bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Raman scattering studies of hexagonal rare‐earth RMnO3 (R = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er) thin films
Authors: Hien Nguyen Thi Minh , Oh Su‐Young , Chen Xiang‐Bai , Lee D. , Jang S.‐Y. , Noh T. W. , Yang In‐Sang 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe have studied the rare‐earth (R) dependence of the phonon and magnon scattering in hexagonal RMnO3 (R = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er) thin films using Raman scattering spectroscopy. We found, as the ionic radius of R decreases from Tb to Er, the phonons shift to higher energies. Our results indicate that both the lattice constants a and c of hexagonal RMnO3 would decrease when the ionic radius of R decreases, and the lattice constant c would have a weaker R dependence. The magnons also shift to higher energies when the radius of the R ion decreases, and they show faster upshift than the phonons. In addition, the Néel temperature also shows a systematic increasing behavior when the radius of the R ion decreases. The dependence of the rare‐earth R on the magnons and the Néel temperature can be explained by the rapid increase of the spin‐exchange integral when the Mn–Mn distance decreases. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compound Design by Fragment‐Linking
Authors: Ichihara Osamu , Barker John , Law Richard J. , Whittaker Mark 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe linking together of two fragment compounds that bind to distinct protein sub‐sites can lead to a superadditivity of binding affinities, in which the binding free energy of the linked fragments exceeds the simple sum of the binding energies of individual fragments (linking coefficient E<1). However, a review of the literature shows that such events are relatively rare and, in the majority of the cases, linking coefficients are far from optimal being much greater than 1. It is critical to design a linker that does not disturb the original binding poses of each fragment in order to achieve successful linking. However, such an ideal linker is often difficult to design and even more difficult to actually synthesize. We suggest that the chance of achieving successful fragment linking can be significantly improved by choosing a fragment pair that consists of one fragment that binds by strong H‐bonds (or non‐classical equivalents) and a second fragment that is more tolerant of changes in binding mode (hydrophobic or vdW binders). We also propose that the fragment molecular orbital (FMO) calculations can be used to analyse the nature of the binding interactions of the fragment hits for the selection of fragments for evolution, merging and linking in order to optimize the chance of success.
Naturgefahren und Infrastruktur
Authors: Paus Hans‐Leo , Hackstein Jochen 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEine Software erkennt Risiken für die chemische Industrie durch Blitzschlag oder Hagel. Dabei berücksichtigt sie nicht nur die Topographie des jeweiligen Standorts, sondern auch Lieferketten und historische Wetterdaten.
Correction to ‘Mixed ℋ︁2/ℋ︁∞ Nonlinear Filtering’
Authors: Aliyu M. D. S. , Boukas E. K. 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYIn Section 5 of Aliyu and Boukas (Int. J. Robust Nonlinear Control 2009; 19:394–417), the authors have presented certainty‐equivalent filters for the mixed ℋ︁2/ℋ︁∞ filtering problem for affine nonlinear systems. Sufficient conditions for the solvability of the problem with a finite‐dimensional filter are given in terms of a pair of coupled Hamilton–Jacobi–Isaacs equations (HJIEs). In this note, we supply a correction to these HJIEs. Moreover, for linear systems this correction is not necessary. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contrast and change mining
Authors: Boettcher Mirko 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBecause the world with its markets, innovations, and customers is changing faster than ever before, the key to survival for businesses is the ability to detect, assess, and respond to changing conditions timely and intelligently. Understanding changes and reacting to or acting upon them therefore become a strategic issue not only for companies but also in many other domains. The corresponding need for knowledge has been answered by data mining research by proposing a multitude of methods for analyzing different aspects of change. This article provides an overview of recent works on methods for change analysis, thereby focusing on contrast mining and change mining, the two emerging subfields of contemporary data mining research. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2011 1 215–230 DOI: 10.1002/widm.27This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Spatial and Temporal Data Mining
Technologies > Association Rules
Technologies > Structure Discovery and Clustering
Painting History: John Trumbull and the Battle of Bunker's Hill
Authors: Angelis Angelo T. 
