bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of an animal model for chronic mild hyperhomocysteinemia and its response to oxidative damage
Authors: Scherer Emilene B.S. , da Cunha Aline Andrea , Kolling Janaína , da Cunha Maira J. , Schmitz Felipe , Sitta Angela , Lima Daniela D. , Delwing Débora , Vargas Carmem R. , Wyse Angela T.S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to develop a chronic chemically induced model of mild hyperhomocysteinemia in adult rats. We produced levels of Hcy in the blood (30 μM), comparable to those considered a risk factor for the development of neurological and cardiovascular diseases, by injecting homocysteine subcutaneously (0.03 μmol/g of body weight) twice a day, from the 30th to the 60th postpartum day. Controls received saline in the same volumes. Using this model, we evaluated the effect of chronic administration of homocysteine on redox status in the blood and cerebral cortex of adult rats. Reactive oxygen species and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were significantly increased in the plasma and cerebral cortex, while nitrite levels were reduced in the cerebral cortex, but not in the plasma, of rats subjected to chronic mild hyperhomocysteinemia. Homocysteine was also seen to disrupt enzymatic and non‐enzymatic antioxidant defenses in the blood and cerebral cortex of rats. Since experimental animal models are useful for understanding the pathophysiology of human diseases, the present model of mild hyperhomocysteinemia may be useful for the investigation of additional mechanisms involved in tissue alterations caused by homocysteine.
Umbilical cord blood biomarkers of neurologic injury and the risk of cerebral palsy or infant death
Authors: Costantine Maged M. , Weiner Steven J. , Rouse Dwight J. , Hirtz Deborah G. , Varner Michael W. , Spong Catherine Y. , Mercer Brian M. , Iams Jay D. , Wapner Ronald J. , Sorokin Yoram , Thorp John M. , Ramin Susan M. , O'Sullivan Mary J. , Peaceman Alan M. , Simhan Hyagriv N. ,   For the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Maternal‐Fetal Medicine Units Network
Published: June 2011

AbstractTo evaluate the association between cerebral palsy (CP) or infant death and putative cord blood biomarkers of neurologic injury, we performed a nested case–control secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized trial of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) versus placebo to prevent CP or death among offspring of women with anticipated delivery from 24 to 31 weeks’ gestation. Cases were infants who died by 1 year (n = 25) or developed CP (n = 16), and were matched 1:2 to a control group (n = 82) that survived without developing CP. Umbilical cord sera concentrations of S100B, neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) and the total soluble form of the receptor for advanced glycation end‐products (sRAGE) were measured by ELISA in duplicates. Maternal characteristics were similar between the 2 groups. Cases were born at a lower gestational age (GA) and had lower birth weight compared with controls. There were no differences in concentrations of the three biomarkers and the composite outcome of CP or infant death. However, S100B was higher (median 847.3 vs. 495.7 pg/ml; P = 0.03) in infants who had CP and total sRAGE was lower (median 1259.3 vs. 1813.1 pg/ml; P = 0.02) in those who died compared with the control group. When corrected for delivery GA and treatment group, both differences lost statistical significance. In conclusion, cord blood S100B level may be associated with CP, but this association was not significant after controlling for GA and MgSO4 treatment.
Using Uniject to increase the use of prophylactic oxytocin for management of the third stage of labor in Latin America
Authors: Althabe Fernando , Mazzoni Agustina , Cafferata María L. , Gibbons Luz , Karolinski Ariel , Armbruster Deborah , Buekens Pierre , Belizán José M. ,   Oxytocin in Uniject Study Group
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate a multifaceted intervention for effectiveness in increasing the use of prophylactic oxytocin by birth attendants (obstetricians, midwives, and nurses) working in small maternity hospitals in Argentina.MethodsA before‐and‐after quasi‐experimental study was conducted in 5 small maternity hospitals. The study intervention consisted of training birth attendants in the active management of the third stage of labor, distributing oxytocin in Uniject (Hipofisina BIOL Uniject; Laboratorios BIOL, Buenos Aires, Argentina), and using posters as reminders. The primary outcome was the rate of prophylactic oxytocin use in the 6 months before and the 6 months of the intervention period. Secondary outcomes included use of controlled cord traction and uterine massage, and birth attendants' acceptance of the use of oxytocin in Uniject.ResultsThe use of prophylactic oxytocin showed a median rate of 14.6% at baseline and 85.6% during the intervention period. 96% of birth attendants reported that the Uniject device facilitated oxytocin 1administration.DiscussionProphylactic oxytocin in the third stage of labor is a beneficial intervention with current low use, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries. If the results shown in the present study were further replicated, this strategy could be an effective method for improving prophylactic oxytocin use in other similar Latin American hospitals.
