bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potentially avoidable surgery in inflammatory bowel disease: what proportion of patients come to resection without optimal preoperative therapy? A guidelines‐based audit
Authors: Gapasin J. , Van Langenberg D. R. , Holtmann G. , Hetzel D. J. , Andrews J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground:  Recently, promulgated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) guidelines seek to decrease the need for surgery by improving disease control. However, resection rates remain static.Aims:  We therefore sought to determine the proportion of patients coming to surgery where preoperative management was not optimal according to guidelines.Methods:  Case notes of all patients with resection surgery for IBD from January 2007 to March 2008 at a metropolitan teaching hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Judgement was made as to whether preoperative management was optimal or suboptimal depending on whether it met guidelines.Results:  A total of 22 subjects with IBD‐related resections were identified (15 males and seven females). In total, 17 had Crohn's disease (CD) (11 males) and five ulcerative colitis (UC) (four males). There were 10 smokers (nine CD and one UC). The two most common indications for surgery were inflammatory mass/abscess (n= 8) and refractory to medical therapy (n= 7). While all patients with known IBD (20/22) had seen a gastroenterologist in the past, five known IBD patients had resections undertaken without preoperative gastroenterologist input. Overall preoperative management was judged as optimal in only (9/22) 41%. Of those whose therapy did not meet guidelines (n= 13), five had azathioprine at doses <2 mg/kg, one declined therapy and nine with CD were current smokers.Conclusions:  Over 50% of IBD resection patients had suboptimal preoperative management, with sub‐therapeutic thiopurine dosing and smoking in CD the main problems. Thus, there are significant gains to be made with better use of standard therapies, as it appears that ∼50% of resection surgery was ‘potentially avoidable’.
Clinical audit of antiphospholipid antibody testing in tertiary practice: towards improved relevance in thrombophilia investigations
Authors: Favaloro E. J. , Reben R. , Mohammed S. , Koutts J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground:  The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune condition characterised by vascular thromboses and/or pregnancy morbidity. Diagnosis of APS typically requires laboratory evidence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Depending on their clinical presentation, affected individuals might be seen by a variety of clinical specialities.Aim:  To evaluate clinical ordering patterns for aPL/APS at a tertiary level public facility.Methods:  We performed an audit of internal clinical requests for aPL tests at our institution for a 6‐month period.Results:  We identified a wide variety of clinical ordering background for aPL, of predominantly obstetric (72/268; 26.9%) or thrombophilic (78/268; 29.1%) patients. Only 11/268 samples (4.1%) were positive for lupus anticoagulant (LA) and 14/268 (5.2%) were positive for anticardiolipin antibody (aCL). The percentage of aCL positivity in the LA‐positive group was 46% (5/11). None of the 72 obstetric patients tested was identified to have aPL. Of the 11 LA‐positive patients, the reasons identified for testing comprised: prolonged Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (assay) (n= 3), thrombosis (n= 3), APS (n= 2), systemic lupus erythematosus (n= 2), vasculitis (n= 1).Conclusion:  We determined a wide variety of clinical ordering background for aPL at a tertiary level institution, with an overall low rate (<10%) of aPL positivity among a hospital population of predominantly obstetric or thrombophilic patients. That no positive obstetric aPL cases were identified suggests local clinical ordering guidelines may need review, as also potentially practised at other institutions. We also observed a moderate rate (46%) of coincidence of aCL and LA, in agreement with guidelines indicating that multiple tests are required to identify APS.
Effects of metformin on BRIN‐BD11 beta‐cell insulin secretory desensitization induced by prolonged exposure to sulphonylureas
Authors: Irwin N. , McKinney J. M. , Bailey C. J. , Flatt P. R. , McClenaghan N. H. 
Published: July 2010

