bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Words Mean
Authors: Evans Vyvyan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis book is concerned with word meaning, and the role of words in meaning construction. The specific problem addressed concerns how best to account for the inherent variation of word meaning in language use. That is, the books seeks to provide an account for the way in which the meaning associated with any given word form appears to vary each time it is used, in terms of the conceptualization that it, in part, gives rise to. The book develops a new theoretical synthesis building upon developments in cognitive science: in particular cognitive linguistics and cognitive psychology. The model proposed is termed the Theory of Lexical Concepts and Cognitive Models, or LCCM Theory for short. The theory is based upon two central theoretical constructs: the lexical concept and the cognitive model. The essential insight of the theory is that meaning construction in language understanding relies upon the interaction between distinct types of knowledge representation — units of semantic structure: lexical concepts, and units of conceptual structure: cognitive models — which inhere in distinct representational systems that evolved for different purposes: the conceptual system and the linguistic system. The book provides a joined-up account of lexical semantics and semantic compositionality which is at once descriptively adequate and psychologically plausible.
2 Towards a new account of word meaning
Authors: Evans Vyvyan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter outlines the starting points and guiding assumptions for the Theory of Lexical Concepts and Cognitive Models (LCCM Theory). LCCM Theory arises from five recent developments in the language sciences which are explored in detail. The chapter also discusses the principled distinction at the heart of LCCM Theory: the presumption that the linguistic and conceptual system consist of distinct types of representation: the lexical concept and the cognitive model.
11 Lexical concept selection
Authors: Evans Vyvyan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter addresses the first of the compositional mechanisms at the heart of LCCM Theory: lexical concept selection. As a linguistic form may potentially be associated with a large number of distinct lexical concepts, language understanding involves a process whereby an appropriate lexical concept is identified. This process of lexical concept identification is referred to as lexical concept selection. Of all the lexical concepts associated with a given form, what makes one appropriate, rather than another, can be attributed loosely to the notion of context, although this subsumes a number of more specific factors that influence lexical concept selection. The chapter considers the various factors involved in this process of selection.
2 Institutions and Policies Shaping Industrial Development: An Introductory Note
Authors: Cimoli Mario , Dosi Giovanni , Nelson Richard , Stiglitz Joseph E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter notes that all historical experiences of sustained economic growth — starting at least from the English Industrial Revolution — find their enabling conditions in a rich set of complementary institutions, shared behavioral norms, and public policies. Indeed, the paramount importance of institutions and social norms appears to be a rather universal property of every form of collective organization we are aware of. Moreover, much more narrowly, discretionary public policies have been major ingredients of national development strategies, especially in catching-up countries, throughout the history of modern capitalism. Conversely, from a symmetric perspective, there are extremely sound theoretical reasons supporting the notion that institutions and policies always matter in all processes of technological learning and economic coordination and change. This chapter focuses on the latter issue and outlines some theoretical foundations and for industrial policies in a broad sense, and for measures of “institutional engineering” shaping the very nature of the economic actors, the market mechanisms and rules under which they operate, and the boundaries between what is governed by market interactions, and what is not.
5 Industrial Policies in Developing Countries: History and Perspectives
Authors: Di Maio Michele 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter presents a detailed comparative account of the role played by industrial policies — including innovation and technology policies, education and skill formation policies, trade policies, targeted industrial support measures, sectoral competitiveness policies, and competition-regulation policies — in spurring development and growth in developing countries in the last fifty years. It illustrates their different effectiveness, highlighting the importance of the varying combinations of policy measures and of the details of their implementation.
9 Microeconomic Evolution in High Uncertainty Contexts: The Manufacturing Sector in Argentina
Authors: Kosacoff Bernardo , Ramos Adrián H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn the last three decades, Argentina's real output underwent several violent fluctuations. This chapter aims to identify some of the effects of such volatility on the structure of the industrial sector and on the evolution of the micro behaviors and strategies of industrial companies. After a brief review of the history of industrialization in Argentina since the end of the 19th century, the chapter proceeds to the exploration of industrial dynamics since the 1970s, and in particular of the coupled dynamics between macroeconomic conditions and micro decision-making processes. It shows that macroeconomic instability and policy shocks entail an implicit “industrial policy” albeit of a perverse kind.
2 Hesiod and Plato's history of philosophy
Authors: Boys-Stones G. R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that Hesiod's praise of one form of eris (‘strife’) makes him a symbol and archetype for what Plato sees as the unproductive squabbling of much subsequent philosophical debate. His own philosophical methodology, underpinned by the assonant language of eros, is presented as a transformation of this eris, a transformation which retains what is positive in its drive for progress, while freeing itself of its tendency to polemic for polemic's sake.
