bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
USE OF A PANEL KNOWLEDGEABLE IN MATERIAL SCIENCE TO STUDY SENSORY PERCEPTION OF TEXTURE
Authors: DUIZER LISA M. , JAMES BRYONY , CORRIGAN VIRGINIA K. , FENG JINQUAN , HEDDERLEY DUNCAN I. , HARKER F. ROGER 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThis research assessed the relations between sensory and instrumental measures of the texture of solid foods when using a panel with previous knowledge of material science and fracture mechanics. Twelve commercial products varying in texture were evaluated by two panels; one panel was comprised of 11 engineering students who were familiar with material science, and a descriptive analysis panel of 15 experienced trained panelists. The engineering panel evaluated the products for attributes of hardness, stiffness, brittleness, viscoelasticity and toughness, while the descriptive panel evaluated the samples using terms generated through free choice profiling. Analysis of the data showed that texture evaluations of the products were consistent between the two panels. Certain mechanical properties such as hardness and stiffness were closely related to instrumental measures. However, other measures such as toughness were not well correlated with instrumental measures.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe applications of this research are twofold. First, this research shows that panelists, regardless of experience, use similar words with similar meanings during the assessment of texture of solid foods. Second, this research also more closely aligns sensory measures with material science by showing that sensory scores may be related to instrumental measures of texture in various ways. Sensory properties, such as hardness and stiffness, can be directly measured using a material science approach. Indirect relations between sensory panel scores and instrumental measurements may also exist, e.g., between crisp and crunchy. Lastly, instrumental measures may not adequately measure sensory perception of textures, particularly those related to toughness and viscoelasticity.
Hot and Cold Water Infusion Aroma Profiles of Hibiscus sabdariffa: Fresh Compared with Dried
Authors: Ramírez‐Rodrigues M.M. , Balaban M.O. , Marshall M.R. , Rouseff R.L. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:  Calyxes from the Roselle plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) were used to prepare cold (22 °C for 4 h) and hot (98 °C for 16 min) infusions/teas from both fresh and dried forms. Aroma volatiles were extracted using static headspace SPME and analyzed using GC‐MS and GC‐O with 2 different columns (DB‐5 and DB‐Wax). Totals of 28, 25, 17, and 16 volatiles were identified using GC‐MS in the dried hot extract (DHE), dried cold extract (DCE), fresh hot extract (FHE), and fresh cold extract (FCE) samples, respectively. In terms of total GC‐MS peak areas DHE ≫ DCE > FHE ≫ FCE. Nonanal, decanal, octanal, and 1‐octen‐3‐ol were among the major volatiles in all 4 beverage types. Thirteen volatiles were common to all 4 teas. Furfural and 5‐methyl furfural were detected only in dried hibiscus beverages whereas linalool and 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol were detected only in beverages from fresh hibiscus. In terms of aroma active volatiles, 17, 16, 13, and 10 aroma active volatiles were detected for DHE, DCE, FHE, and FCE samples, respectively. The most intense aroma volatiles were 1‐octen‐3‐one and nonanal with a group of 4 aldehydes and 3 ketones common to all samples. Dried samples contained dramatically higher levels of lipid oxidation products such as hexanal, nonanal, and decanal. In fresh hibiscus extracts, linalool (floral, citrus) and octanal (lemon, citrus) were among the highest intensity aroma compounds but linalool was not detected in any of the dried hibiscus extracts.Practical Application:  Hibiscus teas/infusions are one of the highest volume specialty botanical products in international commerce. The beverage is consumed for both sensory pleasure and health attributes and is prepared a number of ways throughout the world. Although color and taste attributes have been examined, little information is known about its aroma volatiles and no other study has compared extractions from both fresh and dried as well as extraction temperature differences. This is also, apparently, the first study to identify the aroma active volatiles in hibiscus beverages using GC‐olfactometry. Manufacturers and consumers will now have a better understanding of why hibiscus teas prepared in different ways from either fresh or dried forms have a different flavor quality and intensity.
