bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Favila Cesar D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This introduction to the concept of immaculate sounds lays out the issues involved with studying the music of New Spanish convents. It includes a listing of the known music manuscript sources that exist and discusses the preliminary studies that have attended to these sources in the form of performance editions and catalogs with respect to Latin American and New Spanish music studies, as well as New Spanish convent history more broadly. It argues that in addition to working with music manuscripts, one must draw from a wider network of sources, such as nuns’ devotional literature and biographies, to flesh out the history of nuns’ music making in New Spain. These latter sources evidence that music, sound, aurality, and orality within the convents were vital components of the liturgical and devotional lives of convents. It also presents a methodology, incorporating the concepts of women’s time and the acousmatic, for narrating a cultural history formed through fragments of archival material with various gaps.
Sonic Thresholds
Authors: Favila Cesar D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Through the interrogation of canonical, theological, mystical, acoustical, and architectural circumstances, this chapter examines prescriptions around the performance of music within nuns’ convents in New Spain. Most details of the embodied musical world of the nuns were highly regulated following an ordered monastic tradition, including the when, where, and how convent choirs would sing. Among these prescriptions, the convents’ architectural spaces, the coros, not only determined the physical disposition for the performance of music and sometimes the veiling of its source but also were a manifestation of the rules of obedience, institutional hierarchy, and enclosure. Immaculate sounds could also bolster a mystic experience, thus prompting authorities to control another embodied sonic sphere of the nuns’ lives. Within this systematized realm of female sounds, the regulated lips of musician nuns circumvented the commonplace idea that women singing signaled unchastity.
Redeeming Sounds
Authors: Favila Cesar D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the meaning that the imitation of Christ’s Passion would have taken for New Spanish nuns and the role that music played in achieving successful imitation. In contrast to the Eucharist’s visual veiling, the brides of Christ engaged in continuous Passion devotional practices that underscored Christ’s visible presence. While nuns were encouraged with imitating the bravery and suffering of their spiritual spouse at the Passion, they were also compelled through sonified artifacts, such as villancicos and sermons, to lament Christ’s suffering along with his mother in the devotion to the Virgin of Sorrows. This chapter argues that the musical practices related to Mary’s co-passion with Christ invited nuns to take a place alongside the Virgin in singing Christ’s death to the tune of joyous sorrow and assume the role of widows, martyrs, and sorrowing mothers.
International Migration, Immigrant Health, and Social Policies during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Diaz Sarah V. , Hagos Rama M. , Hamilton Tod G. , Alcántara Carmela 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses immigrants and COVID-19 from a transnational immigrant perspective, for example, border closures. It focuses on the United States, with parallel case studies to a few other nations (Canada, Australia, etc.). How has COVID-19 impacted the movement of immigrants from low- and middle-income counties relative to immigrants from upper-middle- and high-income countries? In addition, the chapter explores the realities and consequences of potential changes in immigration status and access to government stimulus checks, and access to healthcare, including but not limited to COVID-19 testing, during the pandemic. Lastly, the authors discuss “guest workers” who are often infected but overlooked (e.g., in Singapore, Arabian Gulf states).
Explaining Binary Sex and Gender Patterns in the Direct and Indirect Health Effects of COVID-19
Authors: Bates Lisa M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
From the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic, binary sex differences in COVID outcomes have received heightened attention as male sex has been associated with an elevated risk of severe illness resulting in hospitalization and death. This chapter discusses COVID-19 through a gender lens, and seek to address questions such as: Is evident male excess in mortality a reflection of biological susceptibility or structural gender factors? Is it even real? This chapter also discusses the gendered impacts of pandemic mitigation efforts (e.g., lockdowns) on women’s engagement in the labor force, the household division of labor, intimate partner violence (IPV), and other gendered outcomes. This chapter highlights the importance of routine data collection that disaggregates by sex/gender while also accounting for gender diversity, and a theoretical approach that accommodates both the biological and social (and their complex interplay), includes an intersectional perspective, and accounts for gender as a social determinant of health for all genders, including cisgender men.
Social Capital, Social Cohesion, and COVID-19
Authors: Kawachi Ichiro , Ransome Yusuf 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
When it comes to population health outcomes, social cohesion and social capital are often characterized as being a double-edged sword. The COVID-19 pandemic provides an illustrative case study of this thesis. On the one hand, evidence has emerged that more cohesive societies have been more effective in enforcing health-protective norms, such as consistent mask-wearing and maintaining physical distancing. On the other hand, there is also evidence to suggest that some indicators of social capital—such as social participation and informal socializing between members of a community—are associated with higher rates of COVID infection. At the same time, social distancing policies adopted during the pandemic have been projected to give rise to an epidemic of social isolation, loneliness, and mental illness. This chapter summarizes the conflicting evidence on social capital and COVID outcomes, and discusses the potential for social capital to mitigate population health impacts.
