bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Joining the dots: The links between education and health and implications for Indigenous children
Authors: Johnston Vanessa , Lea Tess , Carapetis Jonathan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis paper provides a general overview of the literature investigating the nexus between education and health; discussing the relationship between these domains at individual, family and community levels. We then briefly examine the programme and research implications of such a framework for interventions aimed at improving education and health, with specific reference to young Indigenous Australians. We find that while education and health are inextricably linked, throughout the life course and at different levels of influence, there is less empirical work exploring this relationship in an Indigenous context. Given the gravity of literacy and numeracy failure rates in school‐based education and its potential impact on Indigenous health, we assert an urgent case for rigorous research into interventions that address the barriers to effectiveness in implementing quality educational experiences and opportunities for Indigenous children.
Ten years of pneumococcal‐associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome in New Zealand children
Authors: Prestidge Chanel , Wong William 
Published: October 2009

Aim:  To describe the epidemiology, clinical features, management and outcome of pneumococcal‐associated haemolytic‐uraemic syndrome (P‐HUS) in New Zealand over the past decade.Methods:  A retrospective chart review of children with P‐HUS from 1998 to 2007 that were prospectively reported to the New Zealand Paediatric Surveillance Unit. P‐HUS was defined as microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (Hb <100 g/L with fragmented red blood cells), thrombocytopaenia (platelet count <130 × 109/L), acute renal impairment with oliguria and elevated plasma creatinine, and confirmed or suspected pneumococcal infection.Results:  Eleven children (nine male, two female), predominately Maori and Polynesian (10 children) were studied. The median age was 8.5 months. The median duration of hospitalisation was 25 days. Of the infections, 10 were confirmed pneumococcal (six pneumonia, four meningitis) and one pneumonia was suspected pneumococcal (culture negative, however T activation positive). Nine patients required dialysis for a median duration of 13 days. One child with meningitis died after therapy was withdrawn because of severe neurological injury. One patient developed end stage kidney disease and two further children had evidence of persisting renal sequelae at follow‐up.Conclusions:  Pneumococcal disease remains an important public health problem in New Zealand children, particularly those of Maori and Pacific Island ethnicity. P‐HUS should be considered in pneumococcal disease associated with severe haematological and renal abnormalities. These children should be monitored long‐term, as they are at risk of permanent renal injury.
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism frequency in normotensive children with a positive family history of essential hypertension
Authors: Camci Lale , Kilic Zubeyir , Dinleyici Ener Cagri , Muslumanoglu Hamza , Tepeli Emre , Ucar Birsen 
Published: October 2009

Aim:  To evaluate the possible relationship between blood pressure (BP) and angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in normotensive children with a positive family history of essential hypertension (EHT).Material and Methods:  Three hundred seventy‐six randomly selected normotensive schoolchildren (147 boys, 229 girls) between the ages of seven and 17 years were enrolled. Children were subdivided into a ‘first‐degree relative group’ and a ‘second‐degree relative group’ according to the presence of EHT in parents or grandparents, respectively. BP was measured twice from the right arm and the systolic BP, diastolic BP and mean BP were recorded. ACE gene I/D polymorphism was performed from all studied children and frequency od DD, ID and ID allele were analysed in each study group.Results:  Allelic frequencies of the DD genotype of the ACE gene were higher in children with a positive history in the first‐ (36.2%) and second‐degree (38.3%) relatives for EHT than the controls (30.7%) (P < 0.05 for both). Children with a positive family history of EHT and a DD genotype, had significantly higher SBP, DBP and MBP levels (P < 0.05) than the children with ID or II genotypes.Conclusion:  We found that the ACE gene DD genotype was common and that BP levels were higher in Turkish children with a positive family history of EHT and DD genotype. Because the presence of DD allele might be the one of the potential contributor of EHT pathogenesis, further studies needed in large cohort for long term follow‐up for EHT in children with DD allele.
Associations between short one‐leg standing time and speed of sound of calcaneal bone in a general population: The Shimanami Health Promoting Program (J‐SHIPP) study
Authors: Kido Tomoko , Tabara Yasuharu , Igase Michiya , Uetani Eri , Ochi Namiko , Miki Tetsuro , Kohara1 Katsuhiko 
Published: October 2009

