bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radioiodine Therapy in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Luster Markus , Reiners Christoph 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT
For many years the recommended therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), with the exception of unifocal papillary carcinoma <1 cm in diameter, has consisted of (near) total thyroidectomy followed by postoperative radioiodine ablation of thyroid remnant tissue. Even though results from randomized controlled trials are still missing, this combination has proven its worth as a safe and very effective treatment that resulted in an improved life expectancy and reduced recurrence rate for DTC patients in many observational studies.
Preparation for I-131 ablation using standard activities between 1-3 GBq requires low iodine diet for 2-3 weeks and TSH-stimulation by withdrawal of thyroid hormone medication for 3 weeks following thyroidectomy or by use of recombinant human TSH alternatively. The advantages of exogenous TSH stimulation are a maintained quality of life and a lower radiation dose to the remainder of the body.
In case of metastastic spread, higher activities of radioiodine in the range of 4-11 GBq are necessary; if possible, individual dosimetry is recommended. The standard approach for preparation of I-131 therapy in patients with metastases is endogenous hypothyroidism after thyroid hormone withdrawal.
Indications, contraindications and practical aspects of radioiodine treatment will be discussed in this review.
Shifting Paradigms and Debates in the Management of Well-differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Shaha Ashok R 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT
The incidence of thyroid cancer has almost quadrupled over the past 30 years in the United States, a large number of which are less than 2 cm in size. There have been several paradigms in the management of well-differentiated thyroid cancer. The common debate in the past was total vs less than total thyroidectomy, however recently there is more interest in evaluation of fine needle aspiration of thyroid nodules, and intraoperative management in relation to the central compartment. The debate about elective central compartment nodal dissection vs observation has generated considerable controversy in the recent literature. Postoperative follow-up with thyroglobulin and ultrasound has become the mainstay of postoperative evaluation. Radioactive iodine ablation has been used in selected patients with advanced or aggressive thyroid cancer. While risk stratification continues to be an important facet in the evaluation of thyroid cancer, low risk patients are rarely offered radioactive iodine ablation. Understanding of the details of the histopathology is crucial, especially dividing the patients between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated thyroid cancer. PET scanning has been useful in the follow-up of patients with poorly differentiated, insular or tall cell thyroid cancer. External radiation therapy is used in selected patients where gross residual disease was present or there are painful bony metastases. Considerable research has been undertaken to identify specific molecular markers and their applicability for targeted therapy. This manuscript describes the current debates and shifting paradigms in the management of well-differentiated thyroid cancer.
Surgeon-performed Ultrasound in Preoperative Parathyroid Localization: The Cutting Edge of Endocrine Surgeon
Authors: Yahya MA , Normayah K , Hisham AN 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

Background
Over the years surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism has evolved from bilateral neck exploration to focus unilateral approach. This has been made possible by the advancement in localization technique and availability of the preoperative imaging. This study aimed to determine the feasibility and accuracy of focus unilateral neck approach for primary hyperparathyroidism with surgeon- performed ultrasound as the main decisive preoperative localization imaging technique.

Method
The decision of focus unilateral approach was stipulated if an enlarged parathyroid adenoma was confidently seen in the preoperative localization by surgeon-performed ultrasound. The focus unilateral exploration was terminated if the diseased gland was found. Nonetheless if in doubt, the exploration was extended to include the opposite side of the neck. More importantly any negative preoperative ultrasound will be considered for bilateral neck exploration.

Results
118 consecutive patients were accrued in this study, 76 females and 42 males with mean age of 50 years. Focus unilateral neck exploration was performed on 86 (72.9%) patients and 96.5% of them were successfully explored and cured. 13 (13.1%) patients had exploration of both sides of the neck although the initial decision was only to explore one side. The overall cure rate was 93.2% with the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound were 78.3% and 95.1% respectively.

Conclusion
Surgeon-performed ultrasound in parathyroid localization in coupled with focus unilateral approach in primary HPT can be performed 73% of patients with a success rate of more than 96%.
Diagnosis of von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome Following Endoscopic Ultrasound of the Pancreas
Authors: Cannon Jennifer , Gauger Paul G , Doherty Gerard M , Scheiman James M 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

Objective
To report a case of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) of the pancreas in a patient with no family history of the disease and without any other clinical manifestations of VHL.

Methods
We describe the clinical presentation of the case and discuss its management.

Results
A 33-year-old woman was evaluated by EUS for possible pancreatic carcinoma. Based upon the sonographic appearance of her pancreas, VHL was suggested as a diagnosis and subsequently confirmed by genetic testing. The pancreatic lesions were treated surgically and pathology revealed pancreatic islet cell tumors.

