bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Emergence and Development of Geographic Thought in New England
Authors: Martin Geoffrey J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Some of the early settlers of New England brought with them the works and thought of European geographers, notably Ptolemy, Münster, Cluver, Carpenter, and Varenius. Beginning in the 1600s the work of British geographers Gordon and Salmon and Guthrie and Pinkerton was acknowledged, preceding that of Jedidiah Morse, “Father of American Geography.” Morse led the way for a large number of geography texts written by Americans, emphasizing North America and characterized by Varenius's special geography.Early collegiate developments in New England geography were led by Harvard and Yale universities, the College of Rhode Island (later renamed Brown University), and Dartmouth College. The 20 or so normal schools throughout New England, introduced in the middle 1800s, constituted a nursery for geographic education. Also noted are more recent college and university geography departments established throughout the region, including notably Clark University. The founding of societies and associations in New England also furthered the cause of geography.
Structural Causes of Vulnerability to Flood Hazard in Pakistan*
Authors: Mustafa Daanish 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: This paper uses recent theoretical advances in the field of hazards research to inform the analysis of an empirical study on flood hazard conducted in central Pakistan. The investigation seeks to understand the causes of vulnerability and their development that culminates in disaster, with the basic presumption that empirical events have causal links going back to societal structures which are not measurable but contain the mechanisms that lead to the events and their perceptions. A case study in five villages of central Pakistan was conducted to understand the elements of communities' and social groups' differential vulnerability to flood hazard. The elements of vulnerability are situated within a tripartite conceptual space of vulnerability, composed of entitlement relations, empowerment relations, and political economy. A modified “pressure and release” model was applied to the field survey results to understand the progression of vulnerability from the structural abstract level to the concrete level of physical disasters. I concluded that the study communities' vulnerability was largely a function of their disempowerment.vulnerability,
Family Types and the Persistence of Regional Disparities in Europe
Authors: Duranton Gilles , Rodríguez‐Pose Andrés , Sandall Richard 
Published: August 2010

abstractThis article examines the association between one of the most basic institutional forms, the family, and a series of demographic, educational, social, and economic indicators across regions in Europe. Using Emmanuel Todd's classification of medieval European family systems, we identify potential links between family types and regional disparities in household size, educational attainment, social capital, labor participation, sectoral structure, wealth, and inequality. The results indicate that medieval family structures seem to have influenced European regional disparities in virtually every indicator that we considered. That these links remain, despite the influence of the modern state and population migration, suggests that such structures are either extremely resilient or in the past were internalized within other social and economic institutions as they developed.
The Neglected King: The Customer in the New Knowledge Ecology of Innovation
Authors: Grabher Gernot , Ibert Oliver , Flohr Saskia 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDespite the universal mantra that “the customer is king,” the role of the customer has so far seemed to have been confined to a passive recipient of products. Recently, however, this traditional perception has been challenged. On the one hand, users are increasingly appreciated as reflexive actors who are actively involved in the evaluation, modif ication, and configuration of products. On the other hand, beyond the established repertoire to access external knowledge through interorganizational networks, firms increasingly attempt to harness user knowledge. These two concurrent shifts do not result in a smooth convergence. Rather, they open up a highly contested terrain in which habitual distinctions between the producer and user are blurred. In this article, we map the evolving terrain of user‐producer interaction in innovation processes. Specifically, we contrast more traditional approaches to incorporate customer knowledge with an emerging class of innovative user‐producer relationships, provisionally dubbed “co‐development.” We then propose a typology of different modes of codevelopment that is organized along two dimensions: the degree of user involvement and the prevailing locus of knowledge production. This typology seeks to capture the heterogeneity of co‐development approaches and to provide a conceptual template for further empirical research on user involvement in innovation.
The Wal‐Mart Effect: Wave of Destruction or Creative Destruction?
