bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solubilization and polymer analogous reactions of polyepichlorohydrin in ionic liquids
Authors: Kim Byoung Gak , Sohn Eun‐Ho , Chung Jae‐Seung , Kwak Seung‐Yeop , Lee Jong‐Chan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPolyepichlorohydrin containing reactive chloromethyl side groups was found to be highly soluble in polar ionic liquids containing halide anions such as 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium chloride, 1‐n‐ethyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium bromide, and 1‐n‐hexyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium chloride, whereas it was insoluble in less polar ionic liquids such as 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate and 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate. The reaction of polyepichlorohydrin with thiolates and thiol compounds in the polar ionic liquids as reaction media produced polyoxyethylenes with thioether side groups in very high conversions and yields. When polyepichlorohydrin was reacted with sodium 1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorinated decanethiolate in 1‐n‐hexyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium chloride at 70°C and the product was separated through centrifugation, the ionic liquid could be used more than four times, and high conversions (>70 mol %) and yields (>62 wt %) were maintained. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Multiparameter solution model and evaluation of polymer–polymer miscibility using inverse gas chromatography data
Authors: Huang Jan‐Chan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractInverse gas chromatography (IGC) has been widely used to determine the Flory–Huggins parameters, χ, between solutes (probes) and polymers. This study correlated the Flory–Huggins parameter data using a multiparameter model, which included dispersion, polarity, acidity, and basicity components. The parameters of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and polyepichlorohydrin (PECH) were calculated from IGC data using a series of probes. The parameters of the polymers were used to evaluate mutual miscibility between PCL and PECH. The results predicted miscibility in agreement with the conclusion of an IGC study using blends of PCL and PECH. A method to estimate the confidence interval of polymer parameters was proposed. The anomalous solubility parameter of polymer mixtures previously reported was also explained using this model. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Role of amphiphilic dopants on the shape and properties of electrically conducting polyaniline‐clay nanocomposite
Authors: Reena Viswan L. , Sudha Janardhanan D. , Pavithran Chorappan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe role of functionality and rigidity of the amphiphilic dopants on the morphology and electrical property of the polyaniline‐clay nanocomposites (PANICNs) were studied by preparing polyaniline (PANI) and PANICNs using five structurally different amphiphilic dopants having backbone—phenyl, naphthyl, alicyclic, and alkyl groups. Effect of the size and functionality of the dopant on the extent of intercalation/exfoliation, morphology, thermal stability, and phase transitions were studied. PANICNs exhibited different morphologies such as nano/micro granules, rods, nanotubes, aggregated layers/clusters, and rice grain for PANICN‐2,6‐naphthalene sulphonic acid, PANICN‐para‐toluene sulphonic acid, PANICN‐stearic acid, PANICN‐dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid, and PANICN‐camphor sulphonic acid, respectively. X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and scanning electron microscopic studies showed that the self‐assembled nano/microstured aggregates were formed by the combined effect of many noncovalent interactions such as phenyl–phenyl stacking, hydrogen bonding, ion–dipole interaction, π–π stacking, and electrostatic layer‐by‐layer self‐assembling. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009.
