bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A component model for hard real‐time systems: CCM with ARINC‐653
Authors: Dubey Abhishek , Karsai Gabor , Mahadevan Nagabhushan 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYThe size and complexity of software in safety‐critical systems is increasing at a rapid pace. One technology that can be used to mitigate this complexity is component‐based software development. However, in spite of the apparent benefits of a component‐based approach to development, little work has been done in applying these concepts to hard real‐time systems. This paper improves the state of the art by making three contributions: (1) we present a component model for hard real‐time systems and define the semantics of different types of component interactions; (2) we present an implementation of a middleware that supports this component model. This middleware combines an open‐source CORBA Component Model (CCM) implementation (MICO) with ARINC‐653: a state‐of‐the‐art real‐time operating systems (RTOS) standard, (3) finally; we describe a modeling environment that enables design, analysis, and deployment of component assemblies. We conclude with a discussion of the lessons learned during this exercise. Our experiences point toward extending both the CCM as well as revising the ARINC‐653. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examining Cognitive Biases in Patients With Delusions of Reference
Authors: Menon M. , Addington J. , Remington G. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCognitive biases may not be seen in all subtypes of delusions, and might be more involved in the etiology of some delusional subtypes than others. A sample of patients with delusions of reference did not show the jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias. JTC appears to be more closely related to paranoia than referential delusions.
DENSE SETS OF INTEGERS WITH A PRESCRIBED REPRESENTATION FUNCTION
Authors: TANG MIN 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA set A⊆ℤ is called an asymptotic basis of ℤ if all but finitely many integers can be represented as a sum of two elements of A. Let A be an asymptotic basis of integers with prescribed representation function, then how dense A can be? In this paper, we prove that there exist a real number c>0 and an asymptotic basis A with prescribed representation function such that $A(-x,x)\geq c\sqrt {x}$ for infinitely many positive integers x.
Under-recognition and reporting of dengue in Cambodia: a capture–recapture analysis of the National Dengue Surveillance System
Authors: VONG S. , GOYET S. , LY S. , NGAN C. , HUY R. , DUONG V. , WICHMANN O. , LETSON G. W. , MARGOLIS H. S. , BUCHY P. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYRobust disease burden estimates are important for decision-making concerning introduction of new vaccines. Dengue is a major public health problem in the tropics but robust disease burden estimates are lacking. We conducted a two-sample, capture–recapture study in the largest province in Cambodia to determine disease under-recognition to the National Dengue Surveillance System (NDSS). During 2006–2008, community-based active surveillance for acute febrile illness was conducted in 0- to 19-year-olds in rural and urban areas combined with testing for dengue virus infection. Of 14 354 individuals under active surveillance (22 498 person-seasons), the annual incidence ranged from 13·4 to 57·8/1000 person-seasons. During the same period, NDSS incidence rates ranged from 1·1/1000 to 5·7/1000, which was 3·9- to 29·0-fold lower than found in the capture–recapture study. In hospitalized cases, the rate of under-recognition was 1·1- to 2·4-fold. This study shows the substantial degree of under-recognition/reporting of dengue and that reported hospitalized cases are not a good surrogate for estimating dengue disease burden.
Sharing of quorum-sensing signals and role of interspecies communities in a bacterial plant disease
