bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The protein phosphatase inhibitors, okadaic acid and calyculin A, induce apoptosis in human submandibular gland ductal cell line HSG cells
Authors: Morimoto Y. , Morimoto H. , Kobayashi S. , Ohba T. , Haneji T. 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a possible relationship between protein phosphorylation or dephosphorylation status and apoptosis in salivary gland cells, we examined the effects of okadaic acid and calyculin A, the protein phosphatase inhibitors, on cultured human submandibular gland ductal cell line, HSG cells.METHODS: HSG cells at subconfluent stages were exposed to varying concentrations of okadaic acid or calyculin A.Apoptoses were analysed in HSG cells by phase‐contrast microscopy, WST‐1 cytotoxicity assay, Hoechst 33342 staining, and DNA ladder formation.RESULT: Both okadaic acid and calyculin A induced cell death in HSG cells in a dose‐dependent fashion. Marked nuclear condensation and fragmentation of chromatin was observed in HSG cellS. DNA ladder formation was also detected in HSG cells by treatment with okadaic acid or calyculin A. The induced DNA ladder formation was dose‐dependent with maximal effect at concentrations of 50 nM okadaic acid and 2 nM calyculin A, respectively, and were time‐dependent from 14 h to 48 h. To further determine if new gene transcription and protein synthesis regulate okadaic acid‐induced apoptosis in HSG cells, the cells were treated with cycloheximide or actinomycin D in the presence of 20 nM okadaic acid. Neither inhibitor protected the cells against okadaic acid‐induced apoptosis.CONCLUSION: Based on the known selectivity of oka‐daic acid and calyculin A, our results indicate that the pathway of the apoptosis in the cultured salivary gland cells is regulated by protein phosphatase type 1 or type 2A.Our results also suggest that new protein synthesis and/or mRNA expression are not involved in okadaic acid‐induced apoptosis in HSG cells.
Apoptosis‐induced and ‐suppressed cells in salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma: correlation with histological growth patterns
Authors: Fujita S. , Shibata Y. , Takahashi H. , Tsuda N. 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: It is well known that adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) arising from salivary glands shows a correlation between prognosis and histological growth patterns. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether three growth patterns of ACC are related to the distributions of apoptosis‐induced and ‐suppressed tumor cells.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 77 cases of ACC including tubular (18 cases), glandular (50) and solid (9) patternS. In order to visualize the apoptotic cells, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)‐ mediated dUTP‐biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) and avidin‐biotin complex staining using Lewis Y (Ley) antibody were applied to paraffin sectionS. For detection of the apoptosis‐suppressed cells, immunohistochemistry employing bcl‐2 antibody was utilized.RESULTS: Apoptosis index (A1) based on the TUNEL‐stained specimens were tubular, 7.0; glandular 2.4; solid, 5.1. In tubular type, apoptotic cells were frequently located in the inner tubular layer rather than the outer layer. Solid type had scattered apoptotic cells in the nestS. Bcl‐2 expression was found in 61% of tubular, 20% of glandular and 22% of solid cases. The localization of bcl‐2 protein was noticed in outer tubular cells, and peripheral cells or undifferentiated cells in solid pattern.CONCLUSIONS: The peculiar distribution of apoptotic cells may result from the various proportions and distinctive arrangement of neoplastic ductal cells and neoplastic myoepithelial cells in ACC.Apoptotic cells and bcl‐2 positive apoptosis‐suppressed cells may participate in the construction of characteristic histological appearances of ACC.
Influence of (S)‐ketoprofen and fluoride on caries in rats
Authors: Bowen WH , Pearson SK , Jerussi TP 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory agents (eg, ketoprofen) used topically appear to be effective in reducing bone loss in the ligature model of periodontitis. Ketoprofen, in common with some food preservatives, eg, benzoate and sorbate, is a weak acid. Fluoride, too, may behave as a weak acid and, similar to the other agents, may exert antibacterial effects. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether a combination of (S)‐ketoprofen, an enantiomer of ketoprofen, alone or in combination with fluoride, would suppress Streptococcus sobrinus populations and reduce the incidence of dental caries in rats.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Toothpastes containing ketoprofen and/or monofluorophosphate were applied to the teeth of six groups of 20 rats twice daily for 5 weeks.RESULTS: Fewest S. sobrinus were found in the group treated with a paste containing 3% (S)‐ ketoprofen + 0.1% F. This group also displayed the lowest incidence of smooth surface caries of all groups. Severity of sulcal surface caries was also lowest in this group.CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study show that the (S) enantiomer of ketoprofen enhances the caries protective effect of fluoride. It is conceivable that this combination could be effective in combating the two most common maladies of the mouth; periodontal disease and dental caries.
