bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extreme Precipitation over the West Coast of North America: Is There a Trend?
Authors: Mass Clifford , Skalenakis Adam , Warner Michael 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Heavy precipitation and the resulting flooding are the most serious weather-related hazards over the west coast of North America. This paper analyzes the trends in heavy precipitation for the period 1950–2009 by examining the decadal distributions of the top 60, 40, and 20 two-day precipitation events for a collection of stations along the coastal zone of the United States and British Columbia, as well as the decadal distribution of maximum daily discharge for unregulated rivers from northern California to Washington State. During the past 60 years there has been a modest increase in heavy precipitation events over southern and central coastal California, a decline in heavy events from northern California through the central Oregon coast, a substantial increase in major events over Washington, and a modest increase over coastal British Columbia. Most of these trends are not significantly different from zero at the 95% level. The trends in maximum daily discharge of unregulated rivers are consistent with the above pattern, with increasing discharges over the past three decades over Washington and northern Oregon and declines over the remainder of Oregon and northern California. Finally, the above trends in heavy rainfall and daily discharge are compared to the future patterns indicated by general circulation models under various global warming scenarios.
Finescale Instabilities of the Double-Diffusive Shear Flow*
Authors: Radko Timour , Stern Melvin E. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This study examines dynamics of finescale instabilities in thermohaline–shear flows. It is shown that the presence of the background diapycnal temperature and salinity fluxes due to double diffusion has a destabilizing effect on the basic current. Using linear stability analysis based on the Floquet theory for the sinusoidal basic velocity profile, the authors demonstrate that the well-known Richardson number criterion (Ri &lt; ¼) cannot be directly applied to doubly diffusive fluids. Rigorous instabilities are predicted to occur for Richardson numbers as high as—or even exceeding—unity. The inferences from the linear theory are supported by the fully nonlinear numerical simulations. Since the Richardson number in the main thermocline rarely drops below ¼, whereas the observations of turbulent patches are common, the authors hypothesize that some turbulent mixing events can be attributed to the finescale instabilities associated with double-diffusive processes.
Evaluation of Weather Radar with Pulse Compression: Performance of a Fuzzy Logic Tornado Detection Algorithm
Authors: Alberts Timothy A. , Chilson Phillip B. , Cheong B. L. , Palmer R. D. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Trends in current weather research involve active phased-array radar systems that have several advantages over conventional radars with klystron or magnetron transmitters. However, phased-array radars generally do not have the same peak transmit power capability as conventional systems so they must transmit longer pulses to maintain an equivalent average power on target. Increasing transmits pulse duration increases range gate size but the use of pulse compression offers a means of recovering the otherwise lost resolution. To evaluate pulse compression for use in future weather radar systems, modifications to a weather radar simulator have been made to incorporate phase-coding into its functionality. Data derived from Barker-coded pulses with matched and mismatched filters were compared with data obtained from uncoded pulses to evaluate the pulse compression performance. Additionally, pulse compression was simulated using data collected from an experimental radar to validate the simulated results. The data derived from both experimental and simulated methods were then applied to a fuzzy logic tornado detection algorithm to examine the effects of the pulse compression process. It was found that the fuzzy logic process was sufficiently robust to maintain high levels of detection accuracy with low false alarm rates even though biases were observed in the pulse-compressed data.
Model Uncertainty in a Mesoscale Ensemble Prediction System: Stochastic versus Multiphysics Representations
Authors: Berner J. , Ha S.-Y. , Hacker J. P. , Fournier A. , Snyder C. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
A multiphysics and a stochastic kinetic-energy backscatter scheme are employed to represent model uncertainty in a mesoscale ensemble prediction system using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Both model-error schemes lead to significant improvements over the control ensemble system that is simply a downscaled global ensemble forecast with the same physics for each ensemble member. The improvements are evident in verification against both observations and analyses, but different in some details. Overall the stochastic kinetic-energy backscatter scheme outperforms the multiphysics scheme, except near the surface. Best results are obtained when both schemes are used simultaneously, indicating that the model error can best be captured by a combination of multiple schemes.
