bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colonial Township Laws and Urban Governance in Kenya
Authors: Home Robert 
Published: August 2012

AbstractRapid population and urban growth in Africa pose severe challenges to development planning and management. This article argues that weak urban governance in Kenya results from the colonial legal order's shaping of urban form. Kenya's colonial laws, drawing from those in other British colonies (especially South Africa) and British statute law on local government, public health, housing and town planning, controlled African labour and movement, and Africans' relation to towns. These laws included ordinances on registration, “master and servant” and vagrancy, while detailed township rules enforced racial segregation and exclusion; the Feetham Commission (1926) led to a hierarchy of local authorities, with no African representation until the 1950s. The dual mandate ideology resulted in different land tenure in the white-settled areas and trust lands; the late introduction of individual land ownership in the trust lands created problems of peri-urban, unplanned development outside the old township boundaries.
Activity of tribendimidine and praziquantel combination therapy against the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverriniin vitro and in vivo
Authors: Keiser J. , Adelfio R. , Vargas M. , Odermatt P. , Tesana S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractOpisthorchiasis, caused by the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini, a food-borne trematode, is an important public health problem; however, only a single drug, praziquantel is available. We investigated tribendimidine–praziquantel combinations against O. viverriniin vitro and in vivo. The IC50 values of 0.16 μg/ml and 0.05 μg/ml were determined for praziquantel and tribendimidine, respectively, against adult O. viverriniin vitro. When O. viverrini was exposed to both drugs simultaneously (using a drug ratio based on the IC50 (1:3.2)) a synergistic effect was calculated (combination index (CI) at the IC50= 0.7). A similar result was observed when drug addition in vitro was spaced by the respective half-lives of the drugs (a CI of 0.78 at the IC50 for tribendimidine followed by praziquantel and a CI of 0.47 at the IC50 for praziquantel followed by tribendimidine). In vivo median-effect dose (ED50) values of 191 mg/kg and 147 mg/kg were calculated for praziquantel and tribendimidine, respectively. Low to moderate worm burden reductions (38–62%) were observed in O. viverrini infected hamsters when both drugs were administered simultaneously or on subsequent days, pointing to antagonistic effects in vivo. Further studies are necessary to understand the striking differences between the in vitro and in vivo observations using combinations of praziquantel and tribendimidine on O. viverrini.
Significance of a notch in the otoacoustic emission stimulus spectrum
Authors: Grenner J 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjective:To explain a clinical observation: a notch in the stimulus spectrum during transient evoked otoacoustic emission measurement in ears with secretory otitis media.Methods:The effects of tympanic under-pressure were investigated using a pressure chamber. A model of the ear canal was also studied.Results:Tympanic membrane reflectance increased as a consequence of increased stiffness, causing a notch in the stimulus spectrum. In an adult, the notch could be clearly distinguished at an under-pressure of approximately −185 daPa. The sound frequency of the notch corresponded to a wavelength four times the ear canal length. The ear canal of infants was too short to cause a notch within the displayed frequency range. The notch was demonstrated using both Otodynamics and Madsen equipment.Conclusion:A notch in the otoacoustic emission stimulus spectrum can be caused by increased stiffness of the tympanic membrane, raising suspicion of low middle-ear pressure or secretory otitis media. This finding is not applicable to infants.
Speech in noise testing before and after grommet insertion
Authors: Possamai V , Kirk G , Scott A , Skinner D 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectives:To assess the feasibility of designing and implementing a speech in noise test in children before and after grommet insertion, and to analyse the results of such a test in a small group of children.Methods:Twelve children aged six to nine years who were scheduled to undergo grommet insertion were identified. They underwent speech in noise testing before and after grommet insertion. This testing used Arthur Boothroyd word lists read at 60 dB in four listening conditions presented in a sound field: firstly in quiet conditions, then in signal to noise ratios of +10 (50 dB background noise), 0 (60 dB) and −10 (70 dB).Results:Mean phoneme scores were: in quiet conditions, 28.1 pre- and 30 post-operatively (p = 0.04); in 50 dB background noise (signal to noise ratio +10), 24.2 pre- and 29 post-operatively (p < 0.01); in 60 dB background noise (signal to noise ratio 0), 22.6 pre- and 27.5 post-operatively (p = 0.06); and in 70 dB background noise (signal to noise ratio −10), 13.9 pre- and 21 post-operatively (p = 0.05).Conclusion:This small study suggests that speech in noise testing is feasible in this scenario. Our small group of children demonstrated a significant improvement in speech in noise scores following grommet insertion. This is likely to translate into a significant advantage in the educational environment.
