bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The possibility for formation of macro‐cell corrosion in a liquid with low electrical conductivity
Authors: Matsumura M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe possibility of electrochemical corrosion of carbon steel at the rate of 3.25 × 10−5 A/cm2 in water was examined under the conditions present during an accidental pipe rupture at the Mihama nuclear power plant: liquid conductivity, 7.5 µS/cm; dissolved oxygen concentration, 5 ppb or less; pH 8.6∼9.3; ferrous ion concentration, 20 ppb or less; temperature, 142 °C. The corrosion rate of iron in a micro‐cell with a dissolved oxygen reduction cathode was estimated to be only 1/400 of the preceding rate. On the other hand, that in a micro‐cell with a hydrogen ion reduction cathode was estimated to be as high as 1/10 of the preceding rate, that is, 3.25 × 10−6 A/cm2. Two important factors may have influenced the corrosion rate: the remarkable wall thinning, which must have been the direct cause of the rupture of the pipe, was located close to, and downstream from, an orifice; and, the water temperature was in the range at which carbon steel makes a transition from the active to the passive state. Taking these facts into consideration, it appears possible that micro‐cells with different corrosion rates might be generated and integrated into a macro‐cell, where the iron dissolution rate might be accelerated to as much as 10 times that of the micro‐cell.
Effect of surface oxidation treatment on the tribological performance of carbon fiber reinforced polyimide composites
Authors: Li J. , Xu Z. S. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe effect of ozone surface treatment of carbon fibers (CF) on the tensile strength and tribological properties of carbon fiber reinforced polyimide (CF/PI) composite was investigated. Experimental results revealed that the tensile strength of ozone and air oxidation treated CF reinforced PI composite was improved compared with that of untreated composite. Compared with the untreated and air‐oxidated CF/PI composite, the ozone treated composite had the lowest friction coefficient and specific wear rate under given applied load and reciprocating sliding frequency. Ozone treatment effectively improved the interfacial adhesion between CF and PI. The strong interfacial adhesion of the composite made CF not easy to detach from the PI matrix, and prevented the rubbing‐off of PI, accordingly improved the friction and wear properties of the composite.
Empirical formulas for description of the fatigue crack growth rate
Authors: Rozumek D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe paper presents the test results obtained for fatigue crack growth in flat specimens subjected to bending. The tests were conducted for different loading amplitudes and different load ratios using the ΔJ parameter. Accuracy of description of the fatigue crack growth rate was tested with use of different empirical formulas. One‐side restrained specimens made of 10HNAP steel were tested. In each tested specimen, there was the external notch 5 mm in depth, and the notch rounding radius was ρ = 0.2 mm. The tests were carried out at the fatigue test stand MZGS‐100 under loading frequency 28.8 Hz. It has been found that the obtained results depend on the applied empirical formula.
DJ‐1, PINK1, and their effects on mitochondrial pathways
Authors: Cookson Mark R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractGenetic forms of parkinsonism are interesting for two particular reasons. First, finding a gene identifies a cause for a disease that would otherwise be unexplained. Second, finding several genes for the same disorder allows us to reconstruct molecular pathways that, in the example of Parkinson's disease, are be associated with the survival of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Two rare causes of parkinsonism, DJ‐1 and PINK1, are associated with mitochondria. This organelle has long been linked with Parkinson's disease, and recent results are starting to show how mutations impact mitochondrial function. In this short review, I will discuss how we can use some of this information to understand why it is that neurons become dysfunctional in PD. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
The biology and pathology of the familial Parkinson's disease protein LRRK2
Authors: Dauer William , Ho Cherry Cheng‐Ying 
Published: February 2010

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is typically a sporadic illness, but the past decade has witnessed the identification of mutations responsible for multiple familial forms of the disease. The proposed functions of some of these genes (e.g., E3 ubiquitin ligase, redox‐dependent chaperone) have led to the hypothesis that dysfunction of protein quality control pathways contributes to PD neurodegeneration. However, the key signaling events that act downstream of misfolded proteins to cause cell death remain poorly defined. The discovery of the familial PD kinase leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) holds great promise for the elucidation of signaling events relevant to PD neurodegeneration. This review will summarize current knowledge of the clinical and cell biological features of LRRK2, the most common inherited cause of Parkinsonism. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Advances in environmental epidemiology
