bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of substituted [11C]ureas and [11C]sulphonylureas by Rh(I)‐mediated carbonylation
Authors: Åberg Ola , Långström Bengt 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe urea moiety is present in many biologically active compounds and thus an attractive target for 11C‐labelling. To extend the scope of the rhodium(I)‐mediated carbonylative cross‐coupling reaction between an azide and an amine and investigate its tolerance for functional groups, we have synthesized eight ureas and two sulphonylureas that were 11C‐labelled in the carbonyl position. The decay‐corrected analytical radiochemical yields were in the range of 14–96% (from [11C]carbon monoxide). For example: starting from 1.33 GBq [11C]carbon monoxide, 0.237 GBq (66%) of the cytotoxic sulphonylurea [11C]LY‐181984 11 was isolated within 60 min from end of bombardment. The mild reaction conditions and generality regarding functional groups of this method make it an attractive alternative to the [11C]phosgene method for the synthesis of 11C‐labelled ureas. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phenilpropanoate identification in young wheat plants by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry: monomeric and dimeric compounds
Authors: Callipo Luciano , Cavaliere Chiara , Fuscoletti Valentina , Gubbiotti Riccardo , Samperi Roberto , Laganà Aldo 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMetabolomic approach has become a very important tool for determining the actual gene expression and protein activity. Metabolism via the shikimate pathway in plant gives rise to a large number of aromatic compounds, including p‐hydroxycinnamates, which are mainly associated with their cell walls in complex structures, ester‐linked to heteroxilans. In this work, ferulate dehydrodimers and related compounds were extracted from the cell walls of young lyophilized wheat plants with 2 mol/l NaOH for 4 h at 25 °C under N2. After solid phase extraction, samples were analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole‐linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry with the electrospray source operating in negative mode. Nineteen dehydrodiferulates, 2 hydrate forms, 3 oxo‐ forms, 2 decarboxilated forms and 1 dihydroxysinapate, were identified by mass spectra interpretation. In addition, five mixed dehydrodimers of ferulic‐sinapic, ferulic‐coumaric and ferulic‐syringic acids were also identified. Reproducibility of peak areas was usually better than 10% but some minor components which may be procedural artefacts, although relatively mild conditions were used. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyperbranched PEG by Random Copolymerization of Ethylene Oxide and Glycidol
Authors: Wilms Daniel , Schömer Martina , Wurm Frederik , Hermanns M. Iris , Kirkpatrick C. James , Frey Holger 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe synthesis of hyperbranched poly(ethylene glycol) (hbPEG) in one step was realized by random copolymerization of ethylene oxide and glycidol, leading to a biocompatible, amorphous material with multiple hydroxyl functionalities. A series of copolymers with moderate polydispersity ($\overline {M} _{{\rm w}} /\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ < 1.8) was obtained with varying glycidol content (3–40 mol‐%) and molecular weights up to 49 800 g mol−1. The randomly branched structure of the copolymers was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry). MTS assay demonstrated low cell toxicity of the hyperbranched PEG, comparable to the highly established linear PEG.magnified image
Synthesis and characterization of hydrophilic polyester‐PEO networks with shape‐memory properties
Authors: Feng Yakai , Zhang Shifeng , Zhang Li , Guo Jintang , Xu Yongshen 
Published: August 2010

AbstractShape‐memory polyester‐polyethylene oxide networks are synthesized through photopolymerization of hydrophobic poly[(D,L‐lactide)‐co‐glycolide]tetraacrylate (PLGATA) and hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA). The materials can recover their original shape either quickly by heating stimulus or slowly upon immersion in water. The wettability, mechanical properties, and transition temperature of the polymer networks could be conveniently adjusted by variation of the compositions of PLGATA and PEGDMA. The hydrophilicity of PEGDMA could prospectively improve blood compatibility of polymer networks. They offer a high potential for biomedical applications such as smart implants, drug delivery systems, or medical devices. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyurea nanocapsules obtained from nano‐emulsions prepared by the phase inversion temperature method
