bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Serotype, Virulence Markers and Further Characteristics of Streptococcus suis Isolates from Pigs
Authors: Salasia S. I. O. , Lämmler C. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThis study was designed to comparatively investigate 28 S. suis cultures isolated from various pathological processes of pigs. All cultures could be identified biochemically and most of the cultures could be serogrouped with specific antiserum against Lancefield's serogroup D. Serotyping of the S. suis isolates mainly revealed capsular types 2, 1, and 22. In addition, part of the cultures, mostly those of serotype 2, reacted with monoclonal antibodies to the virulence protein muraminidase‐released protein, and, in parallel with monoclonal antibodies against the virulence protein extracellular factor. Independently of serotype and the occurrence of both virulence proteins, four cultures haemagglutinated erythrocytes from pigs, humans and rabbits. The haemagglutination reaction appeared to be related to the surface hydrophobicity of the isolates. However, part of the cultures with hydrophobic surfaces did not haemagglutinate the available erythrocyte preparations. The surface characteristics of the S. suis isolates shown in this investigation could be used to characterize individual isolates of S. suis that might be of importance for epidemiological studies.
Studies of the Detection ofListeria monocytogenesby Culture and PCR in Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples from Ruminants with Listeric Encephalitis
Authors: Peters M. , Pohlenz J. , Jaton K. , Ninet B. , Bille J. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA total of 14 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from ruminants clinically suspected of suffering from listeric encephalitis were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection ofListeria monocytogenes (L. m.).Of these samples, 11 were examined bacteriologically. Although the clinical diagnosis was confirmed in eight of 11 ruminants by histological and/or bacteriological examination of the brains,L. m.was only detected in one of the CSF samples using PCR, and in none by culture. The PCR‐positive CSF sample was obtained from a sheep which had been treated with antibiotics prior to CSF sampling. From these findings, it was concluded thatL. m.only occasionally gains access to the meningoventricular system in the course of listeric encephalitis of ruminants and that a reliable aetiologicalin vivodiagnosis of listeric encephalitis generally cannot be based on the detection ofL. m.in the CSF of affected ruminants.
Epidemiological Aspects of Cerebrospinal Elaphostrongylosis in Small Ruminants in Northern Norway
Authors: Handeland K. , Slettbakk T. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryPathology records from the State Veterinary Laboratory for Northern Norway were used to examine the association between the occurrence of cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis (CSE) in small ruminants and summer temperature and rainfall in northern Norway. From 1968 to 1993, Elaphostrongylus rangiferi induced CSE was diagnosed in six sheep and 30 dairy goats from 28 different herds in northern Norway. The animals were received for autopsy during 11 different winters. The occurrence of CSE was associated with high mean temperatures during the preceding summers.Further information on clinical CSE and potential risk factors of the disease was obtained from small‐ruminant farmers in northern Norway in 1989 and 1991, using a questionnaire. Clinical CSE was defined as posterior paresis without any evidence of brain disturbances or cranial nerve dysfunctions. The survey showed that epidemics of CSE may occur in goat herds while the occurrence of CSE was sporadic in sheep herds. Disease incidence in affected goat herds varied between 0.8 and 8.2%. CSE was associated with the presence of reindeer in the pasture area and occurred in the first, third and, especially, the fourth quarter of the year.
Detection and Isolation of Bovine Immunodeficiency‐like Virus (BIV) in Dairy Herds of Costa Rica
Authors: Hidalgo G. , Flores M. , Bonilla J. A. 
Published: May 2010

SummarySerological (Western blot) detection of bovine immunodeficiency‐like virus (BIV) in Holstein dairy herds is reported in Costa Rica for the first time, as well as the isolation of the virus, from a seropositive bovine, by cocultivation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with embryonic rabbit epithelial (EREp) cells. The isolated strain, BIV CR1, reacted similarly in Western blot as the reference strain BIV R29 and is clearly distinguishable from bovine leukaemia virus (BLV). The data suggest an association between BIV infections and BLV infections, as it has been reported elsewhere.From these results it can be concluded that BIV is present in Costa Rica and it is suggested that these viral infections will probably follow the epidemiological parameters of BLV infections in Costa Rica, reaching high infection rates in dairy herds.
