bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aryne, ortho-Quinone Methide, and ortho-Quinodimethane: Synthesis of Multisubstituted Arenes Using the Aromatic Reactive Intermediates
Authors: Yoshida Hiroto , Ohshita Joji , Kunai Atsutaka 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A useful synthetic method for building up multisubstituted arenes of structural complexity and diversity by use of aromatic reactive intermediates is described. Regardless of the transient character arising from a highly strained carbon–carbon triple bond, arynes have been found to undergo facile insertion into an element–element σ-bond and three-component coupling reactions. In addition, ortho-quinone methides and ortho-quinodimethanes have also been demonstrated to be convertible into multisubstituted arenes by utilizing their exo-dienyl moieties.
Thermostable Rh Catalysts Supported on Metal Phosphates: Effect of Aging on Catalytic Activity for NO–CO–C3H6–O2 Reactions
Authors: Ikeue Keita , Murakami Kyosuke , Hinokuma Satoshi , Uemura Kosuke , Zhang Dongjie , Machida Masato 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The catalytic activity and thermostability of Rh catalysts (0.4% loading) have been studied using various metal phosphates (B, Al, Ga, Y, La, Pr, Zr, and Ce) as support materials. Temperature-programmed reactions of mixtures of NO, CO, C3H6, and O2 with the stoichiometric A/F ratio (14.6) exhibited a steep rise in conversion efficiency as a common feature of Rh supported on metal phosphates. The activity of Rh/AlPO4 was found to be the highest even after aging at 900 °C for 25 h in a stream of 10% H2O/air. Among four types of AlPO4 polymorphs having different BET surface area, i.e, berlinite (5 m2 g−1), cristobalite (1 m2 g−1), tridymite (82 m2 g−1), and microporous AlPO4-5 (330 m2 g−1), tridymite AlPO4 achieved the lowest light-off temperature. The slow grain growth of tridymite AlPO4 at ≤1000 °C is a possible reason for the stability against sintering, whereas one-dimensional micropores of AlPO4-5 are unstable in the high-temperature steam.
Dissociative Electron Capture of Hydrogen-Bonded Hydroxy Groups: Molecular Dynamics and Matrix Isolation ESR Study
Authors: Kasai Paul H 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
While examining PFPE (perfluoropolyether)-based disk lubricants, extra lability was suspected for a hydrogen-bonded pair of hydroxy end-groups in the presence of a nucleophile (electron donor). Plausible reaction sequences upon electron capture of hydrogen-bonded methanol dimer, hydrogen-bonded ethanol dimer, and 1,2-propanediol were first examined by a molecular dynamics method based on the potential given by a semiempirical SCF molecular orbital calculation, and subsequently by matrix isolation ESR spectroscopy. In the latter experimental study, alcohol dimer anions were generated by co-trapping Na atoms and alcohol molecules in argon matrices and inducing electron transfer by photo-irradiation. In the cases of methanol and ethanol dimers, the molecular dynamics study predicted that on capture of an electron, the hydroxy hydrogen of the acceptor side would cleave as an atom, and then abstract a hydrogen atom from the nearest carbon of the proton donating alcohol. For 1,2-propanediol anion, the molecular dynamics study predicted C1–C2 bond scission followed by abstraction of the C2 hydroxy hydrogen by the C1 radical fragment. The matrix isolation ESR study revealed generation of radicals upon photo-irradiation when the alcohol concentration was sufficiently high to warrant the presence of dimers. The spectral patterns thus observed were totally consistent with the radical products predicted by the molecular dynamics calculations.
Efficient and Enantioselective Kinetic Resolution of Cyclic β-Hydroxy Sulfides by Chiral 1,2-Diamine Catalyzed Asymmetric Acylation
Authors: Kawamata Yoshiyuki , Oriyama Takeshi 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Kinetic resolution of cyclic β-hydroxy sulfides has been achieved by reaction with benzoyl chloride in the presence of a catalytic amount (0.1 mol %) of a chiral 1,2-diamine combined with triethylamine. This reaction affords the corresponding benzoates and unreacted alcohols with excellent enantioselectivities.
