bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Injuries to the spinal accessory nerve
Authors: Camp S. J. , Birch R. 
Published: January 2011

The integrity of the spinal accessory nerve is fundamental to thoracoscapular function and essential for scapulohumeral rhythm. This nerve is vulnerable along its superficial course. This study assessed the delay in diagnosis and referral for management of damage to this nerve, clarified its anatomical course and function, and documented the results of repair. From examination of our records, 111 patients with lesions of the spinal accessory nerve were treated between 1984 and 2007. In 89 patients (80.2%) the damage was iatropathic. Recognition and referral were seldom made by the surgeon responsible for the injury, leading to a marked delay in instituting treatment. Most referrals were made for painful loss of shoulder function. The clinical diagnosis is straightforward. There is a characteristic downward and lateral displacement of the scapula, with narrowing of the inferior scapulohumeral angle and loss of function, with pain commonly present. In all, 80 nerves were explored and 65 were repaired. The course of the spinal accessory nerve in relation to the sternocleidomastoid muscle was constant, with branches from the cervical plexus rarely conveying motor fibres. Damage to the nerve was predominantly posterior to this muscle. Despite the delay, the results of repair were surprising, with early relief of pain, implying a neuropathic source, which preceded generally good recovery of muscle function.
The Delta III reverse shoulder replacement for cuff tear arthropathy
Authors: Naveed M. A. , Kitson J. , Bunker T. D. 
Published: January 2011

The combination of an irreparable tear of the rotator cuff and destructive arthritis of the shoulder joint may cause severe pain, disability and loss of independence in the aged. Standard anatomical shoulder replacements depend on a functioning rotator cuff, and hence may fail in the presence of tears in the cuff. Many designs of non-anatomical constrained or semi-constrained prostheses have been developed for cuff tear arthropathy, but have proved unsatisfactory and were abandoned. The DePuy Delta III reverse prosthesis, designed by Grammont, medialises and stabilises the centre of rotation of the shoulder joint and has shown early promise. This study evaluated the mid-term clinical and radiological results of this arthroplasty in a consecutive series of 50 shoulders in 43 patients with a painful pseudoparalysis due to an irreparable cuff tear and destructive arthritis, performed over a period of seven years by a single surgeon. A follow-up of 98% was achieved, with a mean duration of 39 months (8 to 81). The mean age of the patients at the time of surgery was 81 years (59 to 95). The female to male ratio was 5:1. During the seven years, six patients died of natural causes. The clinical outcome was assessed using the American Shoulder and Elbow score, the Oxford Shoulder Score and the Short-form 36 score. A radiological review was performed using the Sirveaux score for scapular notching.The mean American Shoulder and Elbow score was 19 (95% confidence interval (CI) 14 to 23) pre-operatively, and 65 (95% CI 48 to 82) (paired t-test, p < 0.001) at final follow-up. The mean Oxford score was 44 (95% CI 40 to 51) pre-operatively and 23 (95% CI 18 to 28) (paired t-test, p < 0.001) at final follow-up.The mean maximum elevation improved from 55° pre-operatively to 105° at final follow-up. There were seven complications during the whole series, although only four patients required further surgery.
Treatment of Crowe IV high hip dysplasia with total hip replacement using the Exeter stem and shortening derotational subtrochanteric osteotomy
Authors: Charity J. A. F. , Tsiridis E. , Sheeraz A. , Howell J. R. , Hubble M. J. W. , Timperley A. J. , Gie G. A. 
Published: January 2011

