bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimates of te and in prices from direct mining of known ores
Authors: Green Martin A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPrevious estimates of Te and In availability for large scale use in photovoltaics have been based on considerations such as present refining capacities or on reserves calculated from the concentration of these metals in their respective Cu and Zn primary ores. The present work considers the pricing required to support direct mining of these scarce metals from ores of presently known quality. By deriving a general relationship between the market price of metals and the quality of ores from which they are mined, estimates of the market price of Te and In if mined from available ores are obtained. This allows specification of ore grades required for economic photovoltaic exploitation. Known ore deposits meeting requirements are also surveyed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A proteomic approach identifies early pregnancy biomarkers for preeclampsia: Novel linkages between a predisposition to preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Blumenstein Marion , McMaster Michael T. , Black Michael A. , Wu Steven , Prakash Roneel , Cooney Janine , McCowan Lesley M. E. , Cooper Garth J. S. , North Robyn A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPreeclampsia (PE) is a common, potentially life‐threatening pregnancy syndrome triggered by placental factors released into the maternal circulation, resulting in maternal vascular dysfunction along with activated inflammation and coagulation. Currently there is no screening test for PE. We sought to identify differentially expressed plasma proteins in women who subsequently develop PE that may perform as predictive biomarkers. In seven DIGE experiments, we compared the plasma proteome at 20 wk gestation in women who later developed PE with an appropriate birth weight for gestational age baby (n=27) or a small for gestational age baby (n=12) to healthy controls with uncomplicated pregnancies (n=57). Of the 49 differentially expressed spots associated with PE‐appropriate for gestational age, PE‐small for gestational age or both (p<0.05, false discovery rate corrected), 39 were identified by LC‐MS/MS. Two protein clusters that accurately (>90%) classified women at risk of developing PE were identified. Immunoblots confirmed the overexpression of fibrinogen γ chain and α‐1‐antichymotrypsin in plasma prior to PE. The proteins identified are involved in lipid metabolism, coagulation, complement regulation, extracellular matrix remodeling, protease inhibitor activity and acute‐phase responses, indicating novel synergism between pathways involved in the pathogenesis of PE. Our findings are remarkably similar to recently identified proteins complexed to high‐density lipoprotein and linked to cardiovascular disease.
Versatile ω‐end group functionalization of RAFT polymers using functional methane thiosulfonates
Authors: Roth Peter J. , Kessler Daniel , Zentel Rudolf , Theato Patrick 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFive different polymers, poly[methyl methacrylate] (PMMA), poly[lauryl methacrylate] (PLMA), poly[diethylene glycol methacrylate] (PDEGMA), poly[N‐isopropylacrylamide] (PNIPA), and poly[styrene] (PS) prepared by the RAFT process and thus terminated with dithioesters were aminolyzed in the presence of S‐3‐butynyl methane thiosulfonate (MTS), which was synthesized in two steps. Analysis of the polymers by 2D NMR, UV–vis absorbance, and gel permeation chromatography revealed them to quantitatively carry acetylene end groups connected with disulfide bridges, indicating that functional MTS reagents can be employed for end group functionalization of RAFT polymers. This versatile method is of advantage compared with conjugations with functional maleimides, where isolation of terminal thiols is often required but inexpedient for poly[(meth)acrylates] because their terminal thiols may undergo backbiting and thus avoid conjugation. The acetylene‐terminated polymers were bound to an azide functionalized glass surface in a Cu(I) catalyzed cycloaddition. The modified surfaces exhibited water contact angles corresponding to the polarity of the attached polymers. In the case of the stimulus responsive polymers PNIPA and PDEGMA, the surfaces showed temperature‐dependent contact angles. The disulfide bond connecting the polymers to the surface could be selectively cleaved and resulted in all surfaces having the same contact angle, independent of the nature of the polymer prior attached to the surface. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3118–3130, 2009
Near‐surface ground‐ice distribution, Kendall Island Bird Sanctuary, western Arctic coast, Canada
Authors: Morse P. D. , Burn C. R. , Kokelj S. V. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe variation in near‐surface ground‐ice content of the uppermost 1 m of permafrost was examined by drilling at 71 sites within the Kendall Island Bird Sanctuary of the outer Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories. Permafrost has aggraded in coastal low‐lying alluvial wetlands during the last 1500 to 500 years, and high near‐surface ground‐ice contents have developed in this saturated environment. In contrast, the ground ice in upland terrain has accumulated since the early Holocene. Permafrost in these uplands has a mean excess‐ice content of 24%, lower than in the alluvial wetlands (34%), and ground‐ice distribution is inherently more variable in upland terrain than in lowlands. Gravimetric moisture content is statistically related to soil organic‐matter content, but the organic‐matter content confounds the relation between gravimetric moisture and excess‐ice content due to its low bulk density. Topographically controlled moisture availability and soil organic‐matter content are important to ground‐ice distribution in uplands, given the order of magnitude increase in gravimetric moisture contents downslope, and the occurrence of massive ice lenses over 50 cm thick at the base of slopes. The potential mean subsidence of alluvial wetlands due to thawing of the uppermost 1 m of permafrost is 34 cm. Such subsidence would substantially increase the frequency of flooding for portions of this area. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada.
