bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Does Climate Change Affect the Bering Sea Ecosystem?
Authors: Sigler Michael F. , Harvey H. Rodger , Ashjian J. , Lomas Michael W. , Napp Jeffrey M. , Stabeno Phyllis J. , Van Pelt Thomas I. 
Published: December 2010

The Bering Sea is one of the most productive marine ecosystems in the world, sustaining nearly half of U.S. annual commercial fish catches and providing food and cultural value to thousands of coastal and island residents. Fish and crab are abundant in the Bering Sea; whales, seals, and seabirds migrate there every year.In winter, the topography, latitude, atmosphere, and ocean circulation combine to produce a sea ice advance in the Bering Sea unmatched elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere, and in spring the retreating ice; longer daylight hours; and nutrient‐rich, deep‐ocean waters forced up onto the broad continental shelf result in intense marine productivity (Figure 1). This seasonal ice cover is a major driver of Bering Sea ecology, making this ecosystem particularly sensitive to changes in climate. Predicted changes in ice cover in the coming decades have intensified concern about the future of this economically and culturally important region. In response, the North Pacific Research Board (NPRB) and the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) entered into a partnership in 2007 to support the Bering Sea Project, a comprehensive $52 million investigation to understand how climate change is affecting the Bering Sea ecosystem, ranging from lower trophic levels (e.g., plankton) to fish, seabirds, marine mammals, and, ultimately, humans. The project integrates two research programs, the NSF Bering Ecosystem Study (BEST) and the NPRB Bering Sea Integrated Ecosystem Research Program (BSIERP), with substantial in‐kind contributions from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Expanding Carbon Data Collection From the Ocean's Interior
Authors: Tanhua Toste , Key Robert M. , Hoppema Mario , Olsen Are , Ishii Masao , Sabine Christopher L. 
Published: December 2010

Through global climate studies and atmospheric surveys, scientists now know that the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels has the potential to alter global climate. The oceans represent a key sink for anthropogenic CO2 (Cant), but their capacity as a sink and how this sink has evolved over time have yet to be fully determined. Further, uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere directly influences the world's oceans by, for instance, increasing acidity, but how future changes will evolve is also poorly known.The reason little is known about oceanic Cant is because only a small percentage of the ocean has been tracked by research cruises that collect carbon data. Even data from those cruises lack the standardization needed to compare different results over time. To help fix this, a collection of interior ocean carbon data has recently been published: The Carbon Dioxide in the Atlantic Ocean (CARINA) data collection contains information from 188 oceanographic cruises and represents a major boost of readily available, high‐quality, and uniform data. A companion effort, the Pacific Ocean Interior Carbon (PACIFICA) data collection, will increase global coverage by providing standardized products from the Pacific Ocean.
Understanding Trace Element and Isotope Cycling in the Arctic Ocean: U.S. Arctic GEOTRACES Planning Workshop; Washington, D.C., 29 September to 1 October 2010
Authors: Kadko David 
Published: December 2010

GEOTRACES is an international research program focused on understanding the cycling of trace elements and isotopes(TEIs) in the oceans. Since the inception of this program, there has been strong interest in carrying out studies in the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean is at the epicenter of climate change, and warming climate will likely have a profound impact on the carbon budget, geochemical cycles, and ecosystem of the Arctic. Furthermore, these changes will ultimately be felt globally, through feedbacks related, for example, to melting ice and release of carbon from permafrost.This interest has led to several discussions, including a planning meeting held in Germany in June 2009 (http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/geotraces/documents/ArcticWorkshopReportNov09B.pdf). Participants at the 2009 workshop outlined important scientific issues and constructed a map of proposed GEOTRACES Arctic Ocean sections but did not formulate plans for implementation. Because of the logistical requirements and costs of working in the Arctic, participants recognized the need for international collaboration to make future GEOTRACES efforts viable in this region.
AGU Congressional Fellow Outlines Challenges for Scientists
Authors: Boland Maeve 
Published: December 2010

Science and technology were an essential part of all of the energy issues I worked on during my year as AGU Congressional Fellow in the office of U.S. senator Byron L. Dorgan (D‐N. D.), chair of the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development and a senior member of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.During my fellowship year, which lasted from September 2009 through September 2010, I found that no one on Capitol Hill in Washington doubted the utility of science in addressing issues such as hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas production, the electrification of the transportation fleet, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, and carbon capture and sequestration. However, during the year, two subjects were the focus of a broader questioning of science in Congress: “Climategate” and metrics to justify federal investment in research.
James (Jim) Clement Ignatius Dooge (1922–2010)
Authors: O'Kane J. Philip , O'Connell P. Penda 
Published: December 2010