Conclusion
This is the first report of a patient in which the first suggestion of a VHL diagnosis was made on EUS appearance of pancreatic lesions alone.
Primary Intrathoracic Goiter
Authors: Colibaseanu Dorin T , Heerden Jon A van , Farley David R , Cassivi Stephen D 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT
The differential diagnosis of a middle mediastinal mass is fairly broad. Though relatively rare, the diagnosis of primary intrathoracic goiter is a clinically important consideration that should not be overlooked. The nature of this clinical entity and its diagnostic implications are discussed. Relevant radiographic imaging is evaluated demonstrating the key findings. Indications for intervening and treatment options are reviewed. Specifically, the presence of a growing substernal goiter in an otherwise fit patient is generally an indication for surgical resection. The nature of a primary intrathoracic goiter usually obviates the more common transcervical approach since by definition the mediastinal goiter is discontinuous with the cervical thyroid gland. Other transthoracic approaches are therefore necessary.
Stereoselective Synthesis of β‐Proline Derivatives from Allylamines via Domino Hydroformylation/Wittig Olefination and Aza‐Michael Addition
Authors: Farwick Andreas , Helmchen Günter 
Published: March 2010

AbstractUnder appropriate reaction conditions, a domino hydroformylation/Wittig olefination can be accomplished with derivatives of allylamines and stabilized Wittig ylides. A further highly diastereoselective aza‐Michael reaction yields β‐proline derivatives. These are, for example, useful as building blocks for alkaloid syntheses.
Numerical simulation of cone‐jet formation in electrohydrodynamic atomization
Authors: Lim Liang Kuang , Hua Jinsong , Wang Chi‐Hwa , Smith Kenneth A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractElectrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) process has received more research attention in recent years due to its potential to generate monodisperse droplets of low electric conductivity. It is reported that the EHDA process can be fine‐tuned by adjusting the electrical field strength by an additional ring electrode near the nozzle tip to control both the spray mode and the droplet size. In the present study, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD)‐based front tracking/finite volume method has been used to investigate numerically the effect of the secondary electric field source and the ring electrode on the EHDA process. The full Navier–Stokes equations are solved for both the liquid phase and the ambient air near the nozzle tip, and the liquid–air interface is monitored using a front tracking approach. At the interface, both the surface tension and the electrical stress due to surface charging and the applied electric field are taken into account. Because of the large dimension difference between the Taylor cone and the liquid jet, the simulations involve two drastically different length scales for describing the dynamic of the entire process. To accurately include the effect of the ring electrode, the electrical field distribution is first calculated over a domain large enough to enclose all key components of the EHDA process. Subsequently, the calculated electrical field in the large domain is integrated with the detailed CFD analysis on a small domain near the region of the nozzle tip. The formations of the Taylor cone, liquid jet, and droplets are successfully simulated and compared with experimental results with reasonable agreement. The numerical simulation method proposed in this article can be used as a platform for the investigation, analysis, and optimization of electrohydrodynamic atomization process. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
A functional variant provided further evidence for the association of ARVCF with schizophrenia
Authors: Mas Sergi , Bernardo Miquel , Gassó Patricia , Álvarez Santi , Garcia‐Rizo Clemente , Bioque Miquel , Kirkpatrick Brian , Lafuente Amalia 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn a previous linkage disequilibrium mapping study, in the 3′ end of ARVCF, we identified one intronic SNP rs165849 and one haplotype block associated with schizophrenia and related disorders. The aim of the present study was to explore whether functional genetic variants in the exonic regions of ARVCF included in this haplotype block are responsible for the association observed. To achieve this objective (1) the nine exons included in this haplotype block were resequenced in a group of 242 patients with schizophrenia and related disorders (Case 1). The SNPs identified were genotyped in a hospital‐based control group of 373 subjects (Control 1) and an association study was performed. (2) The SNPs showing significant association in this analysis were genotyped in a new group of 102 patients with schizophrenia and related disorders (Case 2) and in a new group of 111 healthy subjects (Control 2). Three dbSNPs (rs35219372, rs5993890, and rs165815) were identified when the nine exons of ARVCF were resequenced. rs165815 was associated with schizophrenia and related disorders (homozygote CC OR = 3.39, permutated P value = 0.02). When the groups of cases (1 and 2) and controls (1 and 2) were merged, the analysis confirmed the association observed (homozygote CC OR = 3.25 permutated P value = 0.02). Given the role of ARVCF proposed in the neurodevelopmental hypothesis, our results further support the view that chromosome 22 contains a susceptibility gene, possibly ARVCF. The functional variant rs165815, which affects a critical region of ARVCF, is a considerable source of the genetic variability associated with the risk of developing schizophrenia. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maximum ingested food size in captive strepsirrhine primates: Scaling and the effects of diet