Characterisation of QoI‐resistant field isolates of Botrytis cinerea from citrus and strawberry
Authors: Ishii Hideo , Fountaine James , Chung Wen‐Hsin , Kansako Masanori , Nishimura Kumiko , Takahashi Kazuhito , Oshima Michiyo 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: In 2004, field isolates of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr., resistant to strobilurin fungicides (QoIs), were first found in commercial citrus orchards in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. Subsequently, QoI‐resistant isolates of this fungus were also detected in plastic strawberry greenhouses in Saga, Ibaraki and Chiba prefectures, Japan. Biological and molecular characterisation of resistant isolates was conducted in this study.RESULTS: QoI‐resistant isolates of B. cinerea grew well on PDA plates containing kresoxim‐methyl or azoxystrobin at 1 mg L−1, supplemented with 1 mM of n‐propyl gallate, an inhibitor of alternative oxidase, whereas the growth of sensitive isolates was strongly suppressed. Results from this in vitro test were in good agreement with those of fungus inoculation tests in vivo. In resistant isolates, the mutation at amino acid position 143 of the cytochrome b gene, known to be the cause of high QoI resistance in various fungal pathogens, was found, but only occasionally. The heteroplasmy of cytochrome b gene was confirmed, and the wild‐type sequence often present in the majority of resistant isolates, indicating that the proportion of mutated cytochrome b gene was very low.CONCLUSION: The conventional RFLP and sequence analyses of PCR‐amplified cytochrome b gene are insufficient for molecular identification of QoI resistance in B. cinerea. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of metsulfuron‐methyl residues in wheat field soil: a comparison of HPLC and bioassay techniques
Authors: Paul Rupak , Sharma Rajvir , Kulshrestha Gita , Singh Shashi Bala 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Metsulfuron‐methyl is a low‐application‐rate sulfonylurea herbicide that is widely used to control broad‐leaved weeds in wheat. Owing to its persistent nature, its residues may be present at phytotoxic levels for the next crop in rotation. Therefore, a comparative evaluation of HPLC and bioassay techniques was made for the analysis of this herbicide in wheat field soil.RESULTS: Metsulfuron‐methyl was applied to wheat crop at different rates (4, 8 and 12 AI ha−1) at 28 days after sowing as a post‐emergence application, and the soil was analysed for metsulfuron‐methyl residues by HPLC and lentil seed bioassay techniques. The bioassay was found to be the more sensitive technique. At the recommended rate of application, 4 g AI ha−1, the bioassay technique could detect the residue up to 30 days in surface soil, while, with HPLC, residues were not detectable on the 15th day. The half‐lives of metsulfuron‐methyl by HPLC and bioassay were calculated as 6.3–7.8 and 17.5 days respectively. Under field conditions, residues of metsulfuron‐methyl were also detected in subsurface soil by the bioassay technique at trace levels, but were not detected by the solvent extraction/HPLC method.CONCLUSION: Lentil seed bioassay is a more sensitive technique than HPLC. Traces of residues detected in subsurface soil indicated the mobility of metsulfuron‐methyl into lower layers. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Inhibitory effects on bacterial growth and b‐ketoacyl‐ACP reductase by different species of maple leaf extracts and tannic acid
Authors: Wu Dan , Wu Xiao‐Dong , You Xue‐Fu , Ma Xiao‐Feng , Tian Wei‐Xi 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIt is important to develop new antibiotics aimed at novel targets. The investigation found that the leaf extracts from five maples (Acer platanoides, Acer campestre, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharum and Acer truncatum Bunge collected in Denmark, Canada and China) and their component tannic acid displayed antibacterial ability against 24 standard bacteria strains with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.3–8.0 mg/mL. Unlike the standard antibiotic levofloxacin (LFX), these samples inhibited Gram‐positive bacteria more effectively than they inhibited Gram‐negative bacteria. These samples effectively inhibited two antidrug bacterial strains. The results show that these samples inhibit bacteria by a different mechanism from LFX. These samples potently inhibited b‐ketoacyl‐ACP reductase (FabG), which is an important enzyme in bacterial fatty acid synthesis. Tannic acid showed the strongest inhibition on FabG with a half inhibition concentration of 0.78 mm (0.81 mg/mL). Furthermore, tannic acid and two maple leaf extracts showed time‐dependent irreversible inhibition of FabG. These three samples also exhibited better inhibition on bacteria. It is suggested that FabG is the antibacteria target of maple leaf extracts and tannic acid, and both reversible and irreversible inhibitions of FabG are important for the antibacterial effect. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Auraptene from Ferula szowitsiana protects human peripheral lymphocytes against oxidative stress
Authors: Soltani Fatemeh , Mosaffa Fatemeh , Iranshahi Mehrdad , Karimi Gholamreza , Malekaneh Mohammad , Haghighi Fatemeh , Behravan Javad 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe antigenotoxicity effects of auraptene on DNA damage in human peripheral lymphocytes were studied using alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis. Auraptene at concentrations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 µM was tested under simultaneous treatment with 25 µM H2O2. The data are expressed as % tail DNA and compared with ascorbic acid at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 µM. Auraptene significantly reduced the genotoxicity of H2O2 at concentrations higher than 25 µM (p < 0.001). Interestingly, the antigenotoxicity activity of auraptene was higher than ascorbic acid (p < 0.01), however, at some concentrations (25, 50 and 200 µM) there was no significant difference between auraptene and ascorbic acid (p > 0.05). It seems that the significant antigenotoxicity effects of auraptene may be due to the prenyl moiety and also the suppression of superoxide anion (O2−) generation. This study suggests that the antigenotoxic property of auraptene is of great pharmacological importance and might be beneficial for cancer prevention. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of CYSTUS052® and green tea on subjective symptoms in patients with infection of the upper respiratory tract
Authors: Kalus Ulrich , Kiesewetter Holger , Radtke Hartmut 
Published: May 2009

AbstractExamples of medicinal herbs that have been perpetuated along several generations based simply on a folk tradition are Cistus and green tea. The principal active constituents of the genus Cistus and green tea are polyphenolic compounds. Polyphenols exhibit a wide range of antibacterial, antifungal and antiinflammatory effects.The present work aimed to investigate the clinical effect of a Cistus extract (CYSTUS052®) in comparison with green tea on 300 patients with infections of the upper respiratory tract. Due to the lack of clinical study data on their efficacy in patients, this is a report of the findings of our study on the clinical efficacy of CYSTUS052® in patients with the upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). This study observed a total of 300 patients (277 completers) treated with CYSTUS052® given in lozenges compared with treatment with an extract of green tea. The patients scored the subjective severity of target symptoms using a predefined scale.The score of subjective symptoms decreased over the course of treatment with CYSTUS052®, whereas treatment with green tea resulted in a less significant decrease of symptoms. CYSTUS052® therefore proved to be an effective adjuvant for the treatment of respiratory infections. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation energies of the intermetallic compounds at the ground and thermally excited states determined by the ab initio energetic calculation and calorimetric measurement
Authors: Morishita M. , Yamamoto H. , Shikada S. , Kusumoto M. , Matsumoto Y. , Onoue A. , Nishimura N. , Ohtani H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTo provide for the future progression of the theoretical calculations beyond the adiabatic approximation by taking account of not only the electronic wave functions but also the nuclear wave functions, the formation energy, ΔfEtotal, determined experimentally from the ground state to the thermally excited state is inevitably necessary. In the present study, for each intermetallic compounds of the Mg‐Zn and Mg‐La binary systems, the standard enthalpy of formation, ΔfH, which is defined as the sum of ΔfEtotal and the volume work, pΔfV, was determined from 2 K to high temperature by combining solution calorimetry with heat capacity measurement. Because the pΔfV term for solids is negligibly small, the ΔfEtotal values at T are approximately equal to the measured ΔfH values. Thus the ΔfEtotal values obtained extrapolated to 0 K from the data measured near 2 K were consistent with ones obtained by the ab initio FLAPW energetic calculation. Temperature dependences of the ΔfEtotal values were small below 20 K. However, the ΔfEtotal values over 20 K decreased linearly as a function of temperature due to the enhanced lattice vibration. In the near future, the ΔfEtotal values obtained in the present study will be used for constructing the nuclear wave functions in solids. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Zero‐phonon line profiles in Markovian and non‐Markovian schemes in high‐temperature systems: Applications to glassy water and ethanol
