bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A multidimensional positive definite remapping algorithm for arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian methods
Authors: Hill Ryan N. , Szmelter Joanna 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA second‐order conservative sign‐preserving remapping scheme for arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) methods is developed utilising concepts of the multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm (MPDATA). The algorithm is inherently multidimensional, and so does not introduce splitting errors. The remapping is implemented in a two‐dimensional, finite element ALE solver employing staggered quadrilateral meshes. The MPDATA remapping uses a finite volume discretisation developed for volume coordinates. It is applied for the remapping of density and internal energy arranged as cell centered, and velocity as nodal, dependent variables.The numerical investigations include an asymptotic mesh convergence study and comparisons of MPDATA with remapping based upon the van Leer MUSCL algorithm. Theoretical considerations are supported with examples involving idealised cases with prescribed mesh movement for advection of scalars, and single material ALE solutions for benchmarks of the Explosion and Noh problems. The latter illustrates an optional wall heating treatment naturally arising from the properties of MPDATA. The results demonstrate the advantages of fully multidimensional remapping, and show that the properties of MPDATA remapping are retained for fields with arbitrary sign. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Manganese enhancement in non‐CNS organs
Authors: Lee Li‐Wen , So Po‐Wah , Price Anthony N. , Parkinson James R. C. , Larkman David J. , Halliday Jane , Poucher Simon M. , Pugh John A. T. , Cox Alan G. , McLeod Cameron W. , Bell Jimmy D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractManganese‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) is a novel imaging technique capable of monitoring calcium influx, in vivo. Manganese (Mn2+) ions, similar to calcium ions (Ca2+), are taken up by activated cells where their paramagnetic properties afford signal enhancement in T1‐weighted MRI methodologies. In this study we have assessed Mn2+ distribution in mice using magnetization‐prepared rapid gradient echo (MP‐RAGE) based MRI, by measuring changes in T1–effective relaxation times (T1‐eff), effective R1‐relaxation rates (R1‐eff) and signal intensity (SI) profiles over time. The manganese concentration in the tissue was also determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES). Our results show a strong positive correlation between infused dose of MnCl2 and the tissue manganese concentration. Furthermore, we demonstrate a linear relationship between R1‐eff and tissue manganese concentration and tissue‐specific Mn2+ distribution in murine tissues following dose‐dependent Mn2+ administration. This data provides an optimized MnCl2 dose regimen for an MP‐RAGE based sequence protocol for specific target organs and presents a potential 3D MRI technique for in vivo imaging of Ca2+ entry during Ca2+‐dependent processes in a wide range of tissues. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fundamental studies of molecular depth profiling using organic delta layers as model systems
Authors: Lu C. , Wucher A. , Winograd N. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAlternating Langmuir–Blodgett multilayers of barium arachidate (AA) and barium dimyristoyl phosphatidate (DMPA) were used to elucidate the factors that control depth resolution in molecular depth profiling experiments. More specifically, thin (4.4 nm) layers of DMPA were embedded in relatively thick (∼50 nm) multilayer stacks of AA, resulting in a well‐defined delta‐layer model system closely resembling a biological membrane. This system was subjected to a three‐dimensional imaging depth profile analysis using a focused buckminsterfullerene (C60) cluster ion beam. The depth response function measured in these experiments exhibits similar features as those determined in inorganic depth profiling: namely, an asymmetric shape with quasi‐exponential leading and trailing edges and a central Gaussian peak. The magnitude of the corresponding characteristic rise and decay lengths is found to be 5 and 16 nm, respectively, while the total half width of the response function characterizing the apparent depth resolution was about 29 nm. Ion‐induced mixing is proposed to be largely responsible for the broadening, rather than topography, as determined by atomic force microscopy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating the effect of temperature on depth profiles of biological material using ToF‐SIMS
