bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yield -based evaluation of low nitrogen tolerance indices for screening of [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] genotypes
Authors: Ararisa Keneni , Mohammed Wassu , Tesso Tesfaye , Tesso Bulti , Liben Feyera 
Published: June 2024

AbstractNitrogen stress is one of the key factors limiting sorghum crop productivity. To identify desirable sorghum genotypes best suited to nitrogen stress, the response of 300 sorghum landraces and two standard checks: KS78, and BCK60 were evaluated using yield-based indices. The experiment was conducted under nitrogen stress and ideal conditions for two years using a split-plot in RCBD design with two replications. Nitrogen treatments were assigned to the main plots, and sorghum genotypes were assigned to the subplots. Fourteen nitrogen stress screening indices, namely, the yield stability index (YSI), stress tolerance index (STI), modified stress tolerance index (KSTI), low nitrogen tolerance index (LNTI), relative decrease in yield (RDY), tolerance index (TOL), yield index (YI), stress susceptibility index (SSI), stress susceptibility percentage index (SSPI), and harmonic mean (HM), were computed using grain yield. The yield under optimal and stress conditions was significantly positively correlated with the HM, MP, GMP, STI, HM, YI, and modified STI. The results from the cluster analysis, PCA biplot, and 3D biplot classified the genotypes into three groups: nitrogen stress tolerant, nitrogen stress susceptible, and poor performers under both environments. Using STI, GMP, and MP, Genotypes (G80) ETSL101255, (G216) ETSL101006, (G35) ETSL101258, (G146) ETSL100813, and genotypes (G244) ETSL100292, (G161) ETSL100539, (G240) ETSL100890, (G93) ETSL101845, (G261) ETSL100625, (G248) ETSL100874, (G258) ETSL100752, (G142) ETSL100921, (G135) ETSL100307 were identified as top nitrogen stress tolerant, and susceptible genotypes respectively. We conclude that the indices MP, GMP, and STI can help in improving sorghum yield by selecting nitrogen efficient genotypes.
More Frequent Spaceborne Sampling of XCO2 Improves Detectability of Carbon Cycle Seasonal Transitions in Arctic‐Boreal Ecosystems
Authors: Parazoo Nicholas C. , Keppel‐Aleks Gretchen , Sander Stanley , Byrne Brendan , Natraj Vijay , Luo Ming , Blavier Jean‐Francois , Dorsky Len , Nassar Ray 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSurface, aircraft, and satellite measurements indicate pervasive early cold season (Augut–September) CO2 emissions across Arctic regions, consistent with increased ecosystem metabolism in plants and soils. A key remaining question is whether cold season sources will become large enough to permanently shift the Arctic into a net carbon source. Polar orbiting GHG satellites provide robust estimation of regional carbon budgets but lack sufficient spatial coverage and repeat frequency to track sink‐to‐source transitions in the early cold season. Mission concepts such as the Arctic Observing Mission (AOM) advocate for flying imaging spectrometers in highly elliptical orbits (HEO) over the Arctic to address sampling limitations. We perform retrieval and flux inversion simulation experiments using the AURORA mission concept, leveraging a Panchromatic imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (PanFTS) in HEO. Our simulations demonstrate the potential benefits of increased CO2 sampling for detecting emissions during the early cold season.
