bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Handwriting and Keyboarding Performance Among Fast and Slow Adult Keyboarders
Authors: Weintraub Naomi , Gilmour-Grill Naomi , (Tamar) Weiss Patricia L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOBJECTIVE. We examined the relationship between handwriting and keyboarding performance and between these writing modes and underlying performance skills.METHOD. Sixty-three young, healthy adults who used the computer daily were recruited for this study by means of a convenience sample (mean = 25.3, standard deviation = 3.0); 15 were slow keyboarders and 17 were fast keyboarders. Participants were administered handwriting and keyboarding assessments, as well as measures of finger function, kinesthetic processing, and eye movement.RESULTS. Although handwriting and keyboarding speed were moderately correlated, these activities did not share underlying performance skills. In addition, different correlation patterns between written communication modes and performance skills were found among slow and fast keyboarders.CONCLUSION. Results suggest that occupational therapists and educators should consider a variety of factors before recommending keyboarding as an alternative written communication method for people with handwriting difficulties. Moreover, different recommendations appear to be warranted for slow and fast keyboarders.
Reconstructing Meaning Through Occupation After the Death of a Family Member: Accommodation, Assimilation, and Continuing Bonds
Authors: Hoppes Steve , Segal Ruth 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Reactions to death have been studied extensively from psychological, behavioral, and physiological perspectives. Occupational adaptation to loss has received scant attention. Qualitative research was undertaken to identify and describe occupational responses in bereavement. The constant comparative approach was used to analyze and interpret the occupational responses. Adaptive strategies of occupational accommodation and assimilation were used after the death of a family member. Desire to sustain bonds with the deceased motivated specific occupational engagements. These occupational responses served to reconstruct meaning after the death of a family member. These findings contribute to understanding adaptation after death by adding an occupational perspective to previous theories. Occupational therapists’ abilities to support clients after loss can be enhanced through appreciation of occupational accommodation and assimilation and the role of continuing occupational bonds after the death of a loved one.
Facilitating Evidence-Based Practice: Process, Strategies, and Resources
Authors: Lin Susan H. , Murphy Susan L. , Robinson Jennifer C. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Occupational therapy practitioners may encounter challenges when they try to incorporate evidence into practice. To embrace evidence-based practice (EBP), clinicians must have readily available, relevant, and concisely summarized evidence. Although researchers have described the importance and process of EBP, less has been written about how to efficiently integrate evidence into practice. Clinicians may benefit from examples of reasoning, strategies, and resources to successfully integrate evidence. This article reviews the steps of EBP and offers recommendations to overcome common barriers. For EBP to become integrated into practice, greater communication and collaboration among all stakeholders must occur. EBP and knowledge translation require multiple processes and coordinated efforts. Therefore, everyone from practitioners to employers has a role in increasing EBP and transferring knowledge for practice. To encourage discussion and actions, the article provides implications and recommendations for practitioners, researchers, educators, organizations, and policymakers.
Cognitive Versus Functional Approaches to Rehabilitation After Traumatic Brain Injury: Commentary on a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Giles Gordon Muir 
Published: October 2011

AbstractI describe the findings of one of the largest randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) ever conducted, examine the theoretical relationship between cognitive and functional rehabilitation after TBI, and describe the historical preference for cognitive (top-down) rather than functional (bottom-up) interventions. I also contrast the goals and principles of cognitive rehabilitation and of the neurofunctional approach of Giles and Clark-Wilson (1993; Giles, 2005)—a bottom-up approach. Findings of the RCT provide empirical support for both functional and cognitive interventions following acute TBI. In addition, they provide evidence that each type of intervention offers significant advantages for a specific subpopulation. The clinical implications of these findings for occupational therapy practitioners are discussed.
The Log Handwriting Program Improved Children’s Writing Legibility: A Pretest–Posttest Study
Authors: Mackay Nadine , McCluskey Annie , Mayes Rachel 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We determined the feasibility and outcomes of the Log Handwriting Program (Raynal, 1990), an 8-week training program based on task-specific practice of handwriting.
