bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety Case For Gulf Of Mexico - What Would It Mean? A Global Case Study Of The Application Of A Safety Case Regime
Authors: Alme Inge , Wingate Kyle , Dunn Cameron 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
In response to the disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, the U.S. government under the advice of various independent reports and analyses is considering significant revision of the rules and regulations with respect to offshore operations. Part of the proposed changes includes the move to use Safety Case based regulations to govern operations in the Gulf of Mexico Offshore industry.
Scandpower and Lloyd's Register have been completing safety case preparation, review and implementation for offshore assets in the North Sea, UK sector, Canada, Australia, China and Brazil for many years. Through our database of safety cases and their application to various asset types, this paper shows how the safety case regime could be applied to typical assets in the Gulf of Mexico.
The various tasks and stages of the Safety Case will be discussed in conjunction with the overall objective of the application of the Safety Case. Examples will be discussed from various regulatory regions to highlight variances in risk analyses, and how these affect the preparation and outcome of the regime. Since the main purpose of the safety cases is to show compliance with the relevant rules and regulations related to safety, the safety cases developed for different regulation regimes differ significantly with regards to detail level, methodologies applied and amount of documentation. However, the main structure of a safety case is more or less the same in all regimes and is based on widely accepted international standards.

Introduction
Several investigations of the Macondo oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico have been ongoing throughout 2010, and a common theme for many of the findings is related to the approach to how safety should be controlled and regulated. As an example, the following is stated as one of the recommendations in the National Commission's report to the president (ref./1/): " The Department of the Interior should develop a proactive, risk-based performance approach specific to individual facilities, operations and environments, similar to the " safety case?? approach in the North Sea.??
This paper serves industry as a brief historical review in the use of the Safety Case and expectations for its application in the Gulf of Mexico DeepWater and Nearshore Regions.
It is based on Scandpower's and Lloyd's Register's experience from our worldwide operations, but also from reviewing the ongoing changes in the regulations for operations in the Gulf of Mexico.
Selection Methodology for Passive, Active, and Hybrid Inflow Control Completions
Authors: Lauritzen Jon Eric , Shahreyar Noman , Jacob Suresh 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
Well completions with downhole inflow control technologies are used to defer and control water or gas breakthrough thereby maximizing recovery. Active and passive inflow control devices dominate this technology. The paper presents the performance of these technologies in different well conditions and provides recommendations on their selection.
Passive inflow control devices (ICDs), combined with compartmentalization of the wellbore, balance inflow along the wellbore by creating a desired pressure regulation and prevent high-permeability sections from dominating the inflow. ICDs delay water and gas breakthrough and extend well life.
Active inflow-control completions consist of well equipment with multiple downhole packers and valves that segment the wellbore into multiple sections. The valves can be operated during the life of the well to regulate or shut off inflow from the section(s) that experience water or gas breakthrough while producing the remaining sections. The active valves may range from conventional sliding side doors to intelligent completions with remotely operated downhole valves and sensors.
Hybrid Completions integrate active control features with passive device systems within a single wellbore to leverage the value for both technologies to enhance well performance.
Simple static wellbore analysis and advanced transient analysis coupling of reservoir simulators to wellbore models was performed to review the performance of different completion technologies. The simulations cover different completion options from a base design of screens in barefoot completions to more advanced passive, active, and Hybrid Completions. Different reservoir and well conditions were simulated to analyze the performance of the completion systems. The proposed methodology will help in selecting a fit-for-purpose completion design for the life of the well ensuring that the performance objectives will not only be achieved, but also that the completion type selected has not been " over-designed?? for its intended purpose.

