bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enclaves of Improvement: Sovereignty and Developmentalism in the Special Zones of the China-Lao Borderlands
Authors: Nyíri Pál 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe highlands of mainland Southeast Asia have famously been the locus of “Zomia,” polities resistant to control by lowland nation-states, but this relative resilience has been due to their marginality. However, as even remote borderlands connect to the market economies of what has been labeled the “Greater Mekong Subregion,” these semi-independent polities are trying to transform themselves from isolated drug enclaves into regional paragons of economic modernity labeled “Special Economic Zones.” The main actors in this transformation are ethnic Chinese migrant capitalists who embrace the economic rhetoric of mainland China's “growth model” to create respectability and to evoke images of a cosmopolitan future as they build casinos in the rainforest. The zones’ claim to be the vanguard of modernity rests on two mutually contradictory sets of symbols: a mimicry of Chinese state paraphernalia designed to conjure up the efficacy of a strong developmental state, and the discourse of freedom from state control. This article examines the transformation of zones of political and criminal resistance into zones of economic development from a historical perspective of changing practices of sovereignty and shifting understandings of development.
Embeddedness and Regional Integration: Waiting for Polanyi in a Hayekian Setting
Authors: Höpner Martin , Schäfer Armin 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article analyzes the social potential of regional integration processes by using the example of European integration. Recent case law from the European Court of Justice has led some observers to argue that judicial decisions increasingly provide European politics with a “Polanyian” drive. We test this claim by distinguishing three dimensions to European economic and social integration: market-restricting integration, market-enforcing integration, and the creation of a European area of nondiscrimination. We also identify two forms of integration that have different speeds, scopes, and potentials: political integration and judicial integration. The evidence shows that the EU has come closer to Hayek's vision of “interstate federalism” than is usually warranted because market-enforcing integration and European nondiscrimination policies have asymmetrically profited from “integration through law.” The opportunities for international courts to push ahead market-enforcing integration increase as the participants of regional integration processes become more diverse. In such “Hayekian” constellations, individual rights are increasingly relocated to the central level, at the cost of subordinating the decentralized capacity for solidarity and interpersonal redistribution.
The Effects of the International Security Environment on National Military Expenditures: A Multicountry Study
Authors: Nordhaus William , Oneal John R. , Russett Bruce 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe consider the influence of countries' external security environments on their military spending. We first estimate the ex ante probability that a country will become involved in a fatal militarized interstate dispute using a model of dyadic conflict that incorporates key elements of liberal and realist theories of international relations. We then estimate military spending as a function of the threat of armed interstate conflict and other influences: arms races, the defense expenditures of friendly countries, actual military conflict, democracy, civil war, and national economic output. In a panel of 165 countries, 1950 to 2000, we find our prospectively generated estimate of the external threat to be a powerful variable in explaining military spending. A 1 percentage point increase in the aggregate probability of a fatal militarized dispute, as predicted by our liberal-realist model, leads to a 3 percent increase in a country's military expenditures.
Finding the “Democratic Advantage” in Sovereign Bond Ratings: The Importance of Strong Courts, Property Rights Protection, and the Rule of Law
Authors: Biglaiser Glen , Staats Joseph L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMuch scholarship in the political economy literature has investigated the influence of the democratic advantage on sovereign bond ratings by credit rating agencies (CRAs). Missing from earlier work, however, is inquiry into the effects on bond ratings of factors that lower political risk, such as adherence to the rule of law, the presence of a strong and independent judicial system, and protection of property rights. Using panel data for up to thirty-six developing countries from 1996 to 2006, we find that rule of law, strong and independent courts, and protection of property rights have significant positive effects on bond ratings. Policymakers wanting to obtain higher bond ratings and increased revenue from bond sales would do well to heed the message contained in these findings.
Preliminary evidence for the microbial loop in Antarctic sea ice using microcosm simulations
Authors: Martin Andrew , McMinn Andrew , Davy Simon K. , Anderson Marti J. , Miller Hilary C. , Hall Julie A. , Ryan Ken G. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSea ice microalgae actively contribute to the pool of dissolved organic matter (DOM) available for bacterial metabolism, but this link has historically relied on bulk correlations between chlorophylla(a surrogate for algal biomass) and bacterial abundance. We incubated microbes from both the bottom (congelation layer) and surface brine region of Antarctic fast ice for nine days. Algal-derived DOM was manipulated by varying the duration of irradiance, restricting photosynthesis with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) or incubating in the dark. The bacterial response to changes in DOM availability was examined by performing cell counts, quantifying bacterial metabolic activity and examining community composition with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The percentage of metabolically active bacteria was relatively low in the surface brine microcosm (10–20% of the bacterial community), the treatment with DCMU indirectly restricted bacterial growth and there was some evidence for changes in community structure. Metabolic activity was higher (35–69%) in the bottom ice microcosm, and while there was no variation in community structure, bacterial growth was restricted in the treatment with DCMU compared to the light/dark treatment. These results are considered preliminary, but provide a useful illustration of sea ice microbial dynamics beyond the use of ‘snapshot’ biomass correlations.
