bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of light on tooth whitening: a split‐mouth design
Authors: Henry RK , Bauchmoyer SM , Moore W , Rashid RG 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectivesConflicting research exists on the effect that various lights have on in‐office tooth whitening. The aim of this study was to determine whether a sodium arc bulb lamp used with 25% hydrogen peroxide shows significant differences in shade using a split‐mouth design.MethodsForty‐nine subjects meeting study criteria had anterior teeth whitened with a 25% hydrogen peroxide in‐office whitening system. The light was used on a randomly selected right or left half of the mouth. The opposing side was whitening only with gel. Shades were recorded using a spectrophotometer before, immediately after, 1 and 2 weeks post‐whitening. Sensitivity was also recorded using a visual analogue scale. Values were analysed with a Friedman test with a stepdown Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons.ResultsAll teeth increased in lightness after whitening procedures. The only significant differences between use of the light and without use of the light were on the maxillary arch 1 week after whitening (P = 0.010). Sensitivity was greatest immediately after whitening but subsided within 1 week of whitening.ConclusionsThe use of a sodium arc bulb lamp with 25% hydrogen peroxide in‐office whitening produces better results on maxillary teeth up to 1 week after whitening is completed. Subjects could not distinguish differences on each side of the mouth.
Correlation between villous height and the disaccharidase activity in the small intestine of piglets from nursing to growing
Authors: TSUKAHARA Takamitsu , KISHINO Eriko , INOUE Ryo , NAKANISHI Nobuo , NAKAYAMA Keizo , ITO Tetsuya , USHIDA Kazunari 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTEarly weaning induces villous atrophy in the small intestine. Reduction in villous height in the small intestine after weaning is associated with reductions in brush‐border enzyme activity. Body weight gain after weaning is, therefore, correlated with villous height. This evidence suggested that the maintenance of small intestinal structure and function after weaning is important for the growth of young pigs. On the other hand, the relationship between villous height and the activity of the digestive enzymes in the small intestine has not been studied with piglets from the suckling to the growing period. Five suckling piglets, four piglets in the proximal stage of weaning, four pigs in the distal stage of weaning and four growing pigs were used. The activities of lactase (LA), sucrase (SA) and maltase (MA) were determined. LA showed a positive correlation with villous height in weaning. SA and MA were positively correlated with villous height from suckling to growing. In a previous study, non‐infectious dyspeptic diarrhea was frequently observed in growing piglets on Japanese swine farms. The maintenance of villous height to retain disaccharidase activity may prevent dyspepsic diarrhea in this stage.
Specific role of maternal weight change in the first trimester of pregnancy on birth size
Authors: Diouf Ibrahima , Botton Jérémie , Charles Marie Aline , Morel Olivier , Forhan Anne , Kaminski Monique , Heude Barbara ,   The EDEN Study Group
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe specific role of weight change in the first weeks of gestation in fetal growth has not been fully explored in humans. Our aims were to investigate: (1) the specific association between weight change in the first trimester of pregnancy (WCT1) and size at birth in term pregnancies; and (2) the role of placental weight in this relationship. From 2002 women included in the French EDEN study, 1744 mother–child pairs reached term, had pre‐pregnancy weight available and at least five measures of weight in pregnancy. We extrapolated women's weight at each week of gestation with a three‐degree polynomial model and estimated weight change during each trimester of gestation. We used a multivariate linear model to investigate the associations between WCT1 and birth size after taking into account potential confounders (age, parity, BMI, tobacco use, educational level, length of gestation, newborn gender, weight change after the first trimester and centre of study). Then, we performed path analysis to investigate whether the relation between WCT1 and birth size could be mediated by placental weight. After taking into account weight gain in later gestation, WCT1 was positively associated with birthweight. Results of path analysis showed that there was no direct association between WCT1 and birth size, but that this association was mediated by placental weight. Weight change during the first weeks of pregnancy may impact on fetal growth independently of weight change later in pregnancy through its effects on placental growth and function.
