bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electricity Model
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Section II provides an overview of each of the seven models simulated by NeuroDynamix II. Beginning with a brief introduction, each subsection describes one model, includes a glossary of variable and parameter names, and units for the variable and parameter values. Illustrations are included to provide assistance in conceptualizing the models and their implementation with NeuroDynamix II. The Electricity model simulates the properties of simple electrical circuits that include resistors, batteries, and capacitors. The experimenter can specify the number and value of components and then examine the consequences of applying known currents or known potentials to these circuits.
Equations Underlying the Axon Models
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The Axon models present the fundamental concepts that underlie the generation and propagation of the nerve impulses. This chapter includes a complete list of the equations that describe the Hodgkin-Huxley parallel conductance model specifically for squid axons, but these equations can be used to simulate nearly any action potential. The various currents generated by ionic conductances are individually described by their own equations. Ionic currents are controlled by membrane conductances and the appropriate electrochemical driving forces.
Equations Underlying the Circuit Model
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The Circuit model simulates synaptic interactions among large numbers of neurons and includes many currents and derived values. This chapter gives the equations for the membrane potentials in circuits of three-compartment invertebrate neurons with a passive soma, a neurite, where all synaptic interactions take place, and the axon, which is the only compartment that can generate an action potential.
Form of the Equations
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This section describes the methods for numerical integration of the differential equations that underlie all of the dynamic models embodied in NeuroDynamix II. This chapter presents the general form of the differential equations, which, because simulations are all based on the Hodgkin-Huxley-Katz parallel conductance model, have a common form.
10.2 Neuropharmacological Profiles of Antipsychotic Drugs
Authors: Roth Bryan L. , Rogan Sarah C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews the state of psychopharmacological therapy for schizophrenia, covering both Food and Drug Administration (FDA), approved typical and atypical drugs, and emerging molecular targets for new and developmental drugs. Despite decades of research, the state of schizophrenia therapy is much the same today as it was 20 years ago, when clozapine returned to the market. Clozapine remains the gold standard drug, and all therapeutically effective treatments act at the D2 dopamine receptor; a target first identified in the 1970s. Current approaches are largely modeled on the signal transduction hypothesis of schizophrenia. Such methods might yet have potential if we develop “selectively nonselective” drugs with binding affinity profiles similar to that of clozapine, or if we employ polypharmacy to treat the distinct symptom domains of schizophrenia. Employing functionally selective ligands and modulating noncanonical GPCR signaling (i.e. β-arrestin) also represent new opportunities for drug development within the signal transduction model of therapy.
10.3 How Antipsychotics Work: Linking Receptors to Response
Authors: Ginovart Nathalie , Kapur Shitij 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSchizophrenia is a chronic and disabling disease that typically begins during adolescence or early adult life and severely impacts psychosocial functioning. There is no known single cause of schizophrenia. It is hypothesized that genetic factors and early neurodevelopmental abnormalities (including apoptosis, disruption of neuronal migration, or alteration of synaptogenesis) may confer a constitutional vulnerability to the disease. Subsequent environmental factors (including obstetric complications, exposure to viral infection in utero, or exposure to psychosocial stress during childhood) may then trigger the behavioral expression of this vulnerability, perhaps via subtle alterations of brain development. Within this framework, dysregulations of the dopamine (DA) and glutamate neurotransmitter systems have been most intimately associated with the physiopathology of schizophrenia. This chapter focuses on this aspect of the illness, with special attention given to the DA receptors.
10.4 Dopamine Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: From Genetic Susceptibility to Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Tost Heike , Hakimi Shabnam , Meyer-Lindenberg Andreas 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the causes and effects of dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia. In doing so, it summarizes historical perspectives and our current scientific knowledge about the susceptibility genes, neural system anomalies, and cognitive symptoms that link the disorder to disturbances in dopamine neurotransmission.
THE INEQUALITY OF ELECTORAL PARTICIPATION IN EUROPE AND AMERICA AND THE POLITICALLY INTEGRATIVE FUNCTIONS OF THE WELFARE STATE
Authors: Alber Jens , Kohler Ulrich 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe Eastern enlargement of the European Union (EU) raised the issue as to what extent the new member states would follow in the policy footsteps of the old member states rather than taking the United States as their role model. Drawing a polemical distinction between “old” and “new Europe”, a former U.S. secretary of defense suggested that the Central and Eastern European countries might adhere more closely to the United States as the superpower that helped end their dependence upon the Soviet Empire. This chapter examines to what extent patterns of political participation differ between the United States and Europe, and where exactly the new member states fit in this comparison. It shows that electoral turnout is higher and less socially skewed in Western Europe than in the United States. The higher inclusiveness of the (Western) European State(s) fosters political integration and the equality of electoral participation. Differences between Europe and America diminish considerably when the analysis is confined to the pensioner generation, whose integration into welfare state schemes is largely similar on both sides of the Atlantic.
CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES OF SOCIAL CITIZENSHIP IN EUROPE: THE CASE OF POVERTY AND INCOME SUPPORT FOR THE POOR
Authors: Saraceno Chiara 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe “European Social Model” (ESM) is similar to the concept of social citizenship developed by T. H. Marshall (1950). Marshall's concept embodied a vision of active as opposed to passive social citizenship. The concept also proposed a view of social justice whereby inequality would not disappear, but at the same time would not seriously undermine the life chances of the less privileged. In the Lisbon Agenda, the EU and each individual country stressed the role of the state — and of the supranational EU state — in developing the ESM within the context of the changing world environment and global competition. This chapter first examines whether, midway through the period set for the Lisbon agenda, substantial improvements regarding the incidence of poverty and social exclusion have been made within the EU. Second, through an analysis of national minimum income support measures, it assesses whether there is a common understanding across the EU regarding the right to a minimum of resources. Third, it analyzes the degree to which EU-level policies and interventions serve to promote the development of a common approach in this area.
EGALITARIANISM VERSUS ECONOMIC DYNAMICS? AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE FRIEDMAN CONJECTURE
Authors: Gangl Markus 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents a cross-national comparison of income inequality and economic mobility in the United States and eleven (Western) European Union (EU) member states. Using panel data on income dynamics among prime-age workers in the mid-1990s, it demonstrates that standard inequality indices show surprisingly little cross-country variation in the degree to which income mobility, the market, does erode inequality over time. That is, the neoclassical assertion about the redistributive element inherent in market competition is clearly correct insofar as markets generate mobility over time as economic opportunity gets reshuffled across individuals. Applied to the specific sample of advanced Western economies, however, the assertion that more generous welfare states would stifle economic dynamics seems largely unsupported by the data. By implication then, the redistributive effort exerted by European welfare states seems relatively well-directed in genuinely addressing market failures and ameliorating permanent economic inequality without evidence of major distortions of economic dynamics.
2 The Sound Barrier
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
1928 was the year when sound film was genuinely established. As the early part-talking films were produced, the studios scramble to mount the sound-film bandwagon while audiences were compelled to readjust their viewing habits. Lights of New York, an inept melodrama, triumphed as the first all-talking film. Al Jolson's second feature film, The Singing Fool, was a far greater success than The Jazz Singer, and its success was integral to the sound-film juggernaut (although it is today an unwatchable relic). Other companies began producing their own sound films, sometimes with music, as with Universal's forgotten The Melody of Love. Audiences, while enthusiastic, also still enjoyed the more tenable artistry of silent film, despite such audible works as Fannie Brice in My Man.
9 “With All Its Original Stage Enchantment”
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Broadway musicals were a ready source for the early musicals, and RKO's smash Rio Rita led the way. Some of the adaptations were close, while others strayed wildly from the originals. Among the Broadway stars repeating their stage roles were Irene Bordoni in Paris, and Ziegfeld diva Marilyn Miller in Sally. Such films as No, No Nanette bore less resemblance to the stage success than it did to the thriving backstage genre. Composers DeSylva, Brown and Henderson found their works transferred more successfully than did Rodgers and Hart or Cole Porter. By the time of the most lavish Broadway adaptation, Whoopee!, musicals were in decline, yet with Eddie Cantor, Busby Berkeley, and Technicolor it scored a notable success.
8 How to Maximize Implementation Intention Effects
Authors: Gollwitzer Peter M. , Wieber Frank , Myers Andrea L. , McCrea Sean M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors focus on one of the more cognitive mediators of behavior, dealing with the extent to which implementation intentions lead to successful execution of an intended behavior. From this viewpoint, automatic processes such as those discussed in the preceding chapters (particularly Chapters 5 and 6) are sometimes an unwanted source of interference that must be dealt with for a desired behavior to transpire. The chapter is framed as a lesson on how to overcome such interferences by creating the most efficacious forms of intentions, though a by-product of such efforts is a better understanding of the “miraculous” translation of intentions into actions. Among the phenomena discussed is the greater effectiveness of intentions that have more specific antecedent conditions (the “if” in intentions couched in “if-then” form).
