bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measures of site resourcing predict virologic suppression, immunologic response and HIV disease progression following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD)
Authors: Oyomopito R , Lee MP , Phanuphak P , Lim PL , Ditangco R , Zhou J , Sirisanthana T , Chen YMA , Pujari S , Kumarasamy N , Sungkanuparph S , Lee CKC , Kamarulzaman A , Oka S , Zhang FJ , Mean CV , Merati T , Tau G , Smith J , Li PCK ,   on behalf of The TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database
Published: March 2010

ObjectivesSurrogate markers of HIV disease progression are HIV RNA in plasma viral load (VL) and CD4 cell count (immune function). Despite improved international access to antiretrovirals, surrogate marker diagnostics are not routinely available in resource‐limited settings. Therefore, the objective was to assess effects of economic and diagnostic resourcing on patient treatment outcomes.MethodsAnalyses were based on 2333 patients initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) from 2000 onwards. Sites were categorized by World Bank country income criteria (high/low) and annual frequency of VL (≥3, 1–2 or <1) or CD4 (≥3 or <3) testing. Endpoints were time to AIDS/death and change in CD4 cell count and VL suppression (<400 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL) at 12 months. Demographics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classification, baseline VL/CD4 cell counts, hepatitis B/C coinfections and HAART regimen were covariates. Time to AIDS/death was analysed by proportional hazards models. CD4 and VL endpoints were analysed using linear and logistic regression, respectively.ResultsIncreased disease progression was associated with site‐reported VL testing less than once per year [hazard ratio (HR)=1.4; P=0.032], severely symptomatic HIV infection (HR=1.4; P=0.003) and hepatitis C virus coinfection (HR=1.8; P=0.011). A total of 1120 patients (48.2%) had change in CD4 cell count data. Smaller increases were associated with older age (P<0.001) and ‘Other’ HIV source exposures, including injecting drug use and blood products (P=0.043). A total of 785 patients (33.7%) contributed to the VL suppression analyses. Patients from sites with VL testing less than once per year [odds ratio (OR)=0.30; P<0.001] and reporting ‘Other’ HIV exposures experienced reduced suppression (OR=0.28; P<0.001).ConclusionLow measures of site resourcing were associated with less favourable patient outcomes, including a 35% increase in disease progression in patients from sites with VL testing less than once per year.
Predictors of growth and body composition in HIV‐infected children beginning or changing antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Chantry CJ , Cervia JS , Hughes MD , Alvero C , Hodge J , Borum P , Moye J ,   for the PACTG 1010 Team
Published: March 2010

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to describe growth and body composition changes in HIV‐positive children after they had initiated or changed antiretroviral therapy (ART) and to correlate these with viral, immune and treatment parameters.MethodsNinety‐seven prepubertal HIV‐positive children were observed over 48 weeks upon beginning or changing ART. Anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis results were compared with results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002 (NHANES) to generate z‐scores and with results for HIV‐exposed, uninfected children from the Women and Infants Transmission Study (WITS). Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate associations between growth and body composition and disease parameters.ResultsAll baseline lean and fat mass measures were below those of controls from NHANES. Weight, height and fat free mass (FFM) index (FFM/height2) z‐scores increased over time (P=0.004, 0.037 and 0.027, respectively) and the waist:height ratio z‐score decreased (P=0.045), but body mass index and per cent body fat z‐scores did not change. Measures did not increase more than in uninfected WITS controls. In multivariate analysis, baseline height, mid‐thigh circumference and FFM z‐scores related to CD4 percentage (P=0.029, P=0.008 and 0.020, respectively) and change in FFM and FFM index z‐scores to CD4 percentage increase (P=0.010 and 0.011, respectively). Compared with WITS controls, baseline differences in height and mid‐thigh muscle circumference were also associated with CD4 percentage. Case–control differences in change in both subscapular skinfold (SSF) thickness and the SSF:triceps skinfold ratio were inversely associated with viral suppression. No measures related to ART class(es) at baseline or over time.ConclusionsIn these HIV‐positive children, beginning or changing ART was associated with improved growth and lean body mass (LBM), as indicated by FFM index. Height and LBM related to CD4 percentage at baseline and over time. Altered fat distribution and greater central adiposity were associated with detectable virus but not ART class(es) received.
Quality of life: a survey of parents of children/adults with an intellectual disability who are availing of respite care
Authors: Caples Maria , Sweeney John 
Published: March 2010

