bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childhood trauma increases the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in response to first-episode psychosis
Authors: Bendall Sarah , Alvarez-Jimenez Mario , Hulbert Carol A , McGorry Patrick D , Jackson Henry J 
Published: January 2012

Objective: To investigate the relationship between childhood trauma, post-traumatic stress symptoms due to the experience of childhood trauma, and post-traumatic stress symptoms due to the experience of psychosis. Method: The current study assessed childhood trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as a result of both childhood trauma and psychosis using the Impact of Events Scale - Revised, in a group of 36 people with first-episode psychosis. Results: Reported rates of clinical level post-psychotic PTSD symptoms, childhood trauma and childhood trauma-related clinical level PTSD symptoms were 47% (95% CI 31–64%), 64% (95% CI 48–80%) and 39% (95% CI 23–55%), respectively. Reporting childhood trauma increased the risk of developing post-psychosis PTSD 27-fold (95% CI 2.96–253.80, p = 0.01). Having childhood trauma-related PTSD increased the risk of developing post-psychosis PTSD 20-fold (95% CI 3.38–123.25, p = 0.01). These risks were not explained by illness factors such as duration of untreated psychosis, age of onset or severity of psychotic symptoms. Those without post-psychotic PTSD symptoms at clinical levels were unlikely to report childhood trauma (6%; 95% CI 3–8%). Conclusions: These results suggest the cognitive, social and biological consequences of childhood trauma can prevent effective recovery from the trauma of acute first-episode psychosis resulting in post-psychotic PTSD. Treatment strategies for post-psychotic PTSD must address childhood trauma and related PTSD.
Frontotemporal dementia as a frontostriatal disorder: Neostriatal morphology as a biomarker and structural basis for an endophenotype
Authors: Looi Jeffrey CL , Walterfang Mark , Velakoulis Dennis , Macfarlane Matthew D , Svensson Leif Anders , Wahlund Lars-Olof 
Published: January 2012

Objective: This article reviews the evidence for a re-conceptualisation of a subtype of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), as a frontostriatal disorder, working towards an endophenotype. Method: We provide an overview of the role of frontostriatal circuits relevant to FTLD and FTD, as a subset of larger-scale distributed brain networks. We discuss the role of a strategic structure in these circuits, the neostriatum. Then we review the relationship of the clinical features of FTLD to frontostriatal circuits, correlating this with neuropsychological and neuropathological data. Conclusion: The unique structure and linkages of the neostriatum make it an ideal structure for in vivo neuroimaging to understand the neuroanatomical basis of FTD. We develop a frontostriatal endophenotypic model for FTD as a platform for further investigation.
Duration of assertive community treatment and the interpretation of routine outcome data
Authors: Kortrijk Hans E , Mulder Cornelis L , Drukker Marjan , Wiersma Durk , Duivenvoorden Hugo J 
Published: January 2012

Objective: Statistical inferences based on routine outcome monitoring data are susceptible to biases. Because this process may be influenced by differences in attrition and treatment duration, we wished to gain an insight into the relationship between treatment duration and clinical outcome. Method: We enrolled 569 assertive community treatment (ACT) team patients. As part of a six-monthly routine outcome monitoring (ROM) procedure, we used the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale, the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS), and a scale to assess their treatment motivation and satisfaction with services. Duration of ACT showed that treatment duration was short for 292 patients [≤ three ROM assessments; 11.6 months (SD = 6.1)], medium for 191 [four to six ROM assessments; 26.9 months (SD = 7.3)], and long for 86 [≥ seven ROM assessments; 44.06 months (SD=7.1)]. Chi-square and ANOVA were used to compare patient characteristics and baseline values across different treatment duration groups, and structural equation modelling was used to unravel interdependencies between the baseline and outcome variables. Results: More patients receiving long-term ACT were diagnosed with a psychotic disorder and/or substance abuse than those whose treatment was shorter. Patients whose treatment lasted longer had worse baseline GAF and HoNOS scores than those whose treatment was shorter. Structural equation modelling showed that the interdependencies between determinants and outcome variables (concerning the relationships between both identical and non-identical variables over time) were different for each of the treatment duration categories. Conclusions: Patients in ACT teams with different treatment durations constitute distinguishable groups with different outcomes. This should be taken into account when using outcome data for benchmarking purposes.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in combination with citalopram in young patients with first-episode major depressive disorder: A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial
Authors: Huang Man-li , Luo Ben-yan , Hu Jian-bo , Wang Shan-Shan , Zhou Wei-hua , Wei Ning , Hu Shao-hua , Xu Yi 
Published: January 2012

