus complète la signification locale des dépenses.
Playful places, serious times: young women migrants from a peri‐urban settlement, Zimbabwe
Authors: Adams Mary 
Published: November 2009

This article builds on recent anthropologies of youth and childhood in contemporary Africa to incorporate perspectives on gender, age, maturation, and life course, particularly as these engage a politics of place and historically specific experiences of emplacement. The ethnography focuses on events surrounding teenage girls' involvement in city work and travel in the peri‐urban areas of Harare, Zimbabwe, at a time when women's bodies and behaviours were the focus of renewed attempts to reform urban domesticities and when young women's urban activities were becoming crucial to peri‐urban household survival. In this context the risks and upheavals of youthfulness become a shared, intergenerational concern with social continuity: young women came to be seen as compliant rebels, involved in marginal, ‘playful’, and vital work that might secure threatened futures. The ethnography thus questions the often assumed equation of youthfulness or youth projects with socio‐cultural transformation.Le présent article s’appuie sur les travaux anthropologiques récents consacrés à la jeunesse et à l’enfance dans l’Afrique contemporaine pour y intégrer un point de vue sur le sexe, l’âge, la maturation et la destinée, en particulier lorsque ceux‐ci sont liés à une politique des lieux et à des expériences historiquement spécifiques de l’emplacement. L’ethnographie est consacrée à des événements entourant l’engagement d’adolescentes zimbabwéennes dans le travail et les déplacements en ville, dans les quartiers périurbains d’Harare, à une époque où le corps et le comportement des femmes faisaient l’objet de nouvelle tentatives de réformer la sphère domestique et où les activités urbaines des jeunes femmes devenaient indispensables à la survie des ménages périurbains. Dans ce contexte, les risques et les bouleversements de la jeunesse deviennent une préoccupation partagée entre les générations, avec une constante sociale : les jeunes femmes sont finalement considérées comme des rebelles dociles, engagées dans un travail marginal, « ludique » et vital, susceptible de sécuriser des avenirs menacés. L’ethnographie remet donc en question la corrélation souvent implicite de la juvénilité ou des projets des jeunes avec les transformations socioculturelles.
‘No connection or cooperation’? Missionaries and anthropologists on the Pacific Northwest Coast
Authors: Tomalin Marcus 
Published: November 2009

This article examines the collaborative research that was accomplished by certain missionaries and anthropologists who were based on the Pacific Northwest Coast during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Although it is still sometimes suggested that these interactions were minimal, this article reveals their depth and extent. In particular, the way in which prominent researchers such as Franz Boas made use of linguistic analyses that had been produced by priests is reconsidered, and it is shown that missionaries such as Charles Harrison followed the anthropologists' lead in describing and preserving the indigenous cultures they encountered. Such facts reinforce revisionist historiographical accounts of the development of anthropology which give greater emphasis to the role of missionaries.RésuméL’auteur examine les recherches « collaboratives » menées à la fin du XIXesiècle et au début du XXepar certains missionnaires et anthropologues basés sur la côte Nord‐ouest du Pacifique. Bien que l’on suggère parfois encore que ces interactions ont été très succinctes, le présent article révèle leur profondeur et leur étendue. Est notamment réexaminée la manière dont des chercheurs aussi éminents que Franz Boas, par exemple, ont utilisé des analyses linguistiques réalisées par des prêtres. Il apparaît que des missionnaires tels que Charles Harrison ont suivi l’exemple des anthropologues pour décrire et préserver les cultures autochtones qu’ils rencontraient. Ces observations viennent à l’appui des révisions récentes de l’histoire du développement de l’anthropologie, qui accordent une plus grande place au rôle des missionnaires.
Pim‐1 kinase as activator of the cell cycle pathway in neuronal death induced by DNA damage
Authors: Zhang Yi , Parsanejad Mohammad , Huang En , Qu Dianbo , Aleyasin Hossein , Rousseaux Maxime W. C. , Gonzalez Yasmilde Rodriguez , Cregan Sean P. , Slack Ruth S. , Park David S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDNA damage is a critical component of neuronal death underlying neurodegenerative diseases and injury. Neuronal death evoked by DNA damage is characterized by inappropriate activation of multiple cell cycle components. However, the mechanism regulating this activation is not fully understood. We demonstrated previously that the cell division cycle (Cdc) 25A phosphatase mediates the activation of cyclin‐dependent kinases and neuronal death evoked by the DNA damaging agent camptothecin. We also showed that Cdc25A activation is blocked by constitutive checkpoint kinase 1 activity under basal conditions in neurons. Presently, we report that an additional factor is central to regulation of Cdc25A phosphatase in neuronal death. In a gene array screen, we first identified Pim‐1 as a potential factor up‐regulated following DNA damage. We confirmed the up‐regulation of Pim‐1 transcript, protein and kinase activity following DNA damage. This induction of Pim‐1 is regulated by the nuclear factor kappa beta (NF‐κB) pathway as Pim‐1 expression and activity are significantly blocked by siRNA‐mediated knockdown of NF‐κB or NF‐κB pharmacological inhibitors. Importantly, Pim‐1 activity is critical for neuronal death in this paradigm and its deficiency blocks camptothecin‐mediated neuronal death. It does so by activating Cdc25A with consequent activation of cyclin D1‐associated kinases. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Pim‐1 kinase plays a central role in DNA damage‐evoked neuronal death by regulating aberrant neuronal cell cycle activation.
