bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 17-min orbital period in the ultracompact X-ray binary 4U 0513-40
Authors: Fiocchi M. , Bazzano A. , Natalucci L. , Landi R. , Ubertini P. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The ultracompact low-mass X-ray binary 4U 0513-40 in the globular cluster NGC1851 exhibits large amplitude X-ray flux variations with spectral changes from low/hard to high/soft states which have not been reported previously in other ultracompact X-ray binaries. Using BeppoSAX, Chandra and XMM-Newton archival data together with recent INTEGRAL observations, we reveal a clear sinusoidal periodic signal with a period of ∼17 min when the source is in a typical high/soft state with a dominant soft thermal component. The periodicity disappears when the source is in a low/hard state and the thermal soft component is not required any more to model the data. These properties indicate the orbital nature of the detected signal and imply an high inclination angle of the binary system (&gt;80°).
Prevalence of major enteric pathogens in Australian dairy calves with diarrhoea
Authors: Izzo MM , Kirkland PD , Mohler VL , Perkins NR , Gunn AA , House JK 
Published: April 2011

Objective Determine the prevalence of the major enteric pathogens in dairy and dairy beef calves with diarrhoea in Australia.Design Cross‐sectional study.Methods Faecal samples from 84 Australian dairy and dairy beef properties (597 samples) were screened for rotavirus and coronavirus using real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, forSalmonellaspp. using selective enrichment faecal culture, and for enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(K99) andCryptosporidium parvumusing a commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. A logistic regression with random effects model was used to compare prevalence of pathogens in dairy and dairy beef operations.Results Enteric pathogens were isolated from 97.6% of outbreaks and 95.0% of samples. Rotavirus was the most common pathogen identified (477/597, 79.9%) followed byC.parvum(349/597, 58.5%),Salmonellaspp. (142/597, 23.8%), coronavirus (129/597, 21.6%) andE. coliK99 (104/597, 17.4%). Multiple pathogens were identified on 96.4% of farms and from 71.0% of samples. Samples from dairy beef properties were more likely to have multiple pathogens than dairy properties (P < 0.05), whereas rotavirus andSalmonellaspp. were more likely to be identified in samples collected from dairy beef than dairy properties (P < 0.05).Conclusion Most outbreaks of calf diarrhoea in dairy and dairy beef operations involve multiple pathogens. Rotavirus andC. parvumwere the most frequently identified pathogens across production systems.Salmonellaspp. and rotavirus were more frequently identified in dairy beef operations.
Minimising the development of anthelmintic resistance, and optimising the use of the novel anthelmintic monepantel, for the sustainable control of nematode parasites in Australian sheep grazing systems
Authors: Dobson RJ , Hosking BC , Besier RB , Love S , Larsen JWA , Rolfe PF , Bailey JN 
Published: April 2011

Objective  To compare the risk of different treatment scenarios on selecting for anthelmintic resistance on Australian sheep farms.Design  A computer simulation model predicted populations of Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Haemonchus contortus or Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta, and the frequency of anthelmintic resistance genes.Method  Nematode populations and the progression of drug resistance for a variety of treatment options and management practices in sheep‐rearing areas of Western Australia (WA), Victoria (VIC) and New South Wales (NSW) were simulated. A scoring system was devised to measure the success of each option in delaying resistance to each anthelmintic and in controlling nematode populations.Results  The best option at all sites was combining the new anthelmintic (monepantel) with a triple mixture of benzimidazole, levamisole and abamectin (COM). The next best option was: in NSW, rotation at each treatment between monepantel, moxidectin and COM; in VIC, rotation at each treatment between monepantel and COM; and in WA, rotation at each treatment between monepantel (used in winter) and COM or moxidectin (used in summer–autumn). In WA, rapid selection for resistance occurred as a consequence of summer–autumn treatments; however, if a small percentage of adult stock were left untreated then this selection could be greatly reduced. Despite purposely assuming relatively high resistance to benzimidazole and levamisole, COM was still effective in controlling worms and delaying resistance.Conclusions  Because of cost constraints, it may not be feasible or profitable for producers to always use the combination of all drugs. However, the second‐ and third‐best options still considerably slowed the development of anthelmintic resistance.
