bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Lipomatous” Hamartomas and Choristomas in Inbred Laboratory Mice
Authors: Adkison D. L. , Sundberg J. P. 
Published: March 2010

In a retrospective study, 37 male and 19 female inbred laboratory mice, from 1 to 36 weeks of age, were diagnosed with “lipomatous” hamartomas or choristomas from nearly 10,000 mice examined at necropsy over a 24-month period. Hamartomas and choristomas were found to be rare, noninherited tumorlike conditions that occurred spontaneously in 18 inbred strains of mice with a predominance of the conditions in the C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J strains. Prevalence between strains ranged from 0.6 to 6.2 cases per hundred thousand mice. The 56 cases studied had soft, raised masses that arose on the dorsal midline, primarily above the sutures of the skull. The lesions were prominent on gross examination due to abnormally long hair, change in direction of the hairs, and a change in hair color compared to the normal pelage. Microscopically, the masses consisted of normal adipose tissue in the reticular dermis and subcutis that sometimes extended through the cranial sutures, entering the brain, or expanding into the ventricles. Large masses occasionally contained normal appearing thyroid, intestine, respiratory epithelium lined cysts, squamous epithelial cysts, bone and marrow, cartilage, glands, and angiomatous anomalies. In all cases, the epidermis was intact. Hair follicles were larger in the affected areas of many cases compared to those in adjacent skin. Breeding studies did not yield affected offspring, indicating this is a congenital, noninherited abnormality. This condition resembles “lipomatous” hamartomas, a congenital defect in human beings.
Systematic Review of Rehabilitation Versus Operative Stabilization for the Treatment of First-Time Anterior Shoulder Dislocations
Authors: Godin Jonathan , Sekiya Jon K. 
Published: March 2010

Context: Primary anterior shoulder dislocation is a frequent injury in young active patients. Traditionally, conservative nonoperative primary treatment has been advocated for a majority of first-time dislocators, whereas operative stabilization has been reserved for recurrent dislocators or those involved in strenuous physical activity. Currently, no consensus exists on whether to treat a first-time anterior shoulder dislocation surgically. Objective: (1) To provide clinical recommendations regarding the therapeutic intervention for first-time anterior shoulder dislocators and (2) to determine if there is sufficient Level 1 or 2 evidence available for the establishment of a uniform, optimal treatment protocol. Data Sources: A systematic review of prospective randomized controlled trials with human participants was performed. PubMed, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and secondary references were appraised for studies published between 1994 and 2009. Study Selection: Inclusion criteria were English-language Level 1 or 2 studies involving the treatment of primary anterior shoulder dislocation. Exclusion criteria included non-English-language articles; Level 3, 4, or 5 studies; and studies examining treatment of recurrent/posterior shoulder dislocation or diagnoses other than primary anterior shoulder dislocations. Data Extraction: Each author conducted an independent quality appraisal of the included studies, identifying strengths, weaknesses, and biases, then reached consensus regarding their values. Results: Five randomized controlled trials were included, and they supported the use of operative management in a focused population. No long-term follow-up data were available describing the effects of surgical intervention or the development of osteoarthritis. Each study design had weaknesses that decreased the validity of the findings. Conclusions: While limited, the available evidence from randomized controlled trials supports operative stabilization as a reasonable alternative to nonoperative treatment for primary acute shoulder dislocation in young, active adults participating in highly demanding physical activities. Recommendations on the optimal surgical intervention cannot be provided. There is no conclusive evidence available to determine whether operative stabilization or conservative rehabilitation is superior for other patient or injury types.
Selective Protonation/Iodination of Unsymmetrical Zirconacyclopentadienes
Authors: Igarashi Eri , Ren Shenyong , Kanno Ken-ichiro , Takahashi Tamotsu 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Selective monohalogenation reaction of unsymmetrical zirconacyclopentadienes was developed by selective protonation and iodination reactions. Among the examined acids, acetic acid and acetylacetone showed the best yield and selectivity to afford the corresponding monoiododienes. For the zirconacyclopentadiene prepared from 3-hexyne and diphenylacetylene, the Et-bearing carbon–zirconium bond was selectively protonated with more than 90% selectivity.
Simple and Rapid Eco-friendly Synthesis of Cubic Octamethylsilsesquioxane Using Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Iwamura Takeru , Adachi Kaoru , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Octamethylsilsesquioxane (Me8Si8O12) having a cage structure was rapidly prepared by means of microwave-assisted sol–gel reaction of methyltrimethoxysilane as a trifunctional alkoxysilane with an aqueous basic solution in diglyme as a solvent. Moreover, octamethylsilsesquioxane was obtained as cubic particles in a good yield. Cubic octamethylsilsesquioxane could be formed under microwave irradiation owing to the formation of micelles which are organized by eight methyltrimethoxysilane molecules in diglyme.
Solid-state Synthesis of Sn2TiO4: A New Synthetic Strategy for Direct Synthesis of Sn2+ Compounds Using Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Ohara Shun , Takizawa Hirotsugu , Hayashi Yamato 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Divalent tin compound, Sn2TiO4, was synthesized by a simple solid-state reaction of component oxides under 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation. The reaction rapidly proceeds with the diffusion of hot Sn2+ species toward TiO2 to form Sn2TiO4 within 1 min. A drastic enhancement of reaction kinetics could be achieved under thermally nonequilibrium conditions induced by strong coupling of SnO with microwave energy. This makes it possible to avoid the disproportionation reaction of SnO to Sn and SnO2, giving us a new synthetic strategy for direct synthesis of Sn2+ compounds.
Direct Observation of the Molecular Structural Changes during the Claisen Rearrangement Including the Transition State
Authors: Iwakura Izumi , Yabushita Atushi , Kobayashi Takayoshi 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The detailed processes in the Claisen rearrangement were observed. The process was vibrationally excited in the electronic ground state by a stimulated Raman process using a 5-fs pulse. The Claisen rearrangement was found to follow a three-step pathway. At first, the C4–O bond is weakened to generate a bis-allyl-like intermediate. Next, the formation of a weak C1–C6 bond results in the generation of an aromatic-like intermediate. Finally, C4–O breaking and C1–C6 formation occur simultaneously to generate the product.
Social problem solving in complicated grief
Authors: Maccallum Fiona. , Bryant Richard A. 
Published: March 2010

