bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface optical phonon modes in ternary aligned crystalline InGaN/GaN multi‐quantum‐well nanopillar arrays
Authors: Wu Shang‐En , Dhara S. , Hsueh Tao‐Hung , Lai Yi‐Feng , Wang Cheng‐Yu , Liu Chuan‐Pu 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe optical properties of focused ion beam‐engraved, perfectly aligned and spatially controlled multi‐quantum‐well (MQW) InGaN/GaN nanopillars were investigated. Crystalline MQW nanopillars with a diameter of 30–95 nm and high aspect ratios (7:1–16:1) showed a maximum of three‐fold enhancement in emission intensity per unit active area. A light‐emitting contour map of Taiwan is drawn with a nanopillar structure to demonstrate the site control of the technique adopted in the present study. Raman scattering studies were used to characterize the newly created surfaces. Unknown peaks in GaN and InGaN nanostructures are identified for surface optical (SO) phonon modes with proper assignments of wave vectors using multiple excitations, and the SO mode for the ternary phase is reported for the first time. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term results of AIEOP LNH‐92 protocol for the treatment of pediatric lymphoblastic lymphoma: A report of the Italian Association of pediatric hematology and oncology
Authors: Pillon Marta , Piglione Matilde , Garaventa Alberto , Conter Valentino , Giuliano Maria , Arcamone Giampaolo , Mura Rossella , Cellini Monica , D'Amore Emanuele S.G. , Varotto Stefania , Mussolin Lara , Rosolen Angelo 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundLymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) is the second most frequent lymphoma subtype in childhood. It is commonly treated according to therapy strategies for lymphoblastic leukemia.MethodsThe AIEOP LNH‐92 protocol was a modified LSA2‐L2 therapy used for both T‐ and B‐cell precursor LBL and included Induction, Consolidation, and Maintenance treatment with a total duration of 11 and 24 months for stages I and II, stages III and IV disease, respectively.ResultsFifty‐five eligible patients were enrolled, 40 males and 15 females, with a median age of 8 years. Complete remission was achieved in 93% of the cases. With a median follow‐up of 9 years the event‐free survival (EFS) was 69% and overall survival 72%. EFS of localized disease was 100%. The most frequent grades III and IV toxicity was hematologic and hepatic (elevated transaminases) toxicity. No toxic death nor second tumor were observed. Outcome was comparable to most concomitant international protocols for LBL, but inferior to recent trials that included reinduction treatment or a higher intensity therapy for high stage disease.ConclusionsAIEOP LNH92 protocol demonstrated similar efficacy compared to contemporary regimens, with limited toxicity. Nevertheless, an intensified treatment is warranted for high stage disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:953–959. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urine concentrating ability in infants with sickle cell disease: Baseline data from the phase III trial of hydroxyurea (BABY HUG)
Authors: Miller Scott T. , Wang Winfred C. , Iyer Rathi , Rana Sohail , Lane Peter , Ware Russell E. , Li Daner , Rees Renée C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundA urine concentrating defect is quite common in sickle cell anemia, has its onset in early childhood, and may be reversible with transfusion. The Pediatric Hydroxyurea Phase III Clinical Trial (BABY HUG) is a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial to assess efficacy of hydroxyurea in preventing organ damage in young children with sickle cell anemia.ProceduresEnrolled infants were subjected to parent‐supervised fluid deprivation, and urine and serum osmolality were determined.ResultsOf 185 infants age 7.5–17.9 months (mean 13.0 ± 2.7) and fluid‐deprived 7.4 ± 2.4 hr (range 4–13), 178 had concurrent determinations of urine and serum osmolality. Mean serum osmolality was 286 ± 6 mOsm/kg H2O (range 275–312) and independent of age, height, weight, or duration of fluid deprivation. Urine osmolality (mean 407 ± 151, range 58–794 mOsm/kg H2O) was greater than serum (P < 0.0001) and correlated with duration of fluid deprivation (P = 0.001). Of 142 (77.2%) who concentrated urine, 54 (29.4%) had urine osmolality >500 mOsm/kg H2O. Urine osmolality correlated with 99mTc‐DTPA clearance (P = 0.02) and serum urea nitrogen (P < 0.0001), but not with serum osmolality, gender, age, height, weight, or serum creatinine. Infants able to produce urine with osmolality >500 mOsm/kg H2O had higher mean fetal hemoglobin concentrations than did those who could not (P = 0.014).ConclusionsEven with often limited fluid deprivation, 77.2% of young infants with sickle cell anemia were able to concentrate urine. Preservation of concentrating ability was associated with higher fetal hemoglobin concentration. Assessment will be repeated after 2 years of hydroxyurea or placebo treatment (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00006400). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:265–268. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pilocytic astrocytoma in a child with Noonan syndrome