Illuminating the “Invisible”: Substantial Deep Respiration and Lateral Export of Dissolved Carbon From Beneath Soil
Authors: Stewart Bryn , Shanley James B. , Matt Serena , Seybold Erin C. , Kincaid Dustin W. , Vierbicher Andrew , Cable Bren , Hicks Niara , Perdrial Julia N. , Li Li 
Published: June 2024

AbstractDissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC and DIC) influence water quality, ecosystem health, and carbon cycling. Dissolved carbon species are produced by biogeochemical reactions and laterally exported to streams via distinct shallow and deep subsurface flow paths. These processes are arduous to measure and challenge the quantification of global carbon cycles. Here we ask: when, where, and how much is dissolved carbon produced in and laterally exported from the subsurface to streams? We used a catchment‐scale reactive transport model, BioRT‐HBV, with hydrometeorology and stream carbon data to illuminate the “invisible” subsurface processes at Sleepers River, a carbonate‐based catchment in Vermont, United States. Results depict a conceptual model where DOC is produced mostly in shallow soils (3.7 ± 0.6 g/m2/yr) and in summer at peak root and microbial respiration. DOC is flushed from soils to the stream (1.0 ± 0.2 g/m2/yr) especially during snowmelt and storms. A large fraction of DOC (2.5 ± 0.2 g/m2/yr) percolates to the deeper subsurface, fueling deep respiration to generate DIC. DIC is exported predominantly from the deeper subsurface (7.1 ± 0.4 g/m2/yr, compared to 1.3 ± 0.3 g/m2/yr from shallow soils). Deep respiration reduces DOC and increases DIC concentrations at depth, leading to commonly observed DOC flushing (increasing concentrations with discharge) and DIC dilution patterns (decreasing concentrations with discharge). Surprisingly, respiration processes generate more DIC than weathering in this carbonate‐based catchment. These findings underscore the importance of vertical connectivity between the shallow and deep subsurface, highlighting the overlooked role of deep carbon processing and export.
Measuring Low Plasma Density in the Earth's Equatorial Magnetosphere From Magnetosonic Waves
Authors: Horne R. B. , Daggitt T. A. , Meredith N. P. , Glauert S. A. , Liu X. , Chen L. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe plasma density is one of the most fundamental quantities of any plasma yet measuring it in space is exceptionally difficult when the density is low. Measurements from particle detectors are contaminated by spacecraft photoelectrons and methods using plasma wave emissions are hampered by natural plasma instabilities which dominate the wave spectrum. Here we present a new method which calculates the density from magnetosonic waves near the lower hybrid resonance frequency. The method works most effectively when the ratio of the plasma to cyclotron frequency is fpe/fce < 3.5. The method provides a lower bound on the plasma density. Using the new method we show that wave acceleration of electrons to relativistic energies is increased by orders of magnitude. The method enables years of satellite data to be re‐analyzed for the Earth and the effectiveness of wave acceleration at the Earth, Jupiter and Saturn to be re‐assessed.
A Novel Emergent Constraint Approach for Refining Regional Climate Model Projections of Peak Flow Timing
Authors: Bass B. , Thackeray C. W. , Hall A. , Rahimi S. , Huang L. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractGlobal climate models (GCMs) are unable to produce detailed runoff conditions at the basin scale. Assumptions are commonly made that dynamical downscaling can resolve this issue. However, given the large magnitude of the biases in downscaled GCMs, it is unclear whether such projections are credible. Here, we use an ensemble of dynamically downscaled GCMs to evaluate this question in the Sierra‐Cascade mountain range of the western US. Future projections across this region are characterized by earlier seasonal shifts in peak flow, but with substantial inter‐model uncertainty (−25 ± 34.75 days, 95% confidence interval (CI)). We apply the emergent constraint (EC) method for the first time to dynamically downscaled projections, leading to a 39% (−28.25 ± 20.75 days, 95% CI) uncertainty reduction in future peak flow timing. While the constrained results can differ from bias corrected projections, the EC is based on GCM biases in historical peak flow timing and has a strong physical underpinning.
Investigating Catchment‐Scale Daily Snow Depths of CMIP6 in Canada
Authors: Abdelmoaty Hebatallah Mohamed , Papalexiou Simon Michael , Gaur Abhishek , Markonis Yannis 
Published: June 2024

AbstractAccurate modeling of snow depth (SD) processes is critical for understanding global energy balance changes, affecting climate change mitigation strategies. This study evaluates the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) model performance in simulating daily SD across Canada. We assess CMIP6 outputs against observed data, focusing on daily SD averages, snow cover durations, and rates of accumulation and depletion, alongside annual SD peaks for 11 major Canadian catchments. Our findings reveal that CMIP6 simulations generally overestimate daily SD by 57.7% and extend snow cover duration by 30.5 days on average. While three models (CESM2, UKESM1‐0‐LL and MIROC6) notably align with observed annual SD peaks, simulation biases suggest the need for enhanced model parameterization to accurately capture snow physics, particularly in regions with permanent snow cover and complex terrains. This analysis underscores the necessity of refining CMIP6 simulations and incorporating detailed geographical data for better SD predictions.
