bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Herpes Simplex Virus Infects Skin γδ T Cells before Langerhans Cells and Impedes Migration of Infected Langerhans Cells by Inducing Apoptosis and Blocking E-Cadherin Downregulation
Authors: Puttur Franz K. , Fernandez Marian A. , White Rose , Roediger Ben , Cunningham Anthony L. , Weninger Wolfgang , Jones Cheryl A. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The role individual skin dendritic cell (DC) subsets play in the immune response to HSV remains unclear. We investigated the effect of HSV on DC virus uptake, viability, and migration after cutaneous infection in vitro and in vivo. HSV increased the emigration of skin DCs from whole skin explants over 3 d postinfection (p.i.) compared with mock controls, but the kinetics of emigration was influenced by the skin DC subset. Uninfected (bystander) Langerhans cells (LCs) were the major emigrant DC subset at 24 h p.i., but thereafter, large increases in infected CD103+langerin+ dermal DC (dDC) and uninfected langerin− dDC emigration were also observed. LC infection was confirmed by the presence of HSV glycoprotein D (gD) and was associated with impaired migration from cultured skin. Langerin+ dDC also expressed HSV gD, but infection did not impede migration. We then followed the virus in live MacGreen mice in which LCs express GFP using a fluorescent HSV-1 strain by time-lapse confocal microscopy. We observed a sequential infection of epidermal cells, first in keratinocytes and epidermal γδ T cells at 6 h p.i., followed by the occurrence of HSVgD+ LCs at 24 h p.i. HSV induced CCR7 upregulation on all langerin+ DC, including infected LCs, and increased production of skin TNF-α and IL-1β. However, a large proportion of infected LCs that remained within the skin was apoptotic and failed to downregulate E-cadherin compared with bystander LCs or mock controls. Thus, HSV infection of LCs is preceded by infection of γδ T cells and delays migration.
Regulation of Cytokine-Driven Functional Differentiation of CD8 T Cells by Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Controls Autoimmunity and Preserves Their Proliferative Capacity toward Foreign Antigens
Authors: Ramanathan Sheela , Dubois Stephanie , Gagnon Julien , Leblanc Chantal , Mariathasan Sanjeev , Ferbeyre Gerardo , Rottapel Robert , Ohashi Pamela S. , Ilangumaran Subburaj 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
We have previously shown that naive CD8 T cells exposed to IL-7 or IL-15 in the presence of IL-21 undergo Ag-independent proliferation with concomitant increase in TCR sensitivity. In this study, we examined whether CD8 T cells that accumulate in suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1)-deficient mice because of increased IL-15 signaling in vivo would respond to an autoantigen expressed at a very low level using a mouse model of autoimmune diabetes. In this model, P14 TCR transgenic CD8 T cells (P14 cells) adoptively transferred to rat insulin promoter-glycoprotein (RIP-GP) mice, which express the cognate Ag in the islets, do not induce diabetes unless the donor cells are stimulated by exogenous Ag. Surprisingly, SOCS1-deficient P14 cells, which expanded robustly following IL-15 stimulation, proliferated poorly in response to Ag and failed to cause diabetes in RIP-GP mice. SOCS1-deficient CD8 T cells expressing a polyclonal TCR repertoire also showed defective expansion following in vivo Ag stimulation. Notwithstanding the Ag-specific proliferation defect, SOCS1-null P14 cells produced IFN-γ and displayed potent cytolytic activity upon Ag stimulation, suggesting that SOCS1-null CD8 T cells underwent cytokine-driven functional differentiation that selectively compromised their proliferative response to Ag but not to cytokines. Cytokine-driven homeostatic expansion in lymphopenic RIP-GP mice allowed SOCS1-null, but not wild-type, P14 cells to exert their pathogenic potential even without Ag stimulation. These findings suggest that by attenuating cytokine-driven proliferation and functional differentiation, SOCS1 not only controls the pathogenicity of autoreactive cells but also preserves the ability of CD8 T cells to proliferate in response to Ags.
