bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application and implication of horizontal well geochemistry
Authors: Wilhelms A. , Rein E. , Zwach C. , Steen A. S. 
Published: November 2010

This paper describes the application of horizontal well geochemistry for the first time. Closely spaced samples, taken along a horizontal or deviated well path, allow the identification of reservoir compartments. Significant variations in geochemical parameters are related to the field filling and, if they persist over geological time and over tens of metres, should reflect barriers to diffusion and, by inference, possibly also to fluid flow.
Two different approaches have been chosen: (a) closely spaced head space gas samples; (b) wet cuttings-based techniques. Case studies are presented documenting the detection of sealing faults between different reservoir compartments at the time of sampling. This novel approach has several advantages: (i) the need for costly pressure measurements is reduced; (ii) high sample density allows better spacial definition of barriers compared to both seismic and pressure measurements; (iii) detection of sub-seismic barriers; (iv) it allows detection of compartments even in cases where no pressure differences exist; (v) the technique works in wells drilled with oil-based mud systems. The strong variations in the geochemical signal over short distances has implications for the filling of reservoirs. The data suggest that reservoir filling is far more complex than previously envisaged.
Blenheim Field: the Appraisal of a Small Oil Field With a Horizontal Well
Authors: Dickinson B. , Waterhouse M. , Goodall J. , Holmes N. 
Published: November 2010

Blenheim is a small Palaeocene oil field (
c.
53 × 10
6
BBL oil in-place), in which significant seismic uncertainty complicated a development decision. Initial appraisal plans required a conventional deviated well sited to minimize the uncertainty, gather further reservoir and fluid data, and, if successful, provide a production well.

Later studies indicated improved economics if horizontal wells were successful. Several well designs, with and without pilot holes, were analysed to discover the optimum balance of data gathering, risk reduction and development cost reduction. The optimum well required accurate well steering in an area of seismic uncertainty. A high-resolution biostratigraphic study was made and provided detailed correlation of intra-reservoir mudstones, enabling wellsite analysis to aid steering decisions.
The pilot hole proved the most likely seismic interpretation to be correct and permitted the horizontal well to be drilled as planned. Wellsite biostratigraphic analysis and real-time MWD aided steering decisions and contributed to a successful horizontal well being drilled. The well flowed in excess of the minimum economic rates required and allowed the field to be successfully developed.
Production of gas from waterflood residual oil: gas saturation build-up and relative permeabilities
Authors: Grattoni C. A. , Hawes R. I. , Dawe R. A. 
Published: November 2010

When solution gas is released from waterflooded residual oil by depressurization, the gas becomes mobilized after the critical gas saturation has been reached, but the gas saturation continues to increase as more gas is generated. The rate of gas saturation change plus the unrecoverable gas (gas saturation remaining at the end of the depressurization) are important in determining the economic performance of the process. The values depend upon the rate of gas generation and the gas relative permeability.
Experiments are reported to measure water and gas relative permeabilities when gas is released from waterflooded residual oil. The values for the gas phase were extremely low, approximately an order of magnitude lower than would be predicted using a Corey-type equation suggesting that gas relative permeabilities measured in normal gas–water displacement experiments are not applicable to the depressurization of waterflooded reservoirs.
The low values of gas relative permeabilities can be explained by the fact that the filaments which form the channels for gas flow are not stable, and that the flow is intermittent. Visual observations of the flow behaviour in micromodels have confirmed this. As a result, the effective total area for flow at any particular gas saturation is substantially reduced, thus reducing the permeability to the gas. New algorithms need to be introduced into the network models for estimating relative permeabilities in these situations before they can be used to represent the cyclical nature of filament rupture and reformation.
Infiltration of Late Palaeozoic evaporative brines in the Reelfoot rift: a possible salt source for Illinois basin formation waters and MVT mineralizing fluids
Authors: Rowan E. L. , de Marsily G. 
Published: November 2010

