bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging of the interstitial iron concentration in crystalline silicon by measuring the dissociation rate of iron–boron pairs
Authors: Herlufsen Sandra , Macdonald Daniel , Bothe Karsten , Schmidt Jan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe present a dynamic approach for measuring the interstitial iron concentration in boron‐doped crystalline silicon using photoluminescence (PL) imaging. This camera‐based technique utilizes the characteristic dependence of the dissociation rate of iron–boron pairs on the interstitial iron concentration. We determine the dissociation rate by measuring the time‐dependent PL signal after complete association of iron–boron pairs in the sample. Since we are only interested in the time dependence of the PL signal, we are able to generate images of the interstitial iron concentration in absolute units without any calibration and without knowing the recombination properties of the interstitial iron or iron–boron pairs. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of enzyme active and inactive soy flours on cassava and corn starch properties
Authors: Sciarini Lorena S. , Ribotta Pablo D. , León Alberto E. , Pérez Gabriela T. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe aim of this work was to study the influence of enzyme active and inactive soy flours on the properties of cassava and corn starches. Four starch/soy flour composites were evaluated: cassava/active soy flour (Cas/AS), cassava/inactive soy flour (Cas/IS), corn/active soy flour (Corn/AS) and corn/inactive soy flour (Corn/IS). Starch gelatinization occurred at 58.67°C for Cas and at 64.19°C for corn; gelatinization occurred at higher temperatures when soy flours were present, while ΔH diminished. The presence of AS reduced 80% the retrogradation enthalpy of Cas and 40% that of corn. Cas presented lower pasting temperature than corn starch (67.8 and 76.8°C, respectively) and higher peak viscosity (427.9 and 232.8 BU, respectively). The pasting properties of both starches were drastically reduced by soy flours, and this effect was more noticeable in Cas; AS had higher effect than IS. X‐ray diffraction pattern of retrograded samples showed that both starches recrystallisation (mainly that of Cas) was reduced when AS was added. Tan δ values decreased with AS addition to corn, but they increased when added to Cas. The images obtained using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed that IS was distributed as large aggregates, whereas AS distribution was more homogeneous, especially when incorporated to Cas. These results show that cassava starch interacts specifically with active soy flour (AS, mainly in native state). The delaying effect of AS on cassava starch retrogradation was clearly shown. This finding could be useful in obtaining gluten‐free breads of high quality and low retrogradation rate.
Neurocognitive outcome in patients with hypertyrosinemia type I after long‐term treatment with NTBC
Authors: Thimm Eva , Richter‐Werkle Renate , Kamp Gudrun , Molke Bettina , Herebian Diran , Klee Dirk , Mayatepek Ertan , Spiekerkoetter Ute 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe implementation of NTBC into treatment of hypertyrosinemia type I (HT I) greatly improved survival by prevention of acute liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, there are first reports of cognitive impairment in patients with elevated plasma tyrosine concentrations.MethodsWe here assess the neurocognitive development using standardized psychometric test batteries with respect to cognition, motor abilities and speech in nine early‐treated patients with HT I under long‐term NTBC treatment.ResultsHigh plasma tyrosine concentrations were frequently documented resulting in elevated 12‐month median plasma tyrosine concentrations in seven out of nine patients. Plasma NTBC concentrations were generally in the lower therapeutic range. Five out of seven patients (71%) above 3 years of age had a total IQ score below the average. In addition, five out of seven patients above 3 years showed an inhomogenous test profile with significant differences between the different testing scales. Motor abilities were subnormal in four out of seven patients(57%). Cerebral MRI revealed no abnormalities. Logopedic evaluation in children at school age documented dysfunction or retardation in language development in all but one of the tested patients (80%), however, all but one patients had a migration background.ConclusionsA high number of patients performed below normal in the assessment of development, motor function and speech. We propose intellectual impairment as long‐term complication in HT type I with elevated plasma tyrosine under NTBC treatment as observed in other hypertyrosinemias. These findings remain to be reproduced in greater patient numbers.
Cystathionine beta‐synthase mutants exhibit changes in protein unfolding: conformational analysis of misfolded variants in crude cell extracts
Authors: Hnízda Aleš , Jurga Vojtěch , Raková Kateřina , Kožich Viktor 
Published: November 2011

