bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Role of the Tropics in the General Circulation of the Atmosphere
Authors: Riehl Herbert 
Published: January 2012

Contrary to older descriptions, the air currents in the middle and upper
troposphere over the low latitudes are not steady but highly variable. There are trains
of well-developed waves or vortices. When these disturbances combine with troughs in the
polar westerlies, the resulting extended troughs often reach from pole to equator.
Poleward flow of heat must take place mainly along these troughs. Energy from low
latitudes is injected into the temperate zone in narrow and variable areas only. A
description of the tropical atmosphere in the layers below and above the bases of the
cumuli leads to an attempt to explain the steadiness of the low-level wind field which
contrasts with the high variability of the upper layers. Then the strength of the mean
meridional circulation and the fields of divergence and convergence at the surface are
calculated, followed by a summary of available information on the high-level
circulation. The field of motion aloft varies greatly with longitude, so that inferences
concerning the tropics as a whole can only be made from maps covering most longitudes.
Such maps (300-mb charts) are available for a limited period down to latitude 10° N.
They indicate that regions where the easterlies decrease upward alternate with regions
of increasing easterlies.
The Use of the Primitive Equations of Motion in Numerical Prediction
Authors: Charney J. 
Published: January 2012

An obstacle to the use of the primitive hydrodynamical equations for numerical prediction is that the initial wind and pressure fields determined by conventional means give rise to spurious large-amplitude inertio-gravitational oscillations which obscure the meteorologically significant large-scale motions. It is shown how this difficulty may be overcome by the use of a relationship between wind and pressure which enables one to determine these fields in such a manner that the noise motions do not arise. The method is illustrated by a numerically computed example.
The wind-pressure relationship is in a sense a generalization of the geostrophic approximation and may be used where the latter approximation is inapplicable, either to determine initial conditions or to derive a set of filtering equations for numerical prediction analogous to the quasi-geostrophic equations.
Airway Activation of Formyl Peptide Receptors Inhibits Th1 and Th17 Cell Responses via Inhibition of Mediator Release from Immune and Inflammatory Cells and Maturation of Dendritic Cells
Authors: Tae You-Me , Park Hyun Taek , Moon Hyung-Geun , Kim You-Sun , Jeon Seong Gyu , Roh Tae-Young , Bae Yoe-Sik , Gho Yong Song , Ryu Sung Ho , Kwon Hyouk-Soo , Kim Yoon-Keun 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are chemoattractant receptors that mediate inflammatory cell responses to infection. Recent evidence indicates that noneosinophilic asthma phenotypes can be developed by both Th1 and Th17 cell responses when exposed to LPS-containing allergens. In this study, we evaluated the effects of airway activation of FPRs by their synthetic agonist, Trp-Lys-Tyr-Met-Val-D-Met (W-peptide), on the development of Th1 and Th17 cell responses in a noneosinophilic asthma mouse model. A noneosinophilic asthma mouse model was generated by intranasal sensitization with 10 μg of LPS plus 75 μg of OVA on days 0, 1, 2, and 7. Mice were then challenged with 50 μg of OVA alone on days 14, 15, 21, and 22. W-peptide was administered during the sensitization period, and immune and inflammatory responses were evaluated after OVA challenge. Lung inflammation after OVA challenge was partly abolished by airway activation of FPRs during sensitization. Maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and migration of DCs from the lung to lung-draining lymph nodes were inhibited by FPR activation. In addition, airway activation of FPRs inhibited allergen-specific T cell proliferation in the lymph nodes. Production of IL-12 and IL-6 (Th1- and Th17-polarizing cytokines) from lung DCs was decreased by airway activation of FPRs. This effect resulted in the inhibition of allergen-specific Th1 and Th17 cell responses. Airway activation of FPRs during sensitization effectively prevents the development of Th1 and Th17 cell responses induced by LPS-containing allergens via multiple mechanisms, such as inhibition of DC maturation and migration and the production of Th1- and Th7-polarizing cytokines.
