bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tsunami data amassed
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

To facilitate understanding of the tsunami, the National Geophysical and Solar‐Terrestrial Data Center (NGSDC), also known as World Data Center A, has compiled a set of data bases for tsunami research and operations.The data bases include digital and analog seismograms from the Worldwide Standard Seismograph Network and the derived information on epicenter, magnitude, and focal mechanisms; hydrographic data from tide records; digital bathymetric data; and photographs. The data center publishes catalogs on tsunamis in Alaska and Hawaii. It also operates a modest guest worker program and can provide access to computers, digitizers, and plotters and data files. Limited financial help is available to researchers who need access to large amounts of data.
Project aims to improve weather predictions
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Project Skywater, an atmospheric research program slated to begin this spring, will investigate basic precipitation problems, including the formation of raindrops, mechanisms by which air outside rainclouds mixes with air inside, atmospheric processes that lead to the birth and growth of a storm, and the origins of ice. These fundamental problems ‘stand in the way of evaluating the potential of weather modification techniques and of predicting precipitation and severe weather,’ according to Bernard A. Silverman, project head.As part of the project, researchers will work this summer on the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE). Based in Miles City, Montana, CCOPE will study the lifetimes of summer clouds. The work will focus on the major natural processes that lead to precipitation in large cloud systems. In addition, researchers will investigate cloud chemistry and lightning's effect on rainfall.
Saving for a rainy day
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Critics of solar energy repeatedly point to the technology's ineffectiveness at night or during cloudy days. Proponents argue that storage systems can provide the necessary backup, but the critics counter that the development of storage systems will slow solar energy's growth and add to the already high cost per kilowatt. Now a National Research Council committee adds its voice to the chorus.The Solar Panel of the Committee on Advanced Energy Storage Systems says that the need for storage systems will not delay solar energy development. Present growth for most applications can proceed in the short run as expected. Delays may occur, however, with ‘stand alone’ electricity‐generating systems, which are not connected to a utility network.
1980 Weather summary
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The weather in the United States during 1980 was bad. A 3‐month heat wave in the southwest caused about $20 billion in ruined crops, an increase in power consumption, and damage to roads and highways. Nationwide, the heat killed 1320 people. Floods caused more than $1 billion in losses. Hurricane Allen caused about $500 million in property losses and took two lives.The highest temperature reading during 1980, 51°C (124°F), was reached five times. Locations were at Bull Head, Arizona; Death Valley, California; and three times at Baker, California. Preliminary figures also show that the lowest temperature for the year was recorded at Tok weather station, 150 miles southeast of Fairbanks, Alaska. There the mercury plummeted to −56°C (−68°F). In the lower 48 states the minimum thermometer reading was −44°C at Wisdom, Montana.
Lightning superbolts
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

A rare type of lightning bolt previously not thought to occur in flatlands has been identified in Oklahoma prairie storms and could pose a danger to structures not built to withstand it. Researchers at NOAA say the discovery could indicate that buildings or power plants designed on the assumption that such destructive bolts do not occur in flatland might not be safe. The positive charge cloud‐to‐ground flashes once were thought to strike only when triggered by a tall structure or mountaintop, or, on rare occasions, at the end of a storm.‘Most storms never produce this kind of lightning. In a few storms, there may be one positive bolt, just as the storm is dissipating—sort of the last gasp of the storm,’ according to David Rust of the National Severe Storms Laboratory. Rust added that the triggered bolts often are very high current, making them especially destructive. ‘We know these bolts don't occur in garden variety storms. We are trying to find if the occurrence of this kind of lightning is linked with storm severity,’ Rust said
Piggyback drilling in Kansas: An example for the Continental Scientific Drilling Program
Authors: Steeples Donald W. , Bickford M. E. 
Published: October 2011

As the development of plate tectonic theory has provided a framework within which to interpret new geological and geophysical data, the need for an organized deep‐drilling effort on the continents has become apparent. Since the expense of such a venture will be large, it is important to perform as many scientific experiments as practical on each hole drilled. This paper is a report on scientific, administrative, and financial aspects of a drilling program in Kansas. Experiences related here should be of some use to other groups planning scientific drilling ventures.Four holes were drilled to 0.5–1.1‐km depth in Kansas as part of a hydrological study of the Arbuckle Formation. Two of the holes penetrated igneous rock of Precambrian age, and several meters of granitic core were recovered. At least one of the cores is highly magnetic and more radioactive than normal granite. Both cores have U/Pb zircon ages of 1340–1360 million years, presenting evidence for a previously unknown episode of intrusive activity. All four holes have been thermally logged with geothermal gradients ranging from 28° C/km to 36° C/km. The cased boreholes will be available in the future for additional experiments by other scientists.
AGIO gets new home
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Association of Geoscientists for International Development (AGID), in February, opened new global headquarters at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) in Bangkok, Thailand. Prinya Nutalaya is AGID's president.Housed in AIT's geotechnical division, AGID leaves its old home in Caracas, Venezuela. The former secretariat, under the direction of Alirio Bellizzia, now operates as a regional office for Latin America and the Caribbean. A new regional office for Africa also has been established at Ahmadu Bello University in Nigeria.
Why research into the history of geosciences?
Authors: Schröder Wilfried 
Published: October 2011

