bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential responses of auto‐ and heterotrophic soil respiration to water and nitrogen addition in a semiarid temperate steppe
Authors: YAN LIMING , CHEN SHIPING , HUANG JIANHUI , LIN GUANGHUI 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEvaluating how autotrophic (SRA), heterotrophic (SRH) and total soil respiration (SRTOT) respond differently to changes of environmental factors is critical to get an understanding of ecosystem carbon (C) cycling and its feedback processes to climate change. A field experiment was conducted to examine the responses of SRA and SRH to water and nitrogen (N) addition in a temperate steppe in northern China during two hydrologically contrasting growing seasons. Water addition stimulated SRA and SRH in both years, and their increases were significantly greater in a dry year (2007) than in a wet year (2006). N addition increased SRA in 2006 but not in 2007, while it decreased SRH in both years, leading to a positive response of SRTOT in 2006 but a negative one in 2007. The different responses of SRA and SRH indicate that it will be uncertain to predict soil C storage if SRTOT is used instead of SRH to estimate variations in soil C storage. Overall, N addition is likely to enhance soil C storage, while the impacts of water addition are determined by its relative effects on carbon input (plant growth) and SRH. Antecedent water conditions played an important role in controlling responses of SRA, SRH and the consequent SRTOT to water and N addition. Our findings highlight the predominance of hydrological conditions in regulating the responses of C cycling to global change in the semiarid temperate steppe of northern China.
CO2 supersaturation along the aquatic conduit in Swedish watersheds as constrained by terrestrial respiration, aquatic respiration and weathering
Authors: HUMBORG CHRISTOPH , MÖRTH CARL‐MAGNUS , SUNDBOM MARCUS , BORG HANS , BLENCKNER THORSTEN , GIESLER REINER , ITTEKKOT VENUGOPALAN 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that CO2 supersaturation along the aquatic conduit over Sweden can be explained by processes other than aquatic respiration. A first generalized‐additive model (GAM) analysis evaluating the relationships between single water chemistry variables and pCO2 in lakes and streams revealed that water chemistry variables typical for groundwater input, e.g., dissolved silicate (DSi) and Mg2+ had explanatory power similar to total organic carbon (TOC). Further GAM analyses on various lake size classes and stream orders corroborated the slightly higher explanatory power for DSi in lakes and Mg2+ for streams compared with TOC. Both DSi and TOC explained 22–46% of the pCO2 variability in various lake classes (0.01–>100 km2) and Mg2+ and TOC explained 11–41% of the pCO2 variability in the various stream orders. This suggests that aquatic pCO2 has a strong groundwater signature. Terrestrial respiration is a significant source of the observed supersaturation and we may assume that both terrestrial respiration and aquatic respiration contributed equally to pCO2 efflux. pCO2 and TOC concentrations decreased with lake size suggesting that the longer water residence time allow greater equilibration of CO2 with the atmosphere and in‐lake mineralization of TOC. For streams, we observed a decreasing trend in pCO2 with stream orders between 3 and 6. We calculated the total CO2 efflux from all Swedish lakes and streams to be 2.58 Tg C yr−1. Our analyses also demonstrated that 0.70 Tg C yr−1 are exported to the ocean by Swedish watersheds as HCO3− and CO32− of which about 0.56 Tg C yr−1 is also a residual from terrestrial respiration and constitute a long‐term sink for atmospheric CO2. Taking all dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) fluxes along the aquatic conduit into account will lower the estimated net ecosystem C exchange (NEE) by 2.02 Tg C yr−1, which corresponds to 10% of the NEE in Sweden.
