bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Industry Challenge to Best Practice Risk Communication
Authors: McEntire J. , Boateng A. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  Effective food safety and food defense risk communication helps to inform consumers without causing panic and alarm. The Risk Communication Team of the Natl. Center for Food Protection and Defense has developed a list of 11 best practices recommended for effective risk communication. These practices, designed for a food defense crisis, are currently applied to food safety issues, since fortunately a food defense crisis has yet to occur. IFT examined the utility of these best practices and the limitations on their use during food safety and food defense crises by academics, trade associations, and the government. It was hypothesized that legal and business considerations as well as the nature of the event would determine the implementation of the best practices. Through the use of focus group meetings, it was discovered that there was a low level of awareness of the best practices. However, stakeholders practiced some aspects of the recommended practices. Participants felt some of the practices were related and could be consolidated. They also agreed that a food defense event will increase the urgency of the communication and include players not typically involved in food safety issues. The challenges reported by the stakeholders varied, but legal liability, as well as the impact their communications could have on an industry, were often cited. From the government perspective, their need to act within their authorities drove some of their actions with respect to communication. Determining the differences in communication limitations during food safety against food defense events can provide key information to further developing and refining risk communications and specific messages targeted for a food defense incident.Practical Application:  Effective food safety and food defense risk communication helps to inform consumers without causing panic and alarm. Determining the differences in communication limitations during food safety against food defense events can provide key information to further developing and refining risk communications and specific messages targeted for a food defense incident.
Tamoxifen Subcellular Localization; Observation of Cell‐Specific Cytotoxicity Enhancement by Inhibition of Mitochondrial ETC Complexes I and III
Authors: Theodossiou Theodossis Athanassios , Yannakopoulou Konstantina , Aggelidou Chrysie , Hothersall John Stephen 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTRecently, a nongenomic cytotoxic component of the chemotherapeutic agent tamoxifen (TAM) has been identified that predominantly triggers mitochondrial events. The present study delineates the intracellular fate of TAM and studies its interaction with a spectrum of cell homeostasis modulators primarily relevant to mitochondria. The subcellular localization of TAM was assessed by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The effect of the modulators on TAM cytotoxicity was assessed by standard MTT assays. Our findings show that in estrogen receptor positive MCF7 breast adenocarcinoma cells and DU145 human prostate cancer cells, TAM largely accumulates in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, but not lysosomes. Our results further demonstrate that in MCF7, but not in DU145 cells, mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I and III inhibitors exacerbate TAM toxicity with an order of potency of myxothiazol ≥ stigmatellin > rotenone > antimycin A, suggesting a cell‐specific cytotoxic interplay between mitochondrial complex I and III function and TAM action.
Sulfide Remobilisation from Sulfide Ore at High Temperatures and Differential Stresses: An Experimental Approach
Authors: ZHENG Yuanchuan , GU Lianxing , TANG Xiaoqian , WANG Zijiang , WU Changzhi , ZHANG Wenlan , WU Xueyi 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe conducted experiments to simulate sulfide remobilisation from sulfide ore. The starting material was from the Hongtoushan massive sulfide deposit, NE China, and is composed of pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, quartz, and silicate minerals. The ore was immersed in a solution of 20 wt.% NaCl for 260 h, and then was mounted in a Changjiang 500 triaxial rock stress machine. After the experiments were performed for 13 h at temperatures of 362, 464, 556 and 682°C, with corresponding confining and axial pressures, the samples were cooled at room temperatures. Our results from all the runs indicate that sulfides can be remobilised both mechanically and chemically, and that remobilisation is enhanced at higher temperatures. Mechanical remobilisation can only take place over limited distances and results in minor differentiation between various sulfide minerals. Distant external remobilisation to form new orebodies is most likely caused by chemical remobilisation. In contrast to plastically deformed areas, space resulting from cataclastic deformation could provide conduits for fluid transport and space for metal precipitation. Remobilised iron sulfides will precipitate as pyrrhotite at high temperatures, but as pyrite when temperature decreases. Furthermore, chalcopyrite is more easily remobilised than sphalerite under the conditions of the present experiments. Remobilisation accompanying deformation and metamorphism may add epigenetic features to syngenetic deposits.
