bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Dalradian rocks of Shetland and their implications for the plate tectonics of the northern Iapetus
Authors: Flinn Derek 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Dalradian succession in Shetland is shown to have experienced an extensional tectonic and metamorphic episode prior to the Caledonian orogeny. Sedimentary deposition ended with a major basic and ultrabasic volcanic episode following a long period of extensional basin deposition involving both basic volcanics and turbidites. The ending of deposition was marked by the emplacement of a spinifex-textured komatiite indicating instantaneous rifting of the crust and the underlying Laurentian plate, and the formation of a Laurentian passive continental margin, probably during the opening of Iapetus. The entire contents of the Dalradian depositional basin were rotated bodily 90° to face the rift and to form a 12 km wide vertical belt in the middle of Shetland. A continued rotation in the same sense formed a 25 km wide recumbent inverted limb to form a mega-monocline. The formation of this monocline is considered to have occurred during the extensional phase accompanying rifting because the absence of subsidiary buckle folds of any and every size precludes compressional folding. The metamorphism of the rocks shows a gradual increase from bottom to top of the stratigraphic succession, predating the formation of the monocline, and probably owes its existence to crustal thinning and heating from below the deposition basin during extension. Much of the tectonic and metamorphic history shown by the Dalradian of Shetland may have been overprinted and masked in Scotland by the Caledonian orogeny. In the Dalradian of Shetland the Caledonian orogeny is represented only by the emplacement of the Shetland Ophiolite.
Marie Stopes and the Jurassic floras of Brora, NE Scotland
Authors: Falcon-Lang Howard J. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Marie Stopes (1880–1958) is best known as a birth control pioneer, but she was also a world-renowned coal geologist and palaeobotanist. This paper provides a historical account of her fieldwork on the Jurassic coast of Brora, NE Scotland. Accompanied by her undergraduate assistant, David Meredith Seares Watson (who was later a well-known vertebrate palaeontologist), Stopes visited this remote region amid a freak heatwave in March 1907. The aim of the trip was to locate Mesozoic permineralized peat deposits (coal balls) similar to those found in the Carboniferous rocks of northern England. Stopes controversially believed that if one understood the mode of origin of a geological phenomenon, it was possible to predict exactly where it would occur. It was this kind of ‘geoprophesy’ (as she called it) that had led her to explore Brora for coal balls. However, in this case, Stopes’s prophetic powers seem to have failed her and no coal balls were located. Nevertheless, it is a tribute to her flexibility and determination that she went on to find an important Middle Jurassic flora, which improved correlation between the Brora succession and the classic reference sections of the Yorkshire coast. In the course of this research, Stopes corresponded with several highly influential geologists. Of these, John Wesley Judd and Albert Charles Seward proved particularly useful, helping her to secure her first major grant from the Royal Society (both men were on the review board). That grant was to fund an 18-month expedition to Japan, and its purpose was also to search for Mesozoic coal balls.
Roman Catholic/Pentecostal Dialogue: A Contribution to Christian Unity
Authors: Sandidge Jerry L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThere is roughly a 60-year period between the formation of the first Pentecostal denominations and the beginning of international dialogue between the Vatican Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity and some members of the Pentecostal churches. It is obvious that something significant had to occur on both sides before there could even be the suggestion of some kind of discussion at the dialogue table. This article is an attempt to trace the origins of the Dialogue and to summarize the ten-year history of this unique theological exchange. Consideration will also be given to the way the dialogue process works and to a discussion of theological issues. A few remarks will be given about the ecumenical significance of the Dialogue, and in conclusion, some comments will be made on the future of the Dialogue.
Estimation of hourly averaged solar irradiation: evaluation of models
Authors: Tham Y. , Muneer T. , Davison B. 
Published: January 2010

