bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental and safety monitoring of the natural gas underground storage at Stenlille, Denmark
Authors: Laier T. , Øbro H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract

The Stenlille natural gas underground storage is located 70 km SE of Copenhagen and has been in operation since 1989. For safety reasons and to protect the environment it is necessary to monitor the storage carefully. Natural gas is being stored in an anticlinal structure with an expected gas storage capacity of about 3 billion Nm
3
(volume under ‘normal’ conditions) in the upper Triassic Gassum Sandstone Formation 1500–1600 m below the surface; it replaces saline formation water. So far, nineteen deep wells have been drilled on and around the structure. The 300 m thick clay sequence of the Lower Jurassic Fjerritslev Formation above the gas storage reservoir has acted as an efficient seal, since no sign of gas leakage has been observed in the monitoring well located in a sand stringer 15 m above the gas reservoir. Other monitoring wells have been located in order to check for possible lateral escape of natural gas. A baseline study on naturally occurring hydrocarbons performed before the natural gas storage came into operation indicated the presence of only trace amounts hydrocarbon gases in the subsurface of the Stenlille area. Results of analysis by the headspace and sorbed gas methods on drill-cuttings suggest that low-temperature thermal generation of hydrocarbon gases (δ
13
C
1
: −47 to −42‰; δ
13
C
2
: −34 to −30‰) has taken place in organic-rich marine shale below 1300 m. Low concentrations of dissolved methane (<0.5 mg/l) of bacterial origin (δ
13
C
1
: −90 to −62‰) were found in shallow groundwater that is used for water supply in the Stenlille area. After the start of injection of natural gas in 1989 (C
1
:C
2
:C
3
= 91:6:2; δ
13
C
1
: −47‰), no increase in methane concentration and no higher hydrocarbon gases were observed during the regular analysis of groundwater from 10 shallow wells located above the underground natural gas storage. However, a sudden increase in dissolved methane concentration from 0.02 to 27 mg/l was measured in a 130 m deep observation well after a minor gas leakage had been detected at a new deep drilling into the natural gas storage in 1995. Nonetheless, no increase in methane was observed in shallow groundwater at the same locality. Occasional higher concentrations of dissolved methane (up to 15 mg/l) were encountered in shallow observation wells in low permeability layers. Stable isotope analyses (δ
13
C
1
: −69 to −52‰) and radiocarbon dating show that the gas does not originate from the underground gas storage because the methane was less than 300 years old, but it may have formed due to local microbial activity.
Design of salt caverns for the storage of natural gas, crude oil and compressed air: Geomechanical aspects of construction, operation and abandonment
Authors: Lux K.-H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Salt cavities for the storage of natural gas in bedded or domal salt structures are an important element of current and future energy supply management. In Germany, the mechanical design of salt cavities has a history of more than 35 years. This paper gives a personal view of current salt cavity design. It discusses the geomechanical characteristics of storage cavities and principle safety demands for their design as well as recent design concepts and methods for providing geotechnical proof of safety with specialized criteria, limit values and safety margins. In view of the uncertainties inherent in the design of geotechnical mechanical structures, monitoring of excavation and operation are essential parts of underground geotechnical constructions. A new monitoring software code is presented that will help both to document that past and to plan future cavern operation. Cavern abandonment is an object of current research, especially the basic understanding of mechanisms acting or becoming active at elevated fluid pressures (gas or brine) at the level of primary (lithostatic) rock mass pressures. This paper presents some basic knowledge and a computer code for analysing the long-term behaviour of sealed liquid-filled salt cavities with simulation of pressure build-up, infiltration and following seepage flow.
On the origins of bisimulation and coinduction
Authors: Sangiorgi Davide 
Published: May 2009

The origins of bisimulation and bisimilarity are examined, in the three fields where they have been independently discovered: Computer Science, Philosophical Logic (precisely, Modal Logic), Set Theory.
Bisimulation and bisimilarity are coinductive notions, and as such are intimately related to fixed points, in particular greatest fixed points. Therefore also the appearance of coinduction and fixed points is discussed, though in this case only within Computer Science. The paper ends with some historical remarks on the main fixed-point theorems (such as Knaster-Tarski) that underpin the fixed-point theory presented.
Gem #43
Authors: Barnes John 
Published: May 2009

Welcome back the Ada Gems series! We hope you had a great summer.
Gem #43 is the seventh chapter of John Barnes' new booklet: Safe and Secure Software: An Introduction to Ada 2005.
Over the coming months, we will be publishing all thirteen chapters of the booklet. In the attachment at the bottom of Gem #30 you can access the contents and bibliography for the entire booklet.
Miki Kiyoshi and the Shōwa Kenkyūkai: The Failure of World History
Authors: Harrington Lewis E. 
Published: May 2009

