bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tall Fescue Response to Plant Growth Retardants and Fertilizer Sources1
Authors: McCarty L. B. , DiPaola J. M. , Lewis W. M. , Gilbert W. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlant growth retardant applications have been reported to reduce mowing requirements of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea. Schreb.), but turf response to retardants under various fertility regimes has not been adequately explored. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of three spring‐applied growth retardants {mefluidide, (N‐[2,4‐dimethyl‐5‐[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino] phenyl]acetamide), at 0.14 kg ha−1; maleic hydrayide (MH) (1,2‐dihydro‐3,6‐pyridazinedione), at 4.5 kg ha−1; and a combination of mefluidide plus flurprimidol, (α‐(1‐methylethyl)‐α‐[4(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl]‐5‐pyrimidinemethanol), at 0.3 + 0.8 kg ha−1} and fertilizer sources and rates on the color, height, seedhead suppression, root growth and stand density of ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue. The three fertilizer sources included: a) 2‐1‐1 ratio ammonium sulfate blend, 160 g N kg−1, b) ammonium nitrate, 330 g N kg−1, and c) an ammonium sulfate liquor, ASL, 70 g N kg−1. Each fertilizer source was applied at 39 and 78 kg N ha−1 in October 1981 and 1982. A single ASL treatment was also applied in 1981 at 78 kg N ha−1. The field plot was a Typic Hapudalt Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic (Cecil gravely sandy loam) soil. Mefluidide + flurprimidol and MH treatments reduced cumulative turf height 40% and suppressed seedhead formation up to 95% for 6 to 8 weeks. Mefluidide alone reduced turf height by 20% during this period. Fall fertilization of tall fescue improved turf color following spring growth retardant application. Interactions were not observed between fertilizer sources and growth retardant treatments, except for cumulative turf height at 7 and 9 weeks after 1983 treatment. Turf responses to fertilizer sources were equivalent, but higher rates of application improved color and increased turf height and seedhead numbers.
Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Pyruvate Decarboxylase Activities in Flood‐Tolerant and Susceptible Corn Seeds during Flooding1
Authors: Van Toai T. T. , Fausey N. R. , McDonald M. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEarly planted corn (Zea maysL.) is frequently subjected to flooding stress, especially in poorly drained soils. This study characterizes the role of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes in the flooding susceptibility of corn seeds; PDC and ADH activities were assayed in a flood‐tolerant (A632) and a flood‐susceptible (Mo17) inbred during flooding at 10 and 25 °C. Each inbred consisted of two seed lots possessing different germination levels (95 and 75% germination). Flooding induced an increase in the activity of both enzymes. However, the increase was greater and sustained longer for ADH than PDC. The maximum level of ADH activity achieved was similar in both inbreds, but was greater in the high‐quality than in the low‐quality seeds. Since the highquality seeds survived flooding longer than the lowquality seeds, no correlation between flooding susceptibility and maximum ADH activity was observed. The two inbreds also exhibited similar ADH isoenzyme patterns. These data indicate that flooding susceptibility is not associated with PDC or ADH activities in corn seeds.
Root Control of Leaf Phosphorus and Chlorine Accumulation in Soybean under Salinity Stress1
Authors: Grattan S. R. , Maas E. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome soybean cultivars [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] grown in saline (−0.34 MPa osmotic potential) solution cultures with inorganic phosphate ≥ 0.25 mM, accumulate excessive P and Cl in their leaves. Greenhouse experiments were conducted with reciprocally grafted soybean to evaluate the role of the scion and rootstock on leaf P and Cl accumulation and foliar injury. Four distinctly different genotypes were studied. ‘Lee’ and ‘Lee 74’ are described as leaf‐Cl excluders, whereas ‘Clark 63’ and ‘Jackson’ are leaf‐Cl accumulators. Clark 63 and Lee 74 accumulate excessive amounts of P in their leaves, whereas Lee and Jackson do not. Root‐scion grafts of all combinations of the four cultivars, including self‐grafts were made and tested. Visual foliar injury, its onset, severity, and symptoms, was controlled predominantly by the genotype of the rootstock and was correlated with leaf P and Cl concentration. Thus, scions of all four genotypes when grafted on rootstocks that translocate P and Cl to the shoots, were sensitive to P and Cl. Scions on Clark 63 rootstocks were killed and necrotic leaves were beige in color. Since leaf P and Cl exceeded 550 and 600 mmol kg−1dry wt (1.7% P and 2.1% Cl) we attributed this injury to combined P and Cl toxicity. Leaves of scions on Lee 74 rootstocks were severely injured and exhibited a distinctive reddish‐brown coloration indicative of P toxicity. Scions on Jackson rootstocks exhibited only moderate foliar injury. Injured leaves were chlorotic and necrotic along the margins characteristic of Cl toxicity. Scions on Lee rootstocks remained healthy during the entire experiment and leaf P and Cl were maintained below 405 and 275 mmol kg−1dry wt, respectively. Although leaf P and Cl accumulation were controlled predominantly by the genotype of the rootstock, an additional mechanism, as yet unidentified, was found in the scion of Lee and Lee 74 that reduced leaf P and Cl concentration. The contribution of the mechanism was not sufficient to delay the onset of foliar injury.
