bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phagocytosis of Streptococcus uberis by Bovine Mammary Macrophages: Opsonizing Effect of Bovine Antiserum
Authors: Almeida R. A. , Oliver S. P. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryFive encapsulated and five non‐encapsulated strains ofStreptococcus uberiswere tested for their ability to resist phagocytosis and intracellular killing by bovine mammary macrophages obtained during the non‐lactating period. The percentage of phagocytosis and intracellular killing of encapsulated strains ranged from 43 to 51 and from 25 to 40, respectively. By contrast, the percentage of phagocytosis and intracellular killing of non‐encapsulated strains ranged from 66 to 74 and from 65 to 75, respectively. Two encapsulated and two non‐encapsulated strains were opsonized with homologous and heterologous pre‐immune and immune bovine sera. Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of encapsulated strains increased significantly when opsonized with serum of cows vaccinated with a homologous and heterologous encapsulated strain. By contrast, no significant differences were observed when serum from cows vaccinated with a non‐encapsulated strain was used. These results suggest that resistance to phagocytosis is a common feature among encapsulated strains ofS. uberis, and that cross‐reactivity exists between encapsulated strains.
First Report of Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease) in Sheep in Morocco
Authors: Benazzi S. , Berrada J. , Schliesser T. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryParatuberculosis (Johne's disease) was suspected in a flock of approximately 1000 sheep after weight losses and scouring had increased in adult animals despite repeated anthelmintic treatment. A total of 10 ewes showing clinical symptoms were submitted to laboratory examination. Gross pathological and histological examination of tissue samples rendered results compatible with Johne's disease in all 10 ewes. The diagnosis could only be confirmed by cultural isolation and identification ofMycobacterium paratuberculosisin the faeces of two ewes. This is considered the first documented isolation ofMycobacterium paratuberculosisin sheep in Morocco.
The Effect of Salinomycin on the Control of Clostridium perfringens Type‐A Infection in Growing Pigs
Authors: Kyriakis S. C. , Sarris K. , Kritas S. K. , Saoulidis K. , Tsinas A. C. , Tsiloyiannis V. K. 
Published: May 2010

SummarySalinomycin (SAL), an ionophorous polyether antibiotic with growth promoter properties in pigs, has proved to be effective in controlling swine dysentery, porcine intestinal adenomatosis, and porcine haemorrhagic enteropathy. This study examines the ability of SAL to controlC. perfringenstype‐A infection in growing pigs under field conditions. For 2 months, two groups of weaned pigs were offered feed either free of antibiotics, or medicated with 60 ppm and 30 ppm SAL for the first and second month respectively, and were compared with regard to their performance. The results showed that, whilst treatment did not have an effect on the mortality of pigs, the duration of pig diarrhoea during the trial period has been markedly reduced in the SAL group. Laboratory examinations have additionally shown that the number of carrier piglets has been reduced by SAL medication. Finally, treated pigs gained more weight and had a better feed‐conversion ratio than untreated pigs during the 2‐month trial period. It was concluded that SAL at the registered dose range, used as performance enhancer, can be helpful in controllingC. perfringenstype‐A infection in growing pigs.
In vitro Efficacy of Cefquinome (INN) and other Anti‐infective Drugs against Bovine Bacterial Isolates from Belgium, France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom
Authors: Böttner A. , Schmid P. , Humke R. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe in vitro antibacterial activity of cefquinome (INN), an aminothiazolyl‐cephalosporin of the fourth generation of cephalosporins, was investigated by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC, μg/ml) for 714 bacterial isolates of bovine origin and comparing it with those of amoxicillin, amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, cephapirin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, kanamycin and oxytetracycline.Drug resistance was determined by using break‐points, which consider the dosage regimen and pharmacokinetics of the veterinary antimicrobials investigated. Cefquinome demonstrated a very high in vitro activity against bacterial isolates of Pasteurella spp., Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Overall, the level of resistance against the different anti‐infectives tested was lowest for cefquinome. For the remaining substances examined, in vitro activity and the level of resistance showed considerable differences.The chemical and pharmaceutical features of cefquinome are discussed.
