bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Alkaloid from the Roots of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx.
Authors: Yu Hsi‐Jung , Liang Ting‐Ting 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA new diterpene alkaloid, 12‐epi‐15‐O‐acetyl‐17‐benzoyl‐16‐hydroxy‐16,17‐dihydronapelline (1), along with nine known diterpene alkaloids including yunaconitine (2), neoline (3), mesaconitine (4), beiwutine (5), chasmanine (6), songorine (7), 12‐epi‐napelline (8), foresticine (9), and 15α‐hydroxyneoline (10) were isolated from the roots of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. The structure of compound 1 was elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis.
New Functional Block Copolymers via RAFT Polymerization and Polymer‐Analogous Reaction
Authors: Strube Oliver I. , Nothdurft Lars , Abisheva Zaure , Schmidt‐Naake Gudrun 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe synthesis of block copolymers consisting of nonfunctional and reactive blocks is reported. The precursor polymers are ABA triblock copolymers, consisting of S/VBC or MMA/GMA and prepared via RAFT polymerization. The reactive blocks are converted into blocks with new functionalities that are hard to achieve by direct polymerization. The new polymers are either amphiphilic, with acidic or basic blocks on the outside and a nonfunctional core, or have functionalities that are useful for further reactions like thiol‐ene or alkyne‐azide click reactions. Reaction success and degree of functionalization are determined via FTIR, elemental analysis, and MALDI‐TOF MS. The stability of the RAFT functionalities during the modification reactions is analyzed.
Graphene Network Organisation in Conductive Polymer Composites
Authors: Syurik Yuliya V. , Ghislandi Marcos G. , Tkalya Evgeniy E. , Paterson Garry , McGrouther Damian , Ageev Oleg A. , Loos Joachim 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA latex technique is used to prepare graphene/polystyrene and graphene/poly(propylene) composites with varying GR loadings. Their electrical properties and the corresponding volume organisation of GR networks are studied. Percolation thresholds for conduction are found to be about 0.9 and 0.4 wt% for GR/PS and GR/PP with maximum obtained conductivities of 12 and 0.4 S m−1 for GR loadings of 2 wt%, respectively. Investigations using SEM and electrical conductivity measurements show that for the preparation conditions used GR forms an isotropic 3D network in the PS matrix, but GR forms a 2D network in the PP matrix. The different GR network organisations are possibly forced by the different melt flow behaviour of the matrix polymers during processing and the subsequent crystallisation of PP.
Note on Deduction Theorems in contraction‐free logics
Authors: Chvalovský Karel , Cintula Petr 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis paper provides a finer analysis of the well‐known form of the Local Deduction Theorem in contraction‐free logics (understood as Tarski‐style finitary structural consequence relations). An infinite hierarchy of its natural strengthenings is introduced and studied. The main results are the separation of its initial four members and the subsequent collapse of the hierarchy.
