bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlling SARS: a review on China’s response compared with other SARS‐affected countries
Authors: Ahmad Amena , Krumkamp Ralf , Reintjes Ralf 
Published: June 2009

SummaryObjective  To summarise the major control measures implemented by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)‐affected countries and to compare distinctive features of the Chinese approach to other affected Asian countries and Canada.Method  Literature review.Results  The realisation in March 2003 that SARS was spreading led affected countries to introduce measures such as rapid dissemination of information, early case detection and isolation, tracing and quarantining of SARS contacts, traveller screening, raising public awareness of risk and institution of stricter infection control in health care settings. SARS became a notifiable disease in China in mid‐April 2003, after which introduction of efficient nationwide control measures led to containment within 2 months. Countries differed in the timeliness of implementing control measures, the mode and extent to which these were enforced and in the resources available to do so.Conclusion  SARS challenged the political and public health systems of all affected countries. It demanded rapid and decisive action to be taken, yet the comparison shows how difficult this was for an unknown new disease. Guangdong reacted rapidly but this pace was not continued by China for some time, which facilitated national and international spread. Once the Chinese government changed its policy, it developed an impressive control strategy involving the public which culminated in containment. The significance of timely information was perhaps the main lesson which the SARS epidemic taught.
Mathematical modelling of SARS and other infectious diseases in China: a review
Authors: Han Xiao‐Na , De Vlas Sake J. , Fang Li‐Qun , Feng Dan , Cao Wu‐Chun , Habbema J. Dik F. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryObjective To give an overview of the recent history of publications on mathematical modelling of infectious diseases in the Chinese literature, and a more detailed review of the models on severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).Method Literature review through the Chinese CAJ full‐text database.Results The number of Chinese publications on mathematical modelling has at least quadrupled since the SARS epidemic in 2003. This increase not only included papers on SARS, but also on various other infectious diseases, indicating a substantial expansion of modelling experience in China. Typical problems of most studies were poor availability of data and lack of involvement of disease experts and decision‐makers rendering the studies less useful for policies on control.Conclusions We expect that the recent experience on modelling and current better access to and exchange of epidemiological data have paved the way for a more substantial role of this discipline during possible future outbreaks of infectious diseases. By making Chinese modelling initiatives more visible to non‐Chinese readers, we hope to attract more international collaborators.
Cellular and body scale morphology of Heterocapsa huensis sp. nov. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae) found in Hue, Vietnam
Authors: Iwataki Mitsunori , Kawami Hisae , Van Nguyen Nguyen , Luong Quang Doc , Ton That Phap , Fukuyo Yasuwo , Matsuoka Kazumi 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYCellular and body scale structure of a new armored dinoflagellate Heterocapsa huensis, collected from Hue, Vietnam were investigated. Morphology of motile cell was observed by light, fluorescent and scanning electron microscopy, and body scale structure was examined by whole mounts of transmission electron microscopy. Cells of H. huensis were ellipsoid with a spherical nucleus located in the posterior and multiple pyrenoids located above the nucleus; this arrangement was similar to that of Heterocapsa pygmaea. Transmission electron microscopy revealed ultrastructure of the body scales consisted of a rounded triangular basal plate and three‐dimensional ornaments. Structure of the basal plate resembles that of Heterocapsa illdefina; however, the number of the peripheral spine is different from that of H. illdefina and this structure has never been reported from Heterocapsa species. A new Heterocapsa species, H. huensis Iwataki et Matsuoka sp. nov., is described based on positions of organelles and body scale ultrastructure.
