bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late maturation of auditory perceptual learning
Authors: Huyck Julia Jones , Wright Beverly A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAdults can improve their performance on many perceptual tasks with training, but when does the response to training become mature? To investigate this question, we trained 11‐year‐olds, 14‐year‐olds and adults on a basic auditory task (temporal‐interval discrimination) using a multiple‐session training regimen known to be effective for adults. The adolescents all began with performance in the adult range. However, while all of the adults improved across sessions, none of the 11‐year‐olds and only half of the 14‐year‐olds did. The adolescents who failed to learn did so even though the 10‐session training regimen provided twice the number of sessions required by adults to reach asymptotic performance. Further, over the course of each session, the performance of the adults was stable but that of the adolescents, including those who learned, deteriorated. These results demonstrate that the processes that underlie perceptual learning can continue to develop well into adolescence.
Non‐Take Up of Social Benefits in Greece and Spain
Authors: Matsaganis Manos , Levy Horacio , Flevotomou Maria 
Published: November 2010

AbstractEven though interest in non‐take up of social benefits is considerable in many European countries, the topic is under‐researched in southern Europe. This article provides preliminary estimates of the extent of non‐take up of two pairs of means‐tested retirement benefits in Greece and Spain. The benefits examined are: (1) the minimum pension supplements pensioner social solidarity benefit EKAΣ and complementos por mínimos; and (2) the social pensions pension to uninsured elderly and pensión de jubilación no contributiva. The article finds that non‐take up of social benefits in the two countries is rather extensive, examines the methodological difficulties inherent in the analysis of non‐take up, and concludes with a discussion of the results and their implications.
Are Rural Women Mobility Deprived? – A Case Study from Scotland
Authors: Noack Eva 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWomen are often considered mobility deprived, which has an impact on their quality of life. Based on empirical research in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, this article examines rural women's mobility opportunities, their travel behaviour and the access they have to important activities. Their respective experiences are explored using in‐depth interviews. The case studies reveal remarkable progress in terms of women's access to transport resources. However, even though women's mobility opportunities are improving, many rural women are not in a situation where they can widen their activity spaces. Lack of time is a major obstacle preventing many women from participating in social and economic activities. Women's travel patterns and their participation in activities evidently derive from gender roles that remain traditional. The allocation of domestic and caring responsibilities to women entails meeting specific needs and wants. These should be taken into account in future rural policy.
The European Commission's Own ‘Preliminary Reference Procedure’ in Competition Cases?
Authors: Wright Kathryn 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article considers the implications of the European Commission, as primary administrative enforcer of competition law in the Union, using its own ‘preliminary reference procedure’, through observations in national court proceedings under Council Regulation 1/2003, to minimise the risks of divergent application of EU anti‐trust rules under the decentralised system of enforcement ushered in by that Regulation. It sets the scene with the relationship between the European Commission and national courts in competition law, before describing the relevant provisions of the Regulation and its accompanying Courts Notice. It then discusses the legal nature of the Commission opinion as a Union instrument. Identifying cases where the Commission has offered observations, it assesses the implications of administrative intervention in judicial decision making. It finds that greater transparency is crucial for legitimacy, legal certainty and maximum impact on consistent application.
Social skills training for adolescents with Asperger's syndrome using a consultation model
Authors: Minihan Aileen , Kinsella William , Honan Rita 
Published: November 2010

A case study design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of behavioural consultation as a method for improving the social skills of adolescents with Asperger's syndrome. Two case studies were conducted. In each study, two teachers implemented a social skills programme with two to three adolescents with Asperger's syndrome in a group setting with typical peers following behavioural consultation.Results from norm‐referenced measures of social skills produced statistically reliable and clinically meaningful changes in teachers' perceptions of target social skills following the intervention in both studies. These gains showed only moderate generalisation to the home setting, though qualitative data suggested that at least some gains had been noticed by parents. Teachers indicated high levels of treatment acceptability and satisfaction with the consultation service, and expressed the intention to implement the programme again in the future. The findings are discussed in light of important methodological limitations; however, they lend support to the hypothesis that behavioural consultation is an acceptable and effective model of service delivery for supporting the social skills needs of students with Asperger's syndrome.
Immediate Load on the Edentulous Mandible: Treatment Planning Considerations
Authors: Sadowsky Steven J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractImmediate load protocols for the edentulous mandible offer the patient many advantages in terms of decreased number of visits, improved early function, and reduction of surgical exposure; however, this treatment modality is not universally appropriate for all patients. The available evidence will assist the clinician in developing a customized and comprehensive informed consent. Patient selection and patient‐mediated factors will dictate the suitability of not only a fixed or removable prosthesis, but also whether immediate loading would enhance the cost/benefit ratio. The indications, objective and subjective patient considerations, and design strategies are discussed for the immediate load scenario.
Bar fraction in lenticular galaxies: dependence on luminosity and environment
Authors: Barway Sudhanshu , Wadadekar Yogesh , Kembhavi Ajit K. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
We present a study of bars in lenticular galaxies based on a sample of 371 galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 (SDSS-DR7) and Two-Micron All-Sky Survey in the optical and near-infrared bands, respectively. We found a bar in 15 per cent of the lenticular galaxies in our sample, which is consistent with recent studies. The barred galaxy fraction shows a luminosity dependence, with faint lenticular galaxies (MK &gt; −24.5, total absolute magnitude in the K band) having a larger fraction of bars than bright lenticular galaxies (MK &lt; −24.5). A similar trend is seen when Mr = −21.5, the total absolute magnitude in the SDSS r band, is used to divide the sample into faint and bright lenticular galaxies. We find that faint galaxies in clusters show a higher bar fraction than their counterparts in the field. This suggests that the formation of bars in lenticular galaxies not only depends on the total luminosity of the galaxy, but also depends on the environment of the host galaxy.
Sex, Gender, and Generation: Age of Consent and Moral Regulation in Canada
Authors: DAUDA CAROL L. 
Published: November 2010

