bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective Seeding and Growth of Nanocrystalline CVD Diamond on Non-Diamond Substrates
Authors: Pobedinskas P. , Janssens S.D. , Hernando J. , Wagner P. , Nesládek M. , Haenen K. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTA study is presented on nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) growth on different substrates, including silicon with and without different metallic interlayers, on aluminum nitride (AlN), and on a Si/AlN-based cantilever. It is shown that non-diamond substrate treatment prior to NCD growth is important for achieving high nucleation densities. AFM measurements reveal that an additional Si surface pretreatment with hydrogen plasma increases the nucleation density by a factor of four. A similar effect was indirectly demonstrated with acidic pretreatment of AlN. In both cases it is believed that the surface roughening is the key factor for explaining this phenomenon.
Control of Nanocrystalline Silicon Growth Phase and Deposition Rate through Voltage Waveform Tailoring during PECVD
Authors: Johnson E.V. , Pouliquen S. , Delattre P.A. , Booth J.P. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe use of Voltage Waveform Tailoring (VWT) – that is the use of non-sinusoidal waveforms with a period equivalent to RF frequencies – is shown to be effective in modifying the electric field distribution in a parallel plate, capacitively coupled laboratory plasma deposition reactor, and thus in changing the growth mode of silicon thin films from amorphous to nanocrystalline. The use of the VWT technique allows one to decouple the power injected into the plasma from the ion-bombardment energy at the film surface without changing any other deposition parameters, such as pressure or gas mixture. Material results are presented for an H2/SiH4 gas composition. A “peaks” type waveform increases the ion-bombardment energy at the RF electrode and reduces it at the substrate, resulting in more nanocrystalline growth. The use of a “valleys”-type waveform has the opposite effect, and results in more amorphous growth. We show the dependence of the process on silane dilution and pressure, including results on changes to the deposition rate when changing the excitation voltage waveform.
Imaging Upconversion from NaYF4:Er:Yb Nanoparticles on Au and Ag Nanostructured Substrates
Authors: Zhong Lanlan , Luu QuocAnh , Paudel Hari P. , Bayat Khadijeh , Baroughi Mahdi Farrokh , May P. Stanley , Smith Steve 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTNear-infrared-to-visible upconversion materials have many promising applications, including use in luminescent solar concentrators, in next-generation displays, and as biological labels. NaYF4 nano-particles doped with Yb and Er exhibit efficient upconversion and are easily deployed in these applications. It is known that a rough metal surface may increase the yield of fluorescence of a nearby fluorophore, by local field enhancement due to plasmonic resonances, and by modification of the radiative rate(s) of the fluorophore. Thus, properly chosen metallic nanostructures can potentially increase the upconversion efficiency of lanthanide-doped nanoparticles, yet the optimal design of these nanostructures is still an active area of research. In our experiments, we use a spectroscopic imaging system to study the upconversion efficiency of NaYF4: Er3+/ Yb3+ through spatially-resolved upconversion spectra, using a custom-built scanning confocal microscope system with infra-red excitation, and wide-field fluorescence imaging. We present spectrally-resolved upconversion images of NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ nanoparticles on plasmonic substrates, including silver nanowires and patterned substrates of gold and silver, which show localized regions (∼ 1μm) of relatively stronger intensity and modified upconversion spectra, and compare these to wide-field fluorescence images of samples with and without plasmonic substrates.
Five Drivers Shifting the Paradigm from Product-Focused Transfusion Practice to Patient Blood Management
Authors: Hofmann Axel , Farmer Shannon , Shander Aryeh 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to introduce clinicians and health care professionals to the concept of patient blood management (PBM) and to explain the difference between PBM and the concept of “appropriate use” of blood products. The five reasons why modern health systems need to shift from product-focused transfusion practice to PBM are also presented. These are: the aging population with a leveraged demand for blood products opposed to a shrinking donor base; the growing awareness that transfusion is a complex service involving many different cost centers within a hospital and representing a multiple of the blood product cost; the continuous effort to protect blood pools from known, new, or re-emerging pathogens while facing uncertainty over their potentially long silent carrier states; the emerging evidence that transfusion is an independent risk factor for adverse outcomes; and finally, a lack of evidence for benefit of transfusion for the vast majority of recipients.
