bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Color‐based tumor tissue segmentation for the automated estimation of oral cancer parameters
Authors: Sun Yung‐nien , Wang Yi‐ying , Chang Shao‐chien , Wu Li‐wha , Tsai Sen‐tien 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis article presents an automatic color‐based feature extraction system for parameter estimation of oral cancer from optical microscopic images. The system first reduces image‐to‐image variations by means of color normalization. We then construct a database which consists of typical cancer images. The color parameters extracted from this database are then used in automated online sampling from oral cancer images. Principal component analysis is subsequently used to divide the color features into four tissue types. Each pixel in the cancer image is then classified into the corresponding tissue types based on the Mahalanobis distance. The aforementioned procedures are all fully automated; in particular, the automated sampling step greatly reduces the need for intensive labor in manual sampling and training. Experiments reveal high levels of consistency among the results achieved using the manual, semiautomatic, and fully automatic methods. Parameter comparisons between the four cancer stages are conducted, and only the mean parameters between early and late cancer stages are statistically different. In summary, the proposed system provides a useful and convenient tool for automatic segmentation and evaluation for stained biopsy samples of oral cancer. This tool can also be modified and applied to other tissue images with similar staining conditions. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study of intussusceptive angiogenesis in inflammatory regional lymph nodes by scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Rossi‐Schneider Tíssiana Rachel , Verli Flaviana Dornela , Marinho Sandra Aparecida , Yurgel Liliane Soares , De Souza Maria Antonieta Lopes 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to verify the occurrence of intussusceptive angiogenesis in blood vessels from submandibular lymph nodes responsible for lymphatic drainage of the tongue. A surgical wound inflicted on the ventral tongue of male Wistar rats and submandibular regional lymph nodes were evaluated at different postoperative periods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe 123 lymph nodes at times 2, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 postoperative days. During the analysis of the vascular models with SEM, intussusceptive angiogenesis was observed in all groups evaluated. This was more extensive on the second and third postoperative days (83.33% and 80%, respectively), representing in these groups the expansion of the vascular chain of lymph nodes. At 21 postoperative days, intussusceptive angiogenesis (42.85%) was suggestive of vascular remodeling. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A possible role of stigma and fears in HIV infection
Authors: Akande Adebowale Will 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAt the onset of AIDS in 1981, it caught everybody (by surprise), with their pants down, openly, scientifically and literally. Fear /Stigma associated with HIV/AIDS continues to avert responses to the epidemic. Data (obtained in Tshwane metropolis) were used to test stigma/fear dimensions of an instrument. Factor analysis identified five foci of fear and stigma. There were significant differences on the factor scale measuring fear of sex, with females and younger respondents having significantly greater fear. Results were interpreted within a cultural context that realises that decreasing AIDS stigma is a vital step in stemming the pandemic. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pigmented eyes, photoreceptor‐like sense organs and central nervous system in the polychaete Scoloplos armiger (Orbiniidae, Annelida) and their phylogenetic importance
Authors: Wilkens Verena , Purschke Günter 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe phylogenetic position of Orbiniidae within Annelida is unresolved. Conflicting hypotheses place them either in a basal taxon Scolecida, close to Spionida, or in a basal position in Aciculata. Because Aciculata have a specific type of eye, the photoreceptive organs in the orbiniid Scoloplos armiger were investigated to test these phylogenetic hypotheses. Two different types of prostomial photoreceptor‐like sense organs were found in juveniles and one additional in subadults. In juveniles there are four ciliary photoreceptor‐like phaosomes with unbranched cilia and two pigmented eyes. The paired pigmented eyes lie beside the brain above the circumoesophageal connectives. Each consists of one pigmented cell, one unpigmented supportive cell and three everse rhabdomeric sensory cells with vestigial cilia. During development the number of phaosomes increases