bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An imagery mnemonic for the learning of people's names
Authors: Morris Peter E. , Jones Susan , Hampson Peter 
Published: April 2011

Since the failure to remember the name of a person to whom one has been introduced can be embarrassing, methods of improving the recall of names to faces are desirable. As a means of learning names Lorayne (1958) suggests a mnemonic technique the effectiveness of which was tested in the present experiment.Lorayne's method involves first converting the name to be retained into an easily imaged form. For example, Fishter can be made into fish stir and be imaged as a fish stirring and Gorden can become garden. The next step involves choosing a prominent feature of the person's face, and linking the image of the name to it. Thus, if Mr Gorden has a large nose an image could be formed of a garden growing over his nose. When recall of the name is required the face should recall the image, the image cue the substitute form of the name, and this, in turn leads to a recall of the appropriate name. Lorayne maintains that his mnemonic system enables him to perform impressive stage demonstrations of memory for names. For example, he reports being able to name almost 400 people in 7 min (Lorayne & Lucas, 1976, p. 77).The method may seem bizarre, but it incorporates mnemonic techniques which have been shown experimentally to be powerful aids to memory in verbal learning experiments (e.g. Bower, 1970; Morris & Stevens, 1974).
How old and young subjects monitor and control responses for accuracy and speed
Authors: Rabbitt Patrick 
Published: April 2011

It is well known that old people respond more slowly than young but it is not known whether these changes occur because some elements in control processes which are responsible for choice and execution of responses are impaired more than others by advancing age. In order to control response speed and accuracy human beings must be able to exercise control of three parameters: (1) they must detect errors when they occur; (2) they must be able to monitor and vary response speed so as to recognize, and avoid, faster RT bands at which errors are intolerably frequent; (3) they must be able to adaptively control response speeds so as to select optimal RT bands and avoid others which may be too fast or too slow.In two serial, self‐paced C.RT experiments groups of old people were found to detect and correct their errors as efficiently as young. With increasing age RTs for error and for error correction responses remained relatively constant while RTs for correct responses and for other, arbitrary, error‐signalling responses markedly increased. It seems that efficiency of error detection and maximal response speed are relatively unimpaired with age. It seems likely that slowing of C.RT with age is related to loss of precise control over speed at which responses can be made, or to loss of fine differentiation between ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ responses.
The effects of prior beliefs in reasoning: An associational interpretation
Authors: Pollard P. , Evans J. St B. T. 
Published: April 2011

Van Duyne (1976) reports that the subjects’ performance on the Wason selection task is biased by their prior belief in the truth of the rule with which they are reasoning. Specifically, the subjects are reported as reasoning more logically if they believe the rule to be ‘sometimes true’ rather than ‘always true’. Van Duyne's analysis rests, however, upon an interpretation of the subjects’ verbal justifications; a reanalysis of his data shows no effects upon actual response frequencies.However, it was felt that a more powerful test might be obtained by use of rules explicitly thought to be true and false. Accordingly, the subjects were asked to generate statements that they thought to be always and usually true and always and usually false; and were subsequently presented with a selection task on each of the four types of statement.Falsity did have a significant effect upon response frequencies, in the direction of better logical performance. It is suggested that this result is not caused by the subjects’ intention to validate their beliefs (as Van Duyne proposes) but that the subjects’ prior experience leads to the logical answer having more associative cues on ‘false’ sentences.
Conservation: What is the question?
Authors: Donaldson Margaret 
Published: April 2011

Success in a conservation task entails understanding that the transformation is irrelevant to the question. Much depends, however, on whether the question is treated as a set of disembedded words, in which case it is still ‘the same question’ when asked a second time, or as a unity of words‐and‐context, in which case it is not. There is now much evidence that young children tend to the latter mode of interpretation and, in effect, often fail to conserve the question.Children are sensitive to indications of purpose and may try to make sense of the question by wondering about the purposes of the experimenter in asking it. Or they may have regard to purposes which are internal to the task structure, where these exist. Or they may concentrate on impersonal features of the array, as Piaget took them to do. What happens in a given instance will depend both on personal characteristics and on general developmental trends.
On drawing analogies when solving problems: A theory and test of solution generation in an analogical problem‐solving task
Authors: Keane Mark 
Published: April 2011

Three criticisms are made of present theories of analogy: (a) that they fail to model the process of object identification; (b) that, in the case of story analogues, the solution statement part may be accessed directly using schematic knowledge; (c) that they fail to model the role of goals. A theory of solution generation by analogy is proposed which takes these criticisms into account, and two aspects of the theory are tested.Experiment 1 supported the second criticism, in finding that the provision of an analogous solution statement is sufficient to influence significantly the production of a specific solution to Duncker's ‘radiation problem’. Experiment 2 tested a specific aspect of the theory, namely, the prediction that ‘functionally relevant attributes’ (FRAs) significantly influence the generation of solutions by analogy. The results confirmed this prediction but, contrary to pre‐experimental predictions, this influence seems mainly attributable to facilitation by FRAs of relational transfer.
Belief in the paranormal: Probability judgements, illusory control, and the ‘chance baseline shift’
Authors: Blackmore Susan , Trościanko Tom 
Published: April 2011

