bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The plausibility of maternal nutritional status being a contributing factor to the risk for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: The potential influence of zinc status as an example
Authors: Keen Carl L. , Uriu‐Adams Janet Y. , Skalny Anatoly , Grabeklis Andrei , Grabeklis Sevil , Green Kerri , Yevtushok Lyubov , Wertelecki Wladimir W. , Chambers Christina D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that human pregnancy outcome can be significantly compromised by suboptimal maternal nutritional status. Poor diet results in a maternal–fetal environment in which the teratogenicity of other insults such as alcohol might be amplified. As an example, there is evidence that zinc (Zn) can interact with maternal alcohol exposure to influence the risk for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Studies with experimental animals have shown that the teratogenicity of alcohol is increased under conditions of Zn deficiency, whereas its teratogenicity is lessened when animals are given Zn‐supplemented diets or Zn injections before the alcohol exposure. Alcohol can precipitate an acute‐phase response, resulting in a subsequent increase in maternal liver metallothionein, which can sequester Zn and lead to decreased Zn transfer to the fetus. Importantly, the teratogenicity of acute alcohol exposure is reduced in metallothionein knockout mice, which can have improved Zn transfer to the conceptus relative to wild‐type mice. Consistent with the above, Zn status has been reported to be low in alcoholic women at delivery. Preliminary data from two basic science and clinical nutritional studies that are ongoing as part of the international Collaborative Initiative on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders support the potential role of Zn, among other nutritional factors, relative to risk for FASD. Importantly, the nutrient levels being examined in these studies are relevant to general clinical populations and represent suboptimal levels rather than severe deficiencies. These data suggest that moderate deficiencies in single nutrients can act as permissive factors for FASD, and that adequate nutritional status or intervention through supplementation may provide protection from some of the adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure.
Contrast media and clotting: What is the evidence?
Authors: Reiner Jonathan S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe rapid development of percutaneous coronary and peripheral vascular interventional technologies and also noninvasive imaging systems has led to a dramatic increase in the number of patients receiving contrast media (CM). Although relatively uncommon, adverse events can occur following administration of contrast, including nuisance reactions (e.g., nausea and urticaria) and potentially severe complications, such as contrast‐induced nephropathy and thrombotic events. In this report, we review the evidence regarding the occurrence of thrombotic effects following iodinated CM administration during percutaneous coronary intervention. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence‐based management of patients undergoing PCI: Stent controversies
Authors: Vetrovec George W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDrug‐eluting stents reduce restenosis, particularly in uncomplicated lesions. Despite limited on‐label indications, drug‐eluting stents have been universally adopted. However, there have been early sporadic reports of stent thrombosis. This article will review the risk factors for stent thrombosis and will briefly discuss recent trials comparing the safety, efficacy, and mortality for bare‐metal and drug‐eluting stents. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic Nanocomposites: A New Perspective in Catalysis
Authors: Zhu Yinghuai , Stubbs Ludger Paul , Ho Feny , Liu Rongzhen , Ship Chee Peng , Maguire John A. , Hosmane Narayan S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn recent years, the synthesis and applications of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have attracted increasing interest in catalysis research, and MNP‐derived catalysts have been employed in such industrially important reactions as hydrogenation, hydroformylation, Suzuki–Miyaura and Heck couplings, and olefin metathesis. The hybrid nanocomposite species display sustainable catalytic activities and great advantages concerning catalyst recycling processes. A number of examples using these innovative hybrids in catalysis have been reported with promising results. This Minireview primarily addresses recent catalytic applications of magnetic nanocomposites, including a discussion of the synthetic methodologies that are commonly used.
Application of Material and Energy Flow Analysis in the Early Stages of Biotechnical Process Development – A Case Study
Authors: Brinkmann T. , Rubbeling H. , Fröhlich P. , Katzberg M. , Bertau M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBiotechnical technologies are often viewed as generally green processes, since they operate at low temperatures and pressures. However, as shown by various comparative studies of chemical and biotechnical engineering processes, this view cannot be generalized. It is clear that sustainable assessment should be carried out in the early stages of process development, since these stages have a major influence on the economic and ecological performance of processes later at the industrial scale. One option to use as a basis for evaluating the potential advantages to developing a biotechnical process can be a material and energy flow analysis (MEFA) at an early stage. This article provides an understanding of MEFA in general and illustrates its successful application by means of two case studies.
