bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Precipitation-Hardening Alloys
Authors: Cupp C. R. 
Published: September 2009

The effects of neutron irradiation on age-hardening alloys are of great importance in determining the usefulness of these alloys in reactors and are, in addition, of fundamental interest in determining the basic mechanisms of radiation effects. Most of the work has been on alloys irradiated as supersaturated solid solutions, although some data are available for specimens irradiated in the aged condition. Irradiation can enhance solid state diffusion sufficiently to initiate precipitation or to allow growth of existing precipitates, which can lead to overaging. In addition, precipitate nuclei can be redissolved by neutron irradiation. Either overaging or re-solution will reduce the strength of the alloy and will affect physical properties as well.
This paper describes the effects of irradiation on the mechanical, electrical, and magnetic properties of alloys in the groups listed below and relates the effects, where possible, to structural changes: copper-beryllium, nickel-beryllium, copper-iron, copper-cobalt, zirconium-columbium (niobium), certain nickel-base alloys, and precipitation-hardenable steels. Work in progress includes studies of aluminum-copper and nickel-titanium alloys.
Significance of Neutron Spectrum on Radiation Effects Studies
Authors: Rossin A. D. 
Published: September 2009

An attempt is being made to develop a method for reporting radiation damage exposure which will be consistent and applicable for different reactor environments. A model has been proposed for this purpose and calculations of relative damage rates have been performed. The experimental work described in this report is an attempt to verify the model. Progress from January through July, 1962, is reported.
The approach is to perform series of irradiations on one type of steel in several reactor locations which have different fast spectra. The spectra are calculated and then verified by foil dosimetry. For each location a curve is developed of the shift in the brittle-ductile transition temperature as a function of integrated reactor power. The test of the model will be the extent of agreement obtained between the several curves.
Long-term exploratory irradiations have been performed in the Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR-I) and in two locations in CP-5. The facilities and spectra are described. Shifts as great as 270 F were observed. The series of shorter irradiations in EBR-I was performed, but the testing and analysis could not be completed in time for this report. Capsules for the next CP-S irradiations are now being prepared.
Dosimetry forms a major aspect of this work. Results of nickel-58 monitor foils in the EBR-I irradiation are reported, but work on sulfur, iron-54, copper-63 and some fission monitors is not complete.
The appendices contain details of cross-sectional data, specimens, irradiation facilities and locations, and irradiation history.
Fast-Neutron Dosimetry at the MTR-ETR Site
Authors: Hogg C. H. , Weber L. D. 
Published: September 2009

Fast-neutron dosimetry at the Materials Testing Reactor - Engineering Test Reactor (MTR-ETR) Site consists of routine fast-flux measurement and the development of new techniques. The threshold reaction, Ni58n, p)Co58, is being used where the high thermal-neutron cross-sections of the cobalt-58 isomers are not a detriment and the reactions Ti46(n,p)Sc46 and Fe54(n,p)Mn54 are used as alternatives.
In the development program, 14 fast-neutron cross-sections averaged over the fission spectrum in Experimental Breeder Reactor 1 (EBR-I) have been measured relative to the assumed 0.57-mb value for the reaction Al27(n,α)Na24. The reactions investigated and the fast-neutron cross-sections in mb are: Mg24(n, p)Na24, 1.1; Ti46(n, p)Sc46, 9.0; Ti47(n, p)Sc47, 15; Ti48(n, p)Sc48, 0.25; Mn55(n, 2n)Mn54, 0.18; Fe54(n, p)Mn54, 65; Fe56(n, p)Mn56, 0.71; Ni58(n, p)Co58, 90; Ni60(n, p)Co60, &gt;0.5; Cu63(n, α)Co60, 0.42; Zn64(n, p)Cu64, 25; Zn66 (n,2n)-Zn65, &gt;4; Mo92(n, p)Cb92, 6.0; Mo95(n, p)Cb95, &gt;0.1.
Irradiation Embrittlement and Hardening of Steels and Zircaloy-2 in Pressurized Components
Authors: Cibois E. , Lemaire J. , Weisz Michel 
Published: September 2009

In the course of research on materials for pressurized components for gascooled reactors, a fundamental study was begun upon two kinds of materials: (1) manganese-molybdenum weldable steel similar to that used in the pressure vessels of the French gas-cooled graphite reactor projects, and (2) Zircaloy-2, chosen for the pressurized tubes of the French gas-cooled heavy water projects. Preliminary results are reported. Both impact tests and tension tests were performed in order to correlate brittleness and hardening after irradiation. Other tests were also made to study the recovery of steel following irradiation damage.
Irradiation temperatures were 180 C for steel and less than 100 C for Zircaloy-2.
In addition to tests on the original material, cold-worked materials and several heat treatments have been studied in order to obtain different grain sizes and microstructures, with resulting increase in yield strength and change in transition temperature. Some attempts were made to correlate results with radiation damage theory. Conclusions agree well with those reported in the literature.
Effects of Neutron Spectrum and Dose Rate on Radiation Hardening and Embrittlement in Steels
Authors: Harries D. R. , Barton P. J. , Wright S. B. 
Published: September 2009

