bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic effects of enzymatically modified carbohydrates from rice in high‐fat‐fed C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Bhuiyan Muhammad J. H. , Do Ha Viet , Mun Saehun , Jun Hee‐jin , Lee Ji Hae , Kim Yong‐Ro , Lee Sung‐Joon 
Published: May 2011

AbstractScope: Enzymatically modified rice starch (ERS) synthesized with 4‐α‐glucanotransferase has a longer structure than rice starch, which could delay digestion, similar to dietary fiber. We investigated the effects of ERS on glucose and lipid metabolism with mice fed a high‐fat diet containing ERS (HFD‐ERS).Method and results: Four weeks of ERS feeding showed hypoglycemic effects with a significant reduction in fasting glucose (46%), insulin (57%), and leptin (83%) levels; improved glucose tolerance (20% in AUC of oral glucose tolerance test); and increased adiponectin concentrations (+27%) compared to the HFD group. Notably, phosphorylation of AMP kinase (AMPK) was markedly induced in the HFD‐ERS livers compared to HFD livers. Additionally, ERS significantly reduced total cholesterol concentrations with induction of fecal bile acid excretion (+21%, P<0.05) in the HFD‐ERS group compared to the HFD group. The mRNA and protein expressions of hepatic LDL receptors were significantly induced. However, cholesterol 7 alpha‐hydroxylase (CYP7A1) expression was downregulated possibly due to induction of intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR; +2.4‐fold, p<0.05) and fibroblast growth factor‐15 (FGF‐15; +2.2‐fold, p<0.01).Conclusion: Our data suggest that ERS feeding may have hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic effects via a mechanism similar to that of dietary fiber.
Master of Science und Diplôme d'Ingénieur
Authors: Breternitz Joachim 
Published: May 2011

AbstractChemiestudenten der Technischen Universität Dresden können einen Teil ihres Studiums an einer der TU‐Partnerhochschulen in Frankreich absolvieren und erwerben neben dem deutschen einen französischen Abschluss. Joachim Breternitz macht mit und hat sich für Rennes entschieden.
Urinary incontinence: An under‐recognized risk factor for falls among elderly dementia patients
Authors: Lee Chun‐Ying , Chen Liang‐Kung , Lo Yuk‐Keung , Liang Chih‐Kuang , Chou Ming‐Yueh , Lo Chung‐Cheng , Huang Chia‐Tsuan , Lin Yu‐Te 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAimsElderly people with dementia are at increased risk of falls and intervention trials to prevent falls have failed to demonstrate clinical effectiveness in this population. This study evaluates the role of urinary incontinence as a fall risk factor in older patients with dementia, with the aim of developing relevant intervention strategies.MethodsElderly patients with dementia visiting our center were recruited. All subjects underwent a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA), and patients were divided into two groups (fall and non‐fall) according to their history of falls in the past year. Components of the CGA, including physical function, mental function, depressive symptoms, incontinence, and nutritional status, were evaluated according to fall history.ResultsOverall, 159 patients with dementia (mean age 77.3 ± 9.0 years, 59.1% male) participated. Fifty‐four patients (34.0%) had experienced falls in the past year. Among all subjects, 50.3% were diagnosed with mild dementia, 37.7% with moderate dementia, and 12.0% with severe dementia according to an established Clinical Dementia Rating scale. Subjects in the fall group displayed poorer physical function, balance, depressive mood, nutritional status, urinary incontinence, and had an increased prevalence of polypharmacy. However, multivariate analysis revealed urinary incontinence as the only independent risk factor for falls (OR = 4.9 ± 2.2, 95% CI: 2.0–12.0, P < 0.001).ConclusionsUrinary incontinence is a previously unidentified risk factor for falls among elderly dementia patients. An interventional study with the focus of urinary incontinence could improve the effectiveness of fall prevention among these patients. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:1286–1290, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of phthalazinone‐based poly(aryl ether ketone) derived from 4,4′‐dichlorobenzophenone
