bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A School for Citizens
Authors: Lavin Deborah 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe councillors of Johannesburg met for the first time on 18 May 1901. Curtis was Town Clerk. He was instrumental in forming the municipality. The machinery of city government had to be created ‘from the boiler to the last wheel’. This chapter states that Curtis devised a system of Council business which left the Councillors to establish themselves in the competitive world of reviving Johannesburg entrepreneurship. He encouraged a clean sweep of inexperienced Council officials and the corrupt heirlooms from the old administration. In September 1901, he prepared a long Memorandum on the present and future boundaries of Johannesburg — no less than a scheme for a new model city. Building a municipality in Johannesburg was taxing with issues on the mining industry and public health care. Later on, Curtis had declared his intention to Howard Pim of staying in South Africa to study general problems; he was thinking of federation.
Organic Unions: Round Table and Commonwealth
Authors: Lavin Deborah 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCurtis played a major part in creating and sustaining the Round Table, one of the most influential of the many Edwardian study and pressure groups devoted to the future of the Empire. It was based on the nucleus of the Kindergarten. Curtis drew attention to the Round Table's version of the Imperial Problem. Their solution was a ‘Commonwealth’ — an organic union of Britain with the Dominions which would underwrite and sustain the defence and tutelary functions of the old Empire while standing forth on the world stage as a new force for peace. The principle of equality between Britain and the Dominions was an article of Round Table faith which Curtis's Dominion journeys had been designed to demonstrate in practice. After his return from his first journeys, Curtis revised and amplified his Round Table Studies, drummed up support for the movement in Britain, and fostered his Dominion contacts.
Stunting in Africa and China
Authors: Lavin Deborah 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCurtis had gained a reputation for making colonial constitutions. He was drawn into the affairs of tropical Africa by Joseph Oldham. They collaborated on a second African campaign which was to stimulate a declaration of fundamental principle in East African policy and a major research project into Africa as a whole. Curtis had chosen China and the Far East as the most significant field for the theory and practice of responsible government after his stunt in Africa and India. The British and Americans supported the idea of the Shanghai inquiry at the Pacific Relations Conference in Kyoto, Japan. Curtis's old friends from the Round Table complained, justifiably, that China had subverted his mind. He approached the China problem as though looking at a panorama through a pin-hole, with Shanghai alone standing against an indistinct prospect of Chinese indigenous politics and the diplomacy of international informal empire in crisis.
The Real World: Peace and War
Authors: Lavin Deborah 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCurtis recognized that in practice there were few policy options. Curtis was to acknowledge that he, like everyone else, had been overtaken by events; his long-term political objective of organic union was for once no help to him as a guide to action and he was reduced to relying on expediency. Curtis was even more critical of the Foreign Office view. He had rejected the various delusions about collective security that have been described as ‘elements of inertia’ inhibiting British policy — the balance of power doctrine, the concert of Europe, or the League. Curtis was given a measure of insight into German domestic politics by his poignant friendship with Count Helmuth James von Moltke, an adamant opponent of German national socialism. Curtis looked to the Commonwealth Relations Conference as a historic opportunity to create a new world order.
Travelling
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMost of the playing companies that performed through the sixteenth century have disappeared leaving little record of their passing. After 1560, the number and frequency of visits grew dramatically. Along with this growth in the number of travelling companies, the size of the playing groups grew too, until the creation of the Queen’s Men in 1583 set a ceiling figure for the number of sharers that no later company ever exceeded. In the long tradition of professional playing in England, the Tudor century was the heyday for travelling players, and travelling was the Tudor norm. The history of the first London companies starts with them as travellers. Travelling dictated all the early playing practices. From 1559, plays had either to be licensed directly by the mayor, or seen in performance by the whole corporation. The authorities used their presence as a tacit form of constraint on the companies. The system of issuing patents to the approved companies became intermittent and more or less lapsed under Charles.
The Four Companies Under James
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWith the disappearance of the last of the boy companies and the recent merger of the two companies that were patronized by James’s younger children into one, four had become the set number of approved playing companies in London by 1615: King’s Men, Queen Anne’s, Palsgrave’s (formerly the Prince’s), and Prince Charles’s (I) Company. The shrinkage from six to four between 1613 and 1615 was due to more factors than the economic pressure of the attempt to increase the supply of plays to the same-sized market of playgoers. It was also a question of the places available to play in. By 1615 there were barely four playhouses even for the four companies that were then in operation in London, and the city was not going to relent in its hostility to the building of new playhouses. All the London companies saw what James Burbage had envisaged first in 1596: that the future lay in enclosed theatres.
