bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processing Costs and Derived Demand for Screened Versus Unscreened Farmer Stock Peanuts1
Authors: Lamb M. C. , Blankenship P. D. , Whitaker T. B. , Dorner J. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Screening of farmer stock peanuts separates smaller, lower value pods from larger, higher value pods by mechanical separation. The returns to screening farmer stock peanuts depend on prescreened peanut quality. The purpose of this research was to examine the post-harvest processing costs and the resulting derived demand schedules between screened and unscreened lots. Screening increased value by $19.79/Mg in screened versus unscreened lots. Due to the removal of peanuts during the screening process, the farmer stock lot value and total value of 45 paired farmer stock lots comparing screened versus unscreened lots differed by only $2.45 (0.10%) and $109.98 (0.98%), respectively. Thus, the total purchase cost to shellers for screened lots is not significantly different from unscreened lots. Differences in shelled stock values on a per ton, per lot, and total basis were $38.86, $17.29, and $704.01, respectively, where processing cost differences were assumed to be zero. However, 16 shelled stock lots (20,287 kg) were rejected due to aflatoxin &gt; 15 ppb in the unscreened peanuts compared to five rejected lots (5265 kg) in the screened peanuts. Estimates for blanching cost and product loss due to shrink and disappearance were applied to the unscreened and screened lots, respectively. For farmer stock lots in which at least one shelled stock lot was rejected, the added processing costs per Mg equate to $349.54 and $153.43 in the unscreened and screened lots, respectively. Deducting the added processing cost from the loan value ($677.73/Mg) resulted in net farmer stock values per Mg of $328.19 and $524.30 in the unscreened and screened lots, respectively. Thus, screening peanuts improved shelled stock peanut quality by reducing rejected lots and processing costs.
Narrow-Sense Heritability of Selected Sensory Descriptors in Virginia-Type Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Isleib T. G. , Pattee H. E. , Giesbrecht F. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The sweet, bitter and roasted peanut attributes of roasted peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) flavor have been shown to be heritable traits. Previous research has estimated broad-sense heritability (H) and breeding values of numerous peanut cultivars and breeding lines for these attributes, but no study has estimated narrow-sense heritability (h2) in a specific population derived through hybridization and inbreeding. A population of 120 F3-derived families was developed without selection from the cross of NC 7/NC Ac 18431, a virginia-type line identified in 1990 as having a good flavor profile. The parents and F3:5 families were grown at two locations in North Carolina in 1995. SMK samples from each plot were roasted, ground to paste, tasted by a sensory panel, and scored for roasted peanut, sweet, bitter and astringent attributes. Additive and nonadditive genetic variances were estimated by equating variances among F2-derived families and among F3-derived families within F2-derived families to genetic covariances among inbred relatives. Regardless of whether the genetic model included dominance or additive-by-additive epistasis, the estimates of additive genetic variance for flavor attributes were small compared to those for nonadditive genetic variance. Narrow-sense heritability in the F2 generation was estimated at 0 for roasted peanut and astringent, 0.02 to 0.04 for sweet, and 0.01 to 0.03 for bitter, depending on the model used. Because of the low values of h2, which are specific to this population, gain from selection in early generations is expected to be limited within this population. Selection in this population should be practiced in late generations. Other parents have been identified whose crosses should produce greater improvement in sensory quality than can be expected from the NC 7 / NC Ac 18431 population.
