bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corn Growth and Yield Response to Ethylene Dibromide and Nitrogen1
Authors: Touchton J. T. , Rodriguez‐Kabana R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEven in fields where parasitic nematode populations are low, ethylene dibromide (EDB) will often result in improved plant growth and yields. Visual growth responses to EDB are similar to responses obtained from N fertilizer. The purpose of this field study, which was conducted for 2 years on two Coastal Plain soils (Plinthic Paleudults), was to determine if corn [Zea mays (L.)] growth, nutrient uptake, and yield are influenced by EDB and N interactions. Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of N (0 to 269 kg/ha) and EDB (0 to 36 kg/ha) rates replicated eight times in a randomized complete block design. Parasitic nematodes were either nonexistent or exceptionally low. Judging from the persistence of ammonium‐N in the soil, EDB was an effective nitrification inhibitor for several weeks after application. The effects of EDB and N on plant populations were not consistent among years and soils; the effects, however, were small and probably not of practical significance. Six weeks after emergence, plant weights and heights generally followed typical N response curves. In three of the four tests, EDB resulted in greater plant heights, and in two of the four tests, EDB resulted in higher plant weights (up to 113%). Applied N had typical effects on earleaf‐nutrient concentrations, but EDB did not affect leaf‐nutrient concentrations. Grain yields also followed typical N response curves. In all tests, EDB resulted in grain yield increases that ranged from 9 to 26%. Although EDB and N had similar effects on plant growth and yield, there were no interactions between EDB and applied N.
Nitrification Inhibitor Evaluation on Cotton. II. Inhibitor Incorporation Depth and N Placement1
Authors: York A. C. , Tucker M. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) in the Southeast has given inconsistent results. Because application techniques may affect the efficacy of NIs, a 3‐year experiment with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was conducted on a sandy, low organic matter soil (Arenic Paleudults) to evaluate the efficacy of etridiazol [5‐ethoxy‐3‐(trichloromethyl)‐1,2,4‐thiadiazole] and nitrapyrin [2‐chloro‐6‐(trichlorometlyl) pyridine] when N was broadcast and deeply incorporated or applied as a 36‐cm band over the row surface. The NIs, tankmixed with trifluralin (α,α,α‐trifluor0‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐p‐to‐luidine) herbicide, were deeply incorporated with a disk prior to bed formation or shallowly incorporated with a rolling cultivar after bed formation. Regardless of N placement method or NI incorporation depth, neither inhibitor affected cotton yield, percent lint, fiber quality, or leaf N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, or B contents. Split N applications, with one‐third at planting and the remainder sidedressed at the early square stage, increased N‐use efficiency in 2 of 3 years. Nitrogen placement did not affect cotton yield, fiber quality, or leaf nutrient content. Surface‐banding the N reduced stands by 9 to 20%. As compared to shallow incorporation, deep incorporation of trifluralin reduced cotton yield 6 to 17% and leaf K content at the peak flowering stage 7 to 24%, but did not affect fiber quality. Deep incorporation of trifluralin, combined with either surface‐banded N or application of all N at planting, reduced cotton stands in 2 of 3 years.
Predicting Corn Planting Dates for Moldboard and No‐till Tillage Systems in the Corn Belt1
Authors: Gupta S. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSurface crop residues under conservation tillage systems slow warming of the seed zone and thus delay corn (Zea mays L.) planting. The purpose of this study was to develop a model that predicts corn planting dates for the Corn Belt states under two extreme tillage surface residue conditions. The simulation procedure involves integration of soil temperature predictions with the seed zone growing degree day concept for corn emergence. Predicted time to corn emergence was tested against the measured values from nine locations in Ohio, Iowa, and Minnesota. These data sets covered several planting dates, a total of eight corn hybrids and two tillage systems (in Ohio only). Except for a few cases, predicted time to corn emergence was within 4 days of the measured values. This model was further extended to develop probabilities of time required to achieve 75% corn emergence for various planting dates using the historical climatic record (12 to 17 years) of daily maximum and minimum air temperatures. Assuming that 75% corn emergence should be achieved in 14 days or less, earliest corn planting dates were selected from the probability graphs corresponding to three spring weather conditions. Using the predicted earliest corn planting dates for 44 locations in the Corn Belt states, two sets of maps delineating areas with similar corn planting dates were developed. These maps cover two soil moisture conditions under moldboard and no‐till tillage systems. Based on planting date maps procedures are also suggested to (i) forecast earliest corn planting date from a 30‐ or a 90‐day outlook of precipitation and air temperature by the National Weather Service and (ii) match corn hybrid maturity with tillage system and spring climate.
