bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Municipal Compost in Reclamation of Phosphate‐Mining Sand Tailings
Authors: Hortenstine C. C. , Rothwell D. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhosphate mining produces sand tailings that are nearly sterile and almost void of plant nutrients (except for relatively insoluble P). Tailings are pumped onto sections of land to a depth of 5 to 7 m after the phosphate has been removed in the flotation process. The reclamation of sand tailings presents a unique challenge in that there is no organic matter present and fertility approaches zero. An investigation was initiated in May 1968 to study the effects of compost and fertilizer on sand tailings. Composted municipal refuse (compost) was incorporated into the top 15 cm of tailings at rates of 35 and 70 metric tons/ha with and without N‐P‐K fertilizer. Compost and fertilizer were reapplied in 1969. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) were planted in May and October of each year. Cation‐exchange capacity, water‐holding capacity, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and K‐Ca‐Mg contents of the sand tailings were increased by compost applications. Plant growth was relatively poor and yields were minimal; however, forage yields were increased greatly where compost and fertilizer were applied together as compared to where fertilizer was applied alone. Both sorghum and oat yields from compost without fertilizer were a fraction of yields where mineral fertilizer was applied.
Land Disposal of Liquid Sewage Sludge: II. The Effect on Soil pH, Manganese, Zinc, and Growth and Chemical Composition of Rye (Secale cereale L.)
Authors: King Larry D. , Morris H. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRye was seeded in October 1969 and 1970 in a Coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) sod on Cecil sandy clay loam to determine the residual effect of four rates of liquid sewage sludge and one chemical fertilizer treatment applied the previous summer. Sludge rates of 0.63, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 cm were applied in such a manner as to supply 4.4, 8.8, 10, and 20 cm of sludge, respectively, in 1969 and 2.5, 5.0, 10 and 20 cm, respectively, in 1970. Chemical fertilizer supplied 224‐37‐93 kg/ha of NPK in 1969 and 358‐112‐224 in 1970. The chemical fertilizer plots also received 56‐25‐47 kg/ha of NPK in October when the rye was planted and 84 kg/ha of N the following February. Soil and the accumulated sludge crust were sampled and lime (6.7 metric tons/ha) applied as a split plot treatment just prior to planting rye in 1970.Sludge treatments decreased soil pH and increased exchangeable and water‐soluble Mn and exchangeable Zn in the soil. Up to 29 kg/ha of exchangeable and 12.7 kg/ha of water‐soluble Zn was found in the sludge crust. In 1969‐70 and at the zero lime rate in 1970‐71 maximum rye yields were obtained with chemical fertilizer and the 1.25‐ and 2.5‐cm rate. With lime there were no significant differences among the 0.63‐, 1.25‐, and 2.5‐cm rates and chemical fertilizer. In 1969–70 and at both lime rates in 1970–71 yields were reduced by the 5‐cm rate as compared to the 1.25‐ and 2.5‐cm rates. Significant yield increases due to liming occurred at the 5‐cm rate only. Reduced yields at the 5‐cm rate were probably due to high forage levels of Zn and possibly Cu rather than deficiencies of N, P, K, Ca, or Mg or high levels of Mn, B, Mo, or Al.
Land Disposal of Liquid Sewage Sludge: III. The Effect on Soil Nitrate
Authors: King Larry D. , Morris H. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field experiment was conducted over a 2‐year period to determine the effect of liquid sewage sludge on soil nitrate content of a Cecil sandy clay loam (Typic Hapludults) to a 120‐cm depth. Periodic applications of four rates of sludge to coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) supplied a total of 4.4, 8.8, 10.0 and 20.0 cm of sludge in 1969 and 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 cm in 1970. Respective amounts of N applied by the four rates were 1,037, 2,074, 2,580, and 5,160 kg/ha in 1969 and 492, 984, 1.970, and 3,940 kg/ha in 1970. A chemical fertilizer treatment supplied 364 kg/ha of N in 1969 and 489 kg/ha in 1970. The two highest sludge rates affected significant increases in soil nitrate in the 0‐ to 120‐cm profile. The other two sludge rates and the chemical fertilizer treatment did not increase soil nitrate and were deemed safe from the standpoint of potential groundwater pollution. At the 20‐cm rate 40% (287 kg/ha) of the NO3‐N present in the 0‐ to 120‐cm profile in October 1970 could not be accounted for the following May. Of the N supplied by the 10‐ and 20‐cm applications, 17 and 9%, respectively, was recovered through crop uptake while 56 and 54% remained in the sludge crust that had accumulated on the soil surface.
