bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Schleicher, Čelakovský, and the Family-Tree Diagram
Authors: Priestly T. M. S. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe first family-tree diagram in August Schleicher’s (1821–68) published work appeared in 1853, seven years after his first printed discussion of the family-tree concept. In 1853 there also appearedČteni o srovnavaci mluvnici slovanskéby the Czech scholar František Ladislav Čelakovský (1799–1852); this book also contained a family-tree diagram. Since Čelakovský and Schleicher were contemporaries in Prague for over two years, their interrelationship is of interest: was this rivalry of collaboration? At first sight, a coincidence seems improbable.In the available work on and by Schleicher, Čelakovský is never mentioned; in the writings on and by Čelakovský, Schleicher’s name is never linked to his. However, the two had very many common interests. Apart from being colleagues at Charles University, they shared the same friends and enemies, were both interested in music and botany, and so on. Moreover, both were working on Slavic Historical Linguistics during the period in question. On the other hand, their personalities were such that the possibility of a mutual antipathy must not be excluded.Given the background to Čelakovský’s life and work, including the legends of the common origin of the Slavs and the obviously close interrelationships of the Slavic languages; the burgeoning of interest in Slavic history and linguistics, and in Panslavicism; the popularity of genealogy; and the developments in classificatory techniques along natural scientific lines, it is argued that Čela-kovský’s depiction of a family-tree for the Slavic languages could be quite naturally expected from him at this point in time, without any influence from Schleicher. On the other hand, Schleicher’s first family-tree diagrams were the next logical step in his own development. Moreover, the actual form of the diagrams in question suggests that they may indeed have been developed independently. This puzzle in the history of linguistics remains unsolved: collaboration, rivalry, and coincidence are all possible.
Friedrich Engels Zwischen Anthropologie und Sprachwissenschaft
Authors: Ramat Paolo 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The author aims to show that Friedrich Engels’ linguistic researches, especially in his Der fränkische Dialekt, are to be considered within the same theoretical framework of historic materialism which underlies his more comprehensive studies on the history of primitive peoples, such as the ancient Germanic or Celtic tribes. The main difference, however, between Engels’ so-cio-anthropological and his linguistic studies is that for the latter he did not elaborate an evolution model based on the theories of Darwin or L. H. Morgan, for instance, which clearly underlie the former. On the contrary, Engels’ linguistic investigation of his own dialect is ‘data-oriented’ in a very pragmatic way. This is to be seen also as a reaction against the rigid schematism of the neogrammarian school; thus Engels polemicizes against Wilhelm Braune who took the second consonant shift as the only and conclusive criterion for classifying the German dialects. Nevertheless repeated statements in Engels’ correspondence and other writings make it clear that he was fully aware of the fact that historical linguistics – and especially the comparative method – had inaugurated a new chapter in the history of language study. Parallels between Engels’ linguistic investigations and his socio-anthropological studies can be shown to exist not at the more superficial level of techniques of analysis, but rather at a deeper one: both are part of a global ‘science of man’ and to be based on a materialistic and dialectic point of view.
Beatus quid est and the study of grammar in late anglo-saxon England
Authors: Bayless Martha 
Published: November 2010

Summary

Beatus quid est, a Latin grammar of English origin, found in an eleventh-century manuscript, has much to tell us about the pedagogy of elementary grammar in the classroom. The text is assembled from a number of grammmatical authorities, foremost among them Donatus and Priscian, uses the framework of a parsing-grammar, and attempts to forge these contradictory authorities into a coherent practical teaching-text. In particular elaborate glosses, annotations and conventions of capitalization and layout reflect the practices of the classroom. The text emphasizes morphology and supplies illustrations of grammatical points from verse. Glosses suggest paraphrases and serve as a reference-tool for many points not formally discussed in the main text. These features most likely reflect standard pedagogical practice in the classroom; the chief innovation of the manuscript is that such practices appear in written form.
