bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virtual Choirs and Issues of Community Choral Practice
Authors: Bendall Cole 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Technological developments in recent years have enabled a wider public access to the tools required to create, edit, collaborate on, and distribute audio-visual media—a phase documented in the rise of online video and social media platforms. In light of the coronavirus pandemic, many vocal ensembles took to producing online content as a replacement for their typical series of meetings, rehearsals, and concerts. The phenomenon of the virtual choir is by no means new, with similar projects taking place since the early 2010s. Singers, vocal groups, and choirs are participating in these projects with greater frequency—and, for some, urgency.
This chapter proposes that virtual choirs present new modes of musical practice and group identity in online communities that differ from pre-existing modes of synchronous choral practice. A short history of the virtual choir is theorized as a progression from the development of multi-tracking to the modern ubiquitous presence of technology. The author reflects on his practice as a choral director using virtual choirs and offer suggestions on the ways in which the use of the virtual choir may prove an effective pedagogical tool. Finally, varied examples of virtual choirs are presented that illustrate the potential for mass participation and collaboration beyond typical physical boundaries.
Land Politics and Human Mobilities
Authors: Otsuki Kei , Zoomers Annelies 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Debates on land politics and migration conventionally focus on fixing people to a particular space by regularizing land tenure, containing migrants within a territory, and enforcing boundaries against outsiders. Little attention has been paid to how land politics shapes migration and how mobilities influence land use and access to land. This chapter establishes the land-mobility nexus as an analytical lens to fill the gaps. Land politics and investments induce displacement, resettlement, and urbanization, further generating mobilities. Migration politics induces land acquisitions for refugee and labor camps and influences the ways that migrants invest in rebuilding livelihoods in new places or in their homelands. Drawing from literature and empirical examples, the chapter advocates a translocal approach to engage with the land-mobility nexus and a perspective that migrants and nonmigrants are agents of development as investors and placemakers. A people-as-agents perspective is increasingly pertinent as climate change and its politics affect the land-mobility nexus, forcing people to move and to make new land investments, often in multiple locations. The chapter argues that land, migration, and climate politics should jointly support people’s ongoing place-making practices.
Heterogeneity of Agrarian Transformation in Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia
Authors: Herzfeld Thomas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the progress of the agrarian transformation in Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia. It highlights similarities and differences by describing the performance of the agricultural sector in these economies with respect to output and productivity development and discussing land and other reforms. The agrarian transformation across the thirty countries in these regions reveals increasing heterogeneity. Decollectivization and land reform resulted in a sharp reduction of agricultural employment in some countries. In contrast, subsistence agriculture and increased engagement in agriculture served as a livelihood strategy in several others. In most of the countries that joined the European Union since the early 2000s, agriculture is currently a small sector, characterized by highly productive commercial farms. In stark contrast stand the agricultural sectors of Belarus, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, where state involvement is still high. Either state-led price formation or the restructuring of farms are signs of this involvement. Any outlook on further agrarian transformation depends on the direction of future political and economic reforms. The agricultural producers and markets in the group of countries that are aiming at EU accession face enormous challenges. Farmers and enterprises will most likely be pressured to further increase productivity, resulting in an accelerated structural change.
Performing Piety
Authors: Hart Kimberly 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces Sunni piety in rural life in western Turkey. Based on ethnographic research in villages in the mountainous region north of Manisa, this chapter explores dimensions of piety, including how the state construction of Sunni Islam through the Diyanet is experienced in villages. The people in these places have diverse relationships to formal and informal practices, led by men and women. Formal practices are contained in the mosque and also include Islamic education for children. Less clarified by the government and therefore more informal practices include good deeds, the veneration of holy men, and celebrations for religious holidays. The chapter finishes with how empathy and compassion are defined in rural places and taken to urban ones through animal-human relationships. Rural life has undergone rapid transformation in the last ten years, as the villagers described here have shifted their lives and religious practice towards the city. Therefore, accounts in this chapter are historic remnants of rural Islam.
Machine Learning and Large-scale Data for Understanding Urban Inequality
Authors: Candipan Jennifer , Tollefson Jonathan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Advances in machine learning and the proliferation of big data are shifting how sociologists understand urban inequality and governance. This chapter outlines how scholars in recent years have paired increasingly advanced predictive analytic tools with new sources of urban data to expand a sociological understanding of cities. The chapter focuses on four thematic areas in the sociological study of cities: (a) urban mobility, (b) neighborhood inequality and change, (c) urban form and function, and (d) predictive modeling for urban governance. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the ethics and potential pitfalls of machine learning and big data applications in an urban context. Taking a mindful approach to computational urban scholarship, this chapter argues that despite the noted challenges that ML raises, the recent innovations in machine learning in tandem with growing availability of novel real-time data have the potential to push forward the field of urban scholarship in fruitful ways. This opens the door for new multidisciplinary and multi-method collaborations that expand sociological understandings of the city.
