bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LANDSAT Committee appointed
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

At its June 7–8 meeting, the 15‐member LANDSAT advisory committee passed a resolution that calls for testing the feasibility of transferring the land remote sensing satellite system to private ownership. The committee, appointed last month to advise Commerce Secretary Malcolm Baldrige on the management of Landsat, includes representatives of industry, the academic community, and state and local governments.The committee, chaired by Michel T. Halbouty, consulting geologist and petroleum engineer at the Houston‐based Halbouty Center, reports to Baldrige through the administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA will become responsible for LANDSAT operations in January 1983. The National Earth Satellite Service will manage these LANDSAT operations and will provide support services for the advisory committee's quarterly meetings. The resolution that the committee passed at its first meeting outlined a four‐step process by which the Commerce Department can evaluate the feasibility of transferring the operational land remote sensing satellite system to private industry. The possible transfer is in keeping with the Reagan administration's policy to shift some government‐supported activities to the private sector.
Six telescopes pooled
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Five radio telescopes in Australia and a sixth in South Africa were synchronously operated for the first time as a single radio telescope from April 20 through May 3. The high‐resolution capabilities of the telescope system were used to investigate the structure of the nucleus of Centaurus A, the nearest giant radio galaxy. About 30 quasars and galaxies were studied in the two weeks of arraying of the telescopes, according to information from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).The project to operate the telescopes as a single instrument—called very long baseline interferometry (VLB I)—was jointly directed by the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) and JPL. David L. Jauncey of CSIRO and Robert A. Preston of JPL are the principal investigators of the experiment.
Earth's core, climate, and magnetic field
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

H.H. Lamb (Climate, Present, Past and Future, vol. 2., Methuen Co., N.Y., 1977) postulated convincingly that there is a tight correlation between variations in the earth's climate and solar exposure (as represented by mean surface temperature 8). Given constant radiation and surface, solar exposure is a function of the length of day, and thus it has been tempting to correlate, as well, mechanisms that could cause or be the result of changes in the earth's rotation rate. Such mechanisms have been reviewed by Lambeck (The Earth's Variable Rotation, Geophysical Causes and Consequences, Cambridge University Press, London, 1980).Lambeck examined the variations in terms of fluid mechanical coupling between the earth's fluid core and the mantle but deduced that the electromagnetic coupling process between core and mantle probably plays the most dominant role in affecting the spin rate. The factors, climate (9), length of day, variation in the earth's rotation rate, and variations in the geomagnetic field, have been recently correlated by a group of French geophysicists (V. Courtillot et al., Nature, 297, 386, 1982) to form the basis of what is described as an ‘attractive causal chain’ to forecast future climatic variations. The predictive correlations are not subject to circular reasoning as to which—climate variations or variations within the core—was the ultimate cause. Courtillot et al. note a lag in time between core changes and climate changes—in terms of 0—of 15–25 years to predict the climate.
Pioneer: Eyes in the sky
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The two Pioneer spacecraft are now the most distant man‐made objects in the solar system. They have unique advantages to observe and search, perhaps for the cause of persistent irregularities in the orbits of Uranus and Neptune that strongly suggest the possibilities of another unidentified planet far beyond the one that is the outermost planet. Because Pluto's orbit is greatly elongated, Pluto and Neptune take turns being the outermost planet, with Pluto currently inside Neptune's orbit for the next 17 years.Pioneer 10 is now between the orbits of Uranus and Neptune and will be beyond all the planets in July 1983. Pioneer 11 is between the orbits of Saturn and Uranus.
[Comment on] “Stardust” refrains [Memories]
Authors: Goguel Jean 
Published: October 2011

In Eos, 63 (12), March 23, p. 201, under the title ‘Stardust Memories,’ there is a quotation of St. Exupery, followed by the question: Have geologists ever traveled to these plateaus [on which the author has found a layer of star dust]?Geologists may be sensitive to the poet's feelings, as the poet may be—and has been, in fact—sensitive to the geologists' findings.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Allen M. Hittelman has joined the ARCO Exploration Co. in Plano, Tex., as head of their data management systems group. He was formerly chief of the terrestrial geophysics branch for the National Geophysical Data Center in Boulder, Colo.The following AGU members are running for office in the upcoming annual elections of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). The full list of candidates appears in the June 4 issue of Science.
Bureaucracy Versus Environment: The Environmental Costs of Bureaucratic Governance
Authors: Singer S. Fred 
Published: October 2011

