bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visual and olfactory location of biotopes, prey patches, and individual prey by the ladybeetle Chilocorus nigritus
Authors: Hattingh Vaughan , Samways Michael J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractForaging behaviour of the predator Chilocorus nigritus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) at the three spatial levels of biotope, prey patch and individual prey, was studied in the laboratory, and related to behaviour in the field. Vertically oriented parallel lines were more attractive than the same shapes in a horizontal position. A simulated horizon with a tree line was preferred to a simulated flat horizon. They were attracted to a tree image for the first 2 h of exposure, but were less attracted after longer exposure, possibly due to habituation. Leaf shape was recognised, and simple ovate leaves were preferred to compound bipinnate leaves and to squares. These responses were associated with biotope selection for feeding and aggregation at aestivation sites. The location of prey patches by adults involved prey odour but the location of such sites by larvae did not. Adults detected individual prey visually and olfactorily over short distances but physical contact with prey was required for detection by larvae. Location of individual prey and prey patches by adults and larvae was facilitated by alternation between intensive and extensive search. The differences in the ability of larvae and adults to locate prey, stem from the adults being the active locators of biotope and patch, whereas the comparatively immobile larvae depend on their parents' ability for long‐range location of prey. Two hypotheses concerning coccinellid foraging behaviour are proposed. Firstly, the duration of response to a visual cue is related to the distance over which such a cue may be perceived. It follows that habituation to closer range cues occurs more rapidly than to longer range cues. Secondly, visual cues used by adults at the different spatial levels of prey location, and the location of mates and aggregation sites, have the same or similar shape. These results also provide guidelines for orchard management to maximise the biocontrol value of this species.
Photoperiodic induction of larval diapause and temperature‐dependent termination in a wild multivoltine bruchid, Kytorhinus sharpianus
Authors: Ishihara Michihiro , Shimada Masakazu 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA wild bean weevil, Kytorhinus sharpianus Bridwell (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), has a multivoltine life cycle and enters a hibernal larval diapause at the fourth instar under a short daylength (Shimada & Ishihara, 1991). Here, we investigated their diapause incidence under different photoperiods at 24 °C and 27 °C. The critical photoperiods for diapause induction were 14.5 h at 24 °C and 14 h at 27 °C. The stages susceptible to diapause‐inducing stimuli were estimated by transferring larvae of various instars from long days to short days and vice versa. Then we investigated the incidence of larval diapause. The sensitive stage was estimated to be from the third to early fourth instar. Though larval diapause, which was induced under a short daylength, was terminated only by increasing the daylength, the termination was more synchronized by an exposure to a low temperature followed by increasing temperature, irrespective of photoperiod.
Synchronous growth of a parasitoid, Perilitus coccinellae, and teratocytes with the development of the host, Coccinella septempunctata
Authors: Kadono‐Okuda Keiko , Sakurai Hironori , Takeda Susumu , Okuda Takashi 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe relationship between the development of Coccinella septempunctata brucki Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and its parasitoid, Perilitus coccinellae (Schrank) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was studied at two photoperiods (L16:D8 and L12:D12) at 26 °C. The development of P. coccinellae is well synchronized with the physiological state of the host, C. septempunctata, which can be parasitized not only as adult but also as larva or pupa. The parasitoid larva completed larval development within 19 days in a non‐diapausing host, while in diapausing adults as well as in pupae held at diapause‐averting conditions, the parasitoid larva ceased growth at the first instar. Growth was resumed when diapause of the host terminated or by the emergence of the adult host from the pupa.About 550 spheric cells, teratocytes, were liberated into the host hemocoel when the parasitoid egg hatched. The teratocytes increased in size in the active host, while their development was arrested in the diapausing host. Application of methoprene caused diapause termination of both host and parasitoid larva. The results indicate that the development of the larva of P. coccinellae depends on the physiological conditions of the host, C. septempunctata brucki. The host‐parasite relation thus represents an ‘endogenous synchronization’ in the sense of Schoonhoven's definition.
