bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic Pre‐ and Post‐processors for fortran Programs
Authors: VANDERBILT M. DANIEL 
Published: August 2010

The BASIC language, available on almost all personal computers in interpreter form, has a number of strengths and some major weaknesses. It is a powerful language in its ability to read to and from the monitor screen, to manipulate strings, and to perform simple graphics. It is a weak language for use in computationally intensive programming, and, in the form usually provided with microcomputers, cannot access the math coprocessor. The FORTRAN language is good for working with large arrays and for performing extensive computations with high precision numbers, but is weak in the areas where BASIC is strong.A typical engineering program consists of three phases, data input, computation, and data output. The user of a microcomputer program expects to be offered easy interactive data entry and correction, fast computation, graphical review of results where applicable, and foolproof program operation including graceful recovery from errors accompanied by meaningful error messages. Satisfying these desires can be accomplished by the programmer who properly meshes the complementary strengths of BASIC and FORTRAN. This paper describes how to write an engineering program package which uses BASIC in accomplishing data input through data‐entry screens, FORTRAN in the number crunching phase, and BASIC in the post‐processing graphical display phase. Associated problems of formatting files for use by both BASIC and FORTRAN programs, entry of default values during initial data input or data change, and data base management are discussed.The BASIC discussed herein is a Microsoft product available on IBM machines as IBM BASIC and on many compatible machines as GW BASIC. In either case the version must be recent enough that the SHELL command is available. The FORTRAN compiler used in writing the example program discussed later is the Microsoft Optimizing Compiler, version 4.0.
Verification Tests for Computer‐Aided Structural Analysis
Authors: MELOSH R. J. , UTKU SENOL 
Published: August 2010

This paper proposes a sequence of independent analyses for verifying the accuracy of the numerical analysis of a structure. The tests separately assay the approximations of round‐off logic, discretization, and idealization on a quality‐assurance basis. Because these tests require no special simulation logic, they are suitable for use with public domain software.The tests provide necessary checks of the accuracy of response predictions for the structure of immediate interest. Most tests are self‐consistency checks which detect the sensitivity of results to changes in the problem definition and hence for changes of computer precision, computer logic, grid size, and idealization parameters. Some of the tests simply involve scaling responses.Use of the tests for a simple problem illustrates the verification process and interpretation of test results. Comparisons with exact analysis results suggest that the tests can play an important role in increasing the reliability of numerical structural analyses.
An Integration Algorithm for Constitutive Models with Two Intersecting Yield Surfaces
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman Mostafa A. , Edil Tuncer B. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: In this paper, the constitutive models involving two active intersecting yield surfaces, such as Lade's model, are considered and a new integration algorithm is formulated. The formulation introduces a new class of the return mapping algorithm within the framework of the operator splitting methodology. The proposed algorithm is applicable to a general class of elastoplastic constitutive models exhibiting associative or nonassociative flow rule, arbitrary yield criteria and hardening laws. The algorithm can handle one or two active yield surfaces at a time. The development leads to a relatively simple, straightforward algorithm for updating the stresses at Gauss point.Finally, the new algorithm is implemented in a generalized nonlinear finite element computer program incorporating Lade's model. The results of a number of boundary value problems are presented and compared with available experimental data and theoretical formulas. The comparisons indicate that incorporating the new class of return mapping algorithm gives reasonable solutions.
A Requirements Analysis/Educational Design for Courseware Relating to Heat Loss Through Building Walls
Authors: Keane Marcus M. , Monaghan Paul F. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Courseware is educational software, designed to create an instructional environment, for the purpose of facilitating learning. Courseware is being developed to support training in a wide range of engineerign disciplines, including Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) design. It in anticipated that courseware will be used much more, to support current training practices in HVAC design, in order to make training more effective, efficient and accessible. Current practices in courseware design indicate very few courseware products are designed using formal methods. this has led to courseware, that is many ways, fails to address learner's needs. If courseware is to be effective, in supporting training in HVAC design, then courseware must be developed using formal methods.In this paper, a formal courseware design model is described. An Educational Design (ED) is carried out, for courseware relating to heating load calculations in buildings, resulting in a detailed conceptual description of how the coursware appears to the user. Sixteen screens are shown, depicting how ther courseware guides the user, in learning how to perform heating load calculations in buildings.
