bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of metabolites of Danggui Buxue Tang in rat urine by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Chang‐Yin , Qi Lian‐Wen , Li Ping , Wen Xiao‐Dong , Zhu Yan‐Fei , Liu E‐Hu , Gong Zhen , Yang Xiao‐Lin , Ren Mei‐Ting , Li Yan‐Jing , Ge Xiao‐Xiao 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA method coupling liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐TOF/MS) has been developed for rapid and sensitive analysis of rat urinary metabolite profile of Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT), a well‐known Chinese herbal formula. After oral administration of DBT, urine samples were collected during 0–24 h, and then pretreated by solid‐phase extraction. A total of 68 compounds including 13 parent compounds and 55 metabolites were detected in the drug‐containing urines compared with blank urines. The total analytical time was less than 20 min. Metabolites of DBT were identified using dynamic adjustment of the fragmentor voltage to produce structure‐relevant fragment ions. By using this approach, the mass accuracy of precursor and fragment ions was typically within ±5 ppm of the theoretical values, and enabled the identification of 43 metabolites including 27 isoflavanoid and 16 phthalide metabolites. Our results indicated that glucuronidation and sulfation were the major metabolic pathways of isoflavonoids, while glutathione conjugation, glucuronidation and sulfation were the main metabolic pathways of phthalides. No saponin‐related metabolites were detected. The results of the present study provided important structural information relating to the metabolism of DBT. Furthermore, this work demonstrated the potential of the LC/ESI‐TOF/MS approach for identification of metabolites from Chinese herbal medicines in urine. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal distributed control of the wave equation subject to state constraints
Authors: Gugat M. , Keimer A. , Leugering G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe Lavrentiev regularization method is a tool to improve the regularity of the Lagrange multipliers in pde constrained optimal control problems with state constraints. It has already been used for problems with parabolic and elliptic systems. In this paper we consider Lavrentiev regularization for problems with a hyperbolic system, namely the scalar wave equation. We show that also in this case the regularization yields multipliers in the Hilbert space L2. We present numerical examples, where we compare the Lavrentiev regularization, Lavrentiev Prox regularization, a fixed point iteration to improve feasibility, and a penalty method.
British Opinion, Ireland, and the War, 1916–1918
Authors: Boyce David G. 
Published: June 2009

In the January 1916 issue of theNineteenth Centurythe Reverend Robert H. Murray contributed the first of two articles on Irish insurrectionary movements during the wars with France at the end of the eighteenth century. He prefaced his text with some homilies directed at the British government of his ow n time:During the early months of the present War the prospects of the invasion of these islands by sea as well as by air were discussed and prepared for by naval and military authorities. As the struggle developed month by month there has been less discussion of such contingencies. The magnificent work of our Fleet has lulled us into a complete sense of security. We do not foresee an attack upon the East Coast of England: we have almost forgotten our fears with regard to the West Coast of Ireland.
II. Patriarchalism, Politics and Mass Attitudes in Stuart England
Authors: Schochet Gordon J. 
Published: June 2009

It is increasingly becoming a commonplace to assert that non-political activities engaged in during childhood play determinative roles in shaping individuals' attitudes toward and perceptions of the political order. A large part of this early ‘political socialization’, as it is now called, takes place within the family, which, in the words of one commentator, ‘incubates the political man’, whether or not there is a conscious attempt to inculcate political beliefs. As T. D. Weldon remarked, ‘Basic political creeds may not be actually imbibed … with mother's milk: but children are none the less indoctrinated in practically every other way.’ This socialization plus later experiences (including reading, conversations, and direct encounters with government) will help to implant notions of political legitimacy; that is, the grounds on which a political authority is held to be entitled to rule. Legitimacy and the consequent public acceptance of government are among the very foundations upon which politics rests. In the words of David Easton,If a government…is to be capable of performing its tasks, the member of the [particular political] system must be prepared to support the particular norms and structures that organize the way in which all political activities are performed. That is, they must be willing to support the 'constitutional order' or regime. Hence, we are identifying the fundamental rules of the game, as they are often described, regulating participation in political life and the particular way of organizing political power in a given society.
Creative accounting in the age of Philip II? Determining the ‘just’ rate of interest
Authors: Marino John A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTDeficit financing, revenue projections and interest rates in Spanish Naples provide the context to reflect upon the exigencies of debt resolution, the illusions of mathematical certainty and the perils of temporizing in political decision-making. ‘Creative accounting’ explores the micro-history of an equation, which provided the mathematical rationale to lower Spanish interest rates to 3·3 per cent and to resolve the controversy over the ‘just’ rate of interest. In an attempt to generate revenues during the Spanish financial crisis of the 1570s that surrounded Philip II's second bankruptcy in Castile, Philip's Castilian accountants devised a proposal to suspend the hearth census in the Kingdom of Naples for fifteen years in exchange for a prepayment at discount. An analysis of the mathematics of the discount schedule raises questions about early modern economic realities. Changes in the significance of figures and quantitative relationships, like changes in the meaning of words, reveal the mental processes used to represent economic fact and to construct solutions to economic difficulties even in the midst of crises.
