bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The child behavior checklist PTSD scale: Screening for PTSD in young children with high exposure to trauma
Authors: Loeb Joanne , Stettler Erin M. , Gavila Traci , Stein Adam , Chinitz Susan 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine the validity of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) subscale to screen for PTSD in children attending an inner‐city early childhood mental health center. Using various measures, we assessed 51 preschool‐age children with high exposure to trauma receiving outpatient child–parent psychotherapy for PTSD. We compared 15 items on the CBCL, a proposed subscale indicative of PTSD, to the UCLA‐PTSD Index and to clinical diagnosis based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood (rev. ed.; DC:0‐3; Zero to Three, 2005). Using the DC:0‐3 criteria, 24% of the children were diagnosed with PTSD, but only 4% using the DSM‐IV. The CBCL‐PTSD subscale did not reach significant sensitivity or specificity to be a valuable screening tool for PTSD in this population.
Pilot study on traumatic grief treatment program for Japanese women bereaved by violent death
Authors: Asukai Nozomu , Tsuruta Nobuko , Saito Azusa 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis pilot study aimed to refine a treatment approach for traumatic grief due to violent loss. Our Traumatic Grief Treatment Program, a modification of Shear's complicated grief treatment (Shear et al., 2005), comprises psychoeducation, in vivo exposure, imaginal exposure, discussion of memories about and imaginal conversation with the deceased. Thirteen of 15 Japanese women suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to traumatic grief completed 12 to 16 weekly individual sessions based on their therapists' recommendations. Assessment scales included the Inventory of Complicated Grief, the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. There was significant reduction in symptom severity at treatment end, and symptom levels remained low throughout the 12‐month follow‐up period. Based on Jacobson's Reliable Change Index, 46% showed change on all 3 measures. These findings suggest that our treatment model may be feasible for treating traumatic grief with PTSD in non‐Western settings.
Response of a tunnel deeply embedded in a viscoelastic medium
Authors: Birchall Thomas J. , Osman Ashraf S. 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYThis paper presents a three‐dimensional energy‐based solution for the time‐dependent response of a deeply embedded and unsupported semi‐infinite tunnel of circular cross‐section. The tunnel is taken to be excavated quasi‐instantaneously from an infinite rock body that initially exhibits an isotropic stress state and that is made up of a homogeneous, isotropic and viscoelastic material. The viscoelastic behaviour is modelled by means of Burger's model, and the rock is taken to behave volumetrically linear elastic and to exhibit exclusively deviatoric creep. This viscoelastic problem is transformed into the Laplace domain, where it represents a quasi‐elastic problem. The displacement fields in the new solution are taken to be the products of independent functions that vary in the radial and longitudinal directions. The differential equations governing the displacements of the system and appropriate boundary conditions are obtained using the principle of minimum potential energy. The solutions for these governing equations in the Laplace domain are then obtained analytically and numerically using a one‐dimensional finite difference technique. The results are then transformed back into the time domain using an efficient numerical scheme. The accuracy of the new solution is comparable with that of a finite element analysis but requires much less computation effort. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synchrotron‐based microprobe investigation of impurities in raw quartz‐bearing and carbon‐bearing feedstock materials for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Bernardis Sarah , Newman Bonna K. , Di Sabatino Marisa , Fakra Sirine C. , Bertoni Mariana I. , Fenning David P. , Larsen Rune B. , Buonassisi Tonio 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTUsing synchrotron‐based analytical microprobe techniques, we determine micrometer‐scale elemental composition, spatial distribution, and oxidation state of impurities in raw feedstock materials used in the photovoltaic industry. Investigated Si‐bearing compounds are pegmatitic quartz, hydrothermal quartz, and quartzite. Micrometer‐scale clusters containing Fe, Ti, and/or Ca are frequently observed at structural defects in oxidized states and in bulk concentrations equivalent to inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy measurements. Investigated C‐bearing compounds are pine wood, pine charcoal, and eucalyptus charcoal. Clustered metals are observed only in the charcoal samples. Impurity clustering implies that industrial processing could be adapted to take advantage of this “natural gettering” phenomenon, expanding the usable range of raw feedstock materials to dirtier, cheaper, and more abundant ones, currently underexploited for solar‐grade silicon production. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microsecond carrier lifetime measurements in silicon via quasi‐steady‐state photoluminescence
