bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast computation and stable convergence technique for unbalanced load flow calculation in large‐scale systems
Authors: Shirasaki Keisuke , Uchida Naoyuki 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a new method of unbalanced load flow calculation to improve complexity by the method of advanced symmetrical coordinates. Usually, the electric power system has been calculated only by the positive phase sequence component on the assumption that three‐phase transmission lines and loads are balanced. However, many ultrahigh‐voltage transmission lines are not transposed, and therefore mutual inductances cause negative sequence currents in the trunk transmission system. Negative sequence currents cause heating of generators and transformers, and therefore the three‐phase sequence component should be calculated accurately. We examined the fast computation and good convergence performance of unbalanced load flow calculation by models of three‐phase transmission lines, transformers, and loads. The proposed method is not the phase coordinate system but the method of symmetrical coordinates. This technique decreases numerical complexity by the use of a simplified Jacobian matrix. The convergence performance of this method is inferior to that of the usual Newton–Raphson method. As a consequence, the problem of poor convergence performance is alleviated by a technique for the newly developed deceleration Newton method. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(1): 17–24, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21034
NOD1 and NOD2 regulation of pulmonary innate immunity to Legionella pneumophila
Authors: Berrington William R. , Iyer Ravi , Wells Richard D. , Smith Kelly D. , Skerrett Shawn J. , Hawn Thomas R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe role of nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐1 (NOD1) and nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐2 (NOD2), cytoplasmic receptors which detect bacterial cell wall molecules, in pulmonary innate immune responses is poorly understood. We determined that both NOD1 and NOD2 detect heat‐killed Legionella and stimulate NF‐κb and IFN‐β promoter activity using an in vitro luciferase reporter system. We next infected NOD1‐ and NOD2‐deficient animals with aerosolized Legionella pneumophila. At 3 days post infection, Nod1−/− mice had impaired bacterial clearance compared to WT controls. In addition, at 4 h and 24 h, Nod1−/− mice had impaired neutrophil recruitment to the alveolar space. In contrast, increased lung neutrophils were seen in the Nod2−/− animals at 24 h. Analysis of cytokine production at 4 h post infection revealed a significant decrease in proinflammatory cytokines in the Nod1−/− animals when compared to WT animals. In contrast, increased 4‐h proinflammatory cytokines were seen in the Nod2−/− animals. Furthermore, the lungs of both Nod1−/− and Nod2−/− mice had significantly increased pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels at 24 h, suggesting possible suppressive roles for later stages of infection. Together, our data suggest that although both NOD1 and NOD2 can detect Legionella, these receptors modulate the in vivo pulmonary immune response differently.
Endogenous estrogens, through estrogen receptor α, constrain autoimmune inflammation in female mice by limiting CD4+ T‐cell homing into the CNS
Authors: Lélu Karine , Delpy Laurent , Robert Virginie , Foulon Eliane , Laffont Sophie , Pelletier Lucette , Engelhardt Britta , Guéry Jean‐Charles 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSex hormones influence immune responses and the development of autoimmune diseases including MS and its animal model, EAE. Although it has been previously reported that ovariectomy could worsen EAE, the mechanisms implicated in the protective action of endogenous ovarian hormones have not been addressed. In this report, we now show that endogenous estrogens limit EAE development and CNS inflammation in adult female mice through estrogen receptor α expression in the host non‐hematopoietic tissues. We provide evidence that the enhancing effect of gonadectomy on EAE development was due to quantitative rather than qualitative changes in effector Th1 or Th17 cell recruitment into the CNS. Consistent with this observation, adoptive transfer of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein‐specific encephalitogenic CD4+ T lymphocytes induced more severe EAE in ovariectomized mice as compared to normal female mice. Finally, we show that gonadectomy accelerated the early recruitment of inflammatory cells into the CNS upon adoptive transfer of encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells. Altogether, these data show that endogenous estrogens, through estrogen receptor α, exert a protective effect on EAE by limiting the recruitment of blood‐derived inflammatory cells into the CNS.
