bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in pulp mills and effects on metal mobility and primary production
Authors: Eklund Britta , Bruno Ellen , Lithner Göran , Borg Hans 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Over the last decade, the use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) has increased by a factor of three within the Swedish pulp industry. The effects of pulp mill wastewater in combination with EDTA on metal mobility and the consequences for ecologically relevant organisms have been studied. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was added to pulp mill effluent water in the laboratory and compared to wastewater without EDTA. Degradation of the water was followed over a experimental period up to eight weeks and samples were taken five times for chemical analysis and at the beginning and the end for biological tests. Half a year later, the experiment was repeated. The results from both experiments showed that EDTA markedly increased the solubility of zinc, cadmium, lead, iron, nickel, and copper, whereas the solubility of vanadium, molybdenum, thallium, arsenic, and chromium was not changed by the presence of EDTA. No measurable degradation of EDTA occurred even after 5.5 months. The toxicity of the pulp mill effluent water was low, and only a slight toxic effect was observed on the reproduction of Ceramium strictum. The most pronounced effect was a stimulation in the growth of three algal species in 5 to 20% (v/v) total effluent wastewater with and without EDTA. The presence of EDTA in the dissolved fraction of the pulp mill effluent water increased the growth stimulation in 20 to 40% (v/v), possibly because of the increased availability of essential metals like iron, zinc, and copper. The capacity of the pulp mill wastewater to support algal growth was nearly as good as a rich nutrient medium for algae. The combination of poorly degradable EDTA and the increasing availability of metals might further enhance eutrophication in the recipient areas of pulp mills.
A comparison of stream biological responses to discharge from wastewater treatment plants in high and low population density areas
Authors: Dyer Scott D. , Wang Xinhao 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe ultimate purpose of this study was to identify broad relationships that may have relevance for the risk assessment of chemicals and materials that are discharged to receiving streams via municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents (e.g., consumer product ingredients). The effects of municipal wastewaters occurring in high population density (&gt;500 persons per square mile, urban) and low population density (&lt;500 persons per square mile, rural) environments were determined via analysis of biological, habitat, and water chemistry data collected both immediately upstream and downstream of 221 WWTPs in Ohio, USA. Several biological and chemistry indicators demonstrated poorer water quality in urban areas compared to rural areas. After considering the effect of river size, adverse effects downstream of WWTPs for both fish and macroinvertebrate communities were clearly identified for only urban areas. These data indicate that WWTP potency may be greater in urban areas compared to rural areas.
Modification of an ecotoxicological rating to bioassess small acid mine drainage-impacted watersheds exclusive of benthic macroinvertebrate analysis
Authors: Schmidt Travis S. , Soucek David J. , Cherry Donald S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe modified ecotoxicological rating (METR) approach to synthesizing integrative bioassessment data into a single number ranging from 0 to 100 was found to differentiate between multiple levels of impacts from acid mine drainage (AMD). Our objective was to develop a more cost-effective and time-efficient bioassessment technique than previously used in other large scale ecotoxicological ratings (ETRs) by minimizing the number of parameters required to rank stations to only those most descriptive of the benthic macroinvertebrate community responses to AMD. Nineteen physical, chemical, toxicological, and ecological measurements were made at 38 stations in two adjacent watersheds. The most descriptive parameters were selected through multiple linear regression analysis, bivariate correlation analysis, and one-way analysis of variance. We found that habitat assessment, 30-d in situ Asian clam survival, mean conductivity, and mean total water column concentration of aluminum and manganese were the most descriptive parameters. The METR constructed from these parameters was equally effective at differentiating stations as were two previous published ETRs that incorporated up to 10 parameters, including benthic macroinvertebrate indices. When the METR was applied to a new watershed, the scores were significantly correlated with benthic macroinvertebrate indices for those stations.