Synthesis and Application of a New Fluorous‐Tagged Ammonia Equivalent
Authors: Nielsen Simon D. , Smith Garrick , Begtrup Mikael , Kristensen Jesper L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA novel fluorous‐tagged ammonia equivalent has been developed. It is based on a nitrogen–oxygen bond, which can be cleaved in a traceless manner by a molybdenum complex or samarium diiodide. The application in the synthesis of ureas, amides, sulfonamides, and carbamates is described. The scope of the fluorous NO linker is exemplified by the synthesis of itopride, a drug used for the treatment of functional dyspepsia. Itopride was synthesized with the aid of fluorous purification methods and the product was isolated in good overall yield, with high purity.
Regenerated synapses in lamprey spinal cord are sparse and small even after functional recovery from injury
Authors: Oliphint Paul A. , Alieva Naila , Foldes Andrea E. , Tytell Eric D. , Lau Billy Y.‐B. , Pariseau Jenna S. , Cohen Avis H. , Morgan Jennifer R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDespite the potential importance that synapse regeneration plays in restoring neuronal function after spinal cord injury (SCI), even the most basic questions about the morphology of regenerated synapses remain unanswered. Therefore, we set out to gain a better understanding of central synapse regeneration by examining the number, distribution, molecular composition, and ultrastructure of regenerated synapses under conditions in which behavioral recovery from SCI was robust. To do so, we used the giant reticulospinal (RS) neurons of lamprey spinal cord because they readily regenerate, are easily identifiable, and contain large synapses that serve as a classic model for vertebrate excitatory neurotransmission. Using a combination of light and electron microscopy, we found that regenerated giant RS synapses regained the basic structures and presynaptic organization observed at control giant RS synapses at a time when behavioral recovery was nearly complete. However, several obvious differences remained. Most strikingly, regenerated giant RS axons produced very few synapses. In addition, presynaptic sites within regenerated axons were less complex, had fewer vesicles, and had smaller active zones than normal. In contrast, the densities of presynapses and docked vesicles were nearly restored to control values. Thus, robust functional recovery from SCI can occur even when the structures of regenerated synapses are sparse and small, suggesting that functional recovery is due to a more complex set of compensatory changes throughout the spinal network. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2854–2872, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development‐based compartmentalization of the Drosophila central brain
Authors: Pereanu Wayne , Kumar Abilasha , Jennett Arnim , Reichert Heinrich , Hartenstein Volker 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe neuropile of the Drosophila brain is subdivided into anatomically discrete compartments. Compartments are rich in terminal neurite branching and synapses; they are the neuropile domains in which signal processing takes place. Compartment boundaries are defined by more or less dense layers of glial cells as well as long neurite fascicles. These fascicles are formed during the larval period, when the approximately 100 neuronal lineages that constitute the Drosophila central brain differentiate. Each lineage forms an axon tract with a characteristic trajectory in the neuropile; groups of spatially related tracts congregate into the brain fascicles that can be followed from the larva throughout metamorphosis into the adult stage. Here we provide a map of the adult brain compartments and the relevant fascicles defining compartmental boundaries. We have identified the neuronal lineages contributing to each fascicle, which allowed us to compare compartments of the larval and adult brain directly. Most adult compartments can be recognized already in the early larval brain, where they form a “protomap” of the later adult compartments. Our analysis highlights the morphogenetic changes shaping the Drosophila brain; the data will be important for studies that link early‐acting genetic mechanisms to the adult neuronal structures and circuits controlled by these mechanisms. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2996–3023, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and mosaics of melanopsin‐expressing retinal ganglion cell types in mice
Authors: Berson David M. , Castrucci Ana Maria , Provencio Ignacio 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMelanopsin is the photopigment of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Melanopsin immunoreactivity reveals two dendritic plexuses within the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and morphologically heterogeneous retinal ganglion cells. Using enhanced immunohistochemistry, we provide a fuller description of murine cell types expressing melanopsin, their contribution to the plexuses of melanopsin dendrites, and mosaics formed by each type. M1 cells, corresponding to the originally described ganglion‐cell photoreceptors, occupy the ganglion cell or inner nuclear layers. Their large, sparsely branched arbors (mean diameter 275 μm) monostratify at the outer limit of the OFF