bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fetal Exposure to Altered Amniotic Fluid Glucose, Insulin, and Insulin-Like Growth Factor–Binding Protein 1 Occurs Before Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Tisi Daniel K. , Burns David H. , Luskey Gary W. , Koski Kristine G. 
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE
We explored the possibility that perturbations in amniotic fluid glucose, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor–binding protein 1(IGFBP1) and/or metabolic acids exist before routine screening for GDM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We selected consenting mother-infant pairs (n = 408) who met our inclusion criteria (singleton pregnancy, no genetic abnormalities, and no preexisting diabetes) and for whom sufficient amniotic fluid and appropriate medical information were available. We compared birth outcomes and second trimester amniotic fluid glucose, insulin, IGFBP1 concentrations, and amniotic fluid lactic, β-hydroxybutyric, and uric acids of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (n = 52) with those of mothers with no diagnosis of GDM at &gt;24 weeks (n = 356).

RESULTS
Higher amniotic fluid glucose, lactic acid, uric acid, and insulin and lower IGFBP1 concentrations were present by 15.1 ± 0.1 weeks in mothers in whom GDM was subsequently diagnosed. However, logistic regression showed that second trimester amniotic fluid glucose, but not insulin, IGFBP1, or metabolic acids was associated with an increased odds ratio (1.2 [95% CI 1.052–1.338]) for diagnosis of GDM at 24–28 weeks. In addition, probability contour maps that accounted for nonlinear relationships among the dynamically changing amniotic fluid constituents showed an increased risk for GDM with elevated second trimester amniotic fluid glucose in combination with either elevated amniotic fluid insulin or low amniotic fluid IGFBP1

CONCLUSIONS
Fetuses are exposed to increased amniotic fluid glucose before 15 weeks of gestation, suggesting that metabolic perturbations are underway before diagnosis and that earlier screening and intervention may be warranted.
Attitudes of Psychiatrists in South Australia Towards Research Degrees
Authors: Chur-Hansen Anna 
Published: September 2010

Objective: The aim of this paper was to identify attitudes towards higher degrees by research (PhDs and Masters) among psychiatrists in South Australia, with the objective of identifying possible ways to increase the uptake of higher degrees in that population. Method: A survey questionnaire was designed, piloted and sent to all members of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists in South Australia. Results: The response rate was 54.9% (n = 179). The sample included 99 individuals who had completed or considered completing a higher degree and 80 individuals who had not considered this. Responses to items were collated separately according to these two groups. Qualitative data were analysed thematically across the sample. Service demands, financial pressures and time constraints, along with a number of other factors including a lack of mentors and role models, were identified as issues in both quantitative and qualitative data. Conclusions: A number of positive attitudes were expressed regarding higher degrees by research, but a number of negative opinions were also expressed. The study achieved its aim of identifying attitudes, but ways in which to increase higher degrees by research for psychiatrists remains an area for further exploration.
Le mythe de l'unification des alphabets en URSS dans les années 1920-1930
Authors: Simonato-Kokochkina Elena 
Published: September 2010