Authors: Hosni Taha , Moretti Chiaraluce , Devescovi Giulia , Suarez-Moreno Zulma Rocio , Fatmi M' Barek , Guarnaccia Corrado , Pongor Sandor , Onofri Andrea , Buonaurio Roberto , Venturi Vittorio 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria interact not only with the host organism but most probably also with the resident microbial flora. In the knot disease of the olive tree (Olea europaea), the causative agent is the bacterium Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi (Psv). Two bacterial species, namely Pantoea agglomerans and Erwinia toletana, which are not pathogenic and are olive plant epiphytes and endophytes, have been found very often to be associated with the olive knot. We identified the chemical signals that are produced by strains of the three species isolated from olive knot and found that they belong to the N-acyl-homoserine lactone family of QS signals. The luxI/R family genes responsible for the production and response to these signals in all three bacterial species have been identified and characterized. Genomic knockout mutagenesis and in planta experiments showed that virulence of Psv critically depends on QS; however, the lack of signal production can be complemented by wild-type E. toletana or P. agglomerans. It is also apparent that the disease caused by Psv is aggravated by the presence of the two other bacterial species. In this paper we discuss the potential role of QS in establishing a stable consortia leading to a poly-bacterial disease.
Illumina-based analysis of microbial community diversity
Authors: Degnan Patrick H , Ochman Howard 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Microbes commonly exist in milieus of varying complexity and diversity. Although cultivation-based techniques have been unable to accurately capture the true diversity within microbial communities, these deficiencies have been overcome by applying molecular approaches that target the universally conserved 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The recent application of 454 pyrosequencing to simultaneously sequence thousands of 16S rDNA sequences (pyrotags) has revolutionized the characterization of complex microbial communities. To date, studies based on 454 pyrotags have dominated the field, but sequencing platforms that generate many more sequence reads at much lower costs have been developed. Here, we use the Illumina sequencing platform to design a strategy for 16S amplicon analysis (iTags), and assess its generality, practicality and potential complications. We fabricated and sequenced paired-end libraries of amplified hyper-variable 16S rDNA fragments from sets of samples that varied in their contents, ranging from a single bacterium to highly complex communities. We adopted an approach that allowed us to evaluate several potential sources of errors, including sequencing artifacts, amplification biases, non-corresponding paired-end reads and mistakes in taxonomic classification. By considering each source of error, we delineate ways to make biologically relevant and robust conclusions from the millions of sequencing reads that can be readily generated by this technology.
DddW, a third DMSP lyase in a model Roseobacter marine bacterium, Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3
Authors: Todd Jonathan D , Kirkwood Mark , Newton-Payne Simone , Johnston Andrew W B 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3 is a model Roseobacter marine bacterium, particularly regarding its catabolism of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), an abundant anti-stress molecule made by marine phytoplankton. We found a novel gene, dddW, which encodes a DMSP lyase that cleaves DMSP into acrylate plus the environmentally important volatile dimethyl sulfide (DMS). Mutations in dddW reduced, but did not abolish DMS production. Transcription of dddW was greatly enhanced by pre-growth of cells with DMSP, via a LysR-type regulator. Close DddW homologs occur in only one other Roseobacter species, and there are no close homologs and only a few related sequences in metagenomes of marine bacteria. In addition to DddW, R. pomeroyi DSS-3 had been shown to have two other, different, DMSP lyases, DddP and DddQ, plus an enzyme that demethylates DMSP, emphasizing the importance of this substrate for this model bacterium.
Climate related sea-level variations over the past two millennia
Authors: Kemp Andrew C. , Horton Benjamin P. , Donnelly Jeffrey P. , Mann Michael E. , Vermeer Martin , Rahmstorf Stefan 
Published: June 2011