Unusual maxillary branch paraesthesia after an articaine inferior alveolar nerve block
Authors: Koshal S. , Eyeson J.D. , Patel J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackground:  There are a number of reported complications of inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block administration. One of these complications is that of neurosensory disturbance, which may be attributed to the block technique or type of local anaesthetic used. The authors present a case of an unusual and largely unreported complication of maxillary branch paraesthesia following an articaine IAN block.Case description:  A patient developed neurosensory disturbance of the facial nerve, maxillary and mandibular divisions of the trigeminal nerve following the administration of an IAN block for restorative dentistry. He returned 3 days after the IAN block with anaesthesia of both upper and lower left lip, cheek, tongue and loss of taste on the ipsilateral side. Neurosensory testing a year post‐injury still showed neurosensory impairment in the maxillary and mandibular distributions of the trigeminal nerve.Discussion:  The mechanism of nerve injury post‐IAN administration is explored and the relevance of articaine local anaesthetic solution is considered.
Correlation of worldwide incidence of type 1 diabetes (DiaMond) with prevalence of asthma and atopic eczema (ISAAC)
Authors: Fsadni Peter , Fsadni Claudia , Fava Stephen , Montefort Stephen 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIntroduction:  Environmental factors play a role in pathogenesis of both type 1 diabetes and atopic disease but they remain incompletely understood. T cell‐mediated responses primarily of the T helper type 1 (Th1) are involved in type 1 diabetes while T helper type 2 (Th2) responses favour allergic disease. This TH 1/TH 2 paradigm is currently the source of much controversy in various studies.Objective:  The aim of the study was to compare the reported country incidence of type 1 diabetes with the prevalence of atopic disease.Methods:  The prevalence of wheeze, rhinitis, rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema in the preceding 12 months in the 13‐ to 14‐year‐old age group was taken from The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood phase 1 study. These were compared to the age specific incidence of type 1 diabetes in children per 100 000 per year obtained from the Diabetes Mondiale Project Group study from those countries participating in both studies. Data collected from these 31 countries together with latitude was analysed using a Pearson correlation and significance analysis. A multiple regression analysis determined the confounding effect of latitude.Results:  The incidence of type 1 diabetes was found to have a positive correlation with both wheezing (P = 0.009) and atopic eczema (P < 0.01). There was a no correlation between the incidence of type 1 diabetes and the prevalance of rhinitis (r = 0.02, P = 0.88) or of rhinoconjunctivitis (r = 0.026, P = 0.88). Latitude correlated negatively with type 1 diabetes and positively with rhinitis and rhinoconjnctuvits; it was not significantly correlated with wheeze or eczema. Regression analysis showed that latitude is a significant confounding factor in the correlation of rhinitis (P value <0.0008) and rhinoconjunctivitis (P value <0.0003) with diabetes.Conclusions:  The study suggests that common environmental and/or genetic factors predispose to type 1 diabetes, wheezing and atopic eczema while factors predisposing to rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis appear to be distinct from those predisposing to type 1 diabetes.Please cite this paper as: Fsadni P, Fsadni C, Fava S and Montefort S. Correlation of worldwide incidence of type 1 diabetes (DiaMond) with prevalence of asthma and atopic eczema (ISAAC). Clin Respir J 2012; 6: 18–25.
