bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of JNK in Mammary Gland Development and Breast Cancer
Authors: Cellurale Cristina , Girnius Nomeda , Jiang Feng , Cavanagh-Kyros Julie , Lu Shaolei , Garlick David S. , Mercurio Arthur M. , Davis Roger J. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
cJun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling has been implicated in the developmental morphogenesis of epithelial organs. In this study, we employed a compound deletion of the murine Jnk1 and Jnk2 genes in the mammary gland to evaluate the requirement for these ubiquitously expressed genes in breast development and tumorigenesis. JNK1/2 was not required for breast epithelial cell proliferation or motility. However, JNK1/2 deficiency caused increased branching morphogenesis and defects in the clearance of lumenal epithelial cells. In the setting of breast cancer development, JNK1/2 deficiency significantly increased tumor formation. Together, these findings established that JNK signaling is required for normal mammary gland development and that it has a suppressive role in mammary tumorigenesis. Cancer Res; 72(2); 472–81. ©2011 AACR.
Tone Sandhi and Tonal Coarticulation in Tianjin Chinese
Authors: Zhang Jie , Liu Jiang 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
We present in this article an acoustic study on tone sandhi and tonal coarticulation in Tianjin Chinese. Our results indicate that Tianjin tone sandhi is likely influenced by Standard Chinese and is undergoing a number of changes, causing variations and exceptions to the sandhi patterns, and the majority of the sandhis are non-neutralizing, contra traditional descriptions. Tonal coarticulation in Tianjin exhibits a number of well-known cross-linguistic properties: progressive assimilation, regressive dissimilation, a greater progressive effect, and a number of High/ Low asymmetries. Despite the dissimilatory properties observable from both tone sandhi and tonal coarticulation, they seem to have different characteristics, indicating different sources for the two processes.
A flight to Rome: Ernst Rabel's intellectual itinerary
Authors: Stagl Jakob Fortunat 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHow can one explain that Ernst Rabel (1874–1951), born in Vienna, with Jewish roots, became the architect of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and one of the foremost authorities ever on Private International Law? Was this a mere coincidence or was his method of looking for similarities in the law of di erent nations rather than looking for its disparities the product of an universalism rooted in the example of the Roman Empire and its law and the experience of the multiethnic Empire of the Hapsburgs?
The Responsibility to Protect: The First Decade
Authors: Luck Edward C. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIt is early for definitive assessments of RtoP's future as a policy instrument. Like a maturing child, we know more about its talents and aptitudes than about how they will be nurtured or stunted in the years ahead. The generally positive dialogue in the General Assembly in July 2011 suggests that the Member States understand the difference between a principle and the tactics to implement it. Building on conceptual and political progress, the United Nations is applying RtoP perspectives to a growing number of situations. In five of these, it appears to have helped save lives. Big challenges and uncertainties lie ahead, however. Perceptions of RtoP's political clout are proving to be a mixed blessing, while questions of selectivity, sovereignty, and possible misuse remain. Five near-term priorities are identified.
Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation with an intermediate intensity conditioning regimen in multiple sclerosis: the Italian multi-centre experience
Authors: Mancardi GL , Sormani MP , Di Gioia M , Vuolo L , Gualandi F , Amato MP , Capello E , Currò D , Uccelli A , Bertolotto A , Gasperini C , Lugaresi A , Merelli E , Meucci G , Motti L , Tola MR , Scarpini E , Repice AM , Massacesi L , Saccardi R ,   the Italian BMT Study Group, Donnini I , Bosi A , Guidi S , Bagigalupo A , Bonzano L , Bruzzi P , Roccatagliata L , Antenucci R , Granella F , Martino G , Rottoli M , Solaro C , Salvi F , Barilaro A , Capobianco M 
Published: December 2011

