bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tethered flight ofChilo partellus(Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Päts Peeter , Wiktelius Staffan 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStatic tethered flight was used under laboratory conditions to investigate the flight duration ofChilo partellus(Swinhoe). A flight mill was used to measure flight velocity. Mated females flew for a longer time than unmated ones. Females also flew for a longer time than males. Mated females were able to fly and lay eggs alternately for at least three nights in a row. Flight did not affect the number of eggs deposited by females. The results from the flight mill show that the mill is an accurate device to measure flight velocity. The airspeed ofC. partellusproved to be 0.9 m/s, and there appeared to be no difference between the flight velocity of mated or unmated males and females.
The effects of intercropping and mixed varieties of predators and parasitoids of cassava whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Colombia
Authors: Gold Clifford S. , Altieri Miguel A. , Bellotti Anthony C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCassava intercropped with cowpea in Colombia had lower numbers of Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar and Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance) per leaf and per plant than did monoculture cassava. These differences persisted for up to six months after harvest of the cowpea. These results are examined in light of the natural enemies hypothesis, which suggests that natural enemies may be favoured in diversified systems, thereby reducting herbivore load. In this regard, the effects of different cropping systems on the whitefly predator Delphastus pusillus (Le Conte) and on the combined action of the parasitoids Amitus aleurodinus Haldeman and Eretmocerus aleyrodiphaga (Risbec) are discussed. D. pusillus displayed a functional responce and was more abundant in monocultures than in intercrops. Predator:prey ratios were similar between treatments and so low that predation appeared to have little impact on whitefly numbers. Parasitism levels of Aleurotrachelus socialis were not affected by crop combinations. The data suggest that the activity of the natural enemies does not explain cropping system effects on cassava whitefly populations.
Temporal and spatial patterns in pheromone-trap catches of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in cotton-growing areas of Australia
Authors: Fitt G. P. , Zalucki M. P. , Twine P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHelicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and H. punctigera (Wallengren) are major pests of cotton and other field crops in Australia. Using data on then abundance of males in pheromone traps at many sites over three seasons, the spatial and temporal variation in trap catch of both species were examined using Taylor's power law and spatial autocorrelation. The distribution of both species was highly clumped, both temporally and spatially. Regression Coefficients for the relationship of spatial mean to variance (bs) were similar to those for noctuids in general, while similarly derived temporal values (bt) for H. armigera fell towards the upper end of the noctuid range and those for H. punctigera well above the range given by Taylor & Woiwood (1980). Taylor and colleagues suggested that patterns of dispersion are species-specific and that they reflect density-dependent patterns of movement towards and away from centres of abundance. Although the relationship between variance and mean abundance for both spatial and temporal aspects of trap catches of Helicoverpa is well fitted by Taylor's power law, it is argued that these patterns of dispersion are a consequence of demographic and environmental stochasticity. Little need is to invoke specific density-dependent behaviours as the major factor responsible in this case. In addition, while Taylor's power law indicated both species had a similar clumped distribution, limited autocorrelation analysis suggested a random dispersion of pheromone-trap catches for H. armigera and small scale patchiness (over distances of 1–2 km) in trap catches of H. punctigera.
A key for the identification of Afrotropical species of the shoot-fly subgenus Atherigona of Atherigona (Diptera: Muscidae), with a description of some new species from Africa
Authors: Dike M. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA key for the identification of males of all Afrotropical species of the subgenus Atherigona of Atherigona described to date is presented. Four new species, A. alaotrana sp. n. from Madagascar, A. bowdeni sp. n. from Uganda, A. dentifolia sp. n. from Kenya and A. palpalis sp. n. from Nigeria, are described.
