bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Organocatalytic Michael Addition–Cyclization Cascade Reaction of Nitroalkanes with o‐Hydroxycinnamaldehydes
Authors: Choi Kwang‐Su , Kim Sung‐Gon 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA catalytic enantioselective Michael addition–cyclization reaction of nitroalkanes with o‐hydroxycinnamaldehydes has been established by using a diphenylprolinol TMS ether as an organocatalyst. The reaction afforded the corresponding 4‐substituted chroman‐2‐ols in excellent yields with high levels of enantioselectivities (95 to >99 % ee).
Mutant p63 causes defective expansion of ectodermal progenitor cells and impaired FGF signalling in AEC syndrome
Authors: Ferone Giustina , Thomason Helen A. , Antonini Dario , De Rosa Laura , Hu Bing , Gemei Marica , Zhou Huiqing , Ambrosio Raffaele , Rice David P. , Acampora Dario , van Bokhoven Hans , Del Vecchio Luigi , Koster Maranke I. , Tadini Gianluca , Spencer‐Dene Bradley , Dixon Michael , Dixon Jill , Missero Caterina 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAnkyloblepharon‐ectodermal defects‐cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome, which is characterized by cleft palate and severe defects of the skin, is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding transcription factor p63. Here, we report the generation of a knock‐in mouse model for AEC syndrome (p63+/L514F) that recapitulates the human disorder. The AEC mutation exerts a selective dominant‐negative function on wild‐type p63 by affecting progenitor cell expansion during ectodermal development leading to a defective epidermal stem cell compartment. These phenotypes are associated with impairment of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling resulting from reduced expression of Fgfr2 and Fgfr3, direct p63 target genes. In parallel, a defective stem cell compartment is observed in humans affected by AEC syndrome and in Fgfr2b−/− mice. Restoring Fgfr2b expression in p63+/L514F epithelial cells by treatment with FGF7 reactivates downstream mitogen‐activated protein kinase signalling and cell proliferation. These findings establish a functional link between FGF signalling and p63 in the expansion of epithelial progenitor cells and provide mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of AEC syndrome.See accompanying article http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/emmm.201100202
Tumour growth inhibition and anti‐metastatic activity of a mutated furin‐resistant Semaphorin 3E isoform
Authors: Casazza Andrea , Kigel Boaz , Maione Federica , Capparuccia Lorena , Kessler Ofra , Giraudo Enrico , Mazzone Massimiliano , Neufeld Gera , Tamagnone Luca 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSecreted Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E) promotes cancer cell invasiveness and metastatic spreading. The pro‐metastatic activity of Sema3E is due to its proteolytic fragment p61, capable of transactivating the oncogenic tyrosine kinase ErbB2 that associates with the Sema3E receptor PlexinD1 in cancer cells. Here, we show that a mutated, uncleavable variant of Sema3E (Uncl‐Sema3E) binds to PlexinD1 like p61‐Sema3E, but does not promote the association of PlexinD1 with ErbB2 nor activates the ensuing signalling cascade leading to metastatic spreading. Furthermore, Uncl‐Sema3E competes with endogenous p61‐Sema3E produced by tumour cells, thereby hampering their metastatic ability. Uncl‐Sema3E also acts independently as a potent anti‐angiogenic factor. It activates a PlexinD1‐mediated signalling cascade in endothelial cells that leads to the inhibition of adhesion to extracellular matrix, directional migration and cell survival. The putative therapeutic potential of Uncl‐Sema3E was validated in multiple orthotopic or spontaneous tumour models in vivo, where either local or systemic delivery of Uncl‐Sema3E‐reduced angiogenesis, growth and metastasis, even in the case of tumours refractory to treatment with a soluble vascular endothelial growth factor trap. In summary, we conclude that Uncl‐Sema3E is a novel inhibitor of tumour angiogenesis and growth that concomitantly hampers metastatic spreading.See accompanying article http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/emmm.201200206
