bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in International and Internal Teacher Mobility in Three Pacific Island Countries
Authors: Iredale Robyn R. , Voigt‐Graf Carmen , Khoo Siew‐Ean 
Published: July 2012

AbstractHigh‐skilled migration has increasingly been the subject of migration research over the past decade, but the focus has tended to be on health and IT professionals. In this paper, we address the mobility of schoolteachers in a region that has so far received little attention, the Pacific Islands. It is timely to examine trends in teacher mobility in the Pacific, given the shortages that are occurring elsewhere. In particular, the tailoring of immigration policies to attract highly skilled workers in areas of shortage could impact on the Pacific. The focus of the paper is on emigration and we argue that of three countries studied, only Fiji is negatively affected by teacher mobility. The Cook Islands and Vanuatu are currently experiencing low levels of international teacher emigration. Levels of internal mobility are also investigated in an attempt to see if remote areas and outer islands are experiencing teacher shortages. The preference for working near one’s land or on one’s home island is a strong drawcard in bringing people back home to teach. A problem arises, however, when not enough people are trained from a region/island and the incentives to encourage others to go and work there are less than effective.
The role of oxygen‐associated therapies for the healing of chronic wounds, particularly in patients with diabetes
Authors: Brimson C.H. , Nigam Y. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis paper discusses the role of molecular oxygen as an aid to wound healing, and the potential value of the three major therapies which allow the delivery of oxygen to the wound site: Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT), Topical Oxygen Therapy (TOT) and a new sterile wound dressing, OxyzymeTM. We summarize studies which have been undertaken using these interventions, and discuss their reported effect on chronic, non‐healing wounds, in particular, on ulcers associated with Diabetes. The main conclusions drawn from the studies reviewed indicate that therapeutic oxygen can be used as an aid to the healing of chronic wounds; and benefits are clearly evident with the use of both HBOT and TOT. There is also potential for the use of a new, portable, topical oxygen delivery system, oxyzyme. However its use is still embryonic and studies on its effectiveness are limited. More robust measures of its efficacy are urgently needed.
A simple scoring system for the diagnosis of palmo‐plantar pigmented skin lesions by digital dermoscopy analysis
Authors: Rubegni P. , Cevenini G. , Nami N. , Argenziano G. , Saida T. , Burroni M. , Quaglino P. , Bono R. , Hofmann‐Wellenhof R. , Fimiani M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackground  Many research groups have recently developed equipments and statistical methods enabling pattern classification of pigmented skin lesions. To differentiate between benign and malignant ones, the mathematical extraction of digital patterns together with the use of appropriate statistical approaches is a challenging task.Objective  To design a simple scoring model that provides accurate classification of benign and malignant palmo‐plantar pigmented skin lesions, by evaluation of parameters obtained by digital dermoscopy analysis (DDA).Patients and Methods  In the present study we used a digital dermoscopy analyser to evaluate a series of 445 palmo‐plantar melanocytic skin lesion images (25 melanomas 420 nevi). Area under the receiver operator curve, sensitivity and specificity were calculated to evaluate the diagnostic performance of our scoring model for the differentiation of benign and malignant palmo‐plantar melanocytic lesions.Results  Model performance reached a very high value (0.983). The DDA parameters selected by the model that proved statistically significant were: area, peripheral dark regions, total imbalance of colours, entropy, dark area and red and blue multicomponent. When all seven model variables were used in a multivariate mode, setting sensitivity at 100% to avoid false negatives, we estimated a minimum specificity of about 80%.Conclusions  Simplicity of use and effectiveness of implementation are important requirements for the success of quantitative methods in routine clinical practice. Scoring systems meet these requirements. Their outcomes are accessible in real time without the use of any data processing system, thus allowing decisions to be made quickly and effectively.
Postnatal alteration of collapsin response mediator protein 4 mRNA expression in the mouse brain
Authors: Tsutiya Atsuhiro , Ohtani‐Kaneko Ritsuko 
Published: July 2012

