bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revision, phylogeny and historical biogeography of the genus Apodrosus Marshall, 1922 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae)
Authors: Girón Jennifer C. , Franz Nico M. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The Caribbean weevil genus Apodrosus Marshall, 1922 is revised, including a
redescription of A. argentatus Wolcott, 1924 and A. wolcotti Marshall, 1922
and description of 11 new species: A. adustus, sp.n. (Bahamas), A.
andersoni, sp.n. (Dominican Republic), A. artus, sp.n. (Dominican Republic),
A. earinusparsus, sp.n. (Dominican Republic), A. empherefasciatus, sp.n.
(Bahamas), A. epipolevatus, sp.n. (Puerto Rico), A. eximius, sp.n.
(Dominican Republic), A. mammuthus, sp.n. (Mona Island, Turks and Caicos
Islands), A. quisqueyanus, sp.n. (Dominican Republic), A. stenoculus, sp.n.
(Dominican Republic) and A. viridium, sp.n. (Dominican Republic). A key to
the species and illustrations of external and internal structures are
provided. Apodrosus is characterized as a monophyletic group by two
unreversed synapomorphies – i.e., the presence of a median fovea on the apex
of abdominal sternum VII and a J- or Y-shaped spermatheca – and is
furthermore differentiated from related taxa by a unique combination of
diagnostic features including the presence of premucro, a complete tegminal
plate in males, the absence of longitudinal sclerites in the genital chamber
of females, and an apical projection on the spermathecal cornu. A
phylogenetic reconstruction of 20 taxa (7 outgroup, 13 ingroup) and 25
morphological characters yielded a single most parsimonious cladogram (L=61
steps, CI=42, RI=74) with the ingroup topology (A. artus, (A. andersoni, (A.
earinusparsus, (A. epipolevatus, A. wolcotti)))), (A. eximius, ((A.
argentatus, A. mammuthus), (A. viridium, (A. stenoculus, (A. quisqueyanus,
(A. adustus, A. empherefasciatus)))))). The phylogeny indicates that
Anypotactus bicaudatus Champion (Anypotactini Champion) is the sister group
to Apodrosus, thereby calling into question the traditional tribal placement
of this genus in the Polydrusini. The host plant associations of most
species remain uncertain. A reconstruction of the historical biogeography of
Apodrosus suggests that post-GAARlandia (Greater Antillean+Aves Ridges land
span) vicariance was an important factor in the diversification of the
higher-elevation inhabiting A. artus-A. wolcotti clade. Conversely, the
species richness of the lower-elevation inhabiting A. eximius-A.
empherefasciatus clade is most plausibly explained through a series of
independent and likely more recent colonization events from the ancestral
source area of southwestern Hispaniola to several smaller western Caribbean
islands, or – in the case of Hispaniola – within-island areas of
endemism.
A Criterion Setting Theory of Discrimination Learning that Accounts for Anisotropies and Context Effects
Authors: Lages Martin , Treisman Michel 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe can discriminate departures from the vertical or horizontal more accurately than from other orientations. This may reflect perceptual learning, but the mechanisms behind such learning are not well understood. Here we derive a theory of discrimination learning based on criterion setting theory (CST; Treisman and Williams, 1984), an extension of signal detection theory in which judgment of the current stimulus is partly determined by previous discriminations and context. The CST-based theory of discrimination learning (CST-DL) describes mechanisms which use information from previous acts of discrimination to improve current decision making. CST-DL distinguishes between types of decision criteria and provides an account of anisotropies and context effects affecting discrimination. Predictions from this model are tested in experiments on anisotropies in orientation and depth perception. The results obtained support CST-DL. They also support the conclusion that the account of the retention of sensory information in delayed discrimination provided by CST is superior to the traditional belief that information retention relies on a fixed memory trace or representation of the stimulus.
Space Constancy vs Shape Constancy
Authors: Jaekl Philip , Harris Laurence 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe perceived distance between objects has been found to decrease over time in memory, demonstrating a partial failure of space constancy. Such mislocalization has been attributed to a generalized compression effect in memory. We confirmed this drift with a pair of remembered dot positions but did not find a compression of perceived distance when the space between the dots was filled with a connecting line. When the dot pairs were viewed eccentrically the compression in memory was substantially less. These results are in line with a combination of factors previously demonstrated to cause distortion in spatial memory — foveal bias and memory averaging — rather than a general compression of remembered visual space. Our findings indicate that object shape does not appear to be vulnerable to failures of space constancy observed with remembered positions.
