bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Instrument for the Determination of Soil Compactibility
Authors: Bruce R. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMethods commonly used for the determination of soil compactibility require a large quantity of soil as well as much time and effort. A method is described which requires only 600–800 gm. of soil and 1 hour of time for each bulk density‐moisture curve. The compacter described is of the impact type and easily adjusted for application of a wide range of compaction energies. The procedure adopted applies three to four times as much compaction energy as the standard Proctor method.Experience has shown that a sample weight of 100 ± 5 gm. is satisfactory. It has been shown that as compaction energy increases, the maximum bulk density increases and the moisture content at which it occurs decreases. Compaction data and aggregate stability data from two different experiments show similar differences in soil physical properties due to soil treatment. In general, this instrument has proved to be very satisfactory for the measurement of soil compactibility.
The Effect of Soil Reaction on the Availability of Phosphorus for Alfalfa in Some Eastern Ontario Soils
Authors: MacLean A. J. , Cook R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe yields and phosphorus contents of alfalfa grown with and without phosphorus fertilizer in six soils previously limed to different pH levels in pots, and the amounts of phosphorus extracted with four chemical methods from soil samples taken prior to seeding and after harvest of the crop, were used to evaluate the effect of soil reaction on the availability of native and applied phosphorus for alfalfa.The greatest uptake of phosphorus by alfalfa occurred at a pH of about 7.5, the highest level employed in the experiment. In most instances, the phosphorus contents of the plants were highest at a pH of about 7.5, at which level the yields were either similar to or higher than those obtained at any lower pH.The results for phosphorus in most of the soils as measured with the Truog and sodium bicarbonate methods and for Bray adsorbed phosphorus in three of the soils showed that liming to or slightly above the neutral point increased the amounts of available soil phosphorus.
Chemical and Clay Mineral Properties of a Red‐Yellow Podzolic Soil Derived from Muscovite Schist
Authors: Rich C. I. , Obenshain S. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was made of a Red‐Yellow Podzolic soil with particular regard to the properties of dioctahedral vermiculite, one of its major clay minerals. The soil, Nason silt loam, which is derived from a muscovite schist residuum, was found to be nearly devoid of exchangeable calcium and low in other bases. Although the cation exchange capacity of the B3 horizon was 25 me. per 100 gm. soil, this horizon contained only 0.08 me. Ca per 100 gm. Clay minerals present were kaolinite, dioctahedral vermiculite, and regularly and randomly interstratified illite‐vermiculite. The 14.7A basal spacing of vermiculite from the C1 horizon moved to 10.5A when the clay was K saturated, but the effectiveness of K saturation decreased from the C1 horizon through the A horizon where there was only slight collapse. Boiling the clay from the B1 horizon for 102 hours in 1N KCl caused a change of the 14.7A basal spacing to only 14.2A. However, treatment of the clay in 1N KCl plus 0.1N HCl or treatment with 1N NH4F altered this spacing to near 10A. The difficultly collapsed mineral had a high internal surface, high base exchange capacity, and low divalent cation content. Easily collapsed dioctahedral vermiculite was made difficultly collapsed by repeated Al saturation and drying. Heat treatment at 800°C. collapsed the 14.7A spacing of the mineral in all horizons to 10.3A. Glycerol solvation caused no increase of the 14.7A spacing. These results together with D.T.A. data support the theory that non‐exchangeable Al in the interlayer position in vermiculite restricts collapse of the mineral on K saturation.
The Effect of Certain Site and Soil Factors on the Establishment of Douglas‐Fir on the Tillamook Burn
Authors: Lowry G. L. , Youngberg C. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a preliminary report of studies dealing with soil moisture‐seedling survival relationships conducted on the Tillamook Burn in northwestern Oregon during 1953. Ten one‐fifth acre plots were selected from the current years planting program. Survival was calculated on the basis of total trees planted.Factors investigated include: Percent slope, aspect, soil texture, structure, depth, organic matter content, and range of available moisture. Weather data were obtained from nearby lookouts. Soil moisture determinations were made weekly throughout the summer period.Although there were not sufficient plots to establish statistical significance, certain factors were found to be affecting survival. Among these were aspect, percent slope, and soil texture. Southerly aspects coupled with coarse textured soils and slopes greater than 40% showed the highest mortality. On the other hand, northerly aspects, loam and silt loam textures and slopes less than 40% had excellent survival. Between these two extremes various gradations existed. In all cases where high mortality occurred, soils had been depleted of available moisture (below 15 atm.) for periods approaching 30 days.
