bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supplementation of N‐3 LCPUFA to the Diet of Children Older Than 2 Years: A Commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition
Authors:   ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition:, Agostoni Carlo , Braegger Christian , Decsi Tamás , Kolacek Sanja , Mihatsch Walter , Moreno Luis A , Puntis John , Shamir Raanan , Szajewska Hania , Turck Dominique , van Goudoever Johannes 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThe aim of this commentary is to review data on the effect of supplementation of paediatric patients ages 2 years or older with n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). Some evidence for a positive effect on functional outcome in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was found; however, benefit was seen in only about half of the randomised controlled trials (RCT), and studies varied widely not only in dose and form of supplementation but also in the functional outcome parameter tested. The committee concludes that there are insufficient data to recommend n‐3 LCPUFA supplementation in the treatment of children with ADHD, but further research on n‐3 LCPUFA supplementation in ADHD may be worthwhile. The committee was unable to find evidence of a favourable effect of n‐3 LCPUFA supplementation on cognitive function in children. Although no benefit of n‐3 LCPUFA supplementation was seen for major clinical outcome parameters in children with cystic fibrosis, a potentially beneficial shift towards less‐inflammatory eicosanoid profiles seen in 2 studies provides grounds for further investigation; it is possible that earlier and longer supplementation periods may be needed to demonstrate clinical effect. For children with phenylketonuria, the limited data available suggest that supplementation of n‐3 LCPUFA to the diet is both feasible and safe, but offers only transient benefit in visual function. For children with bronchial asthma there are insufficient data to suggest that LCPUFA supplementation has a beneficial effect. The committee advises paediatricians that most health claims about supplementation of n‐3 LCPUFA in various diseases in children and adolescents are not supported by convincing scientific data.
Thalidomide Use and Outcomes in Pediatric Patients With Crohn Disease Refractory to Infliximab and Adalimumab
Authors: Felipez Lina M. , Gokhale Ranjana , Tierney Matthew P. , Kirschner Barbara S. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTObjective:The aim of the study was to evaluate thalidomide as rescue therapy for pediatric patients with severe refractory Crohn disease (CD) who failed to respond to antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) biologic agents.Patients and Methods:A computerized database was used to identify children with CD who had failed conventional immunosuppression therapy and received thalidomide rescue therapy. Twelve patients, mean age at diagnosis 10 years, were identified. Eight children had disease localized to the ileum and colon and 4 to the gastroduodenal area and colon. Five cases were complicated by strictures and 7 by fistulae. Previous drug therapy included azathioprine/6‐mercaptopurine (11/12), methotrexate (7/12), and anti‐TNF biologics (12/12). Outcome measures were Harvey‐Bradshaw Index, change in prednisone dose, hospitalizations, bowel resections, and incision and drainage procedures. Laboratory evaluations were calculated before and after 1 to 6 months of thalidomide.Results:Mean Harvey‐Bradshaw Index score improved from 11.8 to 3.9 (P = 0.0004), mean prednisone dose decreased from 13.9 to 2.3 mg/day (P = 0.001), mean number of hospitalizations decreased from 6.3 to 1.3 (P = 0.002), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate decreased from 35 to 14 mm/h (P = 0.02). The surgery rate pre‐thalidomide was 0.031 and on thalidomide was 0.004. Of the 7 patients with fistulae, 5 had complete fistula closure, 1 had partial closure, and 1 showed no improvement. Adverse reactions that resulted in discontinuation of thalidomide are as follows: 42% peripheral neuropathy, 17% worsening of the CD, 8% dizziness, and 8% allergic reaction. All 5 patients who developed peripheral neuropathy had clinical resolution of the neurologic symptoms within 2 to 3 months after stopping thalidomide.Conclusions:Thalidomide is a potentially effective rescue therapy for severe refractory CD in children who fail to respond to anti‐TNF medications.
