bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lake‐specific responses in sedimentary sulphur, after additions of copper sulphate to lakes in Michigan, USA
Authors: Drevnick Paul E. , Otter Ryan R. , Gorski Patrick R. , Long David T. , Canfield Donald E. , Oris James T. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCopper sulphate (CuSO4) is commonly added to lakes and reservoirs to manage nuisance and exotic species. Several studies have previously reported that CuSO4 is very useful for this purpose, and that the copper is ultimately stored in lake sediments. In contrast, there has been little study on the fate of the sulphate from CuSO4 additions. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of CuSO4 additions on sedimentary sulphur. Concentrations, isotopes, and fluxes of total and reduced sulphur in sediment cores from four Michigan lakes were compared, including two reference lakes that have never received CuSO4 additions, and two treatment lakes that have received CuSO4 additions by lake managers totalling 1–3 kg sulphate ha−1 year−1 since 1940. The results of this study confirm that sediments do not consistently provide records of sulphate loading across lakes. Isotopic evidence indicates this inconsistency is caused, in part, by lakes with well‐mixed sediments, in which sulphate is reduced to sulphide, but then subsequently reoxidized to sulphate and remobilized to the overlying water column. One of the treatment lakes, however, exhibited a clear correlation between CuSO4 additions and an increased sulphur flux to the sediment. During any given year, however, the sulphate added from CuSO4 additions amounted to no more than 10% of the sulphate added from wet deposition. Based on this seemingly insignificant quantity of sulphate, ascribing any effect of CuSO4 additions on sedimentary sulphur is tenuous at best. One possibility is that the addition of CuSO4 at rates that do not overwhelm the natural sulphur cycle of a lake or reservoir is a reasonable management tool for nuisance and exotic species.
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide in asthma: an update
Authors: SANDRINI Alessandra , TAYLOR D. Robin , THOMAS Paul S. , YATES Deborah H. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTIn asthma, clinical symptoms and lung function are insensitive in reflecting the underlying airway inflammation, and monitoring of this process has only recently become available. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is now recognized as a reliable surrogate marker of eosinophilic airway inflammation and offers the advantage of being completely non‐invasive and very easy to obtain. This review summarizes the clinical use of FeNO in asthma. It covers the relationship between FeNO and the underlying eosinophilic inflammation, the pathophysiology and production of FeNO, technical aspects of FeNO measurement and potential confounding factors in interpreting levels. FeNO reference values and the role of FeNO in asthma assessment, diagnosis and management are also discussed.
The ecological stoichiometry of toxins produced by harmful cyanobacteria: an experimental test of the carbon‐nutrient balance hypothesis
Authors: Van de Waal Dedmer B. , Verspagen Jolanda M. H. , Lürling Miquel , Van Donk Ellen , Visser Petra M. , Huisman Jef 
Published: September 2009

Ecology Letters (2009) 12: 1326–1335AbstractThe elemental composition of primary producers reflects the availability of light, carbon and nutrients in their environment. According to the carbon‐nutrient balance hypothesis, this has implications for the production of secondary metabolites. To test this hypothesis, we investigated a family of toxins, known as microcystins, produced by harmful cyanobacteria. The strain Microcystis aeruginosa HUB 5‐2‐4, which produces several microcystin variants of different N:C stoichiometry, was cultured in chemostats supplied with various combinations of nitrate and CO2. Excess supply of both nitrogen and carbon yielded high cellular N:C ratios accompanied by high cellular contents of total microcystin and the nitrogen‐rich variant microcystin‐RR. Comparable patterns were found in Microcystis‐dominated lakes, where the relative microcystin‐RR content increased with the seston N:C ratio. In total, our results are largely consistent with the carbon‐nutrient balance hypothesis, and warn that a combination of rising CO2 and nitrogen enrichment will affect the microcystin composition of harmful cyanobacteria.
Visualization of Multi‐Variate Scientific Data
Authors: Fuchs R. , Hauser H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract In this state‐of‐the‐art report we discuss relevant research works related to the visualization of complex, multi‐variate data. We discuss how different techniques take effect at specific stages of the visualization pipeline and how they apply to multi‐variate data sets being composed of scalars, vectors and tensors. We also provide a categorization of these techniques with the aim for a better overview of related approaches. Based on this classification we highlight combinable and hybrid approaches and focus on techniques that potentially lead towards new directions in visualization research. In the second part of this paper we take a look at recent techniques that are useful for the visualization of complex data sets either because they are general purpose or because they can be adapted to specific problems.
Age at menarche and the risk of operative first delivery
Authors: Smith GCS 
Published: September 2009

