bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DO CONSTITUTIONS HAVE A POINT? REFLECTIONS ON “PARCHMENT BARRIERS” AND PREAMBLES
Authors: Levinson Sanford 
Published: November 2010

AbstractConstitutions serve (at least) two central functions. One is to settle certain controversies by offering a definitive solution, such as adoption of a presidential or parliamentary system, a one-house or two-house legislature, or guaranteeing a certain term of years to judicial appointees. Not surprisingly, there is rarely litigation about such solutions, even if one finds them troublesome; instead, one can suggest amending the constitution or even replacing it. A second function is precisely to engender litigation by addressing certain issues—very often involving rights—that don't lend themselves to the kinds of definitive textual solutions similar to those involving structural features of a polity. If the first constitution can be described as a “constitution of settlement,” this second constitution is a “constitution of legal conversation” inasmuch as lawyers constantly dispute the meanings to be assigned such terms as “equal protection,” “human dignity,” and the like. But how does this apply to the preambles commonly, though not always, found in constitutions? Preambles often claim to evoke what binds together the society for whom the constitution is being drafted—religion, ethnicity, histories, languages, or commitments to norms, including universalistic ones. But to what extent are such claims of unity attempts by political elites to marginalize sectors of the society that do not in fact share the attributes in question? In any event, there is nothing “innocent” about constitutional preambles, and they are well worth taking seriously whether or not they are useful to lawyers engaged in litigation.
CAN WE DESIGN AN OPTIMAL CONSTITUTION? OF STRUCTURAL AMBIGUITY AND RIGHTS CLARITY
Authors: Epstein Richard A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe design of new constitutions is fraught with challenges on both issues of structural design and individual rights. As both a descriptive and normative matter it is exceedingly difficult to believe that one structural solution will fit all cases. The high variation in nation size, economic development, and ethnic division can easily tilt the balance for or against a Presidential or Parliamentary system, and even within these two broad classes the differences in constitutional structure are both large and hard to measure. The only confident claim is that some system of separation of powers coupled with checks and balances is needed. Deciding which system, however, is far harder. In contrast, that same level of doubt does not arise in connection with the correct specification of individual right. Strong systems of negative rights on matters of liberty, property, religion, and speech are preferable across a wide range of social organizations. On the other hand, any effort to create systems of positive entitlements will fail because of the negative effects that they have on wealth creation and the inability to define or limit the scope of the relevant entitlements.
Diagnostik und Therapie von Gedächtnisstörungen
Authors: Thöne-Otto Angelika , George Sabine , Hildebrandt Helmut , Reuther Paul , Schoof-Tams Karin , Sturm Walter , Wallesch Claus-Werner 
Published: November 2010

Die wichtigsten Empfehlungen auf einen Blick Diagnostik: Die Untersuchung von Gedächtnisstörungen erfordert mindestens ein Verfahren zur Erfassung der Gedächtnisspanne und des Arbeitsgedächtnisses sowie je ein Verfahren zur Untersuchung der unmittelbaren und verzögerten Reproduktion verbaler und figuraler Informationen. Darüber hinaus wird eine Untersuchung des Lernprozesses im Rahmen eines Lernparadigmas (z. B. Wortlisten-Lernen) empfohlen (A). Für die Untersuchung des für den Alltag so relevanten prospektiven Gedächtnisses sind vor allem die Verhaltensbeobachtung und die systematische Befragung z. B. mit Hilfe von Fragebögen von Bedeutung (B). Therapie: (1) Am Anfang der Therapie in der Frühphase steht häufig das Orientierungstraining. (2) Bei Patienten, bei denen die Diagnostik Hinweise auf eine erhaltene Konsolidierung gibt und bei denen der Rehabilitationsverlauf noch offen ist, wird empfohlen, internale Gedächtnisstrategien intensiv zu üben, um die Enkodierungsleistung zu verbessern (A). Für die Wirkung eines übenden Funktionstrainings, bei dem möglichst viele Informationen «auswendig gelernt» werden müssen, gibt es hingegen keine Evidenz. (3) Darüber hinaus ist die Behandlung der Gedächtnisstörung an den Alltagsanforderungen des Patienten zu orientieren und für spezifische gedächtnisrelevante Situationen sind Kompensationsstrategien zu erarbeiten (A). Ob die Patienten lediglich lernen können, auf externe Hilfen, die sie von Angehörigen oder Pflegepersonen erhalten, adäquat zu reagieren, oder ob sie diese selbstständig nutzen können, muss im Einzelfall im Therapieverlauf entschieden werden.
