bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigations into the Intensive System of Grassland Management. By the Agricultural Research Staff of Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited. IV. The Digestibility and Feeding Value of Artificially Dried Grass.
Authors: Watson S. J. 
Published: March 2009

Digestibility trials have been carried out with sheep on a sample of dried grass and a grass meal, both of which were artificially dried on an experimental band drier. The analyses of the two materials were affected by the fact that the grass was cut in August after a very dry summer and the herbage was contaminated with a certain amount of stemmy material.The digestibility of the two samples is of a high order and, with the exception of that of the crude protein, equal to the values quoted by Woodman for short grass. The sheep put on weight during both trials and there was a retention of nitrogen and mineral matter in all cases. The dried grass would appear to contain an adequate amount of available calcium, phosphorus and potash for the plane of nutrition at which it was fed.
The Influence of Manurial Treatment on the Baking Quality of English Wheat. I. A Quality Study of the Rothamsted Broadbalk Wheats
Authors: Fisher E. A. , Jones C. R. 
Published: March 2009

In each of the four seasons 1926 to 1929 samples of certain of the Broadbalk wheats were milled, and the straight-run flours tested in the bakehouse.The results given in the text show that the nitrogen contents of the wheats were increased consistently only by the heaviest nitrogenous treatments. The baking tests, however, showed that increased protein content was not necessarily accompanied by improved baking quality. In none of the crops was unsoundness of grain or inadequate gas production during fermentation a factor in the poor quality observed in many of the flours.
Czechs, Germans, Arabs, Jews: Franz Kafka's “Jackals and Arabs” between Bohemia and Palestine
Authors: Shumsky Dimitry 
Published: March 2009

Franz Kafka's short story “Schakale und Araber” (Jackals and Arabs) was published in October 1917 in the monthly journalDer Jude, the intellectual organ of German-speaking Zionism founded and edited by Martin Buber. The narrator, an unidentified and pleasant-mannered European man traveling in the desert, makes a stop at an oasis in an Arab area. The circumstances of his journey and its objectives are unknown. It becomes apparent from his story that the man has come to the Arab desert merely by chance “from the far North,” and that he has no intention of remaining in the area for long. All of a sudden, shortly after his “tall [and] white” Arab host has retired to the sleeping area, the narrator finds himself completely surrounded by a pack of jackals. One of them, who introduces himself as “the oldest jackal far and wide,” approaches the man and implores him to solve once and for all the long-standing dispute between the jackals and the Arabs, as the traveler alone—a man hailing from those countries in which reason reigns supreme, which is not the case among the Arabs—is capable of doing so. Once the jackal elder has related to the European traveler the story of his tribe's tribulations, and how they have been compelled to reside alongside the “filthy Arabs” from one generation to the next, another jackal produces a pair of scissors, which, according to the jackals' ancient belief, is to serve the long-awaited man of reason “from the North” to rescue them from their abhorrent and hated neighbors. But at that moment, the Arab caravan leader appears, wielding an immense whip. The reader learns that not only was the Arab awake while the jackal elder sought to persuade the European man to undertake the salvation project and listening attentively to the jackal's words, but in fact, he has been well aware of the jackals' intentions for a long time:It's common knowledge; so long as Arabs exist, that pair of scissors goes wandering through the desert and will wander with us to the end of our days. Every European is offered it for the great work; every European is just the man that Fate has chosen for them. They have the most lunatic hopes, these beasts; they're just fools, utter fools.
Global warming and eutrophication: effects on water chemistry and autotrophic communities in experimental hypertrophic shallow lake mesocosms
Authors: Feuchtmayr Heidrun , Moran Rebecca , Hatton Keith , Connor Les , Heyes Tom , Moss Brian , Harvey Ian , Atkinson David 
Published: March 2009