Authors: Piwowar A. , Fletcher J. , Lockyer N. , Vickerman J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this study we examine the depth profiles of two bio‐materials, an amino acid (arginine) and a polypeptide (Gly‐Gly‐Tyr‐Arg), to observe the effects of temperature on sample analysis with time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS). The samples were prepared as dried droplet films on silicon and were analyzed at room temperature (300 K) and at cryogenic temperatures (100 K). Under cryogenic analysis conditions, molecular ion yields at the steady state increased by factors of 1.8 and 5 for arginine and the tetrapeptide respectively compared to analysis at room temperature. Increases are also observed in arginine dimer and trimer ion formation by factors of 6 and 5 respectively, while the lower mass fragment ions investigated did not change in intensity by more than 30%. Further analysis of the results show that the decrease in the steady state ion yield with primary ion fluence at 300 K is reduced when analyzed at 100 K, indicating a decrease in chemical damage. These results suggest that analysis under cryogenic conditions provides several benefits for the analysis of biological compounds and hence for 3D molecular imaging of cells and tissue. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new approach to measuring D/H ratios with the Cameca IMS‐7F
Authors: Liu Rong , Hull Sharon , Fayek Mostafa 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSIMS offers spatial resolution on the scale of micrometers and consumes an exceedingly small amount of sample. In addition, easy sample preparation, rapid analysis and high sensitivity allow SIMS to be applied to hydrous minerals. Hydrogen isotopes normally can be measured as negative or positive secondary ions using either a Cs+ or an O− primary ion beam, respectively. The hydrogen negative secondary ion yields are only marginally higher than hydrogen positive secondary ion yields. There are advantages and disadvantages to using either method to analyze hydrogen isotopes by SIMS. For insulating samples, O− is commonly used to avoid using the electron gun. The main disadvantage in using an O− beam is hydride interference (H2+) associated with deuterium (D) that must be resolved using a mass resolving power of ∼1000–2000. We have developed a method where we combine a lower mass resolution and a small voltage offset to obtain rapid (12 min), high‐precision (∼2‰, 2σ) D/H ratios in turquoise using a Cameca IMS‐7F ion microprobe. This technique can be applied to a variety of hydrous minerals in geological materials. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ToF‐SIMS imaging and spectroscopic analyses of PEG‐conjugated AuNPs
Authors: Shon Hyun Kyong , Son Miyoung , Park Kyong Mi , Rhee Choong Kyun , Song Nam Woong , Park Hyun Min , Moon Dae Won , Lee Tae Geol 
Published: May 2010

AbstractGold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are known safe materials to be used in vivo, and so, are becoming increasingly important in biomedical applications. Here, the stability of PEG‐conjugated AuNPs in an aqueous solution was monitored as a function of time using several techniques, namely dynamic light scattering (DLS)‐size analysis, UV‐visible absorption spectrometry and ToF‐SIMS. Roughly 15‐nm‐sized AuNPs were synthesized and pegylated with mPEG (MW = 5 kDa). Four different samples were synthesized, depending on whether or not a dialysis procedure was performed right after synthesis of the AuNPs or pegylation of the AuNPs. The DLS results show that size of mPEG‐conjugated AuNPs and standard deviation increased in cases where a dialysis procedure was performed after pegylation of the AuNPs, indicating aggregation of the AuNPs due to the detachment of mPEG ligands from the surface of the AuNPs. Also, results from UV‐visible absorption spectra and ToF‐SIMS images point to the likelihood that free mPEG ligands in solution help prevent aggregation by maintaining a dynamic equilibrium between the conjugated ligands on the surface of the AuNPs and the free ligands in the aqueous solution. Conversely, once free, mPEG ligands were eliminated from the solution by dialysis and conjugated mPEG ligands detached from the surface of AuNPs into the solution, suspension stability lowered and the AuNPs showed signs of aggregation. We believe that the ToF‐SIMS imaging analysis with DLS and UV‐visible absorption analyses would be useful to study the stability of PEG‐conjugated AuNPs in different environmental conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient and Family Experiences and Opinions on Adding 22q11 Deletion Syndrome to the Newborn Screen
Authors: Bales Abigail M. , Zaleski Christina A. , McPherson Elizabeth W. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract22q11 deletion syndrome (22qDS) has recently been proposed for addition to the newborn screening panel in Wisconsin and it seems likely that it may soon be considered in other states as well. Input from patients with 22qDS and their family was gathered from 21 phone interviews. Cardiac, palate, hypocalcemia, and multiple anomalies were common reasons for involved patients to be diagnosed, though age at diagnosis ranged from birth to adulthood. Many commented on their struggles with 22qDS, including worries about the future and the patient's independence. In general, respondents favored newborn screening for 22qDS because it would help prevent some medical problems, increase access to services, explain existing problems, and identify mild cases. However, a minority expressed reservations, including concerns that it would disrupt bonding, could be too costly, and would not be useful for mild cases.
