bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rethinking climate agreements: self-enforcing strategies for emission reduction through sanctions
Authors: Lampert Adam 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Although climate change is expected to cause significant negative impacts, climate treaties give hope for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, potentially leading to less severe climate change. However, climate change is a public bad: If each country aims to maximize its own benefit, some countries might free ride and continue to emit GHGs. Consequently, climate treaties have seen limited success, and a central question is how future treaties can achieve GHG emission reduction and also be ‘self-enforcing’—where participating countries have no incentive to withdraw or modify their contributions. Here we examine a dynamic negotiation process involving multiple countries, each deciding whether and when to join the agreement and whether to penalize non-participants. In particular, we distinguish between (1) indirect punishment, in which countries invest less in emission reduction in response to non-compliance of other countries, and (2) direct punishment, in which countries impose sanctions, such as punitive tariffs, against countries that do not comply. We analyze the negotiation process using evolutionary game theory. We show that how the two types of punishment are implemented greatly affects the agreement’s outcome. In particular, an efficient combination of the punishments could lead to more desirable self-enforcing agreements. These findings indicate that integrating punitive measures with an effective negotiation framework could result in more desirable climate agreements.
Effect of initial conditions on current fluctuations in non-interacting active particles
Authors: Jose Stephy , Rosso Alberto , Ramola Kabir 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
We investigate the effect of initial conditions on the fluctuations of the integrated density current across the origin (x = 0) up to a given time t in a one-dimensional system of non-interacting run-and-tumble particles. Each particle has initial probabilities

f

+

and

f

−

to move with an initial velocity +v and −v respectively, where v > 0. We derive exact results for the variance (second cumulant) of the current for quenched and annealed averages over the initial conditions for the magnetization and the density fields associated with the particles. We show that at large times, the variance displays a

t

behavior, with a prefactor contingent on the specific density initial conditions used. However, at short times, the variance displays either linear t or quadratic t
2 behavior, which depends on the combination of magnetization and density initial conditions, along with the fraction