L’unification des alphabets est certainement l’épisode le plus édifiant et le plus passionnant de toute l’« édification linguistique » entreprise en URSS après la révolution de 1917. J’analyse d’abord en détail les principes linguistiques de l’unification des alphabets, élaborés par des linguistes soviétiques tels que N.F. Jakovlev et E.D. Polivanov. Je me concentre ensuite sur la réalisation pratique de l’alphabet unifié pour toutes les langues de l’URSS, et notamment sur ses aspects pratiques dont la confrontation entre les linguistes théoriciens et les praticiens locaux, membres de la Commission pour l’unification auprès du Comité du Nouvel Alphabet Turk (VCKNTA). Je me penche ensuite sur les raisons de l’échec qu’a subi ce projet original et renversant, c’est-à-dire à son échec politique en premier lieu (le changement de la politique soviétique envers les nationalités), mais aussi l’échec linguistique. L’échec se solde entre autres par la suppression du VCKNTA en 1938.	Le projet de l’unification des alphabets sera ainsi être abordé dans le contexte de son époque : ses débuts se trouvent au tournant des années 1920, et sa phase critique dans les années 1930. Par son esprit, ses visées, ses mots d’ordre, il appartient à la culture des années 1920, il est contemporain de l’idéologie de l’internationalisme et du mouvement pour les langues artificielles. Il est évident qu’après 1933, cette visée internationaliste du projet ne peut manquer de susciter des réactions violentes de la part de ceux qui y voient une contradiction avec l’« épanouissement des cultures nationales » proclamé comme argument essentiel en faveur de l’alphabétisation.
Activation of p38 MAPK Is Required in Monocytic and Neuronal Cells for HIV Glycoprotein 120-Induced Neurotoxicity
Authors: Medders Kathryn E. , Sejbuk Natalia E. , Maung Ricky , Desai Maya K. , Kaul Marcus 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 has been implicated in neurotoxin production by monocytic cells (i.e., macrophages and microglia), as well as in the pathogenesis of HIV-1–associated neurocognitive disorders. We previously showed in cerebrocortical cell cultures from rodents containing microglia, astrocytes, and neurons that overall inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling abrogated the neurotoxic effect of HIV-1 gp120. However, the time course of p38 MAPK activation and the contribution of this kinase in the various cell types remained unknown. In this study, we found that active p38 MAPK is required in monocytic lineage cells (i.e., macrophages and microglia) and neuronal cells for HIV gp120-induced neurotoxicity to occur. In cerebrocortical cell cultures, HIV-1 gp120 stimulated a time-dependent overall increase in active p38 MAPK, and the activated kinase was primarily detected in microglia and neurons. Interestingly, increased activation of p38 MAPK and neuronal death in response to gp120 were prevented by prior depletion of microglia or the presence of CCR5 ligand CCL4 or p38 MAPK inhibitors. In human monocytic THP-1 cells and primary monocyte-derived macrophages, HIV gp120-stimulated production of neurotoxins was abrogated by prior introduction into the cells of a dominant-negative p38 MAPK mutant or p38 MAPK small interfering RNA. In addition, the neurotoxic effects of cell-free supernatants from gp120-stimulated monocytic THP-1 cells were prevented in microglia-depleted cerebrocortical cells pretreated with a pharmacological inhibitor of p38 MAPK. Thus, p38 MAPK signaling was critical, upon exposure to HIV gp120, for the neurotoxic phenotype of monocytic cells and subsequent toxin-initiated neuronal apoptosis.
Functional Analysis of Recombinant Calreticulin Fragment 39–272: Implications for Immunobiological Activities of Calreticulin in Health and Disease
Authors: Hong Chao , Qiu Xiang , Li Yue , Huang Qianrong , Zhong Zhaoyan , Zhang Yan , Liu Xiangyuan , Sun Lin , Lv Ping , Gao Xiao-Ming 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Although calreticulin (CRT) is a major Ca2+-binding luminal resident protein, it can also appear on the surface of various types of cells and it functions as an immunopotentiating molecule. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the potent immunobiological activity of cell surface CRT are still unclear. In the present study, a recombinant fragment (rCRT/39–272) covering the lectin-like N domain and partial P domain of murine CRT has been expressed in Escherichia coli. The affinity-purified rCRT/39–272 assembles into homodimers and oligomers in solution and exhibits high binding affinity to various glycans, including carrageenan, alginic acids, and hyaluronic acids. Functionally, rCRT/39–272 is capable of driving the activation and maturation of B cells and cytokine production by macrophages in a TLR-4–dependent manner in vitro. It specifically binds recombinant mouse CD14, but not BAFFR and CD40. It is also able to trigger Ig class switching by B cells in the absence of T cell help both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, this fragment of CRT exhibits strong adjuvanticity when conjugated to polysaccharides or expressed as part of a fusion protein. Soluble CRT can be detected in the sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus, but not in healthy subjects. We argue that CRT, either on the membrane surface of cells or in soluble form, is a potent stimulatory molecule to B cells and macrophages via the TLR-4/CD14 pathway and plays important roles in the pathogenisis of autoimmune diseases.