Special Items: A Descriptive Analysis
Authors: Johnson Peter M. , Lopez Thomas J. , Sanchez Juan Manuel 
Published: September 2011

SYNOPSIS
We provide a comprehensive analysis of special items and the characteristics of the firms that recognize them. Our analysis reveals that the temporal frequency, magnitude, and persistence of special items has increased significantly in the last 30 years, and that such increases are primarily driven by negative special items. More recently, however, our evidence is consistent with both a decline in frequency and magnitude of negative special items. On the other hand, we find that the frequency of reporting of positive special items, which remained relatively constant through 2002, has increased in more recent years. We also find strong evidence that subsequent special item reporting is an increasing function of the frequency of “prior” special item reporting. Using a random subsample of firms reporting special items, we document that 22 percent of the amounts reported in Compustat do not reconcile with the amounts reported on the firms' actual financial statements. Our comprehensive analysis should be of interest to regulators, academics, and managers interested in the implications of special items on firm-related consequences such as future earnings and firm value. Our examination can also serve as a catalyst for researchers interested in extending this important area of inquiry.
Accounting for Revenues: A Framework for Standard Setting
Authors:   American Accounting Association's Financial Accounting Standards Committee (AAA FASC):, Ohlson James A. , Penman Stephen H. , Biondi Yuri , Bloomfield Robert J. , Glover Jonathan C. , Jamal Karim , Tsujiyama Eiko 
Published: September 2011

SYNOPSISThis paper proposes an accounting for revenues as an alternative to the proposals currently being aired by the FASB and IASB. Existing revenue recognition rules are vague, resulting in messy application, so the Boards are seeking a remedy. However, their proposals replace the traditional criteria—revenue is recognized when it is both “realized or realizable” and “earned”—with similarly vague notions that require both the identification of a “performance obligation” and the “satisfaction” of a performance obligation. Our framework aims for the concreteness that yields practical accounting solutions. It has two features. First, revenue is recognized when a customer makes a payment or a firm commitment to pay. Second, revenue recognition and profit recognition are combined, with profit recognition determined on the basis of objective criteria about the resolution of uncertainty under a contract, and then conservatively so. Two alternative approaches are offered: the complete contract method (where profit is recognized only on the termination of a contract) and the profit margin method (where a profit margin is applied to recognized revenues throughout the contract as the contract profit margin becomes clear. The latter requires resolution of uncertainty, so the completed contract method is the default.
CFO/CEO-Board Social Ties, Sarbanes-Oxley, and Earnings Management
Authors: Krishnan Gopal V. , Raman K. K. , Yang Ke , Yu Wei 
Published: September 2011

SYNOPSIS
Prior research suggests that the efficacy of a formally independent member of the board of directors could be undermined by social ties with the CEO. In this study, we examine the relation between CFO/CEO-board social ties and earnings management over the 2000–2007 time period. Our results suggest that CFOs/CEOs picked more socially connected directors in the post-Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) time period (possibly as a way out of the mandated independence requirements). Our results also suggest a positive relation between CFO/CEO-board social ties and earnings management. Still, the increase in managerial/board risk aversion since SOX appears to have negated the effect of social ties on earnings management in the post-SOX period. Board independence and financial reporting quality remain topics of ongoing interest. The study is important in advancing our understanding of the role of social ties in earnings management.
The structure and representation of n-ary algebras of DNA recombination
Authors: Sverchkov Sergei 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
In this paper we investigate the structure and representation of n-ary algebras arising from DNA recombination, where n is a number of DNA segments participating in recombination. Our methods involve a generalization of the Jordan formalization of observables in quantum mechanics in n-ary splicing algebras. It is proved that every identity satisfied by n-ary DNA recombination, with no restriction on the degree, is a consequence of n-ary commutativity and a single n-ary identity of the degree 3n-2. It solves the well-known open problem in the theory of n-ary intermolecular recombination.
