bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GEOLOGIC MODELS AND RESERVOIR GEOMETRIES OF AUGER FIELD, DEEPWATER GULF OF MEXICO
Authors: Mcgee D.T. , Bilinski P.W. , Gary P.S. , Pfeiffer D.S. , Sheiman J.L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Located 214 miles southwest of New Orleans in 2862 ft of water, Auger Field has a world-record water depth Tension Leg Platform (TLP). Probable reserves of 220 MMBE exist in four main Plio-Pleistocene turbidite pay horizons. The field contains volatile oil and retrograde gas trapped along a deep paleoridge related to a shallow piercement salt dome and large down-to-the-north and down-to-the-east fault systems. Ten development wells will be completed during 1994. Initial production began April 15, 1994 from the first completed well.
Reservoir styles range from laterally continuous sheet sands (“S” and lower “R” and “Q”) to amalgamated channel sands with overlying levee and overbarik deposits (“N1” and “O”). Over half of the reserves, 120 MMBE, are contained in the lower Pliocene “S” sand which has an average porosity of 24% and permeability of 150 md.
The sheet sand reservoirs with their excellent lateral continuity and expected uniform drainage pattem will be developed with wide and even well spacings. The amalgamated channel reservoirs will be developed with wells placed to optimize drainage patterns around flow barriers such as shingle boundaries and faults. The understanding of reservoir geometries has led to significant project profitability gains due to better development well placements, thus reducing the number of wells required.
GREEN CANYON BLOCK 205 LITHOFACIES, SEISMIC FACIES, AND RESERVOIR ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Rafalowski John W. , Regel Bernard W. , Jordan Douglas L. , Lucidi Douglas O. 
Published: April 2012

The Green Canyon Block 205 prospect has five primary reservoirs which range in age from late Pliocene to early Pleistocene. The N1 and N3 sands, which contain 60% of the resource in the prospect, were deposited primarily as turbidites in a middle to lower slope environment within bathyal water depths. Key uncertainties which affect fluid displacement paths and displacement efficiencies were defined during a detailed reservoir characterization. These include 1) facies type and distribution, 2) reservoir architecture, and 3) reservoir continuity. A probabilistic approach allowed for the manipulation of a facies based geologic model to quantify the range of these and other reservoir uncertainties.
Geologic and geophysical data indicate that the N1 and N3 sand lithofacies and associated subenvironments are distinctly different. The N1 sand was deposited as a sand-rich early lowstand fan by aseries of low-density turbidity flows. Facies range from massive sand to thin bedded turbidites, and subenvironments include channel, channel margin, levee, interchannel/overbank, or possibly fan fringe. The N3 sand was deposited as a very sand-rich middle to late lowstand fan by a series of high density turbidity flows. It is composed of a massive sand facies within an amalgamated channel complex.
A lateral offset stacking pattern which became progressively younger to the west is the dominant architectural element for both the N1 and N3 reservoirs. Relative to the N1 sand, the N3 sand exhibits a greater degree of overlap between successive depositional units and therefore has a higher probability of amalgamation.
Drill stem test (DST) type curve analyses indicate the presence of transmissibility restrictions in both sands which correspond to discontinuities seen in the seismic data. In the N1 sand, the analyses indicate that fluid flow may not be inhibited between channel and thin bedded facies but may be restricted between laterally offset depositional units. Seismically defined amalgamation surfaces in the N3 sand do not impede fluid flow within the radius of investigation of the DST.