Physical Properties of Muffins Containing Peanut Flour and Peanut Butter
Authors: Hinds M. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Recent studies have reported that frequent peanut consumption may have positive effects on blood lipid profiles. This role of peanuts as a potential functional food is due mainly to its lipid composition. Consumers are demanding convenient and health-improving meal items, and sales of muffins have increased. Thus, muffins may serve as an excellent carrier to deliver the health benefits of peanuts. Previous studies on peanut utilization in muffins focused on increasing protein content by using defatted peanut materials. However, the potential functionality of peanut lipid suggests the need to investigate its inclusion in muffins. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effects of replacing wheat flour by partially defatted (12% fat, d.b.) peanut flour (PF, at 0, 40, 80%), and the addition of peanut butter (PB, at 0, 21.5, 35.4%, wt of dry ingredients) on physical properties of muffins. Experimental muffins containing 0% PF + 0% PB, and commercial banana-walnut muffins were used as controls. Replacement of wheat flour by PF or addition of PB significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased tenderness of the muffins. Peanut butter was the major factor decreasing muffin volume when formulations contained &gt; 20% PB. As PF% was increased, the outer surface of muffins became more browner, whereas increased PB gave rise to a more intense hue. Internal crumb color became darker and more intense brown as both PF and PB were increased. RSM predicted that formulations ranging from 0% PF + 32% PB through 30% PF + 15% PB to 61% PF + 0% PB would have optimum texture and volume. Findings indicate the potential for production of good quality muffins containing up to 32% wt of peanut materials per weight of total ingredients, and &lt; 18% peanut lipid in the baked products.
Sanitation, Water and Health
Authors: Rautanen Sanna Leena , Luonsi Antero , Nygard Henry , Vuorinen Heikki S. , Rajala Riikka P. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This article focuses on sanitation, health and hygiene as themes of the 5th IWHA conference 2007. It investigates how understanding of the key concepts and the links between health, water and sanitation have changed over time. It identifies some of the key drivers that prompted these changes. The history of sanitation and hygiene is the history of epidemiology, medicine and public health, as well as the history of industrialisation, urbanisation and related urban misery. Since the first urban settlements appeared sanitation has also been linked to drainage and flood management. The conference papers and presentations discussed in this theme article provide insights into sanitation, health, water and urban development, including such specific themes as flood and rainwater management. The article initially focuses on early civilisations, then on health, broadening the scope to questions relating to economics and institutions in an attempt to identify a range of other drivers.
Water, Food and the Economy
Authors: Vinnari E.M. , Frederiksen H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Water and the economy have always been engaged in a two-way interaction. Almost all the great civilisations in the world formed around water, which has been essential not only for supplying drinking water but also for sustaining agriculture, energy production, trade and transport - the foundations of economically and culturally thriving societies. This article presents and discusses the papers presented at the 5th IWHA Conference under the theme 'Water, Food and the Economy'. The papers and presentations were specific to food security; land and water resources management and policy; the economic significance of watercourses in energy production, transport and economic development; the intertwined nature of water infrastructure projects and politics; and the management of extreme weather phenomena. The article closes with a few remarks regarding the theme papers and topics within this area that should receive greater attention in future efforts.
Water and the City
Authors: Katko Tapio S. , Juuti P.S. , Tempelhoff J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The growth and development of urban spaces in all parts of the world is an outstanding feature of modern history. Apart from being notable growth generators of economies, cities have also been localities where the poorest of the poor congregate seeking the opportunity to make a living. Another outstanding feature of cities has been the growth and development of their comprehensive water infrastructure. The theme included eleven sessions with 37 presented papers and one Round Table Panel with five presentations that were regrouped for synthesis under the following categories: water and urban landscape, ancient urban water, managing urban water systems (technological breakthroughs, integration and regionalisation, flood control, policy and politics, challenges in developing and transition economies, sanitary and environmental education) and water privatisation. By 2007 more than a half of the world's population were living in urban areas; urban growth is fastest in the third world. Thus, the theme will only grow in importance in the future. Several presentations showed that decisions on water resources and services are to a large extent public by nature. The paradigm shift under way towards more efficient water use is limiting the growth of water use. The use of traditional technologies should also be considered when striving towards sustainability. Finally, understanding their pasts is a basic requirement for any sound strategic and visionary planning of preferable futures for cities.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Yb:Y2O3 Based Materials for Laser Source Application
Authors: Costa Anna Luisa , Serantoni Marina , Blosi Magda , Mercadelli Elisa , Esposito Laura , Piancastelli Andreana , Sanson Alessandra 
Published: April 2010

AbstractYb:Y2O3 submicrometric particles were synthesized through co‐precipitation of Yb and Y nitrate in water. Microwave heating and controlled release of ammonia through urea decomposition at reaction temperature leaded to the formation of disaggregated, monosized spherical particles of carbo‐hydroxy‐nitrate precursors. Pure crystalline Yb:Y2O3 powder that preserved the described morphology was obtained after calcination in air at 800 °C for 30 min. This powder mixed with commercial alumina powder was used to produce transparent Yb:YAG ceramics. Improved properties in terms of powder morphology and reactivity were presented in comparison with powders obtained by traditional heating.