Quality Control for Quality Computational Concepts
Authors: Yung Vincent , Colyvas Jeannette A. , Hwang Hokyu 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Sociologists encounter digitized data in all aspects of social life, albeit data of indefinite quality. This chapter asks, “How might scholars use the process of inspecting and cleaning such data as an occasion to advance social theory?” It draws on Art Stinchcombe’s theory of formality to demonstrate how the craft of data wrangling can be used to assess and improve the quality of concepts. Drawing on examples from contemporary computational social science, it shows how the cognitive adequacy, communicability, and improvability of conceptual abstractions can be developed and refined in the data wrangling process. Using Stinchcombe to highlight the link between theorizing and the organizational and institutional systems in which such theorizing is embedded, the chapter argues that the systems that affect the quality of data simultaneously affect the quality of concepts. Inspired by AI oversight research, the chapter provides a roadmap for evaluating the systems involved in computational abstractions.
Complex Adaptive Supply Chain Management
Authors: Massari Giovanni F. , Giannoccaro Ilaria 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Supply chain conceptualizations have been oversimplified through linear systems made up of sequential dyadic relationships between vertically specialized firms. This view fails to capture the complex patterns of interdependencies that instead characterize modern supply chains, preventing managers from properly understanding the underlying structure of their supply chains and the design of the most effective coordination mechanisms. We investigate this issue through the theoretical lens of complex adaptive systems. The supply chain is conceptualized as a complex adaptive ecosystem where autonomous firms belonging to value chains originally separated coevolve over time by changing their individual behaviours while carrying out interdependent activities and interacting with each other, fostered by common goals. The archetypes of linear chains, networks, intertwined networks, closed-loop chains, and circular chains are conceptualized by means of different patterns of interdependencies, defined by the number and distribution of interdependent activities within the system. The presence of interdependencies limits the decision-making autonomy of the single firms and requires them working together through collaborative relationships. The latter in fact permit the mutual exchange of information for common benefits. A simple, yet insightful, agent-based model is then developed to investigate the effectiveness of three information-sharing mechanisms: those developing through vertical, horizontal, and lateral collaborative relationships, across the different supply chain structures. The generalized NKC fitness framework is adopted to model the complex patterns of interdependencies. The results of simulations permit us to draw theoretical and practical contributions.
Africa’s Geoeconomics and Economic Statecraft
Authors: Heto Paa-Kwesi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Africa is deeply integrated into the international system. Yet many metrics show that it plays only a minimal role within the system. Consequently, many Africanists conclude that African states lack the wherewithal to influence the international system. This chapter challenges this view, showing how African actors use economic tools to shape the international system and advance geopolitical goals within and beyond their continent. It starts by reviewing the political and economic debates on the continent, goes on to elaborate on Africa’s geoeconomics at the international, continental, and sub-regional levels, then focus on economic statecraft at the national level. Finally, it discusses Africa’s relationship with China, the European Union, Russia, and the United States. The last section argues that the US and Russia view their engagement with Africa through a geopolitical lens. However, Western Europe and China adopt a geoeconomics approach when dealing with Africans.
Judicial Independence
Authors: Schwartz Alex , Lee H.P. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the constitutional protection of judicial independence throughout Asia with a particular focus on how judicial independence can be undermined despite relevant constitutional safeguards. The chapter presents several examples from the region to illustrate two important themes. The first theme is that a seemingly strong package of constitutional protections for judicial independence can be defeated through a single vulnerability. Important vulnerabilities in judicial independence range from executive influence on judicial appointments to the political deployment of impeachment mechanisms. The second theme is that weaknesses of this kind may only become apparent under certain political conditions. As the examples canvassed here demonstrate, judicial independence often fails not because it lacks formal constitutional protections but rather because those protections are easily circumvented in practice. The chapter then turns to an empirical evaluation of the varying levels of constitutional protection for judicial independence across Asia, showing that nearly every constitution within the scope of this Handbook displays at least one obvious vulnerability.