An Isotopic (Sr, Nd and Pb) Tracer Study on the Xiaoxinancha Gold‐rich Copper Deposit in Yanbian, China: Implication for the Geodynamic Model of Diagenesis and Metallogenesis
Authors: Lanjing MEN , Jinggui SUN , Zengjie ZHANG , Yixin LI , Shuwen XING , Peilong CUI 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:An isotopic study was systemically carried out on the granitic complex, diorite‐porphyrite, ores and ore minerals of the 103 Ma Xiaoxinancha gold‐rich copper deposit in Jilin province to determine the geodynamic model of diagenesis and metallogenesis. Results show that the initial Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of the granitic complex are in the range of 0.70425–0.70505 for (87Sr/86Sr)i, 0.51243–0.51264 for INd, and –1.31 to + 2.64 for εNd(t); those of the diorite‐porphyrite are in the range from 0.70438–0.70448 for (87Sr/86Sr)i, 0.51259–0.51261 for INd, and + 1.56 to + 2.09 for εNd(t). For ores and sulfides, the (87Sr/86Sr)i, INd, and εNd(t) values are in the range from 0.70440–0.70805, 0.51259–0.51279 and +1.72 to +5.56, respectively. The Pb isotopic ratios of the granitic complex range from 18.2992–18.6636 for 206Pb/204Pb, from 15.5343–15.5660 for 207Pb/204Pb, and from 38.1640–38.5657 for 208Pb/204pb For diorite‐porphyrite, the isotopic ratios of 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204b are 18.3919, 15.5794 and 38.3566, respectively, whereas those of the ores and ore sulfides vary from 18.2275–18.3770 for 206Pb/204Pb, from 15.5555–15.5934 for 207Pb/204Pb and from 38.1318–38.3131 for 208Pb/204Pb. The results indicate that the mineralization was correlated to the formation and evolution of the granitic complex and the diorite‐porphyrite. Combining with the reported data in petrologic characteristics, elemental geochemistry and chronology, conclusions can be drawn that the geodynamic settings of diagenesis and metallogenesis of this deposit were consistent with the subduction of the Izanagi oceanic plate during the Early Cretaceous. The diorite‐porphyrite was formed by the emplacement of the adakitic magma triggered by partial melting of the enriched mantle, which originated from the derivative continental lithospheric mantle metasomatized by dehydration fluids from the subducting oceanic crust. The granitic complex was produced by fractional crystallization of the mixture between the adakitic magma and the high‐K calc‐alkaline acidic magma, which were generated by the remelting of the lower crust in the course of intraplate upwelling of the adakitic magma. The ore‐bearing fluid reservoir convened in a late stage of the evolution of the mixed magma chamber.
Trace Elements and Rare Earth Elements of Sulfide Minerals in the Tianqiao Pb‐Zn Ore Deposit, Guizhou Province, China
Authors: Jiaxi ZHOU , Zhilong HUANG , Guofu ZHOU , Xiaobiao LI , Wei DING , Guangping BAO 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:Trace elements and rare earth elements (REE) of the sulfide minerals were determined by inductively‐coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results indicate that V, Cu, Sn, Ga, Cd, In, and Se are concentrated in sphalerite, Sb, As, Ge, and Tl are concentrated in galena, and almost all trace elements in pyrite are low. The Ga and Cd contents in the light‐yellow sphalerites are higher than that in the brown and the black sphalerites. The contents of Ge, Tl, In, and Se in brown sphalerites are higher than that in light‐yellow sphalerites and black sphalerites. It shows that REE concentrations are higher in pyrite than in sphalerite, and galena. In sphalerites, the REE concentration decreases from light‐yellow sphalerites, brown sphalerites, to black sphalerites. The ratios of Ga/In are more than 10, and Co/Ni are less than 1 in the studied sphalerites and pyrites, respectively, indicating that the genesis of the Tianqiao Pb–Zn ore deposit might belong to sedimentary‐reformed genesis associated with hydrothermal genesis. The relationship between LnGa and LnIn in sphalerite, and between LnBi and LnSb in galena, indicates that the Tianqiao Pb–Zn ore deposit might belong to sedimentary‐reformed genesis. Based on the chondrite‐normalized REE patterns, δEu is a negative anomaly (0.13–0.88), and δCe does not show obvious anomaly (0.88–1.31); all the samples have low total REE concentrations (<3 ppm) and a wide range of light rare earth element/high rare earth element ratios (1.12–12.35). These results indicate that the ore‐forming fluids occur under a reducing environment. Comparison REE compositions and parameters of sphalerites, galenas, pyrites, ores, altered dolostone rocks, strata carbonates, and the pyrite from Lower Carboniferous Datang Formation showed that the ore‐forming fluids might come from polycomponent systems, that is, different chronostratigraphic units could make an important contribution to the ore‐forming fluids. Combined with the tectonic setting and previous isotopic geochemistry evidence, we conclude that the ore‐deposit genesis is hydrothermal, sedimentary reformed, with multisources characteristics of ore‐forming fluids.
