bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interstitial water and the formation of low barrier hydrogen bonds: A computational model study
Authors: Lao Ka‐Un , Lankau Timm , Fang Teng‐I , Zou Jian‐Wei , Yu Chin‐Hui 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe B3LYP/D95+(d,p) analysis of the uncharged low barrier hydrogen bond (LBHB) between 4‐methyl‐1H‐imidazole (Mim) and acetic acid (HAc) shows that uncharged LBHBs can be formed either by adding three water molecules around the cluster or by placing the Mim–HAc pair in a dielectric environment created by a polarizable continuum model with a permittivity larger than 20.7. The permittivity of environment around uncharged LBHB can be lowered significantly by including water molecules into the system. A Mim–HAc LBHB stabilized with one water molecule observed in diethyl ether (ε = 4.34), with two water molecules in toluene (ε = 2.38), and with three water molecules in vacuo (ε = 1). Solvation models with different numbers of water molecules predict average differences in the proton affinities of the hydrogen bonded bases (ΔPA) for stable uncharged LBHB systems in vacuo to be 91.5 kcal/mol being different from the ΔPA values close to zero in charge‐assisted LBHB systems. The results clearly indicate that small amounts of interstitial water molecules at the active site of enzymes do not preclude the existence of LBHBs in biological catalysis. Our results also show that interstitial water molecules provide a useful clue in the search for uncharged LBHBs in an enzymatic environment and the number of water molecules can be used as a relative measure for the polarity around the direct environment of LBHBs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Scientific argument and explanation: A necessary distinction?
Authors: Osborne Jonathan F. , Patterson Alexis 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we argue that there is an emergent confusion in the literature in the use of the terms “argument'' and “explanation.” Drawing on a range of publications, we point to instances where these terms are either used inappropriately or conflated. We argue that the distinction between these two constructs is, however, important as a lack of clarity of fundamental concepts is problematic for a field. First, a lack of common conception hinders effective communication and, second, it makes defining the nature of the activity we might expect students to engage in more difficult. Drawing on a body of scholarship on argument and explanation, this paper is an attempt to clarify the distinction and to explain why such a distinction might matter. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 95:627–638, 2011
Working toward a stronger conceptualization of scientific explanation for science education
Authors: Braaten Melissa , Windschitl Mark 
Published: May 2011

AbstractScientific explanation plays a central role in science education reform documents, including theBenchmarks for Science Literacy, theNational Science Education Standards, and the recent research report,Taking Science to School. While scientific explanation receives significant emphases in these documents, there is little discussion or consensus within the science education community about the nature of explanation itself. However, debates about scientific explanation have been a mainstay for philosophers of science for decades. We argue that a more clearly articulated conceptualization of scientific explanation for science education is necessary for making the vision of science education reform a reality. In this essay, we use major philosophical theories of scientific explanation as lenses to examine how the science education community has constructed the idea of explanation. We also examine instructional practice in school science settings, including our own classrooms, where teachers and students are working to explain natural phenomena. Using these examples, we offer suggestions for preparing both educators and young learners to engage in explanatory discourses that are reasonably accountable to authentic epistemic practice in science. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed95:639–669, 2011
A novel watermarking method for software protection in the cloud
Authors: Yu Zhiwei , Wang Chaokun , Thomborson Clark , Wang Jianmin , Lian Shiguo , Vasilakos Athanasios V. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYWith the rapid development of cloud computing, software applications are shifting onto cloud storage rather than remaining within local networks. Software distributions within the cloud are subject to security breaches, privacy abuses, and access control violations. In this paper, we identify an insider threat to access control which is not completely eliminated by the usual techniques of encryption, cryptographic hashes, and access‐control labels. We address this threat using software watermarking. We evaluate our access‐control scheme within the context of a Collaboration‐oriented Architecture, as defined by The Jericho Forum. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrothermal modifications of tropical tuber starches – Effect of ANN on the physicochemical, rheological and gelatinization characteristics
Authors: Jyothi Alummoottil N. , Sajeev Moothandasserry S. , Sreekumar Janardhanan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractCassava, sweet potato and arrowroot starches were hydrothermally modified by ANN under different conditions of temperature, moisture and time duration of treatment and the properties are compared. ANN brought about changes in swelling volume, solubility, gelatinization and rheological properties. The three starches behaved differently after the treatment. All the three tuber starches showed decrease in swelling volume after ANN treatment. The solubility decreased for cassava starch, whereas it slightly increased for majority of annealed sweet potato starches and significantly increased for arrowroot starch. For cassava starch, there was a decrease in peak viscosity, but for the other two starches, it increased after ANN. Differential scanning calorimetric studies showed that ANN resulted in a narrowing of DSC patterns for all the starches. The effect of ANN on the dynamic rheological properties was found to depend up on the source of starch. The modification resulted in increased gel hardness, gumminess, adhesiveness and decreased springiness for the starch gels. Tuber starches became less susceptible to enzyme action after ANN.
