bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aspects of the structure and functional anatomy of the Middle Triassic cynodont Luangwa
Authors: Kemp T. S. 
Published: August 2009

The study concerns an incomplete skull and postcranial skeleton of the traversodontid cynodont Luangwa drysdalli Brink, from the Middle Triassic Ntawere Formation of Zambia. The incisor teeth had cutting edges maintained by tooth abrasion, and the post‐canines functioned more by a puncture‐crushing mechanism than by shearing. The jaw muscles, in conjunction with the teeth, were arranged to avoid stresses at the jaw articulation.Both the region of the orbit, and the braincase show certain tendencies towards mammalian structure.The forelimb operated in a primitive, sprawling fashion. The equivalent of the therian supraspinatus muscle had evolved, but not the infraspinatus. The hindlimb was more or less erect, and the hip musculature was very close to mammalian. Expanded costal plates were still present on the posterior thoracic and lumbar ribs, and functioned to maintain the vertebral column virtually rigid.
Brain size and ecology in small mammals
Authors: Mace Georgina M. , Harvey Paul H. , Clutton‐Brock T. H. 
Published: August 2009

Relative brain size (measured as gross brain size after body size effects are removed) differs systematically between families of rodents, insectivores and lagomorphs. The Sciuridae have the largest relative brain size, the Soricidae and Bathyergidae the smallest.These results are discussed and compared with previous analyses of relative brain sizes among primates and bats. These differences complicate comparisons between relative brain size across phylogenetically diverse species and attempts to relate differences in relative brain size to ecological variables. To overcome these problems, best fit relationships were estimated for each family, and values for each genus were expressed as deviations from the lines of best fit. We refer to these values as Comparative Brain Size (CBS).Differences in CBS are related to differences in habitat type (forest‐dwelling genera have larger CBS' than grassland forms), in diet (folivores have smaller CBS' than generalists or insectivores, frugivores and granivores), in zonation (arboreal genera have larger CBS' than terrestrial ones) and in activity timing (nocturnal genera have larger CBS' than dirurnal ones). However, these ecological categories are interrelated and, when the effects of other ecological differences are taken into account using analyses of variance, only the differences associated with diet, and possibly habitat remain.
Rice‐field rats of Lower sind: abundance, reproduction and diet
Authors: Fulk George W. , Lathiya Shaher Bano , Khokhar Abdul Rauf 
Published: August 2009

Data on the abundance, reproduction and diet of rice field rats were collected during three rice seasons. At rice harvest, Bandicota bengalensis nearly doubled its litter size and tripled its pregancy rate and greatly increased in abundance. Millardia meltada remained abundant and maintained a relatively high pregnacy rate over all stages of crop development. These differences corresponded to differences in diet. Before the onset of grain ripening, the diet of Millardia contained more high‐energy food (weed seeds, insects and scattered grain) while the diet of Millardia contained more high‐energy food (weed seeds, insects and scattered grain) while the diet of Bandicota contained primarily low‐energy food (rice stems and unidentified plant fibres); although both species ate principally rice at harvest. During most months, Nesokia indica was seldom caught above ground and ate mostly unidentified plant fibres. However, when grain ripened, Nesokia was caught on the surface and stomachs contained principally rice grain. Nesokia showed a lower pregnancy rate and smaller litter size, but apparently greater adult survival. They bred more often in the cooler months, during and after harvest.Some information on other topics is also presented, such as: sexual activity in males; substrate preference; relative adult longevity; the effect of excessive flooding of rice paddies; and the importance of underground rice caches, rice field weeds and swamp land to overwintering Bandicota. Estimates of the relative damage to the crop caused by each species at different stages of crop development were made by using data on rodent diet and abundanc
Genetical variation in three Pacific House mouse (Mus musculus) populations
Authors: Berry R. J. , Sage R. D. , Lidicker W. Z. , Jackson W. B. 
Published: August 2009

Studies of allozymic variation at 36 loci in samples of House mouse (Mus musculus) populations collected from the island of Hawaii and two islets in the Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands are reported. All three populations carried a great deal of inherited variation: the Hawaiian sample had a mean heterozygosity of 16.6% per locus, which is the highest value so far found for a mouse population. The mean heterozygosities for the two atoll populations were 11.4% and 10.9%.There were no changes in either heterozygosity or allozyme frequencies with age. In this respect, these populations from the tropical Pacific differed from populations living in cold temperate regions where natural selection has been shown to affect allele frequencies in different ways at different stages of the life cycle.