Priscian’s institutio de nomine et pronomine et verbo in the ninth century
Authors: Passalacqua Marina 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The Institutio de nomine et pronomine et verbo by Priscian enjoyed, unlike the Institutiones grammaticae of which it is a summary, vast popularity in the early Middle Ages, because it provided the basic elements of Latin morphology and swiftly taught students how to decline and conjugate. In the eighth and ninth centuries we find 24 manuscripts in which the text is contaminated to such an extent that it prevents the charting of any stemma codicum, although it is possible to identify the influence of particular codices on one another. The text was well known in France, but there are copies also in Bavaria, in the Abruzzi and in Spain. Only four of these manuscripts contain the Institutiones grammaticae as well: the two works were destined for two very different kinds of public. Their coexistence in Paris, BN, lat. 7498 comes as a response to the need to have the complete corpus of Priscian in Saint-Amand; in Paris, BN, lat. 7503 the position occupied by the treatise suggests that it was felt as a summary of the first section of the Institutiones which deals with the noun, and as a preparation to the second section which concerns verbs; in Reims 1094 didactic considerations appear to predominate; in Wolfenbüttel 64, a witness to the presence of grammatical texts in Lyon, the fragment of the Institutio gives the impression of being a scholastic exercise. It has to be noted, however, that in three manuscripts out of four, the text is inserted into the first seven books of the Institutiones.
The authors whose works most frequently occur together with Institutio are Isidore, Bede, Donatus, Servius’s De finalibus, Sergius’s De littera, Phocas, Sedulius, St. Jerome, Eutyches, Agroecius, Consentius, the Liber de finalibus metrorum, Maximus Victorinus’s De ratione metrorum and Servius’s Commentum in Artem Donati.
The richest manuscripts in terms of texts are the great scholastic manuals Bologna 797, Orléans 295 and St. Gall 878 by Walahfrid Strabo.
A proposito delle dottrine grammaticali di Virgilio Marone
Authors: Polara Giovanni 
Published: November 2010

RiassuntoIl confronto fra le teorie grammaticali di Virgilio Marone e quelle correnti nella tarda antichità e nell’alto medioevo è cosa non facile: a differenza degli altri trattati dell’epoca, le sue opere non seguono (e non tentano di seguire) un’organica linea di esposizione, ma procedono per singole osservazioni, ed alternano a parti che possono sembrare riprese dai grandi autori come Donato ed Isidoro, per riaffermare o più spesso per confutare le posizioni da essi espresse, altre e più ampie sezioni completamente innovative, che rispondono solo alle imperscrutabili scelte di Virgilio, quali che ne siano le recondite motivazioni.In questa nota si è cercato di riordinare, nei limiti del possibile, alcuni aspetti delle trattazioni contenute nelle due opere virgiliane, allo scopo di operare un primo confronto con il modello dell’Ars maior, certamente non ignoto al grammatico medievale, che dà il nome di Donato ad uno dei personaggi presenti nelle sue opere e quello di Don, abbreviazione di Donato, al fratello. Ci si è attenuti alla disposizione delle singole parti del discorso, così come sono elencate nell’Arsmaior, nelle Epistole e nella parte centrale delle Epitomi, per distribuire la materia in forme più omogenee e più agevolmente sovrapponibili.In alcuni casi è possibile individuare affinità di argomenti (ma assai meno di teorie o di esposizione) che non sono certamente casuali, e potranno essere oggetto di utili ulteriori approfondimenti tendenti ad individuare la tecnica secondo cui ha operato lo scrittore; in altri invece non si è potuto far altro che esporre sinteticamente le sue posizioni, tralasciandone comunque gli aspetti più personali ed anomali. Si è ritenuto comunque che anche questo potesse riuscire utile ai fini di ulteriori ricerche che puntino a delineare con maggiore precisione i suoi rapporti con i testi grammaticali canonici.