Influence of Some Management Parameters on Glucosinolate Levels in Brassica Forage1
Authors: Gustine D. L. , Jung G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBrassicaforage species may be used as alternative crops to provide supplemental herbage during the fall in the Northeast. However, these crops contain naturally occurring and potentially toxic constituents (glucosinolates and S‐methyl cysteine sulfoxide). Research was conducted to determine glucosinolate concentrations in 21 cultivars of five Brassicaspecies: turnip (Brassica rapaL.), rape (B. napusL.), kale (B. oleraceaL.), swede (B. napusL.), and Chinese cabbage type (B. cumpestris sensulatoL. ✕ B. rapaL.). Top (leaves plus stem), leaf (blade plus petiole), and root samples of each species were collected 60 or 90 days postseeding at Rock Springs, PA on a Hagerstown silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf). Glucosinolates extracted from freeze‐dried, ground samples were bound to an anion exchange resin and hydrolyzed. The released glucose was quantified on an autoanalyzer. Of the five Brassicatypes, tops or leaves of kales had the lowest glucosinolate Concentration, 1.2 to 6.3 g kg−1; tops or leaves of rapes had the highest concentration, 2.9 to 11.9 g kg−1. Of the 21 cultivars, ‘Gruner’ and ‘Marrowstem’ kale, ‘Doon Major’ and ‘Calder’ swede, ‘Rangi’ rape, and ‘Sirius’ turnip had the lowest glucosinolate levels in tops and leaves; ‘Sipal,’ ‘Silona,’ and ‘Solo’ rape and ‘Green Globe’ and ‘York Globe’ turnip had the highest glucosinolate concentration. Roots of turnip and swede had glucosinolate concentrations as high or higher than those found in tops or leaves. All cultivars combined had significantly higher glucosinolate concentrations in 1980 than in 1979, and glucosinolate levels were significantly higher at 90 days than at 60 days postseeding each year. In a second field study, P and K fertilization at different rates only slightly increased glucosinolate concentration of ‘Fora’ rape, ‘Perko’ Chinese cabbage type, and Sirius turnip, whereas dry matter yields were dramatically increased (fourfold) by high N (132 kg N ha−1) and P (60 kg P ha−1). These data established that glucosinolate levels were sufficiently high (> 3 g kg −1) to produce inorganic isothiocyanate‐induced goiter (thyroid enlargement) in young growing sheep (Ovis aries) and cattle (Bos taurus). To minimize the potential for animal health problems, we conclude that Brassicaspp. should be fed in combination with other forages and that new varieties with reduced glucosinolate concentration should be developed.
Poorly Drained Conditions and Root Development of Eight Indeterminate Soybean Cultivars1
Authors: Stone J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe productivity of soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] grown on the poorly drained, finely textured soils of southwestern Ontario is often limited by excess spring rainfall. Identifying cultivars able to withstand these conditions may improve productivity. The objective of this experiment was to determine if the effect of poorly drained, non‐flooded conditions on the early root growth of soybeans varies between cultivars. ‘Amcor’, ‘Beeson 80’, ‘Corsoy’, ‘Hawkeye 63’, ‘Harosoy 63’, ‘Kentland’, ‘Premier’, and ‘Wayne’ soybean cultivars were evaluated. Drainage treatments were imposed by maintaining 0.0 to 0.002 m or 0.002 m to 0.0028 m aggregate fractions of Brookston clay loam (clayey, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquolls) at < 0.02 MPa suction. Plants were grown until 21 days after emergence in 0.0762 m i.d. by 0.92 m long acrylic tubes immersed in 23 °C constant temperature baths located in a controlled environment room. Daytime (16 h) ambient temperatures were maintained at 27 °C and night temperatures at 20.0 °C. Response variables analyzed were the rate of taproot and lateral root extension with time, the number of upper lateral roots with depth, and top and root dry weight. The poorly drained treatment significantly reduced the rate of taproot and lateral root extension; however, the magnitude of the response varied between cultivars. Premier and Harosoy 63 exhibited the largest and Corsoy the smallest reduction in root extension. The number of upper lateral roots was not significantly affected by the drainage treatments. The top/root ratio was significantly higher for the poorly drained treatment due to a greater reduction in root than in shoot dry weight. The results indicate that soybean cultivars differ in their ability to withstand poorly drained conditions during vegetative growth.
