bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Nanostructured Self‐Detoxifying Nanofiber Membranes that Contain Active Polymeric Functional Groups
Authors: Sundarrajan Subramanian , Venkatesan Arunachalam , Ramakrishna Seeram 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMilitary soldiers, medicinal doctors, and ordinary people require protection against chemical and biological warfare (C&B) agents. Activated charcoal impregnated with metal ions is currently used in protective clothing applications, which has some disadvantages. Electrospinning is emerging as one of the cheapest technologies to produce continuous nanofibers with a high surface area‐to‐volume ratio. In the present study, electrospinning of a poly(ethylene imine) (PEI)/nylon blend has been carried out in which PEI acts as a support material as well as a catalytic media. The membrane is combined with non‐selective metal oxide nanoparticles to degrade C&B agents into non‐toxic products. In addition, these membranes possess hydrophilic properties, hence they are suitable candidates for protective clothing applications.magnified image
Modeling of PEG Hydrogel Membranes for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Kizilel Seda , Pérez‐Luna Víctor H. , Teymour Fouad 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA mathematical model has been developed for surface‐initiated photopolymerization of PEG‐DA forming cross‐linked hydrogel membranes on the surface of a substrate. The existing model was extended to apply the NF technique, which made it possible to describe the progression of photopolymerization through gelation, and to calculate gelation time, cross‐link density of the gel and soluble phases. The model provides a tool for understanding and studying the kinetics of interfacial photopolymerization reactions, which are important in processes such as cell encapsulation by hydrogel membranes formed through free radical photopolymerization. It will also be useful for applications in tissue engineering, where protein gradients are required for optimizing engineered tissue formation.magnified image
A reduced integration solid‐shell finite element based on the EAS and the ANS concept—Geometrically linear problems
Authors: Schwarze Marco , Reese Stefanie 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this paper a new reduced integration eight‐node solid‐shell finite element is presented. The enhanced assumed strain (EAS) concept based on the Hu–Washizu variational principle requires only one EAS degree‐of‐freedom to cure volumetric and Poisson thickness locking. One key point of the derivation is the Taylor expansion of the inverse Jacobian with respect to the element center, which closely approximates the element shape and allows us to implement the assumed natural strain (ANS) concept to eliminate the curvature thickness and the transverse shear locking. The second crucial point is a combined Taylor expansion of the compatible strain with respect to the center of the element and the normal through the element center leading to an efficient and locking‐free hourglass stabilization without rank deficiency. Hence, the element requires only a single integration point in the shell plane and at least two integration points in thickness direction. The formulation fulfills both the membrane and the bending patch test exactly, which has, to the authors' knowledge, not yet been achieved for reduced integration eight‐node solid‐shell elements in the literature. Owing to the three‐dimensional modeling of the structure, fully three‐dimensional material models can be implemented without additional assumptions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of robotic‐aided rehabilitation on recovery of upper extremity function in chronic stroke: a single case study
Authors: Flinn Nancy A. , Smith Jennifer L. , Tripp Christopher J. , White Matthew W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe objective of the study was to examine the results of robotic therapy in a single client.A 48‐year‐old female client 15 months post‐stroke, with right hemiparesis, received robotic therapy as an outpatient in a large Midwestern rehabilitation hospital. Robotic therapy was provided three times a week for 6 weeks. Robotic therapy consisted of goal‐directed, robotic‐aided reaching tasks to exercise the hemiparetic shoulder and elbow. No other therapeutic intervention for the affected upper extremity was provided during the study or 3 months follow‐up period. The outcome measures included the Fugl‐Meyer, graded Wolf motor function test (GWMFT), motor activity log, active range of motion and Canadian occupational performance measure.The participant made gains in active movement; performance; and satisfaction of functional tasks, GWMFT and functional use.Limitations involved in this study relate to the generalizability of the sample size, effect of medications, expense of robotic technologies and the impact of aphasia. Future research should incorporate functional use training along with robotic therapy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New P‐type of poly(4‐methoxy‐triphenylamine)s derived by coupling reactions: Synthesis, electrochromic behaviors, and hole mobility
