bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Density functional theory and ab initio study on the reaction mechanisms of the homogeneous, unimolecular elimination kinetics of selected 1‐chloroalkenes in the gas phase
Authors: Mora Jose R. , Lezama Jesus , Berroteran Neydher , Cordova Tania , Chuchani Gabriel 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe mechanisms for the unimolecular elimination kinetics of selected 1‐chloroalkenes in the gas phase were studied at MPW1PW91/6‐31G(d,p), MPW1PW91/6‐31++G(d,p), G3, and G3MP2 levels of theory. Two possible unimolecular mechanisms were considered: mechanism A as a concerted 1,2 elimination process through four‐membered cyclic transition state (TS). mechanism B describing the anchimeric assistance of the double bond in HCl elimination previously suggested in the literature. Calculated parameters suggest that the elimination reactions of 1‐chloroalkenes proceed through mechanism A, in view of the higher energy of activation associated with mechanism B. Density functional method MPW1PW91/6‐31G(d,p) calculated parameters gave a better agreement with the experimental values than G3 and G3MP2. The changes along the reaction path of mechanism A were followed by geometric parameters, natural bond orbital charges, and bond order analysis, suggesting the rate‐determining process is the breaking of CCl bond in the TS. The dehydrochlorination of chloroalkenes occurs in a concerted nonsynchronous fashion with stabilization of the TS by π‐electron delocalization from the neighboring bond. Isomerization reactions for 4‐chloro‐1‐butene, 4‐chloro‐2‐methyl‐1‐butene, and 4‐chloro‐1‐butene are unlikely at the experimental reaction condition because of the higher the enthalpies and energies of activation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thought leaders during crises in massive social networks
Authors: Corley Courtney D. , Farber Robert M. , Reynolds William N. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMaking vast amounts of online social media data comprehensible to an analyst is a key question in operational analytics. Twitter and micro‐blog conversations can easily be gathered from Internet services such as Spinn3r to create graphs representing the interactions between the entities in an online community that contains billions of vertices and tens of billions of edges. Graphs of this size can easily be represented in a modern laptop or workstation. The challenge lies in making them comprehensible. This paper focuses on methods to assemble social network graphs from online social media to reveal nodes that are ‘interesting’ in the context of operational analysis—meaning that the computational results can be interpreted by a human analyst wishing to answer some operational questions. Only metrics based on the structure of the graph are utilized, which avoid the challenges and costs involved in message content analysis. We further restrict ourselves to the use of metrics that are computational tractable on billion node graphs. The reported results demonstrate that nodes with a high impact or disproportionally large agency on the whole network (e.g., online community) can be found in a variety of online communities. Validation of the importance of these high‐agency nodes by human and computational methods is discussed, and the efficacy of our approach by both quantitative methods and tests against the null hypothesis is reported. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 5: 205–217, 2012
Management of male LUTS in general practice
Authors: Speakman Mark J. , McMeekin Faith 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe initial management of lower urinary tract symptoms in men is usually carried out in primary care. The authors explain that the primary goal of treatment is to improve bothersome symptoms; more recently, however, treatment has also focused on the alteration of disease progression and the prevention of complications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
Musculoskeletal manifestations of neonatal nonketotic hyperglycinemia
Authors: Ramirez Norman , Flynn John M. , Casalduc Francisco , Rodriguez Stephanie , Cornier Alberto S. , Carlo Simón 
Published: May 2012

