bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Warranty Modeling
Authors: Thomas Marlin U. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Warranties have become an essential issue throughout the U.S. and global economy. Consumers rely on warranties for protection against low quality products, while manufacturers use them for marketing and building customer confidence in their products. The difficulties and challenges that manufacturers face in managing warranty programs are due to the risk of product failure and uncertainties in customer preferences and expectations. This article provides an overview of the quantitative models for examining economic decisions involving warranties. Cost models for various warranty policies including reserve fund allocation for future warranty costs are presented, along with models dealing with warranty and maintenance planning decisions.
MACBETH
(Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical Based Evaluation Technique)
Authors: Bana e Costa Carlos A , de Corte Jean‐Marie , Vansnick Jean‐Claude 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
MACBETH (measuring attractiveness by a categorical based evaluation technique) is an interactive multicriteria decision aid approach used to build a quantitative (numerical) value model, based on qualitative (nonnumerical) pairwise comparison judgments. The MACBETH value‐elicitation procedure described in this article is composed of an input stage aimed at eliciting a consistent set of qualitative judgments of difference in attractiveness between options, and an output stage aimed at constructing an interval value scale from the set of judgments, which numerically measures the relative attractiveness of options for the person or group that made the judgments.
The Strategic Choice Approach
Authors: Friend John 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The Strategic Choice Approach to planning under pressure has been developed by OR scientists as a means of facilitating communication among decision‐makers with diverse perspectives, allegiances and skills. Its function is to enable them to make sustained progress together in exploring the structure of complex decision problems, and in charting progress towards timely commitments to agreed actions. It offers a balanced set of communication tools which are primarily visual in form, yet are interlinked within a philosophy of planning that recognises the challenges that decision‐makers face in responding strategically to diverse sources of uncertainty, including those that call for a political or structural rather than an analytical response. The principles and leading tools of the approach are briefly introduced, with references to the growing range of applications in fields of collaborative planning ranging from local community action to national environmental policy.
Complementarity Problems
Authors: Konnov Igor V. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe consider complementarity problems in a finite‐dimensional space setting. We first describe existence and uniqueness results under norm and order monotonicity assumptions. Relations to some other general nonlinear problems are discussed. Then we describe basic solution methods utilizing the above monotonicity concepts and their convergence properties. We also discuss some extensions of the cases where variables satisfy box‐type constraints or the cost mapping is multivalued.
Sequential Quadratic Programming Methods
Authors: Schittkowski Klaus , Yuan Ya‐Xiang 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe present a brief review on one of the most powerful methods for solving smooth constrained nonlinear optimization problems, the so‐called sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method. Started during the late 1970s, global and local convergence theorems were proved and efficient codes released. Today, SQP algorithms are the standard tool in academia and industry to solve highly complex application problems.
Tracking Technologies in Supply Chains
Authors: Monsreal Mario M. , Hongyan Dai , Mitchell Tseng , David Brock 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
In recent years, companies have been striving for increased visibility and transparency of activities performed in supply chains. Supply chain tracking systems can provide visibility, traceability, and associated information across different stages of a supply chain, which enables competitive advantages. The efficiency and effectiveness of a tracking system are mainly supported by identification, communication, and information technologies in the supply chain. A better understanding of the various tracking technologies is important due to the fact that there is no single technology that completely covers the entire spectrum of needs and operations in the supply chain. However, there are various relevant technologies available in the market for information registration, capturing, and exchange; and in addition, some technologies have different standards to fit into specific industry sector and operation environments. These technologies complement each other in many ways; for example, some are suitable for outer environments while others work seamlessly inside facilities; and some identify objects while others capture information. It is the intent of this article to understand the main characteristics of different technologies, which play a key role in implementing the tracking system in an effective way. We introduce concepts of tracking system architecture and review most relevant identification, communication, and information technologies. Ultimately, we want to provide an overview of tracking technologies in order to assist decision makers in the processes of evaluation and selection of adequate technology for a design of a tracking system.
Rent and Rent Loss in the Icelandic Cod Fishery
Authors: Arnason Ragnar 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This article estimates current resource rents being generated in the Icelandic cod fishery and compares them to the maximum sustainable attainable ones. For this purpose, a simple aggregative model of the cod fishery is specified and empirically estimated. It is found that in spite of the cod stock being in a fairly depressed state, substantial economic rents are currently being generated in this fishery. No doubt this is primarily due to the effects of the ITQ system in this fishery. Current rents, however, are only about a third of the rents that would pertain in a profit maximizing sustainable position of this fishery. Thus, compared to the maximum, the Icelandic cod fishery appears to be subject to significant rent loss. Most of the rent gain from the current position of the fishery to the profit maximizing sustainable position is due to an increased cod stock. A much smaller part is due to reduced fishing effort.
