bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Roman Pottery of the Hadrian-Antonine Period at Verulamium
Authors: Corder Philip 
Published: January 2012

During the excavation in 1932 of a small rectangular building in Insula V at Verulamium a large rubbish-pit was found impingeing upon, but not underlying, its south wall (Verulamium, pp. 111–12). Fourteen vessels from this pit are illustrated in the Report (ibid., p. 186 and figs. 30 and 31), and described as follows:The contents of the pit included a number of ‘saggers’ and ‘wasters’ evidently the debris from some neighbouring kiln. Both the wasters and much of the pottery were of a uniform hard buff ware and had evidently come from the same source. The pottery, which was clearly of one period, was associated with coins of Sabina (A.D. 119–38—M. and S. 1023), Hadrian (A.D. 132–4—M. and S. 714), and Antoninus Pius (A.D. 154–5—M. and S. 930), and may be ascribed to the period A.D. 120–60.It will be apparent that we have here the ‘throw-outs’ of a local pottery manufactory, whose activities are approximately dated by coins to the Hadrian-Antonine period, a date which can, moreover, be checked by reference to the associated non-local types.
The Dictionary of British Arms
Authors: Wagner Anthony R. 
Published: January 2012

In a codicil to his will dated 5th January 1926 the late Lieutenant-Colonel G. B. Croft Lyons wrote: ‘I desire that the income derived from the property left to the Society of Antiquaries of London … should be applied to the encouragement of the study of heraldry and in the first instance I wish that a new edition of Papworth's Ordinary should be prepared to be published by the Society.… And in order that such Edition may be generally useful I desire that the blazon of the Arms in such new Edition shall follow the style of blazon in the present Edition and that the new forms affected in recent years by certain writers be not adopted but that the blazon be full and exact and such that any person can as far as may be understand it.’This is our charter. In accordance with its terms the appropriate Committee of the Society in January 1940 decided that for the present the new edition of Papworth's Ordinary should have priority over the other purposes specified, and appointed editors. At the same time they decided that since the same material differently arranged would make a new General Armory (which was needed not less than a new Ordinary), this should be prepared concurrently.
An Egg-shaped Mace-head
Authors: Curwen Eliot 
Published: January 2012

Perforated implements made of stone remarkable for its beauty or rareness are reasonably regarded as mace-heads. Many such show no sign of having been used as tools for ordinary purposes, but even where such signs are present, the use of these objects as batons of command is not thereby precluded; in some cases they may have been used as hammers at a later date.The object of this note is a beautiful specimen of an egg-shaped mace-head, or hammer head, found in the neighbourhood of Friston (Sussex) by the late Major Maitland, and presented to the Sussex Archaeological Society by his son. It is made of rich, deep reddish-brown jasper, or similar silicified rock, with white veins of quartz. In length it is 2·6 in. (66 mm.), in greatest width 2 in. (50 mm.), and in greatest thickness 1·75 in. (45 mm.); its weight is 6 9/16 oz. (Av.). The perforation was worked from both sides and is nearly cylindrical, being 0·8 in. (20 mm.) in diameter on each surface, but 0·66 in. (17 mm.) through nearly all its length; it is not perfectly true, the walls being slightly concave longitudinally towards the thicker end of the implement and convex towards the narrower; this surface is very smooth and polished. That the implement was shaped by hand, and is not an adapted water-worn pebble, is shown by the presence here and there of facets of tooling which have been smoothed down and largely obliterated by subsequent grinding; there is no deliberate polishing of the surface. Whatever the purpose for which it was originally made, whether as a sign of authority or as a tool, the flattened and battered base of the implement shows it to have been freely used as a hammer at some period.
An Aeneolithic Occupation Site at Playden, near Rye
Authors: Cheney H. J. 
