bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiparameter Raman Lidar Measurements for the Characterization of a Dry Stratospheric Intrusion Event
Authors: Di Girolamo Paolo , Summa Donato , Ferretti Rossella 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The University of Basilicata Raman lidar system (BASIL) is operational in Potenza, Italy, and it is capable of performing high-resolution and accurate measurements of atmospheric temperature and water vapor based on the application of the rotational and vibrational Raman lidar techniques in the ultraviolet region. BASIL was recently involved in the 2005 International Lindenberg campaign for Assessment of Humidity and Cloud Profiling Systems and Its Impact on High-Resolution Modeling (LAUNCH 2005) experiment held from 12 September to 31 October 2005. A thorough description of the technical characteristics, measurement capabilities, and performances of BASIL is given in this paper. Measurements were continuously run between 1 and 3 October 2005, covering a dry stratospheric intrusion episode associated with a tropopause folding event. The measurements in this paper represent the first simultaneous Raman lidar measurements of atmospheric temperature, water vapor mixing ratio, and thus relative humidity reported for an extensive observation period (32 h).
The use of water vapor to trace intruded stratospheric air allows the clear identification of a dry structure (∼1 km thick) originating in the stratosphere and descending in the free troposphere down to ∼3 km. A similar feature is present in the temperature field, with lower temperature values detected within the dry-air tongue. Relative humidity measurements reveal values as small as 0.5%–1% within the intruded air. The stratospheric origin of the observed dry layer has been verified by the application of a Lagrangian trajectory model. The subsidence of the intruding heavy dry air may be responsible for the gravity wave activity observed beneath the dry layer.
Lidar measurements have been compared with the output of both the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) global model. Comparisons in terms of water vapor reveal the capability of MM5 to reproduce the dynamical structures associated with the stratospheric intrusion episode and to simulate the deep penetration into the troposphere of the dry intruded layer. Moreover, lidar measurements of potential temperature are compared with MM5 output, whereas potential vorticities from both the ECMWF model and MM5 are compared with estimates obtained combining MM5 model vorticity and lidar measurements of potential temperature.
On Formulas for Equivalent Potential Temperature
Authors: Davies-Jones Robert 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSeveral new formulas for pseudoadiabatic equivalent potential temperature (EPT) are devised and compared to previous ones. The maximum errors of all the formulas are determined from calculations on a dense grid of points in the region of a thermodynamic diagram defined by wet-bulb potential temperature ≤32°C (EPT ≤ 400 K) and pressure between 100 and 1050 mb. One of the new formulas has an accuracy of 0.015 K in the specified region. Finding the imitation first law of thermodynamics that they satisfy approximately reveals how the formulas work.
Tropical Cyclone Tornadoes, 1950–2007
Authors: Schultz Lori A. , Cecil Daniel J. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
An expanded “climatology” of U.S. tropical cyclone (TC) tornadoes covering the period 1950–2007 is presented. A major climatology published in 1991 included data on 626 TC tornadoes. Since then, almost 1200 more TC tornado records have been identified, with almost half of that number from the 2004–05 seasons alone. This work reexamines some findings from previous studies, using a substantially larger database. The new analyses strongly support distinctions between inner- and outer-region tornadoes, which were suggested in previous studies. Outer-region tornadoes (beyond 200 km from the TC center) have a stronger diurnal signal, commonly occurring during the afternoon. Inner-region tornadoes typically occur within ∼12 h of TC landfall, with no strong preference for a particular time of day. They are disproportionately less damaging tornadoes, with more rated F0 than in the outer-region sample. In more general terms, the TC tornado database includes a smaller percentage of significant (≥F2) tornadoes (14%) than does the overall U.S. tornado database (22%). Most TC tornadoes (60%) occur within 100 km of the coast; this includes core-region tornadoes near the time of landfall as well as tornadoes from rainbands coming ashore far from the circulation center. The F0-rated tornadoes are slightly more common near the coast but compose a smaller percentage of the tornadoes inland. The threat often persists for 2–3 days after landfall and extends ∼400 km inland and ∼500 km from the TC center, although there is much case-to-case variability. This puts locations at risk that might otherwise avoid damage from the TC.
