bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the texture of fresh and preserved Agaricus bisporus and Boletus edulis mushrooms
Authors: Jaworska Grażyna , Bernaś Emilia , Biernacka Adriana , Maciejaszek Ireneusz 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThis work compares changes during the production process and storage period in the texture of canned Agaricus bisporus and Boletus edulis mushrooms previously blanched in water, blanched or soaked and blanched in solutions containing citric, l‐ascorbic and lactic acids. The texture was examined using instruments [textural profile analysis (TPA), Kramer shear cell (KSC)] and sensory analysis [five‐point, profiling (P)]. Canning B. edulis mushrooms reduced their hardness, chewiness and gumminess (TPA), the values for force and work (KC), and brittleness and crispiness (P), although increasing their cohesiveness (TPA). Canning A. bisporus mushrooms reduced their hardness (TPA) and the expenditure of work, but increased their cohesiveness, hardness, crispiness and firmness (P). Twelve‐month storage of both species of canned mushrooms led to a reduction in brittleness and crispiness (P). The type of pre‐treatment applied affected the texture only when determined using profile analysis, and significant differences in hardness, crispiness and firmness between blanched‐only and soaked and blanched products were mainly found in B. edulis.
Chemical stability of yellow pigment extracted from the flower bud of Sophora japonica L. (Huaimi)
Authors: Chen Wanping , Li Ping , Wang Xiaohong 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe dry flower bud of Sophora japonica L., generally called Huaimi in China, has been used as traditional Chinese medicinal materials and folk edible yellow pigment material for a long time. In this paper, the yellow pigment was extracted from Huaimi, and its chemical stability related with pH value, temperature and metallic ions was studied systemically. When pH values changed from 2.0 to 9.0, the yellow pigment revealed structural transformation and colour variations. According to its mathematic model of thermal stability, the yellow pigment had good thermal stability, with a half‐life of 918.9 h at room temperature. Effect of metallic ions on the yellow pigment displayed a co‐pigmentation influence. HPLC analysis indicated that the content of rutin in it was about 42.56%. These results may be helpful for the further application investigations into its commercial prospects in food pigment industry.
Effects of cellulosic fibre on physical and rheological properties of starch, gluten and wheat flour
Authors: Goldstein Avi , Ashrafi Lida , Seetharaman Koushik 
Published: July 2010

SummaryIn this study, we report on the effects of cellulose fibres of different particle size on changes to dough water absorption and rheology; and on effects of fibre on starch and gluten, separately, at different levels of fibre incorporation (0.1–10%). Water absorption and dough‐mixing properties were affected with fibre incorporation, with 40‐μm fibre incorporation resulting in greater absorption values. Dough stickiness and extensibility were affected by cellulose fibre particle size, and decreased with increasing fibre addition. Flour or starch and fibre mixtures were evaluated using a Micro ViscoAmlyoGraph (MVAG), and the resulting gel firmness was measured using a texture analyzer. MVAG peak and final viscosities of flour samples decreased with increasing fibre content. Starch–fibre interactions followed a similar trend as flour–fibre treatments. Gluten–fibre interactions were also measured using a Gluten Peak Tester on flour–fibre and gluten–fibre mixtures. Cellulose fibre enhanced the kinetics of gluten aggregation.
Optimisation of processing variables affecting the osmotic dehydration of pomegranate arils
Authors: Mundada Manoj , Singh Bahadur , Maske Swati 
Published: July 2010

SummaryFor the optimisation of osmotic dehydration by response surface methodology, the experiments were conducted according to Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) with three variables at five levels. The low and high levels of the variables were 40 and 50 °C for osmotic solution temperature, 45 and 55°Bx for sucrose solution concentration, 60 and 100 min for duration of dipping in osmotic solution, respectively. The fruit to solution ratio was kept 1:4 (w/w) during all the experiments. Before dipping the arils in sucrose solution, the freezing of the whole pomegranate at −18 °C was carried out to increase the permeability of the outer cellular layer of the arils. The arils were further convectively dehydrated at 60 °C air temperature up to final moisture content of 10% (wb) to make it a shelf stable product. The optimum conditions for osmotic solution concentration, temperature and process duration were 55°Bx, 40 °C and 100 min, respectively.
