bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Latin Trinity
Authors: Leftow Brian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter defends a view labeled ‘Latin Trinitarianism’. In this view, there is but one divine substance, who is just God. Monotheism is preserved but the life of this one God is composed of three event-based persons who exist simultaneously. Thus the doctrine of the Trinity is preserved. The chapter appeals to the notion of ‘Locke-persons’ to help develop this view. A Locke-person is a person who exists when and only when a particular consciousness exists. It refers to these event-based persons as temporal parts of God. They are parts which add up to the life of the one God.
And Yet They Are Not Three Gods But One God
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter describes a logic of relative sameness within which the doctrine of Trinity is both statable and provably consistent. It explores one way of replying to the charge that Christians are either simple polytheists or else polytheists and monotheists at the same time. It explicitly rejects the supposed examples of nontheological cases of relative identity. It does not commit to a pure doctrine of relative identity, nor to the view that the logic it constructs has utility outside of Christian theology. Its goal is simply to provide a way of stating the doctrine of the Trinity that is demonstrably free from contradiction.
Does the Problem of Material Constitution Illuminate the Doctrine of the Trinity?
Authors: Craig William Lane 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter raises a variety of objections, perhaps the most important of which is that the central analogy of the constitution view seems to be misguided. The constitution view states that Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are related in a way analogous to the way in which things sharing the same matter in common are related. However, the chapter claims that the constitution view does not tell how seemingly mutually exclusive hylomorphic compounds can be numerically the same object.
Brower and Rea's Constitution Account of the Trinity
Authors: Pruss Alexander R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter presents a sympathetic criticism of the constitution view. It starts by sketching the problem and Brower and Rea's solution, with some quick objections. The chapter then focuses the argument on three major points. First, the solution as it stands neglects an important feature of Aristotle's account. Second, the metaphysics does not seem to work well in diachronic and interworld cases. Third, the Brower and Rea solution is incomplete in the sense that it does not rule out views that are clearly modalist. Lastly, it offers a suggestion for how one can complete the view to avoid the last problem, and discusses an alternative but related approach attributed to Aquinas.
Nations and the Twenty-First Century State
Authors: Laitin David D. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter considers the question of whether there is a political logic that ensures the commensurability of nation and state. In other words, will multicultural states break up into their national components? The answer to this question is ‘no’. A discussion of language rationalization politics in 18th century Spain shows that even the iconic cases of nation-states were not natural but rather built from heterogeneous populations. However natural these iconic nation-states came to be perceived, a new relationship between state and nation began forming in the second half of the 20th century, one that sustains cultural heterogeneity. This point is illustrated through an examination of language repertoires in today's India and the emerging European state (the EU). In the case of Europe, a formal model shows the equilibrium properties of layered cultural identities that will continue to exist within the boundaries of contemporary states.
Building the Global Account Team
Authors: Yip George S. , Bink Audrey J. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractChapter 6 examined the global account manager (gam). But as the relationship with a major account will be more intense than one person can handle, there will always be more employees involved in the relationship besides the gam. The way these employees are linked with each other, both formally and informally, means that they form the global account team (gat). This chapter discusses the gat, focusing on the following issues: responsibilities of the global account team; who should be selected as members of the global account team; organizational structure; and the team's place in the organization.
Augustine's Critique of Dialectic: Between Ambrose and the Arians
Authors: Heßbrüggen-Walter Stefan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAmbrose of Milan is cited by Augustine as a great ‘despoiler’ of the Egyptians, and also as the teacher who decisively reorientated him to the ‘auctoritas’ of Scripture. As the chapter argues, he may also have been partly responsible for a major revision in Augustine's thinking about dialectic. Especially when rendered by more Latinate terms, dialectic continues to hold great sway in Augustine's mature thought. The chapter looks into another aspect of dialectic, namely its power to generate ontological truths. It suggests that Augustine may have been helped to this position by arguments or gestures used by Ambrose in polemic against some of the more skillful Arian dialecticians, who allegedly sought to derive theological truths independently of divine revelation.
