bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and application of virus‐based hybrid nanomaterials
Authors: Lee Sang‐Yup , Lim Jung‐Sun , Harris Michael T. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA virus is a nanoscaled biomolecular substance composed of genes, protecting capsid proteins, and envelopes. The nanoscale dimensions and surface functionalities of virions have been exploited to attract and assemble inorganic and organic materials to produce functional nanomaterials with large surface areas. Genetic modifications of virus capsid proteins lead to the selective deposition and controlled growth of inorganic substances producing organized virus‐based hybrid materials. Due to these properties, viruses hold promise for development as platforms for the creation of hybrid materials with multiple functionalities. This article reviews the characteristics of commonly used viruses and their fabrication into virus‐based hybrid materials that have been applied in engineering applications such as nanowires and catalysts. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012;109: 16–30. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Graphene Oxide Noncovalent Photosensitizer and Its Anticancer Activity In Vitro
Authors: Zhou Lin , Wang Wei , Tang Jing , Zhou Jia‐Hong , Jiang Hui‐Jun , Shen Jian 
Published: September 2011

AbstractGraphene oxide (GO) was investigated as a potential drug‐delivery system due to its special properties and biocompatibility. Thus far, little has been done to use GO as a photosensitive drug‐delivery system and to explore its anticancer activity in vitro in photodynamic therapy applications. Here, a novel GO–hypocrellin A (GO‐HA) hybrid was prepared by a simple noncovalent method and its photodynamic activity was studied for the first time. The results showed that an efficient loading amount of HA on GO was as high as 1.0 mg mg−1 and the stability of the hybrid was superior to that of the free hypocrellin A in aqueous solution. Furthermore, GO‐HA can be excited by irradiation with light of appropriate wavelength to generate singlet oxygen, and in vitro experiments illustrated that GO‐HA was efficiently taken up by tumor cells, and that light irradiation of such impregnated cells resulted in significant cell death. Thus, these properties of GO‐HA could possibly make it especially promising for use in clinical photodynamic therapy.
A Lewis Acidity Scale in Relation to Rate Constants of Lewis Acid Catalyzed Organic Reactions
Authors: Hilt Gerhard , Pünner Florian , Möbus Juri , Naseri Vesal , Bohn Martin A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe quantification of Lewis acidity is accomplished by a deuterated quinolizidine probe utilizing 2H NMR spectroscopy. The chemical shifts of the 2H NMR signals for aluminum, boron, titanium, and zinc halides are reported. The rate constants for Lewis acid catalyzed reactions were determined by utilizing UV/Vis spectroscopy for Diels–Alder and Povarov reactions under pseudo‐first‐order conditions. The magnitude of the 2H NMR chemical shifts correlates with the rate constants of the organic transformations for many Lewis acids investigated in the same order, whereas some deviations are identified.
Characteristics of concentrated flow hydraulics for rangeland ecosystems: implications for hydrologic modeling
Authors: Al‐Hamdan Osama Z. , Pierson F.B. , Nearing M.A. , Stone J.J. , Williams C.J. , Moffet C.A. , Kormos P.R. , Boll J. , Weltz M.A. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTConcentrated flow is often the dominant source of water erosion following disturbance on rangelands. Because of the lack of studies that explain the hydraulics of concentrated flow on rangelands, cropland‐based equations have typically been used for rangeland hydrology and erosion modeling, leading to less accurate predictions due to different soil and vegetation cover characteristics. This study investigates the hydraulics of concentrated flow using unconfined field experimental data over diverse rangeland landscapes within the Great Basin Region, United States. The results imply that the overall hydraulics of concentrated flow on rangelands differ significantly from those of cropland rills. Concentrated flow hydraulics on rangelands are largely controlled by the amount of cover or bare soil and hillslope angle. New predictive equations for concentrated flow velocity (R2 = 0·47), hydraulic friction (R2 = 0·52), and width (R2 = 0·4) representing a diverse set of rangeland environments were developed. The resulting equations are applicable across a wide span of ecological sites, soils, slopes, and vegetation and ground cover conditions and can be used by physically‐based rangeland hydrology and erosion models to estimate rangeland concentrated flow hydraulic parameters. Published in 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Antimicrobial, Mosquito Larvicidal and Antioxidant Properties of the Leaf and Rhizome of Hedychium coronarium
