bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CD4+ T cells against human papillomavirus‐18 E7 in patients with high‐grade cervical lesions associate with the absence of the virus in the cervix
Authors: Seresini Samantha , Origoni Massimo , Caputo Luigi , Lillo Flavia , Longhi Renato , Vantini Simone , Paganoni Anna Maria , Protti Maria Pia 
Published: June 2010

SummaryCervical neoplastic lesions are associated with infection by high‐risk human papilloma‐viruses (HPV). The two genotypes most frequently found in the lesions are HPV‐16 and HPV‐18 with a prevalence of 50–60% and 15–18%, respectively. The E6 and E7 viral oncoproteins are involved in the transformation process and represent foreign antigens for the host. We previously reported that anti‐HPV‐18 E6 CD4+ T cells are present in patients with high‐grade HPV‐18‐expressing cervical lesions but also in 50% of the total consecutive patients tested, independently of the HPV type carried. These results indicated that HPV‐18 E6 is immunogenic and suggested that all responsive patients, irrespective of the HPV expressed, had encountered HPV‐18 and cleared the infection. Here, we investigated anti‐HPV‐18 E7 CD4+ T‐cell immunity in a cohort of 23 HPV‐18 E6‐responsive patients. We found that, although E7‐specific CD4+ T cells were present in all women, a robust T helper type (Th1)/Th2 type response against E7 was associated with HPV‐18‐negative status, suggesting that indeed these patients might have cleared the virus. In agreement with this hypothesis, we found strong anti‐E7 CD4+ T‐cell immunity in 20% of 24 healthy donors without evidence of disease. In contrast, a robust Th1/Th2 type response against E6 but not E7 correlated with a lack of disease relapse and/or infection recurrence but did not discriminate between HPV‐18‐positive and HPV‐18‐negative patients. Collectively, our data suggest different roles for anti‐HPV‐18 E6 and E7 CD4+ T cells in anti‐viral and anti‐tumour immunity.
A point mutation in a glutamate‐gated chloride channel confers abamectin resistance in the two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch
Authors: Kwon D. H. , Yoon K. S. , Clark J. M. , Lee S. H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe molecular mechanisms and genetics of abamectin resistance mediated by target site insensitivity in the two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, were investigated by comparing two isogenic abamectin‐susceptible (AbaS) and abamectin‐resistant (AbaR) strains. Cloning and sequencing of full‐length cDNA fragments of γ‐amino butyric acid (GABA)‐gated chloride channel genes revealed no polymorphisms between the two strains. However, sequence comparison of the full‐length cDNA fragment of a T. urticae glutamate‐gated chloride channel gene (TuGluCl) identified a G323D point mutation as being tentatively related with abamectin resistance. In individual F2 progenies obtained by backcrossing, the G323D genotype was confirmed to correlate with abamectin resistance. Bioassays using progeny from reciprocal crossings revealed that the abamectin resistance trait resulting from TuGluCl insensitivity is incompletely recessive.
UK National Clinical Guidelines in Paediatric Dentistry
Authors: Albadri Sondos , Zaitoun Halla , Kinirons Martin 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe process of guideline production began in 1994, resulting in first publication in 1997. Each guideline has been circulated to all Consultants in Paediatric Dentistry in the UK, to the Council of the British Society of Paediatric Dentistry, and to people of related specialties recognised to have expertise in the subject. The final version of the guideline is produced from a combination of this input and thorough review of the published literature. The intention is to encourage improvement in clinical practice and to stimulate research and clinical audit in areas where scientific evidence is inadequate. Evidence underlying recommendations is scored according to the SIGN classification and guidelines should be read in this context. For those wishing further detail, the process of guideline production in the UK is described in the International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 1997; 7: 267–268.
