bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benchmark study on glyphosate‐resistant cropping systems in the United States. Part 3: Grower awareness, information sources, experiences and management practices regarding glyphosate‐resistant weeds
Authors: Givens Wade A , Shaw David R , Newman Michael E , Weller Stephen C , Young Bryan G , Wilson Robert G , Owen Micheal DK , Jordan David L 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: A survey was conducted with nearly 1200 growers in US states (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Mississippi, Nebraska and North Carolina) in 2005 with the objective in part of determining the awareness of the potential for development of glyphosate resistance, the experience with glyphosate‐resistant (GR) weeds and the sources of information that growers had utilized for information on glyphosate resistance. Growers were asked a series of questions to determine the level of glyphosate resistance awareness and to list the sources of information used to learn about glyphosate resistance issues.RESULTS: The majority of the growers (88%) were aware of a weed's potential to evolve resistance to herbicide, while 44% were aware of state‐specific documented cases of GR weeds, and 15% reported having had personal experience with GR weeds. Among sources of information concerning glyphosate resistance issues, farm publications, dealers/retailers and university/extension were the most frequent responses (41, 17 and 14% respectively). Based on a 1‐10 effectiveness scale, growers ranked tillage the least effective practice (5.5) and using the correct label rates of herbicides at the proper timing for the size and type of weeds present the most effective practice (8.6) with respect to how effectively the practices mitigated the evolution of GR weeds.CONCLUSION: Results from this survey can be used by researchers, extension specialists and crop advisors further to bridge the information gap between growers and themselves and better to disseminate information concerning glyphosate resistance and glyphosate resistance management practices through more targeted information and information delivery methods. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Foliar residue dynamics of azadirachtins following direct stem injection into white and green ash trees for control of emerald ash borer
Authors: Grimalt Susana , Thompson Dean , Chartrand Derek , McFarlane John , Helson Blair , Lyons Barry , Meating Joe , Scarr Taylor 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Azadirachtins are natural insecticides derived from the neem tree. The emerald ash borer (EAB) is an exotic invasive insect pest that infests various ash tree species and has the potential for significant economic, aesthetic and ecological impacts throughout North America. The initial translocation and foliar residue dynamics of azadirachtins were examined following direct injection into white and green ash trees growing in urban scenarios as a potential control for EAB.RESULTS: Substantial concentrations of azadirachtins A and B [mean maxima > 0.98 mg kg−1 fresh weight (f.w.)] were observed within 2 days of injecting a specifically designed formulation of azadirachtins. Foliar residues declined exponentially through time, with half‐life estimates ranging from 5.1 to 12.3 days. At the time of leaf senescence, foliar residue levels approximated 0.01 mg kg−1 f.w., strongly mitigating the potential effects of non‐target biota in soil or aquatic compartments.CONCLUSION: The magnitude and duration of exposures observed in this field study were considered to be above the thresholds required for biological effectiveness against both larval and adult life stages of EAB. Results support the use of azadirachtins as an environmentally acceptable systemic insecticide for control of EAB and protection of high‐value ash trees in urban environments. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Higher‐tier assessment of the potential for groundwater issues due to the use of 1,3‐D soil fumigant; evaluation of the active ingredient, metabolites and potentially related chlorinated compounds
Authors: Lamastra Lucrezia , Ferrari Federico , Fait Gabriella , Greco Luna , Kennedy Steve H. , Capri Ettore , Trevisan Marco 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: 1,3‐Dichloropropene (1,3‐D, CAS No. 542‐75‐6) is a broad‐spectrum soil fumigant used to control numerous species of soilborne plant‐parasitic nematodes. 1,3‐D consists of two isomers, (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D. There are a number of low‐level chlorinated compounds that could potentially be produced as a part of the 1,3‐D manufacturing process. 1,3‐D and its metabolites, as well as potentially related chlorinated compounds, represent potential groundwater contaminants.RESULTS: This study has investigated the hydrolytic stability, under biotic and abiotic conditions in the laboratory, of an extensive representative list of 1,3‐D and potentially related chlorinated compounds in order to predict their environmental fate. All of these compounds showed intrinsic hydrolytic instability under both abiotic and biotic test conditions. Furthermore, a monitoring programme was carried out. Twenty‐five wells were monitored in five Italian regions characterised by historical and existing use of 1,3‐D. The parent compound, its two major metabolites and potentially related chlorinated compounds were not detected in the well water at > 0.1 µg L−1 at any sampling location.CONCLUSION: The soil fumigant (E,Z)‐1,3‐D, its metabolites and potentially related chlorinated compounds constitute a low risk to groundwater. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Natural‐product‐based chromenes as a novel class of potential termiticides