Cutting Edge: FcR-Like 5 on Innate B Cells Is Targeted by a Poxvirus MHC Class I-Like Immunoevasin
Authors: Campbell Jessica A. , Davis Randall S. , Lilly Lauren M. , Fremont Daved H. , French Anthony R. , Carayannopoulos Leonidas N. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Under selective pressure from host immunity, viruses have retained genes encoding immunoevasins, molecules interfering with host viral recognition and clearance. Due to their binding specificities, immunoevasins can be exploited as affinity labels to identify host-encoded molecules of previously unsuspected importance in defense against the relevant class of virus. We previously described an orthopoxvirus MHC class I-like protein (OMCP) that binds with high affinity to the activating receptor NKG2D on NK and T cell subsets, implicating NKG2D in antiorthopoxvirus immunity. In this study, we report that OMCP also binds in an NKG2D-independent manner to B cells and monocytes/macrophages. We identify murine FcR-like 5 (FCRL5), an orphan immunoregulatory protein highly expressed by innate B lymphocytes, as a specific receptor for OMCP. The three N-terminal Ig domains of FCRL5 are required for OMCP binding. The targeting of FCRL5 by an orthopoxvirus immunoevasin strongly implicates it in contributing to host defense against zoonotic orthopoxviruses.
Early Signals during CD8+ T Cell Priming Regulate the Generation of Central Memory Cells
Authors: Obar Joshua J. , Lefrançois Leo 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The CD8+ T cell response to infection is characterized by the appearance of short-lived (CD127low killer cell lectin-like receptor G 1–high) and memory-precursor (CD127high killer cell lectin-like receptor G 1–low) effector cells. How and when central-memory T (TCM; CD62Lhigh CCR7+) cell and effector-memory T(TEM; CD62Llow CCR7−) cell subsets are established remains unclear. We now show that the TCM cell lineage represents an early developmental branchpoint during the CD8+ T cell response to infection. Central-memory CD8+ T cells could be identified prior to the peak of the CD8+ T cell response and were enriched in lymphoid organs. Moreover, the kinetics and magnitude of TCM cell development were dependent on the infectious agent. Furthermore, the extent of early Ag availability, which regulated programmed death-1 and CD25 expression levels, controlled the TCM/TEM cell lineage decision ultimately through IL-2 and IL-15 signaling levels. These observations identify key early signals that help establish the TCM/TEM cell dichotomy and provide the means to manipulate memory lineage choices.
Postdisaster Health Communication and Information Sources: The Iowa Flood Scenario
Authors: Murphy Matthew W. , Iqbal Shahed , Sanchez Carlos A. , Quinlisk M. Patricia 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTBackground: During June 2008, heavy precipitation and 500-year flood events resulted in the displacement of thousands of families throughout eastern Iowa. The objectives of this study were to assess the effectiveness and preferred sources of health messages communicated to the public following the disaster.Methods: Three hundred twenty-seven households were surveyed in 4 counties hit hardest by the flooding. A 48-item questionnaire containing items on demographics, housing, health information sources, and 8 specific health issues was administered.Results: Almost all of the participants (99.0%) received information on at least 1 of the health topics covered by the survey. Most participants received information regarding vaccination (84.1%), mold (79.5%), safe use of well water (62.7%), respirator use (58.7%), or stress (53.8%). Television was the primary (54.7%) and preferred (60.2%) source of health information for most people, followed by the Internet (11.0% and 30.3% as source and preference, respectively).Conclusions: Public health messages were received by a wide audience in the flood-affected communities. Along with more traditional health communication channels such as television, radio, or newspapers, continued emphasis on the development of health information Web sites and other technological alternatives may result in useful and effective health communication in similar situations.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:129-134)
Chicago Medical Response to the 2010 Earthquake in Haiti: Translating Academic Collaboration Into Direct Humanitarian Response