Simulation of Asymmetric ENSO Transition in WCRP CMIP3 Multimodel Experiments
Authors: Ohba Masamichi , Nohara Daisuke , Ueda Hiroaki 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBased on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) multimodel dataset, the relationships between the climatological states and transition processes of simulated ENSO are investigated. The air–sea coupled system of the observed ENSO can remain in the weak cold event for up to 2 yr, whereas those of the warm events tend to turn rapidly into a cold phase. Therefore, the authors separately investigate the simulated transition process of a warm-phase and a cold-phase ENSO in the CMIP3 models. Some of the models reproduce the features of the observed transition process of El Niño/La Niña, whereas most models fail to concurrently reproduce the process during both phases.In the CMIP3 models, four climate models simulate well the rapid transition from El Niño to La Niña. The intensity of a rapid transition of El Niño is mainly related to the intensity of the simulated climatological precipitation over the western–central Pacific (WCP). The models that have strong WCP precipitation can simulate the rapid termination of the equatorial zonal wind in the WCP, which tends to result in the termination of El Niño phase. This relationship is not applicable for the La Niña transition phase. The simulation of La Niña persistency is related to the reflection of off-equatorial Rossby waves at the western boundary of the Pacific and the seasonal evolution of the climatological precipitation in the WCP. Differences in the transition processes between El Niño and La Niña events are fundamentally due to the nonlinear atmospheric (convective) response to SST, which originates from the distribution of climatological SST and its seasonal changes. The results of the present study indicate that a realistic simulation of the climatological state and its seasonality in the WCP are important to be able to simulate the observed transition process of the ENSO.
Rainfall Contributions from Precipitation Systems with Different Sizes, Convective Intensities, and Durations over the Tropics and Subtropics
Authors: Liu Chuntao 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe rainfall contributions from precipitation features (PFs) with full spectra of different sizes and convective intensities over the tropics and subtropics are summarized using 12 yr of version 6 Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) and Microwave Imager (TMI) observations. Regional, seasonal, and diurnal variations of the rainfall contributions from various PFs are shown, with the global distribution of the sizes, PR echo tops, maximum heights of 30 dBZ, and minimum TMI 85-GHz brightness temperatures of PFs above which contribute half of the rainfall in each 2° × 2° region. Though the results from radar and microwave observations generally agree with each other, some large differences exist over land. Seasonal variations of sizes and intensities of precipitation systems are found over the northeast Pacific, northern SPCZ, and some land areas in addition to the well-known monsoon regions. The diurnal cycles of rainfall over land and ocean are interpreted with the combinations of life cycles of various precipitation systems, using the diurnal variations of rainfall contributions from precipitation systems with different sizes and intensities. The long-duration rainfall events with more than four consecutive 3-h periods with rain at a grid point are identified from 11 yr of TRMM 3B42 products. These “12-h rain events” contribute a larger proportion of the total rainfall over ocean than over land. They are mostly correlated with precipitation systems with large sizes and intense convection. However, they can also be caused by some shallow persistent precipitation systems, such as those over the northeast slope of the Andes in Peru in spring and fall and over the west coast of India in summer.
Potential Utility of the Real-Time TMPA-RT Precipitation Estimates in Streamflow Prediction
Authors: Su Fengge , Gao Huilin , Huffman George J. , Lettenmaier Dennis P. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The potential utility of the real-time Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis real-time product 3B42RT (TMPA-RT) data for streamflow prediction, both through direct comparisons of TMPA-RT estimates with a gridded gauge product and through evaluation of streamflow simulations over four tributaries of La Plata basin (LPB) in South America using the two precipitation products, is investigated. Assessments indicate that the relative accuracy and the hydrologic performance of TMPA-RT-based streamflow simulations generally improved after February 2005. The improvements in TMPA-RT since 2005 are closely related to upgrades in the TMPA-RT algorithm in early February 2005, which include use of additional microwave sensors [Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B)] and implementation of different calibration schemes. This study suggests considerable potential for hydrologic prediction using purely satellite-derived precipitation estimates (no adjustments by in situ gauges) in parts of the globe where in situ observations are sparse.
