bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of traffic information on commuters' propensity to change route and departure time
Authors: Khattak Asad J. , Schofer Joseph L. , Koppelman Frank S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractConsiderable public and private resources are devoted to the collection and dissemination of real‐time traffic information in the Chicago area. Such information is intended to help individuals make more informed travel decisions, yet its effect on behavior remains largely unexplored. This study evaluates the effect of traffic information on travelers' route and departure time changes and provides a stronger basis for developing advanced information systems.Downtown Chicago automobile commuters were surveyed during the AM peak period. The results indicate that a majority of the respondents access, use and respond to information. For example, individuals use travel information to reduce their anxiety—even if they do not change travel decisions; this indicates that information may have “intrinsic” value. That is, simply knowing traffic conditions is valued by travelers. More than 60% of the respondents had used traffic information to modify their travel decisions. Multivariate analysis using the ordered probit model showed that individuals were more likely to use traffic reports for their route changes if they perceived traffic reports to be accurate and timely, and frequently listened to traffic reports. Respondents were more likely to change their departure times if they perceived traffic reports to be accurate and relevant, and frequently listened to traffic reports.The implication for Advanced Traveler Information Systems are that they may be designed to support both enroute and pre‐trip decisions. ATIS performance, measured in terms of accuracy, relevance and timeliness would be critical in the success of such systems. Further, near‐term prediction of traffic conditions on congested and unreliable routes (where conditions change rapidly) and incident durations is desirable.
GIS‐based highway design review system to improve constructability of design
Authors: Lee Hosin , Clover Pamela 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as a tool which can help highway engineers review a completed highway design to improve its constructability. The GIS can link different data sets together using geographical location as the common key between the data sets to perform various spatial operations. In this paper, the GIS is used to integrate various highway design data using a common milepost referencing system. The GIS allows the integration of the highway design information by establishing common spatial relationships between various highway design features and their geographical locations. The GIS can provide a comprehensive platform upon which all aspects of the highway project review process can be built. This paper also addresses the interface of GIS with the existing highway project data bases and computer‐aided design files. The proposed GIS‐based highway design review system can improve the constructability of the highway design at an early design review stage.
An analysis of interfacing between signal subnetworks
Authors: Tsao Shou‐min , Rau Li‐kuo 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study is to analyze the behavior of offsets between traffic signal subnetworks. If different cycle lengths are used for adjacent subnetworks, the relative timing between the subnetworks will deviate from the original setup. A generalized mathematical model is developed, which demonstrates the cyclic timing patterns of offsets between subnetworks with different cycle lengths. The offset cycle time is equal to the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of the cycle lengths of the adjacent subnetworks. A TRAF‐NETSIM model is used to examine how the cyclic behavior of offsets should be considering in timing the subnetworks, and in reconciling different offset requirements between more than two subnetworks.
Energy savings due to land transportation management in Singapore
Authors: Fwa T. F. , Ang B. W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSingapore has been actively engaged in implementing various land transportation policies and traffic management schemes since the early 1970s to reduce traffic congestion. This paper examines the benefits in energy savings arising from the following five major schemes: (a) the Area Licensing Scheme, (b) the computerised Area Traffic control System, (c) the adaptive traffic control system, (d) the exclusive bus lane scheme, and (e) the island‐wide expressway system. The analyses are made based on the findings of a two‐year study that developed vehicle fuel consumption models for Singapore traffic. The Area Licensing Scheme that restricts traffic flow into the Central Business District (CBD) is found to have the greatest energy impact, followed by the island‐wide expressway system and the traffic‐signals control systems within the CBD.
