bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Product‐oriented environmental policy in Europe
Authors: Scholl Gerd 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOver the last few years the environmental policy programmes which have been formulated in the Member States of the European Union (EU) have increasingly addressed the environmental relevance of products. Whilst prohibitions and restrictions were often used instruments in the past, products are now becoming subject to eco‐taxes and charges, they are labelled and their life‐cycle is assessed ‐ all for the sake of an improvement of their environmental performance. However, the development of product‐related environmental policy measures varies greatly within the EU. This article outlines the findings of a study undertaken with the financial support of the EU in which different product policies are inventorised and compared.
The environmental challenge for Hungarian industry
Authors: Kerekes SÁNdor 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIndustrial environmental management initiatives hold significant economic potential. In Hungary, this is the case for companies that wish to improve their efficiency and for the country as a whole as it seeks access to EU and OECD markets. This paper examines the environmental attitudes and actions of Hungarian managers. It finds that managerial attitudes in Hungary compare favourably to those of their Western counterparts and that while resources may be scarce awareness is not a barrier to change.
European attitudes to the environment
Authors: Worcester Robert 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPeople all over the world are concerned about the state of the environment, confused as to whom to believe, disenchanted with governmental attempts at all levels to deal with the problems of pollution and ecological degradation. In many instances the public's view is shared by industrial leaders, the financial community, the media and, significantly, both national and European parliaments. Yet the general public's impression is that the environment is yesterday's issue. However, recent survey evidence indicates that this is far from the truth. The environment is a deeply felt value in an increasing number of people's lives. Building on the work of Maslow and Inglehart, this paper examines British and European opinion on the environment, and in so doing establishes measures of green activism which may be used to indicate likely future patterns of behaviour.
Clean technology development in Germany: A promising route for environmental protection
Authors: Schroeter Klaus , Däunert Ulrich 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the long run the coexistence of a sufficient standard of living and a balanced environment will be determined to a large extent by the possibility of decoupling economic development from increased environmental pollution. The most effective method of environmental protection is obviously to fight pollution at source through the application of intelligent or clean technologies and/or holistic approaches to design, production and recycling. In the Federal Republic of Germany the development of environmental technology is a task of prime public interest. As part of a wider programme of environmental protection state support is seen as particularly necessary in areas where market forces alone are not sufficient to trigger or accelerate the development of more sophisticated clean technologies. This paper examines these support mechanisms and presents two case studies where support for technology development has facilitated improvements in both economic and environmental performance.
Synthesis and Structural Flexibility of a Series of Copper(II) Azolate‐Based Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Sumida Kenji , Foo Maw Lin , Horike Satoshi , Long Jeffrey R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reaction of CuCl2·2H2O with three novel ditopic ligands, 2‐methyl‐1,4‐benzeneditetrazolate (MeBDT2–), 4,4′‐biphenylditetrazolate (BPDT2–), and 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐1,4‐benzeneditriazolate (TFBDTri2–), affords the metal–organic frameworks Cu(MeBDT)(dmf) (1), Cu(BPDT)(dmf) (2), and Cu(TFBDTri)(dmf) (3), respectively. These materials feature a common network topology in which octahedral Cu2+ ions are bridged by azolate ligands and dmf molecules to form one‐dimensional chains. The individual chains are connected by the organic bridging units to form diamond‐shaped channels, in which the solvent molecules project into the pores. The bridging dmf molecules in 1 are readily displaced by other coordinating solvent molecules, which leads to a change in the pore dimensions according to the steric bulk of the solvent. Interestingly, attempts to exchange the analogous solvent molecules in the expanded framework 2 induced no change in the pore size, revealing the rigidity of the framework. Meanwhile, 3 exhibits modest flexibility and an improved thermal stability consistent with its chemical functionality. The marked difference in flexibility highlights the considerable impact the organic linker can have on the dynamic framework properties.