‘It is me who eats, to nourish him’: a mixed‐method study of breastfeeding in post‐earthquake Haiti
Authors: Dörnemann Jenny , Kelly Ann H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn Haiti, initiation of breastfeeding is high, but early mixed feeding is the norm. In a situation of crisis, mothers' worries about insufficiency of breast milk, disruption of social networks and free unmonitored distribution of breast milk substitutes impact feeding practices. This study was conducted to explore the attitudes, practices and understandings of breastfeeding in the post‐earthquake situation in Haiti. A mixed‐method study was conducted in Léogâne, Haiti, a town close to the epicentre of the 2010 earthquake. In a household survey, 1131 mothers of children under 24 months were interviewed about feeding practices. In the quantitative component, we conducted 25 in‐depth interviews and seven focus group discussions with mothers, grandmothers, traditional birth attendants, fathers and health care professionals. Mothers described breastfeeding as a challenging responsibility to ensure the infants' health. They understood breast milk as a dynamic substance, the quality of which would deteriorate if the mother's diet was poor or if the mother was afflicted with a psychosocial condition called move san or colere, ‘bad blood’. To protect the child in these situations, early supplementary feeding is introduced. Only 20% of informants exclusively breastfed infants under 6 months. Because of a lack of confidence in the quality of breast milk, Haitian mothers tend to wean children earlier. The abiding concerns of Haitian mothers over the quality of their breast milk suggest a number of ways – such as dietary advice – that post‐earthquake aid agencies could enhance breastfeeding support.
A comparison of infant and toddler feeding practices of mothers with and without histories of eating disorders
Authors: Hoffman Elizabeth R. , Bentley Margaret E. , Hamer Robert M. , Hodges Eric A. , Ward Dianne S. , Bulik Cynthia M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis preliminary study surveyed the feeding practices of mothers with eating disorder histories through evaluation of mothers' reported feeding styles, child diet composition and restrictive special approaches to feeding. For this non‐randomised cohort study, 25 mothers with eating disorder histories and 25 mothers with no history of an eating disorder with children ages 6–36 months were selected such that the groups were similar based on child age group and child sex. Mothers were compared on self‐reported feeding style using the Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire and on child diet composition and special feeding approaches using a modified version of the Toddler Diet Questionnaire from the Women, Infants, and Children program. Mothers with eating disorder histories scored lower on the restrictive feeding style subscale than controls. No significant differences were detected between groups in child diet including the percentage of mothers who breastfed, duration of breastfeeding, age at solid food introduction, daily number of meals or snacks or daily frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables or protein foods. Mothers with eating disorder histories were more likely to report taking a restrictive special approach to feeding such as limiting processed foods or feeding organic foods only. Although mothers with eating disorder histories may not differ greatly from control mothers in terms of child diet composition (smaller effects may not have been detected due to limited sample size), they may be more likely to take restrictive special approaches to feeding which mirror dietary rules common in individuals with eating disorders.