Differential Effect of Fungicides on Ozone Injury and Brown Spot Disease of Tobacco
Authors: Reinert Richard A. , Spurr Harvey W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe differential effects of fungicidal applications on the incidence of ozone injury and injury from Atlernaria alternata Fr. Keissel infection on tobacco Nicotiana tabacum L. leaves were investigated. Spray applications of methyl 1‐butylcarbamoyl‐2‐benzimidazolecarbamate (benomyl) were made to two cigar wrapper cultivars, ‘Bel W3’ and ‘Florida 2612’ in the field. Applications of dodecylguanidine acetate (dodine) and manganous ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (maneb) were also observed on tobacco cultivar Bel W3. The ozone and A. alternata injuries were observed before and after fungicidal applications. All of the fungicidal applications significantly decreased ozone injury to tobacco leaves. Benomyl was most effective, decreasing leaf injury by 59%. Maneb and dodine were less effective. Maneb significantly decreased brown spot by 66% and benomyl and dodine produced smaller decreases in brown spot. The results demonstrated the differential responses of these two leaf diseases to fungicidal applications.
The Nitrogen Cycle in Sediment‐Water Systems
Authors: Keeney D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe available literature on the fate of nitrogen in waters and sediments is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the importance of N to aquatic productivity, the pathways leading to N gains or losses in aquatic ecosystems, and the availability of N in sediments to the overlying waters. Important biological reactions include N mineralization and immobilization, nitrification and denitrification, and N fixation. The effect of sediment properties, lake morphology and environmental factors (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, oxidation‐reduction potential) on the pathways and rates of turnover are considered. The mixing process in sediments appear to be the most important in releasing sediment‐N to waters. Several facets of the N cycle in waters and sediments require further elucidation. Research needs are outlined.
Carbon Cycle in Sediment‐Water Systems,
Authors: Kerr Pat C. , Brockway D. L. , Paris Doris F. , Craven S. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe availability of the specific molecular forms of carbon needed by different organisms regulates species selection, morphogenic response, and production of biomass.This paper reviews the literature relevant to the extent and rate of carbon exchange between sediment and water and discusses the general implication of the role of carbon in regulating biological activity.
A Review of Transuranic Elements in Soils, Plants, and Animals
Authors: Price Keith R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPublished information concerning the distribution and fate of neptunium, plutonium, americium, and curium in terrestrial ecosystems is reviewed, and areas needing further study are identified. In the final analysis of environmental quality, radionuclides with very long half lives will become increasingly important to man as they continually constitute a greater proportion of environmental radioactivity. The transuranic elements have been identified as the most hazardous radionuclide by‐products of nuclear reactor operations. The relatively few studies conducted indicate that transuranic elements do not remain in solution in soils, plants, or animals, but organic complexes and chelation greatly enhance mobility. The elucidation of natural organic complexes and chelating agents has not been attempted. Oxidation state also influences mobility, but possible biological mechanisms permitting oxidation or reduction remain uninvestigated. Ingestion is the most important transfer mechanism in ecosystems, but assimilation of transuranics from natural food sources is mostly unknown. Evidence in the literature suggests three possible mechanisms leading to the observed increase in plant uptake with time: the formation of organic complexes or chelates, a buildup of radionuclide concentration at root surface, or the slow but continual uptake by perennial plants. Each of these mechanisms deserves further study.
Plutonium Mobility in Soil and Uptake in Plants: A Review
Authors: Francis C. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA survey of the published literature pertaining to the movement of plutonium in soil and uptake in plants reveals that a major portion of the investigations pertain to soils developed under arid or semiarid climates. In some instances subsoil samples were used to describe plutonium adsorption characteristics and often short‐term greenhouse experiments were used to predict plant uptake. Some recent long‐term greenhouse studies indicate a substantially greater plant uptake of plutonium from a highly contaminated soil after 5 years of cropping as compared to the first year. It appears the most likely mode of plutonium entry into food chains leading to man would be that chelated with naturally occurring organic soil components. Chelation mechanisms have not been established.
Water‐Leachable Nutrients from Frozen or Dried Prairie Vegetation
Authors: White E. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRunoff from agricultural lands in South Dakota is mainly from melting snow and spring rains. Nutrient enrichment of this water may be enhanced during the fall and winter by the rupturing of plant cells by freezing. Native prairie vegetation and mulch were sampled in late summer, early fall, and spring to determine the effect freezing, in comparison to drying, would have on nutrient release to water. Release of Ca, Mg, K, P, NO3‐N, and NH4‐N by freezing was related to stage of growth or decomposition of the vegetation. Freezing increased nutrient release if the vegetation were growing when it was frozen. Soil genesis, ecological relations between plant species, and runoff water quality could be affected by the relative release of different kinds of nutrients.