Authors: Paruchuri Srikanth , Baum Joel A. C. , Potere David 
Published: August 2010

abstractDuring the past quarter century, large multistore retailers have experienced considerable growth. In this article, we examine the widely held belief that the expansion of these chain stores, Wal‐Mart in particular, has had a large negative impact on the small locally owned retail sector. Our analysis of four types of independent retailer entries and exits in Florida from 1980, prior to the opening of the first Wal‐Mart store in the state, to 2004, reveals that Wal‐Mart's impact varies with independent retailers' market overlap with and proximity to Wal‐Mart. Notably, our findings suggest that within zip codes, the Wal‐Mart effect is driven by the suppression of entry rates, but not by the increase in exit rates, while in adjacent zip codes, it is driven by exit rates increasing more than entry rates. Our results provide empirical evidence that may help economic developers, public officials, and owners of small businesses make informed decisions about economic development in their communities.
Planning for Path Dependence? The Case of a Network in the Berlin‐Brandenburg Optics Cluster
Authors: Sydow Jörg , Lerch Frank , Staber Udo 
Published: August 2010

abstractMuch research on regional business clusters refers to path dependence as a central feature in the evolution of cluster structures. In many cases, however, little is known about the agentic processes and mechanisms that underlie path dependence. In this article, we explore changes in a specific network in the optics cluster in the German region of Berlin‐Brandenburg to show that development of clusters can be driven by elements of both emergence and planning. In particular, we argue that current actors actively and purposively draw upon rules and resources that were shaped not only in the long and discontinuous history of the cluster but also in the recent process of network development that involves careful planning and well‐structured planning tools. Using central concepts from structuration theory, we show how agency is implicated in the coordination of the network and how agency turns coordination into a self‐reinforcing mechanism. The findings suggest that purposive planning involves a fundamental ambivalence in the processes and outcomes of path dependence, at the level of both the cluster and its constituent networks.
Safety and Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Nonglycosylated Erythrocyte Binding Antigen 175 Region II Malaria Vaccine in Healthy Adults Living in an Area Where Malaria Is Not Endemic
Authors: El Sahly H. M. , Patel S. M. , Atmar R. L. , Lanford T. A. , Dube T. , Thompson D. , Sim B. K. L. , Long C. , Keitel W. A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Erythrocyte binding antigen region II (EBA-175) is a conserved antigen of
Plasmodium falciparum
that is involved in binding of the parasite to the host's erythrocytes. We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant EBA-175 vaccine with aluminum phosphate adjuvant in healthy young adults living in the United States. Eighteen subjects/group received ascending doses (5, 20, 80, or 160 μg) of the vaccine at 0, 1, and 6 months; 8 subjects received placebo. Most of the injection site and systemic reactions were mild to moderate in intensity. After 2 or 3 doses of the vaccine at any concentration, antibody levels measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were significantly higher than those for the placebo group. Sera from subjects who received 3 doses of the vaccine at any concentration inhibited the growth of erythrocyte-stage
P. falciparum
at low levels compared to sera from placebo recipients or preimmune sera. In conclusion, the EBA-175 vaccine with adjuvant was safe and immunogenic in malaria-naïve subjects.
Detection ofPlasmodium falciparum,P. vivax,P. ovale, andP. malariaeMerozoite Surface Protein 1-p19 Antibodies in Human Malaria Patients and Experimentally Infected Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Muerhoff A. Scott , Birkenmeyer Larry G. , Coffey Ruthie , Dille Bruce J. , Barnwell John W. , Collins William E. , Sullivan Joann S. , Dawson George J. , Desai Suresh M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTApproximately 3.2 billion people live in areas where malaria is endemic, and WHO estimates that 350 to 500 million malaria cases occur each year worldwide. This high prevalence, and the high frequency of international travel, creates significant risk for the exportation of malaria to countries where malaria is not endemic and for the introduction of malaria organisms into the blood supply. Since all four human infectiousPlasmodiumspecies have been transmitted by blood transfusion, we sought to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) capable of detecting antibodies elicited by infection with any of these species. The merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1), aP. falciparumandP. vivaxvaccine candidate with a well-characterized immune response, was selected for use in the assay. The MSP1 genes fromP. ovaleandP. malariaewere cloned and sequenced (L. Birkenmeyer, A. S. Muerhoff, G. Dawson, and S. M. Desai, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 82:996-1003, 2010), and the carboxyl-terminal p19 regions of all four species were expressed inEscherichia coli.Performance results from individual p19 ELISAs were compared to those of a commercial test (Lab 21 Healthcare Malaria enzyme immunoassay [EIA]). The commercial ELISA detected all malaria patients withP. falciparumorP. vivaxinfections, as did the corresponding species-specific p19 ELISAs. However, the commercial ELISA detected antibodies in 0/2 and 5/8 individuals withP. malariaeandP. ovaleinfections, respectively, while the p19 assays detected 100% of individuals with confirmedP. malariaeorP. ovaleinfections. In experimentally infected nonhuman primates, the use of MSP1-p19 antigens from all four species resulted in the detection of antibodies within 2 to 10 weeks postinfection. Use of MSP1-p19 antigens from all fourPlasmodiumspecies in a single immunoassay would provide significantly improved efficacy compared to existing tests.