Mango modulates body fat and plasma glucose and lipids in mice fed a high-fat diet
Authors: Lucas Edralin A. , Li Wenjia , Peterson Sandra K. , Brown Angela , Kuvibidila Solo , Perkins-Veazie Penny , Clarke Stephen L. , Smith Brenda J. 
Published: June 2011

Consumption of fruits and vegetables has been investigated for their role in the prevention of many chronic conditions. Among the fruits, mango provides numerous bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, vitamin C and phenolic compounds, which have been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study examined the effects of dietary supplementation of freeze-dried mango pulp, in comparison with the hypolipidaemic drug, fenofibrate, and the hypoglycaemic drug, rosiglitazone, in reducing adiposity and alterations in glucose metabolism and lipid profile in mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into six treatment groups (eight to nine/group): control (10 % energy from fat); HF (60 % energy from fat); HF+1 or 10 % freeze-dried mango (w/w); HF+fenofibrate (500 mg/kg diet); HF+rosiglitazone (50 mg/kg diet). After 8 weeks of treatment, mice receiving the HF diet had a higher percentage body fat (P = 0·0205) and epididymal fat mass (P = 0·0037) compared with the other treatment groups. Both doses of freeze-dried mango, similar to fenofibrate and rosiglitazone, prevented the increase in epididymal fat mass and the percentage of body fat. Freeze-dried mango supplementation at the 1 % dose improved glucose tolerance as shown by approximately 35 % lower blood glucose area under the curve compared with the HF group. Moreover, freeze-dried mango lowered insulin resistance, as indicated by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, to a similar extent as rosiglitazone and modulated NEFA. The present findings demonstrate that incorporation of freeze-dried mango in the diet of mice improved glucose tolerance and lipid profile and reduced adiposity associated with a HF diet.
Resveratrol attenuates steatosis in obese Zucker rats by decreasing fatty acid availability and reducing oxidative stress
Authors: Gómez-Zorita S. , Fernández-Quintela A. , Macarulla M. T. , Aguirre L. , Hijona E. , Bujanda L. , Milagro F. , Martínez J. A. , Portillo M. P. 
Published: June 2011

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common manifestations of chronic liver disease worldwide. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of resveratrol on liver fat accumulation, as well as on the activity of those enzymes involved in lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation infa/faZucker rats. A total of thirty rats were assigned to three experimental groups and orally treated with resveratrol for 6 weeks, or without resveratrol (C: control group; RSV15 group: 15 mg/kg body weight per d; RSV45 group: 45 mg/kg body weight per d). Liver histological analysis was performed by microscopy. Levels of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase-Ia (CPT-Ia), acyl-coenzyme A oxidase (ACO), fatty acid synthase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme were assessed by spectrophotometry, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase was assessed by radiometry. Commercial kits were used to determine serum TAG, NEFA, total HDL and non-HDL-cholesterol, glycerol, ketonic bodies, glucose, insulin, adiponectin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), hepatic TAG, thiobarbituric acid reactive substrates, GSH (GSSG) and superoxide dismutase. Resveratrol reduced liver weight and TAG content. It did not modify the activity of lipogenic enzymes but it did increase CPT-Ia and ACO activities. NEFA and ALP were reduced in both resveratrol-treated groups. AST/GOT was reduced only by the lowest dose. ALT/GPT, TAG and adiponectin remained unchanged. Resveratrol reduced liver oxidative stress. This study demonstrates that resveratrol can protect the liver from NAFLD by reducing fatty acid availability. Moreover, resveratrol also protects liver from oxidative stress.
