bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Early Iron Age Site at Holwell, Hertfordshire
Authors: Applebaum E. S. 
Published: January 2012

The pottery recorded in this paper was found at Flints sandpit on Lordship Farm early in 1933 by Mrs. C. Wager, till recently of Holwell, to whom thanks are due for permission to publish. The sand-pit is half a mile south of Holwell, a village 2¼ miles north-west of Hitchin. It is situated on a slope facing westwards, at 200 ft. above sea-level, and the soil is a patch of sand on boulder-clay (plan, fig. 1).In the course of sand-digging, some pits were cut into and destroyed on the north side of the sand-pit. The pits were about 5 ft. in diameter and 4 ft. deep. Other pits may lie to the north. Mr. W. H. Lane, of Letchworth, has kindly sent the following note: ‘In one of the pits there were two hearths. The first hearth was at a depth of about 4 ft. 6 in. Above this was silted material sloping at a rather acute angle from east to west. The pit had then been levelled by dumping surface-soil, and the second hearth made some 2 ft. above the first.’
The Passage Graves of Antequera, and Maes Howe, Orkney
Authors: Hemp W. J. 
Published: January 2012

Antequera, in southern Spain, is in the province of Malaga, a little more than twenty miles north of the city of that name, the nearest point on the coast. The town lies at the foot of the mountains, overlooking a large and fertile plain; while just outside it, near the road to Granada, are three tombs which are notable in several ways. Two of them are less than a kilometre distant, the third lies farther away in the plain itself (pl. liii, I).Perhaps the most striking feature of this comparatively isolated group is their marked dissimilarity from each other in type, one being a good representative of the ' cupola tombs' of Iberia; another, a simple long megalithic chamber and antechamber, built on a large scale; while the third, with its holed stone entrances, recalls the allées couvertes of the Paris region.One feature they share, however, which does not seem to have been satisfactorily recorded, namely that each is contained in a large round barrow. All three barrows are formed of natural hillocks which have been scarped and shaped to form symmetrical circular tumuli.
The Excavations at Jarlshof, Sumburgh, Shetland
Authors: Curle Alex. O. 
Published: January 2012

The excavations at Jarlshof, Sumburgh, have now been carried on for a couple of months each summer for the last four years, and a general review of the progress made, and of the results obtained, is now permissible.The site is a remarkable one, a low promontory which projects into the Sumburgh Voe (as such inlets of the sea are termed in Shetland) on its western shore, on the side of the narrow isthmus which links the lofty headland of Sumburgh Ness, the most southerly point of Shetland, with Mainland, as the principal island is called. Facing towards ‘Fair Isle’, which lies midway between Orkney and Shetland, this would be the first land which any adventurous mariner would make in early times, and thus it comes about that a surprising collection of remains covers the area.
A Homestead Moat at Nuthampstead, Hertfordshire
Authors: Williams Audrey 
Published: January 2012

A small moated site in Scales Park near the village of Nuthampstead, Hertfordshire (fig. 1), has lately been examined by the Ancient Monuments Department of the Ministry of Works. It lies just within the Hertfordshire-Essex boundary, four miles north-east of Buntingford and eight miles north-west of Bishop's Stortford. On the O.S. 6-in. sheet (Herts. 9 NE.) it is marked as The Warren, but not as an antiquity; nor is it included among the 139 homestead moats recorded for the county by the Royal Commission.Scales Park comprises something over 400 acres of well-grown woodland on the plateau which forms the watershed of the rivers Stort and Quin, both flowing south to join eventually the Thames. Its height above sea-level is 450 ft. on the northwest, declining gently to 400 ft. on the east and south. Geologically the area consists of chalky clay over the chalk.The moat of the Warren, enclosing an approximately square island about a quarter of an acre in size, varied in width from 10 to 25 ft. and at the time of excavation was filled with black boggy silt. Round its outer edge ran a low much-spread bank, 20 to 30 ft. wide but not more than 2 ft. high. The enclosure presented a puzzling combination of mounds and hollows. A large mound, 9 ft. 6 in. high, on a raised platform occupied the north-eastern half. The south-western half had centrally a similar platform, 5 ft. above the surface of the moat, with flanking mounds, 6 and 7 ft. high, at the corners (pl. xxiv b). The cavities between the mounds were practically level with the moat; slight ridges barred the western hollow and the south end of the eastern hollow.
The protection of the bat community in the Dupnisa Cave System, Turkey, following opening for tourism
Authors: Paksuz Serbülent , Özkan Beytullah 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to protect the bat community and roosting sites in the Dupnisa Cave System in the Yıldız (Istranca) Mountains in Thrace, the European part of Turkey, following the opening of the caves to tourism. We investigated the seasonal population dynamics and use of the cave system by bats, carrying out 15 surveys before (2002–2003) and 38 surveys after (2004–2008) the cave system was opened to tourism. We recorded 15 species of bats; the highest numbers recorded in a single survey were 54,600 hibernating and 11,000 breeding/nursing. Different parts of the cave system are used by bats to various degrees according to season. To protect the bats and the cave system the visitor schedule took into consideration the differences in seasonal use of the caves by bats. There was a significant increase in the total number of bats recorded in the cave system after opening for tourism, possibly because the gating of two entrances helped to control visitation. The results of our surveys of this cave system show that gating of entrances and visits by tourists are not necessarily incompatible with the use of caves by bats for both hibernating and nursing. Understanding how the three caves are used seasonally by the bat community, and for what purposes (hibernation vs nursing), was critical for the establishment of an appropriate management plan for tourism.
Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies
Authors: Kelleher I. , Connor D. , Clarke M. C. , Devlin N. , Harley M. , Cannon M. 
Published: January 2012