Impact of Strain Type on Detection of Toxigenic
Clostridium difficile:
Comparison of Molecular Diagnostic and Enzyme Immunoassay Approaches
Authors: Tenover Fred C. , Novak-Weekley Susan , Woods Christopher W. , Peterson Lance R. , Davis Thomas , Schreckenberger Paul , Fang Ferric C. , Dascal Andre , Gerding Dale N. , Nomura Jim H. , Goering Richard V. , Akerlund Thomas , Weissfeld Alice S. , Baron Ellen Jo , Wong Edith , Marlowe Elizabeth M. , Whitmore Joseph , Persing David H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

A multicenter clinical trial assessed the performance of the Cepheid Xpert
C. difficile
assay on stool specimens collected from patients suspected of having
Clostridium difficile
infection (CDI). A total of 2,296 unformed stool specimens, collected from seven study sites, were tested by Xpert
C. difficile
enrichment culture followed by cell culture cytotoxicity testing of the isolates (i.e., toxigenic culture with enrichment) and the study sites' standard
C. difficile
test methods. The methods included enzyme immunoassay (EIA), direct cytotoxin testing, and two- and three-step algorithms using glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) screening followed by either EIA or EIA and an in-house PCR assay. All
C. difficile
strains were typed by PCR-ribotyping. Compared to results for toxigenic culture with enrichment, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the Xpert assay were 93.5, 94.0, 73.0, and 98.8%, respectively. The overall sensitivity of the EIAs compared to that of enrichment culture was 60.0%, and the sensitivity of combined GDH algorithms was 72.9%; both were significantly lower than that of Xpert
C. difficile
(
P
< 0.001 and
P
= 0.03, respectively). The sensitivity of the EIA was significantly lower than that of the Xpert
C. difficile
assay for detection of ribotypes 002, 027, and 106 (
P
< 0.0001,
P
< 0.0001, and
P
= 0.004, respectively, Fisher's exact test), and the sensitivity of GDH algorithms for ribotypes other than 027 was lower than that for Xpert
C. difficile
(
P
< 0.001). The Xpert
C. difficile
assay is a simple, rapid, and accurate method for detection of toxigenic
C. difficile
in unformed stool specimens and is minimally affected by strain type compared to EIA and GDH-based methods.
Neurobrucellosis Associated with Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone with Resultant Diabetes Insipidus and Hypothyroidism
Authors: Sturniolo Giuseppe , Mondello Placido , Bruno Salvatore , Bonfatto Orsola Elena , Frattima Sabrina , Albanese Antonio , Restivo Roberta , Liberti Giuseppe , Pasquali Paolo , Marianelli Cinzia 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTNeurological involvement of the central nervous system in brucellosis is uncommon. We describe a rare case of meningoencephalitis due toBrucella melitensisinfection, associated with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion and leading to diabetes insipidus and hypothyroidism. Neurobrucellosis, although rare, should be considered in cases of neurological disease of unknown etiology.
Human Coinfection with
Bartonella henselae
and Two Hemotropic Mycoplasma Variants Resembling
Mycoplasma ovis
Authors: Sykes Jane E. , Lindsay LeAnn L. , Maggi Ricardo G. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Two variants of an organism resembling the ovine hemoplasma,
Mycoplasma ovis
, were detected by PCR in blood samples from a veterinarian in Texas. Coinfection with similar variants has been described in sheep. This represents the first report of human infection with this organism. The veterinarian was coinfected with
Bartonella henselae
.
