bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Doctors’ Concerns of PDAs in the Ward Round Situation
Authors: Dabelow B. , Faxvaag A. , Alsos O. A. 
Published: November 2009

Summary
Background: Healthcare professionals in hospital care increasingly use small-screen handheld computers. Studies that have investigated doctors’ concerns about handheld usage have mainly focused on technical, organizational and performance issues. Very few have looked at the effects of Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) on the interaction between physician and patient.
Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the effects of PDA usage on the physicians’ prescription work, their concerns about using it in point-of-care situations, and the effects on the patient-physician dialog.
Methods: We used a qualitative and comparative approach where 14 physicians each carried out four simulated ward rounds in which they modified the medication of patient actors using a paper-based medical chart and three versions of a PDA-based system. We analyzed ward round video recordings, semi-structured interviews with the doctors, and focus group using approaches based on ethnomethodology and grounded theory.
Results: Physicians used PDA and paper differently. Physicians’ actions, as well as their non-verbal communication, were less transparent and clear for the patient when using a PDA. Doctors were worried about distractions from the handheld device and about a negative impact on the physician-patient conversation. In general, physicians were more comfortable with paper, but preferred PDA because it offered an undo function and reduced the need to memorize drug names and dosages by providing concrete alternatives in the user interface.
Conclusions: Despite the many benefits, PDA usage at the point-of-care comes with the increased risk of distractions for physicians and can cause a negative patient experience. Designers of point-of-care systems need to be aware of, and address, the problems with handhelds and learn from the attributes and access capabilities of paper charts.
A Three-layered Model of Nursing Based on Hospital Observation Data
Authors: Tanaka T. , Kuwahara N. , Ozaku H. I. , Naya F. , Kogure K. , Ohboshi N. 
Published: November 2009

