bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Association of Perceived Abuse and Discrimination After September 11, 2001, With Psychological Distress, Level of Happiness, and Health Status Among Arab Americans
Authors: Padela Aasim I. , Heisler Michele 
Published: December 2009

Objectives. We assessed the prevalence of perceived abuse and discrimination among Arab American adults after September 11, 2001, and associations between abuse or discrimination and psychological distress, level of happiness, and health status.Methods. We gathered data from a face-to-face survey administered in 2003 to a representative, population-based sample of Arab American adults residing in the greater Detroit area.Results. Overall, 25% of the respondents reported post–September 11 personal or familial abuse, and 15% reported that they personally had a bad experience related to their ethnicity, with higher rates among Muslims than Christians. After adjustment for socioeconomic and demographic factors, perceived post–September 11 abuse was associated with higher levels of psychological distress, lower levels of happiness, and worse health status. Personal bad experiences related to ethnicity were associated with increased psychological distress and reduced happiness. Perceptions of not being respected within US society and greater reported effects of September 11 with respect to personal security and safety were associated with higher levels of psychological distress.Conclusions. Perceived post–September 11 abuse and discrimination were associated with increased psychological distress, reduced levels of happiness, and worse health status in our sample. Community-based, culturally sensitive partnerships should be established to assess and meet the health needs of Arab Americans.
Black–White Health Disparities in the United States and Chicago: A 15-Year Progress Analysis
Authors: Orsi Jennifer M. , Margellos-Anast Helen , Whitman Steven 
Published: December 2009

Objectives. In an effort to examine national and Chicago, Illinois, progress in meeting the Healthy People 2010 goal of eliminating health disparities, we examined whether disparities between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White persons widened, narrowed, or stayed the same between 1990 and 2005. Methods. We examined 15 health status indicators. We determined whether a disparity widened, narrowed, or remained unchanged between 1990 and 2005 by examining the percentage difference in rates between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White populations at both time points and at each location. We calculated P values to determine whether changes in percentage difference over time were statistically significant. Results. Disparities between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White populations widened for 6 of 15 health status indicators examined for the United States (5 significantly), whereas in Chicago the majority of disparities widened (11 of 15, 5 significantly). Conclusions. Overall, progress toward meeting the Healthy People 2010 goal of eliminating health disparities in the United States and in Chicago remains bleak. With more than 15 years of time and effort spent at the national and local level to reduce disparities, the impact remains negligible.
A Rapid and Efficient Production Analysis Method for Unconventional & Conventional Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Jordan C. L. , Smith C. R. , Jackson R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCurrently, there is an industry assortment of production analysis methods ranging from traditional decline and type curve matching to rate-pressure normalization techniques and detailed production history matching. Yet despite its many limitations, conventional decline analysis is still commonly used in gas (and oil) production analysis due to its minimal data requirements and ease of application (regardless that without modification the method cannot be used to estimate reservoir properties or formation damage). As a result, this paper presents an automated computer method for estimating original gas-in-place and other reservoir flow parameter for conventional and unconventional gas reservoirs. This procedure overcomes the limitations of convention decline in which the analyst must properly select the type of decline to avoid erroneous forecasts, as well as more exotic methods requiring iterative computational procedures.Onshore and offshore case studies and examples presented in this paper will demonstrate that a modified decline and production analysis procedure will allow for proper identification of flow regimes, reliable evaluation of drainage area and OGIP, and the prediction of future deliverability and depletion. Case studies will also show that up-scaled and aggregate reservoir properties can provide a real measure of gas well deliverability and therefore a simpler, time-efficient model analysis can be used. Data uncertainty, PVT error, stimulation appraisal, gas storage system (free or complex mechanisms such as absorbed gas) and other factors will be discussed in the context of the case studies, and general reservoir management.When used appropriately, the approach is generally accurate and robust enough that it can provide valuable information in circumstances of poor data quality. Finally, the procedure is extremely simple and can be implemented in desktop applications or spreadsheets with minimal computational effort.
Cementing Challenging Shallow Gas Wells in Central Asia
Authors: Arangath R. , Zhukin A. , Primbetov T. , Jandauov A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
A large shallow gas development project in a remote area of Kazakhstan was recently started. The project will include different phases for commercial gas production from a shallow gas bearing sandstone reservoir. The first phase will require at least 320 wells to be drilled and completed. Due to the presence of shallower over-pressurized gas zones above the production zone, the pore and fracture pressures margins during cementing are very narrow. These narrow margins represent a challenge when cementing these wells: being able to place the cement in the annulus without losses while providing sufficient hydrostatic pressure to control the shallow gas zone pore pressure.
The first 4 wells showed poor cement bonds and sustained casing pressures. Due to these sustained pressures the environmental authorities did not allow these wells to be produced and therefore the operator was faced with the requirement to change the design criteria and the fluids design used during the cementing operations of these wells.