Original article: Influence of flour mill streams on cake quality
Authors: Gómez Manuel , Ruiz‐París Elena , Oliete Bonastre 
Published: July 2010

SummaryWheat‐milling process generates different flour streams that differ in particle size, composition and functional and cake‐making properties. Particle size, composition and pasting properties of flour fractions (two from break and three from reduction system) obtained during milling of three wheats varying in protein content were determined. Shape, textural, colour and sensory analyses were performed on cakes prepared with the different mill streams. The final break and reduction streams had the highest protein and ash contents, pasting temperatures and the lowest starch percentage. Cakes prepared with the last streams showed higher batter density and lower volume. These results could indicate good air incorporation but deficient air distribution. Last streams cakes showed a darker, more reddish and yellowish crumb that was significantly related to flour colour characteristics. Because of these differences, such cakes obtained the lowest sensory scores. In this study, it has been verified that, to adapt flours to cake preparation, the final streams should be eliminated. The particle size of each stream is the most determinant parameter to obtain cakes with better volume and texture, being the flours with small particle size the most adequate.
Original article: Anthocyanin profile in Monastrell grapes in six different areas from Denomination of Origen Jumilla during ripening stage
Authors: Gil‐Muñoz Rocío , Fernández‐Fernández José I. , Vila‐López Rosario , Martinez‐Cutillas Adrián 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe aim of our research has been to investigate the pattern of accumulation of anthocyanins in the skin of Monastrell variety and to establish if the fingerprint of this cultivar changed in six different areas from Denomination of Origen Jumilla during ripening stage in two consecutive seasons (2007 and 2008). The results show that the anthocyanin profile for Monastrell variety is maintained: it could be observed a higher proportion of non‐acylated anthocyanins, a higher proportion of coumarylated than acetyl derivatives and a higher proportion of trihydroxylated than dihydroxylated anthocyanins. During ripening period, in all zones studied, we observed the same trends: increasing of cyanidin, peonidin and malvidin‐3‐glucoside and decreasing of the other two monoglucosides (delphinidin and petunidin). Slightly quantitative differences were observed for the different zones in the 2 years studied, leading to the conclusion that edaphoclimatic factors also influence the accumulation of anthocyanin compounds.
Short communication: A new mathematical model for thin layer drying of fruits
Authors: Diamante Lemuel M. , Ihns Reiner , Savage Geoffrey P. , Vanhanen Leo 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe aim of this study was to fit a new mathematical model on the thin layer drying curves of fruits. Thin layer drying studies at different temperatures (60, 80 and 100 °C) were carried out on two varieties each of kiwifruit and apricot. The new model was compared statistically with three other drying models (Henderson and Pabis, Page and logarithmic) published in the literature. The proposed equation gave the highest coefficient of determination for both varieties of kiwifruit and apricot and closely followed by the Page equation. Statistical evaluation of the experimental and predicted moisture ratio showed that the proposed equation consistently gave the lowest reduced Chi‐square, root mean square error and mean relative percentage error. The results indicate that the proposed equation has the best curve fitting ability for both fruits. However, there is no theoretical basis offered for the good curve fitting ability of the equation.
