bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Procesos de creación y renovación lingüística en relación con la innovación tecnológica: desde fuentes orales a fuentes escritas
Authors: Fleta Begoña Montero 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEste trabajo presenta nuestra investigación en torno a la variación lingüística con respecto a la lengua general que introducen las lenguas de especialidad desde los procesos de creación y renovación especialmente léxicos que les son propios. Nuestra aportación se centra en el proceso de asimilación de términos informáticos introducidos en nuestra lengua y el análisis de la actitud del español como lengua receptora ante la paulatina introducción de neología tecnológica. Tomando un corpus de terminología básica informática como representativo del léxico de especialidad, analizamos su grado de asimilación en nuestra lengua desde estadios iniciales en ámbitos orales hasta su uso en fuentes escritas y, finalmente, su aceptación por la comunidad lingüística a partir de criterios lingüísticos, sociolingüísticos y metodológicos, culminada por su incorporación en el Diccionario de la Real Academia.
Liebesmetaphern in der deutschen und brasilianischen Alltagssprache
Authors: Schröder Ulrike 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAusgehend von zwei Fallstudien thematisiert der vorliegende Artikel kulturspezifische Metaphern der Alltagssprache. Vorgestellt wird die brasilianische im Gegensatz zur deutschen Konzeptualisierung des Erfahrungsbereichs
Tire/Road Interaction Studies to Reduce Noise and Improve Wet Grip
Authors: Walker JC 
Published: March 2009

Studies have been made of the factors involved in tire/road noise with a view to reducing the intensity of the total noise level by modification of both the tire tread pattern and the materials used for road surfaces.
The work covers test results on automobile tires over a wide range of road surfaces, and includes testing of automobile tires on indoor replica road surfaces, to separate the surface-excited and the tread pattern-excited components.
Figures relating noise level in dry conditions to braking grip in wet conditions show that it is possible to increase wet grip and still reduce noise level by using suitable road surface materials.
Compression Testing of Graphite/Epoxy Composite Materials
Authors: Clark RK , Lisagor WB 
Published: March 2009

The focus of this investigation was to provide results that will support the selection of a reliable method of compression testing coupon specimens of filament-reinforced polymer-matrix composite materials. Three schemes were examined for testing graphite/epoxy (Narmco T300/5208) composite material specimens to failure in compression, including an adaptation of the Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute (IITRI) “wedge grip” compression fixture, a face-supported compression fixture, and an end-loaded-coupon fixture. The effects of specimen size, specimen support arrangement, and method of load transfer on compressive behavior of graphite/epoxy were investigated.
Compression tests with the modified IITRI and face-supported fixture were conducted on specimens of 12.5, 25, and 50-mm widths, of 8, 16, and 24-ply thicknesses, and of [0], [±45], and [0/±45/90] fiber orientations. The end-loaded coupon fixture was used to test 16-ply [0/±45/90] specimens.
Compressive stress-strain, strength, and modulus data obtained with the three fixtures are presented with evaluations showing the effects of all test parameters, including fiber orientation. The IITRI fixture has the potential to provide good stress/strain data to failure for unidirectional and quasi-isotropic laminates. The face-supported fixture was found to be the most desirable for testing [±45], laminates.
Some Considerations in the Statistical Determination of the Shape of S-N Curves
Authors: Spindel JE , Haibach E 
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses the need for defining the shape of S-N curves, the various kinds of test data available for this purpose, and the problems in their statistical evaluation, including the assumptions that must be made.
A method is proposed for finding the “cutoff” point, that is the endurance at which conventionally shaped S-N curves change slope to the horizontal. It is based on maximum likelihood principles and deals with runouts in a statistically acceptable way. A sharp or a continuous transition from the horizontal to the sloped straight line log S/log N curve may be considered.
The method can be used for analysis and comparison of fatigue test results with a computer program, described and listed elsewhere by the authors, but it is subject to certain amendments, which are described in the paper.
On the Quantitative Analysis of Fatigue Crack Propagation
Authors: McEvily AJ 
Published: March 2009

