bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Divergent selection for antibody production in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) using gynogenesis
Authors: Wiegertjes G F , Stet R J M , VAN Muiswinkel W B 
Published: July 2010

SummaryA base population (n = 101) of carp, consisting of a single hybrid cross, was immunized with the hapten‐carrier complex DNP‐KLH. to perform a divergent selection for antibody response. Measurement of the DNP‐specific antibody response at 12 and 21 days postimmunization, allowed the classification of a low number of individual carp as early/high (10%) or late/low (13%) responders. Three individuals defined as early/high and three defined as late/low responding, were gynogenetically reproduced to obtain corresponding homozygous progenies within one generation only. Upon immunization with DNP‐KLH, the antibody response was found to be significantly higher in the early/high responder homozygous offspring. Although the homozygosity of the offspring apparently caused a (s)lower antibody response (compared with the base population), the differences between the high and low responder offspring do indicate a genetic influence on the antibody response. The realized heritability (h2) for antibody production was estimated at 0.37 ± 0.36. The present study provides the basis for a divergent selection of homozygous inbred carp lines with a genetically controlled difference in antibody response. These inbred lines will allow us to investigate relationship(s) between immune responsiveness and resistance to infectious diseases in fish.
Genetic analysis of 38XX males with genital ambiguities and true hermaphrodites in pigs
Authors: Pailhoux E. , Cotinot C. , Popescu P. C. , Boscher J. , Legault C. , Fellous M. , Parma P. , Molteni L. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryIn pig, the frequency of intersexuality ranges from 0.1 to O.6%, depending on the breed. In a closed pig herd at INRA an intersex condition was observed in 0.75% of ‘females’. The present study describes 11 animals with a 38XX karyotype and the presence of testicular tissue. Phenotypically, all presented with abnormal external or/and internal genitalia. Southern blot analysis with Y‐specific probes (SRY and ZFY) revealed the absence of Y material in all animals tested. By polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, 10 of 11 intersex pigs lacked the SRY gene in gonad DNA. These data are compatible with an autosomally (or pseudoautosomally) determined mechanism. Moreover, analysis of familial cases seemed to indicate that 38XX male pseudohermaprodites and 38XX true hermaphrodites may represent alternative manifestations of the same genetic defect.
Polymorphism analysis of the prion gene in BSE‐affected and unaffected cattle
Authors: Neibergs H. L. , Ryan A. M. , Womack J. E. , Spooner R. L. , Williams J. L. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryPolymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers designed to amplify the octapeptide repeat region of the bovine prion gene were used to test the association of genotypes with bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE) in 56 BSE‐affected and 177 unaffected animals. Three alleles (A, B, C) were detected as single‐strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCPs) and two alleles (1,2 representing six or five copies of the octapeptide repeat respectively) were detected as amplified double‐strand fragment length polymorphisms (AMFLPs). Observed genotypes of SSCPs and AMFLPs were analysed by x‐square. The SSCP genotypes of nuclear family members of animals with BSE and BSE‐affected animals were different (P < 0.001, P < 0.01) from unrelated animals of the same breed without BSE. No genotypic differences were found between the BSE‐affected animals and their relatives (P > 0.469). No AMFLP genotypic differences were detected between BSE‐affected animals, their relatives, unrelated animals of the same breed or animals of different breeds (P > 0.05). These data suggest that BSE‐affected animals and their relatives are more likely to have the AA SSCP genotype than unrelated animals of the same breed or animals of different breeds.
A rapid protocol for sexing chick embryos (Gallus g. domesticus)
Authors: Clinton M. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryA method for establishing the sex of chick embryos before the appearance or morphological differences between males and females has been developed. DNA was isolated from 5–7‐day‐old embryos by proteinase K digestion and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with W‐chromosome specific primers. Sexing can be achieved within 1 day using as little as 1 ng template DNA.
A new buffer system for acid PAGE typing of equine protease inhibitor
Authors: Henney P. J. , Johnson E. L. , Cothran E. G. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryA new buffer system for acid PAGE typing of protease inhibitor (Pi) is described. This buffer system replaces pyridine and cacodylic acid with L‐histidine and MES, making the buffer less toxic and less expensive than the acid PAGE system commonly used but with no loss of resolution.
The cardinal principle of like attracting like generates many ubiquitous oligopeptides shared by divergent proteins
Authors: Ohno S 
Published: July 2010