Median nerve ultrasound as a screening tool in carpal tunnel syndrome: Correlation of cross‐sectional area measures with electrodiagnostic abnormality
Authors: Mhoon Justin T. , Juel Vern C. , Hobson‐Webb Lisa D. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIntroduction: Sonographically measured median nerve cross‐sectional area (CSA) at the wrist is increased in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Ultrasound of the median nerve may be useful in screening for electrodiagnostic (EDx) abnormalities. Methods: EDx studies were performed on all participants. Sonographic evaluation of median nerve CSA at the wrist and in the forearm was performed by a physician blinded to the EDx results. Multivariate and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were used to assess the data. Results: Fifty control wrists and 192 symptomatic wrists were analyzed. Sensitivity of ultrasound in excluding EDx abnormality was 99% for CSA of 9 mm2 and 97% for a wrist–forearm ratio (WFR) of 1.4. There was no clinically significant correlation between ultrasound parameters and EDx severity. Conclusions: Median nerve ultrasound is a highly sensitive screening tool for EDx abnormality, but it cannot determine severity. This may lead to changes in the current standards for evaluating CTS. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Inflammation in muscular dystrophy and the beneficial effects of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs
Authors: Serra Filippo , Quarta Marco , Canato Marta , Toniolo Luana , De Arcangelis Valeria , Trotta Attilio , Spath Lucia , Monaco Lucia , Reggiani Carlo , Naro Fabio 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIntroduction: Glucocorticoids are the only drugs available for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), but it is unclear whether their efficacy is dependent on their anti‐inflammatory activity. Methods: To address this issue, mdx mice were treated daily with methylprednisolone and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs: aspirin, ibuprofen, parecoxib). Results: NSAID treatment was effective in ameliorating muscle morphology and reducing macrophage infiltration and necrosis. The percentage of regenerating myofibers was not modified by the treatments. The drugs were effective in reducing COX‐2 expression and inflammatory cytokines, but they did not affect utrophin levels. The effects of the treatments on contractile performance were analyzed. Isometric tension did not differ in treated and untreated muscle, but the resistance to fatigue was decreased by treatment with methylprednisolone and aspirin. Conclusions: NSAIDs have a beneficial effect on mdx muscle morphology, pointing to a crucial role of inflammation in the progression of DMD. Muscle Nerve, 2012
An algorithm for the safety of costal diaphragm electromyography derived from ultrasound
Authors: Amirjani Nasim , Hudson Anna L. , Butler Jane E. , Gandevia Simon C. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIntroduction: Costal diaphragm electromyography (EMG) remains unpopular due to the risk of pneumothorax. In this study we assessed the safety of the “trans‐intercostal” method of diaphragm EMG using B‐mode ultrasound. Methods: Twenty healthy subjects participated in this investigation. The diaphragm and the lung were visualized in the most distal intercostal space (dICS) with ultrasound. The risk of pneumothorax was assessed at the mid‐clavicular, anterior, and mid‐axillary levels, during normal and deep breathing, in supine and upright postures. Results: The dICS at the anterior axillary level was the safest landmark for diaphragm EMG during normal breathing, with the subject supine. The mid‐clavicular level is the least optimal location for EMG. The upright position and deep breaths increase the risk of pneumothorax. Conclusions: The safety of the trans‐intercostal method of diaphragm EMG depends on the anatomic level chosen to insert the needle, patient position, and breathing pattern. Hence, we have developed a safety algorithm for electromyographers. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Depressive symptomatology among Latina breast cancer survivors
Authors: Ashing‐Giwa Kimlin , Rosales Monica , Lai Lily , Weitzel Jeffrey 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectiveHealthcare professionals are providing care for a growing number of Latinas who are breast cancer survivors (BCS) and at greater risk for distress. This study reports on the prevalence of depressive symptomatology among a cohort of Latina BCS.MethodsThis study reports the outcomes of a population‐based sample of 232 Latina BCS recruited via case ascertainment from the California‐Cancer and hospital registries.ResultsFifty‐three percent had elevated depressive symptoms. In the regression model, education, physical functioning, social support, family stress, functional stress, social functioning, and Spanish language preference were significantly associated with depressive symptoms.ConclusionsAmong Latina BCS, the prevalence of depressed mood may be higher than European‐Americans and presents a formidable clinical challenge. These findings underscore the need for timely, appropriate assessment of distress and its contributing factors including patients' socio‐ecological contexts and family strain to inform effective patient‐centered and family‐centered psychosocial referrals and intervention strategies to reduce distress and the undue burden of cancer among Latinos. Latino survivors constitute an increasing proportion of patients in community medical practices. Thus, the requisite to perform follow‐up cancer care that addresses the needs of the whole person is rapidly emerging in prominence as a component of medical practice. Therefore, primary care providers and oncology and mental health specialists must work collaboratively via the sharing of electronic medical records, survivorship care plans, and consultations to implement the Institute of Medicine and National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommendations by attending to the psychological status of cancer patients to optimize patient outcomes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Removal of Boron from Silicon by Moist Hydrogen Gas
Authors: Nordstrand Erlend F. , Tangstad Merete 
Published: April 2012

AbstractNew and cheaper refining methods for production of metallurgical silicon are needed to meet the increasing demands for low-cost, high-quality silicon for the solar cell industry. One promising refining method for boron is moist hydrogen treatment. In this work, an evaporation unit has been used to produce wet hydrogen gas, which subsequently has been sparged on top of silicon melts. The effect of temperature and gas composition on boron removal has been studied. The main results show that boron is removed from liquid silicon and the removal rate is controlled by chemical reaction depending on$$ p_{{{\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}}} $$and$$ p_{{{\text{H}}_{ 2} }} $$. Water vapor treatment of molten silicon can alone remove boron. However, in combination with hydrogen gas, the removal rate is significantly increased. In addition, the rate of boron removal in silicon has been found to decease with increasing temperature.
