bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A modified synchronous shielding technique in rotation therapy
Authors: Casebow M. P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Synchronous shielding in rotation radiotherapy involves the movement of an absorber across the X-ray beam profile during a rotation treatment. This procedure can shape the cross-section of a cylindrical treatment volume to avoid nearby radiosensitive structures but often produces unacceptable dose variations within the treatment volume. These effects may be reduced by modifying the dose rate profile of the beam using wedge-shaped niters attached to the absorbers. A mechanism is then required to orientate the absorbers and filters during the rotation. A prototype device was constructed and assessed experimentally using a 6 MV X-ray beam.
The type III dens fracture and its associated soft-tissue injuries: a different form of Hangman's fracture
Authors: Renwick I. G. H. 
Published: July 2009

The Hangman's fracture has been defined as a traumatic spondylolysis of the second cervical vertebra occurring after road traffic accidents and judicial hanging. A case is described following an attempted self-hanging which demonstrates a different type of fracture with associated soft-tissue injuries.
A 17-year-old man was brought to the Casualty Department following an attempted self-hanging. After a domestic dispute he had tied a rope around his neck, attached the other end to some scaffolding and jumped. The rope snapped as he dropped and he fell 20 feet to the ground.
A cervical collar was applied by ambulance staff at the scene. On arrival at hospital he was fully conscious with no neurological deficit and clinically he was found to have fractured his pelvis.
111In labelling of post-operative thrombus
Authors: Stuttle A. , Klosok J. , Peters A. M. , Lavender J. P. 
Published: July 2009

In response to comments by Professor Rhys Davies relating to a publication outlining the use of P256 we should first like to explain the background of this tracer.
The antibody was originally raised at The Imperial Cancer Research Fund (Lincoln's Inn Fields). As a result of a request by Professor Peter Lavender, this antibody was made available for evaluation as a thrombus imaging agent at the Hammersmith Hospital. Studies conducted during 1986 demonstrated the potential value in thrombus detection. Following initial presentations of this work Amersham International plc expressed a commercial interest in the antibody and negotiated with the ICRF to take over production of the antibody. In addition, Amersham agreed to fund the continued evaluation of this tracer at the Hammersmith Hospital.
Book reviews
Authors: Tilley A. J. , Lock N. A. 
Published: July 2009

This American book, like the curates egg, has some good parts. The particular strength of the work is in the clear layout of each projection, comprehensively and lucidly described with an accompanying photograph of the position, radiograph and an annotated line drawing of the radiograph, all of the highest quality. Of particular importance are the imaging criteria and helpful hints on how to achieve the desired projection. It is clear to me that the book has been written from a practical viewpoint, and this is further reinforced by references to patient care.
The book is divided into 13 sections starting with a summary of the principles of radiography, dose limits and a section on the care of the patient. Within this section are the bill of rights for American patients and the code of ethics: the bill of rights makes particularly interesting reading. The second section then discusses both radiographic and positioning terminologies, particularly those used in America.
Imaging for cochlear implants
Authors: Phelps Peter D. , Annis Jonathan A. D. , Robinson Philip J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Insertion of a sound amplification device into the round window niche (extracochlear implant) or into the coils of the cochlea (intracochlear implant) can give significant benefits to some carefully selected, severely deaf patients. Imaging has an essential role in selective and pre-operative assessment. Severe otosclerosis and post-meningitic labyrinthitis ossificans are common causes of deafness in these patients and can be demonstrated by computed tomography (CT). The most suitable side for operation can be assessed. We describe our experiences with 165 patients, 69 of whom were found suitable for implants. Thin (1 mm) section CT in axial and coronal planes is the best imaging investigation of the petrous temporal bones but the place of magnetic resonance scanning to confirm that the inner ear is fluid-filled and polytomography to show a multichannel implant in the cochlea is discussed. No implants were used for congenital deformities, but some observations are made of this type of structural deformity of the inner ear.
Quality assurance of viewing boxes: proposal for establishing minimum requirements and results from a Spanish quality control programme
Authors: Guibelalde E. , Vañó E. , Llorca A. L. 
Published: July 2009

