bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fetal Growth, Preterm Birth, Neonatal Stress and Risk for CNS Tumors in Children: A Nordic Population- and Register-Based Case-Control Study
Authors: Schmidt Lisbeth Samsø , Schüz Joachim , Lähteenmäki Päivi , Träger Catarina , Stokland Tore , Gustafson Göran , Hjalgrim Lisa , Sehested Astrid , Johansen Christoffer , Schmiegelow Kjeld 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Background: The peak incidence of central nervous system (CNS) tumors in childhood indicates that intrauterine or neonatal characteristics are potential risk factors or symptoms of early onset of disease.
Methods: We conducted a registry-based case-control study nested in the childhood populations of Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and Norway on the association between indicators of fetal growth and neonatal stress and childhood CNS tumor risk diagnosed during the period 1985-2006. Each of the 3,443 cases was matched individually on date of birth, sex, and country to five controls sampled randomly from population registries. Information on birth characteristics was obtained from national birth registries. We estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) by conditional logistic regression analyses.
Results: We observed a U-shaped relation between risk for CNS tumors and birthweight, at &gt;4.5 kg (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.03-1.55) and &lt;2.0 kg (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.13-1.99), the latter being attenuated after adjustment for gestational age. Moreover, small-for-gestational age (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.98-1.66) and large-for-gestational age (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.02-1.55) were both associated with CNS tumors. The OR for preterm births was increased per 1-week decrease in gestational age (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.04-2.44). Increased ORs were also observed for head circumference &gt;38 cm (1.80; 95% CI, 1.18-2.74), 5-minute Apgar score &lt;7 (1.44; 95% CI, 0.98-2.12), and breech presentation (1.33; 95% CI, 1.04-1.69). The observed associations varied little by histologic subgroup.
Conclusions: This study supports intrauterine or neonatal onset of childhood CNS tumors. The findings provide insight into the natural history of childhood CNS tumors indicating an early onset or, alternatively, potentially harmful exposures in the neonatal period that might be preventable. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 1042–52. ©2010 AACR.
Risk for Renal Cell Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis C Infection
Authors: Gordon Stuart C. , Moonka Dilip , Brown Kimberly A. , Rogers Craig , Huang Mary Ann Y. , Bhatt Neal , Lamerato Lois 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Background: Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) confers increased risk for chronic renal disease, and numerous reports suggest an association with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a cancer with rapidly rising global incidence. We sought to determine whether HCV infection confers an increased risk for developing RCC.
Methods: With the use of administrative data from a large, integrated, and ethnically diverse healthcare system, we did a cohort study of 67,063 HCV-tested patients between 1997 and 2006 who were followed for the development of RCC until April 2008.
Results: A search of the health system cancer registry for patients with the diagnosis of kidney cancer showed that RCC was diagnosed in 0.6% (17 of 3,057) of HCV-positive patients versus 0.3% (177 of 64,006) of HCV-negative patients. The mean age at RCC diagnosis was much younger in HCV-positive individuals (54 versus 63; P &lt; 0.001). The univariate hazard ratio for RCC among HCV patients was 2.20 (95% confidence interval, 1.32-3.67; P = 0.0025). In a multivariate model that included the risk factors age, African-American race, male gender, and chronic kidney disease, the overall hazard ratio for RCC among HCV patients was 1.77 (95% confidence interval, 1.05-2.98; P = 0.0313).
Conclusion: Chronic HCV infection confers a risk for the development of RCC.
Impact: Clinicians should consider newly identified renal lesions in patients with chronic HCV infection with a heightened suspicion for neoplasm, and newly diagnosed cases of RCC may require more careful surveillance for the presence of HCV infection. Additional studies are required to confirm these findings and to explore potential mechanisms of oncogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 1066–73. ©2010 AACR.
