bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Helicobacter spp. Other Than Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Okoli Arinze S. , Menard Armelle , Mendz George L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractNon‐H. pyloriHelicobacter species (NHPHS) are associated with several important human and animal diseases. In the past year research into this group of bacteria has continued to gain attention, and novel species have been described in new niches owing to improvements in detection methods. Polymerase chain reaction and/or sequencing remain the gold standard for the detection of this genus. New insights into the pathogenesis of the NHPHS in hepatobiliary, gastric, and intestinal diseases were gained. In particular, data revealed interaction between hepatic steatosis and infectious hepatitis in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Evidence of an association between hepatitis C virus and Helicobacter spp. in hepatocarcinoma development was also provided; and male sex hormone signaling appeared to influence infectious hepatitis induced by Helicobacter hepaticus. More findings support an association between Helicobacter heilmannii and gastric adenocarcinoma; and in mice, mucins MUC4 and MUC5 but not MUC1 influence the colonization and pathogenesis of Helicobacter felis. Data indicated that the roles of the adaptive immune system in H. hepaticus‐induced intestinal tumorigenesis are different in the small and large intestines, and environmental factors, such as bile acids may modulate H. hepaticus carcinogenic potential. New reports in the prevention and eradication of NHPHS showed a protective response against Helicobacter suis induced by vaccine administration, and a successful cross‐foster rederivation method successfully eradicated Helicobacter spp. from contaminated mice litters. Overall, the studies provided insights into the pathophysiology of Helicobacter species other than Helicobacter pylori.
Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Costa Ana C , Figueiredo Ceu , Touati Eliette 
Published: August 2009

Abstract Helicobacter pylori induces chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa, but only a proportion of infected individuals develop peptic ulcer disease or gastric carcinoma. Reasons underlying these observations include differences in bacterial pathogenicity as well as in host susceptibility. Numerous studies published in the last year provided new insight into H. pylori virulence factors, their interaction with the host and consequences in pathogenesis. These include the role of bacterial genetic diversity in host colonization and persistence, outer membrane proteins and modulation of adhesin expression, new aspects of VacA functions, and CagA and its phosphorylation‐dependent and ‐independent cellular effects. This article will also review the recent novel findings on the interactions of H. pylori with diverse host epithelial signaling pathways and events involved in the initiation of carcinogenesis, including genetic instability and dysregulation of DNA repair.
Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Monteiro Lurdes , Oleastro Mónica , Lehours Philippe , Mégraud Francis 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe articles published this last year in the field of Helicobacter pylori diagnosis reported the development of in vivo histology, small improvements in some invasive methods (urease test, culture, and histology) and new kits for the stool antigen tests. They also contributed to increasing our knowledge, by further exploration into specific conditions for the urea breath test and into the significance of cagA antibodies. The role of serum markers of atrophy was also confirmed. Molecular methods are still being developed for direct genotyping, detection of H. pylori and its clarithromycin resistance, either by polymerase chain reaction or fluorescent in‐situ hybridization. For the first time, there was a report on a possible interest of magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Verbal and Visual Selective Reminding Procedures in Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Funakoshi Akihiro , Matsumoto Izumi , Inoue Yushi , Yagi Kazuichi 
Published: August 2009

Purpose: The verbal and visual Selective Reminding Procedures (SRP) of Buschke (1974) were performed in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) to examine their usefulness for determining the laterality of the seizure focus. Methods: The subjects were 59 (33 male and 26 female) patients with TLE. Their mean age at testing was 28.2 years (range, 15–55 years); their age at seizure onset was 11.3 years (range, 1–34 years); and their full‐scale IQ with the WAIS‐R was 79.3 (range, 52–119). The laterality of the seizure focus was determined by a preoperative workup and verified by the postoperative course for >1 year (seizure reduction to <10%). The focus was on the left side in 33 patients (group L) and on the right in 26 patients (group R). Demographic features were similar between groups L and R. All patients had left hemisphere language dominance as determined by the Wada test. Verbal SRP and visual SRP were performed preoperatively. The verbal SRP consisted of 12 unrelated nouns with three to four syllables, and the visual SRP consisted of 12 figures collected from the Rey Visual Learning Test. Performances on the verbal SRP and visual SRP were compared between groups L and R. Fisher's test, the Mann‐Whitney U test, and an unpaired t test were used for statistical analyses. Results: Most patients of groups L and R immediately recalled five to seven stimuli on the first trial of both SRPs. On the verbal SRP, significantly more patients in group R (25 patients, 96%) recalled the 12 stimuli on two consecutive trials than those in group L (23 patients, 70%; p < 0.01), whereas the results for both groups on the visual SRP were similar (group L: 16 patients, 61%; group R: 20 patients, 62%). The number of trials before recalling the 12 stimuli without intervening reminding was similar in both groups (6.9 ± 2.24 trials in group L; 5.9 ± 2.31 in group R) on the verbal SRP, but group R needed significantly more trials (8.0 ± 2.28 trials) than group L (5.7 ± 1.89 trials) on the visual SRP (p < 0.01). On three consecutive trials, the 12 stimuli were recalled by 10 (30%) patients of group L and by 11 (42%) patients of group R on the verbal SRP, but on the visual SRP by 14 (42%) patients of Group L and by only four (15%) patients of group R (p < 0.05). The number of intrusion errors were 2.4 ± 3.60 in group L and 1.4 ± 3.80 in group R on the verbal SRP, but 16.2 ± 17.6 in group L and as much as 25.9 ± 15.8 in group R on the visual SRP (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Group L showed difficulty in storing verbal stimuli compared with group R. On the other hand, group R was more impaired in the effective storage and retrieval of visual stimuli than was group L. Verbal and visual SRPs may help to determine the laterality of the seizure focus in patients with TLE.
Transinferior Temporal Amygdalohippocampectomy for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Takeuchi Juji , Kubo Hiroaki , Kawasaki Jun , Kanemoto Kousuke 
Published: August 2009

