bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in 108 Patients with Low Cardiac Output – a Single-Center Experience
Authors: Beiras-Fernandez Andres , Deutsch Marcus-André , Kainzinger Sandra , Kaczmarek Ingo , Sodian Ralf , Ueberfuhr Peter , Meiser Bruno , Schmoeckel Michael , Reichart Bruno , Brenner Paolo 
Published: April 2011

Background For short-term ventricular and pulmonary support the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) system using the Bio-Medicus centrifugal pump (Medtronic®, Minneapolis, MN, USA) was applied in 108 patients with cardiac low-output. Methods From December 1996 to July 2006 the ECMO was implanted in 108 patients (73 adult, mean age: 49.3±18.0 yrs and 35 children, mean age: 1.3 ± 2.7 yrs) with mostly postcardiotomy cardiac low output. The surgical procedures included congenital heart surgery (n=35), heart transplantation (HTx) (n=21), coronary artery bypass operation (CABG) and/or valvular operation (n=33), other operations (n=6) and 13 patients with ECMO support for bridge to recovery. Results The mean supporting time was 5.1±5.6 days. Overall, 30-day-survival was 40.2%. Best survival rates were seen after congenital heart surgery (24/35, 65.7%) and after HTx (9/21, 42.9%); the worst rates were in the group of CABG and/or valvular operations (5/33, 15.2%), only ECMO support (3/13, 23.1%) and other operations (1/6, 16.7%). Fifty-four patients died while supported by ECMO, 15 were weaned from ECMO but died in hospital, 39 patients were weaned and survived. Causes of death were multi-organ failure (40.6%), bleeding (23.2%), persistent cardiac low output (21.7%), thrombembolic events (8.7%), and graft failure (5.8%). Markers for adverse outcome were identified as older age, high body weight, increased AST/GOT levels, and lower thrombocyte count in adults; and as higher levels of serum creatinine in pediatric patients. Conclusions ECMO support showed best results in pediatric patients after congenital heart surgery and in patients after HTx in contrast to multimorbid, older patients with often irreversible myocardial damage.
External Validation and Comparison of Three Scores to Predict Renal Replacement Therapy after Cardiac Surgery: A Multicenter Cohort
Authors: Vives Marc , Monedero Pablo , Perez-Valdivieso José Ramón , Garcia-Fernandez Nuria , Lavilla Javier , Herreros Jesús , Bes-Rastrollo Maira 
Published: April 2011

Purpose Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) is independently associated with mortality. Several risk scores have been developed to predict the need for RRT after cardiac surgery. We have compared and verified the external validity of the three main available scores for RRT prediction after cardiac surgery: the Thakar score, the Mehta tool, and the Simplified Renal Index. Methods The risk scores were calculated in a cohort of 1084 adult patients, 248 of whom required RRT, who underwent open-heart surgery in 24 Spanish hospitals in 2007. The performance of the systems was determined by examining their discrimination (areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (aROC) and calibration (Lemeshow-Hosmer chi-square goodness-of-fit statistics). Results: The aROCs in the Thakar score, the Mehta tool, and the Simplified Renal Index were 0.82, 0.76 and 0.79, respectively. The three scoring systems were poorly calibrated and tended to underestimate the actual need for RRT. Conclusions The Thakar score and the Simplified Renal Index discriminated well between low - and high-risk patients in our cohort, and Thakar outperformed the Mehta tool. These best-performing scores may aid in the selection of optimal therapy, facilitate the planning of hospital resource utilization, improve preoperative counseling, select participants for clinical trials of renal-protective therapies and enable an accurate comparison between different institutions or surgeons.
