bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
275 Assessment of changes in hemoglobin concentration (Hb) in sows and their offspring over two consecutive reproductive cycles
Authors: McClellan Katlyn A , Lindemann Merlin D , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
There remains a knowledge gap regarding changes in hematological parameters, such as Hb, throughout the reproductive cycle of a sow. The principle aim of this study was to assess Hb concentartions in sows and their offspring over at least two consecutive reproductive cycles. Blood Hb measurements were initiated during the gilt stage and continued through parities 1 and 2, with measurements taken at six time points (d 30, 60, 90, and 112 of gestation; d 2 and 17 of lactation) involving a total of 13 sows. Sow body weight (BW) during gestation was 193.2 ± 38.1 kg for parity 1 and 220.7 ± 26.2 kg for parity 2; in lactation, sow BW was 201.5 ± 14.3 kg for parity 1 and 214.0 ± 19.6 kg for parity 2. Sow daily iron (Fe) intake, based on analyzed Fe content, was 0.621 ± 0.06 g during gestation and 1.79 ± 0.15 g during lactation across parities 1 and 2, which represents more than a 2-fold greater Fe intake than NRC 2012 requirement estimates. All liveborn piglets (n = 204 for parity 1; n = 201 for parity 2) underwent Hb measurements. Blood Hb concentrations were assessed within 24 h of birth before iron supplementation (200 mg iron dextran) and again at 17 d of age. Sows and piglets were classified as either anemic (Hb &lt; 10 g/dL) or non-anemic (Hb ≥ 10 g/dL). Analysis of variance included the main effect of day, parity and their interaction based on Tukey’s comparison. In gestation Hb was less (P = 0.03) at d 90 in parity 1 and at d 90 and 112 in parity 2 (Table 1). Across parity, Hb was less (P = 0.02) at d 60 in parity 2. In lactation, Hb was least (P = 0.0002) at d 17 in parity 1 where sows were deemed anemic; in parity 2, sows were deemed anemic throughout lactation. The total number of piglets born and born alive was 17.15 ± 2.03 and 16.0 ± 1.9, respectively, for parity 1, and 17.0 ± 3.11 and 15.85 ± 2.41, respectively, for parity 2. Regardless of parity, piglet Hb was greater (P &lt; 0.02) at weaning compared with birth. However, Hb concentrations were greater (P &lt; 0.0001) at both time points in parity 2 piglets. There was a reduced incidence of anemia at birth (39.1% vs. 59.02%, respectively) and weaning (14.2% vs 36.1%, respectively) among piglets born in parity 2 compared with parity 1. The decline in sow Hb status with parity, particularly in lactation, suggests the need to explore strategies to improve Hb in sows with advancing parity. Alternatively, piglet Hb status improved with parity, indicating a need to modify iron supplementation methods to facilitate greater Hb in parity 1 litters.
276 Effects of a phytogenic feed additive fed during lactation on sow and litter performance
Authors: Lima Gabriella , Manu Hayford , van de Ligt Chris P A , Wall Emma H , Johnston Lee J 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of a phytogenic feed additive on sow and litter performance. Six cohort groups of sows (n = 250) were used in this experiment. Dietary treatments were: 1) a corn-soybean meal diet (Control); 2) Control containing 150 ppm of a phytogenic feed additive (Low); and 3) Control + 200 ppm of a phytogenic feed additive (High). The feed additive contained a proprietary formulation of turmeric, capsicum, and black pepper oleoresins (Fytera Care, Selko USA, Indianapolis, IN). Sows were moved to a farrowing room and housed in individual farrowing stalls at 109 d of gestation. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed nutrient requirements for lactating sows, as outlined by NRC (2012). During lactation, sows were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water. Piglets were cross-fostered within dietary treatments within 24 h of birth to equalize suckling intensity as much as possible. Piglet mortalities were recorded daily. Statistical analyses included a one-way ANOVA with repeated measurements in time when appropriate. The statistical model included the fixed effect of dietary treatment, and the random effect of cohort group with parity as a covariate. We observed no significant interactions between dietary treatment and time for any measured response variable. Average daily feed intake of sows, sow body weight, wean-to-estrus interval, and the proportion of sows expressing estrus by d 14 postweaning were not significantly different across treatments (Table). We observed a tendency (P = 0.074) for increased loss of backfat depth during lactation for sows fed Low and High compared with sows fed Control diet. Dietary treatments did not affect litter size, litter weight, or litter weight gain. Percentage of piglet mortality before cross-fostering tended to be less (P = 0.056) for High-fed sows compared with Control sows. However, piglet mortality after cross-fostering was not affected by diet. In conclusion, under the conditions of this experiment, feeding 150 or 200 ppm of the phytogenic feed additive to lactating sows did not substantially improve sow or litter performance.
