bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lack of Standard Dosing Methods Contribute to IV Errors Talc Misadministered IV
Authors: Cohen Michael R. , Smetzer Judy L. 
Published: June 2010

These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again—perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them in your inservice training programs. Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the USP Medication Errors Reporting Program (MERP), which is presented in cooperation with the Institute for Safe Medication Practices. If you have encountered medication errors and would like to report them, you may call USP toll-free, 24 hours a day, at 800-233-7767 (800-23-ERROR). Any reports published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writers' names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below. Errors, close calls, or hazardous conditions may be reported through the ISMP ( www.ismp.org ) or USP ( www.usp.org ) Web sites or communicated directly to ISMP by calling 800-FAIL-SAFE or via e-mail at ismpinfo@ismp.org . ISMP guarantees the confidentiality and security of the information received and respects reporters' wishes as to the level of detail included in publications.
Adjunctive Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis With Daily Dietary Supplementation With Omega‐3 Fatty Acids and Low‐Dose Aspirin
Authors: El‐Sharkawy Hesham , Aboelsaad Nayer , Eliwa Mohamed , Darweesh Mahmoud , Alshahat Mohammad , Kantarci Alpdogan , Hasturk Hatice , Van Dyke Thomas E. 
Published: June 2010

Background: Host modulatory therapy has been proposed as a treatment for periodontal diseases. Omega‐3 (ω‐3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), were shown to have therapeutic anti‐inflammatory and protective actions in inflammatory diseases including periodontitis. The goal of this study was to test an innovative strategy for periodontal treatment in a clinical experiment.Methods: Eighty healthy subjects (40 in each group) with advanced chronic periodontitis were enrolled in Mansoura, Egypt, in a parallel‐design, double‐masked clinical study. The control group was treated with scaling and root planing (SRP) and a placebo, whereas the ω‐3 group was treated with SRP followed by dietary supplementation of fish oil (900 mg EPA + DHA) and 81 mg aspirin daily. Saliva samples were obtained from all patients at baseline and 3 and 6 months for evaluation of receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa B ligand (RANKL) and matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8). Plaque and gingival indices, bleeding on probing, probing depths, and attachment levels were recorded at the same time points.Results: Statistical analyses demonstrated a significant reduction in probing depths and a significant attachment gain after 3 and 6 months in the ω‐3 group compared to baseline and the control group (P <0.05). Salivary RANKL and MMP‐8 levels showed significant reductions in the ω‐3 group in response to treatment at 3 and 6 months and compared to the control group at 6 months (P <0.01). Supplementation with ω‐3 + aspirin resulted in a significant shift in the frequency of pockets with probing depths <4 mm (P <0.05).Conclusion: The results of this preliminary clinical study suggest that dietary supplementation with ω‐3 PUFAs and 81 mg aspirin may provide a sustainable, low‐cost intervention to augment periodontal therapy.
Gingival RAGE Expression in Calorie‐Restricted Versus ad Libitum–Fed Rats
Authors: Aris John P. , Elios Megan C. , Bimstein Enrique , Wallet Shanon M. , Cha Seunghee , Lakshmyya Kesavalu N. , Katz Joseph 
Published: June 2010

Background: The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a multiligand receptor expressed in a number of cell types, including gingival epithelia. RAGE mediates inflammation and induces cellular oxidative stress. Upregulation of RAGE is associated with various diseases, such as periodontal and cardiovascular diseases. This study examines the hypothesis that the gingiva of rats fed a calorie‐restriction (CR) diet expresses lower levels of RAGE than the gingiva of rats fed an ad libitum (AL) diet.Methods: Male F344BN rats (n = 16) from the National Institute on Aging (NIA) were fed a CR (n = 8) or AL (n = 8) diet according to NIA recommendations. Rats were sacrificed by guillotine at 8 (n = 5), 18 (n = 3), 29 (n = 4), and 38 (n = 4) months of age. The gingiva from around the molars was dissected and submitted for histologic and molecular analyses.Results: Immunohistochemistry revealed that RAGE was expressed in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of gingival epithelial cells and endothelial cells from both groups. RAGE mRNA levels were quantified relative to levels of GAPDH mRNA by real‐time reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The mean relative RAGE mRNA level in the CR group (7.26 ± 0.54) was lower than in the AL group (10 ± 1.4) (P <0.05). There were no detectable differences in RAGE expression according to animal age.Conclusion: Gingival RAGE expression in rats is reduced by calorie restriction.
Prophylactic Vaccination Against Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Studies
Authors: Dhingra Kunaal , Vandana K.L. 
Published: June 2010