Effect of dual modification of banana starch and storage time on thermal and crystallinity characteristics of its films
Authors: Zamudio‐Flores Paul B. , Gutierrez‐Meraz Felipe , Bello‐Pérez Luis A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBanana starch was oxidized at three different levels and subsequently acetylated. This double modified banana starch was used for film preparation with the addition of glycerol. Thermal and crystallinity properties were evaluated. Acetylation decreased the peak temperature and enthalpy of double modified banana starch. When the oxidation level and storage time increased in films elaborated with the double modified banana starch, both thermal parameters increased as well. The Tg showed slight changes in films prepared with the double modified banana starch compared to its oxidized counterpart, and similar patterns were found when oxidation levels increased in double modified films. However, a decrease in the Tg was determined with the storage time in films prepared with oxidized and double modified starches. Films prepared with the double modified banana starch presented lower percentage of crystallinity than its oxidized counterpart, nevertheless at higher storage periods, crystallinity levels increased. Thermal and crystallinity properties of films prepared with double modified banana starch could be used to understand the behavior during their application.
Applying formal methods to PCEP: an industrial case study from modeling to test generation
Authors: Hwang Iksoon , Cavalli Ana R. , Lallali Mounir , Verchere Dominique 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYThis paper presents the experimental results in applying formal methods to an industrial protocol for constraint‐based path computation, called Path Computation Element Communication Protocol (PCEP). The experiments include a number of major activities in model‐based testing from modeling to test generation. From the PCEP specification defined by IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), the functionalities of PCEP are divided into two parts: application and protocol. The protocol part of PCEP is then described in the IF (Intermediate Format) language which is based on communicating timed automata. A number of basic requirements are identified from the PCEP specification and then described as properties in IF. Based on these properties, the validation and verification of the formal specification are carried out using the IF toolset. Test cases are generated using an automatic test generation tool, called TestGen‐IF, which uses partial state space exploration guided by test purposes. As a result, some errors and ambiguities have been found in the PCEP standard specification. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Image denoising using pulse coupled neural network with an adaptive Pareto genetic algorithm
Authors: Zhang Deng , Mabu Shingo , Hirasawa Kotaro 
Published: May 2011

AbstractRecently, pulse coupled neural network (PCNN) attracts much attention in image denoising as a nonlinear filtering technique. The PCNN‐based anisotropic diffusion (PCNN‐AD) method has been proposed previously for flicker noise reduction and its effectiveness has been demonstrated. Using the visual characteristics of PCNN, PCNN‐AD has also solved the problem of AD that AD is not able to suppress the isolate noise. However, there are still two drawbacks in PCNN‐AD, that is, time consuming and PCNN parameters' estimation. In order to improve the efficiency and the denoising performance of PCNN‐AD, a PCNN‐based method with an adaptive Pareto genetic algorithm (GA‐PCNN) has been proposed to restrain from additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) in this paper. GA‐PCNN firstly integrates the PCNN and AD as a parallel system, then, optimizes the parameters of a simplified PCNN by the adaptive Pareto GA. Experimental results indicate that GA‐PCNN has better performances than the previous denoising techniques, i.e. median filter, Wiener filter, AD filter, and PCNN‐AD. The effectiveness of GA‐PCNN on AWGN reduction and edge preservation are shown finally. The results will also contribute to denoising in CMOS image sensors in the future. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lewis‐Base Stabilized N‐Silver(I) Succinimide Complexes: Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Their Use as CVD‐Precursors