Purpose Neonatal nonketotic hyperglycinemia is an autosomal recessive inborn disorder of glycine metabolism in which large quantities of glycine accumulate in all body tissues. It is characterized by a progressive lethargy, hypotonia, myoclonic jerks, and early death secondary to respiratory problems. As a result of early diagnosis and treatment protocols, more patients survive the critical neonatal period with profound mental retardation, delayed developmental milestones, seizures, and spasticity. There are no reports about the orthopaedic manifestations of neonatal nonketotic hyperglycinemia. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the musculoskeletal findings of neonatal nonketotic hyperglycinemia. Methods This is a retrospective IRB-approved study of all patients in our Orthopaedic and Genetics Clinics with the diagnosis of neonatal nonketotic hyperglycinemia during a 10-year period. Demographic, clinical, and imaging data were analyzed. Results Twelve patients with neonatal nonketotic hyperglycinemia were evaluated, with a mean age of 7 years and 2 months (range: 5 months to 21 years). Seven were male and five were female. Eleven patients (92 %) have evidence of progressive early-onset neuromuscular scoliosis with a mean Cobb angle of 55° (range: 30–95°). Five children (42 %) presented evidence of progressive hip dislocation secondary to spasticity. All the patients have severe multiple joint contractures. Conclusion Neonatal nonketotic hyperglycinemia is a rare metabolic disorder presented in the past as a lethal condition. Recent advances in early diagnosis and neonatal care improve overall outcome. As pediatric orthopaedic surgeons, we need to establish treatment based on update information of the disease and probability to improve quality of life.
Assessment of Protein Entrapment in Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds by Size Exclusion Chromatography
Authors: Espanol Montserrat , Casals Isidre , Lamtahri Sarah , Valderas Maria-Teresa , Ginebra Maria-Pau 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Although it is well known that the textural properties of scaffolds play an important role in the process of tissue regeneration, the investigation of such effects remain difficult especially at the micro/nano level. Texture confers the material the additional ability to entrap/concentrate molecules circulating in the body fluid regardless of their binding affinity to the material. The goal of the present work is to isolate protein entrapment from protein adsorption phenomena in two macroporous hydroxyapatite scaffolds with identical chemical structure, similar macroporosity but different micro/nanoporosity using proteins of different sizes. This was achieved implementing size exclusion chromatography and using the scaffolds as chromatographic columns. The results showed that the larger the crystal size and the lower the packing density of the crystals composing the scaffold increased protein retention but decreased the protein dwelling time in the column. Differences in the amount of protein retained depended on the protein type.
A two‐method investigation of early adolescents' responses upon witnessing peer victimization in school
Authors: Bellmore Amy , Ma Ting‐Lan , You Ji‐in , Hughes Maria 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTGiven the passivity of many adolescents upon witnessing peer victimization, the goal of this study was to evaluate the features of school‐based peer victimization events that promote helping. A sample of 470 early adolescents (52% girls; 71% White, 9% Black, 6% Latino, 2% Asian, 1% American Indian, 8% Multiethnic, and 3% Other) reported likelihood of helping and specific helping and non‐helping behaviors with an experimental vignette method and through descriptions of recently witnessed real‐life victimization events. With both methods, an adolescent's relationship with the victim predicted likelihood of helping and specific helping behaviors above and beyond the contribution of other key personal characteristics including gender, empathy, communal goal orientation, and previous victimization experiences. Examination of adolescents' real‐life experiences yielded systematic patterns between their responses and their reasoning about the responses undertaken. The results illustrate the relevance of taking into account peer victimization event characteristics for promoting witness intervention in adolescence.
Individualism and socioeconomic diversity at school as related to perceptions of the frequency of peer aggression in fifteen countries
Authors: Menzer Melissa M. , Torney‐Purta Judith 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine two aspects of context for peer aggression: national individualism and distributions of socioeconomic status in the school. School administrators for each school reported on their perceptions of the frequency of bullying and violence in their school. The sample comprised 990 school principals/headmasters from nationally representative samples of schools in 15 countries surveyed as part of the larger IEA Civic Education Study (Torney‐Purta, Lehmann, Oswald, & Schulz, 2001). A national context of individualism was associated with violence but not bullying. Schools with high socioeconomic diversity had more bullying than homogeneously low or high socioeconomic status schools. In addition, diverse schools had more violence than affluent schools. Results suggest that bullying and violence should be investigated as separate constructs. Furthermore, contexts, such as national culture and school socioeconomic diversity, are important in understanding the prevalence of bullying and violence in schools internationally.
The Brown Norway opticospinal model of demyelination: Does it mimic multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica?
Authors: Collongues N. , Chanson J.B. , Blanc F. , Steibel J. , Lam C.D. , Shabbir A. , Trifilieff E. , Honnorat J. , Pham‐Dinh D. , Ghandour M.S. , de Seze J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOpticospinal demyelinating diseases in humans are mostly characterized by the opticospinal form of multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Increasing attention has recently focused on astrocyte markers, aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in these diseases. We induced opticospinal demyelination in Brown Norway rats with soluble recombinant rat myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (1–116) and incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Clinical, MRI, neuropathological and immunological evaluations were performed, with a focus on AQP4 and GFAP. We confirmed the opticospinal phenotype, including extensive myelitis, but also showed the MRI‐characterized involvement of the periventricular area. Expression levels of myelin, AQP4 and GFAP showed the early involvement of astrocytes before demyelination in the optic nerve. The overexpression of AQP4 was particularly pronounced in the spinal cord and was concomitant with demyelination and astrocyte apoptosis. The disability scores were correlated with demyelination and inflammation but not with AQP4/GFAP expression. No antibodies against the linear and conformational epitopes of AQP4 were detected. Whereas a NMO‐like phenotype was observed in this model, the AQP4/GFAP expression during the disease process was more closely related to opticospinal MS than NMO. However, this model raises the question of a continuum between opticospinal MS and the seronegative NMO subtype.
K1() and the group of automorphisms of the algebra of one-sided inverses of a polynomial algebra in two variables
Authors: Bavula V.V. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractExplicit generators are found for the groupG2of automorphisms of the algebraof one-sided inverses of a polynomial algebra in two variables over a field. Moreover, it is proved thatwhereS2is the symmetric group,is the 2-dimensional algebraic torus,E∞() is the subgroup of GL∞() generated by the elementary matrices. In the proof, we use and prove several results on the index of an operator. The final argument is the proof of the fact that K1() ≃K*. The algebrasandare noncommutative, non-Noetherian, and not domains.
The universal aspect ratio of vortices in rotating stratified flows: experiments and observations
Authors: Aubert Oriane , Le Bars Michael , Le Gal Patrice , Marcus Philip S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe validate a new law for the aspect ratio $\ensuremath{\alpha} = H/ L$ of vortices in a rotating, stratified flow, where $H$ and $L$ are the vertical half-height and horizontal length scale of the vortices. The aspect ratio depends not only on the Coriolis parameter $f$ and buoyancy (or Brunt–Väisälä) frequency $\bar {N} $ of the background flow, but also on the buoyancy frequency ${N}_{c} $ within the vortex and on the Rossby number $\mathit{Ro}$ of the vortex, such that $\ensuremath{\alpha} = f \mathop{ [\mathit{Ro}(1+ \mathit{Ro})/ ({ N}_{c}^{2} \ensuremath{-} {\bar {N} }^{2} )] }\nolimits ^{1/ 2} $. This law for $\ensuremath{\alpha} $ is obeyed precisely by the exact equilibrium solution of the inviscid Boussinesq equations that we show to be a useful model of our laboratory vortices. The law is valid for both cyclones and anticyclones. Our anticyclones are generated by injecting fluid into a rotating tank filled with linearly stratified salt water. In one set of experiments, the vortices viscously decay while obeying our law for $\ensuremath{\alpha} $, which decreases over time. In a second set of experiments, the vortices are sustained by a slow continuous injection. They evolve more slowly and have larger $\vert \mathit{Ro}\vert $ while still obeying our law for $\ensuremath{\alpha} $. The law for $\ensuremath{\alpha} $ is not only validated by our experiments, but is also shown to be consistent with observations of the aspect ratios of Atlantic meddies and Jupiter’s Great Red Spot and Oval BA. The relationship for $\ensuremath{\alpha} $ is derived and examined numerically in a companion paper by Hassanzadeh, Marcus & Le Gal (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 706, 2012, pp. 46–57).
Beowulf and some fictions of the Geatish succession
Authors: Biggs Frederick M. 
Published: May 2012

