bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ‘Neoliberal Turn’ and the New Social Policy in Latin America: How Neoliberal, How New?
Authors: Molyneux Maxine 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe term neoliberal is widely used as shorthand to describe the policy environment of the last three decades. Yet the experience of the Latin American region suggests that it is too broad a descriptor for what is in fact a sequenced, fragmented and politically indeterminate process. This article examines the evolution of social protection in the region, and argues for a more grounded, historical approach to neoliberalism, and for some analytic refinement to capture the different ‘moments’ in its policy evolution, its variant regional modalities, and its co‐existence with earlier policies and institutional forms. It suggests that totalizing conceptions of neoliberalism as imposing an inexorable market logic with predetermined social and political outcomes fail to capture the variant modalities, adaptations and indeed resistance to the global diffusion of the structural reforms. This article outlines the systems of social welfare prevailing in Latin America prior to the reforms, and then examines the principle elements of what has been termed the ‘New Social Policy’ in Latin America, engaging three issues: the periodization of neoliberalism; the role of the state; and the place of politics in the neoliberal reform agenda.
Women Beneficiaries or Women Bearing the Cost? A Gendered Analysis of the Red de Protección Social in Nicaragua
Authors: Bradshaw Sarah , Víquez Ana Quirós 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTConditional Cash Transfer programmes aim to alleviate short‐term poverty through cash transfers to poor households, and to reduce longer‐term poverty through making these transfers conditional on household investment in the health and education of children. These programmes have become increasingly popular with institutions such as the World Bank. However, the need for conditionalities has been questioned on a number of levels, including its necessity: it has been suggested that the cash transfer in itself may be sufficient to secure most of the programme's wider aims. The example of Nicaragua supports this contention, demonstrating that only a small incentive is needed to bring the desired changes in the uptake of education, since this is something prized by the poor themselves. In health, the Nicaraguan case suggests that demand‐side initiatives might not be as important as supply‐side changes that improve the affordability and accessibility of services. The Nicaragua case also highlights the long‐term limitations of applying such programmes in countries with high levels of poverty and low economic growth. A gendered analysis of the programme highlights the fact that women ‘beneficiaries’ bear the economic and social cost of the programme without apparent benefit to themselves or even necessarily to the household in the short or longer term.
JEFFREY STOUT ON DEMOCRACY AND ITS CONTEMPORARY CHRISTIAN CRITICS
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTJeffrey Stout addresses two of the main criticisms of liberal democracy by its contemporary neotraditionalist Christian critics: that liberal democracy is destructive of social tradition, and thereby of virtue in the citizenry, and that liberal democracy is inherently secular, committed to expunging religious voices from the public arena. I judge that Stout effectively answers these charges: liberal democracy has its own tradition, it cultivates the virtues relevant to that, and it is not inherently hostile to piety. What Stout does not do, I suggest, is take the next step of showing, positively, that Christianity can and should affirm the substance of liberal democratic society. This is due, in good measure, to the fact that Stout never tells us, except in off‐hand comments, what he takes the substance of liberal democracy to be. And this, in turn, is due to his way of employing pragmatism: he uses pragmatism to give an account of human society generally, not of liberal democratic society. I raise some questions about the general account that pragmatism gives of human society, and thus about the account that it would give of liberal democracy.
SELF‐ABANDONMENT AND SELF‐DENIAL  Quietism, Calvinism, and the Prospect of Hell
Authors: Munzer Stephen R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSelf‐abandonment and self‐denial are, respectively, Catholic and hyper‐Calvinist analogues of each other. Roughly, each requires the surrendering of a person to God's will and providence through faith, hope, and love. Should the self‐abandoning/self‐denying individual accept his or her own damnation if that be God's will? This article, which is virtually alone in discussing the Catholic and Reformed Protestant traditions together, answers “No.” The unqualified self‐abandonment present in quietism and the radical self‐denial of Samuel Hopkins are perverse and irrational responses to the prospect of hell because they run counter to the Christian's deepest need to spend eternity with God. However, a qualified self‐abandonment is intellectually defensible and offers a viable Christian piety.
WHY RIGHTS? WHY ME?
Authors: Crane Jonathan K. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThat Jews are concerned about human rights is distinct from why Jews should be concerned about rights in the first place. This project analyzes the reasons Jews in the twentieth century put forward to convince co‐religionists to take rights seriously. Focusing on the content of these arguments facilitates dividing the proffered rationales into three broad categories—the temporal, the innate, and the philosophical. Analysis of each category reveals subdivisions, reflecting the many ways Jews try to persuade each other to care about human rights. This taxonomy, unlike others, highlights the different ways in which Jews conceptualize the burning ethical questions of our day: ofhowandwhyto be Jewishandmodern. These rationales therefore are understood to function as moral reasons and, as such, can be assessed by their relative claims.