Petrology, Geochemistry, and Fluid Inclusion Microthermometry of Sphalerite from the Laloki and Federal Flag Strata‐Bound Massive Sulfide Deposits, Papua New Guinea: Implications for Gold Mineralization
Authors: NOKU Shadrach K. , MATSUEDA Hiroharu , ESPI Joseph O. , AKASAKA Masahide 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe Laloki and Federal Flag deposits are two of the many (over 45) polymetallic massive sulfide deposits that occur in the Astrolabe Mineral Field, Papua New Guinea. New data of the mineralogical compositions, mineral textures, and fluid inclusion studies on sphalerite from Laloki and Federal Flag deposits were investigated to clarify physiochemical conditions of the mineralization at both deposits. The two deposits are located about 2 km apart and they are stratigraphically hosted by siliceous to carbonaceous claystone and rare gray chert of Paleocene–Eocene age. Massive sulfide ore and host rock samples were collected from each deposit for mineralogical, geochemical, and fluid inclusion studies. Mineralization at the Laloki deposit consists of early‐stage massive sulfide mineralization (sphalerite‐barite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite–marcasite) and late‐stage brecciation and remobilization of early‐stage massive sulfides that was accompanied by late‐stage sphalerite mineralization. Occurrence of native gold blebs in early‐stage massive pyrite–marcasite‐chalcopyrite ore with the association of pyrrhotite‐hematite and abundant planktonic foraminifera remnants was due to reduction of hydrothermal fluids by the reaction with organic‐rich sediments and seawater mixing. Precipitation of fine‐grained gold blebs in late‐stage Fe‐rich sphalerite resulted from low temperature and higher salinity ore fluids in sulfur reducing conditions. In contrast, the massive sulfide ores from the Federal Flag deposit contain Fe‐rich sphalerite and subordinate sulfarsenides. Native gold blebs occur as inclusions in Fe‐rich sphalerite, along sphalerite grain boundaries, and in the siliceous‐hematitic matrix. Such occurrences of native gold suggest that gold was initially precipitated from high‐temperature, moderate to highly reduced, low‐sulfur ore fluids. Concentrations of Au and Ag from both Laloki and Federal Flag deposits were within the range (<10 ppm Au and <100 ppm Ag) of massive sulfides at a mid‐ocean ridge setting rather than typical arc‐type massive sulfides. The complex relationship between FeS contents in sphalerite and gold grades of both deposits is probably due to the initial deposition of gold on the seafloor that may have been controlled by factors such as Au complexes, pH, and fO2 in combination with temperature and sulfur fugacity.
Does Indonesia's REDD+ moratorium on new concessions spare imminently threatened forests?
Authors: Sloan Sean , Edwards David P. , Laurance William F. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn May 2010, Indonesia signed a $1‐billion partnership with Norway to reduce deforestation and prepare for a global REDD+ scheme (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation). A pillar of the pact is a moratorium on new agricultural and logging licenses in ∼535,294 km2 of species‐rich dryland forest and ∼153,984 km2 of carbon‐rich peatlands. A critical question is whether these moratorium areas constitute "additional" conservation. We test whether dryland forests and peatlands within moratorium areas differ from unprotected forest and recently cleared forest on a range of biophysical, economic, and agricultural attributes indicative of forest threat. Compared to other forests, dryland moratorium forests are significantly more marginal economically, less physically accessible, more removed from forest disruption, and more sheltered from encroachment, such that their "conservation" achieves little additional prevention of forest loss and carbon emissions. Peatland moratorium areas are, however, a conservation success insofar as they are indistinguishable from unprotected peatland and encompass the majority of remaining peatland area, much of which is vulnerable to future conversion.