Decreasing the Linoleic Acid to α‐Linolenic Acid Diet Ratio Increases Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Erythrocytes in Adults
Authors: Wien Michelle , Rajaram Sujatha , Oda Keiji , Sabaté Joan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe n‐6/n‐3 fatty acid (FA) ratio has increased in the Western‐style diet to ~10–15:1 during the last century, which may have contributed to the rise in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Prior studies have evaluated the effects on CVD risk factors of manipulating the levels of n‐6 and n‐3 FA using food and supplements or investigated the metabolic fate of linoleic acid (LNA) and α‐linolenic acid (ALA) by varying the n‐6/n‐3 ratios. However, no previous studies have investigated the potential interaction between diet ratios and supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3). We used a factorial design approach with adults (n = 24) in a controlled feeding trial to compare the accretion of EPA and DHA into red blood cell membranes (RBC) by adding a direct source (algal oil supplement) of EPA and DHA in a diet with a 10:1 versus 2:1 ratio of n‐6/n‐3 FA. Subjects were randomized into 8‐week crossover diet sequences and each subject consumed three of four diets [10:1, 10:1 plus supplement (10:1 + S), 2:1 and 2:1 + S]. LNA and ALA intakes were 9.4 and 7.7%, and 1.0 and 3.0% during the low and high ALA diets, respectively. Compared to the Western‐style 10:1 diet, the 2:1 diet increased EPA by 60% (P < 0.0001) in RBC membranes without the direct EPA source and a 34% increase (P = 0.027) was observed with the 10:1 + S diet; however, DHA levels increased in both diet ratios only with a direct DHA source. Shifting towards a 2:1 diet is a valid alternative to taking EPA‐containing supplements.
Incidence and Significance of Inconclusive Results in Ultrasound for Appendicitis in Children and Teenagers
Authors: Jaremko Jacob L. , Crockett Ann , Rucker Diana , Magnus Kenneth G. 
Published: May 2010

Purpose Frustratingly, sonography to assess for appendicitis in children often leads to an inconclusive report (eg, “suspicious for appendicitis”) or nonvisualization of the appendix. To aid in planning who to image and how to interpret the results, we investigated whether these 2 results were more frequent in teenagers than preteens and the prevalence of appendicitis associated with each result. Methods We retrospectively reviewed sonographic and surgical findings in patients <18 years ( n = 189) referred with clinical suspicion of appendicitis over a 12-month period. Children (≤12.0 years old; n = 86) and teens (>12.0 years old; n = 103) were compared. Results Prevalence of appendicitis was 34% in each group, similar to other centres; 0% for those with negative ultrasound reports (0/35), 10% for nonvisualized appendix (8/84), 68% for inconclusive report (15/22), and 85% for positive ultrasound (41/48). Teens were significantly more likely to have an inconclusive ultrasound. Inconclusive reports were because of borderline findings (eg, appendix size near 6 mm; 9/22), body habitus, bowel gas, or unusual findings due in retrospect to perforation. The rate of nonvisualization of the appendix did not vary significantly with age (42% vs 47%). Conclusion An inconclusive result of ultrasound for appendicitis was significantly more frequent in teens than in preteens and carried a high (68%) likelihood of appendicitis. Conversely, a nonvisualized appendix was equally frequent in teens and preteens, and had a low likelihood of appendicitis (only 10% positive). These findings encourage the use of ultrasound in preteens in particular and can assist interpretation of these common results.
Tiefenpsychologische Aspekte der Sucht
Authors: Gross Werner 
Published: May 2010

Einleitung
Unter einem tiefenpsychologischen Blickwinkel geht es in dem Aufsatz um die Frage, welche Faktoren eine Suchtentwicklung beeinflussen, ob es so etwas wie eine „Suchtpersönlichkeit“ gibt und durch was sie charakterisiert ist. Da es nicht „die“ Ursache von Sucht gibt, wird unter einem ganzheitlichen Blickwinkel eine ganze Reihe von Faktoren diskutiert, welche die Entwicklung von Sucht begründen oder beeinflussen. Dazu zählen genetische und konstitutionelle Faktoren ebenso wie frühkindliche Situation, Familientradition und Peer-Group. Weiterhin relevant sind kritische Lebensereignisse und Lebensstil des süchtigen Menschen.
