bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A screen of SLC1A1 for OCD‐related alleles
Authors: Wang Y. , Adamczyk A. , Shugart Y.Y. , Samuels J.F. , Grados M.A. , Greenberg B.D. , Knowles J.A. , McCracken J.T. , Rauch S.L. , Murphy D.L. , Rasmussen S.A. , Cullen B. , Pinto A. , Fyer A.J. , Piacentini J. , Pauls D.L. , Bienvenu O.J. , Riddle M. , Liang K.Y. , Valle D. , Wang T. , Nestadt G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSLC1A1, which encodes the neuronal and epithelial glutamate transporter, is a promising candidate gene for obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD). In this study, we conducted capillary electrophoresis single‐strand conformation polymorphism (CE‐SSCP) screen for all 12 identified exons, including all coding regions and ∼50 bp of flanking introns of the human SLC1A1 in 378 OCD‐affected individuals. Full sequencing was completed on samples that showed an aberrant SSCP tracing for identification of the underlying sequence variants. Our aim was to determine if there are differences in the frequencies of relatively common alleles, or rare functional alleles, in 378 OCD cases and 281 ethnically matched controls. We identified one nonsynonymous coding SNP (c.490A > G, T164A) and three synonymous coding SNP (c.81G > C, A27A; c.414A > G, T138T; c.1110T > C, T370T) in case samples. We found no statistical differences in genotype and allele frequencies of common cSNPs in SLC1A1 between the OCD cases and controls. The rare variant T164A was found only in one family. Further investigation of this variant is necessary to determine whether and how it is related to OCD. There was no other evidence of significant accumulation of deleterious coding mutations in SLC1A1 in the OCD cases. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of CaO on NH3 + NO + O2 reaction system in the absence and presence of high concentration CO2
Authors: Li Tianjin , Zhuo Yuqun , Chen Changhe , Xu Xuchang 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe effect of CaO on the NH3 + NO + O2 reaction system at 650–850 °C was investigated. High CO2 concentration was added to investigate the effect of CaCO3 on this reaction system also. Experimental results showed that CaO had a strong catalytic effect on NH3 decomposition, NH3 oxidation by O2 to NO, and NO reduction by NH3 in the absence of O2. The overall effect of CaO on the NO + NH3 + O2 reaction was to enhance NH3 oxidation by O2 to produce more NO. A small amount of NO2 and no N2O was detected in the outlet gas stream over CaO in the NH3 + NO + O2 reaction. NO2 formation decreased with temperature increase. NO2 formation in the NH3 + NO + O2 reaction over CaO was attributed to the oxidization of NH3 and NO by O2. The performance of CaCO3 was different from CaO. NH3 decomposition was promoted, but NH3 oxidation to NO was inhibited after CaO was converted to CaCO3. No catalytic activity for NO reduction was detected in NO + NH3 reaction over CaCO3, but strong activity for NH3 decomposition was observed. NO and NH3 outlet concentration over CaCO3 in the NH3 + NO + O2 reaction was lower and higher, respectively, than that of CaO, which was mainly due to the difference of CaO and CaCO3 for NH3 oxidation. NO2 formation was inhibited, but N2O was observed over CaCO3. N2O formation increased with temperature increase at 650–750 °C, and then decreased at 750–850 °C. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on flow patterns in different types of direct coal liquefaction reactors
Authors: Ren Xiangkun , Fang Dingye , Jin Jialu , Gao Jinsheng 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHot mold flow patterns in bubble reactor, ebullated reactor and loop reactor have been researched and compared in hydrogen–oil system and hydrogen–oil coal slurry system of direct coal liquefaction (DCL) pilot plant under high temperature and high pressure. The results demonstrate that the ebullated reactor and loop reactor (on the condition of optimum recycle ratio) show good performance of back‐mixing, which can not only reduce temperature differences between top and bottom in the reactor, but also avoid big solid particles deposition that easily occurs during liquefaction process. The ebullated reactor used in the first demonstration plant has good performance. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogenation of naphthalene on nickel phosphide supported on silica
Authors: Zhang Xiaofei , Zhang Qiumin , Guan Jun , He Demin , Hu Haoquan , Liang Changhai 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTwo series of silica supported nickel phosphide catalysts with different Ni/P atomic ratios of the precursors and loadings had been prepared by a temperature‐programmed reduction of nickel phosphate. The resulting samples were characterized by means of N2 physorption and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The activities of the catalysts were measured for naphthalene hydrogenation (HYD) at 340 °C and 4 MPa. The operating conditions of naphthalene HYD such as temperature, pressure and H2/liquor ratio were tested in detail. It is found that all the samples were active in this reaction and the sample which precursor with Ni/P = 1.25 and loading with 30 wt% displayed the highest catalytic activity and decalin selectivity. Naphthalene conversion and selectivity to decalin went through a maximum (100% and 83% at 340 °C) with the increasing reaction temperature. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel route for well‐defined polystyrene‐grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes via the radical coupling reaction
