bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Pots, privies and WCs; crapping at the opera in London before 1830’
Authors: Burden Michael 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWhat was the interplay between plumbing and the routines of audience behaviour at London's eighteenth-century opera house? A simple question, perhaps, but it proves to be a subject with scarce evidence, and even scarcer commentary. This article sets out to document as far as possible the developments in plumbing in the London theatres, moving from the chamber pot to the privy to the installation of the first water-closets, addressing questions of the audience's general behaviour, the beginnings in London of a ‘listening’ audience, and the performance of music between the acts. It concludes that the bills were performed without intervals, and that in an evening that frequently ran to four hours in length, audience members moved around the auditorium, and came and went much as they pleased (to the pot, privy or WC), demonstrating that singers would have had to contend throughout their performances with a large quantity of low-level noise.
Aristophanes, Rameau andPlatée
Authors: Green Robert A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractRameau'sPlatéeowes much more to Aristophanes' comedyThe Frogsthan the frog chorus. The main character inThe Frogs, Dionysus, may well have been the inspiration for many of the traits of the nymph Platée. Both rule over wetlands and their inhabitants, and both are subjected to extensive mockery. While Dionysus is a divine patron of the theatre, Platée is a visual metaphor for opera. Dionysus, disguised as Heracles, fails to measure up to the hero, exhibiting cowardly behaviour and physical weakness, just as Platée fails to speak and act as a satisfactory operatic heroine, the model for which is, arguably, Lully's Armide. The parodic elements in the debate between Aeschylus and Euripides over the nature and function of tragedy resonate with the parody oftragédie lyriquewhich lies at the heart of Rameau's opera.
Effect on sperm quality of different cryoprotectants in sperm ofChinchilla lanigera
Authors: Gramajo-Bühler M.C. , Pucci-Alcaide F. , Sánchez-Toranzo G. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryChinchilla lanigerais an endangered species therefore the development of cryopreservation protocols for its gametes is a useful tool in the application of assisted reproduction techniques. A study of the functionality of the spermatozoa punctured from the cauda epididymis was performed on fresh or frozen–thawed samples with three cryoprotective media (test-yolk buffer, sucrose and glycerol). The effect that these media had on sperm physiology during the freezing, storage and later thawing process was analysed. A decrease in the percentages of viability, motility, membrane integrity and capacity to undergo the induced acrosome reaction was found with all the media assayed, an increase in the percentages of DNA fragmentation was also observed. The comparative analysis of the effect of the different cryoprotectants assayed showed that the best medium to use to cryopreserve epididymal sperm in this species is test-yolk buffer. This medium had the least effect on the abovementioned physiological parameters, especially at the level of genetic material.
Oocyte adhesiveness and embryonic development ofAstyanax bimaculatus(Linnaeus, 1758) (Pisces: Characidae)
Authors: Weber André Alberto , Arantes Fábio Pereira , Sato Yoshimi , Rizzo Elizete , Bazzoli Nilo 
Published: May 2012

SummaryThis study shows for the first time the presence of a jelly coat on oocytes of neotropical Characiformes fish. This structure could be responsible for the adhesiveness ofAstyanax bimaculatusoocytes, a species widely distributed in South America including in the São Francisco River basin in Brazil. Adult specimens ofA. bimaculatuswere submitted to artificial reproduction in order to analyse the egg morphology and embryonic development. The eggs were fertilised and kept in incubators with a water temperature of 24°C so that embryogenesis could be monitored. Ovulated and unfertilised oocytes were also collected and submitted to routine histological techniques.Astyanax bimaculatusoocytes were found to be spherical, yellowish, and covered by a thin jelly coat with a slightly adhesive surface. The mean oocyte diameter was 1.03 ± 0.03 mm, the perivitelline space was 0.21 ± 0.02 mm and the jelly coat's thickness was 0.04 ± 0.01 mm. Positive periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) stain and Alcian blue stain pH 2.5 indicated the presence of neutral glycoproteins, and carboxylated acid glycoconjugates on the jelly coat that formed mucosubstances that may be associated with egg adhesiveness. At a water temperature of 24°C, blastopore closure and hatching occurred at 5 h and 17 h after fertilisation, respectively. The results of this study provide essential information for phylogenetic studies and for a better understanding of the reproductive strategy ofA. bimaculatus, currently included in theincertae sedisgroup of the Characidae family due to the lack of monophyly among the families of the group.
