bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of leptin synthesis during adipogenesis in males of a vespertilionid bat, Scotophilus heathi
Authors: Roy Vikas Kumar , Krishna Amitabh 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARY
The aim of this study was to elucidate the hormonal regulation of leptin synthesis by the white adipose tissue (WAT) during the period of fat accumulation in male Scotophilus heathi. An in vivo study showed a significant correlation between the seasonal changes in serum insulin level with the circulating leptin level and with the changes in body fat mass in S. heathi. An in vitro study showed insulin induced a significant increase in expression of leptin protein in WAT. The insulin-stimulated increase in leptin expression was associated with increased uptake of glucose in the WAT. Two glucose transporters (GLUT4 and GLUT8) are utilized for transport of glucose in the WAT during adipogenesis in the bat. The bats showed high insulin and glucose levels, but a reduction in insulin receptor protein during the period of fat deposition, suggesting insulin resistance, which improved in late winter (January) when most of the fat has been utilized as a metabolic fuel. The in vitro study confirmed that insulin enhanced leptin and GLUT4 expression in WAT. The in vitro study further showed that the expression of leptin is directly proportional to the amount of glucose uptake by the WAT. The expression of GLUT4 and GLUT8 were also shown to be differentially regulated by insulin during adipogenesis. The insulin-stimulated increase in leptin synthesis by WAT is mediated through phosphorylation of MAPK in S. heathi. The specific role of GLUT4 and GLUT8 in the regulation of leptin synthesis during adipogenesis needs further investigation.
Delayed-enhancement MRI of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: assessment of the intramural distribution and comparison with clinical symptoms, ventricular arrhythmias, and cine MRI
Authors: Amano Yasuo , Takayama Morimasa , Fukushima Yoshimitsu , Kitamura Mitsunobu , Kumita Shinichiro 
Published: April 2011

Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is reported to show patchy midwall myocardial hyperenhancement on delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (DE-MRI). The intramural distribution of myocardial hyperenhancement and its correlation with clinical symptoms, ventricular arrhythmias, and cardiac function have not been described forsymptomatic apical HCM. Purpose To evaluate the features and significance of myocardial hyperenhancement on DE-MRI insymptomatic apical HCM. Material and Methods Thirteen patients with symptomatic apical HCM and their 65 apical segments were investigated. Myocardial hyperenhancement and regional and global functional parameters were determined with MRI. We investigated the intramural distribution and frequencies of this myocardial hyperenhancement and compared them with the patients' clinical symptoms, the presence of ventricular arrhythmias, and cine MRI. Results Eight (61.5%) patients with symptomatic apical HCM displayed apical myocardial hyperenhancement, and 22 (33.8%) of the 65 apical segments examined showed myocardial hyperenhancement. Of the myocardial hyperenhancement observed, 81.8% showed a subendocardial pattern.The hyperenhanced apical myocardium had a lower percentage of systolic myocardial thickening, and was associated with serious symptoms (e.g. syncope) and ventricular arrhythmias. Conclusion Patients with symptomatic apical HCMshowed myocardial hyperenhancement involving the subendocardial layer, which might be related to regional systolic dysfunction, serious clinical symptoms, and ventricular arrhythmias.
Fat-saturated post gadolinium T1 imaging of the brain in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Al-Saeed Osama , Ismail Mohammed , Athyal Reji , Sheikh Mehraj 
Published: April 2011

Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is of vital importance in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Imaging sequences better demonstrating enhancing lesions can help in detecting active MS plaques. Purpose To evaluate the role of fat-saturated gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted (T1W) images of the brain in MS and to assess the benefit of performing this additional sequence in the detection of enhancing lesions. Material and Methods In a prospective study over a six-month period, 70 consecutive patients with clinically diagnosed MS were enrolled. These constituted 14 male and 56 female patients between the ages of 21 and 44 years. All the patients underwent brain MRIs on a 1.5 Tesla Magnet. Gadolinium-enhanced T1 images with and without fat saturation were compared and results were recorded and analyzed using a conspicuity score and McNemar test. Results There were a total of 157 lesions detected in 70 patients on post-contrast T1W fat-saturated images compared with 139 lesions seen on the post-contrast T1W fast spin-echo (FSE) images. This was because 18 of the lesions (11.5%) were only seen on the fat-saturated images. In addition, 15 lesions were more conspicuous on the fat saturation sequence (9.5%). The total conspicuity score obtained, including all the lesions, was 2.24 +/−0.60 (SD). Using the two-tailed McNemar test for quantitative analysis, the P value obtained was <0.0001. Conclusion T1W fat-saturated gadolinium-enhanced images show better lesion enhancement than T1W images without fat saturation.
Comparison of whole body MR angiography at 1.5 and 3 Tesla in patients with hereditary hyperlipidemia
Authors: Bannas Peter , Finck-Wedel Anna Katharina , Buhk Jan-Hendrik , Bley Thorsten Alexander , Koops Andreas , Kooijman Hendrik , Beil Frank-Ulrich , Adam Gerhard , Weber Christoph 
Published: April 2011

Background Patients suffering from hereditary hyperlipidemia have a high risk for premature cardiovascular disease and death as a consequence of accelerated atherosclerosis. Purpose To prospectively and intra-individually compare image quality and detectability of stenoses in contrast enhanced whole-body MRA (WBMRA) at 1.5 and 3 Tesla (T) in patients with hereditary hyperlipidemia. Material and Methods Twenty-seven patients with hereditary hyperlipidemia received a 1.5 and 3 T gadopentetate dimeglumine contrast-enhanced WBMRA. Twenty-three defined arterial segments were analyzed regarding depiction of target vessels and image quality according to a 5-point-scale (‘not evaluable’ to ‘excellent’). Wilcoxon matched pair test was performed for comparison. Forty-three defined arterial segments were analyzed for the degree of stenosis (0%, 1–49%, 50–99% and 100%) as well as vessel alterations such as aneurysms. Chi-square test was performed for comparison. Results 1.5 T and 3 T scans yielded WBMRA with diagnostic quality in all patients. In seven of 23 arterial segments (30.4%) image quality was rated significantly higher at 3 T, whereas there was no significant difference in the remaining 16 segments between WBMRA at 1.5 T and 3 T. All relevant stenoses ( n = 5), occlusions ( n = 6), and aneurysms ( n = 3) were evaluated similarly at both field strengths. Conclusion WBMRA can be performed at 1.5 T and 3 T with diagnostic image quality. Image quality was significantly higher at 3 T than at 1.5 T in only 30.4% of the arterial segments. In order to effectively take advantage of the higher field strength, further optimization of sequence parameters and injection protocols for WBMRA at 3 T is necessary.
Prevalence of the types of the petrotympanic fissure in the temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Authors: Çakur Binali , Sümbüllü Muhammed Akif , Durna Doğan , Akgül Hayati Murat 
Published: April 2011

Background Petrotympanic fissure (PTF) is a fissure in the temporal bone that runs from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) to the tympanic cavity (TC). In PTF, the discomallear ligament (DML) connects the malleus in the tympanic cavity and the articular disc and capsule of the temporomandibular joint. PTF with the DML is a possible cause of aural symptoms related to temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD). Purpose To investigate the prevalence of different types of PTF in TMD using dental volumetric tomography (DVT) and determine whether PTF type correlates with age. Material and Methods DVT scans in the sagittal planes of PTFs of 134 patients with TMD were examined for the types of PTF present. Three main PTF types were described: wide, tunnel-shaped structure (type 1); tunnel-shaped structure that is wide open in the PTF entrance to the mandibular fossa and gradually thins out in the tympanic cavity (type 2), tunnel-shaped structure that is wide open in the entrance of the mandibular fossa, with a middle region with a flat-shaped tunnel structure and a narrow exit in the tympanic cavity (type 3). Results In DVT scans, PTF types 1, 2 and 3 were seen in 67.2%, 1.5%, and 31.3% of cases, respectively. We found no significant relationship between age or gender and PTF type. Conclusion The low percentage of type 2 PTF and high percentage of type 1 PTF must be taken into consideration during pre-surgical planning related to TMD. However, future well-designed clinical studies involving larger numbers of subjects will be necessary to confirm the findings of this study.
The interior structure of breast microcalcifications assessed with micro computed tomography
Authors: Gufler Hubert , Wagner Sabine , Franke Folker Ernst 
Published: April 2011

