bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A synopsis of the stratigraphy and geological history of Cyprus
Authors: Henson Francis Roger Spencer , Browne Richard Vernon , McGinty James 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Cyprus lies in the eastern Mediterranean region and its northern (Kyrenia) mountain range, trending approximately west-east and thrust to the south, forms part of the southernmost loop of the Tauric arc of Suess, which extends towards the north-east through Hatay (Alexandretta) and north-western Syria.
The island is divisible into the following belts, trending approximately west-east and differentiated by their geomorphology and stratigraphy.
(1) A narrow, northern, coastal belt of Upper Senonian, Eocene, Miocene and Pliocene marine sediments dipping unconformably off the Kyrenia range to the south.
(2) The Kyrenia mountain-range with upthrust slices of Triassic red beds and radiolarites, slightly metamorphosed Jurassic limestones, green igneous rocks, and tectonically displaced, unconformable younger sediments.
(3) The Mesaoria plain, with sharply folded, marine foredeep deposits ranging at least from Upper Cretaceous to Pliocene, and unconformably overlapping the south flank of the Kyrenia range.
(4) The central, basic igneous massif of the Troodos mountains, with plutonic, hyperbyssal and eruptive rocks, giving evidence of recurrent igneous activity in Mesozoic and (?)Tertiary times. Eocene to Pliocene marine sediments of the Mesaoria basin overlap unconformably on the north flank of Troodos.
(5) The southern foothill belt of buckled Upper Senonian, Eocene, Miocene and Pliocene marine beds, flanking Troodos unconformably to the south and exposing intensely faulted inliers of Triassic red beds, limestones, contorted radiolarites, and contemporaneous volcanic rocks. Post-Triassic basic igneous extrusions penetrate these inliers.
Thus the exposed geology of Cyprus shows marine Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments resting unconformably on a Mesozoic (pre-Cretaceous) foundation.

Kober (1915) includes the island in the border zone of the Tauric nappes, but the authors regard Cyprus, south of the Kyrenia range, as a fragment of the Syrian foreland now separated by submerged
graben
from its continuation on the Syrian mainland, which it resembles in its stratigraphy.

The stratigraphy has been considerably revised in detail.
Marine sedimentary cycles, separated by unconformities, were as follows : Triassic-Jurassic, with some doubt as to the relationship between formations of the two periods; Upper Senonian-Oligocene, with a local regression between Maestrichtian and Lutetian; Miocene, with a transgressive maximum in Vindobonian times; Pliocene, with an intermediate regression.
The main thrusting of the Kyrenia range corresponds with the Savian and Attic movements; general emergence followed the Pliocene.
Volcanic activity occurred in the Triassic, Jurassic-Middle Cretaceous interval, Senonian, and Vindobonian (slight).
The stratigraphy of the Dovedale area, Derbyshire and Staffordshire
Authors: Parkinson Donald 
Published: October 2009

Summary

The paper describes the sequence, facies changes and structure of the Carboniferous rocks situated on both sides of the River Dove between the villages of Hartington and Thorpe. It is shown that there are three facies, (1) block (massif or shelf), (2) reef and (3) basin, in each of the three zones C, S and D
1
(B
2
). Standard D
2
(massif facies) is not reached within the area, the equivalent beds (P
1
) being of basin facies. The strata lying on the Rigid Block are undisturbed, but those to the south-west are folded along approximately north-north-west and south-south-east axes. The main faults run parallel to the fold-axes and are intersected by cross-faults. Between C2-S! and T>1 time the margin of the massif receded towards the east-north-east. Evidence is given of earth-movement at three periods : (1) low Viséan, with earlier minor phases, (2) mid-Viséan and (3) post-Viséan. Following the early movements, the S beds formed an overlapping series on the C
2
reefs. It is shown that the mid-Viséan movement was a simple north-south uplift with the axis lying to the east, the effect of which within the area itself was an overstep of 1000 feet of S beds. Following the post-Viséan uplift, probably also a north-south movement, the Carboniferous Limestone along the western margin of the Rigid Block was eroded into a hilly landscape which sank rapidly and was infilled during the Namurian transgression.
The Carboniferous System in North County Dublin
Authors: Smyth Louis Bouvier 
Published: October 2009

