bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UK data and analysis for shale gas prospectivity
Authors: Smith N. , Turner P. , Williams G. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Organic-rich shale contains significant amounts of gas held within fractures and micropores and adsorbed onto organic matter. In the USA shale gas extracted from regionally extensive units such as the Barnett Shale currently accounts for 6% of gas production and is likely to reach 30% by 2015. Shale gas prospectivity is controlled by the amount and type of organic matter held in the shale, its thermal maturity, burial history, microporosity and fracture spacing and orientation. Potential targets range in age from Cambrian to the late Jurassic, within the main UK organic-rich black shales: younger shales have been excluded because they have not reached the gas window, but they may possess a biogenic gas play. A geographic information system, showing the distribution of potential reservoir units, has been created combining information on hydrocarbon shows, thermal maturity, fracture orientation, gas composition, and isotope data to identify potentially prospective areas for shale gas. Some of these data are shown as graphs and maps, but crucial data is lacking because earlier exploration concentrated on conventional reservoirs. The prospects include Lower Palaeozoic shale basins on the Midland Microcraton (a high risk because no conventional gas has been proved in this play), Mississippian shales in the Pennine Basin (the best prospect associated with conventional fields and high maturity), Pennsylvanian shales in the Stainmore and Northumberland Basin system (high risk because no conventional gas discoveries exist) and Jurassic shales in Wessex and Weald basins (small conventional fields signify potential here).
Athabasca oil sands: reservoir characterization and its impact on thermal and mining opportunities
Authors: Peacock M. J. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

The heavy oil deposits of Canada are a large resource with an estimated 1.7×10
12
barrels of bitumen in place. The Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation in the Athabasca area of northern Alberta contains about 900×10
9
barrels of bitumen in place. This resource can be developed through surface mining and thermal
in situ
techniques. This paper examines the size of this resource in a global context and highlights its position relative to the North American market. The regional geology of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin and the Athabasca area will also be reviewed. Understanding the regional reservoir distribution of the McMurray Formation is critical to understanding oil sands opportunities. Fluvial estuarine point bar reservoirs are a large portion of the resource that can be developed. Examples will be shown from the type outcrop location, where the stratigraphy can be organized into a hierarchy that subdivides channel-fills into bedsets, storeys, bars and barsets. Inclined heterolithic strata (IHS) surfaces can be identified. Considerable resource delineation drilling has occurred in the basin. The regulator for the Athabasca area specifies minimum drilling densities before project approvals are granted. Regional 2D seismic lines and project-specific 3D and 4D seismic datasets have also been acquired, to reduce the reservoir uncertainty and improve resource definition in this complex depositional environment. These techniques provide a unique opportunity to analyse a complex depositional system with abundant well and core control, outcrop data and seismic information.

To determine preliminary deposition environments, software techniques have been successfully used to interpret large datasets quickly. Laser imaging of mine faces has also been used to record stratigraphy and determine the mined volume of ore. The importance of detailed reservoir characterization studies and their impact on thermal
in situ
recovery mechanisms will also be discussed. Understanding reservoir facies distributions and lateral relationships affects any recovery process, but has an even greater significance in a heavy oil reservoir.
Resource potential of gas hydrates: recent contributions from international research and development projects
Authors: Collett T. S. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
It is generally accepted that the amount of gas in the world's gas hydrate accumulations exceeds the volume of known conventional gas resources. Researchers have long speculated that gas hydrates could eventually be a commercial producible energy resource yet technical and economic hurdles have historically made gas hydrate development a distant goal rather than a near-term possibility. This view began to change in recent years with the realization that this unconventional resource could possibly be developed with existing conventional oil and gas production technology. The most significant development has been gas hydrate production testing conducted at the Mallik site in Canada's Mackenzie Delta. The Mallik Gas Hydrate Production Research Well Program has yielded the first modern, fully integrated field study and production test of a natural gas hydrate accumulation. More recently, BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc. with the US Department of Energy and the US Geological Survey have successfully cored, logged and tested a gas hydrate accumulation on the North Slope of Alaska known as the Mount Elbert Prospect. The Mallik project along with the Mount Elbert effort has for the first time allowed the rational assessment of the production response of a gas hydrate accumulation. In addition to the gas hydrate production tests in Canada and the USA, marine gas hydrate research drilling, coring and logging expeditions launched by the national gas hydrate programmes in Japan, India, China and South Korea have also contributed significantly to our understanding of how gas hydrates occur in nature and have provided a much deeper appreciation of the geological controls on the occurrence of gas hydrates. With an increasing number of highly successful gas hydrate field studies, significant progress has been made in addressing some of the key issues on the formation, occurrence and stability of gas hydrates in nature.