Study of the history of various sciences is rather heterogeneous. Some disciplines, such as medicine, mathematics, and astronomy, have numerous noteworthy compendia and even specialized journals where papers on the history of these sciences can be published.The situation in geophysics, meteorology, and other subdivisions of the geosciences is far less favorable. This neglect is an outcome of a dogma of autonomy that is essentially oriented toward progress in understanding, without much reference to historical developments. But even the geoscientists cannot ignore that the phenomenon ‘science’ must be viewed in the context of sociological processes. In the initial stages, sociologists and some philosophers, in the context of the general theory of perception, began research into the development of scientific thought, but the geoscientists and other natural scientists contributed very little. It has since become clear that research on these topics requires historical assessment and more insight. The development of the ‘science of science’ is directed toward understanding and explanation of the complex human involvement in science, not only in the sense of theorizing about the scientific processes but also in sociological, political, and historical context [Kuhn, 1973; Burrichter, 1979; Sandkühler and Plath, 1979.]
Acid rain measurements
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The United States and Canada have launched a project to determine whether the methods they use to measure acid rain produce compatible results. Apparently, the U.S. and Canadian findings may not be comparable because of differences in the way they collect and analyze data.The U.S. separately collects precipitation from snow and rain as well as dry, windblown material. The samples are gathered and analyzed weekly. The Canadians use instruments that collect only water. They gather and test their samples monthly.
Dying Pacific Hot Spot
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

A team of scientists at the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics report that they have evidence for a new hot spot in the Pacific Ocean. Their discovery was described by Barbara H. Keating at AGU's Spring Meeting in Baltimore late last month. The predicted hot spot, located in the Caroline Islands, halfway between Hawaii and Japan, is the first to show evidence of waning, Keating said.Hot spots are sources of hot rock that may come from the earth's mantle, explained Keating, assistant professor of marine geology and paleomagnetics at the University of Hawaii. The hot rock melts through oceanic crust and forms a chain of volcanic islands and submarine volcanos. These volcanics show a strict age progression from oldest to youngest.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Vinod P. Bhatnagar was recently appointed senior staff physicist in the Department of the Environment of Moniteq Ltd. in Concord, Ontario. Formerly of the University of Western Ontario's physics department, Bhatnagar is also a consultant to the Centre for Research in Experimental Space Science at York University in Downsview, Ontario.Gordon Eaton will become the dean of geosciences at Texas A&M University on September 1. He succeeds Earl Cook, who has held the post for 10 years. Eaton, a former associate chief geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey's geologic division, is known for his research in the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park and for tectonic studies on the western United States.
GAO: Water monitoring needs improvement
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Better monitoring techniques are needed to assess the quality of rivers and streams, according to a recent report to Congress by the General Accounting Office (GAO). Water samples are taken too infrequently, GAO says, and stations are placed too far apart ‘to deal with the complex nature of water quality.’‘Accurate, reliable data on the actual condition of the nation's rivers and streams are necessary for sound environmental planning and management,’ writes Milton J. Socolar, acting comptroller general of the United States, in the cover letter that accompanies the report. ‘Existing national water‐quality monitoring networks operated by the Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] and the U.S. Geological Survey [USGS] … do not provide the type or quality of data needed.’
He/Ar ratio: Earthquake harbinger
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Helium and argon, squeezed out of the earth through fissures by deep internal pressures, may signal an imminent earthquake. There has been little evidence, however, directly linking stress with gas emissions. Ryuichi Sugisaki of the earth sciences department at Nagoya University in Japan reports in the June 12 Science that the variations of the He/Ar ratio of gas bubbles in a mineral spring coincide with underground stresses caused by the earth tide.‘A comparison of the variation of strain in the ground resulting from the earth tide with the observed fluctuation of the ratio shows a good correlation,’ Sugisaki wrote. In addition, he says that the ratio fluctuation is more closely tied to the tidal strain than to atmospheric pressure or temperature.
B.S. in P.E. = $30K/Year
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Earth sciences graduates can ‘…[look] forward to long lines of would‐be employers who will try to tempt [them] with high salaries,’ according to a report describing a new survey by the College Placement Council (Industrial Research and Development, July 1981). This survey of the job market reports that graduates with the bachelor's degree in the earth and physical sciences have been starting employment at an average salary of approximately $22,000 per year. This figure amounts to an 18% increase over the average starting salary for the same groups a year ago.Another important result is that some starting salaries for petroleum engineers (B.S. in P.E.) are upward of $30,000 per year, which though not at all unusual, was the top starting salary group for 1981 college graduates. Industrial Research and Development points out that liberal arts graduates consider themselves to be fortunate if offered starting salaries of $12,000 per year.
Nation's water picture brightens
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The nation's streams took a strong upturn during June, showing good recovery from the persistent dry trend of the previous months, although scattered pockets of below‐normal flow were reported in parts of the Southeast and the West, according to a month‐end check by the U.S. Geological Survey.USGS hydrologists said that 30% of the 165 key index stations reporting across the country in June showed well‐below normal streamflow (within the lowest 25% of record), a decided upward trend from May, when half of the index stations reported below‐normal streamflow. Below‐normal flows were reported in parts of 27 states during June, down from the 31 states that reported low flows in May.
Geophysics publications honored
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Geophysics and geology publications by the U.S. Geological Survey were awarded one first‐ and two third‐place prizes at the ‘Blue Pencil’ ceremony last month, sponsored by the National Association of Government Communicators.First place in the news release category went to Frank Forrester, an AGU member and recently retired USGS information officer. Editors and artists of the bimonthly USGS Earthquake Information Bulletin were awarded third place in the category for technical magazines using at least two colors.
Planning for giving
Authors: Whitten Charles A. 
Published: October 2011

