bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurements of Detailed Temperature Profiles within the Radar Range Gate Using the Range Imaging Technique
Authors: Furumoto Jun-ichi , Shinoda Tomonori , Matsugatani Atsushi , Tsuda Toshitaka 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The present study applies the range imaging (RIM) technique to radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) measurements in an attempt to improve the vertical resolution of temperature profiles obtained by RASS measurements.
When an FM-chirped acoustic wave is used for RASS observations, the transmitted radio wave is backscattered from the section of the FM-chirped acoustic pulse where the Bragg condition between the radar and acoustic wavelengths is satisfied. The Bragg resonance region propagates upward with the upward movement of the acoustic pulse. To improve the height resolution of the RIM results, complex time series are extracted for an adequate period corresponding to the effective scattering length of the RASS echo.
In the RIM analysis for RASS echo, a model temperature profile is required to compensate the Doppler shift bias due to the shape of range-gate weighting. To remove this bias, an iteration algorithm was developed so that the temperature profiles of the previous RIM results could be used for the bias correction of the next RIM step.
The RIM technique was applied to RASS imaging measurements performed using the middle and upper atmosphere (MU) radar on 29–31 October 2006 in an attempt to improve the height resolution to approximately 60 m from the nominal range gate width of 150 m. The temperature profiles inside the radar range volume with a temporal resolution of 26 min were successfully retrieved. The detailed temperature structure, which cannot be revealed by conventional RASS observations, was clarified in the RIM results. In particular, the small-scale inversion layers inside the radar range gate were clearly revealed by the MU radar–RASS imaging data. These detailed temperature variations within the radar range gate agreed well with the simultaneous rawinsonde results.
Depth Biases in XBT Data Diagnosed Using Bathymetry Data
Authors: Good Simon A. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Expendable bathythermograph (XBT) profiles are an important component of the historical record of subsurface ocean temperature. To correct for time-varying biases in these data, adjustments to XBT depths and/or temperatures have been proposed by a number of groups based on comparisons between XBT data and profiles recorded using other types of instruments. In this study, an alternative method for diagnosing biases has been developed that uses ocean depth information from the XBT profiles and from the General Bathymetry Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) 30-arc-sec gridded bathymetry. This isolates any depth biases from additional, unrelated temperature biases. Corrections to depths obtained with this method for the Sippican T4 XBT follow a time evolution similar to that found in other studies that derived time-varying adjustments, but are relatively large during the 1980s. Similarities in the evolution of Sippican T7 XBT biases were also observed, but with differences in recent years. Corrections from a study that proposed non-time-varying adjustments were found to broadly remove the biases in the T4 depths but overcorrected the T7 data, with temporal variations in the biases remaining. For the Sippican T10 XBT a more detailed time evolution of depth biases has been obtained than was previously possible. Although corrections have also been derived for approximately 50% of the XBTs for which type and manufacturer are unknown, these should only be used with caution as this study necessarily focuses on shallow water and proportions of different XBT types in use there are not typical of the wider ocean.
An Adaptive Multimoment Global Model on a Cubed Sphere
Authors: Chen Chungang , Xiao Feng , Li Xingliang 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
An adaptive global shallow-water model is proposed on cubed-sphere grid using the multimoment finite volume scheme and the Berger–Oliger adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) algorithm that was originally designed for a Cartesian grid. On each patch of the cubed-sphere grid, the curvilinear coordinates are constructed in a way that the Berger–Oliger algorithm can be applied directly. Moreover, an algorithm to transfer data across neighboring patches is proposed to establish a practical integrated framework for global AMR computation on the cubed-sphere grid.
The multimoment finite volume scheme is adopted as the fluid solver and is essentially beneficial to the implementation of AMR on the cubed-sphere grid. The multimoment interpolation based on both volume-integrated average (VIA) and point value (PV) provides the compact reconstruction that makes the present scheme very attractive not only in dealing with the artificial boundaries between different patches but also in the coarse–fine interpolations required in the AMR computations. The single-cell-based reconstruction avoids involving more than two nesting levels during interpolations. The reconstruction profile of constrained interpolation profile–conservative semi-Lagrangian scheme with third-order polynomial function (CIP-CSL3) is adopted where the slope parameter provides a flexible and convenient switching to get the desired numerical properties, such as high-order (fourth order) accuracy, monotonicity, and positive definiteness.