Summary

Shallow lakes are important components of the biosphere, but they are also highly vulnerable to damage from human activities in their catchments, such as nutrient pollution. They may also be particularly vulnerable to current warming trends.
Forty‐eight tanks were used to create 3‐m3 mesocosms of shallow lake communities, in which the effects of warming by 4 °C and regular nutrient loading at two levels relevant to current degrees of eutrophication were studied in the presence and absence of fish.
Warming changed concentrations of soluble phosphate, total nitrogen and conductivity, increased total plant biomass and decreased the amount of phytoplankton through shading by floating plants. Nutrient additions decreased total plant biomass but increased floating plant biomass. Nitrogen increase and warming increased floating plant biomass and decreased plant species richness. The plant community remained intact and did not switch to the turbid‐water, phytoplankton‐dominated community often predicted to be a consequence of global warming and eutrophication.
Synthesis and applications. Likely future temperature increase will exacerbate some, but not all symptoms of eutrophication in shallow lakes. Alone it will not cause a switch from plant‐dominated to algal‐dominated systems, but may result in nuisance growths of floating lemnids. Currently underplayed, nitrogen loading should be taken more seriously in the management of European freshwaters.
Cooperativity between Plasmodium falciparum adhesive proteins for invasion into erythrocytes
Authors: DeSimone Tiffany M. , Jennings Cameron V. , Bei Amy K. , Comeaux Christy , Coleman Bradley I. , Refour Philippe , Triglia Tony , Stubbs Janine , Cowman Alan F. , Duraisingh Manoj T. 
Published: March 2009

Summary Plasmodium falciparum is the most virulent of the Plasmodium species infective to humans. Different P. falciparum strains vary in their dependence on erythrocyte receptors for invasion and their ability to switch in their utilization of different receptor repertoires. Members of the reticulocyte‐binding protein‐like (RBL) family of invasion ligands are postulated to play a central role in defining ligand–receptor interactions, known as invasion pathways. Here we report the targeted gene disruption of PfRh2b and PfRh2a in W2mef, a parasite strain that is heavily dependent on sialic‐acid receptors for invasion, and show that the PfRh2b ligand is functional in this parasite background. Like the parental line, parasites lacking either PfRh2a or PfR2b can switch to a sialic acid‐independent invasion pathway. However, both of the switched lines exhibit a reduced efficiency for invasion into sialic acid‐depleted cells, suggesting a role for both PfRh2b and PfRh2a in invasion via sialic acid‐independent receptors. We also find a strong selective pressure for the reconstitution of PfRh2b expression at the expense of PfRh2a. Our results reveal the importance of genetic background in ligand–receptor usage by P. falciparum parasites, and suggest that the co‐ordinate expression of PfRh2a, PfRh2b together mediate efficient sialic acid‐independent erythrocyte invasion.
Shortage of pediatricians in Japan: A longitudinal analysis using physicians' survey data
Authors: Ide Hiroo , Yasunaga Hideo , Koike Soichi , Kodama Tomoko , Igarashi Takashi , Imamura Tomoaki 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground:  Currently, there is a shortage of hospital pediatricians in Japan. In the present study, using data from the Survey of Physicians, Dentists, and Pharmacists in Japan, we analyzed the dynamics and distribution of pediatricians, using a time series approach.Methods:  The total number of pediatricians, the ratios of hospital‐working and female pediatricians, their mean age and geographic distribution in 1974, 1984, 1994, and 2004 were determined. The dynamics of pediatricians were analyzed by identifying the annual number of physicians participating in and withdrawing from pediatrics, and by following up withdrawal rates from pediatrics and movement rates from hospitals. The withdrawal rates of male and female pediatricians registered in 1992, 1994, and 1996 were also analyzed.Results:  The number of pediatricians per 10 000 children increased from 1.9 to 7.4 between 1974 and 2004. The percentage of women among pediatricians was significantly higher than that of women among all physicians in 2004 (P < 0.01). The numbers of physicians who withdrew from pediatrics increased from the periods 1985–1994 to 1995–2004. Younger pediatricians tended to leave pediatrics earlier than elder pediatricians. There were no differences in the withdrawal rates of pediatricians between men and women registered in 1992, 1994, and 1996.Conclusions:  It is anticipated that the number of pediatricians in Japan will decrease in the near future unless practical strategies are implemented to improve the early withdrawal of younger pediatricians and the current working conditions of female pediatricians.
Spastic Paraplegia, Optic Atrophy, and Neuropathy: New Observations, Locus Refinement, and Exclusion of Candidate Genes
Authors: Macedo‐Souza Lúcia Inês , Kok Fernando , Santos Silvana , Licinio Luciana , Lezirovitz Karina , Cavaçana Natale , Bueno Clarissa , Amorim Simone , Pessoa André , Graciani Zodja , Ferreira Áurea , Prazeres Abdísio , De Melo Áurea Nogueira , Otto Paulo Alberto , Zatz Mayana 
Published: March 2009