Synergistic dopaminergic neurotoxicity of manganese and lipopolysaccharide: differential involvement of microglia and astroglia
Authors: Zhang Ping , Lokuta Kyle M. , Turner DeAnne E. , Liu Bin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractOverexposure to manganese is known to cause damage to basal ganglial neurons and the development of movement abnormalities. Activation of microglia and astrocytes has increasingly been associated with the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological disorders. We have recently shown that microglial activation facilitates manganese chloride (MnCl2, 10–300 μM)‐induced preferential degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons. In this study, we report that combinations of MnCl2(1–30 μM) and endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5–2 ng/mL), at minimally effective concentrations when used alone, induced synergistic and preferential damage to DA neurons in rat primary neuron‐glia cultures. Mechanistically, MnCl2significantly potentiated LPS‐induced release of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha and interleukin‐1 beta in microglia, but not in astroglia. MnCl2and LPS were more effective in inducing the formation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in microglia than in astroglia. Furthermore, MnCl2and LPS‐induced free radical generation, cytokine release, and DA neurotoxicity was significantly attenuated by pre‐treatment with potential anti‐inflammatory agents minocycline and naloxone. These results demonstrate that the combination of manganese overexposure and neuroinflammation is preferentially deleterious to DA neurons. Moreover, these findings not only shed light on the understanding of manganese neurotoxicity but may also bear relevance to the potentially multifactorial etiology of Parkinson’s disease.
Mu and kappa opioids modulate mouse embryonic stem cell‐derived neural progenitor differentiation via MAP kinases
Authors: Hahn Jason W. , Jagwani Shana , Kim Eunhae , Rendell Victoria R. , He Joy , Ezerskiy Lubov A. , Wesselschmidt Robin , Coscia Carmine J. , Belcheva Mariana M. 
Published: November 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 1431–1441.AbstractAs embryonic stem cell‐derived neural progenitors (NPs) have the potential to be used in cell replacement therapy, an understanding of the signaling mechanisms that regulate their terminal differentiation is imperative. In previous studies, we discovered the presence of functional μ opioid receptors (MOR) and κ opioid receptors (KOR) in mouse embryonic stem cells and NPs. Here, MOR and KOR immunoreactivity was detected in NP‐derived oligodendrocytes during three stages of their maturation in vitro. Moreover, we examined the modulation of retinoic acid‐induced NP differentiation to astrocytes and neurons by μ, [D‐ala2, mephe4, gly‐ol5] enkephalin, or κ, U69, 593, opioids. Both opioid agonists inhibited NP‐derived neurogenesis and astrogenesis via their corresponding receptors as determined by immunocytochemistry. By administering selective inhibitors, we found that opioid inhibition of NP‐derived astrogenesis was driven via extracellular‐signal regulated kinase (ERK), while the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway was implicated in opioid attenuation of neurogenesis. In addition, μ and κ opioids stimulated oligodendrogenesis from NP‐derived NG2+ oligodendrocyte progenitors via both ERK and p38 signaling pathways. Accordingly, both opioids induced ERK phosphorylation in NG2+ cells. These results indicate that small molecules, such as MOR and KOR agonists may play a modulatory role in NP terminal differentiation.
Disruption of the interaction between myosin VI and SAP97 is associated with a reduction in the number of AMPARs at hippocampal synapses
Authors: Nash Joanne E. , Appleby Vanessa J. , Corrêa Sonia A. L. , Wu Hongju , Fitzjohn Stephen M. , Garner Craig C. , Collingridge Graham L. , Molnár Elek 
Published: November 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 677–690.AbstractMyosin VI is an actin‐based motor protein that is enriched at the postsynaptic density and appears to interact with alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propionate‐type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) via synapse associated protein 97 (SAP97). Here, we find that a Flag epitope‐tagged dominant negative construct that inhibits the interaction between SAP97 and myosin VI (Flag‐myoVI‐DN) causes a dramatic reduction in the number of synapses and the surface expression of AMPARs in cultured hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, we find that Flag‐myoVI‐DN also prevents the rapid delivery of AMPARs to synapses that can be induced by the transient activation of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors. The Flag‐myoVI‐DN induced decrease in surface AMPARs is not because of reduced AMPAR subunit protein synthesis. Using whole‐cell recording, we show that Flag‐myoVI‐DN also prevents the activity‐induced increase in miniature excitatory postsynaptic current frequency that is normally associated with recruitment of AMPARs to the cell surface at synaptic sites that lack these receptors (i.e. ‘silent’ synapses). Together, these results indicate that myosin VI/SAP97 plays an important role in trafficking and activity‐dependent recruitment of AMPARs to synapses.
