bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why different regions of the retina have different spectral sensitivities: A review of mechanisms and functional significance of intraretinal variability in spectral sensitivity in vertebrates
Authors: TEMPLE S. E. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractVision is used in nearly all aspects of animal behavior, from prey and predator detection to mate selection and parental care. However, the light environment typically is not uniform in every direction, and visual tasks may be specific to particular parts of an animal’s field of view. These spatial differences may explain the presence of several adaptations in the eyes of vertebrates that alter spectral sensitivity of the eye in different directions. Mechanisms that alter spectral sensitivity across the retina include (but are not limited to) variations in: corneal filters, oil droplets, macula lutea, tapeta, chromophore ratios, photoreceptor classes, and opsin expression. The resultant variations in spectral sensitivity across the retina are referred to as intraretinal variability in spectral sensitivity (IVSS). At first considered an obscure and rare phenomenon, it is becoming clear that IVSS is widespread among all vertebrates, and examples have been found from every major group. This review will describe the mechanisms mediating differences in spectral sensitivity, which are in general well understood, as well as explore the functional significance of intraretinal variability, which for the most part is unclear at best.
Refuting Tullock's Claim
Authors: Saltman Roy G. 
Published: June 2011

Gordon Tullock (PS: Political Science and Politics,
January 2004, 2) states (about the 1960 presidential election)
that:“Illinois went for Kennedy by a margin smaller than the usual number
of votes produced by the Chicago machine from graveyards and empty
lots. Texas went to Kennedy by fewer votes than are normally cast by
cattle in South Texas.”
Mapping the stem cell state: eight novel human embryonic stem and embryonal carcinoma cell antibodies
Authors: Wright A. , Andrews N. , Bardsley K. , Nielsen J. E. , Avery K. , Pewsey E. , Jones M. , Harley D. , Nielsen A. R. , Moore H. , Gokhale P. , Rajpert‐De Meyts E. , Andrews P. W. , Walsh J. , Harrison N. J. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe antigenic profile of human embryonic stem (ES) and embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells has served as a key element of their characterization, with a common panel of surface and intracellular markers now widely used. Such markers have been used to identify cells within the ‘undifferentiated state’, yet it appears that this categorization may be an oversimplification, because a number of sub‐states appear to exist within this state. To increase the resolution of the undifferentiated state, we have generated eight novel monoclonal antibodies, all capable of recognizing undifferentiated human ES and EC cells, and herein describe their characterization. The reactivity of these antibodies against a range of cell lines is reported, as well as their developmental regulation, basic biochemistry and reactivity in immunohistochemistry of testicular germ cell tumours. Our data reveal a range of reactivity for all antibodies against both ES and EC cells, suggesting that these markers will afford recognition of unique sub‐states within the undifferentiated stem cell compartment.
Kinetics of fructose on the Maillard brown colour development, pH change and antioxidative activity development in model fructose/glycine systems
Authors: Liu Shih‐Chuan , Yang Deng‐Jye , Chen Hsin‐Yi , Chen Su‐Lin , Chen Mei‐Ling 
Published: June 2011