Laboratory Simulation of Vertical Hydrocarbon Microseepage
Authors: Guojian WANG , Tongjin CHENG , Ming FAN , Chun REN , Weijun CHEN 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:Based on a conceptual model of hydrocarbon microseepage, a macro‐sized experimental equipment used the matched mixtures of cement and quartz sand as simulated caprock and its overlying strata is first set up to simulate the processes of hydrocarbon microseepage and its near‐surface expressions. The results of the simulation experiments suggest that simulated caprock and its overlying strata have a certain sealed capability; hydrocarbon microseepage is dominated by the pressure of point gas source, and temperature plays only a subordinate role; on the path of hydrocarbon microseepage, the distribution of hydrocarbon concentration is fan‐shaped; differential adsorption of alkanes by the simulated caprock and its overlying strata results in the occurrence of a chromatographic effect. Different migrating patterns within simulated caprock are shown by the ratio of i‐butane to n‐butane. The concentration of hydrocarbon in the surface soil has good correspondence with the pressure of point gas source. These simulation results are significant to further study of the mechanism of anomalies recovered in surface geochemistry exploration.
Gravity Flow on Slope and Abyssal Systems in the Qiongdongnan Basin, Northern South China Sea
Authors: Ming SU , Xinong XIE , Junliang LI , Tao JIANG , Cheng ZHANG , Yunlong HE , Shanshan TIAN , Cuimei ZHANG 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:The study of new seismic data permits the identification of sediment gravity flows in terms of internal architecture and the distribution on shelf and abyssal setting in the Qiongdongnan Basin (QDNB). Six gravity flow types are recognized: (1) turbidite channels with a truncational basal and concordant overburden relationship along the shelf edge and slope, comprising laterally‐shifting and vertically‐aggrading channel complexes; (2) slides with a spoon‐shaped morphology slip steps on the shelf‐break and generated from the deformation of poorly‐consolidated and high water content sediments; (3) slumps are limited on the shelf slope, triggered either by an anomalous slope gradient or by fault activity; (4) turbidite sheet complexes (TSC) were ascribed to the basin‐floor fan and slope fan origin, occasionally feeding the deep marine deposits by turbidity currents; (5) sediment waves occurring in the lower slope‐basin floor, and covering an area of approximately 400 km2, were generated beneath currents flowing across the sea bed; and (6) the central canyon in the deep water area represents an exceptive type of gravity flow composed of an association of debris flow, turbidite channels, and TSC. It presents planar multisegment and vertical multiphase characteristics. Turbidite associated with good petrophysical property in the canyon could be treated as a potential exploration target in the QDNB.
Positive Impact of HIV-1
gag
Cleavage Site Mutations on the Virological Response to Darunavir Boosted with Ritonavir
Authors: Larrouy Lucile , Lambert-Niclot Sidonie , Charpentier Charlotte , Fourati Slim , Visseaux Benoit , Soulié Cathia , Wirden Marc , Katlama Christine , Yeni Patrick , Brun-Vézinet Françoise , Calvez Vincent , Marcelin Anne-Geneviève , Descamps Diane 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

We assessed the roles of baseline
gag
and
gag-pol
cleavage site mutations (CSM) on the virological outcome of a darunavir-based regimen in highly antiretroviral-experienced patients. We showed the association, in multivariate analysis, between the A431V
gag
CSM and the virological response, defined as a reduction in plasma HIV-1 RNA to <50 copies/ml at month 3 (
P
= 0.028). Our results suggest that a specific
gag
CSM might have a role on protease inhibitor susceptibility in an inhibitor-specific manner.