Role of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) in pig parthenogenetic preimplantation embryonic development
Authors: Brahmajosyula Manjula , Miyake Masashi 
Published: July 2012

SummaryArginine modification to citrulline (citrullination) is catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) and one of the isomers PAD4 is shown to be involved in the gene regulation. In our previous paper we studied the localization and expression of PAD4 and the target of PAD4 in mammalian gametes and preimplantation embryos. In this study the role of PAD4 was examined in the pig diploid parthenogenetic preimplantation embryonic development. Knockdown of PAD4 by RNAi resulted in delayed development. Inhibition of PAD4 by a potent PAD4 inhibitor Cl-amidine from the time of activation for 24 h resulted in developmental arrest at the first cleavage. Inhibition at the later stages of development resulted in delayed or arrested development. A shorter exposure to Cl-amidine for 6 h at any stage of growth resulted in slow development. Thus, this study suggests that PAD4 activity is essential for the normal development of the embryos.
Associations between residential food environment and dietary patterns in urban-dwelling older adults: results from the VoisiNuAge study
Authors: Mercille Geneviève , Richard Lucie , Gauvin Lise , Kestens Yan , Shatenstein Bryna , Daniel Mark , Payette Hélène 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo examine associations between the availability of residential-area food sources and dietary patterns among seniors.DesignCross-sectional analyses. Individual-level data from the NuAge study on nutrition and healthy ageing were merged with geographic information system data on food store availability and area-level social composition. Two dietary patterns reflecting lower- and higher-quality diets (respectively designated ‘western’ and ‘prudent’) were identified from FFQ data. Two food source relative availability measures were calculated for a 500 m road-network buffer around participants’ homes: (i) proportion of fast-food outlets (%FFO) relative to all restaurants and (ii) proportion of stores potentially selling healthful foods (%HFS, healthful food stores) relative to all food stores. Associations between dietary patterns and food source exposure were tested in linear regression models accounting for individual (health and sociodemographic) and area-level (socio-economic and ethnicity) covariates.SettingMontréal metropolitan area, Canada.SubjectsUrban-dwelling older adults (n 751), aged 68 to 84 years.Results%FFO was inversely associated with prudent diet (β = −0·105; P < 0·05) and this association remained statistically significant in models accounting for %HFS. %HFS was inversely associated with lower western diet scores (β = −0·124; P < 0·01). This latter association no longer reached significance once models were adjusted for area-level covariates.ConclusionsIn Montréal, the food environment is related to the diet of older adults but these links are more complex than straightforward. The absence of significant relationships between healthful food stores and prudent diets, and between fast-food outlets and western diets, deserves further investigation.
Tectonic and climatic controls on long‐term silicate weathering in Asia since 5 Ma
Authors: Wan Shiming , Clift Peter D. , Li Anchun , Yu Zhaojie , Li Tiegang , Hu Dengke 
Published: July 2012

Determining the interplay between tectonic deformation, climate, atmospheric CO2concentrations and continental weathering and erosion is key to understanding the mechanisms that forced Cenozoic global cooling. In contrast with studies of paleo‐climate and pCO2, the history of long‐term silicate weathering in the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau (HTP) during the late Cenozoic remains unclear. We reconstruct 5 m.y. of silicate sedimentary records at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1143 in the South China Sea to explore the weathering history of the Mekong River basin that supplied the sediment. Coherent variation of weathering proxies from the South China Sea, Bay of Bengal, Loess Plateau, as well as the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, indicates weakening chemical weathering intensity since the late Pliocene, as the climate cooled. This cooling, coupled with tectonic activity, shifted the dominant weathering regime from more transport‐limited to more weathering‐limited, causing less chemical depletion of silicate minerals. While silicate weathering rates became strongly correlated to erosion rates, they were decoupled from chemical weathering intensity. Physical denudation and associated silicate weathering rates in the HTP area increased in the Pliocene, driven by both rock uplift and stronger monsoon precipitation, decreasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and so contributing to Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (NHG).
