bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying threshold densities for wild deer in the UK above which negative impacts may occur
Authors: PUTMAN Rory , LANGBEIN Jochen , GREEN Peter , WATSON Peter 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

At high densities, deer populations may have adverse effects upon and within their environment. In this review we explore published and unpublished information to derive density thresholds for deer species in relation to impacts upon agriculture, forestry, conservation habitats, road traffic, and human and livestock health in the UK. Impact levels are affected by many factors other than absolute density. We therefore seek to establish the range of densities within which negative impacts might start to occur and which should trigger objective monitoring of actual impacts.
In commercial forestry, a threshold of 4 deer per 100ha has been suggested. Unfenced native woodlands seem to regenerate naturally if there are fewer than 4–5 large deer or fewer than 25 roe deer Capreolus capreolus per 100ha; open habitats may suffer only light or moderate impacts from red deer Cervus elaphus at landscape densities of 7–8 per 100ha.
Woodland bird species may have declined where deer densities are high but absolute thresholds seem impossible to establish. One study suggests maximum diversity at about 8 white‐tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus per 100ha.
Deer–vehicle collisions are affected by various factors in addition to deer density, but British and American studies suggest that accident frequencies decline at densities below 7–8 per 100ha.
Fallow deer Dama dama populations may maintain bovine TB (bTB) infection at much lower densities (25/100ha) than red or roe deer (91/100ha and 200/100ha, respectively) assuming 100% prevalence. Even at 30% prevalence a density of 75 fallow deer per 100ha could maintain bTB within the population.
We conclude that deer density alone is unlikely to be a good predictor of impact, and suggest that long‐term management should be based on assessment both of actual impacts and apparent density of deer.
Past and present distribution of the North African–Asian lion subgroup: a review
Authors: SCHNITZLER Annik E. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

The North African–Asian lion subgroup, which is composed of two subspecies, the Barbary lion, Panthera leo leo, and the Asian lion, P. l. persica, was nearly exterminated during the last centuries. The remaining free‐ranging population of Asian lions consists of c. 350 animals in India. The Barbary lion subsists as captive animals in zoos or circuses, all of which originate from the Moroccan Royal Collection. There have been multiple genetic hybridizations with sub‐Saharan lions.
Several incomplete distribution maps of the past occupation of lions were proposed in the literature. I examine the distribution of these lions with the help of a larger database, extracted from zoological, archaeological and historical reports. Some records are however not completely reliable. Data were collected over a long period of time (from the Epipaleolithic to the modern times) in Eurasia, North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.
Dispersal took place in latitudes as far south as 15°N (Yemen) to 18°N (Mali; Chad) and as far north as 45–48°N (Bulgaria); and to longitudes as far west as 5.57°W (Morocco) and as far east as 84°E (India). Expansion was probably constrained by natural ecological factors northwards (higher seasonality, harsher winters) and southwards (extension of aridity after 3000 BP). At latitudes between 40 and 43°N, lions seem to have become a permanent part of the fauna during 6–8 millennia.
Lions were brought to extinction by humans through hunting, captures for exhibition in zoos and by the associated natural fragmentation of wild populations. The dates at which extinction took place varied greatly according to the geographical sites: 3000 BC for temperate Europe; 1000 BC in the south of Greece; 12–13th century in the Near East, Arabian Peninsula, Trans‐Caucasia or north of Afghanistan; and 19–20th century for North Africa, the Middle East and India.
Assessment of gastrointestinal motor functions by MRI: a comprehensive review
Authors: Marciani L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a useful technique for evaluating gastrointestinal (GI) motor functions because it provides multi‐planar imaging capability, high imaging speed, good spatial resolution and excellent soft tissue contrast. Moreover, multiple parameters of GI function can be assessed non‐invasively during a single study.Purpose  This critical review of the literature discusses the strengths and limitations of MRI for evaluating GI motor functions.