The article considers the political process in raising the age of consent in Canada and its impact on gender and equality. The purpose of the legislation is the protection of children, but evidence reveals a gendered discourse that targets the sexuality of young women in particular within the context of a heterosexual family norm. The efficacy of this norm arises from a post‐feminist policy climate in which neo‐liberal refamilialization complements the remoralizing of the family by the Conservative Party of Canada and its supporters. This enables the characterization of the child as innocent and in need of protection and diverts attention from regulation of young people's sexuality. Conservatives manipulate this identity for political ends in what is termed the politics of generation. This precludes youth agency and reinforces inequalities of both gender and generation. Thus, moral regulation reaches beyond regulation of young people's sexuality to regulation of the broader society.El artículo considera el proceso político en torno al incremento de la edad de consentimiento sexual en Canadá y su impacto sobre la igualdad de género. El objetivo de la legislación es la protección de los(as) niños(as), pero la evidencia revela que un discurso de género se concentra en la sexualidad de jóvenes mujeres en particular en el contexto de la norma de una familia heterosexual. La eficacia de esta norma surge del clima político post‐feminista en el cual la re familiarización neoliberal complementa la re moralización de la familia impulsada por el Partido Conservador de Canadá y quienes lo apoyan. Esto caracteriza al niño(a) como inocente y en necesidad de protección, desviando la atención de la regulación de la sexualidad de los jóvenes. Los conservadores manipulan esta identidad para fines políticos en lo que se conoce como las políticas de generación. Argumentamos aquí que esto cancela el ejercicio de la autonomía por parte de los jóvenes y refuerza las desigualdades de género y generación. Así, la regulación moral sobrepasa la regulación de la sexualidad de los jóvenes convirtiéndose en regulación de toda la sociedad.
Do Grades Matter? The Influence of Personal and Collective Assessments of Schools on Political Judgments
Authors: ROCH CHRISTINE , WILSKER AMANDA 
Published: November 2010