The Kinchin and Pease model for calculating the number of displaced atoms resulting from a fast neutron collision is described briefly and is used to calculate damage rates for iron irradiated in various calculated reactor neutron spectra. It is shown that the results of tension tests on steel specimens irradiated at 150 C in some reactor spectra can be used to determine the importance of energy loss by electronic excitation. The resulting damage function is used to predict the embrittlement of the CALDER HALL reactor pressure vessel steel from the results of accelerated irradiation tests.
Preliminary results of investigations of the influence of neutron dose rate show no significant effect on the radiation hardening of mild steel at irradiation temperatures in the range 100 to 350 C.
The method whereby the number of displaced atoms produced by thermal (n,γ) reactions can be calculated is described and the importance of this mode of damage relative to that produced by fast neutron scattering evaluated. It is shown that the embrittlement of the CALDER HALL pressure vessel steel is overestimated when both thermal (n, γ) and fast neutron displacements are considered.
A Study of Neutron Irradiation in Alpha Iron and A 1Cr-0.5Mo Pressure Vessel Steel
Authors: Eyre B. L. 
Published: September 2009

A considerable amount of work has been carried out to determine the influence of neutron irradiation on the mechanical properties of iron and steels; the principal effects—namely, increases in yield stress and decreases in ductility in tension tests and increases in transition temperature in notched-bar tests— have now been established (1). The effects of the irradiation (integrated neutron dosage, temperature of irradiation, neutron dosage rate, and flux spectrum) and metallurgical (type of steel, grain size, and so on) variables have now been appreciated (2,3), but little progress has been made in identifying the nature of the damage responsible for the property changes.
This paper described the preliminary results of an investigation of the effects of neutron irradiation on the deformation characteristics and structure of alpha iron (4,5) and a 1Cr,0.5Mo pressure vessel steel.
Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of a High-Strength Chromium-Manganese-Nitrogen-Stainless Steel
Authors: Heger J. J. 
Published: September 2009

As a consequence of a nickel shortage in the early 1930's, German investigators undertook the development of austenitic chromium-manganese stainless steels. These investigators established the composition limits for the iron-chromium-manganese system, and their results are discussed. American investigators were able to obtain higher chromium contents in austenitic steels by the use of nitrogen. Using both nickel and nitrogen in combination with manganese, these investigators developed the steels that are accepted today as AISI Types 201 and 202. Further work in America indicated that fully austenitic steels containing over 18 per cent chromium, using manganese and nitrogen as austenite formers, were possible. In this paper the structural diagrams for the iron-chromium-manganese-nitrogen system are presented. These diagrams permit the establishment of composition limits for fully austenitic chromium-manganese-nitrogen stainless steel.
The melting, processing, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of one of the chromium-manganese-nitrogen austenitic stainless steels is described. This steel contains upward of 0.40 per cent nitrogen with the result that its room-temperature mechanical properties are twice those of the conventional chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels. Data are presented showing the effect of cold rolling on the room- and elevated-temperature tensile strength and compressive strength. In addition, data are presented illustrating the fatigue strength of this material in the annealed and cold rolled condition. The results of laboratory and service corrosion tests indicate that the corrosion resistance of the chromium-manganese-nitrogen stainless steels is equivalent to that of 17 per cent chromium Type 430 stainless steel in all environments tested and is similar to Type 304 stainless steel in many of the environments tested. Although the stress corrosion resistance of the chromium-manganese-nitrogen stainless steel is erratic, it is always superior to that of the chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels, such as Type 304. The possibility, therefore, exists that some slight modification in the chromium-manganese-nitrogen stainless steel will provide the long-wished-for austenitic stainless steel having immunity to transgranular stress corrosion cracking.
Effect of Heat Treatment, Composition and Microstructure on Corrosion of 18 Cr-8Ni-Ti Stainless Steels in Acids
Authors: Streicher M. A. 
Published: September 2009

