bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical methods in language processing
Authors: Abney Steven 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe termstatistical methodshere refers to a methodology that has been dominant in computational linguistics since about 1990. It is characterized by the use of stochastic models, substantial data sets, machine learning, and rigorous experimental evaluation. The shift to statistical methods in computational linguistics parallels a movement in artificial intelligence more broadly. Statistical methods have so thoroughly permeated computational linguistics that almost all work in the field draws on them in some way. There has, however, been little penetration of the methods into general linguistics. The methods themselves are largely borrowed from machine learning and information theory. We limit attention to that which has direct applicability to language processing, though the methods are quite general and have many nonlinguistic applications.Not every use of statistics in language processing falls understatistical methodsas we use the term. Standard hypothesis testing and experimental design, for example, are not covered in this article.WIREs Cogni Sci2011 2 315–322 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.111This article is categorized under:Linguistics > Computational Models of Language
Genetic, genomic, and molecular tools for studying the protoploid yeast, L. waltii
Authors: Di Rienzi Sara C. , Lindstrom Kimberly C. , Lancaster Ragina , Rolczynski Lisa , Raghuraman M. K. , Brewer Bonita J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSequencing of the yeast Kluyveromyces waltii (recently renamed Lachancea waltii) provided evidence of a whole genome duplication event in the lineage leading to the well‐studied Saccharomyces cerevisiae. While comparative genomic analyses of these yeasts have proven to be extremely instructive in modeling the loss or maintenance of gene duplicates, experimental tests of the ramifications following such genome alterations remain difficult. To transform L. waltii from an organism of the computational comparative genomic literature into an organism of the functional comparative genomic literature, we have developed genetic, molecular and genomic tools for working with L. waltii. In particular, we have characterized basic properties of L. waltii (growth, ploidy, molecular karyotype, mating type and the sexual cycle), developed transformation, cell cycle arrest and synchronization protocols, and have created centromeric and non‐centromeric vectors as well as a genome browser for L. waltii. We hope that these tools will be used by the community to follow up on the ideas generated by sequence data and lead to a greater understanding of eukaryotic biology and genome evolution. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endoscopic Lumbar Sympathectomy Following Thoracic Sympathectomy in Patients with Palmoplantar Hyperhidrosis
Authors: Rieger Roman , de Paula Loureiro Marcelo , Pedevilla Sonja , de Oliveira Ramon Antunes 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackgroundPalmoplantar hyperhidrosis is a common disease that leads to significant psychosocial strain for the affected person. Although the treatment of palmar symptoms with endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS) is clinically established, there are few data on the efficacy of an endoscopic lumbar sympathectomy (ELS) for the elimination of plantar symptoms. Especially the occurrence of unwanted side effects associated with sequential ETS and ELS has not been examined sufficiently.MethodsThe study includes 130 patients, 8 men and 122 women, with severe palmoplantar hyperhidrosis who were already previously treated with ETS. An average of 28 months after the ETS, bilateral ELS was performed on all patients due to persistent severe plantar hyperhidrosis. After ELS the perioperative morbidity, elimination rate of the plantar hyperhidrosis, the frequency of unwanted side effects, and satisfaction with the result were evaluated. Follow‐up examinations were carried out on 96 patients (74%) with a mean follow‐up of 37 months (3–90 months).ResultsA total of 260 lumbar sympathectomies were successfully carried out endoscopically. Mortality was zero, intraoperative complications occurred in three (2.3%) patients and postoperative complications in six (4.6%). Plantar hyperhidrosis was eliminated in 93 patients (97%), 3 (3%) patients developed a one‐sided recurrence. Seven patients (7%) developed minor compensatory sweating, and in 17 patients (18%) compensatory sweating that existed before the ELS was slightly increased. Transient postsympathectomy neuralgia was observed in 18 patients (19%), and none of the patients showed a sexual function disorder. Altogether, 77 patients (80%) were very satisfied with the postoperative result, and 16 (17%) were partially satisfied.ConclusionsThe sesequential performance of ELS after ETS appears to be a safe, effective therapy option for patients with severe palmoplantar hyperhidrosis. However, more experience with a larger number of patients and longer follow‐up investigations are necessary to confirm the safety of four‐limb sympathectomy.
Role of Temperature in the Growth of Silver Nanoparticles Through a Synergetic Reduction Approach
Authors: Jiang XC , Chen WM , Chen CY , Xiong SX , Yu AB 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis study presents the role of reaction temperature in the formation and growth of silver nanoparticles through a synergetic reduction approach using two or three reducing agents simultaneously. By this approach, the shape-/size-controlled silver nanoparticles (plates and spheres) can be generated under mild conditions. It was found that the reaction temperature could play a key role in particle growth and shape/size control, especially for silver nanoplates. These nanoplates could exhibit an intensive surface plasmon resonance in the wavelength range of 700–1,400 nm in the UV–vis spectrum depending upon their shapes and sizes, which make them useful for optical applications, such as optical probes, ionic sensing, and biochemical sensors. A detailed analysis conducted in this study clearly shows that the reaction temperature can greatly influence reaction rate, and hence the particle characteristics. The findings would be useful for optimization of experimental parameters for shape-controlled synthesis of other metallic nanoparticles (e.g., Au, Cu, Pt, and Pd) with desirable functional properties.