Surfactant‐enhanced essential oils as mosquito larvicides
Authors: Corbet Sarah A. , Danahar G. W. , King V. , Chalmers C. L. , Tiley C. F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractUsing laboratory bioassays with fourth‐instar Culex pipiens form molestus larvae, we explored the larvicidal properties of two representative plant‐derived oils, eucalyptus oil and turpentine (two grades), and cineole, the main component of eucalyptus oil. Each was larvicidal alone, but efficacy was enhanced when the spreading pressure was increased by adding 1% insoluble surfactant (Arosurf MSF) plus 1% detergent. Cheap turpentine was more effective than more refined turpentine. These mixtures were compared with the familiar surface‐active larvicides Arosurf and Golden Bear Oil. At a dose of 2 μl per tub (=0.13 μl cm−2), enhanced by surfactants (turpentine:Arosurf:detergent 100:1:1 by volume), refined turpentine acted faster than Arosurf alone, causing higher mortality at 24 and 48 h after treatment but equivalent mortality at 72 h. It immobilised more larvae than Golden Bear Oil in the first three hours, but was less effective over 24 h. Crude turpentine enhanced by surfactants immobilised about as many larvae as Golden Bear Oil over 24 h. These findings indicate that plant essential oils merit further attention as widely available, environmentally benign mosquito larvicides.
Differential utilization of nutrients during development by the xylophagous leafhopper, Homalodisca coagulata
Authors: Brodbeck Brent V. , Andersen Peter C. , Mizell Russell F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractUtilization of nutrients at different stages of development was examined for the xylophage, Homalodisca coagulata (Say). Survivorship and consumption rates of second‐instar, fourth‐instar and adult leafhoppers were measured daily on the hosts Lagerstroemia indica L. and Euonymus japonica Thumb. Rates of consumption, assimilation efficiencies and daily assimilation of nitrogen, carbon, and individual organic compounds were calculated based on chemical analyses of xylem fluid and insect excreta. Gross growth efficiencies of diet utilization were also estimated by comparing biomass of young adults to estimates of nutrient utilization of the two host species.Different instars survived and utilized nutrients at varying rates on the two hosts. Second‐instar leafhoppers survived at higher rates and utilized nitrogen more efficiently on E. japonica than on L. indica. However, assimilated nitrogen was much less as a result of lower consumption rates. In contrast, adults on L. indica had increased longevity, utilized carbon more efficiently, and assimilated higher quantities of both carbon and nitrogen than those on E. japonica. Efficiencies of nutrient utilization were high for H. coagulata compared to folivores or phloem feeders, particularly in the conversion of ingested nutrients to assimilated compounds. Variations in diet utilization during development are discussed in terms of polyphagy.
Toxicity of lectins and processing of ingested proteins in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum
Authors: Rahbé Yvan , Sauvion Nicolas , Febvay Gérard , Peumans Willy J. , Gatehouse Angharad M. R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAcute toxicity of thirty lectins was tested against the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera, Aphididae: Macrosiphini). Activity was measured on artificial diets containing moderate concentrations of lectins (10–250 μg/ml) by scoring mortality and growth inhibition over the whole nymphal period (7 days at 20°C). Most of the proteins tested exhibited low toxicity, but some induced significant mortality; these included the lectins from jackbean (Concanavalin A), amaranth, lentil and snowdrop. There was no direct correlation between toxicity and sugar specificity of the lectin; however, many mannose‐binding lectins were toxic towards A. pisum. Concanavalin A was also tested on five other aphid species (Aphis gossypii, Aulacortum solani, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Macrosiphum albifrons and Myzus persicae) at concentrations between 10–1500 μg/ml. Mortality was very variable from one species to another. Strong growth inhibition invariably occurred within this concentration range, although dose‐response curves differed substantially between aphid species. The peptidase complement of A. pisum's digestive tract was also investigated, as well as the oral toxicity of some protease inhibitors (PIs) to this aphid. Most protein PIs were inactive, and no part of the digestive tract contained detectable amounts of endo‐protease activity. This is in contrast to the strong amino‐peptidase activity which was shown to occur predominantly in the midgut and crop portions of the digestive tract. The potential of lectins in transgenic crops to confer Host‐Plant Resistance to aphids is discussed.