AbstractCollapsin response mediator protein 4 (CRMP4) is a molecular marker for immature neurons but only limited information is available on the spatiotemporal gene expression changes of Crmp4 in the developing rodent. In the present study, the variation of CRMP4 mRNA expression in the mouse brain was investigated from postnatal day (PD) 0 (the day of birth) to adulthood by in situ hybridization. The hybridization signals were broadly detected on PD0 and regional changes in expression during development were noted. Expression patterns of CRMP4 mRNA were classified into the following three types: (i) signals that were strongest on PD0 or PD7, weak or undetectable on PD14, and absent in adulthood: this pattern was observed in most brain areas; (ii) signals that were first detected on PD0 or PD7 and persisted into adulthood: this pattern was seen in the dentate gyrus and subventricular zone of the olfactory bulb (OB); and (iii) signals that were strongest on PD0 and decreased gradually with age but were still detectable in adulthood: this pattern was identified for the first time in the mitral cell layer of the OB. Analysis using quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR confirmed higher expression of CRMP4 mRNA in the OB than in other adult brain regions. The persistence of CRMP4 mRNA in the adult OB, including the mitral cell layer, suggests the possibility of both neurogenetic and non‐neurogenetic functional roles of CRMP4 in this region.
Low‐temperature perception leading to gene expression and cold tolerance in higher plants
Authors: Knight Marc R. , Knight Heather 
Published: July 2012

SummaryPlant species exhibit a range of tolerances to low temperatures, and these constitute a major determinant of their geographical distribution and use as crops. When tolerance is insufficient, either chilling or freezing injuries result. A variety of mechanisms are employed to evade the ravages of extreme or sub‐optimal temperatures. Many of these involve cold‐responsive gene expression and require that the drop in temperature is first sensed by the plant. Despite intensive research over the last 100 yr or longer, we still cannot easily answer the question of how plants sense low temperature. Over recent years, genomic and post‐genomic approaches have produced a wealth of information relating to the sequence of events leading from cold perception to appropriate and useful responses. However, there are also crucial and significant gaps in the pathways constructed from these data. We describe the literature pertaining to the current understanding of cold perception, signalling and regulation of low‐temperature‐responsive gene expression in higher plants, raising some of the key questions that still intrigue plant biologists today and that could be targets for future work. Our review focuses on the control of gene expression in the pathways leading from cold perception to chilling and freezing tolerance.

Contents

Summary
737

I.
Chilling and freezing: two different stresses requiring different solutions
738

II.
Identification of a major cis‐element in the control of cold gene expression
739

III.
The CBF transcription factors (TFs) and their regulation
739

IV.
Events downstream of CBFs
740

V.
A post‐genomic view on global transcript changes in response to low temperature
741

VI.
The effect of light and circadian signals on cold gene expression
742

VII.
Post‐transcriptional regulation
742

VIII.
A receptor for cold?
742

IX.
What are the characteristics of plant cell thermometer(s)?
744

X.
Low‐temperature signalling downstream of perception
744

XI.
Unresolved questions
747

Acknowledgements
748

References
748
Seizure outcome after extratemporal epilepsy surgery in childhood
Authors: D’ARGENZIO LUIGI , COLONNELLI M CHIARA , HARRISON SUE , JACQUES THOMAS S , HARKNESS WILLIAM , SCOTT ROD C , CROSS J HELEN 
Published: July 2012