considerably and numerous unpigmented sense organs appear consisting of one rhabdomeric photoreceptor cell and one supportive cell. The development and morphology of the pigmented eyes of S. armiger suggest that they represent miniaturized eyes of the phyllodocidan type of adult eye rather than persisting larval eyes resulting in small inverse eyes typical of Scolecida. Moreover, the structure of the brain indicates a loss of the palps. Hence, a closer relationship of Orbiniidae to Phyllodocida is indicated. Due to a still extensive lack of ultrastructural data among polychaetes this conclusion cannot be corroborated by considering the structure of the unpigmented ciliary and rhabdomeric photoreceptor‐like sense organs. J. Morphol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The chemosensilla on tarsi of Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae): Distribution, ultrastructure, expression of chemosensory proteins
Authors: Zhou Shu‐Hui , Zhang Shan‐Gan , Zhang Long 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe chemosensilla on the tarsi of Locusta migratoria were mapped using light microscopy, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Only chemosensilla chaetica were found on the tarsi. On the basis of their ultrastructure, these can be grouped into three main subtypes: short, long, and sunken sensilla chaetica. Short sensilla chaetica can be further divided into two groups containing 6 or 7 neurons. Long sensilla chaetica are mainly located on the lateral surface of the tarsi. Short sensilla chaetica were mainly found on the dorsal surface of the tarsi. Sunken sensilla chaetica were only found on the ventral surface, such as the pulvilli and arolium. Immunocytochemical localization of chemosensory protein (CSP) was performed on ultrathin sections of chemosensilla on tarsi. The antiserum against LmigCSP‐II intensively labeled all three types of sensilla chaetica. Gold granules were concentrated in the outer sensillum lymph surrounding the dendrite sheath, while the inner sensillum lymph containing dendrite branches was never labeled. Massive labeling with the anti‐LmigCSP‐II was also found in cuticle of the pulvilli on the ventral surface of tarsi. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Skeletal development in the Chinese soft‐shelled turtlePelodiscus sinensis(Testudines: Trionychidae)
Authors: Sánchez‐Villagra Marcelo R. , Müller Hendrik , Sheil Christopher A. , Scheyer Torsten M. , Nagashima Hiroshi , Kuratani Shigeru 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe investigated the development of the whole skeleton of the soft‐shelled turtlePelodiscus sinensis,with particular emphasis on the pattern and sequence of ossification. Ossification starts at late Tokita‐Kuratani stage (TK) 18 with the maxilla, followed by the dentary and prefrontal. The quadrate is the first endoskeletal ossification and appears at TK stage 22. All adult skull elements have started ossification by TK stage 25. Plastral bones are the first postcranial bones to ossify, whereas the nuchal is the first carapacial bone to ossify, appearing as two unstained anlagen. Extensive examination of ossification sequences among autopodial elements reveals much intraspecific variation. Patterns of ossification of cranial dermal elements are more variable than those of endochondral elements, and dermal elements ossify before endochondral ones. Differences in ossification sequences withApalone spiniferainclude: inPelodiscus sinensisthe jugal develops relatively early and before the frontal, whereas it appears later inA. spinifera;the frontal appears shortly before the parietal inA. spiniferawhereas inP. sinensisthe parietal appears several stages before the frontal. Chelydrids exhibit an early development of the postorbital bone and the palatal elements as compared to trionychids. Integration of the onset of ossification data into an analysis of the sequence of skeletal ossification in cryptodirans using the event‐pairing and Parsimov methods reveals heterochronies, some of which reflect the hypothesized phylogeny considered taxa. A functional interpretation of heterochronies is speculative. In the chondrocranium there is no contact between the nasal capsules and planum supraseptale via the sphenethmoid commissurae. The pattern of chondrification of forelimb and hind limb elements is consistent with a primary axis and digital arch. There is no evidence of anterior condensations distal to the radius and tibia. A pattern of quasi‐ simultaneity is seen in the chondrogenesis of the forelimb and the hind limb. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lipid raft‐targeted Akt promotes axonal branching and growth cone expansion via mTOR and Rac1, respectively
