bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exclusive enteral nutrition for children with Crohn's disease: Use in Australia and attitudes of Australian paediatric gastroenterologists
Authors: Day Andrew S , Stephenson Tracey , Stewart Michael , Otley Anthony R 
Published: May 2009

Aim:  Although available data support a role for exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) in children with Crohn's disease (CD), use of this therapy varies. The aim of this study was to define the patterns of use of EEN across Australia and to better understand the reasons for this variation.Methods:  Using an existing email network, Australian paediatric gastroenterologists were asked to provide details of their attitudes towards, and use of, EEN in children. A questionnaire was designed to direct responses, with regard to use of EEN, to current EEN protocols and patterns of use.Results:  Twenty‐one replies were received (58% response). Although 12 respondents felt that EEN was an appropriate therapy for CD, only 8 regularly used EEN for their patients. Usage varied between states and within units. Current use was related to practitioners' experiences of EEN during their gastroenterology training. The concerns of those who did not recommend EEN included compliance, cost and resource demands. The doctors who recommend EEN reported that family support, team approach and disease location were important factors for a positive outcome from EEN. Current protocols varied in terms of type of formula, length of therapy and use of concurrent medications.Conclusions:  Variations in care were illustrated across these paediatric gastroenterologists. Practitioners have many reasons and concerns about the use of EEN: these impede the wider use of EEN for paediatric CD. More consistent protocols for the use of EEN and an improved understanding of the mechanisms of EEN could lead to enhanced use of this therapy.
Social support, peer victimisation, and somatic complaints: A mediational analysis
Authors: Gini Gianluca , Carli Giuseppe , Pozzoli Tiziana 
Published: May 2009

Aim:  This study investigated the associations among social support, peer victimisation and somatic problems in children and adolescents. Specifically, we tested a model that posited a mediational role of peer victimisation on the association between low social support and somatic symptoms in three age groups.Methods:  A total of 1570 Italian children and adolescents aged 9 to 15 years participated in this study during Winter 2006. Students completed self‐report measures of perceived social support, somatic complaints and peer victimisation. A series of regression analyses were used to test the hypothesised mediational model.Results:  Age differences emerged for somatic complaints and peer victimisation, with primary school children reporting more somatic problems and victimisation experiences than older participants. Three series of regression analyses, performed separately for the three age groups, confirmed the mediational model. Low levels of social support received by peers were associated with more reported somatic complaints and more peer victimisation. When victimisation was entered as the mediator variable in the last regression equation, the association between social support and somatic problems was non‐significant.Conclusions:  In our sample, social support was negatively associated with somatic complaints. In all age groups, this association was completely mediated by peer victimisation experiences. These findings may suggest the importance of using targeted screening and interventions to address peer victimisation and its negative consequences on children's and adolescents' health.
The contact principle and utilitarian moral judgments in young children
Authors: Pellizzoni Sandra , Siegal Michael , Surian Luca 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn three experiments involving 207 preschoolers and 28 adults, we investigated the extent to which young children base moral judgments of actions aimed to protect others on utilitarian principles. When asked to judge the rightness of intervening to hurt one person in order to save five others, the large majority of children aged 3 to 5 years advocated intervention in contrast to another situation with the reverse cost/benefit ratio. This course of action was seen as acceptable by most children only when it did not require the agent to have physical contact with the victim and the victim’s harm was intended to produce the greatest good for the greatest number. Overall, the children’s responses were remarkably similar to those reported in adult studies. These findings document the extent to which some constraints on moral judgment are present in early human development.
Everyday scale errors
Authors: Ware Elizabeth A. , Uttal David H. , DeLoache Judy S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractYoung children occasionally make scale errors– they attempt to fit their bodies into extremely small objects or attempt to fit a larger object into another, tiny, object. For example, a child might try to sit in a dollhouse‐sized chair or try to stuff a large doll into it. Scale error research was originally motivated by parents’ and researchers’ informal accounts of these behaviors. However, scale errors have only been documented using laboratory procedures designed to promote their occurrence. To formally document the occurrence of scale errors in everyday settings, we posted a survey on the internet. Across two studies, participants reported many examples of everyday scale errors that are similar to those observed in our labs and were committed by children of the same age. These findings establish that scale errors occur in the course of children’s daily lives, lending further support to the account that these behaviors stem from general aspects of visual processing.
How do symbols affect 3‐ to 4‐year‐olds' executive function? Evidence from a reverse‐contingency task
Authors: Apperly Ian A. , Carroll Daniel J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn two experiments, 330 3‐ to 4‐year‐olds competed for stickers in a game in which the optimal response strategy was to point to an empty box that their opponent would receive in order to obtain a baited box for themselves. When the baited box contained stickers, children showed a strong tendency to point at the baited box and therefore lose the stickers to their opponent. In Experiment 1 children performed better when the number of stickers to be won was represented with one of five different types of symbol: numerals, number words, dots, a photograph or sweets. In Experiment 2 children transferred their improved performance in symbolic conditions to non‐symbolic conditions. These findings suggest that symbols enable children to formulate an efficient response strategy, and that this effect may be qualitatively different in children from the effect of symbols in non‐human primates.
Adults' social cues facilitate young children's use of signs and symbols
Authors: Leekam Susan R. , Solomon Tracy L. , Teoh Yee‐San 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThree experiments investigated the effect of an adult’s social cues on 2‐ and 3‐year‐old children’s ability to use a sign or symbol to locate a hidden object. Results showed that an adult’s positive, engaging facial expression facilitated children’s ability to identify the correct referent, particularly for 3‐year‐olds. A neutral facial expression and the presence of the adult’s hand also facilitated performance, but to a lesser degree than did an engaging facial expression. The effect of the adult’s social cues was greater for relatively unfamiliar signs and symbols (replica or arrow) than it was for a more familiar sign (pointing finger). These findings indicate that non‐directional social cues such as facial expression help to convey communicative intent and facilitate children’s comprehension of signs and symbols.
Analysis of Gene Polymorphisms Associated with K+ Ion Circulation in the Inner Ear of Patients Susceptible and Resistant to Noise‐induced Hearing Loss
Authors: Pawelczyk Malgorzata , Van Laer Lut , Fransen Erik , Rajkowska Elzbieta , Konings Annelies , Carlsson Per‐Inge , Borg Erik , Van Camp Guy , Sliwinska‐Kowalska Mariola 
Published: May 2009

