bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF LIVE AND ARTIFICIAL DIETS ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF JUVENILE ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE, Menidia menidia
Authors: Bengtson D. A. , Beck A. D. , Poston H. A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractJuvenile Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia) were fed a live diet of 3‐day‐old brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia salina). Growth and survival of those fish is compared with that of fish fed various artificial diets, those fed live food and an artificial diet on alternate days, and one group not fed.Survival on the live Artemia diet was 93% of the original 150 fish after 24 days. Artificial diets gave survival ranging from 43% to 79% during the same period. Fish fed live and artificial diets had 88% survival. The unfed group had 10% survival after 9 days and all died after 16 days of starvation.Growth was best on the live diet and only slightly less, but significantly different, on the combination diet. Growth was significantly less on all the artificial diets.No artificial diet yet tested, including the World Mariculture Society Nutrition Task Force invertebrate reference diet (preliminary), has provided survival and growth of Atlantic silversides equivalent to that of fish fed live brine shrimp nauplii. Relative success of the combination diet demonstrates partial nutritional requirements can be derived from an artificial (non‐living) food source and indicates progress toward adequate artificial diets for marine fishes.
COMPARISON OF FEEDS FOR LARVAL STAGES OF THE GIANT PRAWN (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)
Authors: Murai T. , Andrews J. W. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFreeze‐dried ground oyster meat, freeze‐dried catfish tissue or a commercial trout fry feed were fed with and without supplemental live Artemia nauplii to duplicate groups of 2,000 Macrobrachiun rosenbergii larvae stocked in 60‐liter rectangular fiberglass tanks. The least time to metamorphosis (37 days) and the highest survival rate (78%) were achieved by feeding freeze‐dried oyster with supplemental live Artemia Performances of larvae fed freeze‐dried catfish tissue or trout fry feed with live Artemia were also satisfactory with 59% and 51%, respectively, of larvae metamorphosing within 37 days. On the contrary, survival and development of larvae fed oyster meat or trout feed without live Artemia were extremely poor with less than 2% of the larvae metamorphosing in 50 days.
PROTEIN UTILIZATION IN THE FRESHWATER SHRIMP Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Authors: Clifford H. C. , Brick R. W. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractExperimental diets were fed to juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii with subsequent measurement of metabolic response in terms of oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion. Dietary formulation was evaluated by correlating observed metabolic response with levels of protein, lipid and carbohydrate in the diet. Rates of oxygen uptake and nitrogen production were also used to quantify sparing and specific dynamic action (SDA), 2 physiological processes known to influence nutrient utilization. Comparative analysis of the magnitude of sparing and SDA as well as calculation of several closely related qualitative indices of assimilation (atomic O:N, respiratory quotient) provide a suitable means of determining the dietary formulation producing the most efficient utilization of dietary protein.Preliminary results indicate that protein influences the magnitude Of SDA in the 15–25% range of dietary protein levels; levels in excess of 25% had no effect on SDA. In addition, SDA appears to be a threshold phenomenon, operating independently on the quantity of food intake. Measurements of exogenous nitrogen excretion and corresponding O:N ratios suggest that a fat:carbohydrate ratio of 1:3‐1:4 results in more efficient utilization of dietary protein than ratios of 1:l or 1:2, which result in excessive mobilization of protein for catabolic purposes.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF HIGH MARSH GRASS AND SHRIMP SHELL WASTE FOR COMMERCIAL BROWN SHRIMP (Penaeus aztecus IVES)1
Authors: Venkataramiah A. , Cook D. W. , Biesiot P. , Lakshmi G. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractStudies were undertaken to determine the feasibility of utilizing the high marsh grass Spartina patens and shrimp shell waste as sources of food in the culture of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus). Laboratory‐decomposed grass was fed in both pelleted and loose forms. Other food types tested were control pellets and pellets made of shrimp shell waste plus grass or fishmeal. A high incidence of cannibalism occurred among shrimp raised exclusively on loose grass (4% protein) or loose grass and shrimp shell waste. The ration made of decomposed grass, shrimp shell waste, and fishmeal produced the highest mean biomass followed in decreasing order by the control pellets, the grass and shrimp shell pellets, and the gass pellets. Although laboratory‐decomposed Spartina patens alone did not seem to be a promising food source for raising shrimp in the laboratory, it is important to use more effective decomposing techniques to increase its nutritive value and acceptability. However, continued use of shrimp shell waste as an ingredient is warranted.