Having just killed the dragon, and with death ‘ungemete neah’ (2728b; ‘exceedingly
near’), Beowulf begins to speak, remarking first on his lack of a son: Nu ic suna minum syllan woldeguðgewædu, þær me gifeðe swaænig yrfeweard æfter wurdelice gelenge. (2729–2732a)The language here seems almost neutral, but at least two of the terms are suggestive.
The ‘guðgewædu’ (‘war-garments’) that he wishes to leave to his son
recall most notably the elaborate gifts of weapons and horses – including the
saddle that the king used in battle (1037b–1043) – that Hrothgar had given him
following the fight with Grendel, implicating him, as John M. Hill and
Stephanie Hollis have argued, in the Danish succession. Similarly, in using
‘yrfeweard’ (‘guardian of an inheritance’), he calls attention to the king's role in
protecting the tribe's wealth, although the poet may expect the audience to hear
more in the compound since ‘weard’ appears often in the final part of the
poem in descriptions of the dragon. Thus, even though Beowulf does not mention this failing again, his remark draws together a theme not only signficant
in the Geatish section of the poem, but also present from the opening
descriptions of Scyld's reign: part of a king's responsibility is to see that the
succession is secure in a son.
Successful treatment of neonatal pulmonary thrombosis in congenital nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Makonkawkeyoon Krit , Silvilairat Suchaya , Chartapisak Wattana 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe incidence of neonatal thrombosis has been increasing in recent times because of the use of a central venous catheter. A treatment modality consisting of fibrinolytic agents has been administered for this life-threatening condition. This case report presents the successful management of a pulmonary artery thrombosis with a recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator in a patient with neonatal congenital nephrotic syndrome.
Active frequency-tripler MMICs for 300 GHz signal generation
Authors: Lewark Ulrich Johannes , Tessmann Axel , Massler Hermann , Wagner Sandrine , Leuther Arnulf , Kallfass Ingmar 
Published: May 2012