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) started with citalopram in first-episode young major depressive patients. Methods: In a 2-week double-blind study with a 2-week extended antidepressant phase, 60 first-episode young major depressive patients were randomly assigned to citalopram in combination with 2 weeks of either active or sham rTMS treatment. During the following 2 weeks, the patients continued only the citalopram treatment. The 17-item Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD-17) and Montgomery–Asberg depression rating scale (MADRS) were used to assess the severity of depression. Moreover, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Trail-Making Test (TMT), and Stroop Color–Word Test (SCWT) were used to assess executive function. Results: (1) There was a significantly greater number of early improvers (a reduction of HAMD-17 score ≥20% within the first 2 weeks) observed in the active rTMS group compared to the sham group (57% vs. 29%, χ2=4.667, p=0.031). (2) There was no significant difference observed in responder rates (46% vs. 36%, χ2=0.295, p=0.586) or in remission rates (39% vs. 29%, χ2=0.319, p=0.572) between the two groups at 4 weeks. (3) There was a significant difference seen in both HAMD-17 and MADRS scores between the two groups at 2 and 4 weeks. The active rTMS group showed a significantly faster score reduction compared to the sham group at 2 weeks (HAMD-17, t=13.444, p=0.001; MADRS, t=30.123, p=0.000), which was maintained at 4 weeks on both scales (HAMD-17, t=46.915, p=0.000; MADRS, t=39.996, p=0.000). (4) The patients did not deteriorate in executive performance, and even improved in categories on WCST and completed TMT faster in the active group. Conclusions: rTMS accelerated the rapidity of the antidepressant response in first-episode young depressive patients. Our results call for future rTMS studies with larger sample sizes, high intensity of stimuli, and longer duration to draw more definitive conclusions.
Mania, homicide and severe violence
Authors: Nielssen Olav B , Malhi Gin S , Large Matthew M 
Published: January 2012

Background: Mania has been reported to be a risk factor for aggression and violence in psychiatric hospitals, but the extent of any association between mania and severe interpersonal violence in community settings is not known. Aim: To examine the association between mania and severe violence in a series of patients found not guilty by reason of mental illness (NGMI). Methods: A review of the court documents of those found NGMI of offences involving severe violence, including homicide, attempted homicide and assault causing wounding or serious injury, in New South Wales between 1992 and 2008. Results: Twelve of 272 people found NGMI were in a manic state when they committed a severe violence offence. Ten were diagnosed with schizo-affective disorder and two with bipolar disorder. Three patients were in the depressed phase of schizo-affective disorder and there were no patients in the depressed phase of bipolar disorder. Conclusion: Mania, in particular the manic phase of bipolar disorder, is not strongly associated with severe violence.
Human adjuvant disease induced by foreign substances: a new model of ASIA (Shoenfeld's syndrome)
Authors: Vera-Lastra O , Medina G , Cruz-Dominguez M del Pilar , Ramirez P , Gayosso-Rivera JA , Anduaga-Dominguez H , Lievana-Torres C , Jara LJ 
Published: January 2012