Authors: Giesecke Johannes A. , Warta Wilhelm 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTModulated quasi‐steady‐state photoluminescence is used in photovoltaics in order to measure the injection‐dependent effective minority carrier lifetime of silicon wafers. In spite of the very advantageous properties of this measurement technique, its wide dissemination in photovoltaics has been hampered so far because of a relatively poor sensitivity limit in terms of carrier lifetime. A systematic analysis of the sensitivity‐limiting mechanisms led to a substantial upgrade of sensitivity, tackling the range of effective lifetimes of 1 µs. This paper discusses the requirements to reach this level of sensitivity. Most prominently, the dependence of a silicon photodiode's response time with respect to the wavelength of the detected light is addressed. As an alternative, InGaAs photodiodes are implemented. The sensitivity of this method with respect to carrier lifetime is evaluated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐watt fiber‐based power‐by‐light system for satellite applications
Authors: Peña Rafael , Algora Carlos 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTIn this work, a fiber‐based optical powering (or power‐by‐light) system capable of providing more than 1 W is developed. The prototype was used in order to power a shunt regulator for controlling the activation and deactivation of solar panels in satellites. The work involves the manufacture of a light receiver (a GaAs multiple photovoltaic converter (MPC)), a power conditioning block, and a regulator and the implementation and characterization of the whole system. The MPC, with an active area of just 3.1 mm2, was able to supply 1 W at 5 V with an efficiency of 30%. The maximum measured device efficiency was over 40% at an input power (Pin) of 0.5 W. Open circuit voltage over 7 V was measured for Pin over 0.5 W. A system optoelectronic efficiency (including the optical fiber, connectors, and MPC) of 27% was measured at an output power (Pout) of 1 W. At Pout = 0.2 W, the efficiency was as high as 36%. The power conditioning block and the regulator were successfully powered with the system. The maximum supplied power in steady state was 0.2 W, whereas in transient state, it reached 0.44 W. The paper also describes the characterization of the system within the temperature range going from −70 to +100 °C. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Light‐enhanced surface passivation of TiO2‐coated silicon
Authors: Thomson Andrew F. , McIntosh Keith R. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTTitanium dioxide is shown to afford good passivation to non‐diffused silicon surfaces and boron‐diffused surfaces after a low‐temperature anneal. The passivation most likely owes to the significant levels of negative charge instilled in the films, and passivation is enhanced by illumination—advantageous for solar cells—indicating that a titanium dioxide photoreaction is at least partly responsible for the low surface recombination. We demonstrate a surface recombination velocity of less than 30 cm/s, on a 5‐Ω cm n‐type silicon, and an emitter saturation current density of 90 fA/cm2 on a 200‐Ω/sq boron diffusion. If these titanium dioxide passivated boron‐diffused surfaces were employed in a crystalline silicon solar cell, an open‐circuit voltage as high as 685 mV could be achieved. Given that TiO2 has a high refractive index and was deposited with atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition, an inexpensive technique, it has the potential as a passivating antireflection coating for industrial boron‐diffused silicon solar cells. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A validated SPICE network simulation study on improving tunnel diodes by introducing lateral conduction layers