Purpose: We describe a new surgical approach for removing the amygdalohippocampal complex. This approach does not require difficult surgical techniques, has had no complications so far, and the operative results have been excellent for obtaining sufficient seizure control. Methods: After a temporal craniotomy, the inferior temporal gyrus is exposed. A cortical incision, 15 nun superior and parallel to the temporal base, from the temporal tip to 50 mm (left side) or 60 mm (right side) posterior to it is made. The incision is deepened to reach to the arachnoid near the tentorial edge. When this is accomplished, the inferior temporal horn is opened widely, and the entire hippocampus is exposed. The hippocampus, as well as the parahippocampal gyrus, is removed in two pieces of ∼2 cm long each. The inferior half of the amygdala and the temporal basal cortex just in front of the head of hippocampus is also removed. Results: Of the 30 operated on cases that were followed up for > 1 year, 25 were completely seizure free, two had only a few auras a year, two had a few complex partial seizures a year, and one showed no change. This distribution is quite satisfactory. Conclusion: This approach is easy, but the results are satisfactory. Of course, the anterior temporal approach is the standard technique; however, the novel approach should be considered, especially when the entire hippocampus is to be removed.
Callosotomy in Children: Experience in the Veterans General Hospital‐Taipei
Authors: Wong Tai‐Tong , Chang Kai‐Ping , Kwan Shang‐Yeong , Chi Ching‐Shiang , Yang Tsui‐Fen , Lee Ying‐Chiao , Guo Wan‐Yuo 
Published: August 2009

Purpose: Surgery is becoming more important for the treatment of chronic seizures in the pediatric age group. Common surgical procedures in children include anterior callosotomy and resection of focal lesions and surrounding tissue. Methods: The underlying diseases or pathologies for the chronic seizures of children included cryptogenic epilepsy, tumors, vascular lesions, dysplasia, and posttraumatic or ischemic events. Anterior callosotomy was performed, mainly for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome. Patients with intractable secondarily generalized or generalized seizures were referred to the Hospital and selected for presurgical evaluation. Until 1996, 82 callosotomies had been performed. The surgical technique consisted of dissecting and splitting the anterior two thirds to four fifths of the corpus callosum through a frontal interhemispheric approach. Intraoperative precallosotomy and postcallosotomy electrocorticography (ECoG) studies were performed. Results: The mean age at the time of the operation was 8 years. The mean duration of the seizures was 5.3 years. There was no operative mortality or significant neurologic complications. With a mean follow‐up period of 1.9 years, the outcome was that 20.7% of the children were seizure free, and 41.5% showed a significant improvement. Conclusions: Sixty‐three percent of the parents were satisfied with the results. Some children showed an improvement in their hyperactivity, attention span, and social skills. However, there was no help for their mental retardation.
Two Patients with Angelman Syndrome Followed Beyond 20 Years of Age
Authors: Koide Hiroyoshi , Kaneko Atushi , Miyazaki Hiromi , Yokoyama Yasuko , Kurata Midori 
Published: August 2009