Geological storage of carbon dioxide: an emerging opportunity
Authors: Senior W. J. , Kantorowicz J. D. , Wright I. W. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Concerns about climate change and the need to stabilize atmospheric CO
2
concentrations are driving the development of a lower carbon future. Within this context, carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is gaining momentum as a large-scale option to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper reviews the rationale and potential scale of CCS, the status of geological storage options and lessons from the operating In Salah project. CCS is expected to have applications in the oil and gas industry, and other industries, particularly the coal and power sectors. CO
2
-enhanced oil recovery, depleted oil and gas fields and saline formations are considered the most important geological storage options. Experience with geological storage is being gained at the In Salah project in Algeria. Operating since 2004, it is the world's first industrial-scale project storing CO
2
in the water leg of a gas reservoir. A key challenge for wider deployment is for geological storage to be accepted as a safe and effective option, providing long-term CO
2
containment, with high integrity. This has several associated technical and regulatory challenges, including site characterization and selection, geological and well integrity risk assessment, performance prediction, the design of appropriate monitoring schemes and handling the closure and post-closure phases. The petroleum industry has the capabilities and know-how to deploy CCS and to manage the associated risks. This lends confidence that CCS will be a viable option and that deployment will help enable a low-carbon future.
Differences between flow of injected CO
2
and hydrocarbon migration
Authors: Hermanrud Christian , Teige Gunn Mari Grimsmo , Iding Martin , Eiken Ola , Rennan Lars , Østmo Svend 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Knowledge of fluid flow processes in the subsurface is important for CO
2
storage operations as well as for hydrocarbon exploration. Repeated seismic surveys for more than 10 years of CO
2
injection into the Utsira Formation, in the Sleipner area, offer a unique dataset. This dataset holds information on fluid migration processes that can be analysed for the benefit of hydrocarbon exploration and CO
2
storage considerations alike. Thorough analyses of these datasets reveal several features that give useful information of subsurface fluid flow processes. The CO
2
in the Utsira Formation has flowed laterally beneath thin, intra-formational shales. At the same time, CO
2
has flowed vertically through shaly horizons that would normally be considered as barriers to fluid flow. This flow has apparently taken place through vertically stacked flow conduits through the shales. These conduits may to some extent have existed prior to the start of CO
2
injection, but may also have been augmented by the CO
2
injection process. The calculated pushdown of seismic reflectors below the CO
2
plume is less than that observed, which may point to the presence of hitherto unrecognized flow paths for the CO
2
. Hydrocarbon migration pathways are in general not recognizable in seismic data. This implies that such avenues are significantly thinner than those of the CO
2
migration in the Utsira Formation. This result points to the presence of mixed-wet migration pathways, in which capillary flow resistance may not control the (sub-horizontal) flow path thickness. A circular depression at the top of the Utsira Formation that existed prior to the injection may be interpreted as a result of a deeper seated sand remobilization feature. Such features will also promote vertical hydrocarbon migration where they are present. A more widespread occurrence of such features may explain why hydrocarbons are generally found beneath thick shales, but are less likely to be found below thin intra-formational shales below the structural spillpoint of the top seal. These observations suggest that seal thickness is an important parameter, even if the capillary entry pressure of the sealing rock is sufficiently high to preserve significant hydrocarbon columns.
Adding concurrency in python using a commercial processor's hardware transactional memory support
Authors: Tabba Fuad 
Published: May 2011

This paper reports on our experiences of using a commercial processor's best-effort hardware transactional memory to improve concurrency in CPython, the reference Python implementation. CPython protects its data structures using a single global lock, which inhibits parallelism when running multiple threads.
We modified the CPython interpreter to use besteffort hardware transactions available in Sun's Rock processor, and fall back on the single global lock when unable to commit in hardware. The modifications were minimal; however, we had to restructure some of CPython's shared data structures to handle false conflicts arising from CPython's management of the shared data. Our results show that the modified CPython interpreter can run small, simple, workloads and scale almost linearly, while improving the concurrency of more complex workloads.
Memory, Mystery and Coherence: Does the Presence of 2‐3 Counterintuitive Concepts Predict Cultural Success of a Narrative?
Authors: Upal M. Afzal 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article reports an investigation involving a series of studies carried out to critically examine the hypothesis that presence of 2 or 3 minimally counterintuitive concepts in a story makes it more memorable than stories containing fewer or more of such concepts. The results paint a more complicated picture involving a number of interacting factors with contribution of the counterintuitive concepts to the global story cohesion emerging as a key mediating factor. It was found that addition of counterintuitive concepts only makes stories more memorable if those concepts contribute to the global cohesion of the overall story.
