bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radical Sources of Design Engineering
Authors: Sobek Werner 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe German architect and structural engineer, Werner Sobek is internationally renowned for his expertise in lightweight structures ‐ an approach that is epitomised by the dramatic elegance of his glazed House R128. Here, Sobek explains how his practice has extended a highly specialised focus on ultra‐lightweight facades to that of building structures, facade planning, and sustainable and low‐energy solutions, interweaving research and innovation with design and consultancy work. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structured Becoming: Evolutionary Processes in Design Engineering
Authors: Bollinger Klaus , Grohmann Manfred , Tessmann Oliver 
Published: July 2010

AbstractComputational design techniques are changing the role of analysis tools in collaborations between architects and engineers. Digital feedback loops of synthesis, analysis and evaluation establish a ‘process of becoming’ in which structural solutions evolve and adapt to specific requirements. Highly differentiated constructions are possible when digital techniques are fully integrated in design and production. Klaus Bollinger, Manfred Grohmann and Oliver Tessmann discuss these novel paradigms in relation to recent projects from engineering office Bollinger + Grohmann. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weaving Architecture: Structuring the Spanish Pavilion, Expo 2010, Shanghai
Authors: Martínez Calzón Julio , Castañón Jiménez Carlos 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA complex basket‐like structure woven from lightweight steel and wicker, the Spanish Pavilion for the Expo 2010, in Shanghai, is the site of a unique collaboration between architects EMBT (Enric Miralles and Benedetta Tagliabue) and MC2 Structural Engineers. Here Julio Martínez Calzón and Carlos Castañón Jiménez of MC2 describe how intense dialogue became key to the realisation of the pavilion, as form‐finding and the development of the underlying structural system were equally integral to the design process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Architectural Geometry as Design Knowledge
Authors: Pottmann Helmut 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe onset of digital design has enabled a new level of experimentation with free‐form shapes in contemporary architecture, which has made geometry a fertile area of research over the last decade or so. Helmut Pottmann describes how geometry not only has the potential to inform a more exciting generative approach for architects, but can also make design much more construction aware for the whole design team, enabling a wholly digital workflow from design to fabrication. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Materialising Complexity
Authors: Scheurer Fabian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe specialist practice designtoproduction consults on the digital production of complex architectural designs. Here, co‐founder Fabian Scheurer charts the relatively recent journey that architecture has taken from the regular to the irregular. He provides a comprehensive account of how this shift to curvilinear and complex forms has impacted on design and production methods, and the strengths and pitfalls of parametric design and CNC fabrication. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Timberfabric: Applying Textile Principles on a Building Scale
Authors: Weinand Yves , Hudert Markus 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTimber is coming to the fore as a contemporary construction material. Not only sustainable, its suppleness, adaptability and strength make it highly attractive for experimental designers. Yves Weinand founded the interdisciplinary timberfabric research project at IBOIS, the Laboratory for Timber Fabric, at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), in order to fully explore innovative timber construction techniques. Here Yves Weinand and Markus Hudert describe the Textile Module, which Hudert developed, in order to investigate timber's ability for ‘social behaviour’, or greater structural strength, once woven into a textile‐like form. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Deeper Structural Theory
Authors: Rappaport Nina 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe architectural critic and author Nina Rappaport celebrates a new structural synthesis that takes a holistic approach to tectonics, uniting the bones or structure of a building with its skin. She calls for a new structurally based theory that effectively fuses culture and technology, embracing ‘deep decoration’ and ‘subtle innovation’ and reviving a design tradition that can be traced back to AWN Pugin and John Ruskin. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Digital Solipsisim and the Paradox of the Great ‘Forgetting’
Authors: Spiller Neil 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNeil Spiller counters the main theme of this issue by questioning the dominant focus on production and new technologies in architectural culture, which places a premium on the generation of ‘ever more gratuitous complex surfaces and structures’. Could this inward‐looking emphasis on process and obsessive love of new technologies be at the expense of the final product? Are we in danger of producing artefacts that lose sight of human expression and poetics in the competitive drive for greater complexity? Are we, in fact, heading towards a great ‘forgetting’ in which humanity is subtracted from the architectural product?
