bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Inquiry into the Health of School Entrants in a Suburban Area
Authors: Nicoll Agnes Hill 
Published: May 2009

Summarising the results of this investigation, those set out in the first part of the paper are, on the whole, very gratifying. Making due allowances for difficulties of comparison, there is little doubt that entrants now are in a better condition than they were twenty years ago. The characters, e.g. general nutrition and state of teeth, for which there has been no improvement or actually a set back in recent years are those which might be expected to have been influenced by transitory conditions due to the war and are also those the measurement of which most closely depends upon the standard adopted; this standard has probably risen.In the second part of the paper, I have shown that there is an intimate relation between various defects which develop before, sometimes long before, school age and defects or disabilities which are of grave importance during school life. How far one is dealing with environmental effects and how far with inborn weaknesses cannot, of course, be ascertained without further data; but it is clear that the care of the child before admission to school is a matter deserving as much attention as possible, even with respect to shortcomings often attributed to factors only coming into play during school age.
A Further Study of Herd Mortality under Epidemic Conditions
Authors: Greenwood M. , Newbold E. M. , Topley W. W. C. , Wilson J. 
Published: May 2009

The results of this investigation may be summarised as follows:1. The qx or cage-age mortality curve of a herd increases rapidly to a maximum and thereafter descends to an approximately constant level which is much above the level of the qx for normal mice of ages within the range of real, physiological, age of animals living in the herds.2. At the latest ages under observation the principal factor of mortality is still the specific factor, so that the advantage produced by selective mortality and active immunisation is brought to a standstill far above the zero line. Exposure in a herd under the conditions of these experiments will not produce an ultimate population fully resistant to the specific factor of infection.3. It is probable that a large proportion, perhaps a majority, of the members of a herd become infected early in herd life, and gradually increase their degree of immunity because variations of environmental conditions, so far as these are measured by the general herd mortality, become less and less influential on the ultimate mortality of the exposed to risk the later the point in time chosen for measurement.4. Study of the form of the age-mortality curve is still proceeding; at present we cannot offer an adequate mathematical description of it which takes due account of the biological factors requiring attention.5. Quite provisionally, we attribute the difference in time of the maxima of the qx curves of Pasteurella and aertrycke epidemics to a difference of average interval between infection and death.
The Viability of B. tuberculosis (Bovinus) on Pasture Land, in Stored Faeces and in Liquid Manure
Authors: Williams R. Stenhouse , Hoy W. A. 
Published: May 2009

The results are collected in Table I, and it may be concluded that:1. Under ordinary conditions in the south of England B. tuberculosis may remain alive and virulent in cow's faeces exposed on pasture land for at least 5 months during winter, for 2 months during spring and for 4 months during autumn. In summer no living organisms were demonstrated after 2 months.2. Under special conditions, e.g. protection from direct sunlight, the survival period may be 4 months during summer. In autumn faeces protected from earthworms, etc., yielded bacilli after 6 months.
The Clinical Value of the combined Khan and Wassermann Tests in the Tropics, with Special Reference to Yaws and Syphilis
Authors: Burke-Gaffney H. J. O'D. 
Published: May 2009

1. Sera from 500 patients, mostly natives of East Africa, were tested by the Kahn and Wassermann tests, under conditions described.2. Clinical data were available in the case of 448 specimens. The results of tests upon 230 sera from cases believed to be yaws and syphilis and 218 cases believed not to be yaws and syphilis are discussed. In 46 of the 230 cases, treatment had previously been given.3. In interpreting results, the resolutions of the League of Nations' Conference on the Serodiagnosis of Syphilis were strictly followed.4. In the performance of the tests recognised standard methods were used.5. The two tests correlated exactly in 96·4 per cent. of all cases.6. The Kahn test was the more sensitive to yaws and syphilis.7. The Wassermann test alone gave one non-specific reaction.8. The reagents used in the Kahn test did not deteriorate when kept for two months at room temperature.9. It is suggested that although the use of both tests is preferable when practicable, the Kahn test alone is a reliable diagnostic measure in the tropics.
Serological Varieties of Typhus Fever
Authors: Felix A. , Rhodes M. 
Published: May 2009

