bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WHEN DO VERTICAL RESTRAINTS HARM COMPETITION? THE ECONOMICS‐BASED APPROACH AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE BATSA CASE
Authors: THERON NICOLA M. , BOSHOFF WILLEM H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAn “effects‐based” or “economics‐based” approach to competition policy requires a theory of harm that causally links a business practice and its allegedly anti‐competitive effects and also weighs anti competitive effects against the pro‐competitive effects of the practice. This implies a shift away from per se prohibitions of certain practices towards case‐by‐case analysis – a move that has been hotly debated, especially in Europe. Using a case study of the recently concluded British American Tobacco case, we study the core features of an effects‐based approach to vertical restraints. We find the approach followed in the British American Tobacco South Africa case generally consistent with an effects‐based analysis, but highlight some limitations.
Predictor variables and an equation for estimating HbA1c attainable by initiation of basal supported oral therapy†
Authors: Fujita Naotaka , Tsujii Satoru , Kuwata Hirohito , Kurokawa Rie , Matsunaga Satoshi , Okamura Shintaro , Mashitani Tsuyoshi , Furuya Miyuki , Kitatani Masako , Ishii Hitoshi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAims/Introduction:  A method of estimating HbA1c attained after initiation of basal supported oral therapy (BOT) has not been reported previously. The aim of the present study was to determine which characteristics of patients could influence the effectiveness of BOT introduction, and to obtain an equation to estimate HbA1c after BOT initiation.Materials and Methods:  Sixty consecutive insulin‐naive type 2 diabetic patients with poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥7.5%) started once‐daily injections of insulin glargine. Simple correlations were calculated between parameters such as HbA1c at baseline, HbA1c at week 24, reduction rate of HbA1c over 24 weeks (calculated as: [HbA1c level at baseline – HbA1c level at week 24]/HbA1c level at baseline), duration of diabetes, and the number of classes of coadministered oral antidiabetic drugs. Using multiple linear regression models, the independent effects of these parameters on HbA1c at week 24 were evaluated separately.Results:  Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that duration of diabetes (β = 0.561; P < 0.001) and HbA1c at baseline (β = 0.284; P = 0.006) were significant predictors of HbA1c at week 24. The best fitting multiple regression equation was: HbA1c at week 24 = 0.078 × duration of diabetes + 0.218 × HbA1c at baseline + 4.628 (r2 = 0.437).Conclusions:  The equation based on the multiple linear regression models indicates necessary conditions for type 2 diabetic patients to achieve target HbA1c. The present findings emphasize the principle that early initiation of BOT in type 2 diabetes effectively achieves good glycemic control. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2011.00164.x, 2011)
Uveitic glaucoma in the horse
Authors: Annear M. J. , Gemensky‐Metzler A. J. , Wilkie D. A. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryGlaucoma is a serious complication of anterior uveitis that can result in significant ocular discomfort and loss of vision. As glaucoma is insidious and mostly asymptomatic until late in the course of disease, it is often undiagnosed. Equine recurrent uveitis is the most common underlying disorder: it is a disease of high prevalence, characterised by recurrent‐remitting episodes of ocular inflammation. Here, the inflammatory cells and mediators they release alter the normal anatomic structure of the anterior chamber and aqueous drainage pathways of the eye. These changes alter the homeostatic mechanisms of intraocular pressure control. Management of glaucoma secondary to uveitis can be challenging due to the difficulties of managing the underlying disorder and its effects on the eye. This article reviews the pathogenesis of uveitic glaucoma in the horse and medical and surgical management options.
Adapting the US Institute for Safe Medication Practices' Medication Safety Self Assessment tool for community pharmacies in Finland
Authors: Teinilä Tuula , Halmepuro-Jaatinen Suvi , Yritys Kirsi , Manni Katri , Airaksinen Marja 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectivesTo adapt a US Institute for Safe Medication Practices' Medication Safety Self Assessment (MSSA) tool to, and test its usefulness in, Finnish community pharmacies.MethodsA three-round Delphi survey was used to adapt self-assessment characteristics of the US MSSA tool to Finnish requirements, and to obtain a consensus on the feasibility and significance of these characteristics in assessing the safety of medication practices in community pharmacies. The Delphi modified self-assessment tool was piloted in 18 community pharmacies in order to refine the tool, using a questionnaire containing structured and open-ended questions.Key findingsA total of 211 self-assessment characteristics were accepted to the self-assessment tool for pilot use by expert panellists in the Delphi rounds. Most pilot users considered the tool as useful in: identifying medication safety targets for development; medication safety assessment; and identifying the strengths of medication safety. The substance of the self-assessment tool was considered as comprehensive and essential for medication safety. Most criticism was regarding: the multiplicity of self-assessment characteristics; interpretation of some characteristics; and that all the characteristics were not yet available. After the modification, according to the pilot users' comments, the final Finnish tool consisted of 230 medication safety characteristics.ConclusionsThe study indicated the feasibility of adapting a US medication safety self-assessment tool for use in community pharmacy practice in Finland. More efforts should be made to familiarise Finnish community pharmacists with the self-assessment tool and its benefits, and get them to use the tool as part of their long-term quality improvement.