Objective: To investigate the clinical, laboratory and histological manifestations of patients who received illegal injections of foreign substances for cosmetic purposes. Patients and methods: We studied patients who met the following inclusion criteria: 1) history of application of foreign substances for cosmetic purposes, 2) clinical data of autoimmune disease or non-specific autoimmune manifestation (i.e. arthralgias, myalgia, malaise, fever, and weight loss), 3) detection of autoantibodies in patients’ sera, 4) histological evidence of chronic inflammation and/or granulomatous reaction to foreign body. Results: Fifty female patients aged 44.4 ± 10 years were studied. The mean time between application of foreign substances and onset of symptoms was 4.5 ± 4.3 years. Patients were followed for 12 ± 7.5 years. Forty-one patients were injected with mineral oil, nine patients received other substances: three iodine gadital, one guayacol, one guayacol plus silicone fluid, two collagen, two silicone fluid. The sites of application were: buttocks (36), legs and/or thighs (11), breasts (eight) hands and face (one), face (two) (seven patients received an injection to more than one site). Thirty patients presented with non-specific autoimmune manifestations, whereas 20 patients fulfilled the criteria for a defined autoimmune disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, overlap syndrome, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thyroiditis, autoimmune hepatitis, and ulcerative colitis. Conclusions: Cases of human adjuvant disease following illegal injections of oil substances for cosmetic purposes are reported. Patients presented with defined autoimmune diseases as well as with non-specific autoimmune manifestations. Illegal injection of these substances could lead to serious local and systemic complications, even to death. These cases represent another model of Autoimmune/inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants (ASIA). The use of these substances should be prohibited.
Autoimmunity following Hepatitis B vaccine as part of the spectrum of ‘Autoimmune (Auto-inflammatory) Syndrome induced by Adjuvants’ (ASIA): analysis of 93 cases
Authors: Zafrir Y , Agmon-Levin N , Paz Z , Shilton T , Shoenfeld Y 
Published: January 2012

Objectives: In this study we analyzed the clinical and demographic manifestations among patients diagnosed with immune/autoimmune-mediated diseases post-hepatitis B vaccination. We aimed to find common denominators for all patients, regardless of different diagnosed diseases, as well as the correlation to the criteria of Autoimmune (Auto-inflammatory) Syndrome induced by Adjuvants (ASIA). Patients and methods: We have retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 114 patients, from different centers in the USA, diagnosed with immune-mediated diseases following immunization with hepatitis-B vaccine (HBVv). All patients in this cohort sought legal consultation. Of these, 93/114 patients diagnosed with disease before applying for legal consultation were included in the study. All medical records were evaluated for demographics, medical history, number of vaccine doses, peri-immunization adverse events and clinical manifestations of diseases. In addition, available blood tests, imaging results, treatments and outcomes were recorded. Signs and symptoms of the different immune-mediated diseases were grouped according to the organ or system involved. ASIA criteria were applied to all patients. Results: The mean age of 93 patients was 26.5 ± 15 years; 69.2% were female and 21% were considered autoimmune susceptible. The mean latency period from the last dose of HBVv and onset of symptoms was 43.2 days. Of note, 47% of patients continued with the immunization program despite experiencing adverse events. Manifestations that were commonly reported included neuro-psychiatric (70%), fatigue (42%) mucocutaneous (30%), musculoskeletal (59%) and gastrointestinal (50%) complaints. Elevated titers of autoantibodies were documented in 80% of sera tested. In this cohort 80/93 patients (86%), comprising 57/59 (96%) adults and 23/34 (68%) children, fulfilled the required criteria for ASIA. Conclusions: Common clinical characteristics were observed among 93 patients diagnosed with immune-mediated conditions post-HBVv, suggesting a common denominator in these diseases. In addition, risk factors such as history of autoimmune diseases and the appearance of adverse event(s) during immunization may serve to predict the risk of post-immunization diseases. The ASIA criteria were found to be very useful among adults with post-vaccination events. The application of the ASIA criteria to pediatric populations requires further study.
Influenza vaccination can induce new-onset anticardiolipins but not β2-glycoprotein-I antibodies among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Vista ES , Crowe SR , Thompson LF , Air GM , Robertson JM , Guthridge JM , James JA 
Published: January 2012