The Impacts of AMMA Radiosonde Data on the French Global Assimilation and Forecast System
Authors: Faccani C. , Rabier F. , Fourrié N. , Agusti-Panareda A. , Karbou F. , Moll P. , Lafore J.-P. , Nuret M. , Hdidou F. , Bock O. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The high vertical density soundings recorded during the 2006 African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) campaign are assimilated into the French numerical weather prediction Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle (ARPEGE) four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) system, with and without a bias correction for relative humidity. Four different experiments are carried out to assess the impacts of the added observations. The analyses and forecasts from these different scenarios are evaluated over western Africa. For the full experiment using all data together with a bias correction, the humidity analysis is in better agreement with surface observations and independent GPS observations than it was for the other experiments. AMMA data also improve the African easterly jet (AEJ) on its southeasterly side, and when they are used with an appropriate bias correction, the daily and monthly averaged precipitation results are in relatively good agreement with the satellite-based precipitation estimates. Forecast scores are computed with respect to surface observations, radiosondes, and analyses from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The positive impacts of additional radiosonde observations (with a relevant bias correction) are found to propagate downstream with a positive impact over Europe at the 2–3-day forecast range.
Patient Activation Is Associated With Healthy Behaviors and Ease in Managing Diabetes in an Indigent Population
Authors: Rask Kimberly J. , Ziemer David C. , Kohler Susan A. , Hawley Jonathan N. , Arinde Folakemi J. , Barnes Catherine S. 
Published: April 2009

Purpose The purpose of this study is to assess the validity of the patient activation construct as measured by the Patient Activation Measure (PAM) survey by correlating PAM scores with diabetes self-management behaviors, attitudes, and knowledge in a predominantly minority and uninsured population. Methods A convenience sample of patients presenting to an urban public hospital diabetes clinic was surveyed and contacted by phone 6 months later. The survey included questions about activation, health behaviors, and health care utilization. Results A total of 287 patients agreed to participate. Most were African American, female, and uninsured. Most respondents (62.2%) scored in the highest category of activation according to the PAM. Activated patients were more likely to perform feet checks, receive eye examinations, and exercise regularly. Activation was consistently associated with less reported difficulty in managing diabetes care but not with A1C knowledge. PAM scores at the initial interview were highly correlated with scores at 6-month follow-up. Activation level did not predict differences in health care utilization during the 6 months following the survey. Conclusions Higher scores on the PAM were associated with higher rates of self-care behaviors and ease in managing diabetes; however, the indigent urban population reported higher activation scores than found in previous studies. The relationship between activation and outcomes needs to be explored further prior to expanding use of this measure in this patient population.
Retrospective evaluation of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in the adult cancer population
Authors: Reeves David , Liu Chin Y 
Published: April 2009

Study objectives. Hospitalized cancer patients are at an increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and it is recommended they receive pharmacologic prophylaxis unless otherwise contraindicated. The majority of data supporting this recommendation comes from sub-group analyses and extrapolation of data gathered in general medical/surgical patients. This study seeks to assess the safety and efficacy of VTE prophylaxis in cancer patients admitted to our institution. Methods. Charts of patients 18—89 years of age receiving VTE prophylaxis with unfractionated heparin, low molecular weigh heparin, or fondaparinux while admitted to Karmanos Cancer Center between September and October 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. Risk factors for VTE were assessed and the efficacy/safety of the prophylactic agents was compared. Results. One-hundred and eighty consecutive patients were identified. The average number of risk factors for developing VTE was 3—4 per hospital admission in addition to an active cancer diagnosis. Three VTEs occurred in the heparin group with two patients experiencing a VTE during their admission and one experiencing a VTE within 1 month after discharge. Four (2.6%) patients receiving heparin had a major bleeding event. Minor bleeding occurred in 14.3, 11.5, and 22.2% of patients receiving heparin, enoxaparin, and fondaparinux, respectively. Conclusions. This retrospective study showed cancer patients are at increased risk for VTE, typically with 3—4 risk factors per admission. VTEs were uncommon; however, three patients receiving heparin experienced a VTE and four had a major bleeding event. Minor bleeding rates were similar among groups.
