bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacteriological aspects of sewage purification and river pollution
Authors: Keller Paul 
Published: May 2009

The National Institute for Water Research of the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research has been engaged on extensive research into the conservation of water supplies and into the reclamation of industrial and sewage effluents. Within the framework of this programme, a comparative study of the efficiency in the reduction of bacterial numbers by existing conventional sewage treatment plants has been carried out. The numerical decreases in bacterial populations after primary sedimentation, biological filtration, the activated sludge process, secondary sedimentation (humus tank), and final sand filtration have been compared with the reduction in bacterial numbers attained by the treatment of sand-filter effluent, humus tank effluent, and primary biological filter effluent in units for further biological purification.Various types of units for this purpose have been investigated, and from available results it appears perfectly feasible to consider the suitability of effectively purified sewage effluents as sources for raw water supplies for industrial and domestic use. Sewage effluents after final further biological purification could be admitted for unrestricted discharge into rivers. The possibility of objections from the point of view of public health and future use is completely ruled out by the fact that the quality of the final effluent is as good as that of river water.A variety of experimental units for further biological purification of sewage effluents have been studied, and a comparison of the results obtained from grass-plots, artificial vleis (a natural vlei in South Africa is a marshy or swampy depression in the ground in which water collects and which supports a standing vegetation), algal beds, artificial model rivers, and maturation or oxidation ponds have shown that maturation ponds, possibly a number of ponds in series, with an established microflora and microfauna of their own, may provide the final solution of the problem. Further biological purification will play an important role in the conservation of water supplies and will contribute to the raw water sources available for industrial and domestic use.In parallel with these studies, the effect of the discharge of sewage effluents from conventional treatment plants into a river system has been investigated together with the fate of the sewage bacteria after admission to a natural environment. The manifestations of self-purification have been recorded, and the additional or superimposed effect of run-off and drainage from populated and unpopulated areas, as well as the admission of storm-water, have been considered together with the effects of seasonal variations due to climatic conditions.The author wishes to express his gratitude to his assistants who bravely bore the burden of the routine work involved, and wishes to thank the S.A. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research for permission to publish this paper.
Survival of microbial aerosols: experimental observations and calculations
Authors: Morton J. D. 
Published: May 2009

In experiments on survival of microbial aerosols, viability should be measured as early as possible in the life of the cloud, but this must not be used as the datum to which subsequent viabilities are related; all viabilities must be related to that of the material from which the cloud was generated. Mathematical models may be used as a convenience in expressing results, but observed viabilities must also be quoted.I am indebted to the many colleagues whose work over the years has consolidated this approach, and particularly to Mr G. J. Harper whose experiments and thinking form the backbone of my discussion.
Experiments designed to determine the mechanism of the adjuvant activity of Gram-negative organisms upon antibody production
Authors: Farthing J. R. , Holt L. B. 
Published: May 2009

The characteristics of Gram-negative organisms and some of the underlying reasons for their adjuvant action with diphtheria toxoid are described.The adjuvant effect was shown by an earlier production of antitoxin, with a maintained differential advantage over controls, but with the usual decline in titre with passage of time. The adjuvant effect only occurred with a primary stimulus. There was no adsorption between toxoid and vaccine and mixture of the two was not necessary, but the vaccine had to be given simultaneously with or within 24 hr. following injection of the toxoid. There was evidence for believing that these adjuvants decreased the minimal stimulating dose of antigen and caused hyperplasia of antibody-producing cells. No direct link could be found between the characteristic stress symptoms caused by lipopolysaccharides and their ability to enhance antibody formation.
The detection of a bovine carrier of Salmonella heidelberg
Authors: Davies E. T. , Venn J. A. J. 
Published: May 2009

1. Salmonella heidelberg infection in humans was traced to one cow excreting the organism in milk.2. The cow was clinically normal and infection was confined to the right hind-quarter of the udder.3. The affected quarter had numerous haemorrhagic foci but there was no inflammatory response to the infection.4. Histological preparations suggested that Streptococcus uberis was causing a chronic mastitis in all four quarters.
Meningococcal ‘aseptic’ meningitis
Authors: Ross Constance A. C. , Stevenson John 
Published: May 2009

