bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Western Blotting for Detection of Peanut Mottle Virus and Peanut Stripe Virus1
Authors: Sherwood J. L. , Melouk H. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Western blotting was used to detect infections of peanut cv. Tamnut 74 with peanut mottle virus (PMV) and/or peanut stripe virus (PStV). Leaf samples were ground in electrophoresis sample buffer and heated for 5 min at 95 C prior to electrophoresis in 12% polyacrylamide gels. After electrophoresis, proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose sheets at 100V for 45 min. Western blots were performed by first blocking unbound sites on the nitrocellulose with 5% non-fat dry milk in Tris-buffered saline (TBS), pH 7.4 for 30 min, followed by incubation in a 1/200 dilution of PMV and/or PStV antiserum in TBS (the latter antiserum provided by J. W. Demski, U. of GA) for 45 min. This was followed by incubation in protein-A-peroxidase (2 μg/mL in TBS) for 45 min, followed by 4-chloro-1-napthol plus hydrogen peroxide in TBS. As little as 25 ng of either purified PMV or PStV was detected. This was similar to the limits of detection fo the double sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Because of the difference in migration of the coat proteins of PMV and PStV, both viruses may be detected in plants infected with PMV and PStV. This assay can be performed in approximately 6 h when mini-gels are used for the initial electrophoretic seperation and does not require the antiserum to be fractionated or bound to an enzyme as is the case with ELISA.
Efficacy of the Visual, Minicolumn, and Thin Layer Chromatography Methods to Test Farmers Stock Peanuts for Aflatoxin1
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Dickens J. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This study estimated the efficacy of the visual A. flavus (VAF), minicolumn (MCL), and thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods to detect farmers stock peanuts which contain aflatoxin. Aflatoxin tests on grade samples from each of 2300 lots of farmers stock peanuts was used to estimate the distribution of farmers stock lots according to their aflatoxin concentration (lot distribution). This lot distribution (with an average aflatoxin concentration of 59.5 parts per billion) was incorporated into each of the 3 computer models that simulate the testing of farmers stock peanuts for aflatoxin when the VAF, MCL, and TLC methods are used. The number of lots accepted and the average aflatoxin concentration (AA) in the accepted lots was predicted. Results indicate that when a given percentage of the lots are accepted, lots accepted by the VAF method have less aflatoxin than those lots accepted by either the MCL or TLC methods. When the present visual method was used to test the above lot distribution, 75.8% of the lots tested were accepted and the AA in the accepted and rejected lots were 4.1 and 232.8 parts per billion, respectively.
Growth and Development of the Florunner Peanut Cultivar as Influenced by Population, Planting Date and Water Availability1
Authors: Kvien C. S. , Bergmark C. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The influence of planting date, plant population, and row pattern on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growth and development was studied at two locations in Georgia. Twin rows were found to give faster canopy closure at high populations (212,000 plants ha-1) but not at low populations (26,500 plants ha-1). No yield differences due to row pattern were found. Increasing population increased competition for light which increased plant height and the percent of total dry matter partitioned to the stem. Population effect on yield was dependent on planting date and environmental conditions. When an optimum planting date (28 April 1983) was combined with adequate moisture (65 cm of water during season), increasing population from 30,000 to 240,000 plants ha-1 increased yield from 5290 to 6840 kg ha-1. A combination of an optimum planting date and moisture-limiting conditions (33 cm) resulted in a positive yield response of 20% as population was increased from 26,000 to 208,000 plants ha-1. Combining a late planting date (3 June 1983) with either adequate moisture (66 cm) or moisture-limiting conditions (35 cm) resulted in no yield response due to population. Late planting dates significantly reduced grade.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid on Pegging and Seed Set of Arachis Species1