Die verbalmodi in den grammatiken von manuel alvares (1572) und Bento Pereira (1672)
Authors: Schäfer Barbara 
Published: November 2010

Zusammenfassung
Der Artikel beschäftigt sich mit zwei Grammatiken portugiesischer Autoren, der Lateingrammatik De institutione grammatica libri tres von Manuel Alvares (1526–1583), die erstmals 1572 erschien, und der genau 100 Jahre später veröffentlichten lateinisch verfaßten Portugiesischgrammatik Ars grammaticae pro lingua lusitana addiscenda von Bento Pereira. Obwohl die Institutio, die als Lehrwerk der Jesuiten in ganz Europa Verbreitung fand, eine einsprachige Grammatik ist und als solche in Portugal schon seit dem 17. Jahrhundert kritisiert wurde, enthält zumindest die erste, in Lissabon erschienene Auflage zahlreiche Kommentare zum Portugiesischen, und zwar besonders im Kapitel über die Verbalmorphologie, wo Alvares sieben Modi ansetzt, denen er die lateinischen Verbformen und ihre portugiesischen Entsprechungen zuordnet. Bento Pereira (1605–1681), dessen Arte in erster Linie als Portugiesischlehrbuch für ausländische Missionare und Kaufleute, in zweiter als normative Grammatik für Portugiesen gedacht war, übernimmt weitgehend die Darstellung Alvares’, wobei nun die lateinischen Formen zur Übersetzung der portugiesischen dienen. Untersucht werden die Herkunft der Alvares’schen Moduskategorien und ihre Definitionen sowie die Zuordnung der lateinischen und besonders der portugiesischen Formen. Weiteres Interesse gilt den objektsprachlichen Informationen zum Portugiesischen des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts.
The origin and developmemt of generative semantics
Authors: Harris Randy Allen 
Published: November 2010

SummaryAgainst the background of the controversial and polarized work of Frederick Newmeyer and Robin Tolmach Lakoff, this paper chronicles the early development of generative semantics, an internal movement within the transformational model of Chomsky’sAspects of the Theory of Syntax. The first suggestions toward the movement, whose cornerstone was the obliteration of the syntax-semantics boundary, were by George Lakoff in 1963. But it was the work conducted under the informal banner of “Abstract Syntax” by Paul Postal that began the serious investigations leading to such an obliteration. Lakoff was an active participant in that research, as were Robin Tolmach Lakoff, John Robert (“Háj”) Ross and James D. McCawley. Through their combined efforts, particularly those of McCawley on semantic primitives and lexical insertion, generative semantics took shape in 1967: positing a universal base, importing notions from predicate calculus, decomposing lexical structure, and, most contentiously, rejecting the central element of the Aspects model, deep structure.
An 18th-century Missionary Grammarian
Authors: Hewson John 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Until the publication of the Micmac grammar of Father Pacifique (1939, 1990), the only published grammar of Micmac was that of Father Pierre-Antoine Maillard (c. 1710–1762), which although it was written early in the 18th century, was not published until the middle of the 19th century (1864). This work has formed the basis of all subsequent linguistic analysis of Micmac, since the missionary priests used it to help them learn the language, and Father Pacifique, in his 1939 grammar (which is today used as a handbook by those learning the language) acknowledges his profound debt to his distinguished predecessor.
Johann Michael Schmid und Die Pasigraphie
Authors: Sondermann Ernst F. 
Published: November 2010

ZusammenfassungDas pasigraphische System von Johann Michael Schmid (1767–1821) ist zu Recht vergessen, da es zu willkürlich, folglich unhandlich war – wie die vielen Vorläufer-Modelle. Allerdings muß ihm bescheinigt werden, daß er länger und intensiver als die meisten Vorgänger um Anerkennung und Verbreitung seines Systems gerungen, also den Schritt von der Theorie zur Praxis gesucht hat. Doch zog er aus massiver Kritik nicht die nötigen Konsequenzen. Sein Scheitern markiert das Ende einer etwa 15-jährigen Periode verstärkter Anstrengungen mit verschiedenen universalsprachlichen Projekten in Deutschland. Wie alle Pasigraphen erlangte er keine öffentliche Unterstützung, so daß sein System mit ihm ein Ende fand und rasch in Vergessenheit geriet. Dennoch sollte sein Wirken für die Dokumentierung historischer Quellen zur Pasigraphie in seiner Zeitschrift, einschließlich der Würdigung von Leibniz durch den Abdruck aller zugänglichen Belege, erinnernswert bleiben.
