bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between ground ice and solifluction: Field measurements in the Daisetsu Mountains, northern Japan
Authors: Matsumoto Hotaka , Yamada Shuji , Hirakawa Kazuomi 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSoil temperature, surface heave and downslope movements were monitored continuously for one year (1998–99) within a solifluction lobe developed on seasonally frozen ground in the Daisetsu Mountains, northern Japan. Observations were also made of soil moisture and ice segregation. Seasonal freeze‐thaw cycles produced both frost creep and gelifluction. In layers shallower than 60 cm, ice segregation during the freezing season induced seasonal frost heave, and ice melt at the same depths during the thaw season promoted gelifluction as well as seasonal frost creep. At greater depths, gelifluction did not occur even when the thaw plane reached the ice‐rich layers. The results at the study site demonstrate that segregated ice plays an important role in gelifluction, but only at shallower depths. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil organic carbon pools in a periglacial landscape: a case study from the central Canadian Arctic
Authors: Hugelius Gustaf , Kuhry Peter , Tarnocai Charles , Virtanen Tarmo 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe investigated total storage and landscape partitioning of soil organic carbon (SOC) in continuous permafrost terrain, central Canadian Arctic. The study is based on soil chemical analyses of pedons sampled to 1‐m depth at 35 individual sites along three transects. Radiocarbon dating of cryoturbated soil pockets, basal peat and fossil wood shows that cryoturbation processes have been occurring since the Middle Holocene and that peat deposits started to accumulate in a forest‐tundra environment where spruce was present (∼6000 cal yrs BP). Detailed partitioning of SOC into surface organic horizons, cryoturbated soil pockets and non‐cryoturbated mineral soil horizons is calculated (with storage in active layer and permafrost calculated separately) and explored using principal component analysis. The detailed partitioning and mean storage of SOC in the landscape are estimated from transect vegetation inventories and a land cover classification based on a Landsat satellite image. Mean SOC storage in the 0–100‐cm depth interval is 33.8 kg C m−2, of which 11.8 kg C m−2 is in permafrost. Fifty‐six per cent of the total SOC mass is stored in peatlands (mainly bogs), but cryoturbated soil pockets in Turbic Cryosols also contribute significantly (17%). Elemental C/N ratios indicate that this cryoturbated soil organic matter (SOM) decomposes more slowly than SOM in surface O‐horizons. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The temporal, social, spatial, and legal dimensions of return and onward migration
Authors: Jeffery Laura , Murison Jude 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis special issue revisits key themes in the social science literature on transnationalism and mobility before addressing specific issues associated with return, circular, and onward migration arising from this special issue. We frame our discussion around the interconnected temporal, spatial, social, and legal dimensions explored by our contributors: the relationship between migration, generation, and stage in the life cycle; the implications of changing responsibilities to kin in the home and host countries; the notion of returning ‘home’ or to the ‘homeland’; and the relationship between citizenship, documentation, and (national) identification. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gardenia jasminoides inhibits tumor necrosis factor‐alpha‐induced vascular inflammation in endothelial cells
Authors: Hwang Sun Mi , Lee Yun Jung , Yoon Jung Joo , Lee So Min , Kang Dae Gill , Lee Ho Sub 
Published: January 2010

AbstractInflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) enhance binding of low‐density lipoprotein to endothelium and upregulate the expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules during atherogenesis. The present study examined the effect of ethanol extract of Gardenia jasminoides (EGJ) on vascular inflammation in primary cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). TNF‐α‐induced the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) and endothelial cell‐selectin (E‐selectin) expression was inhibited in HUVEC pretreated with EGJ. In a functional study, EGJ dose‐dependently attenuated adhesion of HL‐60 monocytes to endothelial monolayers. A further analysis indicated that EGJ attenuated TNF‐α‐induced nuclear p65 nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) translocation, suggesting that EGJ primarily affects the TNF‐α‐induced NF‐κB signaling pathway. Taken together, we provided here the first evidence showing that EGJ is able to inhibit TNF‐α‐induced NF‐κB activation, adhesion molecule expression, and monocyte‐endothelial interaction, suggesting an anti‐inflammatory role of EGJ, which may be useful in preventing vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polarimetric signatures and hydrometeor classification of West African squall lines