‘Like amphibious animals’: Irish protestants, ancient Britons, 1691–1707
Authors: Smyth Jim 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIreland in the 1690s was a protestant state with a majority catholic population. These protestants sometimes described themselves as ‘the king's Irish subjects’ or ‘the people of Ireland’, but rarely as ‘the Irish’, a label which they usually reserved for the catholics. In constitutional and political terms their still evolving sense of identity expressed itself in the assertion of Irish parliamentary sovereignty, most notably in William Molyneux's 1698 pamphlet, The case of Ireland's being bound by acts of parliament in England, stated.In practice, however, the Irish parliament did not enjoy legislative independence, and the political elite was powerless in the face of laws promulgated at Westminster, such as the i6gg woollen act, which were detrimental to its interests. One possible solution to the problem of inferior status lay in legislative union with England or Great Britain. Increasingly in the years before 1707 certain Irish protestant politicians elaborated the economic, constitutional and practical advantages to be gained from a union, but they also based their case upon an appeal to the shared religion and ethnicity of the sovereign's loyal subjects in the two kingdoms. In short the protestants insisted that they were English. This unionist episode thus illustrates the profoundly ambivalent character of protestant identity in late seventeenthand early eighteenth-century Ireland.
Henry Howard, earl of Surrey, and the ‘Conjured League’
Authors: Brigden Susan 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis essay reexamines the fall of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, in the last coup of Henry VIII's reign. Further evidence of Surrey's purported treason is uncovered. A study of his poetry reveals his allegiances, in religion and politics. The nature of the group which aligned against him – the ‘conjured league’ – is analysed, and the way in which he was betrayed, by whom and why, is discovered.
Arguments on billeting and martial law in the parliament of 1628
Authors: Christianson Paul 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTDebates over billeting and martial law arose in the parliament of 1628 in conjunction with such other grievances as the forced loan and discretionary imprisonment employed by royal servants from 1626 onward to keep alive the war effort against the monarchs of Spain and France. Both houses dealt with billeting rather quickly, the Lords by resolving a dispute among magistrates and military officers in Banbury, Oxfordshire, and the Commons by hearing general and particular complaints from civilians, expelling a member who signed an order for billeting, and petitioning the king. Attacks upon the employment of military law internally when a state of war did not exist in England originated in the Commons, reawakened fears over the perceived threat of Roman or civil law superiority to the common law, and set off fierce debates in which royal servants and civil lawyers supported and leading common lawyers denounced as illegal the commissions of martial law issued by the privy council. Underlying these debates, as with those over discretionary imprisonment, were conflicting interpretations of England's ancient constitution with practical consequences for the governance of the realm.
Bluff, Bluster and brinkmanship: Andrew Bonar Law and the Third Home Rule Bill
Authors: Smith Jeremy 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe article attempts to show that Bonar Law had an effective and coherent strategy towards home rule. Previous interpretations have stressed his weakness and inexperience, either his ‘pandering’ to the extremists in the Tory party or his readiness to seek a compromise, when civil war began to loom large, in the autumn of 1913. Much of the blame for the political stalemate from 1912 until 1914 is directly, or implicitly, laid upon Bonar Law. Yet the tory leader was a more consummate politician. He sought to use the home rule crisis not only to reinforce his own fragile leadership but to return the Conservatives to office. This he proposed to do by allowing the political system to reach an impasse over home rule, by not helping the Liberals reach a compromise and yet inciting Ulster to resist the bill on its implementation. This left Asquith, the Liberal prime minister, with the impossible choice of imposing the bill onto Ulster (so provoking civil war) or of holding a general election when his government was perceived as unpopular. Bonar Law counted on Asquith preferring to hold an election though Asquith was saved from such a decision by the outbreak of war. It was, then, a ‘high-risk’ strategy to win office for the party he led.
Conscience and reason: the natural law theory of Jean Barbeyrac
Authors: Hochstrasser Tim 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTJean Barbeyrac is best known as the leading eighteenth-century translator in French of the major writings on natural law by Pufendorf, Grotius and Cumberland. This article attempts to expound and assess Barbeyrac's independent contribution to the natural law tradition as it may be recovered both from these editions of the works of others and also from other writings. It is argued that Barbeyrac's intellectual context in the Huguenot diaspora and his distinctive reading of Locke, Bayle, and Pufendorf led him to develop an original equation of the authority of conscience with the authority of reason. The rationalist natural law theory he developed inevitably identified the role assigned to God within it and the scope of resistance to legal civil authority as central issues for debate which remained problematic for Barbeyrac throughout his career. These important ethical subjects remained unresolved in the general development of natural jurisprudence in the early eighteenth century, as exemplified in Barbeyrac's attempt to refute Leibniz's telling critique of Pufendorf.