Published: April 2011

Flags snap in the breeze and smoke hangs menacingly above the ground. Men clash, yield, and die in a desperate battle on the crest of a hill. These images merge to form John Trumbull's painting, The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker's Hill, 17 June 1775 (Figure 1). It is a dramatic image that appears frequently in print as illustration and cover art. Art historians comment positively on its technical merits, offering a variety of intriguing interpretations. These interpretations, though, frequently overlook the historical context of the original painting. Historical applications pair the painting with an appropriate historical text, but rarely take the opportunity to interpret the painting as a source in its own right. Historian Louis Masur makes this point when he criticizes the use of images in textbooks. Pictures, Masur argues, have become necessary but are not as a general rule presented in a way that asks or even allows for a complete reading of those same images. The loss is not merely in textbooks and other publications. It also occurs in the classroom, where pictures have become necessary backdrops for computer-supported lectures, and on Web site applications, where images dress but seldom add to the text.This essay argues for a more complete use of images outside and inside the classroom. In doing so, it applies techniques from two disciplines — history and art history — to offer a more complete reading of John Trumbull's The Death of General Warren at Bunker's Hill. This reading is presented from multiple perspectives, including the historical context in which the image was created, the artist's connection to the subject, and his interpretive and technical choices.
John Lovejoy Elliott and the Social Settlement Movement
Authors: Salzman-Fiske Ellen 
Published: April 2011

During the Progressive Era, American social settlements played a critical role in helping immigrants adjust to a new life that was puzzling, difficult, and often grueling. Settlements offered immigrants medical help, language classes, art and music lessons, day-care services — and sometimes a place where they could learn to be community leaders. Most often, it is the inspiring work of women reformers that one thinks of in connection with the important work of social settlements. Yet among the many prominent women, several men in the settlement movement were influential and extraordinary in their own right. John Lovejoy Elliott, founder and head worker of the Hudson Guild in New York City, was a prime example.Although Elliott held such impressive posts as President of the Board of Directors of the National Federation of Settlements (from 1919 to 1923) and was described by one of his contemporaries as “one of the great social workers and spiritual leaders of our time…. a kind of lay saint,” historically Elliott's work has been overshadowed by that of his more famous female counterparts. Yet one could argue that it is Elliott who created and put into practice a settlement house that best addressed the needs of immigrants and most helped the immigrant underclass achieve some independence and political power.Although John Lovejoy Elliott had a single focus (helping immigrants), female settlement head workers, such as Jane Addams, often pursued a dual goal. They were concerned about helping immigrants, but also were intent on giving college-educated, middle-class or upper-class young American women something to do with their lives. “We have in America,” wrote Addams, “a fast growing number of cultivated young people who have no recognized outlet for their active abilities.”
Looking After the Singer Tower: The Death and Life of Block 62
Authors: Sandeen Eric J. 
Published: April 2011

In early 1968, two development sites lay virtually side by side in Lower Downtown Manhattan. West of Broadway, the clearing of thirty blocks spectacularly announced the Port Authority's intention to build a World Trade Center (WTC) complex. Along Broadway itself, a more modest, two-block site awaited the U.S. Steel Building, later renamed 1 Liberty Plaza. The northern half of this site, bounded by Cortland and Liberty Streets, block 62, had most recently been the address of the Singer Tower, an Ernest Flagg-designed building that, in the eighteen months after its completion in 1908, had been the tallest building in the world. In 1967, it once again attained record status, which it, in fact, retains: the tallest building in the world to be intentionally demolished by its owners.This essay resides in the cultural moment represented by these two sites, these two locations of erasures and reinscription. Instead of looking at what would be built — the intensely analyzed WTC site — let us examine what had been erased next door: a particular aesthetic, an earlier form of corporate capitalism massed in the outline of a grand cityscape. Produced by the burgeoning, international sewing-machine trade in the early 20th century and brought down by the pressures of the international, industrial competition of the 1960s, the life of the Singer Tower takes New York City from the exuberance of the first decade of the century to the decline of city fortunes at the end of American industrial dominance. Its demise is also the result of cultural triage performed by historic preservationists in the years immediately after the passage of New York City's Landmark legislation in 1965.