Published: January 2012

The site is in the parish of Playden, near Rye, Sussex, about 300 yards south-east of Mockbeggar House, and covers the top of a detached knoll which projects from the watershed between the Tillingham valley and the levels of Romney Marsh. The knoll is about 150 ft. above sea-level. No fewer than five springs rise within a short distance of the site (fig. 1).The subsoil belongs to one of the geological formations of the Wealden series, viz., the Hastings Beds, represented at Mockbeggar by the Wadhurst Clay which contains extensive patches of sand and, in particular, pockets of a very fine white sand. One of these pockets is quite close to the site. It is of special interest that while the soil of the spur is mostly sand there is one protruding patch of hard yellow clay, and it is precisely on this patch that the prehistoric people formed their settlement.Under the Wadhurst Clay, which here is only a few feet in thickness, there is over a hundred feet or so of sandstone forming the Ashdown Sands, well exposed at Point Hill in the parish.
Daggers attributed to Colonel Blood
Authors: ffoulkes Charles 
Published: January 2012

The two daggers here illustrated (pl. xxvii) are of interest both on account of their traditional attribution, but more especially for their technical value as examples of a type which has persisted for over two hundred years. The popular name for this type is Kidney Dagger, Ballock Knife, Dague à Rognons, of course derived from the two excrescences which take the place of a cross-guard on the hilt.The type, first appearing in the fourteenth century, became stabilized at the end of the fifteenth century, and seems to have been peculiarly English. The outstanding examples in public or private collections are the following:—The earliest representation is on the brass of Sir William de Aldeburgh at Aldeburgh about 1360, and we find it later on the Arundel effigy of John Fitz-Alan, 1434.
Transmembrane domain Nrg1 mutant mice show altered susceptibility to the neurobehavioural actions of repeated THC exposure in adolescence
Authors: Long Leonora E. , Chesworth Rose , Huang Xu-Feng , McGregor Iain S. , Arnold Jonathon C. , Karl Tim 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Heavy cannabis abuse increases the risk of developing schizophrenia. Adolescents appear particularly vulnerable to the development of psychosis-like symptoms after cannabis use. To test whether the schizophrenia candidate gene neuregulin 1 (NRG1) modulates the effects of cannabinoids in adolescence, we tested male adolescent heterozygous transmembrane domain Nrg1 mutant (Nrg1 TM HET) mice and wild type-like littermates (WT) for their neurobehavioural response to repeated Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, 10 mg/kg i.p. for 21 d starting on post-natal day 31). During treatment and 48 h after treatment withdrawal, we assessed several behavioural parameters relevant to schizophrenia. After behavioural testing we measured autoradiographic CB1, 5-HT2A and NMDA receptor binding. The hyperlocomotor phenotype typical of Nrg1 mutants emerged after drug withdrawal and was more pronounced in vehicle than THC-treated Nrg1 TM HET mice. All mice were equally sensitive to THC-induced suppression of locomotion. However, mutant mice appeared protected against inhibiting effects of repeated THC on investigative social behaviours. Neither THC nor Nrg1 genotype altered prepulse inhibition. Repeated adolescent THC promoted differential effects on CB1 and 5-HT2A receptor binding in the substantia nigra and insular cortex respectively, decreasing binding in WT while increasing it in Nrg1 TM HET mice. THC also selectively affected 5-HT2A receptor binding in several other regions in WT mice, whereas NMDA receptor binding was only affected in mutant mice. Overall, Nrg1 mutation does not appear to increase the induction of psychotomimetic symptoms by repeated adolescent THC exposure but may attenuate some of its actions on social behaviour and schizophrenia-relevant neurotransmitter receptor profiles.
