bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH: Population expansion in an invasive grass, Microstegium vimineum: a test of the channelled diffusion model
Authors: Miller Nathaniel P. , Matlack Glenn R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAim  The greatest biodiversity impact of non‐native plant species is caused by rapid expansion of colonist populations. Unfortunately, invasion has rarely been documented in real time at a population scale, and demographic mechanisms of invasion remain unclear. Our goal is to describe real‐time expansion of populations, using channelled diffusion as a null model.Location  The study examined three populations of the invasive annual grass Microstegium vimineum in mature second‐growth forests of south‐eastern Ohio and nearby West Virginia, USA.Methods  Distributions were recorded in belt transects perpendicular to population edges over a period of 3 years. A second group of belt transects documented spread along five types of potential movement corridor. Observed changes in distribution were compared with predictions from a diffusion model. A seed‐sowing experiment tested seed availability, microsite quality and proximity to potential movement corridors as factors controlling population spread.Results  Population boundaries showed little change over the study period. Colonization was limited by propagule availability over distances as little as 0.25 m, and to a lesser extent by litter cover. Populations did not advance along several potential movement corridors including unpaved roads, off‐road vehicle trails and footpaths. Advance was observed along deer trails and stream courses but did not conform to the wave‐form distribution predicted by diffusion theory. During the study, seeds were moved out of experimental plots by sheet flow and minor flooding events along small streams.Main conclusion  At a population level, invasion is driven by processes that are episodic in time and non‐random in space – probably a common condition in non‐native plant species. Spatially realistic models are likely to be more useful than diffusive models in managing invasions at these scales.
Comparison of cord blood thawing methods on cell recovery, potency, and infusion
Authors: Regan Donna M. , Wofford Jonathan D. , Wall Donna A. 
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: Umbilical cord blood (UCB) products have traditionally been thawed using a washing method intended to stabilize the cells, reduce dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) toxicity, and remove potentially ABO‐incompatible red blood cell (RBC) stroma and plasma. Concerns with this approach include loss of total nucleated cells (TNCs), bag breakage during centrifugation, and poor reproducibility by transplant centers unfamiliar with this technique. We rationalized that a simple 1:1 dilution without centrifugation would stabilize the product and reduce the DMSO concentration by 50%, allowing for a controlled thaw in the laboratory without the risks of cell loss.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We compared the traditional wash method with albumin reconstitution (dilution) and thaw only (no dilution or wash), assessing measurements of viability, TNC, CD34, and colony‐forming cell (CFC) recovery post‐thaw. Ten cryopreserved UCB products were thawed, split equally into three parts, and treated using each method. Product stability was measured at multiple time intervals up to 48 hours post‐thaw.RESULTS: Throughout the entire evaluation, traditional wash and dilution methods performed equally well with no significant differences observed in 7‐aminoactinomycin viability, TNC, CD34, or CFC recovery. For 163 patients in which diluted products were administered, there were no serious adverse effects at infusion and similar time to engraftment was observed when compared to historical experiences with traditional wash and direct infusion.CONCLUSION: We conclude that removing DMSO, RBC stroma, and plasma post‐thaw using a wash method is not necessary when UCB products are RBC and plasma reduced before cryopreservation.
Biomechanical analysis of anterior cruciate ligament injury mechanisms: three‐dimensional motion reconstruction from video sequences
Authors: Krosshaug T. , Slauterbeck J. R. , Engebretsen L. , Bahr R. 
Published: July 2010

