bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Lord Admiral’s/Prince’s/Palatine’s Men, 1576–1625
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThere is enough continuity of player membership and other kinds of cohesion to identify a single long-running company which might most easily be called the Admiral’s Men, even though its first patron had three titles at different times, and the company later ran under two different royal patrons. It began its London-based activities in 1576 and only faded from the London scene in 1625. Its presence in London gives it an eminence and a durability that more than matches the forty-eight-year run of the Chamberlain’s-King’s Men. It had a variety of existences in its fifty years. It started in 1576 as a company patronized by a lord who was serving or had just served a short stint as deputy to the Lord Chamberlain. This chapter looks at the history of the Lord Admiral’s/Prince’s/Palatine’s Men, their performances from 1576 to 1625, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, their playing sharers, and their travelling records.
Strange’s/Derby’s Men, 1564–1620, and Pembroke’s Men, 1591–1601
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractToo little is known about the involvement in playing of the Lancashire Stanleys, the earls of Derby, and especially about Lord Strange, Ferdinando Stanley, who became the fifth earl of Derby a few months before his death in 1594. The Stanleys were the largest landowners in Lancashire, and they liked plays: most of the major playing companies made regular visits to perform at their great houses. It was a family packed with historically famous names, which had exercised a peculiar if marginal role in Tudor government. One of the main questions is the Stanleys’ religious allegiances. The Puritans might have associated the Stanley enthusiasm for plays with an enthusiasm for ritual and the rites of the Catholic church. Whether that had anything to do with the strong Stanley tradition of patronizing playing companies there is no way of knowing. This chapter looks at the history of Strange’s/Derby’s Men and Pembroke’s Men, their performances, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, their playing sharers, and their travelling records.
The Caroline Hall Companies: Queen Henrietta’s Men, 1626–1642, King’s Revels, 1629–1637, and Beeston’s Boys, 1637–1642
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe division of Caroline audiences between hall and amphitheatre playhouses is a stronger and more consistent way of distinguishing the Caroline companies than the division of the playing companies themselves. Companies switched between hall and amphitheatre, and between amphitheatre and amphitheatre, almost at three-yearly intervals. Hence, calling any of them a hall company or an amphitheatre company is rather misleading. Moreover, there is rarely sufficient evidence even about their repertories to identify any one company as principally hall-fixated or open-air-playhouse-orientated. But the process which appears to make all the companies interchangeable does not apply to the playhouses. Buildings are more resistant to change than the companies, and so were the playgoers who went to each playhouse. This chapter looks at the history of the Caroline hall companies: Queen Henrietta’s Men, King’s Revels, and Beeston’s Boys. It focuses on their performances, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, their playing sharers, and their travelling records.
God and the World
Authors: Simmons Michael Bland 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Arnobius' understanding of God takes into account the relationship between the deity and the world, including humanity, man's natural environment, and the great cosmos beyond him. Two main subdivisions are discernible. First, a significant number of passages focuses upon a divine concern for mankind's temporal and nontemporal (eschatological) welfare. Arnobius believed in a God who initiates a beneficial association with mankind which sometimes has spiritual applications, and at others, material. God is depicted as being immanent and approachable in some passages and, indeed, as he who makes the initial step forward to man. This understanding of the divine nature is frequently found in a description about worshipping the Christian God. Second, another set of passages portrays an exalted, quite transcendent deity. His nature and being are mysterious, almost totally unknown and unknowable, and often Arnobius' only recourse is to describe God in apophatic terms. Organically related to this is his affirmation that the High God is not the immediate creator of human souls. This chapter analyzes the concept of God in the Adversus nationes, focusing on the relationship between God and the world.
Divinity of Christ and the Mortality of the Gods Arnobius’ Response to Porphyry’s Hecatean Oracle and Commentary
Authors: Simmons Michael Bland 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter considers the question of whether Porphyry might be the principal opponent in Adversus nationes I. The Hecatean Oracle and Porphyry's commentary upon it served a useful purpose in the anti-Christian propaganda disseminated in Roman North Africa during the period immediately preceding the outbreak of the Diocletianic Persecution. Although scholarship has traditionally focused upon the Contra Christianos as the most important work representing the pagan intelligentsia during this period, the Phil. or. should now be considered as a serious piece of anti-Christian propaganda in its own right. The subtle but vicious attack upon the deity of Christ that Porphyry developed in the Phil. or., accentuating above all his mortality, to which two great doctors of the Church — Eusebius and Augustine — responded with sharp counter-attacks, would perhaps help to explain the absence of any reference to the birth narratives and the name Jesus in the Adversus nationes.
