bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of post-transcriptional gene regulatory networks associated with autism spectrum disorders by microRNA expression profiling of lymphoblastoid cell lines
Authors: Sarachana Tewarit , Zhou Rulun , Chen Guang , Manji Husseini K , Hu Valerie W 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Background
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by abnormalities in reciprocal social interactions and language development and/or usage, and by restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. Differential gene expression of neurologically relevant genes in lymphoblastoid cell lines from monozygotic twins discordant in diagnosis or severity of autism suggested that epigenetic factors such as DNA methylation or microRNAs (miRNAs) may be involved in ASD.

Methods
Global miRNA expression profiling using lymphoblasts derived from these autistic twins and unaffected sibling controls was therefore performed using high-throughput miRNA microarray analysis. Selected differentially expressed miRNAs were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis, and the putative target genes of two of the confirmed miRNA were validated by knockdown and overexpression of the respective miRNAs.

Results
Differentially expressed miRNAs were found to target genes highly involved in neurological functions and disorders in addition to genes involved in gastrointestinal diseases, circadian rhythm signaling, as well as steroid hormone metabolism and receptor signaling. Novel network analyses of the putative target genes that were inversely expressed relative to the relevant miRNA in these same samples further revealed an association with ASD and other co-morbid disorders, including muscle and gastrointestinal diseases, as well as with biological functions implicated in ASD, such as memory and synaptic plasticity. Putative gene targets (ID3 and PLK2) of two RT-PCR-confirmed brain-specific miRNAs (hsa-miR-29b and hsa-miR-219-5p) were validated by miRNA overexpression or knockdown assays, respectively. Comparisons of these mRNA and miRNA expression levels between discordant twins and between case-control sib pairs show an inverse relationship, further suggesting that ID3 and PLK2 are in vivo targets of the respective miRNA. Interestingly, the up-regulation of miR-23a and down-regulation of miR-106b in this study reflected miRNA changes previously reported in post-mortem autistic cerebellum by Abu-Elneel et al. in 2008. This finding validates these differentially expressed miRNAs in neurological tissue from a different cohort as well as supports the use of the lymphoblasts as a surrogate to study miRNA expression in ASD.

Conclusions
Findings from this study strongly suggest that dysregulation of miRNA expression contributes to the observed alterations in gene expression and, in turn, may lead to the pathophysiological conditions underlying autism.
Resisting psychotropic medicines: a synthesis of qualitative studies of medicine-taking
Authors: Britten Nicky , Riley Ruth , Morgan Myfanwy 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis article reports the results of a synthesis of qualitative research articles about lay perspectives on prescribed psychotropic medicines. It updates and elaborates on a model of medicine-taking developed by Pound and colleagues. In this model, the concept of resistance refers to the various ways in which people take prescribed medicines while trying to minimise their intake. The synthesis included 12 papers published since 1992. The findings are presented at the societal level, in terms of the social meanings of mental health problems and medication, and at the individual level; the latter covers active engagement and lay evaluation, as well as the outcomes of evaluation, including the doctor–patient relationship. Although it can be difficult to achieve in the current clinical environment, there is much scope for developing more concordant relationships with patients in relation to prescribing and using psychotropic medicines.
Psychiatric and behavioural manifestations of Huntington's disease
Authors: Jauhar Sameer , Ritchie Stuart 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPatients with Huntington's disease can be a challenge to psychiatrists and to psychiatric services. We present a patient whose case history illustrates this and underlines the need for prompt and adequate treatment of psychiatric problems in this population. We discuss the psychiatric and behavioural manifestations of the illness, the treatments available and the role of psychiatric services in providing care for people with Huntington's disease.
Different laws, same principles: mental health and incapacity legislation across the UK
Authors: Lyons Donald 
Published: April 2010

SummaryEngland and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are all at different stages in developing their mental health legislation. All jurisdictions have encountered problems in interpretation and operation of the various acts. As an introduction to a series of articles to appear in Advances on mental health and incapacity law, this editorial offers a commentary on some of the critical issues and suggests some key principles that everyone should follow in order to provide care and treatment that accords with best legal and ethical practice.
From the Editor's desk
Authors: Tyrer Peter 
Published: April 2010

