bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FEEDING AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF ATLANTIC CROAKER, BLACK DRUM, AND STRIPED MULLET IN MONOCULTURE AND POLYCULTURE
Authors: Gibbard Gail L. , Strawn Kirk , Aldrich David V. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBehavior of Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus), black drum (Pogonias cromis), and striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) was observed in monoculture and polyculture situations. Dominance hierarchies, feeding and aggressive behavior were established for the three species in each culture situation. All fish were acclimated to tanks and artificial food, and were fed a limited amount of food. Four individuals of each species were observed over 4 consecutive days in monoculture. Four striped mullet each were then placed with the Atlantic croaker and black drum.Competition for food and space resulted in higher feeding rates in all three species. Aggression also increased in Atlantic croaker and black drum. Atlantic croaker became territorial in polyculture. In general, growth and condition of a fish was directly correlated with its position in the dominance hierarchy.
FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF COHO SALMON (Oncorhynchus kisutch) AND CHINOOK SALMON (O. tshawytscha) IN SALTWATER NET‐PENS IN PUGET SOUND
Authors: Mahnken Conrad V. W. , Waknitz F. William 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTExperimental marine net‐pen systems for the culture of Pacific salmon have been developed in the United States and Canada and have resulted in the establishment of fish farms in Washington, Alaska, Maine, and British Columbia. Fish farmers have encountered biological problems that constrain production through decreased growth and survival. These factors include: feed amounts (ration), dissolved oxygen levels and rearing densities, saltwater adaptation, physiological stage of smoltification, and disease. This paper discusses the relative severity of these problems and current practices for solving them.
A LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF Macrobrachium rosenbergii NURSERY PRODUCTION1
Authors: Kneale Douglas C. , Wang Jaw‐Kai 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThree experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of temperature, habitat, and stocking density on the survival and growth of juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Experiment 1 was initiated with 0.02 g prawns stocked at densities of 900 and 1200 PL/m2 for levels of one and three habitats per tank. Experiment 2 was stocked with 0.01 g prawns at densities of 1200 and 1500 PL/m2 and were maintained at 24 and 28°C. Concurrently, experiment 3 evaluated stocking densities of 150, 300, and 600 PL/m2 at 28°C. Experiments were conducted over a period of 8–10 weeks.Experiments 1 and 2 clearly showed a region where there was a significant increase in mortality rate. It was noted that the onset of the mortality shift, referred to as the breakpoint, generally occurred when the prawns were between 8 and 9 weeks old. The breakpoint was evident at all levels of temperature and habitat, and at stocking densities above 900 prawns/m2. The occurrence of breakpoint did not seem to be related to mean weight or biomass.Percent survival at the end of the experimental periods was generally inversely proportional to the initial stocking density, showing a high of 84% at 150 PL/m2 and a low of 39% at 1500 PL/m2. Overall growth was greater for stocking densities at or below 600 PL/m2 (mean weight gain 0.8–1.0 g) as compared to stocking densities above this point (0.4 g). Growth rate was not significantly different between densities of 1200 and 1500 PL/m2. At 24°C the average survival was 78%, significantly greater than 43% at 28°C. Temperature also significantly increased overall growth, yielding on the average 0.41 g at 28°C versus 0.23 g at 24°C. The number of habitats per tank did not appear to influence survivability, however, growth may be affected by the number of habitats per tank.
A METHOD FOR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF Macrobrachium PRAWNS AND ITS POTENTIAL USE IN INHERITANCE AND HYBRIDIZATION STUDIES1
Authors: Sandifer Paul A. , Smith Theodore I. J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA simple method for artificial insemination of Macrobrachium prawns is described and observations on breeding behavior, spermatophores and spawning are reported. The insemination procedure involves mechanical extrusion and attachment of sperm masses and has proved successful for intraspecific crosses of M. rosenbergii and M. acanthurus. Further, more than one female can be bred simultaneously by using sperm from a single male, an important consideration for inheritance studies. The following interspecific crosses also have been attempted with this method but without success: M. acanthurus ♂ x M. rosenbergii ♀, M. rosenbergii ♂ x M. acanthurus ♀, M. acanthurus ♂ x M. ohione ♀, M. rosenbergii ♂ x M. ohione ♀, and M. ohione ♂ x M. rosenbergii ♀. Manually placed sperm masses were retained through spawning in a few of the hybridization attempts, but fertilization was not obtained. However, since only a relatively small number of crosses have been attempted, additional efforts in this area appear warranted. Specifically, we believe that trials with more closely related species than those tested to date might prove more fruitful. Also, the potential use of this procedure in captive breeding or hybridization of other species of shrimp is noted.