Maternal selenium, copper and zinc concentrations in pregnancy associated with small‐for‐gestational‐age infants
Authors: Mistry Hiten D. , Kurlak Lesia O. , Young Scott D. , Briley Annette L. , Broughton Pipkin Fiona , Baker Philip N. , Poston Lucilla 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPregnancy during adolescence increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome, especially small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) birth, which has been linked to micronutrient deficiencies. Smoking has been shown to be related to lower micronutrient concentrations. Different ethnicities have not been examined. We used a subset from a prospective observational study, the About Teenage Eating study consisting of 126 pregnant adolescents (14–18‐year‐olds) between 28 and 32 weeks gestation. Micronutrient status was assessed by inductively coupled mass spectrometry. Smoking was assessed by self‐report and plasma cotinine, and SGA was defined as infants born <10th corrected birthweight centile. The main outcome measures were as follows: (1) maternal plasma selenium, copper and zinc concentrations in adolescent mothers giving birth to SGA vs. appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age (AGA) infants; and (2) comparison of micronutrient concentrations between women of different ethnicities and smoking habits. The plasma selenium {mean ± standard deviation (SD) [95% confidence interval (CI)]} concentration was lower in the SGA [n = 19: 49.4 ± 7.3 (CI: 45.9, 52.9) µg L−1] compared with the AGA [n = 107: 65.1 ± 12.5 (CI: 62.7, 67.5) µg L−1; P < 0.0001] group. Smoking mothers had a lower selenium concentration compared with non‐smokers (P = 0.01) and Afro‐Caribbean women had higher selenium concentrations compared with White Europeans (P = 0.02). Neither copper nor zinc concentrations varied between groups. Low plasma selenium concentration in adolescent mothers could contribute to the risk of delivering an SGA infant, possibly through lowering placental antioxidant defence, thus directly affecting fetal growth. Differences in plasma selenium between ethnicities may relate to variation in nutritional intake, requiring further investigation.
Comparison of mid‐infrared transmission spectroscopy with biochemical methods for the determination of macronutrients in human milk
Authors: Silvestre Dolores , Fraga Miriam , Gormaz María , Torres Ester , Vento Máximo 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe variability of human milk (HM) composition renders analysis of its components essential for optimal nutrition of preterm fed either with donor's or own mother's milk. To fulfil this requirement, various analytical instruments have been subjected to scientific and clinical evaluation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of a rapid method for the analysis of macronutrients in HM as compared with the analytical methods applied by cow's milk industry. Mature milk from 39 donors was analysed using an infrared human milk analyser (HMA) and compared with biochemical reference laboratory methods. The statistical analysis was based on the use of paired data tests. The use of an infrared HMA for the analysis of lipids, proteins and lactose in HM proved satisfactory as regards the rapidity, simplicity and the required sample volume. The instrument afforded good linearity and precision in application to all three nutrients. However, accuracy was not acceptable when compared with the reference methods, with overestimation of the lipid content and underestimation of the amount of proteins and lactose contents. The use of mid‐infrared HMA might become the standard for rapid analysis of HM once standardisation and rigorous and systematic calibration is provided.
Evidence‐based practice for the busy nurse practitioner: Part one: Relevance to clinical practice and clinical inquiry process
Authors: Facchiano Lynda , Snyder Charlene Hoffman 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPurpose: Evidence‐based practice (EBP) continues to gain momentum within health care. The purpose of this four‐part EBP series is to provide an introductory overview of the EBP process, emphasizing EBP steps one through three, in order to assist nurse practitioners (NPs) in building EBP skills that can be integrated into clinical practice. The relevance of EBP to the NP's clinical practice, an introduction to the EBP process steps, and clinical inquiry process begin the series.Data sources: Scientific literature review, gray literature, and online evidence‐based practice databases and resources.Conclusions: EBP has become increasingly important to NPs, yet there is evidence suggesting it is not being fully implemented in clinical practice. EBP is one way to keep the busy NP's knowledge up to date, enhance clinical judgment, and augment the existing provider–client decision‐making process.Implications for practice: The principles of EBP have become the cornerstone strategy for NPs to translate research findings into clinical practice. Practicing in an ever‐changing healthcare environment, NPs have a responsibility to provide their clients with the best available evidence, while incorporating that evidence into the provider–client decision‐making process.
Evidence‐based practice for the busy nurse practitioner: Part three: Critical appraisal process
Authors: Facchiano Lynda , Hoffman Snyder Charlene 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPurpose: Evidence‐based practice (EBP) involves integrating research evidence with clinical expertise to answer clinical practice inquiries. The purpose of part 3 of this EBP series is to provide an introductory overview of the critical appraisal process, relevant clinical measurements, and critical thinking skills that can enhance nurse practitioners’ (NPs') confidence in the clinical decision‐making process.Data sources: Scientific literature review, gray literature, PubMed and other online literature databases and resources, and online EBP websites.Conclusions: Critical appraisal skills can assist NPs in interpreting available research, determining its validity reliability, and applicability to their clinical practice. Similarities in the critical appraisal process center around determining a study's reliability, validity, and applicability to the client(s) in question, while the differences exist in the clinical measurements used within specific research designs.Implications for practice: Because medicine is an evolving field, access to knowledge sources that address diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic questions is essential for the NP in order to maintain best practice skills. Making EBP user friendly for the practicing NP is paramount for utilization of best evidence.
