bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of cyclin‐dependent kinase (Cdk)6 in osteoblast, osteoclast, and chondrocyte differentiation and its potential as a target of bone regenerative medicine
Authors: Ogasawara Toru , Mori Yoshiyuki , Abe Masanobu , Suenaga Hideyuki , Kawase‐Koga Yoko , Saijo Hideto , Takato Tsuyoshi 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn the oral and maxillofacial region, conditions such as bone fracture, trauma‐induced bone or cartilage defects, and tumor or birth defects are common, and it is necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that control the differentiation of cells to establish new treatment strategies for these conditions. Therefore, numerous studies have investigated the role or involvement of factors that are thought to be crucial for differentiation of cells, including cell cycle factors, transcription factors, and growth factors. One of these types of factors, the cell cycle factors, critically influence the differentiation of cells, since a temporal arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle or withdrawal from the cell cycle is thought to be a prerequisite for cell differentiation. In a previous attempt to identify cell cycle factor(s) controlling the commitment for differentiation of cells, we discovered that cyclin‐dependent kinase (Cdk)6, one of the G1 cell cycle factors, is a critical regulator of the differentiation efficiency of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes. In addition, individual groups have also reported the importance of Cdk6 in differentiation in other cell types. Herein, we review the role of Cdk6 in differentiation of cells with a particular focus on osteoblast, osteoclast, and chondrocyte differentiation and discuss the potential of Cdk6 as a target of bone regenerative medicine.
End of the Empire: The Spanish Philippines and Puerto Rico in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Skowronek Russell K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAs we pass the Quincentennial of the founding of the Spanish empire we stand within two years of marking the centennial of its demise in Asia and the New World in 1998. In recent years, much research has focused on the changes wrought on indigenous populations at the time of initial contact, but little consideration has been given to the material legacy of this empire. This study will examine the material aspects of two Spanish colonies, the Philippines and Puerto Rico at the end of nearly four centuries of Spanish colonization. Archaeological evidence from the two colonies is compared and contextualised within the economic order of the nineteenth century in order to better evaluate the nature of the physical manifestation of late Spanish colonialism.
In search of wheat: municipal politics, urban markets and the grain supply in Aragon in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
Authors: MATEOS ROYO JOSÉ ANTONIO 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT:This article examines the politics of grain supply in the towns and cities of Aragon in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. As a social consensus grew up around the market, town and city councils were able to forge a far-reaching grain supply policy that encouraged consumption and incentivized local production. However, rising indebtedness forced the municipal authorities to reduce public provision and increase the taxation of grain in the seventeenth century. These measures in turn encouraged both private initiatives in the market and an emerging black market. Despite efforts to moderate the worst effects of these phenomena, reform had serious consequences for the poorest town dwellers.
‘A fairground for “building the new man”’: Gorky Park as a site of Soviet acculturation
Authors: SHAW CLAIRE 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT:This article analyses one of the first extensive ‘acculturation’ projects undertaken by the Soviet leadership, the construction of Gorky Park, Moscow, between its inception in 1921 and the 1930s. It undertakes a close reading of the developing conceptualization of Gorky Park as, to borrow Timothy Colton's phrase, a ‘fairground for “building the new man”’ and the practical limits of this ambition.
The impact of MENA-to-EU migration in the context of demographic change
Authors: DOCQUIER FRÉDÉRIC , MARCHIORI LUCA 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe analyze the consequences of increasing MENA-to-EU migration on both sending and receiving regions. Using a general equilibrium model, we find that increasing MENA-to-EU migration generates significant changes in EU15 tax rates and income per capita. Compared to a non-selective immigration shock, selecting immigrants leads to a moderate reduction in tax rates, but to a greater impact on income per capita in the EU15. Emigration, especially if high-skilled, has a detrimental impact on MENA tax rates. Finally, the negative effects in MENA are mitigated if the brain drain leads to side-effects or is accompanied by increased education attainment at origin.
