bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Schistosoma mansoni:females enhance [14C]-tyrosine incorporation in males maintainedin vitro
Authors: Haseeb M.A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIncorporation of radiolabelled tyrosine was examined in males ofSchistosoma mansonimaintainedin vitro. Adult worms were recovered from mice and only those that were paired were used. Males and females were separated and placed in 4°C RPMI 1640 containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Individual males were incubated for 1 h either alone or with a female. Other males were incubated in a medium containing 40 ng ml−1recombinant tumour necrosis factor α (rTNFα). Subsequently, males were incubated with or without females for 1 h in a medium containing 20μCi ml−1[14C]-tyrosine. All incubations were carried out in RPMI 1640 containing 10% FCS at 37°C under 5% CO2. Untreated single males incorporated small amounts of labelled tyrosine. Pretreatment of single males with rTNFα did not affect their tyrosine incorporation (P= 0.693). However, males maintainedin vitrowith females incorporated 221% more tyrosine than the controls (P= 0.00008), suggesting that a chemical stimulus from the female affects tyrosine incorporation in males.
Eosinophil chemotactic factors from cysticercoids of Hymenolepis nana
Authors: Niwa A. , Asano K. , Ito A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA comparative study of eosinophil chemotactic factors was carried out using cysticercoids and oncospheres of Hymenolepis nana. Cysticercoids showed twice the chemotactic activity for eosinophils than the oncospheres. Eosinophilia induced by oncospheres and cysticercoids observed in secondary and primary infections, respectively, were discussed from the view point of the immunobiology of this parasite.
Polymorphic DNA markers in the genome of parasitic nematodes
Authors: Roos M.H. , Hoekstra R. , Plas M.E. , Otsen M. , Lenstra J.A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPolymorphic molecular markers are being identified to characterize the genomes of parasitic nematodes. The aim is to construct a map with markers evenly spread over the six chromosomes. With such a map, regions can be identified that are under selection pressure when attempts are being made to eradicate worms, be it by drugs, vaccines or genetic resistance in the sheep. Several types of markers have been developed, microsatellites, transposon-associated markers, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and expressed sequence tag (EST) markers. Linkage groups can be constructed using several generic crosses between inbred and drug resistant strains. EST markers will be especially important for comparative mapping with the genome ofCaenorhabditis elegans, and therefore localization of the linkage group on a chromosome. It will then be possible to identify functional genes close to markers that have changed allele frequencies under selection pressure and identify the mechanisms of resistance to parasite control.
The effects of mating probability on the population genetics of nematodes
Authors: Galvani A. , Gupta S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe review how constraints on the mating probability of female worms by segregation within individual host guts form a critical element in the parasite population structure of nematodes. We consider the effects of these constraints on the population genetics of nematodes under various assumptions regarding worm competition as reflected in the relationship between the abundance of a certain genotype within the gut and the probability of reproductive success. The consequences for the emergence of resistance to drugs and immunotherapy and implications for host-parasite coevolution are discussed. We also review evidence for genetic heterogeneity in parasite populations as a necessary prerequisite for the applicability of mating probability models designed to assess the population genetics of nematodes.
Studies onDracunculus medinensis(Linnaeus) I. The Early Migration Route in Experimentally Infected Dogs
Authors: Muller Ralph 
Published: June 2009

1. Ten dogs were given infective larvae ofDracunculus medinensis, originally from human cases in Western Nigeria, and bred in the laboratory inCyclops leuckarti(Claus).2. Parasites were found in seven of the dogs when dissected at intervals between 4 hours and 36 days. From an examination of the location of the larvae obtained, both by direct search and by the use of intravenous Evans' blue, it was concluded that they migrated directly through the tissuesviathe intestinal wall (about 13 hours), abdominal mesenteries (found at 7 and 10 days), and muscles of the abdominal and thoracic wall (15 days). A similar route of migration is believed to take place in cats from an examination of three positive kittens.3. Almost no increase in length of the larvae occurred during the migration; these measured an average of 0·59 mm. in length after 15 days.4. No moult was observed up to 36 days but one may have been missed.
The Life-History of Syngamus trachealis (Montagu) v. Siebold, the Gape-Worm of Chickens
Authors: Ortlepp R. J. 
Published: June 2009