Accessible summaryThis article describes the findings of a small‐scale survey investigating the quality of life of parents of children and adults with an intellectual disability who are availing respite care with a response rate of 38% (n = 49). The findings of the study which was conducted in 2008 on parents’ experience of respite care in an Irish setting indicated that:

Demand exceeds supply and many parents face a lengthy wait gaining access to respite care
Respite care was not necessarily associated with parental desire for an improvement in quality of life
The majority of parents reported that their quality of life was either ‘good’ or ‘excellent’
Further studies need to be conducted to establish what services are deemed most valuable to parents

SummaryTwo‐thirds of the people registered on the Irish National Intellectual Disability Database (NIDD) reside at home with family members frequently supporting them (Kelly et al., National Intellectual Disability Database Committee Annual Report 2006, Health Research, 2007). Use of respite care services by parents with a child/adult with an intellectual disability (ID) in Ireland is growing in the context of social policy initiatives for greater social inclusion of people with disabilities. Irish parents who care for their child/adult with an ID at home are not asking for the care of their child/adult to be taken away from them, but to assist them in this role and to help them to meet the demands of personal, family, social and work life, they need to be supported with reliable, flexible and responsive services (Redmond & Richardson, J Appl Res Intellect Disabil, 2003; 16: 205–218). Parents often have to negotiate complex barriers to access support services such as respite, health or social care (Sloper, Child Care Health Dev, 1999; 25: 85–99). Chadwick et al, (Child Adolesc Ment Health 2002; 7: 66–72) suggest that respite care was primarily regarded as a service that was provided to relieve parental burdens. This article draws on a recent study that investigated the quality of life of parents of children/adults who have an intellectual disability and who are availing of respite care. The findings suggest that parents are experiencing ‘good’ to ‘excellent’ quality of life and that demand exceeds supply. More work needs to be carried out to establish what services are deemed most valuable to parents and to show how their needs can be met to the best of the Health Service Providers ability.
Emergency Contraception and Conscientious Objection
Authors: KELLEHER J. PAUL 
Published: March 2010

abstractEmergency contraception — also known as the morning after pill — is marketed and sold, under various brand names, in over one hundred countries around the world. In some countries, customers can purchase the drug without a prescription. In others, a prescription must be presented to a licensed pharmacist. In virtually all of these countries, pharmacists are the last link in the chain of delivery. This article examines and ultimately rejects several standard moves in the bioethics literature on the right of pharmacists conscientiously to refuse to dispense emergency contraception. Its central thesis is that the standard ‘moderate’ solution to this problem is mistaken. Thus, when all publicly relevant interests are given their due, it is not acceptable to allow refusals in the big city, where pharmacies are plentiful, but forbid them in rural settings, where pharmacies are scarce. Rather, there should be strong public policy requiring that all pharmacists dispense emergency contraception to customers who request it, regardless of pharmacists' moral or religious objections.
Fluid‐induced processes: metasomatism and metamorphism
Authors: PUTNIS A. , AUSTRHEIM H. 
Published: March 2010

Geofluids (2010) 10, 254–269AbstractMetamorphism and metasomatism both involve the reequilibration of mineral assemblages due to changes in pressure, temperature and/or chemical environment. Both processes involve material transport but on different length scales, so every metamorphic reaction is metasomatic on a local scale. Fluids provide a transport mechanism which is orders of magnitude faster than solid state diffusion and induce reequilibration through dissolution of parent phases and reprecipitation of products. Chemical weathering (kaolinitization and serpentinization), and albitization are used as examples to describe the coupling between dissolution and precipitation. Albitization of feldspars in nature and in experiments is a pseudomorphic replacement which generates porosity in the albite. Porosity generation associated with interface‐coupled dissolution‐precipitation allows rapid material transport and together with fluid induced fracturing, is the mechanism of pervasive fluid flow through reacting crystals. Examples of metamorphic reactions in granulite‐eclogite rocks illustrate the role of fluids in inducing chemical changes along fluid pathways. Microstructural criteria for a metamorphic event (i.e. change in P, T) are critically reviewed by describing the corona formed by reaction between kyanite and garnet, as well as partial replacement textures. We conclude that both corona structures and partial replacement textures are equally indicative of a metasomatic reaction (driven by a fluid‐induced compositional change) as they may be of a metamorphic reaction driven by a change in P and/or T. This raises the question of the extent to which fluids play not only a catalytic role but also a thermodynamic role in determining the course of a metamorphic reaction.
Identification of children with the same level of impairment as children on the autistic spectrum, and analysis of their service use
Authors: Russell Ginny , Ford Tamsin , Steer Colin , Golding Jean 
Published: March 2010