The genetic relatedness of Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical and laboratory strains assessed by analysis of insertion sequence (IS) element distribution
Authors: Califano J. V. , Arimoto T. , Kitten T. 
Published: November 2010

Objectives: Porphyromonas gingivalis is frequently found in periodontitis lesions. This organism contains a large number of insertion sequence (IS) elements. We sought to determine the distribution of seven IS elements from strain W83 among nine P. gingivalis laboratory strains and nine clinical isolates and to use these findings to determine strain relationships.Methods: Southern blots of BamHI digested genomic DNA digests were probed with insertion sequence elements ISPg1–7.Results: The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns revealed that five of the nine laboratory strains, including strain W83, were nearly identical for all seven IS elements. Two of nine clinical isolates were similar to the five laboratory strains. Two of the four remaining laboratory strains had similar or identical RFLP patterns. The remaining two laboratory strains had limited similarity to clinical strains. Four of the clinical isolates had identical RFLP patterns for all seven IS elements. The three remaining clinical isolates were unique in their RFLP patterns. Several strains lacked from one to four of the IS elements. Similar strain relationships were suggested regardless of the IS element examined.Conclusions: Transposition and recombination between IS elements are not sufficiently pervasive to obscure strain relationships, though this does not preclude the possibility that such events play an important role in allowing P. gingivalis to adapt to new environments. Given the level of genetic diversity observed, it may be especially important to examine genetically diverse strains when drawing conclusions based on the W83 P. gingivalis genomic database.
Theoretical study on the gas and solution phase enthalpies, free energies, and equilibrium constants for the isomerization of [1.1]paracyclophane derivatives as potential molecular switches
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Forest Kaya 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTheoretical studies were conducted on the predicted gas and solution phase thermodynamic properties for isomerization of various [1.1]paracyclophane derivatives to their corresponding transannular[4+4] adducts at representative levels of density functional and composite method theory. Calculations suggest the [1.1]paracyclophane to transannular[4+4] adduct isomerizations are not likely amenable to thermodynamic solvent tuning for the methylene, ether, and thioether bridged derivatives using a broad range of nonpolar and polar aprotic and polar protic implicit solvation models, but may be receptive towards solvent tuning for the amine bridged analogs. Varying the nature of the cyclophanic bridging atoms and the electron withdrawing/releasing character of photochemically/thermally stable substituents on the [pi]-systems is predicted to facilitate substantial variation of the isomerization equilibria to a much greater degree than changing the solvent environment.
Sisseton Wahpeton College Student Internship – Learning About Water Quality Assessment, Geospatial Technologies, Landuse Classification and Statistical Analysis
Authors: Barker Brendon , Eastman Destinee , Farmer, Jr. Steven 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThree student interns from Sisseton Wahpeton College and their advisor Karla Witt worked with researchers from South Dakota State University to explore the hypothesis that satellite imagery could be used as a tool to evaluate water quality in lakes on the Sisseton Wahpeton Reservation. Interns constructed their own Secchi disks and used them to measure transparency in lakes and mark the locations with a global positioning system (GPS) on days when satellite imagery was available. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to relate field measurements to satellite images. The students also conducted monthly water quality sampling on Pickerel, Enemy Swim and Clear Lakes to determine current trophic state. Existing land use maps for Pickerel Lake were updated, ground truthed and compared to satellite imagery. Satellite imagery was then used to classify land use for portions of the Clear Lake watershed. The students also learned data analysis and presentation techniques by working with satellite imagery, water quality measurements, and climate and hydrologic data. The students contributed to the knowledge base that will eventually allow researchers to relate land use to water quality in lakes on the Sisseton Wahpeton Reservation.
