bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring Declarative Memory Using Animal Models
Authors: Eichenbaum Howard 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses research in the development of animal models for amnesia. Studies provide compelling evidence for a comprehensive account of the cognitive mechanisms of declarative memory. Various kinds of learning, spatial and nonspatial, simple and complex, can be accomplished independent of the hippocampus in animals, as indeed is the case in human amnesic patients as well. However, the hippocampus is required to link together the representations of overlapping experiences into a relational representation, and supports the flexible and inferential expression of indirect associations among items within the larger organization of linked memories.
Windows into the Workings of Memory
Authors: Eichenbaum Howard 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter continues the review of hippocampal function in memory by presenting complementary evidence from approaches that involve monitoring the ongoing operation of the human hippocampus and related brain structures during memory performance, providing a virtual “window” into the inner workings of the normal brain. This is accomplished at two levels of analysis: by using functional neuroimaging methods in normal humans and by recording the activity patterns of single neurons in animals.
Multiple Memory Systems in the Brain
Authors: Eichenbaum Howard 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews studies on multiple memory systems in the brain. These studies show that the hippocampal region mediates memory for adoption of the “place” strategy in a T-maze and expression of episodic memories in rats, and memory for facts and events in humans. The striatum plays a critical role in the learning of habitual behavioral responses as reflected in the “response” strategy in a T-maze and stimulus-approach learning in the radial maze by rats and in probabilistic cue-response associations in humans. Furthermore, these studies have provided compelling evidence that the amygdala is critical to emotional learning, as reflected in the acquisition of cue preferences in rats and conditioned emotional responses in humans. Across all these experiments, a salient theme is that these different forms of memory, even for the identical learning materials, are mediated largely independently and in parallel.
A Brain System for Declarative Memory
Authors: Eichenbaum Howard 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe hippocampus must be considered in the context of how it performs its functions within the larger system of brain structures of which it is a part. Indeed, the hippocampus is only one of several structures that compose the full brain system that mediates declarative memory. This chapter identifies the main components of this system, outlines the anatomical pathways by which information flows through the system, and characterizes the functional contributions of its different components.
Ecology
Authors: Barnett S. Anthony 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The “Norway rat” (Rattus norvegicus), known also as the “brown rat” is rivaled as a pest only by the house mouse (Mus domesticus vel musculus) and the “ship” or “black” rat (Rattus rattus). R. norvegicus also displays peculiar features that make it of special interest to both ethologists and experimental psychologists. This chapter provides an overview of the ecology of the wild R. norvegicus.
Orienting and Placing
Authors: Schallert Tim , Woodlee Martin T. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes behavioral tests that have been useful for examining the potential clinical efficacy of interventions that might be beneficial for neurological disorders. It is important to distinguish whether an intervention promotes brain repair mechanisms, saves cells, enhances motor learning and retraining, or reduces the extent of secondary degeneration of tissue. The chapter includes a subset of sensorimotor tests that are considered to be reliable, sensitive, quantitative, and easy to use in rat neurological models. The tests also cover the range of cellular degeneration typical of focal ischemic injury, nigrostriatal terminal loss, and cervical spinal trauma.
Prenatal Behavior
Authors: Robinson Scott R. , Brumley Michele R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses fetal development in rats. Topics covered include the ecology of fetal development, movement and sensation during prenatal development, fetal action patterns, and proprioceptive stimuli and motor learning. Research has confirmed that behavioral organization, coordinated movement, sensory responsiveness, and learning all can be expressed in the prenatal rat. Study of the rat fetus thus is well situated to complement existing research approaches with adult rats as well as simpler systems to understand basic problems in behavioral neuroscience and neurobehavioral development.
Infancy
Authors: Alberts Jeffrey R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents brief overviews of the growth of the Norway rat pup and differentiation of behavioral systems. There follows a kind of “ethogram” of early postnatal behavior in Rattus norvegicus, intended to put into a more natural context some of the processes of sensory and motor development, with an emphasis on information that can be used for designing and interpreting tests with immature rats.
Environment
Authors: Gibb Robbin L 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses how environmental parameters influence the physiology and behavior of rats and thus the experimental outcome. It considers lighting, humidity, airflow, noise, cage construction, diet, and social opportunity. Maternal influences, age at weaning, animal care, exercise regimens, and enrichment are also discussed. These factors can induce changes in brain weight, cerebral vascularization, adrenal size, and body weight.