Possible reasons for belief in the paranormal are discussed and two hypotheses suggested. The first ‐that some belief in psi arises from misjudgements of probability ‐ predicts more errors in probability tasks among believers (sheep) than disbelievers (goats). In two experiments subjects completed various computer‐controlled probability tasks. In the first sheep performed worse than goats on most tasks and were significantly worse at responding appropriately to changes in sample size. In Expt 2 sheep were significantly worse at questions involving sampling.The second hypothesis is that some belief in psi arises from an illusion of control. Previous studies have shown a greater illusion of control among sheep in psi tasks (even when no psi occurs). We predicted the same effect in tasks not overtly involving psi. This was confirmed in Expt 3, using a computer‐controlled coin‐tossing task. Half the trials allowed for subject control of the coin and half did not. Sheep felt that they were exercising greater control than goats (irrespective of actual control) but estimated they had scored fewer hits. This could be explained if sheep misjudged chance scoring level. This was tested and sheep were found to underestimate chance scores. This ‘chance baseline shift’ could underlie the illusion of control and the belief in psi. No evidence of psi was found.
The biology of intelligence?
Authors: Mackintosh N. J. 
Published: April 2011

The idea that there is a biological basis for intelligence in people has been translated into two beliefs about IQ tests: first, that measured IQ is genetically determined and that differences in IQ between different groups are partly or largely caused by genetic differences between them; secondly, that IQ reflects some presumed fundamental property of the brain such as efficiency or speed of neural transmission, that can be measured by recording evoked potentials or by the speed with which a person performs some very simple task.Measured IQ may well have a significant heritable component, but there is very little evidence that average differences in IQ between, say, different ethnic groups are genetic in origin. In Great Britain, moreover, differences in IQ between whits, West Indian, Indian or Pakistani children are closely correlated with differences in their social circumstances. It should be stressed, however, that there is equally little evidence that IQ tests significantly underestimate the academic attainments of children from ethnic minorities or that such children fall progressively further behind as they go through school.The search for simple, physiological or behavioural correlates of IQ has met with no more than modest success. Recent reports of highly significant correlations between IQ and measures of evoked potentials have not always been replicated and the past history of failures of replication in this general area counsels caution. Reports of very high (> 0–60) correlations between IQ and measures of timed performance have not been substantiated and can usually be attributed to the inclusion of disproportionate numbers of retarded subjects in the samples. There is quite good evidence of moderate correlations (in the range 0·20 to 0·40) with those measures, but it is not even clear how they should be interpreted. One possibility is that they reflect differences in concentration or sustained attention. If we want higher correlations with IQ we will probably need to look to more sophisticated tasks.
Cognitive profiles of groups of poor readers and dyslexic children on the British Ability Scales
Authors: Tyler Stephen , Elliott Colin D. 
Published: April 2011

Two samples of children with reading difficulties − 145 poor readers and 121 dyslexic children ‐ were tested on the British Ability Scales (BAS). The poor readers were classified, using Rutter & Yule's (1975) criteria, into children with specific reading retardation and general reading backwardness. These children's profiles of scores on the BAS were also entered into a cluster analysis which provided some confirmation of the validity of the Rutter & Yule classification.The BAS scores of the dyslexic children were also entered into a cluster analysis. Three groups were identified: 30 with mixed visuo‐spatial and linguistic processing problems, 52 with sequential processing problems, and 39 with problems in the holistic retrieval of information. It was concluded that the data lend support to the view that children with specific reading retardation, and dyslexic children in particular, are not homogeneous in their cognitive profiles.Finally, each group identified above was analysed for fit to the Lawson & Inglis (1985) principal components model of learning disability. The fit to the model for most groups was poor. It was concluded that a model which implicates left hemisphere aetiology for all LD children is inadequate. Some benefit, however, is likely to accrue from the more rigorous definition of specific subtypes, and in this endeavour the BAS appear to offer a useful advance in such assessment and identification.
The effect of spaced practice on explicit and implicit memory
Authors: Perruchet Pierre 
Published: April 2011