Background: Methods for analyzing the mechanisms of injuries in sports from video sequences of injury situations are so far limited to a simple visual inspection, which has shown poor accuracy.Purpose: To investigate whether a new model‐based image‐matching technique could successfully be applied to estimate kinematic characteristics of three typical anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury situations.Methods: A four‐camera basketballvideo, a three‐camera European team handball video and a single‐camera downhill skiing video were imported into the program Poser® 4, where a skeleton model and a model of the surroundings were matched to the background image frame by frame. When the match was considered satisfactory, joint angles as well as velocity and acceleration of the center of mass were calculated using Matlab®.Results: In the basketball and handball matchings, the skeleton and surrounding models were successfully matched to the background through all frames in all camera angles. Detailed time courses for joint kinematics and ground reaction force were obtained, while less information could be acquired from the single‐view skiing accident.Conclusion: The model‐based image matching technique can be used to extract kinematic characteristics from videotapes of actual ACL injuries, and may provide valuable information on the mechanisms for ACL injuries in sports.
Purity and Prejudice: Deluding Ourselves About Biodiversity Conservation
Authors: Sheil Douglas , Meijaard Erik 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTTropical conservationists can benefit from understanding human thought processes. We are often less rational than we might believe. Our judgmental biases may sometimes encourage us to overlook or act against major conservation opportunities. Better appreciation of the tricks of the human mind might make us more open‐minded, humble, and ready to appreciate different viewpoints. We propose one inherent bias that we believe predisposes conservationists to neglect the value of modified habitats for biodiversity conservation. We call it the ‘tainted‐nature delusion’. Recognizing such biases can increase our effectiveness in recognizing and achieving viable conservation outcomes.
WHITHER GOEST U.S. AGRICULTURAL POLICY: AN EXERCISE IN NAIVE PROPHESY1
Authors: McCalla Alex F. 
Published: July 2010

The forces leading to change in U.S. agricultural policy are discussed in this paper, and the likely outcome of the debate on U.S. farm policy is documented. New programs are a strong possibility for a variety of commodities including wheat, feed grains, and soybeans. These programs will likely lead to lower prices, increased production and more aggressive competition in international markets. The forces in the evolution of U.S. farm policy are also drawn out, allowing readers a view of the process of policy‐making, and providing background and documentation for readers to develop independent and perhaps alternative views of the future direction of U.S. farm policy.ON EN VA LA POLITIQUE AGRICOLE AMERICAINE: UN EXERCISE DE CLAIR VOYANCE ‐ Les forces conduisant au changement de la politique agricole des Etats‐Unis sont discutées dans la présente étude, et les résultats probables des débats sur la politique agricole américaine sont documentés. II est fort possible que de nouveaux programmes soient elaborés àľégard ďune variété de denrée, y. compris le blé, les grains de provende et le soya. Ces programmes amèneront vraisemblablement desprix moins élevés, une production accrue et une concurrence plus agressive sur les marchés internationaux. Les forces dans ľévolution de la politique agricole américaine sont aussi illustrées, cequi permet aux lecteurs de voir comment on établit les programmes, et foumit aux lecteurs une base et une documentation qui lew permettront de développer des opinions indépendantes et peut‐être alternatives sur la direction future de la politique agricultural américaine.
A CROSS‐SECTION ANALYSIS OF FARM HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES*
Authors: MacMillan James A. , Loyns R.M.A. 
Published: July 2010

Many policy problems urgently require research on rural household consumption patterns. Research implications of consumption function theory are outlined and results of a cross‐section analysis of eleven expenditure categories are reported.Consumption function parameters are estimated by least squares of multiple regression of farm account data. The analysis illustrates that changes in annuitized value of assets are associated with changes in budget allocations supporting the concept of a “lifetime” income effect on consumer behaviour. Second, the farm households sampled have a low marginal as well as average propensity to consume. Third, structure explanatory variables such as age distribution and size vary in their ability to explain expenditure patterns depending upon types of commodity. Further work will help to assess the impact of additional forces upon the standard of living of farm people.UNEANAL YSE RECOUPEE DE LA CONSOMMATION DOMESTIQUE R URALE Plusieurs problèmes de politique demandent des recherches urgentes sur les tendances de la consommation domestique rurale. Les implications de la recherche sur la théorie de la fonction de la consommation sont exposées et les résultats ďune analyse recoupee des onze catégories de dépenses sont présentés.Les paramétres de la fonction de la consommation sont évalués par les moindres carrés de la régression multiple des données du compte agricole. ľanalyse démontre que les changements dans la valeur viagère des biens sont associés aux change‐ments dans les allocations budgétaires àľappui du concept de ľeffet ďun revenu “à vie” sur la façon ďagir du consommateur. Deuxièmement, les foyers agricoles échantillonnés ont une tendance à la consommation très marginale aussi bien que moyenne. Troisièmement, les variables explicatifs de la structure, tels que la répartition par âge et la taille, valient dans leur abilitéďexpliquer les tendances des dépenses selon le genre de denrées. Des travaux additionnels aideront àévahier ľeffet de forces supplémentaires sur le niveau de vie des agriculteurs.
Obstacles Expected and Steps Required in Implementation of a Sound Policy for Canadian Agriculture1
Authors: Dawson John A. 
Published: July 2010