1. Fletcher and Lesslar's observations on two serological types of tropical typhus have been fully confirmed.2. The antigenic relationship between the indologenicB. proteusX 19 and the non-indologenic Kingsbury strain is of the same order as that obtaining between the X 19 and X 2 types ofB. proteusX.3. The Kingsbury strain is an antigenic variant derived from the original X 19 culture and represents another serological type ofB. proteusX. The symbol XK is suggested for this type.4. Sera from cases of classical European typhus and of endemic typhus of the United States of America and of Australia have been tested for the occurrence of main and group O agglutinins for the known types ofB. proteusX.5. H agglutination as source of error in the diagnosis of typhus cases is illustrated by some examples.6. Sera from cases of tsutsugamushi from Sumatra and Japan react with type XK like the Malayan cases of this disease described by Fletcher and co-workers.7. This latter reaction is of the order of group O agglutination. It is suggested that antigenically the virus of tsutsugamushi corresponds to another serological type ofB. proteusX which is yet unknown.8. The data published on the serum reactions in Rocky Mountain spotted fever and in the “fièvre exanthématique” of Marseilles are analysed. It is suggested that these two diseases represent further serological varieties of typhus.9. The significance hitherto attached to negative agglutination tests withB. proteusX and to negative cross-immunity tests obtained with some typhuslike diseases requires revision in the light of recent observations.
Epidemic Dysentery in the Nursing Staff due to Bacillus dysenteriae (Sonne)
Authors: Cann L. W. , De Navasquez S. 
Published: May 2009

1. An epidemic of a dysenteroid nature, largely ambulatory, due to B. dysenteriae (Sonne), affecting some 100 nurses without transference to any hospital case in the wards served by this section of the nursing staff, is described.2. Sonne's bacillus was isolated from sixteen out of forty-two cases examined.3. The probable cause was infection of food during preparation in the kitchens by a carrier.4. A case of infection from laboratory cultures is described.5. Notes are given of investigations upon the colonial appearance, biochemical and agglutinogenic reactions and pathogenicity to rabbits of the organism isolated, and also upon the presence of agglutinins in the blood of infected cases.6. One case of infection in a rabbit by feeding experiments is described.
Observations on the bacterial flora of the hen's egg, with a description of new species ofProteusandPseudomonascausing rots in eggs
Authors: Haines R. B. 
Published: May 2009

1. Examination of several hundred eggs suggests that a high proportion (98%) of the whites of fresh eggs, and a slightly smaller proportion of the yolks (93%), are sterile.2. The shell of the egg is heavily infected with a heterogeneous flora, includingProteusandPseudomonasbacteria capable of producing rotting.3. The rots found in imported New Zealand and Australian eggs, and in English stored eggs, may be grouped into black rot, red rot, green rot, and a miscellaneous group.4. Black rot is brought about chiefly by strains ofProteus, but some species ofPseudomonascause some blackening. Red and green rots are due to infection with particular strains ofPseudomonas.5. A “fishy” odour is developed during the multiplication of certain atypical coliform organisms in the white, and a strong “cabbage-water” smell is often found after the growth ofPseudomonasspecies.6. Washing eggs under clean conditions has no effect on immediate bacterial penetration. Washing removes a protective coating so that if the eggs are subsequently soaked in a bacterial suspension, much more penetration of bacteria occurs than with untreated controls.7. Detailed descriptions of the coliform andProteusorganisms isolated are given. It is shown that the strains ofProteusfrom the eggs here investigated are antigenically not related toP. melanovogenesfound by Miles and Hainan to be the cause of black rot in South African eggs.8. It does not at present seem possible to assign specific names to the organisms isolated. The utilization of carbon sources by the species ofPseudomonasobtained from eggs, and by certain stock strains, and the possibility of a grouping on that basis, is discussed.
An investigation of the effects of certain substitutes for morphine and heroin upon the passage of food along the alimentary tract of the human subject
Authors: Myers G. Norman , Davidson S. Whately 
Published: May 2009

