bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The contribution of low‐affinity transport mechanisms to serotonin clearance in synaptosomes
Authors: Hagan Catherine E. , Schenk James O. , Neumaier John F. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAlthough many studies assert that the serotonin (5‐HT) transporter (SERT) is the predominant mechanism controlling extracellular 5‐HT concentrations, accumulating evidence suggests that low affinity, high capacity transport mechanisms may contribute more to 5‐HT clearance than previously thought. The goal of this study was to quantify the contributions of SERT relative to other mechanisms in clearing extracellular 5‐HT concentrations ranging from 50 nM to 1 μM in synaptosomes prepared from wild‐type and SERT knockout mice using rotating disk electrode voltammetry. SERT inhibitors combined with decynium‐22 (D‐22), a blocker of several low‐affinity transporters, blocked all uptake of 5‐HT into synaptosomes. We found that SERT is responsible for the majority of synaptosomal uptake only at relatively low 5‐HT concentrations, but comprises a diminishing proportion of 5‐HT clearance when extracellular 5‐HT increases above 100 nM. The effect of D‐22 was similar in wild‐type and SERT knockout synaptosomes. Thus, there was no evidence of upregulation of low‐affinity mechanisms in knockout mice across the concentrations of 5‐HT tested. These are surprising results, in light of the prevailing view that SERT is the primary uptake mechanism for extracellular 5‐HT at physiological concentrations. We conclude that non‐SERT mediated 5‐HT uptake is substantial even at modest 5‐HT concentrations. These findings, in conjunction with other studies, have important implications for understanding serotonergic disorders and may explain the variable efficacy and stability of patients' responses to antidepressants, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. © Synapse, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of food restriction and sucrose intake on synaptic delivery of AMPA receptors in nucleus accumbens
Authors: Peng Xing‐Xiang , Ziff Edward B. , Carr Kenneth D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractInsertion and removal of AMPA receptors from the synaptic membrane underlie dynamic tuning of synaptic transmission and enduring changes in synaptic strength. Preclinical addiction research suggests that AMPA receptor trafficking plays an important role in nucleus accumbens (NAc) neuroplasticity underlying the compulsive and persistent quality of drug‐seeking. Considering the parallels between drug addiction and compulsive eating, plus the supranormal reward properties of sucrose, and the role of dieting as a risk factor in development of binge pathology, the present study used a biochemical subcellular fractionation approach to determine whether brief intake of a 10% sucrose solution increases synaptic delivery of AMPA receptors in NAc of chronically food‐restricted (FR) relative to ad libitum fed (AL) rats. FR, alone, produced a small but significant increase in synaptic expression of AMPA receptors. This may contribute to NAc integrative mechanisms that mediate the enhanced behavioral responsiveness of FR subjects to phasic reward stimuli, including food and drugs. Brief intake of sucrose increased GluR1 in the PSD, regardless of dietary condition, though the net effect was greater in FR than AL subjects. A marked increase in GluR2 was also observed, but only in FR rats. This set of results suggests that in FR subjects, sucrose may have primarily increased delivery of GluR1/GluR2 heteromers to the PSD, while in AL subjects sucrose increased delivery of GluR2‐lacking channels. The functional consequences of these possible differences in subunit composition of trafficked AMPA receptors between diet groups remain to be determined. Nevertheless, the present set of results suggest a promising new avenue to pursue in the effort to understand synaptic plasticity involved in adaptive and pathological food‐directed behavior and the mechanistic basis of severe dieting as a risk factor for the latter. Synapse, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age‐related changes in gene expression are accelerated in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Saetre P. , Jazin E. , Emilsson L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn the normal brain, age is associated with changes in gene expression. Age is also a prominent risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), where clinical features are similar to age‐related decreases in cognitive performance. We hypothesized that some age‐related changes in gene expression are accelerated in AD patients. To study this, we selected 10 candidate genes earlier shown by microarray analysis to be differentially expressed in AD (Emilsson et al., [2006] Neurobiol Dis 21:618–625). Using real‐time PCR analysis and a control based statistical model, we investigated age‐related changes