bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supplementary Low-Intensity Aerobic Training Improves Aerobic Capacity and Does Not Affect Psychomotor Performance in Professional Female Ballet Dancers
Authors: Smol Ewelina , Fredyk Artur 
Published: April 2012

Supplementary Low-Intensity Aerobic Training Improves Aerobic Capacity and Does Not Affect Psychomotor Performance in Professional Female Ballet Dancers
We investigated whether 6-week low-intensity aerobic training program used as a supplement to regular dance practice might improve both the aerobic capacity and psychomotor performance in female ballet dancers. To assess their maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and anaerobic threshold (AT), the dancers performed a standard graded bicycle ergometer exercise test until volitional exhaustion prior to and after the supplementary training. At both these occasions, the psychomotor performance (assessed as multiple choice reaction time) and number of correct responses to audio-visual stimuli was assessed at rest and immediately after cessation of maximal intensity exercise. The supplementary low-intensity exercise training increased VO2max and markedly shifted AT toward higher absolute workload. Immediately after completion of the graded exercise to volitional exhaustion, the ballerinas' psychomotor performance remained at the pre-exercise (resting) level. Neither the resting nor the maximal multiple choice reaction time and accuracy of responses were affected by the supplementary aerobic training. The results of this study indicate that addition of low-intensity aerobic training to regular dance practice increases aerobic capacity of ballerinas with no loss of speed and accuracy of their psychomotor reaction.
The Relationship Between Muscle Strength, Anaerobic Performance, Agility, Sprint Ability and Vertical Jump Performance in Professional Basketball Players
Authors: Alemdaroğlu Utku 
Published: April 2012

The Relationship Between Muscle Strength, Anaerobic Performance, Agility, Sprint Ability and Vertical Jump Performance in Professional Basketball Players
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between isokinetic knee strength, anaerobic performance, sprinting ability, agility and vertical jump performance in first division basketball players. Twelve male first division basketball players participated in this study. The mean age was 25.1 ± 1.7 yrs; mean body height 194.8 ± 5.7 cm; mean body mass 92.3± 9.8 kg; mean PBF 10.1± 5.1; and mean VO2max 50.55 ± 6.7 ml/kg/min. Quadriceps and hamstrings were measured at 60° and 180°/s, anaerobic performance was evaluated using the Wingate anaerobic power test, sprint ability was determined by single sprint performance (10-30 m), jump performance was evaluated by countermovement (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) tests and agility performance was measured using the T drill agility test. Quadriceps strength was significantly correlated with peak power at all contraction velocities. However, for mean power, significant correlation was only found between the 60° left and 180° right knee quadriceps measurements. No measure of strength was significantly related to the measurements from/results of field tests. Moreover, strong relations were found between the performance of athletes in different field tests (p< 0.05). The use of correlation analysis is the limitation of the this study.
Ostracoda (Crustacea) association and a new species (Dolerocypris anatolia nov. sp.) from the Pliocene-Pleistocene Afşin-Elbistan (Kahraman Maraş) Coal Basin of Turkey
Authors: Tunoğlu Cemal , Besbelli Berk , Ertekin İbrahim 
Published: April 2012