279 Effect of multiple feed additives on sow inflammatory status and reproductive performance during lactation
Authors: Hu Qiong , Zhao Junmei , Pecqueur Thomas , Walston Stephanie 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Low grade inflammation and insulin resistance were associated with increased gut permeability in lactating sows during the farrowing transition period. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of 4 feed additives including monolaurin, essential oil (Cinergy FIT 3S), phytogenic prototype 1 (PT1) and 2 (PT2) on sow inflammatory status and reproductive performance. It was hypothesized that the active components in these additives will reduce sow inflammation during lactation and lead to better sow reproductive performance. A randomized block design with 5 treatments was used in the study. A total of 550 gestating sows were enrolled with entry body weight of 240.1 ± 14.6 kg and allotted to one of the following five diets: Control; monolaurin; Cinergy; PT1 and PT2. Corn-soy based lactation diet was formulated with CP of 18%. All diets were formulated to be at similar net energy and standardized ileal digestible Lysine level. Experimental diets were fed beginning approximately 4 d before farrowing and throughout the entire lactation phase (21 d). Blood was collected from 16 sows per treatment before farrowing and within 5 d post farrowing to measure inflammatory cytokine concentrations. Performance data were analyzed using a general linear model in R (version 4.0.0). Count data were analyzed using a generalized linear model with a binomial distribution. Dietary treatments did not impact average daily feed intake. Dietary treatment did not affect probability of still born or number of weaned pigs, but diet supplemented with PT1 resulted in greater (P &lt; 0.05) probability of born alive compared with the control (Table 1). There was a tendency (P &lt; 0.10) in treatment effect on pre-weaning mortality, with sows received PT2 supplemented diet having lowest value numerically. The concentration of cytokines IL-1α (P &lt; 0.05), IL-1β (P &lt; 0.01), IL-4 (P &lt; 0.01), IL-6 (P &lt; 0.10) and IL-10 (P &lt; 0.10) were reduced between pre and post farrowing to a greater extent in sows fed Cinergy supplemented diet compared with the control. In conclusion, Cinergy worked best in reducing multiple inflammatory cytokine concentrations post-farrowing. Sows received PT1 supplemented diet had greater born alive and those received PT2 supplemented diet had numerically least pre-weaning mortality.
