bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New sedimentological and structural data from the Ecemiş Fault Zone, southern Turkey: implications for its timing and offset and the Cenozoic tectonic escape of Anatolia
Authors: JAFFEY N. , ROBERTSON A. H. F. 
Published: June 2010

The left-lateral Ecemiş Fault Zone, with a newly estimated displacement
c.
60 km, records important strike-slip deformation within Anatolia, prior to and during the Plio-Quaternary tectonic escape of the Anatolian ‘microplate’ along the well recognized right-lateral North Anatolian and the left-lateral East Anatolian Fault Zones. Mesozoic shallow-water carbonate deposition on the northern passive margin of a Tauride microcontinent was followed by southward ophiolite emplacement in latest Cretaceous time. Late Eocene final closure of one, or several, ocean basins within Central Anatolia further north caused further deformation, including large-scale north-vergent thrusting. Regional orogenic exhumation in the Oligocene to Mid-Miocene was accompanied by deposition of non-marine red-beds adjacent to the future Ecemiş Fault Zone and adjacent basins. Through-going left-lateral strike slip was initiated by the Mid-Miocene (or slightly earlier) and became become more transtensional/extensional during Pliocene–Quaternary time. Minor continuing left-lateral strike-slip is documented by stream offsets on major Plio-Quaternary alluvial fans shed from master fault scarps. The Ecemiş Fault Zone is, thus, identified as a regionally important strike-slip fault zone that was initially (Mid–Late Miocene) dominated by strike-slip and later (Pliocene–Quaternary) by extension.
The structure of the Faeroe–Shetland Trough from integrated deep seismic and potential field modelling
Authors: SMALLWOOD J. R. , TOWNS M. J. , WHITE R. S. 
Published: June 2010

In the Faeroe–Shetland Trough, thick basaltic lava units make it difficult to image underlying structure with conventional seismic profiles. We have therefore used potential field modelling to estimate crustal structure along the FAST deep seismic line and other regional transects. We introduce the additional constraints of crustal isostasy to gravity models and the observations of the polarity of magnetic remanence within the lava pile to magnetic models. The crustal stretching factor ranges up to 3 along the FAST traverse, and our model also suggests that a sedimentary section with a thickness of up to 3–4 km is present beneath a
c.
2 km basalt layer on the Faeroese shelf.
Relationships between hornblende K–Ar ages, chemical composition and hydrogen isotopes, Connemara, western Ireland: evidence for a massive extinct hydrothermal system
Authors: JAPPY T. G. , LEAKE B. E. , FALLICK A. E. 
Published: June 2010

Major element compositional analyses, K–Ar ages, δD‰ and δ
18
O‰ values for 30 zoned and unzoned hornblendes from Dalradian amphibolites and metagabbros, mostly in north Connemara are reported. Although the cooling ages are expected from previous U–Pb zircon studies to be
c.
475–450 Ma, the results obtained are from 556±6 to 410±9 Ma with an average of 470 Ma. Fluid movements, probably at 275±15°C, i.e. much below Ar closure temperature for hornblende, erratically reset the ages, as is shown by a negative correlation of hornblende δD and age and a wide scatter of ages even within 2 m. The changes were implemented by H–D exchange between fluid and hornblendes in which ionic porosity,
Z
, influenced the loss of Ar and possibly its gain from the fluid to give the excess Ar found in some samples.
Z
is controlled by hornblende chemical composition. High Mg, Si and Mg/Fe and low Fe, Al, Ti, Na and particularly low K, amphiboles giving low
Z
values retained Ar more firmly and gained Ar more readily than compositions which had higher
Z
values, which gave younger ages. These range down to
c.
400 Ma, being the age of the intrusion of the Galway Granite suite that initiated the fluid circulation. The scatter of ages is a consequence of incomplete equilibration, mainly because of the slow H–D exchange rate below 350°C and partly because the fluid permeated erratically in different areas and down cracks of all kinds, promoting irregular Ar movement. The meteoric fluid circulated through Connemara, the Galway Granite and at least some of the contiguous Silurian sediments of the South Mayo trough. These overlying sediments may have contributed to the water circulated in north Connemara which was slightly less negative δD than in central Connemara. For hornblende K–Ar ages to be a reliable measure of times of uplift and cooling, they need to be demonstrated to be free from the influence of hot fluids by showing no correlation of age with δD.
