bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health and Safety Ethics for Management
Authors: Koh David , Muah Lee See , Jeyaratnam J 
Published: June 2011

AH employers are ethically required to provide a safe and healthy workplace for their employees. Health and safety professionals (HSP) may of ten be employed either full-time or part-time to achieve this end. The HSP should be viewed as a non-partisan provider of safety and health services at the workplace. He is equally on the side of management and worker in discharging his duties. His primary goal is to achieve a safe and healthy workplace and to improve the health of the workforce. Ethical dilemmas may surface in the course of the HSP's work largely because there may be occasions when there are conflicts of interest and loyalty derived from the different roles of the HSP. The best way to resolve such dilemmas is to prevent them from arising. However, when this is not possible, management's understanding of the professional ethical considerations of the HSP will help to improve the working relationship and professional results of these staff. Several aspects in the HSP's work require management's understanding. These include subjects such as communicating information on staff medical examinations to management, and the disclosure of commercially confidential information to assess related health risks. Management should also be aware that guidelines have been developed by a number of professional health and safety organizations for their members. In the instances when answers to ethical questions cannot be resolved, these guidelines can be consulted, in conjunction with discussions with senior HSP colleagues.
Malaria Diarrhoea in Children
Authors: Laurentz R , Manoempil Paul S 
Published: June 2011

Malarial diarrhoea in children are very variable and sometimes clinically indistinguishable from other diarrhoea in malaria endemic areas. This descriptive study was carried out to examine the proportion of malaria infection among diarrhoea children and compare the diarrhoea pattern to those of that diarrhoea without malaria infections. During January 1992-December 1994, data were collected and analysed. Out of 2, 013 hospitalised children, there were 421 (20.91%) with diarrhoea. Out of 421, there were 150 (35.63%) diarrhoea with malaria infections. All cases are caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Majority of the cases are in age group of under one, where fever is the predominant symptom. The length of stay of diarrhoea with malaria cases is longer than those of that diarrhoea without malaria infections.
Minimum Competencies for Public Health Personnel
Authors: Loos Gregory P 
Published: June 2011

The public health discipline is receiving increased attention in the United States under initiatives for health care reforms. It is realized that community-wide interventions to prevent disease and promote health are more cost-effective than medical interventions to cure injury and illness. Internationally, these same realizations were embedded in the Alma Ata movement for increased primary care. To improve respect for public health professionalism, a national effort is now underway in the United States to establish minimum competencies for public health practice, and to assure that these competencies are addressed as part of professional graduate studies. Using nationally recommended competencies detailed across nine public health and a separate cross-cutting list of universal competencies, the University of Hawaii School of Public Health assessed all their courses to determine the degree each competency is addressed by each course. A four-point scale was used. Lead faculty for each course assessed the depth of coverage. For the Hawaii School of Public Health, this study identified important gaps in instruction, and possible areas of over-instruction. This information will assist the School to revise course of ferings and academic/clinical posts. This approach to curriculum reform and the establishment of minimum competencies for academic public health should also prove useful to other schools in the US and elsewhere. By standardizing professional competencies, the public health profession with increase in stature and impact.
Development of An Asia-Pacific Regional Network For Public Health
Authors: Loos Gregory P 
Published: June 2011

As public health by its very nature is multi-disciplinary, it may benefit individual programs to formulate a regional network, joining researchers and academics across programs. This approach may afford extended benefits, such as the establishment of regional health surveillance systems and collaborative funding initiatives. To explore this potential, member institutions comprising the Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health provided data to form an aggregate profile of cross-institutional expertise and resources, which was presented to Health Specialists at the Asian Development Bank. The study provided a foundation for a planned regional network. A four-pronged approach was proffered detailing concurrent aspects of development: 1) network formation and expansion, 2) research coordination, 3) cross-institutional communication and instruction, and 4) promotion of self-sufficiency. The proposed plan affords the groundwork for an improved approach to public health research and practice that builds upon the established Consortium, and encourages new horizons. Regionalization is an increasing phenomenon world wide, and should be furthered as a concept for improved public health intervention and control.
Salmonella Serotypes Isolated In Malaysia Over The Ten-year Period 1983-1992
Authors: Yasin Rohani Md , Jegathesan M , Tiew Cheah Cheng 
Published: June 2011