This essay examines the relation between some of the journalistic writings of Japanese philosopher Miki Kiyoshi (1897-1945) and his participation in Prime Minister Prince Konoe Fumimaro's “brain trust,” the Shōwa Kenkyūkai (Shōwa Research Association), which is often thought to have provided some of the intellectual foundation for the ideology of the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere. A brief intellectual biography of Miki and an examination of the founding and organization of the Shōwa Kenkyūkai are included, in addition to a close reading of some of Miki's journalism about China and the manifesto Principles of Thought for a New Japan.
I argue that with Miki's participation in the Shōwa Kenkyūkai and the production of its “world-historical answer” in the form of its signature concept of cooperativism (kyōdōshugi) there occurs a sudden shift away from the rhetorical strategies and lack of epistemological confidence that characterized his journalistic writings of 1935-40. Prior to Principles of Thought for a New Japan, Miki used a rhetorical strategy of conditionals arguing that unless new principles of universal validity were created, it would be impossible to solve Japan's domestic and international problems. During this prior period of Miki's “world-historical questions,” he never offered any suggestions as to what these new universally valid principles might be and worked with a questioning attitude marked by extreme epistemological doubt. In addition to his use of “only if, then... ” conditionals, Miki frequently offered a sustained criticism of virtually everything for being abstract and lacking dialectical mediation, negation, and sublation. Miki was especially critical of advocates of the “Japanese spirit” and so-called Japanists who assumed that Japanese culture already possessed a universal validity capable of solving Japan's problems and winning over the Chinese to the side of Japanese imperialism. However, one must be careful not to mistake Miki's privileging of universalism over particularism or his attempts to theorize a putatively inclusive and difference-respecting multicultural and multiethnic Japanese empire, which were indeed the ideological foundations of the East Asian Community (Tōa kyōdōtai), as radical gestures of resistance to the Japanese empire, as frequently occurs. For regardless of Miki's intentions, the effect of his oppositional rhetorical strategy in his journalism was firmly on the side of renovating and hence strengthening the imperialist Japanese state. While the Shōwa Kenkyūkai is often regarded as a failure, its apparently empty concept of cooperativism nonetheless contributed to the justification of imperialist violence throughout East Asia.
Imperial Nationalism and the Comparative Perspective
Authors: Sakai Naoki 
Published: May 2009

The transpacific relationship between the United States and Japan has been analyzed, discussed, and diagnosed ever since the U.S. occupation of Japan. Despite the variety and wealth of scholarship on this topic, however, the dearth of comparative studies with respect to fascistic and imperialistic formations in the two countries is striking. This article investigates the formation of Japanese area studies in the United States in view of transpacific complicity between the United States and Japan and considers how certain aspects of Japanese imperial nationalism had to be overlooked in the post-World War II politics of knowledge.
Three authors are singled out for the three periods in the history of Japanese area studies: Robert N. Bellah for the 1960s, James W. Heisig and John Maraldo for the 1980s, and Kevin M. Doak for the 2000s. In no way can these authors claim to be representative of the main tenets covering the entirety of the discipline, but their works show the continuing but increasingly aging fantasies of scholars in the field of Japan. Their scholarly works were shaped by the binary framework of universalism (the West) and particularism (the “Rest”). They were apparently guided by the scholars' desire to project the distinction of the West from the Rest, but most importantly they were designed to deny complicit mutuality between Japan's past and the United States' progressive imperial nationalisms. In an indirect manner they testify to the fact that the discipline of area studies cannot be synthesized with that of American studies—Asian American studies, for instance—because some topics essential for the latter, such as racism, colonial guilt, and the traces of imperialism, have scarcely been addressed in the former.
What is at stake in this article is to assess to what extent the comparison of U.S. and Japanese nationalisms would slacken the disciplinary exclusivity of area studies and transform its mode of knowledge production. The essay is a prelude to a transpacific study in which our historical inquiry will put the United States and East Asia in a continuous field of inquiry.
Pelvic vein reflux in female patients with varicose veins: comparison of incidence between a specialist private vein clinic and the vascular department of a National Health Service district general hospital
Authors: Marsh P , Holdstock J , Harrison C , Smith C , Price B A , Whiteley M S 
Published: May 2009

Objectives Mounting evidence suggests that pelvic vein reflux is an important contributing factor to recurrent varicose veins. We compared the incidence in our specialist private unit (Unit A) with that of a District General Hospital (Unit B). Methods Results of all female patient lower limb duplex ultrasound (LLDUS) and transvaginal pelvic ultrasound (TVUS) scans performed over a one-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with refluxing veins emanating from the abdomen or pelvis on LLDUS (non-saphenous reflux) routinely proceeded to TVUS in Unit A. Results In Unit A, non-saphenous reflux on LLDUS was present in 90–462 female patients (19.5%). In 81.1% of these, TVUS confirmed reflux in truncal pelvic veins (incidence 15.8%). In Unit B, non-saphenous reflux was present in 60–279 female patients (21.5%). Conclusion One in five women presenting with varicose veins have reflux of non-saphenous origin. This is the case in specialist and non-specialist units. One in six has associated pelvic vein reflux.
Liposarcoma of thigh presenting as deep venous thrombosis
Authors: Singh N K , Kolluri R 
Published: May 2009