This paper discusses the requirements for developing improved policies for agriculture. Focussing primarily on public policy, the informational needs of policy‐makers and researchers are outlined. The conclusions are that more attention must be directed to goals, to policy as a process, and to communications within the overall agricultural industry. The problems of agricultural policy development are in turn shown to be related to fundamental characteristics of the society in which we live. OBSTACLES PRÉVUS ET ÉTAPES À SUIVRE DANS LA MISE EN OEUVRE D'UNE SAINE POLITIQUE POUR VAGR1CULTURE CANA‐DIENNE–Le present mémoire traite des besoins délaboration de politiques améliorées pour l'agriculture. Visant surtout l'ordre public, il souligne les besoins de renseignements des createurs de programmes et des chércheurs. Les conclusions en sont que plus d'attention doit être portée awe objectifs, à la politique comme un processus, et aux communications au sein de l'ensem‐ble de l'industrie agricole. II démontre aussi que les problèmes délaboration d'une politique agricole sont connexes aux caractéristiques fondamentales de lensemble de la société où nous vivons.
The Size and Structure of the Livestock Industry in Canada, 1980
Authors: Marshall R. G. 
Published: July 2010

Major changes are occurring in the Canadian livestock industry. These changes will lead to increasing emphasis on development of the Canadian feeder cattle industry, but with less rapid growth of the fed cattle sector. Continued access to low‐cost cereals would benefit the cattle feeding industry, but continued grain marketing problems are seen as leading to shifts from grain to forage production.Domestic pork consumption prospects are seen as being more attractive than those indicated by recent studies. Nevertheless, major changes seem required in order to make Canadian pork products vigorously competitive on U.S. markets. DIMENSION ET STRUCTURE DE L'INDUSTRIE DU BÉTAIL AU CANADA, 1980–L'Industrie canadienne du bétail est à l'heure actuelle le théâtre d'importants changements. On y observe d'abord un développement rapide de lélevage destinéà l'embouche du bétail et dans une moindre mesure de l'élevage industriel. Le fait de pouvoir disposer de céréales à bas prix pourrait avantager l'Industrie de l'alimentation animale mais les problèmes continuels de commercialisation conduisant les producteurs à préférer la culture du four rage à celle des céréales.Les perspectives de consommation domestique de pore s'avèrent plus intéressantes que celles indiquées par de récentes études. Néanmoins, de plus grands changements semblent nécessaires pour rendre les produits du pore canadien plus compétitifs sur les marchés américains.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
Authors: Murri D. G. , Hawkins M. H. 
Published: July 2010

Organizational Structure and Collective Bargaining1Farm organizations have failed to adapt to changes in agriculture. Agriculture has become highly specialized. To facilitate the agricultural specialist, farm organizations must modify their structure.The labor‐management model could be applied to agricultural organizations. This model is based upon specialist organizations which are, in turn, federated into larger units. The agricultural organizations based upon this concept would have two structures, a commodity organization concerned with marketing policy for the specialist, and a federated organization concerned with general farm policy. The optimum structures outlined and the considerations in developing organizational structure, have implications also far beyond agricultural and farmer groups. LA STRUCTURE DES ORGANISATIONS ET LES NÉGOCIATIONS COLLECTIVES–Les organisations agricoles ne se sont pas adaptées aux changements dans l'agriculture. L'agriculture est devenue hautement spécialisée. Pour aider le spécialiste agricole, les organisations doivent modifier leur structure.Le modéle employeur‐employé pourrait être appliqué aux organisations agri‐coles. Ce modèle est fondé sur des organisations spécialisées qui, à leur our, sont fédérées en unités plus considérables. Les organisations agricoles fondées sur ce concept auraient une double structure, une organisation commerciale qui s'occuperait de la politique de mise en marché pour le spécialiste, et une organisation fédérée qui s'intéresserait à la politique agricole en général. Les structures optimums énoncées, et les considérations relatives à lélaboration d'une structure avantageuse pour les organisations, ont des implications qui dépassent de beaucoup les groupes de fermiers et d'agriculteurs.
PREFERENCE PATTERNS IN THE WORLD COARSE GRAIN TRADE
Authors: Schmidt S. G. , Vandenborre R. J. 
Published: July 2010

