bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Occurrence of Peculiar Bodies in Blood Cells of Animals after Treatment with some Chemical Compounds
Authors: Tate P. , Vincent M. 
Published: June 2009

Oral and subcutaneous administration of the compounds aminopropyl-aminostyrylmethoxyquinoline trihydrochloride and o-β-diethylaminoethyl harmol hydrochloride causes the appearance of peculiar bodies in the blood cells of canaries and mice.The bodies are irregular in shape and size, stain intensely blue with Leish-man's and Giemsa's stains, and are most numerous in erythrocytes, but occur also in eosinophiles, leucocytes and reticulo-endothelial cells.The bodies show no cytological structure, are not seen to undergo multiplication, and are not transmissible by blood inoculation.They are apparently non-living inclusions in the blood cells caused by the action of these two chemical compounds.
A revision of the nematode genus Meteterakis Karve, 1930
Authors: Inglis William G. 
Published: June 2009

1. The genus Meteterakis is reconstituted with eight species: M. govindi, M. louisi, M. baylisi, M. longispiculata, M. cophotis, M. japonica, M. mabuyi and M. triaculeata.2. M. cophotis, M. japonica and M. longispiculata were previously placed in the genus Spinicauda.3. M. mabuyi was previously in the genus Africana.4. M. triaculeata was previously in the genus Ganguleterakis.5. M. baylisi and M. louisi are new species.6. Spinicauda bufonis and, probably, Africana varani are considered synonyms of M. govindi.7. Africana howardi is considered a synonym of M. japonica.8. A list of the remaining species in the genera Africana and Spinicauda is given.
Life history and pathogenicity of Eimeria adenoeides Moore & Brown, 1951, in the turkey poult
Authors: Clarkson M. J. 
Published: June 2009

The life cycle and pathogenicity of a strain of Eimeria isolated in Great Britain from turkey poults by single cell inoculation are described and, using the criteria laid down by Tyzzer, the species is identified as E. adenoeides.The life cycle is of the same general pattern as in other Eimeria species, consisting of two asexual and one sexual generations.The organism is highly pathogenic for young poults, a dose of 200,000 oocysts producing 100 % mortality in 3-week-old birds and smaller doses causing reduced weight gain. Birds 11 weeks old resisted a dose of 3 million oocysts.The gross and microscopic pathology of the infection is described. No changes were found in the blood picture.
Notes on three species of Pterygosoma (Acarina: Pterygosomidae) from Gerrhosaurid lizards
Authors: Jack K. M. 
Published: June 2009

1. A short note is given on Pterygosoma hystrix Lawrence, 1935, amplifying the original description and extending the known range of variation.2. The hitherto undescribed male, larva, protonymph and deutonymph of Pterygosoma gerrhosauri Law, 1935, are described and figured.3. The protonymph and deutonymph of Pterygosoma bicolor Law, 1935, are described and figured, together with a record of variation in the female.
A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds, including a consideration of other cognate material. I
Authors: Arthur D. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. The male of Ixodes rothschildi is described for the first time from the burrows of Fratercula arctica grabae at Skokholm, Wales.2. The species described as I. rothschildi by Zumpt is now considered as a new species, I. diomedeae.
The effect of immune sera on the respiration of Trypanosoma brucei in vitro
Authors: Thurston June P. 
Published: June 2009

1. Blood-stream forms of Trypanosoma brucei ‘O’ strain from infected rats were separated from the blood by differential centrifugation. After washing, the trypanosomes were suspended in modified Ringer-phosphate solution with 0·2m glucose, and normal or immune rabbit serum was added. The oxygen uptake of such trypanosome suspensions was measured at 37° C. for 2 hr. with differential manometers using microflasks of 5 ml. capacity.2. Immune sera that affected the motility of the trypanosomes also caused a decrease in oxygen uptake.3. Some trypanosomes appeared to be unaffected by the less active concentrations of immune sera, while other trypanosomes in the same suspension were clumped together or lysed.4. The most active serum inhibited oxygen uptake less at the highest concentration tested (1/4·5) than at lower concentrations (1/9 and 1/20).5. This technique was less sensitive than Soltys's method (1957) for demonstrating neutralizing antibodies in the same sera.
Three new ophidian lung mites of the subfamily Entonyssinae Ewing, 1922
Authors: Keegan Hugh L. 
Published: June 2009