James (Jim) Clement Ignatius Dooge died peacefully at his home in Dublin, Ireland, on 20 August at age 88. His passing has left an unusual sense of loss among the scientific community.Jim was an active member of AGU for almost 60 years. He joined in 1951 and was honored as Robert E. Horton Medal winner (1959), Fellow (1980), Bowie medalist (1986) for his “outstanding contribution to fundamental geophysics and for unselfish cooperation in research,” and Langbein Lecturer (1994) for “lifetime contributions to the basic science of hydrology and/or unselfish service promoting cooperation in hydrologic research.”
Tipping Points, Great and Small
Authors: Morrison Foster 
Published: December 2010

The Forum by Jordan et al. [2010] addressed environmental problems of various scales in great detail, but getting the critical message through to the formulators of public policies requires going back to basics, namely, that exponential growth (of a population, an economy, or most anything else) is not sustainable. When have you heard any politician or economist from anywhere across the ideological spectrum say anything other than that more growth is essential?There is no need for computer models to demonstrate “limits to growth,” as was done in the 1960s. Of course, as one seeks more details, the complexity of modeling will rapidly outstrip the capabilities of both observation and computing. This is common with nonlinear systems, even simple ones. Thus, identifying all possible “tipping points,” as suggested by Jordan et al. [2010], and then stopping just short of them, is impractical if not impossible. The main thing needed to avoid environmental disasters is a bit of common sense.
High local substrate availability stabilizes a cooperative trait
Authors: Bachmann Herwig , Molenaar Douwe , Kleerebezem Michiel , van Hylckama Vlieg Johan E T 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Cooperative behavior is widely spread in microbial populations. An example is the expression of an extracellular protease by the lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis, which degrades milk proteins into free utilizable peptides that are essential to allow growth to high cell densities in milk. Cheating, protease-negative strains can invade the population and drive the protease-positive strain to extinction. By using multiple experimental approaches, as well as modeling population dynamics, we demonstrate that the persistence of the proteolytic trait is determined by the fraction of the generated peptides that can be captured by the cell before diffusing away from it. The mechanism described is likely to be relevant for the evolutionary stability of many extracellular substrate-degrading enzymes.
Checking the pulse of Lake Ontario's microbial-planktonic communities: A trophic transfer hypothesis
Authors: Munawar M. , Fitzpatrick M. , Munawar I. F. , Niblock H. 
Published: December 2010