From January 1983 to December 1992 a total of 20,874 salmonella were serotyped in the Bacteriology Division IMR, which showed an increase of 100% compared to the previous ten-years. There were 97 serotypes which belonged to 22 Kauffmann-white groups. Twenty two serotypes hitherto were seen in this study period. S. typhi was the commonest serotype isolated. Overall there was a rise in the isolation of non-typboidal salmonella particularly S. enteritidis which increased by 760% and S. blockley which increased by 720%. However there is a drop in the isolation of S typhimurium by 223% and S. paratyphi B by 319%.
Risk Assessment of Active Smoking: Smoking-Attributable Mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost in Taiwan, 1980 and 1992
Authors: Li Chung-Yi , Lin Ruey-Shiung 
Published: June 2011

Anti-smoking programs have been advocated by the government and other private organizations for decades in Taiwan, especially in the past ten years. We conducted an analysis to assess the effectiveness of anti-smoking programs by examining the changes in active smoking attributable mortality (ASAM) and active smoking attributable years of potential life lost (ASAYPLL) between 1980 and 1992. This analysis also evaluated the present health impact due to active smoking. Total estimated ASAM was 12,765 for 1980 and 14,764 for 1992, representing 34.9% and 31.8% of all deaths from smoking-related causes for each year, respectively. Our results suggested a progress of anti-smoking efforts contributed by tiie government and other private anti-snwktogoqjanizations. By comparing thefigures between 1980 and 1992, a reduction in aD dimensions has been observed. The overall smoking prevalence rate decreased from 31.7% to 29.5% and the ASAM rate declined from 121.8/105 to 91.5/105. Additionally, the ASAYPLL rate declined from 513.4/105 to 406.9/105. Furthermore, the ratio of ASAM from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) to all ASAM decreased from 56.3% in 1980 to 46.7% in 1992, white die ratio of ASAM from cancer to aD ASAM increased from 22.9% in 1980 to 34.9% in 1992. Our analysis also found that active smoking seemed to be a more important risk factor for smoking-related causes of death in people aged 41-65 than in people of other age group. Although the anti-smoking programs seemed effective over the past 13 years, active smoking stiD contributed to an estimated number of 14,764 deaths and 63,743 economicauy productive years lost in 1992. More efforts should be devoted to further reduce the high smoking prevalence in men and particularly to hamper the increasing smoking trend in adolescents and young women. This remains a challenge for tile government of Taiwan.
Health Promoting Schools: Issues and Future Directions for Australia and the Asia Pacific Region
Authors: Rowling Louise , Ritchie Jan 
Published: June 2011

This paper sets out to trace the development of health promoting schools in Australia and the Asia Pacific Region. An overview of conceptual frameworks pertinent to promoting health in school is presented, together with a justification for a focus on schools as settings for health. The challenge ahead for school communities is to move from the simple classroom-based topic focused old style health education, to the whole settings approach and the broad-ranging, comprehensive collection of actions that make up this wider view.
Ultraviolet Radiation and Cataract—A Review
Authors: Hayashi Liju Chu , Yano Eiji 
Published: June 2011

Senile cataract has become a serious public health problem as the elderly population is increasing worldwide. As lens with dark iris is reported to have a higher prevalence of cataract, public health concern about cataract in Asia is a bigger issue. Among factors assumed to be involved in the pathogenesis of cataract, ultraviolet radiation (UV) has received much attention in accordance with the recent problem of ozone column depletion. It has been agreed that UV induces cataract in animal and biochemical experiments. However, in epidemiological studies, such agreement has not been reached. There are many factors that should be considered and controlled when investigating the association between cataract and UV. In this review, we summarize major findings obtained so far on the relationship between UV and cataract, and we discuss important factors that may be the cause of disagreement in epidemiological studies. We also point out some of the research foci which should be clarified and propose protective measures against UV induced cataract.
Representativeness of Three Survey Methods in Ethnic Health Research
Authors: Rissel Chris , Jorm Louisa , Ward Jeanette 
Published: June 2011