Authors: Meepagala Kumudini M , Osbrink Weste , Burandt Charles , Lax Alan , Duke Stephen O 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Among the termite infestations in the United States, the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), is considered to be the most devastating termite pest. This pest most likely invaded North America as a result of the disembarkation of wooden military cargo at the port of New Orleans that arrived from Asia during and after World War II. It has now spread over other states, including Texas, Florida, South Carolina and California. Devastation caused by C. formosanus in North America has been estimated to cost $ US 1 billion a year. Over the past decades, organochlorines and organophosphates, the two prominent classes of termite control agents, have been banned owing to environmental and human health concerns. At the present time, phenylpyrazoles, pyrethroids, chloronicotinyls and pyrroles are being used as termite control agents. Mammalian toxicity and seeping of these compounds into groundwater are some of the drawbacks associated with these treatments. The instruction for the application of these termiticides indicate ground water advisory. Hence, with the increasing spread of termite infestation there is an increased need to discover effective, environmentally friendly and safe termite control agents with minimal mammalian toxicity.RESULTS: Chromene analogs derived from a natural‐product‐based chromene amide isolated from Amyris texana were tested in a collaborative discovery program for effective, environmentally friendly termite control agents. Several chromene derivatives were synthesized and characterized as a novel class of potential termiticides, followed by bioassays. These compounds exhibited significantly higher mortalities compared with untreated controls in laboratory bioassays.CONCLUSION: Chromene derivatives have been shown to be a potential novel class of termiticides against Formosan subterranean termites. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Acute toxicity and bioconcentration of pyrimorph in zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio
Authors: Zhao Chunqing , Liu Boqian , Wang Jing , Li Nan , Qin Zhaohai , Qiu Lihong 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Pyrimorph is a novel fungicide being developed in China that shows high antifungal activity against diseases caused by Phytophthora infestans, Phytophthora capsici, Rhizoctonia solani, Peronophythora litchi and Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Until now, no information on the toxicity of pyrimorph to untargeted organisms has been reported. To assess the potential environmental impacts of pyrimorph in fish, the acute toxicity and bioconcentration of pyrimorph in zebrafish were studied in this paper.RESULTS: When tested by the semi‐static method, the 48, 72 and 96 h median lethal concentration (LC50) values of pyrimorph to zebrafish were 24.33, 22.61 and 19.79 mg L−1 respectively. To study the bioconcentration of pyrimorph in zebrafish, the fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of pyrimorph (2.00 and 0.25 mg L−1) for 192 h, a modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method was applied to extract pyrimorph from samples and the residues of pyrimorph in the water and fish were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest bioconcentration factor (BCF) of pyrimorph in the fish was 1.07 × 102 (144 h) and 23.1 (96 h) after exposure to 2.00 and 0.25 mg L−1 of pyrimorph respectively.CONCLUSIONS: The novel fungicide pyrimorph has low toxicity to zebrafish; however, it showed medium BCF to zebrafish. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the residue of pyrimorph in fish, as well as to its long‐term ecological effects. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Toward attack‐resistant localization under infrastructure attacks
Authors: Yang Jie , Chen Yingying 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTTrustworthy location information is important because it is a critical input to a wide variety of location‐based applications. However, the localization infrastructure is vulnerable to physical attacks, and consequently, the localization results are affected. In this paper, we aim to achieve robust localization under infrastructure attacks. We first investigated the impact of infrastructure attacks on localization and showed that the performance of location estimations degraded significantly under the attack. We then derived an attack‐resistant scheme that is not algorithm specific and can be integrated with existing localization algorithms. Our attack‐resistant scheme exploited the characteristics of the geometric patterns returned by location estimates under the attack; that is, the localization results of a wireless device under the normal situation were clearly clustered together, whereas the localization results were scattered when an attack was present. Thus, our attack‐resistant scheme is grounded on K‐means clustering analysis of intra‐distance of localization results from all possible combinations of any three access points. To evaluate the effectiveness and scalability of our proposed scheme, we used received signal strength for validation and applied our approach to three broad classes of localization algorithms: lateration based, fingerprint matching, and Bayesian networks. We validated our scheme in the ORBIT test bed (North Brunswick, NJ, USA) using an 802.11 (Wi‐Fi) network and in a real office building environment using an 802.15.4 (ZigBee) network. The extensive experimental results demonstrated that the application of our scheme could help the broad range of localization algorithms to achieve comparable or even better localization performance when under infrastructure attacks as compared with normal situations without attack, thus, effectively eliminating the effects of infrastructure attacks. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive‐capacity and robust natural language watermarking for agglutinative languages
Authors: Kim Mi‐Young , Goebel Randy 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTWe present a robust and adaptive‐capacity watermarking algorithm for agglutinative languages. All processes, including the selection of sentences to be watermarked, watermark embedding, and watermark extraction, are based on syntactic dependency trees. We show that it is more robust to use syntactic dependency trees than the surface forms of sentences in text watermarking. For the agglutinative languages, we embed watermark using the two main characteristics of the languages. First, because a word consists of several morphemes, we can watermark sentences using morphological division/combination without deep linguistic analysis. Second, they permit relatively free word order, so we can move a syntactic constituent within its clause. Finally, to increase the information‐hiding capacity, we adaptively compute the number of watermark bits to be embedded for each sentence.We perform three kinds of evaluation: perceptibility, robustness, and capacity of our method. High capacity is achieved by dynamically determining possibly embedded watermark bits for each sentence. The secret rank based on a syntactic dependency tree strengthens robustness of our method. Finally, we show that the displacement of syntactic constituents and morphological division/combination does not affect the style and naturalness of the text. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detecting node replication attacks in mobile sensor networks: theory and approaches