Camera‐related behaviours of female dental nurses and nursery school children during fluoride varnish application interactions in nursery school settings
Authors: ZHOU YUEFANG , FORBES GILLIAN M. , HUMPHRIS GERRY 
Published: June 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 374–381 Objective.  To investigate camera awareness of female dental nurses and nursery school children as the frequency of camera‐related behaviours observed during fluoride varnish applications in a community based health programme.Methods.  Fifty‐one nurse–child interactions (three nurse pairs and 51 children) were video recorded when Childsmile nurses were applying fluoride varnish onto the teeth of children in nursery school settings. Using a pre‐developed coding scheme, nurse and child verbal and nonverbal behaviours were coded for camera‐related behaviours.Results.  On 15 of 51 interactions (29.4%), a total of 31 camera‐related behaviours were observed for dental nurses (14 instances over nine interactions) and children (17 instances over six interactions). Camera‐related behaviours occurred infrequently, occupied 0.3% of the total interaction time and displayed at all stages of the dental procedure, though tended to peak at initial stages.Conclusions.  Certain camera‐related behaviours of female dental nurses and nursery school children were observed in their interactions when introducing a dental health preventive intervention. Since the frequency of camera‐related behaviours are so few they are of little consequence when video‐recording adults and children undertaking dental procedures.
Factors affecting dental fear in French children aged 5–12 years
Authors: NICOLAS EMMANUEL , BESSADET MARION , COLLADO VALÉRIE , CARRASCO PILAR , ROGERLEROI VALÉRIE , HENNEQUIN MARTINE 
Published: June 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 366–373Background. While dental anxiety is often correlated with prior negative dental experience, prevention of dental anxiety should in theory include early exposure to the dental setting.Objective. We set out to evaluate factors affecting dental fear in French children.Methods. Dental fear was evaluated using a visual analogue scale (DF‐VAS) in a group of 1303 French children (681 boys and 622 girls) aged 5–11 years (mean: 8.12 years, SD: 1.42 years). Indicators of caries and oral hygiene were evaluated on dental examination. Indicators of well‐being related to oral health, dental experience, and oral health education were collected via a structured interview.Results. Dental fear was scored low in 75.7% (DF‐VAS 0–3), moderate in 16.7% (DF‐VAS 4–6), and high in 7.6% (DF‐VAS 7–10). DF‐VAS decreased statistically with experience of a prior dental visit. Children who had at least one decayed tooth presented a higher level of dental fear than those with no decay, while children with fillings were significantly less anxious than those without previous dental care.Conclusions. This study shows that for children aged 5–12 years, prior experience of the dental setting can act as a positive component of dental fear.
Dental agenesis in Kallmann syndrome individuals with FGFR1 mutations
Authors: BAILLEUL‐FORESTIER ISABELLE , GROS CATHERINE , ZENATY DELPHINE , BENNACEUR SÉLIM , LEGER JULIANE , De ROUX NICOLAS 
Published: June 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 305–312 Background.  Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a rare genetic disorder characterised by central hypogonadism with a lack of sense of smell and in some cases renal aplasia, deafness, syndactyly, cleft lip/palate, and dental agenesis. To date, five genes for KS have been identified: KAL1, located on the X chromosome, and FGFR1, PROKR2, PROK2 and FGF8, which are involved in autosomally transmitted forms of KS.Aim.  The study characterised the dental ageneses of individuals with KS associated with mutations in the FGFR1 gene.Design.  Six individuals displaying dental agenesis were included. Clinical and radiological dental evaluations as well as medical anamneses were carried out.Results.  Microdontia, screwdriver‐shaped mandibular incisors, thin molar roots, and patterns of dental agenesis in both dentitions were observed. One to nine teeth were missing, most frequently, in descending order, lateral mandibular incisors, second premolars of upper and lower jaws, and lateral maxillary incisors. The pattern of dental agenesis is associated with four new mutations in the FGFR1 gene. Conclusion: Dental agenesis may be a clinical feature of Kallmann syndrome caused by a mutation in the FGFR1 gene. These findings highlight the role that odontologists can play in the early diagnosis and treatment of gonadotropic deficiency.