The IL-7Rα Pathway Is Quantitatively and Functionally Altered in CD8 T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Kreft Karim L. , Verbraak Evert , Wierenga-Wolf Annet F. , van Meurs Marjan , Oostra Ben A. , Laman Jon D. , Hintzen Rogier Q. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe IL-7Rα single nucleotide polymorphism rs6897932 is associated with an increased risk for multiple sclerosis (MS). IL-7Rα is a promising candidate to be involved in autoimmunity, because it regulates T cell homeostasis, proliferation, and antiapoptotic signaling. However, the exact underlying mechanisms in the pathogenesis of MS are poorly understood. We investigated whether CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte subsets differed in IL-7Rα expression and functionality in 78 MS patients compared with 59 healthy controls (HC). A significantly higher frequency of IL-7Rα+ CD8 effector memory (CD8EM) was found in MS. Moreover, IL-7Rα membrane expression was significantly increased in MS in naive and memory CD8 (all p &lt; 0.05) with a similar trend in CD8EM (p = 0.055). No correlation was found between the expression level or frequency of IL-7Rα+CD8+ and rs6897932 risk allele carriership. Upon IL-7 stimulation, MS patients had stronger STAT5 activation in CD8EM compared with HC. IL-7 stimulation had a differential effect on both mRNA and protein expression of granzyme A and granzyme B between MS and HC. Stainings of different lesions in postmortem MS brain material showed expression of IL-7 and CD8+IL-7Rα+ in preactive, but not in active, demyelinating MS lesions, indicating involvement of IL-7Rα+ lymphocytes in lesion development. The intralesional production of IL-7 in combination with the lower threshold for IL-7–induced cytotoxicity in MS may enhance the pathogenicity of these CD8 T cells. This is of special interest in light of the established demyelinating and cytotoxic actions of granzyme A.
Molecular weight effect of PMMA on its miscibility with PS‐b‐PEO at the air/water interface
Authors: Jheng Kai‐Teng , Hsu Wen‐Ping 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe mixed monolayer behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with different molecular weights and polystyrene‐block‐polyethylene oxide (PS‐b‐PEO) was investigated from the measurements of surface pressure–area per molecule (π‐A) isotherms at three different temperatures (10°C, 25°C, and 40°C). The miscibility and nonideality of the mixed monolayers were examined by calculating the excess surface area as a function of composition. The molecular weight of PMMA was demonstrated to have a major effect on its miscibility with PS‐b‐PEO. Negative or close to zero deviations from ideality of surface areas were observed for PMMA with the lowest molecular weight (12,000 g/mole). Mostly positive deviations were detected in mixed PMMA/PS‐b‐PEO monolayers with higher molecular weights of PMMA. Because of probable mushroom‐to‐brush transition effect, the miscibility between PMMA and PS‐b‐PEO was found to be the best at 25°C among the experimental temperatures. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Polymer‐based metal adsorbents via graft copolymerization of polyvinyl alcohol with diaminomaleonitrile: A green chemistry approach
Authors: Abdel‐Razik H. H. , Abbo M. , Almahy H. A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSynthesis, characterization, and amidoximation of diaminomaleonitrile‐functionalized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) grafts were studied. Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) was used as an initiator in an aqueous nitric acid medium under N2 atmosphere. Optimum conditions for grafting were as follows: monomer concentration [DAMN] = 1.4M, [CAN] = 16 × 10−2 mol/L, T = 50°C, and t = 2 h. Water uptake of the PVA graft films increased with the increase of grafting yield. The imparted cyano group of the grafted PVA polymer chains (with degree of grafting up to 136%) was converted into amidoxime group by the reaction with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. The grafted polymers were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The grafted PVA films are more thermally stable than the ungrafted PVA membrane, because the grafted membrane showed a single degradation pattern despite having two components. A decrease in Tg values is observed as the grafting yield of copolymers increases indicating the incorporation of polydiaminomaleonitrile chains in amorphous copolymers with higher thermal stability. The prepared amidoximated DAMN136‐g‐PVA was investigated for its properties in removing heavy toxic metals, such as Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ from water. The amidoximated film is characterized by a considerably greater binding ability with respect to heavy metals. The nature of the metal ion also has great importance in the amount binding to the polymeric material. The kinetics of the sorption/desorption process for Co2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ were investigated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Empirical modeling development for integrated process optimization of poly(3‐hydrxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) production
