bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religion and Judicial Politics
Authors: Wahlbeck Paul J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article provides an overview of the existing political science literature. The literature is used as a background for formulating answers to several questions. It reviews the empirical and theoretical research on matters of judicial selection, interest group activity in litigation, decision making, and the implementation of judicial decisions. This is followed by a section on the literature that has studied the role of a judge's religious affiliations and cases regarding the Constitution's religious clauses.
Institutionalism
Authors: Peters B. Guy 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article explores the role of institutional theory, and institutional analysis more broadly, in British political science. Institutional analysis presents some interesting paradoxes about examining and realizing British politics, and this article develops several of these and investigates their implications. It first considers the institutionalism as the root of British political analysis. Institutionalism helps explain how even individuals with strong political views appear to adapt those views to conform to institutional contexts. British political science may need to incorporate more dynamic elements into the study of institutions. The strong institutionalist strand in British political science may actually facilitate that integration. The use of institutional analysis shows some interesting paradoxes about the practice of governing in the United Kingdom, and also illuminates the theories that bring forth the paradoxes.
Political Journalism
Authors: Riddell Peter 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article deals with the transition over a century from when the printed press enjoyed a monopoly, via the slow growth to the dominance of radio, and then television, to a world of almost infinite diversity with not only multiple television channels, but also the Internet, blogging, and text messages. For most of the period, really until the last decade of the twentieth century, political journalism was dominated by a relatively few newspaper and broadcasting outlets which concentrated mainly on Westminster. Television and radio have become much more important as a source of political news and in shaping public views than the written press since the 1960s. The rise of television changed the way in which political journalism worked. The Internet can, and should, supplement conventional newspaper and broadcast journalism.
Regulation
Authors: Moran Michael 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article concentrates on the crisis in the historical system: the extent to which it has been replaced by arrangements based more on the command of law; and the limits that are being experienced by this command system. It also demonstrates at the end that the turn to command is in key respects both unexpected and dysfunctional; it arises from the unavailing struggle of social actors to cope with crisis. A key implication of the article is that agency has mattered less in these developments than accident, unanticipated consequences, and fate. It then presents changes in the British system of self-regulation by focusing on three key cases: financial regulation; the regulation of the school system; and the regulation of medicine. The command revolution has been attempted in circumstances where there are powerful functional pressures, and powerful economic interests, pressing for a different regulatory style.
Ethnicity and Religion
Authors: Modood Tariq 
Published: January 2010

AbstractOne of the principal ways of seeing the emergence and development of ethno-religious equality is in terms of a grievance of exclusion from the existing equality framework and its utilization in order to extend it to address the felt exclusion and to develop and seek public recognition for a minority subjectivity ignored by liberal legislators. An important problem for political blackness came from an internal ambivalence, namely whether blackness as a political identity was sufficiently distinct from, and could mobilize without, blackness as an ethnic pride movement of people of African descent. The issues of ethnicity and Muslim honour are presented. It also considers the expanding of racial equality to include religious equality. It is shown that Labour's attentiveness to Muslim agenda precedes the war or even 9/11. It is true that many Muslim activists have walked away from the Labour Party and many more others feel betrayed by the Iraq War and feel victimized by the anti-terrorism measures.
The Security State
Authors: Aldrich Richard J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article explores developments in the UK security state, concentrating on the intelligence and security services, together with the Whitehall machinery that connects these agencies with the core executive. It also addresses related aspects of security policing or ‘high policing’. In addition, major developments that have taken place since the end of the cold war against the background of Euro-peanization, globalization, and the so-called ‘Global War on Terror’ are described. The discussion considers some of the more important legislative changes that have introduced mechanisms for oversight and a remarkable new culture of regulation. Europe is still driving the new culture of regulation that overtook the security state in the 1990s. The formidable growth of the UK security state might be unprecedented in national terms, but viewed through a comparative lens it is hardly unique.
