bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unsteady late Pleistocene incision of streams bounding the Colorado Front Range from measurements of meteoric and in situ 10Be
Authors: Dühnforth Miriam , Anderson Robert S. , Ward Dylan J. , Blum Alex 
Published: January 2012

Dating of gravel‐capped strath terraces in basins adjacent to western U.S. Laramide Ranges is one approach to document the history of late Cenozoic fluvial exhumation. We use in situ 10Be measurements to date the broad surfaces adjacent to the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, and compare these calculated ages with results from meteoric 10Be measurements. We analyze three sites near Boulder, Colorado (Gunbarrel Hill, Table Mountain, and Pioneer) that have been mapped as the oldest terrace surfaces with suggested ages ranging from 640 ka to the Plio‐Pleistocene transition. Our in situ 10Be results reveal abandonment ages of 95 ± 129 ka at Table Mountain, 175 ± 27 ka at Pioneer, and ages of 251 ± 10 ka and 307 ± 15 ka at Gunbarrel Hill. All are far younger than previously thought. Inventories of meteoric 10Be support this interpretation, yielding ages that are comparable to Table Mountain and ∼20% lower than Pioneer in situ ages. We argue that lateral beveling by rivers dominated during protracted times of even moderate glacial climate, and that vertical incision rates of several mm/yr likely occurred during times of very low sediment supply during the few interglacials that were characterized by particularly warm climate conditions. In contrast to the traditional age chronology in the area, our ages suggest that the deep exhumation of the western edge the High Plains occurred relatively recently and at an unsteady pace.
Arterialized cephalic vein as a femoropopliteal bypass graft: A case report
Authors: Stefanov Georgi , Cheshmedzhiev Michail , Andreev Andreia , Denchev Borislav , Bachvarov Chavdar , Yordanov Miroslav , Velinov Tihomir , Peev Veselin 
Published: January 2012

G Stefanov, M Cheshmedzhiev, A Andreev, et al. Arterialized cephalic vein as a femoropopliteal bypass graft: A case report. Int J Angiol 2007;16(4):146-148.The overall therapeutic strategy in patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral arterial disease affecting several arterial segments is problematic. Usually, the greater saphenous vein (GSV) is the gold standard for bypass. However, alternative venous grafts may be necessary when the GSV is not available. The superficial veins of the arm are not suitable for bypass operations in most cases because of anatomical variations, inadequate diameter or very thin walls. However, arterialization of the cephalic vein can dilate and strengthen the walls, thus avoiding postoperative complications.The present patient, whose case was followed for 20 months postoperatively, suffered both from diabetes and peripheral arterial disease in a setting of gangrene and a lack of the GSV. The treament of the patient and the problems it incurred are discussed. The advantages of preoperative temporary arteriovenous shunting to improve the quality of the cephalic vein as an alternative autogenous graft are analyzed. Currently, the patient has excellent postoperative results, with healing of the ulcers and preserved peripheral pulses.
Chronic mesenteric artery insufficiency produces hyperplasia of the intestine - case report
Authors: Wang ZhongGao , Yu HenXi , Gu YongQuan , Li JianXin , Zhang Jian , Li Zhen 
Published: January 2012

ZG Wang, HX Yu, YQ Gu, JX Li, J Zhang, Z Li. Chronic mesenteric artery insufficiency produces hyperplasia of the intestine - case report. Int J Angiol 2007;16(4):149-151.Chronic ischemia produces corresponding tissue hypoplasia. However, the present paper reports a distinctive hypertrophy of the intestine due to chronic mesenteric artery insufficiency. Two patients with chronic mesentery artery insufficiency confirmed by angiography are presented. The first patient demonstrated marked hypertrophy of the intestine, while the second patient was remarkable for pronounced hypoplasia. During the surgery of the first patient, an ileum approximately 60 cm long with a sausage-like consistency and cyanosis was identified proximal to the cecum; wall-attached thromboembolism material and the hypertrophic segment of ileum were removed. In the other patient, the intestine wall was paper thin; after the aortomesen- teric bypass, the intestine wall grew thicker. Postoperative recovery of both patients was uneventful. The commonly observed situation after a longstanding hypoxic insult in a setting of chronic mesenteric ischemia is that the target tissue will, at least, develop slight hypoplasia. However, the cases presented here had either pronounced hyperplasia or severe hypoplasia. The authors find this observation so interesting that they report it in the hope that an explanation for this conundrum may come forth.