SummarySPOAN is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder which was recently characterized by our group in a large inbred Brazilian family with 25 affected individuals. This condition is clinically defined by: 1. congenital optic atrophy; 2. progressive spastic paraplegia with onset in infancy; and 3. progressive motor and sensory axonal neuropathy. Overall, we are now aware of 68 SPOAN patients (45 females and 23 males, with age ranging from 5 to 72 years), 44 of which are presented here for the first time. They were all born in the same geographic micro region. Those 68 patients belong to 43 sibships, 40 of which exhibit parental consanguinity. Sixty‐one patients were fully clinically evaluated and 64 were included in the genetic investigation. All molecularly studied patients are homozygotes for D11S1889 at 11q13. This enabled us to reduce the critical region for the SPOAN gene from 4.8 to 2.3 Mb, with a maximum two point lod score of 33.2 (with marker D11S987) and of 27.0 (with marker D11S1889). Three genes located in this newly defined critical region were sequenced, but no pathogenic mutation was detected. The gene responsible for SPOAN remains elusive.
The role of botanical gardens in climate change research
Authors: Primack Richard B. , Miller‐Rushing Abraham J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryBotanical gardens have a unique set of resources that allows them to host important climate change research projects not easily undertaken elsewhere. These resources include controlled growing conditions, living collections with broad taxonomic representation, meticulous record‐keeping, networks spanning wide geographic areas, and knowledgeable staff. Indeed, botanical gardens have already contributed significantly to our understanding of biological responses to climate change, particularly the effects of temperature on the timing of flowering and leaf‐out. They have also made significant contributions to the understanding of the relationships among climate, physiology, and anatomy. Gardens are finding new uses for traditional research tools such as herbarium specimens and historical photographs, which are increasingly being used to obtain information on past plant behavior. Additional work on invasive species and comparative studies of responses to climatic variation are providing insights on important ecological, evolutionary, and management questions. With their large collections of plant species from throughout the world and excellent herbaria, botanical gardens are well positioned to expand their current activities to continue to provide leadership in climate change research and education.

Contents

Summary
303

I.
Introduction
303

II.
The special resources of botanical gardens
304

III.
Phenology
305

IV.
Physiology and anatomy
308

V.
Invasive species and assisted migration
309

VI.
Comparative and phylogenetic studies
310

VII.
Conclusions
311

Acknowledgements
312

References
312
Endocytosis via caveolae: alternative pathway with distinct cellular compartments to avoid lysosomal degradation?
Authors: Kiss Anna L. , Botos Erzsébet 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Introduction
Cavolae on the plasma membrane
Internalization of caveolae
Conclusion