Clement Greenberg, Harold Rosenberg, and Their Jewish Issues
Authors: Baigell Matthew 
Published: April 2011

Clement Greenberg (1909–94) and Harold Rosenberg (1906–78) were the two art critics most closely associated with abstract expressionism in the 1940s and 1950s. Neither began their careers as art critics, however. By the mid-1980s, Rosenberg had published literary essays and poems in left-wing magazines, and Greenberg's articles and reviews first appeared at the end of that decade. During the 1940s, Greenberg began to write art criticism, and Rosenberg's essays began to appear frequently in the 1950s. By that time, both had become part of the group known informally as the New York Intellectuals, many of whom were Jewish and children of immigrant parents.Highly verbal, vocal, argumentative, and politically left of center, they often published in magazines such asPartisan Review, Commentary, andDissent. Although both Greenberg and Rosenberg ultimately rejected the more dogmatic and authoritarian aspects of leftist politics, they nevertheless supported the idea that society must move forward, but not necessarily by political means. Greenberg thought that such momentum could be maintained by the cultural elite, and Rosenberg, influenced by surrealism's concerns for the creative process, believed that individuals who were independent minded and creative could do the same. Both encouraged artists to turn from the social concerns that engaged many during the 1930s to apolitical, self-searching themes that came to characterize the art of the 1940s. In effect, they, especially Rosenberg, lionized the artist as an heroic individual. In the words of one historian, both “worked to find a safe haven for radical progress within the realm of individualistic culture.” And both, among the most perspicacious critics of their time, discovered, encouraged, and/or supported artists who ultimately became major figures, such as Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning.
Beauty and Nightmare in Vietnam War Fiction
Authors: Gelfant Blanche H. 
Published: April 2011

“Hue is the most beautiful city in the world,” a Vietnamese woman tells Marine Lieutenant Kramer, a central character in Robert Roth's Vietnam War novel,Sand in the Wind. Published in 1973, five years after the sweeping Tet Offensive had reduced Hue to rubble,Sand in the Windset the city within a complex meditation upon beauty and its relation to human desire, history, the vagaries of chance, ephemerality of happiness, and ineluctability of loss. Though ambitious in intent,Sand in the Windhas not been widely acclaimed. Except for John Hellmann's close reading, it has usually been referred to passingly or overlooked. Thomas Myers dismissed it as a “sterile mural,” a static work fixed upon a wall. I prefer to think of it as “walking point” — an action Myers ascribed to Vietnam War fiction he endorsed for “cutting trails” (227). Like the pointman of a patrol who clears a path for others to follow, the Vietnam War novel, Myers argued, opened a way into tangled historic territory — the territory of war now inhabited by literature. I propose to enter this forbidding area throughSand in the Wind, for I believe that like the novels Myers lauded it too secures a way, a unique way, of engaging safely with the Vietnam War and the losses it entailed.The lives of an estimated 5,713 soldiers, American and Vietnamese, were lost in the battle at Hue, as were almost 3,000 civilian lives. That the “longest and bloodiest” battle of the Offensive took place in Hue during the festive days of Tet was particularly shocking, for Hue was commonly considered an open city, and Tet, the lunar New Year, a time of peace and renewal. Traditionally, Tet Nguyen Dan ushered in the new year with three days of festivity, days of respite during which communal bonds were strengthened. Family members and their relatives renewed the bond of blood by gathering together for an exchange of gifts and good wishes; ancestral bonds were renewed by visits to family graves. Rice farmers plowing their paddies renewed the bond between man and nature.