We seek to increase our understanding of the role that individuals' assessments of schools, both locally and in the nation as a whole, play within a political context. Relying on data from the Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup Poll, we investigate how individuals' ratings of schools relate to their attitudes toward policy alternatives and public officials. We find that the relationship concerning these assessments and political judgments differs between parents and those individuals without school‐aged children. Perhaps, most striking is the weak relationship between assessments of the nation's schools and parents' support for policy alternatives; instead, these attitudes are tied to their assessments of their local schools. When considering how well political officials have worked to improve education policy, the attitudes of individuals appear related to the grades that they assign the schools locally and in the nation as a whole.Buscamos incrementar nuestra comprensión del rol que juegan dentro del contexto político las evaluaciones que hacen individuos de las escuelas locales y de la nación. Apoyándonos en datos de la encuesta Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup, investigamos cómo los ratings de las escuelas se relacionan con las actitudes de los individuos hacia las alternativas de políticas y los oficiales políticos. Encontramos que la relación sobre estas evaluaciones y juicios políticos difieren entre padres de familia y aquellos individuos sin niños en edad escolar. Quizás lo más llamativo es la débil relación entre las evaluaciones de las escuelas a nivel nacional y el apoyo de los padres a alternativas de políticas; en lugar de ello, estas actitudes están ligadas a sus evaluaciones de las escuelas locales. Cuando se considera lo bien que los oficiales políticos han trabajado para mejorar las políticas educativas, las actitudes de los individuos parecen estar relacionadas con la calificación que ellos otorgan a las escuelas a nivel local y nacional.
Ginkgo: spatially‐explicit simulator of complex phylogeographic histories
Authors: SUKUMARAN JEET , HOLDER MARK T. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe present Ginkgo, a software package for agent‐based, forward‐time simulations of genealogies of multiple unlinked loci from diploid populations. Ginkgo simulates the evolution of one or more species on a spatially explicit landscape of cells. The user of the software can specify the geographical and environmental characteristics of the landscape, and these properties can change according to a prespecified schedule. The geographical elements modelled include the arrangement of cells and movement rates between particular cells. Each species has a function that can calculate a fitness score for any combination of an individual organism's phenotype and environmental characteristics. The user can control the number of fitness factors (the dimensionality of the cell‐specific fitness factors and the individuals phenotypic vectors) and the weighting of each of these dimensions in the fitness calculation. Cell‐specific fitness trait optima can be specified across the landscape to mimic differences in habitat. In addition to their differing fitness functions, species can differ in terms of their vagility and fecundity. Genealogies and occurrence data can be produced at any time during the simulation in NEXUS and ESRI Ascii Grid formats, respectively.
A suite of twelve single nucleotide polymorphism markers for detecting introgression between cutthroat and rainbow trout
Authors: HARWOOD ANDREW S. , PHILLIPS RUTH B. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA suite of 12 subspecies and species‐specific single nucleotide polymorphism (species‐specific SNP) markers was developed to distinguish rainbow trout (RT) Oncorhynchus mykiss from the four major subspecies of cutthroat trout: westslope cutthroat trout (WCT) Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi, Yellowstone cutthroat trout (YCT) Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri, coastal cutthroat trout (CCT) Oncorhynchus clarki clarki, Lahontan cutthroat trout (LCT) Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi, and their hybrids. Several of the markers were linked to help strengthen hybrid determinations, and sex‐specific species‐specific SNP assays were also developed.
A new approach to an old conundrum—DNA barcoding sheds new light on phenotypic plasticity and morphological stasis in microsnails (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Carychiidae)
Authors: WEIGAND ALEXANDER M. , JOCHUM ADRIENNE , PFENNINGER MARKUS , STEINKE DIRK , KLUSSMANN‐KOLB ANNETTE 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe identification of microsnail taxa based on morphological characters is often a time‐consuming and inconclusive process. Aspects such as morphological stasis and phenotypic plasticity further complicate their taxonomic designation. In this study, we demonstrate that the application of DNA barcoding can alleviate these problems within the Carychiidae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). These microsnails are a taxon of the pulmonate lineage and most likely migrated onto land independently of the Stylommatophora clade. Their taxonomical classification is currently based on conchological and anatomical characters only. Despite much confusion about historic species assignments, the Carychiidae can be unambiguously subdivided into two taxa: (i)Zospeumspecies, which are restricted to karst caves, and (ii)Carychiumspecies, which occur in a broad range of environmental conditions. The implementation of discrete molecular data (COI marker) enabled us to correctly designate 90% of the carychiid microsnails. The remaining cases were probably crypticZospeumandCarychiumtaxa and incipient species, which require further investigation into their species status. Because conventional reliance upon mostly continuous (i.e. nondiscrete) conchological characters is subject to fallibility for many gastropod species assignments, we highly recommend the use of DNA barcoding as a taxonomic, cutting‐edge method for delimiting microsnail taxa.
Bryophyte DNA sequences from faeces of an arctic herbivore, barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis)
Authors: STECH M. , KOLVOORT E. , LOONEN M. J. J. E. , VRIELING K. , KRUIJER J. D. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe tested DNA extraction methods and PCR conditions for the amplification of bryophyte DNA from barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis) faeces collected from Spitsbergen (Svalbard). Both the Qiagen stool kit and a silica‐based extraction method received sufficient DNA from fresh and older droppings, as indicated by successful amplification of the plastid psbA‐trnH spacer. Standard Taq polymerase outperformed two hot start polymerases. Sequencing of cloned PCR products revealed at least ten moss and two angiosperm sequences. This first example of identifying bryophyte DNA from faeces will allow analysing moss diets of arctic herbivores with a DNA barcoding approach.
Cloning and tissue expression of the equine transferrin receptor
Authors: Webb Teckla L. , Burnett Robert C. , Avery Anne C. , Olver Christine S. 
Published: November 2010

