bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case Study:
Authors: Zubrow Judy 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
This case study of a public, multicampus college in New Hampshire contributes to the growing body of literature about the role of part-time or adjunct faculty in program assessment. The study takes a historical look at the college's progress in engaging its part-time faculty over a period of thirteen years via administrative and faculty leadership, course-embedded assessments, multidisciplinary scoring teams, and grant-funded resources. Emphasis is placed on initiatives that assess core competencies across the curriculum. Building on part-time faculty's commitment to their classrooms, systematic reflection on teaching and learning emerges as the most meaningful and, therefore, motivating reason for adjunct faculty to engage in program assessment.
A Work in Progress:
Authors: Adams Shirley 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
This article demonstrates the expansion of the assessment program at Charter Oak State College in measuring and improving student learning. The strength of the Charter Oak assessment process and, indeed, the quality of its educational programs is largely the result of Charter Oak's unique faculty structure. The “core faculty,” recruited from the full-time faculties at two- and four-year higher education institutions in Connecticut, recommend policy and program enhancements, advise and mentor students, and serve as members of the assessment committee. Charter Oak's online teaching faculty members are selected based on their academic and practical expertise. Most teach at colleges and universities throughout the United States. While Charter Oak does not itself employ full-time faculty, both the core faculty and the online faculty participate actively in the assessment process.
Travel Planning: Searching for and Booking Airline Seats on the Internet
Authors: Toh Rex S. , DeKay Frederick , Raven Peter 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
This article is based on a survey of 374 airline passengers sampled at an airport. We examine how travelers search for and then buy airline seats, determine which distribution channel dominates, calculate what percentages of online searches convert to actual bookings on the same website, and report why people switch. We also examine which travelers book, and then rebook airline seats, and why. We then measure the differences in how travelers view several Internet and website issues, the differences between Internet users and nonusers, between business and pleasure travelers, and between men and women. We update the most important reasons for airline choice, in an era when online bookings predominate. Finally, we report our findings (some counterintuitive) and their implications for airlines and third-party websites (online travel agents).
Expect the Unexpected: Supply Chain Disruption and Opportunity for US Companies—A Business Case
Authors: Kumar Sameer , Harrison Gail 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Many researchers have revealed that US companies acknowledge the inevitability of supply chain disruptions in a global environment. These companies employ strategies that vary from proactive, reactive, resilient, to no supply chain risk management (SCRM) strategies to mitigate risks and ensure business continuity. When a company's competitive advantage is speed to market, it is only logical that its front-end low-cost country sourcing (LCCS) decision model should include a Disruption Contingency Plan (DCP) as one of the factors for evaluation. In this research, we focus on the company's financial performance with or without the up-front DCP in a closed loop outsourcing decision model, exploring and analyzing its relative effect on the firms' Economic Value Added (EVA). In doing so, we reason, the decision to adopt low-cost outsourcing in foreign countries should not be reached without addressing the company's speed-to-market capability. Using a US company that manufactures industrial printers as an example, various scenarios and options are explored for EVA comparisons in terms of a company's ability to maintain normal sales, and capture competitors' market share during supply chain disruptions. This example links the relevance among the outsourcing decision, the up-front DCP, and the company's EVA during supply chain disruptions. Even when disruption strikes, there is still an opportunity for profitability.
An Immunohistochemical Study on the Expression of Sex Steroid Receptors in Canine Mammary Tumors
Authors: Port Louis Leena Rajathy , Varshney Khub Chandra , Nair Madhavan Gopalakrishnan 
Published: February 2012

Steroid hormones are found to play a major role in the genesis and progression of mammary tumors. The aim of this study was to immunohistochemically detect the presence of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), and progesterone receptor (PR) and also to study the association between these markers in 29 cases of benign (11) and malignant	(18)	canine mammary tumors. ERα immunostaining was noticed in only one case of carcinosarcoma specifically in the nuclei of epithelial and a few myoepithelial cells. ERβ immunostaining was noticed in the nuclei and cytoplasm of epithelial cells and smooth muscles lining the blood vessels. Immunoexpression of ERβ was 82% in benign tumors and 78% in malignant tumors. PR immunostaining was expressed in the nuclei of epithelial cells in both benign and malignant tumors. Among the 15 PR+ cases, 6 (55%) were of benign type, and 9 (50%) were of malignant type. The most common group of hormone receptor was the ERα−/PR+/ERβ+ (46%) in benign tumors and ERα−/PR−/ERβ+ (38%) in malignant tumors. Although there was no significant association between ERα and PR with ERβ, the findings indicated that ERβ was consistently expressed in both benign and malignant tumors, irrespective of ERα and PR status.
