bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complying with OSHA's RNEP, CNEP, and VPP RAGAGEP
Authors: Patschke Chad 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe OSHA Refinery National Emphasis Program (RNEP) and OSHA Voluntary Protection Program incorporate specific questions relative to many recognized and generally accepted good engineering practices (RAGAGEP). Many of the same RAGAGEP can be expected to be used in the OSHA Chemicals NEP as well. To comply with OSHA's process safety management (PSM) regulation and improve process safety at their sites, chemical industry personnel should be aware of what RAGAGEP OSHA is recognizing and inspecting against and their key requirements. This article will discuss: (1) OSHA's expectations for compliance with RAGAGEP, including some of the RAGAGEP OSHA references in compliance directives, instructions, and citations, (2) some citations issued by OSHA involving RAGAGEP, and (3) common RAGAGEP compliance issues ABSG Consulting observes when conducting PSM audits and assessments throughout the petrochemical and related industries. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Burn injury caused by mixing incompatible chemicals with sodium permanganate
Authors: Ogle Russell A. , Morrison Delmar “Trey” 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article discusses the investigation of an incident caused by the mixing of incompatible chemicals: a strong oxidizing agent with a reducing agent. The exact mixture and sequence of mixing was unknown, but the materials included an aqueous solution of 40% sodium permanganate and either solid sodium thiosulfate or solid sodium metabisulfite. These chemicals were part of a new technology being pilot‐tested for remediating contaminated groundwater. Throughout the pilot test, excess waste permanganate was transported by hand in 5‐gallon pails from the injection area to a designated nearby area for reduction. During one such transfer, a worker was seriously burned when a pail of sodium permanganate solution erupted onto him. The liquid splashed onto and ignited his clothing. A puzzling feature of this accident was the apparent time delay between chemical addition and the subsequent reaction.Various chemical addition scenarios were evaluated by thermodynamic calculations, followed by laboratory, pilot, and full‐scale tests. The test results revealed that while some chemical addition scenarios resulted in a prompt exothermic reaction with the generation of steam; other scenarios resulted in a similar but delayed reaction. The time delay was caused by mass transfer limitations associated with the solids dissolution process. This case study serves as a reminder that the hazardous result of mixing incompatible chemicals may be delayed and may occur when least expected. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Hazards of unplanned power outages: Implementing appropriate safeguards
Authors: Ogle Russell A. , Morrison Delmar “Trey” 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAccident root cause investigations often identify unplanned power outages as the cause of a catastrophic accident. Unplanned power outages can be an initiating event that leads to an emergency shutdown of a process unit. If the emergency shutdown is managed incorrectly, it can result in an uncontrolled release of hazardous chemicals.To prevent a catastrophic accident, it is necessary to employ one or more safeguards to interrupt the chain of accident events. A process hazards analysis is the most effective tool for identifying these safeguards and evaluating their effectiveness prior to an incident. Examples of such safeguards are emergency shutdown procedures with operator training, emergency shutdown systems (including safety instrumented systems), and backup power supplies.This article explores the ways in which hazard analysis and emergency planning can be utilized to ensure a safe transition to a secondary power source during an interruption of primary power. A case study of an accidental release of hydrochloric acid vapor is presented in which a safeguard failed to function during a power outage. An interesting feature of this incident was the excessive testing of the emergency power system that led to its premature and undetected failure. Thus, when commanded to operate during a power outage, the backup system failed. We illustrate how a layer of protection analysis, coupled with the development of best practices from industrial safety standards, would have suggested a better inspection and test protocol for the emergency power system. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
