bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbonate Archie Exponents Correction Model and Variable Determination
Authors: Budebes S. , Saif O. , Al-Farisi O. , Hamdy T. , Al-Marzouqi M. , Yammahi F. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Oil industry's basic tool for in-situ determination of hydrocarbon saturation is resistivity log. Since 1942, Archie's empirical relations have been used to calculate oil (and water) saturations, which are vital for field development. Sw (Water Saturation) and So (Oil Saturation) values are needed in several phases of reservoir life; exploration, development, monitoring, management and long term plans.
In one of major Abu Dhabi offshore fields, a study to develop optimum methodology for determining Archie parameters that represent the corresponding rock properties is initiated. This is to replace the use of one constant value of by variable curve that respond to different rock properties.
In this paper, Archie's equation parameters determination techniques have been reviewed and analyzed. Cost effective, high confidence rock & Log type integration methodology were innovated to determine variable values of two parameters; Cementation and Saturation Exponent. Before this study, Special Core Analysis measurements were the main techniques to get the two parameters.
In this study, thorough investigation on utilizing Neutron, Density, Resistivity & Dielectric logging measurements as replacement of core analysis have showed for valuable opportunity to establish new water saturation log interpretation standards in carbonate rock.
Permeability Determination in Fractured & Non-Fractured Carbonate Reservoir; Using Innovative Multi Property Threshold Analysis Approach of Basic Log Data
Authors: Al-Farisi Omar , Budebes S. , Saif O. , Hamdy T. , Al-Felasi Ali , Sarri Amr 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
It's been long years of trials worldwide to find the relation between permeability and any other reservoir property or log and/or relation with combination of them. There have been even neural network, fuzzy logic and equation solver software modules used to enable extracting and finding probable sophisticated equation for permeability determination from log data, in a way replicating Archie's Equation for water saturation determination, however; it's important to keep in mind that core analysis were unable to provide proper reservoir water saturation due to coring operation deficiency in preserving core fluid from the time of coring until reaching surface and labs unless highly cost pressure coring was conducted. While core plug permeability measurements provide solid reference of permeability; in the other hand, if water saturation determination from logs is wrong no one can easily challenge it and proves opposite.
Here, in this paper a new analysis approach is innovated and detailed, as the analysis did not look for one relationship between permeability across all geological layers and specific log data like previous approaches; instead, the new approach is finding multi relations between permeability variations across each layer and several log data types until finding the suitable log or logs that are providing adequate relation. As we found that each reservoir layer permeability range responds to different log data types more sound and obvious than other log data types, in a way reflecting the domination reasons for permeability ranges whether they are due to fracture or matrix or any other structural, stratigraphic, deposition or digenetic effects.
This technique is utilized successfully in three different reservoirs; fractured limestone, non-fractured heterogeneous limestone and dolomitized-limestone.
Greece's "Unpleasant Arithmetic" Containing the Threat to the Global Economy
Authors: Barth James R. , Li Tong , Prabhavivadhana Apanard 
Published: December 2011

Greece's debt-to-GDP ratio is reaching unsustainable levels. But why should the debt load of such a small country cause such outsized tremors in global financial markets? Greek debt may be relatively small, but a sufficient amount is held by a few major banks in Europe to cause disruptions to the credit system. This effect is magnified because other banks from around the world are exposed to these European banks, making the problem global. In this article we examine the exposure of banks around the world to Greek debt, and call for swift and decisive action by policymakers to head off a global banking crisis.
Demand for Services: Determinants of Tax Preparation Fees
Authors: Frischmann Peter J. , Frees Edward W. 
Published: December 2011

