bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Troubled Inheritance: The National Security Agency and the Obama Administration
Authors: Aid Matthew M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article discusses the National Security Agency under the Obama Administration. Upon his inauguration on January 20, 2009, Obama inherited from the Bush administration an intelligence community embroiled in political controversies. Of the sixteen agencies of the intelligence community, the National Security Agency (NSA) faced the greatest scrutiny from the new Obama administration and the Congress. NSA was the largest and the most powerful member of the U.S. intelligence community. Since its formation in 1952, NSA has managed and directed all U.S. government signals intelligence (SIGINT) collection. It is the collector and processor of communications intelligence (COMINT) and the primary processor of foreign instrumentation signals intelligence (FISINT). And since 1958, NSA has been the coordinator of the U.S. government's national electronics intelligence (ELINT) program. It has also the task of overseeing the security of the U.S. government's communications and data processing systems, and since the 1980s, NSA has managed the U.S. government's national operation security (OPSEC) program. In this article, the focus is on the challenges faced by the NSA during the Bush administration; the role played by the NSA during the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq; and the challenges faced by the Obama administration in confronting a series of thorny legal and policy issues relating to NSA's eavesdropping program.
Human Source Intelligence
Authors: Hitz Frederick P. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article focuses on human source intelligence (humint) and the relevance of spying in the prevention of terrorist attacks. It assesses whether Cold War spying can be revived and reworked to lead to success in the time of holy terror and whether the motivations to spy remain relevant. In this article, the seven deadly sins of espionage are discussed including how they hold up to today's conditions. The article ends with a discussion on whether human source intelligence gathering or humint can play a significant role in countering international threats to the United States and the West in the twenty-first century.
Guarding the Border: Intelligence and Law Enforcement in Canada's Immigration System
Authors: Kislenko Arne 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article discusses Canada's efforts at safeguarding its border following the September 11 attack within the context of intelligence and law enforcement in Canada's immigration system. In the aftermath of the 9/11 attack, much attention on both sides of the U.S.-Canadian border has been directed to the two countries's immigration systems. The 9/11 rekindled the debate in both countries that the immigration policies, specifically in Canada, were lax. This was apprehended by fear of the porous nature of the Canadian border, and the government of Canada moved quickly to counter the fear through a host of measures. They developed the “smart border” accord with the U.S. This was a thirty-point commitment to integrate better intelligence and law enforcement activities on border security. In this article, topics include: intelligence collection in Canada's immigration system; and problems at Canada's borders.
Extraordinary Rendition
Authors: Weaver William G. , Pallitto Robert M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article discusses renditions, or the surrendering of persons, to foreign jurisdictions. Renditions, when made in accordance with treaty and through a stipulated procedure, are called “ordinary” renditions. However, over the last decades, the United States has pursued a policy of rendering people to nonjudicial authorities outside of treaty and legal processes. These actions were usually done through kidnapping and forcible removal from an asylum country to the receiving jurisdiction. These transfers are called “extraordinary renditions”. These renditions are different from traditional renditions as they are actions accomplished specifically and purposely outside of legal venues. In this article, the focus is on the historical development of extradition and the historical development of presidential claims on the power to engage in extraordinary rendition. It also focuses on how executive claims on extraordinary rendition have been treated by the courts and how that history informs the present practices.
Addressing “Complexities” in Homeland Security
Authors: Treverton Gregory F. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article investigates a new category of intelligence problems called “complexities”. These complexities include terrorism, terrorist groups, “sensemaking” in the homeland security, and “sensemaking” in the law enforcement. The challenge is what intelligence and other agencies can usefully say about them for policymakers, ranging from senior leaders of government to police on the street. This article first defines complexities and explores their implications, then looks at several examples of how complexities might be addressed in counterterrorism intelligence and law enforcement.