Background:  Data from epidemiology have consistently highlighted a disparity between the true prevalence of childhood psychiatric disorders and their recognition as defined by receiving a clinical diagnosis. Few studies have looked specifically at the level of unidentified autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) in the population.Method:  Logistic regression was used to determine the behavioural traits associated with receiving a diagnosis of ASD using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). A composite score was derived to measure levels of autistic traits; undiagnosed children with scores matching those diagnosed with ASD were identified. Levels of educational provision beyond that provided by standard schooling were examined.Results:  Fifty‐five percent of children with autistic traits at the same levels as those who had an autism diagnosis had not been identified as needing extra support from education or specialised health services. Of those who were identified as having special needs, 37.5% had been formally diagnosed with an ASD. For children with impairment at the same level as that associated with Asperger’s syndrome, 57% had no special provision at school, and were not accessing specialised health services. Twenty‐six percent of those who did have special provision at school had an ASD diagnosis.Conclusions:  The results suggest that there may be a substantial proportion of children on the autistic spectrum who are never identified by services.
Longitudinal dimensionality of adolescent psychopathology: testing the differentiation hypothesis
Authors: Sterba Sonya K. , Copeland William , Egger Helen L. , Jane Costello E. , Erkanli Alaattin , Angold Adrian 
Published: March 2010

Background:  The differentiation hypothesis posits that the underlying liability distribution for psychopathology is of low dimensionality in young children, inflating diagnostic comorbidity rates, but increases in dimensionality with age as latent syndromes become less correlated. This hypothesis has not been adequately tested with longitudinal psychiatric symptom data.Methods:  Confirmatory factor analyses of DSM‐IV symptoms from seven common Axis I syndromes – major depression, generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, social anxiety, attention deficient hyperactivity, conduct, and oppositional defiant disorders – were conducted longitudinally, from ages 9 to 16, using the general‐population Great Smoky Mountains Study sample.Results:  An eight‐syndrome model fit well at all ages, and in both genders. It included social anxiety, separation anxiety, oppositional defiant, and conduct syndromes, along with a multidimensional attention deficit‐hyperactivity syndrome (i.e., inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity) and a unidimensional major depression/generalized anxiety syndrome. A high degree of measurement invariance across age was found for all syndromes, except for major depression/generalized anxiety. Major depression and generalized anxiety syndromes slightly diverged at age 14–16, when they also began to explain more symptom variance. Additionally, correlations between some emotional and disruptive syndromes showed slight differentiation.Conclusions:  Marked developmental differentiation of psychopathology, as implied by the orthogenetic principle, is not a prominent cause of preadolescent and adolescent psychiatric comorbidity.
Cognitive behavioral treatment for childhood anxiety disorders: long‐term effects on anxiety and secondary disorders in young adulthood
Authors: Saavedra Lissette M. , Silverman Wendy K. , Morgan‐Lopez Antonio A. , Kurtines William M. 
Published: March 2010

