bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pollinator richness and abundance in Northeast Estonia: bumblebees, butterflies and day-flying moths
Authors: Diaz-Forero Isabel , Liivamägi Ave , Kuusemets Valdo , Luig Jaan 
Published: March 2011

Pollinator richness and abundance in Northeast Estonia: bumblebees, butterflies and day-flying moths
We studied diversity and abundance of three groups of pollinators: bumblebees, butterflies and day-flying moths, in Ida-Viru County, Estonia. The field work was done during the summers of 2008 and 2009, in 22 semi-natural meadows located across Northeast Estonia. In total, we found 22 species of bumblebees (gen. Bombus), including 5 species of cuckoo bumblebees, 56 species of butterflies and 42 species of day-flying moths. We recorded 597 individuals of bumblebees, 768 individuals of butterflies and 330 individuals of day-flying moths in our study sites. We analysed differences between years (2008 and 2009) for the species richness and abundance of bumblebees, butterflies and day-flying moths; the relationships between insect species richness and area of meadow, the total number of species per meadow and the local abundance of each species separately. We found significant differences between bumblebee richness and abundance in 2008 and 2009, and between butterfly abundance at the same years. These differences may be due to more favourable conditions: warmer and dryer weather in the second year. We found no significant relationships between area of meadow and species richness of bumblebees, butterflies and day-flying moths; however, when we analysed the abundance of each species separately, we found that two species of bumblebees, i.e. B. pascuorum and B. schrencki, and one species of day-flying moths, i.e. Chiasmia clathrata, were negatively related with area of meadow. Although, Northeast Estonia is a region that has been environmentally affected by mining activities and the presence of power plants, it could be considered an important area that supports a significant richness and abundance of pollinators across its territory.
Bedrock and Quaternary sediment geochemistry and biodiversity in Eastern Fennoscandia and Estonia
Authors: Systra Ylo 
Published: March 2011

Bedrock and Quaternary sediment geochemistry and biodiversity in Eastern Fennoscandia and Estonia
Crystalline bedrock and Quaternary sediments are the parent materials for soil, which is a substrate for plant roots and also a supplier of nutrients. Through interactions within the bedrock-soil-plant-animal-human beings system, bedrock geology and geochemistry influence all forms of life on the planet. There are 11 major elements or macronutrients that are nutritionally essential for plants and animals in constructing and maintaining cells and tissues, and up to 43 trace elements or micronutrients involved in the regulation of metabolic processes. Element concentrations in soils reflect those of parent rocks, but for healthy growth and development of plant and animal tissues there are very strict constraints on trace element concentrations. Chemical analysis of different organic materials shows that all forms of life, marine and terrestrial plants and animals, and bacteria consist of comparable proportions of the of macronutrients: O, H, C, N, P, S, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cl, as well as trace elements. Some differences are noted in elements that are more available in sea water (Mg, I, Br, Sr, Fe, Pb) or are essential for life outside of water (terrestrial animals need more Ca and P for stronger skeletons, etc.). Limestone and dolostone of northern and central Estonia are rich in Ca and Mg, whereas the sandstones that predominate in southern Estonia consist mainly of quartz (SiO2) and contain very few nutrients. Glacial activity in Fennoscandia transported predominantly Si-rich granite rock material to Estonia, in which trace element concentrations are very low, as in the local bedrock. The bedrock geochemistry, Quaternary cover and their influence on vegetation in some selected areas in Fennoscandia and Estonia are discussed.
Tracing fire cultivation in Estonia
Authors: Jääts Liisi , Kihno Kersti , Tomson Pille , Konsa Marge 
Published: March 2011