Place countsPractitioners in all branches of mental health quickly become aware of the importance of time and place as they develop their craft. The value of guidelines for good practice can be considerable, but if they become echoing mantras that are applied indiscriminately, they can impair good care. Psychiatry does not lend itself easily to sound-bites because so much of what we say and do has to be put into a context that is more complex than most other parts of clinical medicine. When giving a talk about the fundamentals of community psychiatry recently in a country with limited resources I was simply told after I had finished with a flourish, ‘this wouldn't work here’, and, after first feeling affronted, had to acknowledge in discussion that what I took for granted as universal, was clearly wrong.
Efficacy and safety of bupropion for smoking cessation and reduction in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Tsoi Daniel Tai-yin , Porwal Mamta , Webster Angela Claire 
Published: April 2010

BackgroundThe benefits and harms of bupropion as an aid for smoking cessation in schizophrenia remain uncertain.AimsTo summarise the current evidence for efficacy and safety of bupropion as treatment for nicotine dependence in schizophrenia.MethodSystematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing bupropion with placebo or alternative therapeutic control in adult smokers with schizophrenia.ResultsTwenty-one reports from seven RCTs were included. Biochemically verified self-reported smoking cessation rates after bupropion were significantly higher than placebo at the end of treatment (risk ratio (RR) = 2.57,P= 0.004) and at 6 months (RR = 2.78,P= 0.05). Expired carbon monoxide level was significantly lower with bupropion at the end of therapy (P= 0.002) but not at 6 months (P= 0.37). There was no significant difference in positive (P= 0.28) or negative symptoms (P= 0.49) between the bupropion and the placebo group.ConclusionsBupropion increases the rates of smoking abstinence in smokers with schizophrenia, without jeopardising their mental state.
Auditory hallucinations and brain structure in schizophrenia: voxel-based morphometric study
Authors: Nenadic Igor , Smesny Stefan , Schlösser Ralf G. M. , Sauer Heinrich , Gaser Christian 
Published: April 2010

SummaryWe applied voxel-based morphometry to high-resolution magnetic resonance images of 99 participants with schizophrenia. Voxel-wise correlations with a score of auditory hallucination severity identified areas in the left and right superior temporal cortex (including Heschl's gyrus), left supramarginal/angular gyrus, left postcentral gyrus and left posterior cingulate cortex. This study extends previous region-of-interest studies demonstrating main effects of auditory hallucinations related to modality-specific superior temporal areas including primary and secondary auditory cortices.
Psychiatric journals as the mirror of the dominant psychiatric model
Authors: Kecmanovic Dusan , Hadzi-Pavlovic Dusan 
Published: April 2010

Aims and methodHistorical trends in the conceptual domains underlying articles published in psychiatric journals are indicators of major psychiatric concerns and practices. Articles inThe American Journal of PsychiatryandThe British Journal of Psychiatryduring the periods 1947–51, 1967–71 and 2002–6 were classified into either a biomedical, psychological or social conceptual domain to determine which domains, if any, were dominant.ResultsInThe American Journal of Psychiatryone or two domains were dominant for two of the three periods. No domain was dominant inThe British Journal of Psychiatry.Clinical implicationsExamined against various scientific and social developments, American psychiatry appears more responsive to current social, scientific and commercial trends and impulses than British psychiatry.
Two consultants for one patient: service users' and service providers' views on ‘New Ways’
Authors: Singhal Ankush , Garg Deepak , Rana Alok Kumar , Naheed Miriam 
Published: April 2010