in mRNA levels in a large collection of human brain postmortem tissues from AD patients and controls. Our results demonstrate that the age‐related changes in gene expression are manifested earlier in AD. Furthermore, five of the genes (ITPKB, RGS4, RAB3A, STMN1, SYNGR3) have in common an involvement in neuronal calcium dependent signaling, a cellular process previously related to both AD and aging. These observations suggest that coordinated transcriptional changes associated with ageing and calcium homeostasis in the human brain are accelerated in patients with AD. Our results point to the possibility that the activity of these genes can be used in the future as a palette of biomarkers for predicting disease risk in young individuals. Synapse 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lactational and postnatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls induces sex‐specific anxiolytic behavior and cognitive deficit in mice offspring
Authors: Tian Yu‐Hua , Hwan Kim Seung , Lee Seok‐Yong , Jang Choon‐Gon 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe central nervous system is affected by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Previous studies have indicated that developmental exposure to PCBs impairs behavioral performance and alters cognitive abilities. This study assessed the effects of lactational and postnatal exposure to a commercial PCBs mixture, Aroclor 1254 (A1254), on mice performing several neurobehavioral tasks including the open field test, novel object test, elevated plus maze test, Y‐maze test, and tail suspension test. In the open field test, PCBs treatment (6 and 18 mg/kg/day) was associated with increased movement, time duration, and frequency in the central zone in female but not male mice. PCBs‐treated female mice (6 and 18 mg/kg/day) also showed decreased novel object recognition, indicating impairment in recognition memory. Finally, we performed autoradiographic receptor binding assays for dopamine (DA) D1 and D2 receptors, dopamine transporter (DAT), and the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor after behavioral tests to examine whether alterations occurred in the dopaminergic and NMDAergic systems of the brain. Our results showed that PCBs treatment did not change D1 and D2 receptors or DAT binding in the dorsal striatum of female mice. However, PCBs treatment significantly decreased NMDA receptor binding in the dorsal striatum, frontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and motor cortex, and CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus in female mice. Collectively, our results suggest that long‐term PCBs exposure can induce anxiolytic behavior, cognitive deficits, and changes of NMDA receptors. Synapse, 2011. © 2011 Wiley©Liss, Inc.
Evolution of middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity after a successful laser procedure for iatrogenic twin anemia–polycythemia sequence
Authors: Groussolles M. , Sartor A. , Connan L. , Vayssière C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe report a case of twin anemia–polycythemia sequence (TAPS) treated by laser at 24 + 5 weeks' gestation, 7 weeks after a first laser procedure for twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome at 16 + 6 weeks. This management led to the birth of two healthy neonates by Cesarean section at 36 weeks. In this case, weekly measurement of the middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity allowed us to monitor the twins after both laser treatments and, more specifically, to detect TAPS. Following delivery, placental injection showed a minuscule coagulated arteriovenous anastomosis. Intrauterine transfusion is generally chosen to manage TAPS, but the choice of therapy must consider gestational age, technical difficulties and disease severity. The laser procedure cannot be used as a curative treatment for TAPS in all cases. We propose a decisional algorithm to help clinicians select the appropriate treatment. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hemodynamics of fetal breathing movements: the inferior vena cava
Authors: Nyberg M. K. , Johnsen S. L. , Rasmussen S. , Kiserud T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectiveBased on the hypothesis that fetal breathing movements (FBM) enhance sections of the circulation to meet the needs of gas transport, we studied the effects of FBM on the fetal inferior vena cava (IVC), which transports blood with the lowest oxygen saturation in the fetal body.MethodsOne‐hundred and ten women with low‐risk singleton pregnancies were included in a longitudinal study during the second half of pregnancy. Inner diameter, peak systolic velocity and time‐averaged maximum blood velocity were measured in the IVC below the ductus venosus outlet during rest and FBM. Volume flow and pressure gradient were estimated in 55 observations of forced inspiratory movements at 36 weeks of gestation. The results are presented as mean and 95% CI of the