bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An assessment of between-recti distance and divarication in patients with and without abdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: De'Ath Henry DI , Lovegrove Richard E , Javid Mahsa , Peter Noel , Magee Timothy R , Galland Robert B 
Published: September 2010

INTRODUCTION The study assessed whether there is a greater incidence of divarication of the recti and whether between-recti distance is greater in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). PATIENTS AND METHODS The study consisted of two parts: a radiological and a clinical assessment. All patients with a confirmed AAA on computerised tomography were included and compared with patients in whom AAA was excluded with imaging. Between-recti distance was measured using a computerised image viewer and clinical divarication was assessed by a surgical registrar or consultant. RESULTS In the radiological part of the study, 108 patients with AAA were compared with 84 with colorectal cancer. Median between-recti distance was 38 mm (range, 25–59 mm) in the AAA group and 27 mm (range, 20–44.5 mm) in the non-AAA group (P = 0.006). AAA diameter did not correlate with between-recti distance. The clinical study included 50 patients (25 AAA). The groups were well matched, with only a greater incidence of diabetes in the AAA group (20% vs 0%; P = 0.018). AAA patients were more likely to have clinically detected divarication of the recti (76% vs 36%; P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Patients with AAA have greater radiological and clinical evidence of divarication. It is suggested that patients with divarication be screened for AAA.
Lipoprotein receptors – an evolutionarily ancient multifunctional receptor family
Authors: Dieckmann Marco , Dietrich Martin Frederik , Herz Joachim 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe evolutionarily ancient low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene family represents a class of widely expressed cell surface receptors. Since the dawn of the first primitive multicellular organisms, several structurally and functionally distinct families of lipoprotein receptors have evolved. In accordance with the now obsolete ‘one-gene-one-function’ hypothesis, these cell surface receptors were orginally perceived as mere transporters of lipoproteins, lipids, and nutrients or as scavenger receptors, which remove other kinds of macromolecules, such as proteases and protease inhibitors from the extracellular environment and the cell surface. This picture has since undergone a fundamental change. Experimental evidence has replaced the perception that these receptors serve merely as cargo transporters. Instead it is now clear that the transport of macromolecules is inseparably intertwined with the molecular machinery by which cells communicate with each other. Lipoprotein receptors are essentially sensors of the extracellular environment that participate in a wide range of physiological processes by physically interacting and coevolving with primary signal transducers as co-regulators. Furthermore, lipoprotein receptors modulate cellular trafficking and localization of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), suggesting a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, compelling evidence shows that LDL receptor family members are involved in tumor development and progression.
c-Src-mediated activation of Erk1/2 is a reaction of epithelial cells to carbon nanoparticle treatment and may be a target for a molecular preventive strategy
Authors: Peuschel Henrike , Sydlik Ulrich , Haendeler Judith , Büchner Nicole , Stöckmann Daniel , Kroker Matthias , Wirth Ragnhild , Brock Winfried , Unfried Klaus 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Owing to their specific physico/chemical properties, engineered as well as environmental nanoparticles can induce pathogenic endpoints in humans. Earlier studies demonstrated that pure carbon nanoparticles induce cell signaling events at the level of membrane receptor activation in lung epithelial cells. As a possible link between receptor activation and subsequent MAP-kinase signaling, the involvement of Src family kinases was investigated in cell lines of organs potentially exposed to environmental nanoparticles. Human cells from bronchus, intestine, and skin (keratinocytes) as well as rat lung epithelial cells showed similar time patterns for the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases Erk1/2 as well as Src family kinases (SFK) when treated with carbon nanoparticles. Moreover, c-Src was identified as an integral part of the signaling mediating the transfer of information from membrane receptors to members of the proliferative signaling cascade in lung epithelial cells. Pretreatment of cells with the compatible solute ectoine, which is known to stabilize macromolecules, reduced the nanoparticle specific phosphorylation of SFK. Together with earlier in vivo and in vitro data, this demonstrates that compatible solutes prevent nanoparticle-induced signaling steps at the level of membrane-coupled signaling.
Cadmium ions promote monocytic differentiation of human leukemia HL-60 cells treated with 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
Authors: Ober-Blöbaum Julia L. , Engelhardt Gabriela , Hebel Silke , Rink Lothar , Haase Hajo 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCadmium exposure has multiple effects on the immune system. These can be stimulating, leading to improved clearance of infections, or inhibiting, increasing susceptibility toward infectious agents. Onein vivoobservation in cadmium-exposed individuals is increased monocyte numbers. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the impact of cadmium on monocyte differentiation in the HL-60 model cell line. Administered alone, cadmium had no effect. However, cadmium amplified the expression of monocyte surface markers CD11b and CD14 when differentiation was induced by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3). Furthermore, differentiation with VD3 in the presence of cadmium augmented key monocyte functions: the capacities to perform phagocytosis and generate an oxidative burst. One important signaling pathway required for monocyte differentiation involves extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2. Notably, cadmium induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HL-60 cells. Furthermore, U0126, which inhibits ERK1/2 phosphorylation by upstream MAPK/ERK kinases (MEK)1/2, reduced VD3-mediated differentiation and abrogated the effects of cadmium. In conclusion, cadmium can augment monocytic differentiation by activating ERK1/2 signaling, leading to increased generation of functional monocytes. These increased monocyte numbers could contribute to the impact of cadmium on the immune system owing to their role in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of T-cells by antigen presentation.
Mechanisms and cell signaling in alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Beier Juliane I. , McClain Craig J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAlcoholic liver disease (ALD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. For example, the Veterans Administration Cooperative Studies reported that patients with cirrhosis and superimposed alcoholic hepatitis had a 4-year mortality of >60%. The poor prognosis of ALD implies that preventing disease progression would be more effective than treating end-stage liver disease. An obvious avenue of prevention would be to remove the damaging agent; however, the infamously high rate of recidivism in alcoholics makes maintaining abstinence a difficult treatment goal to prevent ALD. Indeed, although the progression of ALD is well-characterized, there is no universally accepted therapy available to halt or reverse this process in humans. With better understanding of the mechanism(s) and risk factors that mediate the initiation and progression of ALD, rational targeted therapy can be developed to treat or prevent ALD. The purpose of this review is to summarize the established and proposed mechanisms by which chronic alcohol abuse damages the liver and to highlight key signaling events known or hypothesized to mediate these effects.
Pharmacological and genetic evidence that cathepsin B is not the physiological activator of rodent prorenin
Authors: Percival M. David , Toulmond Sylvie , Coulombe Nathalie , Cromlish Wanda , Desmarais Sylvie , Liu Susana , St-Jacques René , Gauthier Jacques Yves , Fournier Jean-Francois 
Published: September 2010