Assimilating Along-Track Altimetric Observations through Local Hydrostatic Adjustment in a Global Ocean Variational Assimilation System
Authors: Storto Andrea , Dobricic Srdjan , Masina Simona , Di Pietro Pierluigi 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
A global ocean three-dimensional variational data assimilation system was developed with the aim of assimilating along-track sea level anomaly observations, along with in situ observations from bathythermographs and conventional sea stations. All the available altimetric data within the period October 1992–January 2006 were used in this study. The sea level corrections were covariated with vertical profiles of temperature and salinity according to the bivariate definition of the background-error vertical covariances. Sea level anomaly observational error variance was carefully defined as a sum of instrumental, representativeness, observation operator, and mean dynamic topography error variances. The mean dynamic topography was computed from the model long-term mean sea surface height and adjusted through an optimal interpolation scheme to account for observation minus first-guess biases. Results show that the assimilation of sea level anomaly observations improves the model sea surface height skill scores as well as the subsurface temperature and salinity fields. Furthermore, the estimate of the tropical and subtropical surface circulation is clearly improved after assimilating altimetric data. Nonnegligible impacts of the mean dynamic topography used have also been found: compared to a gravimeter-based mean dynamic topography the use of the mean dynamic topography discussed in this paper improves both the consistency with sea level anomaly observations and the verification skill scores of temperature and salinity in the tropical regions. Furthermore, the use of a mean dynamic topography computed from the model long-term sea surface height mean without observation adjustments results in worsened verification skill scores and highlights the benefits of the current approach for deriving the mean dynamic topography.
Orographic Influences on an Oahu Flood
Authors: Murphy Michael J. , Businger Steven 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
On 2 April 2006, Oahu’s Ko‘olau Mountain Range endured more than 6 h of heavy rain with accompanying flash flooding along its northeast-facing slopes. The storm responsible for the event left a pattern of precipitation characteristic of orographic anchoring of convection with extreme rainfall gradients along the slopes and maxima along the crest of the mountain range. In fact, this was the third flash-flood event to impact the Ko‘olau Mountains in just over 1 month, with each event occurring under conditions of moist southeasterly flow at low levels and moderate conditional instability. Under these conditions persistent convection and localized heavy rainfall often occur over the Ko‘olau Mountain Range. Mesoscale analyses of the thunderstorm complex responsible for the 2 April 2006 heavy rain event and the results of a high-resolution numerical simulation employing the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are described in this study.
Key features of the convection that contributed to the longevity of the event include repeat formation of convective cells along the eastern side of the central Ko‘olaus, minimal horizontal cloud motion, and strong updrafts that sloped toward the northwest in the lower levels. The westerly shear of the low-level flow determined the pattern of accumulated precipitation by aligning the slope of the convective updrafts nearly parallel to the southeast-to-northwest-orientated Ko‘olau Mountain Range. The microphysical structure of the convection was complex, with the vertical advection of hydrometeors originating below the freezing level facilitating high concentrations of ice particles and an environment conducive to charge separation and lightning.
Evaluation of the Impact of Observations on Analyses in 3D- and 4D-Var Based on Information Content
Authors: Lupu Cristina , Gauthier Pierre , Laroche Stéphane 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The degrees of freedom for signal (DFS) is used in data assimilation applications to measure the self-sensitivity of analysis to different observation types. This paper describes a practical method to estimate the DFS of observations from a posteriori statistics. The method does not require the consistency of the error statistics in the analysis system and it is shown that the observational impact on analyses can be estimated from observation departures with respect to analysis or the forecast. This method is first introduced to investigate the impact of a complete set, or subsets, of observations on the analysis for idealized one-dimensional variational data assimilation (1D-Var) analysis experiments and then applied in the framework of the three dimensional (3D)- and four-dimensional (4D)-Var schemes developed at Environment Canada.
A Subtropical Oceanic Mesoscale Convective Vortex Observed during SoWMEX/TiMREX
Authors: Lai Hsiao-Wei , Davis Christopher A. , Jong-Dao Jou Ben 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis study examines a subtropical oceanic mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) that occurred from 1800 UTC 4 June to 1200 UTC 6 June 2008 during intensive observing period (IOP) 6 of the Southwest Monsoon Experiment (SoWMEX) and the Terrain-influenced Monsoon Rainfall Experiment (TiMREX). A dissipating mesoscale convective system reorganized within a nearly barotropic vorticity strip, which formed as a southwesterly low-level jet developed to the south of subsiding easterly flow over the southern Taiwan Strait. A cyclonic circulation was revealed on the northern edge of the mesoscale rainband with a horizontal scale of 200 km. An inner subvortex, on a scale of 25–30 km with maximum shear vorticity of 3 × 10−3 s−1, was embedded in the stronger convection. The vortex-relative southerly flow helped create local potential instability favorable for downshear convection enhancement. Strong low-level convergence suggests that stretching occurred within the MCV. Higher θe air, associated with significant potential and conditional instability, and high reflectivity signatures near the vortex center suggest that deep moist convection was responsible for the vortex stretching. Dry rear inflow penetrated into the MCV and suppressed convection in the upshear direction. A mesolow was also roughly observed within the larger vortex. The presence of intense vertical wind shear in the higher troposphere limited the vortex vertical extent to about 6 km.
