bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban Energy Balance Obtained from the Comprehensive Outdoor Scale Model Experiment. Part II: Comparisons with Field Data Using an Improved Energy Partition
Authors: Kawai Toru , Kanda Manabu 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine the differences and similarities in the annual trends of the urban surface energy balance (SEB) among long-term field measurements. Four datasets analyzed for the study were collected in the following experiments or observational sites: Comprehensive Outdoor Scale Model experiments (COSMO), the Kugahara site in Tokyo, Japan (Ku04), and the Sperrstrasse and Spalenring sites in Basel, Switzerland (BuU1 and BuU2). A new variable, the forcing radiation QFR, has been proposed to replace the conventional net radiation Q* for the normalization of the SEB components. Here, QFR is defined as the sum of net shortwave radiation and downward longwave radiation. Because QFR does not include the upward longwave radiation, it is independent of the surface temperature, which is determined by the energy partitioning process. Therefore, QFR is independent of the energy partitioning process itself. With the use of QFR, the characteristics of the daytime normalized components of the SEB equation (i.e., upward longwave radiation, QL↑/QFR, turbulence fluxes (QH + QE)/QFR, and heat storage ΔQS/QFR) were investigated. The above energy fluxes normalized by the forcing radiation depended on the friction velocity u*. An increase of u* predominantly enhanced (QH + QE)/QFR and reduced both QL↑/QFR and ΔQS/QFR. When this u* dependency on the SEB was taken into consideration, the annual variations of these three flux ratios from cities located in similar latitudes and longitudes (i.e., BuU1 and BuU2, Ku04, and COSMO) were very similar. At BuU1 and BuU2, QL↑/QFR showed larger seasonal amplitudes than at COSMO and Ku04. The seasonal variations of (QH + QE)/QFR were roughly out of phase with respect to those of QL↑/QFR, resulting in relatively small seasonal variations of ΔQS/QFR. Furthermore, the effects of urban canyon geometry on the SEB were examined by comparing the SEB for the roofs to that for the canyon. The three-dimensional urban canyon geometry enhanced the heat storage efficiency relative to the forcing radiation ΔQS/QFR of the canyon in comparison with that of roofs or flat surfaces. This observation was explained by the continuous movement of sunlit areas on the walls and streets.
Cellular Statistical Models of Broken Cloud Fields. Part II: Comparison with a Dynamical Model and Statistics of Diverse Ensembles
Authors: Alexandrov Mikhail D. , Ackerman Andrew S. , Marshak Alexander 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Cellular statistical models are designed to provide a simple two-parameter characterization of the structure of broken cloud fields described through distributions of cloud fraction and of chord lengths for clouds and clear gaps. In these analytical models cloud fields are assumed to occur on a semiregular grid of cells (which can be vaguely interpreted as atmospheric convective cells). In a simple, discrete cell model, cell size is fixed and each cell can either be completely filled with cloud with some probability or remain empty. Extending the discrete model to a continuous case provides more realism by allowing arbitrary cloud and gap sizes. Here the continuous cellular model is tested by comparing its statistics with those from large-eddy simulations (LES) of marine boundary layer clouds based on case studies from three trade-cumulus field projects. The statistics largely agree with some differences in small sizes approaching the LES model grid spacing. Exponential chord-length distributions follow from the assumption that the probability of any cell being cloudy is constant, appropriate for a given meteorological state (narrow sampling). Relaxing that assumption, and instead allowing this probability to have its own distribution, leads to a power-law distribution of chord lengths, appropriate to a broader sample of meteorological states (diverse sampling).