The Intelligence Analysis Crisis
Authors: Bar-Joseph Uri , McDermott Rose 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The U.S. Intelligence community is in crisis. Contrary to popular opinion, this crisis in the intelligence community did not start in recent years, rather it dates back to the 1960s at a time when the U.S. intelligence on several accounts failed to provide sound national intelligence estimates. The failures of the U.S. intelligence is due to two factors: the common psychological traits which resulted in unmotivated biases in information processing which lead to systematically mistaken estimates in analysis; and the political environment of the intelligence system which has produced the notion that the intelligence product is not merely a means to achieve foreign policy goals but also a political commodity that can be used to advance political and bureaucratic interests. These biased outcomes have resulted in a bureaucratically incentivized and personally motivated manipulation in the production and use of intelligence analysis. This article discusses American intelligence failures within the broader context of American intelligence culture. It outlines eight specific aspects of this culture in order to determine the specific domains in which such intelligence estimation failures are likely to emerge. Particular focus is given on the two domains of failures: motivated and unmotivated biases. Suggestions on how to limit the impact of these biases on the intelligence estimates are also discussed.
The Dilemma of Defense Intelligence
Authors: Best Richard A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article discusses the dilemma of the defense intelligence. It discusses the interweaving yet complicated relationship of the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Office of Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). Immersed in a divided and a “stovepiped” culture, the member agencies of the intelligence community lacked coordination and collaboration. In this article, the nature of the three agencies of the DOD: the National Security Agency (NSA), the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) are discussed. The evolution of coordination among the intelligence community agencies and the impact of 9/11 on the cooperation and collaboration between the agencies are also discussed including the era of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) and the challenges posed by the future space surveillance.
The Future of FBI Counterintelligence through the Lens of the Past Hundred Years
Authors: Batvinis Raymond J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Counterintelligence is the business of identifying and dealing with foreign intelligence threats to a nation, such as the United States. Its main concern is the intelligence services of foreign states and similar organizations of non-state actors, such as transnational terrorist groups. Counterintelligence functions both as a defensive measure that protects the nation's secrets and assets against foreign intelligence penetration and as an offensive measure to find out what foreign intelligence organizations are planning to defeat better their aim. This article addresses the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) foreign counterintelligence function. It briefly traces its evolution by examining the key events and the issues that effected its growth as the principle civilian counterintelligence service of the U.S. government.
Treason: “ 'Tis Worse than Murder”
Authors: Taylor Stan A. , Buchanan Kayle 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article investigates the origins of concerns about treason and the evolution of laws to prevent it. It also discusses the relationship between trust and treason and the role of trust in the development of democratic societies. The article also differentiates the legal definition of treason and the word that is more commonly used. It also discusses why traditional treason laws are rarely used to prosecute traitors as well as the development of anti-espionage laws. The article concludes with a discussion on the various motivations for treason and the changes that have occurred in those motivations.
The Role of Defense in Shaping U.S. Intelligence Reform
Authors: Clapper James R. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article discusses the intelligence-reform movement since the 9/11 attack. It particularly places emphasis on Defense Intelligence reforms. The article also explores the role of the Defense Intelligence in shaping and implementing law and executive guidance and policy. It also discusses how long-term, trusted relationships between key intelligence officials in place during 2007 to 2008 were a critical factor in events moving successfully through a number of contentious policy issues. The article ends with some views on the future directions of research in this field in order to bring the intelligence-reform movement to fruition.
Rethinking the State Secrets Privilege
Authors: Fisher Louis 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article discusses the concept of state secrets privilege which is designed to prevent private litigants from gaining access to agency documents sought in cases involving National Security Agency (NSA) surveillance, extraordinary rendition, and other intelligence programs. Before the Reynolds case, the Supreme Court recognized the state secrets privilege. Over the past half century, federal judges gave “deference” to the executive claims on sensitivity and confidentiality of agency records without ever looking at the disputed document. However in 1953, the Supreme Court was misled by the government. Since then, there has been an interest in having Congress enact legislation to assure greater independence for the federal judiciary and provide a more even playing field for private litigants.
Accounting for the Future or the Past?: Developing Accountability and Oversight Systems to Meet Future Intelligence Needs
Authors: Farson Stuart , Whitaker Reg 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article discusses the development of accountability and intelligence culture. It begins with the contentious issues that have prevailed in the field of intelligence. It defines the use of certain terms such as accountability and responsibility within the context of intelligence. The article also looks at how systems of oversight and accountability have developed in Canada's longest and most enduring intelligence partners. The focus here is on the causes, legislative practices, and shortcomings. Following the discussion on the systems of oversight and accountability in Canadian intelligence, the article proceeds with a discussion on how Canada has developed its own systems. The emphasis here is on the external procedures and independent institutions. The purpose in this section is twofold: first, is to illustrate that even close allies have followed different paths and, second, is to show that Canada, while initially getting off to a sound start, has failed to keep pace not only with its key intelligence allies but also with the changing threat environment. Finally, the article suggests what a system of oversight and accountability that will meet Canada's future needs might look like and what it would do.