Perceptual load interacts with stimulus processing across sensory modalities
Authors: Klemen J. , Büchel C. , Rose M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAccording to perceptual load theory, processing of task‐irrelevant stimuli is limited by the perceptual load of a parallel attended task if both the task and the irrelevant stimuli are presented to the same sensory modality. However, it remains a matter of debate whether the same principles apply to cross‐sensory perceptual load and, more generally, what form cross‐sensory attentional modulation in early perceptual areas takes in humans. Here we addressed these questions using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants undertook an auditory one‐back working memory task of low or high perceptual load, while concurrently viewing task‐irrelevant images at one of three object visibility levels. The processing of the visual and auditory stimuli was measured in the lateral occipital cortex (LOC) and auditory cortex (AC), respectively. Cross‐sensory interference with sensory processing was observed in both the LOC and AC, in accordance with previous results of unisensory perceptual load studies. The present neuroimaging results therefore warrant the extension of perceptual load theory from a unisensory to a cross‐sensory context: a validation of this cross‐sensory interference effect through behavioural measures would consolidate the findings.
Demographic Diversity in the Boardroom: Mediators of the Board Diversity–Firm Performance Relationship
Authors: Miller Toyah , Del Carmen Triana María 
Published: May 2009

abstractWhereas the majority of research on board diversity explores the direct relationship between racial and gender diversity and firm performance, this paper investigates mediators that explain how board diversity is related to firm performance. Grounded in signalling theory and the behavioural theory of the firm, we suggest that this relationship operates through two mediators: firm reputation and innovation. In a sample of Fortune 500 firms, we find a positive relationship between board racial diversity and both firm reputation and innovation. We find that reputation and innovation both partially mediate the relationship between board racial diversity and firm performance. In addition, we find a positive relationship between board gender diversity and innovation.
A Typology for Aligning Organizational Ambidexterity's Conceptualizations, Antecedents, and Outcomes
Authors: Simsek Zeki , Heavey Ciaran , Veiga John F. , Souder David 
Published: May 2009

abstractWe take stock of the current body of knowledge and understanding on organizational ambidexterity to further specify the construct and develop a typology to focus this line of research. To that end, we first synthesize the various insights on ambidexterity's conceptualization in extant research. We then develop a parsimonious, yet coherent typology that delineates four archetypes of ambidexterity using two primary dimensions underlying previous conceptualizations of this construct. To help focus and align extant research, we next map these types onto the most salient theories, antecedents, and outcomes that are uniquely germane to each. Finally, we offer several recommendations and promising avenues for future inquiries that follow from our typology and associated discussion.
Religionless Christianity and the Political Implications of Theological Speech: What Bonhoeffer's Theology Yields to a World of Fundamentalisms
Authors: GREGGS TOM 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis article seeks to utilize Bonhoeffer's religionless Christianity in a formative and constructive way to aid theological speech in the complexly secular and multi‐faith setting of the twenty‐first century. It will begin by seeking to highlight trends in unhelpful contemporary theo‐politics, and to locate these in the interconnection of secular and religious forms of fundamentalism. It will then consider how a theological interpretation of Bonhoeffer's religionless Christianity might assist in undermining such fundamentalisms. A further section identifies a threefold positive benefit that Bonhoeffer's thought offers in the contemporary situation: a distinction between God and religion; a genuine understanding of the sovereignty of God; and an inability to separate secular–religious concerns from inter‐faith concerns.
Gene–environment interplay between peer rejection and depressive behavior in children
Authors: Brendgen Mara , Vitaro Frank , Boivin Michel , Girard Alain , Bukowski William M. , Dionne Ginette , Tremblay Richard E. , Pérusse Daniel 
Published: May 2009

Background:  Genetic risk for depressive behavior may increase the likelihood of exposure to environmental stressors (gene–environment correlation, rGE). By the same token, exposure to environmental stressors may moderate the effect of genes on depressive behavior (gene–environment interaction, G×E). Relating these processes to a peer‐related stressor in childhood, the present study examined (1) whether genetic risk for depressive behavior in children is related to higher levels of rejection by the peer group (rGE) and (2) whether peer rejection moderates the effect of genetic factors on children’s depressive behavior (G×E).Methods:  The sample comprised 336 twin pairs (MZ pairs = 196, same‐sex DZ pairs = 140) assessed in kindergarten (mean age 72.7 months). Peer acceptance/rejection was measured via peer nominations. Depressive behavior was measured through teacher ratings.Results:  Consistent with rGE, a moderate overlap of genetic effects was found between peer acceptance/rejection and depressive behavior. In line with G×E, genetic effects on depressive behavior varied across levels of peer acceptance/rejection.Conclusions:  An increased genetic disposition for depressive behavior is related to a higher risk of peer rejection (rGE). However, genes play a lesser role in explaining individual differences in depressive behavior in rejected children than in accepted children (G×E).