(1) The female can and does lay eggs.(2) The eggs in the body of living worms do not develop beyond the 16-celled stage.(3) The eggs passed in the fæces of chickens are in the same stage of development as those in the uteri of the adult.(4) The eggs take about a week to develop and produce infective larva?, when cultured in well aerated water at a. temperature of about 25°C.(5) The embryos undergo only one moult before reaching the infective stage.(6) The second stage or infective larvae are generally ensheathed. They are non-climbers, do not penetrate the skin, and cannot resist dessication.(7) In the body of the host the larvae soon reach the lungs, where they grow considerably in size and undergo two further moults.(8) The final or fourth stage larvae are reached in about five days after infection.(9) The larvae then copulate and migrate into the trachea where they attain sexual maturity in from 10 to 14 days later.(10) The whole life cycle is completed within a month.
The Species ofEnterobiusLeach, in Primates
Authors: Cameron T. W. M. 
Published: June 2009

The vast majority of the helminthic parasites of man are represented among those animals which are in close contact with man, either by the same species or at least, by closely related forms. A very noticeable exception isEnterobius vermicularis. Possibly owing to its special life-history, it has become highly specialised for its human host and to find its closest relations, it is necessary to examine the forms found in primates.The object of this paper is accordingly to systematise our knowledge of the oxyurid worms found in this group.AsEnterobius vermicularisis the most important of these, it has been found desirable to briefly re-describe its anatomy, followed by that of the related species, in apes, in monkeys and other primates.
On Two Helminths from the Orang Utan, Leipertrema rewelli n.g., n.sp. and Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856).
Authors: Sandosham A. A. 
Published: June 2009

1. A new Dicrocoelid trematode, Leipertrema rewelli n.g., n.sp., from the pancreas of an Orang Utan which died in the London Zoological Gardens, is described, and the relationships to other genera are discussed.2. A male and female Dirofilaria from the peritoneal cavity of the Orang Utan are described and identified as D. immitis (Leidy, 1856).3. Reasons are advanced for the view that D. pongoi Vogel and Vogelsang, 1980, is a synonym of D. immitis.
The Helminth Parasites of Domesticated Birds in Mid Wales.
Authors: Owen R.W. 
Published: June 2009

1. The lower intestinal tracts (duodenum to rectum) of 267 adult domestic fowls were examined for helminth parasites and 91% were found to be infested. The average numbers of worms and species present in infested birds were 240.6 and 2.42 respectively. Twelve species of parasites were recovered but only 5 occurred in more than 20% of the birds.2. Twenty-six casualty and diseased chickens between 2 and 12 weeks old were examined. Fourteen were infested with helminth parasites and the average infestation was 499.9 worms of 2.79 species.3. The total numbers of worms of all species present in individual fowls were shown to bear a relationship to the number of species comprising the infestations. Linear and quadratic equations which demonstrate the relationship have been derived from the observed figures.
On a Collection of Camallanid Nematodes from Freshwater Fishes in Ceylon
Authors: Liang-Sheng Yeh 
Published: June 2009

Through the courtesy of Drs. C. Kulasiri and C. H. Fernando this fine collection of camallanid nematodes from freshwater fishes in Ceylon was placed at my disposal for study.Camallanid nematodes are rather confusing in a way as several species are often found within a single host. The study is further complicated when only a few specimens of a species of either sex are found. With an extensive collection, however, these nematodes are not troublesome.
Filarial Infections as Zoonoses
Authors: Nelson George S. 
Published: June 2009

The paper summarises existing information on the role of animals in the transmission of filarial infections to man.Wuclicreria bancrofti has not been found in animals and the parasite has never been transmitted to animals in the laboratory. Although bancrofti-typc microfilariae have been described from a potto (Perodicticus potto) in the Congo, there is no evidence that bancroftian filariasis is a zoonosis.Wuchereria bancrofti var. vauceli occurs in man in Madagascar; the adults have not yet been found; the life cycle is unknown. For the time being it is best to regard this as a species inquirenda it is probably not a Wuchereria; it may occur in lemurs.The sub-periodic form of Brugia malayi has been found in man and a variety of animals in Malaya. In the swamp forest areas there is probably a free interchange of parasites between man and monkeys; if this is confirmed then this is a definite zoonosis.
Studies on Filariasis. I.—The Miģration of the Infective Larvae of Brugia pahangi in Aedes togoi and their Loss from the Mosquito under Experimental Conditions
Authors: Lavoipierre M. M. J. , Ho Beng Chuan 
Published: June 2009

