bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining diversity: the evolution of diversity
Authors: Kapoor Camille 
Published: September 2011

PurposeThe Hospitality Industry Diversity Institute (Hidi) has put together a review of diversity research that looks at the entrance of diversity into the management conversation, how it compares and contrasts with affirmative action, the transformation of diversity into a broad based and inclusive concept, and some concerns with a broad diversity definition. This paper aims to address these issues.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology includes qualitative archival research which has been done to establish the review. The design of the paper flows through the entrance of diversity to an inclusion of diversity today, with a concern on a broad definition of diversity.FindingsThe research has led the author to affirm The Diversity Task Force's 2001 definition of diversity, whereby diversity includes “all characteristics and experiences that define each of us as individuals” (Diversity Task Force, 2001).Research limitations/implicationsHidi wishes to be mindful of a broad definition of diversity and emphasizes the importance of recognizing that individuals with primary dimensions may have very different secondary dimensions. Research has been limited to pre‐existing articles. Further research could include broad‐based diversity initiatives, the differences of diversity at a cultural level, and dimensions in diversity that are relevant to the workplace.Originality/valueThe originality of this paper stems from its attempt to define the broad concept of diversity as it has evolved. In all industries, valuing all of the components of an individual is crucial to an organization's success. This paper's value is in providing information to help those organizations, specifically the hospitality industry, and society better understand diversity.
Researching the American Dream
Authors: Larry Jackson Joseph 
Published: September 2011

PurposeThis paper aims to review the question as to how academia and industry might work together to create research ideas that will result in methodologically sound research that also has pragmatic benefits for industry.Design/methodology/approachThe introduction of this article reviews industry panel reflections from the 2010 Hospitality Industry Diversity Institute (Hidi) conference. The main body of the article contains the author's perspective on what industry can gain from understanding and using the results of diversity research.FindingsThe paper presents the findings of the 2010 Hidi conference and how research can be a valuable management tool.Practical implicationsFor researchers, the article gives industry research priorities for diversity research. For practitioners, it explains how research can be used to help manage organizations.Originality/valueThe paper provides research priorities and gives an overview on the use of research by an industry leader. This approach is unique and will have value to the readers.
Industry perspectives on diversity research
Authors: Kapoor Camille , Madera Juan M. 
Published: September 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present industry perspectives on diversity research for the hospitality industry. This piece transcribes a panel discussion at the 2010 Hospitality Industry Diversity Institute Conference.Design/methodology/approachThe panel discussion created dialogue between industry professionals and academic researchers with the goal of creating research on a variety of diversity topics that are meaningful to the hospitality industry. The variety of topics include visible tattoos in the workplace, multicultural travelers, attracting minority employees to the hospitality industry, and a general discussion of various issues central to the industry.FindingsAs a result of this discussion, researchers have learned that there are potential research opportunities regarding many of the topics presented in the discussion panel. Specifically, there is an interest in research regarding consumer perceptions of visible tattoos on employees; understanding what motivates and influences multicultural travelers in their travel decisions; how to attract minorities to choose the hospitality industry as a career; and general comments and concerns about research such as the need to make findings “relevant and applicable.” “We need industry support, especially gaining access and collecting data” (Dr Fevzi Okumus), and feedback should be stressed to make sure “the right thing is happening from a customer's perspective” (Tom Cusimano).Research limitations/implicationsFurther research is needed in the areas of how tattoos can influence the customer's experience, what is driving the multicultural traveler's decisions, what career paths are minorities choosing, and how the hospitality industry may successfully attract minorities to make their career in the field.Originality/valueThe paper provides original material from industry professionals and academic researchers. This piece is valuable for members of both the industry and academic community to help each better understand the needs of one another, including the need for collaboration from organizations in research from the academic community, and the need for research from the industry as well as practical application of results.
