bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Vascular Dementia on Cognition and Linguistic Communication: A Case Study
Authors: Mahendra Nidhi , Engineer Nisha 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Purpose: Vascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer's's disease. The purpose of this case report is to describe the evolution and progression of vascular dementia over two years and detail its effects on multiple measures of cognition and linguistic communication.
Methods: Data from multiple sources (e.g., medical records, direct testing, staff reports, and client observations) has been integrated to provide a detailed report of the effects of vascular dementia on global cognitive status and on specific domains of attention, episodic and semantic memory, executive function, visuospatial ability, linguistic comprehension, and linguistic expression.
Results and Conclusions: Vascular dementia affects multiple cognitive domains including language and communicative function. Clinical implications are presented for choice of tests and language tasks for evaluating the effects of vascular dementia on linguistic communication.
The effect of pseudoephedrine on self‐paced endurance cycling performance
Authors: Betteridge Scott , Mündel Toby , Stannard Stephen 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pseudoephedrine ingestion on endurance cycling performance. Using a double‐blind, randomized cross‐over design, eight well‐trained cyclists (VO2max=69±2 ml · kg−1 · min−1) performed two self‐paced performance time‐trials in the laboratory at least 6 days apart. Ninety minutes before the trial, the participants consumed either placebo or pseudoephedrine (2.5 mg · kg−1bw). The time‐trial required completion of a set amount of work, equivalent to riding at 150 min at a power output calculated to elicit 70% VO2max. Venous blood samples were collected just before starting the trial, then at every 20% increment completed work until the required work was completed. Although time to complete the trial was quicker for five of the eight participants, there was no significant effect of pseudoephedrine on performance (P=0.235), or blood glucose or lactate, between trials. However, heart rate was significantly higher with pseudoephedrine consumption compared with placebo (P< 0.05). The results of this study indicate that pseudoephedrine has no effect on self‐paced endurance exercise performance, but may affect the cardiac response to exercise.
Imipenem Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Emergence, Epidemiology, and Impact on Clinical and Economic Outcomes
Authors: Lautenbach Ebbing , Synnestvedt Marie , Weiner Mark G. , Bilker Warren B. , Vo Lien , Schein Jeff , Kim Myoung 
Published: December 2009

Background.Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common gram-negative hospital-acquired pathogens. Resistance of this organism to imipenem complicates treatment.Objective.To elucidate the risk factors for imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (IRPA) infection or colonization and to identify the effect of resistance on clinical and economic outcomes.Methods.Longitudinal trends in prevalence of IRPA from 2 centers were characterized during the period from 1989 through 2006. For P. aeruginosa isolates obtained during the period from 2001 through 2006, a case-control study was conducted to investigate the association between prior carbapenem use and IRPA infection or colonization, and a cohort study was performed to identify the effect of IRPA infection or colonization on mortality, length of stay after culture, and hospital cost after culture.Results.From 1989 through 2006, the proportion of P. aeruginosa isolates demonstrating resistance to imipenem increased from 13% to 20% (P< .001, trend). During the period from 2001 through 2006, there were 2,542 unique patients with P. aeruginosa isolates, and 253 (10.0%) had IRPA isolates. Prior carbapenem use was independently associated with IRPA infection or colonization (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 7.92 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 4.78-13.11]). Patients with an IRPA isolate recovered had higher in-hospital mortality than did patients with an imipenem-susceptible P. aeruginosa isolate (17.4% vs 13.4%; P = .01). IRPA infection or colonization was an independent risk factor for mortality among patients with isolates recovered from blood (adjusted OR, 5.43 [95% CI, 1.72-17.10]; P = .004) but not among patients with isolates recovered from other anatomic sites (adjusted OR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.51-1.21]; P = .27). Isolation of IRPA was associated with longer hospital stay after culture (P<.001) and greater hospital cost after culture (P<.001) than was isolation of an imipenem-susceptible strain. In multivariable analysis, IRPA infection or colonization remained an independent risk factor for both longer hospital stay after culture (coefficient, 0.20 [95% CI, 0.04-0.36]; P = .02) and greater hospital cost after culture (coefficient, 0.30 [95% CI, 0.06-0.54]; P = .02).Conclusions.The prevalence of IRPA infection or colonization has increased significantly, with important implications for both clinical and economic outcomes. Interventions to curb this continued increase and strategies to optimize therapy are urgently needed.
Dignam and Roeder Nuclear Extract Preparation
Authors: Carey Michael F. , Peterson Craig L. , Smale Stephen T. 