Correlation of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit and Total Rotational Motion to Shoulder Injuries in Professional Baseball Pitchers
Authors: Wilk Kevin E. , Macrina Leonard C. , Fleisig Glenn S. , Porterfield Ronald , Simpson Charles D. , Harker Paul , Paparesta Nick , Andrews James R. 
Published: December 2010

Background: Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) indicates a 20° or greater loss of internal rotation of the throwing shoulder compared with the nondominant shoulder. Purpose: To determine whether GIRD and a deficit in total rotational motion (external rotation + internal rotation) compared with the nonthrowing shoulder correlate with shoulder injuries in professional baseball pitchers. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Over 3 competitive seasons (2005 to 2007), passive range of motion measurements were evaluated on the dominant and nondominant shoulders for 170 pitcher-seasons. This included 122 professional pitchers during the 3 seasons of data collection, in which some pitchers were measured during multiple seasons. Ranges of motion were measured with a bubble goniometer during the preseason, by the same examiner each year. External and internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint was assessed with the participant supine and the arm abducted 90° in the plane of the scapula, with the scapula stabilized anteriorly at the coracoid process. The reproducibility of the test methods had an intraclass correlation coefficient of .81. Days in which the player was unable to participate because of injury or surgery were recorded during the season by the medical staff of the team and defined as an injury. Results: Pitchers with GIRD (n = 40) were nearly twice as likely to be injured as those without but without statistical significance ( P = .17). Pitchers with total rotational motion deficit greater than 5° had a higher rate of injury. Minor league pitchers were more likely than major league pitchers to be injured. However, when players were injured, major league pitchers missed a significantly greater number of games than minor league pitchers. Conclusion: Compared with pitchers without GIRD, pitchers with GIRD appear to be at a higher risk for injury and shoulder surgery.
The novel receptor tyrosine kinase Axl is constitutively active in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acts as a docking site of nonreceptor kinases: implications for therapy
Authors: Ghosh Asish K. , Secreto Charla , Boysen Justin , Sassoon Traci , Shanafelt Tait D. , Mukhopadhyay Debabrata , Kay Neil E. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Recently, we detected that chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B-cell–derived microvesicles in CLL plasma carry a constitutively phosphorylated novel receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), Axl, indicating that Axl was acquired from the leukemic B cells. To examine Axl status in CLL, we determined the expression of phosphorylated-Axl (P-Axl) in freshly isolated CLL B cells by Western blot analysis. We detected differential levels of P-Axl in CLL B cells, and further analysis showed that expression of P-Axl was correlated with the other constitutively phosphorylated kinases, including Lyn, phosphoinositide-3 kinase, SyK/ζ-associated protein of 70 kDa, phospholipase C γ2 in CLL B cells. We found that these intracellular signaling molecules were complexed with P-Axl in primary CLL B cells. When Axl and Src kinases were targeted by a Src/Abl kinase inhibitor, bosutinib (SKI-606), or a specific-inhibitor of Axl (R428), robust induction of CLL B-cell apoptosis was observed in both a dose- and time-dependent manner. Therefore, we have identified a novel RTK in CLL B cells which appears to work as a docking site for multiple non-RTKs and drives leukemic cell survival signals. These findings highlight a unique target for CLL treatment.
O Cant: Singing the Race Music of Jean Toomer's Cane
Authors: Graham T. Austin 
Published: December 2010

Graham considers Jean Toomer's Cane from a musicological perspective and discusses the novel's musical poetics with an ear toward 1920s discussions of African American folk culture, preservationism, and the mediation of song. At the time of Cane's publication, Toomer's poems—modeled on African American spirituals—could be appreciated and sung by readers of various ethnic backgrounds. This essay argues that their musicality and performability were ultimately intended to promote interracial empathy and to elide racial difference.