1. The effect of heroin, morphine, Dilaudid, Dicodid and Eukodol upon the human alimentary tract are described from observations involving the use of the barium meal and X-ray methods.2. The effects of Dilaudid closely resemble those of morphine. Dilaudid produces a condition of increased tone in the pyloric and ileo-colic sphincters resulting in delayed emptying of the stomach contents into the duodenum and a delayed passage of the intestinal contents into the caecum.3. Dicodid has a much weaker action upon the pyloric and ileo-colic sphincters than either morphine, heroin, Dilaudid or Eukodol. It causes only a negligible delay in the passage of food up to the 3 hr. stage, it being normal at the 6 hr. stage owing to a hastening of the motility rate.4. Eukodol has an action resembling that of morphine and is described.5. All these drugs possess well-marked analgesic properties.6. No gross rectal symptoms were observed in any of the subjects under observation.
The mortality of the haemolytic Streptococcus on the skin and on other surfaces
Authors: Burtenshaw J. M. L. 
Published: May 2009

1. A new technique is described for recovering applied organisms from the skin and other surfaces.2. Experiments are analysed, in which staphylococci and streptococci are recovered by this technique from various areas of the skin and from glass and rubber.3. It is concluded that the surfaces examined can be arranged in a definite order of decreasing disinfectant power.4. The peculiar disinfectant power of rubber is considered.5. The deterioration in surface viability of streptococci still surviving in saline suspension is described.6. The experimental results are discussed in the light of previous investigations.My grateful thanks are due to Professor J. B. Duguid, Department of Pathology and Bacteriology, Welsh National School of Medicine, Cardiff, for his patient counsel and criticism, and to Mr J. P. Napper, Technical Assistant for his skill in making apparatus and his help in the experimental work.
The experimental transformation of variola to vaccinia
Authors: Horgan E. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. The more recent literature on the experimental methods employed in variola or alastrim-vaccinia variation is reviewed and briefly discussed.2. An account is given of attempts to produce a vaccinia variant from variola of the virulent type and a successful result, by employing the method of intratesticular passage, has been described.3. The reasons for accepting this as a genuine variation and not a vaccinial contamination are discussed.4. An attempt has been made to analyse some possible factors underlying the discrepancies in the literature, and a plea is made for more co-operation in future work on the subject.
The estimation of the bactericidal power of the blood
Authors: Miles A. A. , Misra S. S. , Irwin J. O. 
Published: May 2009

The survival rate,p, of a measured inoculum ofStaph. aureusin a standard volume of denbrinated blood, is a reliable quantitative measure of the bactericidal power of blood. The number of viable organisms in the inoculum and in the blood-bacterium mixture may be estimated with the necessary accuracy by counts of colonies developing from measured volumes of the fluids let fall on to the surface of solid media. Fildes' agar was the most suitable medium for this surface-viable count, and was selected on the basis of four criteria; of the media tested it yielded the highest counts, and the counts conformed most closely to a Poisson series; and on it the mean colony size was maximum, and the coefficient of variation of colony size was minimum. On this medium, the close conformity of the separate count values to a Poisson series enabled the standard error of the survival rate to be determined from a simplification of the general expression for the standard error of a ratio.The number of colonies growing from a sample of a blood-bacterium mixture may be reduced, not by killing of the individual cocci, but as a result of their aggregation either by agglutinins in the blood, or in the cytoplasm of leucocytes that are phagocytic but not bactericidal. It appears that these mechanisms are unlikely to operate in blood-bacterium mixture containing relatively few organisms; in such mixtures the survival rate is a reflexion of the killing power only.The immunological significance ofphas not been investigated, but the range of values for healthy human adults differs significantly from that for sufferers from chronic staphylococcal infection. Moreover, by the technique employed differences may be detected between individual values ofpthat cannot reasonably be attributed to technical or sampling errors.
The streptolysins of various groups and types of haemolytic streptococci; a serological investigation
Authors: Todd E. W. 
Published: May 2009