AbstractActual protein amino acid sequences are very different from random assemblages of 20 varieties of amino acids. The separate survey of 20 unrelated proteins in two steps that included eight of the 18 discussed in this paper, revealed that at the level of 5000 total residues, one out of every 32 tetrapeptides appeared in two or more identical copies, whereas at the level of 10 000 total residues, the frequency was elevated to one out of every 29. It would thus appear that only 60 000 or so, out of the possible 160 000 (204) varieties of tetrapeptides, are regularly used by all proteins. These shall be defined as ubiquitous tetrapeptides. Those tetrapeptides occasionally found to be stray which did not belong to the above group of 60 000 must have been generated by new mutations. Thus, they are expected to return to the group by subsequent mutations.The above ubiquity is due to the cardinal principle of protein construction which is like attracting like. On the average, 28% of each residue is devoted to the formation of homodipeptides such as Leu‐Leu, Asn‐Asn and Trp‐Trp. Consequently, homo‐oligopeptides, pentapeptidic and longer, are readily found in two or more proteins unrelated to each other. The next in line among the ubiquitous oligopeptides are those made of similar residues. They usually contain palindromic cores such as Leu‐Val‐Leu, Ala‐Gly‐Ala and Lys‐Arg‐Lys. For example, the hexapeptide Ala‐Gly‐Ala‐Asp‐Ala‐Ala is shared between human phosphofructokinase and bacterial cytochrome C. Provided that they are longer than 60 residues, all proteins contain repeating oligopeptides, tetrapeptidic to heptapeptidic in length. The above principle of like attracting like is the very reason that hydropathic profiles of most proteins readily yield alternating stretches of hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments.
The effectiveness of using co‐dominant polymorphic allelic series for (1) checking pedigrees and (2) distinguishing full‐sib pair members
Authors: Jamieson A 
Published: July 2010

SummaryFormulae express the effectiveness of parentage exclusion tests and differences separating full‐sib pairs by compounding genotypic information on discrete examples of co‐dominant alleles segregating at gene loci on different autosomes. Such polymorphisms occur among structural genes and polymorphic DNA sequences. Two general formulae state the theoretical effectiveness of using co‐dominant alleles for (1) testing parentage and (2) distinguishing sibs. The formula for parentage exclusion tates the probability (PE) that a given series of co‐dominant alleles of known frequency should detect a falsely recorded father (or mother). The other formula describes how genetic polymorphism can distinguished closely related individuals. It states the probability (PS) that alleles distinguish the members of full‐sib pairs, dizygotic twins and tissue chimeras. To derive the two general formulae, particular formulae were calculated for n = 2,3 and 4 co‐dominant alleles. By increasing the numbers of alleles, the formulae were seen to contain recurrent patterns which were then expressed in the two general formulae for n alleles. Some examples demonstrate applications of the two formulae in problems concerning parentage and sibship.
Aspermatogenic effect of the bull seminal ribonuclease (BS RNase) in the presence of anti‐BS RNase antibodies in mice
Authors: Matous̆ek J 
Published: July 2010

SummaryInjection of mouse scrotum with the bull seminal ribonuclease (BS RNase) isolated from bull seminal vesicle fluid inhibited spermatogenesis and caused a decrease in the weight of the testes. Long‐term injection of BS RNase evoked the production of antibodies which reached the titre 524448. These antibodies did not prevent the aspermatogenic action of BS RNase in vivo when a twofold higher amount of this enzyme was injected into mouse scrotum. Aspermatogenesis was reversible in both the first and second part of the experiment. During the period of aspermatogenesis the males were sterile. Increasing the amount of BS RNase injections in the second part of experiments caused aspermatogenesis around 3 months. No malformations were observed among offspring of males recovered from the first stage of aspermatogenesis. The antigen—antibody complex prepared in vitro and injected into testes of mice evoked the same degree of aspermatogenesis as the enzyme itself.
Black‐ear gene and blood polymorphism in four southern Chinese cattle groups
Authors: Chen Y , Wang Y , Cao H , Pang Z , Yang G 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe gene for black‐ear coat colour pattern, commonly found among cattle of tropical origin, was observed in 809 animals of four breeds of local cattle in southern China. Gene frequencies for Tf, Hb and Alb demonstrated that these groups of cattle were quite divergent from Bos taurus. These breeds of cattle are thought to be descended from ancient Chinese cattle. At the same time certain influences observed in coat colour may be derived from Bali cattle.
Comparison of Thoroughbred and Arabian horses using RAPD markers
Authors: Bailey E , Lear T L 
Published: July 2010

