bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radical polymerization of novel N‐substituted‐N‐vinylformamide derivatives with bulky chiral substitutents
Authors: Ajiro Hiroharu , Akashi Mitsuru 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA series of novel N‐substituted‐N‐vinylformamides were synthesized, and the effect of bulky substituents on their radical polymerizability and polymer structure were investigated. N‐(p‐Methoxybenzyl)‐N‐vinylformamide (3) and N‐cyclohexylmethyl‐N‐vinylformamide (4) generated polymers, while it was known that their N‐vinylacetamide derivatives did not. 1H NMR and 13C NMR analyses of poly(3), however, revealed almost no difference among the various polymerization conditions, implying that the substituent bulkiness did not influence the polymer structures. On the other hand, the chiral polymers, which were obtained by the radical polymerization of N‐(S)‐2‐methylbutyl‐N‐vinylformamide ((S)‐5) and N‐(S)‐2,3‐dihydroxypropyl‐N‐vinylformamide ((S)‐7) at 0 °C, showed sharper spectral patterns than those obtained at higher polymerization temperatures. Furthermore, the intensities of their positive cotton effects on circular dichroism increased when the polymerization temperature was low, suggesting that the substituent bulkiness of (S)‐5 and (S)‐7 influenced the polymer structures, such as their stereoregularity and regioregularity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Novel amphiphilic block copolymers derived from the selective fluorination and sulfonation of poly(styrene‐block‐1,3‐cyclohexadiene)
Authors: Huang Tianzi , Messman Jamie M. , Hong Kunlun , Mays Jimmy W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDiblock copolymers of polystyrene‐block‐(1,3‐cyclohexadiene) (PS‐b‐PCHD), with varied molecular weights and compositions, were synthesized by sequential polymerization of styrene and 1,3‐cyclohexadiene (CHD) initiated by sec‐butyllithium in cyclohexane in the presence of appropriate additives during formation of the PCHD block. The residual double bonds in the PCHD block were saturated by addition of in situ generated difluorocarbene and/or hydrogen to enhance thermal and chemical stability. The fluorinated and/or hydrogenated polydiene blocks were chemically stable, allowing for controlled sulfonation of the PS blocks using acetyl sulfate. 1H NMR and FT‐IR characterization confirmed successful fluorination/hydrogenation and sulfonation of the respective blocks. The resulting amphiphilic block copolymers consist of a semiflexible fluorine‐containing hydrophobic block having a bridged double ring structure and a hydrophilic sulfonated PS block. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Layer‐by‐layer ionomer films made from poly(styrene‐co‐styrenesulfonic acid) and poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐4‐vinylpyridine) in tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Chen Wenjie , Hara Masanori 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThin films were fabricated layer‐by‐layer (LbL) via ionic bonds formed between a cationic ionomer and an anionic ionomer, which were produced via proton transfer from poly(styrene‐co‐styrenesulfonic acid) to poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐4‐vinylpyridine) in an organic solvent, tetrahydrofuran. Ionic contents of the ionomers were very low down to 5.6 mol %, much lower than usual polyelectrolytes. The build up of the LbL films was demonstrated by UV/vis spectroscopy: the absorbance of the phenyl rings in styrene residues increased with the number of depositions (thus the number of layers). Transmission electron microscopy observation of strained thin films showed unique deformation mode, involving many bands that developed both in the parallel and perpendicular directions to the stress axis. This is quite different from the deformation modes seen for ionomer blend films and for coextruded polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) multilayer tapes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 50: 101–105, 2012
Theoretical consideration and modeling of self‐healing polymers
Authors: Zhang Ming Qiu , Rong Min Zhi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBioinspired self‐healing polymers have attracted more and more interests. Imparting self‐healing ability to existing polymers or developing new polymeric materials capable of self‐healing is considered to be a solution for improving their long term stability and durability. This article reviews achievements in the field of theoretical researches on re‐establishment of bonding between broken surfaces of self‐healing polymers from microscopic and macroscopic point of view. Chains interaction, mechanical models related to healing procedures and effect of healing, design of novel self‐healing composite systems, and so forth are summarized and analyzed in detail. Both thermoplastics and thermosets are included to offer a comprehensive knowledge framework of the smart function. The scientific challenges are also highlighted, which are related to the production of more advanced self‐healing polymers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