BackgroundPsychotic symptoms occur more frequently in the general population than psychotic disorder and index risk for psychopathology. Multiple studies have reported on the prevalence of these symptoms using self-report questionnaires or clinical interviews but there is a lack of consensus about the prevalence of psychotic symptoms among children and adolescents.MethodWe conducted a systematic review of all published literature on psychotic symptom prevalence in two age groups, children aged 9–12 years and adolescents aged 13–18 years, searching through electronic databases PubMed, Ovid Medline, PsycINFO and EMBASE up to June 2011, and extracted prevalence rates.ResultsWe identified 19 population studies that reported on psychotic symptom prevalence among children and adolescents. The median prevalence of psychotic symptoms was 17% among children aged 9–12 years and 7.5% among adolescents aged 13–18 years.ConclusionsPsychotic symptoms are relatively common in young people, especially in childhood. Prevalence is higher in younger (9–12 years) compared to older (13–18 years) children.
A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters
Authors: Glade Nicolas , Ballet Pascal , Bastien Olivier 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe number N of detectable (i.e. communicating) extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy is usually calculated by using the Drake equation. This equation was established in 1961 by Frank Drake and was the first step to quantifying the Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence (SETI) field. Practically, this equation is rather a simple algebraic expression and its simplistic nature leaves it open to frequent re-expression. An additional problem of the Drake equation is the time-independence of its terms, which for example excludes the effects of the physico-chemical history of the galaxy. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the main shortcoming of the Drake equation is its lack of temporal structure, i.e., it fails to take into account various evolutionary processes. In particular, the Drake equation does not provides any error estimation about the measured quantity. Here, we propose a first treatment of these evolutionary aspects by constructing a simple stochastic process that will be able to provide both a temporal structure to the Drake equation (i.e. introduce time in the Drake formula in order to obtain something like N(t)) and a first standard error measure.
Hindu religion and suicide in India
Authors: Vijayakumar Lakshmi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHinduism is one of the oldest religions in the world. It is estimated that there are approximately 965 million Hindus in the world, of which, 909 million are in India.As early as 3000 BC, suicides were generally condemned, but religious suicides were condoned. The practice of sati (self-immolation) and jauhar (mass suicide) was also prevalent among the Hindus. Suicide by self-immolation often occurs in Hindus, particularly among young women: the dowry system and arranged marriages are prevalent amongst Hindus and sometimes lead to suicides. Suicidal behaviour was higher among Hindus than that of the native population in the countries to which Hindus had migrated.A case control study in India found that strong faith in Hinduism is a significant protective factor against suicide: odds ratio (OR) 6.83, confidence interval (CI) 2.88–19.69. Belief in karma and reincarnation probably make a Hindu more concerned that they should have a dignified death: in Hinduism it is ultimately the individual’s decision as to how they live and die.
Christianity and suicide
Authors: Retterstøl Nils , Ekeberg Øivind 
Published: January 2012

AbstractFirst, the views on suicide as found in the Old and New Testament are presented. In the early Christian period, suicide does not seem to be prohibited. St Augustine (350–430 AD), however, considered it a sin, violating the fifth commandment, ‘Thou shall not kill’. Later, synods of the Church gave strong regulation as to how the suicide should be buried. The same negative attitudes were expressed throughout most of the Middle Ages across Europe.The European Enlightenment movement brought about moderated views on suicide, challenging former Christian condemnations. From about 1800, psychiatry was established, stating that most people who committed suicide were mentally ill.Contemporary official Christian attitudes are presented with special reference to the Roman, Greek and Russian Orthodox Church, as well as the Protestant Church. The viewpoints on euthanasia are presented briefly. Finally, we discuss how Christian traditions influence suicide prevention today.
Suicide attempts in North America
Authors: Silverman Morton M 
Published: January 2012

