bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat-Air-Moisture Transport: Measurements on Building Materials
Authors: Mukhopadhyaya P. , Kumaran M. K. 
Published: September 2009

Description
Eleven peer-reviewed papers provide the latest research and standards development activities to assure the reliable, consistent, and meaningful measurement of heat-air-moisture transport through building materials.
Topics cover the importance and necessity of reliably measured hygrothermal material properties and the individual material properties. Some papers identify the need for improvement in existing standards and others point towards new measurement techniques and corresponding standards.
Mechanisms of Atomic Displacements Induced by Radiation
Authors: Sosin A. 
Published: September 2009

The earliest theories of radiation effects in metals were based on the simplest assumptions. For example, theoretical treatments of atomic collision have been dominated largely by what may be described as billiard-ball dynamics. These treatments have generally overestimated the “hardness” of the atoms and ignored the inherent anisotropy imposed by the crystallinity of the material. It has become increasingly apparent that a major segment of radiation effects theory that must be improved substantially is in the area of the details of the collision processes. A number of studies, both experimental and theoretical, have contributed notably recently.
It is intended to review this segment of radiation effects theory, bringing under one heading the latest contributions. The review will start with the nature of the original collision and proceed in a straightforward manner through all the stages of the various displacement processes—primary displacements, secondary displacements and cascades, thermal and displacement spikes, and focusing. More precise information concerning interatomic interaction is needed for an accurate description of each of these processes.
Effects of Radiation on Two Low-Alloy Steels at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Lowe A. L. 
Published: September 2009

The effects of temperature during irradiation on the tensile and impact properties of two low-alloy steels were studied. Tension and impact specimens of 1.25Cr-0.5Mo and 2.25Cr-1Mo steels were irradiated in a range of 2.8 x 1018 to 2.0 x 1020 nvt (greater than 1 Mev) and over a temperature range from room temperature to 1700 F.
Results from postirradiation examinations conducted at room temperature indicate that the radiation effects on tensile properties are reduced at irradition temperatures above 725 F and at irradiation temperatures between 900 and 1100 F there is no apparent irradiation damage. For specimens irradiated above approximately 1100 F the tensile and yield strength increased again and strength levels equal to the unirradiated values were not observed until the steel was heated above the A3 point (1630 F). The second increase in tensile and yield strength may be associated with microstructural changes.
Results from subsize impact specimens showed that irradiated data equivalent to the unirradiated impact values were not recovered until temperatures in the stress relief range were reached. At the higher temperatures the shift in impact properties appears to be more sensitive to temperature than to radiation dose.
Effects of Vacuum Melting and Vacuum Annealing on the Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Roach D. B. , Leffingwell W. B. , Hall A. M. 
Published: September 2009

Two applications of vacuum technology to metallurgy are discussed. One concerns the consumable-electrode vacuum-arc remelting of AISI 316 stainless steel. An air-melted and a vacuum-arc remelted heat are compared with respect to composition, processing and welding, room- and high-temperature mechanical properties, magnetic permeability, inclusion count, and behavior in the Huey corrosion test. The vacuum heat was lower in carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen than the air-melted heat. The low oxygen and hydrogen were attributed to the melting process, while the low carbon was not. Both heats were similar in processing and welding behavior as well as in mechanical and physical properties. In Huey corrosion tests of sensitized material, the air-melted steel was attacked much faster than the vacuum-melted material. However, this difference was ascribed to the difference in carbon content between the two steels. Thus, in this study, no differences attributable to the consumable-electrode vacuum-arc remelting process were observed.
The other application was the vacuum annealing of AISI 301 strip. This material was compared with air-annealed and hydrogen-annealed stock. The air-annealed and vacuum-annealed steels had similar mechanical properties. However, the hydrogen-annealed steel had half of the ductility, 80 per cent of the formability and 75 per cent of the strength of the other materials. The increase in hydrogen content of the steel, when annealed in hydrogen, is considered responsible for these differences.
The Effects of Neutron Exposure and Reactor Environments on Stainless Steels
Authors: Bush S. H. , Tobin J. C. 
Published: September 2009

