bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuroinfectious Emergencies
Authors: Reynolds Alexandra S. 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
This article describes nervous system infections and complications that lead to neurologic emergencies.

LATEST DEVELOPMENTS
New research on the use of dexamethasone in viral and fungal infections is reviewed. The use of advanced MRI techniques to evaluate nervous system infections is discussed.

ESSENTIAL POINTS
Neurologic infections become emergencies when they lead to a rapid decline in a patient’s function. Emergent complications may result from neurologic infections that, if not identified promptly, can lead to permanent deficits or death. These complications include cerebral edema and herniation, spinal cord compression, hydrocephalus, vasculopathy resulting in ischemic stroke, venous thrombosis, intracerebral hemorrhage, status epilepticus, and neuromuscular respiratory weakness.
Emergent Management of Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury
Authors: Steinberg Alexis 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
This article outlines interventions used to improve outcomes for patients with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury after cardiac arrest.

LATEST DEVELOPMENTS
Emergent management of patients after cardiac arrest requires prevention and treatment of primary and secondary brain injury. Primary brain injury is minimized by excellent initial resuscitative efforts. Secondary brain injury prevention requires the detection and correction of many pathophysiologic processes that may develop in the hours to days after the initial arrest. Key physiologic parameters important to secondary brain injury prevention include optimization of mean arterial pressure, cerebral perfusion, oxygenation and ventilation, intracranial pressure, temperature, and cortical hyperexcitability. This article outlines recent data regarding the treatment and prevention of secondary brain injury. Different patients likely benefit from different treatment strategies, so an individualized approach to treatment and prevention of secondary brain injury is advisable. Clinicians must use multimodal sources of data to prognosticate outcomes after cardiac arrest while recognizing that all prognostic tools have shortcomings.

ESSENTIAL POINTS
Neurologists should be involved in the postarrest care of patients with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury to improve their outcomes. Postarrest care requires nuanced and patient-centered approaches to the prevention and treatment of primary and secondary brain injury and neuroprognostication.
Prognostication in Neurocritical Care
Authors: Muehlschlegel Susanne 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVEThis article synthesizes the current literature on prognostication in neurocritical care, identifies existing challenges, and proposes future research directions to reduce variability and enhance scientific and patient-centered approaches to neuroprognostication.LATEST DEVELOPMENTSPatients with severe acute brain injury often lack the capacity to make their own medical decisions, leaving surrogate decision makers responsible for life-or-death choices. These decisions heavily rely on clinicians’ prognostication, which is still considered an art because of the previous lack of specific guidelines. Consequently, there is significant variability in neuroprognostication practices. This article examines various aspects of neuroprognostication. It explores the cognitive approach to prognostication, highlights the use of statistical modeling such as Bayesian models and machine learning, emphasizes the importance of clinician-family communication during prognostic disclosures, and proposes shared decision making for more patient-centered care.ESSENTIAL POINTSThis article identifies ongoing challenges in the field and emphasizes the need for future research to ameliorate variability in neuroprognostication. By focusing on scientific methodologies and patient-centered approaches, this research aims to provide guidance and tools that may enhance neuroprognostication in neurocritical care.
Neuro-oncologic Emergencies
Authors: Maciel Carolina B. , Busl Katharina M. 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
Neuro-oncologic emergencies have become more frequent as cancer remains one of the leading causes of death in the United States, second only to heart disease. This article highlights key aspects of epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of acute neurologic complications in primary central nervous system malignancies and systemic cancer, following three thematic classifications: (1) complications that are anatomically or intrinsically tumor-related, (2) complications that are tumor-mediated, and (3) complications that are treatment-related.

LATEST DEVELOPMENTS
The main driver of mortality in patients with brain metastasis is systemic disease progression; however, intracranial hypertension, treatment-resistant seizures, and overall decline due to increased intracranial burden of disease are the main factors underlying neurologic-related deaths. Advances in the understanding of tumor-specific characteristics can better inform risk stratification of neurologic complications. Following standardized grading and management algorithms for neurotoxic syndromes related to newer immunologic therapies is paramount to achieving favorable outcomes.