Titanium additions to 18Cr-8Ni steels can effectively eliminate susceptibility to intergranular attack associated with the precipitation of chromium carbides. However, these additions also drastically reduce the grain size of these steels and promote the formation of sigma phase. Both of these factors modify the behavior of titanium-stabilized steels in corrosive environments. A detailed investigation of the influence of heat treatment and microstructure on the corrosion resistance of four titanium-stabilized, AISI 321, heats is described.
Incomplete stabilization of carbon by titanium leads to precipitation of chromium carbides on heating in the range of 800 F to 1600 F. This type of susceptibility is readily detected in the oxalic acid etch test, the nitric-hydrofluoric acid test, the copper sulfate-sulfuric acid test, the ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test, and in the nitric acid test.
A second type of susceptibility to intergranular attack is associated with the formation of sigma phase, which may precipitate in a submicroscopic form during heating in the range of 1150 to 1550 F. It is detected only in the nitric acid test and, to a lesser extent, in the ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test.
The action of various acid solutions on titanium-stabilized stainless steels are compared by means of metallographic studies of microstructures and of progressive corrosion, and by measurements of weight loss and change in electrical resistance of corroding specimens. The data obtained are used to explain the action of acids on these steels and to recommend procedures for evaluation testing.
Development of a Modified Alloy 20 Stainless Steel
Authors: Black H. L. , Lherbier L. W. 
Published: September 2009

Alloy 20 is a low carbon, 20 per cent chromium, 30 per cent nickel austenitic stainless steel that contains molybdenum, copper, and columbium as primary alloying elements. The alloy is especially resistant to corrosive attack in sulfuric acid. Although satisfactory for a majority of sulfuric acid applications, there are some areas where its corrosion resistance is somewhat deficient. Another deficiency, of more interest to the producer than the user, is its poor hot workability. This study was designed to develop a modified Alloy 20 with improved corrosion resistance that would have higher product yields through improved workability.
The results of tests on a series of experimental heats indicate that the hot workability of Alloy 20 can be significantly improved by additions of titanium and to a lesser degree by increasing carbon, columbium, and boron and decreasing chromium and molybdenum. The effect of nickel is variable. Copper variations and calcium additions have no effect on workability.
In respect to corrosion resistance in sulfuric acid, all increases in alloying elements produced either no significant effect or a reduction of corrosion resistance, with the exception of nickel. A significant increase in sulfuric acid corrosion resistance was observed with increasing nickel content. A significant detrimental effect on corrosion was observed with increasing amounts of chromium. All other elements studied, including titanium, had no significant effect on corrosion resistance in sulfuric acid.
The Analysis of Variance in a Sampling Experiment
Authors: Bertholf W. M. 
Published: September 2009

A complete set of equations is given for computing the various “sums of squares” of deviations about the several means of an experiment involving a number of increments of varying weight, taken in close order within groups but with an appreciable interval between groups. Methods of determining the sampling constants σi2 and σt2 (the “unit increment” and “trend” variances, respectively, are given, together with the method of determining the significance of σt2. The equation relating these sampling constants to the observed variance of gross samples of N increments of weight w (as collected) is also given.
An appendix considers a “short cut” method of eliminating the effect of errors of “reduction and analysis” from the “crude estimates” of σi2 and σt2.
The Performance of Some Soft Solders at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Evans R. M. 
Published: September 2009

A number of common soft solders were used as a basis for an investigation of the properties of soft solders in relation to their performance in a cyclic-loading apparatus. Split brass capsules, joined with a test solder, were subjected to pressure ranging from 0 to 20 psi with a maximum resultant temperature of 255 F. The compositions of the more promising solders were modified by the addition of constituents designed to improve their high-temperature properties.
Small amounts of nickel, manganese, chromium, germanium, tellurium, and cerium were added to 30 tin — 70 lead and 70 tin — 30 lead solders. The test results indicated that all of these additions improved the performance of the 70 tin — 30 lead solder, but only nickel, germanium, and cerium had any beneficial effect on the performance of 30 tin — 70 lead solder. Other additions to these solders and to 15 tin — 85 lead solder also were investigated.
Some work on the corrosion effects of antifreeze solutions on soldered joints was included in this program. The effects of joining brass material with tinlead solders containing various amounts of antimony also were studied briefly.
Dip-Soldered Printed Circuit Joint Characteristics
Authors: Johns Alfred A. , Miller Eugen S. 
Published: September 2009

Considerable emphasis has been placed upon a program of investigation of dipsoldered joints from the standpoint of results which can be anticipated in production. This program covers four fields of information on dip-soldered joints:
1. Efficiency of joint formation.
2. Short-time tensile strength.
3. Impact strength in tension.
4. Creep strength in tension.
Development and Performance of the Portable Skid-Resistance Tester
Authors: Giles C G , Sabey B E , Cardew KH F 
Published: September 2009

