bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life between predators and a small space: substrate selection of an interstitial space‐dwelling stream salamander
Authors: Martin S. D. , Harris B. A. , Collums J. R. , Bonett R. M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPhysical space is a fundamental habitat constraint for interstitial space‐dwelling organisms; however, few studies have examined how physical space variation structures predator/prey interactions within such communities. Streambeds in the western Ozark Plateau are composed of Silurian/Ordovician chert gravel and contain a rich assemblage of interstitial space‐dwelling species, including macroinvertebrates, fishes and aquatic salamanders. Here, we used field and lab experiments to examine interstitial space size preference and structure of an Ozark streambed community, with emphasis on the Oklahoma salamander, Eurycea tynerensis, and its predators (crayfish) and prey (isopods and amphipods). In the field, we implemented a three by six grid of enclosures containing three distinct size classes of well‐sorted substrate (small, medium and large) that represented three categories of interstitial space size. Isopods and amphipods were the most abundant macroinvertebrates at the site, and the average size of isopods increased with substrate size. Salamanders were significantly more abundant in medium‐sized substrate enclosures, whereas isopods of consumable size and amphipods were more abundant in small and medium substrate, and crayfish were found exclusively in large substrate enclosures. Pairwise choice experiments in the lab showed that salamanders always preferred the largest gravel size (i.e. large or medium to small, and large to medium). A subsequent experiment performed with uniformly large gravel demonstrated that salamanders avoided positions near and adjacent to crayfish. We suggest that the finite interstitial space distribution of Oklahoma salamanders is limited by physical constraints of small, prey‐rich spaces, and avoidance of predators and prey scarcity in the interstitial spaces among large substrates. This study demonstrates the strong influence of interstitial space size on community structure and predator/prey interactions in chert‐bottomed Ozark streams.
A bibliometric analysis of the clinical development of drugs in Norway for the year 2000
Authors: Hole Ola P. , Winther Finn O. , Cederkvist Henrik R. , Nitter‐Hauge Sigurd 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPurpose:  Bibliometric analysis of publications was used to investigate the research output relating to the development of drugs in Norway and to evaluate the impact of Norwegian involvement in this research.Material and methods:  One hundred and nine articles published between 2002 and 2008 were analysed. Bibliometric methods used were as follows: information on peer review, impact factor (IF), the Science Citation Index (SCI) and the representation of Norwegians in the list of authors.Results:  All publications were in journals with peer review or in publications with corresponding evaluation. Industrial support, international research cooperation and drug development in phases I, II and III seem to promote publication in journals with high IF and a high SCI. In 63% of the international project articles, the Norwegian contributors were not represented in the list of authors.Conclusion:  In addition to a scientific standard secured by referees, three probably independent factors – industrial support, international cooperation and early phases of the research (phases I, II and III) – seem to promote publications in journals with high IF and a high SCI. A more active Norwegian contribution to the research should be encouraged.
Taxonomy, morphology and phylogeny of Late Cretaceous spirulid coleoids (Cephalopoda) from Greenland and Canada
Authors: FUCHS DIRK , KEUPP HELMUT , TRASK PAT , TANABE KAZUSHIGE 
Published: March 2012

Abstract: Groenlandibelus rosenkrantzifrom the Maastrichtian of Greenland has long been thought to constitute an early representative of spirulid coleoids. This study shows that this view must be reassessed, at least in part. A re‐investigation of the types and of material recorded subsequently has revealed that none of these specimens is conspecific with the holotype ofG. rosenkrantzi.Cyrtobelus birkelundaegen. nov, sp. nov. differs from the type ofG. rosenkrantziin having lower chambers and in lacking an apically elongated sheath. The longiconic phragmocone ofG. rosenkrantzihas more features in common with the presumed spirulid genusNaefia. A specimen described in detail by J. A. Jeletzky in the mid 1960s as ‘G. rosenkrantzi’ is designated holotype ofC. birkelundaesp. nov., which means that internal phragmocone features are still unknown inG. rosenkrantzi. Cyrtobelus hornbyensegen. nov, sp. nov. from the Campanian of western Canada constitutes the first record of early spirulids from the northeast Pacific, being based on seventeen extraordinarily well‐preserved phragmocones. This species differs fromC. birkelundaesp. nov. only in the width of the siphuncular tube. The presence of a caecum, a nacre‐less conotheca that represents the continuation of the protoconch conotheca, conothecal flaps that anchor the mural parts of the septa, and a thin investment‐like sheath are characters shared only with RecentSpirula.In particular, the unusual protoconch architecture ofCyrtobelusgen. nov. challenges a phylogenetic origin within bactritoid‐like coleoids.
