bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The virtues of rhetoric: Alcuin's Disputatio de rhetorica et de uirtutibus
Authors: Kempshall Matthew S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAlcuin's Disputatio de rhetorica et de uirtutibus has traditionally posed problems of interpretation in terms of both form (its apparently bipartite structure) and content (as a digest of the rules of rhetoric combined with an exposition of the four cardinal virtues). However, a close reading of the sources from which Alcuin was drawing his argument (Cicero, Julius Victor, Fortunatianus, Marius Victorinus, Cassiodorus and, above all, Augustine and Quintilian) suggests why he should have chosen to emphasize the connection between rhetoric and the virtues in this particular way.
Lost voices from Anglo-Saxon Lichfield
Authors: Charles-Edwards Gifford , McKee Helen 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSeveral dry-point glosses were added to the Lichfield Gospels during the tenth or eleventh century, apparently recording the names of members of the pre-Conquest community at Lichfield. We consider the relationship of these glosses to the list of Anglo-Saxon names on p. 141 of the Gospels, and discuss parallels from elsewhere in the Insular world.
Viking invasions and marginal annotations in Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 162
Authors: Powell Kathryn 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn the margins of Ӕlfric's ‘Ash-Wednesday’ homily in Cambridge Corpus Christi College 162, an early-eleventh-century annotator adds a remark specifying ‘invasions’ among various misfortunes afflicting the English on a daily basis. This article argues that this marginal annotation constitutes a contemporary reference to the viking raids of King Ӕthelred the Unready's reign. The article examines this marginal text in the context of Ӕlfric's homily and in relation to other marginalia possibly written by the same scribe, including a second comment on the viking incursions. Based on this evidence, it is suggested that the annotator is revising homilies in this manuscript for preaching, possibly at St Augustine's, Canterbury, in the years 1009–12.
The First Pair (Yose ben Yoezer and Yose Ben Yohanan) or the Home of a Pharisee
Authors: Goldin Judah 
Published: October 2009

InPirqei 'Avotsayings attributed to the First Pair (zug) of Pharisaic Sages, Yose ben Yoezer and Yose ben Yohanan, three things are to be noted:First, that like the sayings attributed to teachers before and during the period of the fivezugotand afterward to the five famous disciples of Yohanan ben Zakkai, the sayings of the two Yoses are presented in stylized form, in three clauses or phrases or items—which suggests that they are components of essentially one chief emphasis, rather than three separate, independent exhortations. Second, that beginning with the First Pair down through Yohanan ben Zakkai's disciples, all (with one puzzling exception) formulate their statements as address in terms of second person singular—suggestive of a master's address to his disciples or to those who are his followers. Third, that to both members of the First Pair there is attributed a concern with the home, the kind of home their disciples or followers should create; but the home advocated by the former Yose differs from the home advocated by the latter Yose. Thus different expectations are reflected by the respective authors of the two sayings. The insistence that the home of those accepting rabbinic authority must combine the features of homebothYoses plead for, comes to us from the tannaite period, from the days of Simeon ben Yohai, though it may be a bit earlier too.The analysis presented in the paper here is intended as continuation of the studies of PA teachings inProceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, Vol. 27,Studies and Texts III, ed. A. Altmann, and theHarry A. Wolfson Jubilee[Hebrew]Volume.
By Way of Truth: Aspects of Naḥmanides' Kabbalistic Hermeneutic
Authors: Wolfson Elliot R. 
Published: October 2009

Perhaps no one figure is more responsible for the legitimization of kabbalah as an authentic esoteric tradition of Judaism than Moses ben Nahman (1194–1270). Although from the beginnings of its literary history kabbalah was associated with men of rabbinic standing, such as R. Abraham ben David of Posquieres, no one before Nahmanides had attained a reputation for excellence in halakhic and mystical matters and had written extensively in both domains. Nahmanides' involvement with kabbalah, especially in the context of a commentary on the Torah written for the layman, as the author plainly states in his introduction, surely lent a stamp of approval to the whole enterprise. R. Shem Tov ibn Gaon in hisBaddei ha-'Aron u-Migdal Hananelgave the following characterization of Nahmanides' kabbalistic literary activity:The great rabbi, Moses ben Naḥman, may his memory be for a blessing, wrote his book [i.e., the commentary on the Torah] and a book [on] Job. He alluded to hidden matters in every place () to arouse [people's awareness] as is appropriate and according to what he received. However, he concealed his words to a high degree, for it is written, “Honey and milk are under your tongue” (Song of Songs 4: 11).
Talmudic Portrayals of Relationships Between Rabbis: Amoraic or Pseudepigraphic?
Authors: Kalmin Richard 
Published: October 2009

