bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2 Making Peace
Authors: Marshall Peter J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The peace between Britain and America was the achievement on the British side of Lord Shelburne. He had opposed the war and hoped that the Americans would return to a close relationship with Britain short of full independence. Initially he was prepared to give them generous terms over their territorial and other claims. He was, however, to discover that the Americans would not compromise on full independence, which he reluctantly conceded, and that any settlement with them would involve highly contentious issues, such as what was to be done for loyalists who had sided with Britain or what were to be the boundaries of the remaining British American colonies. To attain a quick peace, Britain yielded on most points. Concessions were denounced in the press and in parliament leading to Shelburne’s resignation.
4 The Challenge of Great Britain
Authors: Marshall Peter J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The impact of the war varied in severity throughout America, generally leaving the bitterest legacy in the south. After the war Britain was widely conceived still to be hostile to America, trying to curb her maritime commerce, to detach the new western settlements and even to subvert American morals by exporting luxury goods. Americans resented the slighting way in which their society and institutions were generally portrayed in the British press. Assessments of Britain varied from those like Thomas Jefferson, who saw her as irredeemably corrupted and bent on the overthrow of American republicanism, to Alexander Hamilton, for whom the power of the British state and Britain’s recent economic development were models for America to emulate.
Palliative Medicine
Authors: Oneschuk Doreen , Hagen Neil , MacDonald Neil 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Palliative care is now an integral part of the undergraduate medical curriculum. Medical education across the board is adopting a case-based approach. This book uses a series of cases to illustrate critical points in palliative medicine. The case-studies have been carefully chosen to reflect real life clinical practice. The chapters illustrate, through the case studies, the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required in this field of medicine. Since publication of the second edition, many approaches to palliative care have been further refined and developed. Ongoing research has led to the improved use of existing medications, and the development of several new treatments. More is known about the psychosocial existential distress experienced by patients and their families resulting in an improved understanding by health care providers of how best to approach and assist those affected by advanced illness, and more is known about methadone and other medications with emerging uses. The third edition of this book continues to offer a panoramic view of palliative care. It introduces a number of new topics including neurological disorders, the last days, and palliative sedation.
Pain assessment and management
Authors: Saiger Gail 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter presents a case study to illustrate the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required for pain assessment and management. It examines several questions such as: How to assess the patient's pain? How to choose the most appropriate treatment regimen for the patient's pain syndromes? How to initiate an oral opioid? What is incident pain and how to manage it?
Malignant bowel obstruction
Authors: Librach S. Lawrence , Horvath A. Nina , Langlois E. Anne 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter explains via a case study the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge necessary to diagnose and manage malignant bowel obstruction (MBO). It addresses several questions such as: What is the likelihood that the patient will develop bowel obstruction at some time during her cancer journey? What is the pathophysiology of MBO? What are the common symptoms of MBO? What are the indications for and outcomes of surgery in patients with MBO?
Suffering in patients and families
Authors: Thompson Genevieve , Chochinov Harvey 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter contains a case study to show the desired skills, attitudes, and expertise required to diagnose and help ease suffering in patients and families. It addresses several questions such as: What is suffering and how common is it in patients at the end of life? What influence do healthcare providers have on patient and family suffering? What approach could be taken to alleviate suffering and preserve or augment the patient's dignity? How can a physician prepare him- or herself to support a patient's sense of dignity and reduce the likelihood of suffering?
Cardiac disease
Authors: Gallagher Romayne , Kimel Gil 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter contains case studies to show the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required to diagnose and manage cardiac disease. It includes a variety of questions such as: How to approach the patient's heart failure and what role would the palliative care physician play in his ongoing care? How does the pathophysiology of heart failure relate to the progression of disease and the symptom experience of the patient? What validated clinical test can be used to assess heart failure symptoms? From the palliative care perspective, how to manage a patient with symptomatic end-stage heart failure?
When palliative care involves children: critical conversations and pain and symptom highlights
Authors: Frager Gerri , Blake Kim 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines various case studies to show the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge needed for palliative care involving children, whether they are being cared for as patients or as family members. It puts forth several issues, for example: What is known about involving a child in discussions about significant illness and death? What might a child understand about serious illness and death? What are the main elements of sharing information about serious illness and death with a child? What is helpful in supporting a child though a serious illness or death? What do we know about supporting a child's involvement at the time of death?
Complementary and alternative therapies in cancer/integrative oncology
Authors: MacDonald Susan , Oneschuk Doreen 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter presents case studies to illustrate the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required to develop proficiency in discussing and advising patients about using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). It addresses a number of questions such as: What non-pharmacological therapies are available for symptom control in the palliative patient? Why do cancer patients use complementary and alternative therapies? Where do patients get information about CAM? Are there any concerns about natural health products interacting with prescription medications? What is the proposed biological mechanism of action for acupuncture in pain relief?
The Meaning of Prophecy
Authors: James Susan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSpinoza's critique of false or superstitious religion initially focuses on the interpretation of the Bible. The first six chapters of the Treatise use a mixture of philosophical and biblical arguments to show what Scripture does not determine, and thus what philosophy is free to investigate. Much of this argument hinges on the analysis of prophecy or revelation with which Spinoza begins. Once prophecy is properly understood, he contends, it becomes clear that the prophets were not competent to speak authoritatively about philosophy, and thus that their views on philosophical topics do not have to be accepted. This chapter shows how Spinoza's position relates to his other philosophical commitments, particularly to the division between imagination and reason. It also indicates what is distinctive in his view, by contrasting it with those of the Dutch Calvinist theologians such as Voetius, against whom he is writing.
Culprit, Accomplice, or Bystander? Tax Policy and the Shaping of the Crisis
Authors: Keen Michael , Klemm Alexander , Perry Victoria 
Published: May 2012

