bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of some metabolic inhibitors on the oxygen uptake ofTrypanosoma lewisiandTrypanosoma equiperdum
Authors: Thurston June P. 
Published: June 2009

1. The oxygen uptake ofTrypanosoma lewisiandT. equiperdumwas measured with differential manometers using microflasks of 5 ml. capacity. Each flask contained 2–5 × 107trypanosomes.2. The oxygen uptake of trypanosomes in heparinized infected blood was compared with that of washed trypanosomes suspended in Ringer–phosphate–glucose solution with or without added serum or blood. WithT. lewisi, the oxygen uptake began at a higher rate in the presence of blood or serum than with Ringer–phosphate–glucose solution. WithT. equiperdum, the oxygen uptake in the presence of blood or serum began at almost the same rate as with Ringer–phosphate–glucose solution, but the rate of oxygen uptake decreased more rapidly in the absence of blood or serum than when it was present.3. High concentrations of iodoacetic acid (e.g. 3·3 × 10−2m) caused an increase in oxygen uptake when tipped into heparinized normal rat blood. Similar concentrations caused an inhibition of oxygen uptake when 2·0 × 10−4mmethylene blue was also present or when the blood had been treated with sodium nitrite to convert haemoglobin into methaemoglobin.4. Iodoacetic acid caused little inhibition of oxygen uptake whenT. lewisiwas suspended in Ringer–phosphate solution containing glutamine or glutamine plus glucose, or when heparinized infected blood was tested. Inhibition was greatest when the substrate was glucose, while glucosamine, glycerol, or glucose plus serum gave intermediate results.5. Iodoacetic acid caused least inhibition of oxygen uptake whenT. equiperdumwas suspended in Ringer–phosphate solution containing glycerol, or when heparinized infected blood was tested. Inhibition was greatest when the substrate was glucose, and was slightly less marked when the substrate was glucose plus serum or glucose plus glycerol.6. Neoarsphenamine inhibited the oxygen uptake ofT. lewisito a similar extent whether glucose or glutamine was present.7. Neoarsphenamine and reduced stovarsol thioglycollate inhibited the oxygen uptake ofT. equiperdumslightly less when the substrate was glycerol than when it was glucose. Sodium arsenite was as active as reduced stovarsol thioglycollate when the substrate was glucose, but 10−4msodium arsenite had little effect when the substrate was glycerol.
The physiology of digestion in the larvae of the horse bot-fly,Gasterophilus intestinalis(de Geer)
Authors: Tatchell R. J. 
Published: June 2009

1. Evidence is produced to show that the larvae ofGasterophilus intestinalisare occasional blood feeders but normally feed on tissue exudate.2. The demonstration, by Roy (1937), of the following enzymes has been confirmed and curves of their activity at different hydrogen-ion concentrations have been constructed: mid-gut amylase, proteinase and lipase.3. The following enzymes have been demonstrated and curves of their activity at different hydrogen-ion concentrations have been obtained: maltase, invertase, polypeptidase and di-peptidase of the mid-gut and amylase, maltase and invertase of the salivary glands.4. The haemolymph was shown to contain a lipase as well as an amylase and an anticoagulin.
An in vitro method for the chemotherapeutic investigation of anthelminthic potency
Authors: Baldwin Ernest 
Published: June 2009

A method is described for the detection of anthelminthic potency. The procedure does not call for exceptional technical skill, is relatively economical of drugs and living material alike, and is rapid and convenient in application. It has certain limitations such as are inherent in any in vitro method, and a special limitation in that it is not applicable to the study of drugs which act otherwise than on the neuro-muscular mechanisms of nematodes. Within these limitations it responds to compounds of known anthelminthjc efficiency and shows little or no response to compounds known to be devoid of anthelminthie value. Approximate quantitative data can be obtained with its aid, the reactions provoked by a given drug are substantially the same in different individuals, and each test provides a visible record of the influence of the drug under examination.We do not claim that this procedure can in any sense replace experiments upon infested hosts, but must rather be followed up by such experiments when a promising degree of anthelminthie potency has been detected with its aid. We do, however, believe that it has a very real usefulness within the field to which its application is limited. As a preliminary device which allows the selection of promising compounds from large groups of new synthetic products it has already demonstrated its value in tests carried out in this laboratory on a series of about fifty new compounds prepared by Prof. Friedmann.
A morphological and histochemical study of egg formation in a cyclophyllidean cestode
Authors: Johri L. N. 
Published: June 2009

