bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conformational changes in polypeptides and proteins
Authors: Yakubovich Alexander V. , Solov'yov Andrey V. , Greiner Walter 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe consider the process of α‐helix↔random coil transition in alanine polypeptides. For this, we suggest a novel theoretical method based on the statistical mechanics. We apply the developed formalism for the description of the thermodynamical properties of alanine polypeptides of different length. We analyze the essential thermodynamical properties of the system such as heat capacity, the phase transition temperature, and the latent heat of the phase transition. Alternatively, we have obtained same thermodynamical characteristics from the molecular dynamics simulations and compared the results with the results of statistical mechanics calculations. The comparison proves the validity of the statistical mechanics approach and establishes its accuracy. We extend the developed formalism for the description of the α‐helix↔random coil transition in the presence of the effects of solvent. The performed analysis explains prominent decrease of the phase transition temperature of the polypeptide in water solution. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Direct calculation of the rate coefficients on the grid: Exact quantum versus semiclassical results for N + N2
Authors: Faginas‐Lago Noelia , Costantini Alessandro , Huarte‐Larrañaga Fermín 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA detailed description of the theoretical and computational machineries used to apply quantum and semiclassical direct approaches to the calculation of atom‐diatom reaction rate coefficients using the production computing grid of EGEE is given. Specific results of an extended computational campaign on N + N2 are reported. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Meta‐analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies accounting for disease prevalence: Alternative parameterizations and model selection
Authors: Chu Haitao , Nie Lei , Cole Stephen R. , Poole Charles 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn a meta‐analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies, the sensitivities and specificities of a diagnostic test may depend on the disease prevalence since the severity and definition of disease may differ from study to study due to the design and the population considered. In this paper, we extend the bivariate nonlinear random effects model on sensitivities and specificities to jointly model the disease prevalence, sensitivities and specificities using trivariate nonlinear random‐effects models. Furthermore, as an alternative parameterization, we also propose jointly modeling the test prevalence and the predictive values, which reflect the clinical utility of a diagnostic test. These models allow investigators to study the complex relationship among the disease prevalence, sensitivities and specificities; or among test prevalence and the predictive values, which can reveal hidden information about test performance. We illustrate the proposed two approaches by reanalyzing the data from a meta‐analysis of radiological evaluation of lymph node metastases in patients with cervical cancer and a simulation study. The latter illustrates the importance of carefully choosing an appropriate normality assumption for the disease prevalence, sensitivities and specificities, or the test prevalence and the predictive values. In practice, it is recommended to use model selection techniques to identify a best‐fitting model for making statistical inference. In summary, the proposed trivariate random effects models are novel and can be very useful in practice for meta‐analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leveraging ties: the contingent value of entrepreneurial teams' external advice networks on Indian software venture performance
Authors: Vissa Balagopal , Chacar Aya S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis study investigates the impact of entrepreneurial teams' external networks on their ventures' performance. We first argue that ventures whose entrepreneurial teams span many structural holes in their external advice networks experience higher performance. We then propose that network ties are not uniform in their effect, but rather are contingent on two distinct features of entrepreneurial teams: (i) their strategic consensus—extent of agreement on key goals and strategies within the team—and (ii) internal cohesion—extent of interpersonal friendships within the team. Finally, we propose that team demographics and team networks complement (rather than substitute) each other. Data from Indian software ventures provide support for these arguments. We extend entrepreneurship research by highlighting how venture teams' internal processes and external networks jointly shape performance outcomes. We also add to the literature on team networks by drawing attention to the role of strategic consensus as a distinct pathway through which teams can leverage their external networks.
Spatial regulation of PI3K signaling during chemotaxis
Authors: Iglesias Pablo A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPhosphoinositide 3‐kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate the 3′ OH position of the inositol ring of phosphoinositides on the inner leaf of the plasma membrane. Receptor‐mediated activation of the PI3K pathway plays a crucial role in numerous signaling pathways and regulates a number of critical cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, survival and directed migration. In this focus article, we review the temporal and spatial regulation of PI3K in chemotaxing cells with particular emphasis on the amoeba Dictyostelium as well as neutrophils. We also briefly discuss one model used to elucidate the PI3K pathway. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models
Lessons Learned from Hurricane Ike
Authors: Mitchell Laurie , Anderle Diane , Nastally Kathleen , Sarver Troy , Hafner‐Burton Tana , Owens Sheron 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAfter the poorly planned evacuation for Hurricane Rita in 2005, many health care systems in the Houston area updated the disaster plans they would implement in the event of a major disaster.In September 2008, Texas health care systems in the Houston‐Galveston area had the opportunity to execute those plans when Hurricane Ike made landfall. Despite hours of hurricane preparation at the Texas Orthopedic Hospital in Houston, TX, before the storm, we found that there were still lessons to be learned from Hurricane Ike that can be used by other health care systems to prepare for disaster. AORN J 89 (June 2009) 1073–1078. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Cities in Social Transformation
Authors: Friedmann John 
Published: June 2009

