bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New organosoluble copoly(ether‐amide‐imide)s based on N,N′‐(4,4′‐diphenylether)bistrimellitimide in the main chain: synthesis and characterization
Authors: Faghihi Khalil , Shabanian Meisam , Aleyasin Neda 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA new series of copoly(ether‐amide‐imide)s (CoPEAIs) 7a–f were synthesized through the direct polycondensation reaction of N,N′‐(4,4′‐diphenylether)bistrimellitimide 1 with 1,5‐naphthalene diamine 2, 3,4‐diamino benzophenone 3 in the presence of adipic acid 4, fumaric acid 5 and terephthalic acid 6 as a second diacid in a medium consisting of N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP), triphenyl phosphite (TPP), calcium chloride and pyridine (Py). The resulted polymers were fully characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, elemental analyses, inherent viscosity, solubility tests and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. Thermal properties of the CoPEAIs 7a–c were evaluated with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques and derivative of thermogravimetric (DTG) under a nitrogen atmosphere. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explorable three‐dimensional digital model of the female pelvis, pelvic contents, and perineum for anatomical education
Authors: Sergovich Aimée , Johnson Marjorie , Wilson Timothy D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe anatomy of the pelvis is complex, multilayered, and its three‐dimensional organization is conceptually difficult for students to grasp. The aim of this project was to create an explorable and projectable stereoscopic, three‐dimensional (3D) model of the female pelvis and pelvic contents for anatomical education. The model was created using cryosection images obtained from the Visible Human Project, in conjunction with a general‐purpose three‐dimensional segmentation and surface‐rendering program. Anatomical areas of interest were identified and labeled on consecutive images. Each 2D slice was reassembled, forming a three‐dimensional model. The model includes the pelvic girdle, organs of the pelvic cavity, surrounding musculature, the perineum, neurovascular structures, and the peritoneum. Each structure can be controlled separately (e.g. added, subtracted, made transparent) to reveal organization and/or relationships between structures. The model can be manipulated and/or projected stereoscopically to visualize structures and relationships from different angles with excellent spatial perception. Because of its ease of use and versatility, we expect this model may provide a powerful teaching tool for learning in the classroom or in the laboratory. Anat Sci Educ. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
Flash Chemistry Extensively Optimized: High‐Temperature Swern–Moffatt Oxidation in an Automated Microreactor Platform
Authors: Nieuwland Pieter J. , Koch Kaspar , van Harskamp Noud , Wehrens Ron , van Hest Jan C. M. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe generally accepted benefits of small lateral dimensions of microreactors (1 μm to 1 mm) enable a different way of performing synthetic chemistry: Extremely short contact times in the millisecond range can circumvent the need for performing highly exothermic and fast reactions at very low temperatures. In order to fully exploit this technology, such fast processes need to be redesigned and investigated for optimal reaction conditions, which can differ drastically from the ones traditionally applied. In a comprehensive study, we optimized the selective Swern–Moffatt oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde by varying five experimental parameters, including reaction time and temperature. Employing an ultrashort mixing and reaction time of only 32 ms, the optimal temperature was determined to be 70 °C, approximately 150 °C higher than in the conventional batch conditions. This remarkable difference shows both the potency of continuous‐flow chemistry as well as the urgency of a paradigm shift in reaction design for continuous‐flow conditions.