Salinities and homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits provide important insights into the regional hydrology of the Illinois basin/Reelfoot rift system in late Palaeozoic time. Although the thermal regime of this basin system has been plausibly explained, the origin of high salinities in the basin fluids remains enigmatic. Topographically driven flow appears to have been essential in forming these MVT districts, as well as many other districts worldwide. However, this type of flow is recharged by fresh water making it difficult to account for the high salinities of the mineralizing fluids over extended time periods. Results of numerical experiments carried out in this study provide a possible solution to the salinity problem presented by the MVT zinc–lead and fluorite districts at the margins of the basin system.
Evaporative concentration of surface water and subsequent infiltration into the subsurface are proposed to account for large volumes of brine that are ultimately responsible for mineralization of these districts. This study demonstrates that under a range of geologically reasonable conditions, brine infiltration into an aquifer in the deep subsurface can coexist with topographically driven flow. Infiltration combined with regional flow and local magmatic heat sources in the Reelfoot rift explain the brine concentrations as well as the temperatures observed in the Southern Illinois and Upper Mississippi Valley districts.
Cyclic water injection: improved oil recovery at zero cost
Authors: Surguchev Leonid , Koundin Alexander , Melberg Oddbjørn , Rolfsvåg Trond A. , Menard Wendell P. 
Published: November 2010

Cyclic injection is a process that improves waterflooding efficiency in heterogeneous reservoirs. The concept of cyclic injection is based on (1) pulsed injection and (2) alternating waterflood patterns. Cyclic injection has been successfully applied in a number of sandstone and carbonate oil fields in Russia. In the rest of the world, pulsed injection has had limited application, and only in naturally fractured reservoirs. Although changing the waterflood patterns is a common approach to deal with increasing water cuts, a more systematic approach with both pulsed injection and alternating flow directions is not.
Cyclic injection has the greatest potential for improved recovery in heterogeneous, high-permeability-contrast sandstones and in naturally fractured carbonates and dolomites. The efficiency of the process is high in preferentially water-wet rocks saturated with compressible fluids. Capillary pressures and relative permeability effects are responsible for the improved cyclic oil displacement at the micro level. Improved sweep of the less permeable layers in communication with more permeable thief zones, better horizontal sweep achieved by changing waterflood patterns, and alternating the dominance between gravity and viscous forces are the key effects of cyclic injection on the macro level.
The potential of cyclic injection at the Lower Tilje/Åre formations of the Heidrun Field in the Norwegian Sea has been evaluated. Some of the reservoir levels are highly heterogeneous, with large permeability contrasts vertically and horizontally. The current drainage strategy for these formations is water injection, with gas lift in producers when needed. Cyclic injection will improve waterflooding efficiency at virtually zero additional cost. Improved sweep, accelerated oil production, and reduced water cut are the main positive effects expected from cyclic waterflooding. The reserves are predicted to increase by 5 to 6% from the targeted reservoirs at Heidrun after 10 years of cyclic waterflooding.
Detailed analysis of probe permeameter and interval pressure transient test permeability measurements in a heterogeneous reservoir
Authors: Morton Kirsty , Thomas Simon , Corbett Patrick , Davies David 
Published: November 2010

The goal of reservoir characterization is to generate models that allow the accurate prediction of future well performance and the estimation of reserves. Of particular importance to the characterization of permeability heterogeneity is an accurate understanding of vertical flow behaviour in a reservoir. Upscaling techniques applied to conventional core plug and probe permeameter permeability anisotropy are compared with Interval Pressure Transient Tests (IPTT) conducted with multiprobe formation testers. The aim is to investigate the scale of the dynamic permeability measurement and review the representivity of the IPTT estimate in a field example. We illustrate improvement in permeability anisotropy estimation by a combination of dynamic measurements with static measurements.
Further to this, we consider the permeability prediction from continuous downhole measurement. High-resolution measurements such as probe permeametry data and borehole imaging can produce the most complete data coverage at the well and have similar measurement scales. Predicted permeabilities are compared with IPTT results by upscaling to a length scale appropriate to the IPTT and the geometry of the formation.
Predicting distribution of remobilized aeolian facies using sub-surface data: the Weissliegend of the UK Southern North Sea
Authors: Strömbäck Anna C. , Howell John A. 
Published: November 2010

Aeolian sandstones of the Permian Rotliegend Group comprise the principal gas reservoirs of the Southern North Sea Basin. The upper portion of the reservoir interval comprises a unit informally called the ‘Weissliegend’. This unit comprises mass-flow and
in-situ
soft-sediment deformed deposits formed when the Zechstein Sea catastrophically flooded the Rotliegend sand sea. The Weissliegend typically exhibits poorer reservoir properties than the underlying Rotliegend reservoirs and its thickness and distribution are notoriously difficult to map.

