bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance Related Tests on Recycled Materials for Sustainable Design of Pavement Systems
Authors: Saeed Athar , Ashtiani Reza , Boudreau Richard L. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
This paper provides recommendations for performance-related tests to select recycled materials to be used in pavement foundations (base/sub-base layers). The test protocol presented in this paper will help transportation agencies, pavement design engineers and construction industry professionals to mechanistically evaluate and select sources of recycled hot-mix asphalt and portland cement concrete materials and identify factors that contribute most to the longevity of layers using recycled pavement materials. Extensive literature review was conducted on the aggregate specifications in the United States and other countries to identify the protocols used to evaluate the suitability of virgin and recycled aggregates in base and sub-base layers. The test procedures, typically designed for virgin aggregates, were modified to account for the recycled materials in the aggregate mix. The test procedures were further evaluated on the basis of mechanical performance, accuracy, practicality, complexity, precision, and test cost. The performance of the developed aggregate evaluation systems was determined through testing and analysis of 12 aggregates with different lithology and known field performance history. These samples were selected from seven states with different seasonal frost cycles. The performance tests were conducted and modifications were made to the tests procedures to better understand the mechanical behavior of aggregate systems with recycled materials. This study revealed that shear strength, toughness, abrasion, durability, and frost susceptibility influence the performance of the unbound aggregate layers. Statistical analysis of the data showed that shear strength of the aggregate systems has the most impact on the performance of the unbound systems consisted of recycled materials.
Round-Robin Evaluation of ASTM Standard Test Method E2798 for Spray Drift Reduction Adjuvants
Authors: Elsik Curtis M. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Drift Reduction Agent has been defined in ASTM Standard E1519 Terminology Relating to Agricultural Tank Mix Adjuvants as “a material used in liquid spray mixtures to reduce spray drift.” ASTM Standard E609 Terminology Relating to Pesticides defines drift as “the physical movement of an agrochemical through the air at the time of application or soon thereafter to any non- or off-target site. Drift shall not include movement to non- or off-target sites caused by erosion, migration, volatility or wind blown soil particles that occur after application unless specifically advertised on the label.” Because there are many commercial tank mix adjuvants designed to reduce spray drift, there is a need to establish an ASTM Standard Test Method to evaluate their effectiveness. ASTM Standard E2798 is the new test method developed for the Characterization of Performance of Pesticide Spray Drift Reduction Adjuvants for Ground Application. This paper presents the data generated from the round-robin testing of this method. The method provides guidelines for the measurement of parameters pertaining to the performance of drift reduction adjuvants under simulated field application conditions. The measurements can be made in a wind tunnel or a spray chamber. The method describes the preparation, composition, and test/application conditions for droplet size, spray pattern measurements, and fines reduction. The exact selection of application conditions such as nozzle type and tank mix partner may vary according to the intended use conditions.
Correlating Accelerated Laboratory, Field, and Thermal Aging TPO Membranes
Authors: Xing Linlin , Taylor Thomas J. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) roofing membranes have been used in the US low-slope roofing industry as single-ply membranes for over 15 years, and have seen widespread acceptance. TPO membranes have been defined by ASTM Standard D6878-08, “Standard Specification for Thermoplastic Polyolefin Based Sheet Roofing,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.04, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2008, www.astm.org, which sets a minimum threshold for accelerated weathering performance. To be ASTM D6878 compliant, a TPO membrane shall not show any visual micro-cracking under 7X magnification after being exposed in a xenon arc light apparatus to a minimum irradiance of 10 080 kJ/m2 at 340 nm. While the ongoing development of TPO membranes uses D6878 as the basic standard, it is necessary for individual membrane manufacturers to develop an advanced understanding of TPO long-term weathering durability to further improve confidence in the expected service life. In this paper, a novel ultra accelerated outdoor weathering technique, atlas ultra accelerated weathering system (UAWS), is used to predict long-term weathering durability performance of TPO. The comparison and correlation of this novel technique with other artificial accelerated weathering methods, such as xenon arc light [ASTM G155-05a, “Standard Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Non-Metallic Materials,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol.14.04, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2005, www.astm.org] and fluorescent UV light [ASTM G154-06, “Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatus for UV Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 14.04, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2006, www.astm.org] are shown and reviewed. The surface temperatures of TPO membranes exposed in the UAWS device as well as in the field are shown to further understand the heat impact on TPO durability. In addition, accelerated heat aging at temperatures up to 138 °C are shown to give very good correlation to other aging tests.
Endogenous subclinical thyroid disorders, physical and cognitive function, depression, and mortality in older individuals
Authors: de Jongh Renate T , Lips Paul , van Schoor Natasja M , Rijs Kelly J , Deeg Dorly J H , Comijs Hannie C , Kramer Mark H H , Vandenbroucke Jan P , Dekkers Olaf M 
Published: July 2011