The literature on the subject of the mechanism of fatigue crack growth is reviewed. Historically two different mechanisms have been proposed. One is based upon the concept of damage accumulation, the other on a plastic sliding-off process at the tip of the advancing crack. The experimental evidence supports the latter mechanism as the basic process of crack growth. Damage due to static modes of separation can also be important, however, particularly in low-toughness materials. In addition, localized soft zones such as persistent slip bands can be construed as a type of damage if they form at a crack tip and facilitate crack advance.A method for the quantitative analysis of fatigue crack growth based on a sliding-off process which is related to the crack tip opening displacement is described. The method includes consideration of R-effects, the threshold and cyclic fracture toughness. The method is potentially of use in both the elastic and plastic ranges.
Effect of Niobium and Vanadium on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Submerged-Arc Welds Produced Under a Basic Flux in Carbon-Manganese Steels
Authors: Abson DJ , Hart PHM 
Published: March 2009

Two-pass tandem submerged-arc welds have been deposited in 25-mm-thick, silicon-killed, aluminum-treated steel plate containing different levels of niobium and vanadium, all of the same base composition, 0.14C-0.3Si-1.4Mn-0.04Al. Two vanadium-containing steels with a high nitrogen content were also included. The range of plate compositions included those which would be used for controlled rolled and quenched and tempered steels. The effects on weld metal Charpy toughness of the microalloying additions were compared with those from previous work, and crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD) data were generated for submerged-arc welds in such steels. For this, the first phase of a larger program, a basic agglomerated flux was used, and the arc energy (for the second pass) was 4.9 kJ/mm. Welding was carried out using S1 (0.5Mn), S2 (1Mn), and S3Mo (1.5Mn-0.5Mo) wire so that the influence of the microalloying additions on different initial microstructures could be studied. Three weld deposit levels of niobium (∼0.2, ∼0.03, and ∼0.07 percent) and two of vanadium (∼0.06 and ∼0.11 percent) were studied.For the majority of the welds, the Charpy and CTOD properties of the as-desposited weld metal were good (the 27-J temperature was generally &lt; −50 °C and the 0.1-mm CTOD temperature generally &lt; −60 °C). The microalloy additions had comparatively little effect on the microstructure except when low levels of niobium (&lt;0.02 percent) were added to lean alloy (1.2Mn) deposits, when a marked increase in acicular ferrite content occurred. An increase in 27-J temperature and in 0.1-mm CTOD temperature was commonly observed but was generally &lt;15 °C for the highest levels of microalloy additions. Hardness increases in reheated weld metal generally became greater with increases in microalloy content, and this was reflected in a rise in the 0.1-mm CTOD temperature, particularly for the S3Mo deposits. In contrast, the Charpy tests revealed little influence of microalloying in the S3Mo deposits, while in the S2 deposits the effect depended strongly on the level of niobium.
Use of Material Tests and Pavement Design Procedures to Evaluate New Paving Binders
Authors: Kennedy TW , White TD , Epps JA 
Published: March 2009

Experience and a review of practice indicate new paving materials and technology are being evaluated with empirical tests. The evaluations are comparative, usually including a familiar asphalt in binder tests or a favorite aggregate in paving mixture tests. Generally, at least one type of water sensitivity test would be applied in the evaluation. Rational tests such as creep modulus and fatigue tests are being used to some extent but meet resistance because of lack of equipment and experience, both with the tests and meaning of the results.
An attempt is made to supply background on both the empirical and rational tests that are used in evaluating modified asphalts or replacement binders for asphalt. The background discussion is considered timely for long-used empirical tests as well as newer rational tests because of the insight such discussion can offer in considering the potential changes facing the pavement industry today.
Drawing on the background discussion, test results on sulfur-extended asphalt, recycled asphalt, and polymerized asphalt are specifically included in the paper because they are materials currently undergoing evaluation in the United States and around the world.
Effect of Load Frequency and Lay-Up on Fatigue Life of Composites
Authors: Saff CR 
Published: March 2009