Authors: Schuettpelz Laura G. , McDonald Sharon , Whitesell Kristina , Desruisseau David M. , Grange Dorothy K. , Gurnett Christina A. , Wilson David B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNoonan syndrome (NS; MIM 163950) is an autosomal dominant dysmorphic syndrome characterized by distinct facial features, cardiac anomalies, short stature, and motor delay. Activating mutations in PTPN11, encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, are associated with about 50% of cases. Mutations in other genes in the RAS/mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway are responsible for many of the remainder of cases. While mutations in this pathway are found in a variety of malignancies, including solid tumors, there are few reports of solid tumors in individuals with NS. We report here a patient with PTPN11 mutation‐associated NS and a pilocytic astrocytoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:1147–1149. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Congenital aggressive variant of Langerhans cells histiocytosis with CD56+/E‐Cadherin− phenotype
Authors: Lucioni Marco , Beluffi Giampiero , Bandiera Laura , Zecca Marco , Inzani Frediano , Fiandrino Giacomo , Viglio Alessandra , Stronati Mauro , Necchi Vittorio , Riboni Roberta , Locatelli Franco , Paulli Marco 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn children <2 years of age, cutaneous involvement is the most frequent presentation of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Cutaneous LCH can be localized or associated with dissemination and organ dysfunction. The clinical course is variable, ranging from spontaneous regression to a fatal outcome. We describe a female newborn presenting with congenital cutaneous lesions who rapidly developed pulmonary infiltrates and multiple osteolytic lesions. Skin biopsy showed a dermal infiltrate of medium to large cells morphologically and phenotypically consistent with LCH. The clinical course was rapidly fatal in spite of chemotherapy. No strict correlation between morphology and prognosis has been documented in LCH, but, in our case, distinct morphological and immunohistochemical features (CD56 expression and no E‐Cadherin expression) may have contributed to an aggressive clinical course. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:1107–1110. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the momentum equation for the quasi‐geostrophic model
Authors: Mohebalhojeh Ali R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe momentum equation for the quasi‐geostrophic (QG) model derived based on the conventional Rossby‐number expansions does not uniquely determine the QG motion up to first order in the Rossby number. There are infinitely many ways of closing the equations. The momentum equation for QG derived by Holm and Zeitlin in 1998 based on a variational formulation for QG is compared with that for the conventional Rossby‐number expansions. The underlying assumption in the construction of the variational formulation is geostrophic velocity for the particles. It is shown that the variational momentum equation corresponds to a particular way of closing the conventional momentum equation for QG. The numerical results for potential vorticity (PV) inversion on a circular vortex indicate a smaller range of applicability and loss of accuracy for the variational momentum equation for QG when compared with the QG one that sets the first‐order linearized potential vorticity to zero. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Finnish World Shops at a crossroads in the commercialized fair trade market
Authors: Laine Eeva L. , Laine Matias 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe popularity of fair trade is growing swiftly in many parts of the world. As the fair trade market has grown, new kinds of participant have emerged and the field has become increasingly commercialized. However, there are also tensions between the different groups as to whether commercialization and mainstreaming benefit the ultimate aims of the movement. This paper presents a qualitative study of how the Finnish World Shop movement's key actors understand the movement's role and position in the developing fair trade market. The study discusses the polyphonic nature of this democratic social movement at the crossroads of continuing as a traditional solidarity movement or transforming into a more commercial organization. Furthermore, the findings highlight the implications these choices may have for sustainability in the World Shops' supply chain. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Cervical dysplasia in Nigerian women infected with HIV
