bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Measures of Impulsivity and Alcohol Misuse: An Integrative Structural Equation Modeling Approach
Authors: Courtney Kelly E. , Arellano Ryan , Barkley‐Levenson Emily , Gálvan Adriana , Poldrack Russell A. , MacKillop James , David Jentsch J. , Ray Lara A. 
Published: October 2011

Background:  Higher levels of impulsivity have been implicated in the development of alcohol use disorders. Recent findings suggest that impulsivity is not a unitary construct, highlighted by the diverse ways in which the various measures of impulsivity relate to alcohol use outcomes. This study simultaneously tested the following dimensions of impulsivity as determinants of alcohol use and alcohol problems: risky decision making, self‐reported risk‐attitudes, response inhibition, and impulsive decision making.Methods:  Participants were a community sample of nontreatment seeking problem drinkers (n = 158). Structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses employed behavioral measures of impulsive decision making (delay discounting task [DDT]), response inhibition (stop signal task [SST]), and risky decision making (Balloon Analogue Risk Task [BART]), and a self‐report measure of risk‐attitudes (domain‐specific risk‐attitude scale [DOSPERT]), as predictors of alcohol use and of alcohol‐related problems in this sample.Results:  The model fits well, accounting for 38% of the variance in alcohol problems, and identified 2 impulsivity dimensions that significantly loaded onto alcohol outcomes: (i) impulsive decision making, indexed by the DDT; and (ii) risky decision making, measured by the BART.Conclusions:  The impulsive decision‐making dimension of impulsivity, indexed by the DDT, was the strongest predictor of alcohol use and alcohol pathology in this sample of problem drinkers. Unexpectedly, a negative relationship was found between risky decision making and alcohol problems. The results highlight the importance of considering the distinct facets of impulsivity to elucidate their individual and combined effects on alcohol use initiation, escalation, and dependence.
The Effect of Alcohol Advertising on Immediate Alcohol Consumption in College Students: An Experimental Study
Authors: Koordeman Renske , Anschutz Doeschka J. , Engels Rutger C. M. E. 
Published: October 2011

Background:  Survey studies have emphasized a positive association between exposure to alcohol advertising on television (TV) and the onset and continuation of drinking among young people. Alcohol advertising might also directly influence viewers’ consumption of alcohol while watching TV. The present study therefore tested the immediate effects of alcohol advertisements on the alcohol consumption of young adults while watching a movie. Weekly drinking, problem drinking, positive and arousal expectancies of alcohol, ad recall, attitude, and skepticism toward the ads were tested as moderators.Methods:  An experimental design comparing 2 advertisement conditions (alcohol ads vs. nonalcohol ads) was used. A total of 80 men, young adult friendly dyads (ages 18 to 29) participated. The study examined actual alcohol consumption while watching a 1‐hour movie with 3 advertising breaks. A multivariate regression analysis was used to examine the effects of advertisement condition on alcohol consumption.Results:  Assignment to the alcohol advertisement condition did not increase alcohol consumption. In addition, no moderating effects between advertisement condition and the individual factors on alcohol consumption were found.Conclusions:  Viewing alcohol advertising did not lead to higher alcohol consumption in young men while watching a movie. However, replications of this study using other samples (e.g., different countries and cultures), other settings (e.g., movie theater, home), and with other designs (e.g., different movies and alcohol ads, cumulative exposure, extended exposure effects) are warranted.
Is Talk “Cheap”? An Initial Investigation of the Equivalence of Alcohol Purchase Task Performance for Hypothetical and Actual Rewards
Authors: Amlung Michael T. , Acker John , Stojek Monika K. , Murphy James G. , MacKillop James 
Published: October 2011

