bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cancer-Testis Antigens and Immunosurveillance in Human Cutaneous Squamous Cell and Basal Cell Carcinomas
Authors: Walter Anne , Barysch Marjam J. , Behnke Silvia , Dziunycz Piotr , Schmid Bruno , Ritter Erika , Gnjatic Sacha , Kristiansen Glen , Moch Holger , Knuth Alexander , Dummer Reinhard , van den Broek Maries 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Purpose: Nonmelanoma skin cancer is the most common cancer and comprises basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The incidence of SCC increases drastically in immunosuppressed individuals, suggesting a critical role of the immune system in controlling SCC. To find an explanation for the selective immunosurveillance of SCC, we investigated the expression of cancer-testis (CT) antigens and MHC class I (MHC-I) and the infiltration by immune cells in BCC and SCC.
Experimental Design: We determined the expression of 23 different CT-antigens in 63 BCC and 40 SCC biopsies of immunocompetent and in 20 biopsies of immunosuppressed SCC patients by reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemistry. IgG responses to 36 tumor antigens were measured by Western blotting and ELISA. MHC-I expression and CD8+ T-cell infiltration were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in BCC and SCC of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients and in imiquimod-treated BCC patients.
Results: We found expression of at least one CT-antigen in 81% of BCC and in 40% of SCC. We did not detect CT-antigen–specific serum IgG. Most SCC, but not BCC, expressed MHC-I and were infiltrated with CD8+ cells. Imiquimod-treated BCC expressed MHC-I and were infiltrated by CD8+ T cells.
Conclusions: We propose that immunosurveillance controls SCC, but not BCC, because the latter lacks MHC-I. This fits with the increased incidence of SCC in immunosuppressed individuals and may explain the relatively low prevalence of CT-antigen expression in SCC as a result of CD8+ T-cell–driven immunoediting. Clin Cancer Res; 16(14); 3562–70. ©2010 AACR.
The Lack, Need, and Opportunities for Decision-Making and Informational Tools to Educate Primary-Care Physicians and Women about Breast Cancer Chemoprevention
Authors: Ravdin Peter M. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This perspective on Vogel et al. (beginning on page 696 in this issue of the journal) examines tamoxifen and raloxifene prescription patterns and why these agents are little used for breast cancer prevention despite their effectiveness in definitive trials, Food and Drug Administration approval, and American Society of Clinical Oncology Guidelines Committee endorsement for this purpose. The complexity of weighing the positive and negative aspects of the drugs and estimating net benefit is discussed, as is the need for informational resources such as interactive Internet-based tools to allow better individualized decisions about the options for chemoprevention. Cancer Prev Res; 3(6); 686–8. ©2010 AACR.
Watching My Mind Unfold versus Yours: An fMRI Study Using a Novel Camera Technology to Examine Neural Differences in Self-projection of Self versus Other Perspectives
Authors: St. Jacques Peggy L. , Conway Martin A. , Lowder Matthew W. , Cabeza Roberto 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Self-projection, the capacity to re-experience the personal past and to mentally infer another person's perspective, has been linked to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). In particular, ventral mPFC is associated with inferences about one's own self, whereas dorsal mPFC is associated with inferences about another individual. In the present fMRI study, we examined self-projection using a novel camera technology, which employs a sensor and timer to automatically take hundreds of photographs when worn, in order to create dynamic visuospatial cues taken from a first-person perspective. This allowed us to ask participants to self-project into the personal past or into the life of another person. We predicted that self-projection to the personal past would elicit greater activity in ventral mPFC, whereas self-projection of another perspective would rely on dorsal mPFC. There were three main findings supporting this prediction. First, we found that self-projection to the personal past recruited greater ventral mPFC, whereas observing another person's perspective recruited dorsal mPFC. Second, activity in ventral versus dorsal mPFC was sensitive to parametric modulation on each trial by the ability to relive the personal past or to understand another's perspective, respectively. Third, task-related functional connectivity analysis revealed that ventral mPFC contributed to the medial temporal lobe network linked to memory processes, whereas dorsal mPFC contributed to the fronto-parietal network linked to controlled processes. In sum, these results suggest that ventral–dorsal subregions of the anterior midline are functionally dissociable and may differentially contribute to self-projection of self versus other.
