bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
« Un “procès politique” au début de l'Empire romain : le cas de Pison Père »
Authors: Suspène A. 
Published: May 2011

Résumé Un célèbre procès du principat de Tibère, le procès de Pison Père, a bénéficié récemment de nombreuses découvertes épigraphiques qui ont amené de nouvelles informations. En croisant ces nouvelles données avec les développements de la recherche historique sur les procès politiques et grâce à l’apport de problématiques propres à la période impériale romaine, il est possible de vérifier la pertinence du concept de « procès politique » pour l’antiquité romaine et d’en préciser le sens et les limites. Il apparaît ainsi que le procès de Pison fut l’occasion pour le pouvoir tibérien de stabiliser une situation de crise, mais aussi de proposer une nouvelle définition du régime formalisée par de grands textes épigraphiques, dont la diffusion dans les provinces créait les conditions d’une participation des périphéries à l’histoire impériale.
Pourquoi est-il si difficile d'évaluer les politiques publiques ?
Authors: Bunel Matthieu , L’Horty Yannick 
Published: May 2011

Résumé Les allègements de cotisations sociales en France fournissent une bonne illustration des difficultés de l’évaluation des politiques publiques. L’état de la technologie de l’évaluation n’y est pas l’aspect le plus contraignant de l’activité de l’évaluateur. La nature et surtout le rythme des réformes conditionnent bien plus fortement l’espace des possibles et font de l’activité de l’évaluateur un exercice très contraint. Il y a loin des technologies économétriques qui permettent d’améliorer la qualité du chiffrage à leur application aux politiques qui sont effectivement mises en œuvre par les gouvernements. Compte tenu de ces contraintes, on se dit que « l’évaluabilité » des politiques publiques pourrait être un critère à considérer lors de la mise en œuvre de réformes.
Évaluer la discrimination à l'embauche liée au lieu de résidence : apports et limites de la méthode du testing
Authors: du Parquet Loïc , Petit Pascale 
Published: May 2011

Résumé Cet article présente les apports et limites de la méthode du testing qui permet de collecter des données expérimentales pour évaluer la discrimination à l’embauche. Une illustration de cette méthode est donnée à partir de l’étude de Duguet, L’Horty, du Parquet, Petit et Sari (2010), qui évalue la discrimination liée au lieu de résidence selon le sexe et l’origine dans la profession de développeurs informatiques en Île-de-France. Codes JEL : C93, J23, J71.
Processus évaluatif d'une recherche-action et démarche prospective : quelles convergences ?
Authors: Podevin Gérard 
Published: May 2011

Résumé S’appuyant sur une recherche-action devant conduire à la mise en place d’un nouveau dispositif de formation et d’accompagnement vers la qualification de jeunes demandeurs d’emploi en Bretagne, cet article propose une approche hétérodoxe de l’évaluation explicitement située dans l’action. Plus qu’un simple suivi, cette démarche relève d’un processus d’accompagnement interactif et itératif du changement où l’évaluateur se trouve en position d’observation participante, contribuant à l’appropriation d’outils d’analyse et d’évaluation. Cette posture encourage l’émancipation des acteurs et vient faciliter leurs initiatives créatrices. Elle relève autant d’une démarche cognitive que pédagogique. L’article expose les principaux leviers pour que cette démarche aboutisse. La recherche-action s’inscrit toujours sur un fond d’indétermination fait de contingences et de particularismes qui tendent à résister à un modèle général. C’est pourquoi un écart existe toujours entre ce qui sera réalisé et ce qui aura été pensé et souhaité préalablement. Ecart nécessaire qui signifie que des espaces de liberté auront été laissés aux acteurs où se déploient controverses, argumentations, délibérations et construction de compromis. C’est en cela que la démarche d’évaluation chemin-faisant d’une recherche-action rejoint une démarche de prospective. Évaluation et prospective qui deviennent indissociables pour une orientation et un « pilotage » pertinent des programmes en devenir. Moment privilégié, l’évaluation fonde alors les visions prospectives qui, parce que renvoyant à une méthode participative et émancipatrice, imprégneront durablement les acteurs. Codification JEL : D78, D79, H43, H19, J88.
