bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Itraconazole in the treatment of tinea pedis and tinea manuum: comparison of two treatment schedules: Itraconazol bei der Behandlung der Tinea pedis und Tinea manuum: Vergleich zweier Behandlungsschemata
Authors: Schuller J. , Remme J. J. , Rampen F. H. J. , Van Neer F. C. J. 
Published: July 2010

Summary.A multicentre, randomized, doubleblind, parallel‐group trial was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of two dosages of itraconazole in the treatment of tinea pedis or manuum. Of the 135 patients recruited, 66 received itraconazole 400 mg daily for 1 week and 69 received itraconazole 100 mg daily for 4 weeks. In the evaluable patients observed‐case analysis, mycological cure was seen in 63% of patients in the 400 mg/1 week group and in 75% in the 100 mg/4 weeks group at the end of a 6‐week follow‐up period (not significantly equivalent). In the evaluable patients worst‐case analysis and the intention‐to‐treat analysis, mycological cure rates in the two groups were borderline significantly equivalent at the end of follow‐up (range 51–57%). Clinical response was seen in 81% of evaluable patients in the 400 mg/1 week group and in 75% in the 100 mg/4 weeks group at the end of follow‐up; equivalence testing showed the 400 mg/1 week regimen to be at least equivalent to the 100 mg/4 week regimen. Similar results were found in the intention‐to‐treat analysis, and tolerability ratings for the two treatment regimens were significantly equivalent. This trial has shown that itraconazole 400 mg/1 week and itraconazole 100 mg/4 weeks are both effective regimens for the treatment of tinea pedis or manuum. The two treatment schedules were equally well tolerated and safe.Zusammenfassung.Zum Vergleich der Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit von zwei Itraconazol‐Dosierungen bei der Behandlung der Tinea pedis oder manuum wurde eine randomisierte, doppelblinde Multicentre‐Parallelgruppenstudie durchgeführt. Von den 135 Patienten wurden 66 Patienten 1 Woche lang mit 400 mg Itraconazol täglich und 69 Patienten 4 Wochen lang mit 100 mg Itraconazol täglich behandelt. Bei der Observed‐case‐Analyse der evaluierbaren Patienten wurde bei der Nachuntersuchung nach 6 Wochen bei 63% der Patienten der Gruppe mit 400 mg/1 Woche und 75% der Patienten der Gruppe mit 100 mg/4 Wochen eine mykologische Heilung festgestellt (nicht signifikant äquivalent). In der Worst‐case‐Analyse der evaluierbaren Patienten und der Intention‐to‐treat‐Analyse waren die mykologischen Heilungsergebnisse bei der Nachuntersuchung grenzwertig signifikant äquivalent (51–57%). Bei der Nachuntersuchung wurde bei 81% der evaluierbaren Patienten der Gruppe mit 400 mg/1 Woche und bei 75% der Gruppe mit 100 mg/4 Wochen ein klinischer Respons beobachtet. Äquivalenztests ergaben, daß die Behandlungspläne mindestens äquivalent waren. Die Intention‐to‐treat‐Analyse führte zu ähnlichen Ergebnissen, und die Verträglichkeitsbewertung war bei beiden Therapien signifikant äquivalent. Diese Studie ergab, daß Itraconazol 400 mg/1 Woche und Itraconazol 100 mg/4 Wochen wirksame Therapien für die Tinea pedis oder manuum sind. Beide Behandlungsschemata sind gleich gut verträglich und sicher.