Buffering Heavy Metal Ions with Photoactive CrownCast Cages
Authors: Mbatia Hannah W. , Kennedy Daniel P. , Camire Casey E. , Incarvito Christopher D. , Burdette Shawn C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHistorically, caged compounds have been used to interrogate the biological activity of organic molecules by using light; however, R. Tsien and others have developed methodologies over the last three decades for using nitrobenzyl‐derived caged complexes to study the signaling behavior of Ca2+. A series of cation‐selective N‐phenyl‐azamacrocyclic receptors integrated with a 4,5‐dimethoxy‐2‐nitrobenzyl (DMNB) photoactive group act as cages for divalent metal ions. The uncaging mechanism of these complexes involves a photoreaction that converts the nitrobenzhydrol, which is para to the aniline nitrogen atom, into the corresponding nitrosobenzophenone. Resonance delocalization of the aniline into the distal carbonyl group of the photoproduct attenuates the ability of the nitrogen atom to interact with the guest. CrownCast‐1 (3) utilizes a 13‐phenyl‐1,4,7,10‐tetraoxa‐13‐azacyclopentadecane (A15C5, 2) receptor. Binding studies with CrownCast‐1 revealed a modest selectivity for Ca2+; however, differences in the measured binding affinity uponphotolysis suggest that CrownCast‐1 is better suited to cage Mg2+. CrownCast‐2 (5) is derived from the Hg2+‐selective10‐phenyl‐1,4‐dioxa‐7,13‐dithia‐10‐azacyclopentadecane(AT215C5, 4) receptor. Aqueous binding studies demonstrate that CrownCast‐2 binds tightly to Hg2+, but the strong sulfur–mercury interactions in the complex mitigate the release of the metal ion upon photolysis. Based on previous reports of metal selectivity, CrownCast‐3 (7), which possesses a 16‐phenyl‐1,4,7,10,13‐pentaoxa‐16‐azacyclooctadecane (A18C6, 6) receptor, was designed to act as a Pb2+ cage. Initial spectroscopic investigations suggest the uncaged ligand binds Pb2+ with higher affinity than the parent cage. To address this unexpected observation, a turn‐on fluorescence sensor for Pb2+ that couples the A18C6 ligand with a 4,4‐difluoro‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (BODIPY) fluorophore was synthesized. In contrast to the titration data, photolysis of [Pb(CrownCast‐3)]2+ in the presence of PbSensor‐1 (16) demonstrates that the uncaged ligand, CrownUnc‐3 (15), binds Pb2+ with a lower affinity than the caged o‐nitrobenzhydrol macrocycle.
Highly Selective Nd(III) Sensors: Novel Macrocyclic Compounds for Potentiometric Determination of Neodymium
Authors: Singh Ashok Kumar , Singh Jitendra , Jain A. K. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractConductometric studies on the complexation properties of two newly synthesized lariat ethers viz 1,5‐di(cyanoethane)‐2,4 : 7,8 : 13,14‐tribenzo‐1,5‐diaza‐9,12‐dioxacyclopentadeca‐2,7,13‐triene (L1) and 1,5‐di(cyanoethane)‐2,3,4‐pyridine‐7,8 : 13,14‐dibenzo‐1,3,5‐triaza‐9,12‐dioxa cyclopentadeca‐2,7,13‐triene (L2) towards various metal ions in acetonitrile solutions revealed the formation of 1 : 1 ligand metal complexation. These compounds were explored as neutral ionophores for the fabrication of Nd3+ selective and sensitive membrane coated graphite electrodes (CGEs). Among all the electrodes prepared, CGEs with membrane composition L1(5%) : NaTPB(3%) : NPOE (57%) : PVC (35%) and L2(5%) : NaTPB(3%) : NPOE (53%) : PVC (39%) showed best performance. Both the electrodes showed Nernstian response towards Nd3+ ions over a wide concentration range with detection limits 3.8×10−8 mol L−1 and 1.6×10−8 mol L−1 respectively. These electrodes showed a fast response time of <15 s and could be used over a period of three months without significant divergence in their characteristics. The proposed electrodes revealed very good selectivity for Nd3+ ions over several ions. However, higher concentration of Co2+, La3+, Pr3+ and Yb3+ caused some interference. The potentiometric response of these electrodes was excellent in the range of pH 3.5 to 7.6 and they could tolerate up to 20% (v/v) nonaqueous media in the test solutions. These electrodes were used successfully as indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of Nd3+ against EDTA and also in the quantitative determination of Nd3+ ions from binary mixtures and water samples.