Soil Properties Related to Forest Cover Type and Productivity on the Lee Forest, Snohomish County, Washington
Authors: Forristall Floyd F. , Gessel S. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFive one‐tenth acre plots were established on Lee Forest to investigate forest site and type and soil relationships. One plot was in each of the following types and sites: western hemlock‐Douglas fir, site class III; Douglas fir, site class II; Douglas fir, site class III; western red cedar, site class III; red alder, site class I.Soils were sampled on these plots and the following data taken: effective depth, bulk density, texture, moisture equivalent, reaction, total nitrogen, and cation exchange capacity. In addition, weight and nitrogen content of the forest floor were determined and soil moisture followed throughout the 1953 growing season.Depth to a hardpan layer was an important criterion for productivity rating. High bulk densities impeded root growth and determined effective soil depth. The critical density differed for the different tree species. Total soil nitrogen and total cation exchange capacity were much greater in the more productive forest soils. The western red cedar and the red alder plots had shallow soils with excess soil moisture during a considerable portion of the year. Low soil moisture did not appear to be a factor in tree growth on any of the plots in the 1953 growing season although the soil on the red alder plot did become quite dry in late August and early September. The dominating influence in determining forest type seemed to be poor soil drainage.
Cation‐Exchange Properties of a Number of Clay‐Conditioner Systems
Authors: Archibald J. A. , Erickson A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe cation‐exchange properties of bentonite and kaolinite, treated with a wide range of concentrations of a vinyl acetatemaleic acid copolymer, and an isobutylene‐maleic acid co‐polymer were studied. Results obtained by two different methods indicate that there is a definite clay‐conditioner interaction between bentonite and these conditioner materials. Very low concentrations of conditioner caused a marked decrease in the cation‐exchange capacities of bentonite suspensions. Slightly higher concentrations increased the exchange capacity for both a monovalent and a divalent cation. A further increase in concentration resulted in a second decrease in exchange capacity which persisted for all higher conditioner concentrations used.
Phosphate Fixation by Montmorillonite
Authors: Ellis Roscoe , Truog Emil 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe factors involved in fixation of phosphorus, added as Ca(H2PO4)2 · H2O, by montmorillonite clay were investigated. The influence of the free iron and aluminum oxides, which accompany this clay, on the fixation was determined by measuring fixation before and after removal of these oxides. It was found that the free iron and aluminum oxides accounted for most of the fixation against weak acid extraction. No appreciable fixation against water extraction occurred when the free iron and aluminum oxides were removed and the clay was H‐saturated.The influence of saturation of the clay with the exchangeable cations usually found in soils on phosphorus fixation was investigated. Ca‐saturation clay, treated to remove free iron and aluminum oxides, fixed large amounts of phosphorus against water extraction. However, this phosphorus was recovered by weak acid extraction. The evidence obtained in this investigation indicates that the phosphorus fixed by Ca‐saturated clay is fixed as calcium phosphate complexes, and not by a H2PO4‐Ca‐clay bonding as has been proposed. Clays which were saturated with Na, K or Mg, fixed only small amounts of phosphorus against water extraction.