FATTY ACID CHANGES DURING LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF Penaeus setiferus
Authors: Ward D. G. , Middleditch B. S. , Missler S. R. , Lawrence A. L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe fatty acid compositions for five stages of development (egg, nauplius, protozoea, mysis, and one‐to‐two day postlarva) of the shrimp Penaeus setiferus were determined. Of twelve fatty acids identified, the four major fatty acids in the egg and one‐to‐two day postlarva were 16:1, 16:0, 18:1, and 20:4, and 16:0, 18:1, 20:4 and 22:6, respectively. On a per‐unit weight basis, the 16:1, 16:0, 18:1 and 20:4 fatty acids decreased by 83, 47, 44, and 18% respectively from egg to one‐to‐two day postlarva. However, there was a 66% increase in the amount of 22:6 fatty acid on a per‐unit dry weight basis from egg to one‐to‐two day postlarva. On a per animal basis, the largest increases were obtained for the 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 20:4 and 22:6 fatty acids from the protozoea to one‐to‐two day postlarva stages of development. The largest decreases for fatty acids on a per animal basis were obtained for 16:1, 16:0, 18:1, and 18:0 from the egg to nauplius stage. The significance of these results to understanding shrimp larval nutrition is discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL REARING OF PENAEID SHRIMPS IN KUWAIT
Authors: Farmer A. S. D. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSince 1972 there has been a continuous research program at the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research to develop techniques for rearing penaeid shrimps for restocking purposes and also for subsequent commercial cultivation to market size. During this period research has been concentrated on Penaeus semisulcatus, the major commercial species in the Arabian Gulf, although Penaeus japonicus and Metapenaeus affinis have also been reared. A summary of the experimental results and the economic feasibility for commercial production in Kuwait is provided.
TOXICITY OF TEN CHEMICALS COMMONLY USED IN AQUACULTURE TO THE BLACK EEL STAGE OF THE AMERICAN EEL1
Authors: Hinton Michael J. , Eversole Arnold G. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAcute, 96‐hour toxicity tests were conducted to determine the resistance of the black eel stage of the American eel (Anguilla rostrata) to several chemicals used in aquaculture. Static tests were conducted at 22°C in deionized water reconstituted to a hardness of 40–48 mg/liter, an alkalinity of 30–35 mg/liter, and pH of 7.2–7.6. A 96‐hour LC50 value was calculated for each chemical tested. Chemicals tested and their 96‐hour LC50 values are: malachite green, 0.54 mg/liter; potassium permanganate, 4.86 mg/liter; salt, 21.45 g/liter; formalin, 224.49 mg/liter; Dylox, 1.32 mg/liter; Furanace, 0.96 mg/liter; antimycin A, 0.28 μg/liter; Noxfish, 50.49 μg/liter; copper sulfate, 3.20 mg/liter; and Diquat, 55.44 mg/liter.
LENGTH‐WEIGHT RELATIONS FOR SEVERAL SPECIES OF PENAEID SHRIMP CULTURED IN PONDS NEAR CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS
Authors: Hutchins David L. , Chamberlain George W. , Parker Jack C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTLength measurements are relatively easier to obtain than weight measurements. Length‐weight relationships provide a means of estimating weight based on length. Linear regressions using the model W = aLb were calculated from paired length and weight measurements (1972 through 1979) of Penaeus duorarum, P. occidentalis, P. setiferus, P. stylirostris, and P. vannamei cultured at the Texas A&M Shrimp Mariculture facility near Corpus Christi, Texas. Length‐frequency distributions and regression formulae for predicting weights from lengths are presented for each species.
ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR THE CULTURE OF Crassostrea virginica IN NEW ENGLAND
Authors: Matthiessen G. C. , Smith L. J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIntensive use of the New England shoreline by competing interests severely limits the area available for shellfish culture. As a result, more recent production systems attempt to minimize the area required for culture while maximizing the likelihood of survival.Various methods of culture tested during recent years are discussed, with specific reference to the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica). The technical and economic advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods are reviewed and compared.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF A SALTWATER IMPOUNDMENT AND ITS ADJACENT TIDAL CREEK PERTINENT TO CULTURE OF Crassostrea virginica (GMELIN)
Authors: Anderson William D. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTCertain physical, chemical and biological characteristics associated with the culture of subtidal Crassostrea virginica were assessed in a saltwater impoundment and its adjacent tidal feeder creek. Large seed oysters (initial x̄ = 57.3 mm) were transferred from a polluted estuary of Charleston Harbor to floating, mid‐water, and bottom hardware cloth trays (200/tray) in a 4‐ha pond. Identical trays at comparable depths were placed in the tidal creek and each location was sampled monthly for growth and survival. Surface and bottom water samples were collected weekly throughout the study and hourly during four seasonal 25‐hour stations. Standard hydrographic parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, light penetration, and turbidity) were measured along with chlorophyll a, phytoplankton, dissolved and particulate carbohydrates, nutrients (nitrates, nitrites, orthophosphates and silicates), current velocities, and thioglycollate assays for Perkinsus marinus.Over a 12‐month period, oyster growth was significantly (α = 0.01) greater in the pond than in the creek. Best growth in the impoundment occurred in floating trays, poorest in bottom trays. Growth and survival were higher in winter and lower in summer in both environments. Higher levels of chlorophyll a, carbohydrates, pH, and dissolved oxygen were consistently observed in the impoundment. Lower comparative nutrient values in the pond together with higher biomass levels indicated a more favorable environment for autotrophic production. Greater oyster production in the pond was directly related to a higher instantaneous biomass maintained throughout the year. This relationship was supported by indications of an inverse correlation between nutrient concentrations and the instantaneous biomass. Nutrient and biomass data indicated an apparent NO3‐ limited system.
AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION OF FEED PELLETS OF THE GIANT SHRIMP (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)
Authors: Farmanfarmaian A. , Lauterio T. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAmino acids reported to be essential for the giant shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and other crustacea have been added at a 1% level by weight to Purina Marine Ration repelletized with binders. Separate batches of repelletized feed were made as follows: control without supplement; isonitrogenous control with 1% ovalbumin supplement, or with 1% of the natural enantiomorph of arginine, lysine, phenylalanine, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, or threonine separately supplemented. Pellets were fed to individual animals in parallel experiments under precisely controlled and defined environmental and density conditions. Growth rates and conversion ratios and indices were measured as previously reported. Arginine, phenylalanine, leucine, and isoleucine stimulated the growth‐conversion index while the other amino acids tested had no significant effect on this index and appeared to be available at a sufficient level in the commercial pellet.
A PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF GROWTH AND BIOENERGETICS IN THE FRESHWATER SHRIMP Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Authors: III Henry C. Clifford , Brick Robert W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTOxygen consumption, ninhydrin‐positive nitrogen excretion and carbon dioxide production were monitored in juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii fed a series of experimental diets containing variable levels of protein, lipid and carbohydrate. Using respiratory quotient and nitrogen excretion data, metabolic substrate ratios and oxycalorific coefficients were derived for transformation of metabolic observations to a caloric basis. Energy partitioning and growth were evaluated for each dietary treatment by means of individual energy and nitrogen balances generated from physiological rate functions.Measurements of nitrogen excretion and corresponding metabolic substrate ratios indicate that the protein‐sparing effect of non‐protein energy sources is maximized at a lipid:carbohydrate ratio of 1:4. Analysis of energy and nitrogen budgets also confirms this relationship. Nitrogen retention in the experimental animals was found to be positively correlated with dietary protein with a slight decline and leveling off at 30% protein. In contrast, protein content operated in an inverse manner upon physiological energetics; maximum caloric growth occurred at lower protein level. Based on this inverse relationship, it is concluded that optimal conditions for growth are achieved with a 25% protein diet containing a lipid:carbohydrate ratio of 1:4.