Ocean circulation promotes methane release from gas hydrate outcrops at the NEPTUNE Canada Barkley Canyon node
Authors: Thomsen Laurenz , Barnes Christopher , Best Mairi , Chapman Ross , Pirenne Benoît , Thomson Richard , Vogt Joachim 
Published: July 2012

The NEPTUNE Canada cabled observatory network enables non‐destructive, controlled experiments and time‐series observations with mobile robots on gas hydrates and benthic community structure on a small plateau of about 1 km2 at a water depth of 870 m in Barkley Canyon, about 100 km offshore Vancouver Island, British Columbia. A mobile Internet operated vehicle was used as an instrument platform to monitor and study up to 2000 m2of sediment surface in real‐time. In 2010 the first mission of the robot was to investigate the importance of oscillatory deep ocean currents on methane release at continental margins. Previously, other experimental studies have indicated that methane release from gas hydrate outcrops is diffusion‐controlled and should be much higher than seepage from buried hydrate in semipermeable sediments. Our results show that periods of enhanced bottom currents associated with diurnal shelf waves, internal semidiurnal tides, and also wind‐generated near‐inertial motions can modulate methane seepage. Flow dependent destruction of gas hydrates within the hydrate stability field is possible from enhanced bottom currents when hydrates are not covered by either seafloor biota or sediments. The calculated seepage varied between 40–400 μmol CH4 m−2 s−1. This is 1–3 orders of magnitude higher than dissolution rates of buried hydrates through permeable sediments and well within the experimentally derived range for exposed gas hydrates under different hydrodynamic boundary conditions. We conclude that submarine canyons which display high hydrodynamic activity can become key areas of enhanced seepage as a result of emerging weather patterns due to climate change.
Where is the level of neutral buoyancy for deep convection?
Authors: Takahashi Hanii , Luo Zhengzhao 
Published: July 2012

This study revisits an old concept in meteorology ‐ level of neutral buoyancy (LNB). The classic definition of LNB is derived from the parcel theory and can be estimated from the ambient sounding (LNB_sounding) without having to observe any actual convective cloud development. In reality, however, convection interacts with the environment in complicated ways; it will eventually manage to find its own effective LNB and manifests it through detraining masses and developing anvils (LNB_observation). This study conducts a near‐global survey of LNB_observation for tropical deep convection using CloudSat data and makes comparison with the corresponding LNB_sounding. The principal findings are as follows: First, although LNB_sounding provides a reasonable upper bound for convective development, correlation between LNB_sounding and LNB_observation is low suggesting that ambient sounding contains limited information for accurately predicting the actual LNB. Second, maximum mass outflow is located more than 3 km lower than LNB_sounding. Hence, from convective transport perspective, LNB_sounding is a significant overestimate of the “destination” height level of the detrained mass. Third, LNB_observation is consistently higher over land than over ocean, although LNB_sounding is similar between land and ocean. This difference is likely related to the contrasts in convective strength and environment between land and ocean. Finally, we estimate the bulk entrainment rates associated with the observed deep convection, which can serve as an observational basis for adjusting GCM cumulus parameterization.
Ionospheric disturbances (infrasound waves) over the Czech Republic excited by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake
Authors: Chum J. , Hruska F. , Zednik J. , Lastovicka J. 
Published: July 2012

A train of large amplitude infrasound wave packets was observed by multipoint Continuous Doppler sounding system in the ionosphere over the Czech Republic on 11 March 2011. It is shown that these infrasound wave packets originated from vertical motion of the ground surface that was caused by arrival of seismic waves generated by the strong Tohoku earthquake. The infrasound wave packets were observed in the ionosphere at heights of ∼210–220 km about 9 min after the detection of corresponding wave packets on the ground, which is consistent with the calculated time for vertically propagating infrasound waves. Absolute values of cross‐correlation coefficients between ionospheric and ground measurements are typically higher than 0.9 (for two wave packets ∼0.98). The individual wave packets recorded on the ground have different observed horizontal velocities and correspond to different types of seismic waves. A comparison of vertical velocities of ground motion with oscillation velocities of air particles in the ionosphere indicates that almost 1/10 of the infrasound energy flux excited at the ground reached the altitudes of ∼210–220 km for wave periods longer than ∼30 s. Estimates of sound attenuation are performed. It is also shown that it is necessary to consider the value of electron density gradient at the reflection height of the sounding radio wave, and air (plasma) compression owing to the infrasound wave to get reasonable estimates of oscillation velocities of air particles from Doppler shift frequencies.