Objective  The risk of operative delivery at term increases linearly with age at first birth. It has been hypothesised that this is because of a deleterious effect of a prolonged interval between menarche and first birth on uterine function. The aim of this study was to test a prediction from the hypothesis, namely, that the risk of operative first delivery would decline with later age at menarche.Design  Retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort study.Setting  The ALSPAC prospective cohort study enrolled pregnant women resident in Avon, UK with expected dates of delivery from 1 April 1991 to 31 December 1992.Population  A total of 3739 primipara recruited to the ALSPAC cohort who experienced labour at term with a singleton infant in a cephalic presentation.Main outcome measure  Operative delivery, defined as caesarean section or operative vaginal birth.Result  The rate of operative delivery was highest among women with age at menarche in the bottom quartile (32.4%, menarche aged ≤12) and was lower in the second (30.3%, menarche aged 13), third (29.2%, menarche aged 14) and top (26.9%, menarche aged ≥15) quartiles (test for trend, P = 0.01). When adjusted for height, body mass index, marital status, smoking status, induction of labour, week of gestation of delivery and birthweight percentile; the odds ratio for operative delivery associated with a 5‐year increase in age at menarche (0.78, 95% CI 0.61–0.99) was very similar to the odds ratio for a 5‐year decrease in age at delivery (0.73, 95% CI 0.67–0.79). There was no association between age at menarche and the risk of operative delivery following adjustment for the interval between menarche and the first birth (adjusted odds ratio 0.98, 95% CI 0.77–1.25).Conclusion  Later menarche is associated with a decreased risk of operative delivery by decreasing the interval between menarche and first birth. The observation is consistent with the hypothesis that prolonged hormonal stimulation of the uterus prior to the first birth has a deleterious effect on uterine function.
Medicine or ecstasy? The importance of the logo
Authors: Daveluy Amélie , Miremont‐Salamé Ghada , Rahis Anne‐Cécile , Delile Jean‐Michel , Bégaud Bernard , Gachie Jean‐Pierre , Haramburu Françoise 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSome pharmaceutical tablets have an appearance that resembles that of ecstasy (a logo and often a name referring to it, a given shape and/or a colour). These are sometimes sold in the street as ‘ecstasy’. In order to assess the knowledge of this phenomenon, surveys were conducted among designer drug users (DDUsers), pharmacists and pharmaceutical firms. Three surveys were conducted: the first one was conducted among DDUsers by means of an anonymous questionnaire; the second one consisted of a 1‐month postal survey within a network of 155 community pharmacies in the Aquitaine region, Southwestern France and the third one consisted of a postal questionnaire sent to 71 pharmaceutical firms. Nineteen users, 77 pharmacists and 25 pharmaceutical firms participated in the surveys. All DDUsers knew the existence of what they call ecstasy ‘swindles’, but less than one quarter of the pharmacists and one third of pharmaceutical firms were aware of the potential recreational and involuntary misuse of medicines. The phenomenon of ‘swindle’ in the illicit market is not new. However, the sale of medicines because of their appearance or logo seems to be quite rare. In order to limit this diversion, prevention should be reinforced. In addition, recommendations on the appearance of medicine tablets should be set up by regulatory agencies in charge of medicine approval.
New directions in clinical imaging of cortical dysplasias
Authors: Madan Neel , Grant P. Ellen 
Published: September 2009

