bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical Fibres for High‐Power Single‐Mode Beam Delivery
Authors: Abdou‐Ahmed Marwan , Voss Andreas 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe unique flexibility of fibre‐based single‐mode beam delivery enables a broad range of applications, including laser materials processing. But, due to certain nonlinear effects, the power that can be delivered through an optical fibre is limited. Therefore, an overview of the fibres useful for high‐power single‐mode beam delivery is presented. For example, certain multi‐mode fibres, which can deliver single‐mode radiation despite their multi‐modedness, are an interesting alternative to the more common true single‐mode fibres.
Light Fields Can Tailor the Microscopic World
Authors: Woerdemann Mike , Alpmann Christina , Denz Cornelia 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe manipulation of microscopic particles solely by light has reached a high level of sophistication and versatility. While simple optical tweezers have become a standard technology in many laboratories nowadays, in particular the holographic shaping of laser light fields has dramatically increased potential applications of optical micromanipulation. In this article, we briefly introduce the basic concepts of holographic beam shaping, and show a selection of cuttingedge applications in the field of optical micromanipulation.
Testing the Limits
Authors: Mikhail Ra'ef 
Published: May 2012

AbstractReflective and refractive optics such as mirrors, windows, lenses, filters, polarizers, and prisms are used to reliably manipulate high energy laser beams. A designer must consider variables such as wavelength, cost, and system geometry to select the appropriate optics to produce highly reliable and robust systems. An often overlooked factor is Laser Damage Threshold (LDT).
Photonic Integrated Circuits for Optical Communication
Authors: Meister Stefan , Franke Bülent , Eichler Hans Joachim , Kupijai Sebastian , Rhee Hanjo , Al‐Saadi AWS , Zimmermann Lars 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIntegrated optics especially on silicon wafer allows fabrication of highly complex Photonic Integrated Circuits (PIC) for optical communications. PICs are a promising approach to handle the quickly growing data traffic in the near future where pure copper based electronic will fail to satisfy the requirements of bandwidth and distance. For the realization of industrial applications an optical components library containing the individual passive and active devices, e.g. waveguides, filters, eo‐modulators, etc., for the PICs is needed.
Plasma leakage through glomerular basement membrane ruptures triggers the proliferation of parietal epithelial cells and crescent formation in non‐inflammatory glomerular injury
Authors: Ryu Mi , Migliorini Adriana , Miosge Nicolai , Gross Oliver , Shankland Stuart , Brinkkoetter Paul T , Hagmann Henning , Romagnani Paola , Liapis Helen , Anders Hans‐Joachim 
Published: May 2012

AbstractGlomerular crescents are most common in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis but also occur in non‐inflammatory chronic glomerulopathies; thus, factors other than inflammation should trigger crescent formation, eg vascular damage and plasma leakage. Here we report that Alport nephropathy in Col4A3‐deficient Sv129 mice is complicated by diffuse and global crescent formation in which proliferating parietal epithelial cells are the predominant cell type. Laminin staining and transmission and acellular scanning electron microscopy of acellular glomeruli documented disruptions and progressive disintegration of the glomerular basement membrane in Col4A3‐deficient mice. FITC‐dextran perfusion further revealed vascular leakage from glomerular capillaries into Bowman's space, further documented by fibrin deposits in the segmental crescents. Its pathogenic role was validated by showing that the fibrinolytic activity of recombinant urokinase partially prevented crescent formation. In addition, in vitro studies confirmed an additional mitogenic potential of serum on murine and human parietal epithelial cells. Furthermore, loss of parietal cell polarity and unpolarized secretion of extracellular matrix components were evident within fibrocellular crescents. Among 665 human Alport nephropathy biopsies, crescent formation was noted in 0.4%. We conclude that glomerular vascular injury and GBM breaks cause plasma leakage which triggers a wound healing programme involving the proliferation of parietal cells and their loss of polarity. This process can trigger cellular and fibrocellular crescent formation even in the absence of cellular inflammation and rupture of the Bowman's capsule. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behandlung der akuten lymphoblastischen Leukämie im Kindesalter
Authors: Stanulla Martin , Bourquin Jean‐Pierre 
Published: May 2012

AbstractDie akute lymphoblastische Leukämie (ALL) ist die häufigste maligne Erkrankung des Kindesalters und besitzt sowohl für klinische als auch Grundlagen‐orientierte Forschung seit den frühen 1960er Jahren Modellcharakter. Dank dieser langen und gut organisierten Forschungsanstrengungen können Kinder mit ALL heute in über 80 % erfolgreich therapiert werden.