Effects of an aqueous alfalfa extract on production performance, egg quality and lipid metabolism of laying hens
Authors: Deng W. , Dong X. F. , Tong J. M. , Xie T. H. , Zhang Q. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThe present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an aqueous alfalfa extract (AAE) on production performance, egg quality and lipid metabolism of laying hens between 28 and 36 weeks of age. Four groups of commercial hens (Hy‐Line Brown) were fed with diets containing 0, 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.15% AAE. Dietary AAE had no effect on egg production parameters (p > 0.05). Shell strength was increased (linear and quadratic effects; p < 0.05) with gradient addition of AAE. Furthermore, shell strength was notably higher (p < 0.05) in 0.1% and 0.15% AAE groups than the control group. With an exception of serum low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum total triglycerides and liver cholesterol concentration (day 42), lipid indices in yolk, serum and liver were lowered (linear and quadratic effects; p < 0.05) at day 42 and day 56 as AAE in diets increased, as well as the enzyme activities of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC) and β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylglutaryl‐CoA (HMG‐CoA) reductase. In relation to the control group, cholesterol and triglycerides in yolk, liver and serum and serum very low density lipoprotein cholesterol were lower in 0.15% AAE‐treated birds at day 42 and day 56. It also significantly decreased activities of ACC, HMG‐CoA reductase and fatty acid synthetase (FAS) at day 56. The 0.1% AAE decreased triglycerides in yolk, liver and serum, as well as the activities of ACC and FAS at day 56. These data suggest that dietary AAE could be applied to improve egg shell quality and modify the lipid status of laying hens and eggs.
Neurocysticercosis: An unusual cause of seizure in the New Zealand setting
Authors: Pybus Megan , Heron Peter 
Published: January 2011

AbstractNeurocysticercosis is an unusual cause of seizure in the New Zealand setting. We report on the presentation of a 12‐year‐old Indian boy, who was found to have neurocysticercosis after presenting with a generalized seizure. Treatmeant of neurocysticercosis is controversial, and the evidence from the literature regarding treatment with anthelmintic (or cysticydal) medication is reviewed. Other treatment measures including anticonvulsant therapy and corticosteroids is also discussed.
Iodine‐induced neonatal hypothyroidism secondary to maternal seaweed consumption: A common practice in some Asian cultures to promote breast milk supply
Authors: Emder Phillip John , Jack Michelle Marion 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMild iodine deficiency is a recognised problem in Australia and New Zealand. However, iodine excess can cause hypothyroidism in some infants. We highlight two cases which illustrate the risks of excess dietary iodine intake during pregnancy and breastfeeding. They also describe a cultural practice of consuming seaweed soup to promote breast milk supply. Although most attention recently has been on the inadequacy of iodine in Australian diets, the reverse situation should not be overlooked. Neither feast nor famine is desirable.
Basilar artery occlusion in a 14‐year old female successfully treated with acute intravascular intervention: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Taneja Sanjeev R , Hanna Ibrahim , Holdgate Anna , Wenderoth Jason , Cordato Dennis J 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBasilar artery occlusion (BAO) is a rare cause of paediatric stroke that may result in severe neurological disability including a ‘locked‐in’ state. Acute interventional therapy for paediatric BAO is limited to a small number of published case reports. Of 13 previously published cases that have undergone acute intravascular therapy, six made a full neurological recovery, six had residual deficits ranging from mild dysarthria and ataxia to vegetative state and one patient died. The time from symptom onset to intervention was ≥12 h in 77% (10/13). We reported a 14‐year‐old female patient presenting with altered sensorium that progressed to a ‘locked‐in’ state due to idiopathic BAO who made a full clinical recovery after successful mechanical thrombectomy at 24 h following symptom onset. Acute neuro‐interventional therapy for paediatric BAO can result in complete neurological recovery despite the presence of severe neurological deficits and a prolonged period of time from symptom onset to clinical diagnosis.