MARKETS AND MORALITY
Authors: Hill Peter J. , Lunn John 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFor most of human history, economic systems were personal in nature—people normally interacted with people they knew personally and knew well. Today's modern market economies are impersonal—people normally interact with people they do not know personally. The historical movement from personal to impersonal systems was necessary for societies to develop the specialization of labor needed for modern production technologies. That is, the high standards of living in the developed world are due to these impersonal systems. However, the ethical systems theologians apply to modern market systems were developed for personal societies and are often inappropriate for impersonal societies. In this article, we develop the differences between personal and impersonal systems, examine the writings of a number of theologians who are very critical of market economies, and attempt to show how a different ethical approach is needed.
ON A PARADOX OF CHRISTIAN LOVE
Authors: Liu Qingping 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe two love commands attributed to Jesus clearly show the basic feature of Christianity as a “religion of love.” However, it may be argued that there is conflict between these commands, so that the Christian idea of love confronts a deep paradox: on the one hand, it takes loving God as the ultimate foundation of loving one's neighbor and loving one's neighbor as the perfect manifestation of loving God. On the other hand, it gives supremacy to loving God over loving one's neighbor, with the result that, in cases of conflict, Christianity has to sacrifice loving one's neighbor to loving God and thus to negate the second great command by the first.
γ‐Hydroxybutyrate and the GABAergic footprint: a metabolomic approach to unpicking the actions of GHB
Authors: Nasrallah Fatima A. , Maher Anthony D. , Hanrahan Jane R. , Balcar Vladimir J. , Rae Caroline D. 
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)115, 58–67.AbstractGamma‐hydroxybutyrate is found both naturally in the brain and self‐administered as a drug of abuse. It has been reported to act at endogenous γ‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) receptors and GABA(B) receptors [GABA(B)R], and may also be metabolized to GABA. Here, the metabolic fingerprints of a range of concentrations of GHB were measured in brain cortical tissue slices and compared with those of ligands active at GHB and GABA‐R using principal components analysis (PCA) to identify sites of GHB activity. Low concentrations of GHB (1.0 μM) produced fingerprints similar to those of ligands active at GHB receptors and α4‐containing GABA(A)R. A total of 10 μM GHB clustered proximate to mainstream GABAergic synapse ligands, such as 1.0 μM baclofen, a GABA(B)R agonist. Higher concentrations of GHB (30 μM) clustered with GABA(C)R agonists and the metabolic responses induced by blockade of the GABA transporter‐1 (GAT1). The metabolic responses induced by 60 and 100 μM GHB were mimicked by simultaneous blockade of GAT1 and GAT3, addition of low concentrations of GABA(C)R antagonists, or increasing cytoplasmic GABA concentrations by incubation with the GABA transaminase inhibitor vigabatrin. These data suggest that at concentrations > 30 μM, GHB may be active via metabolism to GABA, which is then acting upon an unidentified GABAergic master switch receptor (possibly a high‐affinity extrasynaptic receptor), or GHB may itself be acting directly on an extrasynaptic GABA‐R, capable of turning off large numbers of cells. These results offer an explanation for the steep dose–response curve of GHB seenin vivo, and suggest potential target receptors for further investigation.
Relationship of adiponectin and resistin levels in umbilical serum, maternal serum and placenta with neonatal birth weight
Authors: WANG Jing , SHANG Li‐Xin , DONG Xing , WANG Xin , WU Nan , WANG Shu‐He , ZHANG Fang , XU Li‐Ming , XIAO Ying 
Published: August 2010

Objective:  Adiponectin and resistin have been postulated to play a role in the regulation of energy metabolism during pregnancy. However, relationship of adiponectin and resistin levels in umbilical serum, maternal serum and placenta with neonatal birth weight remains to be poorly understood. The purpose of the study was to clarify the correlations between adiponectin and resistin levels and neonatal birth weight.Methods:  Enzyme immunoassay was used to measure the adiponectin and resistin levels in maternal and umbilical serum from 40 normal pregnant women (control group), 30 women with macrosomia (macrosomia group) and 30 women with fetal growth restriction (FGR group). Immunohistochemistry was used to measure adiponectin and resistin levels in placenta.Results:  Serum adiponectin and resistin levels were significantly increased in control women compared with that in macrosomia mothers, but significantly decreased compared with that in FGR mothers. The levels of adiponectin and resistin in control babies were significantly higher than that in macrosomic babies, whereas significantly lower than that in FGR babies. The placental expressions of adiponectin and resistin in macrosomia, control and FGR group were gradually elevated, and there was a significant difference between them. Umbilical serum adiponectin levels and placental adiponectin expression were inversely correlated with birth weight. Umbilical serum levels and placental expression of resistin had positive correlation with maternal serum resistin and negative correlation with birth weight. In addition, maternal serum resistin levels were inversely correlated with birth weight.Conclusion:  It is suggested that adiponectin and resistin play an important role in controlling body weight and may be related to the occurrence of fetal macrosomia and FGR.
