bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the nuclear chlorination of aromatic compounds
Authors: Harvey P. G. , Smith F. , Stacey M. , Tatlow J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe direct chlorination of aromatic hydrocarbons, in the presence of a ferric chloride‐iron catalyst, proceeds smoothly to give nuclear‐chlorinated derivatives. Methyl side‐chains are retained, but larger alkyl groups, such as ethyl, isopropyl and n‐butyl, readily undergo cleavage by chlorinolysis. Halogenated alkyl side‐chains, such as CCI3 and C2Cl5, are usually not removed, though complete chlorination of the nuclei of compounds containing them cannot normally be achieved. In certain cases, one chlorine atom of a nuclear polychloro‐compound is susceptible to attack by alcoholic alkali.
The reactions of highly fluorinated organic compounds. IV. Some polyfluorocyclohexanes and certain derived compounds
Authors: Barbour A. K. , Mackenzie H. D. , Stacey M. , Tatlow J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFluorination of benzene, in the vapour phase, over cobaltic fluoride at about 150° gave a complex mixture of polyfluorocyclohexanes. Two definite compounds present were undeca‐ and a decafluorocyclohexane. Other components corresponded to nona‐ and octa‐fluorocyclohexanes, though in these cases a number of isomers appeared to be present. Hydrogen fluoride was eliminated when the cyclic polyfluorides were treated with alkali and the resultant olefins were oxidized to carboxylic acids. Perfluorocyclohexane, perfluoroadipic acid, a nonafluorocyclohexane and a perfluorocyclohexadiene were prepared in this way. Oxidation of the high‐boiling components of the polyfluorocyclohexane mixture afforded a hexafluoroadipic acid.
Phase equilibria in sugar solutions. II. Ternary systems of water‐sucrose‐hexose
Authors: Kelly F. H. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTernary diagrams at 30° for systems water‐sucrose and either glucose or fructose are presented. The solution at the invariant point (I.P.) contained very much less sucrose in the presence of fructose than in the presence of glucose. This is attributed to the higher solubility of fructose than glucose in water.
The mechanism of the mohler reaction for the estimation of benzoic acid
Authors: Davey W. , Gwilt J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe significance of the dinitrobenzoic acids in the Mohler reaction for the estimation of benzoic and of mononitrobenzoic acids has been demonstrated by an approach by synthesis. The colour reaction is given only by dinitrobenzoic acids with two nitro groups ortho or para to each other. Further support has been obtained for the hypothesis of Meisenheimer & Patzig that colour development from compounds of this type is due to the formation of quinonoid structures.
The polyphosphates of calcium, strontium, barium and magnesium: Their complex character, composition and behaviour
Authors: Bobtelsky M. , Kertes S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study of pyro‐ and tripoly‐phosphates, by heterometric (photometric study of suspensions), pH and conductometric methods, was made on a quantitative basis. From the curves obtained, the composition and properties of the salts and complexes, which exist in solution or in the solid state, were deduced. All three methods gave results that were in complete accordance with one another. However, the heterometric method showed the existence of a number of compounds, especially in the solid state, that were not identified by the other methods.
Formaldehyde condensations with phenol and its homologues. XVI. The trinuclear novolaks
Authors: Finn S. R. , James J. W. , Standen C. J. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEach of the seven isomeric trinuclear novolaks that may be formed during the condensation of phenol and formaldehyde has been synthesized by at least two independent routes. These compounds may be formed, during resin formation, from oo′‐, op′‐ and pp′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethanes by treatment first with formaldehyde to yield the dinuclear alcohols,1 and subsequently with phenol.The compounds synthesized are crystalline solids, contrary to a previous report that some of them are resinous2.
The dynamic properties of plasticized polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Dilke M. G. , Millane J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn apparatus for measuring the dynamic mechanical properties of plasticized polyvinyl chloride (P.V.C.) is described. The dynamic modulus, dynamic resilience and dynamic loss factor for Geon 101 P.V.C. plasticized with 33–3, 25 and 15% of di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (D.O.P.) have been measured at temperatures between — 10° and 100°, at vibration frequencies between 30 and 450 c/s. The relationship between the results of these tests and those of electrical tests is discussed.