Aim  The aim of the study was to describe seizure outcome following surgery for focal extratemporal epilepsy and identify factors associated with prolonged postsurgical freedom from seizures.Method  In this retrospective cohort study, children with drug‐resistant focal extratemporal epilepsy were treated surgically and followed up in a single tertiary care centre between 1997 and 2008.Results  Eighty children were identified for inclusion in the study (42 males, 38 females; median age 9y 1mo, range 3mo–18y 7mo). The aetiology was identified as focal cortical dysplasia (n=37), low‐grade tumour (n=22), tuberous sclerosis (n=9), or non‐specific (n=12). Children were followed for a median of 3 years 1 month (range 8mo–10y 7mo) after surgery. Overall, at last follow‐up, 50% of the children had been completely seizure free since surgery (Engel class Ia); of these 40 individuals, 15 had discontinued all antiepileptic drugs. Several presurgical factors were associated with a favourable outcome. However, after controlling for confounding factors, aetiology appeared to be the only determinant of long‐term seizure outcome as non‐specific lesion pathology was associated with seizure recurrence (hazard ratio 10.43; 95% confidence interval 3.26–33.39).Interpretation  In 50% of cases, children with surgically treated drug‐resistant extratemporal epilepsies have an excellent long‐term outcome. The aetiology of the epileptogenic lesion appears to be the only significant determinant of surgical outcome in this population of children. It is difficult to correctly identify non‐specific pathology on presurgical magnetic resonance imaging.
Effects of premature lure stimuli on 2nd‐target identification in rapid serial visual presentation: Inhibition induced by lures or by 1st target?
Authors: Verleger Rolf , Śmigasiewicz Kamila , Michael Lars , Niedeggen Michael 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn many rapid serial presentation tasks, two targets (“T1” and “T2”) have to be distinguished from background stimuli. Here, digits (“lures”) were interspersed among the background letters, differing from the T2 digit by occurring before rather than after T1. The resulting inhibitory effects on T2 identification may either be evoked directly by the lures or be triggered by T1, interfering with positive priming of lures on T2. To distinguish between these two alternatives, lures, T1, and T2 were presented in two different simultaneously running streams, T2 was or was not the same digit as a lure, and EEG potentials related to lures, T1, and T2 were recorded. Effects on T2 identification better fit the view that lures exerted positive priming interrupted by T1. Recurrence of lures in the trial led to abridged duration of the lure‐evoked N2pc, and T2‐evoked N2pc was reduced after lures. Also these N2pc effects may reflect positive priming.
Living with polio and postpolio syndrome in the United Kingdom
Authors: Atwal Anita , Giles Amy , Spiliotopoulou Georgia , Plastow Nicola , Wilson Lesley 
Published: July 2012

Scand J Caring Sci; 2013; 27; 238–245

Living with polio and postpolio syndrome in the United Kingdom
The term Postpolio Syndrome (PPS) is used to describe new and late manifestations of poliomyelitis that occur later in life in polio survivors. Polio had been eradicated in the United Kingdom (UK) and most of Europe, although this is not the case in all countries. Research in this area has tended to focus upon the impact of polio and PPS on health status and functional health rather than its overall effect on people’s lives. This study’s two main aims were to explore the ways in which polio and PPS in the UK has affected the respondents’ lives and to ascertain their views about how the quality of life could be improved. The two questions were as follows: (1) How has the health of people with polio and PPS affected their quality of life? (2) What would people with polio and PPS change to improve their quality of life? Deductive content analysis using existing qualitative data from a cross‐sectional survey of 336 returned questionnaires from persons with polio and PPS was carried out. The average age of the participants was 54 years. Our research found that polio survivors valued social occupations and participation in family life. Our research has also shown that healthcare professionals still do not understand polio and PPS and this lack of understanding influences their clients’ quality of life. Finances and accessibility of environments also influence participation in chosen occupations. Rehabilitation programmes for people with polio and PPS need to be targeted towards maintaining and improving accessible environments and participation in chosen occupations, and healthcare professionals need to ensure that persons with polio and PPS are referred to persons with specific expertise in this area.
Chromosome cohesion decreases in human eggs with advanced maternal age
Authors: Duncan Francesca E. , Hornick Jessica E. , Lampson Michael A. , Schultz Richard M. , Shea Lonnie D. , Woodruff Teresa K. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryAneuploidy in human eggs increases with maternal age and can result in infertility, miscarriages, and birth defects. The molecular mechanisms leading to aneuploidy, however, are largely unknown especially in the human where eggs are exceedingly rare and precious. We obtained human eggs from subjects ranging from 16.4 to 49.7 years old following in vitro maturation of oocyte‐cumulus complexes isolated directly from surgically removed ovarian tissue. A subset of these eggs was used to investigate how age‐associated aneuploidy occurs in the human. The inter‐kinetochore distance between sister chromatids increased significantly with maternal age, indicating weakened cohesion. Moreover, we observed unpaired sister chromatids from females of advanced age. We conclude that loss of cohesion with increasing maternal age likely contributes to the well‐documented increased incidence of aneuploidy.
Balanced Ultrafiltration: Inflammatory Mediator Removal Capacity
Authors: Guan Yulong , Wan Caihong , Wang Shigang , Sun Peng , Long Cun 
Published: July 2012

