bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibody-mediated depletion of lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3+)-activated T lymphocytes prevents delayed-type hypersensitivity in non-human primates
Authors: Poirier N , Haudebourg T , Brignone C , Dilek N , Hervouet J , Minault D , Coulon F , de Silly R V , Triebel F , Blancho G , Vanhove B 
Published: February 2011

SummaryLymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3, CD223) is a marker for recently activated effector T cells. Activated T lymphocytes are of major importance in many autoimmune diseases and organ transplant rejection. Therefore, specifically depleting LAG-3+ T cells might lead to targeted immunosuppression that would spare resting T cells while eliminating pathogenic activated T cells. We have shown previously that anti-LAG-3 antibodies sharing depleting as well as modulating activities inhibit heart allograft rejection in rats. Here, we have developed and characterized a cytotoxic LAG-3 chimeric antibody (chimeric A9H12), and evaluated its potential as a selective therapeutic depleting agent in a non-human primate model of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). Chimeric A9H12 showed a high affinity to its antigen and depleted both cytomegalovirus (CMV)-activated CD4+ and CD8+ human T lymphocytes in vitro. In vivo, a single intravenous injection at either 1 or 0·1 mg/kg was sufficient to deplete LAG-3+-activated T cells in lymph nodes and to prevent the T helper type 1 (Th1)-driven skin inflammation in a tuberculin-induced DTH model in baboons. T lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration into the skin was also reduced. The in vivo effect was long-lasting, as several weeks to months were required after injection to restore a positive reaction after antigen challenge. Our data confirm that LAG-3 is a promising therapeutic target for depleting antibodies that might lead to higher therapeutic indexes compared to traditional immunosuppressive agents in autoimmune diseases and transplantation.
The absence of immunoglobulin D B cell receptor-mediated signals promotes the production of autoantibodies and exacerbates glomerulonephritis in murine lupus
Authors: Guo L , Tian J , Guo Z , Zheng B , Han S 
Published: February 2011

SummaryImmunoglobulin (Ig)D is the major antigen receptor isotype co-expressed with IgM on the surface of most peripheral B cells in mice and humans. However, the biological role of IgD as B cell receptor (BCR) has remained unclear. Previous studies have indicated that IgD may play a role in B cell tolerance. To understand the role of IgD in B cell tolerance and autoimmunity, we have examined the development of autoimmune syndrome in lpr mice deficient for IgD. The present study showed that IgD deficiency did not alter lymphoproliferation and lymphocyte activation in lpr mice. The survival and proliferation of B cells were not affected by the absence of IgD, indicating that IgD BCR-mediated signals do not have an important role in negative selection of autoreactive B cell clones. Interestingly, compared to IgD-competent littermates, lpr mice with IgD deficiency had elevated autoantibody production, increased deposition of immune complex in the kidney and more severe nephritis. Accumulation of abnormal CD4–CD8–αβ+ T cells was accelerated in IgD−/− lpr mice compared to lpr mice. These results suggest that IgD BCR-mediated signals may be involved in the differentiation of autoreactive B cells into plasma cells and abnormal T cell expansion.
Infections and immunodeficiency in Down syndrome
Authors: Ram G , Chinen J 
Published: February 2011

Summary
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic disease and presents with cognitive impairment, cardiac and gastrointestinal abnormalities, in addition to other miscellaneous clinical conditions. DS individuals may have a high frequency of infections, usually of the upper respiratory tract, characterized by increased severity and prolonged course of disease, which are partially attributed to defects of the immune system. The abnormalities of the immune system associated with DS include: mild to moderate T and B cell lymphopenia, with marked decrease of naive lymphocytes, impaired mitogen-induced T cell proliferation, reduced specific antibody responses to immunizations and defects of neutrophil chemotaxis. Limited evidence of genetic abnormalities secondary to trisomy of chromosome 21 and affecting the immune system is available, such as the potential consequences of gene over-expression, most significantly SOD1 and RCAN1. Secondary immunodeficiency due to metabolic or nutritional factors in DS, particularly zinc deficiency, has been postulated. Non-immunological factors, including abnormal anatomical structures (e.g. small ear canal, tracheomalacia) and gastro-oesophageal reflux, may play a role in the increased frequency of respiratory tract infections. The molecular mechanisms leading to the immune defects observed in DS individuals and the contribution of these immunological abnormalities to the increased risk of infections require further investigation. Addressing immunological and non-immunological factors involved in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases may reduce the susceptibility to infections in DS subjects.
