bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the high temperature transport properties of thermoelectric oxides
Authors: Dragoe Nita , Berardan David , Byl Celine 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThermoelectric modules have been the subject of recent scientific interest, in part due to their remarkable potential applications, such as waste heat recovery systems for automotive applications, industrial thermal power stations, etc. Based on their superior thermal stability in air, oxides have been considered the material of choice for these high temperature applications, even though they display reduced efficiency compared to semimetals. Here we show that oxides are rather unstable at high temperature and that severe changes can occur even during measurement of their physical properties. We propose that cycling measurements should be done when reporting high temperature transport properties of materials.
Resonant Raman scattering on carbon nanotubes covalently functionalized with lithium decyne
Authors: Müller M. , Meinke R. , Maultzsch J. , Gebhardt B. , Hauke F. , Hirsch A. , Thomsen C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe present resonant Raman measurements on single‐walled carbon nanotubes covalently functionalized with lithium decyne. We study the influence of the functional moieties on the optical transitions of the nanotubes. From the extracted resonance profiles of the radial breathing modes the chiral indices of the corresponding tubes are assigned. Slight red shifts of the optical transitions are observed, which implies only a little charge transfer due to the chemical reaction. The reaction shows a pronounced diameter dependence as previously observed for comparable reactions with different addends.Carbon nanotubes covalently functionalized with decyne moieties.magnified image
Temperature dependent band gap behavior and excitons in metallic carbon nanotubes
Authors: May Patrick , Telg Hagen , Thomsen Christian , Maultzsch Janina 
Published: October 2010

AbstractResonant Raman spectroscopy is used to investigate the temperature dependence of the optical transitions of metallic and semiconducting nanotubes. While the semiconducting nanotubes show an approximately linear temperature dependence as known for bulk semiconductors, the metallic nanotubes show a different temperature dependent behavior with a non‐monotonic dependence of the transition energy on the temperature. This result can be attributed to dissociation of bound electron–hole pairs (excitons), leading to a quasi band‐to‐band transition.magnified image
First optical transition $E_{11}^{{\rm M}} $ of metallic nanotubes and sketch of a metallic (13,1) tube.
The Applications of ‘active packaging and chlorine dioxide’ for extended shelf life of fresh strawberries
Authors: Aday Mehmet Seckin , Caner Cengiz 
Published: October 2010

AbstractFresh strawberries are highly perishable because of their high respiration rates. Three alternative packaging approaches were investigated to maintain the high quality and to extend the shelf life of strawberries. These were active packaging using chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and ethylene‐moisture sachets. The quality properties of four groups of samples were measured over 3 weeks at 4°C. The groups were: control, active packaging without ClO2 treatment, active packaging with low‐dose (5 ppm) ClO2 treatment and active packaging with high‐dose (10 ppm) ClO2 treatment. Measured properties were weight loss, gas concentration, pH, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids content, texture profile and colour. Active packaging with low‐dose (5 ppm) ClO2 treatment was found to be the most effective for TA retention and for maintaining (L) brightness values. The control group showed the largest total soluble solids reduction from 7.60 to 6.57. Active packaging without ClO2 treatment showed the lowest weight loss (0.33%), while the control group showed the highest (1.86%) at the end of the storage.Active packaging with high‐dose ClO2 treatment showed the highest preference value in global appearance, colour and firmness properties. The low‐ and high‐dose active packaging groups had greater firmness, gumminess and chewiness than that of all other treatments. The results from this study showed that active packaging treatment with ClO2 and the ethylene‐moisture sachets had a beneficial effect on the quality of strawberries and could be used commercially. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Idealized modelling of landfalling cold fronts
Authors: Muir Les C. , Reeder Michael J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe effects of land surfaces, sea surfaces and coastlines on the dynamics of cold fronts are examined in an idealised two‐dimensional confluent deformation model of frontogenesis. When the deformation field is stationary, increasing the surface roughness weakens the fronts, while increasing the cross‐front ageostrophic wind and frontal updraughts. The frontogenetic effect of deformation balances the frontolytic effect of turbulent mixing, resulting in near‐steady‐state fronts. In steady state, the surface fronts are located near the point at which the cross‐front flow vanishes. This equilibrium point moves towards the warm air as the surface roughness is increased because the cross‐front ageostophic wind also increases with increasing surface roughness. Surface sensible heating weakens and slows the fronts during the day, whereas surface sensible cooling strengthens and accelerates them at night. Adding a coastline to the model results in very strong gravity‐current‐like fronts in the afternoon with a relative flow of cool air towards their leading edge. Above the boundary layer, the synoptic fronts remain unaffected by the coastline. As the turbulent mixing weakens in the late afternoon, the coastal fronts surge inland, advancing faster than the wind speed in the boundary layer. When the deformation field is allowed to translate, the fronts advance across the ocean towards land. If the fronts reach the coastline between mid‐morning and late afternoon, the daytime heating over the land opposes the onshore advection of cold air, retarding the fronts at the coastline. If the fronts reach the coastline in the evening or early morning, they advance onshore relatively unimpeded. Hence, the fronts arrive onshore preferentially in the late afternoon or evening. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Recent progress in chiral photonic band‐gap liquid crystals for laser applications