SummaryNeuroimaging is essential in the work‐up of patients with intractable epilepsy. In pediatric patients with medically refractory epilepsy, cortical dysplasias account for a large percentage of the epileptogenic substrate. Unfortunately, these are also the most subtle lesions to identify. For this reason, there has been ongoing interest in utilizing new advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to improve the ability to identify, diagnose, characterize, and delineate cortical dysplasias. Technologic gains such as multichannel coils (32 phased array and beyond) and higher field strengths (3T, 7T, and greater) coupled with newer imaging sequences such as arterial spin labeling (ASL), susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) and diffusion tensor/spectrum imaging (DTI/DSI) are likely to increase yield. Improved MRI techniques coupled with a multimodality approach including magnetoencephalography (MEG), positron emission tomography (PET), and other techniques will increase sensitivity and specificity for identifying cortical dysplasias.
Animal models of focal cortical dysplasia and tuberous sclerosis complex: Recent progress toward clinical applications
Authors: Wong Michael 
Published: September 2009

SummaryFocal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and related malformations of cortical development (MCDs) represent an increasingly recognized cause of medically intractable epilepsy. However, the underlying mechanisms of epileptogenesis are poorly understood, and treatments for epilepsy due to various cortical malformations are often limited or ineffective. Animal models offer a number of advantages for investigating cellular and molecular mechanisms of epileptogenesis and developing novel, rational therapies for MCD‐related epilepsy. This review highlights specific examples of how animal models have been useful in addressing several clinically relevant issues about epilepsy due to FCDs and related cortical malformations, including the pathologic and clinical features, etiologic factors, localization of the epileptogenic zone, neuronal and astrocytic contributions to epileptogenesis, and the development of antiepileptogenic therapies.
Human mast cells express androgen receptors but treatment with testosterone exerts no influence on IgE‐independent mast cell degranulation elicited by neuromuscular blocking agents
Authors: Chen WenChieh , Beck Isabelle , Schober Wolfgang , Brockow Knut , Effner Renate , Buters Jeroen T. M. , Behrendt Heidrun , Ring Johannes 
Published: September 2009

Please cite this paper as: Human mast cells express androgen receptors but treatment with testosterone exerts no influence on IgE‐independent mast cell degranulation elicited by neuromuscular blocking agents. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 302–304.Abstract:  Women predominate in the anaphylactic reactions to neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA). The expression of oestrogen receptors has been demonstrated in mast cells and oestrogen treatment can enhance mast cell degranulation, but the influence of androgens remains largely unclear. Our immunocytochemical study showed the expression of androgen receptor (AR) in mast cells isolated from human foreskin as well as in two human mast cell lines, HMC‐1 and LAD2. The amount of AR was most abundant in human skin mast cells as determined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Treatment of the HMC‐1 mast cells with testosterone or 17β‐oestradiol, alone or in combination with different NMBA, did not affect mast cell degranulation as measured by the release of β‐hexosaminidase. Our study shows for the first time the expression of AR in human skin mast cells. Further studies using primary human mast cell cultures are needed to understand whether and how sex hormones can influence mast cell activation.
Successful treatment of hereditary angioedema with bradykinin B2‐receptor antagonist icatibant
Authors: Krause Karoline , Metz Martin , Zuberbier Torsten , Maurer Marcus , Magerl Markus 
Published: September 2009