1. The morphology and histochemistry of the genitalia concerned in the formation of the egg in Multiceps smyihi n.sp. are described.2. The vitelline cells are devoid of the phenolic protein globules, which occur in the vitelline cells of the Pseudophyllidea; this result is correlated with the absence of a true external egg-shell.3. The hardened embryophore (often mistakenly termed the egg-shell) gives none of the reactions of sclerotin (tanned protein) or chitin, but gives a strong P.F.A.S. reaction for disulphide bonds, suggesting that it is a ‘keratin’ type of protein.4. The cells of Mehlis' gland secrete a material which is intensely P.A.S.-positive and is not digested by saliva, α-amylase or hyaluronidase. This suggests that it may be secreting a mucopolysaccharide or muco- or glycoprotein.
Preparasitic Moults in Nippostrongylus Muris, with Remarks on the Structure of the Cuticula of Trichostrongyles
Authors: Lucker John T. 
Published: June 2009

Rhabditiform first-stage larvae of Nippostrongylus muris are about 270–550μ long. The development of these larvae culminates in a moult, which occurred 36–48 hours after cultures were prepared. The first moult is preceded by an unusually early separation of the first cuticle, which is fine and unstriated, from the body tissue in the tail region and, later, by the formation of an underlying new cuticle, which is thicker and prominently striated.Early second-stage rhabditiform larvae differ in certain morphological respects from first-stage larvae. Second-stage larvae are about 470–750μ long.A second preparasitic ecdysis occurs and the infective larva is a true third-stage larva. This moult was the only one previously known to occur during the preparasitic development of N. muris.The post-cervical cuticular inflation in N. muris is regarded, on the basis of a comparative study of the cuticle of this species and of Haemonchus contortus and other trichostrongyles, as resulting from the separation of the second and third layers of the cuticle. Yokogawa's view that Nippostrongylus muris has two cuticulae is rejected. N. muris has a single cuticula, apparently made up of four layers.N. muris undergoes four complete moults and the development of this species does not differ in any essential respect from that reported for other strongyles.
Observations on the Sporozoa Inhabiting the Gut of the Polychaete Worm Polydora flava Claparède
Authors: Fowell R. Ralph 
Published: June 2009

1. A detailed description is given of a coccidian which parasitises the nuclei of the intestinal cells of the polychaete worm Polydora flava Claparède. The final stages in sporogony have not been observed; nevertheless, this is the first record, from an annelid worm, of an eimeriid which shows a striking resemblance to those Coccidia occurring in the higher animals. It is also the first record of an intranuclear parasite from an annelid.2. From the gut of the same worm, a new species of Selenidium is described. It differs from all other species, hitherto recorded, in the possession of an axial tube, which completely encloses the nucleus and extends from one end of the organism to the other: hence it is proposed to name this organism Selenidium axiferens. The anterior end of the trophozoite shows a circlet of siderophilous bodies, which Ray (1930 a) has shown to be characteristic of the genus.3. Both uninucleate and multinucleate intracellular forms, with polar groups of chromatic globules, have been discovered in great abundance on six occasions; no merozoites have been found, but evidence is submitted to show that these intracellular forms represent the schizogonic phase in the life-cycle of the Selenidium.4. Sporogony follows closely that described for other species, but the final stages have not been observed. The gametocysts measure 48 × 50–70 × 63μ.5. Association and cyst formation are described in Polyrhabdina polydorae Caul. & Mesn. (?) for the first time. Innumerable nuclei make their appearance in each gametocyte, before ejection of the cysts into the sea-water takes place. Gametocysts can easily be distinguished from those of Selenidium axiferens, not only by their morphology, but also by their greater size (98 × 90–105 × 100μ).
Resistance of larvae and nymphs of Hyalomma savignyi gerv. to various conditions of temperature and humidity
Authors: Feldman-Muhsam B. 
Published: June 2009