Ethics and Professional Intelligence
Authors: Andregg Michael 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article discusses the ethics in the profession of intelligence. This article begins with the order goals of true intelligence professionals as differentiated from the thieves and thugs who work for other secret institutions of today. It focuses on what distinguishes the agents of malignant and murderous police states from intelligence professionals who work for legitimate governments and for the good of all. It also discusses how the theoretically moral intelligence professional navigates severe dilemmas such as torture and assassinations in carrying out their task. The article also considers the significance of ethics in the land of deception, betrayal, and occasional death, and where the stakes are high that all rules seemed disposable.
Intelligence in the Developing Democracies: The Quest for Transparency and Effectiveness
Authors: Bruneau Thomas C. , Matei Florina Cristiana (Cris) 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article discusses the quest for transparency and effectiveness of the intelligence systems in the developing democracies. The article begins with a review of the literature on intelligence reform in new democracies. It also discusses the role of intelligence in non-democratic regimes, the legacies from these regimes in transitional democracies, and the challenges involved including the achievements in reforming intelligence in developing countries.
The Intelligence Services of Russia
Authors: Pringle Robert W. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article discusses security and intelligence services in Russia. In Russia, the security and intelligence services of the nation have always been critical to the country's foreign and domestic policies. Both have served as a means to dig dissent at home, to frustrate enemy intelligence operations, and to provide information necessary to build nuclear weapons. This article begins with the nature of intelligence services in Russia. It also discusses the Stalin and Repression period and the role of Russia's KGB during these periods. The article also considers CHEKA's (Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counterrevolution and Sabotage) foreign intelligence. The military services, post-Soviet intelligence services, Putin, and the rise of Siloviki are also discussed.
Israeli Intelligence: Organization, Failures, and Successes
Authors: Kahana Ephraim 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The State of Israel was established only in 1948, but in its fifty-seven years of existence, its intelligence community has been one of the most professional and effective in the world. The Israel Mossad has become the leading agency in Israel's success in the conflict with the Arab states. Its mission not only includes that of ascertaining the plans and strengths of the Arab military forces opposing Israel but also the work of combating Arab terrorism in Israel and abroad against Israeli and Jewish targets, collecting sensitive technical data, and conducting political-liaison and propaganda operations. The Israel intelligence community is composed of four separate components: the Mossad is responsible for intelligence gathering and operations in foreign countries; the Israeli Security Agency controls internal security and intelligence within the occupied territories; the Military Intelligence is responsible for collecting military, geographic, and economic intelligence, particularly in the Arab world and along Israel's borders; and the Center for Political Research in the Foreign Ministry prepares analysis for government policymakers based on raw intelligence and analytical papers. This article discusses the organization, failures, and successes of the Israeli intelligence. Particular attention is given to the huge mistakes and failures of the Israeli intelligence. Discussions included herein are: the evolution of the Israeli intelligence and the future challenges of the intelligence system.
Intelligence and National Security: The Australian Experience
Authors: Jones David Martin 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
From the foundation of the modern security service in 1949, to the development of the concept of security after 2001 and the announcement of the war on terror, the theory and practice of intelligence and national security has troubled Australians. All throughout this half century, the maintenance of national security posed many questions concerning its necessity as well as the most effective means of sustaining it. Indeed, the extent of sabotage and subversion and the constitutional oversight of those agencies charged with detecting and deterring it have constituted an enduring problem for Australian democratic self-understanding. This pursuit of national security exposed a paradox in the core of Australian democracy, namely, that the practice of political freedom entails the proscription of those dedicated to undermining it. The lack of conviction of successive Australian governments on the need for security and intelligence organizations and the public apathy on the part of Australians furthered this paradox. This article discusses Australian intelligence and national security. It examines the context in which the understanding of Australian national security evolved to address the unique threat environment the island continent inhabits. It also evaluates Australia's security agencies and the threats they currently confront today.
