bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chromatography, Gas
Authors: Snow Nicholas H. , Slack Gregory C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe fundamental theory and technology of gas chromatography (GC) are reviewed with an eye toward assisting new users to become familiar with GC and to begin using to solve analytical problems. Theory and data analysis, including gas flows, band broadening and retention on columns is discussed. Instrumentation is reviewed, including inlets, column, detectors and data systems. Special topics, including multidimensional gas chromatography, fast and micro‐GC are introduced. Although new inlets such as programmed temperature vaporization are available and more versatile, split and splitless injection remain the mainstays of sample introduction. Column technology has evolved significantly in the last decade with myriad specialty stationary phases now available in capillary columns. Flame ionization remains the most common detector, although mass spectrometry has become less expensive and complicated and more widely used. There have been tremendous advances in multidimensional gas chromatography. Numerous references to literature and extensive reference sources are included. In 2010, gas chromatography is one of the most versatile and widely used instrumental techniques.
Drying
Authors: Mujumdar Arun 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDrying is an operation in which volatile liquids are separated from solids, slurries, and solutions to yield solid products. Drying mechanisms and processes, including psychometry, heat‐ and mass‐transfer principles, and a description of liquid and vapor flow encountered during drying are discussed. In freeze drying (lyophilization), wet material is cooled to freeze the liquid and vaporization occurs by sublimation.Industrial dryers may be broadly classified according to the method of heat transfer as being either direct‐heat or indirect‐heat dryers. The types of dryers employed in the chemical industry, which may also be classified as batch or continuous, are described. Conventional, radiant, dielectric, and microwave heat sources are discussed as are emission control and energy usage of the various dryer types.
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
Authors: Muthusamy Durai , Fisher Ian 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMethyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) is an industrially important solvent and chemical intermediate, which after methyl methacrylate and bisphenol A is the third largest tonnage product obtained from acetone. MIBK is produced by four different routes: a three‐step process via diacetone alcohol and mesityl oxide intermediates; a one‐step process from acetone and hydrogen; a one‐step process from isopropyl alcohol; and a single or multistep mixed feed process. MIBK is generally considered to exhibit low mammalian toxicity. However, MIBK must be handled with adequate ventilation. Its vapor is heavier than air and can travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition. The major use of MIBK is as a solvent for surface coatings. It is also used in a variety of nonsurface‐coating applications. As a raw material it is used in the manufacture of rubber antiozonants.
Essential Oils
Authors: Başer K. Hüsnü Can , Demirci Fatih 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAn essential oil is defined as volatile part of a natural product, which can be obtained by distillation or expression in the case of citrus fruits. It consists of volatile hydrocarbons, which also may contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and rarely halogens in many diverse chemical forms.These chemicals often have flavor and fragrance properties, and most of them are biologically active. Therefore, they are indispensable ingredients of foods, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, and so on. They also are used as sources of aromachemicals. This entry focuses on various aspects of essential oils from their chemistry, production, analysis, uses, economic aspects, safety, and regulatory considerations.
Tantalum and Tantalum Compounds
Authors: Lambert John B. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTantalum, discovered in 1802, was not produced in significant quantities until the invention of the solid tantalum capacitor. This tough, ductile silvery gray metal is used primarily in electronic capacitors and a variety of chemical manufacturing applications. Only about 50% of processor demand for tantalum is provided by mine production. The other sources, synthetic concentrates, scrap recycle, and inventory movement, constitute the remainder. Corrosion resistance and the ability to support a stable anodic oxide film make tantalum an excellent material for prosthetics and biomedical devices as well as a substrate for capacitor dielectrics. Tantalum is used also for reactor vessel liners, heat exchangers, and heat shields. The corrosion resistance imparted to tantalum by the passivating surface thermal layer makes the metal inert to most hazards associate with metals. Potassium heptafluorotantalate, from which tantalum metal is formed, is the most important tantalum compound. Other compounds are used in cemented carbides for cutting tools, cermets, waveguides, and other optical and electronic devices.
Ant Colony Optimization
Authors: Dorigo Marco , Montes de Oca Marco A. , Oliveira Sabrina , Stützle Thomas 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAnt colony optimization (ACO) is a class of algorithms for tackling optimization problems that is inspired by the pheromone trail laying and following behavior of some ant species. In ACO, (artificial) ants construct candidate solutions to the problem instance under consideration. Their solution construction is stochastically biased by (artificial) pheromone trails, which are represented in the form of numerical information that is associated with appropriately defined solution components, and possibly by heuristic information based on the input data of the problem instance being solved. A key aspect of ACO algorithms is the use of a positive feedback loop implemented by iterative modifications of the artificial pheromone trails that are a function of the ants' search experience; the goal of this feedback loop is to bias the colony toward the most promising solutions.The ACO metaheuristic is a high‐level algorithmic framework for applying the above ideas to the approximate solution of discrete optimization problems. In this article, we review the most important developments on the algorithmic side of ACO and give a concise summary of approaches followed for the hybridization of ACO algorithms with other techniques, the main application areas of ACO, and the available theoretical results.
