bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excavation of the Cross Base at Kilnave, Islay
Authors: Barber John 
Published: February 2011

Summary Beneath the packing stones of the present socket of the Kilnave Cross, the basal slab of what has been interpreted as a cist-type cross base was located. The foot of the cross had been trimmed to a tenon which was redundant in the cist-type base and therefore relates to an earlier type of mounting. Approximately half of what may be the upper slab of the cist-type cross base was located in the churchyard. This type of base has been noted at St John's Cross at Iona and a similar one of 12th century date at Noughaval, Co Clare. It is argued that cist-type cross-bases are generally late, possibly 11th or 12th century or later.
Lesmahagow Priory: Excavations 1978
Authors: Wordsworth Jonathan , Gordon Alistair R 
Published: February 2011

SummaryIn 1978 proposed redevelopment of the site of the Priory of Lesmahagow, founded in 1144, was mooted and the Clydesdale District Council permitted its excavation. This revealed the foundations of the cloister garth and walks, the south range including the complete lay-out of the refectory, almost the full extent of the west range and part of the east range of the monastic complex. Such was the extent of the remains that the District Council decided to amend the development scheme and to preserve the remains as a public amenity. Although the structural remains were extensive, with the exception of a long sequence of coins, the survival offinds from the monastic period was poor; the majority of these belonged to the post-monastic period.
Excavations at Ardnadam, Cowal, Argyll, 1964-1982
Authors: Rennie Elizabeth B 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThis multi-period site in Ardnadam Glen had been occupied by man intermittently through five millennia. It is not possible to estimate the length of each of the eight periods described owing to the scarcity of datable finds although the Early Neolithic and the Iron Age occupations are fixed approximately by radio carbondating. The Early Neolithic is represented by pottery, flint tools, hearths, post holes and banks of stone; the later Neolithic, by the remains of a round house and pottery. An Iron Age occupation is suggested by the remains of two round houses, followed by an early Christian settlement with an enclosure, a possible house, a possible ‘cell’, graves, cross-marked stones and a chapel. The Medieval period is represented by remains of another house, datable pottery, paving, evidence of iron-working and charcoalburning. Later activity is incidental, but the area was probably usedas a burial ground until late Medieval times. The entire site stands on an alluvial fan and suffered at intervals from the flow of surface water across the various levels, which destroyed most of the detail of the earlier occupations. There were, however, sufficient remains in the post holes, paths, and hearths to reconstruct the probable shape and sequence of events.
Freswick Castle, Caithness: report on rescue excavations carried out in 1979
Authors: Batey Colleen E , Morris Christopher D , Rackham D James 
Published: February 2011

Summary ‘Rescue’ excavations took place at Freswick Castle in 1979. In two short excavations, despite much modern disturbance, it was possible to identify substantial structural elements below the modern Castle building, and some related occupation phases. The earlier occupation phases had pottery of the distinctive ‘grass-tempered’ type found on the neighbouring site of Freswick Links. This is conventionally dated to the Late Norse period (11th-13th centuries), but it is clear that the castle site has had occupation up to the present day. A Mediaeval site probably lies below the Garden. Biological material, and other artefactual data, is consistent with assemblages from recent work at Freswick Links. However, due to the nature of the deposits and their disturbance, it was not possible to present either a finely-calibrated chronology or an environmental analysis on a quantitative basis. Further work at the site might clarify certain aspects of the 1979 work — as will analysis of the results from Freswick Links.
Excavations at Farm Fields, Kinloch, Rhum 1984-85: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Wickham-Jones C R , Pollock Dave 
Published: February 2011

Summary Excavations on Rhum have revealed extensive evidence of mesolithic occupation with pits, postholes and a lithic assemblage including over 200 microliths. A range of radiocarbon dates, beginning early in the seventh millennium be, indicates that hunter-gatherer activity may have continued intermittently on the site for around four thousand years.
Iron Age and Early Historic Occupation of Jonathan's Cave, East Wemyss
Authors: MacKie Euan W 
Published: February 2011

Summary Excavations in 1980 in front of the Well Cave 3 and Jonathan's Cave (which contains Pictish carvings) uncovered a clear sequence of deposits on top of a raised beach; these included probably Iron Age and Pictish levels, and Medieval and recent layers. More of the strata in front of Jonathan's cave were exposed by new sea erosion in 1985. A full report on the discoveries is being prepared by the SDD.
Impact on the Scottish Iron Age of the discoveries at Leckie broch
Authors: MacKie Euan W. 
Published: February 2011