A stated preference examination of time of travel choice for a recreational trip
Authors: Hunt J. D. , Patterson D. M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA stated preference experiment was performed in Calgary in Canada to examine how people are influenced in the selection of a departure time for a hypothetical trip to see a movie. A total of 635 complete observations were obtained. In each observation the respondent was presented with a set of possible departure time scenarios and asked to indicate the order of preference for these scenarios. Each scenario was described by specifying the automobile travel time, the expected arrival time relative to the movie start time, the parking cost, the probability of being at least ten minutes late for the movie and the length of time the movie had been running. This forced the respondent to trade off between conditions regarding these attributes. Age, gender and frequency of movie attendance were also recorded. The observations thus obtained were used to estimate the parameter values for a range of alternative utility functions in logit models representing this choice behaviour. The results indicate that all of the attributes included have significant effects on departure time choice in the situation being considered. They also indicate that travellers are prepared to arrive roughly two minutes early for each minute of travel time saved; that the money value of driving time for trips to recreational activities is about half that for trips to work; that one additional percent in the probability of arriving late is equivalent to roughly 0.20 Canadian dollars or 1.93 minutes drive time; and that there is a preference for a non‐zero expected early arrival time regardless of the associated probability of arriving late. Some of these results are novel and others are consistent with findings for work trips in work done by others, which is seen to add credence to the approach being used here.
Evaluation of congestion trends on chicago expressways
Authors: Polus Abishai 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe growth in congestion on Chicago area expressways has had a major effect on almost all aspects of the region's economy, travel behavior and land‐use development patterns. The objective of this study was to evaluate congestion trends on Chicago's expressways during the last decade (1980 to 1989) by quantifying the magnitude and tendencies of congestion for the various expressways.This study concentrated on an analysis of the minute‐miles of congestion (MMC), a measure that provides an averaged section congestion during a given time period and that is continuously collected by the Illinois Department of Transportation for all Chicago‐area expressways. The MMC offers a relatively accurate and unbiased estimate of the quantity and duration of congestion.In order to compare congestion trends on the area's ten major expressways in the 1980's it was decided to evaluate the yearly Cumulative Distribution Function of congestion. This analysis was conducted for both the inbound and outbound directions and for the A.M. and P.M. daily peak periods.The magnitude of congestion was found to increase considerably with the years from 1980 to 1989. The increase in congestion for “reverse commuting”, trips to the suburbs in the morning peak and from the suburbs in the evening peak, grew more substantially than the increase in the regular “city commute.” The reason for this phenomenon was the rise in job opportunities in the suburbs, resulting partially from increased congestion and reduced accessibility.Additional analysis showed that the duration of the peak period, defined by the time in which congestion exceeded a predetermined threshold level, was generally longer for the “city commuting” than for the “reverse commuting.” Comparison of congestion among seasons, showed that the most congested season was usually the spring (May 1 to June 15). The system analysis showed that the by 2000, the expected system congestion will be more than twice the 1980 system congestion.
Transit assignment under crowded conditions
Authors: Tian Zhili , Yang Hai , Lam William H. K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a transit assignment algorithm for crowded networks. Both congestion in vehicles and queuing at stations are explicitly taken into account in predicting passenger flows for a fixed pattern of origin‐destination trip demands. The overflow effects due to insufficient capacity of transit lines are considered to be concentrated at transit stations, while the in‐vehicle congestion effects (or discomforts) are considered to be dependent on in‐vehicle passenger volume. Overflow delay at a transit station is dependent on the number of excess passengers required to wait for the next transit car. We use a logit model to determine the split between passengers that chose to wait for the next transit car and passengers that chose to board on the alternative transit lines. The proposed algorithm predicts how passenger will choose their optimal routes under both queuing and crowded conditions.
Citizen participation through communicative action: Towards a new framework and synthesis
Authors: Khisty C. Jotin , Leleur Steen 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe record of public involvement in the transportation planning process in the United States has been uneven and, at times, disappointing. It is therefore a matter of some satisfaction that the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA), recognizes that public involvement and input is essential in transportation plan‐making. However, little guidance is available to planners as to how participatory democracy could possibly be enhanced and improved in the existing transportation planning process. As matters stand today, the predominant use of technical rationality in the planning process, to the exclusion of communicative action, has probably been the biggest problem.This paper introduces the concepts of communicative action to buttress and complement technical rationality, currently used in the transportation planning process. A real‐life case‐study is presented to demonstrate how communicative action was successfully used in a problem‐ridden planning situation. Validity claims as suggested by Habermas in his Theory of Communicative Action are used in this case‐study. It is concluded that academic institutions as well as planning agencies will have to make a concerted effort to educate and train planners not only to be involved with the engineering of our infrastructure, but also to be equally concerned with coping with the social, economic and political dimensions of planning.