Patterns of retail location and urban form in Amsterdam in the mid-eighteenth century
Authors: LESGER CLÉ 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT:In this article location theory is used to map and analyse the patterns of retail location in Amsterdam in the eighteenth century. In the city centre as well as along the main axes to markets and the city gates the retailing of shopping goods (textiles, consumer durables) was much more prominent than elsewhere in the city. In contrast, shops selling convenience goods (foodstuffs etc.) were scattered all over the city. The correspondence of empirical data and location theory suggests that the urban government and institutions did not interfere with the location preferences of shopkeepers. An analysis of local acts and guild regulations corroborated this assumption. What did affect the location patterns of shops was history. The morphological and socio-economic legacy of the past acted as an intermediary between general location principles and the implantation of shops in the urban landscape.
Prescribing of nicotine replacement therapy to adolescents in England
Authors: Langley Tessa E. , Huang Yue , Lewis Sarah , McNeill Ann , Coleman Tim , Szatkowski Lisa 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTAims  In November 2005, the indications for nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) were broadened in the United Kingdom, making all forms available to 12–17‐year‐olds. This study aimed to estimate the effects of this change on prescribing of NRT to adolescents in England.Design  Segmented regression analysis of primary care data on prescribing of nicotine replacement therapy using general additive mixed models.Setting  A total of 350 general practices in England included in The Health Improvement Network (THIN), a database of UK electronic primary care records.Participants  All 12–17‐year‐old patients registered with a THIN practice in England.Measurements   Monthly rates of prescribing of NRT per 100 000 12–17‐year‐old patients registered with a THIN practice between January 2002 and June 2009.Findings  Prescribing of NRT was highest in 16–17‐year‐olds and extremely low in 12–13‐year‐olds, generally fewer than 10 prescriptions per 100 000 adolescents per month. Girls tended to be prescribed NRT more frequently than boys. In 12–17‐year‐olds rates of prescribing were increasing prior to the broadening of indications, and there was no step change, but the rate of increase was lower, after the indications were broadened.Conclusions  Recent changes to the marketing licence for nicotine replacement therapy in England to include adolescents appear to have had little or no effect on prescribing practices.
Can the emergence of pine Diplodia shoot blight in France be explained by changes in pathogen pressure linked to climate change?
Authors: FABRE BÉNÉDICTE , PIOU DOMINIQUE , DESPREZ‐LOUSTAU MARIE‐LAURE , MARÇAIS BENOÎT 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Sphaeropsis shoot blight, caused by Diplodia pinea and Diplodia scrobiculata, damage conifers throughout the world. In France, the first disease outbreaks were reported during the 1990s. The factors associated with the pathogen presence in stands and the relationship between pathogen and disease distributions were analysed in order to understand the Sphaeropsis emergence. Eighty‐two stands of Pinus nigra, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus pinaster and Pinus radiata were visited. Cones were collected on the ground to assess the pathogen frequency. Diplodia spp were isolated and determined by a species‐specific PCR test. The role of potential explaining factors of D. pinea prevalence on cones was analysed by logistic regression. D. pinea was the dominant species in visited stands. The main factors influencing the pathogen presence selected in the models were host species (the pathogen being less frequent on P. pinaster than on P. nigra and P. sylvestris cones), winter temperature and summer rain, which were both positively correlated with cone colonization. The climate became more favourable to D. pinea presence within the last 15 years compared with the previous 30‐year period. By contrast, future climatic changes over the next 40 years should have far less impact on the pathogen presence.
THE ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF MALATHION IN ORGANOPHOSPHATE RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE STRAINS OF MUSCA DOMESTICA
Authors: MATSUMURA FUMIO , HOGENDIJK C. J. 