Lipschitz Global Optimization
Authors: Sergeyev Yaroslav D. , Kvasov Dmitri E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this paper, a global optimization problem is considered where the objective function and constraints are multiextremal black‐box functions satisfying the Lipschitz condition over a hyperinterval and hard to evaluate. Such functions are frequently encountered in practice and that explains the great interest of researchers in the stated problem. Some known approaches to solving this problem are briefly described.
Deterministic Global Optimization
Authors: Pardalos Panos M. , Zheng Qipeng P. , Arulselvan Ashwin 
Published: February 2011

AbstractGlobal optimization has a wide range of applications, including chemistry, engineering, biology, economics, and physics. It includes a broad range of optimization problems, where both continuous and discrete variables are involved. Unlike many optimization methods that find locally optimal solutions, global optimization methods guarantee a globally optimal solution that is intrinsically difficult to find as there might exists multiple local optima. In this survey article, we make an appraisal of the existing state of affairs in global optimization. We discuss the theoretical and algorithmic advances made in the past decades in the area of global optimization.
Biosurveillance: Detecting, Tracking, and Mitigating The Effects of Natural Disease and Bioterrorism
Authors: Fricker Ronald D. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBiosurveillance is the regular collection, analysis, and interpretation of health and health‐related data for indicators of diseases and other outbreaks by public health organizations. Motivated by the threat of bioterrorism, biosurveillance systems are being developed and implemented around the world. The goal of these systems has been expanded to include both, early event detection and situational awareness, so that the focus is not simply on detection, but also on response and consequence management. Whether they are useful for detecting bioterrorism or not, there seems to be consensus that these biosurveillance systems are likely to be useful for detecting and responding to natural disease outbreaks such as seasonal and pandemic flu and thus, they have the potential to significantly advance and modernize the practice of public health surveillance.
Cognitive load theory, modality of presentation and the transient information effect
Authors: Leahy Wayne , Sweller John 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe modality effect occurs when audio/visual instructions are superior to visual only instructions. The effect was explored in two experiments conducted within a cognitive load theory framework. In Experiment 1, two groups of primary school students (N = 24) were presented with either audio/visual or visual only instructions on how to read a temperature graph. The group presented with visual text and a diagram rather than audio text and a diagram was superior, reversing most previous data on the modality effect. It was hypothesized that the reason for the reversal was that the transitory auditory text component was too long to be processed easily in working memory compared to more permanent written information. Experiment 2 (N = 64) replicated the experiment with the variation of a reduced length of both auditory and visual text instructions. Results indicated a reinstatement of the modality effect with audio/visual instructions proving superior to visual only instructions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Charge‐Generating Mode Control in High‐Performance Transparent Flexible Piezoelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Park Hyun‐Kyu , Lee Keun Young , Seo Ju‐Seok , Jeong Jin‐A , Kim Han‐Ki , Choi Dukhyun , Kim Sang‐Woo 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this work, we demonstrate the mode transition of charge generation between direct‐current (DC) and alternating‐current (AC) from transparent flexible (TF) piezoelectric nanogenerators (NGs), which is dependent solely on the morphology of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods without any use of an AC/DC converter. Tilted ZnO nanorods grown on a relatively low‐density seed layer generate DC‐type piezoelectric charges under a pushing load, whereas vertically aligned ZnO nanorods on a relatively high‐density seed layer create AC‐type charge generation. The mechanism for the geometry‐induced mode transition is proposed and characterized. We also examine the output performance of TF‐NGs which employ an indium zinc tin oxide (IZTO) film as a TF electrode. It is demonstrated that an IZTO film has improved electrical, optical, and mechanical properties, in comparison with an indium tin oxide (ITO) film. Enhanced output charge generation is observed from IZTO‐based TF‐NGs when TF‐NGs composed of only ITO electrodes are compared. This is attributed to the higher Schottky barrier and the lower series resistance of the IZTO‐based TF‐NGs. Thus, by using IZTO, we can expect TF‐NGs with superior mechanical durability and power generating performance.
Highly Conductive PEDOT:PSS Electrode with Optimized Solvent and Thermal Post‐Treatment for ITO‐Free Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Kim Yong Hyun , Sachse Christoph , Machala Michael L. , May Christian , Müller‐Meskamp Lars , Leo Karl 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHighly conductive poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films as stand‐alone electrodes for organic solar cells have been optimized using a solvent post‐treatment method. The treated PEDOT:PSS films show enhanced conductivities up to 1418 S cm−1, accompanied by structural and chemical changes. The effect of the solvent treatment on PEDOT:PSS has been investigated in detail and is shown to cause a reduction of insulating PSS in the conductive polymer layer. Using these optimized electrodes, ITO‐free, small molecule organic solar cells with a zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc):fullerene C60 bulk heterojunction have been produced on glass and PET substrates. The system was further improved by pre‐heating the PEDOT:PSS electrodes, which enhanced the power conversion efficiency to the values obtained for solar cells on ITO electrodes. The results show that optimized PEDOT:PSS with solvent and thermal post‐treatment can be a very promising electrode material for highly efficient flexible ITO‐free organic solar cells.
