bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stochastic dynamic response analysis of a tension leg spar‐type offshore wind turbine
Authors: Karimirad Madjid , Moan Torgeir 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a stochastic dynamic response analysis of a tension leg spar‐type wind turbine subjected to wind and wave actions. The dynamic motions, structural responses, power production and tension leg responses are analyzed. The model is implemented using the HAWC2 code. Several issues such as negative damping, rotor configuration (upwind or downwind rotor) and tower shadow effects are discussed to study the power performance and structural integrity of the system. The operational and survival load cases considering the stochastic wave and wind loading are analyzed to investigate the functionality of the tension leg spar‐type wind turbine. Amelioration of the negative damping applied for this concept reduces the structural dynamic responses, which are important for fatigue life. It is found that the responses induced by wave and wind actions at the wave frequencies are not affected much by the aerodynamic excitation or damping forces. Because of the nonlinear effects of the tension leg, all of the motion responses are strongly coupled. The global responses of upwind and downwind versions of the turbine are found to be close because the tower shadow has a limited effect on the global responses. However, the structural dynamic responses of the blades are more affected by the tower shadow. In this study, the extrapolation methods are applied to efficiently estimate the maximum responses. The maximum response is found to occur in the survival cases as a result of the wave actions and the increased aerodynamic drag forces on the tower. The results show that the maximum responses corresponding to the up‐crossing rate of 0.0001 (corresponding to the maximum response within a 3 hour period) can be expressed by the mean plus 3 to 5 standard deviations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energetic Derivatives of 4, 4′,5, 5′‐Tetranitro‐2, 2′‐bisimidazole (TNBI)
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Preimesser Andreas , Stierstorfer Jörg 
Published: July 2012

Abstract4, 4′,5, 5′‐Tetranitro‐2, 2′‐bisimidazole (TNBI) was synthesized by nitration of bisimidazole (BI) and recrystallized from acetone to form a crystalline acetone adduct. Its ammonium salt (1) was obtained by the reaction with gaseous ammonia. In order to explore new explosives or propellants several energetic nitrogen‐rich 2:1 salts such as the hydroxylammonium (3), guanidinium (4), aminoguanidinium (5), diaminoguanidinium (6) and triaminoguanidinium 7 4, 4′,5, 5′‐tetranitro‐2, 2′‐bisimidazolate were prepared by facile metathesis reactions. In addition, methylated 1, 1′‐dimethyl‐4, 4′,5, 5′‐tetranitro‐2, 2′‐bisimidazole (Me2TNBI, 8) was synthesized by the reaction of 2 and dimethyl sulfate. Metal salts of TNBI can also be easily synthesized by using the corresponding metal bases. This was proven by the synthesis of pyrotechnically relevant dipotassium 4, 4′,5, 5′‐tetranitro‐2, 2′‐bisimidazolate (2), which is a brilliant burning component e.g. in near‐infrared flares. All compounds were characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, NMR and vibrational spectroscopy, elemental analysis and DSC. The sensitivities were determined by BAM methods (drophammer and friction tester). The heats of formation were calculated using CBS‐4M electronic enthalpies and the atomization method. With these values and mostly the X‐ray densities different detonation parameters were computed by the EXPLO5 computer code. Due to the great thermal stability and calculated energetic properties, especially guanidinium salt 4 could be served as a HNS replacement.
LHC discovery potential for non-standard Higgs bosons in the 3b channel
Authors: Carena Marcela , Gori Stefania , Juste Aurelio , Menon Arjun , Wagner Carlos E.M. , Wang Lian-Tao 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

In a variety of well motivated models, such as two Higgs Doublet Models (2HDMs) and the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), there are neutral Higgs bosons that have significantly enhanced couplings to b-quarks and tau leptons in comparison to those of the SM Higgs. These so called non-standard Higgs bosons could be copiously produced at the LHC in association with b quarks, and subsequently decay into b-quark pairs. However, this production channel suffers from large irreducible QCD backgrounds. We propose a new search strategy for non-standard neutral Higgs bosons at the 7 TeV LHC in the 3b’s final state topology. We perform a simulation of the signal and backgrounds, using state of the art tools and methods for different sets of selection cuts, and conclude that neutral Higgs bosons with couplings to b-quarks of about 0.3 or larger, and masses up to 400 GeV, could be seen with a luminosity of 30 fb−1. In the case of the MSSM we also discuss the complementarity between the 3b channel and the inclusive tau pair channel in exploring the supersymmetric parameter space.