Use of personal call alarms among community-dwelling older people
Authors: NYMAN SAMUEL R. , VICTOR CHRISTINA R. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTHaving a fall and then lying on the floor for an hour or more is known as a ‘long lie’, which is associated with serious injury and an elevated risk of admission to hospital, long-term care and death. Personal call alarms are designed to prevent long lies, although little is known about their use. Using cross-sectional data from the English Longitudinal Study on Ageing, this study investigated the proportion of self-reported users of personal call alarms among 3,091 community-dwelling adults aged 65+ who reported difficulties of mobility or activities of daily living. The characteristics of users were then explored through logistic regressions comparing those living alone with those living with others. One hundred and eighty people self-reported using a personal call alarm (6%). Multivariate regression found the following to significantly predict personal call alarm use among both those living alone and with others: greater difficulty with activities/instrumental activities of daily living, older age, and for those living with others only: lower score on the quality of life subscale for control. Personal call alarm use may be markedly lower than the 30 per cent annual incidence of falls among community-dwelling older people. Better understanding is needed of the reasons for low usage, even amongst those at highest falls risk for whom such alarms are most likely to be beneficial.
Quantitative exposure assessment of waterfowl hunters to avian influenza viruses
Authors: DÓREA F. C. , COLE D. J. , STALLKNECHT D. E. 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYThe potential for direct transmission of type A influenza viruses from wild waterfowl to humans is undefined. This study estimated exposure of hunters to avian influenza virus (AIV) resulting from direct contact with potentially infected waterfowl in Georgia (GA), Louisiana (LA) and Minnesota (MN), and demonstrated variation in the risk of exposure to AIV by hunting location and time. Hunting begins earlier in MN, starting in October, and later in GA and LA, usually starting in November. In addition, the numbers of hunters and birds harvested varies considerably in each state, with LA hosting the largest harvest in the USA Temporal effects resulted in variation of the exposure risk per hunter-day, with a higher risk associated with the earlier months of the hunting season. Exposure risk in locations varied due to AIV prevalence during each hunting season, average bird harvest per hunter-day, and ratio of juveniles/adult birds harvested (higher risk associated with higher ratios). Population risk is discussed based on the exposure risk and number of active hunters in each state per month. The risk of human exposure to AIV was also shown to be temporally distinct from the time of greatest risk of human influenza A infection during circulation of seasonal human influenza viruses, making recombination events due to co-infection unlikely.
Common source outbreaks of Campylobacter infection in the USA, 1997–2008
Authors: TAYLOR E. V. , HERMAN K. M. , AILES E. C. , FITZGERALD C. , YODER J. S. , MAHON B. E. , TAUXE R. V. 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYCampylobacter is a common but decreasing cause of foodborne infections in the USA. Outbreaks are uncommon and have historically differed from sporadic cases in seasonality and contamination source. We reviewed reported outbreaks of campylobacteriosis. From 1997 to 2008, 262 outbreaks were reported, with 9135 illnesses, 159 hospitalizations, and three deaths. The annual mean was 16 outbreaks for 1997–2002, and 28 outbreaks for 2003–2008. Almost half occurred in warmer months. Foodborne transmission was reported in 225 (86%) outbreaks, water in 24 (9%), and animal contact in seven (3%). Dairy products were implicated in 65 (29%) foodborne outbreaks, poultry in 25 (11%), and produce in 12 (5%). Reported outbreaks increased during a period of declining overall incidence, and seasonality of outbreaks resembled that of sporadic infections. Unlike sporadic illnesses, which are primarily attributed to poultry, dairy products are the most common vehicle identified for outbreaks.