Gender Differences in 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Immunomodulatory Effects in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Healthy Subjects
Authors: Correale Jorge , Ysrraelit María C. , Gaitán María I. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Vitamin D3 is best known as a calcium homeostasis modulator; however, it also has immune-modulating potential. In this study, we demonstrated that immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D3 are significantly stronger in females than in males in multiple sclerosis patients, as well as in healthy subjects. Inhibition of self-reactive T cell proliferation and reduction in IFN-γ– and IL-17–secreting cell numbers were considerably greater in females. Furthermore, the increase in IL-10–secreting and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cell numbers were also greater in females. In parallel with these findings, female subjects had fewer CYP24A1 transcripts encoding the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-inactivating enzyme, as well as greater binding and internalization of vitamin D3-binding protein, a transporter for vitamin D3 and its metabolites. These gender-based disparities lead to the accumulation of vitamin D3 and its metabolites in target cells from female subjects and result in a more potent anti-inflammatory effect. Interestingly, 17-β estradiol reproduced these effects on self-reactive T cells and macrophages from male subjects, suggesting a functional synergy between 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 17-β estradiol, mediated through estrogen receptor α. Collectively, these results demonstrate estrogen-promoted differences in vitamin D3 metabolism, suggesting a greater protective effect of vitamin D3-based therapeutic strategies in women.
Cutting Edge: TCR Ligation Triggers Digital Activation of NF-κB
Authors: Kingeter Lara M. , Paul Suman , Maynard Sean K. , Cartwright Natalia G. , Schaefer Brian C. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
TCR-mediated activation of the transcription factor NF-κB is required for T cell proliferation, survival, and effector differentiation. Although this pathway is the subject of intense study, it is not known whether TCR signaling to NF-κB is digital (switch-like) or analog in nature. Through analysis of the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα and the nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of the NF-κB subunit RelA, we show that TCR-directed NF-κB activation is digital. Furthermore, digitization occurs well upstream of the IκB kinase complex, as protein kinase C θ translocation to the immunologic synapse and activation-associated aggregation of Bcl10 and Malt1 also demonstrate both digital behavior and high correlation with RelA nuclear translocation. Thus, similar to the TCR-to-MAPK signaling cascade, analog Ag inputs are converted to digital activation outputs to NF-κB at an early step downstream of TCR ligation.
PIPKIγ90 Negatively Regulates LFA-1–Mediated Adhesion and Activation in Antigen-Induced CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Wernimont Sarah A. , Legate Kyle R. , Simonson William T. N. , Fassler Reinhard , Huttenlocher Anna 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
T cell activation requires the formation and maintenance of stable interactions between T cells and APCs. The formation of stable T cell–APC contacts depends on the activation of the integrin LFA-1 (CD11aCD18). Several positive regulators of LFA-1 activation downstream of proximal TCR signaling have been identified, including talin; however, negative regulators of LFA-1 activity remain largely unexplored. Extended isoform of phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase type I γ (PIPKIγ90) is a member of the type I phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase family that has been shown previously to modulate talin activation of integrins through production of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and direct binding to talin. In this study, we show that PIPKIγ90 negatively regulates LFA-1–mediated adhesion and activation of T cells. Using CD4+ T cells from PIPKIγ90-deficient mice, we show that CD4+ T cells exhibit increased LFA-1-dependent adhesion to ICAM-1 and increased rates of T cell–APC conjugate formation with enhanced LFA-1 polarization at the synapse. In addition to increased adhesiveness, PIPKIγ90-deficient T cells exhibit increased proliferation both in vitro and in vivo and increased production of IFN-γ and IL-2. Together, these results demonstrate that PIPKIγ90 is a negative regulator of Ag-induced T cell adhesion and activation.
Ben Wallace
Authors: McMullan Ed 
Published: September 2010