Objectives To discuss the differential diagnosis of a case with leg swelling and pain with special emphasis on soft-tissue malignancy. Methods Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of lower limb was treated with standard anticoagulants. In view of persistent symptoms for three months, repeat duplex venography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biopsy were undertaken to uncover the underlying pathology. Results Imaging and biopsy revealed a 5 × 11 cm myxoid liposarcoma, adherent to the vein, that was the cause of her persistent symptoms despite anticoagulation, possibly by its local mass effect and also by its potential to create a thrombogenic milieu. Excision of the tumour led to symptom relief. A Medline search of English language papers was undertaken to review related literature. Conclusion The report highlights the importance of considering neo-plastic masses as differential in painful leg swelling. Diagnosis is made by a high index of suspicion in atypical cases and confirmed by follow-up duplex or MRI. Treatment involves surgical excision that provides symptom relief as well as avoids potential tumour extension.
Catheter-directed sclerotherapy
Authors: Parsi K 
Published: May 2009

Background Catheter directed sclerotherapy (CDS) involves the use of a long catheter to deliver a sclerosing agent into a target vessel (saphenous trunks or venous malformations) under ultrasound guidance. Aims and Methods This article reviews the history, current techniques and devices and the evidence as it relates to these procedures. Results CDS was developed to increase the safety and efficacy of ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy (UGS). With the advent of foam sclerosants and tumescent anaesthesia, the procedure has enjoyed a higher primary success rate. CDS has a better safety profile when compared with UGS with virtually no risk of intra-arterial injection or sclerosant extravasation. Compared with endovenous laser (EVLA) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA), CDS is a quicker procedure with less associated pain. Some balloon catheters, however, have been found to force the sclerosant down the perforators causing femoral vein occlusion. Based on the current level of evidence, no firm conclusion regarding the efficacy of CDS techniques can be drawn in comparison with EVLA or RFA, but the primary success rate is probably higher than the standard UGS. Conclusion CDS ensures a safe intraluminal delivery of the sclerosing agent into the trunk of the saphenous veins using a single access point. This procedure preceded EVLA and RFA, and remains a safe alternative for the treatment of saphenous incompetence and venous malformations.
Long-term changes in macroalgal assemblages after increased sedimentation and turbidity in Western Port, Victoria, Australia
Authors: Shepherd Scoresby A. , Watson Jeanette E. , Womersley H. Bryan S. , Carey Janet M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The long-term impacts of declining water quality from coastal development on macro-algal communities can be devastating, but are rarely known because of lack of baseline studies. This study examines the effect of increased sediment and reduced water quality over 35 years in an Australian temperate coastal embayment. The algal assemblage on Crawfish Rock in northern Western Port was surveyed in 1967–1971 and in 2002–2006. During the 1980s, water quality declined following large-scale seagrass loss. In 1971, the Rock had a rich algal flora with 138 recorded species, including 97 species of Rhodophyta. The biomass and cover of canopy and understorey species were measured at sites of strong and slight current on a depth gradient. In 1971, fucoid or laminarian canopy species were dominant from ∼1–8 m depth, and an algal understorey extended from the intertidal zone to 12–13 m depth. In 2002–2006 the canopy species extended to only 3 m depth and the algal understorey to ∼4 m depth, and 66% of the algal species had disappeared, although a few additional species were present. Persistent, sediment-tolerant species included several phaeophycean canopy species, some chlorophytes (Caulerpa spp.) and a few rhodophytes.
The Shortest Game of Chinese Checkers and Related Problems
Authors: Bell George I. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn 1979, David Fabian found a complete game of two-person Chinese Checkers in 30 moves (15 by each player). This solution requires that the two players cooperate to generate a win as quickly as possible for one of them. We show, using computational search techniques, that no shorter game is possible. We also consider a solitaire version of Chinese Checkers where one player attempts to move her pieces across the board in as few moves as possible. In 1971, Octave Levenspiel found a solution in 27 moves; we demonstrate that no shorter solution exists. To show optimality, we employ a variant of A* search, as well as bidirectional search.
Action in cognition: The case of language
Authors: Taylor Lawrence J. , Zwaan Rolf A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractEmpirical research has shown that the processing of words and sentences is accompanied by activation of the brain's motor system in language users. The degree of precision observed in this activation seems to be contingent upon (1) the meaning of a linguistic construction and (2) the depth with which readers process that construction. In addition, neurological evidence shows a correspondence between a disruption in the neural correlates of overt action and the disruption of semantic processing of language about action. These converging lines of evidence can be taken to support the hypotheses that motor processes (1) are recruited to understand language that focuses on actions and (2) contribute a unique element to conceptual representation. This article explores the role of this motor recruitment in language comprehension. It concludes that extant findings are consistent with the theorized existence of multimodal, embodied representations of the referents of words and the meaning carried by language. Further, an integrative conceptualization of “fault tolerant comprehension” is proposed.