Authors: Zhu Wen Tao , Zhou Jianying , Deng Robert H. , Bao Feng 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTA wireless sensor network composed of a number of sensor nodes is often deployed in unattended and harsh environments to perform various monitoring tasks. Due to cost concerns, usually, sensor nodes are not made tamper‐resistant, and a captured node may be easily compromised by an adversary. With the revealed secret credentials, the adversary can create many duplicate nodes that are seemingly legitimate, and deploy them into the network to cripple the monitoring applications. Defending against node replication attacks has become an important research topic in sensor network security, but so far, not many solutions have been proposed, most of which adopt a stationary network model where sensor nodes are fixed and immobile. In this work, we address the problem of detecting node replication attacks in a mobile sensor network, where each sensor node freely and randomly roams in the sensing region all the time, and one node meets with another in an occasional and unpredictable manner. For replication attacks where the replicas do not conspire, we employ very lightweight token‐based authentication as a detection approach. In case the replicas conspire by communicating with each other in an efficient manner, we harness the random encounters between physical nodes and propose a detection method based on statistics. Compared with existent solutions, our detections have the nice feature that sensor nodes are freed from the fragile assumption that they can correctly obtain their geographic positions, and that even loose time synchronization may be unnecessary. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Secure authentication mechanism for RFID tag in WLAN convergence 3G networks
Authors: Guo Ming‐Huang , Liaw Horng‐Twu , Chen Jyun‐Fu , Deng Der‐Jiunn 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTIn the convergence network, the different technologies can be integrated to offer pervasive networking. Although it is able to provide better networking ability, the technical differentiation will make the management be more difficult. Especially when the security issues are considered, it is very necessary and important to develop some proper mechanisms for such a convergence environment. In this paper, we propose a secure authentication mechanism for third‐generation telecommunication (3G) and wireless local area network integrated networks. The proposed scheme is developed based on TS 33.234 and improves the network security with radio frequency identification tags. The analysis shows that the proposed scheme not only provides more functions but also satisfies more secure considerations for authentication in 3G network and wireless local area network convergence environment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New variable selection methods for zero‐inflated count data with applications to the substance abuse field
Authors: Buu Anne , Johnson Norman J. , Li Runze , Tan Xianming 
Published: May 2011

AbstractZero‐inflated count data are very common in health surveys. This study develops new variable selection methods for the zero‐inflated Poisson regression model. Our simulations demonstrate the negative consequences which arise from the ignorance of zero‐inflation. Among the competing methods, the one‐step SCAD method is recommended because it has the highest specificity, sensitivity, exact fit, and lowest estimation error. The design of the simulations is based on the special features of two large national databases commonly used in the alcoholism and substance abuse field so that our findings can be easily generalized to the real settings. Applications of the methodology are demonstrated by empirical analyses on the data from a well‐known alcohol study. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water‐Dependent Photonic Bandgap in Silica Artificial Opals
Authors: Gallego‐Gómez Francisco , Blanco Alvaro , Canalejas‐Tejero Victor , López Cefe 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSome characteristics of silica‐based structures—like the photonic properties of artificial opals formed by silica spheres—can be greatly affected by the presence of adsorbed water. The reversible modification of the water content of an opal is investigated here by moderate heating (below 300 °C) and measuring in situ the changes in the photonic bandgap. Due to reversible removal of interstitial water, large blueshifts of 30 nm and a bandgap narrowing of 7% are observed. The latter is particularly surprising, because water desorption increases the refractive index contrast, which should lead instead to bandgap broadening. A quantitative explanation of this experiment is provided using a simple model for water distribution in the opal that assumes a nonclose‐packed fcc structure. This model further predicts that, at room temperature, about 50% of the interstitial water forms necks between nearest‐neighbor spheres, which are separated by 5% of their diameter. Upon heating, dehydration predominantly occurs at the sphere surfaces (in the opal voids), so that above 65 °C the remaining water resides exclusively in the necks. A near‐close‐packed fcc arrangement is only achieved above 200 °C. The high sensitivity to water changes exhibited by silica opals, even under gentle heating of few degrees, must be taken into account for practical applications. Remarkably, accurate control of the distance between spheres—from 16 to 1 nm—is obtained with temperature. In this study, novel use of the optical properties of the opal is made to infer quantitative information about water distribution within silica beads and dehydration phenomena from simple reflection spectra. Taking advantage of the well‐defined opal morphology, this approach offers a simple tool for the straightforward investigation of generic adsorption–desorption phenomena, which might be extrapolated to many other fields involving capillary condensation.
