bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The histological response of the lungs of rats to potentially suitable water soluble bronchographic contrast agents iotrolan (a non-ionic dimer) and iopamidol (a non-ionic monomer)
Authors: Ginai A Z , Bubberman A , Zondervan P E , Van Leeuwen W , Morcos S K 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The recent need for selective bronchography during bronchoscopy in certain patients, together with paediatric indications for tracheo-bronchography, raises the question as to which contrast medium is both safe and efficient. The purpose of the present experimental study was to define the tissue reaction caused by iotrolan and iopamidol in the bronchi and lungs of rats. 60 animals used in this study were divided into five groups receiving iotrolan 300, iopamidol 370, iopamidol 150, physiological saline and anaesthetic only, the last two acting as control groups. Statistically there was no significant difference in the histological reaction between iotrolan 300, iopamidol 370 and iopamidol 150 compared with the control groups, although iotrolan 300 appeared to result in the least tissue reaction. With its adequately high iodine concentration, low osmolality and relatively high viscosity, iotrolan 300 would appear to be a suitable contrast medium for bronchography.
T1ρ dispersion imaging of diseased muscle tissue
Authors: Lamminen A E , Tanttu J I , Sepponen R E , Pihko H , Korhola O A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
T1ρ dispersion, or the frequency dependence of T1 relaxation in the rotating frame, was used for in vivo muscle tissue characterization in 13 patients with primary skeletal muscle disease and in eight normal subjects for comparison. T1ρ dispersion measurements represent a new approach to magnetic resonance tissue characterization, possibly reflecting the macromolecular constituents of tissue. A definite, statistically significant, difference was found between the relative T1ρ dispersion values of normal and diseased muscle tissue. T1ρ dispersion measurements and images may increase the accuracy of identification of diseased muscles. Early identification of affected muscles is important for accurate diagnosis by muscle biopsy.
Stab wounds of the heart: two new signs of pneumopericardium
Authors: Van Gelderen W F C 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The diagnosis of a small traumatic pneumopericardium may be difficult and differentiation from a left medial pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum is important. Two new signs which only occur in pneumopericardium are described: the “transverse band of air” sign on the frontal radiograph representing air in the transverse sinus of the pericardium, and the “triangle of air” sign as noted on the lateral radiograph. If there is still doubt, a left-side-down decubitus radiograph will establish the diagnosis.
Complications of intraarterial digital subtraction angiography in patients investigated for cerebral vascular disease
Authors: Warnock N G , Gandhi M R , Bergvall U , Powell T 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
395 patients (236 males, mean age 55.6 years: 159 females, mean age 52.2 years) with suspected transient ischaemic attacks or previous strokes underwent intraarterial digital subtraction angiography (IADSA) over a 3-year period ending in March 1991. All procedures were performed via the femoral approach and the majority consisted of arch studies followed by selective catheterization. 253 (64.1%) of the patients had extracranial vascular disease confirmed at angiography. A retrospective analysis of the patients' records was made to extract all possible complications. Complications were defined as any untoward symptoms or signs occurring within 48 h and which could have been related to the angiogram. Neurological complications occurred in 15 (3.89%) patients. 10 (2.5%) patients had transient complications which resolved completely within 24 h. In three (0.8%) patients the neurological deficit was reversible, recovering fully within 6 days. Two (0.52%) patients were left with residual disability from stroke at 10 days. The permanent neurological complication rate is in the lower range of the rates recorded in previous conventional angiographic studies. We conclude that IADSA is a relatively safe and reliable form of investigation in patients with suspected cerebral vascular disease.