Laura Soames’ contributions to phonetics
Authors: MacMahon Michael K. C. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryLaura Soames (1840–1895) came to the attention of the teaching and phonetics professions through her work in applying phonetic principles to the teaching of reading and to the pronunciation of English and foreign languages. Lauded by many European phoneticians, she was despised by Henry Sweet – much to his discredit. Her publications, especially theIntroduction to Phonetics (English, French and German)(1891) andThe Child’s Key to Reading(1894) reveal a capacity to simplify the more technical expositions of phonetic theory in order to achieve a popular and readable exposition of the subject. Together with a number of other phoneticians of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, she represents the bridge between the work of Henry Sweet (1845–1912) and Daniel Jones (1881–1967).
La grammaire contrastive franco-espagnole de la première moitié du xviiie siècle
Authors: Lépinette Brigitte 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
Nous analysons dans cet article six grammaires françaises éditées en Espagne dans la première moitié du XVIIIe siècle. Ces ouvrages pédagogiques, qui n’avaient pas jusqu’à maintenant, retenu l’attention des chercheurs modernes, sont étudiés ici, de façon parallèle, de la manière suivante. Tout d’abord, nous apportons des données biographiques sur l’auteur de chacune de ces grammaires. Nous présentons ensuite les titres complets des œuvres ainsi qu’une analyse de leurs parties préliminaires. Nous procédons alors àl’analyse proprement dite des contenus de la grammaire, tenant compte des informations concernant lettres et sons, morphologie, syntaxe et lexique, et replaçant l’ensemble de ces dernières dans le contexte de la grammaire pédagogique française de l’époque et par rapport à leurs sources. Nous nous arrêtons ensuite aux applications pédagogiques. En conclusion, nous soulignons la mutation subie par la grammaire française pédagogique dans la première moitié du XVIIIe siècle en Espagne. Sa visée et ses contenus se feront, de manière progressive plus spécifiquement contrastifs. D’autre part, en opposition avec la grammaire qui se développe en France à la même époque, elle n’acquerra pas de fonction formatrice pour les apprenants, et restera une activité considérée purement utilitaire.
Arte de hablar y pragmática
Authors: Mesa Joaquín 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThis paper deals with the work of the Spanish polygraph Eduardo Benot (1822–1907) and aims at an explanation of some the basic concepts of his grammatical theories. In particular, Benot’s choice of concepts (system, sign, and illocutionary function) is discussed from a modern functional and pragmatic perspective without, however, erasing the linguistic tradition of philosophical and ideological thought that informed his argument. Benot perceives ‘system’ as relational, the opposite of a mere composite of elements. His focus on relationships remains salient throughout his works; for instance, the concept of case, his classification of parts of speech, the fact that the clause is understood as the nuclear grammatical unit are evidence of his approach. Moreover, his particular view of sign and illocutionary function are evidence of his understanding of language as a socially interactive device. Indeed, it is argued that ‘intention’ is at the bottom of his analysis of the linguistic sign: two human minds are required for the linguistic sign to be fully realized. Whereas the first one exhibits and expresses communicative and informative intention, the second understands it. The author finds an astonishing similarity between Benot’s theories and those of modern-day language philosophers like H. P. Grice and others and their concepts of ‘illocutionary function’ and ‘illocutive force’. This similarity, the author holds, is not merely one of terminology, but of the notions of truth conditions and illocutive force within a proposition which were were handled quite similarly by Benot several generations earlier.
19th and 20th century theories of case
Authors: Cienki Alan 
Published: November 2010

Summary
This article considers the similarities and differences between two types of semantically-based approaches to the study of grammatical case. One approach, which views the basic meanings of cases as spatial, stems from the localist hypothesis, which claims that spatial expressions serve as structural templates for other expressions. This view was most strongly espoused by certain German linguists in the 19th century, but has found support in the 20th century as well. The range of localist theories of case and the extent of the claims made by different localists are considered. These are compared and contrasted with contemporary approaches subsumed under the banner of ‘cognitive linguistics’. Research in this vein has focussed on the role of spatial notions in the semantics of case, but within a broader framework of human conceptualization. According to this view, space is only one of several domains which are basic to cognitive representation.