The Precipitation Behavior of Superalloy ATI Allvac 718Plus
Authors: Zickler Gerald A. , Radis Rene , Schnitzer Ronald , Kozeschnik Ernst , Stockinger Martin , Leitner Harald 
Published: April 2010

AbstractATI Allvac 718Plus is a novel nickel‐based superalloy, which was designed for heavy‐duty applications in aerospace gas turbines. The precipitation kinetics of the intermetallicδ(Ni3Nb) andγ′(Ni3(Al,Ti)) phases in this alloy are of scientific as well as technological interest because of their significant influence on the mechanical properties. Important parameters like grain size are controlled by coarseδprecipitates located at grain boundaries, whereas smallγ′precipitates are responsible for strengthening by precipitation hardening. In the present study, the microstructure is investigated by three‐dimensional atom probe tomography and simulated by computer modeling using the thermo‐kinetic software MatCalc. The results of numerical simulations and experimental data are compared and critically discussed. It is shown that the chemical compositions of the phases change during isothermal aging, and the precipitation kinetics ofδandγ′phases interact with each other as shown in a time temperature precipitation (TTP) plot. The TTP plot shows C‐shaped curves with characteristic discontinuities in the temperature range, where simultaneous and concurrent precipitation of theδandγ′phases occurs. This leads to a competition in the diffusion of Nb and Al, which are partly present in both phases. Thus, the present study gives important information on heat treatments for ATI Allvac 718Plus in order to achieve the desired microstructure and mechanical properties.
Modeling of Coating Process, Phase Changes, and Damage of Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings on Ni‐Base Superalloys
Authors: Beck Tilmann , Białas Marcin , Bednarz Piotr , Singheiser Lorenz , Bobzin Kirsten , Bagcivan Nazlim , Parkot Daniel , Kashko Tatyana , Petković Ivica , Hallstedt Bengt , Nemna Sergey , Schneider Jochen M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe paper gives an overview on the modeling activities on plasma sprayed thermal barrier coating in the frame of TFB 63. In the first part, through‐process modeling of the APS deposition of a ZrO2 based TBC is described. Starting from simulation of the plasma jet, heat transfer into the powder particles, particle melting, particle impact on the substrate surface, and solidification is simulated. A homogenization method is introduced to describe the mechanical properties of the resulting TBC. The second part shows simulation of interdiffusion and phase transformations of MCrAlY and intermetallic oxidation protection coatings on several cast Ni‐base alloy substrates. Finally, FEM‐based damage simulation of oxidation protection coatings by transversal fatigue cracks during thermomechanical fatigue loading as well as by delamination of the TBC during thermocyclic loading is discussed.
Recrystallization Modeling of AA8XXX Alloys with Cellular Automata Considering Recovering Kinetics
Authors: Schäfer Carmen , Pomana Gerda , Mohles Volker , Gottstein Günter , Engler Olaf , Hirsch Jürgen 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA through‐process modeling scheme for the prediction of recrystallization textures and microstructures after final annealing, subsequent to cold rolling is proposed and applied to a commercial AlFeSi alloy. The heart of the setup is a cellular automaton for modeling of recrystallization which considers changes in dislocation density by recovery and changes in Zener and solute drag due to microchemistry evolution. However, recrystallization is the crucial point in the whole setup, since it leads to significant changes in microstructure and texture. The simulated results are compared to experiments.
Methodology for Thermomechanical Simulation and Validation of Mechanical Weld‐Seam Properties
Authors: Bleck Wolfgans , Reisgen Uwe , Mokrov Oleg , Rossiter Eduardo , Rieger Thomas 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA simulation and validation of the mechanical properties in submerged‐arc‐weld seams is presented, which combines numerical simulation of the thermal cycle in the weld using the SimWeld software with an annealing and testing procedure. The weld‐seam geometry and thermal profile near the weld seam can be computed based on the simulation of an equivalent heat source describing the energy input and distribution in the weld seam. Defined temperature–time cycles are imposed on tensile specimens allowing for annealing experiments with fast cooling rates. The direct evaluation of welded structures and the simple generation of input data for mechanical simulations in FE software packages are possible.
