bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relations between cardiovascular risk estimates and subclinical atherosclerosis in naïve HIV patients: results from the HERMES study
Authors:   The Hermes Study Group, De Socio G V L , Martinelli C , Ricci E , Orofino G , Valsecchi L , Vitiello P , Martinelli L , Quirino T , Maggi P , Bonfanti P 
Published: April 2010

Summary The aim of the study was to evaluate the cardiovascular risk factors associated with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in antiretroviral therapy-naïve HIV-infected patients. The HERMES (HIV Exposure and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome) study enrolled therapy-naïve patients attending hospitals in the Italian coordination group for the study of allergies and HIV infection (CISAI [Coordinamento Italiano per lo Studio Allergia e Infezione da HIV]) in 2007. It was designed to identify metabolic syndrome (MS) and cardiovascular risk factors. The present analysis is a nested cross-sectional study with a subset of patients examined by carotid ultrasonography. Consecutive antiretroviral therapy-naïve HIV patients attending the facilities involved in the CISAI were included. Their 10-year probability of cardiovascular events was calculated using the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) and three other cardiovascular algorithms (the Global Framingham Risk Score – GFRS, ‘Progetto Cuore’ and ‘SCORE’). Vascular age was estimated using a new model derived from GFRS and was compared with chronological age. The diagnosis of MS was based on the National Cholesterol Education Programme and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definitions. Subclinical atherosclerosis was determined as ultrasound carotid intima-media thickness >0.9 mm. Out of 140 patients enrolled in the HERMES study by the four centres participating in the nested study, a total of 72 (51.4%) subjects, with no overt cardiovascular disease, were examined using carotid ultrasonography. The median age was 40 years, 79.2% men. The vascular age was 7.6 years higher than the chronological age. The factors associated with subclinical atherosclerosis were age (P < 0.0001), vascular age (P = 0.0002), body mass index (P = 0.003), waist circumference (P = 0.0002), MS (IDF definition, P = 0.004) and all the cardiovascular (CV) models (FRS, P = 0.01, GFRS, P = 0.002, Progetto Cuore, P = 0.018, SCORE, P = 0.03). Independent of other significant factors, waist circumference was significantly associated with pathological results (P = 0.007). The GFRS (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curves, 0.78; P < 0.001) had slightly better predictive accuracy than the other three CV models (FRS, areas under the curve [AUC] = 0.71, P = 0.003; Progetto Cuore, AUC = 0.74, P = 0.0005; SCORE, AUC = 0.77, P < 0.0001); 55% of patients at intermediate risk (6–20%) had subclinical carotid lesions. Subclinical carotid lesions had a highly significant direct association with all the CV risk predictors. The GFRS and vascular age were highly predictive. We recommend a carotid ultrasonographic examination at least among HIV patients with GFRS >6% or with an elevated waist circumference.
Historical perspective of sexually transmitted infections and their control in Peru
Authors: García P J 
Published: April 2010

Summary In designing an effective national response to sexually transmitted infections (STIs), one must incorporate a historical perspective of previous efforts that have addressed different aspects of STIs. One must understand who have been the key players, what aspects of STIs were the focus of efforts (prevention, treatment or control), and which, if any, societal subgroups were targeted (i.e. sex workers, military, men who have sex with men [MSM], etc.). In addition, one must consider historical and modern attitudes towards sex, sexuality and STIs, especially in terms of taboos and stigmas that may be attached to each. Most importantly, one must recognize which efforts have succeeded, which have failed, and why. This paper presents a historical overview of the perceptions of and responses to STIs at different points in Peru's history, and discusses current efforts to build upon past successes and avoid repeating previous failures that could be helpful for other countries in the Latin American region.
Prognostic value of C-reactive protein in HIV-infected patients with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Authors: Sage E K , Noursadeghi M , Evans H E , Parker S J , Copas A J , Edwards S G , Miller R F 
Published: April 2010