New oral anticoagulant drugs in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Lip Gregory , Peter Karlheinz , Ahrens Ingo 
Published: June 2010

SummaryOral anticoagulation has been limited to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) for over 60 years. VKAs are effective and recommended for the prevention of venous and arterial thromboembolism in cardiovascular disease, but their pharmacodynamics are difficult to predict and the highly variable interindividual and intraindividual response to treatment accounts for the need of continuous monitoring. This prompted the intensive exploration of numerous substances within the last decade in an attempt to meet the shortcomings of current oral anticoagulation with VKAs. The development and clinical investigation of two novel groups of oral anticoagulants targeting central factors of the coagulation system either factor Xa or thrombin (factor IIa) has now reached the daily clinical practice with the approval of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate and the oral direct factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban. Ongoing clinical trials are investigating these substances and other novel oral anticoagulants with similar mechanisms of action in patients with atrial fibrillation and acute coronary syndromes. This review article discusses the clinical evaluation and pharmacological properties of novel oral anticoagulants in late and earlier stages of clinical development, thereby providing a critical analysis and an outlook on the future of oral anticoagulation in cardiovascular disease.
Translational potential of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells for myocardial repair: Insights from experimental models
Authors: Kong Chi-Wing , Akar Fadi , Li Ronald 
Published: June 2010

SummaryHeart diseases have been a major cause of death worldwide, including developed countries. Indeed, loss of non-regenerative, terminally differentiated cardiomyocytes (CMs) due to aging or diseases is irreversible. Current therapeutic regimes are palliative in nature, and in the case of end-stage heart failure, transplantation remains the last resort. However, this option is significantly hampered by a severe shortage of donor cells and organs. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can self-renew while maintaining their pluripotency to differentiate into all cell types. More recently, direct reprogramming of adult somatic cells to become pluripotent hES-like cells (a.k.a. induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs) has been achieved. The availability of hESCs and iPSCs, and their successful differentiation into genuine human heart cells have enabled researchers to gain novel insights into the early development of the human heart as well as to pursue the revolutionary paradigm of heart regeneration. Here we review our current knowledge of hESC-/iPSC-derived CMs in the context of two fundamental operating principles of CMs (i.e. electrophysiology and Ca2+-handling), the resultant limitations and potential solutions in relation to their translation into clinical (bioartificial pacemaker, myocardial repair) and other applications (e.g. as models for human heart disease and cardiotoxicity screening).
Observed and Modeled Growing-Season Diurnal Precipitable Water Vapor in South-Central Canada
Authors: Hanesiak John , Melsness Mark , Raddatz Richard 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
High-temporal-resolution total-column precipitable water vapor (PWV) was measured using a Radiometrics Corporation WVR-1100 Atmospheric Microwave Radiometer (AMR). The AMR was deployed at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada, during the 2003 and 2006 growing seasons (mid-May–end of August). PWV data were examined 1) to document the diurnal cycle of PWV and to provide insight into the various processes controlling this cycle and 2) to assess the accuracy of the Canadian regional Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model analysis and forecasts (out to 36 h) of PWV. The mean daily PWV was 22.6 mm in 2003 and 23.8 mm in 2006, with distinct diurnal amplitudes of 1.5 and 1.8 mm, respectively. It was determined that the diurnal cycle of PWV about the daily mean value was controlled by evapotranspiration (ET) and the occurrence/timing of deep convection. The PWV in both years reached its hourly maximum later in the afternoon as opposed to at solar noon. This suggested that the surface and atmosphere were well coupled, with ET primarily being controlled by the vapor pressure deficit between the vegetation/surface and atmosphere. The decrease in PWV during the evening and overnight periods of both years was likely the result of deep convection, with or without precipitation, which drew water vapor out of the atmosphere, as well as the nocturnal decline in ET. The results did not change for days on which low-level winds were light (i.e., maximum winds from the surface to 850 hPa were below 20 km h−1), which supports the notion that the diurnal PWV pattern was associated with the daily cycles of local ET and convection/precipitation and was not due to advection. Comparison of AMR PWV with the Canadian GEM model for the growing seasons of 2003 and 2006 indicated that the model error was 3 mm (13%) or more even in the first 12 h, with mean absolute errors ranging from 2 to 3.5 mm and root-mean-square errors from 3 to 4.5 mm over the full 36-h forecast period. It was also found that the 3–9-h forecast period of GEM had better error scores in 2006 than in 2003.