Background:  The present study’s aim was to examine the long‐term effects (8 to 13 years post‐treatment; M = 9.83 years; SD = 1.71) of the most widely used treatment approaches of exposure‐based cognitive behavioral treatment for phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (i.e., group treatment and two variants of individual treatment). An additional aim was to compare the relative long‐term efficacy of the treatment approaches.Method:  At long‐term follow‐up, participants (N = 67) were between 16 and 26 years of age (M = 19.43 years, SD = 3.02). Primary outcome was the targeted anxiety disorder and targeted symptoms. Secondary outcomes were other disorders and symptoms not directly targeted in the treatments including (1) other anxiety disorders and symptoms, (2) depressive disorders and symptoms, and (3) substance use disorders and symptoms.Results:  Long‐term remission for anxiety disorders and symptoms targeted in the treatments was evident 8 to 13 years post‐treatment. Long‐term remission also was found for the secondary outcomes. There were more similarities than differences in the long‐term gains when comparing the treatment approaches.Conclusions:  Consistent with past research, the study’s findings provide further evidence that the short‐term benefits of exposure‐based CBT for childhood phobic and anxiety disorders using both group and individual treatment may extend into the critical transition years of young adulthood.
Predicting drug‐induced slowing of conduction and pro‐arrhythmia: identifying the ‘bad’ sodium current blockers
Authors: Lu Hua Rong , Rohrbacher Jutta , Vlaminckx Eddy , Van Ammel Karel , Yan Gan‐Xin , Gallacher David J 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose:  The regulatory guidelines (ICHS7B) for the identification of only drug‐induced long QT and pro‐arrhythmias have certain limitations.Experimental approach:  Conduction time (CT) was measured in isolated Purkinje fibres, left ventricular perfused wedges and perfused hearts from rabbits, and sodium current was measured in Chinese hamster ovary cells, transfected with Nav1.5 channels.Key results:  A total of 355 compounds were screened for their effects on CT: 32% of these compounds slowed conduction, 65% had no effect and 3% accelerated conduction. Lidocaine and flecainide, which slow conduction, were tested in more detail as reference compounds. In isolated Purkinje fibres, flecainide largely slowed conduction and markedly increased triangulation, while lidocaine slightly slowed conduction and did not produce significant triangulation. Also in isolated left ventricular wedge preparations, flecainide largely slowed conduction in a rate‐dependent manner, and elicited ventricular tachycardia (VT). Lidocaine slightly slowed conduction, reduced Tp–Te and did not induce VT. Similarly in isolated hearts, flecainide markedly slowed conduction, increased Tp–Te and elicited VT or ventricular fibrillation (VF). The slowing of conduction and induction of VT/VF with flecainide was much more evident in a condition of ischaemia/reperfusion. Lidocaine abolished ischaemia/reperfusion‐induced VT/VF. Flecainide blocked sodium current (INa) preferentially in the activated state (i.e. open channel) with slow binding and dissociation rates in a use‐dependent manner, and lidocaine weakly blocked INa.Conclusion and implications:  Slowing conduction by blocking INa could be potentially pro‐arrhythmic. It is possible to differentiate between compounds with ‘good’ (lidocaine‐like) and ‘bad’ (flecainide‐like) INa blocking activities in these models.
Enhancement of mesenteric artery contraction to 5‐HT depends on Rho kinase and Src kinase pathways in theob/obmouse model of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Matsumoto Takayuki , Kobayashi Tsuneo , Ishida Keiko , Taguchi Kumiko , Kamata Katsuo 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose: Arteries from hypertensive subjects are reportedly hyperresponsive to 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), but it remains unclear whether this is true in chronic type 2 diabetes. We have assessed responses to 5‐HT shown by mesenteric arteries from type 2 diabeticob/obmice (27–32 weeks old) and have identified the molecular mechanisms involved.Experimental approach: Contractions of mesenteric rings to 5‐HT were examinedin vitro. Activation of mesenteric RhoA, Rho kinase and Src was measured by Western blotting or by modified enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Key results: Concentration‐dependent contractions to 5‐HT were greater in mesenteric rings from theob/obthan in those from the age‐matched control (‘Lean’) group. In each group, there was no significant change in the 5‐HT‐induced contractions after inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (with NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine), of cyclooxygenase (with indomethacin) or of protein kinase C (with chelerythrine). However inhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway (with PD98059) decreased the response to 5‐HT. Although the diabetes‐related enhancement of the 5‐HT response was preserved with each of these inhibitors, enhancement was abolished by a Rho kinase inhibitor (Y27632) and by Src kinase inhibitors (PP1 analogue or Src kinase inhibitor I). 