Published: December 2009

INTRODUCTIONIn this protocol for Dignam and Roeder nuclear extract preparation, HeLa cells are harvested by centrifugation, washed, and resuspended in a hypotonic buffer, which causes the cells to swell. Subsequently, the cells are lysed with a handheld Dounce homogenizer. The nuclei are pelleted by centrifugation, the cytoplasmic supernatant is decanted, and the nuclear pellet is resuspended by Dounce homogenization in a moderate salt buffer. After stirring the suspension for 30 min to allow extraction of transcription factors, the nuclei are centrifuged again, and the resulting supernatant or extract is dialyzed for use in transcription experiments. Generally, 1 L of culture (i.e., 1-2 g of cells, depending on cell density at harvest) yields 1-2 mL of extract at 6-10 mg/mL. This should provide enough extract for ~50-100 in vitro transcription reactions, depending on the scale.
Surgery on Tammar Wallaby (Macropus eugenii) Pouch Young
Authors: Hickford Danielle , Frankenberg Stephen , Renfree Marilyn B. 
Published: December 2009

INTRODUCTIONTwo features of marsupial young make them ideal for developmental studies: (1) Their immune system, like that of the thyroid and thermoregulation, develops relatively late after birth, and (2) they tolerate xenografts. This late development allows transplants to grow and survive in the recipient for at least 150 d without the use of immunosuppressants. The immaturity of the organ systems and the tiny size of the neonate pose difficulties for anesthesia. However, because the pouch young are completely heterothermic until at least 3 mo of age, cooling can be used as an anesthetic agent. In practice, however, we use hypothermia for neonates and young up to the age of 25-30 d, and injectable anethetics thereafter. Healing is remarkably rapid. This tolerance of xenografts and the ability and ease with which hypothermia can be applied to marsupial young provides a unique approach to understanding developmental processes that normally take place in utero in eutherians. This protocol describes surgical procedures and post-surgical care performed on tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) pouch young (PY).
Immunohistochemical Staining of Sectioned Tammar Wallaby (Macropus eugenii) Tissue
Authors: Hickford Danielle , Frankenberg Stephen , Renfree Marilyn B. 
Published: December 2009

INTRODUCTIONAlthough standard immunohistochemical protocols are used for staining tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) tissues, sometimes the tammar protein sequence differs slightly from that of the species against which the antibody was raised. If possible, obtain sequence for the marsupial protein to see which regions of the protein are the most highly conserved between marsupials and eutherians. When purchasing an antibody, if possible, choose one that has shown reactivity across a broad range of species, and preferably choose a polyclonal rather than a monoclonal. Because a tammar epitope may differ slightly from the one against which an antibody was raised, it may be affected differently by fixation, especially if fixatives (such as paraformaldehyde [PFA] or formalin) that cross-link proteins are used. When testing a new antibody on tammar tissues, we therefore routinely test numerous pretreatments to see which one gives optimal staining. In some cases, the optimal pretreatment differs from that suggested by the manufacturer of the antibody. This protocol describes how to use the avidin-biotin complex detection method on paraffin-embedded specimens.
Analyzing Microorganisms in Environmental Samples Using Stable Isotope Probing with H218O
Authors: Schwartz Egbert 
Published: December 2009

INTRODUCTIONWhen analyzing environmental samples of microorganisms by stable isotope probing (SIP), labeling the DNA with H218O, instead of organic or nitrogenous compounds, offers important advantages because water cannot be used as an energy, carbon, or nitrogen source. As a result, addition of the label is unlikely to influence microbial growth rates in soil directly, and microbial communities can be exposed to the label for long periods of time because they are not exposed to abnormally high substrate concentrations. Because all organisms incorporate water into their DNA, performing SIP with H218O is a method for identifying microorganisms that have grown during incubation with H218O, as well as microorganisms that have not grown (i.e., did not incorporate the label) but survived the incubation. This protocol describes the use of SIP with H218O to study soil microorganisms.
Electroporation of Transgenic DNAs in the Sea Squirt Ciona
Authors: Christiaen Lionel , Wagner Eileen , Shi Weiyang , Levine Michael 
Published: December 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe electroporation method described here is probably the mainstay of sea squirt (Ciona) research, because the utility of transgene expression in staged embryo populations enables a wide array of biological questions to be addressed. It allows rapid identification and characterization of cis-regulatory DNA, such as tissue-specific enhancers. Electroporation of plasmids expressing fluorescent reporter genes permits live imaging and lineage tracing. Finally, structure-function relationships can be examined by expressing dominant-negative or constitutively active forms of specific proteins using appropriate cell-specific enhancers.