A systematic approach for analysis, interpretation, and reporting of coronary CTA studies
Authors: Karlo Christoph A. , Leschka Sebastian , Stolzmann Paul , Glaser-Gallion Nicola , Wildermuth Simon , Alkadhi Hatem 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Over the past years, the number of coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) studies performed worldwide has been steadily increasing. Performing a coronary CTA study with appropriate protocols tailored to the individual patient and clinical question is mandatory to obtain an image quality that is diagnostic for the study purpose. This process can be considered the primary mainstay of each coronary CTA study. The secondary mainstay is represented by the correct analysis and interpretation of the acquired data, as well as reporting of the pertinent imaging findings to the referring physician. The latter process requires knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of various post-processing methods. In addition, a standardized approach can be helpful to avoid false-positive and false-negative findings regarding the presence or absence of coronary artery disease. By implementing various radiation dose reduction techniques, care needs to be taken to keep the radiation dose of coronary CTA as low as reasonably achievable while maintaining the diagnostic capacity of the examination. This review describes a practical approach to the analysis and interpretation of coronary CTA data, including the standardized reporting of the relevant imaging findings to the referring physicians.
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: tips and tricks for ultrasound diagnosis
Authors: Costa Dias Sílvia , Swinson Sophie , Torrão Helena , Gonçalves Lígia , Kurochka Svitlana , Vaz Carlos Pina , Mendes Vasco 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
We describe a systematic approach to the ultrasound (US) examination of the antropyloric region in children. US is the modality of choice for the diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS). The imaging features of the normal pylorus and the diagnostic findings in HPS are reviewed and illustrated in this pictorial essay. Common difficulties in performing the examination and tips to help overcome them will also be discussed.

Main Messages

• Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis is defined by thickening of the muscular layer and failure in relaxation of the pyloric canal.

• The main diagnostic criterion is a measurement of more than 3mm in thickness of the muscular layer.

• Abnormal elongation of the canal is characterised as greater than 12 mm in length.
Young women's adolescent experiences of oral sex: Relation of age of initiation to sexual motivation, sexual coercion, and psychological functioning
Authors: Fava Nicole M. , Bay‐Cheng Laina Y. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTResearch examining oral sex during adolescence tends to investigate only potential negative consequences without considering its place in sexual development or distinctions between cunnilingus and fellatio. Using retrospective reports from 418 undergraduate women, we examined the relations among young women's ages of initiation of both cunnilingus and fellatio and sexual motives, experiences of sexual coercion, and indicators of psychological functioning. Age at cunnilingus initiation was unrelated to sexual coercion or psychological functioning; however it was related to engaging in sex for personal stimulation and gratification (personal drive motive) and to feel agentic, assertive, and skillful (power motive). Age at fellatio initiation was related to feelings of inferiority compared to others and a devaluing of the self (interpersonal sensitivity). Findings challenge the unilateral assumption that all adolescent sexual activity is negative and indicate the need for future research distinguishing between cunnilingus and fellatio.
