bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptation of aerobic respiration to low O
2
environments
Authors: Han Huazhi , Hemp James , Pace Laura A. , Ouyang Hanlin , Ganesan Krithika , Roh Jung Hyeob , Daldal Fevzi , Blanke Steven R. , Gennis Robert B. 
Published: August 2011

Aerobic respiration in bacteria, Archaea, and mitochondria is performed by oxygen reductase members of the heme-copper oxidoreductase superfamily. These enzymes are redox-driven proton pumps which conserve part of the free energy released from oxygen reduction to generate a proton motive force. The oxygen reductases can be divided into three main families based on evolutionary and structural analyses (A-, B- and C-families), with the B- and C-families evolving after the A-family. The A-family utilizes two proton input channels to transfer protons for pumping and chemistry, whereas the B- and C-families require only one. Generally, the B- and C-families also have higher apparent oxygen affinities than the A-family. Here we use whole cell proton pumping measurements to demonstrate differential proton pumping efficiencies between representatives of the A-, B-, and C-oxygen reductase families. The A-family has a coupling stoichiometry of 1 H
+
/e
-
, whereas the B- and C-families have coupling stoichiometries of 0.5 H
+
/e
-
. The differential proton pumping stoichiometries, along with differences in the structures of the proton-conducting channels, place critical constraints on models of the mechanism of proton pumping. Most significantly, it is proposed that the adaptation of aerobic respiration to low oxygen environments resulted in a concomitant reduction in energy conservation efficiency, with important physiological and ecological consequences.
Statin effects on regulatory and proinflammatory factors in chronic idiopathic urticaria
Authors: Azor M H , dos Santos J C , Futata E A , de Brito C A , Maruta C W , Rivitti E A , da Silva Duarte A J , Sato M N 
Published: August 2011

Summary
Immunological dysfunction has been described to occur in chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU), most notably in association with an inflammatory process. Some pharmacological agents as statins – drugs used in hypercholesterolaemia – display a broad effect on the immune response and thus should be tested in vitro in CIU. Our main objectives were to evaluate the effects of statins on the innate and adaptive immune response in CIU. Simvastatin or lovastatin have markedly inhibited the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) proliferative response induced by T and B cell mitogens, superantigen or recall antigen. Simvastatin arrested phytohaemaglutinin (PHA)-induced T cells at the G0/G1 phase, inhibiting T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2, interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-17A cytokine secretion in both patients and healthy control groups. Up-regulation of suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) mRNA expression in PHA-stimulated PBMCs from CIU patients was not modified by simvastatin, in contrast to the enhancing effect in the control group. Statin exhibited a less efficient inhibition effect on cytokine production [IL-6 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α] induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, to which a statin preincubation step was required. Furthermore, statin did not affect the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α secretion by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated PBMC or CD14+ cells in CIU patients. In addition, LPS-activated PBMC from CIU patients showed impaired indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) mRNA expression compared to healthy control, which remained at decreased levels with statin treatment. Statins exhibited a marked down-regulatory effect in T cell functions, but were not able to control TLR-4 activation in CIU patients. The unbalanced regulatory SOCS3 and IDO expressions in CIU may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.
Leading change: a three‐dimensional model of nurse leaders’ main tasks and roles during a change process
Authors: Salmela Susanne , Eriksson Katie , Fagerström Lisbeth 
Published: August 2011

