bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Aufrechterhaltung der gemeinsamen Kultur”. Die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft und die Österreichisch‐Deutsche Wissenschaftshilfe in der Zwischenkriegszeit
Authors: Fengler Silke , Luxbacher Günther 
Published: December 2011

Abstract“Maintaining a Common Culture” – The German Research Foundation and the Austrian‐German Scientific Aid in the Interbellum. After the end of the Great War, private as well as public research funding in Austria was anaemic and slow to develop. Whereas the German state‐funded Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) was established as early as 1920, first steps in that direction were only taken in Austria in the late 1920s. In 1929, the Österreichisch‐deutsche Wissenschaftshilfe (ÖDW) was founded under the auspices of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the DFG. Although prima facie on an equal footing, the new research funding organisation was in fact highly dependent on its German cooperation partner. The article explores for the first time ÖDW's position within the German and Austrian science and foreign policies, which aimed to promote the idea of unification of both states within the German Reich. A quantitative analysis of the subsidies policy in the first five years of existence shows that the ÖDW gave financial aid primarily to conservative research fields‘ affecting the intellectual balance of power in the First Austrian Republic. Policy continuities and discontinuities of the organisation in the course of the national‐socialist rise to power in Germany after 1933 are examined in the second part of the article. The article thus both increases our knowledge about the most important German research funding organisation DFG‘ and identifies some of the fundamental structural features of Austrian science policy in the interwar years.
Context‐aware and LBS learning systems using ubiquitous teaching assistant (u‐TA): A case study for service‐learning courses
Authors: Dow Chyi‐Ren , Huang Lu‐Hui 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTA ubiquitous teaching assistant (u‐TA) system is developed using software agent techniques to facilitate teaching purposes and often used for a virtual classroom or virtual laboratory. In these kinds of virtual learning environments, u‐TA is often used to assist learners by using desktop computers or laptops. With the development of u‐learning, u‐TA should consist of good mobility for guiding students and answering students' questions on mobile handheld devices. Therefore, the mobility of u‐TA should be enhanced. This study proposes a system that uses the u‐TA framework to construct a context‐aware and location‐based service (LBS) guiding system to introduce the essence of Service‐Learning courses to students and help them browse the content of the course resources on campus. We gave a case study for using our proposed system to promote the Service‐Learning courses in Feng Chia University, Taiwan. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed system. The experimental results show that the proposed system can help students enhance understanding on Service‐Learning courses in school and encourage students to participate in these curricula.© 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 22:604–616, 2014; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21552
SBA‐16‐Supported Cobalt Catalyst with High Activity and Stability for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis
Authors: Zhao Yanxi , Zhang Yuhua , Chen Jian , Li Jinlin , Liew Kongyong , Nordin Mohd Ridzuan Bin 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSBA‐16 molecular sieves were used as support to prepare cobalt catalyst for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS). The catalysts were characterized by using TEM, power XRD, temperature‐programmed reduction, and N2 adsorption–desorption. The analyses indicate that most of the Co3O4 nanoparticles were introduced into the SBA‐16 cages, and the SBA‐16 mesostructure was retained after cobalt impregnation. The Co/SBA‐16 catalyst exhibited higher cobalt dispersion compared to the Co/SiO2 catalyst. The catalytic properties of the catalysts in FTS were evaluated in a fixed‐bed reactor. The effect of the addition of water was measured in a continuously stirred tank reactor. High FTS activity and stability were observed on the SBA‐16‐supported catalyst. The SBA‐16‐supported cobalt catalyst shows low mobility of cobalt particles in the SBA‐16 cages. Unlike silica, the SBA‐16 support can efficiently prevent the aggregation and sintering of cobalt nanoparticles.
Functionalized Ionic Liquids for the Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles and their Application in Catalysis
Authors: Luska Kylie L. , Moores Audrey 
Published: December 2011

AbstractColloidal suspensions of metal nanoparticles (NPs) in non‐functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) are active catalysts for a wide variety of organic transformations. The weak ionic interaction between the IL and the metal surface provides a bare particle with a high concentration of active metal sites. However, the long‐term stabilities can be affected as the IL cannot provide sufficient stabilization and aggregation of the NPs under catalytic conditions limits the reuse of NP:IL catalysts. ILs functionalized with a metal‐binding moiety (FILs) can alleviate this agglomeration problem and provide catalysts with improved activities and recyclabilities. The enhanced stability is provided by the covalent attachment of the stabilizer to the metal surface, which holds the electrostatic stabilizing IL headgroup at the outer ligand sphere of the NP. FILs have been used in the synthesis of NPs as soluble ligands in aqueous, organic or IL solution, as neat solvents, as anchors to immobilize NPs onto a solid support and incorporated into polymeric stabilizers. This Minireview discusses the synthesis and application of NP:FIL systems, with an emphasis on catalysis.
