bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The melanogenesis and mechanisms of skin‐lightening agents – existing and new approaches
Authors: Gillbro J. M. , Olsson M. J. 
Published: January 2011

SynopsisSkin‐lightening products are commercially available for cosmetic purposes to obtain lighter skin complexion. Clinically, they are also used for treatment of hyperpigmentary disorders such as melasma, café au lait spot and solar lentigo. All of these target naturally melanin production, and many of the commonly used agents are known as competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase, one of the key enzymes in melanogenesis. In this review, we present an overview of commonly used skin‐whitening ingredients that are commercialized, but we also hypothesize on other mechanisms that could be important targets to control skin pigmentation such as for example regulation of the adrenergic and glutaminergic signalling and also control of tetrahydrobiopterins in the human skin.
The state of nano‐sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) may affect sunscreen performance
Authors: Tyner K. M. , Wokovich A. M. , Godar D. E. , Doub W. H. , Sadrieh N. 
Published: January 2011

SynopsisIn the past several years, there has been a trend in the sunscreen/cosmetics industry to replace micron‐sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles with nanoscale materials. The increased use of nanoscale TiO2 has resulted in questions about these and other nanoproducts. This study examines the effects of using nanoscale TiO2 on ultraviolet (UV) attenuation in simple to complex sunscreen formulations. UV light attenuation, product stability, and potential damage to the skin barrier were examined with both nanoscale and microscale TiO2 particles. Results indicate that none of the formulations decreased the barrier function of the skin and the best UV attenuation occurs when the TiO2 particles are stabilized with a coating and evenly distributed such as with non‐agglomerated coated nanoscale materials. This indicates that nanoscale TiO2 may have better efficacy while lacking toxicity.
Innate immunity: a crucial target for zinc in the treatment of inflammatory dermatosis
Authors: Brocard A. , Dréno B. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground  Zinc is a cofactor of many metalloenzymes explaining that it plays a crucial role in cell proliferation and also in the regulation of immune system. It has been shown by different data that it could play a crucial role not only in the regulation of adaptative immunity but also in innate immunity which plays a crucial role in skin.Objectives  In this article, we proposed an overview of published information in the literature, on zinc and cutaneous innate immunity.Methods  At the basic level, we gave a synthesis of data related to zinc’s cutaneous targets in innate immunity, and then at clinical level selected studies on cutaneous disorders where zinc could be a therapeutic approach and discussed the targets of zinc in these pathologies.Results/Conclusion  The specific activity of zinc salts on the innate immunity of the skin with different targets can explain why zinc is more specifically involved in cutaneous affection in which inflammation plays a particular important role, such as inflammatory acne, acrodermatitis enteropathica, hidradenitis suppurativa, folliculitis decalvans.
Clamping compared to cauterization for subcutaneous hemostasis in Pfannenstiel incision
Authors: OZKAYA ENIS , KORKMAZ VAKKAS , KUCUKOZKAN TUNCAY 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe compared subcutaneous clamping and cauterization for hemostasis at laparotomy with Pfannenstiel incision with reference to surgical site infection, postoperative fever and time taken for incision. A total of 214 patients with consecutive hysterectomies were alternately assigned to incisional hemostasis by clamping (n= 107) or cauterization (n= 107). The groups were similar in terms of age, gravidity, parity, body mass index, uterine size and mean hemoglobin drop. Rates of surgical site infection, postoperative fever and time from skin incision to peritoneal cavity entry were significantly higher in the group with cauterization (p < 0.05).
Measuring and improving quality in obstetrics – the implementation of national indicators in Denmark
Authors: KESMODEL ULRIK SCHIØLER , JØLVING LINE RIIS 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFrom September 2010, all births in Denmark will be monitored from a quality perspective with the Danish National Indicator Project in order to document and develop the quality of the care provided during delivery. We describe the process of selecting the indicators based on relevance, scientific evidence, usefulness and applicability, acceptability and patient safety. Eight indicators were selected covering different aspects of delivery: anesthesia/pain relief; continuous support for women in the delivery room; lacerations, 3rd or 4th degree; acute cesarean section; post‐partum hemorrhage; establishment of skin‐to‐skin contact between mother and newborn infant; severe fetal hypoxia; delivery of a healthy child after uncomplicated delivery. Registration will be mandatory for all delivery units in Denmark. Subsequently, the clinical units will receive feedback in the form of real‐time monthly and quarterly standard reports including unadjusted results that may be used for the unit's own internal monitoring and development of quality.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure during early pregnancy and the risk of birth defects
Authors: Gentile S. 