Authors: Stalker H. T. , Seitz M. H. , Reece P. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Many species of Arachis fail to produce seeds after self- or cross-pollination. A primary barrier to seed production is pegging for many genotypes; therefore, the effect of applying GA3 (gibberellic acid) to flowers was investigated. Species of Arachis were treated with 0, 88, 176, or 352 ppm GA3 daily for 30 days and the number of flowers and pegs recorded. The species A. chacoense Krap. et Greg. nom. nud., A. villosa Benth., A. correntina (Burk) Krap. et Greg. nom. nud., A diogoi Hoehne, A. stenosperma Greg. et Greg. nom. nud., and A. sp. coll. GK 30006 had a linear response in peg formation to increased levels of GA3 However, A. sp. coll. GKPSc 30108 had a quadratic response. Arachis cardenasii Krap. et Greg, nom. nud. had a cubic response to GA3 levels. The species A. helodes Mart. ex. Krap. et Rig., A. sp. coll. GK 30008, A. sp. coll. GK 30011, A. sp. coll. GK 30017, A. glabrata Benth and A. hypogaea did not have a significant peg response to application of GA3. Flowering was suppressed on all species by 352 ppm GA3. Application of either 88 or 176 ppm GA3 resulted in increased numbers of pegs for all species except A. hypogaea, A. sp. coll. GK 30017 and A. sp. coll. GK 30011. In another experiment, plants of A. chacoense, A. cardenasii, A. villosa, A. helodes, and A. diogoi were treated with 176 ppm GA 3 and pegs were allowed to mature but no seeds were recovered. A crossing program using NC 4 in reciprocal with five species resulted in a significant increase in seeds when GA3 applications were applied, but only for hybrid combinations which are normally successful without GA3. Parthenocarpic development is believed to account for increased numbers of pegs. Because pegging is mandatory before seeds can be obtained in Arachis, applications of GA3 will add significantly toward overcoming a reproductive barrier in Arachis. However, application of additional growth regulators will be necessary to stimulate development of the embryo.
Control of Southern Stem Rot and Rhizoctonia Limb Rot of Peanut with Flutolanil
Authors: Csinos A. S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Flutolanil (SN 84364) was evaluated in vitro against Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani AG-4. ED50 values were &lt; 0.01 and &lt; 0.1 μg/mL for S. rolfsii and R. solani, respectively, while Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) had ED50 values of &lt; 0.1 and &lt; 1.0 μg/mL, respectively. Concentrations of flutolanil at 0.1 μg/mL greatly reduced sclerotia and sclerotia initial development of S. rolfsii. Field evaluations were conducted near Tifton, GA, during 1983–86 for control of southern stem rot (S. rolfsii) and Rhizoctonia limb rot (R. solani AG 4) on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Flutolanil 50 WP applied as a banded (40 cm) foliar spray at rates of 1.12 – 5.6 kg ai/ha at pegging (about 60 days post seeding) significantly (P = 0.05) decreased both disease loci numbers caused by S. rolfsii and percentage of vines infected with R. solani. Yields were increased significantly (P = 0.05) in all treatments over the four years of trials. Flutolanil 7 G was significantly (P = 0.05) less effective in controlling southern stem rot and increasing yield than the 50 WP formulation.
Incidence and Economic Importance of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes on Peanut in Texas
Authors: Wheeler T. A. , Starr J. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes in five Texas peanut producing counties was determined during 1985 and 1986 growing seasons. Criconemella, the most frequently detected genus, was present in 83.4% of the samples; evidence of crop damage was not observed. Meloidogyne arenaria was detected in 15.5% of the samples. In microplot tests, there was a significant negative relationship between initial populations of M. arenaria and peanut yields; a linear model estimates a 10% yield loss with initial populations of 44–83 M. arenaria/500 cm3 soil. At least 10% of the survey samples were estimated to have root-knot nematode populations exceeding that necessary for a 10% yield loss. Other parasitic genera found in the survey were Pratylenchus (15.7% of the samples) and Belonolaimus (0.8% of the samples). While pod symptoms of Pratylenchus damage were observed, reliable yield loss estimates can not be made with existing data.