INTRODUCTION
The completion design for a horizontal well begins with an inflow control requirement at the sandface. Typical reasons for inflow control are significant permeability contrasts, presence of lost circulation or fracture zones, high frictional losses, and thin oil columns bounded by water and gas zones with high coning tendency and/or significant viscosity/mobility variations along the zones. In newer, undeveloped reservoirs, the inflow control is selected by analytical, semi-analytical assessments or based on parametric sensitivity-based modeling. Alternatively, in developed fields, inflow control requirements are more accurately determined by field experience, from the historical performance of adjacent wells. Several papersi (Al-Khelaiwi et.al, 2010 and Birchenko et.al 2009) have presented methodologies for selecting inflow control technologies based on factors like bore hole size, production rates, number of zones etc.
DP Vessel Side Shell Mounted Disconnectable System for Deep Water Development
Authors: Latimar Ian , Robbie Brian , Al-Sharif Majid M. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
It was determined at early stages of development plan of the Phoenix Field in 2200 fsw water depth in GOM that permanent mooring system capable of maintaining the ship shape Floating Offshore Installation (FOI) on station under hurricane conditions would have cost far in excess of the allocated budget. It was therefore decided to adopt Dynamic Positioning as means for keeping the vessel at location and the use of a Disconnectable Transfer System (DTS) to tie production to the vessel and allow it to leave to a protected area at a certain threshold storm condition. Another factor which was considered to be an advantage by having a DTS is the fact that it allows the vessel to easily leave location and sail away to operate at a different location or to a shipyard for dry dock if required.
In order to minimize impact on ongoing vessel conversion; a side shell mounted DTS was selected as way forward. A portion of the vessel portside side shell at selected location was reinforced to handle anticipated loads from the external moonpool structure. A support structure was attached to the reinforced side shell. A moonpool was welded to the support structure with an inspection platform welded on top of it. This structural frame work provided the base to install a Swivel Stack, Hydraulic Power units, Pull-in Winches, Turntable and a Quick Connect Dis-Connect (QCDC) system. A buoy supporting all risers, umbilicals, mooring lines and clump weight; is parked in the moonpool at the connected state. When the buoy is disconnected, it is maintained at a submerged depth in the sea via a clump weight attached to the buoy. The depth is sufficient to minimize and/or eliminate impact due environmental conditions or external causes.
This paper will present the distinctive aspects of the DTS components facilities and structural design. It will also provide an overview of the key issues involved in designing, building and integrating a disconnectable system.

Introduction
The purpose of a DTS is to enable the Helix Producer 1 (HP1) FOI to disconnect from the field in severe weather conditions allowing the vessel to seek shelter. In addition it supports the transfer of fluids, power and controls between stationary and rotating sections of the FOI unit. This transfer must occur continuously and in a safe, leak-free manner where the swivels are one of the most critical elements onboard the vessel. The swivels will allow the produced and exported gas and oil together with electrical and hydraulic utilities to be transferred safely from the rotating FOI to the geo-stationary equipment under any defined environmental conditions in the field. The DTS includes a QCDC package to disconnect the vessel in severe weather. An active drive on the DTS keeps the buoy geostationary as the FOI weathervanes. Exported oil, gas, produced fluids and utilities transferred from the seabed through flexible risers & and the umbilical to the FOI.
N‐Doped Polypyrrole‐Based Porous Carbons for CO2 Capture
Authors: Sevilla Marta , Valle‐Vigón Patricia , Fuertes Antonio B. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractHighly porous N‐doped carbons have been successfully prepared by using KOH as activating agent and polypyrrole (PPy) as carbon precursor. These materials were investigated as sorbents for CO2 capture. The activation process was carried out under severe (KOH/PPy = 4) or mild (KOH/PPy = 2) activation conditions at different temperatures in the 600–800 °C range. Mildly activated carbons have two important characteristics: i) they contain a large number of nitrogen functional groups (up to 10.1 wt% N) identified as pyridonic‐N with a small proportion of pyridinic‐N groups, and ii) they exhibit, in relation to the carbons prepared with KOH/PPy = 4, narrower micropore sizes. The combination of both of these properties explains the large CO2 adsorption capacities of mildly activated carbon. In particular, a very high CO2 adsorption uptake of 6.2 mmol·g−1 (0 °C) was achieved for porous carbons prepared with KOH/PPy = 2 and 600 °C (1700 m2·g−1, pore size ≈ 1 nm and 10.1 wt% N). Furthermore, we observed that these porous carbons exhibit high CO2 adsorption rates, a good selectivity for CO2‐N2 separation and it can be easily regenerated.