Crystallization kinetics of poly(L‐lactide)/carbonated hydroxyapatite nanocomposite microspheres
Authors: Zhou Wen You , Duan Bin , Wang Min , Cheung Wai Lam 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMicrospheres consisting of carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHAp) nanoparticles and poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) have been fabricated for use in the construction of osetoconductive bone tissue engineering scaffolds by selective laser sintering (SLS). In SLS, PLLA polymer melts and crystallizes. It is therefore necessary to study the crystallization kinetics of PLLA/CHAp nanocomposites. The effects of 10 wt% CHAp nanoparticles on the isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization behavior of PLLA matrix were studied, using neat PLLA for comparisons. The Avrami equation was successfully applied for the analysis of isothermal crystallization kinetics. Using the Lauritzen‐Hoffman theory, the transition temperature from crystallization Regime II to Regime III was found to be around 120°C for both neat PLLA and PLLA/CHAp nanocomposite. The combined Avrami‐Ozawa equation was used to analyze the nonisothermal crystallization process, and it was found that the Ozawa exponent was equal to the Avrami exponent for neat PLLA and PLLA/CHAp nanocomposite, respectively. The effective activation energy as a function of the relative crystallinity and temperature for neat PLLA and PLLA/CHAp nanocomposite under the nonisothermal crystallization condition was obtained by using the Friedman differential isoconversion method. The Lauritzen‐Hoffman parameters were also determined from the nonisothermal crystallization data by using the Vyazovkin‐Sbirrazzuoli equation. CHAp nanoparticles in the composite acted as an efficient nucleating agent, enhancing the nucleation rate but at the same time reducing the spherulite growth rate. This investigation has provided significant insights into the crystallization behavior of PLLA/CHAp nanocomposites, and the results obtained are very useful for making good quality PLLA/CHAp scaffolds through SLS. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Covalent immobilization of β‐galactosidase on carrageenan coated with chitosan
Authors: Elnashar Magdy M.M. , Yassin Mohamed A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstractβ‐Galactosidase was covalently immobilized to carrageenan coated with chitosan for the hydrolysis of lactose. The chitosan‐carrageenan polyelectrolyte interaction was found to be dependent on the chitosan pH. At pH 4, the chitosan reached its maximum binding of 28.5% (w/w) where the chitosan surface density was 4.8 mg chitosan/cm2 g of carrageenan gel disks, using Muzzarelli method. Glutaraldehyde was used as a mediator to incorporate new functionality, aldehydic carbonyl group, to the bio‐polymers for covalent attachment of β‐galactosidase. The enzyme was covalently immobilized to the biopolymer at a concentration of 2.73 mg protein per g of wet gel. FTIR proved the incorporation of the aldehydic carbonyl group to the carrageenan coated with chitosan at 1720 cm−1. The optimum time for enzyme immobilization was found to be 16 h, after which a plateau was reached. The enzyme loading increased from 2.65 U/g (control gel) to 10.92 U/g gel using the covalent technique.The gel's modification has shown to improve the carrageenan gel thermal stability as well as the immobilized enzyme. For example, the carrageenan gel treated with chitosan showed an outstanding thermal stability at 95°C compared with 35°C for the untreated carrageenan gel. Similarly, the immobilization process shifted the enzyme's optimum temperature from 50°C for the free enzyme towards a wider temperature range 45–55 °C indicating that the enzyme structure is strengthened by immobilization. In brief, the newly developed immobilization method is simple; the carrier is cheap, yet effective and can be used for the immobilization of other enzymes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
New compatibilizer for linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE)/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Jin Dong‐Woo , Seol Sung‐Mok , Kim Gue‐Hyun 
Published: May 2009

AbstractLinear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) is one of the most widely used polymers in many fields, but it is difficult to prepare LLDPE/clay nanocomposites because of the hydrophobic nature of LLDPE. In this study, the effectiveness of low molecular weight trimethoxysilyl‐modified polybutadiene (Organosilane) as a compatibilizer for LLDPE/clay nanocomposites was studied using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and correlated with mechanical properties. Organosilane is known to react with dicumyl peroxide (DCP) to form free radicals, which react with LLDPE increasing the polarity of the LLDPE. Based on XRD and mechanical tests, it was concluded that Organosilane is a good compatibilizer for LLDPE and clay. Also when Organosilane was used in preparing LLDPE/clay nanocomposite foams, most mechanical properties were improved. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
A simple method to obtain a swollen PVA gel crosslinked by hydrogen bonds