Summary

The Loughshinny Black Shales, P
2
, represented the highest known Carboniferous horizon in County Dublin until 1939. A survey since then of the upland stretching west-north-westwards from Loughshinny has shown that Arnsbergian beds, E
2
, cover about eight square miles. It is considered that the zones present are those of
Cravenoceratoides nitidum
and
Eumorphoceras bisulcatum s.s.
They consist of a lower Balrickard Sandstone series, about 100 feer, and an upper Walshestown Shale series, about 320 feet. The former are dark-grey, micaceous, calcareous sandstone interspread with black limestones and shales and yield
Eu. bisulcatum
. The shale series consists mainly of black shale, often with goniatites and marine lamellibranchs. There are two limestone bands and several mudstone, siltstone and clay-ironstone beds. Near the top
Ct. stellarum
occurs, indicating the uppermost subzome of the
Ct. nitidum
zone E
2b
.

No indication of an E
1
fauna was found. The Upper Bollandrian, P
2
, which on the coast is represented by black shales, consists inland of black argillaceous limestone with a little shale containing
Paragonialites subcircularis
and abundant
Posidonia membranacea
. No trace of
Pd. becheri
or P
1
gonitites was seen inland.
Probascidella
found at one localit probably indicates the base of P
1
.

Below the black P
2
beds are at least 600 feet of grey limestones, some of them cherty, considered to represent the
Cyathaxonia
Beds, and the Kate, Carlyan and Holmpatrick limestones of the coast section C
2
-D
1
.

The area is on the south margin of the Ballbriggan Lower Palaeozoic massif and seems to include basin and back-reef facies. Absence of E
1
and overlap of E
2
upon the Lower Palaeozoic represent the Sudetian movements. The mid-Avonian disturbances (Nassauian phase) are indicated inland by basement fragmental beds, as on the coast by the well-known Rush and Lane conglomerates.

One north-east and south-west fault was observed and three others with a similar trend are inferred. There are two main anticlines in the Carboniferous rocks with north-east and south-west axes pitching north-eastwards, one of which is evidently continuous with that at Oldtown to the south-west and possibly also with the east-and-west anticline pitching east in the Lower Palaeozoic seen in the islands at Skerries. Its curved course would thus be parallel to that of the Swords-Portrane anticline to the south.
Foraminifera from the Lower Lias of the Dorset Coast
Authors: Barnard Tom 
Published: October 2009

Summary
A systematic study of the foraminifera from the Lower Lias of one was undertaken with a view to establishing a range-chart of the various species for application to other areas.
The problems of nomenclature and synonymy, although studied, are outside the scope of the present paper and are consequently only briefly mentioned.

The difficulties in correctly assigning specimens of
Lenticulina
to previously described species are dealt with, and it was found that examining the trends within a "plexus" gave best results.

A range-chart shows that certain species are important stratigraphically and these forms are discussed.
Ijolitic rocks near Homa Bay, western Kenya
Authors: Pulfrey William 
Published: October 2009

Summary
A mass of ijolitic rocks at Usaki, near Homa Bay in South Nyanza, Kenya, is described, together with comparable rocks from Homa Mountain and xenoliths from various parts of the Homa-Ruri area. Modal analyses are given of most of the rocks examined, together with chemical analyses of some of the main rock types and of some of their minerals. The origin of the rocks is discussed, and the suggestion made that their present constitution has developed largely by metasomatic replacement.
Interglacial deposits from the Histon road, Cambridge
Authors: Holling Worth S. E. , Allison Jean , Godwin H. 
Published: October 2009

Summary

The paper describes the results of the examination of deep sewer trenches in the Middle Terrace of the Cam on the northern outskirts of Cambridge. Extensive aggradation of upwards of 20 feet is indicated by the sequence of organic shelly calcareous muds followed by silt, sand and gravel. The muds and silt yielded abundant molluscan remains and a few mammalian bones, as well as a rich flora. Abundant
Corbicula fluminalis
at one horizon is a noteworthy feature of the extensive faunal lists based on determinations by the late A. S. Kennard. From an analysis of the proportions of land and fresh-water shells (both numbers of individuals and of species) at several horizons an attempt is made to infer the changing flood-water conditions.

Vegetable remains are recorded from several levels. Evidence from both macroscopic remains and from pollen-analysis results, notably the abundance of hornbeam pollen, demonstrates a clear correlation with Jessen's zones
f
and
g
associated with the Eemian transgression of the Last Interglacial of North-West Europe.