Bovine Leukaemia‐virus Infection in Costa Rica
Authors: Jiménez C. , Bonilla J. A. , Dolz G. , Rodriguez L. R. , Herrero L. , Bolaños E. , Cortéz M. R. , Moreno E. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe geographical distribution of bovine leukaemia‐virus (BLV)‐infected herds in Costa Rica and the isolation of BLV from cases of enzootic bovine leukosis are presented. It was found that BLV is prevalent throughout the country, affecting mostly dairy cattle (Bos taurus) located in the highlands around the central valley of Costa Rica. By contrast, beef cattle (Bos indicus) raised in the lowlands were affected to a lesser extent. One out of four isolates of BLV obtained from local cattle with lymphosarcomatous tumours was analysed and had similar physical, serological and biological characteristics to a reference strain of BLV isolated in the USA. However, different patterns of recognition of BLV‐protein p24 were observed among naturally infected cattle using the western‐blotting technique.
Rapid Growth and Increased Biomass Yield of Mycobacterium farcinogenes and Some Related Taxa in Broth and Agar Media
Authors: Hamid M. E. , Goodfellow M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA broth medium containing yeast extract (4 g/l), glucose (15 g/l), magnesium sulphate (0.5 g/l), tri‐sodium citrate (1.5 g/l), potassium sulphate (0.5 g/l), ammonium ferric citrate (trace) and buffered with potassium di‐hydrogen phosphate (5 g/l) was formulated and found to support a luxuriant growth of Mycobacterium farcinogenes strains that was superior to the conventional media used before. Similar results were obtained with M. senegalense strains and with representatives of the genera Gordona, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus and Tsukamurella. Out of 13 diverse agar‐based media, M. farcinogenes was found to grow particularly well on Mueller Hinton's medium, followed, in order of decreasing growth rate, by modified Bennett's, DST, tryptic soya and glucose yeast extract agars.
Comparative Studies on Group‐B Streptococci Isolated from Bovine Milk Samples in Thuringia and Hesse
Authors: Bopp V. , Lämmler Ch. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIn this study, 133 streptococci of serological group B, which were isolated from bovine milk samples in Thuringia and Hesse, were serotyped and further characterized. Serotyping of 99 group B streptococci from Thuringia revealed mainly the antigen patterns III, IV, IV/X and NT/X, and serotyping of the cultures from Hesse revealed mainly the antigen patterns IV, IV/X and NT/cα. The occurrence of polysaccharide‐ and protein‐type antigens appeared to be related to various other characteristics of the bacteria. A significant relationship was observed among serotype, growth properties of the bacteria in fluid media and soft agar, and the occurrence of pigmentation. In addition, fibrinogen‐binding properties of the bacteria and the ability to agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes seemed to be related to specific serotypes of the group‐B streptococci. All these data were used to characterize group‐B streptococcal isolates individually. This could be of importance in epidemiological studies and might help to explain the process of infection with this micro‐organism.
Brain Malformations in Ovine Fetuses Associated with the Cytopathogenic Biotype of Bovine Viral‐diarrhoea Virus
Authors: Gruber A. D. , Hewicker‐Trautwein M. , Liess B. , Trautwein G. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA total of six ewes were intravenously inoculated at between 65 and 68 days of gestation with the Indiana strain of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), containing both non‐cytopathogenic (ncp) and cytopathogenic (cp) biotypes. Eight transplacentally infected fetuses were sequentially removed from the infected ewes and were found to have inflammatory lesions and malformations of the brain. BVDV RNA was isolated from formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded brain tissue sections and detected by nested polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription. The two biotypes of BVDV were distinguished by the fact that a sequence insertion in the RNA of the cp biotype of the inoculum results in larger amplicons. Only RNA from cp BVDV was detected in three of the brains removed up to 14 days post‐inoculation (p.i.), and no BVDV RNA was detected after more than 14 days p.i. These findings suggest that, in critical phases of development, cp BVDV may transplacentally infect the ovine fetal brain and cause malformations.
