bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recommended Practice for Full-Flow Penetrometer Testing and Analysis
Authors: DeJong Jason , Yafrate Nicholas , DeGroot Don , Low Han Eng , Randolph Mark 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The increasing use of full-flow penetrometers for estimating the undrained and remolded shear strength as well as soil sensitivity of soft sediments by both industry and researchers has resulted in a rather rapid maturation of this new in situ test method over the past decade. Experimental, analytical, and numerical analysis results for full-flow penetrometers are now sufficient to provide recommended practices regarding equipment design, testing procedures, and data analysis. Equipment design must consider both physical attributes of the penetrometers and electronic design and data acquisition. The testing procedures presented are modified from standard test methods for the piezocone with additions for evaluation of remolded strength by cycling and rate effects through variable penetration rate testing. Data reduction includes methods for normalizing the penetration resistance data for comparison between test sites and depths and methods for estimating undrained and remolded shear strength as well as soil sensitivity. All recommendations are summarized in a guidance table.
Complete disappearance of a GH-secreting pituitary macroadenoma in a patient with acromegaly: effect of treatment with lanreotide Autogel and consequence of treatment withdrawal
Authors: Auriemma Renata S , Galdiero Mariano , Grasso Ludovica F S , Vitale Pasquale , Cozzolino Alessia , Lombardi Gaetano , Colao Annamaria , Pivonello Rosario 
Published: February 2010

BackgroundSomatostatin analogs (SA) are the cornerstone in the medical treatment of acromegaly, used as either primary or adjunctive therapy. In particular, SA are effective in inducing the biochemical remission of the disease and tumor shrinkage, although only few cases of complete disappearance of the pituitary tumor in patients treated with SA as long-acting formulations have been reported. SA withdrawal has been demonstrated to keep safe levels of GH and IGF1 at least in a small subset of patients well responsive to SA, although it is generally followed by disease recurrence after several months.Case reportA 61-year-old female patient bearing a very large GH-secreting pituitary macroadenoma was treated with 12-month lanreotide Autogel (ATG), at the initial dose of 120 mg/28 days. After 3 months, GH and IGF1 levels were fully normalized, to prolong the administration interval from 28 to 56 days. After 6 months of treatment, a significant tumor shrinkage (90% of baseline size) was observed, whereas GH and IGF1 excess was still well controlled. After 12-month therapy, a complete disappearance of the pituitary tumor was observed, and the hormonal evaluation confirmed the complete biochemical remission of acromegaly. Lanreotide ATG treatment was withdrawn. The clinical, biochemical, and radiological remission of acromegaly was maintained 24 months after lanreotide ATG treatment discontinuation, without evidence of disease recurrence.ConclusionsThis report represents an exemplary case of the potentiality of treatment with lanreotide ATG in inducing a complete remission of acromegalic disease, persistent after a long period of time from treatment withdrawal.
Immunohistochemical identification of the PTHR1 parathyroid hormone receptor in normal and neoplastic human tissues
Authors: Lupp Amelie , Klenk Christoph , Röcken Christoph , Evert Matthias , Mawrin Christian , Schulz Stefan 
Published: February 2010

