bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty, Power, and Organizational Decision Making: A Constructive Replication and Some Extensions
Authors: Goh Swee C. 
Published: September 2010

This study examines the effect of uncertainty on the use of power and various decision criteria in resource‐allocation decision making. Using a methodology similar to that of Pfeffer et al (1976), the study explores how power affected decisions in the allocation of research funds in four major scientific fields. Consistent with our hypothesis and that of Pfeffer et al, it was found that as uncertainty increases, power differences (using measures similar to those of Pfeffer et al) become more important in influencing decision making outcomes. The moderating effects of scarce and visible resource‐allocation decisions were also examined. The data suggests that scarce and highly visible allocations tend to be influenced more by measures indicating power differences, with a concomitant increase in the influence of objective decision criteria. Lastly, the power of a sub‐unit was also measured and its effect on resource allocation examined. Sub‐unit power was found to be more critical in influencing decision making when uncertainty was high.RésuméCette étude examine les effets de l'incertitude sur l'usage du pouvoir et les critères de décisions en matière d'allocation des ressources. Cette étude, qui utilise une méthodologie semblable à celle de Pfeffer et al (1976), explore comment le pouvoir influence la prise de décision relative à l'allocation de fonds de recherche dans quatre domaines scientifiques importants. En concordance avec notre hypothèse, ainsi que celle de Pfeffer et al, l'étude indique qu'à mesure qu'augmente l'incertitude, les différences de pouvoir (les méthodes étant semblables à celles de Pfeffer et al) influencent davantage la prise de décision. Les effets modérateurs de décisions relatives à l'allocation de ressources rares mais visibles ont également été examinées. Les données suggèrent que des allocations rares mais très visibles sont davantage influencées par des facteurs indiquant les différences de pouvoir accompagnées d'une augmentation correspondante des critères décisionnels objectifs. En dernier lieu, le pouvoir des sous‐unités a également été mesuré et les effets sur l'allocation des ressources ont été examinés. Selon les résultats de l'étude, l'influence du pouvoir sur la sous‐unité se fait plus forte lorsque le niveau d'incertitude est plus élevé.
Regulating the Marketing of Tobacco Products and Controlling Smoking in Canada
Authors: Wyckham Robert G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe past two decades have seen an escalating struggle among the tobacco industry, the government, and anti‐smoking organizations in Canada. Increasingly, the marketing and the consumption of tobacco products have been constrained. After the passage of the Tobacco Products Control Act and the Non‐smokers' Health Act in 1988, Canada was said to have among the world's strongest tobacco promotion and smoking regulations. Now that key provisions of the Tobacco Products Control Act have been struck down by the Supreme Court of Canada and new legislation has been introduced in Parliament, it seems appropriate to examine the history of the regulation of tobacco products marketing and the control of smoking in this county. This paper provides a snapshot of tobacco sales since the 1960s and. outlines the chronology of past attempts to govern the marketing of cigarettes and to constrain smoking. Based on this experience it is recommended that a new organizational approach be examined. A quasi‐crown corporation staffed by experts in consumer package goods marketing is suggested as a way to counter the sophisticated tactics and strategies of the tobacco industry.RésuméAu cours des deux dernières décennies, le Canada a été le théa&#x030c;tre d'une vigoureuse escalade entre I'industrie du tabac, les pouvoirs publics et le lobby anti‐tabac. Le marketing et la consommation des produits du tabac ont été de plus en plus réprimés. Depuis I'adoption de la Loi réglementant les produits du tabac et de la Loi sur la santé des non‐fumeurs en 1988, le Canada passe parmi les pays à s'ětre dotés de I'une des réglementations les plus exigeantes du monde sur la promotion et I'usage du tabac. À présent que la Cour suprěme a rejeté les prin‐cipales clauses de la Loi réglementant les produits du tabac et que le Parlement est saisi d'une nouvelle législation sur la question, le moment est venu d'examiner I'histoire de la régulation du marketing des produits du tabac ainsi que la réglementation de I'usage du tabac au pays. L'article donne un aperçu des ventes du tabac depuis les années 60 et établit la chronologie des tenta‐tives destinées à régir le marketing des cigarettes et à juguler I'habitude defumer. Sur la base de cette expérience, Vauteur recommande d'envisager une nouvelle approche organisationnelle. II propose notamment de créer une société apparentée à une société de la Couronne (quasi‐crown corporation) dont feraient par‐tie des experts en marketing de Vemballage des produits de consommation pour contrer les tactiques et les stratégies évoluées de l'industrie du tabac.