In both halachic and aggadic contexts the Talmud frequently supplies information about the relationships between sages. Sages interact with each other, or comment on each other's erudition, piety, personality, and the like. From what sources does the Talmud derive this information? From sources contemporary with the sages involved, or from sources of a much later time?Some of the talmudic information is attributed to named authorities, some of it is presented anonymously. Are the attributed statements pseudepigraphic or authentic? Are there substantive distinctions between the attributed and the anonymous statements? Are the anonymous statements amoraic or post-amoraic?
Threats to biological diversity caused bycoca/cocaine deforestation in Peru
Authors: Young Kenneth R. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryIndirect sources were used to characterize the nature and magnitude of threats to the native plants and forest ecosystems caused by the cultivation and control ofcoca, the precursor to cocaine, in the Huallaga valley of Peru, whence the majority of the world's cocaine originates. Deforestation is concentrated between 500 and 2000 m in the tropical premontane forest belt. Recent listing of Peru's seed plants permitted a quantification of plant species known from the department of San Martin between 500–2000 m and thus at risk due to forest degradation. This flora consists of 169 plant families, almost 900 genera, and about 2600 species. Fifteen percent of the species are restricted in distribution to Peru, while 6% are known only from San Martin. An additional 778 species, including 46 narrow endemics, are known from vegetation types found below 500 m. More than 223 000 ha of land were found to be in ‘hill agriculture’, consisting predominantly ofcocafields and this suggests that the total impact ofcoca/cocaine deforestation is greatly under-estimated by using simply the area ofcocaunder cultivation. Degraded tropical pre-montane forest may amount to as much as 1 000 000 ha in all of Peru.
Natural and human-induced disturbance of seagrasses
Authors: Short Frederick T. , Wyllie-Echeverria Sandy 
Published: October 2009

SummaryMany natural and human-induced events create disturbances in seagrasses throughout the world, but quantifying losses of habitat is only beginning. Over the last decade, 90000 ha of seagrass loss have been documented although the actual area lost is certainly greater. Seagrasses, an assemblage of marine flowering plant species, are valuable structural and functional components of coastal ecosystems and are currently experiencing worldwide decline. This group of plants is known to support a complex trophic food web and a detritus-based food chain, as well as to provide sediment and nutrient filtration, sediment stabilization, and breeding and nursery areas for finfish and shellfish.We define disturbance, natural or human-induced, as any event that measurably alters resources available to seagrasses so that a plant response is induced that results in degradation or loss. Applying this definition, we find a common thread in many seemingly unrelated seagrass investigations. We review reports of seagrass loss from both published and ‘grey’ literature and evaluate the types of disturbances that have caused seagrass decline and disappearance. Almost certainly more seagrass has been lost globally than has been documented or even observed, but the lack of comprehensive monitoring and seagrass. mapping makes an assessment of true loss of this resource impossible to determine.Natural disturbances that are most commonly responsible for seagrass loss include hurricanes, earthquakes, disease, and grazing by herbivores. Human activities most affecting seagrasses are those which alter water quality or clarity: nutrient and sediment loading from runoff and sewage disposal, dredging and filling, pollution, upland development, and certain fishing practices. Seagrasses depend on an adequate degree of water clarity to sustain productivity in their submerged environment. Although natural events have been responsible for both large-scale and local losses of seagrass habitat, our evaluation suggests that human population expansion is now the most serious cause of seagrass habitat loss, and specifically that increasing anthropogenic inputs to the coastal oceans are primarily responsible for the world-wide decline in seagrasses.
The effect of the reunification of Germany on the water chemistry and ecology of selected rivers
Authors: Adams Michael S. , Kausch Hartmut , Gaumert Thomas , Krüger Karl-Ernst 
Published: October 2009

