bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Safety of Using Local Anesthetic Injections in Professional Rugby League
Authors: Orchard John W. , Steet Elizabeth , Massey Andrew , Dan Sommit , Gardiner Ben , Ibrahim Ameer 
Published: July 2010

Background Local anesthetic pain-killing injections are commonly used by some professional football teams to allow continued play for certain injuries; however, the long-term safety of this practice has not been studied. Hypothesis The majority of local anesthetic injections administered in professional football are helpful and safe, not leading to long-term sequelae. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods A retrospective survey was conducted of 100 players over 10 seasons who had been injected with local anesthetic on 1023 occasions for 307 injuries (81% follow-up; average follow-up, 5 years; minimum, 1 year). A comparison of match performance statistics was made from 3 seasons between players using and not using local anesthetic. Results The majority (98%) of players would repeat the procedure if they had their injury again, although 32% felt that there were side effects associated with the procedure (including 22% who thought that the recovery of the primary injury was delayed and 6% who thought that the injury was worsened by playing with local anesthetic). On long-term follow-up, only 6% of players had significant residual pain in the body part injected. The satisfaction rates for acromioclavicular injuries, finger injuries, rib injuries, and iliac contusions were higher than for sternum injuries, wrist injuries, and ankle injuries. Player performance between those players injected and not injected with local anesthetic was not substantially different and mainly reflected a positional bias for the players who used local anesthetic. Conclusion The most commonly injected injuries—acromioclavicular joint sprains, finger and rib injuries, and iliac crest contusions—appear to be quite safe (in the context of professional sport) to inject at long-term follow-up. Conversely, ankle, wrist, and sternum injections appear to be less safe. A few injuries may have been substantially worsened by playing after an injection.
Polymorphisms of innate pattern recognition receptors, response to interferon-beta and development of neutralizing antibodies in multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Enevold Christian , Oturai Annette B , Sørensen Per Soelberg , Ryder Lars P , Koch-Henriksen Nils , Bendtzen Klaus 
Published: July 2010

Background: Interferon-beta therapy of patients with relapsing—remitting multiple sclerosis involves repeated ‘immunizations’ with exogenous protein solutions. Innate pattern recognition receptors play an important role in immune responses towards foreign substances and may thus be related to treatment outcome. Objective: To determine the genotypes at 42 single nucleotide polymorphism loci in selected pattern recognition receptors for 567 prospectively followed relapsing—remitting multiple sclerosis patients treated with recombinant interferon-beta, and test for relationships to several outcome parameters, including formation of interferon-beta neutralizing antibodies. Results: The results suggest an association between the rs5743810 polymorphism (Ser249Pro) of TLR6 and development of neutralizing antibodies after 24 months of therapy in males ( p = 0.00002), but not in females ( p = 0.2). This association survived crude Bonferroni correction ( pcorrected = 0.02). Additional associations were observed in carriers of the TLR2-rs5743708 and NOD2-rs3135499 SNPs (time to relapse), the TLR7-rs179008 and NOD1-rs2075820 SNPs (time to disease progression) and the TLR4-rs7873784, TLR9-rs5743836, and NOD2-rs2066842 SNPs (frequency of neutralizing antibodies development). All of these, however, failed to survive correction for multiple testing. There were no significant differences between interferon-beta responders and non-responders for any of the investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms. Conclusions: The rs5743810 polymorphism of TLR6 may be involved in development of anti-interferon-beta antibodies in males, although further studies are required to firmly establish this.
I787 provides signals for c-Kit receptor internalization and functionality that control mast cell survival and development
Authors: Orinska Zane , Föger Niko , Huber Michael , Marschall Julia , Mirghomizadeh Farhad , Du Xin , Scheller Marina , Rosenstiel Philip , Goldmann Torsten , Bollinger Annalena , Beutler Bruce A. , Bulfone-Paus Silvia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMast cell (MC) differentiation, survival, and activation are controlled by the membrane tyrosine kinase c-Kit upon interaction with stem cell factor (SCF). Here we describe a single point mutation induced by N-ethyl-N-nitrosurea (ENU) mutagenesis in C57BL/6J mice—an A to T transversion at position 2388 (exon 17) of the c-Kit gene, resulting in the isoleucine 787 substitution by phenylalanine (787F), and analyze the consequences of this mutation for ligand binding, signaling, and MC development. The Kit787F/787F mice carrying the single amino acid exchange of c-Kit lacks both mucosal and connective tissue-type MCs. In bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs), the 787F mutation does not affect SCF binding and c-Kit receptor shedding, but strongly impairs SCF-induced cytokine production, degranulation enhancement, and apoptosis rescue. Interestingly, c-Kit downstream signaling in 787F BMMCs is normally initiated (Erk1/2 and p38 activation as well as c-Kit autophosphorylation) but fails to be sustained thereafter. In addition, 787F c-Kit does not efficiently mediate Cbl activation, leading to the absence of subsequent receptor ubiquitination and impaired c-Kit internalization. Thus, I787 provides nonredundant signals for c-Kit internalization and functionality.
Overcoming barriers to engaging socio-economically disadvantaged populations in CHD primary prevention: a qualitative study
Authors: Harkins Christopher , Shaw Rebecca , Gillies Michelle , Sloan Heather , MacIntyre Kate , Scoular Anne , Morrison Caroline , MacKay Fiona , Cunningham Heather , Docherty Paul , MacIntyre Paul , Findlay Iain N 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
Preventative medicine has become increasingly important in efforts to reduce the burden of chronic disease in industrialised countries. However, interventions that fail to recruit socio-economically representative samples may widen existing health inequalities. This paper explores the barriers and facilitators to engaging a socio-economically disadvantaged (SED) population in primary prevention for coronary heart disease (CHD).