1. There is a slow but definite loss of infective forms of B. pahangi from A. togoi maintained on honey and water alone and denied access to a host.2. During the first blood meal after maturation of the filarial larvae there is a highly significant loss of infective forms from the mosquitos. On the 13th day, when they concentrate in the head of the mosquito, there is an unusually high (96·2%) loss after bloodfeeding.3. The infective larvae migrate to and from the head and proboscis, and the thorax. There is also a migration to and from the head and the proboscis. This shows itself as a rhythm with 8 day oscillations.
Maritrema apodemicum sp. nov. (Digenea: Microphallidae) from the Long Tailed Field Mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus sylvaticus (L.) on Skomer Island
Authors: Lewis J. W. 
Published: June 2009

1. Maritrema apodemicum sp. nov. from the long tailed field mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus sylvalicus (L.) on Skomer Island is described and compared with other species of the genus.2. 14·6% of the mice were infested, the % infestation being greater in the males, 20·3%, than the females, 5·4%.3. A brief discussion of the genus and of other species occurring in mammals is included.
The Influence of Various Definitive Hosts on the Development ofDiplostomum phoxini(Strigeida, Trematoda)
Authors: Berrie A. D. 
Published: June 2009

.1. Infection withDiplostomulum phoxiniis very common among minnows in the Glasgow area of Scotland.2. The first intermediate host of the parasite in this area is shown to be the freshwater snailLymnaea peregra.3. Adult flukes were obtained experimentally in mice, ducklings and herring-gull chicks.4. Significant differences are shown to occur between adult flukes recovered from different host species.5. The implications of these findings in relation to the host specificity and the classification of the Strigeida are briefly discussed.
On Some New Species of the Genus Oxyspirura from Birds in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Mehdi Ali Syed 
Published: June 2009

Drasche in Stossich established the genus Oxyspirura in 1897 for Cheilospirura cephaloptera Diesing 1861, previously described by Molin in 1800, along with two more species, all as belonging to Spiroptera. Since the establishment of this genus, as many as thirtysix species have been reported from various parts of the world. The distribution of this worm is very wide and the number of species seems to be much more than what has already been described. The writer collected nine species from the orbital cavities of birds, and all turned out to be new ones.In 1931, Skrjabin divided the genus Oxyspirura into three subgenera, i.e. Oxyspirura, Cramispirura and Yorkeispirura, on the basis of the divided buccal capsule (Yorkeispirura) and undivided buccal capsules (Oxyspirura and Cramispirura); and also on the equal spicules (Cramispirura) and unequal spicules (Oxyspirura). The writer based the present key to the species of the genus on the same criteria. Species belonging to Yorkeispirura and Cramispirura are not included in this key.
Helminth Parasites of Hertfordshire Birds—IV Survey Results
Authors: Mettrick D. F. 
Published: June 2009

During the survey 571 birds, representing 22 species were examined. Of the birds examined 396 (69·3%) were found to be infected with helminths, and of those infected birds 87. (21·9%) contained trematodes, 276 (69·7%) contained cestodes, 105 (26·5%) contained acanthocephala, and 146 (36·9%) contained nematodes.Cestodes were found in 18 (81·8%) of the species of birds examined, nematodes in 10 (45·4%), trematodes in 9 (40·9%) and acanthocephala in 7 (31·7%).The maximum helminth infections of all the bird species examined occurred in the spring. Nestling corvids, with one exception, were not infected with cestodes, but nestling turdids were heavily infected. Fledgling corvids also differed considerably as regards cestode infection. Magpies were 100% infected, jackdaws 35%, and rooks 20% infected.
Multiductus physeteris gen. et sp. nov.—a New Diphyllobothriid Gestode from a Sperm Whale
Authors: Clarke Malcolm R. 
Published: June 2009