Genetic and environmental transmission in the Colorado Adoption Project: Path analysis
Authors: Fulker D. W. , DeFries J. C. 
Published: September 2011

A path model of genetic and environmental transmission developed for application to data collected in the ongoing Colorado Adoption Project was evaluated. In addition to providing tests of hereditary and environmental influences, the model includes parameters for passive genotype‐environment correlation, parental influences on the child's environment, assortative mating and selective placement. A maximum likelihood method was used to obtain parameter estimates from mental ability data on one‐ and two‐year‐old children, their biological and adoptive parents, and members of control families.There was a satisfactory fit of the model to the data. Highly significant estimates of genetic influence and a significant measure of home environment were obtained. By comparing the fit of the full model to that of a reduced model in which selective placement parameters were dropped, the absence of selective placement was confirmed. Although some evidence for possible genotype‐environment correlation was found, it accounted for a relatively small proportion of the total variance.
Constraints of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Natural Subject
Authors: Laheij Christian 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn this paper, I take aim at the typical anthropological routine of criticizing universalist assumptions in social theory by contrasting them with non-Western emic models. I do so by following up on one recent instance of this practice, which has been heralded as a testament to what anthropology can still offer to critical social theory: Mahmood’s work on the Islamic piety movement in Egypt, and her claim that the normative subject of liberal feminist theory needs to be denaturalized, because the women involved in the piety movement hold a self-model that is incommensurable with secular-liberal assumptions about action being structured by innate desires for autonomy and freedom. By analyzing ethnographic data on Egyptian Muslim women through the lens of a combination of non-determinist cognitive theories, I show that in order to understand the lives of pious women much can be gained from keeping psychological predispositions for autonomy in mind. Simultaneously, this paper can be read as an attempt to bring cognitive material on attachment, education and epidemiology of representations into conversation with one another, and discover emerging fault lines and potentialities for mutual reinforcement.
Developmental Changes in the Use of Supernatural Explanations for Unusual Events
Authors: Woolley Jacqueline D. , Cornelius Chelsea A. , Lacy Walter 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The focus of this research is to explore the developmental trajectory of the propensity to see meaning in unexpected or chance events, and more specifically, to explore the origin and development of nonmaterial or supernatural explanations. Sixty-seven children aged 8, 10 and 12, along with 22 adults, were presented with scenarios describing unusual or unexpected events. They were first asked to provide explanations for why they thought the events occurred and then asked to rate different supernatural explanations (moral justice, God and luck) as they pertained to each scenario. Results indicated that adults spontaneously appealed to supernatural explanations more frequently than did children, and that this tendency to appeal to supernatural concepts increased with age. Participants of all ages frequently endorsed multiple explanations for the same events and were more likely to endorse supernatural explanations for positively valenced than for negatively valenced stories. Religiosity affected both spontaneous explanations and ratings. Findings are discussed in terms of how children acquire the explanatory systems of their culture.
On Imagining the Afterlife
Authors: Hodge K. Mitch 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe author argues for three interconnected theses which provide a cognitive account for why humans intuitively believe that others survive death. The first thesis, from which the second and third theses follow, is that the acceptance of afterlife beliefs is predisposed by a specific, and already well-documented, imaginative process - the offline social reasoning process. The second thesis is that afterlife beliefs are social in nature. The third thesis is that the living imagine the deceased as socially embodied in such a way as to continue to fulfill on-going social obligations with others. The author further suggests six reasons why the fantasy/reality distinction breaks down for the imaginer such that the continued existence of the decedent in the afterlife is believed to be real. Finally, the author suggests avenues for further research which would support this cognitive account.
Evolution, Original Sin, and Death
Authors: van de Beek Abraham 
Published: September 2011

AbstractOne of most contested Christian doctrines is about original sin. In this article is argued that on this point modern evolutionary thought and traditional Christianity match very well. They have the same basic structure, with similar problems and similar features. In both cases a first human being with moral awareness and conscience of failure is put forward, aspects that were transferred to the offspring by sexual intercourse.
The same is true for the connection of sin, law and death: human beings do not keep to the standards of natural or divine law. As a consequence, human beings do not exist due to their failure to do the right things in their real identity.