Cross habituation to feeding deterrents and acceptance of a marginal host plant by Pieris rapae larvae
Authors: Huang Xin Pei , Renwick J. A. A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSensitivity of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae L. to feeding deterrents was compared for larvae reared on different food sources under laboratory conditions. Since cabbage‐reared larvae normally reject nasturtium, Tropaeolum majus L., the effects of previous exposure to allelochemicals on larval acceptance or rejection of this plant were also examined. When compared with cabbage‐reared larvae, nasturtium‐reared larvae were less sensitive to feeding deterrents including cymarin, erysimoside and 2‐O‐β‐D‐glucosyl cucurbitacin E. Nasturtium‐reared larvae were insensitive to chlorogenic acid, which was deterrent to cabbage‐reared larvae. Feeding by larvae reared on a wheat germ diet was not deterred by these compounds. The results indicate that dietary experience can extensively affect larval sensitivity to feeding deterrents and that cross habituation of larvae to deterrents occurs in response to certain chemical constituents of nasturtium and wheat germ diet. Digitoxin, however, proved to be an exception. Larvae reared on either nasturtium or wheat germ diet were as sensitive to digitoxin as those reared on cabbage. Previous results have shown that rejection of nasturtium by cabbage‐reared larvae is due to the presence of strong feeding deterrents in this plant. However, more than 50% of 2nd instar larvae reared from neonate on cabbage leaves treated with strophanthidin, cymarin, erysimoside, digitoxigenin and digitoxin accepted nasturtium as a food source. 2‐O‐β‐D‐glucosyl cucurbitacin E, 2‐O‐β‐D‐glucosyl cucurbitacin I and rutin were also active in causing larvae to feed on nasturtium. Thus dietary exposure to unrelated plant chemicals can profoundly affect insect acceptance of a plant that contains feeding deterrents.
Efficacy of Carpophilus aggregation pheromones on nine species in northeastern Ohio, and identification of the pheromone of C. brachypterus
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. S. , Bartelt R. J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAggregation pheromones for seven Carpophilus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) species were field tested at a site with a rich nitidulid fauna in Ohio, USA, during the summers of 1992 and 1993. The pheromones used were blends identified for: Carpophilus antiquus (Melsheimer), C. brachypterus (Say), C. freemani Dobson, C. hemipterus (L.), C. lugubris Murray, C. mutilatus Erichson, and C. obsoletus Erichson. Each pheromone was used in conjunction with whole wheat bread dough, an effective co‐attractant. The pheromone of C. brachypterus Say was identified during the course of this study and was also tested; males emitted a 100:6:11:4:3 blend of (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E)‐3, 5, 7‐trimethyl‐2, 4, 6, 8‐decatetraene, (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E)‐3, 5, 7‐trimethyl‐2, 4, 6, 8‐undecatetraene, (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E)‐7‐ethyl‐3, 5‐dimethyl‐2, 4, 6, 8‐decatetraene, (3E, 5E, 7E, 9E)‐4, 6, 8‐trimethyl‐3, 5, 7, 9‐undecatetraene and (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E)‐7‐ethyl‐3, 5‐dimethyl‐2, 4, 6, 8‐undecatetraene, respectively. All species responded favorably to their own pheromones with the exception of C. obsoletus, which was not present in this area. Strong mutual cross attraction was observed between C. brachypterus and C. hemipterus. In addition, C. lugubris responded to the pheromones of C. obsoletus and C. hemipterus and, more weakly, to those of C. freemani and C. brachypterus; C. freemani responded slightly to the pheromone of C. mutilatus; and C. antiquus responded to the pheromone of C. lugubris. In most cases, cross attraction was related to the species involved sharing pheromone components. For C. antiquus, however, the response to the C. lugubris pheromone was apparently kairomonal. C. corticinus, C. marginatus, C. marginellus, and C. sayi, for which pheromones are not known, were attracted to the pheromone of C. lugubris and in some cases to other pheromones. Significant numbers of Colopterus spp. responded to the blends for C. lugubris, C. hemipterus, C. brachypterus, and probably, C. obsoletus.