We present new sea-level reconstructions for the past 2100 y based on salt-marsh sedimentary sequences from the US Atlantic coast. The data from North Carolina reveal four phases of persistent sea-level change after correction for glacial isostatic adjustment. Sea level was stable from at least BC 100 until AD 950. Sea level then increased for 400 y at a rate of 0.6 mm/y, followed by a further period of stable, or slightly falling, sea level that persisted until the late 19th century. Since then, sea level has risen at an average rate of 2.1 mm/y, representing the steepest century-scale increase of the past two millennia. This rate was initiated between AD 1865 and 1892. Using an extended semiempirical modeling approach, we show that these sea-level changes are consistent with global temperature for at least the past millennium.
Structural and biochemical characterization of two binding sites for nucleation-promoting factor WASp-VCA on Arp2/3 complex
Authors: Ti Shih-Chieh , Jurgenson Christopher T. , Nolen Bradley J. , Pollard Thomas D. 
Published: June 2011

Actin-related protein (Arp) 2/3 complex mediates the formation of actin filament branches during endocytosis and at the leading edge of motile cells. The pathway of branch formation is ambiguous owing to uncertainty regarding the stoichiometry and location of VCA binding sites on Arp2/3 complex. Isothermal titration calorimetry showed that the CA motif from the C terminus of fission yeast WASP (Wsp1p) bound to fission yeast and bovine Arp2/3 complex with a stoichiometry of 2 to 1 and very different affinities for the two sites (
K
d
s of 0.13 and 1.6 μM for fission yeast Arp2/3 complex). Equilibrium binding, kinetic, and cross-linking experiments showed that (
i
) CA at high-affinity site 1 inhibited Arp2/3 complex binding to actin filaments, (
ii
) low-affinity site 2 had a higher affinity for CA when Arp2/3 complex was bound to actin filaments, and (
iii
) Arp2/3 complex had a much higher affinity for free CA than VCA cross-linked to an actin monomer. Crystal structures showed the C terminus of CA bound to the low-affinity site 2 on Arp3 of bovine Arp2/3 complex. The C helix is likely to bind to the barbed end groove of Arp3 in a position for VCA to deliver the first actin subunit to the daughter filament.
Erythrocyte membrane-camouflaged polymeric nanoparticles as a biomimetic delivery platform
Authors: Hu Che-Ming J. , Zhang Li , Aryal Santosh , Cheung Connie , Fang Ronnie H. , Zhang Liangfang 
Published: June 2011

Efforts to extend nanoparticle residence time in vivo have inspired many strategies in particle surface modifications to bypass macrophage uptake and systemic clearance. Here we report a top-down biomimetic approach in particle functionalization by coating biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles with natural erythrocyte membranes, including both membrane lipids and associated membrane proteins for long-circulating cargo delivery. The structure, size and surface zeta potential, and protein contents of the erythrocyte membrane-coated nanoparticles were verified using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and gel electrophoresis, respectively. Mice injections with fluorophore-loaded nanoparticles revealed superior circulation half-life by the erythrocyte-mimicking nanoparticles as compared to control particles coated with the state-of-the-art synthetic stealth materials. Biodistribution study revealed significant particle retention in the blood 72 h following the particle injection. The translocation of natural cellular membranes, their associated proteins, and the corresponding functionalities to the surface of synthetic particles represents a unique approach in nanoparticle functionalization.
Performance of multi-aperture grid extraction systems for an ITER-relevant RF-driven negative hydrogen ion source
Authors: Franzen P. , Gutser R. , Fantz U. , Kraus W. , Falter H. , Fröschle M. , Heinemann B. , McNeely P. , Nocentini R. , Riedl R. , Stäbler A. , Wünderlich D. 
Published: June 2011

The ITER neutral beam system requires a negative hydrogen ion beam of 48 A with an energy of 0.87 MeV, and a negative deuterium beam of 40 A with an energy of 1 MeV. The beam is extracted from a large ion source of dimension 1.9 × 0.9 m2 by an acceleration system consisting of seven grids with 1280 apertures each. Currently, apertures with a diameter of 14 mm in the first grid are foreseen.
In 2007, the IPP RF source was chosen as the ITER reference source due to its reduced maintenance compared with arc-driven sources and the successful development at the BATMAN test facility of being equipped with the small IPP prototype RF source (
of the area of the ITER NBI source). These results, however, were obtained with an extraction system with 8 mm diameter apertures.
This paper reports on the comparison of the source performance at BATMAN of an ITER-relevant extraction system equipped with chamfered apertures with a 14 mm diameter and 8 mm diameter aperture extraction system. The most important result is that there is almost no difference in the achieved current density—being consistent with ion trajectory calculations—and the amount of co-extracted electrons. Furthermore, some aspects of the beam optics of both extraction systems are discussed.
Place‐Based Income Inequality Clusters in the Rural North Central Region, 1979–2009
Authors: Peters David J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis analysis identifies and describes clusters of persistently low and high income inequality for N = 7,353 non‐metropolitan block‐groups in the western part of the North Central Region. Analysis finds more low inequality than high inequality places in the region, but there are also large numbers of rising inequality places. Lower inequality places are found to have poorer demographic and economic outcomes than higher inequality places, contrary to what is found in the literature. Lower inequality places are also found to be more specialized in traditional agricultural and industrial sectors, while higher inequality places are more specialized in higher skilled services industries.
Social Status and Risky Health Behaviors: Results From the Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Wray Linda A. , Alwin Duane F. , McCammon Ryan J. 
Published: June 2011