Recent research programs have indicated that the frequency of cyclic loading has a significant effect on the fatigue life of certain composite materials and lay-ups. In some cases, reduction in loading frequency has resulted in a proportional reduction in fatigue life. In these cases, data from high-frequency fatigue tests do not provide accurate assessment of life for service loadings which occur at much lower rates. In many of these test programs, materials, lay-ups, and loading frequencies were selected to examine the effect of load frequency on matrix degradation and fatigue life. These materials and loading frequency selections are not representative of those used in aircraft structures.
The current program was performed to examine the effect of cyclic loading frequency on the fatigue life of lay-ups which represent those used in aircraft structure. Fatigue tests on three AS/3501-6 graphite/epoxy laminates were performed at frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 10 Hz. Tests of a (±45)2s lay-up gave results similar to those of Sun and Chan for the same lay-up in T300-5208 graphite/epoxy. At low frequencies, the AS/3501-6 material appeared to follow the data from T300-5208. But at 10 Hz the life for AS/3501-6 was one tenth that of the T300-5208 material.
Lay-ups having 0° plies were found to have a lesser, but still significant, effect of frequency on fatigue life. Life for these specimens increased by factors of 3 to 4 when load frequencies were increased by a factor of 100. Preliminary analyses indicate that the sensitivity of fatigue life to load frequency appears related to the matrix stress state. Fatigue life sensitivity was correlated with the ratio of matrix shear stress to applied axial stress.
Compression Fatigue Damage in Thick, Notched Graphite/Epoxy Laminates
Authors: Black NF , Stinchcomb WW 
Published: March 2009

This study has investigated the damage development mechanisms in notched graphite/epoxy composite laminates during constant-amplitude compressive fatigue loading. Laminates of two different stacking sequences were tested. The relationship between fatigue damage and the resulting life, stiffness, and strength of the laminates have been observed. X-ray radiography and ultrasonic C-scanning were used to characterize and monitor the damage that occurred during the fatigue loadings. Sectioning of the damaged laminates was performed to verify the extent of the observed damage in the X-ray radiographs and ultrasonic C-scans.
Damage in both laminate types consisted of matrix cracking and delaminations. The growth of the damage was observed to have a three-dimensional nature.
Use of Coatings to Improve Fire Resistance of Wood
Authors: White RH 
Published: March 2009

Currently used fire retardant coatings for wood products reduce flame spread; they are not designed specifically to provide fire resistance. Fire resistive coatings designed for steel and foam plastics generally are not recommended for wood. Small nonload-bearing fire resistance tests were conducted in this study to determine the fire resistance of eight commercially available fire retardant and fire resistive coatings when applied to a wood product.
Coated plywoods over a foam plastic substrate were tested in a small-scale vertical exposure furnace in accordance with ASTM Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials (E 119-82). The results were the times for the temperature rise to reach an average value of 139°C (250°F) or a maximum value of 181°C (325°F) at the plywood/foam-plastic interface. Uncoated plywoods were tested as controls.
Fire retardant coatings improved the times for plywood specimens by up to 900 s, and fire resistive coatings showed a 240- to 2640-s improvement over uncoated plywood. Coatings significantly improved the fire resistance of a wood product. The fire resistance data reported in this paper should aid in future considerations of fire resistive coatings in wood construction.
Quantitative Fractography of a Fatigued Ti-28V Alloy
Authors: Underwood EE , Chakrabortty SB 
Published: March 2009

A quantitative fractographic analysis was undertaken in order to relate important microstructural and fractographic features to fatigue fracture in a Ti-28V alloy. Special emphasis is placed on facet characteristics and subsurface cracking in the single-facet and multifacet regions.The stereological treatment of this problem develops methodologies and relationships based primarily on vertical sections cut through the fracture surface and parallel to the crack propagation direction. The evaluation of fracture profiles (in terms of true length, roughness, and degree of orientation) permits calculation of fracture surface characteristics (such as true surface area, roughness, and type of surface).True mean facet areas, Āfacets, are calculated from combined measurements on scanning electron microscope photographs and two parallel, vertical sections along the edge and center of the fracture surface. The values of Āfacets for the single-facet and multifacet regions are 22.2 ± 4.9 and 12.7 ± 4.0 nm2, respectively, with indicated 95 percent confidence intervals. True mean subsurface crack lengths, ¯Lcracks, in the edge section are 0.05 ± 0.07 and 0.16 ± 0.07 mm for the single-facet and multifacet regions, respectively, whereas in the center section the corresponding values are 0.13 ± 0.08 and 0.34 ± 0.13 mm. Based on an upper-lower bound approach, the fracture surface is found to conform most closely to a partially oriented surface with strong planar elements. The results obtained here are consistent with the fatigue crack growth model of Chakrabortty.
Development of a Canadian Data Base on Waste Leachability
Authors: Côté PL , Constable TW 
Published: March 2009