A clinical guideline for intrauterine device use in adolescents
Authors: Smith Ellen , Daley Alison Moriarty 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPurpose: To present an evidence‐based review of the data for and against the use of the intrauterine device (IUD) in adolescent females and to provide guidelines for selection of appropriate candidates.Data sources: Clinical research, expert opinions, and systematic reviews of IUD use in adolescents.Conclusions: The use of the IUD in adolescents has been questioned in the past as a result of concerns surrounding increased risks for pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility in adolescents. Current research reveals no contraindications to IUD use based solely on age or parity and illuminates many benefits to use, including a decrease in menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea.Implications for practice: The U.S. adolescent pregnancy rates rose from 2005 to 2007, reversing a decade‐long downward trend. Adolescents need safe, effective, user‐friendly contraceptive methods. IUDs are a safe and effective option for adolescents and provide an additional contraceptive option for nurse practitioners to offer their patients to prevent unintended pregnancy and enhance adolescent sexual health and well‐being. Proper selection of candidates for IUD use can mitigate clinical and legal risks associated with IUD use.To obtain CE credit for this activity, go to http://www.aanp.org and click on the CE Center. Locate the listing for this article and complete the post‐test. Follow the instructions to print your CE certificate.Disclosure  The authors report no competing interests.
Remote monitoring of pain and symptoms using wireless technology in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease
Authors: Jacob Eufemia , Duran Joana , Stinson Jennifer , Lewis Mary Ann , Zeltzer Lonnie 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine (a) symptoms, (b) pain characteristics (intensity, location, quality), (c) pain medications and nonpharmacological strategies used for pain, (d) thoughts and feelings, and (e) healthcare visits. We also examined the relationship between pain and sleep.Data sourcesPain and symptoms were entered on an electronic e‐Diary using a smartphone and were remotely monitored by an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN). Sixty‐seven children and adolescents (10–17 years) reported mild to severe pain at home that did not require healthcare visits. Symptoms reported were (a) general symptoms such as tiredness/fatigue (34.7%), headache (20.8%), yellowing of the eyes (28.4%); (b) respiratory symptoms such as sniffling (32.9%), coughing (19.1%), changes in breathing (10.0%); and (c) musculoskeletal symptoms such as stiffness in joints (15.8%). A significant negative correlation was found between pain and sleep (r = −.387, p = .024). Factors that predict pain included previous history of sickle cell disease (SCD) related events, symptoms, and negative thoughts.ConclusionPain and multiple symptoms entered on a web‐based e‐Diary were remotely monitored by an APRN and prompted communications, further evaluation, and recommendations.Implications for practiceRemote monitoring using wireless technology may facilitate timely management of pain and symptoms and minimize negative consequences in SCD.
Spatio‐temporal shifts of the dynamic Cape fur seal population in southern Africa, based on aerial censuses (1972–2009)
Authors: Kirkman Steve P. , Yemane D. , Oosthuizen W. H. , Meÿer M. A. , Kotze P. G. H. , Skrypzeck H. , Vaz Velho F. , Underhill L. G. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA time series of aerial censuses of Cape fur seal colonies, spanning four decades (1972–2009) and three countries (South Africa, Namibia, and Angola), was analyzed to assess spatio‐temporal changes in population numbers. A weighted quantile regression approach was used to estimate trends in pup counts that were used as proxies for numbers of older animals at breeding colonies. There was a 74% increase in the number of breeding colonies over the study period, from 23 in 1973 to 40 in 2009. There was also a significant northward shift in the distribution of the breeding population. This was largely attributable to events in the northern part of the population's range coinciding with Namibia, where seal numbers declined at most colonies in the south of Namibia while several new breeding colonies developed in the northern part of Namibia and one in southern Angola. Despite range expansion and the development of new colonies, the overall size of the population in 2009 was similar to that of the early 1990s, according to the pup count models. Potential mechanisms for the observed changes, and their management implications, are discussed.