The sleep macroarchitecture of children at risk for depression recruited in sleep centers
Authors: Bat-Pitault F. , Da Fonseca D. , Cortese S. , Le Strat Y. , Kocher L. , Rey M. , Adrien J. , Deruelle C. , Franco P. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe primary aim of this study was to compare the sleep macroarchitecture of children and adolescents whose mothers have a history of depression with children and adolescents whose mothers do not.MethodPolysomnography (PSG) and Holter electroencephalogram (EEG) were used to compare the sleep architecture of 35 children whose mothers had at least one previous depressive episode (19 boys, aged 4–18 years, “high-risk” group) and 25 controls (13 males, aged 4–18 years, “low-risk” group) whose mothers had never had a depressive episode. The total sleep time, wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO), sleep latency, sleep efficiency, number of awakenings per hour of sleep, percentages of time spent in each sleep stage, rapid eye movement (REM) latency and the depressive symptoms of participants were measured.ResultsIn children (4–12 years old), the high-risk group exhibited significantly more depressive symptoms than controls (P = 0.02). However, PSG parameters were not significantly different between high-risk children and controls. In adolescents (13–18 years old), the high-risk subjects presented with significantly more depressive symptoms (P = 0.003), a significant increase in WASO (P = 0.019) and a significant decrease in sleep efficiency compared to controls (P = 0.009).ConclusionThis study shows that children and adolescents born from mothers with a history of at least one depressive episode had significantly more depressive symptoms than controls. However, only high-risk adolescents presented with concurrent alterations of sleep macroarchitecture.
Adrenal myelolipoma: A 10‐year single‐center experience and literature review
Authors: Hsu Sz‐Wen , Shu Kenneth , Lee Wei‐Ching , Cheng Yuan‐Tso , Chiang Po‐Hui 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAdrenal myelolipoma is a rare, nonfunctioning, and benign tumor. We report our experience of surgically treated patients from a single institute and review the literature. Six patients (three men and three women) were diagnosed and received surgical intervention. A retrospective analysis was done by reviewing medical records. In our series, three patients were diagnosed incidentally and the others were discovered due to symptoms. All received surgery, including laparoscopic adrenalectomy. There was no recurrence. In the literature review, right adrenal gland was dominant and the prevalent age was from the fourth to sixth decades. The most common symptoms were abdominal and flank pain. Adrenal myelolipoma is uncommon and easily confused with malignancy when of large size (≥6 cm). Surgery may be reserved for symptomatic cases and those lesions that cannot reliably be diagnosed. Large tumors (≥6 cm) can be excised surgically or laparoscopically.
Analytical linear theory for the shock and re-shock of isotropic density inhomogeneities
Authors: Huete C. , Wouchuk J. G. , Canaud B. , Velikovich A. L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe present an analytical model that describes the linear interaction of two successive shocks launched into a non-uniform density field. The re-shock problem is important in different fields, inertial confinement fusion among them, where several shocks are needed to compress the non-uniform target. At first, we present a linear theory model that studies the interaction of two successive shocks with a single-mode density perturbation field ahead of the first shock. The second shock is launched after the sonic waves emitted by the first shock wave have vanished. Therefore, in the case considered in this work, the second shock only interacts with the entropic and vortical perturbations left by the first shock front. The velocity, vorticity and density fields are later obtained in the space behind the second shock. With the results of the single-mode theory, the interaction with a full spectrum of random-isotropic density perturbations is considered by decomposing it into Fourier modes. The model describes in detail how the second shock wave modifies the turbulent field generated by the first shock wave. Averages of the downstream quantities (kinetic energy, vorticity, acoustic flux and density) are easily obtained either for two-dimensional or three-dimensional upstream isotropic spectra. The asymptotic limits of very strong shocks are discussed. The study shown here is an extension of previous works, where the interaction of a planar shock wave with random isotropic vorticity/entropy/acoustic spectra were studied independently. It is also a preliminary step towards the understanding of the re-shock of a fully turbulent flow, where all three of the modes, vortical, entropic and acoustic, might be present.