AN UNCONVENTIONAL MODEL FOR THE DEEP-WATER SANDSTONES OF THE JACKFORK GROUP (PENNSYLVANIAN), OUACHITA MOUNTAINS, ARKANSAS AND OKLAHOMA
Authors: SHANMUGAM G. , MOIOLA R.J. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT
The Pennsylvanian Jackfork Group in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma has conventionally been considered a classic example of a turbidite sequence deposited in a submarine-fan setting. However, the apparent “Bouma turbidite sequences” in these strata, which were used as evidence for single-event turbidity current deposition, were in reality deposited by multiple events, including debris flows and slumps. These were commonly reworked by bottom currents. Normal size grading and Bouma Sequences are essentially absent in these sandstone beds, which appear “massive” (i.e., structureless) in outcrop, but when slabbed reveal diagnostic internal features. Beds exhibit sharp and irregular upper bedding contacts, inverse size grading, floating mudstone clasts, a planar clast fabric, lateral pinch out geometries, moderate to high matrix content (up to 25%), contorted layers, and fluid escape structures. All these features are indicative of sand emplacement by debris flows (mass flows) and slumps. Mud matrix in these sandstones were sufficient to provide cohesive strength to the flow. The dominance of debris-flow and slump deposits (nearly 70% at DeGray Spillway section) and bottom-current reworked deposits (40% at Kiamichi Mountain section), and the lack of turbidites in the Jackfork Group have led us to propose a mass flow dominatewd slope setting. Conventional submarine fan models, designed for turbidite systems, are not applicable to the debris-flow emplaced and bottom-current reworked sandstone beds of the Jackfork Group. This unconventional model has direct implication for sand-body geometry and continuity because deposits of fluidal (suspension) turbidity currents are laterally more continuous than those of plastic (en masse) debris flows.
CHARACTERIZATION AND MODELING OF THIN-BEDDED TURBIDITE DEPOSITS FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO USING DETAILED SUBSURFACE AND ANALOG DATA
Authors: SHEW ROGER D. , ROLLINS DALE R. , TILLER GOTTFRIED M. , HACKBARTH CLAUDIAJ. , WHITE CHRISTOPHER D. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT
Laminated to thinly-bedded turbidite deposits have been penetrated as both primary and secondary objectives throughout the Gulf of Mexico. In the Viosca Knoll area, eastern Gulf of Mexico, several fields and multiple reservoirs are dominated by these types of deposits. Reservoir evaluation is problematic because conventional logs and 3-D seismic cannot resolve the detailed architectural elements and rock properties for reservoir characterization and delineation. Detailed core evaluations, high-resolution logs, analog studies of outcrops and a Pleistocene channel/levee complex, deterministic and probabilistic architectural models, and multiple simulations have all been used to model these reservoirs in order to address reservoir performance and economics.
Outcrop Analysis of a Sand-Rich, Basin-Floor Turbidite System, Permian Bell Canyon Formation, West Texas
Authors: Barton Mark D. , Dutton Shirley P. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Outcrops of the Bell Canyon Formation, Delaware Mountain Group, in Culberson County, Texas, were studied to better understand the sandstone depositional processes and determine the dimensions and arrangement of sandstone bodies. The depositional model developed from outcrop can be used to guide reservoir characterization of Delaware sandstone fields. The Bell Canyon Formation is a deep-water siliciclastic unit that accumulated in the Delaware Basin, located in West Texas and southeast New Mexico, during the Late Permian. The Bell Canyon is a sand-rich system that displays a net-to gross of about 70 percent. Grain size is limited to fine sand and coarse silt, and clay-size material is almost entirely lacking.
Stratigraphic relationships indicate that the outcrop sandstones were deposited in a toe-of-slope or basin-floor setting by a system of leveed channels having attached lobes and overbank splays that filled topographically low interchannel areas. Channels are largely filled with massive and cross-stratified sandstones. They are as much as 15 m thick and 100 to 300 m wide. The channels are arranged in a radial pattern that bifurcates and expands down dip. The channels are flanked on both sides by wedges composed of thinly bedded sandstones and siltstones that are interpreted as levees. The levees thin away from the channel, decreasing in thickness from 8 to 1 m over the distance of 1 km. The levees are onlapped by massive sandstones interpreted as interchannel lobes or splays. The lobes, as much as 8 m thick and 10 km wide, display a broad tabular to irregular geometry.