The influence of drought stress on the distribution of insects on four groundnut genotypes grown near Hyderabad, India
Authors: Wheatley A. R. D. , Wightman J. A. , Williams J. H. , Wheatley S. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFour groundnut genotypes were grown in a randomized block design across a drought-stress gradient to determine the influence of this factor on insect distribution in the 1985–86 post-rainly season near Hyderabad, in peninsular India. The leaf-miner Aproaerema modicella (Deventer) was most abundant on the most stressed plants. The cicadellid Empoasca kerri Pruthi had the reverse distribution. The thrips Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) and Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood were at first densest where drought stress was least. Their distribution subsequently became reversed and, as the condition of their hosts worsened, they again became most abundant at the wetter end of the gradient. Bud necrosis disease caused most mortality where drought stress was highest. A subsidiary experiment indicated that the intensity of overhead irrigation did not influence the density of A. modicella. There were marked genotype effects: JL 24 carried the highest density of insects and was most susceptible to bud necrosis disease: NC Ac 343 had the lowest leaf-miner and cicadellid populations. M 13 and ICGS 11 had intermediate characteristics.
Impact assessment of the biological control of the cassava mealybug,Phenacoccus manihotiMatile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), by the introduced parasitoidEpidinocarsis lopezi(De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
Authors: Neuenschwander P. , Hammond W. N. O , Gutierrez A. P. , Cudjoe A. R. , Adjakloe R. , Baumgärtner J. U. , Regev U. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe impact ofPhenacoccus manihotiMatile-Ferrero on growth and tuber yield of cassava, and the results of its biological control by the exotic parasitoidEpidinocarsis lopezi(De Santis) were investigated in a survey of 60 farmers' fields in Ghana and Ivory Coast over an area of 180 000 km2of the savana and forest ecosystems. Twenty-nine variables associated with plant growth, agronomic and environmental factors, and insect populations were recorded. Densities ofP. manihotiwere closely correlated with stunting of the cassava shoot tips and, less so, with the rate of stunting early in the growing season. With increasing mealybug infestations, average harvest indices declined and populations ofE. lopeziand of indigenous coccinellids increased, but parasitoids were found at lower host levels than were predators. The length of timeE. lopezihad been present in an area was the most important factor influencing mealybug densities. Thus,P. manihotipopulations were significantly lower whereE. lopezihad been present for more than half the planting season than in areas whereE. lopeziwas lacking or had been only recently introduced. A significant proportion of the farmers in the savanna zone, whereP. manihotipopulations were much higher than in the forest zone, had observed this decline due toE. lopezi. Tuber yield losses due toP. manihotiin the absence ofE. lopeziwere tentatively estimated at 463 g/plant in the savanna zone. No significant effect was found in the forest region. WhenE. lopeziwas present, averageP. manihotidamage scores were reduced significantly, both in the savanna and forest regions. The increase in yields was 228g/plant or about 2.48 t/ha in the savanna region.
The life-history and host specificity ofComostolopsis germanaProut (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), a biological control agent ofChrysanthemoides monilifera(Compositae)
Authors: Adair R. J. , Scott J. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLarvae of the southern African geometrid mothComostolopsis germanaProut feed on the shoot apices and axillary buds ofChrysanthemoides monilifera, a serious alien weed of native vegetation in Australia. The insect was found in low abundance throughout the distribution of its hosts,C. incanaandC. monilifera, in southern Africa. Larvae were present throughout the year in subtropical Natal, but were absent in winter in the cooler, Mediterranean type climate of Cape Province. In host-specificity tests using 65 plant species from 26 families,Comostolopsis germanacompleted development only onChrysanthemoides monilifera moniliferaandC. monilifera rotundata. Insignificant, exploratory feeding occurred onOlearia axillaris(Compositae) and pea,Pisum sativum(Leguminosae). In multiple-choice oviposition tests eggs were laid on 41 species, but a strong preference was shown for the foliage and stems ofC. monilifera. Larvae grazing the flower buds, pedicels and peduncles ofC. moniliferamay reduce the reproductive capacity of their host and contribute to its control.Comostolopsis germanahas been approved for release as a biological control agent ofChrysanthemoides moniliferain Australia.