Uptake and Toxicity Studies of Poly‐Acrylic Acid Functionalized Silicon Nanoparticles in Cultured Mammalian Cells
Authors: Wang Qi , Bao Yongping , Zhang Xiaohong , Coxon Paul R. , Jayasooriya Upali A. , Chao Yimin 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPoly‐acrylic acid (PAAc) terminated silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) have been synthesized and employed as a synchronous fluorescent signal indicator in a series of cultured mammalian cells: HHL5, HepG2 and 3T3‐L1. Their biological effects on cell growth and proliferation in both human and mouse cell lines have been studied. There was no evidence of in vitro cytotoxity in the cells exposed to PAAc terminated SiNPS when assessed by cell morphology, cell proliferation and viability, and DNA damage assays. The uptake of the nanocrystals by both HepG2 and 3T3‐L1 cells was investigated by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, which showed a clear time‐dependence at higher concentrations. Reconstructed 3‐D confocal microscope images exhibited that the PAAc‐SiNPs were evenly distributed throughout the cytosol rather than attached to outer membrane. This study provides fundamental evidence for the safe application and further modification of silicon nanoparticles, which could broaden their application as cell markers in living systems and in micelle encapsulated drug delivery systems.
ULLSIMGRAF: An educational tool with syntax control for Grafcet notation
Authors: Marichal Roberto L. , González Evelio J. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThis article presents an educational tool for the teaching of Grafcet language for programmable logic controllers (PLC) and its application in the subject “Digital Devices for Industrial Automation” in a Industrial Electronics Engineering course. Apart from a simulator with its own editor, the tool includes a syntax controller with the purpose of maintaining Grafcet standard. In this way, the tool makes the validation of the implemented scheme easier.© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 22:669–677, 2014; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21558
Mass Spectrometric Identification of 13C‐Labeled Metabolites During Anaerobic Propanoic Acid Oxidation
Authors: Felchner‐Zwirello Monika , Winter Josef , Gallert Claudia 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBiowaste digestion is a possibility to gain biogas as a renewable fuel source. However, the anaerobic food chain may be disrupted by, e.g., substrate overload or by inhibitors, leading to the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), predominantly of propanoic acid (PA). VFA Accumulation may cause a rapid pH decrease, less biogas production, or even a total inhibition. To maintain high biogas productivity or to prevent a collapse of methanogenesis, metabolic properties of the degrading microorganisms must be elucidated, e.g., by investigation of the established pathways for degradation of VFAs. A Dani 3950 headspace system (HS), a Varian 431 gas chromatograph (GC), and a Varian 210 mass spectrometer (MS) have been combined to quantify and specifically identify metabolites of PA oxidation. The use of [1‐13C]‐labeled PA as a carbon source for microorganisms allows differentiation between the methyl‐malonyl‐CoA or the C(6)‐dismutation pathway, both resulting in AcOH production. Appearance of the 13C‐moiety either in the COO or Me group of AcO can easily be detected by MS. The methyl‐malonyl‐CoA pathway was successfully identified as the only pathway of PA degradation by organisms in a lab‐scale anaerobic digester. A similar approach can be applied to any degradation pathway involving VFAs.
Free‐Radical Degradation of High‐Molar‐Mass Hyaluronan Induced by Ascorbate plus Cupric Ions: Evaluation of Antioxidative Effect of Cysteine‐Derived Compounds
Authors: Hrabárová Eva , Valachová Katarína , Juránek Ivo , Šoltés Ladislav 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBased on our previous findings, the present study has focused on free‐radical‐mediated degradation of the synovial biopolymer hyaluronan. The degradation was induced in vitro by the Weissberger's system comprising ascorbate plus cupric ions in the presence of oxygen, representing a model of the early phase of acute synovial joint inflammation. The study presents a novel strategy for hyaluronan protection against oxidative degradation with the use of cysteine‐derived compounds. In particular, the work objectives were to evaluate potential protective effects of reduced form of L‐glutathione, L‐cysteine, N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine, and cysteamine, against free‐oxygen‐radical‐mediated degradation of high‐molar‐mass hyaluronan in vitro. The hyaluronan degradation was influenced by variable activity of the tested thiol compounds, also in dependence of their concentration applied. It was found that L‐glutathione exhibited the most significant protective and chain‐breaking antioxidative effect against the hyaluronan degradation. Thiol antioxidative activity, in general, can be influenced by many factors such as various molecule geometry, type of functional groups, radical attack accessibility, redox potential, thiol concentration and pKa, pH, ionic strength of solution, as well as different ability to interact with transition metals. Antioxidative activity was found to decrease in the following order: L‐glutathione, cysteamine, N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine, and L‐cysteine. These findings might be beneficial in future development of potential drugs in the treatment of synovial hyaluronan depletion‐derived diseases.