Objectives. We focus on a hypothesized mechanism that may underlie the well-documented link between social status and health–behavioral health risks.
Methods. We use longitudinal data from representative samples of 6,106 middle-aged and 3,636 older adults from the Health and Retirement Study to examine the relationships between social status—including early life social status (e.g., parental schooling), ascribed social status (e.g., sex, race–ethnicity), and achieved social status (e.g., schooling, economic resources)—and behavioral health risks (e.g., weight, smoking, drinking, physical activity) to (1) assess how early life and ascribed social statuses are linked to behavioral health risks, (2) investigate the role of achieved factors in behavioral health risks, (3) test whether achieved status explains the contributions of early life and ascribed status, and (4) examine whether the social status and health risk relationships differ at midlife and older age.
Results. We find that early life, achieved, and ascribed social statuses strongly predict behavioral health risks, although the effects are stronger in midlife than they are in older age.
Discussion. Ascribed social statuses (and interactions of sex and race–ethnicity), which are important predictors of behavioral health risks even net of early life and achieved social status, should be explored in future research.
Anesthetic Block of Pain-related Cortical Activity in Patients with Peripheral Nerve Injury Measured by Magnetoencephalography
Authors: Theuvenet Peter J. , de Munck Jan C. , Peters Maria J. , van Ree Jan M. , Lopes da Silva Fernando L. , Chen Andrew C. N. 
Published: June 2011

Background
This study examined whether chronic neuropathic pain, modulated by a local anesthetic block, is associated with cortical magnetic field changes.

Methods
In a group of 20 patients with pain caused by unilateral traumatic peripheral nerve injury, a local block with lidocaine 1% was administered and the cortical effects were measured and compared with a control group. The global field power (GFP), describing distribution of cortical activation after median and ulnar nerve stimulation, was plotted and calculated. The effects on the affected hemisphere and the unaffected hemisphere (UH) before and after a block of the injured nerve were statistically evaluated.

Results
Major differences based on the GFP curves, at a component between 50 ms - 90 ms (M70), were found in patients: in the affected hemisphere the M70 GFP peak values were statistically significantly larger in comparison with the UH, and the GFP curves differed morphologically. Interestingly, the mean UH responses were reduced in comparison with the control group, a finding suggesting that the UH is also part of the cortical changes. At M70, the GFP curves and values in the affected hemisphere were modulated by a local block of the median or the ulnar nerve. The most likely location of cortical adaptation is in the primary somatosensory cortex.

Conclusions
Cortical activation is enhanced in the affected hemisphere compared with the UH and is modulated by a local block. The UH in neuropathic pain changes as well. Evoked fields may offer an opportunity to monitor the effectiveness of treatments of neuropathic pain in humans.
A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the ENIGMA Trial
Authors: Graham Alison M. , Myles Paul S. , Leslie Kate , Chan Matthew T.V. , Paech Michael J. , Peyton Philip , El Dawlatly Abdelazeem A. 
Published: June 2011

Background
The ENIGMA trial was a prospective, randomized, multicenter study that evaluated the clinical consequences of including N₂O in general anesthesia. Patients who were given a N₂O-free anesthetic when undergoing major surgery for which the expected hospital stay was at least 3 days had lower rates of some postoperative complications. This suggests that, despite a higher consumption of potent inhalational agent, there could be a financial benefit when N₂O is avoided in such settings.

Methods
A retrospective cost analysis of the 2,050 patients recruited to the ENIGMA trial was performed. We measured costs from the perspective of an implementing hospital. Direct health care costs include the costs for maintaining anesthesia, daily medications, hospitalization, and complications. The primary outcome was the net financial savings from avoiding N₂O in major noncardiac surgery. Comparisons between groups were analyzed using Student t test and bootstrap methods. Sensitivity analyses were also performed.

