bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the effects of various edible coatings on the storability of fresh cherry
Authors: Aday M. S. , Caner C. 
Published: September 2010

Abstractn this work, cherries, which have a very short shelf life, were packaged after being coated with various edible coatings [whey protein isolate (WPI), chitosan and shellac]. The changes in gas composition, weight loss, Brix, pH, electrical conductivity and firmness were measured periodically up to 11 days after harvest to compare the effects of the applied coatings. Fourier transform near‐infrared (FT‐NIR) spectroscopymeasurements were also taken individually. After storage, the gas composition within trays was about 1–10% O2 and 14–47% CO2. The lowest weight loss (25.56%) was observed in the shellac‐coated cherries, while the highest loss (48.58%) occurred in the control group. Coated cherries exhibited a significantly lower pH and electrical conductivity than the uncoated ones. The control group presented the highest total soluble solid (TSS) values (21.29) and shellac coating had (17.25) the lowest. At the end of storage, the highest ascorbic acid (AA) content was 0.64 mg/100 ml in the shellac‐coated cherries, and the lowest AA content of 0.40 mg/100 ml was measured in the control group. Firmness was maintained by coating, especially with shellac (3.734 N), whereas the control had the lowest firmness measured (2.138 N) at the end of storage. There were differences between the absorbance spectra for the coated and control cherries at the end of storage. This research concludes that shellac coating is more effective in reducing the respiration rate and maintaining the quality parameters of cherries than chitosan and WPI coatings. Major benefits of coatings were observed in lessening the weight‐loss process and in maintaining firmness, which were also supported by the FT‐NIR measurements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the time compression (test acceleration) of broadband random vibration tests
Authors: Shires David 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMany broadband random vibration tests are time compressed. This is done by increasing test intensity according to the Basquin model of cyclic fatigue. Conventionally, the test level is accelerated from the root mean acceleration and an assumed power constant (k = 2) is applied. Using conventional analysis the potential error in test severity can be very large if k is incorrect. The Miner–Palmgren hypothesis of accumulated fatigue is used to re‐assess the potential error in test severity accounting for the non‐stationarity found in road distribution. This shows a substantially reduced sensitivity to the value of k depending on the distribution of actual vibration intensities around the time‐compressed test intensity. Using an example of a leaf‐sprung vehicle, the conventional level of time compression is shown to have low sensitivity to errors in k, whereas for an example of an air‐ride vehicle a lower level of time compression is needed to reduce error sensitivity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delay‐dependent LMI condition for global asymptotic stability of discrete‐time uncertain state‐delayed systems using quantization/overflow nonlinearities
Authors: Kandanvli V. Krishna Rao , Kar Haranath 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA delay‐dependent criterion for the global asymptotic stability of a class of uncertain discrete‐time state‐delayed systems using various combinations of quantization and overflow nonlinearities is presented. The proposed criterion is in the form of a linear matrix inequality and, hence, computationally tractable. A numerical example highlighting the usefulness of the proposed criterion is given. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuron‐glial cell communication in the traumatic stress‐induced immunomodulation
Authors: Zhao Hui , Xiao Sheng , Kong Xiaoyan , Wang Jun , Cao Xiaoding , Gencheng Wu , Loh Horace H. , Law Ping‐Yee 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe have previously reported that neuron and glia could collaboratively govern the immunomodulation in traumatic rats. Herein, we characterized the sequential involvement of cortical neuron, microglia, and astrocytes in the traumatic stress‐mediated neuroimmune modulation. At day 1 of trauma, transient extracellular signal related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation was initiated in neuron and microglia, which was accompanied by RSK‐1 expression in the cytosol. At day 3 of trauma, persistent ERK1/2 activation occurred in astrocytes, which were destined for