SummaryNoise‐induced hearing loss (NIHL) is one of the leading occupational health risks in industrialized countries. It results from an interaction between environmental and genetic factors, however the nature of the genetic factors contributing to NIHL has not yet been clarified. Here, we investigated whether genetic variations in 10 genes putatively involved in the potassium recycling pathway in the inner ear may influence susceptibility to noise. 99 SNPs were genotyped in Polish noise‐exposed workers, categorized into susceptible and resistant subjects. The most interesting results were obtained for KCNE1 and KCNQ4 as we replicated associations that were previously reported in a Swedish sample set, hence confirming that they are NIHL susceptibility genes. Additionally we report significant associations in GJB1, GJB2, GJB4, KCNJ10 and KCNQ1, however due to the lack of replication in the Swedish sample set, these results should be seen as suggestive.
Impacts of increased sediment loads on the ecology of lakes
Authors: Donohue Ian , Garcia Molinos Jorge 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTIncreased sediment loading comprises one of the most important and pervasive anthropogenic impacts on aquatic ecosystems globally. In spite of this, little is known of the overall effects of increased sediment loads on lakes. By modifying both bottom‐up and top‐down ecological processes and restructuring energy flow pathways, increased sediment loads not only alter biotic assemblage structure and ecological functioning significantly, but frequently result in reduced biological diversity and productivity. Although lake food‐webs can be subsidised to some extent by the adsorption of organic carbon to fine sediments, trophic structure and the composition of biotic assemblages remain likely to be modified considerably. The mineralogy and particle size of sediments and the availability of nutrients, by influencing both the scale and nature of impacts, are key determinants of the overall effects of increased sediment loads on lake ecosystems. Although interactions with other global anthropogenic pressures, such as invasion by exotic species and climate change, are likely to be significant, little remains known about the nature or likely strength of those interactions. Widespread increases in sediment loading to lakes have, therefore, profound implications for the conservation and management of global aquatic biological diversity.
Correlation between gross anatomical topography, sectional sheet plastination, microscopic anatomy and endoanal sonography of the anal sphincter complex in human males
Authors: Al‐Ali S. , Blyth P. , Beatty S. , Duang A. , Parry B. , Bissett I. P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis study elucidates the structure of the anal sphincter complex (ASC) and correlates the individual layers, namely the external anal sphincter (EAS), conjoint longitudinal muscle (CLM) and internal anal sphincter (IAS), with their ultrasonographic images. Eighteen male cadavers, with an average age of 72 years (range 62–82 years), were used in this study. Multiple methods were used including gross dissection, coronal and axial sheet plastination, different histological staining techniques and endoanal sonography. The EAS was a continuous layer but with different relations, an upper part (corresponding to the deep and superficial parts in the traditional description) and a lower (subcutaneous) part that was located distal to the IAS, and was the only muscle encircling the anal orifice below the IAS. The CLM was a fibro‐fatty‐muscular layer occupying the intersphincteric space and was continuous superiorly with the longitudinal muscle layer of the rectum. In its middle and lower parts it consisted of collagen and elastic fibres with fatty tissue filling the spaces between the fibrous septa. The IAS was a markedly thickened extension of the terminal circular smooth muscle layer of the rectum and it terminated proximal to the lower part of the EAS. On endoanal sonography, the EAS appeared as an irregular hyperechoic band; CLM was poorly represented by a thin irregular hyperechoic line and IAS was represented by a hypoechoic band. Data on the measurements of the thickness of the ASC layers are presented and vary between dissection and sonographic imaging. The layers of the ASC were precisely identified in situ, in sections, in isolated dissected specimens and the same structures were correlated with their sonographic appearance. The results of the measurements of ASC components in this study on male cadavers were variable, suggesting that these should be used with caution in diagnostic and management settings.
Exocytosis and cell polarity in plants – exocyst and recycling domains
Authors: Žárský Viktor , Cvrčková Fatima , Potocký Martin , Hála Michal 
Published: May 2009