Exclusionary Processes and Constitution Building in Nepal
Authors: Tamang Seira 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe current constitution building exercise in Nepal must be seen in the context of a history of an exclusionary state run by high-caste, hill, male elites. Past democratic transitions, including the 1990 change, failed to ensure the rights, participation and representation of excluded groups. The April 2006 peoples' movement, the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, the election to the Constituent Assembly of the most representative elected body in Nepal's history and the establishment of a Republic has raised hopes for real change. However, current tendencies to narrowly define the peace process solely in terms of a political settlement between the Maoists and other dominant political parties has marginalised larger commitments made in the peace agreement to tackle deepseated economic, political and social inequalities. In the context of a highly politicised climate and the rise of identity politics, such an orientation risks jeopardising long term, sustainable peace building in Nepal.
The Logic of Physiognomony in the Late Renaissance
Authors: Maclean Ian 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article studies the advances made in the logic of Renaissance physiognomy from the state of the subject in antiquity and the Middle Ages. The properties and accidents of the human body are investigated in the context of the signs selected by physiognomers, whether univocal or in syndromes, strong or weak in character, negative or positive, consistent with each other or contradictory. When these signs are translated into propositions, the construction of argument which flows from them is shown to ut plurimum reasoning, in which an element of quasi-mathematical proto-probability and hermeneutical thinking (in the treatment of ambiguity and obscurity) may be detected. These allow the question "is x more likely to be the case than y or z?" to be answered through a variety of procedures. Renaissance physiognomy is shown to be a discipline in which a novel combination of rational procedures come together, and a site of conceptual change in respect of property and accidence.
Philo of Alexandria’s Use of Sleep and Dreaming as Epistemological Metaphors in Relation to Joseph
Authors: Reddoch M. Jason 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDreams are used figuratively throughout Greek literature to refer to something fleeting and/or unreal. In Plato, this metaphorical language is specifically used to describe an epistemological distinction: the one who has false knowledge or opinion is said to be dreaming while the one who has true knowledge is said to be awake. These figures are also central to Philo of Alexandria’s philosophical language in De somniis 1-2 and De Iosepho. Although scholars have documented these epistemological metaphors in Plato and related treatments of the concept of sleep in Heraclitus, it has not been discussed in any detail in relation to Philo’s treatment of Joseph in these two treatises. In De somniis 1-2, Philo primarily emphasizes his role as a dreamer and thus one incapable of true knowledge. In De Iosepho, Joseph is a dream interpreter who is not only awake but also capable of interpreting the figurative dream of life to which most people are subject. Although some scholars have considered these treatises contradictory in terms of their treatments of Joseph, an analysis of Philo’s figurative use of sleep and dreaming reveals that they are a part of a coherent exegetical framework.
A Dynamic hp-Adaptive Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Shallow-Water Flows on the Sphere with Application to a Global Tsunami Simulation
Authors: Blaise Sébastien , St-Cyr Amik 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA discontinuous Galerkin model solving the shallow-water equations on the sphere is presented. It captures the dynamically varying key aspects of the flows by having the advantageous ability to locally modify the mesh as well as the order of interpolation within each element. The computational load is efficiently distributed among processors in parallel using a weighted recursive coordinate bisection strategy. A simple error estimator, based on the discontinuity of the variables at the interfaces between elements, is used to select the elements to be refined or coarsened. The flows are expressed in three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates, but tangentially constrained to the sphere by adding a Lagrange multiplier to the system of equations. The model is validated on classic atmospheric test cases and on the simulation of the February 2010 Chilean tsunami propagation. The proposed multiscale strategy is able to reduce the computational time by an order of magnitude on the tsunami simulation, clearly demonstrating its potential toward multiresolution three-dimensional oceanic and atmospheric applications.
Electrodeposition of Super Hard Ni–B/Diamond Composite Coatings
Authors: Ogihara Hitoshi , Miyamoto Kazuyuki , Udagawa Kaori , Saji Tetsuo 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Super hard Ni–B/diamond composite coatings were prepared by electrodeposition. Such extreme hardness (ca. 2500 Hv) was ascribed to a large content of diamond particles and hardness of Ni–B matrix. Thermal treatment of the coatings resulted in the formation of Ni–B alloys, which led to increase in film hardness. This method is much simpler than previously reported methods for preparing hard coatings.
Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of LiFe0.9V0.1(PO4)0.95F0.15/C Cathode Material
Authors: Pan Maosen , Lin Xuehao , Zhou Zhentao 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
LiFe0.9V0.1(PO4)0.95F0.15/C was prepared via solid-state carbothermal reaction (CTR). F and V codoping did not alter the olivine structure of LiFePO4 but reduced the particle size and improved the Li+ diffusion coefficient. The cells based on this material showed higher discharge capacity, working voltage, rate capability, and better cyclic performance than that of undoped and F-doped materials.
Critical Parametres of Quasi-one-dimensional Growth of Nanowires According to the Scheme Vapor→ Liquid Drop → Crystal.