Do pathogen spillover, pesticide use, or habitat loss explain recent North American bumblebee declines?
Authors: Szabo Nora D. , Colla Sheila R. , Wagner David L. , Gall Lawrence F. , Kerr Jeremy T. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSeveral North American bumblebee species have recently undergone dramatic declines. The use of managed, pathogen‐carrying bumblebees for pollination of greenhouse crops began shortly before these declines, and wild bumblebees near greenhouses now have high pathogen loads. This has led to speculation that pathogen spillover from commercial bumblebees caused declines of these species. We test this hypothesis using a large dataset of bumblebee occurrence records and agricultural census data. We find support for the pathogen spillover hypothesis for two species but no evidence that pathogen spillover caused the near disappearance of the previously widespread Bombus affinis. Furthermore, we show that pesticide use and habitat loss are unlikely to be major causes of decline for any of the Bombus species examined. Collectively, our analyses underscore that there remains an urgent need to identify causes of pollinator population losses.
Posterior Monteggia Fractures in Adults with and Without Concomitant Dislocation of the Elbow
Authors: Shore Brett I. , Guitton Thierry G. , Ring David 
Published: March 2012

Background The present study comprised a retrospective review aiming to identify the differences between patients with a posterior Monteggia injury with and without concomitant dislocation of the elbow. Methods Forty-nine consecutive adult patients with 50 posterior Monteggia fractures were identified that had operative treatment. Demographics and injury characteristics were recorded for the entire cohort (13 with and 36 without ulnohumeral dislocation) and final motion was recorded in 29 patients (10 with and 19 without dislocation) that had more than 10 months of follow-up. Results Fractures with concomitant elbow dislocation occur in younger patients (45 years versus 56 years; p = 0.046); are associated with higher-energy injuries (54% versus 21%, p = 0.037); are more likely to have a Regan-Morrey type 2 (85% versus 26%, p = 0.003)/Mayo type 1 coronoid fractures (85% versus 21%; p < 0.001); and are more likely to have a Mason type 2 radial head fracture (61% versus 30%; p = 0.046). Conclusions Patients with a posterior Monteggia fracture and concomitant elbow dislocation have smaller coronoid fractures and worse ultimate ulnohumeral motion than patients without anelbow dislocation.
Stiffness after Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery: Incidence, Management and Classification
Authors: Monga Puneet , Raghallaigh Holly N. , Funk Lennard 
Published: March 2012

Background Stiffness after arthroscopic shoulder surgery is of significant concern to the patient, surgeon and therapist. The present study aimed to investigate the natural history of stiffness after shoulder arthroscopic procedures. Methods Postoperative recovery of range of motion (ROM) in patients who underwent 234 consecutive arthroscopic procedures over a 1-year period was reviewed. The time needed to regain full ROM was recorded for every patient. Stiffness was graded from 0 to 3 depending on the loss of movements as compared to the opposite side. Results Postoperative ROM returned to normal in 63% of patients within 3 months, 94% of patients within 6 months, 96% of patients within 9 months and 97% of patients within 1 year after surgery. Stiffness was graded as a loss of ROM compared to the contralateral shoulder, with less than a third loss as grade 1, one third to two-thirds loss as grade 2 and more than two thirds loss as grade 3. Some 85% patients with Grade 1 stiffness recovered complete ROM at 6 months, whereas only 43% of grade 2/3 stiffness returned to normal at 6 months. Only four patients required further active intervention for recovery from stiffness. Risk of developing stiffness was related to the pre-operative diagnosis. Conclusions Although, minor (grade 1) stiffness after shoulder surgery occurs commonly despite early mobilization rehabilitation protocols; it resolves rapidly without further surgical intervention in a majority of the patients.