Diclofenac pharmacokinetic meta‐analysis and dose recommendations for surgical pain in children aged 1–12 years
Authors: Standing Joseph F. , Tibboel Dick , Korpela Reijo , Olkkola Klaus T. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryBackground:  Diclofenac is an effective, opiate‐sparing analgesic for acute pain in children, which is commonly used in pediatric surgical units. Recently, a Cochrane review concluded the major knowledge gap in diclofenac use is dosing information. A pharmacokinetic meta‐analysis has been undertaken with the aim of recommending a dose for children aged 1–12 years.Methods:  Studies containing diclofenac pharmacokinetic data were identified during a Cochrane systematic review, and authors were asked to provide raw data. A pooled population analysis was undertaken in NONMEM to define the pharmacokinetics of intravenous, oral, and rectal diclofenac in children. Simulations were performed to recommend a dose yielding an equivalent area under diclofenac concentration–time curve (AUC) to a 50‐mg dispersible tablet in adults.Results:  Data from 111 children aged 1–14 years consisting of 375 samples following intravenous, oral suspension, and suppositories were used. Adult dispersible tablet and suspension data were added to provide a reference AUC and support the absorption modeling, respectively. A three‐compartment model described disposition, a dual‐absorption compartment model was used for suspension and dispersible tablet data, and single‐absorption compartment model for suppositories. The estimate of clearance was 16.5 l·h−1·70 kg−1 and bioavailabilities were 0.36, 0.63, and 0.35 for suspension, suppository, and dispersible tablets, respectively.Conclusions:  Single doses of 0.3 mg·kg−1 for intravenous, 0.5 mg·kg−1 for suppositories, and 1 mg·kg−1 for oral diclofenac in children aged 1–12 years are recommended as they yield a similar AUC to 50 mg in adults.
Estimating population size and habitat suitability for mountain nyala in areas with different protection status
Authors: Atickem A. , Loe L. E. , Langangen Ø. , Rueness E. K. , Bekele A. , Stenseth N. C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMany species of large herbivores are declining in numbers as a consequence of direct exploitation or habitat loss. In the Ethiopian highlands, rapid human population growth has resulted in an expansion of human settlements and farmland, threatening many endemic species such as the mountain nyala Tragelaphus buxtoni. Despite being listed as an endangered species, the mountain nyala is still the most important trophy hunting species in Ethiopia. We counted faecal pellets of mountain nyala within plots distributed along transects to estimate population size and identify key environmental variables associated with the presence of faecal pellet groups. The total mountain nyala population was estimated at 3756 (95% confidence intervals: 2506–7135) individuals, mainly occupying woodlands while avoiding human developments (agriculture and settlements). The total suitable area was estimated at 8333 km2. Only 31.6% of the total population lived within a national park, while 53.5% of the population inhabited two controlled hunting areas in the eastern mountains. Abundance was 3.7 times higher in areas patrolled by wardens, regardless of being in a national park or hunting area, suggesting that formal protection must be followed by surveillance to avoid poaching and habitat destruction. We found no negative correlation between pellet abundance and trophy hunting. Yet, it is too early to conclude that trophy hunting is sustainable as it has only recently been initiated in the studied populations.
