bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tendinitis of Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Authors: Winchester J. W. , Mekie E. C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The deposition of calcium salts in tendons and bursæ has been recognised for many years. The commonest sites at which this occurs are in relation to the capsule and tendons about the shoulder. Painter (1907) was the first to report a case of periarticular calcification at the shoulder, diagnosed prior to operation on radiological findings. Numerous papers have appeared since that date illustrating lesions about the shoulder joint, stressing the radiological findings and describing the pathology, but recently attention has been focused upon the occurrence of lesions of a similar pathological character occurring at other sites. Lapidus (1943) has described a series of cases of tendinitis with calcification occurring at the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, foot, and wrist.
The recognition of the condition at sites other than the shoulder is perhaps inadequately stressed, and the following case is reported as an example in relation to the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon at its insertion into the pisiform bone.
Editorial: The Biological Effects of Penetrating Radiations
Authors: Spear F. G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The demonstration that penetrating radiation produced recognisable changes in living tissues by which they were absorbed resulted in the biological effects of radiation being widely studied, in part to satisfy a natural curiosity, but also to determine how the rays might be usefully employed in medicine. The whole subject has a greatly increased importance today in consequence of recent discoveries in the field of atomic energy (cf. Plutonium Project Symposium, 1947).
For roughly twenty-five years biological observations were mainly qualitative, and by seemingly haphazard methods many facts of fundamental importance were learnt. From about 1920 biological response was, in the laboratory at least, much more frequently measured quantitatively, though all tissues were not equally convenient for experiments of this kind, and unwarrantable generalisations were sometimes attempted. Meanwhile, work on the physical measurement of dose culminated in an international unit of measurement for X rays, the röntgen, now applicable to γ radiation as well.
Experimental radiobiology has thus grown to a science in which physical dose and biological response can be measured with reasonable accuracy. Its development has been greatly influenced by its relation to medicine, and while attempts are sometimes made to distinguish those investigations which have obvious application to medical practice (“applied radiology”) from those which have not (“pure research”), opinion would often be divided as to which category any particular investigation should be assigned.
VI. The Statistical Approach to Gastric Cancer
Authors: Jennings Denys 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Statistics throw no light on the etiology of gastric cancer. On the contrary, they suggest that its incidence is much the same in widely differing environments.
There are no carefully planned statistical experiments to prove that one form of treatment is better than another.
Only a small proportion of cases of gastric cancer are ever submitted to gastrectomy.
The long-term survival rates of the survivors of gastrectomy compare favourably with the results from radical operation in other forms of malignant disease.
Earlier and repeated X-ray and gastroscopical examinations would probably save a considerable number of lives.
Wessex Branch
Authors: Buckley G. L. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The Wessex Branch has recently held its eighty-ninth Meeting, and is, in fact, slightly older than the Institute.
The members consist of nearly all the radiologists in an area extending from Portsmouth to Torquay, and from Cheltenham to the Isle of Wight. The radiologists from Netley and Haslar Hospitals have also been temporary members. There have never been any non-medical members.
Microradiography applied to Botany
Authors: Barclay A. E. , Leatherdale Donald 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
With the exceptions of Dauviller's work (1930) and experiments by Flower (1948), the possibilities of employing radiological methods in botanical fields have been little explored. Both of these workers succeeded in making radiographs of flowers by using very much softer X rays than are available from a normal X-ray tube. Flower, in conjunction with H. C. Mayle, used Grenz rays for his later beautiful work. So far as we are aware, this work was never followed up, nor was any attempt made to obtain finer detail. With the development of micro-arteriography (Barclay, 1947), techniques have been evolved whereby radiographs of specimens may be enlarged by many hundreds of diameters. Such techniques are by no means limited to medical and zoological fields, and this short note is an indication of one of these applications to the realm of botany.
Using the technique applied in microarteriography, a leaflet of a climbing Mermaid rose was radiographed, and upon subsequent magnification under the microscope it showed that either in or closely related to the veins were large numbers of “spots” (Fig. 1); for want of a more scientific description, we shall use this simple word. These bodies clearly possessed a much higher atomic weight than that of the leaf structure, for the densities of shadows cast by substances are roughly in direct proportion to the atomic numbers of the elements of which those substances are composed.
Correspondence
Authors: Brevet W. K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In the June issue of this year of your journal I read “Some Aspects of Radiology in War-time Germany” by G. E. Donovan. The author writes about X-ray stereofluoroscopy. The device is not new. I saw it demonstrated on the congress of the German Radiological Society in Wiesbaden in 1927.
A Prolapsed Lipoma in the Duodenal Bulb
Authors: Klein Norbert 
Published: July 2009

Non-Malignant tumours of the stomach or duodenum, such as adenoma, fibroma, myoma, lipoma, and mucous polyp are not common, but their pre-operative radiological diagnosis is now well established. The pedunculated type of tumour which originates in the pre-pyloric part of the gastric antrum is, from its clinical and radiological point of view, of special interest because it has a strong tendency to be propelled through the pyloric canal into the proximal part of the duodenum. There it may simulate a filling defect of the wall of the duodenal bulb itself.
The radiological feature of these benign tumours is a persistent rounded or oval, sharply-defined filling defect in the symmetrically enlarged, barium filled duodenal cap. It is sometimes impossible to differentiate the filling defect in the bulb produced by a prolapsed pedunculated benign gastric growth, from a filling defect in the proximal part of the bulb by herniated pre-pyloric mucosa.
Eliason, Pandergrass, and Wright (1921) described “the radiological diagnosis of pedunculated gastric growths and gastric mucosa prolapsing through the pylorus”. Rigler (1928) reported one case in which the actual prolapse of a pedunculated gastric polyp into the duodenum was observed during X-ray examination. If, as it is in Rigler's case, the growth can be pressed back through the pylorus into the stomach, a benign tumour arising from the duodenum itself can be excluded.
An Approach to the Problem of Scattering of High Voltage Radiation in Non-homogeneous and Limited Media
Authors: Lamerton L. F. , Winsborough Margaret 
Published: July 2009

A theoretical approach to the problem of scatter in a nonhomogeneous medium is made on the basis of iso-contribution curves, calculated for given conditions of radiation. Iso-contribution curves drawn round a given point are the curves along which equal elements of volume of the medium will scatter equal amounts of radiation to the given point. The basis of the calculation is that described by one of the authors in previous papers.
The application of these curves to certain problems of air-spaces and bones within the medium is indicated.
The approximate nature of the calculation involved in this treatment is stressed, but it is felt that the results may be of use as a guide in further experimental work.
Another application of the iso-contribution conception is described which enables the depth dose at any point in a medium irradiated by an irregularly-shaped field to be determined with much less labour than has been necessary hitherto.
Whole Body Irradiation—Radiobiology or Medicine?
Authors: Mole R. H. 
Published: July 2009

1. Suggested causes of death after single doses of radiation are briefly reviewed. Species differences are prominent.
2. The dose-mortality relation for mammals killed by radiation shows less variability than mammalian responses to other toxic agents. Possible reasons for this are discussed and also its relevance to attempts to find substances which protect in vivo against irradiation.
3. Cell death after whole body irradiation seems to occur in two ways. Delayed death due to interference with cell division is well known, but probably more important in accounting for the immediate histological effects of radiation is some other mechanism responsible for the early death of cells which normally do not divide.
4. General principles of radiobiology are shown to need modification if they are to be applied to whole body irradiation of mammals.
The Use of Short-acting Muscle Relaxants in Radiology
Authors: Inglis J. M. , Astley Roy 
Published: July 2009

Techniques for the use of short acting muscle relaxant drugs in paediatric bronchography and angiocardiography are described.
In bronchography, even when there is much bronchial secretion present, radiographs may be obtained free from respiratory movement and in two phases of respiration. Bronchiectatic changes tend to be more obvious in films taken in expiration.
In angiocardiography the short duration and lack of medullary or direct cardiac effects ensures minimal disturbance of the general condition of the subject.
The Treatment of Carcinoma of the Cervix
Authors: Lederman M. 
Published: July 2009

There is no specific remedy or cure for cancer, and this fact is reflected in the pendulum-like swing in therapeutic fashion between radiotherapy and surgery. In the patient's interests there should of course be no competition between surgery and radiotherapy since both methods have their part to play, but when a comparison based on clinical material of similar quality is made between them there is little difference in the results achieved by each. If this fact be accepted, then the considerable advantages of radiotherapy cannot be ignored.
The advantages of radiotherapy are:
(1) The patient can avoid the mutilation entailed by the total extirpation of the female genital tract which is necessary if the patient is to be given the best chance of survival and long term security against recurrence. The domestic repercussions of an operation of this kind can well be imagined but are rarely commented on or reported in the surgical literature. The effects of radical radiotherapy on the genital tractshould not be minimised since atrophy and loss of function inevitably follow, but it still retains its anatomical integrity and most patients after radiotherapy can return home and avoid domestic disharmony.
(2) The mortality rate for both surgery and radiotherapy nowadays is practically nil, but both have a morbidity rate which is higher for surgery and very often more disabling.
Impermanent Calcification in a Lumbar Nucleus Pulposus in an Adult
Authors: Simpson W. 
Published: July 2009

Calcification in the nucleus pulposus in adults is found much more frequently in the thoracic spine than in other regions (Rohan Williams, 1954). Impermanent or evanescent calcification in the nucleus pulposus has been described not infrequently in children (Weens, 1945; Silverman, 1954; Bjelkhagen and Gladnikoff, 1957; Newton, 1958; Connell, 1963), however, descriptions of this condition in adults are not common and a limited search of the literature has revealed only one report of such calcification in the lumbar region (Sandstrom, 1951).
The patient was a married woman who was 56 years old when first seen in March, 1958. She gave a history of an attack of backache starting one month previously, associated with pain passing down the back of the left thigh as far as the knee. She was otherwise well and there were no significant findings on clinical examination.
Discrimination between Strontium and Calcium in Bone and the Transfer from Blood to Bone in the Rabbit
Authors: Kshirsagar S. G. , Lloyd Elizabeth , Vaughan Janet 
Published: July 2009

Seven-month-old rabbits were injected intravenously with 90Sr or 45Ca and killed serially at time intervals from ten minutes to 460 days after injection. The uptake of both isotopes was about the same at ten minutes after injection. This uptake represented about one-third of the maximum uptake of 45Ca, which was observed at one day and about half of the maximum uptake of 90Sr which was observed at four hours. Although the maximum uptake of 45Ca is greater than that of 90Sr the rate of uptake and removal of 90Sr was greater than that of 45Ca.
The turnover of both 90Sr and 45Ca was greater in the trabecular bone of the vertebrae and in the ends of the long bones than in the mid-cortex of the femur and tibia at short times after injection. Those portions of bone which showed the highest rates of turnover were found to be associated with relatively lower values for the stable strontium/calcium ratios. This suggested that the net effect of incorporation and release favoured the preferential retention of calcium at metabolically active sites.
Measurements of stable strontium and calcium in the whole skeleton and in plasma showed an overall discrimination of about 1·6 in favour of calcium in the transfer from blood to bone.
Radium 226 in Food and Man in Bombay and Kerala State (India)
Authors: Chhabra A. S. 
Published: July 2009

Data are presented on the 226Ra content of various food samples collected from Bombay city and high background areas of Kerala State in India. The experimental technique consisted in measuring the activity of the gaseous daughter product 222Rn in a ZnS-coated α-scintillation counter. Comparison of data for the samples of these two areas, having wide differences in their background radiation level, shows that the Kerala samples have a 226Ra/g ash content which is, on an average, a factor of five to ten times higher. An exception is the coconut sample which is grown profusely in Kerala State; this does not show a higher concentration of 226Ra in spite of the higher availability of 226Ra in the Kerala State soil.
From a tentative model formed for the food habits of the people of these two regions, their 226Ra burden has been estimated. The determination of 226Ra in bones and other organs of the human body indicates that a man from high background areas of Kerala State contains about ten times more of this radioisotope than a Bombay citizen. A value of 0·85 × 10−14 g Ra/g ash of bone was found from direct measurements of a single subject from Bombay.
A Head and Neck Immobilisation Unit for Use with Megavoltage or Teletherapy Units
Authors: Bunting J. S. 
Published: July 2009

Satisfactory immobilisation of patients undergoing external beam radiotherapy to the head and neck region is seldom achieved without considerable time spent in the manufacture of plastic shells which, because of the necessity for accurate fitting, have to be individually tailored to each patient. This involves much expense and technicians' time.
Provided that the treatment position can be reproduced accurately by means of jigs or templates and that proper arrangements can be made to stop the less controllable head movements of rotation, flexion and extension, an arrangement of clamps, adjustable to each patient, and not interfering with the treatment beam, provides a satisfactory alternative to treatment shells, and a small clamping unit of this type has been devised and is in current use at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London.
Vascular Lesions of the Colon
Authors: Farman Jack 
Published: July 2009

1. Six cases of vascular compromise of the large bowel have been described. Five were the end result of athero-sclerosis. A single case of vascular insufficiency occurring ina young man as a result of trauma is described.
2. The radiological appearances in the acute stages and the end results of chronic insufficiency have been detailed.
3. The differential diagnosis has been discussed.
4. The arteriographic findings in three cases are presented.
Total Angiography in Evaluation of Cerebro-vascular Disease: a Correlative Study of Aorto-cervical and Selective Cerebral Angiography
Authors: Cronqvist Sten 
Published: July 2009

The present activity in vascular surgery on stenotic and occlusive changes in the neck vessels has prompted a vast number of reports on the radiological examination of these vessels. It is, however, the opinion of the author that the interest of both surgeons and radiologists has been prejudiced, being directed mainly to the arteries of the neck. Frequency and nature of concomitant intra-cerebral changes have been neglected and as a result a correct understanding of the pathophysiology has been rendered difficult or impossible.
These views have initiated this study in which the results of a series of aorto-cervical angiograms in patients with cerebrovascular disease have been correlated with the findings on selective angiograms in a number of the same patients.
The technique for aorto-cervical angiography used in our department does not differ greatly from the ones recommended by others (Poser, Zosa, Gomez and Hardin, 1964; Lilieqvist and Hellström, 1965). Details, however, have been changed. We have found it of value to use a specially shaped catheter (PE 205). The tip is drawn out over a metal guide to form a 5 cm long tail with a smaller inner and outer diameter than the rest of the catheter (Boijsen, 1964). Several side holes are made proximal to the tail; the smaller diameter of the tail decreases the contrast output through the end holes and a larger amount of contrast passes through the side holes. In this way a jet-stream displacing the catheter will be avoided.
Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography in Korean Patients
Authors: Weyde Rolf , Galatius-Jensen Frode , Uhm Ik Kun 
Published: July 2009

Experience with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography in 40 Korean patients is reported. Visualisation of the biliary ducts was achieved in approximately 75 per cent of all cases and in approximately 90 per cent of cases with dilated ducts. Four patients developed signs of peritoneal irritation and one a moderate hemoperitoneum, necessitating immediate operation. There were no post-operative complications and all made uneventful recoveries. No other complications were encountered and there were no fatalities.
All successful examinations gave valuable information unobtainable in any other way short of operation.
Cases are shown differing from those usually seen in western countries.
Sodium Activation in Goats Exposed either Bilaterally or Unilaterally to Fast Neutrons
Authors: Batchelor A. L. , Edmondson P. W. 
Published: July 2009

After whole body exposure of goats to fission neutrons the plasma 24Na concentration was found to be linearly correlated with dose over the range zero to 2,400 rads. The slope of the regression line for males and females was different, probably because of sex differences in either spatial distribution of body sodium or tissue dose. Variation in body weight had a smaller but statistically significant effect. For goats exposed under similar geometrical conditions the standard deviation of the dose estimate derived from plasma 24Na measurements was ±8 per cent.
Although the relation between dose and sodium activation was the same for unilateral and bilateral irradiation, the biological outcome for the same dose was not identical.
Intracavitary Radiation Probe
Authors: Bruno Fred P. , Mauderli Walter 
Published: July 2009

Radium has been utilised to treat carcinoma of the uterine cervix for many years. From the time radium was first used, radiotherapists have been interested in detailed information about the dosages received in the rectum and bladder while the radium was in place in the patient (Fletcher, Brown and Rutledge, 1958). In order to obtain this information, various types of radiation detection instruments have been designed for intracavitary use (Lederman, 1950; Fedoruk, Johns and Watson, 1954; Svensson and Bjarngard, 1964; Benner, Ragnhult and Gebert, 1959). In most cases the associated electronics used with these instruments has made their use awkward. A portable, battery-operated instrument, developed at our institution, is both reliable and easily handled.
Information about the amount of radiation received by the bladder and rectum could be used to develop new techniques or bring about changes in treatment plans which could result in fewer complications due to irradiation of these two organs. In general, the correlation of bladder and rectal dosage with complication has not yet been clearly established (Million, Mauderli and Bruno, 1966).
Figure 1 shows the instrument that was developed for use in intracavitary measurements. The detector is an ionisation chamber on the end of a 20 cm long stylus. An amplifier is inserted in the housing directly behind the stylus. The rest of the instrument is used to contain the meter movement, switches and nulling potentiometer.
A Simple Photographic Presentation of a Line Print-out Isotope Body Scan
Authors: Mauldon G. F. 
Published: July 2009

Many scanning systems currently in use in radio-diagnostic procedures rely upon a simple dot or line print-out on paper for their presentation of the isotope distribution image. One of the drawbacks of this is that background counts are printed together with the required information and picture contrast is poor.
Electronic means are available for effecting a measure of background suppression. One method relies upon the incoming pulse rate of the signal to close the pen pulse printing circuit whenever a given background level is exceeded. This system, however, causes a distortion of the print-out image due to time constant delays. Another method relies upon a gating system where an electronic gate is closed for a given length of time by a pulse from the photomultiplier, any successive pulse or pulses falling within the time the gate is closed actuating the printing pen. This method is effective in partial background suppression when low radiation levels are being measured but it can also eliminate some of the signal when this rises significantly above background. Despite the use of such devices, the image may still contain a more than desirable amount of background. After some experience with these circuits used with a simple scanner, it was felt that further improvement was possible. This short communication describes a simple manner in which a photographic, background-suppressed image may be obtained from the conventional print-out line scan.
Experiences in Pancreas Scanning using 75Se-selenomethionine
Authors: Colella A. Centi , Pigorini F. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The authors discuss their experience in pancreas scanning using 75Se-selenomethionine in a total of 50 persons, of whom 20 were normal subjects and 30 represented a variety of pancreatic disease, viz. chronic pancreatitis, islet cell tumour, carcinoma, and extrinsic mass.
Normal anatomical variants of the pancreas shadow are described.
Using conventional dot-scanning, visualisation of the pancreas was adequate in only 33 per cent of normal cases, while 100 per cent success was obtained when a photorecording system was introduced.
The effects of liver uptake and of areas of radioactivity in adjacent structures are discussed, and the authors stress the importance of performing a series of scans in these circumstances.
Scanning with 75Se-selenomethionine does not give information as to the histology of a lesion in the pancreas, because many diseases have a similar appearance on the scan, but nevertheless the procedure is useful in a field where few diagnostic aids exist.