Rauschtrinken – ein jugendkulturelles Phänomen
Authors: Stauber Barbara 
Published: May 2010

Einleitung
Rauschtrinken wird in der hier skizzierten Studie als ein jugendkulturelles Phänomen betrachtet, mit dem Jungen und Mädchen einige der Anforderungen in den Übergängen zum Erwachsensein bewältigen. Um subjektive und kollektive Sinnstrukturen des Rauschtrinkens herauszuarbeiten, wurde ein qualitatives Forschungsdesign angewendet. Zentrale Aspekte des Rauschtrinkens sind danach die Gestaltung von Peer- und Geschlechterbeziehungen, die Aushandlung von Verantwortung, das Einüben von Risikokompetenz.
Reducing the risk of infection in the elderly by dietary intake of yoghurt fermented withLactobacillus delbrueckiissp.bulgaricusOLL1073R-1
Authors: Makino Seiya , Ikegami Shuji , Kume Akinori , Horiuchi Hiroshi , Sasaki Hajime , Orii Naoki 
Published: May 2010

Immune senescence potentially leads to an increased risk of infections. It is desirable to augment the immune system and protect against infections by daily consumption of immunostimulatory food. The present study evaluated whether the intake of yoghurt fermented withLactobacillus delbrueckiissp.bulgaricus(L. bulgaricus) OLL1073R-1 has an effect on resistance to the common cold. We conducted two independent studies, in which fifty-seven (median age 74·5 years) and eighty-five healthy elderly individuals (median age 67·7 years) were participants. In each study, the subjects were divided into two groups based on age and sex and instructed to eat 90 g yoghurt or drink 100 ml milk once per d over an 8- or 12-week period. A meta-analysis of the results of these two independent studies showed the risk of catching the common cold was about 2·6 times lower (OR 0·39;P = 0·019) in the yoghurt group than in the milk group and the increase of natural killer cell activity was significantly higher in the yoghurt group than in the milk group (P = 0·028). In addition, the quality of life score for the ‘eye/nose/throat’ system after intake was significantly higher in the yoghurt group than in the milk group and the improvement of the score was correlated with the promotion of natural killer cell activity. In conclusion, consumption of yoghurt fermented withL. bulgaricusOLL1073R-1 augmented natural killer cell activity and reduced the risk of catching the common cold in elderly individuals.
Gestational diabetes: risk factors and recent advances in its genetics and treatment
Authors: Petry Clive J. 
Published: May 2010

The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study of over 23 000 diabetes-free pregnancies has shown that at a population level an unequivocal linear relationship exists between maternal glucose concentrations around the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy and the risk of their baby being born above the ninetieth centile for weight. With the rising incidence of gestational diabetes (GDM) across the developed world, largely paralleling the increased prevalence of obesity, there has been a sharp increase in the risk of pregnancy complications developing related to the birth of macrosomic babies. The associated additional long-term complications of GDM pregnancies means that in the future there is likely to be a large increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes and associated conditions in both the mothers and their affected offspring. The present review seeks to highlight recent advances and remaining gaps in knowledge about GDM in terms of its genetics (where some of the recently discovered polymorphic risk factors for type 2 diabetes have also proved to be risk factors for GDM) and its treatment by diet, exercise and drugs.