Chemical Composition and Antitermitic Activity against Coptotermes formosanusShiraki of Cryptomeria japonica Leaf Essential Oil
Authors: Cheng Seng‐Sung , Lin Chun‐Ya , Chung Min‐Jay , Chang Shang‐Tzen 
Published: February 2012

AbstractCryptomeria japonica D. Don, called ‘sugi’ in Japanese, is an abundant and renewable potential resource of valuable natural products that may serve as natural biocides in Taiwan. Hydrodistillation (HD) and steam distillation (SD) were used for extracting the essential oils from C. japonica leaves in this study. The chemical constituents of the two leaf essential oils were identified by GC/MS analysis, and their antitermitic activities were evaluated. The results from the antitermitic tests against Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki showed that the leaf essential oils extracted by HD and SD had excellent antitermitic activities, with LD50 values of 1.57 and 1.72 mg/g after 7 d of testing, respectively. Comparison of the chemical composition of the two leaf essential oils revealed that oxygenated diterpenes (kaur‐16‐ene) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (β‐elemol) were the dominant constituents. In addition, 13 constituents isolated from the C. japonica leaf essential oils were tested individually against C. formosanus. Among these constituents, β‐elemol and α‐terpineol achieved 100% termite mortality at the dosage of 1 mg/g after 7 d of testing. These results demonstrated that both C. japonica leaf essential oils as well as β‐elemol and α‐terpineol possessed commendable antitermitic activity.
Cytotoxic Activities and Anti‐Tumor‐Promoting Effects of Microbial Transformation Products of Prenylated Chalcones from Angelica keiskei
Authors: Akihisa Toshihiro , Motoi Toshihiro , Seki Akihito , Kikuchi Takashi , Fukatsu Makoto , Tokuda Harukuni , Suzuki Nobutaka , Kimura Yumiko 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThree prenylated chalcones, 4‐hydroxyderricin (1), xanthoangelol (2), and xanthoangelol F (3), isolated from Angelica keiskei, were transformed by the fungus Aspergillus saitoi. These chalcones were converted to flavanones (i.e., 4, 8, and 12), and prenyl‐chain‐hydrated (i.e., 5, 7, 9–11, and 13) and ring‐B‐hydroxylated (i.e., 6) chalcones. The structures of three new metabolites, 7, 9, and 13, were established as 2″,3″‐dihydro‐4,3″‐dihydroxyderricin, 6″,7″‐dihydro‐7″‐hydroxyxanthoangelol, and 6″,7″‐dihydro‐7″‐hydroxyxanthoangelol F, respectively. Upon evaluation of cytotoxic activities of compounds 1–13, the metabolite 7 exhibited potent cytotoxicity against HL60 cells, and this cell death was revealed to be mostly due to apoptosis. In addition, compounds 1–4, 7–10, 12, and 13 were examined for their inhibitory effects on the induction of EpsteinBarr virus early antigen (EBV‐EA) by 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) in Raji cells. All compounds tested showed inhibitory effects against EBV‐EA activation with potencies higher than that of β‐carotene. Furthermore, the metabolite 13 exhibited inhibitory effect on skin tumor promotion in an in vivo two‐stage mouse skin carcinogenesis test based on 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as initiator, and with TPA as promoter.
An Approach to the Chemotaxonomic Differentiation of Two European Dog's Mercury Species: Mercurialis annua L. and M. perennis L.
Authors: Lorenz Peter , Duckstein Sarina , Conrad Jürgen , Knödler Matthias , Meyer Ulrich , Stintzing Florian C. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractMercurialis annua and M. perennis are medicinal plants used in complementary medicine. In the present work, analytical methods to allow a chemotaxonomic differentiation of M. annua and M. perennis by means of chemical marker compounds were established. In addition to previously published compounds, the exclusive presence of pyridine‐3‐carbonitrile and nicotinamide in CH2Cl2 extracts obtained from the herbal parts of M. annua was demonstrated by GC/MS. Notably, pyridine‐3‐carbonitrile was identified for the first time as a natural product. Further chromatographic separation of the CH2Cl2 extracts via polyamide yielded a MeOH fraction exhibiting a broad spectrum of side‐chain saturated n‐alkylresorcinols. While the n‐alkylresorcinol pattern was similar for both plant species, some specific differences were observed for particular n‐alkylresorcinol homologs. Finally, the investigation of H2O extracts by LC/MS/MS revealed the presence of depside constituents. Whereas, in M. perennis, a mixture of mercurialis acid (=(2R)‐[(E)‐caffeoyl]‐2‐oxoglutarate) and phaselic acid (=(E)‐caffeoyl‐2‐malate) could be detected, in M. annua solely phaselic acid was found. By comparison with synthesized enantiomerically pure (2R)‐ and (2S)‐phaselic acids, the configuration of the depside could be determined as (2S) in M. annua and as (2R) in M. perennis.
