bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion of Innovation
Authors: Chandrasekaran Deepa , Tellis Gerard J. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
An innovation is an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as being new by an individual or other unit of adoption. Diffusion refers to the spread of an innovation across social groups or markets over time. This article briefly relates the concept of diffusion to the Bass diffusion model and the product life cycle; examines the influences of the characteristics of the innovation, the characteristics of the adopters and firm strategy on innovation diffusion; and describes key research trends in the area of global diffusion.
Success Factors for New‐Product Development
Authors: Cooper Robert G. , Kleinschmidt Elko J. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The main factors impacting success at the project and the firm levels are identified on the basis of numerous empirical studies. The factors at the project level are a unique superior product, strong market orientation, global orientation, predevelopment work, early product definition, project‐team organization, and leveraging core competencies. Differences in factors for highly innovative versus incremental projects are discussed. The main factors for success at the business level are the right organizational culture, an innovation strategy, resource commitment, top management support, portfolio management, and a multistage, disciplined, new‐product development process. Details of these factors are provided and their application in industry is outlined. Performance differences between highly successful projects and business and less successful ventures are described.
Integrated Product Development
Authors: Langerak Fred 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Integrated new‐product development is a managerial approach for improving new‐product development performance through the overlap of and interaction between activities in the new‐product development process. Since overlap and interaction increase the need to coordinate activities, integrated product development requires the systematic employment of cross‐functional teams to integrate and concurrently carry out all necessary activities to produce an effective and efficient new product that satisfies customers' needs. Among the benefits of integrated product development are reduced development time, reduced new‐product goal failure, better knowledge sharing, enhanced flexibility, cost savings, and improved new‐product quality. Drawbacks of integrated new‐product development include lower task specialization of team members and decreased project innovativeness, particularly if it is applied in the early stages of a development project. Successful integrated product development should be initiated, planned, and led from the top down, but should be executed from the bottom up to encourage ownership among cross‐functional team members.
Product Modularity
Authors: Marion Tucker J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractProduct modularity is a method of designing a product based on well‐defined interfaces and architecture that fosters the organization of complex designs and process operations more efficiently by decomposing complex systems into simpler subsystems. Defining product architecture is a key element in the engineering design of modular products, and should be the performed early in the product‐development process, during system‐level design. This allows the development of clean interfaces, which permit the arrangement of components in a manner that can be easily modified, enhanced, exchanged, or proliferated more efficiently. Designing a modular product has many benefits from manufacturing flexibility to reduced R&D expenses during product redesign. Well‐defined product architecture and interfaces can foster the development of product platforms, which can help a firm easily introduce successive revenue‐generating variants. During up‐front product design, intelligently designing modularity into components and subsystems is an essential step toward development of a successful product line.
Prediction Markets
Authors: Gruca Thomas S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA prediction market is a market‐based method for aggregating disparate sources of public and private information about future events. Prediction markets have been generating highly accurate forecasts of election outcomes for more than 20 years. More recently, prediction markets have been successfully used to forecast product sales and new movie box office revenues. Some challenges to using prediction markets include identifying appropriate traders and motivating traders (e.g., due to regulations on futures trading). Similar market‐based methods have been developed for preference measurement and new‐product idea generation and evaluation.
Whole‐Product Concept
Authors: Schmidt Jeffrey B. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Products and services may be thought of as having different levels of importance to those who consume them. The whole‐product concept considers (i) core customer benefits, (ii) the actual product/service, and (iii) the augmented (ancillary) product/service as comprising market offerings. The ability to differentiate products and services is possible by changing the actual product/service and the augmented product/service even when competitive products provide the same or similar benefits to customers. The whole‐product concept and its three levels are discussed and examples are provided. Finally, the whole‐product concept is related to customer value proposition.
Value Co‐Creation
Authors: Bhalla Gaurav 
Published: December 2010

AbstractValue co‐creation is a collaborative model of marketing and innovation, in which the customer/consumer is an integral and essential resource to the value creation process. In this model, value is co‐created by both the company and the customer/consumer. Today's markets are characterized by internet‐connected, globally aware consumers, who both want to and are willing to spend time and effort articulating the specifics of the needs they want satisfied‐which, when, and in what context. This collective voice has the tangible power to shape and influence individuals' notions of value and how they subsequently vote with their purchase dollars. This new way of thinking about value creation, which is jointly driven by the company and its customers/consumers is at odds with the traditional linear, sequential, value‐chain‐oriented view of value creation and value delivery. Consequently, the pattern of adoption of this emerging business practice is uneven and heterogeneous; a few early adopters like P&G, Unilever, Nike, American Express, Mercedes Benz, and Dell have already thrown their hat in the ring. It is only a matter of time before a larger majority follows.