Aim:  Loss of bone mass is a major cause of fracture in the elderly. One‐leg standing (OLS) time has been postulated to be predictive of reduced bone mass. Here, we conducted a cross‐sectional study to clarify whether OLS time measurements are associated with the speed of sound (SOS) of calcaneal bone independent of muscle mass in the lower extremity, a major confounding factor for the association, in a community‐dwelling population of middle‐aged to elderly subjects.Methods:  The study subjects consisted of 770 apparently healthy middle‐aged to elderly community‐residents. Quantitative assessment of calcaneal bone was done using a quantitative ultrasound technique. OLS time with eyes open was measured with a maximum time of 60 s. Femoral muscle cross‐sectional area (CSA) was measured from a computed tomography image.Results:  Subjects who could not stand 60 s on one leg (n = 192) showed significantly lower SOS (1487 ± 20, 1501 ± 24 m/s, P < 0.001). In addition, femoral muscle CSA was positively associated with SOS (male, r = 0.148, P < 0.01; female, r = 0.204, P < 0.001). However, multiple regression analysis adjusted for age, sex and muscle CSA identified short OLS time less than 60 s as an independent determinant of SOS in both male (P < 0.001) and female (P < 0.05) subjects. OLS time was significantly associated with posturograph‐measured mobility of the center of gravity. However, multiple regression analysis showed no significant correlation between balance impairment and SOS (P > 0.1).Conclusion:  OLS time less than 60 s was significantly associated with reduced SOS independent of age, sex and muscle mass in the lower extremity.
Abbey Pain Scale: Development and validation of the Japanese version
Authors: Takai Yukari , Yamamoto‐Mitani Noriko , Chiba Yumi , Nishikawa Yuri , Hayashi Kunihiko , Sugai Yuichi 
Published: October 2009