Use of Furandicarboxylic Acid and Its Decyl Ester as Additives in the Fischer's Glycosylation of Decanol by d‐Glucose: Physicochemical Properties of the Surfactant Compositions Obtained
Authors: van Es Daan S. , Marinkovic Sinisa , Oduber Xavier , Estrine Boris 
Published: July 2012

Abstract2,5‐Furandicarboxylic acid is a promising bio‐based platform chemical that may serve as a ‘green’ substitute for terephthalate in polyesters. In the present work, straightforward glycosylation of decanol with unprotected and non‐activated d‐glucose was performed under reduced quantities of sulfuric acid as catalyst (down to 0.9 mol%) in the presence of 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid or its n‐decyl ester as additive. Yield of decyl monoglucosides was highly improved by the use of the additives. Moreover, the presence of additive also limited the colouration of the reaction. The physical and chemical properties of the surfactant composition produced were studied and compared to reference compositions. The ultimate biodegradability of furan‐2,5‐dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and its n‐decyl ester formed or produced in the bulk reaction medium was also studied in order to assess its potential use in surfactant industry.
Methyl donor deficiency affects small-intestinal differentiation and barrier function in rats
Authors: Bressenot Aude , Pooya Shabnam , Bossenmeyer-Pourie Carine , Gauchotte Guillaume , Germain Adeline , Chevaux Jean-Baptiste , Coste Florence , Vignaud Jean-Michel , Guéant Jean-Louis , Peyrin-Biroulet Laurent 
Published: July 2012

Dietary methyl donors and their genetic determinants are associated with Crohn's disease risk. We investigated whether a methyl-deficient diet (MDD) may affect development and functions of the small intestine in rat pups from dams subjected to the MDD during gestation and lactation. At 1 month before pregnancy, adult females were fed with either a standard food or a diet without vitamin B12, folate and choline. A global wall hypotrophy was observed in the distal small bowel (MDD animals 0·30 mmv. controls 0·58 mm;P< 0·001) with increased crypt apoptosis (3·37v. 0·4 %;P< 0·001), loss of enterocyte differentiation in the villus and a reduction in intestinal alkaline phosphatase production. Cleaved caspase-3 immunostaining (MDD animals 3·37 %v. controls 0·4 %,P< 0·001) and the Apostain labelling index showed increased crypt apoptosis (3·5v. 1·4 %;P= 0·018). Decreased proliferation was observed in crypts of the proximal small bowel with a reduced number of minichromosome maintenance 6 (MDD animals 52·83 %v. controls 83·17 %;P= 0·048) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells (46·25v. 59 %;P= 0·05). This lack of enterocyte differentiation in the distal small bowel was associated with an impaired expression of β-catenin and a decreased β-catenin–E-cadherin interaction. The MDD affected the intestinal barrier in the proximal small bowel by decreasing Paneth cell number after immunostaining for lysosyme (MDD animals 8·66 %v. controls 21·66 %) and by reducing goblet cell number and mucus production after immunostaining for mucin-2 (crypts 8·66v. 15·33 %; villus 7v. 17 %). The MDD has dual effects on the small intestine by producing dramatic effects on enterocyte differentiation and barrier function in rats.
Estimation of the density of the Near Threatened jaguarPanthera oncain Sonora, Mexico, using camera trapping and an open population model
Authors: Gutiérrez-González Carmina E. , Gómez-Ramírez Miguel Á. , López-González Carlos A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractOur objective in this study was to determine the density of the jaguarPanthera oncafrom camera-trap data, using an open population model, in a private protected natural area, the Northern Jaguar Reserve, and 10 adjoining cattle ranches in the state of Sonora, Mexico. The region is considered a long–term jaguar conservation unit. As well as being the most northerly recorded reproductive population of the jaguar, the arid habitat of this region is atypical for the species. During 16 months of sampling we identified 10 individual jaguars and the data met the three main assumptions of open population models. The estimated mean density was 1.05±SE 0.4 individuals per 100 km2, with a constant survival probability of 0.94 and capture probability of 0.23. This estimate of density is lower than reported in studies of the jaguar from more southerly locations in Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, Bolivia and Brazil but cannot be attributed to a single factor even though in general there is an apparent relationship between jaguar density and precipitation. The main objectives of the management of the Northern Jaguar Reserve are to reduce the impact of cattle and restore jaguar habitat, with strategies focused on water retention, removal of invasive grass, reforestation and environmental education. Livestock have been gradually excluded since 2003 and, combined with the protection provided under the agreements with the surrounding ranches, the area is now a suitable place for long-term studies of the jaguar.