Authors: Grider M.H. , Park D. , Spencer D.M. , Shine H.D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe molecular mechanisms by which extracellular guidance cues regulate axonal morphology are not fully understood. Recent findings suggest that increased activity of the protein kinase Akt promotes dendritic branching and elongation in hippocampal neurons. We tested whether expression of constitutively active Akt (CA‐Akt) in primary sensory neurons would promote axonal branching and whether targeting CA‐Akt to lipid rafts, common sites of Akt function, would differentially regulate axonal morphology. Biolistic transduction of sensory neurons induced a rapid expression of CA‐Akt, resulting in increased axonal branching, cell hypertrophy, and growth cone expansion. Additionally, we found that targeting of CA‐Akt to lipid rafts significantly potentiated growth cone expansion compared with expression of CA‐Akt throughout the neuron. Because lipid rafts are concentrated within the growth cone, this finding suggests that signaling of expansion is likely regulated locally. We found that CA‐Akt‐mediated growth cone expansion, but not axonal branching, was attenuated by coexpression of dominant‐negative Rac1. In contrast, blockade of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) prevented axonal branching and hypertrophy in response to CA‐Akt, but not growth cone expansion. These data indicate that Akt activity can regulate growth cone expansion via localized Rac1 signaling and regulate axonal branching and soma size via activation of mTOR. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid use‐dependent down‐regulation of γ‐aminobutyric acid type A receptors in rat mesencephalic trigeminal neurons
Authors: Saito Mitsuru , Toyoda Hiroki , Sato Hajime , Ishii Hisayoshi , Kang Youngnam 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRundown is ubiquitously seen in response to repetitive activation of receptor or ion channels as a use‐dependent down‐regulation through various mechanisms. In contrast to AMPA receptors, γ‐aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR) are believed to display no rapid use‐dependent down‐regulation. We report here a rapid use‐dependent down‐regulation of GABAAR in primary sensory neurons of rat mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN), which express synaptic GABAARs in addition to extrasynaptic ones, unlike other primary sensory neurons. When muscimol was repetitively puff‐applied to an MTN neuron every 2 min before, during, and after the muscimol bath application for 5 min, both the GABAAresponses obtained under both current‐ and voltage‐clamp conditions were almost completely depressed during the bath application. However, the former and latter GABAAresponses recovered to 26% ± 7% and 36% ± 7% of their control amplitudes, respectively, 15 min after washout of the bath‐applied muscimol. By contrast, when examined in the presence of chelerythrine, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, together with a stringent chelation of intracellular Ca2+, the puff responses were almost completely recovered, whereas those were recovered to 40–60% of the control by either chelerythrine or EGTA alone. A phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase inhibitor (PI3K), wortmannin, which blocks various signal transductions, including vesicular trafficking, significantly enhanced the rundown of the puff responses examined every 2 min. These findings indicate that the rundown of GABAAresponse in MTN neurons is mediated by the use‐dependent down‐regulation of GABAAR, which is reversed by PKC inhibition together with intracellular Ca2+chelation, while being facilitated by PI3K inhibition. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Viability and differentiation of neural precursors on hyaluronic acid hydrogel scaffold
Authors: Pan Linjie , Ren Yongjuan , Cui Fuzhai , Xu Qunyuan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe traditional notion that injured neurons are unable to regenerate in the adult mammalian brain and spinal cord has long been a concern. This view has led to methodology designed to overcome this problem, most recently by advancements in tissue engineering. Here, neural precursor cells (NPCs) and the Nogo receptor antibody (NgR‐Ab) or poly‐L‐lysine (PLL) were tested in concert with hyaluronic acid hydrogel scaffolds (HA). In particular, we wished to optimize viability and differentiation of NPCs within HA hydrogel scaffolds. Our results show that HA hydrogels can be modified physically or chemically to improve NPCs attachment on the scaffolding doped with NgR‐Ab or PLL. Both the HA hydrogels and their modifications support the viability of NPCs. NPCs were also able to differentiate into neurons and glial cells on HA hydrogels, although this was affected by the different modifications. Immunofluorescence showed that fewer β‐III‐tubulin antibody and antineurofilament antibody‐positive cells were found on HA‐PLL hydrogel compared with HA or HA NgR‐Ab hydrogels. This indicates that the PLL‐modified HA hydrogels may inhibit differentiation of NPCs, whereas modification by NgR‐Ab had no such effect. Finally, the NgR‐Ab‐modified HA scaffold can be used as not only a NPC delivery system but also a bioactive factor transportation system for CNS repair. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
