bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of isoflurane or propofol anaesthesia on liver injury after partial hepatectomy in cirrhotic patients
Authors: Yang L. Q. , Tao K. M. , Cheung C. W. , Liu Y. T. , Tao Y. , Wu F. X. , Yu W. F. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThis study compared the effect of isoflurane or propofol anaesthesia on postoperative hepatocellular injury, liver function and pro‐inflammatory cytokine concentrations in 60 cirrhotic patients, after partial hepatectomy using Pringle’s manoeuvre. In the isoflurane group postoperatively, both mean (SD) aspartate aminotransferase (day 1: 197 (123) U.l−1 vs 261 (143) U.l−1; p = 0.01; day 3: 465 (258) U.l−1 vs 578 (311) U.l−1; p = 0.02) and alanine aminotransferase (day 1: 575 (312) U.l−1 vs 714 (434) U.l−1; p = 0.04 and day 3: 776 (443) U.l−1 vs 898 (746) U.l−1; p = 0.03) were significantly lower compared with the propofol group. Mean (SD) postoperative white cell count was significantly lower with isoflurane than propofol (day 1: 12 (4) × 103.mm−1 vs 16 (4) × 103.mm−1; p = 0.01 and day 3: 10 (6) × 103.mm−1; vs 14 (4); p = 0.01). Tumour necrosis factor‐α (day 1) and interleukin‐1 (days 1 and 3) concentrations were significantly lower with isoflurane. Compared with propofol, isoflurane is associated with an attenuated postoperative inflammatory response and less postoperative hepatocellular injury in patients having this procedure.
Feeding by Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] larvae does not induce plant indirect defences
Authors: TOOKER JOHN F. , DE MORAES CONSUELO M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract 1. Recent research has addressed the function of herbivore‐induced plant volatiles in attracting natural enemies of feeding herbivores. While many types of insect herbivory appear to elicit volatile responses, those triggered by gall insects have received little attention. Previous work indicates that at least one gall insect species induces changes in host‐plant volatiles, but no other studies appear to have addressed whether gall insects trigger plant indirect defences.2. The volatile responses of wheat to feeding by larvae of the Hessian fly Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) were studied to further explore indirect responses of plants to feeding by gall insects. This specialist gall midge species did not elicit a detectable volatile response from wheat plants, whereas a generalist caterpillar triggered volatile release. Moreover, Hessian fly feeding altered volatile responses to subsequent caterpillar herbivory.3. These results suggest that Hessian fly larvae exert a degree of control over the defensive responses of their host plants and offer insight into plant‐gall insect interactions. Also, the failure of Hessian fly larvae to elicit an indirect defensive response from their host plants may help explain why natural enemies, which often rely on induced volatile cues, fail to inflict significant mortality on M. destructor populations in the field.
A comparison of maternal effects and current environment on vital rates ofAphis nerii, the milkweed–oleander aphid
Authors: ZEHNDER CARALYN B. , HUNTER MARK D. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract. 1. Non‐Mendelian maternal effects, the effects of maternal phenotype or environment on offspring phenotype, have been documented in numerous taxa. By affecting offspring vital rates (birth, death, and movement), maternal effects have the potential to influence population dynamics. However, relatively few studies have directly linked maternal phenotype or environment to offspring vital rates. Additionally, even fewer studies have compared the magnitude of across‐generation effects (i.e. maternal effects) to within‐generation effects.2. Because of their telescoping generations, aphids can be strongly influenced by maternal effects. The effects of maternal density and maternal host‐plant species on offspring survival, fecundity, and alate formation were investigated experimentally inAphis nerii, the milkweed–oleander aphid.3. Additionally, the relative strength of maternal effects were compared with those operating within a generation. Therefore, in another set of experiments, the effects of current density and host‐plant species (within‐generation effects) on aphid vital rates were examined.4. While maternal effects were present, within‐generation effects were much stronger and more strongly influenced aphid vital rates. Within a generation, aphids exhibited density‐dependent survival, fecundity, and alate formation and these effects varied among host‐plant species.5. These results indicate that while maternal effects have the potential to affect population dynamics, this potential is not always met. Additionally, the current environment, not the environment of previous generations, more strongly impacts population dynamics.