Political Marketing
Authors: Savigny Heather 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article reports the growth and use of political marketing, in literature and practice, in its broader communications context. It also presents an historical overview of the trajectory of political marketing, as both political practice and a disciplinary subfield. Attention is then turned to the specific models and concepts, derived from business, which underpin and inform this development, and shows how these have been used to both describe and prescribe practice. Moreover, it places political marketing in its broader context and investigates its structural basis. Throughout, the underlying assumptions are teased out, and key areas of contention and debate are also highlighted. Some argue that, in practice, the UK is simply following trends in the USA, both in the use of marketing and also as marketing has become entwined with a permanent campaign approach to government, which could be seen to reinforce the Americanization thesis.
Europeanization
Authors: Featherstone Kevin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article outlines recent scholarship on the influences of Europeanization on British politics to evaluate what has been learned to date. The discussion provides a brief survey of research straddling policy, political actors, and institutions. The article also argues that, though Britain generally does indeed represent a distinctive case, the evidence of recent literature signals that Europeanization has had a far more complex and varied character than popular images might suggest, and that there has been change over time. Europeanization is the study of the interrelationship between the domestic and the European Union (EU) system. The agenda for Europeanization research in the UK is broad and, whilst scholarship to date has dwelt on particular cases, it has done so to varying degrees of empirical depth. There remain major gaps and limitations.
National Economic Policy
Authors: Thompson Helen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
While the British economy was indeed more internationalized than those in other European states, the emphasis some scholars have placed on the Conservative governments' active encouragement of that openness has risked missing some important political nuances from the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s. New Labour assumed power without having to confront an immediate economic crisis. Its economic success was premised on acceptance of the constraints of an open international economy. The political success of New Labour in economic policy is elaborated here. The New Labour government escaped any consequences for sterling of the burgeoning current account deficit for reasons that would seem to have more to do with the dollar's weakness than any permanent indifference of investors in the present international economy to current account weakness. While relative economic decline appared to be over, significant features of the exceptionalism that was frequently held responsible for it remained.
The Ancient Greeks
Authors: Broadie Sarah 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
There are various motives for refining the notion of cause. Aristotle's was an interest in providing the most informative and illuminating method of explaining the central natural phenomena of his universe. A different sort of motive is created by problems of free will and responsibility, of which readers may have been reminded by the reference to indeterminism. The thought that our free and responsible behaviour is caused by factors over which we have no control has often seemed impossible to accept and impossible to reject. The challenge then is to refine the notion of cause either so that the thought becomes more acceptable or so that it becomes more rejectable.
Agency and Interventionist Theories
Authors: Woodward James F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Agency and interventionist theories of causation take as their point of departure a common-sense idea about the connection between causation and manipulation: causal relationships are relationships that are potentially exploitable for purposes of manipulation and control. Very roughly, if C causes E then if C were to be manipulated in the right way, there would be an associated change in E. Conversely, if there would be a change in E, were the right sort of manipulation of C to occur, then C causes E. Accounts of causation in this vein have been defended by Collingwood, Gasking, and others. Similar ideas are defended by many social scientists and by some statisticians and theorists of experimental design.
Anti‐Reductionism
Authors: Carroll John W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Anti-reductionism is the view that causation cannot be analysed non-nomically and, further, that causation still resists analysis even when the non-causal, nomic concepts are made available. In other words, the anti-reductionist maintains that there can be no non-causal analysis of causation. Indeed, some anti-reductionists hold that causation does not supervene on the non-causal facts. This article is an overview and defence of anti-reductionism. It locates anti-reductionism relative to some possible companion doctrines and recounts the development of anti-reductionism.
Mechanisms
Authors: Glennan Stuart 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article explores three issues surrounding the adequacy of the mechanical approach to causation. First, it considers whether the appeal to laws or invariant generalizations in characterizing interactions between parts of mechanisms either makes the mechanical theory circular or reduces it to a regularity, counterfactual, or manipulability theory. Second, the article discusses Machamer, Darden, and Craver's argument that the proper understanding of the causal productivity of mechanisms requires the recognition of the novel metaphysical category of activities. Third, it discusses the relationship between mechanical theories and process theories.