This ancient Chinese proverb stresses the importance of the role of AGU in the field of continuing education. When the Committee on Financial Resources made the recommendation that the Union should be on a firmer basis and the Council approved the 5‐year fund drive, the vision was toward the future—decades at least—and far beyond ‘rice’ and ‘trees.’A large percentage of AGU members contribute regularly and liberally to their alma maters. This financial support to universities and colleges is essential. The donors are well rewarded with the knowledge that their gifts are to be used for education.
Dynamics Explorer launched
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Dynamics Explorer A and B (now 1 and 2) spacecraft were launched into coplanar orbits from the Western Test Range at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on August 3, 1981, at 0956 UT. Although the orbits of the spacecraft are lower than expected, the change should not impede attaining the project's goals.‘All orbital parameters are nominal except the apogees, which, due to a short second burn of the second stage, are lower than planned,’ said Robert A. Hoffman, project scientist, at the Goddard Space Flight Center.
National technology foundation proposal
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

A bill that would combine sections of the National Science Foundation and the Department of Commerce into a National Technology Foundation was introduced in June by Rep. George E. Brown, Jr. (D‐Calif.), chairman of the House Science and Technology Committee. Purpose of the foundation would be to ‘promote the advance of technology, technological innovation, technology utilization, and the supply of technological manpower for the improvement of the economic, environmental, and social well‐being of the United States.’ The bill has been sent to congressional committee.‘Among other things, the National Technology Foundation would recognize the importance of engineering and help harness its potential,’ Brown told the House.
Bathymetric charts near completion
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The fifth edition of the 'General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans' (GEBCO), the series of bathymetric charts that originated at the Seventh International Geological Congress in Berlin in 1899, will be complete soon. Thirteen of the final 18 charts that cover the world are available. The last chart should be complete next May. All of the charts have a scale of 1:10,000,000; polar sheets are 1:6,000,000.Guiding the chart production is a joint committee of marine geologists and geophysicists from the International Hydrographic Organization and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. Cartographic production of the sheets is undertaken by the Canadian Hydrographic Service in Ottawa. The basic project, grid, and land work is taken from the Carte Generale du Monde by permission of the Institut Geographique National in France.Sheets are available at $5.00 (Canadian) plus handling charges from Hydrographic Chart Distribution Office, Department of Fisheries and the Environment, 1675 Russel Road, P.O. Box 8080, Ottawa, Canada K1G 3H6.
Re: Magnetic monopoles
Authors: Cain Joseph C. 
Published: October 2011