Aim:  The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Japanese version of the Abbey Pain Scale (APS‐J), to assess pain of older adults who live in nursing homes in Japan.Methods:  In this study, the data were collected from residents in two nursing homes in Japan to include: demographics, the Barthel Index, Folstein Mini‐Mental Examination (MMSE), APS‐J and Verbal Descriptor Scale (VDS) for pain. Two researchers independently assessed the residents' pain using the APS‐J while the residents walked or were transferred from bed to wheelchair. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for inter‐rater and test–retest reliability, Chronbach's α‐value of the APS‐J, and correlation between the APS‐J and other variables were examined.Results:  Data were obtained from 171 residents. The ICC for inter‐rater and test–retest reliability were 0.824 and 0.657, respectively. Internal consistency was 0.645 for the total sample and 0.719 for those with an MMSE score of 0 (n = 58). Multiple regression analysis showed that contractures (P < 0.001), previous injuries (P < 0.001), the MMSE (P = 0.003) and paralysis (P = 0.018) were independently associated with the APS‐J. The APS‐J and VDS were moderately correlated (r = 0.49; P < 0.01). The APS‐J total score and subscales, “change in body language” and “physical changes”, were significantly different among subjects with different MMSE score groups.Conclusion:  Findings show some evidence for the reliability and validity of APS‐J.
Lesion studies targeting food‐anticipatory activity
Authors: Davidson Alec J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBehavior ablation remains a powerful, if not cutting‐edge, approach for localization of function within the nervous system. The initial discovery of the suprachiasmatic nuclei as the site of the mammalian light‐entrainable circadian pacemaker is owed to this approach. Food‐anticipatory activity (FAA), an output of a putative feeding‐entrainable circadian pacemaker, is a behavior that has been surprisingly resilient to elimination by surgical lesion. Here we review this literature, with particular attention paid to recent studies aimed at defining the role of the dorsomedial hypothalamus in the generation of FAA. This literature is fraught with examples of inconsistent results among lesion studies, which in some cases can be accounted for by varied endpoint measures. The site of the feeding‐entrainable circadian pacemaker, if it resides in a discrete structure at all, remains unknown.
Neurogenetics of food anticipation
Authors: Challet Etienne , Mendoza Jorge , Dardente Hugues , Pévet Paul 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCircadian clocks enable the organisms to anticipate predictable cycling events in the environment. The mechanisms of the main circadian clock, localized in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus, involve intracellular autoregulatory transcriptional loops of specific genes, called clock genes. In the suprachiasmatic clock, circadian oscillations of clock genes are primarily reset by light, thus allowing the organisms to be in phase with the light–dark cycle. Another circadian timing system is dedicated to preparing the organisms for the ongoing meal or food availability: the so‐called food‐entrainable system, characterized by food‐anticipatory processes depending on a circadian clock whose location in the brain is not yet identified with certainty. Here we review the current knowledge on food anticipation in mice lacking clock genes or feeding‐related genes. The food‐entrainable clockwork in the brain is currently thought to be made of transcriptional loops partly divergent from those described in the light‐entrainable suprachiasmatic nuclei. Possible confounding effects associated with behavioral screening of meal anticipation in mutant mice are also discussed.
The rabbit pup, a natural model of nursing‐anticipatory activity
Authors: Caba Mario , González‐Mariscal Gabriela 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMother rabbits nurse their young once a day with circadian periodicity. Nursing bouts are brief (ca. 3 min) and occur inside the maternal burrow. Despite this limited contact mother rabbits and their pups are tuned to each other to ensure that the capacities of each party are used efficiently to ensure the weaning of a healthy litter. In this review we present behavioral, metabolic and hormonal correlates of this phenomenon in mother rabbits and their pups. Research is revealing that the circadian rhythm of locomotion shifts in parallel to the timing of nursing in both parties. In pups corticosterone has a circadian rhythm with highest levels at the time of nursing. Other metabolic and hormonal parameters follow an exogenous or endogenous rhythm which is affected by the time of nursing. In the brain, clock genes and their proteins (e.g. Per1) are differentially expressed in specific brain regions (e.g. suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus) in relation to providing or ingesting milk in mothers and young, respectively. These findings suggest that circadian activities are modulated, in the mothers, by suckling stimulation and, in the young, by the ingestion of milk and/or the perception of the mammary pheromone. In conclusion, the rabbit pup is an extraordinary model for studying the entraining by a single daily food pulse with minimal manipulations. The mother offers the possibility of studying nursing as a non‐photic synchronizer, also with minimal manipulation, as suckling stimulation from the litter occurs only once daily.
Involvement of paraoxonase 1 genetic variants in Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology
Authors: Leduc Valérie , Théroux Louise , Dea Doris , Robitaille Yves , Poirier Judes 
Published: October 2009

AbstractEvidence suggests that the genes involved in brain lipid homeostasis are of particular relevance for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) etiology. Among these genes, that encoding paraoxonase 1 (PON1) has gained newfound interest from a public health perspective, as recent studies have suggested that PON1 L55M and Q192R genetic variants might affect individual susceptibility to environmental events, such as exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors. Cholinesterase inhibitor therapy being the treatment of choice for patients with mild to moderate AD, we sought to answer two main questions: (i) are these genetic variants associated with increased AD risk, earlier age of onset/death, or shorter AD duration; and (ii) do they affect the neuropathological hallmarks of AD? This genetic study used a large cohort of clinical and autopsy‐confirmed AD cases and age‐matched, cognitively intact controls from the Douglas Hospital Brain Bank, Quebec, Canada (n = 1066). The evidence presented here suggests multiple gender‐specific effects of PON1 polymorphisms on AD etiopathology. The L55M Met allele exerts an AD risk‐enhancing effect only in men (P < 0.001), whereas both men and women carrying the M55M/Q192Q genotype exhibit increased survival (2.5 years, P < 0.05) and later age of onset (1.5 years, P < 0.05). These genetic variants are also individually and significantly associated, sometimes in opposite directions for both genders, with β‐amyloid levels (P < 0.001), senile plaque accumulation (P < 0.001) and choline acetyltransferase activity (P < 0.05) in, respectively, two of two, five of six, and three of six brain areas. These results suggest an involvement of the PON1 gene in AD etiopathology and responses to treatment.
Effect of topical 1% tropicamide on Schirmer tear test results in clinically normal horses
Authors: Selk Ghaffari Masoud , Sabzevari Amin , Radmehr Behrad 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjective  To observe the effect of topical 1% tropicamide on equine tear production as measured by Schirmer I tear test.Materials and methods  Fourteen adult horses received one drop of 1% tropicamide ophthalmic solution in one eye and the opposite eye served as the control. The tear production in both eyes was tested at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 h after 1% tropicamide administration.Results  Measurements made 1 h after treatment revealed a significant reduction in Schirmer tear test values in tropicamide treated eyes (P = 0.002). The observed decrease in tear production was maintained up to 4 h after treatment (P = 0.002). Although tropicamide‐induced decrease in STT values was observed in the treated eyes, the contralateral eyes did not show significant changes in Schirmer tear test results.Conclusion  Single dose of topical 1% tropicamide resulted in statistically significant reduction in Schirmer tear test values in clinically normal horses.
Detection rate and factors predictive the presence of prostate cancer in patients undergoing ultrasonography‐guided transperineal saturation biopsies of the prostate
Authors: Novara Giacomo , Boscolo‐Berto Rafael , Lamon Claudio , Fracalanza Simonetta , Gardiman Marina , Artibani Walter , Ficarra Vincenzo 
Published: October 2009