f

+

of particles in the positive velocity state at t = 0. Intriguingly, if

f

+

=
0

, the variance displays a short time t
2 behavior with the same prefactor irrespective of the initial conditions for both fields.
Spacetime symmetries and geometric diffusion
Authors: Basquens Marc , Lasanta Antonio , Mompó Emanuel , Varo Valle , J S Villaseñor Eduardo 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
We examine relativistic diffusion through the frame and observer bundles associated with a Lorentzian manifold (M, g). Our focus is on spacetimes with a non-trivial isometry group, and we detail the conditions required to find symmetric solutions of the relativistic diffusion equation. Additionally, we analyze the conservation laws associated with the presence of Killing vector fields on (M, g) and their implications for the expressions of the geodesic spray and the vertical Laplacian on both the frame and the observer bundles. Finally, we present several relevant examples of symmetric spacetimes.
Correlational study of multiscale analysis and the metrological characteristics of areal surface topography measuring instruments
Authors: Eifler M , Hering-Stratemeier J , von Freymann G , Brown C A , Seewig J 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
With the metrological characteristics, an effective framework for the calibration, adjustment, performance specification and verification of areal surface topography measuring instruments has been introduced. The characteristics have been thoroughly researched and analyzed for their different applications. Each characteristic provides specific information for a certain axis or feature of the measuring instrument. This enables an uncertainty estimation and a comparability of different measuring instruments. In this study, the comparison results of metrological characteristics are correlated with information obtained from multiscale analysis. With this examination it can be shown that both, metrological characteristics and multiscale analysis include significant information about transfer behaviors of surface structures, which can be applied advantageously for a calibration, performance verification and uncertainty determination of areal surface topography measuring instruments.
Ni–Cr dental alloys - porcelain firing impact on corrosion properties and surface characteristics
Authors: Rylska Dorota , Sokolowski Grzegorz , Sokolowski Krzysztof 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Biocompatibility is a critical aspect of the use of materials in the human body. The use of base metal alloys in dentistry is primarily regulated by health and safety standards set by regulatory authorities in various countries. The porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) process applied to Ni-Cr dental alloys can alter their properties, particularly in terms of corrosion and surface characteristics. This study aimed to assess the effect of the heat processing used for dental porcelain firing on these properties. The two casted alloys: Ceramic N and Ivoclar Vivadent 4all, used in the study were characterized by analyzing the microstructure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), composition with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), hardness, surface profile and electrochemical corrosion resistance (Ecorr, jcorr, polarization curve, Ebr and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results), as well as ions release before and after the simulated porcelain firing. Based on the conducted research the following conclusions can be drawn: Analyzes of the material characteristics before and after the simulation showed that the discussed process, although it does not cause the formation of chemical impurities on the surface of the alloys, results in changes in the chemical composition and structure of surface oxides, increases roughness and reduces hardness. The results of the corrosion examinations showed a deterioration in anti-corrosion properties after the simulation. The statistically significant decrease in corrosion resistance may result from the increased heterogeneity of the surface oxide layers and partial changes in their composition.
Thermal annealing of radiation damages produced by swift 14N and 16O ions in LiF crystals
Authors: Sorokin M V , Malikova Zh B , Dauletbekova A K , Baubekova G , Aralbayeva G M , Akilbekov A T 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Annealing of color centers was studied in lithium fluoride crystals, irradiated with 23-MeV nitrogen and 28-MeV oxygen ions. Basing on the optical absorption spectroscopy and reaction-rate modelling, a new interpretation of the annealing kinetics at the practically important temperatures below 500 K is suggested. Proposed model explains simultaneous decrease of the F and F2/F3
+ peaks as a result of migration of the F centers and formation of larger aggregates, and does not include additional assumptions about impurities and cation vacancies. It specifies the migration energy of the F centers in the ground state to be about 1.3 eV, that corresponds to earlier studies.
An innovative approach to effective breeding blanket design for future fusion reactors
Authors: LIU 刘 Changle 常乐 , LI 李 Lei 磊 , HE 何 Yanzi 严字 , ZHANG 张 Peng 鹏 , ZHOU 周 Yu 宇 , SONG 宋 Jun 军 , WU 武 Songtao 松涛 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
An effective breeding blanket is critical to support tritium self-sufficiency for future fusion reactors. The difficulty is to achieve tritium breeding ratio (TBR) target of 1.05 or more. This paper presents a new design approach to the blanket design process. It indicates that fusion blanket design is affected by universal functions based on iterations. Three aspects are worth more attention from fusion engineers in the future. The first factor is that the iterations on the material fractions affect not only structure scheme but also TBR variation. The second factor is the cooling condition affecting final TBR due to the change of the structure material proportion. The third factor is temperature field related to the tritium release. In particular, it is suggested that the statistical calculation of effective TBR must be under reasonable control of the blanket temperature field. This approach is novel for blanket engineering in development of a fusion reactor.
Deciphering split ring resonators: understanding theoretical validation and simulation implications
Authors: Mishra Piyush , Singh Bhupendra Pratap , Agrawal Ved Varun 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This study presents a comparative analysis of analytical calculations and simulation results of a single-ring split ring resonator (SRR). A simulated SRR made of aluminum, designed in high frequency structure simulator (HFSS), with the resonant frequency of 3.97 GHz with transmission loss of −47.7 dB. The initial gap, width, and thickness of the ring are set at 1 mm, 1 mm, and 3 mm, respectively. These geometrical parameters are subsequently varied in simulations, and theoretical calculations are conducted for each variation using Python 3.10 code to facilitate comparative analysis. The analytical calculations reveal certain limitations in accurately modeling the impact of fringing and radiation, particularly when dealing with smaller dimensions. Although there exist slight disparities between the simulated and calculated outcomes, it is evident that the theoretically derived results exhibit a close correspondence with simulated responses, particularly for dimensions that are not excessively small. This observation underscores the confirmation that an augmentation in the gap of the Split Ring Resonator (SRR) leads to an elevation in the resonant frequency. Furthermore, by maintaining a constant inner radius and adjusting the outer radius to modulate the width of the SRR, a decrease in the resonant frequency is noted with an increase in the width of the metallic ring. Similarly, an increase in the thickness of the ring contributes to a reduction in the resonant frequency This comprehensive investigation provides a valuable methodology for corroborating theoretically derived results with simulation data. Additionally, the research underscores the diverse resonances that can be achieved by fine-tuning the gap, width, and thickness of the split ring resonator, highlighting the significance of selecting these dimensions carefully to attain specific resonant frequencies.