Shaking a leg and hot to trot: the effects of body size and temperature on running speed in ants
Authors: HURLBERT ALLEN H. , BALLANTYNE FORD , POWELL SCOTT 
Published: September 2010

Abstract1. Data were compiled from the literature and our own studies on 24 ant species to characterise the effects of body size and temperature on forager running speed.2. Running speed increases with temperature in a manner consistent with the effects of temperature on metabolic rate and the kinetic properties of muscles.3. The exponent of the body mass‐running speed allometry ranged from 0.14 to 0.34 with a central tendency of approximately 0.25. This body mass scaling is consistent with both the model of elastic similarity, and a model combining dynamic similarity with available metabolic power.4. Even after controlling for body size or temperature, a substantial amount of inter‐specific variation in running speed remains. Species with certain lifestyles [e.g. nomadic group predators, species which forage at extreme (>60 °C) temperatures] may have been selected for faster running speeds.5. Although ants have a similar scaling exponent to mammals for the running speed allometry, they run slower than predicted compared with a hypothetical mammal of similar size. This may in part reflect physiological differences between invertebrates and vertebrates.
α‐Glucosidase inhibitors in diabetes: efficacy in NIDDM subjects
Authors: TOELLER M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWith α‐glucosidase inhibitors generally improved metabolic control is achieved in NIDDM patients regardless of whether acarbose is administered in addition to other oral anti‐diabetic agents or to diet alone. The most significant finding is the reduction of postprandial blood glucose concentrations. Long‐term studies show a decrease in glycosylated haemoglobin and often also in fasting blood glucose levels. Placebo‐controlled studies have proven that postprandial insulin concentrations are decreased under acarbose treatment while fasting plasma insulin is usually unchanged. The major side‐effects of acarbose treatment involve the gastrointestinal system and include flatulence, abdominal discomfort and diarrhoea. Symptoms diminish with treatment time and are less severe when the treatment is started with low doses. Acarbose should usually be initiated as a 50 mg dose immediately before each major carbohydrate containing meal. Monotherapy with acarbose does not cause hypoglycaemia, however, hypoglycaemia may occur with combination of sulphonylurea or insulin treatment by the well‐known reasons. In this case hypoglycaemia has to be treated by taking glucose.
Prey selection of a shell‐invading leech as predicted by optimal foraging theory with consumption success incorporated into estimation of prey profitability
Authors: Lai Yi‐Te , Chen Jiun‐Hong , Lee Ling‐Ling 
Published: September 2010

Summary 1. Optimal foraging theory assumes that a predator preys selectively to maximize fitness gain. The associated model assesses predator’s fitness gain by estimating prey profitability in terms of appropriate foraging costs and benefits. While model developing, unsuccessful foraging was included in the model because it is inevitable and costly for a predator. However, it has rarely been taken into account in previous studies, nor has the consumption success been included in the estimation of prey profitability. Thus, although such model may successfully predict prey selection of many predators, it is inadequate in explaining prey selection of predators with highly variable consumption success. 2. In this study, we tested the prediction of optimal foraging model by accounting for consumption success in prey profitability for the prey selection of Whitmania laevis (Hirudinida: Hirudinidae), a shell‐invading leech with highly variable consumption success in different prey. Five snail species, including three operculated species and two non‐operculated species, were used as prey. 3. Our results showed that W. laevis exhibits prey‐size selection. Leeches consumed more medium‐sized snails among operculated species and more large‐sized snails among non‐operculated species, and the selection fitted the prediction of prey profitability by accounting for consumption success. Leeches also practiced prey‐species selection, but such selectivity was confined to non‐operculated species rather than snails with higher profitability. 4. Our study showed that when the consumption success was incorporated into the estimation of prey profitability, the optimal foraging model could, as predicting the prey‐size selection of W. laevis, predict the prey selection of a predator with highly variable consumption success, which has been poorly predicted previously. This could also be the case for other predators with variable consumption success in future studies.