Evidence for life in the isotopic analysis of surface sulphates in the Haughton impact structure, and potential application on Mars
Authors: Parnell John , Boyce Adrian J. , Osinski Gordon R. , Izawa Matthew R.M. , Banerjee Neil , Flemming Roberta , Lee Pascal 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe analysis of sulphur isotopic compositions in three sets of surface sulphate samples from the soil zone in the Haughton impact structure shows that they are distinct. They include surface gypsum crusts remobilized from the pre-impact gypsum bedrock (mean δ34S +31‰), efflorescent copiapite and fibroferrite associated with hydrothermal marcasite (mean δ34S −37‰), and gypsum-iron oxide crusts representing weathering of pyritic crater-fill sediments (mean δ34S +7‰). Their different compositions reflect different histories of sulphur cycling. Two of the three sulphates have isotopically light (low δ34S) compositions compared with the gypsum bedrock (mean δ34S +31‰), reflecting derivation by weathering of sulphides (three sets of pyrite/marcasite samples with mean δ34S of −41, −20 and −8‰), which had in turn been precipitated by microbial sulphate reduction. Thus, even in the absence of the parent sulphides due to surface oxidation, evidence of life would be preserved. This indicates that on Mars, where surface oxidation may rule out sampling of sulphides during robotic exploration, but where sulphates are widespread, sulphur isotope analysis is a valuable tool that could be sensitive to any near-surface microbial activity. Other causes of sulphur isotopic fractionation on the surface of Mars are feasible, but any anomalous fractionation would indicate the desirability of further analysis.
The Shinto religion and suicide in Japan
Authors: Kaneko Yoshihiro , Yamasaki Akiko , Arai Kiminori 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The Shinto religion profoundly influences many Japanese. It is their emotional mainstay, although it has neither common commandments nor scriptures. Over time, the Shinto religion became involved in the state activities, which led to the development of shrines where the gods are worshipped.
Shinto coexists with Buddhism and a mixed practice of these two religions is common. According to Shinto, human beings are part of nature and can live only because nature is our parent. Mankind should live in the ‘way of the gods’. The worship of ancestors is an important value in Shinto.
The Shinto attitude towards suicide is somewhat ambivalent. Shinto believes that humans return to nature after death, suicide does not constitute an exception, and suicide as a sacrificial act is condoned. On the other hand, believing that life is given by nature and ancestors implies that suicide is wrong.
The increasing number of suicides during recent years, mainly for socio-economic reasons, has deeply affected Japanese society and also its attitudes towards suicide. This has resulted in many suicide-prevention activities in which religion can also play an important role.
Suicide attempts in South and Central America
Authors: Botega Neury J , Stefanello Sabrina 
Published: January 2012

AbstractData on suicidal behaviour in Central and South America has derived from mortality statistics. Suicide rates in most countries of Central and South America are considerably lower than in North America and Europe. The recent increase in suicide rates particularly afflicts young people. An increase in suicide rates have also been reported among indigenous groups, and seem to be related to extreme pressure exerted by Western society, self-devaluation and alcohol misuse. A WHO worldwide initiative for the prevention of suicide (SUPRE-MISS) multi-centre study estimated the life prevalence of suicidal behaviour in a large Brazilian city at 17.1 per cent for suicidal ideation, 4.8 per cent for plans and 2.8 per cent for suicide attempts. Urban violence and high homicide rates have overshadowed the problem of suicidal behaviour in Latin American countries. It is only recently that awareness of suicidal behaviour among adolescents and young adults, as well as violence (including suicide) and prevention policies have received government attention. Apart from Brazil, most countries in that part of the world lack national suicide prevention programmes, however actions are underway in Chile and Argentina.
Psychological theories of suicidal behaviour
Authors: Rudd M David , Trotter David RM , Williams Ben 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
In this chapter a review of the most prominent and influential psychological theories of suicide and suicidal behaviour is presented. Most, if not all, of these theories have had direct and important implications for both the assessment and treatment of suicidality, with cognitive approaches at the forefront over the last decade. Many have been tied to treatment paradigms and programmes, with some emerging directly from therapeutic practice. As has been evidenced elsewhere in this text, the majority of more recent theoretical efforts have revolved around cognitively (and behaviourally) oriented approaches, with natural integration of social and related contextual elements.