Music
Authors: Moore Jane 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
‘Music’, writes Thomas De Quincey, ‘is an intellectual or a sensual pleasure, according to the temperament of him who hears it.’ This chapter attends to writing about music in the Romantic period, from the growing print subculture of journalism and reviewing, notably of classical music and the opera, to sociable music-making such as musician Vincent Novello’s ‘exquisite evenings of Mozartian … music’ attended by such notables as John Keats, Leigh Hunt, the Lambs, and the Shelleys, through to the manner in which Romantic writers such as De Quincey, William Hazlitt, and Felicia Hemans engaged imaginatively and intellectually with music, virtuosity, and performance. It demonstrates how Hunt straddles reviewing culture with theorizing, seeing for instance, a ‘union’ of ‘passion and feeling’ with ‘science’ as ‘consti[tuting] the style of Mozart and the other great German composers’. Music, in this interpretation, is, in Charles Lamb’s phrase, an ‘alembic strain’, a spark to fire the imagination.
Natural Science
Authors: Heringman Noah 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows how science writing originated as a part of scientific practice, pursued self-consciously by scientists in many disciplines as a way of integrating their new specializations into a long and distinguished history. The chapter argues that historical narrative, especially of the heroic kind, is crucial to science writing in the Romantic period because it legitimates the disciplinary changes occurring during the ‘second scientific revolution’, codified in the transformation of ‘naturalists’ and ‘philosophers’ into ‘scientists’ at the end of the period. Evidence is drawn from the experimental practice, historical and theoretical writing, reception, and institutional affiliations of Erasmus Darwin, Mary Somerville, Humphry Davy, Charles Lyell, and William Whewell, with historiographic considerations also based on the writings of Whewell as well as those of Thomas Carlyle.
Philosophy
Authors: Warren Andrew 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
No canon of English literature is more deeply invested in philosophy than Romanticism. And yet so many of its most vital writers—looking abroad, or to the past, or into their own systems—considered Romantic-era Britain more like a philosophical desert, what William Drummond called ‘a mercantile nation’ with a ‘general distaste … for all speculative and metaphysical reasoning’. What then, beyond the specific work of a few key figures (Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Hazlitt, Mary Wollstonecraft, Edmund Burke, &c.) was British philosophy ‘doing’ in the Romantic era? This chapter proposes a quiet thesis: that central to the age’s philosophy, perhaps like never before, was a problematizing of relations. The age is one of spreading, entangling, shifting relations—a lived experience reflected, theorized, contested, and sublimated in the times’ philosophies. Perhaps what is most remarkable about British Romantic philosophy is not any particular revolution, advance, or creation, but the broad-scale shifts and tremors operating beneath it that opened it up to novel crossdisciplinarity and future thought.
Voyaging in the Pacific
Authors: Coleman Deirdre 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Voyage literature enjoyed immense popularity in the last quarter of the eighteenth century, second only to fiction in selling power. This chapter examines three voyages to the Pacific published in London by John Hawkesworth (1773), George Keate (1788), and John Martin (1817). These were not authors but professional literary men who edited, rearranged, compiled, and often embellished the journals, logbooks, and charts of the original travellers. My aim is to see how each of these editors produced the experience of voyaging textually for metropolitan audiences. Generically, many problems and questions surrounded these works. Were they merely fictions composed of lying, impersonating, and ventriloquizing, or were they superior works precisely because they were not novels? Did these editors prompt their readers to consider the impact of Europeans on the local cultures and identities of Pacific nations? Finally, how far was Britishness the norm by which Pacific cultures were measured?
Regionalism
Authors: Lawrenson Sonja 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Ireland entered the Romantic period in the whirl of a paper war that would soon escalate into a brutal military conflict with profound consequences. Indeed, the failed rebellion of 1798 and the subsequent Act of Union transformed Ireland’s political and economic landscape. Not only forced to confront the political fallout of the previous turbulent decade, Irish print culture also suffered a significant decline with the extension of British copyright law to Ireland. Nevertheless, the early decades of the nineteenth century witnessed the development of alternative networks of publishers, authors, and audiences across Ireland and beyond. Whether publishing in an established London press or in an eclectic Irish periodical, Irish prose writers explored Ireland’s new constitutional position from a range of perspectives and in a variety of modes. This chapter charts the various means by which Irish Romantic prose sought to reconceptualize Ireland’s cultural cartography, both in historical and geo-political terms.
Rhetoric
Authors: Solomonescu Yasmin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter revises master narratives of the demise, adaptation, or transformation of rhetoric during the Romantic period to show how the range of present-day definitions—from language used for purposes of persuasion to the endlessly ramifying character of modern discourse—have important antecedents in Romantic prose. In essays and treatises by, among others, Joseph Priestley, George Campbell, John Thelwall, Thomas De Quincey, and William Hazlitt, and especially in conflicting opinions about the prose of Edmund Burke, we see how debates about the concept of rhetoric became as much a defining feature of the period’s writing as a diversified recourse to rhetoric itself. We also see how, amid a widespread emphasis on rationality and perspicuity, Hazlitt stands out. In his theory and practice of perspective-shifting, rhetoric becomes bound up with antifoundational ideas about truth and language well before the modernist advent of ‘rhetoricality’ with Friedrich Nietzsche.