Yield and Market Quality of Seven Peanut Genotypes as Affected By Leafspot Disease and Harvest Date1
Authors: Knauft D. A. , Gorbet D. W. , Norden A. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The effects of leafspot disease (causal organisms Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton) on the yield and market quality of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) must be understood to more accurately assess genetic potential of breeding lines. Seven peanut genotypes were grown without fungicide application at two locations, Gainesville and Marianna FL, for three years and harvested at three biweekly dates. Consistent pod yields near 5000 kg ha-1 were obtained for leafspot resistant breeding line 94 at Marianna when it was harvested later than 142 days after planting (DAP). Other resistant lines also reached maximum production at late harvests, even though disease incidence increased for all resistant lines. Highest yields of susceptible lines occurred ca. 120 DAP, with the susceptible cultivar Florunner producing over 3400 kg ha-1 at Marianna. Although disease pressure on the susceptible lines was heavy at 120 DAP, pod yields did not decline until later harvests, indicating that a major effect of the leafspot disease was the loss of pods already produced. Increased disease pressure was poorly correlation with seed size or total sound mature kernels in either resistant or susceptible lines.
Effect of Hot Water Immersion on Sensory Properties of Non-Refrigerated Peanuts1
Authors: Branch A. L. , Worthington R. E. , Chinnan M. S. , Heaton E. K. , Nakayama T. O. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Sensory properties of Fla Early Bunch and NC 7 peanuts immersed in hot water at 79 C for 90 sec and subjected to non-refrigerated storage were evaluated. Sensory scores were lower for immersed peanuts than the non-immersed peanuts, however the attributes for the immersed peanuts were not scored lower than borderline throughout storage. Flavor scores for both cultivars ranged between 6 for slightly good and 7 for moderately good. Significant cultivar differences were observed for color at the initial month and flavor at 2, 5, and 8 mo. NC 7 peanuts had significantly higher flavor sensory scores than the Fla Early Bunch nuts. Duo trio tests showed that panelists detected significant differences between non-immersed and immersed peanuts at the eighth month of storage.
A Comparison of Two Peanut Growth Models for Oklahoma
Authors: Grosz G. D. , Elliott R. L. , Young J. H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Growth simulation models provide potential benefit in the study of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production. Two physiologically-based peanut simulation models of varying complexity were adapted and calibrated to simulate the growth and yield of Spanish peanut under Oklahoma conditions. Field data, including soil moisture measurements and sequential yield samples, were collected at four sites during the 1985 growing season. An automated weather station provided the necessary climatic data for the models. PNUTMOD, the simpler model originally developed for educational purposes, requires seven varietal input parameters in addition to temperature and solar radiation data. The seven model parameters were calibrated using data from two of the four field sites, and model performance was evaluated using the remaining two data sets. The more complex model, PEANUT, simulates individual plant physiological processes and utilizes a considerably larger set of input parameters. Since PEANUT was developed for the Virginia type peanut, several input parameters required adjustment for the Spanish type peanut grown in Oklahoma. PEANUT was calibrated using data from all four study sites. Both models performed well in simulating pod yield. PNUTMOD, which does not allow for leaf senescence, did not perform as well as PEANUT in predicting vegetative growth.
Characterization of Trypsin Inhibitor in Florunner Peanut Seeds (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Ahmed E. M. , Applewhite J. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Florunner peanut seeds contained five trypsin isoinhibitors. Amino acid profiles of the trypsin inhibitors fraction showed high levels of aspartic acid, half-cystine and serine and low levels of histidine and tyrosine. The molecular weight of the inhibitor was 8.3 KDa.
The presence of multiforms of this inhibitor, its low molecular weight and the high amount of half-cystine indicate that peanut trypsin inhibitor is of the Bowman-Birk type.
Peanut Responses to Imposed-Drought Conditions in Southern Ontario
Authors: Roy R. C. , Stonehouse D. P. , Francois B. , Brown D. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The effects of moisture stress on Valencia peanut (hypogaea L.) yields were evaluated on Fox loamy-sand soils (Typic Hapudalf or Brunisolic Gray Brown Luvisols); of southwestern Ontario. Drought-imposed irrigation experiments were conducted in 1980 and 1981 by withholding water over all possible combinations of three peanut growth periods, as follows: Period I, early and full flowering; Period 2, late flowering and pod formation; Period 3, pod filling. Generally, the results indicated that the period of late flowering and pod formation is most sensitive to moisture and that moisture stress in growth periods 2 and 3 reduced yields more than stress in periods 1 and 2. Year-to-year variations indicated that, at least in this short-season growing area, factors other than moisture stress alone were influencing peanut yield and quality.