AbstractProtein misfolding has been proposed to be a common pathogenic mechanism in many inborn errors of metabolism including cystathionine β‐synthase (CBS) deficiency. In this work, we describe the structural properties of nine CBS mutants that represent a common molecular pathology in the CBS gene. Using thermolysin in two proteolytic techniques, we examined conformation of these mutants directly in crude cell extracts after expression in E. coli. Proteolysis with thermolysin under native conditions appeared to be a useful technique even for very unstable mutant proteins, whereas pulse proteolysis in a urea gradient had limited values for the study of the majority of CBS mutants due to their instability. Mutants in the active core had either slightly increased unfolding (p.A114V, p.E302K and p.G307S) or extensive unfolding with decreased stability (p.H65R, p.T191M, p.I278T and p.R369C). The extent of the unfolding inversely correlated with the previously determined degree of tetrameric assembly and with the catalytic activity. In contrast, mutants bearing aminoacid substitutions in the C‐terminal regulatory domain (p.R439Q and p.D444N) had increased global stability with decreased flexibility. This study shows that proteolytic techniques can reveal conformational abnormalities even for CBS mutants that have activity and/or a degree of assembly similar to the wild‐type enzyme. We present here a methodological strategy that may be used in cell lysates to evaluate properties of proteins that tend to misfold and aggregate and that may be important for conformational studies of disease‐causing mutations in the field of inborn errors of metabolism.
Parenting interventions for male young offenders: A review of the evidence on what works
Authors: Buston K. , Parkes A. , Thomson H. , Wight D. , Fenton C. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTApproximately one in four incarcerated male young offenders in the UK is an actual or expectant father. This paper reviews evidence on the effectiveness of parenting interventions for male young offenders. We conducted systematic searches across 20 databases and consulted experts. Twelve relevant evaluations were identified: 10 from the UK, of programmes for incarcerated young offenders, and two from the US, of programmes for young parolees. None used experimental methods or included a comparison group. They suggest that participants like the courses, find them useful, and the interventions may improve knowledge about, and attitudes to, parenting. Future interventions should incorporate elements of promising parenting interventions with young fathers in the community, for example, and/or with older incarcerated parents. Young offender fathers have specific developmental, rehabilitative, and contextual needs. Future evaluations should collect longer‐term behavioural parent and child outcome data and should use comparison groups and, ideally, randomization.
Neuromuscular Disorders in the Cat: Clinical Approach to Weakness
Authors: Volk Holger A , Shihab Nadia , Matiasek Kaspar 
Published: November 2011

Practical relevance Weakness is a relatively common clinical presentation in feline medicine and can be caused by primary neuromuscular disease or by diseases of other body systems affecting the neuromuscular system secondarily. Successful work-up relies on a thorough clinical and neurological examination, and logical problem solving, based on an understanding of the underlying neuroanatomical and pathophysiological mechanisms. Clinical challenges Feline neuromuscular diseases can be a diagnostic challenge. On initial inspection, the presenting signs can mimic disorders of other body systems, particularly cardiovascular, pulmonary and orthopaedic disease, or may be confused with systemic illnesses. Additionally, because many different pathologies of the feline neuromuscular system converge to a similar clinical phenotype, further diagnostic steps such as electrodiagnostics, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and muscle and nerve biopsies must be considered even after neuromuscular dysfunction has been identified. Audience This review provides a framework for the clinical approach to the weak cat and gives a practical summary of neuromuscular diseases for the general practitioner and specialist alike. Evidence base Many diseases affecting the feline neuromuscular system have been well described in the veterinary literature, mostly based on retrospective case reports and series. The evidence base for the treatment of feline neuromuscular diseases remains very limited.
Acute Spinal Cord Injury in the Cat: Causes, Treatment and Prognosis
Authors: Eminaga Salih , Palus Viktor , Cherubini Giunio Bruto 
Published: November 2011