In situ current voltage measurements for optimization of a novel fullerene acceptor in bulk heterojunction photovoltaics
Authors: Shuttle Christopher G. , Treat Neil D. , Fan Jian , Varotto Alessandro , Hawker Craig J. , Wudl Fred , Chabinyc Michael L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe evaluation of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of new materials for organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) photovoltaics is difficult due to the large number of processing parameters possible. An efficient procedure to determine the optimum conditions for thermal treatment of polymer‐based bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices using in situ current‐voltage measurements is presented. The performance of a new fullerene derivative, 1,9‐dihydro‐64,65‐dihexyloxy‐1,9‐(methano[1,2] benzomethano)fullerene[60], in BHJ photovolatics with poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was evaluated using this methodology. The device characteristics of BHJs obtained from the in situ method were found to be in good agreement with those from BHJs annealed using a conventional process. This fullerene has similar performance to 1‐(3‐methoxycarbonyl)propyl‐1‐phenyl‐[6,6]‐methano fullerene in BHJs with P3HT after thermal annealing. For devices with thickness of 70 nm, the short circuit current was 6.24 mA/cm2 with a fill factor of 0.53 and open circuit voltage of 0.65 V. The changes in the current‐voltage measurements during thermal annealing suggest that the ordering process in P3HT dominates the improvement in power conversion efficiency. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Controllable photopatterning and photochemical properties of novel copolymer containing dianthracene langmuir–blodgett films
Authors: Li Tiesheng , Xu Wenjian , Tang Caiqin , Zhang Min , Wu Yangjie , Miyashita Tokuji 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA new series of copolymer poly(N‐hexadecylmeth acrylamide‐co‐bis(anthracen‐9‐ylmethyl) 2‐allylmalonate) [poly(HDMA‐co‐DAnMAMA)]s containing swallow‐tailed double anthracenyl groups and long alkyl group are designed and synthesized. The main route of the photochemical reaction of the p(HDMA‐DAnMAMA)copolymer Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films is dimerization reaction between the anthracenyl groups under the irradiation of both 365 and 248 nm for limiting irradiation time, resulting to a fine negative‐tone pattern. On the other hand, the anthracenyl groups act just as photodecomposition group under 248 nm for longer irradiation time, resulting to a fine positive‐tone pattern. Consequently, positive‐tone and negative‐tone pattern are obtained by choosing not only a suitable irradiation light wavelength, but the irradiation time at 248 nm. Moreover, it is found that the exposed and unexposed regions of copolymer LB films irradiated at 248 nm have solubility differentiation in gold etchant (I2/NH4I/C2H5OH/H2O), that is to say, the gold photopatterns with the maximal resolution of the used mask can be obtained easily without any development process. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 50: 139–147, 2012
Objective identification and tracking of multicentre cyclones in the ERA‐Interim reanalysis dataset
Authors: Hanley John , Caballero Rodrigo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe present a novel cyclone identification and tracking method that explicitly recognizes ‘multicentre cyclones’ (MCCs), defined as a cyclonic system with two or three sea‐level pressure minima within its outermost contour. The method allows for the recognition of cyclone merger and splitting events in a natural way, and provides a consistent measure of the cyclone extent. Using the ERA‐Interim reanalysis dataset, we compute a climatology using this method and show that MCCs occur in about 32 of all cyclone tracks and are much more prevalent in more intense storms. We also show that the method permits reconnection of tracks that would have been spuriously split using a conventional method. We present spatial maps of cyclone mergers, splitting, genesis and lysis using the method and also compute statistics of precipitation falling within cyclones, showing that it is strongly concentrated in the most intense cyclones. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
A global blended tropopause based on ERA data. Part I: Climatology