Emotional Processing Following Recovery from Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Oldershaw Anna , DeJong Hannah , Hambrook David , Broadbent Hannah , Tchanturia Kate , Treasure Janet , Schmidt Ulrike 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveEvidence suggests that poor emotional processing perpetuates anorexia nervosa (AN); however, emotional processing following recovery and interactions between aspects of processing remain unknown. This study examined beliefs about emotions, emotional tolerance and avoidance and emotion suppression to preserve relationships in recovered AN patients. It also explored whether beliefs about emotion are related to emotional avoidance.DesignA cross‐sectional between‐groups design was employed.MethodCurrently ill (n = 40), recovered AN patients (n = 24) and a sample of healthy controls (n = 48) completed measures of clinical and demographic background in addition to the Beliefs About Emotions, Distress Tolerance and Silencing the Self emotional processing questionnaires.ResultsRecovered and healthy control groups were comparable (except for higher externalised self‐perception in recovered participants) and both had better emotional processing than current AN patients. Beliefs about emotions correlated with level of emotional avoidance.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates functional levels of emotional processing following recovery from AN. It substantiates models proposing that maladaptive beliefs about emotions link to emotional avoidance and supports inclusion of these factors as treatment foci. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Rockfall rebound: comparison of detailed field experiments and alternative modelling approaches
Authors: Bourrier Franck , Berger Frédéric , Tardif Pascal , Dorren Luuk , Hungr Oldrich 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThe accuracy of rockfall trajectory simulations mainly rests on the calculation of the rebound of fragments following their impact on the slope. This paper is dedicated to the comparative analysis of two rebound modelling approaches currently used in rockfall simulation using field experiments of single rebounds. The two approaches consist in either modelling the rock as a single material point (lumped mass approach) or in explicitly accounting for the fragment shape (rigid body approach). A lumped mass model accounting for the coupling between translational and rotational velocities and introducing a slope perturbation angle was used. A rigid body approach modelling the rocks as rigid locally deformable (in the vicinity of the contact surface) assemblies of spheres was chosen.The comparative analysis of the rebound models shows that both of them are efficient with only a few parameters. The main limitation of each approach are the calibration of the value of the slope perturbation (‘roughness’) angle, for the lumped mass approach, and the estimation of the rock length and height from field geological and historical analyses, for the rigid body approach. Finally, both rebound models require being improved in a pragmatic manner to better predict the rotational velocities distribution. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controls on a scale explicit analysis of sheet erosion
Authors: Oakes E. G. M. , Hughes J. C. , Jewitt G. P. W. , Lorentz S. A. , Chaplot V. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTAlthough the impact of sheet erosion on the evolution of soils, soil properties and associated ecosystem services across landscapes is undisputed, there are still large uncertainties in the estimation of sheet erosion, as the results obtained are highly scale dependent. Consequently, there is a need to develop a scale‐explicit understanding of sediment erosion yields, from microplot to hillslope through to plot, to surmount actual erosion modelling flaws and to improve guidance for erosion mitigation. The main objective of this study was to compare sediment yields from small and large plots installed under different environmental conditions and to interpret these results in terms of the main mechanisms and controlling factors of sheet erosion. Fifteen 1 × 1 m² and ten 2 × 5 m² plots were installed on a hillslope in the foothills of the Drakensberg, South Africa. Data of runoff, sediment concentration (SC), soil