bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Diabetes Prevention and Control Programs in the United States and Public Health Law and Policy
Authors: Thompson-Reid Patricia , Ernst Kristina L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses Diabetes Prevention and Control Programs (DPCPs) in the United States. A major focus of the DPCPs is the development of strategic partners for achieving program goals. The progression from healthy to at-risk status, to disease, and ultimately death is not always understood or agreed on from a population perspective, and thus program planners for national efforts like the National Diabetes Prevention and Control Program need decision support tools to help them not only advise but also explain their preferred set of interventions to constituent groups, or potential partners. The systems modeling approach, a computer-based model of outcomes from various program interventions, improves understanding of the “futures” that are likely to be generated by examining the impact of a range of alternative assumptions and interventions on the system. As emerging science revealed the cost-effectiveness of preventing diabetes, the National Diabetes Program embarked on new population-focused interventions.
National Diabetes Education Program and the Role of Partnership in the Prevention and Management of Diabetes
Authors: Kelly Jane , Gallivan Joanne M. , Clark Charles M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP). The NDEP was initiated in 1997 to translate the science of diabetes control and prevention into messages that would improve awareness of the disease, and increase the potential to prevent both its complications and the disease itself. NDEP's overall purpose is to mobilize a critical mass of public and private sector organizations at the national, state, and community levels to improve treatment and outcomes for people with diabetes, promote early diagnosis, and prevent the onset of diabetes. In its single decade of existence the NDEP has become the focal point for those looking for scientifically valid information about diabetes and its treatment, as reflected by the steady increases in numbers of visitors to NDEP Websites. NDEP has also become a unique forum for those nongovernmental organizations with constituencies that have diabetes or are at risk for having the disease.
Prevalence/Incidence, Risk Factors, and Future Burden of Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational Diabetes in Developing Countries
Authors: Yajnik Chittaranjan S. , Forrester Terrence , Ramaiya Kaushik , Tandon Nikhil , Kale Shailaja , Tulloch-Reid Marshall 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses some of the issues related to the three most common types of diabetes (type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes) that are particularly relevant to developing countries. The focus is on type 2 diabetes, which constitutes over 90% of all diabetes worldwide. Published data from these developing countries is presented, particularly from India and Asia because of the lead author's experience.
Diabetes in the Young
Authors: Imperatore Giuseppina , Linder Barbara , Pettitt David J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDiabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. In this age group the majority of cases are type 1. Worldwide, the incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing, especially among young children. This chapter discusses the epidemiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people and current etiologic hypotheses. It highlights the challenges of diabetes classification in youth, and it describes the public health issues of screening, disease outcomes, and potential preventive strategies.
Public Health Genomics of Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, and Diabetic Complications
Authors: Hanson Robert L. , Nelson Robert G. , Knowler William C. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The term “genomics” generally refers to the study of an organism's entire genome and how the genome acts, often in concert with environmental factors, to influence the organism's phenotype. This field of study has grown in recent years as the basic genome sequence has become known for an increasing number of organisms, including humans. Technological advances in methods for genotyping have led to an enhanced ability to survey polymorphic DNA sequences on a genomic basis. With respect to human diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, these genomic tools are increasingly being used to map genes that influence susceptibility to disease. This chapter reviews these efforts from a public health perspective for studies of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. To facilitate the understanding of these studies, the epidemiologic approaches applied to human genetics is first reviewed.
Translation Research and Major Ongoing Clinical Trials
Authors: Benjamin Evan M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on diabetes translation research. Translation research is applied research for health care and policy that strives to study how to translate available knowledge and make it useful for reducing the burden of diabetes. Translation research explores the reasons why efficacious treatments have not reduced the burden of diabetes and evaluates potential solutions. Although proven treatments and research studies that document the efficacy of treatments are widely available, inadequate implementation of such treatments is observed. To mitigate and reduce the burden of a disease, research must not only focus on the efficacy of a treatment but also illuminate how such treatment can be translated into clinical practice at a population level. Translation research may be considered an extension of effectiveness research, but it also takes on other components of health services research, public health, and community medicine.
Diabetes Public Health Information Resources
Authors: Gallivan Joanne M. , Petersen Matt 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the major Web-based information, education, and research resources on diabetes prevention and control that are available to public health researchers and practitioners from organizations in the federal government, voluntary and professional organizations, and the private sector. Informational and educational resources are described for public health researchers and practitioners and for public and patient audiences.