Haematology and biochemistry of warru (Petrogale lateralisMacDonnell Ranges race) in captivity and the wild
Authors: Ruykys L , Rich B , McCarthy P 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveUse haematology, biochemistry and protein electrophoresis analyses to establish reference values for, and describe the health status of, wild and captive colonies of critically endangered warru (black‐footed rock‐wallaby: Petrogale lateralis MacDonnell Ranges race).MethodsBlood samples were taken from warru in three wild colonies (Alalka, Kalka, New Well) in the A
nangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in north‐west South Australia (SA) and from captive animals at Monarto Zoo, SA. General haematology, serum biochemistry and protein electrophoresis analyses were conducted and results used to establish reference ranges. For the parameters that are indicative of a population's health, comparisons among the study sites were completed using analysis of variance.ResultsGeneral haematology results suggested that warru were not experiencing chronic anaemia and the protein electrophoresis values indicated that colonies were not suffering from population‐wide disease. However, the lower superoxide dismutase, retinol, total carotenoids and ascorbic acid values for New Well warru suggested those animals had a lower plane of nutrition than those at Kalka and Alalka. Higher urea concentrations in New Well and Alalka warru could be a reflection of the absence of reliable free water at these sites.ConclusionThe results have implications for the management of in situ colonies, including potentially using supplementary feeding to improve nutrition, and suggested that these animals were not suffering from disease. The study presents the first blood reference values for P. lateralis and, potentially, a methodology for other threatened species recovery programs to follow to establish the health of their populations.
Impact of xerostomia on oral health and quality of life among adults infected with HIV‐1
Authors: Jeganathan Sarangapany , Carey Helen , Purnomo Julianita 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThe study investigated the impact of xerostomia on oral health and quality of life (QoL) among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who were attending for routine HIV monitoring in Australia. This cross‐sectional, self‐administered questionnaire survey and oral screening (OS) included 100 subjects who were HIV positive. The OS was conducted by a dentist blinded to the subject's survey responses. Xerostomia was determined by asking the subjects a single question. Subjects with xerostomia were found to have increased caries activity and poorer QoL, especially in the psychological dimensions of the oral health impact profile. Age and duration of HIV infection were associated with xerostomia. Early diagnosis of xerostomia and intervention with preventive dental care would potentially reduce caries and improve QoL among patients infected with HIV‐1. Ongoing chronic inflammation of salivary glands despite the beneficial effects of antiretroviral therapy may play a role in the etiology of xerostomia in patients infected with HIV and requires further study.
A novel prosthodontic alternative for patients who are edentulous and have microstomia: a case report
Authors: Egan John Gerard , Swindells Stephen Andrew 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTExcision of squamous cell carcinoma from the lower lip of a patient can result in limited mouth opening (microstomia). For any patients who have this condition, routine or general dentistry and prosthetic treatment is challenging. Traditional denture techniques tend to be unsatisfactory, due to the patients’ reduced ability to open their mouth. The use of sectional and modified dentures and those with a small degree of flexibility has been reported to be useful for patients needing complete dentures.This case report presents a flexible denture base material that can be manipulated on insertion into a smaller shape that is half the original size and is completely flexible for insertion into a mouth that has limited opening. Once seated on the maxillary and mandibular residual ridges, the denture regains its original form and becomes firm and strong to allow the patient to function. This procedure offers a prosthodontic treatment option for a patient with microstomia.