Effects of Phosphorus, Calcium, and Hup− and Hup+ Rhizobia on Pigeon Pea Yields in an Infertile Tropical Soil1
Authors: Hernandez B. S. , Focht D. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPigeon peas [Cajanus cajan(L.) Millsp. var. 64‐28] were grown in the Republic of Panama in an infertile acid Oxisol (Bayano) in both greenhouse and field studies to determine if yield parameters could be increased by addition of P, Ca, and Rhizobium. In the greenhouse, P additions to the Bayano soil increased shoot and nocule weights, acetylene reduction activity, and hydrogen evolution, but neither inoculation with Rhizobiumnor Ca additions had any effect on yields or N2fixing characteristics. Similar results were observed from field trials in the Bayano soil, where grain yields and plant N content were not increased after inoculation with Rhizobiumstrains P170 or P168, which were hydrogenase positive and negative, respectively. Strain P170 was a poor competitor with indigenous rhizobia as noted by the low recovery of antibiotic resistant rhizobia from nodules, while P168 was a superior competitor as noted by its recovery from nodules and by the higher production of H2from nodules than from the uninoculated control. Grain yields in the Bayano soil were considerably lower (245 kg ha−1) in the absence of Ca and P and were increased progressively with P additions of 45, 90, 182, and 363 kg ha−1. Addition of CaCO3(909 kg ha−1) and P (90 kg ha−1) gave grain yields (1407 kg ha−1) comparable to the highest P level (1320 kg ha−1) without additional Ca. With modest addition of Ca and P, pigeon peas in a less fertile acid soil could produce yields comparable to those in a more fertile and less acid soil.
Agronomic Characterization of ‘Yogo’ Hard Red Winter Wheat Plant Height Isolines1
Authors: Allen S. G. , Taylor G. A. , Martin J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn spite of the success of semidwarf wheats (Triticum aestivumL.) throughout the world, there are currently no adapted semidwarf hard red winter wheat cultivars with sufficient winterhardiness being grown in Montana and the Northern Great Plains. Studies were initiated to determine the suitability of short stature winter wheats for Montana. Selected agronomic traits were evaluated in 20 ‘Yogo’ winter wheat isogenic height lines and the recurrent parent, Yogo, representing three plant height phenotypes: dwarf, semidwarf, and tall. Yogo is a hard red winter wheat cultivar adapted to harsh winters and low rainfall. Significant differences (P< 0.01) among plant height phenotypes were observed for percent emergence, emergence rate, coleoptile length, test weight, and grain yield. Percent emergence, emergence rate, and coleoptile length were all positively associated with plant height, with linear coefficients of determination of 0.79,0.76, and 0.65, respectively. Grain yield was negatively correlated with plant height (r2= 0.77). Average grain yields over four Montana locations were 1486,1287, and 996 kg ha−1for the dwarf, semidwarf, and tall plant height phenotypes, respectively. There were no significant differences among phenotypes for crown depth. No winter‐kill was observed among isolines at any location, including one at which other winter wheats had differential winter injury ranging from 30 to 100% winter survival. Backcrossing of the rht1and rht2semidwarfing genes into the Yogo genetic background resulted in no apparent effect on winterhardiness. In spite of short coleoptiles and poor field emergence, short stature winter wheat appears well suited to Montana and the Northern Great Plains dryland wheat growing areas, particularly in areas with a high production potential.
