bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two putatively homoeologous wheat genes mediate recognition of SnTox3 to confer effector‐triggered susceptibility to Stagonospora nodorum
Authors: Zhang Zengcui , Friesen Timothy L. , Xu Steven S. , Shi Gongjun , Liu Zhaohui , Rasmussen Jack B. , Faris Justin D. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryThe pathogen Stagonospora nodorum produces multiple effectors, also known as host‐selective toxins (HSTs), that interact with corresponding host sensitivity genes in an inverse gene‐for‐gene manner to cause the disease Stagonospora nodorum blotch (SNB) in wheat. In this study, a sensitivity gene was identified in Aegilops tauschii, the diploid D‐genome donor of common wheat. The gene was mapped to the short arm of chromosome 5D and mediated recognition of the effector SnTox3, which was previously shown to be recognized by the wheat gene Snn3 on chromosome arm 5BS. Comparative mapping suggested that Snn3 and the gene on 5DS are probably homoeologous and derived from a common ancestor. Therefore, we propose to designate these genes as Snn3‐B1 and Snn3‐D1, respectively. Compatible Snn3‐D1–SnTox3 interactions resulted in more severe necrosis in both effector infiltration and spore inoculation experiments than compatible Snn3‐B1–SnTox3 interactions, indicating that Snn3‐B1 and Snn3‐D1 may have different affinities in SnTox3 recognition or signal transduction. Wheat bin‐mapped expressed sequence tags and good levels of collinearity among the wheat Snn3 regions, rice (Oryza sativa), and Brachypodium distachyon were exploited for saturation and fine mapping of the Snn3‐D1 locus. Markers delineating the Snn3‐D1 locus to a 1.4 cM interval will be useful for initiating positional cloning. Further characterization of how these homoeologous genes mediate recognition of the same pathogen effector should enhance understanding of host manipulation by necrotrophic pathogens in causing disease.
Behavioural Interactions and Hormones in Naturally and Hatchery‐Spawned Chinook Salmon
Authors: Garner Shawn R. , Madison Barry N. , Bernier Nicholas J. , Neff Bryan D. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractArtificial breeding programmes commonly lead to domestication, which is associated with many behavioural differences that can reduce the success of animals released into natural environments. To better understand the factors contributing to domestication, we used a captive population of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to partition hormonal and behavioural differences to effects of the breeding method and rearing environment. We compared 9‐mo‐old juveniles from three lines that shared a common genetic background: (1) the Channel line produced by natural spawning and reared in a low‐density environment with a natural substrate for approx. 6 mo before being transferred to the hatchery; (2) the Hatchery line produced by artificial spawning; and (3) the Transfer line produced by natural spawning but reared in the hatchery from the eyed‐egg stage. Plasma concentrations of 11‐ketotestosterone (11‐KT) and cortisol were measured in groups of 150 fish and again after 4 d of social interactions in groups of six fish. There was no difference in 11‐KT among lines in large groups, but in small groups, Transfer fish had lower 11‐KT concentrations and were significantly less aggressive than both Channel and Hatchery fish. Regardless of group size, concentrations of the stress hormone cortisol were nearly twofold higher in Channel fish than in Hatchery and Transfer fish. Furthermore, the elevated cortisol concentrations in Channel fish were associated with 35% lower feeding rates than in the other two lines. Our study details complex behavioural and hormonal responses to breeding method and rearing environment in juvenile salmon.
Sounds Modulate Males’ Aggressiveness in a Cichlid Fish
Authors: Bertucci Frédéric , Beauchaud Marilyn , Attia Joël , Mathevon Nicolas 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAcoustic signals are produced in many fish species during agonistic or courtship interactions. A way to test the biological role of these sounds is the use of acoustic playback experiments. However, sounds are usually associated with visual displays and playback experiments performed in fish so far, often failed to match acoustic and visual stimuli. To avoid this mismatch issue, we experimentally separated or coupled visual and acoustic channels to test the role of sounds produced during male–male aggressive interactions in a cichlid fish, Metriaclima zebra. Results show that aggressive behaviour is based on visual stimuli and that acoustic signals alone never trigger aggression. Furthermore, the association between visual and acoustic channels lowers the level of aggressiveness found when fish can only interact visually. This suggests that acoustic signals used during a dispute may complement visual displays to modulate males’ behaviour by reducing their aggressiveness and the risk of escalated fights.