From 1625 to 1642: Before the Revolution
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Caroline control of playing differed from the control system exercised by the Lord Chamberlain and the Master of the Revels under King James in a number of ways, not all of which can be ascribed to a specific reason or motive. The smaller number of members of the royal family available to act as patrons might explain why two of the five playing companies that ran in London after 1629 never had any patron, for instance. From the restart after the plague closure of 1625–1626 the King’s players gained the new king as their patron, but the others were a mix of new patrons and new groupings without patrons. Under King Charles, the special patents that put a royal signature on the authority of the companies patronized by the Jacobean royal family gradually fell into abeyance. Instead, the Master of the Revels issued a more or less annual licence to the London companies, authorizing them to play and to travel. Four companies resumed playing in 1626, using the four sets of playhouses then available.
The Early Boy Companies: Westminster, Merchant Taylors’, and Eton Schools; Windsor Chapel, the Chapel Royal Children, and the First Paul’s Chapel Children
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWhen the boy companies first started playing professionally for money in the 1570s, they had a long pedigree to support them. Choristers and boys from the grammar schools were used to staging plays as part of the educational tradition that exploited playing to improve speech and body language, the art of the orator manifest in ‘pronunciation and gesture’. Boys in the choir schools at St Paul’s, Westminster, and the Chapel Royal in Windsor were the main stage players, backed intermittently by the non-singing schools such as Paul’s and the Merchant Taylors’. These early groups, or rather their teachers and choirmasters, maintained with varying degrees of truth the claim that their play-acting was part of the educational curriculum. This chapter looks at the history of the early boy playing companies of London, their performances, the plays they performed, and the playhouses where they performed.
Worcester’s/Queen Anne’s/Revels Company, 1562–1625
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe earls of Worcester ran a company or companies during the early years of Elizabeth’s reign. Edward Somerset, the fourth earl, was a rising power in the land from his accession to the title in 1589. He succeeded Essex as Master of the Horse in 1601, when his company was beginning to compete for the third London foothold. He was a signatory to the Privy Council’s warrant of March 31, 1602 ordering the Lord Mayor to accept the Boar’s Head as a playing-place for the merged Oxford’s and Worcester’s. Thomas Heywood, an early writer for his company and always a loyal client, suggested that it was through Worcester’s own generosity that he handed over the patronage of his company to Queen Anne in 1603. This chapter looks at the history of the Worcester’s/Queen Anne’s/Revels Company, their performances, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, their playing sharers, and their travelling records.
God and Christ
Authors: Simmons Michael Bland 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter explores Arnobius' understanding of the relationship between God and Christ, the second main category of Arnobius' concept of deity. Because he is writing as a new convert not sufficiently educated in the doctrines of the Christian faith to provide an exposition of the ontological relationship between God and Christ, Arnobius is usually found discussing Christ's revelation of God and of his mission to the world as the High God's emissary. This is the heart of his understanding of the relationship between God and Christ.
The Soteriological Argument Christ the ‘Via Universalis Animae Liberandae’
Authors: Simmons Michael Bland 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the various salient features of the Porphyrian–Chaldaean soteriological propaganda which formed the centrepiece of the great literary campaign against the Christians before and during the emperor Diocletian's persecution. Porphyry, who was writing as probably the most erudite philosophical and religious authority of the period, and was probably supported officially by the Roman government, developed a twofold system of argumentation which resulted in making him the most formidable antagonist of Christianity in antiquity. The main strategy of this system was (I) the eradication of Christianity, and (2) the offer of salvation not only to the philosopher but also to the common man. It appears that The Philosophy of the Oracles played a highly significant role in the development of this strategy, and this assumption can be made based on the analysis of the data common to the polemics of Augustine, Eusebius, and Arnobius.
The Original Work and its Language
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractKav hayosher is one of the largest collections that are of Eastern European Yiddish origin but is of old literature in form. The author himself spoke Eastern Yiddish, and wrote it in both Hebrew and Yiddish, publishing it in a bi-lingual form. The two forms, though similar in content, still vary in some aspects due to language. Western influence was not far from the background of the writer, as his family members were Western Yiddish authors, and that allowed his work to be adaptive and flexible for whatever transition it may require. He had devoted himself to studying the old literary style extensively, being well read in its most distinguished publications. His commitment to maintaining the traditional old literature was impressive.
