bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Land and Credit: A Study of the Political Economy of Banking in the United States in the Early 20th Century
Authors: RAJAN RAGHURAM G. , RAMCHARAN RODNEY 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTWe find that, in the early 20th century, counties in the United States where the agricultural elite had disproportionately large land holdings had significantly fewer banks per capita, even correcting for state‐level effects. Moreover, credit appears to have been costlier, and access to it more limited, in these counties. The evidence suggests that elites may restrict financial development in order to limit access to finance, and they may be able to do so even in countries with well‐developed political institutions.
Tails, Fears, and Risk Premia
Authors: BOLLERSLEV TIM , TODOROV VIKTOR 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTWe show that the compensation for rare events accounts for a large fraction of the average equity and variance risk premia. Exploiting the special structure of the jump tails and the pricing thereof, we identify and estimate a new Investor Fears index. The index reveals large time‐varying compensation for fears of disasters. Our empirical investigations involve new extreme value theory approximations and high‐frequency intraday data for estimating the expected jump tails under the statistical probability measure, and short maturity out‐of‐the‐money options and new model‐free implied variation measures for estimating the corresponding risk‐neutral expectations.
Regulatory Uncertainty and Market Liquidity: The 2008 Short Sale Ban's Impact on Equity Option Markets
Authors: BATTALIO ROBERT , SCHULTZ PAUL 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTWe examine how the September 2008 short sale restrictions and the accompanying confusion and regulatory uncertainty impacted equity option markets. We find that the short sale ban is associated with dramatically increased bid‐ask spreads for options on banned stocks. In addition, synthetic share prices for banned stocks become significantly lower than actual share prices during the ban. We find similar results for synthetic share prices of hard‐to‐borrow stocks, suggesting that the dislocation in actual and synthetic share prices is attributable to the increased hedging costs for options on banned stocks during the short sale ban.
Marriage Rights andLGBTQYouth: The Present and Future Impact of Sexuality Policy Changes
Authors: Marzullo Michelle A. , Herdt Gilbert 
Published: November 2011

AbstractStudying changing attitudes toward marriage rights in the United States, we consider how sexual and gender socialization and changes in values and beliefs regarding homosexuality and marriage influence lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and questioning (LGBTQ) youth. We begin by presenting the cultural environment of policies, court decisions, and political maneuvers in response to the question of “same‐sex” marriage. In this context, we examine fluctuations of public opinion polling from 1989 to 2009. These issues background our main focus, which is to comment on the emerging, positive research on the resiliency, strength, and future aspirations ofLGBTQyouth. Such research was begun in the late‐1980s with a significant community‐based, ethnographic study onLGBTQyouth inChicago. Although similar studies are being done now, more ethnographic research is necessary to build a catalog of data focused on positive traits in response to a deficiency model used in most psychological research onLGBTQyouth. We end by suggesting ways that psychological anthropologists might fruitfully engage with policy studies and advocates through such research.
Pre‐, peri‐ and neonatal risk factors for autism
Authors: GUINCHAT VINCENT , THORSEN POUL , LAURENT CLAUDINE , CANS CHRISTINE , BODEAU NICOLAS , COHEN DAVID 
Published: November 2011