Authors: Chang Hui‐Wen , Lin Kai‐Han , Chueh Chu‐Chen , Liou Guey‐Sheng , Chen Wen‐Chang 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMethoxy‐substituted poly(triphenylamine)s, poly‐4‐methoxytriphenylamine (PMOTPA), and poly‐N,N‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐N′,N′‐diphenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (PMOPD), were synthesized from the nickel‐catalyzed Yamamoto and oxidative coupling reaction with FeCl3. All synthesized polymers could be well characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. These polymers possess good solubility in common organic solvent, thermal stability with relatively high glass‐transition temperatures (Tgs) in the range of 152–273 °C, 10% weight‐loss temperature in excess of 480 °C, and char yield at 800 °C higher than 79% under a nitrogen atmosphere. They were amorphous and showed bluish green light (430–487 nm) fluorescence with quantum efficiency up to 45–62% in NMP solution. The hole‐transporting and electrochromic properties are examined by electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical methods. All polymers exhibited reversible oxidation redox peaks and Eonset around 0.44–0.69 V versus Ag/AgCl and electrochromic characteristics with a color change under various applied potentials. The series of PMOTPA and PMOPD also showed p‐type characteristics, and the estimated hole mobility of O‐PMOTPA and Y‐PMOPD were up to 1.5 × 10−4 and 5.6 × 10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. The FET results indicate that the molecular weight, annealing temperature, and polymer structure could crucially affect the charge transporting ability. This study suggests that triphenylamine‐containing conjugated polymer is a multifunctional material for various optoelectronic device applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4037–4050, 2009
A straightforward strategy for the efficient synthesis of acrylate and phosphine oxide‐containing vegetable oils and their crosslinked materials
Authors: De Espinosa L. Montero , Ronda J. C. , GaliÀ M. , Cádiz V. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPhosphorus‐containing triglycerides were prepared from a new route that involves the singlet oxygen photo‐oxygenation of high oleic sunflower oil and further reduction of the resulting hydroperoxide derivatives to a mixture of secondary allylic alcohols. These allylic alcohols in presence of chlorodiphenylphosphine give allylic phosphinites capable to undergo a [2,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement leading to tertiary phosphine oxides directly linked to triglyceride in a one‐pot two‐step reaction. The obtained phosphorus‐containing triglycerides with different hydroxyl content were activated to polymerization by acrylation and these acrylate triglycerides were radically crosslinked in presence of different amounts of pentaerythritol tetra‐acrylate. The thermal, dynamic‐mechanical, and flame retardancy properties of the final materials were evaluated. Thermal and thermo‐oxidative degradation was studied by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, 31P HR‐MAS NMR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4051–4063, 2009
SET‐LRP of vinyl chloride initiated with CHBr3 in DMSO at 25 °C
Authors: Sienkowska Monika J. , Rosen Brad M. , Percec Virgil 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe development of Cu(0)/TREN/CuBr2‐catalyzed SET‐LRP of VC initiated with CHBr3 in DMSO at 25 °C is reported. The use of CuBr2 additive allows for the first LRP of low molecular weight VC (target DP = 100), as well as lower Cu powder loading levels, improved Ieff and control in the synthesis of higher molecular VC, targeted degree of polymerization = 350, 700, 1,000, 1,400. 1H NMR and HSQC confirm the bifunctionality of CHBr3 as an initiator and suggest that deleterious side‐reactions such as the formation of allylic chlorides occur primarily at the onset of the reaction. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4130–4140, 2009
Optical activity of the anisotropic phases of cellulose acetates
Authors: Shipovskaya Anna B. , Shmakov Sergei L. , Kazmicheva Olga F. , Shchyogolev Sergei Y. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this study, the optical activity of cellulose di and triacetate films with a highly oriented vitrified structure was studied. The systems possess high values of specific optical rotation [α], which is in favor of the formation of a cholesteric mesophase. [α] depends on the sample orientation angle relative to the light polarization vector in the plane perpendicular to the light ray (optical activity anisotropy). This dependence (indicatrix) is irregular and is described by a distorted sinusoid in the Cartesian coordinates. The results of indicatrix decomposition into harmonic components are discussed, with the contributions of the isotropic and anisotropic components (each with the corresponding structural element of a certain symmetry type) being separated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 1605–1615, 2009
Development of Graded Low Friction SiCN Coatings with Extended High Temperature Stability above 1 200 °C
Authors: Hoche Holger , Allebrandt Daniel , Riedel Ralf , Fasel Claudia 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe authors developed a coating concept based on amorphous Si/C/N coatings, with promising high temperature properties. Due to a graded coating design, the adhesion, the coating hardness as well as the coefficient of friction were optimized. The coatings showed excellent high temperature stability against chemical decomposition, structural changes and surface oxidation up to 1 350 °C. To allow the deposition of coatings with a certain chemical composition, a numerical relationship between the composition of the coatings and the deposition parameters was established.