Long‐term severe diabetes only leads to mild cardiac diastolic dysfunction in Zucker diabetic fatty rats
Authors: Daniels Anneleen , Linz Dominik , van Bilsen Marc , Rütten Hartmut , Sadowski Thorsten , Ruf Sven , Juretschke Hans‐Paul , Neumann‐Haefelin Claudia , Munts Chantal , van der Vusse Ger J. , van Nieuwenhoven Frans A. 
Published: January 2012

AimsType 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) leads to cardiac dysfunction irrespective of hypertension and coronary artery disease; this is called diabetic cardiomyopathy. Here, we investigated the severity of diabetic cardiomyopathy and myocardial remodelling in aged Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats.Methods and resultsBody weight, blood glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, and urinary albumin excretion were monitored regularly in ZDF rats (n = 19) and control littermates (n = 19) up to age 45 weeks. ZDF rats were severely diabetic during the entire study period and demonstrated decreased body and heart weights at sacrifice. Left ventricular (LV) function was determined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at age 44 weeks and revealed similar LV ejection fraction and cardiac output index in control and ZDF rats, indicating preserved systolic function. LV pressure characteristics assessed at age 45 weeks showed significant, but mild elevations of LV end‐diastolic pressure (+45%) and relaxation time constant Tau (+54%) in ZDF rats, indicating diastolic dysfunction. Histological analyses revealed a significantly increased LV collagen content (+50%), but no cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in ZDF rats.ConclusionThe present study clearly shows that long term, severe DM in 45‐week‐old ZDF rats resulted in relatively mild impairment of diastolic LV function, whereas systolic function was well preserved. These data do not support the notion that diabetes per se is a critical factor in the induction of a clinically relevant degree of cardiac dysfunction. Co‐morbidities such as hypertension and coronary artery disease probably have larger impacts on myocardial function in diabetic individuals.
Influence of Stenocarpella maydis Infected Corn on the Composition of Corn Kernel and Its Conversion into Ethanol
Authors: Dien Bruce S. , Wicklow Donald T. , Singh Vijay , Moreau Robert A. , Winkler‐Moser Jill K. , Cotta Michael A. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTWidespread epidemics of Stenocarpella ear rot (formerly Diplodia ear rot) have occurred throughout the central U.S. Corn Belt in recent years, but the influence of S. maydis infected grain on corn ethanol production is unknown. In this study, S. maydis infected ears of variety Heritage 4646 were hand‐harvested in 2010 from a production field in central Illinois and segregated into one of five levels of ear rot severity based upon visual symptoms. The concentration of ergosterol, a sterol produced by fungi but not plants, was observed to increase with the severity of ear rot (127–306.5 μg/g), and none was detected in the control corn. Corn test weight declined with progression of the disease and was 42.6% lower for the most severely rotted grain from ears infected early in their development. Accompanying changes in composition were also apparent. Crude fat and oil contents decreased (from 4.7 to 1.5%) and fiber increased (from 6.6 to 9.6%), but starch content remained largely invariant. Oil composition also varied among the infected samples. Control and infected corn samples were subjected to ethanol fermentation with a laboratory‐scale corn dry‐grind ethanol process. Ethanol yields for control and infected samples were similar on an equivalent weight basis (2.77–2.85 gal/bu). In comparison with the control, S. maydis infection altered the distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) properties, wherein the crude protein was significantly higher and oil significantly reduced, and ash, fiber, and yield per ton were not significantly different. Based upon these results, we conclude that Stenocarpella ear rot has the potential to affect DDGS composition but not ethanol yield on an equivalent weight basis.