Summary The paper reviews some of the evidence for the nature of the broch phenomenon and its origins, using the discoveries at Leckie broch as a starting point. It is concluded that, contrary to a commonly held view, there is evidence for a new phase of contact of some kind between Atlantic Scotland and distant regions like southern England, Ireland and Brittany, a phase which defines the middle Iron Age and sees the onset of the broch-building cultures. As far as the nature of broch society is concerned, it is becoming increasingly clear that the buildings themselves were the defended farmhouses of a minor tribal aristocracy each having the allegiance of several hundred tribesmen and women, and presumably themselves owing allegiance to a tribal chief.
A dun on Eilean Righ, Loch Craignish, Argyll
Authors: Brown Marilyn , Cowie Trevor 
Published: February 2011

SummaryWhile carrying out fieldwork in Mid Argyll in preparation for Volume 6 of the Inventory of Argyll, members of the staff of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland were informed by the owners of Eilean Righ of the results of an excavation carried out within a dun on the island (NCR NM 80390219). The finds from the excavation were subsequently presented to the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland (now Royal Museum of Scotland, Queen Street, Edinburgh). This short note consists of a description of the dun and a brief account of some parallels (MB), and a catalogue and description of the finds (TC).
Excavation of an earthwork at Cnoc a' Chaisteil, Alness, Easter Ross, 1983.
Authors: Rideout J S , McCullagh R P J , Barlow A , Barnetson L , Gibson A , Tavener P N 
Published: February 2011

Summary This promontory fort on the Cromarty Firth in northeast Scotland may have been built as early as the 6th century be but secondary use occurred in the 10th or 11th centuries ad. There were no finds from these early occupations.
Investigating Burnt Mounds in Clydesdale during Motorway Construction
Authors: Atkinson John A , Dickson Camilla , Downes Jane , Robins Paul , Sanderson David 
Published: February 2011

Summary Two small burnt mounds were excavated as part of the programme to mitigate the impact of motorway construction in the Crawford area. The excavations followed a research strategy designed to address questions of date and function. This paper surveys the various competing theories about burnt mounds and how the archaeological evidence was evaluated against those theories. Both sites produced radiocarbon dates from the Bronze Age and evidence to suggest that they were cooking places. In addition, a short account is presented of two further burnt mounds discovered during the construction of the motorway in Annandale.
Ardnadam, Cowal, Argyll, further Thoughts on the Origins the Early Christian Chapel
Authors: Rennie Elizabeth B 
Published: February 2011

Summary The 1964–82 excavations of the enclosure at Ardnadam Glen were reported in the Journal 11 (Rennie 1984). The early Christian levels of this multi-period site were not reported in detail since further analysis and more research was required. The result of this further work, including a reinterpretation of the site and its phasing, are presented here. The Early Christian monuments were all within a turf and stone bank and ditch. Although the enclosure bank may have been constructed in the Iron Age, the interior contained a chapel dating to the Early Christian era and burial ground for children.
Excavations of Two Iron Processing Sites at Scabgill and Boghall, Clydesdale, 1991
Authors: Strachan R J , Hamilton J E , Armit I , Ralston I B M 
Published: February 2011

Summary Excavations were carried out on two sites containing traces of iron ore processing, as part of the N-W Ethylene Pipeline Project, funded by Shell Chemicals UK Ltd. The excavations at Scabgill revealed a small part of an iron ore processing site apparently dating to the later medieval period or earlier. At nearby Boghall, a small furnace was excavated, which, while not itself datable, was also used in the processing of low grade, bog iron ores.
Upper-level Ontologies for Health Information Systems
Authors: Umar A. , Raghupathi W. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryObjectives: We examine the potential of archetype patterns for upper-level ontology development in health information systems (HISs).Methods: Archetype patterns, based on the integration of archetype concepts and design patterns, are conceptualized and developed for ontology in the HIS domain. The UML provides the underlying modeling support.Results: We argue in favor of the archetype pattern providing models for upper-level ontologies in HIS. This, in turn, has the potential to offer a foundation for interoperability across HIS applications and enterprises. Our research also shows the limitations of current ontology development methods as well as the challenges faced in archetype pattern development. The framework has potential for general, widespread usage. Overall, this approach supports ontology development in HIS.Conclusions: The research demonstrates the applicability of archetype patterns to ontology development in HIS. While numerous ontologies exist in biomedicine, there are few well-developed ontologies for general healthcare. Properly modeled, archetype patterns have potential to reconcile the differences in high-level design views across health care inter-enterprises. Future research can focus on governance, standards and tools for archetype patterns, as well as development of a comprehensive set of high-level healthcare archetype patterns.
Outcomes Assessment of the Regional Health Information Exchange
Authors: Asikainen P. , Gissler M. , Siponen K. , Maass M. , Saranto K. , Suominen T. , Mäenpää T. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryBackground: The implementation of a technology such as health information exchange (HIE) through a Regional Health Information System (RHIS) may improve the mobilization of health care information electronically across organizations. There is a need to coordinate care and bring together regional and local stakeholders.Objectives: To describe how HIE had influenced health care delivery in one hospital district area in Finland.Method: Trend analysis was used to evaluate the influence of a regional HIE. We conducted a retrospective, longitudinal study for the period 2004–2008 for the eleven federations of municipalities in the study area. We reviewed statistical health data from the time of implementation of an RHIS. The t-test was used to determine statistical significance. The selected outcomes were the data obtained from the regional database on total appointments, emergency department visits, laboratory tests and radiology examinations, and selected laboratory tests and radiology examinations carried out in both primary care and special health care.Results: Access to HIE may have influenced health care delivery in the study area. There are indications that there is a connection between access to regional HIE and the number of laboratory tests and radiology examinations performed in both primary care and specialized health care, as observed in the decreased frequency in outcomes such as radiology examinations, number of appointments, and emergency department visits in the study environment. The decreased frequencies of the latter suggest an increased efficiency of outpatient care, but we were not able to estimate to what extent the readily available comprehensive clinical information contributed to these trends.Conclusion: Outcome assessment of HIE through an RHIS is essential for the success of health information technology (HIT) and as evidence to use in the decision-making process. As health care information becomes more digital, it increases the potential for a strong HIE effect on health care delivery.
What Happened to the Time? The Relationship of Occupational Therapy to Time
Authors: Pemberton Sue , Cox Diane 
Published: February 2011