This article assesses preference patterns in the world's coarse grains market in order to separate those areas in which there exist potentials for changing market shares from the areas in which bilateral or related arrangements are well established. The model offers a basis for evaluating Canadian trade efforts, and for suggesting future trade possibilities. Applied to feedgrains, the conclusions suggest Canadian feedgrain sales have in general been below expected levels, with the only areas of strength being irregular sales to China and Japan plus preferential treatment in the British market.LES TENDANCES DU MARCHÉ MONDIAL DES GRAINS DE PRO‐VENDE – Cet article met en évidence les principales tendances du marché mondial des grains de provende en distinguant les marchés pour lesquel il existe de fortes portentialités de ceux qui sont déjà figés par des accords bilatéraux et des arrangements divers. Le modèle, en outre, offre une base ďanalyse permettant de mesurer ľeffort commercial canadien el suggère quelques possibilités concernant ľavenir. Appliqué au commerce des grains, les conclusions soulignent que les ventes ont été en règie générale au‐dessous des prévisions, exception faite des ventes irrégulières réalisées en Chine et au Japon et de celles dues au traitement préférentiel sur le marché britannique.
CONCEPTUAL AND EMPIRICAL ISSUES IN ESTIMATING TRANSFER CHARGES*
Authors: Bawden D. Lee , Haidacher Richard C. 
Published: July 2010

Despite growing interest in interregional analysis, little effort to date has been devoted to estimation and selection of transfer charges for use in interregional studies when alternative modes of transport are involved. The usual procedure is to select the one mode of transport for each route that corresponds to the lowest quoted transfer charge. Under certain conditions this method is shown to have produced biased results. In such cases, a combined‐cost procedure is proposed in which alternative transfer charges (corresponding to alternative modes of transport) are combined to form a weighted average transfer charge for each route, with the weights based on the average use made of each mode for actual shipments. The suggested procedure, which is outlined in detail, recognizes the existence of other service and cost factors in transportation in addition to quoted rates.QUESTIONS CONCEPTUELLES ET EMPIRIQUES CONCERNANT LE CALCUL DES FRAIS DE TRANSBORDEMENT–En dépit de ľintérêt croissant dans ľanalyse interrégionale, peu ďefforts ont été consacrés jusqu'ici au calcul et au choix des frais de transbordement à employer dans les études interrégional lorsque des modes de transport différents sont concernés. La procédure habituelle est de choisir le mode de transport pour chaque route qui correspond au frais de transbordement fixés les plus bas. Sous certaines condition, cette méthode se trouve à produire des résultats inexacts. Dans de tels cas, une procédure de coûts ďensemble est proposée dans laquelle les frais différents de transbordement (correspondant aux modes différents de transport) sont réunis pour former une moyenne pondérée des frais de transbordement pour chaque route, les coefficients de pondération étant basés sur ľusage moyen que ľon fait de chaque mode pour les expéditions réelles. La procédure suggérée, qui est élaborée en détail, reconnaît ľexistence ďautres facteurs de service et coût dans le transport en plus des taux fixés.
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF METROPOLITAN MARKET CONDUCT IN FOOD RETAILING
Authors: Devine D. G. , Hawkins M. A. 
Published: July 2010