First Report of Uromyces plumbarius, Rust of Gaura, in Louisiana and a new host, Guara lindheimeri
Authors: Kaur R. , McTaggart A. R. , Ferrin D. M. , Aime M. C. 
Published: January 2012

Gaura lindheimeri Engelm. & A. Gray (Onagraceae) is an ornamental shrub that is native to southern Louisiana and Texas. Its texture and form make it a popular perennial border plant. In April 2010 and 2011, three collections of Guara leaf samples with signs and symptoms of a rust disease were made from a home garden in Baton Rouge, LA. Infected leaves showed chlorotic lesions on the adaxial surface and were associated with scattered, hypophyllous uredinia. Urediniospores were globose to obovoid, echinulate, had two equatorial germ pores, and measured 16 to 21 × 18 to 25 μm with a wall 2 μm thick. Telia and teliospores were not observed on any of the collected samples. The pathogen was identified as Uromyces plumbarius Peck on the basis of the uredinial characters compared with four U.S. National Fungus (BPI 1103868, 0013551, 0013554, and 0013557) collections of U. plumbarius. The three collections from Louisiana have been deposited in the Bernard Lowy Mycological Herbarium. DNA was extracted from all three specimens and the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (28S) was amplified according to the protocol outlined by Aime (1). The three Louisiana collections had identical large subunit sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. JQ312670, JQ312671, and JQ312672). No sequences of U. plumbarius were available for comparison in GenBank; a BLAST search was 99% similar over 100% query coverage to Puccinia dioicae Magnus (Accession No. GU058019) and P. silvatica J. Schröt. (Accession No. AY222048). The uredinial/telial hosts of P. dioicae and P. silvatica are in the Cyperaceae, whereas U. plumbarius is an autoecious rust on Onagraceae. It is interesting to note that the aecial stage of P. dioicae occurs on Onagraceae and that it has a high sequence identity to U. plumbarius, supporting the hypothesis that these are correlated species (2). U. plumbarius has been recorded on several species of Gaura within the United States. To our knowledge, this is the first record of U. plumbarius in Louisiana and the first report of U. plumbarius on G. lindheimeri. References: (1) M. C. Aime. Mycoscience 47:112, 2006. (2) C. R. Orton. Mycologia 4:194, 1912.
Pharmacogenetics and anaesthesia: the value of genetic profiling
Authors: Landau R. , Bollag L. A. , Kraft J. C. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryApproximately 50 years ago, pharmacogenetics was described as a new field of medicine that may explain human drug action. Anaesthesia played a key role in the early investigations. An understanding of how a person’s DNA influences drug metabolism and effectiveness may allow individually tailored prescriptions, improving outcomes and safety. The ultimate goal of pharmacogenetic research is to offer tailored personalised medicine to improve both the efficacy of medication and patient safety by helping to predict risk of adverse outcomes. In this review, we present a selection of historical landmarks where anaesthesia has been a catalyst for pharmacogenetic development. We examine the level of evidence and cite examples of candidate genes and common polymorphisms known to alter the response to peri‐operative medication. Finally, we set forth current views and potential exciting perspectives that may arise from the application of pharmacogenetics to the daily practice of anaesthesia and pain medicine.
