bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Synchronous Failure of Juvenile Pacific Salmon and Herring Production in the Strait of Georgia in 2007 and the Poor Return of Sockeye Salmon to the Fraser River in 2009
Authors: Beamish R. J. , Neville C. , Sweeting R. , Lange K. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Trawl studies from 1998 to 2009 indicated that juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and Pacific herring Clupea pallasii represented 98% of the fish in the surface waters of the Strait of Georgia during the day in the spring and early summer. Standardized catches of all juvenile Pacific salmon in the trawl surveys were lowest in 2007. Catches of young-of-the-year Pacific herring were also extremely low in 2007. Three years later, the 2007 year-class had the lowest recruitment to the fishery in recorded history. In 2007, juvenile coho salmon O. kisutch and Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha were small and had the lowest condition of the fish in all surveys as well as a high percentage of empty stomachs. The early marine survival of coho salmon in 2007 and the total survival in 2008 were exceptionally poor. Trawl catches of juvenile chum salmon O. keta in 2007 were the lowest of all surveys. Adult chum salmon from these juveniles that returned in 2010 had extremely poor survival. Juvenile sockeye salmon O. nerka that entered the Strait of Georgia in the spring of 2007 and returned to the Fraser River as adults in 2009 also had such exceptionally poor marine survival that a judicial inquiry was conducted to determine the causes. The synchronous poor growth, survival, or both of all of the major species in the surface waters of the Strait of Georgia in the spring of 2007 indicated that there was a common cause which we propose as poor food production. The causes of the high mortality likely represented a unique extreme in the variability of the factors that normally affect the survival of juvenile Pacific salmon and Pacific herring in the early marine period in the Strait of Georgia.
Received September 27, 2011; accepted March 8, 2012
Implications of Mark-Selective Fishing for Ocean Harvests and Escapements of Sacramento River Fall Chinook Salmon Populations
Authors: Pyper Brian J. , Cramer Steven P. , Ericksen Randolph P. , Sitts Richard M. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The need to protect imperiled salmon stocks along the Pacific coast of North America has led to an increasing use of mark-selective fisheries (MSFs) as a management strategy to reduce harvest mortality of wild salmon while allowing harvest of abundant hatchery salmon. However, MSFs remain untested in ocean fisheries for Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha off the coasts of California and Oregon, where hatchery fish have been estimated to compose the majority of Chinook salmon but where harvests have been restricted to protect several imperiled stocks. We developed a quantitative framework based on conventional cohort models to examine how aggregate ocean harvest and in-river escapement of Sacramento River fall-run Chinook salmon, the numerically dominant stock in the region, would have differed under MSF scenarios compared with the historic, traditional fishery. At historic contact rates (fishing effort) for 1988–2007, we estimated that annual in-river escapement of natural-origin fish would have increased by 119% on average under MSF scenarios, while reductions in harvest would have been inversely proportional to the fraction of hatchery-origin fish. During the more recent period of constrained fishing (2001–2007), we estimated MSF outcomes for a range of plausible contact rates (40–60% of age-4 fish) and hatchery fractions (40–80% of Chinook salmon). The combination of these factors determined the magnitude of estimated harvest reductions or gains under MSFs, with total MSF harvest (2001–2007) ranging from 46% lower to 48% higher than historic harvest. Increases in total escapement of natural-origin fish (2001–2007) under MSFs ranged from 24% to 48% depending on the contact rate. Comparisons between the traditional fishery and simulated MSF outcomes were robust to a wide range of cohort parameter values, suggesting that our aggregate results provide useful insights into potential MSF outcomes and the effects of key uncertainties.