salmela s., eriksson k. & fagerström l. (2012) Leading change: a three‐dimensional model of nurse leaders’ main tasks and roles during a change process. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(2), 423–433.AbstractAim.  This paper is a report of a qualitative study which explored how nurse leaders described and understood their main tasks and roles during a change process.Background.  During a database search for literature, no actual research that highlighted the main tasks and roles of nurse leaders during a change process was found. Earlier research has indicated the need for different leadership styles and the importance of strategies and values.Method.  In‐depth interviews with 17 nurse leaders took place in 2004. A phenomenological‐hermeneutical approach was used for data analysis.Results.  The findings resulted in a model of leading change in health care that focuses on good patient care and consists of three dimensions: leading relationships, leading processes and leading a culture. In addition to leading relationships and processes, nurse leaders, as role models, greatly impact caring culture and its inherent ethical behaviour, especially about the responsibility for achieving good patient care. Nurse leaders are also instrumental in leading ward culture.Conclusion.  Nurse leaders need guidance and knowledge of what is expected of them during a structural change process. They play different roles by directing, guiding, motivating, supporting and communicating without losing their cultural ethos of caring and use various leadership styles to bring about actual change, which, in turn, requires learning so that the thought patterns, values and attitudes of personnel can be changed.
Rapid diagnosis of the invasive species, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande): a species‐specific COI marker
Authors: Zhang G. F. , Meng X. Q. , Min L. , Qiao W. N. , Wan F. H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is an invasive species and currently occurs in only a few areas in China. An easy, accurate and developmental‐stage independent method to identify F. occidentalis would be a valuable tool to facilitate pest management decision making and, more importantly, to provide an early warning so actions can be taken to prevent its introduction into non‐infested areas. Morphological identification of thrips adults and, to a lesser extent, of second‐stage larvae is the main method currently available to identify F. occidentalis. Molecular identification, however, can be easily carried out by a non‐thrips‐specialist with a little training. In this study, DNA sequence data [within the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI)] and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were utilized to develop a molecular diagnostic marker for F. occidentalis. A primer set and PCR cycling parameters were designed for the amplification of a single marker fragment (340 bp) of F. occidentalis COI mtDNA. Specificity tests performed on 28 thrips species, efficacy tests performed on five immature developmental stages as well as on male and female adults and tests on primer sensitivity all demonstrated the diagnostic utility of this marker. Furthermore, the primer set was tested on seventeen F. occidentalis populations from different countries and invaded areas in China and proved to be applicable for all geographic populations. It was used successfully to clarify the distribution of F. occidentalis in the Beijing metro area. These results suggested that this diagnostic PCR assay provides a quick, simple and reliable molecular technique for the identification of F. occidentalis.
Relation of reproductive performances and rectal palpation for luteum function of heifers 7 days after estrus
Authors: YOSHIDA Tatsuyuki , SEKI Makoto , WATANABE Norio , FURUTA Hiroki , YOSHIMURA Itaru , OSADA Masahiro , CHIBA Koji , OKADA Konosuke , KAWASUMI Koh , USHIJIMA Hitoshi 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTDiagnosis of corpus luteum (CL) function by rectal palpation (RP) has been widely used for recipient selection of embryo transfer (ET), a technology essential for genetic improvements in cattle. To examine the accuracy of RP diagnosis method, the relationship between RP‐based CL function and reproductive performance was compared in this study. In Experiment 1, CL of Holstein heifers on day 7 after estrus was classified into functional or hypoplastic by RP, and the results were compared with ultrasonographic (US) images and plasma progesterone (P4) levels. As a result, heifers with functional CL judged by RP had a mean maximum CL diameter of 20.1 ± 3.1 mm on US and a mean P4 concentration of 8.1 ± 2.3 ng/mL. These values were significantly greater than those of heifers with hypoplastic CL (12.4 ± 5.4 mm, 4.0 ± 2.8 ng/mL) (P < 0.001). In Experiment 2, the length of the estrus cycle was examined between functional CL and hypoplastic CL. The rate of heifers with a normal estrus cycle length with 18–25 days was significantly lower with hypoplastic CL than with functional CL (16/24 vs. 43/46, P < 0.01). In Experiment 3, 543 inseminated heifers were similarly classified by CL function by RP 7 days after estrus. The heifers with functional CL showed higher pregnancy rate compared with the heifers with hypoplastic CL (75.2 vs. 47.9%, P < 0.0001). Finally, the CL function of 66 heifers was examined by RP on day 7 post‐estrus, and ET was performed in 49 (74.2%) heifers with functional CL. As a result, 27 (55.1%) of them became pregnant. Taken together, these results reconfirm that RP on day 7 after estrus is useful for selection of heifers with functional CL.
Evaluation of Kidney Injury in Dogs with Pyometra Based on Proteinuria, Renal Histomorphology, and Urinary Biomarkers
Authors: Maddens B. , Heiene R. , Smets P. , Svensson M. , Aresu L. , van der Lugt J. , Daminet S. , Meyer E. 
Published: August 2011