When quantum dots meet blue phase liquid crystal elastomers: visualized full-color and mechanically-switchable circularly polarized luminescence
Authors: Li Shan , Tang Yuqi , Fan Qingyan , Li Ziyuan , Zhang Xinfang , Wang Jingxia , Guo Jinbao , Li Quan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractPolymer-based circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials with the advantage of diversified structure, easy fabrication, high thermal stability, and tunable properties have garnered considerable attention. However, adequate and precise tuning over CPL in polymer-based materials remains challenging due to the difficulty in regulating chiral structures. Herein, visualized full-color CPL is achieved by doping red, green, and blue quantum dots (QDs) into reconfigurable blue phase liquid crystal elastomers (BPLCEs). In contrast to the CPL signal observed in cholesteric liquid crystal elastomers (CLCEs), the chiral 3D cubic superstructure of BPLCEs induces an opposite CPL signal. Notably, this effect is entirely independent of photonic bandgaps (PBGs) and results in a high glum value, even without matching between PBGs and the emission bands of QDs. Meanwhile, the lattice structure of the BPLCEs can be reversibly switched via mechanical stretching force, inducing on-off switching of the CPL signals, and these variations can be further fixed using dynamic disulfide bonds in the BPLCEs. Moreover, the smart polymer-based CPL systems using the BPLCEs for anti-counterfeiting and information encryption have been demonstrated, suggesting the great potential of the BPLCEs-based CPL active materials.
The polyglutamine protein ATXN2: from its molecular functions to its involvement in disease
Authors: Costa Rafael G. , Conceição André , Matos Carlos A. , Nóbrega Clévio 
Published: June 2024

AbstractA CAG repeat sequence in the ATXN2 gene encodes a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract within the ataxin-2 (ATXN2) protein, showcasing a complex landscape of functions that have been progressively unveiled over recent decades. Despite significant progresses in the field, a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms governed by ATXN2 remains elusive. This multifaceted protein emerges as a key player in RNA metabolism, stress granules dynamics, endocytosis, calcium signaling, and the regulation of the circadian rhythm. The CAG overexpansion within the ATXN2 gene produces a protein with an extended poly(Q) tract, inducing consequential alterations in conformational dynamics which confer a toxic gain and/or partial loss of function. Although overexpanded ATXN2 is predominantly linked to spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2), intermediate expansions are also implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism. While the molecular intricacies await full elucidation, SCA2 presents ATXN2-associated pathological features, encompassing autophagy impairment, RNA-mediated toxicity, heightened oxidative stress, and disruption of calcium homeostasis. Presently, SCA2 remains incurable, with patients reliant on symptomatic and supportive treatments. In the pursuit of therapeutic solutions, various studies have explored avenues ranging from pharmacological drugs to advanced therapies, including cell or gene-based approaches. These endeavours aim to address the root causes or counteract distinct pathological features of SCA2. This review is intended to provide an updated compendium of ATXN2 functions, delineate the associated pathological mechanisms, and present current perspectives on the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.
Uniaxial extending neural probes for bleeding-absent implantation
Authors: Ren Xueyang , Bai Wen , Chen Shisheng , Yuan Yuehui , Shao Xiaodong , Zhu Xuefei , Wang Li , Jiang Qin , Hu Benhui 
Published: June 2024

AbstractImplantable neural probes, essential for brain electrophysiological research, have advanced with ultra-flexible designs to mitigate immune responses and postoperative complications. Strategies of shuttle-assisted implantation and temporary stiffening address issues in penetrating these probes into the target region, avoiding undesired bending. However, the risk of intraoperative bleeding remains due to these implants’ necessary rigidity during insertion. Here, we describe a neural probe with mechanical compliance accompanying self-implantation along the principal axis in the absence of bleeding. Crucial to the behavior is its anisotropic relaxation, which is dominated by the cross-sectional in-plane deformation inhibition due to interchain interactions between the parallel backbones in the globally aligned polymer system. We observed the ensured upright insertion of the probe into the brain while avoiding angiorrhexis with a two-photon microscope and a high-speed camera. The probes permit electrophysiological studies with minimal foreign body responses and imageological compatibility, underscoring their clinical potential.