15 Behavior, the Brain, and the Social Psychology of Close Relationships
Authors: Aron Arthur 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter serves as a useful reminder of the multiple roles served by behavior in social psychological research. All too often, behavior is considered important only as a key dependent variable. But behavior is also often used as a criterion variable for validating self-report measures. Moreover, at times behavior is used as a means of operationalizing a specific affective, cognitive, or motivational state, at the individual level, dyad level, or group level. Behavior also may be seen as playing a mediating role, providing the necessary middle step(s) in a process involving multiple steps (and, often, multiple actors). The author also reminds us of the classic role of behavior as an experimental manipulation. Finally, the author describes how neuroscience methods often serve the same function for social psychologist studying neural activity as traditional behavior measures do.
16 The Relationship Context of Social Behavior
Authors: Reis Harry T. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The author argues that the relationship context of behavior should be of central concern to social psychologist. He reviews findings from studies demonstrating how behavior varies as context varies. The author outlines the unique and integrative orientation of social psychology with respect to other disciplines in its approach to behavior. In its emphasis on situational factors underlying behavior, social psychology blends elements from various “macro” orientations (e.g., sociology). In its emphasis on person factors, social psychology blends elements from the realms of neuroscience and biochemistry. The author also provides a clear overview of aspects of interdependence theory that are particularly relevant to behavior: (a) the degree of one's outcome interdependence with an interaction partner, and (b) whether a situation is characterized as being one of exchange or of coordination. These aspects suggest the values of an interdependence analysis in helping understand how relationship context shapes individual and dyadic behavior.
1 God, Human Individuals, and Human Morality in theEthics
Authors: LeBuffe Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter describes the metaphysical doctrines in the Ethics that are most important to Spinoza's moral theory, including substance monism, necessity, determinism, mind–body parallelism, the denial of teleology in nature, and naturalism. It is argued that Spinoza's metaphysical doctrines are generally connected to his moral theory in four different ways. They show that central notions of received morality, including the notions of a providential God and of free will, are based upon false beliefs. They constrain Spinoza's revisionary moral theory. They form a basis for some of the revisionary theory's central arguments. Finally, God, as characterized by the metaphysical doctrines of Part 1 of the Ethics, is that the knowledge of which is the highest good of the mind.
4 Imagination and Error
Authors: LeBuffe Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter defends an interpretation of Spinoza's theory of error, on which the traditional identification of adequate ideas and true ideas in Spinoza is questioned. Although all ideas of imagination are confused, only those ideas of imagination that are themselves caused by other ideas of imagination may be false. This reading of Spinoza helps to explain his understanding of the mechanisms that underlie his prescriptive ethics; his relation to Descartes and Cartesian theories of error; and the importance of self-knowledge and intellectualism to his theory of human virtue. Any mind's ideas of imagination have two partial causes, external objects and the mind itself. Although these ideas will always remain confused to a degree, a better knowledge of the self can make them less confused, and less likely to lead to cognitive or practical error.
10 Spinoza's Normative Ethics
Authors: LeBuffe Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter defends a classification, derived from an understanding of bondage, of the different kinds of normative claims in the Ethics and of how each contributes to freedom. The classification suggests that Spinoza offers, in the end, a modest and cautious theory about how an ordinary person should live. His normative ethics includes: very few explicit prescriptions that human minds should follow in order to control passion to the extent that we can; descriptions, in a variety of language, of goods that different people in different situations might find useful to perseverance; and descriptions of what the free man does, which help people to diagnose their own conditions and to know whether, in given situations, they act freely.
11 Spinoza's Summum Bonum
Authors: LeBuffe Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter defends an interpretation of Spinoza's claim that the knowledge of God is mind's highest good. Spinoza understands his summum bonum in a traditional, Aristotelian sense: it is the best complete good. However, like Hobbes, Spinoza takes whatever is good to be instrumental, so it is unclear how he could take any good to be complete. It is argued that the usefulness of the knowledge of God for perseverance indicates but does not constitute its value. The chapter also attempts to reconcile Spinoza's intellectualism with the value that he places on biological life. Spinoza's association of the knowledge of God with self-knowledge suggests that it is the sort of knowledge that can give a mind the conscious desire to survive. The threat that suicidal and other harmful desires pose to those who are deeply in bondage to passion shows that this sort of knowledge does indeed have significant value as a means to biological survival.