Reproducibility of Plasma, Red Blood Cell, and Urine Biomarkers among Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women from the Nurses' Health Studies
Authors: Kotsopoulos Joanne , Tworoger Shelley S. , Campos Hannia , Chung Fung-Lung , Clevenger Charles V. , Franke Adrian A. , Mantzoros Christos S. , Ricchiuti Vincent , Willett Walter C. , Hankinson Susan E. , Eliassen A. Heather 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackground: Temporal variability of biomarkers should be evaluated before their use in epidemiologic studies.Methods: We evaluated the reproducibility, using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), of 27 plasma, 50 red blood cell, and 9 urinary biomarkers over 1 to 3 years among premenopausal (n = 40) and postmenopausal (n = 35-70) participants from the Nurses' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study II.Results: Plasma and urinary stress hormones and melatonin were measured among premenopausal women, whereas melatonin and the remaining biomarkers were measured in postmenopausal women. ICCs were good to excellent for plasma carotenoids (0.73-0.88), vitamin D analytes (0.56-0.72), bioactive somatolactogens (0.62), soluble leptin receptor (0.82), resistin (0.74), and postmenopausal melatonin (0.63). Reproducibility was lower for some of the red blood cell fatty acids (0.38-0.72), plasma matrix metalloproteinases (0.07-0.91), and premenopausal melatonin (0.44). The ICCs for plasma and urinary phytoestrogens were poor (≤0.09) except for enterolactone (plasma, 0.44; urinary, 0.52). ICCs for the stress hormones among premenopausal women ranged from 0 (plasma cortisol) to 0.45 (urinary dopamine).Conclusions: Our results indicate that for the majority of these markers, a single measurement can reliably estimate average levels over a 1- to 3-year period in epidemiologic studies. For analytes with fair to good ICCs, reproducibility data can be used for measurement error correction. Analytes with poor ICCs should only be used in settings with multiple samples per subject or in populations in which ICCs are higher.Impact: This article summarizes the feasibility of the use of &gt;80 biomarkers in epidemiologic studies in which only one biospecimen is available to represent longer term exposure. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 938–46. ©2010 AACR.
Measuring Serum Melatonin in Epidemiologic Studies
Authors: Hsing Ann W. , Meyer Tamra E. , Niwa Shelley , Quraishi Sabah M. , Chu Lisa W. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackground: Epidemiologic data on serum melatonin, a marker of circadian rhythms, and cancer are sparse due largely to the lack of reliable assays with high sensitivity to detect relatively low melatonin levels in serum collected during daylight, as commonly available in most epidemiologic studies.Methods: To help expand epidemiologic research on melatonin, we assessed the reproducibility and refined a currently available melatonin RIA, and evaluated its application to epidemiologic investigations by characterizing melatonin levels in serum, urine, and/or plasma in 135 men from several ethnic groups.Results: Reproducibility was high for the standard 1.0-mL serum [mean coefficient of variation (CV), 6.9%; intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), 97.4%; n = 2 serum pools in triplicate] and urine-based (mean CV, 3.5%; ICC, 99.9%) assays. Reproducibility for the 0.5-mL refined-serum assay was equally good (mean CV, 6.6%; ICC, 99.0%). There was a positive correlation between morning serum melatonin and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in 24-hour urine (r = 0.46; P = 0.008; n = 49 subjects). Melatonin levels in serum-plasma pairs had a high correlation (r = 0.97; P &lt; 1×10−4; n = 20 pairs). Morning serum melatonin levels were five times higher than those from the afternoon (before 9 a.m. mean, 11.0 pg/mL, versus after 11 a.m. mean, 2.0 pg/mL). Chinese men had lower melatonin levels (mean, 3.4 pg/mL), whereas Caucasian, African-American, and Ghanaian men had similar levels (mean, 6.7-8.6 pg/mL).Conclusions: These results suggest that melatonin can be detected reliably in serum samples collected in epidemiologic studies in various racial groups.Impact: With improved assays, it may be possible to investigate the role of melatonin and the emerging circadian rhythm hypothesis in cancer etiology in epidemiologic studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 932–7. ©2010 AACR.