Unlearning regularization for Boltzmann machines
Authors: Ventura Enrico , Cocco Simona , Monasson Rémi , Zamponi Francesco 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Boltzmann machines (BMs) are graphical models with interconnected binary units, employed for the unsupervised modeling of data distributions. When trained on real data, BMs show the tendency to behave like critical systems, displaying a high susceptibility of the model under a small rescaling of the inferred parameters. This behavior is not convenient for the purpose of generating data, because it slows down the sampling process, and induces the model to overfit the training-data. In this study, we introduce a regularization method for BMs to improve the robustness of the model under rescaling of the parameters. The new technique shares formal similarities with the unlearning algorithm, an iterative procedure used to improve memory associativity in Hopfield-like neural networks. We test our unlearning regularization on synthetic data generated by two simple models, the Curie–Weiss ferromagnetic model and the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick spin glass model. We show that it outperforms Lp
-norm schemes and discuss the role of parameter initialization. Eventually, the method is applied to learn the activity of real neuronal cells, confirming its efficacy at shifting the inferred model away from criticality and coming out as a powerful candidate for actual scientific implementations.
Fast physical reservoir computing, achieved with nonlinear interfered spin waves
Authors: Namiki Wataru , Nishioka Daiki , Tsuchiya Takashi , Terabe Kazuya 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Reservoir computing is a promising approach to implementing high-performance artificial intelligence that can process input data at lower computational costs than conventional artificial neural networks. Although reservoir computing enables real-time processing of input time-series data on artificial intelligence mounted on terminal devices, few physical devices are capable of high-speed operation for real-time processing. In this study, we introduce spin wave interference with a stepped input method to reduce the operating time of the physical reservoir, and second-order nonlinear equation task and second-order nonlinear autoregressive mean averaging, which are well-known benchmark tasks, were carried out to evaluate the operating speed and prediction accuracy of said physical reservoir. The demonstrated reservoir device operates at the shortest operating time of 13 ms/5000-time steps, compared to other compact reservoir devices, even though its performance is higher than or comparable to such physical reservoirs. This study is a stepping stone toward realizing an artificial intelligence device capable of real-time processing on terminal devices.
The effect of place of living on social acceptance of shared PV projects in Switzerland
Authors: Ruprecht Sophie 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn Switzerland, solar power has the greatest potential to further advance the energy transition. As conventional rooftop PV excludes a large share of citizens from personally contributing to climate change mitigation, shared PV (photovoltaics) projects offer a more inclusive alternative, e.g. also for urban residents who are less likely to have the option to install solar panels on their own roof. Thus, investigating people’s preferences depending on the degree of urbanity of their place of residence is crucial to determine socially acceptable PV project designs. Using original Swiss survey data (N = 3000) and applying conjoint analysis, different preferences both depending on respondents’ place of living as well as for different dimensions of social acceptance are found. Most notably, big city residents are generally most in favour of such projects but they exhibit the lowest willingness to actually invest. The conjoint experiment showed that, regarding the DVs of project rating and project choice, only the reimbursement by credit vouchers significantly improved project acceptance for big city residents. This also holds true for rural residents, where, in addition, tax deductions (reimbursement), traffic infrastructure, large consumer roofs (location) and electricity provider were also positively evaluated. For the DV specifying the amount of PV modules bought, no project attribute level managed to significantly increase this number, for which only investment-reducing factors were identified: Residents from big cities invest less when a PV project is located in a skiing area or when the investment is made at an information event. For rural residents, large consumer roofs as a location decrease the scale of an investment. These factors should therefore be avoided when planning a shared PV project in order to maximise investments. Fulfilling respective preferences (i.e. according to projects’ place-based target group) may prove relevant to enhance social acceptance of shared PV projects.
Research trends and knowledge gaps in the ecology of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in savannas
Authors: Reis Nayara L , López-Bedoya Pablo A , Louzada Julio N C 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Savannas are recognized as one of the world’s most biodiverse ecosystems. However, these environments have the highest rates of habitat loss due to land use and climate-induced alterations in fire regimes. The combination of these threats, along with knowledge gaps in biodiversity, represents formidable challenges to conservation efforts in these regions. Dung beetles, vital for comprehending the impact of land use on savannas, have yet to undergo comprehensive study. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review of the current state of knowledge regarding dung beetles distributed in savannas within Neotropical, Afrotropical, and Australasia zoogeographic regions. We describe the encompassing geographical distribution, research topics, studied habitats, and key metrics assessed in existing studies. Our results reveal a pronounced focus on Neotropical savannas highlighting a substantial deficit in dung beetle ecology knowledge within Afro-tropical and Australasian savannas. Most articles focused on savanna grasslands, woodlands, and human-introduced habitats such as pastures. The predominant articles focused on community patterns, habitat replacement, and degradation. Noteworthy metrics included abundance, richness, and species composition. Diversity indexes and functional diversity were also relatively well-explored metrics. However, across all zoogeographic regions, aspects of dung beetle behavior, reproductive biology, and physiology remain inadequately explored. In conclusion, urgent research efforts are imperative, emphasizing the need for comprehensive metrics, including biomass, morphometrics, and ecological functions of dung beetles, to advance our understanding of their significance and roles within savannas.
Should patients with exceptional longevity be treated for osteoporosis after a hip fracture?
Authors: Barceló Montserrat , Casademont Jordi , Mascaró Jordi , Gich Ignasi , Torres Olga Herminia 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
There are no studies focusing on treatment for osteoporosis in patients with exceptional longevity after suffering a hip fracture.