Methods
The primary prevention element of Have a Heart Paisley (HaHP) offered risk screening to all eligible individuals. The programme employed two approaches to engaging with the community: a) a social marketing campaign and b) a community development project adopting primarily face-to-face canvassing. Individuals living in areas of SED were under-recruited via the social marketing approach, but successfully recruited via face-to-face canvassing. This paper reports on focus group discussions with participants, exploring their perceptions about and experiences of both approaches.

Results
Various reasons were identified for low uptake of risk screening amongst individuals living in areas of high SED in response to the social marketing campaign and a number of ways in which the face-to-face canvassing approach overcame these barriers were identified. These have been categorised into four main themes: (1) processes of engagement; (2) issues of understanding; (3) design of the screening service and (4) the priority accorded to screening. The most immediate barriers to recruitment were the invitation letter, which often failed to reach its target, and the general distrust of postal correspondence. In contrast, participants were positive about the face-to-face canvassing approach. Participants expressed a lack of knowledge and understanding about CHD and their risk of developing it and felt there was a lack of clarity in the information provided in the mailing in terms of the process and value of screening. In contrast, direct face-to-face contact meant that outreach workers could explain what to expect. Participants felt that the procedure for uptake of screening was demanding and inflexible, but that the drop-in sessions employed by the community development project had a major impact on recruitment and retention.

Conclusion
Socio-economically disadvantaged individuals can be hard-to-reach; engagement requires strategies tailored to the needs of the target population rather than a population-wide approach.
The experiences of people living with HIV/AIDS and of their direct informal caregivers in a resource‐poor setting
Authors: Majumdar Basanti , Mazaleni Nomathemba 
Published: July 2010

BackgroundHIV/AIDS is a critical concern in South Africa, where extreme poverty and gender issues are major determinants of health. A comprehensive home‐based care programme is needed to lessen the burden placed on the caregivers of those suffering from HIV/AIDS. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the challenges faced by people who are living with HIV/AIDS and by their caregivers in resource‐poor, remote South African villages.MethodsIn‐depth interviews were conducted with nine persons living with HIV/AIDS and their nine direct informal caregivers. Interviews explored the themes of physical, emotional and social wellbeing. Two focus groups, one involving community leaders and one with local health care providers, were conducted to build on themes emerging from the in‐depth interviews. A thematic analysis of the transcripts was performed.ResultsThis study sheds light on the needs of persons living with HIV/AIDS and the needs of their direct informal caregivers in a rural area of the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. These needs include: physical/medical, social, material, financial, physiological/emotional, gender issues, and instrumental.ConclusionsIn developing home‐based care programmes, it is vital to consider the perceived needs of persons living with HIV/AIDS and their direct informal caregivers. The results from this study serve as a basis for the development of a home‐based care programme in one resource‐poor setting of South Africa and could provide a model for such programmes in similar areas.
Serum ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid concentrations in routine samples submitted for biochemical analysis
Authors: White G 
Published: July 2010

Background The aim of the study was to assess the incidence of undetected potassium EDTA contamination in routine blood samples submitted for biochemical analysis. Methods Over a seven-day period, serum EDTA concentrations were measured in all blood samples submitted for routine biochemical analysis. Results EDTA contamination was detected in 22 of 4789 samples submitted for analysis (0.46%), of which only seven (0.15%) would have been detected by staff using subjective methods. Detection of low but significant concentrations of EDTA was not necessarily associated with hyperkalaemia or hypocalcaemia. Haemolysis remains the leading cause of non-reporting of analyte results. Conclusion The presence of EDTA in serum does not always result in spurious hyperkalaemia or hypocalcaemia. Routine measurement of serum EDTA concentrations has the potential to reveal contamination which is not obvious using subjective measures and its routine measurement has the potential to identify minimally contaminated samples.
Identification of N-homocysteinylated apolipoprotein AI in normal human serum
Authors: Ishimine N , Usami Y , Nogi S , Sumida T , Kurihara Y , Matsuda K , Nakamura K , Yamauchi K , Okumura N , Tozuka M 
Published: July 2010