Authors: Tao Xian , Shen Ke‐Cheng , Wang Yu‐Long , Shen Ying‐Zhong 
Published: May 2011

AbstractFour Lewis‐base stabilized N‐silver(I) succinimide complexes of type [Ln·Rm·AgNC4H4O2] (L = N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), n = 1, m = 0, 2a; L = P(OEt)3, n = 2, m = 0, 2b; L = PPh3, m = 0, n = 2, 2c; L = P(OMe)3, R = TMEDA, n = 1, m = 1, 2d) were prepared by a “one‐pot” synthesis methodology and characterized. The molecular structures of 2a and 2c have been determined by using X‐ray single crystal analysis. Complex 2a exists as ion pair {[Ag(TMEDA)2]+[Ag(NC4H4O2)2]–} in the solid state and complex 2c is a monomer with the three‐coordinate silver atom. Complex 2b was used as precursor in the deposition of silver for the first time by using MOCVD technique. The silver films obtained were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy‐dispersion X‐ray analysis (EDX). SEM and EDX studies show that the dense and homogeneous silver films could be obtained.
Early Postoperative and One Year Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Impact of Extralight Titanized Polypropylene Mesh and Traditional Heavyweight Polypropylene Mesh on Pain and Seroma Production in Laparoscopic Hernia Repair (TAPP)
Authors: Bittner R. , Schmedt C.‐G. , Leibl B. J. , Schwarz J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundToday the main goals of inguinal hernia repair are maximum postoperative comfort and a minimal rate of chronic pain. This randomized trial compares these parameters after laparoscopic hernia repair (TAPP) using an extralight titanized polypropylene mesh (ELW group) TiMesh® 16 g/m2 without any fixation with those using a standard heavyweight mesh (HW) Prolene 90 g/m2 fixed in a standardized way with two absorbable sutures.MethodsThree hundred patients with an inguinal hernia and a defect diameter ≤3 cm were included in the trial. Patients were assessed for pain, foreign body sensation, and physical activities preoperatively, early postoperatively, at 4 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year by questionnaire and were examined clinically. Postoperatively, seroma formation was measured by ultrasound.ResultsOne year after TAPP, the frequency of chronic pain was not greater than 3%, with no difference between the two mesh groups; in no patient was intensity of pain higher than VAS 40. In the early postoperative period, 40% of the patients in the titanized ELW group needed pain medication compared with 52.7% in the HW group (P = 0.0378). Foreign body sensation was not different between the groups but there was significantly less impairment of physical activities (P = 0.0425) and seroma production (P = 0.0415) in the titanized ELW group compared to the HW group in the early postoperative period.ConclusionUse of titanized ELW mesh for laparoscopic hernia repair did not affect the rate of chronic pain but it seems to improve early postoperative convalescence. Its use without any fixation can be recommended in TAPP for inguinal hernia patients with a defect size ≤3 cm.
Secondary Haemorrhage following Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour — Is it Always Related to Infection?
Authors: Heer R. , Glendinning R.J. , Nesbitt C.N. , Pal D. , Rix D. , Menezes P. , Johnson M.I. 