Published: January 2011

Gentile S. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure during early pregnancy and the risk of birth defects.Objective:  To assess the methodological value of studies that signaled one or more selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as teratogenic agents.Method:  Medical literature, published in English (1980–November 2010), was searched using MEDLINE/PubMed, TOXNET, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library to identify all articles, reporting primary data that suggested any increased rate of congenital malformations following prenatal exposure to SSRIs as a group or single SSRI agents.Results:  Reviewed studies showed some severe methodological limitations, such as data coming from retrospective studies and incomplete information available with reference to timing of exposure and dosages. Further, data continue to be extrapolated from automated databases that do not declare whether the women reported actually used the prescribed medication. Further, it should be noted the distinct lack of research analysis available with reference to the potential impact of non‐iatrogenic confounders on pregnancy.Conclusion:  In light of such considerations, the hypothesized teratogenicity of SSRIs remains undemonstrated. Hence, further, well‐designed research is needed to differentiate definitively the detrimental impact of depression on pregnancy outcomes from potential iatrogenic events.
Acyclovir skin depot characterization following in vivo iontophoretic delivery
Authors: Siddoju Srujana , Sachdeva Vishal , Friden Phillip M. , Yu Yi‐Ying , Banga Ajay K. 
Published: January 2011

Background/purpose: Current Herpes labialis infection treatment by oral, parenteral or topical routes is inefficient. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of iontophoresis for improved topical delivery of acyclovir (ACV) in vivo in hairless rat.Methods: Iontophoresis was performed for 10 min using a 5% ACV gel formulation. Tape stripping and skin extractions were performed at different time points following treatment for drug quantification in stratum corneum (SC) and underlying skin, respectively.Results: Fourfold more ACV was detected in the SC immediately following 10‐min iontophoresis as compared with passive delivery. Similarly, high ACV levels (29.27±3.52 μg/cm2) were achieved in the underlying skin following a single 10‐min iontophoretic treatment while no drug detected following passive delivery (P<0.05). At 24‐h post‐iontophoresis, ACV levels in the SC decreased with a corresponding increase in the underlying skin due to drug migration. After 24‐h post‐iontophoresis, drug levels gradually decreased in both skin compartments until no ACV was detected at 72‐h post‐iontophoresis.Conclusion: Iontophoretic delivery of ACV resulted in high drug levels in skin layers to form a drug depot, which persisted over 2–3 days.
Bioeconomic Modeling of Wetlands and Waterfowl in Western Canada: Accounting for Amenity Values
Authors: van Kooten G. Cornelis , Withey Patrick , Wong Linda 
Published: January 2011

This study reexamines and updates an original bioeconomic model of optimal duck harvest and wetland retention by Hammack and Brown (1974, Waterfowl and Wetlands: Toward Bioeconomic Analysis. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future). It then extends the model to include the nonmarket (in situ) value of waterfowl and the ecosystem service and other amenity values of wetlands in addition to the value of ducks to hunters. The focus is the prairie pothole region of Western Canada. Results indicate that wetlands and duck harvests need to be increased relative to historical levels, confirming Hammack and Brown's original conclusions. Including amenity values leads to a significant increase in the quantity of wetlands and hunters’ harvests of ducks relative to models that focus only on hunting values. Dans le présent article, nous avons revu et actualisé le modèle bioéconomique original de Hammack et Brown (1974) sur le prélèvement optimal de canards et la conservation des zones humides. Nous avons ensuite étendu le modèle afin d'inclure la valeur non marchande (in situ) de la sauvagine et des services écosystémiques, la valeur d'agrément des zones humides et la valeur des canards pour les chasseurs. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur la Région des cuvettes des Prairies dans l'Ouest canadien. Nos résultats autorisent à penser qu'il est nécessaire d'augmenter les zones humides et les prélèvements de canards par rapport aux niveaux historiques, ce qui confirme les conclusions formulées dans l'étude de Hammack et Brown. Le fait d'inclure la valeur d'agrément entraîne une augmentation significative du nombre de zones humides et de prélèvements de canards par les chasseurs comparativement aux modèles qui se concentrent uniquement sur la valeur pour la chasse.