Summary C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive marker of inflammation and tissue damage. We aimed to describe CRP responses in HIV-infected patients presenting with Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), bacterial pneumonia (BP) and pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and, in patients with PCP, to identify if elevated CRP has prognostic significance. Data obtained by case-note review of consecutive HIV-infected adults with acute respiratory episodes included admission CRP (elevated >5 mg/L), haemoglobin, white blood count, CD4 count and partial pressure of oxygen in the blood (PaO2), presence of pulmonary co-pathology/intercurrent infection and outcome (survival). Median (range) CRP in patients with BP = 120 mg/L (<5–620 mg/L), TB = 44 mg/L (<5–256.3 mg/L) and PCP = 35 mg/L (<5–254 mg/L). CRP was elevated in 93/103 (90.3%) patients with PCP; six patients died; and all had an elevated CRP. PaO2 and CRP values were associated as follows: average CRP levels declined by 10% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.20%) per kPa increase in PaO2 = 0.002. Factors associated with death were higher CRP, odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) = 5.30 (1.61 to 17.51) per 100 mg/L increase, P = 0.006 and haemoglobin, OR (95% CI) = 0.52 (0.29 to 0.93) per g/dL, P = 0.033. CRP is elevated in the majority of HIV-infected patients with PCP, BP and TB. Admission CRP measurement lacks specificity, but in PCP elevations of CRP are associated with disease severity (PaO2) and poor outcome and might be used prognostically, together with other mortality risk factors; further prospective evaluation is needed.
Sexuality education policies and sexually transmitted disease rates in the United States of America
Authors: Hogben M , Chesson H , Aral S O 
Published: April 2010

Summary The aim of the study was to test for relationships between state-level sex educational policies and sexually transmitted disease (STD) rates. We analysed US case reports of gonorrhoea and chlamydial infection for 2001–2005 against state policies for abstinence coverage in sexuality education, using the proportion of the population per state who identified as black (aged 15–24 years) as a covariate. We also tested for effects on 15–19 year olds versus 35–39 year olds and tuberculosis rates (the latter to ensure findings applied only to STD). States with no mandates for abstinence had the lowest mean rates of infection among the overall population and among adolescents. States with mandates emphasizing abstinence had the highest rates; states with mandates to cover (but not emphasize) abstinence fell in between. Rates in some states covering abstinence changed faster than in others, as reflected in sharper declines (gonorrhoea) or slower increases (chlamydial infection). These effects were not shown for tuberculosis or 35–39 year olds. Having no abstinence education policy has no apparent effect on STD rates for adolescents. For states with elevated rates, policies mandating coverage may be useful, although policies emphasizing abstinence show no benefit.
Reliable Facility Location Design Under the Risk of Disruptions
Authors: Cui Tingting , Ouyang Yanfeng , Shen Zuo-Jun Max 
Published: April 2010

Reliable facility location models consider unexpected failures with site-dependent probabilities, as well as possible customer reassignment. This paper proposes a compact mixed integer program (MIP) formulation and a continuum approximation (CA) model to study the reliable uncapacitated fixed charge location problem (RUFL), which seeks to minimize initial setup costs and expected transportation costs in normal and failure scenarios. The MIP determines the optimal facility locations as well as the optimal customer assignments and is solved using a custom-designed Lagrangian relaxation (LR) algorithm. The CA model predicts the total system cost without details about facility locations and customer assignments, and it provides a fast heuristic to find near-optimum solutions. Our computational results show that the LR algorithm is efficient for mid-sized RUFL problems and that the CA solutions are close to optimal in most of the test instances. For large-scale problems, the CA method is a good alternative to the LR algorithm that avoids prohibitively long running times.
Early restoration of intestinal continuity in acute mesenteric ischaemia using Bishop–Koop stoma
Authors: Arsalani-Zadeh Reza , Kallam Ramana , Khan Shakeeb , Macfie John 
Published: April 2010