The cementing fluid composition was changed along with the cementing placement and post placement techniques in order to obtain wells without sustained casing pressures. The criteria to evaluate a successful cement job for this project were set as follow: No losses while placing the cement across the pay zone.Good zonal isolation based on acoustic cement bond logs.No sustained annulus pressure during well test and well production.Repeatability of results obtained from one well to the other.
First, a gas migration prediction software is utilized to predict gas migration and its severity. Then, depending on the severity and other well conditions, the type of gas migration additive and the additive concentration is selected and tested in the laboratory. Proper cement placement is then verified by a modeling tools predicting placement pressures, u-tube and mud removal. Finally the post placement technique during the critical cement hydration period where gas migration can occur is selected using other modeling tools
The results obtained have been observed on more than 16 wells thus confirming the accuracy and the repeatability of the engineered approach adopted. It is believed that such results could be implemented in other shallow gas fields in Kazakhstan and in other parts of the world that are drilled through similar geological formations and with narrow pore and fracture pressure margins.
Obesity and Employment
Authors: Kuo Wei-Hua 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Obesity is costly to employers in terms of higher medical costs, loss of productivity, increased medical sick leaves, and premature medical retirements. Specifically, research shows that:
Overweight and obese employees have higher rates of sick leaves and disability. Workplace injuries are more frequent among overweight and obese employees. Healthcare costs, based on claims data analyses, are also consistently higher for employees with higher body mass indices. Thus, obesity is an important driver of costs in the workplace. BMI (Body Mass Index: Weight in kilograms / Square of height in meters) is an independent predictor for short-term disability events: being overweight and obese raise the odds by 26% and 76%, respectively. "Optimal BMI" for employees occurs at about 25 to 27 kg/m2, above which the indirect and direct costs to employers increase with increasing BMI. "Obese workers have the highest prevalence of work limitations (6.9% vs. 3.0% among normal-weight workers), hypertension (35.3% vs. 8.8%), dyslipidemia (36.4% vs. 22.1%), type 2 diabetes (11.9% vs. 3.2%), and metabolic syndrome (53.6% vs. 5.7%)." Furthermore, increased prevalence rates were also found among those classified as overweight
Optimizing the Development Concept of a Mature Gas Field in Intensive Drilling Context: Tunu Field Case
Authors: Widyoko Bhayu , Plathey Daniel , Boireau Clement , Payer Nicolas 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
First developed in 1990, intensive studies that were conducted after 10 years of production of the Tunu field showed that due to its heterogeneity, the lateral connectivity of the Tunu reservoirs was not sufficiently addressed by the initial drilling pattern. The next phases of Tunu development plan would then involve the drilling of infill wells with reduced spacing. By 2005 the operator estimated that 800 new wells would need to be drilled, at a rate of 60 wells per year, in order to maintain the field potential and achieve the targeted recovery factor. In addition, with low incremental reserves per well, the main challenge that the operator faced, was to reduce the cost of drilling infill wells, to preserve the economics of the development projects. The stakes for cost reduction were very high, as the Tunu field represented half of Mahakam PSC's remaining gas reserves and was expected to remain its biggest producer for years to come.
This paper illustrates the different design and operational optimization efforts that have been undertaken since 2005 in the framework of cost reduction exercises involving different disciplines: drilling, completion, surface facilities, and development project. Analysis performed in 2008 showed that, at constant market conditions, the successful optimization process on 2 projects sanctioned in 2006/2007 contributed to around 300 MUSD of savings, whilst long term potential cost savings are estimated to be more than 2 BUSD of the 8 BUSD initial capex estimate.
Improving an Established Measurement while Drilling System through a Partnership for Integrating a Unique Logging while Drilling Resistivity Tool for Applications in China
Authors: Lee Jonathan , Macune Don , Lin Qui , Chumming Wei , Zhishen Yun , Hongwei Li 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Logging While Drilling (LWD) resistivity tools have been developed and built by the major service companies to address while-drilling formation evaluation needs since the mid-1980s. Whilst such devices are considered standard components in many markets, the smaller, independent service companies are typically unable to both develop and manufacture tools with the accuracy and performance of those offered by the majors cost-effectively. In order for them to enter the LWD market they have historically purchased complete Measurement While Drilling (MWD) and LWD systems from a single manufacturer or individual components from multiple suppliers. The authors describe how through partnership a unique gamma and resistivity tool was adapted to interface directly into an existing MWD platform, enabling the service company to offer logging services in directional and horizontal wells in an established field in China and to compete in a wider area of operations.