Episodic affordances contribute to language comprehension
Authors: Glenberg Arthur M. , Becker Raymond , Klötzer Susann , Kolanko Lidia , Müller Silvana , Rinck Mike 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe demonstrate how a particular type of knowledge about objects, their spatial locations and thus how to direct actions toward them, contributes to the comprehension of language about those objects. In four experiments, participants judged if sentences were about normal objects (e.g., “The apple has a stem”) or odd objects (e.g., “The apple has an antenna”). The Normal response key was either on the left of a response box or on the right. The named objects were themselves either on the left or the right of the response box. We demonstrate a compatibility effect in which responding Normal to the side where the object was located was faster than responding Normal to the opposite side. Furthermore, this effect was equally strong for sentences describing states of the objects (as above) and sentences describing actions (e.g., “Touch the apple at the stem”); the compatibility effect was found when the objects were removed; the effect required compatibility between actions, not just spatial locations; and the effect was found in both English and German. The results are discussed in relation to how action systems are used in language comprehension.
Evaluating Management Options for the Disposal of Dredged Sediments
Authors: Pantazidou Marina , Katsiri Alexandra , Reddy Krishna R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a screening framework that evaluates management options for the disposal of dredged sediments on the basis of chemical and toxicological characterization tests. The paper provides a combined brief overview of disposal options for dredged sediments and relevant testing, together with simplified decision rules for the feasibility of each option. The framework provides for two stages of assessment. In Stage I, disposal in open waters is evaluated based on the combination of results from chemical and toxicological analyses, supplemented by physical characteristics of sediments. For sediments that do not meet requirements for open-water disposal, Stage II evaluates the suitability of disposal in landfills or in confined facilities, upland and underwater. Decisions in Stage II are facilitated by well-established effluent criteria applied to ambient water and wastes admitted to landfills, as well as by calculations estimating the impact of sediment contaminants to the vicinity of the subaqueous confining structures. The application of the decision-making methodology is demonstrated using test results from sediment samples from Piraeus Harbor, Greece, and Indiana Harbor, IL, USA. Results showed that the framework is able to discriminate well among sediments from different subareas to be dredged. Disposal to open water is not feasible for most contaminated sediments from areas with increased shipping activities. Disposal in confined facilities (subaqueous or upland) proved to be a viable option for most of the sediments, whereas all sediments were characterized as nonhazardous and can therefore be accepted in an ordinary landfill.
Parental Misinterpretations of Over-the-Counter Pediatric Cough and Cold Medication Labels
Authors: Lokker Nicole , Sanders Lee , Perrin Eliana M. , Kumar Disha , Finkle Joanne , Franco Vivian , Choi Leena , Johnston Philip E. , Rothman Russell L. 
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE. Concerns about the safety and efficacy of over-the-counter cold medications have led to a recent US Food and Drug Administration public health advisory against their use in children &lt;2 years of age. Our goal was to examine caregiver understanding of the age indication of over-the-counter cold medication labels and identify factors, associated with caregiver understanding.
METHODS. Caregivers of infant children (≤1 year old) were recruited from clinics at 3 institutions. Questions were administered regarding the use of 4 previously common “infant” over-the-counter cold and cough medicines labeled to consult a physician if used in children &lt;2 years of age. Literacy and numeracy skills were assessed with validated instruments.
RESULTS. A total of 182 caregivers were recruited; 87% were the infants' mothers. Mean education level was 12.5 years, and 99% had adequate literacy skills, but only 17% had &gt;9th-grade numeracy skills. When examining the front of the product label, 86% of the time parents thought these products were appropriate for use in children &lt;2 years of age. More than 50% of the time, parents stated they would give these over-the-counter products to a 13-month-old child with cold symptoms. Common factors that influenced parental decisions included label saying “infant,” graphics (eg, infants, teddy bears, droppers), and dosing directions. Caregivers were influenced by the dosing directions only 47% of the time. Caregivers with lower numeracy skills were more likely to provide inappropriate reasons for giving an over-the-counter medication.
CONCLUSIONS. Misunderstanding of over-the-counter cold products is common and could result in harm if medications are given inappropriately. Label language and graphics seem to influence inappropriate interpretation of over-the-counter product age indications. Poorer parental numeracy skills may increase the misinterpretation of these products. Opportunities exist for the Food and Drug Administration and manufacturers to revise existing labels to improve parental comprehension and enhance child safety.