Distributed computing approaches for large‐scale probit‐based stochastic user equilibrium problems
Authors: Liu Zhiyuan , Meng Qiang 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYApplications of probit‐based stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) principle on large‐scale networks have been largely limited because of the overwhelming computational burden in solving its stochastic network loading problem. A two‐stage Monte Carlo simulation method is recognized to have satisfactory accuracy level when solving this stochastic network loading. This paper thus works on the acceleration of the Monte Carlo simulation method via using distributed computing system. Three distributed computing approaches are then adopted on the workload partition of the Monte Carlo simulation method. Wherein, the first approach allocates each processor in the distributed computing system to solve each trial of the simulation in parallel and in turns, and the second approach assigns all the processors to solve the shortest‐path problems in one trial of the Monte Carlo simulation concurrently. The third approach is a combination of the first two, wherein both different trials of the Monte Carlo simulation as well as the shortest path problems in one trial are solved simultaneously. Performances of the three approaches are comprehensively tested by the Sioux‐Falls network and then a randomly generated network example. It shows that computational time for the probit‐based SUE problem can be largely reduced by any of these three approaches, and the first approach is found out to be superior to the other two. The first approach is then selected to calculate the probit‐based SUE problem on a large‐scale network example. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanistic Insights on the Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Amides – C–N vs. C–O Cleavage
Authors: Cantillo David 
Published: May 2011

AbstractRuthenium‐catalyzed amide hydrogenation was thoroughly explored by means of DFT calculations. All the plausible pathways, including those involving the amide or imine tautomer, were assessed. The classical C–O cleavage and the recently reported C–N cleavage were compared by employing a bipyridyl‐based RuII pincer complex as catalyst in the calculations. The study reveals that C–O cleavage can be achieved directly over the amide substrate or its imine tautomer, since the computed pathways show analogous energy barriers. In addition, the mechanism for the novel C–N cleavage was elucidated by modeling all the reasonable intermediates and transition structures. The computed energy barrier is lower than that for C–O cleavage by more than 10 kcal mol–1, thus explaining the observed selectivity. The key role of the aromatization/dearomatization processes during the transformation is also disclosed.
Acute administration of toluene affects memory retention in novel object recognition test and memory function‐related gene expression in mice
Authors: Win‐Shwe Tin‐Tin , Fujimaki Hidekazu 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThe present study was designed to investigate the acute effect of a single administration of toluene (300 mg kg−1, i.p.) on memory retention in the hippocampus‐dependent novel object recognition test and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit expression in the hippocampus of C3H/HeN female mice using real‐time RT‐PCR. We performed a novel object recognition test including a habituation phase, training phase and test phase in each mouse. Twenty‐four hours after the training phase, to determine the effect of acute toluene administration on memory retention, half of the mice (n = 10) were injected with toluene 60 min before the test phase. Toluene‐injected mice did not prefer novel objects and showed poor discrimination between novel and familiar objects and decreased expression of NMDA receptor subunit NR2B mRNA in the hippocampus. This is the first study to show that acute toluene injection impairs hippocampus‐dependent nonspatial memory retention accompanied by selective modulation of NMDA receptor subunit expression. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PIK3CA mutation is an early event in the development of endometriosis‐associated ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma
Authors: Yamamoto Sohei , Tsuda Hitoshi , Takano Masashi , Iwaya Keichi , Tamai Seiichi , Matsubara Osamu 
Published: May 2011