One‐Pot Aqueous Solution Syntheses of Iron Oxide Nanostructures with Controlled Crystal Phases through a Microbial‐Mineralization‐Inspired Approach
Authors: Oaki Yuya , Yagita Naoki , Imai Hiroaki 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIron‐oxidizing bacteria produce trivalent iron oxides with the controlled crystal phases outside of their cells. Herein we have synthesized iron oxides with controlled oxidation states and crystal phases through a microbial‐mineralization‐inspired approach in an aqueous solution at low temperature. Trivalent iron oxides, such as lepidocrocite, ferrihydrite, goethite, and hematite, are selectively obtained from an aqueous solution containing divalent iron ions below 90 °C. The presence of a chelating agent facilitates the control of the oxidation states through the ligand‐controlled approach because the precipitation of the divalent iron species is inhibited by the complexation between divalent iron ion and a chelating agent. The control of the crystal phases is achieved by the tuning of the synthetic conditions, such as the initial pH, the concentration of a chelating agent, and the reaction temperature. Furthermore, the resultant iron oxides have hierarchically organized structures consisting of nanoscale objects. The microbial‐mineralization‐inspired approach by using a chelating agent has potentials for the further morphological control of iron oxides and the further application to aqueous‐solution syntheses of other metal oxides.
Liquid circulation hydrodynamics in an external loop airlift reactor
Authors: Huang Zi‐Bin , Cheng Zhen‐Min 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe radial profiles of axial liquid velocity and gas hold‐ups are investigated in the riser of a pilot plant scale external loop airlift reactor (ELAR) using a modified Pavlov tube and differential pressure technique. The experimental investigation reveals that there exist two different kinds of liquid circulation structures in an ELAR, which has rarely been reported in the literature, namely internal liquid circulation, which exists only in the riser and external liquid circulation, which circulates through the downcomer. A power–law relationship is used to correlate the gas hold‐up and superficial gas velocity, which gives good agreement with experimental data. Experiments for axial liquid velocity profiles are analysed in analogy to a model described for a conventional bubble column. The results predicted by the model are in excellent agreement with the experimental data obtained under various operating conditions. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
RAFT‐Derived Polymer–Drug Conjugates: Poly(hydroxypropyl methacrylamide) (HPMA)–7‐Ethyl‐10‐hydroxycamptothecin (SN‐38) Conjugates
Authors: Williams Charlotte C. , Thang San H. , Hantke Tina , Vogel Uwe , Seeberger Peter H. , Tsanaktsidis John , Lepenies Bernd 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA series of well‐defined polymer–drug conjugates were prepared in order to modify the physical properties of a known cytotoxic drug, 7‐ethyl‐10‐hydroxycamptothecin (SN‐38), the active metabolite of irinotecan (CPT‐11). Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerisation was used to covalently and site‐specifically append a defined N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) polymer to SN‐38 using a graft‐from process. These poly‐HPMA–SN‐38 conjugates displayed excellent aqueous solubility and stability, whilst retaining the cytotoxic activity of the parent SN‐38. In vitro co‐culture assays containing both cancer and noncancer cell lines demonstrated the specificity of RAFT‐derived poly‐HPMA–SN‐38 conjugates for cancerous cells. The concept of post‐optimisation modification of small‐molecule drugs through a graft‐from polymer conjugation method is introduced.