Background: Periodontal vaccine against periodontopathic bacteria has been tested in various animal models, such as in non‐human primates and murine species. The aim of this preliminary study is to systematically review all preclinical (i.e., animal) studies that present supporting evidence for the feasibility of formulating a prophylactic human periodontal vaccine.Methods: A manual and electronic literature search was made for animal studies up to February 2010 that presented clinical, morphologic (alveolar bone level), and immunologic data for the efficacy of a prophylactic periodontal vaccine. A systematic approach was followed by two independent reviewers and included eligibility criteria for study inclusion, quality assessment, determination of outcome measures, screening method, data extraction, data synthesis, and drawing of conclusions.Results: Only two randomized controlled animal trials qualified, and they reported exactly opposite effects of vaccine administration in Macaca fascicularis experimental periodontitis models by administration of two different agents (i.e., a negative effect with combined whole‐cell antigens of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia in contrast to a positive effect with cysteine proteases of P. gingivalis). However, no statistical process could be applied to their results (data inadequately reported) in order to pool and evaluate the changes in outcome measures after vaccine administration, which, highlighted their mediocre study quality.Conclusions: Because of the insufficient quantity and quality of animal trials, no adequate evidence could be gathered to use the beneficial effects of these animal experiments to formulate a prophylactic human periodontal vaccine. Thus, good‐quality animal trials are needed in this field of vaccine testing.
Deferments and the Relative Cost of Conscription
Authors: Perri Tim 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A model of military conscription with costly deferments is developed. Deferments may enable the induction of only those with the lowest reservation wages, avoiding the usual misallocation of resources with conscription versus a volunteer military. With costly deferments, the tradeoff between conscription and a volunteer military involves the cost of deferments with the former and the higher deadweight cost of taxation with the latter. Among the results are: 1) conscription is socially preferable to a volunteer military only if a large percentage of eligible individuals is demanded by the military; 2) if conscription is used when it is socially cheaper than a volunteer military, welfare is improved if deferments have lower social benefits; and 3) ignoring other costs of conscription (e.g., higher turnover and reduced investment in human capital), the U.S. in World War II may have been near the point at which conscription and a volunteer military were of equal social cost.
Human Immune System Development and Rejection of Human Islet Allografts in Spontaneously Diabetic NOD-Rag1null IL2rγnull Ins2Akita Mice
Authors: Brehm Michael A. , Bortell Rita , diIorio Philip , Leif Jean , Laning Joseph , Cuthbert Amy , Yang Chaoxing , Herlihy Mary , Burzenski Lisa , Gott Bruce , Foreman Oded , Powers Alvin C. , Greiner Dale L. , Shultz Leonard D. 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE
To create an immunodeficient mouse model that spontaneously develops hyperglycemia to serve as a diabetic host for human islets and stem cell–derived β-cells in the absence or presence of a functional human immune system.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We backcrossed the Ins2Akita mutation onto the NOD-Rag1null IL2rγnull strain and determined 1) the spontaneous development of hyperglycemia, 2) the ability of human islets, mouse islets, and dissociated mouse islet cells to restore euglycemia, 3) the generation of a human immune system following engraftment of human hematopoietic stem cells, and 4) the ability of the humanized mice to reject human islet allografts.

RESULTS
We confirmed the defects in innate and adaptive immunity and the spontaneous development of hyperglycemia conferred by the IL2rγnull, Rag1null, and Ins2Akita genes in NOD-Rag1null IL2rγnull Ins2Akita (NRG-Akita) mice. Mouse and human islets restored NRG-Akita mice to normoglycemia. Insulin-positive cells in dissociated mouse islets, required to restore euglycemia in chemically diabetic NOD-scid IL2rγnull and spontaneously diabetic NRG-Akita mice, were quantified following transplantation via the intrapancreatic and subrenal routes. Engraftment of human hematopoietic stem cells in newborn NRG-Akita and NRG mice resulted in equivalent human immune system development in a normoglycemic or chronically hyperglycemic environment, with &gt;50% of engrafted NRG-Akita mice capable of rejecting human islet allografts.