AbstractClear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA), a highly lethal histological subtype of ovarian carcinoma, is a type of human cancer with a high frequency of activating mutations in the PIK3CA gene. In this study, we aimed to determine how these mutations contribute to tumour development of CCAs. Exons 9 and 20 of the PIK3CA gene were analysed by direct genomic DNA sequencing of 23 CCAs with synchronous putative precursor lesions (ie endometriosis adjacent to carcinoma, with or without cytological atypia) and their mutational statuses were compared. Somatic mutations of the PIK3CA gene were detected in 10/23 (43%) carcinomas and in all cases the type of mutation was H1047R in the kinase domain. The identical H1047R mutation was also detected in the coexisting endometriotic epithelium, adjacent to the CCAs, in nine of ten (90%) cases. Moreover, in six of the nine lesions, the H1047R mutation was identified even in the endometrioses lacking cytological atypia. These findings provide evidence that mutations of the PIK3CA gene occur in the putative precursor lesions of CCA, strongly suggesting that they are very early events in tumourigenesis, probably initiating the malignant transformation of endometriosis. A specific kinase inhibitor to mutated PIK3CA may potentially be an effective therapeutic reagent against these carcinomas. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A robust numerical method for the potential vorticity based control variable transform in variational data assimilation
Authors: Buckeridge S. , Cullen M.J.P. , Scheichl R. , Wlasak M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe potential vorticity based control variable transformation for variational data assimilation, proposed in Cullen (2003), is a promising alternative to the currently more common vorticity based transformation. It leads to a better decorrelation of the control variables, but it involves solving a highly ill‐conditioned elliptic partial differential equation (PDE), with a constraint. This PDE has so far been impossible to solve to any reasonable accuracy for realistic grid resolutions in finite difference formulations. Following on from the work in Buckeridge and Scheichl (2010) we propose a numerical method for it based on a Krylov subspace method with a multigrid preconditioner. The problem of interest includes a constraint in the form of two‐dimensional elliptic solves embedded within the main three‐dimensional problem. Thus the discretised problem cannot be formulated as a simple linear equation system with a sparse system matrix (as usual in elliptic PDEs). Therefore, in order to precondition the system we apply the multigrid method in Buckeridge and Scheichl (2010) to a simplified form of the three‐dimensional operator (without the embedded two‐dimensional problems) leading to an asymptotically optimal convergence of the preconditioned Krylov subspace method. The solvers used at the Met Office typically take over 100 iterations to converge to a residual tolerance of 0.1 and fail to converge to a tolerance of 10−2. The method proposed in this paper, in contrast, can converge to a tolerance of 10−2 within 15 iterations on all typical grid resolutions used at the Met Office, and is convergent to a tolerance of 10−6. In addition, the method demonstrates almost optimal parallel scalability. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and British Crown Copyright, the Met Office
Highly‐Ordered, 3D Petal‐Like Array for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering
Authors: Qian Chuang , Ni Chao , Yu Wenxuan , Wu Wengang , Mao Haiyang , Wang Yifei , Xu Jun 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDespite the great potential of the application of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), the difficulty in fabricating suitable SERS substrates is still a problem. Based on the self‐assembly of silica nanoparticles, a simple method is here proposed to fabricate a highly‐ordered, 3D, petal‐like arrayed structure (3D PLAS) that serves as a promising SERS substrate for both its high reproducibility and enormous SERS enhancement. Such a novel structure is easily achieved by anisotropically etching a self‐assembly bilayer of silica nanoparticles, followed by metal deposition. The SERS performance of the 3D PLAS and its relationship with the main parameters, including the etching time, the diameter of silica nanoparticles, and the deposited metal film, are characterized using 632.8 nm incident light. With Rhodamine 6G as a probe molecule, the spatially averaged SERS enhancement factor is on the order of 5 × 107 and the local enhancement factor is much higher, both of which can be improved further by optimizing the parameters.