Authors: Babcock Christine , Baer Carolyn , Bayram Jamil D. , Chamberlain Stacey , Chan Jennifer L. , Galvin Shannon , Kim Jimin , Kinet Melodie , Kysia Rashid F. , Lin Janet , Malik Mamta , Murphy Robert L. , Olopade C. Sola , Theodosis Christian 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTOn January 12, 2010, a major earthquake in Haiti resulted in approximately 212 000 deaths, 300 000 injuries, and more than 1.2 million internally displaced people, making it the most devastating disaster in Haiti's recorded history. Six academic medical centers from the city of Chicago established an interinstitutional collaborative initiative, the Chicago Medical Response, in partnership with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Haiti that provided a sustainable response, sending medical teams to Haiti on a weekly basis for several months. More than 475 medical volunteers were identified, of whom 158 were deployed to Haiti by April 1, 2010. This article presents the shared experiences, observations, and lessons learned by all of the participating institutions. Specifically, it describes the factors that provided the framework for the collaborative initiative, the communication networks that contributed to the ongoing response, the operational aspects of deploying successive medical teams, and the benefits to the institutions as well as to the NGOs and Haitian medical system, along with the challenges facing those institutions individually and collectively. Academic medical institutions can provide a major reservoir of highly qualified volunteer medical personnel that complement the needs of NGOs in disasters for a sustainable medical response. Support of such collaborative initiatives is required to ensure generalizability and sustainability.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:169-173)
Otologic Considerations of Blast Injury
Authors: Darley D. Spencer , Kellman Robert M. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTThe ear by design is exquisitely sensitive to barotrauma. As a result, it is typically the first organ affected in primary blast injury. The most common symptoms encountered include hearing loss, ringing, and drainage. In severe cases, the highest priority is appropriately directed toward diagnosis and treatment of life-threatening injuries; however, injury to the ear is missed frequently. With simple screening procedures, limited management, and appropriate otolaryngologic referral, acute and long-term morbidity can be averted for both critical and noncritical patients. The article provides an overview of blast mechanics and pathophysiology. It details various blast-related injuries to the external, middle, and inner ear. Standard of care assessment and management strategies are presented for acute and late otologic sequelae of the blast-injured patient.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:145-152)
If You Ask Them, Will They Come? Predictors of Quarantine Compliance During a Hypothetical Avian Influenza Pandemic: Results From a Statewide Survey
Authors: Bauerle Bass Sarah , Burt Ruzek Sheryl , Ward Lawrence , Gordon Thomas F. , Hanlon Alexandra , Hausman Alice J. , Hagen Michael 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTBackground: An influenza pandemic, such as that of the H1N1 virus, raises questions about how to respond effectively to a lethal outbreak. Most plans have focused on minimizing impact by containing the virus through quarantine, but quarantine has not been used widely in the United States and little is known about what would be the public's response. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that influence an individual's decision to comply with a hypothetical avian influenza quarantine order.Methods: A total of 1204 adult Pennsylvania residents participated in a random digit dial telephone sample. The residents were interviewed regarding their attitudes about and knowledge of avian influenza and about compliance with quarantine orders, including staying at home or traveling to a government-designated facility.Results: Analysis of variance showed differences among demographic groups in willingness to comply with quarantine orders, with women and individuals not presently employed more willing to stay at home or to travel to a government-designated facility if ordered. Those who did not regularly attend religious services were significantly less willing than those who did attend regularly to comply with any type of quarantine order. Regression analysis indicated that demographic variables, overall knowledge of avian influenza, attitudes about its severity, and the belief that the respondent and/or his or her significant other(s) may contract it were predictive.Conclusions: The results of this study can provide health planners and policy makers with information for improving their efforts to conduct a quarantine successfully, including crafting messages and targeting information to certain groups of people to communicate risk about the epidemic.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:135-144)
Nucleotide Analogues as Probes for DNA and RNA Polymerases