Authors: Ho Jiau‐Ching 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe essential oil, methanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves and rhizomes of Hedychium coronarium Koen. (Zingiberaceae) were assayed for their antimicrobial, mosquito larvicidal and antioxidant properties. The chemical composition of the essential oil of two organs was analyzed by GC/MS analysis. β‐Pinene (33.9%), α‐pinene (14.7%), 1,8‐cineole (13.3%), r‐elemene (11.0%) and carotol (9.1%) were the main components in the leaf oil, including 82.0% terpenoid compounds. The major constituents of the rhizome oil were 1,8‐cineole (37.3%), β‐pinene (23.0%), α‐terpineol (10.4%) and α‐pinene (9.9%), comprising 80.6% of the oil. The leaf and rhizome essential oil displayed significant antimicrobial activity, as determined by the disc‐diffusion method, inhibiting the growth of all five fungal and four bacterial strains tested. The antimicrobial nature of the essential oil is related to high terpenoid contents. The leaf oil exhibited the mosquito larvicidal activity with 2 h and 24 h LC50 values of 111 and 90 ppm, respectively, while the rhizome oil showed the larvicidal activity with 2 h and 24 h LC50 values of 86 and 47 ppm, respectively. β‐Pinene, α‐pinene and 1,8‐cineol in H. coronarium serve as the principal larvicidal components of both oils. The individual antioxidant assays such as DPPH scavenging activity, chelating effect of ferrous ions and reducing power have been used. The present study demonstrated that the polar extracts of H. coronarium possessed anti‐oxidant. Appreciable total phenolic content (18.5‐26.3 mg/g) was also detected by Folin‐Ciocalteu test.
Hospitalists assess the causes of early hospital readmissions
Authors: Koekkoek Douglas , Bayley K. Bruce , Brown Allen , Rustvold D. Leif 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Hospital readmissions are receiving increasing attention as an indicator of health care quality and waste. Hospitalists provide a unique perspective on the underlying processes that result in acute care readmissions and the extent to which readmissions can be prevented.OBJECTIVE:The study assessed the views of hospitalists on the preventability of readmissions and the most important ways to prevent future readmissions.DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS:A group of 17 hospitalists serving four community hospitals reviewed the details of 300 consecutive 21‐day readmissions. Each used a structured data collection form to code information from inpatient and outpatient charts on patient characteristics, process measures, preventability, and potential interventions.RESULTS:Overall, 15% of readmissions were rated as overtly preventable, but with wide variation among hospitalists in their ratings of preventability. Perceptions of preventability appear to be a function of readmission timing, the similarity of diagnoses between admissions, medication issues, and the presence of certain chronic diseases (eg, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]). Hospitalists were more likely to recommend familiar interventions under their control for a readmissions termed preventable, such as extending the initial hospital stay or addressing medications and patient education at discharge. They less often identified outpatient case management, home services, or physician nursing home visits as viable prevention strategies.CONCLUSIONS:The study points to the multifactorial nature of interventions needed to prevent readmissions, the tradeoffs between hospital length of stay and readmission, and the importance of fostering a culture of optimism and engagement to outpatient components of the health system to reduce hospital readmissions. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Resilin in dragonfly and damselfly wings and its implications for wing flexibility
Authors: Donoughe Seth , Crall James D. , Merz Rachel A. , Combes Stacey A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAlthough there is mounting evidence that passive mechanical dynamics of insect wings play an integral role in insect flight, our understanding of the structural details underlying insect wing flexibility remains incomplete. Here, we use comparative morphological and mechanical techniques to illuminate the function and diversity of two mechanisms within Odonata wings presumed to affect dynamic wing deformations: flexible resilin vein‐joints and cuticular spikes. Mechanical tests show that joints with more resilin have lower rotational stiffness and deform more in response to a load applied to an intact wing. Morphological studies of 12 species of Odonata reveal that resilin joints and cuticular spikes are widespread