Electrochemical Behaviour of Carbamazepine in Acetonitrile and Dimethylformamide Using Glassy Carbon Electrodes and Microelectrodes
Authors: Atkins S. , Sevilla J. M. , Blazquez M. , Pineda T. , Gonzalez‐Rodriguez J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe electrochemical reduction of carbamazepine in acetonitrile (ACN) and dimethylformamide (DMF) using a glassy carbon electrode and microelectrodes has been studied. The reduction process is consistent with an electrochemical‐chemical mechanism (EC) involving a two electron transfer followed by a first order reaction, as shown by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Half‐wave potential, number of electron transferred, diffusion coefficient and rate constant of the associated chemical reaction are reported. Limits of detection (LOD) for DPV are 0.92 and 0.76 µg mL−1 (3.89×10−6 mol L−1 and 3.21×10−6 mol L−1) in ACN and DMF, respectively. Precision (%RSD) and recovery (%) values when pharmaceutical compounds (200mg carbamazepine tablets) and spiked plasma samples were tested ranged from 1.09 to 9.04 % and % recoveries ranged from 96 to 104.1 %.
Electrophoresis of a spherical particle normal to an air–water interface
Authors: Tsai Peter , Lou James , He Yan‐ Ying , Lee Eric 
Published: September 2010

AbstractElectrophoresis of a spherical particle normal to an air–water interface is considered theoretically in this study. The presence of the air–water interface is found to reduce the particle mobility in general, especially when the double layer is very thick. This boundary effect diminishes as the double layer gets very thin. The higher the surface potential, the more significant the reduction of mobility due to the polarization effect from the double layer deformation when the particle is in motion. Local extrema are observed in the mobility profiles with varying double layer thickness as a result. Comparison with a solid planar boundary is made. It is found that the particle mobility near an air–water interface is smaller than that near a solid one when the double layer is thick, and vice versa when the double layer is thin, with a critical threshold value of double layer thickness corresponding roughly to the touch of the interface. The reason behind it is clearly explained as the buildup of electric potential at the air–water interface, which reduces the driving force as a result.
Preliminary studies of a novel multifunctional wide‐bore electrophoresis system
Authors: Li You‐Xin , Dan Yong‐Bo , Fang Xin , Bao James Jianmin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper presents the results obtained from a novel multifunctional analysis platform established on the basis of wide‐bore electrophoresis (WBE) and CE. The WBE–CE system integrated various analytical steps including separation, transfer, reaction, detection, and storage into a single system. During the WBE–CE process, a distinct three‐electrode format was adopted to continuously separate and transfer samples between WBE and CE without the interruption of switching on‐and‐off the power suppliers. This continuous mode of operation also helped to eliminate the need for exactly timing the transfer of specific samples zone from WBE to CE and avoided the danger of missing specific samples. Samples representing mixtures of acids, bases, or proteins were analyzed on this system for evaluating its feasibility and applicability. The results indicated that the resolution achieved on this WBE–CE system was better than either the WBE or the CE alone. Further, samples transferred out of the WBE system could participate in online reaction, such as enzymatic reaction in the CE. Alternatively, samples from the WBE system could be transferred out and stored offline in a vial for post‐transfer reaction. The results demonstrated that this WBE–CE system has the potential to be a multifunctional platform for a range of applications.
Identification of poliovirions and subviral particles by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Halewyck Hadewych , Oita Iuliana , Thys Bert , Dejaegher Bieke , Vander Heyden Yvan , Rombaut Bart 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPoliovirions, purified from infected cell extracts with anion‐exchange chromatography, can be analyzed and identified by CE in untreated fused silica capillaries using UV detection. Other subviral particles can be eluted as well from the same infected cell extract using a higher salt concentration buffer on the ion‐exchange chromatography. Virions can be identified because of their conversion into empty capsids upon heating at 56°C. As a result of heating, the viral genome is released from the capsid. Here, we show that during this incubation some intermediate particles were found. The latter were identified by enzymatic peak shift analysis. The high salt concentration eluate subviral particles were analyzed with preincubation affinity CE together with their sensitivity for RNase and proteinase K treatment. Electropherograms of the higher salt concentration eluate display a mixture of at least four different subviral particles. One particle proved to have an [N1, H] antigenicity and was resistant to RNase and proteinase K digestion. The remaining particles were all sensitive to proteinase K treatment. This CE method proved to be valuable in the detection, identification and analysis of poliovirions and poliovirus particles offering an alternative powerful, cheap, fast and easy analysis method.