AbstractDid taxation have any role in precipitating the financial crisis? Are there lessons to be drawn for tax reform once the crisis has passed? This chapter reviews the main channels by which tax effects might have been felt, and which may require forceful attention. These include, in particular, the large tax biases favouring debt finance, and, in some countries, investment in housing. The complexities of national tax codes, and the international interaction of these, have, moreover, encouraged the use of complicated financial instruments and international tax planning, reducing transparency. Tax distortions did not trigger the 2008 crisis—in the sense that there are no obvious tax changes likely to have triggered it—but they are likely to have contributed by leading to higher leverage and more complexity than would otherwise have been the case. Most of these distortions have long been a source of concern, but dealing with them may be more important than previously supposed.
Taxation and the Financial Sector
Authors: Shackelford Douglas A. , Shaviro Daniel N. , Slemrod Joel 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, a variety of taxes on financial institutions have been proposed or enacted. The justifications for these taxes range from punishing those deemed to have caused or unduly profited from the crisis, to addressing the budgetary costs of the crisis, to better aligning banks’ and bank executives’ incentives in the light of the broader social costs and benefits of their actions. Although there is a long-standing literature on corrective, or Pigouvian, taxation, most of it has been applied to environmental externalities, and the externalities that arise from the actions of financial institutions are structurally different. This chapter reviews the justifications for special taxes on financial institutions, and addresses what kinds of taxes are most likely to achieve the various stated objectives, which are often in conflict. It then critically assesses the principal taxes that have been proposed or enacted to date: financial transactions taxes, bonus taxes, and taxes on firms in the financial sector based on size, bank liabilities, or excess profits.
Income Tax Reform Implications of the Financial Crisis
Authors: Shaviro Daniel N. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTax rules encouraging excessive debt, complex financial transactions, poorly designed incentive compensation for corporate managers, and highly leveraged homeownership all may have contributed to the financial crisis, but do not appear to have been among the primary causes. Even without a strong causal link, however, the pre-existing case for tax reform at all these margins arguably is strengthened by the 2008 financial crisis, which suggests that tax rules not only fell short of classic neutrality benchmarks but generally leaned in precisely the wrong direction.
Regulation and Taxation: Economics and Politics
Authors: Masciandaro Donato , Passarelli Francesco 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe describe systemic financial risk as a negative externality. Free riding leads to excess risk production. We consider two instruments usually adopted to tackle this problem: financial regulation and taxation. From a normative viewpoint, taxation is superior in many respects. We take a positive, political-economy perspective. We show that a majority of low-risk portfolio-owners may have a strategic incentive to use regulation rather than taxation in order to charge the minority a large share of the externality reduction. We also show that, when the majority chooses a tax, the probable level is socially too low. If the majority chooses regulation, the latter will possibly be too harsh. This eventually explains why financial regulation is more frequently adopted, and why incentives to circumvent it are so strong in reality.
Interpersonal Foundations of Ideological Thinking
Authors: Hardin Curtis D. , Cheung Rick M. , Magee Michael W. , Noel Steven , Yoshimura Kasumi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBuilding upon research on the social-cognitive foundations of ideological thinking, we argue that allegiance to attitudes that explain and justify the status quo is motivated in part by the human need to connect with others through feelings of mutual understanding. We review evidence that endorsing attitudes that justify the status quo not only preserves and regulates existing interpersonal relationships but also facilitates the establishment and regulation of new relationships, focusing in particular on ideologies involving religion and intergroup prejudice. In this light, ideologies function as prepackaged units of interpretation that help regulate social and political life.
Crowding Out Morality: How the Ideology of Self-Interest Can Be Self-Fulfilling
Authors: Schwartz Barry 
Published: May 2012