Cloud Vertical Distribution across Warm and Cold Fronts in CloudSat–CALIPSO Data and a General Circulation Model
Authors: Naud Catherine M. , Del Genio Anthony D. , Bauer Mike , Kovari William 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Cloud vertical distributions across extratropical warm and cold fronts are obtained using two consecutive winters of CloudSat–Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) observations and National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis atmospheric state parameters over the Northern and Southern Hemisphere oceans (30°–70°N/S) between November 2006 and September 2008. These distributions generally resemble those from the original model introduced by the Bergen School in the 1920s, with the following exceptions: 1) substantial low cloudiness, which is present behind and ahead of the warm and cold fronts; 2) ubiquitous high cloudiness, some of it very thin, throughout the warm-frontal region; and 3) upright convective cloudiness near and behind some warm fronts. One winter of GISS general circulation model simulations of Northern and Southern Hemisphere warm and cold fronts at 2° × 2.5° × 32 levels resolution gives similar cloud distributions but with much lower cloud fraction, a shallower depth of cloudiness, and a shorter extent of tilted warm-frontal cloud cover on the cold air side of the surface frontal position. A close examination of the relationship between the cloudiness and relative humidity fields indicates that water vapor is not lifted enough in modeled midlatitude cyclones and this is related to weak vertical velocities in the model. The model also produces too little cloudiness for a given value of vertical velocity or relative humidity. For global climate models run at scales coarser than tens of kilometers, the authors suggest that the current underestimate of modeled cloud cover in the storm track regions, and in particular the 50°–60°S band of the Southern Oceans, could be reduced with the implementation of a slantwise convection parameterization.
Internal Waves and Mixing in the Marginal Ice Zone near the Yermak Plateau*
Authors: Fer Ilker , Skogseth Ragnheid , Geyer Florian 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Observations were made of oceanic currents, hydrography, and microstructure in the southern Yermak Plateau in summer 2007. The location is in the marginal ice zone at the Arctic Front northwest of Svalbard, where the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) carries the warm Atlantic Water into the Arctic Ocean. Time series of approximately 1-day duration from five stations (upper 520 m) and of an 8-day duration from a mooring are analyzed to describe the characteristics of internal waves and turbulent mixing. The spectral composition of the internal-wave field over the southern Yermak Plateau is 0.1–0.3 times the midlatitude levels and compares with the most energetic levels in the central Arctic. Dissipation rate and eddy diffusivity below the pycnocline increase from the noise level on the cold side of the front by one order of magnitude on the warm side, where 100-m-thick layers with average diffusivities of 5 × 10−5 m2 s−1 lead to heat loss from the Atlantic Water of 2–4 W m−2. Dissipation in the upper 150 m is well above the noise level at all stations, but strong stratification at the cold side of the front prohibits mixing across the pycnocline. Close to the shelf, at the core of the Svalbard branch of the WSC, diffusivity increases by another factor of 3–6. Here, near-bottom mixing removes 15 W m−2 of heat from the Atlantic layer. Internal-wave activity and mixing show variability related to topography and hydrography; thus, the path of the WSC will affect the cooling and freshening of the Atlantic inflow. When generalized to the Arctic Ocean, diapycnal mixing away from abyssal plains can be significant for the heat budget. Around the Yermak Plateau, it is of sufficient magnitude to influence heat anomaly pulses entering the Arctic Ocean; however, diapycnal mixing alone is unlikely to be significant for regional cooling of the WSC.
Consistent Tropical Cyclone Wind and Wave Forecasts for the U.S. Navy
Authors: Sampson Charles R. , Wittmann Paul A. , Tolman Hendrik L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A new algorithm to generate wave heights consistent with tropical cyclone official forecasts from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) has been developed. The process involves generating synthetic observations from the forecast track and the 34-, 50-, and 64-kt wind radii. The JTWC estimate of the radius of maximum winds is used in the algorithm to generate observations for the forecast intensity (wind), and the JTWC-estimated radius of the outermost closed isobar is used to assign observations at the outermost extent of the tropical cyclone circulation. These observations are then interpolated to a high-resolution latitude–longitude grid covering the entire extent of the circulation. Finally, numerical weather prediction (NWP) model fields are obtained for each forecast time, the NWP model forecast tropical cyclone is removed from these fields, and the new JTWC vortex is inserted without blending zones between the vortex and the background. These modified fields are then used as input into a wave model to generate waves consistent with the JTWC forecasts. The algorithm is applied to Typhoon Yagi (2006), in anticipation of which U.S. Navy ships were moved from Tokyo Bay to an area off the southeastern coast of Kyushu. The decision to move (sortie) the ships was based on NWP model-driven long-range wave forecasts that indicated high seas impacting the coast in the vicinity of Tokyo Bay. The sortie decision was made approximately 84 h in advance of the high seas in order to give ships time to steam the approximately 500 n mi to safety. Results from the new algorithm indicate that the high seas would not affect the coast near Tokyo Bay within 84 h. This specific forecast verifies, but altimeter observations show that it does not outperform, the NWP model-driven wave analysis and forecasts for this particular case. Overall, the performance of the new algorithm is dependent on the JTWC tropical cyclone forecast performance, which has generally outperformed those of the NWP model over the last several years.
