bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uplink carrier frequency offset estimation for WiMAX OFDMA‐based ranging
Authors: Lin Yonghua , Fan Da , Wang Qing , Chen Jianwen 
Published: August 2009

AbstractRanging is one of the most important processes in the mobile worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) standard, for resolving the uplink synchronization and near/far problems. In this paper, we focus on the multi‐user carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation in both initial ranging and periodic ranging. After the analysis of some existing ranging methods, we propose two algorithms based on the correlation properties of pseudo noise (PN) sequences in time domain and frequency domain respectively. The root mean square error (RMSE) performance is evaluated in both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and multi‐path fading channel. Simulation results show that the proposed frequency‐domain cross‐correlation method performs better than the proposed time‐domain cross‐correlation method, and is more robust to multi‐user interference and residual timing offset. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive reference code‐based MAI cancellation for DS‐CDMA
Authors: Won Jong Mook , Kim Jung Soo , Kim W. M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA computationally efficient and practically deployable adaptive reference code‐based multiple access interference (MAI) cancellation scheme, in which the conventional transmitter/receiver architecture is minimally modified only at the receiver (and/or transmitter) end, is proposed for direct sequence code division multiple access (DS‐CDMA) communication. Upon numerical and theoretical analyses, the proposed communications system is seen to always outperform the existing conventional communications system. The theoretical analyses and results as presented are generally useful and applicable to any situation wherein IS95 pseudo noise (PN) codes are employed towards multiple access. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resource allocation in OFDMA networks based on interior point methods
Authors: Mehrjoo Mehri , Moazeni Somayeh , Shen Xuemin (Sherman) 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper studies a joint optimization problem of sub‐carrier assignment and power allocation in orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) wireless networks. A major challenge in solving the optimization problem is non‐convexity caused by the combinatorial nature of sub‐carrier assignment problem and/or non‐convex objective functions. To address the combinatorial complexity, we formulate the resource allocation problem as an optimization problem with continuous variables. We propose a novel approach based on a penalty function method and an interior point method (PM/IPM) to solve the problem. In specific, using a two‐step implementation, the penalty method is applied first to convert the non‐convex feasible region to a convex one. Then, the interior point method is deployed to solve the problem which is non‐convex only in the objective function. To evaluate the performance of PM/IPM, we apply a genetic algorithm (GA) that achieves near optimal solutions of the problem by iterative searching. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of Impact of Surgical Disease Through Economic Modeling of Cleft Lip and Palate Care
Authors: Corlew D. Scott 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackgroundAssessing burden of disease encompasses the prevalence of disease entities, but it is the impact that affects the populace. Similarly, optimal evaluation of intervention programs shows impact rather than simply an enumeration of services. Economic effects are a fungible measure but are difficult to assess. Modeling of economic effects was used to evaluate a cleft program in Nepal and to demonstrate impact of alleviating this subset of the surgical burden of disease.MethodsThe database of patients who underwent care at a cleft center in Katmandu in 2005 was used. Disability adjusted life years averted were calculated. Using both GNI per capita and Value of a Statistical Life, the economic value to the individuals and to society was calculated.ResultsThe two methods yielded a conservative and a generous estimate of economic impact of treating cleft lip and palate. Using GNI per capita, cleft lip repair added between $856 and $6,598 to lifetime individual income. For cleft palate, this ranged from $2,293 to $17,278. Using Value of a Statistical Life, cleft lip repair added between $56,919 and $143,363, and cleft palate between $152,372 and $375,412.ConclusionsThe immense economic gain realized by an intervention addressing a small proportion of the surgical burden of disease indicates the importance of these conditions to public health and well‐being. This methodology also lends itself to broader use and to further refinement as a means of evaluation of interventions. This has implications for health policy and for funding and resource allocation for surgical conditions in the developing world.
The Implications of Fraud in Medical and Scientific Research
Authors: Slesser Alistair A. P. , Qureshi Yassar A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractFraud is an important issue that affects research of both scientific and clinical fields because of its potential to adversely affect patient care. Fraud can take many forms, each with varying prevalence and implications. A number of ethical institutions have been created to investigate and regulate this malpractice. Using case examples, we describe the various forms of fraud and their potential implications. The increasing importance of editorial responsibility is highlighted and discussed. Finally, we suggest solutions for how to effectively regulate and eradicate this practise.
A Novel Route for Preparation of Hollow Carbon Nanospheres Without Introducing Template
Authors: Li Minmin , Wu Qingsheng , Wen Ming , Shi Jianlin 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
A newly developed route for the synthesis of hollow carbon nanospheres without introducing template under hydrothermal conditions was reported. Hollow carbon nanospheres with the diameter of about 100 nm were synthesized using alginate as reagent only. Many instruments were applied to characterize the morphologies and structures of carbon hollow nanospheres, such as XRD, TEM, and Raman spectroscopy. The possible formation and growth mechanism of carbon hollow spheres were discussed on the basis of the investigation of reaction influence factors, such as temperature, time, and content. The findings would be useful for the synthesis of more materials with hollow structure and for the potential use in many aspects. The loading of SnO2on the surface of carbon hollow spheres was processed, and its PL property was also characterized.
Interfacial Properties of Extended‐Surfactant‐Based Microemulsions and Related Macroemulsions
Authors: Witthayapanyanon Anuradee , Phan Tri Thanh , Heitmann Todd C. , Harwell Jeffrey H. , Sabatini David A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractExtended surfactants containing an intermediate‐polarity spacer, such as polypropylene oxide, in between the hydrophilic head and the hydrocarbon tail are known to result in superior solubilization and low interfacial tension, though they exhibit slow kinetics. The present work seeks to evaluate both equilibrium and kinetic aspects of extended‐surfactant‐based micro‐ and macroemulsions. The interfacial morphology of the extended surfactant membrane, i.e., characteristic length (ξ) and interfacial rigidity (Er) at optimum middle‐phase microemulsion conditions, was characterized using the net‐average curvature model. The results showed that extended surfactants resulted in a relatively rigid interfacial membrane compared with conventional surfactants having similar hydrocarbon chain length. In addition, both ξ and Er parameters increased with the length of the polypropylene oxide spacer. Increasing Er values correlated to the slow coalescence rates of extended surfactant emulsified systems. Two alternative approaches (the addition of combined linkers and co‐surfactant) are shown to overcome the slow kinetics of coalescence while maintaining desirable high solubilization and low interfacial tension.
Frying Stability of Purified Mid‐Oleic Sunflower Oil Triacylglycerols with Added Pure Tocopherols and Tocopherol Mixtures
Authors: Warner Kathleen , Moser Jill 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTo determine the effects of the addition of pure tocopherols to triacylglycerols, α, γ, and δ tocopherols were added singly and in various combinations to stripped mid‐oleic sunflower oil (SMOSUN). Tortilla chips were fried in the treated oils and then aged at ambient temperature to determine storage stability of the fried food. Frying oils were evaluated for total polar compounds (TPC) as an indicator of oil deterioration, and they were also analyzed for retention of tocopherols. To determine effects of tocopherols on fried‐food stability, chips were evaluated for hexanal as an indicator of oxidative stability and for odor characteristics by a trained, experienced analytical sensory panel. Oils extracted from the tortilla chips were also analyzed for residual tocopherols. TPC were highest in the SMOSUN control with no additives followed by the SMOSUN containing only α tocopherol. The SMOSUN oil containing γ tocopherol had the best fry life as indicated by the lowest TPC. Hexanal content and rancid odor intensity were highest in the chips fried in the SMOSUN control and in the SMOSUN containing only α tocopherol. The most stable tortilla chips were fried in SMOSUN containing all three (α, γ, and δ) tocopherols; however, the lowest hexanal levels were measured when γ and δ tocopherols were added at their highest concentrations.
Claw toes after tibial fracture in children
Authors: Fitoussi Frank , Ilharreborde Brice , Guerin Florent , Souchet Philippe , Penneçot Georges F. , Mazda Keyvan 
Published: August 2009