The interface between thyroid and diabetes mellitus
Authors: Duntas Leonidas H. , Orgiazzi Jacques , Brabant Georg 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThyroid disease and type 1 but also type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are strongly associated, and this has important clinical implications for insulin sensitivity and treatment requirements. The pathophysiological basis of this association has only recently been better elucidated. It rests on a complex interaction of common signalling pathways and, in the case of type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease, on a linked genetic susceptibility. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this linked regulation are increasingly being unravelled. They are exemplified in the regulation of 5′ adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), a central target not only for the modulation of insulin sensitivity but also for the feedback of thyroid hormones on appetite and energy expenditure. The present review will discuss these concepts and their consequences for the clinical care of patients with DM and thyroid disorders. Moreover, it makes reference to the added effect of metformin in suppressing TSH.
Improving the quality of fresh‐cut melon through inactivation of degradative oxidase and pectinase enzymatic activities by UV‐C treatment
Authors: Chisari Marco , Barbagallo Riccardo N. , Spagna Giovanni , Artes Francisco 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThis work investigated the effect of exposure of fresh‐cut melon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus) to ultraviolet‐C (UV‐C, 254 nm, 0.04 kJ s−1 m−2) radiation for different times (30, 60, 120 s) on main degradative enzymatic activities (polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonase) and quality parameters (firmness, colour) during storage at 5 °C. Enzymatic activities in samples washed with water and treated with UV‐C radiation were similar to samples washed with 100 mg L−1 NaOCl and significantly lower than untreated samples, especially after 7 days of storage at 5 °C. Tissue softening was noticed in all samples although those treated with UV‐C light resulted 7–12% firmer than untreated ones. The lowest perceptible colour variation, expressed as ΔE*, was in samples exposed to 120 s radiation (ΔE = 8.58), while the highest value was noticed in untreated sample (ΔE = 11.06). Postcut UV‐C fruit treatment was effective in extending the shelf life of minimally processed ‘Galia’ melon.
Aptamers for safety and quality assurance in the food industry: detection of pathogens
Authors: Kärkkäinen Riikka M. , Drasbek Mette Ryun , McDowall Ian , Smith Christopher J. , Young Niall W.G. , Bonwick Graham A. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryAptamers are biomolecular ligands composed of nucleic acids. They can be developed to bind specifically to a range of target molecules and subsequently exploited in a fashion analogous to more traditional biomolecules such as antibodies. Methods for the production of aptamers and their potential applications to the food industry in the form of rapid assays and biosensors are discussed. In contrast to antibody‐based diagnostics, aptamers can be produced in animal‐free systems which have clear ethical and financial benefits. This review identifies a need for the development of new aptamers with specificity against micro‐organisms and highlights their potential use for the detection of food‐borne pathogens.
Effects of specific lactic acid bacteria species on biogenic amine production by foodborne pathogen
Authors: Özogul Fatih 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe influences of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on biogenic amines formation by foodborne pathogens (FBP) were investigated. Biogenic amines production by single and mix cultures was tested in histidine decarboxylase broth. All of the mix cultures (LAB with FBP) inhibited significantly (P < 0.05) the ammonia accumulation except for Escherichia coli with Lactococcus lactic subsp. lactic and Lactobacillus plantarum. Although LAB with most of the pathogen showed considerably stimulation effects on putrescine, cadaverine, spermine, 2‐phenylethylamine, histamine (HIS), tyramine, trimethylamine, dopamine and agmatine (AGM), some of the LAB with pathogens showed poor inhibition effect on different amines formation. HIS production by Klebiella pneumonia was 0.16 mg L−1, whereas HIS value in presence of Lb. plantarum increased to 30.92 mg L−1. Consequently, LAB inhibition of the ammonium production by FBP is favourable, while the stimulation effects of LAB on biogenic amines formation by FBPs are not desirable for food industry.