Novel IS
711
-Specific Chromosomal Locations Useful for Identification and Classification of Marine Mammal
Brucella
Strains
Authors: Zygmunt Michel S. , Maquart Marianne , Bernardet Nelly , Doublet Benoît , Cloeckaert Axel 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

We report five new IS
711
chromosomal locations that are specific for marine mammal
Brucella
groups of strains and useful for their identification and classification. Our data support their current classification into two species,
Brucella ceti
and
B. pinnipedialis
, with subgroups in each, but also the possibility of additional species.
Rapid Drug Susceptibility Testing with a Molecular Beacon Assay Is Associated with Earlier Diagnosis and Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in California
Authors: Banerjee Ritu , Allen Jennifer , Lin S.-Y. Grace , Westenhouse Janice , Desmond Ed , Schecter Gisela F. , Scott Cheryl , Raftery Ann , Mase Sundari , Watt James P. , Flood Jennifer 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTo assess the clinical impact of a molecular beacon (MB) assay that detects multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB), we retrospectively reviewed records of 127 MDR TB patients with and without MB testing between 2004 and 2007. Use of the MB assay reduced the time to detection and treatment of MDR TB.
Mutation at a Single Position in the V2 Domain of the HIV-1 Envelope Protein Confers Neutralization Sensitivity to a Highly Neutralization-Resistant Virus
Authors: O'Rourke Sara M. , Schweighardt Becky , Phung Pham , Fonseca Dora P. A. J. , Terry Karianne , Wrin Terri , Sinangil Faruk , Berman Phillip W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the determinants of neutralization sensitivity and resistance is important for the development of an effective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine. In these studies, we have made use of the swarm of closely related envelope protein variants (quasispecies) from an extremely neutralization-resistant clinical isolate in order to identify mutations that conferred neutralization sensitivity to antibodies in sera from HIV-1-infected individuals. Here, we describe a virus with a rare mutation at position 179 in the V2 domain of gp120, where replacement of aspartic acid (D) by asparagine (N) converts a virus that is highly resistant to neutralization by multiple polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, as well as antiviral entry inhibitors, to one that is sensitive to neutralization. Although the V2 domain sequence is highly variable, D at position 179 is highly conserved in HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and is located within the LDI/V recognition motif of the recently described α4β7 receptor binding site. Our results suggest that the D179N mutation induces a conformational change that exposes epitopes in both the gp120 and the gp41 portions of the envelope protein, such as the CD4 binding site and the MPER, that are normally concealed by conformational masking. Our results suggest that D179 plays a central role in maintaining the conformation and infectivity of HIV-1 as well as mediating binding to α4β7.
Toll-Like Receptor 4-Mediated Activation of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Is a Determinant of Respiratory Virus Entry and Tropism
Authors: Marchant David , Singhera Gurpreet K. , Utokaparch Soraya , Hackett Tillie L. , Boyd John H. , Luo Zongshu , Si Xiaoning , Dorscheid Delbert R. , McManus Bruce M. , Hegele Richard G. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Respiratory viruses exert a heavy toll of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite this burden there are few specific treatments available for respiratory virus infections. Since many viruses utilize host cell enzymatic machinery such as protein kinases for replication, we determined whether pharmacological inhibition of kinases could, in principle, be used as a broad antiviral strategy for common human respiratory virus infections. A panel of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing recombinant respiratory viruses, including an isolate of H1N1 influenza virus (H1N1/Weiss/43), was used to represent a broad range of virus families responsible for common respiratory infections (
Adenoviridae
,
Paramyxoviridae
,
Picornaviridae
, and
Orthomyxoviridae
). Kinase inhibitors were screened in a high-throughput assay that detected virus infection in human airway epithelial cells (1HAEo-) using a fluorescent plate reader. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling was able to significantly inhibit replication by all viruses tested. Therefore, the pathways involved in virus-mediated p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) MAPK activation were investigated using bronchial epithelial cells and primary fibroblasts derived from MyD88 knockout mouse lungs. Influenza virus, which activated p38 MAPK to approximately 10-fold-greater levels than did respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in 1HAEo- cells, was internalized about 8-fold faster and more completely than RSV. We show for the first time that p38 MAPK is a determinant of virus infection that is dependent upon MyD88 expression and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligation. Imaging of virus-TLR4 interactions showed significant clustering of TLR4 at the site of virus-cell interaction, triggering phosphorylation of downstream targets of p38 MAPK, suggesting the need for a signaling receptor to activate virus internalization.