Psychophysiological responses to pain: Further validation of the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) as a measure of nociception using multilevel modeling
Authors: Rhudy Jamie L. , France Christopher R. , Bartley Emily J. , Mccabe Klanci M. , Williams Amy E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPhysiological reactions to noxious stimuli are often used to make inferences about pain, but few studies have thoroughly examined the intra‐ and interindividual relationships between them. In the present study (N=104), multilevel analyses was used to assess relations between physiological (nociceptive flexion reflex magnitude [NFR], blink reflex magnitude, skin conductance response [SCR], heart rate [HR]) and subjective reactions to electrocutaneous stimuli. All physiological reactions were significant predictors of ratings when entered alone, explaining 1% (SCR) to 29% (NFR) of the variance; but only NFR, blink, and HR were significant in a multivariate predictor model. Significant interindividual variability in slopes was found for blink and HR, but not NFR. A final trimmed model that included NFR, blink, and the blink random slope explained 35% of the variance in ratings.
Transapical Left Ventricular Bypass: A Method for Partial or Total Circulatory Support
Authors: Peters Jeffrey L. , McRea James C. , Fukumasu Hiroyuki , Iwaya Fumio , Kolff Willem J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTA simple cannula method of partial or total left ventricular bypass, utilizing a roller pump and outflow filter, has been developed and applied clinically. One of three patients with severe cardiac and multisystem failure was pumped with total left ventricular bypass for six days and decannulated with recovery of myocardial function after nine days. These results are encouraging and suggest that a number of patients could be salvaged from temporary cardiac failure with a simple cannula‐roller‐pump bypass system.
p‐Phenylenediamine sensitization is more prevalent in central and southern European patch test centres than in Scandinavian: results from a multicentre study
Authors: Thyssen Jacob Pontoppidan , Andersen Klaus Ejner , Bruze Magnus , Diepgen Thomas , Giménez‐Arnau Ana M , Gonçalo Margarida , Goossens An , Le Coz Christophe , McFadden John , Rustemeyer Thomas , White Ian R , White Jonathan M , Johansen Jeanne Duus 
Published: May 2009

Background:  Positive patch test reactions to p‐phenylenediamine (PPD) are common. PPD is used in oxidative hair dyes and is also present in dark henna temporary ‘tattoos’. Cross‐sensitization to other contact allergens may occur. Because subjects sensitized to PPD are at risk of clinically severe reactions upon hair dyeing, there is a need for ‘current’ prevalence data on PPD sensitization.Objectives:  To compare PPD patch test results from dermatitis patients tested between 2003 and 2007 in 10 European patch test centres and to analyse the causes and determine relevance of positive PPD patch test reactions.Materials:  Patch testing was performed using PPD (1% free base in petrolatum from Trolab (Almirall Hermal GmbH, Reinbeck, Germany) or Chemotechnique (Malmö, Sweden), equivalent to 0.090 mg/cm2 in the TRUE® test from MEKOS Laboratories AS). Statistical analysis was performed using the chi‐squared test.Results:  The weighted average prevalence was 4.6% among 21 515 patients. PPD sensitization occurred more often in centres located in Central and Southern Europe than in Scandinavian centres (odds ratio = 2.40; 95% confidence interval = 2.07–2.78). The overall proportion of positive patch test reactions to PPD that were registered as being of either current or ‘past’ relevance was high (weighted average 53.6% and 20.3%, respectively). Consumer hair dyeing was the most prominent cause of PPD sensitization (weighted average 41.8%). Furthermore, occupational hair dye exposure (10.6%) and cross‐sensitization to textile dyes (12.6%) were frequently reported.Conclusions:  PPD sensitization caused by exposure to hair dyes is frequent and remains a present problem for patients visiting contact dermatitis clinics, especially in patch test centres located in Central and Southern Europe.