12Hesiod'sTheogony andPlato'sTimaeus
Authors: Sedley David 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter asks what the Theogony can teach us about the advent of evil in the Timaeus, and in so doing, uncovers a ‘a remarkably deep isomorphism’ between the two texts: both, for example, introduce first the potential for evil (Hesiodic Chaos and its descendants, Platonic matter) and then its realization (Hesiodic and Platonic woman).
Executive Power of the European Union
Authors: Curtin Deirdre 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe picture of Brussels-based bureaucrats exercising wide-ranging, arbitrary executive powers with no accountability is one of the favourite images conjured by Eurosceptics across the political spectrum. What truth is there in the image? This book aims to bring the EU's executive powers out of the shadows by mapping the evolution and current form of the EU's various executive actors, their powers, and the mechanisms for holding them accountable. In doing so it provides a rich understanding of the way in which the EU's institutional and legal framework fits within national constitutional presumptions about how power should be controlled and accountability achieved. Covering both the political executive and the administrative executive at the EU institutional level, the book analyzes their relationship with national executive power, and traces the historical evolution of executive order in Europe from the Peace of Westphalia through classic inter-governmental organizations to the allegedly unique EU framework. The book's analysis covers both the formal legal structure of the Union and the evolution of the EU's living institutions in practice. The picture presented is of a fragmented, cluttered and complex European executive space, resistant to radical constitutional reform and in need of a more nuanced understanding of the different forms of executive power required by different political aims and modes of decision-making.
Underdetermination and Commonsense Realism
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter defends commonsense realism from the underdetermination theses of extreme skepticism. If true, these would count against nearly all our knowledge and hence undermine realism about the observable world. The traditional responses to these theses rest on a priori knowledge. The chapter rejects a priori knowledge, but even if there were such knowledge, these traditional responses tend to involve bizarre metaphysics and to be otherwise unsatisfactory. Instead, it offers a Moorean response: realism is much more firmly based than the epistemological theses that are thought to undermine it. The Moorean response is supported by a naturalistic one that appeals to scientific practice. Rather than proceeding form an a priori epistemology to an a priori metaphysics, we should proceed from an empirical metaphysics to an empirical epistemology. We should put metaphysics first.
The Corpus of Iambic Poets
Authors: Rotstein Andrea 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter surveys the poets that may be included in a corpus of iambic poetry. It proposes to view both canon and corpus as a gradient structured by core and periphery, referred to as the ‘received iambos’. It presents the ‘received iambos’ by a graded diagram where the canonical poets (in three degrees) are in the centre, minor iambic poets next, followed by poets who composed iamboi as a minor part of their work, then by a fuzzy area of works with an equal claim to belong to parody and, outside the circle, poets linked to iamboi by virtue of a salient feature of their work that was shared by the iamboi genre.
IambosandIambeionin the Classical Period
Authors: Rotstein Andrea 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe examination of evidence in the two previous chapters helped establish the notions with which the genre of iambos was associated in the archaic period. This chapter continues to survey 5th- and 4th-century BCE testimonies, focusing on the terms iambos and iambeion. It begins by exploring the use of iambos for ‘iambic rhythm’ in Damon of Oa and in Plato. It then turns to the use of iambos for an ‘iambic poem’, by Herodotus and Aristophanes, and of iamboi for ‘iambic genre’ in Plato, who conceives iamboi also as public performances. A brief reconstruction of the history of the term iambeion shows its connection with the rhythmical sense of iambos. It considers the inconclusive evidence for a Dorian iambos represented by Aristoxenus of Selinus, and concludes by offering a hypothesis of the development of terms from the archaic into the classical period.
Archilochus as a Prototype of Invective Poetry
Authors: Rotstein Andrea 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter contends that, previous to the categorization of iambos as invective, it was Archilochus who was first of all conceptualized as a representative par excellence of blame poetry. It examines the types of content associated with Archilochus before the Hellenistic period. Such early testimonies provide information on the reception of Archilochus at a stage when invective emerged as the dominant feature of his work. They also suggest awareness regarding other aspects of his poetry. Thus, although Archilochus begins to function in the 5th century BCE as prototype of invective poetry, he is not simply reduced to that. Archilochus' reputation was a matter of ideological contestation, and whoever praises or blames him usually has ulterior motives.