Stainless steels represent one of the major groups of structural and fuel cladding materials used in nuclear reactors. These steels have been used extensively in civilian power reactors. This paper reviews the performance of ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, and precipitation hardening stainless steels when exposed to neutrons, and the effects of reactor environment, whether water, gas, or liquid metal.
The effects of neutron irradiation on the mechanical properties of stainless steels are examined. Generally, exposure to neutron flux increases the yield strength substantially more than it does the ultimate tensile strength. This is accompanied by marked decreases in ductility. Uniform elongation becomes extremely small after exposures in the range 1020 to 1021 nvt.
The dynamic properties of the stainless steels such as creep, stress rupture, and low cycle fatigue are reviewed, based on the limited data available. The effects of stress application to stainless steels while exposed to neutrons are also discussed.
Specific consideration is given to surface corrosion, oxidation, and stress corrosion where the neutron induced heat flux plays a major role. Potential limitations to the use of these steels by such reactions are considered, as are possible solutions to the problems.
Certain indirect effects of a neutron environment such as thermal cycling due to varying gamma flux during reactor startup and shutdown and the deleterious effects of such cycling are considered in structural components and in fuel cladding. Other indirect effects unique to nuclear reactors such as the interaction of fuel with stainless cladding are discussed briefly.
An Appraisal of Evaluation Tests for Stainless Steel Automotive Trim
Authors: Bates J. F. , Phelps E. H. 
Published: September 2009

Within the past few years the automotive industry and the steel producers have been experimenting with a variety of stainless steels for automotive trim exposed to corrosion by road-deicing salts. Several new laboratory tests have been developed to evaluate the corrosion resistance of these steels. In the present study the results of six evaluation tests are tested statistically for significant correlation with the results of service tests conducted on automobiles.
The Dip-and-Dry Test and the Thermographic Test each showed a significant correlation with service-test results. The CASS Test and Spot Test are believed to be effective in detecting surface depletion of chromium, a condition causing poor corrosion resistance. The CASS Test did not, however, predict service performance where there was no surface depletion of chromium. The Ferric Chloride Immersion Test did not have a significant correlation with service. It was, however, extremely sensitive to different surface-finishing operations and may have some merit as a quality control test for a finishing operation. The Corrodkote Test showed no merit for predicting service performance of stainless steel automotive trim.
The absence of any really good correlations with service should lend a note of caution against the extensive use of these evaluation tests. It points to the need for more reliable tests for the evaluation of stainless steel for automotive trim.
Relationship of Heat Treatment and Microstructure to Corrosion Resistance in Wrought Ni-Cr-Mo Alloys
Authors: Streicher M. A. 
Published: September 2009

In an investigation of the effect of heat treatment on microstructure and corrosion resistance, seven heats of wrought Ni-Cr-Mo alloy were heated in the range of 800 F to 2375 F. Corrosion was studied in reducing and in oxidizing acids. Oxalic acid etch structures produced by various precipitates were classified and correlated with corrosion rates. Two maxima in corrosion rates were found: one on specimens heated near 1400 F and the other on specimens heated near 1900 F. In hydrochloric acid, only the maximum at 1400 F is revealed, while in chromic acid, only the maximum at 1900 F is detected. Both maxima are revealed by exposure to nitric acid, pure sulfuric acid and ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid solution.
Studies of the microstructures and analysis of residues from dissolution in bromine-methanol solution show that sigma phase, in microscopic or submicroscopic form, is mainly responsible for changes in corrosion resistance produced by heat treatments. carbides of the M6C type containing molybdenum and tungsten as major elements are also present but have a minor effect on corrosion. No chromium carbide, Cr23C6, was found.
Incompletely dissolved precipitates in the form of submicroscopic phases have a deleterious influence on corrosion. Multiple solution-annealing treatments at 2250 F, rather than length of time at temperature, were found most effective in completely dissolving this phase.
Corrosion in reducing acids is under cathodic control. Intergranular attack and the corrosion potentials are a function of the anions of the acid. In oxidizing solutions, corrosion is governed by anodic polarization. The cathodic process consists of reduction of metallic cations. Both grain face and grain boundary zones are passive. Anodic polarization is governed by the presence of such cations as ferric ions and hexavalent chromium ions.
On the basis of data presented, a simple, rapid method for evaluating Ni-Cr-Mo alloys for susceptibility to intergranular attack is, proposed. It consists of electrolytic etching in oxalic acid to detect the presence of incipient fusion resulting from overheating during annealing, and a 24-hour test in boiling solution of ferric sulfate-50 percent sulfuric acid. Material free of all kinds of damaging precipitates has a low rate of corrosion in this test.
Alloying Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels for Strength and Stability
Authors: Perry D. C. , Marshall M. W. 
Published: September 2009

Stainless steels 17-7 PH and PH 15-7 Mo could not be used in their highest strength conditions because they lacked toughness. Overaging was employed to obtain good fracture strengths but with a considerable sacrifice in useful tensile properties. Even in the overaged condition, these steels become embrittled after long-time exposure at temperatures of 600 to 700 F.
This paper described alloy development studies that have resulted in a new precipitation hardening steel, PH 14-8 Mo. This stainless steel has exceptionally high net fracture strengths in excess of 225,000 psi. Long time exposure studies at temperatures of 400 to 750 F show marked resistance to embrittlement.
This breakthrough in toughness and stability is attributed to close control of chemical composition, especially carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen. The merits of air and vacuum melting processes in obtaining the desired results are also discussed.
Solders, Fluxes, and Techniques for Soldering Aluminum
Authors: Dowd J. D. 
Published: September 2009