Intragenic Recombination as a Mechanism of Genetic Diversity in Bluetongue Virus
Authors: He Cheng-Qiang , Ding Nai-Zheng , He Mei , Li Shan-Ni , Wang Xing-Ming , He Hong-Bin , Liu Xin-Fa , Guo Hong-Shan 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT
Bluetongue (BT), caused by Bluetongue virus (BTV), is an economically important disease affecting sheep, deer, cattle, and goats. Since 1998, a series of BT outbreaks have spread across much of southern and central Europe. To study why the epidemiology of the virus happens to change, it is important to fully know the mechanisms resulting in its genetic diversity. Gene mutation and segment reassortment have been considered as the key forces driving the evolution of BTV. However, it is still unknown whether intragenic recombination can occur and contribute to the process in the virus. We present here several BTV groups containing mosaic genes to reveal that intragenic recombination can take place between the virus strains and play a potential role in bringing novel BTV lineages.
Neuropeptide Y Has a Protective Role during Murine Retrovirus-Induced Neurological Disease
Authors: Du Min , Butchi Niranjan B. , Woods Tyson , Morgan Timothy W. , Peterson Karin E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTViral infections in the central nervous system (CNS) can lead to neurological disease either directly by infection of neurons or indirectly through activation of glial cells and production of neurotoxic molecules. Understanding the effects of virus-mediated insults on neuronal responses and neurotrophic support is important in elucidating the underlying mechanisms of viral diseases of the CNS. In the current study, we examined the expression of neurotrophin- and neurotransmitter-related genes during infection of mice with neurovirulent polytropic retrovirus. In this model, virus-induced neuropathogenesis is indirect, as the virus predominantly infects macrophages and microglia and does not productively infect neurons or astrocytes. Virus infection is associated with glial cell activation and the production of proinflammatory cytokines in the CNS. In the current study, we identified increased expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY), a pleiotropic growth factor which can regulate both immune cells and neuronal cells, as a correlate with neurovirulent virus infection. Increased levels ofNpymRNA were consistently associated with neurological disease in multiple strains of mice and were induced only by neurovirulent, not avirulent, virus infection. NPY protein expression was primarily detected in neurons near areas of virus-infected cells. Interestingly, mice deficient in NPY developed neurological disease at a faster rate than wild-type mice, indicating a protective role for NPY. Analysis of NPY-deficient mice indicated that NPY may have multiple mechanisms by which it influences virus-induced neurological disease, including regulating the entry of virus-infected cells into the CNS.
The Glycosylated Gag Protein of a Murine Leukemia Virus Inhibits the Antiretroviral Function of APOBEC3
Authors: Kolokithas Angelo , Rosenke Kyle , Malik Frank , Hendrick Duncan , Swanson Lukas , Santiago Mario L. , Portis John L. , Hasenkrug Kim J. , Evans Leonard H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

APOBEC proteins have evolved as innate defenses against retroviral infections. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encodes the Vif protein to evade human APOBEC3G; however, mouse retroviruses do not encode a Vif homologue, and it has not been understood how they evade mouse APOBEC3. We report here a murine leukemia virus (MuLV) that utilizes its glycosylated Gag protein (gGag) to evade APOBEC3. gGag is critical for infection of
in vitro
cell lines in the presence of APOBEC3. Furthermore, a gGag-deficient virus restricted for replication in wild-type mice replicates efficiently in APOBEC3 knockout mice, implying a novel role of gGag in circumventing the action of APOBEC3
in vivo
.