Daniel Jones, Paul Passy, and the development of the cardinal vowel system
Authors: Collins Beverley S. , Mees Inger M. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Developed in the first quarter of the present century, Daniel Jones’s (1881–1967) Cardinal Vowel theory has proved for many years to be the most popular and enduring model of vowel description. Only relatively recently have doubts about its shaky theoretical foundations – first expressed as early as 1928 by G. Oscar Russell – begun to impinge on the linguistic world. Paul Passy (1859–1940) emerges as the most significant direct influence on Jones, who modified Passy’s ideas and transformed them into a model for vowel description with notionally universal application. For some years, Jones appeared curiously reluctant to release full information about his scheme, probably because he was unable to obtain sufficient hard evidence in the form of radiological data to support his principle of equidistant articulatory steps between the Cardinal Vowels. Eventually, Jones was forced to retreat to a weaker version of his theory based on a combination of articulatory and auditory criteria.
Apprendre à Parler Une Langue Étrangère à la Renaissance
Authors: Caravolas Jean Antoine 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
À la Renaissance la pédagogie des langues est fortement influencée par l’Institution Oratoire de Quintilien. En règle générate, on apprend à parler le latin au collège, de manière formelle, par les règles, sans grand succès, semble-t-il. On apprend à parler les langues vivantes, d’habitude, hors de l’école, de manière informelle, par l’usage, mieux et plus rapidement. Àvec le recul du latin la conversation entre étrangers se déroule, de plus en plus, en une langue vivante. Vers la fin du XVIIe siècle, dans certains collèges, les langues modernes, étudiées jusque-là comme option, entrent dans le programme. Les maîtres qui les enseignent ajoutent alors à leur enseignement l’étude systématique de la grammaire. De leur côté, beaucoup de professeurs de collège, pour rendre l’étude du latin plus attrayante, accordent une plus grande place àl’enseignement de l’oral. L’introduction de cette méthode ‘mixte’ ou de ‘compromis’ mène rarement àl’amélioration de la compétence orale des élèves, en latin ou en langue vivante. Apprendre àparler une langue étrangère reste l’habileté la plus difficile à acquérir en milieu scolaire, peu importe la méthode utilisée.
Roman Jakobson and the history of Saussurean concepts in North American Linguistics
Authors: Falk Julia S. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryLeonard Bloomfield was the major force in the initial dissemination of Saussurean concepts in North America (Joseph 1989a, Koerner 1989), but his role was limited to his middle years from 1922 to 1933, and for some time thereafter American linguists paid little attention to Saussure’sCours. In fact, studies on Saussure tend to move directly from Bloomfield to Noam Chomsky (e.g., Gadet 1989, Joseph 1990), with little discussion of the intervening quarter century in American linguistics. However, when Roman Jakobson arrived in New York in 1941, he brought with him a long record of commentary and criticism on Saussure’s ideas, and through his American teaching and publications, Jakobson became the next major source of attention to Saussure’s work. In this paper, I examine Jakobson’s complex positions on Saussure, with special attention to his first two decades in the United States. I then briefly consider Jakobson’s role in a third period of Saussurean concepts in the history of American linguistics, a period of revived interest that began in the late 1950s, engaging linguists from a diversity of theories and coinciding in the next decade with the republication of Jakobson’s European writings and with the rise of North American interest in the history of linguistics.
John Wallis on adjectives the discovery of phrase structure in the Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae (1653)
Authors: Isermann Michael 
Published: November 2010

Summary
One of the typical features of the early grammars of European vernaculars is their sketchy treatment of syntactic phenomena. The reason for this neglect is obvious: The steady orientation of grammarians towards the traditional word-class approach virtually necessitated the persistence of the view of a sentence as a linear arrangement of words. Though historians of grammar have acknowledged John Wallis’(1616–1703) attempt at freeing the grammar of English from the strait jacket of Latin grammar, they have seen his Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae (1653) in the word-based grammar tradition. In this paper I argue that beyond the fairly traditional organization and terminology of Wallis’ grammar lies a fundamentally different approach: Instead of basing his description of English on a fixed word-class system, Wallis seems to arrive at syntactic categories via the criteria of distribution and substitution. It is these criteria (which are constantly applied rather than stated) that lead Wallis to the discovery of phrases and their internal structure. Especially consistent and concise in this regard is Wallis’ description of the structure of the noun phrase in the chapter on “The adjectives”.