Wheat flour formulation by mixture design and multivariate study of its technological properties
Authors: Vigni Mario Li , Durante Caterina , Foca Giorgia , Ulrici Alessandro , Jespersen Birthe Pontoppidan Møller , Bro Rasmus , Cocchi Marina 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWheat flour plays a pivotal role in determining the overall quality of bread (loaf dimensions, crumb texture and consistency). A precise knowledge of flour chemical and technological properties is of paramount importance for the baking industry, to tune the modifications of the recipe and production parameters. However, it is still common to have to deal with an empirical, ‘trial and error’‐based approach, and generally, time consuming techniques are employed to determine the quality indexes for flour.In the context of an industrial bread‐making process, this study addresses the evaluation of the effect of a systematic variation in the mixture composition of wheat flours on their properties. The main objective is to offer this field a more rigorous method to evaluate and improve flour properties, by employing experimental design methodologies and interpreting the results in a multivariate way, instead of the common ‘one variable at a time’ approach. The results show that a careful planning of flour mixtures when testing new varieties and formulation helps to obtain meaningful and easy‐to‐understand results as far as their properties are concerned. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of model predictive ability by external validation techniques
Authors: Consonni Viviana , Ballabio Davide , Todeschini Roberto 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis paper deals with the problem of evaluating the predictive ability of regression models. In some cases, model validation by internal cross‐validation technique is not enough and validation by an external test set has been suggested as an effective way of evaluating the model predictive ability. Different functions for calculating the predictive squared correlation coefficient Q2 from an external set were proposed, which lead to occasionally different estimates of the model predictive ability and therefore to contrasting decisions about model adequacy. In this paper, advantages and drawbacks of these functions in estimating model predictive ability from some simulated datasets are discussed by comparison. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Einsatz der Multimodalspektroskopie bei der Kristallisation
Authors: Engler M. , Beinrauch P. , Trefz P. , Boldrini B. , Kessler R. W. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractKristallisationen sind wichtige Schlüsselprozesse für eine Vielzahl von Produkten der Chemischen und Pharmazeutischen Industrie. Kenntnisse über die chemische Zusammensetzung (z. B. Polymorphie) und die morphologische Struktur (z. B. Partikelgröße und ‐verteilung) der Substanzen sind während der Reaktion von großer Bedeutung für die Prozesskontrolle. Zudem können die physikochemischen und pharmakologischen Eigenschaften der Kristallisationsprodukte mit Hilfe dieses Wissens online modelliert und gesteuert werden. Das Ziel prozessanalytischer Techniken, wie z. B. der optischen Spektroskopie, ist die simultane Messung der Identität und Konzentration der Edukte und Produkte sowie der Zahl und Größe der Partikel. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird die Kombination verschiedener spektroskopischer online‐Methoden im UV/VIS‐ und NIR‐Bereich, sowie Ramanspektroskopie genutzt, um diese morphologischen und chemischen Informationen simultan zu erhalten und für die Prozesskontrolle zu nutzen.
Analytische Prozesschromatographie – aktuelle Entwicklungen und industrielle Umsetzungen
Authors: Tups H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDie analytische Prozesschromatographie hat sich in den letzten Jahren zu einem unentbehrlichen Werkzeug der Prozessanalytik entwickelt. Aktuelle Entwicklungen wie die Miniaturisierung der Prozesschromatographen durch Komponenten der Mikrosystemtechnik oder die Integration von Probenaufbereitungen in Prozesschromatographiesysteme erschließen der analytischen Prozesschromatographie neue Anwendungsfelder.
Proposing magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia in low‐field MRI
Authors: Cantillon‐Murphy Pádraig , Wald Lawrence L. , Zahn Markus , Adalsteinsson Elfar 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis work examines feasibility, practical advantages, and disadvantages of a combined MRI/magnetic particle hyperthermia (MPH) system for cancerous tumor treatment in low perfusion tissue. Although combined MRI/hyperthermia systems have been proposed and constructed, the current proposal differs because the hyperthermia system would be specifically designed to interact with the magnetic nanoparticles injected at the tumor site. The proposal exploits the physical similarities between the magnetic nanoparticles currently employed for MPH and those used as superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) contrast agents in MR imaging. The proposal involves the addition of a rotating magnetic field RF hyperthermia source perpendicular to the MRI B0 field which operates in a similar manner to the MRI RF excitation field, B1, but at significantly higher frequency and field strength such that the magnetic nanoparticles are forced to rotate in its presence. This rotation is the source of increases in temperature which are of therapeutic benefit in cancer therapy. For rotating magnetic fields with amplitudes much smaller than B0, the nanoparticles' suspension magnetization rapidly saturates with increasing B0. Therefore, the proposal is best suited to low‐field MRI systems when magnetic saturation is incomplete. In addition, careful design of the RF hyperthermia source is required to ensure no physical or RF interference with the B1 field used for MRI excitation. Notwithstanding these caveats, the authors have shown that localized steady‐state temperature rises in small spherical tumors of up to 10°C are conceivable with careful selection of the nanoparticle radius and concentration, RF hyperthermia field amplitude and frequency. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 36A: 36–47, 2010.