Aims: Prolonged exposure of pancreatic beta‐cells in vitro to the sulphonylureas tolbutamide and glibenclamide induces subsequent desensitization of insulinotropic pathways. Clinically, the insulin‐sensitizing biguanide drug metformin is often administered alongside sulphonylurea as antidiabetic therapy. The present study examines the functional effects of metformin (200 µM) on tolbutamide‐ and glibenclamide‐induced desensitisation. Methods: Acute and prolonged (18 h) effects of exposure to tolbutamide and glibenclamide alone, or in the presence of metformin, were examined in insulin‐secreting BRIN‐BD11 cells. Results: In acute 20 min incubations at 1.1 mM glucose, metformin increased (1.2–1.7‐fold; p < 0.001) the insulin‐releasing actions of tolbutamide and glibenclamide. At 16.7 mM glucose, metformin significantly enhanced glibenclamide‐induced insulin release at all concentrations (50–400 µM) examined, but tolbutamide‐stimulated insulin secretion was only augmented at higher concentrations (300–400 µM). Exposure for 18 h to 100 µM tolbutamide or glibenclamide significantly impaired insulin release in response to glucose and a broad range of insulin secretagogues. Concomitant culture with metformin (200 µM) prevented or partially reversed many of the adverse effects on KATP channel dependent and independent insulinotropic pathways. Beneficial effects of metformin were also observed in cells exposed to glibenclamide for 18 h with significant improvements in the insulin secretory responsiveness to alanine, GLP‐1 and sulphonylureas. The decrease of viable cell numbers observed with glibenclamide was reversed by co‐culture with metformin, but cellular insulin content was depressed. Conclusions: The results suggest that metformin can prevent the aspects of sulphonylurea‐induced beta‐cell desensitization.
The Economic Geography of Offshoring: The Fit between Activities and Local Context
Authors: Jensen Peter D. Ørberg , Pedersen Torben 
Published: July 2010

abstractWe draw from the literature on economic geography and from the thematic offshoring literature, and propose three hypotheses that rest on the assumption that the choice of offshoring location is based on the fit between the attributes of different destinations and the attributes of the offshored business activities. The study reveals a multi‐faceted location pattern in which firms' location strategies, to some degree, follow a logic whereby manufacturing is relocated to low‐cost destinations, and research and development is relocated to high‐cost destinations. However, the picture is more nuanced when distinguishing between standardized and advanced activities. Asia attracts as many advanced activities as Western Europe while North America attracts more advanced activities even in manufacturing. Central and Eastern Europe attract offshoring in manufacturing and IT, but the activities that are offshored to these regions are typically not advanced. One important theoretical implication of this study is that a more detailed understanding of the nature of offshored activities is needed, since such attributes appear to be an important determinant of location choice.
Multinational Enterprises and Local Contexts: The Opportunities and Challenges of Multiple Embeddedness
Authors: Meyer Klaus E. , Mudambi Ram , Narula Rajneesh 
Published: July 2010

abstractSome scholars have argued that globalization will reduce the importance of local contexts. We argue instead that despite the increased frequency and intensity of interactions across local contexts, they continue to retain their distinctive differences. MNEs face growing challenges in managing the complexity of these interactions, because they must manage ‘multiple embeddedness’ across heterogeneous contexts at two levels. First, at the MNE level, they must organize their networks to exploit effectively both the differences and similarities of their multiple host locations. Second, at the subsidiary level, they must balance ‘internal’ embeddedness within the MNE network, with their ‘external’ embeddedness in the host milieu. Balancing the subsidiary's strategic role within the MNE with its local identity and its domestic linkages can sometimes represent a trade‐off. Multiple embeddedness thus creates both business opportunities and operational challenges, which are explored in this special issue.
Re‐conceptualizing Bartlett and Ghoshal's Classification of National Subsidiary Roles in the Multinational Enterprise
Authors: Rugman Alan , Verbeke Alain , Yuan Wenlong 
Published: July 2010