Scaling up from individual behaviour of Orius sauteri foraging on Thrips palmi to its daily functional response
Authors: Hemerik Lia , Yano Eizi 
Published: May 2011

AbstractFunctional responses of predators are generally measured under laboratory conditions at rather high prey densities. This is also true for the predation capability of the anthocorid predatory bug Orius sauteri (Poppius). To quantify the daily impact of one female Orius predator on its prey Thrips palmi Karny on greenhouse eggplants where the prey is present below the economic threshold density, we use its patch‐leaving and feeding behaviour on eggplant leaves with different prey numbers and scale up to the larger spatio‐temporal scale of the greenhouse and one foraging day by means of a simulation model. For this, we also use literature data on the distribution of T. palmi over eggplant leaves. The simulation results in a typical type II functional response for O. sauteri as a function of average T. palmi density: O. sauteri can find and eat approximately 10 prey items per day if T. palmi is present around its economic injury level. The daily mean number of prey eaten per O. sauteri predator, i.e., its predation capability, is highly sensitive to the actual baseline leaving tendency, the effect size of the presence of prey on the baseline leaving tendency and the effect size of the encounter rate with prey thereon.
Food habits of the farmer damselfishStegastes nigricansinferred by stomach content, stable isotope, and fatty acid composition analyses
Authors: Hata Hiroki , Umezawa Yu 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe territorial damselfish,Stegastes nigricans, maintains algal farms by excluding invading herbivores and weeding unpalatable algae from its territories. In Okinawa, Japan,S.nigricansfarms are exclusively dominated byPolysiphoniasp., a highly digestible filamentous rhodophyte. This study was aimed at determining the diet ofS. nigricansin Okinawa and its dependency on these almost‐monoculture algal farms based on stomach content and chemical analyses. Stomach content analyses revealed that all available food items in the algal farms (i.e., algae, benthic animal inhabitants, trapped detritus) were contained in fish stomachs, but amorphous organic matter accounted for 68% of the contents. Therefore, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios and fatty acid (FA) compositions were analyzed to trace items actually assimilated in their bodies. Stable isotope analyses showed that benthic animals were an important food source even for this farmer fish. Two essential fatty acids (EFAs), 20:4n6 and 20:5n3, which are produced only by rhodophytes among available food items, were rich in the muscle tissue ofS. nigricansas well as in algal mats and detritus, suggesting that algal mats contribute EFAs toS. nigricansdirectly and indirectly through the food web. In conclusion,S. nigricansingested algal mats, detritus, and benthic animals maintained within its farm. Algae and detritus were original sources of EFAs, and benthic animals, which were much more abundant in the farms than in outside territories, provided a nitrogen‐rich dietary source for the fish.
Pilot‐Plant Proof‐of‐Concept for Integrated, Countercurrent, Two‐Stage, Enzyme‐Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Soybeans
Authors: de Moura J. M. L. N. , Maurer D. , Jung S. , Johnson L. A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractProof‐of‐concept for integrated, countercurrent, two‐stage, enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction processing of soybeans was demonstrated on a pilot‐plant scale (75 kg extruded flaked soybeans) where the protease used to demulsify the cream was recycled into upstream extraction stages. Oil, protein, and solids extraction yields of 98.0 ± 0.5%, 96.5 ± 0.4%, and 86.8 ± 0.5% were achieved by using the integrated countercurrent process. A three‐phase horizontal decanter centrifuge efficiently separated the solids from the two liquid fractions (skim and cream). Fine separation between the two liquid fractions was important to reducing the volume of skim contaminating the cream fraction, thereby reducing the amount of enzyme used for cream demulsification and subsequent extraction. We were able to reduce enzyme use when moving from the laboratory to the pilot‐plant scale, which reduced the degree of protein hydrolysis and improved cream demulsification. Enzyme‐catalyzed cream demulsification was 91.6% efficient and 93.0% free oil recovery from cream was achieved by using the integrated approach.