The spaced‐practice effect refers to the strong and pervasive positive influence on long‐term explicit memory which results from interposing at least one other item between the repetitions of any to‐be‐remembered item in a list‐learning paradigm. Limited prior empirical evidence suggests that spaced practice could also have a similar positive effect on implicit memory performances, as revealed through a tachistoscopic identification task.Four experiments involving another implicit memory task, namely a perceptual clarification procedure, were conducted to test for the effect of spaced practice with greater methodological control than previously used. Low‐frequency words were displayed to subjects under a variety of conditions including incidental (Expts 1 and 2) and intentional (Expts 3 and 4) learning instructions. Although spacing regulated to a large extent the performances in subsequent free recall (Expt 2) or recognition (Expts 1, 3, 4) control tasks, the advantage of spaced over massed items in the perceptual clarification procedure was always small in magnitude, and only reached significance in the last experiment. Overall analysis of the data shows with a reasonably high degree of certitude that spaced practice exerts a real but probably slight and fluctuating effect upon implicit memory performance.
Abstract letter identities and developmental dyslexia
Authors: Bigsby Pamela 
Published: April 2011

Four experiments, first used by Bigsby (1988 a), were presented to three groups of competent readers of varying reading ages and to nine developmentally dyslexic children. As in the initial study, competent reader data were analysed using group statistical analysis techniques together with some discussion of individual experimental effects and error levels. Competent reader data were also analysed, as were data from the dyslexic subjects, at a cognitive functional level and individual processing descriptions were obtained.Results from the group analysis confirmed earlier findings that nominal matches engage an abstract letter identity (ALI) code which has a similar capacity to the visual code and that, when the ALI code of a reversible letter (b, d, p, q) is accessed, an extra processing step is probably involved. Individual processing descriptions revealed that several of the dyslexic subjects displayed major impairments in ALI coding while some of the competent readers showed mild inefficiencies. A developmental trend towards greater processing efficiency was noted, using both methods of analysis, for the competent reader sample.It is concluded that results are consistent with those models of word recognition which depict ALI coding as a necessary prerequisite to word recognition.
The effect of orthography on the acquisition of literacy skills
Authors: Thorstad G. 
Published: April 2011

The effect of the regularity of orthography on the acquisition of literacy skills was studied by comparing the reading and spelling of 70 Italian children aged 6–11 years with that of 90 English children learning traditional orthography (t.o.) and 33 children aged 6–7 years learning the initial teaching alphabet (i.t.a.), using an Italian passage for adults which was also translated into English. The Italian children learned to read at an earlier age than the English t.o. children, but not than the English i.t.a. children. The English t.o. and i.t.a. children could read more words than they could spell, whereas the Italian children could spell most of the words they could read and even some they could not read.The English children read fast and inaccurately, whereas the Italian children read slowly and accurately using a systematic, phonological strategy until 10 years, when they read fast and accurately. All the children used a phonological strategy in spelling, but only the Italians were mostly successful. Thus the results suggest that, if the orthography is predictable and invariant, the children use a systematic, phonological strategy and learn to read and spell more quickly and accurately.
Quantification and symmetry: Commentary on Michell, Quantitative science and the definition of measurement in psychology
Authors: Luce R. Duncan 
Published: April 2011

Several of Michell's points are amplified and emphasized and the following additional point is made. Most quantitative attributes can be measured in more than one way, and there are interesting questions about how they relate. Among other things, units of measurement and symmetries of the underlying structure may or may not agree.Because I agree with almost everything Michell says, my commentary is restricted to some amplification and to an added observation.
K
+
Efflux Is Required for Histone H3 Dephosphorylation by Listeria monocytogenes Listeriolysin O and Other Pore-Forming Toxins
Authors: Hamon Mélanie Anne , Cossart Pascale 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT

Chromatin modification triggered by bacteria is a newly described mechanism by which pathogens impact host transcription.
Listeria monocytogenes
dephosphorylates histone H3 through the action of listeriolysin O (LLO); however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here we show that an unrelated pore-forming toxin,
Aeromonas
aerolysin, also provokes H3 dephosphorylation (dePH3). As reported for aerolysin, we show that LLO and related toxins induce a pore-dependent K
+
efflux and that this efflux is the signal required for dePH3. In addition, LLO-induced K
+
efflux activates caspase-1. However, we demonstrate that dePH3 is unlinked to this activation. Therefore, our study unveils K
+
efflux as an important signal leading to two independent events critical for infection, inflammasome activation and histone modification.
Gender differences in occupational exposure patterns
Authors: Eng Amanda , 't Mannetje Andrea , McLean Dave , Ellison-Loschmann Lis , Cheng Soo , Pearce Neil 
Published: April 2011