Introduction: Time has a reciprocal relationship with occupation: each helps to define and give meaning to the other. This paper explores how this interconnection has been embraced within occupational therapy. Method: Literature from a variety of disciplines was critically reviewed, in order to discern how occupational therapy has engaged with the temporal dimensions of occupation since its inception and the relevance of time to current practice. Findings and discussion: Although theoretical discussions demonstrate the importance of aspects of time within occupation, there has been only limited translation of these into occupational therapy practice. Aspects of time use, tempo and temporality are discussed in relation to their application to clinical practice. As the pace of life increases and humanity's relationship with time changes, this presents the profession with both challenges and opportunities. Conclusion: Time is a vital aspect of occupation. Occupational therapists need to return to core values of time awareness, rhythm and balance, because the profession once again needs to find time.
Development and Trial of an Upper Limb Assessment Tool for the Acute Neurological Patient
Authors: Corben Louise , Downie Sharon , Fielding Leesa 
Published: February 2011

Background: Within acute neurosciences, occupational therapy upper limb assessment facilitates acute rehabilitation, prevention of secondary complications, and discharge planning. Purpose: The purpose of this preliminary study was to investigate best practice upper limb assessment of the acute neurological patient. Procedures: An occupational therapy internal audit identified the need for an acute-specific upper limb assessment. Although a comprehensive literature review failed to identify a suitable pre-existing assessment, two standardised assessments formed the basis of a composite assessment tool. Findings: Positive clinician feedback to the trial of the composite assessment indicated its potential clinical utility. Conclusion: Further modification and acute-care trials are recommended to ascertain if the establishment of psychometric properties is warranted.
Blowing Agents
Authors: Heck Rhomie L. , Peascoe Warren J. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Blowing agents, sometimes referred to as foaming agents, produce gas and thus may be used to generate cells (gas packets) in polymeric materials. They are classified as either physical or chemical blowing agents (CBAs). Physical blowing agents form cells by a phase change, eg, a liquid may be volatilized or a gas dissolved in a polymer under high pressure may be desorbed by decompression. Chemical blowing agents produce gas by thermal decomposition and, in a few instances, via a chemical reaction with other components of the polymer system. Properties of several blowing agents of both types, as well as test methods, are reviewed.
Vinylidene Chloride Polymers
Authors: Howell B. A. , Beyer D. E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article covers the uniqueness and versatility of these thermoplastics. The unique morphology of vinylidene chloride polymers is covered in detail and related to both polymerization and production processes and also to subsequent processing at the customer end. Each of the main polymerization processes of suspension, mass, and emulsion are described in detail with particular emphasis on how the morphology of each different product is created. Other aspects such as environmental protection, barrier properties, quality and testing, processing, and economic aspects complete the story of these fascinating polymers.
Craniomicromelic syndrome: First report in a male
Authors: Gambhir Prakash S. , Gambhir Sunita 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe report on craniomicromelic syndrome in a male fetus. This case had the previously reported features of prenatal onset growth retardation, underossified cranial bones, wide sutures and fontanels, small face as compared to head, small palpebral fissures, pinched nose, microstomia, micrognathia, and narrow thorax. The consistent combination of these features with short appearing limbs as observed in this case establishes this syndrome as a distinct entity. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toward a cross‐species neuroscientific understanding of the affective mind: do animals have emotional feelings?
Authors: Panksepp Jaak 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDo we need to consider mental processes in our analysis of brain functions in other animals? Obviously we do, if such BrainMind functions exist in the animals we wish to understand. If so, how do we proceed, while still retaining materialistic–mechanistic perspectives? This essay outlines the historical forces that led to emotional feelings in animals being marginalized in behavioristic scientific discussions of why animals behave the way they do, and why mental constructs are generally disregarded in modern neuroscientific analyses. The roots of this problem go back to Cartesian dualism and the attempt of 19th century physician–scientists to ground a new type of medical curriculum on a completely materialistic approach to body functions. Thereby all vitalistic principles were discarded from the lexicon of science, and