Reintroduction of Tigridiopalma magnifica, a rare and Critically Endangered herb endemic to China
Authors: Ren Hai , Zeng Songjun , Li Longna , Zhang Qianmei , Yang Long , Wang Jun , Wang Zhengfeng , Guo Qinfeng 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTigridiopalma magnifica, a perennial herb and the only species in the genus Tigridiopalma (Family Melastomataceae) is rare and endemic to China where it is categorized as Critically Endangered on the national Red List. Twelve locations with populations of T. magnifica have been identified (1 extinct, 11 extant). T. magnifica only grows in the surface soil on stone walls or rocks under the canopy of secondary forests and plantations and has no specific associated plant species. Canopy closure, soil water content and the distance to the closest stream are the main factors influencing the distribution of T. magnifica. We reintroduced T. magnifica plantlets produced by tissue culture into three locations: one within the species' original range, and 11.5 and 400 km from the species' original range. After 11 months survival rate was 40–58% but survival was higher and plantlet crowns were larger at the location within the species' original range than at the other two sites. The combination of advanced propagation techniques and ecological restoration could facilitate reintroduction and conservation of T. magnifica and other rare and threatened plants. This example of the successful reintroduction of a rare, threatened herb has implications for human-assisted migration and colonization of rare plant species under future climate change scenarios.
Status of the relict population of the Critically Endangered Madagascar spider tortoise Pyxis arachnoides
Authors: Walker Ryan C. J. , Rafeliarisoa Tsilavo H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe Madagascar spider tortoise Pyxis arachnoides is endemic to the coastal dry forests of south-west Madagascar. In recent years its range has been reduced by c. 71%, with the species now confined to eight fragmented populations occupying a total of 2,464 km2. These remaining populations are facing a significant threat of extinction because of habitat destruction and other anthropogenic pressures. We developed methodology for a line transect distance sampling survey and applied it systematically across the species' range. The resulting distance model estimated a mean density of 226.9 tortoises km−2 (95% confidence interval, CI, 168.1–306.3) and a total population of 664,980 (95% CI 492,680–897,550). Fragmentation of the species’ range suggests the current population could be <30% of the historical population. Of the remaining population 73.5% falls within protected areas. However, nine of these 12 protected areas are designated as IUCN category III, V or VI parks, allowing some extractive activities to be undertaken. The most effective strategy for the conservation of P. arachnoides would be to reduce the threats to this species and its habitat, and to develop and expand the current community-based conservation and poverty alleviation programmes in the region.
Differential utilization of cashew—a low-conflict crop—by sympatric humans and chimpanzees
Authors: Hockings Kimberley J. , Sousa Claudia 
Published: July 2012

AbstractModification of natural areas by human activities mostly has a negative impact on wildlife by increasing the geographical and ecological overlap between people and animals. This can result in escalating levels of competition and conflict between humans and wildlife, for example over crops. However, data on specific crops and crop parts that are unattractive to wildlife yet important for human livelihoods are surprisingly scarce, especially considering their potential application to reducing crop damage by wildlife. Here we examine the co-utilization of a nationally important and spatially abundant cash crop, cashewAnacardium occidentalis, by people and chimpanzeesPan troglodytes verusinhabiting a forested–agricultural matrix in Cantanhez National Park in Guinea-Bissau. In this Park people predominantly harvest the marketable cashew nut and discard the unprofitable fruit whereas chimpanzees only consume the fruit. Local farmers generally perceive a benefit of raiding by chimpanzees as they reportedly pile the nuts, making harvesting easier. By ensuring that conflict levels over crops, especially those with high economic importance, remain low, the costs of living in proximity to wildlife can potentially be reduced. Despite high levels of deforestation associated with cashew farming, these findings point to the importance of cashew as a low-conflict crop in this area.
Status and community-based conservation of marine turtles in the northern Querimbas Islands (Mozambique)
Authors: Garnier Julie , Hill Nicholas , Guissamulo Almeida , Silva Isabel , Witt Matthew , Godley Brendan 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSituated in the northernmost part of Mozambique, the northern Querimbas Islands support some of the most diverse and pristine coral reefs in the Western Indian Ocean. The community-based turtle conservation programme that we developed on Vamizi Island has facilitated the identification and protection of a key nesting site for the green marine turtle Chelonia mydas in Mozambique, with a mean of 122 nests per year. The area is also used by nesting female and immature hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata. Nesting activity of green turtles was observed all year round, with a peak in the summer (February–March). Incubation periods of this species showed seasonal fluctuations inversely correlated with air temperature. Hatching success was high (87%) when nests were not lost through tidal overwash and erosion, which affected nearly 40% of all nests in 2007. Using satellite tracking of four green turtles nesting on Vamizi we identified foraging grounds in marine protected areas in Kenya, Tanzania and north-west Madagascar. Migratory routes of two individuals along the East African coast were generally neritic and all passed through the waters of multiple nations and as many as six marine conservation areas, emphasizing the importance of regional cooperation. Awareness programmes were also conducted with resource users, and the development of a community-based management system triggered the creation of a marine sanctuary by the local community.