loss (SL) and rainfall characteristics obtained during the 2009–2010 rainy season at the two spatial scales and from different soils, vegetation cover, geology and topographic conditions were used to identify the main controlling factors of sheet erosion. Scale ratios for SC and SL were subsequently calculated to assess the level of contribution of rain‐impacted flow (RIF) to overall sheet erosion. The average runoff rate (n = 17 events) ranged between 4.9 ± 0.4 L m‐2 on 1 m2 and 5.4 ± 0.6 L m2 on 10 m2, which did not correspond to significant differences at P < 0.05 level. Sediment losses were significantly higher on the 10 m2 plots, compared with the 1 m2 plots (2.2 ± 0.4 vs 1.5 ± 0.2 g L‐1 for SC; 9.8 ± 1.8 vs 3.2 ± 0.3 g m‐2 for SL), which illustrated a greater efficiency of sheet erosion on longer slopes. Results from a principal component analysis, whose two first axes explained 60% of the data variance, suggested that sheet erosion is mainly controlled by rainfall characteristics (rainfall intensity and amount) and soil surface features (crusting and vegetation coverage). The contribution of RIF to sheet erosion was the lowest at high soil clay content (r = 0.26) and the highest at high crusting and bulk density (r = 0.22), cumulative rainfall amount in the season and associated rise in soil water table (r = 0.29). Such an explicit consideration of the role of scale on sediment yields and process domination by either in situ (soil and soil surface conditions) or ex situ (rainfall characteristics and antecedent rainfall) factors, is expected to contribute to process‐based modelling and erosion mitigation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proton Conducting Membranes Based on Poly(2,2′‐imidazole‐5,5′‐bibenzimidazole)
Authors: Guan Y. , Pu H. , Jin M. , Chang Z. , Modestov A. D. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPoly(2,2′‐imidazole‐5,5′‐bibenzimidazole) (PBI‐imi) was synthesized via the polycondensation between 3,3′,4,4′‐tetraaminobiphenyl and 4,5‐imidazole‐dicarboxylic acid. Effects of the reaction conditions on the intrinsic viscosity of the synthesized polymers were studied. The results show that the molecular weight of the polymers increases with increasing monomer concentration and reaction time, and then levels off. With higher reaction temperature, the molecular weight of the polymer is higher. With the additional imidazole group in the backbone, PBI‐imi shows improved phosphoric acid doping ability, as well as a little higher proton conductivity when compared with widely used poly[2,2′‐(m‐phenylene)‐5,5′‐bibenzimidazole] (PBI‐ph).Whereas, PBI‐imi and PBI‐ph have the similar chemical oxidation stability. PBI‐imi/3.0 H3PO4 composite membranes exhibit a proton conductivity as high as 10–4 S cm–1 at 150 °C under anhydrous condition. The temperature dependence of proton conductivity of acid doped PBI‐imi can be modeled by an Arrhenius equation.
Temperature Measurement and Distribution Inside Planar SOFC Stacks
Authors: Guan W. B. , Zhai H. J. , Jin L. , Xu C. , Wang W. G. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this work, a kind of thin K‐type thermocouple and self‐developed CAS‐I sealant were used to assembly solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks and temperatures of unit cells inside a planar SOFC stack were measured. The open circuit voltage testing of the stack and characterization of the interface between sealant and components suggested excellent sealing effect by applying the developed method. The effect of discharging direct‐current on temperature and temperature distribution inside the designed SOFC stack was investigated. The results showed that the discharging current had a great impact and the gas flow rate had a slight impact on the temperatures of unit cells. Temperature distribution of unit cells inside the stack was much non‐uniform and there is a significant temperature difference between various components of the stack and heating environment. The relationship between temperatures and cell performance showed that the worse the cell performance, the higher the cell surface temperature. When the stack was discharged at a constant current and the temperature of cell surface was over 950 °C, the higher the temperature, the more drop the corresponding voltage.