ESSENTIAL POINTS
Neuro-oncologic emergencies span the boundaries of subspecialties in neurology and require a broad understanding of neuroimmunology, neuronal hyperexcitability, CSF flow dynamics, intracranial compliance, and neuroanatomy.
Emergent Management of Central Nervous System Demyelinating Disorders
Authors: Czeisler Barry M. 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
This article reviews the various conditions that can present with acute and severe central nervous system demyelination, the broad differential diagnosis of these conditions, the most appropriate diagnostic workup, and the acute treatment regimens to be administered to help achieve the best possible patient outcomes.

LATEST DEVELOPMENTS
The discovery of anti–aquaporin 4 (AQP4) antibodies and anti–myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies in the past two decades has revolutionized our understanding of acute demyelinating disorders, their evaluation, and their management.

ESSENTIAL POINTS
Demyelinating disorders comprise a large category of neurologic disorders seen by practicing neurologists. In the majority of cases, patients with these conditions do not require care in an intensive care unit. However, certain disorders may cause severe demyelination that necessitates intensive care unit admission because of numerous simultaneous multifocal lesions, tumefactive lesions, or lesions in certain brain locations that lead to acute severe neurologic dysfunction. Intensive care may be necessary for the management and prevention of complications for patients who have severely altered mental status, rapidly progressive neurologic worsening, elevated intracranial pressure, severe cerebral edema, status epilepticus, or respiratory failure.
Information Search Within a Web Page: Modeling the Full Sequence of Eye Movement Decisions, Subjective Value Updating, and First Clicks
Authors: Lu Joy , Hutchinson J. Wesley 
Published: June 2024

Online retail settings often present shoppers with large, complex choice sets where they need to quickly and dynamically weigh the benefits and costs of search within each web page. We build a model of information search within a web page using eye-tracking data collected during two incentive-compatible online shopping experiments, in which participants browsed the websites of two different clothing retailers (Experiments 1 and 2), as well as previously reported data from a laboratory experiment involving choices among snack food assortments (Experiment 3). Our model incorporates features that build upon recent advances in descriptive and normative models of information sampling and search in psychology and economics. First, our model captures how people decide where to look by treating eye fixations on clickable options as a series of “split-second” decisions that depend on estimates of option attractiveness and navigation effort. Second, our model assumes that the value of each option is learned via Bayesian updating. Third, the choice to end search on the web page depends on a dynamic decision threshold. Our model outperforms benchmarks that assume random search, instant learning, fixed thresholds, nonheterogeneous thresholds, and stochastic accumulator stopping rules. Explicitly modeling the sequence of eye fixation decisions results in accurate counterfactual simulations of the effects of hypothetical product orderings on search duration and quality as verified using experimental manipulation, and it can be applied flexibly to a wide range of web-page layouts. Systematic differences across experiments highlight the importance of accounting for product familiarity, choice-set size, and the role of category outside options. This paper was accepted by Ilia Tsetlin, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: This work was supported by the Jay H. Baker Retailing Center and the Wharton Behavioral Lab at the University of Pennsylvania. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.02983 .
The clinical and cost-effectiveness of elective primary total knee replacement with PAtellar Resurfacing compared to selective patellar resurfacing: a pragmatic multicentre randomized controlled Trial (PART)
Authors: Boon Adam , Barnett Elizabeth , Culliford Lucy , Evans Rebecca , Frost Jessica , Hansen-Kaku Zastra , Hollingworth William , Johnson Emma , Judge Andrew , Marques Elsa M. R. , Metcalfe Andrew , Navvuga Patricia , Petrie Michael J. , Pike Katie , Wylde Vikki , Whitehouse Michael R. , Blom Ashley W. , Matharu Gulraj S. 
Published: June 2024