Nurse practitioner‐led surgical spine consultation clinic
Authors: Sarro Angela , Rampersaud Yoga Raja , Lewis Stephen 
Published: September 2010

sarro a., rampersaud y.r. & lewis s. (2010) Nurse practitioner‐led surgical spine consultation clinic. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(12), 2671–2676.AbstractAim.  This study is a report of a study of patient satisfaction with non‐surgical nurse practitioner management of pre‐selected spinal referrals.Background.  Nurse practitioners are linked to particular patient populations or specific physicians in a medical setting. In a universal healthcare delivery system, patients are often faced with long and anxiety‐provoking waiting times, particularly for sub‐specialized consultations such as spinal surgery.Method.  A nurse practitioner‐led spine consultation ambulatory clinic was implemented at a Canadian neuroscience centre. A prospective patient satisfaction and clinical accuracy study was performed in 2008. All patients assessed by the nurse practitioner completed a post‐consultation validated patient satisfaction questionnaire. All patients were reviewed with the surgeon for confirmation of diagnosis and management.Results.  A total of 177 pre‐selected patients (disc‐herniations, spinal stenosis, degenerative disc disease) were assessed by the nurse practitioner. Mean time from referral to nurse practitioner clinic assessment was 12 weeks (range: 9·8–21 weeks) compared with 10–52 weeks if seen in a conventional clinic. Nurse practitioner clinical diagnosis and management plan were in agreement with those of the surgeon (100% and 95% respectively). Patient satisfaction was 97% with the consultation and 94% and with examination thoroughness. Preference for a longer waiting period for direct consultation with the surgeon was 26%.Conclusion.  Nurse practitioners can play an effective and efficient role in providing care to patients requiring specific disease management in a specialty setting. The nurse practitioner‐run clinic offers accurate and earlier assessment, thus facilitating a timelier diagnosis and management plan.
Nursing Services Delivery Theory: an open system approach
Authors: Meyer Raquel M. , O’Brien‐Pallas Linda L. 
Published: September 2010

meyer r.m. & o’brien‐pallas l.l. (2010) Nursing services delivery theory: an open system approach. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(12), 2828–2838.AbstractAim.  This paper is a discussion of the derivation of the Nursing Services Delivery Theory from the application of open system theory to large‐scale organizations.Background.  The underlying mechanisms by which staffing indicators influence outcomes remain under‐theorized and unmeasured, resulting in a ‘black box’ that masks the nature and organization of nursing work. Theory linking nursing work, staffing, work environments, and outcomes in different settings is urgently needed to inform management decisions about the allocation of nurse staffing resources in organizations.Data sources.  A search of CINAHL and Business Source Premier for the years 1980–2008 was conducted using the following terms: theory, models, organization, organizational structure, management, administration, nursing units, and nursing. Seminal works were included.Discussion.  The healthcare organization is conceptualized as an open system characterized by energy transformation, a dynamic steady state, negative entropy, event cycles, negative feedback, differentiation, integration and coordination, and equifinality. The Nursing Services Delivery Theory proposes that input, throughput, and output factors interact dynamically to influence the global work demands placed on nursing work groups at the point of care in production subsystems.Implications for nursing.  The Nursing Services Delivery Theory can be applied to varied settings, cultures, and countries and supports the study of multi‐level phenomena and cross‐level effects.Conclusion.  The Nursing Services Delivery Theory gives a relational structure for reconciling disparate streams of research related to nursing work, staffing, and work environments. The theory can guide future research and the management of nursing services in large‐scale healthcare organizations.
Joint or clinical chairs in nursing: from cup of plenty to poisoned chalice?