Aluminum can be soldered using a wide variety of solders, fluxes and techniques. The solders for aluminum are usually alloys of zinc, tin, cadmium and lead, although small amounts of other elements have been added to many such solders. Before soldering aluminum, the oxide film on the surface must be removed, either mechanically while the surface is covered with molten solder, or with fluxes. Chloride-free organic fluxes can be used when soldering with low-temperature solders, but chloride-containing salt fluxes must be used when soldering with higher temperature solders.
All of the common soldering techniques can be used in soldering aluminum; and in addition, there are several techniques more applicable to aluminum than to other metals. These include rub soldering, ultrasonic soldering, and reaction-flux soldering. For some application, it may be desirable to plate the aluminum with copper, nickel or some other metal and then solder using procedures applicable to the plating metal.
The use of soldering as a method for joining aluminum depends largely upon the performance required of the resultant joints. Of the performance characteristics, resistance to corrosion is by far the most important, although in some cases other factors may be of consequence. The resistance to corrosion of soldered joints in aluminum varies greatly, depending upon solder composition, joint design, use of protective coatings, and the environment in which the soldered joints are exposed. Sound soldered joints that are adequately protected can be expected to give many years of satisfactory service in most environments.
Ultrasonic Soldering of Aluminum
Authors: Jones J. Byron , Thomas John G. 
Published: September 2009

Ultrasonic techniques permit soldering of aluminum without the use of any fluxes whatsoever, with the elimination of corrosion attack resulting from flux residue or inadequate cleaning after soldering. Using these techniques, aluminum joints were fabricated with three binary solder alloys and two ternary alloys and were exposed to two corrosion media—hot aerated distilled water and salt water.
Data showing the decay of joint strength as a function of time of each solder in each environment are presented. Corrosion attack was observed to cause separation of the joints along the solder-aluminum interface. This localized penetration has been explained on the basis of a high galvanic potential at the interface resulting from the diffusion of solder constituents into the aluminum.
There are many applications for soldered aluminum assemblies where corrosion is not a factor or where selection of a suitable solder permits reasonable life in a corrosive environment. Ultrasonic equipment is available covering a broad range of applications, from diminutive precise devices for silicon transistor connections to large units for continuous coating of metal strip materials.
Industrial Survey of Paste Solder Alloys
Authors: Williams Harold R. 
Published: September 2009

The purpose of this paper is to correlate the scattered data on paste solders for future standardization.
The two basic objectives in using paste solders are (1) to simplify hand soldering through automatic application of paste solder and, (2) to bring about an automatic heating-and-soldering cycle. In the development of paste alloys, many chemical and physical obstacles had to be overcome to reach these objectives. Examples of good and bad applications are illustrated. Also, several interesting applications in various fields are described in detail.
Six typical processes of heating are described and merits of equipment evaluated. Loose fitting joints are to be avoided, and parts designed for a close fitting “microfilm” joint seem desirable. Paste solders and automation methods seem to go hand in hand, but application techniques have been slow to develop. Five fundamental methods of paste solder application are brought out in some detail.
It is suggested that standards for paste solder alloys should be established in line with their ability to withstand corrosion using pure rosin as a standard. Four divisions could be made in accordance with present applications. Also, a numbering system based on the approximate melting point (close to the liquidus) has been suggested as more understandable by industry. A combination of the two would be a key to identify each paste solder alloy.
Friction Properties of Pavements at Different Speeds
Authors: Schulze K H , Beckmann L 
Published: September 2009

Based on measurements with a locked-wheel trailer on wet pavements, curves indicating friction coefficients versus speed can be plotted and classified by the degree of decrease of the coefficient with increasing speed. A correlation was found between the mean width of the voids in the pavement surface and the steepness of the friction-speed curve: the closer the surface, the steeper the curve.
Friction coefficient and wear index differences between outside and inside lanes of four-lane highways provided a measure for the change of skid resistance caused by traffic. The mean decrease of the locked-wheel coefficients differed significantly at high speeds for mastic asphalt, fine asphalt concrete, and portland cement concrete pavements. Mastic asphalt pavements had the highest rates of decrease; cement concrete had the lowest. A significant relationship was found between the locked-wheel coefficients and the friction coefficients at 17 to 20 per cent slip (approximately the maximum coefficients) at single speeds up to 50 mph and for theoretical braking distances calculated by integration from the friction-speed curves.
Variation in Highway Slipperiness Characteristics with Location
Authors: Mahone D C 
Published: September 2009