C‐terminal region‐dependent change of antibody‐binding to the Eighth Reelin repeat reflects the signaling activity of Reelin
Authors: Kohno Takao , Nakano Yoshimi , Kitoh Noriko , Yagi Hirokazu , Kato Koichi , Baba Atsushi , Hattori Mitsuharu 
Published: June 2009

AbstractReelin is a secreted glycoprotein that plays pivotal roles in the development and function of the brain, but how it activates downstream intracellular signaling is not fully understood. We have recently reported that the highly conserved C‐terminal region (CTR) of Reelin is required for its full signaling activity, although the underlying mechanism remains unknown. During biochemical study of Reelin, we serendipitously found that one commercially available anti‐Reelin antibody G20 can bind to CTR‐lacking mutant Reelin proteins, but not wild‐type Reelin, on Western blotting. The G20 epitope resides in the last 19 residues of Reelin‐repeat 8 (RR8), and neither posttranslational modification nor proteolysis can explain this effect. Furthermore, when an unrelated sequence, such as FLAG‐tag, is inserted between RR8 and CTR, the reactivity of the corresponding antibody greatly decreases. These results suggest that RR8 and CTR form a tight structure that makes the surrounding sequence inaccessible to an antibody. Taking advantage of this phenomenon, we show the existence of CTR‐lacking Reelin isoform in vivo for the first time and estimate its contribution to the total amount of secreted Reelin. Importantly, the extent to which Reelin mutants react with G20 is inversely correlated with their signaling activity, indicating that the CTR‐induced structural change of RR8 is a prerequisite for downstream signaling activation, presumably via binding to a certain neuronal membrane molecule(s). © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of zip1 and zip4 mRNA in the adult rat brain
Authors: Belloni‐Olivi Luisa , Marshall Cathleen , Laal Bachchu , Andrews Glenn K. , Bressler Joseph 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe localization of two members of the Slc39a (zip1 and zip4) family of zinc transporters was examined in the brains of adult mice. Zip1 was highly enriched in brain regions with high densities of neuronal cell bodies, including the hippocampus, thalamus, and perifontal cortex. Zip1 was also expressed in commissural fiber tracts such as the corpus callosum and anterior commissure, but little was found in the internal and external capsules. Also, very low amounts of zip1 mRNA were detected in resting astrocytes and reactive astrocytes that were examined at 14 days after inflicting a stab wound. Zip1 mRNA was detected in ependymal cells lining the third and lateral ventricles and epithelium cells in the choroid plexus. Interestingly, zip4 mRNA was detected in the choroid plexus but not in the ependymal cells or other neural elements. Zip4 mRNA was also detected in brain capillaries, but zip1 mRNA was not. In zip4 knockout heterozygotes that express green fluorescent protein regulated by the zip4 promoter, green fluorescent protein was detected in brain capillaries. Because zip4 levels are regulated by dietary Zn, our studies suggest that the brain has the potential of adapting to changes in Zn status. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The small heat shock protein Hsp27 protects cortical neurons against the toxic effects of β‐amyloid peptide
Authors: King Michael , Nafar Firoozeh , Clarke Joseph , Mearow Karen 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNeurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques are considered to be hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the toxic effects of amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ) lead to activation of stress‐related signaling and neuronal loss. The small heat shock protein Hsp27 is reported to be increased in AD brains and to accumulate in plaques, but whether this represents a potentially protective response to stress or is part of the disease process is not known. We hypothesized that increased expression of Hsp27 in neurons can promote neuronal survival and stabilize the cytoskeleton in the face of Aβ exposure. By using neonatal rat cortical neurons, we investigated the potential role of Hsp27 in neuronal cultures in the presence or absence of Aβ. We initially tested whether a heat stress (HS) would be sufficient to induce endogenous Hsp27 expression. HS not only did not result in neuronal Hsp27 up‐regulation but made the cells more vulnerable to Aβ exposure. We then used cDNA transfection to overexpress EGFP‐Hsp27 (or the empty vector) in cultures and then assessed neuronal survival and growth. Transfected neurons appeared healthy and had robust neuritic outgrowth. Aβ treatment induced significant cell death by 48–72 hr in nontransfected and empty‐vector‐expressing cultures. In contrast, cultures expressing Hsp27 did not display significant apoptosis. Our results show that Hsp27‐expressing neurons were selectively protected against the deleterious effects of Aβ treatment; neuronal degeneration was prevented, and Aβ‐induced alterations in mitochondrial size were attenuated. We also demonstrate that Hsp27 expression can enhance neurite growth in cortical neurons compared with control vector‐transfected cells. Overall, our study provides new evidence that Hsp27 can provide a protective influence in primary cortical neurons in the face of toxic concentrations of amyloid. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel axonal distribution of neurofilament‐H phosphorylated at the glycogen synthase kinase 3β‐phosphorylation site in its E‐segment
Authors: Sasaki Takahiro , Ishiguro Koichi , Hisanaga Shin‐ichi 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe Ser493 residue in the E‐segment of the rat neurofilament heavy chain (NF‐H) is phosphorylated by glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) in vitro and in spinal cord. We examined Ser493 phosphorylation by analyzing developmental changes and cellular distribution of phospho‐Ser493 using phosphorylation‐site‐specific antibodies. This residue was phosphorylated in NF‐H prepared from human, rat, and mouse spinal cord, all species in which the amino acid sequence of NF‐H is known. Phosphorylated Ser493 appeared on postnatal day 2 in rat brain, at the same time when NF‐H is first detected. It gradually increased together with the increase in total NF‐H during brain development. Phospho‐Ser493 was detected on the phosphorylated form of NF‐H at multiple Lys‐Ser‐Pro (KSP) repeats, which are distributed mainly in axons. In rat ventral horn, phosphorylated Ser493 was localized in axons but not in cell bodies or dendrites. However, the distributions of phosphorylated Ser493 and KSP phosphorylation in axons were not identical. Ser493 was continuously phosphorylated at nodes of Ranvier, whereas the KSP sites were dephosphorylated. Ser493 was also phosphorylated in unmyelinated regions of optic nerve axons. A biochemical difference in phosphorylation between Ser493 and KSP repeats was also found; the subtle phosphorylation at Ser493 was detected in NF‐H unphosphorylated at the KSP repeats by immunoblotting cerebral cortex extracts. These results indicate that Ser493 in the NF‐H E‐segment is a novel site that is phosphorylated in both the myelinated and the unmyelinated regions of axons. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adult cerebrospinal fluid inhibits neurogenesis but facilitates gliogenesis from fetal rat neural stem cells
Authors: Buddensiek Judith , Dressel Alexander , Kowalski Michael , Storch Alexander , Sabolek Michael 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNeural stem cells (NSCs) are a promising source for cell replacement therapies for neurological diseases. Administration of NSCs into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) offers a nontraumatic transplantation method into the brain. However, cell survival and intraparenchymal migration of the transplants are limited. Furthermore, CSF was recently reported to be an important milieu for controlling stem cell processes in the brain. We studied the effects of adult human leptomeningeal CSF on the behavior of fetal rat NSCs. CSF increased survival of NSCs compared with standard culture media during stem cell maintenance and differentiation. The presence of CSF enhanced NSC differentiation, leading to a faster loss of self‐renewal capacity and faster and stronger neurite outgrowth. Some of these effects (mainly cell survival, neurite brancing) were blocked by addition of the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) inhibitor noggin. After differentiation in CSF, significantly fewer MAP2ab+ neurons were found, but there were more GFAP+ astroglia compared with standard media. By RT‐PCR analysis, we determined a decrease of mRNA of the NSC marker gene Nestin but an increase of Gfap mRNA during differentiation up to 72 hr in CSF compared with standard media. Our data demonstrate that adult human leptomeningeal CSF enhances cell survival of fetal rat NSCs during proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, CSF provides a stimulus for gliogenesis but inhibits neurogenesis from fetal NSCs. Our data suggest that CSF contains factors such as BMPs regulating NSC behavior, and we hypothesize that fast differentiation of NSCs in CSF leads to a rapid loss of migration capacity of intrathecally transplanted NSCs. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.