Pursuing Paradox: The Role of Adults in Creating Empowering Settings for Youth
Authors: Larson Reed W. , Angus Rachel M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines youth programs as settings that foster youth development, voice, and both individual and community empowerment. It highlights setting processes through which youth develop strategic thinking for understanding and impacting on the community, experience enhanced motivation, transcend an egocentric perspective, and develop abilities to work collaboratively and bridge the divide between youth and adult worlds.
“I Came to Tell You of My Life”: Narrative Expositions of “Mental Health” in an American Indian Community
Authors: Gone Joseph P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter traces the cultural contours of “mental health” among the Gros Ventres of the Fort Belknap Indian reservation in north central Montana. This group configures wellness much differently than professional psychology, emphasizing respectful relationships instead of egonic individualism and the ritual circulation of sacred power instead of secular humanism. The chapter concludes with a few general observations regarding the promise of community psychology—especially in its recognition and celebration of narrative and empowerment—for assisting contemporary Native American communities in their efforts toward collective decolonization and communal healing.
Contradictions and Consistencies: Rappaport’s Contributions to Community Psychology (1968–2007)
Authors: Serrano-García Irma 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines consistencies and contradictions in Rappaport's work over the course of his career. It finds consistency in a number of areas, including his emphasis on collaboration, resource development, a focus on strength versus weakness, and the need for multilevel interventions and multidisciplinary understanding. Contradictions are reported in the definition of power, views on prevention, and the role of the profession vis-à-vis government.
The Case for Pluralism
Authors: Krisch Nico 
Published: January 2011

AbstractChapter 3 develops a pluralist alternative to postnational constitutionalism. Pluralism recognizes the blurred separation of layers of law but does not seek to reorganize them in an overarching legal framework. It envisages a heterarchical structure in which the interaction of the different layers is not ultimately determined by one supreme legal rule but governed by a variety of (potentially conflicting) norms emanating from each of the layers. Pluralism has been increasingly used as a prism for understanding the structure of law beyond the state, but it has so far gained less attention as a normative vision. This chapter develops a normative argument based on the autonomy of individuals in a world in which visions of the right scope of the polity diverge. These diverging visions deserve respect and should find reflection in institutional structures—a demand an open, pluralist order is better placed to answer than a constitutionalist one in which relationships need to find legal settlement.
Pluralism in Postnational Risk Regulation
Authors: Krisch Nico 
Published: January 2011

AbstractChapter 6 focuses on a central area of global governance often regarded as an example of failed cooperation—the regime complex around trade, food safety, and the environment, illustrated in the dispute over trade in genetically modified organisms (GMOs) around the WTO, the SPS Agreement, and the Biosafety Protocol. The chapter analyses institutional interactions in this area and shows how competing supremacy claims relate to broader claims by various collectives striving for control in the construction of global governance. The chapter suggests that the limits of cooperation evident in this case are due less to institutional than to societal structures. In tracing significant cooperation successes despite highly politicized conflict it also indicates that a pluralist order, by leaving issues of principle open, may provide a safety valve for issues of high salience, thus avoiding the friction a more legalized, constitutionalist order might produce.
Cooperation and Power in a Pluralist World
Authors: Krisch Nico 
Published: January 2011

AbstractChapter 7 focuses on prospects of cooperation and problems of power in pluralism. Assertions of competing supremacy claims are typically part of processes of change in the respective regimes, and this element of change is also crucial for the broader assessment of pluralism's promise. As postnational regimes change—and are strengthened—they provoke challenges from disaffected actors, including domestic ones which are typically at the margins of regime design and adaptation. Pluralism's openness helps to buffer and accommodate such resistance informally, allows for working around competing claims in an incrementalist fashion, and constructing authority over time. Contrary to widespread assumptions in the literature, it can also help to remedy (rather than reinforce) power asymmetries in postnational governance. As regimes evolve, they prompt processes of normative change and trigger greater demand for institutional transformation by previously excluded actors. Pluralism's openness provides space for such challenges, while constitutionalist orders tend to stabilize initial, often more power-driven designs.
Libertarianism, Action, and Self‐Determination
Authors: Strawson Galen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThere is a basic, strong, fundamental sense in which free will and moral responsibility are provably, logically impossible. For in the end, they require that one be radically the cause of oneself, causa sui, and this is impossible. One way to put this impossibility is to say that it requires the completion of an infinite series of tasks. Another is this: (1) One is the way one is as a result of one's heredity and experience. (2) One cannot somehow accede to true responsibility for oneself by trying to change the way one is as a result of heredity and experience. For (3) both the particular way in which one tries to change oneself, and the degree of one's success in changing, will be determined by how one already is. And (4) any further changes that one can successfully bring about only after certain initial changes will in turn be determined, via the initial changes, by heredity and experience.