Individual channel-levee and lobe complexes appear to stack in a compensatory fashion and are separated by laterally continuous, meter-thick laminated siltstones. The laminated siltstones are interpreted to have been deposited by the settling of marine organic matter and airborne silt during periods when coarser particles were prevented from entering the basin. The paleogeographic setting, absence of mass-movement features, and high preservation of facies indicate that the outcrop sandstones were deposited in a basin-floor setting.
Application of Outcrop Analogs to Reservoir Characterization of Permian Deep-Water Sandstones, Bell Canyon Formation, Ford Geraldine Unit, West Texas (Delaware Basin)
Authors: Dutton Shirley P. , Barton Mark D. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Reservoirs in deep-water sandstones of the Delaware Mountain Group in West Texas and New Mexico have low primary recovery efficiency (&lt;14 percent). Reservoir characterization of a representative Delaware Mountain Group field was performed to identify geologic constraints on producibility. The Ramsey sandstone of the Bell Canyon Formation was investigated in the Ford Geraldine unit, Culberson and Reeves Counties, Texas. Outcrops of the Bell Canyon Formation in Culberson County, Texas, were studied to better interpret the depositional processes that formed the reservoirs at the Ford Geraldine unit and to determine the dimensions of reservoir sandstone bodies.
On the basis of core descriptions, subsurface mapping, and the depositional model developed from outcrop, the 0-to 60-ft-thick (0- to 18-m) Ramsey sandstone interval in the Ford Geraldine unit was interpreted to consist of sheetlike turbidite lobe deposits overlain and incised by channel and levee deposits. Because of the narrow range of grain sizes in Ramsey sandstones and the absence of detrital clay, log patterns are generally not diagnostic of facies. Comparison of sedimentary structures viewed in core to facies identified in outcrop was key to interpreting the reservoir facies. Lobe deposits consist of massive and convoluted sandstones that have load and dewatering structures, suggesting that the sandstones were deposited rapidly from high-density turbidity currents. Channel facies, which are approximately 1,200 ft (370 m) wide and 15 to 35 ft (5 to 10 m) thick, overlie and locally incise the lobe deposits. They consist of massive and crossbedded sandstones interpreted to have been deposited from high-density turbidity currents. Channel margins, characterized by rippled and convoluted sandstones interbedded with siltstones, are interpreted as channel levees formed by overbanking of low-density turbidity currents. The levees are onlapped by massive sandstones interpreted as interchannel lobes or splays. Ramsey sandstones are bounded by laterally continuous, organic-rich siltstones deposited by settling from suspension. Siltstone beds and extensively calcite cemented sandstones are the most important causes of reservoir complexity and reduced sweep efficiency.
3-D Ground-Penetrating Radar Imaging of Turbidite Outcrop Analogs
Authors: Young Roger Adams , Peterson Benjamin E. , Slatt Roger M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
High-resolution outcrop stratigraphic analysis is becoming increasingly utilized to build detailed, quantitative reservoir architectural models. With suitably long outcrops, preferably in three dimensions, this analysis can provide the best method of developing reservoir models that include hard data on continuity and connectivity of different bed types. The addition of geophysical logs and cores taken immediately behind outcrop faces provides a valuable means for geological correlation in the plane of the outcrop.
Such outcrop studies, however, do not image the interior structure of a volume. Even if an extensive distribution of boreholes has been drilled to define sedimentary units at an outcrop, the scale of significant sedimentary and structural features may still be smaller than can be captured. This type and scale of information is important because features smaller than the limit of seismic resolution may be extremely significant in determining production.
In this paper, ground-penetrating radar signatures of two very different turbidite analogs are presented. In the first case, Pennsylvanian-age, amalgamated channel sandstones, which are characterized by silica-cementation, show exceptional depth of radar penetration, and displacement of interbedded sandstones and shales extends a fault mapped in outcrop. In the second case, Cretaceous-age, channelized turbidite sandstones clearly show internal complexity within the channel fill and define the nature of the relationship between sandy fill and the adjacent thin beds.