Business, corporatism and the crisis of the French Third Republic. The example of the silk industry in Lyon, 1928–1935
Authors: Passmore Kevin 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe main purpose of this case study of an abortive entente in the Lyon silk industry in 1935 is to show that corporatism, often depicted by historians as a vague intellectual doctrine with little or no appeal to real business, was in reality a key category, linking business, politics and ideology. It is suggested that the problems of the silk industry must be seen in the context of a crisis of the Lyonnais liberal tradition and of the economic and ideological contradictions of French society as a whole. These tensions help in turn to explain the authoritarian potential of corporatism in the 1930s and the attraction of many business people to anti-parliamentary political movements. The example of the silk industry also reveals that corporatism cannot easily be categorised in terms of a traditional/modern dichotomy and that the impetus for the transformation of the French economy originated as much in the ideas of business people themselves as in the actions of the elite groups emphasised by some historians.
William III'sDeclaration of Reasonsand the Glorious Revolution
Authors: Claydon Tony 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe paper considers reactions to William III'sDeclaration of reasons,the manifesto issued by the prince of Orange on the eve of his invasion of England in 1688. It questions recent historiography, which has argued for the importance of this document in William's success by claiming that it achieved a virtual hegemony of English political discourse in the period of the Glorious Revolution. The paper first shows that James II's supporters mounted an effective challenge to the OrangeDeclarationby reversing its claim that liberties were in danger under the existing regime. It then suggests that William lost control of his manifesto over the winter of 1688–9 by making moves to secure power and authority which were unadvertised in the document. Once this had happened, various groups opposed to Orange ambition were able to adopt the rhetoric of theDeclarationand quote it back at the prince in attempts to block his advance. The paper concludes with the irony that the ubiquity of the Declaration in 1688 may have been a result of its failure as publicity for the Orange cause; and by suggesting that scholars should look in places other than the manifesto for an effective Williamite propaganda.
Guildsmen, religious reform and the search for the common good: the role of the guilds in the early Reformation in Augsburg
Authors: Broadhead P. J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis article examines the forces that shaped the responses of the urban commons to the Reformation in Augsburg. Developing work by Blickle and others, it considers the extent to which traditional communal ideals were reflected in measures to construct a system of ‘sacral corporatism’. An examination of the attitudes of guildsmen towards communal values and institutions shows variation in their views, even on such basic points as the identification and imposition of the ‘common good’. Case studies show how predominantly poor weavers were attracted to the call to enforce communal principles as a means of defending their status and incomes. To this end they welcomed evangelical teaching, for it provided scriptural and ethical endorsements of corporate action. In contrast, members of the butchers' guild, who were involved in a capital intensive occupation, resisted communal restraints on their freedom to trade and make profits. The butchers' opposition to the Reformation rested more on their rejection of ‘sacral corporatism’, as advocated by reformers in Augsburg, than on support for Catholicism. Augsburg shows the significance of communal values in the urban Reformation, but it demonstrates that these were neither static nor uniformly accepted. On the contrary they were themselves the subject of dispute.
Moral trespass in Georgian London: gaming,gender, and electoral politics in the age of George III
Authors: Deutsch Phyllis 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIn the late eighteenth century, the British electorate began thinking about politics and statecraft in a new way. Britons challenged the natural rights of the nation's aristocracy to rule, and actively linked the personal behaviour of individual noblemen and women to real or imagined public consequences. Aristocratic gaming provided Britons with a rich vocabulary for voicing such concerns. The noble gamester, perceived as erratic, self-interested, and without honour, personified those aspects of private aristocratic vice most likely to undermine national well-being. The 1784 Westminster election specifies two aspects of this controversy. The political unworthiness of notorious gamester Charles James Fox (a front-runner in the election) was linked early on to his personal financial mismanagement, which intimated, in the public mind, his potential abuse of public funds. Fox further contaminated his suitability for public office by allowing the fifth duchess of Devonshire, herself a gamestress, to canvass for him. Her presence in Westminster not only dramatized Fox's gamester persona, but effeminized it. Pittite propaganda stressed Fox's culpability on both counts, and emphasized a new concern with private virtue as fundamental to the moral prerogative to rule.