Authors: Evaristo Raquel , Scialom Georges , Viltard Nicolas , Lemaître Yvon 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDuring the AMMA campaign, the Doppler and polarimetric radar Ronsard was deployed in Kopargo, Benin. In the present paper, three squall lines sampled during that period are described. It was the first time this type of system had been observed with a polarimetric radar in the West African region. The strongest case occurred on 28 July 2006, and the others on 12 September and 30 June. The polarimetric characteristics of these systems are described and a hydrometeor classification algorithm is applied in order to identify the microphysics of the systems. Finally, the 3D wind field is retrieved for the 28 July event. The convective part of the squall lines is generally characterized by maxima of reflectivity, differential reflectivity (ZDR), and specific differential phase (KDP). The results of the hydrometeor classification show that the convective region is composed of strong (>30 mm h−1) to moderate rain (5–30 mm h−1) below the melting level, and graupel above. This zone seems to be characterized by relatively strong updraughts (5–10 m s−1), responsible both for the formation of graupel by riming and for the growth of drops due to coalescence. To the rear the systems are characterized by light rain (<5 mm h−1) below and snow or ice crystals above. These regions present downward flow below the melting layer, which prevents drop growth by condensation, consistent with the light rain observed. The stratiform part of these systems can be very non‐uniform, due to the presence of old cells dissipating, associated with moderate rain and thus stronger reflectivities. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
The influence of riparian shade on lowland stream water temperatures in southern England and their viability for brown trout
Authors: Broadmeadow S. B. , Jones J. G. , Langford T. E. L. , Shaw P. J. , Nisbet T. R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSuitable thermal conditions in streams are necessary for fish and predictions of future climate changes infer that water temperatures may regularly exceed tolerable ranges for key species. Riparian woodland is considered as a possible management tool for moderating future thermal conditions in streams for the benefit of fish communities. The spatial and temporal variation of stream water temperature was therefore investigated over 3 years in lowland rivers in the New Forest (southern England) to establish the suitability of the thermal regime for fish in relation to riparian shade in a warm water system. Riparian shade was found to have a marked influence on stream water temperature, particularly in terms of moderating diel temperature variation and limiting the number of days per year that maximum temperatures exceeded published thermal thresholds for brown trout. Expansion of riparian woodland offers potential to prevent water temperature exceeding incipient lethal limits for brown trout and other fish species. A relatively low level of shade (20–40%) was found to be effective in keeping summer temperatures below the incipient lethal limit for brown trout, butca. 80% shade generally prevented water temperatures exceeding the range reported for optimum growth of brown trout. Higher levels of shade are likely to be necessary to protect temperature‐sensitive species from climate warming. © Crown copyright 2010.
Isocyanate‐free Route to Starch‐graft‐Polycaprolactone via Carbonyldiimidazole (CDI)‐mediated End Group Conversion
Authors: Najemi Loubna , Jeanmaire Thomas , Zerroukhi Amar , Raihane Mustapha 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper reports on the synthesis of biodegradable starch‐graft‐poly ϵ‐caprolactone (starch‐g‐PCL) in two steps. First, poly ϵ‐caprolactone (PCL) was modified on the terminal groups by using carbodiimidazole (CDI) as coupling agent. Then, the starch graft copolymers with PCL were prepared through a carbonate bond using carboimidazole function. Monofunctional and bifunctional reactive end‐group PCL terminated with carboimidazole groups were prepared and reacted with hydroxyl groups of starch. The resulting starch‐g‐PCL copolymers were characterized by FT‐IR, NMR, HR‐MAS‐NMR, DSC, MEB and XRD.