Authors: Sui Kunyan , Yang Chunjia , Gao Song , Shan Xin , Xia Yanzhi , Zheng Qiang 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMultiwalled carbon nanotubes‐graft‐polystyrene (MWNTs‐g‐PS) was synthesized by atom transfer nitroxide radical coupling chemistry. MWNTs with 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxy (MWNTs‐TEMPO) groups was prepared first by esterification of 4‐hydroxy (HO)‐TEMPO and carboxylic acid group on the surface of MWNTs (MWNTs‐COOH); PS with bromide end group (PS‐Br) were then obtained by atom transfer radical polymerization using ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate as initiator and CuBr/N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine as catalyst. The MWNTs‐TEMPO was mixed with PS‐Br and heated to 90°C in the presence of CuBr/PMDETA to form MWNTs‐g‐PS. The product was characterized by FTIR, NMR, TGA, and TEM. TEM indicates that the MWNTs are enveloped by the polymer molecules. The content of grafted polymers is 46.7% by TGA measurements when the number‐average molecular weight (Mn) of PS‐Br is 10,200 g/mol. The as‐prepared nanocomposites exhibit relatively good dispersibility in solvents such as CH2Cl2, THF, and toluene. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Analysis of the influence of glycidyl methacrylate on molecular weight and refractive index in styrene‐methylmethacrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate copolymers through mixture design of experiments
Authors: Cerna Jorge R. , Alejandro Ana S. , Matla Maria 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTo analyze the influence of the percentage of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) coupled with polymeric chains to determine their effect on molecular weight (Mw) and refractive index (nD), a Mixture Design of Experiments (MDOE) has been used. A “d” optimal mixture design for four components was used for planning the runs and analyzing the information using statistical tools. The prototypes generated were synthesized using styrene (St) 73–89.98%, methylmethacrylate (MMA) 8–22%, and glydicyl methacrylate (GMA) 2–10% at different ratios according to the experiment design. In this sense, the prototypes are terpolymers (St‐MMA‐GMA). According to the desired properties of the prototypes reviewed in literature and market studies, this is expressed in materials with a preferred nD (ca. 1.5750–1.5894) and molecular weight (ca. 300,000 g/mol) the ratios were established. In a radical polymerization process using a commercial initiator (Trigonox 22E‐50) and a temperature program (120–200°C) simulating an industrial process, the polymerization reactions were conducted. The detailed information derived from DOE here is presented. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Flexural properties of sawdust reinforced phenolic composites: Pilot study
Authors: Ku Harry Siu‐Lung , Cardona Franciso , Trada Mohar , Vigier Gurlaume 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe advantageous properties of sawdust and phenolic resins were combined by making sawdust reinforced phenolic composites with different percentages by weight of sawdust. The sawdust was divided into three grades in accordance with its particulate size. Garamite and propylene glycol were added individually and together to enhance the flexural properties of the composites obtained. Without any garamite and propylene glycol, it was discovered that the best flexural properties of the composites were obtained when the percentage by weight of sawdust (<300 μm) is up to 15%. Beyond this, the flexural properties dropped significantly; in addition, the fluidity of the composite was very low and the mixture was not suitable for casting. In general, the flexural modulus of the composites decreases with an increase in sawdust content, i.e., they are more elastic but their maximum flexural strain does not improve. Garamite was therefore added to improve the maximum flexural strains of the composites and this was successful. The addition of propylene glycol makes the composite more plastic. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Conversion and shrinkage analysis of acrylated hyperbranched polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Geiser Valérie , Leterrier Yves , Månson Jan‐Anders E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe photo‐curing behavior of composites containing nanosized SiO2 in an acrylated hyperbranched polymer matrix was investigated by means of photo differential scanning calorimetry. The chemical conversion data were analyzed using an autocatalytic model, paying close attention to the influence of composition and UV intensity. It was shown that the reaction order and the autocatalytic exponent were independent of UV intensity and filler fraction, whereas the rate constant showed strong intensity dependence, but weak filler dependence. Maximum conversion was independent of UV intensity, but was reduced when a filler was present. The dispersion state influenced the gel‐point of the composites, but had no influence on the overall cure kinetics. Cure shrinkage reduction of ∼ 33% could be achieved by adding 20 vol% of filler. This was attributed to the reduced double bond conversion of the matrix due to the presence of the filler. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Curing behavior and thermal properties of trifunctional epoxy resin cured by 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane
Authors: Jue Cheng , Juan Li , Wantai Yang 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA novel trifunctional epoxy resin (TMBPBTH‐EPOXY) was synthesized in our laboratory, and its curing behavior and performance were studied by curing with 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) with the mass ratio of 30 : 100 of TMBPBTH‐EPOXY and DDM. The mixtures of TMBPBTH‐EPOXY/DDM were cured at 100, 140, and 160°C, respectively. The curing state was kept for different time from 1 to 6 h. The transition reaction of epoxide group during curing process was monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was found that curing reaction was both dependent on the curing temperature and curing time, and the curing temperature has more effect on the curing reaction than the curing time. The curing activation energy was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry to be 55.13 and 55.10 kJ/mol. The glass transition temperature of TMBPBTH‐EPOXY/DDM system was 240.2°C. The thermal decomposition temperature at different temperatures and time were studied by thermogravimetric analyzer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Structural, electrical, and electromagnetic properties of cotton fabrics coated with polyaniline and polypyrrole
Authors: Onar Nurhan , Akşit Aysun Cireli , Ebeoglugil M. Faruk , Birlik Isil , Celik Erdal , Ozdemir Ismail 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn this study, the structural, electrical, and electromagnetic properties of cotton fabrics coated with polyaniline (PAni) and polypyrrole (PPy) were investigated and compared. For the aims, anilin and pyrrole were used as monomers, andin situpolymerization on cotton fabric by chemical oxidative polymerization was performed. After production, the structural properties of the fabrics were determined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. In addition, ultraviolet (UV) permeability, tensile strength, colorfastness, and electrical and electromagnetic measurements of the fabric samples were carried out. The resistance values of the cotton fabrics coated with PAni and PPy were found to be 350 and 512 Ω, respectively. The average electromagnetic shielding efficiency and average absorption values of the cotton fabrics coated with PAni were determined to be 3.8 dB and 48%, respectively, and these values for the cotton fabrics coated with PPy were 6 dB and 50%, respectively. Consequently, a significant difference was not observed between the resistance values and electromagnetic parameters of the fabrics coated with PAni and PPy, although the intact textile characteristics of the fabric coated with PPy were protected and improved, whereas the characteristics of the fabric coated with PAni were inferior. Moreover, we first report that the fabrics coated with conductive polymers had excellent UV‐protection properties. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Morphology and particle size of nanograde polyurethane/polyacrylate hybrid emulsions
Authors: Chai Shu Ling , Jin Martin Ming 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPoly(urethane acrylate) (PUA) composite particles were prepared by seeded surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization. The aqueous polyurethane (PU) dispersions were used as seed particles. The diameters of the seed particles of the aqueous PU dispersions and PUA composite latexes were measured by dynamic light scattering. The microstructures of the PUA composite emulsion particles were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The influences of the amount of the hydrophilic chain extender, the types of initiators, and the PU/polyacrylate (PA) weight ratios on the diameters of the aqueous PU and composite emulsions were also studied. The results showed that the PUA composite emulsions formed a core–shell structure with PU as the shell and with PA as the core. The diameter of the PU seed particles and the particle size of the PUA composite emulsions greatly depended on the amounts of the hydrophilic chain extender used in the preparation of the PU seed; when the hydrophilic chain extender concentration was 7.4%, the average diameter of the PUA composite emulsion particles showed the minimum value. The types of initiators and PU/PA weight ratios did not have a significant influence on the diameter of the PUA composite latex particles. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Environment‐friendly synthesis of long chain semiaromatic polyamides with high heat resistance
Authors: Wang Wenzhi , Wang Xianwen , Li Ruixue , Liu Baoyu , Wang Ergang , Zhang Yonghua 
Published: June 2009

AbstractLong chain semiaromatic polyamides have been synthesized by the reactions of terephthalic acid with long chain aliphatic diamines, and characterized by infrared spectrum, nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analysis. The thermal behaviors were studied by differential scanning calorimetry analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The resultant polyamides have intrinsic viscosity ranging from 1.75 to 1.93 dLg−1. The solubility, dynamic mechanical and mechanical properties of the polyamides have also been investigated. The mechanical properties and heat resistance of long chain semiaromatic polyamides were compared with those of PA9T. PA10T has the advantages of low cost and preparation from environmental friendly solvents and possesses the similar mechanical properties and heat resistance compared to PA9T. The long chain semiaromatic polyamides are a class of promising, heat‐resisting and processability engineering plastics. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis, morphology, and melting behavior of poly(ether ether ketone) of different molecular weights