METHOD. We used a pretest–posttest design involving 16 first- and second-grade Australian students. Handwriting training sessions occurred in schools for 45 min per week over 8 weeks, in groups of 2 or 3. Weekly homework was provided. The primary outcome measure was the Minnesota Handwriting Assessment (range = 0 to 34; Reisman, 1999). Legibility, form, alignment, size, spacing, and speed were measured.
RESULTS. All six assessment subscales showed statistically significant differences. Legibility improved by a mean of 4.1 points (95% confidence interval = 2.5 to 5.7); form, 5.3 points; alignment, 7.8 points; size, 7.9 points; and space, 5.3 points. Speed decreased by 3.9 points.
CONCLUSION. Preliminary evidence indicates that an 8-week Log Handwriting Program is feasible and improved handwriting in primary school children.
Reliability and Validity of the Evaluation Tool of Children’s Handwriting–Cursive (ETCH–C) Using the General Scoring Criteria
Authors: Duff Sharon , Goyen Traci-Anne 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVES. To determine the reliability and aspects of validity of the Evaluation Tool of Children’s Handwriting–Cursive (ETCH–C; Amundson, 1995), using the general scoring criteria, when assessing children who use alternative writing scripts.
METHOD. Children in Years 5 and 6 with handwriting problems and a group of matched control participants from their respective classrooms were assessed with the ETCH–C twice, 4 weeks apart.
RESULTS. Total Letter scores were most reliable; more variability should be expected for Total Word scores. Total Numeral scores showed unacceptable reliability levels and are not recommended. We found good discriminant validity for Letter and Word scores and established cutoff scores to distinguish children with and without handwriting dysfunction (Total Letter &lt;90%, Total Word &lt;85%).
CONCLUSION. The ETCH–C, using the general scoring criteria, is a reliable and valid test of handwriting for children using alternative scripts.
Influence of Age and Bolus Size on Swallowing Function: Basic Data and Assessment Method for Care and Preventive Rehabilitation
Authors: Higashijima Misako 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective numerical data on swallowing function are needed to aid in eating and swallowing intervention and preventive rehabilitation. Using noninvasive methods, the influences of age and differences in size of water bolus on laryngeal activity and respiratory activity were examined in healthy young and older women. Swallowing function was influenced by age and bolus size. Influence of bolus size was recognized only in duration of laryngeal movement in younger women, with no apparent influence in older women. Results for older women were thought to be related to declines in swallowing function with the physiological aging of respiratory and swallowing muscles. In the future, noninvasive methods need to be developed for evaluating function and therapeutic effects against swallowing function impairment and to provide objective numerical data for health insurers.
Bromine
Authors: Grinbaum Baruch , Freiberg Mira 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBromine is the only nonmetallic element that is a liquid under standard conditions. Bromine is widely distributed in nature, but in relatively small amounts. The biggest source of commercial bromine is the Dead Sea Brines. Bromine compounds are found in the atmosphere in small amounts; the sea is the primary source. Bromine is a dense, dark red liquid that vaporizes readily at room temperature to give a red vapor that is highly corrosive to many materials and human tissue. Bromine occurs in the form of bromides in seawater and in natural brine deposits, always together with chloride. In all methods of bromine production, chlorine, which has a higher reduction potential than bromine, is used to oxidize bromide to bromine. Facilities for manufacturing bromine are primarily located near sources of natural brines. Some bromide solutions are recycled to obtain elemental bromine and to prevent solutions from being disposed of as hazardous waste. The major uses of bromine in order of consumption are in flame retardants, drilling fluids, water treatment, pesticides and other miscellaneous.
