bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reevaluating suitable habitat for reintroductions: lessons learnt from the eastern barred bandicoot recovery program
Authors: Cook C. N. , Morgan D. G. , Marshall D. J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractReintroduction and translocation programs are widely used conservation tools but their success rates are low. Poor success rates for reintroduction programs are commonly attributed to insufficient knowledge of species' habitat requirements, especially if they are critically endangered. Yet conservation managers are frequently required to make decisions about suitable reintroduction sites when information is incomplete or uncertain. A widely used strategy to assist the selection of reintroduction sites – habitat suitability models – may rely on assumptions and simplifications to fill gaps in existing data. It is essential that these models are then evaluated and refined as new evidence becomes available. In this study, we examine the effectiveness of a reintroduction program based on habitat suitability modelling: that for the critically endangered eastern barred bandicoot Perameles gunnii in Australia. After collecting a variety of data from the reintroduction sites, we found that habitat preferences for this species could be accurately predicted using a simple logistic regression model within two predictor variables rather than the five previously used to select reintroduction sites. This made it possible to better focus limited resources on the most suitable reintroduction sites. We believe that building such a process of review into a reintroduction program can contribute to improving its success, while ensuring that scarce conservation resources are used more effectively.
Identification of plasticity‐associated genes regulated by Pavlovian fear conditioning in the lateral amygdala
Authors: Ploski Jonathan E. , Park Kevin W. , Ping Junli , Monsey Melissa S. , Schafe Glenn E. 
Published: November 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 636–650.AbstractMost recent studies aimed at defining the cellular and molecular mechanisms of Pavlovian fear conditioning have focused on protein kinase signaling pathways and the transcription factor cAMP‐response element binding protein (CREB) that promote fear memory consolidation in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA). Despite this progress, there still remains a paucity of information regarding the genes downstream of CREB that are required for long‐term fear memory formation in the LA. We have adopted a strategy of using microarray technology to initially identify genes induced within the dentate gyrus following in vivo long‐term potentiation (LTP) followed by analysis of whether these same genes are also regulated by fear conditioning within the LA. In the present study, we first identified 34 plasticity‐associated genes that are induced within 30 min following LTP induction utilizing a combination of DNA microarray, qRT‐PCR, and in situ hybridization. To determine whether these genes are also induced in the LA following Pavlovian fear conditioning, we next exposed rats to an auditory fear conditioning protocol or to control conditions that do not support fear learning followed by qRT‐PCR on mRNA from microdissected LA samples. Finally, we asked whether identified genes induced by fear learning in the LA are downstream of the extracellular‐regulated kinase/mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling cascade. Collectively, our findings reveal a comprehensive list of genes that represent the first wave of transcription following both LTP induction and fear conditioning that largely belong to a class of genes referred to as ‘neuronal activity dependent genes’ that are likely calcium, extracellular‐regulated kinase/mitogen‐activated protein kinase, and CREB‐dependent.
Effect of inhibition of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase on relaxations to β‐adrenoceptor agonists in porcine isolated blood vessels
Authors: Uhiara CO , Alexander SPH , Roberts RE 
Published: November 2009

Background and purpose: Stimulation of vascular β‐adrenoceptors causes vasodilatation through activation of adenylyl cyclase (AC) and plasma membrane potassium channels, and β‐adrenoceptors have been linked to activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen‐activated protein kinase in various cell lines. However, how these findings relate to functional responses in intact tissues is largely unknown. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the role of ERK in β‐adrenoceptor‐induced vasodilatation.Experimental approach: Segments of porcine coronary artery were mounted in a Mulvany wire myograph and bathed in Krebs–Henseleit buffer gassed with 95% O2/5% CO2and maintained at 37°C. Tissues were pre‐contracted with the thromboxane mimetic U46619, endothelin‐1 or KCl. Cumulative concentration–response curves to β‐adrenoceptor agonists or forskolin were then carried out in the absence or presence of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors PD98059 (10 or 50 µM) or U0126 (10 µM).Key results: PD98059 caused a concentration‐dependent leftward shift in response to isoprenaline (pEC50control, 7.5 ± 0.1; 50 µM PD98059, 8.1 ± 0.1:P< 0.05). Inhibition of MEK also enhanced the maximum relaxation seen with salbutamol, but not the responses to the β1‐adrenoceptor selective agonist xamoterol or the AC activator forskolin. There was no enhancement of the relaxations to β‐adrenoceptor agonists after inhibition of ERK activation in tissues pre‐contracted with KCl or treated with the K+channel blocker tetraethylammonium.Conclusions and implications: These data indicate that ERK inhibits β2‐adrenoceptor‐mediated vasodilatation through a mechanism which may involve inactivation of plasma membrane potassium channels.