SummaryIn plants, exocytosis is a central mechanism of cell morphogenesis. We still know surprisingly little about some aspects of this process, starting with exocytotic vesicle formation, which may take place at the trans‐Golgi network even without coat assistance, facilitated by the local regulation of membrane lipid organization. The RabA4b guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), recruiting phosphatidylinositol‐4‐kinase to the trans‐Golgi network, is a candidate vesicle formation organizer. However, in plant cells, there are obviously additional endosomal source compartments for secretory vesicles. The Rho/Rop GTPase regulatory module is central for the initiation of exocytotically active domains in plant cell cortex (activated cortical domains). Most plant cells exhibit several distinct plasma membrane domains, established and maintained by endocytosis‐driven membrane recycling. We propose the concept of a ‘recycling domain’, uniting the activated cortical domain and the connected endosomal compartments, as a dynamic spatiotemporal entity. We have recently described the exocyst tethering complex in plant cells. As a result of the multiplicity of its putative Exo70 subunits, this complex may belong to core regulators of recycling domain organization, including the generation of multiple recycling domains within a single cell. The conventional textbook concept that the plant secretory pathway is largely constitutive is misleading.

Contents

Summary
255

I.
Introduction
256

II.
Donor compartments for plant exocytotic vesicles: where do they come from?
256

III.
Mechanisms of exocytotic vesicle formation: is the truth naked?
257

IV.
Building the tracks for exocytotic vesicles: cytoskeleton in exocytosis and cell polarization
259

V.
Manysidedness of a plant cell: delimiting functional plasmalemma domains within a cell
260

VI.
Vesicle tethering, docking and fusion
262

VII.
Polarity by recycling: exocytosis, endocytosis and recycling domains in plant cells
264

VIII
Conclusions: constitutive or regulated secretion in plant cells?
266

Acknowledgements
267

References
267
Successfully overcoming the inhibitory impact of the “forget” instruction: A voxel‐based morphometric study of directed forgetting
Authors: Nowicka Anna , Jednoróg Katarzyna , Marchewka Artur , Brechmann André 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn directed‐forgetting studies, test items are followed by an instruction either to “remember” or to “forget” (F). Many to‐be‐forgotten (TBF) stimuli are not retrieved at the recognition phase. However, some subjects are able to correctly recollect a high number of TBF stimuli. We examined whether this ability is reflected in the structure of brain regions involved in memory and the control of retrieval processes. In subjects with high recognition rates for TBF stimuli, voxel‐based morphometry revealed increased gray matter (GM) volume in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and the right hippocampus (H). GM volume in these regions correlated positively with the TBF recognition rate. No significant differences were detected in subjects who forgot many TBF stimuli. Our findings indicate that the right H and left VLPFC are of particular relevance in releasing TBF items from inhibition caused by the F instruction.
Early Contact versus Separation: Effects on Mother–Infant Interaction One Year Later
Authors: Bystrova Ksenia , Ivanova Valentina , Edhborg Maigun , Matthiesen Ann‐Sofi , Ransjö‐Arvidson Anna‐Berit , Mukhamedrakhimov Rifkat , Uvnäs‐Moberg Kerstin , Widström Ann‐Marie 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT: Background:
A tradition of separation of the mother and baby after birth still persists in many parts of the world, including some parts of Russia, and often is combined with swaddling of the baby. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare possible long‐term effects on mother‐infant interaction of practices used in the delivery and maternity wards, including practices relating to mother‐infant closeness versus separation.
Methods:
A total of 176 mother‐infant pairs were randomized into four experimental groups: Group I infants were placed skin‐to‐skin with their mothers after birth, and had rooming‐in while in the maternity ward. Group II infants were dressed and placed in their mothers’ arms after birth, and roomed‐in with their mothers in the maternity ward. Group III infants were kept in the nursery both after birth and while their mothers were in the maternity ward. Group IV infants were kept in the nursery after birth, but roomed‐in with their mothers in the maternity ward. Equal numbers of infants were either swaddled or dressed in baby clothes. Episodes of early suckling in the delivery ward were noted. The mother‐infant interaction was videotaped according to the Parent‐Child Early Relational Assessment (PCERA) 1 year after birth.