Background: Over recent years numerous patients with severe forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) refractory to conventional therapies have been treated with intense immunosuppression followed by autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT). The clinical outcome and the toxicity of AHSCT can be diverse, depending on the various types of conditioning protocols and on the disease phase. Objectives: To report the Italian experience on all the consecutive patients with MS treated with AHSCT with an intermediate intensity conditioning regimen, named BEAM/ATG, in the period from 1996 to 2008. Methods: Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging outcomes of 74 patients were collected after a median follow-up period of 48.3 (range = 0.8–126) months. Results: Two patients (2.7%) died from transplant-related causes. After 5 years, 66% of patients remained stable or improved. Among patients with a follow-up longer than 1 year, eight out of 25 subjects with a relapsing–remitting course (31%) had a 6–12 months confirmed Expanded Disability Status Scale improvement > 1 point after AHSCT as compared with one out of 36 (3%) patients with a secondary progressive disease course ( p = 0.009). Among the 18 cases with a follow-up longer than 7 years, eight (44%) remained stable or had a sustained improvement while 10 (56%), after an initial period of stabilization or improvement with median duration of 3.5 years, showed a slow disability progression. Conclusions: This study shows that AHSCT with a BEAM/ATG conditioning regimen has a sustained effect in suppressing disease progression in aggressive MS cases unresponsive to conventional therapies. It can also cause a sustained clinical improvement, especially if treated subjects are still in the relapsing–remitting phase of the disease.
Modelltransformationen in nutzer-zentrierten Entwurfsprozessen der Automation
Authors: Hager Henning , Hennig Stefan , Seißler Marc , Braune Annerose 
Published: December 2011

Zusammenfassung
Die Zusammenführung modellbasierter und nutzerzentrierter Entwurfsprozesse bei der Entwicklung von Benutzungsschnittstellen kann die Gebrauchstauglichkeit der resultierenden Benutzungsschnittstellen verbessern. Aus der Kombination der Entwurfsprozesse erwachsen Anforderungen an die notwendigen Modelltransformationen. Als zentrale Herausforderung wird in diesem Beitrag die Überwindung der Abstraktionslücke zwischen abstrakten und konkreten Modellen betrachtet. Anhand einer Transformation innerhalb des nutzerzentrierten Entwicklungsprozesses der Useware zur Integration einer domänenspezifischen Sprache der Automatisierungstechnik, werden die Herausforderungen der Modelltransformationen analysiert und mit den Mitteln der modellgetriebenen Software-Entwicklung gelöst. Weiterhin wird die Unterstützung von iterativem Vorgehen in modellbasierten Entwicklungsprozessen untersucht und als Lösung das Persistant Transformation Mapping vorgeschlagen.
Natural history of untreated syringomyelia in pediatric patients
Authors: Singhal Ash , Bowen-Roberts Tim , Steinbok Paul , Cochrane Doug , Byrne Angela T. , Kerr John M. 
Published: December 2011

Object
The natural history of syringomyelia in pediatric patients remains uncertain. Although symptomatic and operative cases of syringomyelia are well studied, there are fewer articles in the literature on the nonoperative syrinx and its clinical and radiological course. The purpose of this research was to analyze the natural history of untreated syringomyelia in pediatric patients presenting with minimal neurological symptoms.

Methods
A review of the neurosurgery database at British Columbia's Children's Hospital identified all pediatric patients (< 18 years of age) with syringes identified on MR imaging. Patients were included in this study if they had at least 2 MR images of the spine, at least 1 year apart, while receiving nonoperative treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine changes in the size of the syrinx over time. Clinic notes were analyzed to establish demographic and clinical features and to determine any clinical changes over time.

Results
A total of 17 patients were included in the study. Symptoms at presentation were often mild and included limb numbness (3 cases), headaches (2 cases), mild sensory deficits (2 cases), mild motor deficits (3 cases), and intermittent incontinence (7 cases). The consultant neurosurgeon believed that the syrinx was not contributing to the symptoms in these 17 patients. The syrinx either remained unchanged (7 cases) or diminished in size (8 cases) in a total of 15 patients (88%). In the remaining 2 patients the authors noted an increase in syrinx size, in 1 of whom the clinical course also worsened. Both of these patients had a Chiari malformation and subsequently underwent craniocervical decompression. Overall, the mean change was −0.7 mm of maximal axial diameter (range −2.6 to +2.7 mm). Sixteen patients (94%) exhibited no worsening of symptoms over time.