Corporate Environmental Information Disclosure: Factors Influencing Companies' Success in Attaining Environmental Awards
Authors: Hassan Abeer , Ibrahim Essam 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThis study will identify the factors that may influence companies' success in attaining environmental awards. Based on existing literature, several variables that are expected to have an influence on the receipt of an environmental award were selected and their levels of disclosure were tested empirically using a sample of UK FTSE 100 companies. The selected variables considered were industry membership; stakeholder engagement; external (formal) assurance; the presence of an environmental management system (EMS); and specific environmental activities in the areas of packaging, waste management, recycling, climate change risk, climate change activities, and carbon footprint. The results reveal that the influencing factors for receipt of an environmental award are the presence of an environmental management system (EMS); stakeholder engagement; and disclosure on specific environmental activities (waste management, climate change risk, and climate change activities). The results also show that the level of environmental disclosure and the consequent possibility of receiving an award, are influenced by industry membership; the extent of environmental information disclosure are not the same in all industries. Companies belonging to carbon‐intensive industries were found to be more likely to receive an award than companies from non carbon‐intensive industries. Contrary to expectations, no evidence was found to support the influence of disclosure on formal or external assurance and some specific environmental activities (packaging, recycling). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
The epigenome in early vertebrate development
Authors: Bogdanović Ozren , van Heeringen Simon J. , Veenstra Gert Jan C. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractEpigenetic regulation defines the commitment and potential of cells, including the limitations in their competence to respond to inducing signals. This review discusses the developmental origins of chromatin state in Xenopus and other vertebrate species and provides an overview of its use in genome annotation. In most metazoans the embryonic genome is transcriptionally quiescent after fertilization. This involves nucleosome‐dense chromatin, repressors and a temporal deficiency in the transcription machinery. Active histone modifications such as H3K4me3 appear in pluripotent blastula embryos, whereas repressive marks such as H3K27me3 show a major increase in enrichment during late blastula and gastrula stages. The H3K27me3 modification set by Polycomb restricts ectopic lineage‐specific gene expression. Pluripotent chromatin in Xenopus embryos is relatively unconstrained, whereas the pluripotent cell lineage in mammalian embryos harbors a more enforced type of pluripotent chromatin. genesis 50:192–206, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhanced structural stability of Concholepas hemocyanin increases its immunogenicity and maintains its non‐specific immunostimulatory effects
Authors: Arancibia Sergio , Campo Miguel Del , Nova Esteban , Salazar Fabián , Becker María Inés 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHemocyanins, which boost the immune system of mammals, have been used as carrier‐adjuvants to promote Ab production against haptens and peptides, as immunostimulants during therapy for bladder carcinoma and as a component in therapeutic vaccines for cancer. These biomedical applications have led to growing interest in obtaining hemocyanins with high immunogenicity. Here, we study the immunological properties of a modified oxidized Concholepas concholepas hemocyanin (Ox‐CCH) obtained by the oxidation of its carbohydrates using sodium periodate. We assessed the internalization of Ox‐CCH into DCs and its immunogenicity and antitumor effects. Transmission electron microscopy showed no changes in Ox‐CCH quaternary structure with respect to native CCH, although proteolytic treatment followed by SDS‐PAGE analysis demonstrated that Schiff bases were formed. Interestingly, DCs internalized Ox‐CCH faster than CCH, mainly through macropinocytosis. During this process, Ox‐CCH remained inside endosome‐like structures for a longer period. Mouse immunization experiments demonstrated that Ox‐CCH is more immunogenic and a better carrier than CCH. Moreover, Ox‐CCH showed a significant antitumor effect in the B16F10 melanoma model similar to that produced by CCH, inducing IFN‐γ secretion. Together, these data demonstrate that the aldehydes formed by the periodate oxidation of sugar moieties stabilizes the CCH structure, increasing its adjuvant/immunostimulatory carrier effects.
Natalizumab treatment perturbs memory‐ and marginal zone‐like B‐cell homing in secondary lymphoid organs in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Planas Raquel , Jelc̆ić Ilijas , Schippling Sven , Martin Roland , Sospedra Mireia 
Published: December 2011

AbstractNatalizumab, an antibody against the α4 subunit of α4 integrins, has been approved for multiple sclerosis (MS) therapy based on its high efficacy and safety profile. However, natalizumab has been associated with the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a disorder caused by JC virus (JCV) infection. In order to improve our understanding of the mechanism of action of natalizumab and to identify possible risk factors for PML development, we have characterized in detail the cell blood composition in MS patients treated with natalizumab for more than 30 months. Natalizumab induced the release of lymphoid‐ but not myeloid precursor cells, which resulted in a chronic increase ofT‐, NK‐ and particularly B cells. While the percentage of recent thymic emigrants (RTEs), naϊve, effector or memory T cells remained unchanged during treatment, a higher percentage of memory‐ and marginal zone (MZ)‐like, but not of naϊve B cells, was observed, which most likely is due to a decreased retention of these cells within the splenic MZ. The ability of natalizumab to influence B‐cell migration and homeostasis through the splenic MZ, where JCV has been detected, adds to the list of natalizumab effects and may contribute to PML development by disseminating JCV.