Naphthyl methacrylate‐phenylene diacrylate‐based monolithic column for reversed‐phase capillary electrochromatography via hydrophobic and π interactions
Authors: Karenga Samuel , El Rassi Ziad 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA neutral naphthyl methacrylate‐phenylene diacrylate‐based monolith (NPM) was introduced for RP‐CEC of various neutral and charged solute probes via hydrophobic and π interactions. The NPM column was prepared by the in situ polymerization of naphthyl methacrylate as the functional monomer and 1,4‐phenylene diacrylate (PDA) as the crosslinker in a ternary porogenic solvent containing cyclohexanol, dodecanol and water. The NPM column exhibited cathodal EOF despite the fact that it was devoid of any fixed charges. NPM exhibited stronger EOF than its counterpart naphthyl methacrylate monolith (NMM) made from the in situ polymerization of naphthyl methacrylate and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM). As for NMM, it is believed that the EOF arises from the adsorption of mobile phase ions onto the monolith surface. The higher EOF exhibited by NPM may be attributed to the acrylate nature of PDA as compared to the methacrylate nature of TRIM, and therefore PDA has a higher binding capacity for mobile phase ions due to its higher polarity than TRIM. The adsorption of mobile phase ions together with the additional π interactions offered by the aromatic rings of the NPM matrix modulated solute retention and separation selectivity. The applications of NPM were demonstrated by the separation of a wide range of small and large solutes including peptides, tryptic peptide maps and proteins.
Design and analysis of one new construction for multiple groups optical orthogonal codes
Authors: Zhang Chongfu 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe common construction for optimal optical orthogonal code (OOC) based on finite field is investigated. Since one group OOC results in decreased security of an optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) system, a novel algorithm of this construction for multiple groups OOC (MOOC) based on finite field is proposed. Using computer simulation, several groups of the MOOC can be obtained when different primitive elements are selected. These results show that any MOOC can be obtained successfully by using the method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corticospinal output and cortical excitation‐inhibition balance in distal hand muscle representations in nonprimary motor area
Authors: Vaalto Selja , Säisänen Laura , Könönen Mervi , Julkunen Petro , Hukkanen Taina , Määttä Sara , Karhu Jari 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the superior frontal gyrus in the non‐primary motor area (NPMA) can evoke motor‐evoked potentials (MEPs) at 20 ms latency range in contralateral distal hand muscles similar to stimulation of M1 and indicating monosynaptic corticospinal tracts. We compared the intracortical inhibitory and excitatory balance in primary motor cortex (M1) and in NPMA by navigated single‐ and paired‐pulse TMS (ppTMS). We also evaluated the spatial stability of muscle representations in M1 and NPMA by remapping 11 healthy subjects one year after the initial mapping. Resting motor threshold (rMT) was higher in NPMA than in M1 as were the MEP amplitudes evoked by 120% rMT stimulation intensity of the local MT. Short‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) was significantly weaker in NPMA than in M1 at ISI of 2 ms and conditioning stimulus (CS) 80% rMT. Our findings suggest that the cortical hand representations in NPMA 1) are connected to lower motoneurons monosynaptically, 2) are less strictly organized, i.e. motoneuron population representing a discrete hand muscle is sparser and less dense than in M1 and 3) have the capacity to generate powerful, rapid muscle contraction if sufficient number of motoneurones are activated. In NPMA, local intracortical inhibitory and excitatory activity is mainly similar to that in M1. The lower SICI in NPMA at an ISI of 2 ms may reflect less strict topographic organization and readiness to reorganization of neural circuits during motor learning or after motor deficits. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gray and white matter asymmetries in healthy individuals aged 21–29 years: A voxel‐based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging study
