bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Mulching Methods for Erosion Control on Newly Prepared and Seeded Highway Backslopes1
Authors: Barnett A. P. , Diseker Ellis G. , Richardson E. C. 
Published: July 2010

abstractEvaluation of several mulching methods used by different highway departments showed that 2 tons of grain straw per acre provided adequate protection to newly prepared and seeded 2½:1 backslopes when subjected to l‐year frequency storms, 1.3 inches of rain in 30 minutes. However, when subjected to a 10‐year frequency storm, 2.7 inches in 60 minutes, two treatments stood out as superior. These were “whisker dams”, called the Florida method, which permitted 41% runoff and 10 tons per acre soil loss; and surface mulch, called the Cartersville method, which permitted 40% runoff and 11 tons per acre soil loss.In all cases where asphalt spray was a part of the treatment, the effectiveness of mulch was decreased when tested by the 10‐year frequency storm. Runoff and soil loss from mulch and mulch plus asphalt were 1.1. inches and 11 tons per acre and 1.3 inches and 32 tons per acre, respectively. Mulch mixed and mulch mixed plus asphalt were the same‐l.3 inches and 27 tons per acre‐indicating that the asphalt had no beneficial effect.The California method was a checkerboard arrangement of straw pressed into the surface. This treatment was inferior to the “whisker dams” because the staggered arrangement permitted more soil transport by over‐land flow. Runoff and soil loss for these two treatments were 1.2 inches and 44 tons per acre and 1.1 inches and 10 tons per acre, respectively.Bare, unprotected backslopes eroded at the rate of 97 tons per acre and permitted 62% runoff. Six months or more after planting, satisfactory stands had been established with all mulch treatments.
Influence of Nitrogen and Potassium on Variations in Content of Malate, Citrate, and Malonate in Non‐Nodulating Soybeans (Glycine max)1
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Teel M. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of nitrogen and potassium on metabolism in non‐nodulating soybeans was studied. Nonprotein nitrogen was increased by high nitrogen rates but markedly reduced with increasing potassium levels. Malate decreased with increased potassium at low nitrogen fertility but increased at high nitrogen fertility. Citrate was reduced by additional potassium, irrespective of nitrogen level. Malonate was increased in nitrogen‐deficient plants when potassium was supplied. The sum of the three acids accounted for approximately 72% of the total acidity, irrespective of fertility treatments.It is suggested that, with plants growing under high nitrogen‐low potassium regimes, PEP is shunted into alternate pathways, thereby causing a shortage of acetyl CoA. The data suggest that OAA is preferentially produced from PEP in potassium‐deficient plants, since OAA derivatives accumulate.
Toxicity of Decomposing Crop Residues to Cotton Germination and Seedling Growth1
Authors: Megie Christian A. , Pearson R. W. , Hiltbold A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractToxicity of un‐ionized ammonia was the primary reason for inhibited germination and reduced growth of cotton seedlings following incorporation of plant residues in a sandy loam soil. The accumulation of ammonia in toxic amounts resulted from increased soil pH and ammonium N content, whicn were proportional to the organic N content of the residues. Plant growth decreased sharply with increasing ammonia and levels above about 10 ppm were lethal.Under sterile conditions, 1:50 plant‐water extracts did not reduce germination, but with the onset of microbial decomposition, extracts of all materials were highly toxic. At concentrations above 1 :50, alfalfa extracts reduced radicle elongation even under sterile conditions, indicating the presence of a toxic constituent, possibly saponin.
Potassium and Sodium Interrelations in Growth and Mineral Content of Italian Ryegrass1
Authors: Hylton L. O. , Ulrich A. , Cornelius D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrowth and mineral content of Italian ryegrass were affected by K and Na treatments when studied by a nutrient solution technique. Potassium influenced plant growth more than did Na. Sodium substituted partly for K in top growth when K was low in the nutrient solution. Changes in the amount of K in solution affected leaf and tiller sizes more than numbers. Visual K deficiency symptoms were delayed and were less severe when Na was high in the solution.Potassium and Na concentrations in all plant parts were directly related to K and Na treatments. Potassium concentration was higher in old blades than in young blades when plants were K deficient, regardless of Na treatment. Sodium concentration, unlike K, generally decreased with increased blade age. Potassium and Na concentrations in the stem were high, compared to other plant parts.The youngest blade that was fully open and had a ligule, blade 1, was determined to be the best plant part to sample. It was necessary to determine Na in addition to K in blade 1 in order to diagnose the K status of the ryegrass adequately. The critical K concentration was 0.8% for blade 1 tissue that contained more than 2.4% Na, dry basis. The critical K concentration was 3.5%, however, for blade 1 tissue that contained less than 0.3% Na, dry basis.