Authors: Agaba Patricia A. , Thacher Thomas D. , Ekwempu Chinedu C. , Idoko John A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of and risk factors for cervical dysplasia in HIV‐positive women receiving care at the Jos University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria.MethodsA total of 369 HIV‐positive women had cervical cytology performed; HIV‐1 RNA viral load and CD4 counts were measured.ResultsOf 369 participants, cervical dysplasia was present in 107 (29.0%) women. However, cervical cytology was abnormal in 252 (68.3%). Among those with abnormal cytology, 145 (57.5%) women had ASCUS, 56 (22.2%) had LSIL, and 51 (20.2%) had HSIL. Median CD4 lymphocyte count was lower in women with dysplasia compared with those without (142 vs 170 cells/mm3; P = 0.04), while median HIV RNA viral load was higher in women with dysplasia (101 781 vs 77 479 copies/mL; P = 0.002). Low CD4 count (< 200 cells/mm3) and evidence of HPV infection were significantly associated with cervical dysplasia.ConclusionA high prevalence of cervical dysplasia was found among HIV‐positive Nigerian women, which was associated with increased immune suppression.
Der zweite Gesundheitsmarkt
Authors: Henke Klaus-Dirk 
Published: July 2009

Einleitung
A working hypothesis is that the increasing “second health care market” is supporting and financing the “first health sector” in the overall health economy. The first sector refers to the protection with health care services for everyone in tax-financed or in social security type of systems whilst the second health care market is functioning as the normal economy does in industrial countries; i.e. through innovative products and services in growing markets. To justify this hypothesis there are several considerations to be taken into account and hopefully tested empirically in the future.
Weathering phases recorded by gnammas developed since last glaciation at Serra da Estrela, Portugal
Authors: Domínguez-Villar David , Razola Laura , Carrasco Rosa M. , Jennings Carrie E. , Pedraza Javier 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe morphometrical analysis of gnammas (weathering pits) in granite landscapes has been used to establish the relative chronology of recent erosive surfaces and to provide the weathering history in a region. To test the validity of gnammas as relative chronometer indicators, and the reliability of the obtained weathering record, two sites have been studied in Serra da Estrela, Portugal. The first site is within the limits of the glacier that existed in these mountains during the last glaciation, whereas the second site is located in an unglaciated sector of the mountains, which preserves a longer record of weathering in the bedrock surface. The number of gnamma weathering phases recorded in the latter site (8) is larger than those from the former (6). Correlation between both measurement stations based on morphometrical criteria is excellent for the younger six weathering phases (1 to 6). Consequently, the parameter used for relative chronology (δ-value) has been verified to be age dependent, although absolute values are modulated by microclimate due to altitude variations. The weathering record was essentially duplicated once the surfaces at both sites were exposed, demonstrating the reliability of gnamma evolution as a post-glacial environmental indicator for the region.
The Effect of the Cryosurgical Cox-Maze Procedure on Pulmonary Veins Diameter and Left Atrial Size
Authors: Bogot Naama R. , Elami Amir , Shaham Dorith , Berman Philip M. , Sosna Jacob , Ad Niv 
Published: July 2009

Objective The Cox-Maze procedure using cryoablation results in transmural lesions, which follow the lesion pattern of the cut-and-sew Cox-Maze procedure. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effect of the Cox-Maze procedure on left atrial and pulmonary vein size using computed tomography angiogram (CTA). An additional aim was to evaluate pulmonary vein anatomic variability. Methods Six patients (four women and two men; ages 39–63 years, mean age 54.3) underwent chest CTA 1 day before and 38 to 104 days (mean 62.6 days) after the cryosurgical Cox-Maze procedure. Measurements of pulmonary vein ostia and left atrial cranio-caudal, left-to-right and anterior-posterior diameters were derived by consensus. The change in diameters after therapy was compared using the Wilcoxon nonparametric test for paired measurements. Four patients (1 woman and 3 men; age 57–73 years; mean age 59) were evaluated with postoperative CTA alone 296–530 days (mean 447) after surgery, for the development of postoperative pulmonary vein stenosis. A single patient underwent preoperative CTA, but surgery was not performed. Pulmonary venous anatomy was recorded in all 11 patients. Results Sinus rhythm was restored in all operated patients. No focal ostial stenosis of the pulmonary veins was observed. The quantitative assessment in the six patients with preoperative and postoperative studies disclosed only slight changes in pulmonary vein diameter with either reduction or dilatation of no more than 20% from baseline (P > 0.05). There was a consistent trend toward decrease in left atrial dimensions, which did not reach statistical significance. Six patients (55%) had standard pulmonary venous anatomy and five patients (45%) had at least one variation in their pulmonary vein anatomy. Conclusions In this study, we found that a very intensive cryoablation protocol around the pulmonary veins did not result in pulmonary vein stenosis. In addition, a relatively high incidence of anatomic variations of the pulmonary veins was documented.