Prenatal diagnosis of long QT syndrome: implications for delivery room and neonatal management
Authors: Greene E. Anne , Berul Charles I. , Donofrio Mary T. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis case describes the prenatal diagnosis and integrated peripartum management of a foetus with 2:1 atrioventricular block and torsade de pointes due to congenital long QT syndrome. The unique issues related to the detection of intrauterine conduction abnormalities and ventricular arrhythmias, along with the immediate postnatal care, have been described as an interesting teaching case with successful outcome.
Data-Constrained Microstructure Characterization with Multispectrum X-Ray Micro-CT
Authors: Mayo Sheridan C. , Tulloh Andrew M. , Trinchi Adrian , Yang Sam Y.S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractConventional X-ray microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) is not usually sufficient to determine microscopic compositional distributions as it is limited to measuring the X-ray attenuation of the sample, which for a given dataset can be similar for materials of different composition. In contrast, the present work enables three-dimensional compositional analysis with a data-constrained microstructure (DCM) modeling methodology, which uses two or more CT datasets acquired with different X-ray spectra and incorporates them as model constraints. For providing input data for DCM, we have also developed a method of micro-CT data collection that enables two datasets with different X-ray spectra to be acquired in parallel. Such data are used together with the DCM methodology to predict the distributions of corrosion inhibitor and filler in a polymer matrix. The DCM-predicted compositional microstructures have a reasonable agreement with energy dispersive X-ray images taken on the sample surface.
Thoughts on the diversity of convergent evolution of bioluminescence on earth
Authors: Waldenmaier Hans E. , Oliveira Anderson G. , Stevani Cassius V. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe widespread independent evolution of analogous bioluminescent systems is one of the most impressive and diverse examples of convergent evolution on earth. There are roughly 30 extant bioluminescent systems that have evolved independently on Earth, with each system likely having unique enzymes responsible for catalysing the bioluminescent reaction. Bioluminescence is a chemical reaction involving a luciferin molecule and a luciferase or photoprotein that results in the emission of light. Some independent systems utilize the same luciferin, such as the use of tetrapyrrolic compounds by krill and dinoflagellates, and the wide use of coelenterazine by marine organisms, while the enzymes involved are unique. One common thread among all the different bioluminescent systems is the requirement of molecular oxygen. Bioluminescence is found in most forms of life, especially marine organisms.Bioluminescence in known to benefit the organism by: attraction, repulsion, communication, camouflage, and illumination. The marine ecosystem is significantly affected by bioluminescence, the only light found in the pelagic zone and below is from bioluminescent organisms.Transgenic bioluminescent organisms have revolutionized molecular research, medicine and the biotechnology industry. The use of bioluminescence in studying molecular pathways and disease allows for non-invasive and real-time analysis. Bioluminescence-based assays have been developed for several analytes by coupling luminescence to many enzyme-catalysed reactions.
Testing lunar permanently shadowed regions for water ice: LEND results from LRO
Authors: Sanin A. B. , Mitrofanov I. G. , Litvak M. L. , Malakhov A. , Boynton W. V. , Chin G. , Droege G. , Evans L. G. , Garvin J. , Golovin D. V. , Harshman K. , McClanahan T. P. , Mokrousov M. I. , Mazarico E. , Milikh G. , Neumann G. , Sagdeev R. , Smith D. E. , Starr R. D. , Zuber M. T. 
Published: May 2012

We use measurements from the Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND) collimated sensors during more than one year of the mapping phase of NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission to make estimates of the epithermal neutron flux within known large Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs). These are compared with the local neutron background measured outside PSRs in sunlit regions. Individual and collective analyses of PSR properties have been performed. Only three large PSRs, Shoemaker and Cabeus in the south and Rozhdestvensky U in the north, have been found to manifest significant neutron suppression. All other PSRs have much smaller suppression, only a few percent, if at all. Some even display an excess of neutron emission in comparison to the sunlit vicinity around them. Testing PSRs collectively, we have not found any average suppression for them. Only the group of 18 large PSRs, with area >200 km2, show a marginal effect of small average suppression, ∼2%, with low statistical confidence. A ∼2% suppression corresponds to ∼125 ppm of hydrogen taking into account the global neutron suppression near the lunar poles and assuming a homogeneous H distribution in depth in the regolith. This means that all PSRs, except those in Shoemaker, Cabeus and Rozhdestvensky U craters, do not contain any significant amount of hydrogen in comparison with sunlit areas around them at the same latitude.