Use of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Principles To Determine Optimal Administration of Daptomycin in Patients Receiving Standardized Thrice-Weekly Hemodialysis
Authors: Patel Nimish , Cardone Katie , Grabe Darren W. , Meola Shari , Hoy Christopher , Manley Harold , Drusano George L. , Lodise Thomas P. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

This study identified optimal daptomycin dosing for patients receiving thrice-weekly hemodialysis (HD). Twelve adult patients on HD received daptomycin at 6 mg/kg of body weight intravenously (i.v.) one time; plasma and dialysate samples were collected over 3 days. A 2-compartment model with separate HD and non-HD clearance terms was fit to the data. A series of 9,999-subject Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) was performed to identify HD dosing schemes providing efficacy and toxicity profiles comparable to those obtained for MCS employing the daptomycin population pharmacokinetic (PK) model derived from patients in the
Staphylococcus aureus
bacteremia-infective endocarditis (SAB-IE) study. For efficacy, we selected the HD dosing scheme which generated an area-under-the-curve (AUC) exposure profile comparable to that for the SAB-IE population model. For toxicity, we selected HD dosing schemes that minimized trough concentrations of ≥24.3 mg/liter. Separate HD dosing schemes were developed for each FDA-approved regimen and for two weekly interdialytic periods (48 and 72 h). Administration of the same parent daptomycin dose intra-HD and post-HD resulted in AUC, maximum concentration of drug in serum (
C
max
), and
C
min
values most comparable to those for SAB-IE simulations for the 48-hour interdialytic period. In contrast, all candidate HD dosing schemes provided AUC
48-72
values that were at least 50% lower than the SAB-IE AUC
48-72
values. Increasing the parent dose by 50% provided more comparable AUC
48-72
values while maintaining acceptable
C
min
values. Administration of the daptomycin parent dose intra-HD or post-HD was optimal for the 48-h interdialytic period. For the 72-h interdialytic period, clinicians should consider increasing the dose by 50% to achieve more comparable AUC
48-72
values.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Resistance or Cross-Resistance to Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Currently under Development as Microbicides
Authors: Selhorst Philippe , Vazquez Ana C. , Terrazas-Aranda Katty , Michiels Johan , Vereecken Katleen , Heyndrickx Leo , Weber Jan , Quiñones-Mateu Miguel E. , Ariën Kevin K. , Vanham Guido 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTMicrobicides based on nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are currently being developed to protect women from HIV acquisition through sexual contact. However, the large-scale introduction of these products raises two major concerns. First, when these microbicides are used by undiagnosed HIV-positive women, they could potentially select for viral resistance, which may compromise subsequent therapeutic options. Second, NNRTI-based microbicides that are inactive against NNRTI-resistant strains might promote the selective transmission of these viruses. In order to address these concerns, drug resistance was selectedin vitroby the serial passage of three viral isolates from subtypes B and C and CRF02_AG (a circulating recombinant form) in activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) under conditions of increasing concentrations of three NNRTIs (i.e., TMC120, UC781, and MIV-160) that are currently being developed as candidate microbicides. TMC120 and MIV-160 displayed a high genetic barrier to resistance development, whereas resistance to UC781 emerged rapidly, similarly to efavirenz and nevirapine. Phenotypically, the selected viruses appeared to be highly cross-resistant to current first-line therapeutic NNRTIs (i.e., delavirdine, nevirapine, and efavirenz), although they retained some susceptibility to the more recently developed NNRTIs lersivirine and etravirine. The ability of UC781, TMC120, and MIV-160 to inhibit thein vitro-selected NNRTI-resistant viruses was also limited, although residual activity could be observed for the candidate microbicide NNRTI MIV-170. Interestingly, only four p2/p7/p1/p6/PR/RT/INT recombinant NNRTI-resistant viruses (i.e., TMC120-resistant VI829, EFV-resistant VI829, MIV-160-resistant VI829, and EFV-resistant MP568) showed impairments in replicative fitness. Overall, thesein vitroanalyses demonstrate that due to potential cross-resistance, the large-scale introduction of single-NNRTI-based microbicides should be considered with caution.