Predicting the drying kinetics of salted codfish (Gadus Morhua): semi‐empirical, diffusive and neural network models
Authors: Boeri Camila , Neto da Silva Fernando , Ferreira Jorge , Saraiva Jorge , Salvador Ângelo 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThis work aims to compare the accuracy of several drying modelling techniques namely semi‐empirical, diffusive and artificial neural network (ANN) models as applied to salted codfish (Gadus Morhua). To this end, sets of experimental data were collected to adjust parameters for the models. Modelling of codfish drying was performed by resorting to Page and Thompson semi‐empirical models and to a Fick diffusion law. The ANN employed a neural network multilayer ‘feed‐forward’, consisting of one input layer, with four neurons, one hidden layer, formed by five neurons and one output layer with a convergence criterion for training purposes. The simulations showed good results for the ANN (correlation coefficient between 0.987 and 0.999) and semi‐empirical models (correlation coefficient ranging from 0.992 to 0.997 for Page’s model, and from 0.993 to 0.996 for Thompson’s model), while improvements were required to obtain better predictions by the diffusion model (correlation coefficients ranged from 0.864 to 0.959).
Effect of initial aflatoxin concentration, heating time and roasting temperature on aflatoxin reduction in contaminated peanuts and process optimisation using response surface modelling
Authors: Arzandeh S. , Jinap S. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryResponse surface methodology was applied to optimise the aflatoxin reduction in both naturally and artificially contaminated samples using dry oven. The effect of initial aflatoxin concentration (0–400 ng g−1), heating time (30–120 min) and temperature (90–150 °C) was evaluated. The maximum reduction of AFB1 (78.4%) and AFB2 (57.3%) of artificially contaminated samples with initial aflatoxin concentration of 237 and 68 ng g−1, and those of AFG1 (73.9%) and AFG2 (75.2%) with initial aflatoxin concentration of 215 and 75 ng g−1 was obtained at 150 °C. The maximum reduction of AFB1 (80.2%) and AFB2 (69.7%) of naturally contaminated samples with initial aflatoxin concentration of 174 and 25 ng g−1 was obtained at 150 °C and 130 °C, respectively.
Shelf life of Merino lamb meat retail packaged under atmospheres of various compositions
Authors: Gutiérrez Juan I. , Tejeda Juan F. , Carrapiso Ana I. , Petrón María J. , Lara María S. , Andrés Ana I. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe effect of four different gas mixtures on several characteristics of Merino fresh lamb meat quality was studied. Merino lamb meat was packed under four different atmospheres (Batch 1: Ambient air; Batch 2: 70% O2 + 30% CO2; Batch 3: 80% O2 + 20% CO2 and Batch 4: 30% CO2 + 69.6% Ar + 0.4% CO) and stored in darkness and under refrigeration (3 ± 1 °C) for 12 days. pH values and weight losses of lamb meat showed no significant changes during 12 days storage (P > 0.05) and were not affected by the different used atmospheres (P > 0.05). Lightness (L*) was not significantly affected by gas atmospheres until day 12 of storage, lamb meat packed in contact with air (Batch 1) showing the lowest lightness (P < 0.001). Samples in contact with ambient air, presented the lowest a*‐values during most of the storage period (P < 0.001). Batch 4 (30% CO2 + 69.6% Ar + 0.4% CO) showed the highest a*‐values after 7 days storage. Batches 2, 3 and 4 presented a lower microbial count of total aerobic bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae than batch 1 (P < 0.05), whereas for lactic acid bacteria counts there were not significant differences (P > 0.05).
Proximate, mineral, amino acid, fatty acid, vitamin E, phytate phosphate and fibre composition of Mimusops zeyheri (Red Milkwood) seed
Authors: Chivandi Eliton , Davidson Bruce , Pretorius Beulah , Erlwanger Kennedy 
Published: February 2011

Summary Mimusops zeyheri, an indigenous tree widely distributed in sub‐Saharan Africa, provides edible fruit. Research on the tree has focused on fruit pulp composition and uses. This study evaluated the nutritional potential of M. zeyheri seed by determining the proximate, fibre and phytate‐phosphate content, the amino acid and fatty acid profiles and vitamin E content of the seed. Dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract and ash constituted 91.1%, 88.3%, 9.3%, 25.6% and 2.8% of the seed mass respectively. Glutamic acid (1.29 g per 100 g) was the most abundant amino acid. Lysine and phenylalanine were low. Calcium (587.4 mg per 100 g) was the most concentrated macro‐mineral assayed. Gross energy value was 24.34 MJ kg−1. Lipid yield was 21.3%. Oleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid. Vitamin E concentration was about 2 μg g−1. Phytate‐phosphate content was 0.03%. Neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre constituted 33.2% and 15.3% respectively. M. zeyheri seed could be exploited as a dietary energy supplement and an oil source rich in oleic acid.