Background: Antiphospholipid syndrome is characterized by autoantibodies against cardiolipins (aCL), lupus anticoagulant, and independent β2-glycoprotein (β2GPI). Controversy exists as to whether vaccination triggers the development of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: Patients with SLE (101) and matched controls (101) were enrolled from 2005–2009 and received seasonal influenza vaccinations. Sera were tested by ELISA for aCL at baseline, 2, 6, and 12 weeks after vaccination. Vaccine responses were ranked according to an overall anti-influenza antibody response index. Individuals with positive aCL were further tested for β2GPI antibodies. Results: Patients with SLE and healthy controls can develop new-onset aCL post vaccination, although at rates which do not differ between patients and controls (12/101 cases and 7/101 controls, OR 1.81, p = 0.34). New-onset moderate aCL are slightly enriched in African American SLE patients (5/36 cases; p = 0.094). The optical density measurements for aCL reactivity in patients were significantly higher than baseline at 2 weeks ( p < 0.05), 6 weeks ( p < 0.05), and 12 weeks ( p < 0.05) post vaccination. No new β2GPI antibodies were detected among patients with new aCL reactivity. Vaccine response was not different between patients with and without new-onset aCL reactivity ( p = 0.43). Conclusions: This study shows transient increases in aCL, but not anti-β2GPI responses, after influenza vaccination.
Oily adjuvants and autoimmunity: now time for reconsideration?
Authors: Whitehouse M 
Published: January 2012

Immunologists have relied heavily on oil-based adjuvants to generate antibodies or induce auto-allergic responses in experimental animals. These are rarely used today for human vaccination because of their persistent irritancies and propensity to cause ulcers at sites of injection. However oily materials with adjuvant properties abound in our modern environment, both personal and extraneous. Their inadvertent impact as cryptotoxins may contribute to the rising incidence of auto-allergic diseases in recent times. Experimentally, the potential adjuvanticity of various oils, fats and other lipids can be evaluated by their ability (or otherwise) to induce auto-allergic disease(s) in rats and mice with, or even without, the addition of a mycobacterial immunostimulant. Genetic factors have been recognized that determine an animal’s susceptibility or resistance to these oil-induced immunopathies. So it may be profitable to further characterize these factors, first in animals and then perhaps in human populations, to help find ways to enhance natural resistance to those adjuvant-active oils that may be widely distributed in the personal environment, notably mineral oil(s). (The six tables in this article summarize some relevant facts and a few conjectures.) A caveat: This review is restricted to the adjuvant properties of some oils in the personal environment. It does not cover the mechanisms of adjuvanticity2.
Pathways to practice: overseas trained psychiatrists’ experiences of the processes involved in commencing professional practice in Australasia
Authors: Huthwaite Mark , Short Jacqueline , Garg Vikas 
Published: January 2012

Objective: There are significant shortages in the psychiatric workforce in Australasia, particularly in the rural and remote regions of Australia and New Zealand. In response to these shortages, mental health services have recruited large numbers of overseas trained psychiatrists (OTP). These are specialist psychiatrists, trained and recognised as such in other countries. Our objective was to ascertain how OTPs experience the processes of commencing professional practice in Australasia. Method: OTPs were surveyed to identify the pathways to obtaining specialist registration and College Fellowship in Australasia and to explore their experiences as they engaged in this process. Results: Although limited by a low response rate, the data does highlight a level of discontentment among those OTPs surveyed. The key issues identified related to the examination process, poor communication between different agencies (including the RANZCP), visa and residency related issues, medical board registration difficulties and notable differences between Australia and New Zealand. Conclusion: There is a negative perception among OTPs regarding the existing pathways to registration as specialist psychiatrists and the attainment of Fellowship. We submit that the RANZCP has a central and important role in resolving some of the underlying issues and supporting OTPs as vital and valued members of the workforce in Australia and New Zealand.
Cause for caution: culture, sensitivity and the World Mental Health Survey Initiative
Authors: Rosenman Stephen 
Published: January 2012