Authors: Shantini K. , Yahya Ahmad R. M. , Amirul A. A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe optimization of P(3HB‐co‐3HV) synthesis was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). Primary experiments showed different concentrations of 1‐pentanol, agitation rates, and incubation times were the main factors influencing the production of this copolymer. To test the influence of the process parameters, two statistical experimental designs were performed. The first step of optimization used two‐level factorial designs to determine the significant variables affecting the growth and production. The RSM model was experimentally validated yielding a maximum of 65 wt % PHA content and 10.2 g/L cell dry weight, which represent 12.1% increase in PHA content in comparison to the non‐optimized condition using oleic acid and 1‐pentanol as the carbon source and carbon precursor, respectively. The experimental results showed that the RSM was a useful tool as the utilization of 1‐pentanol by Cupriavidus sp. USMAA2‐4 was reduced by 33%. A second‐order polynomial equation was obtained by multiple regression analysis to explain the combined effect of the three parameters with the coefficient of determination, R2, greater than 0.9. The optimum process conditions and interactions were determined by analyzing three‐dimensional surfaces. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Silk I structure formation through silk fibroin self‐assembly
Authors: Ming Jinfa , Zuo Baoqi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractRegenerated silk fibroin films are normally produced by increasing the Silk II structure (β‐sheet content). In the present study, silk fibroin films were prepared by controlling the environmental temperature and humidity, resulting in the formation of silk films with a predominant Silk I structure instead of Silk II structure. Wide angle X‐ray diffraction indicated that when the relative humidity was 55%, the silk films prepared were mainly composed of Silk I structure, whereas silk films formed on other relative humidity had a higher Silk II structure. Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR) results also conformed that the secondary structure of silk fibroin can be controlled by changing the humidity of the films formed process. Thermal analysis results revealed Silk I structure was a stable crystal, and the degradation peak increased to 320°C, indicating a greater thermal stability of these films formed under the 55% relative humidity conditions. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) results depicted silk fibroin in the fresh solution had many nanospheres existing with 20–50 nm diameters and mainly maintained a random coil structure without specific nanostructures. At the same time, it also illustrated the self‐assembly process of silk fibroin in the aqueous solution without any human intervention. In addition, this present study also provided additional support for self‐assembly mechanism of silk fibroin films formation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Diazotization–cyanation of aromatic amines with crosslinked poly(4‐vinylpyridine)‐supported cyanide ions
Authors: Karimi Zarchi Mohammad Ali , Ebrahimi Nahid 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA simple, mild, and efficient method for the cyanation of stable arenediazonium salts was developed with polymer‐supported cyanide. Arenediazonium hydrogen sulfate (ArN2+HSO4−) was obtained by the reaction between a primary aryl amine and sodium nitrite in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at low temperature (0–5°C). By an ion‐exchange reaction between ArN2+HSO4− and NaBF4, the stable arenediazonium tetrafluoroborate, ArN2+BF4−, was prepared. ArN2+BF4− was then converted to aryl nitrile with crosslinked poly(4‐vinylpyridine) supported cyanide ion in acetonitrile at room temperature. The spent polymeric reagent was regenerated and reused several times without any loss in its activity. This procedure offered advantages, including a higher isolated yield, shorter reaction time, and simple reaction workup. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Bimetallic Catalysis using Transition and Group 11 Metals: An Emerging Tool for CC Coupling and Other Reactions
Authors: Pérez‐Temprano Mónica H. , Casares Juan A. , Espinet Pablo 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBimetallic catalysis refers to homogeneous processes in which either two transition metals (TM), or one TM and one Group 11 (G11) element (occasionally Hg also), cooperate in a synthetic process (often a CC coupling) and their actions are connected by a transmetalation step. This is an emerging research area that differs from the isolated or tandem applications of the now classic processes (Stille, Negishi, Suzuki, Hiyama, Heck). Most of the reactions used so far combine Pd with a second metal, often Cu or Au, but syntheses involving very different TM couples (e.g., Cr/Ni in the catalyzed vinylation of aldehydes) have also been developed. Further development of the topic will soon demand a good knowledge of the mechanisms involved in bimetallic catalysis, but this knowledge is very limited for catalytic processes. However, there is much information available, dispersed in the literature, coming from basic research on exchange reactions occurring out of any catalytic cycle, in polynuclear complexes. These are essentially the same processes expected to operate in the heart of the catalytic process. This Review gathers together these two usually isolated topics in order to stimulate synergy between the bimetallic research coming from more basic organometallic studies and the more synthetic organic approaches to this chemistry.