One-fibered ideals in 2-dimensional rational singularities that can be desingularized by blowing up the unique maximal ideal
Authors: Lierde Veronique 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Let (R;m) be a 2-dimensional rational singularity with algebraically closed residue field and whose associated graded ring is an integrally closed domain. Göhner has shown that for every prime divisor v of R, there exists a unique one-fibered complete m-primary ideal A
v in R with unique Rees valuation v and such that any complete m-primary ideal with unique Rees valuation v, is a power of A
v. We show that for v ≠ ordR, A
v is the inverse transform of a simple complete ideal in an immediate quadratic transform of R, if and only if the degree coefficient d(A
v; v) is 1. We then give a criterion for R to be regular.
Late-Holocene climate evolution at the WAIS Divide site, West Antarctica: bubble number-density estimates
Authors: Fegyveresi J.M. , Alley R.B. , Spencer M.K. , Fitzpatrick J.J. , Steig E.J. , White J.W.C. , McConnell J.R. , Taylor K.C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA surface cooling of ∼1.7°C occurred over the ∼two millennia prior to ∼1700 CE at the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS) Divide site, based on trends in observed bubble number-density of samples from the WDC06A ice core, and on an independently constructed accumulation-rate history using annual-layer dating corrected for density variations and thinning from ice flow. Density increase and grain growth in polar firn are both controlled by temperature and accumulation rate, and the integrated effects are recorded in the number-density of bubbles as the firn changes to ice. Number-density is conserved in bubbly ice following pore close-off, allowing reconstruction of either paleotemperature or paleo-accumulation rate if the other is known. A quantitative late-Holocene paleoclimate reconstruction is presented for West Antarctica using data obtained from the WAIS Divide WDC06A ice core and a steady-state bubble number-density model. The resultant temperature history agrees closely with independent reconstructions based on stable-isotopic ratios of ice. The ∼1.7°C cooling trend observed is consistent with a decrease in Antarctic summer duration from changing orbital obliquity, although it remains possible that elevation change at the site contributed part of the signal. Accumulation rate and temperature dropped together, broadly consistent with control by saturation vapor pressure.
Sublimation and surface energy budget of Taylor Glacier, Antarctica
Authors: Bliss Andrew K. , Cuffey Kurt M. , Kavanaugh Jeffrey L. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTaylor Glacier, an outlet of the East Antarctic ice sheet, flows through the Transantarctic Mountains and terminates in the Dry Valleys. Understanding how this glacier fluctuates is important for studies of glacial geology, paleoclimate, ice dynamics and ecology. Sublimation is the primary mass-loss process for most of the glacier. Four years of specific balance measurements from the ablation zone show sublimation rates up to 40 cm a−1. We used data from an array of weather stations as inputs to a model for latent heat flux and hence sublimation rate. Calculated and measured ablation rates agree to within uncertainties, indicating that wind speed and vapour pressure gradient (a function of temperature and humidity) are the governing variables, as expected from theory. Measurements and model results together allowed us to examine the spatial and temporal variations of sublimation on the glacier. On average, sublimation is about two times faster in summer than winter. Rapid sublimation occurs during storms and katabatic wind events, but such periods contribute less to the annual total than do slow, persistent losses. Spatially, sublimation reaches a maximum midway along the glacier, where descending surface air currents are focused by the topography of the aptly named tributary, Windy Gully.