Purpose The development of claw toe deformity following fracture of the tibia in children has not been described in our review of the literature. We report on the management of the acquired claw toe deformity after tibia fracture in five children. Methods We report on five patients, between 5 and 15 years of age, who developed clawing of the hallux following a fracture of the tibia. In two patients, the lesser toes were involved. On examination, when the ankle was passively plantar flexed, a flexion contracture of the interphalangeal joint of the hallux became fully flexible. When the ankle was dorsiflexed, the clawing became more obvious and fixed. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study in two cases demonstrated fibrosis under or just proximal to the tarsal tunnel. Results The contractures were relieved by performing a tenolysis proximal to the medial malleolus. The operative findings demonstrated that the etiology could be possibly associated with a localized subclinical compartment syndrome. Conclusions We described five patients with a claw toe deformity following a tibia fracture associated with adhesions of the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and flexor digitorum longus (FDL) muscles to the surrounding structures under or just proximal to the flexor retinaculum. It is the authors’ opinion that this condition may be related to a subclinical compartment syndrome localized in the distal part of the deep posterior compartment. Soft-tissue release without tendon lengthening allowed recovery in all patients.
Bonds and Brands: Foundations of Sovereign Debt Markets, 1820–1830
Authors: Flandreau Marc , Flores Juan H. 
Published: August 2009