Organo‐boron compounds. II. Preparation of some aromatic borates from boron acetate
Authors: Ahmad Tofael , Haider S. Z. , Khundkar M. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhenols, naphthols and benzoic acid can be condensed with boron triacetate under suitable conditions to yield pure orthoborates. With salicylic acid, condensation takes place through the phenolic group, leaving the carboxyl group unaffected. It had been previously reported by Pictet & Geleznoff that dicarboxylic acids condensed with boron triacetate, but this has not been confirmed in the present work.
Distribution experiments and liquid‐liquid equilibrium in systems containing nicotine
Authors: Fowler R. T. , Noble R. A. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDistribution coefficients at 25° for nicotine between water and three organic solvents for low nicotine concentrations have been determined. The liquid‐liquid equilibrium at 25° for the system nicotine‐water‐carbon tetrachloride has been investigated, and it is shown that the system is solutropic, with a horizontal tie‐line at 38 wt.‐% of nicotine.
Application of infra‐red spectrometry to the analysis of combustion products containing carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and small proportions of propane
Authors: Cumming A. P. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCalibration curves of optical densities against concentrations at the selected wavelengths of 14.98, 4.65 and 3.3 μ for each of the gases carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and propane respectively, with nitrogen as diluent, are presented. Deviations from Beer's law are apparent and result in appreciable errors in analysing mixtures of these gases. Correction curves are provided that allow accuracies in analysis of within 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4% for propane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide respectively, which shows an improvement on results of previously published work on similar mixtures.
Preliminary studies on the properties of calcium carbide for metallurgical purposes
Authors: Shanahan C. E. A. , Cooke F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis report describes some preliminary investigations that have been made in order to produce a calcium carbide‐bearing slag that is fluid at iron‐ or steel‐making temperatures, and may, therefore, greatly improve desulphurization. Details of techniques evolved for the analysis of calcium carbide‐bearing mixtures and slags and a method of determining their fusion points by using a carbon‐resistor furnace are presented. Finally, it is found that calcium carbide will not dissolve in molten acid slags composed of CaO‐SiO2‐Al2O3 and is only slightly soluble in the more basic CaO‐Al2O3 slag. These results agree with preliminary thermodynamic considerations.
Odour and molecular vibration. II. Raman spectra of substances with the nitrobenzene odour
Authors: Wright R. H. , Serenius R. S. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn order to test the hypothesis that odour can be correlated with the fundamental, low‐frequency vibrations of odorous molecules, a group of 16 substances with odours like that of nitrobenzene were assembled and the Raman spectra compared. A statistically significant correlation was revealed when the Raman shifts below 800 cm.−1 were compared with those of a control group. The odour of butyronitrile was then predicted on the basis of its Raman spectrum.
The effect of organic matter on the setting of soil‐cement mixtures
Authors: Clare K. E. , Sherwood P. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMixtures of soil, cement and water will harden sufficiently to be used in place of stone for road‐making. Some soil types, however, contain organic matter that prevents the mixture hardening. Experiments are described in which a range of organic compounds, of the types occurring in soil, were added to clean sand, which was subsequently mixed with cement and water. Compressive strength tests on specimens made from these mixtures showed that the organic compounds could be grouped according to their ‘activity’ in retarding the setting of cement; of the compounds considered, the most active were glucose and nucleic acid.Later experiments with a natural organic sandy soil showed that the retardation is probably due to an ‘active’ fraction of the organic matter, which affects the setting of cement by adsorbing calcium ions liberated during hydration. The ‘active’ material is produced in the surface soil, where it is associated with a low pH; it is subsequently leached into the subsoil, where it becomes adsorbed as a complex with iron in a zone of accumulation where the pH is higher.The retarding effect is overcome by the addition, with the cement, of calcium chloride, either in the form of super‐rapid‐hardening cement or as a separate additive.