On the identification of the Fermi/LAT source 0FGL J2001.0+4352 with a BL Lac
Authors: Bassani L. , Landi R. , Masetti N. , Parisi P. , Bazzano A. , Ubertini P. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
We report on the identification of the gamma-ray source 0FGL J20001.0+4352 listed in the Fermi bright source catalogue. This object, which has an observed 1–100 GeV flux of (7.8 ± 1.2) × 10−9 ph cm−2 s−1 and is located close to the Galactic plane, is not associated with any previously known high-energy source. We use archival XMM–Newton and Swift/X-ray Telescope (XRT) data to localize with arcsec accuracy the X-ray counterpart of this GeV emitter and to characterize its X-ray properties: the source is bright (the 0.2–12 keV flux is 1.9 × 10−12 erg cm−2 s−1), variable (by a factor of ∼2) and with a steep power-law spectrum (Γ= 2.7). It coincides with a radio bright (∼200 mJy at 8.4 GHz) and flat spectrum object [MG4 J200112+4352 in NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED)]. Broad-band optical photometry of this source suggests variability also in this waveband, while a spectroscopic follow-up observation provides the first source classification as a BL Lac object. The source SED, as well as the overall characteristics and optical classification, point to a high frequency peaked blazar identification for 0FGL J2001.0+4352.
Financial Market Turmoil: Implications for Monetary Policy Transmission in China
Authors: Zhang Chengsi , Clovis Joel 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe recent financial market turmoil has initiated another search for insightful understanding of the interactions between the financial market and monetary policy. This paper explores these interactions in terms of the transmission mechanism of monetary policy in China. We argue that evolving financial development, enhanced by the expansion of the financial market, has altered the conventional channel for monetary transmission in China. Analyzing marked changes in the financial landscape and taking into account policy regime shifts in China, the paper provides clear evidence showing that the financial market has become a new and important channel for transmission of monetary policy in China.
Global Production Sharing and Sino–US Trade Relations
Authors: Athukorala Prema‐chandra , Yamashita Nobuaki 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper examines Sino–US trade relations, focusing on the ongoing process of global production sharing, involving splitting of the production process into discrete activities that are then allocated across countries, and the resulting trade complementarities between the two countries in world manufacturing trade. The results suggest that the Sino–US trade imbalance is basically a structural phenomenon resulting from the pivotal role played by China as the final assembly centre in East Asia‐centered global production networks.
Comparison of melanoblast expression patterns identifies distinct classes of genes
Authors: Loftus Stacie K. , Baxter Laura L. , Buac Kristina , Watkins‐Chow Dawn E. , Larson Denise M. , Pavan William J. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA full understanding of transcriptional regulation requires integration of information obtained from multiple experimental datasets. These include datasets annotating gene expression within the context of an entire organism under normal and genetically perturbed conditions. Here we describe an expression dataset annotating pigment cell‐expressed genes of the developing melanocyte and retinal pigmented epithelium lineages. Expression images are annotated and available at http://research.nhgri.nih.gov/manuscripts/Loftus/March2009/. Data are also summarized in a standardized manner using a universal melanoblast scoring scale that accounts for the embryonic location of cells and regional cell density. This approach allowed us to classify 14 pigment genes into four groupings classified by cell lineage expression, temporal‐spatial context, and differential alteration in response to altered MITF and SOX10 status. Significant differences in regional populations were also observed across inbred strain backgrounds, highlighting the value of this approach to identify modifier allele influences on melanoblast number and distributions. This analysis revealed novel features of in vivo expression patterns that are not measurable by in vitro‐based assays, providing data that in combination with genomic analyses will allow modeling of pigment cell gene expression in development and disease.