Nursing home residents’ views on dying and death: nursing home employee’s perspective
Authors: Dwyer Lise‐Lotte , Hansebo Görel , Andershed Birgitta , Ternestedt Britt‐Marie 
Published: August 2010

dwyer l.‐l., hansebo g., andershed b. & ternestedt b.‐m. (2010)
Nursing home residents’ views on dying and death: nursing home employee’s perspective. International Journal of Older People Nursing6, 251–260 doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2010.00237.xAim.  To reveal nursing home employees’ views on dying and death among older people they cared for.Background.  Palliative care stakeholders recently included more groups in their definition of palliative care; older people constitute one such group. Consequently, palliative care systems, which will serve a large, aging cohort, will require new skills. The first stage in skills acquisition is to gather current views on dying and death.Design.  Qualitative descriptive study that uses focus group discussions for data collection; 20 employees in 4 Swedish nursing homes participated.Method.  Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis.Results.  The following categories were conceptualised: alleviating suffering and pain; finding meaning in everyday life; revealing thoughts and attitudes about death; taking care of the dead person’s body; and coping with the gap between personal ideals and reality.Conclusions.  A deeper understanding of the palliative care philosophy is needed to further develop and tailor care for the dying persons in nursing homes.Relevance to clinical practice.  To get public support for palliative care, the silence surrounding dying and death must be broken. Employees must receive education to prepare for all aspects of their work, and management must account for employees’ situation when planning the care.
Fermentation Process Improvement of a Chinese Traditional Food: Soybean Residue Cake
Authors: Yao Yingzheng , Pan Siyi , Wang Kexing , Xu Xiaoyun 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Fermentation process improvement of soybean residue cake, a Chinese traditional fermented food, and its physicochemical analysis during fermentation were studied. One of the dominant strains in the fermentation was isolated and identified as Mucor racemosus Fresenius. The fermentation process was improved by subsection fermentation. The crude protein content decreased from 19.95 ± 0.03% in the raw soybean residue to 16.85 ± 0.10% in the fermented products, and the formaldehyde nitrogen content increased from 0.068 ± 0.004% to 0.461 ± 0.022% in final fermented cakes. Hardness of samples significantly (P < 0.05) increased whereas springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with increasing fermentation time, respectively. Microstructure observations showed obvious change of the surface of cake samples during the fermentation process.Practical Application:  During the soybean processing, it will produce plenty of by‐products, and the most part of them is soybean residue. The discarded soybean residue causes economic loss. Fortunately, we can obtain nutritious and delicious fermented soybean residue cakes by fermenting soybean residue as raw material.
Group selection and social evolution in domesticated animals
Authors: Wade Michael J. , Bijma Piter , Ellen Esther D. , Muir William 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSocial interactions, especially those involving competition among individuals, are important in domesticated livestock and in natural populations. The heritability of traits affected by such interactions has two components, one originating in the individual like that of classical traits (direct effects) and the other originating in other group members (indirect effects). The latter type of trait represents a significant source of ‘hidden heritability’ and it requires population structure and knowledge from relatives in order to access it for selective breeding. When ignored, competitive interactions may increase as an indirect response to direct selection, resulting in diminished yields. We illustrate how population genetic structure affects the response to selection of traits with indirect genetic effects using population genetic and quantitative genetic theory. Population genetic theory permits us to connect our results to the existing body of theory on kin and group selection in natural populations. The quantitative genetic perspective allows us to see how breeders have used knowledge from relatives and family selection in the domestication of plants and animals to improve the welfare and production of livestock by incorporating social genetic effects in the breeding program. We illustrate the central features of these models by reviewing empirical studies from domesticated chickens.
NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE AND DIETARY INTAKE IN YOUNG AUSTRALIAN POPULATIONS
Authors: Baghurst Katrine I. , McMichael Anthony J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractNutritional knowledge and dietary intake was assessed in two differing young Australian populations that had recently completed their schooling. No relationship was found between dietary practice and nutritional knowledge. These findings have implications for health education programs aimed at the young adult in that health‐oriented knowledge may not necessarily be translated to health‐oriented behaviour.
TOOTH LOSS, THE CULTURE OF DENTISTRY AND THE DELIVERY OF DENTAL CARE IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Davis Peter 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA recent cross‐national study has shown that a much higher proportion of adult New Zealanders have lost all their teeth — that is, are edentulous — in comparison with other countries with much the same levels of dental disease. Social class patterns of tooth loss also show a similar discrepancy.A subsequent nation‐wide survey of adult New Zealanders has shown that dental attitudes and practices are largely consistent with professional opinion, with some exceptions including attitudes to denture‐wearing and to the extraction of teeth. However, variations in such attitudes between those with and those without teeth could not account for the very different dental state of these two groups. This discrepancy between attitude and tooth loss was also apparent for other group comparisons. However, there were marked social group variations in the relationship to the dental care system.In conclusion it is argued that cultural variations in treatment preference, the shaping of professional norms of practice, and the skew in accessibility to services, must account for the pattern of dental care in New Zealand.