Study Type – Diagnostic (case series) Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVESTo assess the prostate cancer detection rate and predictive factors for prostate cancer after transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)‐guided transperineal saturation re‐biopsies of the prostate, using a 24‐core scheme.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe evaluated 143 consecutive patients undergoing TRUS‐guided transperineal saturation re‐biopsy of the prostate using a 24‐core scheme. The inclusion criteria were a previous negative biopsy and a prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level of ≥10.0 ng/mL, or of 4.0–10.0 ng/mL with a free/total ratio of <20% or an abnormal digital rectal examination or previous high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) or atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP).RESULTSThe mean (sd) age of the patients was 66.5 (6.1) years and the median (interquartile range) PSA level was 9.0  (6.1–12.8) ng/mL. The number of previous biopsies was one in 59% of patients, two in 26% and three or more in 15%. We detected prostate cancer in 26%, ASAP in 5.6% and HGPIN in 2.1%. The cancer detection rate was 47%, 25.5% and 14% for prostate volumes of <40, 40–60 and ≥60 mL, respectively (P = 0.002). On a multivariate analysis the total prostate volume (40–60 vs <40 mL, hazard ratio 5.683; >60 vs <40 mL, hazard ratio 6.965; P = 0.01) was the only significant predictor of prostate cancer at saturation biopsy.CONCLUSIONSTRUS‐guided transperineal saturation re‐biopsy of the prostate using a 24‐core scheme resulted in a high cancer detection rate also in patients who had had two or more previous biopsies. The total prostate volume was the only predictor of prostate cancer.
Contrast‐enhanced colour Doppler‐targeted vs a 10‐core systematic repeat biopsy strategy in patients with previous high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Mitterberger Michael , Horninger Wolfgang , Aigner Friedrich , Pinggera Germar M. , Rehder Peter , Steiner Eberhard , Wiunig Christian , Reissigl Andreas , Frauscher Ferdinand 
Published: October 2009

Study Type – Diagnosis (case series) Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVETo compare the results of contrast‐enhanced colour Doppler (CECD)‐targeted prostate biopsy with a systematic 10‐core grey‐scale biopsy scheme in patients initially diagnosed with high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), as although HGPIN is thought to be a precursor to invasive adenocarcinoma, its diagnosis is no longer considered an indication for repeat prostate biopsy and patients should be followed by prostate‐specific antigen levels and a digital rectal examination.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn all, 104 patients (aged 45–78 years) diagnosed with HGPIN on initial prostate needle biopsy were referred for a repeat biopsy within 6 months. Two independent examiners evaluated each patient; one used CECD‐targeted biopsy (up to five cores) into hypervascular regions in the peripheral zone only, and subsequently the second took a systematic 10‐core grey‐scale biopsy. Cancer detection rates of both techniques were compared.RESULTSOverall, 26 of the 104 men (25%) had prostate cancer in the repeated biopsy. Using the CECD technique cancer was detected in 21% (22 of 104). The positive re‐biopsy rate using the systematic technique was 9.6% (10 of 104; P < 0.001). The total incidence of HGPIN with no evidence of tumour on re‐biopsy was 8.7% (nine of 104). The Gleason score in all 22 cancers detected with the CECD technique varied between 6 and 8. The systematic technique detected cancers with Gleason scores of 6 or 7. There were no adverse events or complications.CONCLUSIONCECD increased the detection rate of prostate cancer, and using fewer biopsy cores than the systematic biopsy technique in patients previously diagnosed with HGPIN.
The effect of Gleason score on the predictive value of prostate‐specific antigen doubling time
Authors: Tollefson Matthew K. , Blute Michael L. , Rangel Laureano J. , Bergstralh Erik J. , Boorjian Stephen A. , Karnes R. Jeffrey 
Published: October 2009