Sound Processing Hierarchy within Human Auditory Cortex
Authors: Okamoto Hidehiko , Stracke Henning , Bermudez Patrick , Pantev Christo 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Both attention and masking sounds can alter auditory neural processes and affect auditory signal perception. In the present study, we investigated the complex effects of auditory-focused attention and the signal-to-noise ratio of sound stimuli on three different auditory evoked field components (auditory steady-state response, N1m, and sustained field) by means of magnetoencephalography. The results indicate that the auditory steady-state response originating in primary auditory cortex reflects the signal-to-noise ratio of physical sound inputs (bottom–up process) rather than the listener's attentional state (top–down process), whereas the sustained field, originating in nonprimary auditory cortex, reflects the attentional state rather than the signal-to-noise ratio. The N1m was substantially influenced by both bottom–up and top–down neural processes. The differential sensitivity of the components to bottom–up and top–down neural processes, contingent on their level in the processing pathway, suggests a stream from bottom–up driven sensory neural processing to top–down driven auditory perception within human auditory cortex.
A Computational Model of How Cholinergic Interneurons Protect Striatal-dependent Learning
Authors: Ashby F. Gregory , Crossley Matthew J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAn essential component of skill acquisition is learning the environmental conditions in which that skill is relevant. This article proposes and tests a neurobiologically detailed theory of how such learning is mediated. The theory assumes that a key component of this learning is provided by the cholinergic interneurons in the striatum known as tonically active neurons (TANs). The TANs are assumed to exert a tonic inhibitory influence over cortical inputs to the striatum that prevents the execution of any striatal-dependent actions. The TANs learn to pause in rewarding environments, and this pause releases the striatal output neurons from this inhibitory effect, thereby facilitating the learning and expression of striatal-dependent behaviors. When rewards are no longer available, the TANs cease to pause, which protects striatal learning from decay. A computational version of this theory accounts for a variety of single-cell recording data and some classic behavioral phenomena, including fast reacquisition after extinction.
Mental Rotation Meets the Motion Aftereffect: The Role of hV5/MT+ in Visual Mental Imagery
Authors: Seurinck Ruth , de Lange Floris P. , Achten Erik , Vingerhoets Guy 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A growing number of studies show that visual mental imagery recruits the same brain areas as visual perception. Although the necessity of hV5/MT+ for motion perception has been revealed by means of TMS, its relevance for motion imagery remains unclear. We induced a direction-selective adaptation in hV5/MT+ by means of an MAE while subjects performed a mental rotation task that elicits imagined motion. We concurrently measured behavioral performance and neural activity with fMRI, enabling us to directly assess the effect of a perturbation of hV5/MT+ on other cortical areas involved in the mental rotation task. The activity in hV5/MT+ increased as more mental rotation was required, and the perturbation of hV5/MT+ affected behavioral performance as well as the neural activity in this area. Moreover, several regions in the posterior parietal cortex were also affected by this perturbation. Our results show that hV5/MT+ is required for imagined visual motion and engages in an interaction with parietal cortex during this cognitive process.
Differential Hemodynamic Response in Affective Circuitry with Aging: An fMRI Study of Novelty, Valence, and Arousal
Authors: Moriguchi Yoshiya , Negreira Alyson , Weierich Mariann , Dautoff Rebecca , Dickerson Bradford C. , Wright Christopher I. , Barrett Lisa Feldman 
Published: June 2010

AbstractEmerging evidence indicates that stimulus novelty is affectively potent and reliably engages the amygdala and other portions of the affective workspace in the brain. Using fMRI, we examined whether novel stimuli remain affectively salient across the lifespan, and therefore, whether novelty processing—a potentially survival-relevant function—is preserved with aging. Nineteen young and 22 older healthy adults were scanned during observing novel and familiar affective pictures while estimating their own subjectively experienced aroused levels. We investigated age-related difference of magnitude of activation, hemodynamic time course, and functional connectivity of BOLD responses in the amygdala. Although there were no age-related differences in the peak response of the amygdala to novelty, older individuals showed a narrower, sharper (i.e., “peakier”) hemodynamic time course in response to novel stimuli, as well as decreased connectivity between the left amygdala and the affective areas including orbito-frontal regions. These findings have relevance for understanding age-related differences in memory and affect regulation.
Learning Leadership: Lessons from Mahatma Gandhi
Authors: Munshi Surendra 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper considers what valuable leadership lessons can be learnt from Gandhi that may prove useful not only at the national and global levels but at the corporate and other organisational levels as well. A broad review of management research on leadership shows that we do not have at our disposal a unified theory of leadership with which we can make full sense of his contribution. It is argued that precisely the absence of such a theory should encourage us to draw lessons from varied backgrounds. Gandhi’s role gives credence to some of the most innovative management ideas on leadership. These ideas can only become richer if the full range of Gandhi’s achievements can be adequately comprehended. We need to pay attention in this respect to Gandhi’s vision inspired strategy.