We empirically investigate the demand for income tax preparation services by examining factors that affect both the choice and level of utilization of service. We identify the demand factors as the taxpayer's (1) opportunity costs, (2) estimated tax savings when using a preparer, and (3) historical uncertainty in tax liability. Our panel data set allows us to measure individual-specific uncertainty, a new measure in assessing determinants of tax service demand. Consistent with prior research, choice is measured by whether a taxpayer uses a professional paid preparer. The preparer's fee is the measure of utilization level. Fee information is heavily censored in part because fees only need to be disclosed when taxpayers itemize deductions and have miscellaneous itemized deductions above the 2 percent limit. We develop a partially censored regression model to accommodate the censoring.
Similar to Cragg (1971), we decouple the choice and level of utilization models; findings indicate differences between these models. Generally, taxpayers choose paid preparers for time savings and uncertainty protection. Fees, however, reflect the purchase of time and tax savings, not uncertainty protection. These results suggest that pricing structures for professional tax preparation services could be adjusted to more closely reflect the services provided.
Morphometric features of the craniocervical junction region in dogs with suspected Chiari-like malformation determined by combined use of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography
Authors: Marino Dominic J. , Loughin Catherine A. , Dewey Curtis W. , Marino Leonard J. , Sackman Joseph J. , Lesser Martin L. , Akerman Meredith B. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Objective—To objectively describe morphometric features of the craniocervical junction region of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs) and non-CKCS dogs with suspected Chiari-like malformation (CLM) and identify associations between these features and the presence of other malformations in this region.
Animals—216 CKCSs and 58 non-CKCS dogs.
Procedures—Magnetic resonance and computed tomographic images of the head and craniocervical junction region of patients evaluated because of suspected CLM were assessed for cerebellar compression (CC), ventral spinal cord compression at the C1–C2 articulation (medullary kinking), and dorsal spinal cord compression at the C1–C2 articulation (dorsal compression). A compression index was calculated for each of these 3 locations in each dog. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine whether breed (CKCS vs non-CKCS) and compression index values were associated with the presence of other craniocervical junction abnormalities.
Results—All 274 dogs had CC; medullary kinking was identified in 187 (68.2%) and dorsal compression was identified in 104 (38.0%). Atlantooccipital overlapping (AOO) was identified in 76 (27.7%) dogs. Breed of dog (CKCS vs non-CKCS) and value of CC index were the only significant predictors of AOO. The CKCSs had an almost 5-fold decrease in risk of AOO, compared with the non-CKCS dogs, and the risk of AOO nearly doubled for every 10% increase in CC index.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The anatomic abnormality responsible for CC was AOO in a substantial percentage of dogs suspected to have CLM. The CC index value may be used to help differentiate subtypes of craniocervical junction abnormalities in dogs.
Assessment of plasma uracil-to-dihydrouracil concentration ratio as an indicator of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity in clinically normal dogs and dogs with neoplasia or renal insufficiency
Authors: Schmiedt Chad W. , Saba Corey F. , Freeman Kimberly G. , Edwards Gaylen L. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Objective—To determine and compare the ratio of uracil (U) to dihydrouracil (UH2) concentrations in plasma as an indicator of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity in clinically normal dogs and dogs with neoplasia or renal insufficiency.
Animals—101 client-and shelter-owned dogs.
Procedures—Study dogs included 74 clinically normal dogs, 17 dogs with neoplasia, and 10 dogs with renal insufficiency. For each dog, a blood sample was collected into an EDTA-containing tube; plasma U and UH2 concentrations were determined via UV high-performance liquid chromatography, and the U:UH2 concentration ratio was calculated. Data were compared among dogs grouped on the basis of sex, clinical group assignment, reproductive status (sexually intact, spayed, or castrated), and age.
Results—Mean ± SEM U:UH2 concentration ratio for all dogs was 1.55 ± 0.08 (median, 1.38; range, 0.4 to 7.14). In 14 (13.9%) dogs, the U:UH2 concentration ratio was considered abnormal (ie, > 2). Overall, mean ratio for sexually intact dogs was significantly higher than that for neutered dogs; a similar difference was apparent among males but not females. Dogs with ratios > 2 and dogs with ratios ≤ 2 did not differ significantly with regard to sex, clinical group, reproductive status, or age.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Determination of the U:UH2 concentration ratio was easy to perform. Ratios were variable among dogs, possibly suggesting differences in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity. However, studies correlating U:UH2 concentration ratio and fluoropyrimidine antimetabolite drug tolerability are required to further evaluate the test's validity and its appropriate use in dogs.
Development of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Eimeria macusaniensis in camelid feces
Authors: Cebra Christopher K. , Stang Bernadette V. , Smith Courtney C. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Objective—To test the ability of a nested PCR assay to detect Eimeria macusaniensis at various stages of infection in alpacas.
Animals—4 healthy adult alpacas with no detectable E macusaniensis.
Procedures—Alpacas were inoculated with 2 × 104 sporulated oocysts. Serial fecal samples collected during the next 38 days were tested via sucrose flotation and PCR assay.
Results—Oocyst passage was detected via fecal flotation in all 4 alpacas 31 to 35 days after inoculation. Three had positive results for PCR assays on samples obtained 7 to 14 days after inoculation. One alpaca subsequently was removed from the study because of weight loss and inappetence. Two remaining alpacas had positive PCR reactions 28 and 31 days after inoculation, up to 7 days before oocysts appeared in the feces. All fecal samples with positive results for flotation also had positive results for PCR assay.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The PCR assay was able to detect early (7 to 14 days) and late (28 to 31 days) prepatent infection. These positive results suggested that the assay could have been detecting DNA unassociated with oocysts or detecting shedding earlier than has been previously recognized. The gap between the early and late detection periods may not be evident in alpacas receiving a larger or continuous inoculum, as might occur with natural infection. Use of a PCR assay for analysis of fecal samples may be valuable for detection of E macusaniensis during the prepatent period, thus aiding in the identification and control of infected animals.
Eosinophilic Inflammation in Allergic Rhinitis and Nasal Polyposis
Authors: Perić Aleksandar , Vojvodić Danilo , Vukomanović-Đurđević Biserka , Baletić Nenad 
Published: December 2011

