bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serial slaughter: the development of the north Norwegian sealing fleet: 1859–1909
Authors: Kjær Kjell-G. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the growth and development of the sealing industry of northern Norway from 1859 to 1909 and is based largely on hunting returns and shipping records of the Tromsø fleet. Arctic hunting operations displayed remarkable diversity across the years and the ascendancy of sealing only emerged towards the end of the 19th century. The paper shows how the fleet increased in size despite the lack of capital in northern Norway for investment in new vessels and how hunting grew in significance as a commercial operation following the introduction of modern hunting techniques and better weapons. The fleet increased almost eightfold, from 6 vessels in 1859 to 46 in 1909 while the harvest of seals increased from less than 1500 to over 30000 animals annually. The geographical range of the hunting grounds expanded correspondingly from a limited area around Jan Mayen and the west coast of Spitsbergen to a huge area which included the western ice (north and south of Jan Mayen), the northern ice (Svalbard), the eastern ice (Kola Peninsula to Novaya Zemlya, the White Sea), Zemlya Frantsa-Isoifa [Franz Joseph Land], the Denmark Strait and northeast Greenland. The species composition of the harvest underwent a remarkable series of transitions, one species being replaced by another as local stocks became successively depleted. Thus, it was dominated numerically first by Svalbard reindeer and walrus, then beluga whales and then cod before finally consisting largely of polar bears, bottlenose whales and seals. Owners and skippers responded to reductions in numbers by searching for new hunting grounds and, in doing so, sailed further north, then east and then west than ever before, coincidentally making a series of historical voyages of discovery. By the end of these five decades sloops had largely been replaced by ketch rigged diesel sealers, these being an assortment of new, salvaged and second hand foreign ships.
Subanesthetic dose of ketamine decreases prefrontal theta cordance in healthy volunteers: implications for antidepressant effect
Authors: Horacek J. , Brunovsky M. , Novak T. , Tislerova B. , Palenicek T. , Bubenikova-Valesova V. , Spaniel F. , Koprivova J. , Mohr P. , Balikova M. , Hoschl C. 
Published: December 2009

BackgroundTheta cordance is a novel quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) measure that correlates with cerebral perfusion. A series of clinical studies has demonstrated that the prefrontal theta cordance value decreases after 1 week of treatment in responders to antidepressants and that this effect precedes clinical improvement. Ketamine, a non-competitive antagonist ofN-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, has a unique rapid antidepressant effect but its influence on theta cordance is unknown.MethodIn a double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled experiment we studied the acute effect of ketamine (0.54 mg/kg within 30 min) on theta cordance in a group of 20 healthy volunteers.ResultsKetamine infusion induced a decrease in prefrontal theta cordance and an increase in the central region theta cordance after 10 and 30 min. The change in prefrontal theta cordance correlated with ketamine and norketamine blood levels after 10 min of ketamine infusion.ConclusionsOur data indicate that ketamine infusion immediately induces changes similar to those that monoamineric-based antidepressants induce gradually. The reduction in theta cordance could be a marker and a predictor of the fast-acting antidepressant effect of ketamine, a hypothesis that could be tested in depressive patients treated with ketamine.
High Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness are associated with interleukin-6
Authors: Sutin A. R. , Terracciano A. , Deiana B. , Naitza S. , Ferrucci L. , Uda M. , Schlessinger D. , Costa P. T. 
Published: December 2009