There are indications of brackish water conditions in the flora at one level.
There is a striking agreement between the climatic and ecological condition suggested by Kennard from the mollusca, the physical nature of the deposits and the inferences from the flora.
It is concluded that this aggradation phase probably represents a marginal phase of the transgression of the Eem Sea in Britain.
The implication of the new data on the age of the overlying gravel of the terrace is not discussed and no revision of the Cam sequence is attempted.
Wealden Petrology : The Top Ashdown Pebble Bed and the Top Ashdown Sandstone
Authors: Allen P. 
Published: October 2009

From
Mr. F. H. Edmunds :—

After the publication of the above paper, the author was asked if he would demonstrate, over a selected route, the field evidence for his fundamental conclusion that the Top Ashdown Pebble Bed is a single Weald-wide stratigraphic unit, and not a series of lenticular pebble-beds at varying horizons. On this conclusion, of course, the validity of his whole argument depends.
He very kindly agreed to do so, and a route embracing Cowden, Penshurst, Wadhurst, Rotherfield, Burwash, Dallington, Battle, Crowhurst, Westfield, Brede, Robertsbridge and Hurst Green (traceable by reference to fig. 2, p. 268 of the paper) was chosen.

Numerous sections—at least one in each of these localities—were examined, all at the junction of the Wadhurst Clay and Ashdown Sand as shown on the one-inch scale Old Series Geological Survey maps. Without exception, Dr. Allen was able to demonstrate the presence of a well-developed pebble bed, varying in thickness from an inch to nine inches and in most instances associated with the swamp soil-bed, containing many rhizomes and stalks of
Equisetites lyelli
, as described in his paper.

Dr. Allen's evidence is clear, for all to see; and his correlation of the various sections—in making which much other field evidence was taken into count, and by virtue of which he concludes the Top Pebble Bed to be everywhere one and the same—is, in the writer's view, fully justified.

The combined occurrence of the Top Pebble Bed, the overlying swamp soil-bed and the
Neomiodon medius
shell-bed should
Gravity Data obtained in Great Britain
Authors: White P. H. N. 
Published: October 2009

From
Mr. J. S. Turner:—

I regret having been unable to refer to the author's valuable summary when discussing the deeper structure of northern and central England
Proc. Yorks Geol. Soc.
27, 1949, p.280). I note that the anomalies in the East Midlands are referred to density anomalies within the basement, or to buried basement topography, and would ask the author whether he would regard them as consistent with Caledonide structure trending north-west to south-east in that area, such as Professor L. J. Wills and I have indepedently deduced.

The conspicuous zone of steep gradients trending north-east to south-west between Blackpool and Preston seems to confirm my view that the Dent line, with its great pre-Permian uplift of the region to the west from Lancashire to Northumberland, continues underneath the Trias of the Lancashire plain. Can the gravity results be reconciled with a further continuation of the line to pass between the Formby and Scarisbook deep tests? Their stratigraphy, at least, seems consistent with such a view. Such a course would parallel that of the zone of steep gradients reflecting the Boundary Fault to the east. One notes that this latter zone is interrupted from the latitude of Croxteth to that of Chester. Can the same thing have happened to the more westerly zone around Formby?
Mr H. R. Lovely, replying on behalf of Mr. P. H. N. White, states that unfortunately he has not had an opportunity to study Mr. Turner's paper, and is thus not able to offer
Preliminary note on the Tertiary lava succession in North Antrim
Authors: Patterson Edward M. 
Published: October 2009

Over much of the extent of the Tertiary plateau basalts of North-East Ireland, a twofold division can be recognized and a lower and an upper series of flows are separated by a well-marked interbasaltic horizon. The latter consists of the products of lateritic weathering and lignite, formed during a prolonged period of volcanic quiescence.

On the north coast of County Antrim the lower and upper series of lavas are excellently exposed in cliff sections near to the Giant's Causeway, and there Tomkeieif has found that the lower lavas are made up of flows of olivine-basalt, while the upper series consist of tholeiitic basalts (
Bull Volc.
ser. 2, vi, 1940, p. 105).

