bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How can caffeine alleviate the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease? – the implications of adenosine 2A receptor antagonism
Authors: Wójcik Anna , Górny Aleksander , Chwiejczak Justyna , Młynarska Julita , Kościan Jan , Szczerkowska Karolina , Seroka Anna , Mitkowska Maria , Rybicka Maria , Obrębski Michał 
Published: May 2024

Introduction and purpose: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, mainly characterized by motor impairment with symptoms including rigidity, bradykinesia, rest tremor and imbalance. It develops upon degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra associated with neuroinflammatory process initiated by alpha-synuclein deposits. Although, levodopa replacement therapy is the gold-standard treatment, majority of the treated patients develop dyskinesia as the side effect, resulting from altered function of dopamine receptors. It is thought that the abnormal pulsate release of dopamine can be prevented by antagonism of adenosine 2A receptors (A2ARs).
Aim of the study: This review aims to outline the action mechanism of A2AR antagonism on motor performance, and thus evaluate the suggested implications of coffee consumption in PD. Material and method: The involvement of A2ARs in the pathology and treatment of PD has been analyzed based on the findings of many published studies examining the effects of A2AR modulation.
Results: Blockage of A2ARs enhances the action of dopamine via D2 receptors on striatopallidal neurons, decreasing their hyperactivity, and exerts neuroprotective effect, suppressing the neuroinflammation.
Conclusions: Istradefylline, being the only approved A2AR antagonist, was able to reduce total cumulative dose of levodopa, improve motor control, alleviate postural abnormalities, and provide a reduction in daily ‘off’ time experienced by patients. Recent findings suggest the effects of drinking one cup of coffee are comparable with ones obtained by the newly introduced medication, presumably via shared action mechanism by A2AR inhibition.
Thompson Sampling with Information Relaxation Penalties
Authors: Min Seungki , Maglaras Costis , Moallemi Ciamac C. 
Published: May 2024

We consider a finite-horizon multiarmed bandit (MAB) problem in a Bayesian setting, for which we propose an information relaxation sampling framework. With this framework, we define an intuitive family of control policies that include Thompson sampling (TS) and the Bayesian optimal policy as endpoints. Analogous to TS, which at each decision epoch pulls an arm that is best with respect to the randomly sampled parameters, our algorithms sample entire future reward realizations and take the corresponding best action. However, this is done in the presence of “penalties” that seek to compensate for the availability of future information. We develop several novel policies and performance bounds for MAB problems that vary in terms of improving performance and increasing computational complexity between the two endpoints. Our policies can be viewed as natural generalizations of TS that simultaneously incorporate knowledge of the time horizon and explicitly consider the exploration-exploitation trade-off. We prove associated structural results on performance bounds and suboptimality gaps. Numerical experiments suggest that this new class of policies perform well, in particular, in settings where the finite time horizon introduces significant exploration-exploitation tension into the problem. Finally, inspired by the finite-horizon Gittins index, we propose an index policy that builds on our framework that particularly outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithms in our numerical experiments. This paper was accepted by Hamid Nazerzadeh, data science. Funding: This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea [NRF-2022R1C1C1013402]. Supplemental Material: The electronic companion and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2020.01396 .
#itsneverobliqua
Authors: Meiler Matthias 
Published: May 2024

Today, knowledge communication is no longer conceivable without multimodality, if it has ever been truly monomodal. Nevertheless, research on multimodal knowledge communication has not yet progressed very far. This article therefore attempts a methodological inventory and reflection on the appropriate means of investigating this phenomenon. In a media-cultural-historical perspective on knowledge mediation processes, the article explores what their determining conditions are and how they can be made methodologically explorable in their interconnectedness. The centuries-old practice of botanizing (i. e., the identification of plant species) will be examined as a subject matter of knowledge communication, both in its historical development and in a recent example.
Angle-dependent quantum efficiency correction for improved signal accuracy in small-scale Scheimpflug lidar systems
Authors: Chen Siying , Yin Jiarui , Chen He , Tan Wangshu , Guo Pan , Jiang Yurong , Xu Qingyue , Li Daoming , Xue Fan , Wu Huiyun 
Published: May 2024

Wide-incidence-angle detection in Scheimpflug lidar causes pixel-wise variations in signal intensity due to differences in quantum efficiency across the detector. This study proposes an angular response correction factor and a correction method to address the difference caused by a wide incidence angle. A Scheimpflug lidar system was developed with a 405 nm laser and an array image sensor; it achieved a detection angle of 11.4°. Experiments with uniform atmosphere and smoke aerosols demonstrated the effectiveness of the correction method. For uniform atmosphere, it ensured consistent signal intensity. In smoke aerosol detection, the Klett method revealed the correction factor’s role in counteracting small-scale variations in the extinction coefficient. The method improved the extinction coefficient accuracy within 4 m by 4%–75%.
ART coverage and viral suppression among female sex workers living with HIV in eThekwini, South Africa: Baseline findings from the Siyaphambili study
Authors: Comins Carly A. , Baral Stefan , Mcingana Mfezi , Shipp Lily , Phetlhu Deliwe Rene , Young Katherine , Guddera Vijayanand , Hausler Harry , Schwartz Sheree 
Published: May 2024

In South Africa >60% of female sex workers (FSW) are living with HIV, the majority of whom are not virally suppressed. Identifying multi-level determinants of viral suppression is central to developing implementation strategies to promote retention in HIV care and viral suppression among FSW with unmet treatment needs. Adult cisgender FSW living with HIV for ≥6 months, conducting sex work as their primary source of income, and residing in Durban (South Africa) were enrolled into the Siyaphambili Study, a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial. Baseline viral load and CD4 were assessed, and an interviewer-administered survey was conducted, capturing socio-demographic, reproductive and sexual history and behaviors, vulnerabilities, substance use, mental health, and stigma. We assessed baseline determinants of viral suppression (<50 copies/mL) using bivariate and multivariable robust poisson regression, considering associations across the individual, network, environmental and macrostructural levels. From June 2018 –March 2020, 1,644 women were screened, with 1,391 eligible FSW living with HIV enrolled. The analyses were conducted among the 1,373 participants with baseline data. Overall, 65% (889/1,373) of participants were reported to be on antiretroviral therapy and 38% (520/1,373) were virally suppressed. In the multivariable model, FSW who experienced a lack of housing in the prior six months were less likely to be virally suppressed (aPR: 0.72, 95%CI 0.56–0.91), while older FSW (aPR: 1.46 95%CI: 1.16–1.83 for 30–39 years old vs. 18–29 years old; aPR: 2.15 95%CI: 1.64–2.80 for 40+ years vs. 18–29 years old) and FSW reporting hormonal or long-acting contraception use were more likely to be virally suppressed (aPR: 1.19 95% CI: 1.00–1.43). We found vulnerability to be high among FSW living with HIV in South Africa and identified individual and structural determinants associated with viral suppression. Taken together these results suggest optimizing HIV treatment outcomes necessitates supporting younger sex workers and addressing housing instability.
Trial registration: NCT03500172.
A study protocol for predictors of post-discharge mortality among children aged 5–14 years admitted to tertiary hospitals in Tanzania: A prospective observational cohort study
Authors: Meleki Elton Roman , Mongella Stella , Furia Francis Fredrick 
Published: May 2024

Introduction
Globally, millions of children and adolescents die every year from treatable and preventable causes. Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 55% of deaths of children aged 5–14 years in 2017. Despite this high burden, minimal effort has been directed toward reducing mortality among older children and adolescents in comparison to under-fives. Mortality rates of children post-discharge vary between 1–18% in limited-resource countries and are reported to exceed in-hospital mortality. In Tanzania, there is limited data regarding post-discharge mortality and its predictors among children aged 5–14 years.

Objectives
This study aims to determine the post-discharge mortality rate and its predictors among children aged 5–14 years admitted to pediatric wards at MNH, MOI, and JKCI.

Methods and analysis
This will be a prospective observational cohort study that will be conducted among children aged 5–14 years admitted to pediatric wards at Muhimbili National Hospital, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institue, and Muhimbili Orthopedic Institue in Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania. Data will be collected using a structured questionnaire and will include socio-demographic characteristics, clinical factors, and patients’ outcomes. Post-discharge follow-up will be done at months 1, 2, and 3 after discharge via phone call. Data will be analyzed using SPSS version 23. The association of demographic, social economic, and clinical factors with the outcome of all causes, 3 months post-discharge mortality will be determined by Cox regression, and survival rates will be displayed through Kaplan-Meier curves.

Discussion
This study will determine post-discharge mortality among children aged 5–14 years and its predictors in Tanzania. This information is expected to provide baseline data that will be useful for raising awareness of clinicians on how to prioritize and plan a proper follow-up of children following hospital discharge. These data may also be used to guide policy development to address and reduce the high burden of older children and adolescent mortality and may be used for future studies including those aiming to develop prediction models for post-discharge mortality among older children and adolescents.
Fathers’ involvement in raising children with intellectual disabilities: Mothers’ ratings of the contribution of their spouses
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed , Opoku Maxwell Peprah , Safi Mohammed , Belbase Shashidhar , Al Mughairbi Fadwa , Xie Quizhi , Al Shatheli Mahmoud , Almarzooq Shamsa 
Published: May 2024

Background
Intellectual disability (ID) is a lifelong condition characterized by individuals’ inability to perform cognitive tasks and participate in daily living activities. While parenting children with ID has been reported to be demanding, studies draw mainly on mothers. In contexts such as the United Arab Emirates (UAE), there is little literature on fathers’ involvement in raising children with IDs.

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to explore, from the perspectives of mothers, the extent of fathers’ involvement in raising children with ID in the UAE.

Methods
One hundred and fifty-eight (N = 158) mothers with children with ID completed the fathers’ involvement in disability and rehabilitation scale. Mothers who had enrolled their children with ID in special schools or receiving services at rehabilitation centres were invited to participate in this study. The data were subjected to the following analyses: mean computation, multivariate analysis of variance, hierarchical regression, and moderation analysis.

Results
The results showed high fatherly support, participation in training, and contribution to the development of their children with ID. However, the mothers’ ratings showed the fathers’ ambivalence toward parenting children with ID. A relationship was found between attitude and support, as well as marital status and the educational level of mothers, providing insight into the involvement of fathers.

Conclusion
The study recommends training programs aimed at improving the attitudes of fathers toward raising children with ID and other study implications.
Prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in Kogi state, Nigeria–Findings from a Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness survey
Authors: Penzin Selben , Jolley Emma , Ogundimu Kolawole , Mpyet Caleb , Ibrahim Nazaradden , Owoeye Joshua Foluso , Isiyaku Sunday , Shu’aibu Joy , Schmidt Elena 
Published: May 2024

Purpose
To determine the prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment among adults in Kogi, Nigeria.

Methods
A Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness (RAAB) protocol was used with additional tools measuring disability and household wealth to measure the prevalence of blindness and visual impairment (VI) and associations with sex, disability, wealth, cataract surgical coverage and its effectiveness.

Results
Age- and sex-adjusted all-cause prevalence of bilateral blindness was 3.6% (95%CI 3.0–4.2%), prevalence of blindness among people living with additional, non-visual disabilities was 38.3% (95% CI 29.0–48.6%) compared to 1.6% (95%CI 1.2–2.1%; χ2 = 771.9, p<0.001) among people without additional disabilities. Cataract was the principal cause of bilateral blindness (55.3%). Cataract surgical coverage (CSC) at visual acuity (VA) 3/60 was 48.0%, higher among men than women (53.7% vs 40.3%); 12.0% among people with non-visual disabilities; 66.9% among people without non-visual disabilities, being higher among people in the wealthiest two quintiles (41.1%) compared to the lowest three (24.3%). Effective Cataract Surgical Coverage at Visual Acuity 6/60 was 31.0%, higher among males (34.9%) than females (25.5%), low among people with additional, non-visual disabilities (1.9%) compared to people with no additional disabilities (46.2%). Effective CDC was higher among people in the wealthiest two quintiles (411%) compared to the poorest three (24.3%). Good surgical outcome (VA>6/18) was seen in 61 eyes (52.6%) increasing to 71 (61.2%) eyes with best correction. Cost was identified as the main barrier to surgery.

Conclusion
Findings suggest there exists inequalities in eye care with women, poorer people and people with disabilities having a lower Cataract Surgical Coverage, thereby, underscoring the importance of eye care programs to address these inequalities.
Ergonomic benefit using heads-up display compared to conventional surgical microscope in Japanese ophthalmologists
Authors: Kamei Motohiro , Suzuki Hisaharu , Terayama Hideyuki , Ghafouri Rana , Ainslie-Garcia Margaret H. , Ferko Nicole C. , Cheng Hang , O’Boyle Derek , Nakamura Makoto 
Published: May 2024

Purpose
Occupational musculoskeletal disorders are prevalent in ophthalmic surgeons and can impact surgeons’ well-being and productivity. Heads-up displays may reduce ergonomic stress compared to conventional microscopes. This cross-sectional, non-interventional study compared ergonomic experience between heads-up display and conventional ocular microscopes.

Methods
The study protocol was approved by the independent ethics committee and nonprofit organization MINS Institutional Review Board. An online questionnaire was distributed to a sample of ophthalmic surgeons in Japan with experience operating with heads-up display. The questionnaire captured surgeon-specific variables, the standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, and custom questions to compare heads-up display and conventional microscope and understand long-term impacts of musculoskeletal disorders.

Results
Analysis was conducted on responses from 67 surgeons with a mean 25 years of practice and 2.7 years using heads-up display. Many surgeons agreed or strongly agreed that heads-up display reduced the severity (40%) and frequency (40%) of pain and discomfort, improved posture (61%), and improved overall comfort (61%). Of respondents who experienced asthenopia (n = 59) or pain/discomfort during operation (n = 61), 54% reported improvement in asthenopia and 72% reported feeling less pain/discomfort since using heads-up display. Overall, 69% reported preference for heads-up display.

Conclusion
This study provides novel data on musculoskeletal disorders and the long-term impacts of ergonomic strain reported by ophthalmologists building on existing literature demonstrating ergonomic and other advantages of heads-up display. Future studies with objective ergonomic assessment are warranted to validate these findings.
Cohort profile: The Social media, smartphone use and Self-harm in Young People (3S-YP) study–A prospective, observational cohort study of young people in contact with mental health services
Authors: Bye Amanda , Carter Ben , Leightley Daniel , Trevillion Kylee , Liakata Maria , Branthonne-Foster Stella , Cross Samantha , Zenasni Zohra , Carr Ewan , Williamson Grace , Vega Viyuela Alba , Dutta Rina 
Published: May 2024

Objectives
The Social media, Smartphone use and Self-Harm (3S-YP) study is a prospective observational cohort study to investigate the mechanisms underpinning associations between social media and smartphone use and self-harm in a clinical youth sample. We present here a comprehensive description of the cohort from baseline data and an overview of data available from baseline and follow-up assessments.

Methods
Young people aged 13–25 years were recruited from a mental health trust in England and followed up for 6 months. Self-report data was collected at baseline and monthly during follow-up and linked with electronic health records (EHR) and user-generated data.

Findings
A total of 362 young people enrolled and provided baseline questionnaire data. Most participants had a history of self-harm according to clinical (n = 295, 81.5%) and broader definitions (n = 296, 81.8%). At baseline, there were high levels of current moderate/severe anxiety (n = 244; 67.4%), depression (n = 255; 70.4%) and sleep disturbance (n = 171; 47.2%). Over half used social media and smartphones after midnight on weekdays (n = 197, 54.4%; n = 215, 59.4%) and weekends (n = 241, 66.6%; n = 263, 72.7%), and half met the cut-off for problematic smartphone use (n = 177; 48.9%). Of the cohort, we have questionnaire data at month 6 from 230 (63.5%), EHR data from 345 (95.3%), social media data from 110 (30.4%) and smartphone data from 48 (13.3%).

Conclusion
The 3S-YP study is the first prospective study with a clinical youth sample, for whom to investigate the impact of digital technology on youth mental health using novel data linkages. Baseline findings indicate self-harm, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance and digital technology overuse are prevalent among clinical youth. Future analyses will explore associations between outcomes and exposures over time and compare self-report with user-generated data in this cohort.
Test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of knee extensor strength measured by a novel device incorporated into a weight stack machine vs. handheld and isokinetic dynamometry
Authors: Sahu Pradeep K. , Goodstadt Noel , Ramakrishnan Arun , Silfies Sheri P. 
Published: May 2024

Background
The current clinical gold standard for assessing isometric quadriceps muscle strength is an isokinetic dynamometer (IKD). However, in clinics without an IKD, clinicians default to using handheld dynamometers (HHD), which are less reliable and accurate than the IKD, particularly for large muscle groups. A novel device (ND) was developed that locks the weight stack of weight machines, and measures forces applied to the machine, turning this equipment into an isometric dynamometer. The objectives of this study were to characterize the test-retest reliability of the ND, determine the within-day and between-days inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity compared with that of the HHD, in healthy volunteers (HV) and individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA) for measuring knee extensors isometric muscle force.

Materials and methods
29 healthy (age = 28.4 ± 7.4 years) and 15 knee OA (age = 37.6 ± 13.4 years) participants completed three maximum force isometric strength testing trials on dominant side knee extensor muscles on three devices (ND, HHD, and IKD) in two separate sessions by two raters. The maximum force (Fmax) produced, and the force-time series were recorded. Reliability and validity were assessed using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman Plots, Pearson’s r, and cross-correlations.

Results
The ND demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability (ICC2,3 = 0.97). The within-day (ICC2,3 = 0.88) and between-day inter-rater reliability (ICC2,3 = 0.87) was good for HHD. The ND showed excellent within-day (ICC2,3 = 0.93) and good between-day (ICC2,3 = 0.89) inter-rater reliability. The Bland-Altman analysis revealed HHD systematic bias and underestimation of force particularly with quadriceps force values exceeding 450 N. Mean differences were found in maximum force between HHD vs. IKD (MDabs = 58 N, p < .001) but not the HHD vs. ND (MDabs = 24 N, p = .267) or ND vs. IKD (MDabs = 34 N, p = .051). The concurrent validity of Fmax (r = 0.81) and force-time curve correlation (0.96 ± 0.05) were the highest between the ND and IKD.

Conclusions
The ND’s test-retest reliability and concurrent validity make it a potential strength assessment tool with utility in physical therapy and fitness settings for large muscle groups such as the knee extensors.
Exploring concurrent validity of the CLN2 Clinical Rating Scale: Comparison to PedsQL using cerliponase alfa clinical trial data
Authors: Specchio Nicola , Gissen Paul , de los Reyes Emily , Olaye Andrew , Camp Charlotte , Curteis Tristan , Griffiths Annabel , Butt Thomas , Cohen-Pfeffer Jessica , Slasor Peter , Sisic Zlatko , Jain Mohit , Schulz Angela 
Published: May 2024

Background
The CLN2 Clinical Rating Scale evaluates disease progression in CLN2 disease, an ultra-rare, neurodegenerative disorder with late infantile onset. To validate the Clinical Rating Scale, a comparison with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) was conducted utilising clinical trial data investigating cerliponase alfa use in CLN2 disease.

Methods
Linear regression and mixed effects models were used to investigate the relationship between the Clinical Rating Scale and PedsQL using open-label, single-arm, phase 1/2 (NCT01907087) and ongoing extension study (NCT02485899) data of 23 children with CLN2 disease treated with cerliponase alfa for ≥96 weeks.

Results
Correlations between the four Clinical Rating Scale domains were low. Linear mixed effects analyses showed significant correlation between PedsQL and Clinical Rating Scale (Total score or motor-language [ML] score adjusted p-values <0.05), driven by the relationship with the PedsQL Physical domain. A statistically significant relationship was identified between the Clinical Rating Scale motor domain and PedsQL (Total score: adjusted p-value = 0.048, parameter estimate [PE] = 8.10; Physical domain score: adjusted p-value = 0.012; PE = 13.79).

Conclusions
Each domain of the Clinical Rating Scale provides unique information on disease state. Validity of the scale is supported by its relationship with the PedsQL. Among the four domains of the Clinical Rating Scale, motor has the highest correlation to PedsQL, suggesting motor function as a driver of patients’ quality of life. The lack of association between the remaining domains of the Clinical Rating Scale and PedsQL suggests that additional disease-specific measures may be needed to fully capture the quality of life impact of CLN2 disease.

Trial registration
NCT01907087, NCT02485899.