Tracing fire cultivation in Estonia
Fire cultivation is possibly the agricultural land-use method of the longest duration in Estonia; yet still it has attracted little attention from researchers. The aim of this paper is two-fold: firstly, to discuss the latest stage of historical bushland management via fire cultivation as it appears in historical sources, and secondly to look for ways in which the natural historical research methods can be combined with those of the humanities in search of more complex understanding of land-use dynamics. The material analysed are the 19th century agrarian laws and ethnographic data. These sources show that researchers have so far rather under- than overestimated the persistence and spread of fire use - a number of fire cultivation cases are reported even from the early 20th century from different parts of Estonia. Thus we suggest that bushland management with fire cultivation methods has continued longer than previously assumed. Analysis of the 19th century Livonian agrarian laws shows that legislation of the period directed the land-use pattern away from the earlier practice of a mosaic or scattered patchwork of wooded areas and cleared fields, towards bigger wooded areas and more compact cultivated areas, thus bringing about changes in the landscape.
Distribution of the Green Network of Estonia
Authors: Raet Janar , Sepp Kalev , Kaasik Are , Kuusemets Valdo , Külvik Mart 
Published: March 2011

Distribution of the Green Network of Estonia
Estonia has joined the Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy which obligates signatories to participate in developing the Pan-European Ecological Network. The plan "Environmental conditions for guiding settlement and land use" was initiated in all 15 counties of Estonia in 1999. One of the important subtopics of this plan is the "Green Network". The first thematic plans were validated in three counties in 2002. The last county to validate its Green Network thematic plan was Saare County in 2008. The Green Network of Estonia is supposed to complement the network of protected areas, combining them into a unified system of natural areas. One of the goals of the Estonian Green Network was to spatially incorporate the Natura 2000 sites as areas of European importance. Results demonstrated that in 10 of the 15 counties, this goal can be considered to have been achieved, as a minimum of 95% of the Natura 2000 sites within these counties have been incorporated into the Green Network. In three of the other counties about 90% have been incorporated, but in Võru and Valga counties, this percentage is much lower. In Võru, 75% of the Natura 2000 sites have been incorporated into the Green Network and in Valga only 60%. Therefore the revision of Green Network thematic plans should be considered in these counties.
Childhood pneumococcal meningitis: may it begin with diarrhea and proceed with cerebral infarct?
Authors: Yilmaz AE , Çatal F , Ta? T , Bilici M , Örün E , Çelik N 
Published: March 2011

Pneumococcal meningitis does continue to be an important cause of mortality and morbidity in childhood despite widespread vaccination. It develops thorough invasion of the meninges by the agent via bloodstream. It may manifest typical signs of meningeal irritation and even the symptoms not belonging to the central nervous system, such as diarrhea. The diagnosis is made by microscopic evaluation and culture of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained by lumbar puncture. Despite the treatment, the risk of occurrence of cerebral and neurologic complications is high. A two-month old baby girl was presented to our outpatients' clinic because of fever and diarrhea; she was diagnosed with pneumococcal meningitis and developed cerebral infarct during surveillance. The reason why we presented this patient is to highlight that meningitis due to pneumococ, one of the most common causing agents in childhood meningitis, may have clinical presentations other than expected. Key words: Pneumococcal meningitis; cerebral infarct; infant. DOI: 10.3329/bjms.v10i1.7320 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.10 No.1 Jan 2010 pp.52-56
Taux d'intérêt et système bancaire
Authors: Szymczak Philippe 
Published: March 2011

Interest rates and the banking system,
by Philippe Szymczak.

I n the face of macro-economic trends and the changing financial systems in the main Oecd member states, the financial intermediaries have shown different vulnerability and adaptability profiles from country to country and from one category of organization to another.

A simulation model of the profitability of commercial bank intermediation operations was developed to analyse certain aspects of this vulnerability to macro-financial developments in the case of France. Based on the synthetic analysis of bank balance-sheets and profit and loss accounts, this model which the author presents in the first part of the paper can be used, amongst other things, to identify the repricing gap which is at the root of the vulnerability of the French banks' interest margin in the face of decreases in the general level of interest rates. It also shows up certain constraints which are brought to bear on the structure of interest rates.

But this general model can only simulate the mean, overall changes, which cover a whole range of situations differing widely from one individual case or category to another. In order to account for certain aspects of this heterogeneous nature of the French banking system, five models were drawn up to cover different categories. They are presented in the second part of the paper and demonstrate how different types of banking establishment do indeed show differing sensitivity profiles with regard to changing interest rate levels and structures.