Linguistic Easternization ofSimkhes hanefesh(Shklov, 1796)
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the composition of Simkhes hanefesh, particularly the first collection, including the parables. A certain characteristic was observed to be distinct in mid-Eastern Yiddish literature; this was the word-final devoicing. Systematically, however, the greatest change was noted to be in morphology. A number of Western and Old Yiddish forms were also observed to be changed or deleted, replaced by Eastern Yiddish literature. However impressive the transitions may sound, there is still limited alteration and preservation of form in some of the writings. This in some way maintained the integrity and structure. This preserved some of the traditions and customs that are the very theme of the collections themselves.
Syntax
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThough not greatest in terms of number, the changes in syntax were believed to be the most valuable. Alterations in the order of word patterns are the most distinguished pattern of advanced and modern European Yiddish literature. This chapter discusses these changes in a very detailed fashion. Negation, for the most part, was minimally affected and was maintained in its classical form. The placement of the past principle, on the other hand, is variable all throughout the writings. These changes, particularly those in the late eighteenth century, were influenced by the patterns of the Eastern Yiddish language. It was but a vital component in the modernization of the writings. The evolution of syntax proved to be a way to further expand the Easterization of literature.
Reuven Halevi’s Translation (Frankfurt am Main, 1769)
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter analyzes one of the two translations of ben hamelekh venahzir, revealing its individual form. The version of Rueven Halevi is said to be shorter in text and less emotional in content, its structure prominent in High German patterns. These are discussed along with the elements of syntax, lexicon, and morphology. Some final lost vowels are brought back, and there is the use of the genitive as one of the main features, adapted from German influence. Another feature is the continuous refraining to use Semitic language in writing, and this reflects a silent rule that neither the Aramaic nor Hebrew language should be used. This included some sentence components, such as nouns, pronouns, adverbs, and verbs, which were not to be used either.
Ben hameylekh vehanozir(Zholkve, 1771)
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the translation of Zholkve, which is an intricate mixture of modern Eastern Yiddish literature, with archaic and old literature components. The structure, which involves orthography, phonology, and morphology, is extensively discussed to describe these aspects. Orthography was mostly of old Yiddish form, such as the presence and absence of various stressed and unstressed vowels. However, spellings conformed more to High German patterns, which are mostly seen in Western Europe publications. There are also, some influences of mid-Eastern European components, such as the spelling of stressed vowels and consonants. Morphology, on the other hand, is mostly Eastern Yiddish in content, particularly Southeastern and mid-Eastern.
The Two Versions
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMayse gdoyle min Uman was said to have two versions, one written in Eastern Yiddish, and another in German Western form. This chapter analyzes the differences between these two versions, and to a certain extent, the succeeding versions. The Western version describes the massacres at great length, shaking emotions and memories. It is patterned in such a way as to narrate the violence, oppression, and horror in Eastern Europe at that time. The Eastern version is more lyrical and artistic, written in prose form, including commemorative poems. Its author appears to be more aware and sensitive of the work as literature, with a conscious effort to uplift it into an art form. The chapter tries to answer the questions of when and where these versions were written, through a careful analysis of the structure and form of the text.
The Eighteenth-Century Origins of Modern Literary Yiddish
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe late eighteenth century saw Eastern literature as a constantly moving, rapidly changing and evolving form, making their way into modernization. It is a journey that finally ended with the debut of modern Eastern literature. There were two types of literature that stand witness to this change. There were those that were revised from old Yiddish literature to give rise to a modern feel and structure, and those that we purely and entirely written in modern contemporary Eastern literature. Although linguistic change were more confined and to some degree restrained in revisions of old Yiddish texts, morphology was mostly and significantly altered in these texts. The need for change cannot be ignored as it is demanded by the new century.
Periodization of Literary Yiddish
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter introduces a periodization scheme, to establish a chronological analysis of the events that happened during the evolution of modern Yiddish literature. It consists of major histological landmarks coupled with the published works, in order to understand the culture and influences attached to the writings, likened to evidence of its time. Therefore a huge amount of data and writings were gathered, in order to find substantial links between gaps in time. The chapter enumerates the various publications that had significant influence in their respective eras. Fast forward to the nineteenth and early twentieth century, where the literature is as new and as polished as ever, ready to embrace new cultural and social structures it may encounter.