Simultaneous Territories: Unveiling the Geographies of Latin American Cities
Authors: del Real Patricio 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe harmonious, utopian image that housing in Latin America exuded across the world in the postwar years is very much at odds with the current view of the region, in which unbridled shantytowns dominate. Patricio del Real sets out to understand how such a rupture might have been possible: What was the process of exclusion at play in these Modernist projects? How does Modernism represent simultaneous territories in which emerging challenges to the social and political status quo were merely muffled by the architectural seduction of the 1950s?. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Experimental Housing Project (PREVI), Lima: The Making of a Neighbourhood
Authors: García‐Huidobro Fernando , Torres Torriti Diego , Tugas Nicolás 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe original vision at PREVI‐Lima was only ever partially realised: less than a third of the 1,500 planned housing units were built and the governmental crisis of the late 1960s meant that the occupants were left to their own devices. Fernando García‐Huidobro, Diego Torres Torriti and Nicolás Tugas look at how, abandoned by the authorities, the families at PREVI turned into incidental architects, completing the project and rendering the neighbourhood an integrated part of the city. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tlacolula Social Housing, Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Arquitectos Dellekamp 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOaxaca in southern Mexico is one of the most economically marginal states in the country, with a large portion of its population requiring social housing. This has been further exacerbated by the widespread adoption of a suburban American housing model that has led to local communities becoming socially and culturally alienated. At Tlacolula, in Oaxaca, Dellekamp Arquitectos describe how they have set out to create a housing development that engenders locality and a sense of community through a traditional barrio neighbourhood design. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A City Talks: Learning from Bogotá’s Revitalisation
Authors: Peñalosa Enrique 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAs the Mayor of Bogotá (1998‐2001), Enrique Peñalosa transformed Colombia's capital from a city without hope to one that is held up as an international example of best practice. This was epitomised by his far‐reaching transport policy and the TransMilenio bus‐based transit system. Peñalosa describes the ambitious urban revitalisation programme that his administration undertook and how they were guided by the fundamental aim of ‘the construction of equality’. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From Product to Process: Building on Urban‐Think Tank’s Approach to the Informal City
Authors:   Interview with, Brillembourg Alfredo , Navarro‐Sertich Adriana 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAdriana Navarro‐Sertich interviews a pioneer of the informal in architecture, co‐founder and co‐director of Urban‐Think Tank (U‐TT) Alfredo Brillembourg. Brillembourg explains how U‐TT's work seeks to connect informal settlements with the formal city, enabling inhabitants to access services and infrastructure. U‐TT is now taking the lessons it has learnt in working in Latin American cities, such as Caracas and São Paulo, elsewhere in the world with the aim of ‘working globally and acting locally’. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interface, Flows and Transfer in an Electromagnetic Process Devoted to Liquid/Liquid Extraction
Authors: Courtessole Cyril , Etay Jacqueline 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn ladle metallurgical processing, two liquid layers, a metallic phase below a salty or oxide phase, are separated by an interface where mass exchanges occur via redox reactions. The associated mass transfer is strongly dependent on the agitation of each phase, as well as of the interface. By means of induction, a cold‐crucible reactor can melt, confine and stir liquids at very‐high temperature without physical contact, with opportunities for continuous treatment. Equipment is built to control and measure the full kinetic transfer of a pollutant from one phase to another. This equipment, the associated orders of magnitude, and numerical simulations when it operates are presented.
Drug Delivery: Bio‐inspired Heterostructured Bead‐on‐String Fibers That Respond to Environmental Wetting (Adv. Funct. Mater. 8/2011)
Authors: Tian Xuelin , Bai Hao , Zheng Yongmei , Jiang Lei 
Published: April 2011

AbstractInspired by the geometric structure of ecribellate spider capture silk and its spinning characteristics, we propose a one‐step electrohydrodynamic method to fabricate bead‐on‐string heterostructured fibers (BSHFs). By combining electrospinning and electrospraying strategies using a sprayable outer fluid with low viscosity and a spinnable inner fluid with high viscosity in a coaxial jetting process, hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) beads are successfully imprinted on a hydrophobic polystyrene string. It is demonstrated that the BSHFs are capable of intelligently responding to environmental change. With a change in relative humidity, the fibers show a segmented swelling and shrinking behavior in the “bead” parts whereas the “string” parts remain the same. The elastic BSHFs with alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface characteristics represent a type of mesoscale analogues that block copolymers and may bring about new properties and applications. Moreover, the combined electrohydrodynamic approach developed herein should open new routes to multifunctional one‐dimensional heterostructured materials.