Finally, an analysis of debit rates also needs to take into account banking intermediation costs in general. A study of the profitability threshold of intermediation operations was therefore carried out. This approach reveals that commercial banks set debit rates as a mark-up over their costs and sheds some light on certain reasons behind the slow decreare of debit rates in periods of disinflation.

JEL: 312
Les services financiers de la Poste
Authors: Chapuis Geneviève , Renaudon Patrick , Villa Pierre 
Published: March 2011

Postal financial activity,
by Geneviève Chapuis, Patrick Renaudon, Pierre Villa.

A model of the demand for financial assets of the postal network is presented in the paper. The econometric study shows that the postal share of the collect in money items depends in the long run more heavily on structural variables (like the number of positions and the number of banks of the depositors), on the interest rates fixed by the government than on income or inflation.

Since the beginning of the 1980's, competition through positions between the main financial networks (post, commercial or saving banks) has slowed down. The main feature is the transfer of funds to the financial market. This movement is favourable to banks. The postal financial sector has responded in supplying new financial products. But the monetary policy and the rules of the french financial framework will have certainly in the future a determining influence on the relative share of the postal network. The model shows that a policy, aimed to cut down inflation through a general decrease of the interest rate on deposits, diminishes the share of the postal network. The consequences of such a policy are amplified because the post-deposits (named livret A) are tax- free and it is not the case for the same deposits to the banks. So the creation of a single sort of deposit, bearing a tax, would diminish the postal deposits. On the other hand, if the postal offices could develop short term credit like consumption credit, it would attract new depositors.
Aperçu sur l'identité et l'individualité des États Baltes
Authors: Cabouret Michel 
Published: March 2011

This study aims at enhancing some common characteristics in the Baltic States and more particularly the importance of the contact between the Baltic sea and the North-West borders of Russian plateform firstly on a human and economical field. In the cities, the activities are based on exchanges, and on the tertiary industry. Large cities are important harbours, political capitals, and great academic centers.
Many correlations can be found between the physical factors and the economical activities.
The Baltic States, are divided as for as culture is concerned. The political division from the oriental side of the Baltic sea to the South of the Finland golf is rooted in the various ethnies. The different languages are the essential bases of the nationalisties and of the political parties.
Les mutations récentes de l'appareil commercial caennais
Authors: Grisoni-Niaki Jean-Claude 
Published: March 2011

L'ouverture du nouveau centre commercial Continent Mondeville 2 (54 000 m2) a fait resurgir la classique opposition grandes surfaces-commerce traditionnel. A Caen, les 2000 commerçants sont inquiets et, disent-ils, payent les frais d'une politique locale plutôt complaisante à l'égard des hypermarchés implantés en périphérie. Il y a t-il ou non incidence sur le commerce du centre-ville ? Les avis sont partagés quant aux responsabilités qui incombent aux uns et aux autres.
La ville de Caen se divise en trois camps : rive droite, on sonne l'alarme. Les 400 commerçants existants se disent oubliés des élus. Rive gauche on doute, on s'embourgeoise et on se chamaille. Dix-sept associations se sont ainsi constituées à défaut d'une union commerciale viable. Au terme de cinq ans, les pessimistes voient la fin du commerce traditionnel en centre-ville, au moment où la municipalité lance une campagne de promotion intra-muros. A terme, c'est le problème de la survie du commerce en centre-ville et le dynamisme même de la capitale régionale qui est en cause.
Face à ces multiples interrogations, il nous paraît intéressant de faire le point, afin d'essayer de mesurer la part effective de l'extension des grandes surfaces périphériques dans le déclin du commerce central caennais.
La forêt suédoise, un « modèle » ? Une contribution à l'étude géographique des ressources
Authors: Cabouret Michel 
Published: March 2011

The forest -mainly boreal- is an essential resource for three of the five Northern european countries namely Norway and above all Sweden and Finland. The whole surface reaches 610 000 km2, but the "productive" forest only 500 000 km2, it consists of 213 of Finland and half the territory of Sweden and roughly a quarter of Norway. Finland and Sweden have 40 % the European forest surface. But the Northern European forest represents 1,3 % of the global forest. Those last years the volume of feel down wood reaches 120-130 Mnr, that is 3,4 % of feel down wood in the world.
Sweden owns most of the Northern forest, and has the seventh rank in the production of paper and carton and is the third exporter country.
The exportation of large forests and the important production of wood gave birth to a powerful industry generated the creation and développement of a complete range of transformation activities.
Haptanthus story: Rediscovery of enigmatic flowering plant from Honduras
Authors: Shipunov Alexey , Shipunova Ekaterina 
Published: March 2011

