bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Varied Amounts of LiF Sintering Aid on the Transparency of Alumina Rich Spinel Ceramic with the Composition MgO · 1.5 Al2O3
Authors: Sutorik Anthony C. , Gilde Gary , Cooper Christopher , Wright Jared , Hilton Corydon 
Published: May 2012

Magnesium aluminate spinel with the alumina rich composition MgO · 1.5 Al2O3 has been prepared as a transparent polycrystalline ceramic with average in‐line transmission at 550 nm of 83.3 ± 0.9% and >80% throughout the visible spectrum. This finding significantly increases the compositional range over which polycrystalline magnesium aluminates can be prepared as fully dense ceramics with high transparency to visible light. Starting powders are prepared from combinations of high purity Mg(OH)2 and γ‐Al2O3 thoroughly mixed in an aqueous slurry, and the solids are collected, dried, calcined, mixed with LiF sintering aid, and sieved. The powders are sintered into dense ceramics by hot pressing at 1600°C under vacuum and 20 MPa uniaxial load, followed by hot isostatic pressing at 1850°C under 200 MPa Ar. The crucial parameter for forming highly transparent MgO · 1.5 Al2O3 ceramic from this procedure is to hold the amount of LiF to 0.25 wt%.
The Effect of cBN Additions on Densification, Microstructure and Properties of WC–Co Composites by Pulse Electric Current Sintering
Authors: Wang Bo , Matsumaru Koji , Yang Jianfeng , Fu Zhengyi , Ishizaki Kozo 
Published: May 2012

Cubic boron nitride/Tungsten carbide‐cobalt (cBN/WC–Co) composites were fabricated at low temperature by pulse electric current sintering (PECS) using Ni–P as sintering additives to promote low temperature densification. Effect of c–BN addition on the densification behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of WC–Co composites was investigated. It was found that near‐fully dense WC/Co with 0 ~ 20 vol% cBN composites could be obtained at temperatures between 1100°C and 1200°C under 50 MPa, while no phase transformation of cBN into the low‐hardness hexagonal hBN. The 20 vol% cBN/WC–Co sample sintered at 1100°C under a pressure of 50 MPa for 10 min has a combination of hardness 16.5 GPa and fracture toughness KIC 13.7 MP·m1/2. The homogeneously dispersed cBN particles in the WC/Co composites promoted a slight increase of hardness, but a significant improvement of fracture toughness. The cBN particle bridging or deflection and pullout contribute to the high toughness.
Mapping anti‐discrimination law onto inequality at work: Expanding the meaning of equality in international labour law
Authors: SHEPPARD Colleen 
Published: May 2012

Abstract.This article explores the evolving relationship between the concept of discrimination in international labour law and the socio‐economic phenomenon of inequality at work. While non‐discrimination was initially understood as a fairly limited legal principle mandating equal treatment for similarly situated individuals, it subsequently expanded to address indirect discrimination resulting from apparently neutral rules, standards and practices at work. It has expanded further to take on group‐based patterns of inequality at work related to the structural constraints of the market, the family and community life, ultimately resulting in convergence between anti‐discrimination law and legal initiatives to reduce class‐based socioeconomic inequality and poverty.
Job quality in Quebec and the United Kingdom: Trends by sex and family status, 1998–2008
Authors: CLOUTIER‐VILLENEUVE Luc 
Published: May 2012

Abstract.Using a typology combining pay, hours of work, skill levels and job stability, the author compares the trends in quality of employment between women and men (with and without childcare responsibilities) in Quebec and the United Kingdom over the decade 1998–2008. Although the gender gap narrowed significantly among working parents with young children, the gap between mothers and fathers in this group remained much smaller in Quebec than in the United Kingdom by the end of the period. The author attributes this pattern to Quebec's healthier economic environment, more women‐friendly social policies, and fathers' significantly shorter hours of work.
Part‐time work and gender: Worker versus job explanations
Authors: KJELDSTAD Randi , NYMOEN Erik H. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract.This article draws on Norwegian Labour Force Survey data to investigate the worker and job characteristics of different types of part‐time employment and their patterns of gendering. The most prevalent and female‐dominated type is voluntary long part‐time work, reflecting employer adjustment to women's working‐time preferences. Voluntary short part‐time work is significantly less gendered, typically representing marginal labour force affiliation, combined with education or gradual retirement, which employers use for flexibility in low‐skilled service and care industries. Involuntary part‐time employment is strongly associated with secondary labour market characteristics (temporary contracts, “non‐Western” citizenship) and affects women to a greater extent than men.
Severe maternal morbidity and mortality from amniotic fluid embolism in the Netherlands
Authors: STOLK KOEN H. , ZWART JOOST J. , SCHUTTE JOKE , VAN ROOSMALEN JOS 
Published: May 2012