The Case Study section of the International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation serves two purposes. First, the case studies presented are concerned with problematical issues that are pertinent to students of entrepreneurship. Thus they constitute appropriate teaching and learning vehicles on a variety of postgraduate and undergraduate programmes. Each case study is accompanied by a set of guidelines for the use of tutors. Second, it is envisaged that those engaged in entrepreneurial activities will find the cases both interesting and useful. Submissions for this section will be welcome. Cases will deal with contemporaneous issues. When necessary they will be anonymous, but where direct reference is made to specific individuals or organizations authors will be asked to acquire permission to use names. The editors reserve the right to ask for written permission from any named person or ogranization. Case studies should be no longer than 3,000 words. A glossary of terms should be provided where appropriate.
Geo Search Co Ltd and the Mine Eye Project
Authors: Gilinsky Armand 
Published: September 2010

The Case Study section of the International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation serves two purposes. First, the case studies presented are concerned with problematical issues that are pertinent to students of entrepreneurship. Thus they constitute appropriate teaching and learning vehicles on a variety of postgraduate and undergraduate programmes. Each case study is accompanied by a set of guidelines for the use of tutors. Second, it is envisaged that those engaged in entrepreneurial activities will find the cases both interesting and useful. Submissions for this section will be welcome. Cases will deal with contemporaneous issues. When necessary they will be anonymous, but where direct reference is made to specific individuals or organizations authors will be asked to acquire permission to use names. The editors reserve the right to ask for written permission from any named person or organization. Case studies should be no longer than 3,000 words. A glossary of terms should be provided where appropriate.
Surface‐Supported Nanostructures Directed by Atomic‐ and Molecular‐Level Templates
Authors: Zhong Dingyong , Zhang Haiming , Chi Lifeng 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Atomic‐ and Molecular‐Level Templates on Surfaces

Surface Reconstructions and Reconstruction‐Related Patterns

Si(111)‐7 × 7

Au(111)‐22 × √3 and the Herringbone Pattern

Cu(110)‐(2 × 1)
O
and the Stripe Pattern

Strain‐Relief Epitaxial Layers

Boron Nitride Nanomesh

Ag
/
Pt
(111)

