bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Speech Act and Tonal Pattern in Standard Chinese: Constancy and Variation
Authors: Gårding Eva 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper is a study of how speech act (statement, question, focus) influences some tonal patterns in Standard Chinese. The material presents four tonal patterns in five speech acts produced three times each by 4 speakers. To limit the size of comparisons, one of the speakers is analyzed first, the others are then compared with him. The analysis of constant and varying features in the interaction of speech act and tonal pattern uses a model of intonation described elsewhere. The results indicate that Chinese prosody shares with other languages a number of general features which were taken as a basis for the model.
Preaspiration and the Voicing Contrast in Lule Sami
Authors: Engstrand Olle 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This experiment investigates the role of voice offset time (the durational aspect of preaspiration), closure duration and voice onset time as phonetic carriers of the voiced-voiceless contrast in Lule Sami word-medial stop consonants. Spectrographic measurements were made on speech samples produced by 7 subjects. The subjects belong to two roughly homogeneous dialect groups. For one of the groups, voice offset time provides a reliable phonetic expression of the voicing feature; for the other group, this relationship is less clear-cut. When observed across subjects, stop closure duration is not consistently related to the voiced-voiceless contrast. Finally, the voice onset time parameter is irrelevant to the contrast.
Durational Patterns of Lule Sami Phonology
Authors: Engstrand Olle 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Four experiments have been conducted to explore durational patterns underlying various aspects of Lule Sami phonology. Experiment 1 (1 subject) demonstrates clear-cut durational correlates of the elaborate quantity system in the language. Experiment 2 (2 subjects) shows that vowel and consonant quantity determines syllable duration in connected speech, and that the number of syllables determines the duration of stress-groups. Thus, perceived speech rhythm is not based on physical isochrony with respect to those units. Experiment 3 (7 subjects) investigates durational correlates of a grammatically functional process known as grade alternation. Grade alternation conditions vowel epenthesis. The epenthetic vowels are found to be syllabic and thus to increase word length (number of syllables in the word). Unexpectedly, syllable duration then turns out to be positively correlated with word length. This, however, seems to be a particular effect of grade alternation since, as shown in experiment 4 (1 subject), Lule Sami recognizes the general tendency for syllable duration to correlate negatively with word length.
Domain-Final Lengthening and Foot-Level Shortening in Spoken English
Authors: Rakerd Brad , Sennett William , Fowler Carol A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The literature describes two kinds of durational influence on the syllables of an utterance. They are a lengthening of syllables before many syntactic boundaries (‘domain-final lengthening’) and a shortening of stressed syllables followed by unstressed syllables (‘foot-level shortening’). In the present study we examined the relationship between these two timing phenomena. In particular, we examined the possibility that syntactic boundaries at which lengthening occurs delimit the domains over which foot-level shortening is realized. To test this hypothesis, we varied the syllabic structure of metrical feet spanning word boundaries that either coincided with a noun-phrase (NP)/verb-phrase (VP) boundary or did not. Comparison of stressed syllable durations in these conditions failed to confirm the hypothesis. Instead, unstressed syllables shortened stressed syllables by the same duration across an NP/VP boundary as within a phrase. Our findings suggest that the two effects are independent. The finding that foot-level shortening spans finally lengthened syntactic boundaries is discussed in relation to theories of the shortening effect.
Some Acoustic and Aerodynamic Characteristics of Pharyngeal Consonants in Iraqi Arabic
Authors: Butcher Andrew , Ahmad Kusay 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The articulation of pharyngeal consonants in Arabic is still not fully understood. The production of these sounds by a small group of speakers of an Iraqi dialect was analysed by means of acoustic and aerodynamic techniques. It was found that both /ħ/ and /?/ could be said to be produced by a constriction in the pharynx (whereby the possibility of epiglottal involvement cannot be excluded), but that laryngeal tension may also play an important role. Vowels preceded or followed by pharyngeals have lowered and centralized allophones. High rates of airflow for /ħ/ may be facilitated by lowering the velum. Both sounds could be regarded as approximants, formed in a region of the vocal tract where true fricatives are very difficult to produce.
