bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Behaviour of Hydrogen in Low-Viscosity Phosphonium Ionic Liquids
Authors: Matsumiya M. , Tsunashima K. , Kodama S. 
Published: November 2011

The electrochemical and diffusive properties of hydrogen in low-viscosity phosphonium ionic liquids were investigated by the electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The hydrogen redox reactions were concluded to be a quasi-reversible system in phosphonium-based ionic liquids. The diffusion coefficients of hydrogen in these ionic liquids were of the order of 10-10 m2 s-1 at 25 °
C. Additionally, the obtained activation energy of the diffusion process for hydrogen was 11.2 - 15:9 kJ mol-1 estimated from the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients.
A new type of proton conducting medium such as triethylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide was synthesized by the neutralization reaction, because the trialkylphosphine-based ionic liquids with good stability at higher temperature and high conductivity were appropriate candidates. This proton conducting membrane containing the ionic liquids with trialkylphosphine-based cations and the polyvinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene has been fabricated in the present study. The proton conducting membrane exhibits relatively high ionic conductivity along with good mechanical stability.
The Adaptive Building Initiative: The Functional Aesthetic of Adaptivity
Authors: Drozdowski Ziggy 
Published: November 2011

AbstractZiggy Drozdowski, Director of Technology at Hoberman Associates in New York, describes the Adaptive Building Initiative (ABI), a collaboration with engineers Buro Happold that is conceived to catalyse innovation in environmental building performance. The emphasis here is on developing technologies that both architects and engineers can engage with rather than products per se, ensuring that ‘the design and the technology layers employed are intertwined into one dynamic system’. This is exemplified by the initiative's development of the Tessellate™ adaptive facade system that both interacts with and helps control incident sunlight. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecology Beyond Buildings – Performance‐Based Consumption and Zero‐Energy Research: RAU Architects
Authors: Peters Terri 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAs the designers of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) building in Zeist, the Netherlands a CO2‐neutral, self‐sufficient office complex, RAU has set the bar for sustainable research and design. Guest‐editor Terri Peters visited the firm's studio in Amsterdam to talk to principal Thomas Rau. As Peters relates, Rau prefers to put the onus on the dwindling supply of raw materials rather than the immediate problems of energy consumption for which there are solutions within reach. With the emphasis on a more far‐reaching approach, he places buildings in a wider context of ecological thinking and systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective γ‐Mono‐ and Diarylation of Acrylamide Derivatives with Aryl Halides
Authors: Yu Ming , Xie Yongju , Li Jinheng , Zhang Yuhong 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPalladium‐catalyzed direct mono‐ and diarylations involving C(sp3)H cleavage at the γ‐position of acrylamides are described. The monoarylation products can be obtained with ortho‐substituted aryl halides. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction has shown that the double bond has shifted towards the introduced aryl group to afford the γ‐arylated β,γ‐unsaturated amide products. A second arylation occurs when less sterically hindered aryl halides are employed. This chemistry offers a novel disconnection for the synthesis of γ‐arylated compounds.
2,3‐Dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ)/tert‐Butyl Nitrite/Oxygen: A Versatile Catalytic Oxidation System
Authors: Shen Zhenlu , Dai Jialiang , Xiong Jie , He Xijun , Mo Weimin , Hu Baoxiang , Sun Nan , Hu Xinquan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA new catalytic oxidation system using catalytic amounts of 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ) and tert‐butyl nitrite with molecular oxygen serving as the environmentally benign, terminal oxidant has been developed. This aerobic catalytic system was established for the selective oxidation of non‐sterically hindered benzylic alcohols and electron‐rich benzyl methyl ethers, and successfully extended to an application in the oxidative deprotection of PMB ethers to the alcohols in high selectivity.