Background:Proteinuria is a feature of pyometra‐associated renal dysfunction, but its prevalence and clinical relevance are not well characterized.Objectives:To define which subset of dogs with pyometra has clinically relevant kidney injury by quantification of proteinuria; light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopic examination of kidney biopsy specimens; and measurement of urinary biomarkers.Animals:Forty‐seven dogs with pyometra. Ten clinically healthy intact bitches of comparable age.Methods:Prospective study. Routine clinicopathological variables including urinary protein to creatinine ratio (UPC) were analyzed. Validated assays were used to quantify urinary biomarkers for glomerular (urinary albumin, urinary immunoglobulin G, urinary C‐reactive protein, urinary thromboxane B2) and tubular function (urinary retinol‐binding protein, urinaryN‐acetyl‐β‐d‐glucosaminidase). Kidney biopsy specimens from 10 dogs with pyometra and dipstick urine protein concentrations of 2+ or 3+ were collected during ovariohysterectomy. Urinalysis was repeated within 3 weeks after surgery in 9 of the 10 dogs.Results:UPC (median, range) was significantly higher in dogs with pyometra (0.48, 0.05–8.69) compared with healthy bitches (0.08, 0.02–0.16) (P< .01). Twenty‐two of 47 dogs with pyometra had UPC>0.5, 12 had UPC>1.0, and 7 had UPC>2.0. Glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial nephritis were common kidney biopsy findings in proteinuric dogs with pyometra. Dogs with glomerulosclerosis (5/10), either global or focal and segmental, had UPC>1.0 at ovariohysterectomy and afterward. Dogs with structural glomerular and tubular changes mostly had urinary biomarker to creatinine ratios above the 75th percentile.Conclusion:Dogs with pyometra and UPC>1.0 or high ratios of urinary biomarkers appear likely to have clinically relevant renal histologic lesions and require monitoring after ovariohysterectomy. Future studies should evaluate the role of pyometra‐associated pathogenic mechanisms in causing or exacerbating focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in dogs.
Colorectal Cancers with Microsatellite Instability Display Unique miRNA Profiles
Authors: Balaguer Francesc , Moreira Leticia , Lozano Juan Jose , Link Alexander , Ramirez Georgina , Shen Yan , Cuatrecasas Miriam , Arnold Mildred , Meltzer Stephen J. , Syngal Sapna , Stoffel Elena , Jover Rodrigo , Llor Xavier , Castells Antoni , Boland C. Richard , Gironella Meritxell , Goel Ajay 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Purpose: microRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding transcripts that play an important role in carcinogenesis. miRNA expression profiles have been shown to discriminate between different types of cancers. The aim of this study was to analyze global miRNA signatures in various groups of colorectal cancers (CRC) based on the presence of microsatellite instability (MSI).
Experimental Design: We analyzed genome-wide miRNA expression profiles in 54 CRC tissues [22 with Lynch syndrome, 13 with sporadic MSI due to MLH1 methylation, 19 without MSI (or microsatellite stable, MSS)] and 20 normal colonic tissues by miRNA microarrays. Using an independent set of MSI-positive samples (13 with Lynch syndrome and 20 with sporadic MSI), we developed a miRNA-based predictor to differentiate both types of MSI by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR.
Results: We found that the expression of a subset of nine miRNAs significantly discriminated between tumor and normal colonic mucosa tissues (overall error rate = 0.04). More importantly, Lynch syndrome tumors displayed a unique miRNA profile compared with sporadic MSI tumors; miR-622, miR-1238, and miR-192 were the most differentially expressed miRNAs between these two groups. We developed a miRNA-based predictor capable of differentiating between types of MSI in an independent sample set.
Conclusions: CRC tissues show distinct miRNA expression profiles compared with normal colonic mucosa. The discovery of unique miRNA expression profiles that can successfully discriminate between Lynch syndrome, sporadic MSI, and sporadic MSS colorectal cancers provides novel insights into the role of miRNAs in colorectal carcinogenesis, which may contribute to the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of this disease. Clin Cancer Res; 17(19); 6239–49. ©2011 AACR.
Dual EGFR/HER2 Inhibition Sensitizes Prostate Cancer Cells to Androgen Withdrawal by Suppressing ErbB3
Authors: Chen Liqun , Mooso Benjamin A. , Jathal Maitreyee K. , Madhav Anisha , Johnson Sherra D. , van Spyk Elyse , Mikhailova Margarita , Zierenberg-Ripoll Alexandra , Xue Lingru , Vinall Ruth L. , deVere White Ralph W. , Ghosh Paramita M. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Purpose: Patients with recurrent prostate cancer are commonly treated with androgen withdrawal therapy (AWT); however, almost all patients eventually progress to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), indicating failure of AWT to eliminate androgen-sensitive prostate cancer. The overall goal of these studies is to determine whether dual inhibition of the receptor tyrosine kinases epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER2 would prolong the effectiveness of this treatment in prostate cancer.
Experimental Design: We used androgen-dependent LNCaP cells and its CRPC sublines LNCaP-AI and C4-2. Additional data were collected in pRNS-1-1 cells stably expressing a mutant androgen receptor (AR-T877A), and in nude mice harboring CWR22 tumors. Studies utilized EGFR inhibitors erlotinib and AG1478, and HER2 inhibitors trastuzumab and AG879.
Results: Dual EGFR/HER2 inhibition induced apoptosis selectively in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells undergoing AWT, but not in the presence of androgens, or in CRPC cells. We show that AWT alone failed to induce significant apoptosis in androgen-dependent cells, due to AWT-induced increase in HER2 and ErbB3, which promoted survival by increasing Akt phosphorylation. AWT-induced ErbB3 stabilized the AR and stimulated PSA, while it was inactivated only by inhibition of both its dimerization partners EGFR and HER2 (prostate cancer cells do not express ErbB4); but not the inhibition of any one receptor alone, explaining the success of dual EGFR/HER2 inhibition in sensitizing androgen-dependent cells to AWT. The effectiveness of the inhibitors in suppressing growth correlated with its ability to prevent Akt phosphorylation.
Conclusion: These studies indicate that dual EGFR/HER2 inhibition, administered together with AWT, sensitize prostate cancer cells to apoptosis during AWT. Clin Cancer Res; 17(19); 6218–28. ©2011 AACR.
Comparative Effectiveness of Exercise Electrocardiography With or Without Myocardial Perfusion Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Women With Suspected Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Shaw Leslee J. , Mieres Jennifer H. , Hendel Robert H. , Boden William E. , Gulati Martha , Veledar Emir , Hachamovitch Rory , Arrighi James A. , Bairey Merz C. Noel , Gibbons Raymond J. , Wenger Nanette K. , Heller Gary V. ,   for the WOMEN Trial Investigators
Published: August 2011