Spätfolgen nach erfolgreicher Therapie einer ALL im Kindes‐ und Jugendalter
Authors: Langer Thorsten 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAufgrund der hohen Heilungsraten nach der Behandlung einer akuten lymphoblastischen Leukämie (ALL) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen wächst die Kohorte der überlebenden ehemaligen Patienten und viele erreichen das Erwachsenenalter.
Immuntherapien mit allogenen NK‐Zellen nach Stammzelltransplantation
Authors: Klöß Stephan , Köhl Ulrike 
Published: May 2012

AbstractNatürliche Killer‐Zellen (NK‐Zellen) sind als essentieller Bestandteil des angeborenen Immunsystems an der Zerstörung von malignen Körperzellen beteiligt, wobei die Zellerkennung über eine Balance von Signalen aktivierender und inhibierender Rezeptoren vermittelt wird.
Nicht‐agonistische Inhibitoren der Cdk5‐abhängigen Phosphorylierung von PPARγ als Insulin‐Sensitizer der Zukunft?
Authors: Merk Daniel , Schubert‐Zsilavecz Manfred 
Published: May 2012

AbstractNukleäre Rezeptoren haben als pharmakologische Targets in den letzten Jahrzehnten großes pharmazeutisches und medizinisches Interesse erfahren. Insbesondere die Familie der Peroxisome‐Proliferator‐activated Receptors (PPAR) wurde intensiv sowohl auf dem akademischen wie auf dem industriellen Sektor beforscht und galt lange Zeit als guter Angriffspunkt zur Behandlung metabolischer Erkrankungen wie Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 (T2DM) und Hypertriglyceridämie.
Comparative study of aluminum diethylphosphinate and aluminum methylethylphosphinate‐filled epoxy flame‐retardant composites
Authors: Liu Xue‐qing , Liu Ji‐yan , Cai Shao‐jun 
Published: May 2012

AbstractEpoxy resin (EP) is one of the main polymers in electrical and electronic applications. In this work, flame‐retardant epoxy resin composites based on aluminum diethylphosphinate (Al(DEP)) and aluminum methylethylphosphinate (Al(MEP) were prepared using aromatic amine 4, 4‐diaminodiphenylmethane as curing agent. The flammability, thermal degradation, flexural properties, and morphologies of composites were investigated with respect to the filler loading and filler type. Results showed that both Al(MEP) and Al(DEP) were efficient flame retardants for EP and a low dosage (15 wt%) is enough to achieve the important criterion UL 94 V‐0. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) of composites is increased with filler loading (phosphorus content) and reached of 32.2% for 15 wt% of Al(MEP) and 29.8 for 15 wt% of Al(DEP). The char formation and flexural modulus of composites are also improved by adding the two fillers. However, the flexural strength of all the composites decreased with increasing filler loading. In comparison with Al(DEP)/EP, Al(MEP)/EP provides a higher flammability, better thermal stability and char formation but inferior flexural properties. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the dispersion of Al(DEP) filler in the EP matrix is more uniform and exhibits better compatibility with EP matrix, which in turn generates better flexural strength and higher modulus when compared with Al(MEP)‐filled EP composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Evaluation of Anti‐oxidant Activity and Identification of Major Polyphenolics of the Invasive Weed Oxalis pes‐caprae
Authors: Güçlütürk Ilknur , Detsi Anastasia , Weiss Erika Krisztina , Ioannou Efstathia , Roussis Vassilios , Kefalas Panagiotis 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTIntroductionPhytochemical analyses of weeds, many of which have been used in traditional medicine worldwide, could lead to the identification of secondary metabolites with significant biological activity.ObjectiveTo perform an assessment of the chemical composition and exploitation potential of the invasive weed Oxalis pes‐caprae. To evaluate the anti‐oxidant activity of its extracts and isolate and characterise polyphenolic metabolites using LC‐DAD‐MS (ESI+) and NMR methods.MethodologyAerial parts of the invasive weed O. pes‐caprae were extracted with solvents of increasing polarity and their major polyphenolic metabolites were identified by LC‐DAD‐MS (ESI+). The total phenolic content of the extracts was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, while their anti‐oxidant activity was evaluated on the basis of their ability to scavenge the stable free radical 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl and hydrogen