Abstract“If you want someone to do something, you have to make it worth their while.” This uncontroversial statement is the watchword of our time. It is the core assumption of economics and of rational choice theory. It is the linchpin of free market ideology. And it explains why the first place we look in matters of public policy—from regulating financial markets to improving the quality of education to reducing the high costs of health care—is to the incentive system that governs the behavior of current practitioners. Uncontroversial. Self-evident. And false. This chapter argues that the reductive appeal to self-interest as the master human motive is a false description of human nature. At the same time, it can become a true description if people live in a world in which incentives are presumed to explain everything and are used to produce the behavior we want.
Automatic Associations: Personal Attitudes or Cultural Knowledge?
Authors: Uhlmann Eric Luis , Poehlman T. Andrew , Nosek Brian A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPeople have automatic associations with a myriad of targets, from political figures to ethnic minorities. Automatic associations may constitute implicit attitudes that are related to, but distinct from explicitly endorsed attitudes. They could also represent knowledge of cultural attitudes unrelated to personal feelings, judgments, and behaviors (the culture-as-contaminant interpretation). Finally, automatic associations could reflect knowledge of cultural attitudes that influences behaviors because individuals use others’ attitudes to guide their own actions (the culture-as-norms interpretation). This chapter finds that automatic associations exhibit relationships with feelings, judgments, and behaviors supportive of the implicit attitudes view and inconsistent with both versions of the cultural knowledge view. Environmental conditioning and the cultural victimization of the target do influence automatic associations. However, such effects are inconclusive because the implicit attitudes view also expects strong environmental and cultural influences on automatic associations. Empirical criteria for resolving the “person or culture?’ debate are proposed.
Bias Perception and the Spiral of Conflict
Authors: Kennedy Kathleen A. , Pronin Emily 
Published: May 2012