Practical relevance Acute spinal conditions are a common emergency presentation in general veterinary practice and have the potential to cause devastating spinal cord injury (SCI) and consequent severe neurological deficits. SCI can be divided into two subgroups: exogenous SCI (vertebral fracture and/or luxation/subluxation) and endogenous SCI (intervertebral disc extrusion and ischaemic myelopathy). Clinical challenges The majority of cats with SCI have concurrent injuries. The clinician must perform a thorough physical examination and prioritise and then stabilise the life-threatening problems before focusing on the neurological examination. The possibility of multiple sites of SCI and spinal shock can make interpretation of the neurological examination challenging. While plain radiographs or myelography are usually diagnostic, they do not give direct information about the integrity of the spinal cord parenchyma or the severity of any damage. If facilities or experienced staff capable of performing the necessary surgery are not available, or advanced imaging is indicated, referral to a specialist veterinary institution should be considered. Audience This review is aimed at clinicians dealing with feline SCI in the emergency setting or at first-opinion level, and discusses causes, initial management, specific treatment and prognosis. Patient group While any cat may potentially be affected by SCI, there is a tendency for exogenous SCI to be more common in younger individuals and, in the authors' experience, pure-breed cats are very rarely presented. Endogenous SCI can be seen in any breed and is typically a condition of adult cats.
Dispersal of buoyancy-driven flow in porous media with inclined baffles
Authors: Rayward-Smith W. J. , Woods Andrew W. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractHere we explore the effect of a series of low-permeability tilted baffles on the ascent of a buoyant fluid injected into a porous rock from a linear well, motivated by several industrial processes, particularly CO2 sequestration. We first consider, both theoretically and experimentally, the dynamics associated with flow past an individual inclined baffle; if the incident flux is sufficiently large then a pool of injectate grows beneath the baffle and spills over both ends, partitioning the flux, but otherwise the injectate only flows over the updip end of the baffle, leaving a stagnant zone under the downdip part of the baffle. In a multi-layered system, the flow may then be described using nonlinear recurrence relations based on the flow past an individual baffle. Using this approach, in the particular case in which there is a regular distribution of baffles, we show that, on a scale greater than individual baffles, the flow adjusts to a plume of constant width rising at an angle $\chi $ to the vertical, which depends on the geometry of the baffles. This constant-width plume may be described by an effective directional permeability $({k}_{p} , 0)$ at angles $(\chi , \lrm{\pi} / 2\ensuremath{-} \chi )$ to the vertical where we find ${k}_{p} \ll k$, where $k$ is the effective permeability of the regions between baffles. Within the boundaries of this plume the majority of pore space is bypassed. Indeed, the plume-scale effective porosity is largely associated with the pools of injectate which collect beneath each baffle. We show that since the constant-width plume has such a large lateral extent, the total pore space occupied by the plume, per unit height, is larger than for a homogeneous formation. Furthermore, these pools lead to a large surface area between injectate and formation water, which enhances the reaction of the injectate with the formation water. However, we also show that, in steady state, it may be hard to determine this plume-scale effective porosity since the ratio of the effective Darcy speed and the effective interstitial speed of the plume only relates to the porosity of the updip part of these pools, in which the injectate is flowing.
Attenuation of short surface waves by the sea floor via nonlinear sub-harmonic interaction
Authors: Alam Mohammad-Reza , Liu Yuming , Yue Dick K. P. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe consider the indirect mechanism for dissipation of short surface waves through their near-resonant interactions with long sub-harmonic waves that are dissipated by the bottom. Using direct perturbation analysis and an energy argument, we obtain analytic predictions of the evolution of the amplitudes of two short primary waves and the long sub-harmonic wave which form a near-resonant triad, elucidating the energy transfer, from the short waves to the long wave, which may be significant over time. We obtain expressions for the rate of total energy loss of the system and show that this rate has an extremum corresponding to a specific value of the (bottom) damping coefficient (for a given pair of short wavelengths relative to water depth). These analytic results agree very well with direct numerical simulations developed for the general nonlinear wave–wave and wave–bottom interaction problem.
A prospective study of intake oftrans-fatty acids from ruminant fat, partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, and marine oils and mortality from CVD
Authors: Laake Ida , Pedersen Jan I. , Selmer Randi , Kirkhus Bente , Lindman Anja S. , Tverdal Aage , Veierød Marit B. 
Published: November 2011

Trans-fatty acids (TFA) have adverse effects on blood lipids, but whether TFA from different sources are associated with risk of CVD remains unresolved. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between TFA intake from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVO), partially hydrogenated fish oils (PHFO) and ruminant fat (rTFA) and risks of death of CVD, CHD, cerebrovascular diseases and sudden death in the Norwegian Counties Study, a population-based cohort study. Between 1974 and 1988, participants were examined for up to three times. Fat intake was assessed with a semi-quantitative FFQ. A total of 71 464 men and women were followed up through 2007. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI were estimated with Cox regression. Energy from TFA was compared to energy from all other sources, carbohydrates or unsaturatedcis-fatty acids with different multivariable models. During follow-up, 3870 subjects died of CVD, 2383 of CHD, 732 of cerebrovascular diseases and 243 of sudden death. Significant risks, comparing highest to lowest intake category, were found for: TFA from PHVO and CHD (HR 1·23 (95 % CI 1·00, 1·50)) and cerebrovascular diseases (HR 0·65 (95 % CI 0·45, 0·94)); TFA from PHFO and CVD (HR 1·14 (95 % CI 1·03, 1·26)) and cerebrovascular diseases (HR 1·32 (95 % CI 1·04, 1·69)); and rTFA intake and CVD (HR 1·30 (95 % CI 1·05, 1·61)), CHD (HR 1·50 (95 % CI 1·11, 2·03)) and sudden death (HR 2·73 (95 % CI 1·19, 6·25)) in women. These associations with rTFA intake were not significant in men (Pinteraction ≥ 0·01). The present study supports that TFA intake, irrespective of source, increases CVD risk. Whether TFA from PHVO decreases risk of cerebrovascular diseases warrants further investigation.
The Psychology of Religion
Authors: Pratt James Bissett 
Published: November 2011