Authors: Furumi Seiichi 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article describes a brief review of recent research advances in chiral liquid crystals (CLCs) for laser applications. The CLC molecules have an intrinsic capability to spontaneously organize supramolecular helical assemblages consisting of liquid crystalline layers through their helical twisting power. Such CLC supramolecular helical structures can be regarded as one‐dimensional photonic crystals (PhCs). Owing to their supramolecular helical structures, the CLCs show negative birefringence along the helical axis. Selective reflection of circularly polarized light is the most unique and important optical property in order to generate internal distributed feedback effect for optically‐excited laser emission. When a fluorescent dye is embedded in the CLC medium, optical excitation gives rise to stimulated laser emission peak(s) at the band edge(s) and/or within the CLC selective reflection. Furthermore, the optically‐excited laser emission peaks can be controlled by external stimuli through the self‐organization of CLC molecules. This review introduces the research background of CLCs carried out on the PhC realm, and highlights intriguing precedents of various CLC materials for laser applications. It would be greatly advantageous to fabricate active CLC laser devices by controlling the supramolecular helical structures. Taking account of the peculiar features, we can envisage that a wide variety of supramolecular helical structures of CLC materials will play leading roles in next‐generation optoelectronic molecular devices. © 2010 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.201000013
Dual–systems and the development of reasoning: competence–procedural systems
Authors: Overton Willis F. , Ricco Robert B. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractDual‐system, dual‐process, accounts of adult cognitive processing are examined in the context of a self‐organizing relational developmental systems approaches to cognitive growth. Contemporary adult dual‐process accounts describe a linear architecture of mind entailing two split‐off, but interacting systems; a domain general, content‐free ‘analytic’ system (system 2) and a domain specific highly contextualized ‘heuristic’ system (system 1). In the developmental literature on deductive reasoning, a similar distinction has been made between a domain general competence (reflective, algorithmic) system and a domain specific procedural system. In contrast to the linear accounts offered by empiricist, nativist, and/or evolutionary explanations, the dual competence–procedural developmental perspective argues that the mature systems emerge through developmental transformations as differentiations and intercoordinations of an early relatively undifferentiated action matrix. This development, whose microscopic mechanism is action‐in‐the‐world, is characterized as being embodied, nonlinear, and epigenetic. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 231–237 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.120This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Development and Aging
Psychology of auditory perception
Authors: Lotto Andrew , Holt Lori 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAudition is often treated as a ‘secondary’ sensory system behind vision in the study of cognitive science. In this review, we focus on three seemingly simple perceptual tasks to demonstrate the complexity of perceptual–cognitive processing involved in everyday audition. After providing a short overview of the characteristics of sound and their neural encoding, we present a description of the perceptual task of segregating multiple sound events that are mixed together in the signal reaching the ears. Then, we discuss the ability to localize the sound source in the environment. Finally, we provide some data and theory on how listeners categorize complex sounds, such as speech. In particular, we present research on how listeners weigh multiple acoustic cues in making a categorization decision. One conclusion of this review is that it is time for auditory cognitive science to be developed to match what has been done in vision in order for us to better understand how humans communicate with speech and music. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 479–489 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.123This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Perception and Psychophysics
Influence of diet transition on serum calcium and phosphorus and fatty acids in Zoo giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)
Authors: Koutsos E.A. , Armstrong D. , Ball R. , Dikeman C. , Hetherington J. , Simmons L. , Valdes E.V. , Griffin M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn response to new recommendations for feeding giraffe in zoos, giraffe (n = 6) were transitioned from a typical hoofstock diet to diets containing reduced starch, protein, Ca and P and added n3 fatty acids. This diet was fed as a 50:50 mix with alfalfa and grass hay. Over the next 4 years, serum Ca, P, and fatty acids were measured every 6 months (summer and winter). Serum Ca was not affected by season (P = 0.67) or by diet (P = 0.12). Serum P was not affected season (P = 0.14), but was reduced by diet (P<0.01), and serum Ca:P was also increased by diet (P<0.01). The ratio of serum Ca:P tended to be affected by season (P = 0.07), in which animals tended to have greater Ca:P during the summer vs. the winter. The diet transition resulted in reduced serum saturated fatty acids (including lauric, myristic, palmitic, arachidic, and behenic acids), and increases in n6 fatty acids (including linolenic and arachidonic acids) and n3 fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid) (P<0.05 for each). Overall, this diet transition resulted in blood nutrient profiles that more closely match that of values found in free‐ranging giraffe. Zoo Biol 30:523–531, 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
All Quiet on the Eastern Front?—Temporary contract migration in Asia revisited from a development perspective
Authors: Piper Nicola 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAlthough as such not new, the revival or continuation as well as expansion of temporary contract schemes as the main method by which to regulate economic migration legally is part and parcel of a new discourse on migration policy making: ‘management of migration’. Furthermore, this discourse and concomitant policy descriptions are related to the current phase of the debate on the relationship between migration and development. The focus on managing migration in its link to development revolves around the idea that orderly, legal migration schemes can benefit sending and receiving countries’ developmental and labour market needs as well as individual migrants themselves. The welfare and rights of migrant workers, however, remain the neglected dimension in this equation. As preference is given to temporary or circular migration policies, while little attention is paid to migrants’ rights beyond the rhetorical level, the question which arises pertains to migrants’ actual capability to contribute to development. In the attempt to address this question, the normative starting point of this paper is a rights-based approach to migration and development. The argument advanced revolves around the need to re-politicize this discourse and policy prescriptions. Empirically, my discussion is based on the ‘political activist work’ carried out by the regional migrant rights network in Asia, the Migrant Forum in Asia (MFA).