Results:
The practice of skin‐to‐skin contact, early suckling, or both during the first 2 hours after birth when compared with separation between the mothers and their infants positively affected the PCERA variables maternal sensitivity, infant's self‐regulation, and dyadic mutuality and reciprocity at 1 year after birth. The negative effect of a 2‐hour separation after birth was not compensated for by the practice of rooming‐in. These findings support the presence of a period after birth (the early “sensitive period”) during which close contact between mother and infant may induce long‐term positive effect on mother‐infant interaction. In addition, swaddling of the infant was found to decrease the mother’s responsiveness to the infant, her ability for positive affective involvement with the infant, and the mutuality and reciprocity in the dyad.
Conclusions:
Skin‐to‐skin contact, for 25 to 120 minutes after birth, early suckling, or both positively influenced mother‐infant interaction 1 year later when compared with routines involving separation of mother and infant.
Breastfeeding Rates and Hospital Breastfeeding Practices in Canada: A National Survey of Women
Authors: Chalmers Beverley , Levitt Cheryl , Heaman Maureen , O'Brien Beverley , Sauve Reg , Kaczorowski Janusz ,   for the Maternity Experiences Study Group of the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT: Background:
The Baby‐Friendly Hospital Initiative was launched by the World Health Organization and UNICEF in 1989 to promote, protect, and support breastfeeding worldwide. The objective of this study was to report breastfeeding rates and adherence to the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative of the World Health Organization and UNICEF in Canada, as reported by participants in the Maternity Experiences Survey of the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System.
Methods:
Eligible women (n = 8,244) were identified from a randomly selected sample of infants born 3 months before the May 2006 Canadian Census, and stratified by province or territory. Birth mothers living with their infants at the time of interview were invited to participate in a computer‐assisted telephone interview conducted by Statistics Canada on behalf of the Public Health Agency of Canada. Interviews took approximately 45 minutes and were completed when infants were between 5 and 10 months old (between 9 and 14 months in the territories). Completed responses were obtained from 6,421 women (78% response rate). Nineteen of 309 questions concerned early mother‐infant contact and breastfeeding practices.
Results:
Breastfeeding intention (90.0%) and initiation (90.3%) rates were high, although exclusive breastfeeding rates at 6 months after birth (14.4%) were lower than desirable. The findings suggested a low adherence to several best practices advocated by the Baby‐Friendly Hospital Initiative.
Conclusion:
Although breastfeeding initiation rates were relatively high in Canada, exclusive breastfeeding duration fell short of globally recommended standards.
“It's All the Rage These Days”: University Students' Attitudes Toward Vaginal and Cesarean Birth
Authors: Stoll Kathrin , Fairbrother Nichole , Carty Elaine , Jordan Nané , Miceli Carole , Vostrcil Yarra , Willihnganz Laura 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT: Background:
At 30 percent, British Columbia has the highest cesarean section rate in Canada. Little is known about the childbirth views and birthing preferences of college‐aged women and men. The objectives of this study were to document (a) the prevalence of cesarean versus vaginal delivery as the preferred mode of delivery among nonpregnant university students without a history of childbirth, (b) the reasons for reported childbirth preferences, and (c) confidence in vaginal birth as a predictor of childbirth preference.
Methods:
A cohort of 3,680 male and female university students without a history of childbirth participated in an online survey of childbirth preferences. The study used a mixed methods approach (quantitative thematic analysis and logistic regression modeling). Prevalence of, and reasons for, preferred mode of delivery were analyzed separately for male and female respondents.
Results:
Most men and women responded that they preferred vaginal delivery, with 9 percent stating a preference for cesarean delivery. Reasons for preferred mode of delivery were similar for men and women. For women, confidence in vaginal birth emerged as a significant predictor of childbirth preference.
Conclusions:
Results indicate that a preference for cesarean section is linked to fear of childbirth and driven by low confidence in vaginal birth. Educational strategies targeting university‐aged men and women may be helpful in alleviating fears of vaginal birth and providing evidence‐based information about different birth options.