Background In human serum, a portion of homocysteine (Hcy) exists as an N-linked form to the ε-amino group of protein lysine residues. N-homocysteinylated proteins differ structurally and functionally from native proteins. The present study strives to develop detection and potential semi-quantification methods for N-homocysteinylated apolipoprotein AI ( N-Hcy-apoAI) in human serum. Methods Serum treated with or without cysteamine was supplied to isoelectric focusing (IEF) followed by an immunoblot using an anti-apoAI antibody. Cysteamine treatment increased the isoelectric point for N-Hcy-apoAI, but not for unmodified apoAI, due to the presence of -SH group(s) derived from Hcy and the absence of a cysteine residue in the apoAI molecule. N-Hcy-apoAI was semi-quantified from the scanned immunoblot pattern via a computer. Results After cysteamine treatment, N-Hcy-apoAI in the serum was identified by IEF at the position with a higher pI value compared with intact apoAI. The reproducibility (between assays) of the semi-quantification method was 19.1% CV (coefficient of variation) for an average ratio 5.9% of N-Hcy-apoAI to the whole apoAI in the serum. Approximately 1.0–7.4% of apoAI was N-homocysteinylated in the serum obtained from 27 healthy subjects. Neither the ratio of N-Hcy-apoAI nor its concentration, calculated by total apoAI concentration, indicated correlation with the so-called total (free and S-linked) Hcy concentration. Conclusions We directly found that a portion of apoAI in the serum undergoes homocysteinylation in an N-linkage manner, and used this to develop a potential semi-quantification method for N-Hcy-apoAI.
Development of a clinically relevant liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for 13 drugs of abuse in urine, designed to meet the needs of the service users
Authors: Duxbury K , Romagnoli C , Anderson M , Watts R , Waite G 
Published: July 2010

Background The clinical requirements of the users of assay results must be at the centre of assay development. We aimed to develop a single liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay for drugs of abuse in urine that would meet the needs of our service users and replace the multiple screening and confirmatory techniques previously in use. Methods After discussion with our users, it was decided that 13 drugs and metabolites should be measured in our panel: morphine, codeine, norcodeine, dihydrocodeine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, acetyl codeine, methadone and its metabolite, buprenorphine and its metabolite, amphetamine, benzoylecgonine and cotinine. Urine samples were prepared by the addition of internal standard, enzymatic hydrolysis and solid-phase extraction. Chromatography conditions were optimized so that the analytes were separated within a run time of 6 min. Optimal parent to daughter m/z ion transitions were chosen for all drugs and daughter ion ratios were used. Results The LC-MS/MS assay was successfully validated with acceptable precision and lower limits of quantification for all drugs. No matrix effects were seen. The results produced by the LC-MS/MS assay compared well with the previous combination of techniques in use. Conclusions We have developed and validated a fit-for-purpose LC-MS/MS assay for 13 drugs of abuse in urine that obviates the need for multiple screening and confirmatory analytical techniques.
Retrospective Study to Determine the Change in Referral Pattern to St George's Hospital Orthodontic Department before and after the 2006 NHS Dental Contract Changes
Authors: Izadi Maryam , Gill Daljit S , Naini Farhad B 
Published: July 2010

Aim The aim of this study was to determine the possible effects of the 2006 National Health Service General Dental Services contract changes on the referral pattern to the orthodontic department at St George's Hospital, South West London. Method This study was carried out on a retrospective basis. The notes of consecutive patients referred between 1st May and 30th September in 2005 and 2008 were assessed, and the patient's Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and the source of referral noted. Results The total numbers of referrals increased from 260 in 2005 to 405 in 2008. The number of referrals from general dental practitioners decreased slightly from 165 to 156, as did the numbers of referrals from other sources, such as tertiary referrals. The number of referrals made by specialist practitioners increased from 41 in 2005 to 207 in 2008, representing an increase from 16% to 51% of overall referrals. Overall, the number of patients being referred with an IOTN dental health component grade of 5 increased from 27% to 55%. Conclusion The increase in referrals from specialist practitioners may be partly due to the changes brought to the commissioning of orthodontic services for specialist practitioners. Overall, the number of cases being referred with IOTN grades 4 and 5 remains high at St George's Hospital, indicating that appropriate referrals are being made.
Motivation to change and pathological gambling: Analysis of the relationship with clinical and psychopathological variables
Authors: Gómez‐Peña Mónica , Penelo Eva , Granero Roser , Fernández‐Aranda Fernando , Álvarez‐Moya Eva , Santamaría Juan José , Moragas Laura , Aymamí Maria‐Neus , Bueno Blanca , Gunnard Katarina , Menchón José M. , Jiménez‐Murcia Susana 
Published: July 2010