Contrasting styles of swell-driven coastal erosion: examples from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: SMITH A. M. , MATHER A. A. , BUNDY S. C. , COOPER J. A. G. , GUASTELLA L. A. , RAMSAY P. J. , THERON A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDuring 2006–2007, the KwaZulu-Natal coast of South Africa was exposed to several large swell events (Ho > 3 m), near the peak of the lunar nodal cycle, causing shoreline recession. The largest swell (Hs = 8.5 m) struck the coast on the March equinox (18th–20th) and generated a strong storm-return flow. Observations made before, during and after record dramatic coastal erosion (shoreline recession of up to 40 m and substantial property damage). This swell event removed the semi-continuous nearshore bar system and ‘conditioned’ the coast such that lesser subsequent swell events accomplished much greater amounts of coastal erosion than expected (up to 100 m at certain erosion hotspots) because waves reached the coast without significant energy dissipation. Subsequent bar generation rebuilt the inshore bars within six months. The styles of erosion during the March ’07 event and other 2007 swells were markedly different. Lesser swells are focused by headlands and result in megarip development and activation of erosion hotspots. The March ’07 event still-water level was raised (equinoctial spring high tide and a storm surge of 0.33–0.45 m) to a level that rendered most headlands (and erosion hotspots) ineffective and resulted in laterally extensive erosion of soft shorelines. Results record cumulative effects of successive swell events on coastal behaviour that proved to be critical in enabling erosion to proceed at rapid rates after the coast had been initially destabilized. Unlike hurricanes and tsunamis, surges associated with swell events are relatively minor and therefore extensive erosion is linked with high lunar tides. There is circumstantial evidence that swell-induced erosion follows the broad 18.6 yr lunar nodal tidal cycle when the chances of large swells coinciding with high water levels are increased.
THE REGISTER OF THE SLAVES OF SULTAN MAWLAY ISMA‘IL OF MOROCCO AT THE TURN OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: EL HAMEL CHOUKI 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTIn late-seventeenth-century Morocco, Mawlay Isma‘il commanded his officials to enslave all blacks: that is, to buy coercively or freely those already slaves and to enslave those who were free, including the Haratin (meaning free blacks or freed ex-slaves). This command violated the most salient Islamic legal code regarding the institution of slavery, which states that it is illegal to enslave fellow Muslims. This controversy caused a heated debate and overt hostility between the ‘ulama’ (Muslim scholars) and Mawlay Isma‘il. Official slave registers were created to justify the legality of the enforced buying of slaves from their owners and the enslavement of the Haratin. An equation of blackness and slavery was being developed to justify the subjection of the free Muslim black Moroccans. To prove the slave status of the black Moroccans, the officials in charge of the slavery project established a fictional hierarchy of categories of slaves. This project therefore constructed a slave status for all black people, even those who were free.
Understanding the limits of power: America's Middle East experience
Authors: TERHALLE MAXIMILIAN 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe main thread of this review article is to identify the reasons of how to account for the trajectory of American power in the region. Leaving behind the vast amount of highly politicised and hastily compiled volumes of recent years (notwithstanding valuable exceptions), the monographs composed by Lawrence Freedman, Trita Parsi and Oliver Roy attempt to subtly disentangle the intricacies of US involvement in the region from highly distinct perspectives. One caveat for International Relations theorists is that none of the aforementioned authors intends to provide theoretical frameworks for his examination. However, since IR theory has damagingly neglected history in the last decades, the works under review here, at least in part, compensate for this disciplinary and intellectual failure.In conclusion, Freedman's in-depth approach as a diplomatic historian, with its underlying reference to the various traditions in US foreign policy thinking, is most illuminating, while Parsi's contestable account focuses too narrowly on the Iran-Israel relationship. Roy's explications fail to show how and why the ‘ideological’ element in US foreign policy came to carry exceedingly more weight after 2001 than it did in the 1990s.
Human dignity: comparative and conceptual debates
Authors: Riley Stephen 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIs there a stable set of practices or assumptions surrounding dignity, and would these necessarily denote a single foundation sustaining that stability? Two contemporary debates offer contrasting approaches to these questions. In the first, two jurists, who share agreement over the appearances of dignity in post-1945 jurisprudence, disagree as to whether these appearances form an emerging ius commune or a contingent set of conceptions. The second, comparative, debate explores the functional consequences of dignity’s aristocratic resonances. One position posits a continuing relationship between dignity and aristocratic nobility; the other, a functional division between dignity-within-aristocracy and dignity-within-democracy. This article insists that clarification of these debates depends upon a distinction between the epistemology and ontology of dignity, and, further, a distinction between dignity’s genealogy and its grammar. It concludes that a complex genealogical inheritance is at the heart of much disagreement, and that attention to dignity’s use clarifies its deficiencies and its continuing appeal.