Host diversity and environmental variables as determinants of the species richness of the parasitoids of leaf‐cutting ants
Authors: Elizalde Luciana , Folgarait Patricia Julia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAim Because of the obligatory relationship between endoparasitoids and their hosts, we presume that hosts exert strong selection pressure on parasitoids. One prediction is a positive relationship between host diversity and parasitoid richness. This relationship could be the product of resource availability which could lead to more opportunities for speciation, or could represent shared responses to the environment by both groups.Location Argentina and Paraguay.Methods We sampled a 1800‐km transect to test for a correlation between the richness of leaf‐cutting ant hosts and their phorid parasitoids. Regression models were used to assess if host and environmental variables could explain phorid species richness at nest, hectare and locality spatial scales. We used canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to explore if there were similar responses of phorid species to particular host and environmental variables at different spatial scales, and partial CCA to separate the relative importance of both groups of variables.Results Phorid richness was positively correlated with host richness. Host richness/abundance accounted for 20–53% of the variation in parasitoid richness at the hectare and locality scales of analysis, with most of the variation accounted for by ant abundance. We were not able to assess the prediction at the nest scale as only one phorid species was found at most nests. Climatic variables did not explain phorid species richness once host variables were in the models. Partial CCA showed that host‐related variables accounted for most of the variance associated with phorid species ordination at the nest and hectare scales, but not at the largest grain, the locality, where climatic variables were more important. However, most phorid species did not show particular positions along the climatic gradient.Main conclusions The association between parasitoid richness and host richness and abundance, and the overall weak associations with environmental variables, suggest that these host variables are key factors influencing parasitoid speciation.
Divergence time uncertainty and historical biogeography reconstruction – an example from Urophylleae (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Smedmark Jenny E. E. , Eriksson Torsten , Bremer Birgitta 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAim  When hypotheses of historical biogeography are evaluated, age estimates of individual nodes in a phylogeny often have a direct impact on what explanation is concluded to be most likely. Confidence intervals of estimated divergence times obtained in molecular dating analyses are usually very large, but the uncertainty is rarely incorporated in biogeographical analyses. The aim of this study is to use the group Urophylleae, which has a disjunct pantropical distribution, to explore how the uncertainty in estimated divergence times affects conclusions in biogeographical analysis. Two hypotheses are evaluated: (1) long‐distance dispersal from Africa to Asia and the Neotropics, and (2) a continuous distribution in the boreotropics, probably involving migration across the North Atlantic Land Bridge, followed by isolation in equatorial refugia.Location  Tropical and subtropical Asia, tropical Africa, and central and southern tropical America.Methods  This study uses parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast DNA and nuclear ribosomal DNA data from 56 ingroup species, beast molecular dating and a Bayesian approach to dispersal–vicariance analysis (Bayes‐DIVA) to reconstruct the ancestral area of the group, and the dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis method to test biogeographical hypotheses.Results  When the two models of geographic range evolution were compared using the maximum likelihood (ML) tree with mean estimates of divergence times, boreotropical migration was indicated to be much more likely than long‐distance dispersal. Analyses of a large sample of dated phylogenies did, however, show that this result was not consistent. The age estimate of one specific node had a major impact on likelihood values and on which model performed best. The results show that boreotropical migration provides a slightly better explanation of the geographical distribution patterns of extant Urophylleae than long‐distance dispersal.Main conclusions  This study shows that results from biogeographical analyses based on single phylogenetic trees, such as a ML or consensus tree, can be misleading, and that it may be very important to take the uncertainty in age estimates into account. Methods that account for the uncertainty in topology, branch lengths and estimated divergence times are not commonly used in biogeographical inference today but should definitely be preferred in order to avoid unwarranted conclusions.
A framework for delineating biogeographical regions based on species distributions
Authors: Kreft Holger , Jetz Walter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAim Biogeographical regionalizations, such as zoogeographical regions, floristic kingdoms or ecoregions, represent categorizations central to many basic and applied questions in biogeography, ecology, evolution and conservation. Traditionally established by experts based on qualitative evidence, the lack of transparency and quantitative support has set constraints on their utility. The recent availability of global species range maps, novel multivariate techniques and enhanced computational power now enable a quantitative scrutiny and extension of biogeographical regionalizations that will facilitate new and more rigorous uses. In this paper we develop and illustrate a methodological roadmap for species‐level biogeographical regionalizations at the global scale and apply it to mammals.Location Global.Methods We explore the relative usefulness of ordination and clustering methods and validation techniques. The performance of nine different clustering algorithms is tested at different taxonomic levels. The grain of regionalization (i.e. the number of clusters) will usually be driven by the purpose of the study, but we present several approaches that provide guidance.Results Non‐metric multidimensional scaling offers a valuable first step in identifying and illustrating biogeographical transition zones. For the clustering of regions, the nine different hierarchical clustering methods varied greatly in utility, with UPGMA (unweighted pair‐group method using arithmetic averages) agglomerative hierarchical clustering having consistently the best performance. The UPGMA approach allows a tree‐like phenetic representation of the relative distances of regions and can be applied at different levels of taxonomic resolution. We find that the new quantitative biogeographical regions exhibit both striking similarities to and differences from the classic primary geographical divisions of the world’s biota. Specifically, our results provide evidence that the Sahara, northern Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and parts of the Middle East should be regarded as part of the Afrotropics. Further, the position of the New Guinean continental shelf, Lydekker’s Line, is supported as an appropriate border to separate the Oriental and Australian regions.Main conclusions We propose that this sort of new, quantitative delineation and relationship assessment across taxonomic and geographical grains is likely to offer opportunities for more rigorous inference in historical and ecological biogeography and conservation.