1. The longevity of the fasting larvae and nymphs of Hyalomma savignyi is investigated under different conditions of temperature and humidity.2. It is found that both larvae and nymphs are much more sensitive to humidity than to temperature. Their longevity at low humidity is short as compared with that at high humidity at the same temperature. The longevity of the fasting larvae varies between very wide limits. The mean lenght of life varies between 1·25 and 162·6 days, whereas the maximum longevity obtained varies between 2 and 241 days, according to temperature and humidity.3. The mean longevity of the nymphs varies between 6·8 and 149·2 days. The maximum varies between 10 and 246 days.4. The relative dispersion of longevity varies within restricted limits under different experimental conditions.
The Experimental Infection of Amphibia with Cultures of Trichomonas
Authors: Bishop Ann 
Published: June 2009

1. Cysts of Trichomonas batrachorum have never been found in repeated examinations of faeces nor of cultures made from them from Bufo vulgaris and Rana temporaria.2. In dilutions of cultures in rain water with large surfaces exposed to the air Trichomonas batrachorum dies in forty-eight hours; but in long columns of water and absence of oxygen they live, in some cases, for months.3. T. batrachorum will not live at 37° C., and T. hominis, though it lives at room temperature, will not multiply.4. Tadpoles of Rana temporaria and Bufo vulgaris and larvae of Salamandra maculosa have been reared free from Protozoa.5. Tadpoles of all three species of Amphibia have been infected with Trichomonas by feeding them on cultures free from cysts.6. Tadpoles of Rana temporaria can be infected with Trichomonas batrachorum isolated from Bufo vulgaris, and tadpoles of B. vulgaris with Trichomonas from Rana temporaria. It is concluded therefore that Trichomonas batrachorum in frogs and toads is one true species.7. Trichomonas sp. isolated from Lacerta viridis will not infect tadpoles of Bufo vulgaris and Rana temporaria.8. Cultures of Trichomonas batrachorum from Bufo vulgaris will infect larvae of Salamandra maculosa though this species of Trichomonas has not been described from this amphibian.
On the Biology of Anagrus atomus (L.) Hal.: an Egg Parasite of the Leaf-Hopper Erythroneura Pallidifrons Edwards
Authors: MacGill Elsie I. 
Published: June 2009

1. Anagrus atomus (L.) Hal. is a mymarid parasite of the eggs of Erythro-neura pallidifrons Edwards.2. The parasite is parthenogenetic, at any rate for the greater part of the year.3. Two larval stages are described.4. More than one egg may be laid in a single host egg and these eggs may hatch, but only one of the Anagrus larvae reaches maturity.5. The development of Anagrus atomus takes about sixteen days.6. The species is multi-voltine.
Studies on the Symbiosis of the Body Louse
Authors: Aschner Manfred 
Published: June 2009

A simple method is described for eliminating the symbionts from the body louse during the egg stage, and thus producing symbiont-free larvae. The behaviour of lice freed of their symbionts by this method is described and compared with that of lice freed of their symbionts by extirpation of the larval mycetome.The complete accord of the results obtained by the different methods warrants the conclusion that the symbionts play an essential role in the life of the louse, so much so that without them death of the larvae results. It is, therefore, justifiable to consider this relationship true symbiosis.
Studies on the function of the pseudosuckers and holdfast organ of Diplostomum Phoxini Faust (Strigeida, Trematoda)
Authors: Lee D. L. 
Published: June 2009

1. The pseudosuckers and holdfast organ of the metacercaria and adult stages of Diplostomum phoxini do not secrete acid mucopolysaccharide.2. Alkaline phosphatase is present in the holdfast organ and in the cuticle lining the holdfast organ but not in the forebody glands or pseudosuckers.3. Non-specific esterase has been shown to be present in the metacercaria and adult, especially in the pseudosuckers, the forebody glands which supply the pseudosuckers and in the holdfast organ. There is very little non-specific esterase in the posterior lobe of the adult.4. Results of tests with enzyme inhibitors have shown that there are probably both A-esterase and B-esterase in the pseudosuckers, forebody glands and holdfast organ and that there is a cholinesterase present in the nervous system.5. Cystine is present in most of the cuticle of the metacercaria but is absent from the cuticle lining the holdfast organ and the pseudosuckers.6. The pseudosuckers and forebody glands as well as the holdfast organ appear to play a part in extracorporeal digestion.
Paramphistomum daubneyi sp.nov. from cattle and its snail host in the Kenya Highlands
Authors: Dinnik J. A. 
Published: June 2009