Market conduct in food retailing has a major effect on social welfare and, therefore, warrants empirical examination. An urban center – Edmonton – was studied to determine the nature of price behavior as a signal of market information and as a tool of competitive price strategy. Market performance evaluation reveals numerous deficiencies. Market imperfections such as price discrimination and market segmentation, price inefficiency, and deceptive advertising, are readily apparent. The analytic results suggest that socioeconomic improvements and market reforms are necessary in the areas of competition policy, advertising regulations, consumer education programs, and opportunity development.UNE ÉTUDE EMPIRIQUE DU MARCHÉ MÉTROPOLITAN AU NIVEAU DE V ALIMENT AT ION DU DÉTAIL –La maîtrise du marché dans le commerce alimentaire de détail a un effet majeur sur le bien‐être social et par conséquent, justifie cette analyse empirique. Un centre urbain, Edmonton, a étéétudié afin de déterminer la nature du comportement des prix en tant qu'indice d'information du marché et outil d'une stratégie concurrentielle des prix. L'analyse des structures du marché révèle de nombreuses déficiences. Des défauts tels que: discrimination des prix et segmentation des marchés, prix inefficaces et publicité inadéquate sont facilement apparents. Les résultats suggèrent que des améliorations socio‐économiques et des réformes de marché sont nécessaires dans le domaine de la concurrence, de la publicité, dans les programmes d'éducation du consommateur et dans les occasions de développement.
THE DEMAND FOR MAJOR FRUITS AND VEGETABLES IN CANADA
Authors: Kulshreshtha S. N. 
Published: July 2010

Little effort to date has been focussed an the analysis of Canadian demand for major fruits. Utilizing unpublished data, the paper begins to fill this major gap, studying the demand for apples, bananas, cherries, peaches, pears, citrus fruits, strawberries, grapes and tomatoes. Projected levels of domestic demand for grapes, apples and peaches are projected to be up by 30–60 percent in 1980 over the 1964‐65 base period. With prospects existing also for import substitutions, the future for Canadian producers of these commodities appears even more attractive.LA DEMANDE CANAD1ENNE DES PR1NCIPAUX FRUITS ET LEGUMES – Peu d'efforts ont été entrepris pour analyser la demande canadienne des principaux fruits. Utilisant des données non publiées, cet article comble cette lacune en étudiant la demande pour les pommes, les bananes, les cerises, les pêches, les poires, les fruits exotiques, les jraises, les raisins et les tomates. Des projections concernant la consommation nationale pour les raisins, les pommes et les pêches indiquent une augmentation de 30 à 60% en 1980 par rapport à la période 1964‐65. En même temps que des perspectives intéressantes pour des produits de substitution, I'avenir pour les producteurs canadiens de ces produits apparaît plus attrayant.
SIMULATED MARKETS, FARM STRUCTURE, AND AGRICULTURAL POLICIES*
Authors: Y.Lin Steven A. , Headv Earl O. 
Published: July 2010

In this investigation estimated relationships of resource markets for United States agriculture are used in a simulation model to study resource demand and farm income under three conditions: (a) those actually prevailing, including the historic mix of agricultural policies, (b) with technical change in agriculture only half the rate realized, and (c) with a free market. The results indicate that compared with “actual” conditions the environment of slow technical change would have modest effects in slowing the demand for farm machinery and the migration of labor from agriculture. It also would result in greater net farm income in the 1960's. A free market would be accompanied by increased investment in farm machinery and a greater exodus of family and hired labor from agriculture. It also would result in a smaller farm building investment and a considerable reduction of farm income. Since economic conditions are so similar in both countries, the implications of these findings are related to Canadian agriculture on the assumption the same model would show the same outcomes for Canada. Dans cette étude, des rapports estimés des marchés des ressources pour ľagriculture des Etats‐Uns sont employés dans un modéle de simulation afin ďétudier la demande des ressources et le revenu agricol net sous trois conditions: (a) celle qui régne réellement, incluant le mélange historique de politiques agricoles; (b) celle qui ne montre le changement technique de ľagriculture qti à la moitié du train realise; et (c) celle qui profite ďun marché libre. Les résultats indiquent que ľenrironnement du changement technique modéré, quand il est compareé avec les conditions réelles, produirait des effets modestes en diminuant la demande pour des machines agricoles et en ralentissant ľexode de la main‐ďoeuvre de ľagriculture. En outre, cet environment aurait pour résultat un revenu agricole net plus fort dans les années de 1060 à 1970. Vne marché libre serait accompangne de placements augmentés dans les machines agricoles et ďun plus grand exode de la main ďoeuvre familiale et salariée de ľagriculture. Aussi, ceci aboutirait à un investissement moindre dans la construction rurale et à une réduction considérable du revenu agricole. Puisque les conditions économiques des deux pays sont si ressemblantes, les implications de ces conclusions sont rattachées àľagriculture cana‐dienne en supposant que le même modéle montrerait les mêmes résultats pour le Canada.