Inspiratory conductance: an alternative index of the relationship between inspiratory effort and airflow with potential for clinical use
Authors: Allen Stephen , Brown Ian , Khattab Ahmed , Bagust Jeff 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIntroduction and Objectives:  There is a need for a measure of airway status that is easier for patients to use. If airflow is briefly occluded at the onset of inspiration, the maximum rate of pressure fall, dP/dtmax can be measured. After the occlusion is released, the maximum rate of change of inspiratory airflow (dF/dtmax) can be measured and expressed as a ratio of dP/dtmax to generate an index of inspiratory conductance (IC). We explored the characteristics of IC as a preliminary step towards developing it as an easy‐to‐use alternative.Methods:  To measure IC, we constructed an apparatus consisting of a pneumotachograph, a low‐resistance spring‐loaded valve and a pressure transducer to measure airflow and pressure drop at the start of inspiration. We studied 30 healthy adults to define the values of the index, its stability and its response to external inspiratory resistive loads.Results:  Mean IC was 2.49 (SD 0.96) Ls−1kPa−1, with no significant difference between men and women. The index was stable with a mean long‐term variation of 11.25% around the normalised mean, compared with 2.1% for forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and within‐test variation <5%. In response to external resistive loading, IC fell in a non‐linear but consistent manner from 3.96 (0.32) to 0.96 (0.10) Ls−1kPa−1 across an added resistance range of 0–70 kPasL−1.Conclusion:  We showed that IC was measurable with a minimal need for subject participation. It was stable and reproducible in normal individuals and responded to added inspiratory resistive loads in a way that suggested it could be of clinical utility.Please cite this paper as: Allen S, Brown I, Khattab A and Bagust J. Inspiratory conductance: an alternative index of the relationship between inspiratory effort and airflow, with potential for clinical use. Clin Respir J 2012; 6: 26–34.
Integumental reddish‐violet coloration owing to novel dichromatic chromatophores in the teleost fish, Pseudochromis diadema
Authors: Goda Makoto , Ohata Mihoko , Ikoma Hayato , Fujiyoshi Yoshinori , Sugimoto Masazumi , Fujii Ryozo 
Published: April 2011

SummaryIn the reddish‐violet parts of the skin of the diadema pseudochromis Pseudochromis diadema, we found novel dichromatic chromatophores with a reddish pigment and reflecting platelets. We named these novel cells ‘erythro‐iridophores’. In standard physiological solution, erythro‐iridophores displayed two hues, red and dark violet when viewed with an optical microscope under ordinary transmission light and epi‐illumination optics, respectively. Under transmission electron microscopy, however, we observed no typical red chromatosomes, i.e., erythrosomes, in the cytoplasm. High‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of the pigment eluted from the erythro‐iridophores indicated that carotenoid is the main pigment generating the reddish color. Furthermore, when the irrigating medium was a K+‐rich saline solution, the color reflected from the erythro‐iridophores changed from dark violet to sky blue, but the red coloration remained. The motile activities of the erythro‐iridophores may participate in the changes in the reddish‐violet shades of the pseudochromis fish.
Tadalafil Administered Once Daily for Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Korean men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Results from a Placebo‐Controlled Pilot Study Using Tamsulosin as an Active Control
Authors: KIM Sae Chul , PARK Jong Kwan , KIM Sae Woong , LEE Sung Won , AHN Tai Young , KIM Je Jong , PAICK Jae Seung , PARK Nam Cheol , PARK Kwangsung , MIN Kweon Sik , KRAUS Stephen R. , SECREST Roberta J. , ELION‐MBOUSSA Albert , VIKTRUP Lars 
Published: April 2011

Objectives: Assess the efficacy and safety of once‐daily tadalafil or tamsulosin versus placebo during 12 weeks on lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in Korean men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Methods: Following a 4‐week placebo run‐in period, 151 Korean men were randomly assigned to receive once‐daily tadalafil 5 mg, tamsulosin 0.2 mg, or placebo for 12 weeks.Results: The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) least squares mean changes from baseline to endpoint were numerically but not significantly improved in the tadalafil (−5.8) and tamsulosin (−5.4) groups compared with placebo (−4.2, P > 0.05). Decreases in IPSS obstructive and irritative subscores, IPSS Quality of Life score, and BPH Impact Index from baseline to endpoint were largest in the tadalafil group followed by tamsulosin, though none separated significantly from placebo. Increases in maximum urinary flow rate were small and not significantly different than placebo; the increase was largest in the tadalafil group (2.5 mL/sec), followed by the placebo (2.3 mL/sec) and tamsulosin (2.1 mL/sec) groups. The percentage of subjects reporting at least one treatment‐emergent adverse event was 26.5, 13.7 and 3.9% in the tamsulosin, tadalafil and placebo groups, respectively.Conclusions: In this pilot study in Korean men, those with BPH and treated with tadalafil 5 mg or tamsulosin 0.2 mg once daily experienced a reduction in LUTS, which was numerically (but not statistically) significant compared with the placebo. Tadalafil was well tolerated and few subjects discontinued the study due to treatment‐emergent adverse events. Larger studies in Asian men with BPH and LUTS treated with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are needed.