Cognitive Constraints on the Visual Arts: An Empirical Study of the Role of Perceived Intentions in Appreciation Judgements
Authors: Jucker Jean-Luc , Barrett Justin L. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
What influences people’s appreciation of works of art? In this paper, we provide a new cognitive approach to this big question, and the first empirical results in support of it. As a work of art typically does not activate intuitive cognition for functional artefacts, it is represented as an instance of non-verbal symbolic communication. By application of Sperber and Wilson’s (1986/1995) Relevance Theory of communication, we hypothesize that understanding the artist’s intention plays a crucial role in intuitive art appreciation judgements. About 60 works of fine art, representing a wide range of periods, genres and styles, were selected in the permanent exhibitions at Tate Britain in London, and rated by more than 500 visitors for goodness and understanding of the artist’s intention. Results suggest that works of art whose artist’s intention is easy to understand tend to be preferred over those with more obscure intentions, even when controlling for familiarity effects.
Moral Creationism: The Science of Morality and the Mutiny of Romantic Relativism
Authors: Haque Omar Sultan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractOver the past decade, there has been an explosion of scientific research into the nature of our moral psychology that demonstrates that human morality is fully grounded in the natural world and, thus, part of our evolved nature. Yet, many, if not most, scholars in the social sciences and humanities remain sceptical or pessimistic. Looking at a number of these recurrent concerns, I identify the source of this resistance as ‘moral creationism’: a set of beliefs, grounded in relativism and romanticism, about morality as irreducibly complex, holistic and non-decomposable, and that, therefore, implicates the scientific approach to morality as irrelevant, misguided, or in the extreme, itself somehow taboo or unethical. I demonstrate that moral creationism is intellectually unfounded by examining evidence on moral diversity and universality, moral and conventional norms, emotion and reasoning in moral judgment, moral conflict, moral progress and religion and morality. I argue that rejecting moral creationism not only prevents an inaccurate view of our moral psychology, but also has implications for the plausibility and justification of various normative theories, for reforming the practice of moral philosophy and can inform applied ethical areas. Without the protective strategy of moral creationism as a default position, humanists as well as scientists will both benefit as already fruitful inquiry, constructive engagement, collaboration and incorporation of novel investigative methods across disciplines can continue to grow.
Naming Patterns and Inductive Inference: The Case of Birds
Authors: Tarlowski Andrzej 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAlthough past research demonstrated that online presentation of labels plays a role in inductive inference few studies have shown that naming practices affect stable category representations that enter into inductive judgments. In this study we provide evidence for a relationship between naming and inductive inference by examining Polish and Spanish speakers’ inferences within the taxonomic class Aves. Birds in Polish are named with one label, ptak, while Spanish uses two labels, ave and pájaro. Size is the feature that determines whether Spanish speakers label a bird as ave or pájaro. As a result, compared to Polish speakers, Spanish speakers attach higher weight to bird size. This is evidenced by the fact that Spanish speakers’ perception of strength of inferences from birds decreases more strongly as a function of size dissimilarity between premise and conclusion. The hypothesis that feature weighting mediates in the influence of naming on induction is supported by the cross-linguistic differences in perceptions of animal similarity. The set of findings reported here contributes to the understanding of inductive inference and the relationship between language and thought.
Humor as Violation and Deprecation: A Cognitive Anthropological Account
Authors: Purzycki Benjamin Grant 
Published: May 2011

AbstractOver the past few centuries, scholars have expressed a number of models of humor which are divergent, but potentially complementary. Specifically, the Incongruity Hypothesis posits that humor is our confrontation with a stimulus that is surprising or inconsistent with the way we normally view the world. The Hermetic Hypothesis maintains that the incongruity of humorous statements or events exploits shared cultural (i.e., schematic) knowledge. The Deprecation Hypothesis suggests that humor involves lowering the status of a target individual, group, or object. This paper tests a number of predictions derived from these approaches using statements that isolate the types of violations in both form (i.e., schematic or ontological template violations) and content (i.e., deprecating or non-deprecating). Using cognitive anthropological approaches to the mind, the present results suggest that the most effective forms of humor are deprecating, schematic violations.
Myth and Ritual at Sinope: From Diogenes the Cynic to Sanape the Amazon
Authors: Braund David 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe interaction of myth and history at Sinope is explored with regard (1) to Diogenes the Cynic and (2) Sanape/Sinope the Amazon. The modern statue of Diogenes illustrates the abiding and changing significance of an individual whose myth is much more important than the more probable details of his biography. His dwelling in a storage-jar may echo the image of Sinope as a centre of production and exchange (especially in wine and oil), while his apparent exile from Sinope (with his father) may shed some light on the obscure history of the city around the turn of the fifth into the fourth century BC, especially in its dealings with Athens.As for Amazons, it is argued that the distinction between Sinope the nymph and Sinope/Sanape the Amazon is not clear-cut, especially because the nymph was imagined (as often as not) as a daughter of Ares, like the Amazons. That explains why she is an Amazon (and not a nymph) in Pseudo-Scymnus, writing for a king of neighbouring Bithynia. The much-discussed version of Andron of Teos and his story of the hard-drinking Amazon may owe something to the city’s reputation for wine, but it seems to be marginal to the main-line tradition from Heraclitus to Pseudo-Scymnus and the Tabula Albana. Sinope was one of several cities of Asia Minor which claimed and celebrated an Amazon in its mythical past. Aeneas Tacticus gives a clue to Amazon cult practice in the city. The link with Amazons may also have assisted Sinope’s imperialism in the eastern Black Sea region.