Specialist paediatric dentistry in Sweden 2008 – a 25‐year perspective
Authors: KLINGBERG GUNILLA , ANDERSSON‐WENCKERT INGRID , GRINDEFJORD MARGARET , LUNDIN SVEN‐ÅKE , RIDELL KARIN , TSILINGARIDIS GEORGIOS , ULLBRO CHRISTER 
Published: June 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 313–321 Background.  Paediatric dentistry in Sweden has been surveyed four times over the past 25 years. During this period postgraduate training, dental health, and the organization of child dental care have changed considerably.Aim.  To investigate services provided by specialists in paediatric dentistry in Sweden in 2008, and to compare with data from previous surveys.Design.  The same questionnaire was sent to all 30 specialist paediatric dental clinics in Sweden that had been used in previous surveys. Comparisons were made with data from 1983, 1989, 1996 and 2003.Results.  Despite an unchanged number of specialists (N = 81 in 2008), the number of referrals had increased by 16% since 2003 and by almost 50% since 1983. There was greater variation in reasons for referrals. The main reason was still dental anxiety/behaviour management problems in combination with dental treatment needs (27%), followed by medical conditions/disability (18%), and high caries activity (15%). The use of different techniques for conscious sedation as well as general anaesthesia had also increased.Conclusions.  The referrals to paediatric dentistry continue to increase, leading to a heavy work load for the same number of specialists. Thus, the need for more paediatric dentists remains.
Effects of the Tibetan herbal formula Padma® Lax on visceral nociception and contractility of longitudinal smooth muscle in a rat model
Authors: Gschossmann J. M. , Krayer M. , Flogerzi B. , Balsiger B. M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground  The high prevalence of functional bowel disorders among the general population contrasts with the limited number of pharmacological treatment options for this condition. This has led to an interest for alternative therapeutic approaches. Padma® Lax is an herbal laxative on the basis of Tibetan formulas. Our aim is to examine the effect of Padma Lax (A) on visceral nociception in vivo and (B) on contractile activity of longitudinal smooth muscle of the lower gut in vitro and ex vivo.Methods  (A) Visceral sensory function in response to colorectal distension was assessed by abdominal wall electromyography in male Wistar rats pretreated with Padma Lax. (B) Effects of Padma Lax on contractility of gut smooth muscles were studied both in vitro with superfusion of the agent and ex vivo following oral administration of the preparation. Activities were measured as area under the curve.Key Results  (A) For visceral sensitivity, no differences were observed between the Padma Lax and the control group. (B) Proximal colon muscle strips of the Padma Lax pretreated group showed significantly lower spontaneous contractility ex vivo than controls. Cholinergic procontractile stimulation was reduced in Padma Lax pretreated group and in colon strips of naive rats when Padma Lax was superfused in vitro (all P < 0.05).Conclusion & Inferences  Cholinergic mechanisms appear to be important in the modulation of rat proximal colon contractility of orally and directly applied Padma Lax. These findings help elucidate a potential mechanism of action of this herbal remedy which has undergone clinical testing in patients with constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome.
Evidence for neurotrophic factors associating with TRPV1 gene expression in the inflamed human esophagus
Authors: Shieh K. R. , Yi C. H. , Liu T. T. , Tseng H. L. , Ho H. C. , Hsieh H. T. , Chen C. L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground  Transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 (TRPV1) receptor has been implicated in the mechanism of acid induced inflammation in gastro‐esophageal reflux disease (GERD). It has been demonstrated that the increase in nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was associated with the increased expression of TRPV1. We aimed to determine whether expression of TRPV1 was increased in severe inflamed human esophagus, and to test the hypothesis whether the expression of TRPV1 was mediated by neurotrophic factors such as NGF and GDNF.Methods  We compared biopsies taken from the distal esophagus of 15 patients with erosive GERD, 16 asymptomatic patients (AP), and 10 healthy controls. We assessed the biopsies with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for TRPV1, NGF, and GDNF. Immunohistochemical analysis of TRPV1 protein expression was also determined.Key Results  Transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 mRNA level and its protein expression were significantly greater in patients with erosive esophagitis than AP (P < 0.001) and healthy controls (P < 0.001). Nerve growth factor and GDNF gene levels in the esophageal mucosa were also significantly increased in patients with erosive esophagitis compared with AP and healthy controls (all P < 0.001). Transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 mRNA correlated well with NGF (r = 0.61, P < 0.001) and GDNF (r = 0.58, P < 0.001).Conclusions & Inferences  These results support the association of NGF and GDNF in the up‐regulation of TRPV1 receptors in patients with erosive esophagitis.