MRI‐phased array evaluation using a human body model
Authors: Bulumulla Selaka , Marinelli Luca , Hardy Christopher J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe develop methodology to evaluate MRI‐phased array receivers using an anatomically and electromagnetically accurate human body model. The human body model accurately represents the different permittivity and conductivity values of various tissue types in the human body, at the frequency of interest. The phased array receiver is a posterior array with 16 coils, typically placed on the patient table for imaging. We obtain the electric and magnetic fields associated with each coil using the finite‐difference time‐domain method and estimate a simplified metric to evaluate the receiver array contribution to the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) distribution. The results highlight SNR variation in the left–right direction, an artifact seen in imaging, but not apparent in quasi‐static simulations with uniform phantoms. We use the results to compare two design variations of 16‐coil phased arrays. In addition, we use the results to compare imaging methods that have potential to reduce the computational complexity of high channel count arrays by reducing the number of data streams used in image reconstruction. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 37B: 20–28, 2010
A novel target‐field approach to design bi‐planar shim coils for permanent‐magnet MRI
Authors: Liu Wentao , Tang Xin , Zu Donglin 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA novel target‐field approach for designing bi‐planar gradient and shim coils of restricted radius for use with permanent‐magnet MRI systems is presented in this article. The method is based on identification of the weighting of harmonic components in the current distribution that will generate a magnetic field whose z‐component follows a chosen spherical harmonic function. Mathematical expressions that relate the harmonic terms in the surface current distribution to spherical harmonic terms in the field expansion are established and then used in a simple matrix inversion approach to design a range of shim coils. The expressions providing a spherical harmonic decomposition of the field components produced by a particular current distribution are novel. The results can be used to design bi‐planar shim coils of restricted radius that will generate a field variation that follows a certain spherical harmonic over a reasonably‐sized volume. A stream function was utilized to obtain the discrete wire distribution on the coil plane. This method does not require the setting of the target‐field points. Through an analysis of the matrix equations in terms of condition numbers, we show that this novel approach has no ill‐conditioned problems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 37B: 29–38, 2010
Bold‐fMRI activation from visual stimuli in human amblyopia with independent component analysis
Authors: Zeng Weiming , Jiang Li 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAmblyopia is common human visual disease. In this article, we use blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging to study child amblyopica with independent component analysis method. Comparing the results of amblyopic eye viewing with that of normal eye viewing, we find that, on the one hand, human amblyopia may lead to occipital cortex dysfunction and reduce the activity of primary visual areas; on the other hand, it may extend visual stimuli into other stimulireflection. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 37B: 7–12, 2010
Validation and application of a module of the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory for measuring multiple symptoms in patients with gastrointestinal cancer (the MDASI‐GI)
Authors: Wang Xin Shelley , Williams Loretta A. , Eng Cathy , Mendoza Tito R. , Shah Nyma A. , Kirkendoll Karyn J. , Shah Pankil K. , Trask Peter C. , Palos Guadalupe R. , Cleeland Charles S. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:The M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI) was developed as a brief yet comprehensive tool to assess patient‐reported symptom severity and interference in patients with cancer. The authors report the development of an MDASI module for use in patients with gastrointestinal (GI) cancer (the MDASI‐GI).METHODS:Patients with GI cancer (N = 184) participated in module development and validation. The process included: 1) generating GI‐specific candidate items with input from GI oncologists and from qualitative interviews with patients and adding those items to the core MDASI for testing; 2) dropping candidate GI items that lacked sensitivity; 3) validating the psychometric properties (validity, reliability, sensitivity) of the resulting MDASI‐GI; and 4) conducting cognitive debriefing interviews with patients to confirm the questionnaire's ease of comprehension, relevance, and acceptability.RESULTS:Five GI‐specific symptom items (constipation, diarrhea, difficulty swallowing, change in taste, and feeling bloated) were added to the original 19 MDASI symptom and interference items to form the MDASI‐GI. Sixty‐one percent of the sample had 1 or more moderate‐to‐severe symptom(s) (≥5 on a severity scale from 0 to 10). Cronbach α values were .80 and .87 for symptom severity items and interference items, respectively. Known‐group validity (sensitivity) was supported by the ability of the MDASI‐GI to detect significant differences in symptom and interference levels according to performance status (P < .001). Cognitive debriefing demonstrated that, for patients, the MDASI‐GI was an easy‐to‐use and understandable tool.CONCLUSIONS:The current results indicated that the MDASI‐GI is a valid, reliable, and concise tool for measuring symptom severity and interference with function in patients with GI cancer. Cancer 2010.