Continuous and intermittent transcranial magnetic theta burst stimulation modify tactile learning performance and cortical protein expression in the rat differently
Authors: Mix Annika , Benali Alia , Eysel Ulf T. , Funke Klaus 
Published: October 2010

AbstractRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can modulate cortical excitability in a stimulus‐frequency‐dependent manner. Two kinds of theta burst stimulation (TBS) [intermittent TBS (iTBS) and continuous TBS (cTBS)] modulate human cortical excitability differently, with iTBS increasing it and cTBS decreasing it. In rats, we recently showed that this is accompanied by changes in the cortical expression of proteins related to the activity of inhibitory neurons. Expression levels of the calcium‐binding protein parvalbumin (PV) and of the 67‐kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) were strongly reduced following iTBS, but not cTBS, whereas both increased expression of the 65‐kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase. In the present study, to investigate possible functional consequences, we applied iTBS and cTBS to rats learning a tactile discrimination task. Conscious rats received either verum or sham rTMS prior to the task. Finally, to investigate how rTMS and learning effects interact, protein expression was determined for cortical areas directly involved in the task and for those either not, or indirectly, involved. We found that iTBS, but not cTBS, improved learning and strongly reduced cortical PV and GAD67 expression. However, the combination of learning and iTBS prevented this effect in those cortical areas involved in the task, but not in unrelated areas. We conclude that the improved learning found following iTBS is a result of the interaction of two effects, possibly in a homeostatic manner: a general weakening of inhibition mediated by the fast‐spiking interneurons, and re‐established activity in those neurons specifically involved in the learning task, leading to enhanced contrast between learning‐induced and background activity.
Inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate signaling maintains the activity of glutamate uptake in Bergmann glia
Authors: Mashimo Masato , Okubo Yohei , Yamazawa Toshiko , Yamasaki Miwako , Watanabe Masahiko , Murayama Toshihiko , Iino Masamitsu 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe maintenance of synaptic functions is essential for neuronal information processing in the adult brain. Astrocytes express glutamate transporters that rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space and they play a critical role in the precise operation of glutamatergic transmission. However, how the glutamate clearance function of astrocytes is maintained remains elusive. Here, we describe a maintenance mechanism for the glutamate uptake capacity of Bergmann glial cells (BGs) in the cerebellum. When inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) signaling was chronically and selectively inhibited in BGs in vivo, the retention time of glutamate around parallel fiber–Purkinje cell synapses was increased. Under these conditions, a decrease in the level of the glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) in BGs was observed. The same effects were observed after chronic in vivo inhibition of purinergic P2 receptors in the cerebellar cortex. These results suggest that the IP3 signaling cascade is involved in regulating GLAST levels in BGs to maintain glutamate clearance in the mature cerebellum.
Overexpression of two cambium‐abundant Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) α‐expansin genes ClEXPA1 and ClEXPA2 affect growth and development in transgenic tobacco and increase the amount of cellulose in stem cell walls
Authors: Wang Guifeng , Gao Yan , Wang Jinjun , Yang Liwei , Song Rentao , Li Xiaorong , Shi Jisen 
Published: October 2010

SummaryExpansins are unique plant cell wall proteins that possess the ability to induce immediately cell wall extension in vitro and cell expansion in vivo. To investigate the biological functions of expansins that are abundant in wood‐forming tissues, we cloned two expansin genes from the differentiating xylem of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook). Phylogenetic reconstruction indicated that they belong to α‐expansin (EXPA), named ClEXPA1 and ClEXPA2. Expression pattern analysis demonstrated that they are preferentially expressed in the cambium region. Overexpression of ClEXPA1 and ClEXPA2 in tobacco plants yielded pleiotropic phenotypes of plant height, stem diameter, leaf number and seed pod. The height and diameter growth of the 35Spro:ClEXPA1 and 35Spro:ClEXPA2 transgenic plants were increased drastically, exhibiting an enlargement of pith parenchyma cell size. Isolated cell walls of ClEXPA1 and ClEXPA2 overexpressors contained 30%–50% higher cellulose contents than the wild type, accompanied by a thickening of the cell walls in the xylem region. Both ClEXPA1 and ClEXPA2 are involved in plant growth and development, with a partially functional overlap. Expansins are not only able to induce cell expansion in different tissues/organs in vivo, but they also can act as a potential activator during secondary wall formation by directly or indirectly affecting cellulose metabolism, probably in a cell type‐dependent manner.
Least Squares Subdivision Surfaces
Authors: Boyé S. , Guennebaud G. , Schlick C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe usual approach to design subdivision schemes for curves and surfaces basically consists in combining proper rules for regular configurations, with some specific heuristics to handle extraordinary vertices. In this paper, we introduce an alternative approach, called Least Squares Subdivision Surfaces (LS), where the key idea is to iteratively project each vertex onto a local approximation of the current polygonal mesh. While the resulting procedure haves the same complexity as simpler subdivision schemes, our method offers much higher visual quality, especially in the vicinity of extraordinary vertices. Moreover, we show it can be easily generalized to support boundaries and creases. The fitting procedure allows for a local control of the surface from the normals, making LS3very well suited for interactive freeform modeling applications. We demonstrate our approach on diadic triangular and quadrangular refinement schemes, though it can be applied to any splitting strategies.