Other topics of the essay include turn-of-the-century American theater, Tin Pan Alley and the music industry, anthropology and ethnography in the southern United States, and Toomer's debts or relations to other writers of the Harlem Renaissance, among them James Weldon Johnson, Zora Neale Hurston, Alain Locke, and Langston Hughes.
Temperature-Dependent Change of Extraction Performance of Soft Cadmium(II) Ion with TPEN–NIPA Gel. Studies on the Effect of the Ethylenediamine Skeleton
Authors: Maekawa Tetsuya , Kida Tatsuya , Miyazaki Yuji , Watanabe Wataru , Inaba Yusuke , Takeshita Kenji , Mori Atsunori 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
TPEN (N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine) derivatives of different skeleton of the ethylene moiety are designed and synthesized. The obtained product is subjected to radical copolymerization with N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) to afford the polymer gel. Temperature-dependent extraction performance of TPEN derivatives and the corresponding polymer gels is compared at different temperatures and pH values.
Species richness and distribution of non-volant small mammals along an elevational gradient on a Mediterranean mountain
Authors: Kryštufek Boris , Donev Nataša Režek , Skok Janko 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
We explored the alpha and gamma patterns in species richness of non-volant small mammals on Mt. Snežnik (sea level: 1796 m) on the northern edge of the Mediterranean Basin. A total of 2871 individuals were sampled belonging to 23 different species of rodents and soricomorphs. Two estimates of true species richness (sample-based rarefaction and abundance-based coverage estimator of species richness, ACE) yielded very similar values to empirical data. The empirical number of species varied between 4 and 11 per station in alpha-richness and between 5 and 17 per 200 m elevational interval in gamma-richness. The 95% confidence intervals for ACE overlapped between elevations in both data sets, hence not a single sampling site or elevational interval emerged statistically richest or poorest in the number of species. The two patterns responded to elevation in a very different way but any of the curves was decidedly humped. The mid-domain effect predictions failed to reproduce the pattern of observed or estimated species richness, and hence the ranges were located non-randomly along the elevational gradient. The pattern of distribution and diversity is supposedly generated by the environmental variables correlated to the elevation, which vary in a non-random manner with elevation.
Distribution of sigmodontine rodents in Northwestern Argentina: main gaps in information and new records
Authors: Jayat J. Pablo , Ortiz Pablo E. , Pacheco S. , González R. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Many uncertainties remain regarding our knowledge of sigmodontine rodent distributions in Northwestern Argentina. Most of the available information has never been critically evaluated. By reviewing the published literature and overlaying this information with other spatial layers (political, environmental, infrastructure, protected areas, and topographic layers), we identified information gaps and added new localities. The new records were obtained through field surveys, including captures and owl pellet samples. In the literature, we found 561 localities, most of them published in the past decade. These records come mainly from low-altitude areas in Salta province, as well as some higher-altitude belts in Yungas, and strongly associated with roads. Records from protected areas were scarce. Akodon, Calomys, Oligoryzomys, and Phyllotis were recorded for most of the localities. We add 18 new localities for 14 species, including the first records of Akodon dolores in Tucumán province, Necromys lasiurus in Santiago del Estero and Tucumán, and Calomys lepidus in Catamarca. We add records for poorly known species such as Andalgalomys olrogi in the Capital department (Catamarca) and Auliscomys sublimis and Neotomys ebriosus in Cochinoca (Jujuy) and La Poma (Salta). We emphasize the need for more surveys to obtain an adequate knowledge of the distribution of most sigmodontines.