The Medical Physics Group at the Complutense University of Madrid has undertaken a project, during the last 3 years, under a CEC contract on “Optimization of Radiation Protection in Diagnostic Radiology” (Vañó, 1989) in which a pilot programme of Quality Control (QC) was included (Gonzalez, 1989). Exhaustive patient and occupational dose measurements showed differences between the test results from similar equipment. This fact moved us to set up a Quality Control Programme (Guibelalde & Llorca, 1989), and then several Quality Assurance (QA) programmes.
The necessity to establish minimum performance requirements for image quality, and the convenience of denning objective parameters to make possible further advances in the reduction of patient doses and optimization of image quality, has been pointed out at several Workshops of the Commission of European Communities (CEC) on Image Quality in Diagnostic Radiology. A Working Document of the CEC (1989) has recently been issued emphasizing the need to develop appropriate quality criteria. The aim of these activities is to produce standards and quality criteria that will provide a framework, throughout the European Community, for producing images with minimum patient dose and maximum quality. Efforts to ensure the best quality and consistency of viewing boxes must aid these objectives.
The brightness and uniformity of viewing boxes are two factors that can be measured in absolute units. These factors are not influenced by other elements of image quality control and, therefore, can be used for comparisons between different centres.
Radiological definition of a new model of portal diversion in the rat
Authors: Jaffe V. , Sandin B. , Wilkins R. A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Diversion of portal blood away from the liver can be accomplished in the rat by two straightforward surgical procedures: subcutaneous transposition of the spleen followed later by portal vein ligation. This experimental model has great potential value in the study of liver cell transplants, porto-systemic shunts and hepatic porto-privation. Contrast medium radiology has been used to clarify and define the model further. Splenography, achieved by direct percutaneous puncture, demonstrated the developing spleno-subcutaneous vessels. Collaterals are seen as early as 3 days and appear extensive by 21 days after transposition. Almost all emanate from the convex outer surface of the spleen and course cranially and caudally in the subcutaneous tissues to drain into the subclavian and iliac veins. The appearance of these collaterals correlates well with survival after portal vein occlusion subsequent to splenic transposition. Direct portography demonstrates that, following portal vein ligation, contrast medium is diverted away from the liver into the splenic veins, through and around the spleen, before draining into the systemic circulation through spleno-subcutaneous collaterals. These radiological studies have demonstrated the changed circulatory pathways of this model of portal diversion and have confirmed that it is the splenic veins and the spleno-subcutaneous collaterals which are fundamental to its successful outcome.
An investigation into the performance of an automated quality assurance and dosimetry system in diagnostic radiology
Authors: Chappie C.-L. , Faulkner K. , Harrison R. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A system has been developed to undertake automatic quality assurance and dosimetry for diagnostic radiology examinations. The accuracy and reproducibility of the measurements and calculations made by the system have been investigated in a laboratory study and compared with concurrent measurements of exposure parameters made using standard techniques. In a later set of experiments, doses measured using a RANDO phantom and thermoluminescent dosimeters were compared with those calculated by the automated system. Assessment was carried out over a wide range of exposure factors and for a number of different radiological examinations. It is deduced from the results that exposure parameters can be measured with comparable accuracy to standard techniques, and that the automated system is suitable for performing on-line dosimetry.
Radiation therapy in the management of giant lymph node hyperplasia
Authors: Sethi T. , Joshi K. , Sharma S. C. , Gupta B. D. 
Published: July 2009