Combustion Science and Technology
Authors: Lackner Maximilian 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCombustion is an important and ubiquitous process, which supplies 85% of the worldwide energy as heat and power. In this article, fundamentals of combustion science are briefly reviewed: aspects of combustion chemistry, heat transfer and common fuels in solid, liquid and gaseous state. Biomass and safety‐related concerns are also covered. In the main section, combustion technology is explained: Common combustors such as boilers, power plants, reactors and engines are presented. Combustion synthesis for the production of advanced materials and a section on combustion‐derived pollutants and how to mitigate their effects such as climate change conclude this article.
Coal Liquefaction
Authors: Dadyburjor Dady B. , Liu Zhenyu , Davis Burtron H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLiquefaction can be direct, from the coal itself, or indirect, from synthesis gas (CO and H2) obtained by gasification of the coal. Coal liquefaction incorporates both an increase in the H/C ratio and removal of heteroatoms (S, N, O) and inorganic oxides (ash). Successful industrial direct liquefaction processes must incorporate both these steps, along with the transport of solid and slurry ‐ phase material in large – scale processing. The H/C ratio can be increased using high temperatures and pressures and a solvent (generally process‐derived), or by a catalyst, or by heating rapidly in the absence of a solvent in hydrogen or an inert atmosphere. Sometimes there are advantages to processing coal simultaneously with other fossil fuels such as resids. Typically, such operations, termed co‐processing, result in improved removal of heteroatoms and ash. The use of solids and slurries has resulted in novel reactors and processing steps. Indirect liquefaction has as its first step the production of synthesis gas. This mixture can be converted to gasoline‐ or diesel‐range liquid fuels using Fischer‐Tropsch technology. Synthesis gas can also be used to produce chemicals other than fuels. The production of these chemicals often can be used to make favorable the economics of fuel production from coal. Economic and technical choices between direct and indirect liquefaction are not straightforward. Recent developments in both direct and indirect liquefaction in China and the Middle East have been noteworthy.
Earthquake Engineering, Resistant Design for Risk Reduction
Authors: Dowrick David 
Published: October 2011

AbstractEarthquake risk reduction is a complex affair involving many people and disciplines. An earthquake is a spasm of ground shaking by a sudden release of energy in the earth's lithosphere, ie, the crust and the upper mantle. Seismic risk is the probability that social or economic consequences of an earthquake will equal or exceed specified values at a site or in an area during a specified exposure time. Seismic hazard is any physical phenomenon associated with any earthquake that may produce adverse effects on human activities. Vulnerability is the amount of damage, induced by a given degree of hazard, and expressed as a fraction of the value of the damaged item under consideration. The primary consequences of concern in earthquakes is human casualties.The characteristics of soil are important in determining if a building site could support a building in an earthquake zone. Seismic activity is evaluated through studies of crustal strain, fault geology, and historical seismicity, Details are given on how to determine material cost damage, estimating casualties, business interruptions, and the benefits of insurance. The design and construction process and how to protect equipment during a seismic event are detailed. Architectural design also has an important niche in design. Retroffiting of built environments is discussed.
Influence of Pressing Temperature on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of Ultrafine‐Grained Cu Processed by Equal‐Channel Angular Pressing
Authors: Wen Haiming , Zhao Yonghao , Topping Troy D. , Ashford Dustin , Figueiredo Roberto B. , Xu Cheng , Langdon Terence G. , Lavernia Enrique J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPure Cu was processed by ECAP at five different temperatures from room temperature (RT) to 523 K. The influence of pressing temperature on microstructure evolution and tensile behavior was investigated in detail. The results show that as the ECAP temperature is increased the grain size and ductility both increase whereas the dislocation density and yield strength decrease. In the case of ECAP processing in the range of RT to 473 K the mechanism governing microstructural refinement is continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), whereas at 523 K the mechanism changes to discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX). At higher ECAP temperatures, the kinetics of CDRX are retarded leading to a lower fraction of equiaxed grains/high‐angle grain boundaries and a higher fraction of dislocation cell structures. At 523 K, DDRX induces a high fraction of equiaxed grains with a very low dislocation density which appears responsible for the observed high tensile ductility. The sample processed at 523 K possessed a good combination of strength and ductility, suggesting that processing by ECAP at elevated temperatures may be a suitable alternative to RT ECAP processing followed by subsequent annealing.