Role of Indoxyl Sulfate in the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: Experimental and Clinical Effects of Oral Sorbent AST‐120
Authors: Niwa Toshimitsu 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIndoxyl sulfate, a nephrovascular uremic toxin, is markedly accumulated in the serum of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Because of its protein binding ability, its removal by hemodialysis is not as efficient as that of non‐protein bound uremic toxins. AST‐120 delays the progression of CKD by adsorbing indole, a precursor of indoxyl sulfate, in the intestines, and consequently reduces the serum levels of indoxyl sulfate. Indoxyl sulfate exhibits cellular toxicity in renal tubular cells, glomerular mesangial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, vascular endothelial cells, cardiac myocytes, and osteoblasts by inducing oxidative stress. Indoxyl sulfate stimulates the progression of CKD by increasing the expression of fibrogenic genes such as transforming growth factor‐β1 in CKD rats. Indoxyl sulfate stimulates aortic calcification in hypertensive rats; thus, indoxyl sulfate is involved in the progression of CKD and cardiovascular disease. Experimental and clinical data demonstrate that AST‐120 delays the progression not only of chronic kidney disease, but also of cardiovascular disease.
Role of Oxidative Stress and Indoxyl Sulfate in Progression of Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Fujii Hideki , Nakai Kentaro , Fukagawa Masafumi 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSeveral abnormalities of the cardiovascular system are observed in most cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Mechanisms underlying these abnormalities are complicated, and several factors contribute to their pathogenesis. Of these factors, oxidative stress and uremic toxins are considered to play key roles in the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in CKD. Oxidative stress increases significantly in CKD and accelerates proteinuria and renal dysfunction. In addition, oxidative stress has been reported to induce cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin, has recently been suggested to play a crucial role in the development of CVD. Recent in vitro data suggest that indoxyl sulfate increases oxidative stress. Some reports have shown that AST‐120, which is an oral charcoal adsorbent, can reduce oxidative stress by lowering serum indoxyl sulfate levels. Recently, we have also demonstrated that indoxyl sulfate is associated with the production of oxidative stress, and that increased oxidative stress is significantly correlated with cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Furthermore, results of our basic and clinical studies suggested that AST‐120 can prevent progression of cardiac hypertrophy by reducing oxidative stress in CKD. Thus, one of the main targets of the management of CKD and CVD is the control of oxidative stress and uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate.
Tumor Necrosis Factor‐Related Apoptosis‐Inducing Ligand and Vascular Calcification
Authors: Chasseraud Maud , Liabeuf Sophie , Mozar Anaïs , Mentaveri Romuald , Brazier Michel , Massy Ziad A , Kamel Saïd 
Published: January 2011

AbstractVascular calcification is frequent in patients with chronic kidney disease. Osteoprotegerin (OPG, a soluble factor which blocks osteoclast differentiation) has recently been implicated in the genesis of vascular calcification. Given that OPG can bind the pro‐apoptotic tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL), we hypothesized that the TRAIL protein is involved in the formation of vascular calcification both in vitro and in vivo. Using an immunohistochemical approach, we evaluated TRAIL and OPG expression on aortic valves slides from non‐uremic and uremic wild type and apolipoprotein knockout (Apo E−/−) mice. We also tested the in vitro effects of TRAIL on cultured primary human vascular smooth muscle cells (hVSMC). We further assayed serum soluble TRAIL (sTRAIL) levels in hemodialysis patients and correlated them with vascular calcification scores. Our results demonstrated that: (i) TRAIL and OPG were expressed inside the atheroma plaque in non‐uremic ApoE−/− mice, but not in wild type mice; and (ii) uremia enhanced the expression levels. TRAIL enhanced the phosphate‐induced mineralization of hVSMCs in a dose‐dependent manner. In clinical terms, we demonstrated that sTRAIL is depressed in the sera of hemodialysis patients, but was not correlated with vascular calcification. Our results suggest that TRAIL may be involved in the formation of vascular calcification in certain experimental settings; however, its role in chronic kidney disease patients requires further evaluation.