Synthesis of Symmetric Diaryl Sulfones with Dimethyl Sulfate
Authors: Khodaei Mohammad Mehdi , Nazari Ehsan 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In this procedure dimethyl sulfate was used for preparation of symmetric diaryl sulfones. First, dimethyl sulfate was treated with pyridine, then activated by Tf2O to generate SO2 as the functional group for synthesis of diaryl sulfones. It is noticeable that this reaction was carried out in moderate conditions and products obtained in short times and good yields.
Syntheses of Novel C2-Symmetric Chiral Bidentate Bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) Ligands and Their Molybdenum Complexes
Authors: Anezaki Satoshi , Yamaguchi Yoshitaka , Asami Masatoshi 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Novel chiral bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) was prepared starting from (S,S)- and (R,R)-1,2-bis(1-hydroxypropyl)benzene. The chiral bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) (NHC) ligand formed C2-symmetric chiral complex of molybdenum formulated as cis-[Mo(CO)4{bis(NHC)}].
Coexisting Follicular and Mantle Cell Lymphoma With Each Having an In Situ Component
Authors: Roullet Michele R. , Martinez Daniel , Ma Lisa , Fowler Melissa Halpern , McPhail Ellen D. , Judkins Alexander , Arber Daniel A. , Bagg Adam 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A diagnosis of composite lymphoma is typically prompted by the observation of morphologic discordance. We present a case of a spleen revealing histologic features of follicular lymphoma, without any indication of a second lymphoma. Immunohistochemical stains supported this diagnosis and showed the follicular lymphoma to be BCL2–. However, these studies revealed 2 additional unexpected findings: cyclin D1+ mantle zone cells surrounding neoplastic and reactive follicles (indicative of in situ mantle cell lymphoma) and BCL2-bright, histologically nonneoplastic follicles (indicative of in situ follicular lymphoma). ImmunoFISH and microdissection and polymerase chain reaction analysis documented the clonal nature of the cyclin D1+ mantle zones and illustrated clonal independence from the follicular lymphoma. This case illustrates an uncommon and unusual composite follicular and mantle cell lymphoma, with the follicular lymphoma accompanied by an in situ component, whereas the only manifestation of the mantle cell lymphoma was in situ.
Comparison of QIAGEN Automated Nucleic Acid Extraction Methods for CMV Quantitative PCR Testing
Authors: Miller Steve , Seet Henrietta , Khan Yasmeen , Wright Carolyn , Nadarajah Rohan 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We examined the effect of nucleic acid extraction methods on the analytic characteristics of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for cytomegalovirus (CMV). Human serum samples were extracted with 2 automated instruments (BioRobot EZ1 and QIAsymphony SP, QIAGEN, Valencia, CA) and CMV PCR results compared with those of pp65 antigenemia testing. Both extraction methods yielded results that were comparably linear and precise, whereas the QIAsymphony SP had a slightly lower limit of detection (1.92 log10 copies/mL vs 2.26 log10 copies/mL). In both cases, PCR was more sensitive than CMV antigen detection, detecting CMV viremia in 12% (EZ1) and 21% (QIAsymphony) of antigen-negative specimens. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using 2 different extraction techniques to yield results within 0.5 log10 copies/mL of the mean value, a level that would allow for clinical comparison between different laboratory assays.
Presence of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and a Dominant Nodule Within Primary Melanoma Are Prognostic Factors for Relapse-Free Survival of Patients With Thick (T4) Primary Melanoma
Authors: Rao Uma N. M. , Lee Sandra J. , Luo Weixiu , Mihm Martin C. , Kirkwood John M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Lymphocytic infiltration of primary cutaneous melanoma has been demonstrated to be of prognostic significance. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were evaluated on histologic sections of pT4 primary cutaneous melanoma from 293 patients, accrued in protocols 1690 and 1694 of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Data for the 60-month follow-up were available. Statistical analysis of the pathologic data evaluated the correlation of regional lymph node metastasis and response to interferon therapy, overall survival, and relapse-free survival.