Medication Knowledge
Authors: Fishman Laurie N. , Houtman Dirk , van Groningen Julia , Arnold Janis , Ziniel Sonja 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTObjective:Adolescents with chronic illness need to develop skills to independently manage their own health. Knowledge of medication is an early step in this process. We explored which factors affect acquisition of medication knowledge in adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).Patients and Methods:Consecutive patients with IBD older than 10 years received a confidential survey at an outpatient visit including questions regarding medication name, dose, and adverse effects. Results were compared with the medical record. Demographic characteristics obtained included age, sex, disease duration, and type of IBD.Results:Completed surveys were returned by 294 patients (65% of those approached). Overall, 95% of patients could name their medication and 54% could identify their correct dose. Of 95 patients receiving biologics, 88% could identify the medicine and 50% could report either dose or timing. Of 139 patients on immunomodulator therapy, 94% could name medicine and 68% reported correct dose. Sex, type, or duration of disease did not affect name or dose knowledge. Generally, older patients did not demonstrate better medication or dosage knowledge than younger patients, although there was a significant trend toward improved knowledge of side effects for older patients. However, <32% of all of the patients could report a single major medication side effect.Conclusion:Medication knowledge is an early stage of self‐management, yet many adolescents cannot report the dose of IBD medications, nor know the side effects of immunosuppression. This finding persists into late adolescence, which has ramifications for patients as they separate from parents for college or work.
Short‐course Ondansetron for the Prevention of Methotrexate‐induced Nausea in Children With Crohn Disease
Authors: Kempinska Anna , Benchimol Eric I. , Mack Amanda , Barkey Janice , Boland Margaret , Mack David R. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTObjectives:Methotrexate (MTX) is an effective treatment for Crohn disease (CD); however, its application may be limited by the occurrence of nausea. We assessed whether a short course of ondansetron minimized this adverse event.Patients and Methods:A retrospective case‐control study of patients with CD who received MTX at the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario between 2001 and 2009 was conducted.Results:Sixty‐four patients received MTX during this time period. The mean age of diagnosis was 12.0 ± 3.0 years (± standard deviation), and the mean age when MTX was initiated was 13.6 ± 2.6 years. Those receiving only 1 or 2 doses of MTX (N = 4) and stopped for reasons other than development of nausea were not included in the analysis. Fifty patients received ondansetron premedication using a 4‐ to 8‐week tapering schedule with MTX, and only 1 patient (2.0%) developed nausea within the first 3 months of MTX. In contrast, 6 of 10 patients (60.0%, P < 0.001) not premedicated with ondansetron reported nausea following MTX within 3 months. Four of these 6 patients subsequently received ondansetron and had no further complaints. Following ondansetron discontinuation, 5 of 50 (10%) patients developed nausea with subsequent MTX injections, but responded to reinstitution of ondansetron. Some children developed anticipatory nausea (6/60, 10%) and 3 experienced nausea relief after initiating premedication with ondansetron.Conclusions:Nausea following MTX is a common complaint in patients with CD. For most, this adverse effect may be prevented through the use of a short‐course ondansetron as premedication. Ondansetron to treat MTX‐induced nausea also can be successfully used but a proactive preventive strategy can be achieved.
