bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assistance to the victims of armed conflicts
Authors: Kalshoven Frits 
Published: January 2010

From 22 to 24 June 1988, an international conference was held in The Hague, Netherlands, on “Humanitarian Assistance in Armed Conflict”. It was organized by the University of Leiden's Red Cross Chair of International Humanitarian Law, together with the National Red Cross Societies of Belgium (Flemish Community) and The Netherlands.The conference, which was attended by some 180 participants (with Her Royal Highness, Princess Margriet of The Netherlands, as the most distinguished among them) was opened by the Dutch Minister for Development Co-operation, Mr. Pieter Bukman. Professor René Jean Dupuy, professor of International Law at the College de France, Paris, gave the keynote speech at the opening session. Speakers during the three working sessions of the conference included representatives of the ICRC, the League, UNHCR, Médecins sans Frontières, Médecins du Monde, CEBEMO (the Dutch Catholic Organization for Joint Financing of Development Programmes), Save the Children Fund, Oxfam UK, and the academic world.
The Swedish Red Cross Centre for the rehabilitation of tortured refugees
Authors: Wikberg Britt 
Published: January 2010

In 1985 the Swedish Red Cross opened a Centre for the Rehabilitation of Tortured Refugees in Stockholm. It did so on the bases of a thorough study of what had been done elsewhere in the world, especially in Denmark where the first centre of this kind was established.Sweden accepts about 15,000 refugees each year. The largest groups come from Chile, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Ethiopia, Turkey. Many of them have been exposed to different forms of torture. Hospitals, the social welfare system, lawyers, immigration officers — none of these has any experience in dealing with the consequences. Now all sectors of Swedish society have to meet the needs of these new citizens. Lack of knowledge and understanding can, unintentionally, lead to callous treatment. It was therefore natural for the Swedish Red Cross to start collecting and developing existing knowledge on how to deal with the effects of torture.
Synopsis VII—Combatant and prisoner-of-war status
Authors: de Preux Jean 
Published: January 2010

Only the members of the armed forces of a Party to a conflict (other than medical personnel, chaplains and military personnel engaged in civil defence) are combatants (Hague Regulations, Art. 1 and 3; P. I, Art. 43 and 67).Combatants are entitled to take direct part in the hostilities (P. I, Art. 43), i.e. to commit acts of war which are intended by their nature or their purpose to hit specifically the combatants and other military objectives of the enemy armed forces.Any combatant who falls into the power of an adverse Party is a prisoner of war (P. I, Art. 4).
The formation of international humanitarian law
Authors: Pictet Jean 
Published: January 2010

To mark his seventieth birthday, Jean Pictet, Honorary Vice-President of the ICRC, gave a lecture at the University of Geneva on 16 November 1984 entitled “The formation of international humanitarian law”.A remarkable summary of the development of humanitarian law in the twentieth century, it concludes with remarks which go well beyond the original subject. They express his thoughts about the difficult relationships between humanitarian imperatives and military and political necessities and between idealism and pragmatism; reference is also made to everyone's responsibility to disseminate and apply a law which stems not only from humanity but also from common sense.
The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Indochina War — From the Japanese defeat to the Geneva Agreements (1945–1954)
Authors: Truninger Florianne , Bugnion François 
Published: January 2010

Institutions — like individuals — have a memory. They are rooted in it and draw strength from it to weather the vagaries of vogue and sentiment. To a large extent the historical consciousness is the source of the standards set for the present and for the future.Yet time does take its toll, first dimming the memory of past events, then shrouding them in the mists of oblivion.
The Red Cross in the USSR and the World: History and Prospects
Authors: Venedictov Dmitry D. 
Published: January 2010