The static creep of amalgams from fifteen alloys
Authors: Bryant Roland W. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The static creep of amalgams prepared from fifteen conventional Ag3Sn and higher copper alloys was investigated one week after packing. The rate at which the different alloys develop resistance to creep was compared by testing amalgams at a number of times other than one week.A microfine lathe‐cut alloy possesses the highest static creep and the single melt high copper type of alloy the lowest. An admixed high copper group of alloys possesses static creep similar to the silver‐copper dispersed alloys.The rate at which amalgam develops a resistance to creep is dependent on the alloy type.
The fine structure of epithelial cells in normal and pathological buccal mucosa. II. Colloid body formation
Authors: Griffin C. J. , Jolly M. , Smythe J. D. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Seven cases of the erosive type of lichen planus, as well as normal tissue, were studied with the optical and electron microscope. The study was concerned with the distribution and formation of colloid bodies. These bodies were located at the epithelial‐proprial junctions and occasionally interepithelially. They were seldom larger than basal epithelial cells and were macrophages which contained fragments of phagocytosed epithelial cells. They probably correspond to cytoid bodies which have a similar size and a similar distribution.These bodies are usually IgM positive, diatase resistant and PAS positive.
Efficiency of mechanical trituration of amalgam. II. Effects of some variables
Authors: Darvell B. W. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe performance criterion of “success time” has been used to study the effects of variations in the frequency and amplitude of oscillation, mercury content and the mass of the mix. A theoretical relationship for the dependence of success time on frequency and amplitude was found to be in satisfactory agreement with observation. A “power number” for describing amalgamators is proposed, although the success time for a given combination of machine, capsule, alloy, and such like remains the best measure of overall efficiency.
Efficiency of mechanical trituration of amalgam. III. Practical comparisons
Authors: Darvell B. W. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe performance of a range of amalgamators, capsules and pestles was studied using the criterion of “success time”, and the results discussed in terms of the parameters Power Number and capsule length:amplitude ratio. Simple modifications of amalgamator design to improve efficiency have been identified; high oscillation frequency appears to be unnecessary. Pestle diameter was shown to be most relevant to its rôle in trituration, mass and length being relatively unimportant. Wide variation in alloys under standard conditions was observed, possible factors are discussed. Parasitic oscillations were shown to be important in modifying amalgamator performance.
A longitudinal radiographic study of caries progression in dental students
Authors: Cook S. R. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Caries activity and progression were studied radiographically in the approximal surfaces of posterior teeth of dental students in Years III, IV, and V. The experimental period was 8.5, 19, and 32 months, respectively. For surfaces with a small initial lesion, 79.2 per cent, 79.6 per cent, and 68.4 per cent remained unchanged or improved for the three groups, respectively. For larger enamel lesions, the corresponding figures were 90.9 per cent, 57.7 per cent, and 58.3 per cent, respectively.A questionnaire revealed significant differences in selected groups with respect to frequency of toothbrushing, use of dental floss, and home topical fluoride applications.
Frequency distribution of children in Australia according to dental caries experience
Authors: Carr L. M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The frequency distribution of children aged seven to twelve years according to their DIMF and DI scores was determined in respect of 1977 and 1982. These children were examined by the school dental service in each State and Territory.The proportion of children with no DIMF teeth increased by 75 per cent, and the greatest decline in frequency distributions between 1977 and 1982 occurred in the groups with high mean DIMF indices. The distributions based on DIMF scores were notable for their extreme unevenness with separate peaks at scores of zero and four.