taxonomically, yet both traits display a striking degree of morphological and functional diversity that follows taxonomically distinct patterns. Interestingly, damselfly wings (suborder Zygoptera) are mainly characterized by vein‐joints that are double‐sided (containing resilin both dorsally and ventrally), whereas dragonfly wings (suborder Epiprocta) are largely characterized by single‐sided vein‐joints (containing resilin either ventrally or dorsally, but not both). The functional significance and diversity of resilin joints and cuticular spikes could yield insight into the evolutionary relationship between form and function of wings, as well as revealing basic principles of insect wing mechanical design. J. Morphol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Numerical calculation of AC substation grounding systems buried in a vertical multilayered earth model by higher‐order basis function
Authors: Li Zhong‐Xin , Fan Jian‐Bin , Yin Yu 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYTo study the accuracy of numerical simulations for an AC substation grounding problem embedded in a vertical multilayered earth model, this paper proposes a novel algorithm combining the rapidly convergent one‐dimensional Galerkin's BEM with higher‐order basis functions on the basis of the quasi‐static electric field theory. General analytical formulas for the mutual impedance between any pair of short line conductors are also derived to accelerate the numerical integration. These formulas can work in not only complex space but also real space because of our application of the quasi‐static complex image method, which is different from the contribution of other earlier scientists, whose formula can work just in real space. The algorithm can be used to simulate and analyze any grounding system, including those incorporating a floating grid located anywhere in the earth model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rheology and processability of polyamide66 filled with different‐sized and size‐distributed calcium carbonate
Authors: Zhang Jun , Wu Jun‐Li , Mo Hong , Ma Zhen‐Mao , Zhou Ning‐lin , Yuan Jiang , Shen Jian 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTwo‐sized calcium carbonates (CaCO3) were blended and filled into polyamide66 (PA66). The shear viscosity of PA66/CaCO3 composites was measured with a capillary extrusion rheometer. The results showed that the shear viscosity of the efficient size distribution samples (PA66 was filled with 600/2500 mesh CaCO3 blending) obviously decreased compared with that of the single‐size distribution samples (PA66 was filled with 600 or 2500 mesh CaCO3). The shear viscosity of PA66/CaCO3 composites at different temperatures was also studied. The results showed that the flow activation energy and flow activation entropy of the efficient size distribution samples obviously increased compared with those of the single‐size distribution samples. The change in flow activation entropy was used to explain the experimental results of shear viscosity. The processability of PA66/CaCO3 composites was evaluated with a HAAKE torque rheometer. The results showed that the processability of the efficient size distribution samples was obviously improved and the best efficiency of processability improvement appeared in the 30 wt% CaCO3 content. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Specific nonlinear viscoelasticity behaviors of natural rubber and zinc dimethacrylate composites due to multi‐crosslinking bond interaction by using rubber process analyzer 2000
Authors: Chen Yukun , Xu Chuanhui 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn this paper, the dynamic mechanical properties of the natural rubber (NR) which was filled with in situ zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA) were investigated using a Rubber Process Analyzer (RPA2000). A weak rigid filler–filler network was formed in the uncured NR/ZDMA compounds. Pronounced Payne effect and stress‐softening behavior were observed in the vulcanizates, which indicated that a strong and special filler structure was formed after vulcanization. However, an ionic network might be formed with a high ZDMA loading, which was not favorable to rebuild the poly‐ZDMA network. Finally, two tentative regions of networks deformation during the dynamic strain sweep were discussed: filler–filler and ionic bonds dominating region and rubber network dominating region. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Prescription‐acquired acetaminophen use and potential overuse patterns: 2001–2008