How does sovereign debt emerge? In the early nineteenth century, intermediaries' market power and prestige served to overcome information asymmetries. Relying on insights from finance theory, we argue that capitalists turned to intermediaries' reputations to guide their investment strategies. Intermediaries could in turn commit or else they would lose market share. This sustained the development of sovereign debt. This new perspective is backed by archival evidence and empirical data, and it suggests why strong but undemocratic states could borrow.“A good name is worth more than a gem.”Yiddish proverb
[v]at is going on? Local and global ideologies about Indian English
Authors: CHAND VINEETA 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThis article examines local and global language ideologies surrounding a particular phonetic feature in Indian English, the pronunciation of /v/ as [w]. By focusing on how local and global participants – both individuals and institutions – imagine language variation through disparate framings of “neutral” and “standard,” it highlights how processes of globalization and localization are interconnected, dialogic, and symbiotic. Compared are (i) sociolinguistic constructions of Indian cartoon characters, (ii) American “accent training” institutes, (iii) Indian call center and language improvement books, (iv) American speakers’ interpretations of merged IE speech, and, (v) IE speakers’ attitudes about IE, “neutral,” and ”standard” language. The relative social capital of these populations mediates both how each constructs its respective ideology about language variation, and how these ideologies dialogically interact with each other. (Language variation, language ideologies, dialogic, standard language)1
Style, indexicality, and the social meaning of tag questions
Authors: MOORE EMMA , PODESVA ROBERT 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThis article illustrates how the notions of style and indexicality can illuminate understanding of the social meaning of a specific linguistic variable, the tag question. Drawing on conversational speech and ethnographic data from a community of high school girls in northwest England, it quantitatively and qualitatively examines the discourse, grammatical, and phonological design of tag questions in this community. Members of four social groups are shown to use tag questions to similar effect, as a means of conducing particular points of view. However, these groups also exhibit striking differences in the stylistic composition of tags, distinctions that indexically construct stances and personas, which may in turn come to represent group identity. These data suggest that the social meaning of tag questions can be best ascertained by examining their internal composition and by situating them in their broader discursive and social stylistic contexts. (Adolescents, ethnography, indexicality, interactional context, quantitative discourse analysis, social meaning, style, tag questions)
Constitutional Government and the ‘Plural Society’: Some General Observations.
Authors: Ratnam K. J. 
Published: August 2009

The nature of constitutional government in any society must strongly be dependent on whether the people to be governed are relatively homogeneous or belong to different communal groups with differing interests.In a relatively homogeneous society, constitutional provisions usually reflect certain generally accepted values while at the same time giving sufficient scope for efficiency in administration. Admittedly the degree to which the values reflected are in fact ‘generally acceptable’ may be open to dispute; but agreement with, and opposition to, constitutional provisions in such a society are not generally the outcome of rigidly compartmentalized attitudes. Consequently, it is possible to rely on what is often called ‘popular opinion’.
The Lessons of Climatic History
Authors: Bryson Reid A. 
Published: August 2009

Studies of past climates show unequivocally what can happen to our atmospheric environment. From climatic history we can learn several very specific lessons.The climate can change rapidly. Major climatic changes, such as the change from glacial to non-glacial conditions, can occur in a few centuries, even though the adjustment of biota and the wasting of continental ice-sheets may take longer. Smaller changes may take only decades.Changed climatic states may persist for centuries or millennia. While the climatic excursion of this century appears to have lasted half-a-century or so, the ‘little ice-age’ was at least three centuries long (roughly 1550–1850 A.D.), a North American drought period lasted two centuries, and there was a monsoon failure of seven centuries. These have all been recorded in the evidence of Nature.Climatic changes may occur in different senses in different parts of the world. This paper has outlined several cases where cooling in the sub-Arctic was associated with reduced rainfall or increased frequency of failure of the monsoon, and a case in which drought in North America was concomitant with wet weather in western Europe.The climate we think of as normal is quite abnormal by the standards of the past few centuries, and the magnitude of the change since 1945 is significant by comparison with similar changes in the past.Combining the nature of the recent climatic change with the present narrow margin of world food-grain reserves, an urgent need to consider and react to the possibility of continued climatic variation is indicated.
Recreational Pressures in the Summer Months on a Nature Reserve on the Yorkshire Coast, England
Authors: Usher Michael B. , Pitt Michael , de Boer George 
Published: August 2009