The response of giant lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman's disease) to surgery is well known and surgery is the main technique in the management of these patients. We describe a young man who presented with clinical features suggestive of a lymphoma, but who was diagnosed to have Castleman's disease after histopathology. Complete response to radiation and a disease-free follow- up of 22 months prompts us to advocate radiation as an effective alternative mode of therapy in inoperable cases.
Giant lymph node hyperplasia or Castleman's disease is a benign condition with enlargement of the lymph nodes, particularly common in the mediastinum. The patients are otherwise usually asymptomatic but may sometimes present with fever, anaemia, hyper-gammaglobulinaemia (Bartoli et al, 1980; Frrizera et al, 1983) and multi-centric lymph node enlargement (Gaba et al, 1978) mimicking a lymphoma.
Thin ribs, thin tubular bones, abnormal facies and intrauterine growth retardation: a lethal syndrome
Authors: Sharma Bal Krishana , Kapoor Ravi , Ramji Sidharth , Thirupuram S. , Suri Mohnish 
Published: July 2009

Two neonates with peculiar facies, thin ribs and thin long bones are presented. Both these cases had an otherwise uneventful antenatal period but died soon after birth. The two cases had no familial relation to each other.
A male baby was born at term by caesarean section to a booked second gravida mother with borderline contracted pelvis because of breech presentation. The Apgar score was 5, 6 and 6 at 1, 5 and lO min, respectively. The neonate showed increasingly poor respiratory effort and died after 2h. There was no history of maternal exposure to drugs or radiation. Ultrasound examination 10 days prior to delivery showed mild hydramnios.
The newborn weighed 2.2 kg, with head circumference 35 cm, crown–heel length 49.5 cm and an upper segment to lower segment ratio of 1.4. There was frontal bossing with all three fontanelle widely open, low set ears, high arched palate and bilaterally undescended testes.
Age and sex specific radiographic examination frequency in the Netherlands
Authors: Beentjes L. B. , Timmermans C. W. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Age and sex specific data were obtained concerning diagnostic radiographic procedures performed in the Netherlands over the years 1984–1985. The average annual procedure frequency per caput excluding dental examinations in dentists' practices and mass survey examinations amounted to 0.537. Male and female examination frequencies were determined as 0.543 and 0.531, respectively. Trends in X-ray examination frequency were followed from 1967 to 1988. Until 1982, the X-ray examination frequency was increasing by an average of 4% per year. Mainly because of a decrease in high dose examinations, the annual examination frequency per caput has been decreasing since then. As a consequence, the somatic effective dose equivalent to the population from diagnostic X-ray examinations is expected to decrease to a value of about 0.4 mSv for the year 1989.
Pelvic congestion in women: evaluation with transvaginal ultrasound and observation of venous pharmacology
Authors: Stones R. W. , Rae Toni , Rogers Vera , Fry R. , Beard R. W. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Fourteen women with chronic pelvic pain due to congestion underwent transvaginal ultrasound scanning to observe changes in the diameters of dilated pelvic veins. Spontaneous fluctuations were observed, and intravenous dihydroergotamine resulted in a consistent venoconstrictor response (p = 0.0021) during 20min observation. Transvaginal ultrasound is useful for imaging dilated pelvic veins and for the study of venous pharmacology.
Cholesterol granuloma of the petrous apex
Authors: Clifton A. G. , Phelps P. D. , Brookes G. B. 
Published: July 2009

A case of cholesterol granuloma (giant chocolate cyst) of the petrous apex of the temporal bone is reported. The importance of correct pre-operative diagnosis by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is discussed. This may allow, as in this case, less major surgical management by transmastoid drainage.
A 44-year-old woman presented with a 4-year history of left-sided facial spasms, which had become progressively more frequent and severe. They occurred daily and were triggered by noise, cold air or abduction of the arm. Over a few seconds the left eye would close and the angle of the mouth would be drawn up, the facial muscles remaining in spasm for over half an hour. There was no associated pain or parasthesia, but she was aware of facial numbness. There had been associated left-sided hearing loss for the previous 2 years. General and neurological examination between attacks was unremarkable apart from reduction in light touch and pin-prick sensation over the left cheek. A mild conductive hearing loss was present on the affected side. Brain stem evoked potentials were bizarre and poorly seen, features suggesting a retrocochlear lesion involving the auditory pathways. Facial electromyogram during an episode was not consistent with hemifacial spasm or facial myokymia. Facial nerve conduction, blink reflex latency and cerebrospinal fluid analyses were normal.
Computed tomography of the brain (WW75 WL45) was normal.
A cranio-cerebral erosion (growing skull fracture) causing anisometropia
Authors: Whitehouse R. W. , Leatherbarrow B. 
Published: July 2009