Society, Culture, and Global Consumer Culture
Authors: Arnould Eric J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractConsumer culture is a social system in which consumption is dominated by the consumption of commercial products. In consumer culture, the transmission of cultural values, norms, and customary ways of doing things between generations is largely carried out through the exercise of private, personal choice. Just as the consumer was theorized into existence by the economic philosophers of the eighteenth century, and turned into the linchpin of twentieth‐century economies by economic policy makers and Madison Avenue advertisers, so the consumer continues to be recreated on the global stage. Even as international marketing capitalizes on the proliferation of “cultural difference,” it also demands that cultural difference be rendered manageable within globally reproducible forms and genres. This has led to the identification of what have been calledglobal structures of common differencein global consumer culture such as market segments of consumer themselves, fast‐food outlets, soap operas, beauty pageants, comics, and popular music. The spread of global consumer culture provokes backlash and resistance. Some antiglobal activists call for deconsumption; some dispute specific elements of global value chains such as brands, GMOs (genetically modified organisms), and sweatshop labor; some promote ethical consumption; and some promote local brands that are ideologically positioned as explicit competitors to their multinational counterparts.
International Pricing Objectives and Strategies
Authors: Myers Matthew B. , Zondag Marcel M. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The price paid for a good or a service represents its customer value. Because of this characteristic, pricing plays a unique role in the marketing mix both as a strategic tool and a dimension of day‐to‐day marketing decisions. Nevertheless, pricing is largely neglected in international marketing literature, specifically in the field of B2B transactions, the topic of this article. The authors present an overview of current international pricing literature and discuss the many different pricing decisions that international marketers face. Using the “value management” concept, the authors make suggestions for future research and provide practical guidelines for the development of a consistent international pricing strategy.
International Advertising – is there Still a Standardization Versus Local Adaptation Debate?
Authors: Taylor Charles R. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFor several decades now, much of the discussion of international advertising has focused on the degree to which advertising should be standardized or adapted. Even today, many academic articles start out with a literature review summarizing this “debate” and promising to offer additional insight. A close examination of the literature reveals that years of research on international advertising has provided some deeper insight on how to engage in international advertising. Most importantly, research consistently suggests that there are often key advantages to standardizing advertising at a strategic level but that executions do often need to be adapted.
Standardization/Adaptation of International Marketing Strategy
Authors: Griffith David A. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Issues pertaining to the appropriateness of standardization/adaptation of international marketing strategy continue to be paramount to academics and practitioners. While a significant number of studies have been conducted on this important topic, an examination of a selection of seminal articles in the field demonstrates considerable divergence in foundational definitions. This article does not work to resolve these conceptual distinctions but rather to address how differences in approaches to these distinctions have stimulated work in four key areas that are central to the understanding of the standardization/adaptation of marketing strategy: (i) type of standardization/adaptation, (ii) standardization/adaptation unit of analysis, (iii) market homogeneity and the effectiveness/efficiency argument, and (iv) models of standardization/adaptation.
International Franchising
Authors: Quinn Barry 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

Franchising has become a major driving force in the
globalization of service businesses
. Changes in the global trading environment such as the lifting of restrictive legislation and a greater homogeneity in buyer behavior have resulted in the further spread of franchising activity from the developed economies toward
emerging markets
in Asia, South America, and Europe. There are clear advantages to adopting franchise as an
entry mechanism
into international markets. Franchising is of great benefit to emerging and transitional economies. Franchisors have various modes of operation available to them when developing an international market presence. Issues surrounding control, support, and the nature of the franchise relationship play an important role in the development of international franchising.
Global Sourcing Strategy: An Evolution
Authors: Kotabe Masaaki , Murray Janet Y. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Increased global sourcing of manufacturing and service activities from independent suppliers has been a prominent part of the restructuring of firms' supply chains since the late 1980s. Researchers and practitioners have largely supported the view that global sourcing is one of the key drivers of superior performance. However, the limitations of outsourcing, or, put differently, the advantages of vertical integration, also have to be considered. First, we discuss the need to balance sourcing levels. Second, we then discuss how global sourcing levels must achieve a strategic fit with the environment. Third, we synthesize these balance and fit perspectives to suggest how, over time, changes in the fit alter the required balance in global sourcing. From this synthesis, we develop a number of research questions related to important conceptual perspectives on sourcing for future investigation. For managers, we provide indications of how they can achieve a balance and a fit of their sourcing strategies.
