bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing the most stringent criteria for selection of candidates for active surveillance in patients with low‐risk prostate cancer
Authors: Suardi Nazareno , Briganti Alberto , Gallina Andrea , Salonia Andrea , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Capitanio Umberto , Freschi Massimo , Cestari Andrea , Guazzoni Giorgio , Rigatti Patrizio , Montorsi Francesco 
Published: November 2009

Study Type – Prognosis (case series) Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVETo test the ability of two of the most stringent criteria used to identify patients with low‐risk prostate cancer suitable for active surveillance (AS) to correctly exclude patients with unfavourable prostate cancer characteristics.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe study included 874 consecutive patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP). We selected patients who could have been selected for AS according to the van den Bergh et al. and the Carter et al. criteria. We analysed the rates of advanced disease in these patients, defined as presence of either extracapsular extension (ECE), seminal vesicle invasion (SVI), lymph node invasion (LNI) and Gleason sum of 8–10 or 7–10.RESULTSOf 874 patients, 85 (9.7%) and 61 (6.9%) patients, respectively, qualified for AS according to the tested criteria. Within the van den Bergh et al. candidates, 5.9, 1.2, 1.2 and 1.2% of patients, respectively, showed ECE, SVI, LNI and high‐grade Gleason sum 8–10 at pathology. Within the Carter et al. candidates, 3.3, 0, 3.3 and 0% of patients, respectively, showed ECE, SVI, LNI and high‐grade Gleason sum 8–10. The cumulative rate of unfavourable characteristics was 7.1 and 3.3%. The rate increased to 28.2 and 27.9%, respectively, when Gleason sum 7 was considered as an unfavourable prostate cancer.CONCLUSIONSThe use of the strictest criteria for AS inclusion identified 7–10% of the men in our cohort of men undergoing RP, as men that would have been eligible for AS. Among this small proportion, between 3.3 and 7.1% of patients harboured unfavourable prostate cancer characteristics. The clinical implications of these misclassification rates remain to be determined.
Re‐calibration and external validation of an existing nomogram to predict aggressive recurrences after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Schroeck Florian R. , Kattan Michael W. , Moul Judd W. , Aronson William J. , Presti Jr Joseph C. , Terris Martha K. , Kane Christopher J. , Amling Christopher L. , Sun Leon , Freedland Stephen J. 
Published: November 2009

Study Type – Prognosis (case series) Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVETo re‐calibrate the previously published Duke Prostate Center (DPC) nomogram for the prediction of biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP) to not only predict overall BCR but also the clinically more relevant endpoint of an aggressive recurrence (i.e. a BCR with a postoperative PSA doubling time (PSADT) of <9 months).PATIENTS AND METHODSUsing the established point‐scale system based upon the previously published DPC nomogram, we re‐calibrated this point system to predict not just BCR, but also aggressive BCR within 2599 men treated with RP from the DPC database. PSADT was computed on all patients meeting the recurrence definition who had a minimum of two PSA values, separated by at least 3 months, and ≤2 years after recurrence. External validation was performed using data from 1695 men treated with RP within the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) database by calculating the concordance index c and by plotting calibration curves.RESULTSThe median follow‐up for patients with no BCR was 56 and 47 months for DPC and SEARCH, respectively. In the DPC modelling cohort and the SEARCH validation cohort, 645 (25%) and 557 (33%) men had BCR, while 83 (3.2%) and 71 (4.2%) patients had an aggressive recurrence. In external validation, predictive accuracy for an aggressive BCR was high (c = 0.83) and the nomogram showed good calibration.CONCLUSIONSWe re‐calibrated an existing nomogram to not only predict overall BCR after RP but also aggressive recurrence after RP. Our new tool can provide valuable information for patient counselling and patient selection for adjuvant therapy trials.
Application of the Epstein criteria for prediction of clinically insignificant prostate cancer in Korean men
Authors: Lee Sang E. , Kim Dae S. , Lee Won K. , Park Hong Z. , Lee Chang J. , Doo Seung H. , Jeong Seong J. , Yoon Cheol Y. , Byun Seok‐Soo , Choe Gheeyoung , Hwang Sung I. , Lee Hak J. , Hong Sung K. 