Problems
Authors: SIMONS PETER 
Published: October 2011

AbstractExtensional mereologies are mostly very similar to Boolean algebras or complete Boolean algebras in their algebraic structure, and this similarity is not accidental. It can be accounted for by considering the jobs which they were and are called upon to perform. In most applications of mereology, the natural rival is some kind of set theory, and mereology is usually preferred, when it is preferred, for philosophical rather than mathematical reasons. This can be seen by examining both the development of the main systems of extensional mereology and more recent applications. The resulting systems have tended to be strong, to hold their own more readily against their inherently more powerful set-theoretic rival. This heritage has had detrimental effects on mereology, which are considered in some detail in the present chapter. The genesis of extensional mereology is first outlined to help explain why the main systems are as they are.
Occurrents, Classes, and Masses
Authors: SIMONS PETER 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the mereology of three kinds of object for which it is reasonable to suppose the extensionality principle PPP holds: occurrents, classes, and masses. Classes and masses provide the most plausible concrete interpretations of classical extensional meteology. The ontological categories of class and mass have been relatively neglected by comparison with that of individuals, and they are introduced in the present chapter. The concept of class is not that found in contemporary set theory, but what is argued to be the old-fashioned notion of a plurality of individuals; this view is also explained in this chapter. Activities and performances are also discussed, along with plural reference, pluralities, analogies between ontology and mereology, mass reference and masses, parts of groups, and further possible applications of extensional mereology.
Minimal Truth?
Authors: Price Carolyn 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines two crucial objections to the teleological theory. The first is that the teleologist is unable to ascribe determinate content to the intentional device and the second is that the teleologist is unable to allow for the possibility that the content of intentional devices is marked by a certain kind of objectivity. This chapter evaluates the ability of teleologists to provide a complete account of intentional norms and discusses the connection between the notions of determinacy and objectivity and the notion of truth.
Conclusion: Constructing Content
Authors: Price Carolyn 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study about intentional content. The findings suggests that there are not intentional norms in nature because there are no biological norms in nature and that claims about function and content are claims about objective causal relations between natural items. The results also indicate that determinacy objection against a teleological approach to intentional explanation can be answered using the proposed account of the theory of functions.
Land Rights and Natural Resource Management in the Transition to Individual Ownership: Case Studies from Ghana and Indonesia
Authors: Otsuka Keijiro , Quisumbing Agnes R. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSome of the fundamental concerns of property rights institutions involves the allocation of land particularly to pasture, crops, and forests, and how this land is further utilized and managed. If property rights are not well established, whether these may be in terms of family, individual, or group ownership, incentives to preserve various natural resources and investing on a wide variety of land improvements will probably be to no avail since the quality of land use and the nature of access rights have a direct relationship. In communal or customary tenure situations, the uncultivated forest land belongs to the community and is essentially controlled by the village chief, and land which is prepared for cultivation is perceived to be ‘owned’ by the family of those who cleared the land. While communal land tenure is intended for equitable distribution, this chapter looks into specific cases from Indonesia and Ghana to examine the transition from communal to individualized systems and its effects.
O'Neill and the Obligations of Justice
Authors: Jones Charles 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOnora O'Neill made several interesting contributions to the debates on international distributive justice in her 1986 book, ‘Faces of Hunger: An Essay on Poverty, Justice, and Development’. This chapter outlines O'Neill's Kantian strategy for tackling the moral problems of international poverty and defends a human rights approach against her objections. There are, however, seemingly fatal problems with the Kantian approach that render it less useful than a rights-centered strategy for justifying judgements about global justice. This chapter also discusses the pros and cons of three central cosmopolitan theories of justice: utilitarianism, human rights theories, and O'Neill's maverick Kantianism. The chapter concludes that a theory of basic human rights is a plausible approach for the cosmopolitan to take to the problems of international distributive justice.
International R&D Spillovers and Economic Growth
Authors: MOHNEN PIERRE 
Published: October 2011

AbstractEconomists have made countless efforts to understand Robert Solow's productivity paradox wherein computers have somehow become present in several different aspects except in the productivity statistics since evidence has yet to be derived from empirical studies that suggest the link between productivity growth and investing in information technology (IT). However, some studies have found important links which involve how the information and communications technology sector plays no small part in terms of R&D endeavours, and that the leading industrial countries have allocated much of their resources to R&D because this entails significant returns. This chapter aims to examine the empirical findings regarding R&D spillovers in the international scene, specifically the ones which concern IT and the spillovers from developed to developing countries.