Scutelluid trilobites from the Silurian of New South Wales
Authors: HOLLOWAY D. J. , LANE P. D. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract: Twenty‐six species (nineteen of them formally named) of scutelluid trilobites belonging to eight genera are described from limestones of the lower Wenlock to Ludlow Mirrabooka Formation and its stratigraphical equivalents in the Orange district of New South Wales. Two genera,BorenoriaandMirrabooka, are new.Japonoscutellum, previously employed mainly for several species from Japan, is a globally widely distributed genus in rocks of middle Llandovery to Ludlow age and includes a number of species previously assigned toKosovopeltis.Japonoscutellumis remarkably diverse in the faunas from Orange where it is represented by eleven species, one of them known also from Kazakhstan.FlexiscutellumandTosacephalusare regarded as junior synonyms ofDecoroscutellumandKosovopeltis, respectively. The homology of various scutelluid cephalic structures is discussed, in particular the cephalic borders and border furrows that have routinely been misidentified; the term ‘bolus’ is introduced for the variably developed swelling that is enclosed by S1 on the glabella of most scutelluids. New species areAustraloscutellum iota,A. microps,A. pulex,A.trica,Borenoria cirrita,Decoroscutellum planes,Eoscutellum annosum,Illaenoscutellum tryo,Japonoscutellum borenorense,J. crassum,J. diascetum,J. gephyricum,J.guttulatum,J. serangicum,J. strabo,Kosovopeltis trepida,K. xynonandMirrabooka harryi. Some of these trilobites show strong affinity with species from the Kurosegawa Terrane of south‐western Japan and the Chu‐Ili Terrane of Kazakhstan, as previously reported also for the effaced Illaenina from the same limestones.AustraloscutellumandMirrabookaare presently known only from eastern Australia. The new genusSecurifronsis proposed for several species previously assigned toKosovopeltisorEokosovopeltisfrom the Sandbian or Katian to Llandovery of North Greenland, Canada, Scotland, South China and New South Wales.
Men and Women Lobbyists in theAmerican States
Authors: Lucas Jennifer C. , Hyde Mark S. 
Published: March 2012

ObjectiveThis study compares men and women lobbyists who work in theAmerican states in 1995 and 2005, arguing in contrast to previous research that there is a consistent pattern of sex differences that cannot be explained by differential patterns of experience.MethodsMen and women are contrasted across three dimensions using original survey data from lobbyists in all 50 states. First, we examine lobbyists' background and experience, such as having previously held political office and years of experience lobbying. Second, differences between tactics employed by men and women are investigated. Third, the article draws a distinction between the attitudes of male and female lobbyists toward their profession.ResultsDifferences between men and women within the three dimensions are found in both sets of data, with changes generally smaller in 2005.ConclusionUnlike previous studies, we find differences among male and female lobbyists in their background, strategies, and attitudes, but the gap between them is moderate and in some cases has decreased.
Comparison of Three‐Year Clinical Outcomes with Nonextended Versus Extended Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Between First‐ and Second‐Generation Drug‐Eluting Stent Implantation in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: Data from the Infarct Prognosis Study Registry
Authors: KANG KI‐WOON , KIM BYEONG‐KEUK , JANG JI‐YONG , LEE HYE SUN , KIM JUNG‐SUN , KO YOUNG‐GUK , HA JONGWON , CHOI DONGHOON , HONG MYEONG‐KI , JANG YANGSOO 
Published: March 2012

Background:
The difference of the clinical outcomes between nonextended (≤12 months) and extended (>12 months) dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) remains unclear in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) implanted by different generations of drug‐eluting stent (DES).
Methods:
We identified 790 consecutive patients with AMI who were free from major adverse cardiac events for 12 months after first‐generation (n = 537) or second‐generation DES (n = 253) implantation; each DES generation group was further divided into nonextended and extended DAPT.