Visual Reflections
Authors: McCloskey Michael 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHow much can we learn about normal visual perception and cognition from a malfunctioning visual system? Quite a lot, as this book makes abundantly clear. This book presents the author's work with AH, who is a college student who has an extraordinary deficit in visual perception. When AH looks at an object, she sees it clearly and identifies it readily; yet she is often dramatically mistaken about where the object is or how it is oriented. For example, she may reach out to grasp an object that she sees on her left, but miss it completely because it is actually on her right; or she may see an arrow pointing up when it is really pointing down. AH's errors, together with many other clues, lead the book to some very interesting conclusions about how we perceive the world. It develops theoretical claims about visual subsystems, the nature of visual location and orientation representations, attention and spatial representations, the role of the visual system in mental imagery, and the levels of the visual system implicated in awareness. This book makes a fascinating and compelling case that we can often learn more about a process when it goes awry than when it functions flawlessly.
Visual Subsystems
Authors: McCloskey Michael 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter further develops a multiple-subsystems hypothesis positing distinct transient and sustained subsystems in high-level vision, and relates it to knowledge about independent pathways in early vision. It contrasts the transient-sustained hypothesis with the Ungerleider–Mishkin what-where hypothesis and the Milner–Goodale perception-action hypothesis, arguing that AH's results are readily accommodated by the proposal but pose challenges for both the Ungerleider–Mishkin and Milner–Goodale positions. Finally, it shows that the basic findings adduced in support of the what-where and perception-action hypotheses are entirely consistent with assumptions about the functional architecture of the higher-level visual system.
Mental Imagery and the Visual System
Authors: McCloskey Michael 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter offers a contribution to the body of evidence bearing on the role of the visual system in visual imagery. It reports AH's performance on two imagery tasks, both of which had the same rationale: If visual imagery requires the level(s) of the visual system at which AH's perceptual errors arise, then her visual images, like her perceptions, should misrepresent locations and orientations. Furthermore, the misrepresentations in imagery should take the same form as AH's errors in perception: left-right and up-down reflections. The chapter studies these hypotheses.
Seeing Infectious Disease as Central
Authors: Battin Margaret P. , Francis Leslie P. , Jacobson Jay A. , Smith Charles B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractOnly decades ago infectious disease was thought about to become a “closed book,” thanks to developments in sanitation, immunization, and antibiotics, together with other scientific and public health milestones. Bioethics came into being during this period and, as documented in Chapter 4, essentially left considerations about communicable infectious disease out. The book argues throughout that this was a remarkably unfortunate lapse, given the intensified threats of infectious disease both in the developed world and especially as a matter of global health. The book develops what is called the “patient as victim and vector” or PVV view, the bedrock of this book, an augmentation of existing bioethics theory and ethics generally, as a way of dealing with the ethical issues that communicable infectious disease presents in both theory and practice. This is to see communicable infectious disease as central in bioethics generally, not as a rare or peripheral phenomenon but as something basic to the human condition.
The Biological Basics of Infectious Disease
Authors: Battin Margaret P. , Francis Leslie P. , Jacobson Jay A. , Smith Charles B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractInfectious diseases, although they vary substantially in their manifestations and causes, share certain common features that make them distinct and remarkable. These diseases can strike suddenly and unexpectedly, and can affect otherwise healthy people. They can progress swiftly to severe disability and death, but some individuals recover spontaneously and completely. We now know more about the causes and treatment of infectious disease than other diseases and that has led to simple, safe, effective, and relatively inexpensive preventatives and treatments. Many but by no means all infectious diseases are either directly or indirectly transmissible. The chapter introduces and characterizes the microorganisms that cause infectious diseases including parasites, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and prions; describes the alterations in human health and function that occur when these organisms infect us; and explains the ways that infections are transmitted. Familiar examples are chicken pox and giardiasis. Others, of greater global importance, are AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. This chapter explores how we acquire and experience infections as victims and how we contribute to their propagation as vectors.
How Infectious Disease Got Left Out of Bioethics
Authors: Battin Margaret P. , Francis Leslie P. , Jacobson Jay A. , Smith Charles B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter first documents the virtually complete absence of infectious disease examples and concerns at the time bioethics emerged as a field. It then argues that this oversight was not benign by considering two central issues in the field—informed consent and distributive justice—and showing how they might have been framed differently had infectiousness been at the forefront of concern. The solution to this omission might be to apply standard approaches in liberal bioethics, such as autonomy and the harm principle, to infectious examples. It is argued that this is insufficient, however. Taking infectious disease into account requires understanding the patient as victim and as vector. Infectiousness reminds us that as autonomous agents we are both embodied and vulnerable in our relationships with others. The chapter concludes by applying this re-understanding of agency to the examples of informed consent and distributive justice in health care.