Easy and difficult nasal intubation – a randomised comparison of Macintosh vs Airtraq® laryngoscopes*
Authors: St. Mont G. , Biesler I. , Pförtner R. , Mohr C. , Groeben H. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryA new Airtraq® laryngoscope has been developed for nasal intubation. We prospectively compared tracheal intubation efficiency of the Airtraq for nasotracheal intubation vs that of the Macintosh laryngoscope in 200 patients. Depending on pre‐operative airway evaluation, the patients were allocated to expected easy (n = 100) or difficult (n = 100) intubation groups, on the basis of mouth opening ≤ 2.5 cm, modified Mallampati score of 4, history of difficult intubation, obvious tumour or swelling. Patients were randomly allocated to the Macintosh or nasotracheal Airtraq technique. All easy intubations were successfully performed with the respective technique. In the expected difficult intubation group, the success rate was higher (47/50 vs 33/50; p < 0.01), the glottis view was better (Cormack and Lehane 1/2/3/4 grades: 29/17/1/3 vs 5/11/18/16, p < 0.01), mean (SD) intubation time was shorter (45(46) s vs 77(47)s, p < 0.01) and the number of optimising manoeuvres was reduced with the nasotracheal Airtraq compared with the Macintosh, respectively. For difficult nasal intubations, the nasotracheal Airtraq is more effective than the Macintosh laryngoscope.
Deletion of the α immunoglobulin chain membrane‐anchoring region reduces but does not abolish IgA secretion
Authors: Amin Rada , Carrion Claire , Decourt Catherine , Pinaud Eric , Cogné Michel 
Published: January 2012

SummaryClass switching and plasma cell differentiation occur at a high level within all mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissues. The different classes of membrane immunoglobulin heavy chains are associated with the Igα/Igβ heterodimer within the B‐cell receptor (BCR). Whether BCR isotypes convey specific signals adapted to the corresponding differentiation stages remains debated but IgG and IgA membranes have been suggested to promote plasma cell differentiation. We investigated the impact of blocking expression of the IgA‐class BCR through a ‘αΔtail’ targeted mutation, deleting the Cα immunoglobulin gene membrane exon. This allowed us to evaluate to what extent class switching and plasma cell differentiation can be concurrent processes, allowing some αΔtail+/+ B cells with an IgM BCR to directly differentiate into IgA plasma cells and yield serum secreted IgA in spite of the absence of membrane IgA+ B lymphocytes. By contrast, in secretions the secretory IgA was very low, indicating that J‐chain‐positive plasma cells producing secretory IgA overwhelmingly differentiate from previously class‐switched membrane IgA+ memory B cells. In addition, although mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissues are a major site for plasma cell accumulation, αΔtail+/+ mice showed that the gut B‐cell lineage homeostasis is not polarized toward plasma cell differentiation through a specific influence of the membrane IgA BCR.
The effect of dihydrotestosterone exposure during or prior to the masculinization programming window on reproductive development in male and female rats
Authors: Dean A. , Smith L. B. , Macpherson S. , Sharpe R. M. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryMasculinization is programmed by androgen exposure during a masculinization programming window (MPW). Deficiency in MPW androgen action results in reduced size of all reproductive organs and anogenital distance (AGD) and reproductive disorders. Although timing of MPW closing has been defined, what determines ‘opening’ and ‘closing’ of the MPW remains unknown. To test whether initiation of testosterone production/action defines the opening of the window, we first demonstrated that androgen receptor mRNA and protein are expressed prior to the MPW, and then investigated whether masculinization could be advanced or enhanced by treating pregnant rats with either 1 or 10 mg/kg/day dihydrotestosterone (DHT) prior to (early window, EW; e11.5–e14.5) or during the MPW (e15.5–e18.5), and then evaluating offspring in foetal life (e18.5, e21.5), early puberty (day 25) or adulthood (∼day 75). DHT treatment did not affect pregnancy duration, birth, litter or pup size. DHT exposure in either time window did not advance foetal male development (Wolffian duct coiling) and had no effect on AGD, testis, penis and ventral prostate (VP) size at any age when measured; there was a tendency towards smaller penis size. In contrast, exposure of females to 10 mg DHT in either time window induced varying degrees of masculinization, including stabilization of the Wolffian duct and increased AGD (e21.5, Pnd25), VP formation, more male‐like phallus structure, absence of nipples and vaginal opening and, in some adult females, gross fluid distension of the uterus (hydrometrocolpos); these effects were generally more pronounced after exposure in the MPW than in the EW. In conclusion, exposure of the male rat foetus to additional androgens prior to or during the MPW does not advance or enhance any measured parameter of reproductive development. Therefore, androgen availability plays no role in determining timing of the MPW. Susceptibility of the female reproductive system to androgens may precede the MPW.