Computers and Labour Markets: International Evidence
Authors: KRAMARZ FRANCIS 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe consequences of utilizing computers for the labour market has changed over time because of how computers have become rapidly dispersed and easily available. Compared to how computers were initially perceived as an advantage, not possessing a computer today presents several difficulties across different industries. Skill-biased technical change has become evident across North America because of changes observed in the wage structures while similar patterns may be observed across Europe. As such, the chapter attempts to analyze the empirical evidence regarding the link between the outcomes of the labour market and the use of computers, particularly on the issues which concern the expansion on computer use and workforce's skill-composition, wages, and unemployment.
Computers and Economic Growth in Finland
Authors: NIININEN PETRI 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe potential of using computers has been evident in how the prices of information processing has experienced a sharp decline, and in how computing power has undergone rapid development and expansion. As such, several governments and companies have opted to invest on IT, emphasizing how these organizations tend to be optimistic about future gains and possible payoffs. However, certain doubts have been expressed, such as the ‘Solow paradox’ which question the role of IT in improving productivity. As can be observed in the data of Finland' nonresidential business sector, productivity has not exhibited rapid growth through investing on computer use. This chapter looks into the economic impacts of computer technology in Finland and investigates the underlying policy issues for such large-scale efforts.
The Economic Impact of Information and Communication Technology in Korea
Authors: JEONG KUK-HWAN , OH JEONG HUN , SHIN ILSOON 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In line with how our society is undergoing a transition towards a more information and knowledged-based society, questions have been raised regarding the contributions of investing on information and communication technology (ICT) for the economy. In identifying policy issues that are connected with such questions, it is important first to understand the implications of ICT developments and diffusion, and how these may be experienced differently across several regions and sectors. This chapter attempts to determine appropriate data to conduct an empirical analysis specifically for Korea through examining ICT-related data on the labour force, capital stock, and investments during the period between 1980 and 1995. Here, the chapter makes use of the Korean Standard Industrial Classification (KSIC) and the Korean input/output (IO) table for ICT investment and capital stock data.
The historical and philosophical background
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Part I of this book examines the accounts the medievals gave of the hypostatic union as such — the union of the divine and human natures in the person of the Word, or, equivalently, the union of the human nature to the divine person. Underlying the medieval discussions is the insight that the assumed human nature is something like an individual substance. This chapter, by way of background to the more theological material that follows, examines some of the philosophical theories about substances and accidents that were current in the 13th century. Doing this shows why many thinkers found the analogy appealing; and why at least one thinker (Thomas Aquinas) was less happy with it. It begins by describing the state of the question during the 12th and early 13th centuries. By doing this, it provides some idea of the theological background to the more sophisticated later discussions.
Negation Theories of Subsistence (2) Duns Scotus
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Duns Scotus accepts the negation theory of subsistence, and provides a considerably more sophisticated account of it than either Olivi or (especially) Godfrey. Scotus also provides arguments to defend the theory from possible attacks. This chapter looks at Scotus's account of the theory, examining some of his arguments in favour of accepting such a theory. These arguments all focus on the incoherence of any theory that would explain subsistence in terms of some positive entity added to a nature.
The Debate
Authors: Pugh Martin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines suffragist tactics and methods by emphasizing the initial difficulties involved in pushing the issue to the fore even within the context of the women's movement itself. Early emphasis on a parliamentary strategy was both rational and successful. This chapter also highlights some of the inherent weaknesses in the movement — its loose federal structure, the lack of inspirational leadership, the avoidance of party political commitments, the narrow nature of suffragist demands, especially the reluctance to incorporate married women, and the broader issue of adult suffrage. Female enfranchisement was a good cause effectively propagated but frustrated by trickery and weakness on the part of dishonourable politicians. This examination of suffragist tactics and strategy suggests that this is an inadequate explanation for the protracted struggle to win the vote. Despite the skill and determination of its advocates, the cause suffered from some serious operational flaws.
The Anatomy of Militancy
Authors: Pugh Martin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter approaches suffragism through the perspective of its opponents. It shows the fitful nature of organized anti-suffragism and emphasizes that its chief efforts came too late in the day to offer any effective check to the long-term social and political trends which worked in the suffragists' favour. It also underlines the fundamental flaws in anti-suffragism, notably its attempt to combine male Antis with female Antis who were often feminists. As late as 1912 the Antis themselves faced as great a crisis as the suffragists. They were finding it difficult to obtain speakers and to maintain local branches; defection and disillusionment especially among female members weakened the organization; and even the defeat of the Conciliation Bill could not obscure the minority status of Anti-Suffragism in the Commons.