AimsDuring total knee replacement (TKR), surgeons can choose whether or not to resurface the patella, with advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Recently, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommended always resurfacing the patella, rather than never doing so. NICE found insufficient evidence on selective resurfacing (surgeon’s decision based on intraoperative findings and symptoms) to make recommendations. If effective, selective resurfacing could result in optimal individualized patient care. This protocol describes a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of primary TKR with always patellar resurfacing compared to selective patellar resurfacing.MethodsThe PAtellar Resurfacing Trial (PART) is a patient- and assessor-blinded multicentre, pragmatic parallel two-arm randomized superiority trial of adults undergoing elective primary TKR for primary osteoarthritis at NHS hospitals in England, with an embedded internal pilot phase (ISRCTN 33276681). Participants will be randomly allocated intraoperatively on a 1:1 basis (stratified by centre and implant type (cruciate-retaining vs cruciate-sacrificing)) to always resurface or selectively resurface the patella, once the surgeon has confirmed sufficient patellar thickness for resurfacing and that constrained implants are not required. The primary analysis will compare the Oxford Knee Score (OKS) one year after surgery. Secondary outcomes include patient-reported outcome measures at three months, six months, and one year (Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, OKS, EuroQol five-dimension five-level questionnaire, patient satisfaction, postoperative complications, need for further surgery, resource use, and costs). Cost-effectiveness will be measured for the lifetime of the patient. Overall, 530 patients will be recruited to obtain 90% power to detect a four-point difference in OKS between the groups one year after surgery, assuming up to 40% resurfacing in the selective group.ConclusionThe trial findings will provide evidence about the clinical and cost-effectiveness of always patellar resurfacing compared to selective patellar resurfacing. This will inform future NICE guidelines on primary TKR and the role of selective patellar resurfacing.Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(6):464–478.
Dual-channel aperture-splitting snapshot spectral imaging detection system
Authors: Xue Qingsheng , Li Hui , Lu Fengqin , Cao Diansheng , Su Kun , Li Kunlong 
Published: June 2024

The contemporary spectral imaging detection systems commonly employed, such as
pushbroom and stare systems, often necessitate motion-based imaging
mechanisms such as scanning motors. This reliance on motion renders
the imaging process vulnerable to platform vibrations, resulting in
intricate post-image correction procedures and precluding dynamic
target detection. Consequently, the advent of snapshot spectral
imaging detection systems has ensued. Currently, there are significant
challenges in the miniaturization design and rapid data acquisition
aspects of snapshot spectral imaging systems. In this study, linear
variable filters were employed as spectral components, and, through
optical system simulation and design, the design of the nonspherical
monolithic lens system and telescope system in the dual-channel
aperture-splitting snapshot spectral imaging detection system were
separately completed. The spectral range covered 400–1000 nm,
with a spectral resolution of 27.3 nm, and each channel had a
spatial sampling of 409×409 pixels. Additionally, based on the
optical system design results, the system structure design and
assembly were completed. Performance testing and preliminary spectral
image fusion research were conducted on the assembled prototype. The
instrument demonstrated excellent spectral imaging performance,
thereby enhancing the efficiency of spectral imaging detection in
snapshot spectral imaging.
Design method for a telecentric multiscale imaging system to avoid mechanical interference
Authors: Chen Peirong , Li Honghan , Li Tianren , Zhang Yu , Qu Yufu , Wei Zhenzhong 
Published: June 2024