Changes in Bovine Mammary‐secretion Composition During Early Involution Following Intramammary Infusion of Recombinant Bovine Cytokines
Authors: Rejman J.J. , Luther D. A. , Owens W. E. , Nickerson S. C. , Oliver S. P. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThis study was designed to determine whether intramammary infusion of recombinant bovine interleukin‐1 β or interleukin‐2 had any adverse influence on bovine mammary function during the early non‐lactating period. Mammary glands of eight Jersey cows were infused with either 10 μg of interleukin‐1 β or 1.0 mg of interleukin‐2 following abrupt cessation of milking. Mammary secretions from each gland were collected from cows frequently during early involution and evaluated for changes in secretion composition. Percentage of milk fat and solids‐not‐fat during the experimental period was variable for all treatments. Percentage of protein increased throughout the study for all treatments, but mammary glands treated with interleukin‐1 β had higher protein percentages. All interleukin‐treated mammary glands had lower concentrations of lactose than controls. Mammary secretions from interleukin‐1 β treated glands had higher concentrations of lactoferrin at 7 and 14 days of involution. Similarly, mammary secretions from interleukin‐2 treated glands had higher concentrations of serum albumin on day 3 of involution and throughout the remainder of the study. Concentration of citrate and the citrate: lactoferrin molar ratio generally decreased throughout the study for all treatment groups. Concentration of α‐lactalbumin in mammary secretions decreased throughout the study and was not different between treatment groups. Though significant changes in mammary secretion composition due to the presence of cytokines were observed in this study, resulting in an apparent acceleration of involution, there was no indication that these changes adversely affected normal bovine mammary function during the early non‐lactating period.
Gross and Light‐microscopic Features of Ovine Pulmonary Hydatidosis and Verminous Pneumonias in Morocco*
Authors: Bouljihad M. , Berrag B. , Leipold H. W. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryVerminous pneumonias appear to be common in sheep in Morocco, therefore, a systematic study was undertaken to classify the pulmonary changes induced by various parasites in Morocco. A total of 613 pairs of lungs with parasitic pneumonias were diagnosed in 1152 young and adult sheep either slaughtered at two abattoirs in Morocco (487 out of 1152 sheep) or received at necropsy services (126 out of 1152 sheep) over a 15‐month period. Based on gross and microscopic findings, four types of pulmonary changes were classified. Included were those associated with: 1. The larvae of Taenia echinococcus (Echinococcus granulosus (canine tapeworm); 520 out of 613 lungs (84.8%)); 2. Muellerius capillaris (450 out of 613 lungs (79.9%)); 3. Protostrongylus rufescens (375 out of 613 lungs (61.1%)); and 4. Dictyocaulus filaria (285 out of 613 lungs (46.4%)). Mixed infestations, involving the presence of two, three, or four species of parasites in the same lung, were encountered in 325 out of 613 (53%) lungs studied. Red‐to‐brownish consolidated areas, confined to the cranial parts of the lung, were observed frequently in some lungs affected with M. capillaris and P. rufescens. In most of the lungs, co‐existent emphysematous, atelectatic, and abscessed areas were seen.
Is Enterotoxaemia in Grasscutters (Thryonomys swinderianus) Caused by C. perfringens Toxovars?
Authors: Müller W. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIn 1985, in a colony of domesticated grasscutters in Cotonou/Benin (West Africa), an endemic disease that caused severe losses of up to 50 percent of the population was found. The animals regularly showed a necrotic small intestine and strongly reddened and granulated (like a raspberry) Peyer's plaques of the whole small intestine protruding into the intestinal lumen; the latter has never been described in other necrotic enteriditis caused by C. perfringens. In further investigations (Schrägle and Müller, 1989), C. perfringens strains were typed and isolated from the faeces of healthy animals, and 81.6% belonging to the type C were found, a type that causes severe necrotic enteritis in pigs. Two figures show the pathologic‐anatomic findings. Meanwhile, the disease was eradicated by the use of a prophylactic vaccination.
Equine Viral Arteritis with Abortions: Serological and Virological Evidence in Germany
Authors: Eichhorn W. , Heilmann M. , Kaaden O.‐R. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryAn outbreak of clinical disease with abortions, suspected to be equine viral arteritis in Germany was examined serologically and virologically. Three of five animals tested seroconverted to EAV, and EAV was isolated from an aborted fetus. In view of the significant increase in seropositive horses, the need for control measures is emphasized.
