bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The trophic-level-based ecosystem modelling approach: theoretical overview and practical uses
Authors: Gascuel Didier , Guénette Sylvie , Pauly Daniel 
Published: May 2011

AbstractGascuel, D., Guénette, S., and Pauly, D. 2011. The trophic-level-based ecosystem modelling approach: theoretical overview and practical uses. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1403–1416. A trophic-level (TL)-based ecosystem modelling approach is presented, where ecosystem functioning is modelled as a flow of biomass up the foodweb through predation and ontogenetic processes. The approach, based on simple equations derived from fluid dynamics, provides insights into ecosystem functioning and the impact of fishing. A virtual ecosystem is simulated and the model shown to be capable of mimicking the effects of various exploitation patterns on ecosystem biomass expected from the theory. It provides the theoretical basis to explain complex patterns, such as cascading effects, maximum sustainable ecosystem yield, and fishing down the foodweb. The utility of the TL-based approach as a practical tool for determining fishing impacts in specific ecosystems is illustrated using the Guinean ecosystem as a case study, showing how current fishing effort levels led to full exploitation of higher TLs, confirming and generalizing previous single-species assessment results. Finally, catch trophic spectrum analysis is presented to show that it provides reliable biomass estimates when catches per TL and primary production are known.
Performance of the Pediatric-sized i-gel Compared with the Ambu AuraOnce Laryngeal Mask in Anesthetized and Ventilated Children
Authors: Theiler Lorenz G. , Kleine-Brueggeney Maren , Luepold Barbara , Stucki Franziska , Seiler Stefan , Urwyler Natalie , Greif Robert 
Published: May 2011

Background
This prospective, randomized, controlled trial compares the performance of the pediatric i-gel (Intersurgical Ltd., Wokingham, United Kingdom) with the Ambu AuraOnce laryngeal mask (Ambu A/S, Ballerup, Denmark) in anesthetized and ventilated children.

Methods
With ethics committee approval and written informed consent, the authors included 208 children, aged 0-17 yr, scheduled for elective day-surgery under general anesthesia. The primary outcome variable was oropharyngeal leak pressure. Other outcome variables were first-attempt and overall success, time to sufficient ventilation, and adverse events.

Results
Demographic data did not differ between groups. The leak pressure of the i-gel was significantly higher than the leak pressure of the Ambu (mean ± SD: 22 ± 5 cm H₂O vs. 19 ± 3, P < 0.01). First-attempt success was 91% for the i-gel and 93% for the Ambu (P = 0.50). Overall success was 93% for the i-gel versus 98% for the Ambu (P = 0.10). Successfully inserted i-gels needed to be secured by taping in place to ensure the seal in 44% (0% with the Ambu, P < 0.01). Insertion was faster with the Ambu (24 ± 8 s vs. 27 ± 11, P = 0.02). There were no major side effects with either device.

Conclusions
The leak pressure of the i-gel was statistically but not clinically significantly higher than the leak pressure of the Ambu. Time to insertion was longer with the i-gel. Both airway devices are suitable for positive pressure ventilation with high success rates in infants and children. Because the i-gel is prone to sliding out, it must be taped in place to avoid loss of the airway.
Effectiveness of Breathing through Nasal and Oral Routes in Unconscious Apneic Adult Human Subjects
Authors: Jiang Yandong , Bao Fang Ping , Liang Yafen , Kimball William R. , Liu Yanhong , Zapol Warren M. , Kacmarek Robert M. 
Published: May 2011

Background
The authors hypothesized that mouth ventilation by a resuscitator via the nasal route ensures a more patent airway and more effective ventilation than does ventilation via the oral route and therefore would be the optimal manner to ventilate adult patients in emergencies, such as during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. They tested the hypothesis by comparing the effectiveness of mouth-to-nose breathing (MNB) and mouth-to-mouth breathing (MMB) in anesthetized, apneic, adult subjects without muscle paralysis.

Methods
Twenty subjects under general anesthesia randomly received MMB and MNB with their heads placed first in a neutral position and then an extended position. A single operator performed MNB and MMB at the target breathing rate of 10 breaths/min, inspiratory:expiratory ratio 1:2 and peak inspiratory airway pressure 24 cm H₂O. A plethysmograph was used to measure the amplitude change during MMB and MNB. The inspiratory and expiratory tidal volumes during MMB and MNB were calculated retrospectively using the calibration curve.