The usefulness of the meningococcal CF test was assessed by investigating sera from (a) patients with meningococcal meningitis from whom meningococci had been isolated, and (b) patients with aseptic meningitis in whom no virus aetiology had been demonstrated and from whose C.S.F. no bacteria had been isolated.Meningococcal CF antibodies were relatively strain-specific; cross-reacting anti-bodies to heterologous strains were irregular both qualitatively and quantitatively.Positive meningococcal CF tests were obtained in 8 cases of aseptic meningitis, 3 showing a predominance of lymphocytes and 5 a predominance of polymorpho-nuclears in C.S.F. As a result of these positive tests, the cases of lymphocytic aseptic meningitis were given energetic antibiotic therapy to avoid the possibility of more chronic infection.We wish to thank many clinical and bacteriological colleagues for their co-operation, and Prof. S. Graham for details of one case. We are grateful to Dr Patricia Bradstreet, Standards Laboratory for Serological Reagents, London, N.W. 9, for meningococcal agglutination results, and to Miss C. Gourlay for valuable technical assistance.
The clinical reaction of Nigerian children to measles vaccine with and without gamma globulin
Authors: Morley D. , Katz S. L. , Krugman S. 
Published: May 2009

1. The severity of measles in infants and young children in Ilesha in Nigeria suggested this as a suitable centre for a trial of measles vaccine.2. The trial was divided into three stages. In the first the vaccine was given to a group of 26 children who could be kept under close observation and were seen twice daily. In the second the vaccine was given to 120 children, a similar group receiving gamma globulin and an inert material. In the third stage the effect of vaccine and gamma globulin given as separate injections to 378 children, was compared with that of gamma globulin and inert material given to another control group. The second and third stages were run on the ‘double blind’ principle.3. The children receiving vaccine alone showed fairly severe reactions but none were disabled by them; for example, 19 % had fever over 103° F. The reactions were similar to those observed in American children, with the one exception that diarrhoea was seen amongst African children receiving vaccine without gamma globulin. Those receiving vaccine and gamma globulin had only minor reactions. In the vaccinated children there was a notable absence of the severe complications seen with the natural disease in Nigeria.4. Children who were well below the average weight for their age and sex in this community did not show more severe reactions than those above the average weight.
A milk-borne outbreak of food poisoning due to Salmonella heidelberg
Authors: Knox W. A. , Galbraith N. S. , Lewis M. J. , Hickie G. C. , Johnston H. H. 
Published: May 2009

A milk-borne outbreak of Salm. heidelberg infection due to unpasteurized milk from tuberculin-tested cows is described. There were 77 cases and 46 symptomless excreters of the organism. There were no deaths. The infection was traced to a cow with a symptomless salmonella mastitis and the origin of the organism was thought to be contaminated animal feeding stuffs.We are indebted to Dr Joan Taylor, Colindale, for the identification of the salmonella serotypes; to Dr H. R. Cayton, Bristol, for assistance in the examination of animal feeding stuffs; to Dr E. N. Davey, Gloucester, for permission to include his results of milk examinations; and to the following public health inspectors who assisted in the field investigation—Mr A. Furniss, Mr G. Baillie and Mr M. V. Smith, Cirencester Urban District; Mr H. Wheeler and Mr R. Hayward, Cirencester Rural District; Mr P. Hayter, Bristol; and Mr D. S. Smith, Trowbridge.
Adverse reactions in cattle after vaccination with lapinized rinderpest virus
Authors: Scott G. R. 
Published: May 2009