Effect of Bulk Density on the Diffusion and Volatilization of Dieldrin from Soil
Authors: Farmer W. J. , Igue K. , Spencer W. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rate of volatilization of dieldrin from a buried soil layer generally increased as the bulk density of an overlying soil layer decreased. The rate of diffusion through soil and, therefore, the rate of volatilization is controlled by the bulk density of the soil. The rate of volatilization of dieldrin from a buried soil layer increased with time, reaching a maximum level when diffusion through the overlying soil layer neared a steady state. The volatility rate was proportional to the initial dieldrin concentration in the buried soil layer. The volatilization of dieldrin from treated soil is concluded to be controlled by a diffusion process once the surface soil pesticide concentration is reduced.
Recycling and Recovery of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium by Coastal Bermudagrass: I. Effect of Sources and Rates of Nitrogen Under a Clipping System
Authors: Matocha J. E. , Rouquette F. M. , Duble R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field experiment was conducted to determine recovery efficiencies for applied N, P, and K under a system of total removal of forage (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers. ‘Coastal’) over a 3‐year period. Ammonium nitrate, (NH2)2CO, and (NH4)2SO4 were each applied in split applications of 0, 280, 560, and 840 kg N/ha each season. Soil levels of total N, chemically extractable P, and K were monitored each season. Results show that N recovery percentages ranged in the following order: (NH4)2SO4>NH4NO3 > (NH2)2CO. Characteristic decreases in recoveries occurred with increasing N rates. Source effects on recovery efficiencies for P were as follows: NH4NO3 ⩾ (NH4)2SO4 > (NH2)2CO. Average P recovery percentages for NH4NO3 were 34, 46, and 52% for rates of 280, 560, and 840 kg N/ha, respectively. Plant recovery of applied K was greatest for (NH4)2SO4 and lowest for (NH2)2CO. Average values for (NH4)2SO4 were 108, 165, and 222% for the low, medium, and high rates of N, respectively. Ammonium sulfate gave greater accumulation of soil N with time than NH4NO3 or (NH2)2CO while chemically extractable soil P and K were highest for NH4NO3.
Degradation of 2,4‐D and Atrazine at Three Soil Depths in the Field
Authors: Lavy T. L. , Roeth F. W. , Fenster C. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil from three depths was treated with (2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4‐D) and 2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine (atrazine) and buried in the soil profile for 5, 17, 29 and 41 months at two locations in Nebraska. Degradation of 2,4‐D stored in field pits at 15‐, 40‐, and 90‐cm depths was rapid under aerobic soil conditions at both locations. Rates of atrazine degradation decreased with increasing soil depths. In Sharpsburg silty clay loam, phytotoxic amounts of atrazine dissipated during the first 5 months at the 15‐cm depth, and during the first 17 months at the 40‐cm depth. Atrazine treated samples buried at 90 cm in the same profile contained phytotoxic amounts of atrazine after 41 months as shown by a soybean bioassay and gas chromatographic analysis.
Agronomic Potential of Nectariless Cotton
Authors: Meredith William R. , Ranney C. D. , Laster M. L. , Bridge R. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe compared three BC6F4 nectariless strains of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with their recurrent parent varieties for yield, yield components, and fiber properties at six environments in 1971. A slight decrease (4.3%) in yield for nectariless ‘Stoneville 7A’ and a slight increase (3.8%) in yield for nectariless ‘Deltapine Smooth Leaf’ was detected. Nectaried and nectariless ‘Dixie King’ did not differ in yield. Nectariless strains, especially Deltapine Smooth Leaf tended to mature earlier. Slight but inconsistent differences in yield components of nectariless and nectaried strains were detected. Nectariless cottons tended to have shorter fibers.Significant genetic variability within BC6F3 nectariless populations of Stoneville 7A was detected, indicating that we were not working with isogenic nectariless varieties. Selection within BC5 nectariless Stoneville 7A resulted in yield improvement equal to that of nectaried Stoneville 7A. Fiber properties between nectaried and nectariless strains were essentially the same.The nectariless trait reduced boll rot. While the results from large field test were inconclusive, there were fewer tarnished plant bugs, fleahoppers, and less bollworm damage in nectariless cotton. Two predatory insects, lady beetles and big‐eyed bugs, were not affected by the presence or absence of nectaries.We detected no strong deleterious associations of nectariless and agronomic performance. This trait appears to have a good potential for insect and boll rot suppression in the Mississippi Delta.