Drug use in rural China: a preliminary investigation in Hunan Province
Authors: Deng Qijian , Tang Quansheng , Schottenfeld Richard S. , Hao Wei , Chawarski Marek C. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTAims  To compare characteristics and illicit drug abuse patterns among drug abusers in rural and urban areas of Hunan Province, China.Measurements and design  Data collected by public security bureau on newly registered drug abusers between 2005 and 2008 in five urban and five rural areas (n = 1639) were extracted anonymously and analyzed.Setting and participants  All newly registered drug users in urban (n = 812) and rural (n = 827) areas of Hunan Province were included.Findings  Drug users from the rural areas were younger [31 (6.6) versus 34 (8.0) years, P < 0.001], with a higher proportion of males (86% versus 82%, P < 0.05) or married (34% versus 27%, P < 0.01). Rural drug users reported an earlier onset of drug use [27 (5.9) versus 30 (7.9) years old, P < 0.001], were more likely to report heroin as their primary drug of abuse (53% versus 47%, P < 0.001) and had a lower prevalence of criminal activities (19% versus 31%, P < 0.001). Rural drug users were less likely to report needle sharing (1.8% versus 4.3%, P < 0.01), less likely to report being human immunodeficiency virus positive (0.8% versus 2.6%, P < 0.01) and less likely to report prior drug treatment participation (2.8% versus 6.8%, P < 0.001).Conclusions  Drug abuse is a substantial problem in both urban and rural areas in China. The very low proportion of newly registered drug users reporting any prior drug abuse treatment points to the importance of expanding substance abuse treatments, especially in rural areas where treatment penetration is even lower than in urban areas.
Variability of Escherichia coli O157 Strain Survival in Manure-Amended Soil in Relation to Strain Origin, Virulence Profile, and Carbon Nutrition Profile
Authors: Franz Eelco , van Hoek Angela H. A. M. , Bouw El , Aarts Henk J. M. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

The variation in manure-amended soil survival capability among 18
Escherichia coli
O157 strains (8 animal, 1 food, and 9 human isolates) was studied using a single sandy soil sample and a single sample of cattle manure as the inoculum carrier. The virulence profiles of
E. coli
O157 strains were characterized by detection of virulence determinants (73 genes, 122 probes in duplicate) by using the Identibac
E. coli
genotyping DNA miniaturized microarray. Metabolic profiling was done by subjecting all strains to the Biolog phenotypic carbon microarray. Survival times (calculated as days needed to reach the detection limit using the Weibull model) ranged from 47 to 266 days (median, 120 days). Survival time was significantly higher for the group of human isolates (median, 211 days; minimum [min.], 71; maximum [max.], 266) compared to the group of animal isolates (median, 70 days; min., 47; max., 249) (
P
= 0.025). Although clustering of human versus animal strains was observed based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns, no relation between survival time and the presence of virulence genes was observed. Principal component analysis on the metabolic profiling data revealed distinct clustering of short- and long-surviving strains. The oxidization rate of propionic acid, α-ketobutyric acid, and α-hydroxybutyric acid was significantly higher for the long-surviving strains than for the short-surviving strains. The oxidative capacity of
E. coli
O157 strains may be regarded as a phenotypic marker for enhanced survival in manure-amended soil. The large variation observed in survival is of importance for risk assessment models.
Intergenic Sequence Comparison of Escherichia coli Isolates Reveals Lifestyle Adaptations but Not Host Specificity
Authors: White A. P. , Sibley K. A. , Sibley C. D. , Wasmuth J. D. , Schaefer R. , Surette M. G. , Edge T. A. , Neumann N. F. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTEstablishing the risk of human infection is one of the goals of public health. For bacterial pathogens, the virulence and zoonotic potential can often be related to their host source.Escherichia colibacteria are common contaminants of water associated with human recreation and consumption, and many strains are pathogenic. In this study, we analyzed three promoter-containing intergenic regions from 284 diverseE. coliisolates in an attempt to identify molecular signatures associated with specific host types. Promoter sequences controlling production of curli fimbriae, flagella, and nutrient import yielded a phylogenetic tree with isolates clustered by established phylogenetic grouping (A, B1, B2, and D) but not by host source. Virulence genes were more prevalent in groups B2 and D isolates and in human isolates. Group B1 isolates, primarily from nonhuman sources, were the most genetically similar, indicating that they lacked molecular adaptations to specific host environments and were likely host generalists. Conversely, B2 isolates, primarily from human sources, displayed greater genetic distances and were more likely to be host adapted. In agreement with these hypotheses, prevalence of σSactivity and the rdar morphotype, phenotypes associated with environmental survival, were significantly higher in B1 isolates than in B2 isolates. Based on our findings, we speculate thatE. colihost specificity is not defined by genome-wide sequence changes but, rather, by the presence or absence of specific genes and associated promoter elements. Furthermore, the requirements for colonization of the human gastrointestinal tract may lead toE. colilifestyle changes along with selection for increased virulence.