1. Three new species of dermanyssid mites of the subfamily Entonyssinae are described. These are: Entonyssus heterodontos n.sp. from Heterodon contortrix contortrix, Ophiopneumicola elaphes n.sp. from Elaphe obsolete, obsoleta, Ophiopneumicola natricis n.sp. from Natrix sipedon pictiventris.2. Keys for the identification of male and female mites of the Entonyssinae are given.3. 141 snakes, representing thirty-five species, were examined for lung mites. Thirteen individuals, representing eight species, were found to be infested.4. Two species incertae sedis, one from Pituophis sayi, the other from Coluber constrictor flaviventris, are discussed.5. Problems of classification and distribution of this group of parasites are discussed.
Immunity in trypanosomiasis I. Neutralization reaction
Authors: Soltys M. A. 
Published: June 2009

A study of neutralization reaction of trypanosomes with immune sera made against them is recorded, together with a description of the technique.Neutralizing antibody appears in rabbits infected withT. brucei5 days after infection and reaches its peak (1/320) within 28 days.The same titre of neutralizing antibody can be produced in rabbits by a series of injections of dead formalized trypanosomes.Antibody titres persist at high levels for a longer period in animals infected and subsequently treated than in animals immunized with dead trypanosomes.Neutralizing antibody can be demonstrated in infected guinea-pigs but on a much lower level than in rabbits. Mice and rats infected withT. bruceiand not treated failed to show demonstrable neutralizing antibody.Mice infected withT. bruceican be protected from infection by inoculation at the same time, or even 1 hr. later, with 0·5 ml. of antiserum showing a high level of neutralizing antibody.Mice inoculated with the same antiserum showed passive immunity lasting for 10 days.The evidence thatT. brucei‘O‘ after passages through rabbits failed to be neutralized by homologous or heterologous sera which, on the other hand, were able to neutralize the parent strain, suggests that strains after passage through rabbits were not genetic variants, but developed a protective mechanism against immune bodies.
Studies on tapeworm physiology
Authors: Smyth J. D. 
Published: June 2009

The plerocercoid larvae of the pseudophyllidean cestode Ligula intestinalie have been removed from the body-cavity of the roach, Rutilua rutilus, and cultured in vitro under aseptic conditions, using a technique similar to that successfully applied to Schistocephalus solidus.In the larval condition, the genitalia are in a primitive, immature condition, with the testes, ovaries and yolk-glands only partially developed.Larvae were cultured in peptone-broth in plugged tubes at a temperature of 40° C, i.e. the body temperature of birds in which the plerocercoids normally develop into adult worms.Three of the nine larvae used became sexually mature after 7 days' cultivation, and oviposition took place. Copulation between successive genitalia of the same worm or with genitalia of another worm in the same culture tube was not observed.Histological examination revealed that spermatogenesis, oogenesis, vitellogenesis and shell formation had apparently taken place in a normal manner. The testes contained giant polyploid cells as well as mature spermatozoa. The receptaculum seminis contained no spermatozoa, from which it was concluded that fertilization had not taken place. This was confirmed by the fact that attempts to hatch out the eggs were unsuccessful. The unfertilized eggs, however, underwent parthenogenic development within the uterus as far as the two-cell stage. Of the remaining six larvae, four developed sufficiently to undergo eversion of the cirrus, but died without oviposition taking place.
The cattle lice of Great Britain Part II. Lice populations
Authors: Craufurd-Benson H. J. 
Published: June 2009