Therapeutic Apheresis in the Treatment of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in View of Pathophysiological Aspects
Authors: Bambauer Rolf , Latza Reinhard , Schiel Ralf 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHemolytic‐uremic syndrome (HUS) is a disease that can lead to acute kidney injury and often to other serious sequelae, including death. The disease is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. In view of the different courses of HUS, a minimum of three different pathogenetic types leading to HUS can be subdivided as follows: HUS caused by infection, idiopathic HUS (non‐Shiga toxin HUS), and HUS in systemic diseases and after toxin exposure. The etiology and pathogenesis of HUS are not completely understood and its therapy is complicated. After the introduction of therapeutic apheresis as a supportive therapy in HUS, several authors reported successful treatment in more than 87% of treated patients. The supportive therapy is indicated basically in severe courses of HUS and is superior to available therapy interventions.
Safety, efficacy, predictability and stability of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) with a 1000‐Hz scanning spot excimer laser
Authors: Khoramnia Ramin , Salgado Josefina P. , Wuellner Christian , Donitzky Christof , Lohmann Chris P. , Winkler von Mohrenfels Christoph 
Published: January 2011

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate the safety, efficacy, predictability and stability of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) with a 1000‐Hz scanning spot excimer laser (Concept System 1000; WaveLight GmbH, Erlangen, Germany).Methods:  LASIK was performed on twenty eyes with myopia or myopic astigmatism (mean spherical equivalent refraction: −3.97 ± 1.72 dioptres (D); mean cylinder: −0.84 ± 0.77 D) using a microkeratome for flap creation and the Concept System 1000 for photoablation. Patients were examined preoperatively as well as 1, 3 and 6 months after the treatment. Manifest sphere and cylinder, uncorrected (UCDVA) and best corrected (BCDVA) distance visual acuity, corneal topography and pachymetry were analysed.Results:  We observed no adverse events that might have been associated with the use of a repetition rate of 1000 Hz. All eyes maintained or had improved BCDVA at 6 months after treatment when compared to preoperative values. Six months after LASIK, UCDVA was 20/20 or better in 85% and 20/25 or better in 100% of the eyes. The spherical equivalent refraction was within ±0.50 D in 95% of the eyes at 6 months after surgery. The refraction stayed stable over time; 95% of the eyes changed <0.5 D postoperatively.Conclusion:  LASIK with the prototype 1000‐Hz excimer laser was safe, efficient and predictable. The postoperative refraction was stable over time. There were no specific clinical side‐effects that might be associated with the use of such a high repetition rate.
Clinical and psychosocial factors associated with depression and anxiety in Singaporean patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: HO Roger C. M. , FU Erin H. Y. , CHUA Anna N. C. , CHEAK Alicia A. C. , MAK Anselm 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAim:  To assess the frequency of, and factors associated with, depression and anxiety in Singaporean patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Method:  One hundred RA patients were recruited in a cross‐sectional study. Socio‐demographics, severity of anxiety and depression, disease activity, levels of serological markers and health‐related quality of life were analyzed.Results:  Twenty‐six percent presented with anxiety, 15% with depression and 11% with both. Univariate regression showed that age (P = 0.039), Disease Activity Scale (DAS‐28) (P < 0.001), number of medications (P < 0.001) and rheumatoid factor (RF) (P < 0.001) were positively associated with severity of depression, while income (P = 0.001), education (P = 0.029), self‐perceived social support (P = 0.007), Short form 12 (SF‐12) physical health (P < 0.001) and SF‐12 mental health (P < 0.001) were negatively associated with severity of depression. After adjustment for confounding factors in multivariate regression, income (β = −0.347, P = 0.018), RF (β = 0.304, P = 0.043) and SF‐12 mental health (β = −0.501 P = 0.001) remained significantly associated with depression. Univariate regression showed that DAS‐28 (P = 0.009), number of medications (P = 0.004) and RF (P = 0.043) were positively associated with anxiety, while income (P = 0.022), self‐perceived social support (P = 0.04), SF‐12 physical health (P < 0.001) and SF‐12 mental health (P < 0.001) were negatively associated with anxiety. After adjustment for confounding factors, no factors remained significantly associated with anxiety.Conclusion:  Low income, high levels of RF and poor mental health were associated with depression in RA. Our findings may help to formulate depression screening strategies. Further research is required to identify the role of RF in depression.