Differentiation of Wild‐ and Vaccine‐type Canine Parvoviruses by PCR and Restriction‐enzyme Analysis
Authors: Hirasawa T. , Yono K. , Mikazuki K. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe polymerase‐chain reaction (PCR) and restriction‐fragment‐length‐polymorphism (RFLP) analysis were used to differentiate the wild‐ and vaccine‐type of canine parvovirus (CPV) in Japan. The entire coding region of the CPV genome was enzymatically amplified, and the PCR products of three wild strains and four vaccine strains were analysed using RFLP assay. Then, two polymorphic regions in the VP1/VP2 gene were selected to generate strain‐specific RFLP patterns. By using four restriction enzymes, wild and vaccine strains were clearly differentiated; only two vaccine strains, probably of the same origin, were indistinguishable from each other. The wild strains retained strain‐specific RFLP patterns throughoutin vitropassage, and there was no diversity of RFLP patterns among the different lots of vaccine strains. A total of 21 recent field samples were tested, showing RFLP patterns identical to those of a wild strain isolated in 1991. These results suggest that the PCR‐RFLP analysis is a practical and reliable method of differentiating wild‐ and vaccine‐type CPVs.
Adherence of Haemagglutinating Streptococci of Serological Group B to Alveolar Macrophages of Rabbits
Authors: Bopp V. , Lämmler Ch. , Herrmann G. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIn this study, selected haemagglutination‐positive and haemagglutination‐negative streptococci of serological group B were investigated in HeLa‐cell‐ and alveolar‐macrophage adherence tests. The cultures, isolated from bovine milk samples, had been previously serotyped and further characterized. All haemagglutination‐positive group B streptococci adhered in high numbers to HeLa cells and alveolar‐macrophages of rabbits. Haemagglutination‐negative group B streptococci showed no comparable adherence. The adherence to alveolar‐macrophages of rabbits was further characterized. This adherence appeared to be time‐ and temperature‐dependent and could be inhibited by heat or proteolytic treatment of the bacteria. After opsonization of the bacteria, an adherence to alveolar‐macrophages could also be observed for haemagglutination‐negative group B streptococci, indicating a separate adherence mechanism. The group B streptococcal adherence might represent an important prerequisite for invasion and possibly intracellular survival of this bacterial species.
Clinical and Electroencephalographic Findings of Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Dogs: a Retrospective Study
Authors: Mariscoli M. , Jaggy A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIn the present study medical records of 97 dogs with inflammatory /infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), including 26 dogs with a history of seizures, were retrospectively examined. The aims of the study were to analyse the incidence rate of seizures, to search for criteria to recognize specific inflammatory diseases and to determine how far electroencephalography may be useful in the early confirmation of encephalitis and encephalitis‐associated seizures. The incidence rate of seizures in this dog population was 26.8 %, and dogs with protozoal encephalitis had the highest rate. Signalment, history, extraneural and neurological signs including localization contributed only a little to a specific diagnosis. Surprisingly focal clinical signs were observed in two‐thirds of the dogs. Either focal or multifocal clinical signs were related mainly to the forebrain in dogs with a history of seizures and to the brainstem in dogs without seizures. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses were useful to separate encephalitis from other CNS diseases and to distinguish certain conditions from others in approximately half the cases. Electroencephalography (EEG) revealed two distinct patterns in 25 examined dogs with histopathologically confirmed disease entities, which were characterized by high voltage, slow activity (HVSA) with superimposed low voltage, fast activity (LVFA). These changes were consistent and no significant differences (P > 0.05) between dogs with and without seizures, nor between different disease entities, were noted. However, all the dogs with seizures had in addition a uniform paroxysmal EEG activity with a high voltage (mean = 106.3 μV), fast activity (mean = 8.5 Hz) pattern. Moreover in several dogs from the present study this pattern had a focal distribution despite the fact that clinically seizures appear generalized. Therefore it was concluded that EEG may be a very helpful diagnostic tool to confirm an early diagnosis of encephalitis and to separate potential seizure cases from those without seizures.