SummaryWe review several studies and provide new data previously unpublished to show that there has been a substantial decline in pollution of German riverine waters since the beginning of German political reunification in 1989. This reduction is notable in the Elbe, which originates in eastern Germany and the Czech Republic. Pollutants such as many of the chlorinated hydrocarbons have fallen substantially in concentration, while others such as arsenic have declined only slightly. Total nitrogen has declined by only a small amount, but ammonium has fallen substantially, while nitrates have increased. Nitrification is no longer a significant drain on oxygen in the tidal stretch of the Elbe, but decomposition of algae from the middle Elbe is now a greater problem in the lower Elbe. The river-bed sediments of the middle Elbe have a higher species diversity. Fisheries are improving, and concentrations of pollutants in fish such as eel and bream have declined significantly. The river Werra has also improved in quality due to reduction in salt loadings from earlier potash mining.
Environmental refugees: a review
Authors: Ramlogan Rajendra 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe purpose of this paper is to explore the phenomenon of ‘environmental refugees’. The emergence of refugees within the framework of international law and policy is examined briefly so as to provide insight into the juridical difficulties environmental refugees can expect to confront. The literature on environmental refugees is steadily growing and the very definition of who qualifies as an environmental refugee has undergone great changes. The evolving nature of the definition and its increasing complexity is reviewed; the result being that environmental refugees can now be placed into several well-defined groupings, each with its own idiosyncratic characteristics. These increasingly distinctive groups of refugees can have as debilitating consequences as other types for receiving societies. The nature of this threat must be looked at fully in order to emphasize the urgent need to arrive at appropriate solutions. Finding solutions to a new crisis is not a simple task as many people fiercely oppose recognition of environmental refugees. Yet, failure to act may prove detrimental to human well-being as the emerging evidence points to a state of affairs that may haunt humankind in the twenty-first century.
Government involvement in environmental technology development: a critical analysis
Authors: Norman Marc E. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThis paper analyzes the justifications for governmental involvement in the development and commercialization of environmental technologies. To do so, a list of ‘generic’ rationales for government R&D involvement is extracted from various literature sources. Each rationale is discussed theoretically, and then analyzed in terms of its possible application to the environmental field. The intended contribution of the paper is to provide a theoretical background concerning the proper role of government in the development of environmental technologies. By determining the circumstances under which government involvement is justified, the groundwork is laid for the development of appropriate governmental policies.The paper argues that there are several salient features of the environmental field which may justify governmental involvement. The increasingly high degree of environmental regulation has already caused indirect market failures that hinder private R&D efforts. Potential technologies to counter environmental externalities represent public goods which have social benefits for which there are no incentives in the private market. Uncertainty due both to our lack of understanding of the complexities of the natural environment and to shifting environmental regulations and policies may cause a risk aversion in the private sector against developing technologies. Imperfect public knowledge concerning environmental issues leads to less than optimal demand for new environmental technologies. All of these features generate market distortions which cause private R&D to deviate from what is socially optimal. As a result, governmental involvement in environmental technology development may well be warranted.
Management of forest resources by women: a case study from the Olokemeji Forest Reserve area, southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Gbadegesin Adeniyi 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe environmental impact of the Nigerian economic Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) on the livelihood of the rural dwellers has been little studied. A study was conducted amongst 10 villages in the Olokemeji area of Oyo State, Nigeria using standardized interviews of 200 household heads.The oil boom of the 1970s in Nigeria drove many male heads of households in the study area to the cities, but the collapse of the urban unskilled labour market in the 1980s brought men back to the villages. However, by 1990, renewed dominance of female-headed households in the study area has followed further male emigration. Changing roles of women in managing the forest environment are indicated over the three time periods and I argue that female-headed households attempt to conserve and improve the state of the environment more than their male counterparts. This is achieved through the cultivation of less nutrient-demanding crops such as cassava and yam, and using environmentally-friendly farming systems such as terracing and taungya.
Forest fragmentation and biodiversity: the case for intermediate-sized conservation areas
Authors: Zuidema Pieter A. , Sayer Jeffrey A. , Dijkman Wim 
Published: October 2009

SummaryUnderstanding the effects of forest fragmentation on biodiversity is essential for successful and efficient forest conservation. Four factors may cause loss of biodiversity in forest fragments: the effect of non-random sampling of the original forest, reduced forest size, isolation and edge effects. A review of 58 papers on effects of forest fragmentation reveals that general conclusions from fragmentation research are biased due to a focus on birds, on size-effects rather than isolation, and on species presence rather than population sizes. Perhaps the most important finding is that current knowledge on fragmentation effects is based mainly on studies in small fragments (<10 ha). These are dominated by edge effects, can not contain viable populations for many species and are rarely the focus of conservation programmes. Studies of small fragments can not be extrapolated to larger-sized, protected areas, and do not necessarily support the case for needing extremely large, protected areas. Conservation of medium-sized, strategically-located areas may be a more efficient option for biodiversity conservation, given financial, social and logistic limitations. More research is needed on forest fragments that arc representative of the sizes of real-world protected areas (i.e. >10 000–100 000 ha) and should focus on the biological and human-induced processes which determine species persistence.
A review of plastics recycling in the USA with policy recommendations
Authors: Hadjilambrinos Constantine 
Published: October 2009