Authors: Steiner Marc , Guter Wolfgang , Peharz Gerhard , Philipps Simon P. , Dimroth Frank , Bett Andreas W. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTIn this work, network simulations using LTSpice (Linear Technology, Milpitas, CA, USA) for monolithic triple‐junction solar cells have been performed. In order to simulate the internal structure correctly, the integration of the tunnel diode into the network simulation was mandatory. The tunnel‐diode characteristics are modeled by LTSpice's arbitrary behavioral current sources. The integration of tunnel‐diode characteristics into the network model was validated by comparison of simulated and experimental data. Lattice‐matched triple‐junction solar cells were examined under homogenous illumination between 1 and 1900 suns as well as under non‐uniform digital irradiance. The verified model was then used to study the influence of lateral current spreading in layers surrounding the tunnel diodes. It is shown that a lateral current spreading from high to low illumination intensity regions cannot prevent the tunnel diode from switching to thermal diffusion under the used Gaussian illumination profile as it appears in concentrator photovoltaic applications. Furthermore, resistance regimes of the lateral conducting layers were identified, which would enable a current spreading that is high enough to transport all current exclusively by tunneling. It is shown that the presence of at least one additional layer above and one below the tunnel diode is mandatory. Finally, the necessary layer thicknesses using Alx−1GaxAs as lateral conducting layers are calculated for different doping concentrations and mole fractions x. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serving the gifted: A national survey of school psychologists
Authors: Robertson Stephanie G. , Pfeiffer Steven I. , Taylor Nicki 
Published: July 2011

AbstractGifted students are among the most underserved population in American schools and are some of the most underperforming in the world, ranking last in Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Algebra, and Geometry among 13 other developed countries. To improve services for the gifted, possible gaps in training and service delivery must be identified. There is a lack of research addressing many of the practical aspects of the delivery of services to the gifted. There is also a lack of research examining how well school psychologists are prepared to provide services to gifted and talented students. We conducted a national survey of school psychologists to evaluate the amount of time school psychologists allocate for gifted assessment and consultation. We also collected information about graduate school and professional development on gifted topics, familiarity with prominent figures in the gifted field, and gifted assessment methods. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Altering instructional delivery options to improve intervention outcomes: Does increased instructional intensity also increase instructional effectiveness?
Authors: Begeny John C. , Hawkins Amy Lynn , Krouse Hailey E. , Laugle Kelly M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWith limited educational resources and numerous other variables that complicate effective teaching, educators need to think prudently about how to allocate resources. In essence, teachers must allocate resources in ways that will best maximize student learning. However, minimal research has systematically evaluated whether increased instructional intensity and resources meaningfully increase instructional effectiveness. As a preliminary attempt to address this research question, this study systematically evaluated the differential effectiveness of three intervention options that integrated the same instructional components but required varying levels of resources (i.e., teacher time for instructional delivery). To better isolate the research question, this study specifically evaluated interventions designed to improve students' reading fluency. Overall findings suggested that increased instructional intensity does not necessarily equate with increased instructional effectiveness. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effectiveness of QUICATOUCH: a computerised touch screen evaluation for pain and distress in ambulatory oncology patients in Newcastle, Australia
Authors: Carter Gregory , Britton Ben , Clover Kerrie , Rogers Kerry , Adams Catherine , McElduff Patrick 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the change in pain and distress over time to demonstrate the effectiveness of the QUICATOUCH program in an outpatient oncology population.MethodsDescriptive study of the first 29 months of the QUICATOUCH program (13 736 assessments for 5775 patients). A longitudinal cohort design was used to examine the patients with three or more assessments (8129 assessments for 1778 patients). Effectiveness of this complex intervention (repeated assessment, clinician report and referral to speciality psycho‐oncology service) was examined using: reduction in proportion over threshold for pain and distress, predictors of mean pain and distress scores and comparison of the number of new patients treated by the psycho‐oncology service during the study and in the preceding 29 months.ResultsPain and distress declined during the study. The risk of being over threshold at endpoint was reduced for pain (odds ratio (OR) 0.70, confidence interval (CI) 95% 0.60–0.81) and for distress (OR 0.58 CI 95% 0.49–0.68) with baseline as referent level. Three variables predicted the mean pain: clinic type, current radiotherapy treatment and distress score; and five predicted mean distress: time, gender, clinic type, age and pain score. There was an increase of 40% (533v747) in new patients treated by the psycho‐oncology service.ConclusionsThe QUICATOUCH assessment for pain and distress was implemented into usual clinical practice with reasonable coverage of patients for modest cost. It was effective in monitoring the patients over time, contributed to a reduction in pain and distress, whilst appropriately increasing the number of new patients reaching psychological treatment as part of the clinical service. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resistance mechanism to carboxylic acid amide fungicides in the cucurbit downy mildew pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Authors: Blum Mathias , Waldner Maya , Olaya Gilberto , Cohen Yigal , Gisi Ulrich , Sierotzki Helge 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the causal oomycete agent of cucurbit downy mildew, is responsible for enormous crop losses in many species of Cucurbitaceae, particularly in cucumber and melon. Disease control is mainly achieved by combinations of host resistance and fungicide applications. However, since 2004, resistance to downy mildew in cucumber has been overcome by the pathogen, thus driving farmers to rely only on fungicide spray applications, including carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides. Recently, CAA‐resistant isolates of P. cubensis were recovered, but the underlying mechanism of resistance was not revealed. The purpose of the present study was to identify the molecular mechanism controlling resistance to CAAs in P. cubensis.RESULTS: The four CesA (cellulose synthase) genes responsible for cellulose biosynthesis in P. cubensis were characterised. Resistant strains showed a mutation in the CesA3 gene, at position 1105, leading to an amino acid exchange from glycine to valine or tryptophan. Cross‐resistance tests with different CAAs indicated that these mutations lead to resistance against all tested CAAs.CONCLUSION: Point mutations in the CesA3 gene of P. cubensis lead to CAA resistance. Accurate monitoring of these mutations among P. cubensis populations may improve/facilitate adequate recommendation/deployment of fungicides in the field. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Ethyl formate plus methyl isothiocyanate—a potential liquid fumigant for stored grains
Authors: Ren YongLin , Lee Byungho , Padovan Benjamin , Cai Lijun 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Methyl bromide is being phased out for use on stored commodities, as it is listed as an ozone‐depleting substance, and phosphine is the fumigant widely used on grains. However, phosphine resistance occurs worldwide, and phosphine fumigation requires a long exposure period and temperatures of > 15 °C. There is an urgent requirement for the development of a fumigant that kills insects quickly and for phosphine resistance management. This paper reports on a new fumigant formulation of 95% ethyl formate plus 5% methyl isothiocyanate as an alternative fumigant for stored grains.RESULTS: The formulation is stable for at least 4 months of storage at 45 °C. A laboratory bioassay with the formulation showed that it controlled all stages of Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Sitophilus granarius (L.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Trogoderma variabile Ballion and Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) in infested wheat, barley, oats and peas at 80 mg L−1 for 5 days, and in canola at both 40 mg L−1 for 5 days and 80 mg L−1 for 2 days at 25 ± 2 °C. After an 8–14 day holding period, residues of ethyl formate and methyl isothiocyanate in wheat, barley, peas and canola were below the experimental permit levels of 1.0 and 0.1 mg kg−1. However, fumigated oats needed an 18 day holding period.CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the ethyl formate plus methyl isothiocyanate formulation has potential as a fumigant for the control of stored‐grain insect pests in various commodities. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Stabilization of a synchronous generator with a controllable series capacitor via immersion and invariance
Authors: Manjarekar N. S. , Banavar R. N. , Ortega R. 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYThe immersion and invariance (I&I) technique (it IEEE Trans. Automat. Control 2003; 48(4):590–606) is a recently proposed control methodology for stabilizing nonlinear systems. Here we apply this philosophy to stabilize a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) system using a controllable series capacitor (CSC). The synchronous generator is modeled using the second‐order swing equation and a first‐order model is used for the CSC. The control objective here is to immerse a desired second‐order dynamic model into the higher order system manifold and design an asymptotically stabilizing control law. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Metal Additions to the Reduction of Iron Oxide Composite Pellets with Hydrogen at Moderate Temperatures