A cross‐sectional study of diastolic dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis and its association with disease activity
Authors: ABDUL MUIZZ Abo Malek , MOHD SHAHRIR Mohamed Said , SAZLIYANA Shaharir , OTEH Masakun , SHAMSUL Azhar Shah , HUSSEIN Heselynn 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAims:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients without clinically evident cardiovascular manifestations and to estimate whether there is any correlation between RA disease severity and disability and LV diastolic dysfunction.Methods:  The study was a cross‐sectional study involving 53 patients (47 female and 6 male) with RA without clinically evident heart disease and 53 healthy subjects (47 female and 6 male) who served as a control group. Both groups were matched for age and sex. Echocardiographic and Doppler studies were conducted in all patients with RA and control subjects.Results:  Of 17 cardiac parameters assessed, only two were abnormal. None of the specific cardiac diastolic dysfunction parameters were significantly different in RA patients compared to the control group. There was no significant correlation between diastolic function values in RA patients and value of Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS‐28) and value of Health Assessment Questionnaires Disability Index (HAQDI). Atrial (A) wave velocity was greater in RA patients compared to the control group (0.71 [0.58–0.83] vs. 0.61 [0.51–0.71]; P < 0.04). However, interventricular relaxation time (IVRT) ([73.08 ± 9.92 vs. 70.74 ± 9.02], P = 0.207), lower E/A ratio (1.27 [1.02–1.56] vs. 1.42 [1.20–1.68], P = 0.102), diastolic dysfunction parameters according to Redfield Classification (25 [47.2%] vs. 27 [50.9%] P = 0.56), diastolic dysfunction using E/A (P = 0.321) and tissue doppler imaging (E/E′) (P = 0.148) were not different.Conclusion:  Prevalence of diastolic dysfunction in the rheumatoid arthritis group (47.2%) was not different from controls (50.9%). LV diastolic function had no significant correlation with RA disease severity and duration of disease.
Clinicopathological significance of nuclear factor‐κB activation in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yokoo Hideki , Yasuda Jun , Nakanishi Kazuaki , Chuma Makoto , Kamiyama Toshiya , Todo Satoru , Hirohashi Setsuo , Sakamoto Michiie 
Published: January 2011

Aim:  Nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) is a critical signaling mediator in inflammation, apoptosis resistance and oncogenesis. It has been reported that NF‐κB is activated in several cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Studies of genetic disruptions in mice also suggest that NF‐κB plays critical roles in hepatocarcinogenesis. The aim of the present study is to characterize NF‐κB activation and correlate it with the degree of malignancy in HCC.Methods:  To examine the correlation between the positivity of the nuclear p50 subunit and HCC recurrence, we analyzed immunostaining of the NF‐κB p50 subunit in two groups of HCC samples with known prognosis and Akt phosphorylation status: 49 patients showing early recurrence within 6 months (group A) and 50 patients who were recurrence‐free for at least for 3 years (group B).Results:  In group A, positive nuclear staining of p50 was shown in 18 cases (36.7%), whereas only one case (2.0%) in group B had positive nuclear staining of p50 (P = 2.48839 × 10–5). This suggests a positive relationship between nuclear p50 and early recurrence and advanced HCC in humans. The presence of phosphorylated Akt correlated with nuclear staining of p50 in HCCs in group A (R2 = 0.213, P < 0.001).Conclusion:  Our results indicate that nuclear staining of p50 was clearly associated with early recurrent HCC, and the Akt pathway might play a role in NF‐κB activation in a subset of early recurrent HCC.