The temperature dependence of organic matter decomposition: seasonal temperature variations turn a sharp short‐term temperature response into a more moderate annually averaged response
Authors: KIRSCHBAUM MIKO U. F. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe temperature dependence of organic matter decomposition is a critically important determinant of any long‐term changes of soil‐carbon stocks in response to global warming. Because of practical experimental constraints, most knowledge of this temperature dependence is based on short‐term studies. These studies generally show a strong temperature dependence of organic matter decomposition. At the same time, many modelling studies, especially global studies, or studies that investigate the effects of climate change, use longer time steps, such as annual. It is investigated here to what extent the use of short‐term temperature dependencies are appropriate, or how they may need to be modified, for application over longer time steps. The work indicated that for global applications, it is critically important to explicitly consider seasonal temperature variations. Across the globe, observed annual mean temperature and the annual temperature range are negatively correlated. Inclusion of this correlation means that the strong short‐term temperature dependence becomes much weaker when data are expressed as annual averages for the temperatures experienced across the globe. For short‐term responses, the temperature dependence of organic matter decomposition is greater at low than high temperature and deviates strongly from an assumption of a constant Q10 across temperature. For annually averaged values, this pattern also weakens, and temperature dependencies change only slightly with temperature. Using short time steps for simulations leads to the expectation of more positive changes (sequestration) in soil carbon especially for cold regions of the globe than would be predicted for simulations at annual time steps without explicit consideration of seasonal temperature variations. These considerations help to reconcile some of the apparent differences in temperature dependencies obtained by different workers using different approaches.
Country‐specific chemical signatures of persistent environmental compounds in breast milk
Authors: Krysiak‐Baltyn K. , Toppari J. , Skakkebaek N. E. , Jensen T. S. , Virtanen H. E. , Schramm K.‐W. , Shen H. , Vartiainen T. , Kiviranta H. , Taboureau O. , Brunak S. , Main K. M. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryRecent reports have confirmed a worldwide increasing trend of testicular cancer incidence, and a conspicuously high prevalence of this disease and other male reproductive disorders, including cryptorchidism and hypospadias, in Denmark. In contrast, Finland, a similarly industrialized Nordic country, exhibits much lower incidences of these disorders. The reasons behind the observed trends are unexplained, but environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that affect foetal testis development are probably involved. Levels of persistent chemicals in breast milk can be considered a proxy for exposure of the foetus to such agents. Therefore, we undertook a comprehensive ecological study of 121 EDCs, including the persistent compounds dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides and flame retardants, and non‐persistent phthalates, in 68 breast milk samples from Denmark and Finland to compare exposure of mothers to this environmental mixture of EDCs. Using sophisticated, bioinformatic tools in our analysis, we reveal, for the first time, distinct country‐specific chemical signatures of EDCs with Danes having generally higher exposure than Finns to persistent bioaccumulative chemicals, whereas there was no country‐specific pattern with regard to the non‐persistent phthalates. Importantly, EDC levels, including some dioxins, PCBs and some pesticides (hexachlorobenzene and dieldrin) were significantly higher in Denmark than in Finland. As these classes of EDCs have been implicated in testicular cancer or in adversely affecting development of the foetal testis in humans and animals, our findings reinforce the view that environmental exposure to EDCs may explain some of the temporal and between‐country differences in incidence of male reproductive disorders.