Modeling the Porosity Formation in Austenitic SGI Castings by Using a Physics‐Based Material Model
Authors: Pustal B. , Hallstedt B. , Schäfer W. , Bartels C. , Subasic E. , Siebert H. , Schneider J. M. , Bührig‐Polaczek A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractOn solidification, microsegregations build up in solid phases due to changes in solid concentrations with temperature. Diffusion, which is a kinetic process, usually reduces the occurrence of microsegregations. This work is aimed at modeling such kinetic effects on the solidification of austenitic cast iron, using a holistic approach. For this purpose, a microsegregation model is developed and validated. Moreover, this model is directly coupled to a commercial process‐simulation tool and thermodynamic software. A series of GJSA‐XNiCr 20‐2 clamp‐rings is cast by varying the inoculation state and the number of feeders. The composition of this cast alloy is analyzed and the microstructure characterized to provide input data for the microsegregation model. In order to validate the software, cooling curves are recorded; differential thermal analysis, electron dispersive X‐ray analysis and electron probe micro analysis are carried out. Furthermore, the porosity within the casting is analyzed by X‐ray. By performing coupled simulations, the different cooling characteristics within the casting lead to pronounced differences in phase fractions and solidification temperatures which are due to dendrite arm coarsening. The hot spot effect below the feeders is assisted by a shift towards lower solidification temperatures over the solidification time. This shift is a result of the local cooling characteristics, which can only be predicted when process simulation is directly coupled with material simulation. The porosity predictions and the porosity analysis exhibit good agreement. A comparison between experimental and virtual cooling curves closes, implying that the novel coupling concept and its implementation are valid.
Fabrication and Drug Delivery of Ultrathin Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Hollow Fibers
Authors: Hong Youliang , Chen Xuesi , Jing Xiabin , Fan Hongsong , Gu Zhongwei , Zhang Xingdong 
Published: April 2010

AbstractUltrathin mesoporous bioactive glass hollow fibers (MBGHFs) fabricated using an electrospinning technique and combined with a phase‐separation‐induced agent, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), are described. The rapid solvent evaporation during electrospinning and the PEO‐induced phase separation process demonstrated play vital roles in the formation of ultrathin bioactive glass fibers with hollow cores and mesoporous walls. Immersing the MBGHFs in simulated body fluid rapidly results in the development of a layer of enamel‐like apatite mesocrystals at the fiber surfaces and apatite nanocrystals inside the hollow cores. Drug loading and release experiments indicate that the drug loading capacity and drug release behavior of the MBGHFs strongly depends on the fiber length. MBGHFs with fiber length >50 µm can become excellent carriers for drug delivery. The shortening of the fiber length reduces drug loading amounts and accelerates drug release. The MBGHFs reported here with sophisticated structure, high bioactivity, and good drug delivery capability can be a promising scaffold for hard tissue repair and wound healing when organized into 3D macroporous membranes.
Investigations on the Structural Damage in Human Erythrocytes Exposed to Silver, Gold, and Platinum Nanoparticles
Authors: Asharani P. V. , Sethu Swaminathan , Vadukumpully Sajini , Zhong Shaoping , Lim Chwee Teck , Hande M. Prakash , Valiyaveettil Suresh 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHuman erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs), which constitute 99% of blood cells, perform an important function of oxygen transport and can be exposed to nanoparticles (NPs) entering into the human body during therapeutical applications involving such NPs. Hence, the haemocompatibility of the Ag, Au, and Pt NPs on human RBCs is investigated. The parameters monitored include haemolysis, haemagglutination, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, membrane topography, and lipid peroxidation. The findings suggest that platinum and gold NPs are haemocompatible compared to Ag NPs. Erythrocytes exhibit significant lysis, haemagglutination, membrane damage, detrimental morphological variation, and cytoskeletal distortions following exposure to Ag NPs at a concentration of 100 µg mL−1. Exposure of Ag+ to RBCs shows no lysis or deterioration, implying that the observed toxicity is solely due to NPs. The haemolyzed erythrocyte fraction has the ability to induce DNA damage in nucleated cells. Additionally, multiple pits and depressions are observed on RBC membrane following exposure to Ag NPs (50 µg mL−1 onwards). Hence, it is apparent that Ag NPs exhibit toxicity on RBCs and on other cells that are exposed to NP‐mediated haemolyzed fractions.