Study Type – Prognosis (individual cohort series) Level of Evidence 2bOBJECTIVETo evaluate the influence of the pathological Gleason score on the predictive value of the prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) doubling time (DT), as this variable predicts a patient’s risk of disease progression both before and after definitive therapy for prostate cancer, and there is an inverse correlation between the Gleason score and PSA production.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe evaluated all men treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) between 1990 and 1999 who did not receive neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy. We identified 2296 patients who had multiple PSA values available before RP, and 1323 who had biochemical recurrence after RP and had at least two PSA values available before starting secondary therapy. Systemic progression and cancer‐specific survival (CSS) rates were estimated using the Kaplan‐Meier method and Cox proportional hazard regression models.RESULTSA PSA DT of <18 vs >18 months predicted a lower 10‐year systemic progression‐free survival for patients with tumours having a pathological Gleason score of <7 (98% vs 99%, P = 0.005), 7 (82% vs 91%, P = 0.003) and 8–10 (57% vs 73%, P = 0.042). A PSA DT after RP of <12 months was significantly associated with a lower 10‐year systemic progression‐free survival for patients with tumours having a Gleason score of <7 (77% vs 94%, P < 0.001) and 7 (61% vs 86%, P < 0.001), but not 8–10 (61% vs 75%, P = 0.11). The ability of PSA DT before and after RP to predict systemic progression and CSS decreased with increasing Gleason score.CONCLUSIONSThe PSA DT remains associated with outcome both before and after RP across increasing pathological Gleason scores, although the predictive ability of PSA DT is diminished in Gleason 8–10 cancers.
The relationship between age at time of surgery and risk of biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Barlow LaMont J. , Badalato Gina M. , Bashir Talha , Benson Mitchell C. , McKiernan James M. 
Published: October 2009

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVESTo evaluate the effects of age at radical prostatectomy (RP) on recurrence‐free survival (RFS) in patients with prostate cancer stratified by established preoperative risk factors (such as prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, Gleason score, and tumour stage), as increasing age has been associated with more indolent behaviour in some cancers.PATIENTS AND METHODSA retrospective analysis of men treated with RP from 1988 to 2008 was conducted. Patients were divided into two groups by age at the time of RP, and RFS rates were analysed using Kaplan–Meier survival curves. The subgroups were stratified by preoperative PSA level, biopsy Gleason score, and clinical stage; multivariate analyses with Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify independent predictors of recurrence. Recurrence was defined as a single PSA level of ≥0.2 ng/mL at least 28 days after RP.RESULTSIn all, 1984 patients met inclusion criteria and were divided into groups 1 (1325 men aged 40–64 years) and 2 (659 men aged ≥65 years). The 5‐year RFS rates were 80.6% (confidence interval, CI 78.0–82.9%) and 75.6% (CI 71.5–79.1%) for groups 1 and 2, respectively. In the univariate model, advanced age was significantly associated with an increased overall risk of recurrence (hazard ratio, HR 1.30, P = 0.012). However, in multivariate analyses accounting for PSA level, Gleason score, and clinical stage, age was not an independent predictor of recurrence (HR 1.04, P = 0.76).CONCLUSIONOlder patients who undergo RP appear to have an increased risk of recurrence. However, age is not an independent predictor of recurrence when accounting for PSA level, grade, and stage.