Background—
There is a paucity of randomized trials regarding diagnostic testing in women with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). It remains unclear whether the addition of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) to the standard ECG exercise treadmill test (ETT) provides incremental information to improve clinical decision making in women with suspected CAD.

Methods and Results—

We randomized symptomatic women with suspected CAD, an interpretable ECG, and ≥5 metabolic equivalents on the Duke Activity Status Index to 1 of 2 diagnostic strategies: ETT or exercise MPI. The primary end point was 2-year incidence of major adverse cardiac events, defined as CAD death or hospitalization for an acute coronary syndrome or heart failure. A total of 824 women were randomized to ETT or exercise MPI. For women randomized to ETT, ECG results were normal in 64%, indeterminate in 16%, and abnormal in 20%. By comparison, the exercise MPI results were normal in 91%, mildly abnormal in 3%, and moderate to severely abnormal in 6%. At 2 years, there was no difference in major adverse cardiac events (98.0% for ETT and 97.7% for MPI;
P
=0.59). Compared with ETT, index testing costs were higher for exercise MPI (
P
<0.001), whereas downstream procedural costs were slightly lower (
P
=0.0008). Overall, the cumulative diagnostic cost savings was 48% for ETT compared with exercise MPI (
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—
In low-risk, exercising women, a diagnostic strategy that uses ETT versus exercise MPI yields similar 2-year posttest outcomes while providing significant diagnostic cost savings. The ETT with selective follow-up testing should be considered as the initial diagnostic strategy in symptomatic women with suspected CAD.