Variability of basal melt beneath the Pine Island Glacier ice shelf, West Antarctica
Authors: Bindschadler Robert , Vaughan David G. , Vornberger Patricia 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObservations from satellite and airborne platforms are combined with model calculations to infer the nature and efficiency of basal melting of the Pine Island Glacier ice shelf, West Antarctica, by ocean waters. Satellite imagery shows surface features that suggest ice-shelf-wide changes to the ocean’s influence on the ice shelf as the grounding line retreated. Longitudinal profiles of ice surface and bottom elevations are analyzed to reveal a spatially dependent pattern of basal melt with an annual melt flux of 40.5 Gt a−1. One profile captures a persistent set of surface waves that correlates with quasi-annual variations of atmospheric forcing of Amundsen Sea circulation patterns, establishing a direct connection between atmospheric variability and sub-ice-shelf melting. Ice surface troughs are hydrostatically compensated by ice-bottom voids up to 150 m deep. Voids form dynamically at the grounding line, triggered by enhanced melting when warmer-than-average water arrives. Subsequent enlargement of the voids is thermally inefficient (4% or less) compared with an overall melting efficiency beneath the ice shelf of 22%. Residual warm water is believed to cause three persistent polynyas at the ice-shelf front seen in Landsat imagery. Landsat thermal imagery confirms the occurrence of warm water at the same locations.
Pourquoi les Taïwanais jouent-ils au baseball ? Étude diachronique d'une diffusion réussie
Authors: Soldani Jérôme 
Published: September 2011

Le baseball est introduit à Taiwan au tournant du xxe siècle, lorsque l'île est gouvernée par les Japonais. La pratique rencontre un écho particulièrement favorable qui doit beaucoup aux affinités entre ses propriétés formelles et les conceptions locales de l'espace, du temps et de l'action individuelle et collective. Ce sport est également associé aux représentations de la modernité liées à la période japonaise. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Taiwan passe sous la coupe des nationalistes chinois qui s'y replient. Le baseball devient le porte-étendard d'un État en manque de reconnaissance internationale, mais aussi la fabrique et la vitrine d'un ordre moral confucéen promu par le pouvoir, et étroitement lié au rapport au corps des individus et à la Nation.
Exploiting Microphase‐Separated Morphologies of Side‐Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymer Networks for Triple Shape Memory Properties
Authors: Ahn Suk‐kyun , Kasi Rajeswari M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe report a new strategy to achieve triple shape memory properties by using side‐chain liquid crystalline (SCLC) type random terpolymer networks (XL‐ TP‐n), where n is the length of flexible methylene spacer (n = 5, 10, and 15) to link backbone and mesogen. A lower glass transition temperature (Tg = Tlow) and a higher liquid crystalline clearing temperature (Tcl = Thigh) of XL‐TP‐n serve as molecular switches to trigger a shape memory effect (SME). Two different triple shape creation procedures (TSCPs), thermomechanical treatments to obtain temporary shapes prior to the proceeding recovery step, are used to investigate the triple shape memory behavior of XL‐TP‐n. The discrete Tg and Tcl as well as unique microphase‐separated morphologies (backbone‐rich and mesogen‐rich domains) within smectic layers of XL‐TP‐n enables triple shape memory properties. Motional decoupling between backbone‐rich and mesogen‐rich domains is also critical to determine the resulting macroscopic shape memory properties. Our strategy for obtaining triple shape memory properties will pave the way for exploiting a broad range of SCLC polymers to develop a new class of actively moving polymers.
Advanced Multi‐Fuelled Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (ASOFCs) Using Functional Nanocomposites for Polygeneration
Authors: Raza Rizwan , Qin Haiying , Liu Qinghua , Samavati Mahrokh , Lima Raquel. B. , Zhu Bin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAn advanced multifuelled solid oxide fuel cell (ASOFC) with a functional nanocomposite was developed and tested for use in a polygeneration system. Several different types of fuel, for example, gaseous (hydrogen and biogas) and liquid fuels (bio‐ethanol and bio‐methanol), were used in the experiments. Maximum power densities of 1000, 300, 600, 550 mW cm−2 were achieved using hydrogen, bio‐gas, bio‐methanol, and bio‐ethanol, respectively, in the ASOFC. Electrical and total efficiencies of 54% and 80% were achieved using the single cell with hydrogen fuel. These results show that the use of a multi‐fuelled system for polygeneration is a promising means of generating sustainable power.