Benefits and Employment: How Problem Drug Users Experience Welfare and Routes into Work
Authors: BAULD LINDA , MCKELL JENNIFER , CARROLL COLIN , HAY GORDON , SMITH KATHERINE 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIncreasing the conditionality of welfare benefits is a growing trend in many developed countries, particularly in relation to some groups who may be perceived as undeserving of state support. Problem drug users (PDUs) are one such group, and in the UK most PDUs do not work and a high proportion claim benefits. Facilitating the movement of these individuals into employment is a policy aim, because it is believed to improve the circumstances of drug users (and promote future abstinence) and because moving all groups off benefits and into work is a primary purpose of recent welfare reforms. Yet little is known about the interactions of PDUs with the UK benefits system or how recent moves to increase the conditionality of benefits are likely to affect this vulnerable group. This paper begins to address this gap by exploring the perceptions that PDUs and relevant frontline staff have of drug users’ interactions with the welfare system and the factors affecting their prospects for employment. The findings suggest some aspects of recent welfare reforms, notably the simplification of benefits, may help PDUs interact with the system. However, the data also reinforce claims that the increased use of sanctions is unlikely to succeed in improving employment rates amongst this group without intensive support and demand-side interventions.
The 2010 UK Home Office ‘Sexualisation of Young People’ Review: A Discursive Policy Analysis
Authors: DUSCHINSKY ROBBIE 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis paper offers a discursive policy analysis of the 2010 UK Home OfficeSexualisation of Young People Review, authored by Linda Papadopoulos (2010a). It will scrutinise the narrative presented by the text of the danger posed by cultural representations to healthy development, and trace the way that the text links this danger to catastrophic outcomes: child sexual abuse, exploitation and trafficking. Examining this narrative, the article will propose that the UK Review deploys spatial metaphors to naturalise a gendered account of childhood, sexuality and danger, evoking the creeping influence of a corrupting culture on a girl's most private self. The article will also demonstrate that this spatial narrative underpins the epistemological structure of the text – its separation of the primary from the secondary, the real from the artificial.
Towards Inclusive Social Citizenship? Rethinking China's Social Security in the Trend towards Urban–Rural Harmonisation
Authors: SHI SHIH-JIUNN 
Published: July 2012

AbstractUrban–rural harmonisation has risen to prominence in recent social security reform in China. This article offers an account of the changing welfare institutions and social citizenship configurations unfolded by this particular policy approach. As social activism gained substantial weight as part of the regional developmental strategies of local governments, harmonisation efforts have led to a boundary shift of social citizenship largely defined by the within–without criterion rather than the urban–rural divide. In places where urban–rural harmonisation takes hold, the pivotal criterion for claiming social benefits is the possession of local resident status, regardless of whether this status is urban or rural. The heterogeneity of regional social security developments resulting from social decentralisation also calls attention to the ‘variable geometry’ of institutional change, i.e. various social policy domains manifest diverse degrees of institutional dynamics towards harmonisation. In this light, urban–rural harmonisation is likely to trigger competitive solidarity in terms of regional competition and emulation in economic development and social provision, leading to regional disparities that will shape the future contours of social policy and social citizenship in China.
Association of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and weather factors in Junan County, China: a case-crossover study
Authors: LIU J. , XUE F. Z. , WANG J. Z. , LIU Q. Y. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYHaemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a type of vector-borne zoonosis sensitive to climate change. To explore the short-term effect of air temperature and amount of precipitation on HFRS incidence, a total of 13 722 clinically confirmed HFRS cases from January 1977 to December 2001 in Junan County, China were included in this study. According to symmetric bidirectional case-crossover design, the hazard period (the three calendar months preceding the month when the case was diagnosed) and the control period (the same calendar month of the year before and the year after the hazard period) matched and conditional logistic regression was used to examine the effect of monthly mean temperature and precipitation on the risk of HFRS. The results showed the facilitating climatic conditions for HFRS included: condition with moderate mean air temperature (10–25 °C) and abundant precipitation (>120 mm) 3 months before [odds ratio (OR) 1·346, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·191–1·522] and 2 months before (OR 1·193, 95% CI 1·063–1·339); and condition with temperature >25 °C and abundant precipitation (>120 mm) 3 months before (OR 1·17, 95% CI 1·004–1·363). Temperature of 10–25 °C and moderate precipitation (10–120 mm) in the current month was the most favourable condition for HFRS incidence.
Pre-symptomatic transmission of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009: investigation of a family cluster, Brazil
Authors: FREITAS F. T. M. , CABRAL A. P. S. , BARROS E. N. C. , BURIGO M. J. O. , PROCHNOW R. D. , SILVA L. A. , WIDDOWSON M. A. , SOBEL J. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYWe investigated the first cluster of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 reported in Brazil in May 2009. The index case-patient had travelled from the USA and had contact with 11 relatives before she presented with symptoms. We conducted face-to-face or telephone interviews with the index case-patient and all suspect cases. We found evidence of pre-symptomatic transmission of the virus to four of her contacts. This finding has public health implications because it indicates that viral transmission in communities may not be prevented solely by isolating symptomatic case-patients.