AbstractNorth America comprises Canada, the United States of America (USA), Mexico, and the Caribbean Island nations. North America covers 9,355,000 square miles (24,230,000 square kilometres). The two largest countries, Canada and the United States of America, have populations of approximately 33.4 million and 301.1 million respectively, and are home to multiple ethnic and racial groups, including Native Americans and immigrants from many other continents. The suicide rate in Canada has tended to be higher than that of the USA during the last two decades. There is virtually no reliable data on suicide and suicide attempt rates in North American countries other than Canada and the USA.Suicide was the third leading cause of death for the age group 15–19 years in the USA during 2000. In Canada, suicide was the second leading cause of death for the age group 15–24 years, and the leading cause of death for men aged 25–29 and 40–44, together with women aged 30–34, and it is estimated that there are at least 100 attempts for every completed suicide. Furthermore, there are substantial variations across gender, age, and ethnic groups.Suicide attempts in North America are a growing concern. Suicide attempts are known to be a primary risk factor for future suicidal behaviours, and those who have previously attempted suicide are at an increased risk of death by suicide. Brickman and Mintz (2003) claim that suicide attempt rates have more than doubled from 600 to 1600/100,000 from 1992–1999, with indications of continuously increasing. Therefore, more epidemiological research needs to be done in order to understand this problem.This chapter examines published surveillance records and hospital records on the prevalence, trends, social and demographic factors of suicide attempts in North America.
Extended suicide
Authors: Lester David 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAnalyses of suicide committed by couples’ suicide pacts and mercy killings and by groups of people in mass suicides are presented. Those involved appear to differ demographically and psychologically from suicides acting alone. In addition, examples of murderers who commit suicide after killing are presented, including mass murderers who have a high suicide rate and serial killers who have a much lower suicide rate than mass murderers. This chapter will examine these phenomena.
Suicide during war and genocide
Authors: Lester David 
Published: January 2012

AbstractResearch indicates that suicide rates decline during wartime. The most likely explanation for this decline is the greater social cohesion of societies during wartime, but changes in the economy, such as reduced rates of unemployment, may also play a role. The impact of civil wars on suicide rates is unclear since the data in the different reports are inconsistent. Prisoners of war who are treated harshly have higher suicide rates after release. The suicide rate of Jews was high during all phases of the Holocaust in the 1930s and 1940s.
Prevention of suicidal behaviour in females
Authors: Canetto Silvia Sara 
Published: January 2012

AbstractFemales have higher rates of suicidal ideation and behaviour, and lower rates of suicide mortality than males. This is a dominant, but not a universal pattern, both across and within countries. One of few national exceptions is China, a country where both non-fatal and fatal suicidal behaviours are most common in women. There is also cultural heterogeneity in meanings of, and attitudes about female suicidal behaviour. In some cultures, suicide is viewed more negatively in women, while in other cultures in men. This cultural diversity in gender patterns and meanings of suicidal behaviour challenges essentialist perspectives on female suicidal behaviour, and calls for culture and gender-grounded theory, research and prevention. The perception, dominant in industrialized countries, that suicide is a male behaviour is a challenge, but can also be an opportunity in prevention in that it may discourage female suicide. Evidence indicates that critical to the prevention of female suicidal behaviour is attention to social, economic and political factors, including structures of social inequality.
Suicide in prisons and remand centres
Authors: Kerkhof Ad , Blaauw Eric 
Published: January 2012