Results:
During follow‐up (median: 40 months), nonextended DAPT in the first‐generation DES group showed a higher rate of cardiac death or MI than was observed in the extended DAPT group (14% vs 2%, P < 0.001). However, in the second‐generation DES group, there was no difference in the occurrence of cardiac death and MI between the extended and nonextended groups (4% vs 3%, P = 0.809). Nonextended DAPT was the most significant predictor of cardiac death and MI for first‐generation DES implantation [hazard ratio (HR) = 5.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.53–19.59, P = 0.009] but not for second‐generation DES implantation [HR = 3.21, 95% CI = 0.21–50.65, P = 0.401].
Conclusion:
This study suggested that the clinical outcomes between nonextended and extended DAPT might be different depending on the generation of implanted DESs in patients with AMI. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:245–252)
Contribution of Diffused Er3+ Ions to Refractive Index of LiNbO3 Crystal and Relation of Li Out‐Diffusion to Er3+‐Diffusion Condition
Authors: Wang Zhen , Hua Ping‐Rang , Han Fang , Yu Dao‐Yin , Pun Edwin Yue‐Bun , Zhang De‐Long 
Published: March 2012

Contribution of diffused Er3+ ions to refractive index of LiNbO3 crystal and relation of Li out‐diffusion to Er3+‐diffusion condition have been studied. Three X‐cut and three Z‐cut congruent LiNbO3 plates locally coated with 10, 15, or 20 nm thick Er metal films were annealed at 1100°C or 1130°C for 60 or 100 h under different atmospheres of surrounding air, wet O2 or wet Ar. After the anneal, the ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices at Er3+‐doped and Er‐free parts of crystal surface were characterized at the 633, 1311, and 1553 nm wavelengths by measurement of critical angle. The difference of surface index values at the Er3+‐doped and Er‐free parts enables to identify the Er3+‐doping effect on substrate index. From the known birefringence, the surface Li2O contents at the Er3+‐doped and Er‐free parts were evaluated. A comparison with the Li2O content data before the anneal treatment allows to obtain the anneal‐induced Li2O loss and hence identify the anneal condition effect on the Li out‐diffusion. The results show that the contribution of Er3+‐doping to the ordinary index is within the measurement error of 1 × 10−3 and that to the extraordinary index is within ± 1.7 × 10−3, which is just slightly out of the measurement error. The diffusion temperature is while the diffusion environment is not the key factor responsible for the Li2O out‐diffusion.
Synthesis of 0.65Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.35PbTiO3 by Controlled Agglomeration of Precursor Particles
Authors: Trefalt Gregor , Malič Barbara , Holc Janez , Uršič Hana , Kosec Marija 
Published: March 2012

0.65Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.35PbTiO3 powder was prepared by a single‐step, solid‐state synthesis at 850°C. This was enabled by the controlled agglomeration of precursor particles by the change of pH in water suspensions. With the design of the contacts between the particles in the agglomerates, a phase‐pure perovskite powder was synthesized from a suspension with a pH = 12.5. At the inherent pH = 11.4, the agglomerates that promote the pyrochlore formation were formed, resulting in a mixture of perovskite and pyrochlore phases after the calcination. The ceramics prepared from the suspension with pH = 12.5 were sintered to 96% of theoretical density at only 950°C, and exhibited electrical properties comparable to ceramics prepared by the columbite method, sintered at much higher temperatures. In contrast, the properties of the ceramics from the pH = 11.4 suspension were heavily deteriorated due to the presence of the pyrochlore phase and the high degree of porosity.