Identification of Target Genes of Oncogenic Transcription Factors
Authors: Boyd Kathryn E. , Farnham Peggy J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract.Disregulation of many transcription factors is associated with the development of human neoplasia. Transcription factors regulate cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis by binding to specific DNA sequences within the promoter regions of growth‐regulatory genes and modulating expression of these genes. This simple model is complicated by the fact that mammalian transcription factors are often members of large protein families that bind to similar DNA sequences. This raises the question as to whether members of a particular family regulate expression of overlapping or unique sets of genes. This review is focused on addressing this question using the Ets, Myc, and E2F transcription factor families as examples. Deregulated activity of some, but not all, members of these families is observed in cancer. Here, we summarize the data illustrating the concept that binding of individual members of these families of factors can result in promoter‐specific responses and review the studies that have provided some insight into how target gene specificity is achieved. Since, for all of these oncogenic transcription factors, it remains unclear exactly which target genes are important in neoplasia, we have also reviewed the many approaches researchers are using to identify target genes of the various Ets, Myc, and E2F family members.
Vascular Dilatatory Responses to Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP) and α‐Adrenergic Antagonism in Female and Male Normal and Diabetic Rats
Authors: Martínez‐Nieves Brenda , Dunbar Joseph C. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract.Diabetes is associated with impaired vascular dilatatory responses that appear to be influenced by sex as well as diabetic state. Therefore, we hypothesized that vascular and sympathetic control function exhibit a greater deterioration following the induction of diabetes in female than in male rats. We conducted a comparative determination of the effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a nitrous oxide donor) and that of an α1‐adrenergic antagonist, prazosin, on selective vascular flows, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR), in female and male normal and diabetic rats. Rats were made diabetic using streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, iv) and maintained for 5–6 weeks. Following anesthesia with urethane/α‐chloralose, the femoral artery and vein were cannulated for recording and sampling. Flow probes were placed on the iliac, renal, and superior mesenteric arteries. SNP (1, 5, 10, and 20 μg/kg) infusions resulted in a dose‐dependent decrease in MAP in normal and diabetic rats. The decrease in MAP in normal males was 37% less at the 20 μg/kg concentration of SNP when compared to normal females. The HR was not significantly changed in response to the hypotensive effect of SNP; however, reflex tachycardia was more prominent in diabetic males. The vascular conductance (flow/MAP) was increased by SNP in normal and diabetic rats in a dose‐dependent fashion; however, the responsiveness was decreased in the iliac and superior mesenteric and increased in the renal arteries in diabetics when compared to normals. Diabetic males were 42% and 28% less responsive to SNP in the iliac and superior mesenteric arteries, respectively. On the other hand, diabetic females were 1.5‐fold more responsive in the renal artery when compared to normals. Prazosin (4 mg/kg) decreased the MAP in normal and diabetic rats to a comparable degree. Prazosin increased the vascular conductance in all three vascular beds in normal and diabetic rats with the greater increase occurring in the iliac (118%) and superior mesenteric (110%) arteries. We concluded that diabetes is associated with an increased response to NO in the renal vessels and a decreased response in the iliac and superior mesenteric vessels in both females and males. α‐Adrenergic tone was greatest in diabetic female and male rats. This study suggests that decreased vascular flow in diabetes is a result of a combination of decreased sensitivity to NO and increased adrenergic tone.
Restoration and Rehabilitation of Degraded Ecosystems in Arid and Semi‐Arid Lands. II. Case Studies in Southern Tunisia, Central Chile and Northern Cameroon
Authors: Aronson J. , Floret C. , Le Floc'h E. , Ovalle C. , Pontanier R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA model of ecosystem degradation and three possible responses to it—restoration, rehabilitation, and real‐location—is applied to ongoing projects in the arid mediterranean region of southern Tunisia, the subhumid mediterranean region of central Chile, and the semiarid tropical savannas of northern Cameroon. We compare both nonhuman and human determinants of ecosystem degradation processes in these contrasted regions, as well as interventions being tested in each. A number of quantifiable “vital ecosystem attributes” are used to evaluate the effects of ecosystem degradation and the experimental responses of rehabilitation on vegetation, soils and plant‐soil‐water relations. We argue that attempts to rehabilitate former ecosystem structure and functioning, both above‐ and below ground, are the best way to conserve biodiversity and insure sustainable long‐term productivity in ecosystems subjected to continuous use by people in arid and semi‐arid lands of “the South.” The success of such efforts, however, depends not only on elucidating the predisturbance (or slightly disturbed) structure and function of the consciously selected “ecosystem of reference,” but also on understanding and working with the socioeconomic, technical, cultural, and historical factors that caused the degradation in the first place.