Published: May 2011

Background: We reviewed the empirical use of antibiotics in patients with secondary haemorrhage following transurethral resection of bladder tumour. Patients and methods: A retrospective review of 2830 patients undergoing TURBT between January 2006 and April 2009 was performed from two large independent urology centres in the UK. Patients with secondary haemorrhage were identified and their urine culture results and risk factors for bleeding were studied. Result: Secondary haemorrhage causing hospital admission was seen in 2% (51 cases). However, only 14% of these cases had significant bacteriuria on urine culture. In patients with secondary haemorrhage we show potential risk factors for bacteriuria: resection weight greater than 2g (71% versus 28%), muscle invasive bladder cancer (43% versus 20%) and macroscopic residual disease (43% versus 12%); although they did not reach statistical significance. Interestingly there was no significant difference in the clinical parameters supportive of infection between patients with bacteriuria and sterile urine — in particular only 1/51 had a temperature of greater than 37.5°C. Nevertheless, 73% (37/51) of patients were treated with antibiotics. Conclusion: Typically, patients with secondary haemorrhage following TURBT do not have evidence of demonstrable infection and only a few had evidence of bacteriuria. Routine prescription of antibiotics in secondary haemorrhage following TURBT is therefore not justified.
Antinociceptive effect of paeoniflorin via spinal α2‐adrenoceptor activation in diabetic mice
Authors: Lee Keiko K. , Omiya Yuji , Yuzurihara Mitsutoshi , Kase Yoshio , Kobayashi Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackground: Shakuyakukanzoto (SKT) has been shown to modulate nociception in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mice via selective activation of the descending noradrenergic systems. However, the active components of SKT that exert the analgesic effect remain unknown. Here, we administered Glycyrrhizae radix (G. radix), Paeoniae radix (P. radix), and the two active constituents of P. radix, paeoniflorin and albiflorin, to determine the components that stimulate spinal α2‐adrenoceptors by promoting noradrenaline release.Methods: The two SKT components were separately administered to diabetic and non‐diabetic mice. A tail‐pressure test was used to determine the nociceptive threshold between 0 and 3 h after oral dosing. The time‐course profiles of the nociceptive threshold (g) and the area under the time response curve (AUC) were evaluated. Yohimbine, an α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist, was intrathecally injected 15 min after paeoniflorin administration.Results: P. radix and G. radix did not induce significant antinociception in non‐diabetic mice. However, P. radix (250, 500 mg/kg) dose‐dependently and significantly increased the nociceptive threshold in diabetic mice between 0.5 and 2 h after administration, whereas all the tested doses of G. radix did not increase the nociceptive threshold. Both paeoniflorin (30 mg/kg) and albiflorin (10 mg/kg) significantly elevated the nociceptive threshold between 0.5 and 3 h and between 0.5 and 1 h after administration, respectively. The antinociceptive effect of paeoniflorin (30 mg/kg) was completely abolished by yohimbine.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that paeoniflorin is the key antinociceptive component in SKT that increases noradrenaline release and activates α2‐adrenoceptors to modulate spinal nociceptive transmission in diabetic neuropathy.
Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in sick listed chronic low back pain patients
Authors: Reme Silje Endresen , Tangen Tone , Moe Trygve , Eriksen Hege Randi 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackground: Previous findings have shown a high degree of comorbid psychopathology in chronic low back pain (CLBP), but less is known about the broad range of comorbid psychiatric disorders. The prevalence is reported to be between 40% and 100% depending on methods being used, sample or setting.Aims: To assess the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity in a population of CLBP patients, using a psychiatric diagnostic interview.Methods: 565 patients sick listed between 2 and 10 months for unspecific LBP were included in the study. All were recruited as part of an ongoing trial in secondary care, and were assessed with the Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), which is a short structured diagnostic interview for DSM‐IV and ICD‐10 psychiatric disorders.Results: The prevalence of current psychiatric disorders was 31%. The diagnoses included 19 Axis I disorders, with the most common being somatoform disorders (18%) and anxiety disorders (12%). Major depressive disorders were reported in 4%. There were no gender differences in prevalence of psychiatric disorders.Conclusions: In a large population of CLBP patients, 31% fulfilled the criteria for at least one current psychiatric disorder when measured with a diagnostic interview. The diagnoses included a wide range of psychiatric disorders, with the most common being somatoform disorders (18%) and anxiety disorders (12%). The results imply that screening CLBP patients for psychiatric comorbidity in secondary care is important since psychopathology may have serious consequences for prognosis, outcome and health care utilization.