Improving the evaluation of renal transplant collecting system dilatation by computerized ultrasound image digitization
Authors: Kashi S H , Romaniuk C , Sadek S A , Irving H C 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
43% of the renal allografts transplanted at our centre demonstrate pelvicalyceal dilatation on ultrasonography. However, only 6% of grafts are ultimately shown to be obstructed by antegrade pyelography. We have attempted to improve the specificity of ultrasonography by a quantitative analysis of 394 serial ultrasound studies from 150 renal transplant recipients. Representative images in the longitudinal and transverse axes were selected by a single observer for each of the studies and the outline of the kidney and its pelvicalyceal system was traced out. The images were then digitized using a Summagraphics tablet so that the length, width and area of the kidney and its pelvicalyceal system were calculated for each image. A step-wise discriminant analysis was performed which showed that the ratio of the area of the kidney to its pelvicalyceal area in both axes discriminated between normal, dilated but non-obstructed, and obstructed grafts. The median ratio of kidney to collecting system area in the obstructed grafts was 5.2 in the longitudinal and 4.4 in the transverse scan planes (vs median ratios of 32.8 and 22.0 for non-dilated grafts). Using canonical discriminant function, an index was derived which combines these ratios for the longitudinal and transverse images of the same kidney and this has further improved the diagnostic accuracy (median index of 2.45 in obstructed group vs –0.85 in non-dilated kidneys). This method improves upon the radiologist's report and identifies those grafts which require intervention.
Feasibility of patient immobilization for conventional cranial irradiation with a relocatable stereotactic frame
Authors: Laing R W , Thompson V , Warrington A P , Brada M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The precision of patient repositioning and the firmness of immobilization are among the major determinants of the accuracy of radiation treatment delivery. A relocatable Gill-Thomas localizer (GTL) developed for neurosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy achieves highly accurate relocation and immobilization and has been used successfully for fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy of intracranial lesions. The feasibility of using GTL for immobilization in conventional fractionated external beam radiotherapy was assessed by comparison with conventional Cabulite shell head fixation. The GTL was well tolerated at the time of preparation and during a 5 week course of radiotherapy. The principal advantage was superior relocation accuracy maintained throughout the course of treatment, high precision of field set-up and markedly reduced production time. In addition the time taken to position the patient in the treatment room was also marginally shortened. GTL is therefore a feasible method of head fixation for conventional cranial irradiation providing patients have adequate dentition. With further development the relocatable method of immobilization originally designed for stereotactic radiotherapy may become the preferred technique particularly in situations where high accuracy is desirable, such as stereotactically guided conformal radiotherapy.
Organ absorbed doses in intraoral dental radiography
Authors: Lecomber A R , Faulkner K 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A dental radiography unit operating at 70 kV (nominal) and 20 cm focus–skin distance was used to irradiate an anthropomorphic phantom loaded with lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosemeters, in order to assess the variation in organ absorbed dose with intraoral periapical radiographic view. 14 views using the bisectingangle technique and four views using the paralleling technique were studied. The results are presented and the doses and dose distributions examined. Doses for the paralleling and bisecting-angle techniques are compared, and the effects of focus-skin distance and beam collimation upon patient dosimetry discussed. Sources of uncertainty in dental dosimetry studies using phantoms are also considered.
Malignant giant cell tumour of the pancreas presenting as a large pancreatic cyst
Authors: Scott R , Jersky J , Hariparsad G 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Carcinoma of the pancreas is a common tumour. Histologically, the majority are adenocarcinomas of duct origin. Carcinomas of the pancreas containing giant cells are uncommon and those containing osteoclast-type tumour cells are very rare. We report a case of malignant giant cell tumour presenting as an extremely large, thin walled haemorrhagic cyst of the pancreas. This tumour is most unusual in that the wall is composed of multiple highly pleomorphic malignant-looking multinucleated giant cells as well as numerous osteoclast-like giant cells in a stroma of small spindle shaped mononuclear cells.
Hypomagnesaemia in a patient with acromesomelic dysplasia
Authors: Minty I L , Hall C M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Hypomagnesaemia and acromesomelic dwarfism are both rare inherited disorders. We report the first case of both these conditions occurring in the same patient. Our child and his family pedigree are further evidence that both these diseases are inherited as autosomal recessive conditions. There is no known association between these two diseases.