Baseline cognition, behavior, and motor skills in children with new‐onset, idiopathic epilepsy
Authors: BHISE VIKRAM V , BURACK GAIL D , MANDELBAUM DAVID E 
Published: August 2009

Aim  Epilepsy is associated with difficulties in cognition and behavior in children. These problems have been attributed to genetics, ongoing seizures, psychosocial issues, underlying abnormality of the brain, and/or antiepileptic drugs. In a previous study, we found baseline cognitive differences between children with partial versus generalized and convulsive versus non‐convulsive seizures. Measures in that study focused primarily on IQ scores. In the present study, we assessed baseline function with respect to new learning, attention, and memory, thus providing a more comprehensive profile than our previous study.Method  We examined 57 children (42 females, 15 males), aged 6 to 17 years (mean 10y 1mo, SD 2y 9mo), with new‐onset, idiopathic epilepsy, using tests of cognitive function reflective of new learning, memory, and attention. Seizures were classified as generalized convulsive (n=5), generalized non‐convulsive (n=18), or focal (n=34). Focal seizures were divided into unilateral versus bilateral independent foci, and presence versus absence of secondary generalization.Results  Attention was a particular area of weakness across all groups. The Vocabulary score of an intelligence screen was higher for the focal seizure groups (p=0.012), primarily because of a difference between the unilateral focal and the primary generalized groups (p<0.047). Children with generalized, non‐convulsive seizures performed significantly worse than the focal group on a measure of short‐term auditory memory (p=0.019). All groups performed poorly on a test of visual–motor speed.Interpretation  These findings suggest intrinsic abnormalities in children with new‐onset, idiopathic epilepsy at baseline.
Women's rights in Peru: insights from two organizations
Authors: MUJICA ROSA ALAYZA , MEZA MERCEDES CRISÓSTOMO 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this article we explore the appropriation of ideas about women's rights in Lima, Peru through an ethnographic study of two non‐governmental organizations. SEA is a local NGO grounded in the Catholic Church's liberation theology movement, which seeks to promote integrated human development, and is linked to the worldwide Catholic Church. DEMUS, the second NGO, with feminist roots, actively fights gender discrimination and belongs to networks of international women's human rights movements and UN organizations. We argue that the struggle for women's rights is part of a broader struggle for recognition and equality for the poor, shaped by changing notions of national identity, citizenship and diversity. Our research revealed clear examples of vernacularization, whereby local context, values and culture played a decisive role in the adoption of women rights ideas. Encounters with other concepts and movements, including social justice, family violence and women's mobilization, intimately shaped the vernacularization of women's rights. Ultimately, the adoption of rights ideas involved changes in women's individual and collective empowerment.
Constraining carbon sources and growth rates of freshwater microbialites in Pavilion Lake using 14C analysis
Authors: BRADY A. L. , SLATER G. , LAVAL B. , LIM D. S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis study determined the natural abundance isotopic compositions (13C, 14C) of the primary carbon pools and microbial communities associated with modern freshwater microbialites located in Pavilion Lake, British Columbia, Canada. The Δ14C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was constant throughout the water column and consistent with a primarily atmospheric source. Observed depletions in DIC 14C values compared with atmospheric CO2 indicated effects due either to DIC residence time and/or inputs of 14C‐depleted groundwater. Mass balance comparisons of local and regional groundwater indicate that groundwater DIC could contribute a maximum of 9–13% of the DIC. 14C analysis of microbial phospholipid fatty acids from microbialite communities had Δ14C values comparable with lake water DIC, demonstrating that lake water DIC was their primary carbon source. Microbialite carbonate was also primarily derived from DIC. However, some depletion in microbialite carbonate 14C relative to lake water DIC occurred, due either to residence time or mixing with a 14C‐depleted carbon source. A detrital branch covered with microbialite growth was used to estimate a microbialite growth rate of 0.05 mm year−1 for the past 1000 years, faster than previous estimates for this system. These results demonstrate that the microbialites are actively growing and that the primary carbon source for both microbial communities and recent carbonate is DIC originating from the atmosphere. While these data cannot conclusively differentiate between abiotic and biotic formation mechanisms, the evidence for minor inputs of groundwater‐derived DIC is consistent with the previously hypothesized biological origin of the Pavilion Lake microbialites.