Authors: Darbyshire Philip 
Published: September 2010

darbyshire p. (2010) Joint or clinical chairs in nursing: from cup of plenty to poisoned chalice? Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(11), 2592–2599.AbstractAim.  This paper presents a discussion of the current state of joint chair or clinical chair positions in nursing.Background.  Joint chair positions in nursing or midwifery have been popular approaches to developing clinical research and to bridging the ‘theory‐practice gap’. Recent personal observations and commentaries in the literature suggest that the service‐academy consensus that underpinned such positions may be crumbling.Data sources.  This paper is based on 13 years’ experience of holding a joint chair position, an extensive review of the professional literature (up to and including 2009 sources), and conversations and discussions with many professorial and joint chair colleagues.Discussion.  Despite its demonstrated success, the joint chair position may be under threat from competing and unrealistic demands from partner organizations and from changing understandings of the essential role and nature of a professor. The situation may be exacerbated by appointing inexperienced or unsuitable applicants to such key posts.Implications for nursing.  The joint chair position was a powerful initiative in nursing and midwifery with real potential. In the current climate, this potential is unlikely to be realized and nursing will be the poorer.Conclusion.  If joint chair positions are still valued and seen as key roles in developing clinical research and university‐service partnerships, then serious consideration needs to be given to the current state of position. I argue for a return to trust and what Onora O’Neill calls ‘intelligent accountability’ rather than the micromanagement that is so prevalent in both the health and academic industries.
Prevalence and risk factors for self‐reported chronic disease amongst Inuvialuit populations
Authors: Erber E. , Beck L. , De Roose E. , Sharma S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  Chronic disease prevalence amongst Canadian Arctic populations is increasing, but the literature amongst Inuvialuit is limited. The present study aimed to provide baseline data that could be used to monitor changes in chronic disease risk factors and long‐term health in the Arctic by determining prevalence and risk factors of self‐reported chronic disease amongst adult Inuvialuit in remote communities.Methods:  Self‐reported demographics and history of chronic disease (hypertension, heart disease, diabetes and cancer) were collected in three communities between July 2007 and July 2008 in the Northwest Territories. Food frequency questionnaires recorded dietary intake, International Physical Activity Questionnaires recorded physical activity and anthropometric measures of height and weight were obtained.Results:  Response rates ranged from 65–85%. More than 20% of the 228 participants aged 19–84 years reported having a chronic disease. Age‐adjusted prevalence was 28, 9, 9 and 6 per 100 for hypertension, heart disease, diabetes and cancer, respectively. Compared with non‐cases, participants reporting hypertension were more likely to have a higher body mass index and a lower level of education. Hypertension was more common amongst participants reporting heart disease and diabetes than Inuvialuit not reporting these morbidities.Conclusions:  Inuvialuit participants in this study were most affected by hypertension and diabetes compared with heart disease or any cancer. Female participants had a higher prevalence of heart disease compared with the Canadian average. Primary preventive strategies are necessary to mitigate the increasing rates of chronic disease risk factors in this population. Further studies with a larger sample size and measured chronic disease are necessary to confirm the findings obtained in the present study.
Socioeconomic indicators and frequency of traditional food, junk food, and fruit and vegetable consumption amongst Inuit adults in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Hopping B. N. , Erber E. , Mead E. , Sheehy T. , Roache C. , Sharma S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  Increasing consumption of non‐nutrient‐dense foods (NNDF), decreasing consumption of traditional foods (TF) and low consumption of fruit and vegetables (FV) may contribute to increasing chronic disease rates amongst Inuit. The present study aimed to assess the daily frequency and socioeconomic and demographic factors influencing consumption of TF, FV and NNDF amongst Inuit adults in Nunavut, Canada.Methods:  Using a cross‐sectional study design and random household sampling in three communities in Nunavut, a food frequency questionnaire developed for the population was used to assess frequency of NNDF, TF and FV consumption amongst Inuit adults. Socioeconomic status (SES) was assessed by education level, ownership of items in working condition, and whether or not people in the household were employed or on income support. Mean frequencies of daily consumption were compared across gender and age groups, and associations with socioeconomic indicators were analysed using logistic regression.Results:  Two hundred and eleven participants (36 men, 175 women; mean (standard deviation) ages 42.1 (15.0) and 42.2 (13.2) years, respectively; response rate 69–93%) completed the study. Mean frequencies of consumption for NNDF, TF and FV were 6.3, 1.9 and 1.6 times per day, respectively. On average, participants ≤50 years consumed NNDF (P = 0.003) and FV (P = 0.01) more frequently and TF (P = 0.01) less frequently than participants >50 years. Education was positively associated with FV consumption and negatively associated with TF consumption. Households on income support were more likely to consume TF and NNDF.Conclusions:  These results support the hypothesis that the nutrition transition taking place amongst Inuit in Nunavut results in elevated consumption of NNDF compared with TF and FV.