X-gal Staining of Electroporated Sea Squirt (Ciona) Embryos
Authors: Christiaen Lionel , Wagner Eileen , Shi Weiyang , Levine Michael 
Published: December 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes the fixation, staining, and mounting of sea squirt (Ciona intestinalis) embryos and larvae that have been electroporated with a plasmid DNA containing a cis-regulatory DNA (e.g., tissue-specific enhancer) fused to the lacZ reporter gene. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter genes can be directly visualized in living embryos and larvae, although fixed preparations can use aspects of this protocol.
Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization on Sea Squirt (Ciona intestinalis) Embryos
Authors: Christiaen Lionel , Wagner Eileen , Shi Weiyang , Levine Michael 
Published: December 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes whole-mount in situ hybridization on sea squirt (Ciona intestinalis) embryos. This method is a mainstay of the sea squirt (Ciona) research community. It permits the detailed visualization of gene expression at single-cell resolution. It has been used to detect localized maternal mRNAs in the fertilized egg and to identify restricted patterns of gene expression within individual cells of the developing central nervous system at advanced stages of development, including swimming tadpoles.
Fluorescent Protein Tracking and Detection: Applications Using Fluorescent Proteins in Living Cells
Authors: Rizzo Mark A. , Davidson Michael W. , Piston David W. 
Published: December 2009

INTRODUCTIONFluorescent proteins (FPs) are quite versatile imaging probes and have been successfully employed in almost every biological discipline from microbiology to systems physiology. They are extremely useful as reporters for gene-expression studies in cultured cells, excised tissues, and whole animals. In this article, the discussion of FP applications will be focused on live cell microscopy techniques. In live cells, FPs are most commonly used to track the localization and dynamics of proteins, organelles, and other cellular compartments. FPs can also be used to assess protein-protein interactions in living cells through the use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). This article provides some general tips for the practical aspects of using and imaging enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and newer members of the color palette, as well as quantitative imaging of FPs and imaging of several FPs at the same time. Finally, an overview is provided for the different types of biosensors that have been derived from FPs.
Computational Modeling and Molecular Physiology Experiments Reveal New Insights into Shoot Branching in Pea
Authors: Dun Elizabeth A. , Hanan Jim , Beveridge Christine A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBud outgrowth is regulated by the interplay of multiple hormones, including auxin, cytokinin, strigolactones, and an unidentified long-distance feedback signal that moves from shoot to root. The model of bud outgrowth regulation in pea (Pisum sativum) includes these signals and a network of five RAMOSUS (RMS) genes that operate in a shoot-root-shoot loop to regulate the synthesis of, and response to, strigolactones. The number of components in this network renders the integration of new and existing hypotheses both complex and cumbersome. A hypothesis-driven computational model was therefore developed to help understand regulation of shoot branching. The model evolved in parallel with stepwise laboratory research, helping to define and test key hypotheses. The computational model was used to verify new mechanisms involved in the regulation of shoot branching by confirming that the new hypotheses captured all relevant biological data sets. Based on cytokinin and RMS1 expression analyses, this model is extended to include subtle but important differences in the function of RMS3 and RMS4 genes in the shoot and rootstock. Additionally, this research indicates that a branch-derived signal upregulates RMS1 expression independent of the other feedback signal. Furthermore, we propose xylem-sap cytokinin promotes sustained bud outgrowth, rather than acting at the earlier stage of bud release.
Phylogeny of the genusPalmanura(Collembola: Neanuridae)
Authors: Vargas José G. Palacios , García‐Barros Enrique , Simón Benito José C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn order to assess the phylogenetic structure of the springtail genusPalmanura, as well as to test the monophyly of the tribe Sensillanurini (Neanuridae: Neanurinae), a data matrix of morphological (chaetotactic and other) characters of members of this group was assembled and analysed in the light of Wagner parsimony. The data matrix included all the known members of the Neotropical genusPalmanura, plus representatives ofSensillanuraandAmericanura. Although not all the clades obtained were highly supported by bootstrap resampling, some structures were relatively constant under different approaches. Alternative analyses (unordered and ordered character states, rescaled weighting procedure) were applied. While alternative solutions were obtained, a number of structures were shared by the results irrespective of the method used. On this basis, the results suggest that some further reassessment is required to confirm formally the monophyly of the tribe Sensillanurini. The generaPalmanuraandAmericanuraare mutually poly/paraphyletic; we thus suggest thatPalmanurashould be considered as a synonym ofAmericanura, although some character reassessment and more varied outgroup species may be necessary before a formal generic redefinition can be proposed. Finally, a comparison of the performance of the characters under Wagner parsimony analysis indicated that differences in the characters’ retention indexes are due not to the topological (tagmal) position of the traits involved, but to character coding: the characters describing quantitative features (generally numbers of setae) generally performed worse than other types of characters under parsimony. An updated list of the known members of the Sensillanurini (Collembola: Neanuridae: Neanurinae) is presented. © The Willi Hennig Society 2009.