This essay has sought to bring out salient points that can throw light both upon the vexing problems of cultural transformation and on the related phenomena of economic growth. It has employed concepts that are relatively recent in the social sciences and that when synthesized provide the elements of a theory of social change. The five main concepts are: the city as a cross-cultural type; the functional urban hierarchy; the nodular regional structure; effective social, political-administrative and economic space; economic growth as being part of a more comprehensive process leading to successively higher levels of integration of the social system.From the concept of the city as a cross-cultural type it follows that there are no fundamental distinctions between industrial and preindustrial cities, but both are sharply distinguished from communal village life. All cities have in common a way of life that is characterized by varying degrees of social heterogeneity and cultural vitality, and by inventiveness, creativity, rationality, and civic consciousness. From the fact that cities and the regions related to them may be seen as functionally differentiated and arranged in hieratic fashion it follows that the extent of urban influence will vary with (a) the stage of evolution reached by the hierarchy as a whole, and (b) the relative position of any given city within the hierarchy.Economic growth has to be seen as part of a comprehensive process of cultural transformation. From the ruthless destruction of old social forms no aspect of society will be spared. It is the influences spreading outward from cities that accomplish both the disruption of the traditional social patterns and the reintegration of society around new fundamental values. The city acts as a coordinating, space-creating force, thus achieving the integration of the social order in its spatial dimensions. Intellectuals, administrators and entrepreneurs are the city's agents in this task. With their success in organizing the life of a society, both as a pattern of activities and as a pattern in space, the traditional notion of a city as a place having definite geographic limits will tend gradually to disappear. Just as Karl Mannheim speaks of fundamental democratization as one of the tendencies of our age, so one may speak of fundamental urbanization as the end-result of modern economic growth. With this, the former distinction between town and country will beblurred and will leave a thoroughly organized, impersonal, and functionally rational society to carry on.
Culture and Social Structure in the Caribbean: Some Recent Work on Family and Kinship Studies
Authors: Smith Raymond T. 
Published: June 2009

The territories of the circum-Caribbean region contain some of the most complex societies in the world. Their complexity lies not in their size, degree of internal differentiation or technological development, but in the dependent and fragmented nature of their cultures, the ethnic diversity of their populations, the special nature of their dependent economies, the peculiarities of their political development and the apparent incoherence of their social institutions. It has been suggested that many Caribbean societies have no history of their own but should be viewed as an extension of Europe. Dr. Eric Williams, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, has recently written in reference to his country:On August 31st 1962, a country will be free, a miniature state will be established, but a society and a nation will not have been formed.
Usury in Early Mediaeval India (A.D. 400–1200)
Authors: Sharma R. S. 
Published: June 2009

I. Attitudes towards UsuryIn many ancient societies the very idea of taking interest was considered to be reprehensible and immoral. The term usury, which comes to be applied to lending at rates above the legal rates, has a tinge of something socially and religiously undesirable about it. In early and mediaeval Indian society it is not always possible to draw a precise line between usury and interest, and hence the subject can be best studied by examining the data on interest and money-lending.
Islam, Political Leadership and Economic Radicalism in Africa
Authors: Mazrui Ali A. 
Published: June 2009

How conservative a force is Islam in Africa?The experience of Northern Nigeria would seem to suggest that Islam is indeed basically conservative. Yet, if that is so, there are other factors on the African scene which need to be explained away. When a few years ago Africa was divided into the Casablanca and the Monrovia groups, the radicals were the Casablanca states. Yet of the six countries which constituted the Casablanca group, five were Muslim countries: Guinea, Mali, the United Arab Republic, Morocco and Algeria (then represented by a Government-in-exile). Nkrumah of Ghana was the odd man out at Casablanca.
Fascism, Industrialism and Socialism: The Case of Italy
Authors: Szymanski Albert 
Published: June 2009

The correlation between socialism and industrialism was found to be. 30. Thus, there is a small positive correlation between the two factors. That is, socialism tends to occur most strongly in industrial areas; however, the relation is not especially strong.The correlation between socialism and fascism as measured by violence per 100,000 population was found to be. 55. Thus there is a fairly strongest.
Agrarian Reform in Historical Perspective Revisited
Authors: Tuma Elias H. 
Published: June 2009