Synthesis of Octenyl Succinic Derivative of Mechanically Activated Indica Rice Starch
Authors: Zhang Zhengmao , Zhao Siming , Xiong Shanbai 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIndica rice starch was mechanically activated by ball milling and then esterified by octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) in aqueous slurry systems. The process of esterification was studied with respect to the time of mechanical activation, OSA/starch ratio, temperature, pH, starch slurry concentration and reaction time. The effects of these reaction conditions were evaluated on the basis of degree of substitution (DS) and reaction efficiency (RE). The results indicated that mechanical activation could enhance the reaction of OSA and starch. The DS and RE of OSA starch increased sharply when the time of mechanical activation increased from 0 h to 10 h, after which it was not significantly affected until 50h. The suitable conditions for the synthesis of OSA starch from Indica rice starch that was mechanically activated for 10 h (MAIS10) were an OSA/starch ratio 3%, temperature 35°C, pH 8.5, starch slurry concentration 12.5% and reaction time 3h. For native Indica rice starch (NIS), all conditions were identical to MAIS10 except for the starch slurry concentration of 40% and reaction time of 4 h. The maximum DS and RE of OSA‐MAIS10 (0.02037, 88.03%) was higher than that of OSA‐NIS (0.01700, 73.46%) at OSA/starch ratio 3%. The esterification of MAIS10 with OSA showed a low sensitivity to pH and a higher stability than OSA‐NIS. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the modified OSA starches did not show any detectable change in the morphological structural characteristics. The esterification between OSA and starch was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy.
Use of Rigid Nephroscope for Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration—A Single‐Center Experience
Authors: Khan Muneer , Qadri Syed Javid Farooq , Nazir Syed Sajad 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundIncreasingly, laparoscopic biliary surgeons are undertaking laparoscopic cholecystectomy and laparoscopic common bile duct exploration for patients with cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis. In laparoscopic common bile duct exploration a flexible choledochoscope is ordinarily used, and with this instrument the surgeon usually fails to remove large impacted stones. In contrast with use of a rigid nephroscope it is possible to remove all common bile duct stones irrespective of size and degree of impaction. The present study evaluates the efficiency of rigid nephroscope for managing common bile duct stones laparoscopically.MethodsIn the present study laparoscopic common bile duct exploration for stones was performed in 80 patients via standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy port sites. Patients with a common bile duct diameter >10 mm were included in this study. The rigid nephroscope was passed through the epigastric port and negotiated into the common bile duct through a choledochotomy. Stones were removed with graspers. Large hard stones were fragmented by pneumatic lithotripsy.ResultsOf the 80 patients treated in this manner, 72 (90%) had multiple common bile duct calculi, and 8 (10%) had a solitary common bile duct calculus. Mean common bile duct diameter was 15.3 mm (range: 10–37 mm). Conversion to open common bile duct exploration was necessary in 1 case (1.25%) because of difficult dissection secondary to extensive dense adhesions. In 7 patients (8.75%) a pneumatic lithotripter was used to fragment stones. Choledochotomy was managed by placing a T‐tube in 21 (26.25%) patients, by effecting primary closure in 58 (72.5%) patients, and by choledochoduodenostomy in 1 (1.25%) patient. The mean operative time in this series was 83 min (range: 53–135 min). The mean postoperative hospital stay was 4.2 days (range: 3–19 days). One patient (1.25%) developed cholangitis 5 months after laparoscopic common bile duct exploration; the cause was a residual common bile duct stone.ConclusionsA rigid nephroscope can be used for managing all types of common bile duct calculi irrespective of site, size, composition, or degree of impaction. Its use can be expected to become the standard for laparoscopic common bile duct exploration, especially for removing large calculi from a dilated common bile duct.
Weight Difference Between Double Parathyroid Adenomas Is the Cause of False‐positive IOPTH Test After Resection of the First Lesion
Authors: Sitges‐Serra Antonio , Díaz‐Aguirregoitia Francisco Javier , de la Quintana Aitor , Gil‐Sánchez Jesús , Jimeno Jaime , Prieto Rosa , Sancho Joan J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundSome patients with double parathyroid adenoma show a greater than 50% decline in intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) after resection of the first lesion. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that significant adenoma weight differences may explain this inappropriate decline of IOPTH.MethodsWe reviewed prospective database records at two tertiary institutions. Patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of double adenoma and no familial history of hyperparathyroidism were included. Diagnosis of double adenoma was confirmed either preoperatively (double uptake), intraoperatively (bilateral exploration), or at reintervention. IOPTH was determined following the Miami protocol. The 10‐min postexcision sample was considered as the 0‐min sample for IOPTH determinations at the time of resection of the second lesion.ResultsThirteen patients met the inclusion criteria. After resection of the first lesion, IOPTH failed to decline in four patients and a second adenoma was removed. They had similar weight (404 vs. 598 mg). In nine patients IOPTH showed a false greater than 50% decline. These patients had the largest adenoma removed first (846 ± 226 mg), and only two had normal PTH serum concentrations 10 min after resection. The second adenoma was always smaller (284 ± 177 mg; P = 0.02) and its resection either during the same operation (7 cases) or at reoperation (2 cases) led to normalization of IOPTH at 10 min in all cases.ConclusionsTwo‐thirds of patients with double parathyroid adenoma show a false‐positive decline of IOPTH after resection of the first adenoma. This appears to be due to the initial removal of the larger lesion.