Applications of High-Resolution Sequence Stratigraphy to Reservoir Prediction and Flow Unit Definition in Aggradational Tidal Successions
Authors: McIlroy Duncan , Flint Stephen , Howell John 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A common element of sequence stratigraphic models for ancient shallow marine systems is the shift from wave-dominated shoreface deposition during highstand to tidal/ estuarine deposition within incised valleys during early base-level rise. In this widely used model, tide-dominated sedimentation is thus restricted to specific base-level positions, which has important implications for prediction of reservoir geometry and quality. However, this model neither adequately explains nor allows reservoir prediction in aggradational tide-dominated reservoir successions. The Lower-Middle Jurassic Lajas Formation of the Neuquén Basin, Argentina, comprises 500 m of well-exposed tidedominated facies deposited within low-frequency unconformity-bounded sequences, which are tide dominated throughout. The maintenance of macrotidal conditions over several complete base-level cycles during the 8 m.y. within which the Lajas was deposited is interpreted as being due to the structural topography inherited from rifting, in which the whole sub-basin behaved as a structurally controlled estuary. Facies associations include prograding tidal deltas, stacked sandy tidal channel fills, extensive lagoonal deposits, and tidal-flat successions, which are locally cut by heterolithic tidal-channel-fill facies. Despite the narrow bathymetric depositional range of the Lajas sediments and the complex facies variability, parasequences can be defined and correlated on a kilometer scale. Unlike simpler fluvial or wave-dominated shallow marine systems, there are two types of parasequence, each with different net:gross sandstone ratios and different vertical/lateral reservoir-quality trends. These parasequences form the building blocks for accurate reservoir modeling in complex tidal reservoirs.
Multi-Scale Characterization and Modeling of Heterolithic Tidal Systems, Offshore Mid-Norway
Authors: Martinius Allard W. , Ringrose Philip S. , Næss Arve , Wen Renjun 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The Lower Jurassic Tilje Formation on the Halten Terrace, offshore mid-Norway, forms an important reservoir in a number of hydrocarbon fields. A high volume fraction (80 percent) of the formation is heterolithic in nature, showing various styles of sandstone-mudstone intercalated bedding at several scales. The depositional model is based on a general facies classification scheme applicable to all fields. The stratigraphic interval discussed was deposited in a narrow basin during overall rising relative sea level as a tide/wave-dominated, mud-rich delta with well-developed prodelta, delta-front, and estuarine-type distributary-channel facies. The main heterolithic deposits are found in the prodelta, delta-front, and distal parts of the estuarine-type distributary-channel-mouth areas, whereas relatively “clean” facies occur in medial areas of these distributaries.
Lithofacies associations are modeled in 3D using stochastic, object-based methods, and the heterolithic architecture at the lithofacies scale is modeled using a process-based sedimentary architecture tool. Multiple data sources (core, log, and outcrop-analogs) are used to establish a data-rich procedure for estimating the effective reservoir properties within a step-wise upscaling procedure. Our results show the importance of integrating multiscale data with good sedimentary models to accurately estimate reservoir properties in these heterolithic formations. We derive effective property functions (for example kv/kh) for different facies and identify important reservoir flow units using flow simulations of stochastic realizations.
Stratigraphic Correlation Surfaces and 3-D Reservoir Model Construction: Constraints from Walther’s Law Models and Outcrop Analog Data
Authors: Kerans Charles 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A critical step in 3-D reservoir model construction is interpretation of stratigraphic-framework surfaces that guide data distribution between wells. Application of outcrop-scaled Walther’s Law depositional models that include information on depositional dip and facies-tract width is a basic guide for subsurface correlations. Ramp-crest grainstone complexes from the Permian of the Guadalupe Mountains, southeast New Mexico, and the Cretaceous of the Comanche Shelf, South Texas, form the bases for models with constrained depositional dips and facies-tract widths. Facies partitioning between transgressive and highstand systems tracts (TST and HST) as shown in outcrops of the Comanche Shelf Cretaceous along the Pecos River indicates that Walther’s Law models must be calibrated to the systems tracts level to gain maximum prediction of facies distribution and stratal geometry. Lacking these calibrated Walter’s Law models, correlations tend to produce an overly homogeneous lithostratigraphic correlation scheme, such as that applied to the Permian Seminole San Andres Unit of the Permian Basin.