The progressive enlargement of a skull fracture is a rare complication of head injury in children. The true incidence is unknown but it probably occurs in less than 5% of skull fractures in infancy. It is seen most often in children under the age of 3 years who have sustained a diastatic fracture (greater than 3–4 mm of edge separation) following a fall of at least 10 feet (Tandon et al, 1987). Experimentally, a laceration of both the dura and arachnoid is also necessary for the lesion to develop (Goldstein et al, 1967). Until the series of 60 cases published by Tandon et al, the high incidence of associated brain injury and progressive neurological abnormality in patients with growing fractures had been underemphasized in the literature. In Tandon's series, only two patients had growing fractures of the orbit and these were neither illustrated nor specifically described. No other published series in the radiological or neuro-surgical literature refers to an orbital location. We therefore describe the clinical and radiological findings of an orbital growing fracture.
At the age of 22 months, the patient fell from a first floor window onto a concrete pavement. There was no documented period of unconsciousness but plain radiographs demonstrated a fracture of the left frontal region (Fig. 1). A computed tomographic (CT) examination was performed, demonstrating in intracerebral contusion in the left frontal lobe and blood in the interhemispheric fissure.
“The Dormouse is asleep again” said the Hatter, and he poured a little hot tea upon its nose (Lewis Carroll)
Authors: Ward S. C. , Hornsby V. P. L. 
Published: July 2009

A woman of 31 years presented acutely to her general practitioner with left sided pleuritic chest pain of short duration. She had no significant past medical history and was otherwise asymptomatic. On examination, her doctor found no abnormality in the chest, but discovered a large ill defined mass in the left upper abdomen.
He requested a plain radiograph of the abdomen (Fig. 1) and an upper abdominal ultrasound (Fig. 2) before referring the patient to hospital where a computed tomographic (CT) scan of the abdomen was performed (Fig. 3).
What is the diagnosis and how should the patient be managed?
The plain abdominal radiograph confirms the presence of a large rounded mass of soft-tissue density in the left upper quadrant.
Biological dosimetry for iodine contrast medium and X-ray interactions by cell survival
Authors: Tokita N. , Akine Y. , Egawa S. , Raju M. R. 
Published: July 2009

In the presence of an iodinated contrast medium, X-ray absorption is enhanced owing to photoelectric interactions. This has been shown both experimentally and in patients undergoing radiographic procedures using contrast media (Adams et al, 1977; Norman et al, 1978; Callisen et al, 1979; Cockran et al, 1980; Matsudaira et al, 1980; Matsubara et al, 1982). Chromosome aberration assays of circulating lymphocytes in these patients revealed a significant increase in absorbed dose compared with those who underwent a similar radiological procedure without the use of contrast media. This effect is most significant at X-ray energy levels just above the binding energy of iodine K electrons. Ejected photoelectrons are estimated to deposit their energy within a few micrometers in tissue (Cole, 1969). In angiography, an iodine contrast medium is irradiated in small blood vessels so that attenuation and “hardening” of X rays are unlikely to be significant. However, when a larger volume of tissue is irradiated in the presence of a contrast medium, the X rays become not only attenuated but also “hardened” as they travel through the iodine-containing tissue. In contrast to the incident X rays, the exit X rays are predicted to be less effective in eliciting photoelectric interactions because of the reduction in the “soft” component of the X-ray spectrum.
In this communication we report measurements of the dose enhancement as a function of iodine concentration and the effect of X-ray hardening on the photoactivation using biological dosimetry based on cell survival.
Book reviews
Authors: Wright F. 
Published: July 2009