Assessing Remaining Useful Lifetime of Products
Authors: Kara Sami 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe requirement for reliable methodologies to assess the remaining useful life of used components has become crucial in order to implement various end‐of‐life strategies. This article presents the latest development in predicting the remaining useful lifetime of used components. It takes the physical and the technological life aspects into account for an integrated assessment. There are three main parts of this article. First, the remaining physical life of used components is derived based on the failure rate data and the statistical analysis of usage life. Secondly, the use of technology forecasting technique to predict the remaining technological life. Finally, the resulting estimations from the two aspects are combined to obtain an integrated assessment for estimating the remaining useful life of components.
Axiomatic Models of Perceived Risk
Authors: Jia Jianmin , Dyer James S. , Butler John C. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This article presents two classes of measures for perceived risk based on decomposing a lottery into its mean and its dispersion about the mean, or standard risk. One of the classes of risk measures presumes that there is no risk when there is no uncertainty involved, and the other allows different degenerate lotteries to be evaluated with different values of “risk.” The former has more prescriptive appeal in risky decision making, but the latter may have more descriptive power for subjective risk judgments. These risk measures can also incorporate the asymmetric effects of losses and gains on perceived risk when an appropriate form of the standard measure of risk is applied. These perceived risk models unify a large body of empirical evidence regarding risk judgments, and provide sufficient flexibility to capture better perceptions of risk than previously developed risk models. Further, they provide clear ways to accommodate financial measures of risk and psychological measures of risk, and they can be incorporated into preference models based on mean‐risk trade‐offs.
Bayesian Aggregation of Experts' Forecasts
Authors: Lichtendahl Kenneth C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDecision makers often consult multiple experts when trying to forecast a future event or quantity. Once the experts' forecasts are obtained, aggregating them into a single forecast can present a significant challenge. The simplest way to aggregate the experts' forecasts is to average them. The Bayesian decision maker, instead, uses the experts' forecasts as data to update prior beliefs about the event or quantity of interest. We examine several prototypical Bayesian aggregation models. We highlight the two main assessment challenges a decision maker faces in constructing such models: (i) judging each expert's discrimination or dependency between the event of interest and the expert's forecast and (ii) judging the dependency between the experts' forecasts, or overlap in their information sources.
Birth‐and‐Death Processes
Authors: Degirmenci Guvenc 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA birth‐and‐death (BD) process is a continuous‐time Markov chain on the nonnegative integers whose transitions are restricted to its nearest neighbors. These processes have enjoyed wide popularity in a diverse set of fields. This article formally defines the BD process, reviews basic results for its transient and asymptotic analysis, discusses some special cases, and describes two applications in queueing theory.
Competing Risks and Limited Failure
Authors: Basu Sanjib 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn engineering, biomedical, or other studies involving time‐to‐event outcomes, a fraction of the units or subjects in a limited failure population may continue to survive a risk. This may happen, for example, if a subject is cured of cancer or if a unit is immune from the risk of infant mortality. Another common occurrence is the setting of competing risks where subjects or units are exposed to multiple risks one of which may eventually cause the occurrence of the event, such as failure or recurrence or death. This article considers and reviews the limited failure competing risks model where a fraction of the units or subjects can be failure‐free from only one of the competing risks but not from the others. The case of masking, when the causes of events for some of the items are not exactly identified or recorded, is also considered.
Clustering
Authors: Iyigun Cem 
Published: January 2011

AbstractClustering is a process of partitioning (classification) of data points (observations, patterns) into disjoint groups (clusters) of similar objects. The search for clusters is a method ofunsupervisedlearning, used in many areas, including statistics, machine learning, data mining, operations research, bioinformatics, facility location, and across multiple application areas including genetics, taxonomy, medicine, marketing, finance, and e‐commerce. This article presents an overview of clustering methods and reviews the literature related to different clustering algorithms and methods.
Column Generation
Authors: Lübbecke Marco E. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractColumn generation is an indispensable tool in computational optimization to solve a mathematical program by iteratively adding the variables of the model. Even though the method is simple in theory, there are many algorithmic choices and we discuss the most common ones. Particular emphasis is placed on the dual interpretation, relating column generation to Langrangian relaxation and cutting plane algorithms, which revealed several critical issues like the need for dual variable stabilization techniques. We conclude with some advice for computer implementations.