Synthesis of Symmetric Diester‐Functionalised Tröger's Base Analogues
Authors: Bhuiyan M. Delower H. , Zhu Kai‐Xian , Jensen Paul , Try Andrew C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe yields of ester‐functionalised Tröger's base analogues are dramatically improved by incorporating an electron‐donating group on the aromatic ring and/or enhancing solubility of the aniline unit. In addition to 2,8‐diester compounds, 1,7‐, 3,9‐ and 4,10‐diester‐functionalised Tröger's base analogues have been prepared for the first time.
Flexible Route to Palmarumycin CP1and CP2and CJ‐12.371 Methyl Ether
Authors: Krohn Karsten , Wang Si , Ahmed Ishtiaq , Altun Sultan , Aslan Abdulselam , Flörke Ulrich , Kock Ines , Schlummer Stefanie 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe total synthesis of palmarumycin CP1(4) and CP2(5) and racemic CJ‐12.371 methyl ether (17) is described using the Diels–Alder reaction of benzoquinone 1,8‐dihydroxynaphthalene acetal (10) with 1‐methoxy‐1,3‐butadiene under neat reaction conditions. The stereochemistry of adduct15was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The transformation of15into target products4,5, and17involved dehydrogenation, methyl ether cleavage, and reduction and oxidation steps.
Contactless conductivity detection of small ions in a surface micro‐machined CE chip
Authors: Shang Tao , Teng Eric , Woolley Adam T. , Mazzeo Brian A. , Schultz Stephen M. , Hawkins Aaron R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA microchip is presented which is capable of CE separations and is built using exclusively thin film deposition techniques, fully compatible with microelectronics batch processing. Standard photolithography provides control of the spacing between electrodes used in conductivity measurement and overall channel geometry. Fluid channels are arranged as a double‐T injector with a 50 μm offset at the arm intersection. The chip's performance was tested using concentrations of sodium chloride and calcium chloride ranging from 1 μM to 1 mM in a 5‐mM MES/histidine buffer. Separations were performed by applying different voltages to reservoirs positioned at the four fluid channel openings. Conductivity detection was performed by applying a small AC voltage (1 Vrms) to the insulated electrodes positioned inside the fluid channels. A computer running LabVIEW controlled the AC signal generation, data acquisition and storage. Measurements indicated that the chip's detection limit was below 1 μM for both sodium and calcium cations.
Microfluidic “thin chips” for chemical separations
Authors: Gaspar Attila , Salgado Marisol , Stevens Schetema , Gomez Frank A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper describes the design, development and application of microfluidic “thin chips” fabricated from PDMS. Thin chips consist of multiple layers of PDMS chemically bonded onto each other. Unlike thicker PDMS chips that suffer from lack of sensitivity due to PDMS absorption in the VIS and UV range, the thinness of these chips allows for the detection of chromophoric species within the microchannel via an external fiber optics detection system. C18‐modified reversed‐phase silica particles are packed into the microchannel using a temporary taper created by a magnetic valve and separations using both pressure‐ and electrochromatographic‐driven methods are detailed.
Multi‐wavelength light emitting diode array as an excitation source for light emitting diode‐induced fluorescence detection in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Huo Feng , Yuan Hongyan , Breadmore Michael C. , Xiao Dan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA multi‐wavelength LED array was used as an excitation source for in‐column fiber‐optic LED‐induced fluorescence for CE. The light source consisted of a multi‐wavelength LED array consisting of three different LEDs (430, 450 and 480 nm), a focusing lens and a gradient index lens group. The LED beam was collimated and reshaped with the gradient index lens group for coupling the LED light source into a single‐mode optical fiber. In addition, the luminance and stability of the LED light source was improved by powering the LED under constant current at enhanced voltages. The benefits of this system were demonstrated by the simultaneous determination of FITC‐labeled L‐asparagine (Ex/Em 488/520 nm), 4‐fluoro‐7‐nitro‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole‐labeled epinephrine (Ex/Em 468/530 nm) and 3‐(4‐carboxybenzoyl)‐quinoline‐2‐carboxaldehyde‐labeled L‐leucine (Ex/Em 440/530 nm). Detection limits of L‐asparagine, epinephrine and L‐leucine were estimated to be 0.8×10−9, 12.0×10−8 and 4.0×10−8 M (S/N=3), respectively. The RSDs (n=6) for migration time and peak area were better than 0.71 and 0.92%, respectively. The performance of the developed multi‐wavelength LED excitation source was compared to the use of a single‐wavelength LED and found to provide superior sensitivity for the three fluorophores used in this study.