Intercity rail services: A nested logit stated choice analysis of pricing options
Authors: Hensher David A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThere is a renewed interest in intercity and long‐distance rail services in many countries, with both new high‐speed rail services and improvements to conventional rail under review. The current study reports on an investigation using a stated choice experiment, of the demand for sleeper services between Sydney, Northern New South Wales (NSW) and Brisbane in Australia, a 12 to 14 hour trip, just after a decision by the NSW government to temporarily suspend sleeper services and introduce seating service only, pending an inquiry into the demand for such loss‐making services under alternative price and service levels. A matrix of direct fare elasticities within the rail mode and between rail and competing modes are obtained for concession and non‐concession travellers from a nested logit model. The empirical evidence extends our knowledge of the sensitivity of the long distance passenger market to a range of rails fares, distinguishing between classes of fares and levels of service.
Joint optimization of a rail transit line and its feeder bus system
Authors: Chien Steven , Schonfeld Paul 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA model is developed for jointly optimizing the characteristics of a rail transit route and its associated feeder bus routes in an urban corridor. The corridor demand characteristics are specified with irregular discrete distributions which can realistically represent geographic variations. The total cost (supplier plus user cost) of the integrated bus and rail network is minimized with an efficient iterative method that successively substitutes variable values obtained through classical analytic optimization. The optimized variables include rail line length, rail station spacings, bus headways, bus stop spacings, and bus route spacing. Computer programs are designed for optimization and sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity of the transit service characteristics to various travel time and cost parameters is discussed. Numerical examples are presented for integrated transit systems in which the rail and bus schedules may be coordinated.
Transit fare differentials: A theoretical analysis
Authors: Ling Jui‐Hsien 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper compares the ridership. operator revenue, passenger‐km, and consumer surplus in uniform pricing policy versus the differential fare pricing system. The comparisons are assumed that the flat fare is set equal to average differential fares. With mathematical derivation, the paper investigates some of the properties of fare differentiation and discusses characteristics of a general nature. The theoretical results have spelled out the conditions under which pricing policy may yield higher performances. A simple numerical example is used to demonstrate the sensitivity of the model. Some recommendations for setting transit pricing policy are drawn from the results.
An iterative group‐based signal optimization scheme for traffic equilibrium networks
Authors: Wong S. C. , Yang Chao 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper presents an iterative scheme for a combined signal optimization and assignment problem, using a traffic model from the well‐known procedure TRANSYT. The signal settings are optimized by means of a group‐based technique, in which the signal timings are specified by the common cycle time, the start time and duration of the period of right of way for each signal group in the network. The optimization problem was formulated as an integer program and solved by a set of heuristics. Given the optimized signal settings determined from the group‐based technique, a path‐based assignment algorithm is employed to obtain the equilibrium traffic pattern using the sensitivity information for TRANSYT model and a Frank‐Wolf method. Based on the equilibrium flow pattern, the group‐based optimization algorithm is then used to determine a better set of signal timings. The procedure is repeated until certain convergence criteria are satisfied. A numerical example is employed to demonstrate the benefits obtained from this iterative scheme. Encouraging results are obtained.
Sizing parking facilities at airports
Authors: Javid Massoud , Seneviratne Prianka N. , Kakimoto Ryuji 
Published: January 2010

AbstractEstablished rules‐of‐thumb and industry guidelines for estimating the supply of parking at airports are based on uncertain quantities such as design year enplanements and number of airport employees, and are independent of cost. In the presence of continued uncertainty and increasing competition for limited space in and around airports, it is important that facilities are sized in relation to cost of providing and using them. A probabilistic model based on the classical “newsboy” problem is proposed to determine the optimal supply of parking in relation to expected total cost while treating demand as a random quantity. Empirical data are used to demonstrate the application of the proposed model for decision making. In addition to construction and maintenance costs, and user costs, decisions are shown to be sensitive to the level of uncertainty of design year enplanements.