Mouse models for nuclear DNA‐encoded mitochondrial complex I deficiency
Authors: Koene Saskia , Willems Peter H. G. M. , Roestenberg Peggy , Koopman Werner J. H. , Smeitink Jan A. M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMitochondrial diseases are a group of heterogeneous pathologies with decreased cellular energy production as a common denominator. Defects in the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system, the most frequent one in humans being isolated complex I deficiency (OMIM 252010), underlie this disturbed‐energy generation. As biogenesis of OXPHOS complexes is under dual genetic control, with complex II being the sole exception, mutations in both nuclear DNA (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are found. Increasing knowledge is becoming available with respect to the pathophysiology and cellular consequences of OXPHOS dysfunction. This aids the rational design of new treatment strategies. Recently, the first successful treatment trials were carried out in patient‐derived cell lines. In these studies chemical compounds were used that target cellular aberrations induced by complex I dysfunction. Before the field of human clinical trials is entered, it is necessary to study the effects of these compounds with respect to toxicity, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential in suitable animal models. Here, we discuss two recent mouse models for nDNA‐encoded complex I deficiency and their tissue‐specific knock‐outs.
DGAT1, DGAT2 and PDAT Expression in Seeds and Other Tissues of Epoxy and Hydroxy Fatty Acid Accumulating Plants
Authors: Li Runzhi , Yu Keshun , Hildebrand David F. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTriacylglycerol (TAG) is the main storage lipid in plants. Acyl‐CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1 and DGAT2) and phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) can catalyze TAG synthesis. It is unclear how these three independent genes are regulated in developing seeds, and particularly if they have specific functions in the high accumulation of unusual fatty acids in seed oil. The expression patterns of DGAT1, DGAT2 and a PDAT in relation to the accumulation of oil and epoxy and hydroxy fatty acids in developing seeds of the plant species Vernonia galamensis, Euphorbia lagascae, Stokesia laevis and castor that accumulate high levels of these fatty acids in comparison with soybean and Arabidopsis were investigated. The expression patterns of DGAT1, DGAT2 and the PDAT are consistent with all three enzymes playing a role in the high epoxy or hydroxy fatty acid accumulation in developing seeds of these plants. PDAT and DGAT2 transcript levels are present at much higher levels in developing seeds of epoxy and hydroxy fatty acid accumulating plants than in soybeans or Arabidopsis. Moreover, PDAT,DGAT1 and DGAT2 are found to be expressed in many different plant tissues, suggesting that these enzymes may have other roles in addition to seed oil accumulation. DGAT1 appears to be a major enzyme for seed oil accumulation at least in Arabidopsis and soybeans. For the epoxy and hydroxy fatty acid accumulating plants, DGAT2 and PDAT also show expression patterns consistent with a role in the selective accumulation of these unusual fatty acids in seed oil.