A survey embracing all cattle vaccinated in Kenya with lapinized rinderpest virus between 1 January 1954 and 30 June 1956 revealed an over-all incidence rate of adverse reactions of 0·09 %. The real incidence rate approached 3 per 1000 cattle because only susceptible cattle were at risk. Four types of reactions were recognized. The most serious, because of the attendant high case mortality rate, was aggravation of latent protozoal infections. The commonest reactions were rinderpest-like without serious sequelae except in pregnant cows, many of which aborted. Transient spermatolysis was observed in six vaccinated bulls and anaphylaxis was recorded rarely.The incidence of rinderpest-like reactions was primarily influenced by the innate resistance of the cattle. The viral strains recovered from reacting cattle were genotypically unchanged.I am grateful to Mr J. W. Macaulay, B.Sc., F.R.C.V.S., D.V.S.M., Chief Veterinary Research Officer, Kabete, Kenya, for his encouragement, advice and counsel. This paper is published by permission of the Director of Veterinary Services, Kenya.
Para-influenza 2 virus infections in adult volunteers
Authors: Taylor-Robinson D. , Bynoe M. L. 
Published: May 2009

Twenty-eight adult volunteers were inoculated intranasally with para influenza 2 virus and eight developed illnesses; twenty-eight volunteers were given flanks' saline and one became ill. The illnesses occurred in volunteers given between 2 × 104and 2 × 106TCD 50 of virus. The most prominent symptoms were sore throat, nasal stuffiness and coryza; four of the eight volunteers had sufficient coryza to be regarded as having mild colds. Although only eight volunteers had clinical evidence of infection, twenty-four had laboratory evidence of infection as judged by virus re-isolation or antibody response. Neutralization, haemagglutination-inhibition and complement-fixation tests on paired sera showed that sixteen individuals had a fourfold or greater antibody response by one or more tests including five of the eight volunteers who were ill. Twenty volunteers, including seven who were ill, had reciprocal neutralizing antibody titres of eight or more before inoculation of virus so it seems that the illnesses were due to re infection in the presence of antibody. Evidence is presented which suggests that although illnesses occurred in the presence of antibody they were due to the para influenza 2 virus and not some other agent in the inoculum. The results of these experiments seem to fulifi the third of Koch's postulates for para-influenza 2 virus as a cause of respiratory disease in adults.We wish to thank Dr P. A. J. Tyrreil for his advice during the course of this work and in the preparation of the manuscript. We also thank Dr K. V. Shah (The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.A.) for help in some of the early experiments and Miss B. Ridgwell for valuable technical assistance.
An outbreak of food poisoning caused by Salmonella typhi-murium, phage-type 12, probably spread by infected meat
Authors: Harvey R. W. S. , Price T. H. , Bate W. , Allen D. R. 
Published: May 2009

An outbreak of food poisoning caused by Salmonella typhi-murium, phage-type 12, in which 122 persons were infected, is described.Isolation of the same organism from the drains of two large abattoirs, from pig faeces at one abattoir, and from the floor drains of fifteen out of fifty-four butchers' shops and bakehouses examined, together with records showing that this organism had been recently isolated from pigs and cattle in the neighbourhood, suggested that meat was the vehicle of infection.We are indebted to Dr E. S. Anderson and the staff of the Central Enteric Reference Laboratory and Bureau, Colindale, for phage-typing the cultures of S. typhi-murium.We should like to thank Prof. Scott Thomson for his encouragement and advice in the preparation of this paper and Mr J. Morgan and Mr B. M. Jones of the Public Health Laboratory, Cardiff, for their technical assistance.
Viruses from the common cold. A survey in Royal Air Force recruits on arrival from civilian life
Authors: Pereira Marguerite S. , Hambling M. H. , McDonald J. C. , Zuckerman A. J. 
Published: May 2009