AbstractEarly identification of prisoners with suicide risk, and the prevention of suicide, are of great importance given the high suicide rates in correctional facilities. General suicide screening instruments are not very useful in prisons and remand centres. A new screening instrument has been developed and tested consisting of eight questions. The cut-off score, retrospectively, allowed the identification of 82 per cent of all Dutch prisoner suicides. By screening new inmates, this set of questions classified 18 per cent of all prisoners in a high-risk group. All of these inmates require immediate and further assessment by a medical or mental health care officer. However, even without screening, these prisoners will visit medical or mental health services sometime later during their incarceration, because of their level of psychopathology. Regular follow-up interviews are necessary to assess the suicide risk. Suicidal prisoners, most of whom have severe psychiatric disorders, should receive standard treatment in the same way as ordinary people would receive treatment beyond prison walls.
The clinical interview as a method in suicide risk assessment
Authors: Schechter Mark , Maltsberger John T 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this chapter we describe the role of the clinical interview in the assessment of suicide risk. In the course of the interview the clinician must endeavour to understand the patient’s crisis from both the ‘objective/descriptive’ and the ‘experiential’ perspectives, each of which we describe in detail. A focus on both of these perspectives is critical in the clinician’s coming to the best possible understanding of the patient. In addition to the role of the clinical interview in assessing risk, this critical clinical interaction is also the beginning of the treatment relationship and crisis intervention; thus it has a role in reducing risk as well. Finally, we comment briefly on the clinician’s conscious as well as unconscious responses to the patient, or ‘countertransference’, that can arise in the interview of potentially suicidal patients and influence the clinical assessment.
Biological predictors of suicidal behaviour in mood disorders
Authors: Mann J John , Currier Dianne 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPredicting suicide is difficult due to the low base rate, even in high-risk groups, and the multi-causal nature of suicidal behaviour. Retrospective and cross-sectional studies have identified a number of biologic abnormalities associated with suicide and suicide attempt. Prospective studies provide estimates of the predictive utility of biologic measures. Here, we review prospective studies of suicidal behaviour and serotonergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic systems and the hypothalamic–pituitary– adrenocortical (HPA) axis function in mood disorders. The most promising biologic predictors are low CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and HPA axis dysfunction as demonstrated by dexamethasone non-suppression that are each associated with about 4.5-fold greater risk of suicide.
The role of the state and legislation in suicide prevention
Authors: Anderson Martin , Jenkins Rachel 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter explores the way in which current states intervene in suicide prevention. The broader context for the development of national policy will be discussed including guidance from the WHO and the United Nations. At the centre of this is the recognition of suicide as a global phenomenon and the need to ensure that countries do all they can to reduce suicide rates and help those bereaved by suicide. We examine how nations have been asked to consider suicide prevention in national public health policy and look at the common areas for state intervention. The chapter draws upon information from the five continents perspective and emphasizes the similarities, differences and areas in which state work is needed.
Strategies in suicide prevention
Authors: Durkee Tony 
Published: January 2012

AbstractStrategies in suicide prevention have developed throughout the years, and progressed into conceptual models that are defined by a set of restrictive definitions. In this chapter, classifications of two suicide preventive strategic models, namely the Primary/ Secondary/Tertiary (PST) and Universal/Selective/Indicated (USI) are described, as well as a pragmatic suggestion for health care and public health-oriented strategies in suicide prevention. Health care-oriented strategies use the individual-centred approach with the focus on the treatment of patients. Public health strategies in prevention of suicide are directed toward groups and whole populations.
The psychological and behavioural treatment of suicidal behaviour
Authors: Rudd M David , Williams Ben , Trotter David RM 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter provides a review of all currently available clinical trials targeting suicidal behaviour. In contrast to some previous available reviews, the focus of the current chapter is on identifying common elements of treatments that work. More specifically, we attempted to answer the question, what do treatments that work have in common? A number of psychological treatments have emerged as effective or potentially effective at reducing suicidal behaviour (i.e. suicide attempts). There now appear to be a number of identifiable core elements for treatments that have proven effective at reducing suicide attempts, all with direct and meaningful implications for day to day clinical practice. We also point out limitations in current science, including problematic follow-up periods and questions about the high-risk nature of some study samples.
Family psychoeducation with suicide attempters
Authors: Dunne Edward J 
Published: January 2012

AbstractInappropriate or inadequate treatment in emergency treatment settings frequently leads to failures to adhere to after-care prescriptions and an increase in subsequent suicidality. Working collaboratively with the patient and the family can increase compliance and reduce risk. An intervention based on the family psychoeducation model developed to treat serious mental illnesses is described. A rationale for using this model is presented, which stems from the high rate of mental illness diagnoses in psychological autopsies of completed suicides. Sequential tasks for the clinician are presented. ‘Joining’ as a collaborative technique with both the patient and the family is described. Specific guidelines for the family to reduce potential for further harm are suggested.
The role of paintings in suicide treatment and prevention
Authors: Bronisch Thomas , von Spreti Flora 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe theme ‘suicide’ in paintings mirror social, cultural, religious and philosophical stances to suicide. However, behind these more public aspects of the artist’s work there is often a personal meaning for the artist as well. The motives and interests of the artists go beyond the theme of suicide. An important factor in suicidal behaviour is a depressive mood or a depressive disorder. However, the depressive mood as well as the underlying manic-depressive illness of some artists may also be seen as an important prerequisite for their creativity. Despite the importance of suicidality in art and that art therapy is well-established for treating patients in psychiatry and psychotherapy, only a small body of empirical literature about the role of art therapy in depressed and suicidal patients exists today. In paintings and sculptures of art therapy, done by patients primarily reflect the inner experiences of their illness and biography. Art therapy can help the patient to alleviate self-destructive ways of acting.