The Ethics of Research in Infectious Disease:
Authors: Battin Margaret P. , Francis Leslie P. , Jacobson Jay A. , Smith Charles B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractResearch ethics has focused on protecting the autonomy of the individual research subject, insisting on informed consent and a reasonable risk/benefit ratio for a study to be ethical. At the same time, it has largely ignored the situation of the “indirect participant” in research: someone who might be adversely affected by another's participation in a research study. There are many historical examples of this failure: self-experimentation with infectious disease, the Tuskegee syphilis study, and the Willowbrook study of infectious hepatitis, among others. And there are many more contemporary examples, too, such as tests of the oral polio vaccine or of short-course anti-retroviral therapy for HIV+ pregnant women. This chapter argues that risks to indirect participants must be considered in assessing the risk/benefit ratio of study designs. Where there are identifiable indirect participants and risks to them are significant, their informed consent should also be required for participation of the direct subject in research. Where indirect participants cannot easily be identified, but risks may be substantial, the chapter suggest employing models drawn from community consent to conduct of research.
Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Battin Margaret P. , Francis Leslie P. , Jacobson Jay A. , Smith Charles B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance is growing at an alarming rate: reports of extensive multiple-drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB and MDR-TB) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are but two of the most serious examples. Among the many causes of antibiotic resistance are overuse and a failure to complete courses of treatment. This chapter considers how patients, considering themselves as both potential victims and as potential vectors, might take risks of resistance into account in their decisions about treatment. Some analyses of antimicrobial resistance treat it as a tragedy of the commons: of rational individual decisions about use adding up to a catastrophe of overuse. This analysis is incomplete because it fails to take into account the interests of patients who might be victims in practices that continue to make antibiotics available to them. The chapter also suggests the possibility of a small surcharge on antibiotic use in the developing world, to be dedicated to research on new generation antimicrobials, as a reflection of this interest in continued available of therapies for dangerous pathogens.
Compensation and the Victims of Constraint
Authors: Battin Margaret P. , Francis Leslie P. , Jacobson Jay A. , Smith Charles B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWhen pandemic constraints are imposed, some people will suffer losses, people who might not otherwise have done so. The economic losses of facilities that are used in pandemic emergencies have been addressed by other chapters; this chapter considers losses faced by individuals who are required to stay at home to avoid disease transmission. It argues that the costs they bear result from social choices that are aimed to benefit everyone by reducing the risks of disease transmission. In such cases, reciprocity requires compensation to the extent possible, for losses such as wages, exacerbation of disease conditions, or exposure to the risks of disease from activities such as home care for ill family members who cannot be accommodated in overwhelmed health care facilities.
5 The Vanguard
Authors: Johnson David T. , Zimring Franklin E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn South Korea and Taiwan, capital punishment has been highly open to change during the development and democratization processes, and its importance in those societies has been deeply political and symbolic. But the death penalty in these two jurisdictions can hardly be called a minor institution with “minuscule impact,” for democratic transitions in both places have pivoted on the imperative of distancing the present from a past in which capital punishment was a familiar feature of law and politics. This chapter and the next focus on two central questions. First, what explains the rapid decline of capital punishment in South Korea and Taiwan during the last decade and the purposeful pursuit of abolition in both places? And second, to what extent will South Korea and Taiwan become an Asian vanguard, leading other jurisdictions in the region on the road to life without the death penalty?
CHAPTER 5 Some Logical Properties of Natural Language Quantifiers
Authors: Keenan Edward L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the local and global properties of English quantifiers. The local properties of English quantifiers include the noun property, the three semantic classes of determiners (Dets), generalizing Dets and Determiner Phrases (DPs), and non‐logical Dets. The global properties of English quantifiers include global logicality and first‐order definability.
CHAPTER 9 Reference, Inference, and the Semantics of Pejoratives
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter argues that Dummett's inferentialist account of pejoratives in natural language is quite mistaken, and provides an alternative account within the framework of referentialist semantics. Little is said explicitly about the overall upshot for the inferentialist‐referentialist debate, the terms of which may be too inchoate for fruitful engagement at that level of abstraction. However, an issue will tentatively be raised about the bearing of pejoratives on another vexed and programmatic debate, that over the relative priority of language and thought.