Towards a Model of Philippine Bureaucracy
Authors: Hodder Rupert 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe Philippine civil service has attracted comparatively little scholarly attention, and such analyses as have been conducted are strongly influenced by the view that both the polity and bureaucracy lie at some distance from Weber’s bureaucratic ideals. The model of an emotional bureaucracy sketched in this paper collapses a number of dichotomies (such as the impersonal versus human and social, the emotional versus rational, and the formal versus informal) in Weberian analysis. In drawing attention to, and in attempting to accommodate, the bureaucracy’s emotional qualities and its dimensionality, the model may also encourage a broader and more intense debate on the Philippine civil service. The model comprises three interlocking cycles: instrumentalism and authoritarianism within organisations; a deepening affective sphere outside organisations and growing technical and emotional professionalism within organisations; and Puritanism and instrumentalism. These cycles do not describe stages of development, and they are not peculiar either to bureaucratic organisations or to the Philippines.
Real Wages in Early Economies: Evidence for Living Standards from 1800 BCE to 1300 CE
Authors: Scheidel Walter 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPrice and wage data from Roman Egypt in the first three centuries CE indicate levels of real income for unskilled workers that are comparable to those implied by price and wage data in Diocletian’s price edict of 301 CE and to those documented in different parts of Europe and Asia in the eighteenth or early nineteenth centuries. In all these cases, consumption was largely limited to goods that were essential for survival and living standards must have been very modest. A survey of daily wages expressed in terms of wheat in different Afroeurasian societies from 1800 BCE to 1300 CE yields similar results: with a few exceptions, the real incomes of unskilled laborers tended to be very low.
The Alchemy of Martyrdom: Jihadi Salafism and Debates over Suicide Bombings in the Muslim World
Authors: Hafez Mohammed M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSuicide attacks by radical Islamists mainly target and harm their co-religionists. Whether in Iraq, Afghanistan or Pakistan, suicide bombers are increasingly directing their blows against Muslims, including non-combatants, they label apostates, infidels or collaborators with foreign powers. The culprits for this indiscriminate carnage are primarily radical Sunnis known as Jihadi Salafists. How could these Sunni radicals square their Islamic legitimacy with three clearly established prohibitions in Islam: Do not kill yourself, do not killing non-combatants, and do not kill fellow Muslims? Jihadi Salafists circumvent these commands by redefining the meaning of piety in Islam to frame their co-religionists as apostates and heretics outside the protective umbrella of Islam. They also give primacy to human intentionality in warfare to frame self-immolation as martyrdom, not suicide. Finally, they unearth rulings by medieval scholars that permit indiscriminate tactics during warfare to protect the collective interests of Muslims. The case of Al-Qaeda in Iraq and its indiscriminate suicide bombings illustrate these justifications.
Homicide Bombers: Life as a Weapon
Authors: Khan Murad M. , Hassan Riaz , Goldney Robert 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn the last three decades, the media, the general public and the scientific community have used the words ‘suicide bomber’ to describe the deaths of those who kill others while at the same time dying themselves. This is, in fact, not suicide, but the deliberate death of others, the death of the perpetrator being incidental to the act, rather than suicidal. We believe that better words to describe such acts are ‘homicide bombing/bombers.’ By the use of ‘homicide bomber,’ a gradual change in the worldwide interpretation and acceptability of these acts may occur. We offer this conceptualisation for further discussion and debate.
Pre-contractual duties to inform in Early Modern Scholasticism
Authors: Hallebeek Jan , Decock Wim 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper seeks to highlight the early modern scholastic contribution to dealing with the issue of pre-contractual duties to inform. Bringing together different strands of thought, ranging from Aristotelian philosophy to Roman law, the 16th and 17th century scholastics developed adequate analytical tools to solve legal and moral problems arising from information disparities between contracting parties. While first looking at the different classical and medieval texts that shaped the early modern debate, this paper then goes on to give a systematic account of how the early modern scholastics dealt with duties of disclosure about both intrinsic and extrinsic defects in the merchandise. A final chapter looks at how the early modern scholastic debate was received in the Northern natural law school, before concluding that the early modern scholastics took a surprisingly negative attitude towards duties to inform.
