bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Animal Partnership's 5-Step™ Animal Welfare Rating Standards: a welfare-labelling scheme that allows for continuous improvement
Authors: Duncan IJH , Park M , Malleau AE 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOne challenge with animal welfare assessment programmes is that standards that make a meaningful difference to welfare can be difficult for a broad spectrum of producers to meet, thereby preventing many from engaging at all. Global Animal Partnership's (GAP's) 5-Step™ Animal Welfare Rating Standards are unique in that they are designed as a multi-tiered system that encourages continuous welfare improvement. The 5-Step program allows for a wide variety of production models — from small farms raising fewer than 50 animals in extensive, outdoor systems to larger, indoor operations raising tens of millions — and allows producers to move up the Steps as they choose. Each additional Step provides a four-fold benefit: the animals have improved welfare, the producer has the opportunity of greater rewards and more accurate representation of her or his farming practices, retailers can provide wider product selection to meet their customer demands, and consumers have the guarantee of ever-increasing, welfare-friendly choices as well as a transparent source of information on how their meat was raised. GAP began piloting its 5-Step program in 2008 with comprehensive on-farm/on-ranch and transport standards for meat chickens, pigs and beef cattle in an exclusive, two-year partnership with Whole Foods Market (WFM), North America's largest natural-foods grocer. The variety of farms and ranches supplying WFM provided a thorough testing ground for the programme. Chicken, pork, beef and turkey products ranging from Step 1 to Step 5+ are available regionally in WFM stores in the USA and Canada. Having successfully completed this pilot phase with WFM, GAP is now negotiating with other retailers, both restaurants and grocers, as well as further-processors, in North America and beyond. The essence of the Steps is captured by the following phrases: Step 1 — no crowding, cages or crates; Step 2 — an enriched environment; Step 3 — enhanced outdoor access; Step 4 — pasture centred; Step 5 — animal-centred: bred for the outdoors; and Step 5+ — animal-centred: entire life on the same farm. As of 1 December 2011, more than 1,740 third-party audited and certified farms and ranches are raising more than 140 million animals annually according to GAP's 5-Step Animal Welfare Rating Standards.
Critical control points in the delivery of improved animal welfare
Authors: Webster J 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis paper describes the implementation and simultaneous promotion of an action plan designed to ensure animal welfare standards on-farm that exceed the requirements for acceptability in law. The approach is based on two action cycles, the producer and retailer cycles, The producer cycle, involving welfare audit and the implementation of an action plan for welfare has four stages: self-assessment; independent audit; creation of an action plan based on identification of principal hazards and critical control points; review; and revision of the action plan depending upon assessment of outcomes. The retailer cycle is designed to set quality standards for animal welfare, demonstrate compliance, promote proven high welfare products and reward producers. The paper reviews some incentives and constraints to action for both farmers and retailers and presents encouraging examples of the extent to which both producers and retailers have responded to increased public demand for high welfare products.
A method for the economic valuation of animal welfare benefits using a single welfare score
Authors: Bennett R , Kehlbacher A , Balcombe K 
Published: May 2012

AbstractUnless the benefits to society of measures to protect and improve the welfare of animals are made transparent by means of their valuation they are likely to go unrecognised and cannot easily be weighed against the costs of such measures as required, for example, by policy-makers. A simple single measure scoring system, based on the Welfare Quality® index, is used, together with a choice experiment economic valuation method, to estimate the value that people place on improvements to the welfare of different farm animal species measured on a continuous (0-100) scale. Results from using the method on a survey sample of some 300 people show that it is able to elicit apparently credible values. The survey found that 96% of respondents thought that we have a moral obligation to safeguard the welfare of animals and that over 72% were concerned about the way farm animals are treated. Estimated mean annual willingness to pay for meat from animals with improved welfare of just one point on the scale was £5.24 for beef cattle, £4.57 for pigs and £5.10 for meat chickens. Further development of the method is required to capture the total economic value of animal welfare benefits. Despite this, the method is considered a practical means for obtaining economic values that can be used in the cost-benefit appraisal of policy measures intended to improve the welfare of animals.