Results
All data are presented as medians (interquartile ranges). The rates of effective ventilation (expired volume > estimated anatomic dead space) during MNB and MMB were 91.1% (42.4-100%) and 43.1% (42.5-100%) (P < 0.001), and expired tidal volume with MMB 130.5 ml (44.0-372.8 ml) was significantly lower than with MNB 324.5 ml (140.8-509.0 ml), regardless of the head position (P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Direct mouth ventilation delivered exclusively via the nose is significantly more effective than that delivered via the mouth in anesthetized, apneic adult subjects without muscle paralysis. Additional studies are needed to establish whether using this breathing technique during emergency situations will improve patient outcomes.
Transcriptomic profiling of citrus fruit peel tissues reveals fundamental effects of phenylpropanoids and ethylene on induced resistance
Authors: BALLESTER ANA‐ROSA , LAFUENTE M. TERESA , FORMENT JAVIER , GADEA JOSÉ , DE VOS RIC C. H. , BOVY ARNAUD G. , GONZÁLEZ‐CANDELAS LUIS 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYPenicillium spp. are the major postharvest pathogens of citrus fruit in Mediterranean climatic regions. The induction of natural resistance constitutes one of the most promising alternatives to avoid the environmental contamination and health problems caused by chemical fungicides. To understand the bases of the induction of resistance in citrus fruit against Penicillium digitatum, we have used a 12k citrus cDNA microarray to study transcriptional changes in the outer and inner parts of the peel (flavedo and albedo, respectively) of elicited fruits. The elicitor treatment led to an over‐representation of biological processes associated with secondary metabolism, mainly phenylpropanoids and cellular amino acid biosynthesis and methionine metabolism, and the down‐regulation of genes related to biotic and abiotic stresses. Among phenylpropanoids, we detected the over‐expression of a large subset of genes important for the synthesis of flavonoids, coumarins and lignin, especially in the internal tissue. Furthermore, these genes and those of ethylene biosynthesis showed the highest induction. The involvement of both phenylpropanoid and ethylene pathways was confirmed by examining changes in gene expression and ethylene production in elicited citrus fruit. Therefore, global results indicate that secondary metabolism, mainly phenylpropanoids, and ethylene play important roles in the induction of resistance in citrus fruit.
A randomised controlled trial comparing the McGrath® videolaryngoscope with the straight blade laryngoscope when used in adult patients with potential difficult airways*
Authors: Ng I. , Sim X. L. J. , Williams D. , Segal R. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryStudies show that both straight blade laryngoscopy and videolaryngoscopy can improve the view of the larynx when compared with the Macintosh blade laryngoscopy. However, no study has compared these two devices. A total of 80 patients with Mallampati grade ≥ 3 were randomly assigned to either have orotracheal intubation with the McGrath® videolaryngoscope or the Henderson straight blade. The primary outcome was laryngoscopic view. Time to intubation, number of attempts, ease of intubation and complications were also recorded. Thirty‐nine out of 40 patients had grade‐1 views in the McGrath group, compared with 29 out of 40 cases in the Henderson group (p = 0.003). There were no statistically significant differences in the secondary outcomes. Two patients suffered from minor oropharyngeal injuries in the Henderson group. Apart from offering significantly more grade‐1 laryngoscopic views, the McGrath videolaryngoscope did not improve other clinical outcomes compared with the straight blade, when used in patients with poor Mallampati scores.
Somatostatin receptors are strongly expresssed in palmoplantar sweat glands and ducts: studies of normal and palmoplantar pustulosis skin
Authors: Hagforsen E. , Michaëlsson G. , Stridsberg M. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryBackground. The acrosyringium is the target for inflammation in the chronic and intensely inflammatory skin disease palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP). The sweat-gland apparatus seems to be an immunocompetent structure that probably contributes to skin defence. Furthermore, the sweat gland and duct may be a hitherto unrecognized neuroendocrine organ.Aim. To obtain further information about the neuroendocrine properties of the sweat-gland apparatus by examining expression of the somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) 1–5 in healthy palmar skin and in PPP skin.Methods. Biopsy specimens were taken from 25 patients with PPP and 25 healthy controls. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to investigate expression of SSTRs 1–5.Results. SSTRs 1–5 were expressed in both epidermal and endothelial structures. The staining intensity of the sweat-gland apparatus was more pronounced than that of the epidermis. Expression differed significantly between lesional PPP and normal plantar skin, with increased expression of SSTRs 3 and 4 in ducts in epidermis, and decreased expression of SSTR 1 in ducts in both papillary and reticular dermis. In specimens with pronounced inflammation, numerous dendritic cells with strong expression of SSTRs 1, 2 and 4 were seen, especially in the papillary dermis.Conclusions. The presence of SSTRs in palmoplantar skin, and specifically at high density in the sweat glands and ducts, might be of particular importance in skin neuroimmunoendocrinology. Although the relevance of the changes in SSTR expression in PPP skin compared with normal skin is unclear, our hypothesis is that these differences might influence the function of both the neuroendocrine and neuroimmunological properties of palmoplantar skin, especially in the sweat-gland apparatus.
An in vitro experimental model of neuroinflammation: the induction of interleukin‐6 in murine astrocytes infected with Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus, and its inhibition by oestrogenic receptor modulators
Authors: Rubio Nazario , Cerciat Marie , Unkila Mikko , Garcia‐Segura Luis M. , Arevalo Maria‐Angeles 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThis paper describes an experimental model of neuroinflammation based on the production of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) by neural glial cells infected with Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). Production of IL‐6 mRNA in mock‐infected and TMEV‐infected SJL/J murine astrocytes was examined using the Affymetrix murine genome U74v2 DNA microarray. The IL‐6 mRNA from infected cells showed an eightfold increase in hybridization to a sequence encoding IL‐6 located on chromosome number 5. Quantitative real‐time reverse transcription PCR (qPCR) was used to study the regulation of IL‐6 expression. The presence of IL‐6 in the supernatants of TMEV‐infected astrocyte cultures was quantified by ELISA and found to be weaker than in cultures of infected macrophages. The IL‐6 was induced by whole TMEV virions, but not by Ad.βGal adenovirus, purified TMEV capsid proteins, or UV‐inactivated virus. Two recombinant inflammatory cytokines, IL‐1α and tumour necrosis factor‐α were also found to be potent inducers of IL‐6. The secreted IL‐6 was biologically active because it fully supported B9 hybridoma proliferation in a [3H]thymidine incorporation bioassay. The cerebrospinal fluid of infected mice contained IL‐6 during the acute encephalitis phase, peaking at days 2–4 post‐infection. Finally, this in vitro neuroinflammation model was fully inhibited, as demonstrated by ELISA and qPCR, by five selective oestrogen receptor modulators.
A stratified genetic risk assessment for testicular cancer
Authors: Kratz C. P. , Greene M. H. , Bratslavsky G. , Shi J. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThree genome‐wide association studies of testicular cancer have uncovered predisposition alleles in or near KITLG, BAK1, SPRY4, TERT, ATF7IP and DMRT1. We investigated whether testicular cancer‐risk alleles can be utilized in the clinical setting. We employed the receiver operating characteristic curves for genetic risk models to measure the discriminatory power of a risk variant‐based risk model, and found that the newly discovered variants provided a discriminatory power of 69.2%. This suggested that about 69.2% of the time, a randomly selected patient with testicular cancer had a higher estimated risk than the risk for a randomly selected control subject. Using a multiplicative model, we estimated that white men in the top 1% of genetic risk as defined by eight risk variants had a relative risk that was 10.5‐fold greater than that for the general white male population. This risk differential does not appear to be clinically useful, given the relative rarity and highly curable nature of testicular germ cell tumour (TGCT). In the authors’ view, a stratified genetic risk assessment strategy might be useful, theoretically, for men who also have independent clinical risk factors for testicular cancer. Several established TGCT risk factors, such as cryptorchidism (RR = 4.8) and male infertility (SIR = 2.8) might prove useful in that context, but we currently do not know whether these testicular cancer‐risk loci are associated with, or independent of, such clinical risk factors. More research is required before we can utilize testicular cancer‐risk loci for clinically meaningful risk prediction.
The influence of breakfast and dairy products on dietary calcium and vitamin D intake in postpubertal adolescents and young adults
Authors: Peters B. S. E. , Verly Jr E. , Marchioni D. M. L. , Fisberg M. , Martini L. A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackground:  Given the importance of both calcium and vitamin D for bone health and the high prevalence of vitamin D from around the world, the present study aimed to evaluate calcium and vitamin D intake in a group of healthy Brazilian adolescents and young adults and to examine the influence of breakfast and dairy products in the total intake of these nutrients.Methods:  One hundred and sixty adolescents and young adults, aged 16–20 years old, from a public school, participated in the present study. Three‐day dietary records were used to assess calcium and vitamin D intakes. Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured using a radioimmunoassay kit. The results were expressed as the mean (SD).Results:  Only 3.8% of the subjects met the daily adequate intake recommendation for calcium, and none for vitamin D [682.2 (132.2) mg day−1 and 124.0 (28.0) IU day−1, respectively]. 25(OH)D serum levels were insufficient in 51.5% and deficient in 9.7% of the individuals [72.5 (22.3) nmol L−1]. There was a significant positive correlation between dairy product intake with both calcium and vitamin D (r = 0.597 and r = 0.561, respectively; P = 0.000). Adolescents who ate breakfast had a significant higher mean calcium, vitamin D and dairy product intake than adolescents who did not report this meal.Conclusions:  The majority of adolescents and young adults did not consume recommended intakes of calcium and vitamin D and also presented 25(OH)D insufficiency. The results indicate that a regular breakfast and the consumption of dairy products represent important strategies in improving calcium and vitamin D intake in the diet.
Characterization of monilia disease caused by Monilinia linhartiana on quince in southern Spain
Authors: Moral J. , Muñoz‐Díez C. , Cabello D. , Arquero O. , Lovera M. , Benítez M. J. , Trapero A. 
Published: May 2011