INCORPORATING FINANCIAL PROTECTION INTO DECISION RULES FOR PUBLICLY FINANCED HEALTHCARE TREATMENTS
Authors: Smith Peter C. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTAlmost all health systems seek to offer some form of publicly financed healthcare insurance, and governments must therefore choose the size of the benefit package and the types of treatments to cover. Conventionally, the usual approach of economists has been to recommend choices on the basis of cost effectiveness of treatments, using metrics such as the ‘cost per quality adjusted life year’. However, this approach is based on the assumption of health maximization subject to a budget constraint and ignores the potential impact of any additional concern with protecting individuals from the financial consequences of a health shock. Furthermore, it does not take account of the possible availability of complementary privately funded health care. This paper develops a model in which risk‐averse individuals care about health but also place a value on protection from the financial consequences of rare but costly events. The paper shows how conventional cost‐effectiveness analysis can readily be augmented to take account of financial protection objectives. The results depend on whether or not there exists a market in complementary privately funded health care. They have important implications for the methodology adopted by health technology assessment agencies and for the broader design of publicly funded health systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting event response in a nested catchment with generalized linear models and a distributed watershed model
Authors: Graeff T. , Zehe E. , Blume T. , Francke T. , Schröder B. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis study focuses on the prediction of event‐based runoff coefficients (an important descriptor of flood events) for nested catchments up to an area of 50 km² in the Eastern Ore Mountains. The four main objectives of the study are (i) the prediction of runoff coefficients with the statistical method of generalized linear models, (ii) the comparison of the results of the linear models with estimates of a distributed conceptual model, (iii) the comparison of the dynamics of observed soil moisture and simulated saturation deficit of the hydrological model and (iv) the analysis of the relationship between runoff coefficient and observed and simulated wetness.Different predictor variables were selected to describe the runoff coefficient and were differentiated into variables describing the catchment's antecedent wetness and meteorological forcing. The best statistical model was estimated in a stepwise approach on the basis of hierarchical partitioning, an exhaustive search algorithm and model validation with jackknifing. We then applied the rainfall runoff model WaSiM ETH to predict the runoff processes for the two larger catchments. Locally measured small‐scale soil moisture (acquired at a scale of four to five magnitudes smaller than the catchment) was identified as one of the key predictor variables for the estimation of the runoff coefficient with the general linear model. It was found that the relationship betweenobserved and simulated (using WaSiM ETH) wetness is strongly hysteretic. The runoff coefficients derived from the rainfall runoff simulations systematically underestimate the observed values. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased physical activity is associated with enhanced development of peak bone mass in men: A five-year longitudinal study
Authors: Nilsson Martin , Ohlsson Claes , Odén Anders , Mellström Dan , Lorentzon Mattias 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Data supporting physical activity guidelines to optimize bone development in men is sparse. Peak bone mass is believed to be important for the risk of osteoporosis later in life. The objective of this study was to determine if an increased amount of physical activity over a 5-year period was associated with increased bone mineral content (BMC), areal (aBMD) and volumetric (vBMD) bone mineral density, and a favorable development of cortical bone size in young adult men. The original 1068 young men, initially enrolled in the Gothenburg Osteoporosis and Obesity Determinants (GOOD) study, were invited to participate in the longitudinal study, and a total of 833 men (78%), 24.1 ± 0.6 years of age, were included in the 5-year follow-up. A standardized self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information about patterns of physical activity at both the baseline and 5-year follow-up visits. BMC and aBMD were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, whereas vBMD and bone geometry were measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Increased physical activity between the baseline and follow-up visits was associated with a favorable development in BMC of the total body, and aBMD of the lumbar spine and total hip (p &lt; 0.001), as well as with development of a larger cortex (cortical cross sectional area), and a denser trabecular bone of the tibia (p &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, increased physical activity was related to an advantageous development of aBMD, trabecular vBMD and cortical bone size, indicating that exercise is important in optimizing peak bone mass in young men. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Genetic evidence that thyroid hormone is indispensable for prepubertal insulin-like growth factor–I expression and bone acquisition in mice