Surprisingly rapid nitrogen cycling in tropical forest plantations on volcanically derived soils
Authors: Raich James , Russell Ann 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSecondary forests and young forest plantations frequently have high rates of tree growth and NPP – higher even than mature forests in similar situations. The nutrients required to sustain this rapid growth are derived from the soil and by external inputs such as rainfall or, in the case of nitrogen, by biological N fixation. In our study of the effects of tree species within replicated experimental plantations in a moist, lowland tropical environment in Costa Rica, high rates of biomass accumulation and productivity were coupled with high rates of N accumulation and cycling. We applied extensive sampling through time within a mass-balance approach to address the question “Where does all the nitrogen come from?”Rates of N uptake by the vegetation in these plantations were extraordinarily high, even by tropical forest standards, reaching 412 kg N ha^-1^ yr^-1^. Rapid decay coupled to tight nitrogen cycling may have provided large amounts of available N for plant uptake, but do not explain the large quantities of N that accrued in the vegetation, up to 1075 kg N/ha over 16 years. Surface soil organic matter stocks in the plantations increased by as much as 320 kgC/ha in surface soils, but soil nitrogen varied differently. Soil N stocks to 1 m depth were depleted by an average of 2119 kg/ha relative to the mature forest. Thus, mineralization of soil organic nitrogen could have supplied the N that accrued in biomass over the 16-yr period, but this apparently occurred without concomitant net loss of soil C. The C:N ratios of soil organic matter (SOM)in the plantations indicated either replacement of SOM with more C-rich detritus or selective removal of N from existing SOM. Regardless, high productivity in these plantations apparently was supported in part by mining of soil nitrogen. Species varied, however. Depletion of soil N stocks was only 219 kg/ha under Vochysia guatemalensis, in which 1075 kgN/ha had accrued. Asymbiotic N fixation is the next most plausible mechanism for supplying plant-available N, and may be enhanced in stands with high availability of recently produced photosynthates.
The Modification of Onsets in a Markedness Relationship: Testing the Interlanguage Structural Conformity Hypothesis
Authors: Carlisle Robert S. 
Published: November 2010

This chapter reports the findings of a study investigating the possible influence of typological universals on the structuring of a second language phonology. Specifically, the study examines the frequency of modification of 2‐member and 3‐member onsets, the latter being more marked than the former (Greenberg, 1978). Though some evidence exists that longer onsets are modified more frequently than are shorter onsets (Anderson, 1987), the current study controls for a possible confounding factor—whether or not the onsets abide by the Universal Canonical Syllable Structure (UCSS). The UCSS states in part that the nucleus is the most sonorant constituent in a syllable and that segments comprising an onset will rise continuously in sonority from the most peripheral member through the nucleus (Cairns & Feinstein, 1982; Clements, 1990; Hooper, 1976; Kiparsky, 1979; Selkirk, 1984; Vennemann, 1988). All 1‐member onsets, by definition, abide by the UCSS, as any consonant will be less sonorant than the vowel constituting the nucleus. However, the UCSS is not an absolute universal, as some languages, including English, have complex onsets that violate the UCSS. In fact, all 3‐member onsets in English violate it.Previous research has demonstrated that onsets that violate the UCSS are more frequently modified than are those that do not, even when length is held constant (Carlisle, 1991b; Tropf, 1987). Consequently, any study that attempts to validly compare the frequency of modification of 2‐member and 3‐member onsets must examine only 2‐member onsets that violate the UCSS, given that all 3‐member onsets do. Such a control over the sonority relationships among the segments comprising the onsets guarantees that length is the actual variable being examined. The major contribution of this study is that it examines the production of onsets of different lengths while controlling for the sonority relationships among the segments in the onsets.