Letter‐Writing and the Rise of the Novel
Authors: Whyman Susan E. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers how letters became literary at a time when letters and literature were closely aligned. It suggests that epistolary literacy can offer new insights into the rise of the novel. It introduces Jane Johnson, an untrained Buckinghamshire mother who writes a story about Clarissa, composes original poems, and keeps records of her reading. Her epistolary practices are analyzed in relation to the epistolary writings of the novelist Samuel Richardson. The chapter concludes that provincial women like Johnson were not only influenced by literature; they had a powerful impact on literary culture. When Richardson's historical insights are connected to Johnson's epistolary literacy, the study of the novel is enriched.
Measurement of health utilities in children
Authors: Sung Lillian , Petrou Stavros , Ungar Wendy J. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The measurement of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has been increasingly emphasized in pediatrics. The same issues relevant to the measurement of HRQoL in adults apply to children, although assessment in children poses additional challenges. These include the need to consider the developmental ability for self-assessment in younger children and the possibility of enhanced risk aversion when parents are proxy respondents for their children, particularly when a standard gamble is used to determine health state utility for calculation of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). This chapter discusses direct and indirect preference elicitation techniques and presents some of the more common methods to elicit health state utilities in children. Next, the issue of different raters of utilities is discussed and age-related issues are considered. Finally, future directions for research in the understanding of pediatric health utilities are suggested.
Locality
Authors: Fodor Jerry A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThere are increasingly good reasons to doubt that the ‘classical’ representational theory of mind (RTM) language of thought (LOT) computational theory of mind (CTM) model is anything like a general account of how the cognitive mind works; and the magnitude of our current bewilderment about certain aspects of cognitive processes is the measure of the failure. This is not, of course, a cause for lamentation. A lot of our best science has been learned from the falsification of prima facie interesting ideas: it's a matter of figuring out where you are by finding out where you aren't. Just as Holmes says: ‘When you've eliminated all the impossibles, what's left must be the truth’. Assuming, of course, that there is anything left, and assuming that there is only one of them. This chapter is about what seems to have gone wrong.
The Ising model in two dimensions: summary of results
Authors: McCoy Barry M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the many results of the exactly solved Ising model in two dimensions at H = 0 including: the partition function, free energy, spontaneous magnetization, the Toeplitz determinant representations of the correlation functions, the Painlevé VI differential equation for the diagonal two spin correlations, the form factor expansion of the magnetic susceptibility, the scaling limit, the boundary properties of the half plane lattice, and the random layered lattice. For H ≠ 0 the Lee-Yang circle theorem, the free energy and magnetization for H/kBT = iπ/2 expansions for small H, the results of Zamolodchikov at T = Tc and a discussion of extended analyticity are given.
Health and Social Justice
Authors: Ruger Jennifer Prah 
Published: February 2010

AbstractEnvision a society in which all people have the ability to achieve the central health capabilities of avoiding premature death and escapable morbidity, and where everyone has comprehensive health insurance and access to high‐quality health care. This vision is the animating principle behind the health capability paradigm, a unique new approach where not just health care, or the right to health alone, but health and the capability for health itself are moral imperatives. Ruger has been developing this health capability paradigm for over 15 years. Her innovative approach bridges the gaps at the interdisciplinary intersection of ethics, economics, political science, law and human rights, with practical and theoretical applications for the financing and delivery of health care and public health. The health capability paradigm provides philosophical justification for the direct moral importance of health, health capability, and the right to health, as well as a theoretical basis for prioritizing needs and allocating resources. There are no guarantees of good health, but society can, if it will, design and build effective institutions and social systems, structures and practices, that support all citizens in the pursuit of central health capabilities. Key tenets of this theory, which emphasizes responsibility and choice for health, include health agency, shared health governance, incompletely theorized agreements, internalized public moral norms to guide social choice and collective action, and a joint scientific and deliberative approach to decision-making that incorporates medical necessity, medical appropriateness, and shortfall equality. This paradigm integrates both proceduralist and consequentialist approaches to justice, and emphasizes the critical roles of both moral and political legitimacy. We can no longer afford to ignore human suffering. This book weaves together a number of disparate constructs and original insights to produce a foundational new framework for thinking about and taking action to achieve health and social justice— the health capability paradigm.