Temephos resistance in Simulium damnosum Theobald (Diptera: Simuliidae): a comparative study between larvae and adults of the forest and savanna strains of this species complex
Authors: Hemingway J. , Callaghan A. , Kurtak D. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTemephos resistance in savanna cytospecies of Simulium damnosum Theobald s.l. and the forest cytospecies S. sanctipauli Vajime & Dunbar, from West Africa is correlated with an increase in general esterase activity. Metabolism studies indicated that esterase products were the major metabolities in both forest and savanna resistant strains of S. damnosum s.l. compared to the susceptibles. In the presence of an esterase synergist, a large amount of the oxon analogue of temephos was produced by the resistant forest cytospecies S. sanctipauli. This strain is also resistant to chlorphoxim, and it is likely that the increase in oxidative activity observed is connected with the chlorphoxim rather than the temephos resistance. There was no evidence of glutathione transferase-, oxidase- or acetylcholinesterase-based temephos resistance machanisms in the savanna species of S. damnosum s.l.
The control of Rastrococcus invadens Williams (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Togo by the introduction of Gyranusoidea tebygi Noyes (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
Authors: Agricola U. , Agounké D. , Fischer H. U. , Moore D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRastrococcus invadens Williams was first noticed in Togo in 1981 and has since become a serious pest on many plants, especially mango and citrus. In June 1986, a programme for its biological control was begun, resulting in the introduction into Togo in October 1987 of an encyrtid parasitoid, Gyranusoidea tebygi Noyes. The parasitoid was reared under a simple system and releases were made from November 1987. The parasitoid established readily under a range of ecological conditions and produced significant control within the first year up to 100 km from each release point.
The behaviour of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): a review
Authors: Schofield C. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFive aspects of the behaviour of the Triatominae are reviewed: hostfinding, defence from predators, habitat selection, activity patterns and substrate preferences, and mating and oviposition behaviour. It is emphasised that knowledge of behaviour is largely restricted to the three speciesTriatoma infestans(Klug),Rhodnius prolixusStål andPanstrongylus megistus(Burm.) and that the behaviour of other species, particularly those with predominantly sylvatic habits, may be quite different in some respects.
Prostaglandins in the salivary glands and reproductive organs of Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum Koch (Acari: Ixodidae)
Authors: Shemesh M , Hadani A , Shklar Ania , Shore L. S. , Meleguir F 
Published: July 2009

AbstractProstaglandin F (PGF) and E2 (PGE2) were assayed in the reproductive organs, salivary glands and egg-batches of laboratory-bred males and females of Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum Koch. Salivary glands and reproductive organs were dissected from unfed male and female ticks as well as from ticks that had fed for six days on rabbits; these organs were cultured for 24 and 72 h in tissue culture medium-199 with Earle's salt and HEPES buffer at pH 7·6 and 37°C. The amounts of PGF and PGE2 accumulated in the culture were determined by a radioimmunoassay using specific antibodies. Both salivary glands and reproductive organs were shown to synthesise PGEa and PGF. This synthesis and also the prostaglandin content of the organs were significantly increased after engorgement. The synthesising capacity and content of PGE2 and PGF in both the salivary glands and reproductive organs were higher in the female than in the male.
Oviposition behaviour, egg-masses and hatching response of the eggs of five Nearctic species of Simulium (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Imhof Jane E , Smith Stephenm M 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe oviposition behaviour of Simulium decorum Wlk., S. vittatum Zett., S. verecundum Stone & Jamnback and S. vernum Macq. is described, with emphasis on the approach by the females to the egglaying sites, the substrates selected and the behaviour of the flies while laying. The eggs and egg-masses of these four species and S. longistylatum Shewell are described; the eggs can be distinguished on the basis of size, and a key is provided to aid their identification. Eggs of S. vittatum completed embryonic development and hatched more quickly than those of S. verecundum of the same age at both 15 and 24°C. The hatch rate of the eggs of both species exceeded 90% when the eggs were present in single-layered masses. The position of an egg Within a multi-layered mass had an important effect on its ability to complete development; significantly lower proportions of eggs of both S. verecundum and S. vittatum in the lowermost layers of large egg-masses hatched, compared with the hatch of those in the top layer. The location of an egg within an egg-mass must be considered a major factor of mortality in the egg stage. The eggs of neither S. verecundum nor S. vittatum were resistant to drying; mortality due to desiccation was related to both the duration of the drying period and the stage of embryonic development when they were subjected to drying.