International Entrepreneurship
Authors: Coviello Nicole 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
International entrepreneurship (IE) is generally understood to involve the discovery, enactment, and exploitation of opportunities for new goods and services across national borders. The domain of IE includes the decisions/actions of both new ventures and those enacted by larger, more established firms. It also includes comparisons of entrepreneurial behavior in multiple countries and cultures. Of particular interest is the international new venture, one form of which is the Born Global. Recent theoretical developments reflect the richness of IE as a research area and its position at the interface of many disciplines.
A Simple and Effective Modification of PCBM for Use as an Electron Acceptor in Efficient Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Mikroyannidis John A. , Kabanakis Antonis N. , Sharma S. S. , Sharma Ganesh D. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract[6,6]‐phenyl‐C‐61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) are the most widely used acceptor and donor materials, respectively, in polymer solar cells (PSCs). However, the low LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energy level of PCBM limits the open circuit voltage (Voc) of the PSCs based on P3HT. Herein a simple, low‐cost and effective approach of modifying PCBM and improving its absorption is reported which can be extended to all fullerene derivatives with an ester structure. In particular, PCBM is hydrolyzed to carboxylic acid and then converted to the corresponding carbonyl chloride. The latter is condensed with 4‐nitro‐4’‐hydroxy‐α‐cyanostilbene to afford the modified fullerene F. It is more soluble than PCBM in common organic solvents due to the increase of the organic moiety. Both solutions and thin films of F show stronger absorption than PCBM in the range of 250–900 nm. The electrochemical properties and electronic energy levels of F and PCBM are measured by cyclic voltammetry. The LUMO energy level of F is 0.25 eV higher than that of PCBM. The PSCs based on P3HT with F as an acceptor shows a higher Voc of 0.86 V and a short circuit current (Jsc) of 8.5 mA cm−2, resulting in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.23%, while the PSC based on P3HT:PCBM shows a PCE of about 2.93% under the same conditions. The results indicate that the modified PCBM, i.e., F, is an excellent acceptor for PSC based on bulk heterojunction active layers. A maximum overall PCE of 5.25% is achieved with the PSC based on the P3HT:F blend deposited from a mixture of solvents (chloroform/acetone) and subsequent thermal annealing at 120 °C.
Gas Sensors: Ultrasensitive and Highly Selective Gas Sensors Based on Electrospun SnO2 Nanofibers Modified by Pd Loading (Adv. Funct. Mater. 24/2010)
Authors: Yang Dae‐Jin , Kamienchick Itai , Youn Doo Young , Rothschild Avner , Kim Il‐Doo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis work presents a new route to suppress grain growth and tune the sensitivity and selectivity of nanocrystalline SnO2 fibers. Unloaded and Pd‐loaded SnO2 nanofiber mats are synthesized by electrospinning followed by hot‐pressing at 80 °C and calcination at 450 or 600 °C. The chemical composition and microstructure evolution as a function of Pd‐loading and calcination temperature are examined using EDS, XPS, XRD, SEM, and HRTEM. Highly porous fibrillar morphology with nanocrystalline fibers comprising SnO2 crystallites decorated with tiny PdO crystallites is observed. The grain size of the SnO2 crystallites in the layers that are calcined at 600 °C decreases with increasing Pd concentration from about 15 nm in the unloaded specimen to about 7 nm in the 40 mol% Pd‐loaded specimen, indicating that Pd‐loading could effectively suppress the SnO2 grain growth during the calcination step. The Pd‐loaded SnO2 sensors have 4 orders of magnitude higher resistivity and exhibit significantly enhanced sensitivity to H2 and lower sensitivity to NO2 compared to their unloaded counterparts. These observations are attributed to enhanced electron depletion at the surface of the PdO‐decorated SnO2 crystallites and catalytic effect of PdO in promoting the oxidation of H2 into H2O. These phenomena appear to have a much larger effect on the sensitivity of the Pd‐loaded sensors than the reduction in grain size.
Catalytic Decarboxylative Cross‐Ketonisation of Aryl‐ and Alkylcarboxylic Acids using Magnetite Nanoparticles
Authors: Gooßen Lukas J. , Mamone Patrizia , Oppel Christoph 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn the presence of catalytic amounts of magnetite nanopowder, mixtures of aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids are converted selectively into the corresponding aryl alkyl ketones. As by‐products, only carbon dioxide and water are released. This catalytic cross‐ketonisation allows the regioselective acylation of aromatic systems and, thus, represents a sustainable alternative to Friedel–Crafts acylations.