Developing a new syndromic surveillance system for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games
Authors: HARCOURT S. E. , FLETCHER J. , LOVERIDGE P. , BAINS A. , MORBEY R. , YEATES A. , McCLOSKEY B. , SMYTH B. , IBBOTSON S. , SMITH G. E. , ELLIOT A. J. 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYSyndromic surveillance is vital for monitoring public health during mass gatherings. The London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games represents a major challenge to health protection services and community surveillance. In response to this challenge the Health Protection Agency has developed a new syndromic surveillance system that monitors daily general practitioner out-of-hours and unscheduled care attendances. This new national system will fill a gap identified in the existing general practice-based syndromic surveillance systems by providing surveillance capability of general practice activity during evenings/nights, over weekends and public holidays. The system will complement and supplement the existing tele-health phone line, general practitioner and emergency department syndromic surveillance systems. This new national system will contribute to improving public health reassurance, especially to meet the challenges of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.
Microbiological aspects of public health planning and preparedness for the 2012 Olympic Games
Authors: MORAN-GILAD J. , CHAND M. , BROWN C. , SHETTY N. , MORRIS G. , GREEN J. , JENKINS C. , LING C. , McLAUCHLIN J. , HARRISON T. , GODDARD N. , BROWN K. , BOLTON F. J. , ZAMBON M. 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYAlthough communicable diseases have hitherto played a small part in illness associated with Olympic Games, an outbreak of infection in a national team, Games venue or visiting spectators has the potential to disrupt a global sporting event and distract from the international celebration of athletic excellence. Preparation for hosting the Olympic Games includes implementation of early warning systems for detecting emerging infection problems. Ensuring capability for rapid microbiological diagnoses to inform situational risk assessments underpins the ability to dispel rumours. These are a prelude to control measures to minimize impact of any outbreak of infectious disease at a time of intense public scrutiny. Complex multidisciplinary teamwork combined with laboratory technical innovation and efficient information flows underlie the Health Protection Agency's preparation for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. These will deliver durable legacies for clinical and public health microbiology, outbreak investigation and control in the coming years.
ITERATIVE SOLUTION OF SHIFTED POSITIVE-DEFINITE LINEAR SYSTEMS ARISING IN A NUMERICAL METHOD FOR THE HEAT EQUATION BASED ON LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION AND QUADRATURE
Authors: MCLEAN WILLIAM , THOMÉE VIDAR 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn earlier work we have studied a method for discretization in time of a parabolic problem, which consists of representing the exact solution as an integral in the complex plane and then applying a quadrature formula to this integral. In application to a spatially semidiscrete finite-element version of the parabolic problem, at each quadrature point one then needs to solve a linear algebraic system having a positive-definite matrix with a complex shift. We study iterative methods for such systems, considering the basic and preconditioned versions of first the Richardson algorithm and then a conjugate gradient method.
Redescription of the lungfish Straitonia waterstoni from the Viséan of Lothian, Scotland
Authors: Sharp E. L. , Clack J. A. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe unique specimen of the Early Carboniferous lungfish Straitonia waterstoni is described in detail. As the only articulated lungfish currently described from the Viséan, it is of particular interest for lungfish evolution. It retains some plesiomorphic features of the skull, and shows some derived features in common with later Carboniferous forms. A thorough description is provided for future phylogenetic analyses. Straitonia has a number of diagnostic features. These include: a relatively narrow B-bone with a broad and curved anterior margin; an unpaired, parallel-sided C-bone whose margin is convex anteriorly; a B-bone approximately the same width as the single C-bone; the I-bones are relatively small compared with the B- and J-bones; the J-bones are tri-lobed; the XY bone is elongate along a posteromedial–anterolateral axis. Elongate fins dorsally and ventrally suggest a condition similar to those of later Carboniferous forms with confluent second dorsal, caudal and anal fins. It may thus be the earliest lungfish to show this condition. The ventral tail fin includes some fused elements, probably haemal and infrahaemal spines. The identity of one of the skull bones is discussed, and concluded to be a C-bone rather than a D-bone as previously described. The D-bone is absent, as in later Carboniferous forms. The history of the D-bone is considered.
Solar wind density controlling penetration electric field at the equatorial ionosphere during a saturation of cross polar cap potential
Authors: Wei Y. , Wan W. , Zhao B. , Hong M. , Ridley A. , Ren Z. , Fraenz M. , Dubinin E. , He M. 