The 2009 Hurricane Season in the Eastern North Pacific Basin: An Analysis of Environmental Conditions
Authors: Collins Jennifer M. , Roache David R. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Despite the presence of an intensifying El Niño event, the 2009 eastern North Pacific hurricane season was near normal when considering overall hurricane activity. This is in contrast to the relative lull in activity observed between 1998 and 2008. Previous research has noted that the eastern North Pacific should be subdivided into two development regions, the western development region (WDR; 10°–20°N, 116°W–180°) and the eastern development region (EDR; 10°–20°N, North American coastline to 115.9°W), when examining interannual hurricane variability. In 2009, the EDR saw below average numbers of tropical cyclones of all intensities, while the WDR saw near-normal activity. However, activity in both regions varied sharply from month to month with periods of high activity in August and October and lower activity in July and September. This monthly variability was also observed in primary environmental forcing factors such as total precipitable water, tropospheric vertical wind shear, and low-level relative vorticity, particularly for the WDR. This variability was obscured by simply examining seasonal means. It is shown that for the 2009 season, large-scale environmental factors forced by the El Niño event and two cycles of the Madden–Julian oscillation contributed strongly to the observed patterns of cyclone activity across the basin.
Medial orbital wall fractures: Classification and clinical profile
Authors: Nolasco Felix P. , Mathog Robert H. 
Published: December 2010

This article reports our experience and proposes a clinical classification regarding medial orbital wall fractures. After a retrospective analysis of 2741 patients with facial fractures, we were able to evaluate 273 patients with 304 medial orbital wall fractures. The male‐to‐female ratio was 5:1, and most injuries involved the left orbit. Most fractures were caused by personal altercations, but more complex injuries were noted with automobile accidents and falls. Fractures were divided into types based on location and severity of injury: type I (confined to the medial orbital wall), type II (medial orbital wall continuous with floor), type III (medial orbital wall with floor‐malar fractures), and type IV (medial orbital wall and complex midfacial injuries). Although visual loss (2%), diplopia (41%), and enophthalmos (12%) were seen, diplopia and enophthalmos were commonly observed with type II injuries. Imaging studies showed that about 52% of the fractures were associated with prolapse of orbital fat, but only 43% could be diagnosed with plain x rays. Type I fractures were generally explored through a frontoethmoid incision; other types were treated with subciliary or transconjunctival approaches. The usual treatment consisted of repositioning the fragments and repair of the wall with polyethylene mesh or cranial bone graft. Type I and type II fractures seemed best explained by the hydraulic mechanism of injury, whereas the type III and type IV fractures best fitted the buckling theory.
Classification of facial translocation approach to the skull base
Authors: Janecka Ivo P. 
Published: December 2010

OBJECTIVETo categorize a surgical approach to the skull base.DESIGNRetrospective assessment of an evolving concept pertaining to the facial translocation procedure.SETTINGSchematic/conceptual.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURESTo allow favorable surgical reach of the essential anatomy at the cranial base with the potential for functional and esthetic reconstruction.INTERVENTIONSystematic craniofacial disassembly.RESULTSThe facial translocation technique of modular craniofacial disassembly of facial units permits a satisfactory match between, a skull base tumor and a selected surgical approach. Individual units have a complementary relationship to one another, allowing an expansion of the surgical approach as needed.
Management of Otitis Media Using Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Guidelines
Authors: Hsu Griffith S. , Levine Samuel C. , Giebink G. Scott 
Published: December 2010

Increased costs of managing otitis media and its complications may result from delays in diagnosis and treatment. The Agency for Health Care Policy and Research developed guidelines to assist in the management of chronic otitis media with effusion. We examined the medical care adherence to Agency for Health Care Policy and Research guidelines in 59 consecutive patients referred because of chronic otitis media with effusion and recurrent acute otitis media. Patient history and examination data were collected prospectively. In the group with chronic otitis media with effusion, the rate of adherence to Agency for Health Care Policy and Research guidelines was 0%; in those with recurrent acute otitis media, adherence was 5%. Delayed referral occurred in 34% of patients; 25% of patients were referred early. The average duration of effusion in patients with chronic otitis media with effusion was 5.2 months; the duration of recurrent acute otitis media immediately before referral was 9.3 months. Eighteen patients (47%) in the chronic otitis media with effusion group had a history of recurrent chronic otitis media with effusion spanning an average of 22.7 months. On referral, hearing loss was discovered in 92% of all patients, and in 69% the tympanogram was flat. The complication and sequelae rate was 49.1%, and speech delay was the most frequent at 16.9%. We conclude that in our study patients there is a significant referral delay, long history of chronic otitis media with effusion in patients before referral, high rate of hearing loss, and high complication rate. Continued efforts should be directed toward improving education of all clinicians so that diagnostic tools and timely otolaryngologic referral are better used.