Causal Pluralism
Authors: Godfrey‐Smith Peter 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCausal pluralism is the view that causation is not a single kind of relation or connection between things in the world. Instead, the apparently simple and univocal term ‘cause’ is seen as masking an underlying diversity. Assessing such a claim requires making sense of a difficult counting operation. How do we tell whether a theory of causation is identifying causation with a ‘single’ kind of connection? In practice, there tends not to be much disagreement about how to do the counting, because most philosophical work on causation has sought a view with an obvious kind of unity. The literature often works with a standard range of candidate connections that seem to have an important link to the idea of causation.
Causation and Observation
Authors: Beebee Helen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article briefly discusses Hume's original argument concerning the absence of a sensory impression of causation. Hume's argument is important not just because of its historical significance in the debate about the observability of causation, but because it raises issues that arise within that debate in a particularly pure form. The article considers several ways in which psychologists and philosophers have attempted to characterize the sense in which causation might be ‘observable’, and the implications for the viability of a regularity account of causation. It considers whether causation can be experienced in non-visual cases, specifically the experience of touch and the experience of agency. It also considers briefly whether the observability of causation makes trouble for broadly Humean, non-regularity accounts of causation, namely counterfactual, projectivist, and agency theories of causation.
Mental Causation
Authors: Maslen Cei , Horgan Terence , Daly Helen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Mental causation is held so dear because it seems essential in order for people to do anything (at least voluntarily). If one accepts Davidson's view that motivating reasons are causes, then (as Kim puts it) ‘agency is possible only if mental causation is possible’. Many kinds of mental items are supposed to be causes: beliefs, desires, sensations, emotions, the contents of beliefs and desires, and the phenomenal mental properties of sensations and beliefs (i.e. those properties such that there is ‘something it is like’ to experience them, if sensations and beliefs have such properties). Not only are mental states supposed to be causes (and effects), but so also are mental properties.
Causation and Reduction
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
When considering the relations between causation and reduction one must distinguish between, on the one hand, issues about how causation operates within and between systems that stand in various reductive relations to one another; and on the other hand, issues concerning whether causation itself is amenable to a reductive treatment. These two issues are intertwined and each must be treated with sympathy for the other. There are two basic types of reduction. Ontological reduction concerns reductive relations between the objects themselves whereas linguistic or conceptual reduction deals with reductive relations between our representations of those objects. For the great majority of the last century, both causation and reduction were treated linguistically or conceptually, but in recent years there has been a significant shift towards directly ontological treatments of each.
Causation in Classical Mechanics
Authors: Lange Marc 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Russell might be interpreted as arguing that physics reveals there to be no causal relations since physics has no need to posit them (just as Laplace said to Napoleon that physics has no need to posit God). Of course, whether physics needs to posit causal relations depends upon what physics needs to do. Russell appears to presume that a physical theory needs merely to predict certain quantities from others. For that purpose, the bare equations suffice. However, it is doubtful that the bare equations are enough to fund scientific explanations. The force on a body and the body's mass apparently explain why the body undergoes a given acceleration, whereas the force and acceleration do not explain why the body possesses a certain mass.
Causation in Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Sklar Lawrence 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In statistical mechanics causation appears at the micro-level as the postulation that the full state of a system at one time can be specified by the dynamical state of all its micro-constituents (the positions and momenta of the molecules in a gas or, alternatively the wave function of these at one time), and that this state at one time generates, following the laws of dynamics (classical or quantum) the future dynamical state of the system characterized in these micro-constituent terms. So what is ‘non-causal’ in nature in explanations in statistical mechanics? This article explores two issues: The peculiar ‘transcendental’ nature of explanation in equilibrium theory in statistical mechanics; The need for introducing some a priori probability posit over initial conditions of systems in non-equilibrium theory.
Causation in the Law
Authors: Stapleton Jane 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPrevious accounts of ‘causation’ in the law are flawed by their failure to appreciate that causal language is used to express different information about the world. Because causal terms have been used to communicate answers to different questions, any philosophical search for a free-standing account of causation is doomed. Lawyers require precision of terminology, so they should explicitly choose just one interrogation to underlie causal usage in law. It is argued that this interrogation should be chosen to serve the wide projects of the law. In these projects the law is interested to identify when a specified factor was ‘involved’ in the existence of a particular phenomenon, where the notion of ‘involvement’ identifies a contrast between the actual world and some specified hypothetical world from which we exclude (at least) that specified factor: this contrast being that, while in the former world the phenomenon exists, in the latter it does not. (Such contrasts of necessity can be generated in three ways, all of importance to the law.)