Determining probable causes of ecological impairment in the Little Scioto River, Ohio, USA: Part 1. Listing candidate causes and analyzing evidence
Authors: Norton Susan B. , Cormier Susan M. , Suter Glenn W. , Subramanian Bhagya , Lin Edith , Altfater David , Counts Bernie 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The Little Scioto River in north-central Ohio, USA, is considered to be biologically impaired based on the results of fish and invertebrate surveys. The causes for these impairments were evaluated by means of a formal method. Two of the impairments identified on the stream reach were characterized in detail to support the causal assessment. A list of six candidate causes was developed that included habitat alteration, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination, metals contamination, low dissolved oxygen, ammonia toxicity, and nutrient enrichment. Evidence for the causal evaluation was developed with data from the site that associated each candidate cause with the biological responses. Evidence was also developed that drew on data from other locations and laboratory studies, including comparisons of site exposures with screening values and criteria. The formal method increased the transparency of the assessment; candidate causes were clearly listed and the pathways by which they may have produced effects were shown. Analysis of the evidence maximized the utility of available data, which were collected as part of monitoring and research programs rather than to specifically support a causal assessment. This case study illustrates how the stressor identification method can be used to draw conclusions from available data about the most likely causes of impairment and to show what additional studies would be useful.
Assessing relationships between human land uses and the decline of native mussels, fish, and macroinvertebrates in the Clinch and Powell river watershed, USA
Authors: Diamond Jerome M. , Bressler David W. , Serveiss Victor B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The fee-flowing Clinch and Powell watershed in Virginia, USA, harbors a high number of endemic mussel and fish species but they are declining or going extinct at an alarming rate. To prioritize resource management strategies with respect to these fauna, a geographical information system was developed and various statistical approaches were used to relate human land uses with available fish, macroinvertebrate, and native mussel assemblage data. Both the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera (EPT) family-level index, and the fish index of biotic integrity (IBI) were lowest in a subwatershed with the greatest coal mining activity (analysis of variance [ANOVA], p &lt; 0.05). Limited analyses in two other subwatersheds suggested that urban and agricultural land uses within a specified riparian corridor were more related to mussel species richness and fish IBI than land uses in entire catchments. Based on land uses within a riparian corridor of 200 m × 2 km for each biological site in the watershed, fish IBI was inversely related to percent cropland and urban area and positively related to pasture area (stepwise multiple regression, R2 = 0.55, p &lt; 0.05). Sites less than 2 km downstream of urban areas, major highways, or coal mine activities had a significantly lower mean IBI value than those more than 2 km away (ANOVA, p &lt; .05). Land use effects included poorer instream cover and higher substrate embeddedness (t test, p &lt; 0.05). Weaker land use relationships were observed for EPT and mussel species richness. Episodic spills of toxic materials, originating from transportation corridors, mines, and industrial facilities, also have resulted in local extirpations of native species, particularly mussels. The number of co-occurring human activities was directly related to stream elevation in the Clinch River, with more human land uses in headwater areas. Approximately 60% of known U.S. Fish and Wildlife mussel concentration sites in the watershed are located within 2 km of at least two land use sources identified as potentially stressful in our analyses. Our results indicate that a number of land uses and stressors are probably responsible for the decline in native species. However, protection of naturally vegetated riparian corridors may help mitigate some of these effects.
Fate of tributyltin in a created tidal wetland
Authors: Anderson Britt-Anne , Unger Michael A. , Moore Kenneth A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The ability of Spartina alterniflora to degrade tributyltin (TBT) in contaminated dredge spoils was investigated in a created wetland at Little Creek Naval Amphibious Base in Norfolk, Virginia, USA. Concentrations of TBT up to 250 ng/g did not inhibit S. alterniflora growth over a 16-month period. Disappearance rates of TBT in vegetated and unvegetated treatments were similar, with half-lives of 300 to 330 d. Disappearance rates were not constant, but they were correlated to temperature changes and were possibly due to microbial degradation within the sediment. Of the initial amount of TBT in the sediment, only 0.4% accumulated in S. alterniflora biomass. Uptake of TBT by S. alterniflora was greatest in belowground biomass (43 ng/g). During plant senescence, most of the TBT was retained in the detrital material. Whereas S. alterniflora did not expedite the degradation of TBT, using TBT-contaminated dredge spoils to create wetlands is plausible. However, this should only be undertaken after further investigation into the potential for plant biomass to become a biovector for TBT.
