bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rattlesnake Envenomation in 12 New World Camelids
Authors: Dykgraaf Susanne , Pusterla Nicola , Hoogmoed Linda M. Van 
Published: March 2010

Background: Rattlesnake envenomation of New World camelids is a seasonal problem with often dramatic clinical signs.Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to identify the clinical signs, laboratory results, treatment methods, and outcome for rattlesnake envenomation in New World camelids.Animals: Medical records from 1988 to 2004 were searched for New World camelids presented for rattlesnake bite or clinical signs suspected to be related to recent envenomation. Twelve records were identified.Methods: From these records a retrospective study was performed.Results: Nine camelids presented for acute disease (2/9 arrived dead), whereas 3 presented for subacute onset of disease. Swelling of the lips, head and neck, tachypnea, dyspnea, tachycardia, and lethargy were the most common presenting signs. Snake bites were most commonly located to the muzzle (10/12). Common complete blood count (CBC) and serum biochemical abnormalities were neutrophilia, lymphopenia, increased muscle enzyme activity, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, and thrombocytopenia. Treatment included combinations of intravenous fluid therapy, antimicrobials, anti‐inflammatory drugs, tetanus prophylaxis, tracheostomy, supplemental oxygen, antivenom, total parenteral nutrition, and nursing care. Five of the 10 animals with acute onset of clinical signs survived, and all animals with subacute presentation died. The mortality rate for New World camelids with severe local tissue reaction and systemic signs of envenomation was 58%.Clinical Importance: New World camelids that sustain rattlesnake envenomation and severe facial swelling precluding prehension and mastication have a guarded prognosis for survival. Aggressive treatment is recommended to optimize the chances of survival. Animals with less severe local tissue reaction and absence of systemic signs have a better prognosis.
Floppy Kid Syndrome Caused by D‐Lactic Acidosis in Goat Kids
Authors: Bleul Ulrich , Schwantag Silvia , Stocker Hans , Corboz Louis , Grimm Felix , Engels Monika , Borel Nicole , Lutz Hans , Schonmann Marietta , Kähn Wolfgang 
Published: March 2010

Background: Goat kids with floppy kid syndrome have metabolic acidosis, muscle weakness, and depression but no dehydration. Hypothesis: D‐Lactate is the major component of acidemia in goat kids with floppy kid syndrome. Animals: Fifty‐five goat kids with floppy kid syndrome (group F) and 35 clinically healthy goat kids (group C). Methods: Clinical, biochemical, microbiologic, virologic, parasitologic, and pathologic examinations. Results: The animals in group F had a blood pH of 7.13 ± 0.11 and a base excess of ‐17.8 ± 3.8 mM, which were both lower than the values in the control animals (pH, 7.32 ± 0.31; base excess, ‐0.1 ± 2.7 mM; P < .001). Floppy kids had a significantly larger anion gap than healthy kids (31.2 ± 3.7 versus 21.5 ± 8.5 mM; P < .001). The concentration of L‐lactate was lower in floppy kids than in healthy kids (0.67 ± 0.49 versus 1.60 ± 1.02 mM), but the concentration of D‐lactate was higher in floppy kids (7.43 ± 2.71 versus 0.26 ± 0.24 mM; P < .001). Intravenous and oral administration of sodium bicarbonate in floppy kids resulted in a significant increase in blood pH and base excess and a decrease in the anion gap (P < .001). In addition, the concentration of L‐lactate increased (P= .039). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Metabolic acidosis in goat kids with floppy kid syndrome is caused by an increase in the plasma concentration of D‐lactate.