Authors: Spernath Liat , Magdassi Shlomo 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe describe here a new and simple method for preparation of polyurea nanocapsules from nanodroplets that were obtained by the phase inversion temperature (PIT) method. In the first stage, a nano‐emulsion was prepared, by a heating–cooling cycle, in which the oil phase contained an oil soluble monomer (toluene 2,4‐diisocyanate (TDI)). In the second stage, a water‐soluble monomer and crosslinker (diethylenetriamine (DETA)) was added, leading to formation of a polymeric shell by an interfacial polycondensation reaction. The new method was demonstrated for obtaining nanocapsules of about 100 nm, in which hexadecane, dodecane, or decane were the core materials, without using any special equipment. The morphology and structure of the nanocapsules were evaluated by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) measurements and electron microscopy. The thermal behavior of the nanocapsules containing hexadecane was studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) measurements, indicating that such nanocapsules can be utilized in thermal energy storage. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and ceramic conversion of a new oligomeric precursor to boron nitride
Authors: Dong Shaohua , Zhao Tong , Xu Caihong 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA new polyaminoborazine with good solubility was synthesized by ammonolysis reaction of a mixture of B‐chloroborazine, B‐bischloroborazine, and B‐trichloroborazine under mild condition. The oligomer was easily cured at 250°C. The pyrolytic residue of the cured oligomer was investigated with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The results indicated that crystalline h‐BN with B/N ratio of 1:1.01 is main in the residue pyrolyzed at 1500°C. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optically high transparency and light color of organosoluble fluorinated polyamides with bulky xanthene pendent groups
Authors: Sheng Shou‐Ri , Ma Chun‐Xin , Jiang Jian‐Wen , Li Quan , Song Cai‐Sheng 
Published: August 2010

AbstractNew fluorinated polyamides were prepared directly from a diamine, 9,9‐bis[4‐(2‐trifluoromethyl‐4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]xanthene (BTFAPX) with various aromatic dicarboxylic acid chlorides by low‐temperature polycondensation. The polymers were produced with moderate‐to‐high inherent viscosities of 0.65–1.01 dl/g while the weight‐average molecular weight and number‐average molecular weight were in the range of 69,000–82,000 and 39,000–43,000, respectively. Nearly all the polymers were readily soluble in amide‐type polar aprotic solvents [e.g. N, N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone], and even in less polar solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and pyridine, and afforded transparent, light‐colored, and flexible films upon casting from DMAc solvent. The polymers showed glass transition temperatures between 235 and 284°C, and 10% weight loss temperatures ranging from 495 to 532°C and 476 to 510°C in nitrogen and air, respectively, and char yields higher than 55% at 800°C in nitrogen. All polymers were amorphous and their films exhibited tensile strengths of 64–95 MPa, elongations at break of 6–9%, and tensile moduli of 1.9–2.5 GPa. These polymers had dielectric constants ranging from 3.65 to 4.03 (100 Hz), low‐moisture absorption in the range of 0.56–1.14%, and high transparency with an ultraviolet–visible absorption cut‐off wavelength in the 334–372 nm range. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure‐controlled synthesis of novel soluble and thermally stable poly (aryl ether nitrile ether ketone ketone)/poly (aryl ether nitrile ether ketone biphenyl ketone) copolymers by electrophilic polycondensation
Authors: Yu Yikai , Zhang Yuejun , Cai Mingzhong 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOne new synthesis route was first designed to synthesize the biphenyl acid chloride (BPACl), and then a series of novel poly (aryl ether nitrile ether ketone ketone) (PENEKK)/poly (aryl ether nitrile ether ketone biphenyl ketone) (PENEKBK) copolymers with different controlled structure compositions were synthesized by electrophilic polycondensation and varying the molar ratio of BPACl to terephthaloyl chloride (TPC). The obtained PENEKK/PENEKBK copolymers were characterized by different physical and chemical techniques. The results showed, the copolymers with 10–50% molar contents of biphenyl moities exhibited good thermal properties with glass transition temperatures (Tgs) of 184–196°C, decomposition temperatures (Tds) of 498–515°C, and good solubility in organic solvents (N‐Methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP), N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), and DMSO), indicating that they would have good potential for solvent processing. The thin films of the polymers had tensile strengths of 93.6–101.5 MPa, Young's moduli of 3.03–3.32 GPa, elongations at break of 9–14%, indicating they were strong materials. The densities of the obtained polymers were 1.31–1.40 g/cm−3, which were far lower than those of some main inorganic materials (such as Fe, nearly 7.8 g/cm−3), indicating that they would have possible potential for substituting some inorganic materials used as high temperature materials in some areas due to the merits of lightweight. Thus, the copolymers with 10–50% molar contents of biphenyl moities were promising polymer materials. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns in nursing home medication errors: disproportionality analysis as a novel method to identify quality improvement opportunities
Authors: Hansen Richard A. , Cornell Portia Y. , Ryan Patrick B. , Williams Charlotte E. , Pierson Stephanie , Greene Sandra B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPurposeTo explore the use of disproportionality analysis of medication error data as a novel method to identify relationships that might not be obvious through traditional analyses. This approach can supplement descriptive data and target quality improvement efforts.MethodsData came from the Medication Error Quality Initiative (MEQI) individual event reporting system. Participants were North Carolina nursing homes who submitted incident reports to the Web‐based MEQI data repository during the 2006 and 2007 reporting years. Data from 206 nursing homes were summarized descriptively and then disproportionality analysis was applied. Associations between medication type and possible causes at the state level were explored. A single nursing home was selected to illustrate how the method might inform quality improvement at the facility level. Disproportionality analysis of drug errors in this home was compared with benchmarking.ResultsStatewide, 59 drug‐cause pairs met the disproportionality signal and 11 occurred in 10 or more reports. Among these, warfarin was co‐reported with communication errors; esomeprazole, risperidone, and nitrofurantoin were disproportionately associated with transcription error; and oxycodone and morphine were disproportionately reported with name confusion. Facility‐level analyses illustrate how descriptive frequencies and disproportionality analysis are complementary, but also identify different safety targets.ConclusionsExploratory analysis tools can help identify medication error types that occur at disproportionate rates. Candidate associations might be used to target patient safety work, although further evaluation is needed to determine the value of this information. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal unfolding studies show the disease causing F508del mutation in CFTR thermodynamically destabilizes nucleotide‐binding domain 1
Authors: Protasevich Irina , Yang Zhengrong , Wang Chi , Atwell Shane , Zhao Xun , Emtage Spencer , Wetmore Diana , Hunt John F. , Brouillette Christie G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMisfolding and degradation of CFTR is the cause of disease in patients with the most prevalent CFTR mutation, an in‐frame deletion of phenylalanine (F508del), located in the first nucleotide‐binding domain of human CFTR (hNBD1). Studies of (F508del)CFTR cellular folding suggest that both intra‐ and inter‐domain folding is impaired. (F508del)CFTR is a temperature‐sensitive mutant, that is, lowering growth temperature, improves both export, and plasma membrane residence times. Yet, paradoxically, F508del does not alter the fold of isolated hNBD1 nor did it seem to perturb its unfolding transition in previous isothermal chemical denaturation studies. We therefore studied the in vitro thermal unfolding of matched hNBD1 constructs ±F508del to shed light on the defective folding mechanism and the basis for the thermal instability of (F508del)CFTR. Using primarily differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and circular dichroism, we show for all hNBD1 pairs studied, that F508del lowers the unfolding transition temperature (Tm) by 6–7°C and that unfolding occurs via a kinetically‐controlled, irreversible transition in isolated monomers. A thermal unfolding mechanism is derived from nonlinear least squares fitting of comprehensive DSC data sets. All data are consistent with a simple three‐state thermal unfolding mechanism for hNBD1 ± F508del: N(±MgATP) ⇄ IT(±MgATP) → AT → (AT)n. The equilibrium unfolding to intermediate, IT, is followed by the rate‐determining, irreversible formation of a partially folded, aggregation‐prone, monomeric state, AT, for which aggregation to (AT)n and further unfolding occur with no detectable heat change. Fitted parameters indicate that F508del thermodynamically destabilizes the native state, N, and accelerates the formation of AT.
MicroRaman studies of implantation‐induced amorphization of Si and subsequent regrowth under high‐pressure and high‐temperature treatment
Authors: Azhniuk Yu. M. , Schäfer P. , Gomonnai A. V. , Misiuk A. , Prujszczyk M. , Zahn D. R. T. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSelf‐implanted silicon, exposed to thermal processing at high pressures, is studied by microRaman scattering. Implantation‐induced amorphization as well as high‐temperature and high‐pressure treatment‐induced solid‐phase epitaxial regrowth of the amorphized layer are observed. Based on Raman‐based strain profiles, the existence of layers with tensile and compressive strain at the depths within the projected range of the implanted ions is revealed. A retarding effect of high pressure on the epitaxial recrystallization process is confirmed.
Regulation of adhesion molecules expression in TNF‐α‐stimulated brain microvascular endothelial cells by tanshinone IIA: involvement of NF‐κB and ROS generation
Authors: Tang Chao , Xue Hong‐li , Bai Chang‐lin , Fu Rong 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPro‐inflammatory cytokine‐mediated expression of cell surface adhesion molecules plays a key role in endothelial cell injury, leading to vascular inflammation and the development of many cerebrovascular diseases. Thus, antiinflammatory agents targeting these adhesion molecules may represent potential drugs for the prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases. The present study explored the effects of tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), an active ingredient present in the Salvia miltiorrhiza root, on the expression of cellular adhesion molecules in TNF‐α‐stimulated brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs). Treatment with Tan IIA was found to suppress the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), resulting in inhibition of TNF‐α‐induced adhesion of neutrophils to BMVECs in a dose‐dependent manner. In addition, Tan IIA significantly inhibited TNF‐α‐induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was accompanied by decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Treatment with Tan IIA also inhibited nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) activation. Together, these results suggest that Tan IIA regulates TNF‐α‐induced expression of VCAM‐1 and ICAM‐1 through inhibition of NF‐κB activation and ROS generation in BMVECs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatio‐temporal habitat dynamics in a changing Danube River landscape 1812—2006
Authors: Hohensinner S. , Jungwirth M. , Muhar S. , Schmutz S. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractModern, holistic concepts dealing with river/floodplain ecology recognize the key role of hydromorphological turnover processes for the development of distinct habitat patterns. Such patterns, in turn, are a vital basis for the extraordinary biodiversity of riverine systems. Natural braided/anabranched river systems in particular are characterised by high turnover rates; in the mid‐term, however, they are thought to stay in dynamic equilibrium (shifting‐mosaic steady‐state) as long as the physical framework conditions remain unchanged. This study analyses both the historical composition and the spatio‐temporal development of riverine habitats associated with an anabranched section of the Austrian Danube River. A habitat age model was used to analyse the age structure of the different habitat types. The results for the period 1812–1821 prior to channelization indicate that terrestrialization and habitat ageing were almost balanced with habitat regeneration and rejuvenation. Even though intensive morphological changes occurred, the Danube here largely persisted in dynamic equilibrium. The first channelization measures between 1821 and 1838, when 21% of the main channel banks were embanked, slightly promoted habitat regeneration. From 1859 onwards (80% embanked) until 1925, the natural habitat life time cycle was disrupted and the regenerating processes almost ceased. Altogether, human interferences led to a river landscape in a morphologically static state governed by significant terrestrialization (habitat succession) and habitat ageing. Without natural disturbances or, alternatively, targeted habitat management strategies, such an ecosystem soon lacks morphologically young habitats and adequate site conditions for a river/floodplain type‐specific biocoenosis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of globalization and technology change on water emissions embodied in imports and exports
Authors: van Rossum Maarten , Baas Kees 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper shows that the use of a few developed applications of the environmental accounts can provide a useful basis to understand and analyse several strategies to reduce emissions to water. This paper presents figures for emissions to water embodied in imports and exports attributed to different European and non‐European countries. Also the effects of volume growth, composition change and technology change are quantified for the different trade flows at country level. The applications illustrate the advantages of using integrated data on emissions to water and economic variables for the years 1996 and 2007 in the Netherlands. Copyright © 2010 Statistics Netherlands. Journal Compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Does formal system dynamics training improve people's understanding of accumulation?
Authors: Sterman John D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractResearch shows widespread misunderstanding of stocks and flows, even among highly educated adults. People fail to grasp that any stock rises (falls) when the inflow exceeds (is less than) the outflow. Rather, people often use the correlation heuristic, concluding that a system's output is positively correlated with its inputs. Although many argue that system dynamics training will help, evidence is scant. This paper reports an experiment with MIT graduate students to assess the impact of an introductory system dynamics course on intuitive understanding of accumulation. Results show large, statistically significant improvements in overall performance and a reduction in the prevalence of the correlation heuristic. Modest exposure to stocks and flows improves understanding of accumulation, at least among these highly educated adults. However, a minority still show evidence of correlational reasoning. The discussion considers additional experiments to deepen our knowledge of the training required to develop people's intuitive understanding of accumulation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculations of electron inelastic mean free paths. IX. Data for 41 elemental solids over the 50 eV to 30 keV range
Authors: Tanuma, S. , Powell C. J. , Penn D. R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe have calculated inelastic mean free paths (IMFPs) for 41 elemental solids (Li, Be, graphite, diamond, glassy C, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ge, Y, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, In, Sn, Cs, Gd, Tb, Dy, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au and Bi) for electron energies from 50 eV to 30 keV. The IMFPs were calculated from experimental optical data using the full Penn algorithm for energies up to 300 eV and the simpler single‐pole approximation for higher energies. The calculated IMFPs could be fitted to a modified form of the Bethe equation for inelastic scattering of electrons in matter for energies from 50 eV to 30 keV. The average root‐mean‐square (RMS) deviation in these fits was 0.48%. The new IMFPs were also compared with IMFPs from the predictive TPP‐2M equation; in these comparisons, the average RMS deviation was 12.3% for energies between 50 eV and 30 keV. This RMS deviation is almost the same as that found previously in a similar comparison for the 50 eV–2 keV range. Relatively large RMS deviations were found for diamond, graphite and cesium. If these three elements were excluded in the comparison, the average RMS deviation was 9.2% between 50 eV and 30 keV. We found satisfactory agreement of our calculated IMFPs with IMFPs from recent calculations and from elastic‐peak electron‐spectroscopy experiments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.