Repair Integrity Evaluated by Second-Look Arthroscopy after Arthroscopic Meniscal Repair with the FasT-Fix during Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Tachibana Yomei , Sakaguchi Katsunobu , Goto Tatsuru , Oda Hiromi , Yamazaki Katsuhiko , Iida Soju 
Published: March 2010

Background Although several devices for meniscal repairs have become available, a successful outcome is ultimately due to a healed meniscus on the clinical findings. The authors assessed the repair integrity after meniscal repair with the FasT-Fix device using second-look arthroscopy. Hypothesis Meniscal repair with the FasT-Fix will lead to arthroscopically evident healing, but some menisci will show incomplete healing even in clinically successful cases and have newly formed injuries on the meniscal substance resulting from the path of the implant. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Sixty-five consecutive patients were studied, in whom 84 menisci were subjected to all-inside meniscal repair with the FasT-Fix device in conjunction with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Repair was only performed on longitudinal or double longitudinal tears within the red-red or red-white zone. The repaired menisci were evaluated by second-look arthroscopy at the time of staged hardware removal after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Results Sixty-two meniscal tears in 46 patients were available for this study. Eight patients were found to be symptomatic and considered to be clinical failures. The clinical success rate was 83%. At second-look arthroscopy, 46 tears (74%) were healed, 9 (15%) were healed incompletely, and 7 (11%) had failed. In the failed menisci,1 had meniscal symptoms, while the other 6 were asymptomatic. In the 9 menisci with incomplete healing, 3 were associated with nonspecific knee pain but none showed meniscal symptoms. Newly formed injuries, which occurred in an area different from the original repair site, were confirmed on the surface of 19 menisci (35%) among the healed and incompletely healed menisci. Thirty menisci (48%) displayed successful and complete healing of the original tear site without newly formed tears. Conclusion Meniscal repair with the FasT-Fix in conjunction with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction resulted in complete healing in 74% of cases. Eighty-three percent of menisci were symptom-free regardless of meniscal integrity. Even when the menisci repaired are asymptomatic and considered to be a clinical success, however, there may be newly formed injuries.
Surfactant protein-A enhances ureaplasmacidal activity in vitro
Authors: Okogbule-Wonodi Adora C. , Chesko Kirsty L. , Famuyide Mobolaji E. , Viscardi Rose M. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Persistent respiratory tract colonization with Ureaplasma spp. in preterm infants is a significant risk factor for the development of the chronic lung disorder, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Surfactant protein-A (SP-A), a lung collectin critical for bacterial clearance and regulating inflammation, is deficient in the preterm lung. In an experimental Ureaplasma-pneumonia model, infected SP-A deficient mice exhibited delayed bacterial clearance and an exaggerated inflammatory response compared to infected wild-type mice. The objective was to analyze the role of SP-A in Ureaplasma clearance in vitro. Subjects and Methods: We analyzed SP-A binding to Ureaplasma isolates and SP-A-mediated ureaplasmal phagocytosis and killing by cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages. Results: Calcium-dependent SP-A binding was similar among Ureaplasma isolates tested. Pre-incubation of RAW 264.7 cells with SP-A (10-50 μg/ml) enhanced phagocytosis of fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled Ureaplasma. Surfactant protein-A also increased ureaplasmacidal activity of RAW 264.7 cells by 2.1-fold over 4 h. Pre-incubation of RAW 264.7 cells with 10 μg/ml SP-A reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 ng/ml) and Ureaplasma (106 color changing units/ml)-stimulated release of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by 46% and 43%, respectively, but did not affect transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) release. Conclusions: These in vitro data confirm that SP-A is important in host defense to perinatally-acquired Ureaplasma infection.