Objectives. This study investigated social problem solving (SPS) and autobiographical memory specificity in complicated grief (CG).Design. The study employed a cross‐sectional design, comparing the responses of bereaved individuals with and without CG.Methods. Twenty‐one individuals with CG and twenty‐two No‐CG bereaved individuals completed a means‐ends problem‐solving (MEPS) task and a cue word autobiographical memory retrieval task (AMT).Results. CG was associated with significantly poorer performance on the MEPS and AMT tasks. After controlling for levels of depression and post‐traumatic stress disorder, CG remained a significant independent predictor of MEPS scores. Categoric recall was not an independent predictor after controlling for symptoms.Conclusions. This finding indicates that CG is associated with deficits in SPS, which may contribute to maintenance of deficits associated with CG.
Study on The Potential Risk Appraisal Method In Polymer Flooding
Authors: Zhao Hui , Luo Fuquan , Hou Jian , Zhang Xiansong , Cao Lin 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Polymer flooding was an effective way in Enhanced Oil Recovery and has been applied in complex reservoirs such as offshore field. Polymer pilot test had been implemented to Bohai field which is the largest offshore field in China. It is necessary to estimate the risk of implementation of polymer flooding in offshore field due to the fact that the offshore operation is much more difficult and the cost is much higher than the onshore. Current method of risk evaluation for the polymer flooding can only be applied to one parameter so that it would underestimate the uncertainty of the prediction. Thus, we proposed a potential risk appraisal method in polymer flooding based on the Monte Carlo principle and inverse distance weighted method. Through determining the random distribution of the influencing parameters in polymer flooding and by means of stochastic simulation and statistical analysis, the potential appraisal index and risk index of polymer flooding were predicted. The result of example in Bohai field indicated that not only the probability distribution of technical index (EOR) and economic index (IRR) in polymer flooding were predicted but also the confidence intervals and expectations of these prediction indexes were obtained. As a result, the polymer flooding risk was quantitatively characterized through the risk index and the evaluation is more reasonable and comprehensive than the evaluation with other method. Also, the method could be used for the other EOR technology.
A Method for Integrating Response Surfaces into Optimization Models with Real Options: A Case Study in Gas Flooding
Authors: Purwar S. , Jablonowski C.J. , Nguyen; SPE Q.P. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The goal of a field development optimization process, or workflow, is to investigate various options and determine a course of action that will deliver the largest expected value from an asset. The analysis is often complicated by uncertainty in important inputs. Ideally, operators desire workflows and tools that integrate reservoir engineering and optimization principles in a fast-solving model that can be used to explore the full range of the uncertain inputs. This need is acute in the screening and concept selection stage where the primary objective is to determine the sensitivity of competing concepts to the sources of uncertainty. In these early stages, model results can be used to determine whether additional information should be collected, and to narrow down the number of competing options.
The objective of this research is the development of a workflow and tool that integrates reservoir response surfaces within a project optimization model that contains real options. The incorporation of real options is critical because a static view of capital investment and facility constraints causes a systematic undervaluation and can introduce error to development decisions. The new workflow and integrated reservoir-economic optimization tool developed in this research leverage methods and engineering work products that are already known to industry, for example experimental design (ED) and response surface methods (RSM).
A demonstration is provided for a gas flood project using a stylized reservoir. Specifically, we investigate the selection of initial well configurations and injection capacities while simultaneously accounting for the (real) option to update these decisions after production information is acquired in the early periods of production. The workflow is used to optimize the development of a gas flood. As a second step, the workflow is used to solve a value of information problem.
Economic Evaluation within the Scope of the Field Development and Application of the Gas-Assisted Gravity Drainage GAGD Process in an Actual Northern Louisiana Field