Roles of Ras1 Membrane Localization during Candida albicans Hyphal Growth and Farnesol Response
Authors: Piispanen Amy E. , Bonnefoi Ophelie , Carden Sarah , Deveau Aurelie , Bassilana Martine , Hogan Deborah A. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Many Ras GTPases localize to membranes via C-terminal farnesylation and palmitoylation, and localization regulates function. In
Candida albicans
, a fungal pathogen of humans, Ras1 links environmental cues to morphogenesis. Here, we report the localization and membrane dynamics of Ras1, and we characterize the roles of conserved C-terminal cysteine residues, C287 and C288, which are predicted sites of palmitoylation and farnesylation, respectively. GFP-Ras1 is localized uniformly to plasma membranes in both yeast and hyphae, yet Ras1 plasma membrane mobility was reduced in hyphae compared to that in yeast. Ras1-C288S was mislocalized to the cytoplasm and could not support hyphal development. Ras1-C287S was present primarily on endomembranes, and strains expressing
ras1-C287S
were delayed or defective in hyphal induction depending on the medium used. Cells bearing constitutively activated Ras1-C287S or Ras1-C288S, due to a G13V substitution, showed increased filamentation, suggesting that lipid modifications are differentially important for Ras1 activation and effector interactions. The
C. albicans
autoregulatory molecule, farnesol, inhibits Ras1 signaling through adenylate cyclase and bears structural similarities to the farnesyl molecule that modifies Ras1. At lower concentrations of farnesol, hyphal growth was inhibited but Ras1 plasma membrane association was not altered; higher concentrations of farnesol led to mislocalization of Ras1 and another G protein, Rac1. Furthermore, farnesol inhibited hyphal growth mediated by cytosolic Ras1-C288SG13V, suggesting that farnesol does not act through mechanisms that depend on Ras1 farnesylation. Our findings imply that Ras1 is farnesylated and palmitoylated, and that the Ras1 stimulation of adenylate cyclase-dependent phenotypes can occur in the absence of these lipid modifications.
Comparative Genomic Analysis of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citrumelo F1, Which Causes Citrus Bacterial Spot Disease, and Related Strains Provides Insights into Virulence and Host Specificit
Authors: Jalan Neha , Aritua Valente , Kumar Dibyendu , Yu Fahong , Jones Jeffrey B. , Graham James H. , Setubal João C. , Wang Nian 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Xanthomonas axonopodis
pv. citrumelo is a citrus pathogen causing citrus bacterial spot disease that is geographically restricted within the state of Florida. Illumina, 454 sequencing, and optical mapping were used to obtain a complete genome sequence of
X. axonopodis
pv. citrumelo strain F1, 4.9 Mb in size. The strain lacks plasmids, in contrast to other citrus
Xanthomonas
pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this pathogen is very close to the tomato bacterial spot pathogen
X. campestris
pv. vesicatoria 85-10, with a completely different host range. We also compared
X. axonopodis
pv. citrumelo to the genome of citrus canker pathogen
X. axonopodis
pv. citri 306. Comparative genomic analysis showed differences in several gene clusters, like those for type III effectors, the type IV secretion system, lipopolysaccharide synthesis, and others. In addition to
pthA
, effectors such as
xopE3, xopAI
, and
hrpW
were absent from
X. axonopodis
pv. citrumelo while present in
X. axonopodis
pv. citri. These effectors might be responsible for survival and the low virulence of this pathogen on citrus compared to that of
X. axonopodis
pv. citri. We also identified unique effectors in
X. axonopodis
pv. citrumelo that may be related to the different host range as compared to that of
X. axonopodis
pv. citri.
X. axonopodis
pv. citrumelo also lacks various genes, such as
syrE1, syrE2
, and RTX toxin family genes, which were present in
X. axonopodis
pv. citri. These may be associated with the distinct virulences of
X. axonopodis
pv. citrumelo and
X. axonopodis
pv. citri. Comparison of the complete genome sequence of
X. axonopodis
pv. citrumelo to those of
X. axonopodis
pv. citri and
X. campestris
pv. vesicatoria provides valuable insights into the mechanism of bacterial virulence and host specificity.