Public attention is being focused worldwide on the 125th anniversary of the International Red Cross, a milestone in the evolution of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.When celebrating an anniversary, it is customary to look back into the past for a clearer understanding and appraisal of the present, and to gain insight into the future. This is particularly important as regards the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, which is one of the most significant manifestations of humanism, symbolizing the recognition that society must uphold human dignity as the supreme universal value, and the desire to avert or relieve human suffering and safeguard human life and health.
Written and customary provisions relating to the conduct of hostilities and treatment of victims of armed conflicts in ancient India
Authors: Penna L. R. 
Published: January 2010

Two thousand years before Grotius, Rachel, or Ayala recalled Europe to humanitarianism, ancient Indians had a body of rules for governing the relations between the States of the sub-continent in the event of armed conflicts. According to Professor A. L. Basham:“…in no other part of the ancient world were the relations of man and man, and of man and the state, so fair and humane… No other ancient law-giver proclaimed such noble ideals of fair play in battle as did Manu. In all her history of warfare Hindu India has few tales to tell of cities put to the sword or of the massacre of non-combatants. The ghastly sadism of the Kings of Assyria, who flayed their captives alive, is completely without parallel in ancient India. There was sporadic cruelty and oppression no doubt, but in comparison with conditions in other cultures, it was mild. To us the most striking feature of ancient Indian civilization is its humanity.”
The Fundamental Principles are vital to the unity of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
Authors: Hantos János 
Published: January 2010

The historical importance of the principles and ideals that influence human activities can be measured by their expansion, their impact and their duration.It is humanity's instinct for self-preservation that has made the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement what it is—a vital force that has for decades played a decisive part in enriching human values; after 125 years of life it has lost none of its attraction, its influence is widespread and its membership steadily growing. Unquestionably its influence extends throughout the world, even though its development is beset with difficulties.
International humanitarian law lies between the Islamic concept and positive international law
Authors: El-Dakkak Said 
Published: January 2010

The starting point of the present study is the clash between the warrior instinct inherent in human nature and Islamic law, the realistic character of which is unanimously acknowledged.Islam, in fact, cannot tolerate excessive displays of this instinct, which, as Professor Muhammad Taha Badawi points out, is the strongest of all the impulses to which man is inclined. Inseparably linked to all the factors inciting man to make war, and itself at times unleashing war, the warrior instinct, in any case, arouses violence and becomes a reflex action in anyone subjected to the danger of death.
2. Communication and community services: Malawi Red Cross Society: Communication to promote community services
Authors: Paliani Grace 
Published: January 2010

The topic “Communication to promote community services” sounds simple, but it is vital because it points to the contribution that any health-oriented institution should make towards the general success of its undertakings.On closer examination it will be seen that one basic communication task, which, however, involves a number of sub-tasks all geared towards achieving the same objectives, is the promotion of community services through publicity.
The International Institute of Humanitarian Law (San Remo) and its international military courses on the law of armed conflict
Authors: Blais Giorgio 
Published: January 2010

There are few institutions in the world which are able to assemble officers from all the countries of the globe, who wear their own uniforms and live and work together for two weeks. One of these is the International Institute of Humanitarian Law in San Remo, Italy.This non-governmental organization was set up in 1970 for the purpose of promoting the dissemination and development of international humanitarian law. The choice of the Italian seaside resort of San Remo was not accidental. It was there that Alfred Nobel spent the last years of his life, and he left all his property to the humanitarian cause. The villa he occupied until his death became the headquarters of the International Institute of Humanitarian Law.
Recognition of the Red Cross Society of Western Samoa
Authors: Hay Alexandre 
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you that the International Committee of the Red Cross, on 30 August 1984, officially recognized the Red Cross Society of Western Samoa.Founded in 1952 as an overseas branch of the New Zealand Red Cross Society and independent since 1 January 1983, the Western Samoa Red Cross Society officially applied for recognition by the International Committee of the Red Cross on 21 June 1984. Its request was supported by various documents, including a copy of the most recent report on its activities, the text of its Statutes and a copy of the “Memorandum of Understanding” of 3 November 1983, by which the Government of Western Samoa recognizes it as a voluntary aid society auxiliary to the public authorities.
Recognition of the Barbados Red Cross Society
Authors: Hay Alexandre 
Published: January 2010