IntroductionPrograms of agrarian reform have continued to be used either to bring about change or sometimes to slow it down, depending on whether such programs were introduced after a major upheaval in society or as a preventive against it. Economic development and modernization have been used as justifications for introducing reform programs, on the assumption that reform facilitates these processes, but the actual contribution of reform to development and modernization is not obvious nor easily measured because of the variety of approaches utilized in evaluating the effects. Furthermore, only the rudiments of a theory of agrarian reform have been formulated in the literature. To a large extent, agrarian reform programs have been pragmatically oriented, aimed at short-term political goals, or viewed as problem-solving mechanisms in the day-to-day affairs of the state. One may go farther by suggesting that reform programs have often been used to inhibit change. In that role reform serves as a pacifier, and only minimum change would be brought about—just enough to avoid an upheaval or to stabilize the relations between reformers and potential beneficiaries. By the time such a weakness, if it may be considered that, has been discovered, another potion of reform would be introduced to keep the lid on the dormant restlessness of its potential beneficiaries.
Recycling Tradition: Culture, History, and Political Economy in the Chrysanthemum Festivals of South China
Authors: Siu Helen F. 
Published: June 2009

In the mid-nineteenth century, a gentleman in Xiaolan having the Mai surname wrote in his memoir:Age eighteen, the forty-seventh year of Qianlong's reign [1782], there was a chrysanthemum festival. Each major surname group put on floral displays, and six platforms were set up throughout the town. There were scores of theatrical troupes whose performance brought together kinsmen and friends. The tradition of the festival started that year.
The Official Representation of Social Classes in Britain, the United States, and France: The Professional Model and “Les Cadres”
Authors: Szreter S.R.S. 
Published: June 2009

In the course of the inter-war period, a particular empirical model of national social structure emerged in the official census publications of both Britain and the United States. In the postwar period the essential characteristics of this model subsequently became almost second nature for many English-speaking social and policy scientists on both sides of the Atlantic. This “professional model” of social structure took the following form when it was adopted in the United States in the 1930s:I. ProfessionalII. Proprietors, Managers, OfficialsIII. Clerical, SalespersonsIV. Skilled ManualV. Semi-skilled ManualVI. Unskilled ManualThe Registrar-General of England and Wales had used the professional model since the 1911 census and has continued its use, with minor variations, to the present day.
Within and Against Peasantness: Backwardness and Filiality in Rural China
Authors: Kipnis Andrew B. 
Published: June 2009

Economically the contradiction between town and country is an extremely antagonistic one both in capitalist society, where under the rule of the bourgeoisie the towns ruthlessly plunder the countryside, and in the Kuomingtang areas in China, where under the rule of foreign imperialism and the Chinese big compradore bourgeoisie the towns most rapaciously plunder the countryside. But in a socialist country and in our own revolutionary base areas, this antagonistic contraction has changed into one that is non-antagonistic; and when communist society is reached it will be abolished.[Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) 1937:345]
From Utopian Hopes to Practical Politics: A National Revolution in a Rural Village
Authors: Reed Roert Roy 
Published: June 2009

To begin a revolution is very difficult. To sustain it is even more difficult. To win it is almost impossible. But once you have won, then your troubles really begin.Stephen Bann states that Utopia “forms the concrete expression of a moment of possibility,which is however annihilated in the very process of being enunciated” (Bann 1993:1, emphasis added). He traces this characteristic to Sir Thomas More, whose neologismUtopiapuns on being both the Good Place (eutopia) and No Place (Outopia), and to the modern denial of this No Place, which he labels ”a ritual of double negation” (Bann 1993:1). The present essay focuses on one ethnographic instance of Utopia's annihilation by enunciation. I will demonstrate that, when the enunciation of Utopia requires the implementation of public policy, the process of creating the Good Place is undermined by the mundane demands of practical politics.
Spatial and temporal variations of microphytoplankton composition related to hydrographic conditions in the Gulf of Gabès
Authors: Drira Zaher , Bel Hassen Malika , Hamza Asma , Rebai Ahmed , Bouain Abderrahmen , Ayadi Habib , Aleya Lotfi 
Published: June 2009

The spatial and temporal variations of the microphytoplankton communities were examined during four oceanographic cruises conducted between July 2005 and March 2007 aboard the RV ‘Hannibal’. Water thermal stratification started in May–June, and a thermocline established at 20 m depth, but ranged between 25 m during July and more than 30 m during September. The high concentrations of chlorophyll-awere observed during the May–June semi-mixed conditions and were mainly correlated with the concentrations of phosphate, suggesting a potential limitation by this nutrient. The Bacillariophyceae were dominant in the coastal samples, whereas they declined in the offshore area, most likely due to silicate shortage. Cyanobacteriae developed over semi-mixed conditions and at the thermocline depth. Relatively constant abundance of dinoflagellates was observed during the sampling periods from the coast to the offshore area, mainly explained by the high diversity species of this group. The results suggest that some phytoplankton taxa are generally adapted to specific hydrological conditions, whereas the dinoflagellates did not seem to follow this trend. Our findings have important biogeochemical implications in relationship with the export fluxes of the particulate matter throughout the water column.
Cetacean strandings on the coast of Ceará, north-eastern Brazil (1992–2005)
Authors: Meirelles Ana Carolina O. , Monteiro-Neto Cassiano , Martins Aline M.A. , Costa Alexandra F. , Barros Helen M.D.R. , Alves Maria Danise O. 
Published: June 2009

