bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognostic molecular markers in women aged 35 years or younger with breast cancer: is there a difference from the older patients?
Authors: Lin Ching-Hung , Lu Yen-Shen , Huang Chiun-Sheng , Kuo Kuan-Ting , Wang Chung-Chieh , You San-Lin , Lin Po-Han , Chang Dwan-Ying , Kuo Wen-Hung , Chang King-Jen , Cheng Ann-Lii 
Published: June 2011

BackgroundWomen aged ≤35 years with breast cancer have a poor prognosis, but their prognostic factors have not been clearly defined.AimsTo evaluate whether the molecular markers used in age-unspecified breast cancer could also be applied to women ≤35 years.MethodsArchival tumours from patients aged ≤35 years with stage I–III breast cancer were collected. Oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2, Ki67 and P53 protein expression profiles in paraffin-embedded tissue sections were determined by immunohistochemistry. Tumours with an HER2 score of 2+ were further evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Mutational analysis of exons 4–9 of the TP53 gene and exons 9 and 20 of the PIK3CA gene was carried out using direct sequencing analysis.Results116 patients with a median follow-up duration of 62.7 months were included. In addition to tumour size and axillary lymph node status, univariate analysis showed that high Ki67 expression, ER-negative, HER2 overexpression, and TP53 mutations were associated with shorter overall survival. Multivariate analysis showed that high Ki67 expression (HR=3.93, p=0.005), HER2 overexpression (HR=3.21, p=0.013) and TP53 mutations (HR=4.44, p=0.005) were associated with shorter overall survival. PR expression and PIK3CA mutations were not associated with survival.ConclusionsFor women ≤35 years, TP53 mutations, Ki67 and HER2 expressions are strong prognostic factors. The limited prognostic value of hormone receptors suggests that the prognostic markers used in age-unspecified breast cancer may not be completely fit for this population.
Syringoid eccrine carcinoma: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of four cases
Authors: Sidiropoulos M , Sade S , Al-Habeeb A , Ghazarian D 
Published: June 2011

BackgroundSyringoid eccrine carcinoma (SEC) is a rare malignant adnexal tumour with variable presentations.AimTo examine the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of SEC.MethodsFour cases were reviewed by three dermatopathologists and the immunohistochemical profile was examined using antibodies against CK5/6, CK7, CK14, CK20, LMWK, HMWK, EMA, mCEA, p63, ER, PR, AR, S-100 and Ber-EP4.ResultsThe cases occurred in two men and two women, ranging in age from 61 to 87 years (mean 68.5). Two of the lesions were from the face and two from the trunk. All four lesions were composed of an atypical infiltrative mass with syringoma-like tadpole morphology with ductular differentiation and prominent desmoplasia. Three cases demonstrated perineural invasion and two had positive lymph node metastases. Immunostaining was variable. Immunohistochemistry positivity was as follows: three out of four cases were positive for CK5/6, CK7 (2/4), CK14 (1/3), CK20 (0/2), HMWK (0/2), LMWK (1/2), EMA (3/4), mCEA (4/4), p63 (2/3), ER (2/3), PR (1/2), AR (0/3), S-100 (0/3) and Ber-EP4 (2/2).ConclusionSEC can present on the trunk and are not limited to the head and neck region. In addition to syringoma-like tadpole structures and glandular differentiation, these tumours can also exhibit squamoid and cribriform growth patterns. Immunostaining in SEC is variable and this variability is believed to stem from this tumour's ability to differentiate along multiple routes, including sweat secretory and/or ductal differentiation.
Claudin and p53 expression in vulvar lichen sclerosus and squamous-cell carcinoma
Authors: Sadalla José Carlos , Lourenço Sílvia Vanessa , Sotto Mirian Nacagami , Baracat Edmund Chada , Carvalho Jesus Paula 
Published: June 2011