Uterine sarcomas: a review of the Edinburgh experience from 1974 to 1992
Authors: Tinkler S D , Cowie V J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A retrospective review of patients treated for a uterine sarcoma in Edinburgh from 1974 to 1992 has been performed. Clinical details at presentation, tumour pathology, treatment and the outcome of treatment were all recorded. 82 patients' case notes were reviewed. 54 patients had died and 28 were alive (mean follow-up period 80.3 months). 39 patients had a malignant mixed mesodermal tumour, 12 patients had an endometrial stromal sarcoma, and 27 had a leiomyosarcoma. Using a modified FIGO staging retrospectively, 41 patients had Stage 1 disease, two patients had Stage 2, 16 patients had Stage 3, and 13 patients had Stage 4 disease. Definitive treatment of total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was used in 69 patients, with 35 of these patients also receiving post-operative radiotherapy to the pelvis. 13 patients did not undergo surgery. Five of these patients received radical radiotherapy, three patients received palliative radiotherapy, and five patients were not treated. The overall median survival is 15 months and the 5-year actuarial survival is 31%. 25 of the 26 surviving patients had Stage 1 disease at presentation. Post-operative pelvic radiotherapy did not influence either survival or local tumour control. 51 of the 54 patients who relapsed had evidence of distant metastases. We conclude that total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy remains the treatment of choice for uterine sarcomas.
Fast magnetic resonance angiography using turbo-FLASH sequences in advanced aortoiliac disease
Authors: Sivananthan U M , Ridgway J P , Bann K , Verma S P , Cullingworth J , Ward J , Rees M R 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A prospective study using contrast enhanced turbo-FLASH (Fast Low-Angle Shot) magnetic resonance (MR) angiography was performed to assess the arterial anatomy in patients who had advanced atherosclerotic aortoiliac disease. This new imaging sequence was employed in 17 patients and the results were compared with conventional abdominal aortography. MR angiography accurately detected all aortic occlusions (3/3), their sites and their extent. All nine iliac occlusions were correctly identified (sensitivity 100%, specificity of 90%). The sensitivity was 100% for stenosis of 50% or greater in the abdominal aorta, and the iliac and common femoral arteries. The degree of stenosis was overgraded in 20 of 51 lesions (39.2%). Mild stenosis was overgraded as moderate stenosis in 10 and as severe stenosis in three. Moderate stenosis was overgraded as severe stenosis in four. None of the mild or moderate stenoses resulted in areas of signal voids suggestive of occlusions. Three severe stenoses were seen as areas of signal voids (two iliac, one femoral). In the eight patients who had in total 10 aneurysmal dilatations of the aorta or the iliac arteries, MR angiography was superior in demonstrating the true extent of the aneurysms. We conclude that turbo-FLASH MR angiography has the potential to be a useful non-invasive imaging technique for patients with advanced aortoiliac disease.
Computed tomography in sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis
Authors: Economou G , Jones P B B , Adams J E , Bernstein R M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis is a rare but recognized entity characterized by new bone formation and ligamentous ossification which limits mobility of the sternoclavicular joints. Aetiology is obscure and debated. There may be considerable delay in establishing the diagnosis, even by specialists. In confirming the diagnosis plain radiography is of limited value but radionuclide bone scan and computed tomography (CT) may be helpful. Four cases are described to emphasize these points and illustrate the clinical and radiological features of the condition. High resolution CT with thin sections (5 mm or less) is the examination of choice for demonstrating the characteristic features and is essential if the condition is to be confirmed in its early stages when treatment might be more successful in delaying progression.