This study elucidates the aetiology and epidemiology of monilia disease of quince caused by the fungus Monilinia linhartiana in Spain. Disease incidence and the dynamics of apothecial development and ascospore discharge were quantified and the pathogen was characterized using morphological and molecular methods. The pathogen did not produce conidia or apothecia on agar media but produced conidia on leaves showing symptoms and apothecia on mummified young quince fruit. Monilinia linhartiana was not pathogenic on ripe quince fruit but was readily isolated from developing, mummified fruit (pseudosclerotia). Phylogenetic analysis based on 5·8S‐ITS region sequences placed M. linhartiana in the Disjuntoriae section of Monilinia species infecting rosaceous hosts. Studies during 2004–2008 in four commercial orchards in southern Spain determined two major infection periods for the disease. The first coincided with the unfolding of the first leaves and resulted in leaf blotch and shoot blight. The second coincided with flowering and led to mummification of developing young fruit. Foliar infection was apparently initiated by airborne ascospores produced on pseudosclerotia that overwintered on the soil surface, while flower infection was probably initiated by conidia produced on leaf lesions. Incidence of diseased shoots ranged from 1 to 91% and was correlated with calculated inoculum potential, based on the density and maturity of apothecia formed on pseudosclerotia. This epidemiological study has made it possible to characterize the life cycle of monilia disease on quince in southern Spain, which will help the development of new control strategies.
Phosphite primed defence responses and enhanced expression of defence genes in Arabidopsis thaliana infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Eshraghi L. , Anderson J. , Aryamanesh N. , Shearer B. , McComb J. , Hardy G. E. StJ. , O’Brien P. A. 
Published: May 2011