Sinope et les Cimmériens
Authors: Ivantchik Askold 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSinope and the CimmeriansThe article is devoted to the discussion of the literary tradition, according to which the Cimmerians settled for a long time on the place of Sinope. This tradition is not historical, but is probably base on a historical event: a short raid of the nomadic Cimmerians to the shore of Black Sea, during which a first Greek settlement on place of the future Sinope was destroyed. Two foundations of Sinope mentioned in the literary sources (by Habron and by Kretines and Koos) were not separated by a long period and probably belong to the same generation. The Cimmerians did not settled the south shore of Black Sea, but were present in the region close to the south of the Pontic mountains, as it is attested by archaeological data.
An Overview of the 2nd Millennium BC and Iron Age Cultures of the Province of Sinop in Light of New Research
Authors: Dönmez Şevket 
Published: May 2011

AbstractArchaeological research conducted to date has shown that the earliest settlements in the province of Sinop date to the Late Chalcolithic period. However, despite these Late Chalcolithic period cultural strata, identified during the Kocagöz Höyük and Boyabat-Kovuklukaya excavations, the stone bracelet fragments from Maltepe Höyüğü and potsherds supposedly from Kıran Höyük and Kabalı Höyük (but hitherto unpublished) indicate that the settlement process of the region may have started in the Early Chalcolithic or even Late Neolithic period. In the Early Bronze Age, following the Late Chalcolithic period, the number of settlements increased in parallel with the population. A number of settlements identified during the excavations at Kocagöz Höyük and Kovuklukaya, as well as during surveys, indicate that the Early Bronze Age was a very active period in the province of Sinop. Finds from the ensuing Middle Bronze Age, pointing to the fact that the Sinop area was one of the northern extremities of the commercial network of the Assyrian Trade Colonies period, centered at Kültepe/Kaneš, have come to light from the Gerze-Hıdırlı cemetery and its settlement at Keçi Türbesi Höyüğü. As is the case with the neighboring province of Samsun, it is understood that the province of Sinop probably did not host any settlements in the late phases of the Middle Bronze Age. All along the Black Sea coast of Anatolia no centre or even find dating to the Early Iron Age (1190-900 BC) has been identified to date. However, settlements become more frequent in the inland part of the central Black Sea region during the Middle Iron Age (900-650/600 BC), and by the Late Iron Age (650/600-330 BC) they are seen both inland and along the coastline. Evidence to confirm this pattern has been obtained from the city centre of Sinop and Kovuklukaya.
Sinop Landscapes: Towards an Archaeology of Community in the Hinterland of a Black Sea Port
Authors: Doonan Owen 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis paper discusses the evidence for economic and community integration on the Sinop promontory from the early first millennium BC through the middle of the first millennium AD based on the results of the Sinop Regional Archaeological Project. Results suggest that settlement and economy on the Sinop promontory were strongly affected by the broader condition of the Black Sea economy. Contrary to the sudden appearance of colonial sites dispersed over a relatively extensive territory seen in other important Pontic colonies (e.g. Olbia), evidence from Sinop suggests several centuries of disengagement followed by a progressive engagement between Greek and non-Greek communities following the extension of Persian influence in the eastern Pontus in the early fourth century. Infrastructural improvements under early Roman administration may not have been followed immediately by economic expansion, which seems to have taken off after the establishment of Constantinople.
Four Ships of Late Antiquity in the Black Sea
Authors: Ward Cheryl 
Published: May 2011

AbstractShallow and deepwater seabed exploration in the Black Sea conducted in 2000 and 2003 as part of a long term project developed by Robert Ballard’s Institute for Exploration (IFE) identified a number of shipwrecks and environmental features while testing survey methodology and equipment for deepwater archaeological applications.1 The underwater efforts complemented traditional terrestrial surveys in the Sinope area and contributed to a robust debate on the flooding of the Black Sea. This contribution outlines the maritime survey and methodology used to locate four ships (4th to 6th c.) in 2000 and interprets data recovered from those sites in 2000 and 2003.2