As every one knows, psychology is a word to conjure with. We have today the Psychology of Art, the Psychology of Business, the Psychology of Advertising, the Psychology of Childhood, of Adolescence, and of Old Age, the Psychology of various great men and of various centuries and epochs, until one stands quite aghast at the psychological insight of our times, and feels that the key to everything and anything worth knowing must surely be in the hands of the omniscient psychologist. In fact, psychology would seem to have enlarged her bounds at the expense of every other subject, and to have chosen all knowledge to be her province; so that he who desires his book or treatise on any subject whatever to be regarded as strictly “modern” and “scientific” must needs endow it with a psychological title. This is indeed a short and easy method of becoming a psychologist; and the result is— as one might expect—that all the psychology contained in many of these works is spread, usually in large letters, upon the titlepage. All is not gold that glitters; neither is every treatise psychological which bears that mystic word upon its cover.In no field of serious inquiry are these remarks more pertinent than in that of religion. Our book-shelves and our periodicals are laden with works on “religious psychology,” most of which prove on examination to be hardly more psychological than anatomical or geographical. Treatises on theology and statistics, on Church history and Sunday-school methods, as well as that large and amorphous class of writings which twenty years ago would have appeared under the title “Philosophy of Religion”—all these are now pressing themselves upon our attention by the use of that potent shibboleth, “Psychology.” And yet, though one-half the works with titles of this nature have not much more to do with genuine psychology than with the weather, there is, I believe, a young branch of scientific inquiry which rightly deserves the name Psychology of Religion.
The Idea of a Modern Orthodoxy
Authors: Macintosh Douglas C. 
Published: November 2011

Systematic theology is, and of right ought to be, primarily practical. In the first place, true religion is both one of the ends of an ideal human life and, in the long run, an indispensable means to the morality which is most essential to human welfare, inner and outer. In the second place, theology is necessary as an instrument for the proper control of the development and expression of religion—a special case of the function of ideas in the control of life. It follows, therefore, that a sound theology is a human necessity. The purpose of the theologian, whatever else it may or must include, must be to find those religious truths which are essential to the vitality and efficiency of the best type of human religion.That this has really been the aim of theologians in the great formative periods of the history of Christian doctrine may readily be shown. The prevailing impression with regard to orthodoxy and excluded heresies is that the distinction between them is arbitrary and external. This is indeed to the modern mind true in large measure of the distinction between the old orthodoxy and heresy; but in their own day this distinction was neither arbitrary nor external. Then it was organically related to the most pressing of problems; it was supremely vital, for the issues involved were nothing short of spiritual life and death.
What is Driving Men Today back to Religion?
Authors: Eucken Rudolf 
Published: November 2011

He is but a superficial observer of the times who can think that the movement of life today is altogether against religion, and that only the denial of religion has the spirit of the age with it.For, certain as it is that blatant denial still holds the public ear and is more and more permeating the masses, yet in the work of the intellect, and likewise in the depths of men's souls, the case is different. Here, with ever greater vigor, is springing up the feeling that religion is indispensable, the yearning for religion. What is understood by religion is often anything but clear, and often very different from the traditional forms of religion; but the demand is unmistakable for more depth of life and for the establishment of profounder inner connections than our visible existence affords.
Is Christianity a Moral Code or a Religion?
Authors: Schwab L. Henry 
Published: November 2011

The answer to this question comes with great readiness from a host of those who tell us that the meaning of Christianity is summed up in a code of ethical principles. The endless strife of theological tongues has led weary souls to take refuge in the apparent simplicity of the moral law; the stress of the modern social problem has prompted others to fix their exclusive attention upon the Christian rule of conduct as offering the final solution. And so we hear from all sides the many voices that unite in the swelling chorus, whose burden is the lofty ethical precepts of the Sermon on the Mount or the noble utterances of the Hebrew prophets as the sum and substance of all essential Christianity: “Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them”; “Do justly, love mercy and walk humbly with thy God,”—Christianity means this and nothing more.The assertion of an essentially moral Christianity comes to us backed with the authority of high scholarship. In the Hibbert Journal of October, 1908, in an article entitled “How may Christianity be Defended Today?” Professor McGiffert tells us that “to promote the reign of sympathy and service among men was the controlling purpose of Christ Himself,” that “modern study of Jesus has made this very clear, and we are recognizing with a unanimity never reached in other days that it was for this Jesus labored and for this He summoned men to follow Him.” The fact that this article, in spite of its confused reasoning and its inconclusiveness, is said to have been translated into several foreign languages, proves the strong hold which the moral interpretation of Christianity has obtained.It is the purpose of the following pages to examine this view. We ask: What do the records teach? Do they permit the interpretation of Christianity as a set of moral laws? or do they imply something else, the religious or spiritual?