The Mortality of the Gods
Authors: Simmons Michael Bland 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the specific manner in which the response to Porphyry's rejection of Christ's deity is developed in the Adversus nationes. There is one grand thème littéraire in the work related to the pagan gods of the myths: in respect of their anthropomorphic depictions and anthropopathic behaviour, all pagan religious literature accentuates the humanness, and therefore the mortality, of the deities. The discussion of divine anger serves as a sub-theme under the anthropopathic motif and is not the main theme of the work. In developing the anthropopathic motif, Arnobius indeed argues that the expression of ira among the deities proves their humanness, mortality, and therefore perishability. Yet he also makes the same point concerning such emotions as adfectio, adfectus, aegritudo, cupiditas, gaudium, libido, passio, perturbatio, sensus, tristitia, and voluptas. The main purpose of his argument is to demonstrate that Porphyry's rejection of Christ's deity, while simultaneously classifying him as a good and wise mortal, could easily be turned against him.
Objectives
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLiterature is similar to an organism. It is in constant motion, ever evolving, keeping with the changing times. It is a special skill to be able to transform this from the traditional to something fresh and modern. It involves a very intricate web of cultural, social, and psychological aspects. Yiddish literature is an entirely distinct class on its own, just as its traditions and culture are unique. Literature is a tool to preserve and maintain these traditions intact, in language that is their own, such as Jewish and Aramaic. It is set in religious and spiritual aspects; it gives a feel of the ancient, mixed with new and modern concepts. This book examines the history and origins of Yiddish literature, tracing back the roots in order to understand and appreciate its form and content.
The Structure and History of Yiddish
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractYiddish was the proud language of the European Jewish communities and their offspring, which can be found scattered throughout the world. It has been observed that Yiddish is a mixture of various elements, both traditional and modern. There are what is termed stock languages, those that are the original form of the language. Determinants are those that have sprung out of the stock languages at any time in history; and finally, components are those that arise from the fusion of the influences of cultural and current events and the language advances through decades. The position of the Jews in the European region exposed them to different traditions and influences. These, with emerging forms of modern writing, have led to the alteration of the literature at various levels.
Yiddish as a Literary Language
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAlthough the word language is always loosely connected with speech, literature is an entirely different form. It relies more heavily on style and technique, and is more artful and fluid in structure. Again, European and Western influences are mentioned; however, strong traditions such as taysh have held rigid standards among Yiddish authors. With the fiercely growing and developing world, the need for change could not be contained, and the age of modern literature began. This chapter describes and enumerates the various elements that have shaped Yiddish literature as it is today. Religious movements and the times of oppression for the Jewish people are some of the triggers that provoked this change. Clearly, literature adapts and molds into the needs and experiences of the people.
Preface
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe eighteenth century represents a shift from the old to the new and modern literature. It involved the reprinting, adaption, and transition of the original forms, which occurred in various stages and in a systematic and organized fashion. Most examinations of this stage of reform have focused on the early and mid-eighteenth century, and little information is found towards the end of the century. To be able to understand it further, the chapter divides the changes that occurred into categories. Reprints are works that had only very minimal alteration, while re-editions have a larger number but more systemic change. Revision, on the other hand, is an extensive revision of the old form into a structure that fully adapts to modern concepts.
The Early Western Editions
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter illustrates the changes and transitions made in Western Yiddish literature. This time the focus is on the unstressed vowels. It is repeatedly stressed that there is a constant and flowing manner of organization, which maintains a fluid content that is both Western Yiddish and High German in orientation. The impact of the High German pattern is clearly seen throughout the chapter analysis. It was a struggle between the strict traditions of old literature and the evolving need to reform and reconstruct. This is in contrast to Eastern literature, which is more revolutionary in its aspect. The Western literature is more embracing of the times, although still respecting earlier works.
Introduction
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe writings that were analyzed in the earlier chapters were part of what is termed Easternization, and were altered at different levels from each other. Simkhes hanefesh was the least transformed to Eastern Yiddish forms. Kav Hayosher, in comparison, although one of the earlier works published, was said to be a little more altered, but still with some level of limit. The irony of things is that the Tsene rene was the earliest of the three works; however it was also the most extensively changed and modernized. This chapter examines the degrees of Easternization, and how it affects the final product. It is by examining from the most altered to the least altered form that a more accurate and precise scrutiny can be done.