The Buncefield explosion and fire–lessons learned
Authors: Mannan M. Sam 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn December 2005, a succession of events triggered by the lack of redundant level control measures led to the release of large quantities of gasoline from a bulk storage facility in Buncefield near the Heathrow airport in United Kingdom. This article provides an analysis of the reasons behind the extent of the flammable vapor cloud that may have accumulated and the mechanism by which the overpressure was generated. This article also summarizes some of the past incidents involving open‐air vapor cloud explosions and the apparent similarities and parallels with the Buncefield incident.The mechanism of the gasoline release and drop from height leads to vapor release and by the time the release hits the ground, most of the vapor is formed. The turbulence of the release itself created turbulence that caused air entrainment. After ignition, the well mixed fuel‐air vapor cloud attained higher flame speeds caused by the congestion and turbulence thus further exacerbating the intensity of the explosion. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Migration Transitions Revisited: Their Continued Relevance for The Development of Migration Theory
Authors: Skeldon Ronald 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper is a reflection on the idea of transitions as explanatory frameworks for the study of population migration. Global transitions in fertility, mortality, and urbanisation are examined as background to the idea of a migration transition and its variants. The strengths and weaknesses of a transition approach to migration are outlined, focusing on the diffusion of a demographic process across space and through time. The concepts of ‘mobility’ and ‘migration’ transitions are assessed with the benefit of hindsight. In order to enhance the explanatory power of such transitions, I argue that they need to be linked with other economic, social, and political processes that are also diffusing in space and time. Agrarian, health, and gender transitions are briefly considered in this context, as is the whole question of migration and development. While no single pathway through any migration or developmental transition exists, it nevertheless needs to be accepted that a retreat to total relativism is counterproductive. The paper concludes by arguing that a transitional framework, which allows migration systems to be linked to wider socio‐economic change, provides a fertile environment in which to generate future theories of migration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoscale piezoresponse, acoustic and thermal microscopy of electronic ceramics
Authors: Leng Xue , Zeng Huarong , Liu Liming , Zhao Kunyu , Zeng Jiangtao , Li Guorong , Yin Qingrui 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPiezoresponse force microscopy (PFM), scanning probe acoustic microscopy (SPAM) and scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) for visualising ferroelectric microstructure were successfully developed based on a commercial atomic force microscope, and their basic principle and applications to electronic ceramics were described as well. PFM, SPAM and SThM provide powerful tools for local electromechnical, elastic and thermal property of electronic ceramics.magnified image
Advances in ab initio thermodynamic studies on metal/oxide interfaces
Authors: Li Hongtao , Zhang Wenqing , Smith John R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe provide a brief overview of the advances in ab initio thermodynamic studies on metal/oxide interfaces in this paper. Firstly, the development in interface modeling is briefly outlined. Secondly, the fundamentals of ab initio thermodynamic method are described. Thirdly, ab initio thermodynamic studies on several typical interfaces between alumina and metals including alloys are presented, especially for the interfaces between α‐Al2O3 and Nb, Ni, Cu, and β‐Ni1−xAlx alloy. Finally, through analyzing electronic structure, chemical bonding, and adhesion of the interfaces between α‐Al2O3 and a series of metals, including Al, Ni, Cu, Au, Ag, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Nb, and β‐NiAl, a formally unified model is derived for evaluating the works of separation of the representative aluminum‐rich, oxygen‐rich, and stoichiometric metal/α‐Al2O3 interfaces. This model is also expected to be valid for studying other metal/oxide interfaces.