An Evaluation of Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) in Pasture Improvement1
Authors: Wedin W. F. , Vetter R. L. , Scholl J. M. , Woods W. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn southern Iowa, pastures renovated with birdsfoot trefoil but containing white clover were compared over an 8‐year period (1956–1963) with unimproved pastures and also with Kentucky bluegrass—white clover pastures fertilized with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) (fertilized grass). A 2.7‐fold increase in beef produced per hectare resulted for pastures renovated with birdsfoot trefoil over unimproved pastures. A 1.7‐fold increase was obtained for fertilized grass over the unimproved.Average daily grain for yearling steers was significantly greater at 0.76 kg/day for pastures renovated with birdsfoot trefoil, as were grazing days and beef production (423 kg/ha) (P < 0.01) over fertilized grass. In addition, growth and grazing of birdsfoot trefoil pastures were more favorably distributed over the season.Considering renovation of pastures vs. N purchased annually for grass pastures, renovation with birdsfoot trefoil is strongly favored. Unimproved pastures require little expenditure but do not produce cheap forage if cost of land, fencing, etc., are considered. The extensive use of permanent pastures should be rejected because each site amenable to improvement may eventually need to be used at the level where all controllable inputs are maximized.Although pastures renovated with birdsfoot trefoil were superior to fertilized grass pastures, the decline in contribution by the legume in renovated pastures suggests need for research at higher levels of fertility and management than those used in these studies.
Residual Nitrate Nitrogen in Fertilized Deep Loess‐Derived Soils1
Authors: Herron G. M. , Terman G. L. , Dreier A. F. , Olson R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AsbtractDistributions of NO3‐N were studied in deep loess‐derived profiles of Sharpsburg silty clay loam and Hastings‐Crete silt loams cropped to irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) in eastern Nebraska. Only with soils very high in N and high applications of fertilizer N was there any indication of appreciable leaching of NO3‐N below 180 cm in the profiles. Most of of the water‐ or KCI‐extractable N was usually found in the surface 0‐90 cm of soil. High correlations were found (r > 0.9) for a given soil site between amounts of NO3‐N in the surface 30 cm and totals to 180 cm. However, the proportion found in the surface soil varied widely among years and sites. At a given site there was a high correlation between NO3‐N in the profiles in the fall after harvest and corn yields without applied N the following year. Simple correlations of profile NO3‐N with percentage yields for different years, soils and management levels, however, were usually too low to have predictive value.
An Improved Forage Harvester for Experimental Plots1
Authors: Allen R. J. , Casselman T. W. , Thomas F. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA flail type, self‐propelled, small plot forage harvester, patterned after a machine previously reported, has been built. A full width supporting roller, a deflecting shield, a simplified takedown, and a lever‐operated flail clutch equipped with a brake for a safety feature have been added as improvements. Forage from 20 to 92 cm tall may be cut at 2.5 to 20 cm above ground and deposited into a removable collection box.Blueprints for this improved model or address of commercial builder can be obtained from the Everglades Experiment Station.
Effect of Fertilizers, Soil Drainage Class and Year upon Protein Yield and Content of Oats1
Authors: Portch S. , MacKenzie A. F. , Steppler H. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPercent crude protein and yield of protein information from oat fertilizer trials was collected from twelve sites, including eight soil types and two drainage classifications.Nitrogen was responsible for increases in crude protein content of the grain grown on all soil types studied. Phosphorus and potassium generally reduced the crude protein content of grain, although there were some slight increases recorded. Imperfectly drained soils produced grain of higher crude protein content than well drained soils.Nitrogen, and to a lesser extent phosphorus, was necessary for maximum yield of protein on the well drained soils. Nitrogen alone on the imperfectly drained soils gave maximum protein yields. Potassium had little effect on the yield of protein on either drainage system. Significant seasonal differences in yield of protein were recorded. Higher yields of protein were found on the well drained soils than on the imperfectly drained soils.Yield of grain and yield of protein were highly correlated (r = + .93). Thus, yield information alone is capable of predicting 86% of the variability of yield of protein.