Experimental demonstration of population extinction due to a predator‐driven Allee effect
Authors: Kramer Andrew M. , Drake John M. 
Published: January 2010

Summary1.Allee effects may result in negative growth rates at low population density, with important implications for conservation and management of exploited populations. Theory predicts prey populations will exhibit Allee effects when their predator exhibits a Type II functional response, but empirical evidence linking this positively density‐dependent variation in predator‐induced individual mortality to population growth rate and probability of extinction is lacking.2.Here, we report a demonstration of extinction due to predator‐driven Allee effects in an experimentalDaphnia‐Chaoborussystem. A component Allee effect caused by higher predation rates at lowDaphniadensity led to positive density dependence in per capita growth rate and accelerated extinction rate at low density.3.A stochastic model of the process revealed how the critical density below which population growth is negative depends on the mechanistic details of the predator–prey interaction.4.The ubiquity of predator–prey interactions and saturating functional responses suggests predator‐driven Allee effects are potentially important in determining extinction risk of a large number of species.
Electron microscopy investigations of the microstructure of a CrRe alloy
Authors: FORTUNA‐ZALESNA E. , ZIELINSKI W. , KURZYDLOWSKI K.J. 
Published: January 2010

SummaryTransmission and scanning electron microscopic investigations were carried out to characterize Cr‐35Re alloy. A continuous film of precipitates at the grain boundaries and precipitates inside the grains were observed. Identification of the phases was based on the analysis of the chemical composition and the diffraction patterns. It has been found that the matrix is a solid solution of Re in Cr and sigma phase CrRe2 was one of the phases present at the grain boundaries. In the majority of the precipitates chromium, rhenium and nitrogen were detected, which indicates the existence of a ternary compound.
Testicular Neoplasms (Interstitial and Sertoli Cell Tumours) in a Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)
Authors: Batista‐Arteaga M , Suárez‐Bonnet A , Santana M , Niño T , Reyes R , Alamo D 
Published: January 2010

ContentsUnilateral testicular enlargement was detected in a 5‐years‐old domestic ferret during a routine sterilization. The right testicle showed two different types of proliferative lesions: (i) round nodules, well demarcated, showing a soft yellow tissue; (ii) white nodules, firm, with irregular‐shaped invaginations. Microscopically, the neoplastic proliferations were identified as an interstitial neoplasm and Sertoli cell tumour, respectively. The left testicle was small and showed intense testicular atrophy. Clinical evaluation of the ferret did not show any other apparent pathological processes. This study is the first case reporting the concomitant occurrence of a Sertoli cells tumour and an interstitial cell tumour in a domestic ferret.
Exploratory study examining barriers to participation in colorectal cancer screening
Authors: Paddison Johanna S. , Yip Marcus J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjective:  To examine the Stage of Change distribution for bowel cancer screening in a regional Australian community and the factors associated with varying positions on the continuum of change. Design:  Survey of a convenience sample. Setting:  Community sample. Participants:  A total of 59 (31 male, mean age = 59) service club members from a South Australian regional community.Main outcome measure:  Self‐reported Stage of Change for bowel cancer screening behaviour. Results:  Attributing greater embarrassment and discomfort to bowel cancer screening was associated with earlier positions on the Stages of Change. Perceiving that bowel cancer screening might have positive value for personal health was associated with more advanced positions on the continuum of change. Those who perceived breast and prostate screening procedures to be embarrassing or to cause discomfort were significantly less likely to be participating in bowel cancer screening. No significant relationships were found between bowel cancer screening Stage of Change and worry about vulnerability; personal, family or wider social network case reports of bowel cancer; and the population‐level value attributed to the cancer screening procedures. Conclusion:  Bowel cancer screening participation rates are currently lower than those associated with breast and prostate screening. Reducing perceptions of embarrassment and discomfort, increasing awareness of potential health benefits and maximising participation in other screening procedures might increase participation in bowel cancer screening.