β2‐Adrenoceptors and non‐β‐adrenoceptors mediate effects of BRL37344 and clenbuterol on glucose uptake in soleus muscle: studies using knockout mice
Authors: Ngala Robert A. , O'Dowd Jacqueline , Wang Steven J. , Stocker Claire , Cawthorne Michael A. , Arch Jonathan R.S. 
Published: November 2009

Background and purpose: In previous work, 10 pM BRL37344 and 10 pM clenbuterol stimulated glucose uptake in mouse soleus muscle. Ten nM BRL37344 also stimulated uptake but 100 nM clenbuterol inhibited uptake. Antagonist studies suggested that the opposite effects of 10 nM BRL37344 and 100 nM clenbuterol are mediated by the β2‐adrenoceptor. BRL37344 and clenbuterol have been studied in muscles that lack β3‐, β2‐ or all three β‐adrenoceptors. Effects of β‐adrenoceptor antagonists on responses to the agonists have been studied further using muscles from wild‐type mice.Experimental approach: Soleus muscles of wild‐type or β‐adrenoceptor knockout mice were incubated with 2‐deoxy[1‐14C]‐glucose, and β‐adrenoceptor ligands. Formation of 2‐deoxy[1‐14C]‐glucose‐6‐phosphate was measured.Key results: Concentration–response relationships were similar for BRL37344 and clenbuterol in normal muscle and muscle lacking β3‐adrenoceptors. Ten pM BRL37344 and clenbuterol stimulated glucose uptake in muscle lacking β2‐adrenoceptors or all three β‐adrenoceptors, but 10 nM BRL37344 did not stimulate uptake in either case, and 100 nM clenbuterol stimulated, rather than inhibited, uptake in muscle lacking β2‐adrenoceptors. One hundred nM clenbuterol also stimulated glucose uptake in normal muscle when β2‐adrenoceptors were blocked with ICI118551, and this was not prevented by antagonism of β1‐ or β3‐adrenoceptors.Conclusions and implications: Ten nM BRL37344 and 100 nM clenbuterol have opposite effects on glucose uptake but both effects are mediated by the β2‐adrenoceptor – apparently an example of agonist‐directed signalling. Ten pM BRL37344, 10 pM clenbuterol and 100 nM clenbuterol in the presence of ICI118551 stimulate glucose uptake via β‐adrenoceptor‐independent mechanisms, demonstrating unknown properties for the agonists.