AbstractUltrafiltration with a hemoconcentrator may remove excess fluid load and alleviate tissue edema and has been universally adopted in extracorporeal circulation protocols during pediatric cardiac surgery. Balanced ultrafiltration is advocated to remove inflammatory mediators generated during surgery. However, whether balanced ultrafiltration can remove all or a portion of the inflammatory mediator load remains unclear. The inflammatory mediator removal capacity of zero‐balanced ultrafiltration was measured during pediatric extracorporeal circulation in vitro. Extracorporeal circulation was composed of cardiotomy reservoir, D902 Lilliput 2 membrane oxygenator, and Capiox AF02 pediatric arterial line filter. The Hemoconcentrator BC 20 plus was placed between arterial purge line and oxygenator venous reservoir. Fresh donor human whole blood was added into the circuit and mixed with Ringer's solution to obtain a final hematocrit of 24–28%. After 2 h of extracorporeal circulation, zero‐balanced ultrafiltration was initiated and arterial line pressure was maintained at approximately 100 mm Hg with Hoffman clamp. The rate of ultrafiltration (12 mL/min) was controlled by ultrafiltrate outlet pressure. Identical volume of plasmaslyte A was dripped into the circuit to maintain stable hematocrit during the 45 min of the experiment. Plasma and ultrafiltrate samples were drawn every 5 min, and concentrations of inflammatory mediators including interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, IL‐10, neutrophil elastase (NE), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were measured. All assayed inflammatory mediators were detected in the ultrafiltrate, demonstrating that the ultrafiltrator may remove inflammatory mediators. However, dynamic observations suggested that the concentration of NE was highest among the five inflammatory mediators in both plasma and ultrafiltrate (P < 0.001). IL‐1β had the lowest concentration in plasma, whereas the concentration of TNF‐α was the lowest in ultrafiltrate (P < 0.001). Concentrations of all inflammatory mediators in the ultrafiltrate did not increase linearly compared with those in plasma. The respective ultrafiltrate to plasma concentration and amount ratios indicated that the total removal effect of hemoconcentrator on the inflammatory mediators was 4.17 ± 2.68% for IL‐1β, 0.64 ± 0.69% for IL‐6, 0.24 ±  0.18% for IL‐10, 2.84 ± 1.65% for NE, and 0.51 ± 0.81% for TNF‐α, respectively. Balanced ultrafiltration may selectively remove inflammatory mediators from serum. Respective ratios of inflammatory mediators in ultrafiltrate compared with plasma, as well as total amount of inflammatory mediators in the ultrafiltrate suggest that balanced ultrafiltration removes a limited portion of the total inflammatory mediator load.
Cerebral and Lower Limb Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy in Adults on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Wong Joshua K. , Smith Thomas N. , Pitcher Harrison T. , Hirose Hitoshi , Cavarocchi Nicholas C. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPercutaneous femoral venoarterial (VA) or jugular venovenous (VV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can result in delivery of hypoxic blood to the brain, coronaries, and upper extremities. Additionally, VA‐ECMO by percutaneous femoral artery cannulation may compromise perfusion to the lower limbs. Use of near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) detects regional ischemia and warns of impending hypoxic damage. We report the first known series with standardized monitoring of this parameter in adults on ECMO. This is an institutional review board‐approved single institution retrospective review of patients with NIRS monitoring on ECMO from July 2010 until June 2011. Patients were analyzed for drops in NIRS tracings below 40 or >25% from baseline. VA‐ECMO and VV‐ECMO were initiated by percutaneous cannulation of the femoral vessels and the internal jugular vein, respectively. Sensors were placed