Lenalidomide, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (CRd) for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: Results from a phase 2 trial
Authors: Kumar Shaji K. , Lacy Martha Q. , Hayman Suzanne R. , Stewart Keith , Buadi Francis K. , Allred Jacob , Laumann Kristina , Greipp Philip R. , Lust John A. , Gertz Morie A. , Zeldenrust Steven R. , Bergsagel P. Leif , Reeder Craig B. , Witzig Thomas E. , Fonseca Rafael , Russell Stephen J. , Mikhael Joseph R. , Dingli David , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Dispenzieri Angela 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe combination of lenalidomide and low‐dose dexamethasone is an effective treatment for multiple myeloma (MM). Addition of alkylating agents to lenalidomide or thalidomide results in increased response rates and deeper responses. We designed this trial to study the combination of cyclophosphamide, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (CRd) as initial therapy for MM. Fifty‐three patients with previously untreated symptomatic MM was enrolled. Patients received 4‐week treatment cycles consisting of lenalidomide (25 mg daily for 3 weeks), dexamethasone (40 mg weekly), and cyclophosphamide (300 mg/m2 weekly for 3 weeks). A partial response or better was seen in 85% of patients including 47% with a very good partial response or better. The toxicities were manageable with over 80% of planned doses delivered; six patients went off study for toxicity. The median progression free survival (PFS) for the entire group was 28 months (95% CI: 22.7–32.6) and the overall survival (OS) at 2 years was 87% (95% CI: 78–96). Importantly, 14 patients with high‐risk MM had similar PFS and OS as the standard‐risk patients (n = 39). CRd is an effective and well‐tolerated regimen for upfront therapy of MM with high response rates and excellent 2‐year OS, and is suitable for long‐term therapy. Am. J. Hematol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atopic profile of patients failing medical therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Tan Bruce K. , Zirkle Whitney , Chandra Rakesh K. , Lin David , Conley David B. , Peters Anju T. , Grammer Leslie C. , Schleimer Robert P. , Kern Robert C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory condition of the nasal airway and paranasal sinuses that can broadly be classified into CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). The relationship between CRS and atopy to inhalant allergens remains unclear. We sought to examine the presence of atopy in patients failing medical therapy for both types of CRS. The objective of this research was to analyze the frequency and distribution of allergen sensitivity in patients failing medical therapy for CRSwNP and CRSsNP in comparison to rhinitis patients without CRS and the general population.MethodsA prospectively collected database of 334 consecutive CRS patients who had surgery after failing maximal medical therapy was queried to identify those who met inclusion criteria: a sinus computed tomography (CT), an endoscopy consistent with CRS, and skin‐prick testing with 24 common inhalant allergens in 8 classes at our institution (n = 125). Additionally, data from these CRS patients were compared to a group of 50 patients diagnosed with rhinitis who had similar symptoms but radiologically normal CT scans, as well as published normative population skin‐prick testing data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study III (NHANES III). The relationship between atopy, as assessed by the frequency of skin test positivity, and radiological disease severity, was assessed for several allergen classes in CRSwNP, CRSsNP and rhinitis patients.ResultsOne or more positive skin results were observed in 103 of 125 (82.4%) CRS patients who underwent surgery—a prevalence significantly higher than that found in the NHANES III study (p < 0.05) but not different from the rhinitis control group (36/50, 72.0%). The most prevalent positive skin test results were to dust mites and ragweed in CRSwNP, CRSsNP, and rhinitis patients. Comparing these 3 patient groups, there were no significant differences in the rates of positive skin‐test results to any single allergen. However, the median number of skin test–positive results was higher in CRSwNP patients compared to CRSsNP and rhinitis patients. Consistent with other studies, we found that CRSwNP patients were more likely to be male and have concurrent asthma.ConclusionIn our series of patients failing medical therapy for CRS, we found higher rates of atopy compared with the general population but not compared with rhinitis patients. CRSwNP patients with medically refractory sinusitis were more likely to have multiple positive skin tests and asthma as compared to the general population or patients with either CRSsNP or rhinitis. Host barrier dysfunction may play a role in enabling multisensitization. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Acid and base secretion in freshly excised nasal tissue from cystic fibrosis patients with ΔF508 mutation