Scheduling Seaside Resources at Container Ports
Authors: Meisel Frank 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article provides an overview of operational planning and scheduling problems at seaport container terminals. It considers problems that deal with the seaside resources of a terminal, namely the berth space and the quay cranes, in detail. The corresponding problems of berth allocation, crane assignment, and crane scheduling are investigated in detail by providing comprehensive literature surveys and examples of mathematical models that are found in the recent literature. Finally, issues of further research are outlined.
Damage, Stress, Degradation, Shock
Authors: Kahle Waltraud 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFirst, we give an overview of the most common degradation models. We describe in more detail two degradation models where the first one is based on a Wiener process and the second one is assumed to be generated by a position‐dependent marking of a doubly stochastic Poisson process. A failure occurs when the degradation reaches a given level first time. Some characteristics of these processes are described.
Inventory Record Inaccuracy in Retail Supply Chains
Authors: DeHoratius Nicole 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Inventory record inaccuracy (IRI), defined as the discrepancy between the recorded inventory quantity and the actual inventory quantity physically available on the shelf, is a substantial problem in retailing. This article summarizes the research documenting the problem of IRI within retail supply chains and reviews several potential solutions to IRI offered by operations management researchers. In addition, this article explores how execution problems within retail distribution centers (DCs) contribute to store‐level IRI. Through direct observations and interviews with retail employees, we identify numerous errors that occur within the retail DC and how such errors create a mismatch between actual and recorded store inventory. We argue that it is critical to detect, determine the root cause of, and correct such errors in an effort to prevent them from cascading from one stage of the distribution process to the next. We claim error prevention in distribution, similar to quality improvement in manufacturing, requires improving workforce practices, fool‐proofing operational processes, and appropriate incentive design. We conclude with our recommendations for further study on this topic.
Memetic Algorithms
Authors: Moscato Pablo , Berretta Regina , Cotta Carlos 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMemetic algorithms (MAs) are population‐based search strategies that have been extensively used as metaheuristics for optimization problems in a large number of domains. They are based on the synergistic combination of different algorithmic solvers, with an emphasis on hybridizations with advanced mathematical programming techniques. The synergies are obtained by balancing competitive and cooperative interactions among software agents, which are allowed to have different search strategies and sporadically interact. The paradigm was specially designed for heterogeneous distributed systems and parallel computers 20 years ago. We present a brief historical perspective on MAs, an outline of their algorithmic structural template, and some relevant design aspects of these techniques. The strong momentum of the field is further illustrated by an overview of up‐to‐date algorithmic developments of the paradigm and by highlighting some of the most recent applications published in the literature.
Optimal Reliability Allocation
Authors: Malaiya Yashwant K. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe overall reliability of a complex system, designed as an assembly of subsystems, depends on the subsystem reliability metrics. The cost of each subsystem is a function of its reliability. This article considers the problem of allocating the reliability values to minimize the total cost while achieving the reliability target. The reliability allocation problem is applicable to mechanical and electrical systems as well as computer hardware and software. The approach involves expressing the system reliability in terms of the subsystem reliability values and specifying the cost function for each subsystem, which allows setting up an optimization problem. Software reliability allocation is examined as a detailed example and some preliminary apportionment approaches are presented. While in many cases, it is possible to use exact optimization methods, a complex case may require use of iterative approaches.