Commodifying animal welfare
Authors: Buller H , Roe E 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAs the profile of farm animal welfare rises within food production chains, in response both to consumer demand and greater ethical engagement with the lives of animals, animal welfare is increasingly being commodified by various foodchain actors. That is to say that, over and above regulatory or assurance scheme compliance, welfare conditions and criteria are being used as a ‘value-added’ component or distinctive selling point for food products, brands or even particular manufacturers and retailers. We argue in this paper that such a commodification process has major implications both for the way in which farm animal welfare is defined and assessed (with greater emphasis being placed either on those welfare elements that lend themselves to commodification processes or on those that respond to consumer interpretations of what ‘good’ welfare might be at a particular time) and for the ways in which farm animal welfare is articulated and presented to food consumers as a component of product value or quality.
Better rodent control by better regulation: regulatory incentives and regulator support to improve the humaneness of rodent control
Authors: Littin KE 
Published: May 2012

AbstractRegulation by government can act as a constraint to improving the humaneness of rodent control, or it can be used to support improvements. How do we make sure it does one and not the other? Societal support and understanding, economic impacts and current knowledge can all ‘make or break’ progress towards improved rodent control. This is also true in the development of regulations to support this improvement. Moreover, the development of regulations can itself slow progress towards better rodent control. There are many ways that governments, working in a national co-ordination role and as research funders, animal pest managers and regulators, can support a move towards improved rodent control. Progress will depend on finding ways that meet the need to control the impacts of rodents as pests and that are acceptable to citizens and budgets.
Minimising number killed in long-term vertebrate pest management programmes, and associated economic incentives
Authors: Warburton B , Tompkins DM , Choquenot D , Cowan P 
Published: May 2012

AbstractManagement of invasive vertebrate species often requires the use of lethal control tools such as toxins, traps, or shooting. However, because these pest species are sentient and have the capacity to suffer, the application of such tools raises concerns about welfare impacts. To address such concerns, research, policy and regulation have focused most often on the welfare impacts (humaneness) of the tools at the individual animal level (ie the ‘quality’ of the impact) with no attempt to assess welfare at the population level (ie the ‘quantity’ of the impact). Because control programmes often target large numbers of animals, we suggest that when the welfare costs of pest control operations and strategies are being evaluated, the numbers of individuals involved should be considered in addition to the intensity and duration of individual suffering. We explore this concept using a modelling framework and three New Zealand case studies (brushtail possums [Trichosurus vulpecula], ship rats[Rattus rattus], and Bennett's wallabies[Macropus rufogriseus])to assess the extent to which typical control strategies used by land managers influence the numbers of animals killed. We test whether a predicted relationship between numbers killed and position on the population growth curve holds across these scenarios, and identify whether it would be economically viable for end-users to adopt more welfare-friendly control strategies (ie those that kill fewer individuals to achieve the required management outcomes) for these pest species, or whether some form of incentive would be required. Computer modelling showed that for four simulated brushtail possum control strategies, the number of animals killed on a 1,000-ha area over 30 years ranged from approximately 13,000 to 26,000. Similarly, for two ship rat control strategies, numbers killed over a 20-year period were 977 for an aerial strategy versus 1,517 for a ground-based strategy. For both species, the strategies that killed fewest animals generally also cost the least. For Bennett's wallabies, because farmers only carry out control for production benefits, the control strategy they are most likely to select would result in the highest number of wallabies killed. To reduce the number of wallabies killed while allowing farmers to achieve some production benefits, farmers would need to receive some additional financial benefit. The concept of welfare incentive then raises questions such as ‘what willingness is there to pay for increased welfare’ and ‘to what extent can reducing control costs substitute for incentive payments in reducing numbers killed?’