Addressing the public health burden caused by the nutrition transition through the Healthy Foods North nutrition and lifestyle intervention programme
Authors: Sharma S. , Gittelsohn J. , Rosol R. , Beck L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDietary inadequacies, low levels of physical activity, excessive energy intake and high obesity prevalence have placed Inuit and Inuvialuit populations of the Canadian Arctic at increased risk of chronic disease. An evidence‐based, community participatory process was used to develop Healthy Foods North (HFN), a culturally appropriate nutrition and physical activity intervention programme that aimed to reduce risk of chronic disease and improve dietary adequacy amongst Inuit/Inuvialuit in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories. HFN was implemented over the course of 12 months in a series of seven phases between October 2008 and 2009 (Nunavut) and June 2008 and 2009 (Northwest Territories). Combining behaviour change and environmental strategies to increase both the availability of healthful food choices in local shops and opportunities for increasing physical activity, HFN promoted the consumption of traditional foods and nutrient‐dense and/or low energy shop‐bought foods, utilisation of preparation methods that do not add fat content, decreased consumption of high‐energy shop‐bought foods, and increased physical activity. Messages identified in the community workshops, such as the importance of family eating and sharing, were emphasised throughout the intervention. Intervention components were conducted by community staff and included working with shops to increase the stocking of healthy foods, point of purchase signage and promotion in shops and community settings, pedometer challenges in the workplace and use of community media (e.g. radio and cable television advertisements) to reinforce key messages. HFN represents an innovative multilevel approach to the reduction of chronic disease risk factors amongst Inuit and Inuvialuit, based on strong collaboration with local agencies, government and institutions.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of three intravenous doses of yohimbine in the horse
Authors: DiMAIO KNYCH H. K. , STEFFEY E. P. , STANLEY S. D. 
Published: September 2010

DiMaio Knych, H. K., Steffey, E. P., Stanley, S. D. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of three intravenous doses of yohimbine in the horse.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.34,359–366.Yohimbine is an alpha 2 adrenergic receptor antagonist, which has been shown to counteract the CNS depressant effects of alpha 2 receptor agonists in a number of species. Recently, our laboratory identified yohimbine in the absence of detectable concentrations of an alpha 2 agonist in a regulatory sample collected from a horse racing in California. This coupled with anecdotal reports of CNS stimulation and documented reports of cardiovascular changes when administered in conjunction with an agonist led us to investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of yohimbine when administered alone. Nine healthy adult horses received a single intravenous dose of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg yohimbine. Blood samples were collected at time 0 (prior to drug administration) and at various times up to 24 h postdrug administration. Plasma samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS), and resulting data analyzed using both noncompartmental and compartmental analysis. Peak plasma concentrations were 106.0 ± 28.9, 156.7 ± 34.3, and 223.0 ± 44.5 ng/mL for doses of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg, respectively. Immediately following administration, two horses showed signs of sedation, one horse appeared excited, while the other six appeared behaviorally unaffected. Episodes of tachycardia were noted within minutes of administration for all horses at all doses; however, there was no correlation between behavioral responses and episodes of increased heart rate. Sixty‐three percent of the horses (8, 6, and 4 of the 9 horses in the 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg dose groups, respectively) exhibited second‐degree atrial‐ventricular conduction blocks and bradycardia prior to drug administration that transiently improved or disappeared upon administration of yohimbine. Gastrointestinal sounds were transiently increased following all doses.