Use of Portable Rainout Shelters to Induce Water Stress1
Authors: Clawson K. L. , Blad B. L. , Specht J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRainout shelters provide a method for developing drought stress under field conditions in years when rainfall is adequate. The primary objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using portable rainout shelters in water stress studies. The study was conducted at Mead, NE in 1981 with three near‐isogenic lines of soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. cv. Harosoy] differing in pubescence density. The soil at this site is a Typic Argiudoll (Sharpsburg silty clay loam). Soybean isolines were planted in small plots, 46 m2in size and were either rainfed or rainout sheltered. The shelters covered an area of 18 m2. The plots were instrumented with leaf thermocouples, strip net radiometers, and neutron access tubes. Phytomass and leaf area index (LAI) measurements were made in the 12 small plots and from four adjacent large plots maintained under rainfed conditions. Leaf temperature was 8 °C warmer and net radiation was 40% lower at midday in the sheltered plots compared to the unsheltered plots. The shelters induced water stress as indicated by a rise in leaf temperature of about 2 °C. However, significant lateral and/or upward movement of soil water into the sheltered plots greatly reduced the effectiveness of the shelters. Phytomass accumulation and LAI from the small and large plots did not agree. The errors of the estimates in the small plots were much greater than those from the large plots. Because of our results, we do not recommend the use of small, portable rainout shelters.
Emergence of Several Grasses from Pregerminated Seed and Some Soil Water Effects1
Authors: Hauser Victor L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrasses are difficult to establish on range or pasture land in the Southern Plains. Previous research showed that germinating the seeds of two grass species before planting (pregermination) substantially improved plant establishment. Twelve grass species adapted to the Southern Plains were evaluated to learn their response to pregermination treatment. The seeds were germinated in aerated water held at constant temperature, then suspended in gel. They were planted in soil bins in the greenhouse and covered by 1.3 cm of soil (fine, mixed, thermic, Udertic Paleustalfs). Kleingrass (Panicum coloratumL.) was included in each of the eight experiments, and it produced best plant stands when soil water at the seed depth was near or above field capacity. Pregermination doubled the number of plants established by kleingrass and buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliarisL.). Weeping lovegrass [Eragrostis curvula(Schrad.) Nees], and buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides(Nutt.) Engelm.] produced 40% more plants from pregerminated seeds than from untreated seeds. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatumL.) and blue panicum (Panicum antidotaleRetz.) responded favorably to pregermination treatment in one test but not in the other. Six other grass species produced the same number of plants from either pregerminated seeds or untreated seeds. Grass species should be individually tested to determine their response to pregermination.
Technique to Measure Rooting of Sods Grown in Small Containers1
Authors: Schmidt R. E. , White R. H. , Bingham S. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA technique for anchoring small containers so that a vertical force may be used for efficiently measuring rooting is described in this paper. The technique consists of placing sod plugs in wire mesh bottom ringed plugs and transplanting to metal growing containers. After approximately 4 weeks, containers are anchored to a heavy base and the sod‐holding rings are attached to a block and tackle. Vertical force is applied to separate the sod from the underlying soil by slowly adding sand to a container attached to the opposite end of the tackle. Weight of the sand is a measure of root development. Results of five experiments show this technique may be used to efficiently detect rooting differences. Rooting variances of grasses grown in different textured soils under varying herbicide treatments and different soil moisture content were shown. Energy required to vertically separate roots from soil significantly correlated with fresh and dry root weights.
Kleingrass Yield and Quality under Three Irrigation Regimes when Harvested at Anthesis1
Authors: Clark R. P. , Lugg D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKleingrass (Panicum coloratumL.) is a promising forage species for irrigated areas in the southwestern USA. However, the effect of different irrigation regimes on dry forage yield and forage quality has not yet been extensively investigated under field conditions. Accordingly, ‘Kleingrass‐75’ kleingrass was irrigated at intervals of 2, 3, and 5 weeks during the 1981 and 1982 growing seasons near Las Cruces, NM on a fine‐loamy, mixed, calcareous, thermic Typic Torrifluvent soil. Dry forage yields, in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), and Ca, Mg, N, and P concentrations were measured for forage harvested at anthesis. Significant (P≤0.01) negative relationships were found between amount of irrigation water applied and Ca concentration, Mg concentration, and IVDMD, respectively. In addition, there were significant (P≤0.01) negative relationships between dry forage yield and Ca concentration, Mg concentration, and IVDMD, respectively. No relationships between amount of irrigation water applied or dry forage yield and N or P concentration were found. It was concluded that Ca and Mg concentrations and IVDMD were higher with lower soil moisture contents, possibly due to higher leaf weight to stem weight ratios in the lower‐yielding, water‐stressed kleingrass.