Authors: Otsuka Emiko , Suzuki Atsushi 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA simple method to obtain a physically crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel is reported. In this technique, the PVA solution in pure water was simply cast at room temperature without using any additional chemical. The gelation proceeded during the dehydration after casting the PVA solution into a mold. After the completion of gelation, the swelling ratio of the gel in its equilibrium was measured whenever the solvent water was repeatedly exchanged. The weight gradually decreased due to the elution of non‐crosslinked polymers into the solvent, and became constant after sufficient water exchange. The measurements using a Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy and an X‐ray diffraction suggested that the crosslinks due to hydrogen bonds and microcrystals were formed during the dehydration process of the PVA solution. We concluded that the sample obtained by the present method is a physically crosslinked polymer network, insoluble in water, i.e., a swollen gel in water. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Graft copolymerization of itaconic acid onto sodium alginate using ceric ammonium nitrate as initiator
Authors: Işıklan Nuran , Kurşun Fatma , İnal Murat 
Published: May 2009

AbstractGraft copolymers of sodium alginate (NaAlg) with itaconic acid (IA) were prepared in aqueous solution using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as the redox initiator under N2 atmosphere. The carboxylic acid groups of IA were neutralized with sodium hydroxide before grafting process. Grafted copolymers as sodium salts (NaAlg‐g‐PIA) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, intrinsic viscosity measurement, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The graft yield (GY %) of the graft copolymer and the grafting efficiency (GE %) of the reaction were evaluated comparatively. The effects of the reaction variables such as the reaction time, temperature, percentage of NaAlg, monomer and initiator concentrations on these parameters were studied. It was observed that GY% and GE% increased and then decreased with increasing concentrations of IA and polymerization temperature. The optimum grafting conditions for maximum GY were obtained with a reaction time of 5 h, reaction temperature of 30°C, IA concentration of 0.23 M, CAN concentration of 9.12 × 10−2 M and percentage of NaAlg 0.5 g/dL. The overall activation energy for the grafting was also calculated to be 1135 cal/mol. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Semi‐ and full‐interpenetrating polymer networks based on polyurethane produced from canola oil and poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Kong Xiaohua , Tan Susheng , Narine Suresh S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSemi‐ and full‐interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) were prepared using polyurethane (PUR) produced from a canola oil‐based polyol with primary terminal functional groups and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The properties of the material were studied and compared using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile measurements. The morphology of the IPNs was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Semi‐IPNs demonstrated different thermal mechanical properties, mechanical properties, phase behavior, and morphology from full IPNs. Both types of IPNs studied are two‐phase systems with incomplete phase separation. However, the extent of phase separation is significantly more advanced in the semi‐IPNs compared with the full IPNs. All the semi‐IPNs exhibited higher values of elongation at break for all proportions of acrylate to polyurethane compared with the corresponding full IPNs. These differences are mainly due to the fact that in the case of semi‐IPNs, one of the constituting polymers remains linear, so that it exhibits a loosely packed network and relatively high mobility, whereas in the case of full IPNs, there is a higher degree of crosslinking, which restricts the mobility of the chains. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Architecture of the Blood‐Spleen Barrier in the Soft‐Shelled Turtle, Pelodiseus Sinensis
Authors: Bao Hui‐Jun , Li Mei‐Ying , Wang Jiang , Qin Jun‐Hui , Xu Chun‐Sheng , Hei Nai‐Nan , Yang Ping , Gandahi J.A. , Chen Qiu‐Sheng 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe investigated the structure of the soft‐shelled turtle, Pelodiseus sinensi, spleen and demonstrated that there were several microanatomical peculiarities by light and transmission electron microscopy. In the spleen, the white pulp of the spleen was composed of two compartments, the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS) and periellipsoidal lymphatic sheath (PELS). No lymph nodules and marginal zones were found. The spleen‐blood barrier stood in the PELS and the ellipsoid. The high endothelial lining of penicilliform capillary contained small channels. These channels allowed circulating substances or lymphocytes to enter the ellipsoid. The distal portion of the penicilliform capillaries directly opened to pulp cords. The ellipsoid‐associated cell (EAC) was