AbstractRenin is the first enzyme in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system which is the principal regulator of blood pressure and hydroelectrolyte balance. Previous studies suggest that cathepsin B is the activator of the prorenin zymogen. Here, we show no difference in plasma renin activity, or mean arterial blood pressure between wild-type and cathepsin B knockout mice. To account for potential gene compensation, a potent, selective, reversible cathepsin B inhibitor was developed to determine the role of cathepsin B on prorenin processing in rats. Pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin B in spontaneously hypertensive and double transgenic rats did not result in a reduction in renal mature renin protein levels or plasma renin activity. We conclude that cathepsin B does not play a significant role in this process in rodents.
Bile acid retention and activation of endogenous hepatic farnesoid-X-receptor in the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease in ob/ob-mice
Authors: Martin Ina V. , Schmitt Johannes , Minkenberg Alexander , Mertens Joachim C. , Stieger Bruno , Mullhaupt Beat , Geier Andreas 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe nuclear bile acid receptor FXR (farnesoid-X-receptor) has recently been implicated in the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease because selective FXR-agonists improve glucose and lipid metabolism in rodent models of obesity. However, the regulation of FXR and other relevant nuclear receptors as well as their lipogenic target genes in fatty liver is still not revealed in detail. Livers were harvested from 14-week-old maleob/obmice and wild-type controls. Serum bile acids were quantified by radioimmunoassay. mRNA and protein expression of transporters and nuclear receptors was analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, whereas DNA binding to the IR-1 element was examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. In this study we show: (i) bile acid retention inob/obmice, (ii) a resulting FXR upregulation and binding to the IR-1 element inob/obanimals and (iii) concomitant activation of the fatty acid synthase as a potential lipogenic FXR target genein vivo. The present study suggests a potential role of hepatic bile acid retention and FXR activation in the induction of lipogenic target genes. Differences between intestinal and hepatic FXR could explain apparent contradictory information regarding its effects on fatty liver disease.
“There is a Culture Here”: Spectacle and the Inculcation of Folklore in Highland Bolivia
Authors: Rockefeller Stuart Alexander 
Published: September 2010