AbstractConflicts sometimes are characterized by a negative spiral, whereby they escalate due to the reciprocally aggressive and competitive behavior of the contending parties. This chapter proposes that people’s inclination to perceive others as biased—particularly others who disagree with them—can initiate this conflict spiral, as well as fuel it and prevent its resolution. It reviews evidence that parties who disagree are especially likely to see those on the other side as biased and themselves as objective. Further, it demonstrates that people’s perceptions of their adversaries as biased leads them to act conflictually towards those adversaries. That conflictual action, in turn, is perceived by its recipients as a sign of bias, thereby leading those recipients to respond conflictually, as the spiral continues. An understanding of this bias-perception conflict spiral illuminates how conflicts develop and grow between both individuals and groups.
Dualization and Gender in Social Services
Authors: Kroos Daniela , Gottschall Karin 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn the current era of deregulation the growth of social services has reinforced labor market dualization, undermining hope for the settlement of pressing societal needs and women’s labor market integration, especially in Bismarckian welfare regimes. Through comparative analysis of changing employment structures and training schemes in the social services sector, this chapter reveals varying degrees of labor market dualization in Germany and France. The different legacy of a ‘high road’ of social service provision and employment allowing for the labor market integration of mothers in France contrasts with a more semi-professional ‘low road’ based on a strong male breadwinner model in Germany, generating less pronounced insider-outsider divides in France than in Germany. Nevertheless, precarious employment in expanding social services such as elderly care is on the rise in both countries, challenging the role of the welfare state as a model employer.
From Dilemma to Dualization
Authors: Emmenegger Patrick , Careja Romana 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWestern European governments face a dilemma. On the one hand, their immigrant population is growing. On the other hand, the public opposes large-scale immigration and wants to restrict immigrants’ access to social benefits. We argue that in ‘reluctant countries of immigration’ such as France, Germany, and Great Britain, this tension is attenuated by reforms of social and migration policies. Firstly, migration policies are changed to encourage the arrival of ‘desired’ workers, while barriers to entry for ‘undesired’ immigrants are erected. Secondly, immigrant-specific social security schemes are reformed in order to reduce the incentive for immigrants to come in the first place. Finally, immigrants are disproportionately affected by the cutbacks in social security programs since the 1990s. These reforms contribute to the persistence of socio-economic differences between immigrants and citizens despite considerable efforts aimed at integrating the immigrants into their host societies.
Rethinking Public Religions
Authors: Casanova José 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter revisits the argument first presented in Public Religions in the Modern World in order to ascertain the extent to which the theoretical-analytical framework developed there needs to be critically revised and expanded to make it more applicable beyond Western Christian contexts. The central thesis of the book was that we were witnessing a process of “de-privatization” of religion as a relatively global trend. As an empirical claim, the thesis has been amply confirmed by subsequent developments practically everywhere. In a sense, the best confirmation of the thesis can actually be found in the heartland of secularization, that is, in Western European societies. Even though there is very little evidence of any kind of religious revival among the European population, if one excludes the significant influx of new immigrant religions, nonetheless religion has certainly returned as a contentious issue to the public sphere of most European societies.
How Should States Deal with Deep Religious Diversity?
Authors: Bhargava Rajeev 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of the crisis of individualistic, diversity-resistant secularism and why both these forms of western secularism have become part of the problem. It then turns to the Indian model of secularism, which meets the needs of deeply religiously diverse societies and also complies with principles of freedom and equality. In India, the existence of deep religious diversity has ensured a response not only to problems within religions but also between religions. Although not available as a doctrine or theory, such a conception was worked out jointly by Hindus and Muslims in the subcontinent, and can be found loosely in the best moments of inter-communal practice in India; and in the country's constitution appropriately interpreted. The chapter elaborates on two features of Indian secularism: principled distance and contextual secularism.
Rethinking Islam and Democracy
Authors: Hefner Robert W. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the question of Islam and democracy by way of four arguments. First, when empirical measures rather than imagined civilizational traits are referenced, it turns out that there is no democracy deficit in the broader Muslim world; a significant number of non-Arab Muslim countries have made impressive headway toward consolidating electoral democracy. Second, survey data also indicate that in most Muslim-majority countries, even those where the government is undemocratic, the Muslim public views democratic institutions favorably, indeed at rates comparable to those in Western countries. Third, notwithstanding their expressed support for democracy, a significant proportion of these Muslim publics has “un-liberal” ideas on women, non-Muslims, and matters of religious freedom. Fourth and last, the accumulated research suggests democratization is alive and well in the non-Arab portions of the Muslim world. However, the evidence also suggests that, as the process moves forward, its accompanying political culture may more closely resemble what some have referred to as a “civil Islamic” or “Muslim” democracy rather than the Atlantic-liberal variety familiar and favored in the U.S. and Western Europe.
Impact of Perioperative Bleeding on the Protective Effect of β-Blockers during Infrarenal Aortic Reconstruction
Authors: Le Manach Yannick , Collins Gary S. , Ibanez Cristina , Goarin Jean Pierre , Coriat Pierre , Gaudric Julien , Riou Bruno , Landais Paul 
Published: May 2012

Background
The use of β-blockers during the perioperative period remains controversial. Although some studies have demonstrated their protective effects regarding postoperative cardiac complications, others have demonstrated increased mortality when β-blockers were introduced before surgery.

Methods
In this observational study involving 1,801 patients undergoing aortic reconstruction, we prospectively assessed β-blocker therapy compared with no β-blocker therapy, with regard to cardiac and noncardiac postoperative outcomes using a propensity score approach. The impact of β-blockers was analyzed according to the intraoperative bleeding estimated by transfusion requirements.

Results
In-hospital mortality was 2.5% (n=45), β-blocker use was associated with a reduced frequency of postoperative myocardial infarction (OR=0.46, 95% CI [0.26; 0.80]) and myocardial necrosis (OR=0.62, 95% CI [0.43; 0.88]) in all patients, but also with an increased frequency of multiple organ dysfunction syndromes (OR=2.78, 95% CI [1.71; 4.61]). In patients with severe bleeding (n=163; 9.1%), the frequency of in-hospital death (OR=6.65, 95% CI [1.09; 129]) and/or multiple organ dysfunction syndromes (OR=4.18, 95% CI [1.81; 10.38]) were markedly increased. Furthermore, no more than 28% of the patients who died presented with postoperative myocardial infarction, whereas 69% of the patient with a postoperative myocardial infarction also presented an excessive bleeding.

Conclusions
Perioperative β-blocker therapy was associated with an overall reduction in postoperative cardiac events. In the vast majority of patients with low perioperative bleeding, the global effect of β-blockers was protective; in contrast, patients given β-blockers who experienced severe bleeding had higher mortality and an increased frequency of multiorgan dysfunction syndrome.