STUDY OF NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND GROWTH OF Penaeus merguiensis IN TANKS BY MEANS OF PURIFIED AND ARTIFICIAL DIETS
Authors: AQUACOP  
Published: August 2010

AbstractOne of the criteria for selecting a shrimp of commercial interest in French Polynesia is the acceptability of artificial diet;. such a criterion has been used to test Penaeus merguiensis. Experiments have been carried out in Centre Océanologique du Pacifique in Tahiti island where the water temperature range is 25–29°C, salinity 35 ppt, pH. 8.2, and photoperiod constant. Juveniles used in this study are hatched in CNEXO‐COP at Vairao. It has been found that a 50–55% protein content diet gives a better growth performance. A carbohydrate such as starch appears more suitable than glucose or glucose plus starch in isonitrogenous purified diets. A vitamin mix rich in vitamin C, choline and inositol provides better results and a mineral mix with 3% magnesium reaches optimum. The major nutritional results for this species are applied to formulation of artificial diets. With the best diet, growth performances are normal: from 2.8 g to 9.0 g in 90 days, with about 60% survival rate at a low density, 20 animals/m2 under strict control. But at another scale, in 400 m2 grow‐out tanks, growth was rather low even with an excellent Japanese diet containing 60% protein. Therefore, P. merguiensis does not appear to be a good candidate species for aquafarming in French Polynesia.
DIETS, EQUIPMENT, AND TECHNIQUES FOR MAINTAINING CRAWFISH IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Tarshis I. B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOne commercial and 4 laboratory prepared extruded, water‐stable diets were fed 3 times a week in 1‐g portions to juvenile male and female White River crawfish, Procambarus acutus acutus (Girard), for 10 weeks. The binding material in the laboratory preparation was alginate (Kelgin), whereas that in the commercial preparation was starch.No statistically significant weight differences developed between the groups of crawfish at the end of the 10‐week period; all 5 diets were found satisfactory for feeding and maintaining P. acutus acutus in the laboratory, and all test crawfish survived throughout the experimental period. Weight gains were highest in a diet containing 50.5% protein; intermediate in those fed a diet with 46.0% protein; and lowest in those fed diets with 31.7 or 36.3% protein. Crawfish fed the commercial preparation of one of the 46.0% protein diets showed a slightly but not significantly higher weight gain than those fed the laboratory preparation of the diet.In an evaluation of the water stability of 5 commercially prepared animal chow diets and the commercial extruded diet, 2 of the commercial diets disintegrated after one hour exposure in water and the other 3 became bloated after one hour and remained on the surface throughout the 24‐hour test. The commercial extruded diet maintained its water stability for the full 24 hours.The commercial preparation of the 46.0% protein diet was successfully used under laboratory conditions for feeding and maintaining the following crawfishes: Cambarellus shufeldtii (Faxon), Cambarus acuminatus Faxon, Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque), O. virilis (Hagen), Procambarus clarkii (Girard), and P. spiculifer (Le Conte). In longevity experiments Cambarus diogenes diogenes Girard and Procambarus hinei (Ortmann) now have survived for 8 months on this diet in the laboratory.
AN EVALUATION OF THREE SPECIES OF DIATOMS AS FOOD FOR Cancer magister LARVAE1
Authors: Hartman M. C. , Letterman G. R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDiets consisting only of the diatoms Skeletonema costatum, Thalas‐siosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum were tested on Cancer magister larvae. Each algal species was fed singly and in combination with the others. Unfed controls died after 10 days without molting to the second stage. Those larvae receiving P. tricornutum lived only slightly longer than the starved animals and none reached second stage. S. costatum and T. pseudonana fed singly sustained the larvae 40 and 48 days and allowed development to the third and fourth stages respectively. Survival to 57 days and development into the fifth stage was reached on a diet consisting of a mixture of S. costatum and T. pseudonana. Mixing P. tricornutum with either of the other species did not improve survival beyond those used singly, and mixture of all 3 species was less beneficial than the best 2‐part diet.