BackgroundParathyroid hormone (PTH) is a crucial regulator of calcium homoeostasis in humans. Although it is well known that PTH acts primarily on kidney and bone, the precise cellular and subcellular sites of PTH action have not been visualised in human tissues.MethodWe developed and characterised a novel anti-peptide antibody to the carboxy-terminal region of the human PTH receptor type 1 (PTHR1). Specificity of the antiserum was demonstrated by i) detection of a broad band migrating atMr85 000–95 000 in western blots of membranes from human kidney and PTHR1-transfected cells; ii) cell surface staining of PTHR1-transfected cells; iii) translocation of PTHR1 receptor immunostaining after agonist exposure; and iv) abolition of tissue immunostaining by preadsorption of the antibody with its immunising peptide. The distribution of PTHR1 receptors was investigated in 320 human tumours and their tissues of origin.ResultsIn the kidney, PTHR1 receptors were predominantly detected at the basolateral plasma membrane of epithelial cells in the proximal and distal tubules but not in the thin limbs of Henle, collecting ducts or glomeruli. In bone, PTHR1 receptors were detected as discrete plasma membrane staining of osteocytes and osteoblasts, whereas osteoclasts remained unstained. In addition, PTHR1 was found in the gut and in a number of neoplastic tissues including colorectal carcinoma, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma and osteosarcoma.ConclusionThis is the first localisation of PTHR1 receptors in human tissues at the cellular level. The overexpression of PTHR1 receptors may provide a molecular basis for efficient targeting of human tumours with radiolabelled PTH analogues.
Fitness Epistasis and Constraints on Adaptation in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protein Region
Authors: da Silva Jack , Coetzer Mia , Nedellec Rebecca , Pastore Cristina , Mosier Donald E 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Fitness epistasis, the interaction among alleles at different loci in their effects on fitness, has potentially important consequences for adaptive evolution. We investigated fitness epistasis among amino acids of a functionally important region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exterior envelope glycoprotein (gp120). Seven mutations putatively involved in the adaptation of the second conserved to third variable protein region (C2–V3) to the use of an alternative host-cell chemokine coreceptor (CXCR4) for cell entry were engineered singly and in combinations on the wild-type genetic background and their effects on viral infectivity were measured. Epistasis was found to be common and complex, involving not only pairwise interactions, but also higher-order interactions. Interactions could also be surprisingly strong, changing fitness by more than 9 orders of magnitude, which is explained by some single mutations being practically lethal. A consequence of the observed epistasis is that many of the minimum-length mutational trajectories between the wild type and the mutant with highest fitness on cells expressing the alternative coreceptor are selectively inaccessible. These results may help explain the difficulty of evolving viruses that use the alternative coreceptor in culture and the delayed evolution of this phenotype in natural infection. Knowledge of common, complex, and strong fitness interactions among amino acids is necessary for a full understanding of protein evolution.
A Tetrad Analysis of the Basidiomycete Fungus Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Idnurm Alexander 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a basidiomycete fungus that is found worldwide and causes disease in humans and animal species. The fungus grows asexually as a budding yeast. Under laboratory conditions it is capable of sexual reproduction between two mating types. After cell fusion a dikaryotic filament develops, at the tip of which a basidium gives rise to four chains of basidiospores. Because the chains each comprise 10–30 spores, rather than single spores, the analysis of individual meiotic events has not been attempted in C. neoformans in the style of tetrad analyses performed in other fungal species. Here, the basidiospores from &gt;100 basidia were micromanipulated and the resultant &gt;2500 progeny analyzed for three genetic markers to understand the sexual process in this fungus, leading to four observations: (i) Marker segregation provides genetic evidence for a single meiotic event within the basidium followed by multiple rounds of mitosis. (ii) Using each basidium as an unordered tetrad, the ADE2 and URA5 genes are linked to their centromeres, consistent with adjacent genomic regions rich in repetitive elements predicted to comprise Cryptococcus centromeres. (iii) Lack of germination of basidiospores is attributed to aneuploidy, rather than dormancy. (iv) Analysis of basidiospores derived from single chains demonstrates that each chain can contain different genotypes. This mechanism of sexual spore production would benefit the species with a high rate of dispersal and at the same time aid in simultaneous dissemination of both mating types to new locations in the environment.
Accuracy of Depression Screening Tools for Identifying Postpartum Depression Among Urban Mothers
Authors: Chaudron Linda H. , Szilagyi Peter G. , Tang Wan , Anson Elizabeth , Talbot Nancy L. , Wadkins Holly I. M. , Tu Xin , Wisner Katherine L. 
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVE:The goal was to describe the accuracy of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), and Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS) in identifying major depressive disorder (MDD) or minor depressive disorder (MnDD) among low-income, urban mothers attending well-child care (WCC) visits during the postpartum year.METHODS:Mothers (N = 198) attending WCC visits with their infants 0 to 14 months of age completed a psychiatric diagnostic interview (standard method) and 3 screening tools. The sensitivities and specificities of each screening tool were calculated in comparison with diagnoses of MDD or MDD/MnDD. Receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated and the areas under the curves for each tool were compared to assess accuracy for the entire sample (representing the postpartum year) and subsamples (representing early, middle, and late postpartum time frames). Optimal cutoff scores were calculated.RESULTS:At some point between 2 weeks and 14 months after delivery, 56% of mothers met criteria for either MDD (37%) or MnDD (19%). When used as continuous measures, all scales performed equally well (areas under the curves of ≥0.8). With traditional cutoff scores, the measures did not perform at the expected levels of sensitivity and specificity. Optimal cutoff scores for the BDI-II (≥14 for MDD and ≥11 for MDD/MnDD) and EPDS (≥9 for MDD and ≥7 for MDD/MnDD) were lower than currently recommended. For the PDSS, the optimal cutoff score was consistent with current guidelines for MDD (≥80) but higher than recommended for MDD/MnDD (≥77).CONCLUSIONS:Large proportions of low-income, urban mothers attending WCC visits experience MDD or MnDD during the postpartum year. The EPDS, BDI-II, and PDSS have high accuracy in identifying depression, but cutoff scores may need to be altered to identify depression more accurately among urban, low-income mothers.
Are Patient-Held Vaccination Records Associated With Improved Vaccination Coverage Rates?
Authors: McElligott James T. , Darden Paul M. 
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVE:
The goal was to determine whether patient-held vaccination records improve vaccination rates.