Primary Immune‐Mediated Hemolytic Anemia in 19 Cats: Diagnosis, Therapy, and Outcome (1998–2004)
Authors: Kohn Barbara , Weingart Christiane , Eckmann Vera , Ottenjann Mareike , Leibold Wolfgang 
Published: March 2010

Immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) occurs less frequently in cats than in dogs. The value of the Coombs' test (CT) has been questioned, but detailed surveys of its use are lacking. The objective of this study was to describe 19 cats with primary IMHA (pIMHA) and to examine the diagnostic value of the direct CT. The CT was performed in 92 cats; it was negative in 5 healthy, in 9 sick nonanemic, and in 55 cats with different types of anemia. The CT was positive in 18 anemic cats (2 feline leukemia virus (FeLV) positive, 1 with cholangiohepatitis, 15 with no underlying disease). Moreover, agglutination persisted after saline washing in 5 anemic cats (1 lymphoma, 4 pIMHA).Inclusion criteria for pIMHA were a positive CT (15) or persistent agglutination (4), and the exclusion of other diseases. The age of the 19 cats ranged from 0.5 to 9 years (median, 2 years); male cats were overrepresented. The PCV on admission was 6–22% (median, 12%). The anemia was nonregenerative in 11 cats. Additional abnormal laboratory results were leukocytosis (2), lymphocytosis (6), hyperbilirubinemia (13), hyperglobulimemia (10), and increased liver enzyme activities (10). Initial treatment consisted of blood transfusions (10), crystalloids (11), prednisolone (19), antibiotics (19), and H2‐blockers (11). Four of 17 cats were euthanized 9, 63, 240 and 2,160 days after initial presentation (mortality rate, 23.5%). Relapses were reported in 5 of 16 cases (31%). Thus, pIMHA appears to occur more frequently than recognized previously, with a more favorable prognosis in cats than in dogs. The CT was useful in identifying immune‐mediated pathogenesis.
MalasseziaSpecies Isolated from the Intermammary and Preputial Fossa Areas of Horses
Authors: White S.D. , Vandenabeele S.I.J. , Drazenovich N.L. , Foley J.E. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Malassezia‐type yeasts previously have been observed on cytologic examination of the intermammary region of mares that presented with tail‐head pruritus; topical antiyeast treatment resolved the pruritus. Further,Malasseziadermatitis has been observed in horses in intertriginous areas such as the udder and prepuce; the species of yeast was not confirmed. It is not known whether healthy mares or male horses can be carriers of this yeast in these body areas.Hypothesis:Malasseziaspp. are present in the intermammary region in healthy mares and the preputial fossa in healthy geldings.Animals: Eleven healthy horses (5 mares and 6 geldings).Methods: Samples of surface material were taken digitally from the intermammary area of 5 mares and the preputial fossa region of 6 geldings. The samples were examined cytologically and were cultured on modified Sabouraud's dextrose agar. The DNA from yeast colonies grown on the agar was extracted, and samples were assayed using fungal generic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Amplicons with positive PCR results were sequenced and compared with sequences in the BLAST database search program.Results: Of 44 attempts at culture, 5 yielded a species identified asMalassezia equi, and 2 yieldedM slooffiae.In contrast, of 44 cytologic examinations, yeasts with the morphology ofMalasseziaspp. were seen in 40 samples.Conclusions and clinical importance: Due to its presence in healthy horses, finding ofMalassezia‐type yeast on cytologic examination may not incriminate it as a pathogen. Despite difficulty in culturing, cytologic examination was an effective tool to rapidly demonstrate the organism.
Abnormalities of Serum Electrolyte Concentrations in Dogs with Hypoadrenocorticism
Authors: Adler Jennifer A. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Hess Rebecka S. 
Published: March 2010

Background:The sensitivity and specificity of the sodium to potassium ratio (Na:K ratio) as a cutoff for recommendation of an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test in dogs suspected of having hypoadrenocorticism (HA) is unknown. Additionally, abnormalities in plasma ionized calcium (iCa2+) and ionized magnesium (iMg2+) concentrations and venous pH of dogs with HA are incompletely documented.Objectives:To define the sensitivity and specificity of the Na:K ratio as a diagnostic aid for HA in dogs and to examine for associations between venous pH and the Na:K ratio, iCa2+concentration, or iMg2+concentration in dogs with HA.Animals:Seventy‐six dogs with HA and 200 dogs randomly selected from the general hospital population.Methods:Retrospective study. Dogs were included in the study if results of an ACTH stimulation test confirmed a diagnosis of HA, the dog had a serum sodium concentration below the reference range or a serum potassium concentration above the reference range, and the dog was treated with mineralocorticoids. Receiver operating curve analysis was used to determine optimal cutoffs of sensitivity and specificity for the Na:K ratio in diagnosing HA.Results:Use of Na:K ratios of 27 or 28 classified 95% of dogs correctly as diseased or not diseased. The sensitivity of a Na:K ratio of 28 was 93% (CI, 85–98%) and that of 27 was 89% (CI, 80–95%). The specificity of a Na:K ratio of 28 was 96% (CI, 92 98%) and that of 27 was 97% (CI, 93–99%). The sensitivity and specificity of a Na:K ratio of 24 were 79% (95% CI, 67–86%) and 100% (98% CI, 97%–100%), respectively.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Na:K ratios of 27 or 28 identify the highest percentage of dogs with suspected mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid deficiency correctly. In dogs with a Na:K ratio of 24 or less, the likelihood of confirming a diagnosis of HA with an ACTH stimulation test is high.
