bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CD8 T Cell-Initiated Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption Is Independent of Neutrophil Support
Authors: Johnson Holly L. , Chen Yi , Jin Fang , Hanson Lisa M. , Gamez Jeffrey D. , Pirko Istvan , Johnson Aaron J. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption is a common feature of numerous neurologic disorders. A fundamental question in these diseases is the extent inflammatory immune cells contribute to CNS vascular permeability. We have previously shown that CD8 T cells play a critical role in initiating BBB disruption in the peptide-induced fatal syndrome model developed by our laboratory. However, myelomonocytic cells such as neutrophils have also been implicated in promoting CNS vascular permeability and functional deficit in murine models of neuroinflammatory disease. For this reason, we evaluated neutrophil depletion in a murine model of CD8 T cell-initiated BBB disruption by employing traditionally used anti-granulocyte receptor-1 mAb RB6-8C5 and Ly-6G–specific mAb 1A8. We report that CNS-infiltrating antiviral CD8 T cells express high levels of granulocyte receptor-1 protein and are depleted by treatment with RB6-8C5. Mice treated with RB6-8C5, but not 1A8, display: 1) intact BBB tight junction proteins; 2) reduced CNS vascular permeability visible by gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging; and 3) preservation of motor function. These studies demonstrate that traditional methods of neutrophil depletion with RB6-8C5 are broadly immune ablating. Our data also provide evidence that CD8 T cells initiate disruption of BBB tight junction proteins and CNS vascular permeability in the absence of neutrophil support.
E-mentoring in Surgical Training
Authors: Macafee DAL 
Published: July 2012

Introduction E-mentoring uses electronic communications to build and maintain a mentoring relationship. A previous study found E-mentoring to be beneficial to surgical trainees when delivered by a single E-mentor. This study aimed to see if these benefits persisted within a larger network of surgical E-mentors. Methods Surgical ST1 to ST3 trainees (E-mentees) and E-mentors were recruited in 2007. The study ran over one year with five questionnaires prompting discussions of a range of issues. At study end, a feedback questionnaire was sent via an independent third party. Results Twenty three E-mentees were recruited, 16 (70%) were male, median age was 28 (IQR 2). Fifty four surgical E-mentors volunteered, the majority being Specialist Registrars (n = 52; 96%). E-mentees found the process to be very useful in identifying the good and bad points of their jobs. E-mentoring was not useful for improving academic knowledge, operative skills or clinical management. Conclusions This study shows that E-mentoring is beneficial to surgical trainees who are engaged in the process. The process encourages reflection and was a useful source of advice but there remains areas where its scope is limited.
Mesoporous Bioactive Glass as a Multifunctional System for Bone Regeneration and Controlled Drug Release
Authors: Baino Francesco , Fiorilli Sonia , Mortera Renato , Onida Barbara , Saino Enrica , Visai Livia , Verné Enrica , Vitale-Brovarone Chiara 
Published: July 2012

Purpose Coupling the potential for bone regeneration and the ability for in situ controlled drug release in a single device is a challenging field of research in bone tissue engineering; in an attempt to pursue this aim, mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) membranes belonging to the SiO2-P2O5-CaO ternary system were produced and characterized. Methods The glass was synthesized via a sol-gel route coupled with an evaporation-induced self-assembly process by using a non-ionic block co-polymer as a mesostructure former. MBG structure and morphology, as well as mesopores size and shape, were investigated by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and N2 adsorption-desorption measurements. In vitro bioactivity was investigated by soaking MBG membranes in simulated body fluid (SBF) for different time frames. Ibuprofen was encapsulated into MBG pores and drug release kinetics in SBF were assessed. Biological tests by using SAOS-2 cells were performed to assess the material cytocompatibility. Results The material revealed significant ability to induce hydroxyapatite formation on its surface (bioactivity). Drug release kinetics in SBF are very similar to those obtained for mesoporous silica having mesopore size comparable to that of the prepared MBG (~5 nm). No evidence of cell viability depression was detected during in vitro culture, which demonstrates the good biological compatibility of the material. Conclusions The easiness of tailoring and shaping, the highly bioactive and biocompatible behavior, and the drug uptake/release ability of the prepared materials may suggest their use as “smart” multifunctional grafts for bone reconstructive surgery.