sublayer. M2 cells also have large, monostratified dendritic arbors (mean diameter 310 μm), but ramify in the inner third of the IPL, within the ON sublayer. There are ≈900 M1 cells and 800 M2 cells per retina; each type comprises roughly 1–2% of all ganglion cells. The cell bodies of M1 cells are slightly smaller than those of M2 cells (mean diameters: 13 μm for M1, 15 μm for M2). Dendritic field overlap is extensive within each type (coverage factors ≈3.8 for M1 and 4.6 for M2 cells). Rare bistratified cells deploy terminal dendrites within both melanopsin‐immunoreactive plexuses. Because these are too sparsely distributed to permit complete retinal tiling, they lack a key feature of true ganglion cell types and may be anomalous hybrids of the M1 and M2 types. Finally, we observed weak melanopsin immunoreactivity in other ganglion cells, mostly with large somata, that may constitute one or more additional types of melanopsin‐expressing cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2405–2422, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neonatal capsaicin treatment modulates experience‐dependent plasticity in the rat barrel cortex
Authors: Sheibani Vahid , Shamsizadeh Ali , Afarinesh Mohammad Reza , Rezvani Mohammad Erahim 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPrevious studies have reported that capsaicin‐induced C‐fiber depletion results in expansion of low threshold somatosensory mechanoreceptive fields. Here we used this paradigm to investigate its effect on experience‐dependent plasticity in the barrel cortex of rats. All but the D2 vibrissa were first plucked on postnatal day 0 (P0), P5, or P8, and kept plucked for a period of 30 days before being allowed to regrow for 7–9 days prior to the recording session. To assess receptive field characteristics the spared D2 principal whisker (PW) and the deprived D1 adjacent whisker (AW) were moved either singly or in concert, neuronal responses being recorded in layers IV and V of the D2 barrel. In vehicle‐treated rats, PW‐evoked ON responses (layer IV) were increased only in those animals that first had their vibrissae plucked on P0, whereas AW‐evoked ON responses (layers IV and V) were decreased in the P0, P5, and P8 groups. In the capsaicin‐treated animals, PW‐evoked ON responses (layer IV) were increased in all three groups, but no decrease was recorded in the AW‐evoked ON (layers IV and V) responses. In the vehicle‐ and capsaicin‐treated animals, the greatest decrease in inhibitory interactions was observed in the P5 and P0 groups, respectively. These findings indicate that, following the induction of experience‐dependent plasticity, the resultant changes in excitatory and integrative circuits can be further influenced by C‐fiber depletion. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3427–3438, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Frequency processing at consecutive levels in the auditory system of bush crickets (tettigoniidae)
Authors: Ostrowski Tim Daniel , Stumpner Andreas 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe asked how processing of male signals in the auditory pathway of the bush cricket Ancistrura nigrovittata (Phaneropterinae, Tettigoniidae) changes from the ear to the brain. From 37 sensory neurons in the crista acustica single elements (cells 8 or 9) have frequency tuning corresponding closely to the behavioral tuning of the females. Nevertheless, one‐quarter of sensory neurons (approximately cells 9 to 18) excite the ascending neuron 1 (AN1), which is best tuned to the male's song carrier frequency. AN1 receives frequency‐dependent inhibition, reducing sensitivity especially in the ultrasound. When recorded in the brain, AN1 shows slightly lower overall activity than when recorded in the prothoracic ganglion close to the spike‐generating zone. This difference is significant in the ultrasonic range. The first identified local brain neuron in a bush cricket (LBN1) is described. Its dendrites overlap with some of AN1‐terminations in the brain. Its frequency tuning and intensity dependence strongly suggest a direct postsynaptic connection to AN1. Spiking in LBN1 is only elicited after summation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked by individual AN1‐action potentials. This serves a filtering mechanism that reduces the sensitivity of LBN1 and also its responsiveness to ultrasound as compared to AN1. Consequently, spike latencies of LBN1 are long (>30 ms) despite its being a second‐order interneuron. Additionally, LBN1 receives frequency‐specific inhibition, most likely further reducing its responses to ultrasound. This demonstrates that frequency‐specific inhibition is redundant in two directly connected interneurons on subsequent levels in the auditory system. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3101–3116, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological characterization of retinal bipolar cells in the marine teleost Rhinecanthus aculeatus