In multivariate analysis, there was significant correlation of the presence of TILs and improved survival. The presence of TILs did not affect the survival of patients treated with interferon alfa-2b. Presence of a localized dominant tumor nodule within the primary tumor had an adverse effect on relapse-free survival (P = .044) that was also marginally present for overall survival (P = .112).
The presence of TILs has prognostic but not predictive value, and the presence of a dominant nodule in the primary lesion represents a new adverse prognostic factor that should be incorporated in the evaluation of primary melanoma. This study confirmed the importance of tumor ulceration and the number of positive lymph nodes on outcome.
Use of the RQI Test for Bacterial Screening of Whole Blood Platelets
Authors: Yazer Mark H. , Stapor Daniel , Triulzi Darrell J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We compare our experience using a new rapid qualitative immunoassay (RQI) test (platelet Pan Genera Detection, Verax, Worcester, MA) for bacterial screening of whole blood platelet (WBP) pools with our previous WBP bacterial screen, pH testing.
All WBP pools were RQI tested at the time of issue. All RQI+ pools were cultured in an automated culture system, with subsequent bacterial identification if the culture was positive.
During approximately 5.5 months, 7,733 WBP pools were RQI tested. There were 14 positive RQI tests; 12 WBP pools were sterile when cultured and considered false-positive RQI tests. One pool was positive for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, while another was positive for group B Streptococcus. The specificity and positive predictive value of the RQI test were 99.85% and 14.3%, respectively. The specificity and positive predictive value of the RQI test were higher than pH testing, leading to less waste of sterile WBP pools.
High Noon
Authors: Khannanov Ildar 
Published: March 2010

Legendary Hollywood composer Dimitri Tiomkin (1894-1979) represents a golden era of film, arguably an apex of the role music has played in cinematic art. His presence in films was as strong as that of the film director: for example, the font size of Tiomkin’s name in the screen credits for Red River (1948) is the same as that of director Howard Hawks. This paper explores the Russian sources of Tiomkin's High Noon.
Enhanced Oil Recovery - What We Have Learned
Authors: Ali S.M. Farouq , Thomas Sara 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
After thousands of field tests of EOR processes, we have learned that Enhanced Oil Recovery, or EOR, is difficult, expensive, and more likely to be a commercial failure than a success. At the same time, we have little choice but to strive to make EOR work, because the oil remaining in the reservoirs after primary recovery and waterflooding (secondary) can range from 50 - 60﹪ of the original oil in place (OOIP) in the case of a light oil (30 - 35 ° API), to 90﹪ in the case of a Saskatchewan/California type heavy oil (∼15 ° API). The volume of such "unrecoverable" oil in existing reservoirs is about 5 ? 109m3 (30 billion bbls) in Canada, and about 10 times as much in U.S.A. Worldwide, it could be something like two trillion bbls.
Speaking of oil sands, where primary recovery is nil, EOR yields all of the production. Clearly EOR will play an ever increasing role in Canada and other countries with unconventional hydrocarbon resources.
We shall briefly discuss status of EOR, the processes, and what lies ahead. Our purpose is to show that EOR has an important place in oil production, but one must be clear about the objective: is it to test a process or is it to make money?
FIGURE 1: Production life of a typical oil reservoir (Available in full paper)

EOR and IOR
Figure 1 depicts the life of a typical oil reservoir. After discovery, oil production rate increases in the development stage, reaching a plateau. This can be because of regulation, demand, oil prices, or the field size. At some point the decline stage starts, and if something is not done, the field eventually reaches economic limit, and is abandoned. Good reservoir engineering practice calls for pressure maintenance, followed by (or simultaneously) waterflooding, this being the least expensive option. But even after that over one-half of the oil is left in the reservoir. (Table 1 shows typical recovery factors for a light and a heavy oil, as well as the oil saturations at different stages).
