bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behaviour disorders and other characteristics of the population of a mental handicap hospital
Authors: Kiernan Chris , Moss Steve 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper presents information on the characteristics of 981 people living in a mental handicap hospital, including their sex, age, sensory and physical impairments, and level of behaviour disorder, and examines the inter‐relation of these features. The findings indicate that health and local authorities should take particular note of two features, age and behaviour disorders, when developing and implementing their resettlement policies for people with mental handicaps.
Prenatal diagnosis and Down's syndrome: PART 1. Review of possible procedures
Authors: Steele Jonathan 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThere have been many recent advances in techniques for prenatal diagnosis. The direct diagnostic procedures of amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, which involve analysis of foetal material, are described and indications of their risks and reliability are given. Other direct procedures are briefly mentioned.Indirect biochemical analyses that identify groups at increased risk are also considered and their individual reported relationships with Down's syndrome are discussed. Technical problems and reported acceptability of maternal serum alpha fetoprotein screening are briefly mentioned.Studies reporting the potential of ultrasonography in the prenatal detection of Down's syndrome are reviewed. Other indications of increased risk are briefly mentioned.
Peer‐tutoring of manual signs by adults with mental handicaps
Authors: Hooper Helen , Bowler Dermot M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA group of eight adults with moderate to mild mental handicaps (tutors) were taught ways of promoting communication in eleven of their less able peers (students). They encouraged the students to communicate by means of combined signed and spoken utterances in naturalistic settings. As well as showing significant increases in their pre‐ and post‐intervention vocabularies, the students showed significant increases in the extent to which they responded to tutors' interactions with them.
THE USE OF EVALUATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A STAFFED RESIDENTIAL SERVICE FOR ADULTS WITH MENTAL HANDICAP
Authors: Hewson Simon , Walker Jenny 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAlthough there is widespread acceptance that services should be evaluated there is little evidence that evaluations have much influence on services. This study reports an evaluation which was designed specifically to influence development in a residential service for adults with mental handicap. A rationale is provided for the design of the evaluation and the subsequent evaluation process and methodology is described. Results are presented which show that ‘second generation’ services can achieve levels of performance similar to those reported by ‘exemplary’ projects on such measures as client engagement and staff interaction. Equally, the marked variability in results across the district‐wide service indicated both the need and the scope for significant improvements. The consequences of feeding back this information to management are described. Finally the practicability and usefulness of this type of evaluation are discussed.
A CONSUMER SURVEY OF ADULTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES CURRENTLY DOING WORK EXPERIENCE: THEIR SATISFACTION WITH WORK AND WISHES FOR THE FUTURE
Authors: Shanly Angela , Rose John 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe introduction of a local Social Services policy on day services for adults with learning disabilities reflects a nationwide trend towards getting more people out of day‐centres and into open employment. With service providers' history of failing to consult the people they serve, it was considered vital to find out the views of men and women currently on a work experience programme. Eighteen people were asked about their satisfaction with work and the day centre they attend, as well as their preference for full or part‐time work. Results indicated that they all valued some aspects of their work highly, but half expressed a desire to exercise the option of coming to the day centre for some of the time. Everyone in the study emphasised the importance of friends, whether at work or at the Centre. The research design incorporated a combination of open‐ended, yes/no and either/or questions in order to reduce the problems of acquiescence and inconsistency often found when interviewing people with learning disabilities.
STRESS AND STAFF IN RESIDENTAL SETTINGS: THE MOVE FROM HOSPITAL TO THE COMMUNITY
Authors: Rose John 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper describes a survey of direct care staff in three types of residential accommodation for people with learning disabilities. These were a hospital, community units and group homes. The questionnaire was based on a model of occupational stress developed by Payne (1979). Data was collected upon each individual's background characteristics, the types of demands, supports and constraints they perceived themselves to be under, and the amount of strain (stress) felt by each person. Replies were received from 34 hospital staff (72% response rate), 47 community unit staff (64%) and 31 group home staff (79%). The results indicate that the hospital and group home staff reported similar, relatively high levels of strain. However, the community unit group reported significantly lower levels. The complex relationship between perceived demands, supports and constraints with strain is discussed. Care needs to be taken in interpreting the data when relating it to the quality of service the resident receives, as no link has yet been shown between this and staff wellbeing. The problems of generalisation are also considered. However, some recommendations are made for further investigations and possible action.