The role of the pharmacist in optimizing the use of erythropoietin stimulating agents
Authors: Nabhani Gebara Shereen , Moubayed Hiba 
Published: April 2009

Purpose. With the emerging new warnings surrounding the use of erythropoiesis—stimulating agents (ESAs), the pharmacist’s role as health educator and risk communicator expands further to include patient scrutiny to check for eligibility and patient monitoring to check for response or toxicity. This review explores the benefits and risks linked to ESAs use, and the proposed role. Summary. ESAs have been increasingly used for the treatment of chemotherapy—induced anemia because of its documented effect on decreasing transfusion dependency. However, their use has been associated with thromboembolic complications, tumor progression, and decreased overall survival. This review covers current recommendations and guidelines that surround ESAs use in the supportive care of cancer patients. Conclusion. To minimize or prevent the complications associated with ESAs use, cancer patients should be adequately monitored and counseled. This highlights the importance of the pharmacist’s involvement to optimize patient care.
From structure topology to chemical composition. IX. Titanium silicates: revision of the crystal chemistry of lomonosovite and murmanite, Group-IV minerals
Authors: Cámara F. , Sokolova E. , Hawthorne F. C. , Abdu Y. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe crystal structures of lomonosovite, ideally Na10Ti4(Si2O7)2(PO4)2 O4, a = 5.4170(7) Å, b = 7.1190(9) Å, c = 14.487(2) Å, a = 99.957(3)°, β = 96.711(3)°, γ = 90.360(3)°, V= 546.28(4) Å3, Dcalc. = 3.175 g cm“3, and murmanite, ideally Na4Ti4(Si2O7)2O4(H2O)4, a = 5.3875(6) Å, b = 7.0579(7) Å, c = 12.176(1) Å, a = 93.511(2)°, 0 = 107.943(4)°, y = 90.093(2)°, V = 439.55(2) Å3, Dcalc. = 2.956 g.cm∼3, from the Lovozero alkaline massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia, have been refined in the space group P1̄ (Z = 1) to R values of 2.64 and 4.47%, respectively, using 4572 and 2222 observed |F°≥ 4σF| reflections collected with a single-crystal Bruker AXS SMART APEX diffractometer with a CCD detector and Mo-Kα. radiation. Electron microprobe analysis gave empirical formulae for lomonosovite (Na9.50Mn0.16Ca0.11)Σ9.77(Ti4+2.83Nb0.51Mn0.272+Zr0.11Mg0.11Fe2+0.10Fe3+0.06Ta0.01)Σ4.00(Si2.02O7)2(P0.98O4)2(O3.50F0.50)Σ4, Z = 1, calculated on the basis of 22(O+F) a.p.f.u., with H2O determined from structure refinement and Fe3+/(Fe2++Fe3+) ratios obtained by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The crystal structures of lomonosovite and murmanite are a combination of a titanium silicate (TS) block and an intermediate (I) block. The TS block consists of HOH sheets (H-heteropolyhedral, O-octahedral), and is characterized by a planar cell based on translation vectors, t1 and t2, with t1\ ∼5.5 and t2 ∼7 Å and ttA t2 close to 90°. The TS block exhibits linkage and stereochemistry typical for Group IV (Ti = 4 a.p.f.u.) of the Ti disilicate minerals: two H sheets connect to the O sheet such that two (Si2O7) groups link to Ti polyhedra of the O sheet adjacent along tx. In murmanite and lomonosovite, the invariant part of the TS block is of composition Na4Ti4(Si2O7)2O4. There is no evidence of vacancy-dominant cation sites or (OH) groups in the O sheet of lomonosovite or murmanite. In lomonosovite, the I block is a framework of Na polyhedra and P tetrahedra which gives 2[Na3 (PO)4] p.f.u. In murmanite, there are four (H2O) groups in the intermediate space between TS blocks. In lomonosovite, TS and I blocks alternate along c. In murmanite, TS blocks are connected via hydrogen bonding. The H atoms were located and details of the hydrogen bonding are discussed.