Safety and efficacy of intermittent therapy with itraconazole in finger‐ and toenail onychomycosis: a multicentre trial: Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit der intermittierenden Itraconazol‐Therapie von Onychomykosen der Finger und Zehen. Eine Multizenter‐Studie
Authors: Haneke E. , Abeck D. , Ring J. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. The efficacy and safety of intermittent itraconazole therapy were investigated in patients with onychomycosis. Patients were divided into two groups according to site and extent of infection. Group A comprised 635 patients with toenail onychomycosis (at least one nail with ≥ 20% involvement; n 560) or fingernail onychomycosis (at least one nail with > 75% involvement; n= 63) or both (n=12). These patients received itraconazole 400 mg day‐1 for 1 week per month for 3 months. Group B comprised 48 patients with fingernail onychomycosis (at least one nail with ≥ 20% involvement but no nail with >75% involvement) who received itraconazole 400 mg day‐1 for 1 week per month for 2 months. Patients were followed for a further 18 weeks without treatment, and received another treatment cycle if not cured or markedly improved 6 weeks after the end of the last cycle. An additional cycle was administered to 76 patients with fingernail onychomycosis (group A, n= 43; group B, n= 28) and to 316 patients with toenail onychomycosis. Clinical response rates and mycological cure rates at study end point were 89.0% and 68.4% respectively for toenails, 91.4% and 85.3% respectively for group A fingernails and 84‐4% and 77‐1% respectively for group B fingernails. Most adverse events occurred infrequently; major changes in liver function tests were not noted. In conclusion, intermittent itraconazole therapy is highly effective and safe in patients with onychomycosis.Zusammenfassung. Die Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit einer intermittierenden Itraconazol‐Therapie wurden bei Patienten mit Onychomykosen untersucht. Die Patienten wurden nach Infektionsort und ‐ausmaß in 2 Gruppen eingeteilt. Gruppe A: 635 Patienten mit Zehennagel‐Onychomykose (mindestens 1 Nagel mit >20% Befall; n= 560) oder Fingernagel‐Onychomykose (mindestens 1 Nagel mit ≥75% Befall; n= 63) oder beidem (n= 12) erhielten 400 mg Intraconazol täglich jeweils eine Woche pro Monat über 3 Monate. Gruppe B: 48 Patienten mit Fingernagel‐Onychomykose (mindestens 1 Nagel mit >20% Befall, aber kein Nagel mit mehr als 75% Befall) erhielten 400 mg Intraconazol/Tag jeweils eine Woche pro Monat über 2 Monate. Die Patienten wurden nach Abschluß der Therapie noch 18 Wochen lang nachuntersucht und erhielten einen weiteren Behandlungszyklus, falls 6 Wochen nach Ende des letzten Behandlungszyklus keine Heilung oder wesentliche Verbesserung zu beobachten war. Ein zusätzlicher Behandlungszyklus wurde bei 76 Patienten mit Fingernagel‐Onychomykose (Gruppe A, n= 43; Gruppe B, n= 28) und bei 316 Patienten mit Zehennagel‐Onychomykose durch‐
THE INWARD H+ PATHWAY IN BACTERIORHODOPSIN: THE ROLE OF M412 AND P(N)560 INTERMEDIATES*
Authors: Danshina S. V. , Drachev L. A. , Kaulen A. D. , Skulachev V. P. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract— In purple bacteriorhodopsin sheets adsorbed onto the phospholipid‐impregnated collodion film, electrogenic stages are identified correlating with decays of the M and N(P)‐type intermediates. It is concluded that both M → N and N → bR transitions are electrogenic.The M decay is shown to be of a complex kinetics. In purple sheets, the lower the light intensity, the higher the rate of “slow M” decay. Such a dependence, which is absent from monomeric bacteriorhodopsin in proteoliposomes and from Triton X‐100‐solubilized protein, may be explained by the inhibiting effect of a light‐induced conformation change in a bacteriorhodopsin molecule upon the M decay in some other bacteriorhodopsin molecules within the same sheet.The light intensity‐independent “slow M” decay in solubilized bacteriorhodopsin is shown to correlate with the decay of the N intermediate and H+ uptake after the flash. In contrast to “fast M”, “slow M” is pH dependent, closely resembling in this respect the N intermediate. It is suggested that there is a fast light‐independent equilibration between M and N so that “slow M” represents the portion of the M pool that monitors the N concentration. The M → N equilibrium is assumed to be involved in the effect of the light‐induced electric field on the M decay. No direct effect of light on the equilibrium was found.