Robert Koch redux: malaria immunology in Papua New Guinea
Authors: STANISIC D. I. , MUELLER I. , BETUELA I. , SIBA P. , SCHOFIELD L. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryOver a century ago, the malaria expedition of the brilliant microbiologist Robert Koch to the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) and German New Guinea (now Papua New Guinea, or PNG), resulted in profound observations that are still central to our current understanding of the epidemiology and acquisition of immunity to the malaria parasite Plasmodium. The tradition of malaria research in PNG pioneered by Koch continues to this day, with a number of recent studies still continuing to elucidate his original concepts and hypotheses. These include age and exposure‐related acquisition of immunity, species‐specific and cross‐species immunity, correlates of protective immunity and determining the prospects for anti‐malaria vaccines.
Hydraulic limitation not declining nitrogen availability causes the age‐related photosynthetic decline in loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.)
Authors: DRAKE J. E. , RAETZ L. M. , DAVIS S. C. , DeLUCIA E. H. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTDeclining net primary production (NPP) with forest age is often attributed to a corresponding decline in gross primary production (GPP). We tested two hypotheses explaining the decline of GPP in ageing stands (14–115 years old) ofPinus taedaL.: (1) increasing N limitation limits photosynthetic capacity and thus decreases GPP with increasing age; and (2) hydraulic limitations increasingly induce stomatal closure, reducing GPP with increasing age. We tested these hypotheses using measurements of foliar nitrogen, photosynthesis, sap‐flow and dendroclimatological techniques. Hypothesis (1) was not supported; foliar N retranslocation did not increase and declines were not observed in foliar N, leaf area per tree or photosynthetic capacity. Hypothesis (2) was supported; declines were observed in light‐saturated photosynthesis, leaf‐ and canopy‐level stomatal conductance, concentration of CO2inside leaf air‐spaces (corroborated by an increase in woodδ13C) and specific leaf area (SLA), while stomatal limitation and the ratio of sapwood area (SA) to leaf area increased. The sensitivity of radial growth to inter‐annual variation in temperature and drought decreased with age, suggesting that tree water use becomes increasingly conservative with age. We conclude that hydraulic limitation increasingly limits the photosynthetic rates of ageing loblolly pine trees, possibly explaining the observed reduction of NPP.
Influence of Serum and Soluble CD25 (sCD25) on Regulatory and Effector T‐cell Function in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Cabrera R. , Ararat M. , Eksioglu E. A. , Cao M. , Xu Y. , Wasserfall C. , Atkinson M. A. , Liu C. , Nelson D. R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractOur previous studies showed that high levels of soluble CD25 (sCD25) in the serum of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) correlated with blunted effector T‐cells (Teff) responses, tumour burden and poor survival. Understanding the interactions between Teff, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and soluble factors can identify novel therapeutic targets. In this study, we characterize the mechanisms by which HCC serum and sCD25 mediate suppression of Teff and evaluate the effect of sCD25 on the suppression assays with normal healthy control cells (NHC) at a 1:1 Treg to Teff cell ratio to determine whether sCD25 has any impact on Treg suppression. HCC serum and sCD25 suppressed Teff proliferation and downregulated CD25 expression on HCC Teff in a dose‐dependent fashion with sCD25 doses above 3000 pg/ml. Treg from HCC and cirrhosis patients suppressed proliferation of target CD4+CD25− Teff in serum‐free medium (SFM). HCC Treg showed a higher degree of suppression than cirrhosis‐derived Treg. In contrast, Treg from NHC did not suppress target Teff in SFM. However, isolated Treg from all three study subjects (HCC, cirrhosis and NHC) suppressed CD4+CD25− Teff in serum conditions or in the presence of sCD25 in the range 6000–12,000 pg/ml. In conclusion, downregulation of CD25 cell surface expression on Teff is part of the overall suppressive mechanism of sCD25 and HCC serum on Teff responses. The observed sCD25 and HCC serum‐mediated suppression is further influenced via novel immune‐inhibitory interaction between CD4+CD25+ Treg and sCD25.