Orthography and Phonology
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn the prototype works that are being examined, there are some observations with regard to orthography and phonology. The writings were still considered conservative in some level, based on orthography, similar to the late eighteenth-century Eastern Yiddish literature. They were clearly more focused on the removal of most of the unstressed and certain stressed vowels. In contrast to this, a complete production of all stressed and unstressed words were found on Western Yiddish and modern High German patterns. This was influenced by the Old Yiddish spelling system, to which they continued to adhere. The evolution of the system, though observed to be at a slow rate, was none the less steady and precise.
Preface
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIt is said that there is no pure form of early modern Yiddish literature. All of these have fragments, if not a substantial amount of Old Yiddish. This is however not to say that they are just a continuation of the Old Yiddish literature, not an original. These earlier texts paved the way for later modern forms, most prominent in the nineteenth century. It was this time that was termed the true beginning of the age of modern literature. The fast-paced changes in cultural and social aspects of the state have set a background for reform, not only in government, but in literature as well. Religious movements had their share in this transformation, their distinct rules and customs adding influence and impact.
Facts versus Figures: Marietta Shaginyan
Authors: Shepherd David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines Marietta Shaginyan's metafiction titled Kik. This short novel played a large part in installing and maintaining the perception of Shaginyan as a stolid, uncritical supported of the Soviet Union's literary and political institutions. The dominant mode in this work is hyperbolic stylization of familiar but anachronistic genres and this novel was characterized by the constant interplay of the literary versions of event with a reality whose own status is subtly called into question.
Discrowning the Writer: Konstantin Vaginov
Authors: Shepherd David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the metafictions of Soviet writer Konstantin Vaginov. The position of Vaginov in relation to the dominant literary trends in the 1920s is as marginal as Leonid Leonov's or Marietta Shaginyan's seems central. His major works include The Goat's Song, Experiments in Connecting Words by Means of Rhythm, and The Works and Days of Svistonov. His third novel placed emphasis of authorly autonomy and its relation to cultural traditional and continuity and its metafictional strategies provided a particularly defamiliarizing angle of vision on these matters.
Conclusion
Authors: PEARSON ROGER 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses some of the things discussed during the December 1944 meeting at Sorbonne, which marked the 250th anniversary of Voltaire's birth. Two of the speakers at this event were Paul Valery and Isaiah Berlin, who set the basis for a more in-depth discussion on Voltaire as a writer and how his works have contributed to a number of fields.
The Force of Parental Presence in La Regenta
Authors: SINCLAIR ALISON 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
La Regenta as a novel is exceptional in the degree to which it counterpoises against the traditional image of the absent mother that of a present and intolerable one. This chapter examines two central features of Dona Paula de Pas's parental presence in La Regenta: her influence on Fermín de Pas's style of masculinity, and her effect on the nature of the relationship between Fermín de Pas and Ana Ozores. The chapter argues that, throughout the text, Fermín and his mother remain locked in an infantile, essentially pre-Oedipal relationship, never resolved and unchallenged by an appropriate father-figure. At the same time, the chapter highlights the gender-associated resonances of the Fermín/Paula dyad when understood in the context of the honour/shame cultures typical of the Mediterranean.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Hammond Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The majority of studies to have appeared on Blaise Pascal's use of language concentrate either on vocabulary or style. Although Sara Melzer in Discourses of the Fall does not examine individual terms, her radical re-evaluation of language within the context of the doctrine of the Fall and within various post-structuralist critical traditions offers a new reading of the text which has provided a useful starting point for this book. Also, despite a tendency to ignore the historical proofs of God's existence which Pascal clearly regarded as important, Melzer's article ‘Classicism and Conventions of Meaning in the Pensées’, throws interesting light on the function of paradox in the Pensées. Through an analysis of the language used by Pascal to portray man's status in the world, it is the book's aim to derive a model of interpretation which will show many different levels of persuasion at work in the Pensées.