Background Morphology microcalcification descriptors help stratify the risk of breast malignancy. Micro CT is feasible for visualization of the fine-structure of tissues and may be suitible for high resolution microcalcification analysis. Purpose To analyze the interior structure of microcalcifications using a micro CT imaging system. Material and Methods Core needle breast biopsy specimens from 16 women with clustered microcalcifications were examined with micro CT. The samples measured between 0.8 to 1.2 mm in diameter. Micro CT scans with an isotropic voxel size of 8.4 µm were obtained to generate two- and three-dimensional images of the microcalcifications. The number of microcalcifications were counted on the magnified specimen radiogram and on micro CT. Attenuation values of microcalcifications were measured by drawing a region of interest (ROI) in the center of the microcalcifications. Two blinded observers assessed the morphology and the interior structure of microcalcifications. Results Five patients had benign and 11 patients had malignant breast lesions. On micro CT, microcalcifications of benign tissue showed a coarse lamellar or trabecular interior structure, whereas microcalcifications of breast cancer tissue showed a more uniform granular interior structure. There was no correlation between attenuation values of benign compared with malignant microcalcifications. Conclusion On micro CT, an interior structure of microcalcifications is detectable. Benign and malignant microcalcifications display different patterns of interior structure.
The optimal contrast media policy in CT of the liver. Part II: Clinical protocols
Authors: Rengo Marco , Bellini Davide , De Cecco Carlo N , Osimani Marcello , Vecchietti Fabrizio , Caruso Damiano , Maceroni Marco M , Lucchesi Paola , Iafrate Franco , Palombo Erica , Paolantonio Pasquale , Ferrari Riccardo , Laghi Andrea 
Published: April 2011

The advent of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) revolutionized abdominal imaging. In particular, the definitive assessment of CT injection protocols, for the evaluation of the liver parenchyma, is still a critical issue for radiologists. Over the last years, this feature encouraged several authors to address their efforts to find the most accurate delay between the contrast medium injection and the effective scan-start, for the identification and characterization of liver lesions. Technological developments of the present century such as number of slices, submillimetric collimation, and the use of multiple dynamic post-contrast phases per single examination, may all contribute to increase the radiation exposure of single patients. The aim of this review is to propose liver imaging protocols, taking into consideration different clinical needs such as patients with chronic liver disease, healthy patients with focal liver lesion, and oncological patients to minimize radiation exposure. Finally, two recent innovations in MDCT which illustrate the potential application of multi-energy computed tomography (MECT) and perfusion computed tomography (CTp) when evaluating liver parenchyma will be discussed in a short closing paragraph.
Influence of the trigger technique on ventricular function measurements using 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging: comparison of ECG versus pulse wave triggering
Authors: Sievers Burkhard , Wiesner Marco , Kiria Nino , Speiser Uwe , Schoen Steffen , Strasser Ruth H 
Published: April 2011