Objective: This paper examines the cultural grounding and sensitivity in the concept, implementation, instrumentation and findings of the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative (WHO-WMS). Conclusions: The WHO-WMS Initiative is managed by agencies in Boston and Geneva and covers 28 sites in 27 nations worldwide. It uses the Composite International Diagnostic Instrument (CIDI) translated to make diagnoses in 150,000 people. A large body of potentially influential data has been produced. The Initiative assumes that psychopathology is universal and not culturally determined. This assumption cannot be safely sustained. As a result, survey findings using ethnocentrically Western instruments and diagnoses may be uninterpretable, yet may misdirect policy and treatment. There are cautions here for ethnically and linguistically diverse nations such as Australia and New Zealand.
Examining the utility of the Black Dog Institute’s online Mood Assessment Program in clinical practice
Authors: Parker Gordon , Orman Jan 
Published: January 2012

Objective: To examine qualitatively the usefulness of the Mood Assessment Program (MAP) 12 months after an online version for patients was made available for access by Australian health practitioners. Method: The MAP requires all those completing it to provide their observations on its ease of completion. In mid-2011, we also initiated a satisfaction study among current MAP referrers, with responses received from professionals (psychologists, general practitioners, psychiatrists and social workers). Results: Feedback from nearly 10,000 patients indicated that the great majority judged the MAP as straightforward to complete. Only 9% of professionals surveyed offered judgments about the utility of the MAP and we capture their judgments. Conclusion: Responses supported the acceptability of the MAP by patients and its utility to clinicians in relation to diagnostic and formulation issues, as well as in advancing communication between practitioners and their patients. In addition, the MAP has been shown to improve efficiency and time management in assessing those with a mood disorder.
The life and music of Alexander Scriabin: megalomania revisited
Authors: Starcevic Vladan 
Published: January 2012

Objective: To shed more light on the relationship between the grandiosity of the Russian composer Alexander Scriabin (1872–1915) and his creative output, and discuss its implications for psychopathology. Conclusions: Scriabin was a highly original composer, who brought innovations to the idiom of music. He firmly believed that music and philosophy were inseparable and that music was only a vehicle for expressing ideas and emotional states. As Scriabin was getting more preoccupied with mysticism and as he was developing a belief that his mission was to save the world through his art, his music became more esoteric. Over the last five years of his life, he composed relatively little, as he was working on a supergrandiose project that he never completed. Scriabin’s grandiosity, which had delusional qualities, might have diminished his creativity towards the end of his life and contributed to his destructive fantasies. All along, his social façade was well preserved and he was not noted to exhibit overt psychotic behaviour, suggesting an encapsulated delusional megalomania. The implications of megalomania, especially in creative or otherwise influential individuals, are briefly discussed.
Building capacity in identification and management of mood disorders: an Australia–Sri Lanka collaboration
Authors: Blignault Ilse , Manicavasagar Vijaya , Parker Gordon , Wijeratne Chanaka , Sumathipala Athula 
Published: January 2012

Objective: This paper describes a collaborative capacity-building project in the identification and management of mood disorders, involving the Black Dog Institute in Sydney, Australia, and several organizations in Sri Lanka, and presents the qualitative evaluation findings. Method: The two-year project comprised an initial intensive educational program delivered at the Institute with follow-up via email and an online forum (Phase 1), and continuing collaboration with the eight Sri Lankan clinicians and their respective organizations to build awareness of mood disorders and train others in Sri Lanka (Phase 2). Results: The eight trainees planned and executed several joint and separate activities during Phase 2, with an emphasis on raising awareness of mood disorders and health professional training. Evaluations of the local training activities were very positive. Conclusions: The collaborative, systematic and systemic approach, and the train-the-trainer model adopted, has worked well. This project has built capacity in mood disorders among mental health clinicians in Sri Lanka, including those working in primary care. It has contributed to the implementation of national mental health policy, strengthened local networks and established new connections with Australian institutions. ‘North–south’ collaborations such as this would make good investments for international bodies and development agencies.