Comprehensive profiling of metastasis‐related proteins in paired hepatocellular carcinoma cells with different metastasis potentials
Authors: Song Peiming , Bao Huimin , Yu Yanbao , Xue Yan , Yun Dong , Zhang Yang , He Yufei , Liu Yinkun , Liu Qingping , Lu Haojie , Fan Huizhi , Luo Jianhua , Yang Pengyuan , Chen Xian 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPrecise and comprehensive identifications of the proteins associated with metastasis are critical for early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, we investigated the proteomic differences between a pair of HCC cell lines, originating from the same progenitor, with different metastasis potential using amino acid‐coded mass tagging‐based LC‐MS/MS quantitative proteomic approach. Totally the relative abundance of 336 proteins in these cell lines were quantified, in which 121 proteins were upregulated by >30%, and 64 proteins were downregulated by >23% in the cells with high metastasis potential. Further validation studies by Western blotting in a series of HCC cell types with progressively increasing trend of metastasis showed that peroxiredoxin 4, HSP90β and HSP27 were positively correlated with increasing metastasis while prohibitin was negatively correlated with metastasis potential. These validation results were also consistent with that obtained from comparative analysis of clinic tissues samples. Function annotations of differentially expressed HCC proteome suggested that the emergence and development of high metastasis involved the dysregulation of cell migration, cell cycle and membrane traffics. Together our results revealed a much more comprehensive profile than that from 2‐DE‐based method and provided more global insights into the mechanisms of HCC metastasis and potential markers for clinical diagnosis.
MS characterization of apheresis samples from rheumatoid arthritis patients for the improvement of immunoadsorption therapy – a pilot study
Authors: Kienbaum Mike , Koy Cornelia , Montgomery Helen V. , Drynda Susanne , Lorenz Peter , Illges Harald , Tanaka Koichi , Kekow Joern , Guthke Reinhard , Thiesen Hans‐Juergen , Glocker Michael O. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIdentification of proteins from apheresis samples was performed by both SDS‐PAGE and 2‐D gel separation of eluted proteins from staphylococcal protein A‐based immunoadsorption columns (Prosorba®) followed by MS peptide mass fingerprinting and MS/MS peptide sequencing on a MALDI QIT TOF mass spectrometer. MS/MS peptide sequencing was performed in conjunction with a micro reversed phase HPLC configured with an online MALDI plate‐spotting device. Apheresis treatment had been performed in three patients with longstanding therapy refractory rheumatoid arthritis. 2‐D gels displayed ca. 500 spots representing proteins that were eluted from the Prosorba® columns. From 54 gels, a total of 1256 protein spots had been picked and yielded in the identification of 56 non‐redundant proteins without counting isoforms. Proteins from the eluates belong to five major groups comprising (i) immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM heavy and light chains; about 40% of the spots), (ii) proteins involved in coagulation, (iii) HDL/LDL‐associated proteins, (iv) proteins from the complement system, and (v) acute phase proteins. MS analysis showed that the full‐length C3 complement protein had been cleaved upon complement activation, presumably on the column, such that the anaphylatoxin C3a was produced and released during therapy. Our results are consistent with clinical observations on both patient responses to therapy and reported adverse events. For the first time, direct molecular information has become available to support mechanistic reasoning for the principle of function of staphylococcal protein A‐based immunoadsorption therapy and for the explanation of adverse events. According to our results, removal and/or modulation of immune complexes together with complement activation can be regarded as the major events that are taking place during Prosorba® therapy. In order to avoid complement activation and induction of an inflammatory cascade, we suggest the prevention of C3a anaphylatoxin‐related reactions during immunoadsorption therapy.