We evaluated all cases involving the combined use of a subtrochanteric derotational femoral shortening osteotomy with a cemented Exeter stem performed at our institution. With severe developmental dysplasia of the hip an osteotomy is often necessary to achieve shortening and derotation of the proximal femur. Reduction can be maintained with a 3.5 mm compression plate while the implant is cemented into place. Such a plate was used to stabilise the osteotomy in all cases. Intramedullary autograft helps to prevent cement interposition at the osteotomy site and promotes healing. There were 15 female patients (18 hips) with a mean age of 51 years (33 to 75) who had a Crowe IV dysplasia of the hip and were followed up for a mean of 114 months (52 to 168). None was lost to follow-up. All clinical scores were collected prospectively. The Charnley modification of the Merle D’Aubigné-Postel scores for pain, function and range of movement showed a statistically significant improvement from a mean of 2.4 (1 to 4), 2.3 (1 to 4), 3.4 (1 to 6) to 5.2 (3 to 6), 4.4 (3 to 6), 5.2 (4 to 6), respectively. Three acetabular revisions were required for aseptic loosening; one required femoral revision for access. One osteotomy failed to unite at 14 months and was revised successfully. No other case required a femoral revision. No postoperative sciatic nerve palsy was observed. Cemented Exeter femoral components perform well in the treatment of Crowe IV dysplasia with this procedure.
Glenoplasty for complex shoulder subluxation and dislocation in children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy
Authors: Di Mascio L. , Chin K.-F. , Fox M. , Sinisi M. 
Published: January 2011

We describe the early results of glenoplasty as part of the technique of operative reduction of posterior dislocation of the shoulder in 29 children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy. The mean age at operation was five years (1 to 18) and they were followed up for a mean of 34 months (12 to 67). The mean Mallet score increased from 8 (5 to 13) to 12 (8 to 15) at final follow-up (p < 0.001). The mean passive forward flexion was increased by 18° (p = 0.017) and the mean passive abduction by 24° (p = 0.001). The mean passive lateral rotation also increased by 54° (p < 0.001), but passive medial rotation was reduced by a mean of only 7°. One patient required two further operations. Glenohumeral stability was achieved in all cases.
The risk of peri-prosthetic fracture after primary and revision total hip and knee replacement
Authors: Meek R. M. D. , Norwood T. , Smith R. , Brenkel I. J. , Howie C. R. 
Published: January 2011

Peri-prosthetic fracture after joint replacement in the lower limb is associated with significant morbidity. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of peri-prosthetic fracture after total hip replacement (THR) and total knee replacement (TKR) over a ten-year period using a population-based linked dataset. Between 1 April 1997 and 31 March 2008, 52 136 primary THRs, 8726 revision THRs, 44 511 primary TKRs, and 3222 revision TKRs were performed. Five years post-operatively, the rate of fracture was 0.9% after primary THR, 4.2% after revision THR, 0.6% after primary TKR and 1.7% after revision TKR. Comparison of survival analysis for all primary and revision arthroplasties showed peri-prosthetic fractures were more likely in females, patients aged > 70 and after revision arthroplasty. Female patients aged > 70 should be warned of a significantly increased risk of peri-prosthetic fracture after hip or knee replacement. The use of adjuvant medical treatment to reduce the effect of peri-prosthetic osteoporosis may be a direction of research for these patients.
Cementless revision for infected total hip replacements
Authors: Kim Y.-H. , Kim J.-S. , Park J.-W. , Joo J.-H. 
Published: January 2011

Our aim was to determine the success rate of repeated debridement and two-stage cementless revision arthroplasty according to the type of infected total hip replacement (THR). We enrolled 294 patients (294 hips) with an infected THR in the study. There were 222 men and 72 women with a mean age of 55.1 years (24.0 to 78.0). The rate of control of infection after the initial treatment and after repeated debridement and two-stage revisions was determined. The clinical (Harris hip score) and radiological results were evaluated. The mean follow-up was 10.4 years (5.0 to 14.0). The eventual rate of control of infection was 100.0% for early superficial post-operative infection, 98.4% for early deep post-operative infection, 98.5% for late chronic infection and 91.0% for acute haematogenous infection. Overall, 288 patients (98%) maintained a functioning THR at the latest follow-up. All the allografts appeared to be united and there were no failures. These techniques effectively controlled infection and maintained a functional THR with firm fixation in most patients. Repeated debridement and two-stage or repeated two-stage revisions further improved the rate of control of infection after the initial treatment and increased the likelihood of maintaining a functional THR.
Costo-osteochondral graft for post-traumatic osteonecrosis of the radial head in an adolescent boy
Authors: Iwai S. , Sato K. , Nakamura T. , Okazaki M. , Itoh Y. , Toyama Y. , Ikegami H. 
Published: January 2011