Bariatric surgery: Mechanisms, indications and outcomes
Authors: O'Brien Paul E 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe rising problem of obesity is causing major health problems, reduced quality of life and reduced life expectancy. It now generates approximately 10% of all health costs. The progression of the problem indicates preventive measures have been unsuccessful so far. Only bariatric surgical treatments have been able to achieve substantial and durable weight loss. Gastric banding and gastric bypass are used in more than 90% of bariatric operations. The proportion of each varies from greater than 95% bands in Australia, about 50/50 in Europe and USA and nearly 100% bypass in South America. The availability of follow up is a prime determinant of choice. Understanding the mechanisms of effect for the bariatric procedures is central to optimizing their effect. The traditional narrow concepts of restrictive (blocking the transit of food) and malabsorptive (preventing the absorption of food) should be discarded and the importance of induction of satiety, change of taste, diversion of chyme, neural and hormonal mediation and the effects of aversion need to be included. The primary mechanism of effect for gastric banding is the generation of a background of satiety and early post‐prandial satiation via specifically structured vagal afferents at the level of the band. At five years after banding or bypass, there is typically a loss of 30–35 kg representing 50–60% of excess weight. This weight loss has been shown to be associated with major improvement or complete resolution of multiple common and serious health problems plus improvement in quality of life and in survival. Level 1 evidence supports the use of the gastric band over optimal lifestyle therapy. Randomized controlled trials has shown gastric banding to achieve better weight loss, health and quality of life than optimal lifestyle therapies for adults above a BMI of 30 and adolescents above a BMI of 35. In adults with mild to severe obesity and type 2 diabetes gastric banding leads to remission in three out of four individuals. Perioperative risk is significant with gastric bypass and late revisional procedures can be required after both procedures. Gastric banding is indicated in any adult who has a BMI over 30, has problems with their obesity and has made substantial effort to reduce their weight by lifestyle methods. Gastric bypass or biliopancreatic diversion should be considered in those with BMI greater than 35 if banding is contraindicated or has been unsuccessful.
IL‐16 polymorphism and risk of renal cell carcinoma: Association in a Chinese population
Authors: Zhu Jian , Qin Chao , Yan Fu , Wang Meilin , Ding Qi , Zhang Zhengdong , Yin Changjun 
Published: June 2010

Objectives:  Interleukin‐16 (IL‐16) plays a fundamental role in inflammatory diseases, as well as in the development and progression of tumors. A T‐to‐C polymorphism at the ‐295 position in the promoter region of the IL‐16 gene has been described. This variation might lead to altered IL‐16 expression, and might modulate an individual's susceptibility to cancer. The objective of the present study was to determine if IL‐16 polymorphism is associated with risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC).Methods:  A case–control study including 335 RCC cases and 340 cancer‐free controls was carried out. All subjects were genetically unrelated ethnic Han Chinese recruited from a single institution between July 2006 and July 2009. The IL‐16 ‐295 T>C polymorphism was determined by using the polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Serum samples were available for 70 RCC cases and 96 controls to detect IL‐16 concentration.Results:  Compared with the IL‐16 ‐295 TT genotype, the CC genotype had a significantly decreased RCC risk (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.18–0.66). Furthermore, a significant decreased risk of RCC was found in the combined variant genotypes CT + CC compared with the TT genotype (adjusted OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.50–0.93). In addition, the serum IL‐16 levels in RCC patients were significantly lower than those in controls (P < 0.001). Furthermore, patients carrying CC genotype or CT genotype had higher serum IL‐16 levels than TT carriers.Conclusion:  IL‐16 ‐295 T>C polymorphism is significantly associated with a higher risk of developing RCC in Chinese population.