• Premise of the study: Finding a plant or animal that was previously considered extinct is a fortunate (but rare) event in biology. Haptanthus hazlettii was collected from Honduras (Central America) in 1980, but numerous attempts to re‐collect it have failed. Reproductive organs of Haptanthus are unique among angiosperms and make the search for phylogenetic relations difficult. Unfortunately, all attempts to extract DNA from the existing sample were unsuccessful.• Methods: In 2010, we organized a small expedition to Honduras and were able to re‐collect this plant, extract DNA from dried samples, and sequence the barcoding region of rbcL.• Key results and conclusions: We obtained phylogenetic trees with reliable support for the placement of Haptanthus as a new member of Buxaceae (boxwood family).
La rétention de sûreté en France : une défense sociale en trompe-l'œil (ou les habits neufs de l'empereur)
Authors: Wyvekens Anne 
Published: March 2011

La législation pénale française n’a pendant longtemps été que modérément influencée par les théories positivistes. La loi du 25 février 2008 crée la rétention de sûreté, qualifiée de « révolution en droit pénal français ». Aboutissement d’une évolution placée sous le signe de la lutte contre la récidive, où la dangerosité et les mesures de sûreté tendent à supplanter les notions de responsabilité et de peine, elle ne représente pas pour autant la mise en œuvre d’une politique moderne de défense sociale. La rupture évoquée, bien réelle sur le plan des principes, renvoie plutôt à une rhétorique, dissimulant mal la difficulté de répondre à la question soulevée en des termes autres que de neutralisation.
Les usages des expertises psy au procès d'assises et les définitions pratiques de la responsabilité
Authors: Saetta Sébastien , Sicot François , Renard Tristan 
Published: March 2011

La question de l’évaluation de la personnalité des accusés, qui accompagne celle de l’individualisation des peines, est au centre des préoccupations du courant désigné sous le terme de « défense sociale nouvelle ». Cet article s’intéresse à la performance de l’expert dans un contexte particulier, celui des audiences de cours d’assises, où la parole de l’expert est encastrée dans un enchaînement de séquences et où la personnalité de l’accusé est abordée par une pluralité d’acteurs. Dès lors, les échanges autour de cette question ne visent pas tant à définir une dangerosité ou une curabilité que l’élément moral du crime. Ce regard sur l’expertise en acte montre que, dans ces procès, les acteurs construisent des définitions pratiques de la responsabilité.
Construction sociale de la « prostitution » et des « prostituées » par les riverains
Authors: Mayer Sibylla 
Published: March 2011

Cet article décrit la construction, par les riverains d’un lieu de prostitution parisien, de catégories de « prostitution » et de « prostituées » et tente de dégager une analyse en termes de cohabitation et de production de jugements moraux.	La prostitution est déconstruite en une série de classifications indigènes qui oppose a) la prostitution aux « gens ordinaires » ; b) une « bonne » prostitution à une « mauvaise » ; c) une « bonne » victime à la femme « anormale ». Cette classification instaure une ségrégation entre nous et eux, entre le « bon » et le « mauvais » sexe, et permet d’imputer à l’autre la marque infamante localisée ailleurs qu’au sein d’un entre-nous ainsi préservé.
Histoires d'institutions.
Authors: Buton François 
Published: March 2011