Aims and methodTo investigate, through a semi-qualitative survey at three geographical sites, health professionals' and service users' opinion about the impact of providing separate consultants for in-patient and community settings. It looked at the perceived affect on various issues such as the course of the illness, service delivery, patients' satisfaction as well as the skills and training of psychiatrists.ResultsOpinion was divided about the level of satisfaction, advantages, consultants' skills and success of this model. The most consistent theme related to the problems with the continuation of care and therapeutic relationship. Most of the respondents were not fully informed about this change. An overwhelming majority believed that in-patient psychiatry is not a separate specialty.Clinical implicationsCommunication and the sharing of information between the two consultants is the key to success in this model.
Changing futures: premature discharges of alcohol or opioid detoxification in-patients, service improvement
Authors: Parry Mark , Woodthorpe Nicholas , Gunawardena Priyanthi 
Published: April 2010

Aims and methodWe retrospectively audited premature discharges of in-patients undergoing alcohol or opioid detoxification. Recommendations for good practice aimed at reducing premature discharge rates were implemented, following which a prospective audit was completed.ResultsThe retrospective phase of the audit cycle showed a premature discharge rate of 30.8%, compared with a rate of 13.2% for the prospective phase. The difference in these rates is both clinically and statistically significant at the 5% level, with Fisher's exact test producing a two-sidedP= 0.0119.Clinical implicationsImplementing good practice guidelines improved outcomes, with more patients successfully completing detoxifications and a more effective use of resources.
Race and prescribing
Authors: Connolly Anne 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTreatment of mental illness in Black and minority ethnic groups differs from that in the White majority. Large differences in admission, detention and seclusion rates have been recorded. These disparities extend into the physical healthcare setting, particularly in the USA but also within the UK National Health Service. There are many influences on prescribing of psychotropic medication, not least the metabolising capacity of the individual. Ethnic differences do occur, particularly for East Asian peoples. However, these differences are broadly similar across ethnic groups, particularly for the cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for metabolising psychotropic medicines. Psychotropic medication prescribing also differs by ethnicity. Specifically, antipsychotic dose, type and route of administration may differ. However, most data originate in the USA and UK studies have not replicated these findings, even after controlling for multiple confounding factors. Similarly, antidepressant prescribing and access to treatment may differ by ethnicity. These differences may have complex causes that are not well understood. Overall, prescribing of antipsychotics appears to be broadly equitable in Black and minority ethnic groups.
Open access community support groups for people with personality disorder: attendance and impact on use of other services
Authors: Miller Steve , Crawford Mike J. 
Published: April 2010