A Methodology for estimating traffic safety improvements at intersections
Authors: Ben‐Akiva M. , Ceder A. , Cheng L‐H. , Liss C. M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIntersection accidents represent a significant proportion of overall motor vehicle accidents. More accurate estimates of the actual effectiveness of intersection safety improvements are required.This study develops an improved methodology for post‐implementation evaluation of safety countermeasures at intersections. Accidents are random, rarely occurring events. For a given time period, this leads to random fluctuations in accident frequencies, which suggests that statistical analysis employing confidence intervals, rather than point estimates, is required. Two technical problems complicate this treatment of accident occurrence as a random variable. The first problem is that identifying of hazardous locations is generally based on above‐average accident frequency during the most recent period(s) for which data is available. The second problem arises from changes in external factors such as traffic volume, motor vehicle safety standards, etc., during the period of analysis, which may also affect traffic safety.A “combined” approach which addresses these technical issues is developed. Empirical Bayesian methodology is combined with regression techniques to derive a more accurate measure of the effect of safety treatments. An important consideration is the derivation of the variance of this measure, so that appropriate confidence intervals may be constructed. The approach is then applied to a sample of locations that underwent treatment by the Massachusetts Department of Public Works (MDPW). We compare our results to those which might be obtained using alternative methodologies that correct for neither or only one of the technical problems. We also illustrate how preliminary conclusions may be drawn regarding the effectiveness of broad categories of treatments, and how individual sites requiring further investigation may be identified.
A schedule‐based time‐dependent trip assignment model for transit networks
Authors: Tong C. O. , Wong S. C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA schedule‐based time‐dependent trip assignment model for transit networks is presented. First the transit network model is formulated using the schedule‐based approach, in which the vehicles are assumed to arrive punctually in accordance with a scheduled time‐table. Based on a previously developed time‐dependent shortest path algorithm, an all‐or‐nothing network loading procedure is employed to assign the passenger trips onto the network. Both the passenger demand and scheduled time‐table are time‐varying. This provides a versatile tool for the evaluation of the performance of transit networks subject to peak period loading. A case study using the Mass Transit Railway System in Hong Kong is given to illustrate the potential applications of the model.
An applicatoin of an optimal traffic control during lane closure periods of a two‐lane road
Authors: Ceder Avishai 
Published: January 2010

AbstractOn two‐lane roadways, when provision should be made for alternative one‐way movement (for construction or maintenance), the traffic characteristics differ from normal operation in which no lane is closed. The purpose of this study is to derive optimal strategies for controlling, by means of traffic signals, the one lane operation (in two‐way roadways). In this study, strategies to determine the optimal length of the closed one‐lane section during construction and maintenance work are established. This length minimizes the objective function representing the tradeoff between delay cost and operational cost. Using the length value obtained by the proposed model, plus a timing methodology, the overall cost of operating the closed highway section can be minimized. The sensitivity analysis of the optimal solution for the section length is examined with respect to the input variables. This analysis shows that for very low traffic flow values (less than 100 vph per direction), the solution is very sensitive to fuel price changes, while for greater flow values, the solution is insensitive to this change. Similar results are obtained for changes in the worker's wage which is part of both the operational and the delay cost. That is, the section's length is sensitive to wage changes at low traffic flow and insensitive otherwise. Based on the results presented in this study, it is possible to establish a guideline for the section's length determination. The control measure can emerge from a pair of traffic signals that can be installed at both ends of the closed highway segment. This traffic control system is also described in the study in terms of its components and operational features and advantages.
Estimation of AADT from short period counts in hong kong — A comparison between neural network method and regression analysis
Authors: Lam William H. K. , Xu Jianmin 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe average annual daily traffic (AADT) volumes can be estimated by using a short period count of less than twenty‐four hour duration. In this paper, the neural network method is adopted for the estimation of AADT from short period counts and for the determination of the most appropriate length of counts. A case study is carried out by analysing data at thirteen locations on trunk roads and primary roads in urban area of Hong Kong. The estimation accuracy is also compared with the one obtained by regression analysis approach. The results show that the neural network approach consistently performed better than the regression analysis approach.