Screening auf Substanz bezogene Störungen mit dem RAFFT bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen
Authors: Peter-Michael Sack  , Kristin Seifert  , Anneke Aden  , Udo J. Küstner  , Marit Feldmann  , Rainer Thomasius  
Published: June 2011

Fragestellung: Welche Werte ergeben sich für Sensitivität (Se) und Spezifizität (Sp) des RAFFT-Screening-Fragebogens in Bezug auf Suchtdiagnosen, insbesondere auf Cannabis bezogene Diagnosen? Methodik: Über die RAFFT-Cut-off-Werte wurden die klinischen Diagnosen Schädlicher Gebrauch bzw. Abhängigkeitssyndrom vorhergesagt, Se und Sp wurden über ROC-Analysen ermittelt. Die Stichprobe bestand aus N = 109 Patienten einer psychiatrischen Drogen- und Alkoholambulanz im Alter von 13−33 Jahren (39 % 14−18 Jahre, 45 % 19−25 Jahre alt). Ergebnisse: Der RAFFT-Drogen weist bei 14- bis18-Jährigen eine Se = 100 % und Sp = 54 % für Drogen bezogene Diagnosen und eine Se = 100 % und Sp = 51 % für speziell Cannabis bezogene Diagnosen auf; der RAFFT-Alkohol bei 19- bis 25-Jährige eine Se = 100 % und Sp = 58 % für Alkohol bezogene Diagnosen. Schlussfolgerungen: Derzeit erscheint der RAFFT-Drogen zum Screening auf riskanten Cannabis- bzw. illegalem Drogenkonsum in der Altersgruppe 14 – 18 Jahre als das Instrument der Wahl. Replikationen der hiesigen Befunde an weiteren Stichproben sind allerdings erforderlich.
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, OCCUPATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS, CAREER PEAKS
Authors: Wolbers Maarten H.J. , Luijkx Ruud , Ultee Wout 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT
This paper answers questions on the educational attainment and occupational career of men in The Netherlands whose working life began in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, in so far as their job history is available until at least the age of 45 years. The analysis draws on five Dutch retrospective life-history surveys conducted between 1992 and 2003. The results show that a man's education depends upon his father's job, and that this effect has not changed for labour market entry cohorts. When explaining a man's first job, his father's job is influential once more, independent of a man's education. A man's education has a direct positive effect on his first job, his job after 10 and 20 years, and his peak job, but again the differences in status attainment between labour market entry cohorts are limited. Findings also reveal that advantages accumulate during a person's working life. Apart from a higher level of education, a higher first job has an independent positive effect on a man's job after 10 and 20 years, as well as on his peak status.
π-extended conjugated semiconducting molecules based on triphenylene
Authors: Ha Hoang Mai , Nghia Nguyen Duc , Hoon Choi Dong 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The authors report on the design and synthesis of new semiconducting materials, based on a triphenylene core. In comparison with all previous reported triphenylene derivatives, these molecules have lower bandgap energies. 2,3,6,7,10,11-Hexakis(4-((E)-2-(5′-hexyl-2,2′-bithiophen-5-yl)vinyl)phenyl) triphenylene and 2,3,6,7,10,11-Hexakis(4-((E)-2-(5′-dodecyl-2,2′-bithiophen-5-yl)vinyl)phenyl)triphenylene have good solubility and are applicable to soluble processing for organic field effect transistor (OFET) and organic solar cell (OSC) fabrications. As far as we know, there are few reports on the application of π-extended triphenylene systems to OFET. The other molecule, 2,3,6,7,10,11-Hexakis((4-(5-dodecylthiophen-2-yl)phenyl)ethynyl)triphenylene, is a new discotic liquid crystalline (LC) semiconducting material. This molecule is readily soluble in common organic solvents to exhibit self-organizing long fiber structures with supramolecularly ordered columnar stacks that lie parallel to the substrate. The semiconducting properties of these molecules were quite promising for further designs of π-extended triphenylene derivatives.