Numerical analysis of light elements transport in a unidirectional solidification furnace
Authors: Kakimoto Koichi , Gao Bing , Nakano Satoshi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractQuantitative study of light elements such as carbon and oxygen in multi‐crystalline silicon for solar cells is required to grow crystals with high quality. The transport of both carbon and oxygen is one of the critical issues to increase efficiency of solar cells made of silicon materials. Concentrations of carbon and oxygen in a furnace affect each others, therefore it is important to control mass transfer of carbon and oxygen in a furnace. Numerical calculation with a chemical reaction between carbon and oxygen was carried out to study how both light impurities are incorporated into crystals through the melt and gas during solidification process. The effects of flow rate and pressure on the impurities were examined. An increase in the flow rate can reduce both carbon and oxygen impurities in the crystal, though the reduction of carbon is more obvious. An increase in gas pressure can also obviously reduce the oxygen impurity but has only a small effect on the carbon impurity (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermal stability of (Ce0.72Cu0.28)90‐xAl10Fex (x = 0, 5 or 10) bulk metallic glasses
Authors: Qiao J. C. , Pelletier J. M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThermal stability of (Ce0.72Cu0.28)90‐xAl10Fex (x= 0, 5 or 10) bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Temperatures corresponding to glass transition (Tg), onset of crystallization (Tx) and crystallization peak (Tp) shift to higher temperature by increasing the Fe content. Kissinger model allows calculating the effective activation energy Ea of the crystallization process. For the first crystalline peak, energies are 1.47 eV, 1.50 eV and 1.58 eV for x = 0, 5 and 10, respectively, implying that effective activation energy Eaof the crystallization process increases by increasing the Fe content. In the iron‐free alloy, a second crystalline peak is observed, with activation energy of 2.3 eV. Influence of microstructure modifications on elastic and viscoelastic properties was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
SU‐8 protective layer in photo‐resist patterning on As2S3 film
Authors: Choi Duk‐Yong , Madden Steve , Bulla Douglas , Rode Andrei , Wang Rongping , Luther‐Davies Barry 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAmorphous chalcogenide thin films, especially arsenic tri‐sulphide (As2S3) are emerging as an excellent platform for integrated non‐linear optic devices due to their high non‐linearity as well as low linear and nonlinear optical loss. Fabricating planar As2S3 waveguides, however, is not straightforward because As2S3 is dissolved in alkalis such as photo‐resist developer. In this study we present the application of thin SU‐8 film as a protective layer to prevent the attack of the developer on the As2S3 during photolithographic process. Despite excellent coating feature and simple process of SU‐8 as a protective layer, the delamination between SU‐8 and polymer cladding during chip cleaving hindered its application. We deposited thin Al2O3 on SU‐8 by atomic layer deposition and this intermediate layer could solve the problem. We measured the insertion losses of fabricated waveguides as a function of device lengths and widths. The propagation loss becomes significant in a narrow guide due to the enhanced surface scattering. It was clear that extra losses were engaged in long guides containing bending structures. SU‐8 layer and thin Al2O3 combination allowed reliable and repeatable fabrication process in that it did not induce any extra light scattering or absorption and prevented attack of the As2S3 film by the alkaline developer. Moreover, the device characterisation revealed that SU‐8 layer is superior to PMMA/BARC in terms of propagation loss of waveguide (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A unified configuration‐coordinate model of structural metastability in amorphous chalcogenide glasses
Authors: Balitska Valentina , Shpotyuk Oleh 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe unified configuration‐coordinate model, describing externally‐induced structural transformations in amorphous chalcogenide semiconductors, was developed. Within this model, the existing structural units of glass‐forming matrix are supposed to be in one of three possible states: the ground (most thermodynamically equilibrium), excited (transient) and structurally‐modified (metastable) states, interconnected with a system of vertical (radiative or non‐radiative) and thermally‐activated over‐barrier tunnelling transitions. This model is used to describe kinetics of induced metastability in amorphous chalcogenides (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermal properties and microstructural characterization of vanadium germanate glasses