CONCLUSIONS
NRG-Akita mice provide a model system for validation of the function of human islets and human adult stem cell, embryonic stem cell, or induced pluripotent stem cell–derived β-cells in the absence or presence of an alloreactive human immune system.
Spatial genetic structure within size classes of the endangered tropical treeGuaiacum sanctum(Zygophyllaceae)
Authors: Fuchs Eric J. , Hamrick James. L. 
Published: June 2010

•Premise of the study: Patterns of spatial genetic structure (SGS) were analyzed within a population of the endangered tropical treeGuaiacum sanctumlocated in northwestern Costa Rica. Documentation of these patterns provides insights into the gene dispersal mechanisms that play a central role in the maintenance and structure of genetic diversity within plant populations.•Methods: Allozyme analyses were used to examine SGS in Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica. The SGS was compared among three plots and different age classes.•Key results: High levels of genetic diversity were found overall with a pooled genetic diversity ofHe= 0.302 (±0.02). Selfing was proposed as the proximate cause for significant levels of heterozygote deficiency observed across size classes and plots. An unexpected lack of SGS (rj< 0.02) was observed for all size classes, suggesting the mixing of seeds from several adults. A parent‐pair parentage analysis indicated that at least 48% of the smaller individuals within a plot were produced by parents located at distances of at least 150 m.•Conclusions: Populations ofG. sanctumare established and maintained by bird‐mediated, moderate‐ to long‐distance seed dispersal, which results in a mixture of seeds from unrelated maternal individuals, effectively eliminating SGS. Proximity between individuals is, therefore, a poor predictor of family structure in this species. Long‐distance seed dispersal, coupled with estimates of high genetic diversity, suggests that this endangered species has the potential for natural regeneration and restoration given the availability of suitable habitats.
POOR HEMOPOIETIC STEM CELL MOBILIZERS IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA : A SINGLE INSTITUTION EXPERIENCE
Authors: Ruiz-Delgado Guillermo Jose , Lopez-Otero Avril , Hernandez-Arizpe Ana , Ramirez-Medina Aura , Ruiz-Argüelles Guillermo Jose 
Published: June 2010

In a single institution, in a group of 28 myeloma patients deemed eligible for autologous transplant, stem cell mobilization was attempted using filgrastim: 26 individuals were given 31 autografts employing 1-4 (median three) apheresis sessions, to obtain a target stem cell dose of 1 x 106 CD34 viable cells / Kg of the recipient. The median number of grafted CD34 cells was 7.56 x 106 / Kg of the recipient; the range being 0.92 to 14.8. By defining as poor mobilizers individuals in which a cell collection of < 1 x 106 CD34 viable cells / Kg was obtained, a subset of eight poor mobilizers was identified; in two patients the autograft was aborted because of an extremely poor CD34 cell yield (< 0.2 x 106 CD34 viable cells / Kg of the recipient) after four apheresis sessions. The long-term overall survival of the patients grafted with > 1 x 106 CD34 viable cells / Kg was better (80% at 80 months) than those grafted with < 1 x 106 CD34 viable cells / Kg (67% at 76 months). Methods to improve stem cell mobilization are needed and may result in obtaining better results when autografting multiple myeloma patients.
Difficultés d'une pédagogie de la découverte dans l'enseignement des sciences
Authors: Gohau Gabriel 
Published: June 2010