Hourly solar radiation data are required in many building services applications. These are also reported in the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Guides A & J. Data from 16 locations in the UK were used to evaluate the so called Liu and Jordan model1 for monthly averaged hourly solar irradiation. Individual data sets spanned periods from 12 to 26 years between 1968 and 1994, and overall, provided data from practically the full range of latitude of the UK (50.22°N—58.13°N). For hourly estimation, the model only slightly underestimated both global and diffuse radiation before noon and overestimated, again only slightly, after noon. In addition, a discrepancy was observed between the measured data and the model’s predictions at low sunset angles. Following earlier research work, an attempt was made to further improve the Liu and Jordan model. However, it was found that at least for the UK data set, any such attempts were futile. This behaviour was attributed to the highly random nature of UK’s solar climate. Practical applications: Most meteorological stations report solar radiation data on a daily averaged basis. However, most building energy simulation software requires hourly radiation. Research studies have confirmed that the well-known Liu and Jordan model, which enables the above conversion, performs well for locations in the US. This paper evaluates the above model for locations in the UK and compares it with previously studied Indian locations. According to the evaluation, the average accuracy of the model to estimate hourly radiation from its daily counterpart is 85%.
Incidence, Mechanisms, and Severity of Game-Related College Football Injuries on FieldTurf versus Natural Grass
Authors: Meyers Michael C. 
Published: January 2010

Background Numerous injuries have been attributed to playing on artificial turf. More recently, FieldTurf was developed to duplicate the playing characteristics of natural grass. No long-term studies have been conducted comparing game-related collegiate football injuries between the 2 playing surfaces. Hypothesis Collegiate athletes do not experience any difference in the incidence, mechanisms, and severity of game-related injuries between FieldTurf and natural grass. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods Twenty-four universities were evaluated over 3 competitive seasons for injury incidence, injury category, time of injury, injury time loss, player position, injury mechanism, primary type of injury, grade and anatomical location of injury, type of tissue injured, trauma (head, knee, and shoulder), and environmental factors. Results In sum, 465 collegiate games were evaluated for game-related football injuries sustained on FieldTurf or natural grass during 3 seasons. Overall, 230 team games (49.5%) were played on FieldTurf versus 235 team games (50.5%) played on natural grass. A total of 2253 injuries were documented, with 1050 (46.6%) occurring during play on FieldTurf, and 1203 (53.4%) on natural grass. Multivariate analysis per 10 team games indicated significantly lower total injury incidence rates, F(3, 2249) = 3.468, P = .016, n — β =0.778, on FieldTurf, 45.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 44.2-46.3), versus natural grass, 51.2 (95% CI, 49.8-51.7). Significantly lower minor injury incidence rates, 38.0 (95% CI, 36.9-38.5) versus 39.9 (95% CI, 39.1-40.0, P = .001), substantial injury incidence rates, 5.0 (95% CI, 4.3-5.6) versus 7.2 (95% CI, 6.6-7.7, P = .020), and severe injury incidence rates, 2.7 (95% CI, 2.1-3.3) versus 4.1 (95% CI, 3.5-4.1; P = .049), were documented on FieldTurf versus natural grass, respectively. Multivariate analyses also indicated significantly less trauma on FieldTurf when comparing injury time loss, injury situation, grade of injury, injuries under various field conditions, and temperature. No significant differences in head, knee, or shoulder trauma were observed between playing surfaces. Conclusion FieldTurf is in many cases safer than natural grass. It must be reiterated, however, that the findings of this study may be generalizable to only this level of competition. Because this study is still in the early stages, investigation is ongoing.
High- and low-level pressure support during walking in people with severe kyphoscoliosis
Authors: Menadue C. , Alison J.A. , Piper A.J. , Wong K.K. , Hollier C. , Ellis E.R. 
Published: January 2010