AN IRRIGATED EMPIRE: THE VIEW FROM OTTOMAN FAYYUM
Authors: Mikhail Alan 
Published: October 2010

AbstractUsing both Ottoman Turkish and Arabic archival materials, this article narrates the history of irrigation in Fayyum during the first half of the 18th century. Its environmental perspective shows how a shared reliance on natural resource management bound together extremely rural regions of the Ottoman Empire like Fayyum with centers of power in Istanbul and Cairo. It seeks to make two historiographical interventions. First, its focus on irrigation reveals how the center–periphery model of early modern empires fails to capture the complexity of relationships that rural regions of the Ottoman Empire maintained with other provinces and towns both in the empire and beyond. Water in Fayyum grew food that forged connections of commodity movement with areas of the Mediterranean and Red Seas. Second, through an examination of such intraimperial and transregional ties, this article argues that Egyptian peasants held much of the power in these relationships.
THE ROLE OF SECTARIANISM IN THE ALLOCATION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE IN POSTWAR LEBANON
Authors: Salti Nisreen , Chaaban Jad 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this article is twofold. First, we aim to evaluate the records of executive branches of the Lebanese government that are involved in public social spending in terms of their ability to respond to need. Second, we attempt to uncover the criteria underlying the distribution of public social spending. The allocation of funds across sectors and administrative districts is evaluated according to a vector of the socioeconomic characteristics of each locality thought to be of relevance. We find that the association between need and spending is, at best, very loose. When we use the geographical distribution of spending and voting data from each locality to estimate each religious sect's share of public spending, we find a striking conformity between the sectarian composition of the population and each sect's estimated share of national public spending. The logic of the disbursement of public funds and the mechanism underlying the observed one-man one-dollar distribution rule—a rule with primacy over health, education, and infrastructure needs as well as imbalances across regions—is that distribution be balanced across sects.
The Effectiveness of Monetary Policy Anchors: Firm-Level Evidence
Authors: Broz J. Lawrence , Plouffe Michael 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAnalyses of monetary policy posit that exchange-rate pegs, inflation targets, and central bank independence can help anchor private-sector inflation expectations. Yet there are few direct tests of this argument. We offer cross-national, micro-level evidence on the effectiveness of monetary anchors in controlling private-sector inflation concerns. Using firm-level data from eighty-one countries (approximately 10,000 firms), we find evidence that “international” anchors (exchange-rate commitments) correlate significantly with a substantial reduction in private-sector concerns about inflation while “domestic” anchors (inflation targeting and central bank independence) do not. Our conjecture is that private-sector inflation expectations are more responsive to exchange-rate anchors because they are more transparent, more constraining, and more costly than domestic anchoring arrangements.
Oil and Revolutionary Governments: Fuel for International Conflict
Authors: Colgan Jeff D. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractOil-exporting states, or petrostates, engage in militarized interstate disputes (MIDs) at a much higher rate on average than nonpetrostates. Why is this so? Further, what explains the variation among the petrostates in adopting aggressive foreign policies and engaging in MIDs on that basis? This article develops a theory that proposes that revolutionary petrostates have a higher propensity to launch MIDs than comparable nonpetrostates. This theory is tested with statistical analysis using a new quantitative data set that identifies revolutionary governments in the period 1945–2001. The results show that petro-revolutionary governments constitute a special threat to international peace and security. This evidence of resource-backed aggression challenges the conventional view of petrostates as the targets of international competition for resources.