Authors: Pignatelli Vincenzo , Marshall Justin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe marine teleost Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Balistidae) has recently been shown to posses trichromatic color vision supported by a retinal combination of double and single cones. Double cones are composed of two members with different spectral sensitivity. It is not known whether a correlation exists between the chromatic wiring of double cones to the inner retina and trichromacy, nor how unmixed, chromatic information is extracted from the two members of the couple. In mammalians, bipolar cells determine color segregation by means of the midget system, central to trichromatic color vision; however, midget bipolar cells have never been described in teleosts. On the basis of its likely importance in transferring chromatic photoreceptor signals to the inner retina, we have morphologically characterized the retinal bipolar cell types of R. aculeatus using DiOlistic staining techniques to verify if an anatomical specialization of this group of cells is required to support trichromatic color vision. Thirteen cell types are described: eight putative OFF types and five putative ON types. Of these, four had axonal boutons ramifying in both sublayers (ON and OFF) of the inner plexiform layer, six had terminals restricted to the OFF layer, and three cell types had terminals restricted to the ON layer. Dendritic arbors of bipolar cells had narrower diameters (5–40 μm) in comparison to bipolar cells of other teleost species; this supports the idea that a low degree of photoreceptor to bipolar convergence is correlated with trichromacy in this retina and possibly with the function of double cones as color receptors. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3117–3129, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance modeling of DiffServ meter/markers
Authors: Stankiewicz R. , Jajszczyk A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe paper presents analytical models of the following meter/markers used as building blocks of DiffServ architecture supporting Assured Forwarding: Single Rate Three Color Marker (srTCM), Two Rate Three Color Marker (trTCM), and Time Sliding Window Three Color Marker (TSW3CM). The model of the latter involves finding the distribution of the TSW‐averaged traffic rate approximated by the rate estimator. A respective probability density function that, if integrated in appropriate bounds, allows finding packet marking probabilities is proposed. Models for srTCM and trTCM, which use the token bucket mechanism, are based on the classical queuing theory. Namely, models based on the M/M/1/K and D/M/1/K queuing systems are considered. The models enable quick finding of meter/marker characteristics under a particular configuration and traffic volume. It can be also quickly checked how parameter manipulations or changes in the traffic rate affect the characteristics. The models are validated by simulations with two types of traffic: TCP/ftp and web‐like traffic. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Channel capacity of multiple‐input multiple‐output ultra‐wideband systems with single co‐channel interference
Authors: Liao Shu‐Han , Chiu Chien‐Ching , Ho Min‐Hui , Liu Chun‐Liang 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this paper, the channel capacity of multiple‐input multiple‐output ultra‐wideband (MIMO‐UWB) systems with single co‐channel interference (CCI) is calculated. A ray‐tracing approach is used to calculate the wanted channel frequency response, and the channel frequency response is further used to calculate the corresponding channel capacity. By the ray‐tracing approach, two different antenna arrays are applied to our simulation to observe whether MIMO can reduce CCI. Also the effects caused by the two antenna arrays for the desired system and CCI are quantified. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual effects of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin on human eosinophil apoptosis in early and late periods of stimulation
Authors: Kim Jung Mogg , Kim Joo Sung , Lee Jin Young , Sim Young‐Suk , Kim Young‐Jeon , Oh Yu‐Kyoung , Yoon Ho Joo , Kang Ju Seop , Youn Jeehee , Kim Nayoung , Jung Hyun Chae , Kim Sunil 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAlthough Helicobacter pylori infections of the gastric mucosa are characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells such as eosinophils, the responses of eosinophils to H. pylori vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) have not been fully elucidated. This study investigates the role of VacA in the apoptosis of human eosinophils. We treated human eosinophils with purified H. pylori VacA and observed that induction of apoptosis is a relatively late event. Expression of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein (c‐IAP)‐2 was upregulated during the early period of VacA stimulation, and transfection with c‐IAP2 siRNA augmented apoptotic cell death. VacA caused the translocation of cytoplasmic Bax to the mitochondria and increased cytochrome c release from mitochondria in eosinophils. Transfection of an EoL‐1 eosinophil cell line with Bax siRNA decreased the release of cytochrome c and DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, apoptosis facilitated by Bax and cytochrome c was primarily regulated by p38 MAPK in VacA‐treated eosinophils. These results suggest that the exposure of human eosinophils to H. pylori VacA induces the early upregulation of c‐IAP2 and a relatively late apoptotic response, with the apoptosis progressing through a sequential pathway that includes p38 MAPK activation, Bax translocation, and cytochrome c release.