Diagnostic value of autofluorescence bronchoscopy in lung cancer
Authors: Zaric Bojan , Perin Branislav , Carapic Vladimir , Stojsic Vladimir , Matijasevic Jovan , Andrijevic Ilija , Kopitovic Ivan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe role of autofluorescence bronchoscopy (AFB) was primarily investigated in regard to the detection of precancerous lesions of bronchial mucosa. Most of the results confirmed higher sensitivity for the detection of precancerous bronchial lesions, when compared to white light bronchoscopy (WLB) alone. However, it is commonly known that the specificity of AFB remains low. Our findings agree in terms of the detection of premalignant bronchial lesions and early lung cancer, but regarding the detection of synchronous lesions or in the evaluation of lung cancer extension, the specificity of AFB is significantly higher. There is still an ongoing debate in the scientific community whether or not autofluorescence should be used as a screening tool for lung cancer. Results of the majority of published series did not support the general use of AFB as a screening tool for lung cancer; however, these results suggest its use in groups of patients with a high risk of lung cancer. Despite this, some authors still do not recommend its use even in high‐risk cases. In recent years, the indications for AFB have been widening and this tool may find its place in routine bronchoscopy. With new indications for AFB, such as the evaluation of tumor extension or follow up after surgical resection, bronchoscopists may make use of this tool more often. A sharp learning curve and a clear distinction between healthy and pathologically altered mucosa make this technology acceptable for inexperienced bronchoscopists. We also investigate new hardware and software improvements in AFB. The addition of backscattered light analysis, ultraviolet spectra, fluorescence‐reflectance or dual digital systems could improve the diagnostic yield of this technology.
AN APPLICATION OF SEQUENTIAL REGRESSION MULTIPLE IMPUTATION ON PANEL DATA
Authors: VON MALTITZ MICHAEL JOHAN , VAN DER MERWE ABRAHAM JOHANNES 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe relatively new sequential regression multiple imputation (SRMI) method is introduced, with the process of SRMI laid out in detail. The Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Development and the follow‐up KwaZulu‐Natal Income Dynamics Study provide the real panel data on which the methods reviewed are applied. The SRMI process is used to create multiple datasets completed with values imputed for data originally missing, and using the error component model estimation procedures and Rubin's rules, inferences on the panel data are made. Conclusions are drawn as to the applicability of the SRMI process to these data and as to the results of the regression analyses completed.
LIQUIDITY CREATION IN SOUTH AFRICAN BANKS UNDER STRESSED ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
Authors: ESTERHUYSEN JA'NEL , VUUREN GARY VAN , STYGER PAUL 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe financial crisis placed severe pressure on global bank liquidity. Many banks were unable to create sufficient liquidity and had to receive government support or face default. This paper attempts to determine the impact of the financial crisis on liquidity creation within South African banks using a model previously applied to US banks. Four measures of liquidity creation are discussed and applied to data spanning 2004‐2009. Although created, liquidity decreases steeply from 2007, liquidity levels in 2009 remain about 45% higher than those of 2004. The four large South African banks created about 80% of the total market liquidity. The authors are aware that the liquidity measures discussed in this paper may not accurately reflect the manner in which South African banks created liquidity before and during the financial crisis as the period under review was characterised by various other factors. These factors include the concurrent rise in securitisation, considerable changes in the South African Reserve Bank's (SARB) stance on monetary policy, historic low‐interest rates during the period and severe curtailing of local inter‐bank dealing. It remains possible that these factors may have had an impact on the way in which South African banks created and disseminated liquidity. This possibility will be the subject of future research.
REGIONAL VARIATION IN LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES IN MALAWI
Authors: HATLEBAKK MAGNUS 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe identified livelihood strategies at the household level as a function of assets held using survey data from Malawi. We only included endowments that we expected to be predetermined. As expected, land, household size, age and primary education are important determinants of livelihood strategies. It also turned out to be significant regional variation in livelihood strategies, with more diversification in the southern region, and with regional variation in the role of ethnic and religious identity as determinants of livelihood strategies. In particular, we found that households from the Chewa community have more livelihood opportunities in the south, where they are in a minority.