subjective experience in animals was put in that category and discarded as an invalid approach to animal behavior. This led to forms of rigid operationalism during the era of behaviorism and subsequently ruthless reductionism in brain research, leaving little room for mentalistic concepts such as emotional feelings in animal research. However, modern studies of the brain clearly indicate that artificially induced arousals of emotional networks, as with localized electrical and chemical brain stimulation, can serve as “rewards” and “punishments” in various learning tasks. This strongly indicates that animal brains elaborate various experienced states, with those having affective contents being easiest to study rigorously. However, in approaching emotional feelings empirically we must pay special attention to the difficulties and vagaries of human language and evolutionary levels of control in the brain. We need distinct nomenclatures from primary (unconditioned phenomenal experiences) to tertiary (reflective) levels of mind. The scientific pursuit of affective brain processes in other mammals can now reveal general BrainMind principles that also apply to human feelings, as with neurochemical predictions from preclinical animal models to self‐reports of corresponding human experiences. In short, brain research has now repeatedly verified the existence of affective experience—various reward and punishment functions—during artificial arousal of emotional networks in our fellow animals. The implications for new conceptual schema for understanding human/primate affective feelings and how such knowledge can impact scientific advances in biological psychiatry are also addressed. Am. J. Primatol. 73: 545–561, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Structure‐Based Design of Mdm2/Mdmx–p53 Inhibitors Gets Serious
Authors: Popowicz Grzegorz M. , Dömling Alexander , Holak Tad A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe p53 protein is the cell’s principal bastion of defense against tumor‐associated DNA damage. Commonly referred as a “guardian of the genome”, p53 is responsible for determining the fate of the cell when the integrity of its genome is damaged. The development of tumors requires breaching this defense line. All known tumor cells either mutate the p53 gene, or in a similar number of cases, use internal cell p53 modulators, Mdm2 and Mdmx proteins, to disable its function. The release of functional p53 from the inhibition by Mdm2 and Mdmx should in principle provide an efficient, nongenotoxic means of cancer therapy. In recent years substantial progress has been made in developing novel p53‐activating molecules thanks to several reported crystal structures of Mdm2/x in complex with p53‐mimicking peptides and nonpeptidic drug candidates. Understanding the structural attributes of ligand binding holds the key to developing novel, highly effective, and selective drug candidates. Two low‐molecular‐weight compounds have just recently progressed into early clinical studies.
Anion‐binding properties of two calix[4]arene derivatives containing two ferrocene imine or ferrocene amine units at the upper rim
Authors: Shaabani Behrouz , Shaghaghi Zohreh 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCalix[4]arene derivatives containing ferrocene units at the upper rim have been synthesized and their anion‐binding and sensing investigated towards anions such as chloride, bromide and hydrogen sulfate by cyclic voltammetry. Electrochemical studies show that these redox‐active ligands electrochemically recognize chloride and bromide anions. These compounds have excellent selectivity for chloride and bromide ions, in the comparison with hydrogen sulfate anion. With ferrocenyl Schiff base calix[4]arene 1 an anodic shift as large as 302 mV is observed on addition of four equivalents of Cl− anion. Also electrochemical and UV–vis spectroscopic titrations ferrocenyl calix[4]arene derivatives 1 with chloride and bromide ions and 2 (only with Cl−) indicate a 1:1 binding‐stiochiometry. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring of solid oxide fuel cell systems
Authors: Murshed AKM M. , Huang B. , Nandakumar K. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFault detection and isolation of critical equipments as well as process operation is an important part of automation. Failure to detect fault can contribute to process safety incident, violation of environmental regulation and, as a result, reduce profit from the unit affected by the fault. Even though there has been a lot of work done on the modeling and control of the solid oxide fuel cell, little attention has been paid to its monitoring methodology. The need of reliable SOFC operations and current effort toward commercialization call for advanced monitoring technology, which constitutes one of the most important directions for SOFC research and development. In this article, as an attempt toward monitoring of SOFC systems a hybrid monitoring approach is developed which formulates the fault detection problem as a linear matrix inequality (LMI). The formulation is then illustrated through its application to the solid oxide fuel cell and its system to handle constraints and detect faults early. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.