Gastropod grazing shapes the vertical distribution of epiphytic lichens in forest canopies
Authors: Asplund Johan , Larsson Per , Vatne Steinar , Gauslaa Yngvar 
Published: September 2009

Summary1. Species composition and biomass of epiphytic lichens varies along a complex environmental gradient from the ground to the top of the forest canopy. It is not known if this gradient, considered to be shaped by succession (age of bark surface) and climatic factors, is also influenced by invertebrate grazing.2. To investigate the grazing hypothesis, the natural height ranges of four old‐forestLobariaspecies on tree trunks were quantified. These large foliose epiphytes with different secondary chemistry were transplanted ontoFraxinus excelsiortrunks 0.5, 3 and 6 m above‐ground in five broad‐leaved deciduous forests in southern Norway. After 4.5 months of exposure to natural climbing gastropods, grazing was quantified.3. Grazing pressure strongly increased with increasing proximity to the ground. At all heights, gastropods clearly preferredLobaria scrobiculatafollowed byL. amplissima. Lobaria pulmonaria, highest in carbon‐based secondary compounds (CBSCs), andL. virens, nearly deficient in CBSCs, were both much less grazed. Therefore, CBSCs cannot explain the preferences. According to existing literature the stictic acid complex, present inL. pulmonariaandL. scrobiculata,represents a herbivore defence when occurring in quantities as high as those inL. pulmonaria. The identity of the strong defence in the CBSC‐deficientL. virensis unknown.4. Gastropods’ preference for these epiphytes mirrors the distribution of the lichens in nature. The highly palatableL. scrobiculataoccurs mainly in localities with low gastropod abundance such as boreal forests and on bark with slightly lower pH.Lobaria amplissimaoccurs in gastropod‐rich localities, but above the lower parts of the trunk.Lobaria pulmonariaandL. virensfrequently grow down to a level of < 1 m above the ground.5. Synthesis.Our results suggest that climbing gastropods play a role in determining the lower distribution limit of epiphytic lichens along a vertical canopy gradient and influence the spatial pattern of susceptible lichen species. By grazing lichens in a species‐specific way, gastropods can shape epiphytic communities in broad‐leaved deciduous forests.
The prevalence of dietary‐related complementary and alternative therapies and their perceived usefulness among cancer patients
Authors: Van Tonder E. , Herselman M. G. , Visser J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackground:  The present study aimed to directly assess and compare the usage, benefits and side‐effects of dietary‐related complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among adult cancer patients and non‐cancer adults in Norwich, UK.Methods:  Self‐administered questionnaires were completed by 98 cancer patients and 92 non‐cancer adults to compare demographics, types of CAM usage with reasons, benefits, side‐effects and CAM information sources. The groups were matched for gender, age, marital status, education and household income. The mean ages were 62.7 and 59.7 years, respectively, with slightly more female than male participants.Results:  CAM use was high in both groups (47% in cancer and 53% in non‐cancer respondents, P > 0.05). The most widely‐used diet‐related CAM among both groups was the large intake of fruit, vegetables and juice, multivitamins, fish oils and glucosamine. Fish oil intake was significantly higher in the non‐cancer group (P < 0.05), whereas selenium and β‐carotene supplements were significantly higher in the cancer group (P < 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). The main reasons for using CAM were to boost the immune system and to improve quality of life (P > 0.05). Reported benefits included increased optimism and hope for the cancer group and increased optimism and pain relief for the non‐cancer group.Conclusions:  Diet‐related CAM is used frequently by both cancer patients and non‐cancer adults, with many reported benefits and few reported side‐effects. Significant differences between the groups included a higher prevalence of fish oil used by the non‐cancer group, and a higher use of selenium and β‐carotene supplements in the cancer group.
Reliability of the School Food Checklist for in‐school audits and photograph analysis of children’s packed lunches
Authors: Mitchell S. A. , Miles C. L. , Brennan L. , Matthews J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackground:  Assessment of children’s diets is problematic, typically relying on error‐prone parent or child recall or reporting, or resource intensive direct observation. The School Food Checklist (SFC) is an objective instrument comprising of 20 food and beverage categories designed to measure the foods contained in children’s packed lunches. The present study aimed to assess intra‐rater and inter‐rater reliability of each of the food and beverage categories of the SFC for both in‐school audits and photograph analysis of children’s school lunches.Methods:  Participants comprised 176 children aged 5–8 years from five primary schools in Northern Metropolitan Melbourne. The SFC was used to measure the foods contained in children’s packed lunches in the school setting and using photographs. Photograph analysis was conducted by the auditors 2–3 months after completion of in‐school audits.Results:  Both intra‐rater [intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.78–1] and inter‐rater (ICC = 0.50–0.95) reliability analysis indicated strong agreement for in‐school auditing. With the exception of the food category titled ‘leftovers’, there was strong intra‐rater reliability for auditors’ live audits and their analysis of photographs [ICC = 0.57–0.98 (Auditor 1); ICC = 0.72–0.90 (Auditor 2)], and strong inter‐rater reliability for photograph analysis (ICC = 0.68–0.92).Conclusions:  The SFC is a reliable method of measuring the foods and beverages contained in children’s packed lunches when used in the school setting or for photograph analysis. This finding has broad implications, particularly for the use of photograph analysis, because this approach offers a convenient and cost effective method of measuring what food and beverages children bring to school in home packed lunches.