A survey of resistance to acaricides in economically important Ixodidae (Acari) of the major cattle-raising areas of Kenya
Authors: Crampton P. L. , Gichanga M. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe results are presented of a survey of the resistance to acaricides of strains of economically important ticks from the cattle-raising areas of Kenya in 1970–75. Larval progeny of ticks collected in the field were subjected to an immersion test to determine their resistance status to toxaphene and dioxathion. The proportions of samples of the three major species shown to be resistant to or tolerant of toxaphene wereBoophilusdecoloratus (Koch) 99·3%, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neum. 77·3% andR. appendiculatusNeum. 62·5 %. A large proportion of the relatively few samples ofR. pulchellus(Gerst.) were also resistant to toxaphene, but few resistant samples ofAmblyomma variegatum(F.) andHaemaphysalis leachii leachii(Aud.) were collected, and only one sample ofHyalomma(H. marginatum rufipesKoch) was tolerant of toxaphene. None of these species was resistant to dioxathion. Organophosphorus resistance was noted in one species only,R. sanguineus(Latr.), collected from the suburbs of Nairobi.
Host preferences and feeding patterns of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) at Kowanyama, Cape York Peninsula, northern Queensland
Authors: Kay B. H. , Boreham P. F. L. , Williams G. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractClosely spaced stable traps were used to determine the preferences of mosquitoes for 6 vertebrates at Kowanyama, northern Queensland, on 4 occasions during the wet and dry seasons of 1974–75. A total of 44 626 mosquitoes from 35 taxa was collected and compared with 26 215 specimens of 15 taxa trapped at Charleville, south-west Queensland, in February 1976. Host preference was analysed in detail for 11 species;Anopheles bancroftiiGiles,An. amictusEdw.,An. annulipesWlk.,An. farauti Lav.,An. meraukensisVenhuis,Aedes bancroftianusEdw.,Ae. normanensis(Tayl.),Ae. vittiger(Skuse),Culex annidirostrisSkuse,Cx. quinquefasciatusSay (=fatigansWied.) andMansonia uniformis(Theo.). All species in these experiments, including the important vector of arboviruses,Cx. annulirostris, preferred mammalian baits, especially calf, althoughAn. bancroftiiandCx. quinquefasciatuspreferred man. Blood-meals of 5802 engorged mosquitoes of 21 taxa collected from natural resting sites at Kowanyama village were analysed by the precipitin test. Mammals, particularly dogs, were the most important hosts.Cx. squamosus(Tayl.) andCx. quinquefasciatuswere the only species to feed extensively on birds (75–6 and 28–7%, respectively).Uranotaenia albescensTayl. fed almost entirely on amphibia. No seasonal shifts in feeding ofAn. bancroftii, An. annulipes, Cx. annulirostrisorCx. quinquefasciatuswere evident from either host-preference or host-feeding patterns, the latter being evaluated using a ‘ Feeding Index ’. These results are discussed in relation to the transmission of arboviruses, particularly Murray Valley encephalitis virus and pulmonary dirofilariasis of man and dogs in Australia.
Studies on the large-scale rearing of the stable fly, Stomoxys nigra Macquart (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Ramsamy M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA laboratory colony of Stomoxys nigra Macq. was established in February 1976. Techniques were developed to produce 100 000 to 125 000 pupae daily in a larval room of 12 m2. The adults were fed on stored titrated blood and reared at a density of 500 pairs dn nylon cages with sides of 30 cm. The adult room was maintained at 29±1·5°C, 75–80 % RH and LD 14:10. To ensure a continuous supply of ovipositing individuals, 24 new cages with mature pupae were daily put in the adult room (capacity 280 cages) and an equal number of cages containing senile flies were removed. Eggs were harvested on moist khaki cloth below the adult cages, then concentrated in a trough of water and seeded at the rate of 1 ml (10 500 eggs) per kg of larval medium. The larval medium consisted of a mixture of 4 parts by weight of shredded sugar-cane (or elephant grass) leaves, 1 part soft Wheat bran and water at 2 ml/g dry matter. Larvae were reared in trays (45×35×7.5 cm) covered with cloth sacks to prevent invasion by pests. Eleven days after seeding, pupae were separated from the medium by flotation over water. From 2 September 1977 to 8 December 1977 forty trays, each yielding from 2000 to 3500 pupae, were harvested daily.
