bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
13 Draw
Authors: Piñón Christopher 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with the denotation of the object argument of verbs of creation. Through an examination of the verb draw, Piñón argues that the object of verbs of creation cannot in general denote ordinary individuals. In particular, Piñón argues for three different readings of draw a house, depending on the denotation of the object. Thus, not only ordinary individuals or images of ordinary individuals satisfy the predicate house, but abstract individuals such as house‐depictions and house‐descriptions, which are not necessarily related to ordinary individuals. He distinguishes two different ‘relational’ readings of draw a house, which involve the depiction either of a particular house or of a particular house‐description, from the ‘notional’ reading which involves a general house‐depiction, but no house or house‐description in particular. The argument is based not only on the semantic differences between the three readings, but also on the fact that in some languages (Piñón describes Hungarian) these three readings correspond to three different verbs.
Prepositions and cases in Ancient Greek
Authors: Bortone Pietro 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 4 begins the history of Greek prepositions, looking at Homeric and Classical Greek. We see prepositions competing with one another. The new “improper” prepositions ousting old “proper” synonyms, while the semantic contribution and the extent of use of cases was diminishing. Above all, new prepositions were mainly or exclusively spatial.
Drug policy and control at the international level
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caulkins Jonathan , Edwards Griffith , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Humphreys Keith , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of the global expansion of psychoactive substance use. It then discusses current international drug control treaties, the implementation of the treaties, the dominant role of the USA, and the effects of the international drug control system.
The variety of national drug policies
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caulkins Jonathan , Edwards Griffith , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Humphreys Keith , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter describes some of the observed policy variation and its sources, so that readers can better understand their own country's choices and how they are framed. It begins by describing the range of drug problems and policies in two very different countries, Mexico and Sweden. These illustrate the interconnections among problems, context, and policies. This is followed by a more parsimonious characterization of the variation in the problems and policies of seven nations: China, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Sweden, the UK, and the USA. All seven have serious drug problems that differ in nature, to which they also have responded in diverse ways. The remainder of the chapter elaborates the nature and consequences of the differences. The principal focus here is on policy variation across countries, but there is also important variation within a country. Laws are unlikely to differ much across states or municipalities, but they may be implemented in very different ways.
Summary and conclusions
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caulkins Jonathan , Edwards Griffith , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Humphreys Keith , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAt the beginning of this book it was asserted that drug policy can be improved by greater attention to scientific evidence, and thereby can better serve the public good. To justify that claim, the complex nature of drug use and drug problems was discussed, and different intervention approaches were systematically evaluated. The authors hope that by this point it has become clear that science offers a range of findings which can inform the development of effective drug policy. Nevertheless, the current patchwork of drug policy responses by modern societies and international organizations takes little account of the available research. This chapter explores the implications of this situation for policymakers and practitioners, and presents 10 scientifically grounded conclusions about drug policy.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Livy on the Horatii and the Curiatii
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter compares the accounts of the triple combat of the Horatii in the histories of Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, in order to cast light on the style and historiographical techniques of these two authors and also their debt to earlier historians. Matters discussed include both authors' use of the external audience provided by the spectators of the combat, Dionysius's debt to Herodotus and Thucydides, his self-consciously tragic writing, his obsession with akribeia, Livy's structuring of this part of his first book, and his style.
The Spur of Fame:Annals4.37–8
Authors: Pelling Christopher 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter gives a close reading of a famous speech in Tacitus, where the emperor Tiberius rejects a request to allow a temple to be built to him in Spain. The reasons he gives seem exemplary, in particular the priority he gives to genuine respect in the eyes of posterity rather than empty divine honours; and yet, Tacitus goes on to say, he was viciously criticized by contemporary observers. This episode is suggestively juxtaposed with others, with subtle verbal echoing. Just before, the accusation of Cremutius Cordus has highlighted the importance of memory, and the role of the historian in ensuring the permanence of one's fame, whether good or bad. Just after, an exchange between Tiberius and Sejanus emphasizes the difficulty of reading Tiberius's words and intentions. Taken together, the sequence helps the reader both to see the unfairness of the criticisms of Tiberius, and to understand the atmosphere of unease and mistrust in which they were not unnatural. It is too simple to ask whether Tacitus is for or against Tiberius in this passage, but such good-and-bad judgements nevertheless play a part in the reconstruction of contemporary responses, and therefore contribute substantially to the work's historical interpretation.