mean.ResultsBased on 585 observations obtained during fetal rest and FBM, we found no difference in diameter, 0.42 (95% CI, 0.41–0.43) cm vs. 0.41 (95% CI, 0.39–0.42) cm, respectively, apart from during high‐amplitude inspiratory movement, when the diameter was 0.15 (95% CI, 0.13–0.17) cm. The peak systolic velocity was different during rest and FBM, 34.0 (95% CI, 32.7–35.3) cm/s vs. 81.5 (95% CI, 76.2–87.5) cm/s, respectively, and correspondingly for time‐averaged maximum velocity, 19.7 (95% CI, 18.9–20.5) cm/s vs. 37.2 (95% CI, 34.9–39.9) cm/s, respectively. Forced inspiratory movements at 36 weeks significantly reduced flow in the IVC compared with rest, 63.6 (95% CI, 44.4–88.1) mL/min vs. 186.0 (95% CI, 142.8–238.1) mL/min, respectively. The pressure gradient increased 14‐fold during forced inspiration, from 0.64 to 8.76 mmHg.ConclusionsHigh‐amplitude fetal inspiration substantially constricts the abdominal IVC and creates a negative pressure in the chest. The IVC constriction withholds abdominal blood, thus temporarily giving way to other flows. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal fetal esophagus
Authors: Brugger P. C. , Weber M. , Prayer D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectivesTo establish the appearance on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the normal fetal esophagus and to provide biometric data from 20 to 39 gestational weeks.MethodsIn this retrospective study of 250 fetal MRI examinations (20–39 gestational weeks) the visibility of the upper (E1, cervical to tracheal bifurcation) and lower (E2, tracheal bifurcation to diaphragm) esophageal segments was assessed separately in each of three section planes. Segments were scored as being visible or not, and whether they were fluid‐filled was noted. Maximum esophageal diameters were recorded. To study the age dependency of esophageal visualization, fetuses were divided into three age groups: 20–25, 26–31 and 32–39 weeks. In 19 cases, there were dynamic studies and these were analyzed for the duration of fluid‐filling.ResultsSegment E1 was visualized only when it was fluid‐filled and it was visible in 16.8% of axial, 4% of frontal and 22.4% of sagittal acquisitions. Segment E2 could also be detected in the unfilled state, when it appeared solid; it was seen in 96.4% of axial, 74% of frontal and 39.6% of sagittal acquisitions, being fluid‐filled in 62.7–88.9% of these. Depending on the amount of fluid‐filling and the gestational age, E2 segments had a variable appearance. Dynamic scans showed E1 segments to be fluid‐filled for periods of 0.5–1.5 s and E2 segments for periods of 3–35 s. Both the frequency of visualization and the maximum diameter increased linearly with gestational age.ConclusionVisualization of the fetal esophagus by MRI depends on section plane, segment and gestational age, with considerable differences between the two segments: while E1 requires fluid‐filling related to fetal swallowing, the E2 portion can usually be demonstrated independent of fluid‐filling, as a consequence of its topographical relationships. The frequently fluid‐filled state of E2 may reflect the immature nature of esophageal neuromuscular activity, and the lack of an anti‐reflux mechanism due to the short length of the abdominal esophagus. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliability of a new method for assessing urethral compression following midurethral tape procedures using four‐dimensional ultrasound
Authors: Yang J.‐M. , Yang S.‐H. , Huang W.‐C. , Tzeng C.‐R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the intra‐ and interobserver reliability of a new method of assessing resting and dynamic urethral compression after midurethral tape procedures using three‐ and four‐dimensional (3D and 4D) ultrasound.MethodsThirty‐one women who had undergone transobturator midurethral tape procedures at Cathay General Hospital were enrolled in the study and 4D ultrasound was performed pre‐ and postoperatively. Preoperative ultrasound assessment included measurement of the urethral central echolucent area (UCEA) in the axial plane. Postoperative ultrasound assessment included measurement of the tape–urethral distance (TUD) in the sagittal plane as well as UCEA and tape angle in the axial plane (ATA). The TUD was measured at the upper end (TUDu), central point (TUDc) and lower end (TUDl) of the tape. All pre‐ and postoperative ultrasound assessments were performed in women at rest, on maximum straining and during strong coughing. 4D ultrasound volume datasets were stored digitally and analyzed offline by two independent investigators blinded to clinical data and to each others' measurements. Intra‐ and interobserver reliability were evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsThere were significant reductions in TUDc, TUDl and UCEA during increased intra‐abdominal pressure. ICC values for the measurement of TUD at rest, on straining and during coughing demonstrated very good reliability. ICC values for the pre‐ and postoperative measurement of UCEA at rest, on straining and during coughing demonstrated good to very good reliability. ICC values for the measurement of ATA at rest, on straining and during coughing demonstrated fair to good reliability.Conclusions4D ultrasound can be used to obtain measurements with good reliability in the assessment of urethral compression. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transvaginal ultrasonographic measurement of cervical length in asymptomatic high‐risk women with a short cervical length in the previous pregnancy