Numerical experiments with typical benchmark tests for both advection equation and shallow-water equations are carried out to evaluate the proposed model. The numerical errors and the corresponding CPU times of numerical experiments on uniform and adaptive meshes verify the performance of the proposed model. Compared to the uniformly refined grid, the AMR technique is able to achieve the similar numerical accuracy with less computational cost.
Seasonal Prediction of Thermal Stress Accumulation for Coral Bleaching in the Tropical Oceans
Authors: Spillman C. M. , Alves O. , Hudson D. A. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Mass coral bleaching, associated with anomalously warm ocean temperatures over large regions, poses a serious threat to the future health of the world coral reef systems. Seasonal forecasts from coupled ocean–atmosphere models can be a valuable resource for reef management, providing early warning of potential bleaching conditions, allowing for a proactive management response. Here, the ability of a dynamical seasonal forecast model (Predictive Ocean Atmosphere Model for Australia, POAMA) to forecast degree heating months (DHMs) in the tropical oceans is assessed, with particular focus on the 1997/98 El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and associated global bleaching events. The model exhibits useful skill in forecasting sea surface temperatures (SSTs) across the tropical oceans for 1982–2006 and reproduced both the magnitude and distribution of DHM values observed during the 1997/98 ENSO event. In general, observed teleconnections between ENSO indices and tropical SST at various lags are well captured by the model. In particular, strong observed correlations between peak ENSO indices and SST in the Caribbean in the following summer were reproduced. The model also shows skill in predicting ocean conditions conducive to bleaching in non-ENSO years, capturing the anomalously warm conditions in the Caribbean region in 2005. Probabilistic forecasts of DHM values above certain thresholds for the Caribbean show useful skill and could be valuable in the assessment of the likelihood of bleaching for the region.
A liver enhancer in the fibrinogen gene cluster
Authors: Fort Alexandre , Fish Richard J. , Attanasio Catia , Dosch Roland , Visel Axel , Neerman-Arbez Marguerite 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The plasma concentration of fibrinogen varies in the healthy human population between 1.5 and 3.5 g/L. Understanding the basis of this variability has clinical importance because elevated fibrinogen levels are associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. To identify novel regulatory elements involved in the control of fibrinogen expression, we used sequence conservation and in silico–predicted regulatory potential to select 14 conserved noncoding sequences (CNCs) within the conserved block of synteny containing the fibrinogen locus. The regulatory potential of each CNC was tested in vitro using a luciferase reporter gene assay in fibrinogen-expressing hepatoma cell lines (HuH7 and HepG2). 4 potential enhancers were tested for their ability to direct enhanced green fluorescent protein expression in zebrafish embryos. CNC12, a sequence equidistant from the human fibrinogen alpha and beta chain genes, activates strong liver enhanced green fluorescent protein expression in injected embryos and their transgenic progeny. A transgenic assay in embryonic day 14.5 mouse embryos confirmed the ability of CNC12 to activate transcription in the liver. While additional experiments are necessary to prove the role of CNC12 in the regulation of fibrinogen, our study reveals a novel regulatory element in the fibrinogen locus that is active in the liver and may contribute to variable fibrinogen expression in humans.
The Origin of Citizen Genet's Projected Attack on Spanish Louisiana: A Case Study in Girondin Politics
Authors: Campbell Wesley J. 
Published: October 2010

In 1792 the Girondin ministry decided to send Edmond Genet to the United States with plans to recruit western frontiersmen and invade Spanish Louisiana. The episode is well known in American history, but the literature on its French origin is sparse and overemphasizes the contribution of revolutionary leader Jacques-Pierre Brissot. This essay contextualizes the French decision within the debate between Brissot, Minister of Foreign Affairs Pierre Lebrun, and General Charles-François Dumouriez over whether France should send troops against Spanish colonies in South America. The essay argues that Lebrun promoted the western scheme in order to attack Spanish interests without straining French resources. Rather than merely embodying a spirit of universal freedom, Lebrun's plan was grounded in the geopolitical advantages the mission might afford France in its European wars.