Summary
Objectives: Our aim is to investigate causes of medical incidents and construct a knowledge base for preventing malpractice based on monitored data.
Methods: To monitor nursing care, we developed an observing system of nursing activities with a ubiquitous sensor network and detecting errors in nursing care. This system is composed of a voice-recording device, mobile sensors and environmental setting type sensors. In cooperation with a hospital in western Japan, we have collected nursing activity data of nurses engaged at a combined ward, including ophthalmology, otolaryngology, and internal medicine for diabetes. After analyzing intravenous drip injection procedure (IVDI procedure) data, we introduce a three-layered model of nursing to understand nursing activities based on observed data. This model consists of three layers, 1) nursing care classification layer: Class, 2) nursing care step layer: Step, and 3) nursing care action layer: Action. This model is designed to take consistency with existing nursing care workflows.
Results: We implemented a detection system and succeeded in comprehending the work-flow of IVDI procedure at the rate of over 95%. This system also can distinguish IVDI workflows performed in parallel by at least two or several nurses. We implemented a picture showing interface of IVDI workflows which can show each patient with a specific color and distinct nurses.
Conclusions: Our system succeeded in verification of nursing care steps in IVDI procedure in ratios of more than 95%. Detection errors are due to the sensor system, so it is necessary to use or develop more precise devices.
The DC-SIGN of Zebrafish: Insights into the Existence of a CD209 Homologue in a Lower Vertebrate and Its Involvement in Adaptive Immunity
Authors: Lin Ai-Fu , Xiang Li-Xin , Wang Qu-Long , Dong Wei-Ren , Gong Yong-Feng , Shao Jian-Zhong 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN/CD209) has become hot topic in recent studies because of its important roles in immune responses and immune escape. CD209 has been well characterized in humans and several other mammals, but little documentation exists about it in lower vertebrates. This is the first report on the identification and functional characterization of a fish DC-SIGN/CD209 molecule. The zebrafish DC-SIGN/CD209 cDNA translates into 343 aa organized into three domains structurally conserved among vertebrates. An EPN motif essential for interacting with Ca2+ and for recognizing mannose-containing motifs has been identified. Several conserved motifs crucial for internalization and signal transduction are also present within the cytoplasmic tail. Phylogenetic analysis supports the hypothesis that CD209 family members diverged from a common ancestor. The expression of DC-SIGN/CD209 in immune-related tissues can be significantly up-regulated by exogenous Ags and IL-4. This molecule associates with various APCs, including macrophages, B lymphocytes, and a possible dendritic cell-like (CD83+/CD80+CD209+) population. Functionally, T cell activation, Ab (IgM) production, and bacterial vaccination-elicited immunoprotection can be dramatically inhibited by a CD209 blockade after stimulation with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) in vivo or challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila, suggesting that DC-SIGN/CD209 in zebrafish is crucial for the initiation and development of adaptive immunity. Phagocytosis analysis showed that DC-SIGN/CD209 does not participate in the uptake of KLH Ag, suggesting that other mechanisms might exist that underlie DC-SIGN/CD209 involvement. We hope that the present study will contribute to a better cross-species understanding of the evolutionary history of the DC-SIGN/CD209 family.
Unlike Th1, Th17 Cells Mediate Sustained Autoimmune Inflammation and Are Highly Resistant to Restimulation-Induced Cell Death
Authors: Shi Guangpu , Ramaswamy Madhu , Vistica Barbara P. , Cox Catherine A. , Tan Cuiyan , Wawrousek Eric F. , Siegel Richard M. , Gery Igal 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBoth Th1 and Th17 T cell subsets can mediate inflammation, but the kinetics of the pathogenic processes mediated by these two subsets have not been investigated. Using an experimental system in which TCR-transgenic Th1 or Th17 cells specific for hen egg lysozyme induce ocular inflammation in recipient mice expressing eye-restricted hen egg lysozyme, we found important differences in the in vivo behavior of these two subsets. Th1 cells initially proliferated considerably faster and invaded the eye more quickly than their Th17 counterparts, but then disappeared rapidly. By contrast, Th17 cells accumulated and remained the majority of the infiltrating CD4+ cells in the eye for as long as 25 days after transfer, mediating more long-lasting pathological changes. Unlike Th1, Th17 cells were highly resistant to restimulation-induced apoptosis, a major pathway by which autoimmune and chronically restimulated Th1 cells are eliminated. Th17 cells had reduced Fas ligand production and resistance to Fas-induced apoptosis, relative to Th1 cells, despite similar surface expression of Fas. Th17-induced ocular inflammation also differed from Th1-induced inflammation by consisting of more neutrophils, whereas Th1-induced disease had higher proportions of CD8 cells. Taken together, our data show that pathogenic processes triggered by Th17 lag behind those induced by Th1, but then persist remarkably longer, apparently due to the relative resistance of Th17 cells to restimulation-induced cell death. The long-lasting inflammation induced by Th17 cells is in accord with these cells being involved in chronic conditions in humans.
Coexistence of Closed and Open Conformations of Complement Factor B in the Alternative Pathway C3bB(Mg2+) Proconvertase
Authors: Torreira Eva , Tortajada Agustín , Montes Tamara , Rodríguez de Córdoba Santiago , Llorca Oscar 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Complement factor B (fB) circulates in plasma as a proenzyme that, upon binding to C3b in the presence of Mg2+, is cleaved by factor D to produce Ba and Bb fragments. Activated Bb remains bound to C3b organizing the alternative pathway C3 convertase (C3bBb). Recently, we have visualized the stable C3bB(Ni2+) proconvertase using electron microscopy, revealing a large conformational change of the C3b-bound fB likely exposing the fD-cleavage site. In contrast, the crystal structure of the proconvertase formed by human fB and the cobra venom factor reveals fB in the closed conformation of the proenzyme. In this study, we have used single-particle electron microscopy and image processing to examine the C3bB(Mg2+) proconvertase. We describe two C3bB(Mg2+) conformations, one resembling cobra venom factor, likely representing the loading state of fB to C3b, and another identical with C3bB(Ni2+). These data illustrate the coexistence of C3b-bound fB in closed and open conformations that either exist in equilibrium or represent structural transitions during the assembly of the C3bB proconvertase.
Spreading of X‐chromosome inactivation
Authors: Brant Jason O. , Yang Thomas P. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