Background:Characterization of anemia in horses presents a challenge, as they do not release reticulocytes into peripheral blood. Transferrin receptor (TfR) expression is highest on erythroid cells in people and rats, and measurement of a soluble serum form (sTfR) is used to quantify erythropoiesis in these species. We hypothesized that equine TfR (eTfR) expression is similar in quantity and distribution to that in these other species and thus has potential for characterization of the regenerative response in anemic horses.Objective:This study was conducted to clone and sequence the eTfR gene and measure expression levels using quantitative real‐time PCR and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining.Methods:Total RNA from equine bone marrow was used to produce cDNA. The eTfR gene was amplified using pooled gene‐specific primers, and PCR products were sequenced. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends was used to obtain the first 22 nucleotides of the coding sequence. Quantitative PCR was performed using eTfR gene‐specific primers, and IHC staining was used to localize TfR protein expression.Results:The deduced amino acid (aa) sequence (767 aa) of the eTfR was 75–83% identical with sequences of the receptor in several other mammals. As in people and rats, eTfR mRNA expression was highest in the bone marrow, and distribution in other tissues was also similar.Conclusion:The eTfR gene is similar to that of other mammals in structure and expression levels. We hypothesize that it is also similar in function and that, following development of an immunoassay, determining sTfR concentrations will be useful for identifying the regenerative response in anemic horses.
Serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, and IgM in retired racing Greyhound dogs
Authors: Clemente Mónica , Marín Liliana , Iazbik M. Cristina , Couto C. Guillermo 
Published: November 2010

Background:Greyhound dogs have significant physiologic, hematologic, and biochemical differences when compared with other breeds, including significantly lower serum globulin concentration owing to decreases in the α‐ and β‐globulin fractions. The specific proteins that account for differences in globulin concentrations are not known, but IgA and IgM, both β‐globulins, are potential candidates.Objectives:The aims of this study were to measure serum IgG, IgA, and IgM in clinically healthy retired racing Greyhounds and compare the results with those of age‐ and sex‐matched non‐Greyhound dogs.Methods:Study animals included 25 Greyhound and 20 non‐Greyhound dogs. Total protein, albumin, and total globulin concentrations were determined. IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations were measured using a commercially available radial immunodiffusion kit. The Studentt‐test assuming equal variances was used to compare concentrations of immunoglobulins between groups.Results:Serum concentrations of IgA and IgM in Greyhounds (IgA=49±20 mg/dL; IgM=132±47 mg/dL) were significantly lower than concentrations in non‐Greyound dogs (IgA=70±39 mg/dL; Ig M=212±78 mg/dL). Concentrations of IgG did not differ between groups.Conclusions:Mean serum IgA and IgM concentrations in Greyhounds were lower than those in non‐Greyhound dogs. This may contribute to low serum concentrations of β‐globulins in Greyhounds. Specific reference intervals are recommended for Greyhounds to avoid possible misdiagnosis of IgA or IgM deficiency.
Conditional Cooperation and Costly Monitoring Explain Success in Forest Commons Management
Authors: Rustagi Devesh , Engel Stefanie , Kosfeld Michael 
Published: November 2010

Pulling TogetherHuman social norms can be explored in experiments that provide insights into the situational conditions and individual preferences that prompt the expression of cooperative behavior and the enforcement of norms.Rustagiet al.(p.961; see the Perspective byVollan and Ostrom) analyzed a set of 49 user groups, comprising 679 individuals, who had been given the authority and responsibility to manage forests in the Bale region of Ethiopia. The forests managed by groups with larger proportions of conditional cooperators—that is, individuals who will behave in a cooperative fashion if others do so as well—produced more potential crop trees per hectare. Enforcing such behavior, via patrolling of the forests, which although a costly and time-intensive activity, was the key to productivity
Clinical Impact of Preincubation of Blood Cultures at 37°C
Authors: van der Velden Lieven B. , Vos Fidel J. , Mouton Johan W. , Sturm Patrick D. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

The effect of immediate incubation of blood cultures at 37°C on the turnaround time and the impact of Gram stain results on antimicrobial management were investigated. During a 6-month period, blood cultures collected at the emergency department outside laboratory operating hours were preincubated at 37°C until transportation to the laboratory. Upon the arrival of blood cultures at the laboratory, Gram stains and subcultures were made from all bottles prior to further incubation in the automated system (Bactec 9240). Data from 1 year earlier, when all blood cultures were stored at room temperature, were used for comparison. In the study period, 79 episodes of bacteremia were detected for 75 patients, compared to 70 episodes for 67 patients in the control period. Preincubation of blood cultures at 37°C resulted in a 15-h reduction in the median time to reporting of Gram stain results, from 34 to 19 h (
P
, <0.001). With preincubation, 3 episodes (4%) of bacteremia were not detected by the Bactec 9240 system. Based on the reporting of the Gram stain results, appropriate antimicrobial therapy was initiated for 12% of all patients with positive blood cultures, while for 24% the therapy was streamlined. Thus, immediate incubation of blood cultures reduced the time to reporting of Gram stain results. However, not all episodes of bacteremia were detected by the Bactec 9240 system after preincubation at 37°C. Blood culture results contributed importantly to appropriate antimicrobial management.