Conclusions
Syringomyelia often remains stable in patients receiving nonoperative treatment. However, given that 2 (12%) of 17 syringes in this series enlarged, it is likely appropriate to include periodic imaging in the follow-up of these cases.
Evolution in the Soviet Sociology of Work: From Ideology to Pragmatism
Authors: Shlapentokh Vladimir 
Published: December 2011

This paper will examine the history of developments in the Soviet sociology of work, focusing particularly on research on attitudes toward work. The principal object of analysis will be the developments in empirical sociological research in the USSR since 1953, with an effort to explain the origins of the concepts recently circulating in soviet literature on work. It is also important to include a brief discussion of the views of worker attitudes dominant during the stalin era, for these have had a strong impact on the subsequent work of soviet sociologists. An examination of the stakhanovite movement of the 1930s will be used to describe these attitudes.
Textiles and National Identity among Ukrainians in Poland
Authors: Dankowska Joanna 
Published: December 2011

The changesin functions of traditional folk textiles among the Ukrainians who in 1947 were resettled to northeastern Poland can be regarded as an indicator of the preservation of their Ukrainian national identity. While conducting field research amongst the Ukrainians living in Poland, the author frequently heard it said that their folk textiles (especially costumes and cross-stitched embroidery) were important symbols of their national and cultural identity. There are many functions of any national or regional textiles (Bogatyrev 1979; Bazielich 1987}, but I will focus on Ukrainian folk textiles as a symbol of the national identity of the users. Folk textiles as a national symbol does not, of course, exclude the coexistence of other functions such as ritual aesthetics, practicality, and qualifiers of gender, age, and wealth. However, all of these are less important than the national function of the Ukrainian textiles.
Comparative investigation of the ultraviolet stabilization of polycarbonate/poly(acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene) with different ultraviolet absorbers
Authors: Rajan Vipin V. , Wäber Roy , Wieser Jürgen 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWhen polycarbonate (PC)/poly(acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene) (ABS) blends are exposed to outdoor conditions, they are mainly degraded by sunlight; this is known as photodegradation. It is the ultraviolet radiation in the sunlight that is responsible for the degradation of the blend. To stabilize the blend against the harmful ultraviolet radiation, ultraviolet absorbers (UVAs) are used. In this study, three different UVAs—Tinuvin 1577 (a hydroxyphenyl triazine type), Cyasorb 5411 (a benzotriazole type), and Uvinul 3030 (a cyanoacrylate type)—were compounded with a PC/ABS blend at 240°C with a twin‐screw extruder. Accelerated aging of the compounded sample was done by an Atlas Suntest containing xenon lamp. The degradation studies were performed with ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and yellowing index measurements. The molecular weight of the compounded sample was determined by gel permeation chromatography. It was found that hydroxyphenyl triazine type UVA showed the best results for decreasing the degradation products, oxidation rate, and yellowing of the PC/ABS blend. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of multiwall carbon nanotube and au nanoparticle on the structure–property relationship of poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide)
Authors: Anbarasan R. , Peng C. A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTemperature‐sensitive poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAAm) was synthesized both in the presence and absence of nanomaterials like allyl mercaptan decorated gold nanoparticle and allyalcohol‐conjugated multiwall carbon nanotube. The influence of the nanomaterials on the structure–property relationship of PNIPAAm was analyzed and critically compared to the pristine PNIPAAm. During the in situ polymerization, the nanosphere shape of Au nanoparticle was converted into Au nanorod shape, which was confirmed through UV–vis spectroscopy. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of polymer/nanocomposites was greater than that of the pristine polymer. Thermogravimetric analysis declared that the polymer/nanocomposites exhibited higher thermal stability than the homopolymer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis of functionalized polymeric adsorbent selective to cobalt
Authors: Ghag Kumudini S. , Mahanwar P. A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAmino derivative of chloromethylated polystyrene resin was synthesized and functionalized by 1,10‐phenanthroline (1,10‐Phen) to yield a novel adsorbent, namely 4‐methylamino‐[N,N‐bis(2,2′)‐1,10‐phenanthroline] polystyrene (4‐MABPPS). The complete development of novel adsorbent along with its characterization is described in detail. The adsorption ability and selectivity of 4‐MABPPS were investigated for cobalt and zirconium ions so as to efficiently separate cobalt ion impurities from zircalloy cladding material of nuclear reactors. The experimental results showed selective uptake of cobalt by the adsorbent in the presence of zirconium. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Preparation of hollow poly(imino ether ketone) microspheres by microliquid technique
Authors: Chang Guanjun , Miao Lubin , Xu Zhen , Xu Yi , Wei Lidong , Hu Hongju , Luo Xuan , Zhang Lin , Lin Runxiong 
Published: December 2011