Ligand‐Modification Effects on the Reactivity, Solubility, and Stability of Organometallic Tantalum Complexes in Water
Authors: Conde Ana , Fandos Rosa , Hernández Carolina , Otero Antonio , Rodríguez Ana , Ruiz María José 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTantalum complexes [TaCp*Me{κ4‐C,N,O,O‐(OCH2)(OCHC(CH2NMe2)CH)py}] (4) and [TaCp*Me{κ4‐C,N,O,O‐(OCH2)(OCHC(CH2NH2)CH)py}] (5), which contain modified alkoxide pincer ligands, were synthesized from the reactions of [TaCp*Me{κ3‐N,O,O‐(OCH2)(OCH)py}] (Cp*=η5‐C5Me5) with HCCCH2NMe2 and HCCCH2NH2, respectively. The reactions of [TaCp*Me{κ4‐C,N,O,O‐(OCH2)(OCHC(Ph)CH)py}] (2) and [TaCp*Me{κ4‐C,N,O,O‐(OCH2)(OCHC(SiMe3)CH)py}] (3) with triflic acid (1:2 molar ratio) rendered the corresponding bis‐triflate derivatives [TaCp*(OTf)2{κ3‐N,O,O‐(OCH2)(OCHC(Ph)CH2)py}] (6) and [TaCp*(OTf)2{κ3‐N,O,O‐(OCH2)(OCHC(SiMe3)CH2)py}] (7), respectively. Complex 4 reacted with triflic acid in a 1:2 molar ratio to selectively yield the water‐soluble cationic complex [TaCp*(OTf){κ4‐C,N,O,O‐(OCH2)(OCHC(CH2NHMe2)CH)py}]OTf (8). Compound 8 reacted with water to afford the hydrolyzed complex [TaCp*(OH)(H2O){κ3‐N,O,O‐(OCH2)(OCHC(CH2NHMe2)CH2)py}](OTf)2 (9). Protonation of compound 8 with triflic acid gave the new tantalum compound [TaCp*(OTf){κ4‐C,N,O,O‐(OCH2)(HOCHC(CH2NHMe2)CH)py}](OTf)2 (10), which afforded the corresponding protonolysis derivative [TaCp*(OTf)2{κ3‐N,O,O‐(OCH2)(HOCHC(CH2NHMe2)CH2)py}](OTf) (11) in solution. Complex 8 reacted with CNtBu and potassium 2‐isocyanoacetate to give the corresponding iminoacyl derivatives 12 and 13, respectively. The molecular structures of complexes 5, 7, and 10 were established by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies.
Virtual special issue on theory and research on collective action in the European Journal of Social Psychology
Authors: Becker Julia C. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis virtual special issue presents a collection of 23 articles that present theory and research on collective action in the European Journal of Social Psychology. The articles are organized according to four major themes that emerged. In the first section, articles on identification with the disadvantaged group, identification with the superordinate group, and identity content as predictors of collective action are summarized. The second section combines articles examining the role of sociostructural variables (permeability, legitimacy, and stability) for collective action. The third section comprises articles on the psychological implications of sociostructural variables (emotions, efficacy beliefs, threat perceptions) as predictors of collective action. In the final section, articles that highlight the dynamic perspective on collective action are presented. This issue contains articles on collective action conducted by disadvantaged groups, advantaged groups, and opinion‐based groups. After the conceptual overview, commonalities and distinctions between the articles are highlighted, and some directions for future research are outlined. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constitutive expression of hydrophobin HFB1 from Trichoderma reesei in Pichia pastoris and its pre‐purification by foam separation during cultivation
Authors: Kottmeier Kirsten , Günther Tobias Jan , Weber Jost , Kurtz Susann , Ostermann Kai , Rödel Gerhard , Bley Thomas 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHydrophobins are small surface‐active proteins that have considerable potential for use in applications ranging from medical and technical coatings, separation technologies, biosensors, and personal care. Their wider use would be facilitated by the availability of recombinant tailor‐made hydrophobins. We successfully expressed the class II hydrophobin HFB1 from Trichoderma reesei in Pichia pastoris under the control of the constitutive GAP (glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase) promoter. Avoiding the use of the AOX1 (alcohol oxidase 1) promoter prevents the costs and risks associated with the storage and delivery of methanol used as an inducer. Efficient secretion of hydrophobin was achieved using either the alpha‐factor prepro‐peptide or the native secretion signal of HFB1. The secreted hydrophobins have been isolated with a purity of up to 70% using in situ foam separation during the cultivation process. Coating experiments and surface pressure measurements demonstrated the activity of the hydrophobins. An immunodot assay showed the accessibility of carboxyterminally fused tags of the hydrophobin, which is necessary for potential applications using functionalized hydrophobins. The presented data show that Pichia pastoris is a suitable system for production of constitutively expressed and secreted active hydrophobin, allowing for in situ pre‐purification using foam separation.