Conceptualizing Wargaming
Authors: Hirst Aggie 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter charts a course through the conceptual quagmire surrounding what a wargame is and can do. It situates wargames in relation to simulations and exercises, showing that important practical, methodological, and epistemological differences are at work. From there, it examines the benefits and limitations of manual and digital gaming and the generational divides that obtain in these debates. Thereafter, it turns to the key applications of wargames as research, teaching, and training tools, and the open-ended versus deterministic styles of gaming conventionally associated with these spheres. The chapter interrogates the types of pedagogy at work in research, education, and training games, respectively, emphasizing that they sit on a continuum between “processual” and “product” learning objectives. It concludes that there is considerably less daylight between games used variously for research, education, and training than is often supposed, because all games teach their participants something.
A Genealogy of Play
Authors: Hirst Aggie 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces a genealogy of play in Western philosophy from the Presocratics to modern phenomenologists. The chapter opens by establishing two discursive modes of play, Apollonian and Dionysian, setting out the former’s focus on reason, order, being, and presence and the latter’s tendency toward unreason, disorder, becoming, and the disruption of presence. It then explores key ancient framings of play, beginning with the insights of Heraclitus and turning to the challenges posed by Plato and Aristotle. From there, the chapter explores play in the modern philosophical era, focusing on the German Idealist tradition. Having done so, the chapter turns to Nietzsche’s challenge to the Western philosophical tradition and the accompanying return of the Dionysian in and beyond play, and thereafter to the phenomenological ideas of Heidegger and Gadamer.
The Politics of Vulnerability: Today’s Threat to American Muslims’ Religious Freedom
Authors: Uddin Asma T. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Donald Trump’s 2016 presidential win is in many ways reflective of festering resentment and vulnerability among large sectors of the US population. In particular, Trump’s continual demonization of Muslims and challenges to Muslims’ rights took advantage of a feeling among many conservative Christian Americans that Christianity is “under siege” in the United States and that Muslims, as championed by the political Left, are key to that siege. This chapter explores what that Christian vulnerability looks like, how Muslims came to be seen as a key part of the political threat, and how this conflation helps drive anti-Muslim efforts by many on the political Right.
Islamophobia
Authors: Tazamal Mobashra 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In Britain today, far-right voices have entered the mainstream via the preexisting packaged discourse of Islamophobia. Right-wing and far-right voices have pushed anti-Muslim rhetoric to dangerous extremes and have been allowed to do so without much opposition. What largely accelerated this process was the Brexit campaign, which utilized populist tactics exploiting anti-Muslim and xenophobic sentiments to drive white, working-class voters to the polls. Over the last few years, the ruling Conservative party has adopted Islamophobia, calculating that it is politically beneficial to ignore the severity of anti-Muslim racism, given that its voting base holds these views, as do many of its representatives and leaders. This signals to the wider public that Islamophobia is welcomed, as the governing party rubber-stamps discrimination and violence targeting British Muslims.
Confronting Islamophobia
Authors: Rasool Ebrahim 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Islamophobia, hitherto seen as quintessentially Western, has now been visited upon substantial Muslim minorities in Asia. Both Eastern and Western iterations of this phenomenon are underpinned by the rise of right-wing populism. This chapter seeks to look both back and forward. It looks back to how colonialism rendered bigotry normal and at Shakespeare’s Tempest as a study in this, in the early 17th century, and as a comparison with the real experience of Muslims in South Africa who were from the mid 17th century being enslaved and exiled, and prohibited from practicing Islam. The chapter also looks forward to how that community inserted itself into a larger struggle against apartheid, with all its bigotries, racism, and Islamophobia included. The result is that South African Muslims have provided a toolkit for other Muslim minorities who are confronting Islamophobia. This toolkit contains both conceptual lessons that choose integration over isolation and assimilation and tactical lessons that form alliances and prioritize the injustices against other groups who are not necessarily Muslims.