Palatoglossus Activity during Nasal/Nonnasal Vowels of Hindi
Authors: Dixit Prakash , Bell-Berti Fredericka , Harris Katherine S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Prior electromyographic (EMG) research reveals a lack of agreement as to the role of the palatoglossus muscle in speech. Some reports have concluded that it bears primary responsibility for lowering the velum and that it actively controls velar lowering on nasal sounds in speech, whereas others have concluded that it acts to assist in the tongue-body movements associated with the production of back vowels and linguavelar articulations. To clarify these conflicting claims, EMG recordings were obtained from the palatoglossus (as well as the levator palatini) muscle of a native speaker of Hindi who produced CVC nonsense and meaningful syllables containing a nasal or nonnasal vowel in a symmetric consonantal environment. The results showed the following: Palatoglossus activity for the central and back nasal and nonnasal vowels was moderately to considerably higher than for the front nasal and nonnasal vowels. The levels of palatoglossus activity for the back rounded nasal vowels and for the front nasal vowel /ε/ were comparable to those for the corresponding nonnasal vowels, while in all other vowels, the nasal vowels exhibited relatively higher levels of palatoglossus activity than their nonnasal counterparts. In all nonnasal vowels, the increase in palatoglossus activity occurred simultaneously with strong levator palatini activity. On the other hand, in nasal vowels, the increase in palatoglossus activity and the decrease in levator palatini activity were virtually synchronous for the front nasal vowels, while the increase in palatoglossus activity began much earlier than the decline in levator palatini activity for the central and back nasal vowels. This difference in temporal relationship between palatoglossus activation and levator suppression for different vowel types is important since it unambiguously supports the ‘gate-pull’ model (that is, active velar lowering) for the production of front nasal vowels whereas in the case of central and back vowels, nasal and nonnasal, the palatoglossus appears to be primarily involved in moving the tongue-body.
Kinematic Characteristics of Postvocalic Labial Stop Consonants Produced by Children and Adults
Authors: Smith Bruce L. , McLean-Muse Ann 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
It has been commonly observed in the speech of English-speaking adults and children that vowels are longer when they precede voiced versus voiceless final obstruents. However, less is known about articulatory characteristics of such productions, particularly in the case of children. The present study investigated kinematic properties of children’s and adults’ productions of labial stop consonants in postvocalic position. Acoustic measures of the same segments were also obtained. It was observed that for all three groups of children and the adults, closing gestures into [p] occurred more rapidly than did closing gestures into [b]; however, there was a tendency for the difference between [p] and [b] closing velocities to increase with age. Possible relationships between acoustic and kinematic factors were also explored.
‘Metrical’ Factors in the Scaling of Sentence-Initial Accent Peaks
Authors: Ladd D.R. , Johnson Catherine 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Past studies of declination make contradictory claims about the relationship between the length of an utterance and the height of its first accent peak (P1): Some find a large increase in P1 with increased length, others find little or no increase. A possible explanation for this contradiction is that large increases in P1 occur when the first major constituent of the sentence increases from one accented item to more than one, but not as a function of overall length alone. In an experiment, 1 of 2 speakers behaved in the way just outlined; data from the 2nd speaker supported the more general hypothesis that ‘metrical’ constituent structure is relevant to P1.
A Multidimensional Scaling Study of Esophageal Vowels
Authors: Fox Robert Allen , Trudeau Michael D. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A multidimensional scaling experiment was conducted to determine the perceptual structure of 11 American English vowels produced by a competent esophageal speaker. Estimates of perceptual distance among these vowels were obtained using a 9-point similarity/dissimilarity scale and were analyzed using an individual differences scaling algorithm (INDSCAL). A three-dimensional perceptual space was produced. The three perceptual dimensions corresponded to tongue advancement, vowel height, and rhotacization. These three dimensions were then correlated with selected bark scale transformed acoustic vowel measurements. The perceptual dimensions 1–3 corresponded most closely to F<sub>3</sub>-F<sub>2</sub>, F<sub>1</sub>-F₀, and F<sub>3</sub>, respectively. Little difference was found between the perceptual structure of esophageal vowels and laryngeal vowels, although it is suggested that the correlation between some of the acoustic measures (such as F₀) and the perceptual dimensions may change as a function of individual speaker differences due to postsurgical capabilities (anatomical and physiological) and/or method of voice restoration.
Prediction of Velum Movement from Phonological Specifications
Authors: Vaissière J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The vertical movement of a sample point of the velum surface in sentences uttered by 2 speakers of English has been investigated. The temporal patterns of velum movement were approximated with a series of rules. Our findings suggest (1) that the feature [ ± nasal] alone fails to explain velum height movement patterns; (2) that there are no target values for the velum for vowels (at least in the material under investigation), (3) that prosodic or configurational factors such as intrasyllabic position and stress patterns strongly influence velum height, the speed of velum movement, and the timing of velum gestures, and (4) that the strategies used by the 2 speakers are different with respect to control of movement velocity. We propose a suprasegmental feature [ ± strong] to account for observed movement patterns, including timing relations between velum raising and lowering gestures and articulatory gestures of consonantal articulators such as the lips and the tongue tip.