Thermal conductivity, relaxation and low-frequency vibrational mode anomalies in glasses: a model using the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam nonlinear Hamiltonian
Authors: Romero-Arias J. R. , Salazar F. , Naumis G. G. , Fernandez-Anaya G. 
Published: July 2009

We present a nonlinear model that allows exploration of the relationship between energy relaxation, thermal conductivity and the excess of low-frequency vibrational modes (LFVMs) that are present in glasses. The model is a chain of the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam (FPU) type, with nonlinear second neighbour springs added at random. We show that the time for relaxation is increased as LFVMs are removed, while the thermal conductivity diminishes. These results are important in order to understand the role of the cooling speed and thermal conductivity during glass transition. Also, the model provides evidence for the fundamental importance of LFVMs in the FPU problem.
Human respiratory syncytial virus A2 strain replicates and induces innate immune responses by respiratory epithelia of neonatal lambs
Authors: Olivier Alicia , Gallup Jack , De Macedo Marcia M.M.A. , Varga Steven M. , Ackermann Mark 
Published: July 2009

SummaryHuman respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a pneumovirus that causes significant respiratory disease in premature and full‐term infants. It was our hypothesis that a common strain of RSV, strain A2, would infect, cause pulmonary pathology, and alter respiratory epithelial innate immune responses in neonatal lambs similarly to RSV infection in human neonates. Newborn lambs between 2 and 3 days of age were inoculated intrabronchially with RSV strain A2. The lambs were sacrificed at days 3, 6, and 14 days postinoculation. Pulmonary lesions in the 6‐day postinoculation group were typical of RSV infection including bronchiolitis with neutrophils and mild peribronchiolar interstitial pneumonia. RSV mRNA and antigen were detected by qPCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively with peak mRNA levels and antigen at day 6. Expression of surfactant proteins A and D, sheep beta‐defensin‐1 and thyroid transcription factor‐1 mRNA were also assessed by real‐time qPCR. There was a significant increase in surfactant A and D mRNA expression in RSV‐infected animals at day 6 postinoculation. There were no significant changes in sheep beta‐defensin‐1 and thyroid transcription factor‐1 mRNA expression. This study shows that neonatal lambs can be infected with RSV strain A2 and the pulmonary pathology mimics that of RSV infection in human infants thereby making the neonatal lamb a useful animal model to study disease pathogenesis and therapeutics. RSV infection induces increased expression of surfactant proteins A and D in lambs, which may also be an important feature of infection in newborn infants.