Eosinophilic Inflammation in Allergic Rhinitis and Nasal PolyposisOn histopathological examination, nasal polyps and nasal mucosa in allergic rhinitis show different forms of pseudostratified respiratory epithelium, whereas the dominant characteristic of lamina propria is an eosinophilic infiltration. The aim of this study was to compare interleukin (IL)-5 and eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) levels in the nasal fluid of 42 patients: 12 with allergic rhinitis and nasal septal deviation, 17 non-atopic patients with nasal polyposis, and 13 atopic nasal polyp patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Nasal secretion samples were collected a few days before surgery. The levels of IL-5 were measured using flow cytometry and the ECP using a commercial ELISA kit. In addition, we counted eosinophils in hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained sections of all nasal polyp and all nasal mucosa samples taken from the inferior nasal turbinates during septoplasty. A significantly higher concentration of IL-5 was found in the nasal fluid of atopic patients with nasal polyposis than in non-atopic nasal polyp patients (p=0.025) and patients with allergic rhinitis (p=0.05). ECP was higher in atopic nasal polyp patients than in patients with allergic rhinitis (p<0.0001) and than in non-atopic nasal polyp patients (p<0.0001). Polyp eosinophils were higher in atopic' than in non-atopic patients (p<0.0001) and higher than in the mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis (p<0.0001). These however had significantly more mucosal eosinophils than was found in the polyps of non-atopic patients' (p=0.025). ECP levels in nasal fluid and eosinophil counts in tissue specimens correlated well in all three groups of patients. Our study has shown that atopic nasal polyp patients have a higher level of eosinophilic inflammation than non-atopic patients with nasal polyps and patients with allergic rhinitis.
Preliminary studies on the effect of rebamipide against the trypsin and egg-albumin induced experimental model of asthma
Authors: Gohil Priyanshee , Thakkar Himani , Gohil Unnati , Deshpande Shrikalp 
Published: December 2011

Preliminary studies on the effect of rebamipide against the trypsin and egg-albumin induced experimental model of asthmaThe present investigation was carried out to study the effect of rebamipide in experimentally induced bronchial asthma in mice. Trypsin and egg-albumin induced chronic model of asthma was used and various parameters were measured on the 35thday. The asthmatic control group showed lower level of haemoglobin saturation with oxygen, tidal volume, airflow rate and higher respiratory rate, serum bicarbonate level, eosinophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and histamine level compared to the normal control group. Dexamethasone and rebamipide treated groups showed the return of all the above parameters towards normal values. Histopathological examination of lungs showed more prominent alveolar and muscular layer destruction in the asthmatic control group than in dexamethasone and rebamipide treated groups. Rebamipide showed a beneficial effect and might be used for the treatment of bronchial asthma.
Crystal modifications and dissolution rate of piroxicam
Authors: Lyn Lim , Sze Huan , Rajendran Adhiyaman , Adinarayana Gorajana , Dua Kamal , Garg Sanjay 
Published: December 2011

Crystal modifications and dissolution rate of piroxicam
Piroxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with low aqueous solubility which exhibits polymorphism. The present study was carried out to develop polymorphs of piroxicam with enhanced solubility and dissolution rate by the crystal modification technique using different solvent mixtures prepared with PEG 4000 and PVP K30. Physicochemical characteristics of the modified crystal forms of piroxicam were investigated by X-ray powder diffractometry, FT-IR spectrophotometry and differential scanning calorimetry. Dissolution and solubility profiles of each modified crystal form were studied and compared with pure piroxicam. Solvent evaporation method (method I) produced both needle and cubic shaped crystals. Slow crystallization from ethanol with addition of PEG 4000 or PVP K30 at room temperature (method II) produced cubic crystal forms. Needle forms produced by method I improved dissolution but not solubility. Cubic crystals produced by method I had a dissolution profile similar to that of untreated piroxicam but showed better solubility than untreated piroxicam. Cubic shaped crystals produced by method II showed improved dissolution, without a significant change in solubility. Based on the XRPD results, modified piroxicam crystals obtained by method I from acetone/benzene were cube shaped, which correlates well with the FTIR spectrum; modified needle forms obtained from ethanol/methanol and ethanol/acetone showed a slight shift of FTIR peak that may be attributed to differences in the internal structure or conformation.
Socio-Demographic and Leisure Activity Determinants of Physical Activity of Working Warsaw Residents Aged 60 to 69 Years
Authors: Biernat Elżbieta , Tomaszewski Paweł 
Published: December 2011