Conclusion: Rewriting Literary History
Authors: Shepherd David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on Soviet metafiction. It suggests that Soviet metafiction compel readers to recognize that contexts are no less important than texts and discusses the case of socially situated readers. It shows how far beyond established notions of metafiction self-conscious Soviet writing takes its readers. It concludes that it is important for readers to be concerned about the factors commonly held to be extraneous or even inimical to the proper functions of literature.
Man in the Universe: Micromégas
Authors: PEARSON ROGER 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses Micromégas, which has a central device whereby human pretensions are exposed from the perspective of a celestial traveller. This work by Voltaire is believed to have been published in mid-April 1751. Micromégas carries several similarities with Voyage du baron de Gangan. Certain features of Micromégas are examined in this chapter.
Totem and Taboo: Le Taureau blanc
Authors: PEARSON ROGER 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses Le Taureau blanc, which has been thought of as Voltaire's version of the Old Testament. This work also reflects Voltaire's preoccupation with biblical criticism and can be viewed as more than just an entertaining version of the Old Testament. Included in La Taureau blanc is a romantic story involving a young princess and Nebuchadnezzar, a Babylonian king.
Introduction: Ain't I a Fluctuating Identity?
Authors: Hoffmann Ary A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
There is a growing recognition, reflected in this book, that gender has to be viewed against the public spheres where political and national identities are inextricably bound together with gender ideology. Even though the categories and strategies are fraught with contradiction and difficult exclusions, there is still much to be gained by focusing not only on gender production and gender subversion as a force majeure in the formation of subjectivities, but on the relation between gender, race, and class. This book discusses the historical foundation of the instability of sexual categories, as well as the discursive formations that either establish or question the naturalism of sexuality. The book looks at a period in Spanish history and its cultural history when the boundaries of gender were shifting and redefining themselves.
Inquiétude
Authors: Hammond Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Inquiétude is used in all cases as a singular noun either with no accompanying article or with a definite article of the eleven times it appears in the Pensées. Although the influence on particular fragments where inquiétude appears is not as strikingly discernible, a brief examination of some uses of the word in the Essais and in De la sagesse should throw light on the term in the Pensées. This chapter looks to the Pensées to perceive the importance which Blaise Pascal assigns to it. In the course of the chapter, it examines three categories into which inquiétude falls: the anxiety of man's fallen state, inquiétude as linked directly to fallen man's spiritual teaching, and within the context of the Christian's continued spiritual endeavours.
Repos
Authors: Hammond Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Repos also functions on its own terms in the dialectical process of the Pensées. Bernard Beugnot and Domna Stanton have studied repos during the seventeenth century. This chapter shows the particular role of repos. On another level, repos is viewed as synonymous with the words paix and tranquillité. It is therefore necessary to consider the different applications of these two terms as they appear in the Pensées, especially with the connotation of spiritual repos. The chapter turns to the central fragment on divertissement, L136, for the use of repos, and shows here the many extensions of the term as it appears throughout the Pensées. It strongly recalls the Stoic notion of repos, of which Lucius Annaeus Seneca was the principal exponent. The Senecan ideal of repos was one which influenced and shaped many interpretations of the term in the seventeenth century.
Bonheur/Félicité
Authors: Hammond Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The interchangeability of bonheur and félicité which one finds in the dictionaries informs the use of both terms in the Pensées. As far as this chapter can ascertain, they are completely synonymous, with neither word, moreover, being used exclusively in an immanent or transcendental context. Their appearances in Sur la conversion du pécheur best introduce the different levels on which they operate in the Pensées. Blaise Pascal details the problems of the soul, however, although any happiness which relies solely on earthly things is necessarily false, man can attain a happiness which in itself is perceived as positive, but which is essentially temporary. The three forms of happiness determine the chapter's analysis of bonheur/félicité in relation to the fragments concerning imagination. The chapter then moves to the notion of happiness and divertissement.
Justice
Authors: Hammond Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The complexities of the vernacular use of justice can be seen in the thirteen pages of the 1757 edition of the Encyclopédie devoted to the term. Justice is divided into two sorts, ‘commutative’ justice and ‘distributive’ justice. Both kinds of justice are placed on a specifically human level, and a distinction is made between that justice which is natural and that which is necessary to curb those people who contravene natural laws. The definition of different types of justice offered by the dictionaries acts as an outline to the different categories into which it is convenient to divide the different usages of the word ‘justice’ in the Pensées. This chapter applies symbols to designate the different forms of justice. In addition, the chapter briefly discusses injustice.