AimsVulvar squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare gynaecological cancer. Vulvar SCC has been shown to develop from vulvar intraepithelial neoplasias, which are related to lichen sclerosus (LS). Most studies to date have compared vulvar SCC with LS only morphologically, but no detailed molecular analysis has been performed. The objective was to compare claudin and p53 expression in these diseases and determine if there was any association with expression and vulvar SCC progression.MethodsImmunohistochemical analysis was performed in order to determine expression of p53 and claudin 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 11 in human vulvar tissue samples from LS, SCC and control patients.ResultsClaudin 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were expressed comparably in the three groups. Claudin 7 and 11 expression was significantly decreased in LS and SCC samples compared with the control group. Expression of p53 was significantly increased in SCC and LS patient samples compared with the control group.ConclusionsClaudin 7 and 11 were not expressed in LS and SCC. However, there was no significant difference in expression of any of the claudins between the LS and SCC samples. Furthermore, p53 expression is the highest in SCC patients and lowest in the control group. However, expression of p53 did not vary between samples from isolated LS and LS associated SCC patients, suggesting that increased p53 expression is not the determining factor in the progression of LS lesions to SCC.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury
Authors: Dushianthan A , Grocott M P W , Postle A D , Cusack R 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life threatening respiratory failure due to lung injury from a variety of precipitants. Pathologically ARDS is characterised by diffuse alveolar damage, alveolar capillary leakage, and protein rich pulmonary oedema leading to the clinical manifestation of poor lung compliance, severe hypoxaemia, and bilateral infiltrates on chest radiograph. Several aetiological factors associated with the development of ARDS are identified with sepsis, pneumonia, and trauma with multiple transfusions accounting for most cases. Despite the absence of a robust diagnostic definition, extensive epidemiological investigations suggest ARDS remains a significant health burden with substantial morbidity and mortality. Improvements in outcome following ARDS over the past decade are in part due to improved strategies of mechanical ventilation and advanced support of other failing organs. Optimal treatment involves judicious fluid management, protective lung ventilation with low tidal volumes and moderate positive end expiratory pressure, multi-organ support, and treatment where possible of the underlying cause. Moreover, advances in general supportive measures such as appropriate antimicrobial therapy, early enteral nutrition, prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism and gastrointestinal ulceration are likely contributory reasons for the improved outcomes. Although therapies such as corticosteroids, nitric oxide, prostacyclins, exogenous surfactants, ketoconazole and antioxidants have shown promising clinical effects in animal models, these have failed to translate positively in human studies. Most recently, clinical trials with β2 agonists aiding alveolar fluid clearance and immunonutrition with omega-3 fatty acids have also provided disappointing results. Despite these negative studies, mortality seems to be in decline due to advances in overall patient care. Future directions of research are likely to concentrate on identifying potential biomarkers or genetic markers to facilitate diagnosis, with phenotyping of patients to predict outcome and treatment response. Pharmacotherapies remain experimental and recent advances in the modulation of inflammation and novel cellular based therapies, such as mesenchymal stem cells, may reduce lung injury and facilitate repair.
Predicting Al, Cu, and Zn concentrations in the fine roots of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) using bulk and rhizosphere soil properties
Authors: Cloutier-Hurteau Benoît , Sauvé Sébastien , Courchesne François 
Published: June 2011

We compared the predictions of Al, Cu, and Zn concentrations in fine roots of trees using properties of the bulk and rhizosphere soils to find the best approach to assess the ecological risks of metals to trees. Predictions were made from 18 trembling aspens ( Populus tremuloides Michx.) equally distributed on six sampling sites using multiple linear regressions with soil Al, Cu, and Zn speciation data and chemical and microbial properties as explanatory variables. Fine root Al, Cu, and Zn concentrations ranged, respectively, from 2137 to 7480, from 7.03 to 206, and from 41.2 to 360 µg·g dry root mass–1. No significant prediction was obtained for Al. The soil total water-soluble Cu and Zn concentrations better predicted the metal concentrations in fine roots than the concentration of labile metal species. The concentrations of reactive Zn, water-soluble organic C, and NH4+ together with microbial biomass of N were the other significant explanatory variables. The best regression models for Cu and Zn were obtained in the rhizosphere and explained, respectively, 79.2% and 95.7% of the variation of metal concentrations in fine roots. This work pointed out that the rhizosphere properties and processes need to be considered to correctly assess the ecological risks of metals to tree.
Search in audiovisual broadcast archives
Authors: Huurnink Bouke 
Published: June 2011