La méthode pédagogique qui cherche à retrouver le cheminement de la découverte scientifique a été mise en oeuvre sous l'appellation "méthode de la redécouverte". L'analyse du rôle des expériences faites en classe montre comment cette méthode inductive peut se révéler tout aussi dogmatique que la méthode expositive.
Une véritable redécouverte exigerait que les élèves soient mis en situation de recherche, d'initiative, de tâtonnement, qu'un vrai dialogue s'instaure pour faire apparaître les représentations des élèves.
Pour mettre en oeuvre cette vraie pédagogie de la redécouverte, la formation des enseignants devrait être complétée par une initiation à l'histoire des obstacles épistémologiques et exigerait aussi une formation de chercheur.
Spin‐ and Spray‐Deposited Single‐Walled Carbon‐Nanotube Electrodes for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Kim Sungsoo , Yim Jonghyuk , Wang Xuhua , Bradley Donal D.C. , Lee Soonil , deMello John C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractOrganic bulk‐heterojunction solar cells using thin‐film single‐walled carbon‐nanotube (SWCNT) anodes deposited on glass are reported. Two types of SWCNT films are investigated: spin‐coated films from dichloroethane (DCE), and spray‐coated films from deionized water using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) or sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) as the surfactant. All of the films are found to be mechanically robust, with no tendency to delaminate from the underlying substrate during handling. Acid treatment with HNO3 yields high conductivities >1000 S cm−1 for all of the films, with values of up to 7694 ± 800 S cm−1 being obtained when using SDS as the surfactant. Sheet resistances of around 100 Ω sq−1 are obtained at reasonable transmission, for example, 128 ± 2 Ω sq−1 at 90% for DCE, 57 ± 3 Ω sq−1 at 65% for H2O:SDS, and 68 ± 5 Ω sq−1 at 70% for H2O:SDBS. Solar cells are fabricated by successively coating the SWCNT films with poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulphonate) (PEDOT:PSS), a blend of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and 1‐(3‐methoxy‐carbonyl)‐propyl‐1‐phenyl‐(6,6)C61 (PCBM), and LiF/Al. The resultant devices have respective power conversions of 2.3, 2.2 and 1.2% for DCE, H2O:SDS and H2O:SDBS, with the first two being at a virtual parity with reference devices using ITO‐coated glass as the anode (2.3%).
Controllable Synthesis of Graphene and Its Applications
Authors: Wei Dacheng , Liu Yunqi 
Published: June 2010

AbstractGraphene, a two‐dimensional material, is regarded as one of the most promising candidates for future nanoelectronics due to its atomic thickness, excellent properties and widespread applications. As the first step to investigate its properties and finally to realize the practical applications, graphene must be synthesized in a controllable manner. Thus, controllable synthesis is of great significance, and received more and more attention recently. This Progress Report highlights recent advances in controllable synthesis of graphene, clarifies the problems, and prospects the future development in this field. The applications of the controllable synthesis are also discussed.
How to design an opioid drug that causes reduced tolerance and dependence
Authors: Berger Amy Chang , Whistler Jennifer L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists such as morphine are extremely effective treatments for acute pain. In the setting of chronic pain, however, their long‐term utility is limited by the development of tolerance and physical dependence. Drug companies have tried to overcome these problems by simply “dialing up” signal transduction at the receptor, designing more potent and efficacious agonists and more long‐lasting formulations. Neither of these strategies has proven to be successful, however, because the net amount of signal transduction, particularly over extended periods of drug use, is a product of much more than the pharmacokinetic properties of potency, efficacy, half‐life, and bioavailability, the mainstays of traditional pharmaceutical screening. Both the quantity and quality of signal transduction are influenced by many regulated processes, including receptor desensitization, trafficking, and oligomerization. Importantly, the efficiency with which an agonist first stimulates signal transduction is not necessarily related to the efficiency with which it stimulates these other processes. Here we describe recent findings that suggest MOR agonists with diminished propensity to cause tolerance and dependence can be identified by screening drugs for the ability to induce MOR desensitization, endocytosis, and recycling. We also discuss preliminary evidence that heteromers of the delta opioid receptor and the MOR are pronociceptive, and that drugs that spare such heteromers may also induce reduced tolerance. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:559–569
Eindimensionale Metallketten in chiraler Umgebung–Kristallstruktur von helicalem Bis(dicarbonylrhodium(I))‐3,3′‐hexafluorglutaryl‐bis‐(1R)‐campherat
Authors: Schurig Volker , Gaus Hans , Scheer Peter , Walz Leonhard , von Schnering Hans Georg 
Published: June 2010

Interessante Effekte bei der Stapelung wurden beim chiralen zweikernigen Rhodium(I)‐Komplex 1 beobachtet. Beide Metallatome sind Bestandteile einer einzigen eindimensionalen „Rhodiumkette”︁. Die Stapel bestehen abwechselnd aus zwei P‐und zwei M‐Helices. Als Folge von Stereoisomerie im Festzustand treten die energetisch unterschiedlichen Diastereomere (1R)‐(P)‐(1R)‐(M)‐(1R) auf.magnified image
Di(1‐pyridinio)‐ und Di(1‐bipyridindiio)‐dihydrodibenzotetraaza[14]annulene
Authors: Adams Florian , Gompper Rudolf , Kujath Eckard 
Published: June 2010