Immigration, population growth and mortality of insects and mites on cassava in Brazil
Authors: Samways M. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA small isolated cassava field in Minas Gerais, Brazil, was readily invaded by species of insects and mites already known as cassava pests. Most immigrants were small (< mm) piercing-rasping feeding types. Three of these (the lace-bug Vatiga illudens (Drake), the thrip Scirtothrips manihoti (Bondar) and the mite Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar)) showed an exponential population increase in the absence of their natural enemies. The onset of the wet microclimate from dew and rain was a key mortality factor for these three species. Storms resulted in a catastrophic decline of the populations, especially that of M. tanajoa. Predators and interspecific competition from S. manihoti were secondary suppressive factors on the M. tanajoa population. Three other species (the caterpillar of Erinnyis ello (L.) and the mites Tetranychus urticae Koch and T. cinnabarinus (Boisd.)) were completely eliminated in the experimental area by parasites or predators. Other feeders, such as the shoot-inhabiting larva of the flies Neosilba spp. and the fungivorous beetle Psyllobora spp., as well as more minor species, were also studied.
The Habits ofAlysia manducator(Hym., Braconidae)
Authors: Myers J. G. 
Published: July 2009

The observations here recorded were made during the rearing ofAlysia manducator, Panz., as a parasite for Australasian sheep-maggots by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, and are published by permission of the Director, Dr. G. A. K. Marshall. They form merely a supplement to the accounts of this species included in two excellent papers by G. S. Graham-Smith (1916, 1919), and one equally thorough by G. M. Altson (1920).The present studies were carried out in North Essex during August-November, 1926. I am very much indebted to Mr. B. Golding and Miss Golding, for giving me all possible facilities for working at Street Farm, Ashen ; and to my wife for keeping the time during the heart-beat observations.Alysia manducatoris a blackish, rather stoutly-built Braconid about a quarter of an inch in length. The female lays usually one egg in a Muscid maggot of considerable size. Very little further development appears to take place until the maggot pupates, when theAlysialarva rapidly consumes it and accomplishes its own metamorphosis within a silken cocoon with which it lines the puparium. The adult Braconid emerges a few weeks later at the anterior end of the puparium ; but eggs deposited in autumn do not complete their cycle until the following year, when about a third of the imagines appear in spring and two-thirds in the following autumn (Graham-Smith). No hyperparasites are known, but Graham-Smith has recorded destructive superparasitism byMelittobia acasta, Walk. (1916, pp. 533–535), and byMormoniella(Nasonia)brevicornis, Ashm. (1919, p. 378). Altson (1920) has shown that buried puparia are normally beyond the reach ofMormoniella, which is not adapted for burrowing.
Some Calliphoridae (Dipt.) from the South Pacific Islands and Australia
Authors: Bezzi Mario 
Published: July 2009

Having recently studied a large collection of Myiodaria from the Fiji Islands, and having received, through the courtesy of Dr. P. A. Buxton, a number of species from Samoa and other South Pacific Islands, I am able to make a revision of the Calliphoridae now before me, and to describe some new forms. I have also taken into consideration the specimens from New Zealand and from Eastern Australia in my collection, as well as the forms recently described by Aldrich, Hardy, Malloch, Patton and Surcouf, together with the taxonomic changes proposed by Senior-White, Shannon and Townsend.It seems that some species, probably those more closely associated with man, are widely spread through the Pacific Islands ; while several others seem to be very localised.