After the Fall: class and political language in Britain, 1780–1900
Authors: Thompson James 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe fall of class in nineteenth-century British history has become a familiar tale. Its rise in the historiography of eighteenth-century Britain has been less noted. This essay explores the reasons for this divergence and emphasizes its methodological origins. It highlights the need for a comprehensive history of class society and identity to replace the confused and contradictory picture of particular classes and communities that is currently on offer. To understand better the constitution of class society, it urges historians to talk less of consciousness and more of identity and to recognize that class is an imagined community much like any other. It proceeds to use this understanding of class identity to assess the turn to political language amongst social historians interested in class. The paper offers a sustained examination of the recent work of Joyce and Wahrman in particular and argues that insufficient attention has been paid to the variety of usable political languages and to the particular discursive contexts in which they are employed. It is argued that to acknowledge that class is so constructed is not to deny its existence or its importance and that historians need to look beyond political discourse to explain how class became so central to the self and the social in the nineteenth century.
Rusty Spot in Cheddar and other Cheese: II. Factors Controlling the Pigmentation of the Causative Organism
Authors: Davis J. G. , Mattick A. T. R. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryIt has been observed that media containing tissue extracts promote pigmentation of the organism causing “rusty spot” in cheese. Growth, but not pigment, may be obtained in a medium containing a fermentable carbohydrate and a suitable protein digest.The substance in tissues promoting pigmentation has properties similar to those of vitamin B.In addition to these chemical requirements, moisture and surface in a medium greatly stimulate pigmentation.Pigment is only produced when the medium is at an oxidation-reduction potential below that at which litmus is reduced.The following factors appear to govern the growth and pigmentation of this organism: (1) a certain range of oxidation reduction potential; (2) moisture; (3) surface; (4) a fermentable carbohydrate; (5) a minimum concentration of soluble available N; (6) a factor closely associated with, but not identical with, vitamin B1.Certain properties of the factor are described.The relation of this investigation to “rusty spot” in cheese is discussed.
32. A Controlled Cheese-Ripening Room
Authors: Golding N. S. 
Published: June 2009

If research work in cheese ripening is to be conducted on an entirely satisfactory basis, a complete control of both temperature and humidity of the ripening room must be available.Though temperatures are relatively easily controlled, the factor of shrinkage or loss of moisture from the cheese is a more difficult problem. Further, should such loss of moisture be an additional and variable factor due to differences in humidity of the ripening room, research work in cheese ripening is seriously handicapped. It is realised that different cheese, whether large or small, high or low in moisture, new or mature, lose moisture at different rates even though kept under exactly the same conditions of storage. Also, the identical cheese cease to remain the same due to various rates of ripening, if studied as to their loss of moisture at different temperatures.
37. Studies in Cheddar Cheese: I. The Oxidation-Reduction Potentials of Ripening Cheddar Cheese
Authors: Davis John Gilbert 
Published: June 2009

1. A method is described for following the intensity of reduction (or oxidation-reduction potential) at different levels in the interior of ripening Cheddar cheese.2. Variations in this potential throughout the course of ripening are described and mean values assessed.3. Cheese are shown to be not homogeneous throughout their mass; outer zones of more highly oxidised condition exist near the surface of the cheese and round cracks and borings. The depth of these zones increases with the age of the cheese.4. The values obtained can be correlated with the known bacteriological data for Cheddar cheese.5. The significance of the data obtained in relation to cheese faults is discussed.
49. The Influence of Bacilli of the Colon Group on the Production of Acid by Lactic Streptococci in Milk
Authors: Whitehead H. R. , Cox G. A. 
Published: June 2009

1. Colon bacilli grown in milk for from 3 to 16 hours partially inhibit the subsequent formation of acid by lactic streptococci.2. The inhibition is not entirely accounted for by the increased hydrogenion concentration nor by the lactic acid produced by the colon bacilli. Other substances which have a retarding influence on the streptococci are evidently formed in milk cultures of colon bacilli. The action of these substances is not significantly modified by heating at 75°C. for one hour.3. The possible practical significance of the phenomenon is discussed.
68. The Occurrence of Coliform Bacteria in Milk
Authors: Malcolm J. F. 
Published: June 2009

1. Of 21,569 samples of mixed cow's milk taken under fair conditions of cleanliness and examined by means of the coliform test, 48·3 per cent, gave negative results with 1/10, 1/100 and 1/1000 c.c. amounts; 21–4 per cent, gave positive results with only 1/10 c.c.; 14·0 per cent, gave positive results with only 1/10 and 1/100 c.c.; and 16·3 per cent, gave positive results with 1/10, 1/100 and 1/1000 c.c. It is probable that these results are better than those generally obtained.2. The proportion of coliform-positive samples was much higher in summer and early autumn than during the winter and spring. This seasonal variation was largely due to atmospheric temperature, there being a well-marked direct correlation between the proportion of coliform-positive samples and the mean of the minimum and maximum atmospheric temperatures.3. Of 21,857 samples examined, 10,458 were coliform negative and had an average bacterial content of 25,294 per c.c; 11,399 were coliform positive and had an average bacterial content of 160,577 per c.c. The coliform-positive samples contained on an average 6·3 times as many bacteria as the coliform negative.