located at the surface of the ellipsoid. Reticular fibers were mainly distributed in ellipsoid and the outer PELS. Both reticular cells and macrophages were distributed in the outer layers of PELS. S‐100 protein positive dendritic cells were mainly distributed in out cells layer of the PELS and all over the PALS. Forty minutes after injection, carbon particles of Indian ink were mainly observed in the ellipsoid. Few carbon particles were observed in the outer PELS and fewer carbon particles in the red pulp. These findings suggested that a blood‐spleen barrier indeed existed in the soft‐turtle, P. sinensi, and it was a complex composed of an ellipsoid (including supporting cells, EAC, and reticular fibers) and the outer compartments of PELS (including dendritic cells, reticular fibers and cells, macrophages). Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bactrocerin‐1: A novel inducible antimicrobial peptide from pupae of oriental fruit flyBactrocera dorsalisHendel
Authors: Dang Xiang‐Li , Tian Jin‐Huan , Yang Wan‐Ying , Wang Wen‐Xian , Ishibashi Jun , Asaoka Ai , Yi Hui‐Yu , Li Yi‐Feng , Cao Yang , Yamakawa Minoru , Wen Shuo‐Yang 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA novel antimicrobial peptide, Bactrocerin‐1, was purified and characterized from an immunized dipteran insect,Bactrocera dorsalis. Bactrocerin‐1 has 20 amino acid residues with a mass of 2,325.95 Da. The amino acid sequence of Bactrocerin‐1 showed very high similarity to the active fragment (46V‐65S‐NH2) of Coleoptericin A. The composition of amino acid residues revealed that Bactrocerin‐1 is a hydrophobic, positively charged, and Lys/Ile/Gly‐rich peptide. Minimal growth inhibition concentration (MIC) measurements for synthesized Bactrocerin‐1 showed a very broad spectrum of anti‐microbial activity against Gram‐positive bacteria, Gram‐negative bacteria, and fungi. Bactrocerin‐1 did not show hemolytic activity toward mouse red blood cells even at a concentration of 50 µM. Analysis of the Helical‐wheel projection and the CD spectrum suggested that Bactrocerin‐1 contains the amphipathic α‐helix. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The importance of starch and sucrose digestion in nutritive biology of synanthropic acaridid mites: α‐Amylases and α‐glucosidases are suitable targets for inhibitor‐based strategies of mite control
Authors: Erban Tomas , Erbanova Michaela , Nesvorna Marta , Hubert Jan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe adaptation of nine species of mites that infest stored products for starch utilization was tested by (1) enzymatic analysis using feces and whole mite extracts, (2) biotests, and (3) inhibition experiments. Acarus siro, Aleuroglyphus ovatus, and Tyroborus lini were associated with the starch‐type substrates and maltose, with higher enzymatic activities observed in whole mite extracts. Lepidoglyphus destructor was associated with the same substrates but had higher activities in feces. Dermatophagoides farinae, Chortoglyphus arcuatus, and Caloglyphus redickorzevi were associated with sucrose. Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Carpoglyphus lactis had low or intermediate enzymatic activity on the tested substrates. Biotests on starch additive diets showed accelerated growth of species associated with the starch‐type substrates. The inhibitor acarbose suppressed starch hydrolysis and growth of the mites. We suggest that the species with higher starch hydrolytic activity in feces were more tolerant to acarbose, and α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase of synanthropic mites are suitable targets for inhibitor‐based strategies of mite control. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, Antiviral and Cytostatic Evaluation of Unsaturated Exomethylene and Keto D‐Lyxopyranonucleoside Analogues
Authors: Tzioumaki Niki , Tsoukala Evangelia , Manta Stella , Agelis George , Balzarini Jan , Komiotis Dimitri 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis report describes the synthesis of unsaturated exomethylene lyxopyranonucleoside analogues as potential biologically active agents. Commercially available 1,2,3,4‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐α‐D‐lyxopyranose 1 was condensed with silylated thymine and uracil, respectively, deacetylated and acetalated to afford 1‐(2,3‐O‐isopropylidene‐α‐D‐lyxopyranosyl)thymine 4a and 1‐(2,3‐O‐isopropylidene‐α‐D‐lyxopyranosyl)uracil 4b. The new derivatives 1‐(2,3,4‐trideoxy‐4‐methylene‐α‐pent‐2‐enopyranosyl)thymine 8a and 1‐(2,3,4‐trideoxy‐4‐methylene‐α‐pent‐2‐enopyranosyl)uracil 8b were prepared via two different key intermediates, 7a, b and 13a, b in order to elucidate the influence of 2′,3′‐unsaturation and to clarify the difference between the keto and exomethylene group on the biological activity of the target molecules. Compounds 7a, b, 8a, b, and 13a, b were evaluated for their antiviral and cytostatic activity using several virus strains and cell lines. Whereas no marked antiviral activity was noticed, 13a and 13b showed a cytostatic activity that ranged between 7 and 23 μM for 13a and 26 and 38 μM for 13b against murine leukemia L1210, human lymphocyte Molt4/C8 and CEM cells, and human breast carcinoma MCF7 cells.