Heightened locomotor‐activating effects of amphetamine administered into the nucleus accumbens in adolescent rats
Authors: Mathews I.Z. , Brudzynski S.M. , McCormick C.M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThere is a shift in sensitivity to systemically administered psychostimulants in adolescence, as evidenced by less amphetamine‐induced locomotor activity in adolescent compared to adult rodents. Locomotor activating effects of amphetamine are dependent on drug actions in the core of the nucleus accumbens (NAc), but the contribution of this region to age differences in amphetamine sensitivity has not been studied directly. In the present study, we investigated the development of the NAc using targeted injections of amphetamine (0, 3, or 6 μg/side) directly into the NAc core in early (postnatal day 30; P30) or late (P45) adolescence, or in adulthood (P75). Locomotor activity was recorded during two 1 h sessions, 48 h apart. Amphetamine increased locomotor activity at all ages. P45 rats were more active than adults only at the 3 μg/side dose, but this difference was not significant when baseline activity was taken into account. In contrast, P30 rats were more active than adults at the 6 μg/side dose, indicating that the magnitude of the locomotor response is highest in early adolescence. Results of the present study are the first to directly show a developmental difference in the sensitivity of the NAc to amphetamine under conditions in which the influence of pharmacokinetic factors and regulatory brain regions is minimized.
Centrosome clustering and chromosomal (in)stability: A matter of life and death
Authors: Krämer Alwin , Maier Bettina , Bartek Jiri 
Published: May 2011

AbstractCentrosome abnormalities occur commonly in cancer, and contribute to chromosomal instability and tumorigenesis. New evidence on a phylogenetically conserved mechanism termed ‘centrosomal clustering’ provides exciting insights into how cells with supernumerary centrosomes adapt to avoid lethal multipolar divisions. Here, we highlight the emerging molecular basis of centrosome clustering, and its impact on asymmetric divisions of stem cells, chromosomal (in)stability and malignant transformation. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of centrosome clustering promises to selectively target tumor cells.
New insights into the sources of magnetic anomalies in the Levant
Authors: Rybakov M. , Goldshmidt V. , Hall J.K. , Ben-Avraham Z. , Lazar M. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The magmatic characteristics of the Levant were investigated by combining recompiled regional scale magnetic maps, revised petrophysical and gravity databases and previous interpretations. In the study area, the inclination of the Earth’s magnetic field vector is low and the total magnetic intensity map is, therefore, difficult to interpret for location and strike of magnetic bodies. Hence a pole-reduced magnetic map was compiled. The integrated interpretation of magnetic and local gravity anomalies allowed for the estimation of depth and size of magmatic bodies and, in some cases, permitted identification of their composition. Reliability and accuracy of the results were approximated by forward modeling and by comparison with seismic reflection and drill-hole data.
The study area was divided into five regions of consistent regional-scale magnetic patterns with more or less distinct boundaries. This was based not only on recognition of formal magnetic patterns but also on correlation with known (or expected) geology. The strong coincident magnetic and positive gravity anomalies probably correspond to ophiolite massifs in the northern part of the study area and basic magmatic intrusions in the southern part. Strong magnetic anomalies, which are not associated with positive gravity anomalies, most likely correspond to Mesozoic and Cenozoic volcanics located mainly in the central part of the region. The absence of magnetic anomalies in some areas suggests the lack of basic magmatic bodies (volcanic or plutonic) but provides no information on the presence of acid magmatics (granite, etc.).