Ostracoda (Crustacea) association and a new species (Dolerocypris anatolianov. sp.) from the Pliocene-Pleistocene Afşin-Elbistan (Kahraman Maraş) Coal Basin of TurkeyThe Afşin-Elbistan Coal Basin, which is one of the largest and most important Pliocene-Pleistocene lignite basins of Turkey, is located in Eastern Anatolia. The basin was formed between two normal faults having NE-SW direction and these faults controlled both the sedimentation and the subsidence. The coal horizon of over 50 meters in thickness indicates the balance between the sedimentation and subsidence rates, and was preserved during peat deposition. Coals were generated in this extensive and shallow freshwater lake and evolved from the Pliocene to Pleistocene. Typical faunal and floral assemblages of this ancient Afşin-Elbistan freshwater lake are Ostracoda, Mollusca (Gastropoda and Pelecypoda), spore-pollen and Characeae (gyrogonites). Eleven Cypridoidea species were identified from the investigation area. Eight of them are already known (Candona neglectaSars,Candona iliensisMandelstam,Candonaaff.candida(Müller),Pseudocandona compressa(Koch),Cyclocypris ovum(Jurine),Ilyocypris gibba(Ramdohr),Cypris puberaMüller,Heterocypris salina(Brady)), whereas three belong to open nomenclature —Candonasp. andEucyprissp.;Dolerocypris anatolianov. sp. is proposed as a new species.DolerocyprisKaufmann is one of the largest genera among the freshwater Ostracoda. It has a very wide geographical distribution. Representatives of this genus are actively swimming species found in shallow zones of freshwater lakes and reported from small grassy water bodies with megascopic plants.Dolerocypris anatolianov. sp. is recorded from core samples of the Pliocene-Pleistocene Afşin-Elbistan Coal Basin for the first time.
Palaeogeographical reconstruction and management challenges of an archaeological site listed by UNESCO: the case of the Letoon shrine in the Xanthos Plain (Turkey)
Authors: Fouache Eric , Ecochard Emilie , Kuzucuoğlu Catherine , Carcaud Nathalie , Ekmekçi Mehmet , Ulusoy Inan , Çiner Attila , des Courtils Jacques 
Published: April 2012

Palaeogeographical reconstruction and management challenges of an archaeological site listed by UNESCO: the case of the Letoon shrine in the Xanthos Plain (Turkey)
During the Hellenistic period, Xanthos and Letoon were respectively a large city and an important shrine in Lycia. Questions still remain about the geography of the Eşen Çayı delta during the first millennium BC: what were the features of the landscape surrounding the Letoon shrine? Where did the riverbed lie? Our analysis is based on a reconstruction of the geomorphological dynamics at work during the Holocene. These are then compared with historical, archaeological and literary sources. Sedimentary sampling shows that a marine bay was gradually closed during the formation of a coastline spit, which led to the development of a lagoon system. Lagoons and marshes remained predominant characteristics of the plain over a long period. A branch or a former channel of the Eşen Çayı was discovered close to the Letoon shrine. In recent decades, authorities, as well as UNESCO, are now making an effort to manage palaeoenvironmental reconstructions in their promotion of the tourist potential of archaeological sites. We propose a management project for the Letoon site.
A geomorphological approach to geodiversity - its applications to geoconservation and geotourism
Authors: Thomas Michael 
Published: April 2012

A geomorphological approach to geodiversity - its applications to geoconservation and geotourism
Geodiversity is becoming widely considered alongside biodiversity by conservation agencies and has importance for geotourism. Geomorphology has a central role in understanding geodiversity, particularly at regional and local scales. By focusing on the processes that interact at the earth's surface and how they respond to external forcing, geomorphology analyses both landscape evolution and real-time changes over different timescales. Diversity reflects the complexity of process systems and history. Connectivity and sensitivity amongst landscape elements are highly varied over space and time, leading to divergence and increasing diversity over time. By using these principles within constrained chronologies of landscape change, studies of geodiversity can become a valuable tool in ecosystem management and the delivery of ecosystem services, including sustainable geotourism.
Ecomorphological evaluation of the Łyna River along the Kotowo-Ardapy section
Authors: Grzybowski Mirosław , Endler Zbigniew 
Published: April 2012