Salinity‐Ozone Interactive Effects on Yield and Water Relations of Pinto Bean
Authors: Hoffman G. J. , Maas E. V. , Rawlins S. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe interaction of salinity and ozone on the growth of pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was evaluated in a controlled temperature light room. Salinity treatments having osmotic potentials of −0.4, −2.0, and −4.0 bars were studied in combination with 2‐hour daily exposures to 0, 0.15, 0.25, and 0.35 ppm of ozone.Ozone at 0.15 ppm decreased the yield of nonsaline plants nearly 50%; and at 0.25 ppm and higher, no significant yield was obtained. The results were essentially the same for plants salinized to −2.0 bars. At −4.0 bars, the yield at 0.25 ppm was only reduced to half that of the ozone‐free treatment. The results indicate no interaction between salinity and ozone below 0.15 ppm. Above 0.15 ppm, however, there is a large interaction. At salinities of −0.4 and −2.0 bars, water‐use efficiency decreased as ozone increased. Ozone did not appear to influence leaf water potential or its components.
Lead Uptake by Selected Tree Seedlings
Authors: Rolfe Gary L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMost of the numerous investigations concerning Pb in the environment have dealt with the Pb concentrations in various environmental components. These investigations have failed to describe the movement of Pb in the environment and factors influencing this movement. Several sources including soil, water, and air give rise to Pb in plants. Soil as a source of Pb is the concern of this study.The experiment was a completely random design in a factorial arrangement with eight tree species, five soil Pb levels (0 to 600 ppm), three soil types, and two phosphate levels (0 to 336 kg/ha) replicated three times.Results indicate statistically significant levels of Pb in the leaves, stems, and roots of all eight tree species with all treatment combinations except the control. Uptake was significantly affected by soil Pb concentration with higher uptakes associated with higher soil Pb levels. Lead uptake by plants was reduced by approximately half when high levels of soil P were present. Other soil factors had no significant effects on Pb uptake in the study.
Environmental Control in Animal Shelters Using Power Plant Thermal Effluents
Authors: Hirst Eric 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWaste heat could be used by farmers to provide environmental control for broilers and swine. The amount of waste heat which could be so used is about 1 to 2% of the total available from electric power plants. A proposed system for using waste heat involves conventional pad and fan systems with finned‐tube coils mounted downstream of the pads. The potential savings to farmers in fuel and feed costs are significant. However, major problems exist which must be investigated to determine whether incentives exist to develop and implement such systems. These problems include economics, management, marketing, disposal of animal wastes, dispersion of farming units, size of agricultural operation, climate, and seasonality of waste heat demands.
Heat Transfer Models for a Subsurface, Water Pipe, Soil‐Warming System
Authors: Kendrick J. H. , Havens J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMathematical models are developed for the prediction of heat losses from subsurface pipes carrying hot water. The method of images is used to calculate the heat loss from a hot water pipe buried at a given depth below the surface of a homogeneous soil with a constant soil surface temperature. The heat loss is described as a function of the difference between the temperature of the water and the temperature of the soil surface. The energy balance is used to determine the longitudinal temperature distribution of the water. The method is extended to describe the heat loss and the longitudinal temperature distribution for a system of equally spaced, parallel, subsurface pipes with water flowing in the same direction in neighboring pipes. Finally, the method is extended to calculate the heat loss and the longitudinal temperature distribution for a system of equally spaced, parallel, subsurface pipes with water flowing in opposite directions in neighboring pipes. Soil temperature profiles around the buried pipes are presented. The models are used to calculate the land area which can be heated with an underground piping system carrying the cooling water from the condensers of a 1000‐megawatt nuclear‐powered steam generation electric power plant.
Heat Budget of Cooling Basins
Authors: Lindstrom F. T. , Boersma L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA system of open water basins which allows beneficial use of heated discharges from thermal power stations while at the same time providing a heatsink is proposed. These are large, shallow compartments filled with water which is well mixed, while cooling water is pumped through conduits below the basins. They might be used for the production of single‐cell protein and fish. Equations were derived for the temperature distribution in the warm water conduit and basins of the system used in conjunction with a 1000‐megawatt electric power plant. The rate of heat loss is controlled by the rate of heat loss at the air‐water interface which may vary widely as a function of windspeed and relative humidity. The rate of heat exchange between the basins and the conduits was not critical. The surface area of basins required may vary from about 100 ha to over 500 ha.For a constant surface area of the basins the temperature of the cooling water would fluctuate as a result of changing rates of heat loss. It might be difficult to develop commercial uses for a large number of basins. Use of such basins in conjunction with other methods of heat dispersion is therefore suggested.
The Effects of Herbicides on Soybean Seed Constituents
Authors: Stoller E. W. , Weber E. J. , Wax L. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of 24 herbicides on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed yield, weight, protein, nonprotein nitrogen, oil, and fatty acid composition were investigated for several cultivars in 1969, 1970, and 1971 at Urbana, Illinois. Significant, but very small alterations in the measured parameters were noted for some herbicides, applied alone or in combination. The greatest difference observed was a reduction in seed yield due to injury from excessive herbicide rates or competition from weeds not controlled. The practical importance of the apparent alterations in seed composition caused by the herbicides is considered inconsequential.