peroxide.ResultsThe major polyphenolic constituents of the extracts were tentatively characterised as chlorogenic acid, quinic ferulate, luteolin glucoside and cernuoside according to their MS and UV spectroscopic data. Cernuoside, an aureusidin glucoside, was isolated from the methanolic extract of the weed's flowers and its structure was unambiguously identified by 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy. The butanol extract of O. pes‐caprae displayed the highest anti‐oxidant activity.ConclusionThe metabolic profile of O. pes‐caprae was studied and the structures of the major polyphenolic metabolites based on their MS and UV–vis spectra were tentatively assigned. The aureusidin glucoside cernuoside was isolated and characterised for the first time from O. pes‐caprae. The extracts exhibited high levels of anti‐oxidant activity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linkage of routinely collected oncology clinical data with health insurance claims data—an example with aromatase inhibitors, tamoxifen, and all‐cause mortality
Authors: Dore David D. , Liang Caihua , Ziyadeh Najat , Norman Heather , Bayliss Martha , Seeger John D. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTPurposeStudies of cancer based solely on health insurance claims data typically lack information on cancer clinical characteristics that are strong predictors of treatment and prognosis. Our objective was to evaluate routinely collected cancer clinical data for adjustment of confounding using an example evaluation of mortality associated with aromatase inhibitors and tamoxifen.MethodsThis cohort study identified women with breast cancer from 2008 through 2010 using health insurance claims data linked to clinical information on stage at diagnosis, current clinical status, histology, and other clinical markers. Estimated mortality rates (MRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were compared between users of aromatase inhibitors or tamoxifen, adjusted for claims‐identified covariates and additionally for the clinical variables using propensity scores and proportional hazards regression models.ResultsThe overall (n = 7974) estimated MR was 69/1000 person‐years (95%CI = 62–76 person‐years), 308/1000 person‐years (95% CI = 273–345 person‐years) for women with metastasis, and 12/1000 person‐years (95%CI = 8–16 person‐years) for women without active cancer. Propensity score matching of aromatase inhibitor users (n = 777) with tamoxifen users (n = 535) removed many, but not all, covariate imbalances. The hazard ratios (HRs) of all‐cause mortality comparing users of aromatase inhibitors with tamoxifen users ranged from 1.0 to 1.6, with the HR most similar to previous clinical trials (0.87) coming from the claims‐only analysis.ConclusionsWe were able to address potential unmeasured confounders by linking clinical information to the claims data; however, there was no apparent improvement in confounding control in the chosen example. Conditioning eligibility on the clinical data restricted the sample size substantially. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methacrylated calix[4]arene phosphonic acids as functionalized crosslinker for radical polymerization
Authors: Garska Bernd , Tabatabai Monir , Fischer Urs , Moszner Norbert , Utterodt Andreas , Ritter Helmut 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe describe the synthesis of 5,11,17,23‐tetra‐tert‐butyl‐25,27‐dioxypropylphosphonic acid‐26,28‐dimethacryloyloxy‐calix [4]arene and 5,11,17,23‐tetra‐tert‐butyl‐25‐oxypropylphosphonic acid‐27‐hydroxy‐26,28‐dimethacryloyloxy‐calix[4]arene starting from para‐tert‐butyl‐calix[4]arene. The complete reaction was proved by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The influence of these compounds on the kinetics of the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate was shown by dilatometry. Furthermore, the adhesive properties of dental adhesives containing these calix[4]arene derivatives were investigated. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of highly soluble and transparent polyimides