Gender differences in knowledge and attitude regarding breastfeeding
Authors: Chang Yunhee , Valliant Melinda , Bomba Anne K. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe literature presented evidence that the opinions and attitudes of the father or male partner towards breastfeeding have a strong positive correlation with breastfeeding initiation and duration. Men are also found less knowledgeable about breastfeeding and are more positive towards formula feeding than women. Using a survey of college‐aged men and women, this study provides in‐depth understanding of gender differences in knowledge and attitude regarding breastfeeding. The Infant Feeding Knowledge Test and the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale were included in the questionnaire in addition to questions about the respondents' intention to breastfeed, exposure to breastfeeding during infancy and socio‐demographic characteristics of the family of origin. The final sample consists of 181 women and 88 men enrolled in a university in the Southern US. Linear regressions with gender interaction terms were estimated in order to isolate the gender‐specific correlations between their family background and their knowledge and attitude regarding breastfeeding. A series of Chi‐square tests examined whether the regression coefficients were significantly different between men and women. Results support existing evidence of gender gap in breastfeeding knowledge and attitude. More importantly, the study reveals that the influence of one's family background on their knowledge and attitude regarding breastfeeding is significantly different between men and women. It suggests a possibility of greater disagreement regarding feeding choices within a higher socioeconomic status (SES) couple. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Predicting potential distribution of the jaguar (Panthera onca) in Mexico: identification of priority areas for conservation
Authors: Rodríguez‐Soto Clarita , Monroy‐Vilchis Octavio , Maiorano Luigi , Boitani Luigi , Faller Juan Carlos , Briones Miguel Á. , Núñez Rodrigo , Rosas‐Rosas Octavio , Ceballos Gerardo , Falcucci Alessandra 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAim  The jaguar, Panthera onca, is a species of global conservation concern. In Mexico, the northernmost part of its distribution range, its conservation status, is particularly critical, while its potential and actual distribution is poorly known. We propose an ensemble model (EM) of the potential distribution for the jaguar in Mexico and identify the priority areas for conservation.Location  Mexico.Methods  We generated our EM based on three presence‐only methods (Ecological Niche Factor Analysis, Mahalanobis distance, Maxent) and considering environmental, biological and anthropogenic factors. We used this model to evaluate the efficacy of the existing Mexican protected areas (PAs), to evaluate the adequacy of the jaguar conservation units (JCUs) and to propose new areas that should be considered for conservation and management of the species in Mexico.Results  Our results outline that 16% of Mexico (c. 312,000 km2) can be considered as suitable for the presence of the jaguar. Furthermore, 13% of the suitable areas are included in existing PAs and 14% are included in JCUs (Sanderson et al., 2002).Main conclusions  Clearly much more should be carried out to establish a proactive conservation strategy. Based on our results, we propose here new jaguar conservation and management areas that are important for a nationwide conservation blueprint.
Modality Switching Costs Emerge in Concept Creation as Well as Retrieval
Authors: Connell Louise , Lynott Dermot 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTheories of embodied cognition hold that the conceptual system uses perceptual simulations for the purposes of representation. A strong prediction is that perceptual phenomena should emerge in conceptual processing, and, in support, previous research has shown that switching modalities from one trial to the next incurs a processing cost during conceptual tasks. However, to date, such research has been limited by its reliance on the retrieval of familiar concepts. We therefore examinedconcept creationby asking participants to interpret modality‐specific compound phrases (i.e., conceptual combinations). Results show that modality switching costs emerge during the creation of new conceptual entities: People are slower to simulate a novel concept (e.g., auditoryjingling onion) when their attention has already been engaged by a different modality in simulating a familiar concept (e.g., visualshiny penny). Furthermore, these costs cannot be accounted for by linguistic factors alone. Rather, our findings support the embodied view that concept creation, as well as retrieval, requires situated perceptual simulation.
Japanese Sound‐Symbolism Facilitates Word Learning in English‐Speaking Children
Authors: Kantartzis Katerina , Imai Mutsumi , Kita Sotaro 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSound‐symbolism is the nonarbitrary link between the sound and meaning of a word. Japanese‐speaking children performed better in a verb generalization task when they were taught novel sound‐symbolic verbs, created based on existing Japanese sound‐symbolic words, than novel nonsound‐symbolic verbs (Imai, Kita, Nagumo, & Okada, 2008). A question remained as to whether the Japanese children had picked up regularities in the Japanese sound‐symbolic lexicon or were sensitive to universal sound‐symbolism. The present study aimed to provide support for the latter. In a verb generalization task, English‐speaking 3‐year‐olds were taught novel sound‐symbolic verbs, created based on Japanese sound‐symbolism, or novel nonsound‐symbolic verbs. English‐speaking children performed better with the sound‐symbolic verbs, just like Japanese‐speaking children. We concluded that children are sensitive to universal sound‐symbolism and can utilize it in word learning and generalization, regardless of their native language.