Aims and methodTo describe a new open access community service for people with personality disorder and to explore interim service utilisation and outcomes. Routine data were analysed together with those from a cross-sectional survey.ResultsDuring the first 16 months of the service, 171 people attended, of whom 142 (83.0%) returned on at least one other occasion. The median number of attendances was seven (IQR = 3.0–22.0). Over 90% of responders to the survey met criteria for ‘probable personality disorder’ and levels of social dysfunction were high. Presentations to emergency services, contacts with other services and in-patient admissions were reduced. Social functioning improved.Clinical implicationsThis service attracted a large number of people with significant health and social problems. Use of the service was associated with improved social functioning and reduced use of other services.
How the python heart separates pulmonary and systemic blood pressures and blood flows
Authors: Jensen Bjarke , Nielsen Jan M. , Axelsson Michael , Pedersen Michael , Löfman Carl , Wang Tobias 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe multiple convergent evolution of high systemic blood pressure among terrestrial vertebrates has always been accompanied by lowered pulmonary pressure. In mammals, birds and crocodilians, this cardiac separation of pressures relies on the complete division of the right and left ventricles by a complete ventricular septum. However, the anatomy of the ventricle of most reptiles does not allow for complete anatomical division, but the hearts of pythons and varanid lizards can produce high systemic blood pressure while keeping the pulmonary blood pressure low. It is also known that these two groups of reptiles are characterised by low magnitudes of cardiac shunts. Little, however, is known about the mechanisms that allow for this pressure separation. Here we provide a description of cardiac structures and intracardiac events that have been revealed by ultrasonic measurements and angioscopy. Echocardiography revealed that the atrioventricular valves descend deep into the ventricle during ventricular filling and thereby greatly reduce the communication between the systemic (cavum arteriosum) and pulmonary (cavum pulmonale) ventricular chambers during diastole. Angioscopy and echocardiography showed how the two incomplete septa, the muscular ridge and the bulbuslamelle – ventricular structures common to all squamates – contract against each other in systole and provide functional division of the anatomically subdivided ventricle. Washout shunts are inevitable in the subdivided snake ventricle, but we show that the site of shunting, the cavum venosum, is very small throughout the cardiac cycle. It is concluded that the python ventricle is incapable of the pronounced and variable shunts of other snakes, because of its architecture and valvular mechanics.
The myosin light chain 1 isoform associated with masticatory myosin heavy chain in mammals and reptiles is embryonic/atrial MLC1
Authors: Reiser Peter J. , Bicer Sabahattin , Patel Radhika , An Ying , Chen Qun , Quan Ning 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYWe recently reported that masticatory myosin heavy chain (MHC-M) is expressed as the exclusive or predominant MHC isoform in masseter and temporalis muscles of several rodent species, contrary to the prevailing dogma that rodents express almost exclusively MHC isoforms that are typically found in fast limb muscles and not masticatory myosin. We also reported that the same rodent species express the embryonic/atrial isoform of myosin light chain 1 (MLC1E/A) in jaw-closing muscles and not a unique masticatory MLC1 isoform that others have reported as being expressed in jaw-closing muscles of carnivores that express MHC-M. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that MLC1E/A is consistently expressed in jaw-closing muscles whenever MHC-M is expressed as the predominant or exclusive MHC isoform. Jaw-closing muscles, fast and slow limb muscles, and cardiac atria and ventricles of 19 species (six Carnivora species, one Primates species, one Chiroptera species, five marsupial species, an alligator and five turtle species) were analyzed using protein gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, mass spectrometry and RNA sequencing. Gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting indicate that MHC-M is the exclusive or predominant MHC isoform in the jaw-closing muscles of each of the studied species. The results from all of the approaches collectively show that MLC1E/A is exclusively or predominantly expressed in jaw-closing muscles of the same species. We conclude that MLC1E/A is the exclusive or predominant MLC1 isoform that is expressed in jaw-closing muscles of vertebrates that express MHC-M, and that a unique masticatory isoform of MLC1 probably does not exist.
Stretch-activated cation channel from larval bullfrog skin
Authors: Hillyard Stanley D. , Willumsen Niels J. , Marrero Mario B. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARY
Cell-attached patches from isolated epithelial cells from larval bullfrog skin revealed a cation channel that was activated by applying suction (−1 kPa to −4.5 kPa) to the pipette. Activation was characterized by an initial large current spike that rapidly attenuated to a stable value and showed a variable pattern of opening and closing with continuing suction. Current–voltage plots demonstrated linear or inward rectification and single channel conductances of 44–56 pS with NaCl or KCl Ringer's solution as the pipette solution, and a reversal potential (−Vp) of 20–40 mV. The conductance was markedly reduced with N-methyl-D-glucamide (NMDG)-Cl Ringer's solution in the pipette. Neither amiloride nor ATP, which are known to stimulate an apical cation channel in Ussing chamber preparations of larval frog skin, produced channel activation nor did these compounds affect the response to suction. Stretch activation was not affected by varying the pipette concentrations of Ca2+ between 0 mmol l−1 and 4 mmol l−1 or by varying pH between 6.8 and 8.0. However, conductance was reduced with 4 mmol l−1 Ca2+. Western blot analysis of membrane homogenates from larval bullfrog and larval toad skin identified proteins that were immunoreactive with mammalian TRPC1 and TRPC5 (TRPC, canonical transient receptor potential channel) antibodies while homogenates of skin from newly metamorphosed bullfrogs were positive for TRPC1 and TRPC3/6/7 antibodies. The electrophysiological response of larval bullfrog skin resembles that of a stretch-activated cation channel characterized in Xenopus oocytes and proposed to be TRPC1. These results indicate this channel persists in all life stages of anurans and that TRP isoforms may be important for sensory functions of their skin.
Tribological performance of various CoCr microstructures in metal-on-metal bearings
Authors: Kamali A. , Hussain A. , Li C. , Pamu J. , Daniel J. , Ziaee H. , Daniel J. , McMinn D. J. W. 
Published: April 2010