Tetraaza[14]annulene haben ähnliche Eigenschaften wie Porphyrine und Phthalocyanine, lassen sich aber leichter mit kationischen Gruppen substituieren. R in den Titelverbindungen 1 ist ein N‐gebundenes Pyridyl‐Kation oder 4,4′‐Bipyridinyl‐Dikation. 1 und seine Metallkomplexe kommen z.B. als neue Redoxsysteme und als Modelle für organische Supraleiter infrage.magnified image
[{Ph2PCH2C(CF3)2O}NiH(PCy3)]: Hinweis auf einen Nickelhydrid‐Mechanismus bei der Ethen‐Oligomerisierung
Authors: Müller Ulrich , Keim Wilhelm , Krüger Carl , Betz Peter 
Published: June 2010

Der Aufbau von α‐Olefinen aus Ethen in Gegenwart von Homogenkatalysatoren ist technisch von größter Bedeutung. Wie verläuft diese Reaktion? Modellversuche sprechen zugunsten des Nickelhydrid‐Mechanismus: Mit Tricyclohexylphosphan (PCy3) konnten die Komplexe 1 und 2 abgefangen werden.magnified image
p‐Chinodimethan‐Analoga von Tetrathiafulvalen
Authors: Yamashita Yoshiro , Kobayashi Yasuo , Miyashi Tsutomu 
Published: June 2010

Bessere Elektronendonoren als TTF sind chinoide Analoga, deren Prototyp 4 jetzt erstmals synthetisiert werden konnte. Wittig‐Horner‐Reaktion des Dithiol‐Derivats 1 mit dem Cyclopentadien‐Addukt von Benzochinon, 2, ergibt 3, das durch Retro‐Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion zu 4 – dunkelrote Kristalle – gespalten werden kann. TTF wird bei + 0.28 und + 0.64 V (vs. SCE) oxidiert, 1 aber schon bei −0.11 und −0.04 V (vs. SCE).magnified image
Nickel(o)‐katalysierte Herstellung isomerer Carbonsäureamide–ligandgesteuerte β‐H‐ oder β′‐H‐Eliminierung
Authors: Hoberg Heinz , Guhl Dieter 
Published: June 2010

Aus Isocyanaten und monosubstituierten Alkenen entstehen an (Lig)Nio unter C‐C‐Kupplung Azanickelacyclen wie 1. Durch gezielte Variation der Liganden (Lig) sowie Ausnutzung sterischer und/oder elektronischer Effekte kann entweder das β‐H‐Atom am Ring oder das exocyclische β′‐H‐Atom aktiviert werden; in Folgereaktionen entstehen dann mit hoher Selektivität katalytisch die beiden isomeren Carbonsäureamide 2 bzw. 3.magnified image
Polymers with a High Refractive Index and Low Optical Dispersion
Authors: Simmrock Hans‐U. , Mathy Alfred , Dominguez Ligia , Meyer Wolfgang H. , Wegner Gerhard 
Published: June 2010

Communication: Organic Polyelectrolytes (I‐VII) known as Ionenes, with unique combinations of high refractive index (ND) and high Abbe number (VD, see figure) now compete with inorganic glasses for application in optics. Variation of the counterions allows the tuning of their chemical and optical properties.magnified image
Intelligent predictive control of a model helicopter's yaw angle
Authors: Mohammadzaheri Morteza , Chen Lei 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this paper the concept of Control Inertia is introduced and based on this concept, unexpectedly inadequate control behaviour of High Control Inertia systems is explained. Fuzzy compensators are then suggested to improve the control behaviour. This work is in the area of non‐model‐based control. In order to indicate the merit of the proposed technique, a neuro‐predictive (NP) control is designed and implemented on a highly non‐linear system, a lab helicopter, in a constrained situation. It is observed that the behaviour of the closed loop system under the NP controller either displays considerable function (with a low value of a particular design parameter) or is very slow (with high values of the same design parameter). In total, the control behaviour is very poor in comparison to existing fuzzy controllers, whereas NP is used effectively in the control of some other systems. Considering the concept of Control Inertia, a Sugeno‐type fuzzy compensator was added to the control loop to modify the control command. A newly designed neuro‐predictive control with fuzzy compensator (NPFC) improves the performance of the closed loop system significantly by the reduction of both overshoot and settling time. Furthermore, it is shown that the disturbance rejection of the NPFC controlled system as well as it parameter robustness is satisfactory.Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society