PATTERNS OF MEDICAL REFERRALS OF ABORTION PATIENTS: AN UNOBTRUSIVE MEASURE
Authors: Webberley Helen R. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryDoctors are considered by the public to be the main source of information and advice on abortion: the incidence of consultation regarding unwanted pregnancy ranges in Australian practices from 0 to 120 women per year. If a doctor refers a woman on for abortion, the outcome of the referral depends on the referrer's letter (favourable or not) and the referral place used (gynaecologist, hospital or abortion clinic). Two research questions are examined in the present study: is it possible to identify systematic differences between doctors who refer patients to an abortion clinic and those who do not; and, are some regions of Melbourne and Victoria better served than others by doctors who are sympathetic to women requesting abortion?In a 16 week period in a Melbourne clinic, patients presented letters from 470 doctors. Propensity to refer was unrelated to doctor's sex, but was related to poor socio‐economic status of the practice's suburb. Referrers were predominantly general practitioners rather than specialists, and private practitioners rather than salaried doctors. Tasmanians referred more patients than their counterparts in Victoria and New South Wales. Limitations to this indirect method of data collection are described.
CAESAREAN SECTION RATES IN NEW SOUTH WALES, 1977
Authors: Taylor Richard 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe Caesarean section rate in New South Wales in 1977 was estimated to be 9.8%. Regional variation was apparent: Sydney metropolitan 11.1%, Hunter and Illawarra 9.4%, and rural regions 6.8%. The higher rate in the Sydney area, compared to the rural regions, was matched by a greater supply of obstetricians per population. Variations in Caesarean section rates were noted amongst major public hospitals in New South Wales and local government areas in Sydney. The Caesarean section rate in New South Wales was intermediate between the high rate in the United States, and the relatively low rate in England and Wales.It is argued that various factors, apart from medical “need”, have to be invoked to explain the magnitude of, and variation in, the New South Wales Caesarean section rate. These factors may include: supply of obstetricians, introduction of new technology, and fee‐for‐service private practice.
THE DEMAND FOR PRIVATE PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES IN A HEALTH INSURED POPULATION
Authors: Opit L.J. , Gadiel D.L. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThis paper reports a study of the pattern of utilization of private psychiatric services by health insured persons who are members of a single large fund. The data show an increase in the average number of services per person consulting a psychiatrist with little change in the number of persons. There is a strong relation between private psychiatric contact rates and the socio‐economic index of the LGA of patient residence. Contributor units containing a medical practitioner are examined as an example of the utilization pattern of a socially elite group. The financial and administrative significance of the findings is discussed.Very little information is available in Australia concerning the relationship between the demand for health services and the socioeconomic characteristics of the clients or potential clients of the health services. Since Australian governments have shown a substantial reliance on voluntary health insurance as a mechanism for financing health care, this lack of information is surprising. Studies in the United States of America and England suggest that the upper socio‐economic classes receive more medical services than the lower, although these conclusions are not clear cut. It becomes a useful a priori hypothesis that a relationship between socio‐economic status and the demand for medical services exists in Australia, even within a health insured population.In this paper we examine the utilization of private psychiatric services by persons who were members of a single large health insurance fund in New South Wales. Claim history and membership demographic data were obtained from the health fund computer record system for the years 1977, 1978 and the period January to June, 1979. Since this fund covers about onethird of all persons with private health insurance in that state, we believe that the study may rellect the relationships for health insured populations in Australia generally. Private psychiatric services have been examined, not only because the itemization of psychiatric services is simple and data analysis is easy, but also because there is ample anecdotal evidence that the demand for psychiatric services is determined partly by client status and education. This should help establish the existence or otherwise of some socioeconomic gradient with respect to the demand for services.
RESPONSE RATES: A COMPARISON OF MAIL, TELEPHONE AND PERSONAL INTERVIEW STRATEGIES FOR AN AUSTRALIAN POPULATION
Authors: Battistutta Diana , Byth Karen , Norton Robyn , Rose Gien 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe paper discusses response rates to a health survey questionnaire, rates of return of medical record release consent forms and response rates to re‐interview and follow‐up medical examination. The telephone and personal strategies appear to yield comparable rates which are higher than those of the mail strategy, except in the case of return of medical record release consent forms where the situation is reversed.