Targeting p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Restores Subventricular Zone Neural Stem Cells and Corrects Neuromotor Deficits in Atm Knockout Mouse
Authors: Kim Jeesun , Wong Paul K.Y. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a progressive degenerative disorder that results in major neurological disability. In A-T patients, necropsy has revealed atrophy of cerebellar cortical layers along with Purkinje and granular cell loss. We have previously identified an oxidative stress-mediated increase in phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the resultant downregulation of Bmi-1 and upregulation of p21 as key components of the mechanism causing defective proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) isolated from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of Atm−/− mice. However, the in vivo aspect of alteration in SVZ tissue and the functional significance of p38MAPK activation in NSCs for neuropathogenesis of ATM deficiency remain unknown. Here we show that the NSC population was abnormally decreased in the SVZ of 3-month-old Atm−/− mice; this decrease was accompanied by p38MAPK activation. However, after a 2-month treatment with the p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580, starting at 1 month old, Atm−/− mice showed restoration of normal levels of Bmi-1 and p21 with the rescue of NSC population in the SVZ. In addition, treated Atm−/− mice exhibited more Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Most importantly, motor coordination of Atm−/− mice was significantly improved in the treatment group. Our results show for the first time in vivo evidence of depleted NSCs in the SVZ of Atm−/− mice and also demonstrate that pharmacologic inhibition of p38MAPK signaling has the potential to treat neurological defects of A-T. This study provides a promising approach targeting the oxidative stress-dependent p38 signaling pathway not only for A-T but also for other neurodegenerative disorders.
Liberté ou égalité?
Authors: Duclos Jean-Yves 
Published: July 2012

Qu’est-ce que la liberté ? Qu’est-ce que l’égalité ? En quoi une plus grande égalité peut-elle accroître la liberté ? Telles sont les questions principales auxquelles tente de répondre cet article. Le problème du choix entre liberté et égalité soulève en effet le problème de la définition de ces deux objets. Une fois cette définition clarifiée, il ressort que, sous certaines conceptions de la liberté et de l’égalité, il n’est pas nécessaire ou utile de choisir entre ces deux objets : ils deviennent alors complémentaires plutôt que substituts. L’égalité peut en effet renforcer à la fois la liberté réelle et la liberté morale des individus, et ainsi contribuer au bien-être de tous. L’article traite aussi des difficultés de mesure de l’égalité, et en quoi ces difficultés peuvent affecter la comparaison de l’égalité à travers le temps et l’espace.
Le mécanisme de sélection des firmes est-il efficace? Une approche en termes de coût d’opportunité
Authors: Asma Raies , Mohamed Ben Mimoun 
Published: July 2012

La littérature récente a toujours attribué au phénomène dit de « sélection naturelle » – selon lequel, seules les firmes les plus efficientes survivent alors que les autres sont éliminées par le jeu de la concurrence – un rôle crucial dans la croissance de l’efficience agrégée. En supposant, dans le cadre d’un modèle théorique que les firmes différent non seulement par leurs niveaux d’efficience mais aussi par leurs valeurs de réservation, nous montrons ici que le rôle du mécanisme de sélection dans la croissance de l’efficience agrégée peut être remis en cause notamment lorsque les sortants sont plutôt les firmes les plus efficientes. Un autre résultat important consiste à montrer, qu’à l’équilibre stationnaire, les firmes efficientes et inefficientes peuvent coexister. Ce faisant, le modèle développé permet de rendre compte de la persistance des firmes inefficientes et de la grande dispersion des niveaux d’efficience constatée dans plusieurs études empiriques.