This paper describes the effect of phosphite (Phi), a systemic chemical, on the induction of defence responses in Phytophthora cinnamomi‐infected Arabidopsis thaliana accessions Ler and Col‐0. Application of Phi to non‐inoculated A. thaliana seedlings of accession Ler elevated transcription of defence genes in the salicylic acid (PR1 and PR5) and jasmonic acid/ethylene (THI2.1 and PDF1.2) pathways. Furthermore, a systemic increase in the expression of the PR1 gene was demonstrated in Phi‐treated seedlings using the transgenic line PR1::GUS in the presence/absence of the pathogen by 72 h after inoculation. The cells of Phi‐treated A. thaliana Ler leaves responded to P. cinnamomi zoospore inoculation with a rapid increase in callose deposition and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. Phi treatment resulted in the production of callose papillae 6 h earlier than in non‐Phi‐treated inoculated seedlings and enhanced the production of H2O2 in the leaves of A. thaliana at the site of hyphal penetration and in cells away from the inoculation point. By 24 h after infection, clear differences in the amount of H2O2 production were observed between the Phi‐treated and non‐Phi‐treated plants. These rapid host responses did not occur in non‐Phi‐treated inoculated seedlings. There was also a significant (P < 0·001) decrease in lesion size in Phi‐treated plants. These results indicate that Phi primes the plant for a rapid and intense response to infection involving heightened activation of a range of defence responses.
Detection of botryosphaeriaceous species in environmental samples using a multi‐species primer pair
Authors: Ridgway H. J. , Amponsah N. T. , Brown D. S. , Baskarathevan J. , Jones E. E. , Jaspers M. V. 
Published: May 2011