The 15 contributors to this volume have an important message. They are convinced that both environmental and economic costs of bureaucratic management of natural resources are too high, and unnecessarily so. The main reason is an institutional one: Authority is given to those who do not bear responsibility for the consequences o f their actions.A classic case is the set of specific numerical emission standards for automobiles in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970. Congress arrived at these standards without a scientific basis, without technical analysis, and certainly without any consideration of costs and benefits. Only 3 years later did Senator Muskie ask the National Academy of Sciences to conduct a cost‐benefit analysis. The NAS results were presented in a fashion that seemed to support the action of Congress; yet, the statutory emissions standards yielded marginal costs well beyond their marginal benefits. They had a major impact on Detroit during the 1970's, and very likely damaged, perhaps irreversibly, the competitive standing of the American automobile industry, a major segment of the U.S. economy. But the economic costs of these actions were never considered, least of all by the responsible bureaucrats. They were completely buffered from any consequences flowing from the exercise of their authority.
1982 Maurice Ewing Medalist
Authors: Talwani Manik 
Published: October 2011

It is a pleasure to present the citation for this year's Maurice Ewing medalist, John Ewing.John was born in Texas and completed his early education there. During or shortly after high school, he spent 1 year working on a farm. Working on a farm included tinkering with tractors, automobiles, and various other machines. John has told me that this one year of fooling around with machines gave him better training in instrumentation than he subsequently obtained at more hallowed institutions, such as Harvard, where he obtained a B.S. degree in physics. John subsequently took some graduate courses at Columbia. At Columbia a course in mathematics for physics students (which was a disguised course in applied quantum mechanics) had to compete for John's attention with adventures at sea with Maurice Ewing. Adventures at sea won out. Joining John in his march out of graduate school were a number of others who went on to become illustrious scientists.
Historical perspective
Authors: Landsberg H. E. 
Published: October 2011

It was a pleasure to learn, from a recent (May 4) issue of Eos, of the formation of a permanent Committee on History of Geophysics. There is a dire need for reference material, books, and articles on geophysical history.Let me recommend to them that they take a good look at the Dictionary of the History of Science (W.F. Bynum, E.J. Browne, Roy Porter (Eds.), Princeton University Press, 494 pp., 1981). What follows is not a book review, although it may appear so. It is meant to be a challenge to place geophysics on the map in historical context. In this book, hydrology is dealt with in one sentence under the heading ‘cycle,’ geomagnetism under ‘declination and dip,’ and its history ends with Edward Sabine. Seismology appears under earthquakes. No important seismologist is mentioned. In the biographical index, Wiechert is included only for a contribution to physics. Where are Sir Harold Jeffreys, Galitzin, Gutenberg, Mohorovičić, Lehman, and many others? Meteorology ends with V. Bjerknes and Solberg; Köppen, Richardson, Rossby, and other notables [of] the last century do not seem to exist.
1982 Horton Medalist
Authors: Chapman Thomas G. , Philip J. R. 
Published: October 2011

The names of Horton and Philip occur together so frequently in any discussion of infiltration that it is particularly appropriate that John R. Philip should be the recipient of the Robert E. Horton Medal. In 1931, Horton emphasized the need for ‘research to provide connective tissue between related problems,’ and Philip's achievements have gone far toward satisfying that need.John R. Philip was born at Ballarat, some 70 miles from Melbourne, and attended Melbourne University, graduating as bachelor of civil engineering in 1946. After a few years of engineering experience with Queensland's Irrigation Commission, he took up a position as research scientist in the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) in 1951. He moved rapidly from analysis of the hydraulics of border irrigation to the general problems of infiltration and soil water movement and found analytical solutions to a wide range of problems in homogeneous porous media. In 1957, Philip and his colleague D. A. de Vries were awarded the Horton prize of the AGU for their paper on moisture movement in porous materials under temperature gradients. In 1960, Melbourne University awarded John Philip his doctorate of science for a thesis, ‘Physical Contributions to Microhydrology,’ consisting of 19 published papers.
Wet June for nation's streams
Authors: Anomymous  
Published: October 2011

Responding to heavy precipitation during the first half of the month, streamflow for June was well‐above normal throughout much of the East and Midwest, and scattered regional and local flooding occurred in New England, Arkansas, Iowa, Missouri, and Nebraska, according to the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior.USGS hydrologists said that 90% of the 164 key index gaging stations across the country reported normal to well‐above normal streamflow conditions during June. More than half of those stations reporting wellabove normal conditions are in the eastern half of the nation.
Federal support for geoscientists
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