To ensure the successful application of the LWD tool with the MWD platform, the development and testing of the physical interface was backed up with comprehensive training on field operations and use of the logging software provided to the service company. After testing the interface successfully on a non-commercial well the system was deployed on a subsequent horizontal well to allow real-time adjustment of the well path through analysis of the resistivity measurements.
The paper offers case studies of the system in use in China and outlines the benefits seen through the relationship established between the tool manufacturer and the service provider, who have their own established MWD platform.
The success of this partnership demonstrates that close commercial and technical cooperation between LWD manufacturers and service companies can result in significant expansion of service offerings—considerably expanding the options open to operating companies—without incurring significant and repeated investments in new technology.
Innovative and Proactive Major Hazard Management in South East Asia
Authors: Noersoesanto Eko 
Published: December 2009

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

Description
Major Hazard Management (MHM) of high risk production installation is achieved by oil and gas operators by complying with applicable regulations and adopting various practical and innovative risk management techniques. The learning from offshore and onshore disasters is bringing new levels of best safety practice into the industry. Premier oil has developed a MHM programme for its global asset, which is successfully implemented in South East Asia.
Premier Oil approach for existing facilities (Anoa Field platform complex and FPSO) comprises the following elements: Conducting a regular ‘thorough review’ of existing Safety Cases;Including ‘best practice’ into the review, i.e. Bow-Tie and Swiss-Cheese analysis, new guidance on developing process safety indicators (HSG254) and the learning from UK Health and Safety Executive Maintenance Management Review (KP3);Establishing a verification scheme to confirm full functionality of SCEs and pioneering a ‘Case to Operate’ for any degraded SCEs;Performing six monthly revalidation of SCEs performance against the assumptions used in the Safety Case;
Premier Oil intends to extend this approach to its new development in South East Asia i.e. Gajah Baru in Indonesia and Chim Sao in Vietnam.

Applications
Local regulations in South East Asia do not always require a Safety Case or Verification Scheme for high risk offshore production facilities. Premier Oil is implementing this MHM programme to comply with its corporate policy of reducing risk to ‘as low as reasonably practicable’ of where it operates. As such this process will demonstrate the best combination of theoretical, practical, proactive and reactive steps to control Process Safety and other Major Accident Events on any new build, existing or aging offshore production installation.

Conclusion
The MHM process described will deliver an assurance process for any high risk installation over its working life and can be implemented at any stage of the lifecycle
Responding to an Inland Oil Spill in Remote Areas
Authors: Tan Wilson 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Oil spill response is generally considered to be a maritime issue. Despite not necessarily receiving the most coverage, inland spills do happen and may actually occur more frequently than we perceive. In fact, one of the largest spills found in literature is the 1992 Fergana Valley spill in Uzbekistan (more than 80 million gallons). As such, the challenges faced in responding to an inland spill merit wider discussion.
Many inland oil fields are located in regions of extreme climate where conditions can be brutal. Responders, who are not acclimatised, will find working in these conditions tough when they are on-site. This, coupled with the harsh terrain, will increase the risks exposed to responders. As such, it is important to put in place guidelines and measures to ensure the health and safety of personnel.
In some situations, difficulty in communications between different teams may arise due to the large area of operations. This can be further exacerbated by the surroundings; for instance, teams may be located in different low-lying regions separated by highlands rendering communications via mobile phone – and sometimes, even satellite phones-ineffective. Measures must therefore be put in place to ensure that the security of all personnel is not compromised.
Inland oil fields are often in remote locations which makes response an extremely complicated logistical exercise. Conventional oil spill response equipment such as booms and skimmers may be inappropriate and strategies employing manual clean up will likely be required. Additionally, the inaccessibility presents another set of problems pertaining to waste management.
This paper discusses the key issues faced during an inland oil spill response. The paper will use a case example from the recent Yemen oil spill to discuss the pertinent operational issues.
Integration of Fluid Log Predictions and Downhole Fluid Analysis
Authors: Zuo Julian Y. , Mullins Oliver C. , Dong Chengli , Zhang Dan , O'Keefe Michael , Dubost Francois X. , Betancourt Soraya S. , Gao Jinglin 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Reservoir fluids frequently reveal complexities in hydrocarbon columns. Fluid compositional grading is usually caused by gravitational forces, thermal gradients, biodegradation, active and multiple charging, water washing, leaky seals, and so on. Moreover, formation compartmentalization leads to discontinuous fluid distributions. Hence, the assessment of compositional grading and the recognition of flow barriers or compartmentalization in hydrocarbon reservoirs is vital to accurate formation evaluation, effective and efficient production and management. The downhole fluid analysis (DFA) logs provide a useful tool to determine the compositional gradients and delineate possible compartmentalization in real time at reservoir conditions.