Published: August 2012

The most important source of electrodynamic disturbances in the equatorial ionosphere during the main phase of a storm is the prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) originating from the high‐latitude region. It has been known that such an electric field is correlated with the magnetospheric convection or interplanetary electric field. Here we show a unique case, in which the electric field disturbance in the equatorial ionosphere cannot be interpreted by this concept. During the superstorm on Nov. 20–21, 2003, the cross polar cap potential (CPCP) saturated at least for 8.2 h. The CPCP reconstructed by Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (AMIE) procedure suggested that the PPEF at the equatorial ionosphere still correlated with the saturated CPCP, but the CPCP was controlled by the solar wind density instead of the interplanetary electric field. However, the predicted CPCPs by Hill‐Siscoe‐Ober (HSO) model and Boyle‐Ridley (BR) model were not fully consistent with the AMIE result and PPEF. The PPEF also decoupled from the convection electric field in the magnetotail. Due to the decoupling, the electric field in the ring current was not able to comply with the variations of PPEF, and this resulted in a long‐duration electric field penetration without shielding.
Impact of tropical cyclones on the ocean heat budget in the Bay of Bengal during 1999: 2. Processes and interpretations
Authors: Wang Jih‐Wang , Han Weiqing , Sriver Ryan L. 
Published: August 2012

The impacts of two consecutive, strong tropical cyclones (TCs) from October–November in 1999 on the Bay of Bengal (BoB) heat budget are examined using the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model. The model uses atmospheric conditions from reanalysis, reconstructed TC winds, and satellite‐observed winds and precipitation. We conduct a series of diagnostic experiments to isolate the model's response to the individual TC‐associated forcings. During the TCs, the BoB ocean heat content (OHC) is reduced, primarily due to TC‐wind induced southward ocean heat transport (OHT) and a reduction in surface downward radiation due to increased cloudiness. BoB OHC is largely restored in the following months via enhanced surface heat fluxes, associated with cold wake restoration, and positive northward OHT. The TCs' downward heat pumping effect is estimated to be ∼1.74 × 1018 J near the end of February 2000, which is less than estimates using previously published methods based on surface observations. The relatively weak heat pumping results from freshwater input by intense monsoon rainfall and river discharge in the BoB, which stabilizes stratification, forms a barrier layer, and generates temperature inversions during seasonal surface cooling. As a result, early stage TC winds entrain the warm barrier layer water and enhance enthalpy loss in the southeastern Bay, while mature stage TC winds erode the barrier layer, decrease SST through upwelling and entrainment of deeper cold water and reduce enthalpy loss in the northwestern Bay. Our findings suggest TC winds may significantly alter the interseasonal BoB heat budget through OHT and surface heat fluxes.
Eosinophilic Cholangitis and Wirsungitis as Cause of Simultaneous Bile Duct Obstruction and Pancreatitis
Authors: Kroemer A. , Sabet-Baktach M. , Doenecke A. , Ruemmele P. , Scherer M. , Schlitt H. , Breidert M. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractEosinophilic cholangitis is a rare clinical entity characterised by transmural eosinophilic infiltration of the biliary system. The aetiology of this disease is still unclear. We report on a 49-year-old male patient who presented with symptoms of obstructive jaundice and imaging suggestive for periampullary carcinoma. After partial pancreatoduodenectomy for suspected pancreatic cancer, pathology revealed massive eosinophilic cholecystitis as well as intra- and extrahepatic eosinophilic cholangitis with pseudopolypoid papillary lesions. Our case illustrates the diagnostic pitfalls in eosinophilic cholangitis as careful imaging procedures − optimally interdisciplinary − should be considered and performed in such patients. In conclusion, eosinophilic cholangitis is an uncommon, inflammatory condition that needs to be considered as a differential diagnosis for periampullary malignancies.
Acute Liver Failure Following Minocycline Treatment – A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Kuhn A. , Weiler-Normann C. , Schramm C. , Kluge S. , Behne M. , Lohse A. , Benten D. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe present the case of a 23-year-old female patient with acute liver failure following intake of minocycline. This patient had severe hypereosinophilia and massively increased IgE levels. Experimental studies in this case revealed elevated IFN-γ-, as well as TNF-α-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells after in vitro stimulation with minocycline, indicating a type I/IgE-mediated as well as type II/cytotoxic reaction in the pathogenesis of minocycline-induced liver failure. Although mild forms of liver involvement are well known side effects of minocycline, only 8 cases with acute liver failure have been reported, and we present a review of all cases.