Received November 1, 2010; accepted December 19, 2011
Geographic Patterns of Fishes and Jellyfish in Puget Sound Surface Waters
Authors: Rice Casimir A. , Duda Jeffrey J. , Greene Correigh M. , Karr James R. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
We explored patterns of small pelagic fish assemblages and biomass of gelatinous zooplankton (jellyfish) in surface waters across four oceanographic subbasins of greater Puget Sound. Our study is the first to collect data documenting biomass of small pelagic fishes and jellyfish throughout Puget Sound; sampling was conducted opportunistically as part of a juvenile salmon survey of daytime monthly surface trawls at 52 sites during May–August 2003. Biomass composition differed spatially and temporally, but spatial differences were more distinct. Fish dominated in the two northern basins of Puget Sound, whereas jellyfish dominated in the two southern basins. Absolute and relative abundance of jellyfish, hatchery Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and chum salmon O. keta decreased with increasing latitude, whereas the absolute and relative abundance of most fish species and the average fish species richness increased with latitude. The abiotic factors with the strongest relationship to biomass composition were latitude, water clarity, and sampling date. Further study is needed to understand the spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the taxonomic composition we observed in Puget Sound surface waters, especially as they relate to natural and anthropogenic influences.
Received March 24, 2010; accepted December 23, 2011
Precision surface measurement
Authors: Jiang X. 
Published: July 2012

Surface size, geometry and texture are some of the most influential subjects in the fields of precision and ultra-precision engineering, defining the functional interface through which emerging products operate. Next-generation products demand super-smooth surfaces, freeform geometries or even deterministically introduced microstructures to provide functional performance. Technological progress using these surfaces types is possible only if the associated manufacturing processes are rigorously controlled and the surfaces are measurable. Metrology for advanced surfaces is not established. The current state of the art is challenged in respect to (i) surface characteristics, extremity of size, ultra precision, quality, geometric complexity, or combinations of these aspects, and (ii) measurement technology for the manufacturing environment, in particular, online, non-contact, high speed, ease of use, small footprint and robustness. This study addresses the challenges in this subject area and discusses some fundaments and principles derived from interdisciplinary research. The combination of these aspects is enabling the creation of manufacturing-environment-based measurement technology. This is expected to facilitate advanced surface manufacture over a wide range of sectors, including large science programmes and high-technology engineering.
Signalling mechanisms of the leukocyte integrin αMβ2: Current and future perspectives
Authors: Lim Jenson , Hotchin Neil A 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIntegrins are a family of heterodimeric cell adhesion receptors expressed on most cells and are involved in many cellular functions including phagocytosis, a process by which professional phagocytes recognise, bind and internalise foreign materials larger than 0.5 µm in diameter. An example of a phagocytic integrin receptor is αMβ2, and this review seeks to provide fresh insights into the current knowledge of this subject. Key areas that this review will emphasise include, the classical understanding of bi‐directional signalling to and from αMβ2 (aka inside‐out and outside‐in signalling, respectively). For inside‐out signalling, we will review the involvement of the small GTPase, Rap1, FERM‐containing proteins such as talin and kindlin‐3, some of the kinases, and the GEF, cytohesin‐1 and vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). We also summarise studies into outside‐in signalling, focussing on the roles of RhoA and RhoG, and activation of Rac1 through the complex comprising TIAM, 14‐3‐3 and β2. We will also consider non‐classical signalling processes, which include integrin clustering and membrane ruffling. Through this review, we hope to highlight the importance of αMβ2 signalling mechanisms and their relevance to other integrin‐mediated events.
Evaluation of radial and ulnar blood flow after radial artery cannulation with 20‐ and 22‐gauge cannulae using duplex Doppler ultrasound
Authors: Kim S.Y. , Lee J. S. , Kim W. O. , Sun J. M. , Kwon M. K. , Kil H. K. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThis study evaluated ulnar and radial artery blood flow after radial artery cannulation during general anaesthesia using Doppler ultrasound. A total of 80 patients were randomly assigned to receive radial artery cannulation with either a 20‐G or 22‐G cannula. Arterial diameter, peak systolic velocity, end‐diastolic velocity, resistance index and mean volume flow were measured at four time points in both arteries: before anaesthesia; 5 min after intubation; immediately after cannulation; and 5 min after cannulation. After radial artery cannulation, ulnar diameters and blood flow were significantly increased, and persisted until 5 min after cannulation. Radial blood flow was decreased immediately after cannulation and recovered to pre‐cannulation values 5 min after cannulation. There were no statistical differences between groups at each time point. Radial artery cannulation causes compensatory increase in ulnar artery blood flow, and the difference in cannula size has minimal effect on this change.