The role of high‐dose imatinib in the management of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor
Authors: Gronchi Alessandro , Blay Jean‐Yves , Trent Jonathan C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAfter an era of few treatment options for patients with locally advanced or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), imatinib has emerged as the standard of care and first‐line treatment for these patients. Although imatinib was initially approved at the doses of 400 and 600 mg daily, results from clinical studies established 400 mg daily as the standard initial dose for the majority of advanced GIST patients. Nevertheless, the use of high‐dose imatinib (800 mg daily) has been shown to benefit patients with advanced or metastatic GIST that progresses on the standard‐dose, and has been recommended in this setting by the major management guidelines in Europe and the United States. Results from the Meta‐GIST meta‐analysis showed that patients whose GIST harbors a KIT exon 9 mutation garner a longer progression‐free survival time when treated initially with high‐dose imatinib (800 mg daily) compared with those patients with KIT exon 11 or no mutations. Thus, the use of high‐dose imatinib is recommended by the clinical practice guidelines in these 2 specific clinical situations. In addition, clinicians should weigh the clinical benefit of administering high‐dose imatinib against the associated toxicities, as well as the proper management of dose‐related side effects. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Patient‐reported acute gastrointestinal symptoms during concurrent chemoradiation treatment for rectal cancer
Authors: Chen Ronald C. , Mamon Harvey J. , Chen Yu‐Hui , Gelman Rebecca S. , Suh W. Warren , Talcott James A. , Clark Jeffrey W. , Hong Theodore S. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Although it is known that standard 5‐fluorouracil–based chemoradiation therapy for rectal cancer causes significant acute gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity, research on patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) is limited. The authors undertook the current study to assess the feasibility of incorporating PRO measurement into routine clinical practice and to describe the trajectory of symptom development during treatment.METHODS:Seventy‐seven consecutive patients who were treated between 2006 and 2008 were eligible. Patients completed the 7‐item Bowel Problems Scale immediately before weekly physician visits.RESULTS:The questionnaire completion rate was 95%. Individual GI symptoms had different trajectories of development. By Week 5, approximately 40% of all patients developed clinically meaningful pain, bowel urgency, or tenesmus that was not present during Week 1; 30% developed diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and passing mucus. However, overall symptom burden was moderate. Seventy‐five percent of patients who presented with rectal bleeding at Week 1 improved by Week 3 of treatment. Within each physician‐assessed grade of diarrhea, patient experience varied widely. For example, of the 50 patients who developed grade 2 diarrhea on the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Acute Morbidity Scale, the numbers of patients reporting only occasional symptoms versus those reporting frequent or very frequent symptoms were similar.CONCLUSIONS:PROs provided information on patient symptoms during chemoradiation treatment for rectal cancer that was not captured otherwise, and it was feasible to incorporate PROs into routine clinical practice. The current results may be used by physicians to counsel their patients before treatment initiation and to provide a benchmark against which trials that use new therapies may be compared. Cancer 2010; 116:1879–86. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Disrupting established tumor blood vessels