Fabrication of pH‐ or temperature‐responsive single wall carbon nanotubes via a graft from photopolymerization
Authors: Zhang Pu , Henthorn David B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAn ultraviolet light initiated “graft from” polymerization method to fabricate polymer‐functionalized single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with pendant pH‐ and temperature‐responsive polymer chains is utilized. The attached polymer chains, formed from methacrylic acid and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate monomers, are well established for its pH‐responsive swelling/deswelling behavior. This special property was utilized here to control the aqueous dispersibility of the carbon nanotubes. Furthermore, poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide), a temperature‐responsive polymer, was utilized in the fabrication of SWNTs whose dispersibility was dependent on solution temperature. The morphology of the polymer‐functionalized carbon nanotubes was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after functionalization. Environmental SEM was used to further characterize the morphology of the functionalized SWNTs. In addition, covalent bonding of the polymer to the carbon nanotube surface was established using Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques. The physical and chemical properties of the functionalized nanotubes were further characterized by energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 2980–2986, 2012
Ultrasound and cadaveric prosections as methods for teaching cardiac anatomy: A comparative study
Authors: Griksaitis Michael J. , Sawdon Marina A. , Finn Gabrielle M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis study compared the efficacy of two cardiac anatomy teaching modalities, ultrasound imaging and cadaveric prosections, for learning cardiac gross anatomy. One hundred and eight first‐year medical students participated. Two weeks prior to the teaching intervention, students completed a pretest to assess their prior knowledge and to ensure that groups were equally randomized. Students, divided into pre‐existing teaching groups, were assigned to one of two conditions; “cadaver” or “ultrasound.” Those in the cadaver group received teaching on the heart using prosections, whereas the ultrasound group received teaching using live ultrasound images of the heart. Immediately after teaching, students sat a post‐test. Both teaching modalities increased students' test scores by similar amounts but no significant difference was found between the two conditions, suggesting that both prosections and ultrasound are equally effective methods for teaching gross anatomy of the heart. Our data support the inclusion of either cadaveric teaching or living anatomy using ultrasound within the undergraduate anatomy curriculum, and further work is needed to compare the additive effect of the two modalities. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Anatomical Sciences Education Vol. 4, Issue 6, 2011 Cover Image
Authors: Krause David A. , Youdas James W. , Hollman John H. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPhysical Therapy students at the College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota receive instruction at the cadaver during a second year musculoskeletal course. In this issue of ASE Dr. Krause and his colleagues from the Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy share their experience developing a clinical skills course in a human gross anatomy laboratory.
Development of gatekeeping strategies in confirmatory clinical trials
Authors: Dmitrienko Alex , Millen Brian A. , Brechenmacher Thomas , Paux Gautier 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis paper discusses multiplicity issues arising in confirmatory clinical trials with hierarchically ordered multiple objectives. In order to protect the overall type I error rate, multiple objectives are analyzed using multiple testing procedures. When the objectives are ordered and grouped in multiple families (e.g. families of primary and secondary endpoints), gatekeeping procedures are employed to account for this hierarchical structure. We discuss considerations arising in the process of building gatekeeping procedures, including proper use of relevant trial‐specific information and criteria for selecting gatekeeping procedures. The methods and principles discussed in this paper are illustrated using a clinical trial in patients with type II diabetes mellitus.
Process Development for Antibody Purification from Tobacco by Protein A Affinity Chromatography
Authors: Hey C. , Zhang C. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTobacco is possibly the most promising plant for plant‐made pharmaceuticals, e.g., antibodies, due to its high biomass yields and robust transformation technology. Protein A affinity chromatography is commonly used for antibody purification, however, direct application of tobacco extract to protein A chromatography columns may be problematic due to the nonspecific binding of native tobacco proteins (NTPs). Three different protein A resins, ProSep‐vA High Capacity, Ultra, and Ultra Plus, from Millipore were studied for antibody purification from tobacco. Experiments were run with extracts from nontransgenic tobacco and the model antibody, human immunoglobulin G (IgG). The efficiency of the wash buffers to reduce nonspecific binding of NTPs to the resins was evaluated by altering the ionic strength and pH. Considering all factors, Ultra Plus Protein A resin may be the best in antibody purification from tobacco.
Stitching Phospholanes Together Piece by Piece: New Modular Di‐ and Tridentate Stereodirecting Ligands
Authors: Lloret Fillol Julio , Kruckenberg Achim , Scherl Peter , Wadepohl Hubert , Gade Lutz H. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe modular one‐pot synthesis of a large family of bi‐ and tridentate 2,5‐dimethyl‐ and 2,5‐diphenyl‐substituted phospholanes employs air‐stable chiral phospholanium chloride salts and primary amines or NH4Cl as starting materials. These were transformed into the C2‐symmetric dimethyl‐ and diphenylphospholane ligands, which reacted with [Rh(cod)2]BF4 (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene) to yield the rhodium complexes [Rh(L)(cod)]BF4 (L=bisphospholane ligands). The corresponding trisphospholane complexes, 11 and 12, were obtained in high yields (81 and 92 %, respectively), and fully characterised by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. Whilst in the C3‐symmetric complex 11, containing the tridentate 2,5‐dimethylphospholane, the ligand is bound symmetrically, different coordination behaviour was found for the diphenyl‐substituted complex 12, in which the coordination of only two of the three phospholane moieties to the metal centre was observed. A DFT study at the B3PW91 level established minimum energy structures consistent with experimental findings in solution and in the solid state. The non‐coordinated phospholane unit present in 12 allowed further modification of the complex through the coordination of AuIX (X=Cl, C6F5 and tris(trifluoromethyl)phenyl (FMes)) fragments to the pendant phosphane. To investigate the potential of the new ligands, the enantioselective hydrogenation of a series of prochiral olefins as benchmark substrates, using isolated Rh complexes as catalysts, was studied. The substrates included methyl esters of three dehydro‐α‐acetamido acids and two itaconic acid derivatives. In general good to excellent enantioselectivities (of up to >99 % ee) were observed. Ligand backbone modification by coordination of bulky AuX substituents to the free phospholane unit in complex 12 led to an outstanding enhancement of the catalyst performance and there was a clear correlation between the properties of the complex periphery and the enantioselectivity.