Socio-Demographic and Leisure Activity Determinants of Physical Activity of Working Warsaw Residents Aged 60 to 69 Years
The purpose of the study was to assess factors determining physical activity in persons at the age of 60-69 years in an urban area. The study included 262 working residents of Warsaw at the initial period of old age. The study utilized a questionnaire consisting of two parts. The first part concerned recreational and touristic activities in the previous year. The second is a Polish version of IPAQ, assessing the respondents' level of activity throughout the past week. Based on IPAQ results, the respondents were divided into physically active and inactive ones. The active group included people meeting moderate to vigorous physical activity, whereas the inactive group included people who took up no physical activity at all or those with a low physical activity level. The relations between taking up physical activity and the variables characterizing the demographic structure as well as touristic and recreational activity of the respondents were assessed with the use of a log-linear analysis. Out of the variables taken into account, age, education and participation in physical recreation proved to be significant factors in taking up activity by the elderly. The odds ratios computed for the analyzed variables indicate that the risk of being inactive increases over two times after exceeding 65 years of age; a risk of similar magnitude was also observed in case of less educated populations. Regular participation in physical recreation provides a four-times increase in the chances to achieve levels of physical activity sufficient to remain healthy.
Intraspecific variation in Podostemum ceratophyllum (Podostemaceae): evidence of refugia and colonization since the last glacial maximum
Authors: Fehrmann Susie , Philbrick C. Thomas , Halliburton Richard 
Published: December 2011

• Premise of the Study: Intraspecific variation among 20 populations of Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. was investigated to test the hypothesis of range expansion from southern refugia since the last glacial maximum.• Methods: Six noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA were sequenced in 60 individuals. Populations were divided into two groups, north and south of the glacial boundary, in addition to isolated populations in Arkansas and Honduras. Variation in populations north of the boundary was compared with variation in populations to the south and in the isolated populations.• Key Results: Nucleotide diversity was an order of magnitude lower in populations north of the glacial boundary than in those to the south. The Arkansas and Honduras populations showed no variation. The predominant haplotype in northern populations was also found in a Virginia population.• Conclusions: Reduced variation north of the glacial boundary suggests a founder event associated with range expansion since the last glacial maximum. Colonization probably occurred from populations in refugia located several hundred kilometers south of the glacial boundary. The results provide insight into the effects of past and current climate change on patterns of geographic distribution and genetic variation in aquatic plants.
Polyoxypropylene–montmorillonite nanocomposites for drug‐delivery vehicles: Preparation and characterization
Authors: Salahuddin Nehal , Kenawy El‐Refaie , Abdeen Rehab 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPolyoxypropylene–montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites were prepared by an ion‐exchange process of sodium montmorillonite (Na‐MMT) and NH3+ groups in polyoxypropylene amine hydrochlorides with three different molecular masses (D230, D400, and D2000). Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the intercalation of the polymer between the silicate layers. Electrostatic interaction between the positively charged NH3+ groups and the negatively charged surface of MMT was observed. Acidic ibuprofen and basic theophylline drugs were intercalated into the nanocomposites and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, XRD, transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The amount of drugs in the nanocomposites was calculated by calcination measurement. The in vitro drug release from the nanocomposites was studied in colon and intestinal pHs and compared with drug release from Na‐MMT. The nanocomposite is expected to achieve in situ release for colorectal therapy in future applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Propylene polymerization using supported Ziegler–Natta catalyst systems with mixed donors
Authors: Makwana Umesh C. , Singala Kamlesh J. , Patankar Rajendra B. , Singh Saurabh C. , Gupta Virendra K. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMagnesium dichloride supported titanium catalyst incorporated with varying concentration of ethylbenzoate and diisobutyl phthalate together as internal donor are synthesized. The synthesized catalysts are characterized and compared with respect to composition, phase characteristics, crystallite size, and particle morphology. Performance of catalysts containing mixed donors is compared with the conventional single donor‐based catalysts. The polymerization studies of the catalysts for propylene polymerization show dependence of polymerization kinetics on relative concentration of diisobutyl phthalate and ethylbenzoate. Molecular weight characteristics of polypropylene obtained from these catalysts are studied and correlated with the nature and concentration of donors present in the catalyst. Morphology replication from catalyst precursor to polymer is observed irrespective of the nature of donor being incorporated in the synthesized catalyst. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012