Slavery
Authors: Bohls Elizabeth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The national debate over slavery and the slave trade spanned the Romantic era, fought in nonfiction genres: pamphlets, periodical essays, autobiographical narratives, travel writing, and colonial history. Antislavery polemics projected an imaginary geography, contrasting a pastoral Africa with depraved sugar colonies; some presented first-hand colonial experience. Slavery’s defenders, conversely, painted Africa as a hellhole and the slave trade as ‘rescue’. Planter-historian Bryan Edwards interviewed captives on his plantation, seeking evidence of African savagery, and narrated the Haitian Revolution as a cautionary tale. Politicized travel writing supported each side, though some, like Mungo Park’s African travels, took no overt stance. Black autobiographers supported antislavery activism, offering first-hand experience of the Middle Passage and enslaved life. The push to abolish the slave trade succeeded in 1807; a second wave of activism, starting in 1823, generated more prose polemics and helped to achieve British emancipation in 1833.
Autobiography
Authors: Balfour Ian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Autobiography is a precarious genre as it consists in principle of works by and about an individual and yet an autobiography could only be ‘generic’ if the life and the text shared numerous experiences and dynamics with those of others. Many autobiographies entail a complicated dialectic of individual and general, including the possibility of readers identifying with the authors and their lives. This chapter addresses prominent (even some bestselling) autobiographies by Romantic writers at a time when the genre or mode flourished: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Oladuah Equiano, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Harriette Wilson. Attention is paid to the discursive shaping of lives that risk having no particular shape, focusing on conversion and moments forcing self-reflection (such as theft in the era of childhood). The projects of these autobiographies are fraught with difficulties of articulation, given the vagaries of memory, the force of narcissism, and the uncertainties of self-reflection.
The Levant
Authors: Minta Stephen 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The chapter takes, as its geographical heart, the shores of the Mediterranean. The term ‘Romantic Levant’ has been applied to countries as far east as Syria, Persia, the Holy Land, and Afghanistan, but the idea of the Levant as constituted by the Eastern Mediterranean is well established in critical writing of the twenty-first century, as it was in earlier times: ‘the Word [Levant] is generally restrain’d to the Mediterranean Sea’ (Chambers Cyclopaedia, 1728). In the Romantic tradition, the Levant held a promise of diversity that would allow the traveller to escape what Philip Mansel calls ‘the prisons of nationality and religion’. The chapter looks at a variety of travellers, with a variety of motives, commercial, military, or simply personal. The list of travellers includes Lord Byron, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Lady Hester Stanhope, Edward Daniel Clarke, Elizabeth Lady Craven, John Galt, and Thomas Hope.
Fine Arts
Authors: Bailey Quentin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Fine Arts served, in the Romantic period, as a proxy for conversations about class and politics. Whether the subject was the taste of the King and Prince Regent, government expenditure on military statues, or daytrips to Hampton Court by members of the newly emergent middle classes, essayists and pamphleteers regularly discussed the relationship between the arts, the ruling classes, and national values. The tensions that emerged in these debates—between those who sought to link the fine arts to monarchical or aristocratic culture and those who championed republican or democratic ideals—shaped much of the art criticism in the period, from the patriotic appeals of Benjamin Robert Haydon to the searing invectives of William Hazlitt, who found in the purchase of the Parthenon Marbles from Lord Elgin an instance of the hypocrisy and corruption of the elites that the French Revolution had promised to eradicate.
Confessions
Authors: Milligan Barry 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
More than autobiography and memoir, confessions focus upon questionable behaviour. In the nineteenth century, the genre bends away from religious confessions and towards sensational revelations from public figures, including Death-Bed Confessions of the Late Countess of Guernsey (1806) and Confessions of an Oxonian (1826). Closely related are criminals’ self-disclosures, such as The Life and Confessions of Peter Dixon, the Celebrated Body Snatcher, and Confessions of an Unexecuted Femicide (both 1827). A third thread follows Jean-Jacques Rousseau in adopting Augustine’s emphasis upon conventionally immoral acts, a tactic that might suggest the narrator is disclosing everything but that is in fact a controlled focusing of the reader’s attention. This subcategory includes Thomas De Quincey’s Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1821). A fourth category consists of hybrids such as The Memoirs and Confessions of Captain Ashe (1815), and overtly fictional accounts such as James Hogg’s Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824).