ObjectiveTo what extent endogenous subclinical thyroid disorders contribute to impaired physical and cognitive function, depression, and mortality in older individuals remains a matter of debate.DesignA population-based, prospective cohort of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam.MethodsTSH and, if necessary, thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels were measured in individuals aged 65 years or older. Participants were classified according to clinical categories of thyroid function. Participants with overt thyroid disease or use of thyroid medication were excluded, leaving 1219 participants for analyses. Outcome measures were physical and cognitive function, depressive symptoms (cross-sectional), and mortality (longitudinal)ResultsSixty-four (5.3%) individuals had subclinical hypothyroidism and 34 (2.8%) individuals had subclinical hyperthyroidism. Compared with euthyroidism (n=1121), subclinical hypo-, and hyper-thyroidism were not significantly associated with impairment of physical or cognitive function, or depression. On the contrary, participants with subclinical hypothyroidism did less often report more than one activity limitation (odds ratio 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22–0.86). After a median follow-up of 10.7 years, 601 participants were deceased. Subclinical hypo- and hyper-thyroidism were not associated with increased overall mortality risk (hazard ratio 0.89, 95% CI 0.59–1.35 and 0.69, 95% CI 0.40–1.20 respectively).ConclusionsThis study does not support disadvantageous effects of subclinical thyroid disorders on physical or cognitive function, depression, or mortality in an older population.
Accuracy of Administrative Billing Codes to Detect Urinary Tract Infection Hospitalizations
Authors: Tieder Joel S. , Hall Matthew , Auger Katherine A. , Hain Paul D. , Jerardi Karen E. , Myers Angela L. , Rahman Suraiya S. , Williams Derek J. , Shah Samir S. 
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:Hospital billing data are frequently used for quality measures and research, but the accuracy of the use of discharge codes to identify urinary tract infections (UTIs) is unknown.OBJECTIVE:To determine the accuracy of International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision (ICD-9) discharge codes to identify children hospitalized with UTIs.METHODS:This multicenter study conducted in 5 children's hospitals included children aged 3 days to 18 years who had been admitted to the hospital, undergone a urinalysis or urine culture, and discharged from the hospital. Data were obtained from the pediatric health information system database and medical record review. With the use of 2 gold-standard methods, the positive predictive value (PPV) was calculated for individual and combined UTI codes and for common UTI identification strategies. PPV was measured for all groupings for which the UTI code was the principal discharge diagnosis.RESULTS:There were 833 patients in the study. The PPV was 50.3% with the use of the gold standard of laboratory-confirmed UTIs but increased to 85% with provider confirmation. Restriction of the study cohort to patients with a principle diagnosis of UTI improved the PPV for laboratory-confirmed UTI (61.2%) and provider-confirmed UTI (93.2%), as well as the ability to benchmark performance. Other common identification strategies did not markedly affect the PPV.CONCLUSIONS:ICD-9 codes can be used to identify patients with UTIs but are most accurate when UTI is the principal discharge diagnosis. The identification strategies reported in this study can be used to improve the accuracy and applicability of benchmarking measures.
The Association of BMI Status With Adolescent Preventive Screening
Authors: Jasik Carolyn Bradner , Adams Sally H. , Irwin Charles E. , Ozer Elizabeth 
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE:
To examine the relationship between BMI status (normal, overweight, and obese) and preventive screening among adolescents at their last checkup.

METHODS:
We used population-based data from the 2003–2007 California Health Interview Surveys, telephone interviews of adolescents aged 12 to 17 years with a checkup in the past 12 months (n = 9220). Respondents were asked whether they received screening for nutrition, physical activity, and emotional distress. BMI was calculated from self-reported height and weight: (1) normal weight or underweight (&lt;85th percentile); (2) overweight (85th–94th percentile); and (3) obese (&gt;95th percentile). Multivariate logistic regression models tested how screening by topic differed according to BMI status, adjusting for age, gender, income, race/ethnicity, and survey year.

RESULTS:
Screening percentages in the pooled sample (all 3 years) were higher for obese, but not overweight, adolescents for physical activity (odds ratio: 1.4; P &lt; .01) and nutrition (odds ratio: 1.6; screening did not differ P &lt; .01). Stratified analysis by year revealed higher screening for obese (versus normal-weight) adolescents for nutrition and physical activity in 2003 and for all 3 topics in 2005. However, by 2007, screening did not differ according to BMI status. Overall screening between 2003 and 2007 declined for nutrition (75%–59%; P &lt; .01), physical activity (74%–60%; P &lt; .01), and emotional distress (31%–24%; P &lt; .01).