The status of a rare phylogeographic lineage of the Vulnerable European souslikSpermophilus citellus,endemic to central Macedonia
Authors: Kryštufek Boris , Glasnović Peter , Petkovski Svetozar 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe conversion of grasslands for agriculture has triggered a serious decline of the European ground squirrel or souslikSpermophilus citellus, categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 1996. The Jakupica phylogeographic lineage of central Macedonia is the smallest of the three major evolutionary lines of the European souslik. This lineage is an important reservoir of within-species diversity and should be regarded as an independent unit for conservation management purposes. It is endemic to Mount Jakupica, where it lives in mountain pastures at 1,500–2,250 m altitude. The total area occupied by sousliks (884 ha) is fragmented and 94% of individuals occur in four colonies. Densities (0.8–5.5 adults ha−1) are lower than those reported elsewhere for the species, with the total population probably <2,000 adults. One large colony, reportedly of c. 1,000 sousliks, was decimated in 2007 by a catastrophic fire and had still not recovered by 2010. A steady decline in livestock grazing, together with the predicted advance of the tree line as a consequence of climate change, will probably reduce the optimal habitat for the souslik and negatively affect population fitness. Monitoring needs to be implemented, at least for the largest colonies, to provide early warning of any declines.
Generalized anxiety and C-reactive protein levels: a prospective, longitudinal analysis
Authors: Copeland W. E. , Shanahan L. , Worthman C. , Angold A. , Costello E. J. 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD) is highly co-morbid with depression. Depression is associated with elevated levels of the inflammation marker C-reactive protein (CRP), cross-sectionally and over time. To date, no studies have looked at the association between CRP and GAD.MethodA total of nine waves of data from the prospective population-based Great Smoky Mountains Study (n=1420) were used, covering children in the community aged 9–16, 19 and 21 years old. Structured interviews were used at each assessment to assess GAD symptoms, diagnosis and cumulative episodes. Blood spots were collected and assayed for high-sensitivity CRP levels.ResultsGAD was associated with increased levels of CRP in bivariate cross-sectional analyses. These bivariate associations, however, were attenuated after accounting for demographic, substance-use and health-related covariates. In longitudinal models, there was little evidence that CRP predicted later GAD. Associations from GAD to later CRP were attenuated in models adjusted for health-related coavariates and there was evidence that the GAD–CRP association was mediated by body mass index (BMI) and medication use.ConclusionsSimilar to depression, GAD was associated with elevated levels of CRP, but the effect of GAD on CRP levels was explained by the effect of GAD on health-related behaviors such as BMI and medication use. This study suggests differences in the association between inflammation and depression and GAD.
Cooperative force control of a hybrid Cartesian parallel manipulator for bone slicing
Authors: Yen Ping-Lang , Hung Shuo-Suei 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYOver the past two decades, robots have been increasingly used in biomedical applications such as bone cutting. Traditional automated manufacturing processes are often unable to meet the safety and accuracy requirements for such applications, particularly for cutting inhomogeneous constitutions of bone. In this case, human–robot cooperation may prove to be an effective approach. In this paper, we demonstrate that a hybrid parallel manipulator under cooperative force control can achieve accurate bone cutting with sufficient safety guaranteed. First, a hybrid parallel manipulator was constructed to provide the required rigidity for bone cutting. Then a two-loop controller was designed to implement the human–robot cooperation in bone cutting. The position control loop of adaptive fuzzy control is responsible for achieving high-tracking performance by overcoming varying friction forces from the mechanism. The force control loop of the cooperative force control adjusts the feed rate of the cutter according to the bone slicing conditions and operator's supervisory commands. The experimental results show that the proposed controller can effectively achieve the required accuracy in bone cutting with required safety.