Abstract Objective. To identify pre‐, peri‐ and neonatal risk factors for pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). Methods. We searched the Medline database through March 2011 for relevant case–control and population‐based studies on pre‐, peri‐ and neonatal hazards related to PDD, including autism. We identified 85 studies for this review. Data were extracted systematically and organized according to risk factors related to family history, pregnancy, gestational age, delivery, birth milestones and the neonate's condition at birth. Results. During the prenatal period, risk factors for PDD were advanced maternal or paternal ages, being firstborn vs. third or later, maternal prenatal medication use and mother's status as foreign born. During the perinatal and neonatal periods, the risk factors for PDD were preterm birth, breech presentation, planned cesarean section, low Apgar scores, hyperbilirubinemia, birth defect and a birthweight small for gestational age. The influence of maternal pre‐eclampsia, diabetes, vomiting, infections and stress during pregnancy requires further study in order to determine risk for PDD. Discussion. Despite evidence for the association of some pre‐, peri‐ and neonatal risk factors associated with PDD, it remains unclear whether these risks are causal or play a secondary role in shaping clinical expression in individuals with genetic vulnerability. A plausible hypothsesis is that improvements in obstetric and neonatal management have led to an increased rate of survivors with pre‐existing brain damage. Given the variety of risk factors, we propose that future studies should investigate combinations of multiple factors, rather than focusing on a single factor.
Biomechanical evaluation of a microstructured zirconia implant by a removal torque comparison with a standard Ti‐SLA implant
Authors: Bormann Kai‐Hendrik , Gellrich Nils‐Claudius , Kniha Heinz , Dard Michel , Wieland Marco , Gahlert Michael 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical bone tissue response to novel microstructured zirconia implants in comparison to sandblasted and acid‐etched (SLA) titanium implants through the analysis of removal torque (RTQ) measurements.Materials and methodsTi‐SLA implants with a sandblasted, large‐grit and acid‐etched surface were compared with zirconia implants with an acid‐etched surface. All implants had the same shape, a diameter of 4.1 mm and a length of 10 mm. A total of 136 implants were placed in the maxillae of 17 miniature pigs. Six animals were sacrificed after both 4 and 8 weeks and five animals were sacrificed after 12 weeks, thus providing a total of 102 implants for RTQ testing (34 implants were reserved for future histological analysis). The RTQ analysis was successfully performed, using a mixed model regression with P‐values calculated using the nonparametric Brunner‐Langer method, on 100 of the 102 implants, two were excluded from the analysis.ResultsThe adjusted mean RTQ values for Ti‐SLA implants were 131 Ncm (95%CI: 107–155) at 4 weeks, 128 Ncm (108–148) Ncm at 8 weeks, and 180 Ncm (153–207 Ncm) at 12 weeks of healing, whereas RTQ values for the zirconia implants were 110 Ncm (86–134), 97 Ncm (76–118) and 147 Ncm (121–174) at the corresponding time intervals. A comparison of the implant materials resulted in P‐values of P = 0.114 at 4 weeks, P = 0.034 at 8 weeks and P = 0.105 at 12 weeks (significance set at P < 0.05).ConclusionsWithin the limits of the present study, it could be confirmed that the biomechanical bone‐tissue response of the investigated zirconia implants is non‐inferior to that of the well‐documented, roughened titanium surface, at each time point, within the set tolerance. There were no statistically significant differences between the two materials after a healing period of 4 and 12 weeks. The RTQ values of both implant types increased significantly from the 8‐week to the 12‐week time point.
Oral sampling and human papillomavirus genotyping in HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Steinau Martin , Reddy Deepa , Sumbry Anitra , Reznik David , Gunthel Clifford J. , del Rio Carlos , Lennox Jeffrey L. , Unger Elizabeth R. , Nguyen Minh Ly T. 