Purpose: Angelman syndrome is now diagnosed appropriately because of the development of the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method. We encountered two cases of this syndrome, and the follow‐up studies until adulthood produced some interesting clinical findings. Case Reports: Case 1 was a 23‐year‐old man. Albinism, delayed speech development, hyperactivity, avoidance of eye contact, and hypersalivation were noticed. Cerebral palsy ‐was suspected. He could walk independently by age 2 years but could not speak a single word. At age 3 years, epileptic seizures developed and were observed frequently until age 10 years. At that time, his condition was consistent with epilepsia partialis continua because of tremors of the left hand and a continuation of the electroencephalographic (EEG) findings of spikes on the midtemporal and right central regions. The epileptic attacks were controlled with clonazepam (CZP). A constant happy demeanor has been noticed but outbursts of laughter have not been observed. Diffuse high‐amplitude slow‐wave activity with intermittent spike‐wave discharges, which are the characteristic EEG features of Angelman syndrome, disappeared and spike‐wave‐like discharges over the frontal area were observed thereafter. The present clinical features are severe intellectual disability, happy disposition, clumsy and awkward gait without palsy, oculocutaneous albinism, and semiopened large mouth with protruding tongue and salivation. A chromosomal analysis disclosed 46XYde1(15)(qIl.lql2), and the FISH method detected the deletion of the signal SNRNP.Case 2 was a 20‐year‐old man. Intellectual disability and hyperactivity had been noticed since infancy. Cerebral palsy was suspected. He could walk independently by 3 years and 6 months but could not speak a single word. The initial epileptic seizure occurred at age 2 years and 7 months. However, no seizures were observed after age 9 years. He has had a constant happy demeanor but no outbursts of laughter. At the present, he shows severe intellectual disability, happy disposition, clumsy and awkward gait without palsy, hypopigmented skin color, and semiopened large mouth with protruding tongue and salivation. EEG examination during childhood revealed the characteristic EEG activities of Angelman syndrome, diffuse high‐amplitude slow waves with intermittent spikes. However, at the present, only migratory focal spikes are seen. A chromosomal analysis disclosed 46XY del(l5)(qllq13), and the FISH method revealed a deletion of the SNRNP region. Conclusions: We followed up two patients with Angelman syndrome who were diagnosed with the FISH method. Patients with severe intellectual disability and a constant happy demeanor should be studied with the FISH method. Epileptic attacks were well controlled after adolescence, and the characteristic diffuse high‐amplitude slow‐wave activities disappeared thereafter.
Lactate and NAA Mapping Assessed by Proton NMR Chemical‐Shift Imaging in Seizures
Authors: Nakasu Yoko , Morikawa Shigehiro , Inubushi Toshiro , Handa Jyoti 
Published: August 2009

Purpose: To observe metabolic maps of lactate and N‐acetyl asparate (NAA) by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in vivo in the rat brain during the acute stage of hemispheric seizures. Methods: Adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and were examined by using a 2.0‐T CSI Omega system. Seizures were elicited through transient opening of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) in the left hemisphere by injection of a hyperosmolar solution of mannitol into the left internal carotid artery, following an intravenous injection of bicuculline methiodide. Both hemispheres were then observed from an axial view before and after the induction of seizures by using the three‐dimensional chemical shift imaging (CSI) technique. Proton CSI data were obtained from a 40 × 40 mm2 FOV, divided into an 8 × 8 matrix, by using water suppression, fat suppression, and outer volume suppression, thus creating a metabolic map. The opening of the BBB was confirmed as a transient increase in signal intensity in the left hemisphere on T,‐weighted MR images. Results: Neither the intravenous injection of bicuculline methiodide nor the transient opening of the BBB alone caused seizure activity. The rats developed tonic‐clonic seizures after the transient opening of the BBB after injection of bicuculline methiodide. The left hemisphere showed periodic spikes on the scalp EEG ‐15 min after the opening. Metabolic images showed an accumulation of lactate in the left cerebral hemisphere at 1 and 3 h after seizure induction. Metabolic images of lactate, however, detected no abnormalities in the hemisphere 24 h after the seizure. No clear concurrent changes in the NAA map were observed in this study. The cerebellar hemispheres showed no changes of either the lactate or NAA metabolic images. Conclusions: We found a transient accumulation of lactate in the cerebral hemisphere due to abnormal neuronal excitation after its evocation with bicuculline methiodide. The metabolic maps were obtained in vivo with a noninvasive procedure. We suggest that lactate can be a reversible indicator for NMR metabolic mapping, showing the focus of abnormal neuronal excitation in the acute stages of clinical seizures.
The Corpus Callosum and Epileptic Seizures: Experimental Results in Cats
Authors: Yamashiro Katsumi , Tomiyama Ndoki , Ishida Akihiko , Terada Yukitoshi , Kinjo Toshihiko , Yoshii Yoshihiko , Mukawa Jiro 
Published: August 2009

