bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbial and Phosphate Dynamics in a Restored Shrub Steppe in Southwestern Wyoming
Authors: Allen Michael F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSoil microbial activity and soil nutrients were monitored on a revegetated coal surface mine in southwestern Wyoming from the initial planting in 1982 through 1987. Total soil nitrogen (N) and organic matter did not change during this period. However, despite no changes in available phosphorus (P) concentrations, the total P declined over 50% during the five‐year period, with no apparent reduction in the loss rates. The greatest loss was in the bound inorganic P pool. Moisture appeared not to limit microbial mass‐C. Microbial mass‐C was higher under shrubs than in interspaces and increased with time. Total organic matter did not increase. Thus, the ratio of microbial mass‐C to organic matter‐C increased during the study period. This suggests that the input of readily decomposable substrate may limit microbial activity. During the study period, all above‐ground litter was removed by wind. Root production in the surface soils was low and highly variable and, in this habitat, probably did not contribute largely to the organic matter status. These data suggest that despite an apparent recovery of many parameters used to indicate reclamation or restoration success, the soil‐bound P pools could be undergoing a loss. Microbial‐C and organic matter changes indicate a system that is not approaching equilibrium within the required monitoring period of most restoration efforts. These parameters could eventually reduce the recovery potential of restored sites.
Riparian Restoration in the Western United States: Oveview and Perspecive
Authors: Goodwin Craig N. , Hawkins Charles P. , Kershner Jeffrey L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis historical and conceptual overview of riparian ecosystem restoration discusses how riparian ecosystems have been defined, describes the hydrologic, geomorphic, and biotic processes that create and maintain riparian ecosystems of the western USA, identifies the main types of anthropogenic desturbances occurring in these ecosystems, and provides an overview of restoration methods for each disturbance type. We suggest that riparian ecosystems consist of two zones: Zone I occupies the active floodplain and is frequently inundated and Zone II extends from the active floodplain to the valley wall. Successful restoration depends n understanding the physical and biological processes that influence natural riparian ecosystems and the types of disturbance that have degraded riparian areas. Thus we recommend adopting a process‐based approach for riparian restoration. Disturbances to riparian ecosystems in the western USA result from streamflow modifications by dams, reservoirs, and diversions; stream channelization; direct modification of the riparian ecosystem; and watershed disturbances. Four topics should be addressed to advance the state of science for restoration of riparian ecosys‐tems: (1) interdisciplinary approaches, (2) a unified framework, (3) a better understanding of fundamental riparian ecosystem processes, and (4) restoration po‐tential more closely related to disturbance type. Three issues should be considered regarding the cause of the degraded environment: (1) the location of the causative disturbance with respect to the degraded riparian area, (2) whether the disturbance is ongoing or can be elim‐inated, and (3) whether or not recovery will occur nat‐urally if the disturbance is removed.
Setting Riparian/Aquatic Restoration Objectives Within a Watershed Context
Authors: Kershner Jeffrey L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDeclines in native plant and animal communities have prompted new interest in the restoration of aquatic and riparian ecosystems. Past restoration activities typically have been site specific, with little thought to processes operating at larger scales. A watershed analysis process developed in the Pacific northwest identifies four operating scales useful in developing restoration priorities: region, basin, water‐shed, and specific site. Wtershed analysis provides a template for restoration practitioners to use in prioritizing restoration activities. The template identifies seven key steps necessary to understand and develop restoration priorities: (1) characterization, (2) identification of key issues and questions, (3) documentation of current conditions, (4) description of reference conditions, (5) identification of objectives, (6) summary of conditions and determination of causes, and (7) recommendations. When a similar process was used in the Uinta Mountains, Utah, and in the Sluslaw National Forest, Orgon, specialists were able to identify key habitat conditions and habitat forming processes and then to establish restoration priorities and implement the appropriate activities. Watershed analysis provides a valuable set of tools for identifying restoration activities and is currently being used throughout the Pacific Northwest to develop management strategies and restoration priorities. Although the analysis requires significant time, money, and personnel, experience suggests that watershed analysis provides valuable direction for managing aquatic and riparian resources.
A Comparison of Approaches to Prioritizing Sites for Riparian Restoration
Authors: Kentula Mary E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study compares the results of Olson and Harris (1997) and Russell et al. (1997) in their work to prioritize sites for riparian restoration in the San Luis Rey River watershed. Olson and Harris defined reaches of the mainstem and evaluated the relative potential for restoration and protection based on cover of natural vegetation, land use, and connectivity. Then they used data on geomorphic conditions, plant species composition, and community structure to prescribe strategies for restoration. Russell et al. used a modeling approach within a geographic information system to combine data on wetness and land use/land cover to identify areas with potential for protection and restoration. They prioritized the areas based on patch size and proximity to extant riparian habitat. The main‐stem and associated floodplain defined by Olson and Harris was more than twice the size of the area defined by Russell et al., because Olson and Harris considered the entire valley floor, whereas Russell et al. used a wetness index to identify saturated zones within the floodplain. For seven of the twelve management units delineated along the mainstem, the two studies agreed on a strategy of restoration or protection. They differed on two. No comparison could be made of the three units for which Olson and Harris used project review, a unique category. Agreement of the results is due to the similarity of criteria used to identify and rank sites for protection and restoration; disagreement is due primarily to the level of resolution of the data. Both approaches have potential for use in watershed‐level planning. The predictive power of the two approaches may be maximized when they are used in a complementary fashion.
Hydrology and Bauxite Mining on the Darling Plateau
Authors: Croton James T. , Reed Amanda J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract A review was undertaken of the interaction between bauxite mining, its restoration, and the hydrology of the Darling Plateau. Alcoa’s mining operation is predominately within the water supply catchments of Perth, giving rise to three hydrological issues: turbidity, stream yields, and stream salinity. Turbidity management is effected through attention to detail in day‐to‐day operations. Due to the high rates of evapotranspiration, yields from Jarrah forest catchments are low by normal standards, varying from 25% of rainfall in the highest rainfall area to less than 1% of rainfall in the lowest; this has been further exacerbated by the below‐average rainfall since 1975. These low yields have resulted in increased interest in stream yields from mined and restored mine areas and how these may be maintained compared with unmined forest. Under current rainfall regimes, it is unlikely that there will be a significant salinity response due to Alcoa’s mining, but it is inadvisable to discount the salinity issue in the lower rainfall zone, and research will need to consider the possibility of further climate change.
ANALYSIS OF THE FUEL CONSUMPTION OF DIESEL MOTORSHIPS
Authors: GROSS C. F. , MARTIN B. W. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThis study includes a collection of the data concerning the operation of seventy Diesel vessels which have been placed in service during the past eight years. An analysis is made on several different basis, but particularly that with regard to fuel consumption. Comparisons between the two‐cycle and four‐cycle are drawn with a view toward clarifying this question which is still a much disputed one in the motorship field.
ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF UNITED STATES NAVAL ENGINEERING HISTORY
Authors: Bowen Harold G. 
Published: August 2010