Neurobiology and the genetics of suicide
Authors: Wasserman Danuta , Marcus Sokolowski , Wasserman Jerzy , Rujescu Dan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBesides serotonin dysfunction, which was the main focus for about three decades, many other aspects of brain neurobiology have now been shown to be involved in the causality of suicidal behaviour. This chapter attempts to provide a broad overview of the entire range of studies performed in the area of neurobiology of suicide. The investigated involvement of genetics in each presently known neurobiological alteration is likewise presented. Although, the complexities and challenges in this field may sometimes seem overwhelming, this overview shows that the knowledge in this area is constantly being increased and refined in its details, and small breakthroughs occur constantly. Thus, it appears that if sufficient time and resources are dedicated to this problem, a critical mass of understanding will be reached, enabling the development of entirely novel tools for prevention of suicide.
Suicide study and suicide prevention in mainland China
Authors: Shuiyuan Xiao 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDetailed descriptions of suicide can be found in Chinese historical writing, novels, and poetry, yet empirical suicide research has only developed in the past decade in China. Rigorous statistics on suicide have not been available until recently, and the systematic study of suicide is still at its preliminary stages. In this chapter, existing epidemiological data of suicide in mainland China is reviewed, ensued by a brief discussion about cultural views on suicide. Subsequently, there is an analysis of the possible influences of socio-economic and sociocultural changes leading to transitions in public health and suicidal behaviour. The available suicide statistics reveal certain dissimilarities to other statistics across the world: China is the only country with statistics showing an equal amount or more of female suicides. Furthermore, about one-third of the persons who commit suicide have no diagnosis of mental illness. In China, the suicide rate among rural residents is three to five times higher than that of urban residents. The high suicide rates among rural residents are strongly linked to the most frequent suicide method, which is the consumption of poisons, especially pesticides. The final section of the chapter is a discussion of the implications of available suicide studies on suicide prevention.
Suicide in military settings
Authors: Rozanov Vsevolod , Mehlum Lars , Stiliha Richard 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSuicide rates in military units are lower than in civilian populations and differ considerably from nation to nation. The processes that may influence suicide rates within the armed forces can be different from that of the civilian life, especially when armed forces are under reformation, downsizing and economic pressure.Risk factors vary between groups and settings, such as active duty versus reservist/veteran or war versus peacekeeping mission. However, common risk factors are: easy access to firearms, exposure to traumatic stress, lack of social support, and the military life style with frequent relocations. Two subgroups are considered as equally important to target for suicide prevention: young conscripts and war veterans. In the first case, screening and crisis intervention are in focus, and in the second, treatments for post-traumatic stress syndrome, depression and substance abuse. Leadership interventions and changes in fi rearm regulations are other preventive measures.
Somatic diseases and suicidal behaviour
Authors: Stenager Elsebeth , Stenager Egon 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe association between chronic somatic disorders and the risk of suicide has been examined in many studies. Common features in the studies are a large variation in quality and choice of study method. The studies performed, in more recent decades, have substantially improved knowledge not only on the extent of risk, but also on factors influencing the risk. Most of the studies on completed suicides have been made in European countries, the United States of America and Australia, one single study is from Japan (Whitlock 1985; Allgulander and Fisher 1990; Stenager and Stenager 1992; Harris and Barraclough 1994; Stenager and Stenager 1997; Ruzicka et al. 2005).The majority of studies on the association between chronic somatic disorders and suicidal behaviour, including suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts, studies have demonstrated a correlation. The studies have been performed in Europe (DeLeo et al. 1999; Pajonk et al. 2002), the US (Druss and Pincuss 2000) and Australia (Lawrence et al. 2000).This chapter is a review on present knowledge on suicide and suicidal behaviour in selected somatic disorders and pain syndromes, with focus on studies from different parts of the world, and whether or not this refl ects variation in the estimated risk of suicidal behaviour.