Objectives. The present study analyses the internal factor structure of the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA) Scale in pathological gambling (PG). The scale's association with the clinical profile of patients is also evaluated. Method. The factor analysis was based on a sample of 531 men with a DSM‐IV diagnosis of pathological gambling. The statistical analysis included confirmatory factor analysis and linear correlation. Results. The analyses confirmed the internal structure obtained for the URICA. The internal consistency was satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha between .74 and .85). The association between URICA scores and the socio‐demographic and clinical profile of patients ranged between moderate and weak (R coefficients below .30). Lower motivation was present in 28.4% of cases and it was associated with shorter duration of the disorder, lower severity of the PG symptoms, and high psychopathology. Conclusions. The results support the validity and reliability of the URICA in a Spanish clinical population of pathological gamblers.
Judgment of age and attractiveness in a paired comparison task: Testing a picture set developed for diagnosing paedophilia
Authors: Mokros Andreas , Butz Matthias , Dombert Beate , Santtila Pekka , Bäuml Karl‐Heinz , Osterheider Michael 
Published: July 2010

Purpose. The Not‐Real‐People picture set serves as stimulus material for assessing paedophilic sexual interest. The pictures were generated according to five stages of sexual maturation from infancy to adulthood. While experts seem to be able to discern between the pictures based on maturity levels for a nude variant of the stimuli, it remained unclear whether lay persons would be able to reliably distinguish between picture of clothed individuals from various maturity levels. Methods. Heterosexual university students (52 females, 50 males) participated in a paired comparison task, deciding which of the persons shown on two pictures was younger and which one was more attractive. Additionally, reaction times were recorded. Results. Both male and female judges were able to differentiate between stimuli from the opposite sex with regard to age: the perception of the stages of pubertal development conformed to a measurement on a ratio scale. Similarly, the decisions on attractiveness of the categories were in accordance with a ratio scale. Male participants favoured adolescent and adult female stimuli. Contrary to expectation, female participants did not show a preference for any single age category. Conclusions. The stimuli appear suitable for diagnostic purposes. The participants' decisions reflect the inherent maturity levels of the persons depicted. Reaction times in the paired comparison paradigm increase with task difficulty (i.e., similitude of pictures). The implications for indirect measures of sexual interest, based on reaction times, are discussed.
The National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster Relief and Disaster Assistance Missions: An Approach to Better Collaboration with the Public Sector in Post‐Disaster Operations
Authors: Egan Matthew Jude , Tischler Gabor H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFEMA currently divides post‐disaster operations into two phases: Response and Recovery. The nonprofit sector, primarily through the National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (National VOAD) member organizations, provides services and distributes goods in ways that straddle both Response and Recovery. In terms of provision of goods and services to individuals, these two phases invoke ESF‐6 and ESF‐14. FEMA has traditionally had a difficult time categorizing National VOAD members' activities, partially because of the difficulty in categorizing whether their work fits into Response or Recovery. As FEMA is currently drafting the National Recovery Framework, this paper suggests that this is a particularly strong opportunity for FEMA to better capture the way in which National VOAD members participate in post‐disaster operations. The paper describes National VOAD member operations, the “relief and disaster assistance” missions (hereinafter referred to interchangeably as “Relief” or “Relief and Disaster Assistance”), as a current of activities that run through the preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery stages of the disaster cycle. This paper argues that by developing a better understanding of the types of services National VOAD members provide and the motivations for providing them, FEMA and state and local governments will be better able to utilize the nonprofit sector in post‐disaster operations.
On Finding Dexamine thea (Amphipoda, Dexaminidae) in the Ukrainian Territorial Waters (Crimea, Black Sea)
Authors: Grintsov V. 
Published: July 2010

On Finding Dexamine thea (Amphipoda, Dexaminidae) in the Ukrainian Territorial Waters (Crimea, Black Sea)
Dexamine thea Boeck, 1861 (Amphipoda, Dexaminidae), the rare species never registered in the territorial waters of Ukraine, was first found in Laspi Bay, 40 km of Sevastopol (Crimea, Black Sea). 200 amphipods were examined and described. The pictures showing specific morphological characters are given. Sex and size structure of the community and characteristics of the biotope are discussed.