Home Front Battles
Authors: Bolton Charles C. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Home Front Battles focuses on World War II mobilization and the battles it sparked in the Deep South. Economic mobilization reshaped agriculture and ushered in a new wave of industrialization. Rural migrants flocked to the new businesses, where they encountered an unfamiliar world of work. As war towns boomed, they faced a host of difficulties. Although the federal government tried to help solve these social problems, those efforts were only partly successful. One of the primary home front battles during World War II occurred along the color line. With the creation of the Fair Employment Practices Committee (1941) and the passage of the Selective Training and Service Act (1940), the federal government promoted the ideal of nondiscrimination as part of its mobilization efforts. In the Deep South, where race relations operated in an openly discriminatory manner, federal nondiscrimination directives and southern tradition clashed in war industries and in and around military camps. White politicians in the Deep South—ranging from the liberal Georgia governor Ellis Arnall to Theodore Bilbo, the reactionary US senator from Mississippi—disagreed about the long-term impact of wartime mobilization. At the same time, African Americans mobilized to change the southern system of race relations. The fight for Black rights culminated with the elections of 1946—when Black men and women in the Deep South tried to vote on a scale unprecedented in the twentieth century. White Southerners, however, closed ranks to beat back the effort with tactics ranging from intimidation to violence.
World War II and Agriculture in the Deep South
Authors: Bolton Charles C. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The coming of war plants and military camps to the South completed the agricultural revolution begun in the region during the 1930s. Migration from rural areas reshaped the area’s population, and labor shortages generated tensions. Landowners sought to keep farm workers on the land, especially Black tenants and wage hands who provided much of the essential labor for key parts of the regional farm economy. The scarcity of farm labor also raised agricultural wages, a development that wealthy landowners tried to squelch, even as they fought to keep the prices for their agricultural products as high as possible. The Deep South’s biggest cotton farmers had extensive power and focused on shaping wartime agricultural policy and production primarily in ways to maintain their economic advantages. They also undermined the work of other farmers in the region by attacking the Farm Security Administration, the federal agency most committed to helping hundreds of thousands of small producers in the Deep South, who had proved to be the region’s most willing to reshape their production to achieve military victory.
Ellis Arnall: Southern Liberal
Authors: Bolton Charles C. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Ellis Arnall was elected governor of Georgia in 1942 and served in that position until early 1947. During the war, Arnall gained a reputation as a southern liberal and became a national media darling, the embodiment of a postwar South potentially more in line with national norms on economic and racial matters. This chapter explores Arnall’s successful 1942 gubernatorial campaign against the arch-segregationist Eugene Talmadge; his progressive achievements as governor; and his fight to end discrimination against southern industry through unequal railroad freight rates. Arnall favored some limited reforms of the state’s racial arrangements, most notably an extension of the vote to Black citizens. He also supported efforts to improve segregated services for Black citizens. He refused, however, to consider an end to racial segregation. Arnall hoped that any real consideration of racial matters could be laid aside in favor of his economic project of promoting southern industry.
Political Crossroads, 1946: Black Voters and White Resistance
Authors: Bolton Charles C. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In 1946, Black activism—especially around voting rights—peaked in the Deep South. As Black citizens pressed for their political rights in the summer of 1946, the Deep South stood at a political crossroads. Bilbo’s 1946 Senate re-election campaign demonstrated one strand of White political thought in the aftermath of World War II: a desire to roll back wartime measures that threatened to liberalize the region’s race relations and enfranchise Black voters. The 1946 governor’s race in Georgia, with James Carmichael running as a surrogate for Ellis Arnall, represented a different component of postwar White political thought: an attempt to accommodate Black voting in some form while still maintaining racial segregation. In the end, however, neither of these political agendas would survive 1946 fully intact. And Blacks did not secure the right to vote in either state, as Whites used violence and intimidation to suppress the Black vote.
Introduction
Authors: Belle Kathryn Sophia 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Introduction: bell hooks: “Female identity is shaped by gender, race, and class, and never solely by sex” offers context for the title of the book, Beauvoir and Belle: A Black Feminist Critique of the Second Sex, and insights from bell hooks’ essay from which my title is derived, “True Philosophers: Beauvoir and bell.” The introduction begins with the intention of centering the voices and scholarship of Black Women and other Women of Color, as well as our accompanying citational practices and engagements. From there, the introduction explores efforts to recover Simone de Beauvoir as a philosopher, offers background and context for The Second Sex (1940s France), as well as Black Feminist Thought in France, Martinique, and the United States during this period. There is also an overview of sixty years of Black women and other Women of Color engagements with The Second Sex, and an overview of the chapters.