Tropical Legumes for Green Manure. II. Nematode Populations and Their Effects on Succeeding Crop Yields1
Authors: Reddy K. C. , Soffes A. R. , Prine G. M. , Dunn R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe high cost of nitrogenous fertilizer and the withdrawal of many effective nematicides from the marketplace created needs that might be partially satisfied by growing nematode‐resistant legumes. Legumes resistant to prevalent nematode species could furnish N for and suppress nematode populations in succeeding crops if green manured and incorporated into the soil. The effects of tropical legumes, grown as summer green manure crops, on populations of four plant‐parasitic nematodes were compared with fallow and ‘Cracker Jack’ marigold (Tagetes erectaL.) in fumigated (with 1,2‐dibromethane) and nonfumigated plots in 1979, 1980, and 1981 on an Arrendondo fine sand (loamy, siliceous, hyperthermic, Grossarenic Paleudult). Long‐term effects of summer legume green‐manuring on nematode populations and yield of succeeding crops was determined using several cereals and legumes grown in the succeeding fall, winter, and spring seasons. One cultivar, ‘Norman’, and one line, ‘F1 81d’, of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan(L.) Millsp.], showy crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilisRoth.), hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsutaL.), jointvetch (Aeschynomene americanaL.), velvetbean [Mucuna deeringiana(Bort.) Merr.], and marigold reduced soil populations of root‐knot nematodes [Meloidogyne incognita(Kofoid and White) Chitwood] in each year planted; ‘PI 305070’ mungbean [Vigna radiata(L.) Wilcz.] did not. Fumigation, fallowing, and rotation with jointvetch, hairy indigo, and crotalaria reduced sting nematode (Belonolaimus longicaudatusRau.) populations. Rotation with hairy indigo or marigold consistently reduced the lesion nematodes [Pratylenchus brachyurus(Godfrey) Goodey] in all the succeeding crops. Fumigation generally reduced ring nematode (Criconemoidesspp.) populations. Root‐knot nematode and the incorporated green manure had the greatest influence on snap bean [Phaseolus vulgarisL.) cv. ‘Blue Lake Bunch’] dry matter yield.
Rice Responses to a Short‐Duration Green Manure. I. Grain Yield1
Authors: Morris R. A. , Furoc R. E. , Dizon M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFor many Asian farmers, inorganic N fertilizer for rice (Oryza sativaL.) is costly. Biologically fixed sources of N are being reexamined as alternatives to inorganic N fertilizer. Land that is fallow during the first 5 to 7 weeks of the wet season, before monsoon rains intensify, can be used to accumulate N in a green manure. This experiment determined quantities of N that well‐adapted tropical legumes accumulated in 20 to 45 days and rice yield responses to green manuring with legumes grown for 45 or fewer days. The experiment, repeated in 1981, 1982, 1983, and 1984, was conducted on a fine, mixed, isohyperthermic Aeric Tropaqualf at IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines. Rice was transplanted in factorial arrangements of inorganic N rates (0 and 80 kg N ha 1) and green manure growth durations. In 1981, 1982, and 1983, mungbean [Vigna rudiata(L.) Wilczek] was the green manure, and growth durations were 0 (clean fallow), 20, 30, and 40 days. In 1984, cowpea [Vigna Unguiculata(L.) Walp.] was the green manure, and durations were 0,25,35, and 45 days. Average N accumulation in the oldest green manure was 83 kg N ha 1. Mean rice yield response to 80 kg inorganic N ha 1was 1.0 Mg ha1. Mean response to the oldest green manure was 2.0 Mg ha−1. The study demonstrated that a fast‐growing tropical legume can accumulate more than 80 kg N ha−1in 45 days and that rice yield responses exceeding 2 Mg ha−1are possible from green manure incorporation.