Authors: Huang Xiaohua , Huang Wei , Liu Jinyao , Meng Lili , Yan Deyue 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA novel aromatic diamine, 3,3′‐diisopropyl‐4,4′‐diaminophenyl‐4″‐methyltoluene with a 4‐methylphenyl pendant group and isopropyl side groups, was designed and synthesized in this study. Then it was polymerized with various aromatic dianhydrides including pyromellitic dianhydride, 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride, 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride and 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride via a one‐pot high temperature polycondensation procedure to produce a series of aromatic polyimides. These polyimides exhibited excellent solubility even in common organic solvents, such as chloroform and tetrahydrofuran. The flexible and tough films can be conveniently obtained by solution casting. The films were nearly colorless and exhibited high optical transparency, with the UV cutoff wavelength in the range 302–365 nm and the wavelength of 80% transparency in the range 385–461 nm. Moreover, they showed low dielectric constants (2.73–3.23 at 1 MHz) and low moisture absorption (0.13%–0.46%). Furthermore, they also possessed good thermal and thermo‐oxidative stability with 10% weight loss temperatures (T10%) in the range 489–507 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. The glass transition temperatures of all polyimides are in the range 262–308 °C. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Polymerization kinetics and thermal properties of poly(alkyl methacrylate)/organomodified montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Achilias Dimitris S , Siafaka Panoraia , Nikolaidis Alexandros K 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe effect of the presence of organomodified nano‐montmorillonite (MMT) on the free radical polymerization kinetics of either ethyl methacrylate or butyl methacrylate was investigated. The in situ polymerization technique was selected with dispersion of the MMT nanoparticles into the corresponding monomer and subsequent bulk radical polymerization. Different types and amounts of MMT were used, including a sodium and several organomodified clays under the trade names Cloisite Na+ and Cloisite 15A, 25A and 30B. Reaction kinetics was measured gravimetrically and the nanocomposites formed were characterized with X‐ray diffraction (structure), gel permeation chromatography (molar mass distribution) and differential scanning calorimetry (glass transition temperature). Thermal degradation characteristics were measured with thermogravimetric analysis. Additional experiments with styrene as monomer were carried out in order to make clear the effect of the nanofiller on the polymerization kinetics. It was found that the presence of the bulk ammonium salt used as the organic modifier in MMT could influence the reaction kinetics when diffusion‐controlled phenomena occur. Reaction rate was slightly enhanced and nanocomposites with improved thermal stability were formed. In addition, the average molar mass and glass transition temperature of the polymer in the nanocomposites were slightly higher compared to the neat polymer. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Fotografieren in der vierten Dimension
Authors: Ehrmann Andrea , Błachowicz Tomasz 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPlenoptische Kameras können das Lichtfeld einer Szenerie komplett inklusive der Richtung der einfallenden Lichtstrahlen erfassen. Mit dieser Information erzeugen sie Bilder, in denen sich nachträglich die Schärfeebene beliebig wählen lässt. Das macht sie etwa für die Sportfotografie interessant. Andere mögliche Anwendungen des Prinzips sind dreidimensionale Bilder und 3D‐Fernsehen, Bilder mit durchgehend hoher Tiefenschärfe zur Materialprüfung oder die Erhöhung der Tiefenschärfe in der Mikroskopie. Erste Kameras mit akzeptabler Auflösung sind kommerziell erhältlich. Aktuelle Prototypen belegen, dass eine weitere deutliche Steigerung der Auflösung möglich ist.
Molekülleuchten in einer OLED
Authors: Nothaft Maximilian 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOrganische Leuchtdioden (OLEDs) basieren auf kleinen Molekülen oder Polymeren, auf denen bei Anlegen einer elektrischen Spannung Ladungen rekombinieren und dabei Licht aussenden. Eine zusätzliche Dotierung mit Fremdmolekülen eröffnet die Möglichkeit, diese Emissionseigenschaften gezielt anzupassen. Unserer Kooperation von Wissenschaftlern der Universitäten in Stuttgart, Ulm und Würzburg ist es kürzlich erstmals gelungen, ein einzelnes Dotierungsmolekül zur Emission einzelner Photonen anzuregen. Dies ebnet den Weg zu nanoskopischen Photonenquellen, die bei Raumtemperatur arbeiten und Anwendungen in der Quanteninformation versprechen.