Endocytosis – the uptake of extracellular ligands, soluble molecules, protein and lipids from the extracellular surface – is a vital process, comprising multiple mechanisms, including phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, clathrin‐dependent and clathrin‐independent uptake such as caveolae‐mediated and non‐caveolar raft‐dependent endocytosis. The best‐studied endocytotic pathway for internalizing both bulk membrane and specific proteins is the clathrin‐mediated endocytosis. Although many papers were published about the caveolar endocytosis, it is still not known whether it represents an alternative pathway with distinct cellular compartments to avoid lysosomal degradation or ligands taken up by caveolae can also be targeted to late endosomes/lysosomes. In this paper, we summarize data available about caveolar endocytosis. We are especially focussing on the intracellular route of caveolae and providing data supporting that caveolar endocytosis can join to the classical endocytotic pathway.
APRIL and TACI interact with syndecan‐1 on the surface of multiple myeloma cells to form an essential survival loop
Authors: Moreaux Jérôme , Sprynski Anne‐Catherine , Dillon Stacey R. , Mahtouk Karène , Jourdan Michel , Ythier Arnaud , Moine Philippe , Robert Nicolas , Jourdan Eric , Rossi Jean François , Klein Bernard 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBLyS and APRIL share two receptors – transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) and B‐cell maturation antigen (BCMA) – and BLyS binds to a third receptor, BAFF‐R. We previously reported that TACI gene expression is a good indicator of a BLyS‐binding receptor in human multiple myeloma cell lines (HMCLs), unlike BCMA, which is expressed by all HMCLs or BAFF‐R which is typically not expressed by late‐stage B cells. We hypothesised a link between APRIL and TACI through syndecan‐1, similar to the situation reported for FGF and FGFR. We observed very strong binding of APRIL, but not BLyS, at the surface of all syndecan‐1+ HMCLs and primary multiple myeloma cells (MMC). All syndecan‐1+ HMCLs and MMC could also bind TACI‐Fc, but not BCMA‐Fc or BAFF‐R‐Fc molecules. Binding of APRIL or TACI‐Fc was abrogated by heparin or cell pretreatment with heparitinase, which cleaves heparan sulfate chains. The growth factor activity of APRIL on MMC was also inhibited by heparin. Our data identify syndecan‐1 as a co‐receptor for APRIL and TACI at the cell surface of MMC, promoting the activation of an APRIL/TACI pathway that induces survival and proliferation in MMC.
Seed production in fens and fen meadows along a disturbance gradient
Authors: Klimkowska A. , Van Diggelen R. , Den Held S. , Brienen R. , Verbeek S. , Vegelin K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractQuestion: The seed production in several wetland communities across Europe was investigated and differences in seed output in relation to disturbance intensity were tested. The relationship between the vegetation composition and the seed production profile was examined and the results are discussed in relation to restoration.Location: Poland, Germany and the Netherlands.Methods: The seed production in various plant communities was estimated, based on field counts. In addition, records from available databases were used for missing data. Multivariate methods were used to characterize the vegetation and seed production. Communities were grouped according to level of disturbance and tested for differences in seed production. Similarity between vegetation composition and seed profile was examined using the Sørensen index and Spearman correlation coefficient.Results: It was found that the seed production of the studied communities is large, variable and in general increasing with disturbance intensity. The estimated median seed production was ca. 24 × 103 seeds m−2 in fens, 167 × 103 in fen meadows and 556 × 103 seeds m−2 in degraded meadows. The majority of seeds was produced by just a few species. The similarity between the vegetation composition and the seed production profile was low (similarity 52%, correlation coefficient 0.42, P<0.05) and slightly increased with disturbance intensity.Conclusions: Increased disturbance enhances seed production at the community level. The composition of the vegetation is a poor predictor of the seed output. It is estimated that the number of seeds transferred with hay is much lower than the seed production in fens and fen meadows.
Trends in Atlantic Canada's Potato Industry
Authors: Grant K. Gary 
Published: March 2009