The mapping of approximately 80 square miles of coastal country between Portrush and Ballycastle has shown that the hitherto accepted twofold division of the lava succession is incorrect in that district. The area examined is bounded on the north by the coast-line and on the south by an east-north-easterly fault which extends from Moyarget, near Ballycastle, to Cloyfin, five miles south of Portrush. Three distinct series of lavas can be recognized. The tholeiitic basalts (“Upper Basalts”) are terminated upwards by a second major interbasaltic horizon and are overlain by a series of flows of olivine-basalt.
The suggested revised nomenclature of the North Antrim lava succession is as follows :—
(5) Upper Lava Series (olivine-basalts)
(4) Upper Interbasaltic Horizon (laterite, iron ore, bauxite)
(3) Middle Lava Series (tholeiitic basalts)
(2) Lower Interbasaltic Horizon (laterite, iron ore, bauxite, lignite)
(1) Lower
The Carboniferous Limestone of the Manifold Valley region, North Staffordshire
1
Authors: Prentice John Edward 
Published: October 2009

Summary

The region comprises the extreme south-western portion of the Dinantian outcrop in the southern Pennines. A survey on the 1/10,560 scale has revealed a succession ranging from Tournaisian to Namurian. The beds are of marginal facies, lying between the Derbyshire Rigid Block and the Cheshire basin; they contain both reef and bedded limestones. A lower series consists of an upward sequence of cement-stones, massive limestones, and black cherty limestones. The major reef limestones and the cementstones contain a pericyclid fauna equal to a C
1
age, and the higher beds are referred, with a little evidence, to C
2
-S
1
horizons. The upper series overlies these with unconformity, and represents the D
1
P
2
zones. Facies changes from north to south, related to a central reef belt, occur in both D
2
and P horizons, in the following fashion :—