Permeation of urea through various polyurethane membranes
Authors: Watanabe Atsushi , Takebayashi Yoshihiro , Ohtsubo Toshiro , Furukawa Mutsuhisa 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Controlled‐release systems using polymer membranes are very important in agriculture for labour‐saving and effective delivery of pesticides and other agents. Polymer‐coated granules are one of the most useful formulations, and a study of the factors for polymer design is necessary to achieve various release patterns. A permeation study using plain membranes was carried out in order to clarify parameters, and the results were compared with the release from polymer‐coated granules.RESULTS: The permeation coefficient of urea through a plain polyurethane membrane decreased significantly as the urethane and alkyl side chain content increased. The glass transition temperature and crosslink density of the polyurethanes hardly influenced its permeability. The release rate from polyurethane‐coated granules was also reduced by alkyl side chains. However, it was faster than that through a plain membrane because of capsule expansion by continuous water penetration and structural changes in the membrane.CONCLUSION: The release rate of urea through a polyurethane plain membrane and from polyurethane‐coated granules can be controlled by changing the chemical properties of the membrane. In addition, physical properties such as the glass transition temperature Tg or crosslink density should be considered to assess the release profile from polyurethane‐coated granules. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
NuvaRing: new combined hormonal contraceptive device
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Peers Tina 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNuvaRing is a new contraceptive device that delivers ethinylestradiol and etonogestrel and is inserted once every cycle for three weeks. In our New products review, Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse effects and Dr Tina Peers comments on its place as a birth control option. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Raman spectroscopy of MBE‐grown ZnTe‐based nanowires
Authors: Szuszkiewicz Wojciech , Morhange Jean‐François , Janik Elżbieta , Zaleszczyk Wojciech , Karczewski Grzegorz , Wojtowicz Tomasz 
Published: July 2009

AbstractZn1‐xMexTe (Me = Mg, Mn) nanowires (NWs), with Mg content up to x = 0.75, and Mn content up to x = 0.6, have been investigated by Raman scattering. NWs were grown on GaAs substrates by catalytically enhanced molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). In the whole composition range the NWs crystallize in the zinc‐blende structure with their axis (<111> direction) aligned along the <111> direction of the GaAs substrate, independently of the crystallographic orientation of this substrate. The NWs' diameters vary in the range from 30 to 70 nm, and their typical length is 1000‐2000 nm. Raman scattering was measured in “near” resonant condition with the excitation energy close to the direct energy gap of the NW material. This enabled the observation of several LO phonon replicas on a collection of NWs and of up to three phonon replicas (2LO and 3LO) on a single NW. The dependence of the Raman spectra on the Me concentration shows the behavior typical of bulk Zn1‐xMexTe mixed crystal, which confirms the incorporation of Me2+ ions into the cation substitutional sites of the ZnTe matrix of the NWs. For the composition range x < 0.2, the high crystalline quality of the investigated mixed crystal NWs, characterized by the width of the observed Raman structures, is comparable to that of pure ZnTe NWs. The crystalline quality of NWs degrades slightly when the Me content rises above x = 0.2. This effect can be attributed to an increasing number of defects or stacking faults in the mixed crystal NWs with higher compositions. Zn1‐xCdxTe NWs (with x < 0.2) were also grown and investigated for comparison. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improved field‐induced strains and fatigue endurance of PLZT antiferroelectric thick films by orientation control
Authors: Hao Xihong , Zhai Jiwei , Yang Jichun , Ren Huiping , Song Xiwen 
Published: July 2009