Authors: Toutounji Mohamad M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article mainly presents applications of previously derived formulas by the author to experimental systems whereby the Markovian and non‐Markovian multimode Brownian oscillator (MBO) model and their consequent dynamics are explored. These applications include computing the zero‐phonon line (ZPL) widths of aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulphonate (APT) in glassy films of water and ethanol, which are compared to those of the Ohmic MBO model‐calculated ZPL widths at different temperatures. The analytical forms of the ZPL width and Franck–Condon factors (FCF) derived from the high‐temperature limit underdamped MBO model absorption line shape (Toutounji, Chem Phys, 2003, 293, 311) are recovered from the finite‐temperature MBO model, which includes Matsubara terms (Toutounji and Small, J Chem Phys, 2002, 117, 3848). As the applicability of the Ohmic MBO model at low temperatures is questionable, the corresponding low‐temperature (T) Markovian dynamics is discussed. A formula for the Ohmic MBO model ZPL FCF at T = 0 is presented. It is established that this formula reduces to e−S, S is Huang–Rhys factor, at T = 0, which further ratifies our previous conclusion (Toutounji and Small, J Chem Phys, 2002, 117, 3848) that the bath modes are completely thwarted from contributing to the ZPL profile at this T. Hayes–Small theory of linear absorption and hole‐burning line shapes is discussed and compared to that of the MBO model and other line shapes. Overdamped Ohmic MBO model is briefly discussed. Illustrative calculations are presented. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Laser control of photodissociation process in diatomic molecule
Authors: Tawada A. , Sugimori K. , Sano M. , Taniguchi S. , Nagao H. , Nishikawa K. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this work, we first aim to realize the complete laser‐induced photodissociation of the OH molecule, and then intend to control the wavepacket generated on the continuum state, i.e., to achieve the laser control of the above‐threshold dissociation (ATD) spectrum. To numerically solve the Schrödinger equation, we adopt the split operator method (SOM), which conserves the norm of the state vector, and can treat both discrete and continuum states simultaneously and correctly. This photodissociation process induced by the multiphoton absorption involves the ATD spectrum due to the continuum‐continuum transition by the intense electric field. First, we investigate the detailed mechanism of the complete photodissociation with the one‐color laser pulse by changing the laser parameters. Then, we investigate the control of the ATD spectrum by using the two‐color laser field, where we focus on the role of the relative phase and position of two laser pulses. To analyze the population of both discrete and continuum states involved in the resultant wavepacket, we show the effective method by means of the quasicontinuum state on the Morse potential obtained by numerically diagonalizing the Fourier grid Hamiltonian (FGH). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Matrix‐less laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry of polyphenols in red wine