Searching for health beneficial n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids in plant seeds
Authors: Kuhnt Katrin , Degen Christian , Jaudszus Anke , Jahreis Gerhard 
Published: December 2011

AbstractVarious plant seeds have received little attention in fatty acid research. Seeds from 30 species mainly of Boraginaceae and Primulaceae were analysed in order to identify potential new sources of the n‐3 PUFA α‐linolenic acid (ALA) and stearidonic acid (SDA) and of the n‐6 PUFA γ‐linolenic acid (GLA). The fatty acid distribution differed enormously between genera of the same family. Echium species (Boraginaceae) contained the highest amount of total n‐3 PUFA (47.1%), predominantly ALA (36.6%) and SDA (10.5%) combined with high GLA (10.2%). Further species of Boraginaceae rich in both SDA and GLA were Omphalodes linifolia (8.4, 17.2%, resp.), Cerinthe minor (7.5, 9.9%, resp.) and Buglossoides purpureocaerulea (6.1, 16.6%, resp.). Alkanna species belonging to Boraginaceae had comparable amounts of ALA (37.3%) and GLA (11.4%) like Echium but lower SDA contents (3.7%). Different genera of Primulaceae (Dodecatheon and Primula) had varying ALA (14.8, 28.8%, resp.) and GLA portions (4.1, 1.5%, resp.), but similar amounts of SDA (4.9, 4.5%, resp.). Cannabis sativa cultivars (Cannabaceae) were rich in linoleic acid (57.1%), but poor in SDA and GLA (0.8, 2.7%, resp.). In conclusion, several of the presented plant seeds contain considerable amounts of n‐3 PUFA and GLA, which could be relevant for nutritional purposes due to their biological function as precursors for eicosanoid synthesis.Practical applications: N‐3 PUFA are important for human health and nutrition. Unfortunately, due to the increasing world population, overfishing of the seas and generally low amounts of n‐3 PUFA in major oil crops, there is a demand for new sources of n‐3 PUFA. One approach involves searching for potential vegetable sources of n‐3 PUFA; especially those rich in ALA and SDA. The conversion of ALA to SDA in humans is dependent on the rate‐limiting Δ6‐desaturation. Plant‐derived SDA is therefore a promising precursor regarding the endogenous synthesis of n‐3 long‐chain PUFA in humans. The present study shows that, in addition to seed oil of Echium, other species of Boraginaceae (Cerinthe, Omphalodes, Lithospermum, Buglossoides) and Primulaceae (Dodecatheon, Primula), generally high in n‐3 PUFA (30–50%), contain considerable amounts of SDA (5–10%). Therefore, these seed oils could be important for nutrition.