ObjectivesThe authors conducted a population-based survey to examine gender differences in occupational exposure patterns and to investigate whether any observed differences are due to: (a) gender differences in occupational distribution; and/or (b) gender differences in tasks within occupations.MethodsMen and women aged 20–64 years were randomly selected from the Electoral Roll and invited to take part in a telephone interview, which collected information on self-reported occupational exposure to specific dusts and chemicals, physical exposures and organisational factors. The authors used logistic regression to calculate prevalence ORs and 95% CIs comparing the exposure prevalence of males (n=1431) and females (n=1572), adjusting for age. To investigate whether men and women in the same occupation were equally exposed, the authors also matched males to females on current occupation using the five-digit code (n=1208) and conducted conditional logistic regression adjusting for age.ResultsOverall, male workers were two to four times more likely to report exposure to dust and chemical substances, loud noise, irregular hours, night shifts and vibrating tools. Women were 30% more likely to report repetitive tasks and working at high speed, and more likely to report exposure to disinfectants, hair dyes and textile dust. When men were compared with women with the same occupation, gender differences were attenuated. However, males remained significantly more likely to report exposure to welding fumes, herbicides, wood dust, solvents, tools that vibrate, irregular hours and night-shift work. Women remained more likely to report repetitive tasks and working at high speed, and in addition were more likely to report awkward or tiring positions compared with men with the same occupation.ConclusionThis population-based study showed substantial differences in occupational exposure patterns between men and women, even within the same occupation. Thus, the influence of gender should not be overlooked in occupational health research.
Women who smoke like men die like men who smoke: findings from two Australian cohort studies
Authors: Jamrozik Konrad , McLaughlin Deirdre , McCaul Kieran , Almeida Osvaldo P , Wong Kore Yiee , Vagenas Dimitrios , Dobson Annette 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundThere is controversy about whether men and women with similar smoking histories have similar incidence and mortality rates from smoking related diseases.ObjectiveTo compare mortality rates from all causes of death and various smoking related causes for men and women smokers categorised by numbers of cigarettes smoked and for ex-smokers by time since quitting.MethodsThis was a 10-year follow-up study with deaths identified from the National Death Index. The setting was two cohort studies in Australia established in 1996. Participants were: men (n=12 154) and women (n=11 707) aged (mean (SD)) 72.1 (4.4) and 72.5 (1.5) years, respectively, when recruited. The main outcome measure was HRs for men and women separately and RRs calculated from combined analyses using proportional hazards models (for deaths from all causes) and competing risks proportional hazards models (for specific causes).ResultsHRs for deaths from all causes for men (n=3549 deaths) and women (n=2665 deaths) among smokers increased with amount smoked and for ex-smokers decreased with time since quitting. Similar effects were found for various groups of smoking-related conditions with the dose-response effects largest for lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The ratios of HRs for women relative to men were near unity and the 95% CIs included unity for almost all comparisons.ConclusionsThe data provide strong evidence that men and women with similar patterns of smoking experience similar rates of death due to smoking.
Distribution of residual load and true shaft resistance for a driven instrumented test pile
Authors: Kim Sung-Ryul , Chung Sung-Gyo , Fellenius Bengt H. 
Published: April 2011

Foundation conditions are studied for a series of apartment buildings in a shore area reclaimed from the Nakdong River estuary delta west of Busan, South Korea, in full-scale field tests on two 600 mm, post-driving grouted, concrete cylinder piles instrumented with strain gages, driven through compressible layers and a short distance into underlying dense sand at depths of 56 m (Shinho) and 35 m (Myeongji). One test pile was provided with an O-cell so that after an initial O-cell test, a subsequent head-down test only affected pile shaft resistance. The purpose was to evaluate drivability of the piles, magnitude of the drag load due to consolidating soils, and potential settlement (downdrag) of the piled foundations. Early in the study, it became apparent that the internal process of heating and cooling of the grout during the hydration process and swelling from absorption of water affected the strain records and the assessment of residual load in the test piles during the wait time before the static loading test. The paper reports the measurements, analyses, and method for determining residual load, strain-dependent modulus of test piles, and actual load distribution in the test piles. The results are correlated to cone penetration test (CPTU) sounding data and effective stress analysis.
Role of fines on cohesive behavior of mine tailings inferred from critical shear stress
Authors: Geremew Africa M. , Yanful Ernest K. 
Published: April 2011

The significance of fines on the cohesive behavior of mine tailings has been investigated by examining the incipient motion of the tailings. Sixteen laboratory experiments were performed in a Plexiglas laboratory annular column on re-constituted mine tailings under a 50 cm water cover. Re-suspension was produced by a Teflon stirrer and the velocity field in the column was characterized using a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV). The pressure change in the boundary layer was also measured with a Preston tube. It was observed that the nondimensional critical shear stresses showed deviation from those of the noncohesive model results at a fines content greater than 50%–55%. An empirical relation that shows the relation between the boundary shear stress deviation and the percent fines in the tailings was proposed. Regression analysis of the experimental results showed that a power law relationship could reasonably be used to describe the relation between the measured nondimensional excess bed shear stress and the erosion rate. It is proposed that the value of β (the erosion rate constant) could be taken as 1 for mine tailings that show cohesive behavior.