Documentary makers, journalists, news editors, and other media professionals routinely require previously recorded audiovisual material for new productions. For example, a news editor might wish to reuse footage shot by overseas services for the evening news, or a documentary maker might require shots of Christmas trees recorded over the decades. Important sources for reusable broadcasts are audiovisual broadcast archives, which preserve and manage audiovisual material. With digitization, media professional can be given online access to video. This increases ease of access, but increases the need for search capabilities tailored for the media professional. Search in audiovisual broadcast archives, then, is the subject of this thesis.
We begin by investigating the search behavior of media professionals in current daily practice. To this end we perform a large-scale log analysis of their search actions at a national audiovisual broadcast archive. Our analysis characterizes not only the searches of media professionals, but also their purchasing behavior. In order to model the observed behavior we follow our log analysis with a simulation experiment. Here we investigate simulation methods for recreating the searches and purchases recorded in the archive to create evaluation testbeds.
In the second half of the thesis we turn to investigate the use of state-of-art methods for retrieval with automatically generated content metadata from video, Specifically we focus on their application for improving audiovisual fragment search in the audiovisual broadcast archive. We use logged searches and purchases to define new test collections for retrieval evaluation. These are used as the basis for experiments aimed at solving specific problems that are faced when searching with automatically generated descriptions of video content. Finally, we combine state-of-the-art methods with the current daily practice of the archive, and investigate their potential combined impact on search in audiovisual broadcast archives.
The contributions of this thesis include the characterization of searching and purchasing behaviour of media professionals at a large audiovisual broadcast archive, and a framework for simulating their logged queries and purchases. Contributions in the second half of the thesis include an in-depth user study of how text queries should be mapped to visual concepts, a retrieval model that accounts for the temporal mismatch between the speech and visual tracks in audiovisual material, and a set of experiments demonstrating the effectiveness of automatically generated content metadata for improving retrieval in the audiovisual broadcast archive.
The thesis can be accessed at http://dare.uva.nl/record/358972.
Assessment of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Normocholesterolemic Individuals With Proven Mutations in the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor or Apolipoprotein B Genes
Authors: Huijgen Roeland , Vissers Maud N. , Kindt Iris , Trip Mieke D. , de Groot Eric , Kastelein John J.P. , Hutten Barbara A. 
Published: June 2011

Background—
Genetic cascade screening for heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) revealed that 15% of individuals given this diagnosis do not exhibit elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. We assessed whether cardiovascular risk for these individuals differs from that of hypercholesterolemic FH heterozygotes and unaffected relatives.

Methods and Results—

Individuals aged 18 to 55 years were recruited within 18 months after genetic screening. Three groups were studied: subjects given a molecular diagnosis of FH and with LDL-C levels at genetic screening below the 75th percentile (FH-low), subjects with FH and an LDL-C level above the 90th percentile (FH-high), and subjects without FH (no-FH). We measured carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) by ultrasonography. Differences in carotid IMT among the groups were assessed using multivariate linear regression analyses. Mean carotid IMT of 114 subjects in the FH-low group (0.623 mm; 95% CI, 0.609 to 0.638 mm) was significantly smaller than that of 162 subjects in the FH-high group (0.664 mm; 95% CI, 0.648 to 0.679 mm;
P
<0.001) and did not significantly differ from the mean carotid IMT in 145 subjects in the no-FH group (0.628 mm; 95% CI, 0.613 to 0.642 mm;
P
=0.67).