Molecular phylogeny of Calyptratae (Diptera: Brachycera): the evolution of 18S and 16S ribosomal rDNAs in higher dipterans and their use in phylogenetic inference
Authors: Nirmala X. , Hypša V. , Žurovec M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSequences for nearly complete 18S rRNA and partial 16S rRNA genes were determined for sixteen species representing twelve calyptrate families. Two unique insertions are present in expansion regions of the 18S rDNA in nycteribiids. Alignments containing other dipteran rRNA genes provided good resolution at higher taxonomic level: monophyly of Calyptratae is well supported. While both 16S and 18S rDNA matrices produce unstable topologies within Calyptratae when analysed separately, their combination results in a tree with several robust and well supported nodes. Of three superfamilies recognized in recent classifications, the Hippoboscoidea is well supported by 16S rDNA and by combined matrices. The representatives of Muscoidea, Musca sp. and Antipoda sp., display a tendency to cluster within Oestroidea. The comparison of secondary structures of two variable regions indicates that Sarcophagidae are related to Calliphoridae rather than to Tachinidae.
Queen–worker conflict over male production and the sex ratio in a facultatively polyandrous bumblebee,Bombus hypnorum: the consequences of nest usurpation
Authors: Paxton R. J. , Thorén P. A. , Estoup A. , Tengö J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractEvolutionary conflicts among social hymenopteran nestmates are theoretically likely to arise over the production of males and the sex ratio. Analysis of these conflicts has become an important focus of research into the role of kin selection in shaping social traits of hymenopteran colonies. We employ microsatellite analysis of nestmates of one social hymenopteran, the primitively eusocial and monogynous bumblebeeBombus hypnorum, to evaluate these conflicts. In our 14 study colonies,B. hypnorumqueens mated between one and six times (arithmetic mean 2.5). One male generally predominated, fathering most of the offspring, thus the effective number of matings was substantially lower (1–3.13; harmonic mean 1.26). In addition, microsatellite analysis allowed the detection of alien workers, those who could not have been the offspring of the queen, in approximately half the colonies. Alien workers within the same colony were probably sisters. Polyandry and alien workers resulted in high variation among colonies in their sociogenetic organization. Genetic data were consistent with the view that all males (n = 233 examined) were produced by a colony’s queen. Male parentage was therefore independent of the sociogenetic organization of the colony, suggesting that the queen, and not the workers, was in control of the laying of male‐destined eggs. The population‐wide sex ratio (fresh weight investment ratio) was weakly female biased. No evidence for colony‐level adaptive sex ratio biasing could be detected.
A 17th-century account of Mohawk
Authors: Dinneen Francis P. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Jacques Bruyas (c.l630-c.l701) left a set of notes on Mohawk in the late 1600s which were published in 1862. His account and work done on the language in the 20th century are compared. Where he fails to record all the sound-contrasts that are functional in the language and is unable to cope with allophones, modern workers may still disagree on how best to represent them. His lack of models for the description of a polysynthetic language, with a modest phonemic inventory, but complex morphophonemics, obscures morphemic boundaries. Bruyas had the reputation among contemporaries of being equally fluent in French and Mohawk, yet his notes fail to mention factors that are obviously frequent, complex and demanded for accurate communication. While the vocabulary in his account is perhaps better handled than in modern works, the selection is more guided by human interest than grammatical relevance.
Franz Boas, Edward Sapir, and the Americanist text tradition
Authors: Darnell Regna 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The collection of native texts was foundational to the practice of Boasian anthropology and linguistics because it preserved for posterity the understanding of a culture by its members – not just the ethnographic facts but their integration into the lives of particular individuals. Edward Sapir went far beyond his mentor Franz Boas, however, in exploring the connection between text collections from which grammatical and ethnological information could be extracted and the integration of cultural information by the individual narrator of a given text. Revision of the text tradition, then, provides a link between Sapir’s conventionally Boasian early career in linguistics and ethnology and his later theoretical work on the interrelationship between language, personality and culture. Because linguistic and cultural theory are presently considered very far apart, this continuity in Sapir’s thinking has-been eclipsed in professional memory.