Clinical Trial Registration—

http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00282711.
Endoluminal versus open repair of descending thoracic aortic rupture: a review of the National Trauma Databank
Authors: Xenos Eleftherios S. , Bietz Gabriel J. , Davenport Daniel L. 
Published: August 2011

Objectives: Open repair for blunt thoracic aortic injury is associated with significant mortality. Interest in less invasive methods of repair has developed and results of several clinical studies have shown successful emergency repair with endovascular stent grafting. The purpose of this report was to compare endoluminal versus open repair of traumatic thoracic aortic injury in the National Trauma Databank. Methods:: We queried the databank from 2002 to 2006. We selected patients who had one of their International Classification of Disease-9 Diagnoses as 901.0, ‘injury to the thoracic aorta’, whose mechanism of injury was motor vehicle accident, fall or other transport, whose discharge disposition was known, and who received an endovascular or open repair. Results: The search resulted in 997 patients, one of whom had both procedures listed and was excluded from the analysis, 72% were males. A total of 875 underwent open repair and 121 had endoluminal repair. Both groups were similar in terms of age, demographics, associated injuries and hemodynamic status on presentation. Neither method of repair conferred significant advantage of survival, length of stay or ventilator days. Furthermore, there was no significant difference of pulmonary, renal, cardiac, infectious and neurologic complications between the two methods. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that in a large unselected population, endoluminal repair for aortic thoracic injury is not associated with decreased mortality or overall morbidity. Long-term data for endoluminal repair and its durability are lacking, especially in young patients. It may be premature to adopt endoluminal repair as the method of choice for all of these patients.
Tuberculosis in Sudan: a study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain genotype and susceptibility to anti-tuberculosis drugs
Authors: Sharaf Eldin Ghada S , Fadl-Elmula Imad , Ali Mohammed S , Ali Ahmed B , Salih Abdel Latif GA , Mallard Kim , Bottomley Christian , McNerney Ruth 
Published: August 2011

Abstract

Background
Sudan is a large country with a diverse population and history of civil conflict. Poverty levels are high with a gross national income per capita of less than two thousand dollars. The country has a high burden of tuberculosis (TB) with an estimated 50,000 incident cases during 2009, when the estimated prevalence was 209 cases per 100,000 of the population. Few studies have been undertaken on TB in Sudan and the prevalence of drug resistant disease is not known.

Methods
In this study Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from 235 patients attending three treatment centers in Sudan were screened for susceptibility to isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and streptomycin by the proportion method on Lowenstein Jensen media. 232 isolates were also genotyped by spoligotyping. Demographic details of patients were recorded using a structured questionnaire. Statistical analyses were conducted to examine the associations between drug resistance with risk ratios computed for a set of risk factors (gender, age, case status - new or relapse, geographic origin of the patient, spoligotype, number of people per room, marital status and type of housing).

Results
Multi drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), being resistance to at least rifampicin and isoniazid, was found in 5% (95% CI: 2,8) of new cases and 24% (95% CI: 14,34) of previously treated patients. Drug resistance was associated with previous treatment with risk ratios of 3.51 (95% CI: 2.69-4.60; p < 0.001) for resistance to any drug and 5.23 (95% CI: 2.30-11.90; p < 0.001) for MDR-TB. Resistance was also associated with the geographic region of origin of the patient, being most frequently observed in patients from the Northern region and least in the Eastern region with risk ratios of 7.43 (95%CI:3.42,16.18; p: < 0.001) and 14.09 (95%CI:1.80,110.53; p:0.026) for resistance to any drug and MDR-TB. The major genotype observed was of the Central Asia spoligotype family (CAS1_Delhi), representing 49% of the 232 isolates examined.

Conclusions
We conclude that emergence of drug resistant tuberculosis has the potential to be a serious public health problem in Sudan and that strengthened tuberculosis control and improved monitoring of therapy is needed. Further surveillance is required to fully ascertain the extent of the problem.