Authors: Yılmaz Deniz , Tatar Demet , Cem Elbizim M. , Lütfi Öveçoğlu M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThermal and microstructural characterization investigations of (1‐x) GeO2 ‐ x V2O5 (x=0.10, 0.30, 0.42 and 0.60 in molar ratio) glasses were carried out using differential thermal analysis (DTA), X‐ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Effects of heating rate and vanadium content on the glass transition, crystallization and melting temperature were investigated. XRD results have indicated that α‐GeO2, β‐GeO2, V2O5 crystal phases were formed when the samples were annealed above the crystallization peak temperature. SEM/EDS investigations were conducted for the microstructural characterization of α‐GeO2, β‐GeO2, V2O5 crystal phases. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Giant magnetoimpedance effect of ac‐dc Joule annealed electroplated NiFe/Cu composite wires
Authors: Ghanaatshoar M. , Azad N. , Banitaba M. H. , Shokri B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this article, we investigate the influence of ac‐dc Joule annealing of NiFe microtubes on their giant magnetoimpedance effect. NiFe magnetic layers were electroplated onto 100‐μm‐diameter copper wires and then submitted to dc or ac‐dc current annealing for 8 minutes. Both annealing and cooling down processes were performed in argon atmosphere.Results show that the presence of ac part of Joule treatment leads to higher induced anisotropy and increases the MI ratio. It is conjectured that the ac component through wall movement and moment fluctuation increases the tendency of the magnetic domains to lie circumferentially. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of disorder induced by annealing and quench and by ball‐milling in B2 FeCo
Authors: Loureiro J. M. , Malaman B. , Costa B. F. O. , Le Caër G. , Khomchenko V. A. , Das S. , Amaral V. S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOrder‐disorder in FeCo are studied by X‐ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy and saturation magnetization measurements in applied fields up to 10 T. Order is promoted by annealing at 550 °C and the alloy is disordered either by high‐temperature annealing at 980 °C followed by a quench into cooled water or by ball‐ milling. A more disordered state is reached by ball‐milling in our dynamical conditions than the one reported to be attained by annealing and quench even at rather high rates. A saturation magnetization as high as 2.51 μB/at. is obtained. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preface – Symposium J: Phys. Status Solidi C 3/2011
Authors: Valenta Jan , Kovalev Dmitry , Gregorkiewicz Tom , Michel Jürgen 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis special issue of physica status solidi features the papers presented at Symposium J of the 2010 Spring Meeting of the European Materials Research Society (E‐MRS) entitled Silicon based Nanophotonics, held in Strasbourg (France) on June 7–11, 2010. These Proceedings address several issues in silicon based nanophotonic materials and devices, from materials growth of nanosized structures to devices. The focus is on the use of silicon as a substrate material to utilize the infrastructure of the silicon microelectronics industry.Over the last few years there has been a strong emphasis to develop photonic devices based on silicon, driven by the prospect of integration into the inexpensive silicon electronics platform. More recently, apparent limitations in heat dissipation and the interconnect bottleneck in microprocessors has fueled the research into monolithically integrated photonic devices to alleviate these limitations. A large number of Si compatible devices have been developed; however, the size of these devices often limits their usefulness for integration into microprocessors. Therefore, these Proceedings focus on the properties of nano scale photonic devices, with the expectations that it will stimulate the development of novel devices and functionalities.This issues features 25 peer reviewed articles that were organized into 7 topics: (1) Nonlinear optical properties of Si nanocrystals; (2) Radiative and non‐radiative recombination in Si‐based materials; (3) Silicon nanowires and nanorods; (4) Er‐doped nanostructures; (5) Silicon‐germanium nanostructures; (6) Photonic structures: Microcavities, photonic crystals and waveguides; (7) Si nanostructures for light detection and sensing.We would like to thank all authors for their contributions and the reviewers for their prompt response and comments that have improved the quality of the Proceedings and were instrumental in finalizing the Proceedings in a timely manner.We would also like to thank the scientific advisory committee, Prof. Minoru Fujii, Prof. Yasuhiko Ishikawa, Prof. Wolfgang Jantsch, Prof. Jan Linnros, Dr. Michael Morse, Prof. Stefano Ossicini, Prof. Tony Peaker, Dr. Richard Rizk, Prof. Margit Zacharias, and Prof. Zhiping (James) Zhou for their significant contributions through all stages of the Symposium organization and Proceedings preparation (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Wide band gap and p‐type conductive Cu–Nb–O films