Differential inhibitory effects of drugs acting at the noradrenaline and 5‐hydroxytryptamine transporters in rat and human neocortical synaptosomes*
Authors: Mantovani M , Dooley DJ , Weyerbrock A , Jackisch R , Feuerstein TJ 
Published: November 2009

Background and purpose: Although the amino acid sequences of rat and human 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and noradrenaline (NA) transporters (i.e. SERT and NET) are highly homologous, species differences exist in the inhibitory effects of drugs acting at these transporters. Therefore, comparison of the potencies of drugs acting at SERT and NET in native human and rat neocortex may serve to more accurately predict their clinical profile.Experimental approach: Synaptosomes prepared from fresh human and rat neocortical tissues were used for [3H]‐5‐HT and [3H]‐NA saturation and competition uptake experiments. The drugs tested included NA reuptake inhibitors (desipramine, atomoxetine and (S,S)‐reboxetine), 5‐HT reuptake blockers (citalopram, fluoxetine and fluvoxamine) and dual 5‐HT/NA reuptake inhibitors (duloxetine and milnacipran).Key results: In saturation experiments on synaptosomal [3H]‐5‐HT and [3H]‐NA uptake, the dissociation constants did not indicate species differences although a smaller density of both SERT and NET was observed in human tissues. In competition experiments with the various drugs, marked species differences in their potencies were observed, especially at SERT. The rank order of selectivity ratios (SERT/NET) in human neocortex was as follows: citalopram ≥ duloxetine = fluvoxamine ≥ fluoxetine > milnacipran > desipramine = atomoxetine > (S,S)‐reboxetine. Significant species differences in these ratios were observed for duloxetine, atomoxetine and desipramine.Conclusions and implications: This study provides the first compilation of drug potency at native human neocortical SERT and NET. The significant species differences (viz., human vs. rat) in drug potency suggest that the general use of rodent data should be limited to predict clinical efficacy or profile.
High‐Density Mapping of the Sinus Node in Humans: Role of Preferential Pathways and the Effect of Remodeling
Authors: STILES MARTIN K. , BROOKS ANTHONY G. , ROBERTS‐THOMSON KURT C. , KUKLIK PAWEL , JOHN BOBBY , YOUNG GLENN D. , KALMAN JONATHAN M. , SANDERS PRASHANTHAN 
Published: November 2009

Sinus Node Mapping. Introduction: The area of the functional sinus node complex exceeds that of the anatomical sinus node; however, reasons for this discrepancy are unknown. We aimed to characterize the functional sinus node complex in health and disease with high‐density simultaneous mapping.
Methods and Results:
Sinus node activity was characterized in 15 reference patients after ablation for supraventricular tachycardia. A further 16 patients were studied following ablation of chronic atrial flutter to determine effects of atrial remodeling. High‐density simultaneous mapping of the sinus node complex was performed using a multi‐electrode array. In reference patients, distance from superior vena cava‐right atrial (SVC‐RA) junction to earliest activation (EA) was 4 ± 4 mm and sinus break‐out (SBO) 9 ± 6 mm. Preferential pathways of conduction were observed between EA and SBO. For patients with flutter, these distances were greater (EA: 15 ± 12 mm, P = 0.003; SBO: 23 ± 11 mm, P < 0.001). Conduction time along preferential pathways was 15 ± 5 ms for reference patients and 23 ± 8 ms for patients with flutter (P = 0.005). Following pacing, distance from SVC–RA junction to EA and SBO lengthened to 13 ± 8 mm (P = 0.006) and 16 ± 10 mm (P = 0.02), respectively, in reference patients, and 19 ± 12 mm (P = 0.045), 28 ± 9 mm (P = 0.02) in patients with flutter. This resulted in caudal shifts in EA and SBO of 10 ± 9 mm and 7 ± 8 mm in reference patients but diminished shifts in patients with flutter; 4 ± 7 mm and 4 ± 6 mm.
Conclusion:
The functional sinus node complex demonstrates dynamic changes in activation. There are preferential pathways of conduction from sinus node to atrial myocardium. The remodeled atria demonstrate longer conduction times along preferential pathways and a restricted functional sinus node complex. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 532‐539, May 2010)
Emergency Department Surge Capacity: Recommendations of the Australasian Surge Strategy Working Group
Authors: Bradt David A. , Aitken Peter , FitzGerald Gerry , Swift Roger , O’Reilly Gerard , Bartley Bruce 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFor more than a decade, emergency medicine (EM) organizations have produced guidelines, training, and leadership for disaster management. However, to date there have been limited guidelines for emergency physicians (EPs) needing to provide a rapid response to a surge in demand. The aim of this project was to identify strategies that may guide surge management in the emergency department (ED).A working group of individuals experienced in disaster medicine from the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Disaster Medicine Subcommittee (the Australasian Surge Strategy Working Group) was established to undertake this work. The Working Group used a modified Delphi technique to examine response actions in surge situations and identified underlying assumptions from disaster epidemiology and clinical practice. The group then characterized surge strategies from their corpus of experience; examined them through available relevant published literature; and collated these within domains of space, staff, supplies, and system operations. These recommendations detail 22 potential actions available to an EP working in the context of surge, along with detailed guidance on surge recognition, triage, patient flow through the ED, and clinical goals and practices. The article also identifies areas that merit future research, including the measurement of surge capacity, constraints to strategy implementation, validation of surge strategies, and measurement of strategy impacts on throughput, cost, and quality of care.