Complete mitochondrial DNA replacement in a Lake Tanganyika cichlid fish
Authors: NEVADO B. , KOBLMÜLLER S. , STURMBAUER C. , SNOEKS J. , USANO‐ALEMANY J. , VERHEYEN E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe used nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from specimens collected throughout Lake Tanganyika to clarify the evolutionary relationship betweenLamprologus callipterusandNeolamprologus fasciatus. The nuclear data support the reciprocal monophyly of these two shell‐breeding lamprologine cichlids. However, mtDNA sequences show that (i)L. callipterusincludes two divergent and geographically disjunct (North–South) mtDNA lineages; and that (ii)N. fasciatusindividuals cluster in a lineage sister group to the northern lineage ofL. callipterus. The two mtDNA lineages ofL. callipterusdivergedc. 684 kya to 1.2 Ma, coinciding with a major water level low stand in Lake Tanganyika, which divided the lake into isolated sub‐lakes. This suggests that the two mtDNA lineages originated as the result of the separation ofL. callipteruspopulations in different sub‐basins. The incongruent phylogenetic position ofN. fasciatuscan best be explained by an ancient unidirectional introgression fromL. callipterusintoN. fasciatus.Remarkably, our data indicate that this event resulted in the complete mtDNA replacement inN. fasciatus. Our data suggest that hybridization occurred soon after the divergence of the twoL. callipterusmtDNA lineages, probably still during the water level low stand, and that subsequently the invading mtDNA lineage spread throughout the lake.
Constraints on the depth of generation and emplacement of a magmatic epidote‐bearing quartz diorite pluton in the Coast Plutonic Complex, British Columbia
Authors: Chang J. M. , Andronicos C. L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPetrology and P–T estimates indicate that a magmatic epidote‐bearing quartz diorite pluton from Mt. Gamsby, Coast Plutonic Complex, British Columbia, was sourced at pressures below ∼1.4 GPa and cooled nearly isobarically at ∼0.9 GPa. The P–T path indicates that the magma was within the stability field of magmatic epidote early and remained there upon final crystallization. The pluton formed and crystallized at depths greater than ∼30 km. REE data indicate that garnet was absent in the melting region and did not fractionate during crystallization. This suggests that the crust was less than or equal to ∼55 km thick at 188 Ma during the early phases of magmatism in the Coast Plutonic Complex. Late Cretaceous contractional deformation and early Tertiary extension exhumed the rocks to upper crustal levels. Textures of magmatic epidote and other magmatic phases, combined with REE data, can be important for constraining the P–T path followed by magmas.
Response of Oryzacystatin I Transformed Tobacco Plants to Drought, Heat and Light Stress
Authors: Demirevska K. , Simova‐Stoilova L. , Fedina I. , Georgieva K. , Kunert K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTransformed tobacco plants expressing a rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor (OC‐I) and non‐transformed plants were grown in a controlled environment and subjected to various stresses. Two‐month‐old transformed and non‐transformed plants were exposed for 5 days to drought conditions by withholding watering. High temperature (40 °C) was applied additionally at day 6th for 5 h either individually or in combination with drought. All stress treatments were applied under low (150 μmol m−2 s−1 PPFD) and high light intensity (HL) of 1000 μmol m−2 s−1 PPFD to determine if OC‐I expression might provide protection under combination of stresses usually existing in nature. Drought stress led to diminution in leaf relative water content, photosynthesis inhibition, decrease in chlorophyll content and accumulation of malondialdehyde and proline. Heat stress alone did not affect the plants significantly, but intensified the effect of drought stress. HL intensity further increased the proline content. OC‐I transformed plants grown under low light intensity had significantly higher total superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase activities as well as their isoforms than non‐transformed control plants under non‐stress and stress conditions. Catalase activity was not highly affected by OC‐I expression. Results indicate that OC‐I expression in tobacco plants provides protection of the antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidise under both non‐stress and stress conditions.