The relative effect of surface strontium chemistry and super‐hydrophilicity on the early osseointegration of moderately rough titanium surface in the rabbit femur
Authors: Park Jin‐Woo , Kwon Tae‐Geon , Suh Jo‐Young 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveIt is unclear whether surface bioactive chemistry or hydrophilicity plays a more dominant role in the osseointegration of micro‐structured titanium implants having the same surface topography at the micrometer and submicrometer scales. To understand their comparative effect on enhancing the early osseointegration of micro‐rough‐surfaced implants, this study compared the bone healing‐promoting effect of surface strontium (Sr) chemistry that has been shown in numerous studies to super‐hydrophilicity in the early osseointegration of moderately rough‐surfaced clinical oral implants (SLA® implant) in rabbit cancellous bone.Material and methodsHydrothermal treatment was performed to incorporate Sr ions into the surface of clinical SLA implants (SLA/Sr implant). The surface characteristics were evaluated by using field emission‐scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and optical profilometry. Twenty screw implants (10 control and 10 experimental) were placed in the femoral condyles of 10 New Zealand White rabbits. The early osseointegration of the SLA/Sr implant was compared with a chemically modified super‐hydrophilic SLA implant (SLActive® implant) by histomorphometric and resonance frequency analysis after 2 weeks of implantation.ResultsThe SLA/Sr and SLActive implants exhibited an identical surface topography and average Ra values at the micron and submicron scales. The SLA/Sr implant displayed a high amount of surface Sr content (15.6 at.%). There was no significant difference in the implant stability quotient (ISQ) values between the two groups. However, histomorphometric analysis revealed a significantly higher bone‐to‐implant contact percentage in the SLA/Sr implants compared with the SLActive implants in rabbit cancellous bone (P < 0.01).ConclusionThe results indicate that the surface Sr chemistry surpasses the effect of super‐hydrophilicity in promoting the early bone apposition of moderately rough Ti surface in cancellous bone.
Effect of weave, structural parameters and ultraviolet absorbers onin vitroprotection factor of bleached cotton woven fabrics
Authors: Majumdar Abhijit , Kothari Vijay Kumar , Mondal Achintya Kumar , Hatua Piyali 
Published: March 2012

SummaryIntroductionThe weave, fabric cover, areal density and ultraviolet (UV) absorbers are some of the factors which influence the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of cotton fabrics. It will be of interest to know whether fabric cover or fabric areal density is a better predictor of cotton fabricUPF. It will also be of interest to know whether theUVabsorbers are equally effective for all kinds of cotton fabric.ObjectivesTo understand the role of weave, fabric cover, areal density andUVabsorbers on theUPFof cotton fabrics. To establish quantitative relationships between the fabric cover, areal density andUPFfor cotton fabrics.MethodsSixty‐four woven fabrics were manufactured using different weaves, cotton yarn count and picks per centimetre values. Nonlinear regression models were developed to relate the fabric cover and areal density with theUPF. The role ofUVabsorbers at different levels of cover has been analysed.ResultsIn case of bleached cotton fabrics woven with 40Newarp yarn count, 40 ends per cm, different weft yarn count (20–40Ne) and picks per centimetre (15–27), weave does not have a statistically significant effect on theUPF. Fabric areal density is a better predictor ofUPFthan the fabric cover. TheUVabsorbers are more effective when the fabric cover is high.ConclusionsThe developed equations relating fabric cover andUPFcan be used as a primary guideline while selecting fabrics forUVprotection.
Perspectives on improvement of reproduction in cattle during heat stress in a future Japan
Authors: KADOKAWA Hiroya , SAKATANI Miki , HANSEN Peter J. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTHeat stress (HS) causes hyperthermia, and at its most severe form, can lead to death. More commonly, HS reduces feed intake, milk yield, growth rate and reproductive function in many mammals and birds, including the important cattle breeds in Japan. Rectal temperatures greater than 39.0°C and respiration rates greater than 60/min indicate cows are undergoing HS sufficient to affect milk yield and fertility. HS compromises oocyte quality and embryonic development, reduces expression of estrus and changes secretion of several reproductive hormones. One of the most effective ways to reduce the magnitude of HS is embryo transfer, which bypasses the inhibitory effects of HS on the oocyte and early embryo. It may also be possible to select for genetic resistance to HS. Cooling can also improve reproductive performance in cows and heifers, and probably, the most effective cooling systems currently in use are those that couple evaporative cooling with tunnel ventilation or cross ventilation. Its effect on improving reproductive performance in Japan remains to be evaluated.