Background Three Tesla cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (3T-CMR) is increasingly used in clinical practice. Despite many advantages one drawback is that ECG signal disturbances and artifacts increase with higher magnetic field strength resulting in trigger problems and false gating. This particularly affects cardiac imaging because most pulse sequences require ECG triggering. Pulse wave (PW) triggering is robust and might have advantages over ECG triggering. Purpose To evaluate differences in left ventricular (LV) function as an integral part of most CMR studies between ECG- and PW-triggered short-axis imaging using 3T-CMR. Material and Methods Forty-three patients underwent multiple short-axis cine imaging for LV-function assessment with ECG and PW triggering using standard multibreath hold steady-state free precession. LV-volumes (EDV, ESV), ejection fraction (EF), and mass were determined by slice summation. LV-wall motion was assessed by using a 4-point scoring scale. Bland Altman statistics for inter-observer variability were performed. Results ECG triggering failed in 15 patients (34.8%). Thus, analysis was performed in 28 patients (13 with impaired LV function). Difference in volumes (EDV 0.13 ± 1.8 mL, ESV 0.59 ± 1.1 mL), EF (–0.32 ± 0.6%) and mass (0.01 ± 1.1 g) between ECG and PW triggering were very small and significant only for ESV and EF (p ≤ 0.011). In patients with impaired LV function ( n = 19) differences were not significant (p ≥ 0.128). Wall motion scores did not differ between ECG and PW triggering (p ≥ 0.295). Inter-observer variability for function measurements was low. Conclusion Short-axis cine imaging for LV-function assessment can accurately be performed using PW triggering on 3T magnets, and may be used in clinical practice when ECG triggering is disturbed.
Global Formulary Review: How Do We Integrate Pharmacogenomic Information?
Authors: Poppe Lindsey B , Roederer Mary W 
Published: April 2011

Objective: To summarize a standard formulary decision process and provide recommendations for the integration of pharmacogenomic (PGx) information within the formulary decision-making process. Data Sources: With use of MEDLINE (1920-March 2010). the terms “formularies, hospital” and “pharmacogenetics” were searched in the MeSH database, yielding no results. The MeSH terms were then searched separately in addition to searching for “rational drug therapy” and “essential medicines list” through the main PubMed database. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles deemed relevant to both terms were assessed, interpreted, and incorporated as key pieces to the review of formularies and the integration of PGx information as a part of the formulary review process. The articles referenced were deemed appropriate and categorized into 5 areas: formulary management systems and pharmacy and therapeutics (P&T) committees, international formularies, formulary decision-making. PGx evidence, and recommendations regarding integrating PGx into formulary decision-making. Data Synthesis: The field of PGx is rapidly evolving as the evidence supporting genetically guided individualized therapy continues to grow. To bring this evidence from the bench to the bedside, institutions will need to evaluate PGx data to integrate individualized therapy into practice. Few standardized methods exist to analyze and apply clinical PGx data and incorporate the information into drug evaluation at the formulary level. Several online sites provide resources to aid in formulary review and can be used when incorporating clinically relevant PGx information into a formulary decision. In addition, there are key questions that organizations can ask as they evaluate the PGx information in each step of the decision-making process. Conclusions: P&T committees should formulate a plan to integrate a search for pharmacogenomic data with each drug evaluation and integrate the results into the formulary decision process to enhance the appraisal of drug efficacy, safety, and cost.
An In-Depth Analysis of Medication Errors in Hospitalized Patients with HIV
Authors: Snyder Ann M , Klinker Kenneth , Orrick Joanne J , Janelle Jennifer , Winterstein Almut G 
Published: April 2011