Authors: Gokhale Mugdha , Martin Bradley C. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTBackgroundFood and Drug Administration advisory committees recently made some recommendations to address acetaminophen (APAP)‐related toxicity.ObjectivesTo study the proportion of APAP users potentially consuming APAP over the currently recommended dosage (4 g/day) and a toxic dosage (10 g/day). To explore the impact of substituting the APAP strength in combination prescriptions to 325 mg on potential APAP overuse patterns.MethodsUsing the 2001–2008 pharmacy claims from IMS LifeLink Health Plans, APAP potential maximum daily dose (PMDD), potential cumulative dose, and potential average daily dose (PADD) were calculated annually for APAP users. The proportion of users with potential APAP use above 4 g/day and 10 g/day are reported. Analyses were repeated by substituting the maximum APAP strength in combination prescriptions to 325 mg. Ordinary least squares regression was used to detect linear trends in APAP use/overuse.Results790 188 of 2 656 161 study subjects were prescribed APAP in one or more years from 2001 to 2008. 32.62% and 26.84% of the adult APAP users had a PMDD > 4 gm/day in 2001 and 2008 while 1.88% and 3.17% had a PMDD > 10 gm/day. If the maximum APAP strength in combination prescriptions was 325 mg, the proportion of APAP users with PMDD > 4 g would be 14.08% in 2001 and 13.67% in 2008, whereas the proportion of those with PMDD > 10 g would be 0.21% and 2.30%, respectively.ConclusionAbout one in four APAP users have a PMDD > 4 g/day, whereas 2–3% have a PMDD > 10 g based exclusively on prescription data, which is concerning. These proportions could reduce by over half if the maximum APAP strength in combination prescriptions is 325 mg. Additional monitoring of opioid prescription‐patterns, physician and pharmacist cognizance in prescribing APAP‐containing combination products, and dose‐reduction strategies should be considered to reduce APAP overuse. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio associated with mortality in early hepatocellular carcinoma patients after radiofrequency ablation
Authors: Chen Tsung‐Ming , Lin Chun‐Che , Huang Pi‐Teh , Wen Chen‐Fan 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Increasing evidence correlates the presence of systemic inflammation with poor survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We studied whether peripheral blood neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a marker of systemic inflammatory response, would be a useful predictor for outcome in patients with early HCC undergoing radiofrequency ablation (RFA).Methods:  A total of 158 patients with early HCC underwent RFA. Potential prognostic factors such as age, gender, tumoral characteristics, Child‐Turcotte‐Pugh (CTP) class and NLR were analyzed. The study endpoints were overall survival (OS) and new recurrence.Results:  We modeled NLR as a continuous explanatory variable in regression analyses. Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor size (P = 0.005) and high baseline NLR (P = 0.001) were independent explanatory variables associated with unfavorable OS. Regarding new recurrence, multivariate analysis showed that CTP class B (P = 0.002), α‐fetoprotein > 400 ng/mL (P = 0.030), tumor size (P = 0.002) and tumor multiplicity (P = 0.013) were found to be worse prognosticators, but not baseline NLR. In a subset analysis of 140 patients whose post‐RFA NLR data at first follow‐up visit were available, multivariate analysis revealed that high post‐RFA NLR was identified as an independent covariate, not only for OS (P = 0.006), but for new recurrence (P = 0.010) as well.Conclusions:  High baseline NLR was associated with worse OS for patients with early HCC; post‐RFA NLR predicted not only OS, but also tumor recurrence.
The Relations among Theory of Mind, Behavioral Inhibition, and Peer Interactions in Early Childhood
Authors: Suway Jenna G. , Degnan Kathryn A. , Sussman Amy L. , Fox Nathan A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe current study examined relations among child temperament, peer interaction, and theory of mind (ToM) development. We hypothesized that: (1) children classified as behaviorally inhibited at 24 months would show less ToM understanding at 36 months in comparison to nonbehaviorally inhibited children; (2) children who displayed negative peer interaction behaviors in a peer dyadic interaction at 24 months would exhibit less ToM understanding at 36 months; and (3) behavioral inhibition (BI) and the degree of negative behaviors during a peer interaction would jointly influence ToM development, such that children with both heightened BI and negative peer interaction behaviors would exhibit worse ToM performance than behaviorally inhibited children who did not display negative social behaviors. Both BI and negative peer interaction behaviors were associated with passing fewer ToM tasks. The data revealed that children high in both BI and negative peer interaction behaviors passed fewer ToM tasks at 36 months of age than those high in BI and low in negative peer interactions or those low in BI.