This study compares the slipperiness characteristics of various pavement areas, some of which are not easily accessible to conventional road slipperiness measuring methods. In the study, the British portable tester was used to compare (1) slipperiness characteristics of wheel tracks with those of other lateral areas of the highway pavement, and (2) the characteristics of level tangents to those of other symmetrically shaped areas.
The 26 sites tested covered a wide range of surface types, textures, and coefficients of friction. From the data obtained, it was concluded that the coefficient of friction varies both longitudinally and laterally on a highway surface. The one steel deck bridge tested was found to be extremely slippery. The lowest coefficients of friction were noted in wheel paths, on paint lines, and on bleeding asphalt spots.
Performance of Phenolic and Urea Resins in Particle-Board Binding
Authors: Kamrath R. H. 
Published: September 2009

This paper compares the performance of liquid urea-formaldehyde and phenol-formaldehyde resins—two of the most commonly used binder systems for particle board. Cost, manufacturing variables, and board performance are discussed and previous research findings by other investigators and present actual plant and laboratory experience of one board manufacturer are summarized.
Urea resin maintains an economic advantage over phenolic resin because of lower unit cost, ease in handling, and shorter press-cycle time required. However, under favorable conditions, phenolic resin can develop greater bonding efficiency because of its resistance to advanced curing, improved resin distribution qualities, and tolerance to many production variables, particularly moisture content. Slower curing phenolic binder generally requires longer press-cycle time and higher press temperature than a catalyzed urea binder.
Equivalent particle board properties are achieved with both binders when operating at conditions suitable to each system, except in the case of board durability and short-term water absorption. Unfinished, phenolic-bonded particle board shows a distinct advantage in durability over a urea board under cycling temperature and relative humidity conditions. Because of the alkaline nature of phenolic resin, boards with this binder usually have somewhat higher water absorption.
Polyken Probe Tack Tester
Authors: Hammond F. H. 
Published: September 2009

The Polyken probe tack tester is a portable device for measuring the tackiness of pressure-sensitive adhesives and cements. The tester provides a means of bringing the tip of a probe into contact with the adhesive at controlled rates, contact times, and temperatures, and subsequently breaking the adhesive bond thus formed, also at controlled rates. The maximum force during the break is taken as the measure of tackiness.
Data are presented to illustrate the utility of this instrument on commercial pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes. Tack values for all tapes increase with increasing pressure, with increasing time of contact, and with increasing rate of separation. Tack values decrease with increasing temperature. Tack value is shown to be independent of the thickness of the adhesive. Reasons for the above are discussed and the reproducibility and statistical parameters of the test are provided.
An Evaluation of the Field Vane Test in Sensitive Clay
Authors: Eden W. J. 
Published: September 2009

For the past 10 years, the Division of Building Research has employed the field vane apparatus to measure the undrained shear strength of the sensitive Leda clays of Eastern Canada, which have an overconsolidation of from 0.3 to 5.0 tons/ft.2 The apparatus has also been used in the nearly normally consolidated varved clays of northern Ontario and Quebec. This paper summarizes this experience and attempts to assess the usefulness of the field vane in relation to other field evidence.
For the soft, lightly overconsolidated clays (undrained shear strength less than 0.5 tons/ft2), the field vane yields consistent undrained strengths which have correlated well with other field evidence. For stronger clays (overconsolidated from 3 to 5 tons/ft2), the value of field vane tests is questionable.
Heat-Resisting Metals for Gas-Turbine Parts
Authors: Cross Howard C. , Simmons Ward F. 
Published: September 2009

This report shows the results of high-temperature tests on heat-resisting alloys carried out under National Defense Research Committee Project NRC-8 to study and evaluate new alloys and supply needed information to the Armed Forces and their contractors.
The materials studied ranged from modified 18 per cent chromium-8 per cent nickel steels to practically iron-free cobalt-chromium and cobalt-chromium-nickel alloys with additions singly or in combination of molybdenum, tungsten, columbium, tantalum, titanium, aluminum, boron, and nitrogen.
Short-time tension tests were made on the precision-cast cobalt-base alloys at 1000 to 1600 F.
Stress-rupture tests were made at 1500, 1600, and 2000 F. to determine the stresses for rupture in times varying from 100 to 1000 hr.
Creep tests were made at 1350, 1500, and 1600 F. to pick out the better alloys and to determine the stresses required to produce creep rates of 0.00001 per cent per hour.
The cast cobalt-base alloys show better stress-rupture and creep properties generally than the forged alloys, except for creep resistance at 1350 F. Design curves based on both stress-rupture and creep data at 1500 F., show that for low values of total deformation, some of the forged alloys are superior to the cast alloys.
Relaxation creep tests for predicting high-temperature bolting performance were made on a few alloys at 1050 to 1500 F.