Simple rules to contain an invasive species with a complex life cycle and high dispersal capacity
Authors: Pichancourt Jean‐Baptiste , Chadès Iadine , Firn Jennifer , van Klinken Rieks D. , Martin Tara G. 
Published: January 2012

Summary1. Designing practical rules for controlling invasive species is a challenging task for managers, particularly when species are long‐lived, have complex life cycles and high dispersal capacities. Previous findings derived from plant matrix population analyses suggest that effective control of long‐lived invaders may be achieved by focusing on killing adult plants. However, the cost‐effectiveness of managing different life stages has not been evaluated.2. We illustrate the benefits of integrating matrix population models with decision theory to undertake this evaluation, using empirical data from the largest infestation of mesquite (Leguminosae: Prosopis spp) within Australia. We include in our model the mesquite life cycle, different dispersal rates and control actions that target individuals at different life stages with varying costs, depending on the intensity of control effort. We then use stochastic dynamic programming to derive cost‐effective control strategies that minimize the cost of controlling the core infestation locally below a density threshold and the future cost of control arising from infestation of adjacent areas via seed dispersal.3. Through sensitivity analysis, we show that four robust management rules guide the allocation of resources between mesquite life stages for this infestation: (i) When there is no seed dispersal, no action is required until density of adults exceeds the control threshold and then only control of adults is needed; (ii) when there is seed dispersal, control strategy is dependent on knowledge of the density of adults and large juveniles (LJ) and broad categories of dispersal rates only; (iii) if density of adults is higher than density of LJ, controlling adults is most cost‐effective; (iv) alternatively, if density of LJ is equal or higher than density of adults, management efforts should be spread between adults, large and to a lesser extent small juveniles, but never saplings.4. Synthesis and applications. In this study, we show that simple rules can be found for managing invasive plants with complex life cycles and high dispersal rates when population models are combined with decision theory. In the case of our mesquite population, focussing effort on controlling adults is not always the most cost‐effective way to meet our management objective.
Birds as biodiversity surrogates: will supplementing birds with other taxa improve effectiveness?
Authors: Larsen Frank Wugt , Bladt Jesper , Balmford Andrew , Rahbek Carsten 
Published: January 2012

Summary1. Most biodiversity is still unknown, and therefore, priority areas for conservation typically are identified based on the presence of surrogates, or indicator groups. Birds are commonly used as surrogates of biodiversity owing to the wide availability of relevant data and their broad popular appeal. However, some studies have found birds to perform relatively poorly as indicators. We therefore ask how the effectiveness of this approach can be improved by supplementing data on birds with information on other taxa.2. Here, we explore two strategies using (i) species data for other taxa and (ii) genus‐ and family‐level data for invertebrates (when available). We used three distinct species data sets for sub‐Saharan Africa, Denmark and Uganda, which cover different spatial scales, biogeographic regions and taxa (vertebrates, invertebrates and plants).3. We found that networks of priority areas identified on the basis of birds alone performed well in representing overall species diversity where birds were relatively speciose compared to the other taxa in the data sets. Adding species data for one taxon increased surrogate effectiveness better than adding genus‐ and family‐level data. It became apparent that, while adding species data for other taxa increased overall effectiveness, predicting the best‐performing additional taxon was difficult. Finally, we demonstrate that increasing overall effectiveness required supplementary data for several additional taxa.4.
Synthesis and applications. Good surrogates of biodiversity are necessary to help identify conservation areas that will be effective in preventing species extinctions. Birds perform fairly well as surrogates in cases where birds are relatively speciose, but overall effectiveness will be improved by adding additional data from other taxa, in particular from range‐restricted species. Conservation solutions with focus on birds as biodiversity surrogate could therefore benefit from also incorporating species data from other taxa.