A FLUORESCENCE STUDY OF TRYPTOPHAN‐HISTIDINE INTERACTIONS IN THE PEPTIDE ANANTIN AND IN SOLUTION
Authors: Vos Rita , Engelborghs* Yves 
Published: July 2010

Abstract—Anantin is a heptadecapeptide in which the C‐terminal peptide chain pierces the covalently cyclized peptide ring formed by an amide link between the α‐NH2 end group and the β‐carboxyl group of Asp(8). It contains a tryptophan and a histidine at positions 5 and 12, respectively. Des‐Phe(17)‐anantin lacks the C‐terminal phenylalanine.Fluorescence emission intensity as a function of pH follows the ionization of a single residue. The pKa amounts to 7.23 ± 0.03 for anantin and is attributed to His(12). At pH 9 the quantum yield is 0.12 ± 0.01 for anantin, whereas at pH 4.5 the quantum yield decreases more than two‐fold (0.05 2 0.01). Practically identical parameters are observed for des‐Phe(17)‐anantin. This pH dependency reveals intramolecular quenching of the excited indole ring of Trp(5) by the imidazole of His(12), which results in a marked decrease of the tryptophan fluorescence at low pH. In a multifrequency phase fluorometric study the fluorescence lifetimes for both peptides at pH 4.5 and pH 9 are determined. At both, pH fluorescence decay is well described by a sum of two exponentials. For anantin at pH 4.5 the lifetimes are 0.72 ± 0.07 ns and 1.67 ± 0.07 ns. At pH 9 the lifetimes are 1.11 ±0.12 ns and 2.55 ± 0.03 ns. In methanol we find two lifetimes for anantin: 0.68 ± 0.01 ns and 2.57 ± 0.01 ns. The lifetimes are found to be slightly dependent upon emission wavelength. For des‐Phe(17)‐anantin practically the same values are observed.The quenching of tryptophan fluorescence by histidine is further studied in solution using N‐acetyl‐tryptophanamide in the presence of increasing concentrations of imidazole in the protonated (pH 4.5) and unprotonated (pH 9) state and in methanol. At both pH values and in methanol, a linear increase in both the inverse of the steady‐state fluorescence Fo/F and the inverse of the lifetime 1/τ with increasing imidazole concentration indicates that a collisional mechanism is at the root of the observed quenching. The quenching efficiency values, γ, are calculated and amount to about 0.32 at pH 4.5, 0.02 at pH 9 and 0.002 in methanol, showing that protonated imidazole is a better quencher than the unprotonated form, and that the nature of the solvent is involved even in the quenching by unprotonated imidazole. Tryptophan‐histidine interactions in solution and in the peptide are compared.
PHOTODEGRADATION OF NIFEDIPINE UNDER in vivo‐RELATED CIRCUMSTANCES
Authors: Vries Henk de , Henegouwen Gerard M. J. Beijersbergen van 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn view of light‐induced side effects of the drug nifedipine (NIF), its photodegradation was studied under in Wvo‐related conditions. There proved to be no difference between UVA and daylight. In phosphate buffer, the nitroso derivative of NIF was the only photoproduct. In the presence of glutathione (GSH), in plasma and in blood, the nitroso derivative is a short‐lived intermediate, which proved to be very reactive. With GSH, both the photodegradation of NIF and the incubation of the nitroso derivative in the dark quantitatively produced a lactam. The implications of the photodegradation under in vivo‐related conditions for light‐induced side effects of NIF are discussed.