Effects of Ice Structuring Proteins on Freeze‐Thaw Stability of Corn and Wheat Starch Gels
Authors: Li Lingling , Kim Yangsoo , Huang Weining , Jia Chunli , Xu Baocai 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe effect of ice structuring proteins (ISP, 0.5%, starch weight basis) on the freeze‐thaw stability of corn and wheat starch gels (CS and WS, respectively) was studied. Syneresis measurement, hardness, thermal properties using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X‐ray diffractions, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were determined with starch gels (SG) subjected up to nine freeze‐thaw cycles (FTC). The gelatinized SG were stored at –20°C for 22 hr and thawed at 30°C for 2 hr. As the number of FTC increased, syneresis was increased; however, ISP significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the syneresis for all FTC except at FTC 1. Hardness was increased up to FTC 4, then decreased for both SG. ISP significantly lowered the hardness of both SG. The ice melting enthalpy (ΔHice sample) of SG increased as FTC increased but SG with ISP had significantly lower enthalpy. The retrogradation ratio (RR) from DSC was significantly increased as the number of FTC increased. ISP reduced RR but most of RR was not significantly different for the corresponding FTC. The X‐ray diffraction patterns showed less recrystallization of WS with addition of ISP. The microstructures from SEM showed that the addition of ISP reduced the size of ice cell cavities.
Physical and Chemical Characterization of Fuel Ethanol Coproducts Relevant to Value‐Added Uses
Authors: Bhadra R. , Muthukumarappan K. , Rosentrater K. A. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTOne of the fastest growing industries in the United States is the fuel ethanol industry. In terms of ethanol production capability, the industry has grown by more than 600% since the year 2000. The major coproducts from corn‐based ethanol include distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and carbon dioxide. DDGS is used as a livestock feed because it contains high quantities of protein, fiber, amino acids, and other nutrients. The goal of this study was to quantify various chemical and physical properties of DDGS, distillers wet grains (DWG), and distillers dried grain (DDG) from several plants in South Dakota. Chemical properties of the DDGS included crude ash (5.0–21.93%), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (26.32–43.50%), acid detergent fiber (ADF) (10.82–20.05%), crude fiber (CF) (8.14–12.82%), crude protein (27.4–31.7%), crude fat (7.4–11.6%), and total starch (9.19–14.04%). Physical properties of the DDGS included moisture content (3.54–8.21%), Aw (0.42–0.53), bulk density (467.7–509.38 kg/m3), thermal conductivity (0.05–0.07 W/m·°C), thermal diffusivity (0.1–0.17 mm2/sec), color L* (36.56–50.17), a* (5.2–10.79), b* (12.53–23.36), and angle of repose (25.7–47.04°). These properties were also determined for DWG and DDG. We also conducted image analysis and size determination of the DDGS particles. Carbon group characterization in the DDGS and DDG samples were determined using NMR spectroscopy; O‐alkyl comprised >50% of all DDGS samples. Results from this study showed several possibilities for using DDGS in applications other than animal feed. Possibilities include harvesting residual sugars, producing additional ethanol, producing value‐added compounds, using as food‐grade additives, or even using as inert fillers for biocomposites.
Effect of Ultrasonic Treatment of Brown Rice at Different Temperatures on Cooking Properties and Quality
Authors: Cui Lu , Pan Zhongli , Yue Tanli , Atungulu Griffiths G. , Berrios Jose 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis research studied developing quick cooking brown rice by investigating the effect of ultrasonic treatment at different temperatures on cooking time and quality. The medium grain brown rice was ultrasonically treated in water at temperatures of 25, 40, and 55°C for 30 min and then dried by air at 25°C to its initial moisture content (11.0 ± 0.6%, wb) before cooking. The microstructure of rice kernel surface, chemical composition, and optimal cooking time of treated brown rice were determined. The pasting and thermal properties and chemical structure of flour and starch from treated brown rice were also examined. The results showed that the optimal cooking times were 37, 35, and 33 min after treatment at 25, 40, and 55°C, respectively, compared to the control of 39.6 min. The ultrasonic treatment resulted in a loss in natural morphology of rice bran, allowing water to be absorbed by a rice kernel easily, particularly at high‐temperature treatment. Even through rice flour still maintained an A‐pattern in the pasting properties, the crystallinity significantly increased after treatment at 55°C. Ultrasonic treatment increased the peak, hold, and final viscosities and decreased the onset temperature (To) and peak temperature (Tp), significantly. Thus, ultrasonic treatment could be used for reducing cooking time of brown rice.