X‐chromosome inactivation (XCI) in mammals has evolved to functionally compensate for the apparent dosage imbalance of X‐linked genes between males and females. XCI is believed to occur in three stages: initiation, spreading, and maintenance; the mechanism by which inactivation spreads from the X‐inactivation center is perhaps the least understood of these processes. Analysis of X;autosome translocations indicate that the inactivation of genes on the inactive X (Xi) is capable of spreading into translocated autosomal DNA, although in a more discontinuous and variable fashion, suggesting that there are X chromosome–specific features that may facilitate efficient spreading of inactivation on the X. Recent studies have shown a strong correlation between certain repetitive DNA elements and the spreading of XCI, suggesting that these sequences may, in conjunction with
Xist
RNA, mediate the spreading of XCI. This review will discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the spreading mechanism of XCI.
The common disease common variant concept
Authors: Graham Deborah S. Cunninghame , Vyse Timothy J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractComplex genetic disease traits comprise the majority of chronic disease traits that afflict industrialized societies. The common disease–common variant hypothesis stems from a consideration of the recent explosive numerical increase in the human population and seeks to address vital issues that impact on the likely success or failure of association strategies in the analysis of complex human disease traits.In comparison with simple Mendelian traits, only very limited progress has been made in determining the disease alleles that contribute to the development of complex, polygenic disease traits. For the most part, the mutations that underlie monogenic disorders are present at low frequencies in all or most human populations. They frequently exhibit a complex allelic spectrum; that is, multiple mutations in a single gene may relate to the same disease phenotype. Do complex disease traits exhibit similar complexities of allelic spectra? And how frequent are the causal alleles that contribute to their development in the population? Insufficient data are available to answer these questions directly. However, population genetics theory can be used to show that relatively common disease susceptibility alleles (frequency at least 5%) present in the human population prior to the recent numerical expansion will be present at a similar frequency in the modern human population since there has been insufficient time for these alleles to be “diluted” out of the population or for their allelic complexity to have radically increased as a consequence of there being new mutations. Thus, it can be argued that disease susceptibility alleles that happened to be relatively common in the early human population will still be so today. Since the selection pressures on the founding human population were very different from those experienced in industrialized societies, it is plausible that disease susceptibility alleles for complex traits may have been relatively common. In essence, this describes the essence of the common disease–common variant disease hypothesis. Indeed, it can be argued that some common variants may convey some from of selective advantage. Possible examples include variants that would convey metabolic efficiency in early populations, yet predispose to obesity and diabetes in modern societies; it can be similarly argued that variants that improve resistance to infection may promote autoimmunity. However, proof of this concept remains to be established.
Population selection in complex disease gene mapping
Authors: Varilo Teppo , Peltonen Leena 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe critical importance of the detailed information of the history and genealogical makeup of any study population should be strongly emphasized in this era of complex disease gene mapping since, to large extent, these features determine the most successful strategy for gene mapping efforts. Population isolates have offered shortcuts in the identification of monogenic disease genes, but serious doubts have been presented about their benefits in the gene hunt for polygenic traits. Methods for massive SNP genotyping and characterization of haploblock structure of the human genome introduce new prospects to LD‐based fine mapping and haplotype association studies in multifactorial diseases. The wide LD intervals and the restricted number of disease alleles are characteristic for young isolated populations and provide definitive advantages for the initial locus positioning. Further, most of the suggestive gene identifications for complex diseases have emerged from large pedigrees and have typically utilized the combined power of linkage and association. Thus, the well‐established geneology of a population facilitating construction of large pedigrees is another strong merit of many global isolates.
Gene therapyII: viral vectors and treatment modalities
Authors: Ulm J. Wesley 
Published: November 2009