Botryosphaeriaceous species are significant grapevine trunk pathogens worldwide, which can be difficult to identify to species level using conventional morphological methods. This study developed and optimized a quick, reliable molecular identification method that could facilitate investigations into the epidemiology of these diseases in vineyards. The multi‐species primers, BOT100F and BOT472R, amplified a 371–372 bp portion of the rRNA gene region from the six botryosphaeriaceous species commonly found in New Zealand vineyards. In silico analysis indicated that they would amplify DNA from six of the 12 lineages of the Botryosphaeriaceae, including all of the main species pathogenic to grapevines. A detection sensitivity of 1 and 0·1 pg DNA in standard and nested PCR, respectively, was achieved and this was calculated as equivalent to 2·5 conidia. Validation of the primers for environmental samples showed that their specificity was not compromized by the presence of competing DNA templates extracted from wood and soil. Single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of the amplicons could resolve Neofusicoccum australe, N. luteum, Diplodia mutila and D. seriata, but did not differentiate between N. parvum and N. ribis. The optimized PCR‐SSCP was used to identify botryosphaeriaceous species present in rainwater traps collected over 1 year in a vineyard known to contain infected vines. It could detect multiple species in individual samples and demonstrated differences in the dispersal patterns of conidia from different species. Given the specificity and sensitivity of this method it could prove useful in epidemiology studies involving the numerous botryosphaeriaceous species that infect a wide range of host species.
Structure and binding specificity of the receiver domain of sensor histidine kinase CKI1 from Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Pekárová Blanka , Klumpler Tomáš , Třísková Olga , Horák Jakub , Jansen Séverine , Dopitová Radka , Borkovcová Petra , Papoušková Veronika , Nejedlá Eliška , Sklenář Vladimír , Marek Jaromír , Žídek Lukáš , Hejátko Jan , Janda Lubomír 
Published: May 2011

SummaryMultistep phosphorelay (MSP) signaling mediates responses to a variety of important stimuli in plants. In Arabidopsis MSP, the signal is transferred from sensor histidine kinase (HK) via histidine phosphotransfer proteins (AHP1–AHP5) to nuclear response regulators. In contrast to ancestral two‐component signaling in bacteria, protein interactions in plant MSP are supposed to be rather nonspecific. Here, we show that the C‐terminal receiver domain of HK CKI1 (CKI1RD) is responsible for the recognition of CKI1 downstream signaling partners, and specifically interacts with AHP2, AHP3 and AHP5 with different affinities. We studied the effects of Mg2+, the co‐factor necessary for signal transduction via MSP, and phosphorylation‐mimicking BeF3− on CKI1RD in solution, and determined the crystal structure of free CKI1RD and CKI1RD in a complex with Mg2+. We found that the structure of CKI1RD shares similarities with the only known structure of plant HK, ETR1RD, with the main differences being in loop L3. Magnesium binding induces the rearrangement of some residues around the active site of CKI1RD, as was determined by both X‐ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Collectively, these results provide initial insights into the nature of molecular mechanisms determining the specificity of MSP signaling and MSP catalysis in plants.