Dietary Energy Restriction and Successful Weight Loss in Obese Client‐Owned Dogs
Authors: German Alexander J. , Holden Shelley L. , Bissot Thomas , Hackett Rachel M. , Biourge Vincent 
Published: March 2010

Background:Obesity is the most common nutritional disease in dogs. Although weight loss by dietary caloric energy restriction is successful in experimental studies, there is limited information on success of such programs in client‐owned dogs who are obese. Further, no information currently exists on the changes in body composition during weight loss in clinical cases.Hypothesis:Key determinants of outcome of weight loss, including energy allocation and body composition, are influenced by both individual and weight program factors.Animals:Nineteen client‐owned dogs with naturally occurring obesity.Methods:In this prospective clinical study, body composition was quantified by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry before and after weight loss on an individually tailored program that incorporated a high‐protein and moderate‐fiber diet.Results:Mean percentage weight loss was 18% (range, 6–29%), and mean rate of weight loss was 0.85% per week (range, 0.35–1.56%). Mean energy allocation required to achieve weight loss was 60% of maintenance energy requirement at target weight (MERTW) (range, 50–82%). Significant dietary noncompliance was reported (mean, 1.0% MERTW; range, 0.0–9.5%). The mean composition of tissue lost was 84:15:1 (fat: lean: bone mineral content [BMC]). Lean tissue loss was positively associated with overall percentage of weight loss (Pearson correlation coefficient [Rp] = 0.591,P= .008), whereas BMC loss was greater in retrievers compared with other breeds (1.9%± 1.16% versus 0.8%± 0.44%;P= .008).Conclusions and Clinical Importance:This clinical study demonstrated body composition changes during weight loss in dogs. Conventional programs produced safe weight loss, but marked energy restriction was required and the rate of loss was slower than in experimental studies.
Effect of Feline Interferon‐Omega on the Survival Time and Quality of Life of Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis
Authors: Ritz Susanne , Egberink Herman , Hartmann Katrin 
Published: March 2010

Background: There is no therapy with proven efficacy to treat cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP).Hypothesis: Feline interferon‐omega (FeIFN‐ω) prolongs survival time and increases quality of life in cats with FIP.Animals: Thirty‐seven privately owned cats were subjects of this study.Methods: The study was performed as a placebo‐controlled double‐blind trial. Feline infectious peritonitis was confirmed by histology or immunostaining of feline coronavirus (FCoV) antigen in effusion or tissue macrophages or both. The cats were randomly selected for treatment with either FeIFN‐to or a placebo. All cats received adjunctive treatment with glucocorticoids and antibiotics and passive immunization with Feliserin.Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the survival time of cats treated with FeIFN‐ω versus placebo or in any other variable evaluated (with the exception of the lymphocyte count). The cats survived between 3 and 200 days (median, 9 days). There was only 1 long‐term survivor (>3 months), and the cat was in the FeIFN‐ω group.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: No effect of FeIFN‐ω on survival time or quality of life could be demonstrated in this study.