Influence of a High Magnetic Field on the Solubility of Ferrite and the Amount of Pearlite
Authors: Song J. Y. , Zhao X. , Zhang Y. D. , Esling C. , Zuo L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThrough microstructural analysis of a high purity Fe‐0.027%C alloy after continuously cooling transformation under a magnetic field, it is found that the amount of pearlite of the alloy decreases with the increase of the strength of the magnetic field. Under a 12 Tesla magnetic field, no pearlite appears. The result indicates that the carbon solubility limit of ferrite is enlarged by the magnetic field.
Accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound for identifying fractures in patients with orthopaedic trauma presenting to emergency department of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, level 1 trauma centre
Authors: Sinha Tej Prakash , Kumar Sudeep , Bhoi Sanjeev , Goswami Ankur , Bhasin Amit , Ramchandani Radhakrishna , Rodha Mahaveer Singh , Gulati Vinay 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Background
Radiography is the standard observation tool for examining orthopaedic injuries. Point-of-care ultrasonography may thus be a faster, non-invasive alternative to effectively identify bone fractures in the emergency department (ED) setting. The study compares the diagnostic utilities of BUS and radiography for identifying long bone fractures.

Methods
Prospective observation study with convenience sampling was conducted in ED in patients above 5 years, with post-traumatic upper and lower limb injuries requiring standard radiological examination after informed consent. The BUS examinations were done by emergency physician (EP) who had a brief training session to detect fractures. For every subject, radiographs were taken and reviewed for the presence of fracture by blinded orthopaedic specialist. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS.

Results
One hundred and thirty-three patients were enrolled in the study. Only 42 had fracture, out of which 36 were picked up by BUS. The overall sensitivity of the BUS in detecting fracture was 85.7% with a confidence interval (CI) of 0.70–0.94 and specificity of 100% with a CI (0.95–1.00).The positive predictive value (PPV) of USG was 100% with a CI (0.86–1.00) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 93.8% with a CI (0.86–0.97). There were six additional fractures which were recognised on X-ray and were not picked up by ultrasound.

Conclusion
Point-of-care ultrasonography can be utilised by emergency physicians after brief training to accurately identify long bone fractures. It may gain a more prominent role in pregnant and paediatric population as well as in mass casualty scenarios.
Continuity of packing measure functions of self-similar iterated function systems
Authors: QIU HUA 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we focus on the packing measures of self-similar sets. Let K be a self-similar set whose Hausdorff dimension and packing dimension equal s. We state that if K satisfies the strong open set condition with an open set 𝒪, then for each open ball B(x,r)⊂𝒪 centred in K, where 𝒫s denotes the s-dimensional packing measure. We use this inequality to obtain some precise density theorems for the packing measures of self-similar sets. These theorems can be used to compute the exact value of the s-dimensional packing measure 𝒫s (K) of K. Moreover, by using the above results, we show the continuity of the packing measure function of the attractors on the space of self-similar iterated function systems satisfying the strong separation condition. This result gives a complete answer to a question posed by Olsen in [15].
Intergenerational relationships within families of HIV-infected adults under antiretroviral treatment in Northern Thailand
Authors: LELIÈVRE ÉVA , LE CŒUR SOPHIE 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThailand has been severely affected by AIDS/HIV. The epidemic has undermined the health of the population of working age, placing stress on intergenerational relations and threatening the social fabric. Older people in families affected by the disease, although not the main victims, have experienced major changes in relationships with their adult children and grandchildren. However, the availability of antiretrovirals has transformed HIV infection from a lethal to a chronic disease. Intergenerational relationships are analysed with data from a quantitative survey of HIV-infected adults currently receiving antiretroviral treatment in Northern Thailand. The introduction of antiretroviral treatment has eased the pressure on families. Where HIV-infected adults are more dependent on their older parents, it is because they are single and childless or single parents. While ageing parents remain a source of support for their adult children, the introduction of antiretroviral treatment has radically changed the prospects for HIV-infected adults and their regained health allows them to work, take care of their family and fulfil their filial duties as expected in Thai society. If Thailand's original aim in introducing health policies in this area was to curtail the HIV epidemic, its positive impact on intergenerational relations is an additional benefit.