FERTILITY AMONG HIV-INFECTED INDIAN WOMEN: THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS
Authors: DARAK SHRINIVAS , JANSSEN FANNY , HUTTER INGE 
Published: October 2010

SummaryIn India, nearly one million women of childbearing age are infected with HIV. This study sought to examine the biological effect of HIV on the fertility of HIV-infected Indian women. This is relevant for the provision of pregnancy-related counselling and care to the infected women, and for estimating the HIV prevalence among women and children. The study used retrospectively collected data from the National Family Health Survey (2005–2006) and applied a matched case control study design to compare the effect of HIV on conception, pregnancy rates and pregnancy outcomes among HIV-infected (N=69) and HIV-non-infected (N=345) women, both unaware of their HIV status. Pregnancy rates and pregnancy outcomes were compared through non-parametric statistical tests, whereas the effect of HIV on fecundity was studied by analysing the interval between last two pregnancies using Cox regression. The pregnancy rate was observed to be lower among HIV-infected than HIV-non-infected women (RR=0.77). The difference, however, was not statistically significant (p=0.064). There was also no statistically significant difference in the interval between last two pregnancies (p=0.898). Significantly higher number of pregnancies among HIV-infected women resulted in termination because of miscarriage or stillbirths (p=0.004). Therefore, while providing clinical care and counselling to infected women, the possibility of adverse pregnancy outcomes should be considered. Due to the higher rate of adverse pregnancy outcomes, attendance of HIV-infected women at antenatal clinics might be greater, which could lead to overestimation of HIV prevalence derived from antenatal care surveillance sites.
Novel management of cervical necrotising fasciitis in a developing country: case report
Authors: Salisu A , Adeosun A A , Emma-Nzekwue N H , Abubakar S B 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjective:We report a rare case of cervical necrotising fasciitis arising from poorly managed acute tonsillitis.Case report:A 23-year-old woman presented with a two-week history of fever and an eight-day history of painful neck swelling. Nine days before presentation, she had received digital manipulation of her throat by a neighbour, which had worsened her throat pain. There was associated progressive generalised neck swelling, odynophagia, dysphagia and dyspnoea. An X-ray of the neck soft tissue showed multiple gas collections.Conclusion:Cervical necrotising fasciitis is rare and usually odontogenic in origin. It is associated with a high mortality rate. Our patient responded to aggressive daily bedside wound debridements and dressings, appropriate intravenous antibiotics and high-protein nutritional support. In this way, exploration under general anaesthesia was avoided, in a developing country with limited facilities.
Manipulation of fractured nose using mallet and champagne cork
Authors: Rollin M , De Zoysa N , Mochloulis G 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe describe an alternative method of manipulating fractured nasal bones using a surgical mallet and a champagne cork. This method enables accurate fracture reduction with minimal skin trauma, by affording the surgeon a high level of control. This method may be applied successfully to late-presenting fractures.
From Child Labor “Problem” to Human Trafficking “Crisis”: Child Advocacy and Anti-Trafficking Legislation in Ghana
Authors: Lawrance Benjamin N. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between multidimensional child advocacy campaigns and the enactment of Ghana's Human Trafficking Act (2005). I argue that while child advocacy has a rich history, the diffuse labor-oriented advocacy characteristic of the 1990s failed to articulate an achievable goal. Child labor advocacy was impotent because the diverse agencies involved adopted different positions about the permissibility of child labor. By contrast, the anti-trafficking initiatives of the early 2000s focused narrowly on legislative remedy and formulated a discourse of “crisis.” An anti-trafficking coalition built on an international regulation model that emerged from the cocoa industry. As agents of social and political change, domestic, regional, and foreign nongovernmental organizations and intergovernmental organizations played important roles in shaping debates and framing new law. The Ghanaian law, however, is of limited effectiveness because it ignores autochthonous social practices with historically rich traditions, and it enjoins a narrow, economic model for the proliferation of trafficking.
America, Germany, Israel: Three Modes of Citizenship and Incorporation
Authors: Abraham David 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn today's liberal democracies, the “social question” and the “immigration question” have become entwined as rarely before. Elites and citizens alike ask who belongs to the national political and social community of the “we” and what belonging entails in the way of rights and obligations. Under the impact of unprecedented free mobility for both capital and labor and the crises of the social welfare state, the borders and bonds of citizenship have been changing, mostly weakening. This essay takes a preliminary look at how these two questions are intertwined in the United States, Germany, and Israel.
What Can the United States Learn from Europe?
Authors: Joppke Christian 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article gives an overview of the European “immigration system,” which includes both immigration control and immigrant integration. Special attention is given to the Euro-specific division of competences between supranational and national levels, which is still evolving. Some lessons, both positive and negative, for the United States are drawn. Most importantly, there cannot be a coherent “immigration system” but only a patchwork of divided legal regimes guided by conflicting principles, with friction between them likely to be permanent.