EFFECT OF HARVEST RATE, WASTE LOADING, AND STOCKING DENSITY ON THE YIELD OF DUCKWEEDS
Authors: Said M. Zaki M. , Culley Dudley D. , Standifer Leon C. , Epps Ernest A. , Myers Robert W. , Boney Steve A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn an outdoor tank culture system with 10 to 20 g/liter fresh dairy cattle manure dilutions (ca 60 to 120 mg/liter TKN), maximum growth of duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) was obtained when harvested at 6‐day intervals. An initial stocking of 70 g fresh duckweed/0.14 m2 (505 g/m2) gave the highest yield when the excess fresh biomass (34.4 g) was harvested daily or 33% of the standing stock. The extrapolated yield of dry duckweed harvested daily was 14.9 g/m2/day and was 58% higher than one weekly harvest. Removal of excess growth daily gave higher yields than removing half the standing crop at doubling periods exceeding 2 days. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content of duckweed increased as water nutrients increased. The maximum dry weight values were: nitrogen, 6.96%; phosphorus, 1.50%; and potassium, 3.50%. The highest dry duckweed crude protein value recorded was 43.5% and the mean was 38.2% when the plants were cultured on 10 g fresh manure/liter of solution. Higher protein values were correlated with lower standing crop. Comparisons between the tank culture system and lagoon studies using mixed species culture are discussed. Extrapolation of lagoon data showed an annual dry weight mean yield of 1.76 kg/m2 and a maximum yield of 2.2 kg/m2 when one half of the plants were harvested weekly. Annually, in comparison 4.4 kg/m2 of S. polyrhiza were estimated from daily harvests in the tank system with corrections made for seasonal effects. Nutrient content of the duckweeds were similar under the two systems. Under both systems aeration did not increase yields over non‐aerated tests.
PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF ENZYME HYDROLYSIS FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATION AND WASTE WATER BASED AQUACULTURE
Authors: Simon Robert D. , DiSalvo Louis H. , Guard Harold E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe production of fish protein concentrate and the aquaculture of fish in waste waters are two ancient technologies. Modern use of these technologies demands examination of their public health implications as they are adapted to modern needs of food production and waste processing. Though the ponding of wastes to meet safe discharge requirements has been observed to be efficient and economic, both chemical and microbiological factors potentially interfere with using waste waters to produce protein supplements for human consumption. Application of one or more food engineering processes could relieve the inherent problems of coordinating waste water management and protein production.The fish protein concentration process evaluated in this study is based on a recently developed food engineering process. This process was investigated because of its low cost and the functional properties of the final product.The literature investigation indicates microbiological agents and microbial toxins of public health concern will be destroyed during the fish protein concentration process investigated and prevented from forming in the final product. Laboratory investigations undertaken in this research document that the heavy metals cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and zinc concentrated in the final product on the average 15% or less than the maximum concentration that could have occurred (maximum concentration is the initial burden of a metal multiplied by the factor by which the raw tissue is concentrated). Information available suggests that the method of fish protein concentration investigated in this study concentrates the heavy metals less than similar processes reported previously.It is concluded that if the final fish protein concentrate is used as a supplemental protein, fish from waste waters can be used as the raw product in the process. Ideally, waste waters low in or devoid of industrial pollutatants should be chosen for fish culture.
STAGGERED STOCKING OF Penaeus stylirostris IN BRACKISH‐WATER PONDS RECEIVING POWER PLANT COOLING WATER
Authors: Ojeda Jane W. , Aldrich David V. , Strawn Kirk 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBlue shrimp (Penaeus stylirostris) were cultured in 11 0.1‐ha earthen ponds during the spring and summer of 1979 to compare conventional and staggered stocking techniques. Three batches of post‐larval shrimp (stocks I, II and III) were stocked at intervals of about 3.5 weeks. Seven thousand eight hundred stock I shrimp were introduced into each of 3 ponds, 7,800 stock II shrimp into each of 3 more ponds, and 2,435 stock III shrimp into each of 2 more ponds. Two additional ponds received approximately equal increments of the 3 batches to reach final stocking densities of 7,635. The final pond received only the first 2 increments for a final stocking density of 5,200.Survival and yield ranges were 18.4–63.2% and 3.3–45.0 kg/0.1 ha, respectively. Ponds that received 3 stocking increments had mean survival rates and yields (36.8%, 32.3 kg/0.1 ha) higher than expected values (32.2%, 22.5 kg/0.1 ha) calculated using the mean values from the single‐stocked control ponds.Salinities were near 2 ppt (range, 1–6 ppt) for most of the 53‐ to 106‐day culture period. This may have depressed shrimp growth.