We present a case of post-traumatic osteonecrosis of the radial head in a 13-year-old boy which was treated with costo-osteochondral grafts. A satisfactory outcome was seen at a follow-up of two years and ten months. Although costo-osteochondral grafting has been used in the treatment of defects in articular cartilage, especially in the hand and the elbow, the extension of the technique to manage post-traumatic osteonecrosis of the radial head in a child has not previously been reported in the English language literature. Complete relief of pain was obtained and an improvement in the range of movement was observed. The long-term results remain uncertain.
Guided growth
Authors: Eastwood D. M. , Sanghrajka A. P. 
Published: January 2011

Guiding growth by harnessing the ability of growing bone to undergo plastic deformation is one of the oldest orthopaedic principles. Correction of deformity remains a major part of the workload for paediatric orthopaedic surgeons and recently, along with developments in limb reconstruction and computer-directed frame correction, there has been renewed interest in surgical methods of physeal manipulation or ‘guided growth’. Manipulating natural bone growth to correct a deformity is appealing, as it allows gradual correction by non- or minimally invasive methods. This paper reviews the techniques employed for guided growth in current orthopaedic practice, including the basic science and recent advances underlying mechanical physeal manipulation of both healthy and pathological physes.
Radiation Damage of E635 Alloy Under High Dose Irradiation in the VVER-1000 and BOR-60 Reactors
Authors: Kobylyansky G. P. , Novoselov A. E. , Obukhov A. V. , Ostrovsky Z. E. , Shishov V. N. , Peregud M. M. , Markelov V. A. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Alloy E635 is used as a material for some parts of the water-water energy reactor (VVER)-1000 fuel assemblies (FAs). The evolution of structural components and redistribution of the elementary composition that occurred between the solid solution and phase precipitates in the E635 alloy were analyzed. The correlation between these changes and the irradiation-induced deformation of FA parts was determined. The common features of the E635 alloy’s irradiation damageability was established as a result of the irradiation of model samples in the test reactor BOR-60 and the operation of products in the VVER-1000 reactor. The peculiarities of E365 alloy’s irradiation damageability under high dose irradiation were revealed. The Laves phase (Zr(Nb,Fe)2) particles were found to be the main type of secondary phase precipitates observed in the E635 alloy products with completely or partially recrystallized structures. Under irradiation, iron released from this phase causes a transformation of its crystalline structure, i.e., it changes from hexagonal-close-packed into body-centered-cubic with an Fe-enriched β-Nb phase. The Fe content in the particles decreases as the dose rises. The above transformations are not observed on those FA areas where the damage dose is low. Some bigger (up to 0.50μ) precipitates of the (Z,Nb)2Fe phase with face-centered-cubic lattices were found in the material structure. Irradiation up to high damage doses results also in the appearance of secondary fine-dispersed (up to ∼5 in size) irradiation-induced precipitates. Practically no niobium is observed in the matrix, while all tin is in the solid solution and the Fe fraction in the matrix rises as the fluence becomes higher. The generation and formation of ⟨c⟩-dislocations occur only near the β-Nb precipitates (former Laves phases); ⟨a⟩-dislocations in the form of dislocation loops 10 nm in size and black dots are observed over the whole volume of recrystallized grains. On the whole, the changes in the structural-phase state of the FA parts tested in the VVER-1000 reactor correspond to the ideas about irradiation-induced damage in E635 alloy gained in experiments on irradiation of model samples in the BOR-60 reactor.
Detecting Directional Selection in the Presence of Recent Admixture in African-Americans
Authors: Lohmueller Kirk E , Bustamante Carlos D , Clark Andrew G 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe investigate the performance of tests of neutrality in admixed populations using plausible demographic models for African-American history as well as resequencing data from African and African-American populations. The analysis of both simulated and human resequencing data suggests that recent admixture does not result in an excess of false-positive results for neutrality tests based on the frequency spectrum after accounting for the population growth in the parental African population. Furthermore, when simulating positive selection, Tajima's D, Fu and Li's D, and haplotype homozygosity have lower power to detect population-specific selection using individuals sampled from the admixed population than from the nonadmixed population. Fay and Wu's H test, however, has more power to detect selection using individuals from the admixed population than from the nonadmixed population, especially when the selective sweep ended long ago. Our results have implications for interpreting recent genome-wide scans for positive selection in human populations.
A Genetical Genomics Approach to Genome Scans Increases Power for QTL Mapping