CONDITIONING FLORIDA POMPANO (Trachinotus carolinus) FOR CONTINUOUS SPAWNING
Authors: Hoff F. H. , Pulver T. , Mountain J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA series of 3 temperature and light conditioning experiments was conducted on pompano during the fall and winter of 1971 and 1972 to stimulate gonadal development to a prespawning condition during non‐breeding seasons. Two experimental parameters were designed from field data and compressed to 5:1, or 3:l (normal to experimental day). A third experiment used constant temperature/light regime. Gonadal development was checked routinely by in vivo sampling. Use of habitat to stimulate more natural conditions neither enhanced or deterred gonadal development. In changing regimes, 50% or more individuals were in prespawning condition by the 11th or 12th week. While under constant conditions 11 to 45% were ready at each sampling. Food consumption in regard to habitat and temperature was considered. Disease, infections and injuries usually occurred during, or just after, the colder portion of the regime and/or during periods of low pH.
WET AND DRY SEASON COMPARISON OF Tilapid aurea PRODUCTION IN EL SALVADOR IN NEW FERTILIZED AND UNFERTILIZED EARTHEN PONDS
Authors: Ledgerwood R. D. , Hughes D. G. , Ortiz M. Vargas 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTwo 14‐week fertilization experiments were conducted in newly constructed earthen ponds on the tropical coastal plain of El Salvador. A combination of 0–20‐0 plus chicken manure applied during the dry season produced a higher biomass (5853 net kg/ha per year) of the phytoplanktivorous fish Tilapia aurea than did 20‐20‐0, 0–20‐0, or chicken manure alone (4643, 4977, and 2486 net kg/ha per year, respectively). All treatments including an inorganic fertilizer were significantly more productive than treatments receiving only chicken manure. Ponds receiving chicken manure alone were twice as productive as unfertilized control ponds, which had an average net production of 1240 kg/ha per year. The inclusion of nitrogen in the inorganic formulas did not enhance fish production; rather, it appeared that phosphorus was the limiting factor.Four application levels of the 0–20‐0 plus chicken manure fertilizer were tested during the wet season against unfertilized control ponds. The net production of fertilized ponds ranged from 3031 to 4454 kg/ha per year. Control pond net production averaged only 870 kg/ha per year, a drop from dry season production of 30%. The fertilizer applied during the wet season produced 48% less net fish production than the same fertilizer applied at a similar rate in the dry season. Increased turbidity from bank erosion following heavy rains appeared to limit wet season fish production. The 0‐20‐0 plus chicken manure fertilizer combination during the dry season produced higher net earnings ($1285/ha per year) than any other treatment.
IMPLICATIONS OF GROWTH AND METABOLIC RATES ON COSTS OF AQUACULTURE1
Authors: Botsford L. W. , Gossard T. W. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn aquaculture research, proposals to improve performance of the cultured organism usually involve increasing growth rate, decreasing food conversion ratio, or changing some other measure through research. Common to most proposals is an attempt to manipulate the organism's growth and metabolic rates. We develop a general approach to aquaculture research that leads to the greatest reduction in culture costs for the least expenditure in research costs. Using an existing mathematical model of lobster culture as an example, the effect on culture and research costs of changes in growth and metabolic rates are evaluated. The optimal relative changes in growth and metabolic rates depend on the current values of these rates as well as relative costs of culture system components. The optimal change in both growth and metabolic rates is better than maximizing or minimizing any single performance criterion (e.g., food conversion ratio). The optimal path differs between extensive and intensive culture systems and has implications for species selection.
SUSPECTED BLUE‐GREEN ALGAL POISONING IN THE BLUE SHRIMP
Authors: Lightner D. V. , Danald D. A. , Redman R. M. , Brand C. , Salser B. R. , Rerpieta J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBlooms of a marine blue‐green alga, Spirulina subsalsa, were found to cause a particular disease syndrome, called hemocytic enteritis, in tank or raceway‐reared blue shrimp (Penaeus stylirostris). The disease was characterized by necrosis of the lining epithelium of the midgut and occasionally of the dorsal caecum and hindgut gland. Bacterial infections, due predominantly to Vibrio alginolyticus, were common in affected shrimp and were presumed to be a secondary condition resulting from necrosis of the gut epithelium. Intestinal lesions were induced in blue shrimp fed living cultures of S. subsalsa sp. as a diet supplement, but not in shrimp fed fresh cultures of other algal forms (Oscillatoria sp. and Nitzchia sp.) indigenous to the shrimp culture tank and raceways. Blue shrimp reared in tanks in which S. subsalsa was the dominant algal form showed reduced growth rates, reduced biomass, and reduced survival compared to shrimp reared in tanks in which Enteromorpha sp. and various diatom species were dominant.Recent findings indicate that blooms of certain Oscillatoria sp. and possibly other blue‐green species may also produce the syndrome in tank or raceway‐reared blue shrimp.