Purpose: Corpus callosotomy (CC) has recently been recognized as an effective treatment for patients with intractable generalized seizures. Experimental studies also reported the same seizure‐suppressive effects. We investigated the effects of sectioning the corpus callosum in models of epilepsy in cats. Methods: Acute and subacute models of epilepsy were made by the topical application of estrogen and cobalt powder, respectively, at the left anterior sigmoid gyrus (ASG). The electrocorticogram (ECoG) and steady potentials (SPs) were recorded from both sides of the anterior sigmoid gyrus and the ventrolateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus. The spindle‐like afterdischarges were elicited by direct stimulation of the cortex or VL nucleus of thalamus. The “surface negative (SN) wave” produced by pyramidal tract stimulation and recorded at the cortical surface has been identified as a reflection of postsynaptic potentials generated through recurrent inhibitory pathways (Humphrey et al. 1968). SN waves were analyzed for the assessment of the cortical inhibitory mechanisms before and after sectioning the corpus callosum. Results: Topical application of estrogen to the left ASG (acute model) induced spike‐waves on both sides of the ASG and VL. The SP showed a negative shift on the same side as the estrogen application: however, no change in the SP was seen on the contralateral side. In this (acute) model, a remarkable reduction or disappearance of spike‐waves on the side contralateral to estrogen application, was seen just after the sectioning of the corpus callosum. The spindle‐like afterdischarges were also difficult to induce on the same side as estrogen application after callosal sectioning. Cobalt powder also induced spike‐waves after topical application to the left ASG (subacute model). The spindle‐like afterdischarges showed a reduction after the callosal sectioning. The SN waves gradually diminished in amplitude after topical application of cobalt powder on the same side of the ASG as the application. In the contralateral ASG, the SN waves showed a slight reduction in amplitude. These phenomena were presumably due to depression of recurrent postsynaptic inhibition caused by the topical application of the epileptogenic agents. After callosal section, the SN waves recovered in amplitude on both sides. Conclusions: These data suggest that the corpus callosum is maintaining epileptiform activity during the advanced stages of epilepsy. They also suggest that sectioning of the corpus callosum suppress epileptic activity because of recovery of cortical inhibitory mechanisms as represented by the amplitude of the SN wave.
Dopamine Receptors and Hippocampal Seizure Generation
Authors: Minabe Yoshio , Hashimoto Kenji , Watanabe Kei‐ichiro , Nishimura Tsutomu , Ashby Charles R. 
Published: August 2009

Purpose: We examined the effects of selective cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitors and dopamine D1‐receptor agonists on hippocampal partial seizures induced by electrical stimulation at 2 Hz in freely moving rats. We also tested the effects of acute (single injections) and repeated (injections once per day for 21 days) administration of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Methods: We used five seizure parameters to assess the effects of the drugs [i.e., pulse number threshold (threshold for the initial primary afterdischarges), duration of the primary afterdischarge, latency of the secondary afterdischarges, duration of the secondary afterdischarges, and duration of the behavioral seizures]. The detailed methods have been described elsewhere (Katsumori et al. Eur J Pharmucol 1996;311:37–44, and Synapse 1997;27, in press). Results: cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors (rolipram 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg, i.p.; RO 20–1724, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) and dopamine D,‐receptor agonists (SKF 38393, 1.5, 5, or 15 mgkg, i.p.; SKF 81297, 3 mgkg, i.p.) produced the same type of proconvulsive action, by selectively enhancing the generation of secondary afterdischarges. The dopamine D1‐receptor antagonist, SCH 23390 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) blocked the effect of SKF 38393 but not that of rolipram. The dopamine D1‐receptor antagonist, sulpiride (45 mg/kg, i.p.). showed no effect on the seizure parameters. A single injection of either 5 or 15 mg/kg of clozapine significantly decreased the pulse number threshold and significantly increased the duration of primary afterdischarges, indicating a proconvulsive action. The repeated administration of clozapine (1.5, 5, or 15 mg/kg, i.p.) produced dose‐dependent, proconvulsive effects by significantly decreasing the pulse number threshold and by significantly increasing the duration of primary afterdischarges. In contrast to clozapine, the short‐term administration of haloperidol (0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg, i.p.), unlike clozapine, significantly decreased the duration of primary afterdischarges, but did not alter the pulse number threshold. Conclusions: These results suggest that the proconvulsive action of dopamine D1‐receptor stimulation is, at least partially, due to the resulting increase in cAMP levels in the brain. Clozapine produces a greater proconvulsive action than haloperidol or sulpiride in this animal model of hippocampal seizures. It remains to be determined whether modulation of the secondary afterdischarges has any predictive value for specific aspects of hippocampal epileptogenesis.