Effects of contrasting habitats on population parameters and diet of Apodemus sylvaticus (Rodentia) in south-western Iceland
Authors: Unnsteinsdottir Ester Rut , Hersteinsson Pall 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Population parameters, body mass and diet of Apodemus sylvaticus were compared in two nearby study sites in south-western Iceland: open grassland and mixed woodland. Live trapping was conducted at approximately 5 week intervals from September 2004 to October 2005. In addition, mice were caught in snap-traps every month to estimate food composition from stomach contents. Estimated population density was up to 10 times higher in the woodland than in grassland but seasonal dynamics were the same, with peak density in autumn and low density in spring. Apparent monthly survival varied greatly throughout the winter in the grassland, ranging from 39% to 78%, but was stable at around 60% in the woodland. Mice fed predominantly on seeds in all seasons, with an exception during the spring when arthropod larvae were the most common food type. Food varied more by seasons than by habitats, but evidently mice from the woodland were less likely to feed on green material and showed more seasonal fluctuations in seed consumption. During mid-winter, woodland mice of both sexes were heavier than mice in the grassland. To some extent, the observed differences in density, survival, weight and diet could be reflecting differences in habitat quality in the two contrasting habitat types.
New Methodology for pH Measurements in Fuel Ethanol Using Glass Electrode
Authors: Moutinho da Silva Ricardo , Borges Paulo Paschoal , Fraga Isabel Cristina Serta , Stradiotto Nelson Ramos 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Studies carried out with glass electrode in anhydrous ethanol and ethanol-water solutions for measuring pH values have shown that this parameter depends on the solution composition, the contact time with the solution, the utilized temperature, and the type of electrolyte used. It was also observed that the glass electrode behavior in an acid medium differs from an alkaline medium. These studies provided correction factors for pH values from 2 to 12, allowing the realization of proper measurements of the hydrogen ionic activity in the ethanol-water and anhydrous ethanol solutions. However, these correction factors could not be applied to the fuel ethanol. Alternatively, a new method was developed for the correction of the pH values, which can be applied in hydrous and anhydrous fuel ethanol samples.
Isolation and antifungal sensitivity to Candida isolates in young females
Authors: Adesiji Y. , Ndukwe N. , Okanlawon B. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA survey of 104 sexually active young females tested on on cervico-vaginal swabs showed that 26 of the females (25%) had vulvovaginal candidiasis with a species distribution of Candida isolates accounting for 13 (50%) with C. albicans, 6 (23%) with C. glabrata, 1 (4%) with C. krusei, and 6 (23%) with C. tropicalis. Of the 26 (25 %) subjects that were positive for VVC, 8 (7.8 %) were symptomatic and 18 (18.8 %) were asymptomatic. However, distribution among different age groups revealed an increase in the 23–27 age group. The comparative analysis of sensitivity of the given fungi to the number of antimycotic preparations used revealed the following: in fluconazole, 2 (7.8%) isolates were sensitive, 5 (19.2%) were susceptible and dose dependent, and 19 (73%) were resistant. For voriconazole, 4 (18.4%) isolates were sensitive, 6 (23.1%) were susceptible and dose dependent, and 16 (61.5%) were resistant. For nystatin, 5 (19.2%) isolates were sensitive, 10 (38.5%) were susceptible and dose dependent, and 11 (42.3%) were resistant. It appears that Candida isolates have a variable resistance response, but 19 (73%) had maximum resistance of the isolated fungi of the genus Candida to fluconazole. Therefore, further studies on the evaluation of combination therapy should be considered for a better outcome in treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Mechanisms controlling lipid accumulation and polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in oleaginous fungi
Authors: Laoteng Kobkul , Čertík Milan , Cheevadhanark Supapon 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are functional lipids that have been widely incorporated into several industrial sectors. Apart from animal- and plant-derived origins, oleaginous fungi belonging to Mucorales have been identified as promising alternatives for production of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs. It was found, in Mucorales fungi, that ATP:citrate lyase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and malic enzyme trigger lipid overproduction, and biosynthesis of PUFA requires membrane-bound desaturases with fatty acyl substrate specificities. Accumulation of PUFAs in the cells is associated not only with the desaturation system, but it is also tightly bound with acyltransferases that facilitate the distribution of newly synthesized PUFA to individual lipid structures. Several physical parameters, such as temperature, aeration, and nutrient regimes, greatly affect either the lipid content or fatty acid composition among different Mucorales species. Conclusive evidence showed that the PUFA production yield of the fungi depends on the environmental control of “oleaginous” enzymes, and on the transcriptional expression of the desaturase genes. These valuable studies provide perspectives with biological rationale for microbial production of economically important lipids.