1. Group A haemolytic streptococci produce two distinct varieties of streptolysin:(a) Streptolysin O which is oxygen sensitive.(b) Streptolysin S which is serum extractable.These two streptolysins are neutralized by separate antibodies which appear to be entirely unrelated.2. Neutralization experimentsin vitrowith group A antistreptolysin O show that streptolysin O is formed by strains belonging to groups A, C (human) and G; it is not formed by strains belonging to groups B, C (animal), D, E, H and K. The relation of group F strains to streptolysin O is at present uncertain.3. Group A strains of different serological types all produce streptolysin S neutralizable by group A antistreptolysin S. Strains belonging to groups B, C, D, E, F, G, H and K do not produce streptolysin S neutralizable by group A antistreptolysin S. The neutralization is therefore group-specific but not type-specific.
Investigation on the seasonal fluctuation of vitamin C excretion in Palestine
Authors: Guggenheim Karl 
Published: May 2009

During the period November 1936–November 1937 the vitamin C excreted in the urine by adults and children was investigated in a number of places in Palestine. The pronounced influence of the citrus season (winter and spring) with its greater consumption of citrus fruit was noted in all the population groups investigated. In the summer, however, when the supply of fresh vegetable sources of vitamin C is remarkably poor, much lower, partly subnormal, excretion values are to be found.The lower average excretion of vitamin C in the urine samples taken from children probably indicate a higher requirement by the growing than by the adult body.
The occurrence of Weil's disease among miners in the west of Scotland
Authors: Stuart R. D. 
Published: May 2009

Eleven cases of Weil's disease in miners from the west of Scotland have been encountered in the years 1937 and 1938. Only five showed jaundice.Ten cases of infection previous to this period have been determined by serological means. Eight were jaundiced.Information pointing to the occurrence of about eighteen more cases has been obtained from the Lanark public health authorities and from patients' statements.The occurence of leptospiral infection appears limited at the moment but is quite serious in certain areas.All available evidence points to the infectious being due to one specific strain of Leptospira.I should like to thank the Physicians and Surgeons of the Royal Infirmary for permission to obtain sera from miners in their wards, and in particular Prof. A. W. Harrington, Dr J. C. Middleton and Dr J. N. Cruickshank for clinical details of cases. In addition, I would express my indebtedness to Dr J. M. Lang, Medical Officer of Health, Lanark, for the opportunity to investigate suspected cases, past and present.
Incubation at 44°C. as a test for faecalcoli
Authors: Clegg L. F. L. , Sherwood H. P. , Dodgson R. W. 
Published: May 2009

1. The use ofEsch. colialone as an index of faecal pollution for shellfish, and the correlation between the 44° C. MacConkey test and citrate tests are discussed.2. The mercury-toluene thermo-regulator used in these experiments, which gives a maximum variation of ± 0.1° C., is discussed briefly and illustrated.3. Experiments are described in which 522 colonies from polluted shellfish were isolated, inoculated into MacConkey's broth and incubated at temperatures of 37° C. and at successive 1° intervals from 41 to 46° C., in accurately controlled water-baths. An almost perfect negative correlation was found to exist between 44° C. incubation and the citrate test.4. It appeared that temperatures above 44° C. are detrimental to the growth ofEsch. coli.5. Certain cultures of citrate-negative lactose fermenters at 37° C., which were inhibited at 44° C., were found on further investigation to be mostly intermediate types.
A slit sampler for collecting and counting air-borne bacteria
Authors: Bourdillon R. B. , Lidwell O. M. , Thomas John C. 
Published: May 2009

1. A slit sampler for air-borne bacteria is described, in which air is sucked through a narrow slit on to the surface of agar in an ordinary Petri dish.2. This method has proved very rapid and simple in use, and has appeared more efficient than other methods against which it has been tested.3. The collection efficiency for an aerosol consisting ofStaph. albus, sprayed from distilled water as single cocci, is about 96%. The method thus collects the finest bacteria-carrying, particles almost as efficiently as coarser ones.4. In contrast to this, the exposure of plain open Petri dishes appears to collect the larger particles in the air of crowded rooms at least 200 times as efficiently as it does single washed bacteria. This highly selective effect renders it advisable to use great caution in evaluating tests made in plain open dishes.5. The methods of determining sampling efficiency, and their errors are discussed in detail.
Observations on ‘hospital infection’ in a plastic surgery ward
Authors: Spooner E. T. C. 
Published: May 2009