Authors: Zhou Hongxin , Liu Cheng , Wang Jinyan , Jian Xigao 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAs distinguished from the conventional preparation of poly(aryl ether ketone)s utilizing 4,4′‐difluorobenzophenone, a novel synthetic method of high molecular weight poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) derived from 4,4′‐dichlorobenzophenone was studied. Reaction conditions to get high molecular weight polymer were investigated in details. Experimentally, sulfolane was chosen as the reaction media and high molecular weight polymer could be obtained in 7–8 hr at 210°C. The cyclic oligomers in the polymer product reduced to below 3.0% when the concentration of the reactant is 1.6–1.7 g/ml. Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), 1H NMR, and elemental analysis were used to confirm the structure of the obtained polymer. The amorphous polymer showed reasonable solubility in selective solvent, such as chloroform and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, and tough, flexible, and transparent thin film can be readily prepared from their N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone solution. The obtained polymer showed high glass transition temperature (Tg) up to 261°C detected by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the temperature of 5% weight loss under nitrogen higher than 500°C detected by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), indicating its excellent thermal stability. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase structure and mechanical properties of modified poly(phenylene oxide) with high fluidity
Authors: Li Jian‐Xiong , Chan Chi‐Ming 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPolyphenylene oxide (PPO) possesses excellent mechanical properties and heat resistance but extremely high viscosity. Virgin PPO has to be blended with polystyrene (PS) to reduce the viscosity. However, PS is miscible with PPO; it reduces not only the viscosity but also the heat distortion temperature and, consequently, narrows the applications. This paper is an attempt to develop crystalline additives that will dissolve in PPO at processing temperature but precipitate and recrystallize after molding. Thereby, the additives are able to reduce the viscosity of PPO melts but will not reduce the heat distortion temperature of PPO materials. In the present work, a PPO was compounded with bisphenol‐A and bisphenol‐S as well as PS separately on Haake Rheometer and the mixing torque was recorded. The dynamic properties of the modified PPO were analyzed with DMA and the mechanical properties were tested at ambient and elevated temperatures. The phase structures were examined with DSC and TEM. The effect of the additives on the fluidity, mechanical properties, and heat distortion temperature of the PPO compounds was investigated. All three additives dissolved in the PPO during mixing and reduced the mixing torque. But bisphenol‐S precipitated after molding and is present as 40 nm crystalline phases in the molded materials; it did not affect the glass transition nor did it deteriorate the performance at elevated temperature. While bisphenol‐A did not recrystallize after molding; it reduced the Tg and heat distortion temperature as does PS. General principles about such plasticizers with phase transition for PPO were proposed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lessons from the deep study of rare tumours
Authors: Thomas David M 
Published: May 2011