A High‐Protein, High‐Fiber Diet Designed for Weight Loss Improves Satiety in Dogs
Authors: Weber Mickaël , Bissot Thomas , Servet Eric , Sergheraert Renaud , Biourge Vincent , German Alexander J. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Weight‐loss programs for dogs are often hampered by increased begging and scavenging behavior that ensues when food intake is restricted.Hypothesis: A diet formulated to contain a high content of both protein and fiber is more satiating than diets that contain only high fiber or high protein.Animals: Six entire female adult dogs (2 Shetland Sheepdogs, 2 Brittany Spaniels, 2 Labrador Retrievers) participated in the satiety studies; 105 adult female dogs of various breeds and ages were used for the palatability studies.Methods: Three diets (high protein [103 g/1,000 kcal] high fiber [60 g/1,000 kcal] [HPHF]; high protein [104 g/1,000 kcal] moderate fiber [35 g/1,000 kcal] [HP]; moderate protein [86 g/1,000 kcal] high fiber [87 g/1,000 kcal] [HF]) were tested. Voluntary food intake was measured in 5 sequential crossover studies, and palatability was assessed with food preference tests.Results: Protein digestibility was significantly lower for HF (mean ± SD; 77.7%± 2.52%) than for both HPHF (81.1%± 0.96%) and HP (81.1%± 1.65%) (P< .001). Short‐term food intake (food ingested when offered for 15 minutes every hour for 4 hours) was lower for HPHF than for both HP and HF (P= .038). Medium‐term intake (food ingested when offered 3 hours after first meal) was lower for both HPHF (27 ± 22.2 kcal/kg0.73) and HF (41 ± 6.8 kcal/kg0.73) than for HP (57 ± 18.8 kcal/kg0.73) (P= .041). Voluntary food intake 3 hours after feeding a restricted meal (25% daily maintenance energy requirements) was significantly lower on the HPHF diet than on either the HP (‐51%,P= .0051) or HF (‐47%,P= .014) diets. However, there was no significant difference between the energy intake on the HP and HF diets (7%,P= .37). The HPHF and HP diets had equivalent palatability, and both were more palatable than the HF diet (P< .001).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The HPHF diet had a satiating effect as evidenced by reduced voluntary intake compared with HP and HF diets, and has the potential to lead to greater compliance in weight‐loss programs.
Investigation of Hypertriglyceridemia in Healthy Miniature Schnauzers
Authors: Xenoulis Panagiotis G. , Suchodolski Jan S. , Levinski Melinda D. , Steiner Jörg M. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia has been reported in Miniature Schnauzers (MS). However, studies investigating the prevalence of this disorder in a large population of MS are lacking. Hypothesis: Hypertriglyceridemia is prevalent in healthy MS. Animals: This study used 192 healthy MS and 38 healthy dogs of other breeds (control dogs). Methods: Serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were measured and statistically compared in both the MS and control group. Dogs were categorized based on their age, and median serum triglyceride concentrations were compared among different age groups. Results: A total of 63 (32.8%) of the 192 MS had serum triglyceride concentrations above the reference range. In contrast, of the 38 control dogs, only 2 (5.3%) had serum triglyceride concentrations above the reference range. The median serum triglyceride concentration in MS was 73.5 mg/dL, which was significantly higher as compared to that of the control group (median, 55 mg/dL; P= .0005). Serum cholesterol concentration was above the reference range in 9 (9.0%) of 100 MS and in 2 (5.3%) of the control dogs. Mean serum cholesterol concentrations were not significantly different between the 2 groups (P= .1374). Median serum triglyceride concentrations in MS increased significantly with age (P < .0001), and there was a significant positive correlation between serum triglyceride concentrations and age (Spearman r = 0.47; P < .0001). There was no difference in serum triglyceride concentrations between male and female MS (P= .48). Conclusion: Healthy MS have a high prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia as compared to healthy dogs of other breeds. Both the prevalence and severity of hypertriglyceridemia increase with age.
Serum C‐Reactive Protein Concentration as an Indicator of Remission Status in Dogs with Multicentric Lymphoma
Authors: Nielsen Lise , Toft Nils , Eckersall P. David , Mellor Dominic J. , Morris Joanna S. 