Background It is well recognized that medication errors occur and can affect success in treating patients with HIV/AIDS. However, little information is available describing the prevalence, nature, and causes of medication errors. Objective: To determine the incidence of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART)– and opportunistic infection (OI)–related medication errors and describe the nature and cause(s) of errors to guide future interventions. Methods: A daily antiretroviral utilization report was used to identify adults who were receiving ART and had been admitted to a tertiary care teaching hospital during 2 consecutive months in 2005. Patients’ charts, medication profiles, and medication administration records were reviewed for medication errors such as improper dosing, interactions, drug omissions, and missing doses. Once identified, etiology and cause were further investigated through provider interviews. An interdisciplinary team reviewed each case to establish validity of the error, severity, and cause. Results: Sixty-nine combined ART- and OI-related medication errors were identified in 20 of 26 (77%) evaluated patients, with 2.7 medication errors per patient. Fifty-four percent of the errors occurred within the first 24 hours after admission. Inadequate medication reconciliation on admission caused 21 of 37 (57%) admission-related errors. The most prevalent error types included missing doses (20%), underdosing (13%), overdosing (13%), therapy omission (13%). and drug-drug interaction (12%). The primary cause of errors was provider lack of knowledge. Conclusions: Prospective investigation of medication errors provided in-depth insight into the diverse nature of HIV-related medication errors, risk factors, and potential preventive strategies. System changes such as hard stops in the clinical decision support software and improved medication reconciliation training, and changes in cart-fill time could prevent specific types of errors. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the impact of various strategies for preventing medication errors in the HIV population.
Experienced action constructions in Umpithamu: Involuntary experience, from bodily processes to externally instigated actions
Authors: Verstraete Jean-Christophe 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This paper is a semantic analysis of ‘experienced action’ constructions in Umpithamu, a Paman language from Cape York Peninsula (Australia). The basic argument is that these constructions are related to the better-attested category of experiencer object constructions (e.g. Evans, Non-nominative subjects 1: 69–192, 2004), which in Umpithamu describe involuntary experience of bodily processes. Experienced action constructions extend the feature of ‘involuntary experience’ from processes within the body to actions originating outside the body, and thus provide a semantically marked alternative for standard transitive clauses. The constructions are typologically interesting because they show the need to identify different loci of experiential semantics in a construction, and they help to clarify the status of control for human Undergoers within semantic typologies of reduced transitivity.
German children's productivity with simple transitive and complement-clause constructions: Testing the effects of frequency and variability
Authors: Brandt Silke , Verhagen Arie , Lieven Elena , Tomasello Michael 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The development of abstract schemas and productive rules in language is affected by both token and type frequencies. High token frequencies and surface similarities help to discover formal and functional commonalities between utterances and categorize them as instances of the same schema. High type frequencies and diversity help to develop slots in these schemas, which allow the production and comprehension of novel utterances. In the current study we looked at both token and type frequencies in two related constructions in German child-directed speech: simple transitive and complement-clause constructions. Both constructions contain high frequency verbs, which potentially support the development of verb-specific schemas. However, only the frequent verbs in the transitive constructions occur with a variety of subject types, which also supports the development of a slot in the subject position.
We then used an elicited production task to compare 4- and 5-year-old German-speaking children's productivity with simple transitive constructions and complement-clause constructions. The children were prompted to change the subjects of high and low frequency simple transitive verbs, such as essen ‘eat’ and naschen ‘nibble’, mental-state complement-taking verbs, such as denken ‘think’ and vermuten ‘presume’, and communication complement-taking verbs, such as sagen ‘say’ and berichten ‘report’. In accordance with earlier findings, children had less difficulty producing new utterances with high frequency transitive verbs than with low frequency transitive verbs. For the other verb classes, however, we found either reverse frequency effects or no frequency effects. For these verb classes, children's productivity can be determined by diversity rather than simple token frequency. We discuss how token frequency interacts with diversity, discourse function, semantic complexity, and syntactic complexity.
Novel Scheme of Multi-Rate Quasi-synchronous Coherent Time-spreading OCDMA System
Authors: Ji Jianhua , Xiao Zhengfeng 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
We propose a novel scheme of multi-rate quasi-synchronous coherent time-spreading OCDMA system, employing orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes with a zero-correlation zone. Within permissible time delay, the aperiodic cross-correlation of OVSF with a zero-correlation zone equals zero. Therefore, multiple-access interference and beat noise can be removed in multirate quasi-synchronous coherent time-spreading OCDMA system, and the near-far problem can also be eliminated. Simulation of eight simultaneous users with 2.5 Gbit/s, 1.25 Gbit/s and 0.625 Gbit/s is demonstrated, where the fiber link consists of 20 km single-mode fiber, plus 2 km Dispersion Compensating Fiber. The results show that OVSF codes with a zero-correlation zone can be employed to multi-rate quasi-synchronous coherent time-spreading OCDMA system.