Authors: Cho Do‐Yeon , Hwang Peter H. , Illek Beate , Fischer Horst 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackgroundCystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a misfunctional CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, which is believed to contributes to the regulation of the airway surface liquid (ASL) pH. This study investigated acid and base secretion in freshly excised human nasal tissues from CF patients homozygous for the ΔF508 mutation.MethodsHuman nasal mucosa was collected during sinus surgery and investigated in Ussing chambers. Mucosal equilibrium pH values and rate of acid and base secretion were determined using the pH‐stat technique.ResultsThe equilibrium pH of nasal epithelia from ΔF508 CF patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) was pH = 7.08 ± 0.09 and was significantly lower compared to nasal epithelia from CRS patients without CF (pH = 7.33 ± 0.06) and normal subjects (pH = 7.34 ± 0.08, n = 6). The rate of base secretion in CF nasal tissues was 11.8 ± 2.4 nmol · min−1 · cm−2, which was significantly lower than normal (57.2 ± 9.2 nmol · min−1 · cm−2). The HCO3− secretory rate was further increased by forskolin by 16.1% in normal, but not in CF tissues.ConclusionOur data suggests that CF patients exhibited significantly lower base secretion by the nasal airway epithelium. It is possible that improper regulation of ASL pH in CF may negatively impact the innate host defense system. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Inflammation after trauma: Microglial activation and traumatic brain injury
Authors: Ramlackhansingh Anil F. , Brooks David J. , Greenwood Richard J. , Bose Subrata K. , Turkheimer Federico E. , Kinnunen Kirsi M. , Gentleman Steve , Heckemann Rolf A. , Gunanayagam Karen , Gelosa Giorgio , Sharp David J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjective:Patient outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is highly variable. The underlying pathophysiology of this is poorly understood, but inflammation is potentially an important factor. Microglia orchestrate many aspects of this response. Their activation can be studied in vivo using the positron emission tomography (PET) ligand [11C](R)PK11195 (PK). In this study, we investigate whether an inflammatory response to TBI persists, and whether this response relates to structural brain abnormalities and cognitive function.Methods:Ten patients, studied at least 11 months after moderate to severe TBI, underwent PK PET and structural magnetic resonance imaging (including diffusion tensor imaging). PK binding potentials were calculated in and around the site of focal brain damage, and in selected distant and subcortical brain regions. Standardized neuropsychological tests were administered.Results:PK binding was significantly raised in the thalami, putamen, occipital cortices, and posterior limb of the internal capsules after TBI. There was no increase in PK binding at the original site of focal brain injury. High PK binding in the thalamus was associated with more severe cognitive impairment, although binding was not correlated with either the time since the injury or the extent of structural brain damage.Interpretation:We demonstrate that increased microglial activation can be present up to 17 years after TBI. This suggests that TBI triggers a chronic inflammatory response particularly in subcortical regions. This highlights the importance of considering the response to TBI as evolving over time and suggests interventions may be beneficial for longer intervals after trauma than previously assumed. ANN NEUROL 2011;
Gestational vitamin D and the risk of multiple sclerosis in offspring