Conclusions—
Our findings suggest that the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with FH to a large extent is related to LDL-C levels and not to the presence of a mutation per se. Consequently, this study cautiously suggests that individuals with an FH genotype without expression of hypercholesterolemia may not require a pharmaceutical intervention that is as aggressive as the standard for subjects with FH.
Preparation and Structural Features of Cu(I)Cu(II) Coordination Polymers Obtained by Using Tripodal Complexes as Bridging Ligands
Authors: Yoshida Yuki , Miyamoto Riichi , Nakato Ayami , Santo Ryoko , Kuwamura Naoto , Gobo Kenji , Nishioka Takanori , Hirotsu Masakazu , Ichimura Akio , Hashimoto Hideki , Kinoshita Isamu 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
A tripodal complex [CuCl(tpmtm)] (tpmtm: tris(2-pyrimidylthio)methanide) is used to synthesize coordination polymers. The tripodal complex unit worked as bidentate, tridentate, or tetradentate bridging ligands for [CunClm] units via coordination of three outer nitrogen atoms of the tpmtm ligand and also an axial chloro ligand. X-ray crystallography exhibited that obtained coordination polymers contained novel structures of [CunClm] moieties such as chloride-bridged linear CuICuIICuI and CuICuIICuIICuI and cage-shaped CuICuIICuIICuI mixed-valence copper cluster units. The relationship between the numbers of the outer coordination sites on the tripodal complex and structures of the coordination polymers is observed showing that participation in the coordination of two, three, or four outer coordination sites on the tripodal complex afforded the one-dimensional chain, two-dimensional sheet, or three-dimensional structures, respectively.
Lanthanoid Exchanged Mordenites as Catalysts for the Isopropylation of Biphenyl
Authors: Sugi Yoshihiro , Watanabe Seiji , Naiki Hiroaki , Komura Ken-ichi , Kubota Yoshihiro 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Liquid-phase isopropylation of biphenyl (BP) with propene was studied to understand the acidities resulting from lanthanoid exchanged sodium mordenite (Ln,NaMOR; Ln: La, Ce, Pr, Sm, Dy, and Yb). The acidities of La3+ exchanged sodium mordenite (La,NaMOR) appeared at around 0.6–0.8 exchange calculated from La/3Al molar ratio. Similar acidities appeared with all Ln,NaMORs. The resultant zeolites have Brønsted acidic sites appearing near unsaturated lanthanoid cations. The isopropylation of BP predominantly afforded 4,4′-diisopropylbiphenyl (4,4′-DIPB) among DIPB isomers over all Ln,NaMORs. These catalyses occur on the acidic sites in the channels. The exchanged catalysts had high selectivities for 4,4′-DIPB even at temperatures as high as 300 °C although the selectivities decreased by the isomerization of 4,4′-DIPB over H-mordenite (HMOR) with similar SiO2/Al2O3 ratio. These results indicate the external acid sites are lowly active for the isopropylation of BP and the isomerization of 4,4′-DIPB. The combustion of coke-deposits on Ln,NaMORs, particularly Ce,NaMOR, used for the isopropylation occurred at lower temperatures than that on HMOR because the lanthanoids dispersed in MOR channels work as an oxidation catalyst.
Three New 9,11-Secosterols from the Formosan Soft Coral Sinularia leptoclados
Authors: Cheng Shi-Yie , Chen Hwa-Pyng , Wang Shang-Kwei , Duh Chang-Yih 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Chemical investigations of the Formosan soft coral Sinularia leptoclados resulted in the characterization of three new 9,11-secosterols, designated as leptosterols A–C (1–3), and six known 9,11-secosterols 5–10. Additionally, a cyclized 9,11-secosterol enol-ether 4 was obtained by allowing 5 to stand in CDCl3 overnight during NMR experiments. The structures of 1–4 were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analyses. The cytotoxicity against selected cancer cells and antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) of 1–10 were evaluated in vitro.
The role of micro-climates in urban regeneration planning
Authors: Collier Chris G. 
Published: June 2011