Pharmacogenetic of response efficacy to antipsychotics in schizophrenia: pharmacodynamic aspects. Review and implications for clinical research
Authors: Blanc Olivier , Brousse Georges , Meary Alexandre , Leboyer Marion , Llorca Pierre‐Michel 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPharmacogenetics constitutes a new and growing therapeutic approach in the identification of the predictive factors of the response to antipsychotic treatment. This review aims to summarize recent finding into pharmacodynamic approach of pharmacogenetics of antipsychotics and particularly second generation. Studies were identified in the MEDLINE database from 1993 to July 2008 by combining the following Medical Subject Heading search terms: genetic, polymorphism, single nucleotide polymorphism, pharmacogenetics, antipsychotics, and response to treatment as well as individual antipsychotics names. Only pharmacodynamics studies were analyzed and we focused on efficacy studies. We also reviewed the references of ll identified articles. Most studies follow a polymorphism‐by‐polymorphism approach, and concern polymorphisms of genes coding for dopamine and serotonin receptors. Haplotypic approach has been considered in some studies. Few have studied the combinations of polymorphisms of several genes as a predictive factor of the response to antipsychotics. We present this gene‐by‐gene approach while detailing the features of the polymorphisms being studied (functionality, linkage disequilibrium) and the features of the studies (studied treatment(s), prospective/retrospective study, pharmacological dosage). We discuss the heterogeneity of the results and their potential clinical implications and extract methodological suggestions for the future concerning phenotype characterization, genotypes variants studied and methodological and statistical approach.
Undertreatment of Motor Problems in Children with ADHD
Authors: Fliers Ellen A. , Franke Barbara , Lambregts‐Rommelse Nanda N.J. , Altink Marieke E. , Buschgens Cathelijne J.M. , Nijhuis‐van der Sanden Maria W.G. , Sergeant Joseph A. , Faraone Stephen V. , Buitelaar Jan K. 
Published: August 2009

Background:  Motor problems occur in 30% to 50% of children with ADHD, and have a severe impact on daily life. In clinical practice there seems to be little attention for this comorbidity with the possible consequence that these motor problems go undertreated.Method:  Clinical interview and questionnaire survey of treatment by physiotherapy and factors predicting treatment of motor problems in 235 children with ADHD and 108 controls.Results:  Half of motor‐affected children had received physiotherapy. Treated children had more severe motor problems, and less frequently presented with comorbid anxiety and conduct disorder. Treated and untreated children were similar in age, and rated similarly on ADHD inattentive and hyperactive‐impulsive scales and parental socio‐economic status.Conclusion:  Currently, undertreatment of motor problems in ADHD occurs. Behavioural factors play a role in referral and intervention.
Induced translocation of glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored proteins from lipid droplets to adiposomes in rat adipocytes
Authors: Müller G , Jung C , Wied S , Biemer‐Daub G 
Published: August 2009

Background and purpose:  Adipocytes release membrane vesicles called adiposomes, which harbor the glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored proteins (GPI proteins), Gce1 and CD73, after induction with palmitate, H2O2 and the sulphonylurea drug glimepiride. The role of lipid droplets (LD) in trafficking of GPI proteins from detergent‐insoluble, glycolipid‐enriched, plasma membrane microdomains (DIGs) to adiposomes in rat adipocytes was studied.Experimental approach:  Redistribution of Gce1 and CD73 was followed by pulse‐chase and long‐term labelling, western blot analysis and activity determinations with subcellular fractions and cell‐free systems exposed to palmitate, H2O2 and glimepiride.Key results:  In response to these signals, Gce1 and CD73 disappeared from DIGs, then transiently appeared in LD and finally were released into adiposomes from small, and, more efficiently, large adipocytes. From DIGs to LD, Gce1 and CD73 were accompanied by cholesterol. Cholesterol depletion from DIGs or LD caused accumulation at DIGs or accelerated loss from LD and release into adiposomes, respectively, of the GPI proteins. Blockade of translocation of Gce1, CD73, caveolin‐1 and perilipin‐A from DIGs to LD blocked LD biogenesis and long term‐accumulation of LD interfered with induced release of the GPI proteins into adiposomes. GPI protein release was up‐regulated upon long term‐depletion of LD. Adiposomes were released by a DIGs‐based cell‐free system, but only in presence of LD.Conclusions:  GPI proteins are translocated from DIGs to LD prior to their release into adiposomes, which is regulated by cholesterol, LD content and LD biogenesis. This detour may serve to transfer information about the LD content and to control lipolysis/esterification between large and small adipocytes via GPI protein‐harbouring adiposomes.