Authors: Paidin W.R. , Mwangi P. , Rao D.N. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The GAGD process was developed as an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method that takes advantage of the naturally occurring gravity segregation of injected gas from crude oil, common in such processes as WAG. GAGD consists of placing horizontal producer wells near the bottom of the reservoir and injecting gas using (existing) vertical wells. It is proposed that the injected gas will rise to the top to form a gas cap while oil and water drain down to the horizontal producers. The work so far completed as part of the development of GAGD has encompassed a thorough literature review on the underlying mechanisms, selected scaled visual physical model experiments to confirm those mechanisms, and numerical simulations using commercial software to optimize the production configuration.
The final stage in the development of the GAGD process is the implementation in an actual field. To this end a detailed cash flow analysis will be performed in which selected economic indicators, such as the net present value, payout time, profit to investment ratio and rate of return, will be calculated for a specific Northern Louisiana field and given operating conditions. The operating conditions and resulting production profile have been optimized using numerical simulation and were used in the cash flow analysis. For the other input parameters, such as oil prices, capital and operational expenditures, and tax rate, the average values for Northern Louisiana will be used. The uncertainty in these parameters will be captured in a sensitivity study where their effect on the economic performance will be investigated.
Historic Considerations for Company Defence Valuations for Petroleum Assets
Authors: Jibunoh Kingsley O. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
An independent petroleum asset valuation is normally commissioned by a target company in defence of a hostile takeover bid.
A substantive study of petroleum company defence asset valuations is lacking in the published literature in hydrocarbon economics and other relevant journals. This study evaluates takeover defence valuations in the period ranging from 1988- 2009 based on public domain data. The study focuses on assumptions for the key value metrics in the upstream valuations and how this has changed in the time period. This includes comparative reviews of publicly available data for four petroleum companies. This has been supplemented by published literature on assessment of value.
Improving Reserves Systems through Continuous Reserves Management
Authors: Loser Tim 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Traditionally, "reserves season" starts sometime in the fall and occupies many man-weeks of effort for most oil and gas companies worldwide. With the new US Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) guidelines for reporting reserves beginning with fiscal year end 2009, this activity will only get more complicated unless new processes are developed.
This paper will present the concept of continuous reserves management where reserves are continuously reviewed and updated during the year. This review process is executed during the year by the engineers closest to the operation rather than at year end by a committee or coordinators not involved in the day-to-day activity. With continual management of the reserves and their revisions, the reserves committee will now have greater insight well before the end of year roll up allowing for better year end and budget decisions.
This process has yielded several advantages to those practicing this methodology which will be highlighted by this paper such as: No more October surprises: Insight on reserves numbers earlier in the process allows the corporation to provide proper guidance and make appropriate decisions throughout the year.Higher Confidence: By year end only small revisions are needed to make a final roll up of reserves, giving a higher confidence to executives and investors that the reserves numbers are accurate.Better Decisions: By having more accurate and timely access to reserves data during the year, decision makers will make better informed choices regarding development and portfolio decisions.Added Value: Increased frequency in evaluations and reviews, allows engineers to recognize opportunities for improvement and identify problems sooner.Time Management: Continuously updating and reviewing the reserves results in time savings throughout the year and removes the "all hands on deck" reserves team requirement allowing other high priority engineering projects to continue.
Estudio de los adjetivos en -al/-ar en el «Tratado de las apostemas» de Diego El Covo
Authors: Mancho Duque María Jesús 
Published: March 2010