L'évaluation des politiques de durabilité : un design basé sur les apprentissages et les cadres narratifs
Authors: Aubin David 
Published: May 2011

Résumé L’introduction du concept de développement durable dans l’action publique bouleverse les manières d’évaluer les politiques publiques, dans la mesure où ce concept transcende les secteurs et opère principalement sur un mode discursif et d’adaptation plus ou moins volontaire. En effet, les stratégies de développement durable sont principalement procédurales : elles ne s’appuient pas sur des injonctions formelles à l’égard de groupes cibles prédéfinis, mais elles organisent plutôt des procédures d’échange et de dialogue entre les parties prenantes. Cette absence d’objectifs et d’instruments clairement circonscrits pose un réel défi à l’évaluation dans la mesure où celle-ci doit juger les effets des interventions publiques. Afin d’y répondre, il convient de repartir des fondements épistémologiques des stratégies de développement durable, apparentés au constructivisme social. Cet article préconise deux pistes d’évolution des designs évaluatifs basées à la fois sur les apprentissages de politique publique et les cadres narratifs qui permettent de mesurer la diffusion des discours portés par celles-ci aussi bien auprès des individus que des réseaux d’acteurs.
La collectivité face à la valeur sociale du carbone : les enjeux d'une valeur tutélaire du carbone
Authors: Baumstark Luc 
Published: May 2011

Résumé L’administration française a développé depuis une dizaine d’années des travaux pour enrichir le calcul économique public et mieux intégrer dans les évaluations les dimensions environnementales. Ce papier décrit le processus de production de ces référentiels en partant du travail mené sur la valeur tutélaire du carbone et met en évidence les caractéristiques de ce processus et les enjeux pour les politiques publiques. JEL : D61, H43, Q5.
Ultrasound-Guided Central Venous Cannulation in Infants Weighing Less than 5 Kilograms
Authors: Di Nardo Matteo , Tomasello Caterina , Pittiruti Mauro , Perrotta Daniela , Marano Marco , Cecchetti Corrado , Pasotti Elisabetta , Pirozzi Nicola , Stoppa Francesca 
Published: May 2011

Purpose Recent reports suggest that ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation may also be safe and effective in infants. This study aimed to evaluate the success and complications rate of this technique in infants weighing less than 5 kg. Methods We studied 45 infants, weighing less than 5 kg (mean weight: 2.9 ± 1.1 kg, median: 3.1) needing a central venous access for intensive care treatment. In all patients, venous access was obtained by ultrasound-guided cannulation of the internal jugular vein (IJV). Results Central venous cannulation was successful in all 45 infants. The right internal jugular vein (IJV) was used in most cases (92%). The IJV was antero-lateral to the carotid artery in 66% of patients, lateral in 28% and anterior in 6%. Although we recorded 10 complications (22.2%), only one was clinically relevant (one pneumothorax). The other complications were repeated venipunctures (n=4), kinking of the guidewire (n=3) and local venous hematomas (n=2). The time required for completing the procedure was 7 ± 4.3 min, while the mean time of central venous catheter permanence was 5.5 ± 8 days. There was a negative correlation between the patient's weight and the time needed for cannulation (p<0.01). Complications occurred in infants with a lower body weight (p<0.01). Conclusions Our experience suggests that ultrasound-guided central vein cannulation can be performed by well-trained physicians in infants weighing less than 5 kg without relevant risks.
Assessing Possibilities and Limits for Solar Cells
Authors: Nayak Pabitra K. , Bisquert Juan , Cahen David 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWhat are the solar cell efficiencies that we can strive towards? We show here that several simple criteria, based on cell and module performance data, serve to evaluate and compare all types of today's solar cells. Analyzing these data allows to gauge in how far significant progress can be expected for the various cell types and, most importantly from both the science and technology points of view, if basic bounds, beyond those known today, may exist, that can limit such progress. This is important, because half a century after Shockley and Queisser (SQ) presented limits, based on detailed balance calculations for single absorber solar cells, those are still held to be the only ones, we need to consider; most efforts to go beyond SQ are directed towards attempts to circumvent them, primarily via smart optics, or optoelectronics. After formulating the criteria and analyzing known loss mechanisms, use of such criteria suggests–additional limits for newer types of cells, Organic and Dye‐Sensitized ones, and their siblings,–prospects for progress and–further characterization needs, all of which should help focusing research and predictions for the future.