Authors: Yamazoe Seiji , Yanagimoto Shunsuke , Wada Takahiro 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCu–Nb–O films with a thickness of ca. 150 nm were prepared on borosilicate glass substrates using CuNbO3 ceramic target at substrate temperature of 500 °C by pulsed laser deposition. The X‐ray diffraction patterns showed that the Cu–Nb–O films were amorphous or an aggregation of fine crystals. The post‐annealed film at 300 °C in N2 gas showed 80% transmission in visible light (band gap = 2.6 eV) and high p‐type conductivity of 21 S cm–1. The Cu–Nb–O film with a thickness of 100 nm, fabricated from the target with a composition of Cu/Nb = 0.9, showed the highest p‐type conductivity of 116 S cm–1. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A note on dealing with missing standard errors in meta‐analyses of continuous outcome measures in WinBUGS
Authors: Stevens John W. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA meta‐analysis of a continuous outcome measure may involve missing standard errors. This is not a problem depending on assumptions made about the population standard deviation. Multiple imputation can be used to impute missing values while allowing for uncertainty in the imputation. Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation is a multiple imputation technique for generating posterior predictive distributions for missing data. We present an example of imputing missing variances using WinBUGS. The example highlights the importance of checking model assumptions, whether for missing or observed data. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From legitimacy to impact: Moving the field forward by asking how entrepreneurship informs life
Authors: Lumpkin G. T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractEntrepreneurship as a field of research has grown significantly since the publication of Lumpkin and Dess (1996), an article that addressed what it means to be entrepreneurial. The field has gained legitimacy in part through research that asks how phenomena such as market conditions, institutional environments, and strategic behaviors inform the entrepreneurship domain. New progress can be made by asking how phenomena unique to the domain of entrepreneurship help researchers understand decisions, actions, and environments outside of the domain. Ideas for using entrepreneurial knowledge to explain more general phenomena are presented. Copyright © 2011 Strategic Management Society.
Dose‐finding design driven by efficacy in onco‐hematology phase I/II trials
Authors: Seegers V. , Chevret S. , Resche‐Rigon M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe present an adaptive model‐based procedure for dose finding in phase I/II clinical trials when both efficacy and toxicity responses are available. In this setting, previous designs aimed at identifying the maximum tolerated dose as a surrogate for efficacy or the most successful dose, defined as the dose with the highest probability of efficacy without toxicity. Rather than using this definition of success, we propose considering all responses conditionally on the probability that dose‐limiting toxicity is under a pre‐specified threshold. The presented approach uses a joint model for the probability of an efficacy response and toxicity, and is evaluated through simulations. A retrospective application to a Phase I trial conducted in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of Self‐Assembled 2D Nanostructures by Methylation of Guanine
Authors: Bald Ilko , Wang Yao‐guang , Dong Mingdong , Rosen Christian B. , Ravnsbæk Jens B. , Zhuang Gui‐lin , Gothelf Kurt V. , Wang Jian‐guo , Besenbacher Flemming 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMethylation of DNA nucleobases is an important control mechanism in biology applied, for example, in the regulation of gene expression. The effect of methylation on the intermolecular interactions between guanine molecules is studied through an interplay between scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory with empirical dispersion correction (DFT‐D). The present STM and DFT‐D results show that methylation of guanine can have subtle effects on the hydrogen‐bond strength with a strong dependence on the position of methylation. It is demonstrated that the methylation of DNA nucleobases is a precise means to tune intermolecular interactions and consequently enables very specific recognition of DNA methylation by enzymes. This scheme is used to generate four different types of artificial 2D nanostructures from methylated guanine. For instance, a 2D guanine windmill motif that is stabilized by cooperative hydrogen bonding is revealed. It forms by self‐assembly on a graphite surface under ambient conditions at the liquid–solid interface when the hydrogen‐bonding donor at the N1 site of guanine is blocked by a methyl group.