Nebrija’s syntatic theory in its historical setting
Authors: Percival W. Keith 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Antonio de Nebrija (1444?–1522) inherited his syntactic theory from a grammatical tradition which had developed in Italy in the High Middle Ages more or less independently of the speculative tradition of northern Europe. The distinctive features of this system are the following: (1) The main verb in a sentence governs not only the oblique cases of the complements but also the nominative case of the subject. (2) Verbs are subclassified depending on the morphological cases of their nominal complements. Nebrija must have assimilated this system as a student in Italy in the 1460s.
La Gramaticografía Del Siglo xviii, entre Tradición y Reorientación
Authors: Niederehe Hans-Josef 
Published: November 2010

SummaryWith the transition from the so-called ‘Golden Ages’ to the age of Enlightenment, Spain lost its political and cultural hegemony to its northern neighbour, France. In the field of the language studies, this change is evident especially in the area of lexicography: theDiccionario de la Real Academia Española(1726–1739) was soon modeled after theDictionnaire de l’Académie Française(1694). In grammaticography, things seem to have been different, at least if one listens to those few historians of linguistics who payed attention to 18th-century Spanish linguistics. The overall judgements range from ‘a total lack of good grammar’ to a ‘complete disregard of modern [i.e., French] theories’. However, a closer look at the grammatical production of the time does not confirm any of these assessments. Apart from Latin grammars in the tradition of Nebrija and bilingual Spanish-French grammars clearly influenced by contemporary French theories, there are a tradition of monolingual grammaticography, which are totally up-to-date on contemporary European grammatical discussions, focussed, as they were, on the teachings of Port-Royal. TheGramática de la lengua castellanaof the Spanish Royal Academy follows along the same lines by developing even more the logical approach to grammatical description. Before starting to write down the final version of their grammar, the Academicians even went as far as to study dozens of grammars of other languages, old and new, Western as well as non-Western, in order to get a more general linguistic framework and to follow more closely the theories of the scholar who, in the eyes of the grammarians of Port-Royal, was the starting point of ‘modern’ linguistics, the Spaniard Francisco Sanchez de las Brozas (1523–1600/1601).
Los Epígonos Del Racionalismo en España
Authors: Ridruejo Emilio 
Published: November 2010

Summary
French philosophical grammmar and grammatical rationalism developed from the 17th-century Port Royal Grammar, but they were not adopted by Spanish grammarians until early in the 19th century. Of works responsible for the introduction of French grammatical philosophy in Spain, one of the earliest and the most important one is the Principios de gramática general (Madrid 1835), by José Gómez Hermosilla (1771–1837/38?). The work was very well received; by 1841 it already was into a third edition. Even before first appearing in print, a manuscript of the Gramática General was used to adapt Gómez Hermosilla’s ideas to the 1828 Castilian grammar of Jacobo Saqueniza (anagram for Joaquín Cabezas). The most important of the Castilian grammars influenced by the work of Gómez Hermosilla were the one just mentioned and the one by Antonio Martinez de Noboa, published in 1839. The application of Hermosilla’s theories to descriptive grammars of Castilian required adapting both the theory and the description to achieve a reasonable fit between universal and language specific aspects. Other adjustments were required of the writers of descriptive grammars in order to avoid conflicts with a long and well established grammatical tradition. Nevertheless, grammars like those of Saqueniza and Noboa show innovations which resulted from their relationship with the theories of Hermosilla which will produce a deictic interpretation of articles, possesives and demonstratives, and will affect the theory of verb tenses, as well as the definitions of prepositions and conjunctions, and the classification of sentences. Additionally, Noboa’s Castilian Gramática, whose title makes a claim to be in accordance with grammatical philosophy, includes the most extensive and systematic treatment of syntax prior to the appearance of the work of Andres Bello (1781–1865) in 1847.