In this article Spanish adjectives formed by the suffix -al, -ar are analysed in a medical treatise of the 15th Century. During this period this type of adjective was widely used due to its cultural character. The origin of this suffix is of Latin extraction (-ALIS, -ARIS) belonging to a high speech register. Thus it could appear even in epic language.
This derivative morpheme has two allomorphs, -al, -ar, in complementary distribution, regulated by the présence of the lateral phonemes in final position in the lexeme. Moreover there are three diachronic variants extant (-ial, -iar and -ual). Its primary function is to form adjectives from nouns, although the présence of adjectives formed from adjectives has been recorded.
Le féminin dans les apologues du Comte Lucanor
Authors: Klinka Emmanuelle 
Published: March 2010

Sa vie durant, Jean Manuel n’a cessé de revendiquer le trône pour son lignage. Il est ainsi possible d’envisager la première partie du « Comte Lucanor »
comme partie intégrante de ce dessein. Cette oeuvre qui, à l’instar du
« Calila et Dimna », se veut un code de bon gouvernement par le savoir à l’usage des puissants, présente la particularité d’éliminer les éléments féminins des bestiaires. La visée universelle de ces apologues semble donc subordonnée à la lutte politique qui oppose, sans doute, Jean Manuel à la régente Marie de Molina.
La técnica historiográfica del Toledano. Procedimientos de organización del relato
Authors: Fernández-Ordóñez Inés 
Published: March 2010

Cette étude aborde les procédures d’organisation du récit à l’œuvre dans l’« Historia
gothica » de l’archevêque Rodrigue Jiménez de Rada. En premier lieu, nous tentons d’établir les précédents historiographiques sur lesquels se fonda l’humaniste Sanche de Nebrija pour introduire au XVIe siècle la segmentation en neuf livres que nous connaissons aujourd’hui. Nous analysons ensuite la division en chapitres sous le rapport du contenu de l’oeuvre pour souligner la nouveauté que constitue cette division relativement à la dispositio traditionnelle de l’historiographie hispanique. Par contraste, nous montrons enfin le rôle structurant mineur que joue la chronologie dans l’« Historia gothica ».
L’état des relatifs dans les Milagros de Nuestra Señora , de Berceo. Tableaux synoptiques
Authors: Banegas Saorín Mercedes 
Published: March 2010