Cross‐Shore, Seasonal, and Depth‐Related Structure of Ichthyoplankton Assemblages in Coastal Alabama
Authors: Carassou Laure , Hernandez Frank J. , Powers Sean P. , Graham William M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractInvestigations of the spatial and temporal structure of larval fish assemblages are essential for a better understanding of the dynamics of fish populations and their resilience to environmental change. This study provides an original typology of the spatial, seasonal, and depth‐related structure of ichthyoplankton assemblages collected along a 77‐km cross‐shore gradient in Alabama coastal waters. This typology is based on a depth‐discrete ichthyoplankton survey conducted across multiple years at a high spatial and temporal resolution in the northern Gulf of Mexico. A total of 350,766 larvae were collected, among which >95% could be identified to families. The total density of fish larvae was significantly higher inshore, whereas the number of families increased offshore. Multivariate regression trees and Dufrêne–Legendre indices were used to identify seven assemblages dominated by different families of larvae. These assemblages were primarily structured by distance from the shore, followed by season and depth, and were associated with different water masses characterized by distinct temperature and salinity conditions. Families Clupeidae, Bregmacerotidae, Synodontidae, Scombridae, and Ophidiidae were typical offshore, whereas families Engraulidae, Gobiidae, and Gobiesocidae were typical inshore. These observed spatial distributions likely reflected interactions between adult spawning behaviors and oceanographic processes, in particular the influence of the Mobile River. Our results thus confirm existing lines of evidence suggesting that riverine influences play a major role in fish population dynamics along the Alabama inner shelf. For many families, the observed seasonal distributions were largely consistent with the results of previous studies conducted at smaller spatial resolution in the area. However, our large‐scale, high‐resolution, cross‐shore design clearly improved the detection of seasonal variations for inshore and offshore taxa otherwise rarely collected.
Effect of Low Salinity on Jade Perch Scortum barcoo Performance in a Recirculating Aquaculture System
Authors: Luo Guozhi , Zhang Na , Tan Hongxin 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The jade perch Scortum barcoo is a new species in the developing freshwater finfish grow-out sector. In this study, the effects of salinity (0, 5, and 10‰) on growth and several physiological indicators of jade perch were investigated. Salinity did not have a significant effect on mean weight gained, condition factor, and feed efficiency of the fish, but it significantly affected their specific growth rate during the 28-d experiment. The levels of serum alanine transaminase and triacylglycerol did not differ significantly among the three treatment groups, but salinity did significantly affect serum cortisol level and serum lysozyme activity. Despite the elevation in circulating cortisol induced by saline conditions, growth of jade perch was not negatively affected, and the specific growth rate suggested an improved growth rate in fish held in 5‰ salinity water.
Effect of Spawning Substrate Area to Male Ratio on Fathead Minnow Egg Production
Authors: Weldon Daryl B , Stone Nathan , Sun Jinyan 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
A commercially feasible indoor hatching system for fathead minnow Pimephales promelas requires an efficient egg collection process that maximizes egg numbers while minimizing spawning substrate. Four ratios of substrate area to the number of male fathead minnow were compared by stocking approximately 40 males and 80 females into each of sixteen 3.3-m2 outdoor pools to determine the volume of eggs that could be collected every 2–3 d. No differences in mean egg volume were found among the three lowest ratios of substrate area to the number of males (85, 170, and 255 cm2), and egg volume did not differ between the lowest (85 cm2) and highest (340 cm2) ratios, indicating that 85 cm2 of spawning substrate per male was sufficient. On average, less than one-third of the males were nesting at any one time. These results strongly suggest that lower spawning substrate area : male ratios should be tested to further refine this new hatchery method.
Efficacy of SLICE Premix (0.2% Emamectin Benzoate) for Reducing Infestations of Salmincola spp. on Freshwater-Reared Rainbow Trout
Authors: Bowker James D , Carty Daniel G , Wandelear Niccole , Schaffer Jim , Swee Wesley , LaPatra Scott E 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Salmincola spp. are ectoparasites of major concern in wild and cultured salmonids. These parasites can cause respiratory distress and facilitate the entry of secondary pathogens. Of particular concern in the United States is S. californiensis, which can infest all Oncorhynchus spp. and is restricted largely to freshwater. Bath treatments with formalin and hydrogen peroxide have traditionally been used to control infestations of some parasitic copepods in cultured salmonids; however, these treatments can be difficult to apply, expensive, and stressful to fish and have not been shown to be effective against S. californiensis. A more effective and efficient treatment method needs to be developed. SLICE (0.2% emamectin benzoate [EB]) is a commercial in-feed treatment that has been shown to be effective for the control of sea lice infestations in seawater-reared farmed salmon and trout. We postulated that EB might also be efficacious for the control of parasitic copepods such as S. californiensis on freshwater-reared salmonids. Four trials were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of SLICE-medicated feed administered at a target dosage of 50 μg EB·kg fish−1·d−1 for seven consecutive days to control infestations of S. californiensis on freshwater-reared rainbow trout. At the end of each trial (after either a 30- or 42-d posttreatment period), copepod prevalence in treated tanks was substantially reduced compared with the pretrial prevalence recorded in the reference populations. Additionally, a significant difference was detected in mean abundance between treated and control groups, with a 79–96% reduction in mean abundance among fish offered the EB-medicated feed. Based on the results of these trials, it was concluded that SLICE was efficacious in reducing infestations of S. californiensis on freshwater-reared rainbow trout.