SummaryWe compared pools of DNA from 10 Thoroughbred horses and 10 Arabian horses for the presence of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers which might be useful in distinguishing between the breeds. Using 212 decamer oligonucleotides and our polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions, 173 of the primers produced scoreable bands. The number of bands ranged from 0 to 9 with an average of 3·6. In family studies using 11 arbitrarily selected primers, five of the 11 primers produced polymorphic bands which exhibited Mendelian inheritance as dominant markers. When comparing the pooled DNA from Thoroughbred and Arabian horses we found 10 primers which identified markers present in the pooled DNA from one breed but absent in the pool from the other breed. Testing individual horses revealed that only two markers were wholly absent for one group while being present among members of the other. Primer UBC‐85 (5′‐GTGCTCGTGC‐3′) detected a pair of markers absent in Thoroughbred horses but present among 11 of 31 Arabian horses. These markers were 1500 and 1700 base pairs (bp) long and designated UBC‐85C and UBC‐85D, respectively. Primer UBC‐126 (5′‐CTTTCGTGCT‐3′) detected a 1000 bp marker (designated UBC‐126C) absent in 20 of 20 Thoroughbred horses but present in 31 of 31 Arabian horses. UBC‐126C would be particularly effective for breed comparisons, especially if the DNA band were cloned, sequenced and an allelic marker present in Thoroughbred horses but rare or absent among Arabian horses was identified. The distribution of such markers among other horse breeds might be useful to infer relationships among breeds. These kinds of markers may also be useful in detecting unwanted crossbreeding between two horse breeds.
Parentage testing and linkage analysis in the horse using a set of highly polymorphic microsatellites
Authors: Marklund S. , Ellegren H. , Eriksson S. , Sandberg K. , Andersson L. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryTen (TG)n positive clones, isolated from an equine genomic library and sequenced, contained 12–19 uninterrupted TG repeats. Primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were synthesized and nine of these (TG)n loci (HTG7‐15) were successfully amplified and utilized in this study together with five previously reported equine microsatellite loci (HTG2‐6). The PCR products were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by automated laser fluorescence detection or autoradiography. All microsatellites showed polymorphism and stable Mendelian inheritance. Differences in microsatellite variability between horse breeds were detected. A linkage analysis comprising HTG2‐15, one coat colour gene and 16 genetic blood markers enabled addition of HTG2 to linkage group U2 and a new linkage group (U6) was established comprising the loci HTG7 and HTG12. Close linkage was excluded within a set of eight microsatellites. The estimated probability of exclusion in four breeds for a parentage test based on these eight loci varied between 0.96 and 0.99.
A new phenogroup in the horse D system of red cell alloantigens found in the Caspian pony
Authors: Cothran E Gus , Long Y. G. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryA new D blood group phenogroup consisting of the specificities adeo was observed in a stallion family of Caspian ponies from Iran. An additional six undescribed genetic variants were seen in a total of 82 Iranian horses. This result suggests extensive new genetic variation may be present in domestic horses from geographic regions that have not yet received scientific attention.
Minisatellite DNA markers in the chicken genome
Authors: Bruford M W , Burke T 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThis paper reports the detailed characterization of multilocus minisatellite DNA fingerprints in the chicken. Results are presented of DNA fingerprint segregation analyses carried out in three chicken pedigrees, calculating the number of detected loci, testing for Mendelian inheritance, and cosegregation among fingerprint bands. Two pedigrees (families 1 and 2) were analysed using the Jeffreys probes 33.6 and 33.15 only, and one pedigree (family 3) was analysed using 33.6, 33.15. 3′α‐globin HVR and M13 protein III gene repeat. Mean band transmission frequencies in families 1 and 2 were near to the Mendelian expectation of 0.5 and no mutations were observed. Family 3 showed transmission frequencies slightly exceeding 0.5. Linkage among bands was higher than observed in some other avian species, with each allele represented by a mean of 1.48 HaeIII fragments. Cosegregation of heterozygous parental fragments representing distinguishable loci followed the expected binomial distribution. The number of minisatellites detectable by the four probes was estimated to be 217. The pattern of cosegregation among those minisatellite loci was tested against that expected for different levels of recombination through the use of a simulation model. We conclude that most minisatellites are unlinked and probably widely dispersed in the chicken genome.
Characterization and evolution of ovine MHC class II DQB sequence polymorphism
Authors: van Oorschot R A H , Maddox J F , Adams L A , Fabb S A 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe second exons of OLA‐DQB genes from 13 merino sheep were sequenced following amplification by the polymerase chain reaction or isolation from a cDNA library. Ten distinct exon 2 sequences, coding for 10 novel amino acid sequences, were characterized in these sheep. The single‐strand conformation polymorphism technique was shown to be capable of discriminating between all sequences. This brings the total number of different OLA‐DQB exon 2 sequences (nucleotide and amino acid) which have been characterized to 12, and demonstrates that the OLA‐DQB region is highly polymorphic with 29% of nucleotide and 46% of amino acid sites showing variation. Evidence is presented that the OLA‐DQB sequences belong to at least two lineages of DQB genes. Some ovine DQB sequences are more like bovine DQB counterparts than other ovine DQB sequences suggesting that the artiodactyl DQB gene and allele lineages predate the separation of the ovine and bovine species 20 million years ago.
Pig microsatellites isolated from cosmids revealing polymorphism and localized on chromosomes
Authors: Robic A , Parrou J‐L , Yerle M , Goureau A , Dalens M , Milan D , Gellin J 
Published: July 2010