Bioavailability of metals to the amphipodMonoporeia affinis: Interactions with authigenic sulfides in urban brackish-water and freshwater sediments
Authors: Wiklund Ann-Kristin Eriksson , Sundelin Brita 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCould reduced eutrophication be a potential environmental threat because of increased mobility and bioavailability of trace metals? This question was addressed by oxygenating intact sediment cores, varying in redox potential and salinity, in a test system containing the amphipod Monoporeia affinis. Results show a low mobility of metals during oxygenation, and despite high concentrations of metals in sediments, only Pb showed a notable degree of bioaccumulation. Cadmium was bioaccumulated particularly in freshwater sediment, and body burden of Cd was related to salinity, porewater, and sediment concentrations. Despite high sediment and porewater concentrations of Cu and Zn, no relationship was recorded to body burden. For three of four tested metals, Cd, Pb, and Zn, metals in sediment were more important for body burdens in amphipods as compared to metals in porewater. Food, rather than interstitial water, therefore seems to be the main route of metal contaminants to these amphipods. Furthermore, this observed low release of metals from sediments and low body burden significance of porewater metals indicate that ameliorated oxygen conditions in contaminated sediments may be regarded as a minor environmental threat for one of the most important Baltic benthic organisms.
Purification and identification of a tributyltin-binding protein from serum of Japanese flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus
Authors: Shimasaki Yohei , Oshima Yuji , Yokota Yoshiko , Kitano Takeshi , Nakao Miki , Kawabata Shun-ichiro , Imada Nobuyoshi , Honjo Tsuneo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTributyltin (TBT) is an industrial chemical used as an antifoulant in marine environments. Previously, we reported that TBT accumulates in the serum or plasma of some fishes and is bound to a high molecular weight compound in the serum of the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. In this study, we succeeded in purifying the TBT-binding protein (TBT-bp) from the serum of Japanese flounder by using gel filtration chromatography, anion exchange chromatography, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with a 2.6% yield and a 77-fold purification. The molecular mass of TBT-bp was approximately 46.5 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and its isoelectric point was approximately 3.0 on isoelectric focusing-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The TBT-bp contained 42% N-glycan. The cDNA nucleotide sequence of TBT-bp was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of Japanese flounder liver, and we deduced a sequence of 191 amino acids of mature TBT-bp. No sequence identical to the TBT-bp amino acid sequence was found within the SWISS-PROT (http://www.nig.ac.jp/) protein database; however, a lipocalin-like sequence pattern was observed. We concluded that the TBT-bp was a novel protein that has not yet been reported, although some DNA sequences from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of Japanese flounder liver had a high identity. A high expression level of TBT-bp gene was found in the liver, but the gene was slightly detectable in the kidney and brain.