Bionanoelectronics: Bionanoelectronics (Adv. Mater. 7/2011)
Authors: Noy Aleksandr 
Published: February 2011

AbstractEvery cell in a living organisms performs a complex array of functions using a vast arsenal of proteins, ion channels, pumps, motors, signaling molecules, and cargo carriers. With all the progress that humankind has made to date in the development of sophisticated machinery and computing capabilities, understanding and communicating with living systems on that level of complexity lags behind. A breakthrough in these capabilities could only come if a way is found to integrate biological components into artificial devices. The central obstacle for this vision of bionanoelectronics is the absence of a versatile interface that facilitates two‐way communication between biological and electronic structures. 1D nanomaterials, such as nanotubes and nanowires, open up the possibility of constructing tight interfaces that could enable such bidirectional flow of information. This report discusses the overall progress in building such interfaces on the level of individual proteins and whole cells and focuses on the latest efforts to create device platforms that integrate membrane proteins, channels, and pumps with nanowire bioelectronics.
Synthesis, Immobilization, MAS and HR‐MAS NMR of a New Chelate Phosphine Linker System, and Catalysis by Rhodium Adducts Thereof
Authors: Guenther J. , Reibenspies J. , Blümel J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA new class of tridentate phosphine ligands with the general formula [MeP{(CH2)xPPh2}3]+I− (x=4, 7, 11) and [MeP(CH2PPh2)3]+OTf−, has been synthesized and fully characterized. The linkers have been immobilized on silica with their phosphonium moieties via electrostatic interactions, and their mobility and leaching has been studied by solid‐state HR‐MAS (high‐resolution magic angle spinning) NMR in various solvents. Immobilized Wilkinson‐type rhodium complexes have been obtained by ligand exchange with the surface‐bound linkers. The activities and lifetimes of the catalysts have been tested with respect to the hydrogenation of 1‐dodecene. The rhodium catalyst precursor bound by the immobilized linker [MeP{(CH2)7PPh2}3]+I− led to material with the highest activity and lifetime, and it could be recycled for 30 times in a batchwise manner. The other catalysts show shorter lifetimes. For all catalysts the formation of rhodium nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution around 4 nm has been proven.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Hydroesterification of Alkynes Employing Aryl Formates without the Use of External Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Katafuchi Yuko , Fujihara Tetsuaki , Iwai Tomohiro , Terao Jun , Tsuji Yasushi 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA highly efficient hydroesterification of alkynes employing aryl formates has been developed without the use of external carbon monoxide and at ambient pressure. The reaction in the presence of a palladium‐xantphos catalyst system selectively affords α,β‐unsaturated esters in good to high yields. Use of an aryl formate is crucial and alkyl formates did not react at all. The hydroesterification of norbornene and terminal alkenes also readily proceeded under similar reaction conditions. A mechanistic study showed that conversion of aryl formates to carbon monoxide and phenol derivatives occurred in the hydroesterification. Xantphos is highly effective as a ligand both in the conversion of aryl formates and the hydroesterification reactions.
Highly Selective Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct CH α‐Monoarylation of Carbonyl Compounds using Water Containing the Surfactant Polyoxyethylene‐α‐Tocopheryl Sebacate (PTS) as a Solvent
Authors: Lessi Marco , Masini Tiziana , Nucara Luca , Bellina Fabio , Rossi Renzo 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHighly selective direct CH α‐monoarylation reactions of 4‐chromanones, ketones and 2‐phenylacetaldehyde with aryl halides have been performed in satisfactory yields by using a tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)/tri‐tert‐butylphosphine tetrafluoroborate catalyst system, potassium bicarbonate as the base and a solvent consisting of pure water containing a small amount of polyoxyethylene‐α‐tocopheryl sebacate (PTS). Analogous reaction conditions have been employed in a tandem process leading to phenyl‐substituted isocoumarins from carbonyl compounds and methyl 2‐bromobenzoate.