METHODS:
The public-use files of the 2004–2006 National Immunization Survey, a national, validated survey of households with children 19 to 35 months of age, were used. The main outcome was up-to-date (UTD) vaccination status (4 diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis/diphtheria-tetanus vaccine, 3 poliovirus vaccine, 1 measles vaccine, 3 Haemophilus influenza type B vaccine, and 3 hepatitis B vaccine doses), and the main predictor was the use of a vaccination record. Control variables were race/ethnicity, maternal education, poverty status, language, number of children in the home, state of residence, and number of health care providers.

RESULTS:
Overall, 80.8% of children were UTD, and 40.8% of children had vaccination records. Children with vaccination records were more likely to be UTD (83.9% vs 78.6%; P &lt; .0001). The largest effects associated with vaccination records were seen for children with multiple providers, comparing with and without a vaccination record (82.8% vs 71.9%; P &lt; .0001), those with low maternal education, (81.6% vs 72.9%; P &lt; .0001), and those with ≥4 children in the household, (76% vs 69.6%; P &lt; .004). Logistic regression predicting UTD status and controlling for race/ethnicity, maternal education, poverty level, language, number of children in the home, and number of vaccine providers revealed the vaccination record to be associated with a 62% increase in the odds of UTD status (odds ratio: 1.62 [95% confidence interval: 1.49–1.77]).

CONCLUSIONS:
Use of patient-held vaccination records is an easily implemented strategy that is associated with increased immunization rates. A greater effect was seen in groups at risk for underimmunization. Methods to incorporate and to ensure effective use of these records should be implemented.
Solving the Topographic Potential Bias as an Initial Value Problem
Authors: Sjöberg L. 
Published: February 2010

Solving the Topographic Potential Bias as an Initial Value ProblemIf the gravitational potential or the disturbing potential of the Earth be downward continued by harmonic continuation inside the Earth's topography, it will be biased, the bias being the difference between the downward continued fictitious, harmonic potential and the real potential inside the masses. We use initial value problem techniques to solve for the bias. First, the solution is derived for a constant topographic density, in which case the bias can be expressed by a very simple formula related with the topographic height above the computation point. Second, for an arbitrary density distribution the bias becomes an integral along the vertical from the computation point to the Earth's surface. No topographic masses, except those along the vertical through the computation point, affect the bias. (To be exact, only the direct and indirect effects of an arbitrarily small but finite volume of mass around the surface point along the radius must be considered.) This implies that the frequently computed terrain effect is not needed (except, possibly, for an arbitrarily small inner-zone around the computation point) for computing the geoid by the method of analytical continuation.
Digital Road Profile Using Kinematic GPS
Authors: Farah Ashraf 
Published: February 2010