Authors: Tanner Caroline M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is likely due to the combined effects of environment and genes in most cases. Environmental factors inversely associated with PD (or, putative protective factors) include cigarette smoking, use of coffee/caffeine, higher uric acid levels, and anti‐inflammatory drug use. Less well‐established inverse associations with PD include higher cholesterol levels, statin use, higher dietary vitamin B6, and night shift work. Putative risk factors are pesticide exposure, head trauma, certain occupations, and milk consumption. The pathogenesis of PD may begin decades before motor symptoms. PD may have shared determinants with other neurodegenerative disorders involving abnormal protein aggregation. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Mitochondrial therapies for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Thomas Bobby , Beal M. Flint 
Published: February 2010

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is marked by widespread neurodegeneration in the brain in addition to a selective yet prominent and progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Of the multiple theories suggested in the pathogenesis of PD, mitochondrial dysfunction takes a center stage in both sporadic and familial forms of illness. Deficits in mitochondrial functions due to impaired bioenergetics, aging associated increased generation of reactive oxygen species, damage to mitochondrial DNA, impaired calcium buffering, and alterations in mitochondrial morphology may contribute to improper functioning of the CNS leading to neurodegeneration. These mitochondrial alterations suggest that a potential target worth exploring for neuroprotective therapies are the ones that can preserve mitochondrial functions in PD. Here, we provide a recent update on potential drugs that are known to block mitochondrial dysfunctions in various experimental models and those that are currently under clinical trials for PD. We also review novel mitochondrial survival pathways that provide hope and promise for innovative neuroprotective therapies in the future that can be explored as possible therapeutic intervention for PD pathogenesis. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Understanding disability in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Shulman Lisa M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractEven with optimal therapy, it is inevitable that the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) progress and gradually result in disability in the performance of daily activities. Delay and prevention of disability is among the highest priorities in the clinical management of PD. Understanding the association between the diverse symptoms of PD and the emerging disability is fundamental to minimizing functional limitations. This article differentiates disability from impairment and quality of life and explores the relationship between the specific impairments of PD and resulting disability. Identifying appropriate tools for outcomes measurement and impediments to accurate assessment of disability are also reviewed. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Parkinson's disease: 10 years of progress, 1997–2007
Authors: Fahn Stanley 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMany people with Parkinson's disease (PD) and their family members ask their physicians “What is happening in research on Parkinson's disease? Is there anything new?” As the initial speaker at the symposium organized by the Parkinson's Disease Foundation in celebration of its 50th anniversary, I sought to address these questions, focusing on research published between the years 1997 and 2007. I cataloged the advances I considered most important in the field, recognizing my viewpoint is a subjective one and most likely differs from similar listings that others would put together. Space limitation allows me to discuss only a tiny fraction of the remarkable new findings that have been discovered during this 10‐year span. Nevertheless, I expect the readers of this summation of advances in the field to be as impressed as I am on the wealth, breadth, and excitement stirring in the field of PD research. Included in this overview are highlights in both laboratory science and clinical science of PD research. In the former category are advances in knowledge on the genetics of PD; potential etiologic and pathogenic causes, especially the better understanding of endogenous factors within dopaminergic neurons; pathologic changes including deposition of alpha‐synuclein aggregates; and the consequences of altered alpha‐synuclein on the degradation of proteins by both the ubiquitin‐proteasomal pathway and the lysosome. Clinical science has also been very active and impressively productive with important clinical advances. In this category are new information on the epidemiology of PD, including awareness of additional factors (besides smoking) that might slow the onset and worsening of PD, such as caffeine and urate; neuroimaging with positron emission tomography and single photon emission tomography; keener awareness of nonmotor features of PD and their impact on quality of life for the persons with PD and their family; recognition of behavioral complications of medications utilized to treat PD, such as impulse control problems; appreciation of the natural history of PD with the increasing impairments as the disease relentlessly worsens over time; the many controlled clinical trials attempting to slow the progression of the disease and to provide new symptomatic therapies; and surgical approaches to alleviate symptoms and progression, including cellular and gene therapy as well as deep brain stimulation. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Dietary α‐tocopherol and neuromuscular health: Search for optimal dose and molecular mechanisms continues!