Two frequency-tripler monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) reaching sub-millimeter-wave output frequencies of 315 GHz are presented. The convenient integration of transistor–based field effect transistor (FET) frequency multipliers into multifunctional MMICs is shown by integration of a single–stage frequency-tripler with a buffer amplifier generating −0.5 dBm of peak output power at 288. Without post-amplification an average output power of −10.1 dBm in the output frequency range from 285 to 315 is measured with 10 dBm of input power. The 3-dB bandwidth is more than 30 GHz and could not be determined exactly due to the measurement setup. Both MMICs are realized in a 50 nm metamorphic high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) transistor technology. A multiple power-meter measurement technique including a waveguide filter is used to measure accurately the second harmonic power content within the output spectrum.
Measurements of ocean derived aerosol off the coast of California
Authors: Bates T. S. , Quinn P. K. , Frossard A. A. , Russell L. M. , Hakala J. , Petäjä T. , Kulmala M. , Covert D. S. , Cappa C. D. , Li S.‐M. , Hayden K. L. , Nuaaman I. , McLaren R. , Massoli P. , Canagaratna M. R. , Onasch T. B. , Sueper D. , Worsnop D. R. , Keene W. C. 
Published: May 2012

Reliable characterization of particles freshly emitted from the ocean surface requires a sampling method that is able to isolate those particles and prevent them from interacting with ambient gases and particles. Here we report measurements of particles directly emitted from the ocean using a newly developed in situ particle generator (Sea Sweep). The Sea Sweep was deployed alongside R/V Atlantis off the coast of California during May of 2010. Bubbles were generated 0.75 m below the ocean surface with stainless steel frits and swept into a hood/vacuum hose to feed a suite of aerosol instrumentation on board the ship. The number size distribution of the directly emitted, nascent particles had a dominant mode at 55–60 nm (dry diameter) and secondary modes at 30–40 nm and 200–300 nm. The nascent aerosol was not volatile at 230°C and was not enriched in SO4=, Ca++, K+, or Mg++above that found in surface seawater. The organic component of the nascent aerosol (7% of the dry submicrometer mass) volatilized at a temperature between 230 and 600°C. The submicrometer organic aerosol characterized by mass spectrometry was dominated by non‐oxygenated hydrocarbons. The nascent aerosol at 50, 100, and 145 nm dry diameter behaved hygroscopically like an internal mixture of sea salt with a small organic component. The CCN/CN activation ratio for 60 nm Sea Sweep particles was near 1 for all supersaturations of 0.3 and higher indicating that all of the particles took up water and grew to cloud drop size. The nascent organic aerosol mass fraction did not increase in regions of higher surface seawater chlorophyll but did show a positive correlation with seawater dimethylsulfide (DMS).
Climate control for southeastern China moisture and precipitation: Indian or East Asian monsoon?
Authors: Wang Huijun , Chen Huopo 
Published: May 2012