To determine whether the level of pressure support (PS) provided during exercise influences endurance time in people with severe kyphoscoliosis, a double-blind randomised crossover study was performed. We hypothesised that high-level PS would be required to enhance endurance time in this population with high impedance to inflation.13 participants with severe kyphoscoliosis performed four endurance treadmill tests in random order: unassisted; with sham PS; low-level PS of 10 cmH2O (PS 10); and high-level PS of 20 cmH2O (PS 20). Participants and assessors were blinded to the level of PS delivered during exercise.Endurance time was greater with PS 20 (median (interquartile range) 217 (168–424) s) compared with unassisted exercise (139 (111–189) s), sham PS (103 (88–155) s) and PS 10 (159 (131–206) s). In addition, isotime respiratory rate was decreased by 8 breaths·min−1(95% CI -11– -5 breaths·min−1) and isotime oxygen saturation increased by 4% (95% CI 1–7%) with PS 20 compared with unassisted exercise.People with severe kyphoscoliosis require high-level PS during walking to improve exercise performance. Investigation of high-level PS as an adjunct to exercise training or to assist in the performance of daily activities is warranted.
Long-term exposure to close-proximity air pollution and asthma and allergies in urban children
Authors: Pénard-Morand C. , Raherison C. , Charpin D. , Kopferschmitt C. , Lavaud F. , Caillaud D. , Annesi-Maesano I. 
Published: January 2010

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of urban air pollution, assessed through reliable indicators of exposure, on asthma and allergies in schoolchildren.A validated dispersion model combining data on traffic conditions, topography, meteorology and background pollution was used to relate 3-yrs averaged concentrations of major urban pollutants at the sites of schools to skin prick tests, exercise-induced asthma and reported asthma and allergies in 6,683 children (9–11 yrs) attending 108 schools randomly selected in six French communities.For the 4,907 children who had resided at their current address for the past 3 yrs, asthma (exercise induced, past year and lifetime) was significantly positively associated with benzene, SO2, particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm (PM10), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and CO. In the same children, eczema (lifetime and past year) was significantly positively associated with benzene, PM10, NO2, NOxand CO, lifetime allergic rhinitis with PM10and sensitisation to pollens with benzene and PM10. Among the 2,213 children residing at their current address since birth, the associations persisted for lifetime asthma with benzene (adjusted OR per interquartile range (95% CI) 1.3 (1.0–1.9)) and PM10(1.4 (1.0–2.0)), and for sensitisation to pollens with volatile organic compounds (1.3 (1.0–1.9)) and PM10(1.2 (1.0–1.9)).Accurately modelled urban air pollution was associated with some measures of childhood asthma and allergies.
Confirmation of asthma in an era of overdiagnosis
Authors: Luks V.P. , Vandemheen K.L. , Aaron S.D. 
Published: January 2010

It was recently shown that 30% of adults with a physician diagnosis of asthma did not have asthma when objectively assessed using a four-step algorithm involving serial spirometry, bronchial challenge testing and subsequent tapering of asthma medications. The objective of the present study was to determine how many steps in the algorithm were required in order to confirm asthma, and whether any patient-related variables were associated with earlier asthma confirmation.A total of 540 subjects with a previous physician diagnosis of asthma were randomly recruited from the community. The number of subjects confirmed with asthma at each study visit was calculated. Regression analysis was used to determine variables associated with earlier asthma confirmation.Of the 499 subjects who completed the diagnostic algorithm, 346 (69%) had asthma confirmed and 150 (30%) had asthma excluded. Of subjects in whom asthma was confirmed, including those using regular asthma controlling medications, >90% were confirmed with only one or two study visits, by either pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry or a single bronchial challenge test. Only 46 (9%) out of 499 subjects required tapering of asthma medications and repeated bronchial challenge tests for exclusion or confirmation of asthma. Lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s and younger age were associated with earlier asthma confirmation.For the majority with a previous physician diagnosis of asthma, only pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry and a single methacholine challenge test are required in order to confirm asthma.
Enhanced diagnosis of HIV-1-associated tuberculosis by relating T-SPOT.TBand CD4 counts
Authors: Oni T. , Patel J. , Gideon H.P. , Seldon R. , Wood K. , Hlombe Y. , Wilkinson K.A. , Rangaka M.X. , Mendelson M. , Wilkinson R.J. 
Published: January 2010