If the reservoir is a candidate for EOR, the selected process should be developed early, as shown in Figure 1, because the "lead time" for developing a known recovery method from conception to commercial production can be 10 to 20 years. Examples abound: Cold Lake CSS (Cyclic Steam Stimulation) 20 years, Peace River In Situ Project 18 years, Gregoire Lake In Situ Combustion Project 20 years (unsuccessful), SAGD 15 years, etc. Most miscible carbon dioxide projects have taken 10 - 15 years to reach commercial stage.
When the oilfield is offshore, the time window for improving oil production is very narrow because of limited platform life, and the choice of a recovery process is limited by platform space and logistics. The aim is to improve oil production during the primary stage, rather than waiting until after a gas/waterflood. This is true even for onshore fields, but may be less critical. IOR or Improved Oil Recovery refers to this type of approach. In this discussion we shall speak of EOR only.
Modelling Wormhole Flow in Cold Production
Authors: Yuan J.Y. , Babchin A. , Tremblay B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Wormholes are believed to be generated during the initial phase of cold production and are responsible for enhanced production rates when sand cuts are reduced to their minimum. In this work, we present a theoretical model describing sand and fluids flow within a wormhole uniformly filled with sand. This model is based on the Darcy-Brinkman equations for fluids in mobile sand, a rheological equation for sand motion, and conservation laws. Velocity profiles of sand and fluid are calculated and used to establish the relation between the pressure drop and the flow rates. An estimation of wormhole size is also provided. This model provides understanding of the basic flow behavior in a wormhole during the massive sand production stage of cold production. It also provides some key parameters for field scale numerical simulations of cold production.

Viscous Drag and Critical Radii
The detailed mechanism of sand erosion is a complicated subject. It involves the geomechanical properties of the sand, the rheological properties of fluids, and the nature of sand-fluid and fluid-fluid interactions. However complicated, the key to flux erosion is that it happens when the drag force overcomes the resistance of the sand matrix. The drag force should be mainly the viscous body force due to flow of fluids through the sand matrix (Darcy flow). The resistance of the sand matrix is mostly a surface force. It is due to cohesion, adhesion and contact forces. It holds a chunk in place against the body force. The thickness of this chunk, ?, can be as small as the averaged grain size or orders of magnitude larger, depending on the sand properties and the viscous body force. In the former limiting case, "raining" of sand grains into a cavity occurs. In the latter limiting case, microcracks in the sand matrix may be observed just before the erosion. Assuming fluid flow into a cavity of radius R, the above-stated criterion can be expressed as:
Equation (1) (Available In Full Paper)
where σ is the surface strength of the sand, and P the fluid pressure. The geometry of the wormhole is assumed to be comprised of a straight cylindrical tube, with a hemispherical cap at the end, as illustrated in Figure 1. Computed tomography images(1) of the wormhole tip show that it is more pointed in reality, as shown by the dashed line in Figure 1. The assumption of hemispherical flow at the tip, however, seems reasonable. For a spherical geometry,
FIGURE 1: Influx of fluid into a wormhole. The dashed line represents the actual shape of a wormhole tip (Available In Full Paper)
the pressure gradient is inversely proportional to the square of the radius if the fluid is incompressible. Therefore, we can integrate the right-hand side of the inequality (1). Denoting the reservoir pressure as Pre, the pressure at the wall of the cavity as P, and the radius of the drainage zone beyond which the reservoir retains its original reservoir pressure as Rs, we find:
Equation (2) (Available In Full Paper)
The Steam and Gas Push (SAGP)-2:Mechanism Analysis and Physical Model Testing
Authors: Jiang Q. , Butler R. , Yee C.T. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
At the 48th Annual Technical Meeting of the Petroleum Society, one of us presented a paper that showed that there was a possibility of making the SAGD process more efficient by adding a small concentration of a non-condensible gas such as methane to steam(1). For this to be effective the steam injection well should be located slightly above the production well. With this configuration, and with a small continuous production of gas with the produced oil and condensate, the non-condensible gas becomes concentrated in the upper part of the chamber and the heat loss to the overburden, and for the heating of the chamber, is greatly reduced; the steam oil ratio is much lower.