In this study, the water vapor sources for the precipitation processes in southeastern China (SECN) during 1981–2010 were investigated using atmospheric reanalysis data. We also studied the factors influencing the summer atmospheric moisture over SECN. These two issues are all closely related to the climate signals recorded in stalagmites recovered from caves in SECN. Result supports that the atmospheric water vapor over SECN during the whole summer time is primarily transported from the Indian Ocean. However, the vertically integrated water vapor content throughout the year in SECN has two main sources: the Indian Ocean and the tropical western Pacific. In addition, the water vapor transport for the precipitation processes in SECN has complex vertical structure. At approximately 700 hPa to 500 hPa, part of the water vapor for the precipitation in SECN comes from the Arab‐Caspian region. Finally, the water vapor content over SECN is regulated primarily by both the Indian and East Asian monsoons. Further analysis indicated that the variability of the East Asian summer monsoon is substantially regulated by the western Pacific subtropical high, the Eurasia–Atlantic thermal conditions, as well as the large‐scale Eurasia‐Atlantic atmospheric circulation. Therefore, the SECN Cave proxies can record the signals from faraway middle and high latitude Eurasia‐Atlantic climate, besides the regional East Asian monsoon and remote Indian monsoon.
Myostatin is a novel tumoral factor that induces cancer cachexia
Authors: Lokireddy Sudarsanareddy , Wijesoma Isuru Wijerupage , Bonala Sabeera , Wei Meng , Sze Siu Kwan , McFarlane Craig , Kambadur Ravi , Sharma Mridula 
Published: May 2012

Humoral and tumoral factors collectively promote cancer-induced skeletal muscle wasting by increasing protein degradation. Although several humoral proteins, namely TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α) and IL (interleukin)-6, have been shown to induce skeletal muscle wasting, there is a lack of information regarding the tumoral factors that contribute to the atrophy of muscle during cancer cachexia. Therefore, in the present study, we have characterized the secretome of C26 colon cancer cells to identify the tumoral factors involved in cancer-induced skeletal muscle wasting. In the present study, we show that myostatin, a procachectic TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) superfamily member, is abundantly secreted by C26 cells. Consistent with myostatin signalling during cachexia, treating differentiated C2C12 myotubes with C26 CM (conditioned medium) resulted in myotubular atrophy due to the up-regulation of muscle-specific E3 ligases, atrogin-1 and MuRF1 (muscle RING-finger protein 1), and enhanced activity of the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Furthermore, the C26 CM also activated ActRIIB (activin receptor type II B)/Smad and NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) signalling, and reduced the activity of the IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor 1)/PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/Akt pathway, three salient molecular features of myostatin action in skeletal muscles. Antagonists to myostatin prevented C26 CM-induced wasting in muscle cell cultures, further confirming that tumoral myostatin may be a key contributor in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia. Finally, we show that treatment with C26 CM induced the autophagy–lysosome pathway and reduced the number of mitochondria in myotubes. These two previously unreported observations were recapitulated in skeletal muscles collected from C26 tumour-bearing mice.
Providing Audiological Services to Individuals With Aphasia: Considerations, Preliminary Recommendations, and a Call for Research
Authors: Silkes JoAnn P. 
Published: May 2012

Purpose
The populations most susceptible to hearing loss and to aphasia overlap substantially, creating a high likelihood that audiologists will be called on to assess and treat individuals with aphasia. There is, however, scarce research available to guide best practices for serving this population.

Method
The available relevant literature is reviewed to summarize what is already known, providing basic information about aphasia and its potential impact on audiological diagnostic and intervention processes.

Conclusion
Suggestions for managing aphasia in the clinical audiology setting are provided, and areas of needed research are identified so that services for individuals with aphasia can be optimized.