Language in the Pensées
Authors: Hammond Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Perhaps the major difference between the use of ‘paroles’ in this letter and the function of words in the Pensées lies in the fact that the polemicist, despite his recognition of the inadequacy of language, believes in the internal truth of words. In the Pensées, on the other hand, Blaise Pascal calls into question man's very ability to communicate truth through language, an aspect which this chapter develops. It must be pointed out that Pascal does not always make a clear distinction between mot and parole. It would be useful to assess the status of words in this fragment. It is entitled ‘Contre le pyrrhonisme’, and clearly represents an attempt to show the weaknesses of the sceptics' opposition to the dogmatists.
Ennui
Authors: Hammond Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
All general studies of ennui recognise the original and central importance which Blaise Pascal brought to it. The significance of ennui in the Pensées would seem to be diminished by the relatively small number of times that it is used, only twenty-nine times in its nominal and verbal forms. However, its prominent position in many of those fragments underlines the central importance which Pascal accords them. This chapter has chosen to make a comparison between the singular and plural forms of ennui because, in the Pensées, every example of the noun is in the singular, which would seem to promote the more specialised meaning of the term. To a large extent, one finds an important distinction between the use of the singular and plural forms in all key terms associated with the human condition.
Conquerors, Culture, and Communication: The Creation of Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk
Authors: Tracey Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn December 1945, Major-General Alex Bishop, in charge of the development of information services within occupied Germany, wrote to the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Bishop had re-established broadcasting in the British zone in the shape of Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk (NWDR), based in Hamburg with offices and studios in Cologne. Bishop's problem was in finding the correct mix of personal authority for the people running NWDR and the precise articulation of the structure and organisation of this BBC of the north German plain. From the British standpoint, the key to the future success of German broadcasting lay in the discovery of those vital mechanisms and conventions which distanced NWDR from the political establishment, but which would not, in so doing, isolate it. The key year in the task of establishing the constitutional framework for public service broadcasting in Germany was 1947.
Broadcasting and New Technologies: The Case of Japan
Authors: Tracey Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe immediate post-war development of broadcasting in Japan had to be viewed against the vast project in social engineering which was otherwise known as the Occupation. So today one has to look at what is happening to broadcasting in Japan against a different but equally vast drawing board on which is being plotted a whole new social engineering project. Any discussion of the relationship between public service broadcasting and new communications policies therefore necessarily enters the heart of a debate not just about the future of public service broadcasting but also about the self-conscious, long-term plan to transform the character of the second greatest economy on earth. The post-war communications system in Japan revolved around the principle of governmental monopoly of public telecommunications; and of NHK as a special public corporation in competition with commercial enterprises.
Subjectivity, Causality, and Time
Authors: Grodal Torben 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter first examines the way in which subjectivity in film is often produced by causality and restrictions that refocus attention to proximal sites of experience. It then characterizes the way in which temporal experiences are subjective, but cued by a set of cognitive and affective parameters in the diegetic world. It demonstrates the means by which temporal experiences provide modal tones to visual fiction.
A Typology of Genres of Fiction
Authors: Grodal Torben 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter summarizes some of the characteristic dimensions that produce emotions in visual fiction, and uses these dimensions to formulate a typology of prototypical emotion-producing genres. The eight prototypical genre-patterns in visual fiction, based on their emotional effect on the viewer, are: lyricism, canonical narratives, obsessional fictions, melodramas, horror fictions, schizoid fictions, comic fictions, and metafictions.
Metaframes as Emotion-Filters and Brackets
Authors: Grodal Torben 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter analyses Godard's Pierrot le Fou, in order to show that changing the modal quality of the emotions is an important aspect of a metafictional laying-bare of devices. In recent decades, popular fiction has also used metafictional devices to an increasing degree, and special formulas, for example certain cartoons, have used metafiction for an even longer period. The chapter illustrates the way in which metafiction is used in popular fiction by analysing the episode, The Dream Sequence Always Rings Twice, from the television series Moonlighting, and then discussing the emotional function of ‘cliché’. First, however, it expands earlier descriptions of the means by which a metaframe, an awareness of ‘extradiegetic’ and ‘metafictional’ phenomena, influences the viewer's cognitive and emotional relation to the narrative.
Recapitulation and Conclusion
Authors: Grodal Torben 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the main findings of the book. The aim of this book has been to show the way in which cognitions and emotions in the experience of viewing visual fiction are part of a holistic framework. This holism has its origin in the way that fictions are experienced by the viewer. Central elements in the book can be summed up by some key concepts including holism, ecological conventions, reality-simulation, and aesthetic flow.