High‐Performance All‐Polymer White‐Light‐Emitting Diodes Using Polyfluorene Containing Phosphonate Groups as an Efficient Electron‐Injection Layer
Authors: Zhang Baohua , Qin Chuanjiang , Ding Junqiao , Chen Lei , Xie Zhiyuan , Cheng Yanxiang , Wang Lixiang 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe report an efficient non‐doped all‐polymer polymer white‐light‐emitting diode (PWLED) with a fluorescent three‐color, white single polymer as an emissive layer, an ethanol‐soluble phosphonate‐functionalized polyfluorene (PF‐EP) as an electron‐injection/electron‐transport layer, and LiF/Al as a cathode, respectively. The all‐polymer PWLED achieves a peak external quantum efficiency of 6.7%, a forward viewing luminous efficiency of 15.4 cd A−1 and a power efficiency of 11.4 lm W−1, respectively, at a brightness of 347 cd m−2 with Commission Internationale d’Eclairage coordinates of (0.37, 0.42) and color rendering index of 85, which is the best results among the non‐doped PWLEDs. Moreover, this kind of PWLED not only shows excellent color stability, but also achieves high brightness at low voltages. The brightness reaches 1000, 10000, and 46830 cd m−2 at voltages of 4.5, 5.4, and 7.5 V, respectively. The significant enhancement of white‐single‐polymer‐based PWLEDs with PF‐EP/LiF/Al to replace for the commonly used Ca/Al cathode is attributed to the more efficient electron injection at PF‐EP/LiF/Al interfaces, and the coordinated protecting effect of PF‐EP from diffusion of Al atoms into the emissive layer and exciton‐quenching near cathode interfaces. The developed highly efficient non‐doped all‐polymer PWLEDs are well suitable for solution‐processing technology and provide a huge potential of low‐cost large‐area manufacturing for PWLEDs.
Photoswitchable Gas Permeation Membranes Based on Liquid Crystals
Authors: Głowacki Eric , Horovitz Karen , Tang Ching W. , Marshall Kenneth L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe have fabricated switchable gas permeation membranes in which a photoswitchable low‐molecular‐weight liquid crystalline (LC) material acts as the active element. Liquid crystal mixtures are doped with mesogenic azo dyes and infused into commercially available track‐etched membranes with regular cylindrical pores (0.40 to 10.0 μm). Tunability of mass transfer can be achieved through a combination of (1) LC/mesogenic dye composition, (2) surface‐induced alignment, and (3) reversible photoinduced LC‐isotropic transitions. Photo‐induced isothermal phase changes in the imbibed material afford large and fully reversible changes in the permeability of the membrane to nitrogen. Both the LC and photogenerated isotropic states demonstrate a linear permeability/pressure relationship, but they show significant differences in their permeability coefficients. Liquid crystal compositions can be chosen such that the LC phase is more permeable than the isotropic—or vice versa – and can be further tuned by surface alignment. Permeability switching response times are 5 s, with alternating UV and >420‐nm radiation at an intensity of 2 mW/cm2 being sufficient for complete and reversible switching. Thermal and kinetic properties of the confined LC materials are evaluated and correlated with the observed permeation properties. We demonstrate for the first time reversible permeation control of a membrane with light irradiation.
Porous Silicon‐Based Optical Microsensors for Volatile Organic Analytes: Effect of Surface Chemistry on Stability and Specificity
Authors: Ruminski Anne M. , King Brian H. , Salonen Jarno , Snyder Jay L. , Sailor Michael J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSensing of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and heptane in air using sub‐millimeter porous silicon‐based sensor elements is demonstrated in the concentration range 50–800 ppm. The sensor elements are prepared as one‐dimensional photonic crystals (rugate filters) by programmed electrochemical etch of p++ silicon, and analyte sensing is achieved by measurement of the wavelength shift of the photonic resonance. The sensors are studied as a function of surface chemistry: ozone oxidation, thermal oxidation, hydrosilylation (1‐dodecene), electrochemical methylation, reaction with dicholorodimethylsilane and thermal carbonization with acetylene. The thermally oxidized and the dichlorodimethylsilane‐modified materials show the greatest stability under atmospheric conditions. Optical microsensors are prepared by attachment of the porous Si layer to the distal end of optical fibers. The acetylated porous Si microsensor displays a greater response to heptane than to IPA, whereas the other chemical modifications display a greater response to IPA than to heptane. The thermal oxide sensor displays a strong response to water vapor, while the acetylated material shows a relatively weak response. The results suggest that a combination of optical fiber sensors with different surface chemistries can be used to classify VOC analytes. Application of the miniature sensors to the detection of VOC breakthrough in a full‐scale activated carbon respirator cartridge simulator is demonstrated.