This study reviews and updates information on cetacean strandings in the state of Ceará, Brazil (02°30′S 41°15′W– 04°30′S 36°45′W), comprising 573 km of coastline. In the years 1992–2005, there were 252 cetacean stranding events, representing 19 species: three species of Balaenopteridae, three Physeteridae, two Kogiidae, two Ziphiidae and 11 Delphinidae. Three species comprised the majority (78.9%) of stranding events: estuarine dolphin,Sotalia guianensis(61.9%); sperm whale,Physeter macrocephalus(10.3%); and rough-toothed dolphin,Steno bredanensis(6.7%). There was an increasing trend in the number of cases reported in the first five years with a highest frequency achieved in 1996. Stranding events occurred throughout the year, with the lowest frequency occurring in the autumn (March–May). Approximately 4% of the events were attributed to natural causes while 24.6% were human-related, mainly incidental captures. Meat removal for human consumption or bait was recorded in 6.7% of events. In the study area,Sotalia guianensis,P. macrocephalusandSteno bredanensiswere the most abundant cetacean species, whereasLagenodelphis hosei,Pseudorca crassidens,Orcinus orca,Kogia sima,Mesoplodon europaeus,Balaenoptera acutorostrataandBalaenoptera bonaerensisare probably rare in the area.
Russia and the International Polar Year, 1882–1883
Authors: Tammiksaar Erki , Sukhova Natalia G. , Stone Ian R. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTWhile it is well known that the originator of the plans for the first International Polar Year was Carl Weyprecht, and that Georg Neumayer was important in guiding the project in its early stages and to eventual fruition, the pivotal role of Heinrich Wild, who became chairman of the International Polar Commission, and was a member of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences and of the Russian Geographical Society, has been largely overlooked in this context. Furthermore the important work undertaken by the Russian scientific establishment with regard to the project is also little known. This paper seeks to throw light on these matters. Because of the difference in 12 days in the Russian and European calendars in the 19th century, for the sake of clarity, only the new (European) calendar is employed in the text.
Now you hear it, now you don't: Vowel devoicing in Japanese infant-directed speech
Authors: FAIS LAUREL , KAJIKAWA SACHIYO , AMANO SHIGEAKI , WERKER JANET F. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIn this work, we examine a context in which a conflict arises between two roles that infant-directed speech (IDS) plays: making language structure salient and modeling the adult form of a language. Vowel devoicing in fluent adult Japanese creates violations of the canonical Japanese consonant–vowel word structure pattern by systematically devoicing particular vowels, yielding surface consonant clusters. We measured vowel devoicing rates in a corpus of infant- and adult-directed Japanese speech, for both read and spontaneous speech, and found that the mothers in our study preserve the fluent adult form of the language and mask underlying phonological structure by devoicing vowels in infant-directed speech at virtually the same rates as those for adult-directed speech. The results highlight the complex interrelationships among the modifications to adult speech that comprise infant-directed speech, and that form the input from which infants begin to build the eventual mature form of their native language.
Segmental production in Mandarin-learning infants
Authors: CHEN LI-MEI , KENT RAYMOND D. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe early development of vocalic and consonantal production in Mandarin-learning infants was studied at the transition from babbling to producing first words. Spontaneous vocalizations were recorded for 24 infants grouped by age: G1 (0 ; 7 to 1 ; 0) and G2 (1 ; 1 to 1 ; 6). Additionally, the infant-directed speech of 24 caregivers was recorded during natural infant–adult interactions to infer language-specific effects. Data were phonetically transcribed according to broad categories of vowels and consonants. Vocalic development, in comparison with reports for children of other linguistic environments, exhibited two universal patterns: the prominence of [ɛ] and [ə], and the predominance of low and mid vowels over high vowels. Language-specific patterns were also found, e.g. the early appearance and acquisition of low vowels [ɑ]. Vowel production was similar in G1 and G2, and a continuum of developmental changes brought infants' vocalization closer to the adult model. Consonantal development showed two universal patterns: labials and alveolars occurred more frequently than velars; and nasals developed earlier than fricatives, affricates and liquids. We also found two language-specific patterns: alveolars were more prominent than labials and affricates developed early. Universal and language-specific characteristics in G1 continued to be prominent in G2. These data indicate that infants are sensitive to the ambient language at an early age, and this sensitivity influences the nature of their vocalizations.