The historical development of the Civil Law tradition in China: a private law perspective
Authors: Lei Chen 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWhile Chinese law occupies a sui generis position, namely, East Asian law, it is generally acknowledged that Chinese law comfortably wears the dress of civil law. The Chinese civil law tradition finds its historical roots in the late Qing Dynasty (1902–1911). Long before Alan Watson's magisterial book on the legal transplant, China experimented with importing foreign law. More to the point, the newly enacted Chinese Property Code, in effect for more than two years still has this feature. The new property code is an evolution rather than a revolution, since it is little more than an organic development of the existing law. Consequently, one would expect to find in the new legislation many traces of its past history. It is worth noting that any legal development is not a complete break with its past. Chinese law is no exception. A historical perspective exploring the origin of the traditions of civil law is both necessary and useful for it can shed light on the direction of the future development of Chinese private law.
Defining prostitution in Athenian legal rhetorics
Authors: Nowak Maria 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to reconstruct the definition of prostitution in Athenian law. Such an attempt is risky, because there is no actual citation of any law dealing with this problem in the source evidence we deal with and we cannot be sure, if the problem was regulated with one act only. However, as earning a living through prostitution caused severe consequences for Athenians doing so, the supposition that such a definition existed seems plausible. The purpose of this article is rather the extraction of the singular elements than the reconstruction of the entire definition.
Ulpian, Natural law and Stoic influence
Authors: Honoré Tony 
Published: June 2010

AbstractUlpian's statement in the first text of the Digest that natural law is part of private law is genuine and his view that humans share natural law with animals is influenced by Stoic philosophy, as is his cosmopolitan outlook. The recognition of natural law as a source of law in the Severan age formalised what had long been the case.
'Zucker' and 'Fräsmaschinen', Did Roman law know 'co-ordinate possession' ('Nebenbesitz')?
Authors: Brandsma F. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn German legal literature a theory of so-called 'Nebenbesitz' ('co-ordinate possession') is being discussed since more than half a century. It would be applicable when a detentor, a lessee e.g., makes a delivery constituto possessorio to a new lessor, making him possessor, but goes on paying rent to the old lessor, which would leave this lessor in possession. Both possessors would be co-ordinate possessors. Some authors have been referring to Roman law (D. 41,2,32,1) as though it already knew co-ordinate possession. This paper examines the Roman law and ius commune sources and concludes they did not know 'Nebenbesitz'.
Co-morbidity of migraine with somatic disease in a large population-based study
Authors: Le Han , Tfelt-Hansen Peer , Russell Michael Bjørn , Skytthe Axel , Kyvik Kirsten Ohm , Olesen Jes 
Published: June 2010

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine sex specific co-morbidity of migraine and its subtypes migraine without aura (MO) and migraine with aura (MA) with a number of common somatic diseases. Subjects and methods: In 2002, a questionnaire containing previously validated questions to diagnose migraine and its subtypes as well as questions regarding some somatic diseases was sent to 46,418 twins residing in Denmark and born between 1931 and 1982. The twins are representative of the whole Danish population and were used as such in the present study. Results: We found that 21, 23 and 12 conditions were co-morbid with migraine, MA and MO, respectively. Co-morbid diseases included previously documented diseases: asthma, epilepsy and stroke as well as new conditions: kidney stone, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia. MA had more co-morbidities than MO and females more than males. Conclusions: Migraine occurs in 20–30% of several medical conditions. It should be diagnosed and treated along with the primary disease.
Femoroacetabular Impingement in Athletes, Part 1
Authors: Byrd J. W. Thomas 
Published: June 2010

Context: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a common cause of intra-articular hip pathology and secondary osteoarthritis. It affects athletes at a young age as they push their bodies beyond the diminished physiologic limits imposed by the altered joint morphology. Understanding the cause of this condition and its assessment in athletes is important. Evidence Acquisition: The scientific literature was reviewed to reflect the current understanding of hip joint pathology among athletic individuals. Focus is given to the literature since 2003, when FAI was first reported as a cause of joint damage in the native hip. Results: There are 3 types of FAI: pincer, cam, and combined. The pathomechanics and pattern of secondary intra-articular pathology are different among the types. History and examination usually reflect findings of joint damage among athletes, and radiographs can reveal the presence of underlying FAI. Other imaging studies may variably aid in detecting the pathology. Conclusions: FAI is a common cause of hip problems in athletes. Early recognition is an important first step in order to avoid the severe secondary damage that can occur.