IL-7 and IL-21 are superior to IL-2 and IL-15 in promoting human T cell–mediated rejection of systemic lymphoma in immunodeficient mice
Authors: Markley John C. , Sadelain Michel 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe γc-cytokines are critical regulators of immunity and possess both overlapping and distinctive functions. However, comparative studies of their pleiotropic effects on human T cell–mediated tumor rejection are lacking. In a xenogeneic adoptive transfer model, we have compared the therapeutic potency of CD19-specific human primary T cells that constitutively express interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-7, IL-15, or IL-21. We demonstrate that each cytokine enhanced the eradication of systemic CD19+ B-cell malignancies in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID)/γcnull mice with markedly different efficacies and through singularly distinct mechanisms. IL-7– and IL-21–transduced T cells were most efficacious in vivo, although their effector functions were not as enhanced as IL-2– and IL-15–transduced T cells. IL-7 best sustained in vitro T-cell accumulation in response to repeated antigenic stimulation, but did not promote long-term T-cell persistence in vivo. Both IL-15 and IL-21 overexpression supported long-term T-cell persistence in treated mice, however, the memory T cells found 100 days after adoptive transfer were phenotypically dissimilar, resembling central memory and effector memory T cells, respectively. These results support the use of γc-cytokines in cancer immunotherapy, and establish that there exists more than 1 human T-cell memory phenotype associated with long-term tumor immunity.
Crystal structure and functional interpretation of the erythrocyte spectrin tetramerization domain complex
Authors: Ipsaro Jonathan J. , Harper Sandra L. , Messick Troy E. , Marmorstein Ronen , Mondragón Alfonso , Speicher David W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAs the principal component of the membrane skeleton, spectrin confers integrity and flexibility to red cell membranes. Although this network involves many interactions, the most common hemolytic anemia mutations that disrupt erythrocyte morphology affect the spectrin tetramerization domains. Although much is known clinically about the resulting conditions (hereditary elliptocytosis and pyropoikilocytosis), the detailed structural basis for spectrin tetramerization and its disruption by hereditary anemia mutations remains elusive. Thus, to provide further insights into spectrin assembly and tetramer site mutations, a crystal structure of the spectrin tetramerization domain complex has been determined. Architecturally, this complex shows striking resemblance to multirepeat spectrin fragments, with the interacting tetramer site region forming a central, composite repeat. This structure identifies conformational changes in α-spectrin that occur upon binding to β-spectrin, and it reports the first structure of the β-spectrin tetramerization domain. Analysis of the interaction surfaces indicates an extensive interface dominated by hydrophobic contacts and supplemented by electrostatic complementarity. Analysis of evolutionarily conserved residues suggests additional surfaces that may form important interactions. Finally, mapping of hereditary anemia-related mutations onto the structure demonstrate that most, but not all, local hereditary anemia mutations map to the interacting domains. The potential molecular effects of these mutations are described.