Lifting the ‘Violence Veil’: Examining Working Conditions in Long-term Care Facilities Using Iterative Mixed Methods
Authors: Daly Tamara , Banerjee Albert , Armstrong Pat , Armstrong Hugh , Szebehely Marta 
Published: June 2011

RÉSUMÉLe présent document se concentre sur les méthodes mixtes nous avons utilisé pour comprendre conditions de travail de leur travailleurs dans les établissements de soins de longue durée. Nous avons mené une enquête auprès des syndiqués travailleurs de santé en Ontario (n= 917), et une autre enquête dans trois provinces (n= 948) et quatre pays Scandinaves (n= 1625). Neuf groupes de discussion avec les Canadiens ont eu lieu; les répondants ont été présentés avec des questions du sondage et aussi descriptive des résultats statistiques et ont été demandé: “Est-ce le reflet de votre expérience?” Les contraintes de temps pour les travailleurs et la fréquence des expériences des travailleurs de la violence physique et attentions sexuelles non désirées sont signalés. Nous discutons comment de le façon dont nous utilisé des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives étè itératif. Nous avons trouvé pas seulement la cohérence des données mais aussi la divergence des données qui montrent comment une culture de la violence dans les établissements de soins de longue durée est acceptée par les travailleurs comme d’habitude. Comment le constat de la violence structurelle vu le jour et la signification profonde, le contexte et les idées qui proviennent de la combinaison de nos méthodes itératives sont discutées.
Revisiting Public Opinion in the 1930s and
1940s
Authors: Berinsky Adam J. , Powell Eleanor Neff , Schickler Eric , Yohai Ian Brett 
Published: June 2011

AbstractStudies of mass political attitudes and behavior before the 1950s
have been limited by a lack of high-quality, individual-level data.
Fortunately, data from public opinion polls conducted during the
late New Deal and World War II periods are available, although the
many difficulties of working with these data have left them largely
untouched for over 60 years. We compiled and produced readily usable
computer files for over 400 public opinion polls undertaken between
1936 and 1945 by the four major survey organizations active during
that period. We also developed a series of weights to ameliorate the
problems introduced by the quota-sampling procedures employed at the
time. The corrected data files and weights were released in May
2011. In this article, we briefly discuss the data and weighting
procedures and then present selected time series determined using
questions that were repeated on 10 or more surveys. The time series
provide considerable leverage for understanding the dynamics of
public opinion in one of the most volatile—and pivotal—eras in
American history.
War and Momentum: The 2008 Presidential
Nominations
Authors: Norpoth Helmut , Perkins David F. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn the 2008 presidential nomination campaigns, both Obama and McCain
staked out clear positions on the Iraq war. Exit polls conducted in
primary and caucus contests show that the war in Iraq was indeed the
key issue of support for the winning contenders. However, it was not
agreement with the candidates' positions that drove primary voters
into the arms of Obama and McCain; rather, it was concern with the
Iraq war. Primary voters treated the war as a valence issue, not as
a position issue. Each candidate also won an early contest (the Iowa
caucuses for Obama and the New Hampshire primary for McCain) in
which concern over the Iraq war was especially strong. Those
victories sparked a momentum for both candidates in subsequent
contests. As a result, both Obama and McCain owed their respective
nominations for president to the combination of war and
momentum.
Political Theory within Political Science
Authors: Corbett Ross J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis article addresses Andrew Rehfeld's attempt to ensure a place for
political theory within political science, which he does partly by
showing how political theory fits into a defensible definition of
political science and partly by excluding much political theory from
the discipline in order to safeguard the rest. His account of what
the discipline should comprehend is overly narrow, however, and does
not serve the interests of the sorts of political theory he strongly
believes are worth doing. I argue instead that political science
must be defined by its subject matter alone, and that political
theory's contribution to this subject matter must be defended.