Single‐dose pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline and penicillin G in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii)
Authors: McLELLAND D. J. , BARKER I. K. , CRAWSHAW G. , HINDS L. A. , SPILSBURY L. , JOHNSON R. 
Published: July 2010

McLelland, D.J., Barker, I.K., Crawshaw, G., Hinds, L.A., Spilsbury, L., Johnson, R. Single‐dose pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline and penicillin G in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii).J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.34, 160–167.The pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline and penicillin G was investigated in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii). Groups of eight healthy tammar wallabies were administered i.v. oxytetracycline hydrochloride (40 mg/kg), i.m. long‐acting‐oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg), i.v. sodium penicillin G (30 mg/kg), or i.m. procaine/benzathine penicillin G (30 mg/kg). Plasma concentrations of oxytetracycline were determined using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters were comparable to those reported for eutherians of equivalent size and suggest that the practice of adjusting allometrically scaled doses to account for the lower metabolic rate of marsupials may not be valid. Long‐acting oxytetracycline and penicillin G both demonstrated depot effects. However, the plasma concentrations achieved question the therapeutic efficacy of the long‐acting preparations.
Oxygen levels rapidly modulate Pseudomonas aeruginosa social behaviours via substrate limitation of PqsH
Authors: Schertzer Jeffrey W. , Brown Stacie A. , Whiteley Marvin 
Published: July 2010

SummaryMany bacteria use extracellular signals to coordinate group behaviours, a process referred to as quorum sensing (QS). The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizes a complex QS system to control expression of over 300 genes, including many involved in host colonization and disease. The Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) is a component of P. aeruginosa QS, and although it contributes to virulence in some models of infection, the PQS biosynthetic pathway is not fully elucidated. Here, we show that PqsH catalyses the terminal step in PQS production, synthesizing PQS in vitro using the substrates 2‐heptyl‐4‐quinolone (HHQ), NADH and oxygen. Structure function studies reveal that the alkyl side‐chain of HHQ is critical for PqsH activity with the highest activity observed for alkyl chain lengths of 7 and 9 carbons. Due to the PqsH requirement for oxygen, PQS and PQS‐controlled virulence factors are not produced by anaerobic P. aeruginosa. Interestingly, anaerobic P. aeruginosa produced PQS in the absence of de novo protein synthesis upon introduction of oxygen, indicating that oxygen is the sole limiting substrate during anaerobic growth. We propose a model in which PqsH poises anaerobic P. aeruginosa to activate PQS‐controlled factors immediately upon exposure to molecular oxygen.
Innervation of the Pelvic Limb of the Adult Ostrich (Struthio camelus)
Authors: El‐Mahdy T. , El‐Nahla S. M. , Abbott L. C. , Hassan S. A. M. 