Chemical composition of virgin olive oils from Koroneiki cultivar grown in Tunisia with regard to fruit ripening and irrigation regimes
Authors: Dabbou Samia , Dabbou Sihem , Chehab Hechmi , Brahmi Faten , Taticchi Agnese , Servili Maurizio , Hammami Mohamed 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe impact of different irrigation regimes based on two ripeness index, on the quantity and quality of virgin olive oil from the introduced olive cultivar Olea europaea L. Koroneiki grown at a high‐density olive orchard in northern Tunisia, was assessed. Olive trees were subjected to three treatments (T1, T2 and T3) that received a seasonal water amount equivalent to 50%, 75% and 100% of the estimated local evaporative demand by a drip irrigation system and olives were collected in two different ripeness index. The olive oil content decreased when the water applied was increased but rose during ripening. The quality indexes and fatty acid composition were less affected by the irrigation schedule but most significantly by the maturity of olives. Moreover, phenol contents increased according to fruit ripening whereas no clear cut differences or consistent effects were observed by irrigation. α‐tocopherol decreased slightly in the oils as ripening progressed while insignificant differences between the irrigation treatments studied were obtained. Consequently, a restitution of 75% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc.) was sufficient to achieve good minor compounds; however, higher water volumes (100% ETc.) gave little additional α‐tocopherol and phenols increases.
Simulation and experimental validation of simultaneous heat and mass transfer for cooking process of Mortadella Bologna PGI
Authors: Rinaldi Massimiliano , Chiavaro Emma , Gozzi Elisa , Massini Roberto 
Published: February 2011

SummaryIn this study, Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) Mortadella Bologna cooking process was investigated for heat and mass transfer. Apparent mass and heat transfer coefficient functions as well as apparent thermal diffusivity and mass diffusion coefficients were experimentally estimated. These thermo‐physical properties were used to develop a mathematical model for the simulation of simultaneous heat and mass transfer during Mortadella Bologna PGI cooking. The developed method was successfully validated for both heat and mass transfer by means of experimental cooking tests: maximum errors of about 3.5% and 4% were found for final product temperature and cooking time experimentally obtained respectively. Simulated weight loss values were also found not to differ significantly from those experimentally obtained. In addition, the developed model was successfully validated during a Mortadella cooking process carried out in an industrial plant proposing itself as a predictive tool to forecast and optimise cooking time and weight loss of this type of meat product. The proposed approach may be also used to design air cooking processes of other food products.
Analysis of dryer performance for the improvement of small‐scale litchi processing
Authors: Precoppe Marcelo , Nagle Marcus , Janjai Serm , Mahayothee Busarakorn , Müller Joachim 
Published: February 2011

SummaryLitchi is a significant cash crop in Thailand, but marketing is constrained by the perishable nature of the fruit. Drying can extend the shelf life of the fruit; however, in Thailand drying technology is still in its early stages of development. With the aim of improving locally available small‐scale drying equipment, the performance of a litchi batch‐dryer by a farmers’ cooperative near Chiang Mai was studied. Drying conditions, energy consumption and product quality were monitored over three trials. Energy performance was analysed using instantaneous indices, leading to suggestions for possible design‐modifications. About 29.8% of the heat input was used for moisture evaporation, 38.4% was lost via unsaturated exhaust air and 17.6% was lost to the ambient environment. An optimum air flow rate, one that minimises exhaust heat losses without increasing the drying time, was calculated. Temperature and air flow within the drying chamber varied, resulting in a non‐uniform batch. To improve performance, a new design for the drying chamber air inlet is recommended.