Characterization of a Distinct Subpopulation of Bovine γδ T cells
Authors: Amadori M. , Archetti I. L. , Verardi R. , Berneri C. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA population of mononuclear cytotoxic cells from peripheral blood leucocytes of cattle showed no usual markers of B and T lymphocytes. However, it could be allocated to a previously unreported γδ T cell compartment. This assumption was suggested by: 1. The surface expression of CD3; 2. PCR amplification of the Cδ TcR gene from cDNA; and 3. The detection of peripheral blood precursors expressing the workshop cluster (WC) 1 marker of bovine γδ T cells. These cells are recognized by murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 5D4, 1E7, 6F9 and 8D7, raised in the authors' laboratory. The above mAbs also identify distinct groups of cells in thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and about 1 % of uncultured PBL. The most diffuse infiltration of such cells was shown in the small intestine, as both intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocytes. Mucosal homing activity was confirmed by immunoperoxidase staining on tongue and pharynx sections of healthy cattle.
Susceptibility of Poultry Lactobacilli to Ionophore Antibiotics
Authors: Marounek M. , Rada V. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe susceptibility of four poultry Lactobacillus strains to monensin, narasin, lasalocid, salinomycin and maduramicin was investigated using two different systems of lactobacilli cultivation. In the MRS broth (Oxoid) with glucose, the growth of lactobacilli was inhibited at ionophore concentrations as low as 0.4–5 μg/ml. On the other hand, the growth of lactobacilli in the mixture of a commercial concentrate with water (1:2) was not influenced by ionophores at 100 μg/g. It follows from these results that lactobacilli are much more resistant to ionophores in their natural environment than in laboratory cultures on glucose. It was concluded that: probiotic lactobacilli can be added to ionophore‐containing concentrates; antibiotic susceptibility data obtained in liquid cultures with glucose are misleading.
Pattern of Infection with the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus on Swine Farms in Belgium
Authors: Houben S. , van Reeth K. , Pensaert M. B. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryOn four closed breeding‐fattening farms, 17 sows and their litters were examined for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) antibodies in the blocking enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). On each farm, the pigs were born within the same week and remained together for 12 weeks. The pigs were followed serologically to determine the antibody profile with the purpose of establishing the infection pattern of PRRSV. A total of 13 sows had antibodies and a positive correlation existed between their titre and the maternal antibody titre of their litters at 2 weeks of age. The maternal antibodies were detectable until 4–10 weeks of age. On two farms, no infection occurred during the time of the experiment as no seroconversion was observed in the eight litters. On the two other farms, infection was observed in eight of the nine litters between 4 and 12 weeks of age while one litter became infected during the fattening period. In some litters, a few pigs seroconverted between 6 and 8 weeks, others between 8 and 10 weeks and still others between 10 and 12 weeks. This observation indicated a rather slow spreading pattern of PRRSV.At the time of entry on four commercial fattening farms, which is 10–11 weeks of age, 15%, 50%, 75% and 60%, respectively, of the pigs had antibodies to PRRSV. Based on the rate of decline of maternal antibodies as determined by the studies on the closed breeding‐fattening farms, it was indicated that these positive pigs had already been infected on the farm of origin. Occasionally, pigs at that age with a low antibody titre may still have waning maternal antibodies. The latter pigs and the pigs negative at entry had seroconverted 4 weeks after arrival, indicating that a PRRSV infection had occurred on all four fattening farms.
A Retrospective Study of Bovine Abortions Associated withBacillus licheniformis
Authors: Agerholm J. S. , Krogh H. V. , Jensen H. E. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA retrospective study of bovine abortions associated withBacillus licheniformisis described. The material consisted of 2445 bovine abortions submitted for diagnostics from 1986 through 1993. Initially,B. licheniformishad been isolated from 81 cases. Sections of these cases were reexamined microscopically and immunohistochemically by a PAP technique using a primary antibody againstB. licheniformis.Of these abortions, 47 were most likely associated withB. licheniformisas tissue lesions with immunostained bacteria were present in these. In the remaining cases the diagnosis may not have been established due to the lack of sufficient materials, or the isolation of the bacterium was considered to be a result of contamination. In four cases concomitant infections withB. licheniformisand bovine virus diarrhoea virus were present. Abortions caused byB. licheniformiswere predominantly seen during the winter months and in late pregnancy. The most common lesions were necrotizing placentitis followed by fetal multifocal suppurative bronchopneumonia. Immunohistochemically,B. licheniformiswas demonstrated in association with tissue lesions and intracellularly in trophoblasts. The pattern of bacterial isolations, especially from the placenta, lungs, and abomasal contents, combined with the histological findings points toB. licheniformisabortions as being of haematogenous origin with subsequent transplacental spread to the fetus.