An Automated System for Harvesting Wheat Cultivars Grown under a Line Source Sprinkler Irrigation System1
Authors: Gerard C. J. , Worrall W. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to design a fast and accurate method of harvesting cultivars and experimental lines of wheat grown under a line source sprinkler irrigation system. The harvesting system consisted of a strain gauge transducer energized with an amplifier‐indicator mounted on a Hege combine and a millivolt recorder and Omnidata Polycorder (use of trade names does not imply endorsement). Both methods of monitoring the voltage output from the transducer were adequately sensitive to allow continuous harvest and recording of yields at different distances from the line source sprinkler. Use of the polycorder was preferable to the millivolt recorder because data were more rapidly and accurately translated for computer‐assisted statistical analyses. This method will make it possible to quickly measure and compare the differential response of wheat cultivars and experimental lines to moisture stress.
Selective Tall Fescue Control in Kentucky Bluegrass Turf with Diclofop1
Authors: Dernoeden Peter H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is an objectionable weed in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turf. Currently, there are no herbicides registered for selective control of tall fescue in Kentucky bluegrass. The objectives of these field studies were to determine safe and effective rates of diclofop {(±)‐2‐[4‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy] propanoic acid} for selective control of tall fescue in a ‘South Dakota Certified’ Kentucky bluegrass turf grown on a Chillum silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludult). A total of three applications of diclofop during spring and fall at rates of 2.2, 3.4, or 4.5 kg ha−1 provided > 90% tall fescue control. The 4.5 kg ha−1 rate was more effective (98 or 99% control), but normally caused a reduction in Kentucky bluegrass cover. Diclofop was most injurious when applied to Kentucky bluegrass less than one year of age. Mature turf sustained much less injury from high rates of diclofop. The 2.2 kg ha−1 rate was generally safer to the turf than 3.4 or 4.5 kg ha−1, and the level of tall fescue control ranged from 91 to 96%. Diclofop stunted and discolored the Kentucky bluegrass turf. These effects generally persisted for 2 to 3 weeks. More information is needed regarding the relative sensitivities of Kentucky bluegrass cultivars to diclofop, as well as the influence of water dilution on the safety of diclofop's use
Analysis of Primary Spring Growth of Four Pasture Legume Species1
Authors: McGraw R. L. , Marten G. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the most‐used forage legume in the northern USA; however, it has several shortcomings, especially as a pasture species. Among northern‐adapted forage legume species that are potential alternatives in grazing situations are birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.), and cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.). We conducted an analysis of primary spring growth of these four legumes to determine patterns of dry matter, crude protein (CP), and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) accumulation. The legumes were established on a Waukegan silt loam (Typic Hapludoll) in late July 1981. Beginning on 10 May 1982 and 1983, total forage was harvested weekly until 28 June when total forage accumulation had decreased. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy was used to determine CP and IVDDM for leaves, stems, and reproductive parts for each species. All four species reached maximum dry matter accumulation on 21 June. Sainfoin produced the greatest forage dry matter (8.51 Mg ha−1); however, it also had the lowest IVDDM and CP concentration on 21 June. Thus, sainfoin had IVDDM and CP accumulations similar to those of other species. Cicer milkvetch had the greatest IVDDM concentration (67.6 dag kg−1) on 21 June, but its relatively low forage dry matter yield during primary spring growth reduced its IVDDM accumulation to an amount similar to that of the other species. Alfalfa had the greatest CP concentration on 21 June, but its CP yield exceeded only that of cicer milkvetch. None of the four species was definitely superior under these growth conditions. However, birdsfoot trefoil, sainfoin, and cicer milkvetch all showed potential as pasture substitutes for alfalfa, especially in that they did not reach a leaf‐to‐stem ratio of 1.0 or less until considerably later than alfalfa.