Background:  Behavioral economic alcohol purchase tasks (APTs) are self‐report measures of alcohol demand that assess estimated consumption at escalating levels of price. However, the relationship between estimated performance for hypothetical outcomes and choices for actual outcomes has not been determined. The present study examined both the correspondence between choices for hypothetical and actual outcomes, and the correspondence between estimated alcohol consumption and actual drinking behavior. A collateral goal of the study was to examine the effects of alcohol cues on APT performance.Methods:  Forty‐one heavy‐drinking adults (56% men) participated in a human laboratory protocol comprising APTs for hypothetical and actual alcohol and money, an alcohol cue reactivity paradigm, an alcohol self‐administration period, and a recovery period.Results:  Pearson correlations revealed very high correspondence between APT performance for hypothetical and actual alcohol (ps < 0.001). Estimated consumption on the APT was similarly strongly associated with actual consumption during the self‐administration period (r = 0.87, p < 0.001). Exposure to alcohol cues significantly increased subjective craving and arousal and had a trend‐level effect on intensity of demand, in spite of notable ceiling effects. Associations among motivational indices were highly variable, suggesting multidimensionality.Conclusions:  These results suggest there may be close correspondence both between value preferences for hypothetical alcohol and actual alcohol, and between estimated consumption and actual consumption. Methodological considerations and priorities for future studies are discussed.
Chronic Ethanol Feeding Accelerates Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression in a Sex‐Dependent Manner in a Mouse Model of Hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Brandon‐Warner Elizabeth , Walling Tracy L. , Schrum Laura W. , McKillop Iain H. 
Published: October 2011

Background:  Chronic ethanol consumption increases the risk of hepatic cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While sex differences exist in susceptibility to ethanol‐induced liver damage/HCC development, little is known about the effects of ethanol on tumor progression.Methods:  Neonatal male and female mice were initiated with a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Sixteen or 40 weeks later, animals were placed on a 10/20% (v/v) ethanol–drinking water (EtOH‐DW; alternate days) regime for 8 weeks. At study end, liver tissue and serum were analyzed for liver pathology/function and cytokine expression.Results:  DEN reproducibly induced hepatic foci/tumors in male and female mice. Ethanol diminished hepatic function and increased liver damage, but ethanol alone did not induce hepatic foci/HCC formation. In DEN‐initiated EtOH‐DW animals, ethanol significantly increased tumor incidence and burden, but only in male mice. Male and female mice (±DEN) demonstrated comparable blood alcohol content at necropsy, yet increased hepatic damage and diminished hepatic function/antioxidant capacity were significantly greater in males. Analysis of liver mRNA for Th1, Th2, or T‐regulatory factors demonstrated significantly elevated SMAD3 in male compared to female mice in response to EtOH, DEN initiation, and DEN + EtOH‐DW.Conclusions:  These data demonstrate male mice are more susceptible to HCC incidence and progression in the setting of chronic ethanol feeding than females. Differences in markers of hepatic immune response in male mice suggest that increased TGFβ‐SMAD3 signaling may enhance promotion in this model of HCC progression, effects modulated by chronic ethanol feeding.
A Review of Social Skills Deficits in Individuals with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Profiles, Mechanisms, and Interventions
Authors: Kully‐Martens Katrina , Denys Kennedy , Treit Sarah , Tamana Sukhpreet , Rasmussen Carmen 
Published: October 2011

Background:  Individuals gestationally exposed to alcohol experience a multitude of sociobehavioral impairments, including deficits in adaptive behaviors such as social skills.Methods:  The goal of this report is to critically review research on social skills deficits in individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure, including individuals with and without fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).Results:  Social deficits are found in alcohol‐exposed children, adults, and adolescents with and without a clinical presentation. These deficits tend to persist across the lifespan and may even worsen with age. Social deficits in this population appear to be independent of facial dysmorphology and IQ and are worse than can be predicted based on atypical behaviors alone. Abnormalities in neurobiology, executive function, sensory processing, and communication likely interact with contextual influences to produce the range of social deficits observed in FASD.Conclusions:  Future investigations should strive to reconcile the relationship between social skills deficits in FASD and variables such as gender, age, cognitive profile, and structural and functional brain impairments to enable better characterization of the deficits observed in this population, which will enhance diagnosis and improve remediation.
Broken Boundaries or Broken Marriages? Racial Intermarriage and Divorce in the United States
Authors: Fu Vincent Kang , Wolfinger Nicholas H. 
Published: October 2011

ObjectiveSeveral recent studies have investigated the consequences of racial intermarriage for marital stability. None of these studies properly control for first‐order racial differences in divorce risk, therefore failing to appropriately identify the effect of intermarriage. Our article builds on an earlier generation of studies to develop a model that appropriately identifies the consequences of crossing racial boundaries in matrimony.MethodsWe analyze the 1995 and 2002 National Survey of Family Growth using a parametric event‐history model called a sickle model. To appropriately identify the effect of interracial marriage we use the interaction of wife's race and husband's race.ResultsWe find elevated divorce rates for Latino/white intermarriages but not for black/white intermarriages. Seventy‐two percent of endogamous Latino marriages remain intact at 15 years, but only 58 percent of Latino husband/white wife and 64 percent of white husband/Latina wife marriages are still intact.ConclusionsWe have identified an important deficiency in previous studies and provide a straightforward resolution. Although higher rates of Latino/white intermarriage may indicate more porous group boundaries, the greater instability of these marriages suggests that these boundaries remain resilient.
(1 − x)Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3–x(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 Ferroelectric Thin Films Prepared from Chemical Solutions
Authors: Kang Guangqing , Yao Kui , Wang John 
Published: October 2011

Using chemical solution approach on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates (1 − x)Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3–x(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 (BZT–BCT) ferroelectric thin films were prepared for the first time. Dense and crack‐free films with perovskite structure were obtained from appropriately produced precursor solution through a multiple spin‐coating process in which the individual layers were pyrolyzed at different temperatures. The effects of composition and annealing temperature on the resulting structure and properties were examined. The optimized BZT–BCT thin film exhibited a high dielectric constant of 2913 with a low dielectric loss of 0.06, and a high remnant polarization of 15.8 μC/cm2 with a large coercive field of 58 kV/cm, and an effective piezoelectric coefficient d33 of 71.7 pm/V under the substrate clamping. These properties are discussed in comparison with the bulk ceramic counterpart, and the results showed that the polarization rotation and strain were restricted to a large extent in the thin films.
Mechanical Characterization of ZrB2–SiC Composites with Varying SiC Particle Sizes
Authors: Watts Jeremy , Hilmas Greg , Fahrenholtz William G. 
Published: October 2011

Flexural strength, elastic modulus, and hardness were used to characterize the mechanical properties of ZrB2–SiC composites that contained varying SiC particle sizes. Dense ZrB2–SiC composites consisting of 70 vol% ZrB2 and 30 vol% α‐SiC were produced via hot pressing. This series of composites had maximum SiC particle sizes that ranged from 4.4 to 18 μm. The mechanical properties scaled with the maximum SiC particle size, not with ZrB2 grain size. Flexural strength decreased as the maximum size of SiC particles increased from 1150 MPa at 4.4 μm to 245 MPa at 18 μm with an abrupt decrease in strength at ~11.5 μm. Elastic modulus remained constant at ~530 GPa for compositions containing SiC particles smaller than 11.5 μm, but exhibited a decrease with larger SiC particle sizes. Vickers and Knoop hardness were 21.4 and 17.2 GPa, respectively, for ceramics with SiC particle sizes <11.5 μm, but hardness decreased for larger SiC particle sizes. The decreases in strength, elastic modulus, and hardness with SiC particles larger than 11.5 μm were coincident with stress‐induced microcracking in the composites.
High Q Microwave Dielectric Ceramics in the Li2(Zn1−xAx)Ti3O8 (A = Mg, Co; x = 0.02–0.1) System
Authors: Huang Cheng‐Liang , Su Chia‐Hui , Chang Chung‐Min 
Published: October 2011

Using a conventional solid‐state reaction, followed by sintering at 1080°C–1200°C Li2(Zn1−xAx)Ti3O8 (A = Mg, Co and x = 0.02–0.1) ceramic system with >96% density were prepared. The XRD patterns of the sintered samples revealed single‐phase formation with a cubic crystal symmetry. The molecular volume shows good linear relationship with x value. The microwave dielectric properties of Li2(Zn1−xAx)Ti3O8 ceramics exhibited a significant dependence on the x value and to some extent on the morphology of the specimens. The Li2(Zn0.94Mg0.06)Ti3O8 ceramics possess εr = 26.1, Q × f = 150 000 GHz, and τf = −13.9 ppm/°C, and Li2(Zn0.92Co0.08)Ti3O8 ceramics show εr = 24.7, Q × f = 140 000 GHz, and τf = −13.4 ppm/°C, respectively. It indicates a substantial increase in the Q × f in comparison with that of pure Li2ZnTi3O8. The microwave dielectric properties of these partially substituted ceramics are reported for the first time.
High Temperature Mechanical Properties of Dense AlN–SiC Ceramics Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering Without Sintering Additives
Authors: Kobayashi Ryota , Tatami Junichi , Wei Chen I. , Wakihara Toru , Komeya Katsutoshi , Meguro Takeshi , Goto Takashi , Tu Rong 
Published: October 2011

Dense AlN–SiC solid solution ceramics with 25–75 mol% AlN were fabricated by spark plasma sintering using hexagonal SiC and AlN powders without additives. The bending strength reaches 800 MPa at room temperature with a fracture toughness of about 5 MPa·m1/2. The high bending strength can be retained at high temperatures, maintaining over 400 MPa at 1700°C.
Highly Porous Biphasic Calcium Phosphate (BCP) Ceramics with Large Interconnected Pores by Freezing Vigorously Foamed BCP Suspensions under Reduced Pressure
Authors: Ahn Min‐Kyung , Shin Kwan‐Ha , Moon Young‐Wook , Koh Young‐Hag , Choi Won‐Young , Kim Hyoun‐Ee 
Published: October 2011

This article proposes a new way of producing highly porous biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics with large interconnected pores by freezing a vigorously foamed BCP suspension under reduced pressure, which allows the air bubbles incorporated into the BCP suspension to expand extensively. All the fabricated samples produced with various degrees of expansion of the BCP suspension (0, 150, 200, and 250 vol%) showed a highly uniform porous structure with their unique microporous BCP walls. The sizes of the pores and interconnections between the pores increased remarkably from 74 ± 21 μm to 295 ± 93 μm and 22 ± 8 μm to 123 ± 60 μm, respectively, with increasing degree of expansion from 0 to 250 vol%. However, the compressive strength decreased from 1.2 ± 0.29 MPa to 0.4 ± 0.07 MPa with increasing degree of expansion from 150 to 250 vol%.
ZnAl2O4 and (0.79)ZnAl2O4–(0.21)Mn2TiO4 Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Prepared by Hot Pressing and Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Lorite Israel , Rodriguez Miguel Angel , Azough Feridoon , Freer Robert , Fernandez Jose Francisco 
Published: October 2011

Ceramics of ZnAl2O4 (ZA) and 0.79ZnAl2O4–0.21Mn2TiO4 (ZAMT) were prepared by the mixed oxide route using hot pressing and spark plasma sintering (SPS) techniques. Sintering temperatures were 1300°C in all cases; hot‐pressed samples were held at peak temperature for 1 h, the SPS samples for 5 min. Sintered densities were at least 98% theoretical for the SPS samples. ZnAl2O4 prepared by SPS was single phase; all other samples contained minor amounts of second phase. Grain sizes for ZnAl2O4 were typically 200–500 nm, but 2–5 μm for ZAMT. FTIR spectra for all the samples include Al–O bend mode band at ~450 cm−1. The microwave dielectric properties of the ZA‐SPS (εr = 8.7; Qxf = 57 000 GHz) were comparable with conventionally produced samples; the dielectric properties of the ZAMT‐SPS (εr = 9.6; Qxf = 30 630 GHz) were superior to conventionally produced ceramics. The SPS approach yielded high density, high quality dielectric ceramics at lower sintering temperatures and much reduced processing times.
Supportive periodontal therapy and dental implants: an analysis of patients’ compliance
Authors: Cardaropoli Daniele , Gaveglio Lorena 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the compliance to supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) in a population of adult periodontal patients, and to determine the impact of clinical procedures performed such as the type of active periodontal therapy and the insertion of dental implants.Material and methodsNinety‐six patients were evaluated. The subjects were divided into two groups, according to the active periodontal procedure (surgical/non‐surgical), and were also classified as having or not‐having osseointegrated implants. The number of visits for SPT after the end of active therapy was evaluated, and subjects were classified as compliant or non‐compliant.ResultsAt the end of a 5‐year evaluation, 77.1% of patients completely complied with SPT while 22.9% of patients had insufficient compliance degree. No significant difference was found in compliance between subjects that had surgical or non‐surgical periodontal treatment. However, patients that had the insertion of one or more dental implant registered a significant higher degree of compliance than patients that had no fixtures insertion.ConclusionThe results suggest that it is possible to have excellent degree of patients’ compliance for SPT. The performance of periodontal surgical therapy itself is not a reason able to motivate the patients to maintenance care, while the insertion of osseointegrated implants seems to be a reliable reason to positively affect the compliance with SPT.
Alveolar process preservation at implants installed immediately into extraction sockets using deproteinized bovine bone mineral – an experimental study in dogs
Authors: Caneva Marco , Botticelli Daniele , Morelli Fabrizio , Cesaretti Gianfranco , Beolchini Marco , Lang Niklaus P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAimTo evaluate the soft tissue and the dimensional changes of the alveolar bony crest at sites where deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) particles, concomitantly with the placement of a collagen membrane, were used at implants installed into sockets immediately after tooth extraction.Material and methodsThe pulp tissue of the mesial roots of 3P3 was removed in six Labrador dogs, and the root canals were filled. Flaps were elevated bilaterally, the premolars hemi‐sectioned, and the distal roots removed. Recipient sites were prepared in the distal alveolus, and implants were placed. At the test sites, DBBM particles were placed in the residual marginal defects concomitantly with the placement of a collagen membrane. No treatment augmentation was performed at the control sites. A non‐submerged healing was allowed. Impressions were obtained at baseline and at the time of sacrifice performed 4 months after surgery. The cast models obtained were analyzed using an optical system to evaluate dimensional variations. Block sections of the implant sites were obtained for histological processing and soft tissue assessments.ResultsAfter 4 months of healing, no differences in soft tissue dimensions were found between the test and control sites based on the histological assessments. The location of the soft tissue at the buccal aspect was, however, more coronal at the test compared with the control sites (1.8 ± 0.8 and 0.9 ± 0.8 mm, respectively). At the three‐dimensional evaluation, the margin of the soft tissues at the buccal aspect appeared to be located more apically and lingually. The vertical dislocation was 1 ± 0.6 and 2.7 ± 0.5 mm at the test and control sites, respectively. The area of the buccal shrinkage of the alveolar crest was significantly smaller at the test sites (5.9 ± 2.4 mm2) compared with the control sites (11.5 ± 1.7 mm2).ConclusionThe use of DBBM particles concomitantly with the application of a collagen membrane used at implants placed into sockets immediately after tooth extraction contributed to the preservation of the alveolar process.
Tree canopies explain fire effects on soil nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon in a savanna ecosystem
Authors: Holdo Ricardo M. , Mack Michelle C. , Arnold Stephen G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractQuestionsWhat are the independent and interactive effects of fire and tree canopies on soil nutrient and C pools in savannas? Does fire differentially affect total and labile pools of C and N? How do these effects differ between nutrient‐poor, broad‐leaved savannas on sandy soils of granitic origin, and nutrient‐rich, fine‐leaved savannas on clay‐enriched basalts?LocationKruger National Park, South Africa.MethodsWe investigated long‐term effects of fire and tree canopies on total soil C and N, labile C, plant‐available N and P, and acid phosphatase enzymes at two sites in Kruger National Park, one on granitic and one on basaltic soil. We sampled soils from plots that form part of a 50‐yr landscape‐level controlled burning experiment. In addition to the two soil types, we sampled across three burning treatments (no burns, annual burns and triennial burns) in replicated blocks, both under and between tree canopies.ResultsThere was little evidence for direct effects of fire on any of the variables tested on either soil type, with the exception of C mineralization rates on basalt, which suggested a smaller pool of labile C in frequently burned than in unburned plots. Tree canopies were positively associated with sizes of total and labile soil pools of N and C, and negatively associated with plant‐available P, particularly on nutrient‐rich basalts.ConclusionsOur results suggest that variation in tree canopy cover is the dominant biotic driver of soil N, P and C dynamics in these savanna systems, despite the frequent occurrence of fire. Given the negative effects of fire on size of individual trees in this ecosystem, this suggests that the role of fire on nutrient cycling may be mediated primarily through its effects on canopy cover. This effect is likely to be magnified in nutrient‐rich savannas where tree canopy effects on soil nutrient dynamics are strongest.