Diagnostisches Vorgehen bei Lebererkrankungen durch pflanzliche Mittel
Authors: Teschke R. , Schulze J. , Eickhoff A. 
Published: August 2012

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Lebererkrankungen durch pflanzliche Mittel sind selten und werden ärztlicherseits und regulatorisch meist nicht sorgfältig genug evaluiert, mit der Konsequenz, dass wichtige alternative Erkrankungen mit spezifischen Therapiemöglichkeiten verpasst werden. Zudem lässt die Datenqualität oft Defizite erkennen und erschwert zusätzlich eine adäquate Evaluierung.
Methode: Basierend auf eigenen Erfahrungen und einer selektiven Literaturrecherche wurden Empfehlungen erarbeitet, die Datenerhebung und die Kausalitätsbewertung wesentlich zu verbessern.
Ergebnisse: Die für die Diagnose einer hepatischen UAW wichtigen Kriterien umfassen klinische Manifestation, Abklingphase, Typ der Leberschädigung, (ungewollte) Reexposition, Komedikation, Risikofaktoren, Einbeziehung der Grunderkrankung und sicherer Ausschluss alternativer Ursachen. Dabei kann die Datenqualität der Fälle von Lebererkrankungen durch primär vermutete pflanzliche Mittel allein durch ein striktes Vorgehen bei der Datenerhebung unter Verwendung eines leberspezifischen Meldeformulars wesentlich verbessert werden. Zur Kausalitätssicherung steht zudem eine leberspezifische Skala zur Verfügung, die sich sowohl bei den behandelnden Ärzten als auch den regulatorischen Bewertungen im Rahmen der notwendigen Pharmakovigilanz bewährt hat und weiter ausgebaut werden sollte. Durch verschiedene diagnostische Schritte ist darüber hinaus sicherzustellen, dass alternative Ursachen der Symptomatik rechtzeitig erkannt und diesbezügliche adäquate Therapien eingeleitet werden.
Schlussfolgerung: In der Klinik und Praxis stellen primär vermutete hepatische Nebenwirkungen von pflanzlichen Mitteln eine besondere ärztliche und regulatorische Herausforderung dar, die einer deutlich verbesserten Datenqualität und Kausalitätsevaluierung bedarf.
Zertifizierte Darmkrebszentren aus Sicht der Zentrumsleitungen: Ergebnisse einer Schlüsselpersonenbefragung
Authors: Huthmann D. , Seufferlein T. , Post S. , Benz S. , Stinner B. , Wesselmann S. 
Published: August 2012

ZusammenfassungSeit 2003 zertifiziert die Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft (DKG) Organkrebszentren in Deutschland: Nach 8 Jahren Praxis gibt es mehr als 600 zertifizierte Krebszentren, die eine wie im Nationalen Krebsplan geforderte „qualitätsgesicherte onkologische Versorgung“ in Deutschland ermöglichen. Dabei behandeln die mehr als 200 zertifizierten Darmkrebszentren rund 25 % aller Darmkrebsneuerkrankungen. In diesem Artikel wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Veränderungen das Zertifizierungskonzept in die Zentren gebracht hat.
Hydration structures of U(III) and U(IV) ions from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Leung Kevin , Nenoff Tina M. 
Published: August 2012

We apply DFT+U-based ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to study the hydration structures of U(III) and U(IV) ions, pertinent to redox reactions associated with uranium salts in aqueous media. U(III) is predicted to be coordinated to 8 water molecules, while U(IV) has a hydration number between 7 and 8. At least one of the innershell water molecules of the hydrated U(IV) complex becomes spontaneously deprotonated. As a result, the U(IV)–O pair correlation function exhibits a satellite peak at 2.15 Å associated with the shorter U(IV)–(OH−) bond. This feature is not accounted for in analysis of extended x-ray absorption fine structure and x-ray adsorption near edge structure measurements, which yield higher estimates of U(IV) hydration numbers. This suggests that it may be useful to include the effect of possible hydrolysis in future interpretation of experiments, especially when the experimental pH is close to the reported hydrolysis equilibrium constant value.