Developmental malformation of the corpus callosum: a review of typical callosal development and examples of developmental disorders with callosal involvement
Authors: Paul Lynn K. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis review provides an overview of the involvement of the corpus callosum (CC) in a variety of developmental disorders that are currently defined exclusively by genetics, developmental insult, and/or behavior. I begin with a general review of CC development, connectivity, and function, followed by discussion of the research methods typically utilized to study the callosum. The bulk of the review concentrates on specific developmental disorders, beginning with agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC)—the only condition diagnosed exclusively by callosal anatomy. This is followed by a review of several genetic disorders that commonly result in social impairments and/or psychopathology similar to AgCC (neurofibromatosis-1, Turner syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, Williams yndrome, and fragile X) and two forms of prenatal injury (premature birth, fetal alcohol syndrome) known to impact callosal development. Finally, I examine callosal involvement in several common developmental disorders defined exclusively by behavioral patterns (developmental language delay, dyslexia, attention-deficit hyperactive disorder, autism spectrum disorders, and Tourette syndrome).
Characterization of Total and Individual Sterols in Canola Sprouts
Authors: Hamama Anwar A. , Bhardwaj Harbans L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this study, the contents of total and individual phytosterols in sprouts made from seeds of seven canola (Brassicanapus L.) lines (Acropolis, Banjo, Jetton, KS‐7740, KSM3‐1‐124, Mussette and Virginia), grown at three locations in Virginia (Orange, Petersburg and Suffolk), were determined. Canola sprouts contained, on an average, 36.3 g sterols in 100 g of unsaponifiable matter (UNSAP), 10.7 mg sterols in 1 g of oil and 2.4 mg sterols in 1 g of dry sprouts. The contents of individual phytosterols (μg per g of oil) in canola sprouts were 1,162 brassicasterol, 3,799 campesterol, 34 stigmasterol, 5,359 β‐sitosterol, 201 Δ5‐avenasterol and 97 Δ7‐stigmastenol. Canola lines had significant effects on the contents of oil, brassicasterol and campesterol. Locations had significant effects on the oil, UNSAP, total sterols, brassicasterol, stigmasterol and β‐sitosterol. The oil content in canola sprouts was positively correlated with total sterols and Δ5‐avenasterol, whereas oil content was negatively correlated with brassicasterol content. In general, the contents of campesterol and β‐sitosterol increased with an increase in total sterol content. The concentrations of sterols were in the following decreasing order: β‐sitosterol > campesterol > brassicasterol > Δ5‐avenasterol > Δ7‐stigmastenol > stigmasterol. These results indicate that canola sprouts may have the potential as a natural source of dietary sterols and might be desirable for human nutrition.
Imaging with non-FDG PET tracers: outlook for current clinical applications
Authors: Lopci Egesta , Nanni Cristina , Castellucci Paolo , Montini Gian Carlo , Allegri Vincenzo , Rubello Domenico , Chierichetti Franca , Ambrosini Valentina , Fanti Stefano 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Apart from the historical and clinical relevance of positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), various other new tracers are gaining a remarkable place in functional imaging. Their contribution to clinical decision-making is irreplaceable in several disciplines. In this brief review we aimed to describe the main non-FDG PET tracers based on their clinical relevance and application for patient care.
Older but not wiser—Predicting a partner's preferences gets worse with age
Authors: Scheibehenne Benjamin , Mata Jutta , Todd Peter M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTo test the influence of relationship length on ability to predict a partner's preferences, 58 younger (M = 24.1 years) and 20 older (M = 68.7 years) couples made predictions in three domains that varied in daily importance. While prediction accuracy was generally better than chance, longer relationship length correlated with lower prediction accuracy and greater overconfidence. The difference in accuracy between older and younger couples increased for strong preferences and when controlling for preference reliability over time. Independent of relationship length, prediction accuracy was higher for important domains, for strong, reliable, and stereotypical preferences, and when couples were more similar.