Drying characteristics and sorption isotherms of silverside fish (Atherina)
Authors: Toujani Mohsen , Hassini Lamine , Azzouz Soufiene , Belghith Ali 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe aim of this work was to report drying characteristics and sorption isotherms of silverside fish. The sorption isotherm was determined at four temperature levels 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C and at water activities, ranging from 0.058 to 0.89, using the static gravimetric method. Five sorption models were fitted with the desorption data generated from the gravimetric method. It was found that the Peleg model suitably represents the sorption experimental data in the mentioned investigated ranges of temperature and water activities. Sorption isosteric heat was determined from sorption data using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. The relationship between the net isosteric heat of sorption and the moisture content was best expressed by the Tsami’s equation. The drying characteristic curve and the drying rate expression of silverside fish have been established from experimental convective drying kinetics.
Characterization of hot air drying and microwave vacuum drying of fingerroot (Boesenbergia pandurata)
Authors: Therdthai Nantawan , Northongkom Hasaya 
Published: February 2011

SummaryFingerroot (Boesenbergia pandurata) was subjected to hot air drying and microwave vacuum drying. Effective moisture diffusion coefficient during the hot air drying at 60 and 70 °C were 0.2073 × 10−10 and 0.4106 × 10−10 m2 s−1 respectively. By using the microwave vacuum drying (13.3 kPa) at the power of 2880 and 3360 W, the effective moisture diffusion coefficient were increased to 5.7910 × 10−10 and 6.8767 × 10−10 m2 s−1 respectively. Based on Lewis model, drying rate constants were 0.0002, 0.0004, 0.0061 and 0.0072 s−1 for the hot air drying at 60 and 70 °C and the microwave vacuum drying at 2880 and 3360 W respectively. Compared with the hot air drying, the microwave vacuum drying decreased drying time by 90%. Rehydration ability of the microwave vacuum dried samples was also significantly improved (P ≤ 0.05), because of porous structure. In addition, the rehydrating water of the microwave vacuum dried samples contained higher b*‐value (yellowness) than that of the hot‐air‐dried samples (P ≤ 0.05).
Quality and antioxidant capacity of fresh‐cut apple wedges enriched with honey by vacuum impregnation
Authors: Rößle Christian , Brunton Nigel , Gormley Thomas R. , Butler Francis 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe effect of vacuum impregnation (VI) of fresh‐cut apple wedges with honey, in presence and absence of a browning inhibitor on physicochemical, sensory and antioxidant properties over 7 days of storage at 2–4 °C was studied. Infusion of wedges with honey resulted in very little weight change indicating loss of internal water and ingress of honey carbohydrates into the wedges, hence the correlation coefficients with soluble solids content (r = −0.91) and dry matter (r = −0.77). Water infused samples showed the highest water uptake resulting in an increase in weight of 30%. Browning (P < 0.001) and firmness (P < 0.001) of apple wedges were the quality parameters most affected by VI. Samples dipped in browning inhibitor prior AS1 showed slightly better performance than undipped wedges with regard to browning and firmness. Total phenol content and antioxidant activity were significantly (P < 0.001) lower for honey infused apple wedges.
Physical properties of goat milk powder with soy lecithin added before spray drying
Authors: Fonseca Carolina R. , Bento Milena S. G. , Quintero Ednelí S. M. , Gabas Ana Lúcia , Oliveira Carlos A. F. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryIn this study, physical characteristics of goat milk powder produced with the addition of soy lecithin at levels of 0 (control), 0.4, 0.8 and 1.0 g lecithin/100 g of total solids in concentrated milk before the spray drying process were investigated. Goat milk was pasteurised, concentrated at 40% of total solids, spray dried and packed in plastic bags under vaccum conditions. Lecithin addition decreased the wetting time of milk powders, although no influence was observed on dispersibility, water sorption, water activity and particle size distribution of the powders. Powders with higher levels of lecithin showed significantly lower brightness, with a greater intensity of yellow colour. It was concluded that lecithin addition before spray drying process at the minimal proportion in concentrated milk of 0.4 g lecithin/100 g of total solids in concentrated milk is useful for achieving more rapid wetting time of goat milk powder.