Immunhistologischer Nachweis von Chlamydia psittaci/pecorum und C. trachomatis im Ferkel‐Darm
Authors: Zahn I. , Szeredi L. , Schiller I. , Kunz U. Straumann , Bürgi E. , Guscetti F. , Heinen E. , Corboz L. , Sydler T. , Pospischil A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryImmunohistological Determination of Chlamydia psittaci/pecorum and C. trachomatis in the Piglet GutThe jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon of 200 piglets were investigated immunohistochemically for the presence of Chlamydia psittaci and C. trachomatis using a vitelline IgY. Positive samples were later labelled using a commercial C. trachomatis polyclonal antiserum. Chlamydia were present in 33 (16.4%) of the animals, and 30 out of 33 were labelled by C. trachomatis polyclonal antiserum. Inclusions occurred predominantly (67%) in the large intestine. The serological results (CFT, ELISA) did not correlate well with immunohistochemical labelling in the gut. The incidence of Chlamydia rose from 6.9% in animals up to 4 weeks, to 41.8% in those over 4 weeks of age. A correlation between chlamydia and enteric disease was not obvious. Besides chlamydia, most of the diseased animals harboured other additional agents. In conclusion, intestinal chlamydiae in piglets, predominantly C. trachomatis, exist in Switzerland, although their pathogenic potential seems to be low.ZusammenfassungDärme (Jejunum, Ileum, Zaekum, Kolon) von insgesamt 200 Ferkeln wurden immunhistologisch auf Chlamydien untersucht. Der Chlamydien‐Nachweis erfolgte mittels der Avidin‐Biotin‐Methode. Als primärer Antikörper wurde ein aus dem Eidotter von mit C. psittaci und C. trachomatis immunisierten Hühnern gewonnenes Vitellinimmunglobulin IgY und ein kommerzieller polyklonaler Antiserum gegen C. trachomatis verwendet. Insgesamt 33 (16,4%) Schweine erwiesen sich als Chlamydienträger, 30 von 33 beherbergten C. trachomatis. Chlamydien‐Einschlüsse fanden sich überwiegend im Dickdarm (67%). Bei Tieren über 4 Wochen wurden Chlamydien häufiger nachgewiesen (41,8%) als bei Tieren bis zu 4 Wochen (6,9%). Die Ergebnisse der serologischen Untersuchung korrelieren nicht eindeutig mit den immunhistologischen Befunden im Darm.Ein eindeutiger Zusammenhang zum Durchfallgeschehen konnte nicht festgestellt werden, da mit Ausnahme von zwei Fällen bei den an Durchfall erkrankten Ferkeln neben Chlamydien auch andere darmpathogene Erreger gefunden wurden.Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen zeigen, daß auch in der Schweiz latente Darminfektionen mit Chlamydien bei Ferkeln und Läufern vorkommen, und dass Chlamydien als alleinige Durchfallerreger für Schweine vermutlich nur eine geringe Pathogenität aufweisen.
Influence of Oestradiol‐17ß on Interleukin‐1 Secretion by Endotoxin‐stimulated Porcine Mononuclear Cellsin vitro
Authors: Magnusson U. , Villacres‐Eriksson M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA bioassay for porcine interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) was validated. By use of this bioassay, the influence of increasing concentrations of oestradiol‐17ß on IL‐1 secretion by endotoxin‐stimulated porcine mononuclear cells (MNC)in vitrowas studied. Supernatants from cultures of porcine MNC stimulated with LPS (0.1–10μg/ml) induced a proliferative response in the IL‐1 and IL‐2 dependent cell line D10.G4.1 (D‐10) in a dose‐dependent manner with respect to LPS. Supernatants of LPS stimulated porcine MNC did not show any IL‐2 activity in an bioassay for IL‐2. Porcine MNC were cultured in the presence of increasing concentrations of oestradiol‐17ß (42–1500 pmol/l) and stimulated with LPS (10 μg/ml) or in the absence of oestradiol and LPS. The IL‐1 secretion by the MNC, as determined by the D‐10 bioassay, was significantly (P < 0.01) suppressed by the highest oestradiol concentration tested (1500 pmol/l). The results indicate that high physiological concentrations of oestradiol‐17ß may affect the secretion of IL‐1 by porcine MNC.