Authors: Sun Guoying , Schliekelman Paul 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe describe a method for integrating gene expression information into genome scans and show that this can substantially increase the statistical power of QTL mapping. The method has three stages. First, standard clustering methods identify small (size 5–20) groups of genes with similar expression patterns. Second, each gene group is tested for a causative genetic locus shared with the clinical trait of interest. This is done using an EM algorithm approach that treats genotype at the putative causative locus as an unobserved variable and combines expression information from all of the genes in the group to infer genotype information at the locus. Finally, expression QTL (eQTL) are mapped for each gene group that shares a causative locus with the clinical trait. Such eQTL are candidates for the causative locus. Simulation results show that this method has far superior power to standard QTL mapping techniques in many circumstances. We applied this method to existing data on mouse obesity. Our method identified 27 putative body weight QTL, whereas standard QTL mapping produced only one. Furthermore, most gene groups with body weight QTL included cis genes, so candidate genes could be immediately identified. Eleven body weight QTL produced 16 candidate genes that have been previously associated with body weight or body weight-related traits, thus validating our method. In addition, 15 of the 16 other loci produced 32 candidate genes that have not been associated with body weight. Thus, this method shows great promise for finding new causative loci for complex traits.
The Activator/Dissociation Transposable Elements Comprise a Two-Component Gene Regulatory Switch That Controls Endogenous Gene Expression in Maize
Authors: Bai Ling , Brutnell Thomas P 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The maize Activator/Dissociation (Ac/Ds) elements are able to replicate and transpose throughout the maize genome. Both elements preferentially insert into gene-rich regions altering the maize genome by creating unstable insertion alleles, stable derivative or excision alleles, or by altering the spatial or temporal regulation of gene expression. Here, we characterize an Ac insertion in the 5′-UTR of the Pink Scutellum1 (Ps1) gene and five Ds derivatives generated through abortive transposition events. Characterization of Ps1 transcription initiation sites in this allelic series revealed several that began within the terminus of the Ac and Ds elements. Transcripts originating within Ds or Ac accumulated to lower levels than the wild-type Ps1 allele, but were often sufficient to rescue the seedling lethal phenotype associated with severe loss-of-function alleles. Transcription initiation sites were similar in Ac and Ds derivatives, suggesting that Ac transposase does not influence transcript initiation site selection. However, we show that Ac transposase can negatively regulate Ps1 transcript accumulation in a subset of Ds-insertion alleles resulting in a severe mutant phenotype. The role of maize transposons in gene evolution is discussed.
The LIN-15A and LIN-56 Transcriptional Regulators Interact to Negatively Regulate EGF/Ras Signaling inCaenorhabditis elegansVulval Cell-Fate Determination
Authors: Davison Ewa M , Saffer Adam M , Huang Linda S , DeModena John , Sternberg Paul W , Horvitz H Robert 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe restricted expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) family ligands is important for proper development and for preventing cancerous growth in mammals. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the class A and B synthetic multivulva (synMuv) genes redundantly repress expression of lin-3 EGF to negatively regulate Ras-mediated vulval development. The class B synMuv genes encode proteins homologous to components of the NuRD and Myb-MuvB/dREAM transcriptional repressor complexes, indicating that they likely silence lin-3 EGF through chromatin remodeling. The two class A synMuv genes cloned thus far, lin-8 and lin-15A, both encode novel proteins. The LIN-8 protein is nuclear. We have characterized the class A synMuv gene lin-56 and found it to encode a novel protein that shares a THAP-like C2CH motif with LIN-15A. Both the LIN-56 and LIN-15A proteins localize to nuclei. Wild-type levels of LIN-56 require LIN-15A, and wild-type levels and/or localization of LIN-15A requires LIN-56. Furthermore, LIN-56 and LIN-15A interact in the yeast two-hybrid system. We propose that LIN-56 and LIN-15A associate in a nuclear complex that inhibits vulval specification by repressing lin-3 EGF expression.
Rapid Identification of a Disease Allele in Mouse Through Whole Genome Sequencing and Bulk Segregation Analysis
Authors: Arnold Carrie N , Xia Yu , Lin Pei , Ross Charles , Schwander Martin , Smart Nora G , Müller Ulrich , Beutler Bruce 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn a pedigree of C57BL/6J mice homozygous for germline mutations induced by the mutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), numerous animals died under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions between 6 and 7 months of age. Death was caused by nephritic syndrome, which progressed to renal failure associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. To identify the mutation responsible for renal disease, we sequenced genomic DNA from an affected animal using the Applied Biosystems SOLiD sequencing platform. Approximately 74% of the nucleotides comprising coding sequences and splice junctions in the mouse genome were covered at least three times. Within this portion of the genome, 64 discrepancies were flagged as potential homozygous mutations and 82 were flagged as potential heterozygous mutations. A total of 10 of these calls, all homozygous, were validated by capillary sequencing. One of the validated mutations disrupted splicing of the Col4a4 transcript. Genetic mapping by bulk segregation analysis excluded all mutations but this one as the cause of renal disease in Aoba mice. Col4a4 has not been targeted in the mouse, and this strain, named Aoba, represents the first functionally null allele in this species. Our study demonstrates the speed and utility of whole genome sequencing coupled with low resolution meiotic mapping as a means of identifying causative mutations induced by ENU.
Analysis of a Model for Anomalous-Diffusion Behavior of CO2 in the Macromolecular-Network Structure of Coal
Authors: Mazumder Saikat , Vermolen Fred , Bruining Johannes 
Published: January 2011

