bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
6. On the Structure of Larvae of Hispine Beetles.–V. (With a Revision of the Genus Brontispa Sharp.)
Authors: Maulik S. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

The genus Brontispa Sharp is revised here.
Out of the twenty recorded forms only eleven can be considered as true species, of which a table based on structural characters is given.
Brontispa sumatrana Weise is the same as Plesispa reichei Chapuis.
Brontispa sarasini Hiller does not belong to the genus Brontispa.
The following eight species are only colour varieties of one and the same species:–Oxycephala longissima Gestro, Oxycephala longipennis Gestro, Brontispa froggatti Sharp, Brontispa javana Weise, Brontispa selebensis Gestro, Brontispa castanea Lea, Brontispa simmondsi Maulik, Brontispa reicherti Uhmann. The name to be used is Brontispa longissima Gestrq. The life‐history and habits and structural features all support the view adopted here.
Thus a general principle can be enunciated:–In the genus Brontispa whenever a species cannot be separated on structural characters it is not a true species.
Larvse of three species are described: B. froggatti Sharp (=0. longissima Gestro), B. linearis Spaeth, B. gleadowi Weise.
The heads of these larvas have well‐developed crania, and the bodies have tail‐shovels with the largest spiracles in them.
The structure of the larvae of the three species examined here shows such differences that they confirm their separation by the systematist on adult characters. In other words, when the species are separated on structural characters of the adults the immature stages will also show structural differences
This remark applies also to the pupas. The pupae of two species have been examined. They also have tail‐shovels, but without spiracles. The form of the tail‐shovel of the pupa is different from that of the corresponding larva. It (the tail‐shovel) possesses a pair‐of prongs though different in shape and weaker in structure.
The structure of the tail‐shovels, both of the larva and the pupa, can be said to have specific value, that is, species can be separated on the form of the tail‐shovels alone.
Attention is drawn to the form of the lateral projections from the body of the larvae and to the characteristics of the surface structure.
On the Fossil Amphibia from the Gas Coal of Nýřrany and other Deposits in Czechoslovakia.
Authors: Steen Margaret C. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.Researches on fossil Amphibia in this century, with few exceptions, have been concerned with the morphology of the Labyrinthodonts and its interpretation, work which has shown, for the first time, the evolutionary significance of the morphological changes taking place in the group. There exist, however, contemporaneously with the Carboniferous and Permian Labyrinthodonts, many other fossil Amphibia. These forms, which never attained the size of the latter group, display in their morphology a variety and diversity which are in direct contrast to that uniformity of structure common to all Labyrin‐thodont species.The Nýřany fauna, in numbers and in variety, is one of the largest fossil Amphibian faunas known, containing, in addition to ten species of Labyrinthodonts, some twenty determinable species belonging to Orders other than the Labyrinthodontia, as well as many other species represented only by fragments and incomplete specimens. The importance of these delicate fossils, so perfect in their preservation, lies in the contribution which they make to the morphology of the small Carboniferous Amphibia. This contribution is summarised under the headings of the various Orders (Part I.), the theoretical significance of which is then discussed in a separate section (Part II.).
Nests and Broods in Whipsnade Bird Sanctuary in two successive years
Authors: Huxley J.S. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.The record of nests in the Whipsnade Bird Sanctuary in 1936 and 1937 shows that the latter year was less favourable to avian reproduction.This is manifested in number of species nesting (20 as against 21); reduction of total number of nests (about 11 per cent.); and of nests in nest‐boxes (17‐5 per cent.).For the three abundant species of which complete records were taken (Starling, Great and Blue Tits, taken together), it was manifested in reduction in the number of nests where eggs were laid (11‐8 per cent.) and those in which eggs hatched (6‐5 per cent.); in reduction of mean size of clutch (2–4 per cent.); of mean number of young hatched per brood (8‐7 per cent.); and of mean number of young fledged per brood (14‐4 per cent.). The Blue Tit showed the greatest decrease in 1937.The only change in conditions was a reduction in the amount of underbrush; this, however, could not be responsible for most of the decreases noted.Records by Mr. Kendrick of Blue Tits in the Birmingham area indicate that there also 1937 was less favourable to avian reproduction than 1936.