the nucleus leading to Elk‐1 expression. Furthermore, the functional overlap of ERK1/2 and neuroligin 1 in astrocytes was strengthened at day 3 of trauma and responsible for the recovery from the immnosuppression. These effects could be disrupted by β‐neurexin blockade. Altogether, we proposed the mechanism underlying the traumatic stress‐induced immunosuppression, in which local activity ensured the initial establishment of neural circuitry in the frontal cortex. ERK1/2‐signaling events are required for the temporal and spatial coordination between neuron and glial cells. Synapse, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using Ecological Theory to Evaluate the Effectiveness of an Indigenous Community Intervention: A Study of Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) Programs
Authors: Campbell Rebecca , Patterson Debra , Fehler-Cabral Giannina 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn recent years, there has been renewed interest among community psychologists in indigenous interventions, which are programs created by local practitioners (rather than researchers) already rooted in their communities. Indigenous interventions have strong ecological validity, but their effectiveness is often unknown because so few are rigorously evaluated. The goal of this project was to use Kelly and Trickett's ecological theory as a conceptual framework for evaluating an indigenous intervention and its mediating mechanisms of effectiveness. The focal intervention was a midwestern Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) program, which provides post‐assault medical care, crisis intervention, and medical forensic exams for sexual assault survivors. Prior studies of SANE programs have suggested that these interventions may help increase sexual assault prosecution rates. In this case example, we used a mixed methods design to determine if this program contributed to increased prosecution rates, and if so, why. Based on qualitative interviews with key stakeholders, we found substantial evidence for the Principle of Interdependence such that the SANE program strengthened the interconnections between the legal and medical systems, which contributed to increased prosecution. The intervention was effective in these outcomes because it promoted Cycling of Resources throughout the systems and fostered Adaptation of new roles for legal and medical personnel. Moving beyond this specific case example, this paper also examines cross‐cutting advantages and struggles of using an ecological approach in the evaluation of indigenous community interventions.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Hepatic Steatosis and Restores Liver Triacylglycerol Secretion and the Fatty Acid Profile During Protein Repletion in Rats
Authors: Andreoli María F. , Illesca Paola G. , González Marcela A. , Bernal Claudio A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractProtein depletion is associated with hepatic steatosis and decreased circulating triacylglycerol (TAG). Since conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) increases lean body mass, protects against muscle catabolism, and modulates lipid metabolism, the aim of this work was to investigate the effects of CLA with two different amounts of dietary fat on the regulation of plasma and hepatic TAG concentration, and its possible connections with changes in fatty acid (FA) profile in plasma, liver and adipose tissue and hepatic oxidative status during protein repletion. Rats were fed a low protein diet (14 days) and then a protein repletion diet (30 days), supplemented or not with CLA, containing 7% (w/w) or 20% (w/w) of fat. Hepatic TAG secretion and removal by muscle and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase, FA profile and liver oxidative status were evaluated. Protein depletion affected hepatic TAG secretion and peripheral removal, decreasing plasma and increasing liver TAG concentration, whereas protein repletion with CLA improved these abnormalities independently of the amount of dietary fat by increasing hepatic TAG secretion. This prevention in the absence of CLA was not observed. CLA was incorporated in plasma and tissues (adipose > liver > plasma, and c9,t11‐CLA > t10,c12‐CLA), accompanied by alterations in FA composition, mainly in adipose tissue. The hepatic oxidative stress was overcome by protein repletion. CLA had a beneficial impact on TAG metabolism in protein repleted animals, preventing hepatic steatosis through higher hepatic TAG secretion.
Outcome of limb lengthening in fibular hemimelia and a functional foot
Authors: Changulani M. , Ali F. , Mulgrew E. , Day J. B. , Zenios M. 