A natural inhibitor of pitting corrosion of copper in tap‐waters
Authors: Campbell Hector S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMany supply waters that might be expected to cause pitting corrosion in copper cold‐water pipes containing carbon films do not do so because they contain a natural inhibitor. The inhibitor has not been identified, but it can be shown to be present in these waters and its concentration can be compared roughly with a standard. The inhibitor, which is considered to be of organic origin, is associated with bluish‐white fluorescence in ultra‐violet light, and with depression of the maximum normally present in the polarograms of waters containing dissolved oxygen. It causes cuprous oxide to be formed at corroding copper anodes as a fine‐grained, dull‐brown adherent film instead of as coarse, red non‐adherent crystals. The latter property accounts for its inhibiting effect.
The grinding of kaolinite. II. A more detailed study
Authors: Gregg S. J. , Parker T. W. , Stephens Marjorie J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe study reported in Part I has been extended in the present Part by grinding a kaolinite for a total of 1000 hours and withdrawing samples at intervals. The samples were examined by all the tests of Part I (except heat of immersion) as well as by a number of additional tests, among which the most important were thermogravimetric analysis and X‐ray diffraction. The thermogravimetric results show that the lattice is progressively distorted as grinding progresses, but that its chemical composition is unchanged. The specific surface measured by nitrogen sorption increases by some fourfold up to a maximum at 600 hours or so, and then drops to approximately threefold the original value at 1000 hours. Comparison of results for nitrogen sorption and for particle‐size distribution—by sedimentation in water (Andreasen test)—shows that aggregates possessing a considerable internal area are progressively produced by the grinding. The distortion of the lattice and the increase in specific surface each causes a marked increase in the solubility of the ground solid in hydrochloric acid. Both the base‐exchange capacity and the content of adsorbed water (which is driven off at 100°) increase fairly continuously with the time of grinding. The results of this Part thus confirm and extend the conclusions of Part I.
The corrosion of tin by aqueous solutions of ammonia
Authors: Britton S. C. , Michael D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn some circumstances tin surfaces remain unattacked by solutions of ammonia. Factors leading to a low probability of the beginning of corrosion are: reduction in temperature of the solution, the quality of the metal surface, especially as it affects the formation of a protective oxide film in air, and also either a very low or a very high concentration of the solution. Complete immunity from corrosion is readily obtained in saturated solutions of ammonia.Tin coatings on steel are usually less resistant than rolled tin to the initiation of corrosion but, if corrosion starts, the character and speed of the attack are similar for all tin surfaces and resemble those found for solutions of caustic alkalis. Tin is anodic to steel in solutions of ammonia, but an unattacked tin surface in contact with steel may develop anodic passivity.When conditions favour the initiation of corrosion, the rate of dissolution of the metal can be made negligible by additions of hydrazine or of sodium chromate to the solution.
The solvent power of solvents for cellulose nitrate
Authors: Moore W. R. , Epstein J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe osmotic pressures of dilute solutions of 12.2%‐nitrogen‐content cellulose nitrate have been determined, with homologous series of methyl ketones and alkyl acetates as solvents. Values of the interaction constant μ have been estimated from the slopes of plots of reduced osmotic pressure against concentration. The order of solvent power obtained from values of μ is compared with the orders given by suggested estimates of solvent power from parallel precipitation and viscosity studies. The volumes of hexane required for initial phase‐separation from solution appear to be at least semi‐quantitative measures of solvent power as estimated from values of μ. Limiting viscosity numbers and the initial slopes of plots of ηsp./c against c can, to a less extent, be related to solvent power, but the relative stiffness of the chains seems responsible for the absence of any obvious relationship between solvent power and either the Huggins k' value or the Spurlin slope of Martin plot divided by limiting viscosity number.
Reaction between chlorine and hydrogen sulphide over alumina catalyst
Authors: Khundkar M. H. , Rakiboddowla Md. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the reaction between hydrogen sulphide and chlorine over alumina catalyst, with a view to ascertaining the feasibility of producing elementary sulphur by employing this reaction. Functions of such variables as (i) ratio of throughput gases, (ii) temperature and (iii) space velocity, in the process, have been investigated. Under optimum conditions, virtually quantitative reaction has been found possible.The effect of preheating on the activity of the catalyst has been recorded and discussed.