Authors: Wilcox L. J. , Hoskins B. J. , Shine K. P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA new tropopause definition, based on a flow‐dependent blending of the traditional thermal tropopause with one based on potential vorticity, has been developed. The benefits of such a blending algorithm are most apparent in regions with synoptic‐scale fluctuations between tropical and extratropical air masses. The properties of the local air mass determine the relative contributions to the location of the blended tropopause, rather than this being determined by a specified function of latitude.Global climatologies of tropopause height, temperature, potential temperature and zonal wind, based on European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA) ERA‐Interim data, are presented for the period 1989–2007. Features of the seasonal‐mean tropopause are discussed on a global scale, alongside a focus on selected monthly climatologies for the two high‐latitude regions and the tropical belt. The height differences between climatologies based on ERA‐Interim and ERA‐40 data are also presented.Key spatial and temporal features seen in earlier climatologies, based mainly on the World Meteorological Organization thermal tropopause definition, are reproduced with the new definition. Tropopause temperatures are consistent with those from earlier climatologies, despite some differences in height in the extratropics. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Assembly of Graphene Oxide–Enzyme Conjugates through Hydrophobic Interaction
Authors: Zhang Yan , Zhang Jingyan , Huang Xuelei , Zhou Xuejiao , Wu Haixia , Guo Shouwu 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBiochemical and biomedical applications of graphene oxide (GO) critically rely on the interaction of biomolecules with it. It has been previously reported that the biological activity of the GO–enzyme conjugate decreases due to electrostatic interaction between the enzymes and GO. Herein, the immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and oxalate oxidase (OxOx) on chemically reduced graphene oxide (CRGO) are reported. The enzymes can be adsorbed onto CRGO directly with a tenfold higher enzyme loading than that on GO, and maximum enzyme loadings reach 1.3 and 12 mg mg−1 for HRP and OxOx, respectively. Significantly, the more CRGO is reduced, the higher the enzyme loading. The CRGO–HRP conjugates also exhibit higher enzyme activity and stability than GO–HRP. Excellent properties of the CRGO–enzyme conjugates are attributed to hydrophobic interaction between the enzymes and the CRGO. The hydrophobic interaction mode of the CRGO–enzyme conjugates can be applied to other hydrophobic proteins, and thus could dramatically improve the performance of immobilized proteins. The results indicate that CRGO is a potential substrate for efficient enzyme immobilization, and is an ideal candidate as a macromolecule carrier and biosensor.
Psi4: an open‐source ab initio electronic structure program
Authors: Turney Justin M. , Simmonett Andrew C. , Parrish Robert M. , Hohenstein Edward G. , Evangelista Francesco A. , Fermann Justin T. , Mintz Benjamin J. , Burns Lori A. , Wilke Jeremiah J. , Abrams Micah L. , Russ Nicholas J. , Leininger Matthew L. , Janssen Curtis L. , Seidl Edward T. , Allen Wesley D. , Schaefer Henry F. , King Rollin A. , Valeev Edward F. , Sherrill C. David , Crawford T. Daniel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Psi4 program is a new approach to modern quantum chemistry, encompassing Hartree–Fock and density‐functional theory to configuration interaction and coupled cluster. The program is written entirely in C++ and relies on a new infrastructure that has been designed to permit high‐efficiency computations of both standard and emerging electronic structure methods on conventional and high‐performance parallel computer architectures. Psi4 offers flexible user input built on the Python scripting language that enables both new and experienced users to make full use of the program's capabilities, and even to implement new functionality with moderate effort. To maximize its impact and usefulness, Psi4 is available through an open‐source license to the entire scientific community. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Software > Quantum Chemistry
Fractional differentiability for the stress velocities to the solution of the Prandtl‐Reuss problem
Authors: Frehse J. , Specovius‐Neugebauer M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe consider the loading of an elastic perfectly plastic body governed by the Prandtl‐Reuss law. It is shown that the stress velocities of the body have fractional derivatives of order ${1 \over 2}$ ‐ δ up to the boundary in the direction of the loading parameter, and of order ⅓ ‐ δ in the interior of the body in direction of the space variables.