Toxicity of plumbagin and juglone to the eggs of the cotton stainer, Dysdercus koenigii
Authors: Rao R. V. Satyanarayana , Gujar G. T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractToxicity of two plumbaginoids viz., plumbagin and juglone to the eggs of the cotton stainer, Dysdercus koenigii was studied by a residual film technique. Of these two, plumbagin showed the higher toxicity against different‐age eggs with LC50 ranging from 0.0044 to 0.0066%. Eggs showed low susceptibility in the middle of embryogenesis. The toxicity of plumbaginoids, especially plumbagin, is discussed in relation to mode of action and prospects of its use as an ovicide in control of the insect.
High oviposition rate of Dasineura marginemtorquens on Salix viminalis genotypes unsuitable for offspring survival
Authors: Larsson Stig , Glynn Carolyn , Höglund Solveig 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA short history of contact between Dasineura marginemtorquens and resistant genotypes of Salix viminalis has previously been suggested as an explanation for a poor correspondence between female oviposition preference and larval performance on certain host types. The discovery of resistant wild willows instigated a quest for an alternative hypothesis. This study presents data from laboratory and field experiments that were designed to detect variability in host preferences of individual members of the midge population. Field tests showed that the oviposition site choices of females followed the same random‐natured pattern as choices of females in laboratory situations. Ovipositing females did not distinguish between willow genotypes with very high or very low larval mortality. No differences in post‐alighting behavior of midges on the two willow types were discovered. Observations revealed that females usually remained and oviposited on the first plant with which they came into contact, regardless of genotype.
Visual behaviour of neonate larvae of the light brown apple moth
Authors: Harris M. O. , Foster S. P. , Bittar T. , Ekanayake K. , Looij K. , Howard A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWhen neonate larvae of a leafroller moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were released into the middle of a circular arena with blue paper on one side of the arena and apple foliage on the other side, more larvae walked towards the apple foliage. These oriented responses were enhanced, in terms of the number of larvae responding, by increasing the amount of light reflected from or transmitted through apple foliage. Larvae also responded to painted targets, and specifically to targets reflecting light in the region of 470–570 nm (green‐yellow region to the human eye). When the amount of 470–570 nm reflected from targets was reduced, numbers of larvae responding to targets decreased. The addition of 400–500 nm reflected light to 470–570 nm reflected light also resulted in a reduction of oriented responses to targets. Tests using neutral colours (white, black, and a series of greys) indicated that, in the absence of targets reflecting primarily in the 470–570 nm region, larvae oriented towards targets with low levels of reflectance. When the orientation of walking larvae was measured at various distances from targets of different colours or diameters, targets subtending 5–8 degrees elicited responses from 50% of all larvae. Behaviour other than walking was also influenced by visual stimuli: fewer larvae spun down on a silken thread when blue paper was placed beneath a walking platform than when brown or green papers were present.
Desperately Seeking Diarrhoea: Outbreak of Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome Caused by Emerging Sorbitol‐Fermenting Shiga Toxin‐Producing Escherichia coli O157:H‐, Germany, 2009
Authors: Nielsen S. , Frank C. , Fruth A. , Spode A. , Prager R. , Graff A. , Plenge‐Bönig A. , Loos S. , Lütgehetmann M. , Kemper M. J. , Müller‐Wiefel D. E. , Werber D. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryInfection with sorbitol‐fermenting Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli O157:H‐ (sf STEC O157:H‐) is rare, but emerging in Europe. The pathogen is typically isolated from paediatric patients with life‐threatening haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). It is unclear whether this observation primarily reflects the pathogen’s virulence or its complex laboratory diagnosis, not routinely conducted in diarrhoeal patients. In summer 2009, four boys living in the same suburb in Germany developed diarrhoea‐associated HUS: three were infected by sf STEC O157:H‐ and one died. We conducted two analytical epidemiological studies, an extensive search for diarrhoeal cases in potentially exposed groups, and an environmental investigation. Outbreak cases were residents of the suburb diagnosed with HUS, sf STEC O157:H‐ infection, or both between 24 July 2009 and 25 August 2009. Overall, we ascertained eight cases with a median age of 4 years (range: from 8 months to 9 years). Stool screening of 220 persons led to the identification of only four additional cases: two asymptomatic carriers and two diarrhoeal cases. HUS was strongly associated with visiting a local playground in July, particularly on 16th July (odds ratio = 42.7, P = 0.002). No other commonality, including food, was identified, and all environmental samples (n = 24) were negative. In this localized non‐foodborne outbreak, the place of likely infection was a local playground. Sf STEC O157:H‐ infection apparently limits itself rarely to diarrhoeal illness and progresses frequently to HUS. Therefore, detection of and response to this hypervirulent pathogen primarily relies on HUS surveillance.