Advanced CAD Environments: A Knowledge‐Based Foundation
Authors: Akman Varol 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Current computer‐aided design (CAD) systems are extremely powerful tools for the development of products in an industrial setting. However, they still leave a lot to be desired when it comes to fulfilling a designer's demands and dreams. We believe that knowledge engineering, or more broadly artificial intelligence (AI), is a promising candidate for providing advanced design environments. This paper proposes assorted techniques from AI—such as logical knowledge representation, naive physics, and commonsense reasoning—as effective means of obtaining such environments.In order to make adept, temporal comments, an architecture machine must have a certain basic understanding of qualities. Though at first primitive, this qualitative appreciation itself would evolve within a value system that is very personal, between a man and a machine.
Constitutive Laws for Normal Stiffness and Thermal Resistance of a Contact Element
Authors: Schrefler B. A. , Zavarise G. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The contact element formulation presented considers microscopically mechanisms of force transmission and heat exchange together with coupling between thermal and mechanical fields. Experimentally and theoretically well founded micro‐mechanical and micro‐thermal laws are adapted to FEM consistent linearization necessities. Based on these laws the nonlinear macroscopic related stiffness is calculated as a function of changes in significant parameters.Examples related to industrial applications are shown.
The development of a subjective health indicator
Authors: Hunt Soiya M. , McEwen James 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Changing patterns of concern in medicine and health care have interacted with philosophic trends in social sciences and politics to create demands for new directions in the measurement of health. Traditional indicators such as morbidity and mortality are seen to require supplementation by more subjective assessments of need. The addition of subjective data, collected in a standardized way could enable those concerned to delineate more closely the needs and problems of the community.The practical development of a subjective health indicator is described. The ultimate objective is to produce an instrument which can be used as a population survey tool, where the information obtained could add a new dimension to traditional indices of health. Studies carried out over the past four years have led to the construction of an indicator in the form of a profile which has been shown to provide valid measures of perceived health status and to be acceptable to respondents.
The Buffalo System: an example of remediation as a method of social control
Authors: Kovit Leonard 
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper has two foci: an ethnographic description of the‘Buffalo System’and a discussion of socializing practices that are aimed at preventing unrepairable and stigmatizing failure.The‘Buffalo System’is a method of socialization and social control which was used in the process of training residents in the obstetric and gynaecological department of a university teaching hospital. An ethnographic account of the system is presented. The main features of the system that are described include the method of reporting‘outstanding surgical activity above, below and lateral to the call of duty’(Buffalo Chips), the nature of monetary fines for these‘feats of negativity’(Buffalo Bills), and the hierarchy which controls the symbolic and behavioural components of the system (Buffalo Chiefs). The role and mechanisms of peer review and the impact of failure and humour are also discussed.The paper attempts to show how a socialization system can operate which does not confer the stigmatizing label of‘failure’on the seemingly failed, but rather transforms them into 'successful’before their failure becomes unrepairable and stigmatizing. The Buffalo System is unique in that it capitalizes on failure and encourages the discovery of failure as a technique for training residents to deal with the possibility of their own and others’failure at medical tasks.
Constructing commonsense—young people's beliefs about AIDS
Authors: Warwick Ian , Aggleton Peter , Homans Hilary 
Published: August 2010

Abstract There is growing interest amongst social researchers in enquiry related to lay beliefs about HIV infection and AIDS. Research of this kind is important not only theoretically, in that it may help us to understand more clearly the interface between professional and lay beliefs about health and illness, but also practically, in that it may lead to more effective policy interventions.This paper reports on findings from a series of in‐depth interviews carried out with young people participating in local authority and voluntary sector youth provision and in youth training schemes. It identifies lay beliefs about the nature, causes and origins of AIDS amongst young people in lesbian and gay youth groups, and contrasts these with the beliefs of young people in undifferentiated forms of youth provision.