Antagonism between two Heavy Metals in their Toxic Action on Freshwater Animals
Authors: Jones J. R. Erichsen 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

A brief review is given of previous work on antagonism.
Lead nitrate and copper nitrate are highly toxic to Polycelis nigra (Müller). Lead nitrate is the more toxic salt at high concentrations, copper nitrate is the more toxic at low concentrations.
The addition of lead nitrate to a solution of copper nitrate reduces its toxicity to Polycelis. At any particular copper concentration the addition of increasing quantities of lead nitrate at first prolongs the survival time, which attains a maximum at 0–005 N Pb; with addition of further lead nitrate the survival time shortens, and at high lead concentrations the mixture solutions become more toxic than the pure copper solution. With decrease in the copper nitrate concentration the relative prolongation of the survival time at 0–005 N Pb increases.
Generally similar results are observed with Oammarus pulex (L.).
Lead nitrate also reduces the toxicity of copper nitrate to Tubifex tubifex Müller, and the tadpole of the frog, Rana temporaria temporaria L.
No case has been observed in which copper nitrate reduces the toxicity of a lead nitrate solution, and the antagonistic action of these salts thus appears to be of the non‐reciprocal type.
The results are discussed in relation to the theories of other workers on the mechanism of antagonistic salt action.
The Status and Problem of the Bridled Guillemot
Authors: Southern H. N. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

This paper summarizes the results obtained from the Bridled Guillemot Enquiry organized by the British Trust for Ornithology. It is hoped to carry on the enquiry during 1939.
The biological problems of most interest connected with the enquiry are (a) how isolation has occurred in a previously more homogeneous population to produce the cline in proportion of bridled birds now observable from south to north, and (b) upon what genetic basis such proportions are maintained.
The results are given showing increase from < 0.25 per cent, in the south of England to 26 per cent, in the Shetlands, with two lines of discontinuity in the cline; beyond the British Isles the increase is continued up to 70–80 per cent, in the Westmann Islands, Iceland.
The question of the races shows another cline existing in Guillemot populations. There is not complete evidence to show that this is significantly correlated with the cline in bridling.
Previous work adds little but contradictions to the data gathered in 1938.
The Bionomics of the Spotted Hyæna, Crocuta crocuta Erxl
Authors: Matthews L. Harrison 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

The Spotted Hyæna occurs in large numbers in many varied habitats in East Africa.
The senses of smell, sight, and hearing all play an important part in the normal foraging of the animal.
The hyæna's unhurried lope gives a speed of about eight to ten miles an hour, but a speed of about thirty miles an hour can be attained if pressed.
The fæcal masses, which rapidly turn from green to white in colour on drying and consist almost entirely of mineral matter derived from bones, are deposited in regular latrine areas often of large extent.
The Spotted Hyæna is primarily a scavenger, but often pulls down game on its own account. Several individuals often combine in hunting.
Breeding occurs at all times of the year on the Masai Steppe. The growth of the young is slow.
Spotted Hyænas lie up in thick cover or in burrows during the day. The young are always born in underground dens, either natural cavities among rocks or burrows excavated in the soil. A description is given of an extensive warren of such burrows.
The Spotted Hyæna shows little sign of any organized pattern of social behaviour.
There are three distinct cries; a foraging call, a chuckling noise made when settling to feed, and loud laughing and screaming cries probably associated with mating.
The commonest external parasite is a Hippoboscid fly: several species of ticks also occur. Two species of Cestode infest a high proportion of the animals: nematodes and encysted larval cestodes are less frequent. Very small cysticerci are abundant in the liver.
About 30 per cent, of the animals suffer from splenitis apostematosa, a diseased condition of the spleen which is filled with large pyæmic abscesses. Alveolar abscesses, broken, decayed, and heavily worn teeth occur commonly in the older animals from which one or more teeth are often missing. Abscesses appear to be frequently caused by fragments of bone becoming impacted between the teeth. Repaired fractures of the bones are recorded.