Catecholamine synthesis and metabolism in the central nervous system of mice lacking α2‐adrenoceptor subtypes
Authors: Vieira‐Coelho MA , Serrão MP , Afonso J , Pinto CE , Moura E 
Published: August 2009

Background and purpose: This study investigates the role of α2‐adrenoceptor subtypes, α2A, α2Band α2C, on catecholamine synthesis and catabolism in the central nervous system of mice.Experimental approach: Activities of the main catecholamine synthetic and catabolic enzymes were determined in whole brains obtained from α2A‐, α2B‐ and α2C‐adrenoceptor knockout (KO) and C56Bl\7 wild‐type (WT) mice.Key results: Although no significant differences were found in tyrosine hydroxylase activity and expression, brain tissue levels of 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine were threefold higher in α2A‐ and α2C‐adrenoceptor KO mice. Brain tissue levels of dopamine and noradrenaline were significantly higher in α2Aand α2CKOs compared with WT [WT: 2.8 ± 0.5, 1.1 ± 0.1; α2AKO: 6.9 ± 0.7, 1.9 ± 0.1; α2BKO: 2.3 ± 0.2, 1.0 ± 0.1; α2CKO: 4.6 ± 0.8, 1.5 ± 0.2 nmol·(g tissue)−1, for dopamine and noradrenaline respectively]. Aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase activity was significantly higher in α2Aand α2CKO [WT: 40 ± 1; α2A: 77 ± 2; α2B: 40 ± 1; α2C: 50 ± 1, maximum velocity (Vmax) in nmol·(mg protein)−1·h−1], but no significant differences were found in dopamine β‐hydroxylase. Of the catabolic enzymes, catechol‐O‐methyltransferase enzyme activity was significantly higher in all three α2KO mice [WT: 2.0 ± 0.0; α2A: 2.4 ± 0.1; α2B: 2.2 ± 0.0; α2C: 2.2 ± 0.0 nmol·(mg protein)−1·h−1], but no significant differences were found in monoamine oxidase activity between all α2KOs and WT mice.Conclusions and implications: In mouse brain, deletion of α2A‐ or α2C‐adrenoceptors increased cerebral aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase activity and catecholamine tissue levels. Deletion of any α2‐adrenoceptor subtypes resulted in increased activity of catechol‐O‐methyltransferase. Higher 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine tissue levels in α2Aand α2CKO mice could be explained by increased 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine transport.