Abstract Teaching for a Concrete World: A Lesson from
Plato
Authors: Lindsay Peter 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis article argues that instructors should introduce students to
abstract concepts only after they have provided concrete
illustrations of them. The advantages of working from the concrete
to the abstract are twofold: (1) students have an easier time
conceptualizing abstractions from within a particular context, and
(2) such a context provides them with a greater motivation to do so.
In an effort to mirror the pedagogical approach I defend, I begin by
reviewing the manner in which Plato introduces the concept of
justice to his readers in Book I of the Republic. I
then examine the common model of teaching abstract concepts,
demonstrate how an effective alternative differs from this model,
and review the education theories that support the alternative
model.
When Great Minds Don't Think Alike: Using Mock Trials in
Teaching Political Thought
Authors: Ahmadov Anar 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis article examines a mock trial I have developed and used in
teaching the history of political thought. Mock trials have been
underused but have great potential to become an effective and
exciting tool for student learning in this area. In this mock trial,
the plaintiff, defendant, attorneys, and witnesses are eminent
political or economic thinkers or political leaders of the past.
Active engagement in this mock trial helped my students immensely in
gaining deeper insight into and a more nuanced understanding of the
ideas of the thinker they represented, as well as enhancing their
critical and analytical abilities and improving their research
skills. As a teaching tool that is amenable to creative adaptation,
a mock trial can be an engaging and effective exercise for delving
into the history of political thought and making it more
relevant.
Chemotactic cell trapping in controlled alternating gradient fields
Authors: Meier Börn , Zielinski Alejandro , Weber Christoph , Arcizet Delphine , Youssef Simon , Franosch Thomas , Rädler Joachim O. , Heinrich Doris 
Published: June 2011

Directed cell migration toward spatio-temporally varying chemotactic stimuli requires rapid cytoskeletal reorganization. Numerous studies provide evidence that actin reorganization is controlled by intracellular redistribution of signaling molecules, such as the PI4,5P2/PI3,4,5P3 gradient. However, exploring underlying mechanisms is difficult and requires careful spatio-temporal control of external chemotactic stimuli. We designed a microfluidic setup to generate alternating chemotactic gradient fields for simultaneous multicell exposure, greatly facilitating statistical analysis. For a quantitative description of intracellular response dynamics, we apply alternating time sequences of spatially homogeneous concentration gradients across 300 μm, reorienting on timescales down to a few seconds.
Dictyostelium discoideum
amoebae respond to gradient switching rates below 0.02 Hz by readapting their migration direction. For faster switching, cellular repolarization ceases and is completely stalled at 0.1 Hz. In this “chemotactically trapped” cell state, external stimuli alternate faster than intracellular feedback is capable to respond by onset of directed migration. To investigate intracellular actin cortex rearrangement during gradient switching, we correlate migratory cell response with actin repolymerization dynamics, quantified by a fluorescence distribution moment of the GFP fusion protein LimEΔcc. We find two fundamentally different cell polarization types and we could reveal the role of PI3-Kinase for cellular repolarization. In the early aggregation phase, PI3-Kinase enhances the capability of
D. discoideum
cells to readjust their polarity in response to spatially alternating gradient fields, whereas in aggregation competent cells the effect of PI3-Kinase perturbation becomes less relevant.