Every year, the Catholic Church of San Lucas organizes a festival of regional folklore. This festival is unusual in one respect: not only the performances, but also many of the audience are Quechua speaking campesinos, whose music and dance for religious fiestas constitute the “culture” which the folkloric performances are said to display. A folklore festival in which performers and audiences are nearly interchangeable calls for a reconsideration of theories which treat folkloric performances as a display of difference.By considering the relationship between the festival “texts” (music and dance) and their shifting “contexts” (fiesta vs. folklore festival), this article shows that the festivals do not simply represent local lifeways, but teach campesinos that they are the bearers of a “culture” whose value lies in being displayed. In this way, they are being prepared to take part in the new, pluri‐ethnic pageant of Bolivian nationhood.
Maquila Age Maya: Changing Households and Communities of the Central Highlands of Guatemala
Authors: Goldín Liliana R. 
Published: September 2010

As rural peoples of Central America and beyond struggle to create and access new forms of market participation and means of survival under the conditions generated by structural adjustment policies, significant social and cultural shifts are taking place at the local level.This paper analyzes on three levels the impact of maquiladora industries: the region and communities, sending households, and individuals. In particular, I address the implications of migration and urbanization for the new communities, the complex nature of diversified households, and attitudes toward industrial and agricultural work. I conclude with a discussion about the implications of these findings for transitions to proletarianization.
Aboriginal Recognition, Freedom, and Phantoms The Vanishing of the Ranquel and the Return of the Rankülche in La Pampa
Authors: Lazzari Axel 
Published: September 2010

El resurgimiento del pueblo Rankülche en la provincia de La Pampa plantea problemas referidos a la continuidad de la identidad indígena de los miembros de este colectivo. En la actualidad los Rankülche parecen atrapados entre un pasado "denso" y un presente demasiado "tenue," como si la demanda de una identidad indígena en proceso de recuperación no fuese lo suficientemente potente para socavar la idea dominante de que dicha identidad corresponde a un pasado tribal hoy extinguido. En este artículo sostengo que el reconocimiento oficial de los Rankülche reproduce, en el nuevo marco de una identidad provincial pluralista y a travél de lenguajes de "retorno," patrones de invisibilización análogos a los que en el pasado determinaron el desvanecimiento de la identidad indígena de este grupo. Planteo que esta paradoja tambtén alcanza a las propias estrategias de auto‐representación de líderes Rankülche basadas en el lenguaje del "retorno" indígena. Discuto que dichas estrategias de auto‐representación, sin embargo, señalan prácticas intersticiales de libertad que intentan reapropiar con fines diferentes los modos oficiales de invisibilización pluralista. Estos problemas son investigados a partir del análisis del dispositivo de desvanecimiento del Ranquel, que se inicia a fines del siglo XIX, y del dispositivo de retorno de los Rankülche que aparece en los años noventa. Aunque uno viene después del otro creando una ilusión de progreso, mostrare" que las estrategias de invisibilización no están ausentes del dispositivo más reciente. En efecto, el objetivo de este análisis es detectar los residuos o "fantasmas" que minan la inscripción del Ranquel como identidad aborigen en proceso de desaparición y la reopresentación del Rankulche como entidad en vias de regreso. Analizo el funcionamiento de la estrategia de representación de la identidad Ranquel a travél de ejemplos extraídos de una teoría etnológica del pasado aborigen, un censo nacional y la ideología de criollización que fundamentó la organización de "colonias indígenas." De un modo paralelo, explico la operación del segundo dispositivo a travél de la lectura de un manifiesto político Rankülche y de un "Monumento a los Ranqueles" levantado recientemente por el gobierno provincial.Palabras clave: reconocimiento aborigen, política de la identidad, prácticas de libertad, fantasmas, reemergencia Rankülche.
Maya Ethnogenesis
Authors: Restall Matthew 
Published: September 2010