Inositol Polyphosphate 5-Phosphatase7 Regulates the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Salt Tolerance in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kaye Yuval , Golani Yael , Singer Yaniv , Leshem Yehoram , Cohen Gil , Ercetin Mustafa , Gillaspy Glenda , Levine Alex 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Plants possess remarkable ability to adapt to adverse environmental conditions. The adaptation process involves the removal of many molecules from organelles, especially membranes, and replacing them with new ones. The process is mediated by an intracellular vesicle-trafficking system regulated by phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) kinases and phosphatases. Although PtdIns comprise a fraction of membrane lipids, they function as major regulators of stress signaling. We analyzed the role of PtdIns 5-phosphatases (5PTases) in plant salt tolerance. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome contains 15 At5PTases. We analyzed salt sensitivity in nine At5ptase mutants and identified one (At5ptase7) that showed increased sensitivity, which was improved by overexpression. At5ptase7 mutants demonstrated reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Supplementation of mutants with exogenous PtdIns dephosphorylated at the D5′ position restored ROS production, while PtdIns(4,5)P2, PtdIns(3,5)P2, or PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 were ineffective. Compromised salt tolerance was also observed in mutant NADPH Oxidase, in agreement with the low ROS production and salt sensitivity of PtdIns 3-kinase mutants and with the inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity in wild-type plants. Localization of green fluorescent protein-labeled At5PTase7 occurred in the plasma membrane and nucleus, places that coincided with ROS production. Analysis of salt-responsive gene expression showed that mutants failed to induce the RD29A and RD22 genes, which contain several ROS-dependent elements in their promoters. Inhibition of ROS production by diphenylene iodonium suppressed gene induction. In summary, our results show a nonredundant function of At5PTase7 in salt stress response by regulating ROS production and gene expression.
Conserved and Divergent Rhythms of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism-Related and Core Clock Gene Expression in the Cactus Opuntia ficus-indica
Authors: Mallona Izaskun , Egea-Cortines Marcos , Weiss Julia 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The cactus Opuntia ficus-indica is a constitutive Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) species. Current knowledge of CAM metabolism suggests that the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (PPCK) is circadian regulated at the transcriptional level, whereas phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), and pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK) are posttranslationally controlled. As little transcriptomic data are available from obligate CAM plants, we created an expressed sequence tag database derived from different organs and developmental stages. Sequences were assembled, compared with sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information nonredundant database for identification of putative orthologs, and mapped using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Orthology and Gene Ontology. We identified genes involved in circadian regulation and CAM metabolism for transcriptomic analysis in plants grown in long days. We identified stable reference genes for quantitative polymerase chain reaction and found that OfiSAND, like its counterpart in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and OfiTUB are generally appropriate standards for use in the quantification of gene expression in O. ficus-indica. Three kinds of expression profiles were found: transcripts of OfiPPCK oscillated with a 24-h periodicity; transcripts of the light-active OfiNADP-ME and OfiPPDK genes adapted to 12-h cycles, while transcript accumulation patterns of OfiPEPC and OfiMDH were arrhythmic. Expression of the circadian clock gene OfiTOC1, similar to Arabidopsis, oscillated with a 24-h periodicity, peaking at night. Expression of OfiCCA1 and OfiPRR9, unlike in Arabidopsis, adapted best to a 12-h rhythm, suggesting that circadian clock gene interactions differ from those of Arabidopsis. Our results indicate that the evolution of CAM metabolism could be the result of modified circadian regulation at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels.
An investigation of the safety and pharmacokinetics of the novel TRPV1 antagonist XEN‐D0501 in healthy subjects
Authors: Round Patrick , Priestley Anthony , Robinson Jan 
Published: June 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1(TRPV1) receptor antagonists have the potential to be used in a wide variety of indications. Whilst many compounds have been evaluated pre‐clinically, published clinical data are sparse. A possible dose‐limiting effect of TRPV1 antagonists is their potential to cause hyperthermia.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• This study reports the safety and pharmacokinetic data for XEN‐D0501, a novel TRPV1 antagonist, in healthy subjects including effects on body temperature.AIMS XEN‐D0501, a novel TRPV1 antagonist, is being developed to treat overactive bladder. This study investigated the safety and pharmacokinetics of repeat‐dose XEN‐D0501 in healthy subjects.METHODS The study was conducted in two parts. Part 1 was a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, two‐way crossover study in three cohorts of 12 young male subjects. Each subject received XEN‐D0501 and placebo (in random order) twice daily for 13 days, with a final single dose on day 14. Doses of 1, 2.5 and 5 mg XEN‐D0501 were investigated. Part 2 was an open‐label, randomized, two‐way crossover study in male and female subjects (45 to 65 years). Subjects received single doses of 5 mg XEN‐D0501 under fasted and fed conditions in random order. Blood sampling and safety assessments were conducted throughout the study.RESULTS XEN‐D0501 was rapidly absorbed (tmax generally 0.5–4 h post dose). XEN‐D0501 exposure increased less than proportionally to dose over the range studied and exhibited minimal accumulation with twice daily dosing. Food had no clinically relevant effects on the pharmacokinetics of XEN‐D0501. There were no severe or serious adverse events and all doses were well tolerated. A dose‐related increase in body temperature was seen with XEN‐D0501 which attenuated over time. Differences from placebo in mean maximum core body temperatures were 0.22°C, 0.5°C and 0.74°C following 1 mg, 2.5 mg and 5 mg twice daily XEN‐D0501. The observed increase in body temperature was not considered to be of clinical concern.CONCLUSIONS XEN‐D0501 appeared safe and well tolerated at doses up to 5 mg twice daily for 14 days in healthy subjects.