Progressive Cenozoic cooling and the demise of Antarctica’s last refugium
Authors: Anderson John B. , Warny Sophie , Askin Rosemary A. , Wellner Julia S. , Bohaty Steven M. , Kirshner Alexandra E. , Livsey Daniel N. , Simms Alexander R. , Smith Tyler R. , Ehrmann Werner , Lawver Lawrence A. , Barbeau David , Wise Sherwood W. , Kulhanek Denise K. , Weaver Fred M. , Majewski Wojciech 
Published: June 2011

The Antarctic Peninsula is considered to be the last region of Antarctica to have been fully glaciated as a result of Cenozoic climatic cooling. As such, it was likely the last refugium for plants and animals that had inhabited the continent since it separated from the Gondwana supercontinent. Drill cores and seismic data acquired during two cruises (SHALDRIL I and II) in the northernmost Peninsula region yield a record that, when combined with existing data, indicates progressive cooling and associated changes in terrestrial vegetation over the course of the past 37 million years. Mountain glaciation began in the latest Eocene (approximately 37–34 Ma), contemporaneous with glaciation elsewhere on the continent and a reduction in atmospheric CO
2
concentrations. This climate cooling was accompanied by a decrease in diversity of the angiosperm-dominated vegetation that inhabited the northern peninsula during the Eocene. A mosaic of southern beech and conifer-dominated woodlands and tundra continued to occupy the region during the Oligocene (approximately 34–23 Ma). By the middle Miocene (approximately 16–11.6 Ma), localized pockets of limited tundra still existed at least until 12.8 Ma. The transition from temperate, alpine glaciation to a dynamic, polythermal ice sheet took place during the middle Miocene. The northernmost Peninsula was overridden by an ice sheet in the early Pliocene (approximately 5.3–3.6 Ma). The long cooling history of the peninsula is consistent with the extended timescales of tectonic evolution of the Antarctic margin, involving the opening of ocean passageways and associated establishment of circumpolar circulation.
Neutral and Nonneutral Genetic Markers Revealed the Presence of Inshore and Offshore Stock Components of Atlantic Cod in Greenland Waters
Authors: Pampoulie Christophe , Daníelsdóttir Anna Kristín , Storr‐Paulsen Marie , Hovgård Holger , Hjörleifsson Einar , Steinarsson Björn Ævarr 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe spawning stock of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in West Greenland waters was characterized by a drastic decline in the late 1960s and has since exhibited considerable variation. It has been suggested that the cod stock in West Greenland waters is composed of several stock components that include (1) a number of distinct local inshore populations spawning in separate fjord systems, (2) an offshore spawning component located on the fishing banks, and (3) a periodic Icelandic–East Greenland cod influx that mixes with the offshore and inshore West Greenland stock components. In an attempt to clarify the status of Atlantic cod in Greenland waters, we investigated the genetic structure at different inshore and offshore feeding grounds east and west of Greenland. A total of 1,581 genetic samples were collected within North Atlantic Fisheries Organization areas at inshore and offshore locations as well as within the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea area XIVb. Those samples were genotyped for 18 microsatellite loci and the pantophysin (Pan I) locus. Both types of genetic markers gave congruent results and suggest the presence of two distinct genetic components with limited connectivity in Greenland waters, namely, an inshore component and an offshore component.
A Multistate Capture–Recapture Modeling Strategy to Separate True Survival from Permanent Emigration for a Passive Integrated Transponder Tagged Population of Stream Fish
Authors: Horton Gregg E. , Letcher Benjamin H. , Kendall William L. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRobust estimates of survival and movement are important for informing the recovery of fish populations as well as for the study of life history, behavior, and population ecology. We present a multistate capture–recapture model that allows separate and simultaneous estimation of true survival and fidelity to the study reach in the presence of imperfect recapture and detection probabilities. The key study design element that permitted this separation was the use of a multiple‐antenna array to detect passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagged individuals as they emigrated from the study area. The modeling approach incorporated live recapture data during discrete sampling occasions with observational data on antenna detections of tagged individuals as they exited the study area between sampling occasions. The multistate emigration model was applied to empirical data from a stream‐dwelling, PIT‐tagged cohort of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar for which emigration was continuously monitored by using a pair of stationary PIT tag antennas. The study design we outline presents a way to inform key management, recovery, and ecological questions. Our analysis showed how estimates of the joint probability of surviving and remaining faithful to the study reach (apparent survival) that were based solely on live recapture data (e.g., from the Cormack–Jolly–Seber model) masked the patterns that were revealed when true survival and emigration were separately estimated with the multistate emigration model. Use of the multistate model also allowed us to consider size dependence in survival and emigration in a straightforward way; the estimated size‐dependent functions support hypotheses regarding the mechanisms leading to survival or emigration responses of Atlantic salmon and other stream‐dwelling salmonids.