Dr Norman Blank is Active Emeritus Professor of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine, California. His name is well known to radiologists interested in chest medicine for his papers with Dr Castellino and others on pleural reflections adjacent to the mediastinum, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, intra-thoracic manifestations of lymphomas and leukaemias, etc., some inflammatory lung conditions, particularly in patients with altered immunity.
The preface states that the book is intended for medical students and residents in radiology or chest medicine “to master the principles of chest film interpretation and to develop their ability to extract information from imaging studies”. He tries to show how to analyse radiographic data, whether findings are normal or abnormal, to integrate radiological with clinical findings, and with one's knowledge of disease processes to formulate a differential diagnosis.
Chronic anaemia, hyperbaric oxygen and tumour radiosensitivity
Authors: McCormack Mary , Nias A. H. W. , Smith Eileen 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Anaemia is an important factor in the response of some human tumours to radiotherapy. The outcome is also influenced by whether the treatment is given in air or high pressure oxygen (HPO). The present study examined the relationship between anaemia and tumour response to radiation given in air or HPO in C3H mice transplanted with a mammary adenocarcinoma using a growth delay assay to assess the radiation response. Chronic anaemia was induced by the use of a low iron diet and was characterized by a significant reduction in host haematocrit and whole blood viscosity. In addition, anaemia was associated with a right shift in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve and an increase in the volume doubling time of the tumour; but there was no change in the concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the red cells. Radiation studies with these anaemic mice demonstrated that the tumour radiosensitivity was decreased when treatment was given in air. HPO was successful in overcoming the increased radioresistance associated with anaemia. This result suggested that tumours grown in anaemic mice have a higher hypoxic fraction than those grown in control mice.
Lipiodol computerized tomography: how sensitive and specific is the technique in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma?
Authors: Ngan Henry 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Computerized tomography (CT) following the intra-arterial injection of Lipiodol (Lipiodol-CT) was performed on 60 patients suspected of having a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Four main patterns of uptake of the Lipiodol within the liver were seen on CT. Of the 14 well circumscribed lesions with dense homogeneous uptake of Lipiodol, 13 were confirmed to be HCCs. Of the 25 lesions with dense patchy uptake of Lipiodol at the periphery and/or in the centre, 19 were confirmed to be HCCs. In 18 patients, in whom only ill defined faint patchy uptake of Lipiodol was present in the liver, or in whom no hepatic uptake was present at all, only one patient was found later to have an HCC. Of the three hypodense lesions in the liver with no Lipiodol uptake, one was found to be necrotic HCC, one a cholangiocarcinoma and one a regenerative nodule. In the diagnosis of HCC, Lipiodol-CT had an overall sensitivity of 97.1%, an accuracy of 88.3% and a specificity of 76.9%. Of the 34 patients with HCC, only 23 were solitary at diagnosis. The size of the HCCs ranged from 0.8 cm to 11 cm in diameter with the median size at 2.2 cm. Eleven of 34 HCCs (32.3%) were resectable. We conclude that, as part of a screening programme for high risk patients, Lipiodol-CT is useful in the early detection of HCCs. The technique also plays an important role in determining whether the tumour should be resected or managed with chemotherapy. By detecting HCCs while still small, the resectability rate can also be improved.
Choroid plexus cysts and chromosomal defects
Authors: Thorpe-Beeston J. G. , Gosden C. M. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
During a 4-year period, 83 pregnant women with fetal choroid plexus cysts were investigated in our unit. Abnormal karyotypes were found in 20 fetuses, including trisomy 18 (n = 16), trisomy 13 (n = 1), triploidy (n = 1) and translocation Down's syndrome (n = 2). All fetuses with chromosomal defects had structural malformations in addition to the choroid plexus cysts.