A Critical Role for GRP78/BiP in the Tumor Microenvironment for Neovascularization during Tumor Growth and Metastasis
Authors: Dong Dezheng , Stapleton Christopher , Luo Biquan , Xiong Shigang , Ye Wei , Zhang Yi , Jhaveri Niyati , Zhu Genyuan , Ye Risheng , Liu Zhi , Bruhn Kevin W. , Craft Noah , Groshen Susan , Hofman Florence M. , Lee Amy S. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78)/BiP is a multifunctional protein which plays a major role in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein processing, protein quality control, maintaining ER homeostasis, and controlling cell signaling and viability. Previously, using a transgene-induced mammary tumor model, we showed that Grp78 heterozygosity impeded cancer growth through suppression of tumor cell proliferation and promotion of apoptosis and the Grp78+/− mice exhibited dramatic reduction (70%) in the microvessel density (MVD) of the endogenous mammary tumors, while having no effect on the MVD of normal organs. This observation suggests that GRP78 may critically regulate the function of the host vasculature within the tumor microenvironment. In this article, we interrogated the role of GRP78 in the tumor microenvironment. In mouse tumor models in which wild-type (WT), syngeneic mammary tumor cells were injected into the host, we showed that Grp78+/− mice suppressed tumor growth and angiogenesis during the early phase but not during the late phase of tumor growth. Growth of metastatic lesions of WT, syngeneic melanoma cells in the Grp78+/− mice was potently suppressed. We created conditional heterozygous knockout of GRP78 in the host endothelial cells and showed severe reduction of tumor angiogenesis and metastatic growth, with minimal effect on normal tissue MVD. Furthermore, knockdown of GRP78 expression in immortalized human endothelial cells showed that GRP78 is a critical mediator of angiogenesis by regulating cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Our findings suggest that concomitant use of current chemotherapeutic agents and novel therapies against GRP78 may offer a powerful dual approach to arrest cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. Cancer Res; 71(8); 2848–57. ©2011 AACR.
Explaining Spring-In in Filament Wound Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Ganley Jeff M. , Mawi Arup K. , Huybrechts Steven 
Published: April 2011

Filament wound curved composite parts which are autoclave cured tend to exhibit "spring-in," a permanent deformation due to residual stresses (Stover, 1993). Spring-in is the tendency of a circular part to reduce it's radius of curvature upon radial cutting. The causes of spring-in and the associated residual stresses must be understood to ensure dimensional accuracy and safety of the final cured part. The purpose of this paper is to isolate and quantify the principle causes of spring-in in filament wound unidirectional autoclave cured carbon fiber/epoxy composite hoops. This paper first explores the causes of spring-in as given in the literature: through thickness inhomogeneity (Radford, 1993), part compaction (Meink, 1998), and anisotropy with initial curvature (Kollar, 1992). Next, the development of the residual stress profile through the fabrication and cure process is given along with the governing equations for the spring-in phenomenon. Finally, an experimental procedure is developed to obtain the residual stress profile in a thin composite part. This methodology involves progressive cutting (i.e., stress relief) and associated strain gage monitoring. The strain gage data is then combined with a finite element (FEM) analysis to determine the through-thickness residual stress profile. From the residual stress profile experiments, it was found that the principal cause of spring-in is not material anisotropy as was previously thought. Instead, the principle cause of spring-in was found to be the gradual thermal expansion of the mandrel during cure, which causes a "tension-lag" in the curing part. In addition, the compaction of the part during cure was found to have a nominal contribution to total spring-in.