Chemical modifications of Sterculia foetida L. oil to branched ester derivatives
Authors: Manurung Robert , Daniel Louis , van de Bovenkamp Hendrik H. , Buntara Teddy , Maemunah Siti , Kraai Gerard , Makertihartha I. G. B. N. , Broekhuis Antonius A. , Heeres Hero J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAn experimental study to modify Sterculia foetida L. oil (STO) or the corresponding methyl esters (STO FAME) to branched ester derivatives is reported. The transformations involve conversion of the cyclopropene rings in the fatty acid chains of STO through various catalytic as well as stoichiometric reactions. Full conversion of the cyclopropene rings was obtained using Diels–Alder chemistry involving cyclopentadiene in water at 40°C without the need for a catalyst. Olefin metathesis reactions were performed using a Grubbs 2nd generation catalyst and cyclopropene ring conversion was ≥99 and 54 mol% with 2,3‐dimethyl‐2‐butene and 1‐octene, respectively. Oxidation reactions were performed using established epoxidation (Sharpless) and dihydroxylation (Prilezhaev) protocols using aqueous hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. For both reactions, full conversion of the cyclopropene rings was obtained at RT to yield the corresponding α,β‐unsaturated ketone in good selectivities. Rearrangement reactions of the cyclopropene rings to the corresponding conjugated diene were successfully performed using homogeneous and heterogeneous palladium catalysts. Excellent conversions (≥99%) were obtained using homogeneous palladium catalyst in a biphasic cyclohexane–water mixture (1:1) at 90°C. Relevant cold flow properties of all products were determined and compared to crude STO and STO FAME. Best results were obtained for the metathesis products of STO with 1‐octene, with a cloud point (CP) and pour point (PP) of −12°C.Practical applications: The S. foetida L. tree produces a tropical oil with high potential to be converted to various oleochemical products. The oil contains cyclopropene rings in the fatty acid chains which are known to be very reactive and as such excellent starting materials for various chemical modification reactions. We here report an experimental study on the modifications of STO into novel branched ester derivatives which are prospective products for a range of applications. Examples are the use as cold‐flow improvers for biodiesel or biolubricants (ester derivatives with long, aliphatic branches), as reactive building block material for resin, coatings and/or packaging application (derivatives containing unsaturated (cyclic) structures in the fatty acid chains).
Synthesis and Structural Study of ribo‐Dioxaphosphorinane‐Constrained Nucleic Acid Dinucleotides (ribo‐α,β‐D‐CNA)
Authors: Maturano Marie , Catana Dan‐Andrei , Lavedan Pierre , Tarrat Nathalie , Saffon Nathalie , Payrastre Corinne , Escudier Jean‐Marc 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWith increasing interest in the control of the conformations of nucleic acids to define active riboswitch or siRNA, we present herein our efforts towards the stereocontrolled synthesis and conformational analysis of ribodinucleotides in which α and β torsional angles are constrained within a dioxaphosphorinane structure (ribo‐α,β‐D‐CNA). The crystal structure analysis of one α,β‐D‐CNA TU dimer demonstrates the absolute stereochemistry of the newly created asymmetric centres. NMR and CD analyses allowed complete assignment and the determination of the torsional angles in the α,β‐D‐CNA UU diastereoisomers.
Unexpected Diastereoselective Acetylation of 1,8‐Dimethoxyanthracene Adducts with Maleic Anhydride and Dimethyl Maleate
Authors: Sereda Grigoriy A. , Moorthy Ramkumar , Basa Prem N. , Sykes Andrew G. , Purohit Kaushalkumar , Rajpara Vikul B. , Becht Dustin C. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractFriedel–Crafts acetylation of adducts between 1,8‐dimethoxyanthracene and maleic anhydride or dimethyl maleate proceeds with a strong preference toward the syn diastereomer. This stereoselectivity is especially prominent for the anhydride counterpart. Dependence of the observed selectivity on the adduct structure is rationalized by the analysis of computed HOMO energies of the reactants and relative energies of the intermediate σ‐complexes. The possible undesired intermolecular condensation of the anhydride did not take place because of steric hindrance. Structures of the reaction products were unambiguously confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The reported stereoselectivity of acetylation provides facile access to compounds with the functionalized benzene ring in a syn arrangement with respect to the pendant carboxyl substituents.
Exploiting the Divergent Reactivity of Isocyanoacetates: One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of Functionalized Angular Furoquinolines
Authors: Bouma Marinus J. , Masson Géraldine , Zhu Jieping 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA one‐pot, three‐component synthesis of polysubstituted furo[2,3‐c]quinoline 1 was developed based on the new reactivity profile of α‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐α‐isocyanoacetates. Simply mixing aldehydes 2, ortho‐alkynylanilines 3, and α‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐α‐isocyanoacetates 4 in methanol at room temperature, followed by addition of toluene and heating to reflux, provided the polysubstituted furo[2,3‐c]quinolines in moderate to excellent yields. Mechanistically, the three‐component reaction of 2, 3, and 4 leading to 5‐alkoxyoxazoles was followed by a domino sequence involving Diels–Alder/retro‐Diels–Alder/oxidation reactions. In this one‐pot process, five chemical bonds were created with concurrent formation of two heterocyclic rings. The reaction was performed under thermal conditions and no external reagent was needed to promote this mechanistically intriguing reaction.