Study objective: To identify the survey method which generates the most representative sample of respondents in an ethnic community Design: Three survey methods (including sampling from the telephone book and telephone surveys, cluster sampling of households from areas with known high concentrations of migrants from the target community and face-to-face interviews, and sampling of persons listed on the electoral roll and a mailed survey) were employed concurrently in a defined area. Setting: Metropolitan Sydney, Australia. Participants: Persons aged 18 years or more born in Lebanon. Main results: The telephone survey method consistently outperformed cluster sampling and sampling from the electoral roll in terms of cost, response and contact rates, ease and speed of administration and representativeness of the sample. All methods generated a similar age profile but over-represented females compared with census data for the study area. There was relatively little duplication of respondents. The proportion of respondents who rated their health as fair or poor was comparable. Conclusions: Telephone surveying of migrant populations is a recommended strategy for health research in the Lebanese migrant population in metropolitan Sydney, and is also likely to be recommended for migrant populations with ethnically identifiable surnames.
Pattern and Distribution of Ocular Morbidity in Primary School Children of Rural Delhi
Authors: Chaturvedi Sanjay , Aggarwal O. P. 
Published: June 2011

A total of 679 primary school children drawn from developed southern parts and underdeveloped eastern parts of Delhi were examined for ocular morbidity. Their age range was 5-15 years and both sexes had almost equal representation. The prevalence of eye diseases was relatively high. Over 40 percent of all the children studied had one or more ocular problems. Trachoma (18%) was the most common ocular morbidity followed by vitamin A deficiency (10.6%), visual acuity <6/9 (7.4%) and apparent / latent squint (7.4%). In most of these eye disorders, the majority of the children came from the underdeveloped eastern parts of Delhi. Ocular morbidity seems to be unevenly distributed in rural Delhi with a significantly worse picture in the underdeveloped eastern parts, across the river ‘Yamuna’. Though blinding trachoma may cease to be a major problem in India, the country continues to have endemic pockets of its non-blinding form. One puzzling observation was that children with protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) did not show any specific vulnerability to ocular diseases. In fact, those with normal weight-height index were having a higher share of eye diseases. Though this issue needs to be explored further in the light of biological plausibility, it appears that children who do not have PEM are also exposed to ocular diseases at least with comparable risk.
An Investigation of the Disabled Elderly in a Geriatric Health Services Facility in an Urban Area of Japan & Attitudes of their Family Caregiver
Authors: Watanabe Misuzu , Kono Koichi , Miyata Kaori , Nakaya Hisanaga , Higuchi Yumi , Kawamura Keiko 
Published: June 2011