Friends Are Other Selves
Authors: Helm Bennett W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter offers a positive account of friendship in which at least certain kinds of friends are understood to be ‘other selves’, such that they, to a certain extent, share a capacity for autonomy. Section 8.1 examines a variety of alternative accounts of friendship and, in particular, their understanding of the kind of intimacy characteristic of friendship. The tentative, suggestive conclusion is that the intimacy of friendship crucially involves the friends being uniquely able to shape each other's thoughts, feelings, and lives, at least within particular domains defined within their friendship. They do this by ‘sharing’, in a stronger sense than that required by reciprocal love, not only their evaluative perspectives but also their activity and so their lives (within that domain). To start to make sense of such ‘sharing’, Section 2 examines standard accounts of shared activity, arguing that these accounts fail to do justice to the kind of shared activity characteristic of friendship. Section 8.3 provides an alternative account of this sort of shared activity, which gets expanded, in Section 8.4, into a general account of friendship.
6 The Economic Analysis of TPP Innovation as a Foundation for the Analysis of Soft Innovation
Authors: Stoneman Paul 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter explores the extent to which soft innovation can usefully be modelled as an economic process driven by economic incentives and subject to economic rationality, and also the extent to which the use of tools and techniques commonly employed in the standard economic analysis of innovation is still relevant in this context. Although useful in many ways, the standard literature upon the determinants of technological innovation is found to be not completely suited to the analysis of soft innovation. This is primarily due to: (i) the fact that soft innovation is mainly concerned with the introduction of new product variants, and thus models with differentiated products are most appropriate; and (ii) partly to do with difficulties in conceptualising, in the context of soft innovation, a basic component of standard models that relates expenditure on R&D to the extent of any advance.
7 The Supply of Soft Innovations
Authors: Stoneman Paul 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter considers alternative models of the supply of soft innovations relying heavily on models of product differentiation. Existing models of product differentiated markets are adapted to allow for a number of different scenarios that reflect some of the characteristics of products that may embody soft innovation. These include issues such as whether production and innovation coincide, whether the product is durable or not, whether the service flow requires hardware and software, and whether there are standards and compatibility issues. Of particular interest (because it fits the examples of books, recorded music and video games) is the consideration of models where product variants are usually only bought once and continuation of the market requires continual launching of new product variants.
Adpositions from the semantic point of view
Authors: Hagège Claude 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter presents the main meanings that are marked, crosslinguistically, by adpositions (Adps), distributing them in various domains, according to what we observe in languages. But before doing so, it is in order to show — since syntactic facts, studied in Chapter 4, and semantic facts, studied here, are closely related — what this relationship consists of as far as Adps are concerned. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 5.1 begins with a study of the relationship between syntactic and semantic facts. Section 5.2 examines some aspects of the contribution of Adp-phrases to meaning, based on the semantic behaviour of Adps and their organization into a system of relationships between semantic functions. Section 5.3 presents the semantic domains — groups of semantic functions — that can be distinguished as those between which Adps are distributed crosslinguistically.
Persons, Interests, and Justice
Authors: Holtug Nils 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis is a book on welfare and its importance for distributive justice. Part I is concerned with prudence; more precisely, with what the necessary and sufficient conditions are for having a self‐interest in a particular benefit. It includes discussions of the extent to which self‐interest depends on preferences, personal identity, and what matters in survival. It also considers the issue of whether it can benefit (or harm) a person to come into existence and what the implications are for our theory of self‐interest. A ‘Prudential View’ is defended, according to which a person has a present self‐interest in a future benefit if and only if she stands in a relation of continuous physical realization of (appropriate) psychology to the beneficiary, where the strength of the self‐interest depends both on the size of the benefit and on the strength of this relation. Part II concerns distributive justice and so how to distribute welfare or self‐interest fulfilment over individuals. It includes discussions of welfarism, egalitarianism and prioritarianism, population ethics, the importance of personal identity and what matters for distributive justice, and the importance of all these issues for various topics in applied ethics, including the badness of death. Here, a version of prioritarianism is defended, according to which, roughly, the moral value of a benefit to an individual at one time depends on both the size of the benefit and on the individual's self‐interest, at that time, in the other benefits that accrue to her at this and other times.