Introduction Acute mesenteric ischaemia frequently requires extensive bowel resection. Primary anastomosis is unsafe necessitating exteriorisation of proximal small bowel and distal colon. Inevitably, therefore, patients are left with high output stomas with concomitant fluid and nutritional problems. Subjects We present two cases of acute mesenteric ischaemia both of which required extensive bowel resection. In both patients, we re-established intestinal continuity early by fashioning a Bishop–Koop type of reconstruction. Results Both patients had uneventful postoperative recoveries with no stoma-related complication or anastomosis problems. Neither patient required prolonged parenteral therapy. Conclusions Bishop–Koop procedure may be used safely in a selected group of patients, with potential advantages of early restoration of intestinal continuity and easier closure.
Aerial exposure and desiccation tolerances are correlated to species composition in “green tides” of the Salish Sea (northeastern Pacific)
Authors: Nelson Timothy A. , Olson Jennifer , Imhoff Lydia , Nelson Amorah V. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Relatively little is known about the causes of species distribution within macroalgal blooms occurring on or over soft substrata. We examine the roles of aerial exposure and desiccation in determining elevational patterns of two dominant bloom-forming ulvoid algae, Ulva lactuca and Ulvaria obscura, on the northeastern Pacific coast. These species were stressed with constant desiccation time, desiccation to a constant water potential, and desiccation to a fixed water loss. As a measure of health, we examined net photosynthesis by oxygen evolution or photosynthetic yield via pulse amplitude modulated fluorometry. By all measures, Ulva was physiologically superior in the intertidal zone. Under constant exposure, it desiccated more slowly than Ulvaria. When desiccated to a constant dryness, Ulva better maintained photosynthetic parameters. These observations are consistent with Ulva's usual dominance over Ulvaria in intertidal macroalgal blooms. Given these and other observed differences between the two species, natural resource managers should not regard the two as ecologically equivalent, even though they have similar functional forms.
Alterations in circulating adiponectin levels occur rapidly after parturition
Authors: Fuglsang Jens , Sandager Puk , Frystyk Jan , Møller Niels , Flyvbjerg Allan , Ovesen Per 
Published: April 2010

ObjectiveTo determine the levels of adiponectin and its subforms before and immediately after delivery to estimate the effect of cessating advanced pregnancy on circulating adiponectin levels.Design and methodsIn a cohort of 37 women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies and 6 women with twin pregnancies, serum adiponectin was measured before caesarean section (CS) in the fasting state, and 24 and 48 h after CS.ResultsSerum adiponectin levels declined within 24 h of delivery from median 8.34 mg/l (range 5.57–20.47) to 6.81 mg/l (4.16–17.39) after 24 h and 6.84 mg/l (3.83–17.42) after 48 h. This corresponded to a relative decrease to 83±6 and 81±7% of pregnant values after 24 and 48 h respectively (P<0.001, ANOVA). In twin pregnancies, maternal adiponectin levels displayed a decrease that was the same as that displayed by them after birth (P<0.001).High-molecular weight adiponectin constituted 50±8% (range 34–68%) of total adiponectin. Absolute changes in adiponectin levels after delivery were most pronounced in this subfraction. The percentage medium-molecular weight adiponectin decreased slightly, but significantly (from 37±6 to 35±5%,P<0.001), and a similar statistically significant rise was observed in the low-molecular weight fraction (from 13±2 to 15±3%;P<0.001) within 48 h of delivery.ConclusionsDecreases in adiponectin levels occur shortly after delivery, and adiponectin subforms initiate the changes towards the non-pregnant state.
Likelihood-Free Inference of Population Structure and Local Adaptation in a Bayesian Hierarchical Model
Authors: Bazin Eric , Dawson Kevin J , Beaumont Mark A 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe address the problem of finding evidence of natural selection from genetic data, accounting for the confounding effects of demographic history. In the absence of natural selection, gene genealogies should all be sampled from the same underlying distribution, often approximated by a coalescent model. Selection at a particular locus will lead to a modified genealogy, and this motivates a number of recent approaches for detecting the effects of natural selection in the genome as “outliers” under some models. The demographic history of a population affects the sampling distribution of genealogies, and therefore the observed genotypes and the classification of outliers. Since we cannot see genealogies directly, we have to infer them from the observed data under some model of mutation and demography. Thus the accuracy of an outlier-based approach depends to a greater or a lesser extent on the uncertainty about the demographic and mutational model. A natural modeling framework for this type of problem is provided by Bayesian hierarchical models, in which parameters, such as mutation rates and selection coefficients, are allowed to vary across loci. It has proved quite difficult computationally to implement fully probabilistic genealogical models with complex demographies, and this has motivated the development of approximations such as approximate Bayesian computation (ABC). In ABC the data are compressed into summary statistics, and computation of the likelihood function is replaced by simulation of data under the model. In a hierarchical setting one may be interested both in hyperparameters and parameters, and there may be very many of the latter—for example, in a genetic model, these may be parameters describing each of many loci or populations. This poses a problem for ABC in that one then requires summary statistics for each locus, which, if used naively, leads to a consequent difficulty in conditional density estimation. We develop a general method for applying ABC to Bayesian hierarchical models, and we apply it to detect microsatellite loci influenced by local selection. We demonstrate using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis that this approach has comparable performance to a full-likelihood method and outperforms it when mutation rates are variable across loci.
Feed-Forward Regulation of a Cell Fate Determinant by an RNA-Binding Protein Generates Asymmetry in Yeast
Authors: Wolf Joshua J , Dowell Robin D , Mahony Shaun , Rabani Michal , Gifford David K , Fink Gerald R 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSaccharomyces cerevisiae can divide asymmetrically so that the mother and daughter cells have different fates. We show that the RNA-binding protein Khd1 regulates asymmetric expression of FLO11 to determine daughter cell fate during filamentous growth. Khd1 represses transcription of FLO11 indirectly through its regulation of ASH1 mRNA. Khd1 also represses FLO11 through a post-transcriptional mechanism independent of ASH1. Cross-linking immunoprecipitation (CLIP) coupled with high-throughput sequencing shows that Khd1 directly binds repetitive sequences in FLO11 mRNA. Khd1 inhibits translation through this interaction, establishing feed-forward repression of FLO11. This regulation enables changes in FLO11 expression between mother and daughter cells, which establishes the asymmetry required for the developmental transition between yeast form and filamentous growth.
Decreased Energy Metabolism Extends Life Span inCaenorhabditis elegansWithout Reducing Oxidative Damage
Authors: Van Raamsdonk Jeremy Michael , Meng Yan , Camp Darius , Yang Wen , Jia Xihua , Bénard Claire , Hekimi Siegfried 
Published: April 2010