The parasite was found in the bile ducts of three sperm whales, which were caught in the 1957–58 whaling season.As specimens were found independently in bile ducts of three whales this position in the host appears to be the natural habitat. All the worms were in pieces and incomplete. The pieces, in each case, totalled approximately 18 metres, 0·9 metres and 21 metres respectively. The holotype (length 18 metres) was probably complete except for a few terminal proglottids because it consisted of two very long pieces and one short piece which could be fitted together. The type material has been deposited in the British Museum (Natural History) Registered No. 1961·12·12·1 (Holotype) and 1961·12·12·1 (Para types).
On Two New Nematodes from Freshwater Fishes in the Sudan of the Genus Spironoura Leidy, 1856 and the Relation of Spironoura to the Genus Velariocephalus Singh, 1958
Authors: Khalil L. F. 
Published: June 2009

1. Two new species, Spironoura sudanensis sp. nov. and Spironoura hexapapillata sp. nov. are described from freshwater fishes in the Sudan.2. The genus Velariocephalus Singh, 1958 is considered to be a synonym of the genus Spironoura Leidy, 185G.
A Re-description of the Female and a Description of the Male Form of the Dioecious Cestode, Gyrocoelia kiewietti Ortlepp, 1937
Authors: Mettrick D. F. 
Published: June 2009

Amongst cestodes collected from birds in the Lake Kariba district, Southern Rhodesia, was a dioecious species of the genus Gyrocoelia Fuhrmann, 1800, obtained from a darter, Anhinga rufa.Ortlepp (1037) described, from a single poor specimen, a new species in this genus, which he termed G. kiewietti. Ortlepp thought that his specimen was functionally monoecious, the ovary and vitellaria appearing after the testes had disappeared. Although the present material is definitely functionally dioecious, it is thought that it is the same species as Ortlepp found as the number, size and arrangement of the rostellar hooks are very similar.
Monogenetic trematodes (Monopisthocotylea: Dactylogyridae) from freshwater fishes of Colombia, South America
Authors: Kritsky Delane C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEight species of Monogenea (Dactylogyridae) are reported from the gills of freshwater fishes from Colombia as follows: Anacanthonis colombiamis sp. n. from Salminus affinis Steindachner and Tilapia mossambica (Peters); A. cuticulovaginus sp. n. from S. affinis; Cichlidogyrus sclerosus Paperna and Thurston, 1969, and C. tilapiae Paperna, 1960, both from T. mossambica; Urocleidoides costaricensis (Price and Bussing, 1967) Kritsky and Leiby, 1972, U. hcteroancistrium (Price and Bussing, 1968) Kritsky and Leiby, 1972, and U. strombicirrus (Price and Bussing, 1967) comb. n. (all) from Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier); and U. anops sp. n. from Characidium caucanum Eigenmann. C. sclerosus and C. tilapiae are recorded for the first time from the western hemisphere.
Observations on Lymnaea gedrosiana, the intermediate host of Ornithobilharzia turkestanicum in Khuzestan, Iran
Authors: Massoud J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA study of the distribution and population of Lymnaea gedrosiana in relation to the transmission of Ornithobilharzia turkestanicum in various habitats was carried out in Khuzestan.Populations were higher in canals and swamps than in ponds, with peaks in spring and autumn and low densities in summer and winter.The reproductive capacity of L. gedrosiana was higher in running water than in stagnant water. The peak reproduction rates occurred in spring and autumn and reproduction continued at a low level in summer but was nil in winter.Infection with O. turkestanicum was higher in large than in small snails (0.1 %, 0.5% and 1.1% in snails measuring 0.6 mm, 6–10 mm and 10–14 mm respectively). In canals and swamps transmission occurred throughout the year, with a peak in late summer in the former and early summer in the latter. In ponds, most transmission probably occurred in spring and autumn. Drains played a very minor role in transmission.
Pelecitus galli n. sp. from the Malayan jungle fowl Gallus gallus spadiceus
Authors: Dissanaike A. S. , Fernando M. A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPelecitus galli n.sp. is described from the Malayan jungle fowl Gallus gallus spadiceus. It differs from other species of the genus in the size of the spicules, number and arrangement of caudal papillae in the male, and the relative position of the vulva. It is also the first species of Pelecitus described from the genus Gallus.Three types of microfilariae were seen in blood and lung smears of two jungle fowls trapped in Tasek Bera in Pahang State. One of these microfilariae is indisguishable from that described by Dissanaike (1963) from the Ceylon jungle fowl. One of the other two resembles the microfilaria of Pelecitus ceylonensis described from Ceylon (Dissanaike, 1967) and adults were found between the tendons at the bases of the legs of one of the jungle fowls examined.
On Certain Eelworms, including Bütschli's Tylenchus fungorum, obtained from Toadstools.
Authors: Goodey T. 
Published: June 2009