A randomized phase 1/2a trial of ExPEC10V vaccine in adults with a history of UTI
Authors: Fierro Carlos A. , Sarnecki Michal , Spiessens Bart , Go Oscar , Day Tracey A. , Davies Todd A. , van den Dobbelsteen Germie , Poolman Jan , Abbanat Darren , Haazen Wouter 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of 3 doses of ExPEC10V (VAC52416), a vaccine candidate to prevent invasive Escherichia coli disease, were assessed in a phase 1/2a study (NCT03819049). In Cohort 1, ExPEC10V was well tolerated; the high dose was selected as optimal and further characterized in Cohort 2. Cohort 2 comprised a maximum 28-day screening, vaccination (Day 1), double-blind 181-day follow-up, and open-label long-term follow-up until Year 1. Healthy participants (≥60 years) with a history of urinary tract infection (UTI) within 5 years were randomized to receive ExPEC10V or placebo. The primary endpoint evaluated the safety and reactogenicity of ExPEC10V (solicited local and systemic AEs [until Day 15]; unsolicited AEs [until Day 30], SAEs [until Day 181], and immunogenicity [Day 30]) via multiplex electrochemiluminescent (ECL) and multiplex opsonophagocytic assay (MOPA). 416 participants (ExPEC10V, n = 278; placebo, n = 138) were included (mean age [SD], 68.8 [6.52] years; female, 79.6%; White, 96.1%). The incidence of solicited AEs was higher with ExPEC10V (local, 50.0% [n = 139]; systemic, 50.0% [n = 139]) than placebo (15.9% [n = 22]; 38.4% [n = 53]); rates of unsolicited AEs were comparable (ExPEC10V, 28.4% [n = 79]; placebo, 26.1% [n = 36]). No vaccine-related SAEs or deaths were reported. ExPEC10V elicited a robust antibody-mediated immunogenic response across all serotypes with ECL (Day 30 geometric mean fold increase, 2.33–8.18) and demonstrated functional opsonophagocytic killing activity across all measured serotypes (Day 30 geometric mean fold increase, 1.81–9.68). ExPEC10V exhibited an acceptable safety profile and a robust vaccine-induced functional immunogenic response in participants with a history of UTI. Clinical trial registration details: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03819049.
Native desert plants have the potential for phytoremediation of phytotoxic metals in urban cities: implications for cities sustainability in arid environments
Authors: El-Keblawy Ali , Almehdi Ahmed M. , Elsheikh Elsiddig A. E. , Abouleish Mohamed Y. , Sheteiwy Mohamed S. , Galal Tarek M. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractArid regions can benefit from using native desert plants, which require minimal freshwater and can aid in remediating soil phytotoxic metals (PTMs) from traffic emissions. In this study, we assessed the ability of three native desert plants—Pennisetum divisum, Tetraena qatarensis, and Brassica tournefortii—to accumulate phytotoxic metals (PTMs) in their different plant organs, including leaves, stems, and roots/rhizomes. The PTMs were analyzed in soil and plant samples collected from Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). The results indicated significantly higher levels of PTMs on the soil surface than the subsurface layer. Brassica exhibited the highest concentrations of Fe and Zn, measuring 566.7 and 262.8 mg kg−1, respectively, while Tetraena accumulated the highest concentration of Sr (1676.9 mg kg−1) in their stems. In contrast, Pennisetum recorded the lowest concentration of Sr (21.0 mg kg−1), while Tetraena exhibited the lowest concentrations of Fe and Zn (22.5 and 30.1 mg kg−1) in their leaves. The roots of Pennisetum, Brassica, and Tetraena demonstrated the potential to accumulate Zn from the soil, with concentration factors (CF) of 1.75, 1.09, and 1.09, respectively. Moreover, Brassica exhibited the highest CF for Sr, measuring 2.34. Pennisetum, however, could not translocate PTMs from its rhizomes to other plant organs, as indicated by a translocation factor (TF) of 1. In contrast, Brassica effectively translocated the studied PTMs from its roots to the stem and leaves (except for Sr in the leaves). Furthermore, Pennisetum exclusively absorbed Zn from the soil into its leaves and stems, with an enrichment factor (EF) greater than 1. Brassica showed the ability to uptake the studied PTMs in its stem and leaves (except for Fe), while Tetraena primarily absorbed Sr and Zn into its stems. Based on the CF and TF results, Pennisetum appears to be a suitable species for phytostabilization of both Fe and Zn, while Brassica is well-suited for Sr and Zn polluted soils. Tetraena shows potential for Zn phytoremediation. These findings suggest that these plants are suitable for PTMs phytoextraction. Furthermore, based on the EF results, these plants can efficiently sequester PTMs.