SummaryThe bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist icatibant has recently become available for treating hereditary angioedema. Our observations demonstrate icatibant to be effective and safe for the treatment of both, abdominal and cutaneous attacks in a practice setting beyond clinical studies.
Using Websites to Disseminate Research on Urban Spatialities
Authors: Rose Gillian , Basdas Begum , Degen Monica 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper reviews a selection of websites that explore urban geographies. Many sites use the web as a depository for large amounts of research data. However, many are using websites to disseminate research findings, and the paper focuses on these. It suggests that, thus far, there are three significant ways in which urban researchers are exploiting the potentialities of web technologies to interpret urban spaces: by evoking a sense of the complexity of urban spatialities; by inviting site visitors to engage actively and performatively with the research materials; and by emphasising the sensory qualities of urban spaces. The paper discusses how one website in particular invites its visitors to engage with complex, sensory urban spatialities. The paper compares geographers’ use of collage and montage as part of this discussion, and ends by reflecting on current work and commenting on its future development.
Climate–Suicide Relationships: A Research Problem in Need of Geographic Methods and Cross‐Disciplinary Perspectives
Authors: Dixon P. Grady , Kalkstein Adam J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMany locations on Earth experience peaks in suicide rates during the late spring and early summer, and there is evidence that climatic variables may be causal factors. Beyond this seasonal characteristic, there is little consistency in the results of various climate–suicide studies. Almost all of the published climate–suicide research has been conducted by mental health experts with relatively little input from geographers and/or climatologists, thus highlighting the need for future collaborative efforts. Previous research has shown how the use of a single statistical method, as opposed to multiple methods, can yield misleading or confusing results. Future research on climate–suicide relationships should allow for more consideration for spatial and temporal variations in climate, culture, demographics, etc. Ultimately, improved methods and the use of cross‐disciplinary methods will help arrive at consistent results that identify climate variables that significantly affect suicide rates, if any exist.
MEASUREMENT-BASED QUANTUM COMPUTATION WITH CLUSTER STATES
Authors: RAUßENDORF ROBERT 
Published: September 2009