Soil pH and Manganese Effects on Manganese Nutrition of Peanut1
Authors: Parker M. B. , Walker M. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractManganese deficiency of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a common problem on some soils of the Coastal Plain region of the southern USA. Information is limited, however, on the concentration of Mn required in the peanut plant. ‘Florunner’ peanut was grown on a Pelham sand (loamy, siliceous, thermic, Arenic Paleaquult) to determine soil pH and Mn effects on Mn nutrition of peanut. Soil‐applied Mn treatments of 0, 10, 20, and 40 kg ha−1 were compared at pH levels near 5.2, 6.0, and 6.8. Manganese deficiency occurred only on plots with pH levels near 6.8 where yields were increased by applying up to 40 kg Mn ha−1. Critical Mn levels were 13, 15, 15, 15, 13, and 12 mg kg−1 in leaves collected at 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17 weeks after planting, respectively. Pod yields averaged 3.41, 5.40, and 5.73, and 6.37 Mg ha−1 at pH level near 6.8 for 0, 10, 20, and 40 kg Mn ha−1 treatments, respectively. Maintaining a soil pH near 6.0 provided a desirable medium for peanut production without the need for Mn fertilizer.
Soybean Cultivar Response to Tillage Systems1
Authors: Elmore Roger W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractModern crop cultivars were developed in cleanly tilled environments. As reduced‐ and no‐till production increases, we must study cultivar responses to these planting conditions to assist growers with cultivar selection for specific tillage situations. In addition, if certain cultivars respond better to a tillage system, this genetic variability could be useful in breeding programs. A field study was conducted to compare six soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars of different maturities and growth habits in three tillage systems. A Hastings silt loam soil (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Udic Argiustoll) was used in 1982 and 1983, and a Crete silt loam soil (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Pachic Argiustoll) was used in 1984. Tillage treatments were double disk, single disk, and no‐till. Soil profiles were at field capacity at planting in all years. Tillage did not affect yield, and cultivars responded similarly to tillage systems; the best yielding cultivars in tilled systems were also best yielding in the no‐till system. There is no immediate need for cultivar performance testing in different tillage systems. However, in one year ‘Mead’ yielded 15% more in no‐till than in tilled systems, whereas ‘Williams 82’ yielded 8% less in no‐till than in tilled systems. This response may be related to a slight plant density difference between the two cultivars or genotypic differences. Effects of residue cover on evaporation are of less consequence when soils are at field capacity at planting. Thus, cultivar and tillage responses may be different than those reported here when soil moisture is deficient at planting.
Fertilizer Applicator/Planter for No‐till Small‐grain Research1
Authors: Westfall D. G. , Strohman R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSubsurface placement of fertilizer under no‐till, small‐grain soil fertility research presents unique problems to researchers if minimum soil disturbance and minimum residue incorporation is desired. A fertilizer applicator/planter was built from commercially available parts and designed to allow evaluation of fertilizer rates, sources, and placements under no‐till, small‐grain production. It has been demonstrated to successfully plant through at least 3000 kg/ha of year‐old prostrate residue and through 4000 kg/ha of fresh, standing small‐grain residue. Residue levels higher than this have not been tested. Three people can fertilize/plant 50 plots/h, changing rates, placements, and sources.
Soil Water Effects on Low‐Temperature Seedling Emergence of Five Brassica Cultivars1
Authors: Rao S. C. , Dao T.H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIdentifying Brassica that are least sensitive to cool soil temperature and variable soil water availability during early spring is important to fill the forage deficit period in the southern Great Plains. A growth chamber study was conducted to determine the effect of soil water potential under low temperatures on the rate and total emergence for three Brassica spp. in Dale sandy loam (fine‐silty, mixed, thermic Pachic Haplustolls). Three turnip (Brassica rapa L.) cultivars, Purpletop, Cyclon and Tyfon, ‘Merlin’ kale (B. oleracea L.) and ‘Winfred’ rape (B. napus L.) were evaluated at a soil temperature of 7.5°C and five soil water potentials (−10, −30, −100, −250, and −500 kPa). Total emergence and rate of emergence of all cultivars were not affected by change in soil water potentials between −10 and −100 kPa. Soil water potential of −250 kPa reduced total emergence, whereas both rate and total emergence were greatly reduced with decrease in soil water potential from −250 to −500 kPa. Differences in total emergence were observed among cultivars even though seed germination potentials of all cultivars were similar. Purpletop turnip and Winfred rape were higher in total emergence and emerged in a shorter period under sub‐optimal environment conditions, comparedto other cultivars.