RESUMENEran los mayas de Yucatán verdaderamente mayas? Con respeto a las identitades a las cuales pretendían y las que otros les daban, los mayas no eran mayas. Este artículo examina fuentes coloniales que demuestran que los habitantes indígenas de la península no se llamaban a si mismos “maya” ni utilizaban ningún otro término étnico para identificarse como parte de un grupo étnico común. Este artículo explora el género de identitad maya durante los siglos coloniales, utilizando principalmente fuentes en lengua maya yucateca. El artículo analiza tres circunstancias que afectaron ésta “etnogénesis maya”—los conceptos de raza impuestos por los españoles durante la colonia, la Guerra de Castas en el siglo XIX, y la etnopolítica del siglo XX, enfatizando el efecto gradual, sutil o indirecto de cada uno de éstos contextos.
Of Friends and Foes: The Caste War and Ethnicity in Yucatan
Authors: Gabbert Wolfgang 
Published: September 2010

RESUMENTodas las situaciones coloniales y postcoloniales crean sistemas de dominación basadas en el antagonismo entre colonizadores y colonizados. En consecuencia se ha generalmente interpretado a las rebeliones rurales en las sociedades latinoamericanas durant la época colonial y en el siglo XIX como guerras étnicas o raciales en contra de la dominación de los conquistadores españoles y de sus descendientes. Esto ha sido también el caso con la Guerra de Castas de Yucatán (1847–1901) que fue las más importante de numerosas rebeliones que estremecieron las áreas rurales de México durante el siglo XIX. Sin embargo, un análisis cuidadoso de la videncia pone en duda tal interpretación. Mientras las élites hispano‐hablantes presentaron a este levantamiento como un conflicto racial los rebeldes lo consideraron como un asunto de las clases bajas visto que indígenas lucharon en ambos bandos. Ni los colonizadores ni los colonizados representaron comunidades homogéneas o solidarias. Por esto para entender mejor los conflictos sociales en sociedades coloniales y postcoloniales es de suma importancia no confundir categorias étnicas (o raciales) y comunidades étnicas. Además, partiendo del análisis del sistema de desigualdad social en el Yucatán del siglo XIX el artículo muestra que diferentes concepciones de diferenciación social pueden co xistir en una sociedad.
Agricultural Hybridity and the “Pathology” of Traditional Ways: The Translation of Desire and Need in Postcolonial Development
Authors: Shepherd Chris J. 
Published: September 2010