Population Ethics
Authors: Holtug Nils 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, the implications of prioritarianism for population ethics are considered. The claim, defended in Chapter 5, that it can benefit (or harm) an individual to come into existence may seem to suggest that the existence of extra individuals may contribute to outcome value. However, if we allow prioritarianism to apply to possible future individuals it implies the Repugnant Conclusion, the Negative Repugnant Conclusion and even the ‘Super‐repugnant Conclusion’. Therefore, various ways in which prioritarians may attempt to avoid these conclusions are discussed, including non‐additive functions, restricting the scope of prioritarianism to various modal classes of individuals, and opting for pluralism. However, it is argued that none of these ‘solutions’ works. Finally, what seem to be the three main options are listed, including that of simply embracing these ‘repugnant conclusions’, and it is explained how each is compatible with prioritarianism.
1 Signals
Authors: Skyrms Brian 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWhatever one thinks of human signals, it must be acknowledged that information is transmitted by signaling systems at all levels of biological organization. Monkeys, birds, bees, and even bacteria have signaling systems. Multicellular organisms are only possible because internal signals coordinate the actions of their constituents. This chapter addresses two main questions: How can interacting individuals spontaneously learn to signal? How can species spontaneously evolve signalling systems? It discusses how we can bring contemporary theoretical tools to bear on these questions.
5 Evolution in Lewis Signaling Games
Authors: Skyrms Brian 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSignaling systems had been shown to be the only evolutionarily stable strategies in n-state, n-signal, and n-act signaling games. They were the only attractors in the replicator dynamics. In simple cases, it was clear why almost every possible starting point was carried to a signaling system. This chapter considers how far these positive results generalize.
6 Deception
Authors: Skyrms Brian 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter shows that in all kinds of signaling systems in nature there is information transmission which is sufficient to maintain signaling, but there is also misinformation and even deception. Misinformation is straightforward. If receipt of a signal moves probabilities of states it contains information about the state. If it moves the probability of a state in the wrong direction — either by diminishing the probability of the state in which it is sent, or raising the probability of a state other than the one in which it is sent — then it is misleading information, or misinformation. If misinformation is sent systematically and benefits the sender at the expense of the receiver, then it is deception.
11 Networks I: Logic and Information Processing
Authors: Skyrms Brian 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the combination of simple signals to form complex signals. When multiple senders convey different information to a receiver (or to multiple receivers) the receiver is confronted with a problem of information processing. How does one take all these inputs and fix on what to output — what to do? Logical inference is only part of this bigger problem of information processing. It is a problem routinely solved every second by our nervous system as floods of sensory information are filtered, integrated, and used to control conscious and unconscious actions.
10 Monitoring and Evaluation Reform under Changing Aid Modalities
Authors: Holvoet Nathalie , Renard Robrecht 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter grew out of our bewilderment with the insouciance with which some in the donor community seem ready to abandon accounting for the use of aid. If one listens to the rhetoric surrounding the new approach to aid, one gets the impression that most of the crucial accounting tasks must be swiftly abandoned by donors and left to recipient governments. This chapter does not question the underlying rationale for shifting towards recipient-led priority setting and control over implementation of aid resources, but argues that donors cannot let themselves off the hook so easily with respect to the accountability part of the equation. We argue that in most low-income countries such trust in recipient systems may be dubbed as over-alignment, and that it is neither necessary nor useful. Our argument is however not that old style donor-managed monitoring and evaluation is the only or the best solution. For we are equally puzzled by the stubbornness with which some other donors stick to their old monitoring and evaluation (M&E) in ways that contradict the new insights in aid effectiveness and hamper the emergence of national M&E systems. Why are positions so polarized and why is hardly anyone arguing in favour of intermediate positions? This is what this chapter sets out to do: we argue against a radical and rapid implementation of the new rhetoric in low-income countries, but also against a continuation of present accountability practices. Donors have a large and lasting responsibility in accounting for the use of aid funds, both towards the taxpayers in donor countries and towards the targeted beneficiaries in the at best pseudo-democratic and poorly governed low-income recipient countries. They should find new ways to remain firmly involved in M&E, ways that allow, at the same time, embryonic national M&E systems in low-income recipient countries to grow and flourish.