SummaryOne of the most widely studied simple sequences in the mammalian genome is the (TG)n dinucleotide sequence. Because these microsatellites are highly polymorphic, we chose to study microsatellites from cosmids to provide genetic markers for the porcine genome. After screening a porcine cosmid library with a (CA)10 probe, 20 cosmids containing microsatellites were subcloned and 17 microsatellites identified by sequencing. Oligonucleotide primers flanking the repeat were designed for seven (TG)n microsatellites with n > 14. These seven microsatellites revealed polymorphism and were regionally assigned to chromosomes by fluorescent in situ hybridization of initial cosmids. These seven loci will be useful for both the construction of the genetic map and as landmark loci on the physical map of the porcine genome.
Microsatellite‐based parentage control in cattle
Authors: Glowatzki‐Mullis M‐L , Gaillard C , Wigger G , Fries R 
Published: July 2010

SummaryAs a new approach to parentage control we developed two multiplex coamplification polymerase chain reaction (PCR) systems containing a total of six different short tandem repeat (STR) loci; the microsatellite polymorphisms were visualized by automated fluorescence detection on the Applied Biosystems 373 DNA Sequencer with 672 Genescan Analysis software. Allele frequency data were determined from 238 animals. Thirty‐five bovine parentage control cases not solvable by conventional blood typing could be solved.
Features of the DNA fingerprinting probe pITZ1
Authors: Huebscher K J , Dolf G , Frey J , Stranzinger G , Gaillard C 
Published: July 2010

SummaryStringently controlled plasmids generate DNA fingerprint patterns in mammals when used at low hybridization temperatures. In order to develop a probe for use in paternity testing in cattle we screened a bovine, partial genomic plasmid library with the PCR‐amplified ori region of plasmid P1. Of eight isolated clones one generated strong band patterns at high stringency in various mammalian species (data not shown). Sequence analysis revealed an imperfect, compound dinucleotide repeat region, which was PCR‐amplified and cloned into the plasmid vector pUC19. Fingerprint results generated by this probe (termed pITZ1) in cattle are compared with the results generated by VNTR‐probe pV47, which itself was developed by screening a human chromosome 16 library with tandem repeats of bacteriophage M13. Probe pITZ1 is useful in conjunction with other VNTR‐probes for DNA fingerprinting in cattle and donkey populations. The dinucleotide repeat region responsible for the band patterns generated with pITZ1 is close to an Alu‐like sequence, which may be involved in eukaryotic replication mechanisms.
Mapping of the genes for rat endothelin receptor type A (ETAR) and type B (ETBR) to chromosomes 19 and 15 respectively
Authors: Cai Y , Yamada T , Xin X , Agui T , Matsumoto K 
Published: July 2010