Minor unconformities occur at the base of the “
crassiventer
” beds and the base of the P zone. In the west, early Namurian beds rest with slight transgression upon P
2
; this discordance increases eastwards, and it is clear that the main folding movements were pre-Namurian. Two periods of folding have been recognized, one of pre-D
1
age along north-west and south-east lines; the main late-Viséan folding has a north-and-south trend. The reef limestones have been little affected by the folding, the less competent bedded limestones being folded and shattered against them.
The Glenelg-Ratagain igneous complex
Authors: Nicholls Geoffrey Dennis 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The Glenelg&Ratagain complex is situated approximately six miles east of Glenelg, Inverness-shire, and is the most north-westerly of the Newer Granites of Scotland. Like other intrusions of that age, it is composite in character, though differing from most in the presence of biotite-pyroxenite and nordmarkitic syenite. To the northeast the igneous rocks intrude paragneisses similar to those of Lewisian age farther west; elsewhere, the country rock is acidic gneiss of Moine type with sporadic politic bands.
Four intrusions have been recognized. The first, of granitic composition, is only sparsely represented, forming small discontinuous outcrops around the western side of the complex. The second, a diorite, was closely followed by one of syenitic material and, at a somewhat later date, by a fourth of adamellitic composition.
Around the margins of the complex the diorite carries quartz and, on the western side, passes, apparently by gradation, into rocks of granodioritic composition. It seems likely that assimilation of the earlier “ granite ” has led to marginal acidification of the diorite.
Considerable variation is seen in the diorite, the following varieties having been noted as well as the normal rock : fine-grained pyroxene-mica-diorite, brown horn-blende-mica-diorite and a coarse hornblende-diorite. Masses of biotite-pyroxenite and “ appinite ” occurring in the diorite area are probably xenolithic.
Late magmatic liquors, possibly augmented by the assimilation of the earlier acidic rock, have attacked the crystallized material, with the replacement of andesine by more sodic plagioclase, the formation of potash felspar and the conversion of pyroxene to a green hornblende, thus giving rise to a variety of so-called “ modified diorites ”.
The succeeding intrusion of syenitic magma, following rapidly upon the emplacement of diorite, probably before its final consolidation, has, by extensive hybridization, given rise to a wide range of monzonitic and similar rocks.
The adamellite of the fourth intrusion is richer in alkalis than most comparable Scottish granites and is believed to have originated by hybridism at depth between the syenites and a more normal calc-alkaline granodiorite.
The nordmarkitic syenite is comparable both chemically and mineralogically with similar rocks from Ben Loyal and Loch Ailsh and was probably derived from the same source at depth. The emplacement of such a magma between two intrusions of distinctly calc-alkaline affinities indicates the co-existence of alkaline and calc-alkaline magma beneath the Highland region during Caledonian times.
A contributon to the geology of the Kavirondon Rift Valley
Authors: Shacleton Robert Millner 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The paper describes some of the geological work of the 1947 British-Kenya Expedition to Rusinga Island and other sites in western Kenya where Miocene anthropoids have been found.
The pre-Miocene floor of the region consists of gneisses (Basement System) in the east, separated by the Nandi fault from altered basic igneous rocks (Nyanzian System) and post-Nyanzian granitic rocks in the west.
Relics of a peneplain supposed to be Mesozoic are preserved on high residuals; about 1300–1500 feet lower is another surface, the sub-Miocene peneplain, which is correlated with the main (Buganda) peneplain of Uganda. In early Miocene times this surface was gently warped (there was no great pre-Miocene Kavirondo Valley) and extensive shallow lakes were formed. In the region of the present Kavirondo Rift Valley, normal sedimentation was soon augmented by the explosive eruption of carbonatite, ijolite and granitoid blocks, lamprophyric tuffs, melanite-nephelinite-agglomerate, and nephelinite-agglomerate. Nepheline-basalts were erupted from great volcanoes; phonolite flooded the area from the east. During these times normal faulting and earthquake shocks led to sub-lacustrine landslips and slumping. Local erosion is proved by intra-Miocene unconformities, formerly supposed to be thrusts.
Another period of erosion followed, when the “ end-Tertiary peneplain ” was developed on the softer beds. In late Pliocene or earliest Pleistocene times the region was dislocated by powerful rift movements. The Kavirondo Rift Valley was depressed between faults and flexures, relatively to the regions to the north and south, while these regions were uplifted and tilted. The peneplains now slope away from the shoulder of the Eastern or Gregory Rift Valley towards the basin of Lake Victoria, where the waters were impounded by a transverse warp. These great movements do not seem to have caused any local structures suggestive of lateral compression; normal faulting is the rule. Yet a considerable negative isostatic anomaly was determined at Kisumu by Bullard.
On the Elgeyo escarpment, which forms part of the western wall of the Gregory Rift Valley, Miocene beds are again exposed. They are intermediate in facies between those of Kavirondo and Turkana. The Elgeyo escarpment, like those bounding the Kavirondo Rift Valley, is a fault-scarp due to post-Miocene faulting.
The tectonics of the Tintagel area, North Cornwall
Authors: Wilson Gilbert 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The paper describes the structure of the coastal region of North Cornwall in the neighbourhood of Boscastle, Tintagel and Trebarwith Strand. The area has been remapped, and the tectonics originally outlined by Dewey (1909) have been reinterpreted. The revision has shown that the epidiorite at Tintagel is more extensive than hitherto believed. Massive epidiorite grades into chlorite-schist which is often very similar in appearance to the sheared volcanic rocks of the area; but the schist derived from the intrusive rock can be identified by its local thermal metamorphism of the phyllites which lie above it.

The important tectonic episode in the area was that of thrusting, in which the upper beds moved from the south-south-east towards the north-north-west. The direction and sense of the translation is indicated by various minor structures, e.g. slickenside striations, elongations of lava pillows, amygdules etc., in a (the movement direction); and by drag-folds, zig-zag folds, boudinage structure, tension fractures etc. in
b
(normal to
a
). Three main thrust-zones are recognized, and they separate the rocks into three tectonic units or thrust-slices which lie on an autochtonous foundation. The higher thrust-slices lie to the west of the lower ones because they have been preserved from erosion by the local westerly dip aided by normal faulting which downthrows to the west-north-west.

The more important of these normal faults pass through Tintagel Haven and form,
inter alia
, the great fault complex seen in the cliffs of the Island. Similar faulting occurs at Trebarwith Strand, Lill Cove and Hole Beach. In each case the downthrow is such that the flat thrust-plane there is dropped to the west. The general direction of strike in the area is controlled by the gentle doming due to the Davidstow Anticline. This hemidome pitches north-westerly, and it developed later than the thrusting episode. The evidence shows that there is no connexion between the thrust movements which carried the beds forward at least 2½ miles (or more) and the warping of the anticline. The tectonics at Tintagel are thus no longer to be considered the result of thrusting from the west-north-west, but are rather the result of a major movement from the south-south-east, and so become an integral part of the Hercynian tectonic pattern of Cornwall.