Authors: Xing Weirong , Govoni Kristen E , Donahue Leah Rae , Kesavan Chandrasekhar , Wergedal Jon , Long Carlin , Bassett JH Duncan , Gogakos Apostolos , Wojcicka Anna , Williams Graham R , Mohan Subburaman 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Understanding how bone growth is regulated by hormonal and mechanical factors during early growth periods is important for optimizing the attainment of peak bone mass to prevent or postpone the occurrence of fragility fractures later in life. Using genetic mouse models that are deficient in thyroid hormone (TH) (Tshr−/− and Duox2−/−), growth hormone (GH) (Ghrhrlit/lit), or both (Tshr−/−; Ghrhrlit/lit), we demonstrate that there is an important period prior to puberty when the effects of GH are surprisingly small and TH plays a critical role in the regulation of skeletal growth. Daily administration of T3/T4 during days 5 to 14, the time when serum levels of T3 increase rapidly in mice, rescued the skeletal deficit in TH-deficient mice but not in mice lacking both TH and GH. However, treatment of double-mutant mice with both GH and T3/T4 rescued the bone density deficit. Increased body fat in the TH-deficient as well as TH/GH double-mutant mice was rescued by T3/T4 treatment during days 5 to 14. In vitro studies in osteoblasts revealed that T3 in the presence of TH receptor (TR) α1 bound to a TH response element in intron 1 of the IGF-I gene to stimulate transcription. In vivo studies using TRα and TRβ knockout mice revealed evidence for differential regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I expression by the two receptors. Furthermore, blockade of IGF-I action partially inhibited the biological effects of TH, thus suggesting that both IGF-I–dependent and IGF-I–independent mechanisms contribute to TH effects on prepubertal bone acquisition. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Is inhibition process better described with MD(QM/MM) simulations? The case of urokinase type plasminogen activator inhibitors
Authors: Barbault Florent , Maurel François 
Published: January 2012

AbstractUrokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is an enzyme involved in cancer growth and metastasis. Therefore, the design of inhibitors of uPA is of high therapeutic value, and several chemical families have been explored, even if none has still emerged, emphasizing the need of a rationalized approach. This work represents a complete computational study of uPA complexed with five inhibitors, which present weak similarities. Molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent were conducted, and structural analyses, along with molecular mechanics (MM)/Poisson–Boltzmann surface area free energies estimations, yield precious structure–activity relationships of these inhibitors. Besides, we realized supplemental QM/MM computations that improved drastically the quality of our models providing original information on the hydrogen bonds and charge transfer effects, which are, most often, neglected in other studies. We suggest that these simulations and analyses could be reproduced for other systems involving protein/ligand molecular recognitions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2012
Cu2+ removal from aqueous solution by modified chitosan hydrogels
Authors: Liu Yi , Kang Yuru , Huang Dajian , Wang Aiqin 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: The adsorption of Cu2+ from aqueous solution using crosslinked chitosan hydrogels impregnated with Congo Red (CR) by ion‐imprint technology was systematically investigated with particular reference to the effects of contact time, pH, and initial concentration on adsorption.RESULTS: The adsorption capacity of the crosslinked chitosan without impregnation was only 68.68 mg g−1 for Cu2+. However, the adsorption capacity increased from 77.42 (without imprint ion) to 84.54 mg g−1 (imprint ion content 0.5 mmol) after the chitosan was impregnated with a ratio of 1/12 of CR to chitosan. The as‐prepared adsorbents were found to be pH‐dependent and the process of adsorption agreed well with the Freundlich isotherm. The loaded adsorbents could be regenerated and reused without the appreciable loss of capacity.CONCLUSION: Chitosan hydrogels impregnated with CR showed higher Cu2+ adsorption capacities compared with those prepared conventionally without imprint ion, and thus developed a good approach to increase Cu2+ adsorption efficiency in the treatment of waste‐water. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Cardiac MRI of the fetal heart using a novel triggering method: Initial results in an animal model
Authors: Yamamura Jin , Kopp Inga , Frisch Michael , Fischer Roland , Valett Klaus , Hecher Kurt , Adam Gerhard , Wedegärtner Ulrike 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPurpose:To investigate MRI of the fetal heart by way of a novel triggering method with the use of an MR‐compatible cardiotocography (CTG) in an animal model.Materials and Methods:Fetal cardiac MRI was performed on four pregnant ewes on a 1.5 Tesla (T) MR system. A CTG was rendered MR compatible and its signal was used for the triggering of the fetal heart to perform cardiac cine MRI of the fetal heart with maternal free‐breathing with cine steady‐state free precession. The left ventricular volume and function were measured from the short‐axis (view). The image quality of anatomical structures was assessed.Results:All cardiac valves and the foramen ovale could be visualized. Myocardial contraction was depicted in cine sequences. The average blood volume at the end systole was 1.7 mL (SD ± 0.12). The average volume at the end diastole was 4.6 mL (± 0.4); thus the average stroke volumes of the left ventricle were 2.87 mL (± 0.31) with ejection fractions of 60.53% (± 4.17).Conclusion:The newly developed MR compatible CTG could be used as a tool for cardiac triggering method of the fetal heart. This novel device might help fetal cardiac MRI technology in the future. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:1071‐1076. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.