Authors: Spáčil Zdeněk , Shariatgorji Mohammadreza , Amini Nahid , Solich Petr , Ilag Leopold L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMatrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) of small molecules is challenging and in most cases impossible due to interferences from matrix ions precluding analysis of molecules <300–500 Da. A common matrix such as ferulic acid belongs to an important class of compounds associated with antioxidant activity. If the shared phenolic structure is related to the propensity as an active MALDI matrix then it follows that direct laser desorption/ionisation should be possible for polyphenols. Indeed matrix‐less laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry is achieved whereby the analyte functions as a matrix and was used to monitor low molecular weight compounds in wine samples. Sensitivity ranging from 0.12–87 pmol/spot was achieved for eight phenolic acids (4‐coumaric, 4‐hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, ferulic, gallic, protocatechuic, syringic, vanillic) and 0.02 pmol/spot fortrans‐resveratrol. Additionally, 4‐coumaric, 4‐hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, ferulic, gallic, syringic, vanillic acids andtrans‐resveratrol were identified in wine samples using accurate mass measurements consistent with reported profiles based on liquid chromatography (LC)/MS. Minimal sample pre‐treatment make the technique potentially appropriate for fingerprinting, screening and quality control of wine samples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative study of matrices for their use in the rapid screening of anabolic steroids by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Galesio M. , Rial‐Otero R. , Capelo‐Martínez J.‐L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractNew data on sample preparation and matrix selection for the fast screening of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) is presented. The rapid screening of 15 steroids included in the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list using MALDI was evaluated. Nine organic and two inorganic matrices were assessed in order to determine the best matrix for steroid identification in terms of ionisation yield and interference by characteristic matrix ions. The best results were achieved for the organic matrices 2‐(4‐hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid (HABA) and trans‐3‐indoleacrylic acid (IAA). Good signals for all the steroids studied were obtained for concentrations as low as 0.010 and 0.050 µg/mL on the MALDI sample plate for the HABA and IAA matrices, respectively. For these two matrices, the sensitivity achieved by MALDI is comparable with the sensitivity achieved by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), which is the conventional technique used for AAS detection. Furthermore, the accuracy and precision obtained with MALDI are very good, since an internal mass calibration is performed with the matrix ions. For the inorganic matrices, laser fluences higher than those used with organic matrices are required to obtain good MALDI signals. When inorganic matrices were used in combination with glycerol as a dispersing agent, an important reduction of the background noise was observed. Urine samples spiked with the study compounds were processed by solid‐phase extraction (SPE) and the screening was consistently positive. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
K08: a generalized BB84/B92 protocol in quantum cryptography
Authors: Kartalopoulos Stamatios V. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractModern optical networks transport aggregate traffic that exceeds 1 Tbps per single fiber. Thus, the next generation backbone and access optical network will be able to transport to/from residential and enterprise customers multi‐protocol diverse payloads, such as voice, video, music, text, interactive games, surveillance, business transactions, and more at broadband rates (several Mbps) thus solving the first/last mile. Because of the diverse payload to the enterprise and to the residential customers, an opportunity is presented for malicious attacks to the network in order to copy, destroy or alter data, mimic a source, and in general to engage in unauthorized activities that jeopardize the optical communications security at the information, the node, and the physical layer. To combat this, strong cipher methods and advanced key distribution methods have been developed, in addition to intruder detection and localization, source authentication, channel signature identification, and also countermeasure strategies. Because some cryptographic methods have been found to have vulnerabilities, new methods based on quantum mechanical principles have been deployed promising the [holy grail] of cryptography and of network security. The first protocol in quantum cryptography was the BB84, which however did not take advantage of the full potential of multiple superposition states. In this paper, we review quantum cryptography, we review the BB84 protocol, and we present an m‐ary generalized protocol, the K08, which is based on multiple random polarization states. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.