Ketiminate‐Supported LiCl Cages and Group 13 Complexes
Authors: Lugo (née Gushwa) Audra F. , Richards Anne F. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe coordination preferences of the ketiminato ligands L1H, {[RN(H)(C(Me))2C(Me)=O], R = 2,6‐diisopropylphenyl (Dipp) or 2,6‐dimethylphenyl (Dmp)} and L2H {[RN(H)C(Me)CHC(Me)=O], R = C2H4NEt2} with group 13 elements were investigated. The expected N,O‐chelated products [DmpL1BF2] (1), [L2Al(Me)Cl] (2A and 2B), and [L2InMe2] (6), were obtained from reactions with BF3·OEt2, AlMe2Cl and InMe3 respectively, but the reaction of DippL1 with GaCl3 afforded a metal‐halide, neutral ligand adduct, [GaCl3·DippL1H] (3). More interestingly the reactions of DippL1 with InMe3, formed in situ from InCl3 and MeLi, led to the isolation of two ketiminate‐supported LiCl cages[InMe2Li7Cl5(DippL1–)2(DippL1)(THF)3] (4) and [Li5(Cl)(DippL1)4]·2PhMe (5). The lithium cage 4 features reaction of InMe3 with one backbone methyl group from each of two DippL1 ligands, to afford a tetraalkylindate moiety in the framework of two doubly deprotonated ligands (L–).
Diastereoselective Assembly of Helicates Incorporating a Hexadentate Chiral Scaffold
Authors: Constable Edwin C. , Zhang Guoqi , Housecroft Catherine E. , Neuburger Markus , Zampese Jennifer A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe condensation of enantiopure (1R,2R)‐(–)‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane with two equivalents of 2,2′‐bipyridine‐6‐carbaldehyde followed by reduction with NaBH4 allows the facile synthesis of the enantiopure hexadentate ligand (R,R)‐3. Each tridentate metal‐binding domain in (R,R)‐3 exhibits a degree of flexibility arising from inversion at the amine nitrogen centre and rotation about N–C and C–C single bonds. This leads to the formation of either M‐[M{(R,R)‐3}]2+ or P‐[M{(R,R)‐3}]2+. The solid‐state structures of the copper(II), iron(II) and zinc(II) complexes of (R,R)‐3 all show a preference for M‐[M{(R,R)‐3}]2+. In solution, [Fe{(R,R)‐3}]2+ exists predominantly as one diastereoisomer (assumed to be the M‐form). The preference for the M‐ over P‐form is rationalized in terms of a favourable anti configuration of the NH and cyclohexane‐1,2‐diyl CH hydrogen atoms in the M‐form, and an unfavourable syn‐configuration in the P‐form. When (R,R)‐4, the Schiff base analogue of (R,R)‐3, combines with zinc(II) or silver(I), [2+2] double helicates with M‐chirality assemble in the solid state. With (S,S)‐4, iron(II) also assembles into a dinuclear, double helicate with M‐handedness. Complete stereoselectivity is observed in solution with NMR spectroscopic data indicating the presence of one diastereoisomer. The preference for a dinuclear over mononuclear helicate can be traced to a decrease in ligand flexibility on going from 3 (saturated backbone) to 4 (unsaturated imine backbone).