BackgroundHigh Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness are frequently implicated in health-risk behaviors, such as smoking and overeating, as well as health outcomes, including mortality. Their associations with physiological markers of morbidity and mortality, such as inflammation, are less well documented. The present research examines the association between the five major dimensions of personality and interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine often elevated in patients with chronic morbidity and frailty.MethodA population-based sample (n=4923) from four towns in Sardinia, Italy, had their levels of IL-6 measured and completed a comprehensive personality questionnaire, the NEO-PI-R. Analyses controlled for factors known to have an effect on IL-6: age; sex; smoking; weight; aspirin use; disease burden.ResultsHigh Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness were both associated with higher levels of IL-6. The findings remained significant after controlling for the relevant covariates. Similar results were found for C-reactive protein, a related marker of chronic inflammation. Further, smoking and weight partially mediated the association between impulsivity-related traits and higher IL-6 levels. Finally, logistic regressions revealed that participants either in the top 10% of the distribution of Neuroticism or the bottom 10% of conscientiousness had an approximately 40% greater risk of exceeding clinically relevant thresholds of IL-6.ConclusionsConsistent with the literature on personality and self-reported health, individuals high on Neuroticism or low on Conscientiousness show elevated levels of this inflammatory cytokine. Identifying critical medical biomarkers associated with personality may help to elucidate the physiological mechanisms responsible for the observed connections between personality traits and physical health.
At the Heart of Justice: the Library at the new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
Authors: Rowe Jenny 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, which heard its first case in October 2009, sits at the apex of the UK's justice systems. Located in the painstakingly restored Grade II Listed Middlesex Guildhall in Parliament Square, it will be the highest appeal court in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil cases in Scotland. Jenny Rowe, Chief Executive of the Court, reveals how the new Justices' Library is at the heart of this landmark building.
“A Sensible Radical”: Conversations with Professor Sir Bob Hepple. Part 2 - UK and the World
Authors: Dingle Lesley 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis is a further contribution to the Squire Law Library Eminent Scholars Archive based on interviews with Emeritus Professor Sir Bob Hepple.1 Part 2 covers his career in the UK, both academic and as a legal activist in the fields of human and social rights and labour law. Professor Hepple gave his interviews at the Squire Law Library between August 2007 and June 2008.
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: image quality, ductal morphology, and value of additional T2‐ and T1‐weighted sequences for the assessment of suspected pancreatic cancer
Authors: Lopez Hänninen E. , Ricke J. , Amthauer H. , Röttgen R. , Böhmig M. , Langrehr J. , Pech M. , Denecke T. , Rosewicz S. , Felix R. 
Published: December 2009

Purpose: To assess image quality and duct morphology on magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and also the value of additional T2‐ and T1‐weighted sequences for differentiation of benignity and malignancy in patients with suspected pancreatic tumors. Material and Methods: One‐hundred‐and‐fourteen patients received MRCP and unenhanced and contrast material‐enhanced MR imaging. MR results were analyzed independently by two blinded readers, and subsequently correlated with the results from surgery, biopsy, and follow‐up. Assessment included the evaluation of image quality, duct visualization and morphology, and the differentiation of pancreatic lesion status (benign versus malignant). Results: Overall, 49 patients had benign final diagnoses, while 65 had a malignant diagnosis. Image quality of single‐shot thick‐slab MRCP was rated significantly better than the MIP images of multisection MRCP. With MRCP alone, the two readers' accuracy in the assessment of pancreatic lesion status was 72% (95% CI, 64% to 83%) and 69% (95% CI, 56% to 77%), respectively; with the addition of T2‐ and T1‐weighted images the accuracy significantly improved to 89% (95% CI, 82% to 95%) and 84% (95% CI, 77% to 92%) for readers 1 and 2, respectively. Conclusion: Single‐shot thick‐slab MRCP and multisection MRCP provide complementary results; however, single‐shot MRCP had superior image quality. Moreover, assessment of ductal morphology with MRCP alone facilitated the diagnosis of different pathologic conditions of the pancreatobiliary system in the majority of patients. However, with the addition of T2‐ and T1‐weighted sequences the overall diagnostic accuracy was significantly improved and thus we consider that a comprehensive MR approach should comprise both MRCP techniques and parenchymal sequences.
Sonographic comparison of gastric emptying of broth and water: is there a promoting cephalic factor?
Authors: Pedersen J. F. 
Published: December 2009

Purpose: To examine the emptying times of broth and water, and explore the possibility of a cephalic influence on gastric emptying. Material and Methods: On different days each of twelve healthy volunteers had meals of either 350 ml water or 350 ml broth. Subsequently ten volunteers had meals of water alone and of water followed by sham feeding with broth. The antral area was determined at sonography five times before the meal as a baseline, and every 1–4 minutes after the meal. The time until the antral area had decreased to 150% of baseline (T150) was determined and used as surrogate expression of gastric emptying time. Results: The mean T150 was for water 20.3 min (range 12–40), and was for broth significantly shorter 12.6 min (5–21), P = 0.0020. In the subsequent series the mean T150 was 28.5 min (18–49) for water, and significantly shorter for water followed by sham feeding, 22.8 (14–40), P = 0.0078. Conclusion: Broth empties faster from the stomach than plain water, probably because of a “cephalic phase” stimulation of gastric motility via the vagus nerve.
Colon dissection: a new three‐dimensional reconstruction tool for computed tomography colonography
Authors: Röttgen R. , Fischbach F. , Plotkin M. , Herzog H. , Freund T. , Schröder R. J. , Felix R. 
Published: December 2009