Selection Among Early Generation Peanut Progeny for Enhanced Nitrogen Fixation1
Authors: Arrendell S. , Wynne J. C. , Elkan G. H. , Schneeweis T. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Recurrent selection provides an established methodology for host improvement which should be applicable to increasing N2 fixation. This study was conducted to evaluate response to three cycles of phenotypic selection for fresh plant weight, nodule number and dry weight, and acetylene reduction when individual peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants were evaluated in the greenhouse using a mixture of four Bradyrhizobium strains as inoculum. The F2 generation derived from a single cross, Florigiant x CES 101, constituted the base population. In each of three cycles the 20 superior individuals were selected and randomly intermated to generate the subsequent cycle for selection. The 20 selections from each cycle were bulked and evaluated with the original parents in two greenhouse trials to evaluate response to selection. No variability for fresh plant weight, nodule number or dry weight, or acetylene reduction was detected among cycles. Realized heritability estimates were 0.01 ± 0.02, 0.05 ± 0.03, −0.06 ± 0.06, and 0.31 ± 0.32 for fresh plant weight, nodule number, nodule dry weight, and acetylene reduction, respectively. Agronomic traits of the same entries were evaluated in one field study. No variability for these traits was detected among cycles. Insufficient control of environmental variation was suggested as a possible cause of lack of response to selection.
Influence of Peanut Stripe Virus on Growth, Yield, and Quality of Florunner Peanut1
Authors: Lynch R. E. , Demski J. W. , Branch W. D. , Holbrook C. C. , Morgan L. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The influence of peanut stripe virus (PStV) on growth, yield, and grade of Florunner peanut and percent seed transmissions was determined under field conditions during 1985 and 1986. Plants were artificially inoculated with PStV and infection was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Under the conditions of these tests, PStV did not significantly influence growth, yield, or grade of Florunner peanut, and seed infection averaged less than 2 percent.
Effect of Selection for Emergence and Maturity on Yield of Ontario Peanuts
Authors: Michaels T. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Seed yield of Valencia peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. ssp. fastigiata Waldron var. fastigiata) cultivars currently grown in Ontario. Canada appears quite sensitive to cooler or shorter than normal growing seasons. High seed yield may be associated with high percentage emergence and early maturity in this unique peanut-growing region. Selection for percentage emergence and maturity was practiced among F2 derived F4 families of five populations. Maturity was determined by percentage of pod yield as sound mature seeds Percentage emergence selections and percentage sound mature seed selections were recombined in a Comstock and Robinson design II mating design to develop 16 crosses. F3 and F4 bulk progeny of these Crosses were entered in three trials in two locations. Crosses on average had significantly higher percentage emergence and percentage sound mature seeds than the ancestors at only the coolest, shortest season location. Crosses on average were not significantly different from ancestors for pod or seed yield in any trial. General combining ability (GCA) and its interaction with trial were Significant for all characteristics except percentage emergence for the percentage sound mature seed selections. The GCA x trial interactions appeared to be associated with differences in rainfall and temperature in August and September between the two years. Specific combining ability and its interaction with trial were also significant for all characteristics except emergence.
Components of Resistance to Late Leafspot in Peanut. II. Correlations Among Components and Their Significance in Breeding for Resistance1
Authors: Chiteka Z. A. , Gorbet D. W. , Knauft D. A. , Shokes F. M. , Kucharek T. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A total of 116 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes, which included all market types, were evaluated for resistance to late leafspot (Cercosporidium personatum Berk, and Curt. (Deighton)) in three tests during 1986. Two tests were conducted in greenhouses at Gainesville and Quincy, Florida. The third test was conducted in the field near Marianna, Florida. Lesion number per leaf, percent leaf necrotic area, lesion diameter, spore production, and latent period were evaluated. Correlations were calculated between greenhouse and field studies. Contributions of each component of resistance to an overall plant appearance score was also determined.