Some Notes on Syllable Structure in Articulatory Phonology
Authors: Browman Catherine P. , Goldstein Louis 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Two approaches to seeking stable patterns in the gestural organization of speech are examined: local organization (individual gestures coordinated with other individual gestures) and global organization (gestures forming larger conglomerates). Articulatory evidence from American English words with a variety of initial consonants and clusters shows that syllable-initial consonants form a global organization (indexed by a metric we term the C-center) that is coordinated with the syllable’s vowel gesture. For syllable-final consonants, however, the evidence suggests that a local organization is employed: The first postvocalic consonant gesture is coordinated with the vowel gesture. Implications of these different styles of organization for the perceptual and phonological structure of speech are discussed.
Articulatory Timing and the Prosodic Interpretation of Syllable Duration
Authors: Edwards Jan , Beckman Mary.E 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A number of different prosodic effects (e. g. intonation-phrase-final position, the presence of stress or accent) increase syllable duration, as conventionally measured by the spacing of abrupt energy transitions in the acoustic signal. However, different prosodic contrasts may have different influences on syllable-internal articulatory organization. The present study examined the time course of vowel-related opening and closing mandibular gestures in four different prosodic contexts. For some prosodic effects, such as intonation-phrase-final lengthening, longer acoustic durations were associated with a disproportionate lengthening of the latter part of the vocalic gesture. By contrast, the presence of nuclear stress was associated with a more even distribution of lengthening throughout the syllable. These results suggest that the rhythmic effects of different prosodic contrasts cannot be adequately modelled in terms of millisecond values or durational ratios for acoustic segments. It is proposed that a suitable phonological representation of the rhythms of stress and phrasing might describe them as the time course of a syllable’s phonetic sonority.
Motor Programs and Hierarchical Organization in the Control of Rapid Speech
Authors: Sternberg Saul , Knoll Ronald L. , Monsell Stephen , Wright Charles E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
We provide a summary of our recent research on the control of rapid action sequences in speech production, emphasizing findings about the advance planning and hierarchical organization of such utterances. The effects of number of elements in the utterance (its ‘length’) and other factors on maximum production rates of short utterances lead us to infer that a ‘motor program’ for the whole utterance, prepared in advance, controls the execution of each of its ‘units’. Findings from studies of typewriting as well as speech production have led us to a model in which the performance of each unit is controlled by two processes arranged in sequence: one (subprogram selection) whose duration increases linearly with sequence length, and the other (command) whose duration depends on type of unit. Quantitative aspects of the production of utterances composed of different types of element suggest that the action unit in speech is the stress group or metrical foot. The virtual identity of the timing of word and nonword utterances implies that the utterance program is sufficiently detailed so it can be executed without reference to learned routines for words stored elsewhere in memory. We review our search for properties of performance that are suggested by the model: First, the time from a reaction signal to the first unit (the latency) increases linearly with utterance length. Second, the maximum length utterance controlled by one program depends on unit size. Third, the effect of utterance length on production timing is localized (intermittent), rather than affecting all parts of the articulatory stream. And fourth, the effect of utterance length on production timing appears in just one epoch per unit.
Phonetic Analysis of the Stød in Standard Danish
Authors: Fischer-Jørgensen Eli 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper presents an acoustic and physiological analysis of the Danish ‘stød’ with an introduction on its phonological role and distribution. The stød is a prosodic feature bound to definite syllables in certain word types and connected to the latter part of the syllable. Phonetically it is a phonation type related to creaky voice. The first part of the syllable is characterized acoustically by a higher pitch level and often a higher intensity level than syllables without stød, and by a relatively high subglottal pressure and airflow, thus generally by a relatively high expenditure of energy. In the second part, the stød phase proper, there is a considerable decrease in intensity, particularly in the lower part of the spectrum and, for the majority of the speakers, a noticeable decrease in fundamental frequency, and/or aperiodicity. Moreover the airflow is low, and inverse filtering shows a longer closure time in each vibration. There is also a slight decrease in subglottal pressure, and all speakers have a constriction of the vocal folds and often of the ventricular folds as well, but with large interindividual variation as to the degree of constriction. On the boundary between the first and the second phase most speakers have a strong contraction of the vocalis and lateralis muscles, obviously preparing for the glottal constriction of the second phase. The author cannot follow Svend Smith in concluding that a sudden contraction and relaxation of the respiratory muscles resulting in a quick rise and fall in subglottal pressure constitutes the primary factor. There is, rather, an independent contraction of a number of muscles, and neither the high pitch at the beginning nor the fall in pitch and intensity in the second phase can be explained by the subglottal pressure contour. The high pitch level at the beginning may be explained by activity in the cricothyroid, and the decrease in pitch and the low intensity in the second phase is probably due to constriction of the glottis, although the fact that the decrease in intensity starts rather early raises some problems. Finally the question of the origin of the stød is discussed briefly. It is suggested that the stød in Danish perhaps originated from a reinforcement of the first syllable in combination with reduction and loss of a following syllable in Common Scandinavian. The reinforcement may have been accompanied by a rise in pitch, so that developments in different directions (involving stød or tonal accents) were possible.