The sensitivity of the tuberculin skin test is impaired in HIV-1-infected persons. Enzyme-linked immunospot-based detection of immune sensitisation may be less affected. Furthermore, the quantitative response can be related to the CD4 count, potentially improving specificity for active disease.The T-SPOT.TBassay was performed on HIV-1-infected participants, 85 with active tuberculosis (TB) and 81 healthy patients (non-TB). The ratio of the sum of the 6-kDa early secretory antigenic target and culture filtrate protein 10 response to the CD4 count (spot-forming cell (SFC)/CD4) was calculated.Using the manufacturer's guidelines, active TB was diagnosed with 76% sensitivity and 53% specificity. Using an SFC/CD4 ratio of 0.12, sensitivity (80%) and specificity (62%) improved. The quantitative T-cell response increased with increasing smear-positivity in the active TB group (p = 0.0008). In the non-TB group, the proportion of persons scored positive by T-SPOT.TBassay was lower in the group with a CD4 count of <200 cells·mm−3(p = 0.029).The ratio of the summed T-cell response to CD4 count improved the diagnostic accuracy of the T-SPOT.TBassay in HIV-1-infected persons, and a ratio of SFC/CD4 of >0.12 should prompt investigation for active disease. A strong association between the degree of sputum positivity and T-SPOT.TBscore was found. The sensitivity of the T-SPOT.TBassay in active disease may be less impaired by advanced immunosuppression.
Clinical COPD phenotypes: a novel approach using principal component and cluster analyses
Authors: Burgel P-R. , Paillasseur J-L. , Caillaud D. , Tillie-Leblond I. , Chanez P. , Escamilla R. , Court-Fortune I. , Perez T. , Carré P. , Roche N. 
Published: January 2010

Classification of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is usually based on the severity of airflow limitation, which may not reflect phenotypic heterogeneity. Here, we sought to identify COPD phenotypes using multiple clinical variables.COPD subjects recruited in a French multicentre cohort were characterised using a standardised process. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using eight variables selected for their relevance to COPD: age, cumulative smoking, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) (% predicted), body mass index, exacerbations, dyspnoea (modified Medical Research Council scale), health status (St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire) and depressive symptoms (hospital anxiety and depression scale). Patient classification was performed using cluster analysis based on PCA-transformed data.322 COPD subjects were analysed: 77% were male; median (interquartile range) age was 65.0 (58.0–73.0) yrs; FEV1was 48.9 (34.1–66.3)% pred; and 21, 135, 107 and 59 subjects were classified in Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stages 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. PCA showed that three independent components accounted for 61% of variance. PCA-based cluster analysis resulted in the classification of subjects into four clinical phenotypes that could not be identified using GOLD classification. Importantly, subjects with comparable airflow limitation (FEV1) belonged to different phenotypes and had marked differences in age, symptoms, comorbidities and predicted mortality.These analyses underscore the need for novel multidimensional COPD classification for improving patient care and quality of clinical trials.
Modulatory effects of cAMP and PKC activation on gap junctional intercellular communication among thymic epithelial cells
Authors: Nihei Oscar K , Fonseca Paula C , Rubim Nara M , Bonavita Andre G , Lyra Jurandy SPO , Neves-dos-Santos Sandra , de Carvalho Antonio C Campos , Spray David C , Savino Wilson , Alves Luiz A 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundWe investigated the effects of the signaling molecules, cyclic AMP (cAMP) and protein-kinase C (PKC), on gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) between thymic epithelial cells (TEC).ResultsTreatment with 8-Br-cAMP, a cAMP analog; or forskolin, which stimulates cAMP production, resulted in an increase in dye transfer between adjacent TEC, inducing a three-fold enhancement in the mean fluorescence of coupled cells, ascertained by flow cytometry after calcein transfer. These treatments also increased Cx43 mRNA expression, and stimulated Cx43 protein accumulation in regions of intercellular contacts. VIP, adenosine, and epinephrine which may also signal through cyclic nucleotides were tested. The first two molecules did not mimic the effects of 8-Br-cAMP, however epinephrine was able to increase GJIC suggesting that this molecule functions as an endogenous inter-TEC GJIC modulators. Stimulation of PKC by phorbol-myristate-acetate inhibited inter-TEC GJIC. Importantly, both the enhancing and the decreasing effects, respectively induced by cAMP and PKC, were observed in both mouse and human TEC preparations. Lastly, experiments using mouse thymocyte/TEC heterocellular co-cultures suggested that the presence of thymocytes does not affect the degree of inter-TEC GJIC.ConclusionsOverall, our data indicate that cAMP and PKC intracellular pathways are involved in the homeostatic control of the gap junction-mediated communication in the thymic epithelium, exerting respectively a positive and negative role upon cell coupling. This control is phylogenetically conserved in the thymus, since it was seen in both mouse and human TEC preparations. Lastly, our work provides new clues for a better understanding of how the thymic epithelial network can work as a physiological syncytium.
Developmental cues and persistent neurogenic potential within an in vitro neural niche
Authors: Pierret Chris , Morrison Jason A , Rath Prakash , Zigler Rachel E , Engel Laura A , Fairchild Corinne L , Shi Huidong , Maruniak Joel A , Kirk Mark D 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Background
Neurogenesis, the production of neural cell-types from neural stem cells (NSCs), occurs during development as well as within select regions of the adult brain. NSCs in the adult subependymal zone (SEZ) exist in a well-categorized niche microenvironment established by surrounding cells and their molecular products. The components of this niche maintain the NSCs and their definitive properties, including the ability to self-renew and multipotency (neuronal and glial differentiation).