A compact and high throughput reactor of monolithic‐structured catalyst bed for conversion of syngas to liquid fuels
Authors: Liu Wei , Wang Yong , Wilcox Wayne , Li Shari 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSyngas conversion is needed for the production of liquid fuels and/or chemicals from renewable or remote feedstock at capacities much smaller than the conventional Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) plant. Here, we present a multiscale‐engineered, modular‐type design approach toward the development of a compact reactor unit to make syngas‐to‐liquids economically feasible at small scales. The fundamental design idea is tested by using a Re‐Co/alumina catalyst coated on a monolith support of channel size about 0.9 mm. One‐pass CO conversion (92–98%) with <10% of CH4 selectivity is obtained with the structured bed under typical F–T reaction conditions. The gas superficial linear velocity was found as one critical parameter that may allow scale‐up of the hydrodynamics from the small‐scale laboratory tests directly to practical sizes of the reactor with the proposed design strategy. A pore wetness and surface perspiration model is proposed to explain the experimental data and rationalize the new design concepts. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Process development of treatment plants for dyeing wastewater
Authors: Fung Ka Y. , Lee Chin M. , Ng Ka M. , Wibowo Christianto , Deng Zhiyi , Wei Chaohai 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA three‐step methodology that integrates experiments, modeling and synthesis has been developed for the systematic development of a plant for treating dyeing wastewater for discharge and/or reuse. First, wastewater characteristics, discharge water standards, and reuse water quality specifications, etc. are collected as input information. Heuristics developed in our industrial practice and gleaned from the literature are used to guide the designer to come up with preliminary flow sheet alternatives. Then, bench‐scale experiments and pilot plant tests for the relevant unit operations are performed. A computer code accepts the bench‐scale and pilot plant experimental data for regression of model parameters and determines the superior process configuration and equipment operating conditions through sensitivity analysis. The workflow among various stakeholders to reach the final design is presented. Possible extension of the methodology to other industrial wastewater treatment plants is discussed. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Neutron bound states in a supersymmetric double Dirac delta electrostatic potential
Authors: Bruce S. , Diaz‐Valdes J. , Campos M.D. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe study neutron bound states in a particular (1+1)‐supersymmetric configuration. A simple physical setup is chosen so that the effective interaction becomes a particular kind of double Dirac delta potential. In this configuration it is shown that the neutron distinguishes between positive and negative electric charge as a consequence of a purely quantum mechanical effect. The theoretical background is presented and a possible application to a real‐life physical system is discussed.
Influence of template/functional monomer/cross‐linking monomer ratio on particle size and binding properties of molecularly imprinted nanoparticles
Authors: Yoshimatsu Keiichi , Yamazaki Tomohiko , Chronakis Ioannis S. , Ye Lei 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA series of molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles have been synthesized employing various template/functional monomer/crosslinking monomer ratio and characterized in detail to elucidate the correlation between the synthetic conditions used and the properties (e.g., particle size and template binding properties) of the obtained nanoparticles. In brief, the presence of propranolol (template) in the polymerization mixture turned out to be a critical factor on determination of the size as well as the binding properties of the imprinted nanoparticles. The functional monomer/crosslinking monomer ratio significantly affects the binding capability of the imprinted nanoparticles, but its influence on the size of the nanoparticles was found to be rather limited. The results obtained provide valuable clues for designing molecularly imprinted nanoparticle preparation in future studies, where fine tuning of particle size and binding properties are required to fit practical applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Nerve regeneration with aid of nanotechnology and cellular engineering
Authors: Sedaghati Tina , Yang Shi Yu , Mosahebi Afshin , Alavijeh Mohammad S. , Seifalian Alexander M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractRepairing nerve defects with large gaps remains one of the most operative challenges for surgeons. Incomplete recovery from peripheral nerve injuries can produce a diversity of negative outcomes, including numbness, impairment of sensory or motor function, possibility of developing chronic pain, and devastating permanent disability. In the last few years, numerous microsurgical techniques, such as coaptation, nerve autograft, and different biological or polymeric nerve conduits, have been developed to reconstruct a long segment of damaged peripheral nerve. A few of these techniques are promising and have become popular among surgeons. Advancements in the field of tissue engineering have led to development of synthetic nerve conduits as an alternative for the nerve autograft technique, which is the current practice to bridge nerve defects with gaps larger than 30 mm. However, to date, despite significant progress in this field, no material has been found to be an ideal alternative to the nerve autograft. This article briefly reviews major up‐to‐date published studies using different materials as an alternative to the nerve autograft to bridge peripheral nerve gaps in an attempt to assess their ability to support and enhance nerve regeneration and their prospective drawbacks, and also highlights the promising hope for nerve regeneration with the next generation of nerve conduits, which has been significantly enhanced with the tissue engineering approach, especially with the aid of nanotechnology in development of the three‐dimensional scaffold. The goal is to determine potential alternatives for nerve regeneration and repair that are simply and directly applicable in clinical conditions.