Sulfur Response by Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on a Sulfur‐Deficient Soil1
Authors: Seim E. C. , Caldwell A. C. , Rehm G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField experiments were conducted in a S‐deficient area in Minnesota to determine the soil S status, atmospheric contributions of S, and the response of alfalfa to S fertilization. In general the sulfate — S, the available S, and the reserve and total S in the soil were higher than is normally expected in S responsive soils. The average annual addition of S to the soil from atmospheric sources was 5.4 kg/ha (4.8 lb/acre) at the rural experimental site and 27.4 kg/ha (24.4 lb/acre) at a metropolitan area site. Alfalfa responded to all S treatments regardless of the material source. Treated plots yielded three times as much alfalfa as the check plots. Increases were obtained from residual as well as annual applications. Elemental S was as effective as gypsum in increasing alfalfa yields. Sulfur treatments significantly decreased the mortality of young alfalfa. The critical S level in mature alfalfa tissue ranged from .12 to .15% and the highest yields were obtained above 0.3%.
Influence of Temperature on the Yield and Chemical Composition of ‘Vernal’ Alfalfa at First Flower1
Authors: Smith Dale 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe first‐flower stage of growth of ‘Vernal’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was reached in 21 days in the warm (W) temperature regime (32 C day/24 C night), but not until 37 days in the cool (C) regime (18 C/10 C). Herbage yields were considerably higher in the C than in the W regime. The first‐flower herbage in the C regime was highest in concentration of in vitro digestible dry matter, nonstructural carbohydrates, Ca, Mg, Ba, and Sr, but was lowest in protein, amino acids, ether extract, total ash, P, K, Al, Fe, B, Cu, Zn, and Mn. Composition of the leaflet and stem fractions was also in this order, but for a few exceptions. Crude fiber percentage was highest in the leaflets of the W regime and in the stems of the C regime, but there was no difference for the total herbage. All chemical constituents analyzed were in higher concentration in the leaflets than in the stems, except for reducing and total sugars, crude fiber, and K. Even though the soil contained 560 kg/ha of exchangeable K, the herbage from the C regime contained less than 1.5% of K, while that in the W regime contained over 2%.
Summer Defoliation and Autumn‐Winter Production of Phalaris Species and Tall Fescue Varieties1
Authors: Berry R. F. , Hoveland C. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of summer defoliation on autumn‐winter (October—February) growth of koleagrass, hardinggrass, ‘Ky 31’ and ‘Goar’ tall fescue was studied for two years. Clipping in June and July reduced the autumn‐winter forage yield of harding 55% and kolea 47% as compared with that of plots unclipped from May to September. Percent total available carbohydrates (TAC) in July was positively correlated with autumn‐winter production of both Phalaris species. Kolea was more summer dormant than harding.Clipping in mid‐July reduced autumn‐winter growth of Ky 31 but had no effect on Goar tall fescue. Clipping in early June sharply reduced autumn‐winter production of Goar but did not affect Ky 31. Summer clipping reduced the percent TAC in early September for Goar and TAC was correlated with autumn‐winter growth. TAC and autumn‐winter growth of Ky 31 were not correlated.Summer resting of these Phalaris species and tall fescue varieties appears necessary for maximum autumn‐winter production in the lower southeastern United States.
Measuring Rooting of Sodded Turfs1
Authors: King J. W. , Beard J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA technique was developed for measuring the rooting of sodded turfs. ‘Merion’ Kentucky bluegrass sod pieces, transplanted from organic and mineral soil, were placed in a frame having a fiberglass screen bottom. The frames containing the sod pieces were placed on a sandy loam soil and allowed to root. After 5 weeks the sod was lifted vertically from the underlying soil with a block and tackle technique. Sod grown on organic soil rooted into the underlying soil better than that produced on mineral soil.