Recognizing a suicide crisis in psychiatric patients
Authors: Hendin Herbert 
Published: January 2012

AbstractData from therapists who were treating patients when they committed suicide were examined. Comparable information was obtained on depressed, non-suicidal patients treated by the same therapists. Three factors were identified as markers of a suicide crisis: precipitating events, changes in behaviour, and intense affective states. Of these, intense affective states appeared to be the most significant. The suicide patients had a significantly greater number of intense affects than did the comparison patients. The affect that most distinguished the two groups was desperation, which was intense in 30 of 36 (83 per cent) of the suicide patients but in none of the comparison patients. The study permitted us to develop a scaled Affective States Questionnaire (ASQ) which is being tested prospectively.
Post-mortem studies of serotonin in suicide
Authors: Bach-Mizrachi Hélène , Underwood Mark D , Mann J John , Arango Victoria 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAbnormalities of the serotonergic system have been implicated in suicide. Post-mortem brain studies of suicides have begun to elucidate the underlying molecular changes in the brain serotonergic system that may provide an understanding of the biology of suicide. There is evidence for alterations in the presynaptic serotonin transporter and serotonergic receptors in both the serotonin-synthesizing neurons in the brainstem and their targets in the prefrontal cortex. Some of these changes may represent primary pathophysiology, while other changes may reflect homeostatic regulatory responses to low serotonin or even maladaptive nonspecific stress responses. We review the post-mortem studies of suicides and discuss a model of homeostatic plasticity in the human brain in a serotonin-deficient environment.
Cognitive treatment of suicidal adults
Authors: Beskow Jan , Salkovskis Paul , Palm Beskow Astrid 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe progress of cognitive psychotherapy is accounted for by a systematic use of phenomenology, theory, laboratory research, and clinical studies. Effect studies of problem-solving, interpersonal therapy (which has many traits in common with cognitive psychotherapy), treatment of depression for suicide prevention and a cognitive psychotherapy method especially for treatment of suicide attempters are reviewed. The use of metaphors opens new possibilities. Step by step the researchers approach the suicidal individual’s own formulations about their suicidality, developing the language of suicidality. Generally increased problem-solving capacity, more intensive outreach activities, an invitation to the patient to participate more actively in the analysis of their own problems and efforts to ameliorate the feelings of shame and guilt are all efforts to deal with painful interpersonal problems. A growing amount of evidence links these cognitions, emotions and behaviours to attachment problems in early life.
Dialectical behaviour therapy for suicidal individual
Authors: Stanley Barbara , Brodsky Beth S 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is an outpatient, cognitive behavioural treatment shown to reduce self-injury and suicidal behaviour in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). In this chapter, we review the basic principles of the DBT approach to the treatment of suicidal individuals, and the status of DBT treatment and research from an international perspective. The diagnostic criteria for BPD (developed and validated in the US) have been found to be applicable to and prevalent among various populations worldwide. The efficacy of DBT in reducing suicidal behaviour in individuals with BPD has led to its widespread adaptation in clinical settings all over the world. International clinical research teams are conducting randomized clinical trials to further test DBT’s efficacy in reducing suicidal behaviour and associated symptomatology in borderline populations.
Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia
Authors: Hendin Herbert 
Published: January 2012

AbstractUntil relatively recently it did not seem possible to relieve much of the suffering associated with serious or terminal illness. Depression associated with physical illness was assumed to be its natural and inevitable consequence. This mixture of assumptions and facts provided the impetus for the Dutch to begin to sanction assisted suicide and euthanasia more than a decade before the advances in palliative care of the last fifteen years.This chapter examines the practice of assisted suicide and euthanasia in the Netherlands from a medical and psychological perspective: the Netherlands is the only country to have had extensive experience in giving legal sanction to both practices. From the same perspective, the chapter examines assisted suicide in the state of Oregon, which has had a decade of experience with legalized assisted suicide, and is the only state in the United States to have legalized the practice. The experience of Belgium and Switzerland, the two other countries that have given legal sanction to assisted suicide (Switzerland) or euthanasia (Belgium) is discussed briefly. Both countries appear to have been stimulated, at least in part, by the experience of the Netherlands and Oregon.