Model-Based Analysis of Arabidopsis Leaf Epidermal Cells Reveals Distinct Division and Expansion Patterns for Pavement and Guard Cells
Authors: Kheibarshekan Asl Leila , Dhondt Stijn , Boudolf Véronique , Beemster Gerrit T.S. , Beeckman Tom , Inzé Dirk , Govaerts Willy , De Veylder Lieven 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
To efficiently capture sunlight for photosynthesis, leaves typically develop into a flat and thin structure. This development is driven by cell division and expansion, but the individual contribution of these processes is currently unknown, mainly because of the experimental difficulties to disentangle them in a developing organ, due to their tight interconnection. To circumvent this problem, we built a mathematic model that describes the possible division patterns and expansion rates for individual epidermal cells. This model was used to fit experimental data on cell numbers and sizes obtained over time intervals of 1 d throughout the development of the first leaf pair of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The parameters were obtained by a derivative-free optimization method that minimizes the differences between the predicted and experimentally observed cell size distributions. The model allowed us to calculate probabilities for a cell to divide into guard or pavement cells, the maximum size at which it can divide, and its average cell division and expansion rates at each point during the leaf developmental process. Surprisingly, average cell cycle duration remained constant throughout leaf development, whereas no evidence for a maximum cell size threshold for cell division of pavement cells was found. Furthermore, the model predicted that neighboring cells of different sizes within the epidermis expand at distinctly different relative rates, which could be verified by direct observations. We conclude that cell division seems to occur independently from the status of cell expansion, whereas the cell cycle might act as a timer rather than as a size-regulated machinery.
The Arabidopsis Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor–Like Kinases BAK1/SERK3 and BKK1/SERK4 Are Required for Innate Immunity to Hemibiotrophic and Biotrophic Pathogens
Authors: Roux Milena , Schwessinger Benjamin , Albrecht Catherine , Chinchilla Delphine , Jones Alexandra , Holton Nick , Malinovsky Frederikke Gro , Tör Mahmut , de Vries Sacco , Zipfel Cyril 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) constitutes an important layer of innate immunity in plants. The leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinases EF-TU RECEPTOR (EFR) and FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) are the PRRs for the peptide PAMPs elf18 and flg22, which are derived from bacterial EF-Tu and flagellin, respectively. Using coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analyses, we demonstrated that EFR and FLS2 undergo ligand-induced heteromerization in planta with several LRR receptor-like kinases that belong to the SOMATIC-EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (SERK) family, including BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1/SERK3 (BAK1/SERK3) and BAK1-LIKE1/SERK4 (BKK1/SERK4). Using a novel bak1 allele that does not exhibit pleiotropic defects in brassinosteroid and cell death responses, we determined that BAK1 and BKK1 cooperate genetically to achieve full signaling capability in response to elf18 and flg22 and to the damage-associated molecular pattern AtPep1. Furthermore, we demonstrated that BAK1 and BKK1 contribute to disease resistance against the hemibiotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae and the obligate biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Our work reveals that the establishment of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) relies on the rapid ligand-induced recruitment of multiple SERKs within PRR complexes and provides insight into the early PTI signaling events underlying this important layer of plant innate immunity.
Live Cell Imaging Reveals Structural Associations between the Actin and Microtubule Cytoskeleton in Arabidopsis
Authors: Sampathkumar Arun , Lindeboom Jelmer J. , Debolt Seth , Gutierrez Ryan , Ehrhardt David W. , Ketelaar Tijs , Persson Staffan 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletal networks are dynamic structures that organize intracellular processes and facilitate their rapid reorganization. In plant cells, actin filaments (AFs) and MTs are essential for cell growth and morphogenesis. However, dynamic interactions between these two essential components in live cells have not been explored. Here, we use spinning-disc confocal microscopy to dissect interaction and cooperation between cortical AFs and MTs in Arabidopsis thaliana, utilizing fluorescent reporter constructs for both components. Quantitative analyses revealed altered AF dynamics associated with the positions and orientations of cortical MTs. Reorganization and reassembly of the AF array was dependent on the MTs following drug-induced depolymerization, whereby short AFs initially appeared colocalized with MTs, and displayed motility along MTs. We also observed that light-induced reorganization of MTs occurred in concert with changes in AF behavior. Our results indicate dynamic interaction between the cortical actin and MT cytoskeletons in interphase plant cells.