1. The seasonal variations and regional distribution of the cattle lice have been studied by monthly examinations of cattle at the Cooper Field Research Station.2. Additional evidence has been obtained by the distribution of a questionnaire to farmers, the general results of which are included in this paper.3. The seasonal variations of the populations of the four species of cattle lice in Great Britain are similar. The maximum population density is reached in February and March. In April and May there is a rapid decline until the populations reach their lowest level in June, July and August. In September, the lice start increasing in numbers till they reach their maximum density in February and March.4. The regional distribution of the population varies in accordance with the seasonal variations of the whole population.5. The various climatic factors that may affect the lice populations are discussed. It is considered that the light intensity is a factor of major importance in this country.6. The various factors inherent in the host animal are discussed, and it is suggested that the seasonal fluctuations of the density of the animal's coat are important.7. The finding of a previous paper (Craufurd-Benson, 1941) that the microclimatic temperature is important as affecting the hatching of eggs is discussed in relation to the variations of lice populations as a whole.
The occurrence of Onchocerca gutturosa Neumann in cattle in England, with an account of its life history and development in Simulium ornatum Mg
Authors: Steward J. S. 
Published: June 2009

1. Onchocerca is recorded for the first time from English-bred cattle.2. A specific diagnosis of O. gutturosa is made, O. bovis being regarded as a synonym. It is suggested that Stiles's description of Filaria lienalis may have referred to this species.3. The microfilariae occur in the skin of infected cows, and blood-sucking flies of the genus Simulium were found to be the vectors.4. Complete development was observed in S. ornatum and partial development in S. erythrocephalum. S. ornatum appears to be a very efficient intermediate host, as over 40 per cent became infected.5. Culicoides nubeculosus, the vector of Onchocerca cervicalis of horses, does not appear to carry the bovine Onchocerca.
Researches on the intestinal protozoa of monkeys and man
Authors: Dobell Clifford 
Published: June 2009

1. The life-history of Entamoeba coli (from a marmoset, several macaques, and Man), as observable in cultures, is here described and illustrated. It is found to be similar, in general outline, to that of E. histolytica, but to differ considerably in its excystation and metacystic stages.2. At excystation, the entire contents of the cyst usually escapes, as a single multinucleate amoeba, through a large opening in the cyst wall, which is composed of two layers.3. Normal ripe cysts frequently lose 1 to 4 of their 8 original nuclei before hatching, thus becoming “infranucleate” (i.e. containing only 4 to 7 nuclei instead of the “typical” 8).4. During the metacystic stages no nuclear divisions occur. The hatched amoeba eventually produces, by a series of binary cytoplasmic fissions with random nuclear distribution, as many uninucleate amoebulae as it originally contained nuclei.5. An originally 8-nucleate cyst may therefore produce 8 amoebulae finally –never more: but owing to the frequent development of infranucleate forms, it often produces only 7, 6, 5, or 4.6. Development is complicated by occasional division into two within the cyst before hatching, or at the moment of hatching—such divisions being seen in both “typical” and “infranucleate” cysts; and also by the occurrence of supernucleate cysts (containing more than 8 nuclei), which are often viable but usually develop in an infranucleate condition. Consequently, amoebae containing any number of nuclei from 1 to 8—or even more—may hatch from the cysts of this species (unlike those of any other hitherto described).7. The uninucleate amoebulae resulting from the metacystic divisions are young trophic amoebae—not gametes—and no sexual stages occur in the life-cycle. Division of the trophic amoebae is briefly described and figured.8. The life-cycle of E. coli is finally compared with that of E. histolytica and related species: the relevant observations of other workers are briefly analysed: and the taxonomic implications are noted.A memorandum is added on the genus Entamoeba, in an attempt to clarify the nomenclatural and taxonomic confusion created by Opinion 99 promulgated by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. This leads to the conclusion that the Opinion itself is a dead letter, though the genus Entamoeba still lives and should therefore be retained, for the time being, with E. coli Casagrandi & Barbagallo, 1895, as its type.
A comparative study of the life histories of Nematodirus battus and N. filicollis, nematode parasites of sheep
Authors: Thomas R. J. 
Published: June 2009

1. The life history of N. battus is described, and a comparative description of the life history of N. filicollis is given.2. The life histories of these two species are compared with those of N. spathiger and N. helvetianus, two closely related species, and are shown to follow the same basic pattern, with minor variations in timing which appear to be specific in nature, and not related to differences in culture methods or host species.3. The pathogenesis of Nematodirus species is discussed and related to the migration of larvae into the intestinal mucosa during development.
On the invasion of the central nervous system by nematodes: II. Invasion of the nervous system in ascariasis
Authors: Sprent J. F. A. 
Published: June 2009