Accountability Reduces Unconscious Plagiarism
Authors: Weidler Blaire J. , Multhaup Kristi S. , Faust Mark E. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryWe investigated how holding participants accountable for their responses affected unconscious plagiarism when solving a Boggle puzzle task (finding words in a 4 × 4 letter matrix). Both experimental and control participants (N = 60) generated puzzle solutions with a computer partner, recalled their own previously generated solutions, and then produced new solutions to the puzzles. Accountability was manipulated by telling participants in the experimental group before beginning the initial‐generation phase that at the end of the session, they would review their generated responses with the researcher (accountable participants). Accountable participants plagiarized less than control participants when generating words with the computer and generating new solutions on their own but not when they were attempting to recall words they initially generated. The data are discussed in terms of the leading theoretical explanation of unconscious plagiarism, the source‐monitoring framework. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assembly of Layered Rare‐Earth Hydroxide Nanosheets and SiO2 Nanoparticles to Fabricate Multifunctional Transparent Films Capable of Combinatorial Color Generation
Authors: Lee Byung‐Il , Lee Eun‐su , Byeon Song‐Ho 
Published: May 2012

AbstractColloidal solutions of layered rare‐earth hydroxide nanosheets provide a simple route to deposit ultra thin luminescence films. The antireflection and antifogging properties were integrated into transparent luminescent films by the layer‐by‐layer assembly of Eu3+, Tb3+, Dy3+ doped‐hydroxocation nanosheets and negatively‐charged SiO2 nanoparticles. Resulting multifunctional films exhibited efficient red, green, and blue emissions with controllable intensity. Highly improved transmittance enabled us to display combinatorial color luminescence, which can be achieved by multiply overlapping individual films with different combinations, without significant loss of transparency. Triple overlap of red/green/blue films generated an excellent white‐light under 254 nm UV irradiation.
Catalytic C‐F Bond Activation of Perfluoroarenes by Tricoordinated Gold(I) Complexes
Authors: Zhan Jin‐Hui , Lv Hongbin , Yu Yi , Zhang Jun‐Long 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe report the first example of gold catalyzing CF bond activation for perfluoroarenes in the presence of silanes. Tricoordinated gold(I) complexes supported by Xantphos‐type ligands, such as Xantphos and tBuXantphos ligands, exhibit efficacy in the hydrodefluorination (HDF) of various types of perfluoroarenes. For [tBuXantphosAu(AuCl2)], the highest turnover number is up to 1000 in the HDF of pentafluoronitrobenzene with diphenylsilane. An examination of functional group tolerance shows the orthogonality of this gold(I) catalytic protocol to ketone, ester, carboxylate, alkynyl, alkenyl and amide groups, suggesting its potential application in chemoselective CF activations. Mechanistic studies show that the equilibrium between tetracoordinated [L2Au]+ and [LAu]+ is important for the reactivity of gold catalysts, which is dependent on the sterically bulky group of Xantphos‐type ligands. Furthermore, computational studies for the possible reaction pathways suggest that direct oxidative addition of CF bonds by gold(I) cation might be the key step during these catalytic reactions.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Pyrazino[2,1‐b]quinazolines and 3‐Indolyl‐2(1H)‐pyrazinones Employing a Chemoselective Silver(I)‐ and Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Reaction
Authors: Vachhani Dipak D. , Mehta Vaibhav P. , Modha Sachin G. , Van Hecke Kristof , VanMeervelt Luc , Van der Eycken Erik V. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractNovel microwave‐assisted syntheses of pyrazino[2,1‐b]quinazolines and 3‐indolyl‐2(1H)‐pyrazinones employing silver(I)‐ or gold(I)‐catalyzed protocols have been elaborated. The scope and limitations of these processes have been investigated.
Organophosphorus‐Catalysed Staudinger Reduction
Authors: van Kalkeren Henri A. , Bruins Jorick J. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. , van Delft Floris L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe first Staudinger reduction that is catalytic in phosphine has been developed, showing excellent yields and functional group selectivity. To this end we utilised dibenzophosphole catalysts and mild in situ reduction of the intermediate iminophosphoranes. We could avoid the necessity of water during the reduction, obtained no phosphine oxides as waste and thus enabled facile purification of the product. A range of azides was converted into amines with good to excellent yields and high functional group tolerance.