Audre Lorde
Authors: Belle Kathryn Sophia 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4, “Audre Lorde: ‘Difference is that raw and powerful connection from which our personal power is forged,’ ” takes up Lorde’s iconic essay “The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House” (presented at a 1979 conference commemorating the thirtieth anniversary of the publication of The Second Sex). It is argued that Lorde’s philosophy of difference complicates monolithic assumptions about “woman’s” oppression by insisting on attentiveness to other kinds of difference that coexist with gender. It is also argued that Lorde’s 1979 remarks and Jessica Benjamin’s reflections on Lorde more than two decades later (2000) offer a case study for problematic white feminist engagements with Black feminist thought and thinkers. When Black feminists and other Women of Color feminists request serious attentiveness to race, sexuality, class, and age within feminist discourse, white feminists often accuse us of being angry and/or divisive, and/or playing “identity politics.” This chapter also takes up the coining of the phrase “identity politics” in “The Combahee River Collective: A Black Feminist Statement” by Barbara Smith, Beverly Smith, and Demita Frazier, and the ways in which it has been misappropriated and strategically deployed against Black women and other Women of Color. Finally, it is argued that Lorde is attentive to her own insights in the organization of the I AM YOUR SISTER CONFERENCE (1990), which brought together 1200 activists from twenty-three countries—especially in the face of strong critiques.
Fruitfulness
Authors: Haufe Chris 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Some ideas seem to possess a disproportionate ability to lead to new insights, new discoveries, new ideas, and even entirely new ways of thinking. Such ideas are said to be fruitful. Looking across the history of science and mathematics, we see creative minds preoccupied with the search for ideas of this kind. More precious than truth, fruitful ideas provide those in pursuit of knowledge with a seemingly bottomless well of innovation from which to draw as they attempt to solve new problems and to refine solutions to old ones. Professional researchers have a nose for these ideas. They often can see in an instant that some way of approaching a problem will eventually result in a solution to it and to a whole host of other problems, all of which suddenly seem related. This book explains how these ideas are detected and developed into large-scale frameworks for research. It argues for a philosophical perspective on scientific knowledge that places the search for fruitfulness at the heart of the scientific enterprise.
Fruitful Classification
Authors: Haufe Chris 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter develops a theme that emerges out of Poincaré’s discussions on fruitfulness—viz., the use of analogy. Building on his ideas, this chapter makes some general observations about the role of analogy in the art of classification. With the basic features of analogy in place, it describes a well-defined sequence in research practice in which research communities move from perceptually driven acts of classification to the more fiat-fueled ventures that have been emphasized throughout this book. It turns out that the latter have unwieldy cognitive effects that account for the emergent novelties that interested Kuhn, and much more besides. Not only that, they provide a single unifying explanation for many of the phenomena associated with scientific decision-making, such as its uniformity and simultaneity. The chapter concludes with some preliminary remarks on the next chapter’s topic of what it means for the use of certain analogies and metaphors to be justified.
Aptness and the Causal Role of Epistemic Virtues
Authors: Haufe Chris 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The general arc of this chapter’s argument proceeds from the platitude that tasks often get easier as we get more familiar with them, and it ends with the stunning revelation that the aesthetic properties of theories/frames facilitate the structuring—and, thus, the solving—of research problems. The keystone of that arc is the observation that the ability to understand a metaphor is affected by that metaphor’s aptness: an unfamiliar but apt metaphor is processed with the same speed as a familiar metaphor. One’s facility with the use of a research frame is made possible by features that contribute to that frame’s aptness, even when one lacks the experience required to become familiar with it. Researchers can make epistemically warranted choices about frames without prior experience, because epistemic virtues are constituents of the aptness of a frame.
Punishment Theory Here and Now
Authors: Kolber Adam J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, Kolber introduces the book and outlines its key arguments. The book explores the moral justification, if any, of our punishment practices, particularly incarceration. While the traditional approach to justification arguably seeks the truth of some future, fully developed moral theory, Kolber seeks to assess our punishment practices “here” (meaning, in the real world) and “now” (meaning, today or close to it). Given the uncertainty that swirls around most moral claims today, we can’t expect anything so rock solid as truth. Instead, we will have to consider how confident we are in a proposed justification, along with how confident we need to be to act in accordance with its recommendations. Kolber argues that, in the here and now, a “pure consequentialist” approach to punishment—one that denies the intrinsic value of imposing deserved punishment—is superior to its most common competitor, “standard retributivism,” which affirms the intrinsic value of deserved punishment. If pure consequentialism ultimately proves to be not only superior but also adequate, then at least some punishment, including incarceration, is justified, at least for the near future.