DIETARY FAT MODULATES IMMUNORESPONSIVENESS IN UV‐IRRADIATED MICE
Authors: Black Homer S. , Okotie‐Eboh Goodluck , Gerouis Janette , Urban Julie I. , Thornby John I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that a high level of dietary lipid (corn oil) exacerbates UV‐carcinogenic expression in hairless mice. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that this effect occurs at the postinitiation, or promotion, stage of UV‐carcinogenesis‐a stage believed to be modulated immunologically. Thus, we sought to examine the influence of dietary lipid on specific immune parameters at various times within a UV‐carcinogenic protocol, with the purpose of detecting potential relationships to UV carcinogenesis. Hairless mice were fed either a high‐ (12%, wt/wt, corn oil) or low‐fat (0.75%, wt/wt, corn oil) diet for 2 weeks prior to start of the UV or experimental protocols. Animals were sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) hapten and delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) was assessed. Delayed‐type hypersensitivity was significantly suppressed (P= 0.01) in the high‐fat group, even before UV irradiation. Although both groups exhibited UV‐induced suppression of this response, the high‐fat group was totally suppressed after 3 weeks of UV, whereas the low‐fat group exhibited reactivity through week 8. The splenic T‐lymphocyte (Thy 1.2+) population had declined by about 50% at the time of UV termination (11 weeks). Dietary lipid exerted no apparent influence upon this T‐cell population. However, after 6 weeks of UV, I‐J+ cells (a marker shown to be acquired adaptively by suppressor T lymphocytes) began to increase. By week 15 (4 weeks post‐UV) I‐J+ cells had increased by about 65% in the high‐fat group, twice the % increase that occurred in the low‐fat group. When UV‐induced tumors were transplanted to recipient animals receiving various periods (0, 6, 11 weeks) of UV irradiation, no significant differences in median tumor rejection times between the two dietary groups occurred at 0 or 6 weeks. After 11 weeks of UV, the low‐fat group exhibited a tumor rejection time that was comparable to that of nonirradiated animals, i.e. 21 days. However, median tumor rejection time for the high‐fat group was greater than 63 days, significantly (P= 0.01) longer than that of the low‐fat group. Thus, suppression of tumor rejection by high fat occurred at a time when high fat had been shown to exacerbate carcinogenic expression and when I‐J+ cells had markedly increased. These data demonstrate that level of dietary lipid modulates immunoresponsiveness in UV‐irradiated animals and is compatible with the thesis that immune suppression may account for the exacerbation of carcinogenic expression elicited by high dietary fat.
PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER IN A CAROTENOBUCKMINSTERFULLERENE DYAD
Authors: Imahori Hiroshi , Cardoso Sergio , Tatman Dereck , Lin Su , Noss Lori , Seely Gilbert R. , Sereno2 Leonides , Silber Juana Chessa de , Moore Thomas A. , Moore Ana L. , Gust Devens 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA carotenoid‐fullerene dyad has been synthesized by condensing a carotenoid amine with an acid group attached to C60 by a cyclopropane‐based linkage. The lowest excited singlet state of the fullerene is strongly quenched by electron transfer from the carotenoid moiety to generate the charge‐separated species Car+‐C60.‐. In CS2 solution Car+‐C60.‐ has a rise time of 0.8 ps and decays by charge recombination in 534 ps. Light absorbed by either chromophore produces a high yield of Car+‐C60.‐, which implies that internal conversion in the carotenoid is negligible. The lowest triplet level in the dyad is localized on the carotenoid and is populated in low yield from the charge‐separated species. The sensitization of singlet oxygen by the fullerene component is effectively curtailed in the dyad.
SUBCELLULAR DAMAGE KINETICS WITHIN CO‐CULTIVATED WI38 and VA13‐TRANSFORMED WI38 HUMAN FIBROBLASTS FOLLOWING 5‐AMINOLEVULINIC ACID‐INDUCED PROTOPORPHYRIN IX FORMATION
Authors: ÜBerriegler K. P. , Banieghbal E. , Krammer B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe generation of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in cells can be induced by externally applied 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA), with that bypassing the feedback control mechanism. The aim of the present study was to investigate the onset of destructive changes in living cocultivated WI38 and VA13‐transformed WI38 human fibroblasts following ALA incubation, PpIX production and subsequent irradiation by white halogen light with a dose of 2.2 kJ/m2. Specific fluorescence markers such as 3,3′‐dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) staining and dihydrorhodamine for intact mitochondria mapping combined with a low light imaging system are a versatile and sensitive tool to examine the photoinduced destruction of organelles in living cells, while artifacts are minimized. Mitochondria as primary targets of PpIX undergo a condensation under irradiation and are finally destroyed. Photodynamic treatment induces further a significant decomposition of ER, although PpIX localization could not be determined. Initial destabilization and vesiculation of ER is followed by a porous network with large cisternae (indicating the breakdown of cell integrity and cell/nucleus membrane damage). Normal cocultivated lung fibroblasts showed a delay in destruction compared to the transformed WI38‐VA13 cells. The observed decomposition pattern resembles the morphological pattern of apoptosis.
A2E: A Component of Ocular Lipofuscin¶
Authors: Lamb Laura E. , Simon John D. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe presence of lipofuscin in post mitotic cells is considered a hallmark of the aging process. In the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), lipofuscin is found as micrometer‐sized spherical particles and characterized by its yellow autofluorescence when exposed to blue light. This exposure to light is also known to produce reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), but the particular molecular constituent(s) responsible for this phototoxicity have yet to be completely identified. Resulting mostly from the autophagocytosis of intracellular organelles, the composition of lipofuscin is poorly defined but known to contain protein, lipids and several fluorophores. The subsequent identification of one of the fluorophores in lipofuscin, A2E, generated much interest and resulted in a variety of studies to understand its potential role in the phototoxicity of lipofuscin. Several modes of toxicity have been suggested through which A2E can affect the health of RPE cells. These modes include photoinduced production of ROI, which places additional oxidative stress on RPE cells, the disruption of membrane integrity through its natural role as an amphiphilic detergent and inhibition of key cellular functions. This article presents the current understanding of the photochemistry of A2E and its involvement as a phototoxic agent in RPE cells.
Photoisomerization of Arylstilbazolium Ligands in the Presence of DNA¶
Authors: Juskowiak Bernard , Chudak Malgorzata 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe ability of the DNA duplex to behave as an efficient organized medium for trans‐cis photoisomerization has been explored. The presence of DNA affected isomerization in a variety of ways depending on the aryl moiety properties of the ligand and its DNA‐binding mode. Contrary to intercalating ligands, 9‐[2‐(N‐methylpyridinium‐4‐yl)vinyl)phenanthrene (2) and 9‐[2‐(N‐methylpyridinium‐4‐yl)vinyl]anthracene (3), which gave only cis and trans isomers, the additional products‐cyclobutane photodimers‐were detected for 2‐[2‐(N‐methylpyridinium‐4‐yl)vinyl]naphthalene (1), which binds cooperatively to the minor groove of DNA. Photostationary states (pss) for all ligands were seriously affected by the presence of DNA. A trans isomer‐rich pss and restriction of trans→cis process, observed for ligands 1 and 2, were explained in terms of a different binding affinity of DNA toward particular isomers. On the contrary, 9‐anthryl derivative 3 isomerized against the isomer‐binding preferences, showing cis isomer‐rich pss and enhanced quantum yield of isomerization. The unique behavior of ligand 3‐DNA complex was attributed to different isomerization mechanism that consists in quantum chain isomerization from an excited singlet state possessing a charge transfer character. This is the first example of ligand, which undergoes DNA‐mediated cis‐trans isomerization in the opposite direction than expected from DNA‐binding preferences. The analysis of pss data based on two alternative pathways of photoisomerization showed that investigated ligands follow the model that allows isomerization of both free and DNA‐bound ligands.
Elevated Ultraviolet‐B Radiation Induces Cross‐protection to Cold in Leaves ofRhododendronUnder Field Conditions¶
Authors: Chalker‐Scott Linda , Scott James D. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTPreviously, we have shown a cold‐hardening response inRhododendron‘English Roseum’ exposed to elevated ultraviolet‐B radiation (UV‐B, 280–320 nm) under growth chamber conditions. We have conducted the present study under field conditions to provide for a higher ratio of photosynthetically active radiation to UV‐B (PAR:UV‐B) than is possible in the laboratory and to more accurately reflect natural conditions of solar irradiance. Leaf disks taken after 3 months from UV‐B‐exposed plants exhibited a greater tolerance to freezing temperatures than those from control plants that received no supplemental UV‐B exposure during this time. Leaf disks taken from UV‐B‐irradiated plants survived temperatures below −8°C, whereas control disks were killed at −6°C. Cold hardiness did not significantly increase until September, when environmental cues such as decreasing day length and night temperatures also may have enhanced hardening. Our field findings confirm our previous laboratory study, demonstrating that elevated UV‐B induces cross‐protection to cold inRhododendronleaf tissues.
Larval and Adult Emission Spectra of Bioluminescence in Three European Firefly Species¶
Authors: De Cock Raphaël 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTWe studied the spectral characteristics of the larvae of three sympatric Belgian species of fireflies, Lampyris noctiluca, Phosphaenus hemipterus and Lamprohiza splendidula. An in vivo spectral study was performed to compare bioluminescence spectra. The emission spectrum of a laboratory reared female L. noctiluca was recorded by a different, more exact method. The mean peak wavelength (λmax= 546 nm) and shapes of the unimodal emission spectra are visually similar for the larvae of all three species. The emission spectrum of the adult female L. noctiluca peaked in the same range as the larval bioluminescence between 546 and 551 nm. The bandwidth at half‐maximum intensity was slightly greater for larval L. noctiluca (77 ± 4 nm) compared with P. hemipterus (70 ± 10 nm). The bandwidth of larval L. splendidula (77 ± 8 nm) was not different compared with the other larvae, whereas the females' bandwidth was somewhat narrower (68 nm). The ecological significance of the color of bioluminescence and conservancy of green emission in larval fireflies and other luminescent beetle larvae is discussed.
Photodynamic Actinometry Using Microspheres: Concept, Development and Responsivity ¶
Authors: Bisland Stuart K. , Austin James W. , Hubert Daniel P. , Lilge Lothar 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) relies on three main ingredients, oxygen, light and photoactivating compounds, although the PDT response is definitively contingent on the site and level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This study describes the development of a novel, fluorescent‐based actinometer microsphere system as a means of discerning spatially resolved dosimetry of total fluence and ROS production. Providing a high resolution, localized, in situ measurement of fluence and ROS generation is critical for developing in vivo PDT protocols. Alginate‐poly‐l‐lysine‐alginate microspheres were produced using ionotropic gelation of sodium alginate droplets, ranging from 80 to 200 μm in diameter, incorporating two dyes, ADS680WS (ADS) and Rhodophyta‐phycoerythrin (RPE), attached to the spheres' inside and outside layers, respectively. To test the responsivity and dynamic range of RPE for ROS detection, the production of ROS was initiated either chemically using increasing concentrations of potassium perchromate or photochemically using aluminum tetrasulphonated phthalocyanine. The generation of singlet oxygen was confirmed by phosphorescence at 1270 nm. The resulting photodegradation and decrease in fluorescence of RPE was found to correlate with increased perchromate or PDT treatment fluence, respectively. This effect was independent of pH (6.5–8) and could be inhibited using sodium azide. RPE was not susceptible to photobleaching with light alone (670 nm; 150 Jcm−2). ADS, which absorbs light between 600 and 750 nm, showed a direct correlation between radiant exposure (670 nm; 0–100 Jcm−2) and diminished fluorescence. Photobleaching was independent of irradiance (10–40 mW cm−2). We propose that actinometer microspheres may provide a means for obtaining high spatial resolution information regarding delivered PDT dose within model systems during investigational PDT development and dosimetric information for clinical extracorporeal PDT as in the case of ex vivo bone marrow purging.