Another configuration involves the continuous injection of a small stream of non-condensible gas from a well or wells near the top of the chamber with steam injection from a lower well or even into the production well. The heat is confined to the near wellbore region and again there is a considerable economy.
The present paper discusses further analysis of these configurations and also results from physical model tests that are being carried out at the University of Calgary. The results of these experiments have been very positive and it appears that the concept may be even more effective than was predicted originally. The reason for this appears to be that the introduction of gas with steam invokes a new mechanism as the gas flows counter currently to the falling liquids; this mechanism involves the creation of a large surface area for mass transfer. As a result, the steam chamber is not only much lower in temperature, particularly at the top, but it also rises more slowly and spreads laterally more quickly. A larger volume is draining at a much lower temperature. Measurements made in our model show large improvements in the steam/oil ratio.
The observation of the new mechanism suggests that this approach may have economic applications in fields having top water such as Surmont as well as in more normal type reservoirs. In general, the improved performance should broaden the range of reservoirs that can be produced economically.

Introduction
It is estimated that there are 273 billion m3 heavy oil and bitumen in place in Canada. They are deposited mainly in the Athabasca, Cold Lake, Lloydminster, and Peace River areas. Conventional heavy oil (10 to 20 ° API), which is partially recoverable by conventional in situ methods, is less than 2﹪ of the total resources. Most of the bitumen has a viscosity ranging from 100,000 to over 1.0 million mPa ⋅s at reservoir temperature. It is present in a solid or semi-solid state in the porous media and there is almost no mobility at the initial reservoir conditions. The effective recovery of bitumen by in situ methods is difficult.
The current production of bitumen is over 400,000 barrels a day, which constitutes about 70﹪ of the total heavy oil and bitumen production(2) in Canada.
A Procedure for Modelling Gas Gathering Systems
Authors: McNeil Ralph 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
It is not uncommon to hear gas producers complain that the success they had finding gas with the drill bit never seems to be fully translated to sales. Often they will use historical references such as, "sales volumes are expected to increase by only 70﹪, 50﹪, or even 20﹪ of the total gas volume added by new wells into the gathering system." In severe cases, new high pressure wells can cause older wells, especially those with liquid production problems, to shutdown. Operators quickly learn to avoid this situation by choking the new wells. In many situations, this is the best they can do, but it raises a big flag for anyone monitoring daily field logs. Inevitably, the question is asked, "Why are these wells choked?" Unfortunately, the operator can only say thatthis is what he has to do to avoid killing other wells, whereas, thosemonitoring the field's production cannot reconcile why all the new gas added to the system doesn't show up in the sales reports.
This is a classic case of the confusion that often exists between office and field personnel. It is also a case that could be simulated using a gas gathering system model. A model could be used to demonstrate why new wells may need to be choked but more importantly, it can be used to test ideas for optimizing system production rates.
FIGURE 1: Back pressure plot. Available in Full Paper.
A gas gathering system model can be an important tool for testing the impact of various ideas proposed for optimizing a gathering system. The relationship, as shown, between deliverability (lower pressure to increase production) and the gathering system (increase pressure to increase capacity) is non-linear and opposing. This relationship can lead to the counter-intuitive situation where additional compression is installed to lower well back-pressures with the expectation of increased production, but the lower pipeline operating pressures reduce pipeline capacity and so the well back-pressures are only reduced minimally or worse, increased! Modelling offers the opportunity to test many ideas, virtually, before making expensive capital expenditures to lay pipeline or install compression that may not increase gas volumes appreciably. Consequently, proposals can be put to the test and can be quantified in terms of incremental gas rates and incremental recovery of reserves.
When attempting to build a model to replicate an existing gathering system's behaviour, it is extremely important to first "tune" the model. Tuning requires that, at a minimum, a systematic approach be used to match pipeline pressure losses, each well's deliverability relationship and each compressor's capacity relationship to current operating conditions. The five most common mistakes made after building a model arenot tune the model,assume all the data is representative of true conditions,assume that all pressure losses are frictional pipeline losses,not confirm that well deliverability relationships match current operating conditions, anduse compressor design curves without confirming their validity with current operating conditions.