5‐HT‐induced activation of RhoA, Rho kinase and Src kinase in mesenteric arteries was greater in theob/obthan in the Lean group, but the expression of RhoA, Rho kinase isoforms and Src did not differ between these groups.Conclusions and implications: These results suggest that the enhancement of 5‐HT‐induced contraction in mesenteric arteries fromob/obmice may be attributable to increased activation of RhoA/Rho kinase and Src kinase.
The selectivity of β‐adrenoceptor agonists at human β1‐, β2‐ and β3‐adrenoceptors
Authors: Baker Jillian G 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose: There are two important properties of receptor–ligand interactions: affinity (the ability of the ligand to bind to the receptor) and efficacy (the ability of the receptor–ligand complex to induce a response). Ligands are classified as agonists or antagonists depending on whether or not they have efficacy. In theory, it is possible to develop selective agonists based on selective affinity, selective intrinsic efficacy or both. This study examined the affinity and intrinsic efficacy of 31 β‐adrenoceptor agonists at the three human β‐adrenoceptors to determine whether the current agonists are subtype selective because of affinity or intrinsic efficacy.Experimental approach: Stable clonal CHO‐K1 cell lines, transfected with either the human β1, β2or β3‐adrenoceptor, were used, and whole‐cell [3H]‐CGP 12177 radioligand binding and [3H]‐cAMP accumulation were measured.Key results: Several agonists were found to be highly subtype selective because of selective affinity (e.g. salmeterol and formoterol, for the β2‐adrenoceptor over the β1or β3), while others (e.g. isoprenaline) had little affinity–selectivity. However, the intrinsic efficacy of salmeterol, formoterol and isoprenaline was similar across all three receptor subtypes. Other ligands (e.g. denopamine for β1; clenbuterol, AZ 40140d, salbutamol for β2) were found to have subtype‐selective intrinsic efficacy. Several ligands appeared to activate two agonist conformations of the β1‐ and β3‐adrenoceptors.Conclusions and implications: There are agonists with subtype selectivity based upon both selective affinity and selective intrinsic efficacy. Therefore, there is scope to develop better selective agonists based upon both selective affinity and selective intrinsic efficacy.This article is commented on by Kenakin, pp. 1045–1047 of this issue. To view this commentary visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00764.x
Acute administration of cannabidiolin vivosuppresses ischaemia‐induced cardiac arrhythmias and reduces infarct size when given at reperfusion
Authors: Walsh Sarah K , Hepburn Claire Y , Kane Kathleen A , Wainwright Cherry L 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose: Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid, with anti‐apoptotic, anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects and has recently been shown to exert a tissue sparing effect during chronic myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R). However, it is not known whether CBD is cardioprotective in the acute phase of I/R injury and the present studies tested this hypothesis.Experimental approach: Male Sprague‐Dawley rats received either vehicle or CBD (10 or 50 µg·kg−1i.v.) 10 min before 30 min coronary artery occlusion or CBD (50 µg·kg−1i.v.) 10 min before reperfusion (2 h). The appearance of ventricular arrhythmias during the ischaemic and immediate post‐reperfusion periods were recorded and the hearts excised for infarct size determination and assessment of mast cell degranulation. Arterial blood was withdrawn at the end of the reperfusion period to assess platelet aggregation in response to collagen.Key results: CBD reduced both the total number of ischaemia‐induced arrhythmias and infarct size when administered prior to ischaemia, an effect that was dose‐dependent. Infarct size was also reduced when CBD was given prior to reperfusion. CBD (50 µg·kg−1i.v.) given prior to ischaemia, but not at reperfusion, attenuated collagen‐induced platelet aggregation compared with control, but had no effect on ischaemia‐induced mast cell degranulation.Conclusions and implications: This study demonstrates that CBD is cardioprotective in the acute phase of I/R by both reducing ventricular arrhythmias and attenuating infarct size. The anti‐arrhythmic effect, but not the tissue sparing effect, may be mediated through an inhibitory effect on platelet activation.