Integrated Geological, Geophysical, and Computer Approach for Predicting Reef Lithofacies and Reservoirs: Upper Jurassic Smackover Formation, Appleton Field, Alabama
Authors: Mancini Ernest A. , Benson D. Joe , Hart Bruce S. , Chen Hanna , Balch Robert S. , Parcell William C. , Wang Wen-Tai , Panetta Brian J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Reefs have long been known from the Upper Jurassic Smackover Formation in the Gulf Coastal Plain; however, these carbonate lithofacies have unique acoustic properties that make them difficult to define using 3-D seismic reflection technology. In the eastern Gulf Coastal Plain, microbial reef buildups occur on pre-Jurassic paleotopographic basement features on a carbonate ramp margin. Development of these buildups is a result of the interplay among paleotopography, sea-level changes, and carbonate productivity. An integrated approach of geological interpretation, computer modeling, and seismic imaging indicates that Smackover reef development is restricted to the flanks of high-relief structures, whereas on low-relief structures reef development occurred on both the crest and flanks. The combination of geological and computer modeling of parameters affecting reef development associated with pre-Jurassic paleohighs in conjunction with 3-D seismic imaging increases the chances of drilling a successful exploration well and in designing an effective field-scale reservoir management strategy.
Development of consensus treatment plans for juvenile localized scleroderma: A roadmap toward comparative effectiveness studies in juvenile localized scleroderma
Authors: Li Suzanne C. , Torok Kathryn S. , Pope Elena , Dedeoglu Fatma , Hong Sandy , Jacobe Heidi T. , Rabinovich C. Egla , Laxer Ronald M. , Higgins Gloria C. , Ferguson Polly J. , Lasky Andrew , Baszis Kevin , Becker Mara , Campillo Sarah , Cartwright Victoria , Cidon Michael , Inman Christi J. , Jerath Rita , O'Neil Kathleen M. , Vora Sheetal , Zeft Andrew , Wallace Carol A. , Ilowite Norman T. , Fuhlbrigge Robert C. ,   for the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) Localized Scleroderma Workgroup
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectiveJuvenile localized scleroderma (LS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder associated with substantial morbidity and disability. Although a wide range of therapeutic strategies has been reported in the literature, a lack of agreement on treatment specifics and accepted methods for clinical assessment has made it difficult to compare approaches and identify optimal therapy. Our objective was to develop standardized treatment plans, clinical assessments, and response criteria for active, moderate to high severity juvenile LS.MethodsA core group of pediatric rheumatologists, dermatologists, and a lay advisor was engaged by the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) to develop standardized treatment plans and assessment parameters for juvenile LS using consensus methods/nominal group techniques. Recommendations were validated in 2 face‐to‐face conferences with a larger group of practitioners with expertise in juvenile LS and with the full membership of CARRA, which encompasses the majority of pediatric rheumatologists in the US and Canada.ResultsConsensus was achieved on standardized treatment plans that reflect the prevailing treatment practices of CARRA members. Standardized clinical assessment methods and provisional treatment response criteria were also developed. Greater than 90% of pediatric rheumatologists responding to a survey (66% of CARRA membership) affirmed the final recommendations and agreed to utilize these consensus plans to treat patients with juvenile LS.ConclusionUsing consensus methodology, we have developed standardized treatment plans and assessment methods for juvenile LS. The high level of support among pediatric rheumatologists will support future comparative effectiveness studies and enable the development of evidence‐based guidelines for the treatment of juvenile LS.