Electron beam irradiation of LLDPE and PDMS rubber blends: Studies on the physicomechanical properties
Authors: Giri Radhashyam , Sureshkumar M. S. , Naskar K. , Bharadwaj Y. K. , Sarma K. S. S. , Sabharwal S. , Nando G. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBlends of semicrystalline linear low‐density polyethylene and amorphous polydimethyl siloxane rubber were prepared by varying the blend ratios from 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 30:70 to 0:100 by melt‐blending technique in an internal mixer under previously optimized process conditions using Taguchi methodology. The molded sheets were subjected to electron beam irradiation under varying radiation doses starting from 100, 200, 300, 400 to 500 kGy in an accelerator. The physicomechanical properties of the blends before and after electron beam radiation have been studied, and the optimum dose required for each blend ratio for optimum physicomechancial properties has been investigated. A radiation dose of 100 to 300 kGy is found to be sufficient for obtaining the best balance in tensile strength and tensile impact strength properties. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 27:98–107, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20120
Enhancing the scratch resistance of polycarbonate with poly(ethylene oxide)–silica hybrid coatings
Authors: Fabbri Paola , Messori Massimo , Toselli Maurizio , Veronesi Paolo , Rocha João , Pilati Francesco 
Published: July 2010

AbstractScratch‐resistant coatings for bisphenol‐A polycarbonate sheets were obtained by the sol–gel synthesis of an organic–inorganic hybrid system based on poly(ethylene oxide) and silica. The organic–inorganic hybrids were thermally cured into hard transparent coatings by using conventional and microwave (MW) ovens. Both techniques proved to be equally efficient in promoting the system's crosslinking, as evaluated by 29Si MAS‐NMR. The MW‐assisted curing, however, was much faster. Photoelasticity analysis showed that MW‐assisted curing causes localized overheating of the samples, inducing a state of residual plane stresses that bring about dimensional instability of the coated material. Instrumented scratch tests for the coated samples revealed an increase of 1 order of magnitude in the minimal load at which a scratch track appears on the sample surface. However, the friction coefficient values for samples with thermally cured coatings were lower than those produced by MW‐assisted curing. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 27:117–126, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20122
Impact of in‐line atmospheric plasma fluorination of carbon fibers on the performance of unidirectional, carbon fiber‐reinforced polyvinylidene fluoride
Authors: Shamsuddin Siti‐Ros , Ho Kingsley K. C. , Lamoriniere Steven , Lee Adam F. , Bismarck Alexander 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUnidirectional, carbon fiber‐reinforced polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composites were manufactured using a powder impregnation process with integrated in‐line continuous atmospheric plasma fluorination of carbon fibers to produce unidirectional carbon fiber/PVDF tapes with a fiber volume fraction of 60 ± 2%. Carbon fiber/PVDF tapes were processed into composite laminate test specimens by compression moulding and interface‐dominated composite properties were studied. Short‐beam shear test results showed an improvement of up to 70% for the composite laminates containing atmospheric plasma‐fluorinated T700 carbon fibers with a fluorine content of 3.7 at. %, as determined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The flexural strength and modulus of the laminated carbon fiber/PVDF composites containing APF‐treated T700 carbon fibers also increased by 45% and 38%, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 29:86–97, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20175
Toughening of basalt fiber‐reinforced composites with a cyclic butylene terephthalate matrix by a nonisothermal production method
Authors: Baets J. , Devaux J. , Verpoest I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe interest in thermoplastic composites is growing because of their advantages over thermosets, as well as their recyclability and higher toughness. The melt viscosity of thermoplastic polymers is very high, which makes fiber impregnation difficult. This difficulty can be overcome by the in situ polymerization with cyclic butylene terephthalate (CBT). However, this leads to a brittle polybutyleneterephthalate when isothermal RTM‐production is applied. To solve this problem, a nonisothermal production process for composites with CBT as matrix material was developed and the influence on the toughness was investigated. In the nonisothermal production process, different cooling rates were applied to examine their influence on the toughness of the produced composites. The difference in composites properties was related to the difference in the degree of crystal perfection, which was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 29:70–79, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20176
Identification of some optimal parameters to achieve higher laminate quality through tape placement process
Authors: Khan Muhammad Amir , Mitschang Peter , Schledjewski Ralf 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInvestigations of the tape placement process are still underway to achieve the laminate quality comparable with other highly developed composite manufacturing methods, such as autoclave‐based processes. The evaluation of the products and the mechanical properties of the material has revealed regions where some upgrading could bring significant enhancement in performance. This study is concerned with issues related to the characterization of material properties, interlaminar bond development, and ways of optimizing process parameters. These include heating, layup velocity, tool temperature, and consolidation force, which were studied to determine their effects on the mechanical strength of the composites produced. The bonding degree of the laminates was simulated taking into account a combination of process parameters, comparing the predictions with the actual test results. The thermal stability of the polyether ether ketone matrix, in relation to the processing conditions used in the manufacture, and their effects on the interlaminar bonding stability were also investigated and explained. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 29:98–111, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20177