Published: November 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 288–291Background:  Oral human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with several health complications especially in combination with HIV infections. Screening may be useful, but methodologies and results have varied widely in previous studies. We conducted a pilot study in an HIV‐positive population to evaluate HPV detection in four different oral sample types.Methods:  Upon enrollment, an oral‐rinse (OR) sample was collected in 10 ml saline. Additional samples of the buccal mucosa, tonsils, and oral lesion if present were collected with cytology brushes. DNA was extracted using LC‐MagNAPure, and the Linear Array HPV genotyping Assay (Roche) was used for HPV genotyping.Results:  In samples from 100 HIV‐positive participants, HPV was detected in 39 (%) of the oral rinses, 13 (%) mucosal and 11 (12.9%) tonsil brushings. Of seven lesion brushings collected, four were HPV positive. All participants with HPV detected in mucosal, tonsil, or lesion brushings were also positive in the OR sample. Among the rinse samples, 27 different genotypes were detected with HPV84 (n = 6), HPV55 (n = 5), and HPV83 (n = 5) being the most common. Multiple infections were detected in 17 samples (range 2–9, mean 1.9 types). As potential cofactors, only receptive oral sex was significantly associated with HPV (P = 0.018, odds ratio 2.9, 95% CI 1.2–6.9).Conclusion:  Sampling is a significant factor for oral prevalence studies. Oral rinse provides the best representation for HPV in the oral cavity. To evaluate associated cofactors other than receptive oral sex, larger studies with case–control design are necessary.
Preprosthetic Orthodontic Intervention for Management of a Partially Edentulous Patient with Generalized Wear and Malocclusion
Authors: BIDRA AVINASH S. , URIBE FLAVIO 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTProsthodontic management of patients with generalized wear of dentition has been well documented in the literature. Although prosthodontic treatment is designed to correct minor malocclusion and interdental spacing, patients with severe malocclusion accompanied by generalized wear may require preprosthetic orthodontic intervention. Few articles have described the comprehensive treatment of adult orthodontic patients with severe wear of teeth. This article describes the multidisciplinary management of an adult patient with multiple missing posterior teeth, malocclusion, and severe wear of anterior teeth. Preprosthetic orthodontic treatment was planned using occlusograms, visualized treatment objective, and sectioned diagnostic waxing for movement of teeth, according to the prosthodontic treatment plan. Temporary anchorage devices were used to accomplish complex orthodontic tooth movements. The definitive treatment included reestablishing appropriate esthetics, and occlusion and restoration of the entire maxillary arch and posterior mandibular dentition with metal ceramic and full gold restorations. At a 2.5‐year follow‐up, positions of teeth and integrity of the restorations remained stable. Importance of preprosthetic orthodontic treatment and challenges in management of complex esthetic and functional rehabilitations are discussed in this article.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEKnowledge of occlusograms, visualized treatment objectives, and temporary anchorage devices can aid in multidisciplinary treatment planning for complex esthetic and functional rehabilitations.(J Esthet Restor Dent 24:88–102, 2012)
Turbulent pressure support in the outer parts of galaxy clusters
Authors: Parrish Ian J. , McCourt Michael , Quataert Eliot , Sharma Prateek 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
We use 3D magnetohydrodynamics simulations with anisotropic thermal conduction to study turbulence due to the magnetothermal instability (MTI) in the intracluster medium (ICM) of galaxy clusters. The MTI grows on time-scales of ≲1 Gyr and is capable of driving vigorous, sustained turbulence in the outer parts of galaxy clusters if the temperature gradient is maintained in spite of the rapid thermal conduction. If this is the case, turbulence due to the MTI can provide up to 5–30 per cent of the pressure support beyond r500 in galaxy clusters, an effect that is strongest for hot, massive clusters. The turbulence driven by the MTI is generally additive to other sources of turbulence in the ICM, such as that produced by structure formation. This new source of non-thermal pressure support reduces the observed Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) signal and X-ray pressure gradient for a given cluster mass and introduces a cluster mass and temperature-gradient-dependent bias in SZ and X-ray mass estimates of clusters. This additional physics may also need to be taken into account when estimating the matter power spectrum normalization, σ8, through simulation templates from the observed amplitude of the SZ power spectrum.
An Ethics Expertise for Clinical Ethics Consultation
Authors: Rasmussen Lisa M. 
Published: November 2011