Published: November 2009

Study Type – Prognosis (case series) Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVETo investigate the rate of pathologically confirmed unfavourable prostate cancers among Korean men who fulfilled the contemporary Epstein criteria for clinically insignificant prostate cancer.PATIENTS AND METHODSThis was a retrospective study of 131 Korean men who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) for clinically insignificant prostate cancer as defined by contemporary Epstein criteria. We assessed the percentage of unfavourable prostate cancer (pathological Gleason sum ≥7 and/or extraprostatic extension [EPE]) among these men and tried to identify useful predictors for such unfavourable tumour profiles using uni‐ and multivariate analyses.RESULTSAmong 131 men with clinically insignificant prostate cancer, 40 (30.5%) had pathological Gleason ≥7 tumours after RP. Of these 40 men, four (3.1%) also had EPE on examination of RP specimen. All those who did not have Gleason score upgrading after RP had organ‐confined disease from examination of RP specimen. Overall, 40 (30.5%) of the 131 men who fulfilled the contemporary Epstein criteria for clinically insignificant prostate cancer before RP had pathologically unfavourable disease. Among our patients, no significant preoperative predictor of pathologically unfavourable disease was identified using uni‐ and multivariate analyses.CONCLUSIONOur results showed that a significant proportion of contemporary Korean patients who meet all the conditions of the contemporary Epstein criteria for prediction of clinically insignificant prostate cancer might actually harbour prostate cancer with unfavourable pathological features. Such findings should be considered when treatment options are contemplated based upon the Epstein criteria among Asian patients.
The associations of apolipoprotein E and angiotensin‐converting enzyme polymorphisms and cognitive function in Type 1 diabetes based on an 18‐year follow‐up of the DCCT cohort
Authors: Jacobson A. M. , Paterson A. D. , Ryan C. M. , Cleary P. A. , Waberski B. H. , Weinger K. , Musen G. , Dahms W. , Bayless M. , Silvers N. , Harth J. , Boright A. P. ,   The DCCT/EDIC Research Group
Published: November 2009

Diabet. Med. 27, 15–22 (2010)AbstractAims  Specific polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) and angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) genes appear to increase risk for Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive dysfunction in the general population, yet little research has examined whether genetic factors influence risk of cognitive dysfunction in patients with Type 1 diabetes. The long‐term follow‐up of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) population provides an opportunity to examine if specific genetic variations in APOE and ACE alter risk for cognitive decline.Methods  Neurocognitive function in Type 1 diabetic subjects from the DCCT/EDIC study was assessed at DCCT entry and re‐assessed approximately 18 years later, using a comprehensive cognitive test battery. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and the frequency of severe hypoglycaemic events leading to coma or seizures were measured over the 18‐year follow‐up. We determined whether the APO ε4 and ACE intron 16 indel genotypes were associated with baseline cognitive function and with change over time, and whether they conferred added risk in those subjects experiencing severe hypoglycaemic events or greater glycaemic exposure.Results  None of the APOE or ACE polymorphisms were associated with either baseline cognitive performance or change in cognition over the 18‐year follow‐up. Moreover, none of the genotype variations altered the risk of cognitive dysfunction in those subjects with severe hypoglycaemic episodes or high HbA1c.Conclusions  In this sample of young and middle‐aged adults with Type 1 diabetes, APO ε4 and ACE D alleles do not appear to increase risk of cognitive dysfunction.
Preferences and opinions of patients with Type 2 diabetes on education and self‐care: a cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Gorter K. J. , Tuytel G. H. , de Leeuw J. R. J. , van der Bijl J. J. , Bensing J. M. , Rutten G. E. H. M. 
Published: November 2009

Diabet. Med. 27, 85–91 (2010)AbstractObjective  To assess the preferences of patients with Type 2 diabetes regarding self‐care activities and diabetes education.Research design and methods  Questionnaire survey carried out in general practices and outpatient clinics across the Netherlands. Outcomes: preferred setting for education, preferred educator, and preferred and most burdensome self‐care activity. Multinomial logistic regression analysis assessed associations between outcomes and patient characteristics, preferences and opinions.Results  Data of 994 consecutive individuals were analysed (mean 65 years; 54% male; 97% Caucasian; 21% low education level; 80% primary care). Of these, 19% thought they had poor to average glycaemic control, 61% thought they were over‐weight and 32% thought they took too little exercise. Eighty per cent of respondents preferred diabetes education during regular diabetes check‐ups. Patients taking insulin preferred education to be given by nurses [odds ratio (OR) 2.45; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21–4.96]. Individuals who thought their health to be poor/average preferred education to be given by doctors (OR 1.65; 95% CI 1.08–2.53). Physical exercise was the preferred self‐care activity of those who thought they took too little exercise (OR 1.97; 95% CI 1.32–2.93) but was preferred less by patients with mobility problems (OR 0.65; 95% CI 0.43–0.97). Patients with eating disinhibition reported keeping to a healthy diet (OR 4.63; 3.00–7.16) and taking medication (OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.09–2.52) as the most burdensome self‐care activities. Age was not an independent determinant of any preference.Conclusions  When providing education for patients with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes, healthcare providers should consider making a tailored education plan, irrespective of the patient’s age.
Performance of existing risk scores in screening for undiagnosed diabetes: an external validation study
Authors: Witte D. R. , Shipley M. J. , Marmot M. G. , Brunner E. J. 
Published: November 2009

Diabet. Med. 27, 46–53 (2010)AbstractAim  To compare the performance of nine published strategies for the selection of individuals prior to screening for undiagnosed diabetes.Methods  We conducted a validation study, based on a cross‐sectional analysis of 6990 participants of the Whitehall II study, an occupational cohort of civil servants in London. We calculated sensitivity, specificity and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, indicative of the ability of a risk score to correctly identify those with undiagnosed diabetes.Results  The prevalence of unknown diabetes was 2.0%. At a set level of sensitivity (0.70), the specificity of the different scores ranged between 0.41 and 0.57. A reference model, based solely on age and body mass index had an area under the ROC curve of 0.67 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.62, 0.72]. Four scores had a lower area under the ROC curve (lowest ROC AUC: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.58, 0.67) compared with the reference model, while the other five scores had similar areas (highest ROC AUC: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.72). All ROC curve areas were lower than those reported in the original publications and validation studies.Conclusions  Existing risk scores for the detection of undiagnosed diabetes perform less well in a large validation cohort compared with previous validation studies. Our study indicates that non‐invasive risk scores require further refinement and testing before they can be used as the first step in a diabetes screening programme.
Exercise‐induced growth hormone response in euglycaemia and hyperglycaemia in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Jenni S. , Christ E. R. , Stettler C. 
Published: November 2009

Diabet. Med. 27, 230–233 (2010)AbstractAims  To compare exercise‐induced growth hormone (GH) response in patients with Type 1 diabetes during stable euglycaemic and hyperglycaemic conditions.Methods  We conducted a randomized, controlled, single‐blinded cross‐over trial in seven male patients with well‐controlled Type 1 diabetes. The patients cycled twice for 120 min at a level of 55–60% maximal oxygen uptake. Euglycaemia was at 5.0 mmol/l, hyperglycaemia at 11.0 mmol/l.Results  Area under the curve of GH (AUCGH) during exercise was significantly higher during euglycaemia [1430 ng ml−1 min, 95% confidence interval (CI) 703–2910] compared with hyperglycaemia (1061 ng ml−1 min, 95% CI 538–2091, P = 0.02).Conclusions  In patients with Type 1 diabetes, GH concentrations during moderate aerobic exercise during stable hyperglycaemic conditions are significantly lower compared with euglycaemia. These findings are compatible with preserved glucose‐mediated GH regulation during exercise in individuals with well‐controlled Type 1 diabetes.
‘I bet you know more and are nicer too!’: what children infer from others’ accuracy
Authors: Brosseau‐Liard Patricia E. , Birch Susan A.J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractResearch has shown that preschoolers monitor others’ prior accuracy and prefer to learn from individuals who have the best track record. We investigated the scope of preschoolers’ attributions based on an individual’s prior accuracy. Experiment 1 revealed that 5‐year‐olds (but not 4‐year‐olds) used an individual’s prior accuracy at labelling to predict her knowledge of words and broader facts; they also showed a ‘halo effect’ predicting she would be more prosocial. Experiment 2 confirmed that, overall, 4‐year‐olds did not make explicit generalizations of knowledge. These findings suggest that an individual’s prior accuracy influences older preschoolers’ expectations of that individual’s broader knowledge as well as their impressions of how she will behave in social interactions.
How Should National Governing Bodies of Sport Be Governed in the UK? An Exploratory Study of Board Structure
Authors: Taylor Marc , O'Sullivan Noel 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTManuscript Type: EmpiricalResearch Question/Issue: This study explores the most appropriate board structure for national governing bodies (NGBs) of sport in the UK. Sports are a very important aspect of UK society, involving a significant number of participants and spectators, occupying a key role in furthering the nation's health, and, at the elite level, a source of considerable national pride. From a governance perspective, NGBs of sport are non‐profit organizations, managing both professional and amateur sports, and administering the allocation of considerable amounts of funds, especially public funds. The study was motivated by a renewed interest, not least from government, in ensuring NGBs had an appropriate structure to ensure optimal decision‐making for their stakeholders.Research Findings/Insights: We interviewed 22 senior administrators involved in sports in the UK. Our interviews sought to ascertain their views on the appropriateness of applying a number of key board reforms, currently seen as good practice, to NGBs of sport. The overall consensus is as follows: (1) NGBs should reform the composition of their boards to better reflect business demands; (2) board size should be in the range of five to 12 members; (3) NGBs should have different individuals occupying the positions of CEO and chairman; and (4) boards of NGBs should possess more non‐executive directors.Theoretical/Academic Implications: This research adds to our understanding of governance in non‐profit organizations generally and NGBs of sport in particular. Ascertaining the views of key administrators and advisors in sport provides a novel contribution to the governance in sport literature. Our findings allow us to develop a number of propositions capable of being examined further in subsequent research.Practitioner/Policy Implications: The results of this study feed into an important on‐going debate regarding the appropriate governance structure of sport NGBs in the UK. A key finding is that boards in NGBs should move away from being only representative, but should also include members with specific business expertise as well as a greater element of non‐executive monitoring.
Insights, Errors and Self‐Misconceptions of the Theory of Principles
Authors: POSCHER RALF 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe theory of principles is multifaceted. Its initial expression contained an important argument against positivist theories of adjudication. As a legal theory, it fails in its effort to claim a structural difference between rules and principles. It also fails as a methodological theory that reduces adjudication to subsumption or balancing. It misunderstands itself when it is conceived as a doctrinal theory especially of fundamental rights. Its most promising aspect could be its contribution to a more comprehensive theory of legal argumentation.
Norm Enactment and Performative Contradictions
Authors: ROTOLO ANTONINO , ROVERSI CORRADO 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this paper we investigate the role of performative contradictions in legal discourse. First of all we identify the argumentative roles of performative contradictions and two possible interpretations of them. With this done, we show that one use of performative contradictions can be fruitfully applied in analysing normative speech acts implementing norm enactment, namely, those speech acts that are designed to produce new legal norms. We conclude the paper by showing that our analysis provides strong support for Robert Alexy's claim‐to‐correctness thesis, according to which speech acts of the norm‐enacting kind raise a claim to correctness.
The Fairest Cape of Them All? Cape Town in Cinematic Imagination
Authors: BICKFORD‐SMITH VIVIAN 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWork on film and the city is still in its infancy for Africa. To my knowledge, there is little research on the way that film has contributed to promoting the image of African cities. This article aims to help fill this gap. In doing so, it draws on Giuliana Bruno's observations on the close relationship between cinema and mass tourism. The article reviews existing literature on cinema and urban Africa. It then explores ways in which Cape Town was represented on film before the ending of apartheid in 1994 and the subsequent rapid rise of the city as a mass tourist destination, international film location and centre of a local film industry. A number of films about the city have since been made for tourists and sold as DVDs or aired on the likes of the Travel Channel. They predictably construct Cape Town as a desirably ‘unique’ and exotic, yet sufficiently safe and ‘vibrant’, city of the imagination. Through close analysis of a typical local travelogue, this article analyses how film language is deployed to this end in the context of Cape Town's apartheid past, the reality of extensive poverty, disease and violence in the present, and dystopian imagery in a growing number of locally made films.Résumé Les travaux sur le cinéma et la ville ne font que débuter à propos de l'Afrique. Rares sont, semble‐t‐il, les études sur la manière dont la production de films a aidéà promouvoir l'image des villes africaines. Cherchant à combler cette lacune, l'article part des observations de Giuliana Bruno sur le rapport étroit entre cinéma et tourisme de masse. Il revient d'abord sur la littérature consacrée au cinéma et à l'Afrique urbaine. Il explore ensuite les représentations filmiques du Cap avant la fin de l'apartheid en 1994, donc avant l'avènement rapide de la ville en tant que destination touristique courue, site de tournage international et centre d'une industrie cinématographique locale. Depuis, plusieurs films touristiques ont été tournés sur la ville et vendus en DVD ou diffusés sur des chaînes comme Travel Channel. Bien entendu, Le Cap y est présenté comme une ville rêvée, alliant un intérêt ‘unique’ et exotique à un degré suffisant de sécurité et d' ‘effervescence’. En analysant de près un documentaire de voyage typique de la production locale, l'article étudie comment le langage filmique est utiliséà cette fin dans le cadre du passé d'apartheid du Cap, de sa réalité actuelle de grave pauvreté, maladie et violence, et d'une imagerie dystopique dans un nombre croissant de films réalisés sur place.
Visual attention in autism families: ‘unaffected’ sibs share atypical frontal activation
Authors: Belmonte Matthew K. , Gomot Marie , Baron‐Cohen Simon 
Published: November 2009

Background:  In addition to their more clinically evident abnormalities of social cognition, people with autism spectrum conditions (ASC) manifest perturbations of attention and sensory perception which may offer insights into the underlying neural abnormalities. Similar autistic traits in ASC relatives without a diagnosis suggest a continuity between clinically affected and unaffected family members.Methods:  We applied fMRI in the context of a non‐social task of visual attention in order to determine whether this continuity persists at the level of brain physiology.Results:  Both boys with ASC and clinically unaffected brothers of people with ASC were impaired at a visual divided‐attention task demanding conjunction of attributes from rapidly and simultaneously presented, spatially disjoint stimuli and suppression of spatially intervening distractors. In addition, both groups in comparison to controls manifested atypical fronto‐cerebellar activation as a function of distractor congruence, and the degree of this frontal atypicality correlated with psychometric measures of autistic traits in ASC and sibs. Despite these resemblances between the ASC and sib groups, an exploratory, hypothesis‐generating analysis of correlations across brain regions revealed a decrease in overall functional correlation only in the ASC group and not in the sibs.Conclusions:  These results establish a neurophysiological correlate of familial susceptibility to ASC, and suggest that whilst abnormal time courses of frontal activation may reflect processes permissive of autistic brain development, abnormal patterns of functional correlation across a wider array of brain regions may relate more closely to autism’s determinants.
Development of consumer techno segmentation and its application to international markets
Authors: Lim Heejin , Lee Hyun‐Joo 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis study aimed to develop consumer techno segments based on technology‐related psychographic variables in four different countries including the US, Canada, Spain and Italy. The respondents' technology innovativeness, technology opinion leadership, network externality risk and technology anxiety were used as metrics to identify consumer techno segments. Cluster analysis identified three to four distinct techno segments in each country. Multivariate analysis of variance and univariate analyses were used to validate the differences among techno segments in need for change, leisure orientation and e‐shopping preference in each local market. The similarities and differences of each techno segment were examined across different international markets. A discussion and implications were drawn to help marketers develop penetration and market strategies for different international markets by understanding an expected diffusion rate of a new product and of product life cycles for each local market.