Pharmacokinetics of Solithromycin (CEM-101) after Single or Multiple Oral Doses and Effects of Food on Single-Dose Bioavailability in Healthy Adult Subjects
Authors: Still J. Gordon , Schranz Jennifer , Degenhardt Thorsten P. , Scott Drusilla , Fernandes Prabhavathi , Gutierrez Maria J. , Clark Kay 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

The pharmacokinetics of orally administered solithromycin (CEM-101), a novel fluoroketolide, were evaluated in healthy subjects in three phase 1 studies. In two randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled studies, escalating single oral doses of solithromycin (50 to 1,600 mg) or seven oral daily doses (200 to 600 mg) of solithromycin were administered. A third study evaluated the effects of food on the bioavailability of single oral doses (400 mg) of solithromycin. Following single doses, the median time to peak concentration (
T
max
) ranged from 1.5 h to 6 h. The mean maximum measured plasma concentration (
C
max
) ranged from 0.0223 μg/ml to 19.647 μg/ml, and the area under the concentration-versus-time curve from time zero to time
t
(AUC
0–

t

) ranged from 0.0402 μg · h/ml to 28.599 μg · h/ml. There was no effect of high-fat food on the oral bioavailability of solithromycin. In the multiple-dose study, after 7 days, the mean maximum measured plasma solithromycin concentration at steady-state (
C
max,ss
) ranged from 0.248 to 1.50 μg/ml, and the area under the concentration-versus-time curve over the final dosing interval (AUC
τ
) ranged from 2.310 to 18.41 μg · h/ml. These values indicate a greater than proportional increase in exposure at 200 and 400 mg but a proportional exposure at 600 mg. Median
T
max
values remained constant between day 1 and day 7. Moderate accumulation ratios of solithromycin were observed after 7 days of dosing. All dose regimens of solithromycin were well tolerated, and no discontinuations due to an adverse event occurred. The human pharmacokinetic profile and tolerability of solithromycin, combined with its
in vitro
potency and efficacy in animal models against a broad spectrum of pathogens, support further development of solithromycin.
Evaluation of Mitochondrial Toxicity in Marmota himalayana Treated with Metacavir, a Novel 2′,3′-Dideoxyguanosine Prodrug for Treatment of Hepatitis B Virus
Authors: Zhang Pinghu , Zhang Luyong , Jiang Zhenzhou , Xiong Yating , Chen Hongkui , Tao Yuanqing , Hu Maozhi , Li Zhan 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

Metacavir (PNA) is a novel synthetic nucleoside analogue for the treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Our recent studies showed that PNA, a prodrug of 2′,3′-dideoxyguanosine (ddG), exhibited lower mitochondrial toxicity in long-term cultures of HepG2 cells. In the current study, we examined the long-term effects of PNA on mitochondrial toxicity in
Marmota himalayana
(Himalayan marmot). Himalayan marmots were treated daily with oral PNA (50 or 100 mg/kg), ziduvidine (AZT) (100 mg/kg), or water (control) for 90 days. PNA treatment did not alter the body weight or plasma lactate acid level. In livers from the animals treated with PNA at 100 mg/kg/day, histopathology showed mild steatosis or small focal liver cell necrosis. Electron microscopy also showed minor proliferation and partial mitochondrial swelling with crista reduction. Measurement of respiratory chain complex enzyme activity and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content revealed no significant differences in skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney tissues between animals treated with PNA and controls. In contrast, in Himalayan marmots treated with AZT we observed delayed toxicity, including lactic acidosis, severe hepatic steatosis, obvious mitochondrial damage, and significant decreases in respiratory chain complex enzyme activity and mtDNA content. This is similar to the delayed toxicity syndrome observed previously in animals and humans. In summary, PNA treatment did not alter mitochondrial enzyme activity or mtDNA content. This suggests that PNA could pose a very low risk for adverse mitochondrion-related effects. However, long-term hepatotoxic effects of PNA were observed, and this indicates a need for continued monitoring of PNA-associated hepatotoxicity in clinical trials.