Kant and Commitment
Authors: Strawson Galen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter considers Kant's theory of freedom. Kant thinks that our experience of being subject to the Moral Law has the consequence that we cannot help experiencing ourselves as truly, radically free to choose. Various questions arise. For example: (1) Does Kant think that there is a sense in which we really are radically free ‘from a practical point of view’, i.e., as regards action, precisely because we cannot help experiencing ourselves as free? (2) Could a being that had no conception of morality none the less experience itself as radically free? (3) Is is really true that we — human beings — are bound to experience ourselves as radically free? (4) Is believing one is free perhaps a necessary condition of freedom, even if it is not sufficient?
Commitment, Illusion, and Truth
Authors: Strawson Galen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractCan we allow a sense in which we are genuinely radically free ‘practically speaking’, even if there is also a sense in which freedom is impossible from an objective, theoretical point of view? Might this be a case in which we encounter what Nagel calls ‘limits to objectivity’? Can something be an illusion from one point of view and a reality from another?
Objectivism: Preliminaries
Authors: Strawson Galen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter begins to try to build a statement of the necessary and sufficient conditions of free agenthood. The first group of conditions seem straightforward: an agent must be (1) capable of entertaining desires; (2) capable of forming beliefs about its circumstances; (3) practical-rational, that is, capable of practical reasoning; (4) capable of self-movement (or self-change); and (5) capable of fully self-conscious thought. These are nominated as the initial set of Structural or S conditions of free agenthood. Dogs can presumably fulfil conditions (1)-(4), but not (5). Nemo is introduced: he is defined as being as similar to an ordinary human being as it is possible to be without being self-conscious. The question is whether he could count as a free agent.
Choice
Authors: Strawson Galen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIt seems clear that possession of the ability to choose is a necessary condition of free agenthood. Now there is a sense in which fulfilling conditions (1)-(4) in Chapter 7 already entails possessing the ability to choose. But the notion of ability to choose needs further discussion, which it receives in this chapter. Consider a choice made by Fido, an affectionate dog trained for life-saving. He stands at the end of an island, facing the point of bifurcation of a river, watching his master and mistress being carried away equidistantly down the two channels of the river. He looks from side to side, agitated, hesitating, then plunges after — one of them. Given that we don't think that dogs can be free agents in the sense that we are, we need to ask what exactly dogs lack, when it comes to making choices.
Self‐consciousness
Authors: Strawson Galen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter considers self-consciousness, i.e., condition (5) from Chapter 7. It offers a conventional definition of ‘full’ or ‘express’ self-consciousness, i.e., self-consciousness of the kind possessed by nearly all human beings. According to the definition, to be fully self-conscious is to be able to think of yourself conceived of specifically as yourself. This raises a question: must any creature that is self-conscious have some sort of conception of itself as somehow single just qua mental, i.e., as a thing which has some sort of singleness considered purely in its mental aspect — even if it also has, and believes itself to have, singleness considered in its physical or overall psychophysical aspect? This seems unlikely to most analytic philosophers, but this chapter argues that it may well be the case. Independently of that, our ability to be fully self-consciously aware of ourselves as choosing, in a situation of choice, seems to be one of the crucial foundations of our conviction that we are radically free to choose even if determinism is true.
Evidence and Independence
Authors: Strawson Galen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter begins a sustained discussion of the suggestion that believing you are free might be a condition of actually being free. The suggestion is highly paradoxical. It seems clear that it violates the ‘principle of independence’. This is the principle that if one has a belief, B, then the obtaining of the state of affairs that makes B true cannot (ever) depend upon or necessarily involve one's having B. It is, in other words, the principle that one's having B cannot be among the truth-conditions of B. If believing one is free is just causally inevitable, if one is free, then there may be no great problem. But the suggestion is that believing one is free may somehow be partly constitutive of being free.
The Spectator Subject and Integration
Authors: Strawson Galen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe Spectator Subject, or Theoria, is a self-conscious, self-moving purposive agent. She fulfils all the basic Structural S conditions on free agenthood introduced in Chapter 7. But she does not appear to be a free agent, on account of the peculiarity of her sense of self, and, in particular, the peculiarity of her attitude to her desires and herself as an agent. She resembles Camus's étranger; she is somehow disengaged from life, including her own. When she alludes to one of his own desires, it's as if she is recounting a fact about a feature of the world extraneous to her; for she seems to be just the detached reporting self. The Spectator Subject suggests a further condition on freedom. One must not be detached in the way she is. One must be ‘Integrated’ or engaged. One must fulfill the Integration Condition. This is an Attitudinal condition on freedom, not a Structural condition.