Authors: Perry Jonathan M.G. , Hartstone‐Rose Adam 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLittle is known about ingested food size (Vb) in primates, even though this variable has potentially important effects on food intake and processing. This study provides the first data on Vb in strepsirrhine primates using a captive sample of 17 species. These data can be used for generating and testing models of feeding energetics. Strepsirrhines are of interest because they are hypometabolic and chewing rate and daily feeding time do not show a significant scaling relationship with body size. Using melon, carrot, and sweet potato we found that maximum Vb scales isometrically with body mass and mandible length. Low dietary quality in larger strepsirrhines might explain why Vb increases with body size at a greater rate than does resting metabolic rate. Relative to body size, Vb is large in frugivores but small in folivores; furthermore scaling slopes are higher in frugivores than in folivores. A gross estimate of dietary quality explains much of the variation in Vb that is not explained by body size. Gape adaptations might favor habitually large bites for frugivores and small ones for folivores. More data are required for several feeding variables and for wild populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 142:625–635, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative evaluation of marine protein contribution in ancient diets based on nitrogen isotope ratios of individual amino acids in bone collagen: An investigation at the Kitakogane Jomon site
Authors: Naito Yuichi I. , Honch Noah V. , Chikaraishi Yoshito , Ohkouchi Naohiko , Yoneda Minoru 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNitrogen stable isotopes analysis of individual bone collagen amino acids was applied to archeological samples as a new tool for assessing the composition of ancient human diets and calibrating radiocarbon dates. We used this technique to investigate human and faunal samples from the Kitakogane shell midden in Hokkaido, Japan (5,300–6,000 cal BP). Using compound‐specific nitrogen isotope analysis of individual amino acids, we aimed to estimate i) the quantitative contribution of marine and terrestrial protein to the human diet, and ii) the mean trophic level (TL) from which dietary protein was derived from marine ecosystems. Data were interpreted with reference to the amino acid trophic level (TLAA) model, which uses empirical amino acid δ15N from modern marine fauna to construct mathematical equations that predict the trophic position of organisms. The TLAA model produced realistic TL estimates for the Kitakogane marine animals. However, this model was not appropriate for the interpretation of human amino acid δ15N, as dietary protein is derived from both marine and terrestrial environments. Hence, we developed a series of relevant equations that considered the consumption of dietary resources from both ecosystems. Using these equations, the mean percentage of marine protein in the Kitakogane human diet was estimated to be 74%. Although this study is one of the first systematic investigations of amino acid δ15N in archeological bone collagen, we believe that this technique is extremely useful for TL reconstruction, palaeodietary interpretation, and the correction of marine reservoir effects for radiocarbon dating. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:31–40, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kreuzkupplungen von Organosiliciumverbindungen in der Naturstoffsynthese
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Liu Jack H.‐C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractGegenüber anderen Varianten von übergangsmetallkatalysierten Kreuzkupplungen wurden solche mit siliciumorganischen Donoren in der Synthese von Naturstoffen bislang vergleichsweise wenig genutzt. Jüngere Fortschritte wie 1) die Entwicklung milder Reaktionsbedingungen, 2) die Ausweitung des Anwendungsbereichs auf eine größere Zahl von Substraten, 3) die Entwicklung von effizienten Verfahren zur stereoselektiven Einführung der Siliciumgruppe, 4) die Entwicklung zahlreicher sequenzieller Prozesse und 5) das Aufkommen von difunktionellen Bis(silyl)reagentien als Rückgrat für Syntheseprodukte, unterstreichen das heutige Niveau von Kreuzkupplungen mit Organosiliciumverbindungen. In den nachfolgenden Fallstudien wird die strategische Rolle, die Kreuzkupplungen mit Organosiliciumverbindungen bei der Bildung von Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Bindungen spielen, anhand ausgewählter Zielverbindungen erläutert.
Special electrical conductivity of carbon black‐filled two‐phased thermoplastic vulcanizates
Authors: Tian Hongchi , Tian Ming , Zou Hua , Dang Zhimin , Zhang Liqun 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe electrical properties of carbon black (CB)‐filled two‐phased thermoplastic vulcanizates (based on ethylene‐propylene‐diene copolymer and polypropylene, TPV) were investigated in this article. The results showed that the composites had a singularity in electrical conductivity compared with CB‐filled polypropylene composites. Both the loading of CB and the concentration of rubber phase in TPV had the remarkable effect on electrical property of composites. The rubber particles in TPV presented unique and competitive effects in constructing CB electrical conducting network, namely exclusion and block effects. The percolation threshold value of composites apparently decreased with rubber phase content. However, percolation behavior of composites was weakened when rubber phase content was very high. The percolation behavior of composites with loading of CB is weakened apparently by rubber particles. When annealing the composites in the melt state, the resistance‐time dependence of composites was strongly affected by the pressure of mold annealing. Although air aging had a negligible effect on the electrical properties, the microstructure of the CB/TPV composites had changed during air aging. CB/TPV composite only exhibited the negative temperature coefficient behavior even though the temperature was in the melting region of polypropylene, which was mainly attributed to the exclusive effect brought by the thermal expansion of rubber particles. The special electrical properties of CB/TPV can find potential application in many fields. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Enhancement of the electrical properties of poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) by the incorporation of silicon dioxide nanoparticles
Authors: Yoon Sook , Park Hyung‐Ho 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe electrical properties of a poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) (PPV) conjugated polymer using silver (Ag) as a cathode were improved by the incorporation of silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles. The current density of the Ag–PPV/SiO2 nanocomposite system was higher than that of Ag–PPV. A lower level of interfacial oxidation was found in the Ag–PPV/SiO2 nanocomposite than in Ag–PPV, confirming that a more complete elimination of residue occurred in the nanocomposite. This was due to the relatively large surface area of the PPV/SiO2 nanocomposite film and the hydrophilic surface of the SiO2 nanoparticles. The lower level of oxidation contributed to an improvement in the material's current–voltage characteristics. Morphology‐dependent current–voltage characteristics were enhanced by a large variation in the thickness of the Ag–PPV/SiO2 nanocomposite film because an increased effective field strength could be induced in the thinner regions of the film. The incorporation of SiO2 nanoparticles altered the effective film thickness and the amount of residue in the interior of the PPV without disrupting the structure of the conjugated polymer. The Ag cathode created a stable interface with the PPV film layer without causing the formation of an organic–metal complex, which would have obstructed electron injection. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Postsynthetic surface functionalization, encapsulation, and releasing studies of a novel polymer nanocapsule
Authors: Sridaeng Duangruthai , Weingart Jacob J. , Chantarasiri Nuanphun , Zhe Jiang , Hu J. Jack 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPostsynthetic surface functionalizations of the amphiphilic poly(allyamine)‐g‐poly(t‐butylacrylate) nanocapsule of 50–100 nm diameters are reported. The hydrophobic poly(t‐butylacrylate) surface of the polymer nanocapsules were successfully functionalized with poly(acrylate) and poly(ethylene glycol). These new nanocapsules were investigated for their water dispersibility, encapsulation and controlled releasing properties with fluorescein, an anionic fluorescence probe, and 5‐fluorouacil, an anticancer drug as the model compounds. The postsynthetic surface funcitionalization approach of the cross‐linked polymer nanocapsules shows promise for improving the biocompatibility and aqueous dispersibility of the nanocapules without disrupting the encapsulation and releasing properties of the polymer nanocapsules. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Linear time series models for term weighting in information retrieval
Authors: Efron Miles 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCommon measures of term importance in information retrieval (IR) rely on counts of term frequency; rare terms receive higher weight in document ranking than common terms receive. However, realistic scenarios yield additional information about terms in a collection. Of interest in this article is the temporal behavior of terms as a collection changes over time. We propose capturing each term's collection frequency at discrete time intervals over the lifespan of a corpus and analyzing the resulting time series. We hypothesize the collection frequency of a weakly discriminative term x at time t is predictable by a linear model of the term's prior observations. On the other hand, a linear time series model for a strong discriminators' collection frequency will yield a poor fit to the data. Operationalizing this hypothesis, we induce three time‐based measures of term importance and test these against state‐of‐the‐art term weighting models.
Rate‐Dependent Inverse‐Addition β‐Selective Mannosylation and Contiguous Sequential Glycosylation Involving β‐Mannosidic Bond Formation
Authors: Chang Shih‐Sheng , Shih Che‐Hao , Lai Kwun‐Cheng , Mong Kwok‐Kong Tony 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe β‐selectivity of mannosylation has been found to be dependent on the addition rate of the mannosyl trichloroacetimidate donor in an inverse‐addition (I‐A) procedure. This rate dependent I‐A procedure can improve the selectivity of direct β‐mannosylation and is applicable to orthogonal glycosylations of thioglycoside acceptors. Further elaboration of this novel procedure enables the development of the contiguous sequential glycosylation strategy, which streamlines the preparation of oligosaccharides invoking β‐mannosidic bond formation. The synthetic utility of the contiguous glycosylation strategy was demonstrated by the preparation of the trisaccharide core of human N‐linked glycoproteins and the trisaccharide repeating unit of the O‐specific polysaccharide found in the cellular capsule of Salmonelle bacteria.