Immunoexpression of TNF‐α and TGF‐β in central and peripheral giant cell lesions of the jaws
Authors: de Matos Felipe Rodrigues , de Moraes Maiara , Nonaka Cassiano Francisco Weege , de Souza Lélia Batista , de Almeida Freitas Roseana 
Published: September 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 194–199Background:  Peripheral giant cell lesion (PGCL) is a reactive process associated with a local irritating factor that shows low recurrence after treatment, especially if the irritating factor is eliminated. On the other hand, central giant cell lesion (CGCL) presents a variable clinical behavior ranging from slow and asymptomatic growth without recurrence to rapid, painful and recurrent growth. Our aim was to compare the immunoexpression of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) in CGCL and PGCL.Methods:  Twenty CGCL and 20 PGCL were selected for analysis of the immunoexpression of TNF‐α and TGF‐β in multinucleated giant cells (MGC) and mononucleated cells (MC).Results:  The PGCL showed lightly higher expression of TNF‐α than CGCL. In comparison with PGCL, the CGCL showed higher expression of TGF‐β in MC and MGC (P < 0.05) and in total cells (P < 0.05). Significant positive correlation was found between expressions of TGF‐β and TNF‐α in CGCL (P < 0.05).Conclusions:  Our results suggest that, in CGCL, coordinated interactions between TGF‐β and TNF‐α may be important for osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. PGCL occasionally cause bone resorption but to a lower extent, a fact that might be explained by the lower expression of TGF‐β in these lesions.
Does multiple seed loading in Blue Jays result in selective dispersal of smaller acorns?
Authors: BARTLOW Andrew W. , KACHMAR Michael , LICHTI Nathanael , SWIHART Robert K. , STRATFORD Jeffrey A. , STEELE Michael A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractStudies from both tropical and temperate systems show that scatter‐hoarding rodents selectively disperse larger seeds farther from their source than smaller seeds, potentially increasing seedling establishment in larger‐seeded plants. Size‐biased dispersal is evident in many oaks (Quercus) and is true both across and within species. Here, we predict that intraspecifc variation in seed size also influences acorn dispersal by the Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata Linnaeus), but in an opposite manner. Blue Jays are gape‐limited and selectively disperse smaller acorn species (e.g. pin oaks [Quercus palustris Münchh]), but often carry several acorns in their crop during a single dispersal event. We predict that jays foraging on smaller acorns will load more seeds per trip and disperse seeds to greater distances than when single acorns are carried in the bill. To test this, we presented free‐ranging Blue Jays with pin oak acorns of different sizes over a 2‐year period. In each of 16 experimental trials, we monitored the birds at a feeding station with remote cameras and determined the number of acorns removed and the distance acorns were dispersed when cached. Jays were significantly more likely to engage in multiple seed loading with smaller seeds in both years of the study. During the second year, these smaller acorns were dispersed farther than larger acorns, and during the first year, larger acorns were dispersed farther, revealing an inconsistent response to seed size during our study. We suggest that in some circumstances, multiple seed loading by Blue Jays may favor dispersal in some plant species.
Microwave Heating Effect on Rheology and Microstructure of White Sauces
Authors: Guardeño Luis M. , Sanz Teresa , Fiszman Susana M. , Quiles Amparo , Hernando Isabel 
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  The microstructure and rheological properties of white sauces formulated with different starches were analyzed after being microwave‐heated for different times. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in rheological parameters analyzed—storage modulus (G′), loss modulus (G″), and loss tangent (tanδ)—were obtained for sauces made with different starches. Microwave reheating did not affect G′ and G″ values until water evaporation became significant. In addition, tanδ values did not change significantly (P < 0.05) even during long reheating times showing that sauce viscoelastic properties did not change after microwave irradiation. However, microstructure assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy showed changes in fat globule and protein. These microstructural changes did not seem to have a significant effect on rheological measurements since starch and ι‐carrageenan are mainly responsible for the viscoelastic behavior of the sauces.Practical Application:  The development of products appropriate to microwave heating is constantly rising in food industry. It is necessary to understand the behavior of the ingredients and the final product to microwave heating in order to choose those ingredients which will develop the best performance. Starches are common ingredients in industrial sauces, and rheological and microstructural techniques have shown their usefulness in characterization of starch‐based systems.