Authors: Crane J. M. G. , Hutchens D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if asymptomatic women at high risk of preterm delivery who had a short cervical length in their previous pregnancy and delivered at term are at increased risk of having a short cervical length in their next pregnancy, and whether they are at increased risk of preterm birth.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included high‐risk (those with a history of spontaneous preterm birth, uterine anomaly or excisional treatment for cervical dysplasia) asymptomatic women who were pregnant with a singleton gestation delivering between April 2003 and March 2010, who had had a previous pregnancy and who had transvaginal ultrasonographic cervical length measurement performed at 16–30 weeks' gestation in both pregnancies. Comparison was among women who had a short cervical length (< 3.0 cm) in their previous pregnancy but delivered at term in that pregnancy (Short Term Group), women with a history of a normal cervical length (≥ 3.0 cm) in their previous pregnancy delivering at term (Long Term Group), and women who had a short cervical length (< 3.0 cm) in their previous pregnancy delivering preterm (Short Preterm Group). Primary outcomes were spontaneous preterm birth at < 37 weeks' gestation and cervical length. Secondary outcomes were spontaneous preterm birth at < 35 weeks and < 32 weeks, low birth weight, maternal outcomes and neonatal morbidity.ResultsA total of 62 women were included. Women in the Short Term Group were more likely to have a short cervical length in their next pregnancy compared with those in the Long Term Group (10/23 (43.5%) vs. 4/26 (15.4%), respectively) but not as likely as women in the Short Preterm Group (9/13 (69.2%); P = 0.003). Women in the Short Term Group were not at an increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth at < 37 weeks in the next pregnancy compared with women in the Long Term Group (2/23 (8.7%) vs. 2/26 (7.7%), respectively), but women in the Short Preterm Group were at an increased risk (6/13 (46.2%); P < 0.0001). Compared with women in the Short Term and Long Term groups, women in the Short Preterm Group were also at an increased risk of threatened preterm labor (6/23 (26.1%) and 4/26 (15.4%) vs. 9/13 (69.2%), respectively; P = 0.002) and of receiving corticosteroids for fetal lung maturation (6/23 (26.1%) and 4/26 (15.4%) vs. 11/13 (84.6%), respectively; P < 0.0001).ConclusionAlthough high‐risk asymptomatic women with a short cervical length in their previous pregnancy who delivered at term are at increased risk of having a short cervix in their next pregnancy, they are not at increased risk of preterm birth. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selectivity function scheduler for IEEE 802.11e HCCA access mode
Authors: Ali Najah Abu , Bourawy Ashraf , Hassanein Hossam 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYIn this paper, we present a scheduling algorithm that enhances the performance of the standard IEEE 802.11e scheduler for the Hybrid Coordination Function Controlled Channel Access mode. The main contribution in designing the proposed scheduler is the ability to accommodate multiple streams with different levels of Quality of Service requirements concurrently running on the same station. This is achieved by dynamically calculating the Transmission Opportunities of each active traffic stream (TS) and the appropriate Service Interval of each active station. The proposed algorithm optimizes the utilization of the scarce bandwidth resources by only polling active stations. The algorithm incorporates a selectivity function to assign polling priorities to the active streams only based on their diverse requirements and their link‐attainable transmission rates. The performance of the proposed Selectivity Function Scheduler (SFS) scheme is evaluated against the standard scheduler. Simulation results show that the SFS outperforms the standard scheduler in terms of enhancing streams' throughput, reducing packet dropping ratio and maintaining high fairness amongst the admitted TS. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Portable XRF study of pigments applied in Juan Hispalense’s 15th century panel painting