Contemporary Philosophical Aesthetics in China: The Relation between Subject and Object
Authors: Man Eva Kit‐wah 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article presents a historical account and philosophical analysis of the development of philosophical aesthetics in China in its Marxist regime, focusing on the relation between subject and object. It enters into the picture of the search for new philosophical aesthetics in Marxist China and engages the related debates and reforms. The representing four schools of aesthetics in the early decades of the new China are introduced, which were led by Gao Ertai, Cai Yi, Zhu Guangqin and Li Zehou. Each of them presents a different relationship between the subject and the object in the aesthetics process and initiates debates and controversies among themselves. In the 1990s aestheticians of the younger generation suggested a modern aesthetics system in which a new aesthetics notion was reconstructed. The article analyzes the nature and the structure of this notion “ganxing”, and demonstrated the struggles in its search for a balance and merge integration among traditional Chinese aesthetics, Contemporary Western philosophies and Marxist aesthetics. Finally, this article also points out the Deweyan influences on the notion which is popular in PRC, and demonstrates that Chinese aesthetics in the contemporary scene has more concerns to add on, which is the application of its new aesthetical thoughts to the rapidly developing art scenes and social changes in contemporary China.
The Doctrine of Double Effect: Intention and Permissibility
Authors: FitzPatrick William J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe Doctrine of Double Effect (DDE) is an influential non‐consequentialist principle positing a role for intention in affecting the moral permissibility of some actions. In particular, the DDE focuses on the intend/foresee distinction, the core claim being that it is sometimes permissible to bring about as a foreseen but unintended side‐effect of one’s action some harm it would have been impermissible to aim at as a means or as an end, all else being equal. This article explores the meaning and application of the DDE along with current debates over the nature of the intend/foresee distinction and its moral significance. How is the line between intended effects and merely foreseen but unintended side‐effects to be drawn, and how are problem cases best handled? What is an appropriate methodology for debating the tenability of the DDE? How might the DDE interact with other non‐consequentialist principles, and how might it be modified to capture other related factors (resulting perhaps in a Doctrine of Triple Effect) or to avoid certain problem cases? Does the DDE make permissibility turn on the actual intentions of particular agents, as critics such as Thomson and Scanlon assume, or is the role of intention more abstract?
Putative early manifestations of bipolar II disorder emerge later in the initial prodrome than manifestations hypothesized to be unrelated: an exploratory study
Authors: Skjelstad Dag V. , Holte Arne , Malt Ulrik F. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAim: Symptom instances characterized as episodic or chronic, and as exaggerated responses to life events or inexplicable (e.g. mood swings, irritability/aggressiveness), may be the most likely early manifestations of the first episode of bipolar II disorder (BD‐II). Assuming that symptoms that emerge late in the prodrome, to a larger extent, are early manifestations of the disorder itself, we explore the time of onset and the duration of instances classified as ‘likely’, ‘possible’ and ‘unlikely’ early manifestations.Methods: Retrospective interviews of 15 BD‐II patients and 22 family members.Results: ‘Likely’ early manifestations do, to a larger extent than other symptom instances, emerge late in the prodrome. The mean time interval between symptom onset and the first episode is shorter for the ‘likely’ than for the ‘unlikely’ early manifestations but is similar to the ‘possible’ ones.Conclusions: Symptom instances classified as ‘likely’ early manifestations may be the most useful to prospectively predict BD‐II.
Sickle cell disease does not predispose to caries or periodontal disease
Authors: Passos Cristina Pinho , Santos Poliana Ramos Braga , Aguiar Márcio Cajazeira , Cangussu Maria Cristina Teixeira , Toralles Maria Betánia Pereira , da Silva Maria Christina Bahiana Olympio , Nascimento Roberto José Meyer , Campos Maria Isabela Guimarães 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT This study investigated the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal condition in a population with sickle cell disease (SCD), analyzing some associations with disease severity. The Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth index (DMFT) and Community Periodontal Index (CPI) were recorded for 99 individuals with SCD and 91 matched controls. Socio‐demographic status, oral health behaviors, and history of clinical severity of SCD were assessed. Statistical comparisons were performed between the group with SCD and the control group, as well as multivariate logistic regression analyses with DMFT index and CPI as the dependent variables. The mean number of decayed teeth was significantly higher in individuals with HbSS. Older age, female gender, and daily smoking were identified as risk factors for higher DMFT, while older age and absence of daily use of dental floss were risk factors for the development of periodontal disease. In conclusion, risk factors known to cause caries and periodontal disease had more influence on oral health than the direct impact of SCD.