Decay of a Model mRNA in Bacillus subtilis by a Combination of RNase J1 5′ Exonuclease and RNase Y Endonuclease Activities
Authors: Yao Shiyi , Richards Jamie , Belasco Joel G. , Bechhofer David H. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

The involvement of the recently characterized 5′ exonuclease activity of RNase J1 and endonuclease activity of RNase Y in the turnover of Δ
ermC
mRNA in
Bacillus subtilis
was investigated. Evidence is presented that both of these activities determine the half-life of Δ
ermC
mRNA.
CsrA Represses Translation ofsdiA, Which Encodes theN-Acylhomoserine-l-Lactone Receptor of Escherichia coli, by Binding Exclusively within the Coding Region ofsdiAmRNA
Authors: Yakhnin Helen , Baker Carol S. , Berezin Igor , Evangelista Michael A. , Rassin Alisa , Romeo Tony , Babitzke Paul 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe RNA binding protein CsrA is the central component of a conserved global regulatory system that activates or represses gene expression posttranscriptionally. In every known example of CsrA-mediated translational control, CsrA binds to the 5′ untranslated region of target transcripts, thereby repressing translation initiation and/or altering the stability of the RNA. Furthermore, with few exceptions, repression by CsrA involves binding directly to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and blocking ribosome binding.sdiAencodes the quorum-sensing receptor forN-acyl-l-homoserine lactone inEscherichia coli. BecausesdiAindirectly stimulates transcription ofcsrB, which encodes a small RNA (sRNA) antagonist of CsrA, we further explored the relationship betweensdiAand the Csr system. Primer extension analysis revealed four putative transcription start sites within 85 nucleotides of thesdiAinitiation codon. Potential σ70-dependent promoters were identified for each of these primer extension products. In addition, two CsrA binding sites were predicted in the initially translated region ofsdiA. Expression of chromosomally integratedsdiA′-′lacZtranslational fusions containing the entire promoter and CsrA binding site regions indicates that CsrA repressessdiAexpression. The results from gel shift and footprint studies demonstrate that tight binding of CsrA requires both of these sites. Furthermore, the results from toeprint andin vitrotranslation experiments indicate that CsrA represses translation ofsdiAby directly competing with 30S ribosomal subunit binding. Thus, this represents the first example of CsrA preventing translation by interacting solely within the coding region of an mRNA target.
Insulin-like Growth Factor–Binding Protein-7 Functions as a Potential Tumor Suppressor in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Chen Dong , Yoo Byoung Kwon , Santhekadur Prasanna Kumar , Gredler Rachel , Bhutia Sujit K. , Das Swadesh K. , Fuller Christine , Su Zao-zhong , Fisher Paul B. , Sarkar Devanand 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Purpose: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly virulent malignancy with no effective treatment, thus requiring innovative and effective targeted therapies. The oncogene astrocyte-elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) plays a seminal role in hepatocarcinogenesis and profoundly downregulates insulin-like growth factor–binding protein-7 (IGFBP7). The present study focuses on analyzing potential tumor suppressor functions of IGFBP7 in HCC and the relevance of IGFBP7 downregulation in mediating AEG-1 function.
Experimental Design: IGFBP7 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in HCC tissue microarray and real-time PCR and ELISA in human HCC cell lines. Dual FISH was done to detect LOH at IGFBP7 locus. Stable IGFBP7-overexpressing clones were established in the background of AEG-1–overexpressing human HCC cells and were analyzed for in vitro proliferation and senescence and in vivo tumorigenesis and angiogenesis.
Results: IGFBP7 expression is significantly downregulated in human HCC samples and cell lines compared with normal liver and hepatocytes, respectively, and inversely correlates with the stages and grades of HCC. Genomic deletion of IGFBP7 was identified in 26% of patients with HCC. Forced overexpression of IGFBP7 in AEG-1–overexpressing HCC cells inhibited in vitro growth and induced senescence, and profoundly suppressed in vivo growth in nude mice that might be an end result of inhibition of angiogenesis by IGFBP7.
Conclusion: The present findings provide evidence that IGFBP7 functions as a novel putative tumor suppressor for HCC and establish the corollary that IGFBP7 downregulation can effectively modify AEG-1 function. Accordingly, targeted overexpression of IGFBP7 might be a potential novel therapy for HCC. Clin Cancer Res; 17(21); 6693–701. ©2011 AACR.