Results
Rates of some serious complications were higher in the N₂O group. Total costs in the N₂O group were $16,203 and in the N₂O-free group $13,837, mean difference of $2,366 (95% CI: 841-3,891); P = 0.002. All sensitivity analyses retained a significant difference in favor of the N₂O-free group (all P ≤ 0.005).

Conclusions
Despite N₂O reducing the consumption of more expensive potent inhalational agent, there were marked additional costs associated with its use in adult patients undergoing major surgery because of an increased rate of complications. There is no cogent argument to continue using N₂O on the basis that it is an inexpensive drug.
Defecation Disorders in Children After Surgery for Hirschsprung Disease
Authors: Chumpitazi Bruno P , Nurko Samuel 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and Objective:The majority of children with Hirschsprung disease (HD) after corrective surgery (CS) develop protracted defecation disorders (DDs) such as constipation, fecal incontinence, and/or enterocolitis. The aim of this investigation was to determine the diagnoses, therapies, and long‐term clinical outcomes using a systematic algorithm to address protracted DD in children with HD after CS.Methods:Retrospective review of children with HD after CS cared for using a systematic algorithm at a tertiary care center. Potential anatomic etiologies were evaluated for first. Clinical outcome was categorized into 4 groups based on symptom severity, time interval from last enterocolitis episode, laxative usage, and/or rectal therapies at the time of last follow‐up.Results:Fifty‐seven children were identified, of whom 51 (89.5%) had obstructive symptoms and/or enterocolitis and 6 (10.5%) had nonretentive fecal incontinence. Nonintractable constipation responsive to laxatives was identified in 10 (17.5%), colonic dysmotility in 4 (7.0%), nonrelaxing anal sphincter as a primary etiology in 22 (38.6%), bacterial overgrowth in 2 (3.5%), food intolerance in 2 (3.5%), and rapid transit in 2 (3.5%). Further surgical intervention was undertaken in 22 (38.6%), including 9 (15.8%) for residual aganglionosis. Mean follow‐up was 41.4 ± 4.5 months. Clinical outcomes were excellent in 16 (28.1%), good in 22 (38.6%), fair in 1 (1.8%), and poor in 18 (31.6%). Children with enterocolitis were more likely to have an excellent or good clinical outcome.Conclusions:The majority of children with HD and protracted DD after CS have a favorable long‐term clinical outcome when following a systematic algorithm.
Urotensin II Levels Are an Important Marker for the Severity of Portal Hypertension in Children
Authors: Pawar Reshma , Kemp William , Roberts Stuart , Krum Henry , Yandle Tim , Hardikar Winita 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and Aim:Urotensin II (U‐II), a somatostatin‐like cyclic peptide, was recently identified as the most potent human vasoconstrictor peptide; however, the contribution of U‐II–mediated alterations in peripheral vascular tone in disease states such as chronic liver disease and portal hypertension is poorly characterised. There are no data examining U‐II in chronic liver disease in children. In this study, we aimed to determine whether U‐II levels in healthy children are ontogenically regulated and we explored the effect of chronic liver disease on peripheral circulating U‐II levels.Materials and Methods:U‐II levels from healthy controls (n = 129) were compared with a healthy adult population (n = 80) in addition to a well‐characterised cohort of children with chronic liver disease (n = 20). U‐II was measured by radioimmunoassay.Results:There was no correlation between U‐II and age in healthy children (r2 = 0, P = 0.8). U‐II levels were similar between the paediatric and the adult control populations (1.35 ± 0.96 vs 1.25 ± 0.78, P = 0.8). U‐II was significantly elevated in children with liver disease compared with controls (1.35 ± 0.96 pmol/L vs 3.56 ± 2.21 pmol/L; P < 0.001). In addition, U‐II levels positively correlated with severity of liver disease as determined by Child‐Pugh score (P < 0.05) and paediatric end‐stage liver disease score (P < 0.001). Levels of U‐II also correlated with long‐term clinical outcome.Conclusions:These data suggest that U‐II is an important marker of severity of portal hypertension in children. It is independent of age and may be a potential therapeutic target in the chronic liver disease population.