A kinetic model of nano‐CaO reactions with CO2 in a sorption complex catalyst
Authors: Wu S. F. , Lan P. Q. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article describes the reactive kinetics of nano‐CaO with CO2 in a sorption complex catalyst. Based on an observation of nano‐CaO reaction with CO2 has a fast surface reaction regime and followed by a slow diffusion‐controlled regime, a criterion has been proposed to divide the fast surface reaction regime and the slow diffusion‐controlled reaction regime. The kinetics of the fast surface reaction was studied, and a new ion reaction mechanism was proposed. A surface reaction‐controlled kinetic model with a Boltzmann equation, X = Xu−Xu/[1+exp((t−t0)k/Xu)], was developed. Experiments using nano‐CaO to react with CO2 in a fast surface reaction regime within a sorption complex catalyst were performed using thermogravimetric analysis at 773–873 K under a N2 atmosphere with 0.010–0.020 MPa CO2. The activation energy of the kinetic model for carbonation is 30.2 kJ/mol, and the average relative deviation of the sorption ratio is less than 9.8%. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Maternal vitamin D receptor genetic variation contributes to infant birthweight among black mothers
Authors: Swamy Geeta K. , Garrett Melanie E. , Miranda Marie Lynn , Ashley‐Koch Allison E. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractRacial disparity in pregnancy outcomes is one of the most striking and poorly understood inequalities in American health. Genetic variability may be an important host factor influencing disparate birth outcomes between non‐Hispanic black (NHB) and non‐Hispanic white (NHW) women. Race‐specific allelic frequencies in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene suggest its potential as a gene involved in health disparities. The Healthy Pregnancy, Healthy Baby Study is a prospective cohort of pregnant women aimed at identifying genetic, social, and environmental contributors to disparities in pregnancy outcomes in Durham, NC. VDR haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped via Taqman assays for 615 women. Analysis of variance was used to examine the association between maternal genotype and infant birthweight. Eight of 38 SNPs examined showed nominal significance among NHB women, with one VDR SNP (rs7975232) surpassing the multiple testing significance threshold. rs7975232, an anonymous polymorphism, is part of a VDR gene haplotype associated with variation in mRNA stability. mRNA stability can affect the amount of protein produced, thus directly affecting vitamin D levels and calcium homeostasis. In contrast to NHBs, there was no association between any VDR SNP and birthweight for NHWs. Genetic factors contributing to disparities in birth outcomes are not expected to be explained entirely by variation in a single gene. Nevertheless, our results suggest that maternal VDR gene polymorphisms do influence birthweight with differential effects accruing across racial groups. Further research identifying the functionality of VDR gene polymorphisms in pregnant women will improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms influencing birthweight. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Well‐defined NHCPd complex‐mediated intermolecular direct annulations for synthesis of functionalized indoles (NHC = N‐hetero‐cyclic carbene)
Authors: Jin Zhong , Guo Su‐Xian , Qiu Ling‐Ling , Wu Gui‐Ping , Fang Jian‐Xin 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAs alternatives to the common tertiary phosphine/Pd systems, well‐defined N‐heterocyclic carbene–Pd complexes have been proven to be highly efficient precatalysts for intermolecular direct annalution of o‐haloanilines and ketones at lower catalyst loadings. A highly efficient and practical protocol for synthesis of functionalized indoles was developed using (IPr)Pd(acac)Cl as catalyst. Both o‐bromoanilines and o‐chloroanilines gave rise to efficient coupling under the reaction conditions. Related to acyclic ones, cyclic ketones coupled more effectively with o‐haloanilines. With [Pd(IPr)2] as catalyst, the base‐sensitive groups including OH and CO2H groups could be tolerated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron(0), rhodium(I) and palladium(II) complexes with p‐(N,N‐dimethylaminophenyl) diphenylphosphine and the application of the palladium complex as a catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction
Authors: Sarmah Chandan , Borah Malabika , Das Pankaj 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe reaction of p‐(N,N‐dimethylaminophenyl)diphenylphosphine [PPh2(p‐C6H4NMe2)] with [Fe3(CO)12], [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 and PdCl2 resulted in three new mononuclear complexes, {Fe(CO)4[η1‐(P)‐PPh2(p‐C6H4NMe2)]} (1a), trans‐{Rh(CO)Cl[η1‐(P)‐PPh2(p‐C6H4NMe2)]2} (2) and trans‐{PdCl2[η1‐(P)‐PPh2(p‐C6H4NMe2)]2} (3), respectively. A small amount of dinuclear nonmetal‐metal bonded complex, {Fe2(CO)8[µ‐(P,N)‐PPh2(p‐C6H4NMe2)]} (1b), was also isolated as a side product in the reaction of [Fe3(CO)12]. The complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, mass, IR, UV–vis, 1H, 13C (except 1b) and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy. The Pd complex 3 effectively catalyzes the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions of aryl halides with arylboronic acids in water–isopropanol (1:1) at room temperature. Excellent yields (up to 99% isolated yield) were achieved. The effects of different solvents, bases, catalyst quantities were also evaluated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Considerations on detailed analysis and particle growth in high impact polypropylene particles
Authors: Katayama Kiyokazu , Tanase Shojiro , Ishihara Nobuhide 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDetailed analysis of the dispersion of ethylene and propylene copolymer components in high‐impact polypropylene particles was performed by the morphological observation, pore volume analysis, and microscopic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of SPring‐8. The results of the morphological observation and pore volume distribution suggest that copolymer components were formed in particles in such a manner as to fill the gaps of fine homopolypropylene particles. The results of the analysis by microscopic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were that the distribution of the amount of ethylene in the particles was homogeneous and indicated that copolymer components were dispersed uniformly within the particles. Moreover, spots with high amounts of ethylene were formed on the particle surface, and when voids existed within the particle, spots with high amounts of ethylene were also formed on the void surface. The structure of the copolymer components existing locally on the surface was practically similar to the structure of the copolymer components within the particles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Development of high‐performance epoxy/clay nanocomposites by incorporating novel phosphonium modified montmorillonite
Authors: Saitoh Keiji , Ohashi Kenji , Oyama Toshiyuki , Takahashi Akio , Kadota Joji , Hirano Hiroshi , Hasegawa Kiichi 
Published: May 2011

AbstractNovel organoclays were synthesized by several kinds of phosphonium cations to improve the dispersibility in matrix resin of composites and accelerate the curing of matrix resin. The possibility of the application for epoxy/clay nanocomposites and the thermal, mechanical, and adhesive properties were investigated. Furthermore, the structures and morphologies of the epoxy/clay nanocomposites were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Consequently, the corporation of organoclays with different types of phosphonium cations into the epoxy matrix led to different morphologies of the organoclay particles, and then the distribution changes of silicate layers in the epoxy resin influenced the physical properties of the nanocomposites. When high‐reactive phosphonium cations with epoxy groups were adopted, the clay particles were well exfoliated and dispersed. The epoxy/clay nanocomposite realized the high glass‐transition temperature (Tg) and low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) in comparison with those of neat epoxy resin. On the other hand, in the case of low‐reactive phoshonium cations, the dispersion states of clay particles were intercalated but not exfoliated. The intercalated clay did not influence the Tg and CTE of the nanocomposite. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Simplified modeling calculations to enlighten the mechanical properties (modulus) of carbon black filled diene rubber compounds
Authors: Leblanc Jean L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA simplified model is developed to calculate the modulus of carbon black filled rubber compounds by using standard characterization data of the filler, its volume fraction and only one fitting parameter: the number of junctions between neighboring carbon black aggregates. The model is based on three hypotheses with respect to (1) the optimal dispersion of aggregate, (2) the pure physical nature of rubber—carbon black interactions, and (3) the possibility to describe aggregates essentially in terms of specific surface area and structure, both accessible through standard characterization methods. Average rubber—filler interactions are introduced through micromechanical considerations. The model is probed by using dynamic strain sweep test results on two series of carbon filled compounds, one on the basis of SBR1500 Emulsion Styrene‐Butadiene Rubber, the other on RSS3 Natural Rubber. It is found that the number of junctions is decreasing with increasing strain amplitude, thus, offering a clear explanation for the well known dynamic strain softening effect. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synovial fibroblast hyperplasia in rheumatoid arthritis: Clinicopathologic correlations and partial reversal by anti–tumor necrosis factor therapy