Multiscale imaging systems are widely employed for high-resolution imaging purposes. However, research in this area often lacks comprehensive theoretical analysis of these systems and discussions regarding potential mechanical interference among adjacent optical paths, leading to directional inadequacies and complexities in optical design. A novel method for designing multiscale imaging systems, to our knowledge, is proposed to address this gap. This method effectively guides optical design processes and mitigates mechanical interference. First, a theoretical analysis of the field of view distribution in multiscale imaging systems is conducted alongside the proposition of a method for calculating the field of view size for individual imaging systems. Second, telecentric optical paths are introduced, establishing an optical model and deriving a calculation formula for the system’s critical aperture, thereby identifying conditions to prevent mechanical interference. Third, a telecentric multiscale imaging system with satisfactory imaging performance is designed, featuring a focal length of
−200mm
and a telecentricity of less than 0.1 mrad. The system achieves diffraction-limited performance in the diffuse spot’s radius and modulation transfer function (MTF) curve without encountering mechanical interference. This design methodology presents a novel approach for subsequent multiscale imaging system designs, offering theoretical insights and practical implications.
The macroeconomic impact of a dengue outbreak: Case studies from Thailand and Brazil
Authors: Marczell Kinga , García Elvis , Roiz Julie , Sachdev Rameet , Towle Philip , Shen Jing , Sruamsiri Rosarin , da Silva Bruna Mendes , Hanley Riona 
Published: June 2024

BackgroundDengue is spreading in (sub)tropical areas, and half of the global population is at risk. The macroeconomic impact of dengue extends beyond healthcare costs. This study evaluated the impact of dengue on gross domestic product (GDP) based on approaches tailored to two dengue-endemic countries, Thailand and Brazil, from the tourism and workforce perspectives, respectively.FindingsBecause the tourism industry is a critical economic sector for Thailand, lost tourism revenues were estimated to analyze the impact of a dengue outbreak. An input-output model estimated that the direct effects (on international tourism) and indirect effects (on suppliers) of dengue on tourism reduced overall GDP by 1.43 billion US dollars (USD) (0.26%) in the outbreak year 2019. The induced effect (reduced employee income/spending) reduced Thailand’s GDP by 375 million USD (0.07%). Overall, lost tourism revenues reduced Thailand’s GDP by an estimated 1.81 billion USD (0.33%) in 2019 (3% of annual tourism revenue). An inoperability input-output model was used to analyze the effect of workforce absenteeism on GDP due to a dengue outbreak in Brazil. This model calculates the number of lost workdays associated with ambulatory and hospitalized dengue. Input was collected from state-level epidemiological and economic data for 2019. An estimated 22.4 million workdays were lost in the employed population; 39% associated with the informal sector. Lost workdays due to dengue reduced Brazil’s GDP by 876 million USD (0.05%).ConclusionsThe economic costs of dengue outbreaks far surpass the direct medical costs. Dengue reduces overall GDP and inflicts national economic losses. With a high proportion of the population lacking formal employment in both countries and low income being a barrier to seeking care, dengue also poses an equity challenge. A combination of public health measures, like vector control and vaccination, against dengue is recommended to mitigate the broader economic impact of dengue.
Description of mitochondrial oxygen tension and its variability in healthy volunteers
Authors: Baysan Meryem , Broere Mark , Wille Maarten E. , Bergsma Jule E. , Mik Egbert G. , Juffermans Nicole P. , Tsonaka Roula , van der Bom Johanna G. , Arbous Sesmu M. 
Published: June 2024

Objectives
Describing mitochondrial oxygenation (mitoPO2) and its within- and between-subject variability over time after 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) plaster application in healthy volunteers.

Design
Prospective cohort study.

Setting
Measurements were performed in Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Participants
Healthy volunteers enrolled from July to September 2020.

Interventions
Two ALA plasters were placed parasternal left and right, with a 3-hour time interval, to examine the influence of the calendar time on the value of mitoPO2. We measured mitoPO2 at 4, 5, 7, 10, 28, and 31 hours after ALA plaster 1 application, and at 4, 5, 7, 25, and 28 hours after ALA plaster 2 application.

Primary and secondary outcome measures
At each time point, five mitoPO2 measurements were performed. Within-subject variability was defined as the standard deviation (SD) of the mean of five measurements per timepoint of a study participant. The between-subject variability was the SD of the mean mitoPO2 value of the study population per timepoint.

Results
In 16 completed inclusions, median mitoPO2 values and within-subject variability were relatively similar over time at all time points for both plasters. An increase in overall between-subject variability was seen after 25 hours ALA plaster time (19.6 mm Hg vs 23.9 mm Hg after respectively 10 and 25 hours ALA plaster time).