Design flood estimation in ungauged catchments and statistical characterization using principal components analysis: application of Gradex method in Upper Moulouya
Authors: Zemzami Mahmoud , Benaabidate Lahcen , Layan Badr , Dridri Abdallah 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDesign flood estimation in ungauged catchments is of great importance in hydrologic practice especially where there is no available data about streamflow. Except the watershed of Anseghmir who is equipped with a gauge station, all the other watersheds are ungauged catchments. The use of frequency analysis of series of rainfall and streamflow is very important for the characterization of the hydrologic resources of the Upper Moulouya. The region has a semiarid climate that requires a good knowledge of the watershed's potential water to assist policy makers in forecasting extreme events, managing water resources and decision making. The frequency analysis was used to determine the design flood of different return periods. The results obtained are used in Gradex method to estimate the hydrologic variables of each subcatchment of the Upper Moulouya. Once the hydrologic study is completed, a principal components analysis was made to highlight the affinities between the different subcatchments and to deduce the hydrologic and hydrographic parameters that better characterize them. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of cementing technique and cement type on thermal necrosis in hip resurfacing arthroplasty—a numerical study
Authors: Janssen Dennis , Srinivasan Priyanka , Scheerlinck Thierry , Verdonschot Nico 
Published: January 2012

AbstractFemoral fractures within resurfacing implants have been associated with bone necrosis, possibly resulting from heat generated by cement polymerization. The amount of heat generated depends on cement mantle volume and type of cement. Using finite element analysis, the effect of cement type and volume on thermal necrosis was analyzed. Based on CT‐data of earlier implantations, two different models were created: a thick mantle model, representing a low‐viscosity “cement filling” technique, and a thin mantle model, representing a high viscosity “cement packing” technique. Six cement types were analyzed. The polymerization heat generation and its effect on bone necrosis were predicted. In the thin cement mantle models, no thermal necrosis was predicted. Thick cement mantle models produced thermal necrosis at the cement–bone interface depending on cement type. In the worst case, 6% of the bone at the cement–bone interface became necrotic, covering almost the entire cross‐sectional area. The current findings suggest a potential thermal drawback of thick cement mantles, although it is unclear whether thermal bone necrosis significantly affects implant fixation or increases the fracture risk. Furthermore, our study showed distinct differences between the heat generated and resulting thermal damage caused by the various cement types. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:364–370, 2012
Outcome models in peripheral nerve repair: Time for a reappraisal or for a novel?
Authors: Galanakos Spyridon P. , Zoubos Aristides B. , Johnson Elizabeth O. , Kanellopoulos Anastasios D. , Soucacos Panayotis N. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPeripheral nerve injuries are still underestimated. The complexity of assessment of outcome after nerve injury and repair has been described by many authors. Furthermore, the outcome is influenced by several factors that depend on mechanisms in the peripheral as well as the central nervous system. Appropriate formulation of a global accepted postoperative clinical protocol for peripheral nerve repair in the upper extremity remains a subject of debate. The purpose of this review is to detail the current concepts of methods of evaluation after peripheral nerves repair. Finally, we discuss the most crucial factors that determine the final hand function and we consider the challenges that need to be addressed to create a realistic clinical protocol that reflects a prognostic importance. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.