The industrial revolution in the UK was accompanied by the rapid development of large urban areas. Over the last 50 years or so, this legacy has been substantially changed through regeneration projects in many cities. Taking the experience of Greater Manchester in north-west England as an example, this paper explores how these changes may have impacted local weather and air quality. Such impacts are sometimes more imagined than real, but in other cases they provide industrial advantage or are detrimental to human activity and even health. It is proposed that weather impacts should be one consideration when assessing the sustainability of future urban developments.
Antarctic sea-ice altimetry: scale and resolution effects on derived ice thickness distribution
Authors: Weissling B.P. , Ackley S.F. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThree ice type regimes at Ice Station Belgica (ISB), during the 2007 International Polar Year SIMBA (Sea Ice Mass Balance in Antarctica) expedition, were characterized and assessed for elevation, snow depth, ice freeboard and thickness. Analyses of the probability distribution functions showed great potential for satellite-based altimetry for estimating ice thickness. In question is the required altimeter sampling density for reasonably accurate estimation of snow surface elevation given inherent spatial averaging. This study assesses an effort to determine the number of laser altimeter ‘hits’ of the ISB floe, as a representative Antarctic floe of mixed first- and multi-year ice types, for the purpose of statistically recreating the in situ-determined ice-thickness and snow depth distribution based on the fractional coverage of each ice type. Estimates of the fractional coverage and spatial distribution of the ice types, referred to as ice ‘towns’, for the 5 km2 floe were assessed by in situ mapping and photo-visual documentation. Simulated ICESat altimeter tracks, with spot size ~70m and spacing ~170 m, sampled the floe’s towns, generating a buoyancy-derived ice thickness distribution. 115 altimeter hits were required to statistically recreate the regional thickness mean and distribution for a three-town assemblage of mixed first- and multi-year ice, and 85 hits for a two-town assemblage of first-year ice only: equivalent to 19.5 and 14.5 km respectively of continuous altimeter track over a floe region of similar structure. Results have significant implications toward model development of sea-ice sampling performance of the ICESat laser altimeter record as well as maximizing sampling characteristics of satellite/airborne laser and radar altimetry missions for sea-ice thickness.
Sr, Nd and Pb stable isotopes of surface dust on Ürümqi glacier No. 1 in western China
Authors: Nagatsuka Naoko , Takeuchi Nozomu , Nakano Takanori , Kokado Emi , Li Zhongqin 
Published: June 2011

AbstractStable-isotopic ratios of strontium (Sr), neodymium (Nd) and lead (Pb) provide a means of identifying a geological source of substances and are used as tracers of elements in biological and geochemical processes. We analyzed these isotopic ratios of surface dust (cryoconite) collected on Ürümqi glacier No. 1 , Tien Shan, China. The dust was separated chemically into five fractions (four minerals and organic matter), and the isotopic ratios of each fraction were measured. The Sr and Nd isotopic ratios in the fractions extracted with ultrapure water (saline minerals), hydrogen peroxide solution (organic matter) and acetic acid (carbonate minerals) were low and invariable, whereas those extracted by hydrochloric acid (phosphate minerals) and the residual fraction (silicate minerals) were higher. The difference was likely due to the original source of each fraction. The isotopic ratios of the surface dust collected from different sites showed no significant difference, suggesting that they were spatially uniform across the glacier. The isotopic ratios of the silicate fraction were closer to those of desert sand reported in China than those of the soil and bedrock around the glacier. This suggests that the silicate minerals on the glacier were derived from distant deserts. The isotopic ratios in saline, carbonate and phosphate fractions were also close to those of evaporites and apatite in that desert region, suggesting that these minerals were also derived from that source. The Sr isotopic ratios in the organic fraction were closer to ratios in the saline and carbonate fractions rather than the silicate or phosphate fractions and may therefore reflect the isotopic ratios of the elements when they are incorporated into living microbes on the glacier.
Cyanobacterial communities on Qiyi glacier, Qilian Shan, China
Authors: Segawa Takahiro , Takeuchi Nozomu 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCyanobacterial communities on a glacier in the Qilian Shan, western China, were investigated using microscopic as well as 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer gene analyses. Microscopy revealed that there were abundant cyanobacteria on the entire glacier surface and their community consisted mainly of three morphological types. Low-cycle 16S rRNA gene sequences from six clone libraries were grouped into a total of eight cyanobacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs), defined as 16S rRNA sequences with similarity of 99%. Although the cyanobacterial community based on morphological types displayed no significant differences among the study sites on the glacier, the community based on OTU groups varied among sites. This inconsistency may be due to simple morphology which might hide a large genetic variability. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the OTU groups included the orders Oscillatoriales, Chroococcales and unclassified, and the majority of OTUs were Oscillatoriales. From the source environments of the cyanobacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences of each OTU on the glacier estimated by BLAST search (>97% similarity), 39.9% were from soil, 38.2% from fresh water and 1.7% from snow and ice environments. Based on geographical records in the database, all cyanobacterial OTUs were matched to those recorded from the Arctic and Antarctica. The results suggest that the cyanobacterial communities on the glacier are common in cold regions of the world and are likely not to be specialized members of the snow and ice biota but also inhabitants of soil and freshwater environments.