Pharmacokinetics, Intramuscular Bio‐availability, and Bioequivalence of Amoxycillin in Donkeys
Authors: Lavy E. , Ziv G. , Aroch I. , Glickman A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe disposition kinetics of intravenously (i.v.) administered amoxycillin sodium (10 mg/kg) was determined in four adult donkeys. The elimination half‐life (t1/2ß) of 47.3 ± 5.1 min, the apparent volume of distribution (Varea) of 0.325 ± 0.093 1/kg and the total body clearance (ClB) of 4.76 ± 1.33 ml/min·kg were very close to the corresponding values reported for the horse injected i.v. with amoxycillin sodium. It was evident that because of the rapid rate of drug elimination, limited distribution volume, and high clearance values, the i.v. injected amoxycillin sodium (10–20 mg/kg) was likely to result in potentially therapeutic tissue concentrations for a short time (2–3 h) only. Three formulations of 15% amoxycillin trihydrate suspension in oil were injected intramuscularly (i.m.) to each donkey at 10 mg/kg. Drug absorption was rapid and the elimination half‐life (t1/2el) ranged between 6 and 10 h. Mean peak serum amoxycillin concentrations (Cmax) were, however, rather low (0.81–1.68 μg/ml) and the i.m. bioavailability was 25.8–45.1% for the different formulations. Although the three formulations were considered to be intramuscularly bio‐equivalent and appeared to be well tolerated, it was estimated that multiple SID (once daily) treatments at 10–20 mg/kg could result in tissue concentrations of potential therapeutic value for the treatment of infections caused by very susceptible pathogens only.
Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Vero‐cytotoxin‐producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) isolated from Cattle in Herds with and without Calf Diarrhoea
Authors: Burnens A. P. , Frey A. , Lior H. , Nicolet J. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryTo determine the clinical significance and prevalence of Vero cytotoxin (VT)‐producingE. coli(VTEC) in Swiss cattle, faecal swabs and milk samples of 93 cattle from two farms with calf diarrhoea, and of 54 cattle from two similar farms without clinical problems, were screened for VTEC by PCR and colony‐blot hybridization. On average, 21% of all cows were positive for VTEC by PCR, without differences between farms with and without diarrhoea problems. By contrast, VTEC were detected by PCR in 60% of animals younger than 2 years from farms with diarrhoea problems, whereas only 32% of comparable control animals from farms without clinical problems had VTEC. No VTEC were detected in the milk samples. A variety of toxin types, antimicrobial‐susceptibility patterns and serotypes were found by colony‐blot hybridization, among the VTEC in individual herds. However, there was a significant relationship between the VT1‐only toxin type and the presence of antimicrobial resistance and clinical disease in calves. No association could be found between levels of VTEC excretion and the presence of diarrhoea. This is the first study to report systematic quantitative data on numbers of VTEC in faecal samples of cattle positive for VT genes by PCR.
Zur Beurteilung der Fleischqualität bei Schalenwild
Authors: Stolle A. , Marx H. , Kühnlein C. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryEvaluation of the Meat Quality of GameThe carcasses of 140 roe deer, 129 wild boars, 81 red deer and 55 fallow deer were examined to determine meat quality with respect to the influence of typical hunting situations. After hunting, many carcasses had not been cooled, which significantly influenced meat‐quality parameters. The pH‐value, detected electrochemically, gave the most reliable results out of all the meat‐quality parameters investigated. Determination of the pH‐value with regard to the pH indexes ascertained for different points of measurement and types of game is helpful in properly judging the substantial quality of venison. Determination of electrical conductivity and water‐holding capacity (Q) can be helpful in judging meat quality. The value of residual‐blood content in judging substantial venison quality is, however, doubtful. The measurement of rapid glycolysis and the evaluation of rigor mortis are not appropriate for determining the substantial quality of venison.ZusammenfassungAn 140 Stück Rehwild, 129 Stück Schwarzwild, 81 Stück Rotwild und 55 Stück Damwild wurden Fleischqualitätsparameter gemessen und der Einfluß der besonderen jagdlichen Gegebenheiten berücksichtigt. Auffällig war die fehlende Kühlung vieler erlegter Stücke und daraus folgend ein signifikanter Einfluß auf die Fleischqualitätsparameter. Der pH‐Wert, gemessen mit einem elektrischen pH‐Meter, ist der zuverlässigste der zur Beurteilung der Fleischqualität untersuchten Parameter. Die Bestimmung des pH‐Wertes kann anhand der getrennt nach Tierarten und Meßstellen ermittelten Richtwerte ein wertvolles Hilfsmittel bei einer sach‐gerechten Beurteilung von Wildbret sein. Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit und der Q‐Wert können zur Beurteilung der Fleischqualität ebenfalls herangezogen werden. Die Bestimmung des Ausblutungsgrades scheint bei Wild zur Beurteilung der Fleischqualität weniger, die Messung der induzierten Glykolyse sowie die Beurteilung anhand des Rigor Mortis ungeeignet.