CONCLUSIONS:
Obese adolescents receive more preventive screening versus their normal-weight peers. Overweight adolescents do not report more screening, but standards of care dictate increased attention for this group. These results are discouraging amid a rise in pediatric obesity and new guidelines that recommend screening by BMI status.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Dose Response to Influenza Vaccine in Children Aged 6 to 23 Months
Authors: Skowronski Danuta M. , Hottes Travis S. , Chong Mei , De Serres Gaston , Scheifele David W. , Ward Brian J. , Halperin Scott A. , Janjua Naveed Z. , Chan Tracy , Sabaiduc Suzana , Petric Martin 
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVES:
We assessed whether 2 full versus 2 half-doses of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) could improve immunogenicity without increasing reactogenicity in infants (aged 6–11 months) and toddlers (aged 12–23 months).

METHODS:
Previously unimmunized infants and toddlers were separately randomly assigned to receive 2 full (0.5-mL) or 2 half (0.25-mL) doses of 2008–2009 split TIV. Sera were collected at enrollment and at 27 to 45 days after the second injection. Parents recorded adverse events after each injection. The primary immunogenicity outcome was superiority (1-sided, α = 0.025) of the full versus the half-dose based on a &gt;10% increase in rates of seroprotection (hemagglutination inhibition titer of ≥40). The primary reactogenicity outcome was fever of ≥38°C within 3 days of either injection.

RESULTS:
In per-protocol analyses, 252 participants (full dose: n = 124; half-dose: n = 128) were included. In toddlers, postimmunization seroprotection rates exceeded 85% for all 3 vaccine components without significant difference by dose. In infants, the full dose induced higher responses for all 3 vaccine components, meeting the 10% test of superiority for the H3N2 (75.4% vs 47.6%; Δ = 27.8% [95% confidence interval (CI): 11.2–44.5]; P = .02) and B/Yamagata (70.2% vs 41.3%; Δ = 28.9% [95% CI: 11.9–45.9]; P = .02) components but not H1N1 (71.9% vs 54.0%; Δ = 18.0% [95% CI: 1.0–34.9]; P = .2). Rates of fever were not increased among full- versus half-dose recipients in either age group (5.6% vs 12.7% combined).

CONCLUSIONS:
Administration of 2 full TIV doses may improve immunogenicity without increasing reactogenicity in infants. Current TIV dosing recommendations for young children warrant additional evaluation.
Low Weight, Morbidity, and Mortality in Children With Cerebral Palsy: New Clinical Growth Charts
Authors: Brooks Jordan , Day Steven , Shavelle Robert , Strauss David 
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the percentiles of weight for age in cerebral palsy according to gender and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level and to identify weights associated with negative health outcomes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
This study consists of a total of 102 163 measurements of weight from 25 545 children with cerebral palsy who were clients of the California Department of Developmental Services from 1988 through 2002. Percentiles were estimated using generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape. Numbers of comorbidities were compared using t tests. The effect of low weight on mortality was estimated with proportional hazards regression.

RESULTS:
Weight-for-age percentiles in children with cerebral palsy varied with gender and GMFCS level. Comorbidities were more common among those with weights below the 20th percentile in GMFCS levels I through IV and level V without feeding tubes (P &lt; .01). For GMFCS levels I and II, weights below the 5th percentile were associated with a hazard ratio of 2.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.3–3.7). For children in GMFCS levels III through V, weights below the 20th percentile were associated with a mortality hazard ratio of 1.5 (95% confidence interval: 1.4–1.7).

CONCLUSIONS:
Children with cerebral palsy who have very low weights have more major medical conditions and are at increased risk of death. The weight-for-age charts presented here may assist in the early detection of nutritional issues or other health risks in these children.
Efficacy of Neonatal Release of Ankyloglossia: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Buryk Melissa , Bloom David , Shope Timothy 
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:
Ankyloglossia has been associated with a variety of infant-feeding problems. Frenotomy commonly is performed for relief of ankyloglossia, but there has been a lack of convincing data to support this practice.

OBJECTIVES:
Our primary objective was to determine whether frenotomy for infants with ankyloglossia improved maternal nipple pain and ability to breastfeed. A secondary objective was to determine whether frenotomy improved the length of breastfeeding.

METHODS:
Over a 12-month period, neonates who had difficulty breastfeeding and significant ankyloglossia were enrolled in this randomized, single-blinded, controlled trial and assigned to either a frenotomy (30 infants) or a sham procedure (28 infants). Breastfeeding was assessed by a preintervention and postintervention nipple-pain scale and the Infant Breastfeeding Assessment Tool. The same tools were used at the 2-week follow-up and regularly scheduled follow-ups over a 1-year period. The infants in the sham group were given a frenotomy before or at the 2-week follow-up if it was desired.