Fabrication of Mesoporous Metal Chalcogenide Nanoflake Silica Thin Films and Spongy Mesoporous CdS and CdSe
Authors: Türker Yurdanur , Karakaya Cüneyt , Dag Ömer 
Published: February 2012

AbstractMesoporous silica metal oxide (ZnO and CdO) thin films have been used as metal ion precursors to produce the first examples of mesoporous silica metal sulfide (meso‐SiO2@ZnS, meso‐SiO2@CdS) or silica metal selenide (meso‐SiO2@ZnSe, meso‐SiO2@CdSe) thin films, in which the pore walls are made up of silica and metal sulfide or metal selenide nanoflakes, respectively. A gentle chemical etching with a dilute HF solution of the meso‐SiO2@CdS (or meso‐SiO2@CdSe) produces mesoporous cadmium sulfide (meso‐CdS) (or cadmium selenide, meso‐CdSe). Surface modified meso‐CdS displays bright blue photoluminescence upon excitation with a UV light. The mesoporous silica metal oxides are formed as metal oxide nanoislands over the silica walls through a self‐assembly process of a mixture of metal nitrate salt‐two surfactants‐silica source followed by calcination step. The reactions, between the H2S (or H2Se) gas and solid precursors, have been carried out at room temperature and monitored using spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. It has been found that these reactions are: 1) taking place through the diffusion of sulfur or selenium species from the top metal oxide layer to the silica metal oxide interface and 2) slow and can be stopped at any stage to obtain mesoporous silica metal oxide metal sulfide or silica metal oxide metal selenide intermediate thin films.
Cyano‐Bridged MnIIIMIII Single‐Chain Magnets with MIII=CoIII, FeIII, MnIII, and CrIII
Authors: Miyasaka Hitoshi , Madanbashi Tomokura , Saitoh Ayumi , Motokawa Natsuko , Ishikawa Ryuta , Yamashita Masahiro , Bahr Stefan , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang , Clérac Rodolphe 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA series of isostructural cyano‐bridged MnIII(h.s.)–MIII(l.s.) alternating chains, [MnIII(5‐TMAMsalen)MIII(CN)6]⋅4H2O (5‐TMAMsalen2−=N,N′‐ethylenebis(5‐trimethylammoniomethylsalicylideneiminate), MnIII(h.s.)=high‐spin MnIII, MIII(l.s.)=low‐spin CoIII, MnCo; FeIII, MnFe; MnIII, MnMn; CrIII, MnCr) was synthesized by assembling [MnIII(5‐TMAMsalen)]3+ and [MIII(CN)6]3−. The chains present in the four compounds, which crystallize in the monoclinic space group C2/c, are composed of an [‐MnIII‐NC‐MIII‐CN‐] repeating motif, for which the ‐NC‐MIII‐CN‐ motif is provided by the [MIII(CN)6]3− moiety adopting a trans bridging mode between [MnIII(5‐TMAMsalen)]3+ cations. The MnIII and MIII ions occupy special crystallographic positions: a C2 axis and an inversion center, respectively, forming a highly symmetrical chain with only one kind of cyano bridge. The Jahn–Teller axis of the MnIII(h.s.) ion is perpendicular to the N2O2 plane formed by the 5‐TMAMsalen tetradentate ligand. These Jahn–Teller axes are all perfectly aligned along the unique chain direction without a bending angle, although the chains are corrugated with an Mn‐Naxis‐C angle of about 144°. In the crystal structures, the chains are well separated with the nearest inter‐chain M⋅⋅⋅M distance being relatively large at 9 Å due to steric hindrance of the bulky trimethylammoniomethyl groups of the 5‐TMAMsalen ligand. The magnetic properties of these compounds have been thoroughly studied. MnFe and MnMn display intra‐chain ferromagnetic interactions, whereas MnCr is characterized by an antiferromagnetic exchange that induces a ferrimagnetic spin arrangement along the chain. Detailed analyses of both static and dynamic magnetic properties have demonstrated without ambiguity the single‐chain magnet (SCM) behavior of these three systems, whereas MnCo is merely paramagnetic with SMn=2 and D/kB=−5.3 K (D being a zero‐field splitting parameter). At low temperatures, the MnM compounds with M=Fe, Mn, and Cr display remarkably large M versus H hysteresis loops for applied magnetic fields along the easy magnetic direction that corresponds to the chain direction. The temperature dependence of the associated relaxation time for this series of compounds systematically exhibits a crossover between two Arrhenius laws corresponding to infinite‐chain and finite‐chain regimes for the SCM behavior. These isostructural hetero‐spin SCMs offer a unique series of alternating [‐Mn‐NC‐M‐CN‐] chains, enabling physicists to test theoretical SCM models between the Ising and Heisenberg limits.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Densely Functionalized Medium‐Ring Carbocycles and Lactones through Modular Assembly and Ring‐Closing Metathesis of Sulfoximine‐Substituted Trienes and Dienynes