We have the honour of informing you that the International Committee of the Red Cross, on 30 August 1984, officially recognized the Barbados Red Cross Society.Founded on 17 February 1960 as a branch of the British Red Cross, and independent since 31 July 1969, the Society applied for recognition by the International Committee on 16 June 1984. In support of its request it sent various documents, including several reports on its activities, the text of its Statutes and a copy of the “Barbados Red Cross Society Act, 1969”, wherein the Government of Barbados recognizes it as a voluntary aid society auxiliary to the public authorities.
Recognition of the Red Crescent Society of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
Authors: Hay Alexandre 
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you that on 30 August 1984 the International Committee of the Red Cross officially recognized the Red Crescent Society of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen.The new Society officially applied for recognition by the International Committee of the Red Cross on 28 May 1984. Its request was supported by various documents, including a copy of its most recent report on its activities, the text of its Statutes and an authenticated copy of the ministerial decree of 21 February 1984 certifying that the Government had recognized the Red Crescent Society as a voluntary aid society auxiliary to the public authorities and as the only Red Crescent Society of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen.
Universal acceptance of international humanitarian law —Promotional activities of the ICRC
Authors: Gasser Hans-Peter 
Published: January 2010

In its Final Declaration of 1 September 1993, the International Conference for the Protection of War Victimsinter aliaurged all States to make every effort to:“Consider or reconsider, in order to enhance the universal character of international humanitarian law, becoming party or confirming their succession, where appropriate, to the relevant treaties concluded since the adoption of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, in particular:—the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts of 8 June 1977 (Protocol I);—the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts of 8 June 1977 (Protocol II);—the 1980 Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons and its three Protocols;—The 1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict”.
The Vienna Convention of 1969 on the Law of Treaties and Humanitarian Law
Authors: Daniel José 
Published: January 2010

The Conference on the Law of Treaties held at Vienna in 1968 and 1969, like the other important United Nations conferences on the codification of international law (Geneva Conferences on the Law of the Sea of 1958 and 1960, Vienna Conference on Diplomatic Intercourse and Immunities of 1961 and Vienna Conference on Consular Relations of 1963), formulated and adopted a Convention on the basis of a draft which was the collective work of the International Law Commission (ILC) of the United Nations, carried out under the guidance of a Special Rapporteur.We have thus been witnessing since 1958 the interesting process of the reduction into treaty law of a substantial part of the customary international law of peace; if this period is compared with the centuries that went before, the transformation of unwritten rules into written law which has thus taken place appears remarkably fast. This codification of public international law has of course served to clarify pre-existing rules but it has at the same time made it possible to bring these rules up to date so as to meet better the new requirements of the community of States—the society which is governed by that law and which has undergone significant changes in the last few decades.
Health in the 1980's
Authors: J. V.  
Published: January 2010

Some months ago the Henry Dunant Institute, in co-operation with Messrs Sandoz S.A., undertook an enquiry into Health and Medicine in the 1980's in the developed countries. Following the Delphi method, it has so far given some interesting results.From the replies of sixty-three experts in eighteen countries to two successive questionnaires, it is apparent, in the first place, that the concept of health will extend over the next two decades to cover social and mental conditions which are not at present considered health problems.
Knowledge of the Geneva Conventions
Authors: de Preux Jean 
Published: January 2010

It is foolish for anyone to seek to be wise in isolation.In a world which is said to be given over increasingly to violence, ambition and strife—and to all that flows therefrom—we ask ourselves “What is the Red Cross?”Should we visualize the Geneva Conventions as some verdant island-sanctuary that is preserved in the way that natural riches or cultural assets are preserved? One is put in mind of show-cases in which precious curios are displayed, with a “Do not touch” sign.
ICRC operations in Hungary and the Middle East in 1956
Authors: Perret Françoise 
Published: January 2010