En 1792 le ministère girondin a décidé à envoyer Edmond Genet aux Etats-Unis en mission pour embaucher des frontaliers de l'Ouest et envahir la Louisiane espagnole. Cet événement est célèbre dans l'histoire américaine mais très peu de littérature existe à propos de ses origines françaises et celle-ci surestime la contribution du leader révolutionnaire Jacques-Pierre Brissot. Cet essai place la décision française dans le contexte du débat entre Brissot, le ministre des affaires étrangères Pierre Lebrun et le général Charles-François Dumouriez sur l'engagement potentiel de troupes contre les colonies espagnoles en Amérique du Sud. L'essai défend la thèse selon laquelle Lebrun aurait favorisé le projet d'attaquer les intérêts espagnols sans faire appel aux ressources françaises. Plutôt que d'incarner simplement l'esprit de la liberté universelle, le plan de Lebrun était fondé sur les avantages géopolitiques que la mission pourrait rapporter à la France dans ses guerres européennes.
On the existence of Stone-Čech compactification
Authors: Curi Giovanni 
Published: October 2010

Introduction. In 1937 E. Čech and M.H. Stone, independently, introduced the maximal compactification of a completely regular topological space, thereafter called Stone-Čech compactification [8, 23]. In the introduction of [8] the non-constructive character of this result is so described: “It must be emphasized that β(S) [the Stone-Čech compactification of S] may be defined only formally (not constructively) since it exists only in virtue of Zermelo's theorem”.By replacing topological spaces with locales, Banaschewski and Mulvey [4, 5, 6], and Johnstone [14] obtained choice-free intuitionistic proofs of Stone-Čech compactification. Although valid in any topos, these localic constructions rely—essentially, as is to be demonstrated—on highly impredicative principles, and thus cannot be considered as constructive in the sense of the main systems for constructive mathematics, such as Martin-Löf's constructive type theory and Aczel's constructive set theory.In [10] I characterized the locales of which the Stone-Čech compactification can be defined in constructive type theory CTT, and in the formal system CZF+uREA+DC, a natural extension of Aczel's system for constructive set theory CZF by a strengthening of the Regular Extension Axiom REA and the principle of Dependent Choice.
A high c.e. degree which is not the join of two minimal degrees
Authors: Giorgi Matthew B. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe construct a high c.e. degree which is not the join of two minimal degrees and so refute Posner's conjecture that every high c.e. degree is the join of two minimal degrees. Additionally, the proof shows that there is a high c.e. degree a such that for any splitting of a into degrees b and c one of these degrees bounds a 1-generic degree.
Infinite substructure lattices of models of Peano Arithmetic
Authors: Schmerl James H. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBounded lattices (that is lattices that are both lower bounded and upper bounded) form a large class of lattices that include all distributive lattices, many nondistributive finite lattices such as the pentagon lattice N5. and all lattices in any variety generated by a finite bounded lattice. Extending a theorem of Paris for distributive lattices, we prove that if L is an ℵ0-algebraic bounded lattice, then every countable nonstandard model of Peano Arithmetic has a cofinal elementary extension such that the interstructure lattice Lt(/) is isomorphic to L.
Diagonal Prikry extensions
Authors: Cummings James , Foreman Matthew 
Published: October 2010

§1. Introduction. It is a well-known phenomenon in set theory that problems in infinite combinatorics involving singular cardinals and their successors tend to be harder than the parallel problems for regular cardinals. Examples include the behaviour of cardinal exponentiation, the extent of the tree property, the extent of stationary reflection, and the existence of non-free almost-free abelian groups. The explanation for this phenomenon lies in inner model theory, in particular core models and covering lemmas. If W is an inner model of V then1. W strongly covers V if every uncountable set of ordinals is covered by a set of the same V -cardinality lying in W.2. W weakly covers V if W computes the successor of every V-singular cardinal correctly.Strong covering implies weak covering.In inner model theory there are many theorems of the general form “if there is no inner model of large cardinal hypothesis X then there is an L-like inner model Kx which Y covers V”. Here the L-like properties of Kx always include GCH and Global Square. Examples include1. X is “0# exists”, Kx is L, Y is “strongly”.2. X is “there is a measurable cardinal”, Kx is the Dodd-Jensen core model, Y is “strongly”.3. X is “there is a Woodin cardinal”, Kx is the core model for a Woodin cardinal, Y is “weakly”.