Inter‐hospital transfers of acutely ill adults in Scotland*
Authors: Fried M. J. , Bruce J. , Colquhoun R. , Smith G. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryThe transfer of acutely ill adults who were transported between hospitals by the Scottish Ambulance Service was audited in order to determine the number of transfers and to quantify the incidence of adverse events. Patients over 16 years of age requiring intervention/vital signs monitoring during transfer or a nursing/medical escort from the outset were defined as acutely ill adults. Three thousand and forty‐eight audit forms were received, of which 2396 were suitable for inclusion in the audit. Transfers primarily occurred for specialist management (1580; 66%) or specialist investigation (550; 23%). Clinicians escorted 825 (34%) patients and were away from their hospital a median (IQR [range]) of 2 h (01:24–3:30 [00:05–17:33]) h:min Clinical intervention was required in 84 transfers (4%). The median (IQR [range]) time for 248 transfers (10.3%) requiring assisted ventilation was 28 min (00:17–00:50 [00:04–02:55]). The incidence of unsecured medical equipment (in escorted transfers only) was significantly lower in dedicated transport teams (2/205, 1%) vs non‐dedicated (113/620, 18%; p = 0.004). Medical equipment failures were less common in the transfer of patients requiring assisted ventilation (1/156, 0.6% vs 9/97, 9%; p = 0.001).
Comparative study of early interactions in mother–child dyads and care centre staff–child within the context of Chilean crèches
Authors: Pía Santelices M. , Olhaberry M. , Paz Pérez‐Salas C. , Carvacho C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground  Bowlby developed the concept of ‘caregiver’ to refer to significant adults with whom young children interact daily. Not only parents are considered significant caregivers but also the care centre staff where the child attends regularly. Within caregiver–infant interactions, sensitive response on the part of the adult is a key concept in the assessment of the quality of the relationship, as it integrates the experiences and emotions that will influence the attainment of a secure attachment and a favourable emotional, social and cognitive development in the child.Methods  This study is a comparative analysis between the dyadic interactions between a child and its principal caregivers in the home and in the crèche; it is based on a group of 185 children between 8 and 24 months old, who attend a crèche regularly. The Care‐Index instrument was used to assess interaction between children and adults, analysing sensitive response in the adults and cooperativeness in the children.Results  The sensitive response of adults to children was complementary; mothers and primary caregivers showed greater sensitivity in the affective aspects of the interaction, while the care centre staff showed greater sensitivity in the cognitive aspects. The fact that caregivers show significant differences in response sensitivity is consistent with existing studies, as are corresponding significant differences in the children's cooperativeness, which demonstrates that a child could benefit from interacting with adults whose different skills could strengthen diverse aspects of health child development.Conclusions  The presence of children in the crèche can be a positive experience in that it favours quality exchanges with the child, developing cognitive aspects of the interaction which are cultivated to a lesser degree by mothers or primary caregivers who principally develop affective aspects.
Benefit finding in survivors of childhood cancer and their parents: further empirical support for the Benefit Finding Scale for Children
Authors: Michel G. , Taylor N. , Absolom K. , Eiser C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground  Diagnosis of a life‐threatening condition has been linked to post‐traumatic stress. However, only recently has it been acknowledged that positive outcomes including post‐traumatic growth or benefit finding may also occur. The aim of our study was to extend previous work describing benefit finding among survivors of childhood cancer, by determining the contribution of demographic and medical variables and associations between child benefit finding and parent post‐traumatic growth.Methods  Survivors of any child cancer (leukaemia, central nervous system or solid tumour; age 12–15 years; completed treatment >2 years) were recruited from routine follow‐up clinics and asked to complete questionnaires [Benefit Finding Scale for Children (BFSC), quality of life (QOL), post‐traumatic stress (PTS), illness perception and optimism]. Parents completed parallel measures to describe their own post‐traumatic growth (PTG), QOL, PTS and illness perception.Results  Forty‐eight survivors and parents completed questionnaires (response rate: 81%). The BFSC showed good internal reliability (alpha = 0.91). Diagnosis of leukaemia, greater optimism and reports that the illness still affects their life today were associated with higher scores on the BFSC among survivors themselves. For parents, perceptions of how much the illness still affects them emotionally was associated with PTG. There was no association between children's benefit finding and parents' PTG.Conclusions  The BFSC is a useful and reliable instrument to assess positive outcomes after cancer in children. The extent to which survivors are optimistic and perceive on‐going effects of the illness on their daily lives is significantly associated with the ability to find benefit after end of treatment.