The structure and function of the microbial food web of Lake Ontario was assessed at 15 stations distributed across 4 transects during the spring and summer of 2003. This was the first major binational study of Lake Ontario since the Lake Ontario Trophic Transfer initiative of 1990. The microbial loop (bacteria, autotrophic picoplankton, heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) and ciliates) and phytoplankton, were enumerated microscopically in addition to measurements of chlorophyll a, size fractionated primary productivity (14C) and bacterial growth (3H). HNF dominated the total biomass in spring (≈300 mg m−3) and summer (≈1250 mg m−3). The size of the organic carbon pool increased from ≈90 mg C m−3 in spring to ≈270 mg C m−3 with HNF contributing 36% of the total organic carbon in the spring and 52% in the summer; however the net balance of the organic carbon pool shifted from autotrophic in the spring to heterotrophic in the summer. The available evidence suggests that HNF are a poor quality food resource for zooplankton and it is likely that the carbon sequestered by HNF is not available to higher trophic levels resulting in dietary stress for planktivores. The implications of high HNF for both organic carbon cycling and maintaining healthy fisheries needs further research. Independent observations show that oligotrophic conditions prevail as evidenced by low phosphorus, low chlorophyll a, low plankton and high water clarity. Such conditions have been generally regarded as the gold standard for managing healthy lakes. Lake Ontario is oligotrophic and healthy from a water quality perspective, but from a food web dynamics point of view, Lake Ontario appears to be unhealthy due to the dominance of HNF, low zooplankton and poor quality of food available to higher trophic levels. We hypothesize that the lake's poor health is attributable to inefficient energy transfer from lower to higher trophic levels. The traditional understanding of trophic state based mainly on water quality criteria needs to be broadened by the inclusion of food web and fisheries based metrics.
A comparison of children with ADHD in a natural and built setting
Authors: van den Berg A. E. , van den Berg C. G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackground  A link has been suggested between children's disconnection from nature and the recent surge in childhood disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Research on benefits of nature for healthy children provides some support for such a link. However, only a few studies have directly examined the influence of contact with nature on children with ADHD.Aim  The aim of the present research was to gain more insight into the behaviour and emotional and cognitive functioning of children with ADHD in a natural and built setting.Methods  Two groups of six children (age 9–17) who stayed at care farms for children with ADHD in the Netherlands were systematically observed, questioned, and tested during visits to a wooded area and a small town.Results  Both groups performed better on a concentration task in the woods than in the town, despite the fact that all children visited the town after the woods and thus their scores in the town were possibly inflated by learning effects. However, the behaviour and emotional functioning in the two settings differed between the groups. One group of children liked the woods better than the town and displayed more positive behaviours and feelings in the natural environment. The other group of children liked the town equally well as the woods and displayed positive behaviours and feelings in both settings, although they showed somewhat more non‐social, aggressive, inattentive, impulsive and hyperactive behaviour in the town than in the woods.Conclusions  These results suggest that natural areas provide a consistent positive environment for children with ADHD. However, more research is needed to obtain a fuller understanding of the influences of the physical environment on children with ADHD.
Coping and resilience in adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Jaser S. S. , White L. E. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackground  Adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) must cope with the ongoing stress of treatment management, so it is important to identify the most adaptive coping strategies. Previous studies, however, have typically measured broad categories of coping (e.g. approach/avoidance) and few used instruments specifically designed for this population.Objective  This article aimed to use a developmentally sensitive coping measure to explore how the use of specific coping strategies impacts resilience (i.e. quality of life, competence and metabolic control) in adolescents with T1D.Methods  Thirty adolescents with T1D between the ages of 10 and 16 and their mothers completed questionnaires on adolescents' coping strategy use, competence and quality of life. Clinical data (i.e. HbA1c) were obtained from adolescents' medical records.Results  Greater use of primary control coping strategies (e.g. problem solving, emotional expression) was associated with higher competence scores, better quality of life and better metabolic control. Secondary control coping strategies (e.g. acceptance, distraction) were related to higher social competence, better quality of life and better metabolic control. Finally, the use of disengagement coping strategies (e.g. withdrawal or denial) was linked with lower competence and poorer metabolic control.Conclusions  The results of this study support the use of developmentally sensitive coping measures by researchers and clinicians to determine the most effective coping strategies for adolescents with T1D.
Assessing the evidence for latitudinal gradients in plant defence and herbivory
Authors: Moles Angela T. , Bonser Stephen P. , Poore Alistair G.B. , Wallis Ian R. , Foley William J. 
Published: December 2010

Summary 1. The idea that biotic interactions, including herbivory, predation and competition are more intense at lower latitudes is widely accepted and underpins several dominant theories on the latitudinal gradient in biodiversity. Current theory also predicts that the intense biotic interactions at low latitudes will select plants for greater defence against herbivores. We reviewed the literature to provide an assessment of the evidence for and against the hypothesis that herbivory is more intense at lower latitudes, and that plants from low latitudes are better defended than are plants from high latitudes. 2. Only 37% of the 38 latitudinal comparisons of herbivory showed higher herbivory at lower latitudes, and the average effect size in a meta‐analysis was not significantly different from zero. Thus, the available data do not support the idea that herbivory is generally more intense in the tropics. 3. Only nine of 56 comparisons found higher chemical defences at lower latitudes, and a meta‐analysis showed that overall, chemical defences were significantly higher in plants from higher latitudes. This result is counter to the predictions of much of the literature. 4. A meta‐analysis showed no significant effect of latitude on physical defence. 5. A review of the literature on feeding trials and common garden experiments showed that herbivores tend to prefer tissue from high latitudes. This trend could stem from differences in overall defence that were not captured by the metrics used in the literature, but could also result from differences in nutritional quality. 6. The empirical data do not support the widespread view that herbivory is generally more intense at lower latitudes, or that plants from low latitudes are generally better defended than are plants from higher latitudes. These results are counter to the prevailing thought on this topic, and suggest that this field may be ripe for the development of new theory.
Multiphoton fluorescent images with a spatially varying background signal: a ML deconvolution method
Authors: CRIVARO M. , ENJIEU‐KADJI H , HATANAKA R. , NAKAUCHI S. , BOSCH J. , JUDIN J. , RIERA J. , KAWASHIMA R 
Published: December 2010