SPACE, DENSITY AND GROWTH OF THE LOBSTER (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Aiken D. E. , Waddy S. L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractArea required for unrestricted growth of large juvenile lobsters held individually is estimated at 75 times carapace length squared, or 75 (CL)2. Growth of lobsters held individually in 55 (CL)2 was compared to growth in 18 (CL)2, and to growth of lobsters in communal tanks of equivalent size and stocking density.In 55 (CL)2, length increase averaged 14.3%, vs 10.3% for 18 (CL)2. Increases in communal tanks were comparable, indicating space and density have similar impact on linear increase.For lobsters between 60 and 80 mm carapace length, maximum stocking density was estimated at 1.0 kg/m2. Injury was negligible in the communal tanks at 0.9 kg/m2, but excessive at 2.5 kg/m2. Cheliped immobilization reduces undesirable effects of communal holding provided recommended stocking density is maintained.
THE EFFECTS OF CONTAINER SIZE AND TRANSPARENCY ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF LOBSTERS CULTURED INDIVIDUALLY1
Authors: Van Olst J. C. , Carlberg J. M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe high rates of cannibalism observed in American lobsters (Homarus americanus) held in communal rearing systems dictate that for a majority of the culture period the animals must be held individually in order to prevent these losses. An experiment was conducted to assess the dependence of growth rate, molting frequency, and survival on the amount of horizontal surface area provided for each lobster. Eight sizes of individual containers ranging from 6 to 750 cm2 were provided. Parallel experiments were conducted in containers made of both transparent and translucent materials so that the effects of visual communication also could be determined.The experiments have been in progress for 24 months. Growth and survival have been severely reduced in the smaller rearing containers. Molting frequency was not as severely affected. No significant differences in growth were found between lobsters in visual contact and visual isolation. Equations describing the relationship between space and growth are presented and estimates are made of the effects of space requirements on the design of a commercial lobster culture facility.
EXPERIMENTAL CULTURE OF Mytilis edulis (L.) IN A NORTHERN ESTUARINE GRADIENT: GROWTH, SURVIVAL, AND RECRUITMENT
Authors: Incze L. S. , Porter B. , Lutz R. A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMussels (Mytilus edulis L.) were experimentally cultured at 12 sites (1.5 km intervals) in an estuarine gradient on the Damariscotta River, Maine. Growth, survival, and recruitment of mussels were monitored and hydrographic data were collected. Peak growth of mussels occurred in May and June. The 4 upper‐estuarine sites were characterized by (1) earlier timing of peak growth, (2) suppressed growth in June and July relative to lower estuary mussels, and (3) marked mortality in September. Mussels grew rapidly in the lower 10 km of the estuary, exhibiting different temporal patterns of growth, but achieving comparable seasonal growth and survival. Seed mussels used for the growth experiments had settled on collectors during the previous summer and, accordingly, grew to 50 mm length in approximately 12 months: 15 months of growth yielded 57–71 mm mussels. Recruitment varied considerably, but was consistently high throughout the middle estuary, where settlement densities of 5–8 seed mussels per cm2 were observed. A 5‐year record of spatfall at one site in the middle estuary indicated that recruitment there was relatively consistent from year to year. The high mortality of mussels in the upper estuary of the Damariscotta River was associated with temperatures of 20°C and above, but may be related to factors other than temperature stress per s***a. Reduced ration during periods of warm temperature and increased metabolism may be responsible for these mortalities. Dense populations of newly‐settled mussels survived at some locations where temperatures exceeded 20°C and adult mortalities were high, indicating that high settlement densities and the existence of extensive populations of very young mussels do not, by themselves, provide enough information to adequately assess the potential of a site for mussel aquaculture. This potential may be meaningfully assessed by the use of a small experimental mussel raft and the collection of temperature and salinity data. Our results indicate that extensive areas of estuaries similar to the Damariscotta may be utilized for the culture of mussels.