Novel filaggrin mutation but no other loss-of-function variants found in Ethiopian patients with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Winge M.C.G. , Bilcha K.D. , Liedén A. , Shibeshi D. , Sandilands A. , Wahlgren C.-F. , McLean W.H.I. , Nordenskjöld M. , Bradley M. 
Published: June 2011

Summary
Background Filaggrin is a key protein involved in maintaining skin barrier function and hydration. Mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) cause ichthyosis vulgaris (IV) and are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis (AD) in individuals of European and Asian descent. It has been proposed that FLG mutations are population specific and a difference in the spectra of mutations between different ancestral groups has been described. However, it is unknown whether FLG mutations in the African population are a causative genetic factor for IV and predispose to AD, or whether other mechanisms are more prominent.
Objectives The present aim was to investigate the role of FLG mutations as predisposing factors for IV or AD among individuals from Ethiopia.
Methods A case series of Ethiopian patients with AD (n = 103) and IV (n = 7) together with controls (n = 103; subjects without past or present history of AD, dry skin or atopic manifestations) was collected at the outpatient dermatology clinics at ALERT Dermatology Hospital, Tikur Anbessa Hospital and Gondar University Hospital, Ethiopia. AD was diagnosed by a dermatologist using the U.K. Working Party’s diagnostic criteria. The IV diagnosis was based on clinical examination and genetic testing of the steroid sulphatase gene to exclude X-linked recessive ichthyosis. Patients were studied with direct sequencing (n = 40) and/or allelic discrimination (n = 110). Immunohistochemical analysis was performed for filaggrin expression in the skin of patients (n = 7) and controls (n = 2).
Results The Ethiopian patients and controls were genotyped for the four previously described common European FLG null mutations (R501X, 2282del4, S3247X, R2447X) and no carriers were found. In one patient with AD a novel heterozygous 2-bp deletion, 632del2, leading to a premature stop codon was revealed by direct sequencing. No additional carrier of this deletion or other mutations was found. In addition, no difference in filaggrin expression was detected in AD or IV skin compared with healthy control skin.
Conclusions Our results indicate that FLG loss-of-function-variants are less common in patients with IV and AD in the Ethiopian population, suggesting that other factors may be of importance in the pathogenesis in this ethnic group.
Variation in personality and behavioural plasticity across four populations of the great tit Parus major
Authors: Dingemanse Niels J. , Bouwman Karen M. , van de Pol Martijn , van Overveld Thijs , Patrick Samantha C. , Matthysen Erik , Quinn John L. 