Stannous‐fluoride complexes in a tin‐nickel electrolyte
Authors: Brook P. A. , Davies A. E. , Price J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTransport numbers of various ions in a chloride‐fluoride tin‐nickel electrolyte were measured by the Hittorf method. The values obtained were compared with those calculated from conductance data. The existence of stannous‐fluoride complexes in the tin‐nickel electrolyte was confirmed.
Loading velocities in packed columns
Authors: Garner F. H. , Ellis S. R. M. , Granville W. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe loading velocity is important in the design of packed distillation columns, and a correlation is presented for the prediction of such velocities for Raschig‐ring and Berl‐saddle packings.The equation is in the form:

where UgL represents the loading velocity, S the specific surface of packing, F the voidage fraction, G the gas mass velocity, L the liquid mass velocity and g the gravitational constant.
Phase equilibria in sugar solutions. VIII. The quaternary system sucrose‐fructose‐glucose‐water
Authors: Kelly F. H. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEquilibrium‐phase relationships for the quaternary system sucrose‐fructose‐glucose‐water have been determined at 30°, and are illustrated with a Jänecke type of projection. In this system the solution with highest total solids concentration (90.5%) was obtained at the quaternary point with sucrose, fructose and anhydrous glucose in equilibrium as solid phases. Anhydrous glucose was found to be in equilibrium as the solid phase for solutions saturated with glucose and with an appreciable range of concentrations of fructose and sucrose. A larger zone was indicated where the anhydrous glucose was in a state of metastable equilibrium with a definite tendency to form the monohydrate. A third zone was identified where glucose monohydrate was in stable equilibrium as the solid phase. This behaviour at a temperature 20°below the normal transition temperature of glucose monohydrate (50°) was not unexpected after the examination of the ternary system fructose‐glucose‐water.
The formulation of priming paints for structural steel
Authors: Hudson J. C. , Stanners J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFactors bearing on the selection of priming paints are first discussed. Then interim results of collaborative researches by Joint Technical Panel J/P1 of the Protective Coatings (Corrosion) Sub‐Committee, of the British Iron and Steel Research Association, and the British paint industry are presented. For weathered steel, priming paints in a linseed‐oil medium have proved better than those in all other media tested, and one pigmented with a mixture of red lead, white lead and asbestine is recommended. Good results have also been obtained from priming paints pigmented with aluminium powder, basic lead sulphate or zinc oxide, with or without asbestine, in an alkyd medium and by pigmented paints derived from blends of the natural bitumen, Gilsonite, and various drying oils.
The surface properties of precipitated alumina. I. Preparation of active samples and determination of nitrogen adsorption isotherms
Authors: Harris M. R. , Sing K. S. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlumina precipitates have been prepared by treating sodium hydroxide with either aluminium chloride, or sulphate, at pH 5. Adsorption isotherms of nitrogen, determined at −196°on the outgassed products, were all of reversible S‐type, characteristic of physical adsorption on non‐porous solids. Surface areas have been calculated by the usual Brunauer, Emmett & Teller method and related to the conditions of precipitation and subsequent washing.In this preliminary study, products showing very high surface areas were obtained from aluminium chloride by precipitating alumina in the presence of acetate buffer and washing finally with ethanol.
The effect of hydrochloric acid on [the] corrosive nature of combustion gases containing sulphur trioxide
Authors: Kear R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFurther experiments have been carried out to investigate the effect of hydrochloric acid gas and chlorine additions to the fuel (town's gas) on the corrosion of cooled mild‐steel probes by flue gases containing sulphur oxides. The probe‐surface temperature was varied from 27°to 150°. The characteristic corrosion peak was observed between the water and acid dew‐points and the addition of hydrochloric acid gas and chlorine increased the corrosion by some 40%. Below the water dew‐point temperature (40°) a very large increase in corrosion was found and this was greatly accelerated by the addition of hydrochloric acid gas and chlorine.