Prevalence of Bacterial Enteropathogens in Pet Dogs in Trinidad
Authors: Adesiyun A. A. , Campbell M. , Kaminjolo J. S. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe rectal swabs of diarrhoeic and apparently healthy non‐diarrhoeic dogs presented to a Small Animal Clinic were cultured forEscherichia coli, SalmonellaandCampylobacterand the enteropathogens were characterized. Overall, of 130 dogs divided equally into two groups consisting of 65 diarrhoeic and 65 non‐diarrhoeic dogs, 99 (76.2%), 6 (4.6%) and 18 (13.8%) were positive forE. coli, SalmonellaandCampylobacter, respectively. The differences were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05; χ2). The prevalences of the enteropathogens in diarrhoeic and non‐diarrhoeic dogs were not statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05; χ2). Diarrhoea was significantly (P ≤ 0.01; χ2) more prevalent in dogs less than 6 months of age and 7 months to 1 year old than in dogs older than 1 year. The prevalences ofSalmonella, E. coliand enteropathogenicE. coli(EPEC) strains were not significantly (P ≤ 0.05; χ2) associated with age but the prevalence ofCampylobacterinfection was significantly (P ≤ 0.01; χ2) higher in dogs less than 1 year old (25.0%) than in older dogs (5.4%). Of 99E. colistrains tested, three (3.0%), four (4.0%), five (5.1%) and 20 (20.2%) were haemolytic, non‐sorbitol fermenters, verocytotoxigenic (VT) and EPEC strains, respectively. Resistance to tetracycline (59.6%) and ampicillin (50.5%) was most prevalent and significantly (P ≤ 0.01; χ2) higher than to six other antimicrobial agents.
Electroencephaloghic Findings of Encephalitis in Beagle Dogs Experimentally Infected with Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)
Authors: Accatino A. , Jaggy A. , Gaillard C. , Aeschbacher G. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe present research study had two goals. Firstly, the effect of medetomidine/propofol on the electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings of nine SPF dogs was analysed. It was found that the basic pooled pattern of EEG recordings was characterized by a mean amplitude of 28 uV (range = 15–70 uV) and mean frequency of 1.8 Hz (range = 1–2.5 Hz), with superimposed low voltage (amplitude range = 4–20 uV; mean 14 uV) and fast activity (frequency range = 10–27 Hz; mean 18 Hz). All results were significantly constant (P < 0.05) and accurately reproducible (R = 0.70).The second goal was to investigate the value of EEG findings from dogs experimentally infected with canine distemper virus (CDV) under the same anaesthetic conditions, for the diagnosis of encephalitis. It was found that the EEG traces were characterized by high voltage, slow activity (HVSA) with superimposed low voltage, fast activity (LVFA). By comparing the mean values of amplitude and frequency for each single phase at different time intervals, it was found that only the mean value of the superimposed frequency was linearly distributed and changed significantly (P < 0.001). Thus, at least three readings should be taken from phase III of the EEG recording in order to obtain accurate values. The study has shown that electroencephalography can supply valuable information in cases of CDV encephalitis and can assist greatly in the differential diagnosis.
Study on the Suitability of Sow Colostrum for the Serological Diagnosis of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
Authors: Eichhorn G. , Frost J. W. 
Published: May 2010

SummarySerum and colostrum from 73 sows were collected. The serum samples were tested by Immuno Peroxidase Monolayer Assay (IPMA) and the corresponding colostrum samples with the indirect Immuno Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) technique. All serum positive sows were colostrum positive and all colostrum negative were serum negative. Eight sows only reacted positively in the colostral testing. Compared to the serum standard test the specificity was 82.6% and the sensitivity 100%. The observed agreement between both tests was 89.2%. In addition all serum samples were also tested with the IF test (IFT). Of the eight sows which were negative in the IPMA serum test and positive in the IFA colostrum test, three were found positive when the serum was tested with IFA. Consequently, the observed agreement was higher at 93.2%.After the suitability of colostrum for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) diagnosis was demonstrated, 1915 colostrum samples collected from 135 different farms were tested in a comparative study with the IPMA and IFA techniques. Of the 1915 colostrum samples 139 were positive with both IPMA and IFA. With IPMA only, 43 samples were positive compared with 192 samples found positive with the IFA technique. A total of 1541 samples were negative in both tests. The observed agreement between both tests was 87.5%. The quotient of the observed agreement minus chance agreement and the maximum possible agreement beyond chance level (Kappa Quotient) was 0.49.In 90% of the farms that tested IFA positive there was a seroconversion of more than 50% of all colostrum tested. By comparison only 29% of the IPMA positive farms were positive with more than 50%.Based on the epidemiological findings on PRRS it was concluded that the IFA technique indicates a higher sensitivity for the detection of PRRS virus antibodies in sow colostrum. Finally the possible advantages and disadvantages of sow colostrum testing and serum testing are discussed.