Published: July 2010

With 24 figuresSummaryThe pelvic limb of the ostrich is innervated by the lumbar and sacral plexuses. The lumbar plexus gave rise to several nerves (N.s) including, N. coxalis cranialis, lateral and cranial femoral cutaneous N.s, N. femoralis, cranial, caudal and medial crural cutaneous N.s, and N. obturatorius. The remaining nerves emanated from the sacral plexus. The N. iliotibial, N. ischiofemoralis, N. iliofibularis, and N. coxae caudalis were distributed in the thigh, while the N. ischiadica, which terminated as the tibial and fibular N.s that innervated the leg and foot. The tibial N. gave rise to the parafibular N. then divided to form the Nn. suralis medialis and lateralis. The N. suralis medialis continued as the N. metatarsalis plantaris medialis. The parafibular N. continued as the N. plantaris lateralis, which terminated as the R. digitalis of the fourth digit. The fibular N. terminated as the superficial and deep fibular N.s. The superficial fibular N. continued as the N. metatarsalis dorsalis lateralis and divided into two digital N.s to the third and fourth digits. The deep fibular N. crossed the ankle joint and continued as the N. metatarsalis dorsalis medialis that continued as the R. digitalis of the third digit. In general, the innervation of the pelvic limb of the ostrich was similar to the pelvic limbs of several different species of domesticated birds, including the chicken. We discuss the few differences as well as appropriate sites to perform nerve blocks for the lateral and medial dorsal and the lateral plantar N.s.
Study of Epidermis Development in Sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) Larvae
Authors: Saadatfar Z. , Shahsavani D. , Fatemi F. S. 
Published: July 2010

With 10 figuresSummaryFish skin is essential for survival, maintenance of body shape, and protection against the shock and infection. During week 1 of sturgeon larval development, the epidermis is thin and not differentiated in various layers yet, but by week 4–6 the thickness increases and various layers appear, depending upon the region of the body. Mucous cells differentiate early in development on the surface of epithelium and contain acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides. Primordial sensory buds are visible within the epithelia of the skin of the head in week 1 larvae, and become numerous during later larval development. Club cells are specialized epidermal cells that have an immune function and appear in the middle layer of the head and trunk epidermis on week 4.
Frequency of photoperiod‐insensitive Ppd‐A1a alleles in tetraploid, hexaploid and synthetic hexaploid wheat germplasm
Authors: Bentley A. R. , Turner A. S. , Gosman N. , Leigh F. J. , Maccaferri M. , Dreisigacker S. , Greenland A. , Laurie D. A. 
Published: July 2010

With 2 tables AbstractDifferences in photoperiod sensitivity are widely used in wheat breeding to provide adaptation to diverse agronomic environments. Two photoperiod insensitive (PI) mutations in the A genome (Ppd‐A1a alleles) were previously identified using near‐isogenic lines of tetraploid durum wheat. We show that these Ppd‐A1a alleles predominate in modern durum wheat but are absent from wild tetraploid wheat and from conventional hexaploid wheat, suggesting they were selected for improved adaptation during durum cultivation. To increase genetic diversity in hexaploid wheat, synthetic hexaploid wheat lines were developed at CIMMYT by hybridizing elite durum lines with Aegilops tauschii accessions. Ppd‐A1a alleles from durum wheat were found in 71.4% of 447 synthetic hexaploids and 9.6% of 115 advanced selections. Backcrosses to hexaploid wheat showed that the durum Ppd‐A1a alleles conferred a PI phenotype and that one allele was intermediate between known B and D genome mutations, providing a new source of flowering time variation in hexaploid wheat and the potential for novel combinations of PI alleles.
Have advanced research technologies made real impact on respiratory medicine?
Authors: ASK Kjetil , EICKELBERG Oliver , GAULDIE Jack , KAMINSKI Naftali , KOLB Martin 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTTremendous sophistication in our ability to detect, measure and manipulate the genes and proteins involved in lung disease has provided unique insights to the pathobiology of a number of lung disorders affecting humans today. Gene array analysis and genetic manipulation of animals have helped to identify novel pathways and their potential role in disease initiation and progression. Proteomics is a relatively novel tool in molecular research in respiratory medicine. Silencing gene expression by using small interfering RNA may, sooner than later, become part of novel therapies. Despite the excitement, to date, there has been little direct impact on therapeutic interventions available to clinicians. However, the rapidity with which these early data have accumulated, and the expected advances in bioinformatics and systems biology, should bring forward tangible therapeutic benefits for many acute and chronic lung diseases within the next ten years.