SummaryBy means of multiphoton laser scanning microscopy, neuroscientists can look inside the brain deeper than has ever been possible before. Multiphoton fluorescent images, as all optical images, suffer from degradation caused by a variety of sources (e.g. light dispersion and absorption in the tissue, laser fluctuations, spurious photodetection and staining deficiency). From a modelling perspective, such degradations can be considered the sum of stochastic noise and a background signal. Among the methods proposed in the literature to perform image deconvolution in either confocal or multiphoton fluorescent microscopy, Vicidomini et al. (2009) were the first to incorporate models for noise (a Poisson process) and background signal (spatially constant) in the context of regularized inverse problems. Unfortunately, the so‐called split‐gradient deconvolution method (SGM) they used did not consider possible spatial variations in the background signal. In this paper, we extend the SGM by adding a maximum‐likelihood estimation step for the determination of a spatially varying background signal. We demonstrate that the assumption of a constant background is not always valid in multiphoton laser microscopy and by using synthetic and actual multiphoton fluorescent images, we evaluate the face of validity of the proposed method, and compare its accuracy with the previously introduced SGM algorithm.
Living near agricultural pesticide applications and the risk of adverse reproductive outcomes: a review of the literature
Authors: Shirangi Adeleh , Nieuwenhuijsen Mark , Vienneau Danielle , Holman C.D'Arcy J. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryShirangi A, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Vienneau D, Holman CDJ. Living near agricultural pesticide applications and the risk of adverse reproductive outcomes: a review of the literature.Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology2010.Over the last decade, there has been growing concern about the possible health effects, including a number of adverse reproductive outcomes, from pesticide exposure of people living near agricultural fields. This systematic review evaluates the current epidemiological evidence on the association between living near agricultural pesticide applications and adverse reproductive outcomes, including congenital malformations, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), low birthweight, preterm birth and miscarriage.We identified and reviewed 25 studies from a systematic search of the main scientific databases and other sources published in 1950–2007. Study methods and main results were summarised and tabulated according to the year of study, design and type of adverse reproductive outcome. The levels of evidence for reproductive toxicity in humans contributed by each study were assessed and the main limitations associated with these studies discussed.Residential proximity to agricultural pesticide applications may be an important source of ambient environmental exposure, but because of the underlying methodological difficulties, the strength of evidence for its relationship with adverse reproductive outcomes is generally weak and varied between outcomes. The evidence suggested an association for congenital malformations, but because of methodological limitations, such as poor exposure measurement and potentially inadequate control of confounding, a firm conclusion remains beyond reach. For the other outcomes (stillbirth, IUGR, low birthweight, preterm birth and miscarriage) the evidence for any associations was equivocal at best, but some leads warrant further investigation. Improved exposure assessment methods are needed to obtain a more reliable assessment of any risks.
Developing a community‐based neonatal care intervention: a health facility assessment to inform intervention design
Authors: Howe Laura D. , Manu Alexander , Tawiah‐Agyemang Charlotte , Kirkwood Betty R. , Hill Zelee 
Published: December 2010

SummaryHowe LD, Manu A, Tawiah‐Agyemang C, Kirkwood BR, Hill Z. Developing a community‐based neonatal care intervention: a health facility assessment to inform intervention design. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2010.Community‐based interventions are an important way of improving health in low‐income countries. A necessary prerequisite for the design of such interventions is an understanding of the local health system. This will inform intervention design, help ensure the community‐intervention forms part of a continuum of care, and provide information about health system strengthening activities that may be necessary for success. Such formative research processes, however, are seldom reported in the literature. We present the results of a health facility assessment used in the design stage of Newhints, a community‐based intervention to improve neonatal survival in rural Ghana. We illustrate the methodology, findings and how these were used to inform the design and implementation of Newhints. The assessment involved key informant interviews with staff members at seven health facilities within the study area, including a brief inventory of available drugs and equipment. The key informant interviews identified that practices and health promotion messages at the health facilities were not consistent with one of the key target behaviours of the Newhints intervention – thermal care through delayed infant bathing. Health workers were bathing neonates soon after delivery and also advising women to do the same, which is a potential cause of hypothermia for the newborn. We found that health centres other than large district hospitals were ill‐equipped to treat serious complications of labour or illness in the newborn, which had implications for advice on health seeking behaviour within the intervention. As a result of the health facility assessment, it was deemed necessary to undertake both health worker training and sensitisation activities. We demonstrate that important information can be yielded from a relatively simple health facility assessment involving key informant interviews.