The Spotted Hyæna has few natural enemies. In seeking food its movements are largely determined by the wanderings of herds of game and of nomadic bands of Masai and their cattle.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF EUROPEAN HISPINE BEETLES: 7. The Geographic Distribution of European Hispine Beetles (Chry‐somelidse, Coleoptera)
Authors: Maulik S. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY1. This is a contribution to the knowledge of the distribution of European animals, namely, three beetles of the subfamily Hispinse (Chrysomelidae).2. The interest of the distribution discussed here is that the animals occur in South India and Ceylon, as well as in Europe.3. All available localities where they have been captured have been collected and plotted on a map.4. The beetles are figured, and three small maps showing the distribution of the genera separately and a large map of Europe in which the localities are indicated, are given.5. The problem of this distribution is considered on the background of the distribution of a larger group. The tentative suggestion is that they are descended from a common ancestor living in Gondwanaland when India and Africa were one land‐mass. When they separated Hispella developed in South India and Dorcathispa and Polyconia developed and differentiated in Africa. Hispella spread towards the north, and during Tertiary times, when the earth folding took place and mountain chains were formed, one part of Hispella became isolated on the northern side of the Himalayas, and evolved into the species Hispella atra. The other part remained in India, where it became differentiated into the present‐day Indian species, and spreading eastwards along the mountains, reached the sea in South China.After the separation into India and Africa the greatest development of Hispa has been in Africa, and H. testacea is a Mediterranean species spreading from Africa to Europe. The spread of L. filiformis has taken a similar course, from Africa to Europe.6. As regards the geological history of the food‐plants, two important points are relevant. I have shown that the grasses and the palms form the chief food‐plants of the species of Hispinae. There are hardly any geological records of the Gramineae. The Nipa palm occurs in North African and European Eocene records. It seems likely, therefore, that the original food‐plants of all these beetles were Palmae.
The Activity and Metabolism of Poikilothermal Animals in Different Latitudes.—V
Authors: Fox H Munbo 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The blood‐vessel pulsations of the polychaete worm Perinereis cultrifera are adapted to environmental temperatures in that the rate for animals living in English waters is the same at 14d̀ as that for Mediterranean animals at 20d̀. At a given temperature the rate for the northern form is quicker than that for the southern form, in spite of the fact that the northern animals are considerably bigger.The rates of heart‐beat of Crustacea show a similar adaptation to latitude in five out of six pairs of comparable animals living respectively in seas round the British Isles and in the Mediterranean. In spite of the fact that in most cases the northern animals are bigger, they usually have a faster heart‐rate at a given temperature than the southern forms.The rates of scaphognathite movement of comparable prawns living at Plymouth and at Tamaris have also been measured. For species of Lennder there is a parallelism between scaphognathite and heart‐rates, for Spinrontocaris and Hippolytethis is not the case.The question is discussed as to whether physiological adaptation to latitude, when it exists within a single species, is genetical or individually acquired.
The Cestode Proteocephalus varius (Beddard)
Authors: Baylis H. A. 
Published: August 2010

Summary. Proteocephalus varius (Beddard, 1913) is redescribed from specimens obtained from Varanus komodoensis, and P. sandgroundi Carter, 1943, is regarded as a synonym of it. An unsuccessful attempt to elucidate the life‐history of the species is described.
An Investigation into the Life‐history and Morphology of the Mustard Beetle, Phaedon cochleariæ F., on Watercress
Authors: Hamnett Gilbert G. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The need for detailed investigations into the life‐history and morphology of Phaedon cochleariæ F. first became apparent during field experiments which were designed to elucidate the problem of the control of this beetle on cultivated watercress in South Wales and Monmouthshire. Reference to literature revealed that our knowledge hitherto concerning this species was very meagre, and that even the information available differed in important respects from the experience gained during these preliminary studies on its control.In the course of these investigations, the life‐cycle of the beetle, as it occurs on watercress, has been followed out together with its hibernation habits and the duration of the various larval and pupal stages. A perusal of accounts of previous work on this beetle showed that only two generations of adults have been described, but in the present work it was found that actually there are three generations produced in the year. In addition, a detailed study has been made of both the external and internal anatomy of all stages in the life‐cycle.