SummaryPlastics are the fastest-growing component of municipal solid waste in the USA, and over the past decade there has been increasing public demand for plastics recycling. However, the necessity to separate the various plastic resins to make their recycling possible, combined with the low cost of virgin resins, make this technically difficult and expensive.Most sorting of plastic waste is done manually, and this method has been constrained to the diversion of only one or two types of plastics, because human sorters are incapable of distinguishing different plastics. A number of technologies are being developed in order to address this problem. Use of these technologies requires considerable capital investment and this makes many of them economically unfeasible at present. The federal, state, and local governments in the USA have continued to explore demand-side policy measures in an effort to promote market formation and operation. Where they have been successful, in the establishment of markets for recycled polyethylene terepthalate (PET), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) resins, demand has outpaced supply, highlighting the need to find more effective methods to sort and divert different plastic resins. Even with these supply shortages, and with prices for virgin PET and HDPE at historic highs, however, most plastics recycling remains only marginally profitable. This demonstrates the need for continued policy support for the still-developing plastics recycling industry and recycled-plastics market.An analysis of the factors driving the recycling of PET, HDPE and polypropylene indicates that, as long as manual sorting is used, it would make sense for supply- and demand-side policies to focus on the recycling of particular plastic products that are easy to recognize, rather than resins that are not. Appropriate policies can help make specific products easily recognizable sources of specific resins. Such policies, implemented in conjunction with measures designed to facilitate capital investments and promote the establishment and operation of markets for all resins, are necessary to increase significantly the recycling of plastic waste above present levels.
Assessment of global forest change between 1986 and 1993 using satellite-derived terrestrial net primary productivity
Authors: Jang Christine J. , Nishigami Yasuko , Yanagisawa Yukio 
Published: October 2009

SummaryAlthough forest removal has been well documented at a global level, knowledge of how major forest processes such as photosynthesis have been affected remains poor. Global forest change between 1986 and 1993 was assessed using the NOAA/AVHRR satellite data converted to terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP). Forest loss was a dominant feature in tropical regions, with the most severe destruction in Latin America followed by southeast Asia and Africa. Loss of high-productivity forests over wide areas was observed for countries such as Brazil and Bolivia. Further analysis showed that approximately 12% (9100999 km2) and 19% (2 600000 km2) of the low-NPP regions (<500 g m−2yr−1, e.g., deserts, tundra) and the high-NPP regions (> 2000 g m−2yr−1, e.g., tropical rain forests), respectively, were transformed to intermediate-NPP regions (500–1500 g m−2yr−1, e.g., savanna, grassland, or cultivated land), between 1986 and 1993. The extent of global forest degradation or fragmentation may be more severe than the deforestation itself. Low-latitude ecosystems were more prone to decline in NPP than mid- and high-latitude ecosystems. The NPP method offers insight into global forest change in a timely, practical and consistent manner.
The social role of protected areas in the new South Africa
Authors: Wells Michael P. 
Published: October 2009

SummarySouth Africa contains an extensive, well-managed protected area network which generates considerable economic benefits from tourism, but the extensive land and financial resources required by the parks and reserves are difficult to reconcile with the acute social and economic development needs of poor rural people with very limited access to any kind of resources. Local communities have incurred substantial costs from the establishment of these parks while receiving few benefits in return. National and provincial governments, as well as the conservation authorities, have now recognized that the long-term future of parks and reserves depends on taking effective steps to redress the local imbalance of benefits and costs. Integrated conservation-development projects (ICDPs) are beginning to test a range of specific measures to increase local community participation in the benefits from protected areas. Parks have considerable resources and expertise which they can use to support local development through ICDPs, although it would be unrealistic to expect parks to solve widespread rural poverty amongst their neighbours. Instead, park authorities should take the lead in forming partnerships to mobilize the combined resources and expertise of other national and provincial government agencies, NGOs and the private sector, as well as the local communities themselves. Community participation in wildlife tourism may best be achievable through joint ventures with the private sector or park management authorities.
Schizophonic Performance:Guitar Hero, Rock Band, and Virtual Virtuosity
Authors: MILLER KIRI 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article addressesGuitar HeroandRock Bandgameplay as a developing form of collaborative, participatory rock music performance. Drawing on ethnomusicology, performance studies, popular music studies, gender and sexuality studies, and interdisciplinary digital media scholarship, I investigate the games' models of rock heroism, media debates about their impact, and players' ideas about genuine musicality, rock authenticity, and gendered performance conventions. Grounded in ethnographic research—including interviews, a Web-based qualitative survey, and media reception analysis—this article enhances our understanding of performance at the intersection of the “virtual” and the “real,” while also documenting the changing nature of amateur musicianship in an increasingly technologically mediated world.