Control of Six Contiguous Stereocenters in an Asymmetric Organocatalytic One‐Pot Michael/Michael/Aldol Addition Sequence
Authors: Enders Dieter , Urbanietz Gregor , Cassens‐Sasse Elisa , Keeß Sebastian , Raabe Gerhard 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe asymmetric organocatalytic one‐pot synthesis of polyfunctionalized cyclohexanes is described. Starting from β‐keto esters, nitroalkenes and α,β‐unstaturated aldehydes and employing a bifunctional norephedrine‐based thiourea catalyst, six contiguous stereocenters including one quarternary center are generated. The one‐pot protocol follows a Michael/Michael/aldol addition sequence and affords the highly substituted cyclohexanes in moderate to very good yields (22–70%), diastereomeric ratios of dr>95:5 and excellent enantioselectivities of 91–99% ee.
Probing the Mechanism of the Asymmetric Aminolysis of meso‐Epoxides Catalyzed by a Proline‐Based N,N′‐Dioxide‐Indium Tris(triflate) Complex
Authors: Gao Bo , Xie Mingsheng , Sun Aimin , Hu Xiaolei , Ding Xueqing , Liu Xiaohua , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAn exploration of the mechanism of the aminolysis of meso‐epoxides catalyzed by the proline‐based N,N′‐dioxide‐indium tris(triflate) complex was performed using control experiments, UV‐Vis spectroscopy, 1H NMR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Control experiments disclosed that the ligand‐to‐indium tris(triflate) ratio, the catalyst loading, the concentration, and the presence of 4 Å MS have dramatic effects on this reaction with regard to both the yield and the enantioselectivity. Combined with control experiments, UV‐Vis spectroscopy, 1H NMR, ESI‐MS and SEM analyses revealed that molecular sieves perform multiple functions in the catalysis. A plausible molecular sieves‐assisted reaction pathway was proposed. In this pathway, molecular sieves perform (i) as desiccant to in situ dry the reaction system, (ii) as proton transfer agent to accelerate the catalysis, and (iii) as counter ion source to preserve the electroneutrality of the transition states. Besides, the generality of the substrate scope was further explored; excellent yields (up to 99%) and enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee) were obtained.
Feeding the Heck Reaction with Alcohol: One‐Pot Synthesis of Stilbenes from Aryl Alcohols and Bromides
Authors: Colbon Paul , Barnard Jonathan H. , Purdie Mark , Mulholland Keith , Kozhevnikov Ivan , Xiao Jianliang 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAryl alcohols are employed as feedstock for the Heck reaction. Keggin‐type heteropolyacids catalyse the selective dehydration of the alcohols to styrenes, which, in one‐pot, undergo palladium‐catalysed Heck arylation with aryl bromides, affording broadly functionalised stilbenes. The choice of solvent is critical for the cascade dehydration–Heck reaction, with electron‐rich aryl alcohols preferring a basic medium while electron‐deficient ones demanding solvents of lower basicity.
Pathways to a New Efficiency Regime for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Koster L. Jan Anton , Shaheen Sean E. , Hummelen Jan C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThree different theoretical approaches are presented to identify pathways to organic solar cells with power conversion efficiencies in excess of 20%. A radiation limit for organic solar cells is introduced that elucidates the role of charge‐transfer (CT) state absorption. Provided this CT action is sufficiently weak, organic solar cells can be as efficient as their inorganic counterparts. Next, a model based on Marcus theory of electronic transfer that also considers exciton generation in both the electron donor and electron acceptor is used to show how reduction of the reorganization energies can lead to substantial efficiency gains. Finally, the dielectric constant is introduced as a central parameter for efficient solar cells. By using a drift–diffusion model, it is found that efficiencies of more than 20% are within reach.