Association of concomitant fibromyalgia with worse disease activity score in 28 joints, health assessment questionnaire, and short form 36 scores in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Ranzolin Aline , Brenol João Carlos Tavares , Bredemeier Markus , Guarienti Jairo , Rizzatti Marcele , Feldman Daniel , Xavier Ricardo Machado 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo study the association of the presence of fibromyalgia (FM) with the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF‐36) health survey in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsA total of 270 outpatients with RA were enrolled in a prospective cross‐sectional study. The patients underwent clinical evaluation and application of the HAQ and SF‐36 questionnaires. Disease activity was evaluated using the DAS28 score. FM and RA diagnoses were made according to American College of Rheumatology criteria.ResultsThe overall prevalence of FM was 13.4%. This group of patients had a higher prevalence of female sex, older mean age, higher functional class, and longer morning stiffness than patients with only RA. Mean ± SD DAS28 scores were significantly higher in patients with RA and FM (5.36 ± 0.99) than in patients with RA only (4.03 ± 1.39; P < 0.001). In a multivariable linear regression analysis, FM was an important predictor of the DAS28 score, even after adjusting for the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, number of swollen joints, functional class, number of disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs currently in use, current dose of steroids, and articular erosions. HAQ and SF‐36 scores were also worse in patients with RA and associated FM.ConclusionFM is related to worse scores on the DAS28, HAQ, and SF‐36 in patients with RA. The presence of FM may have major implications in the interpretation of the DAS28 score because it is related to higher scores independently of objective evidence of RA activity.
Association of occupational activity with radiographic knee osteoarthritis and lumbar spondylosis in elderly patients of population‐based cohorts: A large‐scale population‐based study
Authors: Muraki Shigeyuki , Akune Toru , Oka Hiroyuki , Mabuchi Akihiko , En‐Yo Yoshio , Yoshida Munehito , Saika Akihiko , Nakamura Kozo , Kawaguchi Hiroshi , Yoshimura Noriko 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the risk of radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA) and lumbar spondylosis associated with occupational activity in elderly Japanese subjects using the large‐scale population‐based cohort of the Research on Osteoarthritis Against Disability (ROAD) study.MethodsFrom the baseline survey of the ROAD study, 1,471 participants age ≥50 years (531 men and 940 women) living in mountainous and seacoast communities were analyzed. Information collected included a lifetime occupational history and details of specific work place physical activities. Radiographic severity at the knee and lumbar spine was determined by the Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) grading system.ResultsThe prevalence of K/L grade ≥2 knee OA and lumbar spondylosis among agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers was significantly higher than among clerical workers and technical experts in the overall population. For occupational activities, sitting on a chair had a significant inverse association with K/L grade ≥2 knee OA and lumbar spondylosis. Standing, walking, climbing, and heavy lifting were associated with K/L grade ≥2 knee OA, but were not associated with K/L grade ≥2 lumbar spondylosis. Kneeling and squatting were associated with K/L grade ≥3 knee OA.ConclusionThis cross‐sectional study using a population‐based cohort suggests that sitting on a chair is a significant protective factor against both radiographic knee OA and lumbar spondylosis in Japanese subjects. An occupational activity that includes heavy lifting appears to have a greater effect on knee OA than on lumbar spondylosis.