Some new compounds of unsaturated fatty acids with typical metals: Their preparation and properties
Authors: Skellon J. H. , Andrews K. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preparation of new soaps of the typical and sub‐group B metals with erucic and petroselinic acids and their trans‐isomers is described. The properties of these soaps have been investigated with particular reference to their effect on the rate of autoxidation of pure monoethenoid fatty acids.
The catalytic oxidation of phenanthrene
Authors: Brooks J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe main products of the vapour‐phase oxidation of phenanthrene are phthalic anhydride, 2‐hydroxydiphenyl‐2′‐carboxylic acid lactone and 1 : 2‐naphthalic anhydride. Conditions may be varied to give the optimum yield of a particular product, which is at least 56% for phthalic anhydride or 45% for the lactone. Smaller quantities of other compounds have been isolated which provide evidence of the course of the oxidation. A feature of the laboratory‐scale process described is the use of a fluidized catalyst, namely vanadium pentoxide on a silica support with and without potassium sulphate.
Azeotropism in binary solutions: The ethyl methyl ketone‐carbon tetrachloride system
Authors: Fowler R. T. , Norris G. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe vapour‐liquid equilibrium for the system ethyl methyl ketone‐carbon tetrachloride has been investigated under both isobaric and isothermal conditions by using a modified equilibrium still. At 760 mm. pressure the azeotrope was found to contain 66.2 mole‐% carbon tetrachloride, boiling at 73.7°, rising to 71.0 mole‐% at 342 mm. pressure and 50°.Both sets of data were shown to be thermodynamically consistent using the method of Redlich & Kister. The excess free energies of the system at 50° and 760 mm. have been calculated by using the vapour‐liquid equilibrium data.
The preparation of some methyl‐substituted phenols and phenol alcohols
Authors: Fitzgerald J. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome methods for the preparation of 2:3:4:5‐tetramethylphenol have been investigated, the most useful being the Gattermann reaction with 2:3:5‐trimethylphenol followed by Clemmensen reduction. Hydrogenolysis of phenol alcohols over copper chromite catalyst has been shown to give methyl‐substituted phenols without rearrangement; nuclear chlorine does not interfere and is not removed during the hydrogenolysis. Several compounds of interest in the study of the phenol–formaldehyde reaction have been prepared.
The effect of certain unsaturated nitriles on the polymerization of styrene
Authors: Borrows E. T. , Haward R. N. , Forges J. , Street J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of a number of benzylidene and furfurylidene nitriles on the polymerization of styrene is investigated. Whereas the former class copolymerize readily, the latter are powerful inhibitors of polymerization. In the case of benzylidenemalonitrile, the effect of the penultimate monomer unit on further copolymerization is very marked.
Further observations on the aggregation of kaolinite
Authors: Gregg S. J. , Stephens M. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeries of fractions (smaller than 0.5, 0–5–1, 1–2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10, 10–20μ in equivalent Stokes' diameter [E.S.D.]) prepared from three different samples of kaolin (A, B and C) have been examined with the aid of the following measurements: specific surface area, SA, by nitrogen sorption, bulk density, ρB, in vacuo, apparent density in carbon tetrachloride, percentage, f, airborne after five seconds, fractions in sieve analysis. The results extend and confirm those obtained earlier1 with a similar series of fractions from another kaolin (D). Thus, the value of SA again agrees reasonably well with the specific surface area SD calculated from the E.S.D. for the finer fractions, but the ratio of SA to SD increases progressively with increasing particle size (particularly sharply from the 1–2.5‐μ fraction onwards) until for the coarsest fraction SA is several‐fold greater than SD. The bulk density has a minimal value for the 1–2.5‐μ fraction with samples A, B and D and for the 0.5–1‐μ fraction with sample C; the curves for percentage of airborne material after 5 seconds and for percentage, s, passing through an 80‐mesh sieve, both plotted against particle size, also show high values for the fine and the coarse fractions, with low values (often showing a clear minimum at a particular particle size) for the intermediate fractions. The detailed data for the sieve analysis are in broad agreement with the data for ρB, f and s.The results of this study confirm the presence of ‘booking’ in the coarser fractions and of looser aggregates in the finer fractions.