Two‐Stage System for Prioritizing Riparian Restoration at the Stream Reach and Community Scales
Authors: Harris Richard , Olson Craig 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper describes a two‐stage system for prioritizing stream reaches and riparian communities along a given river for protection or restoration. The system uses associations between geomorphology and riparian vegetation at stream reach and community scales as a basis for defining reference conditions. First‐stage reach classification involves collecting and analyzing data from topographic maps and aerial photographs. These data, along with judgment‐based criteria for ranking reaches relative to reference conditions, are used to classify stream reaches as suitable for protection, recommended for mitigation or restoration within existing site‐specific regulatory procedures, or requiring further analysis to evaluate community‐scale restoration needs. Second‐stage field sampling is conducted on the reaches needing further analysis to determine the riparian communities present, the associations between communities and floodplain landforms, and reference community conditions. This stage requires collection of fields data on geomorphic conditions, plant species composition, and plant community structure. Cluster analysis or a comparable technique is used to classify plant communities associated with floodplain landforms and identify reference conditions for each landform. Community structure and species compositiotion are compared to reference conditions to define restoration possibilities at the community scale. The combined results from stream reach and community scale analysis provide a strategy for protecting and restoring riparian resources for a whole river. Implementation requires further site‐specific information on hydrology, geomorphology, and other factors.
Vulnerability of Riparian Vegetation to Catastrophic Flooding: Implications for Riparian Restoration
Authors: Hawkins Charles P. , Bartz Kate L. , Neale Christopher M. U. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this study, we examined the site‐specific effects of a large episodic flood on the riparian vegetation within the floodplain of the San Luis Rey River in southern California. Using multispectral airborne videography, we quantified percent cover of riparian vegetation, cultivated agricultural land, urban surfaces, upland vegetation, bare soil, and water within 22 sections of flood‐plain, both before and after a large flood (January 13, 1993). We also quantified the amount of these cover types within bands of the watershed 1 km wide × 5 km long directly upstream of each floodplain site. The amount of riparian vegetation destroyed by the flood within each section varied from nearly zero to almost 40% of pre‐flood coverage. The magnitude of loss in riparian vegetation was most strongly related to the amount of riparian vegetation initially present in the floodplain and the amount of urban surfaces in the nearby watershed. These results suggest that riparian vegetation within the San Luis Rey River floodplain is generally at high risk of destruction from large floods, and that this risk is exaggerated in areas with high urban development. We infer from these results that sites near existing large areas of intact riparian vegetation and away from urban development will have the highest potential for successful long‐term restoration.
Identifying Sites for Riparian Wetland Restoration: Application of a Model to the Upper Arkansas River Basin
Authors: O'Neill Michael P. , Schmidt John C. , Dobrowolski James P. , Hawkins Charles P. , Neale Christopher M. U. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe present a conceptual model for identifying restoration sites for riparian wetlands and discuss its application to reaches within the Upper Arkansas River basin in Colorado. The model utilizes a Geographic Information System (GIS) to analyze a variety of spatial data useful in characterizing geomorphology, hydrology, and vegetation of riparian wetland sites. The model focuses on three basic properties of riparian wetland sites: relative soil moisture, disturbance regime, and vegetative characteristics. A relative wetness index is used to define nominal soil moisture classes within the watershed. These classes generally coincide with uplands (low), channel margins (moderate), and channels or open water (high). Vegetative conditions are characterized using color infrared aerial photographs. Land cover types are grouped into five major land cover classes: riparian, moist herbaceous, bare ground, upland, and open water. Disturbance regime is characterized by a reach‐based index of specific power (ω). Preliminary results indicate that reaches within the Upper Arkansas River basin can be classified as high energy (ω≥ 8 W/m2) or low energy (ω≤ 3W/m2), using discharge estimates that reflect the 10‐year flood event. Field surveys of channel and floodplain conditions show that high‐energy reaches (ω≥ 8 W/m2) are characterized by sites where the channel occupies a large proportion of the valley bottom. By contrast, low‐energy reaches (ω≤ 3 W/m2) are characterized by meandering channels with wide alluvial valleys. Restoration potential is evaluated as a combination of nominal scores from wetness, land cover, and disturbance indices. Application of these methods to field sites within the Upper Arkansas River basin identifies a wide range of riparian wetland sites for preservation or restoration. Potential sites within identified reaches are prioritized using size and proximity criteria.
STEEL CASTING DESIGN FOR THE ENGINEER AND FOUNDRYMAN
Authors: Briggs C. W. , Gezelius R. A. , Donaldson A. R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT.Steel casting design has been considered from two viewpoints, namely, that of the designing engineer and that of the foundryman. A code or the nucleus of a set of rules is presented for the engineers' guidance and experimental results on padding, external and internal chills, and controlled directional solidification are reported as of possible interest to foundrymen.