AbstractNext‐generation sequencing technologies are having an enormous impact on mapping mutations in cancer. However, it is unclear to what extent mutations in genes are shared between cancer types, and to what extent these are unique to different cancers. While the mapping of mutations is almost saturated in common cancer types, the study of rare tumours offers surprising insights into pathways that are deranged in cancer. The paper by Amary et al. in this issue of the Journal of Pathology illustrates the value of studying uncommon cancer types. The authors report on a startlingly high incidence of IDH1/2 mutations in cartilaginous tumours. This finding not only represent a major step forward in mapping the molecular pathogenesis of these tumours, but provides further evidence of the intriguing roles of metabolic pathways in carcinogenesis. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orthotopic xenografts of RCC retain histological, immunophenotypic and genetic features of tumours in patients
Authors: Grisanzio Chiara , Seeley Apryle , Chang Michelle , Collins Michael , Di Napoli Arianna , Cheng Su‐Chun , Percy Andrew , Beroukhim Rameen , Signoretti Sabina 
Published: May 2011

AbstractRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an aggressive malignancy with limited responsiveness to existing treatments. In vivo models of human cancer, including RCC, are critical for developing more effective therapies. Unfortunately, current RCC models do not accurately represent relevant properties of the human disease. The goal of this study was to develop clinically relevant animal models of RCC for preclinical investigations. We transplanted intact human tumour tissue fragments orthotopically in immunodeficient mice. The xenografts were validated by comparing the morphological, phenotypic and genetic characteristics of the kidney tumour tissues before and after implantation. Twenty kidney tumours were transplanted into mice. Successful tumour growth was detected in 19 cases (95%). The histopathological and immunophenotypic features of the xenografts and those of the original tumours largely overlapped in all cases. Evaluation of genetic alterations in a subset of 10 cases demonstrated that the grafts largely retained the genetic features of the pre‐implantation RCC tissues. Indeed, primary tumours and corresponding grafts displayed identical VHL mutations. Moreover, an identical pattern of DNA copy amplification or loss was observed in 6/10 cases (60%). In summary, orthotopic engrafting of RCC tissue fragments can be successfully used to generate animal models that closely resemble RCC in patients. These models will be invaluable for in vivo preclinical drug testing and for deeper understanding of kidney carcinogenesis. The raw data of the SNP array analysis has been submitted to the GEO database (Accession No. GSE29062). Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deregulated miR‐155 promotes Fas‐mediated apoptosis in human intervertebral disc degeneration by targeting FADD and caspase‐3
Authors: Wang Hai‐Qiang , Yu Xiao‐Dong , Liu Zhi‐Heng , Cheng Xin , Samartzis Dino , Jia Lin‐Tao , Wu Sheng‐Xi , Huang Jing , Chen Jing , Luo Zhuo‐Jing 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) remains enigmatic. Accumulating evidence has shown that the apoptotic machinery is regulated by miRNAs. We hypothesized that miRNAs might contribute to apoptosis in IDD. We have found that 29 miRNAs were differentially expressed and miR‐155 was down‐regulated in degenerative nucleus pulposus (NP). The deregulation of miR‐155 was further verified using real‐time PCR (0.56 fold, p < 0.05). Bioinformatics target prediction identified FADD and caspase‐3 as putative targets of miR‐155. Furthermore, miR‐155 inhibited FADD and caspase‐3 expression by directly targeting their 3′‐UTRs, which was abolished by mutation of the miR‐155 binding sites. In vitro up‐regulation of miR‐155 in human NP cells by transfection with lentiviral pre‐miR‐155 resulted in repression of FADD and caspase‐3; whereas knockdown of miR‐155 with lentiviral antigomiR‐155 led to over‐expression of FADD and caspase‐3. Also, Fas‐mediated apoptosis was increased when antagonizing miR‐155 and decreased when using pre‐miR‐155 in human NP cells. In addition, we presented direct evidence of NP cells undergoing apoptosis in IDD tissues using transmission electron microscopy analysis. Moreover, a combination of in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed that miR‐155 expressed in the cytoplasm of human NP cells with reverse correlation with FADD and caspase‐3. In summary, this is the first study addressing the underlying mechanisms of IDD in terms of apoptosis and miRNAs. Furthermore, caspase‐3 is identified as a novel target of miR‐155. Our results suggest that deregulated miR‐155 promotes Fas‐mediated apoptosis in human IDD by targeting FADD and caspase‐3, implicating an aetiological and therapeutic role of miR‐155 in IDD. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substrate effect and application of the elastic foundation model to evaluate atomic force microscope nanoindentations of thin polymeric films
Authors: Tranchida Davide , Lilge Inga , Schönherr Holger 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe analysis of the mechanical properties of thin films by nanoindentation has been recently subject of numerous theoretical and phenomenological studies as well as numerical simulations. In this work, we report on the application of the Winkler elastic foundation theory to analyze atomic force microscope nanoindentations of poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) films with thicknesses of 90, 196, and 485 nm. The elastic moduli of the samples were found to be 1.13 ± 0.43 GPa, 1.34 ± 0.32 GPa and 1.23 ± 0.24 GPa, respectively, after indentations of at least 50% of the film thickness. These data rely on the independent determination of the mechanical properties of 485‐nm thick films, using Sneddon's model at low penetration depth (yielding 1.27 ± 0.37 GPa). Our data show that the substrate effects begins to be noticeable only after indenting to a depth of more than 40% of the film thickness. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of processing and density on morphology and creep behavior of linear low‐density polyethylene
Authors: Unigovski Yakov B. , Bobovitch Arthur L. , Gutman Emmanuel M. , Mogilansky Dmitry 
Published: May 2011

AbstractCreep behavior of 40‐ and 80‐μm‐thick films of linear low‐density polyethylene with four different densities produced by blowing and casting processes was investigated at room temperature (RT) and 70°C. As a criterion for ductile creep failure, strain‐to‐failure was chosen, which amounts to the maximum elongation characterized by necking of the whole sample. At RT under the stress of 8 MPa, strain‐to‐failure increases by one order of magnitude (from 0.08 to 0.80) with a decrease in density from 0.930 to 0.902 g/cm3. Processing effects creep deformation much less significantly in comparison with density. It is found that under loading at RT, some amount of orthorhombic phase in films with the densities of 0.902 and 0.912 g/cm3 transforms into the monocline phase. The intensity of a peak of this phase near the angle 2θ of 19.5° does not depend on the test duration. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Digital holographic interferometry: Optomechanical properties of fibers
Authors: Yassien Khaled , Agour Mostafa 
Published: May 2011