Over a period of 6 months, wounds and throats in a plastic surgery ward were swabbed. Haemolytic streptococci obtained from them were typed by the late Dr F. Griffith and his staff at the M.E.C. Streptococcal Research Laboratory. 65% or more of the wounds in the ward were found to be infected with Streptococcus pyogenes, but relatively few suffered severe damage as a result of their infection.About a quarter of the cases admitted to the ward acquired streptococcal wound infections while in the ward. Two wound and throat epidemics, one due to type 13 and one to type 4/24 streptococci are described.
Further studies of incubation at 44° C. as a test for ‘faecal coli’
Authors: Sherwood H. P. , Clegg L. F. L. 
Published: May 2009

1. The authors concluded in a previous paper that the most reliable single test for the detection ofBact. coliwas incubation in MacConkey's broth at 44° C, such a test forBact. colialone being necessary in shellfish because of occasional multiplication of other coliforms in purified mussels. The present investigation is an attempt to verify this finding on a broader basis.2. A description is given of the isolation of 1600 cultures of coliform organisms from polluted mussels, sewage, and faeces (human, cow, sheep and sea birds). Their classification according to ‘IMViC’ reactions and the production of gas in MacConkey's broth at temperatures of 37, 41, 44, 45 and 46° C. is given.3. Of the + + − − type, 1036 out of 1065 cultures (97·3%) were found to produce gas in MacConkey's broth at 44° C. A balance is noted between the + + − − type which does not produce gas at 44° C. (irregular I) and the two irregular types which do so (irregular II and irregular VI). Such a balance was reported by Bardsley (1938).4. From the cultures examined it is confirmed that incubation at 44° C. is the most suitable temperature for use with MacConkey's broth for permitting the maximum number ofBact. colito produce gas while inhibiting the maximum number of other coliforms.
A study on bacteriological lines of the antigens derived from Bact. dysenteriae Shiga and of their antisera in protective tests against the living organisms
Authors: Steabben Dorothy 
Published: May 2009

1. An examination by bacteriological methods has been made of the antigens present in the washed bacilli of smooth Shiga strains and certain derived variants, including the rough type.2. The washed formol-killed smooth bacilli kill mice only in massive doses of the order of 5000 millions, suggesting death from protein shock; no protection against a fatal issue is afforded by antibacterial sera. This finding is discussed in relation to recently acquired information obtained by chemical methods on the occurrence of a specific enterotropic toxin in the smooth bacilli, as distinct from the enterotropic toxin present together with a neurotoxin in autolysates of smooth and rough bacilli.3. Antibacterial sera prepared by immunization with the smooth antigen have high protective value against infection with the living smooth bacilli but not against pure toxin, whereas purely antitoxic sera have no value against infection with the living smooth bacilli.4. From experiments so far performed, protection against infection with the living rough bacilli has been afforded only by sera prepared from formol-killed rough bacilli and from acetone-killed rough bacilli.5. From findings reported in (3) inferences are drawn with regard to improvements in the manufacture of dysentery serum for use in man, both prophylactically and therapeutically.6. The presence of two distinct antigens in the Shiga bacillus has been clearly demonstrated, since the protective values of their corresponding antisera are sharply defined, and do not overlap. The existence of the neurotoxin as a separate entity, unrelated to the smooth ‘endotoxin’, has also been shown by its derivation from a completely ‘rough’ strain, but though the smooth somatic antigen gives rise to a highly protective antiserum, in these experiments it has not been shown, per se, to be a specific toxin.The writer wishes to thank Sir John. Ledingham and Dr G. F. Petrie for their advice and criticism during this work, and Dr D. W. Henderson, by whom the experiments were first suggested.