Aspects of Final Consonant Production in American English by Nonnative Speakers
Authors: Schmidt Anna Marie 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the production of word-final, utterance-medial /t, d/ in American English by native speakers and by three groups of nonnative speakers of English. Twenty-four nonnative subjects, whose native languages include Arabic, Korean, Spanish, and Thai, were rated by native English speakers as having no accent, a mild accent, or a medium to heavy accent in English. Measurement of five tokens each of /t/ and /d/ for each speaker and for 6 native English speakers were compared. Neither the Americans nor any of the nonnative groups significantly differentiated /t/ from /d/ by closure duration. As strength of accent rating increased, mean closure duration tended to increase. Also, as strength of accent rating increased, implementation of manner of stop consonant production (including flapping and aspirated versus nonaspirated release) tended to change. Results suggest that both duration and the ability to produce a number of durationally different release options in English may affect the degree of perceived foreignness.
Acoustics and Phonology of Complex Tone Sandhi
Authors: Rose Phil 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed acoustic and auditory description of the kind of complex tone sandhi found in the Northern Wu dialects of Chinese. Mean fundamental frequency, amplitude and duration values from many tokens of 1 native speaker of Zhenhai dialect are used to show how the acoustical characteristics of the 6 citation tones can be related to the 20 different forms in disyllabic lexical sandhi. Three phonetically motivated processes are demonstrated in this relationship: stress effects; paradigmatic replacement of pitch and phonation type features on the second syllable, and intrinsic effects associated with the intervocalic consonant, and phonation rate and duration of the first syllable.
Intrinsic F₀ in Tense and Lax Vowels with Special Reference to German
Authors: Fischer-Jørgensen Eli 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to show that the observation which is the starting point for almost all attempts at explaining intrinsic fundamental frequency (intrinsic F₀) in vowels, i.e. that it is correlated with vowel height (interpreted as tongue height), does not hold if short lax vowels are included, since they have a considerably lower tongue height but practically the same F₀ as their corresponding tense counterparts. Section 1 contains a discussion of some explanations of intrinsic F₀ and vowel height and a short exposition of its connection with other vowel features. Section 2 gives a survey of the properties of tense and lax vowels based on data from the phonetic literature. Section 3 reports on an investigation of German tense and lax front unrounded vowels, including duration, tongue height, jaw opening, vertical lip opening, formant frequencies, and F₀. Section 4 contains a discussion of various possible explanations of the results.
Do Voice Recordings Reveal whether a Person Is Intoxicated? A Case Study
Authors: Johnson Keith , Pisoni David B. , Bernacki Robert H. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In this report we consider the possibility that speech analysis techniques may be used to determine whether an individual was intoxicated at the time that a voice recording was made, and discuss an analysis of the speech produced by the captain of the Exxon Valdez recorded at several points around the time of the accident at Prince William Sound, Alaska. A review of previous research on the effects of alcohol and other effects on speech production suggests that it may be possible to attribute a certain, unique pattern of changes in speech to the influence of alcohol. However, the rate of occurrence of this pattern or the reliability of a decision based on observations such as these is not known. Acoustic-phonetic analysis of a small number of tokens of Captain Hazelwood’s speech recorded before, during and after the accident revealed a number of changes in speech behavior which are similar to the pattern of changes observed in previous laboratory-based research on the effects of alcohol on speech production. We conclude with a discussion of the limitations in making inferences concerning the state of the speaker upon the basis of phonetic data and then discuss several possible explanations of the pattern of change found in the recordings of Captain Hazelwood.
The Effect of Speaking Rate on Evidence for Utterance-Final Lengthening
Authors: Berkovits Rochele 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The effect of differences in speaking rate on the duration of key words in phrase-final and sentence-final positions was investigated in order to reexamine the absence of utterance-final lengthening in Hebrew. Two native speakers of Hebrew read the original sentences at a relatively slow rate of speaking and at a relatively fast speaking rate. Whereas at the faster rate of speaking, key words in sentence-final position were longer than those in phrase-final position, no evidence for utterance-final lengthening surfaced at the slower rate of speaking. Lengthening in phrase-final position at the slower speaking rate was more than twice that in sentence-final position and occurred independently of pausing. The masking of utterance-final lengthening by phrase-final lengthening at the slower rate of speaking accounts for the original finding of cross-language differences in final lengthening. A relatively small number of pauses were produced following the phrase-final key word at the slower speaking rate, and phrase-final lengthening as a function of a slower tempo was independent of pausing. No differences were found between the magnitude of utterance-final lengthening and lengthening at a slower rate of speaking, indicating that the two processes exert a similar effect on duration.