Summary
This paper gives an analysis of the Thomas and Windle model (Thomas and Windle 1982) to determine its usefulness for describing anomalous diffusion of CO2 in coal and its relation to matrix swelling. In addition, a finite-element description for this model is derived. For reasons of easy reference, a shortened derivation of the Thomas and Windle model is presented, which was originally derived to describe diffusion in polymers. The derivation includes the surface saturation effects proposed by Hui et al. (1987a, 1987b). Because the cumulative sorption showed tα behavior with α &gt; 0.5, the behavior was described as enhanced diffusion or even superdiffusion. Analysis of the model equation shows no evidence for superdiffusion even if non-Fickian behavior is observed [i.e., there is (1) an initial phase in which the coal surface gets saturated with a slope &gt; 0.5 in a log-log plot of cumulative sorption vs. time, (2) an intermediate phase that shows the typical square-root-of-time behavior of an ordinary diffusion process, and (3) a final phase with a slope &lt; 0.5 toward equilibrium]. The cumulative mass is for all times less than what would have been obtained for pure diffusion in a particle characterized by a rubber diffusion coefficient. The slow saturation at the surface masks a process where fast stress-induced diffusion dominates, which indeed can be faster than Fickian. The cumulative sorption rates give behavior similar to the Rückenstein model (Rückenstein et al. 1971), but the advantage of the Thomas and Windle model is that it can also calculate the resulting coal-swelling effects.