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION IN BIVALVE AND GASTROPOD MOLLUSCS, III:AN INEXPENSIVE TECHNIQUE FOR MARICULTURE OF MANY SPECIES
Authors: Morse D. E. , Hooker N. , Morse A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe addition of hydrogen peroxide to alkaline seawater provides an inexpensive, simple, and reliable method for the control and synchronous induction of broadcast spawning in males and females of certain bivalve and gastropod molluscs. Species successfully induced by this method thus far include:abalones (Haliotis rufescens, H. corrugata, and H. fulgens), mussels (Mytilus edulis and M. californianus), purple‐hinged rock scallop (Hinnites giganteus) and the mangrove oyster (Crassostrea rhizophora). Enzymological and physiological studies indicate that spawning may result from a peroxide‐induced stimulation of the endogenous enzymatic synthesis of potent hormone‐like prostaglandin molecules. Peroxide‐stimulated prostaglandin synthetase also has been found in reproductive tissues of certain crabs and fishes, thus indicating potential applicability of this method for the control of reproduction in higher species. However, internally fertilized gastropods, such as the queen conch (Strombus gigas), show no induction of reproductive behavior or egg‐laying (after mating) upon exposure to H2o2.
CHANGES IN LIPID AND STEROL LEVELS AS OYSTERS Crassostrea virginica (GMELIN) APPROACH MARKET SIZE
Authors: Krishnamoorthy R. V. , Venkataramiah A. , Lakshmi G. J. , Biesiot P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA detailed study of the lipid and sterol contents of “lean” oysters (Crassostrea virginica) was made to determine changes in relation to size and sex as the oysters approached marketable size. The growth of oysters was assessed by shell length and meat weight relationships which are non‐linear and sex‐dependent. The lipid content of the meat was directly related to size on a logarithmic scale and was independent of sex. The relationship between total sterol content and the weight of oyster meat was non‐linear and followed a fifth‐degree polynomial function with the total sterol level decreasing with growth. The polynomial parameters were different in relation to sex with adult males showing a higher sterol content than females. Based on these models, it was determined that oysters with an 8 to 10 g meat weight or 95–100 mm shell length have low sterol and triglyceride levels. This correlates fairly closely to the minimum legal size of oysters which is 3‐1/2 inches (89 mm).
EFFICACY OF QUINALDINE AND MS‐222 ON AMERICAN EEL
Authors: Hinton M. J. , Loyacano H. A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractQuinaldine and tricaine methanesulfonate (MS‐222) were tested on glass eel and elver stages of American eel (Anguilla rostrata) over periods of 24 and 48 hours at 22 to 22.5°C in soft, reconstituted fresh water. Three concentrations of each anesthetic were tested with 10 eels/ treatment. At the end of the testing period the eels were placed in fresh water and their recovery times noted. MS‐222 was tested at concentrations of 35, 45, and 55 ppm with glass eels. Glass eels in 45 ppm reached stage II within 22 min and remained in this condition throughout the tests. Recovery time for both the 24 and 48‐hour tests was immediate. Two eels in 55 ppm died during the 24‐hour tests and 5 eels died during the 48‐hour test. Concentrations used with elvers were 40, 50, and 55 ppm. Elvers in 55 ppm reached stage II within 30 min. At 24 hours 4 eels remained in stage II condition and one had died. The survivors recovered immediately. At 40 hours 2 eels remained in stage II condition and one had died. The survivors recovered immediately. Quinaldine was tested at concentrations of 15, 20, and 25 ppm with glass eels. These concentrations anesthetized the glass eels to stage II condition within 16 min but were fatal to all eels within 12 hours. Concentrations used with elvers were 8, 10, and 12 ppm. Five elvers in 12 ppm reached stage II within 50 min and at 12 hours all elvers were in stage II condition. At 24 hours 4 elvers were in stage II condition and had a 5 min 20 sec recovery time. This concentration was fatal to all eels within 48 hours.