THE LARVAL CULTURE OFPenaeus stylirostrisUSING MODIFICATIONS OF THE GALVESTON LABORATORY TECHNIQUE1
Authors: Mock C. R. , Revera D. B. , Fontaine C. T. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTPreliminary observations on the larval culture ofPenaeus stylirostrisusing modifications of the “Galveston Laboratory” technique included: 1) installing airlift pumps in spawning tanks; 2) treating water with ethylenedinitrilo tetra‐acetic acid, disodium salt (EDTA); 3) using small UV germicidal lamps to eliminate contaminationg dinofla‐gellates from hatchery tanks; and 4) testing the use of two forms of bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), compressed cake and active dry yeast (ADY), as replacement for frozen algae as larval foodstuff.The design of the spawning tank helped to increase the hatching of fertile eggs from 0% to 80%. It was shown by bioassay testing that the UV light eliminated the dinoflagellate and that direct treatment of hatchery water with the germicidal lamp had no apparent detrimental effect on foodstuff or shrimp larvae. Bakers' ADY appeared to be more readily accepted than compressed yeast cake by shrimp larvae as foodstuff and was easier to prepare and monitor. Although yeast was an efficient replacement for frozen algae as foodstuff for larval shrimp, it took slightly longer for the total populations to metamorphose to post‐larvae when yeast was fed.
COMPARATIVE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF BROWN SHRIMP CULTURED WITH FLORIDA POMPANO, BLACK DRUM AND STRIPED MULLET
Authors: Rossberg Karen S. , Strawn R. Kirk 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBrown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) were grown at densities of 3000/ha in polyculture with fish in flow‐through 0.1 ha ponds. Shrimp, 104.8 † 6.81 mm in total length, were stocked with Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus), 67.6 † 9.32 mm in standard length (SL); Florida pompano, 58.0 † 6.13 mm SL, and black drum (Pogonias cromis), 91.9 † 11.17 mm SL; black drum, 86.3 † 10.65 mm SL; and black drum, 93.7 † 7.92 mm SL, and striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), 74.5 † 26.36 mm SL. Densities were 5000/ha for Florida pompano and black drum, and 500/ha for striped mullet. Shrimp survival ranged from 19.0 to 63.3%. Average survivals, all treatments, were poorest with Florida pompano and best with black drum in fish monocultures. Growth was excellent, averaging 0.17 g/day and similar with all fish species and combinations.
INDUCED FEEDING AND GROWTH ENHANCEMENT OF BLACK DRUM WHEN CULTURED WITH FLORIDA POMPANO AND WITH STRIPED MULLET
Authors: Rossberg Karen S. , Strawn R. Kirk 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAge O black drum (Pogonias cromis) were stocked in polyculture with age O Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus); age O striped mullet (Mugil cephalus); and in monoculture in 0.1 ha flow‐through ponds. Densities were 5,000 fish/ha each for Florida pompano and black drum and 500 fish/ha for striped mullet. Pompano were harvested after 5 months of culture leaving black drum counterparts to continue in monoculture. After approximately 278 days, production of drum was 66% greater when initially grown with pompano for 145 days than for those maintained in monoculture throughout the study. The small number of striped mullet served as feeding stimuli for black drum, thus improving production 40% over drum kept in monoculture.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE CONTROLLED PRODUCTION OF THE BAY SCALLOP (Argopecten irradians)
Authors: Rhodes Edwin W. , Widman James C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTMethods for the intermediate and final grow‐out of hatchery‐reared bay scallops are presented. Hatchery seed 5 mm in length can be efficiently grown to 20 mm in less than 2 months in a pumped raceway system at ambient temperature and phytoplankton levels between June and October. The maximum carrying capacity of the raceways at a seawater flow of 50 liters/min is about 5 liters of scallop biomass. At 10 liters of scallops per raceway phytoplankton availability is limiting.Growth is not affected by scallop densities as high as 1.8 liters/ m2. Raceway depth does not influence growth. Suspending small scallops in a net in the raceway does not improve growth.Seed scallops stocked at various densities in lantern nets deployed in Long Island Sound grow rapidly. Densities up to 1000/m2 seem feasible and this grow‐out method may prove to be cost‐effective.