Conclusions
The mitoPO2 values and within-subject variability remained relatively stable over time in healthy volunteers. An increase in between-subject variability was seen after 25 hours ALA plaster time warranting replacement of the ALA plaster one day after its application.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov with trial number NCT04626661.
Specific pelvic shape in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip on 3D morphometric homologous model analysis
Authors: Sasaki Yui , Suzuki Daisuke , Tokita Ryo , Takashima Hiroyuki , Matsumura Hirofumi , Nagoya Satoshi 
Published: June 2024

Purpose
To clarify the morphological factors of the pelvis in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), three-dimensional (3D) pelvic morphology was analyzed using a template-fitting technique.

Methods
Three-dimensional pelvic data of 50 patients with DDH (DDH group) and 3D pelvic data of 50 patients without obvious pelvic deformity (Normal group) were used. All patients were female. A template model was created by averaging the normal pelvises into a symmetrical and isotropic mesh. Next, 100 homologous models were generated by fitting the pelvic data of each group of patients to the template model. Principal component analysis was performed on the coordinates of each vertex (15,235 vertices) of the pelvic homologous model. In addition, a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was calculated from the sensitivity of DDH positivity for each principal component, and principal components for which the area under the curve was significantly large were extracted (p<0.05). Finally, which components of the pelvic morphology frequently seen in DDH patients are related to these extracted principal components was evaluated.

Results
The first, third, and sixth principal components showed significantly larger areas under the ROC curves. The morphology indicated by the first principal component was associated with a decrease in coxal inclination in both the coronal and horizontal planes. The third principal component was related to the sacral inclination in the sagittal plane. The sixth principal component was associated with narrowing of the superior part of the pelvis.

Conclusion
The most important factor in the difference between normal and DDH pelvises was the change in the coxal angle in both the coronal and horizontal planes. That is, in the anterior and superior views, the normal pelvis is a triangle, whereas in DDH, it was more like a quadrilateral.
Adherence to practice parameters in Medicare beneficiaries with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Laurido-Soto Osvaldo J. , Faust Irene M. , Nielsen Susan Searles , Racette Brad A. 
Published: June 2024

Objective
Physician adherence to evidence-based clinical practice parameters impacts outcomes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. We sought to investigate compliance with the 2009 practice parameters for treatment of ALS patients in the United States, and sociodemographic and provider characteristics associated with adherence.

Methods
In this population-based, retrospective cohort study of incident ALS patients in 2009–2014, we included all Medicare beneficiaries age ≥20 with ≥1 International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification ALS code (335.20) in 2009 and no prior years (N = 8,575). Variables of interest included race/ethnicity, sex, age, urban residence, Area Deprivation Index (ADI), and provider specialty (neurologist vs. non-neurologist). Outcomes were use of practice parameters, which included feeding tubes, non-invasive ventilation (NIV), riluzole, and receiving care from a neurologist.

Results
Overall, 42.9% of patients with ALS received neurologist care. Black beneficiaries (odds ratio [OR] 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47–0.67), older beneficiaries (OR 0.964, 95% CI 0.961–0.968 per year), and those living in disadvantaged areas (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.61–0.80) received less care from neurologists. Overall, only 26.7% of beneficiaries received a feeding tube, 19.2% NIV, and 15.3% riluzole. Neurologist-treated patients were more likely to receive interventions than other ALS patients: feeding tube (OR 2.80, 95% CI 2.52–3.11); NIV (OR 10.8, 95% CI 9.28–12.6); and riluzole (OR 7.67, 95% CI 6.13–9.58), after adjusting for sociodemographics. These associations remained marked and significant when we excluded ALS patients who subsequently received a code for other diseases that mimic ALS.

Conclusions
ALS patients treated by neurologists received care consistent with practice parameters more often than those not treated by a neurologist. Black, older, and disadvantaged beneficiaries received less care consistent with the practice parameters.