Just Tell Us What Happened to You: Autobiographical Memory and Seeking Asylum
Authors: Herlihy Jane , Jobson Laura , Turner Stuart 
Published: July 2012

SummaryWhen someone flees their country and seeks the protection of another state, they usually have to describe what happened to make them afraid to return. This task requires many psychological processes, a key one being autobiographical memory. Memory for events of a specific time and place in one's personal past is the subject of a huge literature, much of it showing that recall is vulnerable to distortions and biases. We review selected areas of this literature, shedding light on some of the processes at work when someone seeks to be recognised as a refugee—in particular, the effects of emotion, including emotional disorder. We then turn to the differing types of memory styles seen in different cultures. Crucial to this area, we briefly examine the current literature on deception. Finally, we draw on the reviewed literature to present conclusions about the reliance on autobiographical memories in the asylum process. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Osteological Associations With Unique Tooth Development in Manatees (Trichechidae, Sirenia): A Detailed Look at Modern Trichechus and a Review of the Fossil Record
Authors: Beatty Brian Lee , Vitkovski Taisia , Lambert Olivier , Macrini Thomas E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractModern manatees have a unique type of tooth development, continually forming identical new molars in the posterior end of each quadrant of their mouths, and then progressively moving teeth anteriorly, only to reabsorb roots and spit out worn crowns. This process is not only developmentally complex, but requires space in the oral cavity that imposes its own limitations on other uses of that space. To gain a clearer understanding of the anatomical constraints on the evolution of this unique developmental process, we identified the specialized craniodental features in modern Trichechus that permit this specialization using visual observation and CT. Furthermore, to better understand the evolution of these traits, we review the fossil record of trichechids for these traits, including CT analysis of the skull of Miosiren kocki, a possible early member of the family from the Early Miocene of Belgium. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enriched Environment and White Matter in Aging Brain
Authors: Yang Shu , Lu Wei , Zhou De‐Shan , Tang Yong 
Published: July 2012

AbstractNormal aging is commonly associated with decreased cognitive functions, which could be conspicuously alleviated by enriched environment (EE) with physical, social, and sensory stimuli, suggesting that aging brain still has intriguing plasticity. Multiple researches have been carried out to explore the structural and the molecular changes in aging brain, which would be considered for evidences that EE regulated brain plasticity. Because there is no significant neuron loss in aging cerebral cortex and the white matter is crucial for cognitive functions, this review focused on the age‐related white matter changes and the effects of EE on aged white matter. Data from our stereology laboratory revealed that age‐related spatial memory declines had more to do with white matter alterations, which were due to marked demyelination and loss of oligodendrocytes in the white matter. We also demonstrated that EE recovered spatial memory impairment and increased white matter volume by promoting marked remyelination in aged brain. This review approached the issue that EE might contribute to normal aging and be beneficial for those suffering from demyelinated diseases. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Iterative sparse matrix–vector multiplication for accelerating the block Wiedemann algorithm over GF(2) on multi‐graphics processing unit systems
Authors: Schmidt Bertil , Aribowo Hans , Dang Hoang‐Vu 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYThe block Wiedemann (BW) algorithm is frequently used to solve sparse linear systems over GF(2). Iterative sparse matrix–vector multiplication is the most time‐consuming operation. The necessity to accelerate this step is motivated by the application of BW to very large matrices used in the linear algebra step of the number field sieve (NFS) for integer factorization. In this paper, we derive an efficient CUDA implementation of this operation by using a newly designed hybrid sparse matrix format. This leads to speedups between 4 and 8 on a single graphics processing unit (GPU) for a number of tested NFS matrices compared with an optimized multicore implementation. We further present a GPU cluster implementation of the full BW for NFS matrices. A small‐sized GPU cluster is able to outperform CPU clusters of larger size for large matrices such as the one obtained from the Kilobit special NFS factorization. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of emissions from heated essential‐oil‐rich fuels at 200 °C