SummaryModel fructose/glycine systems with fructose concentration between 0.035 and 0.28 m were incubated at temperature 45–90 °C for investigating the effects of fructose and temperature on the brown colour development, pH change and the antioxidative activity developments of Maillard reaction. The result showed that effects of fructose followed logarithm‐order kinetics on brown colour and DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity (SDPPH) development, and first‐order kinetics on system pH decrease. However, the effect of fructose on ABTS·+ (2,2′‐azino‐bis[3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid]) radical scavenging activity (SABTS) development was first order at 60–90 °C and logarithm order at 45 °C, which revealed the mutual synergistic interaction of concentration with temperature on SABTS development. Activation energy for SDPPH development was lower than that for SABTS development, revealing that DPPH radical was more vulnerable than ABTS·+ radical to fructose/glycine MRPs at low temperature. But the relative vulnerability would invert at high temperature, as the Q10 value for SDPPH development was lower than that for SABTS development.
Iodine content of cooked and processed fish in Turkey
Authors: Erkan Nuray 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThis study evaluates the effects of different cooking (grilling, frying and steaming) and processing (smoking, salting, marinating and drying) methods on iodine contents of valuable marine and freshwater fish species commonly consumed in Turkey. The highest mean iodine content of cooked fish was determined to be 3.760 mg kg−1, 2.788 mg kg−1, 5.831 mg kg−1 and 6.161 mg kg−1 in grilled anchovy, horse mackerel, Atlantic Bonito and whiting, 0.914 mg kg−1, 1.452 mg kg−1, 3.106 mg kg−1 in steamed bluefish, red mullet. The highest mean iodine content of processed fish was determined to be 2.149 mg kg−1 in smoked mackerel, 0.701 mg kg−1 in salted Bonito, 1.128 mg kg−1 in dried horse mackerel and 7.283 mg kg−1 in marinated anchovy. This iodine values are also above the Upper Tolerable Nutrient Level of 100–150 μg day−1 iodine.
An angel on my shoulder: a study of relationships between women with anorexia and healthcare professionals
Authors: WRIGHT K. M. , HACKING S. 
Published: June 2011

Accessible summary
This study explored the therapeutic relationship among adults who access day care services for anorexia and their healthcare professionals.
There were six important themes that emerged from interviews with healthcare professionals and patients: the authenticity of the relationship, safety, the externalization of the eating disorder, recovery measured in kilos, the power of hope and optimism and maternalism.
Women attending day care for anorexia felt safer and more optimistic and therefore more supported when the healthcare professional had a nurturing and maternalistic approach.
AbstractAdults with anorexia are an under‐researched group because the usual focus is on adolescents. The relationships that occur between healthcare professionals and adults with anorexia are often challenging, because they do not necessarily agree on the goals of treatment. The therapeutic relationship is widely recognized as crucial to care, even healing and restorative in its own right but problematic in this setting. This is a phenomenological study of how therapeutic relationships are negotiated and maintained in a day care service. Six women with anorexia nervosa and seven of their healthcare professionals were interviewed in the care setting to explore their lived experience of their relationships. Six important themes emerged from the interviews: the authenticity of the relationship, safety, the externalization of the eating disorder, recovery measured in kilos, the power of hope and optimism and the use and acceptance of maternalism in the care setting. Findings suggest that patients appreciated the safety and security of care, but some were using the service as respite rather than recovery. Patients saw goals and tasks related directly to weight gain as irrelevant to their main concerns, but engagement with people who provided a secure, nurturing and maternalistic context for safety and optimism was seen as supportive.
Disturbed Homeostasis and Multiple Signaling Defects in the Peripheral Blood B-Cell Compartment of Patients with Severe Chronic Sarcoidosis
Authors: Lee Nam-Sihk , Barber Laura , Akula Shaw M. , Sigounas George , Kataria Yash P. , Arce Sergio 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThe presence of hypergammaglobulinemia, autoantibodies, and circulating immune complexes suggests that humoral immunity may contribute to the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. However, little is known about the role played by B cells in the development of this disease. Here we investigated the subpopulation distribution, response to stimulation, and levels of the nuclear transcription factor NF-κB/p65 in peripheral blood B cells from patients with severe chronic sarcoidosis. Patients with severe chronic sarcoidosis had absolute B-cell lymphopenia and exhibited significantly decreased frequencies and total numbers of memory (CD19+CD27+) B cells. The reduced numbers of memory B cells in these patients reflected a decrease in the total numbers of class-switched (CD19+CD27+IgD−) and unswitched (CD19+CD27+IgD+) memory B cells and coincided with an increased frequency of circulating (CD19+/−CD20−CD27++) plasmablasts. Polyclonal stimulation of sarcoid B cells resulted in reduced expression of activation markers (i.e., CD25, CD69, and CD86), decreased proliferation, and impaired plasma cell differentiation. Baseline expression of p65 in B cells was reduced in 65% of the patients. These results suggest disturbed homeostasis, intrinsic signaling defects, and anergy within the peripheral B-cell compartments of patients with severe chronic sarcoidosis.
Antifungal Susceptibilities of Sporothrix albicans, S. brasiliensis, and S. luriei of the S. schenckii Complex Identified in Brazil
Authors: Oliveira Daniele C. , Lopes Paulo G. Markus , Spader Tatiana B. , Mahl Camila D. , Tronco-Alves Giordano R. , Lara Valeria M. , Santurio Janio M. , Alves Sydney Hartz 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