12 Eternity and the Mind
Authors: LeBuffe Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter defends an interpretation, informed by the results of earlier chapters, of Spinoza's puzzling claims about the mind's eternity in Part 5 of the Ethics. It is argued that Spinoza writes about the eternal part of the mind in temporal terms, as a thing that is immortal and that can change during life, because he takes people typically to understand eternity as sempiternity. Freedom, on Spinoza's account, is a more complete efficacy of a mind's adequate ideas during the course of a person's life. Because the eternal part of the mind does not change intrinsically in time, the degree of freedom that one can attain is a function of one's ability to overcome the influence of harmful passions.
7 Tracing the Tradition
Authors: Ker James 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter outlines the many receptions of Seneca's death in written and visual form, from late antiquity to the twenty-first century. It revisits the occasional allusions to the death in pagan and early Christian writings, the creative retellings in the literature and manuscript culture of the middle ages, the rediscovery (and reelaboration) of the Tacitean death description in the fourteenth century as well as the reshaping of Seneca's dying libation into a self-baptism, the clarifying and stylizing effects respectively of seventeenth-century philology and baroque aesthetics, the aversion to Seneca in the nineteenth century, and the renewed interest especially within the literature of postwar Germany. Although the focus is on the heterogeneous meanings of Seneca's death in distinct interpretive moments, attention is given to the process of “Senecanization,” as Seneca's death narrative is brought into ever new contact with other elements of Senecan discourse.
International Development Law
Authors: Sarkar Rumu 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This legal text provides a theoretical and practical overview of the international legal architecture between developing countries and advanced nations. The text is divided into two parts, the first part providing a theoretical overview of the philosophical implications of international development law principles. Specifically, substantive legal principles with respect to the parties, institutions, and legal norms are discussed providing the reader with a concise and innovative framework in which to analyze development issues. A more practical, “projectized approach” to the development process is also examined based on official development assistance programs of the World Bank and other institutions. Finally, the “right to development” within the international human rights discourse is critically reviewed. The second part deals with the international financial architecture and provides a critical review of international borrowing practices leading to the debt overhang and related problems. Additionally, privatization and capital market growth are examined as critical elements of encouraging broad based economic development that may lead to sustainable development overall. In brief, this legal text offers a fresh, new, and balanced legal perspective on the development process. The text has been rigorously researched and has many practical facets based on professional experience within the development field.
Neurochemical modulation of orbitofrontal cortex function
Authors: Robbins Trevor W. , Clark Luke , Clarke Hannah , Roberts Angela C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews evidence indicating a close association of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) with ascending modulatory neurotransmitter systems. It focuses on the neurochemical modulation of performance in such paradigms as reversal learning and risk taking (Cambridge Gamble Task), which have been linked to orbitofrontal functioning based on neuropsychological and neuroimaging analyses. These paradigms have been studied following pharmacological and neurotoxic manipulations of the serotoninergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic systems. Manipulations of the serotoninergic system modulate reversal learning and impulsive responding in rodents. In humans, tryptophan depletion has been associated with reversal learning deficits as well as alterations in risky decision-making. Data for orbitofrontal-specific effects of manipulations of the dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic modulatory systems are much more limited, although disruption of cholinergic projections in rodents do produce behavioral deficits that are reminiscent of those seen following orbitofrontal lesions.
2 The Introduction toMetaphysicsTheta (Theta 1)
Authors: Beere Jonathan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter considers how Metaphysics Theta presents its own project. Two topics are of special importance. First, it has been thought that Book Theta is to be read as a continuation or completion of Book Eta, which immediately precedes it. It is argued that this is a mistake. Second, Aristotle sketches a complex and indirect strategy for his discussion, a strategy that he does in fact pursue. This strategy needs to be clearly understood.
7 The Exercise of Powers (Theta 5)
Authors: Beere Jonathan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter analyzes Theta 5, where Aristotle resumes the topic of rational powers that is so important in Theta 2. While Theta 2 had set out his fundamental conception of rational powers, Theta 5 goes on to make a substantial claim about them: in any exercise of a rational power, something else is in control of it. The picture of animate powers that emerges is this: if a power is not innate, and hence must be acquired, then it is acquired by engaging in the action that it is a power for. Sometimes, the resulting power is a habit. Sometimes, the resulting power is rational; that is, a power that consists in rational comprehension. Theta 2 has already argued that rational powers are of opposites. Theta 5 argues on this basis for a further claim about these powers: there is something else in control of them.