CHAPTER 10 Frege's Hierarchy
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Fregean hierarchy of senses. A resolution of issues about the hierarchy of senses turns on the resolution of a series of issues of much wider significance in the theory of thought, in epistemology, in metaphysics, and in the philosophy of mind. The acceptability and nature of a Fregean hierarchy of senses involves the correct way of conceiving of the relation between sense and reference. It involves some conception of how thinkers are capable of thinking of abstract objects like senses and Thoughts. Since the hierarchy in turn bears upon issues about thinking about Thoughts, resolutions of these issues also have ramifications in the philosophy of mind for what is involved in the ascription of attitudes to oneself and to others. Correspondingly, evidence drawn from these various areas is pertinent to the assessment of treatments of the Fregean hierarchy.
CHAPTER 11 Directing Intentions
Authors: Perry John 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Kaplan finds demonstratives puzzling. He offers only one theory of indexicals; once the right distinctions are made, the facts about the semantics of indexicals are “obvious and incontrovertible.” The case is otherwise with demonstratives. He says at the end of his discussion in “Afterthoughts”: “There is something I'm not understanding here, and it may be something very fundamental about the subject matter of logic.” This chapter develops a version of Kaplan's Directing Intentions Theory and argues in its favor, and indicates how this version might help with the logical problems that vex Kaplan.
The Role of Science in Law
Authors: Feldman Robin 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The allure of science has always captivated members of the legal profession. Its siren's song offers a tune of perfection and the promise of endowing law with the respect and deference from society that we crave. We continually look to science to rescue us from the discomfort of difficult legal decisions, and we are constantly disappointed. The powerful allure of science flows in part from our distress over the imperfections of law. With 20th-century legal theory ringing in our ears, it is tempting to see law as a hopeless enterprise, distorted by biases, hampered by ineptitude, and cluttered with contradictions. Anything deconstructed loses power, although ultimately, the instinct to deconstruct everything loses power, itself, by leaving nothing. Nevertheless, with these critical perspectives in mind, the call of science is particularly strong. This book traces the interrelation of law and science, analyzing law's attempts to import science into law and attempts to export law's problems to science. Though most authors frame problems at the intersection of law and science in terms of how rapidly scientific information changes and how frequently the legal system distorts science, this book argues that problems at the intersection of law and science flow not from the changing nature of science but from the changing nature of law. With this in mind, the book uses examples from doctrines related to abortion, gene patenting, copyright, environmental regulation, antitrust law, the insanity defense, and other topics to explore the nature of law and to suggest approaches for making science work more effectively within the domain of law. Most important, the book argues that we are unlikely to avoid the cycles of exaltation and disappointment unless we are willing to relinquish the desire for completion and perfection in law.
Internationalization of Science in Modern Law
Authors: Feldman Robin 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes the internalization of science in modern law. It begins by examining internalization of scientific markers in abortion cases and law's reluctance to abandon those markers as they prove inadequate for resolving the issues. It then examines the use of scientific lines in Internet searching cases and the inevitable failure of the technical distinctions chosen. Finally, it explores the example described above concerning gene patent cases.
Externalization in Modern Law
Authors: Feldman Robin 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter explores examples of externalization, in which modern law tries to outsource its dilemmas to experts. It begins by examining a 2006 Supreme Court decision concerning property rights and environmental law. Justice Kennedy's concurring opinion in that case provides a classic example of trying to resolve a legal problem by calling for experts to parse through scientific distinctions, when those distinctions were beside the point in the case. The chapter then examines debates in modern antitrust law between Chicago School and post-Chicago scholars, which reflect concerns over whether courts have the ability to apply sophisticated economic analysis. The battle lines in these debates do not necessarily fall where one would expect.
The Repetitions of History
Authors: Feldman Robin 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter traces the instinct to reach for science in American legal doctrine back through the 1800s. It examines both the more formal legal theory movements as well as individual doctrinal moments in which American law reaches for science in an attempt to solve its problems and is disappointed when the solution fails to live up to its promise. The chapter begins by describing various attempts to reconceptualise law as a science in the pre-Civil War period and the failure of those attempts in the wake of the Civil War. It then describes reinvigoration of the “law as science” idea in the 1870s as Christopher Langdell popularizes the notion, leaving an enduring mark on American legal education. The chapter turns to individual doctrinal moments in which American law has reached for science to solve intractable problems and is subsequently disappointed. The examples explored include criminal law doctrines related to finding a defendant not guilty by reason of insanity, civil law doctrines related to the best interests of the child in custody cases, the Supreme Court's desegregation decision in Brown v. Board of Education, the Learned Hand test for negligence liability in tort law, and rate setting in public utility regulation.