Expression of NLRR3 Orphan Receptor Gene Is Negatively Regulated by MYCN and Miz-1, and Its Downregulation Is Associated with Unfavorable Outcome in Neuroblastoma
Authors: Akter Jesmin , Takatori Atsushi , Hossain Md. Shamim , Ozaki Toshinori , Nakazawa Atsuko , Ohira Miki , Suenaga Yusuke , Nakagawara Akira 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Purpose: Our previous study showed that expression of NLRR3 is significantly high in favorable neuroblastomas (NBL), whereas that of NLRR1 is significantly high in unfavorable NBLs. However, the molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation of NLRR3 remains elusive. This study was undertaken to clarify the transcriptional regulation of NLRR3 and its association with the prognosis of NBL.
Experimental Design: NLRR3 and MYCN expressions in NBL cell lines were analyzed after induction of cell differentiation, MYCN knockdown, and overexpression. The transcriptional regulation of NLRR3 was analyzed by luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Quantitative PCR was used for examining the expression of NLRR3, Miz-1, or MYCN in 87 primary NBLs.
Results: The expression of NLRR3 mRNA was upregulated during differentiation of NBL cells induced by retinoic acid, accompanied with reduced expression of MYCN, suggesting that NLRR3 expression was inversely correlated with MYCN in differentiation. Indeed, knockdown of MYCN induced NLRR3 expression, whereas exogenously expressed MYCN reduced cellular NLRR3 expression. We found that Miz-1 was highly expressed in favorable NBLs and NLRR3 was induced by Miz-1 expression in NBL cells. MYCN and Miz-1 complexes bound to NLRR3 promoter and showed a negative regulation of NLRR3 expression. In addition, a combination of low expression of NLRR3 and high expression of MYCN was highly associated with poor prognosis.
Conclusions: NLRR3 is a direct target of MYCN, which associates with Miz-1 and negatively regulates NLRR3 expression. NLRR3 may play a role in NBL differentiation and the survival of NBL patients by inversely correlating with MYCN amplification. Clin Cancer Res; 17(21); 6681–92. ©2011 AACR.
Phase II Study of Oral Capsular 4-Hydroxyphenylretinamide (4-HPR/Fenretinide) in Pediatric Patients with Refractory or Recurrent Neuroblastoma: A Report from the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Villablanca Judith G. , London Wendy B. , Naranjo Arlene , McGrady Patrick , Ames Matthew M. , Reid Joel M. , McGovern Renee M. , Buhrow Sarah A. , Jackson Hollie , Stranzinger Enno , Kitchen Brenda J. , Sondel Paul M. , Parisi Marguerite T. , Shulkin Barry , Yanik Gregory A. , Cohn Susan L. , Reynolds C. Patrick 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPurpose: To determine the response rate to oral capsular fenretinide in children with recurrent or biopsy proven refractory high-risk neuroblastoma.Experimental Design: Patients received 7 days of fenretinide: 2,475 mg/m2/d divided TID (&lt;18 years) or 1,800 mg/m2/d divided BID (≥18 years) every 21 days for a maximum of 30 courses. Patients with stable or responding disease after course 30 could request additional compassionate courses. Best response by course 8 was evaluated in stratum 1 (measurable disease on CT/MRI ± bone marrow and/or MIBG avid sites) and stratum 2 (bone marrow and/or MIBG avid sites only).Results: Sixty-two eligible patients, median age 5 years (range 0.6–19.9), were treated in stratum 1 (n = 38) and stratum 2 (n = 24). One partial response (PR) was seen in stratum 2 (n = 24 evaluable). No responses were seen in stratum 1 (n = 35 evaluable). Prolonged stable disease (SD) was seen in 7 patients in stratum 1 and 6 patients in stratum 2 for 4 to 45+ (median 15) courses. Median time to progression was 40 days (range 17–506) for stratum 1 and 48 days (range 17–892) for stratum 2. Mean 4-HPR steady-state trough plasma concentrations were 7.25 μmol/L (coefficient of variation 40–56%) at day 7 course 1. Toxicities were mild and reversible.Conclusions: Although neither stratum met protocol criteria for efficacy, 1 PR + 13 prolonged SD occurred in 14/59 (24%) of evaluable patients. Low bioavailability may have limited fenretinide activity. Novel fenretinide formulations with improved bioavailability are currently in pediatric phase I studies. Clin Cancer Res; 17(21); 6858–66. ©2011 AACR.