La experiencia neoliberal de América Latina. Políticas sociales y laborales desde el decenio de 1980
Authors: FRAILE Lydia 
Published: November 2009

Resumen.En la presente síntesis analítica de los seis estudios nacionales de este número se sostiene que las políticas sociolaborales inspiradas en el Consenso de Washington — que se difundieron por América Latina durante los decenios de 1980 y 1990 — no dieron casi nunca los frutos previstos. La flexibilización laboral, la descentralización de la negociación colectiva, la privatización de las pensiones y el peso creciente del mercado en la provisión de bienestar social causaron, a menudo, un aumento de la informalidad y las desigualdades y una reducción de la protección social, sin que consiguieran estimular el empleo. Ahora bien, una vez aprendida la lección, las políticas mencionadas parecen estar dejando paso a unas estrategias más equilibradas.
Bolivia, entre el cambio y la inercia. Empleo y bienestar en los últimos veinte años
Authors: WANDERLEY Fernanda 
Published: November 2009

Resumen.Con la llegada alpoder del Movimiento al Socialismo de Evo Morales, Bolivia inauguró en 2006 un nuevo período de su historia. Es una etapa de reformas políticas y económicas guiada por el propósito de superar el modelo neoliberal que imperó en el país desde 1985 y de «refundar» el Estado a tenor de la nueva Constitución elaborada en 2008. La autora analiza los cambios implantados en el régimen laboral y de bienestar social durante los años ochenta y noventa, y los desafíos pendientes para construir una estrategia de desarrollo que potencie el empleo y la equidad.
Persistencia de un modelo social excluyente en México
Authors: BAYÓN María Cristina 
Published: November 2009

Resumen.El giro neoliberal que dieron las políticas laborales y sociales de México a partir de los años ochenta exacerbó la desigualdad, la pobreza y la exclusión social. El cambio de rumbo político acaecido durante la última década no fue acompañado de una revisión crítica del modelo económico ni de sus efectos sociales. El Estado adquiere un rol crecientemente residual en el área social, se profundiza la mercantilización de los servicios sociales y se extiende la provisión informal centrada en la familia. Se ha mantenido con pocos cambios un modelo social que protege casi en exclusiva a la población indigente.
Using water bottles for trapping of Indianmeal moths in stored peanuts
Authors: Nansen Christian , Davidson Dustin , Porter Patrick 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSticky traps baited with sex pheromone are the most common trapping devices used in monitoring of moth pests in food warehouses and food processing. However, these traps only capture males, and it is debatable whether captures of male moths can be used as spatio‐temporal indicators of hot spots of conspecific larvae (only larvae are responsible for damage to food products). Water has been documented as highly attractive to stored product moths, and here we present the first performance data on water bottles as monitoring devices. On average, water bottles caught 15 times more Indianmeal moths [Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)] than unbaited sticky traps and 74 times more moths than probe traps. We showed that hole size in water bottles had negligible effect on their trapping performance in a naturally infested peanut warehouse. Experimental evaluation of water loss over time showed that smaller holes dramatically reduced water evaporation (less frequent service required), and detergent can be added to the water to reduce moth decomposition without adversely affecting water attractiveness (trap performance). Trap captures of males and females were linearly correlated, and based on quantitative statistical analysis [Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs (SADIE)], we showed that weekly captures of the two sexes were spatially correlated. The applied implications of using water bottles in improved IPM of moths in food facilities are discussed.