SummaryChromosomal assignments of the genes for rat endothelin receptor type A (ETAR) and type B (ETBR) were performed by analysing somatic cell hybrid DNAs with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers specific for rat ETAR and ETBR genes. The genes for ETAR and ETBR were assigned to rat chromosomes 19 and 15 respectively.
Mutations in the sequence flanking the microsatellite at the KAP8 locus prevent the amplification of some alleles
Authors: Ede A J , Crawford A M 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe microsatellite described for the glycine‐ and tyrosine‐rich keratin locus (KAP8) in sheep was used to type nine large three‐generation families comprising the AgResearch International Mapping Flock. The apparent non‐Mendelian inheritance in these families suggested that some of the microsatellite alleles were not being amplified. Sequence analysis showed that a deletion within one of the published primer sites was the likely cause of the ‘null’ alleles. By redesigning the primer all alleles could be amplified.
Functional genes mapped on the chicken genome
Authors: Crooijmans R P M A , van der Poel J J , Groenen M A M 
Published: July 2010

SummaryMicrosatellite polymorphisms are finding increasing use in genetics. In addition to the random isolation of microsatellite markers, such markers can also be developed from sequences already present in public domain databases. An advantage of public domain databases is that these microsatellites are known to be located within or close to identified functional genes. In this study the GenBank and EMBL databases were screened for microsatellite markers and primers were defined for amplification. Subsequently, these markers were tested on a panel of five different birds from layer and broiler stocks and on the international reference families: the East Lansing reference family and the Compton reference family. Of the 33 loci tested, 25 were polymorphic on the test panel and from these 25, 14 were polymorphic in one or both reference families. Twelve of the 14 loci that could be mapped fell into previously defined linkage groups. The other two markers were not linked. Because three of the loci had previously been mapped to specific chromosomes by in situ hybridization, linkage groups E6 and C3 could be assigned to chromosome 6, E5 and C17 to chromosome 4 and E21 to one of the microchromosomes.
Analysis of the fine specificities of sheep major histocompatibility complex class II‐specific monoclonal antibodies using mouse L‐cell transfectants
Authors: Ballingall K T , Dutia B M , Hopkins J , Wright H 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe fine specificities of two panels of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for sheep major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules were determined using five mouse L‐cell transfectaents, each expressing a defined sheep DQ or DR MHC class II A/B gene pair. Using the transfectants in an indirect fluorescence antibody assay, previous immunochemical characterization of the mAbs was confirmed for 16 of 23 mAbs tested. The MHC class II subtype specificity (DQ or DR) of each mAb was assigned without interference from the products of other expressed class II loci. This allowed the identification of both cross‐locus specificities as well as defining fine specificities of mAbs previously only partially characterized by immunochemical techniques.
Discrimination between major histocompatibility complex class II DQ and DR locus products in cattle
Authors: Dutia B M , MacCarthy‐Morrogh L , Glass E J , Knowles G , Spooner R L , Hopkins J 
Published: July 2010

SummaryWe have used a panel of anti‐major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and have assessed their specificity for the products of the individual bovine MHC (BoLA) class II subregions. The mAbs identified two distinct class II molecules by affinity purification and ELISA. Two‐dimensional immunoblotting confirmed these data and NH2‐terminal sequencing of the purified class II α chains of one member of each group identified the subregion specificity of the mAbs. The mAbs VPM36, TH22A and TH81A are specific for BoLA DQ, whereas VPM54, TH14B and J11 are specific for BoLA DR. SW73.2 reacts with both MHC subgroups of all cattle tested.