Published: September 2010

Background The decision to recommend either reconstructive or ablative surgery to the parents of children with fibular hemimelia is difficult and debatable in the orthopaedic literature. Methods This is a retrospective study reporting our experience of the treatment of eight children (eight limbs) with fibular hemimelia with limb lengthening using Ilizarov or Taylor spatial frames. All of these children had type 1 or 2a fibular hemimelia (Achterman and Kalamchi). We used the number of rays present in the foot as a guide to decide on the treatment option. Children with more than three rays at the time of presentation were considered for limb reconstruction using Taylor spatial or Ilizarov frames. Results All patients were ambulatory and mobile with acceptable leg lengths and limb alignment at the time of last follow-up. All of them were satisfied with the outcome. Knee stiffness was a significant problem in the majority of the patients following lengthening. Conclusions We conclude that limb reconstruction in children with less severe forms of fibular hemimelia is a good option.
Electronic versus open outcry trading in agricultural commodities futures markets
Authors: Martinez Valeria , Gupta Paramita , Tse Yiuman , Kittiakarasakun Jullavut 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) introduced side by side trading of its agricultural futures commodities in August 2006. We analyze and compare market quality conditions in corn, soybeans, and wheat futures when these contracts trade simultaneously on open outcry and electronic trading venues. We find that volume migrates from floor trading to electronic trading and transaction costs are higher for floor than for screen‐based trading. Nonetheless, we observe that both trading venues contribute significantly to price discovery. Given the recent surge in volatility in commodities futures markets, we also investigate activity variables such as volume that can help explain volatility in the two different trading platforms. We find that for agricultural commodities, variables that help describe volatility are not characteristic of the type of trading venue.
Isotopic tracers of paleohydrologic change in large lakes of the Bolivian Altiplano
Authors: Placzek Christa J. , Quade Jay , Patchett P. Jonathan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe have developed an 87Sr/86Sr, 234U/238U, and δ18O data set from carbonates associated with late Quaternary paleolake cycles on the southern Bolivian Altiplano as a tool for tracking and understanding the causes of lake-level fluctuations. Distinctive groupings of 87Sr/86Sr ratios are observed. Ratios are highest for the Ouki lake cycle (120–95 ka) at 0.70932, lowest for Coipasa lake cycle (12.8–11.4 ka) at 0.70853, and intermediate at 0.70881 to 0.70884 for the Salinas (95–80 ka), Inca Huasi (~ 45 ka), Sajsi (24–20.5 ka), and Tauca (18.1–14.1 ka) lake cycles. These Sr ratios reflect variable contributions from the eastern and western Cordilleras. The Laca hydrologic divide exerts a primary influence on modern and paleolake 87Sr/86Sr ratios; waters show higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios north of this divide. Most lake cycles were sustained by slightly more rainfall north of this divide but with minimal input from Lake Titicaca. The Coipasa lake cycle appears to have been sustained mainly by rainfall south of this divide. In contrast, the Ouki lake cycle was an expansive lake, deepest in the northern (Poópo) basin, and spilling southward. These results indicate that regional variability in central Andean wet events can be reconstructed using geochemical patterns from this lake system.
Sexual Harassment and Employer Liability: A Critical Analysis of the South African Legal Position
Authors: Chicktay Mohamed Alli 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOn 27 April 1994 South Africans adopted a new constitution, with founding values of dignity, equality and freedom. Despite the new constitution, the majority of women remain victims within the workplace. They still find themselves a minority within senior management and are often subjected to sexual harassment. Women are either denied work opportunities for refusing to give in to a perpetrator's sexual advances or they are forced to work in an unpleasant environment that severely infringes on their dignity. There are five legal options available to victims of sexual harassment within the South African workplace. These are claims against the employer for: vicarious liability; automatically unfair dismissal; unfair labour practices; failing to create a safe working environment; and violating the Employment Equity Act. This article examines the strengths and weaknesses of these legal actions. It also makes further suggestions aimed at curbing workplace sexual harassment within South Africa.