1 From Cold War Constraints to New Possibilities
Authors: Casarini Nicola 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter traces the evolution of the first twenty years of Europe—China relations, that is, since their inception in 1975, when the European Community and the People's Republic of China established formal diplomatic relations, until 1995 when the EU adopted its first document on China and ushered in a policy of constructive engagement with Beijing. The chapter explains the reasons for Europe—China relations to be derivative of broader relations with the two superpowers in the 1970s and 1980s, discussing why Chinese leaders tended to use relations with European countries as part of their policy to gain strategic advantage vis‐à‐vis the Soviet Union and the United States, and why both Western and Eastern Europe's relations with China were derivative of their respective ties with Washington or Moscow. This chapter subsequently discusses the new possibilities which opened up after the end of the Cold War and the demise of the Soviet Union.
Introduction
Authors: Blundell Stephen J. , Blundell Katherine M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter explores the concept of large numbers, showing why large numbers appear in thermal physics and explaining how to handle them. Large numbers arise in thermal physics because the number of atoms in the bit of matter under study is usually very large (for example, it can be typically of the order of 1023), but also because many thermal physics problems involve combinatorial calculations. The chapter discusses Stirling's approximation, which is useful for handling expressions, such as ln N!, which frequently appear in thermal physics. The thermodynamic limit and state the ideal gas equation are also considered.
Temperature and the Boltzmann factor
Authors: Blundell Stephen J. , Blundell Katherine M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the concept of temperature and shows how it can be defined in a statistical manner. This leads to the idea of a Boltzmann distribution and a Boltzmann factor. These ideas are used to define the temperature of a system from a statistical perspective and hence derive the Boltzmann distribution. This distribution describes how a thermal system behaves when it is placed in thermal contact with a large thermal reservoir.
Energy
Authors: Blundell Stephen J. , Blundell Katherine M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on one of the key concepts in thermal physics, that of energy. What happens when energy is changed from one form to another? How much work can you get out of a quantity of heat? These are key questions to be answered. The chapter marks the beginning a study of thermodynamics proper, and the first law of thermodynamics is introduced.
Photons
Authors: Blundell Stephen J. , Blundell Katherine M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the thermodynamics of electromagnetic radiation. It begins by discussing spectral energy density, Kirchoff's law, radiation pressure, and the statistical mechanics of the photon gas, respectively. It then goes on to cover the statistical mechanics of the photon gas and black-body distribution. The final sections concern the thermal radiation that exists in the Universe as a remnant of the hot big bang and the effect of thermal radiation on the behaviour of atoms, and hence the operation of the laser.
Cooling real gases
Authors: Blundell Stephen J. , Blundell Katherine M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Chapter 26 considered how to model the properties of real gases using various corrections to the ideal gas model. This chapter uses these results to explore some of the deviations from ideal gas behaviour that can be observed in practice, in particular with changes in the behaviour of a Joule expansion. It then introduces the Joule-Kelvin throttling process (which has no effect on an ideal gas, but which can lead to cooling of a real gas) and discusses how real gases can be liquefied.
Conclusion
Authors: Black Jane 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The concluding chapter looks at republican regimes, noting that the prerogatives associated with plenitude of power were taken for granted by the government of Florence and other regimes based on popular sovereignty. It is noted that absolute power was discredited in Italy just at the time when it was coming into vogue in France. But the author shows that thinkers such as Guillaume Budé and Jean Bodin accepted the teachings of Alciato and others that the king had an obligation not to infringe the fundamental rights of subjects. The early seventeenth‐century lawyer Ludovico Rodolfini summed up earlier opinion, coming down firmly on the side of the rule of law.
Legal Ownership and Nature of Kyoto Units and EU Allowances
Authors: Wemaere Matthieu , Streck Charlotte , Chagas Thiago 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The Kyoto Protocol creates sovereign rights for parties trading Kyoto units. Kyoto parties can then authorize private entities to participate in trading under the international instrument. This chapter analyzes the legal nature and characteristics of the different units. Clear decisions on the nature and the treatment of these units are important to give legal security and certainty to both governments and private (or public) entities, and provide security and confidence to the trading system. Where legislation defines tradable units differently, but where the trading systems are linked, such as in the EU ETS, difference in treatment can make one sub-market of the overall system more attractive than others. Different treatment can thus lead to intended and — worse — unintended distortions of the market.
Accounting for Emissions: From Costless Activity to Market Operations
Authors: Cook Allan 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines, in the context of the European Union's new Emissions Trading Scheme under the Kyoto Protocol, the issues surrounding the aborted attempt by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in early 2005 to regulate the accounting for ‘cap-and-trade’ schemes. It argues that the features that made this model attractive to governments were precisely the ones that accountants found difficult to capture under existing standards. After showing why the challenge has to be faced, the chapter suggests a possible way forward that the IASB might consider when it revisits the subject, as it is now doing.