SCF induces γ-globin gene expression by regulating downstream transcription factor COUP-TFII
Authors: Aerbajinai Wulin , Zhu Jianqiong , Kumkhaek Chutima , Chin Kyung , Rodgers Griffin P. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Increased fetal hemoglobin expression in adulthood is associated with acute stress erythropoiesis. However, the mechanisms underlying γ-globin induction during the rapid expansion of adult erythroid progenitor cells have not been fully elucidated. Here, we examined COUP-TFII as a potential repressor of γ-globin gene after stem cell factor (SCF) stimulation in cultured human adult erythroid progenitor cells. We found that COUP-TFII expression is suppressed by SCF through phosphorylation of serine/threonine phosphatase (PP2A) and correlated well with fetal hemoglobin induction. Furthermore, down-regulation of COUP-TFII expression with small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly increases the γ-globin expression during the erythroid maturation. Moreover, SCF-increased expression of NF-YA associated with redox regulator Ref-1 and cellular reducing condition enhances the effect of SCF on γ-globin expression. Activation of Erk1/2 plays a critical role in SCF modulation of downstream transcriptional factor COUP-TFII, which is involved in the regulation of γ-globin gene induction. Our data show that SCF stimulates Erk1/2 MAPK signaling pathway, which regulates the downstream repressor COUP-TFII by inhibiting serine/threonine phosphatase 2A activity, and that decreased COUP-TFII expression resulted in γ-globin reactivation in adult erythropoiesis. These observations provide insight into the molecular pathways that regulate γ-globin augmentation during stress erythropoiesis.
The importance of Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kilodaltons sterile-α motif domain in thymic selection and T-cell activation
Authors: Shen Shudan , Lau Jasmine , Zhu Minghua , Zou Jianwei , Fuller Deirdre , Li Qi-jing , Zhang Weiguo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe Src homology 2 domain–containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kilodaltons (SLP-76) is a cytosolic adaptor protein essential for thymocyte development and T-cell activation. It contains a sterile-α motif (SAM) domain, 3 phosphotyrosine motifs, a proline-rich region, and a Src homology 2 domain. Whereas the other domains have been extensively studied, the role of the SAM domain in SLP-76 function is not known. To understand the function of this domain, we generated SLP-76 knockin mice with the SAM domain deleted. Analysis of these mice showed that thymocyte development was partially blocked at the double-positive to single-positive transition. Positive and negative thymic selection was also impaired. In addition, we analyzed T-cell receptor (TCR)–mediated signaling in T cells from these mutant mice. TCR-mediated inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate production, calcium flux, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation were decreased, leading to defective interleukin-2 production and proliferation. Moreover, despite normal association between Gads and SLP-76, TCR-mediated formation of SLP-76 microclusters was impaired by the deletion of the SAM domain. Altogether, our data demonstrated that the SAM domain is indispensable for optimal SLP-76 signaling.
MicroRNA profiling identifies miR-34a and miR-21 and their target genes JAG1 and WNT1 in the coordinate regulation of dendritic cell differentiation
Authors: Hashimi Sara T. , Fulcher Jennifer A. , Chang Margaret H. , Gov Lanny , Wang Shuo , Lee Benhur 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) modulate a multitude of cellular events. Here, we identify functional miRNA-protein networks that regulate human monocyte-derived dendritic cell (MDDC) differentiation. miRNA profiling revealed stage-specific differential expression of 20 miRNAs during days 1, 3, and 5 of MDDC differentiation. To identify and prioritize miRNA-protein networks for functional validation, we developed a target ranking algorithm that incorporates many features of miRNA regulatory networks. This system prioritized miR-21, miR-34a, and their cognate targets WNT1 and JAG1 for functional validation. Inhibition of both miR-21 and miR-34a stalled MDDC differentiation, as quantified by DC-SIGN/CD14 expression ratios, showing cooperative involvement of these miRNAs in MDDC differentiation. We confirmed that the 3′ untranslated regions of WNT1 and JAG1 were functional targets of these miRNAs and provide evidence that these targets were translationally suppressed. Significantly, exogenously added Wnt-1 and Jagged-1 also stalled MDDC differentiation, suggesting that miRNA-mediated inhibition of endogenous WNT1 and JAG1 expression was important for proper MDDC differentiation. Finally, inhibition of miR-21 and miR-34a, or addition of Wnt-1 and Jagged-1, led to a decrease in endocytic capacity, a key function of immature DCs. Thus, our novel approach identified and validated some miRNA-protein networks involved in phenotypic and functional MDDC differentiation.