We investigated characteristics of 72 clients in a geriatric health services facility (hereafter called GHSF), conditions of their family caregivers, and the factors associated with the caregivers choice of discharge destination. Most of the clients were elderly females with a low degree of independence, and dementia was observed in about 60% of them. The clients had children, but many of them lived alone before admission to the GHSF. The rate of admission from hospitals was high (54%), and that of discharge to hospitals was also high (50%). Sixty-seven percent of the clients stayed in for a period of over six months. Most of the family caregivers were daughters or daughters-in-law, and considered themselves to be healthy. Sixty-three percent of them had jobs, and most of the caregivers had no sub-caregiver to assist them. The family caregivers desired the client's home (19.4%), hospital or another GHSF (54.2%), or nursing home (26.4%) as the discharge destination from the GHSF. According to Hayashi's quantification theory type II, the factors related to the home as the discharge destination desired by client's family caregivers are as follows; caregivers used formal home public health nursing visit service before entering the GHSF, the job of the caregiver was a part-time job, the client did not show dementia, the period of care experience was shorter than one year.
Nordgauite, MnAl2(PO4)2(F,OH)2·5H2O, a new mineral from the Hagendorf-Süd pegmatite, Bavaria, Germany: description and crystal structure
Authors: Birch W. D. , Grey I. E. , Mills S. J. , Pring A. , Bougerol C. , Ribaldi-Tunnicliffe A. , Wilson N. C. , Keck E. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractNordgauite, MnAl2(PO4)2(F,OH)2·5H2O, is a new secondary phosphate from the Hagendorf-Süd pegmatite, Bavaria, Germany. It occurs as white to off-white compact waxy nodules and soft fibrous aggregates a few millimetres across in altered zwieselite—triplite. Individual crystals are tabular prismatic, up to 200 μ long and 10 μ wide. Associated minerals include fluorapatite, sphalerite, uraninite, a columbite—tantalite phase, metastrengite, several unnamed members of the whiteite—jahnsite family, and a new analogue of kingsmountite. The fine-grained nature of nordgauite meant that only limited physical and optical properties could be obtained; streak is white; fracture, cleavage and twinning cannot be discerned. Dmeas. and Dcaic. are 2.35 and 2.46 g cm–3, respectively; the average RI is n = 1.57; the Gladstone-Dale compatibility is —0.050 (good). Electron microprobe analysis gives (wt.%): CaO 0.96. MgO 0.12, MnO 14.29, FeO 0.60, ZnO 0.24, A12O3 22.84, P2O5 31.62, F 5.13 and H2O 22.86 (by CHNX less F=O 2.16, total 96.50. The corresponding empirical formula is (Mn0.90Ca0.08Fe0.04Zn0.01Mg0.01)-Σi.04Ai2.0i(PO4)2[F1.21,(OH)0.90]Σ2.11·5.25H2O. Nordgauite is triclinic, space group P1̄, with the unit-cell parameters: a = 9.920(4), b = 9.933(3), c = 6.087(2) Å, α = 92.19(3), β = 100.04(3), γ = 97.61(3)°, V = 584.2(9) Å3 and Z = 2. The strongest lines in the XRD powder pattern are [d in Å (I) (hkl)] 9.806 (100)(010), 7.432 (40)(l1̄0), 4.119 (20)(210), 2.951 (16)(031), 4.596 (12)(21̄O), 3.225 (12)(220) and 3.215 (12)(121). The structure of nordgauite was solved using synchrotron XRD data collected on a 60 μm × 3 μm × 4 μm needle and refined to R1 = 0.0427 for 2374 observed reflections with F > 4σ(F). Although nordgauite shows stoichiometric similarities to mangangordonite and kastningite, its structure is more closely related to those of vauxite and montgomeryite in containing zig-zag strings of corner-connected Al-centred octahedra along [011], where the shared corners are alternately in cis and trans configuration. These chains link through corner-sharing with PO4 tetrahedra along [001] to form (100) slabs that are interconnected via edge-shared dimers of MnO6 polyhedra and other PO4 tetrahedra.
A LA-ICP-MS sulphide calibration standard based on a chalcogenide glass
Authors: Ding Lihua , Yang Guang , Xia Fang , Lenehan Claire E. , Qian Gujie , McFadden Aoife , Brugger Joël , Zhang Xianghua , Chen Guorong , Pring Allan 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe accurate measurement of trace element concentrations in natural sulphides by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) has been limited by the lack of matrix-matched calibration standards. The synthesis of a standard, IMER-1, by incorporating four minor and 34 trace elements into a chalcogenide glass matrix Ge28Sb12S60is reported here. Chemical analysis by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), LA-ICP-MS, solution ICP-MS, and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) confirmed the excellent homogeneity of major elements (1-σ relative standard deviation (RSD) <1% for S, Sb and Ge) and acceptable homogeneity of most trace elements (1-σ RSD <10%). The standard was validated by analysing trace-elements concentrations in three geological pyrite specimens using IMER-1 as the calibration standard and comparing the results to previously reported values also determined by LA-ICP-MS but using a different calibration standard. STDGL2b-2. The results suggest that IMER-1 may be an appropriate calibration standard for LA-ICP-MS analysis of trace elements in natural sulphides.