Radiation grafting of VAc/HEMA binary monomers onto PFA films for biomedical applications
Authors: El‐Sawy Naeem M. , Abd El‐Rehim Hassan A. , Elbarbary Ahmed M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractGrafting of vinyl acetate (VAc), 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and their binary monomer onto poly(tetraflouroethylene‐perflourovinyl ether) (PFA) copolymer films was performed by means of gamma rays from 60Co using the direct method. The factors affecting the grafting yield such as type of solvent, inhibitor concentration, monomer and comonomer concentrations, comonomer composition, and irradiation dose were investigated. It was found that the magnitude of the enhancement depends on the VAc/HEMA ratio in the comonomer feed solution; the grafting yield was higher when VAc‐rich comonomer feed solution is used. The TGA analysis indicated that the copolymerization grafting of VAc/HEMA binary monomers onto PFA matrix improves the thermal stability. The results obtained in this study suggest that PFA‐g‐p(VAc/HEMA) copolymers have the potential to be used as blood‐contacting devices in a broad range of biomedical applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 30:21–32, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20204
A Systematic Approach to Solvent Selection Based on Cohesive Energy Densities in a Molecular Bulk Heterojunction System
Authors: Walker Bright , Tamayo Arnold , Duong Duc T. , Dang Xuan‐Dung , Kim Chunki , Granstrom Jimmy , Nguyen Thuc‐Quyen 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe solubilities of 3,6‐bis(5‐(benzofuran‐2‐yl)thiophen‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)pyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐1,4‐dione (DPP(TBFu)2) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) in a series of solvents are measured, and this data is used to calculate the Hansen solubility parameters of the two materials. The dispersion, polar, and H‐bonding parameters of DPP(TBFu)2 and PC71BM were found to be (19.3, 4.8, 6.3) and (20.2, 5.4, 4.5) MPa1/2, respectively, with an error of ± 0.8 MPa1/2. Based on the solubility properties of the two materials, three new solvents (thiophene, trichloroethylene and carbon disulfide) were utilized for the DPP(TBFu)2:PC71BM system which, after device optimization, led to power conversion efficiencies up to 4.3%.
In‐situ‐Verfolgung der Bildung kristalliner Feststoffe
Authors: Pienack Nicole , Bensch Wolfgang 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDie Prozesse, die in den frühen Stadien der Bildung kristalliner Feststoffe ablaufen, sind nur wenig verstanden, sodass eine rationale Synthese neuer Feststoffe weitgehend ausgeschlossen ist. Die Untersuchung der strukturbildenden Prozesse ist eine Herausforderung an analytische und theoretische Methoden, da vor und während einer Nukleation sehr kleine Teilchen oder Aggregate unterschiedlicher chemischer Zusammensetzung und Größe in komplexen und dynamischen Gleichgewichten untersucht werden müssen. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die Methoden zur In‐situ‐Untersuchung der frühen Kristallisationsstadien von Feststoffen, die helfen können, eine gezieltere Synthese metastabiler Polymorphe, kurzlebiger Intermediate und von Präkursoren mit neuen oder verbesserten Eigenschaften zu erreichen. Beispiele aus aktuellen Forschungsarbeiten sollen die Notwendigkeit und die Potentiale, aber auch die Grenzen der In‐situ‐Verfolgung von Kristallisationsprozessen verdeutlichen.
Von konventionellen zu ungewöhnlichen Gerüsten für Enzyminhibitoren: das Streben nach Spezifität
Authors: Meggers Eric 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDie enorme Herausforderung der spezifischen molekularen Erkennung einzelner biomakromolekularer Ziele innerhalb komplexer biologischer Systeme erfordert neuartige und kreative Strategien. Dieser Kurzaufsatz beschäftigt sich sowohl mit einigen konventionellen als auch mit ungewöhnlichen Herangehensweisen an die Entwicklung von selektiven Enzyminhibitoren mit besonderem Augenmerk auf die dazu verwendeten chemischen Grundgerüste. Diese beinhalten zum Beispiel komplizierte naturproduktähnliche organische Moleküle, stabile oktaedrische Metallkomplexe, Fullerene, Carborane, polymetallische Cluster und sogar Polymere. Somit ist das ganze Repertoire der organischen, anorganischen und makromolekularen Chemie verfügbar, um die Herausforderung der zielspezifischen Enzyminhibition anzugehen.
In‐Situ Monitoring of the Formation of Crystalline Solids
Authors: Pienack Nicole , Bensch Wolfgang 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe processes occurring during the early stages of the formation of crystalline solids are not well understood thus preventing the rational synthesis of new solids. The investigation of the structure‐forming processes is an enormous challenge for both analytical and theoretical methods because very small particles or aggregates with different chemical composition and different sizes must be probed, both before and during nucleation. Furthermore, these precursors are present in a complex and dynamic equilibrium. This Review gives a survey of the in‐situ methods available for the study of the early stages of crystallization of solids and how they can help in the synthesis of metastable polymorphs, of transient intermediates, and/or precursors displaying new or improved properties. Examples of actual research demonstrate the necessity and potentials but also the limitations of in‐situ monitoring of the formation of crystalline solids.