Hip simulators have been used for ten years to determine the tribological performance of large-head metal-on-metal devices using traditional test conditions. However, the hip simulator protocols were originally developed to test metal-on-polyethylene devices. We have used patient activity data to develop a more physiologically relevant test protocol for metal-on-metal devices. This includes stop/start motion, a more appropriate walking frequency, and alternating kinetic and kinematic profiles. There has been considerable discussion about the effect of heat treatments on the wear of metal-on-metal cobalt chromium molybdenum (CoCrMo) devices. Clinical studies have shown a higher rate of wear, levels of metal ions and rates of failure for the heat-treated metal compared to the as-cast metal CoCrMo devices. However, hip simulator studies in vitro under traditional testing conditions have thus far not been able to demonstrate a difference between the wear performance of these implants. Using a physiologically relevant test protocol, we have shown that heat treatment of metal-on-metal CoCrMo devices adversely affects their wear performance and generates significantly higher wear rates and levels of metal ions than in as-cast metal implants.
Is peri-articular multimodal drug infiltration in knee arthroplasty safe when used in conjunction with autologous retransfusion drains?
Authors: Gill I , Gallagher K , Busch CA 
Published: April 2010

INTRODUCTION Adequate peri-operative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) promotes earlier rehabilitation but remains problematic because of the drug side-effects. Peri-articular multimodal drug infiltration (PMDI) has been developed as an alternative strategy to avoid such complications. Autologous retransfusion drains reduce the need for peri-operative allogenic blood transfusions and the consequent risk. There is a theoretical risk of local anaesthesia toxicity when these systems are used concurrently. We performed a review of current practice to quantify this risk. PATIENTS AND METHODS A series of 10 patients undergoing TKA by the senior author (CAB) had drain fluid analysed for the concentration of ropivacaine. At the same time, the patients completed a questionnaire to establish the presence of ropiva-caine-induced side-effects. RESULTS The ropivacaine level in the retransfusion blood was less than 10 mg in all patients. This concentration was a factor of 6 below the published safe level. Three patients had minor neurological disturbances which recovered spontaneously and quickly. There were no cases of significant cardiovascular compromise. CONCLUSIONS The theoretical risk of local anaesthesia toxicity when these systems are used together is negligible and we conclude that peri-articular multimodal drug infiltration is safe in conjunction with the use of autotransfusion drains.
Radiation risk from fluoroscopically-assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Chitnavis JP , Karthikesaligam A , Macdonald A , Brown C 
Published: April 2010

INTRODUCTION Precise tunnel positioning is crucial for success in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The use of intra-operative fluoroscopy has been shown to improve the accuracy of tunnel placement. Although radiation exposure is a concern, we lack information on the radiation risk to patients undergoing fluoroscopically-assisted ACL reconstruction with a standard C-arm. The aim of our study was to determine the mean radiation doses received by our patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Radiation doses were recorded for 18 months between 1 April 2007 and 30 September 2008 for 58 consecutive patients undergoing ACL reconstruction assisted by intra-operative fluoroscopy. Dose area product (DAP) values were used to calculate the entrance skin dose (ESD), an indicator of potential skin damage and the effective dose (ED), an indicator of long-term cancer risk, for each patient. RESULTS The median age of 58 patients included in data analysis was 28 years (range, 14–52 years), of whom 44 were male (76%). The mean ESD during intra-operative fluoroscopy was 0.0015 ± 0.0029 Gy. The mean ED was 0.001 ± 0.002 mSv. No results exceeded the threshold of 2 Gy for skin damage, and the life-time risk of developing new cancer due to intra-operative fluoroscopy is less than 0.0001%. CONCLUSIONS Radiation doses administered during fluoroscopically-assisted ACL reconstruction were safe and do not represent a contra-indication to the procedure.