A user‐friendly alternative to formaldehyde‐based DNA silver‐staining method on polyacrylamide gels
Authors: He Hong‐Zhang , Cong Wei‐Tao , Jiang Cheng‐Xi , Pu Jie , You Wei‐Jing , Gao Hong‐Chang , Zhu Zhong‐Xin , Jin Li‐Tai , Li Xiao‐Kun 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe have developed a practical, cost‐effective and user‐friendly protocol to meet the needs of nucleic acids research, particularly in respect of DNA detection on polyacrylamide gels. In this method, the most commonly used alkaline formaldehyde developer in DNA silver stain, which does harm to operator, is first replaced by glucose in alkaline borate buffer. In addition, the effects of six reducing sugars on the quality of DNA visualization were investigated. Consequently, the optimal protocol using glucose takes about 45 min to complete all the procedures, with a detection limit of 5 pg of single DNA band on polyacrylamide gels, was developed. The results indicate that this user‐friendly and economic protocol could be a good choice for routine use in DNA visualization on polyacrylamide gels.
A simple approach to the hydrodynamic injection in microchip electrophoresis with electrochemical detection
Authors: Dossi Nicolò , Toniolo Rosanna , Susmel Sabina , Pizzariello Andrea , Bontempelli Gino 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simple hydrodynamic injection method is proposed here for microchip CE coupled to electrochemical detection. It is based on the use of a precise syringe pump to push the sample into the microfluidic circuit, accompanied by the application of a secondary electric field to the injection channel, soon after the end of the injection step. In such a way, any counter pressure effect taking place when the sample plug enters the micrometric channel is prevented. Suitable optimization of this secondary electric field enables pushing of sample excess to be avoided and a narrow sample plug during the separation step to be maintained. Best conditions for hydrodynamic injection were achieved injecting catechol as model analyte by pressure with a syringe pump set at a flow rate of 8 μL/min for 6 s and applying to the injection channel a secondary high voltage of 700 V soon after the injection was completed. The reliability of this injection procedure has been proved by comparing electropherograms found for samples containing either catechol alone or catechol and dopamine together with those recorded under the same conditions by electrokinetic injection. Repeatability, expressed as RSD and estimated for seven replicate injections, turned out to be 2.1% for peak height of catechol used as single analyte and 0.9 and 1.1% for catechol and dopamine respectively, simultaneously injected.