abstractWe re‐conceptualize the Bartlett and Ghoshal typology of national subsidiary roles in the multinational enterprise (MNE), using a resource bundling perspective. Our view is that national subsidiary roles can vary dramatically across value chain activities. We focus on the distinction among innovation, production, sales, and administrative support activities. For each value chain activity, the subsidiary bundles sets of internal competences with accessible, external location advantages. We also address the effects of regional integration on national subsidiary roles. Such schemes may affect substantially the extent to which location advantages of individual countries can be accessed and bundled with internal competences, thereby typically altering some national subsidiaries' roles in specific value chain activities. However, such substantive changes in specific value chain activities performed by national subsidiaries do not necessarily lead to any move in conventional subsidiary role typologies, such as the Bartlett and Ghoshal one, since these typologies only acknowledge aggregate subsidiary role changes, supposedly valid for the entire value chain.
The Moderating Impact of Informal Institutional Distance and Formal Institutional Risk on SME Entry Mode Choice
Authors: Schwens Christian , Eiche Julia , Kabst Ruediger 
Published: July 2010

abstractConsiderable research has explored international mode choices. However, results regarding the direct influence of the host country institutional context on entry mode choice remain rather inconclusive with positive, negative, and mixed empirical findings. This study examines informal institutional distance and formal institutional risk as moderators on the relationship between frequently examined decision‐making criteria and the entry mode decision of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). We demonstrate that the influence of international experience, proprietary know‐how, and strategic importance on SME mode choice is contingent on the institutional context of the host country. Hypotheses are tested on a sample of 227 German SMEs. Our empirical results support our theoretical predictions, which forge a link between institutional and SME entry mode literature.
Association between Cold Face Test‐induced vagal inhibition and cortisol response to acute stress
Authors: Marca Roberto La , Waldvogel Patricia , Thörn Hanna , Tripod Mélanie , Wirtz Petra H. , Pruessner Jens C. , Ehlert Ulrike 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLow vagal function is related to several disorders. One possible underlying mechanism linking the vagus nerve and disorders is the HPA axis. Thirty‐three healthy male subjects participated in a stress task, while heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), salivary cortisol, and mood were assessed. Vagal function was determined using baseline, stress‐induced inhibition, and Cold Face Test (CFT)‐induced stimulation. The stress task induced a significant increase in cortisol and HR, a decrease in RSA, and a worsening of mood. A linear regression model with the time from CFT onset until maximum bradycardia as the independent variable explained 17.9% of the total variance in cortisol in response to the stressor (mood: 36.5%). The results indicate that a faster CFT response is associated with reduced cortisol increase and enhanced mood after acute stress. Our data support an inverse relationship between vagal function and the HPA axis.
The Chemical Constitution and Physical Properties of Bisulphited Wool*
Authors: CARTER E. G. H. , MIDDLEROOK W. R. , PHILLIPS H. 
Published: July 2010

Summary

Evidence is surveyed for the existence of four subfractions of the cystine‐S of wool (A, B, C and D). which differ in their reactivity towards sodium bisulphite and alkalis. These four subfractions fall into two approximately equal main fractions (A + B) and (C + D): (A + B) gives thiol and S‐cysteine‐sulphonate groups with bisulphite; (C + D) does not react with cold bisulphite, but under the action of hot bisulphite decomposes and yields combined a‐aminoacrylic acid. With alkalis, fraction (A + B) gives combined lanthionine, whereas fraction (C + D) again gives combined a‐aminoacrylic acid.
Subfraction A of the combined eystine is probably influenced by neighbouring free carboxyl groups, whereas subfraction B is under the influence of less polar groupings.
Under the experimental conditions examined, no difference has been detected between the reactivities of the cystine subfractions of extended and unextended wool fibres.
Breaking subfraction A of the cystine cross‐linkages increases the ease of extension more than breaking subfraction B, but the ease of extension of fibres with fraction (A + B) broken can be increased greatly by monochloroacetic acid.

Fibres of which (A + B) has been broken do not supercontract until they have been boiled: they then supercontract even when boiling causes the disulphide cross‐linkages to reform. Even when boiled, the fibres of which only subfraction B has been broken will not supercontract. After fibres have been boiled in sodium bisulphite solution, supercontraction cannot be prevented by rebuilding fraction (A + B).