Custodianship as an Ethical Framework for Biospecimen-Based Research
Authors: Yassin Rihab , Lockhart Nicole , González del Riego Mariana , Pitt Karen , Thomas Jeffrey W. , Weiss Linda , Compton Carolyn 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Human biological specimens (biospecimens) are increasingly important for research that aims to advance human health. Yet, despite significant proliferation in specimen-based research and discoveries during the past decade, research remains challenged by the inequitable access to high-quality biospecimens that are collected under rigorous ethical standards. This is primarily caused by the complex level of control and ownership exerted by the myriad of stakeholders involved in the biospecimen research process. This article discusses the ethical model of custodianship as a framework for biospecimen-based research to promote fair research access and resolve issues of control and potential conflicts between biobanks, investigators, human research participants (human subjects), and sponsors. Custodianship is the caretaking obligation for biospecimens from initial collection to final dissemination of research findings. It endorses key practices and operating principles for responsible oversight of biospecimens collected for research. Embracing the custodial model would ensure transparency in research, fairness to human research participants, and shared accountability among all stakeholders involved in biospecimen-based research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 1012–5. ©2010 AACR.
Pooling Biomarker Data from Different Studies of Disease Risk, with a Focus on Endogenous Hormones
Authors: Key Timothy J. , Appleby Paul N. , Allen Naomi E. , Reeves Gillian K. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractLarge numbers of observations are needed to provide adequate power in epidemiologic studies of biomarkers and cancer risk. However, there are currently few large mature studies with adequate numbers of cases with biospecimens available. Therefore, pooling biomarker measures from different studies is a valuable approach, enabling investigators to make robust estimates of risk and to examine associations in subgroups of the population. The ideal situation is to have standardized methods in all studies so that the biomarker data can be pooled in their original units. However, even when the studies do not have standardized methods, as with existing studies on hormones and cancer, a simple approach using study-specific quantiles or percentage increases can provide substantial information on the relationship of the biomarker with cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 960–5. ©2010 AACR.
Comparison of mRNA and Protein Measures of Cytokines following Vaccination with Human Papillomavirus-16 L1 Virus-like Particles
Authors: Shebl Fatma M. , Pinto Ligia A. , García-Piñeres Alfonso , Lempicki Richard , Williams Marcus , Harro Clayton , Hildesheim Allan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Background: mRNA expression signatures are frequently used as surrogate measures of cellular function and pathway changes. Few studies have directly compared results obtained using gene expression and multiplex protein assays for corresponding gene products.
Methods: We used data available from a clinical trial of a human papillomavirus-16 vaccine that tracked gene expression and cytokine/chemokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated in culture with various antigens to evaluate the degree to which gene expression levels reflect observed levels of cytokines/chemokines. Twenty-six women enrolled in a phase II clinical trial of a human papillomavirus-16 vaccine were evaluated for gene expression (using the Affymetrix Human Genome Focus Array) and cytokine/chemokine levels (using a bead-based 22-plex cytokine assay developed by Linco Research, Inc.) before and after vaccination.
Results: Our results suggest the presence of a wide range of correlations between mRNA expression and secreted protein levels. The strongest correlation was observed for IFN-γ (R = 0.90 overall levels; R = 0.69 when vaccine induced changes were evaluated). More modest overall correlations ranging from 0.40 to 0.80 were observed for MIP1A, IP10, TNF-α, MCP1, IL-2, GM-CSF, IL-5, RANTES, and IL-8. Weaker or no correlation was observed between gene expression and protein levels for the remaining cytokines/chemokines evaluated.
Conclusion: The degree of correlation between gene expression and protein levels varied among different cytokines/chemokines.
Impact: Researchers should be cautious when using mRNA expression array results as a proxy for protein levels using existing technologies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 978–81. ©2010 AACR.
Strengths and Limitations of Laboratory Procedures for MicroRNA Detection
Authors: Koshiol Jill , Wang Ena , Zhao Yingdong , Marincola Francesco , Landi Maria Teresa 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Background: MicroRNAs (miR) are endogenous, noncoding RNAs involved in many cellular processes and have been associated with the development and progression of cancer. There are many different ways to evaluate miRs.
Methods: We described some of the most commonly used and promising miR detection methods.