Ecomorphological evaluation of the Łyna River along the Kotowo-Ardapy section
The Water Framework Directive of the European Parliament and the European Union Council No 2000/60/EC, of 23rd October 2000, on the common water policy, modifies provisional rules of river monitoring. Being an EU country, Poland has been obliged to introduce the new regulations and, additionally, to elaborate and implement regional methods for hydromorphological assessment of quality of river water no later than 2006. In the present study, hydromorphological evaluation of the Łyna River along a 7-km-long section between Kortowo and Adrapy has been completed. Along this section, the Łyna is a lowland, gravel and highly natural river. Two methods of evaluation, based on different assumptions, were applied. One is a British method, called River Habitat Survey (RHS), whereas the other one is based on German methods, known as ecomorphological river evaluation, and has been developed by Ilnicki (University of Agriculture in Poznań). A comparative analysis of the usefulness of both methods was performed, based on the results obtained with each method. The scope of our study has been to include a survey of the flora, phytosociological relationships and fauna of the river and its environs. Both methods implied that the river was more natural upstream and the results are shown on maps. The ecomorphological river evaluation, according to Ilnicki, assesses the river along its entire course, which is in accord with the Directive's assumptions. In contrast, the RHS method, which analyses selected, 500-meter-long sections, results in a non-continuous river evaluation. I our study, the assessment by RHS led to the omission of the most valuable section of the river. However, RHS (owing to the HQA index) more accurately indicates anthropogenic influences on the river, unlike the ecomorphological evaluation by Ilnicki, which lacks such an index. Consequently, the estimation of the degree of naturalness or extent of man-made pressure is not free from some subjectivity, which means that the surveyor needs certain experience. The RHS method is objective and unambiguous but still needs adaptation to the Polish conditions. Both methods can be statistically elaborated. At present, it is difficult to compare the reliability of the results obtained by both methods. The RHS method requires an application of a reference group of rivers, which has not been prepared for Poland yet. Assuming that the RHS database on the examined rivers (the Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, August Cieszkowski Agricultural University in Poznań) could correspond to that missing reference group for Polish rivers, the results obtained by both methods were comparable.
Synthesis of FSMs Based on Architectural Decomposition with Joined Multiple Encoding
Authors: Bukowiec Arkadiusz 
Published: April 2012

Synthesis of FSMs Based on Architectural Decomposition with Joined Multiple EncodingThe method of synthesis of the logic circuit of finite state machine (FSM) with Mealy's outputs is proposed in this paper. Proposed method is based on the innovate encoding of microinstructions split into subsets. Code of microinstruction is represented as a part of current state code and code of microinstruction inside of current subset. It leads to realization of FSM as s double-level structure. It leads to diminishing of number of variables required for encoding of microinstructions. Such approach permits to decrease the number of required outputs of combinational part of FSM.
Morphology of second instar nymphs of Kermes quercus (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Kermesidae)
Authors: Podsiadło Elżbieta 
Published: April 2012

Morphology of second instar nymphs of Kermes quercus (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Kermesidae)
The second instar male and female of Kermes quercus Linnaeus are redescribed and illustrated. Sexual dimorphism is demonstrated. The second instar male is distinguished by 7-segmented antennae, well-developed legs, thin and long body setae, quinquelocular pores on both surfaces, bilocular pores only on the venter near the sub- and marginal setae, and by the lack of simple pores. The second instar female has shortened antennae, annular segments reduced to 5-6, very much reduced legs, short and stout body setae, quinquelocular pores only on the venter, bilocular pores on both surfaces, but those on the dorsum distributed throughout the derm, while those on the venter are located as in the male, and by having a few simple pores in the posterior and marginal areas of the dorsum. The presence of tubular ducts is the most noticeable morphological feature of second instar nymphs distinguishing them from first instar nymphs.
Three new species of the genus Chimarra Stephens, 1829 (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) from the Indian Himalayas
Authors: Pandher Manpreet , Saini Malkiat 
Published: April 2012

Three new species of the genus Chimarra Stephens, 1829 (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) from the Indian Himalayas
Three new species are described in the genus Chimarra Stephens. They are Chimarra icar, C. pupi (both from Sikkim) and C. maneriensis from Uttarakhand. These species are distinguishable from each other and from previously known species by the structure of the male genitalia.
Freeze-Drying Preservation of Yeast Adjunct Cultures for Cheese Production
Authors: Połomska Xymena , Wojtatowicz Maria , Zarowska Barbara , Szołtysik Marek , Chrzanowska Józefa 
Published: April 2012