Under the experimental conditions we have used the S‐cysteinesulphonate groups of bisulphited wool do not react with methylamine, indicating that the setting of bisulphited wool may not be due to interaction between S‐cysteinesulphonate groups and free amino‐groups to produce ‐SNH ‐ cross‐linkages.
Experiments on the setting of extended bisulphited hairs suggest that breaking fraction (A + B) alone will not bring about conditions conducive to set. A rise in temperature is also necessary and is effective even when fraction (A + B) remains broken.
Suggestions are advanced to account for the difference in reactivity between subfractions A and B and fractions (A + B) and (C + D), and the evidence is discussed in favour of the view that the chief factor in the stability of keratin and other fibrous proteins is main‐chain adhesion. Polar side‐chains are potential sources of weakness since they can give rise to swelling and hydration. In the keratins their activity is suppressed by the close proximity of disulphide cross‐linkages.
The Dichroic Behaviour of Substantive Dyes: Molecular Theory of the Dyeing of Cellulose*
Authors: MORTON T. H. 
Published: July 2010

Summary

The observations of Ambronn on the dichroic behaviour of cellulose fibres dyed with certain direct dyes have been extended. It is found that all direct dyes, all vat dyes in the reduced leuco‐form, some insoluble azo dyes, and some acid dyes on ramie exhibit positive dichroism.
Elongated direct dye micelles and dye crystals exhibit negative dichroism.
These dichroic phenomena are best explained by the absorption of dye by cellulose as single molecules, not as micelles. In the dyed material the elongated direct dye molecules are oriented parallel to the cellulose molecular chains with which they are co‐ordinately combined. Direct dye molecules are positioned transversely across elongated dye micelles.
These conclusions are confirmed by the dichroic behaviour of ramie dyed with alcoholic solutions of direct dyes, in which it is believed the dyes are molecularly dispersed.
Normal, fully oxidised, vat dyed materials are not appreciably dichroic.
A molecular theory of the dyeing of cellulose with substantive dyes is described. The dye solution is considered to contain particles of all sizes from molecules to large aggregates in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Cellulose is capable, for mechanical reasons, of absorbing molecules and small aggregates only.

Further, the diffusion of dye molecules through the capillary pore system of cellulose is probably not a free diffusion, but a thermally activated process. The effect of these two factors can be combined into a “mobility factor” representing the retardation of diffusion from the speed expected for a free diffusion with absorption. The value of the mobility factor covers the range, 10‐1 to 10‐1, for the direct dye class.Dye absorption proceeds by means of the diffusion of dye molecules, which are continually re‐formed from the larger particles in dye solution, to the interior of the cellulose fibre, until finally a true equilibrium between dyed cellulose and dye solution is reached.The essential conditions necessary for substantivity of dyes on cellulose are discussed.
The Diffusion of Direct Dyes into Cellulose
Authors: CRANK J. 
Published: July 2010

Earlier work on the measurement of the diffusion coefficient for direct dyes into cellulose sheet is discussed. The variation of this coefficient with dye concentration is considered, and a suggestion is made for improving the aocuracy of the results hy adopting a different method of mathematical analysis.Some recently developed mathematical solutions of the diffusion equation for conditions corresponding to those of the commercial dyebath are shown to lead to calculated rate–of–dyeing curves which are not in agreement with experimental measurements. An interesting result obtained is that, for the cases examined, dyeing from a finite dyebath, e. g. one showing 90% exhaustion, is better represented by* the mathematical solution for an infinite dyebath than by the solution actually corresponding to 90% exhaustion. An explanation is advanced in terms of the electrochemical nature of the system, an aspect of the problem which was previously neglected in deriving the mathematical solutions. Further experimental data are, necessary before the explanation can be adequately tested.
The Photochemistry of Aromatic Azo Compounds in Organic Solvents
Authors: BLAISDELL B. EDWIN 
Published: July 2010

Qualitative observations have been made on the photochemistry of azobenzene and 4–amino–4–nitroazobenzene solutions in isopropyl alcohol and isooctane in the presence of various amounts of oxygen. The fading reaction consists in the addition of hydrogen, extracted from the solvent, to the azo linkage to form a substituted hydrazine and later substituted anilines.In the presence of oxygen there is a photosensitised oxidation of the solvent. In iaopropyl alcohol as solvent the fading of the dye is completely inhibited by one atmosphere of oxygen, but after exhaustion of the oxygen the dye fades very rapidly. In the presence of a large excess of oxygen the dye eventually fades slowly. The rate of oxygen consumption increases during the exposure and continues to increase after complete destruction of the dye. In this case the oxidation products contain aliphatic acids and carbon dioxide in addition to acetone. The number of carbonyl groups produced is in excess of equivalence to the molecular oxygen consumed.
Photochemistry in relation to Garment Dyeing and Dry Cleaning
Authors: BREARE A. 
Published: July 2010