Authors: Lu Qianshu , Yang Zhenguo , Li Xiaohui , Jin Shilei 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTo investigate how the molecular weight of poly(ether ether ketone) affected the crystallization behavior, the nucleophilic reaction synthetic technology was used to obtain poly(ether ether ketone) of different molecular weights and the trend of the molecular weight varying with the duration of the reaction. Furthermore, the influence molecular weight has brought to the morphology and the melting behavior was investigated by means of FTIR, OM, WAXD, and DSC and thoroughly discussed in theory. Results showed that with the increase of the molecular weight, the degree of crystalline perfection and the lamellar thickness descended as well as the radius of spherulite diminished due to the difficulty of the chain mobility. Moreover, the melting temperature mounted up at first then decreased with the growing of the molecular weight indicating how the lamellar thickness and the melting heat per unit volume affected the melting behavior together. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Porous structure and thermal stability of photosensitive silica/polyimide composites prepared by sol‐gel process
Authors: Huang Shu‐Hui , Don Trong‐Ming , Lai Wei‐Chi , Chen Ching‐Chung , Cheng Liao‐Ping 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe sol‐gel method was employed to synthesize an inorganic–organic photosensitive composite material, silica/polyimide. Silica was covalently bonded to polyimide by introduction of 1,4‐aminophenol as a coupling agent. A photosensitive cross‐linking agent, 2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate, was used to engender UV sensitivity to the composite. Using field emission scanning electron microscope imaging at very high magnifications, the composite film was found to exhibit a porous cross‐sectional structure. The pores were interconnected to form numerous continuous channels within the matrix and silica particles were attached to the pore wall of the polyimide host. Depending on the preparation conditions, the size of the silica particles could vary from 20 nm to a few μm. The thermal degradation temperatures, dynamic mechanical properties, glass transition temperatures, thermal expansion coefficients, and dielectric constants of various silica/polyimide composites were measured, and the results indicated that incorporation of silica could improve the thermal and dimensional stabilities of the polyimide. Also, because the silica/polyimide composite had a porous interior structure, it had a rather low dielectric constant with the lowest achievable value being 1.82. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
A kinetic study of the thermal degradation of chitosan‐metal complexes
Authors: Taboada Edelio , Cabrera Gustavo , Jimenez Romel , Cardenas Galo 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe thermal degradation of metal complexes formed by chitosan with Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Hg(II), at different metal concentrations, was studied by thermogravimetric analysis in a nitrogen atmosphere over the temperature range 25–800°C. The results indicate that thermal degradation of chitosan and chitosan‐metal ion complexes could be of one or two‐stage reaction. In the thermal degradation of chitosan with metal complexes, the temperature of initial weight loss and the temperature of maximum weight loss rate decrease. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to probe the interaction of chitosan with metal ions. The bands of NH, CO, COC groups of chitosan are shifted or change their intensity in the presence of metal. These changes in the characteristic bands are taken as evidence of the influence of metal ions on the thermal stability of chitosan. Broido's method was employed to evaluate the activation energies as a function of the degree of degradation. The presence of metal ions provoked a decrease in the thermal stability of chitosan, which became more marked when the concentration of metal was increased. The dynamic study showed that the apparent activation energy values of the main stage of the thermal degradation of chitosan‐metal complexes decrease as the strength of the polymer‐metal interaction increases. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and characterization of zein and zein/poly‐L‐lactide nanofiber yarns
Authors: Yao Chen , Li Xinsong , Song Tangying 
Published: June 2009

AbstractZein and zein/poly‐L‐lactide (PLLA) nanofiber yarns were prepared by conjugate electrospinning using coupled spinnerets applied with two high electrical voltages of opposite polarities in this article. Structure and morphology of zein yarns were investigated by SEM and X‐ray diffraction. The results showed that zein yarn consisted of large quantity of fibers with diameters ranging from several hundreds nanometers to a few microns, and zein concentration played a significant role on the diameter of nanofibers in yarns. To improve mechanical property of nanofiber yarns, PLLA was then incorporated with zein. Zein/PLLA composite nanofiber yarns conjugate electrospun from solution with concentration of 7.5% (zein, w/v)/7.5% (PLLA, w/v) exhibited tensile strength of 0.305 ± 0.014 cN/dtex. The composite yarns showed better nanofiber alignment along the longitudinal axis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
ATP‐fueled soft gel machine with well‐oriented structure constructed using actin‐myosin system
Authors: Shikinaka Kazuhiro , Takaoka Shintaro , Kakugo Akira , Osada Yoshihito , Gong Jian Ping 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFibrous actomyosin gel was obtained by applying an external shear stress to actomyosin solution injected from a syringe and then performing chemical cross‐linking. The actomyosin gel shrunk when ATP was added, and the shrinkage ratio was proportional to its ATPase activity. The shrinkage of the gel was repeatable at least for four times. Furthermore, the shrinkage of the gel enhanced the regular orientation of the actin and myosin filaments in the gel, which in turn enhanced the shrinking velocity of the gel. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009