INVESTIGATING COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTIONS IN PROFOUNDLY RETARDED PERSONS: A COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS OF OBTAINING INFORMATION ABOUT COMMUNICATIVE BEHAVIOURS
Authors: Granlund Mats , Olsson Cecilia 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA high degree of validity for an operationalised concept is indicated if different types of data aimed to measure the same concept have strong correlations as compared to the correlations of the same type of data aimed to measure related but different concepts. With respect to the communicative ability of profoundly retarded persons, recent studies have almost exclusively used observations as the data‐collection method. This paper presents an investigation of the statistical relationships between observational data and interview data aimed at measuring the complexity of communicative behaviours and frequency of their use. The results will be discussed in terms of the validity of different modes of data‐collection. Finally, the relationships between complexity of communicative behaviours used and frequency of use of communicative behaviours in profoundly retarded persons will be discussed.
A SURVEY OF DIETARY PROBLEMS OF ADULTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES IN THE COMMUNITY
Authors: Stewart Lynette , Beange Helen , Mackerras Dorothy 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA survey of nutritional status and dietary problems in adults with learning disabilities aged 20–50 years and living in the general community is reported. The frequency of overweight (BMI 25–30) and obese (BMI >30) women (and in Down Syndrome subjects both men and women) was more than twice that in their community controls. No significant difference in BMI categories was found in the men. Hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia were more frequent in overweight and obese learning disabled women than in their community counterparts. These results indicate a need for specific nutrition education programmes, in concert with proper nutritional assessment and dietary intervention.
PROCEDURES FOR PROMOTING INDEPENDENT ACTIVITY IN PEOPLE WITH SEVERE AND PROFOUND LEARNING DISABILITY: A BRIEF REVIEW
Authors: Lancioni Giulio E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTreatment and care of people with severe and profound learning disability have received a great deal of attention during the last two decades. One issue attracting particular research interest has been the definition of procedures for promoting independent activity engagement (i.e. activity engagement independent of staff supervision). The present paper reviews six procedures: (1) task/contingencies fading; (2) automatic prompting; (3) use of reactive objects and electrical switches; (4) pictorial, tactile or auditory cues handled by the subjects; (5) computer‐aided programmes presenting instructions, reinforcement and corrective feedback; and (6) employment of peer caregivers.
A REGIONAL MENTAL IMPAIRMENT SERVICE
Authors: Cumella Stuart , Sansom David 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThere is no consistent pattern of services in England for people with a learning disability who offend or have severe anti‐social behaviours (‘mental impairment’). In one English health region, the mental impairment service comprises two residential units on hospital sites. The first of these (Unit A) operates as a medium‐secure unit, assessing and treating patients referred by the courts. The second (Unit B) has a lower level of security, and provides long‐term treatment for people with a mental impairment domiciled in its hospital's catchment area. Almost all the patients in the two units had mild learning disabilities, and substantial minorities had psychiatric and/or neurological disorders. A higher proportion of patients at the unit with the lowest level of security had psychiatric disorders and disturbed behaviour. This anomaly results from the lack of local mental impairment services throughout the region, which makes it difficult to discharge patients from Unit A. It is recommended that priority be given to the development of local mental impairment services rather then new medium‐secure assessment units.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STAFF BEHAVIOUR AND STRESS LEVELS IN RESIDENTIAL CARE
Authors: Rose John , Mullan Ellen , Fletcher Ben (C.) 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between levels of stress and the observed performance at work of direct care staff in one community unit and two group homes for people with learning disabilities. Staff completed a questionnaire which measured their levels of stress and factors which they perceived could have influenced them. Staff were observed in detail at work and asked to report on levels of stress during these observation periods. No significant differences in levels of stress were found between the staff in group homes and community units. There was greater staff/resident interaction in the group homes, suggesting that quality improvements in residential environments can be achieved without affecting staff stress.A number of factors, particularly relationships with other staff and management, are discussed as of vital importance in influencing stress levels.