The genetic effects of the dopamine D1 receptor gene on chicken egg production and broodiness traits
Authors: Xu Haiping , Shen Xu , Zhou Min , Fang Meixia , Zeng Hua , Nie Qinghua , Zhang Xiquan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe elevation of egg production and the inhibition of incubation behavior are the aims of modern poultry production. Prolactin (PRL) gene is confirmed to be critical for the onset and maintenance of these reproductive behaviors in birds. Through PRL, dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1) was also involved in the regulation of chicken reproductive behavior. However, the genetic effects of this gene on chicken egg production and broodiness have not been studied extensively. The objective of this research was to evaluate the genetic effects of theDRD1gene on chicken egg production and broodiness traits.ResultsIn this study, the chickenDRD1gene was screened for the polymorphisms by cloning and sequencing and 29 variations were identified in 3,342 bp length of this gene. Seven single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) among these variations, including a non-synonymous mutation (A+505G, Ser169Gly), were located in the coding region and were chosen to analyze their association with chicken egg production and broodiness traits in 644 Ningdu Sanhuang individuals. Two SNPs, G+123A and C+1107T, were significantly associated with chicken broody frequency (P < 0.05). Significant association was also found between the G+1065A - C+1107T haplotypes and chicken broody frequency (P < 0.05). In addition, the haplotypes of G+123A and T+198C were significantly associated with weight of first egg (EW) (P = 0.03). On the other hand, the distribution of theDRD1mRNA was observed and the expression difference was compared between broodiness and non-broodiness chickens. TheDRD1mRNA was predominantly expressed in subcutaneous fat and abdominal fat of non-broodiness chicken, and then in heart, kidney, oviduct, glandular stomach, hypothalamus, and pituitary. In subcutaneous fat and abdominal fat, the level of non-broodiness was 26 to 28 times higher than that of broodiness. In pituitary, it was 5-fold higher. In heart, oviduct, and kidney, a 2-3 times decrease from non-broodiness to broodiness was displayed. In glandular stomach and hypothalamus, the level seen in non-broodiness and broodiness was almost the same.ConclusionThe polymorphisms of theDRD1gene and their haplotypes were associated with chicken broody frequency and some egg production traits. The mRNA distribution was significant different between broodiness and non-broodiness chickens.
Safety and efficacy of thrombectomy in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for Acute ST elevation MI: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Tamhane Umesh U , Chetcuti Stanley , Hameed Irfan , Grossman P Michael , Moscucci Mauro , Gurm Hitinder S 
Published: February 2010

Abstract

Background
Clinical trials comparing thrombectomy devices with conventional percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have produced conflicting results. The objective of our study was to systematically evaluate currently available data comparing thrombectomy followed by PCI with conventional PCI alone in patients with acute STEMI.

Methods
Seventeen randomized trials (n = 3,909 patients) of thrombectomy versus PCI were included in this meta-analysis. We calculated the summary odds ratios for mortality, stroke, post procedural myocardial blush grade (MBG), thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) grade flow, and post procedural ST segment resolution (STR) using random-effects and fixed-effects models.

Results
There was no difference in risk of 30-day mortality (44/1914 vs. 50/1907, OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.54-1.29, P = 0.42) among patients randomized to thrombectomy, compared with conventional PCI. Thrombectomy was associated with a significantly greater likelihood of TIMI 3 flow (1616/1826 vs. 1533/1806, OR 1.41, P = 0.007), MBG 3 (730/1526 vs. 486/1513, OR 2.42, P < 0.001), STR (923/1500 vs. 715/1494, OR 2.30, P < 0.001), and with a higher risk of stroke (14/1403 vs. 3/1413, OR 2.88, 95% CI 1.06-7.85, P = 0.04). Outcomes differed significantly between different device classes with a trend towards lower mortality with manual aspiration thrombectomy (MAT) (21/949 vs.36/953, OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.35-1.01, P = 0.05), whereas mechanical devices showed a trend towards higher mortality (20/416 vs.10/418, OR 2.07, 95% CI 0.95-4.48, P = 0.07).

Conclusions
Thrombectomy devices appear to improve markers of myocardial perfusion in patients undergoing primary PCI, with no difference in overall 30-day mortality but an increased likelihood of stroke. The clinical benefits of thrombectomy appear to be influenced by the device type with a trend towards survival benefit with MAT and worsening outcome with mechanical devices.