STOCHASTIC FRONTIER ANALYSIS OF SPECIALIST SURGEON CLINICS
Authors: KOCH STEVEN F. , SLABBERT JEAN D. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractStochastic frontier analysis was used to estimate the technical efficiency of specialist surgeon practices based in Gauteng Province, South Africa. The analysis was conducted for both single and multiple output production functions, while efficiency was allowed to depend upon surgeon and practice characteristics. Multiple output models, due to an increase in the number of observations, can be more precisely estimated and, as there are multiple observations per surgeon, can be estimated with fixed effects. The results of the analyses suggest that efficiency averages around 50% for this sample and is convex in years of surgical experience. The benefit of multiple output analysis – improved precision – obtains, while surgeon‐level fixed effects alleviate some concerns related to unobserved heterogeneity.
PRICE ELASTICITIES AND PRICING POWER IN EMERGING MARKETS: THE CASE OF PETROCHEMICAL‐DERIVED PLASTICS IN SOUTH AFRICA1
Authors: FEDDERKE JOHANNES W. , SIMBANEGAVI WITNESS 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis paper examines whether there necessarily exists a conflict between allocative and productive efficiency in small open economy markets. That productive efficiency favours market concentration is not in dispute, and the sole question we face is whether allocative efficiency suffers under high market concentration. We proceed theoretically and econometrically. We find that the conflict between productive and allocative efficiency is not necessarily as stringent as the international competition policy literature suggests should be the case. In particular, we note that the strategic interaction between the large domestic producer and its competitors makes feasible a range of alternative price elasticities of demand, and empirically that all price elasticities of demand are less than or equal to unity. Nevertheless, the impact of market structure is such as to render feasible a wide range of possible levels of pricing power.
Synchronous bilateral pleomorphic adenomas of the parotid gland
Authors: Huang Jian Tao , Li Wei , Chen Xiao Qing , Shi Rong Hua , Zhao Yun Fu 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBilateral pleomorphic adenomas of the parotid gland are extremely rare, accounting for less than 0.2% of all parotid gland tumors. We present a rare case of a patient with synchronous bilateral pleomorphic adenomas of the parotid gland. A 27‐year‐old woman presented with a 5‐month history of a slowly‐growing, painless swelling of the right parotid gland. After a thorough bilateral parotid examination and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation, bilateral tumors of the parotid gland were found. The patient underwent surgical excision of the bilateral tumors in one surgical setting. Histopathological examination showed that both tumors were pleomorphic adenomas. The patient has been followed for 24 months without recurrence of tumors. Careful preoperative examination and radiological evaluation of bilateral parotid glands might be necessary for the early diagnosis of synchronous bilateral tumors. We suggest that treatment be individualized depending on the sizes and locations of tumors, and the surgical and neurological risks.
Spontaneous oesophageal perforation secondary to idiopathic muscular hypertrophy of the oesophagus
Authors: Cathcart M. P. , Thompson H. , Sutton D. G. M. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryIdiopathic muscular hypertrophy of the oesophagus (IMHO) is reported in equids as an incidental post mortem finding, infrequently associated with clinical signs of oesophageal dysfunction or additional oesophageal abnormalities. Clinicopathological and post mortem findings are presented from a 15‐year‐old gelding that developed a spontaneous perforation of the distal, intrathoracic oesophagus, in association with IMHO. The majority of oesophageal perforations documented in the equine literature have been related to external or iatrogenic trauma resulting in rupture of the cervical portion of the oesophagus. In this case, the early presenting features included pyrexia and inappetance, and progressed over a 4 day period to include signs of tachypnoea, tachycardia and endotoxaemia due to the development of a fatal septic pleuritis and pleural effusion. Oesophageal obstruction was not a presenting feature. Diagnostic investigation in cases of unexplained septic pleural effusion should include oesophageal endoscopic evaluation to rule out perforation of the intrathoracic oesophagus. IMHO may represent a clinically significant, primary disease entity with the potential to lead to oesophageal perforation.