A SURVEY OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES AMONGST MEN ON REMAND IN PRISON
Authors: Murphy Glynis H. , Harnett Hedley , Holland Anthony J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMen detained in a South London prison on remand were screened for intellectual disabilities (mental handicap) over a three‐month period. Of 157 men screened, 33 reported having intellectual disabilities. Twenty‐one of these completed the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and were tested for IQ (on the WAIS‐R), for reading and numeracy (on the British Ability Scales). An equal number of men were selected for the control group, on a ‘next man in’ basis, and they were assessed in an identical way. None of the index men had an IQ in the intellectual disabilities (mental handicap) range but the mean Verbal IQ, mean Full Scale IQ, mean reading age and mean numeracy age were all significantly lower in the index group than in the control group. Moreover, the index group had significantly higher scores on the GHQ and often had a recent history of mental illness or psychiatric hospital admission. It is concluded that men with intellectual disabilities were not over‐represented in prison but that there were a number of men close to the disability range who were psychologically very vulnerable.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SHORTENED ‘WAYS OF COPING’ QUESTIONNAIRE FOR USE WITH DIRECT CARE STAFF IN LEARNING DISABILITY SERVICES
Authors: Hatton Chris , Emerson Eric 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study reports the development of die Shortened Ways of Coping (Revised) Questionnaire (SWC‐R), a measure of staff coping strategies designed to be easily administered and scored in work settings. The 14‐item self‐report measure is scored into two subscales, Practical Coping and Wishful Thinking, representing distinct Ways of Coping. The reliability of the SWC‐R was evaluated by administering questionnaires containing the SWC‐R to 181 direct care staff in four learning disability services and, in an attempt to explore issues of validity, measures of social desirability, distress, overall job satisfaction, overall life satisfaction, and propensity to leave the organisation. A subset of 30 staff completed the questionnaire twice over a 16‐month period, enabling some exploration of test‐retest reliability and predictive validity. Both subscales show adequate psychometric properties in terms of alpha reliabilities, inter‐item correlations, inter‐scale correlations, and test‐retest reliabilities. While the Wishful Thinking subscale is prone to a social desirability bias, exclusion of such a measure from analyses does not seem to lead to false positive errors. The Wishful Thinking subscale shows a reliable positive association with distress (even over a 16‐month period) and some negative associations with overall life satisfaction, but the Practical Coping sub‐scale is associated with none of the outcome measures used in the study. The further use of the SWC‐R in research concerning direct care staff in human services is recommended.
STRESSORS, COPING STRATEGIES AND STRESS‐RELATED OUTCOMES AMONG DIRECT CARE STAFF IN STAFFED HOUSES FOR PEOPLE WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES
Authors: Hatton Chris , Brown Rachel , Caine Amanda , Emerson Eric 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSelf‐reported stressors, coping strategies and stress‐related outcomes were explored among 68 direct‐care staff working in two networks of small staffed houses for people with learning disabilities. The two networks tended to have lower rates of staff turnover, and staff tended to be older, more qualified and more likely to have dependants, than staff in UK community services reported in previous studies. Staff in Network 2 rated several stressors as more stressful and reported themselves as experiencing greater general distress and work‐related stress, than staff in Network 1. Multiple regressions revealed that: (1) stressors relating to the emotional impact of the work, violent service user behaviour and the use of a wishful thinking coping strategy were associated with perceived work stress; (2) stressors relating to the conflict of work with personal or family demands, and the use of a wishful thinking coping strategy, were associated with symptoms of general distress; (3) perceived work stress, together with uncertainty concerning job tasks and limited opportunities for personal advancement, were perceived to have a high impact on work
The Policy Tools of Securitization: Information Exchange, EU Foreign and Interior Policies*
Authors: BALZACQ THIERRY 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article takes up where securitization theory left off, arguing that securitization can occur or evolve without the assent of an identifiable audience. To explain this puzzle, the article proposes that rather than investigating the construction of threats at the level of discourse, we should focus on the functions and implications of policy instruments used to meet a public problem (e.g. terrorism). In order to substantiate the framework offered here, the article examines the primary tool in the EU's fight against terrorism, information exchange. The conclusion suggests that the consequences of counter‐terrorism have been de‐politicization, intelligence‐led policing and cross‐pillarization.
The Uses and Abuses of Counter‐Terrorism Policies in Europe: The Case of the ‘Terrorist Lists’*
Authors: GUILD ELSPETH 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe appearance of the EU as a security actor has nowhere been more apparent than in the field of counter‐terrorism measures after 11 September 2001. This article looks at the challenges which the EU is facing regarding its new role, taking as an example one of the corner stones of the counter‐terrorism measures: the freezing of funds to persons and entities suspected of having links with terrorism. The relationship between the rights of individuals and the legal force necessitated at the EU level by heightened risk has recently been the subject of judicial and political scrutiny.
Unravelling the development of the visual cortex: implications for plasticity and repair
Authors: Bourne James A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe visual cortex comprises over 50 areas in the human, each with a specified role and distinct physiology, connectivity and cellular morphology. How these individual areas emerge during development still remains something of a mystery and, although much attention has been paid to the initial stages of the development of the visual cortex, especially its lamination, very little is known about the mechanisms responsible for the arealization and functional organization of this region of the brain. In recent years we have started to discover that it is the interplay of intrinsic (molecular) and extrinsic (afferent connections) cues that are responsible for the maturation of individual areas, and that there is a spatiotemporal sequence in the maturation of the primary visual cortex (striate cortex, V1) and the multiple extrastriate/association areas. Studies in both humans and non‐human primates have started to highlight the specific neural underpinnings responsible for the maturation of the visual cortex, and how experience‐dependent plasticity and perturbations to the visual system can impact upon its normal development. Furthermore, damage to specific nuclei of the visual cortex, such as the primary visual cortex (V1), is a common occurrence as a result of a stroke, neurotrauma, disease or hypoxia in both neonates and adults alike. However, the consequences of a focal injury differ between the immature and adult brain, with the immature brain demonstrating a higher level of functional resilience. With better techniques for examining specific molecular and connectional changes, we are now starting to uncover the mechanisms responsible for the increased neural plasticity that leads to significant recovery following injury during this early phase of life. Further advances in our understanding of postnatal development/maturation and plasticity observed during early life could offer new strategies to improve outcomes by recapitulating aspects of the developmental program in the adult brain.