Freeze-Drying Preservation of Yeast Adjunct Cultures for Cheese Production
Four yeast strains: Yarrowia lipolytica PII6a, Candida famata MI1a, C. kefyr PII1b, C. sphaerica FII7a, adjunct cultures for cheese production were preserved by freeze-drying. The effect of process parameters and cryoprotective agents on cell survival and stability of growth characteristics was evaluated. Among three lyophilisation protocols, the process with three-step drying at temperatures of -38°C, -20°C and -10°C assured the highest cell viability. The survival of yeast strains in the presence of multicomponent cryoprotective agents containing skimmed milk, trehalose and sodium glutamate in three combinations (MT, MG, MTG) was significantly higher than in the presence of those agents used alone. The best agent for Y. lipolytica, C. kefyr and C. sphaerica appeared to be MT, while for C. famata - MG. Cell viability of yeast strains directly after freeze-drying was in the range of 74-80% and was relatively stable during one-year storage except C. famata. Initial yeast growth patterns were very well preserved in most of the preparations during 6 months of storage.
Photochemistry and gas exchange in cold conditions in Zn-deficient red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. rubra) plants
Authors: Hajiboland Roghieh , Amirazad Fahimeh 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The responses of red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. rubra) plants to a low Zn supply and cold conditions (10°/7°C day/night temperature) were investigated in a hydroponic growing medium. A low Zn supply caused a significant reduction of shoot and root dry weight - up to 55% and 45% for the control and 62% and 52% for cold-treated plants, respectively. The total soluble carbohydrates and starch declined in Zn-deficient plants. Exposure to low temperatures, however, led to a decline in starch but an increase in soluble sugars. In Zn-sufficient plants, low temperatures increased the excitation capture efficiency of open photosystem II (PS II) reaction centres (RCs) (F'v
/F'm
), the quantum yield of PS II (ΦPSII), the electron transport rate (ETR) and the proportion of active chlorophyll associated with the RCs of PS II (Fv
/F0
). Low temperatures did not affect net CO2 uptake in Zn-sufficient plants, though a reduction of stomatal conductance occurred. The results demonstrated that although cold-treated plants were slightly more susceptible to Zn deficiency, cold treatment caused greater shoot biomass (up to 32%) in plants supplied with adequate Zn. The adaptation of red cabbage plants to cold conditions is attributable to improved photochemical events in the leaves, a maintenance of the net CO2 assimilation rate, lower water loss and the accumulation of anthocyanins as antioxidants.
Computationally Efficient Methods of Approximations of the S-Shape Functions for Image Processing and Computer Graphics Tasks
Authors: Cyganek Bogusław , Socha Katarzyna 
Published: April 2012

Computationally Efficient Methods of Approximations of the S-Shape Functions for Image Processing and Computer Graphics Tasks
The paper describes a number of methods for approximation of the S-shape functions, frequently used in computer graphics or image processing. The main focus is on efficient software and hardware implementations. We present original code for the high and low level languages which implement different approximations of the S-shape functions. Additionally we introduce the FixedFor<> template class which fills the gap of efficient representation of different length fixed-point data formats in C++.
A Comparative Study in Wavelets, Curvelets and Contourlets as Denoising biomedical Images
Authors: Hamdi Med 
Published: April 2012

A Comparative Study in Wavelets, Curvelets and Contourlets as Denoising biomedical Images
A special member of the emerging family of multi scale geometric transforms is the contourlet transform which was developed in the last few years in an attempt to overcome inherent limitations of traditional multistage representations such as curvelets and wavelets. The biomedical images were denoised using firstly wavelet than curvelets and finally contourlets transform and results are presented in this paper. It has been found that the contourlets transform outperforms the curvelets and wavelet transform in terms of signal noise ratio
Post Irradiation Temporal Profiles as a Toolto Investigate the Mechanism of Lipid Peroxidation in Compartmentalized Systems
Authors: Cubillos María A. , Lissi Eduardo A. , Abuin Elsa B. 
Published: April 2012

A methodology is proposed to investigate the origin of the autoacceleration frequently observed when the oxidation of lipids takes place in compartmentalized systems. The method is based on the evaluation of post-irradiation effects and time profiles of oxygen consumption when the irradiation is re-initiated after a dark period. The proposal is experimentally tested in the oxidation of egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles initiated by decomposition of a water soluble free radical source. Three sceneries and the expected time profiles of oxygen consumption are proposed to explain the origin of the autoacceleration effect: (i) initial inhibiton by remainig low levels of (unknown) antioxidants; (ii) autoacceleration due to contribution of peroxidized products to the initiation rate; and (iii) a lag time due to the long reactions times required to reach the steady-state condition when the oxidation takes place in compartmentalized systems. The results obtained are consistent with case (i). The conclusion reached is considered to be relevant in the context that it allows differentiation between spurious effects [case (i)] and intrinsic effects [cases (ii) and (iii)]. This can contribute to a better understanding of the factors involved in the interpretation of the kinetic and mechanistic aspects of lipid peroxidation in compartmentalized systems.
Kinetic Pathways in the Atmospheric Chemistry of Titan – a Generalized Analysis
Authors: Dimitrov Vasili , Bar-Nun Akiva 
Published: April 2012