A comparison of reference bone mineral density measurements derived from two sources: referred and population based
Authors: Ryan P J , Spector T P , Blake G M , Doyle D V , Fogelman I 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The construction of reference ranges for bone mineral density (BMD) is of importance when denning risk of osteoporosis in an individual. This study examined lumbar spine BMD from two different populations of women aged 40–69 years, both measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using Hologic QDR-1000 machines. Results were compared with the manufacturer's reference range. At one site (Centre 1) women were referred by general practitioners for BMD measurement to aid decisions regarding long term hormone replacement therapy (HRT). At the other (Centre 2), women were drawn from the age/sex register of a London general practice (population 11 000) and invited to attend a screening examination at their local hospital. The BMD for both groups did not differ significantly from the manufacturer's reference range. The BMD at Centre 1 was lower than Centre 2 by 0.0175 g cm−2 but this did not reach significance and after calibration of both DXA machines with a spine phantom the difference in BMD of the two groups was reduced to only 0.0034 g cm−2. Population based sampling carries no advantage over a GP referral based method for the construction of spinal BMD reference ranges. Although local BMD reference ranges may be required for sites outside the spine the comparable results in this study of the two UK reference ranges and those of the USA manufacturer suggest that local reference ranges for lumbar spine BMD using DXA may be unnecessary in the UK.
Monte Carlo study of grid performance in diagnostic radiology: factors which affect the selection of tube potential and grid ratio
Authors: Sandborg M , Dance D R , Carlsson G Alm , Persliden J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A Monte Carlo computational model has been developed for the study of the performance of anti-scatter grids in diagnostic radiology. It is used here to estimate the scatter in the image plane from soft tissue phantoms (representing the patient) and to calculate image contrast and the mean absorbed dose in the phantom. Different scattering conditions, representative of various examinations, have been investigated: adult lumbar spine; small field radiography and fluoroscopy; adult chest and paediatric pelvis and chest. For each scattering condition, the combinations of tube potential and grid ratio have been found which, for a well designed grid, result in the lowest mean absorbed dose in the phantom for a fixed contrast level. In examinations which generate large amounts of scatter, the use of high grid ratios in combination with high tube potentials is favourable with regard to both mean absorbed dose in the phantom and tube charge. When less scatter is generated, either the grid ratio or the tube potential can be varied to achieve the desired contrast level. High grid ratios require shorter exposure times, but need careful alignment in the beam to prevent primary radiation cut-off. It is shown that the air gap technique can be used to reduce patient dose in examinations with small amounts of scatter, but in combinations with a lower tube potential than when a grid is used.
A new method of quantification of the pulmonary regional distribution of aerosols using combined CT and SPECT and its application to nedocromil sodium administered by metered dose inhaler
Authors: Perring S , Summers Q , Fleming J S , Nassim M A , Holgate S T 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Aerosols of nedocromil sodium labelled with 99Tcm were delivered on 20 separate occasions to healthy male volunteers. Planar and single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) gamma scintigraphy were immediately performed to assess the pulmonary regional distribution of delivered aerosol. On a separate occasion volunteers were imaged using X-ray computed tomography (CT). Alignment of SPECT and CT images was performed using marked anatomical features and the anterior and lateral skin outlines. CT images provided data for attenuation correction and were used to define the anatomical lung volume. Central to peripheral (CP) ratios of deposited activity were calculated from volumes of interest in coronal and transverse sections of the right lung. These were compared with CP ratios obtained from planar images obtained immediately following aerosol inhalation. Volumetric CP ratio correlated significantly with immediate planar CP ratio (p &lt; 0.001). Analysis of deposition in the whole right lung was performed by separating the SPECT lung data into a series of thin concentric shells centred on the entry of the right main bronchus. Measures were defined for describing the variation of deposition density and cumulative total deposition with distance from the lung centre. These showed significant correlation with planar CP ratio (p &lt; 0.001). SPECT analysis using CT is consistent with planar measures of aerosol deposition but offers a more complete quantification of aerosol penetration and absolute deposited activity within the whole lung. It is a valuable new tool for aerosol analysis.