We studied 40 strains of the species complex formerly classified as the single species
Sporothrix schenckii
to identify new species within this complex and evaluate their antifungal susceptibility profiles. Based on phenotypic tests (ability to grow at 37°C, colony diameters, and pigmentation of the colonies, as well as assimilation of sucrose and raffinose) and molecular assays (amplification of a fragment of the calmodulin gene), here we report the identification of
S. albicans
,
S. brasiliensis
,
S. luriei
, and
S. schenckii
; two isolates of these species were detected as itraconazole-resistant strains.
Crosstalk between NOTCH and AKT signaling during murine megakaryocyte lineage specification
Authors: Cornejo Melanie G. , Mabialah Vinciane , Sykes Stephen M. , Khandan Tulasi , Lo Celso Cristina , Lopez Cécile K. , Rivera-Muñoz Paola , Rameau Philippe , Tothova Zuzana , Aster Jon C. , DePinho Ronald A. , Scadden David T. , Gilliland D. Gary , Mercher Thomas 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The NOTCH signaling pathway is implicated in a broad range of developmental processes, including cell fate decisions. However, the molecular basis for its role at the different steps of stem cell lineage commitment is unclear. We recently identified the NOTCH signaling pathway as a positive regulator of megakaryocyte lineage specification during hematopoiesis, but the developmental pathways that allow hematopoietic stem cell differentiation into the erythro-megakaryocytic lineages remain controversial. Here, we investigated the role of downstream mediators of NOTCH during megakaryopoiesis and report crosstalk between the NOTCH and PI3K/AKT pathways. We demonstrate the inhibitory role of phosphatase with tensin homolog and Forkhead Box class O factors on megakaryopoiesis in vivo. Finally, our data annotate developmental mechanisms in the hematopoietic system that enable a decision to be made either at the hematopoietic stem cell or the committed progenitor level to commit to the megakaryocyte lineage, supporting the existence of 2 distinct developmental pathways.
A transgene-encoded cell surface polypeptide for selection, in vivo tracking, and ablation of engineered cells
Authors: Wang Xiuli , Chang Wen-Chung , Wong ChingLam W. , Colcher David , Sherman Mark , Ostberg Julie R. , Forman Stephen J. , Riddell Stanley R. , Jensen Michael C. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAn unmet need in cell engineering is the availability of a single transgene encoded, functionally inert, human polypeptide that can serve multiple purposes, including ex vivo cell selection, in vivo cell tracking, and as a target for in vivo cell ablation. Here we describe a truncated human EGFR polypeptide (huEGFRt) that is devoid of extracellular N-terminal ligand binding domains and intracellular receptor tyrosine kinase activity but retains the native amino acid sequence, type I transmembrane cell surface localization, and a conformationally intact binding epitope for pharmaceutical-grade anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody, cetuximab (Erbitux). After lentiviral transduction of human T cells with vectors that coordinately express tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptors and huEGFRt, we show that huEGFRt serves as a highly efficient selection epitope for chimeric antigen receptor+ T cells using biotinylated cetuximab in conjunction with current good manufacturing practices (cGMP)-grade anti-biotin immunomagnetic microbeads. Moreover, huEGFRt provides a cell surface marker for in vivo tracking of adoptively transferred T cells using both flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, and a target for cetuximab-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and in vivo elimination. The versatility of huEGFRt and the availability of pharmaceutical-grade reagents for its clinical application denote huEGFRt as a significant new tool for cellular engineering.
Cellular transcriptional profiling in human lung epithelial cells infected by different subtypes of influenza A viruses reveals an overall down-regulation of the host p53 pathway
Authors: Terrier Olivier , Josset Laurence , Textoris Julien , Marcel Virginie , Cartet Gaëlle , Ferraris Olivier , N'Guyen Catherine , Lina Bruno , Diaz Jean-Jacques , Bourdon Jean-Christophe , Rosa-Calatrava Manuel 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackgroundInfluenza viruses can modulate and hijack several cellular signalling pathways to efficiently support their replication. We recently investigated and compared the cellular gene expression profiles of human lung A549 cells infected by five different subtypes of human and avian influenza viruses (Jossetet al.Plos One 2010). Using these transcriptomic data, we have focused our analysis on the modulation of the p53 pathway in response to influenza infection.ResultsOur results were supported by both RT-qPCR and western blot analyses and reveal multiple alterations of the p53 pathway during infection. A down-regulation of mRNA expression was observed for the main regulators of p53 protein stability during infection by the complete set of viruses tested, and a significant decrease in p53 mRNA expression was also observed in H5N1 infected cells. In addition, several p53 target genes were also down-regulated by these influenza viruses and the expression of their product reduced.ConclusionsOur data reveal that influenza viruses cause an overall down-regulation of the host p53 pathway and highlight this pathway and p53 protein itself as important viral targets in the altering of apoptotic processes and in cell-cycle regulation.
Levosimendan and mortality after coronary revascularisation: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Maharaj Ritesh , Metaxa Victoria 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Introduction
Patients undergoing coronary revascularization often require inotropic support that has been associated with an increased risk for death and morbidity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of levosimendan versus control on survival after coronary revascularization.