Sclerotium rolfsii lectin inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cell line PA‐1
Authors: Eligar S. M. , Pujari R. , Swamy B. M. , Shastry P. , Inamdar S. R. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectivesSclerotium rolfsii lectin (SRL), isolated from soil born phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii, exhibits exquisite binding specificity to the oncofoetal Thomsen‐Friedenreich (Galβ1,3GalNAcα‐O‐Ser/Thr, T or TF) antigen and associated glycans. In the present study, we report anti‐proliferative activity of SRL and investigate underlying mechanisms of SRL‐induced apoptosis, in the human ovarian cancer cell line PA‐1.Materials and methodsSRL‐induced anti‐proliferative effects were determined using MTT assay and induction of apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and western blot analysis.ResultsSRL inhibited population growth of PA‐1 cells in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner with maximum inhibition (71.3 ± 1.9%) occurring at concentration of 50 μg/ml after 72 h incubation. Observed effects of SRL could be blocked by competing glycoproteins, asialomucin, mucin and fetuin. Treatment with SRL resulted in increase in hypodiploid cell population as determine by cell cycle analysis. Increase in numbers of annexin V‐PI positive cells, and cleavage of PARP confirmed apoptosis‐inducing activity of SRL. Involvement of caspases in SRL‐mediated apoptosis was determined by cleavage of caspases‐3, ‐8 and ‐9 in a time‐dependent manner, thereby suggesting possible involvement of both intrinsic and extrinsic caspase‐dependent pathways.ConclusionThe present study demonstrates anti‐proliferative and apoptosis‐inducing activity of SRL that can be exploited for potential application in ovarian cancer research.
Neck circumference as a simple tool for identifying the metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: results from the Brazilian Metabolic Syndrome Study
Authors: Stabe Christiane , Vasques Ana Carolina Junqueira , Lima Marcelo Miranda Oliveira , Tambascia Marcos Antonio , Pareja Jose Carlos , Yamanaka Ademar , Geloneze Bruno 
Published: July 2012

SummaryObjectiveTo investigate the relationship of the neck circumference (NC) with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insulin resistance (IR) in a large Brazilian population‐based sample, within a wide range of adiposity and glucose tolerance, and to establish cut‐off values of the NC for MetS and IR.ContextThe NC correlates with cardiovascular risk factors, IR and components of MetS. Upper‐body subcutaneous (sc) fat, as estimated by the NC, is associated with cardiovascular risk factors as much as abdominal fat, which is usually estimated by the waist circumference (WC). There are few epidemiological population‐based studies on the clinical significance of the NC to MetS and IR.DesignThis is a cross‐sectional study.PatientsAbout 1053 Brazilian adults (18–60 years).MeasurementsPatients with BMI 18·5–40·0 kg/m2, with normal glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes (T2DM), were submitted to anthropometric measurements including waist circumference (WC), NC and BMI. Abdominal visceral fat (VF) was assessed by ultrasound. Insulin sensitivity (IS) was assessed by euglycaemic–hyperinsulinaemic clamp (10% of total sample) and HOMA‐IR. Spearman correlations were used to evaluate the association between NC and IR and MetS risk factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used for gender‐specific cut‐off values for the prediction of IR and MetS. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess the chance of developing IR or MetS according to the enlargement of NC and WC.ResultsThe sample consisted of 28·6% men, with a mean age of 39·4 (12 years). T2DM diagnosis was present in 306 individuals, of whom 34% were men. NC correlated with WC and BMI in both men and women (P < 0·001). In both genders, NC showed a positive correlation with triglycerides, fasting glucose, fasting insulin and HOMA‐IR, and NC had a negative association with high‐density lipoprotein (HDL). NC and IS showed a moderate negative correlation. A significant correlation was demonstrated between VF and NC. In the ROC curves, NC presented the largest AUC for IR in women (P < 0·001), while NC presented a large AUC for MetS in both genders.ConclusionsNeck circumference measurements are an alternative and innovative approach for determining body fat distribution. The NC is positively associated with MetS risk factors, IR and VF, with established cut‐off values for the prediction of MetS and IR.