Twenty-three strains of rhinovirus were isolated from 102 patients who had common colds on arrival at a Royal Air Force recruit centre during a 6-month period from June to November, 1960. Three of these strains were M type rhino-viruses similar to ECHO 28 virus. Twenty strains were H type rhinoviruses which fell into six or more different antigenic types. Two of these types were similar to the prototypes Sal/1/58/H and Sheffield/1/60/H. Three types were antigenically distinct from those previously reported in this country and several strains are still unclassified. Other human respiratory viruses were not isolated from common colds occurring at this time among the population studied.We are indebted to the Senior Medical Officer of R.A.F. Cardington for providing facilities for the investigation, to Squadron Leader M. Shearer for his help in collecting convalescent blood specimens, and to the Director-General of the Royal Air Force Medical Service for permission to publish this paper.We wish to acknowledge the excellent technical assistance of Miss Ann Deacon. We should also like to thank Dr H. E. M. Kay of the Royal Marsden Hospital for supplying human embryo kidney.
Nasal acquisition of Staphylococcus aureus in partly divided wards
Authors: Lidwell O. M. , Davies J. , Payne R. W. , Newman P. , Williams R. E. O. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe spread of coagulase-positive staphylococci has been studied in a modern hospital in which most of the patients were nursed in 4-bed rooms separated from a common corridor only by low dividing walls. Acquisition of new nasal strains from patients in other bedrooms was nearly as easy as from patients in the neighbouring beds. There was no indication that subdivision of this type hindered the spread of nasal strains as compared with open wards of the ‘Nightingale’ pattern.
Myxomatosis: the introduction of the European rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) into wild rabbit populations in Australia
Authors: Sobey W. R. , Conolly Dorothy 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY1. The European rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) bred successfully in wild rabbits on three properties in New South Wales and, within two breeding seasons, almost every rabbit shot within a quarter of a mile of a release site was infested.2. It was demonstrated that the flea transmitted myxoma virus in the field.3. In areas where more than 75 % of the rabbits shot at the beginning of the breeding season were flea-infested and myxoma virus was present, populations failed to show the expected summer build-up.
Salmonella typhimuriumcontamination of processed broiler chickens after a subclinical infection
Authors: Knivett V. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA subclinical infection ofSalmonella typhimuriumin a broiler flock was investigated and attempts were made to eradicate the infection by treatment with furazolidone. One-quarter of the chickens were still infected after they had been through the processing plant. Washing in heavily chlorinated water reduced the number of contaminated carcasses. Infected chickens were also found in four other companion flocks on the same farm.
Protective isolation in a burns unit: the use of plastic isolators and air curtains
Authors: Lowbury E. J. L. , Babb J. R. , Ford Pamela M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe use of plastic isolators and of an ‘air curtain’ isolator for protection of patients against infection was studied in a burns unit.Preliminary bacteriological tests showed that very few airborne bacteria gained access to a plastic ventilated isolator; even when the filter and pre-filter were removed from the air inflow, settle-plate counts inside the isolator were much lower than those in the open ward, but the difference was smaller in tests made with an Anderson air sampler, which showed also that fewer large bacteria-carrying particles appeared inside the isolator than outside it. An open-topped isolator allowed virtually free access of bacteria from ambient air. The numbers of airborne bacteria inside an air curtain were appreciably lower than the counts of airborne bacteria in the open ward, but not as low as those in the plastic ventilated isolator.Controlled trials of isolators were made on patients with fresh burns of 4–30 % of the body surface; the patients were given no topical chemoprophylaxis against Staphylococcus aureus or Gram-negative bacilli. Patients treated in plastic isolators showed a significantly lower incidence of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa than those treated in the open ward; this protective effect was shown by isolators with or without filters or with an open top. Ventilated isolators, which protected patients against personal contact and airborne infection, gave a limited protection against multi-resistant ‘hospital’ strains of Staph. aureus, but no such protection was given by an open-topped isolator, which protected only against personal contact infection, or by air curtains, which protected only against airborne infection; the air curtain gave no protection against Ps. aeruginosa, and there was no evidence of protection by any isolator against Proteus spp. and coliform bacilli.Both the controlled trials and evidence from the bacteriology of air, hands, fomites and rectal and nasal swabs taken on admission and later, supported the view that Ps. aeruginosa is transferred mainly by personal contact, Staph. aureus probably by air as well as by contact and coliform bacilli mainly by self infection with faecal flora, many of which are first acquired from the hospital environment in food or on fomites.The use of plastic isolators is cumbersome, and of limited value except in the control of infection with Ps. aeruginosa. For this reason and because of the effectiveness of topical chemoprophylaxis such isolators are unlikely to have more than an occasional use in the treatment of burns. Though air curtains greatly reduce airborne contamination, their use in a burns unit does not appear to protect patients against infection when the alternative (and, for Ps. aeruginosa, more important) routes of contamination by personal contact and fomites are left open.