Errors in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of the lumbar spine owing to fat distribution and soft tissue thickness during weight change
Authors: Tothill P , Avenell A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
It has previously been shown that the non-uniform distribution of fat leads to errors in the determination of spine bone mineral. If the fat error changes during alterations of weight, conclusions about bone mineral measurements might be compromised. To test this possibility, the distribution of adipose tissue was determined from X-ray CT scans taken for diagnostic purposes from patients whose weight had increased or decreased due to disease or treatment. For AP scanning the change in mean fat thickness over the vertebrae was similar to that in the background area, so that there was little change in fat error and therefore no misinterpretation of bone mineral measurements. Results were more variable for lateral scanning, sufficiently so as to question its validity in this context.
The dependence of bone mineral measurements on the soft tissue thickness was investigated with three different makes of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer and four spine models. A complex dependence was found, which varied with the bone mineral density, the thickness, the machine and the model. However, the magnitude of the dependence was not sufficient to falsify the conclusions about changes in bone mineral in two clinical studies in which patients had changed weight.
Monte Carlo study of grid performance in diagnostic radiology: task dependent optimization for screen–film imaging
Authors: Sandborg M , Dance D R , Carlsson G Alm , Persliden J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
An optimization of anti-scatter grid design using Monte Carlo techniques in diagnostic radiology is presented. The criterion for optimization was to find the combinations of the grid parameters (lead strip width, grid ratio and strip density) and tube potential which result in the lowest mean absorbed dose in the patient at fixed image contrast. The optimization was performed in three irradiation geometries, representing different scattering conditions (paediatric examinations, and two adult lumbar spine examinations) and was restricted to grids using fibre materials in covers and interspaces. Grid designs currently available were studied, as were designs which use thinner strips (&lt; 30 μm) and higher grid ratios (&gt; 18). It was found that grids with widely different strip densities (strips cm−1) and grid ratios can have good performance provided that they are used with appropriate strip width and tube potential. With increasing amounts of scatter, the optimal grid requires thicker strips and higher grid ratios. Increasing the strip density and using thinner strips and higher grid ratios are generally required. Grids with low strip density (25 strips cm−1) were found to be less sensitive to alterations in strip width. Optimal grids for paediatric radiology require thinner strips (10–20 μm) than those in currently available grids. Grids on the market are best suited for examinations of the adult body in anteroposterior (AP) view. In the adult lateral view, representing the largest scattering volume, higher grid ratios (&gt; 18) than those in existing grids would be optimal. Examples of good grid designs are given for each examination.
Computed tomography findings in lipoid proteinosis: report of two cases
Authors: Özbek S S , Akyar S , Turgay M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Lipoid proteinosis (Urbach–Wiethe disease (Urbach, E and Wiethe, C, Lipoidosis cutis mucosae, Virchows Arch. Patholog. Anat., 273, 285–319 (1929)) is a rare generalized disease with autosomal recessive inheritance. It most often involves the skin and mucosal membranes of the aerodigestive tract; but also involves the central nervous system, lung, lymph nodes and striated muscles. We present the computed tomography findings in the cranium and larynx of two siblings with lipoid proteinosis.
The value of the short tau inversion recovery sequence in magnetic resonance imaging of thyroid eye disease
Authors: Laitt R D , Hoh B , Wakeley C , Kabala J , Harrad R , Potts M , Goddard P 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
22 patients with thyroid eye disease were examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the results compared with 10 controls. Imaging was performed on a 1.0 T scanner using a head coil. All patients were examined using both T1W and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequences. The relative signal intensity (SI) of individual extraocular muscles were quantified by comparison with SI from the adjacent temporalis muscle to give a signal intensity ratio (SIR). The results were compared with clinical disease activity assessed by the Werner grading system. Visual evaluation of muscle size and calculated SIRs showed an increase when compared to normals in 15 of the 22 patients. This difference was significant in patients with high grade (4–6) clinical disease. The known histological changes in this disease suggest that this increase in signal is caused by oedema secondary to acute inflammation. STIR sequences suppress the retro-orbital fat and thus enhance these changes both in the muscles and in the fat itself. The MR findings suggest that the STIR sequence can be used to predict those patients that will respond to anti-antiflammatory treatment.