The Microfauna, especially the Protozoa, found in some Canadian Mosses
Authors: Fantham H.B. , Porter Annie 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.An account is given of the microfauna found in 93 samples of mosses from 18 localities in the Province of Quebec, one from New Brunswick, one from Nova Scotia and one from the Adirondacks in the United States. Species of Rhizopoda, Heliozoa, Mastigophora and Ciliata are summarised and the presence of associated microfauna such as Rotifera, Nematoda and Tardigrada is notified. In all 108 species of Sarcodina, 42 of Mastigophora and 40 species of Ciliata have been encountered. The microfauna of each moss sample is set forth, the mosses being grouped for each locality.Comparisons are made of the microfauna of the species of Sphagnaceæ, Polytrichaceæ, Dicranaceæ, Bryacoæ and Hypnaceæ examined.A quantative enumerative study of the micropopulations of a number of the mosses was made and the results are summarised. Huge numbers of Protozoa in many mosses are disclosed.Giant strains of some Testacea are notified.Some survival data of Protozoa found in Canadian mosses are given.Comparison is made of the Protozoal fauna of some of the Canadian mosses with those of the same species of moss in the United States and Europe.Some general observations, mainly physiological and distributional, in connection with the microfauna of the Canadian mosses are presented.
Life Tables for Musca vicina and Calliphora erythrocephala.
Authors: FELDMAN‐MUHSAM B. , MUHSAM H. V. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.Life tables for the imago of Musca vicina and Calliphora erythrocephala were compiled from flies kept under controlled conditions. Musca were fed on diluted milk and Calliphora on 10% sugar solution and chicken liver.In Musca females are slightly longer lived than males and the contrary is true for Calliphora.The survivorship curves, and more strikingly the death eurves, exhibit a relatively high mortality during the early days of imaginal life. For the purpose of graduation, the life tables were broken up into two portions and the first one, containing the period of “premature imaginal mortality,” fitted by a fifth order parabola, and the second one by the Gompertz‐Makeham formula.For Musca, a complete life table, covering all stages of development, has been compiled and compared to the human life table including miscarriages. This comparison reveals a parallelism between portions of the survivorship curves representing respectively the periods of foetus—egg, infancy—larva, youth and puberty—pupa and young imago, adult man—fertile imago.
The Skull of Hymenochirus curtipes.
Authors: PATERSON NELLIE F. , GOODRICH E. S. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The nasal capsule comprises a small tectum nasi, a septum nasi that is ossified posteriorly, a flat cartilago alaris and a long slender cartilago obliqua. The crista intermedia and its laminae are absent.The nasal cavities consist of three chambers which have been termed the cavum principale, the intermediate chamber and the recessus lateralis. Communicating with the latter is the organ of Jacobson, into the floor of which Jacobson's gland opens. There is no ductus nasolacrimalis or glandula intermaxillaris.The cranial nerves are discussed in connection with the lateral wall of the neurocranium. It is observed that there is a well‐marked preoptic root, but no distinct pila metoptica, the side wall between the foramen opticum and the foramen prooticum representing a combination of the pila metoptica and the pila antotica. It is considered that a prefacial commissure is present.The skull is strongly ossified. The nasals, the fused frontoparietals, the pterygoids and the parasphenoid are large. A small foramen parietale occurs in the fused fronto‐parietals. The pterygoids do not encircle the median Eustaehian aperture, which in section is seen to penetrate the exoccipitale. The sphenethmoicl region is cartilaginous and unpaired. There is no separate supra‐ethmoid or prevomer. The palatines and quadratojugals are lacking. The quadrate region is anteriorly situated. An ossified processus basalis of the quadrate is recognized. The processus pterygoideus is confluent with neighbouring parts, but the processus oticus forms a lateral cartilaginous wall between the pars media plectri and the middle ear.The musculus levator mandibulae anterior seems to be present, as the whole levator muscle occurs laterally and posteriorly to the ramus mandibularis V. The musculus depressor mandibulae consists of superficial and deep sections. Some of the fibres of the latter originate on the hinder process of the pars media plectri and on the posterior extremity of the ceratohyale.The hyobranchial skeleton consists of two completely separated parts. The copula and the ceratohyale are ossified.The affinities of Hymenochirus are discussed and some neotenie features are pointed out.