Studies of the combined effects of some important factors on the likelihood of flashover
Authors: Chen Aiping , Yang Shousheng , Dong Xilin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAmong those factors that affect the likelihood of flashover in enclosure fires, the thermal inertia of lining materials, ventilation factor of door openings, heat release rate of fuel, and internal dimensions of the enclosure are the most important. The effects of the four factors are related, so it is very necessary to study their combined effects. In the present study, based on analyzing the approximate heat balance on the control volume similar to that in the MQH method, a dimensional relationship was derived that facilitates the estimation of pre‐flashover temperatures, which is used in the popular guidance literature as the key parameters for practical methods of predicting flashover. By correlating a vast amount of data gained in both small‐scale and large‐scale enclosure fire experiments, an important equation was obtained, which can embody explicitly and quantitatively the combined effects of the four important factors on the likelihood of flashover. According to the temperature criteria of 600°C identifying flashover, a new ‘combined method of predicting flashover’ was put forward. The validity of the method was verified in small‐scale experiments, and the results showed that it could be applied to predict well whether flashover occurs in enclosure fires or not. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retention–release equilibrium of aroma compounds in polysaccharide gels: study by quantitative structure–activity/property relationships approach
Authors: Tromelin Anne , Merabtine Yacine , Andriot Isabelle 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe nature and amount of constituents in food greatly influence aroma release. Pectins and carrageenans are common used thickeners, but their effect on the release of aroma compounds has been studied more frequently for non‐homogeneous products than for thickeners separately. The purpose of this work was to study and compare their respective effects in simple model systems. In this way, the release of 13 aroma compounds was analysed by headspace analysis at equilibrium in pure water, ι‐carrageenan and pectin gels. To evaluate the influence of the chemical structure of aroma compounds on retention/release equilibrium between vapour phase and gels, we used a quantitative structure–activity/structure–property relationships (QSAR/QSPR) approach. Our present aim was first of all to identify some relevant structural properties related to the retention and then to propose a qualitative interpretation. We used the genetic function approximation (GFA) available in the Cerius2 package to generate (QSAR) equations with one, two and three variables, with or without constant adding. The two variables equations without constant adding obtained involve the descriptors Jurs‐PNSA‐1 and Jurs‐WNSA‐2 for retention in water and in carrageenan gel, Jurs‐RPSA and CHI‐V‐3_P for retention in pectin gel. This result highlights that ι‐carrageenan does not modify the nature of interactions between aroma and water molecules, but suggests that interactions with pectin are somewhat different, involving positively charged surface areas in the retention phenomenon. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulating functional connectivity patterns and topological functional organization of the human brain with transcranial direct current stimulation
Authors: Polanía Rafael , Nitsche Michael A. , Paulus Walter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that alters cortical excitability and activity in a polarity‐dependent way. Stimulation for few minutes has been shown to induce plastic alterations of cortical excitability and to improve cognitive performance. These effects might be caused by stimulation‐induced alterations of functional cortical network connectivity. We aimed to investigate the impact of tDCS on cortical network function through functional connectivity and graph theoretical analysis. Single recordings in healthy volunteers with 62 electroencephalography channels were acquired before and after 10 min of facilitatory anodal tDCS over the primary motor cortex (M1), combined with inhibitory cathodal tDCS of the contralateral frontopolar cortex, in resting state and during voluntary hand movements. Correlation matrices containing all 62 pairwise electrode combinations were calculated with the synchronization likelihood (SL) method and thresholded to construct undirected graphs for the θ, α, β, low‐γ and high‐γ frequency bands. SL matrices and undirected graphs were compared before and after tDCS. Functional connectivity patterns significantly increased within premotor, motor, and sensorimotor areas of the stimulated hemisphere during motor activity in the 60–90 Hz frequency range. Additionally, tDCS‐induced significant intrahemispheric and interhemispheric connectivity changes in all the studied frequency bands. In summary, we show for the first time evidence for tDCS‐induced changes in brain synchronization and topological functional organization. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating anisotropic aquifer parameters by artificial neural networks