Authors: Zhao Feng‐Jun , Shu Li‐Fu , Wang Ming‐Yu , Tian Xiao‐Rui 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYEssential oil of fuels is closely linked with the behavior of forest fires, especially high intensity fires and eruptive fires. It is assumed that the potential reason is the large quantities of flammable gases released from essential oil‐rich fuels before pyrolysis in fire environment. However, few studies have been carried out on the hypothesis. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the emissions from essential oil‐rich fuels. The fuels were collected from three coniferous species. In the experiment, needles and twigs were heated in a vacuum oven at 200 °C, and the emissions within 15 min had been sampled using Tenax tubes. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry served as an analytical instrument. The results showed that the emissions contained high proportion of monoterpenes, such as α‐pinene, camphene, β‐pinene, 3‐carene, and d‐limonene. The monoterpene emissions from heated needles and twigs of Pinus pumila, Larix gmelinii, and Pinus sylvestris were 61.221, 49.606, and 37.853 µg g−1 dry weight (needles), and 211.727, 139.957, and 121.505 µg g−1 dry weight (twigs), respectively. Statistical analyses showed the significant differences not only among species but also between needles and twigs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental evaluation of flame and flamelet spread over cellulosic materials using the narrow channel apparatus
Authors: Wichman Indrek S. , Olson Sandra L. , Miller Fletcher J. , Tanaya Stefanus A. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTOriginally conceived as an apparatus to study near‐limit flames and their breakup into flamelets and later modified to function as a microgravity simulation apparatus, the narrow channel apparatus serves also as a facility for examining long time flame spread and material flammability in on‐earth (terrestrial) applications. These applications include flame spread in narrow gaps, persistence of flame in heat‐loss environments, and flame‐to‐flamelet front transition. The narrow channel apparatus tests described here measure behavior of the spreading flame and features of the flame‐to‐flamelet transition. Measured quantities include flow, flame and flamelet velocities in normal and inverted tests, flow deceleration and acceleration rates with associated flame or flamelet response, flame‐to‐flamelet transition times, and influences of fuel thickness. The principal goal of this research was to ascertain the capacity of the narrow channel apparatus to produce data for phenomena observed in both (1) simulated microgravity flame spread and (2) terrestrial flame spread in narrow gaps and channels. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitrobiodistribution of silver nanoparticles in isolated perfused porcine skin flaps
Authors: Leavens Teresa L. , Monteiro‐Riviere Nancy A. , Inman Alfred O. , Brooks James D. , Oldenburg Steven J. , Riviere Jim E. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTNanomaterials increasingly are playing a role in society for uses ranging from biomedicine to microelectronics; however, pharmacokinetic studies, which will be necessary for human health risk assessments, are limited. Currently the most widely used nanoparticle in consumer products is silver (Ag). The objective of the present study was to quantify the local biodistribution of two types of Ag nanoparticles, Ag‐citrate and Ag‐silica, in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF). IPPSFs were perfused for 4 h with 0.84 µg ml–1Ag‐citrate or 0.48 µg ml–1Ag‐silica followed by a 4‐h perfusion with media only during a washout phase. Arterial and venous concentrations of Ag were measured in the media by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES). Venous concentrations of Ag for both types of nanoparticles were best fit with a two compartment model. The normalized volumes of distribution estimated from the noncompartmental analysis of the venous concentrations indicated distribution of Ag greater than the vascular space; however, because total Ag was measured, the extravascular distribution could be attributed to diffusion of Ag ions. The estimated clearance for both types of Ag nanoparticles was 1 ml min–1, which was equal to the flap perfusion rate, indicating no detectable elimination of Ag from the system. Four hours after infusion of the Ag nanoparticles, the recovery of Ag in the venous effluent was 90 ± 5.0% and 87 ± 22 % of the infused Ag for Ag‐citrate and Ag‐silica, respectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corn oil as a vehicle in drug development exerts a dose‐dependent effect on gene expression profiles in rat thymus