Creation of Aggregation‐Defective α‐Synuclein Variants by Engineering the Sequence Connecting β‐Strand‐Forming Domains
Authors: Hernandez Michael , Golbert Sofia , Zhang Li Guo , Kim Jin Ryoun 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe aggregation of α‐synuclein (αS), which is implicated in the pathology of Parkinson's disease, produces fibrils in which layers of parallel, in‐register β‐sheet–loop–β‐sheets are formed. The effects of sequence variation in the loop‐forming region (referred to as the linker region) on αS aggregation have yet to be systematically studied. In the study described here, we created and characterized αS variants containing mutations in the linker regions. Our results indicate that although the physicochemical properties of the linker region, evaluated based on an intrinsic property of a single amino acid, still play a significant role in aggregation, additional factors can also determine aggregation of αS linker mutants. Our analyses suggest that these factors include a pairwise potential for parallel in‐register β‐sheet formation. A linker variant displaying significantly reduced self‐aggregation interfered with αS aggregation by inhibiting the conversion of αS soluble species to αS insoluble fibrils. We anticipate that linker mutations could serve as a novel method of creating αS variants that are aggregationdefective and/or inhibit αS aggregation.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Alkaline Vapor Oxidation Synthesis and Electrocatalytic Activity Towards Glucose Oxidation of CuO Nanobelt Arrays.
Authors: Soejima Tetsuro , Yagyu Hitomi , Kimizuka Nobuo , Ito Seishiro 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCuO nanobelt arrays supported on copper substrates are synthesized by partly immersing a Cu plate in an aqueous solution of NH3 and H2O2 (80 °C, 7 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Composition Dependence of the Photocatalytic Activities of BiOCl1‐xBrx Solid Solutions under Visible Light.
Authors: Liu Yuanyuan , Son Won‐Joon , Lu Jibao , Huang Baibiao , Dai Ying , Whangbo Myung‐Hwan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe title solid solutions are synthesized over the whole composition range (x = 0—1) by hydrothermal reaction of stoichiometric amounts of KCl, KBr, and Bi(NO3)3 (autoclave, 160 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Strategy for the Synthesis of Chiral β‐Alkynyl Esters via Sequential Palladium and Copper Catalysis.
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Taft Benjamin R. , Masters James T. , Lumb Jean‐Philip 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA new synthetic access towards enantioenriched β‐alkynyl esters (IV) and (XI) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Recycling of a Chiral Palladium Catalytic System for Asymmetric Allylic Substitutions in Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Favier Isabelle , Castillo Angelica Balanta , Godard Cyril , Castillon Sergio , Claver Carmen , Gomez Montserrat , Teuma Emmanuelle 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA pyrrolidinium‐based ionic liquid is employed for the Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation, amination and phosphination of acetate (I).