Authors: Gohil Kishorchandra , Vasu Vihas T. , Cross Carroll E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractRodents fed α‐tocopherol (αT)‐depleted diets develop neuromuscular deficits. Unequivocal role of αT in the prevention of these deficits is confounded by possible neurotoxic oxidant products generated, ex vivo in αT‐depleted diets. The discovery that large doses of αT could ameliorate neuromuscular deficits, attributed to very low serum αT caused by mutations in either the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein or the αT‐transfer protein (αTTP), underscores the necessity of αT for neuromuscular health in humans. The discovery of human αTTP provided physiological relevance to biochemical data from rodents documenting αT–binding transfer protein, expressed exclusively in liver. The cloning of αTTP gene and the creation of αTTP‐knockout mice allowed to achieve severe systemic αT deficiency in brain and muscles, possibly at birth, eliminating the possible confounding effects of ex vivo‐generated oxidant products in vitamin E‐stripped diets. αTTP‐knockout mice have proven useful models to discover αT‐regulated phenotypes and molecular actions of αT in vivo. The results suggest that antioxidant and non‐antioxidant actions of αT in vivo may not be mutually exclusive. These studies also suggest that low levels of dietary αT can achieve in excess of nanomolar αT levels in tissues and maintain normal neuromuscular functions. This is consistent with biochemical and crystallographic data of α‐TTP and of other αT‐binding proteins that have dissociation constants in nanomolar range. Molecular mechanisms that cause a long delay for the development of deficiency symptoms remain enigmatic. It is likely that αT is metabolically stable in post‐mitotic neurons and myocytes and, if it undergoes redox‐cycling in vivo, a large repertoire of αT‐regenerating systems maintains its biological activity before it is totally depleted.
Latent mark development and analysis within a modern policing environment
Authors: Druce James Francis , Bristow Lucy Clare 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to provide a background of the nature of latent print analysis within a modern UK police force. The article aims to provide an explanation as to the legal standing of fingerprint evidence, the methodology behind modern fingerprint examination and its history as a forensic investigation tool. The article also provides an understanding of modern latent mark development techniques and the considerations that should be given to the development and application of new development approaches. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Addition of surface polysulfide film to the inhibitor protective action against hydrosulfide corrosion of carbon steel
Authors: Vigdorovich V. I. , Tsygankova L. E. , Shel N. V. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractProtection against carbon steel corrosion in the inhibited hydrosulfide media is conditioned by two effects: (i) a formation of low‐soluble film of iron sulfides on the steel surface in the presence of hydrosulfide and (ii) an inhibitor action. The theoretical basis of the method allowing differentiation of the deposits is suggested. With this view, the steel corrosion rate (K) is measured in time in uninhibited solutions by the polarization resistance method and the protective effect of the polysulfide film formed is estimated in time and at the stationary state (Zf). Then, similar data are obtained from the solutions of the same composition containing known inhibitor concentration, and the sum (total) protective effect (Zsum) is calculated. The inhibitor protective effect (ZInh) is calculated according to the equation ZInh = Zsum − Zf. In the high mineralized media (5% NaCl) containing 50–200 mg/l H2S, the protective effect of the polysulfide film with respect to the initial surface of carbon steel is equal to 40–75% increasing in time. The protective effect of the inhibitor (200 mg/l) on the tertiary amine base does not exceed 20–24% at the stationary state of the metal surface. The sum protective efficiency of the film and the inhibitor is equal to the integral protective effect that reaches 92–99%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Difficulties in determining valence for Ag0 nanoparticles using XPS—characterization of nanoparticles inside poly (3‐sulphopropyl methacrylate) brushes
Authors: Ramstedt Madeleine , Franklyn Paul 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe formation of silver nanoparticles (10–20 nm) inside poly (3‐sulfopropyl methacrylate) brushes was studied by using transmission electron microscopy, UV‐Vis spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Initially, the silver forms Ag$_{4}^{2+}$ clusters that are stabilised by the anionic side groups of the brush. In the presence of a reducing agent, these clusters aggregate into nanoparticles or films. The apparent oxidation state for silver in the different forms was examined using XPS and a chemical state plot. It was seen that the nanoparticles do not display the same chemical shift as the silver film does. The reason for this observation is suggested to be the final and initial state effects. The latter is related to the relatively high amount of under coordinated or charged surface atoms on these particles. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS study of gold‐based metallic glass
Authors: Kaciulis S. , Mezzi A. , Fiore G. , Ichim I. , Battezzati L. , Rizzi P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractNew multinary amorphous materials, based on gold, that can be produced in bulk form due to their high glass‐forming tendency, were discovered recently. However little is known about their corrosion properties.In the present study, the characterization of Au49Cu26.9Ag5.5Pd2.3Si16.3 amorphous ribbons produced by melt spinning is reported. Their corrosion properties were tested by incubating the samples in artificial sweat and by monitoring the changes in surface structure by SEM and XRD. Before incubation, the surface of the samples was amorphous and flat, characterized only by microfeatures due to the liquid contact with the wheel during quenching. After treatment with artificial sweat, the formation of nanosized crystallites of Au on the sample surface was observed.The surface chemical composition of both sides of the ribbon samples was investigated by XPS. Atomic concentration and chemical states of constituent elements before and after the incubation in artificial sweat were determined. The depth profiling of both sides of the samples was carried out by using Ar ion sputtering combined with cyclic XPS measurements. The segregation of Si on one side of the samples and the changes of chemical composition, caused by the treatment in artificial sweat, were revealed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of artificial micro‐pits on Al alloy with the photon rupture method and the localized corrosion behavior of the formed pits