Abstract1, 4‐bis (4‐amiophenoxy) benzene and 1, 4‐Bis (4‐bromobenzoyl) benzene as monomers, poly(imino ether ketone) (PIEK) was synthesized via palladium‐catalyzed aryl amination reaction. Based on the good chemical and physical properties, big diameter (0.6–2 mm) hollow microspheres of PIEK, used for Inertial Confinement Fusion research, were prepared by using the microliquid technique and double‐layer latex technique. A new double T‐channel droplet generator was designed and developed for fabrication of controlled‐size PIEK hollow microspheres continuously. Study on manipulative condition of diameter and thickness of microspheres was done, and density matching impacting on the quality of shells was discussed. The structures of the PIEK hollow microspheres were characterized, and they possessed equal wall thickness and good spherical symmetry. The properties of the microspheres were detected, and the results showed that they showed good stability under cold environment and high temperature. Additionally, the PIEK hollow microspheres exhibited good mechanical and anti‐irradiation properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Influence of stretching on the resilience of LLDPE monofilaments for application in artificial turf
Authors: Kolgjini B. , Schoukens G. , Kiekens P. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPolymeric filaments have been used successfully in artificial turf, however lack of resilience and excessive fibrillation are still the main problems encountered on artificial turf fields and especially when used for football. Resilience is the ability to recover rapidly from a deformation, especially from a bending deformation. FIFA and EN standards recognize the 0.8 m‐Lisport for predicting filament behavior, but this method does not provide any information concerning the resilience of individual filaments. Furthermore, it is merely a qualitative method that only assesses the system in its entirety. The research presented in this article is twofold, first to develop a test method to assess the resilience of a single filament and to correlate with the established methodology, dynamic bending by Favimat R. Second to characterize fiber morphology and to correlate the morphology characteristics with the resilience measurements. A good correlation of the static bending with dynamic bending is obtained and both test methods provide valuable information about the influence of the processing parameters on the resilience. Dynamic scanning calorimetry, Raman and WAXS measurements clearly prove the influence of the structure and more specifically of the amorphous phase on the resilience. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
New route to monodispersed amphiphilic core‐shell polymer nanoparticles: Polymerization of styrene from α‐methylstyrene‐containing macroinitiator
Authors: Jiang Shan , Fang Xiaohua , Yu Qiang , Deng Jianping , Yang Wantai 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA novel method has been developed to prepare amphiphilic core‐shell polymer nanoparticles via polymerizations of styrene (St) initiated by hydrophilic α‐methylstyrene (AMS)‐containing prepolymers. AMS‐containing prepolymers were first synthesized by soap‐free emulsion copolymerization of AMS, butyl acrylate (BA), and acrylic acid (AA) and then were kept at 90°C to generate free radicals on the AMS segments, which subsequently initiate the polymerization of St. Thus, well‐defined, amphiphilic core‐shell nanoparticles, ranging from 126 to 282 nm in diameter, were produced in the absence of surfactant. The St conversion, molecular weights, and size of products strongly depended on the AMS‐containing prepolymer concentration and the AMS content of it. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images of the particles clearly show well‐defined core‐shell morphologies where PSt cores are coated with hydrophilic AMS‐containing prepolymer shells. The amphiphilic core‐shell nanoparticles can be produced in high concentrations (up to 25% solids content). This new method is scientifically and technologically significant because it provides a commercially viable route to a wide variety of novel amphiphilic core‐shell nanoparticles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis of N‐benzyl‐O‐carboxymethylchitosan and application in the solubilization enhancement of a poorly water‐soluble drug (triamcinolone)
Authors: de Oliveira Rosa Tania Regina , Debrassi Aline , da Silva Ruth Meri Lucinda , Bressan Camila , de Freitas Rilton Alves , Rodrigues Clóvis Antonio 
Published: December 2011