278 Phytogenic feed additive increased sow lactation average daily feed intake, litter weaning weight, and subsequent conception rate when fed in summer environmental conditions
Authors: McGhee Molly L , Pilcher Chad M , Frederick Brent , Moran Kory 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that feeding a phytogenic feed additive (Fresta F, Delacon, Austria) to sows during lactation would increase lactation average daily feed intake (ADFI) during natural heat stress from summer environmental conditions. At the time of entry to lactation facilities, 192 sows were randomly allotted by parity and within farrowing batch to one of two treatments. A basal lactation diet based primarily on corn, soybean meal, and dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) served as the control treatment, whereas the test treatment contained 0.04% phytogenic feed additive at the expense of corn. Before farrowing, sows were limit fed, but once farrowing occurred, sows were provided with ad libitum access to feed. Individual feed disappearance was recorded daily, and sow was considered the experimental unit. Sow body weights (BW) and ultrasound backfat thickness were recorded at the time of entry to and exit from the lactation facilities. Litter weights were recorded at birth and at weaning, and litter inventories were recorded at birth, upon completion of cross-fostering within treatment, on d 5 of lactation, and at weaning. Ultimately, 185 sows completed the study and were included in statistical analyses. Data were analyzed using the lme4 package of R 4.1.2, and the statistical models included the fixed effect of treatment and the random effects of parity and farrowing batch. Data were assumed to be normally distributed, except for pig survival and conception rate, which were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models specifying a binomial distribution. Total and live litter size did not differ at birth, nor did litter birth weight (Table 1). Inclusion of the phytogenic feed additive increased (P &lt; 0.05; ADFI in lactation from 6.21 to 6.74 kg per day. In turn, the phytogenic feed additive tended (P &lt; 0.10) to increase litter wean weight, which was driven by numerically increased piglet survival (87.47% for control and 89.37% for phytogenic, P = 0.126) and a tendency (P &lt; 0.10) for increased average pig weaning weight. Sow BW did not differ at entry to lactation, though sow weight at weaning tended to be greater (P &lt; 0.10) when the phytogenic feed additive was fed. The phytogenic feed additive also increased (P &lt; 0.05) subsequent conception rate from 88.7 to 97.8%. In conclusion, feeding a phytogenic feed additive during summer conditions increased lactation feed intake, which resulted in increased weaning weight and improved subsequent conception rate.
281 Effects of dietary Aspergillus oryzae postbiotic during gestation and lactation on sow and progeny performance
Authors: Junior Sudario Roberto Silva , Johnston Lee J , Manu Hayford , Gomez Andres , Ocazio Cesar , Ipharraguerre Ignacio R , Urriola Pedro E 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate effects of Aspergillus oryzae postbiotic (AOP) supplementation in gestation and lactation diets on sow performance, litter performance, and offspring performance through the nursery period. Sows [n = 118; Landrace × Yorkshire; body weight (BW) = 238 ± 2.2 kg; parit y= 3.8 ± 0.32] were blocked by parity and assigned randomly to one of two treatments. Treatments were a control diet and a control diet supplemented with AOP (Biozyme Inc.) at 1.5 g/sow/d in gestation from 5 days before breeding until farrowing, and adjusted to 1.55 g•sow-1•d-1 during lactation. Sow BW and P2 backfat thickness were measured on d 0, 30, and 109 of gestation and 24 h postpartum and at weaning on d 20 ± 2. Litters were standardized to 13 piglets within 24 h of farrowing. Piglets were weighed individually at birth, after 24 h, and at weaning. At weaning, 369 pigs were allotted to pens within maternal dietary treatment (48 pens, with 7 or 8 pigs/pen) for a 42-d nursery trial. All pigs received a common nursery diet in 3 dietary phases. Sows fed AOP had a lighter (P &lt; 0.01) BW than those in the control group on d 109 of gestation (234.1 vs 244.1 kg) and post-farrowing (227.4 vs 236.7 kg), respectively, but not at other time points. Moreover, sows fed AOP showed less (P &lt; 0.01) BW loss from d 109 of gestation to weaning (-0.9 vs -7.8 kg) and from post-farrowing to weaning (4.1 vs -1.9 kg) compared with control sows. Total feed intake and average daily feed intake (Control: 6.0 vs AOP: 6.2 kg/d) during lactation were not impacted (P &gt; 0.10) by dietary treatments. Supplementation of AOP did not influence (P &gt; 0.10) litter size (14.8 vs 16.0), litter birth weight (17.4 vs 18.2 kg), percentage of low birth weight piglets (13 vs 12.5 %) or normal birth weight piglets (87.0 vs 87.5 %), stillbirths (1.2 vs 1.2/litter), or mummies (0.9 vs 0.5/litter) for Control and AOP sows, respectively. Across treatments, no differences (P &gt; 0.10) were observed for litter weight gain (43.2 vs 40.4 kg), average piglet BW at weaning (5.1 vs 4.9 kg), or piglet mortality rate (12.4 vs 13.1 %) for Control and AOP sows, respectively. Piglets weaned from AOP sows tended (P = 0.07) to have an increased average daily feed intake (ADFI) during the first week after weaning compared with pigs weaned from Control sows (0.28 vs 0.26 kg), but AOP did not influence other performance parameters for the entire nursery period. There were no interactions between maternal dietary treatment and nursery phase (P &gt; 0.10), suggesting consistent responses to maternal dietary treatments over time. In summary, feeding sows AOP reduced sow BW loss but had no impact on litter or nursery performance.