A major obstacle to broad support of clinical ethics consultation (CEC) is suspicion regarding the nature of the moral expertise it claims to offer. The suspicion seems to be confirmed when the field fails to make its moral expertise explicit. In this vacuum, critics suggest the following:(1)Clinical ethics consultation's legitimacy depends on its ability to offer an expertise in moral matters.(2)Expertise in moral matters is knowledge of a singular moral truth which applies to everyone.(3)The claim that a clinical ethics consultant can offer knowledge of a singular moral truth in virtue of her professional training is absurd, false, or gravely immoral.Therefore,(4)The field is illegitimate.
Teaching Health Law
Authors: Berry Roberta M. 
Published: November 2011

This essay describes an interdisciplinary educational experiment in health law. The experiment was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), received Institutional Review Board approvals, incorporated inter-disciplinary faculty and graduate students from several universities in Atlanta, and employed problem-based learning (PBL). After discussing my motivation to undertake this experimental approach to teaching health law, I explain how the course was developed and structured and how we are assessing its results. I also offer some reflections on why other health law teachers might be motivated to incorporate some features of our experimental approach into their own classes, and some thoughts on how they might do so based on lessons learned.I undertook this experiment to test in an educational setting an approach to problem solving that I have developed for addressing certain kinds of seemingly intractable policy problems. I call this a “navigational approach” to “fractious problems.”
A multi‐season national estimate of adult influenza vaccination by US office‐based pediatricians, 2006–2011
Authors: Toback Seth. L. , Ambrose Christopher S. 
Published: November 2011

Please cite this paper as: Toback and Ambrose (2012) A multi‐season national estimate of adult influenza vaccination by US office‐based pediatricians, 2006–2011. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(4), 231–234.There is no national estimate of adult influenza vaccination by US office‐based pediatricians. De‐identified patient‐level data from an electronic healthcare claims database submitted to private and public insurers were analyzed for pediatric offices from the 2006–2007 through 2010–2011 seasons. An average of 321 000 (range: 225 000–434 000) influenza vaccinations per year were estimated to be administered to adults; 52%, 22%, and 26% were given to adults 19–49, 50–64, and ≥65 years of age, respectively. Consistent with the 2010 changes to national guidelines, recommending influenza vaccination of all individuals 6 months of age and older, pediatricians appear to be providing an increasing proportion of adult vaccinations against influenza to adults 19–49 years of age (probably parents of their pediatric patients).
Solitary Fibrous Tumors and Hemangiopericytomas of the Meninges: Overlapping Pathological Features and Common Prognostic Factors Suggest the Same Spectrum of Tumors
Authors: Bouvier Corinne , Métellus Philippe , de Paula André Maues , Vasiljevic Alexandre , Jouvet Anne , Guyotat Jacques , Mokhtari Karima , Varlet Pascale , Dufour Henry , Figarella‐Branger Dominique 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMeningeal solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) and hemangiopericytomas (HPCs) are distinct entities in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors while they belong to the same spectrum of tumors in other locations. Well‐defined histological prognostic factors are also lacking for these tumors. In order to clarify the relationship between SFT and HPC and to find histological and immunohistochemical prognostic factors, we carried out a retrospective study in 89 patients. The following histological parameters were recorded: hypercellularity, collagenic areas, cytonuclear atypias, necrosis, mitotic count per 10 high‐power fields, vasculo‐nervous adherences defined by engulfment of vessel or nerve by the tumor, brain infiltration. We found overlapping histological and immunohistochemical features between SFT and HPC. The most relevant histological prognostic factors in the whole cohort for both progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in univariate analysis were hypercellularity, high mitotic count (>5 per 10 high‐power fields) and necrosis. On the basis of these results, we propose a new grading scheme for these tumors which was of pronostic value for both PFS and OS in uni‐ and multivariate analysis. As extent of surgery was also a prognostic factor for both PFS and OS in univariate analysis, we propose that management of SFT/HPC might be based both on quality of removal and histological grade.
Effect of jatrorrhizine on delayed gastrointestinal transit in rat postoperative ileus
Authors: Zhang BeiBei , Cao AiLi , Zhou JiYan , Hu ZhiBi , Wu DaZheng 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Objectives
Postoperative ileus is major cause of postoperative complication and prolonged hospitalization. Jatrorrhizine, which is a protoberberine alkaloid isolated from the medicinal plants Berberis aristata and Coptis chinensis, has been found to increase contractility of gastric antral and ileum smooth muscles of rat gastrointestinal tract. We have investigated whether jatrorrhizine could offset gastrointestinal transit in rat with postoperative ileus.

Methods
Postoperative ileus was induced by laparotomy with intestinal manipulation under anaesthesia. Gastrointestinal transit was evaluated by measurement of gastric emptying, geometric centre and the migration of Evans blue.