A number of wastes from various locations across Canada were subjected to a set of leaching tests. Each set consisted of six batch extractions using three leaching media (distilled water, an acidic solution buffered at pH 4.5, and a synthetic municipal landfill leachate) at two liquid-to-solid ratios (4:1 and 20:1). The preliminary data from 19 wastes were examined to gain a better understanding of the effects that different leaching media and liquid-to-solid ratios have on contaminant release.
When distilled water was used as the leaching medium, the final pH of the leachate was controlled by the alkalinity of the waste. Changing the liquid-to-solid ratio had little effect on leaching pH. The difference in the concentrations observed at the two liquid-to-solid ratios was the result of dilution in many cases.
When an acidic solution or synthetic leachate was used as the leaching medium, final leachate pH appeared to be a function of the interaction between the waste pH and the amount of acid available in the leaching medium to react with the waste. Increasing the liquid-to-solid ratio increased the amount of acid contacting the waste and shifted the leachate pH towards the pH of the leaching medium.
Use of a synthetic leachate appeared to complex some contaminants and increase their release above that to be expected from pH-solubility considerations alone.
Linear relationships were observed between the leachate pH and the logarithm of the release for some wastes and contaminants. Knowledge of this relationship would make it possible to interpolate or extrapolate results of leaching tests performed on the same waste under different test conditions.
Contaminant release from the same waste can vary over several orders of magnitude within a short pH range. Therefore, final leachate pH should be included when reporting the results of a batch leaching test.
Crack-Tip Stress Fields and Crack Growth Under Creep-Fatigue Conditions
Authors: Riedel H 
Published: March 2009