AbstractN‐Benzyl‐O‐carboxymethyl chitosan (OCChB) was synthesized through a reaction of O‐carboxymethylchitosan (OCCh) and benzaldehyde by the reductive amination method. The chemical structures and physical properties of the derivatives were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H‐NMR. The cytotoxicity of the polymers was tested by MTT (3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1000 μg/mL. The substitution degrees of the derivatives, calculated by 1H‐NMR, were 12 and 53% for OCChB1 and OCChB2, respectively. The results show that the derivatives were not toxic at 1000 μg/mL and could decrease the surface tension by concentration on the system surface compared with OCCh. Because of this property, OCChB was applied as a solubility enhancer for triamcinolone (TC), a poorly water‐soluble drug. The polymer solutions at 1.0 mg/mL increased the TC solubility up to 3.5 times for OCChB1 and 5.0 times for OCChB2 compared with its solubility in water. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Application of polyurethane/citric acid/silicone softener composite on cotton/polyester knitted fabric producing durable soft and smooth surface
Authors: Montazer M. , Hashemikia S. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractApplication of softeners on fabrics can usually increase the fabric pilling tendency and it is difficult to obtain a soft handle fabric without pilling during wearing. This research was conducted to use various chemicals to reduce pilling with reasonable softness on the cotton/polyester knitted fabric. Diverse composites of the water‐based polyurethane resin (PU), citric acid (CA) as a crosslinking agent and silicone‐based softener were selected and applied on the fabric through conventional pad‐dry‐cure method. The characteristics of the treated fabrics including pilling rate, pilling density, water droplet adsorption time, bending length, crease recovery angle, tensile strength, and water contact angle were examined and reported. Application of the polyurethane resin along with citric acid reduced the fabric pilling. However, co‐application of resin, CA, and softener improved the fabric crease recovery angle, bending length, and water droplet adsorption time. The preferred formulation was 20 g L−1 CA, 25 g L−1PU resin, and 20 g L−1 silicone softener. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Durable polytetrafluoroethylene composites in harsh environments: Tribology and corrosion investigation
Authors: Mu Liwen , Chen Jian , Shi Yijun , Feng Xin , Zhu Jiahua , Wang Huaiyuan , Lu Xiaohua 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe tribological properties and mass loss of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites filled with carbon fiber (CF) or potassium titanate whisker (PTW) after the immersion in 30% sulfuric acid solution for 5 or 15 days were studied under different temperatures (25, 50, and 75°C). Results show that PTW/PTFE composites exhibit better anticorrosive and antiwear properties than those of CF/PTFE composites. Acid immersion has no obvious effect on the wear rate of the PTW/PTFE composite. The wear rate of CF/PTFE immersed for 15 days is thrice as much that of untreated composites and 3.6 times as much that of PTW/PTFE composites. Results also indicate that the wear rate of PTFE composites increases with the increasing corrosive mass loss rate and is more dependent on the corrosive mass loss rate rather than the friction coefficient. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012