bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the impacts of instream flow on water supply for municipal and irrigation use
Authors: Kim T. J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe instream flow (IF) that is a required minimum flow amount for aquatic species and inhabitants has been one of key factors for dealing with the water allocation complexities since 1960s. In particular, the requirement of IF in river flow constraints the reservoir operation that focuses on water supply of municipal and irrigation use. This study focuses on evaluating the impact of IF on municipal and irrigation use from which the Waco reservoir is supplied. The exceedance frequencies of stream flow are performed based on three conditions: pre‐ or post‐dam construction condition and reservoir storage reallocation condition. The monthly IF percentage expressed as a percentage of naturalized flow is computed using naturalized flow and IF available in Texas Water Availability Model (WAM) and applied to generate the monthly IF for 1939–1997 hydrologic‐simulation periods. The effects of IF use are assessed on period and volume reliabilities for municipal and irrigation use. Sensitivity analysis was performed to provide the optimal amount and range of IF using two different kinds of constant and seasonal IF use percentage rate plans. These results in this study indicate that the presence of IF has not changed the exceedance frequencies of low flow but reduced exceedance frequencies of flood flows. Period and volume reliabilities for municipal and irrigation use have decreased by 2 or 4%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian sample size for diagnostic test studies in the absence of a gold standard: Comparing identifiable with non‐identifiable models
Authors: Dendukuri Nandini , Bélisle Patrick , Joseph Lawrence 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDiagnostic tests rarely provide perfect results. The misclassification induced by imperfect sensitivities and specificities of diagnostic tests must be accounted for when planning prevalence studies or investigations into properties of new tests. The previous work has shown that applying a single imperfect test to estimate prevalence can often result in very large sample size requirements, and that sometimes even an infinite sample size is insufficient for precise estimation because the problem is non‐identifiable. Adding a second test can sometimes reduce the sample size substantially, but infinite sample sizes can still occur as the problem remains non‐identifiable. We investigate the further improvement possible when three diagnostic tests are to be applied. We first develop methods required for studies when three conditionally independent tests are available, using different Bayesian criteria. We then apply these criteria to prototypic scenarios, showing that large sample size reductions can occur compared to when only one or two tests are used. As the problem is now identifiable, infinite sample sizes cannot occur except in pathological situations. Finally, we relax the conditional independence assumption, demonstrating in this once again non‐identifiable situation that sample sizes may substantially grow and possibly be infinite. We apply our methods to the planning of two infectious disease studies, the first designed to estimate the prevalence of Strongyloides infection, and the second relating to estimating the sensitivity of a new test for tuberculosis transmission. The much smaller sample sizes that are typically required when three as compared to one or two tests are used should encourage researchers to plan their studies using more than two diagnostic tests whenever possible. User‐friendly software is available for both design and analysis stages greatly facilitating the use of these methods. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Space and time in the context of equilibrium‐point theory
Authors: Feldman Anatol G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAdvances to the equilibrium‐point (EP) theory and solutions to several classical problems of action and perception are suggested and discussed. Among them are (1) the posture–movement problem of how movements away from a stable posture can be made without evoking resistance of posture‐stabilizing mechanisms resulting from intrinsic muscle and reflex properties; (2) the problem of kinesthesia or why our sense of limb position is fairly accurate despite ambiguous positional information delivered by proprioceptive and cutaneous signals; (3) the redundancy problems in the control of multiple muscles and degrees of freedom. Central to the EP hypothesis is the notion that there are specific neural structures that represent spatial frames of reference (FRs) selected by the brain in a task‐specific way from a set of available FRs. The brain is also able to translate or/and rotate the selected FRs by modifying their major attributes—the origin, metrics, and orientation—and thus substantially influence, in a feed‐forward manner, action and perception. The brain does not directly solve redundancy problems: it only limits the amount of redundancy by predetermining where, in spatial coordinates, a task‐specific action should emerge and allows all motor elements, including the environment, to interact to deliver a unique action, thus solving the redundancy problem (natural selection of action). The EP theory predicts the existence of specific neurons associated with the control of different attributes of FRs and explains the role of mirror neurons in the inferior frontal gyrus and place cells in the hippocampus.WIREs Cogni Sci2011 2 287–304 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.108This article is categorized under:Neuroscience > Behavior
The road more traveled—common pitfalls on the way to a patent
Authors: Tu Sean , Wu Bruce , Maebius Steve 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDrug delivery and diagnostic imaging patents represent an important subset of patents in the field of nananomedicine. In this article we review the most common rejections issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office relating to these technologies. In particular, we found that the most common rejections are anticipation, obviousness and enablement. We also review the most common strategies used to overcome these rejections, which relate to “teaching away” arguments or claim amendment. WIREsNanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011 3 1–4 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.107This article is categorized under:

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine
Grain‐size effect in micromechanical modelling of hysteresis in shape memory alloys
Authors: Stupkiewicz S. , Petryk H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSize effects in pseudoelastic polycrystalline shape memory alloys are studied by considering a representative spherical laminated domain (subgrain) and its interfacial energy at three scales: at the subgrain boundaries, at the austenite–martensite interfaces, and at the twin boundaries. Two sources of interfacial energy are accounted for, namely the atomic‐scale energy of twin and phase boundaries and the elastic strain energy at microstructured interfaces, the latter being predicted theoretically. The evolution of microstructure of the representative domain is determined using the incremental energy minimization rule applied to the sum of the increments in the Helmholtz free energy and rate‐independent dissipation. The size‐dependent part of dissipation is estimated by assuming that negative increments in interfacial energy, associated with annihilation of interfaces, cannot be reverted back into the bulk free energy and are thus dissipated. Simple analytic formula for the interfacial energy dissipated in a complete forward‐reverse transformation cycle is derived and combined with a micromechanical model of a polycrystalline NiTi shape memory alloy. A numerical example illustrating size‐dependent hysteresis in the stress‐induced martensitic transformation is presented.
Traumatisme du testicule chez l’enfant
Authors: Lardellier F. , Varlet F. , François M. , Audry G. , Buisson P. , Dubois R. , Galinier P. , Geiss S. , Gorduza D. , Kalfa N. , Lacreuse I. , Leclair M.-D. , Merrot T. , Paye-Jaouen A. , Ravasse P. , Sapin E. , Teklali Y. , Valla J.-S. , Diraduryan N. , Guye E. , Lopez M. 
Published: August 2010

Résumé

Introduction
Les traumatismes du testicule sont rares chez l’enfant, et la littérature est très pauvre sur ce sujet. Le but était de les analyser à partir d’une étude multicentrique rétrospective.

Matériel et méthodes
Un questionnaire sur les traumatismes du testicule survenus entre 2000 et 2009 a été envoyé dans les différents centres de chirurgie pédiatrique français. L’analyse a été effectuée à l’aide du questionnaire et du compte rendu opératoire, et n’ont été retenus que les dossiers de traumatisme vrai du testicule, excluant les plaies simples du scrotum, les traumatismes « révélateurs » d’une torsion de testicule ou d’hydatide, ou encore les dossiers incomplets.

Résultats
Quinze centres ont bien voulu nous transmettre leurs observations et parmi ceux-ci, deux ont répondu n’avoir opéré aucun cas; cette étude n’est pas exhaustive, car beaucoup d’équipes ont envoyé des dossiers d’enfants opérés et aucun cas de traumatisme bénin. Parmi les 60 observations reçues, 45 ont été retenues. L’âge moyen était de 12,3 ans (2 jours–18 ans). Les circonstances du traumatisme étaient 23 coups (pied, genou, poing), 13 chutes (vélo, banc, luge), quatre accidents de la voie publique, quatre traumatismes de nature inconnue et un traumatisme obstétrical. Le traumatisme était fermé 41 fois et ouvert quatre fois. L’échographie-doppler couleur a été réalisée dans 34 cas sur 45 (75,5 %); un diagnostic exact a été possible 30 fois, alors qu’il y a eu trois faux-positifs (deux fractures du testicule et un hématome intratesticulaire non confirmés à l’intervention) et un faux-négatif (contusion de l’épididyme non vue à l’échographie). Les lésions testiculaires étaient les suivantes: 15 fractures, huit hématomes intratesticulaires, six contusions testiculaires bénignes (dont une associée à une tumeur), six hématomes du cordon, six contusions de l’épididyme, trois hématocèles isolées et une avulsion. Le traitement a été chirurgical 33 fois et non opératoire 12 fois. Parmi les 15 fractures du testicule, 13 ont été opérées (huit sutures et cinq orchidectomies partielles) et deux ont été surveillées avec de bons résultats, sans atrophie secondaire. Pour les hématomes intratesticulaires, trois ont été surveillés et cinq opérés. Seuls 20 enfants ont été suivis au-delà de quatre mois, essentiellement les fractures testiculaires, et aucune atrophie secondaire n’a été constatée.

Conclusion
Les traumatismes du testicule chez l’enfant sont rares, mais leur pronostic est plutôt bon. L’échographie-doppler permet désormais de faire un diagnostic précis dans un grand nombre de cas, devant permettre d’éviter certaines explorations chirurgicales systématiques; mais l’intervention reste indispensable en cas de doute.
Sexual dysfunction among women of low‐income status in an urban setting
Authors: Worly Brett , Gopal Manish , Arya Lily 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo determine demographic and clinical conditions associated with sexual dysfunction among women of low‐income status living in an urban setting.MethodsCross‐sectional study of 102 consecutive women attending an urban gynecology clinic. Women were given validated questionnaires to measure sexual function, depression, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction in the partner. The association of sexual dysfunction with demographic variables, depression, urinary incontinence, and sexual function in the partner was assessed by the respondent.ResultsThe prevalence of sexual dysfunction was 37.3% (n = 38). Women with sexual dysfunction reported significantly lower scores on all subscales of sexual function compared with women without sexual dysfunction. Women with sexual dysfunction were more likely to be older (33 ± 11.2 vs 28.7 ± 8.6; P < 0.04), unemployed (68% vs 47%; P < 0.03), and report depression (OR 4.4; 95% CI, 1.7–11.3), urinary urge incontinence (OR 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2–7.3), and intake of multiple medications (OR 5.4; 95% CI, 1.6–20.1). On multivariate analysis, depression and urge urinary incontinence were independently associated with sexual dysfunction.ConclusionFemale sexual dysfunction is associated with the presence of depression and urge urinary incontinence in women of low‐income status living in an urban setting.
Feline Hyperthyroidism: Potential Relationship with Iodine Supplement Requirements of Commercial Cat Foods
Authors: Edinboro Charlotte H , Scott-Moncrieff J Catharine , Glickman Larry T 
Published: August 2010

Article rationale Since the late 1970s, there has been a significant increase in the prevalence of feline hyperthyroidism (FH). It is now recognized worldwide as the most common endocrinopathy of older cats, resembling toxic nodular goiter of older humans in iodine-deficient areas. The purpose of this article is to identify the potential for iodine concentrations in the diet to contribute to the etiology of FH.Historical context Iodine concentrations of commercial cat foods vary widely. A review of historical iodine recommendations revealed that the units of iodine supplementation changed in the 1970s. Given this change, foods minimally supplemented since the late 1970s would have been iodine deficient for most cats.Practical relevance Iodine supplementation of commercial cat foods should be evaluated in the light of the iodine recommendations revised in 2006. Foods may remain deficient in iodine if supplemented at the minimum recommended concentration, possibly contributing to the development of FH.
Intra-species variability in ITS-1 sequences of Haemonchus contortus isolated from goats in West Bengal, India
Authors: Bandyopadhyay S. , Bera A.K. , Sikdar S. , De S. , Das S. , Rana T. , Pan D. , Bandyopadhyay S. , Bhattacharya D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study evaluated the existence of different genotypes of Haemonchus contortus prevailing among goats in West Bengal, India. These parasites were isolated from the abomasum of goat intestine and the molecular characterization was performed by comparing variation of nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) gene region. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of ITS-1 amplified product showed the presence of three distinct conformations both in male and female parasites. The sequence analysis of conformations showed two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in male parasites at nucleotide positions 106 and 107 and one SNP was detected in female parasites at nucleotide position 157. These nucleotide variations in different isolates did not alter the interior loop structure of the predicted secondary RNA, therefore we believe these variations may not be responsible for any evolutionary changes among conformations.
Factors influencing the vitamin D status of 10-year-old urban South African children
Authors: Poopedi Machuene A , Norris Shane A , Pettifor John M 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectiveAssessment of vitamin D status in a cohort of healthy 10-year-old urban children and the factors that influence vitamin D status in these children.DesignA cross-sectional study. Blood samples were collected across four seasons of the year for the biochemical determination of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight), BMI and total fat and lean mass (determined by the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) were measured. 25(OH)D concentrations were assessed by chemiluminescent assay.SettingStudy of children in the Greater Johannesburg area of South Africa who form the Bone Health sub-cohort of the longitudinal Birth to Twenty cohort.SubjectsThree hundred and eighty-five children who form the Bone Health sub-cohort of the longitudinal Birth to Twenty cohort.ResultsWhite children had significantly higher 25(OH)D than their black peers (120·0 (sd 36·6) nmol/l v. 93·3 (sd 34·0) nmol/l, respectively). Seasonal variations in 25(OH)D levels were found only in white children, with 25(OH)D levels being significantly higher in white than in black children during the autumn and summer months. In multiple regression analysis, season, ethnicity, sex and total fat mass were the factors found to have an influence on 25(OH)D. Vitamin D deficiency (7 %) and insufficiency (19 %) were uncommon among the 10-year-old children.ConclusionsVitamin D supplementation or fortification is not warranted in healthy children living in Johannesburg. However, further studies need to confirm this in other regions of the country, especially in those living further south and with less sunshine during the winter months.
X-Ray Mapping and Scatter Diagram Analysis of the Discoloring Products Resulting from the Interaction of Artist's Pigments
Authors: White Rachel , Thomas Paul , Phillips Matthew R. , Moran Ken , Wuhrer Richard 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe discoloring interaction between the artist's pigments cadmium yellow and the copper-containing malachite, an interaction that is conjectured to cause black spotting in oil paintings of the 19th and early 20th centuries, was examined using X-ray mapping and scatter diagram analysis. The application of these coupled techniques confirmed that copper sulfide phases were produced during discoloration reaction. Scatter diagram analysis indicated that two copper sulfide stoichiometries (CuS and Cu3S2) were present as reaction products where previously only crystalline CuS (covellite) had been identified by X-ray diffraction. The results demonstrate the potential of X-ray mapping coupled with scatter diagram analysis for the identification of both crystalline and X-ray amorphous phases produced by such complex heterogeneous interactions and their applicability to the investigation of interactions of artists' pigments.
Survey Highlights Search for Habitable Extrasolar Planets
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: August 2010

The search for nearby, habitable planets outside of our solar system is one of three priority science objectives identified by the U.S. decadal survey of astronomy and astrophysics for 2012–2021, released on 13 August. The other top objectives outlined in the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) report, New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics, are searching for the first stars, galaxies, and black holes, as well as advancing the understanding of the fundamental physics of the universe, including determining the properties of dark energy.“The search for exoplanets is one of the most exciting subjects in all of astronomy, and one of the most dynamic, with major new results emerging even as this report was being written,” the survey notes, adding that since the first exoplanets were found in the early 1990s, discovery techniques have improved and the number of planets discovered has increased to about 500 currently known.
Lees and Moonshine: Remembering Richard III, 1485–1635*
Authors: Schwyzer Philip 
Published: August 2010

AbstractNot long after Shakespeare's birth in 1564, the last witnesses to the reign of Richard III (1483–85) would have reached the end of their lives.Richard III(ca. 1592) occupies a distinctive historical moment in relation to its subject, the period after the extinction of living memory, but still within the horizon of secondhand or communicative memory. This essay explores how memories and postmemories of Richard's reign were preserved, transmitted, and transformed over the course of the sixteenth century and into the seventeenth. While registering the powerful influence of emerging contexts, including the Reformation and, ultimately, Shakespeare's play, these memories remained distinct from, and sometimes at odds with, textual history. They survived because they offered their bearers a resource for interpreting and resisting the predicaments of the present, from the problem of tyranny to the legacies of the Reformation.
Plasma parathyroid hormone and risk of congestive heart failure in the community
Authors: Hagström Emil , Ingelsson Erik , Sundström Johan , Hellman Per , Larsson Tobias E. , Berglund Lars , Melhus Håkan , Held Claes , Michaëlsson Karl , Lind Lars , Ärnlöv Johan 
Published: August 2010

AimsIn experimental studies parathyroid hormone (PTH) has been associated with underlying causes of heart failure (HF) such as atherosclerosis, left ventricular hypertrophy, and myocardial fibrosis. Individuals with increased levels of PTH, such as primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism patients, have increased risk of ischaemic heart disease and HF. Moreover, increasing PTH is associated with worse prognosis in patients with overt HF. However, the association between PTH and the development HF in the community has not been reported.Methods and ResultsIn a prospective, community‐based study of 864 elderly men without HF or valvular disease at baseline (mean age 71 years, the ULSAM study) the association between plasma (P)‐PTH and HF hospitalization was investigated adjusted for established HF risk factors (myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes, electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy, smoking, and hypercholesterolaemia) and variables reflecting mineral metabolism (S‐calcium, S‐phosphate, P‐vitamin D, S‐albumin, dietary calcium and vitamin D intake, physical activity, glomerular filtration rate, and blood draw season). During follow‐up (median 8 years), 75 individuals were hospitalized due to HF. In multivariable Cox‐regression analyses, higher P‐PTH was associated with increased HF hospitalization (hazard ratio for 1‐SD increase of PTH, 1.41, 95% CI 1.12–1.77, P = 0.003). Parathyroid hormone also predicted hospitalization in participants without apparent ischaemic HF and in participants with normal P‐PTH.ConclusionIn a large community‐based sample of elderly men, PTH predicted HF hospitalizations, also after accounting for established risk factors and mineral metabolism variables. Our data suggest a role for PTH in the development of HF even in the absence of overt hyperparathyroidism.
Comparative Analysis of FcεRI Expression Patterns in Patients With Eosinophilic and Reflux Esophagitis
Authors: Yen Elizabeth H , Hornick Jason L , Dehlink Eleonora , Dokter Maarten , Baker Alexandra , Fiebiger Edda , Nurko Samuel 
Published: August 2010

Background and Objective:Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an allergic disease of the esophagus. The IgE receptors on immune cells that infiltrate the esophagus are poorly defined. The high‐affinity receptor for IgE, FcεRI, may play a role in EoE. The objective of the present study is to identify and compare the IgE receptors in the esophageal epithelium of patients with EoE, reflux esophagitis (RE), and normal controls.Patients and Methods:A retrospective case‐control study of 62 patients (19 EoE, 22 RE, 21 normal controls) was conducted. Biopsies were immunostained for FcεRI, CD23, galectin‐3, c‐kit, CD1a, and langerin.Results:FcεRI was the only IgE receptor present in the esophageal epithelium of patients with EoE. The FcεRI‐positive cell count varied by diagnosis (proximal biopsies EoE 32.6 ± 19.0 cells/high‐power field, RE 26.7 ± 16.6, controls 15.6 ± 8.3, ANOVA P = 0.005; distal biopsies EoE 24.2 ± 16.2, RE 35.7 ± 27.6, controls 15.3 ± 8.4, P = 0.006). In the proximal esophagus, the FcεRI count was higher in EoE than in controls (P = 0.006); in the distal esophagus, the FcεRI count was higher in RE than in controls (P = 0.004). EoE and RE had similar FcεRI‐positive cell counts. A subset of FcεRI‐positive cells was similar in morphology and distribution to Langerhans cells (CD1a and langerin positive).Conclusions:The presence of FcεRI‐positive cells in high numbers in the esophageal epithelium implies this receptor must be critical in the IgE‐mediated activation of immune cells in the esophagus. Langerhans cells in the esophageal epithelium appear to express FcεRI. The role of Langerhans cells in the pathophysiology of EoE needs to be elucidated.