Hanging vertical sections on a regionally extensive, intra-Rotliegend super-surface has led to the recognition of a preserved topography at the top of the Rotliegend. The thickness differences within the unit between the super-surface and the top Rotliegend (termed here the Upper Aeolian Unit, UAU) represent the original dune topography modified by flood-related processes, and provide an insight into the nature and scale of the aeolian bedforms that existed within the basin prior flooding. The relationship between known Weissliegend distribution and this topography provides a predictive tool for understanding Weissliegend distribution.
Mapping the preserved topography reveals preserved bedforms up to 85 m high, with a bedform spacing of 8 to 10 km. The dunes deposited ‘transverse type’ strata but the scale and spacing of the bedforms are too big compared with modern transverse dunse. Instead a more complex model is proposed. The Weissliegend has highly variable thickness (0–26 m) and is commonly thicker within the interdune hollows.
The model for a preserved topography at the top of the Rotliegend is further supported by thickness trends in the overlying Zechstein units which increase into the proposed interdune lows.
An Illegitimate microRNA Target Site within the 3′ UTR of MDM4 Affects Ovarian Cancer Progression and Chemosensitivity
Authors: Wynendaele Jessika , Böhnke Anja , Leucci Eleonora , Nielsen Søren Jensby , Lambertz Irina , Hammer Stefanie , Sbrzesny Nadja , Kubitza Dana , Wolf Anja , Gradhand Elise , Balschun Katharina , Braicu Ioana , Sehouli Jalid , Darb-Esfahani Silvia , Denkert Carsten , Thomssen Christoph , Hauptmann Steffen , Lund Anders , Marine Jean-Christophe , Bartel Frank 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Overexpression of MDM4 (also known as MDMX or HDMX) is thought to promote tumorigenesis by decreasing p53 tumor suppressor function. Even modest decrease in Mdm4 levels affects tumorigenesis in mice, suggesting that genetic variants of MDM4 might have similar effects in humans. We sequenced the MDM4 gene in a series of ovarian cancer cell lines and carcinomas to identify mutations and/or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We identified an SNP (SNP34091) in the 3′-UTR of MDM4 that creates a putative target site for hsa-miR-191, a microRNA that is highly expressed in normal and tumor tissues. Biochemical evidence supports specific miR-191–dependent regulation of the MDM4-C, but not MDM4-A, variant. Consistently, the A-allele was associated with statistically significant increased expression of MDM4 mRNA and protein levels in ovarian carcinomas. Importantly, the wild-type genotype (A/A) is more frequent (57.8% vs. 42.2% for A/C and C/C, respectively) in patients with high-grade carcinomas than in patients with low-grade carcinomas (47.2% vs. 52.5% for A/A and A/C + C/C, respectively). Moreover, A/A patients who do not express the estrogen receptor had a 4.2-fold [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2–13.5; P = 0.02] increased risk of recurrence and 5.5-fold (95% CI = 1.5–20.5; P = 0.01) increased risk of tumor-related death. Unexpectedly, the frequency of p53 mutations was not significantly lower in A/A patients. We conclude that acquisition of an illegitimate miR-191 target site causes downregulation of MDM4 expression, thereby significantly delaying ovarian carcinoma progression and tumor-related death. Importantly, these effects appear to be, at least partly, independent of p53. Cancer Res; 70(23); 9641–9. ©2010 AACR.
VEGF-PET Imaging Is a Noninvasive Biomarker Showing Differential Changes in the Tumor during Sunitinib Treatment
Authors: Nagengast Wouter B. , Lub-de Hooge Marjolijn N. , Oosting Sjoukje F. , den Dunnen Wilfred F.A. , Warnders Frank-Jan , Brouwers Adrienne H. , de Jong Johan R. , Price Patricia M. , Hollema Harry , Hospers Geke A.P. , Elsinga Philip H. , Hesselink Jan Willem , Gietema Jourik A. , de Vries Elisabeth G.E. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Non-invasive imaging of angiogenesis could ease the optimization of antiangiogenesis treatments for cancer. In this study, we evaluated the role of VEGF-PET as a biomarker of dynamic angiogenic changes in tumors following treatment with the kinase inhibitor sunitinib. The effects of sunitinib treatment and withdrawal on the tumor was investigated using the new VEGF-PET tracer 89Zr-ranibizumab as well as 18F-FDG PET, and 15O-water PET in mouse xenograft models of human cancer. The obtained imaging results were compared with tumor growth, VEGF plasma levels and immunohistologic analyzes. In contrast to 18F-FDG and 15O-water PET, VEGF-PET demonstrated dynamic changes during sunitinib treatment within the tumor with a strong decline in signal in the tumor center and only minimal reduction in tumor rim, with a pronounced rebound after sunitinib discontinuation. VEGF-PET results corresponded with tumor growth and immunohistochemical vascular- and tumor- markers. Our findings highlight the strengths of VEGF-PET imaging to allow serial analysis of angiogenic changes in different areas within a tumor. Cancer Res; 71(1); 143–53. ©2010 AACR.
Differential Contextual Responses of Normal Human Breast Epithelium to Ionizing Radiation in a Mouse Xenograft Model
Authors: Coates Philip J. , Virginia M. , Appleyard C.L. , Murray Karen , Ackland Caroline , Gardner June , Brown Douglas C. , Adamson Dougal J.A. , Jordan Lee B. , Purdie Colin A. , Munro Alastair J. , Wright Eric G. , Dewar John A. , Thompson Alastair M. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Radiotherapy is a key treatment option for breast cancer, yet the molecular responses of normal human breast epithelial cells to ionizing radiation are unclear. A murine subcutaneous xenograft model was developed in which nonneoplastic human breast tissue was maintained with the preservation of normal tissue architecture, allowing us to study for the first time the radiation response of normal human breast tissue in situ. Ionizing radiation induced dose-dependent p53 stabilization and p53 phosphorylation, together with the induction of p21(CDKN1A) and apoptosis of normal breast epithelium. Although p53 was stabilized in both luminal and basal cells, induction of Ser392-phosphorylated p53 and p21 was higher in basal cells and varied along the length of the ductal system. Basal breast epithelial cells expressed ΔNp63, which was unchanged on irradiation. Although stromal responses themselves were minimal, the response of normal breast epithelium to ionizing radiation differed according to the stromal setting. We also demonstrated a dose-dependent induction of γ-H2AX foci in epithelial cells that was similarly dependent on the stromal environment and differed between basal and luminal epithelial cells. The intrinsic differences between human mammary cell types in response to in vivo irradiation are consistent with clinical observation that therapeutic ionizing radiation is associated with the development of basal-type breast carcinomas. Furthermore, there may be clinically important stromal–epithelial interactions that influence DNA damage responses in the normal breast. These findings demonstrate highly complex responses of normal human breast epithelium following ionizing radiation exposure and emphasize the importance of studying whole-tissue effects rather than single-cell systems. Cancer Res; 70(23); 9808–15. ©2010 AACR.
Phosphatase PRL-3 Is a Direct Regulatory Target of TGFβ in Colon Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Jiang Yanjun , Liu Xiao-Qiong , Rajput Ashwani , Geng Liying , Ongchin Melanie , Zeng Qi , Taylor Gregory S. , Wang Jing 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Metastasis causes most deaths from cancer yet mechanistic understanding and therapeutic options remain limited. Overexpression of the phosphatase PRL-3 (phosphatase of regenerating liver) is associated with metastasis of colon cancer. Here, we show that PRL-3 is a direct target of signaling by TGFβ, which is broadly implicated in progression and metastasis. We found that suppression of PRL-3 expression by TGFβ was mediated by Smad-dependent inhibition of PRL-3 transcription at the level of promoter activity. PRL-3 activation stimulated PI3K/AKT signaling that caused resistance to stress-induced apoptosis. PRL-3 overexpression promoted metastatic colonization in an orthotopic mouse model of colon cancer, whereas PRL-3 knockdown reduced metastatic potential. Altered metastatic phenotypes were not derivative of primary tumor development or local invasion but could be attributed to PRL-3–mediated cell survival. Our findings suggest that inhibiting PRL-3 expression might be an important mechanism through which TGFβ suppresses metastasis in colon cancer. In addition, our findings suggest that loss of TGFβ signaling, which occurs commonly during colon cancer progression, is sufficient to activate a PRL-3–mediated cell survival pathway that can selectively promote metastasis. Therefore, a major implication of our findings is that PRL-3 antagonists may offer significant value for antimetastatic therapy in patients with colon cancer. Cancer Res; 71(1); 234–44. ©2010 AACR.
A Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor, PI-103, Cooperates with Stem Cell–Delivered TRAIL in Experimental Glioma Models
Authors: Bagci-Onder Tugba , Wakimoto Hiroaki , Anderegg Maarten , Cameron Cody , Shah Khalid 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The resistance of glioma cells to a number of antitumor agents and the highly invasive nature of glioma cells that escape the primary tumor mass are key impediments to the eradication of tumors in glioma patients. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of a novel PI3-kinase/mTOR inhibitor, PI-103, in established glioma lines and primary CD133+ glioma-initiating cells and explored the potential of combining PI-103 with stem cell–delivered secretable tumor necrosis factor apoptosis-inducing ligand (S-TRAIL) both in vitro and in orthotopic mouse models of gliomas. We show that PI-103 inhibits proliferation and invasion, causes G0–G1 arrest in cell cycle, and results in significant attenuation of orthotopic tumor growth in vivo. Establishing cocultures of neural stem cells (NSC) and glioma cells, we show that PI-103 augments the response of glioma cells to stem cell–delivered S-TRAIL. Using bimodal optical imaging, we show that when different regimens of systemic PI-103 delivery are combined with NSC-derived S-TRAIL, a significant reduction in tumor volumes is observed compared with PI-103 treatment alone. To our knowledge, this is the first study that reveals the antitumor effect of PI-103 in intracranial gliomas. Our findings offer a preclinical rationale for application of mechanism-based systemically delivered antiproliferative agents and novel stem cell–based proapoptotic therapies to improve treatment of malignant gliomas. Cancer Res; 71(1); 154–63. ©2010 AACR.
Biological Activity of 4-Substituted Methoxybenzoyl- Aryl-Thiazole: An Active Microtubule Inhibitor
Authors: Li Chien-Ming , Wang Zhao , Lu Yan , Ahn Sunjoo , Narayanan Ramesh , Kearbey Jeffrey D. , Parke Deanna N. , Li Wei , Miller Duane D. , Dalton James T. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractFormation of microtubules is a dynamic process that involves polymerization and depolymerization of αβ-tubulin heterodimers. Drugs that enhance or inhibit tubulin polymerization can destroy this dynamic process, arresting cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Although drugs that target tubulin generally demonstrate cytotoxic potency in the subnanomolar range, resistance due to drug efflux is a common phenomenon among the antitubulin agents. We recently reported a class of 4-substituted methoxybenzoyl-aryl-thiazoles (SMART) that exhibited great in vitro potency and broad spectrum cellular cytotoxicity. Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities of 3 SMART compounds, SMART-H (H), SMART-F (F), and SMART-OH (OH), with varying substituents at the 4-position of aryl ring, demonstrated that they bind potently to the colchicine-binding site in tubulin, inhibit tubulin polymerization, arrest cancer cells in G2/M phase of the cell cycle, and induce their apoptosis. The SMART compounds also equipotently inhibit the growth of parental and MDR-overexpressing cells in vitro, indicating that they can overcome multidrug resistance. In vivo antitumor efficacy studies in human prostate (PC-3) and melanoma (A375) cancer xenograft models demonstrated that SMART-H and SMART-F treatments resulted in %T/C values ranging from 4% to 30%. In addition, in vivo SMART-H treatment for 21days at the higher dose (15 mg/kg) failed to produce any apparent neurotoxicity. These studies provide the first in vivo evidence and proof-of-concept that SMART compounds are similarly efficacious to currently FDA approved antitubulin drugs for cancer treatment, but they can circumvent P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance. Cancer Res; 71(1); 216–24. ©2010 AACR.