AbstractOn the basis of the free radical and rate of living theories of aging, it has been proposed that decreased metabolism leads to increased longevity through a decreased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this article, we examine the relationship between mitochondrial energy metabolism and life span by using the Clk mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans. Clk mutants are characterized by slow physiologic rates, delayed development, and increased life span. This phenotype suggests that increased life span may be achieved by decreasing energy expenditure. To test this hypothesis, we identified six novel Clk mutants in a screen for worms that have slow defecation and slow development and that can be maternally rescued. Interestingly, all 11 Clk mutants have increased life span despite the fact that slow physiologic rates were used as the only screening criterion. Although mitochondrial function is decreased in the Clk mutants, ATP levels are normal or increased, suggesting decreased energy utilization. To determine whether the longevity of the Clk mutants results from decreased production of ROS, we examined sensitivity to oxidative stress and oxidative damage. We found no evidence for systematically increased resistance to oxidative stress or decreased oxidative damage in the Clk mutants despite normal or elevated levels of superoxide dismutases. Overall, our findings suggest that decreased energy metabolism can lead to increased life span without decreased production of ROS.
Essential Loci in Centromeric Heterochromatin of Drosophila melanogaster. I: The Right Arm of Chromosome 2
Authors: Coulthard Alistair B , Alm Christina , Cealiac Iulia , Sinclair Don A , Honda Barry M , Rossi Fabrizio , Dimitri Patrizio , Hilliker Arthur J 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
With the most recent releases of the Drosophila melanogaster genome sequences, much of the previously absent heterochromatic sequences have now been annotated. We undertook an extensive genetic analysis of existing lethal mutations, as well as molecular mapping and sequence analysis (using a candidate gene approach) to identify as many essential genes as possible in the centromeric heterochromatin on the right arm of the second chromosome (2Rh) of D. melanogaster. We also utilized available RNA interference lines to knock down the expression of genes in 2Rh as another approach to identifying essential genes. In total, we verified the existence of eight novel essential loci in 2Rh: CG17665, CG17683, CG17684, CG17883, CG40127, CG41265, CG42595, and Atf6. Two of these essential loci, CG41265 and CG42595, are synonymous with the previously characterized loci l(2)41Ab and unextended, respectively. The genetic and molecular analysis of the previously reported locus, l(2)41Ae, revealed that this is not a single locus, but rather it is a large region of 2Rh that extends from unextended (CG42595) to CG17665 and includes four of the novel loci uncovered here.
A Batthyányak és Carlo della Torre szerződése a rohonci templom építésére
Authors: Koltai András 
Published: April 2010