PROGRESS IN UREMIC TOXIN RESEARCH: The Role of EUTox in Uremic Toxin Research
Authors: Vanholder Raymond , Abou‐Deif Omar , Argiles Angel , Baurmeister Ulrich , Beige Joachim , Brouckaert Peter , Brunet Philippe , Cohen Gerald , De Deyn Peter Paul , Drüeke Tilman B. , Fliser Danilo , Glorieux Griet , Herget‐Rosenthal Stefan , Hörl Walter H , Jankowski Joachim , Jörres Achim , Massy Ziad A. , Mischak Harald , Perna Alessandra F. , Rodriguez‐Portillo Juan Mariano , Spasovski Goce , Stegmayr Bernd G. , Stenvinkel Peter , Thornalley Paul J. , Wanner Christoph , Wiecek Andrzej 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this publication, we review the activities of the European Uremic Toxin Work Group (EUTox) in the field of uremic toxin research. Founded in 1999 under the umbrella of the European Society of Artificial Organs (ESAO), and active since 2000, this group focuses essentially on questions related to solute retention and removal during chronic kidney disease, and on the deleterious impact of those solutes on biological/biochemical systems. As of January 1, 2009, the group had met 28 times; it organized the third meeting, “Uremic Toxins in Cardiovascular Disease,” which took place in October 2008 in Amiens, France. The current group is composed of 25 members belonging to 23 European research institutions. As of November 1, 2008, in total 69 papers had been published to which at least two different research groups belonging to EUTox have contributed in a collaborative effort. Of these, 40 papers were on original research and eight were specific EUTox reviews or position statements. A website (http://www.eutox.info) summarizes all relevant information concerning the work group. EUTox also developed an interactive uremic toxin database, where concentrations of known toxins are displayed, to be used by researchers in the field. In the future, EUTox intends to continue its focus on bench to bedside research with specific consideration of proteomics, metabonomics, secretomics, and genomics.
PROGRESS IN UREMIC TOXIN RESEARCH: The General Picture of Uremia
Authors: Almeras Cyrielle , Argilés Àngel 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe clinical presentation and manifestations of uremia that constitute the uremic syndrome are presented. The first descriptions of patients with advanced or “terminal” renal failure who were treated with hemodialysis are evoked to illustrate the wide range of signs and symptoms that are associated even to a moderate decrease in renal function, presently referred to as chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3–4. The kidney is a central organ guaranteeing the maintenance of the “milieu intérieur,” where all the cells of the body are generated, develop, proliferate, and die. Chronic kidney disease, by altering the “milieu intérieur,” may alter the metabolism of every type of cell or organ, leading to a wide scope of symptoms. The most frequently observed signs in daily clinical practice are summarized and put into the perspective of the renal physician. Disturbances of ion and water metabolism, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, anemia, mineral and bone disorders, endocrine, inmmunologic and neurologic syndromes are described. The addition of these clinical manifestations defines and describes each uremic patient as a specific individual. The pathophysiologic mechanisms by which each of these signs and symptoms appears and the particular compounds responsible for their occurrence, are described in depth in subsequent chapters of this issue.
PROGRESS IN UREMIC TOXIN RESEARCH: Hyperhomocysteinemia in Uremia—A Red Flag in a Disrupted Circuit
Authors: Perna Alessandra F. , Ingrosso Diego , Violetti Eleonora , Luciano Maria Grazia , Sepe Immacolata , Lanza Diana , Capasso Rosanna , Ascione Elisabetta , Raiola Ilaria , Lombardi Cinzia , Stenvinkel Peter , Massy Ziad , De Santo Natale G. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractHyperhomocysteinemia is an independent cardiovascular risk factor, according to most observational studies and to studies using the Mendelian randomization approach, utilizing the common polymorphism C677T of methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase. In contrast, the most recent secondary preventive intervention studies, in the general population and in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and uremia, which are all negative (with the possible notable exception of stroke), point to other directions. However, all trials use folic acid in various dosages as a means to reduce homocysteine levels, with the addition of vitamins B6 and B12. It is possible that folic acid has negative effects, which offset the benefits; alternatively, homocysteine could be an innocent by‐stander, or a surrogate of the real culprit. The latter possibility leads us to the search for potential candidates. First, the accumulation of homocysteine in blood leads to an intracellular increase of S‐adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy), a powerful competitive methyltransferase inhibitor, which by itself is considered a predictor of cardiovascular events. DNA methyltransferases are among the principal targets of hyperhomocysteinemia, as studies in several cell culture and animal models, as well as in humans, show. In CKD and in uremia, hyperhomocysteinemia and high intracellular AdoHcy are present and are associated with abnormal allelic expression of genes regulated through methylation, such as imprinted genes, and pseudoautosomal genes, thus pointing to epigenetic dysregulation. These alterations are susceptible to reversal upon homocysteine‐lowering therapy obtained through folate administration. Second, it has to be kept in mind that homocysteine is mainly protein‐bound, and its effects could be linked therefore to protein homocysteinylation. In this respect, increased protein homocysteinylation has been found in uremia, leading to alterations in protein function.