Digital Road Profile Using Kinematic GPS
A Digital Road Profile (DRP) is a digital representation of road surface topography or terrain in the longitudinal direction. The need for accurate DRP is vital in two stages; before the road construction starts and after the road construction finished where the verification of its geometrical characteristics is essential for engineering safety purposes. Classical surveying techniques are traditionally used for the DRP generation with limitation of high-cost and time-waste. Kinematic DGPS or Real Time Kinematic DGPS positioning can provide accurate enough results for such application. This paper presents an assessment study of using kinematic GPS technique for DRP generation comparing with classical survey in south Egypt. The results shows that, vehicle-GPS system used in combination with post processing kinematic DGPS gave satisfactory accuracy for nearly all points for a distance of nearly 2 km. with max. and min. difference not more than 7.7 cm, a mean value of 0.10 cm and a Root Mean Square RMS value of 4.11 cm.
Charitable Food Programs In Victoria, BC
Authors: Bocskei Elietha M. , Ostry Aleck S. 
Published: February 2010

Purpose: Few authors have investigated the institutional character of charitable food programs and their capacity to address food security in Canada. Methods:We surveyed food programmanagers at charitable agencies in Greater Victoria, British Columbia.We discuss the structure of the “system” of charitable food provision, the value of sourced food, types of services provided, clients’ demographic profile, and the estimated healthfulness ofmeals served.We also describe the proportion ofmajor food types purchased and donated to agencies. Results: Thirty-six agencies served approximately 20,000meals a week to about 17,000 people. Food valued at $3.2million was purchased or donated; approximately 50%was donated,mainly by corporations. The largest value of food purchased and donated was frommeat and alternatives (40.9%) and nonperishable food items (16%). Dairy productsmade up the smallest share of donated foods. Conclusions: Charitable food programs in Victoria depend on food donations. The proportion of dairy products and produce is low, which raises questions about the healthfulness of foods currently fed to homeless and poor people in the city.
Patient-derived Joint Counts Are a Potential Alternative for Determining Disease Activity Score
Authors: KAVANAUGH ARTHUR , LEE SUSAN J. , WENG HAOLING H. , CHON YUN , HUANG XING-YUE , LIN SHAO-LEE 
Published: February 2010

Objective.To investigate the correlation between the Disease Activity Score using a 28-joint count (DAS28) based on physician-derived joint counts and the DAS28 based on patient-derived joint counts (Pt-DAS28) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods.Data from a multicenter, open-label study investigating the immunogenicity of etanercept (ETN) were analyzed. ETN-naive patients with active RA received ETN 50 mg once weekly alone or with methotrexate (MTX). Joint counts were performed at baseline, Week 12, and Week 24 by the physician and patient independently. Patients received instruction in performing joint assessments.Results.Of 447 patients enrolled (ETN, n = 218; ETN + MTX, n = 229), most were women (79%) and the mean age was 54.5 years. Correlation coefficients between DAS28 and Pt-DAS28 were ≥ 0.57 at baseline, Week 12, and Week 24. At Week 24, 48%, 39%, and 12% of patients could be classified as having low, moderate, or high disease activity, respectively, using DAS28. Using Pt-DAS28, 43%, 39%, and 18% were similarly classified. Agreement in the category of disease activity classification occurred in 72% of patients (kappa = 0.55). At Week 24, 78% of patients using DAS28 and 72% of patients using Pt-DAS28 were classified as moderate or good European League Against Rheumatism responders.Conclusion.These results support the possible use of patient-derived tender and swollen joint counts to aid in the assessment of disease activity and clinical response in patients with RA.
Triplex Au–Ag–C Core–Shell Nanoparticles as a Novel Raman Label
Authors: Shen Aiguo , Chen Lifang , Xie Wei , Hu Juncheng , Zeng Ao , Richards Ryan , Hu Jiming 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMonodispersed, readily‐grafted, and biocompatible surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) tagging materials are developed; they are composed of bimetallic Au@Ag nanoparticles (NPs) for optical enhancement, a reporter molecule for spectroscopic signature, and a carbon shell for protection and bioconjugation. A controllable and convenient hydrothermal synthetic route is presented to synthesize the layer‐by‐layer triplex Au–Ag–C core–shell NPs, which can incorporate the Raman‐active label 4‐mercapto benzoic acid (4‐MBA). The obtained gold seed–silver coated particles can be coated further with a thickness‐controlled carbon shell to form colloidal carbon‐encapsulated Aucore/Agshell spheres with a monodisperse size distribution. Furthermore, these SERS‐active spheres demonstrated interesting properties as a novel Raman tag for quantitative immunoassays. The results suggest such SERS tags can be used for multiplex and ultrasensitive detection of biomolecules as well as nontoxic, in vivo molecular imaging of animal or plant tissues.
Intragenic rearrangements in NRXN1 in three families with autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, and speech delay
Authors: Wiśniowiecka‐Kowalnik Barbara , Nesteruk Monika , Peters Sarika U. , Xia Zhilian , Cooper M. Lance , Savage Sarah , Amato R. Stephen , Bader Patricia , Browning Marsha F. , Haun Christa L. , Duda Andrew Walter , Cheung Sau Wai , Stankiewicz Paweł 
Published: February 2010