Estimating the Urban Heat Island Contribution to Urban and Rural Air Temperature Differences over Complex Terrain: Application to an Arid City
Authors: Saaroni Hadas , Ziv Baruch 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis study proposes a method for estimating the canopy-layer net urban heat island (UHI) in regions with complex terrain that lack preurban observations. The approach is based on a linear relationship between the urban–rural temperature difference (ΔTu−r), measured via screen-level air temperature, and the population of the city, which was found to have the highest correlation with observations. The linear relation is extrapolated to zero population to yield the desired preurban value. The difference between the zero population ΔTu−r and the current one is proposed to represent the net UHI. Given the uncertainties of the population method, the relatively short time period of the temperature record, and possible inhomogeneity in the data, the results should be regarded as a first-order approximation of the net UHI contribution. The UHI was evaluated for an arid city, Beer Sheba, Israel, for the minimum and maximum air temperatures for the summer and the winter. The study region resembles the combined effect of complex terrain (i.e., the concave topography of the city in contrast with the plateau landscape surrounding it), the UHI, and the regional warming trend. The study assumes that the regional warming does not affect the ΔTu−r. The concave topography of the city dominates over the UHI contribution during nighttime, resulting in an average lower minimum temperature in the city relative to the rural area. This difference has decreased considerably during the study period and has even reversed for the summer nights toward the end of the period. The estimated net UHI contribution in Beer Sheba varies between +0.8° and +3.1°C, with the highest values during the night hours. The high positive UHI during the night is in line with previous studies. The positive UHI in the summer implies further aggravation of heat stress beyond that occurring, and that predicted to increase, over the region.
Southern Ocean Response to Strengthening Winds in an Eddy-Permitting Global Climate Model
Authors: Spence Paul , Fyfe John C. , Montenegro Alvaro , Weaver Andrew J. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A global climate model with horizontal resolutions in the ocean ranging from relatively coarse to eddy permitting is used to investigate the resolution dependence of the Southern Ocean response to poleward intensifying winds through the past and present centuries. The higher-resolution simulations show poleward migration of distinct ocean fronts associated with a more highly localized near-surface temperature response than in the lower-resolution simulations. The higher-resolution simulations also show increasing southward eddy heat transport, less high-latitude cooling, and greater sea ice loss than the lower-resolution simulations. For all resolutions, from relatively coarse to eddy permitting, there is poleward migration of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the Atlantic and the western half of the Indian basin. Finally, zonal transports associated with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current are shown to be sensitive to resolution, and this is discussed in the context of recent observed change.
Multimodel Combination by a Bayesian Hierarchical Model: Assessment of Ice Accumulation over the Oceanic Arctic Region
Authors: Kallache Malaak , Maksimovich Elena , Michelangeli Paul-Antoine , Naveau Philippe 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe performance of general circulation models (GCMs) varies across regions and periods. When projecting into the future, it is therefore not obvious whether to reject or to prefer a certain GCM. Combining the outputs of several GCMs may enhance results. This paper presents a method to combine multimodel GCM projections by means of a Bayesian model combination (BMC). Here the influence of each GCM is weighted according to its performance in a training period, with regard to observations, as outcome BMC predictive distributions for yet unobserved observations are obtained. Technically, GCM outputs and observations are assumed to vary randomly around common means, which are interpreted as the actual target values under consideration. Posterior parameter distributions of the authors’ Bayesian hierarchical model are obtained by a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. Advantageously, all parameters—such as bias and precision of the GCM models—are estimated together. Potential time dependence is accounted for by integrating a Kalman filter. The significance of trend slopes of the common means is evaluated by analyzing the posterior distribution of the parameters. The method is applied to assess the evolution of ice accumulation over the oceanic Arctic region in cold seasons. The observed ice index is created out of NCEP reanalysis data. Outputs of seven GCMs are combined by using the training period 1962–99 and prediction periods 2046–65 and 2082–99 with Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A2 and B1. A continuing decrease of ice accumulation is visible for the A2 scenario, whereas the index stabilizes for the B1 scenario in the second prediction period.
Great Plains Precipitation and Its SST Links in Twentieth-Century Climate Simulations, and Twenty-First- and Twenty-Second-Century Climate Projections
Authors: Ruiz-Barradas Alfredo , Nigam Sumant 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The present work assesses spring and summer precipitation over North America as well as summer precipitation variability over the central United States and its SST links in simulations of the twentieth-century climate and projections of the twenty-first- and twenty-second-century climates for the A1B scenario.
The observed spatial structure of spring and summer precipitation poses a challenge for models, particularly over the western and central United States. Tendencies in spring precipitation in the twenty-first century agree with the observed ones at the end of the twentieth century over a wetter north-central and a drier southwestern United States, and a drier southeastern Mexico. Projected wetter springs over the Great Plains in the twenty-first and twenty-second centuries are associated with an increase in the number of extreme springs. In contrast, projected summer tendencies have demonstrated little consistency. The associated observed changes in SSTs bear the global warming footprint, which is not well captured in the twentieth-century climate simulations.