Fluid and magmatic processes in the formation of the Ary-Bulak ongonite massif (eastern Transbaikalia)
Authors: Peretyazhko I.S. , Savina E.A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The paper discusses the formation conditions of the Ary-Bulak ongonite massif (eastern Transbaikalia). Studies of melt and fluid inclusions have shown that, along with crystalline phases and a silicate melt, ongonitic magma contained aqueous–saline fluids of different types, fluoride melts compositionally similar to fluorite, sellaite, cryolite, chiolite, and more complex aluminum fluorides as well as silicate melts with abnormal Cs and As contents. An ongonite melt crystallized with the participation of P–Q fluids as vapor solutions, presumably NaF-containing and slightly admixed with chlorides. We studied the properties and composition of brine inclusions from Ca- and F-rich rocks on the margin of the massif. Depending on the thermophysical properties of the host rocks and ongonite melt, the duration of its crystallization has been estimated for a magma chamber of the size and shape of the Ary-Bulak massif. Magma chamber cooling has been modeled, and the density, viscosity, and Rayleigh number of the ongonite melt have been estimated from the composition of silicate glasses in melt inclusions. These data strongly suggest intense convection in the residual magma chamber lasting for centuries. We have calculated possible fluid overpressure during the crystallization and degassing of the ongonite melt in a closed magma chamber.
Calcium- and fluorine-rich aphyric and porphyritic rocks on the southwestern margin of the massif might have formed by the following mechanism. Local decompression in the magma chamber quenched an oxygen-containing calcium fluoride melt accumulated at the crystallization front, and then these rocks altered during the interaction with fluids. When penetrating the marginal zone, a P–Q magmatic fluid which coexisted with the melt in the residual chamber cooled and changed its composition and properties. This caused the fluid to boil and segregate into immiscible phases: a vapor solution and a brine extremely rich in Cl, F, K, Cs, Mn, Fe, and Al. The fluoride and silicate liquids were immiscible; the silicate melts had abnormal Cs and As contents; changes in the composition and properties of the magmatic fluids caused them to boil and produce brines. All this is evidence for complex fluid–magma interaction and heterogeneous ongonitic magma during the crystallization of the Ary-Bulak rocks. These processes were favored by the low viscosity and high mobility of the F- and water-rich ongonite melt, intense melt convection in the residual chamber, and rising fluid pressure during its degassing.
Fifty years of seismic anisotropy studies in Russia
Authors: Obolentseva I.R. , Chichinina T.I. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This is a historic overview of seismic anisotropy studies in Russia run as part of seismic exploration work in the 1940s through the 1980s, with a focus on main research lines. At the early stage in the 1940s through 1950s, most important contributions belonged to A.G. Tarkhov, Yu.V. Risnichenko, and S.M. Rytov (averaging the parameters of stratified media), I.I. Gurvich (processing reflection and refraction traveltime curves in media with elliptical anisotropy), and N.I. Berdennikova (shear-wave velocity anisotropy). In the 1960s–1980s, there were two basic schools of thought: one of G.I. Petrashen’, with a more theoretical approach, and the other of N.N. Puzyrev dealing more with experimental work. Most of experiments addressed a newly discovered phenomenon of azimuthal anisotropy. This anisotropy appearing as “anomalous” polarization of shear and converted waves was found out to result from vertical fractures in rocks. The unusual polarization became understood owing to Klem-Musatov’s model of a subsurface with a system of aligned cracks. The problem was fully resolved after field data had been processed with an algorithm by I.R. Obolentseva and S.B. Gorshkalev, for separating the total field of interfering shear waves of two types into fast and slow phases polarized in crack-parallel and crack-orthogonal directions, respectively.
Restoration of seismic data using the two-dimensional DMO equation
Authors: Pozdnyakov V.A. , Mezentsev E.V. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This paper presents a method for restoring missing seismic traces by using the two-dimensional dip moveout (DMO) equation. A fundamentally new formulation of the initial-boundary-value problem based on the Goursat problem is proposed. A modified finite element method is used for numerical solution. The method is tested on model examples and actual seismic data.
Contrasting prototypes and dimensions in the classification of personality pathology: evidence that dimensions, but not prototypes, are robust
Authors: Eaton N. R. , Krueger R. F. , South S. C. , Simms L. J. , Clark L. A. 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundDSM-5 may mark the shift from a categorical classification of personality pathology to a dimensional system. Although dimensional and categorical conceptualizations of personality pathology are often viewed as competing, it is possible to develop categories (prototypes) from combinations of dimensions. Robust prototypes could bridge dimensions and categories within a single classification system.MethodTo explore prototype structure and robustness, we used finite mixture modeling to identify empirically derived personality pathology prototypes within a large sample (n=8690) of individuals from four settings (clinical, college, community, and military), assessed using a dimensional measure of normal and abnormal personality traits, the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP). We then examined patterns of convergent and discriminant external validity for prototypes. Finally, we investigated the robustness of the dimensional structure of personality pathology.ResultsThe resulting prototypes were meaningful (externally valid) but non-robust (sample dependent). By contrast, factor analysis revealed that the dimensional structures underlying specific traits were highly robust across samples.ConclusionsWe interpret these results as further evidence of the fundamentally dimensional nature of an empirically based classification of personality pathology.