A Device for Harvesting Energy From Rotational Vibrations
Authors: Trimble A Zachary , Lang Jeffrey H. , Pabon Jahir , Slocum Alexander 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A new device designed to harvest rotational vibration energy is presented. The device is modeled as a spring-mass-damper system connected to a vibration source where a torsion rod is used as a spring element and a shearing electromagnetic induction circuit as the energy harvesting element. The device is inherently a resonant type harvester. A prototype device is tested using a purely sinusoidal vibration input and more realistic inputs consisting of wider bandwidths, multiple resonance peaks, and low amplitude noise. The performance of the prototype to realistic inputs verifies the ongoing challenge to vibration energy harvesting, namely, significant loss of performance when using broadband inputs with resonant based devices.
Lactococcal Abortive Infection Protein AbiV Interacts Directly with the Phage Protein SaV and Prevents Translation of Phage Proteins
Authors: Haaber Jakob , Samson Julie E. , Labrie Simon J. , Campanacci Valérie , Cambillau Christian , Moineau Sylvain , Hammer Karin 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAbiV is an abortive infection protein that inhibits the lytic cycle of several virulent phages infectingLactococcus lactis, while a mutation in the phage genesavconfers insensitivity to AbiV. In this study, we have further characterized the effects of the bacterial AbiV and its interaction with the phage p2 protein SaV. First, we showed that during phage infection of lactococcal AbiV+cells, AbiV rapidly inhibited protein synthesis. Among early phage transcripts,savgene transcription was slightly inhibited while the SaV protein could not be detected. Analyses of other phage p2 mRNAs and proteins suggested that AbiV blocks the activation of late gene transcription, probably by a general inhibition of translation. Using size exclusion chromatography coupled with on-line static light scattering and refractometry, as well as fluorescence quenching experiments, we also demonstrated that both AbiV and SaV formed homodimers and that they strongly and specifically interact with each other to form a stable protein complex.
Rumen Microbial Population Dynamics during Adaptation to a High-Grain Diet
Authors: Fernando S. C. , Purvis H. T. , Najar F. Z. , Sukharnikov L. O. , Krehbiel C. R. , Nagaraja T. G. , Roe B. A. , DeSilva U. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTHigh-grain adaptation programs are widely used with feedlot cattle to balance enhanced growth performance against the risk of acidosis. This adaptation to a high-grain diet from a high-forage diet is known to change the rumen microbial population structure and help establish a stable microbial population within the rumen. Therefore, to evaluate bacterial population dynamics during adaptation to a high-grain diet, 4 ruminally cannulated beef steers were adapted to a high-grain diet using a step-up diet regimen containing grain and hay at ratios of 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, and 80:20. The rumen bacterial populations were evaluated at each stage of the step-up diet after 1 week of adaptation, before the steers were transitioned to the next stage of the diet, using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis, 16S rRNA gene libraries, and quantitative real-time PCR. The T-RFLP analysis displayed a shift in the rumen microbial population structure during the final two stages of the step-up diet. The 16S rRNA gene libraries demonstrated two distinct rumen microbial populations in hay-fed and high-grain-fed animals and detected only 24 common operational taxonomic units out of 398 and 315, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene libraries of hay-fed animals contained a significantly higher number of bacteria belonging to the phylumFibrobacteres, whereas the 16S rRNA gene libraries of grain-fed animals contained a significantly higher number of bacteria belonging to the phylumBacteroidetes. Real-time PCR analysis detected significant fold increases in theMegasphaera elsdenii,Streptococcus bovis,Selenomonas ruminantium, andPrevotella bryantiipopulations during adaptation to the high-concentrate (high-grain) diet, whereas theButyrivibrio fibrisolvensandFibrobacter succinogenespopulations gradually decreased as the animals were adapted to the high-concentrate diet. This study evaluates the rumen microbial population using several molecular approaches and presents a broader picture of the rumen microbial population structure during adaptation to a high-grain diet from a forage diet.
Isolation of a Novel
Campylobacter jejuni
Clone Associated with the Bank Vole,
Myodes glareolus
Authors: Williams N. J. , Jones T. R. , Leatherbarrow H. J. , Birtles R. J. , Lahuerta-Marin A. , Bennett M. , Winstanley C. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Campylobacter jejuni
can be isolated from different animal hosts. Various studies have used multilocus sequence typing to look for associations between particular clones of
C. jejuni
and specific hosts. Here, we describe the isolation of a novel clone (sequence type 3704 [ST-3704]) of
C. jejuni
associated with the bank vole (
Myodes glareolus
).
Identifying Active Phage Lysins through Functional Viral Metagenomics
Authors: Schmitz Jonathan E. , Schuch Raymond , Fischetti Vincent A. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Recent metagenomic sequencing studies of uncultured viral populations have provided novel insights into the ecology of environmental bacteriophage. At the same time, viral metagenomes could also represent a potential source of recombinant proteins with biotechnological value. In order to identify such proteins, a novel two-step screening technique was devised for cloning phage lytic enzymes from uncultured viral DNA. This plasmid-based approach first involves a primary screen in which transformed
Escherichia coli
clones that demonstrate colony lysis following exposure to inducing agent are identified. This effect, which can be due to the expression of membrane-permeabilizing phage holins, is discerned by the development a hemolytic effect in surrounding blood agar. In a secondary step, the clones identified in the primary screen are overlaid with autoclaved Gram-negative bacteria (specifically
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
) to assay directly for recombinant expression of lytic enzymes, which are often encoded proximally to holins in phage genomes. As proof-of-principle, the method was applied to a viral metagenomic library constructed from mixed animal feces, and 26 actively expressed lytic enzymes were cloned. These proteins include both Gram-positive-like and Gram-negative-like enzymes, as well as several atypical lysins whose predicted structures are less common among known phage. Overall, this study represents one of the first functional screens of a viral metagenomic population, and it provides a general approach for characterizing lysins from uncultured phage.
Combined Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis ofBifidobacterium animalissubsp.lactisBB-12 Grown on Xylo-Oligosaccharides and a Model of Their Utilization
Authors: Gilad Ofir , Jacobsen Susanne , Stuer-Lauridsen Birgitte , Pedersen Martin Bastian , Garrigues Christel , Svensson Birte 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTRecent studies have demonstrated that xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), which are classified as emerging prebiotics, selectively enhance the growth of bifidobacteria in general and ofBifidobacteriumanimalissubsp.lactisstrains in particular. To elucidate the metabolism of XOS in the well-documented and widely used probiotic strainB. animalissubsp.lactisBB-12, a combined proteomic and transcriptomic approach was applied, involving DNA microarrays, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) analyses of samples obtained from cultures grown on either XOS or glucose. The analyses show that 9 of the 10 genes that encode proteins predicted to play a role in XOS catabolism (i.e., XOS-degrading and -metabolizing enzymes, transport proteins, and a regulatory protein) were induced by XOS at the transcriptional level, and the proteins encoded by three of these (β-d-xylosidase, sugar-binding protein, and xylose isomerase) showed higher abundance on XOS. Based on the obtained results, a model for the catabolism of XOS in BB-12 is suggested, according to which the strain utilizes an ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transport system (probably for oligosaccharides) to bind XOS on the cell surface and transport them into the cell. XOS are then degraded intracellularly through the action of xylanases and xylosidases tod-xylose, which is subsequently metabolized by thed-fructose-6-P shunt. The findings obtained in this study may have implications for the design of a synbiotic application containing BB-12 and the XOS used in the present study.
Characterization of Bacterial Community Structure in a Drinking Water Distribution System during an Occurrence of Red Water
Authors: Li Dong , Li Zheng , Yu Jianwei , Cao Nan , Liu Ruyin , Yang Min 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

The role of bacteria in the occasional emergence of red water, which has been documented worldwide, has yet to be determined. To better understand the mechanisms that drive occurrences of red water, the bacterial community composition and the relative abundance of several functional bacterial groups in a water distribution system of Beijing during a large-scale red water event were determined using several molecular methods. Individual clone libraries of the 16S rRNA gene were constructed for three red water samples and one sample of normal water.
Beta
-,
Alpha
-, and
Gammaproteobacteria
comprised the major bacterial communities in both red water and normal water samples, in agreement with previous reports. A high percentage of red water clones (25.2 to 57.1%) were affiliated with or closely related to a diverse array of iron-oxidizing bacteria, including the neutrophilic microaerobic genera
Gallionella
and
Sideroxydans
, the acidophilic species
Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans
, and the anaerobic denitrifying
Thermomonas
bacteria. The genus
Gallionella
comprised 18.7 to 28.6% of all clones in the three red water libraries. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the 16S rRNA gene copy concentration of
Gallionella
spp. was between (4.1 ± 0.9) × 10
7
(mean ± standard deviation) and (1.6 ± 0.3) × 10
8
per liter in red water, accounting for 13.1% ± 2.9% to 17.2% ± 3.6% of the total
Bacteria
spp. in these samples. By comparison, the percentages of
Gallionella
spp. in the normal water samples were 0.1% or lower (below the limit of detection), suggesting an important role of
Gallionella
spp. in the formation of red water.
Granule Formation Mechanisms within an Aerobic Wastewater System for Phosphorus Removal
Authors: Barr Jeremy J. , Cook Andrew E. , Bond Phillip L. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Granular sludge is a novel alternative for the treatment of wastewater and offers numerous operational and economic advantages over conventional floccular-sludge systems. The majority of research on granular sludge has focused on optimization of engineering aspects relating to reactor operation with little emphasis on the fundamental microbiology. In this study, we hypothesize two novel mechanisms for granule formation as observed in three laboratory scale sequencing batch reactors operating for biological phosphorus removal and treating two different types of wastewater. During the initial stages of granulation, two distinct granule types (white and yellow) were distinguished within the mixed microbial population. White granules appeared as compact, smooth, dense aggregates dominated by 97.5% “
Candidatus
Accumulibacter phosphatis,” and yellow granules appeared as loose, rough, irregular aggregates with a mixed microbial population of 12.3% “
Candidatus
Accumulibacter phosphatis” and 57.9% “
Candidatus
Competibacter phosphatis,” among other bacteria. Microscopy showed white granules as homogeneous microbial aggregates and yellow granules as segregated, microcolony-like aggregates, with phylogenetic analysis suggesting that the granule types are likely not a result of strain-associated differences. The microbial community composition and arrangement suggest different formation mechanisms occur for each granule type. White granules are hypothesized to form by outgrowth from a single microcolony into a granule dominated by one bacterial type, while yellow granules are hypothesized to form via multiple microcolony aggregation into a microcolony-segregated granule with a mixed microbial population. Further understanding and application of these mechanisms and the associated microbial ecology may provide conceptual information benefiting start-up procedures for full-scale granular-sludge reactors.
Development of a Real-Time qPCR Method for Detection and Enumeration of
Mycobacterium
spp. in Surface Water
Authors: Radomski Nicolas , Lucas Françoise S. , Moilleron Régis , Cambau Emmanuelle , Haenn Sophie , Moulin Laurent 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

A real-time quantitative PCR method was developed for the detection and enumeration of
Mycobacterium
spp. from environmental samples and was compared to two other methods already described. The results showed that our method, targeting 16S rRNA, was more specific than the two previously published real-time quantitative PCR methods targeting another 16S rRNA locus and the
hsp65
gene (100% versus 44% and 91%, respectively).