RESULTS:
Both groups demonstrated statistically significantly decreased pain scores after the intervention. The frenotomy group improved significantly more than the sham group (P &lt; .001). Breastfeeding scores significantly improved in the frenotomy group (P = .029) without a significant change in the control group. All but 1 parent in the sham group elected to have the procedure performed when their infant reached 2 weeks of age, which prevented additional comparisons between the 2 groups.

CONCLUSIONS:
We demonstrated immediate improvement in nipple-pain and breastfeeding scores, despite a placebo effect on nipple pain. This should provide convincing evidence for those seeking a frenotomy for infants with signficant ankyloglossia.
Airway Expression of the Epithelial Sodium Channel α-Subunit Correlates With Cortisol in Term Newborns
Authors: Janér Cecilia , Pitkänen Olli M. , Helve Otto , Andersson Sture 
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:Glucocorticoids have profound effects on lung maturation and function. In in vitro and animal models, they induce epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) in the airway epithelium, a process that is important to perinatal lung fluid clearance.OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to determine whether, in newborn infants, airway ENaC expression is associated with cortisol concentrations.METHODS:Cord blood, saliva, and cells from nasal epithelium were obtained from 69 infants delivered at term. Epithelial and saliva sampling was repeated 3 times: &lt;3, 22 to 29, and 40 to 54 hours postnatally. Cortisol, thyrotropin, and free triiodothyronine concentrations were measured with immunoassays, and expression of α-ENaC and β-ENaC was quantified with real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS:Expression of α-ENaC &lt;30 minutes postnatally correlated with cord plasma cortisol in infants delivered by elective cesarean delivery. In addition, in the total study population &lt;2 hours postnatally, α-ENaC expression correlated with salivary cortisol concentrations. β-ENaC expression, in contrast, showed no association with cortisol concentrations. A significant decrease in β-ENaC expression during the first postnatal day was revealed, whereas timing of the peak in α-ENaC expression seemed to depend on mode of delivery.CONCLUSIONS:These results support a role in humans for endogenous glucocorticoids in the regulation of airway ion transport. This finding may be a physiologic mechanism mediating pulmonary adaptation in the newborn infant.
Use of a Nuclear Marker to Assess Population Structure in Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Johnson Alisha J , Morton Philip K , Schemerhorn Brandon J , Shukle Richard H 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), the Hessian fly, is distributed across most of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-growing areas of the world and can cause significant yield losses in wheat production. Native to the Old World, Hessian fly reportedly came to the United States in a single introduction during the Revolutionary War and has since spread across North America. Using a nuclear marker, the population structure of North American Hessian fly was examined with regard to collections from the Old World. White intron 1 (wint1) showed insignificant recombination within collections and a large number of informative characters, allowing its use as a phylogenetic marker. Thirty-three alleles of wint1 were identified. Population structure analyses divided the collections into four populations: Middle East, Old World I, Old World II, and New World. More variation was found within populations than between populations, indicating that gene flow exists between local areas. However, shared ancestral characteristics resulted in mixing of Hessian fly collections into more than one population as revealed by the population structure reconstruction. North American and Spanish collections were a mixture of the Old and New World populations. With the sharing of ancestral characters as well as wint1 alleles, this study indicates that the North American lineage may actually be associated to an unsampled location, perhaps northern Europe. If the single introduction hypothesis were correct, then both lineages would have to have been present at the time of introduction.
Distributions of Competing Container Mosquitoes Depend on Detritus Types, Nutrient Ratios, and Food Availability
Authors: Murrell Ebony G , Damal Kavitha , Lounibos L P , Juliano Steven A 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCoexistence of competitors may result if resources are sufficiently abundant to render competition unimportant, or if species differ in resource requirements. Detritus type has been shown to affect interspecific competitive outcomes between Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes aegypti (L.) larvae under controlled conditions. We assessed the relationships among spatial distributions of detritus types, nutrients, and aquatic larvae of these species in nature. We collected mosquitoes, water, and detritus from artificial containers across 24 Florida cemeteries that varied in relative abundances of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. We measured nutrient content of fine particulate organic matter in water samples as total N, P, and C and ratios of these nutrients. We quantified food availability via a bioassay, raising individual Aedes larvae in the laboratory in standard volumes of field-collected, particulate-containing water from each cemetery. Quantities of detritus types collected in standard containers were significant predictors of nutrients and nutrient ratios. Nutrient abundances were significant predictors of relative abundance of Ae. aegypti, and of larval survival and development by both species in the bioassay. Survival and development of larvae reared in particulate-containing water from sites decreased with decreasing relative abundance of Ae. aegypti. These data suggest that N, P, and C availabilities are determined by detritus inputs to containers and that these nutrients in turn determine the feeding environment encountered by larvae, the intensity of interspecific competition among larvae, and subsequent relative abundances of species at sites. Detritus inputs, nutrients, and food availability thus seem to contribute to distributions of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in cemetery containers throughout Florida.