In this paper, a methodology/workflow was developed to integrate DFA log predictions with real time DFA logs using an equation-of-state (EoS) approach. The DFA logs provide downhole fluid compositions of CO2, C1, C2, C3-5 and C6+, coloration (optical density, OD) associated with asphaltene contents, live fluid density and viscosity, oil based drilling mud (OBM) contamination, formation and DFA flowline conditions, etc. These real time measured data are treated as the inputs to the fluid EoS model. The fluid delumping and characterization procedures are applied to obtain the detailed compositions and to establish the EoS model (Zuo et al., 2008). The EoS model is built up by matching a part of DFA log data. Fluid profiles are then predicted by the EoS model. The DFA log predictions are compared with the real time DFA logs to reveal the complexities in the hydrocarbon columns. Case studies are presented to show how the methodology is successfully used to investigate reservoir complexities. The results indicate that the new workflow provide a useful tool in reducing the uncertainties related to compositional grading and reservoir compartmentalization as well as in optimizing the DFA logging during acquisition while the tool is still in the well.
Development of Microbial Conversion Process of Residual Oil to Methane in Depleted Oil Fields
Authors: Maeda H. , Miyagawa Y. , Ikarashi M. , Kobayashi H. , Sato K. , Sakata S. , Mochimaru H. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Methane is a clean-burning fuel that is the main component of natural gas. We have attempted to develop a methane-producing system using indigenous microbes in depleted oil fields. In particular, we aim to combine a microbial conversion of the residual oil into methane with the geological sequestration of carbon dioxide: First, hydrogen-producing bacteria are harnessed to produce hydrogen from residual petroleum components in the depleted oil reservoir. Next, methane-producing microbes (methanogens) utilize the hydrogen and carbon dioxide, which is injected for geological sequestration, to generate methane. Resulting methane is therefore a carbon-neutral fuel.
As the first step, we successfully isolated multiple hydrogen- and methane-producing microbes (10 hydrogen-producing bacteria and 4 methanogens) from depleted oil fields in Japan. Strikingly, our analysis of inoculums incubated under high temperature and high pressure, the condition similar to native conditions inside of petroleum reservoirs, revealed that indigenous microbes in the reservoir brine are capable of generating methane by utilizing crude oil and carbon dioxide. Consumption/production rate of gases (methane, carbon dioxide) and acetic acid indicated that the methane production under reservoir conditions is likely mediated through two pathways; the aceticlastic (acetic-acid utilizing) and the hydrogenotrophic (hydrogen and carbondioxide utilizing) pathways. Furthermore, by analyzing methane-producing ability of isolated microbes, we found that the syntrophic cooperation between hydrogen-producing bacteria and methanogens is critical for the methane production under the resavoir condition.
We are currently determining optimal combination(s) of these microbes to achieve an efficient methane production in the depleted oil field. Our next step will be to establish a method to enhance methanogenic activity of the microbes as well as an effective methanogenesis in porous media, the condition inside of actual reservoirs (porous rock formations). Ultimately, our endeavor will enable a sustainable carbon-cycling system that converts residual oil and stored carbon dioxide in depleted oil fields into environmentally friendly bio-methane.
Feasibility Study of Drill Cuttings Re-Injection in the Ahwaz Field Iran
Authors: Majidaie Saeed , Shadizadeh Seyyed R. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Upstream environmental policies require the use of best available and economically sound technology to continually reduce discharge of mud and cuttings waste resulting from drilling operations. Downhole disposal of mud and cuttings waste through hydraulic fracturing, Drill Cuttings Re-injection(DCRI), is often the preferred waste management option because it can achieve true zero discharge without being limited by the drilling location and it is also economically favorable.
Iran's petroleum industry produces large amount of drilling wastes annually. The giant oilfields, the wide drilling operations without any plan to treat or to dispose of wastes, cause so dangerous environmental problems that damage the agriculture and animal husbandry in these fields.
This paper tries to investigate the possibility of drill cuttings re-injection (DCRI) in Ahwaz oilfield. The volume of drilling waste is calculated for a typical well. Disposal formation selection is the next important and sensitive step. By using a hydraulic fracturing simulator, the lateral and vertical extent of the fractures can be estimated and modeled to ensure they do not cut across overlying sealing beds, intersect with other well bores, natural fractures, faults, drinking water aquifers.
A data gathering for subsurface geology and logging analysis and also the position of potable water sources and recoverable hydrocarbons throughout the field are shown that the Mishan formation is more appropriate for DCRI. The depth of almost 5000 ft of Mishan assures that created fractures are developed below enough underneath surface and far from hydrocarbon reservoir in 10000 ft depth. Numerous scenarios were considered in the feasibility studies to ensure that fractures do not breakthrough to surface during cuttings re-injection in the absence of stress or permeability barriers of upper formations. Even under the most severe conditions, it was found that the generated cuttings slurry could be safely injected.