INTRODUCTION TO MACROECONOMIC DYNAMICS SPECIAL ISSUE: PUBLIC POLICY, EXTERNALITIES, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Authors: Turnovsky Stephen J. , Wendner Ronald 
Published: September 2010

Externalities are a fundamental aspect of any modern interdependent economy. The fact that agents interact with one another makes it inevitable that their decisions will influence one another directly, in addition to any indirect impact that may occur through the market place. Ever since the earliest stages of the discipline, externalities have been of prime concern to economists, who have long argued that they provide an important motive for (economic) decision making. To cite one prominent example, in The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Adam Smith notes that “Though it is in order to supply the necessities and conveniences of the body that the advantages of external fortune are originally recommended to us, yet we cannot live long in the world without perceiving that the respect of our equals, our credit and rank in the society we live in, depend very much upon the degree in which we possess, or are supposed to possess those advantages. The desire of becoming the proper objects of this respect . . . is perhaps the strongest of all our desires” [Smith (1759, pp. 348–349)]. In modern terminology, Adam Smith is referring to a consumption externality.
Clustering and Local Magnification Effects in Atom Probe Tomography: A Statistical Approach
Authors: Philippe Thomas , Gruber Maria , Vurpillot François , Blavette D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLocal magnification effects and trajectory overlaps related to the presence of a second phase (clusters) are key problems and still open issues in the assessment of quantitative composition data in three-dimensional atom probe tomography (APT) particularly for tiny solute-enriched clusters. A model based on the distribution of distance of first nearest neighbor atoms has been developed to exhibit the variations in the apparent atomic density in reconstructed volumes and to correct compositions that are biased by local magnification effects. This model was applied to both simulated APT reconstructions and real experimental data and shows an excellent agreement with the expected composition of clusters.
PATTERNS BEHIND UNMARRIED COHABITATION TRENDS IN EUROPE
Authors: Kasearu Kairi , Kutsar Dagmar 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
The current paper is aimed at contributing to the ongoing debate about divergence and convergence of family patterns in Europe. By adding several Eastern European countries and using several additional background indicators of cohabiting unions, the paper explores previous considerations of unmarried cohabitation. The main conclusion is that, as a universal trend, cohabitation is spreading across Europe and that while acquiring a normative value in a country it starts to develop its internal diversity. Besides convergence (with reference to universalistic approach), there is a noticeable trend towards divergence of the cohabitation patterns in Europe. The analysis is based on the European Social Survey, Round 2, 3 and 4 (2004, 2006 and 2008 respectively) and includes the data of 15 European countries (Belgium, Switzerland, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, France, Slovakia and Slovenia).
Robustness of fish assemblages derived from three hierarchical agglomerative clustering algorithms performed on Icelandic groundfish survey data
Authors: Singh Warsha , Hjorleifsson Einar , Stefansson Gunnar 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Singh, W., Hjorleifsson, E., and Stefansson, G. 2011. Robustness of fish assemblages derived from three hierarchical agglomerative clustering algorithms performed on Icelandic groundfish survey data. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 189–200. Heatmaps are used to identify species–area assemblages based on Icelandic groundfish survey data. Hierarchical agglomerative clustering algorithms are widely applied for species assemblage studies and form the basis for heatmaps. First, the robustness of fish assemblages derived from three clustering algorithms, Average, Complete, and Ward's linkage, was examined. For statistical reliability, the use of a bootstrap resampling technique to generate the confidence values for the clusters is emphasized. Two cluster validity indices were used to measure the efficiency and the quality of the clusters. To examine the stability of the results, clustering was carried out across different sample sizes and levels of data smoothing. Second, cluster analysis was carried out using a different combination of data standardization and dissimilarity measure. Ward's linkage gave the most robust fish assemblages for both modes of data analyses. Four fish assemblages were identified which could be characterized according to the depth and the geographic distribution. This algorithm was then used to generate a heatmap to determine the species–area relationships. Specific areas were characterized by the identified species groups.