Authors: McKeage Mark J. , Baguley Bruce C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe unique characteristics of tumor vasculature represent an attractive target that may be exploited by vascular‐targeting anticancer agents. A promising strategy involves the selective disruption of established tumor blood vessels by tumor‐vascular disrupting agents (tumor‐VDAs), which exhibit antivascular activity, resulting in inhibition of tumor blood flow and extensive necrosis within the tumor core. The tumor‐VDA class can be subdivided into flavonoid compounds, which are related to flavone acetic acid, and tubulin‐binding compounds. ASA404, of the flavonoid class, is the most advanced tumor‐VDA in clinical development and has been evaluated preclinically and in several phase 1 and phase 2 studies. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the selective apoptosis of tumor endothelial cells and the inhibition of tumor blood flow. Synergistic activity was observed with ASA404 and with several chemotherapeutic agents, particularly taxanes. In clinical trials, compared with chemotherapy alone, ASA404 was tolerated well and produced improved activity in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer when combined with paclitaxel and carboplatin. Phase 3 clinical trials are ongoing. Selectively targeting established tumor vasculature with tumor‐VDAs represents a promising and innovative approach to improving the efficacy of standard anticancer therapies. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Commercial Runner peanut cultivars in the USA: Fatty acid composition
Authors: Shin Eui‐Cheol , Pegg Ronald B. , Phillips R. Dixon , Eitenmiller Ronald R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThough peanuts are classified as a high‐fat food, they possess good proportions of fatty acids deemed as heart healthy. The fatty acid compositions of Runner peanuts were determined for commercially grown cultivars over two recent crop years. GC‐FID analyses revealed that the fatty acid levels for Runner peanuts were significantly (p <0.05) different among the normal, mid‐, and high‐oleic peanuts investigated. Oleic acid‐to‐linoleic acid (O/L) ratios were found to be 1.93 ± 0.30, 5.25 ± 1.12, and 16.9 ± 5.20 for normal, mid‐, and high‐oleic peanut lipids, respectively. Tamrun OL01 possessed a fatty acid profile characteristic of a mid‐oleic cultivar. From the sample set (n = 151), mean % weights for oleic acid and linoleic acid were 52.09 ± 2.84 and 27.38 ± 2.60 in normal, 69.33 ± 3.18 and 13.66 ± 2.35 in mid‐oleic, and 78.45 ± 2.05 and 5.11 ± 1.67 in high‐oleic peanuts, respectively. Cluster analysis segregated cultivars based on fatty acids into normal, mid‐, and high‐oleic groups. Factorial analysis revealed that cultivar effects were significant (p <0.01) for all fatty acids, except for lignoceric acid. Cultivar effects were also highly significant (p <0.001) for O/L, IV, unsaturated/saturated fatty acid (U/S) ratio, and % saturation. Significant crop year effects were shown for palmitic, oleic, arachidic, gondoic, and lignoceric acids, as well as U/S ratio and % saturation. Healthy unsaturated fats accounted for ˜80% in all crop years and cultivars.
Improved disc SDS‐PAGE for extraction of low molecular weight proteins from serum
Authors: Li Tiechun , Dai Shuping , Wang Ziming , Zhang Hanqi 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe low molecular weight proteins can provide a lot of valuable information of biomarkers. To study these proteins, the high abundance and high molecular weight proteins must be removed prior to analysis. In this work, a simple and inexpensive disc SDS‐PAGE to extract low molecular weight proteins from human serum and cutoff proteins larger than 30 kDa was developed. Some experimental conditions were examined. The experimental results obtained by plate SDS‐PAGE and MALDI‐TOF MS showed that the molecular weight of extracted proteins was about in the range from 0.3 to 28 kDa. Some experiments, including precipitation of proteins in organic solvents, SPE and cytochrome C test, were carried out and the experimental results demonstrated successful recovery of proteins/peptides with molecular weight from several hundreds of dalton to about 30 kDa. The experimental results obtained by plate SDS‐PAGE indicated the repeatability was satisfactory.