Results
We describe a model in vitro NSC niche, derived from embryonic stem cells, that produces many of the cells and products of the developing subventricular zone (SVZ) and adult SEZ NSC niche. We demonstrate a possible role for apoptosis and for components of the extracellular matrix in the maintenance of the NSC population within our niche cultures. We characterize expression of genes relevant to NSC self-renewal and the process of neurogenesis and compare these findings to gene expression produced by an established neural-induction protocol employing retinoic acid.

Conclusions
The in vitro NSC niche shows an identity that is distinct from the neurally induced embryonic cells that were used to derive it. Molecular and cellular components found in our in vitro NSC niche include NSCs, neural progeny, and ECM components and their receptors. Establishment of the in vitro NSC niche occurs in conjunction with apoptosis. Applications of this culture system range from studies of signaling events fundamental to niche formation and maintenance as well as development of unique NSC transplant platforms to treat disease or injury.
Halogenated imidazole derivatives block RNA polymerase II elongation along mitogen inducible genes
Authors: Mikula Michal , Hanusek Karolina , Paziewska Agnieszka , Dzwonek Artur , Rubel Tymon , Bomsztyk Karol , Ostrowski Jerzy 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Background
Aberrant activation of protein kinases is one of the essential oncogenic driving forces inherent to the process of tumorigenesis. The protein kinase CK2 plays an important role in diverse biological processes, including cell growth and proliferation as well as in the governing and transduction of prosurvival signals. Increased expression of CK2 is a hallmark of some cancers, hence its antiapoptotic properties may be relevant to cancer onset. Thus, the designing and synthesis of the CK2 inhibitors has become an important pursuit in the search for cancer therapies.

Results
Using a high-throughput microarray approach, we demonstrate that two potent inhibitors of CK2, 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-benzimidazole (TBBz) and 2-Dimethyloamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole (DMAT), blocked mitogen induced mRNA expression of immediate early genes. Given the impact of these inhibitors on the process of transcription, we investigated their effects on RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) elongation along the mitogen inducible gene, EGR1 (early growth response 1), using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. ChIP analysis demonstrated that both drugs arrest RNAPII elongation. Finally, we show that CDK9 kinase activity, essential for the triggering of RNAPII elongation, was blocked by TBBz and to lesser degree by DMAT.

Conclusions
Our approach revealed that small molecules derived from halogenated imidazole compounds may decrease cell proliferation, in part, by inhibiting pathways that regulate transcription elongation.