Long-term cognitive and emotional consequences of mild traumatic brain injury
Authors: Konrad C. , Geburek A. J. , Rist F. , Blumenroth H. , Fischer B. , Husstedt I. , Arolt V. , Schiffbauer H. , Lohmann H. 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to investigate long-term cognitive and emotional sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), as previous research has remained inconclusive with respect to their prevalence and extent.MethodThirty-three individuals who had sustained mTBI on average 6 years prior to the study and 33 healthy control subjects were matched according to age, gender and education. Structural brain damage at time of testing was excluded by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A comprehensive neuropsychological test battery was conducted to assess learning, recall, working memory, attention and executive function. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Possible negative response bias was ruled out by implementing the Word Memory Test (WMT).ResultsThe mTBI individuals had significant impairments in all cognitive domains compared to the healthy control subjects. Effect sizes of cognitive deficits were medium to large, and could not be accounted for by self-perceived deficits, depression, compensation claims or negative response bias. BDI scores were significantly higher in the patient group, and three patients fulfilled DSM-IV criteria for a mild episode of major depression.ConclusionsPrimarily, well-recovered individuals who had sustained a minor trauma more than half a decade ago continue to have long-term cognitive and emotional sequelae relevant for everyday social and professional life. mTBI may lead to a lasting disruption of neurofunctional circuits not detectable by standard structural MRI and needs to be taken seriously in clinical and forensic evaluations.
Familial transmission of depression and antisocial behavior symptoms: disentangling the contribution of inherited and environmental factors and testing the mediating role of parenting
Authors: Harold G. T. , Rice F. , Hay D. F. , Boivin J. , van den Bree M. , Thapar A. 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundGenetic and environmental influences on child psychopathology have been studied extensively through twin and adoption designs. We offer a novel methodology to examine genetic and environmental influences on the intergenerational transmission of psychopathology using a sample of parents and children conceived through in vitro fertilization (IVF).MethodThe sample included families with children born through IVF methods, who varied as to whether the child was genetically related or unrelated to the rearing mother and father (mother genetically related, n=434; mother genetically unrelated, n=127; father genetically related, n=403; father genetically unrelated, n=156). Using standardized questionnaires, mothers and fathers respectively reported on their own psychopathology (depression, aggression), their parenting behavior toward their child (warmth, hostility) and their child's psychopathology (depression, aggression). A cross-rater approach was used, where opposite parents reported on child symptoms (i.e. fathers reported on symptoms for the mother–child dyad, and vice versa).ResultsFor mother–child dyads, a direct association between mother depression and child depression was observed among genetically unrelated dyads, whereas a fully mediated path was observed among genetically related dyads through mother-to-child hostility and warmth. For father–child dyads, direct and mediated pathways were observed for genetically related father–child dyads. For aggression, the direct association between parent aggression and child aggression was fully mediated by parent-to-child hostility for both groups, indicating the role of parent-to-child hostility as a risk mechanism for transmission.ConclusionsA differential pattern of genetic and environmental mediation underlying the intergenerational transmission of psychopathology was observed among genetically related and genetically unrelated father–child and mother–child dyads.
Mechanisms of functional improvement in a 2-year trial of cognitive enhancement therapy for early schizophrenia
Authors: Eack S. M. , Pogue-Geile M. F. , Greenwald D. P. , Hogarty S. S. , Keshavan M. S. 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundCognitive rehabilitation has emerged as an effective treatment for addressing cognitive impairments and functional disability in schizophrenia; however, the degree to which changes in various social and non-social cognitive processes translate into improved functioning during treatment remains unclear. This research sought to identify the neurocognitive and social-cognitive mechanisms of functional improvement during a 2-year trial of cognitive enhancement therapy (CET) for early-course schizophrenia.MethodPatients in the early course of schizophrenia were randomly assigned to CET (n=31) or an enriched supportive therapy control (n=27) and treated for up to 2 years. A comprehensive neurocognitive assessment battery and the Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) were completed annually, along with measures of functioning. Mediator analyses using mixed-effects growth models were conducted to examine the effects of neurocognitive and social-cognitive improvement on functional change.ResultsImprovements over 2 years in neurocognition and the emotion management branch of the MSCEIT were found to be significantly related to improved functional outcome in early-course schizophrenia patients. Neurocognitive improvement, primarily in executive functioning, and social-cognitive change in emotion management also mediated the robust effects of CET on functioning.ConclusionsImprovements in neurocognition and social cognition that result from cognitive rehabilitation are both significant mediators of functional improvement in early-course schizophrenia. Cognitive rehabilitation programs for schizophrenia may need to target deficits in both social and non-social cognition to achieve an optimal functional response.