On November 3, 1937, the American Newcomen Society made its annual pilgrimage to Annapolis, Maryland, to visit a historic old town where every street and building remind us of their presence long ago at the birth‐throes of a nation.The Newcomen Society of Great Britain has for many years dedicated itself to the study of engineering history in England, and its off‐shoot in this country carries on the tradition here. On both sides of the Atlantic, the rosters of membership include a most distinguished and representative group of business and professional men whose hobby it is to trace down the obscure trails of engineering development in every line.The objective of the Society's pilgrimage this year was primarily a Naval study so that the visit was made to see the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. During the visit, the Chief Engineer of the Navy, Admiral Bowen, delivered the principal address, discussing Naval engineering development over the last one hundred years. The subject matter is of so much interest to every member of the Society of Naval Engineers, and so provocative to all students of naval and marine engineering history, that it has been printed here in full with the kind permission of the Newcomen Society, and of the author—the prospective next President of this Society.
SOUND AND VIBRATION IN MARINE GEARING
Authors: Kuhns Austin 
Published: August 2010

This article is the first of two to be written by Mr. Kuhns, in which he will deal with the problem of noise production and its control in gear manufacture. As the speed and power increases in marine and naval propulsion installations, the noise inherent to operation has tended to increase to a point where it must be definitely controlled if we are to avoid the unfortunate psychological and physiological effects which it wreaks on the plant operators when excessive.Due to the acuteness of the problem brought about by the use of higher steam pressures, higher machinery speeds and more compact machinery layouts, it is receiving the most earnest study by all machinery designers, and Mr. Kuhns' long association with gear manufacture qualifies him to speak with authority on the elimination and reduction of noise in marine gears.The present article states the problem and gives a general discussion of it. The second article, which will appear in the next issue of the Journal, will discuss the experience which has been had in several specific instances to illustrate the progress which is being made in meeting the need for more effective control.
HIGH TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES FOR SOME ALLOYS OF PARTICULAR INTEREST TO THE NAVY
Authors: Stewart William C. 
Published: August 2010