Authors: Yanada K. , Sakairi M. , Kikuchi T. , Oya Y. , Kojima Y. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAn in situ artificial micro‐pit fabrication method with an area selective electrochemical measurement technique was applied to investigate the effect of the geometry of artificially formed pits on their localized corrosion behavior in anodized 1000 series aluminum. This technique enables the fabrication of artificial micro‐pits with different aspect ratios (pit depth/pit diameter) in solutions. The aspect ratios of the fabricated artificial micro‐pits in this experiment could be varied from 0.13 to 1.83 by controlling the irradiation time of the focused pulsed YAG laser beam. By applying a constant potential to the final laser‐beam‐irradiated spot in chloride environments, localized dissolution occurred only at the laser beam irradiated area, because the anodic oxide film acted as an insulator. The corrosion current and charge increase with increasing aspect ratio at any applied potential. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A revolution in the field of systems thinking—a review of Checkland's system thinking
Authors: Zexian Yan , Xuhui Yan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis paper focuses on discussing Checkland's system thinking by two parts. The first part of the paper reviews three significant paradigm shifts of Checkland's system thinking in the view of the system movement. The first shift is that system thinking is developed from the general system thinking to applied systems thinking. The second shift is that the applied system thinking is transferred from Hard System Thinking (HST) to Soft System Thinking (SST). The third shift is that the social paradigm of applied system thinking is diverted from functionalism to the interpretive tradition for dealing with human affairs. According to these three shifts, this paper ascribes Checkland's system thinking to four core concepts: the human activity system, the purposeful holon, the learning system and two pairs of system concepts. It indicates that Checkland's system thinking is a significant milestone in the history of system movement. The second part of this paper provides some criticisms and suggestions for Checkland's system thinking. Firstly, it criticizes the philosophical attitude of extreme subjectivism. It implies that the functionalism approach which based on positivism and the interpretive paradigm which based on the phenomenology are complementary rather than mutually exclusive when we deal with the complexity of social reality. Secondly, it analyses the latest achievement of system movement after 1970s and suggests that SST should be extended to three pairs of system concepts by supplementing ‘self‐organization and adaptive evolution’ as the third pair of systems concepts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soft systems methodology and ‘soft’ philosophy of science
Authors: Huaxia Zhang 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSoft systems methodology is very important in systems research. It closely joints with and interacts with philosophy of science. The paper first analyses the philosophical basis of soft systems methodology (SSM) and the change of the philosophical paradigms underpinning the change from classical systems engineering to SSM. It then explores how SSM, as applied hermeneutics and constructivism, partially influences the development of philosophy of natural science and philosophy of social science. It finally arrives at the conclusion that the relationship between hard systems methodology (HSM) and SSM is inter‐exclusive and inter‐complementary in different aspects at the same abstract level rather than the relationship between the universal and the particular at different language levels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theorizing systems methodologies across cultures
Authors: Zhichang Zhu 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPeople across cultures solve problems differently, so do they theorize systems methodologies. Mainstream systems research has thus far managed to ignore the cultural dimension, which generates frustrations in cross‐border conversation and application. Exploring how representative systems methodologies are theorized in different cultural settings, this paper aims to (1) stress that systems methodologies, like other management thoughts and practices, are cultural artefacts, (2) propose that a heightened sensitivity towards cultural differences is essential to systems research and practice in an era of deepened globalization. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental policy research methodology: Exploring China's policy issues adversarially in laboratory
Authors: Ya Li 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThere are some challenges for policy making in current Chinese context. Interest groups can hardly find any institutionalized channel to express their concerns. The lack of organized public participation obstructs the structuring of a focused, thorough debate of interest‐based policy options. Policy makers lack both methods and ability to clarify contradictory evidence interwoven with interest conflicts in policy debates. Systems methodology could be a good remedy. This paper discusses these challenges, presents a seminar‐gaming based and meta‐synthesis supported experimental policy research methodology (EPRM), and labels it as a multi‐paradigm methodology. Finally, the paper introduces an exploratory application of EPRM with a case of ticket price hike of the Summer Palace. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.