Green tribology: principles, research areas and challenges
Authors: Nosonovsky Michael , Bhushan Bharat 
Published: September 2010

In this introductory paper for the Theme Issue on green tribology, we discuss the concept of green tribology and its relation to other areas of tribology as well as other ‘green’ disciplines, namely, green engineering and green chemistry. We formulate the 12 principles of green tribology: the minimization of (i) friction and (ii) wear, (iii) the reduction or complete elimination of lubrication, including self-lubrication, (iv) natural and (v) biodegradable lubrication, (vi) using sustainable chemistry and engineering principles, (vii) biomimetic approaches, (viii) surface texturing, (ix) environmental implications of coatings, (x) real-time monitoring, (xi) design for degradation, and (xii) sustainable energy applications. We further define three areas of green tribology: (i) biomimetics for tribological applications, (ii) environment-friendly lubrication, and (iii) the tribology of renewable-energy application. The integration of these areas remains a primary challenge for this novel area of research. We also discuss the challenges of green tribology and future directions of research.
Characterization of the β-Carotene Hydroxylase Gene DSM2 Conferring Drought and Oxidative Stress Resistance by Increasing Xanthophylls and Abscisic Acid Synthesis in Rice
Authors: Du Hao , Wang Nili , Cui Fei , Li Xianghua , Xiao Jinghua , Xiong Lizhong 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Drought is a major limiting factor for crop production. To identify critical genes for drought resistance in rice (Oryza sativa), we screened T-DNA mutants and identified a drought-hypersensitive mutant, dsm2. The mutant phenotype was caused by a T-DNA insertion in a gene encoding a putative β-carotene hydroxylase (BCH). BCH is predicted for the biosynthesis of zeaxanthin, a carotenoid precursor of abscisic acid (ABA). The amounts of zeaxanthin and ABA were significantly reduced in two allelic dsm2 mutants after drought stress compared with the wild type. Under drought stress conditions, the mutant leaves lost water faster than the wild type and the photosynthesis rate, biomass, and grain yield were significantly reduced, whereas malondialdehyde level and stomata aperture were increased in the mutant. The mutant is also hypersensitive to oxidative stresses. The mutant had significantly lower maximal efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry and nonphotochemical quenching capacity than the wild type, indicating photoinhibition in photosystem II and decreased capacity for eliminating excess energy by thermal dissipation. Overexpression of DSM2 in rice resulted in significantly increased resistance to drought and oxidative stresses and increases of the xanthophylls and nonphotochemical quenching. Some stress-related ABA-responsive genes were up-regulated in the overexpression line. DSM2 is a chloroplast protein, and the response of DSM2 to environmental stimuli is distinctive from the other two BCH members in rice. We conclude that the DSM2 gene significantly contributes to control of the xanthophyll cycle and ABA synthesis, both of which play critical roles in the establishment of drought resistance in rice.
The Bacterial Pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae Overcomes Rice Defenses by Regulating Host Copper Redistribution
Authors: Yuan Meng , Chu Zhaohui , Li Xianghua , Xu Caiguo , Wang Shiping 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Pathogen effectors are virulence factors causing plant diseases. How the host targets of these effectors facilitate pathogen infection is largely unknown. An effector of Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) transcriptionally activates rice (Oryza sativa) susceptibility gene Xa13 to cause bacterial blight disease. Xa13 encodes an indispensable plasma membrane protein of the MtN3/saliva family, which is prevalent in eukaryotes with unknown biochemical function. We show that the XA13 protein cooperates with two other proteins, COPT1 and COPT5, to promote removal of copper from xylem vessels, where Xoo multiplies and spreads to cause disease. Copper, an essential micronutrient of plants and an important element for a number of pesticides in agriculture, suppresses Xoo growth. Xoo strain PXO99 is more sensitive to copper than other strains; its infection of rice is associated with activation of XA13, COPT1, and COPT5, which modulate copper redistribution in rice. The involvement of XA13 in copper redistribution has led us to propose a mechanism of bacterial virulence.