Objective
To assess the advisability of initiating treatment for osteoporosis after a hip fracture according to the incidence of new fragility fractures after discharge, risk factors for mortality and long-term survival.

Design
Retrospective review.

Setting
A tertiary university hospital serving a population of ~425 000 inhabitants in Barcelona.

Subjects
All patients &gt;95 years old admitted with a fragility hip fracture between December 2009 and September 2015 who survived admission were analysed until the present time.

Methods
Pre-fracture ambulation ability and new fragility fractures after discharge were recorded. Risk factors for 1-year and all post-discharge mortality were calculated with multivariate Cox regression. Kaplan–Meier survival curve analyses were performed.

Results
One hundred and seventy-five patients were included. Median survival time was 1.32 years [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.065–1.834], with a maximum of 9.2 years. Male sex [hazard ratio (HR) 2.488, 95% CI 1.420–4.358] and worse previous ability to ambulate (HR 2.291, 95% CI 1.417–3.703) were predictors of mortality. After discharge and up to death or the present time, 10 (5.7%) patients had a new fragility fracture, half of them during the first 6 months.

Conclusions
Few new fragility fractures occurred after discharge and half of these took place in the first 6 months. The decision to start treatment of osteoporosis should be individualised, bearing in mind that women and patients with better previous ambulation ability will have a better chance of survival.
Identifying target populations to align with decision-makers’ needs
Authors: Lund Jennifer L , Matthews Anthony A 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Randomized trials estimate the average treatment effect within individuals who are eligible, invited, and agree to enroll. However, decision-makers often require evidence that extends beyond the trial's enrolled population to inform policy or actions for their specific target population. Each decision-maker has distinct target populations, the composition of which may not often align with that of the trial population. As researchers, we should identify a decision-maker for whom we aim to generate evidence early in the research process. We can then specify a target population of their interest and determine if a policy or action can be informed using results from a trial alone, or if additional complementary real-world data and analysis are required. In this commentary, we outline 5 key groupings of decision-makers: policymakers, payers, purchasers, providers, and patients. We then specify relevant target populations for decision-makers interested in the effectiveness of beta-blockers after a myocardial infarction with preserved ejection fraction. Finally, we summarize the scenarios in which results from a randomized trial may or may not apply to these target populations and suggest relevant analytic approaches that can generate evidence to better align with a decision-maker’s needs.
This article is part of a Special Collection on Pharmacoepidemiology.
Solid-state cultivation of multiple industrial strains of koji mold on different Thai unpolished rice cultivars: biotransformation of phenolic compounds and their effects on antioxidant activity
Authors: Jitpakdee Jirayu , Yamashita Hideyuki , Nakagawa Takuro , Nitoda Teruhiko , Kanzaki Hiroshi 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Colored rice is abundant in polyphenols, and koji molds have potential for biotransformation. This study aimed to produce Thai-colored rice koji to study its polyphenolic biotransformation. Four industrial koji mold strains: Aspergillus oryzae 6001, A. oryzae 6020, A. sojae 7009, and A. luchuensis 8035, were cultivated on unpolished Thai-colored rice (Riceberry and Sangyod), unpolished Thai white rice (RD43), and polished Japanese white rice (Koshihikari). We discovered that koji molds grew on all the rice varieties. Methanol extracts of all rice kojis exhibited an approximately 2-fold or greater increase in total phenolic content and DPPH antioxidant activity compared to those of steamed rice. Moreover, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, (+)-catechin, and (–)-epicatechin content increased in Riceberry and Sangyod koji samples. Consequently, Aspergillus solid-state cultivation on unpolished Thai-colored rice exhibited higher functionalization than the cultivation of unpolished Thai white rice and polished Japanese white rice.
Differentiable phylogenetics via hyperbolic embeddings with Dodonaphy
Authors: Macaulay Matthew , Fourment Mathieu 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Motivation
Navigating the high dimensional space of discrete trees for phylogenetics presents a challenging problem for tree optimization. To address this, hyperbolic embeddings of trees offer a promising approach to encoding trees efficiently in continuous spaces. However, they require a differentiable tree decoder to optimize the phylogenetic likelihood. We present soft-NJ, a differentiable version of neighbour joining that enables gradient-based optimization over the space of trees.

Results
We illustrate the potential for differentiable optimization over tree space for maximum likelihood inference. We then perform variational Bayesian phylogenetics by optimizing embedding distributions in hyperbolic space. We compare the performance of this approximation technique on eight benchmark datasets to state-of-the-art methods. Results indicate that, while this technique is not immune from local optima, it opens a plethora of powerful and parametrically efficient approach to phylogenetics via tree embeddings.

Availability and implementation
Dodonaphy is freely available on the web at https://www.github.com/mattapow/dodonaphy. It includes an implementation of soft-NJ.