A Novel Technique for Optimizing hydrate Inhibitor Injection Rate
Authors: Mazloum Saeid , Yang Jinhai , Chapoy Antonin , Tohidi Bahman 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Gas hydrate problems are one of the major challenges in offshore and deepwater operations. One common method for avoiding hydrate problems is to inject thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors at upstream (e.g., methanol (MeOH), mono ethylene glycol (MEG) and ethanol), whilst low dosage hydrate inhibitors including anti-agglomerates (AAs) and kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) are increasingly used in recent years. Ethanol is the most popular inhibitor used in Brazil. Hydrate inhibitors are injected based on the predicted hydrate phase boundary and the operating conditions, taking into account the amount of inhibitor loss to hydrocarbon phases and a safety margin. Generally, there is no means to monitor the actual concentration of inhibitors in downstream.
A new technique has been developed recently for optimizing hydrate inhibitor injection rates by monitoring the actual hydrate inhibitor concentrations downstream. The technique determines the salt and inhibitor (alcohols, KHIs, and AAs) concentrations by measuring speed of sound and electrical conductivity in an aqueous sample taken from pipeline/separator.
In this communication, we report the further development of this technique for ethanol-salt system, following the success for MeOH-salt systems, MEG-salt systems, and several different KHIs-salt systems. An artificial neural network correlation has been developed for aqueous sample solutions containing ethanol and salts. This correlation covers a salt concentration from 0 to 10 mass% and ethanol concentration from 0 to 50 mass% in aqueous solution. The results demonstrate that this technique can be used to determine salt and ethanol concentrations in the presence of salts for optimizing inhibitor injection rates, hence reducing the operational costs and impact on the environment. This technique can also improve the reliability of production systems against unexpected events like pump malfunction and/or changes in production variables (e.g., water cut) and/or human error.

Introduction
In deep offshore and harsh-environment locations, gas hydrate blockages are one of the major challenges for oil/gas transport as well as drilling operations due to low sea-bed temperatures combined with high pressures. Natural gas hydrates are ice-like crystalline compounds formed by hydrogen bonded water molecules and stabilised by the presence of guest molecules within the lattice cavities. The molecules commonly found in natural gas that occupy the cavities are light alkanes (C1-C4). As gas hydrates form, they can deposit on the pipe walls or agglomerate into larger solid masses and eventually slow down or completely stop the hydrocarbon production. The removal of hydrate plugs is generally difficult to achieve. A shutdown of several days or weeks may be required and pipeline abandonment may occur in the worst case scenario. In addition, hydrate plug removal could also cause considerable damage to production facilities such as pipeline rupture, creating a serious safety and environmental hazard. For these reasons, hydrate plug formation needs to be prevented effectively and economically.