Authors: Kuchta Robert D. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNucleotide analogues represent a major class of anti‐cancer and anti‐viral drugs, and provide an extremely powerful tool for dissecting the mechanisms of DNA and RNA polymerases. While the basic assays themselves are relatively straightforward, a key issue is to appropriately design the studies to answer the mechanistic question of interest. This unit addresses the major issues involved in designing these studies, and some of the potential difficulties that arise in interpreting the data. Examples are given for the type of analogues typically used, the experimental approaches with different polymerases, and issues with data interpretation. Curr. Protoc. Chem Biol. 2:111‐124. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Site‐Specific Protein Bioconjugation via a Pyridoxal 5′‐Phosphate‐Mediated N‐Terminal Transamination Reaction
Authors: Witus Leah S. , Francis Matthew 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe covalent attachment of chemical groups to proteins is a critically important tool for the study of protein function and the creation of protein‐based materials. Methods of site‐specific protein modification are necessary for the generation of well defined bioconjugates possessing a new functional group in a single position in the amino acid sequence. This article describes a pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate (PLP)–mediated transamination reaction that is specific for the N‐terminus of a protein. The reaction oxidizes the N‐terminal amine to a ketone or an aldehyde, which can form a stable oxime linkage with an alkoxyamine reagent of choice. Screening studies have identified the most reactive N‐terminal residues, facilitating the use of site‐directed mutagenesis to achieve high levels of conversion. Additionally, this reaction has been shown to be effective for a number of targets that are not easily accessed through heterologous expression, such as monoclonal antibodies. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 2:125‐134 © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hyperphosphatasia with seizures, neurologic deficit, and characteristic facial features: Five new patients with Mabry syndrome
Authors: Thompson Miles D. , Nezarati Marjan M. , Gillessen‐Kaesbach Gabriele , Meinecke Peter , Mendoza Roberto , Mornet Etienne , Brun‐Heath Isabelle , Squarcioni Catherine Prost , Legeai‐Mallet Laurence , Munnich Arnold , Cole David E.C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPersistent hyperphosphatasia associated with developmental delay and seizures was described in a single family by Mabry et al. 1970 (OMIM 239300), but the nosology of this condition has remained uncertain ever since. We report on five new patients (two siblings, one offspring of consanguineous parents, and two sporadic patients) that help delineate this distinctive disorder and provide evidence in favor of autosomal recessive inheritance. Common to all five new patients is facial dysmorphism, namely hypertelorism, a broad nasal bridge and a tented mouth. All patients have some degree of brachytelephalangy but the phalangeal shortening varies in position and degree. In all, there is a persistent elevation of alkaline phosphatase activity without any evidence for active bone or liver disease. The degree of hyperphosphatasia varies considerably (∼1.3–20 times the upper age‐adjusted reference limit) between patients, but is relatively constant over time. In the first family described by Mabry et al. 1970, at least one member was found to have intracellular inclusions on biopsy of some but not all tissues. This was confirmed in three of our patients, but the inclusions are not always observed and the intracellular storage material has not been identified. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of crosslinking on the characteristics of thermally expandable microspheres expanding at high temperature
Authors: Jonsson Magnus , Nordin Ove , Kron Anna Larsson , Malmström Eva 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFree‐radical suspension polymerization was used to synthesize thermally expandable microspheres (TEMS); in this process, a poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐methacrylonitrile) shell encapsulated isooctane. Different amounts of dimethacrylate, diacrylate, or divinyl ether functional crosslinker were added to investigate the effects on the crosslinking density of the polymer and the expansion properties of the TEMS. The optimum amount of crosslinker was found to be approximately 0.05–0.1 mol %. However, a significantly better expansion could be obtained with 1,4‐butanediol dimethacrylate as a crosslinker, compared to 1,4‐butanediol divinyl ether or 1,4‐butanediol diacrylate. From monitoring the conversion of monofunctional analogues by gas chromatography, we suggest that the differences in expansion obtained with different crosslinkers, originated from the difference in the reactivity of the radicals in the system toward the vinyl functionalities of the crosslinkers. This regulated the incorporation of the crosslinker into the polymer and, thereby, the mechanical properties of the microsphere shell. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of modified layered silicates on the confined crystalline morphology and thermomechanical properties of poly(ethylene oxide) nanocomposites