While fundamental research in science is expected to receive declining federal support overall in the next few years (Physics Today, May 1982, p. 77) a potential basis for the long‐term (5‐year) support of federal geoscience funding is emerging in the areas of resource development and the space shuttle program.The FY 1983 earth sciences budget request of the National Science Foundation (NSF) is 18% above the previous year, while its requests for the atmospheric, ocean, and Arctic research programs are only about 7% above last year's. According to the NSF, the earth sciences section has been singled out for a sharply increased budget as a result of recommendations of the National Science Board and because of the importance of earth science research to national goals (Physics Today, sup.)
CO2/Climate link reaffirmed
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Carbon Dioxide/Climate Review Panel of the National Research Council (NRC) has reaffirmed the link between increases in atmospheric CO2 and the ‘greenhouse effect’ that would increase temperatures on the earth and change global climate. Furthermore, the panel found that the 1979 report by another NRC committee, which predicted a probable 3°C increase in global temperature (±1.5°) should atmospheric CO2 double, needs no ‘substantial revision.’Noting that climate models could not adequately examine the effects of CO2 increases in isolation, the panel recommended that such models be global in scope and account for such processes as atmospheric, land, and ocean storage and transfer of heat and moisture; the influence of trace gases, including nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone; and seasonal and regional effects. The panel encouraged observational studies, particularly of the long‐term interactions between the ocean and atmosphere, to validate the climate models. The recently issued report, ‘Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Second Assessment,’ also refutes two recent studies that predict that increased CO2 will not change surface temperatures as drastically.
Arthur Weissman: Congressional Fellow
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Arthur B. Weissman has been selected as the 1982–83 AGU Congressional Fellow. On September 1, he will commence his 1‐year term on Capitol Hill as AGU's sixth Congressional FellowWeissman received his Ph.D. earlier this year from the Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering at the Johns Hopkins University. His dissertation focused on the aesthetics and geomorphology of environmental changes.
Biennial financial results
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

During the 2‐year period January 1, 1980, through December 31, 1981, the Union's total operations fared quite well. Cumulative revenues were $10,356,500 versus expenses of $10,068,500, generating a $288,000 net increase to the Union's reserve.In actuality, 1981 was a banner year, since its gain from total operations amounted to $422,600, more than offsetting the loss of $134,600 encountered in 1980 operations. It presented a great start against the $1,000,000 5‐year goal established by the Council.
Awards
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The first presentation of the Volcanology, Geochemistry and Petrology Section Award was made at the section luncheon during the 1982 Spring Meeting. This is the second section award to be established by AGU. The Hydrology Section's Robert E. Horton Award has been presented each year since 1956.AGU's most prestigious award, the Bowie Medal, was given to Herbert Friedman in 1981 and Henry M. Stommel in 1982.
July continues wet trend
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Streamflow conditions throughout most of the nation continued to average normal to well‐above normal during July, the second straight month of well‐above normal flows, the U.S. Geological Survey reported.USGS hydrologists reported that 95% of the 164 key index gauging stations across the country reported normal or above‐normal streamflow conditions during July. In June, 90% of the same 164 stations had reported normal to above‐normal flows. The higher streamflows in July produced mild to severe flooding in Nevada, Wyoming, and Colorado and record‐breaking floods in parts of Illinois, Iowa, and Pennsylvania.
Proposed study of tropic heat
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