Numerical simulation of the microscale impregnation in commingled thermoplastic composite yarns
Authors: Gennaro R. , Greco A. , Maffezzoli A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe impregnation of a glass woven fabric with an amorphous polyethylene terephthalate copolymer (PET‐g) matrix was investigated using a finite element (FE) model for interbundle and intrabundle flow of the matrix. Micrographs of samples obtained by film stacking of PET‐g to impregnate the glass fabric have confirmed the occurrence of interbundle and intrabundle flow, taking place as separate steps. On the basis of this evidence, two different mechanisms for the fiber impregnation were postulated. The first flow process is associated with a macroscale interbundle impregnation, whereas the second is associated with microscale intrabundle impregnation. Two different FE models were developed to simulate the microscopic and macroscopic flow of the matrix, considering a large number of different random fiber arrangements. Both models could account for the non‐Newtonian rheological behavior of the thermoplastic matrix. The microscale impregnation of fibers was simulated by using randomly spaced and nonoverlapping unidirectional filaments. The effect of the number of filaments and the number of random distributions necessary to achieve an adequate accuracy of the method was assessed. The results obtained from the simulation showed that at low pressures, the polymer melt exhibits Newtonian behavior, which makes it possible to predict the tow permeability by the Darcy law. A more difficult situation arises at high pressures because of the non‐Newtonian behavior of the melt. This requires the introduction of a value for the permeability that is also dependent on the rheological properties of the melt. The same non‐Newtonian behavior of the matrix was observed for macroscale impregnation of bundles. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 29:122–130, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20179
Offsetting behavior and the benefits of food safety policies in vegetable preparation and consumption
Authors: Nganje William , Miljkovic Dragan , Ndembe Elvis 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOutbreaks of foodborne illnesses have an effect on the development of public health policy. Due to safety‐related uncertainties in the food supply chain, various regulatory safety and health policies are implemented to decrease potential harm to likely victims. The expected effect of these food‐safety policies forecasted in terms of reduction in foodborne illnesses, mortality, and food‐related diseases may be overstated if consumers' offsetting behavior is overlooked. Reduction and, in some cases, reversal of direct policy effect may occur. This research tests the presence of dominant or partial offsetting behavior in the preparation and consumption of vegetables if a food‐safety policy such as the Pathogen Reduction/Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (PR/HACCP) is mandated in the vegetable sector. Experimental results indicate the presence of dominant offsetting behavior in response to mandatory introduction of PR/HACCP in the vegetable sector. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stochastic inventory management for tactical process planning under uncertainties: MINLP models and algorithms
Authors: You Fengqi , Grossmann Ignacio E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe address in this article the mid‐term planning of chemical complexes with integration of stochastic inventory management under supply and demand uncertainty. By using the guaranteed service approach to model time delays in the flows inside the network, we capture the stochastic nature of the supply and demand variations, and develop an equivalent deterministic optimization model to minimize the production, feedstock purchase, cycle inventory, and safety stock costs. The model determines the optimal purchases of the feedstocks, production levels of the processes, sales of final products, and safety stock levels of all the chemicals. We formulate the model as a mixed‐integer nonlinear program with a nonconvex objective function and nonconvex constraints. To solve the global optimization problem with modest computational times, we exploit some model properties and develop a tailored branch‐and‐refine algorithm based on successive piecewise linear approximation. Five industrial‐scale examples with up to 38 processes and 28 chemicals are presented to illustrate the application of the model and the performance of the proposed algorithm. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Short‐term scheduling of a large‐scale oil‐refinery operations: Incorporating logistics details
Authors: Shah Nikisha K. , Ierapetritou Marianthi G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRefineries are increasingly concerned with improving the scheduling of their operations to achieve better economic performances by minimizing quality, quantity, and logistics give away. In this article, we present a comprehensive integrated optimization model based on continuous‐time formulation for the scheduling problem of production units and end‐product blending problem. The model incorporates quantity, quality, and logistics decisions related to real‐life refinery operations. These involve minimum run‐length requirements, fill‐draw‐delay, one‐flow out of blender, sequence‐dependent switchovers, maximum heel quantity, and downgrading of better quality product to lower quality. The logistics giveaways in our work are associated with obtaining a feasible solution while minimizing violations of sequence‐dependent switchovers and maximum heel quantity restrictions. A set of valid inequalities are proposed that improves the computational performance of the model significantly. The formulation is used to address realistic case studies where feasible solutions are obtained in reasonable computational time. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011