The prospects for sequencing the western corn rootworm genome
Authors: Miller N. J. , Richards S. , Sappington T. W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractHistorically, obtaining the complete sequence of eukaryotic genomes has been an expensive and complex task. For this reason, efforts to sequence insect genomes have largely been confined to model organisms, species that are important to human health and representative species from a few insect orders. This situation is set to change as a number of ‘next generation’ sequencing technologies are making large‐scale DNA sequencing both affordable and accessible. Sequencing the genome of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, is likely to become a realistic proposition within the next 2 years. In the meantime, there is an active community of Diabrotica geneticists and biologists who are working to assemble the resources that will be needed for a genome sequencing project. A western corn rootworm genome sequence will be an invaluable resource that will facilitate research into the genetics, evolution and ecology of a major pest of maize agriculture in North America and Europe.
Effects of eelgrass(Zostera marina)canopy removal and sediment addition on sediment characteristics and benthic communities in the Northern Baltic Sea
Authors: Herkül Kristjan , Kotta Jonne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe eelgrassZostera marinais a key structural and functional species across the European coastline. The separate and interactive effects of eelgrass canopy removal and sediment addition on the sediment characteristics and the structure of benthic communities were studied in a factorial field experiment in the Northern Baltic Sea in July–August 2006. The removal of eelgrass canopy temporarily increased the sediment oxygen consumption, reduced the content of fine particles (<100 μm) and organic matter in the sediment, and increased the share of sand fraction (250–500 μm). Sediment addition increased the content of fine particles (<100 μm) and reduced the share of sand fraction (250–1000 μm). The effects were strongest in the presence of eelgrass canopy. Benthic invertebrates and macroalgae were affected by eelgrass canopy removal but not by sediment addition. The removal of eelgrass canopy significantly decreased benthic species richness and invertebrate and macroalgal densities. To conclude, our experiment demonstrates thatZ. marinadefines the patterns of benthic macroalgae and invertebrates but has moderate effects on sediment structure and metabolism in the Northern Baltic Sea.
Validation of macroscopic maturity stages according to microscopic histological examination for European anchovy
Authors: Ferreri Rosalia , Basilone Gualtiero , D'Elia Marta , Traina Anna , Saborido‐Rey Francisco , Mazzola Salvatore 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe identification and classification of macroscopic maturity stages plays a key role in the assessment of small pelagic fishery resources. The main scientific international commissions strongly recommend standardizing methodologies across countries and scientists. Unfortunately, there is still a great deal of uncertainty concerning macroscopic identification, which remains to be validated. The current paper analyses reproductive data of European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus L. 1758), collected during three summer surveys (2001, 2005 and 2006) in the Strait of Sicily, to evaluate the uncertainty in the macroscopic maturity stage identification and the reliability of the macroscopic adopted scale. On board the survey vessels, the maturity stage of each fish was determined macroscopically by means of an adopted maturity scale subdivided in six stages. Later, at the laboratory, the gonads were prepared for histological examination. The histological slides were analysed, finally assigning the six maturity stages for macroscopic examinations. A correspondence table was obtained with the proportion and number of matches between the two methods. The results highlight critical aspects in the ascription of macroscopic maturity stages, particularly for the present research aim. Different recommendations were evaluated depending on the scope of the study conducted on maturity (e.g. daily egg production, fecundity and maturity ogive computation). The most interesting results concern the misclassification of stage IV and stages III and V (the most abundant), which confirms their macroscopic similarity. Although the results are based on a small number of samples, the advantages and disadvantages of macroscopic and histological methods are discussed with the aim to increase the accuracy of correct identification and to standardize macroscopic maturity ascription criteria.