Results: Each miR detection method has benefits and limitations. Microarray profiling and quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR are the two most common methods to evaluate miR expression. However, the results from microarray and quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR do not always agree. High-throughput, high-resolution next-generation sequencing of small RNAs may offer the opportunity to quickly and accurately discover new miRs and confirm the presence of known miRs in the near future.
Conclusions: All of the current and new technologies have benefits and limitations to consider when designing miR studies. Results can vary across platforms, requiring careful and critical evaluation when interpreting findings.
Impact: Although miR detection and expression analyses are rapidly improving, there are still many technical challenges to overcome. The old molecular epidemiology tenet of rigorous biomarker validation and confirmation in independent studies remains essential. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 907–11. ©2010 AACR.
Limitations of Direct Immunoassays for Measuring Circulating Estradiol Levels in Postmenopausal Women and Men in Epidemiologic Studies
Authors: Stanczyk Frank Z. , Jurow Jordan , Hsing Ann W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Serum estradiol (E2) serves as an important diagnostic marker in a variety of clinical conditions. In epidemiologic studies, E2 is commonly used to define the etiologic role of estrogen in hormone-related cancers and chronic conditions. Having an accurate and reliable E2 assay is of critical importance in these studies, especially when measuring the very low E2 levels (&lt;30 pg/mL) common in postmenopausal women and men, and for discerning the relatively small (usually &lt;20%) case-control differences in E2 levels. Because E2 is metabolized to &gt;100 metabolites in the body, some of which cross-react with E2 antibodies, direct RIAs without purification steps lack specificity for E2 and can substantially overestimate E2 levels. Although direct E2 RIAs using commercial kits are simpler, less time consuming, and less expensive and require less sample volume than conventional RIAs with preceding purification steps, their lack of sensitivity and specificity makes them invalid for measuring circulating E2 levels in epidemiologic studies of postmenopausal women or men. Instead, we recommend the use of a well-validated RIA with purification steps to improve sensitivity and specificity and to help achieve the necessary accuracy and reliability needed for epidemiologic studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 903–6. ©2010 AACR.
The Gastric Cardia Is Not a Target for Human Papillomavirus–Induced Carcinogenesis
Authors: Koshiol Jill , Wei Wen-Qiang , Kreimer Aimee R. , Ren Jian-Song , Gravitt Patti , Chen Wen , Kim Esther , Abnet Christian C. , Zhang Yu , Kamangar Farin , Lin Dong-Mei , Wang Guo-Qing , Roth Mark J. , Dong Zhi-Wei , Taylor Philip R. , Qiao You-Lin , Dawsey Sanford M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Background: Thousands of people in central Asia die every year from gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA). GCA arises in the transformation zone between the esophagus and the stomach, similar to cervical and oropharyngeal carcinoma, which arise in areas with transformation zone characteristics. The analogous biology of the gastric cardia to the cervix and oropharynx, where human papillomavirus (HPV) is known to cause cancer, raises the possibility that GCA could be a HPV-associated cancer. Given the availability of an effective HPV vaccine and its potential to prevent HPV-associated cancer, we decided to evaluate the prevalence of HPV DNA in GCA.
Methods: We collected tumor tissue from 144 histopathologically confirmed GCA patients at Yaocun Commune Hospital (Linxian, China), with rigorous attention to prevent DNA contamination. We tested for the presence of HPV DNA in fresh-frozen tumor specimens using PCR with sensitive L1-, E6-, and E7-based primers.
Results: DNA was adequate, as indicated by β-globin positivity, in 108 cases. Of these, all (100%; 95% confidence interval, 97-100%) were negative for HPV DNA.
Conclusions: These results suggest that HPV does not contribute to gastric cardia carcinogenesis in north central China.
Impact: Because GCA does not seem to be a HPV-associated cancer, prophylactic HPV vaccination is unlikely to affect rates of GCA in China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 1137–9. ©2010 AACR.