Influence of Nitrogen Fertilizers on Washington Creeping Bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Huds. II. Incidence of Dollar Spot, Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, Infection1
Authors: Markland F. E. , Roberts E. C. , Frederick L. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field experiment was established to evaluate influence of nitrogenous fertilizers on susceptibility of ‘Washington’ creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Huds., to dollar spot disease, Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F. T. Bennett. The field study also supplied soil and plant tissue used in a series of laboratory experiments to investigate effects of activated sewage sludge and processed tankage on growth of S. homoeocarpa in pure culture. Influences of nitrogenous fertilizer on soil fungistasis and on plant tissue fungistasis were also investigated.High levels of available nitrogen reduced dollar spot injury in field tests. Activated sewage sludge, which was most effective in producting disease resistant turf, did not possess any measurable fungitoxic agents. Soil microbiological activity, fertility, fungistasis and pH were not altered significantly by fertilizer treatment.
Response of Corn to Zn‐EDTA and ZnSO4 in Field Investigations1
Authors: Schnappinger M. G. , Martens D. C. , Hawkins G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField experiments were conducted in 1968 to determine the effect of rates of Zn‐EDTA and ZnSO4 application on yield and Zn content of corn (Zea mays L.) grown on Litz silt loam and Norfolk loamy fine sand. Placement of Zn‐EDTA was also included as a variable in the experiment on the Norfolk soil. Corn plants on the Norfolk soil “grew out” of Zn deficiency; whereas plants on the Litz soil remained stunted throughout the growing season. Highest corn grain yield occurred on both soils where ZnSO4 was broadcast at a rate of 14 kg Zn/ha. Rates of 2.24 kg Zn/ha as broadcast Zn‐EDTA and of 1.12 kg Zn/ha as banded Zn‐EDTA increased corn yield on the Norfolk soil. A higher rate of 4.48 kg Zn/ha as broadcast Zn‐EDTA was required to increase corn yield on the Litz soil. The ear leaves of corn plants on check plots of the Litz and Norfolk soils contained 10.8 and 12.4 ppm Zn, respectively, during the silk stage.
Growth of Sugar Beets as Affected by Root Temperatures Part I: Greenhouse Studies1
Authors: Radke J. K. , Bauer R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSugar beets (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera) were grown in the greenhouse at 10 different constant root temperatures. The temperature intervals were maintained at 2.8 C between 12.8 and 37.8 C. Optimum root temperature for sugar beet emergence occurred in the range of 25–35 C. The optimum root temperature for dry matter production in sugar beet tops progressively decreased from 26.3 C at 6 weeks following emergence to 23C at 13 weeks following emergence. Optimum temperatures for sugar beet roots remained between 24 and 25 C for the 7‐week period. Percent sucrose in the sugar beet roots increased with root temperatures above 19 C. High sucrose yields were obtained between 18 and 32 C, with rapid decreases outside of this range. Concentrations of N, P, K, and Na in the sugar beet tops and roots were not dependent on root temperatures; thus, the total uptake of these nutrients was directly proportional to dry matter accumulation in the plant.
Field Losses in Harvesting Wilted Forage
Authors: Gordon C. H. , Holdren R. D. , Derbyshire J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA procedure is described for obtaining sufficient field loss data for statistical analysis. Some sources of loss are identified and methods of preparing wilted forage for ensiling compared. Use of a combination mow‐condition‐windrow machine resulted in less loss than the conventional mow‐condition‐wilt‐rake method. Losses caused by leaching and slow drying appeared minor compared to physical losses from raking.
Effects of Copper on the Composition and Anatomy of Tobacco1
Authors: Struckmeyer B. Esther , Peterson L. A. , Tai Florence Hsi‐Mei 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffects of different concentrations of copper in nutrient solutions (0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, 0.32, and 0.64 ppm) on the composition and anatomy of tobacco plants were studied. Plants grown with 0.32 and 0.64 ppm Cu showed external chlorotic symptoms and internal toxic effects about 8–10 days after the start of the treatments, while plants grown on Cu concentrations of up to 0.16 ppm displayed no toxic malformations. Increasing concentrations of Cu .in the nutrient solutions were associated with the accumulation of Cu in the roots but not in the aerial portion of the plant. Dry weights of tops and roots were highest at the 0.04‐ and 0.08‐ppm Cu and lowest at the 0.32‐ and 0.64‐ppm treatments. Toxic Cu concentrations were associated with abnormal cellular growth and development throughout the plant. Primary roots developed short, thick, closely‐spaced lateral roots. Hypertrophy of the internal and external phloem resulted in crushed cells with a subsequent necrosis in the phloem. Cells in the xylem tissue were occluded or collapsed with irregularly shaped walls. Palisade and spongy parenchyraa cells of the leaves were deranged with very few chloroplasts. Cellular disintegration also occurred in this region.