The portable skid-resistance tester can carry out a wide variety of measurements on the road and in the laboratory. This paper outlines the basic principles underlying the design of the tester and describes the laboratory and field trials conducted during the development of the instrument. The factors influencing its performance are emphasized.
In its performance, the instrument behaves as a patterned tire skidding at 30 mph. It is particularly well suited for testing rough-textured surfaces, and readings are independent of gradient, camber, or crossfall on the test surface.
Chemical Nature of Polymer to Metal Adhesion
Authors: Lewis A. F. , Forrestal L. J. 
Published: September 2009

Irradiation grafting of bis(2-chloroethyl) vinyl phosphonate onto polypropylene is found to be a very effective way of improving its adhesionability toward metals (aluminum, steel, copper). At low grafting levels representing small radiation doses, a condition of greatly enhanced adhesion with small change in bulk mechanical properties of the polymer is achieved. This enables one to study the interfacial aspects of adhesion practically independent of gross changes in the mechanical properties of the bulk polymer. The results indicate that interfacial properties influence adhesive joint strength up to a critical “minimal value.” At and above this critical degree of surface attachment, the adhesive joint strength is optimized, and a condition is reached where the bulk mechanical (rheological) properties of the adhesive polymer (in both the bulk and boundary layer) become the sole determinant of the adhesive joint strength.
The effectiveness of other functional groups is shown by presenting polymermetal adhesion test results obtained by using polypropylene grafted with other monomers. Empirically, it is found that acids (electron accepting groups) are conducive to strong interfacial adhesion to metals while other functional groups exhibit specificity.
Adhesive Requirements for the Automotive Industry
Authors: Twiss S. B. 
Published: September 2009

The automotive industry uses a wide range of adhesives and sealants in the construction of an automobile. Some of these are an integral part of the body, others are used for attachment of auxiliary parts, and still others are used in the assembly of parts that are occasionally replaced during the average 12-year life of a car. As a result, the requirements for adhesives in the automotive industry vary considerably, but all must be capable of being handled on a production basis with assurance of consistent results. Further, without exception, they are expected to last the life of a car or subassembly without failure or significant change in properties.
The functional requirements and the production requirements of adhesives are discussed. Products approved for automotive use are specification products required to meet specifications peculiar to the automotive industry, and which in many cases vary from one manufacturer to another. The minimum specifications for adhesives and sealants are discussed. A classification of automotive adhesives and sealants is given, and a compilation of the material base, special properties, and use or application for each product is outlined in an Appendix. Brief descriptions and photographs are used to describe typical products and their application in the automobile.
Finally, the future applications of these products in automobile manufacturing is discussed with an indication of the adhesive requirements to meet the suggested uses. Joining of dissimilar materials, improved vibration dampening, replacement of spot welding, attachment of exterior trim, and structural bonding of subassemblies are all areas of future growth of adhesives if the rigorous requirements of both performance and manufacturing are met.
Chromium-Base Alloys
Authors: Parke Robert M. , Bens Frederick P. 
Published: September 2009

The creation of superior heat-resistant materials is one part of the classical problem of efficiently converting thermal energy into ordered kinetic energy and will remain an important part so long as the Second Law of Thermodynamics is a guiding principle in the improvement of heat engines.
This paper describes an investigation of chromium-base alloys, a class of heat-resistant materials not well known. The investigation was supervised during its entirety—a period of 3½ yr.—by the War Metallurgy Committee of the National Defense Research Committee, through contract with Climax Molybdenum Co. It was part of a project entitled “Development of Heat-Resistant Metals for Gas Turbine Parts.” In particular, the heat-resistant metals being sought were for use as gas-turbine blades rotating in an oxidizing atmosphere at temperatures up to 1600 F. (870 C.). During the final year of the investigation, the alloys were applied experimentally as erosion-resistant materials for ordnance uses under the supervision of Division One, NDRC.
This paper, therefore, is based in whole or in part on work done for the Office of Scientific Research and Development under Contracts OEMsr-457 and OEMsr-1273.
Tensile and Creep Strengths of Some Magnesium-Base Alloys at Elevated Temperature
Authors: Moore A. A. , McDonald J. C. 
Published: September 2009

Creep tests up to and including rupture were carried out for periods of 1000 hr. Several commercial alloys, as well as some experimental cerium-containing alloys, were studied.
At room temperature it was observed for many of the alloys that the yield strength was an adequate criterion for design of parts to be loaded steadily for long periods. At the maximum temperature of test, 300 F., this is true of cerium-containing alloys, but the commercial alloys have strengths-to-rupture less than the yield strength. The magnesium-manganese alloy, M, is the best of the commercial alloys in respect to creep properties at elevated temperature.
Magnesium-base alloys do not lose ductility at rupture under long-time conditions of loading.