Different gene sets contribute to different symptom dimensions of depression and anxiety
Authors: van Veen Tineke , Goeman Jelle J. , Monajemi Ramin , Wardenaar Klaas J. , Hartman Catharina A. , Snieder Harold , Nolte Ilja M. , Penninx Brenda W.J.H. , Zitman Frans G. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAlthough many genetic association studies have been carried out, it remains unclear which genes contribute to depression. This may be due to heterogeneity of the DSM‐IV category of depression. Specific symptom‐dimensions provide a more homogenous phenotype. Furthermore, as effects of individual genes are small, analysis of genetic data at the pathway‐level provides more power to detect associations and yield valuable biological insight. In 1,398 individuals with a Major Depressive Disorder, the symptom dimensions of the tripartite model of anxiety and depression, General Distress, Anhedonic Depression, and Anxious Arousal, were measured with the Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (30‐item Dutch adaptation; MASQ‐D30). Association of these symptom dimensions with candidate gene sets and gene sets from two public pathway databases was tested using the Global test. One pathway was associated with General Distress, and concerned molecules expressed in the endoplasmatic reticulum lumen. Seven pathways were associated with Anhedonic Depression. Important themes were neurodevelopment, neurodegeneration, and cytoskeleton. Furthermore, three gene sets associated with Anxious Arousal regarded development, morphology, and genetic recombination. The individual pathways explained up to 1.7% of the variance. These data demonstrate mechanisms that influence the specific dimensions. Moreover, they show the value of using dimensional phenotypes on one hand and gene sets on the other hand. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Depression and anxiety symptoms among women who carry the FMR1 premutation: Impact of raising a child with fragile X syndrome is moderated by CRHR1 polymorphisms
Authors: Hunter Jessica Ezzell , Leslie Mary , Novak Gloria , Hamilton Debra , Shubeck Lisa , Charen Krista , Abramowitz Ann , Epstein Michael P. , Lori Adriana , Binder Elisabeth , Cubells Joseph F. , Sherman Stephanie L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe fragile X mental retardation gene, FMR1, contains a polymorphic CGG repeat in the 5′‐untranslated region of exon 1. Once unstable, this repeat is capable of expansion across generations. Women who carry a premutation allele (55–199 repeats) are at risk of passing on a full mutation allele (>200 repeats) to their offspring. A full mutation leads to the most common form of inherited intellectual disability, fragile X syndrome (FXS). Mounting evidence suggests that premutation carriers may be vulnerable to symptoms of anxiety and depression. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that among women who carry a premutation, the stress of raising a child with FXS would be moderated by genetic factors influencing endogenous cortisol responses, which could in turn modulate anxiety and depression symptoms. To this end, we genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the corticotrophin releasing hormone receptor 1 locus (CRHR1) in 460 women. Participants completed self‐report questionnaires assessing symptoms of depression [Centers for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD)], anxiety [State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI)], and mood [Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)]. Results indicate a statistically significant interaction between CRHR1 genotype and the status of raising a child with FXS to predict social anxiety symptoms reported on the SPAI (rs7209436, P = 0.0001). Our data suggest that genetic variants in CRHR1 that associate with differential cortisol activation may also modulate levels of anxiety related to the stress of raising a child with FXS among women who carry an FMR1 premutation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and electrochemical properties of hollow polyaniline microspheres by a sulfonated polystyrene template
Authors: Tan Yong‐Tao , Ran Fen , Wang Ling‐Ren , Kong Ling‐Bin , Kang Long 
Published: May 2012

AbstractHollow polyaniline microspheres (HMsPANI) for supercapacitors were prepared successfully with sulfonated polystyrene microspheres as the template. The prepared electrode materials of HMsPANI consisted of nanoparticles and, thus, had a hierarchical structure. The electrochemical behaviors of the materials were investigated with cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests. A maximum specific capacitance of 421 F/g was achieved in a 1M H2SO4 solution, with the potential ranging from −0.2 to 0.8 V (vs a saturated calomel electrode), in a three‐electrode glass cell at room temperature for the HMsPANI electrode. This suggested its potential application in electrochemical capacitors. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013