The influence of pH of the culture medium on the sensitivity ofMycoplasma gallisepticumantigens for use in certain serological tests
Authors: Bradbury Janet M. , Jordan F. T. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYMycoplasma gallisepticumantigens were prepared from organisms cultured in broth medium with glucose. The influence of period of growth, pH of the medium and duration of incubation at low pH (5·0) on the sensitivity of these antigens was determined in certain tests. The most sensitive antigen for the serum plate test was harvested after no more than 8 hr. incubation at pH 5·0. Sensitivity in serum plate, haemagglutination and gel diffusion tests was impaired if organisms were incubated at pH 5·0 for long periods. Antigens prepared from buffered broth medium were found to be at least as sensitive as those from unbuffered medium for the haemagglutination and gel precipitation tests, but considerably less so for the serum plate test.
Study of an attenuated strain of feline infectious enteritis (panleucopaenia) virus II. Removal of the spread factor by further passaging in tissue culture
Authors: O'Reilly K. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe propensity of an attenuated strain of feline infectious enteritis (panleucopaenia) virus to spread from vaccinated cats affected with intercurrent feline respiratory disease to unvaccinated in-contact cats was eradicated by further passaging of the vaccine virus in tissue culture. No virus was recovered from, and no antibody was found in the sentinel cats in contact with seven vaccinated animals. Thus, a further 27 passages of the vaccine virus in tissue culture has eliminated the spread factor.
Water-borne typhoid fever caused by an unusual Vi-phage type in Edinburgh
Authors: Conn Nancy K. , Heymann C. S. , Jamieson A. , McWilliam Joan M. , Scott T. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYInvestigation of a small series of cases of typhoid fever infected in a river between 1963 and 1970 revealed that all were caused by a single source, a carrier of a rare phage type of Salmonella typhi. The contamination of the river resulted from an incorrect sewage connexion with a surface water drain outfall into the river.
Biotyping of Enterobacteriaceae as a test for the evaluation of isolation systems
Authors: van der Waaij D. , Speltie T. M. , Vossen J. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYArguments in favour of biotyping of Enterobacteriaceae excreted in the faeces of isolated patients, as a method of investigating the efficiency of the isolation procedures, are presented as well as a technical outline of the procedure. The study included three kidney transplantation patients, five acute myeloid leukaemia patients and four healthy persons as controls.The results show, apart from new colonizations during isolation, a difference in the mean number of contaminations and colonizations with different Enterobacteriaceae biotypes. It is concluded from these results, that the isolation procedures were not completely effective and that the AML patients studied had a decreased colonization resistance of their digestive tract. This was less evident in the kidney transplant group.
Comparison of membrane filtration and multiple tube methods for the enumeration of coliform organisms in water
Authors:   Public Health Laboratory Service
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe membrane methods described in Report 71 on the bacteriological examination of water supplies (Report, 1969) for the enumeration of coliform organisms and Escherichia coli in waters, together with a glutamate membrane method, were compared with the glutamate multiple tube method recommended in Report 71 and an incubation procedure similar to that used for membranes with the first 4 hr. at 30°C., and with MacConkey broth in multiple tubes. Although there were some differences between individual laboratories, the combined results from all participating laboratories showed that standard and extended membrane methods gave significantly higher results than the glutamate tube method for coliform organisms in both chlorinated and unchlorinated waters, but significantly lower results for Esch. coli with chlorinated waters and equivocal results with unchlorinated waters. Extended membranes gave higher results than glutamate tubes in larger proportions of samples than did standard membranes. Although transport membranes did not do so well as standard membrane methods, the results were usually in agreement with glutamate tubes except for Esch. coli in chlorinated waters. The glutamate membranes were unsatisfactory. Preliminary incubation of glutamate at 30° C. made little difference to the results.