Global‐phase seismic interferometry unveils P‐wave reflectivity below the Himalayas and Tibet
Authors: Ruigrok Elmer , Wapenaar Kees 
Published: May 2012

A number of seismic methods exist to image the lithosphere below a collection of receivers, using distant earthquakes. In the current practice, especially mode‐conversions in teleseismic phases are utilized. We present a new method that takes advantage of the availability of global phases. This method is called global‐phase seismic interferometry (GloPSI). With GloPSI, zero‐offset reflections are extracted from reverberations near the array caused by global seismicity. We exemplify GloPSI with data from the Hi‐CLIMB experiment (2002–2005) and migrate the obtained reflection responses. This results in a 800 km long reflectivity profile through the Himalayas and a large part of the Tibetan Plateau.
The many different cellular functions of MYO7A in the retina
Authors: Williams David S. , Lopes Vanda S. 
Published: May 2012

Mutations in MYO7A (myosin VIIa) cause Usher syndrome type 1B, a disorder involving profound congenital deafness and progressive blindness. In the retina, most MYO7A is localized in the apical region of the RPE (retinal pigmented epithelial) cells, and a small amount is associated with the ciliary and periciliary membranes of the photoreceptor cells. Its roles appear to be quite varied. Studies with MYO7A-null mice indicate that MYO7A participates in the apical localization of RPE melanosomes and in the removal of phagosomes from the apical RPE for their delivery to lysosomes in the basal RPE. In the first role, MYO7A competes with microtubule motors, but in the second one, it may function co-operatively. An additional role of MYO7A in the RPE is indicated by the requirement for it in the light-dependent translocation of the ER (endoplasmic reticulum)-associated visual cycle enzyme RPE65 and normal functioning of the visual retinoid cycle. In photoreceptor cells lacking MYO7A, opsin accumulates abnormally in the transition zone of the cilium, suggesting that MYO7A functions as a selective barrier for membrane proteins at the distal end of the transition zone. It is likely that the progressive retinal degeneration that occurs in Usher syndrome 1B patients results from a combination of cellular defects in the RPE and photoreceptor cells.
The WFDC1 gene: role in wound response and tissue homoeostasis
Authors: Ressler Steven J. , Rowley David R. 
Published: May 2012

The present evaluates the key features of the WFDC1 [WAP (whey acidic protein) four disulfide core 1] gene that encodes ps20 (20 kDa prostate stromal protein), a member of the WAP family. ps20 was first characterized as a growth inhibitory activity that was secreted by fetal urogenital sinus mesenchymal cells. Purified ps20 exhibited several activities that centre on cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. The WFDC1 gene was cloned, contained seven exons, and was mapped to chromosome 16q24, suggesting that it may function as a tumour suppressor; however, direct evidence of this has not emerged. In vivo, ps20 stimulated angiogenesis, although expression of WFDC1/ps20 was down-regulated in the reactive stroma tumour microenvironment in prostate cancer. WFDC1 expression is differential in other cancers and inflammatory conditions. Recent studies point to a role in viral infectivity. Although mechanisms of action are not fully understood, WFDC1/ps20 is emerging as a secreted matricellular protein that probably affects response to micro-organisms and tissue repair homoeostasis.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in a 4-Year-Old Girl due to Heterozygous Frame Shift Deletion of the Dystrophin Gene and Skewed X-Inactivation
Authors: Schänzer A. , Rau I. , Kreß W. , Köhler A. , Neubauer B. , Hahn A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractX-linked recessive diseases affect males, whereas female carriers are generally asymptomatic.We report on a 4-year-old girl who presented with a classical phenotype of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), a severe X-linked recessive type of muscular dystrophy affecting boys in early childhood.A thorough diagnostic work-up revealed that this resulted from a heterozygous out-of frame deletion in the DMD-gene in combination with an X-inactivation ratio of <10:90 in blood leukocytes and muscle.The case exemplifies that a skewed X-inactivation pattern has to be taken into account as mechanism causing clinical symptoms in female carriers of X-linked recessive disorders
Evidence for bottom–up trophic effects on return rates to a second spawning for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from the Miramichi River, Canada