Key findings
Postoperative ileus significantly delayed gastric emptying and intestinal transit. Jatrorrhizine dose-dependently (0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg) offset delayed gastric emptying and intestinal transit (geometric centre and the migration of Evans blue) in postoperative ileus. Pretreatment of animals with atropine inhibited the action of jatrorrhizine on gastric emptying and intestinal transit, but pretreatment of animals with SB204070 did not influence the effect of jatrorrhizine on gastric emptying and intestinal transit in postoperative ileus.

Conclusions
Jatrorrhizine offset postoperative ileus-induced delayed gastric emptying and intestinal transit in rats, an action mediated via the cholinergic pathway, but not involving activation of 5-HT4 receptors.
Emergence and evolution of the glycoprotein hormone and neurotrophin gene families in vertebrates
Authors: Dos Santos Sandra , Mazan Sylvie , Venkatesh Byrappa , Cohen-Tannoudji Joëlle , Quérat Bruno 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
The three vertebrate pituitary glycoprotein hormones (GPH) are heterodimers of a common α and a specific β subunit. In human, they are located on different chromosomes but in a similar genomic environment. We took advantage of the availability of genomic and EST data from two cartilaginous fish species as well as from two lamprey species to identify their repertoire of neurotrophin, lin7 and KCNA gene family members which are in the close environment of gphβ. Gphα and gphβ are absent outside vertebrates but are related to two genes present in both protostomes and deuterostomes that were named gpa2 and gpb5. Genomic organization and functional characteristics of their protein products suggested that gphα and gphβ might have been generated concomitantly by a duplication of gpa2 and gpb5 just prior to the radiation of vertebrates. To have a better insight into this process we used new genomic resources and tools to characterize the ancestral environment before the duplication occurred.

Results
An almost similar repertoire of genes was characterized in cartilaginous fishes as in tetrapods. Data in lampreys are either incomplete or the result of specific duplications and/or deletions but a scenario for the evolution of this genomic environment in vertebrates could be proposed. A number of genes were identified in the amphioxus genome that helped in reconstructing the ancestral environment of gpa2 and gpb5 and in describing the evolution of this environment in vertebrates.

Conclusion
Our model suggests that vertebrate gphα and gphβ were generated by a specific local duplication of the ancestral forms of gpa2 and gpb5, followed by a translocation of gphβ to a new environment whereas gphα was retained in the gpa2-gpb5 locus. The two rounds of whole genome duplication that occurred early in the evolution of vertebrates generated four paralogues of each gene but secondary gene losses or lineage specific duplications together with genomic rearrangements have resulted in the present organization of these genes, which differs between vertebrate lineages.
Effects of genome-wide copy number variation on expression in mammalian cells
Authors: Wang Richard T , Ahn Sangtae , Park Christopher C , Khan Arshad H , Lange Kenneth , Smith Desmond J 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
There is only a limited understanding of the relation between copy number and expression for mammalian genes. We fine mapped cis and trans regulatory loci due to copy number change for essentially all genes using a human-hamster radiation hybrid (RH) panel. These loci are called copy number expression quantitative trait loci (ceQTLs).

Results
Unexpected findings from a previous study of a mouse-hamster RH panel were replicated. These findings included decreased expression as a result of increased copy number for 30% of genes and an attenuated relationship between expression and copy number on the X chromosome suggesting an Xist independent form of dosage compensation. In a separate glioblastoma dataset, we found conservation of genes in which dosage was negatively correlated with gene expression. These genes were enriched in signaling and receptor activities. The observation of attenuated X-linked gene expression in response to increased gene number was also replicated in the glioblastoma dataset. Of 523 gene deserts of size > 600 kb in the human RH panel, 325 contained trans ceQTLs with -log10
P > 4.1. Recently discovered genes, ultra conserved regions, noncoding RNAs and microRNAs explained only a small fraction of the results, suggesting a substantial portion of gene deserts harbor as yet unidentified functional elements.

Conclusion
Radiation hybrids are a useful tool for high resolution mapping of cis and trans loci capable of affecting gene expression due to copy number change. Analysis of two independent radiation hybrid panels show agreement in their findings and may serve as a discovery source for novel regulatory loci in noncoding regions of the genome.