In Eastern Europe, 1956 was above all the year that marked the beginning of destalinization, following the submission to the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party (17–24 February) of Nikita Khrushchev's famous report on Stalin's crimes.Khrushchev's revelations were soon to have repercussions, notably in Poland where thousands of political prisoners were released as early as April of the same year. Among them was Wladyslaw Gomulka, former Secretary-General of the Polish Communist Party from 1943 to 1948, who had been dismissed in 1948 for “right-wing and nationalist deviation” and jailed in 1951.
Nasal and ophthalmomyiasis: case report
Authors: Smillie I , Gubbi P K S , Cocks H C 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjective:We report a rare case of a 51-year-old woman with ocular and nasal infestation by Oestrus ovis.Method:Clinical case report and review of current literature regarding nasal and ophthalmomyiasis.Results:Myiasis is infestation of the tissues and organs of vertebrates by certain dipteran fly larvae. Oestrus ovis myiasis is endemic in the region from North Africa to South Asia, but few cases are reported within the UK. A 51-year-old patient presented and was treated successfully in Sunderland Royal Hospital for combined ocular and nasal infestation with Oestrus ovis.Conclusions:Oestrus ovis has a largely subtropical distribution; however, it is important to remember the diversity of disease which can present within the UK from an external source. This point is illustrated by this rare case, which highlights the fact that prompt treatment can avoid poor outcomes for our patients.
Dusty plasma processes in Earth's environments containing nano- and microscale grains
Authors: POPEL SERGEY I. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractReview of plasma processes in the Earth's environments containing nano- and microscale grains is presented. Possible observational manifestations of dusty ionospheric plasmas during high-speed meteor showers are described. A unified explanation of ionization properties of the polar mesosphere under summer conditions is given. Dusty plasma processes are also considered in application to active geophysical rocket experiments which involve release of some gaseous substance in near-Earth space, the origin of the primary Earth's crust, hydrosphere and atmosphere, and global electromagnetic Schumann resonances.
Are Old-age Pension System Reforms Moving Away from Individual Retirement Accounts in Latin America?
Authors: CALVO ESTEBAN , BERTRANOU FABIO M. , BERTRANOU EVELINA 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article reviews two rounds of pension reform in ten Latin American countries to determine whether they are moving away from individual retirement accounts (IRAs). Although the idea is provocative, we conclude that the notion of ‘moving away from IRAs’ is insufficient to characterise the new politics of pension reform. As opposed to the politics of enactment of IRAs of the late twentieth century, pension reform in Latin America in recent years has combined significant revival of public components in old-age income maintenance with improvement of IRAs. Clearly, the policy prescriptions that were most influential during the first round of reforms in Latin America have been re-evaluated. The World Bank and other organisations that promoted IRAs have recognised that pension reform should pay more attention to poverty reduction, coverage and equity, and to protect participants from market risks. The experience and challenges faced by countries that introduced IRAs, the changes in policies by international financing institutions, and the recent financial volatility and heavy losses experienced in financial markets may have tempered the enthusiasm of other countries from applying the same type of reforms. Scholars and policy-makers around the globe could benefit from looking closely at these changes in pension policy.
Heights, Nutrition, and Well-Being in Argentina, ca. 1850–1950. Preliminary Results
Authors: Salvatore Ricardo D. 
Published: January 2010

ResumenEste ensayo presenta resultados de estimaciones de estaturas medias para diversas regiones de Argentina durante el período 1850–1950. Esta evidencia, tomada de registros de reclutas y prisioneros, es utilizada para cuestionar algunas de las generalizaciones sobre el crecimiento económico argentino, basadas en datos de ingresos per-cápita y salarios. Se sostiene que, en términos de estatus nutricional y de salud, la era del progreso liberal derramó menos bienestar que el esperado. Algo similar ocurrió con el crecimiento agro-exportador de principios del siglo XX. Por el contrario, el período conocido como la «gran demora» —el período de inter-guerras— fue testigo de notables aumentos de bienestar biológico, particularmente en la década de 1930. Se sugiere también que durante la segunda guerra mundial y los primeros gobiernos peronistas, las estimaciones sobre alturas indican un retraso nutricional y de salud en el conurbano bonaerense. El ensayo presenta además datos sobre la distribución regional de las alturas, que reflejan un alto grado de desigualdad regional hacia la década de 1920.
From pioneering mercantile state to ordinary fiscal state: Portugal 16th-19th centuries
Authors: Mata Maria Eugénia 
Published: January 2010