280 Feeding a combination of feed additives before and during farrowing of sows reduces inflammation and oxidative stress and increases blood calcium to support uterine contraction
Authors: Blavi Laia , Sobrevia Laia , Laird Steven , Nu Mai Anh Ton , Tibble Simon 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Farrowing is associated with inflammation and increasing oxidative stress status. In addition, during farrowing, calcium requirement increases to support uterine contraction. We have previously observed that feeding a combination of feed additives (FA), that contains inulin, Bacillus velezensis, extracts of olive oil and artichoke, and calcitriol, reduced the duration and assistance of farrowing in sows, and the number of stillborn piglets. It was hypothesized that feeding the combination of FA would reduce inflammation and oxidative stress and provide Ca to support uterine contractions during farrowing. A total of 34 sows from d 107 of gestation until 2 d post-farrowing were randomly allotted (balanced by parity 3.8 ± 2.5) to two treatments: without (control -CON) or with the FA combination (FA, Adicare Vita, 200 g/d). At the starting d (D 107 of gestation) and 24 h post-farrowing, blood samples were obtained to analyze for pig major acute-phase protein (Pig-MAP as an inflammation biomarker) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx as an antioxidant biomarker). During farrowing, sows were monitored, and blood samples were collected at 0 h, 2.5 h and 5 h to analyze for ionized Ca (iCa). Data was analyzed using SAS 9.4. Mean values were calculated using LSMeans statement. P-values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant while tendencies were considered at 0.05 ≤ P &lt; 0.10. Pig-MAP and GPx were analyzed using the MIXED procedure and iCa concentrations as repeated measures using the MIXED procedure. Sows fed the FA combination compared with CON sows tended to have decreased post-farrowing Pig-MAP l concentrations (2.52 vs. 4.29 mg/mL, respectively; P = 0.08) and greater GPx concentrations (2,112 vs. 1,588 U/L, respectively; P &lt; 0.01). FA sows had greater (P &lt; 0.05) blood Ca concentrations during farrowing compared with CON sows (0.90, 1.10, and 1.01 vs. 0.85, 0.98, and 0.96 mmol/L at 0, 2.5 and 5h, respectively). To conclude, feeding a combination of FA during the last week of gestation might provide antioxidant effects, reduce inflammation caused by farrowing, and increase blood Ca to favor the uterine contractions.
282 Effect of dietary supplementation with guanidinoacetic acid, a creatine precursor, in gestating and lactating sows on sow and litter performance
Authors: Mendoza S M S , Bauer L , Htoo John K , Asmussen Sarah , Richert S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is the immediate metabolic precursor of creatine. Sows undergo periods of high energy demand and dietary supplementation of GAA can support the creatine/phosphocreatine energy system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of GAA in sows on sow and litter performance. Sows (n = 150; Danbred x Pietrain, parity 1 to 7) were allocated to two dietary treatments (75 sows/treatment), 0.0 or 0.1% GAA in both gestation and lactation phases and balanced by parity and body weight (BW). Gestation diets (2.87 Mcal ME/kg, 2.13 g SID Lys: Mcal ME, 0.21% SID Met, and 0.13% choline) were fed from d 1 to 107 of pregnancy and 4 d post-weaning; and lactation diets (3.14 Mcal ME, 3.18 g SID Lys: Mcal ME, 0.34% SID Met, and 0.14% choline) were fed from d 108 of gestation through the lactation (26 days). Sows were kept in the same treatment during gestation and lactation. After farrowing, litters were standardized to 13 pigs per sow. Dietary supplementation with GAA during the gestation reduced sow feed intake (319.4 vs. 313.6 kg, P = 0.009), and did not affect sow BW at d 108 of gestation (284.2 vs. 282.8 kg, P = 0.889), born alive (15.70 vs. 15.92, P = 0.668), stillborn piglets (1.78 vs. 1.51, P = 0.332), and piglet BW at birth (1.34 vs. 1.32 kg, P = 0.591), for 0.0 and 0.1% GAA respectively. Dietary supplementation with GAA during lactation did not affect sow feed intake (181.1 vs. 181.5 kg, P = 0.999), sow BW at weaning (252.7 vs. 255.3 kg, P = 0.747) and wean-to-estrus interval (5.0 vs. 4.9 d, P = 0.978), and tended to reduce sow backfat loss at weaning (17.0 vs. 17.4 mm, P = 0.090), for 0.0 and 0.1% GAA, respectively. Sows fed GAA in lactation tended to have a greater number of pigs weaned (11.76 vs. 12.10, P = 0.088), and their piglets tended to have a greater average daily gain (ADG; 216.1 vs. 226.0 g/d, P = 0.062), have significantly heavier litters at weaning (81.87 vs. 86.28 kg, P = 0.048) and their litters have a greater BW gain (64.07 vs. 68.60 kg, P = 0.028). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 0.1% of GAA to gestating and lactating sows improved litter weight at weaning, litter weight gain, and number of pigs weaned and did not affect sow BW and reproductive performance. More studies are needed to evaluate if supplementing GAA in gestation has a carryover effect on the lactation period.
283 Identification of new or existing risk factors associated with the development of sow pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Kociemba Lori , Vier Carine M , Canavate Sergio , Diaz Andres , Diaz Julia A Calderon , Weger Kendall , Orlando Weasley A , Dritz Steve 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A survey was conducted between March and December of 2022 to examine the variation between farms that had high and low pelvic organ prolapse (POP) rate. The objective was to identify new or existing risk factors associated with the development of POP, which could open new avenues for further investigation. Sow farms (n = 53) across 26 production systems located in the US, Canada, and Mexico were used. Sampling of farms was not random. High and low POP systems were selected within each region as well as high and low POP farms within each system. Over 800 variables related to general farm information and management, performance traits, reproductive management, replacement gilt management, gestation and farrowing practices, labor and health management, and nutrition were collected during farm visits. To be included in the analysis, at least 70% of observations were needed for continuous variables with at least 10% of observation for each category for categorical variables. Univariable models were fitted to identify variables associated with annualized POP rate for 2021. Variables with P ≤ 0.10 were selected for further analysis, with 94 predictor variables selected for principal components analysis (PCA). A factor analysis of mixed data was conducted, and results were then fitted into a hierarchical clustering on PCA, which segregated the data into three clusters: 2 with low POP (2.5%) and 1 with high POP (6.1%) prevalence (low vs high P &lt; 0.05). The resulting clusters explained 33.7% of the variability in annualized 2021 POP rate. Differences between clusters were evaluated by Kruskall-Wallis test for numerical variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. High POP cluster farms had greater total piglets born over the years, greater number of sows per worker, greater annual gestation feed usage, and a lower mean body condition score at 16 wk of gestation compared with low POP cluster farms. High POP cluster farms had a decreased proportion of farms using conventional artificial insemination, a greater proportion of farms utilizing cup waterers in gestation for sows in group housing and in farrowing, and greater proportion of farms with a routine sleeving practice. High POP cluster farms compared with low POP cluster farms had greater gestation distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) inclusion level (14.6% vs 4.0%, SE 3.02), greater levels of standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) P% (0.49% vs 0.39%, SE 0.014), narrower analyzed Ca to STTD P ratio (1.7 vs 2.2, SE 0.06), and lower phytase inclusion and release (0.16% vs 0.09%, SE 0.014). These variables were also the predictors with the greatest R2 values in the univariable models. These observations suggest further research is needed to evaluate the connection between dietary Ca and P and pelvic organ prolapse.