Authors: Mirzaei Fariba , Michels Karin B. , Munger Kassandra , O'Reilly Eilis , Chitnis Tanuja , Forman Michele R. , Giovannucci Edward , Rosner Bernard , Ascherio Alberto 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjective:Vitamin D may have a protective role in the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), but the effect of gestational vitamin D on adult onset MS has not been studied.Methods:In 2001, 35,794 mothers of participants of the Nurses' Health Study II completed a questionnaire inquiring about their experiences and diet during pregnancy with their nurse daughters. We studied the association of maternal milk intake, maternal dietary vitamin D intake, and predicted maternal serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) during pregnancy and their daughters' risk of developing MS.Results:MS was diagnosed in 199 women. The relative risk of MS was lower among women born to mothers with high milk or vitamin D intake during pregnancy. The multivariate adjusted rate ratio (RR) of MS was 0.62 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40–0.95; p trend = 0.001) for nurses whose mothers consumed 2 to 3 glasses of milk per day compared with those whose mothers consumed <3 glasses per month, and 0.57 (95% CI, 0.35–0.91; p trend = 0.002) for nurses with mothers in the highest quintile of dietary vitamin D intake compared with those in the lowest. The predicted 25(OH)D level in the pregnant mothers was also inversely associated with the risk of MS in their daughters. Comparing extreme quintiles, the adjusted RR was 0.59; (95% CI, 0.37–0.92; p trend = 0.002).Interpretation:Higher maternal milk and vitamin D intake during pregnancy may be associated with a lower risk of developing MS in offspring. ANN NEUROL 2011;
Effects of fossil fuel price fluctuations on electricity planning comprising renewable energy
Authors: Muis Z. A. , Hashim H. , Manan Z. A. , Douglas P. L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractElectricity generation mix in Malaysia largely relies on fossil fuel including coal, natural gas (NG), diesel and fuel oil. In the Ninth Malaysia Plan, the government aims to achieve 5% electricity generation mix from renewable energy (RE). Nevertheless, until now, RE contributes less than 1% of the national electricity generation mix. In spite of its emission benefits, NG prices volatility have encouraged calls for investments in RE. Unfortunately, NG price in Malaysia is highly subsidized, thereby making RE implementation unattractive. This article addresses the impact of NG price (with and without subsidies) on RE‐integrated electricity generation in Malaysia. The results show that a small increment in NG price will not affect the selection of RE source for electricity generation. If RE electricity generation is chosen, it will slightly increase the cost of electricity (COE) by 2.2 cents/kWh. Without NG subsidies, this cost can be translated to an additional 3 cents/kWh of COE. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of combined fouling model in a membrane bioreactor
Authors: Kim M. J. , Yoo G. Y. , Yoo C. K. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMembrane bioreactor (MBR) system has recently become very important in wastewater treatment. However, membrane capacity during the filtration process is reduced by fouling, which is the deposition or adsorption of particles on the membrane surface or inside of the pores. For an efficient operation of MBR system, prediction of MBR fouling progress and determination of proper membrane chemical cleaning interval is necessary. Until now, four blocking models, which are complete blocking, intermediate blocking, cake filtration, and standard blocking, have typically been used to describe and predict the MBR fouling. In this study, a new combined membrane fouling model, based on the four constant flowrate blocking models, is developed to explain the combined effects of the different fouling mechanisms. This model is assumed to be more accurate in determining the chemical cleaning interval by considering variation of dominant fouling mechanisms in the filtration process. The combined fouling model is applied to data sets from a pilot‐scale MBR for monitoring the variations of dominant fouling stage. By checking temporal variations of root mean square error (RMSE) values from fitting trans‐membrane pressure data to four constant flowrate blocking models, the dominant fouling mechanism by each fouling stage is determined. In particular, the fouling prediction result by the new combined model of three fouling mechanisms, which are complete blocking, cake filtration, and intermediate blocking, excluding the standard blocking model has better predictive accuracy than the combined model of four mechanisms, which remarkably reduced the RMSE from 10.48 to 1.73. On the basis of the improvement, the new combined model with three mechanisms has the potential to predict MBR fouling process and to determine the optimum interval for membrane chemical cleaning. Our results would contribute the economic operation of MBR plants by suggesting the appropriate membrane cleaning interval with the filtration capacity maintained at optimal level. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.