Effect of Carbon Chain Length in the Substituent of PCBM‐like Molecules on Their Photovoltaic Properties
Authors: Zhao Guangjin , He Youjun , Xu Zheng , Hou Jianhui , Zhang Maojie , Min Jie , Chen Hsiang‐Yu , Ye Mingfu , Hong Ziruo , Yang Yang , Li Yongfang 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA series of [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)‐like fullerene derivatives with the butyl chain in PCBM changing from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, respectively (F1–F5), are designed and synthesized to investigate the relationship between photovoltaic properties and the molecular structure of fullerene derivative acceptors. F2 with a butyl chain is PCBM itself for comparison. Electrochemical, optical, electron mobility, morphology, and photovoltaic properties of the molecules are characterized, and the effect of the alkyl chain length on their properties is investigated. Although there is little difference in the absorption spectra and LUMO energy levels of F1–F5, an interesting effect of the alkyl chain length on the photovoltaic properties is observed. For the polymer solar cells (PSCs) based on P3HT as donor and F1–F5, respectively, as acceptors, the photovoltaic behavior of the P3HT/F1 and P3HT/F4 systems are similar to or a little better than that of the P3HT/PCBM device with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) above 3.5%, while the performances of P3HT/F3 and P3HT/F5‐based solar cells are poorer, with PCE values below 3.0%. The phenomenon is explained by the effect of the alkyl chain length on the absorption spectra, fluorescence quenching degree, electron mobility, and morphology of the P3HT/F1–F5 (1:1, w/w) blend films.
Effect of the Molecular Size of Analytes on Polydiacetylene Chromism
Authors: Seo Donghwan , Kim Jinsang 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe pH chromism of polydiacetylenes (PDAs) is examined with respect to the molecular size and acidity of acid analytes, along with the alkyl spacer length of primary‐amine‐functionalized diacetylene (DA) lipids. pH turns out to be an important parameter to charge amine headgroups of PDA but a change in pH does not necessarily result in a PDA color change. The molecular size of acid analytes is identified as another factor that can produce a configurational change in PDA amine headgroups, followed by perturbation of the ene–yne conjugated backbone. In addition, the length of a flexible alkyl spacer between the amine headgroup and the amide group of the diacetylene lipids is found to strongly affect the degree of PDA chromatic transition. The longer alkyl spacer shows a smaller chromatic transition from blue to red phase. The alkyl spacer seems to provide a certain degree of freedom to the amine headgroup, thus decreasing the transfer of headgroup steric effects to the PDA backbone. These correlations found for PDA chromism are applied to the development of a system that colorimetrically detects diethyl phosphate (DEP), a degraded nerve agent simulant. PDA liposomes show a selective chromatic transition upon binding with DEP compared to other acid analytes.
Goldnanopartikel‐Fluorophor‐Komplexe: empfindliche, selektive “Nasen” für die Biosensorik
Authors: Bunz Uwe H. F. , Rotello Vincent M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractGoldnanopartikel (Gold‐NPs) löschen die Fluoreszenz adsorbierter Fluorophore. Sobald solche Komplexe durch einen Analyten gespalten werden, beobachtet man ein “Anschalten” der Fluoreszenz. Durch eine sorgfältige Auswahl von funktionalisiertem NP und Fluorophor lassen sich Komplexe mit differentiellem Ansprechverhalten auf Analyte erhalten, was zu vielseitigen und dennoch einfachen Array‐basierten Sensorplattformen führt. Mithilfe dieser Methode können wir Proteine in Pufferlösungen und im Blutserum identifizieren, zwischen unterschiedlichen Bakterienspezies und ‐stämmen differenzieren und gesunde, karzinöse und metastatische Human‐ und Mauszellen voneinander unterscheiden.