Estimation of sublimation enthalpies of solids constituted by aromatic and/or polycyclic aliphatic rings by using a group contribution method
Authors: Tabernero Antonio , Valle Eva M. Martín del , Galán Miguel A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA group contribution (GC) method is developed to predict the sublimation enthalpy of only any compound constituted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and/or polycyclic aliphatic rings with an average absolute relative deviation of 8.98% and an average absolute error of 9.22 kJ·mol−1. A statistical analysis (ANOVA table) and two validation tests are performed to show the consistency of the method. This GC method can speed up several processes in which it is required the value of the sublimation enthalpy of a solid with these characteristics (pharmaceuticals for instance). However, this method must not be used with inorganic compounds or organic solids with noncyclic structure. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Insights on global warming
Authors: Seinfeld John H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe global temperature increase over the last century and a half (∼ 0.8°C), and the last three decades in particular, is well outside of that which can be attributed to natural climate fluctuations. The increase of atmospheric CO2 over this period has been conclusively demonstrated to be a result largely of fossil fuel burning. The global mean temperature change that results in response to a sustained perturbation of the Earth's energy balance after a time sufficiently long for both the atmosphere and oceans to come to thermal equilibrium is termed the Earth's climate sensitivity. The purely radiative (blackbody) warming from a doubling of CO2 from its preindustrial level of 280 parts‐per‐million (ppm) to 560 ppm is ∼ 1.2°C; the actual warming that would result is considerably larger owing to amplification by climate feedbacks, including that owing to water vapor. Increases in greenhouse gas (GHG) levels are estimated to have contributed about +3.0 W m−2 perturbation (radiative forcing) to the Earth's energy balance. Particles (aerosols), on the whole, exert a cooling effect on climate, with a total forcing estimated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007)1 as −1.2 W m−2, a value that is subject to considerable uncertainty. If the actual magnitude of aerosol forcing is close to the low end of its estimated uncertainty range, then it offsets a considerably smaller fraction of the GHG forcing and the total net forcing is at the high end of its range, ∼ 2.4 W m−2; at the other extreme, if the actual aerosol cooling is at the high end of its range, then aerosol forcing is currently offsetting a major fraction of GHG forcing, and the total net forcing is only ∼ 0.6 W m−2. To explain the actual global increase in temperature of ∼ 0.8°C, these two extremes have major implications in terms of the Earth's climate sensitivity. Climate sensitivity is determined by the strength of feedbacks, of which cloud feedback is the most uncertain. That the Earth has warmed and that GHGs are responsible is unequivocal; the Earth's climate sensitivity and the effect of aerosols complicate answers to the question: how much warming and how soon? © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Longitudinal lung function declines among California flavoring manufacturing workers
Authors: Kreiss Kathleen , Fedan Kathleen B. , Nasrullah Muazzam , Kim Thomas J. , Materna Barbara L. , Prudhomme Janice C. , Enright Paul L. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe California Department of Public Health received serial spirometry data for flavoring manufacturing workers at 20 companies at risk of bronchiolitis obliterans.MethodsWe graded spirometry quality; identified individual workers with excessive decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) using relative longitudinal limits of decline based on 4% average within‐person variability; and analyzed declines by occupational risk factors.ResultsThe quality of 1,696 spirometry tests from 724 workers varied by 17 providers, with poorer quality from commercial providers. Of 416 workers with at least two tests, 40 (9.6%) had abnormal FEV1 decline. Of 289 workers with high quality spirometry, 21 (7.3%) had abnormal decline. Only one of the 21 had airways obstruction. Abnormal FEV1 decline rates (per person‐month) were greater among workers at companies using ≥800 lbs/year diacetyl than at companies using lesser amounts. Abnormal FEV1 decline rates were greater at companies previously having four‐person clusters of spirometric obstruction than at companies with no or only one worker with obstruction.ConclusionsSpirometric surveillance of flavoring workers can identify individual workers with an abnormal FEV1 decline for preventive intervention, even when the FEV1 itself remains within the normal range. Good quality spirometry and classification of abnormal with relative longitudinal limit of decline minimize misclassification of possible work‐related health effects. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:657–668, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.