ResumenPortugal, un reino pobre y pequeño, llegó a ser un Estado Mercantil pionero gracias a sus descubrimientos. ¿Cuándo estableció sus instituciones fiscales como potencia mundial? ¿Una potencia marítima capaz de ser punta de lanza de la conexión permanente entre Europa y la India fue capaz de establecer unas instituciones fiscales modernas que garantizaran un presupuesto Estatal estable? El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar cómo el pasado imperial y fiscal impidió a la sociedad civil portuguesa generar el consenso social necesario para incrementar la recau-dación de impuestos y establecer instituciones fiscales eficientes.
Costes de transacción vs costes de jerarquía en la provisión de bienes: una interpretación de la teoría smithiana
Authors: Aznar Estrella Trincado 
Published: January 2010

ResumenEn la teoría de Adam Smith, las jerarquías económicas nunca pueden reducir los costes de transacción del mercado. Para demostrarlo, el artículo estudia la definición de libertad Smithiana, que lleva a que cualquier imposición sobre la actividad independiente y creativa sea «costosa». También explica el tratamiento del tema de la provisión de bienes privados y públicos en la Riqueza de las Naciones. Por tanto, por un lado se describe la naturaleza de la empresa, que provee bienes privados, y por otro la provisión de bienes públicos, es decir, en el caso de la teoría de Smith, las instituciones que facilitan el comercio en general y las que facilitan la instrucción del pueblo.
Una alternativa fisiócrata al Informe de Ley Agraria de Jovellanos
Authors: Astigarraga Jesús , Usoz Javier 
Published: January 2010

ResumenEste trabajo se enmarca en el estudio de la recepción que conoció en España el Informe de Ley Agraria (1795) de Jovellanos. En particular, se centra en una traducción inducida por esta obra, la realizada por J. Álvarez Guerra de un importante texto agronómico del francés F. Rozier. Aunque esta traducción ya ha sido destacada como un logro fundamental de la agronomía ilustrada española, hasta la fecha no se ha prestado ninguna atención al «Discurso Preliminar» que la introducía. Este «Discurso» contenía un resumen muy completo de las ideas económicas fisiócratas. Esto permite su caracterización como una alternativa fisiócrata al Informe de Jovellanos, lo cual, a su vez, posee implicaciones interpretativas respecto, principalmente, a dos cuestiones: una reconsideración más positiva de la presencia de la fisiocracia en nuestras Luces y la aceptación de que la opción librecambista fue una parte consustancial, si bien minoritaria, al programa económico de la Ilustración española.
Mercados laborales internos en la compañía ferroviaria MZA, 1882–1889
Authors: De Viñaspre Fabiola Portillo Pérez , Molinero Cecilio Mar 
Published: January 2010

RESUMENEn este estudio se analiza la posible existencia de alguna forma incipiente de Mercados Laborales Internos (MLIs) en la compañía ferroviaria MZA, en los comienzos de la segunda revolución industrial. Para ello se aplican los métodos no lineales de Escalado Óptimo. Tal como predice la teoría, los resultados muestran dos rasgos característicos del funcionamiento de dichos mercados: la existencia de «puertos de entrada» de los trabajadores en la compañía para niveles bajos de cualificación profesional y el establecimiento de relaciones laborales en el largo plazo. Por tanto, an´logamente a los resultados que presentan recientes estudios sobre empresas ferroviarias del Reino Unido, puede concluirse que en España la compañía MZA ya operaba con una estructura de MLIs antes del siglo XX.