Authors: Takao Hidemasa , Abe Osamu , Yamasue Hidenori , Aoki Shigeki , Sasaki Hiroki , Kasai Kiyoto , Yoshioka Naoki , Ohtomo Kuni 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe hemispheres of the human brain are functionally and structurally asymmetric. The study of structural asymmetries provides important clues to the neuroanatomical basis of lateralized brain functions. Previous studies have demonstrated age‐related changes in morphology and diffusion properties of brain tissue. In this study, we simultaneously explored gray and white matter asymmetry using voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in 109 young healthy individuals (58 females and 51 males). To eliminate the potential confounding effects of aging and handedness, we restricted the study to right‐handed subjects aged 21–29 years. VBM and voxel‐based analysis of fractional anisotropy (FA) maps derived from DTI revealed a number of gray matter volume asymmetries (including the right frontal and left occipital petalias and leftward asymmetry of the planum temporale) and white matter FA asymmetries (including leftward asymmetry of the arcuate fasciculus, cingulum, and corticospinal tract). There was no significant effect of sex on gray and white matter asymmetry. Leftward volume asymmetry of the planum temporale and leftward FA asymmetry of the arcuate fasciculus were simultaneously demonstrated. Post hoc analysis showed that the gray matter volume of the planum temporale and FA of the arcuate fasciculus were positively related (Pearson correlation coefficient, 0.43; P < 0.0001). The results of our study demonstrate gray and white matter asymmetry in right‐handed healthy young adults and suggest that leftward volume asymmetry of the planum temporale and leftward FA asymmetry of the arcuate fasciculus may be related. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familiarity modulates mirror neuron and mentalizing regions during intention understanding
Authors: Liew Sook‐Lei , Han Shihui , Aziz‐Zadeh Lisa 
Published: September 2010

AbstractRecent research suggests that the inference of others' intentions from their observed actions is supported by two neural systems that perform complementary roles. The human putative mirror neuron system (pMNS) is thought to support automatic motor simulations of observed actions, with increased activity for previously experienced actions, whereas the mentalizing system provides reflective, non‐intuitive reasoning of others' perspectives, particularly in the absence of prior experience. In the current fMRI study, we show how motor familiarity with an action and perceptual familiarity with the race of an actor uniquely modulate these two systems. Chinese participants were asked to infer the intentions of actors performing symbolic gestures, an important form of non‐verbal communication that has been shown to activate both mentalizing and mirror neuron regions. Stimuli were manipulated along two dimensions: (1) actor's race (Caucasian vs. Chinese actors) and (2) participants' level of experience with the gestures (familiar or unfamiliar). We found that observing all gestures compared to observing still images was associated with increased activity in key regions of both the pMNS and mentalizing systems. In addition, observations of one's same race generated greater activity in the posterior pMNS‐related regions and the insula than observations of a different race. Surprisingly, however, familiar gestures more strongly activated regions associated with mentalizing, while unfamiliar gestures more strongly activated the posterior region of the pMNS, a finding that is contrary to prior literature and demonstrates the powerful modulatory effects of both motor and perceptual familiarity on pMNS and mentalizing regions when asked to infer the intentions of intransitive gestures. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of hippocampal high‐frequency electrical stimulation in memory formation and their association with amino acid tissue content and release in normal rats
Authors: Luna‐Munguía Hiram , Meneses Alfredo , Peña‐Ortega Fernando , Gaona Andres , Rocha Luisa 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHippocampal high frequency electrical stimulation (HFS) at 130 Hz has been proposed as a therapeutical strategy to control neurological disorders such as intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). This study was carried out to determine the effects of hippocampal HFS on the memory process and the probable involvement of amino acids. Using the autoshaping task, we found that animals receiving hippocampal HFS showed augmented short‐term, but not long‐term memory formation, an effect blocked by bicuculline pretreatment and associated with enhanced tissue levels of amino acids in hippocampus. In addition, microdialysis experiments revealed high extracellular levels of glutamate, aspartate, glycine, taurine, and alanine during the application of hippocampal HFS. In contrast, GABA release augmented during HFS and remained elevated for more than 1 h after the stimulation was ended. HFS had minimal effects on glutamine release. The present results suggest that HFS has an activating effect on specific amino acids in normal hippocampus that may be involved in the enhanced short‐term memory formation. These data further provide experimental support for the concept that hippocampus may be a promising target for focal stimulation to treat intractable seizures in humans. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Inc.