Aroma impact compounds in Liuyang douchi, a Chinese traditional fermented soya bean product
Authors: Chen Qing‐Chan , Xu Yong‐Xia , Wu Peng , Xu Xiao‐Yun , Pan Si‐Yi 
Published: June 2011

SummaryTwo procedures for the isolation of volatiles from Liuyang douchi, the typical representative of Aspergillus‐type douchi, were compared: solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) and simultaneous steam distillation extraction (SDE). Compared with SDE, the SPME extract was judged to be more similar to the aroma of the starting materials. The aroma impact compounds of the SPME extract were then determined using GC–MS and gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O). From the detection frequencies and the intensities of the peaks, twenty‐eight volatile compounds were detected in the sniffing port of GC–O. Identification of twenty‐two aroma impact compounds was based on the combination of sensory descriptors, linear retention index values, GC–MS data and co‐injection of authentic standards. Compounds with the greatest aroma intensities include 2‐methyl‐butanal, ethyl 2‐methylbutyrate, isoamyl acetate, 2,6‐dimethylpyrazine, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, 2‐pentyl furan, benzeneacetaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol, phenethyl acetate and phenethyl butyrate. These compounds might have an impact on the overall aroma of Liuyang douchi.
Response surface optimisation of spray dryer operational parameters for low‐phenylalanine skim milk powder
Authors: Amiri‐Rigi Atefeh , Mohammadifar Mohammad A. , Emam‐Djomeh Zahra , Mohammadi Mehrdad 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe aim of this study was to optimise the spray‐drying process for low‐phenylalanine (low‐Phe) milk. Influence of inlet air temperature (100, 150 and 200 °C), feed flow rate (5, 10 and 15 mL min−1) and air flow rate (400, 600 and 800 L h−1) on the solubility, yield, water activity and moisture content (MC) of the milk powder were assessed using response surface methodology. The following optimum process parameters were determined: inlet air temperature of 160 °C, feed flow rate of 8 mL min−1 and air flow rate of 400 L h−1. The predicted values for the solubility, yield, water activity and MC were 98.77%, 88.08%, 0.263% and 5.48%, respectively. With the optimum parameters, the experimental values for the solubility, yield, water activity and MC were 97.56 ± 0.03%, 87.00 ± 0.10%, 0.26 ± 0.01% and 5.53 ± 0.08%, respectively. The similarity of the experimental results to the predicted values verified the models.
Identification of active peptides from backbones of Nemipterus japonicus and Exocoetus volitans by electrospray ionisation–mass spectrometry
Authors: Shabeena Yousuf N. , Nazeer Rasool Abdul 
Published: June 2011

SummaryIn our present investigation, Nemipterus japonicus and Exocoetus volitans backbone protein were hydrolysed by proteases like trypsin and pepsin, respectively. The protein hydrolysates were purified by different chromatographic methods, and the resulted purified peptides were analysed for their amino acid sequences by electrospray ionisation–MS/MS. The analysis of peptides showed sequences as Gly‐His‐Met‐Ser (451.8 Da) and Leu‐Glu‐Val‐Lys‐Pro (596.9 Da) for N. japonicus and E. volitans muscle, respectively. The presence of hydrophobic amino acids contributes more to the antioxidant activities of peptides than other amino acids. Moreover, sequence of amino acids in peptides plays an important role in their antioxidant activities.