Published: April 2011

The metabolic fate of malathion in susceptible and organophosphate resistant strains of houseflies was studied by means of radioisotope‐techniques, in vivo and in vitro. The main interstrain difference was the superior ability of the two malathion resistant strains to degrade malathion to its monocarboxylic acid derivative. Attempts were made to characterize the carboxyesterases responsible for this difference with respect to heat stability, pH dependency and organophosphate inhibition, and to estimate their importance in causing resistance by means of cross‐resistance and synergism experiments. The relation to, and possible identity of the carboxyesterases with, the malaoxon degrading enzymes previously found in the malathion resistant strains is discussed.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDER ENZYMATISCHE MALATHION ABBAU IN ORGANOPHOSPHAT‐RESISTENTEN UND ‐EMPFINDLICHEN STÄMMEN VON MUSCA DOMESTICADer Malathionmetabolismus wurde mit Hilfe der Radioisotopentechnik in normal empfindlichen und organophosphatresistenten STubenfliegenstämmen in vivo und in vitro untersucht Die beiden malathionresistenten Stämme konnten Malathion besser in seinen Monocarboxylsäure‐Abkömmling abbauen. Es wurde versucht, die hierfür verantwortliche Carboxyesterase hinsichtlich ihrer Hitzestabilität, pH‐Abhängigkeit und Hemmbarkeit durch Organophosphate zu charakterisieren und ihre Bedeutung in der Resistenzbildung durch Kreuzungsresistenz‐ und Synergismusversuche zu bestimmen. Die Beziehung der besonders in den malathionresistenten Stämmen gefundenen malaoxonabbauenden Enzyme zu den Carboxyesterasen und ihre mögliche Identität mit denselben wird diskutiert.
INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN AN ARRHENOTOKOUS MITE (TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH)
Authors: HELLE W. 
Published: April 2011

Five generations of inbreeding by sibmating in an arrhenotokous mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) caused depression as measured in the hatchability of the eggs. It appeared that mainly the haploid eggs were affected.ZusammenfassungINZUCHTDEPRESSION BEI EINER ARRHENOTOKEN MILBE (TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH)Inzucht über 5 Generationen verursachte bei einer arrhenotoken Spinnmilbe (Tetranychus urticae Koch) eine an der Schlüpffähigkeit der Eier gemessene Depression. Es schien, daß davon hauptsächlich die haploiden Eier betroffen waren.
STIMULATION OF OVIPOSITION BY THE CABBAGE ROOT FLY ERIOISCHIA BRASSICAE
Authors: TRAYNIER R. M. M. 
Published: April 2011

A study was made of physical and chemical aspects of oviposition stimulation in E. brassicae.It was shown that contact chemostimulation provided by host plant material stimulated the gravid female to probe with the ovipositor into cracks in which eggs were laid. Carbon disulphide stimulated oviposition at certain concentrations in water, but solutions of carbon disulphide and three other chemicals previously shown to stimulate oviposition were less effective in mixtures than the juice of swede, Brassica napus var. napobrassica, a favoured host. The addition of mangold juice or 20% sucrose solution to solutions of chemostimulants appeared to enhance oviposition.The most favourable soil for oviposition was of particles approximately 1 mm in diameter which may just permit the complete entry of the extended ovipositor, and provide irregularities against which eggs can be laid.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGSTIMULATION DER EIABLAGE BEI DER KOHLFLIEGE, ERIOISCHIA BRASSICAEEine Untersuchung der physikalischen und chemischen Aspekte der Eiablage‐Stimulation von Erioischia brassicae wurde durchgeführt.Es wurde gezeigt, daß chemischer Kontakt mit dem Material der Wirtspflanze die trächtigen Tiere dazu veranlasste, Vertieferungen mit dem Ovipositor abzutasten, in welche dann Eier abgelegt wurden.Gewisse Konzentrationen wässriger Schwefelkohlenstofflösungen stellten einen Anreiz zur Eiablage dar. Jedoch waren Mischungen von CS2‐Lösungen mit vier anderen Reizstoffen weniger wirkungsvoll als der Saft des bevorzugten Wirtes, Brassica napus L. var napobrassica (L.) Rchb. (Steckrübe). Der Zusatz von Mangoldsaft oder 20%‐iger Zuckerlösung zu Lösungen von chemischen Reizstoffen schien die Eiablage zu steigern.Der bevorzugte Boden für die Eiablage hatte eine Korngrösse von ungefähr 1 mm Durchmesser, welche wahrscheinlich das vollständige Eindringen des ausgestreckten Ovipositors gestattet und das günstigste Substrat zur Eiablage darstellt.