AbstractCount Ádám Batthyány (1610–1659), proprietor of Rohonc in Western Hungary (today Rechnitz, Austria) converted to Catholicism in 1629. He expelled Protestant preachers from his estates in 1634 and tried to establish Catholic practices in Rohonc too. This town had two parishes (Croatian and German) but their common used medieval church perished. On June 23, 1657 he signed a contract in Italian with master builder Carlo della Torre to build a new church for 1900 florins. Carlo della Torre directed all major constructions of Ádám Batthyány partly on his own plans from 1646. Apart from Rohonc, he built a notable church for the Dominicans in Szombathely between 1668 and 1673. After the count's death his sons concluded a new contract for the Rohonc church with the master on July 1, 1659 (this German text is presented here), which was practically identical with the one of 1657 (although only the precise of its contents is known). The pay increased to 2000 florins. The building was finished in 1677, but the interior furnishing tarried for decades.
I. Lipót császár változó arcai Almanach Royalokon
Authors: G. Etényi Nóra 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Wall calendars had become an important part of regal representation by the end of the 17th century. The French monarchs, German ecclesiastic and secular prince-electors, and councils of imperial cities ordered wall calendars, mainly from famous Augsburg engravers, decorated with important events and successes of the previous year. The three wall calendars of Leopold I that have survived in the Berlin leaflet collection are impressive representations of the important period shifts in Leopold I's regal representation. The first calendar was made for the year 1661. The print shows the imperial predecessors of Leopold I, stressing his legitimacy by demonstrating how important emperors of the Holy Roman Empire came from the house of Habsburg. The wall calendar is an organic part of the peculiar propaganda campaign that emerged in connection with the 1658 election of Leopold I as emperor and in which the prince-electors emphasised their political predominance within the Holy Roman Empire. The second calendar sheet was made for the year 1686, calling attention to the great successes achieved in the anti-Turk war during 1685, putting the emperor's person in the centre. The emperor occurs in the characteristic accessories of the court as a victorious Roman war-lord and emperor. Although the victories of Venice over the Turks were also recorded on the print, Leopold is represented as the victor of the holy was against the Turks, suggesting the divine origin of the victories. The third sheet is a summary of Emperor Leopold's reign, as it was made for the year following his death, 1706. In this print of 50 small emblems, Emperor Leopold figures against Louis XIV as “the other sun” in Europe's sky. This propaganda publication, made probably with the Jesuits' cooperation, represents the Habsburg Empire as the most important European power, the victor in the Habsburg–French conflict that spanned the time of Leopold's reign. The Augsburg-made print attests not only to the state-theoretical erudition and high-quality political learning of its makers but also to their profound knowledge of the natural sciences and their receptivity to scientific innovations.
A MIÉNK művészegyesület története a korabeli sajtó tükrében II.
Authors: Tímár Árpád 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe first part of the study appeared in issue no. 2008/1 of Acta Historiae Artium. The second part is concerned with the press coverage of the society's second and most momentous exhibition in 1909, taking into account all supportive, appreciative reviews as well as the disapproving, unsympathetic ones by conservative critics. The exhibition multiplied the attacks against the group; a spectacular campaign was organized to celebrate the art of Gyula Benczúr, and at the general assembly of the National Salon members of MIÉNK were ousted from the board and Lajos Ernst was removed from the leadership. To offset the attacks, György Bölöni organized a series of exhibitions, showing works of Rippl-Rónai and younger MIÉNK members in Kolozsvár, Nagyvárad and Arad. Parallel with that, the organization called Artists' House led by Miklós Rózsa was emerging and in December 1909 an exhibition entitled New Pictures was staged of works by artists later to be rallied in the group The Eight. All this fermented the slow disintegration of MIÉNK, which held its last exhibition in 1910 and then dissolved.