Modifications in DARPP‐32 phosphorylation pattern after repeated palatable food consumption undergo rapid habituation in the nucleus accumbens shell of non‐food‐deprived rats
Authors: Danielli Barbara , Scheggi Simona , Grappi Silvia , Marchese Giovanna , De Montis Maria Graziella , Tagliamonte Alessandro , Gambarana Carla 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn non‐food‐deprived rats a palatable meal induces a transient increase in dopamine output in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens shell and core; habituation to this response develops with a second palatable meal, selectively in the shell, unless animals are food‐deprived. A palatable meal also induces time‐dependent modifications in the dopamine and cAMP‐regulated phosphoprotein of Mr 32 000 (DARPP‐32) phosphorylation pattern that are prevented when SCH 23390, a selective dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, is administered shortly after the meal. This study investigated whether dopaminergic habituation in the shell had a counterpart in DARPP‐32 phosphorylation changes. In non‐food‐deprived rats, two consecutive palatable meals were followed by similar sequences of modifications in DARPP‐32 phosphorylation levels in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens core, while changes after the second meal were blunted in the shell. In food‐deprived rats two consecutive meals also induced similar phosphorylation changes in the shell. Finally, SCH 23390 administered shortly after the first palatable meal in non‐food‐deprived rats inhibited DARPP‐32 phosphorylation changes in response to the first meal, and prevented the habituation to a second meal in terms of dopaminergic response and DARPP‐32 phosphorylation changes. Thus, dopamine D1 receptor stimulation plays a role in the development of habituation.
Unidirectional hybridization at a species’ range boundary: implications for habitat tracking
Authors: Beatty Gemma E. , Philipp Marianne , Provan Jim 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim Introgressive hybridization between a locally rare species and a more abundant congener can drive population extinction via genetic assimilation, or the replacement of the rare species gene pool with that of the common species. To date, however, few studies have assessed the effects of such processes at the limits of species’ distribution ranges. In this study, we have examined the potential for hybridization between range‐edge populations of the wintergreenPyrola minorand sympatric populations ofPyrola grandiflora.Location Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland and Churchill, Manitoba, Canada.Methods Genetic analysis of samples from Greenland and Canada was carried out using a combination of nuclear and chloroplast single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).Results Analysis of nuclear SNPs confirmed hybridization in populations of morphologically intermediate individuals, as well as revealing the existence of cryptic hybrids in ostensibly morphologically pureP. minorpopulations. Analysis of chloroplast SNPs revealed that this hybridization is unidirectional and suggests that hybrids originate via pollen swamping ofP. minorby the more commonP. grandiflora.Main conclusions Extensive unidirectional hybridization may lead to the extinction of peripheral populations ofP. minorwhere the two species grow sympatrically. Extinction could occur as a result of genetic assimilation where F1s are fertile, or via the removal of unidirectionally pollinated sterile F1s, or by a combination of these processes. This could compromise the ability of species to respond to climate change via habitat tracking, although the final outcome of these processes may ultimately depend on the rate of global climate change and its effect on the species’ distributions.
DNA methylation pattern changes upon long‐term culture and aging of human mesenchymal stromal cells
Authors: Bork Simone , Pfister Stefan , Witt Hendrik , Horn Patrick , Korn Bernhard , Ho Anthony D. , Wagner Wolfgang 
Published: November 2009

SummaryWithin 2–3 months of in vitro culture‐expansion, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) undergo replicative senescence characterized by cell enlargement, loss of differentiation potential and ultimate growth arrest. In this study, we have analyzed DNA methylation changes upon long‐term culture of MSC by using the HumanMethylation27 BeadChip microarray assessing 27 578 unique CpG sites. Furthermore, we have compared MSC from young and elderly donors. Overall, methylation patterns were maintained throughout both long‐term culture and aging but highly significant differences were observed at specific CpG sites. Many of these differences were observed in homeobox genes and genes involved in cell differentiation. Methylation changes were verified by pyrosequencing after bisulfite conversion and compared to gene expression data. Notably, methylation changes in MSC were overlapping in long‐term culture and aging in vivo. This supports the notion that replicative senescence and aging represent developmental processes that are regulated by specific epigenetic modifications.