Cette étude est un essai de systématisation du paradigme du relatif à une époque caractérisée par le manque de fixation des signifiants, à travers les
« Milagros » de Berceo. Nous sommes partie de deux aspects: à côté du recensement des formes en usage nous avons cherché à rétablir le lien entre signifiant et fonction, comme ce fut le cas du relatif, et des formes nominales en général, en latin. Il nous a paru important de comparer cette langue du XIIIe à son devenir actuel et à sa source, pour déterminer à quel stade elle se trouve entre: a) un relatif déclinable et donc présentant la correspondance entre forme et fonction; b) des formes fixes établissant entre elles une relation de commutation soumise à des contraintes sémantiques ou contextuelles. On constate que quelques formes médiévales, disparues de nos jours, sont restées attachées à leurs étymons latins, mais sans véhiculer de rôle syntaxique (ex. « qui » anaphorique peut jouer toutes les fonctions, même s’il se fait accompagner de préposition en dehors du cas nominatif). Mais la caractéristique essentielle de ce système est, comme de nos jours, l’existence de formes en relation de distribution complémentaire ou conditionnée, indépendamment du taux de fréquence des formes, car certaines – comme « quien » – sont encore peu productives dans les « Milagros ». C’est pourquoi, concernant le relatif dans l’ouvrage, l’on peut parler de modernité de la langue.
La reescritura del Libro de la escala de Mahoma como polémica religiosa
Authors: Echevarría Arsuaga Ana 
Published: March 2010

La traduction du «Livre de l’échelle de Mahomet» en castillan puis en latin et en provençal, constitue un des jalons dans la connaissance de l’islam en Occident au
XIIIe siècle. Les rapports entre cette oeuvre et la «Divine comédie» de Dante ont obscurci d’autres plans de signifi cation dont l’importance a été fondamentale au bas Moyen Âge pour expliquer la traduction et la réutilisation de ce texte dans des oeuvres appartenant à d’autres genres, comme la chronique ou la polémique contre l’islam. Du XIIIe au XVe siècle, ce «récit doctrinal» a été utilisé pour soutenir théologiquement la lutte contre l’islam dans la péninsule Ibérique.
El Libro de viajes de Benjamín de Tudela : del mito a la realidad histórico-geográfica
Authors: Amran Rica 
Published: March 2010

El «Libro de viajes» de Benjamín de Tudela, redactado en hebreo hacia finales del
siglo XII, estuvo dirigido hacia un público curioso pero reducido. Encontramos tres puntos básicos que nos gustaría destacar: a) El análisis de la política de las diferentes naciones de la cuenca mediterránea. b) La descripción de las principales vías comerciales de la época. c) Nos informa de las principales comunidades judías de su tiempo (política, sociedad, economía, etc). El objetivo del mismo parece ser darnos a conocer el máximo de información posible sobre lo que podrían llegar a encontrar los futuros viajeros en su periplo; y a aquellos que no tuvieran la suerte de realizar semejante viaje, la posibilidad de imaginarlo.
De las peregrinaciones al viaje interior. Las transformaciones en la religiosidad nobiliar castellana
Authors: Beceiro Pita Isabel 
Published: March 2010

Cet article analyse un aspect clé des modifications subies dans la reliogisité de la noblesse de Castille à la fin du Moyen Âge: la décadence des grands pèlerinages, remplacés par
le thème allégorique du chemin, vu comme un processus d’accomplissement intime et personnel. L’auteur montre la relation entre l’importance croissante accordée à l’idée du voyage intérieur et la culture et le genre de vie aristocratique du XVe siècle. Ainsi, elle met
en valeur l’influence que la spriritualité des ordres mendiants, l’héritage philosophique de
l’Antiquité, les lectures allégoriques de la Bible et la pensée des Pères de l’Église ont eu sur la diffusion du caractère allégorique du chemin.
Le voyage dans Kitâb al-isfâr ‘an natâ’ij al-asfâr d’Ibn ‘Arabî : entre finitude et absolu
Authors: Aboueleze Balkis 
Published: March 2010

C’est probablement vers la fin du XIIe siècle, alors qu’il était encore en al-Andalus, qu’Ibn -Arabî, l’un des plus grands mystiques musulmans, a écrit
«Kitâb al-isfâr ‘an natâ’ij al-asfâr» (le «Livre du dévoilement des effets des voyages»). Dans ce traité, loin de se limiter au déplacement physique des hommes, le voyage tourne fondamentalement autour de la relation de l’homme à Dieu, et ce surtout à travers le Livre sacré, c’est-à-dire ici, le Coran. La brève étude que nous proposons voudrait rendre compte, essentiellement à partir du pouvoir fondateur de la Parole, de la problématique qui sous-tend la question du voyage («safar») chez Ibn‘Arabî.