Methods
A systemic review and meta-analysis of the literature was carried out on published randomized controlled clinical trials that investigated the efficacy of levosimendan compared to other therapy in patients having coronary revascularisaion. The databases searched were Pubmed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Registry of Clinical Trials and the metaRegister of Controlled Trials. Studies that compared levosimendan to any other therapy for coronary revascularisation in adult humans and reported at least one outcome of interest were considered for inclusion. Both percutaneous coronary intervention and cardiac surgery were included. Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers using predefined criteria. Relevant outcomes included mortality, cardiac index, cardiac enzymes, length of stay and post-procedural atrial fibrillation.

Results
The meta-analysis included 729 patients from 17 studies. Levosimendan was associated with a mortality reduction after coronary revascularization, (19/386 in the levosimendan group vs 39/343 in the control arm) odds ratio (OR) 0.40 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21 to 0.76, P for overall effect 0.005, P for heterogeneity = 0.33, I2 = 12% with a total of 729 patients. Levosimendan also had a favourable effect on cardiac index (standardised mean difference 1.63, 95% CI 1.43 to 1.83, P for overall effect < 0.00001), length of intensive care stay (random effects model, mean difference - 26.18 hours 95% CI 46.20 to 6.16, P for heterogeneity < 0.00001, I2 = 95%, P for overall effect P = 0.01), reductions in the rate of atrial fibrillation (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.82, P for effect = 0.004, P for heterogeneity 0.84, I2 = 0% for 465 patients) and troponin I levels group (mean difference -1.59, 95% CI 1.78 to 1.40, P for overall effect < 0.00001, P for heterogeneity < 0.00001, I2 = 95%). Limitations of this analysis are discussed.

Conclusions
Levosimendan is associated with a significant improvement in mortality after coronary revascularization. There are also improvements in several secondary endpoints. A suitably powered randomised controlled trial is required to confirm these findings and to address the unresolved questions about the timing and dosing of levosimendan.
Prevalence of dementia in African–Caribbean compared with
UK-born White older people: two-stage cross-sectional study
Authors: Adelman Simon , Blanchard Martin , Rait Greta , Leavey Gerard , Livingston Gill 
Published: June 2011