Amount of sporulation, lesion size, and latent period were highly correlated with each other and with percent leaf necrotic area within tests. The rank of genotypes in the field was significantly correlated with the rank in the greenhouse for latent period (r = 0.57), lesion diameter (r = 0.46), and sporulation (r = 0.59). Sporulation, lesion size, and latent period were the most important components contributing to visual plant appearance score. Sporulation accounted for most of the variability in the score.
Characteristics of Visual, Minicolumn and TLC Methods in Detecting Aflatoxin Contaminated Loads of Farmers Stock Peanuts
Authors: Tsai Y. J. , Davidson J. I. , Chew V. , Cole R. J. , Sanders T. H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Results from two 1980 experiments were used to compare the performance of the visual, minicolumn and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods in detecting loads of farmers stock peanuts with aflatoxin. The first experiment was conducted to establish variability of the methods under ideal conditions. The second experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of the three methods under commercial conditions. In this paper, data and empirical models were used to explore potential improvements in detecting low-level contaminated lots. The minicolumn and TLC methods were very sensitive and provided consistent measurements. Operation characteristic (OC) curves developed by using empirical models (Logistic and Gompertz) were compared to statistical distribution functions used by Whitaker and coworkers. Assuming a desired probability of acceptance of 15%, both the minicolumn and TLC methods would accept lots with 60 ppb aflatoxin, while the visual methods would accept lots with 150 ppb aflatoxin. In crop years similar to 1980, the currently used method would not segregate peanuts to meet the 1–5 ppb (total) tolerance levels and would provide excessive sheller risk. Because of their objectivity, precision and higher sensitivity, the minicolumn and TLC have potential for improving the detection of contaminated loads of farmers stock peanuts.
Relationship Between Aflatoxin Content and Buoyancy of Florunner Peanut Kernels
Authors: Kirksey J. W. , Cole R. J. , Dorner J. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A water flotation method was used to study the distribution of aflatoxin relative to kernel density in naturally contaminated samples of shelled farmers stock peanuts. Five-hundred gram samples of visibly undamaged, contaminated peanuts were added to 2000 mL of tapwater, and approximately 15–30% of the kernels rose to the surface as buoyant kernels. These buoyant kernels contained an average of 95 + % of the total sample aflatoxin content. Buoyant kernels, when examined internally, all had a hollow space or “lumen” inside the kernel between the two cotyledons. Data showed an association between aflatoxin content, kernel lumen volume, and the propensity of kernels to float. The lumen may provide a reservoir of air for flotation, fungal growth, and aflatoxin production. The positive association between the presence of a lumen and aflatoxin contamination may provide a possible resistance strategy, if the presence or absence of a lumen is genetically controlled or if it can be manipulated physiologically.
Reaction of Select Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Lines to Southern Stem Rot and Pythium Pod Rot Under Varied Disease Pressure
Authors: Smith O. D. , Boswell T. E. , Grichar W. J. , Simpson C. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Eight breeding lines, three parents, and the cultivar Florunner were compared under two levels of disease pressure induced by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., or Pythium myriotylum Drechs. at each of two locations for three years to ascertain the effectiveness of the host plant resistance to each pathogen. Varied disease pressures were created by application of fungicides and supplement of fungal inoculum.
Mean Florunner pod yields varied more than 1000 kg/ha as a result of the S. rolfsii treatments but the yields of the resistant TxAG-3 were not affected. Disease incidence, as measured by frequency of S. rolfsii infection sites and diseased pods, was much higher for Florunner than TxAG-3. Breeding lines for which TxAG-3 was a parent sustained significant yield reductions. The disease incidence in these lines was higher than the resistant parent, equal or less than Tamnut 74, their other parent, and less than Florunner. The grades of TxAG-3 and its derivatives were lower than Florunner.
Pod rot incidence differed for the P. myriotylum treatments but pod yields were not different. TxAG-3 and Toalson sustained less pod disease than Florunner and Tamnut 74. The percent of diseased pod tissue for one derivative of Toalson was lower than Toalson and TxAG-3, and that of one TxAG-3 derivative was equal to its best parent. The breeding lines varied in reaction to the two diseases and some lines showed considerable resistance to both organisms.