PROPOSALS FOR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Roder David 
Published: August 2010

SummaryRoutine analyses of mortality and morbidity data can be used to develop and check causal hypotheses for a wide range of chronic diseases. However, it is rarely possible to pinpoint aetiological factors in the workplace through this means because the available job histories are not detailed enough, and there is a lack of information on exposures to suspect agents and possible confounders. There are special problems when disease latencies are long.Frequently, the benefits gained from surveillance programmes have been limited because the aetiological clues derived from them have not been tested in specific studies. It is therefore important that the allocation of resources reflect an appropriate balance between routine surveillance and specific studies. These studies should be as rigorous and thorough as the available resources permit. The resources allocated should depend on the level of suspicion and the potential attributable risk.To facilitate these studies, it is crucial that:

Industries and unions do not destroy historic personnel records.
Personal identifiers are sufficient to trace females as well as males in a national death index, clearing houses of morbidity information, and other record systems.
Multiple causes of death are included in mortality data files.
Exposure registers are developed when there are special concerns about hazardous effects.
Confidentiality guidelines do not become unnecessarily restrictive.
PATTERNS OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE CONFUSED ELDERLY
Authors: Preston George A.N. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAmongst the aged in health care institutions, confused residents were more likely to be older, female, long‐staying, non‐ambulant and incontinent than non‐confused residents. However, the confused were not a homogeneous group; disaggregation on the basis of continence and mobility produced sub‐groups with different socio‐demographic characteristics and dramatically different distributions between types of institutions. In particular, the non‐ambulant incontinent group was overwhelmingly concentrated in nursing homes while the ambulant continent confused were dispersed across all institutions. It is argued that the recognition of the differing needs of such sub‐populations is a prerequisite for developing appropriate institutional and non‐institutional health care programmes.
THE INAPPROPRIATE USE OF PRESCRIPTION MEDICINE
Authors: Frauenfelder J. , Bungey J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEvidence suggests that there are six major issues which influence the inappropriate use of prescription medicine. This paper presents the current debate with particular reference to the situation in Australia. The article concludes with a discussion of issues which must be addressed when attempting to formulate remedial strategies, and highlights the research needs and opportunities in this area.
INCOMES FOREGONE IN THE HOME CARE OF INTELLECTUALLY HANDICAPPED CHILDREN
Authors: Chetwynd Jane 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe average gross incomes of parents caring for an intellectually handicapped child were compared with those of parents in the general population as measured by the New Zealand Household Survey. Those caring for a handicapped child had significantly lower total gross weekly incomes and this was particularly reflected in the lower incomes of the mothers. The parents were also questioned about matters relating to the care of their handicapped child which might adversely affect their work. These subjective opinions indicated that a number of aspects of work may be affected, such as the hours, location, type and level of employment. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the provision of services and benefits to families caring for an intellectually handicapped child at home.
FROM FIRST AID TO PARAMEDICAL: AMBULANCE OFFICERS IN THE HEALTH DIVISION OF LABOUR
Authors: Willis Evan , McCarthy Liam 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper utilises a case study approach to the emergence of the division of labour in health care. Such a phenomenon, the key feature of which is medical dominance, needs to be examined through the historical sociology of different medical occupations. In this case study the occupation of Ambulance Officer is analysed. From basically entailing driving the sick and injured to hospital, the work of Ambulance Officer has expanded to an established paramedical location in the social structure of health care delivery. Other themes in the sociohistorical development of Ambulance Officers examined include its voluntary origins, gender, industrial organisation, training and careers; as well as the development of its status as ‘adjunct’ to medicine.
“A SPECIAL KIND OF MAGIC”: CHANGES IN FAMILY DYNAMICS ARISING FROM PARENT PARTICIPATION IN A CONDUCTIVE EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY
Authors: Cooper David 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper reports on five families whose parents described the stress arising from their child's disability and the additional stress and reward of participation in a Conductive Education program. The reports support the Conductive Education thesis, that children with physical disabilities respond well to integrated management which weaves medical insights and therapeutic practice into the fabric of daily life through a program which has an educational rather than a therapeutic bias. Parents also appreciate personal support from a non‐intimidating, professionally comprehensive resource. An attempt was made to identify the elements which produced parental self‐confidence and family cohesion.
TRENDS IN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS IN AUSTRALIA, 1966–1983: EVIDENCE FROM PREVALENCE SURVEYS
Authors: Dobson Annette J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA review of published data from cardiovascular risk factor surveys among adults in Australia from 1966 to 1983 suggests that:— prevalence of cigarette smoking decreased significantly by up to 1.4 per cent per year among men but increased among younger women;— serum cholesterol mean levels decreased significantly by 0.03 ‐ 0.04 mmol/1 per year among men and 0.04 ‐ 0.07 mmol/1 per year among women;— systolic blood pressure mean levels decreased significantly by 0.05 ‐ 0.3 mmHg per year among men and 0.2 ‐ 0.6 mmHg per year among women;— diastolic blood pressure showed no significant or consistent changes among men but some decrease among women.During the same period death rates from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) declined by over 40 per cent. The changes in risk factor levels are estimated to account for about half of the decline in IHD mortality for men and about three quarters of the decline for women.