The Natural Epictetans
Authors: Strawson Galen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe Natural Epictetans fulfil all the Structural conditions on agency, and also the Attitudinal Integration condition. They are a race of gifted, active creatures in a highly congenial world. They are never undecided in any way. They never hesitate in any way about what to do. They never consciously deliberate about what ends to pursue, or about how to pursue them — having no need to. And they never experience hindrances; they always succeed in doing what they want to do. Given that they have no experience of deliberation or indecision, the notion of radical freedom may have little content for them. They may have no identifiable belief that they are radically free, although they always do what they want to do, in a way that many take to be central to, if not sufficient for, actual freedom. Might they fail to be fully free simply in failing to have any genuine sense of themselves as free? Could experience of indecision be a necessary condition of being genuinely free?
Subjectivism and Experience of Freedom
Authors: Strawson Galen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe conclusion so far is that believing that one is radically free is indeed a necessary condition of being radically free. But this claim still seems to contravene the principle of independence in an unacceptable way. It still seems that the belief in one's radical freedom can be fully justified only if it can be shown that one is radically free quite independently of the fact that one believes that one is. This chapter makes one last attempt to solve this problem. The final proposed analysis of free agenthood is this. If we are free agents, then a free agent is a (1) fully self-conscious, (2) integrated or engaged, (3) purposive agent that is (4) able to choose and is (5) fully self-consciously aware of this and (6) believes it is (or experiences itself as) free.
A Brief History of Climate Politics and the Roles of the US and EU Therein
Authors: Carlarne Cinnamon Piñon 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter briefly reviews the history of the international climate change negotiations leading up to and culminating in the drafting of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and, subsequently, the Kyoto Protocol. The discussion examines the role of the US and the EU in the negotiating process; focusing on how the US and the EU influenced the substantive content of the Kyoto Protocol. It then explores the importance of the EU and the US as political actors in global climate politics, as past and present contributors to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and as symbolic and substantive ‘role models’ in the international climate regime.
Sub-Federal Laws and Policies in the United States
Authors: Carlarne Cinnamon Piñon 
Published: January 2011

AbstractStates have long been the ‘laboratories of democracy’ for US lawmaking; states and other sub-federal actors are proving particularly important to the development of climate change law and policy. Through reference to key regional, state, and local efforts, this chapter explores how, why, and to what effect sub-federal actors are influencing climate policy in the US. It examines whether in confronting the federal government's failure to discharge its customary role as the principal architect of environmental policy, sub-federal entities have stepped in to fill the policy void. In doing so, it considers whether sub-federal climate change initiatives are merely symbolic in nature, ie, lacking substance and enforceability, or whether they are in fact having significant impact on the way that the domestic and private sectors and, ultimately, the federal government think about and respond to climate change in legal and political forums.
Law and Policy in the European Union
Authors: Carlarne Cinnamon Piñon 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter briefly reviews the history of the EU as it relates to the role of EU institutions in environmental policy-making. It explores EU decision-making institutions and processes and the relationship between the EU and its member states, with particular reference to role and responsibilities in implementing the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol and otherwise addressing climate change. It then reviews EU climate change law and policy to date, focusing on regional policy initiatives. In examining EU governance systems and climate initiatives, it seeks to begin revealing similarities and differences in EU and US political systems as a preface to more in-depth comparisons in Chapters 7 and 8.
US and EU Laws and Policies Compared
Authors: Carlarne Cinnamon Piñon 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe disparities—both perceived and real—between US and EU responses to climate change play a central role in defining the political parameters of on-going negotiations over a post-Kyoto agreement. While the EU and the US are only two actors at a sprawling negotiating table increasingly dominated by the rapidly developing economies, they are two of the players whose early expressions of interest and commitment helped shape the framework of the debate as well as the willingness of other key players to come to the table. And, while the EU and the US are often portrayed as sitting at opposite ends of the negotiating table, this depiction is neither accurate nor helpful. This chapter attempts to more thoroughly analyze convergences and divergences in US and EU climate strategies and to begin examining some of the key factors that influence the two regimes' legal and political approaches to climate change.