Abstract We have assessed the incidence, symptoms and risk factors of amniotic fluid embolism in the Netherlands. Data were retrieved from two nationwide registration systems. From 1983 to 2005 the maternal mortality ratio of amniotic fluid embolism increased from 0.11 to 0.63 (odds ratio (OR) 5.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–25.3). The most common signs and symptoms of amniotic fluid embolism were dyspnea and massive obstetric hemorrhage. In the majority of women, onset of symptoms was intrapartum or immediately postpartum. Potential risk factors of developing amniotic fluid embolism were maternal age >30, multiparity (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.02–10.5), cesarean section (OR 1.3, 95% CI 0.3–5.2) and induction of labor (OR 2.1, 95% CI 2.1–6.1). Perinatal mortality was increased to 38.1% compared with 0.98% in the general pregnant population (p < 0.001) High maternal age and multiparity are the most important risk factors for developing amniotic fluid embolism.
The clinical effect of locally delivered minocycline in association with flap surgery for the treatment of chronic severe periodontitis: a split‐mouth design
Authors: Jung Dong‐Yeol , Park Jung‐Chul , Kim Young‐Taek , Yon Je‐Young , Im Gun‐Il , Kim Byung‐Soo , Choi Seong‐Ho , Cho Kyoo‐Sung , Kim Chang‐Sung 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of adjunctive application of locally delivered minocycline ointment associated with flap surgery for the treatment of patients with chronic severe periodontitis.Material and MethodsTwenty patients with chronic severe periodontitis were treated in a split‐mouth study to either adjunctive application of locally delivered minocycline ointment in association with flap surgery (FM) or flap surgery only (FO); additional minocycline application was performed at 3 months post operation. Clinical evaluation of the plaque index, probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival recession, and clinical attachment level (CAL) was conducted at baseline and at 3 and 6 months after treatment.ResultsClinical evaluations revealed that although both sites exhibited clinical improvement, there was a statistically significant reduction in PD (3.34 ± 0.03 mm) and BOP (78.01 ± 11.42%), and a significant gain of CAL (1.88 ± 0.21 mm) at the FM site compared with the FO site (reduction of PD and BOP: 2.62 ± 0.06 mm, 50.33 ± 15.01%, and gain of CAL: 1.55 ± 0.13 mm) at 6 months post operation (p < 0.05).ConclusionAdjunctive application of locally delivered minocycline may be beneficial to the surgical treatment protocol of chronic severe periodontitis.
Four‐year incidence and predictors of tooth loss among older adults in a southern Brazilian city
Authors: De Marchi Renato José , Hilgert Juliana Balbinot , Hugo Fernando Neves , Santos Camila Mello dos , Martins Aline Blaya , Padilha Dalva Maria 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundTooth loss is still prevalent among older adults and may negatively affect their health and well‐being. Previous evidence has shown that oral disease–related factors are the more consistent predictors of tooth loss. Although certain models have considered oral health behaviour as a key construct in explaining oral health inequalities, others have favoured the role of social structure and the social environment in determining oral health outcomes.ObjectiveTo determine the tooth loss incidence and its predictors among community‐living older adults in a southern Brazilian city.MethodsA cohort study was conducted using a simple random sample of 388 older people evaluated in 2004. The follow‐up was carried out during 2008, with 273 older persons examined. Interviews and oral examinations were conducted. The incidence of tooth loss was modelled through a conceptual framework with the use of negative binomial regression.ResultsSome 67.8% of people lost one or more teeth, whereas 12.5% became edentulous during the follow‐up period. In the multivariate model that controlled for baseline predictors, older age; male gender; living in a rural area; being married; less schooling; current smoking; and dissatisfaction with the access to health services were associated with tooth loss. Among the clinical variables, the use of partial dentures and gingival bleeding index were predictors, whereas higher saliva flow rate was a protective factor for the outcome.DiscussionAs proposed in the conceptual framework, demographic factors; primary determinants of health; behavioural; and clinical variables were predictors of tooth loss. These results are important, because understanding the causal association between lifestyle practices such as oral hygiene or smoking with tooth loss does not elucidate why individuals and communities engage in such practices.ConclusionInterventions aiming to reduce tooth loss and edentulism in the elderly should account for social and environmental factors, in combination with clinical and behavioural components.
Pharmacoeconomic analysis of paliperidone palmitate versus olanzapine pamoate for chronic schizophrenia in Norway
Authors: Einarson Thomas R. , Vicente Colin , Zilbershtein Roman , Piwko Charles , Bø Christel N. , Pudas Hanna , Hemels Michiel E. H. 
Published: May 2012

ObjectivePaliperidone palmitate long‐acting injection (PP‐LAI) has recently been approved for treatment of chronic schizophrenia. Its cost‐effectiveness has not been established. The objective was to compare direct costs and outcomes between PP‐LAI and olanzapine pamoate (OLZ‐LAI) in treating chronic schizophrenia in Norway from the perspective of the government payer.MethodsWe used a decision analytic model over a 1‐year time horizon. Clinical inputs were derived from the literature and an expert panel; costs were taken from standard lists, adjusted to 2010 Norwegian kroner (NOK). Discounting was not done. Main outcomes included average cost per patient treated, hospitalisations, emergency room (ER) visits and quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs). The pharmacoeconomic outcome was the incremental cost per QALY. Robustness was examined using one‐way sensitivity analyses on critical variables and a 5000‐iteration probabilistic Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis with all variables included.ResultsPP‐LAI generated 0.845 QALY at a cost of 151 336 NOK of which 23% was due to drugs; 25% of patients were hospitalised and another 12% required ER visits. OLZ‐LAI cost 174 351 NOK (21% due to drugs); patient outcomes included 0.844 QALY, 27% hospitalisations and 14% ER visits. PP‐LAI dominated OLZ‐LAI in the base case. The analysis was reasonably robust against variations in drug cost but sensitive to small changes in adherence and hospitalisation rates. Overall, PP‐LAI was dominant over OLZ‐LAI in 54.5% of simulations. Replacing OLZ‐LAI with PP‐LAI would be cost saving for the Norwegian healthcare system.ConclusionPP‐LAI was cost‐effective compared with OLZ‐LAI in treating patients with chronic schizophrenia in Norway but sensitive to changes in adherence and hospitalisation rates.
Human bocavirus types 1, 2 and 3 in acute gastroenteritis of childhood
Authors: Risku Minna , Kätkä Minna , Lappalainen Suvi , Räsänen Sirpa , Vesikari Timo 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAim:  Recently identified human bocavirus (HBoV) types 2 and 3 have been associated with acute gastroenteritis in children. We studied 878 stool specimens from children with acute gastroenteritis and 112 controls (43 children with unspecified fever, 33 with respiratory tract infection and 36 healthy children) for known HBoVs. The same specimens were previously studied for rotaviruses, noroviruses, sapoviruses, adenoviruses, coronaviruses and aichivirus.Methods:  HBoVs were detected by PCR and positive amplicons were sequenced to identify HBoV1, HBoV2, HBoV3 and HBoV4.Results:  HBoV of any type was found in 85 (9.7%) cases of acute gastroenteritis and in 6 (5.4%) controls. HBoV1 was detected in 49 (5.6%) cases and 2 (1.8%) controls, HBoV2 in 29 (3.3%) cases and 2 (1.8%) controls and HBoV3 in 8 (0.9%) cases and 2 (1.8%) controls. No HBoV4 was found. HBoV as a single infection was found in 16 (1.8%) cases and in 6 (5.4%) controls; in the remaining cases, a known gastroenteritis virus was also found. Among the single HBoV infections, HBoV2 was the most common type with 8 (50%) cases.Conclusion:  HBoVs are rarely found alone in children with acute gastroenteritis. Further studies are warranted to confirm a possible specific association of HBoV2 with gastroenteritis.
Incomplete Recovery of Erectile Function in Rat After Discontinuation of Dual 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitor Therapy
Authors: Öztekin Çetin Volkan , Gur Serap , Abdulkadir Nour A. , Lokman Utku , Akdemir Alp Özgür , Cetinkaya Mesut , Hellstrom Wayne J.G. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT

Aim
The association of 5-alpha reductase inhibitor (5ARI) therapy and sexual dysfunction has been reported. Some patients claim persistent erectile dysfunction despite long-term discontinuation of 5ARI treatment. The aim of this study was to assess erectile function after cessation of 5ARI therapy using a rat model.

Methods
Twenty-six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups: (i) control (N = 10); (ii) 8-week dutasteride treatment (0.5 mg/rat/day, in drinking water, N = 8); and (iii) 6-week dutasteride treatment followed by a 2-week washout period (N = 8). The experiments were performed after 8 weeks from the initiation of treatment in all groups. In vivo erectile activity and in vitro contractile and relaxant responses of cavernosal smooth muscle were investigated.

Results
In vivo erectile activity (intracavernosal pressure [ICP]/mean arterial pressure [MAP] and total ICP) in treatment groups were significantly decreased compared with controls (ICP/MAP: P &lt; 0.001 for 2.5 v, 5 v, and 7.5 v; total ICP: P &lt; 0.001 for 5 v and P &lt; 0.01 for 7.5 v). Acetylcholine-induced relaxations were diminished in treatment groups (P &lt; 0.05). Relaxant responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS) were decreased in the 8-week treatment group (P &lt; 0.05) but were similar to controls in the washout group. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced endothelium-independent relaxations were reduced in the 8-week dutasteride treatment group (P &lt; 0.01), while these responses were restored in the washout group. The contractile responses to the alpha1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine were decreased in treatment groups compared with controls (P &lt; 0.01). Direct neurogenic contractile responses in the dutasteride groups were significantly lower than controls between 1 and 15 Hz frequencies (but not at 20 Hz) and washout partially restored the responses at 10 and 15 Hz.

Conclusion
Discontinuation of dutasteride improved the relaxant responses to EFS and SNP, while cholinergic and adrenergic responses remained depressed. Our findings suggest a time-dependent detriment of dutasteride on erectile function. The withdrawal/washout effect of 5ARIs on parameters of human sexual function warrants further investigation.
HEAT‐INDUCED PROTEIN AGGREGATES AND DIFFERENCE IN THE TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF WHOLE MILK GEL
Authors: WANG WEIJUN , ZHANG LANWEI , LI YANHUA , FENG ZHEN 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThe effects of heat on milk protein aggregates and the changes in the textural properties of whole milk gels induced by acid or rennet were investigated. Milk samples were heated at 70, 80 and 90C for 15, 30, 45 and 60 s. Acid gels prepared from heating whole milk showed larger values for hardness, adhesiveness and viscosity than the gels from unheated milk, while the corresponding rennet gels showed lower values when compared with the gels from unheated milk. These results reflect the changes in the heat‐induced protein aggregates, which were examined by size exclusion chromatography using Sephacryl S‐500 High Resolution (GE, Piscataway, NJ). It was also demonstrated that the protein aggregates were an important factor for milk gelation by active influence on acid gels and negative influence on rennet gels.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSHeat‐induced whey protein‐rich cheeses are gaining in popularity for various reasons such as reducing the risk of pathogens and improving the cheese yield. However, the heat treatment can lead to changes in texture. As a part of the whole study on whey protein‐rich cheese, the research analyzed the effects of high pasteurization on textural properties of the whole milk gels induced by rennet or acid. The results observed should guide the study on modification of protein aggregates, such as the use of an acidifier, and enable manufacturer to make rennet gel with textural properties close to raw milk.
CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SHALGAM (ŞALGAM): A TRADITIONAL TURKISH LACTIC ACID FERMENTED BEVERAGE
Authors: TANGULER HASAN , ERTEN HUSEYIN 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTChemical and microbiological profiles of some commercial shalgams were investigated. The counts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), mesophilic aerobic bacteria, yeasts, non‐Saccharomyces yeasts and coliform bacteria were found with average of 6.97, 6.72, 5.64, 4.47 and 1.49 log cfu/mL, respectively. The final amounts of total acidity as lactic acid were found in the range of 6.54–7.25 g/L and final pH levels in the range of 3.28–3.48. Lactic acid, acetic acid and ethanol were produced with the fermentation of sugars and their levels were ranged from 2.66 to 4.74 mg/L, from 0.345 to 1.19 mg/L and from 0.79 to 5.03 g/L, respectively. Research on shalgam microbiota is scarce. Lactobacillus (Lb.) plantarum, the predominant LAB, Lb. brevis, Lb. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii and Lb. fermentum were found in shalgam samples. We also found new species have not been isolated so far.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSShalgam (Şalgam) production and consumption are recently increasing in Turkey. It is also made in commercial scale. The results obtained from this study give some information on the proximate chemical composition of commercial shalgam samples. Microbiological data can help in selecting the most promising LAB for starter usage in shalgam production.
SENSORY LEXICON FOR MANGO AS AFFECTED BY CULTIVARS AND STAGES OF RIPENESS
Authors: SUWONSICHON S. , CHAMBERS IV E. , KONGPENSOOK V. , OUPADISSAKOON C. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTA lexicon consisting of 20 flavor attributes and 11 texture attributes was developed by a highly trained descriptive panel to describe sensory characteristics of nine cultivars of ripe and green mangoes grown in Thailand. Results showed that the attributes were able to describe great variation both in flavor and texture characteristics among samples. Principal component analysis grouped the attributes into six key dimensions that explained 73.3% of total variability of all mango samples. However, all the attributes were needed to explain the complete variation among samples. Attributes such as mango identity, woody, various fruit notes, floral/perfumy, earthy, sweet, mealy, fiber amount and size, slickness, chemical, peel‐like, sour, bitter, piney and spicy differentiated among cultivars. Other attributes such as viney, green, firmness, cohesiveness of mass, astringent, particle amount and size, slimy, fermented, animalic, pulpy residue and starchy explained changes in sensory characteristics occurring during ripening of the fruit.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONMango is growing in popularity around the world. Mango cultivars vary greatly in aroma, flavor and texture, especially among the main types, ripe and green mango. This research provided information on how sensory characteristics, especially flavor and texture, differed among mango cultivars and how those characteristics changed during ripening of the fruit. This information could be useful for mango producers in selecting highly desirable traits while slowly eliminating less desirable traits of certain cultivar, and useful for mango exporters in selecting cultivars that will be successful in their target markets. The lexicon could also be used for future sensory research on mangoes.
Human Creation in the Hebrew Bible and the Qur’an – Feminist Exegesis
Authors: Roded Ruth 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe foundations of Judaism and Islam are their holy books – the Hebrew Bible and the Qur’an – which believers regard as the eternal word of God. It is not surprising, therefore, that leading Islamic and Jewish religious feminists undertook to reinterpret problematic and even misogynist verses and narratives. One of the earliest narratives addressed by both Jewish and Islamic religious feminists in interpreting the Hebrew Bible and the Qur’an was the creation of man and woman. In both religious traditions, the creation of the first woman after the man, from the man, and for the man served as a foundation stone of patriarchy. The challenge that Jews and Muslims faced in this endeavor differed as a function of the dissimilarity of the texts of the Hebrew bible and the Qur’an. The task of feminist exegesis was similarly motivated, however, by the long‐established interpretation of the texts by both Jewish and Muslim male scholars functioning in patriarchal societies, (and even the few women exegetes in the mid‐twentieth century). There is a remarkable resemblance in the methodology and approach of Jewish and Islamic religious feminists to their sacred books, but there does not appear to have been any direct influence of one on the other. The point of convergence seems to be through the Christian Eve and efforts by western Christian feminists to defuse this Biblical tradition. The similarity and parallels between Jewish and Islamic feminist exegesis may be attributed to the similar backgrounds of the women as well as the similar sociologies of Judaism and Islam and language issues.
The Couple as a Unit: Sexual, Social and Behavioral Considerations To Reproductive Barriers*
Authors: Mudd Emily H. 
Published: May 2012

Sexual, social, and behavioral considerations which may contribute as reproductive barriers are discussed. Much effort has gone into study and experience in aiding the infertile couple. Yet there is no demonstrated empirical agreement on what constitute psychogenic factors involved or their etiology.Cases of two young infertile couples counseled are presented. Medical and relationship difficulties are explored. In one situation a decision is arrived at to attempt parenthood through artifical insemination. In the other, pregnancy occurred by natural means. Family backgrounds, marital relationships, personality attributes, and long‐distance goals highlight complexities needing consideration. Decisions were not rushed. Time can be a helpful ally.