Thermal attributes of Chrysomya species
Authors: Nelson Leigh A. , Dowton M. , Wallman J. F. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe correct identification of forensically important arthropods for post‐mortem interval estimation is crucial, as the rate of larval development can vary substantially between species. The identification of forensically important blowflies of the genus Chrysomya (Diptera: Calliphoridae) may be hampered by their close morphological similarities, especially as immatures. The aim of this study was to establish whether genetically closely related blowfly species would share similar developmental profiles. This could permit the application of developmental data to a number of closely related species, including those for which thermodevelopmental studies are lacking. If Australian Chrysomya were found to share developmental profiles, identification of the blowfly specimen to a level beyond genus may not be necessary, or at least it may not be necessary to distinguish morphologically similar sister species. The three Chrysomya species studied were collected from the same geographical location (Cairns, Australia), reducing the effects of acclimation and population‐level genetic variation. The experimental conditions in this study were virtually identical, which enabled direct comparisons to be made among the species. Blowfly larval lengths were obtained for 24‐hourly intervals at constant temperatures of 25, 30, and 35 °C. The thermal preferences of newly‐hatched feeding larvae were determined by their positions on a temperature gradient apparatus. This study established that all three species investigated differed significantly in their developmental profiles, despite the genetic closeness of the sister species Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) and Chrysomya saffranea (Bigot). Because of this, genetic distance was not considered to be a useful factor for predicting thermodevelopment profiles of closely related species within a genus, and highlights the necessity for correct species identification.
The combination of thalidomide, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone is potentially useful in highly resistant Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Authors: García‐Sanz R. , González‐López T.J. , Vázquez L. , Hermida G. , Graciani I.F. , San Miguel J.F. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFew diseases have a prognosis worse than Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), patients relapsing after autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Here, we report two highly refractory patients with HL who successfully responded to a combination of thalidomide, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (ThaCyDex). Despite the use of a very large number of different drugs (>5 different schemes) including high‐dose therapy and autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation, both patients proved to be suffering from a highly resistant disease. Fortunately, they finally responded to the ThaCyDex combination, achieving sustained complete remission that would support the running of a trial within this setting.
HLA‐A3‐B14 and the origin of the haemochromatosis C282Y mutation: founder effects and recombination events during 12 generations in a Scandinavian family with major iron overload
Authors: Olsson K. Sigvard , Ritter Bernd , Raha‐Chowdhury Ruma 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground:  The haemochromatosis mutation C282Y occurred once in a person who lived in Ireland or Scandinavia and carried either human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐A3‐B7 or A3‐B14. With time, recombinations are believed to have taken place introducing new HLA haplotypes. This evolution is mainly unknown. In this study, we tried to find a founder, possible recombination events and effect on the phenotype in descendants.Setting:  A Swedish mountain population close to Norway, n = 3529, population density <1/km2.Methods:  Retrospective genealogy study of HLA haplotypes followed by extended haplotype studies.Results:  There were 34 probands (22 men, 12 women) where 31 (91%) shared a common founder origin 12 generations ago. The A3‐B14 haplotype was the most common, 39%, in strong linkage disequilibrium (P < 0.0005) with controls, followed by A3‐B7, 20% (P < 0.005), probably resulting from a centromeric recombination replacing the B14 allele with the common B7. Possible telomeric recombinations took place close to HLA‐A and introduced the haplotypes AW19‐B7 (n = 4), AW19‐B27 (2), A1‐B17 (5) and A2‐B12 (4) supported by pedigree studies. Male homozygotes with two copies of HLA‐A3 had significantly (P 0.001) higher mean serum ferritin values than those with one, and liver damage (fibrosis and cirrhosis) was also more common (P < 0.001) than in a population with a recombinant (A1‐B8) haplotype.Conclusions:  A3‐B14 may well be the ancestral haplotype with A3B7, the result of centromeric recombinations introducing the common B7 allele. Telomeric recombinations were more common than expected. The ancestral HLA‐A3 haplotype may be associated with a more severe phenotypic expression.