Visitors to Spurn Nature Reserve, located at the south-east tip of Yorkshire, England, were surveyed during the summer holiday season of 1970. It was estimated that about 3,400 groups of people visited the Reserve in the three months of July, August, and September. Only 17% of the visitors were members of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Trust, which owns the Reserve, and only 12% of the visitors—mostly bird-watchers—came primarily for purposes of nature study. Pressure from the visitors was found to be concentrated, because of topographical and vegetational features, in areas where it could potentially do great harm to the wildlife and to the physical stability of the habitat itself. Examination was made of methods that might be used to control the total number of visitors and their effect upon the environment.Economic analysis using the Clawson Demand Schedule, gave a Recreational Value for the Reserve of about £2,000 for the three months of this survey. The example would seem noteworthy for other comparable areas as population pressures and tourism increase.
Heavy-metal Pollution in the Sudbury Mining and Smelting Region of Canada, I. Soil and Vegetation Contamination by Nickel, Copper, and Other Metals
Authors: Hutchinson T. C. , Whitby L. M. 
Published: August 2009

Soil, vegetation, and rainfall, have been collected in the vicinity of a nickel–copper smelter at Sudbury, Ontario. The region is a major producer of many metals, and the large areas of forest desolation in the vicinity have been ascribed to sulphur dioxide fumigations over the past 80 years. In the present study, attention has been focused on potentially toxic heavy metals. Very elevated soil levels of nickel and copper were found, with values up to 5,104 ppm Ni and 2,892 ppm Cu within 1.1 km of the smelter. The concentrations decreased with distance to 49.8 km in one direction. Surface soils were the most contaminated, and a decline through the soil profile was found. Other metals such as iron, cobalt, and silver, showed a similar pattern of distance and depth, suggestive of an airborne source. Analyses of the foliage of three plant species also showed excessive levels of nickel and copper, as well as of aluminium. The levels declined with distance from the smelter.The relative possibilities of soilversusaerial uptake are considered. The soils within 2–3 km of the smelter were markedly more acidic than those from farther away, and this was paralleled by their increased conductivity. Dustfall–rainfall collections and analyses of the soluble heavy metals indicated that a major aerial source of metals existed, and that the problem of metallic emissions is not merely one of the past. Heavy metals are persistent in soils, and the ecological consequences to date have perhaps only been masked around Sudbury by the sulphur dioxide damage, and the particular importance attached to it in the past.
Heavy-metal Pollution in the Sudbury Mining and Smelting Region of Canada, II. Soil Toxicity Tests
Authors: Whitby L. M. , Hutchinson T. C. 
Published: August 2009

Soils from the Sudbury region, Canada, which have been contaminated by the heavy metals nickel, copper, cobalt, and iron, from airborne smelter emissions, have been assayed for their toxicity to seedling growth. The extent of radicle elongation in bathing solutions of soil-water extracts has been used as a bioassay index of soil toxicity. The root growth of four species was reduced in extracts of soils which had been collected up to a distance of 49.8 km from the Coniston smelter. Inhibition was greatest in surface soils. Water extracts had metal concentrations of up to 142 ppm Ni, 59.5 ppm Cu, and 4.6 ppm Co. In addition, aluminium occurred in water extracts at 50.6 ppm at 0.8 km from the smelter, and up to 98.9 ppm somewhat farther away, even though it was not smelted in the region.All of the four metals nickel, copper, cobalt, and aluminium, were shown to be markedly inhibitory to seedling growth at concentrations below 5 ppm. In addition, all of the metals tested were concentrated markedly in the seedlings, expecially in their roots. The concentration factor was often 50- to 100-fold that of the bathing solution. Nickel appears to be the greatest single heavy-metal problem with which the vegetation has to contend. Even in the event that the major emissions of sulphur dioxide in the area be controlled, the concentrations of the toxic heavy metals nickel and copper already existing in the soils over many square kilometres present severe problems for seedling establishment and, consequently, revegetation.
Potential Effects of Aquaculture on Inshore Coastal Waters
Authors: Odum William E. 
Published: August 2009

Aquaculture, like any other industry, has the potential to generate pollutants for which the aquaculturist may be held legally responsible. Some of the pollutants created by aquaculture operations include both organic materials originating from excess primary production or inefficient supplemental feeding and toxic compounds such as herbicides, pesticides, and fish poisons. It is possible to utilize excess organic effluents for beneficial purposes such as culturing additional algal and animal species.Construction of aquaculture facilities can result in physical alteration of the environment—including changes in circulation patterns, increased sedimentation, interference with freshwater input to the estuary, and direct destruction of productive areas. Intensive raft-culture may interfere with natural estuarine production.Finally, the potentially serious threat from wide spread dissemination of culture species is discussed. Possible problems include introduction of pathogens and all of the ecological problems that are commonly associated with introduced species.