Purpose: To improve the sensitivity of computed tomography (CT) colonography in the detection of polyps by comparing the 3D reconstruction tool “colon dissection” and endoluminal view (virtual colonoscopy) with axial 2D reconstructions. Material and Methods: Forty‐eight patients (22 M, 26 F, mean age 57±21) were studied after intra‐anal air insufflation in the supine and prone positions using a 16‐slice helical CT (16×0.625 mm, pitch 1.7; detector rotation time 0.5 s; 160 mAs und 120 kV) and conventional colonoscopy. Two radiologists blinded to the results of the conventional colonoscopy analyzed the 3D reconstruction in virtual‐endoscopy mode, in colon‐dissection mode, and axial 2D slices. Results: Conventional colonoscopy revealed a total of 35 polyps in 15 patients; 33 polyps were disclosed by CT methods. Sensitivity and specificity for detecting colon polyps were 94% and 94%, respectively, when using the “colon dissection”, 89% and 94% when using “virtual endoscopy”, and 62% and 100% when using axial 2D reconstruction. Sensitivity in relation to the diameter of colon polyps with “colon dissection”, “virtual colonoscopy”, and axial 2D‐slices was: polyps with a diameter >5.0 mm, 100%, 100%, and 71%, respectively; polyps with a diameter of between 3 and 4.9 mm, 92%, 85%, and 46%; and polyps with a diameter <3 mm, 89%, 78%, and 56%. The difference between “virtual endoscopy” and “colon dissection” in diagnosing polyps up to 4.9 mm in diameter was statistically significant. Conclusion: 3D reconstruction software “colon dissection” improves sensitivity of CT colonography compared with the endoluminal view.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings in chronic carbon monoxide intoxication
Authors: Durak A. C. , Coskun A. , Yikilmaz A. , Erdogan F. , Mavili E. , Guven M. 
Published: December 2009

Purpose: To define the cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of the chronic stage of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning in patients with and without neuropsychiatric sequelae. Material and Methods: Eight patients who had neither symptoms nor neurological sequelae and eight patients with neuropsychiatric sequelae were included in the study. Patients aged between 9 to 57 (mean 32.2 years). All patients had been comatose at initial admittance and awoke after normobaric 100% oxygen therapy within 1–7 days. In this study, the patients were being examined with routine cranial MRI between 1 and 10 years (mean 3.4 years) after exposure to CO. Results: The most common finding was bilateral symmetric hyperintensity of the white matter, which was more significant in the centrum semiovale, with relative sparing of the temporal lobes and anterior parts of the frontal lobes on T2‐weighted and FLAIR images in all patients. Cerebral cortical atrophy was seen in 10 patients; mild atrophy of cerebellar hemispheres in 8; and vermian atrophy in 11. Corpus callosum was atrophic in one patient. Bilateral globus pallidus lesions were seen in three patients. The lesions were hypointense on T1‐weighted images and hyperintense on T2‐weighted and FLAIR images. Conclusion: Patients with severe CO intoxication may develop persistent cerebral changes independently of their neuropsychiatric findings in the chronic stage. They may present with characteristic MRI findings as described here, even if asymptomatic. The history of CO exposure is therefore helpful for recognizing and interpreting the MRI findings of chronic stage CO intoxication.
Infra‐inguinal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for limb salvage: a retrospective analysis in a single center
Authors: Eskelinen E. , Albäck A. , Roth W‐D. , Lappalainen K. , Keto P. , Railo M. , Eskelinen A. , Lepäntalo M. 
Published: December 2009