In this thesis, we describe the one-way quantum computer [Formula: see text], a scheme of universal quantum computation that consists entirely of one-qubit measurements on a highly entangled multiparticle state, i.e. the cluster state. We prove the universality of the [Formula: see text], describe the underlying computational model and demonstrate that the [Formula: see text] can be operated fault-tolerantly. In Sec. 2, we show that the [Formula: see text] can be regarded as a simulator of quantum logic networks. In this way, we prove the universality and establish the link to the network model — the common model of quantum computation. We also indicate that the description of the [Formula: see text] as a network simulator is not adequate in every respect. In Sec. 3, we derive the computational model underlying the [Formula: see text], which is very different from the quantum logic network model. The [Formula: see text] has no quantum input, no quantum output and no quantum register, and the unitary gates from some universal set are not the elementary building blocks of [Formula: see text] quantum algorithms. Further, all information that is processed with the [Formula: see text] is the outcomes of one-qubit measurements and thus processing of information exists only at the classical level. The [Formula: see text] is nevertheless quantum-mechanical, as it uses a highly entangled cluster state as the central physical resource. In Sec. 4, we show that there exist nonzero error thresholds for fault-tolerant quantum computation with the [Formula: see text]. Further, we outline the concept of checksums in the context of the [Formula: see text], which may become an element in future practical and adequate methods for fault-tolerant [Formula: see text] computation.
IDH1 Mutations as Molecular Signature and Predictive Factor of Secondary Glioblastomas
Authors: Nobusawa Sumihito , Watanabe Takuya , Kleihues Paul , Ohgaki Hiroko 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Purpose: To establish the frequency of IDH1 mutations in glioblastomas at a population level, and to assess whether they allow reliable discrimination between primary (de novo) glioblastomas and secondary glioblastomas that progressed from low-grade or anaplastic astrocytoma.
Experimental Design: We screened glioblastomas from a population-based study for IDH1 mutations and correlated them with clinical data and other genetic alterations.
Results: IDH1 mutations were detected in 36 of 407 glioblastomas (8.8%). Glioblastoma patients with IDH1 mutations were younger (mean, 47.9 years) than those with EGFR amplification (60.9 years) and were associated with significantly longer survival (mean, 27.1 versus 11.3 months; P &lt; 0.0001). IDH1 mutations were frequent in glioblastomas diagnosed as secondary (22 of 30; 73%), but rare in primary glioblastomas (14 of 377; 3.7%: P &lt; 0.0001). IDH1 mutations as genetic marker of secondary glioblastoma corresponded to the respective clinical diagnosis in 95% of cases. Glioblastomas with IDH1 mutation diagnosed as primary had clinical and genetic profiles similar to those of secondary glioblastomas, suggesting that they may have rapidly progressed from a less malignant precursor lesion that escaped clinical diagnosis and were thus misclassified as primary. Conversely, glioblastomas without IDH1 mutations clinically diagnosed as secondary typically developed from anaplastic rather than low-grade gliomas, suggesting that at least some were actually primary glioblastomas, that may have been misclassified, possibly due to histologic sampling error.
Conclusion: IDH1 mutations are a strong predictor of a more favorable prognosis and a highly selective molecular marker of secondary glioblastomas that complements clinical criteria for distinguishing them from primary glioblastomas. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(19):6002–7)
Gene expression–based classification and regulatory networks of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Li Zhigang , Zhang Wei , Wu Minyuan , Zhu Shanshan , Gao Chao , Sun Lin , Zhang Ruidong , Qiao Nan , Xue Huiling , Hu Yamei , Bao Shilai , Zheng Huyong , Han Jing-Dong J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) contains cytogenetically distinct subtypes that respond differently to cytotoxic drugs. Subtype classification can be also achieved through gene expression profiling. However, how to apply such classifiers to a single patient and correctly diagnose the disease subtype in an independent patient group has not been addressed. Furthermore, the underlying regulatory mechanisms responsible for the subtype-specific gene expression patterns are still largely unknown. Here, by combining 3 published microarray datasets on 535 mostly white children's samples and generating a new dataset on 100 Chinese children's ALL samples, we were able to (1) identify a 62-gene classifier with 97.6% accuracy from the white children's samples and validated it on the completely independent set of 100 Chinese samples, and (2) uncover potential regulatory networks of ALL subtypes. The classifier we identified was, thus far, the only one that could be applied directly to a single sample and that sustained validation in a large independent patient group. Our results also suggest that the etiology of ALL is largely the same among different ethnic groups, and that the transcription factor hubs in the predicted regulatory network might play important roles in regulating gene expression and development of ALL.
Genome-wide expression profiling of in vivo- derived bloodstream parasite stages and dynamic analysis of mRNA alterations during synchronous differentiation in Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Kabani Sarah , Fenn Katelyn , Ross Alan , Ivens Al , Smith Terry K , Ghazal Peter , Matthews Keith 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
Trypanosomes undergo extensive developmental changes during their complex life cycle. Crucial among these is the transition between slender and stumpy bloodstream forms and, thereafter, the differentiation from stumpy to tsetse-midgut procyclic forms. These developmental events are highly regulated, temporally reproducible and accompanied by expression changes mediated almost exclusively at the post-transcriptional level.

Results
In this study we have examined, by whole-genome microarray analysis, the mRNA abundance of genes in slender and stumpy forms of T.brucei AnTat1.1 cells, and also during their synchronous differentiation to procyclic forms. In total, five biological replicates representing the differentiation of matched parasite populations derived from five individual mouse infections were assayed, with RNAs being derived at key biological time points during the time course of their synchronous differentiation to procyclic forms. Importantly, the biological context of these mRNA profiles was established by assaying the coincident cellular events in each population (surface antigen exchange, morphological restructuring, cell cycle re-entry), thereby linking the observed gene expression changes to the well-established framework of trypanosome differentiation.

Conclusion
Using stringent statistical analysis and validation of the derived profiles against experimentally-predicted gene expression and phenotypic changes, we have established the profile of regulated gene expression during these important life-cycle transitions. The highly synchronous nature of differentiation between stumpy and procyclic forms also means that these studies of mRNA profiles are directly relevant to the changes in mRNA abundance within individual cells during this well-characterised developmental transition.