Iangreyite: a new secondary phosphate mineral closely related to perhamite
Authors: Mills S. J. , Kampf A. R. , Sejkora J. , Adams P. M. , Birch W. D. , Plášil J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIangreyite, ideally Ca2Al7(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH,F)15·8H2O, is a new mineral (IMA2009-087) from the Silver Coin mine, Nevada, USA and the Krásno ore district, Horní Slavkov, Czech Republic. At Silver Coin, iangreyite occurs as thin, colourless to white or cream, hexagonal tablets up to 0.4 mm in diameter and 0.02 mm thick associated with meurigite-Na, plumbogummite, kidwellite, lipscombite. strengite, chalcosiderite, wardite, leucophosphite, wavellite, goethite, barite, quartz and F-rich perhamite. At Krásno, white, yellowish or light pink iangreyite coatings consist of 0.3 mm wide clusters of minute and very thin intergrown tabular crystals with a maximum diameter of 0.2 mm. Individual iangreyite crystals are transparent with a vitreous lustre, while iangreyite clusters tend to be pearly and translucent. The estimated hardness is 3 on the Mohs scale, the fracture is irregular and the mineral is non-fluorescent under SW and LW ultraviolet light. Individual crystals are somewhat flexible and there is perfect cleavage on ﹛001﹜. The density (Silver Coin), measured by the sink-float method in an aqueous solution of sodium polytungstate, is 2.46(3) g/cm3, while the calculated density is 2.451 g/cm3. Crystals from Silver Coin are uniaxial (+), with the indices of refraction: ε = 1.544(2) and s = 1.554(2), measured in white light, and are non-pleochroic. The empirical formula for iangreyite from Silver Coin (calculated on the basis of 39 anions per formula unit) is: Ca1.42K0.22Na0.09Ba0.03 Sr0.01Al6.51Mg0.09Fe0.02Cu0.01Zn0.01P3.81F5.24H30.21O33.76, while the empirical formula from Krásno is: Ca2.15K0.10Na0.01Ba0.02Sr0.12Al6.28Mg0.01Fe0.12Cu0.08Zn0.01P3.64Si0.43F4.65H29.62O34.35. Iangreyite is trigonal, space group P321 and Z = 1, with the unit-cell parameters (Silver Coin): a = 6.988(1), c = 16.707(3) Å and V= 706.5(2) Å3 and (Krasno): a = 6.989(1), c = 16.782(4) Å and V = 709.8(2) Å3. The structure of iangreyite, modelled from powder data, consists of blocks of the crandallite-type structure that are interconnected along c via corner-sharing of crandallite-block PO4 tetrahedra with A1O2(OH)3 bipyramids. This linkage generates large channels along [110] bounded by 10-member rings of octahedra, tetrahedra and trigonal biyramids, that are occupied by Ca and water molecules.
The crystal structure of Pb5(As3+O3)Cl7from the historic slags of Lavrion, Greece – a novel Pb(II) chloride arsenite
Authors: Siidra O. I. , Krivovichev S. V. , Chukanov N. V. , Pekov I. V. , Magganas A. , Katerinopoulos A. , Voudouris P. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe crystal structure of new lead chloride arsenite, Pb5(As3+O3)Cl7[orthorhombic,Pbcn, a =16.894(2),b =10.913 (1),c =16.760(2) Å,V =3090.1(7) Å3], from the historic slags of Lavrion, Greece, has been solved by direct methods and refined toR1= 0.069. The structure contains five symmetrically unique Pb, one As, eight Cl and three O sites. The As atom forms three nearly equal As—O bonds which result in the formation of an AsO3trigonal pyramid with As at the apex. The Pbl. Pb2, Pb3 and Pb4 atoms are bonded to the AsO3groupsviaPb2+—O bonds to form complex [Pb4(AsO3)] chains parallel to thebaxis. The Pb(5) atom is coordinated solely by Cl–anions. The resulting Pb(5)Cl7polyhedra share common edges and corners to produce bent chains parallel to thecaxis. A short compilation of structural features of known lead chloride arsenites is given.
Iron speciation using electron microprobe techniques: application to glassy melt pockets within a spinel lherzolite xenolith
Authors: Fialin M. , Wagner C. , Pascal M.-L. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA quantitative determination of Fe3+/ΣFe ratios using the electron microprobe is presented for glasses. The measurements are based on the shift of the Fe-Lα peak position between Fe3+ and Fe2+, resulting from differences in self-absorption. We present new calibration curves for glasses with Fe contents as low as 2 wt.% Fe.This method was used for glasses from a metasomatized spinel Iherzolite (Massif Central, France) in which highly vesicular glass associated with secondary minerals occurs in reaction pockets around corroded Cr-spinels. The glass was found to be oxidized homogeneously with Fe3+/ΣFe ≈ 0.70 (measured with an uncertainty of ±0.06), in contrast with the value of ∼0.15 that would correspond to the former melt under fo2 conditions inferred from secondary minerals. The glass oxidation probably results from the dissociation of the melt-water content under degassing, prior to local hematite depositions (spinel rims and crack fillings).