Analytic Variability in Immunohistochemistry Biomarker Studies
Authors: Anagnostou Valsamo K. , Welsh Allison W. , Giltnane Jennifer M. , Siddiqui Summar , Liceaga Camil , Gustavson Mark , Syrigos Konstantinos N. , Reiter Jill L. , Rimm David L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Background: Despite the widespread use of immunohistochemistry (IHC), there are no standardization guidelines that control for antibody probe variability. Here we describe the effect of variable antibody reagents in the assessment of cancer-related biomarkers by IHC.
Methods: Estrogen receptor (ER), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 1, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) were evaluated by quantitative immunofluorescence. Correlations between ER clones 1D5, SP1, F10, and ER60c, and EGFR monoclonal 31G7, 2-18C9, H11, and 15F8, and polyclonal 2232 antibodies were assessed in 642 breast cancer patients. HER3 was measured by RTJ1, RTJ2, SGP1, M7297, RB-9211, and C-17 antibodies in 42 lung cancer patients. Survival analysis was done with the use of multiple cutoff points to reveal any prognostic classification.
Results: All ER antibodies were tightly correlated (Pearson's r2 = 0.94-0.96; P &lt; 0.0001) and western blotting confirmed their specificity in MCF-7 and BT474 cells. All EGFR antibodies but 2232 yielded specific results in western blotting; however, only 31G7 and 2-18C9 were strongly associated (Pearson's r2 = 0.61; P &lt; 0.0001). HER3 staining was nonspecific and nonreproducible. High EGFR–expressing patients had a worse prognosis when EGFR was measured with H11 or 31G7 (log rank P = 0.015 and P = 0.06). There was no statistically significant correlation between survival and EGFR detected by 2-18C9, 15F8, or polyclonal 2232 antibodies.
Conclusions: Antibody validation is a critical analytic factor that regulates IHC readings in biomarker studies. Evaluation of IHC proficiency and quality control are key components toward IHC standardization.
Impact: This work highlights the importance of IHC standardization and could result in the improvement of clinically relevant IHC protocols. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 982–91. ©2010 AACR.
Life Span Differences in Electrophysiological Correlates of Monitoring Gains and Losses during Probabilistic Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Hämmerer Dorothea , Li Shu-Chen , Müller Viktor , Lindenberger Ulman 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
By recording the feedback-related negativity (FRN) in response to gains and losses, we investigated the contribution of outcome monitoring mechanisms to age-associated differences in probabilistic reinforcement learning. Specifically, we assessed the difference of the monitoring reactions to gains and losses to investigate the monitoring of outcomes according to task-specific goals across the life span. The FRN and the behavioral indicators of learning were measured in a sample of 44 children, 45 adolescents, 46 younger adults, and 44 older adults. The amplitude of the FRN after gains and losses was found to decrease monotonically from childhood to old age. Furthermore, relative to adolescents and younger adults, both children and older adults (a) showed smaller differences between the FRN after losses and the FRN after gains, indicating a less differentiated classification of outcomes on the basis of task-specific goals; (b) needed more trials to learn from choice outcomes, particularly when differences in reward likelihood between the choices were small; and (c) learned less from gains than from losses. We suggest that the relatively greater loss sensitivity among children and older adults may reflect ontogenetic changes in dopaminergic neuromodulation.
The Neural Underpinnings of Event-file Management: Evidence for Stimulus-induced Activation of and Competition among Stimulus–Response Bindings
Authors: Kühn Simone , Keizer André W. , Colzato Lorenza S. , Rombouts Serge A. R. B. , Hommel Bernhard 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe present fMRI study tested the assumption that a single pairing of a stimulus and a logically unrelated response is sufficient for binding the corresponding stimulus and response codes into an event representation (event file) that is automatically retrieved upon processing of at least one of its components. In particular, we investigated whether repeating a face or a house stimulus and/or a left or a right manual response induces the automatic retrieval of the response or stimulus that it previously accompanied. ROI analyses of fusiform face area, parahippocampal place area, and right and left motor cortex revealed that repeating one component of a previously encountered stimulus-response episode leads to the suppression of cortical areas processing the other components, suggesting that these components were indeed automatically retrieved and conflicted with ongoing processing. The particular pattern obtained is consistent with predictions from diffusion models of decision making, which suggest a crucial role of local competition in response selection.