Authors: Križnar A. , Muñoz V. , de la Paz F. , Respaldiza M. A. , Vega M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSeveral medieval paintings and polychrome sculptures have been analysed in the frame of a collaboration between the Fine Arts Museum of Seville and the National Centre of Accelerators, dedicated to a non‐destructive study of artworks that belong to the wide museum’s collection. Among the oldest artworks in the collection is the panel painting Archangel St. Michael attributed to Juan Hispalense, one of the first painters in the 15th‐century Seville known by name. The panel was analysed by a portable X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) to get more information about the pigments applied and to identify possible later interventions. The results showed that the pigments were those commonly used in that period. Lead white was found in the preparation of the painting and in colour layers. For yellow colour, yellow ochre was used, while for the red one, the painter usually mixed red earth and vermillion. Blue pigment is azurite, while the copper‐based green one could not be determined more specifically by XRF. Brown colour is made with yellow ochre and organic black or, in some cases, umbra. Black pigment is probably bone or ivory black. Many decorative parts of the panel are gilded, which were confirmed by Au peaks. Later interventions were carried out on the base of Ti–Zn white mixed with earth pigments, while for green areas such as Archangel's wings also chrome green was applied. The research is part of a larger study which is still going on, whose aim is to gain more knowledge about the 15th‐ and 16th‐century Spanish painting and polychromy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal Structures and Chemical Properties of Dimesitylcadmium and Dimesitylmercury
Authors: Hayashi Mari , Bolte Michael , Wagner Matthias , Lerner Hans‐Wolfram 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMesityllithium was used to synthesize dimesitylcadmium and dimesitylmercury from CdCl2 and HgCl2, respectively. X‐ray‐crystallographic data show that the group 12 metal compounds M[Mes]2 (M = Zn, Cd, Hg) are isomorphous (monoclinic, P21/n). The asymmetric unit of M[Mes]2 (M = Zn, Cd, Hg) consists of one mesityl group bonded to the metal atom, which is related to the second substituent by an inversion center. In addition we have investigated the reaction of BBr3 with M[Mes]2 (M = Cd, Hg) for our understanding of the reactivity of donor‐free group 12 mesityl compounds. The reaction of M[Mes]2 (M = Cd, Hg) with an excess of BBr3 produces MesBBr2. UV‐induced conversion of Hg[Mes]2 in benzene yielded quantitatively mesitylene and mercury whereas irradiation of a chloroform solution of Hg[Mes]2 for 1290 min (λmax = 510 nm) gave mesitylene, Hg[Mes]Cl, and HgCl2 in a ratio of 6:4:1. Slow concentration of the reaction solution led to the deposition of X‐ray quality crystals of the addition compound of two Hg[Mes]Cl molecules and HgCl2 (monoclinic space group P21/n).
A Totally Laparoscopic Distal Gastrectomy Can Be an Effective Way of Performing Laparoscopic Gastrectomy in Obese Patients (Body Mass Index ≥ 30)
Authors: Kim Min Gyu , Kim Kap Choong , Kim Beom Su , Kim Tae Hwan , Kim Hee Sung , Yook Jeong Hwan , Kim Byung Sik 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackgroundIn the surgical treatment of gastric cancer, obesity is known to be a predictive factor for poor early surgical outcomes. To evaluate the more effective modality of laparoscopic gastrectomy in obese patients, we compared the early surgical outcomes of laparoscopy‐assisted and totally laparoscopic gastrectomy.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed early surgical outcomes in 1,480 consecutive patients who underwent distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer between April 2004 and July 2010. To compare surgical outcomes of laparoscopy‐assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) with those of totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (TLDG) in 76 obese patients (LADG, n = 39; TLDG, n = 37), the patients were classified as either obese or nonobese. The obesity was defined using the WHO classification BMI cutoff of 30 kg/m2.ResultsIn the analysis of surgical outcomes of the LADG group, there were significant differences between the obese and nonobese groups with respect to operative time (P = 0.004, obese, 171.8 min; nonobese, 141.0 min), time to first flatus (P = 0.027, obese, 3.3 days; nonobese, 3.1 days), commencement of soft diet (P = 0.040, obese, 4.6 days; nonobese, 4.0 days), postoperative complication rate (P = 0.045, obese, 15.4%; nonobese, 6.5%), and postoperative hospital stay (P = 0.014, obese, 8.9 days; nonobese, 7.2 days). In TLDG group, on the other hand, there were no significant differences in surgical outcomes between the groups.ConclusionBased on these findings, early surgical outcomes of LADG were strongly influenced by the obesity. TLDG without minilaparotomy, however, was unaffected by the obesity. These findings strongly suggest that TLDG could be a safe procedure to avoid the impact of obesity.