Long‐term potato acreage trends show decline in Nova Scotia, stability in New Brunswick and expansion on Prince Edward Island. The long‐term trend for yield has been upward since the 1940s. Crop disposition has become primarily to processing in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, but Prince Edward Island continues to dispose of much of its crop in the table market despite the growth of the processing sector. Contract growing of processing potatoes has provided farmers an opportunity to reduce price risk. The trend to larger farm acreages continues, although the number of potato farms in Prince Edward Island has been maintained with the province's large increase in total potato acreage. Crop rotations have converged on large‐scale Maritime potato farms at frequencies that on Prince Edward Island have lead to the call for a mandatory three‐year rotation. Les superficies de culture de lapomme de terre esquissent à long terme une tendance à la baisse en Nouvelle‐Écosse, à la stabilité au Nouveau‐Brunswick et à l'expansion dans l'Île‐du‐Prince‐Édouard. Quant au rendement, la tendance est à la hausse depuis les années 1940. Lespommes de terre de la Nouvelle‐Écosse et du Nouveau‐Brunswick sont essentiellement transformées tandis que celles de l'Île‐du‐Prince‐Édouard sont en grande partie consommées nature. La tendance en faveur du conditionnement de la pomme de terre a assuré aux producteurs de pommes de terres une protection contre les fluctuations desprix. La tendance en faveur de plus grandes exploitations de culture de la pomme de terre se poursuit, quoique le nombre d'exploitations spécialisées dans cette culture s'est maintenu dans l'Île‐du‐Prince‐Édouard. Les provinces ont enregistré une augmentation marquée de la super fide de culture de lapomme de terre. Sur les grandes fermes de pommes de terre Maritimes, le systèm de rotation de ces cultures a convergé vers une fréquence telle que celle qui a conduit à I'appel d'un système obligatoire de rotation tri‐annuel à l'Ile‐du‐Prince‐Édouard.
Implication of preoperative cervical cytology in endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Shin Dong Hoon , Choi Kyung Un , Suh Dong Soo , Yoon Man Soo , Kim Jee Yeon , Kang Hyun Jeong 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT Background and aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between preoperative cervical cytology and clinicopathologic factors associated with prognosis in endometrial carcinoma. Methods: We reviewed all Pap smears and histologic sections from 108 patients who underwent hysterectomy for endometrial carcinomas. Abnormal cervical cytology was defined as the presence of atypical cells and malignancy. Results: Forty‐one patients (38%) had abnormal cervical cytology on preoperative Pap smears, and 67 patients (62%) had normal cytology. Abnormal cervical cytology was statistically correlated with higher FIGO grade, advanced FIGO stage, myometrial invasion, lymphovascular invasion, cervical involvement, polypoid growth pattern, non‐endometrioid histology, and tumor size. Tumor grade, stage, histologic type, cervical involvement, lymph node metastasis, and serosal involvement were associated with survival. Multivariate analysis showed that lymph node metastasis was related to survival. However, abnormal cervical cytology was not an independent prognostic indicator for survival. Conclusion: Abnormal preoperative cervical cytology is associated with poor prognostic factors. However, cervical cytology itself neither influences treatment decision nor predicts poor prognosis in endometrial carcinoma.
Pericardial effusions with tamponade and visceral constriction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis on tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐inhibitor therapy
Authors: SOH May Ching , HART Hamish H. , CORKILL Michael 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTumour necrosis factor‐inhibitor (TNF‐inhibitor) therapy is increasingly used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. While it is effective for the articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis we have reason to believe that it is less effective for extra‐articular disease. We present two cases of life‐threatening cardiac tamponade in two patients with well‐controlled rheumatoid arthritis on adalimumab. An extensive literature search was carried out and three other patients were found. We believe that these cases highlight the need for rheumatologists to be vigilant for extra‐articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis even in the presence of quiescent joint disease while on TNF‐inhibitors.
Comparison of the VIDAS and IMMULITE‐2000 methods for cortisol measurement in canine serum
Authors: Proverbio Daniela , Groppetti Debora , Spada Eva , Perego Roberta 
Published: March 2009

Background:Serum cortisol concentration is often measured in dogs for the diagnosis and monitoring of adrenal disease. An enzyme‐linked fluorescent assay (VIDAS method) on the MiniVidas analyzer has been validated for the measurement of cortisol concentration in human serum and could have applications for canine samples.Objective:The aim of this study was to compare canine cortisol results obtained using the VIDAS method with those obtained using the IMMULITE‐2000 immunoassay, which has previously been validated for canine serum.Methods:The concentration of cortisol in 40 canine serum samples was determined concurrently with the VIDAS and IMMULITE methods, the latter as the reference method. Pearson's correlation coefficient, linear, and Deming regression analyses and Bland–Altman analysis were used to compare the 2 methods. Acceptability of the new method was judged using a medical decision chart (MEDx chart).Results:Cortisol concentrations obtained with the IMMULITE method ranged from 23.1 to 1380 nmol/L. Correlation (r=.977) and simple linear regression (slope=1.0722, confidence interval [CI] 0.996–1.148; intercept=−4.799, CI −42.838 to 33.240) revealed no proportional or constant error. Based on Deming regression and a Bland–Altman plot the 2 methods gave comparable results. The MEDx chart indicated that performance of the new method was good at decision limits of 40, 132, and 480 nmol/L.Conclusion:Results of the VIDAS method were comparable to those of the IMMULITE‐2000 reference method such that the VIDAS may be used as an alternative assay to evaluate serum cortisol concentration in dogs for the diagnosis of adrenal disease.