Array‐based MLPA to detect recurrent copy number variations in patients with idiopathic mental retardation
Authors: Rooms Liesbeth , Vandeweyer Geert , Reyniers Edwin , van Mol Kurt , de Canck Ilse , Van der Aa Nathalie , Rossau Rudi , Kooy R. Frank 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMicrodeletions, either subtelomeric or interstitial, are responsible for the mental handicap in approximately 10–20% of all patients. Currently, Multiplex Ligation‐dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) is widely used to detect these small aberrations in a routine fashion. Although cost‐effective, the throughput is low and the degree of multiplexing is limited to maximally 40–50 probes. Therefore, we developed an array‐based MLPA method, with probes identified by unique tag sequences, allowing the simultaneous analysis of 180 probes in a single experiment thereby covering all known mental retardation loci with at least two probes. We screened 120 patients with idiopathic mental retardation. In this group we detected 6 aberrations giving a detection rate of 5%, consistent with similar studies. In addition we tested 293 patients with mental retardation who were negative for fragile X syndrome and commercially available subtelomeric MLPA. We found seven causative rearrangements in this group (detection rate of 2.4%) thereby illustrating the value of including probes for interstitial microdeletion syndromes and additional probes in the telomeric regions in targeted screening sets for mental retardation. Array‐based MLPA may thus be a good candidate to develop probe sets that rapidly detect copy number changes of disease associated loci in the human genome. This method may become a valuable tool in a routine diagnostic setting as it is a fast, user‐friendly and relatively low‐cost technique providing straightforward results requiring only 125 ng of genomic DNA. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cerium‐catalyzed tandem synthesis of 2‐substituted benzothiazoles in PEG
Authors: Jin Hui‐Le , Cheng Tian‐Xing , Chen Jiu‐Xi 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAn efficient and convenient condensation reaction of 2‐aminothiophenol with aldehydes catalyzed by a catalytic amount of ceric ammonium nitrate in polyethylene glycol was investigated. As a result, a set of diverse 2‐substituted benzothiazoles such as 2‐phenylbenzothiazole as well as its p‐Me, p‐NO2, p‐F, p‐Cl, p‐Br, o‐OMe, p‐OMe and 2‐furyl, 2‐pyridyl and styryl derivatives were obtained in good to excellent yields for 5 h at room temperature. Additionally, the catalyst system was recovered and reused several times without evident loss in activity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of New 2‐Aryl‐4H‐3,1‐benzothiazines
Authors: Niewiadomy Andrzej , Matysiak Joanna , Karpińska Monika M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractNew compounds of 2‐aryl‐4H‐3,1‐benzothiazine set were synthesized and tested for their antiproliferative activity as part of our research in the antitumor field. The title compounds were obtained by the reaction of aryl‐modified sulfinylbis((2,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)methanethione) with 2‐aminobenzyl alcohols. The reaction proceeded through thiobenzanilide intermediates, which were converted to the 4H‐3,1‐benzothiazine fused ring by an endocyclization process. The structures of compounds were identified from elemental, IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and MS spectra analyses. The cytotoxicity in vitro against four human cancer cell lines was determined. The antiproliferative properties of some compounds were more beneficial than cisplatin studied comparatively.
Effects of Metal Salophene and Saldach Complexes on Lymphoma and Leukemia Cells
Authors: Hille Annegret , Wolf Tanja , Schumacher Petra , Ott Ingo , Gust Ronald , Kircher Brigitte 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSchiff base transition metal complexes are an important class of compounds with great potential for therapeutic interventions. However, data on antileukemic and antilymphoma effects of these complexes are limited. The activity of N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)‐1,2‐phenylenediamine (salophene, 1), its iron(II/III) and manganese(II/III) complexes as well as rac‐trans‐N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)‐1,2‐cyclohexanediamine (saldach, 2) and its respective iron(II/III) complexes was evaluated against U‐937 non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and the HL‐60, SUP‐B15, and K‐562 leukemia cell lines. The free ligands induced in all cell lines, if at all, only marginal, concentration‐dependent growth inhibitory effects, and did not trigger Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) release or induce apoptosis. [FeII(salophene)] (3) and [FeIII(salophene)Cl] (4) blocked cellular growth, caused a strong release of Cu/Zn SOD and induced apoptosis. In contrast, the manganese analogs [MnII(salophene)] (5) and [MnIII(salophene)OAc] (6) inhibited cell growth, caused the programmed cell death only at higher concentrations and did not provoke release of Cu/Zn SOD in any of the four cell lines. Weaker cell death‐promoting effects were observed when the salophene moiety of 3 and 4 was replaced with saldach (complexes 7 and 8), indicating the influence exerted by the ligand structure. In conclusion, Schiff base transition metal complexes induce strong inhibitory effects on human lymphoma and leukemia cells.
An assessment of models to estimate pedestrian demand based on the level of activity
Authors: Pulugurtha Srinivas S. , Repaka Sudha R. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYThis paper presents the development and assessment of models to estimate pedestrian demand based on the level of pedestrian activity (high and low). As activity varies by the time of the day, temporal variations were evaluated by considering different time periods. Data collected at 128 low and 48 high pedestrian activity signalized intersections (a total of 176 signalized intersections) in the City of Charlotte, North Carolina were used to develop and assess the models using stepwise regression analysis through backward elimination of independent variables (includes demographic, land use, and network characteristics). The use of different buffer widths (proximal area) to extract these characteristics was also evaluated. Results, in general, show that pedestrian demand varied by the level of activity, explanatory variables extracted by buffer width, and time of the day. The estimates from the models could be used in transportation planning (identify required pedestrian facilities, resource allocation), safety, and operational analyses. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.