Juice from king palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) leaf sheathes: chemical characterisation and use in soft drink formulation
Authors: Tramonte Karina Cardoso , Provesi João Gustavo , Albuquerque E Silva Iolanda Moreira Dutra , Murakami Aureanna Nairne Negrão , Maraschin Marcelo , De Mello Castanho Amboni Renata Dias , Amante Edna Regina 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe heart of palm is a food extracted from several species of palm trees. Only 10–20% of the raw material is transformed into canned hearts of palm, therefore this agro‐industry generates a large quantity of solid residue. The aim of this work was to extract and characterise a juice produced from this solid residue. This extract is compared with the traditional fruit juices (orange and pineapple juices), obtaining higher contents of minerals, such as magnesium (22.80 mg/100 g) and potassium (276.90 mg/100 g), phenolic compounds (gallic, 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic, chlorogenic, syringic and caffeic acids) and high free radical scavenging capacity (expressed as 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl), which suggest high antioxidant activity. Additionally, a new soft drink was formulated using this king palm juice as its main ingredient. The soft drink samples formulated with this juice had high sensory acceptability and high intention of consumption, which suggests an important and low‐cost application for this industrial residue.
Marked point pattern analysis on genetic paternity data for uncertainty assessment of pollen dispersal kernels
Authors: Niggemann Marc , Wiegand Thorsten , Robledo‐Arnuncio Juan J. , Bialozyt Ronald 
Published: June 2011

Summary1.  Obtaining accurate estimates of the pollen dispersal kernel is central to a wide range of ecological studies. Assessing their statistical uncertainty is as important, but rarely considered.2.  We developed a new method of marked point processes for nonparametric estimation of dispersal kernels based on data of genetic paternity analysis that does not require assumptions about the shape of the dispersal distribution. This allows for construction of Monte Carlo simulation envelopes of a given null model, such as random mating, and for uncertainty assessment of the observed dispersal kernel.3.  We applied our method to characterize spatial patterns of pollen flow in an isolated population of Populus nigra in Central Germany and to assess the associated statistical uncertainty in estimates of within‐population dispersal kernels. We compared our nonparametric within‐population kernel estimate with that of established methods of parametric kernel fitting including: (i) a general mating model, (ii) a simplified mating model using categorical paternity data and (iii) least‐squares regression of the nonparametric kernel estimate.4.  Our analysis showed a significant departure from the random mating null model. We found a highly significant excess of mating events at short distances (<400 m) and a weakly significant shortage of mating events at larger distances (1500–2000 m). Simulation envelopes of the null model were very wide at larger distances (>2000 m), indicating large uncertainty on the detailed shape of the kernel’s tail.5.  Results of the point pattern analysis were consistent with kernel fits using published maximum‐likelihood mating models. Model selection revealed that two‐component pollen dispersal kernels were the most parsimonious functions.6. Synthesis. Our approach of nonparametric kernel estimation could be widely applied for dispersal data from genetic paternity analysis and complements traditional kernel estimation by providing a nonparametric kernel estimate and effective methods for an uncertainty assessment in kernel estimation. Our results indicate that statistical model fitting may substantially underestimate the uncertainty in kernel estimation, especially at larger distances.
Crystal structures of DntR inducer binding domains in complex with salicylate offer insights into the activation of LysR‐type transcriptional regulators
Authors: Devesse Laurence , Smirnova Irina , Lönneborg Rosa , Kapp Ulrike , Brzezinski Peter , Leonard Gordon A. , Dian Cyril 
Published: June 2011

SummaryActivation of LysR‐type transcription factors (LTTRs) is thought to result from conformational changes that occur when inducer molecules bind to their Inducer Binding Domains (IBDs). However, the exact nature of these changes remains to be fully elucidated. We present the crystal structures of two truncated constructs of the LTTR DntR in their apo‐ forms and in complex with its natural inducer molecule, salicylate. These provide a fuller picture of the conformational changes that can occur in LTTR IBDs and offer insights that may be relevant when considering the mechanism of activation of LTTRs. Two of the crystal structures show that DntR IBDs can bind up to two inducer molecules. The full extent of conformational changes observed is achieved only when inducer molecules are bound in both binding sites identified. Point mutations disrupting the putative secondary binding site produce DntR variants with a reduced response to salicylate in a whole cell system, suggesting that this site is functionally relevant.