RESUMENEste trabajo conecta el análisis de traducción en la Téoria de Red de Actores de la Sociología de la Ciencia con la Antropología del Desarrollo, a in de considerar el pro ceso por el cual los proyectos de desarrollo efectúan cambios en el conocimiento y la práctica de la agricultura andina. El enfoque de la traducción es en los deseos y necesidades de los campesinos andinos cuando estos se comprometen con organiza ciones de desarrollo agrícola no gubernamentales que tratan de difundir las tecnologías de la agricultura cientíica. Recurriendo a datos etnográicos obtenidos en los Andes del sur del Perú, este trabajo sigue las construcciones del deseo y la necesidad que hacen el desarrollo tan plausible cuanto problemático, dadas las diferencias entre el saber del personal de proyectos de desarrollo y el saber local. Se concluye que en los casos en que estas diferencias convergen en nuevos amalgamas de conocimiento del desarrollo y prácticas locales, los híbridos emergentes deben ser tanto historicizados como politiza dos, en vez de ser simplemente interpretados como mezclas sincrónicas de prácticas culturales.
A Cultural Politics of Entrepreneurship in Nation‐Making: Phoenicians, Turks, and the Arab Commercial Essence in Brazil
Authors: Karam John Tofik 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTMapeando os fluxos de ideologias e imigrantes que partiram do oriente médio para o Brasil, este artigo pretende explorar como a ideia de fenícia nos nacionalismos sírio e libanês foi reformulada pelos sírio‐libaneses no Brasil. Argumenta‐se que eles alegaram possuir origens fenícias para poder bancar a posição de empreendedores na nação brasileira. Meu objetivo é traçar como se deu essa estratégia em duas épocas do Brasil no século XX: primeiro, o paradigma de agricultura que durou até os anos vinte, e, segundo, o ideal de “o gigante industrial despertando.” Argumenta‐se que as auto‐ declarações empreendedoras feitas pelos árabes à nação brasileira foram marginalizadas no começo do século XX mas ganharam um respeito equivocado na segundo guerra mundial. Demonstra‐se que essa posição posterior limitou‐se à suposta aptidão nata comercial dos árabes, conirmada por sua auto‐gloriicação como herdeiros do mercan tilismo fenício. Situando tal dinamica no debate sobre o empreendedorismo étnico, este artigo visa exprimir a política cultural de empreendedorismo na formação da nação.
Santeria in Cuban National Consciousness: A Religious Case of the Doble Moral
Authors: Wirtz Kristina 
Published: September 2010

RESUMENEste ensayo describe como en la Cuba contemporánea, la religión llamada Santería, ha sido constituida como resultado de la interacción de multiples conceptos, como una práctica sacra, una forma del folklore, o una superstición. Estas interpretaciones opues tas surgen de distintas posiciones metaculturales o evaluaciones que se basan en concep tos distintos de la cubanidad y que corresponden a diferentes opiniones sobre el papel de las expresiones de la cultura afrocubana, en la historia de Cuba. Por ejemplo, el folk lore apoyado por el Estado, ha introducido la Santería en la conciencia histórica nacional, como parte de una herencia afrocubana y ha abierto oportunidades interna cionales al santurismo. No obstante, muchos cubanos guardan actitudes de desconianza hacia la religión afrocubana que tiene una larga historia de criminalización, y ha sido considerada por algunos como contraria al progreso social moderno. Examino aquí, como los practicantes de la Santería, llamados santeros, se han encontrado en varias encrucijadas producidas por un lado por las presiones de las interpretaciones seculares de la religión, y por otra parte, por las propias movilizaciones de las distintas posiciones metaculturales hacia su religión.
Increased Black–White Disparities in Mortality After the Introduction of Lifesaving Innovations: A Possible Consequence of US Federal Laws
Authors: Levine Robert S. , Rust George S. , Pisu Maria , Agboto Vincent , Baltrus Peter A. , Briggs Nathaniel C. , Zoorob Roger , Juarez Paul , Hull Pamela C. , Goldzweig Irwin , Hennekens Charles H. 
Published: September 2010

Objectives. We explored whether the introduction of 3 lifesaving innovations introduced between 1989 and 1996 increased, decreased, or had no effect on disparities in Black–White mortality in the United States through 2006. Methods. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data were used to assess disease-, age-, gender-, and race-specific changes in mortality after the introduction of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) for treatment of HIV, surfactants for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, and Medicare reimbursement of mammography screening for breast cancer. Results. Disparities in Black–White mortality from HIV significantly increased after the introduction of HAART, surfactant therapy, and reimbursement for screening mammography. Between 1989 and 2006, these circumstances may have accounted for an estimated 22 441 potentially avoidable deaths among Blacks. Conclusions. These descriptive data contribute to the formulation of the hypothesis that federal laws promote increased disparities in Black–White mortality by inadvertently favoring Whites with respect to access to lifesaving innovations. Failure of legislation to address known social factors is a plausible explanation, at least in part, for the observed findings. Further research is necessary to test this hypothesis, including analytic epidemiological studies designed a priori to do so.