Résumé L'article examine les modalités par lesquelles la dimension historique des institutions se manifeste aux acteurs sociaux, en dehors du cas particulier des récits qui la visent explicitement. Prenant appui sur le cas de la catégorie de classement « aveugles et sourds » étudiée dans de précédents travaux, l'article propose de dépasser l'opposition entre l'historicité évidente des institutions à l'état objectivé et l'historicité cachée des institutions à l'état incorporé. Il se penche sur les conditions permettant aux acteurs de percevoir l'historicité des institutions (situation de crise d'une institution, de concurrence entre institutions ou d'altérité d'une institution) ainsi que sur les modalités de la production incidente de l'historicité dans le cours même de l'activité de ceux qui produisent les institutions.
p66Shc Is a Negative Regulator of FcεRI-Dependent Signaling in Mast Cells
Authors: Ulivieri Cristina , Fanigliulo Daniela , Masi Giulia , Savino Maria Teresa , Gamberucci Alessandra , Pelicci Pier Giuseppe , Baldari Cosima T. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Aggregation of FcεRI on mast cells activates signaling pathways, resulting in degranulation and cytokine release. Release of mast cell-derived inflammatory mediators is tightly regulated by the interplay of positive and negative signals largely orchestrated by adapter proteins. Among these, the Shc family adapter p52Shc, which couples immunoreceptors to Ras activation, positively regulates FcεRI-dependent signaling. Conversely, p66Shc was shown to uncouple the TCR for the Ras–MAPK pathway and prime T cells to undergo apoptotic death. Loss of p66Shc in mice results in breaking of immunologic tolerance and development of lupus-like autoimmune disease, which includes alopecia among its pathological manifestations. The presence of numerous activated mast cells in alopecic skin areas suggests a role for this adapter in mast cells. In this study, we addressed the involvement of p66Shc in FcεRI-dependent mast cell activation. We showed that p66Shc is expressed in mast cells and that mast cells from p66Shc−/− mice exhibit enhanced responses following Ag stimulation of FcεRI. Furthermore, using RBL-2H3 cell transfectants, we showed that aggregation of FcεRI resulted in the recruitment of a p66Shc–SHIP1 complex to linker for activation of T cells. Collectively, our data identified p66Shc as a negative regulator of mast cell activation.
Analysis of the Role of IL-21 in Development of Murine B Cell Progenitors in the Bone Marrow
Authors: Simard Nathalie , Konforte Danijela , Tran Anne H. , Esufali Jessica , Leonard Warren J. , Paige Christopher J. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
IL-21 plays a key role in the late stage of B cell development, where it has been shown to induce growth and differentiation of mature B cells into Ig-secreting plasma cells. Because IL-21R has also been reported on bone marrow (BM) B cell progenitors, we investigated whether IL-21R influenced earlier stages of B cell development. IL-21R is functional as early as the pro-B cell stage, and the strength of receptor-mediated signaling increases as cells mature. The addition of IL-21 to B cell progenitors in cell culture resulted in the accelerated appearance of mature B cell markers and was associated with the induction of Aid, Blimp1, and germline transcripts. We also found that stimulation of both IL-21R and CD40 was sufficient to induce the maturation of early B cell progenitors into IgM- and IgG-secreting cells. Consistent with a role for IL-21 in promoting B cell differentiation, the number of B220+CD43+IgM− pro-B cells was increased, and the number of mature IgMhiIgDhi cells was decreased in BM of IL-21R–deficient mice. We also report in this paper that IL-21 is expressed by BM CD4+ T cells. These results provide evidence that IL-21R is functional in B cell progenitors and indicate that IL-21 regulates B cell development.
Tumors Suppress In Situ Proliferation of Cytotoxic T Cells by Promoting Differentiation of Gr-1+ Conventional Dendritic Cells through IL-6
Authors: Diao Jun , Zhao Jun , Winter Erin , Cattral Mark S. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Cancers are often accompanied by inflammation, which can promote tumor growth, invasion, and metastases. We show that the tumor microenvironment induces the development of a Gr-1+ conventional dendritic cell (cDC) subpopulation that is functionally defective. Gr-1+cDCs differentiated from recruited immediate precursors of cDCs, a process supported by the inflammatory cytokine milieu in tumors. Inhibition of Gr-1+cDC differentiation enhanced intratumor expansion of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTLs), resulting in suppression of tumor growth. Diphtheria toxin treatment of CD11c–diphtheria toxin receptor chimeras revealed the importance of intratumor cDCs in stimulating CTL proliferation in situ. Our study demonstrates a key role of intratumor cDCs in determining antitumor CTL responses and suggests that they may be an appropriate target for tumor immunotherapy.