AbstractGene therapy encompasses a recently developed group of pharmaceuticals in which the therapeutic agent consists of nucleic acid sequences – DNA, RNA, or some modification thereof – rather than a small molecule. The field arose in the 1980s in the wake of improvements in recombinant DNA technology, and in the midst of better comprehension of gene regulation and modulation processes that could be exploited to construct practical gene therapy systems. Most gene therapy vectors are viral in nature, with retroviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno‐associated viruses dominating most protocols, and they have been applied to treat a wide variety of disease subtypes: inherited genetic disorders, cancer, protein aggregation diseases, cardiovascular disease, and infectious disease have all been considered in proposed modalities. Gene therapy offers the potential to treat disease with an unprecedented selectivity and therapeutic index, and to allow the flexible design of new pharmaceutical agents on a much more rapid scale than in most traditional schemes. However, technical obstacles related to vector delivery, adequate expression levels, and persistence of viral transgenic sequences continue to pose difficult challenges for clinical application. This article reviews basic gene therapy principles, common vectors and disease targets, and clinical approaches to convey the current state of the field and its future directions.
The construction and use of radiation hybrid maps in genomic research
Authors: Gautier Mathieu , Eggen André 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Over the past decade, whole‐genome radiation hybrid panels have been developed, for mapping purposes, in several organisms. Fusing donor cells, after irradiation, with rodent cells allows the construction of independent RH cell lines containing a different set of chromosomal segments of the donor genome. By increasing the radiation dose and selecting the resulting RH lines, efficient RH panels were constructed and used to produce high‐resolution RH maps in many species. Beyond the mapping information in the species of interest, RH maps prove to be a powerful tool for comparative mapping. Furthermore, these RH maps are playing a crucial role for the assembly of genomic sequences in whole‐genome sequencing projects.
What is an
EST
?
Authors: Hide Winston A. , Ptitsyn Andrey 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
An expressed sequence tag (EST) is the name given to a sequence of a randomly picked complementary DNA sequence (cDNA) derived from processing messenger RNA from an mRNA library with a reverse transcriptase.
ESTs represent the first truly high‐throughput technology to have populated the databases and have made the rapid growth of advanced computational studies in biology inevitable. They have marked the transition of modern biology from genetics to the genomics era. ESTs offer the first glimpse of the transcriptome: that volume of transcripts copied from genes and forwarded to all compartments of a living cell as it functions.
Quadrupole ion traps and a new era of evolution
Authors: Schwartz Jae C. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Quadrupole ion traps have evolved from an interesting tool used by a handful of physicists to study fundamental properties of trapped ions to a uniquely powerful mass spectrometer widely used for determining the structure and sequence of biological and nonbiological samples. As a mass spectrometer, the quadrupole ion traps' unique features include the ability to perform rapid and highly efficient MS

n

analysis for detailed structural analysis while maintaining high duty cycles even for full scan mass analysis. This makes quadrupole ion traps one of the most sensitive types of mass spectrometers for qualitative analysis and is the foundation for their success. Quadrupole ion trap technology is now entering a new era based on the evolution of the traditional three‐dimensional ion trap into a two‐dimensional linear ion trap. With this evolution comes a significant leap in the overall fundamental performance characteristics and also the promise for further future capabilities.
Low‐level analysis of oligonucleotide expression arrays
Authors: Fang Xuemin , Li Cheng , Wong Wing Hung 
Published: November 2009

AbstractHigh‐density oligonucleotide microarray technology has been widely used in many biomedical research areas (Lockhartet al.,; Lipshutzet al.,). This section gives a brief introduction of oligonucleotide expression microarrays and low‐level microarray data analysis, including feature extraction, normalization, and expression index calculation.
Abrasives
Authors: Rue Charles V. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Properties of Abrasive Materials

Natural Abrasives

Manufactured Abrasives

Sizing, Shaping, and Testing of Abrasive Grains

Coated Abrasives

Bonded Abrasives

Superabrasive Wheels

Grinding Fluids

Loose Abrasives

Jet Cutting

Health and Safety
Biotechnology (Bioprocess Engineering)
Authors: R. Ladisch Michael 
Published: November 2009