AbstractStudying polymer fiber's mechanical properties leads to an increased understanding of the behavior of polymeric structures. This will support the design of new synthetic fibers with improved properties. Thus, there is great interest in the exact knowledge of these properties. In this work, phase‐shifting digital holographic interferometry is used to investigate the variation of the optical properties of drawn polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) fiber. The study shows that the refractive index for light which is polarized in parallel direction to the fiber axis increases as the draw ratio increases. This implicates that the molecules become more oriented in this direction. However, the decrease in the values of the refractive index for light polarized perpendicular to the drawing direction reflects the reduced orientation of the molecules in this direction. This has been confirmed by studying the variation of the molecular orientation versus birefringence of the drawn PVDF fiber. Holograms and their relationship with the optomechanical parameters obtained are given for illustration. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Analysis of polyelectrolyte complexes formed with jicama pectic polysaccharide and water‐soluble chitosan
Authors: Ramos‐de‐la‐Peña Ana M , Rangel‐Rodríguez Adriana M , Casas‐González Mayela R , Balagurusamy Nagamani , Sañudo‐Barajas J Adriana , Carrillo‐Castillo Amanda , Contreras‐Esquivel Juan Carlos 
Published: May 2011

AbstractJicama (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) is a root‐based legume that has been cultivated in Mexico for centuries. Pectic polysaccharide from de‐starched jicama pomace was extracted using an autoclave‐assisted process and physicochemically characterized. The extracted polysaccharide (1.0 g L−1) was used for the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) with water‐soluble chitosan (WSCh; 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g L−1). The extraction yield of jicama pectic polysaccharide was 22.8 wt% (dry basis) and infrared spectroscopic analysis showed that it was methoxylated to a small degree. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that this biopolymer was very stable, its weight loss being 51.2% after heating at 479 °C. Anion‐exchange chromatography showed it to have a wide and heterogeneous charge density. The yield of the PECs was dependent on the concentration of WSCh used, it being 13.3, 26.7 and 18.3% with WSCh at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g L−1, respectively. The PECs had higher thermostability compared with WSCh and this confirmed the complex formation between WSCh and jicama polysaccharide. WSCh is a promising polycation able to interact with low‐methoxylated pectic polysaccharide from jicama to produce PECs with uses in a wide variety of specialized applications such as food technology and medicine. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Two‐step synthesis and properties of a magnetic‐field‐sensitive modified maltodextrin‐based hydrogel
Authors: Paulino Alexandre T , Fajardo André R , Junior Andrea P , Muniz Edvani C , Tambourgi Elias B 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA magnetic‐field‐sensitive modified maltodextrin‐based hydrogel (ferrogel) was synthesized. Fourier transform infrared and 13C‐CP/MAS NMR spectral analyses confirmed the efficiency of the gelling process. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed the appearance of new crystalline planes in the hydrogel diffractograms after embedding of magnetite nanoparticles. Magnetization curves and Mössbauer analysis revealed that the magnetic hydrogel has a high lattice strain due to bonded iron atom covalence. Moreover, some magnetite molecules embedded in the hydrogel ensure a degree of paramagnetism and iron atoms exhibiting oxidation states alternating between 2 and 3 in the final material. Scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis revealed that no phase separation occurred between the magnetite nanoparticles and crosslinked hydrogel, indicating excellent dispersion throughout the hydrogel. Moreover, the average pore sizes decreased on increasing the amount of magnetite inside the polymer network. The results of compression stress versus strain revealed that the elasticity of the magnetic hydrogel was increased on increasing the amount of magnetite nanoparticles. Finally, kinetic studies revealed that the diffusion mechanism of water in the hydrogel is driven by anomalous release with a tendency towards the occurrence of macromolecular relaxation. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Eingeseift vom falschen Modell. Physik der Öl‐Wasser‐Emulsionen
Authors: Scheu Rüdiger , Roke Sylvie 
Published: May 2011