Authors: Lin Hsien‐Tsung , Ke Kai‐Yuan , Chen Chu‐Hui , Wu Shih‐Ching , Tan Yih‐Chi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn recent years, many approaches have been developed using the artificial neural networks (ANN) model incorporated with the Theis analytical solution to estimate the effective hydrological parameters for homogeneous and isotropic porous media, such as the Lin and Chen approach (ANN approach) and the principal component analysis (PCA)‐ANN approach. The above methods assume a full superimposition of the type curve and the observed drawdown and try to use the first time‐drawdown data as a match point to make a fine approximation of the effective parameters. However, using first time‐drawdown data or early time‐drawdown data does not always allow for an accurate estimation of the hydrological parameters, especially for heterogeneous and anisotropic aquifers. Therefore, this article corrects the concept of the superimposed plot by modifying the ANN approach and the PCA‐ANN approach, as well as incorporating the Papadopoulos analytical solution, to estimate the transmissivities and storage coefficient for anisotropic, homogeneous aquifers. The ANN model is trained with 4000 training sets of the well function, and tested with 1000 sets and 300 sets of synthetic time‐drawdown generated from the homogeneous and heterogeneous parameters, respectively. In situ observation data from the time‐drawdown at station Shi‐Chou on the Choushui River alluvial fan, Taiwan, is further adopted to test the applicability and reliability of the proposed methods, as well as provide a basis for comparison with the Straight‐line method and the Type‐curve method. Results suggest that both of the modified methods perform better than the original ones, and using late time‐drawdown to optimize the effective parameters is shown to be better than using early time‐drawdown. Additionally, results indicate that the modified ANN approach is better than the modified PCA‐ANN approach in terms of precision, while the efficiency of the modified PCA‐ANN approach is approximately three times better than that of the modified ANN approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding salt mobilization from an irrigated catchment in south‐eastern Australia
Authors: Selle B. , Thayalakumaran T. , Morris M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGroundwater discharge from the Riverine Plains of the southern Murray‐Darling Basin is a major process contributing salt to the Murray River in Australia. In this study, data from an irrigated 60 000 ha catchment in the Riverine Plains were analysed to understand groundwater discharge into deeply incised drains, the process dominating salt mobilization from the catchment. We applied three integrated methodologies: classification and regression trees (CART), conceptual modelling and artificial neural networks (ANNs) to a comprehensive, spatially lumped, monthly data set from July 1975 to December 2004. Using CART analysis, it was shown that rainfall was the most important variable consistently explaining the salt load patterns at the catchment outlet. Using the conceptual model representing spatially lumped groundwater discharge into deeply incised drains, we demonstrated that salt mobilization from the study catchment can be well represented by a rainfall contribution, influenced by the hydraulic head in the deep regional aquifer and potential evapotranspiration. Using ANNs, it was confirmed that rainfall had a much higher impact on salt loads at the catchment outlet than irrigation water use. All these results demonstrate that under conditions similar to those experienced from 1975 to 2004, it is rainfall rather than irrigation water use that governs salt mobilization from the study catchment. Management of salt mobilization from irrigated catchments has traditionally focussed on the improvement of irrigation practices but it could be equally important to further understand the scope for management to control groundwater discharge in these irrigation areas. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the results of scenarios of climate and land use changes on the hydrology of an Italian catchment: modelling study
Authors: D'Agostino Daniela R. , Trisorio Liuzzi Giuliana , Lamaddalena Nicola , Ragab Ragab 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHydrological models are recognized as valid scientific tools to study water quantity and quality and provide support for the integrated management and planning of water resources at different scales. In common with many catchments in the Mediterranean, the study catchment has many problems such as the increasing gap between water demand and supply, water quality deterioration, scarcity of available data, lack of measurements and specific information. The application of hydrological models to investigate hydrological processes in this type of catchments is of particular relevance for water planning strategies to address the possible impact of climate and land use changes on water resources.The distributed catchment scale model (DiCaSM) was selected to study the impact of climate and land use changes on the hydrological cycle and the water balance components in the Apulia region, southern Italy, specifically in the Candelaro catchment (1780 km2). The results obtained from this investigation proved the ability of DiCaSM to quantify the different components of the catchment water balance and to successfully simulate the stream flows. In addition, the model was run with the climate change scenarios for southern Italy, i.e. reduced winter rainfall by 5–10%, reduced summer rainfall by 15–20%, winter temperature rise by 1·25–1·5 °C and summer temperature rise by 1·5–1·75 °C. The results indicated that by 2050, groundwater recharge in the Candelaro catchment would decrease by 21–31% and stream flows by 16–23%. The model results also showed that the projected durum wheat yield up to 2050 is likely to decrease between 2·2% and 10·4% due to the future reduction in rainfall and increase in temperature.In the current study, the reliability of the DiCaSM was assessed when applied to the Candelaro catchment; those parameters that may cause uncertainty in model output were investigated using a generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) methodology. The results showed that DiCaSM provided a small level of uncertainty and subsequently, a higher confidence level. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.