Scaling the circulation shed by a pitching panel
Authors: Buchholz James H. J. , Green Melissa A. , Smits Alexander J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA new scaling parameter is developed for the circulation shed by a rigid, rectangular panel pitching periodically about its leading edge. This parameter is the product of a kinematic and a geometric component. The kinematic component describes the relationship between the mean vorticity flux from the panel surface and the panel motion. The geometric component depends on the ratio of pitching amplitude to the span of the panel. The kinematic component is developed based on the connection between the surface pressure distribution and the resulting surface vorticity flux, which are supported in a stroke-averaged sense by pressure measurements on the surface of the panel. The parameter gives a robust scaling for the total spanwise circulation shed in a half-cycle by the panel. It provides a useful predictive tool, in that it can be either complementary to the formation number or provide an alternative scaling parameter when vortex saturation and pinch-off do not occur.
Characterisation and objective monitoring of balance disorders following head trauma, using videonystagmography
Authors: Naguib M B , Madian Y , Refaat M , Mohsen O , El Tabakh M , Abo-Setta A 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjective:To characterise balance disorders occurring after head trauma, using videonystagmography, and to test the efficiency of videonystagmography as a diagnostic and monitoring tool.Method:Prospective, cohort analysis of 126 head trauma patients managed with vestibular evaluation, monitoring and treatment, in a tertiary referral centre. Analytical parameters included: head injury severity; balance disorder type, severity and time of onset; and patient recovery and outcome.Results:Head trauma was minor in 31.7 per cent, mild in 36.6 per cent, moderate in 19 per cent and severe in 12.7 per cent. Balance disorder symptoms included vertigo in 42.9 per cent, unsteadiness in 15.9 per cent, dizziness in 9.5 per cent and none in 31.7 per cent. Videonystagmographic balance disorder diagnosis type was peripheral vestibular in 23.8 per cent, central in 7.9 per cent, mixed in 12.7 per cent, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in 4.8 per cent and no findings in 50.8 per cent. Balance disorder was immediate in 47.6 per cent (this included all moderate and severe trauma cases). Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo developed within the first week in two-thirds of cases. More severe trauma cases had longer recovery times. Peripheral, mixed and central balance disorders recovered within the first three months. Early rehabilitation of acute balance disorders led to early recovery regardless of diagnosis.Conclusion:Videonystagmography enables precise, simple, cost-effective monitoring of balance disorders after head trauma, and improves care and outcomes.
International cooperation in the Northern Forum: emerging new norms in international law?
Authors: Hasanat Md. Waliul 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe Northern Forum has been in existence for more than two decades. The cooperative initiatives implement through the forum allow sub-national governments from different parts of the world to improve the quality of life of northern inhabitants and to support their sustainable development. Over time, the forum has established a clear structure with self-created rules and guidelines. However, its legal status is somewhat ambiguous: it has neither fulfilled the essential criteria of an international organisation nor that of an intergovernmental cooperative body. Nevertheless, these shortcomings are not immense obstacles to the forum's ability to serve the well being of residents of the northern regions. The forum has granted membership to business organisations, as well as to sub-national governments, which is an innovative concept in international cooperation. This article examines the evolution, administrative system, and legal status of the forum along with its contribution to the development of international law. The article concludes with observations on how this unique international regional co-operation forum could be characterised under international law and whether it has any influence in creating new norms in international administrative and environmental law.