Interactions of flow and reaction in fluid catalytic cracking risers
Authors: Zhu Chao , Jun You , Patel Rajesh , Wang Dawei , Ho Teh C. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the primary conversion process in oil refining. The performance of an FCC riser strongly depends on the interactions between oil/catalyst flow and cracking kinetics, but most FCC riser models do not consider such interactions. Accordingly, this work develops a computationally simple model capturing the dominant features of flow‐reaction coupling in the riser's dense phase and acceleration zones. Specifically, the particle–particle collision force and the particle–fluid interfacial force are considered. With a four‐lump kinetic model, the riser model predicts conversion and selectivity from the axial profile of the catalyst‐to‐oil ratio resulting from particle–fluid interfacial momentum transfer. The cracking intensity in the riser bottom zone is much greater than that calculated from conventional riser models, which neglects oil‐catalyst hydrodynamic coupling and catalyst dilution due to volume expansion. The present model compares well with published data and predicts conversion‐selectivity patterns that are qualitatively different from those obtained from conventional models. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Equilibrium studies on enantioselective extraction of oxybutynin enantiomers by hydrophilic β‐cyclodextrin derivatives
Authors: Tang Kewen , Zhang Panliang , Pan Chunyue , Li Hongjian 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe enantioselective extraction of hydrophobic oxybutynin (OBN) enantiomers by hydrophilic β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) derivatives was studied. The efficiency of extraction depends strongly on a number of process variables such as types of organic solvents and β‐CD derivatives, concentration of selector, pH, and temperature. The experimental data were described by a reactive extraction model with a homogeneous aqueous phase reaction of R,S‐OBN with β‐CD. Important parameters of this model were determined experimentally. The physical distribution coefficients for molecular and ionic OBN were 4.96 × 10−3 and 9.52, respectively. The equilibrium constants of the complexation reactions were 1770 and 1340 L/mol for S‐ and R‐OBN, respectively. By modeling and experiment, an optimal extraction condition with pH of 5 and HP‐β‐CD concentration of 0.1 mol/L was obtained with enantioselectivity (α) of 1.26, which was close to the theoretical maximum of 1.32 and performance factor (pfi) of 0.036. The model was verified experimentally with excellent results. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Exploration of alternative models for the aging of fouling deposits
Authors: Ishiyama Edward M. , Paterson William R. , Ian Wilson D. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe effect of fouling in heat‐transfer devices (HTDs) is complicated by aging of the fouling deposits. Aging is, like deposition, often sensitive to temperature, so that heat transfer, deposition, and aging are coupled phenomena. Ishiyama et al. (AIChE J. 2010;56:531–545) presented a distributed model of the aging of deposits formed by chemical reaction fouling and illustrated its effect on thermal and hydraulic performance of a HTD operating in the turbulent flow regime. Two‐layer models, simpler than the distributed model, are explored. The deposit is considered to consist of two layers, fresh and aged; this simple picture is shown to be sufficient to interpret thermal and hydraulic aspects of deposit aging when HTDs are operated at constant heat flux (as reflecting laboratory experiments) but not in cases where the constant wall temperature approximation is more realistic. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Arteriovenous malformation in the adult mouse brain resembling the human disease
Authors: Walker Espen J. , Su Hua , Shen Fanxia , Choi Eun‐Jung , Oh S. Paul , Chen Grant , Lawton Michael T. , Kim Helen , Chen Yongmei , Chen Wanqiu , Young William L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractObjective:Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) are an important cause of hemorrhagic stroke. The underlying mechanisms are not clear. No animal model for adult bAVM is available for mechanistic exploration. Patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2 (HHT2) with activin receptor‐like kinase 1 (ALK1; ACVRL1) mutations have a higher incidence of bAVM than the general population. We tested the hypothesis that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulation with regional homozygous deletion of Alk1 induces severe dysplasia in the adult mouse brain, akin to human bAVM.Methods:Alk12f/2f (exons 4–6 flanked by loxP sites) and wild‐type (WT) mice (8–10 weeks old) were injected with adenoviral vector expressing Cre recombinase (Ad‐Cre; 2 × 107 plaque forming units [PFU]) and adeno‐associated viral vectors expressing VEGF (AAV‐VEGF; 2 × 109 genome copies) into the basal ganglia. At 8 weeks, blood vessels were analyzed.Results:Gross vascular irregularities were seen in Alk12f/2f mouse brain injected with Ad‐Cre and AAV‐VEGF. The vessels were markedly enlarged with abnormal patterning resembling aspects of the human bAVM phenotype, displayed altered expression of the arterial and venous markers (EphB4 and Jagged‐1), and showed evidence of arteriovenous shunting. Vascular irregularities were not seen in similarly treated WT mice.Interpretation:Our data indicate that postnatal, adult formation of the human disease, bAVM, is possible, and that both genetic mutation and angiogenic stimulation are necessary for lesion development. Our work not only provides a testable adult mouse bAVM model for the first time, but also suggests that specific medical therapy can be developed to slow bAVM growth and potentially stabilize the rupture‐prone abnormal vasculature. ANN NEUROL 2011;