The leukemic stem cell niche: current concepts and therapeutic opportunities
Authors: Lane Steven W. , Scadden David T. , Gilliland D. Gary 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The genetic events that contribute to the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia are among the best characterized of all human malignancies. However, with notable exceptions such as acute promyelocytic leukemia, significant improvements in outcome based on these insights have not been forthcoming. Acute myeloid leukemia is a paradigm of cancer stem (or leukemia initiating) cells with hierarchy analogous to that seen in hematopoiesis. Normal hematopoiesis requires complex bidirectional interactions between the bone marrow microenvironment (or niche) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). These interactions are critical for the maintenance of normal HSC quiescence and perturbations can influence HSC self-renewal. Leukemia stem cells (LSCs), which also possess limitless self-renewal, may hijack these homeostatic mechanisms, take refuge within the sanctuary of the niche during chemotherapy, and consequently contribute to eventual disease relapse. We will discuss the emerging evidence supporting the importance of the bone marrow microenvironment in LSC survival and consider the physiologic interactions of HSCs and the niche that inform our understanding of microenvironment support of LSCs. Finally, we will discuss approaches for the rational development of therapies that target the microenvironment.
Identification of crassin acetate as a new immunosuppressant triggering heme oxygenase-1 expression in dendritic cells
Authors: Matsushima Hironori , Tanaka Hiroaki , Mizumoto Norikatsu , Takashima Akira 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBy screening 720 natural compounds in a standard 2-way allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction assay, we identified a potent immunosuppressive capacity of crassin acetate (CRA), a coral-derived cembrane diterpenoid. CRA efficiently inhibited allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction as well as antigen-specific activation of CD4 T cells by bone marrow–derived dendritic cells (DCs). With regard to cellular targets, CRA suppressed not only mitogen-triggered T-cell activation, but also lipopolysaccharide-induced DC maturation, indicating dual functionality. Treatment with CRA at nontoxic doses induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA/protein expression and HO-1 enzymatic activity in DCs, suggesting a unique mechanism of action. In fact, lipopolysaccharide-induced DC maturation was also inhibited by structurally unrelated compounds known to induce HO-1 expression or carbon monoxide (CO) release. Allergic contact hypersensitivity response to oxazolone and oxazolone-induced Langerhans cell migration from epidermis were both prevented almost completely by systemic administration of CRA. Not only do our results support the recent concept that HO-1/CO system negatively regulates immune responses, they also form both conceptual and technical frameworks for a more systematic, large-scale drug discovery effort to identify HO-1/CO-targeted immunosuppressants with dual target specificity.
Survey-based naming conventions for use in OBO Foundry ontology development
Authors: Schober Daniel , Smith Barry , Lewis Suzanna E , Kusnierczyk Waclaw , Lomax Jane , Mungall Chris , Taylor Chris F , Rocca-Serra Philippe , Sansone Susanna-Assunta 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Background
A wide variety of ontologies relevant to the biological and medical domains are available through the OBO Foundry portal, and their number is growing rapidly. Integration of these ontologies, while requiring considerable effort, is extremely desirable. However, heterogeneities in format and style pose serious obstacles to such integration. In particular, inconsistencies in naming conventions can impair the readability and navigability of ontology class hierarchies, and hinder their alignment and integration. While other sources of diversity are tremendously complex and challenging, agreeing a set of common naming conventions is an achievable goal, particularly if those conventions are based on lessons drawn from pooled practical experience and surveys of community opinion.

Results
We summarize a review of existing naming conventions and highlight certain disadvantages with respect to general applicability in the biological domain. We also present the results of a survey carried out to establish which naming conventions are currently employed by OBO Foundry ontologies and to determine what their special requirements regarding the naming of entities might be. Lastly, we propose an initial set of typographic, syntactic and semantic conventions for labelling classes in OBO Foundry ontologies.

Conclusion
Adherence to common naming conventions is more than just a matter of aesthetics. Such conventions provide guidance to ontology creators, help developers avoid flaws and inaccuracies when editing, and especially when interlinking, ontologies. Common naming conventions will also assist consumers of ontologies to more readily understand what meanings were intended by the authors of ontologies used in annotating bodies of data.