Paramphistomum daubneyi sp.nov., recovered from Bos taurus in Kenya, East Africa, is described and differentiated from the other species of the genus possessing a Microbothrium type of genital atrium.Lymnaea truncatula Müller was infected experimentally with miracidia of P. daubneyi and the development in the snail host is briefly described.
Observations on the growth and trematode infections of Peringia ulvae (Pennant) 1777 in a pool in the Tamar saltings, Plymouth
Authors: Rothschild Miriam 
Published: June 2009

Samples of Peringia ulvae were collected and measured on eight occasions, over a period of two years from an isolated pool in the saltings of the River Tamar. Growth conditions in this pool are at a maximum. Spawning occurs in the autumn and the greatest number of small specimens are found in the sieve (1 mm. mesh) in February. Maximum growth takes place during April-July. After ten months of age,.uninfected snails which have reached a length of 5¾ mm. grow only 1–1¼ mm., and gradually die off from 17 months of age onwards. Infected snails display gigantism and variation and attain dimensions of 9–10 mm. They are probably no older than uninfected specimens measuring 6¾ mm. long.The infection rate is high and shows certain seasonal fluctuations, no doubt linked with the migrations of the wading birds which are the principal final hosts of the trematodes.
Further studies on a virus found in the roots of certain normal-looking plants
Authors: Smith Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2009

The results are described of further studies on a virus found in the roots of certain normal-looking plants. It is shown that the virus is a contamination arriving from outside sources. The virus has been detected in the sludge at the bottom of the water tanks, and the experimental evidence shows that it is water-borne to the soil whence it reaches the roots of the plants. Experiments to test the possibility that the virus is also air-borne have so far proved negative.The virus is exceedingly resistant, it can be completely desiccated and remains infective in the dry state for many weeks. It is also unaffected by alcohol and is still infective after being stored in absolute alcohol for 6 months.The virus is thought to be a transitional stage between a pathogen and a non-pathogen.
Immunity in trypanosomiasis
Authors: Soltys M. A. 
Published: June 2009

Antibody-resistant strains are less sensitive to suramin and antrycide than antibody-sensitive strains. When living trypanosomes were exposed to suramin and antrycide in vitro, antibody-resistant strains needed 50 times more drugs than antibody-sensitive trypanosomes in order to make them non-infectious to mice. In therapeutic experiments in mice the minimal therapeutic dose of drugs for antibody-sensitive strains was 0·1 mg. but for resistant strains it was 0·3 mg./20 g. mice. Rabbits treated prophylactically with suramin resisted infection with the antibody-sensitive strain for a period of 4 months, but failed to resist infection with the antibody-resistant strain after 2 months.Rabbits treated prophylactically with antrycide pro-salt, resisted infection with antibody-sensitive strains for a period of 2 months, but failed to resist infection with the antibody-resistant strain even 1 month after injection with the drug. Although trypanosomes can become drug resistant without being antibody resistant it is suggested that, under natural conditions, drug-resistant strains in animals and man develop from antibody-resistant strains, particularly when trypanostatic drugs are used. It is suggested in conclusion from these experiments that strains of trypanosomes which are exposed for some time to antibodies and become antibody resistant after passage through animals like rabbits, as well as those strains frequently passaged through mice, should be used in all tests for the efficiency of chemotherapeutic drugs.
Morphological and taxonomic studies on mammalian trypanosomes
Authors: Hoare Cecil A. 
Published: June 2009

Owing to inadequate and conflicting descriptions, there have always been doubts about the identity of Trypanosoma dimorphon, which is commonly regarded as a synonym of T. congolense. However, the occurrence of atypical strains, with characters like those of T. dimorphon, has re-opened the question of the possible independence of this species.To solve this problem, the author has undertaken a complete revision of T. dimorphon, based on Laveran and Mesnil's original type-material. In the course of this work, a total of 1200 trypanosomes, belonging to samples taken from animal passages in the course of 4 years, were studied biometrically and morphologically.
A cytological study of the early oocysts of seven species of Plasmodium and the occurrence of post-zygotic meiosis
Authors: Bano L. 
Published: June 2009