1 Introduction
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of empirical representation, which is the most basic type of representation of the physical environment. It outlines the three primary themes of the book: that objective representation is the basic sort of representation; that objectivity and representation begin in perception; and that perception is a very widespread and primitive capacity, present in numerous animals other than human beings. The chapter then analyzes the syndrome that dominated 20th-century philosophizing regarding constitutive conditions for empirical representation of the physical environment. It presents the author's standpoint, which is grounded in anti-individualism. This view provides a starting point for distinguishing representation from broader correlational phenomena, and perception from more generic sensory capacities.
4 Individual Representationalism in the Twentieth Century's First Half
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 1 described two families of Individual Representationalism. Both hold that objective representation of entities in the physical environment constitutively depends on the individual's representation of preconditions for objectivity. First-family views maintain that representation of particulars in the physical environment depends on prior representation of other sorts of particulars. Second-family views maintain that representing general preconditions for objectivity are necessary for the possibility, indeed often intelligibility, of representation of environmental entities. This chapter focuses on first-family views that dominated the first half of the 20th century.
Disconnecting Constitutions from Statehood
Authors: Preuss Ulrich K. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that the essence of constitutionalism is misunderstood if it is too directly linked to the concept of statehood. The principle of territoriality — which is the essence of statehood — was made effective by the absolutist state and that the key feature of constitutionalism has been to overcome the logic of the absolutist state. This has been done by linking sovereignty not so much to territory as to a people. Exploring this latter relation, the chapter argues that constitutionalism maintains the potential to overcome its historic links with statehood and to provide a means of normative integration of institutional arrangements at the transnational level.
Chapter 9 Institutional Bricolage and Global Governmentality
Authors: Cerny Philip G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter continues the theme of governmentality by addressing the thorny problem of how international regimes, institutions, and other forms of so-called global governance fit into this picture. It argues that the ad hoc, trial-and-error, and issue-specific character of the development of these institutional structures — what anthropologists call bricolage — constitutes a fundamentally uneven, sometimes schizophrenic, and very often inefficient quasi-superstructure for both the top-down tackling of global or transnational challenges, and the bottom-up pursuit of those interests and values most highly prioritized by transnational (as well as domestic and local) interest and value groups.
Chapter 13 Rescaling the State and the Pluralization of Marxism
Authors: Cerny Philip G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter looks at recent developments in neo-Marxist theory, especially those varieties of Marxism that have, intentionally or inadvertently, introduced more pluralistic or neopluralistic factors into the analysis. The main focus is on the version of neo-Marxism that looks at the “rescaling of statehood,” that is, those authors who have addressed the problem of globalization by analyzing altered playing fields of various kinds; what has been called the search for a new spatiotemporal fix for capitalism. This version, and other versions, too, bring further into question some of the basic problems of the theory of capitalism itself, especially the Marxist version of the labor theory of value. Marxism may have been out of fashion in the late 20th century and often ignored by academics, but the financial crisis and recession of 2008-2009 revived interest in alternatives to neoliberal globalization. It is argued that basic flaws in the Marxist critique continue to make such attempts problematic.
Computing biological functions using BioΨ, a formal description of biological processes based on elementary bricks of actions
Authors: Pérès Sabine , Felicori Liza , Rialle Stéphanie , Jobard Elodie , Molina Franck 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Motivation: In the available databases, biological processes are described from molecular and cellular points of view, but these descriptions are represented with text annotations that make it difficult to handle them for computation. Consequently, there is an obvious need for formal descriptions of biological processes.
Results: We present a formalism that uses the BioΨ concepts to model biological processes from molecular details to networks. This computational approach, based on elementary bricks of actions, allows us to calculate on biological functions (e.g. process comparison, mapping structure–function relationships, etc.). We illustrate its application with two examples: the functional comparison of proteases and the functional description of the glycolysis network. This computational approach is compatible with detailed biological knowledge and can be applied to different kinds of systems of simulation.
Availability: www.sysdiag.cnrs.fr/publications/supplementary-materials/BioPsi_Manager/
Contact: sabine.peres@sysdiag.cnrs.fr; franck.molina@sysdiag.cnrs.fr
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.