Risk of uterine rupture in Australian women attempting vaginal birth after one prior caesarean section: a retrospective population‐based cohort study
Authors: Dekker GA , Chan A , Luke CG , Priest K , Riley M , Halliday J , King JF , Gee V , O’Neill M , Snell M , Cull V , Cornes S 
Published: August 2010

Please cite this paper as: Dekker G, Chan A, Luke C, Priest K, Riley M, Halliday J, King J, Gee V, O’Neill M, Snell M, Cull V, Cornes S. Risk of uterine rupture in Australian women attempting vaginal birth after one prior caesarean section: a retrospective population‐based cohort study. BJOG 2010;117:1358–1365.Objective  Higher risks of uterine rupture have been reported among women attempting vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC) particularly following induction with prostaglandins, compared with women who do not labour. This study aimed to estimate these risks as well as that associated with oxytocin use.Design  Population‐based retrospective cohort study involving all women who had their first births by caesarean. In their second birth, risks of uterine rupture among women without labour and women who had labour augmented or induced were compared with women who gave birth after spontaneous labour.Setting  Four Australian states in 1998–2000.Population  Women on pregnancy outcome databases with a second birth after a prior caesarean for their first birth.Methods  From 29 008 women identified from the databases, those with uterine rupture were identified and validated using hospital case records.Main outcome measure  Uterine rupture.Results  The risk of complete uterine rupture among women without labour was 0.01%. The risk in spontaneous labour without augmentation was 0.15%, considerably higher when there was augmentation with oxytocin (1.91%). The risk with induction of labour was 0.54% for oxytocin alone, 0.68% for prostaglandin alone, 0.63% without either and 0.88% when they were combined. Compared with spontaneous labour, risks were increased three‐ to five‐fold for any induction, six‐fold for prostaglandin combined with oxytocin and 14‐fold for augmentation with oxytocin.Conclusions  Careful consideration should be given to the use of oxytocin for augmentation of labour or induction by any method for women with a previous caesarean in view of increased risks of uterine rupture.
Interrelationship between oxygen‐related variables in patients with acute myocardial infarction: an interpretative review
Authors: Jorge Miguel A. , Tavella Margarita , Irrazábal Célica L. , Peralta Jorge G. , Capdevila Abelardo A. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe high mortality rate of cardiogenic shock in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) implies that debate over the correct haemodynamic management is still unresolved. The purpose of this review is to re‐evaluate the reciprocal relationships between oxygen‐related variables and response to treatment in a large number of patients with AMI. A MEDLINE search of reports published between 1970 and 2008 was performed. Twelve clinical reports including 453 patients with AMI and 989 sets of oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption expressed in ml min−1 m−2 and oxygen extraction ratio were selected. While processing this data, we found an early down‐regulation in oxygen demand linked to a decrease in oxygen supply. This mechanism is also supported in some studies by a critically low oxygen uptake that was not associated with lactic acidosis.
Biodiversity and the Heterogeneous Disturbance Regime on Military Training Lands
Authors: Warren Steven D. , Holbrook Scott W. , Dale Debra A. , Whelan Nathaniel L. , Elyn Martin , Grimm Wolfgang , Jentsch Anke 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Disproportionately large numbers of threatened and endangered species and unusually high biodiversity occur on active and former military training areas. Although this may seem paradoxical given the apparently destructive nature of military training, an evaluation of the nature and extent of the disturbances is enlightening. Military training frequently produces heterogeneous landscapes. Large portions of military training areas remain virtually untouched, favoring disturbance‐averse species; other portions are heavily disturbed, favoring disturbance‐dependent species. The rich habitat mosaics include the two extremes as well as the continua of disturbance and succession between them, thus providing suitable habitat for a very large number of species with widely varying habitat requirements. To explain the phenomenon, a heterogeneous disturbance hypothesis is proposed which suggests that biodiversity is maximized where multiple kinds, frequencies, severities, periodicities, sizes, shapes, and/or durations of disturbance occur concomitantly on a landscape in a spatially and temporally distributed fashion. The enhanced biodiversity occurring on active and former military training areas illustrates the need for restoration ecologists to restore or maintain an appropriate heterogeneous disturbance regime when attempting to restore ecosystem function and biodiversity.