A framework for prioritizing fragrance materials for aquatic risk assessment
Authors: Salvito Daniel T. , Senna Ronald J. , Federle Thomas W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
More than 2,100 chemically defined organic chemicals are listed in the Research Institute of Fragrance Materials/Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association (RIFM/FEMA) Database that are used as ingredients of fragrances for consumer products. An approach was developed for prioritizing these fragrance materials for aquatic risk assessment by first estimating the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of these fragrance materials in the aquatic environment based upon their physicochemical properties and annual volume of use. Subsequently, an effect level was predicted with a general quantitative structure—activity relationship (QSAR) for aquatic toxicity, and a predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) was calculated from this effect level by using an assessment factor (AF) that accounts for uncertainty in the toxicity QSAR prediction. A conservative AF of 106 was applied to the endpoint predicted by the QSAR to provide an adequate margin of safety in the calculation of the PNEC. The PEC was compared to the PNEC to characterize the risk to freshwater aquatic organisms (e.g., Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas). If the ratio of PEC to PNEC was below one, the material was considered to have negligible environmental risk and to be acceptable for the aquatic environment at current use levels. If this ratio exceeded one, the PNEC was refined by using more specific QSAR models (Ecological Structure—Activity Relationships [ECOSAR]). If the ratio continued to exceed one, the material became a candidate for further aquatic risk assessment procedures, which involve iterative steps to refine the PEC, the PNEC, or both by using measured ecotoxicological endpoints. Prioritization for this latter process can be based upon the magnitudes of the estimated PEC:PNEC ratios. When using the first tier of this approach, only 568 of 2,141 fragrance materials (26.5%) in the RIFM/FEMA Database had PEC:PNEC ratios greater than one. This percentage decreased to only 164 materials (7.7%) when PNECs were derived with ECOSAR. Comparison of predicted PECs and PNECs with those based upon measured data confirmed the conservatism and low risk for type I errors associated with the framework. These combined exercises demonstrated the ability of this highly precautionary risk-based screening approach to quickly prioritize a large number of materials without benefit of experimental ecotoxicological or fate data.
Fate and effects of triclosan in activated sludge
Authors: Federle Thomas W. , Kaiser Sandra K. , Nuck Barbara A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Triclosan (TCS; 5-chloro-2-[2,4-dichloro-phenoxy]-phenol) is a widely used antimicrobial agent. To understand its fate during sewage treatment, the biodegradation and removal of TCS were determined in activated sludge. In addition, the effects of TCS on treatment processes were assessed. Fate was determined by examining the biodegradation and removal of TCS radiolabeled with 14C in the 2,4-dichlorphenoxy ring in laboratory batch mineralization experiments and bench-top continuous activated-sludge (CAS) systems. In batch experiments with unacclimated sludge, TCS was mineralized to 14CO2, but the total yield varied as a function of test concentration. Systems that were redosed with TCS exhibited more extensive and faster mineralization, indicating that adaptation was a critical factor determining the rate and extent of biodegradation. In a CAS study in which the influent level of TCS was incrementally increased from 40 μg/L to 2,000 μg/L, removal of the parent compound exceeded 98.5% and removal of total radioactivity (parent and metabolites) exceeded 85%. Between 1.5 and 4.5% of TCS in the influent was sorbed to the wasted solids, whereas &gt;94% underwent primary biodegradation and 81 to 92% was mineralized to CO2 or incorporated in biomass. Increasing levels of TCS in the influent had no major adverse effects on any wastewater treatment process, including chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, and ammonia removal. In a subsequent experiment, a CAS system, acclimated to TCS at 35 μg/L, received two separate 4-h shock loads of 750 μg/L TCS. Neither removal of TCS nor treatment processes exhibited major adverse effects. An additional CAS study was conducted to examine the removal of a low level (10 μg/L) of TCS. Removal of parent equaled 94.7%, and biodegradation remained the dominant removal mechanism. A subsequent series of CAS experiments examined removal at four influent concentrations (7.5, 11, 20, and 50 μg/L) of TCS and demonstrated that removal of parent ranged from 98.2 to 99.3% and was independent of concentration. Although TCS removal across all experiments appeared unrelated to influent concentration, removal was significantly correlated (r2 = 0.87) with chemical oxygen demand removal, indicating that TCS removal was related to overall treatment efficiency of specific CAS units. In conclusion, the experiments show that TCS is extensively biodegraded and removed in activated-sludge systems and is unlikely to upset sewage treatment processes at levels expected in household and manufacturing wastewaters.