Tillage Systems for Wheat Production in the Southeastern Coastal Plains1
Authors: Karlen D. L. , Gooden D. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIncreased wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production has raised numerous questions regarding tillage practices and N fertilizer rates for the Coastal Plain. Therefore, eight field studies conducted on Ardilla (Fragiaquic Paleudults), Dothan (Plinthic Paleudults), and Norfolk (Typic Paleudults) soils are summarized to report N fertilizer and tillage effects. Average grain yield with moldboard plowing was significantly higher (0.4 Mg ha−1) than with disking in four of five studies, but it was significantly higher than chisel plowing (3.09 vs. 2.48 Mg ha−1) only once. No‐till yield was significantly lower (0.5 Mg ha −1) than yield with disking in two of four studies. Nitrogen response was significant in five of six studies, but the tillage ✕ N interaction was significant only once. Head number and weight were increased by plowing or higher N rates. Poor soil‐seed contact presumably caused erratic stands and lower no‐till yields because seedling emergence was not reduced by the equivalent of 10 Mg ha−1 of corn (Zea mays L.) residue. Approximately 100 kg N ha−1 was sufficient for conventional tillage, but chisel or moldboard plowing should be used rather than disking. For no‐till wheat, drills must provide good soil‐seed contact and N rates may have to be increased.
Comparison of Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen Sources for Rice1
Authors: Westcott M. P. , Mikkelsen D. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRice (Oryza sativa L.) responds well to green manure‐N under flooded conditions, but more quantitative data are needed for comparisons to inorganic N. This study compared the effects of vetch (Vicia benghalensis L.) and (NH4)2SO4 on patterns of N availability and plant uptake, applied‐N recovery at harvest, and grain yield in flooded rice culture. The sources were incorporated in a Clear Lake clay (Typic Pelloxerert) in factorial combination of 60 kg N/ha increments up to a maximum rate of 180 kg N/ha. Grain yields were determined in plots of 18.9 m2 while N balance was assayed in microplots (0.27 m2) treated with 15N‐labeled materials. Ammonium sulfate was more effective in raising extractable‐N concentrations early in the growing season and made a greater contribution to plant N status throughout the season. There was no evidence that vetch extended the period of N availability to plants. Grain yields were highly dependent on N uptake; they maximized at 10.1 Mg/ha with 120 kg N/ha as (NH4)2SO4 but responded linearly to vetch up to 8.4 Mg/ha with the highest rate of addition. Ammonium sulfate effected greater labeled‐N recovery (19% across rates) and apparent N recovery (55.6%) by plants than vetch (10.1 and 27.9%, respectively). More vetch‐N was recovered in the soil at harvest; total recoveries were, therefore, not significantly different between N sources. The rate of green manure‐N mineralization early in the growing season appears to be the limiting factor in comparison to inorganic N.
Damage to Barley Spikes Resulting from Impact Momentum Similar to Small Sized Hail1
Authors: Ferguson Hayden , Jones A. J. , Tsai K. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHail loss assessment in small grains is based on percent kernel loss because of shatter or spike loss. This procedure does not consider losses that may occur in kernel size and weight as a result of spike bruising without accompanying shatter or spike loss. This study was conducted to determine if bruising of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) spikes by small, low energy hailstones might cause a yield loss above that resulting from kernel shatter or spike loss. A hail simulation device was constructed that approximately duplicated the momentum of hail particles in the size range of 10 to 12 mm in diameter. Spikes of two‐ and six‐rowed barley were impacted over a period beginning when kernels were starting to form and ending when they were fully swollen. Bruising caused a significant decrease in kernel weight in both spike types. In six‐rowed cultivars, the loss was associated with a decrease in the number of plump kernels; in two‐rowed cultivars, the loss resulted from a decrease in both the weight and number of plump kernels. Thus, hail loss assessment that considers only kernel shatter or spike loss may underestimate actual loss, especially from small hail occuring during the early stages of kernel development.
Growth and Partitioning in Peanut as Influenced by Gibberellic Acid and Daminozide
Authors: Gardner F. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPeanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars differ in growth habit and potential for vegetative and reproductive growth modification with plant growth regulators (PGRs). Cultivars differing in growth habit were studied in light, dark, and field environments in 1982 and 1983 to assess the effects of two PGRs on apparent assimilate partitioning, and on vegetative and reproductive growth. The cultivars used were Dixie Runner (indeterminate spreading type), Florunner (somewhat determinate spreading type), and Pronto (bunch type). The PGR foliar spray treatments were gibberellic acid (GA), a growth stimulant, and daminozide (DA) (Kylar), a growth retardant. The field‐study treatments included Dixie Runner and Florunner, and GA and DA in one and two applications, beginning at pod initiation. Gibberellic acid (0.01 or 0.1 g L−1) increased stem petiole elongation in the light, dark, and field environments. Dixie Runner in most comparisons was slightly less responsive to GA than was Florunner. Daminozide (0.5 g L−1) retarded main‐stem, cotyledonary‐branch, and petiole elongation in both cultivars in light and dark environments. Response to a mixture (1:1,v/v) of GA and DA was similar to the water control in most comparisons. Darkness stimulated greater stem elongation than did GA; the two effects were additive. Daminozide decreased leaf area and shoot/root ratio, and increased chlorophyll concentration on a leaf‐area basis. Effects of PGR treatments were similar for Dixie Runner and Florunner. It is concluded that cultivars diverse in growth habit respond similarly to GA and DA, and modification of vegetative growth by PGRs to alter assimilate partitioning and fruiting appears problematic.
Fertilizer Placement Effects on Seasonal Nitrogen Accumulation and Yield of No‐Tillage and Conventional Tillage Sorghum
Authors: Locke M. A. , Hons F. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLittle information is available concerning fertilizer placement effects on accumulation of fertilizer N in no‐tillage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Possible differential accumulation patterns among tillage systems could influence management practices for these systems. Fertilizer N placement effects on sorghum yield and N accumulation in 1985 and 1986 were evaluated in a field study on a Weswood silt loam soil (fine‐silty, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) near College Station, TX. Four N rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg N ha−1) as NH4NO3 were surface broadcast or subsurface banded into soil managed with no‐tillage or conventional tillage. Nitrogen‐15‐depleted NH4NO3 was applied to microplots receiving the 150 kg N ha−1 rate to monitor plant fertilizer N accumulation with seasonal progression. Fertilizer and total (fertilizer plus soil) N accumulation patterns were the same for both no‐tillage and conventional tillage treatments. Total N accumulation at harvest, and grain and stover yields were higher with banded placement. Leaf N concentration at anthesis indicated better N nutrition in banded treatments. Most total and fertilizer N accumulation had occurred by anthesis both years, with most of the N allocated to stover. During grain filling, the panicle became the primary N sink. Placement influenced neither total nor fertilizer N accumulation at anthesis in 1985, but these parameters were higher for banded treatments by harvest. Fertilizer N accumulation in culms and leaves early in the 1986 season was higher in broadcast treatments. At harvest, more total N had accumulated in broadcast treatment panicles, but more fertilizer N had accumulated in banded treatment panicles. Fertilizer uptake patterns indicated subsurface band placement was the most effective method of supplying fertilizer N for both tillage treatments.
Nitrogen Needs of Sugarbeet Produced with Reduced‐Tillage System
Authors: Halvorson A. D. , Hartman G. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecent studies have shown that sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) can be produced with reduced‐tillage systems; however, the effects that reduced‐tillage systems may have on N requirements of sugarbeet have not been studied. Therefore, field studies were conducted on a furrow‐irrigated silty clay loam soil (Typic Argiboroll) to determine N requirements for optimum sucrose production by sugarbeet grown with reduced‐tillage systems. Tillage treatments were conventional tillage (CT), strip tillage (ST), and no‐tillage (NT). Four N rates of 0, 56, 112, and 168 kg/ha in 1980 and 1981, and 0, 84, 140, and 196 kg/ha in 1982 were imposed on each of the tillage treatments in a split‐plot design. Fertilizer N was applied prior to establishment of tillage treatments in the fall prior to spring sugarbeet planting. Sucrose yields were ST > NT = CT. Application of N significantly increased root yield as well as gross and recoverable sucrose yields, but reduced sucrose content of the sugarbeet root and clear juice purity of all tillage treatments similarly. Except for clear juice purity, tillage ✕ N interactions were not significant when averaged over 3 yr. Therefore, N recommendations formerly developed for yield and quality relationships for sugarbeet produced with conventional tillage can be used to make N recommendations for sugarbeet produced with reduce‐tillage systems.