Purpose: To review the feasibility of infra‐inguinal angioplasty in the management of critical limb ischemia (CLI). Material and Methods: Data on 221 patients with 230 critically ischemic limbs, treated with consecutive percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) at Helsinki University Central Hospital between January 2000 and December 2002 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Patency, limb salvage, and survival rates were calculated on an intention‐to‐treat basis. Comparisons were done with univariate (Kaplan‐Meier) and multivariate analysis (Cox regression). Results: Overall primary patency, secondary patency, limb salvage, and survival rates were 47%, 59%, 92%, and 76%, respectively, at 12 months. In the multivariate analysis, low toe pressure (⩽30 mmHg) was a significant risk factor for poor patency. Uremia with hemodialysis, low toe pressure (⩽30 mmHg), and hemodynamic failure of the endovascular procedure were found to increase significantly the risk of amputation. Uremia with hemodialysis, coronary artery disease, tissue loss as indication for PTA (Fontaine stage IV), and age over 70 years were all found to increase significantly the risk of death. Conclusion: Infra‐inguinal PTA is feasible in patients with CLI and resulted in good limb salvage.
Diagnostic performance of computed tomography colonography and colonoscopy: a prospective and validated analysis of 231 paired examinations
Authors: Arnesen R. B. , von Benzon E. , Adamsen S. , Svendsen L. B. , Raaschou H. O. , Hart Hansen O. 
Published: December 2009

Background: Detection of colorectal tumors with computed tomography colonography (CTC) is an alternative to conventional colonoscopy (CC), and clarification of the diagnostic performance is essential for cost-effective use of both technologies. Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of CTC compared with CC. Material and Methods: 231 consecutive CTCs were performed prior to same-day scheduled CC. The radiologist and endoscopists were blinded to each other's findings. Patients underwent a polyethylene glycol bowel preparation, and were scanned in prone and supine positions using a single-detector helical CT scanner and commercially available software for image analysis. Findings were validated (matched) in an unblinded comparison with video-recordings of the CCs and re-CCs in cases of doubt. Results: For patients with polyps ⩾5 mm and ⩾10 mm, the sensitivity was 69% (95% CI 58–80%) and 81% (68–94%), and the specificity was 91% (84–98%) and 98% (93–100%), respectively. For detection of polyps ⩾5 mm and ⩾10 mm, the sensitivity was 66% (57–75%) and 77% (65–89%). A flat, elevated low-grade carcinoma was missed by CTC. One cancer relapse was missed by CC, and a cecal cancer was missed by an incomplete CC and follow-up double-contrast barium enema. Conclusion: CC was superior to CTC and should remain first choice for the diagnosis of colorectal polyps. However, for diagnosis of lesions ⩾10 mm, CTC and CC should be considered as complementary methods.
Teleradiology uppsala–sydney for nighttime emergencies: preliminary experience
Authors: Eklöf H. , Radecka E. , Liss P. 
Published: December 2009

Background: The development of digital imaging systems for radiology in combination with the possibility to transfer large quantities of data over the Internet has increased the interest in teleradiology. Transferring nighttime examinations to an evaluation center in a daytime zone may provide improved patient security, better working hours for radiologists, and reduced costs for emergency radiological services. Purpose: To evaluate the time required for transferring radiological information from Uppsala (Sweden) to Sydney (Australia). Material and Methods: A radiologist in Sydney reported on radiological examinations performed in Uppsala. The time required for downloading 75 examinations and returning 24 reports was registered. Results: Downloading was completed in <60 min for all conventional radiological examinations, but only 44% of computed tomography (CT) examinations with >65 images. Reports were completed in <10 min. Turnaround time was directly related to the time required for downloading the images. The Sydney report was available in Uppsala within 30 min of the in-house report in 79% of examinations. Conclusion: The main challenge for emergency teleradiology is the time required for downloading large volumes of data over the Internet.
Breast MRI in the evaluation of locally recurrent or new breast cancer in the postoperative patient: correlation of morphology and enhancement features with the BI-RADS category
Authors: Seely J. M. , Nguyen E. T. , Jaffey J. 
Published: December 2009