Comparison of iatrogenic transmission of Anaplasma marginale in Holstein steers via needle and needle-free injection techniques
Authors: Reinbold James B. , Coetzee Johann F. , Hollis Larry C. , Nickell Jason S. , Riegel Casey M. , Christopher Julia A. , Ganta Roman R. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Objective—To compare iatrogenic transmission of Anaplasma marginale during sham vaccination between needle and needle-free injection techniques.
Animals—26 Holstein steers confirmed negative for anaplasmosis by use of a competitive ELISA (cELISA) and an A marginale-specific reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay.
Procedures—An isolate of A marginale was propagated to a circulating parasitemia of 2.0% in a splenectomized steer. Sham vaccination was performed in the left cervical muscles of the splenectomized parasitemic steer with a hypodermic needle fitted to a multiple-dose syringe. The same needle and syringe were used to sham vaccinate a naïve steer. This 2-step procedure was repeated until 10 naïve steers (group ND) were injected. Similarly, sham vaccination of the left cervical muscles of the splenectomized parasitemic steer and another group of 10 naïve steers (group NF) was performed by use of a needle-free injection system. Five control steers were not injected. Disease status was evaluated twice weekly for 61 days by use of light microscopy, a cELISA, and an A marginale-specific RT-PCR assay.
Results—Iatrogenic transmission was detected in 6 of 10 steers in group ND. Disease status did not change in the NF or control steers. Sensitivity of light microscopy, cELISA, and RT-PCR assay was 100% on days 41, 41, and 20 after sham vaccination, respectively; however, only cELISA and RT-PCR assay sustained a sensitivity of 100% thereafter.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Needle-free injection was superior to needle injection for the control of iatrogenic transmission of A marginale. (Am J Vet Res 2010;71 1178-1188)
Evaluation of peptide- and recombinant protein-based assays for detection of anti-Ehrlichia ewingii antibodies in experimentally and naturally infected dogs
Authors: O'Connor Thomas P. , Saucier Jill M. , Daniluk Daryn , Stillman Brett A. , Krah Regis , Rikihisa Yasuko , Xiong Qingming , Yabsley Michael J. , Adams Dustin S. , Diniz Pedro Paulo V P , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Gaunt Stephen D. , Chandrashekar Ramaswamy 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate microtiter-plate format ELISAs constructed by use of different diagnostic targets derived from the Ehrlichia ewingii p28 outer membrane protein for detection of E ewingii antibodies in experimentally and naturally infected dogs.
Sample Population—Serum samples from 87 kenneled dogs, 9 dogs experimentally infected with anti-E ewingii, and 180 potentially naturally exposed dogs from Missouri.
Procedures—The capacities of the synthetic peptide and truncated recombinant protein to function as detection reagents in ELISAs were compared by use of PCR assay, western blot analysis, and a full-length recombinant protein ELISA. Diagnostic targets included an E ewingii synthetic peptide (EESP) and 2 recombinant proteins: a full-length E ewingii outer membrane protein (EEp28) and a truncated E ewingii outer membrane protein (EETp28)
Results—A subset of Ehrlichia canis-positive samples cross-reacted in the EEp28 ELISA; none were reactive in the EESP and EETp28 ELISAs. The EESP- and EETp28-based ELISAs detected E ewingii seroconversion at approximately the same time after infection as the EEp28 ELISAs. In afield population, each of the ELISAs identified the same 35 samples as reactive and 27 samples as nonreactive. Anaplasma and E can is peptides used in a commercially available ELISA platform did not detect anti-E ewingii antibodies in experimentally infected dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The EESP and EETp28 ELISAs were suitable for specifically detecting anti-E ewingii antibodies in experimentally and naturally infected dogs. [Am J Vet Res 2010;71:1195-1200)
Evaluation of the osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation capacities of equine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Braun Julian , Hack Anita , Weis-Klemm Michaela , Conrad Sabine , Treml Sabrina , Kohler Konrad , Walliser Ulrich , Skutella Thomas , Aicher Wilhelm K. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the proliferative behavior, telomere length, immunophenotype, and differentiation capacity of equine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs).