Nonblinding, Penetrating Orbital Injury with Pontine and Cerebellar Involvement Secondary to Antenna Trauma
Authors: Teymoorian Savak , San Filippo Ashley , Wallace Billi 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSETraumatic pontine and cerebellar damage originating from ocular injury has been documented in the past; however, no report has been made about an orbital trauma causing injury to the pons and cerebellum with associated neurological symptoms while leaving the globe, visual pathway, and ocular controls intact.METHODSChart review of a single case of a traumatic antenna injury.RESULTSA traumatic antenna injury that penetrated the orbit and injured the pons and cerebellum without involving the visual pathway and its controls.CONCLUSIONSPontine and cerebellar injury can occur from trauma that originated in the orbit and traveled posteriorly through the cranium without causing any overt damage to ocular structures but still causing other associated neurological problems. J Neuroimaging 2012;22:201‐203.
Acute Stroke, Catheter Related Venous Thrombosis, and Paradoxical Cerebral Embolism: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Petrea Rodica Elena , Koyfman Feliks , Pikula Aleksandra , Romero Jose Rafael , Viereck Jason , Babikian Viken L. , Kase Carlos S. , Nguyen Thanh N. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDPatent foramen ovale (PFO) has been associated with cryptogenic stroke, particularly in young adults. However, the source of particles leading to cerebral embolism remains frequently unknown despite comprehensive evaluation.OBJECTIVETo report and comment on therapeutic options for 2 patients with acute ischemic strokes, PFO, and venous access related thrombosis, sources of paradoxical embolism, from Boston Medical Center stroke database.CASE DESCRIPTIONS
Case 1. A 71‐year‐old man presented with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed acute cerebellar infarction. Echocardiography showed a PFO and thrombotic material at the tip of a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line in the superior vena cava (SVC) prolapsing into the right atrium (RA). Case 2. A 64‐year‐old woman with end‐stage renal disease and PFO presented with brain MRI confirmed acute parietal lobe infarction. Three days prior to her stroke, she had thrombectomy and venoplasty of an arterio‐venous (AV) dialysis graft followed by a post‐thrombectomy fistulogram that showed persistent thrombotic material at the venous site.CONCLUSIONSPFO associated with large venous access site thrombosis was the most likely mechanism of stroke in both cases. Local thrombosis at sites of large venous access may be an overlooked source of paradoxical embolism in patients with PFO as well as a preventable cause of stroke in critically ill patients.
Sex Determination from Hand and Foot Dimensions in a North Indian Population
Authors: Krishan Kewal , Kanchan Tanuj , Sharma Abhilasha 
Published: January 2011

Abstract: Hands and feet are often recovered from the site of natural as well as man‐made disasters because of bomb blasts, train accidents, plane crashes, or mass homicides. This study is intended to establish standards for determination of sex from the dimensions of hands and feet in a North Indian population. The data for this study comprise 123 men and 123 women aged between 17 and 20 years from the “Rajput” population of Himachal Pradesh in North India. Four anthropometric measurements viz. hand length, hand breadth, foot length, and foot breadth have been taken on both sides of each subject following international anthropometric standards. The hand index (hand breadth/hand length × 100) and the foot index (foot breadth/foot length × 100) were calculated. Sectioning points and regression models are derived for the hand and foot dimensions and the derived indices. The hand and foot dimensions show a higher accuracy in sex determination by sectioning point analysis when compared to hand and foot index. Of the hand and the foot dimensions, hand breadth and foot breadth showed better accuracy in sex determination. Hand index and foot index remain poor sex discriminators in the study.