Feature Oriented Progressive Lossless Mesh Coding
Authors: Peng Jingliang , Huang Yan , Kuo C.‐C. Jay , Eckstein Ilya , Gopi M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA feature‐oriented generic progressive lossless mesh coder (FOLProM) is proposed to encode triangular meshes with arbitrarily complex geometry and topology. In this work, a sequence of levels of detail (LODs) are generated through iterative vertex set split and bounding volume subdivision. The incremental geometry and connectivity updates associated with each vertex set split and/or bounding volume subdivision are entropy coded. Due to the visual importance of sharp geometric features, the whole geometry coding process is optimized for a better presentation of geometric features, especially at low coding bitrates. Feature‐oriented optimization in FOLProM is performed in hierarchy control and adaptive quantization. Efficient coordinate representation and prediction schemes are employed to reduce the entropy of data significantly. Furthermore, a simple yet efficient connectivity coding scheme is proposed. It is shown that FOLProM offers a significant rate‐distortion (R‐D) gain over the prior art, which is especially obvious at low bitrates.
Condenser‐Based Instant Reflectometry
Authors: Lan Yanxiang , Dong Yue , Wang Jiaping , Tong Xin , Guo Baining 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe present a technique for rapid capture of high quality bidirectional reflection distribution functions(BRDFs) of surface points. Our method represents the BRDF at each point by a generalized microfacet model with tabulated normal distribution function (NDF) and assumes that the BRDF is symmetrical. A compact and light‐weight reflectometry apparatus is developed for capturing reflectance data from each surface point within one second. The device consists of a pair of condenser lenses, a video camera, and six LED light sources. During capture, the reflected rays from a surface point lit by a LED lighting are refracted by a condenser lenses and efficiently collected by the camera CCD. Taking advantage of BRDF symmetry, our reflectometry apparatus provides an efficient optical design to improve the measurement quality. We also propose a model fitting algorithm for reconstructing the generalized microfacet model from the sparse BRDF slices captured from a material surface point. Our new algorithm addresses the measurement errors and generates more accurate results than previous work. Our technique provides a practical and efficient solution for BRDF acquisition, especially for materials with anisotropic reflectance. We test the accuracy of our approach by comparing our results with ground truth. We demonstrate the efficiency of our reflectometry by measuring materials with different degrees of specularity, values of Fresnel factor, and angular variation.
Variance Soft Shadow Mapping
Authors: Yang Baoguang , Dong Zhao , Feng Jieqing , Seidel Hans‐Peter , Kautz Jan 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe present variance soft shadow mapping (VSSM) for rendering plausible soft shadow in real‐time. VSSM is based on the theoretical framework of percentage‐closer soft shadows (PCSS) and exploits recent advances in variance shadow mapping (VSM). Our new formulation allows for the efficient computation of (average) blocker distances, a common bottleneck in PCSS‐based methods. Furthermore, we avoid incorrectly lit pixels commonly encountered in VSM‐based methods by appropriately subdividing the filter kernel. We demonstrate that VSSM renders high‐quality soft shadows efficiently (usually over 100 fps) for complex scene settings. Its speed is at least one order of magnitude faster than PCSS for large penumbra.
Towards Perceptual Simplification of Models with Arbitrary Materials
Authors: Menzel Nicolas , Guthe Michael 
Published: October 2010

AbstractReal‐time rendering of models with high polygon count is still an important issue in interactive computer graphics. A common way to improve rendering performance is to generate different levels of detail of a model. These are mostly computed using polygonal simplification techniques, which aim to reduce the number of polygons without significant loss of visual fidelity. Most existing algorithms use geometric error bounds, which are well‐suited for silhouette preservation. They ignore the fact that a much more aggressive simplification is possible in low‐contrast areas inside the model. The main contribution of this paper is an efficient simplification algorithm based on the human visual system. The key idea is to move the domain of error computation from image‐space to vertex‐space to avoid a costly per‐pixel comparison. This way the error estimation of a simplification operation can be accelerated significantly. To account for the human vision, we introduce a perceptually based metric depending on the contrast and spatial frequency of the model at a single vertex. Finally, we validate our approach with a user study.