Precipitation variability over the Great Plains presents a coherent picture in spring but not in summer. Models project an increase in springtime precipitation variability owing to an increased number of extreme springs. The number of extreme droughty (pluvial) events during the spring–fall part of the year is under(over)estimated in the twentieth century without consistent projections.
Summer precipitation variability over the Great Plains is linked to SSTs over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, with no apparent ENSO link in spite of the exaggerated variability in the equatorial Pacific in climate simulations; this has been identified already in observations and atmospheric models forced with historical SSTs. This link is concealed due to the increased warming in the twenty-first century. Deficiencies in land surface–atmosphere interactions and global teleconnections in the climate models prevent them from a better portrayal of summer precipitation variability in the central United States.
Global Trends of Sea Ice: Small-Scale Roughness and Refractive Index
Authors: Hong Sungwook , Shin Inchul 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Sea ice is one of the most important parameters in the global climate system, specifically the exchange of energy and momentum between the ocean and the atmosphere. In previous studies, a steady decline in Arctic sea ice has been observed over recent decades. The aim of this study is to estimate and analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of the averaged sea ice extent, surface roughness, and refractive index from March 2003 to September 2009. A unique inversion algorithm is used for deriving the surface roughness and refractive index from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) daily observations. Surface roughness significantly affects the microwave emission of the sea ice/snow surface. The sea ice, snow, and water show the dielectric contrast in the microwave frequencies. Consequently, the averaged roughness as well as the sea ice extent shows a downward trend, while the averaged refractive index shows the opposite signature. The increased trend of the refractive index in summer on both poles supports more sea ice melting in summer because of the increased temperature. This research can be applied to the climate change studies and supports the previous approaches based on the sea ice concentration in passive microwave remote sensing by the physical explanations.
Seasonal Hydrologic Forecasting: Do Multimodel Ensemble Averages Always Yield Improvements in Forecast Skill?
Authors: Bohn Theodore J. , Sonessa Mergia Y. , Lettenmaier Dennis P. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Multimodel techniques have proven useful in improving forecast skill in many applications, including hydrology. Seasonal hydrologic forecasting in large basins represents a special case of hydrologic modeling, in which postprocessing techniques such as temporal aggregation and time-varying bias correction are often employed to improve forecast skill. To investigate the effects that these techniques have on the performance of multimodel averaging, the performance of three hydrological models [Variable Infiltration Capacity, Sacramento/Snow-17, and the Noah land surface model] and two multimodel averages [simple model average (SMA) and multiple linear regression (MLR) with monthly varying model weights] are examined in three snowmelt-dominated basins in the western United States. These evaluations were performed for both simulating and forecasting [using the Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) method] monthly discharge, with and without monthly bias corrections. The single best bias-corrected model outperformed the multimodel averages of raw models in both retrospective simulations and ensemble mean forecasts in terms of RMSE. Forming an MLR multimodel average from bias-corrected models added only slight improvements over the best bias-corrected model. Differences in performance among all bias-corrected models and multimodel averages were small. For ESP forecasts, both bias correction and multimodel averaging generally reduced the RMSE of the ESP ensemble means at lead times of up to 6 months in months when flow is dominated by snowmelt, with the reduction increasing as lead time decreased. The primary reason for this is that aggregating simulated streamflows from daily to monthly time scales increases model cross correlation, which in turn reduces the effectiveness of multimodel averaging in reducing those components of model error that bias correction cannot address. This effect may be stronger in snowmelt-dominated basins because the interannual variability of winter precipitation is a common input to all models. It was also found that both bias correcting and multimodel averaging using monthly varying parameters yielded much greater error reductions than methods using time-invariant parameters.
Bias in Differential Reflectivity due to Cross Coupling through the Radiation Patterns of Polarimetric Weather Radars
Authors: Zrnić Dusan , Doviak Richard , Zhang Guifu , Ryzhkov Alexander 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Examined is bias in differential reflectivity and its effect on estimates of rain rate due to coupling of the vertically and horizontally polarized fields through the radiation patterns. To that end, a brief review of the effects of the bias on quantitative rainfall measurements is given. Suggestions for tolerable values of this bias are made. Of utmost interest is the bias produced by radars simultaneously transmitting horizontally and vertically polarized fields, as this configuration has been chosen for pending upgrades to the U.S. national network of radars (Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler; WSR-88D). The bias strongly depends on the cross-polar radiation pattern. Two patterns, documented in the literature, are considered.