Animals—6 adult racing horses treated for articular Injury but otherwise healthy
Procedures—AT-MSCs were Isolated from horses and expanded In Dulbecco modified Eagle medium enriched with fetal bovine serum and antimicrobials. Expression of cell surface antigens and telomere length were Investigated via flow cytometry Differentiation of MSCs Into chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes was Induced In vitro by specific stimuli and was evaluated by analyzing marker genes with quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assays and immunocytochemical and cytologie evaluations.
Results—Equine MSCs could be cultured up to the fifth passage before signs of senescence, apoptosis, and detachment Indicated cellular exhaustion. However, the AT-MSCs from 2 of 6 horses survived to later passages with Increased doubling rates and telomere lengths. The cells had a typical phenotype, with expression of CD14, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD140b, and CD164 antigens and a lack of CD34 and CD45 antigens. The cells also had a strong potential to differentiate Into osteoblasts, as characterized by Intense von Kossa and alizarin red staining as well as high Induction of osteopontin. Chondrogenic differentiation was detected via Alelan blue staining and expression of aggrecan and type II collagen Adipogenesis was Induced in AT-MSCs by supplementation of differentiation media with rabbit serum.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Equine AT-MSCs representa suitable cellular source for regenerative treatment of bone or cartilage defects, particularly when expanded In vitro for only a few passages. (Am J Vet Res 2010;71:1228-1236)
Comparison of plasma cardiac troponin I concentrations among dogs with cardiac hemangiosarcoma, noncardiac hemangiosarcoma, other neoplasms, and pericardial effusion of nonhemangiosarcoma origin
Authors: Chun Ruthanne , Kellihan Heidi B. , Henik Rosemary A. , Stepien Rebecca L. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether plasma cardiac troponin I (cTnl) concentrations can be used to identify cardiac involvement in dogs with hemangiosarcoma, exclude cardiac hemangiosarcoma in dogs with noncardiac hemangiosarcoma, and identify cardiac hemangiosarcoma in dogs with pericardial effusion.
Design—Cohort study
Animals—57 dogs (18 with confirmed [5 dogs] or suspected [13] cardiac hemangiosarcoma, 14 with confirmed hemangiosarcoma involving sites other than the heart [noncardiac hemangiosarcoma], 10 with pericardial effusion not caused by hemangiosarcoma, and 15 with noncardiac nonhemangiosarcoma neoplasms).
Procedures—Plasma cTnl concentration was measured, and thoracic radiography, abdominal ultrasonography, and echocardiography were performed in each dog. The cTnl concentration was compared among groups.
Results—Median plasma cTnl concentration in dogs with cardiac hemangiosarcoma was significantly higher than the concentration in each of the other groups. A plasma cTnl concentration > 0.25 ng/mL could be used to identify cardiac involvement in dogs with hemangiosarcoma at any site (sensitivity, 78%; specificity, 71 %). A plasma cTnl concentration > 0.25 ng/mL could be used to identify cardiac hemangiosarcoma in dogs with pericardia effusion (sensitivity, 81%; specificity, 100%).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The median plasma cTnl concentration was higher in dogs with cardiac hemangiosarcoma, compared with the median concentration in dogs with hemangiosarcoma at other sites, dogs with other neoplasms, and dogs with pericardial effusion not caused by hemangiosarcoma. The plasma cTnl concentration may be used to identify cardiac involvement in dogs with hemangiosarcoma and to identify cardiac hemangiosarcoma in dogs with pericardial effusion. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010;237:806–811)