1. Experimental infections in mice showed that the larvae ofToxocara canis, T. mystax, Ascaris devosi, A. columnarisandToxascaris transfugareached the brain of mice; the larvae ofAscaris lumbricoides, A. suum, Parascaris equorumandToxascaris leoninawere not recovered from the brain. The larvae ofT. canis, T. mystax, T. transfugaandA. columnarisremained hi the brain of mice for several months.2. Larvae reaching the brain produced characteristic haemorrhages on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres in the early stages of infection. It was concluded that the larvae reach the brain via the arterial blood stream, leave the arteries at the point where their diameter approximates that of the larvae, i.e. mostly on the surface of the brain, and penetrate into the brain from the subarachnoid space and chorioidal tissues.3. The larvae ofT. caniswere found to occur in the brain of mice in relatively greater numbers than the larvae of other species, but only very rarely caused nervous symptoms. The larvae ofT. canisandT. mystaxshowed no growth in the brain.4. The larvae ofA. columnaris(skunk) frequently caused nervous symptoms in mice, the effect appeared to result from traumatic damage due to the relatively large size attained by these larvae about 3 weeks after infection.5. The brain of infected mice showed very slight changes consequent upon infection with larvae ofT. canis. These larvae moved actively through the tissues; they incited little or no cellular reaction, but left haemorrhagic tracks. The larvae ofA. columnarisalso moved actively; when in the extended state they were usually found in normal tissue; when coiled, they were often associated with a necrotic focus infiltrated with leucocytes.6. After experimental infections of dogs with larvae ofT. canis, two out of twelve infected animals harboured larvae in the brain. No natural infections with these larvae were found in the brains of dogs and cats. After experimental infection, larvae ofT. caniswere found in the brain of mice, rats and guinea-pigs, but not of rabbits.7. Larvae ofA. suumwere recovered from the cerebrum of one pig suffering from posterior paralysis, but not in an experimentally infected pig.8. No larvae ofP. equorumwere found in the brain of foals in natural and experimental infections.
Hypoderma diana (Diptera, Oestridae) and Lipoptena cervi (Diptera, Hippoboscidae) as parasites of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in Scotland with notes on the second-stage larva of Hypoderma diana
Authors: Kettle D. S. , Utsi M. N. P. 
Published: June 2009

Some of the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) introduced into Scotland from Northern Sweden have become infested with the deer warble fly Hypoderma diana and the deer ked Lipoptena cervi.Evidence is presented which suggests that the larvae of H. diana proceed to their final site on the back of the host by way of the neural canal, and in this way probably caused the deaths of two reindeer in the winter of 1953–4.A detailed analysis is presented of the frequency with which various bands of spines occurred on second-stage larvae of H. diana. An analysis of the number of chitinous rings in the two posterior spiracles on second-stage H. diana larvae showed that in any individual larva the two numbers were not independently determined.On reindeer L. cervi produced puparia in December.
Intranuclear changes in the polyhedrosis of Tipula paludosa (Meig.)
Authors: Smith Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2009

By means of ultra-thin sections for electron microscopy it has been possible to observe intra-nuclear changes in the polyhedrosis of larvae of Tipula paludosa. The virus rods arise in the centres of the greatly enlarged nuclei of blood cells. Thin-walled vesicles, apparently filled with fluid, form round individual virus rods and collect in masses on the inner wall of the nuclear membrane. Crystallization then begins, starting at the edge against the nuclear membrane. The vesicles are gradually compressed round the rods, eventually forming a capsule. Sections through free virus particles show them to be enclosed in a membrane, a second inner membrane round the substance of the rod may also be present.There appears to be no capsule round the free virus particles such as encloses the virus particles inside the polyhedral crystal.
The feeding behaviour on rabbits and in vitro of the Ixodid tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann, 1901
Authors: Joyner L. P. , Purnell R. E. 
Published: June 2009