Experimental mouse models for hepatocellular carcinoma research
Authors: Heindryckx Femke , Colle Isabelle , Van Vlierberghe Hans 
Published: July 2009

SummaryEvery year almost 500,000 new patients are diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a primary malignancy of the liver that is associated with a poor prognosis. Numerous experimental models have been developed to define the pathogenesis of HCC and to test novel drug candidates. This review analyses several mouse models useful for HCC research and points out their advantages and weaknesses. Chemically induced HCC mice models mimic the injury‐fibrosis‐malignancy cycle by administration of a genotoxic compound alone or, if necessary, followed by a promoting agent. Xenograft models develop HCC by implanting hepatoma cell lines in mice, either ectopically or orthotopically; these models are suitable for drug screening, although extrapolation should be considered with caution as multiple cell lines must always be used. The hollow fibre assay offers a solution for limiting the number of test animals in xenograft research because of the ability for implanting multiple cell lines in one mouse. There is also a broad range of genetically modified mice engineered to investigate the pathophysiology of HCC. Transgenic mice expressing viral genes, oncogenes and/or growth factors allow the identification of pathways involved in hepatocarcinogenesis.
Proteolytic processing of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and biochemical characterisation of hydrolysates
Authors: Beaulieu Lucie , Thibodeau Jacinthe , Bryl Piotr , Carbonneau Marie‐Élise 
Published: July 2009

SummaryResearch on fish composition has demonstrated that they constitute a promising source of molecules with health benefits. In the present study, Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) was processed using Protamex® and the distribution of nutrients in various fractions obtained following membrane filtration was analysed. The fish starting material was approximately 84% water and the dry matter contained 42.7% proteins, 45.2% lipids and 5.6% minerals. The recovery of fish dry matter in the liquid hydrolysate was 77.8%. Most of the fractions were protein‐enriched and characterised by a well‐balanced amino acid composition, notably in terms of the most essential amino acids and by molecules of relatively low molecular weight (≤42 kDa). Even before process optimising, the biochemical and nutritional analyses indicate that the Atlantic mackerel may provide high‐value products for future applications in the health and food sectors.
The effect of mincing method on the quality of refrigerated whiting burgers
Authors: Köse Sevim , Balaban Murat O. , Boran Muhammet , Boran Gökhan 
Published: July 2009

SummaryDifferent mincing methods in the preparation of refrigerated whiting burgers had a significant effect on the products’ quality during storage (P < 0.05). The burgers containing pre‐cooked mince products (PCMP) had the lowest microbial load with longest sensory shelf life (10 days). Oven drying of dry ingredients with subsequent hygienic practices markedly decreased microbial load in final products, from 5.30 to <1.47 log CFU g−1 for PCMP, 5.80–2.45 log CFU g−1 for washed mince products (WMP), 5.65–2.14 log CFU g−1 for unwashed mince products. The lowest trimethylamine and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N) were observed with WMP reaching 14.7 and 42.03 mg per 100 g, respectively, at the end of storage. The differences in average surface colours of samples with different preparations and different additives were significant after mincing, but decreased after addition of ingredients, and after cooking. This study indicates the possibility of using pre‐cooking as a method for formulated fish mince‐based products as it had the highest consumer acceptance as well as longer sensory shelf life despite its higher values of trimethylamine and TVB‐N compared with WMP.
A test of life‐history theories of immune defence in two ecotypes of the garter snake, Thamnophis elegans
Authors: Sparkman Amanda Marie , Palacios Maria Gabriela 
Published: July 2009

Summary 1. Life‐history theorists have long observed that fast growth and high reproduction tend to be associated with short life span, suggesting that greater investment in such traits may trade off with self‐maintenance. The immune system plays an integral role in self‐maintenance and has been proposed as a mediator of life‐history trade‐offs. 2. Ecoimmunologists have predicted that fast‐living organisms should rely more heavily on constitutive innate immunity than slow‐living organisms, as constitutive innate defences are thought to be relatively inexpensive to develop and can provide a rapid, general response to pathogens. 3. We present the first study to examine this hypothesis in an ectothermic vertebrate, by testing for differences in three aspects of constitutive innate immunity in replicate populations of two life‐history ecotypes of the garter snake Thamnophis elegans, one fast‐living and one slow‐living. 4. As predicted, free‐ranging snakes from the fast‐living ecotype had higher levels of all three measures of constitutive innate immunity than the slow‐living ecotype. These differences in immunity were not explained by parasite loads measured. Furthermore, both ecotypes exhibited a positive relationship between innate immunity and body size/age, which we discuss in the context of ectotherm physiology and ecotype differences in developmental rates.