AbstractEmulsionen bestehen aus zwei nicht mischbaren Phasen, zum Beispiel feinen Öltröpfchen in wässriger Umgebung. Detergenzien wirken auf die Tröpfchenoberflächen stabilisierend, etwa Tenside in Seifen. Nach der gängigen Modellvorstellung, die von planaren Grenzflächen abgeleitet ist, ordnen sich die Tenside relativ eng nebeneinander an. Sie stecken ihren fettlöslichen “Schwanz” in die ölige, ihren wasserlöslichen “Kopf” in die wässrige Phase und setzen so Oberflächenspannung herab. Nichtlineare Lichtstreuung macht nun die Grenzflächen nanoskopischer Öltröpfchen in Emulsionen erstmals der Spektroskopie zugänglich. Sie zeigt, dass die Tenside viel weniger dicht auf den Oberflächen vorliegen als nach dem Lehrbuchwissen zu erwarten. Zudem sind die Tensidketten viel weniger geordnet und scheinen eher auf den Tröpfchenoberflächen zu liegen.
Das kartesische Oval in der Optik. Das Fermat‐Prinzip
Authors: Erb Roger 
Published: May 2011

AbstractEine Beschreibung der Bildentstehung mit dem Fermat‐Prinzip eröffnet einen anschaulichen Einblick in die Formgebung von reflektierenden und brechenden Flächen. Die in der Tabellenkalkulation verwendete, einfache Berechnungsweise ergibt dabei die kartesischen Ovale, die erforderlich sind, um einen Objektpunkt in einen Bildpunkt abzubilden. Zwar kann wegen der groben Berechnung hieraus nicht die genaue Form abgelesen werden, aber der didaktische Vorteil ist groß: Es wird ein andersartiges Verständnis der Entstehung reeller und auch virtueller Bilder möglich. Das liegt auch daran, dass das Prinzip der Simulation einfach nachgeprüft und nachvollzogen werden kann, weil es in Form einer White‐box‐Konstruktion offen vorliegt.
High Speed – Slow Motion. Technik digitaler Hochgeschwindigkeitskameras
Authors: Vollmer Michael , Möllmann Klaus‐Peter 
Published: May 2011

AbstractModerne Hochgeschwindigkeitskameras arbeiten digital. Ihre CMOS‐ oder CCD‐Sensoren ermöglichen hohe Bildwiederholraten. Bei professionelleren Systemen lässt sich dabei die Integrationszeit, also die Belichtungszeit der Einzelbilder, unabhängig von der Bildwiederholrate einstellen. Für die hohe Aufnahmegeschwindigkeit sorgt ein zweistufiger Prozess. Ein sehr schneller interner Speicher nimmt die Bilddaten zuerst auf, dann schreibt eine Ausleseelektronik diese in einen externen Speicher. Neben teuren Profisystemen wächst inzwischen das Segment an preiswerten Amateurkameras mit High‐Speed‐Option.
Tropfen auf Wanderschaft
Authors: Linke Heiner 
Published: May 2011

AbstractFlüssige Tröpfchen auf einer heißen, strukturierten Oberfläche können spontan beschleunigen und sich sogar bergauf bewegen. Jetzt wurde entdeckt, dass auch Festkörper sich so verhalten können. Sicher verstanden ist der Effekt noch nicht.
Sanfter Rückprall des zerbrechlichsten aller Moleküle
Authors: Zhao Bum Suk , Meijer Gerard , Schöllkopf Wieland 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDas Heliumdimer He2 ist das im Grundzustand am schwächsten gebundene, bekannte Molekül. Dass es ohne zu zerbrechen von einer Wand zurückprallt, widerspricht den Gesetzen der klassischen Physik. Ein Experiment am Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft hat nun gezeigt, dass Heliumdimere durchaus zerstörungsfrei zurückgestreut werden können. Die Erklärung liegt in der Quantenreflexion, die bereits vor der Oberfläche stattfindet.
Ein Verfechter des Äthers
Authors: Loos Andreas 
Published: May 2011

AbstractManche Physiker unternehmen gern einmal Ausflüge in neue Wissenschaftsbereiche – insbesondere mit steigendem Alter. So auch der Gesuchte. Im Alter von 54 Jahren schreibt er “zur Erholung inmitten ernsthafterer Arbeit” einen Aufsatz über die “Analyse der Formen.” Dem voraus gegangen war eine Untersuchung von Schmetterlingen, Schnecken, Muscheln und Kieselalgen, wobei er vor allem nach Symmetrien suchte. Doch wenig später kehrt er wieder zu jenen Versuchen zurück, für die er berühmt werden sollte.