A series of observations on the feeding behaviour of a laboratory strain of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus on rabbits and measurements of the fluid consumption during feeding in vitro have been made.Male and female ticks less than 5 weeks after moulting were less inclined to attach than older ticks.Female ticks fed slowly during the early stages of attachment until after approximately 6 days of attachment when engorgement proceeded very rapidly and their body weight increased by approximately thirty times. Male ticks fed steadily until they roughly doubled their weight in approximately 7 days.By an in vitro feeding technique in which whole blood, serum or plasma was offered in capillary tubes placed over the mouthparts, it was possible to measure the volumes absorbed over a period of 24 h. More serum or plasma was consumed than either defibrinated or heparinized blood. After 4 or 5 days’ attachment on a rabbit, females generally consumed greater volumes than males.Dr G. H. Freeman, Head of the Statistics Division of the East African Agriculture and Forestry Organization, kindly carried out the statistical analysis of the quantitative data on the in vitro feeding.Acknowledgements are also due to the technical staff who contributed to this work, especially to Mrs D. Backhurst. Mr K. P. Bailey maintained the colony of R. appendiculatus from which the ticks used in this study were derived.This work was carried out during the assignment of one of us (L.P.J.) by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to the East African Veterinary Research Organization.
Nematode parasites of Oceanica. XVI. Cordonema venusta gen. et. sp.nov., and Skrjabinoclava spp. (Acuariidae: Echinuriinae), from birds
Authors: Schmidt Gerald D. , Kuntz Robert E. 
Published: June 2009

Cordonema gen.nov. is proposed for C. venusta sp.nov. (type species), C. longifuniculata (Sobolev, 1952) comb.nov. and C. solonitzini (Sobolev, 1943) comb.nov. The genus differs from Skrjabinoclava Sobolev, 1943, in lacking laterally directed loops of the cordons. Cordonema venusta sp.nov. from Cinclus pallasi from Taiwan, differs from Cordonema longifuniculata in its spicule ratio of 4:1 compared to 2:1. It differs from C. solonitzini in having longer cordons in proportion to body size and in spicule ratio, which is 2:1 in C. solonitzini.Skrjabinoclava cincli (Yamaguti, 1935) Sobolev, 1943, is redescribed from males and females from the type host, Cinclus pallasi, from Taiwan. Skrjabinoclava decorata (Solonitzin, 1928) Sobolev, 1943, is redescribed from Lonchura fuscans from Borneo.Skrjabinoclava rallae sp.nov. from Rallus striatus from Palawan differs from S. horrida in its spicule ratio of 4.7:1 compared with 3.6–4:1, and in the structure of the right spicule. It differs from S. cincli in having shorter cordons and spicules. Skrjabinoclava amaurornae sp.nov. from Amaurornis phoenicurus from Palawan differs from S. alii Ali, 1968, in having longer cordons, shorter pharynx, and in the absence of a sclerotized bar connecting the first spines of the lateral rows. It differs from S. cincli in having larger body spines and a right spicule of different shape.Keys to the genera in Echinuriinae and the species in Cordonema and Skrjabinovlava are included.We wish to acknowledge the field support by Dr D. S. Rabor, Department of Biology, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, Republic of the Philippines, and the technicians of the Parasitology Department of Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 for general assistance in procurement and examination of hosts. Dr John M. Kinsella kindly read the manuscript and improved it with his advice.
Some observations on the worm burdens of calves infected daily with Ostertagia ostertagi
Authors: Michel J. F. 
Published: June 2009

Two experiments are described in each of which three groups of calves received infective larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi daily, each group at a different rate. Changes in worm burdens were followed by the periodic slaughter of calves.Numbers of adult worms quickly rose to and remained at levels which bore a positive relation to the infection rate. There was evidence that a turnover of worms was occurring and it appeared that burdens of adult worms were regulated by a loss of worms which depended on the number present. As the host's experience of infection increased, the adult worms present were smaller and an increasing proportion of females lacked a fully developed vulval flap. Evidence is presented which suggests that these were effects of resistance and that they depended on separate mechanisms.Faecal egg counts of groups carrying different numbers of worms rose to the same peak and then declined according to the same logarithmic curve. This finding, together with data concerning the number of eggs in the uteri of the worms, suggested that the egg output of the entire population was restricted by the host to a limit which depended on previous egg-laying.Infection did not have an adverse effect on the growth of the calves unless the infection rate exceeded a critical value. The resistance of calves to infection was impaired by clinical ostertagiasis.