It might be of some interest to note that following Vestine's suggestion, we had incorporated the magnetic monopole (g00) as a variable in our geomagnetic field modeling programs several years ago and sometimes turn it on (allow it to assume a nonzero value) to help test our analyses. As we reported at the Bergen meeting in 1966, its value tends to hover about the level which we guess to be the accuracy of the coefficients desired and has been as low as 1 nT from the models run using only POGO dataWe have also tested using the recent Magsat data and find g00 now about 3 nT for the earth. Ignoring the real possibility that we are only determining a noise figure, is there a chance that the sum of all monopoles in the earth could add up to an observable g00?
Rapid rise predicted for geologist salaries
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The number of geologists entering the earth science profession and their average salary will increase faster than for other natural and physical sciences during the next 2 decades, according to A.G. Unklesbay, executive director of the American Geological Institute (AGI). He is drafting for the National Academy of Sciences' Geological Sciences Board (Eos, 62, p. 107, March 17) a chapter on manpower needs in geology.‘AGI studies trends in geoscience education, and our records show that majors have doubled in the decade 1971–1980,’ Unklesbay said. ‘These studies are ongoing and the data for 1981 show this trend continuing.’
Sailing ships for research
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Motor‐assisted sailing ships for ocean research could perform as well as or better than many existing research vessels and could cut fuel consumption by 50–80%, according to a preliminary study by an ad hoc panel of the National Research Council's Ocean Sciences Board (OSB).Rising fuel costs plague ship owners and operators. For example, 2 years ago the U.S. oceanographic fleet had a $6 million overrun in fuel costs. Furthermore, the price of marine diesel fuel skyrocketed from $3 per barrel in 1972 to about $38 per barrel in late 1980. Cutting these costs would be welcome if the savings were not made at the expense of additional crew, longer transit times, or less efficient scientific operations. A sailing ship with auxiliary motor propulsion is a promising prospect, according to the Ad Hoc Panel on the Use of Sailing Ships for Oceanography.
Petroleum companies withdraw from OMDP
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

The 10 petroleum companies that were to split the costs of the Ocean Margin Drilling Program (OMDP) (Eos, February 19, 1980, p. 90) with the National Science Foundation have withdrawn their support from the project. According to Allen M. Shinn, Jr., director of NSF's Office of Scientific Ocean Drilling, the petroleum companies stated that they are not willing to support the fiscal 1982 efforts as planned. Participation at a future date remains uncertain.The move will indefinitely delay OMDP, Shinn told Eos. ‘I don't think we [NSF] can continue with the program as it is outlined now,’ he added.
Guagua Pichincha Volcano
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Guagua Pichincha Volcano, north central Ecuador (0.17°S, 78.60°W). All times are local (GMT −5 hours).A small phreatic explosion that probably occurred in mid‐August deposited fine tephra as much as 1 km southeast of three new vents (3–8 m in diameter) in the summit crater. The new vents formed just east of a lava dome, about 400 m in diameter, emplaced in the center of the summit crater, probably in 1660. Pichincha's horseshoe‐shaped summit crater, about 2 km in diameter and 600 m deep, occupies the west end of a 9‐km‐long massif and is breached to the west, in the opposite direction from Ecuador's capital Quito (population 600,000), which is located at the east foot of the volcano. Aerial observers reported increased fumarolic activity in the summit crater about August 20. Plume heights of as much as several hundred meters were reported in mid‐August, and a group that climbed the volcano in early September observed a 200‐ to 300‐m‐high plume, but vapor emission had declined to only 2–3 times its normal level by early October. Temperatures of summit crater fumaroles in early October were 88°–90°C, comparable to those recorded in 1976.
Tracking down geothermal waters
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Two geochemists say that measuring gas ratios in geothermal waters that have surfaced from deep within the earth can help pinpoint the hottest spot in a geothermal reservoir. The technique avoids inserting long thermometers or drilling deep holes into the earth.When water falls as rain or flows in rivers and lakes, it picks up from the atmosphere such gases as nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, explain David Norman, assistant geophysics professor at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, and Carl Bernhardt, a graduate student. As the water sinks into the earth and heats up, most of the atmospheric gases bubble off. Then, the water absorbs other gases such as helium and carbon dioxide from the surrounding rocks and soil. When this hot water rises to the surface by convection, Norman told Eos, it cools rapidly but retains its underground gases. By calculating the ratios of carbon dioxide to methane in the water that has risen to the surface, the temperature of the water when it was deep within the earth can be estimated, the geochemists say. This new method could help tap with precision economic geothermal reservoirs.
A Chapman Conference on Subsurface Water Contributions to Streamflow
Authors: Hall Francis R. 
Published: October 2011

A Chapman Conference on Subsurface Water Contributions to Streamflow was held October 5–9, 1980, at the New England Center for Continuing Education in Durham, N.H.The purpose of the conference was to bring together an interdisciplinary group of scientists and engineers who are actively engaged in research on the processes by which water from atmospheric precipitation moves into and through the subsurface on the way to becoming streamflow. Subsurface here means everything from the uppermost leaf or litter layer just beneath land surface down to and including the underlying saturated zone. This approach also requires consideration of evapotranspiration and capillary forces, which remove water from within the flow system either permanently or temporarily.