Phosphorus Uptake from Soils by Corn Hybrids selected for High and Low Phosphorus Accumulation1
Authors: Baker Dale E. , Jarrell Ann E. , Marshall Leon E. , Thomas Walter I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField, greenhouse, and laboratory experiments were conducted over a period of 4 years to relate P accumulations in ear leaves of different corn hybrids and other plant responses to addition of P to soils and root morphology, including the length of the radicle, diameter of the radicle, and the number of seminal roots produced after 4 days in an incubator of high relative humidity at 28 C. In addition, experiments were conducted to determine the relationship of P accumulation in ear leaves and grain yields to P concentrations in seedling plants, seedling growth rate and P uptake from a zone 25 cm (10 inches) below the soil surface.It was concluded that the concentration of P in seedling plants can be used to predict the availability of P in the soil. The concentrations of P accumulated in ear leaves by the different hybrids could not be explained on the basis of the P‐absorption characteristics of their roots, but inherent differences among hybrids with respect to depth of rooting was suggested.
Gahi‐1 Pearl Millet and Two Sorghum ✕ Sudangrass Hybrids as Pasture for Yearling Beef Cattle1
Authors: Dunavin L. S. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract‘Gahi‐1’ pearl millet [Pennisetum typhoides (Burin.) Stapf and C. E. Hubb.] was compared with ‘Lindsey 77F’ and ‘Sudax’ (SX‐11) sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) ✕ sudangrass [Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf] hybrids as pasture for yearling beef cattle. The experiment covered 3 years and included an early and a late planting in each year. Pastures were planted with a grain drill and grazing was rotational. The cattle, which were of British breeding, received no supplemental feed except for salt and other minerals. Gahi‐1 millet produced superior gains per hectare per day (3.70 kg) to SX‐11 (2.64 kg) or Lindsey 77F (2.34 kg) on early planted pastures. Gahi‐1 also produced higher gains per hectare per day (2.60 kg) than Lindsey 77F (1.85 kg) or SX‐11 (1.73 kg) on late planted pastures. Carrying capacity was greater on pastures of millet for both dates of planting. Clipping trials were also conducted with these three annual grasses during the three years of the experiment. The clipping trials utilized row plantings at a spacing of 0.914 m. Dry matter production of the three grasses was similar in each year except in 1964 when Gahi‐1 produced a significantly (P<.01) greater amount (3.18 metric tons) than Sudax (2.32 metric tons) or Lindsey 77F (2.18 metric tons).
Rooting Systems of Soybeans. I. Differences in Root Morphology among Varieties1
Authors: Raper C. D. , Barber S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField experiments were conducted to delineate morphological differences among root systems of 26 soybean varieties (Glycine max (L) Merr.). ‘Aoda’ and ‘Harosoy 63,’ were selected from the 26 varieties and strains as representative of extremes in rooting patterns.A core sampling technique was used to quantitatively analyze the rooting systems in single‐plant plots. Harosoy 63 had a more extensive root system, including a nearly twofold greater root surface area, than Aoda. The rooting morphology in single‐plant and row plots was studied qualitatively by a soil monolith method. Both varieties lacked a distinctive taproot development below a zone of profuse branching. The disposition of primary branches in the soil was apparently influenced by intraspecific competition.
Alteration of Carbohydrate Composition of Corn (Zea mays L.) Seedlings during Moisture Stress1
Authors: Maranville Jerry W. , Paulsen Gary M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCarbohydrate composition and constituents associated with carbohydrates were determined in corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings subjected to three levels of moisture stress. Stress had no effect on fructose and glucose concentrations, increased sucrose concentration slightly, and decreased starch concentration markedly. Chlorophyll concentration decreased with increasing moisture stress, and chlorophyll a was affected more than chlorophyll b. Sucrose and starch synthesis, measured by 14C‐glucose incorporation, were not changed by stress. Enzymatic hydrolysis of sucrose decreased and hydrolysis of starch increased during stress. The latter changes were apparently survival adaptations to stress conditions. Maintaining or increasing concentrations of low molecular weight carbohydrates probably helped plants retain turgidity and protected protoplasmic constituents.