Titan, the sixth Saturnine moon, is a unique celestial body in many respects, including the existence of a high-density atmosphere over a relatively small astro-physical object, chemical activity in the low-potential reducing medium, the presence of an extensive aerosol domain, etc. Despite many observations, simulation experiments and theoretical models, the general picture of Titan's atmospheric photochemistry is still imprecise. This study of the most general features of chemical activity in Titan's atmosphere by means of Generalized Kinetic Analysis (GKA) is based on the point that both the probability and efficiency of kinetic trends are estimated solely on the basis of energy/material restrictions and general kinetic laws. Only the quantity (intensity) and quality (spectrum) of the external driving force are considered closely, while both the particular kinetic demands and low internal energy resources of Titan's background are discounted. What this means is that the main inferences of GKA should be valid for any given kinetic model. Only a small part Lch of the total external energy flux Labs∼12·6 W m−2 is photochemically active Lch = (L1ion + L2ion + L1dis) + L2ch = (1·5 X 10−3 + 0·22 X 10−3 + 10·6 X 10−3) + 0·69 W m−2. The secondary energy L2ch (1440<λ<3500Å) meets the common energy requirements, while the primary energies L1ion, L2ion and L1dis define kinetic pathways of the chemical process, i.e. L1ion (790<λ<980Å) and L2ion (λ<790Å) initiate ionic photochemistry via ionization of CH4 and N2, respectively, while L1dis (980<λ<1440Å) provides photodissociation of CH4 to neutral species. Because of severe energy/material restrictions, the general chemical process proceeds in the form of a self-sustaining Diels-Alder diene low-temperature synthesis to give telomerization and polymerization. GKA proves that the main kinetic pathways (photodissociation to neutrals and charged photoionization) play different roles with respect to the quantitative and qualitative formation of the final stable products of Titan's atmospheric photochemistry. The neutral pathway governs the bulk (overall yield) of the final products while ionic chemistry is responsible for its wide chemical composition (variety of chemical species). Species identification in terms of hydrocarbon type content results in the following weight ratio composition of the final products: dienes (0·60–0·65) + saturated/unsaturated acyclic pure hydrocarbons (0·16–0·19) + tholins (0·07–0·08) + isocyclics (0·03–0·05) + miscellaneous (0·05). The elemental composition of this bulk material is (C/H/N)∼1·00/ 1·12/ 0·08.
Charles Elton: Pioneer Conservation Biologist
Authors: Simberloff Daniel 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Charles Elton is widely regarded as a key figure in the development of ecology as a science in the first half of the twentieth century, having contributed greatly to the concepts of the food web, the ecological niche and the pyramid of numbers, as well as to the study of population cycles, biological invasions and the notion that biological diversity confers ecological stability. To the extent that his contributions to conservation and conservation biology are recognised at all outside Great Britain, they are often seen as influenced by his long friendships with Aldo Leopold and Arthur Tansley. In fact, Elton's interest in conservation developed apace with his devotion to the scientific study of biological populations and communities and his contributions to conservation biology arose directly from his ecological research. In particular, he repeatedly stressed that ecological research demonstrated that nature reserves could not simply be established and protected but had to be managed in light of various dynamic processes that invariably arise within them. Conversely, he frequently adduced as one reason for nature reserves their usefulness for the study of ecological dynamics and interactions. Elton became so engaged in conservation activities that, despite a congenital impatience with committee work and administration, he heavily influenced the development of a British national policy on conservation, advised on the structures that would aid implementing this policy and served for seven years on a key committee established by this policy.