Authors: Geng Xing‐Chao , Li Bo , Zhang Liang , Song Ying , Lin Zhi , Zhang Ying‐Qi , Wang Jun‐Zhi 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of corn oil (CO), which is widely used as a vehicle for water‐insoluble agents in drug development, on the gene expression profiles in rat thymus with microarray technique. Female Wistar rats were administered daily with normal saline (NS) and CO 2, 5 and 10 ml kg−1 per day for 14 days, respectively. Then, the thymus samples of rats were collected for microarray test and histopathology examination. CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in peripheral blood were also numerated to assess the effects on lymphocyte subpopulations. The microarray data showed that the numbers of differentially expressed genes in the 2, 5 and 10 ml kg−1 CO groups were 0, 40 and 458, respectively, compared with the NS control group. The altered genes were mainly associated with immune response, cellular response to organic cyclic substance and regulation of fatty acid β‐oxidation. However, no abnormal changes in thymus weight, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes counts and histopathological examination were observed in the three CO groups. These data showed that 10 ml kg−1 CO, the usually recommended dosing volume as a vehicle in drug safety assessment, caused obvious dysregulated genes in rat thymus. Our study suggests that the appropriate dosing volume of CO gavage as a vehicle for water‐insoluble agents in drug development should be 2 ml kg−1 per day, if agent effects on thymus will be assessed in gene levels. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive model for L‐type channel inhibition: multichannel block in QT prolongation risk assessment
Authors: Wiśniowska Barbara , Mendyk Aleksander , Fijorek Kamil , Glinka Anna , Polak Sebastian 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTEvaluation of the proarrhythmic potential of an investigated compound is now an integral element of the safety profile required for the approval of new drugs. The human ether‐à‐go‐go‐related gene (hERG) channel blocking potency is regarded as a surrogate marker of the proarrhythmic risk at the early stages of the research and development process. However, there is no straight correlation between QT prolongation and TdP occurrence probability, and hERG inhibition potential can be an inadequate predictor of QT prolongation. The L‐type calcium channel plays a pivotal role in cardiomyocytes' physiology. Thus the main aim of this study was to develop a predictive model for drug‐triggered CaL channel inhibition and also the assessment of drug–multichannel interaction effects on the heart rate‐corrected QT interval. The data set, consisting of 123 records describing in vitro experimental settings, measured IC50 values and calculated physico‐chemical properties for 72 various chemicals, was collected. The models were tested in a modified 10‐fold cross‐validation procedure. The generalization ability of the best model was as follows: root mean squared error (RMSE) = 1.10, normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) = 16.09%. Out of the 10 most important variables, 5 described conditions of the in vitro experiments thus their description and experiment's conditions standardization might be the key to the models better performance. The simulations performed with the ToxComp system showed that the hERG block alone causes concentration‐dependent QT prolongation, whereas when multichannel block is regarded, the effect could be reversed. For that reason, the multichannel interaction of tested compounds should be taken into consideration, in order to make the proarrhythmic risk assessment more reliable. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A preliminary study of presence of resveratrol in skins and pulps of European and Japanese plum cultivars
Authors: Sebastià Natividad , Montoro Alegría , Mañes Jordi , Soriano Jose M 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Resveratrol is a polyphenol with health properties being mainly present in the skins of several foods. However, any study has been carried out to analyze the presence of this stilbene in the plum fruit from the genus Prunus in European and Japanese cultivars.RESULTS: The analysis of resveratrol from the skin in different cultivars of plums from Spanish markets with liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet (LC‐UV) detector with subsequent confirmation by LC‐MS/MS has been demonstrated that contents of this compound in plums ranged from 0.1 to 6.2 µg/g.CONCLUSIONS: Values of resveratrol in European plum cultivars is higher than in Japanese cultivars. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry