bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human resource management implications of terrorist threats to firms in the supply chain
Authors: Reade Carol 
Published: July 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between employee sensitivity to terrorism and employee attitudes in supply chain firms located in an environment with ongoing terrorist threat. Implications for human resource management in supply chain firms and future directions for research are discussed.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on questionnaire data collected from 898 managers in Sri Lanka. Included in the paper are manufacturing and service firms that constitute integral parts of global supply chains such as garment and textile firms, software solutions firms, and import‐export trading firms. Correlation analysis is used to examine the relationship between variables.FindingsThe results generally indicate a statistically significant negative relationship between employee sensitivity to terrorism and employee attitudes toward the organization, team, and job. Results vary by sector and industry, with a comparatively strong negative association between employee sensitivity to terrorism and employee attitudes in the service sector, particularly among employees in import‐export trading firms.Originality/valueThis paper is among the first to examine the relationship between terrorism and employee work attitudes in supply chain firms. While the direct effects of terrorism on the supply chain have been well documented, such as disruption to the physical distribution of goods, much less is known about the indirect effects of terrorism on supply chain performance.
Customer service in emergency relief chains
Authors: Oloruntoba Richard , Gray Richard 
Published: July 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore, analyse and discuss the published concepts of “the customer” and “customer service” in the context of managing international emergency relief chains.Design/methodology/approachThis is a literature‐based approach that extends concepts usually applied in a commercial context to the area of humanitarian aid and emergency relief chains in particular.FindingsBased on the most common associations of the terms in the literature, the paper proposes adopting a customer and customer‐service perspective in managing international emergency relief chains. An understanding of the various perspectives of customers described in this paper provides a starting point in the development of emergency relief chains that can deliver customer service and satisfaction to all concerned.Practical implicationsAs managers of emergency relief chains strive to improve the performance of their organizations and supply chains in a highly challenging environment, the paper provides a useful and enhanced understanding of the roles that the “customer” and “customer service” play in their operations strategies. Although it is sometimes assumed that all participants in emergency relief chains are highly co‐operative, this is often not the case. Therefore, the concept of “humanitarian competitive advantage” is also presented to enable a better practical focus for managers of emergency relief chains.Originality/valueThe paper is believed to be the first to apply the terms “customer” and “customer service” systematically in a humanitarian context and thereby propose a customer service perspective in emergency relief chains.
Identifying challenges in humanitarian logistics
Authors: Kovács Gyöngyi , Spens Karen 
Published: July 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify the challenges of humanitarian logisticians with respect to different types of disasters, phases of disaster relief and the type of humanitarian organization. A conceptual model is constructed that serves as a basis to identify these challenges.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on a country as a case, namely Ghana. Structured and unstructured data are collected in a workshop with humanitarian logisticians, and complemented with presentations of humanitarian logisticians, as they perceive their challenges. Disaster statistics and country profiles are used as secondary data.FindingsThe paper shows that some disasters defy a categorization between natural and man‐made causes. Challenges of humanitarian logisticians depend not only on the disaster at hand, but also on the local presence of their organization. The most emphasized challenge is the coordination of logistical activities. Challenges can be managed better if attributing them to different stakeholder environments.Research limitations/implicationsApplying stakeholder theory to logistics, this paper provides a greater understanding for the challenges of humanitarian logisticians.Practical implicationsA stakeholder categorization of the challenges of humanitarian logisticians helps to find potential collaboration partners as well as to mitigate these challenges.Originality/valueHumanitarian logistics is a rather new field in logistics literature. What is more, there is a lack of empirical cases in the field. This paper proposes a conceptual model based on an actual empirical case.
Light is the best antidote
Authors: Geary Joy M. 
Published: July 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the difficulties that non‐bank reporting entities have in establishing a best practice risk‐based approach to their anti money laundering and counter terrorism financing (AML/CTF) controls.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on the experience of the author in working with non‐bank reporting entities in Australia on their implementation of AML/CTF risk‐based programs to meet the requirements of new laws.FindingsNon bank reporting entities struggle to find data to use in their risk assessments and thus cannot easily formulate a risk‐based approach that will effectively reduce the risk of money laundering and terrorism financing (ML/TF) using their products and services.Practical implicationsFinancial intelligence units and AML/CTF regulators need to make more information available in a timely fashion to assist regulated entities to improve their risk‐based approach through a better understanding of the ML/TF risks their business face.Originality/valueThe paper draws on the current experience of new regulated entities not previously exposed to AML/CTF requirements. Regulators implementing risk‐based regimes should consider the issues raised when measuring the likely success of these regimes.
United States v. Santos: the US Supreme Court rewrites the money laundering statute
Authors: Cassella Stefan D. 
Published: July 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to inform an international audience of the difficulties prosecutors in the USA have encountered in light of a decision of the US Supreme Court limiting the application of the federal anti‐money laundering statute to cases where a criminal enterprise generated profits.Design/methodology/approachThe paper summarizes the law in the USA regarding money laundering prosecutions before the decision in the United States v. Santos, outlines the decision of the Supreme Court, and organizes the post‐Santos case law into categories setting forth the divergent views of what the decision means and how it is to be applied.FindingsThe case law in the USA regarding money laundering prosecutions is now quite unsettled. Courts have taken different views as to whether the government must now prove that the funds being laundered by or on behalf of a criminal represent the profits of the criminal enterprise as opposed to its gross receipts.Research limitations/implicationsThe case law on this issue continues to develop at a rapid pace. It is necessary to cut off the research on this issue to complete the paper, but the reader should be aware that new cases are being issued in rapid order.Practical implicationsProsecutors in the USA now face several obstacles in bringing money launderers to justice. Decisions in closed cases may be reopened as defendants argue that their convictions are obtained under an incorrect view of the law. Going forward, prosecutors are uncertain whether the government must prove that a criminal enterprise is profitable before they can obtain a conviction for money laundering.Originality/valuePrior to Santos, it is assumed that it is an offense to launder the gross receipts of a crime or criminal scheme. Santos cases grave doubt on that assumption, holding that in at least some cases, the laundering offense will apply only where the financial transaction involves the net profits of an offense. This is an object lesson in the confusion that can result from inartful legislative drafting. It also provides a guide to the current state of the law and suggests how prosecutors in the USA are dealing with the problem pending any legislative correction.
How effective are suspicious transaction reporting systems?
Authors: Chaikin David 
Published: July 2009

PurposeA fundamental element of international anti‐money laundering (AML) systems is the requirement that financial institutions file suspicious transaction reports (STRs) with financial intelligence units. Although the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) has established global standards, there is a range of national laws, practices and experiences with STR systems. The purpose of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of national STR systems, by using Switzerland as a case study.Design/methodology/approachPrimary source documentation, complemented by observations at FATF meetings, are relied on to evaluate STR systems.FindingsThe FATF ratings of a country's compliance with international standards are objective, expert driven and consistent in application, but are limited as performance measures in that they ignore the costs of AML and STR measures. The effectiveness of the Swiss STR system is questionable because of serious under reporting of suspicious transactions. The Swiss STR system is efficient to the extent that there is a high usage of STRs and that large amounts of money are automatically frozen under the mandatory reporting obligation.Research limitations/implicationsEvaluation of national STR systems is limited because of a lack of reliable statistics on the extent of money laundering.Practical implicationsThis paper is addressed to policy makers who are concerned with assessing the effectiveness of STR systems. Future research would deal with STR systems in developing countries and the role of STRs in uncovering the financing of terrorism.Originality/valueInsider/outsider description of the FATF mutual evaluation process. Compilation and interpretation of statistical data on STR systems, as performance measures.
Discussion on the role of epistemic community in Russian AML regime
Authors: Subbotina Natalya 
Published: July 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to open a theoretical discussion on the preventive anti‐money laundering (AML) regime, both international and domestic in Russia, building theoretical assumptions on the role of epistemic community in the AML network in Russia.Design/methodology/approachThe discussion is based on the analysis of the preventive pillar of the AML regime in Russia. Cognitive (or knowledge‐based) approach is used to study domestic AML regime and to reveal the main reason of the network deficiencies in Russia.FindingsThe paper argues that the representatives of banking community in Russia should play the role of epistemic community to foster better understanding of the context and purposes of the AML regime, thus, decreasing uncertainty, facilitating cooperation between the stakeholders, and eventually having a great influence on the quality of the AML regulations elaborated by the policy makers.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper limits its scope to the study of money laundering (ML) prevention focusing on the financial institutions – banks – which play the most important role in Russian AML network.Practical implicationsThe paper reveals the roles of the main actors of Russian AML regime play. The ineffectiveness of the regime could be eased by increasing communication and cooperation between the stakeholders. The formal compliance approach used by the regulator in the financial sector supervision has not been effective and should be reviewed with the shift to the reasonable judgment approach used by both supervisor and financial institutions to prevent ML in Russia.Originality/valueStudies of the peculiarities of the AML legislation implementation in different countries is one of the helpful tools to measure the efficiency of the global AML regime.
Concealing and disguising criminal property
Authors: Bell Evan 
Published: July 2009

PurposeThe language in respect of the money laundering offence of concealing or disguising criminal property is drawn from various international conventions. It is therefore surprising, given the number of jurisdictions, which have incorporated that language into their domestic legislation, that more foreign case law is not used to interpret and properly apply these offences. The purpose of this paper is to rectify that position.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses case law from the USA, where there are frequent money laundering prosecutions, to throw light on the underlying concepts of the concealing or disguising offence and to provide examples of activity which may amount to its commission.FindingsThe offence of concealing or disguising criminal property is drafted in broad terms. Many of the issues, which have been explored in the US jurisprudence are likely also to arise in criminal proceedings in the UK.Originality/valueThe paper examines a number of issues, which have not yet been explored by the UK courts. It looks at the approach of the US courts to the differentiation between the mere spending of criminal proceeds and the spending, which is the doing of an act for the purpose of concealing proceeds. It looks at whether concealment must be intended by the defendant's actions or whether it is sufficient if it is an outcome of his actions. It considers how effective any concealment must be and explores the different attributes of criminal proceeds, which may be concealed.
Small amounts for big bangs? Rethinking responses to “low cost” terrorism
Authors: Acharya Arabinda 
Published: July 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to challenge the “myth” that terrorism is cheap and that terrorists are extremely efficient in how they use their money.Design/methodology/approachThis paper makes a critical assessment of the “costs” involved in terrorist attacks and addresses the debate about how this affects the overall strategy against terrorist financing.FindingsThis paper argues that costs of terrorism are many and not limited to what is spent on an actual attack. Owing to military and financial counter‐measures, terrorists appear to have lost overall operational efficiency; they are no longer capable of carrying out large‐scale and complex operations like the September 2001 attacks.Originality/valueSmall amounts involved in carrying out a terrorist attack have led to the perception that terrorism is cheap and terrorist attacks can be inexpensively implemented. This has undermined the global and national efforts to counter the financing of terrorism (CFT). This paper is an attempt to persuade the stakeholders in the CFT community that targeting terrorist financing has been and must remain one of the most important fronts in the war against terrorism.
Section 311 Patriot Act
Authors: Bosworth‐Davies Rowan 
Published: July 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an alternative opinion on the current debate on Iran and its place in the world, while seeking to avoid unnecessary dogma or propaganda.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is a pure opinion paper and has not been designed as a methodological research paper.FindingsThe findings are entirely subjective and are the sole opinion of the author.Practical implicationsThe practical implications are to stimulate a debate over the use of specific legal powers possessed by the USA, and the way in which they are used.Originality/valueThe paper is an entirely original piece of work by the author and its value or worth must be determined by the reader.
Innovation ecology as a precursor to entrepreneurial growth
Authors: Griffiths Mark D. , Gundry Lisa , Kickul Jill , Muñoz Fernandez Angeles 
Published: July 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the governmental, economic, and technological factors contributing to a country's innovation ecology that have an impact on sustainable economic growth.Design/methodology/approachThis paper investigates governmental, economic, and technological supports that comprise the innovation ecology of 34 nations using ordinary least squares, discriminant analysis, and mediated regression. It is proposed that the strength of a country's innovation ecology is associated with greater sustainable entrepreneurial growth opportunities. Innovation indicators and trend analyses were collected from Eurostat Yearbook 2007, Science and Technology, and Global Financial Data over the 1995‐2005 period.FindingsThe results reveal that while the influence of government and the economic environment encourage innovation ecology, having resources at the research and development levels, human capital, and early seed funding were key indicators of innovation. The greater the degree of research and development, the availability of a highly skilled labor force, and the amount of private and public venture capital funding, the more likely it is that a strong national innovation ecology will emerge leading to the creation of new business ideas and growth opportunities.Originality/valueThe results contribute to the understanding of the significant role of innovation investment for new business development and growth.
Capabilities in small high‐tech firms: a case of plural‐entrepreneurship
Authors: Burger‐Helmchen Thierry 
Published: July 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to address the issue of evaluating the innovative/entrepreneurial capabilities of small firms in high‐technology industries.Design/methodology/approachThe approach taken is a literature review and case study.FindingsThe contribution of the paper is twofold: in the first part, it is tried to distinguish the different forms of entrepreneurship existing. This leads to determine a form of entrepreneurship, plural entrepreneurship, that is typical in high‐tech start‐ups. In the second part, it is then tried to evaluate the innovative/entrepreneurial capabilities of a firm in such a framework. This is based on a longitudinal case study of a high‐tech start‐up where we explore how different dimensions of entrepreneurship coexist and interplay to create a firm's innovative dynamics depending on its initial resources and those added during the firm's growth.Originality/valueThe paper is an original attempt to distinguish different notions of entrepreneurship including the notion of plural‐entrepreneurship and capabilities in a small enterprise.
Organizations that are international from inception
Authors: Svensson Göran , Payan Janice M. 
Published: July 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the terminology used by various constellations of researchers concerning the formation of organizations that are international from inception, present conceptual and definitional attributes of the phenomena of interest, and propose common terminology, and conceptual framework to use in the future.Design/methodology/approachA literature review is undertaken that compares research terminology used by different streams of research and different constellations of researchers referring to a new organization that intends be international from the beginning of its creation.FindingsTwo principal findings may be stressed: there are constellations of labels used to describe essentially the same phenomena of organizations that are international at their inception, and there are constellations of researchers that use their own unique labels in this field. Provocatively, the authors question whether these findings are due to “academic protectionism” between the constellations or “academic myopia” (i.e. inability to appreciate the literature's terminology between constellations). It is proposed that the terms used in this field of research should be collapsed into another recent concept introduced and defined in literature, namely “early internationalizing firms.”Research limitations/implicationsA conceptual framework of “early internationalizing firms” is outlined. It suggests this concept is more beneficial and appropriate than the concepts using traditional terminology such as: “international new ventures” and “born globals.” It is argued that the “early internationalizing firms” concept is more descriptive of the actual phenomena and explicitly considers the crucial short timeframe involved in the process of internationalization of firms.Practical implicationsThe label “early internationalizing firms” may be easier to communicate in practice than some of the current labels used in literature. It emphasizes the practical imperatives of simultaneous localization and globalization, and planning at several levels (i.e. operative, tactical, and strategic levels) in a short timeframe.Originality/valueThe paper suggests that “early internationalizing firms” is more descriptive of the phenomena of interest and should be used in the field. It contributes to the literature by presenting a broadened more useful framework in describing the phenomena of interest. In specific, it takes into account short timeframes and both the globalization and localization aspects of the phenomena.
Incentives to export for Australian export market ventures
Authors: Julian Craig C. , Yunus Ali M. 
Published: July 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the impact that various incentives to export have on the export marketing performance of Australian export market ventures.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on an empirical investigation of firms involved in exporting to foreign countries from Australia. The sample of firms came from a wide cross section of industries. The list of firms comprising the sample is provided by a state government department.FindingsThe paper indicates that the export marketing performance of Australian export market ventures is positively influenced by the export incentive of the chance to diversify into new markets.Research limitations/implicationsFrom a methodological perspective, a potential concern may be that the measures are all self‐reported. Consequently, the relationships tested may be susceptible to the influence of common method variance.Practical implicationsThe importance of diversifying into new markets is identified. Management should consider taking international expansion opportunities because a pre‐occupation with the domestic market can make local firms vulnerable to other growth‐oriented foreign firms and economies of scale via increased productive capacity can assist in reducing the costs of production thereby enabling firms to be more competitive in the global market as well as in the firm's own domestic market.Originality/valueA major contribution of this paper is that it validates a measure for examining the different incentives to export. Furthermore, it examines the relationship between incentives to export and export marketing performance identifying the chance to diversify into new markets as the key predictor of export marketing performance.