Organochlorine concentrations in the saimaa ringed seal (Phoca hispida saimensis) from Lake Haukivesi, Finland, 1981 to 2000, and in its diet today
Authors: Kostamo Auli , Hyvärinen Heikki , Pellinen Jukka , Kukkonen Jussi V. K. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Organochlorine and mercury (Hg) pollution has been one possible reason for a decline in the size of the population of the Saimaa ringed seal (Phoca hispida saimensis) in Lake Haukivesi, Finland. In this study, we analyzed changes in the concentrations of organochlorine compounds (OCls) and extractable organic halogen (EOX) in the blubber of Saimaa ringed seals that died from 1981 to 2000. In addition, the present concentrations and biomagnification factors of OCls and Hg from the main prey fish of ringed seal and pike (Esox lucius) were determined. Concentrations of pollutants in bream (Abramis brama) also were analyzed. The decline in the OCl concentrations in blubber was, on average, 25% during the two decades since polychlorinated biphenyls and DDT compounds were banned. Today, concentrations in blubber of Saimaa ringed seals are similar of those in ringed seals from the Arctic. Correspondingly in fish, the OCl and Hg concentrations were, on average, similar to those found in other studies on Finnish and Arctic areas. The low diet concentrations and metabolism of OCls also reflect the lower age correlation of OCls in the male ringed seals in the 1990s than in the 1980s. Biomagnification was considerably higher from fish to the ringed seal than from prey fish to pike because of higher feeding rate of ringed seals and differences in the metabolisms of these animals.
Modeling sorption isotherms of volatile organic chemical mixtures in model and natural solids
Authors: Li Jun , Werth Charles J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Parameters from single-component isotherm models were used in multicomponent isotherm models to predict the aqueous phase sorption of trichloroethylene (TCE) in the presence of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) in four zeolites, Tenax, and three natural solids. The Langmuir, the Polanyi-Dubinin, and the Freundlich or the Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm models were used to simulate single-component sorption in zeolites. The Langmuir two-site, the Polanyi-Dubinin two-site, and the Freundlich or the Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm models were used to simulate single-component sorption in Tenax and natural solids. Two-site models have been used previously to model sorption in soils and sediments, and they combine an adsorption component (e.g., Langmuir) with a linear partitioning component. By using parameters from the different single-component isotherm models, the multicomponent Langmuir, the ideal adsorbed solution theory, and the Polanyi theory were each used to predict multicomponent sorption. In general, the ability to predict TCE sorption in the presence of PCE depended more on the choice of the single-component model than the multicomponent model, and better results were obtained when the Freundlich or the Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm was used for single-component sorption. This suggests that the more mechanistically based Langmuir and Polanyi-type models may not adequately describe the distribution of adsorption sites in some model and natural solids. The Freundlich or the Langmuir-Freundlich model, although empirical, has greater flexibility in characterizing sorbent heterogeneity and results in better multicomponent model predictions. However, this last statement is tenuous, because more solids must be tested against various model combinations.
Adsorption behavior of toxic tributyltin to clay-rich sediments under various environmental conditions
Authors: Hoch Marion , Alonso-Azcarate Jacinto , Lischick Martin 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The adsorption and desorption behavior of tributyltin (TBT) from aqueous solution to clay-rich sediments was studied under various conditions (pH, salinity) using the batch technique. Sediments containing illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite in different proportions were used as sorbent materials. Several physicochemical parameters of the sediments (e.g., Brunauer-Emmett-Teller [BET] surface area, cation exchange capacity [CEC], total organic carbon [TOC]) were evaluated to assess the influence of sediment characteristics to the adsorption capacity for TBT. Adsorption isotherms were linear over the concentration range of 100 to 1,000 ng(Sn)/ml. The adsorption coefficient (Kd) values range from 29 to 70 at the pH value generally found in marine systems (pH 8). The adsorption capacity shows a maximum in the range of pH 6 and 7. Salinity is also an important factor in controlling TBT adsorption. The strongest adsorption was observed at salinity of 0‰, and it strongly decreases with increasing salinity. The adsorption mechanism is controlled by the properties of the clay minerals as well as the aquatic chemistry of TBT. Desorption takes place over the studied pH range (4–8) when contaminated samples interact with TBT-free water at given experimental conditions.