Abstract(Pb0.97L0.02)(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 (PLZT) antiferroelectric thick films with (100) and (110) orientation were fabricated on platinum and LaNiO3‐buffered silicon substrates through a modified sol–gel process. It was demonstrated that the PLZT thick films with (110) preferred orientation had an enhanced electric‐field‐induced strain, by 77% as compared to the films with (100) orientation. Also, the antiferroelectric–ferroelectric switching field for the PLZT thick films with (110) orientation was 200 kV/cm, which was much lower than that (256 kV/cm) of the (100) oriented films. Moreover, the fatigue behavior of the PLZT thick films on LaNiO3 electrodes was much better than that of the films on platinum electrodes. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the theory relating changes in area‐average and pan evaporation
Authors: Shuttleworth W. James , Serrat‐Capdevila Aleix , Roderick Michael L. , Scott Russell L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTheory relating changes in area‐average evaporation with changes in the evaporation from pans or open water is developed. Such changes can arise by Type (a) processes related to large‐scale changes in atmospheric concentrations and circulation that modify surface evaporation rates in the same direction, and Type (b) processes related to coupling between the surface and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) at the landscape scale that usually modify area‐average evaporation and pan evaporation in different directions. The interrelationship between evaporation rates in response to Type (a) changes is derived. They have the same sign and broadly similar magnitude but the change in area‐average evaporation is modified by surface resistance. As an alternative to assuming the complementary evaporation hypothesis, the results of previous modelling studies that investigated surface–atmosphere coupling are parametrized and used to develop a theoretical description of Type (b) coupling via vapour pressure deficit (VPD) in the ABL. The interrelationship between appropriately normalized pan and area‐average evaporation rates is shown to vary with temperature and wind speed but, on average, the Type (b) changes are approximately equal and opposite. Long‐term Australian pan evaporation data are analyzed to demonstrate the simultaneous presence of Type (a) and (b) processes, and observations from three field sites in southwestern USA show support for the theory describing Type (b) coupling via VPD. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Intuitive local picture for spin polarization of chemical bonds
Authors: Ohta Katsuhisa , Sakai Toshikazu 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe spin polarization of chemical bonds near radical centers is investigated by an analytical spin unrestricted Hartree–Fock model with numerical examples. The centroid analysis of localized molecular orbitals is also introduced to obtain an intuitive local picture for the spin polarization. The alternation of spin alignments in molecules are discussed with orbital symmetries and Hund's rule through chemical bonds. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Hydrodynamics of aquatic ecosystems: An interface between ecology, biomechanics and environmental fluid mechanics
Authors: Nikora V. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe paper promotes an emerging research area at the interfaces between aquatic ecology, biomechanics and environmental fluid mechanics. This new area,Hydrodynamics of Aquatic Ecosystems, bridges these disciplines together and is defined as a study of flow‐organism interactions at multiple scales with particular focus on relevant transport processes and mutual physical impacts. Being an important part of its mother disciplines,Hydrodynamics of Aquatic Ecosystemsdeals with two key interconnected issues: (i) physical interactions between flow and organisms (e.g. due to an interplay between flow‐induced forces and reaction forces generated by organisms) and (ii) ecologically relevant mass‐transfer‐uptake processes (e.g. due to molecular and turbulent diffusion). Key concepts and tools ofHydrodynamics of Aquatic Ecosystemsare outlined first and then a promising approach that may provide a unifying platform for coupling and integrating ecological, hydrodynamic and biomechanical processes, known as the double‐averaging methodology (DAM), is discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.