Keys to the Ethiopian Tachinidae.—II. Dexiinae
Authors: van Emden F. I. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe Genera and Species ofDexiinae, a subfamily of Tachinidae, which parasitizes larvae of Lamellicornia and, in some cases, of Cerambycidae, are revised and keyed, so far as they occur in the Ethiopian region. Two new genera are created, 21 species described as new, and 14 genera and 59 species and forms are distinguished in the keys.
The Anatomy of the Head and Mouth‐parts of Dysdercus intermedius Dist.
Authors: MacGill Elsie I. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.Miss H. Frazer has given a brief general account of the mouth‐parts of Dysdercus intermedins in her paper on the transmission of internal boll disease of cotton. In the present paper this description is amplified and augmented.The arrangement of the sclerites forming the head capsule of D. intermedius is described. The maxillary plates have internal projections, the maxillary processes, which support the stylets in the anterior part of the head.The sucking pump, described as the pharynx by many authors, is an external chamber and not a true pharynx. It is formed by the flexible dorsal epipharynx, to which are attached the dilator muscles, and the rigid, ventral hypopharynx. The anterior end of the hypopharynx is drawn out into the pharyngeal duct which is inserted into the suction canal between the stylets.The two pairs of stylets are enclosed in a chamber, the stylet pouch, formed inside the head by the invagination of the outer wall of the head capsule and by the wing of the hypopharynx. The mandible is the outer of the two stylets. The protractor muscle of the mandible is attached to the mandibular lever and not directly to the stylet; the retractor muscle is directly attached to the base of the mandible. The maxillary stylet represents the lacinia of the maxilla of other insects, the rest of the appendage forms the maxillary plate. Both the pro‐ and retractor muscles of the maxilla are attached to the base of the stylet. There are no maxillo‐mandibular muscles.The saliva is forced down the salivary canal between the stylets by a highly developed salivary syringe. Two salivary ducts, their openings guarded by simple valves, open into the pump chamber. There is no valve at the exit of the common ejaculatory duct which runs through the body of the hypopharynx and opens into the salivary canal between the stylets.The epipharynx is pierced by two series of pores leading to sensory cells lying dorsal to the epipharynx. Prom their position these cells are supposed to be a gustatory organ. Dysdercus intermedius has paired maxillary glands lying inside the maxillary plates and opening by numerous small pores on their anterior faces. It is suggested that the secretion from these glands may be to lubricate the stylets or to help to bind the stylet bundle together and so strengthen it.The salivary glands are of the four‐lobed type with duct‐like accessory glands.
The Natural History of some British Freshwater Fishes.
Authors: Hartley P. H. T. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.1. The growth and the spawning and feeding habits of nine species of British freshwater fish are described. These species are:—Rutilus rutilus, Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Leuciscus leuciscus, Abramis brama, Blicca bjoerkna, Gobio gobio, Perca fluviatilis, Acerina cernua and Esox Lucius.2. Growth has been studied by the use of scale‐reading. Individual growth‐rates vary greatly, the range in size of any age group nearly always exceeding the differences in average length between that age group and the next junior and senior age groups.3. In the cyprinids, male and female fish are at first equal in numbers, but the males die off more swiftly than the females and are in the minority in the senior age groups.4. Freshwater fish show a wide range of choice of foods; such species as Rutilus rutilus and Scardinius erythrophthalmus may be herbivores or carnivores as opportunity offers.5. Two instances have been found of closely related species sharing an ecological niche. These species are:—Abramis brama with Blicca bjoerkna, and Perca fluviatilis with Acerina cernua.