Authors: Abraham T. N. , Siengchin S. , Ratna Debdatta , Karger‐Kocsis J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this work, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/organoclay nanocomposites with three different types of nanoclays (Cloisite 30B, Somasif JAD400, and Somasif JAD230) were prepared by melt mixing with a laboratory kneader followed by compression molding. The nanocomposites were characterized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Their crystallization behavior on a hot stage was investigated with polarized optical microscopy. The size and regularity of the spherulites of the PEO matrix were altered significantly by the incorporation of Cloisite 30B, but there was not as much variation with the other two clays. The dynamic viscoelastic behavior of the PEO/organoclay nanocomposites was assessed with a strain‐controlled parallel‐plate rheometer. The effects of clay modification on the thermomechanical and rheological properties were addressed. The reinforcing effect of the organoclay was determined with dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile testing. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Viscoelastic properties and morphological characteristics of polymer‐modified bitumen blends
Authors: Vasiljevic‐Shikaleska Aneta , Popovska‐Pavlovska Frederika , Cimmino Sossio , Duraccio Donatella , Silvestre Clara 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe state of dispersion, the viscoelastic properties and the mechanical properties (such as Young's modulus, ductibility, penetration, and Fraas breaking point) of polymer‐modified bitumen are investigated. Bitumen was modified with low‐density polyethylene from processed bags (PEbags) and styrene‐butadiene random block copolymer (SBR). The blends were characterized by optical microscopy, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and other conventional methods. Photomicrographs indicated that different morphologies were obtained; PEbags gave dispersions with almost spherical polymer particles; whereas in the case of SBR, fibrillar domains were observed. DMTA measurements indicated significant changes of the storage and loss moduli of modified bitumen; depending on the polymer content in the bitumen matrix, these values were three to four times higher compared with neat bitumen. Blends with SBR showed a significantly increased resistance to cracking at low temperatures due to decrease of the glass transition temperature from −14 to −34°C. Contrary, PEbags gave better results at higher temperatures where as a result of the increased resistance to permanent deformation the softening point of modified bitumen was shifted from 52 to 73°C. It was also investigated the influence of mixtures of PEbags/SBR on the properties of bitumen as function of the composition and ratio between PEbags and SBR. It was found that the best improvement in deformation resistance, permanent deformation, and cracking of bitumen was achieved with the addition of PEbags/SBR mixture as the rubber increased the bitumen properties at low temperatures and the polyolefin at high temperatures. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Development of environmentally friendly high‐density polyethylene and turmeric spent composites: Physicomechanical, thermal, and morphological studies
Authors: Syed Murtuza Ali , Ramaraj B. , Akhtar Sania , Syed Akheel Ahmed 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHigh‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/turmeric spent (TS) composites were prepared by the extrusion of an HDPE resin with 5, 10, 15, or 20 wt % TS. HDPE granules and TS master‐batch flakes were compounded on a corotating and intermeshing twin‐screw extruder. The extrudate strands were cut into pellets and injection‐molded to make test specimens. These specimens were tested for physicomechanical properties such as the tensile, flexural, and impact strengths, surface hardness, abrasion resistance, density, and water absorption and thermal characteristics such as the heat distortion temperature (HDT) and melt flow index (MFI). Test results revealed that the incorporation of TS affected the tensile, flexural, and Izod impact strengths of the HDPE/TS composites to some extent, whereas the tensile modulus increased from 606.9 to 752.0 N/mm2 and the HDT increased from 61 to 65°C. Furthermore, the addition of TS yielded only marginal variations in the surface hardness, abrasion resistance, density, water absorption, and MFI values of the composites. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010