on the patients' foreheads and on the lower limbs. NIRS tracings were recorded, analyzed, and correlated with clinical events. Twenty patients were analyzed (median age: 47.5 years): 17 patients were placed on VA‐ECMO, and three patients on VV‐ECMO. The median duration on ECMO was 7 days (range 2–26). One hundred percent of patients had a significant drop in bilateral cerebral oximetry tracings resulting in hemodynamic interventions, which involved increasing pressure, oxygenation, and/or ECMO flow. In 16 patients (80%), these interventions corrected the underlying ischemia. Four patients (20%) required further diagnostic intervention for persistent decreased bilateral and/or unilateral cerebral oximetry tracings, and were found to have a cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Six (30%) patients had persistent unilateral lower limb oximetry events, which resolved upon placement or replacement of a distal perfusion cannula. No patient was found to have either lower limb ischemia or a CVA with normal NIRS tracings. Use of NIRS with ECMO is important in detecting ischemic cerebral and peripheral vascular events. This allows for potential correction of the underlying process, thus preventing permanent ischemic damage.
Impact of a Randomized Campus/Community Trial to Prevent High‐Risk Drinking Among College Students
Authors: Wolfson Mark , Champion Heather , McCoy Thomas P. , Rhodes Scott D. , Ip Edward H. , Blocker Jill N. , Martin Barbara Alvarez , Wagoner Kimberly G. , O'Brien Mary Claire , Sutfin Erin L. , Mitra Ananda , DuRant Robert H. 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundHigh‐risk drinking by college students continues to pose a significant threat to public health. Despite increasing evidence of the contribution of community‐level and campus‐level environmental factors to high‐risk drinking, there have been few rigorous tests of interventions that focus on changing these interlinked environments. The Study to Prevent Alcohol Related Consequences (SPARC) assessed the efficacy of a comprehensive intervention using a community organizing approach to implement environmental strategies in and around college campuses. The goal of SPARC was to reduce high‐risk drinking and alcohol‐related consequences among college students.MethodsTen universities in North Carolina were randomized to an Intervention or Comparison condition. Each Intervention school was assigned a campus/community organizer. The organizer worked to form a campus–community coalition, which developed and implemented a strategic plan to use environmental strategies to reduce high‐risk drinking and its consequences. The intervention was implemented over a period of 3 years. Primary outcome measures were assessed using a web‐based survey of students. Measures of high‐risk drinking included number of days alcohol was consumed, number of days of binge drinking, and greatest number of drinks consumed (all in the past 30 days); and number of days one gets drunk in a typical week. Measures of alcohol‐related consequences included indices of moderate consequences due to one's own drinking, severe consequences due to one's own drinking, interpersonal consequences due to others' drinking, and community consequences due to others' drinking (all using a past 30‐day time frame). Measure of alcohol‐related injuries included (i) experiencing alcohol‐related injuries and (ii) alcohol‐related injuries caused to others.ResultsWe found significant decreases in the Intervention group compared with the Comparison group in severe consequences due to students' own drinking and alcohol‐related injuries caused to others. In secondary analyses, higher levels of implementation of the intervention were associated with reductions in interpersonal consequences due to others' drinking and alcohol‐related injuries caused to others.ConclusionsA community organizing approach promoting implementation of environmental interventions can significantly affect high‐risk drinking and its consequences among college students.