Authors: Lejkowski Michal , Banerjee Prabal , Schüller Sabine , Münch Alexander , Runsink Jan , Vermeeren Cornelia , Gais Hans‐Joachim 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAn asymmetric synthesis of densely functionalized 7–11‐membered carbocycles and 9–11‐membered lactones has been developed. Its key steps are a modular assembly of sulfoximine‐substituted C‐ and O‐tethered trienes and C‐tethered dienynes and their Ru‐catalyzed ring‐closing diene and enyne metathesis (RCDEM and RCEYM). The synthesis of the C‐tethered trienes and dienynes includes the following steps: 1) hydroxyalkylation of enantiomerically pure titanated allylic sulfoximines with unsaturated aldehydes, 2) α‐lithiation of alkenylsulfoximines, 3) alkylation, hydroxy‐alkylation, formylation, and acylation of α‐lithioalkenylsulfoximines, and 4) addition of Grignard reagents to α‐formyl(acyl)alkenylsulfoximines. The sulfoximine group provided for high asymmetric induction in steps 1) and 4). RCDEM of the sulfoximine‐substituted trienes with the second‐generation Ru catalyst stereoselectively afforded the corresponding functionalized 7–11‐membered carbocyles. RCDEM of diastereomeric silyloxy‐substituted 1,6,12‐trienes revealed an interesting difference in reactivity. While the (R)‐diastereomer gave the 11‐membered carbocyle, the (S)‐diastereomer delivered in a cascade of cross metathesis and RCDEM 22‐membered macrocycles. RCDEM of cyclic trienes furnished bicyclic carbocycles with a bicyclo[7.4.0]tridecane and bicyclo[9.4.0]pentadecane skeleton. Selective transformations of the sulfoximine‐ and bissilyloxy‐substituted carbocycles were performed including deprotection, cross‐coupling reaction and reduction of the sulfoximine moiety. Esterification of a sulfoximine‐substituted homoallylic alcohol with unsaturated carboxylic acids gave the O‐tethered trienes, RCDEM of which yielded the sulfoximine‐substituted 9–11‐membered lactones. RCEYM of a sulfoximine‐substituted 1,7‐dien‐10‐yne showed an unprecedented dichotomy in ring formation depending on the Ru catalyst. While the second‐generation Ru catalyst gave the 9‐membered exo 1,3‐dienyl carbocycle, the first‐generation Ru catalyst furnished a truncated 9‐membered 1,3‐dieny carbocycle having one CH2 unit less than the dienyne.
Synthesis and Optical Properties of Diaza‐ and Tetraazatetracenes
Authors: Lindner Benjamin D. , Engelhart Jens U. , Märken Michaela , Tverskoy Olena , Appleton Anthony L. , Rominger Frank , Hardcastle Kenneth I. , Enders Markus , Bunz Uwe H. F. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA series of functionalized diaza‐ and tetraazatetracenes was synthesized, either by condensation of an aromatic diamine with an ortho‐quinone/diethyloxalate followed by chlorination with POCl3 to give diazatetracenes or by palladium‐catalyzed coupling of a phenylenediamine with various 2,3‐dichloroquinoxalines to give tetraazatetracenes (after oxidation with MnO2). Representative examples included halogenated and nitrated derivatives. The optical properties of these azatetracenes were discussed with respect to their molecular structures and substitution patterns. The diazatetracenes and tetraazatetracenes formed two different groups that had significantly different electronic structures and properties. Furthermore, 1,2,3,4‐tetrafluoro‐6,11‐bis((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)benzo[b]phenazine was synthesized, which is the first reported fluorinated diazatetracene. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of this compound is reported.