Fully efficient estimation of coefficients of correlation in the presence of imputed survey data
Authors: Chauvet Guillaume , Haziza David 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMarginal imputation, that consists of imputing items separately, generally leads to biased estimators of bivariate parameters such as finite population coefficients of correlation. To overcome this problem, two main approaches have been considered in the literature: the first consists of using customary imputation methods such as random hot‐deck imputation and adjusting for the bias at the estimation stage. This approach was studied in Skinner & Rao 2002. In this paper, we extend the results of Skinner & Rao 2002 to the case of arbitrary sampling designs and three variants of random hot‐deck imputation. The second approach consists of using an imputation method, which preserves the relationship between variables. Shao & Wang 2002 proposed a joint random regression imputation procedure that succeeds in preserving the relationships between two study variables. One drawback of the Shao–Wang procedure is that it suffers from an additional variability (called the imputation variance) due to the random selection of residuals, resulting in potentially inefficient estimators. Following Chauvet, Deville, & Haziza 2011, we propose a fully efficient version of the Shao–Wang procedure that preserves the relationship between two study variables, while virtually eliminating the imputation variance. Results of a simulation study support our findings. An application using data from the Workplace and Employees Survey is also presented. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 40: 124–149; 2012 © 2011 Statistical Society of Canada
Response Surface Optimization for Removal of Cadmium from Aqueous Solution by Waste Agricultural Biosorbent Psidium guvajava L. Leaf Powder
Authors: Rao Karanam Srinivasa , Anand Sashi , Rout Kalyani , Venkateswarlu Paladugu 
Published: November 2011

AbstractResponse surface methodology (RSM) was applied to study the combined effects of the various parameters namely, pH, biosorbent dosage, cadmium concentration and temperature, and to optimize the process conditions for the maximum removal of cadmium using Psidium guvajava L. leaf powder. In order to obtain the mutual interactions between the variables and to optimize these variables, a 24 full factorial central composite design using RSM was employed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the quadratic model demonstrates that the model was highly significant. The model was statistically tested and verified by experimentation. A maximum cadmium removal of 93.2% was obtained under the following optimum conditions: aqueous cadmium concentration 40.15 mg/L, adsorbent dosage 0.5 g/50 mL solution, pH 5.0, and temperature (35°C). The value of desirability factor obtained was 1.
Comparative Efficiency of Energy Transfer from CdSe–ZnS Quantum Dots or Nanorods to Organic Dye Molecules
Authors: Hardzei Marya , Artemyev Mikhail , Molinari Michael , Troyon Michel , Sukhanova Alyona , Nabiev Igor 
Published: November 2011

AbstractFluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in conjugates of CdSe–ZnS semiconductor nanocrystals of different shapes (FRET donors) and an Alexa Fluor organic dye (FRET acceptors) is examined. The dye molecules are chemically conjugated with quantum dots (QDs) or nanorods (NRs) in dimethyl sulfoxide colloidal solutions, and FRET efficiency in the purified conjugates is measured. The FRET from NR to a single dye molecule is less efficient than that of the QD–dye conjugates and this effect is explained in terms of distance‐limited energy‐transfer rate in the case of a point‐like acceptor and extended donor dipoles. However, the larger surface area of NRs allows for many more dye acceptors to be bound, and the total FRET efficiency in NR–dye conjugates approaches those of QD–dye conjugates.
Formaldehyde Encapsulated in Lithium‐Decorated Metal‐Organic Frameworks: A Density Functional Theory Study
Authors: Maihom Thana , Choomwattana Saowapak , Khongpracha Pipat , Probst Michael , Limtrakul Jumras 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe stability of monomeric formaldehyde encapsulated in the lithium‐decorated metal‐organic framework Li‐MOF‐5 was investigated by means of density functional calculations with the M06‐L functional and the 6‐31G(d,p) basis set. To assess the efficiency of Li‐MOF‐5 for formaldehyde preservation, we consider the reaction kinetics and the thermodynamic equilibrium between formaldehyde and its trimerized product, 1,3,5‐trioxane. We propose that trimerization of encapsulated formaldehyde takes place in a single reaction step with an activation energy of 34.5 kcal mol−1. This is 17.2 kcal mol−1 higher than the corresponding activation energy in the bare system. In addition, the reaction energy of the system studied herein is endothermic by 6.1 kcal mol−1 and the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of the reaction becomes positive (11.0 kcal mol−1). Consequently, the predicted reverse rate for the trimerization reaction in the Li‐MOF‐5 is significantly faster than the forward rate. The calculations show that the oligomerization of formaldehyde in Li‐MOF‐5 is a reversible reaction, suggesting that such a zeolite might be a good candidate material for preserving formaldehyde in its monomeric form.