Evaluation of the intestinal current measurement method as a diagnostic test for cystic fibrosis
Authors: Cohen‐Cymberknoh Malena , Yaakov Yasmin , Shoseyov David , Shteyer Eyal , Schachar Edna , Rivlin Joseph , Bentur Lea , Picard Elie , Aviram Micha , Israeli Eran , Kerem Eitan , Wilschanski Michael 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe sweat test and nasal potential difference measurement are now established tools in the diagnostic work up of cystic fibrosis (CF). Intestinal current measurement (ICM) is under consideration as an aid in the diagnosis of CF especially in young children. The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic reliability of ICM.MethodsRectal biopsies were obtained from three groups: CF patients, controls, and patients who were suspected for CF. ICMs were performed by mounting the rectal biopsy in an Ussing chamber and sequentially adding secretagogues while recording current changes.ResultsTwenty‐one CF patients (aged 3.0 ± 3.8 years) and 16 controls (aged 15.6 ± 15.1 years) were examined and have remarkably different results (presented as µA/cm2): carbachol 16.3 ± 6.9, histamine 13.2 ± 8.9, and cAMP/forskolin 4.8 ± 4.0 for control group and carbachol −1.5 ± 5.3 (P < 0.0001), histamine −1.5 ± 3.1 (P < 0.0001), and cAMP/forskolin 0.36 ± 0.67 (P < 0.0001) for the CF group. Our suggested reference values are: +5.40, +3.52, +2.19 for carbachol, histamine, and cAMP/forskolin, respectively. The combination parameter (the arithmetic sum of carbachol, histamine, and cAMP/forskolin) of +7.19 differentiates normal from abnormal (ROC curve analysis, area under the curve = 1.00, both sensitivity and specificity are 100%). This statistical model was applied to 71 patients suspected for CF and revealed that 66 patients had normal ICM results (combination >7.19) and five patients had abnormal ICM results (combination <7.19).ConclusionWe have shown that ICM tests may be useful to differentiate between patients suspected to have CF. These results require confirmation so that ICM may be included in diagnostic algorithms. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:229–235. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coarse grain lipid–protein molecular interactions and diffusion with MsbA flippase
Authors: Ward Andrew B. , Guvench Olgun , Hills Ronald D. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractCoarse‐grained (CG) modeling has proven effective for simulating lipid bilayer dynamics on scales of biological interest. Modeling the dynamics of flexible membrane proteins within the bilayer, on the other hand, poses a considerable challenge due to the complexity of the folding or conformational landscape. In the present work, the multiscale coarse‐graining method is applied to atomistic peptide‐lipid “soup” simulations to develop a general set of CG protein–lipid interaction potentials. The reduced model was constructed to be compatible with recent solvent‐free CG models developed for protein–protein folding and lipid–lipid model bilayer interactions. The utility of the force field was demonstrated by molecular dynamics simulation of the MsbA ABC transporter in a mixed DOPC/DOPE bilayer. An elastic network was parameterized to restrain the MsbA dimer in its open, closed and hydrolysis intermediate conformations and its impact on domain flexibility was examined. Conformational stability enabled long‐time dynamics simulation of MsbA freely diffusing in a 25 nm membrane patch. Three‐dimensional density analysis revealed that a shell of weakly bound “annular lipids” solvate the membrane accessible surface of MsbA and its internal substrate‐binding chamber. The annular lipid binding modes, along with local perturbations in head group structure, are a function of the orientation of grooves formed between transmembrane helices and may influence the alternating access mechanism of substrate entry and translocation. Proteins 2012; © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of piperidine and piperideine alkaloids from the venom of red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren, on Pythium ultimum Trow growth in vitro and the application of piperideine alkaloids to control cucumber damping‐off in the greenhouse
Authors: Li Shezeng , Jin Xixuan , Chen Jian 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Pythium ultimum is a plant pathogen that causes significant yield losses on many economically important crops. Chemical treatment has been used for disease control. In searching for alternatives, venom piperidine and piperideine alkaloids from red imported fire ants were tested against P. ultimum in vitro, and piperideines were employed to control cucumber damping‐off in the greenhouse as drench treatments.Results Piperidine and piperideine alkaloids of the red imported fire ant significantly inhibited mycelium growth of P. ultimum. Piperidine alkaloids were stable at both room and elevated temperatures. The inhibitory activity positively correlated with the concentrations of piperidine alkaloids in the medium, and the EC50 = 17.0 µg ml−1. Germination of sporangia of P. ultimum was negatively correlated with the concentrations of piperidine alkaloids in the medium, and the EC50 = 12.3 µg ml−1. The piperideine alkaloid drenching treatment significantly improved seedling emergence and seedling height of cucumber.CONCLUSION: This is the first report describing the use of venom alkaloids from the red imported fire ant to inhibit P. ultimum in the laboratory and the application of piperideine alkaloids to control damping‐off disease caused by P. ultimum in the greenhouse. These findings may lead to the development of a new group of fungicides. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry