bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Aerobic Training and Cardiac Autonomic Regulation in Young Adults
Authors: Sloan Richard P. , Shapiro Peter A. , DeMeersman Ronald E. , Bagiella Emilia , Brondolo Elizabeth N. , McKinley Paula S. , Slavov Iordan , Fang Yixin , Myers Michael M. 
Published: March 2009

Objectives. We tested the effect of aerobic exercise on autonomic regulation of the heart in healthy young adults. Methods. Healthy, sedentary young adults (n = 149; age = 30.4 ± 7.53 years) were randomized to receive 12 weeks of either aerobic conditioning or strength training. Primary outcomes were heart rate and RR interval variability (RRV) measured before and after training and after 4 weeks of sedentary deconditioning. RRV, a noninvasive index of cardiac autonomic regulation, reflects variability in the intervals between consecutive R waves of the electrocardiogram. Results. Aerobic conditioning but not strength training led to a significant increase in aerobic capacity (3.11 mL/kg/min), a decrease in heart rate (−3.49 beats per minute), and an increase in high-frequency RRV (0.25 natural log msec2), each of which returned to pretraining levels after deconditioning. Significant 3-way interactions, however, revealed autonomic effects only in men. Conclusions. In sedentary, healthy young adults, aerobic conditioning but not strength training enhances autonomic control of the heart, but post hoc analyses suggested that gender plays a significant role in this exercise-related cardioprotection.
Effectiveness ofCultivando La Salud: A Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Promotion Program for Low-Income Hispanic Women
Authors: Fernández María E. , Gonzales Alicia , Tortolero-Luna Guillermo , Williams Janet , Saavedra-Embesi Monica , Chan Wenyaw , Vernon Sally W. 
Published: March 2009

Objectives. We tested the effectiveness of a lay health worker intervention to increase breast and cervical cancer screening among low-income Hispanic women.Methods. Participants were women 50 years and older who were nonadherent to mammography (n = 464) or Papanicolaou (Pap) test (n = 243) screening guidelines. After the collection of baseline data, lay health workers implemented the Cultivando la Salud (CLS; Cultivating Health) intervention. Data collectors then interviewed the participants 6 months later.Results. At follow-up, screening completion was higher among women in the intervention group than in the control group for both mammography (40.8% vs 29.9%; P < .05) and Pap test (39.5% vs 23.6%; P < .05) screening. In an intent-to-treat analysis, these differences remained but were not significant. The intervention increased mammography self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility, perceived survivability, perceived benefits of mammography, subjective norms, and processes of change. The intervention also significantly increased Pap test self-efficacy, perceived benefits of having a Pap test, subjective norms, and perceived survivability of cancer. It did not change Pap test knowledge, perceived susceptibility, or perceptions about negative aspects of Pap test screening.Conclusions. Our results add to the evidence concerning the effectiveness of lay health worker interventions for increasing Pap test screening and mammography. Future research should explore the effectiveness of CLS in other Hispanic groups, the mechanisms through which interpersonal communication influences decisions about screening, and how effective interventions such as CLS can best be adopted and implemented in community-based organizations or other settings.
Perceived Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Among Fifth-Grade Students and Its Association With Mental Health
Authors: Coker Tumaini R. , Elliott Marc N. , Kanouse David E. , Grunbaum Jo Anne , Schwebel David C. , Gilliland M. Janice , Tortolero Susan R. , Peskin Melissa F. , Schuster Mark A. 
Published: March 2009

Objectives. We sought to describe the prevalence, characteristics, and mental health problems of children who experience perceived racial/ethnic discrimination. Methods. We analyzed cross-sectional data from a study of 5147 fifth-grade students and their parents from public schools in 3 US metropolitan areas. We used multivariate logistic regression (overall and stratified by race/ethnicity) to examine the associations of sociodemographic factors and mental health problems with perceived racial/ethnic discrimination. Results. Fifteen percent of children reported perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, with 80% reporting that discrimination occurred at school. A greater percentage of Black (20%), Hispanic (15%), and other (16%) children reported perceived racial/ethnic discrimination compared with White (7%) children. Children who reported perceived racial/ethnic discrimination were more likely to have symptoms of each of the 4 mental health conditions included in the analysis: depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder. An association between perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and depressive symptoms was found for Black, Hispanic, and other children but not for White children. Conclusions. Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination is not an uncommon experience among fifth-grade students and may be associated with a variety of mental health disorders.
Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People in India: Project MYTRI
Authors: Perry Cheryl L. , Stigler Melissa H. , Arora Monika , Reddy K. Srinath 
Published: March 2009

Objectives. We assessed the effectiveness of a 2-year multicomponent, school-based intervention designed to reduce tobacco use rates among adolescents in an urban area of India. Methods. Students from 32 schools in Delhi and Chennai, India, were recruited and randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. Baseline, intermediate, and outcome data were collected from 2 cohorts of 6th- and 8th-grade students in 2004; 14 063 students took part in the study and completed a survey in 2004, 2005, or 2006. The intervention consisted of behavioral classroom curricula, school posters, a parental involvement component, and peer-led activism. The main outcome measures were self-reported use of cigarettes, bidis (small hand-rolled, often flavored, cigarettes), and chewing tobacco and future intentions to smoke or use chewing tobacco. Results. Findings showed that students in the intervention group were significantly less likely than were students in the control group to exhibit increases in cigarette smoking or bidi smoking over the 2-year study period. They were also less likely to intend to smoke or chew tobacco in the future. Conclusions. School-based programs similar to the intervention examined here should be considered as part of a multistrategy approach to reducing tobacco use among young people in India.
Health Reform Redux: Learning From Experience and Politics
Authors: Ross Johnathon S. 
Published: March 2009

The 2008 presidential campaign season featured health care reform proposals. I discuss 3 approaches to health care reform and the tools for bringing about reform, such as insurance market reforms, tax credits, subsidies, individual and employer mandates, and public program expansions. I also discuss the politics of past and current health care reform efforts. Market-based reforms and mandates have been less successful than public program expansions at expanding coverage and controlling costs. New divisions among special interest groups increase the likelihood that reform efforts will succeed. Federal support for state efforts may be necessary to achieve national health care reform. History suggests that state-level success precedes national reform. History also suggests that an organized social movement for reform is necessary to overcome opposition from special interest groups.
Clinical and Demographic Factors Associated With Homelessness and Incarceration Among VA Patients With Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Copeland Laurel A. , Miller Alexander L. , Welsh Deborah E. , McCarthy John F. , Zeber John E. , Kilbourne Amy M. 
Published: March 2009

Objectives. We assessed the association between homelessness and incarceration in Veterans Affairs patients with bipolar disorder. Methods. We used logistic regression to model each participant's risk of incarceration or homelessness after we controlled for known risk factors. Results. Of 435 participants, 12% reported recent homelessness (within the past month), and 55% reported lifetime homelessness. Recent and lifetime incarceration rates were 2% and 55%, respectively. In multivariate models, current medication adherence (based on a 5-point scale) was independently associated with a lower risk of lifetime homelessness (odds ratio [OR] = 0.80 per point, range 0–4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.66, 0.96), and lifetime incarceration increased the risk of lifetime homelessness (OR = 4.4; 95% CI = 2.8, 6.9). Recent homelessness was associated with recent incarceration (OR = 26.4; 95% CI = 5.2, 133.4). Lifetime incarceration was associated with current substance use (OR = 2.6; 95% CI = 2.7, 6.7) after control for lifetime homelessness (OR = 4.2; 95% CI = 2.7, 6.7). Conclusions. Recent and lifetime incarceration and homelessness were strongly associated with each other. Potentially avoidable or treatable correlates included current medication nonadherence and substance use. Programs that better coordinate psychiatric and drug treatment with housing programs may reduce the cycle of incarceration, homelessness, and treatment disruption within this vulnerable patient population.
Nurses' Utilization and Perception of the Community/Public Health Nursing Credential
Authors: Bekemeier Betty 
Published: March 2009

Objectives. I explored the underutilization of the community/public health nursing (C/PHN) credential by examining the individual characteristics of public health nurses, the value these nurses perceive for certification, the barriers they perceive to obtaining or maintaining a C/PHN credential, and their credential status. Methods. I surveyed a national sample of 655 public health nurses regarding this more than 20-year-old credential. I analyzed variables related to perceived value, barriers, and characteristics of public health nurses. Results. The perceived value of credentialing did not differ among public health nurses relative to whether they had ever had a C/PHN credential. The C/PHN credential, however, was obtained significantly more often by public health nurses in academic settings than by those working in practice settings. Conclusions. The C/PHN credential appears to be disproportionately underutilized and unknown to public health nurses in the practice community. Findings suggest, however, that utilization could be improved by increasing the credential's visibility outside of academic environments and by establishing system-level changes that provide external recognition, such as salary increases and career advancement, for specialty credentials.
Analysis of cerebral perfusion and metabolism assessed with positron emission tomography before and after carotid artery stenting
Authors: Matsubara Shunji , Moroi Junta , Suzuki Akifumi , Sasaki Masahiro , Nagata Ken , Kanno Iwao , Miura Shuichi 
Published: March 2009

Object
The authors analyzed cerebral perfusion and metabolism in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis before and after carotid artery stenting (CAS).

Methods
Sixteen patients with internal carotid artery stenosis (> 70%) underwent PET scanning before CAS, 1–7 days after CAS, and 3–4 months after CAS to assess a variety of parameters related to cerebral perfusion and metabolism.

Results
Cerebral blood flow at rest (CBFrest) significantly increased in the immediate postoperative stage before returning to normal levels over the long term; this trend was also recognized on the contralateral side. In contrast, there was gradual improvement in the rate of CBF variation on acetazolamide administration (% CBFaz). Cerebral perfusion pressure (CBF/cerebral blood volume) increased rapidly during the acute stage and decreased in the long term, and the oxygen extraction fraction decreased slightly during the acute stage before normalizing over the long term. The cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) increased slightly after stenting over both the short and long term. The ratios of ipsilateral to contralateral values (asymmetry index) for CBFrest, % CBFaz, cerebral blood volume, oxygen extraction fraction, and CMRO2 tended to approach 1.0 over time.

Conclusions
Repeated PET scanning revealed improvements in CBF, perfusion pressure, and oxygen metabolism after CAS. In particular, the vascular reserve tended to improve gradually, while CBF, cerebral perfusion pressure, and CMRO2 increased rapidly and peaked soon after CAS. These results suggest that a large discrepancy between rapidly increased CBF, perfusion pressure, and a small increase in vascular reserve in the acute stage after CAS could cause hyperperfusion syndrome.
Prospective comparison of quality of life before and after observation, radiation, or surgery for vestibular schwannomas
Authors: Di Maio Salvatore , Akagami Ryojo 
Published: March 2009

Object
The best management strategy for small-to medium-sized vestibular schwannomas (VSs) remains controversial between observation, radiation, and microsurgical resection (surgery). The authors undertook a prospective observational cohort study comparing all 3 therapeutic modalities in patients with VSs, focusing on quality of life (QOL) outcomes.

Methods
All patients in the study completed the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey at regular intervals, with a mean follow-up of 31.8 months. Two hundred five (77.7%) of 264 patients completed questionnaires, including 47 who underwent observation, 48 who received either linear accelerator radiosurgery or fractionated radiotherapy (radiation group), and 134 who underwent surgery (of whom 37 had tumors > 3 cm in diameter). Patients allocated to the observation group had smaller tumors than those in the other groups (mean 1.3 cm; p < 0.001). Patients who received radiation were older than patients in the other groups (mean 60.0 years; p < 0.001).

Results
There were no baseline QOL differences between the observation, radiation, and surgery (tumors ≤ 3 cm) groups. Quality of life remained unchanged for the observation and radiation groups throughout the follow-up period. In the surgery group with tumors ≤ 3 cm, a significant improvement in total score and composite mental dimension was observed at 24 months. In the surgery group with tumors > 3 cm, there was an early improvement in composite mental dimension at 1.5 months, as well as at 24 months; total score and composite physical dimension were improved at 24 months in this group as well.

Conclusions
Based on the current management protocol, patients with VSs enjoy similar QOL throughout the follow-up period after undergoing observation, radiation therapy, or surgery.
Candidate genes for sensitivity and resistance of human glioblastoma multiforme cell lines to erlotinib
Authors: Halatsch Marc-Eric , Löw Sarah , Mursch Kay , Hielscher Thomas , Schmidt Ursula , Unterberg Andreas , Vougioukas Vassilios I. , Feuerhake Friedrich 
Published: March 2009

Object
The authors have previously reported that erlotinib, an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, exerts widely variable antiproliferative effects on 9 human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines in vitro and in vivo. These effects were independent of EGFR baseline expression levels, raising the possibility that more complex genetic properties form the molecular basis of the erlotinib-sensitive and erlotinib-resistant GBM phenotypes. The aim of the present study was to determine candidate genes for mediating the cellular response of human GBMs to erlotinib.

Methods
Complementary RNA obtained in cell lines selected to represent the sensitive, somewhat responsive, and resistant phenotypes were hybridized to CodeLink Human Whole Genome Bioarrays.

Results
Expression analysis of 814 prospectively selected genes involved in major proliferation and apoptosis signaling pathways identified 19 genes whose expression significantly correlated with phenotype. Functional annotation analysis revealed that 2 genes (DUSP4 and STAT1) were significantly associated with sensitivity to erlotinib, and 10 genes (CACNG4, FGFR4, HSPA1B, HSPB1, NFATC1, NTRK1, RAC1, SMO, TCF7L1, and TGFB3) were associated with resistance to erlotinib. Moreover, 5 genes (BDNF, CARD6, FOSL1, HSPA9B, and MYC) involved in antiapoptotic pathways were unexpectedly found to be associated with sensitivity. Gene expressions were confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Conclusions
Based on an analysis of gene expressions in cell lines with sensitive, somewhat responsive, and resistant phenotypes, the authors propose candidate genes for GBM response to erlotinib. The 10 gene candidates for conferring GBM resistance to erlotinib may represent therapeutic targets for enhancing the efficacy of erlotinib against GBMs. Five additional genes warrant further investigation into their role as putative cotargets of erlotinib.
Remote distal outflow occlusion: a novel treatment option for complex dissecting aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Authors: Nussbaum Eric S. , Madison Michael T. , Goddard James K. , Lassig Jeffrey P. , Janjua Tariq M. , Nussbaum Leslie A. 
Published: March 2009

The authors report a novel management option for patients with complex dissecting aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA).
The authors reviewed the medical records and neuroimaging studies of 3 patients who underwent a novel surgical treatment for complicated dissecting PICA aneurysms. The mean follow-up period was 1.1 years, and no patient was lost to follow-up. Two patients were in poor condition following an acute, severe subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 1 presented with headaches and a remote history of bleeding. All patients underwent surgical occlusion of the PICA beyond the tonsillar loop, distal to the aneurysmal segment. Intraoperative and delayed follow-up angiography demonstrated progressive diminution in size of the aneurysmal dilation but persistent filling of the proximal PICA segments supplying the brainstem. Outcome was good in all cases.
This novel technique has been used successfully in 3 cases and, to the authors' knowledge, has not been reported previously.
Flow dynamics in lumboperitoneal shunts and their implications in vivo
Authors: Mukerji Nitin , Cahill Julian , Rodrigues Desiderio , Prakash Savithru , Strachan Roger 
Published: March 2009

Object
Lumboperitoneal shunting is the standard treatment for pseudotumour cerebri or idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Complications are common, particularly the problem of overdrainage leading to low pressure symptoms. The authors designed a simple experiment using catheters of different lengths that drained at different pressure heads and with different vertical drops to study the flow characteristics in these shunts and determine the optimal catheter placement and length that would reduce the occurrence of low pressure headaches.

Methods
The flow rates through catheters of 3 different lengths (60, 83, and 100 cm) with the same internal radius, at 3 different pressure heads (15, 25, and 35 cm H2O to simulate 3 different placements in the lumbar theca), and 3 different vertical drops (10, 20, and 30 cm to simulate the possible effect of siphoning) were measured and the results analyzed.

Results
Application of Poiseuille's law and Bernoulli's principle to the experimental design shows that the volume of flow is directly proportional to the sum of the pressure head and the vertical drop and inversely proportional to the length of the catheter. The flow rate through the standard catheter lengths over the course of 24 hours can be abnormally high. An attempt to predict the optimal catheter length was made.

Conclusions
Although the catheter position in the theca and abdomen cannot be altered significantly and the internal radius of the tube cannot be reduced further without increasing the risk of blockage, the length of the tube can be increased to combat overdrainage. The authors suggest that currently available catheters are too short.
T‐helper 17 cells expand in multiple sclerosis and are inhibited by interferon‐β
Authors: Durelli Luca , Conti Laura , Clerico Marinella , Boselli Daniela , Contessa Giulia , Ripellino Paolo , Ferrero Bruno , Eid Pierre , Novelli Francesco 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveT‐helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 lymphocytes are involved in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the model of multiple sclerosis (MS). We characterized the Th1/Th17 cell populations in peripheral blood (PB), their interferon (IFN) receptor expression sensitivity to IFN‐β in MS patients.MethodsIn 30 untreated patients with active MS (AMS) and 32 with inactive MS (IMS), and in 22 healthy subjects, we measured intracellular cytokine expression, interleukin‐17–producing myelin basic protein–stimulated PB lymphocytes, surface IFN type I receptor chain1 (IFN‐αR1) expression, IFN‐β‐dependent signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) phosphorylation, and apoptosis of anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody–stimulated PB lymphocytes.ResultsTh17 cell percentage increased around sevenfold in AMS compared with IMS or healthy subjects, but there was no change in Th1 cells. Th17 cells in AMS were myelin basic protein specific. The longitudinal follow‐up of 18 MS patients shifting between AMS and IMS showed that the percentage of Th17 but not Th1 cells always increased in AMS. IFN‐αR1 expression, IFN‐β–induced STAT1 activation, and apoptosis were significantly greater in Th17 than Th1 cells. IFN‐αR1 expression and IFN‐β–dependent STAT1 activation progressively increased in vitro with a highly significant positive correlation only in developing Th17 but not in Th0 or Th1 cells.InterpretationEvidence that an expansion of peripheral Th17 cells, a Th subset that can infiltrate brain parenchyma and damage cells, is associated with disease activity in MS. The greater IFN‐αR1 level expressed by Th17 compared with Th1 cells might make them a selective target for IFN‐β therapy. Ann Neurol 2009;65:499–509