An attempt has been made to determine the effect of dyes on the photochemical oxidation of wool. Generally, dyes offer protection to wool, but differ greatly in the degree of protection. Certain groups offer little protection, and in some cases cause acceleration of damage. The triphenylmethane group appears to offer least protection. No clearly defined effect of any chemical group of dyes or of any hue can be detected.The influence of a particular dye on the rate of disintegration of wool under the action˜of light lias an important bearing on the redyeing of worn garments and also on the launderability of such garments.
The Treatment of Wool with Acid Permanganate Solutions
Authors: ALEXANDER P. , CARTER D. , HUDSON R. F. 
Published: July 2010

It is shown that wool can be rendered non–felting by treatment with dilute solutions of permanganate at a pH < 2, and the optimum conditions for treatment are described. Wool treated in this way does not felt when left even for very long periods in a washing machine, but felts as much as untreated wool when exposed to a milling action. Wool which has received prolonged permanganate oxidation treatment acquires some resistance to felting in a mill. Permanganate–treated wool shows no resistance to felting when washed in acid in a washing machine or a mill. The implications of these results for the theory of felting are discussed.The damage done to tho wool by permanganate treatment is slight and has been assessed in a number of different ways. The nature of the reaction has been studied from an analytical and a kinetic viewpoint, and it is shown that the chief reaction is an oxidation of the disulphide bond, the rate being controlled by diffusion.There is a fundamental difference between the actions of acid and alkaline permanganate. A secondary reaction with tyrosine is responsible for the yellowing of the wool. The yellow complex is shown to behave as an indicator.
Rate of Dyeing as an Aid to the Classification of Direct Dyes on Viscose Rayon
Authors: ARMFIELD W. 
Published: July 2010

Rate‐of‐dyeing experiments are described with direct dyes on viscose rayon yarn. Sodium chloride is added gradually to the dye liquors, at a constant rate throughout the whole dyeing time of two hours. The measured dye absorption is plotted against time of dyeing. This method of salting is comparable with works practice, and gives rate‐of‐dyeing curves very different from those obtained by making the electrolyte addition at the start of dyeing, a procedure not used commercially.These rate‐of‐dyeing measurements show that dyes cannot be classified satisfactorily by rate of dyeing alone, but that, once dyes have been separated into classes according to their levelling and salting behaviour, rate‐of‐dyeing measurements then provide a means of further refinement. Eighteen Class B dyes tested Bhow that rate‐of‐dyeing measurements provide a means of predicting the cqmpatibility of the dyes in admixture.From the rate‐of‐dyeing curves, the time in minutes is read off corresponding to one‐quarter, one‐half, and three‐quarters of the final exhaustion value E for each dye. These times are tabulated under the headings t0.25, t0.50, t0.75, and indicate numerically the dyeing rate of adye. The degree of compatibility of two or more dyes is assessed by comparing t0.25, t0.50, t0.75, for each dye. Any single time of dyeing is not sufficient to indicate rate of dyeing, since two dyes may have the same dyeing time at any one point on the curve, but they may not necessarily agree at other points.
The Analysis of Commercial Hydrosulphites and Related Compounds by Polarographic Methods
Authors: FURNESS W. 
Published: July 2010

The application of polarography to the analysis of hydrosulphites is discussed. The method outlined for the determination of hydrosulphite is shown to be more specific than some commonly used chemical methods, but the probable relative error is about 1%. Procedures for the polarographic determination of thiosulphate, sulphide, and trithionate in the presence of sodium hydrosulphite are also described, and the respective merits of the polarographic and ohemical methods are compared.Polarographic methods serve also for the identification of the formaldehyde– and the acetaldehyde–sulphoxylates.