Authors: Nebolsin V.A. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTWe have determined critical parametres that restrict the vapor→liquid drop→solid growth of silicon NWs. We demonstrate that there are maximum and minimum critical radii for NW growth and identify boundary conditions that lead to solvent droplet breakdown and crystal branching.
Fabrication of Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macro-/Mesoporous Titania Monoliths by a Dual-Templating Approach
Authors: Hu Zhiyan , Hua Zhongjiong , Cai Shaohua , Chen Jianfeng , Yan Yushan , Xu Lianbin 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThree-dimensionally ordered macro-/mesoporous (3DOM/m) TiO2 monoliths were fabricated by a dual-templating synthesis approach employing a combination of both colloidal crystal templating (hard-templating) and surfactant templating (soft-templating) techniques. Titania precursor, consisting of amphiphilic triblock copolymer Pluronic P123 as a mesopore-structure-directing agent and titanium tetraisopropoxide as a titanium source, was infiltrated into the void spaces of the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) colloidal crystal monolith. Subsequent thermal treatment produced 3DOM/m TiO2 monolith. The macropore walls of the prepared 3DOM/m TiO2 exhibit a well-defined mesoporous structure with narrow pore size distribution, and the mesopore walls are composed of nanocrystalline anatase TiO2. The material also shows a high surface area (171 m2/g), and large pore volume (0.402 cm3/g).
The Effect of Patterned vs. Unpatterned Acoustic Bragg Reflector on Barium Strontium Titanate Solidly Mounted Resonator
Authors: Saddik George N. , York Robert A. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTBarium strontium titanate solidly mounted resonators were fabricated with patterned and unpatterned acoustic Bragg reflectors on a sapphire substrate. The patterned and unpatterned solidly mounted resonator devices had acoustic Bragg reflectors consisting of Pt/SiO2/Pt/SiO2. The s-parameters of both devices were measured. The results showed that the quality factor increased for the device with the patterned acoustic Bragg reflector structure. The quality factors for the devices with patterned and unpatterned acoustic Bragg reflector structures were 54 and 115 and 28 and 86, respectively at the resonant and antiresonant frequencies. This investigation shows how an unpatterened acoustic Bragg reflector can contribute to the degradation of the overall quality factor of the device.
Theory of conductive filaments in threshold switches
Authors: Karpov V. G. , Nardone M. , Simon M. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTWe show that the average parameters of conductive filaments and the related characteristics of threshold switches can be described thermodynamically based on the system free energy. In particular, we derive analytical expressions for the filament radius as a function of applied bias, and its current-voltage characteristics, the observations of which have remained without mathematical description for about 30 years. Our theory is extendible to filament transients and allows for efficient numerical simulations of arbitrary switching structures. This new understanding may be important in the advancement of novel technologies that combine threshold switches with phase change memory, such as 3D architectures.
Nature and Excitation Mechanism of the Emission-dominating Minority Eu-center in GaN Grown by Organometallic Vapor-phase Epitaxy
Authors: Poplawsky Jonathan , Woodward Nathaniel , Nishikawa Atsushi , Fujiwara Yasufumi , Dierolf Volkmar 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTIn-situdoped Eu ions in GaN grown by Organometallic Vapor-phase Epitaxy (OMVPE) at different pressures were investigated under different excitation methods and through the use of the following experimental techniques: (1) resonant site-selective laser irradiation (2) electron beam excitation, and (3) a dual excitation using a combination of electron beam and laser irradiation. With these means, we have examined the difference in the excitation pathways that result from resonant laser and electron hole (e-h) pair excitation of Eu ions for two different distinct incorporation sites, which are responsible for most of the luminescence. We have obtained clear evidence that e-h pairs do not have the ability to excite all of the ions and that there is excitation trapping by defects involved in the Eu excitation.
AlGaN Channel HEMT with Extremely High Breakdown Voltage
Authors: Nanjo Takuma , Takeuchi Misaichi , Imai Akifumi , Suzuki Yousuke , Suita Muneyoshi , Shiozawa Katsuomi , Abe Yuji , Yagyu Eiji , Yoshiara Kiichi , Aoyagi Yoshinobu 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTA channel layer substitution of a wider bandgap AlGaN for a conventional GaN in high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) is an effective method of enhancing the breakdown voltage. Wider bandgap AlGaN, however, should also increase the ohmic contact resistance. Si ion implantation doping technique was utilized to achieve sufficiently low resistive source/drain contacts. The fabricated AlGaN channel HEMTs with the field plate structure demonstrated good pinch-off operation with sufficiently high drain current density of 0.5 A/mm without noticeable current collapse. The obtained maximum breakdown voltages was 1700 V in the AlGaN channel HEMT with the gate-drain distance of 10 μm. These remarkable results indicate that AlGaN channel HEMTs could become future strong candidates for not only high-frequency devices such as low noise amplifiers but also high-power devices such as switching applications.