Authors: Chaput Gérald , Benoît Hugues P. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Chaput, G., and Benoît, H. P. 2012. Evidence for bottom–up trophic effects on return rates to a second spawning for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from the Miramichi River, Canada. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1656–1667. Increased return rates of consecutive repeat-spawning Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) have been noted in the Miramichi River during the past two decades, and the short period for their reconditioning at sea suggests that they occupy the southern Gulf of St Lawrence ecosystem. A 40-year time-series of observations was used to examine linkages between return rates to a second spawning for Atlantic salmon in the Miramichi River and changes in the small fish community of the southern Gulf of St Lawrence that is potential prey for adult salmon. The positive association between the variations in the return rates of repeat spawners and the variations in the small fish biomass index early in the reconditioning year at sea provides evidence that abundant food supplies after return to sea following first spawning may be beneficial for the survival of Atlantic salmon to a second consecutive spawning. In contrast, no association was found between prey availability and return rates of alternate repeat spawners that presumably recondition outside the Gulf of St Lawrence.
German medical students lack knowledge of how to treat smoking and problem drinking
Authors: Strobel Lisa , Schneider Nick K. , Krampe Henning , Beißbarth Tim , Pukrop Tobias , Anders Sven , West Robert , Aveyard Paul , Raupach Tobias 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTAim  To assess the extent of undergraduate medical training on alcohol use disorders (AUD) and smoking, and medical students' perceived knowledge regarding consequences of, and treatment options for, these disorders compared with other chronic conditions.Design  Cross‐sectional survey assessing teaching and perceived knowledge of health consequences and treatment options for AUD and smoking compared with diabetes and hypertension.Setting  Medical schools in Germany.Participants  Twenty‐five of 36 medical school offices (response rate 69.4%) and 19 526 of 39 358 students from 27 medical schools (response rate 49.6%).Measurement  Medical schools were asked to provide information on curricular coverage of the four conditions. Students reported their year of study and perceived knowledge about the consequences of all four disorders and perceived knowledge of treatment options.Findings  Courses time‐tabled approximately half as many teaching hours on AUD and tobacco as on diabetes or hypertension. Final‐year students reported high levels of knowledge of consequences of all four conditions and how to treat diabetes and hypertension, but only 20% believed they knew how to treat alcohol use disorders or smoking.Conclusions  Curriculum coverage in German medical schools of alcohol use disorders and smoking is half that of diabetes and hypertension, and in the final year of their undergraduate training most students reported inadequate knowledge of how to intervene to address them.
Genome‐wide association studies for hematological traits in swine
Authors: Wang J. Y. , Luo Y. R. , Fu W. X. , Lu X. , Zhou J. P. , Ding X. D. , Liu J. F. , Zhang Q. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryImproving immune capacity may increase the profitability of animal production if it enables animals to better cope with infections. Hematological traits play pivotal roles in animal immune capacity and disease resistance. Thus far, few studies have been conducted using a high‐density swine SNP chip panel to unravel the genetic mechanism of the immune capability in domestic animals. In this study, using mixed model‐based single‐locus regression analyses, we carried out genome‐wide association studies, using the Porcine SNP60 BeadChip, for immune responses in piglets for 18 hematological traits (seven leukocyte traits, seven erythrocyte traits, and four platelet traits) after being immunized with classical swine fever vaccine. After adjusting for multiple testing based on permutations, 10, 24, and 77 chromosome‐wise significant SNPs were identified for the leukocyte traits, erythrocyte traits, and platelet traits respectively, of which 10 reached genome‐wise significance level. Among the 53 SNPs for mean platelet volume, 29 are located in a linkage disequilibrium block between 32.77 and 40.59 Mb on SSC6. Four genes of interest are located within the block, providing genetic evidence that this genomic segment may be considered a candidate region relevant to the platelet traits. Other candidate genes of interest for red blood cell, hemoglobin, and red blood cell volume distribution width also have been found near the significant SNPs. Our genome‐wide association study provides a list of significant SNPs and candidate genes that offer valuable information for future dissection of molecular mechanisms regulating hematological traits.