The creep of metals, particularly at the higher temperatures, is a matter of increasing concern to structural engineers, who are now commencing to realise that this widely‐varying property of metals in common use today may be of critical importance to them. As data on creep has slowly been assembled over the last fifteen years. it has become increasingly apparent that the phenomenon accounts for many of the hitherto mysterious failures which have occurred in all kinds of structures.However, creep‐testing apparatus, especially that suitable for measuring the property in metals at high temperatures, is expensive, delicate, and difficult to design. Also, creep tests to be of value must be run over long periods of time; the available apparatus is absorbed in the conduct of a limited number of tests, and, in consequence, the output of information is distressingly small. The data presented by Mr. Stewart in this article will, therefore, he of particular interest to students of the phenomenon who are busily filling the blank spaces in the field of existing knowledge, but it will also be interesting to many others who are not yet familiar with the strange vagaries to which many metals are subject by reason of it.
THE GAS TURBINE CHALLENGES
Authors: Noble Warren 
Published: August 2010

For many years engineers have speculated on the advent and possibilities of a useful gas turbine. A short article by W. E. Trumpler, entitled “The Combustion Turbine,” appeared in the February, 1935, issue of Power on pages 78 to 80. This article included a description of the actual apparatus together with operating efficiency and other data.In the present paper, the author makes a preliminary survey of the application of gas turbines in the marine field. He derives a skeleton structure which he predicts will be completed at an early date by filling in the essentials of practicable design and construction technique.
A NEW SPECTROGRAPH TESTING TECHNIQUE, ESTABLISHED AT PEARL HARBOR NAVY YARD
Authors: Hammond. W. H. 
Published: August 2010

The Industrial Department of the Pearl Harbor Navy Yard has recently installed a grating spectrograph in the general testing laboratory to be used in increasing the technical efficiency of ship overhaul work.The Pearl Harbor spectrograph is of a relatively new type to be manufactured for general industrial analysis. There are features in its installation of original design. The uses to which such a piece of equipment may be put in a purely repair and maintenance yard may not be self‐apparent. Therefore, its description will be of interest as an adjunct to the control and inspection of materials.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE DESIGN OF LARGE HIGH‐PRESSURE STEEL VALVES
Authors: Cotterman Frank D. , Falls R. E. 
Published: August 2010

The design of a valve derives first from its function as a regulator of fluid flow. The resulting shape, viewed as a pressure vessel with superimposed mechanical and thermal loading, defies accurate stress calculations. In Part I, the authors describe a successful method of supplementing approximate calculations by tests in order to determine the metal thickness for safe pressure‐temperature rating.Within limits, the shape of a valve may be altered to reduce pressure drop without interfering with its effectiveness as a fluid flow regulator. In Part II, the authors present test results which compare the resistance to steam flow in valves of several types.
ELECTRICAL INSULATION
Authors: LUNSFORD JESSE B. 
Published: August 2010

The author presents the fifth and last part of his series. One part was published in each issue of the JOURNAL during 1990.SUMMARYIn spite of the general title of this series of discussions, there has been no intent herein to “peddle insulation” as such. The subject has not been handled by a “specialist,” nor is it intended for consumption by “specialists.” It is a “layman's” idea. written in a “layman's” language, without thought of being very technical. It is chiefly concerned about how one can procure service, of the most reliable sort, guaranteed for long life, done up in the lightest and most space‐conserving packages—big, little dynamos.And reverting back to the three whys, imagine yourself in the service of the Navy; then how about answering them yourself:

Should anything be done?
Is this the thing to do ?
Is now the time?—if not, when would be a good time?
STATISTICAL INFERENCE APPLIED TO NAVAL ENGINEERING.*
Authors: Curtiss J. H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis article presents a general account of the work of the Bureau of Ships in applying analytical statistical methods to problems in Naval engineering. An attempt is made to give a clear idea of the specific contribution of the statistical methodology in each of the various applications described. To this end, the statistical background is discussed at some length, both in the main body of the paper and in an Appendix. It is brought out in the discussion that the type of statistical methodology which has been most useful is the type in which the emphasis is not so much on the mere gathering of relevant data, as on the processing and interpreting of the data in such a way that probable inferences can be drawn from them through the use of the modern mathematical theory of statistics. The applications comprise studies of the engineering performance of the fleet, research in and development of materials used in shipbuilding and maintenance, and control of quality of purchased materials. Particular attention is paid to the establishing and enforcement of standards by statistical methods. The article concludes with emphasis on the fact that the statistical methodology is only a tool of the engineer, albeit at times an indispensable one, and is no substitute for sound engineering theory.
TIN CONSERVATION
Authors: MACHOL MORRIS R. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYTin can be saved by:1. Reducing the thickness of babbitt in babbitted bearings:2. By changes in the design covering shape of bearings and methods of bonding.3. By substituting babbitt metals with smaller tin content—for instance using lead base instead of tin base babbitts.4. By reducing the percentage of tin in solder—and by adding very small quantities of other metals to compensate.5. By specifying bronze compositions with smaller tin content where physical or corrosion‐resistant characteristics will permit.The above conclusions are supported by data and examples herein contained. The author of this brochure, as a consultant for the War Production Board during World War II, called on many manufacturers to discuss methods of conserving tin. Through the experiences of many organizations in different kinds of industry a number of practical ways to save tin were recorded.This information has been collected, revised and is presented herewith.
IS STANDARDIZATION A SCIENCE?
Authors: SEAMAN ELLSWORTH F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTStandardization effort is in many instances seriously retarded through lack of an awareness of certain fundamental principles that have never been clearly set forth. This is true even though standardization finds its greatest application in the engineering field where an analytical approach develops the facts and where the use of basic scientific concepts lead to the ultimate solution. It is the purpose of this paper to show that the engineering approach applies to standardization as such. This is done by analyzing the different aspects of standardization, grouping them under generic categories, and then defining them in terms of theorems.
HULL CRACKS ON DESTROYERS
Authors: FOWDEN W.M.M. , MAR H. Q. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThis paper reports the occurrence of fatigue cracks in a number of World War II U.S. destroyers and shows some of the causes of these cracks. Although the cracks do not appear to endanger these ships, they are a nuisance and require removing the ships from operation. Since most of these cracks are below waterline, drydocking is usually required. Slight changes in design and construction could eliminate this expensive and bothersome maintenance.
THERMAL STRESSES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN NUCLEAR FUEL ELEMENTS
Authors: SMITH C. O. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe concept of the effect of temperature and temperature gradients in developing thermal stresses and strains is presented and discussed. Equations for the general case are developed and applied to the specific case of the circular cylinder (pipe). Temperature and thermal stress distributions for four different potential nuclear fuel elements are pictured and compared. Some conclusions of practical significance are drawn from this comparison.
THERMAL INSTABILITY IN HIGH SPEED GEARING
Authors: WELCH W. P. , BORON J. F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThermal expansion effects in gearing have usually been considered from a steady state point‐of‐view. A theory of thermal instability is developed which takes into account the tendency of the thermal effects to be regenerative. This theory provides an adequate and complete explanation for several heretofore unexplained cases of tooth failure in high speed high horsepower reduction gears. Experimental verification of the theory is presented and some of the conditions for avoiding thermal instability are described.
PROPELLER CHARACTERISTICS WITH DIFFERENT LOCATIONS OF THE RUDDERS IN THE PROPELLER RACE OF TWIN RUDDERS‐TWIN SCREWS SHIPS
Authors: KAFALI K. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe research deals mainly with experiments of a one rudder‐one screw combination which is supposed to represent the condition of the twin rudders‐twin screws type, This study includes only the case of rudder which was placed inboard of propeller centerline and located in the propeller race. Different locations of rudders have been the subject of investigations to study the optimum position relative to the propeller.
Skin testing with food allergens
Authors: Henzgen Margot , Ballmer‐Weber Barbara K. , Erdmann Stephan , Fuchs Thomas , Kleine‐Tebbe Jörg , Lepp Ute , Niggemann Bodo , Raithel Martin , Reese Imke , Saloga Joachim , Vieths Stefan , Zuberbier Torsten , Werfel Thomas 
Published: August 2010

SummarySkin testing has a central role in the diagnosis of food allergy. Prick testing is well‐ established as a routine diagnostic tool. Nonetheless, unstable allergens and the lack of standardized extracts create difficulties in the identification of sensitization to foods in patients with suspected food allergy. Therefore prick‐to‐prick tests with native (raw, fresh) foods are still recommended. The indications and contraindications are the same as those of routine skin testing in clinical allergology. We recommend a careful and restricted application of skin tests in patients with a history of severe anaphylaxis to foods.
The alr2505 (osiS) gene from Anabaena sp. strain PCC7120 encodes a cysteine desulfurase induced by oxidative stress
Authors: Ruiz Marion , Bettache Azzeddine , Janicki Annick , Vinella Daniel , Zhang Cheng‐Cai , Latifi Amel 
Published: August 2010

NifS‐like cysteine desulfurases are widespread enzymes involved in the mobilization of sulfur from cysteine. The genome of the filamentous diazotrophic cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7120 contains four open reading frames potentially encoding NifS‐like proteins. One of them, alr2505, belongs to the pkn22 operon, which enables Anabaena to cope with oxidative stress. The Alr2505 protein was purified and found to share all the features characteristic of cysteine desufurases. This is the first NifS‐like enzyme to be functionally characterized in this bacterium. On the basis of the transcriptional profiling of all nifS‐like genes in Anabaena, it is concluded that alr2505 is the only cysteine desulfurase‐encoding gene induced by oxidative stress. The function of Alr2505, which was termed OsiS, is discussed.Structured digital abstract
MINT‐7966515: osis (uniprotkb:Q8YU51) and osiS (uniprotkb:Q8YU51) physically interact (MI:0915) by two hybrid (MI:0018)