Molecular Cloning of Cyanobacterial Pteridine Glycosyltransferases That Catalyze the Transfer of either Glucose or Xylose to Tetrahydrobiopterin
Authors: Lee Yeol Gyun , Kim Ae Hyun , Park Mi Bi , Kim Hye-Lim , Lee Kon Ho , Park Young Shik 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Here, we report cloning of cyanobacterial genes encoding pteridine glycosyltransferases that catalyze glucosyl or xylosyl transfer from UDP-sugars to tetrahydrobiopterin. The genes were cloned by PCR amplification from genomic DNA which was isolated from culture and environmental samples and overexpressed in
Escherichia coli
for an
in vitro
activity assay.
Isolation of a Novel Bacteriophage Specific for the Periodontal Pathogen
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Authors: Machuca Pamela , Daille Leslie , Vinés Enrique , Berrocal Liliana , Bittner Mauricio 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Fusobacterium nucleatum
is a periodontal pathogen that has been directly associated with the development and progression of periodontal disease, a widespread pathology that affects the support tissues of the tooth. We isolated a new bacteriophage (FnpΦ02) that specifically infects this bacterium. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the virion is composed of an icosahedral head and a segmented tail. The size of the phage genome was estimated to be approximately 59 kbp of double-stranded DNA. The morphological features and the genetic characteristics suggest that FnpΦ02 is part of the
Siphoviridae
family. Using one-step growth and adsorption experiments, the latent period, burst size, and adsorption rate were estimated to be 15 h, 100 infectious units per cell, and 7.5 × 10
−10
ml min
−1
, respectively. A small fragment of phage DNA was cloned and sequenced, showing 93% nucleotide identity with the phage PA6 of
Propionibacterium acnes
and amino acid identity with fragments of two proteins (Gp3 and Gp4) of this phage. To our knowledge, FnpΦ02 is the first phage described to infect
Fusobacterium nucleatum
and provides the base for future exploration of phages in the control of periodontal disease.
Stable, Site-Specific Fluorescent Tagging Constructs Optimized for
Burkholderia
Species
Authors: Norris Michael H. , Kang Yun , Wilcox Bruce , Hoang Tung T. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Several vectors that facilitate stable fluorescent labeling of
Burkholderia pseudomallei
and
Burkholderia thailandensis
were constructed. These vectors combined the effectiveness of the mini-Tn
7
site-specific transposition system with fluorescent proteins optimized for
Burkholderia
spp., enabling bacterial tracking during cellular infection.
Activation of Two Different Resistance Mechanisms inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeupon Exposure to Octanoic and Decanoic Acids
Authors: Legras J. L. , Erny C. , Le Jeune C. , Lollier M. , Adolphe Y. , Demuyter C. , Delobel P. , Blondin B. , Karst F. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTMedium-chain fatty acids (octanoic and decanoic acids) are well known as fermentation inhibitors. During must fermentation, the toxicity of these fatty acids is enhanced by ethanol and low pH, which favors their entrance in the cell, resulting in a decrease of internal pH. We present here the characterization of the mechanisms involved in the establishment of the resistance to these fatty acids. The analysis of the transcriptome response to the exposure to octanoic and decanoic acids revealed that two partially overlapping mechanisms are activated; both responses share many genes with an oxidative stress response, but some key genes were activated differentially. The transcriptome response to octanoic acid stress can be described mainly as a weak acid response, and it involves Pdr12p as the main transporter. The phenotypic analysis of knocked-out strains confirmed the role of the Pdr12p transporter under the control ofWAR1but also revealed the involvement of the Tpo1pmajorfacilitatorsuperfamily proteins (MFS) transporter in octanoic acid expulsion. In contrast, the resistance to decanoic acid is composite. It also involves the transporter Tpo1p and includes the activation of several genes of the beta-oxidation pathway and ethyl ester synthesis. Indeed, the induction ofFAA1andEEB1, coding for a long-chain fatty acyl coenzyme A synthetase and an alcohol acyltransferase, respectively, suggests a detoxification pathway through the production of decanoate ethyl ester. These results are confirmed by the sensitivity of strains bearing deletions for the transcription factors encoded byPDR1,STB5,OAF1, andPIP2genes.