Published: March 2010

Background: The acute‐phase protein C‐reactive protein (CRP) is used as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in humans with various neoplasias, including non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma.Objective: To evaluate if CRP could be used to detect different remission states in dogs with lymphoma.Animals: Twenty‐two dogs with untreated multicentric lymphoma.Methods: Prospective observational study. Blood samples were collected at the time of diagnosis, before each chemotherapy session, and at follow‐up visits, resulting in 287 serum samples.Results: Before therapy, a statistically significant majority of the dogs (P= .0019) had CRP concentrations above the reference range (68%, 15/22). After achieving complete remission 90% (18/20) of the dogs had CRP concentrations within the reference range, and the difference in values before and after treatment was statistically significant (P< .001). CRP concentrations of dogs in complete remission (median, 1.91; range, 0.2–103) were significantly different (P= .031) from those of dogs with partial remission (median, 2.48; range, 0–89), stable disease (median, 1.77; range, 1.03–42.65), or progressive disease (median, 8.7; range, 0–82.5). There was profound variation of CRP measurements within each dog.Conclusions: CRP is useful in determining complete remission status after treatment with cytotoxic drugs. However, the individual variation between dogs means CRP concentration is not sufficiently different in other remission states to permit its use in monitoring progression of the disease. Greater reliability in determining remission status might be achieved by combining CRP concentration with other serum markers.
Doxycycline Clearance of Experimentally Induced Chronic Ehrlichia canis Infection in Dogs
Authors: Eddlestone S.M. , Diniz P.P.V.P. , Neer T.M. , Gaunt S.D. , Corstvet R. , Cho D. , Hosgood G. , Hegarty B. , Breitschwerdt E.B. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Ineffective clearance of Ehrlichia canis after doxycycline administration has been reported despite the fact that the recommended treatment for canine ehrlichiosis is doxycycline. The effectiveness of doxycycline in clearing E canis infection from the blood and tissues of dogs requires additional evaluation. Hypothesis: Doxycycline (5 mg/kg PO q12h), administered for 4 weeks, will eliminate E canis infection from the blood and tissues of experimentally infected dogs. Animals: Fifteen Walker hound‐mixed breed dogs were inoculated subcutaneously with E canis‐infected canine histiocytic cells 4 months before doxycycline treatment. Methods: Four dogs were treated with doxycycline (5 mg/kg PO q12h for 3 weeks), 5 dogs were treated with doxycycline at the same dosage for 4 weeks, and 5 control dogs were not treated. Dexamethasone (0.4 mg/kg IV) was given after treatment to precipitate recrudescence of any remaining E canis organisms. Platelet counts, anti‐E canis immunofluorescent antibodies, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of E canis deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in blood and tissues were evaluated. Results: E canis DNA was not detected in the blood and tissues of doxycycline‐treated dogs after treatment. Platelet counts were within reference intervals, and E canis antibodies decreased. Spontaneous clearance of E canis infection occurred in 2 of 5 control dogs. Three control dogs had E canis DNA detected in blood and tissues, platelet counts remained low or within the reference interval, and E canis antibodies remained high. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: As administered in this study, doxycycline cleared E canis from the blood and tissues of experimentally infected dogs.
Diagnostic Value of Echo‐Doppler and Tissue Doppler Imaging in Dogs with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Serres François , Chetboul Valérie , Gouni Vassiliki , Tissier Renaud , Sampedrano Carolina Carlos , Pouchelon Jean‐Louis 
Published: March 2010

Background: Diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) relies on Doppler measurement of pulmonic and tricuspid regurgitation (TR). However, these are not always detectable. Hypothesis: Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), a novel noninvasive ultrasound technique, provides indirect but sensitive and specific assessment of elevated systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) in dogs. Animals: One hundred and five dogs with TR. Methods: Prospective observational study. Dogs were categorized as presenting normal (group 1, n = 45), mildly increased (group 2, n = 19), or moderately to severely increased (group 3, n = 41) SPAP, based on TR peak velocities (<2.5, 2.5–3.0, and >3.0 m/s, respectively). Ten quantitative echo‐Doppler‐ and TDI‐derived variables were assessed, including the main pulmonary arterial diameter to aortic diameter ratio, pulmonary flow acceleration time, and acceleration‐to‐ejection time ratio, the Tei index of right ventricular function, and 6 longitudinal basal right ventricular TDI variables. Results: A significant correlation was observed between SPAP and each of the 10 tested variables (P < .05). Conventional echo‐Doppler variables were less discriminating than the TDI for predicting increased SPAP. The combined systolic and diastolic right TDI index had the highest sensitivity and specificity (89% and 93% respectively, for a cutoff of 11.8 cm/s) and could discriminate between dogs in group 1 from dogs in group 2. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: TDI provided effective predictors of systolic PAH and demonstrated that both alterations in right‐sided systolic and diastolic myocardial function can occur with mild increases in SPAP.