Deep learning-driven hybrid model for short-term load forecasting and smart grid information management
Authors: Wen Xinyu , Liao Jiacheng , Niu Qingyi , Shen Nachuan , Bao Yingxu 
Published: June 2024

AbstractAccurate power load forecasting is crucial for the sustainable operation of smart grids. However, the complexity and uncertainty of load, along with the large-scale and high-dimensional energy information, present challenges in handling intricate dynamic features and long-term dependencies. This paper proposes a computational approach to address these challenges in short-term power load forecasting and energy information management, with the goal of accurately predicting future load demand. The study introduces a hybrid method that combines multiple deep learning models, the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) is employed to capture long-term dependencies in time series data, while the Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) efficiently learns patterns and features in load data. Additionally, the attention mechanism is incorporated to automatically focus on the input components most relevant to the load prediction task, further enhancing model performance. According to the experimental evaluation conducted on four public datasets, including GEFCom2014, the proposed algorithm outperforms the baseline models on various metrics such as prediction accuracy, efficiency, and stability. Notably, on the GEFCom2014 dataset, FLOP is reduced by over 48.8%, inference time is shortened by more than 46.7%, and MAPE is improved by 39%. The proposed method significantly enhances the reliability, stability, and cost-effectiveness of smart grids, which facilitates risk assessment optimization and operational planning under the context of information management for smart grid systems.
Cell adhesion molecule CD44 is dispensable for reactive astrocyte activation during prion disease
Authors: Bradford Barry M. , Walmsley-Rowe Lauryn , Reynolds Joe , Verity Nicholas , Mabbott Neil A. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractPrion diseases are fatal, infectious, neurodegenerative disorders resulting from accumulation of misfolded cellular prion protein in the brain. Early pathological changes during CNS prion disease also include reactive astrocyte activation with increased CD44 expression, microgliosis, as well as loss of dendritic spines and synapses. CD44 is a multifunctional cell surface adhesion and signalling molecule which is considered to play roles in astrocyte morphology and the maintenance of dendritic spine integrity and synaptic plasticity. However, the role of CD44 in prion disease was unknown. Here we used mice deficient in CD44 to determine the role of CD44 during prion disease. We show that CD44-deficient mice displayed no difference in their response to CNS prion infection when compared to wild type mice. Furthermore, the reactive astrocyte activation and microgliosis that accompanies CNS prion infection was unimpaired in the absence of CD44. Together, our data show that although CD44 expression is upregulated in reactive astrocytes during CNS prion disease, it is dispensable for astrocyte and microglial activation and the development of prion neuropathogenesis.
Multimode Friedel oscillations in monolayer and bilayer graphene
Authors: Lin Chiun-Yan , Chiu Chih-Wei 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This study systematically explores the influence of charged impurities on static screening in monolayer graphene and extends the investigation to AA-stacked and AB-stacked bilayer graphene (BLG). Applying the random phase approximation (RPA), monolayer graphene displays unique beating Friedel oscillations (FOs) in inter-valley and intra-valley channels. Shifting to BLG, the study emphasizes layer-specific responses on each layer by considering self-consistent field interactions between layers. It also explores the derived multimode FOs, elucidating distinctions from monolayer behavior. In AA-stacked BLG, distinct metallic screening behaviors are revealed, uncovering unique oscillatory patterns in induced charge density, providing insights into static Coulomb scattering effects between two Dirac cones. The exploration extends to AB-stacked BLG, unveiling layer-specific responses of parabolic bands in multimode FOs with increasing Fermi energy. This comprehensive investigation, integrating RPA considerations, significantly advances our understanding of layer-dependent static screening in the broader context of FOs in graphene, providing valuable contributions to the field of condensed matter physics.