Rapid Bioassay for Detection of Bacillus anthracis in Mice
Authors: Shlyakhov E. , Rubinstein E. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA rapid‐bioassay method (RBA) of diagnosing anthrax was developed in mice. A standard RBA consisted of intraperitoneal inoculation of a suspected culture or of a suspension of raw infected animal tissues in four pairs of mice. At 60, 120 and 180 min after inoculation, two mice were killed and smears and impression smears were made from the peritoneal fluid, heart blood, spleen, liver, and kidneys, and then fixed, stained and microscopically examined. Encapsulated rods seen in microscopy confirmed the diagnosis. The remaining pair of mice was kept for a 10‐day observation period and served as a control.In the experiments described in this study, RBA showed a high efficiency. A vegetative culture of 18–20 h of Bacillus anthracis growth demonstrated encapsulation in mice as early as 120 min after inoculation; a culture of 3–5 or 6–12 h of growth showed encapsulation at 60 min. Old spores gave encapsulation at 180 min, but, if previously plated for 6 h, encapsulation was observed as early as 60 min after inoculation. Inoculation of raw infected tissues gave positive results at 120 min. As compared with the challenged controls, no deviations between the results of RBA and the final diagnosis of anthrax were observed, but RBA appears to be 7–17 times more rapid. Some variations of the standard RBA are also suggested.
Growth and Protective Potentials of Attenuated Strains of Equid Herpesvirus 1 in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Kirisawa R. , Terada M. , Sekiya N. , Kawakami Y. , Iwai H. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryAttenuated equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV‐1) strains with different passage histories in bovine kidney cells (BKC), i.e. BK77, BK161, BK271 and BK343, were examined for their growth in mouse lungs after intranasal inoculation. BK77 and BK161 were recovered from lungs with almost the same titres, and were found to be about 100 times lower than that of the parent HH1 strain. The growth abilities of high‐passaged BK271 and BK343 were markedly reduced. Although partial growth of BK343 in the lungs of athymic nude mice was observed, the virus was almost eradicated from their lungs within 1 week. By contrast, the parent HH1 persisted in the lungs of nude mice for at least 1 week. The mice immunized with the BKC‐passaged viruses were partially protected against subsequent challenge with the parent HH1. Antibodies were detected by ELISA. These results demonstrate that, although serial BKC‐passage lowered the growth ability of the parent HH1, the descendant viruses still have a partial protective potential in mice.
Diagnostische Maßnahmen anläßlich einer Q‐Fieber‐Endemie in einem Berliner Schafbestand
Authors: Mölle G. , Hentschke J. , Laiblin Ch. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThis report gives an account of a Q‐fever infection in flocks of sheep, taking into consideration the epidemiological aspects. In the inner organs, and particularly in the central nervous system of affected animals, rickettsial as well as chlamydial agents were directly demonstrated by immunofluorescence and specific staining methods, as well as by isolation via cell culture. Serological examination showed antibodies against both agents in sheep from flocks where the outbreak occurred.ZusammenfassungEs wird über das Auftreten einer Q‐Fieber‐Infektion in Schafherden und die daraufhin eingeleiteten diagnostischen Maßnahmen unter Berücksichtigung der epidemiologischen Aspekte berichtet.In den Organen, insbesondere im Zentralnervensystem verstorbener Tiere wurden immun‐fluoreszenzserologisch und über die Anzüchtung in der Zellkultur sowohl Rickettsien als auch Chlamydien nachgewiesen.Serologische Untersuchungen der betroffenen Schafherden ergaben den Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen beide Erreger.
Isolation ofBacteroides ureolyticusfrom Vaginal Discharge of Mares
Authors: Fodor L. , Szenci O. , Peters M. , Varga J. , Szemerédi Gy. , Wyszoczky F. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA total of sevenBacteroides ureolyticusstrains were isolated from the cervix and the clitoral fossa of mares with vaginal discharge. No other bacteria capable of causing metritis or vaginitis were isolated from the samples. The isolated strains resembledTaylorella equigenitalis.Both species are catalase, oxidase and alkaline phosphatase positive, but, in addition to these characteristics,B. ureolyticusstrains produced urease and they could not tolerate 10% O2. They also failed to be agglutinated in a hyperimmune serum raised againstT. equigenitalis; however,B. ureolyticusandT. equigenitaliswere agglutinated in the slide agglutination test in a serum produced against one of theB. ureolyticusisolates. Further investigations are needed to clarify the pathologic role ofB. ureolyticusin genital infections of mares and other animals.