Deconvolution analysis of 24‐h serum cortisol profiles informs the amount and distribution of hydrocortisone replacement therapy
Authors: Peters Catherine J. , Hill Nathan , Dattani Mehul T. , Charmandari Evangelia , Matthews David R. , Hindmarsh Peter C. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryBackgroundHydrocortisone therapy is based on a dosing regimen derived from estimates of cortisol secretion, but little is known of how the dose should be distributed throughout the 24 h. We have used deconvolution analysis of 24‐h serum cortisol profiles to determine 24‐h cortisol secretion and distribution to inform hydrocortisone dosing schedules in young children and older adults.MethodsTwenty four hour serum cortisol profiles from 80 adults (41 men, aged 60–74 years) and 29 children (24 boys, aged 5–9 years) were subject to deconvolution analysis using an 80‐min half‐life to ascertain total cortisol secretion and distribution throughout the 24‐h period.ResultsMean daily cortisol secretion was similar between adults (6·3 mg/m2 body surface area/day, range 5·1–9·3) and children (8·0 mg/m2 body surface area/day, range 5·3–12·0). Peak serum cortisol concentration was higher in children compared with adults, whereas nadir serum cortisol concentrations were similar. Timing of the peak serum cortisol concentration was similar (07·05–07·25), whereas that of the nadir concentration occurred later in adults (midnight) compared with children (22·48) (P = 0·003). Children had the highest percentage of cortisol secretion between 06·00 and 12·00 (38·4%), whereas in adults this took place between midnight and 06·00 (45·2%).ConclusionsThese observations suggest that the daily hydrocortisone replacement dose should be equivalent on average to 6·3 mg/m2 body surface area/day in adults and 8·0 mg/m2 body surface area/day in children. Differences in distribution of the total daily dose between older adults and young children need to be taken into account when using a three or four times per day dosing regimen.
Forest habitat, not leaf phenotype, predicts late‐season folivory of Quercus alba saplings
Authors: Stoepler Teresa M. , Rehill Brian 
Published: July 2012

Summary1. Natural sunlight gradients occur on multiple scales in space and time. However, the direct (via habitat) and indirect effects (via plant quality) of light environment are often confounded, obscuring the relative importance of each in influencing herbivore responses.2. Potted saplings of Quercus alba (white oak, Fagaceae) were grown in either full sun or full shade from budburst to leaf hardening to manipulate leaf phenotype (creating sun or shade leaves), then placed in either sunny light gaps or adjacent shaded forest understorey habitats. This two‐way factorial design isolated the effects of sunlight level during leaf expansion from light environment late in the growing season on leaf phenology, leaf traits associated with host plant quality for herbivores, herbivore density and folivory.3. Sunlight level during leaf expansion and hardening had strong and persistent effects on Q. alba leaf phenology and phenotype. Shade saplings had later budburst (c. 4 days), and fewer but larger leaves, resulting in greater total leaf area compared with sun leaf saplings. Shade leaves had higher water content, specific leaf area and nitrogen content, and lower toughness, carbon content, C/N ratios and concentrations of hydrolysable and condensed tannins than sun leaves.4. Despite the apparent higher quality of shade leaves, forest habitat better predicted damage by folivores than leaf type, suggesting that the direct effects of light environment predominate for herbivory. Potted saplings of both leaf types placed in the shaded understorey suffered almost two times more folivory, on average, than saplings in sunny light gaps, despite more than three times higher mid‐season herbivore density on sun leaf saplings relative to shade leaf saplings.5. Taken together, these results suggest that both leaf phenotype and forest habitat, two factors frequently confounded in nature, have significant but distinct effects on leaf quality and herbivory. These findings have implications for plant–herbivore interactions following disturbances such as treefalls, when shade leaves may be present in sunny habitats, and may help explain patterns of herbivory in understorey plants with early leaf flushing phenology relative to the canopy, when sun leaves are present in the shaded understorey.
Upper thermal limits in terrestrial ectotherms: how constrained are they?
Authors: Hoffmann Ary A. , Chown Steven L. , Clusella‐Trullas Susana 
Published: July 2012

Summary1. Terrestrial ectotherms are likely to face increased periods of heat stress as mean temperatures and temperature variability increase over the next few decades. Here, we consider the extent to which changes in upper thermal limits, through plasticity or evolution, might be constrained, and we survey insect and reptile data to identify groups likely to be particularly susceptible to thermal stress.2. Plastic changes increase thermal limits in many terrestrial ectotherms, but tend to have less effect on upper limits than lower limits.3. Although comparisons across insect species have normally not taken into account the potential for plastic responses, mid‐latitude species seem most prone to experience heat stress now and into the future, consistent with data from lizards and other groups.4. Evolutionary adaptive potential has only been measured for some species; there is likely to be genetic variation for heat responses in populations, but selection and heritability experiments suggest that upper thermal limits may not increase much.5. Although related species can differ by several degrees in their upper thermal limits, there is strong phylogenetic signal for upper limits. If these reflect evolutionary constraints, substantial molecular changes may be required to increase upper thermal limits.6. Findings point to many terrestrial ectotherms having a limited potential to change their thermal limits particularly within the context of an average predicted temperature increase of 2–4 °C for mid‐latitude populations over the next few decades.
Interactive influences of ozone and climate on streamflow of forested watersheds
Authors: Sun GE , McLaughlin Samuel B. , Porter John H. , Uddling Johan , Mulholland Patrick J. , Adams Mary B. , Pederson Neil 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe capacity of forests to mitigate global climate change can be negatively influenced by tropospheric ozone that impairs both photosynthesis and stomatal control of plant transpiration, thus affecting ecosystem productivity and watershed hydrology. We have evaluated individual and interactive effects of ozone and climate on late season streamflow for six forested watersheds (38–970 000 ha) located in the Southeastern United States. Models were based on 18–26 year data records for each watershed and involved multivariate analysis of interannual variability of late season streamflow in response to physical and chemical climate during the growing season. In all cases, some combination of ozone variables significantly improved model performance over climate‐only models. Effects of ozone and ozone × climate interactions were also consistently negative and were proportional to variations in actual ozone exposures, both spatially across the region and over time. Conservative estimates of the influence of ozone on the variability (R2) of observed flow ranged from 7% in the area of lowest ozone exposure in West Virginia to 23% in the areas of highest exposure in Tennessee. Our results are supported by a controlled field study using free‐air concentration enrichment methodology which indicated progressive ozone‐induced loss of stomatal control over tree transpiration during the summer in mixed aspen‐birch stands. Despite the frequent assumption that ozone reduces tree water loss, our findings support increasing evidence that ozone at near ambient concentrations can reduce stomatal control of leaf transpiration, and increase water use. Increases in evapotranspiration and associated streamflow reductions in response to ambient ozone exposures are expected to episodically increase the frequency and severity of drought and affect flow‐dependent aquatic biota in forested watersheds. Regional and global models of hydrologic cycles and related ecosystem functions should consider potential interactions of ozone with climate under both current and future warmer and ozone‐enriched climatic conditions.