1. A detailed morphological study has been made of certain nematodes occurring in the basidiomycetous fungi, Entoloma rhodipolium, Pleurotus corticalus, P. ostreatus, Hygrophorus virgineus and Tricholoma cunifolium.2. From the first three of these, males and females of two species of eelworms have been obtained which are placed in the genus Iotonchium Cobb, 1920. One of these is Iotonchium fungorum (Butschli, 1878) n. comb., originally described by Butschli under the name of Tylenchus fungorum', the other is a new species which is named I. bifurcatum n. sp.3. The males of both species have peculiar lobed, dorso-ventrally flattened heads and a poorly developed mouth spear. The bursa is very large, the spicules have posterior prolongations which arc extruded through the cloaca and ventral post-anal papillae are present. A gubernaculum is absent.
Further studies on the sporocyst capable of producing miracidia
Authors: Mohandas A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSporocysts capable of producing active miracidia were recovered from the upper branchial chamber of the snail species,Melania tuberculataandM.scabra. The non-ocellate miracidium was characterised by the presence of 22 epidermal plates in four tiers, an apical gland with four nuclei and two penetration glands. Sporocysts were of two types, one producing active miracidia and the other in which daughter sporocysts and miracidia were found. These sporocysts were characterised by the presence of bunches of circular muscles at intervals and also by the presence of a network of muscle fibres at the anterior and posterior one fifth regions. Development of the miracidia took place in compartments. Histochcmical tests were carried out as regards glycogen, protein, lipids and phosphomonoesterases.
Studies onSpirometra theileri(Baer, 1925) n. comb. 3. Acquired immunity to reinfection with plerocercoids in mice
Authors: Opuni E. K. , Muller R. L. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract100 male T.O. strain laboratory mice were divided into 4 equal groups: (I) 25 were injected intramuscularly with an antigen prepared together with Freund's adjuvant; (II) 25 injected with antigen alone; (III) 25 infected subcutaneously with 8 live plerocercoids of the same species; (IV) 25 served as controls. 4 weeks later all mice were given 6 live plerocercoids orally. The presence of acquired immunity in group III was shown by a significant reduction in the numbers, size and motility of challenge worms. The host response was greater in all the immunized groups than in the controls.
Dipetalonema reconditum (Grassi, 1889) from the Dog with a Note on its Development in the Flea, Ctenocephalides felis and the Louse, Heterodoxus spiniger
Authors: Nelson G. S. 
Published: June 2009

1.In Kenya Dipetalonema reconditum is a common parasite of dogs, jackals and hyaenas. Usually microfilarial densities in the blood are very low. The adult worms are small; they can be detected at autopsy by searching the subcutaneous fascial spaces with a dissecting microscope.2.The morphology of the adult worms is described and illustrated. The adults and microfilariae are readily distinguished from other species found in dogs in East Africa.3.The main intermediate host of D. reconditum in dogs in Kenya is the flea Ctenocephalides felis. If fleas are kept on dogs for more than a week they can be used for xenodiagnosis to detect very low density infections.4.The infective larvae have a characteristic caudal morphology with three terminal projections. They are very similar to the infective larvae of D. arbuta, D. vite and D. manson-bahri.
Behavioural responses ofTrichostrongylus tenuis(Cobbold) larvae in relation to their transmission to the red grouse,Lagopus Iagopus scoticus
Authors: McGladdery Sharon E. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThird-stage larvae ofTrichostrongylus tenuis, the caccal threadworm of red grouse, show strong positive phototactic behaviour which is reinforced by negative geotactic behaviour. The surfaces of various grouse food plants were examined and those of youngCalluna vulgaris(common heather) were suitable for ncmatodc migration. Transmission is probably achieved by third-stage larvae of 71 tenuis migrating up young heather plants, rather than by direct ingestion with grit from the ground.