1. The cytological study of 4–8 hr. old zygotes of seven species of Plasmodium, i.e. P. gallinaceum, P. berghei, P. cynomolgi, P. gonderi, P. inui, P. knowlesi and P. vivax, revealed a uninucleate condition at the resting phase.2. Ookinetes of these species at 12–24 hr were uninucleate and of the usual dimorphic form.3. In the present studies post-zygotic meiosis was demonstrated in the early oocysts of the above seven species of Plasmodium. The times of investigation for the beginning and completion of meiosis in the early oocysts of these species of Plasmodium were as follows:4. Different forms of spireme at prophases were observed in the early oocysts of the above species of Plasmodium. This fact indicated that each species has its own characteristic form of spireme; for instance, ‘bow-shaped’ in P. gallinaceum, beaded, filamentous net-work in P. cynomolgi.5. The diploid and haploid number of chromosomes were demonstrated step by step, during the first reduction division in the early oocysts of seven species of Plasmodium.6. The succeeding nuclear divisions following the post-zygotic meiosis were traced in early oocysts of seven species of Plasmodium. The divisions took place mitotically, giving rise to tetra- to multinucleate oocysts. The haploid group of chromosomes in each species was quite distinct during the different mitotic phases found in these oocysts.7. The results obtained from the cytological study of different meiotic and mitotic phases found in the early oocysts of seven species of Plasmodium show that the number of chromosomes is a specific character, for instance, P. gallinaceum has a complex of two haploid chromosomes, P. cynomolgi, four; P. gonderi, three; P. inui, four; P. knowlesi, P. berghei and P. vivax, two.
Rhipicephalus pulchellus Gerstäcker 1873: a description of the larva and nymph with notes on the adults and on its biology
Authors: Walker Jane B. 
Published: June 2009

1. The larva and nymph of Rhipicephalus pulchellus are described for the first time and comments are made on the degree of variation in structure seen amongst adults of a single generation.2. Information on various aspects of the biology of this tick and on classification is given.
A review of the Laelaptid paraphages of the Myriapoda with descriptions of three new species (Acarina: Laelaptidae)
Authors: Evans G. Owen 
Published: June 2009

1. A review is given of the Laelaptid paraphages of the Myriapoda with a key to the genera.2. One new genus, Scolopendracarus (type: S. brevipilis) and a new subgenus, Parajacobsonia (type: Jacobsonia tertia Vitzthum) of the genus Jacobsonia Berl. are proposed.3. The following three species are described as new to science: Jacobsonia (Jacobsonia) audyi, Scolopendracarus brevipilis, Hypoaspis (Hypoaspis) polydesmoides.4. The phylogeny and classification of the family Laelaptidae Berl. are discussed. A key is given to the subfamilies of the Laelaptidae.
The formation, structure, and histochemistry of the metacercarial cyst of Philophthalmus gralli Mathis & Léger
Authors: Thakur Amar S. , Cheng Thomas C. 
Published: June 2009

The presence of three types of cystogenous gland cells, designated as protein, mucopolysaccharide, and mucoprotein cells, in P. gralli cercariae has been demonstrated.The protein cells are PAS-negative but positive for tyrosine-, histidine-, and arginine-containing proteins. No tryptophane is detectable in this type of cell. The mucopolysaccharide cells are positive for acid mucopolysaccharides and are gamma-metachromatic. The mucoprotein cells are PAS-positive and diastaseresistant.The mechanism of metacercarial cyst formation is described. The fully formed cyst consists of three walls designated inner, middle and outer walls. The outer wall is subdivided into a basal and a peripheral layer.Histochemical studies on the cyst walls have shown that the outer and middle walls are PAS-negative but the inner wall is PAS-positive and diastase-resistant. All the walls include proteins but differ in their amino acid contents.By comparing the chemical composition of the cyst walls with that of the three types of cystogenous gland cells, it is evident that each cyst wall is formed from the secretions of two or more types of cells. The outer and middle walls appear to be formed from the secretions of both protein and mucopolysaccharide cells, and the inner wall from protein, mucopolysaccharide, and mucoprotein cells.This research was supported in part by a grant from the American Cancer Society.