Constructing Roads, Washing Feet, and Cutting Cane for thePatria: Building Bolivia with Military Labor, 1900–1975
Authors: Shesko Elizabeth 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article reveals the range of tasks performed by military laborers in twentieth-century Bolivia, distinguishing between martial and nonmartial labor to understand how productive tasks became central to the military's mission. The detailed exploration of soldiers' laboring lives shows that their work as strikebreakers, builders, agriculturalists, and domestic servants reinforced social hierarchies and supported private capital. Despite hopes that military service would unify a diverse populace, soldiers on the indigenous end of the spectrum disproportionally performed the more abject labors. The first section charts the development of nonmartial labor and shows how some soldiers objected to working conditions by invoking the dissonance between martial discourse and nonmartial experiences. The article then turns to the increasing legibility of nonmartial labor in the aftermath of the Chaco War (1932–1935). The final section details the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement's efforts to fold the army into the 1952 Revolution by emphasizing soldiers' productive labor.
Making the Household, Making the State: Colonial Military Communities and Labor in German East Africa
Authors: Moyd Michelle 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis essay uses German East Africa as a historical example to illustrate some of the complex interrelationships between colonial labor and military practices. Analysis of African soldiers' roles in colonial labor regimes underscores the degree to which colonial militaries, labor, and punitive structures reinforced each other on a daily basis. Colonial states depended on their African soldiers, and the free and unfree laborers they recruited, conscripted, and supervised, for preservation of the German colonial state's political authority and economic viability. Moreover, these military labor practices tied soldiers' households to colonial state interests, laying the basis for new colonial cultures and campaign communities.
From Geneva to the Americas: The International Labor Organization and Inter-American Social Security Standards, 1936–1948
Authors: Jensen Jill 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBeginning in the mid-1930s, Western Hemisphere nations turned to social insurance legislation—guided by the new concept of social security—in response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression. Supported by the International Labor Organization (ILO), national-level policy makers introduced a range of measures in recognition of the 1935 US Social Security Act. As Europe descended into a war, inter-Americanism served as way to maintain regional economic, and later military, security. This article describes an era of social welfare diplomacy in the Americas, one in which countries south of the US border projected their own distinct visions of social policy. Regional solidarity served as an integral step in the development of ideas concerning international social and economic rights. Placing President Franklin Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy in a wider frame, this analysis of ILO inter-American activities reveals an intriguing moment in history, when leaders from several nations saw economic development, trade, future growth, social security, and labor rights as integrally bound together.
Contesting Values and Searching for “Rules” in the Anglican Crisis
Authors: Anderson John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOver the last decade the 80-million strong Anglican Communion has been increasingly divided, seemingly over the issue of sexuality. This article explores this conflict by focusing on the particular problems of resolving conflict when the divisions are a product of a growing ethical pluralism within the Church and the wider society. In particular, we locate the discussion within an emerging debate about the utility of “rules” in resolving conflict in an international community where cultural particularity challenges claims made for universal values. In the Anglican case, hope has been vested in a Covenant that is discussed in the second part of this article. The hope of Church leaders was that this particular set of rules would acquire not just formal consent but normative legitimacy, although by early 2010 it was far from clear that this had resolved the crisis.
Islamist Feminism: Constructing Gender Identities in Postcolonial Muslim Societies
Authors: Halverson Jeffry R. , Way Amy K. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article analyzes the emergence of female Islamist leaders in the Middle East and North Africa, and the glaring contradictions between their feminist views and their roles as political activists for the Islamic State. The two Islamist leaders who form the primary focus of this analysis are Zaynab al-Ghazali (d. 2005) of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood and Nadia Yassine of Morocco's Justice and Charity Society. Our analysis reveals the existence of “Islamistfeminism,” distinguished from broader secular-oriented Islamic feminism, as a logical, albeit unique, extension, and expression of Muslim anti-colonial discourse rooted in the intellectual currents of twentieth century independence movements that still resonate today.