Comparison of the Effects by Obybutynin and Tolterodine on Spina Bifida Patients: A Pilot Crossover Study
Authors: KANEMATSU Akihiro , JOHNIN Kazuyoshi , YOSHIMURA Koji , IMAMURA Masaaki , OGAWA Osamu 
Published: April 2011

Objectives: To compare the effects of obybutynin and tolterodine in neurogenic bladder patients with spina bifida in a crossover study.Methods: Seven myelomeningocele and one spinal lipoma cases, maintained with obybutynin and clean intermittent catheterization for more than 60 months, were enrolled. Age ranged from 8 to 23 years (mean 12.0, male/ female = 2/6). After 2 weeks of washout period, obybutynin (0.3 mg/kg, maximum 12 mg) or tolterodine (0.12 mg/kg, maximum 4 mg) was administered for 4 weeks, and then switched to the other drug for 4 weeks. At the end of the three periods, the patients and/or parents documented urinary storage status and adverse effects, and urodynamic study was performed.Results: In seven cases undergoing sequential urodynamic study, the baseline compliance of the patients (6.81 ± 1.83) increased to 9.98 ± 4.97 by obybutynin and 10.16 ± 2.53 by tolterodine (P < 0.05 for each). Better compliance was noted in two cases with tolterodine and in two cases with obybutynin. Stronger adverse effects were reported in three out of eight patients (37.5%) by obybutynin and three out of eight patients (37.5%) by tolterodine. Although storage effect and side effects were equivalent for total patients, markedly diverse response was noted for each patient, with five choosing tolterodine and three choosing obybutynin.Conclusions: Individualized evaluation is required for optimal choice of anticholinergics.
Information Content of Changes in Index Composition*
Authors: Yun Jooyoung , Kim Tong S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis study examines the effect of changes in the Korea Stock Exchange Price Index to determine the main cause of abnormal return behavior. It tests five prevailing hypotheses individually and simultaneously using both added and deleted stocks during the event window. We find evidence of permanent price effects and of temporary price pressure around the effective date. The results show that the return behavior of added and deleted stocks can be explained by the information content hypothesis. The indexing methodology conveys the valuable information that the added stocks showed good performance and better earnings relative to both the market and the same industry average while the deleted stocks showed the opposite. In conclusion, member changes in the Korea Stock Exchange Price Index are not information‐free events.
Dark Side of Institutional Shareholder Activism in Emerging Markets: Evidence from China’s Split Share Structure Reform*
Authors: Zeng Yamin , Yuan Qingbo , Zhang Junsheng 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the role that institutional investors played exploiting the split share structure reform launched in 2005 in China. Since that time, non‐tradable majority shareholders have had to compensate minority tradable shareholders to obtain the rights to transfer their shares in the capital markets. The compensation ratio proposed by non‐tradable majority shareholders needs to be approved in at least two‐thirds of the votes cast by tradable shareholders, among which the most powerful are the institutional investors. Our study finds that institutional investors actively participate in voting, but their activism is beneficial to majority shareholders rather than minority shareholders. Specifically, we find a significant negative relation between institutional shareholdings and (i) the initial compensation ratio, (ii) the probability and amount of the upward revision of the initial compensation ratio during the bargaining process, and (iii) the final compensation ratio. Collectively, our results suggest that institutional shareholders are more likely to collude rather than fight with controlling shareholders in emerging markets where investor protection is weak.