Domestic conditions, paid employment and women's experience of ill‐health
Authors: Hartley Mel , Popay Jennie , Plewis Ian 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTraditionally, research concerned with the relationship between paid employment and women's experience of ill‐health has focused on one or other of two competing explanatory models: the role enhancement model which postulates a positive health effect of paid employment and the role overload model which postulates a negative effect. Though a synthesis of these two models is becoming apparent in the literature (Arber 1990, 1991) a number of important issues remain neglected. This paper focuses on three of these neglected issues: the extent to which the relationship between employment and health is mediated by the nature and/or extent of the workload associated with both formal and domestic work; whether the relationship differs for different types of ill‐health; and the role of health related selection into different social roles.Using data from the Health and Lifestyles survey, an innovative approach is taken to the measurement of domestic conditions, and separate measures of long‐term health status, and of short‐term physical and psychological health state are used. Proportional odds models are used to assess the relationship between employment status, domestic conditions and type of employment (measured in terms of the socio‐economic group of a woman's own occupation) independent of underlying long‐term health status. Our findings suggest that the presence of long‐term illness is the single most powerful influence on present health state, but that this does not explain away the positive relationship between employment and women's health. They also suggest that this relationship is different for different types of ill health and is not the same for women in different types of occupation. In particular, our findings suggest that the association between paid work and better health is rather less apparent for physical than psychological health, and in women working full time in professional or managerial occupations. Domestic conditions appear to have an effect on women's health equal to or greater than employment status, depending on the health measure used. However, there was no evidence of an interaction between employment status and domestic conditions.We conclude with a discussion of the ways in which our findings fit in with those of previous research. We argue in particular for more attention to be given to the nature of both the dependent (‘health’) and explanatory (‘work’) variables used in research on the relationship between employment and women's health.
Risk and the construction of social identity: children's talk about accidents
Authors: Green Judith 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper draws on data from a focus group based study of children's stories about accidents. It examines the ways in which talk about accident risks is utilised as a resource for constructing social identities. In their stories, children claimed responsibility for managing their own accident risks, and in doing so constructed themselves and their peers as mature risk assessors and managers. Furthermore, stories about accidents were used to construct gendered identities and to delineate the boundaries of peer groups. This suggests that, rather than undercutting subjectivity, discourses of risk can be used to construct social identity.
Psychoanalytic sociology and the medical encounter: Parsons and beyond
Authors: Lupton Deborah 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWhile sociologists earlier this century often used insights derived from psychoanalytic theory in their writings, contemporary sociology has largely tended to ignore this body of work. This is as true of medical sociologists as it is of others, despite the fact that the ‘founding father’ of medical sociology, Talcott Parsons, used psychoanalytic perspectives extensively in his theorising on the social aspects of medicine and health. In this paper I make a case for a return to a medical sociology that incorporates understandings of subjectivity derived from psychoanalytic writings, with particular reference to the medical encounter and the illness experience. The paper begins with an overview of psychoanalytic sociology. I go on to review the major insights Parsons developed in his writings and the work of other writers who have more recently used psychoanalytic theory productively in theorising the sociocultural dimensions of medicine and health care. The paper concludes with some thoughts about future directions for taking up the psychoanalytic perspective in the sociology of health and illness.
Governing the ethical consumer: identity, choice and the primary care medical encounter
Authors: McDonald Ruth , Mead Nicola , Cheraghi‐Sohi Sudeh , Bower Peter , Whalley Diane , Roland Martin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractGovernment policy promoting consumerism in healthcare can be seen as offering up certain preferred identities to which its citizens are encouraged to aspire. Whilst many commentators reject the notion that health services users should be conceived of as consumers, this paper outlines the relevance of the concept to our understanding of the ways in which individuals manage their health and service use. The paper examines the identity work undertaken by individuals in relation to decisions about healthcare preferences and assesses the extent to which this is compatible with the identities promoted in Government policy. We suggest that in circumstances where individuals feel both a sense of personal entitlement and a desire to be supportive of the needs of other members of the community, ‘doing’ ethical consumer can be fraught with discomfort and anxiety. These anxieties are exacerbated in a context where citizenship is increasingly being defined in terms of consumer identities, and making good (health) choices might be seen as distinguishing the civilised from the marginalised.
Public health and the cult of humanity: a neglected Durkheimian concept
Authors: Dew Kevin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPublic health researchers have used a number of concepts derived from the work of Durkheim, such as anomie and social capital. One concept that has not been deployed in public health discourses is that of the cult of humanity – Durkheim's religion in a society organised around organic solidarity. This paper discusses Durkheim's views on religion and science, and the cult of humanity. The cult of humanity is characterised as having humanity at the centre of worship and combining elements of religion and science. Medicine and complementary therapies are identified as possible candidates to fulfil the role of the cult of humanity, but the institution of public health seems to be a particularly apt candidate. The paper concludes by discussing the way in which this analysis provides insight into the dual advocacy and academic functions of public health, the tension between individual choice and constraint and the buffering role of public health in relation to other social institutions.