AbstractNew BiotechnologyGrowth of the Fermentation IndustriesGrowth of the Antibiotic/Pharmaceutical IndustryGrowth of the Amino Acid/Acidulant Fermentation IndustryGrowth of the Biopharmaceutical IndustryGrowth of Industrial EnzymesImpacts of Biotechnology on Drug Discovery and BiologyBioprocess Engineering and EconomicsBioseparations and Bioprocess Engineering
Genetics and Gene Science (Classical)
Authors: DeBaldo A. C. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Fundamentals of Genetics

Defining the Gene

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (
DNA
)

Ribonucleic Acid (
RNA
)

Mutations of Genes

Recombinant
DNA
Technology

Genes and Diseases

New Advances in Understanding
DNA
Replication

The Human Genome Project (
HGP
)

To Know Ourselves: The Human Genome Project 1983–2001
Naphthalene Derivatives
Authors: Talukder Mannan , Kates Curtis R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Naphthalenesulfonic Acids

Nitronaphthalenes and Nitronaphthalenesulfonic Acids

Naphthaleneamines and Naphthalenediamines

Aminonaphthalenesulfonic Acids

Naphthalenols and Naphthalenediols

Hydroxynaphthalenesulfonic Acids

Aminonaphthols and Aminonaphtholsulfonic Acids

Naphthalenecarboxylic Acids

Hydroxynaphthalenecarboxylic and AminonaphthalenecarboxylicAcids
Organic Chemistry
Authors: Dilling Wendell L. , Dilling Marcia L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Classification of Organic Compounds

Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons

Carboxylic Acids and Their Anhydrides

Alcohols

Esters

Ethers

Ketones

Peroxides

Halogenated Compounds

Nonheterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds

Nonheterocyclic Sulfur Compounds

Heterocyclic Compounds

Organic Reaction Mechanisms and Processes
Peroxides and Peroxide Compounds (Inorganic)
Authors: Comyns Alan E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Group 1 (1
A
) Peroxides

Group 2 (
IIA
) Peroxides

Group 12 (
IIB
) Peroxides

Group 13 (
IIIB
) Peroxides

Group 14 (
IVB
) Peroxides

Group 15 (
VB
) Peroxides

Group 16 (
VIB
) Peroxides

Other Metal Peroxides

Peroxohydrates

Peroxopolyoxometallates

Superoxides

Ozonides

Economic Aspects
Smart Materials
Authors: Harvey James A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Piezoelectric Materials

Electrostrictive Materials

Magnetostrictive Materials

Electrorheological Materials

Magnetorheological Materials

Thermoresponsive Materials

pH‐Sensitive Materials

Light‐Sensitive Materials

Smart Polymers

Smart Gels (Hydrogels)

Smart Catalysts

Smart Memory Alloys

Elastorestrictive Materials

Materials with Unusual Behaviors or Unusual Materials
Differential Staining of Bacteria: Flagella Stain
Authors: Breakwell Donald P. , Moyes Rita B. , Reynolds Jackie 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBacterial flagella are appendages used for motility. Their presence is a useful tool for identification and differentiation of prokaryotes. Since flagella are too thin to be seen by compound light microscopy, staining methods employ the use of a mordant (often tannic acid) to make them thick enough to see using an oil immersion objective. Two protocols are described. Basic Protocol 1 is a modified Leifson method and is the one that many microbiologists have adapted. Basic Protocol 2 is a wet‐mount stain using a Ryu stain and is included because the stain is stable at room temperature. Both of these methods are fairly time‐consuming, taking from 15 to as long as 60 min to perform. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 15:A.3G.1‐A.3G.5. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lots of conflict resolution tactics and techniques used for consensus in oil sands development efforts
Authors: Roth Bernard J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBernard J. Roth, of Calgary, Alberta, discusses the long‐running use of consensus‐building techniques that have aided development of oil sands–and how a new provincial law may lessen the use of ADR techniques in the business and community controversies that bubble up around the mining and refining work.