Reduction of lipid and protein damage in patients with disorders of propionate metabolism under treatment: a possible protective role of l‐carnitine supplementation
Authors: Ribas Graziela S. , Manfredini Vanusa , de Mari Jurema F. , Wayhs Carlos Y. , Vanzin Camila S. , Biancini Giovana B. , Sitta Angela , Deon Marion , Wajner Moacir , Vargas Carmen R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDisorders of propionate metabolism are autosomal recessive diseases clinically characterized by acute metabolic crises in the neonatal period and long‐term neurological deficits whose pathophysiology is not completely established. There are increasing evidences demonstrating antioxidant properties for l‐carnitine, which is used in the treatment of propionic and methylmalonic acidemias to increase the excretion of organic acids accumulated in tissues and biological fluids of the affected patients. In this work we aimed to evaluate lipid (malondialdehyde content) and protein (carbonyl formation and sulfhydryl oxidation) oxidative damage in plasma from patients with propionic and methylmalonic acidemias at the moment of diagnosis and during treatment with l‐carnitine. We also correlated the parameters of oxidative damage with plasma total, free and esterified l‐carnitine levels. We found a significant increase of malondialdehyde and carbonyl groups, as well as a reduction of sulfhydryl groups in plasma of these patients at diagnosis compared to controls. Furthermore, patients under treatment presented a marked reduction of the content of protein carbonyl groups, similar to controls, and malondialdehyde content in relation to patients at diagnosis. In addition, plasma total and free l‐carnitine concentrations were negatively correlated with malondialdehyde levels. Taken together, the present data indicate that treatment significantly reduces oxidative damage in patients affected by disorders of propionate metabolism and that l‐carnitine supplementation may be involved in this protection.
Pharmacokinetics of Amantadine in Children With Impaired Consciousness due to Acquired Brain Injury: Preliminary Findings Using a Sparse‐sampling Technique
Authors: Vargus‐Adams Jilda N. , McMahon Mary A. , Michaud Linda J. , Bean Judy , Vinks Alexander A. 
Published: January 2010

ObjectiveTo evaluate the pharmacokinetics of amantadine in children with impaired consciousness from acquired brain injury.DesignRandomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study with sparse sampling for pharmacokinetics.SettingTertiary care pediatric hospital.ParticipantsChildren, ages 6‐18 years, with impaired consciousness 5‐10 weeks after acquired brain injury.MethodsSubjects received amantadine for 3 weeks. Subjects were randomized to placebo or amantadine 4 mg/kg/day for 7 days followed by 6 mg/kg/day for 14 days. Crossover was after a 7‐day washout period.Main Outcome MeasuresThe Coma/Near‐Coma Scale and Coma Recovery Scale‐Revised were done 3 times per week to evaluate arousal and consciousness. Plasma concentrations of amantadine were determined for pharmacokinetic parameter estimation and evaluation of the exposure‐response relationship. Adverse events were monitored.ResultsNine subjects met the final inclusion and exclusion criteria, 7 of whom agreed to participate. Five subjects completed both arms of the study. Amantadine total body clearance was 0.17 L/h/kg with a half‐life of 13.9 hours. Higher exposure of amantadine (average concentration of amantadine during 6 mg/kg/day > 1.5 mg/L) may be associated with better recovery of consciousness.ConclusionsAmantadine was well‐tolerated in children with acquired brain injury and demonstrates pharmacokinetics similar to those reported for healthy young adults. Based on the preliminary data, higher dosing may be considered in the setting of brain injury.
Energy requirements of adult cats
Authors: Bermingham Emma N. , Thomas David G. , Morris Penelope J. , Hawthorne Amanda J. 
Published: January 2010

A meta-analysis was carried out in order to establish the energy requirements of adult cats. Publications that identified cat body weight (BW) were used to generate allometric relationships between energy requirements and BW of healthy adult cats, using log-log linear regression. Energy requirements were expressed in kcal/kg BW to be consistent with those reported by the National Research Council. Mean maintenance energy requirements were 55·1 (se1·2) kcal/kg BW (115 treatment groups). Three allometric equations were identified to predict the energy requirements for maintenance of BW in the cat based on BW: light (53·7 kcal/kg BW− 1·061), normal (46·8 kcal/kg BW− 1·115) and heavy (131·8 kcal/kg BW− 0 ·366). When reported on lean mass, the allometric equation revealed maintenance requirements were 58·4 kcal/kg lean mass− 1·140(adjustedR20·694; thirty-six treatment groups). The present review suggests that values for maintenance energy requirements based on BW alone may not be an accurate prediction and more detailed information on the age, sex and neuter status, BW and composition would enhance the ability to interpret the maintenance energy requirements of cats.