Authors: Sohn I. , Jung S. M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe hydrogen reduction behavior of iron oxide composite pellets containing Ni, Fe, and Mn from 973 K to 1173 K was compared with iron oxide and Al2O3 containing reference composite pellets to determine the effect of metallic species on the kinetics of iron oxide reduction. The Mn and Ni containing pellets showed slightly faster initial reduction rates compared to the Fe and Al2O3 containing pellets. The effect of the metal phases was found to be more significant at lower temperatures when chemical reaction at the interface is a slower and more controlling factor. From the SEM of partially reduced pellets, a wide intermediate region between an O rich unreacted core and an Fe rich outer shell was observed. Although an initially short topochemical receding interface controlled region exists, the mixed control between the topochemical receding interface and pore diffusion was prevalent. For Fe2O3/Mn composite pellets, the thermodynamic stability of the MnO is higher and Mn can act as a reductant for iron oxide. Thus, the overall metallization of the Fe2O3/Mn composite pellets decreased compared to the other Fe2O3/metal composite pellets. From the temperature dependence of the iron‐oxide/metal composite pellets, the apparent activation energy was calculated to be approximately between 15 to 20 kJ/mol, which is typical of a mixed control reduction mechanism of gas diffusion and interface reaction.
First word: turning back the rising tide of litigation
Authors: Kirby Roger 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIt is clear that all of us practising medicine now have to do so looking over our shoulder. The amount spent by the NHS Litigation Authority on clinical negligence claims has recently leapt by around a third in 2010–11 to £1.04 billion, up from £770 million in 2009–10. What can be done to turn back this rising tide of litigation? Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Transcriptome analysis of probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang during fermentation in soymilk
Authors: Wang Ji-Cheng , Zhang Wen-Yi , Zhong Zhi , Wei Ai-Bin , Bao Qiu-Hua , Zhang Yong , Sun Tian-Song , Postnikoff Andrew , Meng He , Zhang He-Ping 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Lactobacillus casei Zhang is a widely recognized probiotic bacterium, which is being commercially used in China. To study the gene expression dynamics of L. casei Zhang during fermentation in soymilk, a whole genome microarray was used to screen for differentially expressed genes when grown to the lag phase, the late logarithmic phase, and the stationary phase. Comparisons of different transcripts next to each other revealed 162 and 63 significantly induced genes in the late logarithmic phase and stationary phase, of which the expression was at least threefold up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. Approximately 38.4% of the up-regulated genes were associated with amino acid transport and metabolism notably for histidine and lysine biosynthesis, followed by genes/gene clusters involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism, lipid transport and metabolism, and inorganic ion transport and metabolism. The analysis results suggest a complex stimulatory effect of soymilk-based ecosystem on the L. casei Zhang growth. On the other hand, it provides the very first insight into the molecular mechanism of L. casei strain for how it will adapt to the protein-rich environment.
Changes in cervical neutrophil elastase levels during the menstrual cycle
Authors: Tawara Fumiko , Tamura Naoaki , Suganuma Nobuhiko , Kanayama Naohiro 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPurposeCervical mucus plays an important role in host defense mechanisms and is involved in the ascendance of sperm. To determine the change of neutrophil mediators contained in cervical mucus, we measured total neutrophil elastase (NE) levels throughout the menstrual cycle.MethodsCervical NE concentrations in 31 healthy women having regular ovulatory cycles were measured during the follicular, ovulatory and luteal phases.ResultsThe cervical NE levels during the follicular, ovulatory and luteal phases were 0.73 ± 0.57 (mean ± SD), 0.29 ± 0.33 and 1.32 ± 1.24 μg/ml, respectively. The NE concentrations during the ovulatory phase were significantly lower than the other phases.ConclusionsThe decrease in total cervical NE level during the ovulatory phase suggests that neutrophil activity in cervical mucus is depressed around ovulation. The decreased cervical NE levels and the depressed neutrophil activity in cervical mucus at ovulation may be suitable for sperm passage through the cervical canal.