BackgroundPreliminary studies in the UK, all using screening instruments of unknown
cultural validity, indicate that there may be an increased prevalence of
dementia in African–Caribbean people, possibly related to vascular risk
factors and potentially amenable to preventative measures.AimsTo determine the prevalence of dementia in older people of
African–Caribbean country of birth compared with their White UK-born
counterparts.MethodA total of 218 people of African–Caribbean country of birth and 218 White
UK-born people aged ⩾60 years were recruited from five general practices
in North London. Those who screened positive for cognitive impairment
using a culturally valid instrument were offered a standardised
diagnostic interview. Two independent assessors diagnosed dementia
according to standard operationalised criteria.ResultsAfrican–Caribbean participants were 2 years younger, and those with
dementia nearly 8 years younger than their White counterparts. The
prevalence of dementia was significantly higher in the African–Caribbean
(9.6%) than the White group (6.9%) after adjustment for the confounders
age and socioeconomic status (odds ratio (OR) = 3.1, 95%CI 1.3–7.3,
P = 0.012).ConclusionsThere is an increased prevalence of dementia in older people of
African–Caribbean country of birth in the UK and at younger ages than in
the indigenous White population. These findings have implications for
service provision and preventive interventions. Further research is
needed to explore the role of vascular risk factors and social adversity
in the excess of dementia in this population.
Increased serum and bone matrix levels of transforming growth factor β1 in patients with GH deficiency in response to GH treatment
Authors: Ueland Thor , Lekva Tove , Otterdal Kari , Dahl Tuva B , Olarescu Nicoleta Cristina , Jørgensen Anders P , Fougner Kristian J , Brixen Kim , Aukrust Pål , Bollerslev J 
Published: June 2011

ObjectivePatients with adult onset GH deficiency (aoGHD) have secondary osteoporosis, which is reversed by long-term GH substitution. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1 or TGFB1) is abundant in bone tissue and could mediate some effects of GH/IGFs on bone. We investigated its regulation by GH/IGF1in vivoandin vitro.Design and methodsThe effects of GH substitution (9–12 months, placebo controlled) on circulating and cortical bone matrix contents of TGFβ1 were investigated in patients with aoGHD. The effects of GH/IGF1 on TGFβ1 secretion in osteoblasts (hFOB), adipocytes, and THP-1 macrophages as well as the effects on release from platelets were investigatedin vitro.ResultsIn vivoGH substitution increased TGFβ1 protein levels in cortical bone and serum.In vitro, GH/IGF1 stimulation induced a significant increase in TGFβ1 secretion in hFOB. In contrast, no major effect of GH/IGF1 on TGFβ1 was found in adipocytes and THP-1 macrophages. Finally, a minor modifying effect on SFLLRN-stimulated platelet release of TGFβ1 was observed in the presence of IGF1.ConclusionGH substitution increases TGFβ1in vivoandin vitro, and this effect could contribute to improved bone metabolism during such therapy, potentially reflecting direct effect of GH/IGF1 on bone cells.
Voice Conversion Using Pitch Shifting Algorithm by Time Stretching with PSOLA and Re-Sampling
Authors: Mousa Allam 
Published: June 2011

Voice Conversion Using Pitch Shifting Algorithm by Time Stretching with PSOLA and Re-SamplingVoice changing has many applications in the industry and commercial filed. This paper emphasizes voice conversion using a pitch shifting method which depends on detecting the pitch of the signal (fundamental frequency) using Simplified Inverse Filter Tracking (SIFT) and changing it according to the target pitch period using time stretching with Pitch Synchronous Over Lap Add Algorithm (PSOLA), then resampling the signal in order to have the same play rate. The same study was performed to see the effect of voice conversion when some Arabic speech signal is considered. Treatment of certain Arabic voiced vowels and the conversion between male and female speech has shown some expansion or compression in the resulting speech. Comparison in terms of pitch shifting is presented here. Analysis was performed for a single frame and a full segmentation of speech.
A Simple Robust PID Controller Design Method Based on Sine Wave Identification of the Uncertain Plant
Authors: Bucz Štefan , Marič Ladislav , Harsányi Ladislav , Veselý Vojtech 
Published: June 2011

A Simple Robust PID Controller Design Method Based on Sine Wave Identification of the Uncertain PlantThe paper deals with the development and application of a new simple empirical approach to the design of robust PID controllers for technological processes in industrial practice. The main advantage of the proposed approach is the possibility to specify the required performance before the design algorithm implementation. Identification of characteristic data of the black-box type plant with varying parameters is carried out using the sine wave excitation signal, thus allowing to design the controller without necessarily knowing the mathematical model of the plant. The proposed approach has been verified on a real-world physical process.