“I love my ECPs”: challenges to bridging emergency contraceptive users to more effective contraceptive methods in Ghana: Table 1
Authors: L'Engle Kelly Ladin , Hinson Laura , Chin-Quee Dawn 
Published: April 2011

Background and methodsEmergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) are becoming more popular, yet little is known about the contraceptive preferences of women who take ECPs. Women purchasing ECPs were recruited from pharmacies in Accra, Ghana. A total of 24 semi-structured, qualitative interviews were conducted in May 2008.ResultsNearly all participants preferred ECPs to other contraceptive methods. Although fear of side effects from oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), intrauterine devices and injectables were deterrents to use of those methods, side effects from ECPs were acceptable to this small and highly self-selected group of ECP users. Participants had little knowledge about how other contraceptive methods work and expressed a strong distrust and dislike of condoms.Discussion and conclusionStudy participants loved their ECPs, despite minor discomforts like bleeding, and most had no concerns about repeated use, though these findings may not apply to women outside Accra or women who obtain ECPs from non-pharmacy settings. Future interventions should work to dispel myths about OCPs, condoms and other modern methods, and focus on basic contraception education.
LOGIC AND ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS WITH A CONSTANT NUMBER OF STEPS IN MEMBRANE COMPUTING
Authors: FUJIWARA AKIHIRO , TATEISHI TAKESHI 
Published: April 2011

In the present paper, we propose P systems that work in a constant number of steps. We first propose two P systems for computing multiple input logic functions. An input of the logic functions is a set of n binary numbers of m bits, and an output is a binary number defined by the logic functions. The first and second P systems compute AND and EX-OR functions for the input, and both of the P systems work in a constant number of steps by using O(mn) types of objects, a constant number of membranes, and evolution rules of size O(mn). Next, we propose a P system for the addition of two binary numbers of m bits. The P system works in a constant number of steps by using O(m) types of objects, a constant number of membranes and evolution rules of size O(m2). We also introduce a P system that computes the addition of two vectors of n binary numbers of m bits by using the above P system as a sub-system. The P system for vector addition works in a constant number of steps by using O(mn) types of objects, a constant number of membranes, and evolution rules of size O(m2n).
When a Constitutional Amendment Violates the "Substantive Core": The Czech Constitutional Court's September 2009 Early Elections Decision
Authors: Williams Kieran 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn September 2009, the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic blocked the early dissolution of the lower house of the national legislature, as it had not taken place in the set of circumstances envisioned by the 1992 Czech Constitution. Instead, it had taken place by a special ad hoc constitutional amendment to shorten the normal term of office. The Court ruled that this amendment, although enacted in the correct procedure, violated core values of the Constitution. This article provides a full background to the case, analysis of the arguments developed by the petitioner, the court's reasoning, the impact of the decision and comparison with similar rulings by the high courts in other countries.
Sperm development and structure in Bursaphelenchus mucronatus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoidea: Aphelenchoididae)
Authors: Yushin Vladimir , Ryss Alexander 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSpermatogenesis in Bursaphelenchus mucronatus, described using TEM, is similar to that of the 'rhabditid' nematodes. The development includes formation of complexes of fibrous bodies (FB) and membranous organelles (MO) which appear in spermatocytes; the complexes dissociate in the spermatids; the immature sperm contains separate FB and MO and transformation continues only after activation in the female gonoduct. The spermatheca contains mature spermatozoa as bipolar cells subdivided into one large pseudopod and a main cell body containing a nucleus without a nuclear envelope, numerous mitochondria and peripheral membranous organelles opening to the exterior via pores. Pale reticulate bodies appearing in the B. mucronatus spermatids have no analogies in other nematode spermatogeneous cells. An unusual feature of B. mucronatus spermatozoa is the presence of a very large knob-like projection on each MO marking the pole which joins to the sperm plasmalemma to form a specific pore during in utero spermatozoon activation. The spermatogenesis of B. mucronatus resembles that of Aphelenchoides blastophthorus, although transparent vesicles in spermatids and spermatozoa, filopodia with microtubule-like fibres of immature spermatozoa, eccentric nucleus and multiple pseudopods of the mature spermatozoa distinguish spermatogenesis of the latter from the former. Spermatogenesis includes distinct cytomorphological features that may possibly be used to separate the Bursaphelenchus species and trace their phylogenetic relations.