Involvement of decreased muscarinic receptor function in prepulse inhibition deficits in mice reared in social isolation
Authors: Koda K , Ago Y , Yano K , Nishimura M , Kobayashi H , Fukada A , Takuma K , Matsuda T 
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEWe have previously reported that galantamine, a weak acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, improves prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits in mice reared in social isolation. ACh receptors are involved in the underlying mechanism of PPI, but whether rearing in social isolation causes dysfunction of the cholinergic system is unknown. In this study, we examined the involvement of muscarinic receptors in the improvement of PPI deficits induced by galantamine, and whether the cholinergic system is altered in mice reared in isolation.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHThree‐week‐old male ddY mice were housed in isolated cages for 6 weeks before the initiation of experiments to create PPI deficits. Cholinergic functions were determined by measuring the behavioural and neurochemical responses to nicotinic and muscarinic receptor agonists.KEY RESULTSThe improvement by galantamine of social isolation‐induced PPI deficits was blocked by scopolamine, a non‐selective muscarinic antagonist, and telenzepine, a preferential M1receptor antagonist. Activation of M1receptors improved social isolation‐induced PPI deficits. Social isolation did not affect choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, but it reduced the locomotor‐suppressive response to muscarinic agonist oxotremorine, but not to nicotine. The isolation also attenuated the M1receptor agonistN‐desmethylclozapine‐induced increase in prefrontal dopamine release.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSGalantamine improves PPI deficits of mice reared in social isolation via activation of M1receptors. Social isolation reduces the muscarinic, especially M1, receptor function and this is involved in PPI deficits.
Patient perceptions of remote monitoring for nocturnal home hemodialysis
Authors: CAFAZZO Joseph A. , LEONARD Kevin , EASTY Anthony C. , ROSSOS Peter G. , CHAN Christopher T. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAdoption of nocturnal home hemodialysis (NHHD) has been slow, due in part to patient‐perceived barriers, such as anxiety and lack of self‐efficacy. This study investigates patient perception of remote monitoring in addressing these barriers. Perceptions of remote patient monitoring (RPM) were studied through a quantitative survey and qualitative interviews. The NHHD and conventional hemodialysis (CHD) were included in the survey (209 in total). Twenty semistructured interviews were conducted as well as a focus group that included NHHD patients and family caregivers. The CHD patients had greater interest in adopting NHHD with RPM than without (1.90±1.37 vs. 1.71±1.28, P<0.002), with the negative intensity ratio declining from 10.50 to 5.56. Interest in RPM was correlated with interest in NHHD (r=0.768, P<0.001). Other significant factors correlated with interest in NHHD include the belief that remote monitoring will ease the performing of NHHD (r=0.452, P=0.001) and the belief that RPM should be mandatory (r=0.541, P=0.000). Qualitative findings supported three themes: (1) There is an expectation for the use of RPM, (2) RPM should be used at a minimum transitionally, and (3) RPM acts as a surrogate support of family‐caregivers. The RPM may lower perceived barriers to the adoption of NHHD, in part through its surrogate support of family caregivers. However, RPM alone is likely insufficient to alter patients' attitudes to undergo NHHD. RPM is a common expectation of CHD patients considering the therapy, at a minimum during the transitional phase.
Intima‐media thickness of carotid arteries and erectile dysfunction in hemodialysis patients
Authors: STOLIC Radojica V. , BUKUMIRIC Zoran M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in hemodialysis (HD) is extremely high. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between the intima‐media thickness of carotid arteries and ED in HD patients. The survey was organized as a cross‐sectional study in men aged up to 65 years, in the HD. All respondents voluntarily completed the questionnaire of the International Index of Erectile Function‐5, adjusted for the Serbian language, verified routine laboratory analysis, calculated body mass index, demographic structure, duration of dialysis, the presence of hepatotropic viruses and erythropoietin therapy, smoking and drinking alcohol, determined the quality of HD, verified significantly comorbidities and measured the intima‐media thickness of carotid artery using the Doppler method. The prevalence of ED in our study was 82.2%. Erectile dysfunction significantly more prevalent in older (P = 0.001) and obese patients (P = 0.047). It is significantly represented in patients with cardiovascular disease (P = 0.006), in those who consume alcohol (P = 0.04) and patients with higher values of intima‐media thickness of carotid arteries (P = 0.007). Spearman's coefficient of linear correlation (ρ=−0.34, P=0.006) and linear regression (b=−2.02, P<0.001) indicated a negative association between intima‐media thickness and the International Index of Erectile Function score. The prevalence of ED in our patients was 82.2%, more common in older and obese patients, a significant determinant of alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease. Increased thickness of the intima media of the carotid arteries was associated with a higher incidence of ED.
Fluid overload and acute kidney injury
Authors: YERRAM Preethi , KARUPARTHI Poorna R. , MISRA Madhukar 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAcute kidney injury is commonly encountered in critically ill patients, and is associated with worse outcomes. Fluid therapy is a key component in the management of these patients, often leading to fluid overload, especially in the setting of septic acute kidney injury. Emerging data overwhelmingly suggest that fluid overload in these patients may be associated with adverse outcomes. Management of such patients should include a strategy of early guided resuscitation, followed by careful assessment of fluid status, and early initiation of renal replacement therapy as soon as it is deemed safe, aiming for a neutral or negative fluid balance. This review will focus on the pathophysiological link between fluid overload and acute kidney injury, mechanisms of organ dysfunction in fluid overload, and strategies for management.