AbstractNRXN1 is highly expressed in brain and has been shown recently to be associated with ASD, schizophrenia, cognitive and behavioral abnormalities, and alcohol and nicotine dependence. We present three families, in whom we identified intragenic rearrangements within NRXN1 using a clinical targeted oligonucleotide array CGH. An ∼380 kb deletion was identified in a woman with Asperger syndrome, anxiety, and depression and in all four of her children affected with autism, anxiety, developmental delay, and speech delay but not in an unaffected child. An ∼180 kb tandem duplication was found in a patient with autistic disorder and cognitive delays, and in his mother and younger brother who have speech delay. An ∼330 kb tandem duplication was identified in a patient with autistic features. As predicted by conceptual translation, all three genomic rearrangements led to the premature truncation of NRXN1. Our data support previous observations that NRXN1 may be pathogenic in a wide variety of psychiatric diseases, including autism spectrum disorder, global developmental delay, anxiety, and depression. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic characterization of specific pathogen‐free rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) populations at the California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC)
Authors: Kanthaswamy Sree , Kou Alex , Satkoski Jessica , Penedo Maria Cecilia T. , Ward Thea , Ng Jillian , Gill Leanne , Lerche Nicholas W. , Erickson Bethany J‐A , Smith David Glenn 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA study based on 14 STRs was conducted to understand intergenerational genetic changes that have occurred within the California National Primate Research Center's (CNPRC) regular specific pathogen‐free (SPF) and super‐SPF captive rhesus macaque populations relative to their conventional founders. Intergenerational genetic drift has caused age cohorts of each study population, especially within the conventional population, to become increasingly differentiated from each other and from their founders. Although there is still only minimal stratification between the conventional population and either of the two SPF populations, separate derivation of the regular and super‐SPF animals from their conventional founders has caused the two SPF populations to remain marginally different from each other. The regular SPF and, especially, the super‐SPF populations have been influenced by the effects of differential ancestry, sampling, and lost rare alleles, causing a substantial degree of genetic divergence between these subpopulations. The country of origin of founders is the principal determinant of the MHC haplotype composition of the SPF stocks at the CNPRC. Selection of SPF colony breeders bearing desired genotypes of Mamu‐A*01 or ‐B*01 has not affected the overall genetic heterogeneity of the conventional and the SPF research stocks.Because misclassifying the ancestry of research stocks can undermine experimental outcomes by excluding animals with regional‐specific genotypes or phenotypes of importance, understanding founder/descendent genetic relationships is crucial for investigating candidate genes with distinct geographic origins. Together with demographic management, population genetic assessments of SPF colonies can curtail excessive phenotypic variation among the study stocks and facilitate successful production goals. Am. J. Primatol. 72:587–599, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.