The Relative Growth and Potassium Absorption by Four Crops Under Intensive Culture in a Limited Volume of Soil
Authors: Reid P. H. , York E. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo successive crops of peanuts, soybeans, corn, and cotton were grown in small volumes of Ruston fine sandy loam to study the relative efficiencies of the four crops to absorb potassium in a limited root environment. One series of treatments was fertilized and another unfertilized with respect to potassium. The roots of all four crops were found to have thoroughly permeated the soil, providing conditions for the rapid exhaustion of readily available sources of potassium.All crops except cotton were found to have absorbed essentially the same amount of potassium under high levels of fertilization; however, cotton tended to absorb slightly more potassium than the other crops under low potassium conditions.Potassium deficiency symptoms appeared first and were most severe on corn, followed by cotton, soybeans, and peanuts in that order.All four crops responded in dry matter production to the application of potassium. In the second planting, the dry matter produced by the unfertilized peanuts, soybeans, cotton, and corn was 69%, 85%, 45%, and 20%, respectively, of the plants fertilized with potassium. Thus with equivalent amounts of potassium absorbed, marked differences were observed in the degree to which potassium deficiencies limited the growth of the four crops.
The Adsorption of Carbohydrates and Related Compounds on Clay Minerals
Authors: Lynch D. L. , Wright L. M. , Cotnoir L. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies were made with the adsorption of carbohydrates on clay minerals. The carbohydrates utilized were ethyl cellulose, methylcellulose 15 cps, cellulose dextrin, starch dextrin, inulin, glycogen, corn polysaccharide, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxy‐methylcellulose, corn starch, and sucrose.These carbohydrates were adsorbed on both a calcium and hydrogen saturated montmorillonitic type clay. A calcium saturated kaolinitic type clay was also used.Increasing increments of carbohydrates, ranging from 26 mg. to as much as 450 mg. in certain cases, were added to 1‐g. samples of the clays. Twenty ml. of water was added, and the materials were thoroughly mixed by mechanical shaking for 48 hours. The clays were allowed to stand 96 hours to attain equilibrium and were centrifuged. The clear supernatant liquid was then tested for carbohydrate by the anthrone reaction. The difference between the amount of carbohydrate added and the amount in the supernatant liquid was taken as the amount adsorbed on the clay.Adsorption on the calcium saturated kaolinitic clay ranged from 0.0% to 3.7%. The greatest amount of adsorption on bentonite, the montmorillonitic type clay, was with ethyl cellulose, starch, and cellulose dextrin, 20.5%, 21.6%, and 12.4% respectively. Little difference was noticed between the calcium and hydrogen saturated clays.X‐ray diffraction analyses demonstrated that the carbohydrate materials were adsorbed between the interplanar spacings of the montmorillonitic clay. Infrared spectra analysis suggests that hydrogen bonding plays a role in the adsorptive mechanism. Extractions with bases, acids, and salts suggest that cation and anion exchange are not involved in the adsorption of these carbohydrates.
Effect of Placement and Rate of Phosphate, Potash, and Limestone on the Growth of Alfalfa and Lespedeza
Authors: Woodhouse W. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlacements at 2 rates each of phosphate, potash, and limestone were compared on 2 legume‐grass mixtures for a period of 3 years. The placements were surface, plow sole, and mixed with the plow layer. The mixtures were alfalfa‐orchardgrass and Kobe lespedeza‐Dallisgrass. Lime placement effects on the alfalfa‐orchardgrass mixture were very pronounced. The surface application was least effective and mixing with the plow layer was the most favorable placement. Surface placement of phosphate was inferior to the other two placements the first year while placement of potash had no effect. Placement of phosphate, potash, or lime did not measurably affect growth of the lespedeza‐Dallisgrass mixture.
Residual Availability in the Soil of Various Sources of Phosphate as Measured by Plant Absorption of P32 and by Soil Test
Authors: Caldwell A. C. , Hustrulid A. , Hammers F. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOrdinary superphosphate, concentrated superphosphate, calcium metaphosphate, liquid phosphoric acid, fused tricalcium phosphate, rock phosphate with colloidal clay, and rock phosphate were broadcast annually on a Kenyon silty clay loam at the rate of 40 pounds of P2O5 per acre per year for 6 years. Rock phosphate was also broadcast annually at the rate of 100 pounds of P2O5 per acre per year. Yields were secured of grain, mixed legume hay, and corn grown across these treatments. The only crop showing consistent increases in yield was mixed legume hay, and the phosphates giving responses were those in which the phosphorus was in water‐ or citrate‐soluble form or both.The seventh year 20 pounds of radioactive superphosphate was applied across the various phosphate treatments on hay, wheat, and corn. Available phosphorus in the soil calculated from absorption data was greater—sometimes 100% or more—in the soils that had received ordinary superphosphate, concentrated superphosphate, calcium metaphosphate, fused tricalcium phosphate, and liquid phosphoric acid, than in check plots or those that had received the rock phosphates. Available phosphorus in the check and rock phosphate plots was essentially the same, as measured by absorption data. There was close correlation between Bray's adsorbed phosphorus soil test and the available phosphorus in the soil as indicated by absorption of P32, but this was not true for Bray's adsorbed and acid‐soluble phosphorus or the Thornton soil test for soil phosphorus.
Subirrigation and Plant Nutrition: II. Utilization of Phosphorus by Alfalfa from the Soil Surface to the Water Table
Authors: Lipps R. C. , Fox R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUtilization of phosphorus by subirrigated alfalfa from the soil surface to the water table has been studied. Total and available phosphorus content of soils from adjacent fields, one cropped intensively to alfalfa and the other having little or no alfalfa history, were compared.Long time alfalfa culture resulted in substantial reductions of total and available phosphorus to a depth of 11 feet. Phosphorus utilization by subirrigated alfalfa has been correlated with available moisture in soils. Soils with shallow water tables (10 feet or less) have water at relatively low tension throughout their profiles. Root activity is concentrated mainly in the surface soil gradually decreasing with depth. Intense root activity in the surface 3 feet of soils having relatively deep water tables (10 to 20 feet) appears to be associated with moisture from precipitation which is usually available for only a part of the growing season. Less intense but more constant root activity is to be expected in the region of capillary moisture above the water table. Decreased phosphorus utilization between these two regions coincides with a relatively dry area with consequent low root activity.Surface and subsoil depletion of phosphorus by subirrigated alfalfa indicates that phosphate fertilization will be needed in the future if continued high yields are to be maintained.The availability of nutrients in the substratum of subirrigated soils must be evaluated before reasonable fertilizer recommendations can be made for legumes.
Effects of Soil Moisture Tensions and of Chloride and Sulfate Treatments upon the Yield, Composition, and Bacterial Soft Rot of Irish Potatoes
Authors: Harward M. E. , Jackson W. A. , Nielson L. W. , Piland J. R. , Mason D. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGreenhouse experiments were conducted over a period of 2 years to determine the effects of soil moisture and of the chloride and sulfate ions upon the growth and quality of potato tubers.Irish cobbler potatoes were grown in a soil mixture containing equal weights of Bladen fine sandy loam and 18‐mesh quartz sand. The anion variables consisted of KCl or K2SO4 applied at the rate of 180 pounds K2O per acre. The different moisture levels consisted of resaturating the soil when tensions of approximately 300, 800, 2,000 and 10,000 cm. of water were obtained. Measurements of yield, chemical composition, dry matter, specific gravity of tubers, and susceptibility of tubers to bacterial soft rot were made at or after harvest.The yields of U. S. No. 1 tubers from the SO4‐treated plots were greater than those receiving Cl. There were some suggestions that the response to high levels of soil moisture may have been related to the source of potassium. Greater vine yields were obtained with the chloride treatments than with the sulfate. A reversal in the curve for growth of tops occurred at the lowest level of soil moisture. The use of chloride as compared to sulfate increased the content of Ca and Mg in the leaves and stems and decreased the content of Mg in the tubers. The K contents of tubers were greater with the SO4 than with the Cl treatments but no differences in K content of leaves were associated with source of potassium. Applications of SO4 as compared to Cl at all moisture levels resulted in increased contents of N in the leaves, stems, and tubers. No significant differences in the specific gravity of tubers as related to Cl and SO4 treatments were found after 6 weeks storage. The mean specific gravities of U. S. No. 1 tubers increased with increasing levels of soil moisture. The dry matter contents of leaves and stems were greater from the sulfate treated plants than from the chloride. Wound infection by bacterial soft rot organisms was less for tubers grown under low soil moisture tensions, than those grown under high tensions. The rate of bacterial decay of tubers grown under low moisture tensions was greater than for those grown under the limiting conditions of low soil moisture.
A Study of the Effect of Mineral Phosphates Upon the Organic Phosphorus Content of Organic Soil
Authors: McCall W. W. , Davis J. F. , Lawton K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaboratory studies were conducted to investigate the effect of mineral phosphates upon the organic phosphorus content of eight organic soils. Soil types represented were Carlisle muck, Everglades peat, Houghton muck, Istopoka peat, and Rifle peat. Six of the samples were obtained in Michigan and two from Florida. Monocalcium phosphate was applied to each soil at the following rates; 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 ppm. of phosphorus. Unphosphated samples were left as controls. To determine if mineralization was as extensive as shown by analyses for organic phosphorus, available soil phosphorus was determined before and after a 4‐month incubation period. The effect of sterilization, temperature and moisture upon the mineralization of organic phosphorus in Houghton muck was also determined.Samples were incubated for a period of 4 months and the amount of organic phosphorus determined, at the end of 2, 3, and 4 months.No “fixation” of mineral phosphate as organic phosphorus occurred, but mineralization of the original organic phosphorus did occur. In general, the trend was toward more complete mineralization of the soil organic phosphorus, with increasing rates of added monocalcium phosphate, over a period of 4 months. Generally, the rate of mineralization was rapid the first 2 months and somewhat slower during the last 2 months of the incubation period.The percentage increase in available phosphorus after 4 months incubation ranged from 31.1 to 292.0%.Temperature and moisture were shown to be two factors affecting mineralization of organic phosphorus.
Effect of VAMA and HPAN Soil Conditioners on Aggregation, Surface Crusting, and Moisture Retention in Alkali Soils
Authors: Allison L. E. , Moore D. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA laboratory study was made to determine the relative effectiveness of VAMA and HPAN polymers at 6 rates of application in producing high water‐stable aggregation. Nine alkali soils and two nonalkali soils, obtained from experimental sites in six Western States, were used in this investigation.VAMA conditioner proved appreciably more effective than HPAN conditioner, within the rates of application of 0.025 to 0.20%, for 8 of the 11 soils studied. For 3 soils, there appeared to be no significant difference between these 2 kinds of conditioners at any of the rates used.The rate of application of polymers necessary for effective structure stabilization was found to be directly related to both the specific surface and the clay content of soil. Because of its simplicity, the determination of clay content by any satisfactory method is recommended as a guide to rate of polymer treatment for maximum aggregation.As determined by modulus of rupture measurements, both types of conditioners were effective in ameliorating soil hardness, or the crusting tendency, of high‐sodium soils. However, neither conditioner exhibited an appreciable effect on soil‐moisture retention.
Immobilization and Mineralization Rates of Nitrogen during Decomposition of Plant Residues in Soil
Authors: Stojanovic B. J. , Broadbent F. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo well drained New York soils of the Gray‐Brown Podzolic group, Ontario loam and Honeoye silt loam, were incubated under controlled temperature, moisture, and aeration. Soils were treated with either wheat straw or corn leaves, and inorganic nitrogen (ammonia or nitrate). Samples were taken at 2, 4, 6, 10 and 18‐day intervals. Ammonia and nitrate nitrogen were determined. Enriched nitrogen was employed for computing mineralization and immobilization rates.Recovery data indicate that rapid immobilization took place when wheat straw was added in combination with either ammonia or nitrate nitrogen. Immobilization of added ammonia occurred when corn leaves were added with ammonia nitrogen. Reduction of nitrate was negligible in treatments where corn leaves plus nitrate nitrogen were added.Mineralization and immobilization data indicate that a substantial amount of nitrogen is turned over in the presence of available energy material. It has been further observed that immobilization is of significant magnitude even in the decomposition of a high nitrogen‐containing material such as corn leaves. For example, in the case of wheat straw plus nitrate, during the 2 to 6‐day interval, the equivalent of 56 pounds of nitrogen per acre per day was immobilized. Maximum turn over occurred in the 0 to 2‐day interval with corn leaves. In the latter case the maximum microbial activity would be attained earlier since the energy material was more available.