Published: June 2011

Summary1. Interest in the evolutionary origin and maintenance of individual behavioural variation and behavioural plasticity has increased in recent years.2. Consistent individual behavioural differences imply limited behavioural plasticity, but the proximate causes and wider consequences of this potential constraint remain poorly understood. To date, few attempts have been made to explore whether individual variation in behavioural plasticity exists, either within or between populations.3. We assayed ‘exploration behaviour’ among wild‐caught individual great tits Parus major when exposed to a novel environment room in four populations across Europe. We quantified levels of individual variation within and between populations in average behaviour, and in behavioural plasticity with respect to (i) repeated exposure to the room (test sequence), (ii) the time of year in which the assays were conducted and (iii) the interval between successive tests, all of which indicate habituation to novelty and are therefore of functional significance.4. Consistent individual differences (‘I’) in behaviour were present in all populations; repeatability (range: 0·34–0·42) did not vary between populations. Exploration behaviour was also plastic, increasing with test sequence – but less so when the interval between subsequent tests was relatively large – and time of year; populations differed in the magnitude of plasticity with respect to time of year and test interval. Finally, the between‐individual variance in exploration behaviour increased significantly from first to repeat tests in all populations. Individuals with high initial scores showed greater increases in exploration score than individuals with low initial scores; individual by environment interaction (‘I × E’) with respect to test sequence did not vary between populations.5. Our findings imply that individual variation in both average level of behaviour and behavioural plasticity may generally characterize wild great tit populations and may largely be shaped by mechanisms acting within populations. Experimental approaches are now needed to confirm that individual differences in behavioural plasticity (habituation) – not other hidden biological factors – caused the observed patterns of I × E. Establishing the evolutionary causes and consequences of this variation in habituation to novelty constitutes an exciting future challenge.
Female caregivers' perceptions of reasons for violent behaviour among nursing home residents
Authors: GRANEHEIM U. H. , HÖRNSTEN Å. , ISAKSSON U. 
Published: June 2011

Accessible summary
Threats and violence against professional caregivers present a growing health and safety problem in elderly care.
Caregivers attribute violent behaviour in the elderly to patient characteristics, caregiver approach and disorder in the environment.
Caregivers involved in a violent situation should strive to see the person behind the behaviour and the frustration that may have prompted it, to understand what the behaviour is meant to communicate, and to tailor interventions to the individual.
AbstractThreats and violence against professional caregivers present a growing health and safety problem in elderly care. We aimed to explore female caregivers' perceptions of reasons for violent behaviour among nursing home residents. Forty‐one caregivers at three nursing homes were interviewed and their responses were subjected to qualitative content analysis, which revealed three content areas of perceived reasons for patient violence: patient characteristics, caregiver approach and environmental aspects. The caregivers' perceptions were formulated in three core statements: ‘they (the residents) are not who they used to be’, ‘we (the caregivers) have acted inappropriately’ and ‘we (residents and caregivers) are all surrounded by disorder’. Our findings indicate that the reasons for violence are complex and multifactorial, so interventions should be individually tailored. Caregivers involved in a violent situation need to see the person behind the behaviour, try to interpret what the behaviour is meant to communicate and adjust the intervention according to individual need.
Transition of stable isotope ratios of leaf water under simulated dew formation
Authors: KIM KYOUNGHEE , LEE XUHUI 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTDew formation, a common meteorological phenomenon, is expected to intensify in the future. Dew can influence the H218O and HDO isotopic compositions of leaf water (δL), but the phenomenon has been neglected in many experimental and modelling studies. In this study, the dew effect on δL was investigated with a dark plant chamber in which dew formation was introduced. The H218O and HDO compositions of water vapour, dew water and leaf water of five species were measured for up to 48 h of dew exposure. Our results show that the exchanges of H218O and HDO in leaf water with the air continued in the darkness when the net H216O flux was zero. Our estimates of the leaf conductance using the isotopic mass balance method ranged from 0.035 to 0.087 mol m−2 s−1, in broad agreement of the night‐time stomatal conductance reported in the literature. In our experiments, the conductance of the C4 species was 0.04 ± 0.01 mol m−2 s−1 and that of the C3 plants was 0.10 ± 0.04 mol m−2 s−1. At the end of 16 h dew exposure, 72 (±17) and 94 (±11)% of the leaf water came from dew according to the 18O and D tracer, respectively.