Exclusive, idiosyncratic and collective expertise in the interprofessional arena: the case of optometry and eye care in The Netherlands
Authors: Stevens Fred C.J. , Diederiks Joseph P.M. , Grit Fieke , Van Der Horst Frans 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper addresses expertise as the foundation of professional boundaries and domains through a comparative study of four eye care occupations in the Netherlands. Claims of expertise are explored with an analysis of whether practitioners believe that expertise is exclusive to their profession. Results show that (a) established professions display a stronger sense of the ‘exclusiveness’ of expertise; (b) idiosyncratic expertise is more common among encroaching professions than among established ones. These findings substantiate trends towards professionalism, as jurisdictional disputes on professional domains and boundaries usually occur between more established medical professions seeking to protect their knowledge area, and encroaching ones trying to expand theirs. The study next addresses the ways in which claims to expertise influence practitioners’ attitudes towards professional status and professional practice. Attitudes to expertise are influenced by age, and affect professional work in the workplace. Practitioners who considered expertise as a collective characteristic were younger, undertook more examinations, more diagnoses, gave more treatments, referred less, and perceived more problems regarding inter‐professional recognition of their professional status.
Therapeutic pluralism? Evidence, power and legitimacy in UK cancer services
Authors: Broom Alex , Tovey Philip 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe integration of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) into cancer services is increasingly discussed as a potential part of UK health policy but as yet there has been little sociological research examining this process. This paper examines the results of a study on the provision of CAM to cancer patients in two distinct organisational contexts: the hospice and the hospital. It is based on interviews with medical specialists, nursing staff and CAM therapists. This paper focuses on how integration is managed in each organisation, examining professional boundary disputes and inter‐professional dynamics. Discussion focuses on the rhetorical and practical strategies that are employed by a variety of differently positioned interviewees to negotiate the complexities of the interface of CAM and biomedicine. The results show significant differentiation in how differently positioned cancer clinicians view and utilise the biomedical hierarchy of evidence. We argue that the integration of CAM should not be conceptualised as a mere challenge to biomedicine, or, as resulting in a linear process of deprofessionalisation. Rather, it should be seen as producing a complex array of processes, including strategic adaptation on the part of medical specialists and NHS organisations.
Migrating identities: the relational constitution of drug use and addiction
Authors: Hughes Kahryn 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper aims to develop a properly social conceptualisation of addiction through drawing on analyses of rich, in‐depth data from ex/users of heroin. Practices of addiction are considered as in and of themselves constitutive of particular identities, ways of being, and ways of being with and for others. The discussion seeks to demonstrate how heroin use is predicated upon, and productive of, purposeful drug‐using relationships in which users produce and reproduce the conditions for continued use (e.g.scoring, grafting, using). Accordingly, the concept of ‘dependence’ is here reconfigured to encompass both dependence on the provision (and ingestion) of drugs and, simultaneously, dependence upon diverse configurations of users, clinicians, support workers, and so on. The paper makes a critical departure from existing debates in which addiction, even if conceived as a social practice, is nonetheless understood at the level of ‘the individual’. It is argued that this tendency towards ontological individualism leads towards conceiving the problem of addiction as residing predominantly in the individual negotiation and, ultimately, resolution of identity narratives. The analyses presented here explore how the migration from addict to non‐addict involves more than identity work. Theorisations of the level of ‘field’ or ‘configuration’ are developed, and considered as both a level of analysis and a conceptual lens for understanding changes in the ongoing, relational, practices involved in such identity migration. Finally, the consequences of intersecting, relational, dimensions of time horizons, place and space in the talk of ex/users are considered for strategies for successful recovery, identified during the research.
Trusting in the New NHS: instrumental versus communicative action
Authors: Brown Patrick R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRecent reforms within the UK National Health Service, particularly the introduction of clinical governance, have been enacted with the apparent aim of rebuilding patient trust. This paper analyses the approach taken by policy makers, arguing that it is based very much on an instrumental conception of trust. The assumptions and limitations of this model are discussed and in so doing, a communicative understanding of trust is proposed as an alternative. It is argued that the instrumental rationality and institutional focus inherent to instrumental trust neglect the importance of the communication between patient and medical professional and its affective dimensions. Communicative trust goes beyond a mere cognitive appreciation of the system and rather is dependent on the qualitative interaction at the access point, where the patient comes to believe that the communicative rationality of their best interests is mirrored by the professional's instrumental rationality. Whilst recent challenges to the confidence of patients in professionals and medical knowledge make some approximation of an ideal speech situation more imperative than previously, the application of an instrumental concept of trust in the NHS makes such interactions less likely, as well as facilitating a divergence between instrumental and communicative rationality in healthcare provision.