Fatigue crack growth at elevated temperatures is a complicated problem since widespread creep deformation, in addition to elastic deformation, can accompany crack extension, and since the micromechanisms of crack growth comprise grain boundary cavitation, the striation mechanism, and corrosive effects. In the present paper, the time-dependent crack-tip stress fields in an elastic-nonlinear viscous body are analyzed for variable load. From the results, it is concluded that for slow cycling the C*-integral is the load parameter that determines the crack-tip fields and therefore the crack growth rate. If rapid load variations occur within otherwise slow cycles, the stress intensity factor, ΔKI, also affects the crack-tip fields; ΔKI determines the severity of the stress peaks that follow rapid load changes. For rapid cycling, the time-dependent stressing and straining near the crack tip is governed by ΔKI. If rapid cycling is unbalanced, a time-dependent component is superimposed on the rapidly varying ΔKI-controlled field. This time-independent component can be described by the C*-integral only for R-ratios near unity (that is, for high mean stress and small amplitude). The general case of unbalanced rapid cycling remains unresolved. Characteristic frequencies ω1 are developed to distinguish slow and rapid cycling, and a characteristic time t1 is given to decide whether a given load increase within a cycle is rapid or slow.The stress fields are combined with simple models for the striation and cavitation mechanisms of crack growth. The resulting crack growth rates, da/dN, are compared with a small number of experimental results from the literature.
Recent Progress with Ethyleneoxy Phosphazenes as Lithium Battery Electrolytes
Authors: Fei Shih-To , Allcock Harry R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTWe report here a series of high-conductivity liquid- and gel-electrolytes based on a mixture of ethyleneoxy phosphazenes and propylene carbonate, which have potential applications in lithium battery assembly. Phosphazene compounds are known to be good materials for solid polymer lithium electrolytes and, following that idea, we have developed low-volatility liquid phosphazene electrolytes that maintain 10−4 S/cm conductivity. A high conductivity of 10−3 S/cm can be achieved when polymeric phosphazenes are used as solidifying agents for conventional battery electrolytes. We also report here the fire retardant properties of the materials, which may lead to future use of these materials as fire retardant additives.
New Pt-based Superalloy System Designed from First Principles
Authors: Razumovskiy Vsevolod I. , Isaev Eyvaz I. , Ruban Andrei V. , Korzhavyi Pavel A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPt-Sc alloys with the γ-γ′ microstructure are proposed as a basis for a new generation of Pt-based superalloys for ultrahigh-temperature applications. This alloy system was identified on the basis of first-principles calculations. Here we discuss the prospects of the Pt-Sc alloy system on the basis of calculated elastic properties, phonon spectra, and defect formation energies.
Food-chain transfer of cadmium and zinc from contaminatedUrtica DioicatoHelix AspersaandLumbricus Terrestris
Authors: Sinnett Danielle E. , Hodson Mark E. , Hutchings Tony R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe present study examines the potential of Urtica dioica as an ecologically relevant species for use in ecotoxicological testing. It is prevalent in degraded ecosystems and is a food source for invertebrates. Urtica dioica grown in hydroponic solutions containing from less than 0.003 to 5.7 mg Cd/L or from 0.02 to 41.9 mg Zn/L accumulated metals resulting in leaf tissue concentrations in the range of 0.10 to 24.9 mg Cd/kg or 22.5 to 2,772.0 mg Zn/kg. No toxicological effects were apparent except at the highest concentrations tested, suggesting that this species may be an important pathway for transfer of metals to primary plant consumers. Helix aspersa and Lumbricus terrestris were fed the Cd-and Zn-rich leaves of U. dioica for six and four weeks, respectively. Cadmium and Zn body load increased with increasing metal concentration in the leaves (p &lt; 0.001). Ratios of invertebrate metal concentration to leaf metal concentration were in the range of 1:0.03 to 1:1.4 for Cd and 1:0.2 to 1:2.8 for Zn in H. aspersa and 1:0.002 to 1:3.9 for Cd and 1:0.2 to 1:8.8 for Zn in L. terrestris. Helix aspersa Cd and Zn tissue concentrations (15.5 and 1,220.2 mg/kg, respectively) were approximately threefold those in L. terrestris when both species were fed nettle leaves with concentrations of approximately 23 mg Cd/kg and 3,400 mg Zn/kg. Models demonstrate that L. terrestris Cd tissue concentrations (r2 = 0.74, p &lt; 0.001) and H. aspersa Zn tissue concentrations (r2 = 0.69, p &lt; 0.001) can be estimated from concentrations of Cd and Zn within the leaves of U. dioica and suggest that reasonably reproducible results can be obtained using these species for ecotoxicological testing.
Interactions Between Uronic Acids and Chromium(III)
Authors: Cettn Zeynep , Kantar Cetin , Alpaslan Musa 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Laboratory ion-exchange experiments were performed to investigate the complexation behavior of Cr(III) with uronic acids, such as galacturonic, glucuronic, and alginic acid (main constituents of bacterial exopolymeric substances). The experimental data were analyzed with a chemical equilibrium model in FITEQL to determine the reaction stoichiometries and stability constants for the formation of Cr-ligand complexes. Analysis of ion-exchange data with a chemical model indicates that the accurate description of Cr(III) complexation with both glucuronic and galacturonic acids requires postulation of a mixture of 1:1/1:2 complexes between Cr(III) and ligands under the experimental conditions studied (e.g., pH 4), but that the Cr-alginic acid binding can be modeled based on a reaction stoichiometry of 1:1 Cr-alginic acid complexes. Because of the complex nature of alginic acid, a nonelectrostatic, discrete ligand approach was used to determine proton and Cr binding with the functional groups of alginic acid. In this approach, alginic acid was conceptualized as being composed of a suite of two monoprotic acids (HL1 and HL2) with arbitrarily assigned pKa values of two and four, respectively. The results indicate that Cr binding with uronic acids mainly occurs through carboxylic groups under acidic to slightly alkaline pH conditions (e.g., pH &lt; 8). The overall results of the present study indicate that the formation of such Cr-ligand complexes may have a pronounced effect on Cr(III) transport, solubility and bioavailability in natural systems.