Background: While breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a highly sensitive test for detecting breast carcinoma, its specificity is lower, and several methods have been described on how to optimize specificity. Purpose: To compare the specificity and sensitivity of the BI-RADS category with the Fischer score in breast MRI for diagnosing cancer in women previously treated for breast cancer. Material and Methods: Women referred for evaluation of possible local recurrence or new breast cancer underwent breast MRI examination. Morphologic and kinetic enhancement characteristics were evaluated. BI-RADS category and Fischer score were assigned for each enhancing lesion and compared using a chi-square test. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values for 27 morphologic and enhancement characteristics were calculated. Pathologic diagnosis was obtained in all patients with enhancing lesions who had ultrasound or mammographic correlation. In those without correlate, 6-, 12-, and 24-month follow-up breast MRIs were obtained. Interobserver kappa correlation was determined for each variable studied. Results: 34 benign and 32 malignant lesions were identified in 26 of 30 patients. BI-RADS category yielded a specificity of 77.1% and a sensitivity of 81.8%. Fischer score had a lower specificity and sensitivity (62.9% and 72.7%, respectively) ( P<0.0001). Of the 27 variables studied, >100% enhancement was more sensitive than BI-RADS for malignant lesions. Specificity was highest for rim enhancement (97.1%), but sensitivity was low (24.2%). Interobserver kappa correlation was good for all 27 characteristics (κ = 0.84), and highest for BI-RADS assessment (κ = 0.91). Conclusion: BI-RADS category in breast MRI had the highest combination of specificity and sensitivity, and the highest interobserver correlation. Fischer score and other morphologic and enhancement features lack sensitivity or specificity and do not have high positive predictive values when analyzed as single independent variables.
Assessment of local control after laser-induced thermotherapy of liver metastases from colorectal cancer: contribution of FDG-PET in patients with clinical suspicion of progressive disease
Authors: Denecke T. , Steffen I. , Hildebrandt B. , Rühl R. , Streitparth F. , Lehmkuhl L. , Langrehr J. , Ricke J. , Amthauer H. , Lopez Hänninen E. 
Published: December 2009

Background: Management of patients after locally ablative treatment of liver metastases requires exact information about local control and systemic disease status. To fulfill these requirements, whole-body imaging using positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) is a promising alternative to morphologic imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Purpose: To evaluate FDG-PET for the assessment of local control and systemic disease in patients with clinical suspicion of tumor progression after laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT) of colorectal liver metastases. Material and Methods: In 21 patients with suspicion of progressive disease after LITT, whole-body FDG-PET was performed. The presence of viable tumor within treated lesions, new liver metastases, and extrahepatic disease was evaluated visually and semiquantitatively (maximal standard uptake value [SUVmax], tumor-to-normal ratio [T/N]). The standard of reference was histopathology ( n = 25 lesions) and/or clinical follow-up (>12 months) including contrast-enhanced MRI of the liver. Results: Among 54 metastases treated with LITT, 29 had residual tumor. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of SUVmax (area under the curve (AUC) 0.990) and T/N (AUC 0.968) showed a significant discrimination level of negative or positive lesion status with an equal accuracy of 94% (51/54). The overall accuracy of visual FDG-PET was 96% (52/54), with one false-negative lesion among six examined within 3 days after LITT, and one false-positive lesion examined 54 days after LITT. In the detection of new intra- and extrahepatic lesions, FDG-PET resulted in correct alteration of treatment strategy in 43% of patients ( P = 0.007). Conclusion: FDG-PET is a promising tool for the assessment of local control and whole-body restaging in patients with clinical suspicion of tumor progression after locally ablative treatment of colorectal liver metastases with LITT.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rossitti Sandro , Bjerner Tomas , Wegenius Göran , Nilsson Sven 
Published: December 2009

Imaging of Brain Tumors with Histological Correlations. Edited by A. Drevelegas. Springer-Verlag 2002. ISBN 3-540-41092-9. X+302 pages, 309 figures. Price hardback: €129.00. Anatomy in Diagnostic Imaging, 2nd edn. By P. Fleckenstein and J. Tranum-Jensen. Munksgaard 2001. ISBN 87-16-12336-0. The Imaging of Tuberculosis. With Epidemiological, Pathological, and Clinical Correlation. By P. E. S. Palmer. Springer-Verlag 2002. ISBN 3-540-41821-0. Price hardcover: €49.95+VAT. Radiological Imaging of the Small Intestine. Edited by N. C. Gourtsoyiannis. Springer-Verlag 2002. ISBN 3-540- 65520-4. Price: Hardcover € 214. Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Management. Edited by E. S. Orwell and M. Bliziotes. Humana Press 2003. ISBN 0-89603-933-1. Price: USD 135.