The Revival of Non-Militant Suffragism, 1912–1914
Authors: Pugh Martin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter describes the renewed emphasis and promotion of non-militant suffragism. By seeking a more democratic approach to suffragism, a left-wing alliance, and the mobilization of working-class men and women Sylvia Pankhurst heralded a more realistic strategy. The key development in this period consists in the expansion of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies and the shifts in its political tactics in 1912. Important trends in the explanation for the eventual outcome of the campaign is highlighted: while militant suffragism was diminishing before 1914, suffragism expanded significantly; this growing movement was moving in the opposite direction to the WSPU; and that suffragism began belatedly to cross the class barrier and to develop into something like a mass movement which was more difficult for the Asquith government to ignore. The changes during 1912 to 1914 proved to be complicated, and the war interrupted the process before the new strategy had been fully tested.
Introduction
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book investigates the fiscal crisis being experienced by Japan, focusing on the Ministry of Finance (MOF) and its central budgetary system in the last quarter of the 20th century. It examines the MOF's functions and roles, as well as its relationships with the Spending Ministries and Agencies and the Liberal Democratic Party, in the performance of the core activity of government—deciding how much to spend and on what. It shows how budgets were made, and by whom, situated within the historical contexts of the evolution and development of the economy, the polity, and the administration. It deals mainly with the two central government budgets: the General Account Budget, and the Fiscal Investment and Loan Programme (FILP), the so-called ‘second budget’. Its main concern is with the processes that determined the amount and distribution of public spending, and with the consequential budget deficits and debts to which they gave rise. The book focuses on the pre-Diet stages of budget planning, formulation, and allocation.
The ‘Second Budget’: The Fiscal Investment Loan Programme
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractJapan's Fiscal Investment Loan Programme (FILP), also known as the second budget, was a policy-based public finance system through which traditionally the national government transmitted the accumulated savings of small investors to dedicated governmental and quasi-governmental organizations for investment in projects and programmes designed to achieve prescribed national economic and social (and party political) objectives. Since its inception in 1953, FILP has been characterized, first, by the unique source of its funds, and the control of their allocation by the Ministry of Finance for the development of economic, industrial, and social infrastructure; second, by the methods of financing capital projects and programmes through investments, loans, and the underwriting of bonds issued by a number of eligible national, regional, and local organizations; and, third, by the provision of loans and subsidies to some Special Accounts, and the General Account Budget itself.
Economic Forecasts and Fiscal Projections
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn Japan, the general context of budget-making, up to the Cabinet's approval of the Ministry of Finance's draft budgets for both the General Account Budget and the Fiscal Investment Loan Programme in December, was shaped by a combination of short-term and medium-term political and economic factors. The medium-term context was set by the five-year National Economic Plan and the Medium Term Fiscal Projection. Revised and rolled forward each year, the latter provided stylized projections of aggregate expenditures and revenues for the upcoming fiscal year and three years ahead, based mainly on the (equally stylized) economic growth assumptions in the National Economic Plan. The shorter-term macroeconomic context was provided mainly by the annual estimates of GDP (and other key economic variables), and the consequential projections of revenue and borrowing.
The Role and Influence of the LDP in the Budgetary Processes
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe management and manipulation of budget outputs in Japan helped the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) to maintain itself in power for thirty-eight years until 1993 and, less certainly, after its return to the leadership and domination of the coalition governments from 1996. Through governmental and party organizations, the LDP had begun to play a more active and interventionist role in policy-making generally from the early 1970s. Opportunities for the LDP to influence those processes and their outputs occurred at four main stages: first, at the time of the formulation of the overall budget strategy, and the prescription of the ceilings for the General Account and Fiscal Investment Loan Programme Budgets; second, at the stage of compiling budget requests within each Spending Ministry and Agency; third, after the submission of formal budget requests, at the successive stages of hearing, examination, negotiation, and ‘revival’ conducted by the Ministry of Finance's Budget Bureau; and fourth, at the point of delivery of benefits, services, investments, grants, subsidies, and so on.