Lanthanide Complexes as Paramagnetic Probes for 19F Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Harvey Peter , Kuprov Ilya , Parker David 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe physicochemical basis of probe design for 19F MRS and MRI applications is reviewed. Complexes that give a single major resonance in solution are described, in which the Ln3+ ion is about 6 Å from the 19F label. Sensitivity improvements of 15‐fold are reported in both imaging and spectroscopy based on longitudinal relaxation enhancement. The pseudocontact shift allows an amplification of chemical shift non‐equivalence in responsive 19F probes, e.g. for monitoring pH in the range between 5 and 8.
Iodine‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,2‐Diaryldiketones by Oxidative Cleavage of 1,3‐Diaryldiketones with DMSO
Authors: Yuan Yu , Zhu Haitao 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA metal‐free, efficient, practical, and convenient process based on an iodine‐catalyzed oxidative cleavage reaction has been developed to form 1,2‐diaryldiketons in high yields from 1,3‐diaryldiketones. The reaction is performed in DMSO and in air, and a mechanism was proposed according to the reaction evidence.
A comparative study of interfaces for microchip micellar electrokinetic chromatography‐electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using the surfactant ammonium dodecyl sulfate
Authors: Huang Ju‐Li , Li Fu‐An , Her Guor‐Rong 
Published: November 2011

AbstractUsing ammonium dodecyl sulfate (ADS) as the surfactant, the response of three common interfaces in the direct coupling of microchip micellar electrokinetic chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was studied. In the range of 10–40 mM surfactant, a conventional sheath liquid interface provided poorer sensitivity than both sheathless interface and low‐sheath‐flow interface. At a surfactant concentration <20 mM, a low‐sheath‐flow interface exhibited less sensitivity than a sheathless interface; however, it outperformed the sheathless interface above a concentration of 20 mM. At a surfactant concentration above 20 mM, signal reduction due to dilution of the analyte compensated by signal enhancement gained from a reduction in ion suppression effect. The difference in responses of the interfaces was mainly due to the dilution effect, whereas the effect of flow rate became an important factor when the difference in responses between the interfaces was not significant. The utility of the PMMA microchip MEKC/MS using a low‐sheath‐flow interface was demonstrated by the analysis of sulfonamides at a concentration of 40 mM. The interday precision was in the range of 4.9–14.5%, and the LOD was in the range of 0.34–1.03 ng/mL (MEKC/MS/MS).
The Ebro River in the 20th century or the ecomorphological transformation of a large and dynamic Mediterranean channel
Authors: Magdaleno Fernando , Anastasio Fernández J. , Merino Silvia 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTIn the first decades of the 20th century, the Ebro River was the Iberian channel with the most active fluvial dynamics and the most remarkable spatial‐temporal evolution. Its meandering typology, the dimensions of its floodplain, and the singularities of its flow regime produced an especially interesting set of river functions.The largest dynamics of the Ebro River are concentrated along the meandering profile of the central sector. During the 20th century, this sector experienced a large alteration of its geomorphological structure. We present here an analysis of this evolution through the cartographic study of a long segment of the river (~250 km) in 1927, 1956 and 2003. The results show a large reduction in bank sinuosity, a progressive loss of fluvial territory, and a large decrease in channel width. These changes are especially clear in the areas previously most ecologically connected with the active channel. The fluvial territory of the river in 2003 was approximately half that found during the first decades of the 20th century. Forest plantations, which were non‐existent in 1927, occupied more than 1500 ha of the study area in the last decade.This intense geomorphological transformation becomes ecologically visible in (i) a 35% reduction of the area occupied by riparian vegetation; (ii) a loss of the heterogeneity of riparian forest spots, which were formerly structured in an irregular mosaic far from the river thalweg; and (iii) a modification of the riparian forest structure, which is currently linear, uniform, thin and very close to the river axis. The ecomorphological alteration was intensified by the remarkable reduction in bank length (13%) and the reduced dynamism of the present river system, indicated by an increase in the percentage of fluvial territory occupied by riparian forests and a reduction in the area occupied by the active channel. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.