A report released this summer outlines a proposed 5‐year coordinated research program to study tropical circulation and air‐sea interactions. The program, dubbed Tropic Heat, seeks to ‘measure and model the seasonal and interannual time‐scale evolution of the heat and mass budgets of the central Pacific equatorial upper ocean.’ The proposal, which has been sent to the National Science Foundation for review, calls for the program to begin in January 1983.The result of discussions at two Tropical Upper Ocean Circulation Meetings during the past 18 months, the program aims to clarify further the air‐sea interactions that have in recent years been linked to climate. One such phenomenon is the Southern Oscillation, a quasiperiodic fluctuation of atmospheric pressure in tropic and subtropic regions.
Robert R. Bennett memorial to GIFT fund
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The many personal friends, colleagues, and professional associates of the late Robert R. Bennett have joined in establishing a memorial in his honor. In recognition of his vigorous support of the American Geophysical Union, they have contributed in his memory to AGU's ‘Girding for Tomorrow’ program. His name will be inscribed on a list of honorees that will be displayed on a plaque in the AGU headquarters in Washington, D.C.Bennett, who received his M.S. in geology from the University of Nebraska in 1939, formerly directed groundwater research in the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey. He was nationally and internationally recognized as an outstanding scientist in hydrogeology and groundwater hydrology. He was a pioneer authority in the development and application of analog‐ and digital‐computer simulations that aid in the analysis and prediction of the responses of highly complex aquifer systems to stresses imposed by man's development and utilization. He conducted basic research in petrophysics to define the fundamental principles governing permeability distribution and its directional characteristics and to elucidate the manner in which the permeability factor controls the movement of water in aquifer systems. He tested the applicability of the concepts he developed with prototype studies of the Ten‐sleep sandstone in the Big Horn Basin of Wyoming and of the Carrizo sandstone in the Coastal Plain of Texas.
Spotlight on solar flares
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Only 50 of th em have been detected in the last 100 years, five of them in a 22‐day period in June. The energy released from just one, however, could power a city the size of Washington, D.C., for about 280 million years.It is this ability to produce large amounts of energy on the sun's surface that intrigues scientists about white‐light solar flares. By observing and measuring the rare phenomena, solar scientists hope to glean an understanding of the processes by which the flares' energy is released and transmitted within the solar atmosphere.
Computer finds ore
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Artificial intelligence techniques are being used for the first time to evaluate geophysical, geochemical, and geologic data and theory in order to locate ore deposits. After several years of development, an intelligent computer code has been formulated and applied to the Mount Tolman area in Washington state. In a project funded by the United States Geological Survey and the National Science Foundation a set of computer programs, under the general title Prospector, was used successfully to locate a previously unknown ore‐grade porphyry molybdenum deposit in the vicinity of Mount Tolman (Science, Sept. 3, 1982).The general area of the deposit had been known to contain exposures of porphyry mineralization. Between 1964 and 1978, exploration surveys had been run by the Bear Creek Mining Company, and later exploration was done in the area by the Amax Corporation. Some of the geophysical data and geochemical and other prospecting surveys were incorporated into the programs, and mine exploration specialists contributed to a set of rules for Prospector. The rules were encoded as ‘inference networks’ to form the ‘expert system’ on which the artificial intelligence codes were based. The molybdenum ore deposit discovered by the test is large, located subsurface, and has an areal extent of more than 18 km2.
Modern Igneous Petrology
Authors: Wendlandt Richard F. 
Published: October 2011

Mohan K. Sood prefaces Modern Igneous Petrology by stating that his objective is to facilitate the understanding of the application of phase equilibrium data to the crystallization and evolution of magmas. He states that the book may be valuable as either a reference or source text or as a text for courses in igneous petrology for undergraduate and graduate students. A review of recent literature and extensive references are promised the reader.There are eight chapters in the book. The presentation is theme‐oriented and progresses from discussion of phase equilibrium in simple binary systems to those in complex synthetic and natural systems. The Introduction is intended to be ‘an overview of the igneous process and the state of the art of experimental petrology.’ Chapters 2 and 3, comprising in excess of one half of the book in extent, detail anhydrous silicate systems at 1‐atm bearing on mafic magmas and residual alkaline magmas, respectively. The following four chapters deal in a perfunctory manner with silicate systems containing volatiles, volatile solubilities in silicate melts, melting relations of rocks, and the genesis of magmas. Chapter 8 summarizes the conclusions.
Open scientific communication urged
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

In a report released last week the National Academy of Sciences' Panel on Scientific Communication and National Security concluded that the ‘limited and uncertain benefits’ of controls on the dissemination of scientific and technological research are ‘outweighed by the importance of scientific progress, which open communication accelerates, to the overall welfare of the nation.’ The 18‐member panel, chaired by Dale R. Corson, president emeritus of Cornell University, was created last spring (Eos, April 20, 1982, p. 241) to examine the delicate balance between open dissemination of scientific and technical information and the U.S. government's desire to protect scientific and technological achievements from being translated into military advantages for our political adversaries.The panel dealt almost exclusively with the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union but noted that there are ‘clear problems in scientific communication and national security involving Third World countries.’ Further study of this matter is necessary.
25 years in space
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

With the launch by the U.S.S.R. of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik, on October 4, 1957, the space age was inaugurated. Now, a symposium will mark the 25th anniversary of that launch with a review of the origins, motivations, and progress of the era.The National Academy of Sciences and the Smithsonian Institution's National Air & Space Museum will host ‘25 Years in Space’ on October 14. The day‐long symposium, to be held at the Academy auditorium at 2100 C St., N.W., Washington, D.C., will feature three major sessions: motivations for space activity, the practical dimensions of space, and science and space. Also on the agenda is a special program on the space age and the arts. Harvey Brooks of Harvard University, Simon Ramo of TRW, Inc., and Freeman Dyson of Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study will lead these sessions. Closing remarks will be presented by Philip Morrison of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.