Moss species effects on peatland carbon cycling after fire
Authors: Orwin Kate H. , Ostle Nicholas J. 
Published: May 2012

Summary1. Peatlands are a significant store of global carbon (C) and may be particularly sensitive to climate change. Understanding the drivers of C cycling in peatlands is therefore important for predicting feedbacks to climate change. One such driver may be the identity of component plant species.2. Moss species contribute significantly to peatland vegetation, yet we understand comparatively little of their role in short‐term C cycling and whether that role is consistent regardless of environmental context.3. We examined the impact of three dominant, co‐occurring moss species (Hypnum jutlandicum, Sphagnum capillifolium and Plagiothecium undulatum) on C cycling across a long‐term fire frequency experiment, where plots have been burnt every 10 years, every 20 years or have not been burnt since 1954. We measured species effects on in situ net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and decomposition environments, and moss species litter decomposition rates in a laboratory experiment. The fire experiment also provided an ideal opportunity to test whether moss species effects were consistent regardless of context.4. Moss‐dominated patches were on average net sources of CO2 over the main growing period, with Sphagnum‐dominated patches showing the lowest NEE. The presence of mosses reduced peat temperature, but this was insufficient to cause differences in the decomposition rate of a standard substrate. Sphagnum and Hypnum litter decomposed more slowly (17 and 16% mass loss, respectively) than Plagiothecium litter (64% mass loss) over a 42‐week incubation period.5. Fire frequency treatments had few effects on measures of C cycling. Moss effects were generally consistent regardless of fire frequency treatment, but Plagiothecium and Sphagnum litter collected from the no‐fire plots had higher rates of decomposition than litter collected from the plots burnt more frequently.6. In summary, postfire, both inter‐ and intraspecific differences in mosses had significant effects on short‐term C cycling. Consequently, changes in both moss species composition and variation within species may need to be taken into account to accurately predict C cycling in peatland ecosystems subject to fire.
The many faces of acinic cell carcinomas of the salivary glands: a study of 40 cases relating histological and immunohistological subtypes to clinical parameters and prognosis
Authors: Schwarz Stephan , Zenk Johannes , Müller Maximilian , Ettl Tobias , Wünsch Peter H , Hartmann Arndt , Agaimy Abbas 
Published: May 2012

Schwarz S, Zenk J, Müller M, Ettl T, Wünsch P H, Hartmann A & Agaimy A  (2012) Histopathology 61, 395–408The many faces of acinic cell carcinomas of the salivary glands: a study of 40 cases relating histological and immunohistological subtypes to clinical parameters and prognosisAims:  To study the morphological heterogeneity of acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) in correlation with clinicopathological parameters.Methods and results:  Forty well‐characterized ACCs were classified as solid (n = 20), microcystic (n = 15), papillary‐cystic (n = 4) or follicular (n = 1), based on the dominant architectural growth pattern. Fourteen tumours exhibited eosinophilic/clear cell morphology and 18 tumours were rich in zymogen granules (so‐called blue dot tumours). High‐grade morphology occurred in five tumours. Based on cytokeratin (CK) 7 staining and in analogy to CK7 expression in normal salivary gland epithelia, three distinct histogenetic subtypes were recognized: acinar (CK7‐negative; n = 13), ductular (diffuse CK7‐positive; n = 11) and mixed ductulo‐acinar (10–66% CK7‐positive cells; n = 16). Most papillary‐cystic tumours displayed ductular differentiation (P = 0.015), whereas blue dot tumours never did (P < 0.001). Analysis of relapse‐free survival (RFS) revealed that Stage I tumours had the best prognosis without any relapse in 18 years follow‐up (P = 0.06). High‐grade tumours were associated with shorter RFS (P = 0.028). Concerning the histogenetic types, monophasic (pure acinar or ductular) tumours were associated with a significantly better RFS than mixed ductulo‐acinar tumours (P = 0.008).Conclusion:  The results underscore the great histological diversity of ACC, and the value of histogenetic subtyping as an additional prognostic factor regarding RFS.