How to determine parameters of soft mode from dielectric spectroscopy performed using cells with ITO electrodes?
Authors: Perkowski P. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIndium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes are widely used for liquid crystal applications as well as for measuring cells. Unfortunately, ITO layer possesses its own non zero resistivity R, which produces (with the cell capacity C0) the cut-off frequency f0 of RC0 circuit. From this reason, dielectric spectroscopy for high frequencies cannot be performed directly. The limits of classical method of extracting high frequency losses are shortly discussed. The new method of extracting high frequency losses is used for the first time for the experimental data. The new method can also evaluate the shrinkage of measuring cell gap after filling with liquid crystal.
VCSEL structures used to suppress higher-order transverse modes
Authors: Nakwaski W. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCurrently unwanted excitation of higher-order transverse modes is the most serious drawback of vertical-cavity surface-emitting diode lasers (VCSELs) limiting their possible applications. In the present paper, various methods used to suppress those modes are described and their effectiveness is compared. It is well known that, because of a nearly uniform current injection into their active regions, small-aperture VCSELs without any modification offer quite high single-fundamental-mode (SFM) output. However, their series resistance is often too high, which aggravates their high-modulation performance. Similarly uniform current injection may be also achieved with the aid of a tunnelling junction. Generally, methods suppressing higher-order modes take advantage of higher optical gain within the central part of the active region, higher radiation losses outside this region and/or higher central mirror reflectivity. Currently, applications of a tunnel junction, an impurity-induced disordering or an inverted shallow surface relief seem to be the simplest and the most effective methods. The deep etched holey structure or the ARROW structure enable obtaining similar single-mode output powers but they may be used in special cases only because of their complex technology. Photonic crystals may probably enable more advanced mechanisms of suppressing higher-order modes in future because currently their application seems to be still far from being optimised.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Preliminary Evidence of Abnormal Neural Connectivity
Authors: Jou Roger J. , Jackowski Andrea P. , Papademetris Xenophon , Rajeevan Nallakkandi , Staib Lawrence H. , Volkmar Fred R. 
Published: December 2010

Objective: This study indirectly tested the hypothesis that individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have impaired neural connections between the amygdala, fusiform face area, and superior temporal sulcus, key processing nodes of the ‘social brain’. This would be evidenced by abnormalities in the major fibre tracts known to connect these structures, including the inferior longitudinal fasciculus and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus. Method: Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging was performed on 20 right-handed males (ASD = 10, controls = 10) with a mean age 13.5 ± 4.0 years. Subjects were group-matched according to age, full-scale IQ, handedness, and ethnicity. Fractional anisotropy was used to assess structural integrity of major fibre tracts. Voxel-wise comparison of white matter fractional anisotropy was conducted between groups using ANCOVA adjusting for age, full-scale IQ, and brain volume. Volumes of interest were identified using predetermined probability and cluster thresholds. Follow-up tractography was performed to confirm the anatomic location of all volumes of interest which were observed primarily in peri-callosal regions and the temporal lobes. Results: The regions of lower fractional anisotropy, as confirmed by tractography, involved the inferior longitudinal fasciculus/inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, and corpus callosum/cingulum. Notably, some volumes of interest were adjacent to the fusiform face area, bilaterally, corresponding to involvement of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus. The largest effect sizes were noted for volumes of interest in the right anterior radiation of the corpus callosum/cingulum and right fusiform face area (inferior longitudinal fasciculus). Conclusions: This study provides preliminary evidence of impaired neural connectivity in the corpus callosum/cingulum and temporal lobes involving the inferior longitudinal fasciculus/inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and superior longitudinal fasciculus in ASDs. These findings provide preliminary support for aberrant neural connectivity between the amygdala, fusiform face area, and superior temporal sulcus–temporal lobe structures critical for normal social perception and cognition.