Vicinal Surfaces

Vicinal
Au
(111) Surfaces

Surface‐Supported Organic Supramolecular Assemblies

Preparation Techniques

0‐
D
and 1‐
D
Nanostructures

2‐
D
Molecular Patterns

Porous Networks

Surface‐Supported Nanostructures Directed by Atomic‐Level Inorganic Templates

Reconstruction

Strain‐Relief Epitaxial Layers

Vicinal Surfaces

Surface‐Supported Nanostructures Directed by Supramolecular Assemblies

Polymerization

Polymerization of Diacetylenes

Polymerization by Electrochemical Methods

Polymerization by Thermal Activation

Host–Guest Systems

Molecular Template with Porous Networks

SAMs
of Functional Molecules

Two‐Dimensional Chiral Template

Summary and Outlook
Surface Microstructures and Nanostructures in Natural Systems
Authors: Sun Taolei , Jiang Lei 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionSurface Nanostructures and Special WettabilitySelf‐Cleaning Effect on the Lotus LeafMultifunctional Surfaces of Insect Wings with a Self‐Cleaning EffectThe Anisotropic Dewetting Property on Plant LeavesThe Super Water‐Repellent Force of the Water Strider's LegsExtraordinary Water‐Harvesting Ability of the Desert Beetle's WingsStructure‐Related Special Optical Phenomena in NaturePhotonic Crystal Structures in Opal and Opal AnaloguesStructural Colors in Biological SystemsThe Directional Fluorescence Emission Property inPapilioButterfliesSuper Anti‐Reflection Structures of Lepidopteran Eyes and WingsUnusual Bright Whiteness in Ultrathin Beetle ScalesPhotosensitivity in Brittlestar (Ophiuroidea)The High Adhesive Force of Gecko Foot‐HairsSummary and Outlook
Faktoren für die Auswahl organischer Reaktionen in der medizinischen Chemie und die Anwendung dieser Reaktionen in Arrays (kleinen fokussierten Bibliotheken)
Authors: Cooper Tony W. J. , Campbell Ian B. , Macdonald Simon J. F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOrganische Synthesemethoden sind eine treibende Kraft für die Entwicklung niedermolekularer Wirkstoffe. Die große Mehrzahl der Medizinalchemiker erhält zu Beginn – entweder an einer Universität oder in der Industrie – eine Ausbildung in organischer Synthese. Das enorme Ausmaß der verfügbaren Synthesemethoden ist eine schier unerschöpfliche Quelle für Innovationen. Doch welche Reaktionen nutzen Medizinalchemiker bei der Wirkstoff‐Forschung? Und welche Kriterien legen sie bei der Auswahl von Synthesemethoden zugrunde? Warum sind Arrays (kleine, fokussierte Bibliotheken) bei der Optimierung von Leitstrukturen so wirkungsvoll? In diesem Kurzaufsatz wollen wir versuchen, Antworten auf einige dieser Fragen zu geben. Außerdem wollen wir beschreiben, wie wir die Zahl der robusten Reaktionen für die medizinische Chemie zu erweitern versucht haben.
F.W. Bessel (1825): The calculation of longitude and latitude from geodesic measurements
Authors: Karney C.F.F. , Deakin R.E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis is an English translation of F.W. Bessel's paper on geodesics which appeared as Über die Berechnung der geographischen Längen und Breiten aus geodätischen Vermessungen, Astronomische Nachrichten 4, 241–254 (1825) (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transformations between the 2MASS, SDSS, and BVI photometric systems for late‐type giants
Authors: Yaz E. , Bilir S. , Karaali S. , Ak S. , Coşkunoğlu B. , Cabrera‐Lavers A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe present colour transformations from Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) photometric system to Johnson‐Cousins system and to Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) system for late‐type giants and vice versa. The giant star sample was formed using surface gravity constraints (2 < log g ≤ 3) to Cayrel de Strobel et al.'s (2001) spectroscopic catalogue. 2MASS, SDSS and Johnson‐Cousins photometric data was taken from Cutri et al. (2003), Ofek (2008), and van Leeuwen (2007), respectively. The final sample was refined applying the following steps: (1) the data were dereddened, (2) the sample stars selected are of the highest photometric quality. We give two‐colour dependent transformations as a function of metallicity as well as independent of metallicity. The transformations provide absolute magnitudes and distance determinations which can be used in space density evaluations at relatively short distances where some or all of the SDSS magnitudes of late‐type giants are saturated (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photometric and spectroscopic observations of three rapidly rotating late‐type stars: EY Dra, V374 Peg, and GSC 02038‐00293
Authors: Korhonen H. , Vida K. , Husarik M. , Mahajan S. , Szczygieł D. , Oláh K. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHere, BV (RI)C broad band photometry and intermediate resolution spectroscopy in Hα region are presented for two rapidly rotating late‐type stars: EY Dra and V374 Peg. For a third rapid rotator, GSC 02038‐00293, intermediate resolution Hα spectroscopy and low resolution spectroscopy are used for spectral classification and stellar parameter investigation of this poorly known object. The low resolution spectrum of GSC 02038‐00293 clearly indicates that it is a K‐type star. Its intermediate resolution spectrum can be best fitted with a model with Teff = 4750 K and v sin i = 90 km s–1, indicating a very rapidly rotating mid‐K star. The Hα line strength is variable, indicating changing chromospheric emission on GSC 02038‐00293. In the case of EY Dra and V374 Peg, the stellar activity in the photosphere is investigated from the photometric observations, and in the chromosphere from the Hα line. The enhanced chromospheric emission in EY Dra correlates well with the location of the photospheric active regions, indicating that these features are spatially collocated. Hints of this behaviour are also seen in V374 Peg, but it cannot be confirmed from the current data. The photospheric activity patterns in EY Dra are stable during one observing run lasting several nights, whereas in V374 Peg large night‐tonight variations are seen. Two large flares, one in the Hα observations and one from the broadband photometry, and twelve smaller ones were detected in V374 Peg during the observations spanning nine nights. The energy of the photometrically detected largest flare is estimated to be 4.25 × 1031– 4.3 × 1032 erg, depending on the waveband. Comparing the activity patterns in these two stars, which are just below and above the mass limit of full convection, is crucial for understanding dynamo operation in stars with different internal structures (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Slicing cluster mass functions with a Bayesian razor
Authors: Sealfon C.D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe apply a Bayesian “razor” to forecast Bayes factors between different parameterizations of the galaxy cluster mass function. To demonstrate this approach, we calculate the minimum size N‐body simulation needed for strong evidence favoring a two‐parameter mass function over one‐parameter mass functions and visa versa, as a function of the minimum cluster mass (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)