Authors: Izquierdo Elena , Cañete Juan D. , Celis Raquel , Del Rey Manuel J. , Usategui Alicia , Marsal Sara , Sanmartí Raimon , Criado Gabriel , Pablos José L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectiveSynovial fibroblast (SF) hyperplasia contributes to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but quantitative information on this process is scarce. This study was undertaken to evaluate the fibroblast‐specific marker Hsp47 as a quantitative marker for SFs and to analyze its clinicopathologic correlates and evolution after anti–tumor necrosis factor α (anti‐TNFα) therapy.MethodsSynovial biopsy samples were obtained from 48 patients with RA and 20 controls who were healthy or had osteoarthritis (OA). Twenty‐five RA patients who had active disease at the time of biopsy underwent a second biopsy after anti‐TNFα therapy. Immunolabeling for Hsp47, inflammatory cells, and vascular cell markers was performed. Hsp47‐positive lining and sublining fractional areas were quantified, and their correlation with clinicopathologic variables was analyzed.ResultsIn normal and diseased synovial tissue, Hsp47 was specifically and uniformly expressed by lining, sublining, and perivascular fibroblasts. Lining SF area was significantly increased in both RA and late OA tissue compared to normal tissue. Sublining SF area was increased in RA tissue but not in late OA tissue compared to normal tissue. Lining SF area was positively correlated with macrophage density, Disease Activity Score in 28 joints, and RA disease duration. In contrast, sublining SF area was negatively correlated with RA disease duration and activity. A significant reduction in lining SF area but not sublining SF area was observed after anti‐TNFα therapy.ConclusionOur findings indicate that Hsp47 is a reliable marker for quantifying SFs in human synovial tissue. Our data suggest that lining and sublining SFs undergo different dynamics during the course of the disease. Lining SF expansion parallels the activity and temporal progression of RA and can be partially reversed by anti‐TNFα therapy.
Anti–N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor encephalitis: A newly recognized inflammatory brain disease in children
Authors: Luca Nadia , Daengsuwan Tassalapa , Dalmau Josep , Jones Kevin , deVeber Gabrielle , Kobayashi Jeffrey , Laxer Ronald M. , Benseler Susanne M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectiveAnti–N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (anti‐NMDAR) encephalitis is a newly recognized antineuronal antibody–mediated inflammatory brain disease that causes severe psychiatric and neurologic deficits in previously healthy children. The present study was undertaken to describe characteristic clinical features and outcomes in children diagnosed as having anti‐NMDAR encephalitis.MethodsConsecutive children presenting over a 12‐month period with newly acquired psychiatric and/or neurologic deficits consistent with anti‐NMDAR encephalitis and evidence of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation were screened. Children were included in the study if they had confirmatory evidence of anti‐NMDAR antibodies in the serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid. Features at clinical presentation and results of investigations were recorded. Type and duration of treatment and outcomes at last followup were documented.ResultsSeven children were screened, and 3 children with anti‐NMDAR encephalitis were identified. All patients presented with neurologic and/or psychiatric abnormalities, seizures, speech disorder, sleep disturbance, and fluctuating level of consciousness. The 2 older patients had more prominent psychiatric features, while the younger child had significant autonomic instability and prominent involuntary movement disorder. None had an underlying tumor. Immunosuppressive therapy resulted in near or complete recovery; however, 2 of the patients had early relapse necessitating re‐treatment.ConclusionAnti‐NMDAR encephalitis is an important cause of neuropsychiatric deficits in children, which must be included in the differential diagnosis of CNS vasculitis and other inflammatory brain diseases. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for neurologic recovery.
Physical Chemistry of Biological Interfaces: Generic and Specific Roles of Soft Interlayers
Authors: Tanaka Motomu , Schneck Emanuel , Yoshikawa Hiroshi Y. , Rossetti Fernanda F. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractNature defines the spatial boundaries between different phases using membranes, and the interfacial interactions are mediated by soft biopolymer interlayers that contain various carbohydrates. This Review provides a comprehensive overview on the interplay of generic and specific interactions at cell–cell and cell–tissue interfaces. A focus will be put on the combination of defined model systems, experimental techniques in real‐ and reciprocal space, and theoretical simulations.