bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teaching and Learning Resilience: Building Adaptive Capacity for Rural Practice. A Report and Subsequent Analysis of a Workshop Conducted at the Rural Medical Educators Conference, Savannah, Georgia, May 18, 2010
Authors: Longenecker Randall , Zink Therese , Florence Joseph 
Published: April 2011

Abstract  Purpose: Resilience, the capacity to endure and overcome hardship, has been suggested as a basic competency for rural medical practice. Unfortunately for physician educators, the medical education literature offers only limited guidance for nurturing this adaptive capacity. We describe the process and subsequent analysis of a daylong curriculum development workshop conducted at the annual meeting of Rural Medical Educators in 2010.Methods: Fifty administrator, faculty and student attendees reflected individually and worked in groups to construct key curricular components and modalities for teaching this competency. Prior to the meeting, participants were asked to submit a personal story about resilience. The 22 narratives received were distributed across 8 groups and provided the grist for the small group discussions, in which each group identified key concepts for teaching and learning about resilience, constructed a concept map, and developed a curriculum that was presented to all session participants. Concept maps, curriculum outlines and notes taken during the presentations were analyzed using content analysis techniques.Findings: Data highlight the importance of (1) embracing hardship as an opportunity for growth, (2) viewing resilience as both an individual and community property, (3) pursuing adaptability more than hardiness, and (4) setting a lifelong pattern of learning this competency in practice. Specific teaching modalities are suggested including individual reflective time and group activities.Conclusions: To our knowledge this represents a first effort to define and develop a medical curriculum for teaching resiliency in rural predoctoral and residency education.
Emergency Department Reliance Among Rural Children in Medicaid in New York State
Authors: Uva Jane L. , Wagner Victoria L. , Gesten Foster C. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract  Purpose: This study examines variation in emergency department reliance (EDR) between rural and metro pediatric Medicaid patients in New York State for noninjury, nonpoisoning primary diagnoses and seeks to determine the relationship between receipt of preventive care and the likelihood of EDR.Methods: Rural/urban designations were based on Urban Influence Codes established by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS®) well‐visit measures were calculated using 2008 Medicaid claims and encounter data. Well‐child numerator status and location of residence variables were then entered as independent variables in multivariate logistic regression models. Models controlled for the effects of Medicaid financing system (fee‐for‐service vs managed care), Medicaid aid type, race/ethnicity, gender, and 2008 clinical risk group category.Findings: The likelihood of EDR was higher in all age categories for rural compared to metro residing Medicaid children in New York State. Meeting HEDIS well‐child criteria was protective against emergency department (ED) reliance in the adolescence age group (OR = 0.84).Conclusion: ED reliance is associated with rural residence. Increased access to primary and specialty care in rural settings could help reduce EDR, particularly among rural adolescents.
Milk Processed by Pulsed Electric Fields: Evaluation of Microbial Quality, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Selected Nutrients at Different Storage Conditions
Authors: Bermúdez‐Aguirre Daniela , Fernández Sulmer , Esquivel Heracleo , Dunne Patrick C. , Barbosa‐Cánovas Gustavo V. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Pulsed electric fields (PEF) technology was used to pasteurize raw milk under selected treatments. Processing conditions were: temperature 20, 30, and 40 °C, electric field 30.76 to 53.84 kV/cm, and pulse numbers 12, 24, and 30 for skim milk (SM), and 12, 21, and 30 for whole milk (WM) (2 μs pulse width, monopolar). Physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, density, color, solids nonfat [SNF]) and composition (protein and fat content) were measured after processing. Shelf life of SM and WM was assessed after processing at 46.15 kV/cm, combined with temperature (20 to 60 °C) and 30 pulses. Mesophilic and psychrophilic loads and pH were evaluated during storage at 4 and 21 °C. Results showed minor variations in physicochemical properties after processing. There was an interesting trend in SM in SNF, which decreased as treatment became stronger; similar behavior was observed for fat and protein, showing a 0.18% and 0.17% decrease, respectively, under the strongest conditions. Protein and fat content decreased in WM samples treated at 40 °C, showing a decrease in protein (0.11%), and an even higher decrease in fat content. During storage, PEF‐treated milk samples showed higher stability at 4 °C with minor variations in pH; after 33 d, pH was higher than 6. However samples at 21 °C showed faster spoilage and pH dropped to 4 after 5 d. Growth of mesophilic bacteria was delayed in both milks after PEF processing, showing a 6‐ and 7‐log cycles for SM and WM, respectively, after day 25 (4 °C); however, psychrophilic bacteria grew faster in both cases.Practical Application:  Pulsed electric fields (PEF) technology in the pasteurization of liquid food products has shown positive results. Processing times can be reduced considerably, which in turn reduces the loss of nutrients and offers important savings in energy. PEF has been used successfully to pasteurize some liquid foods, but it is still not used commercially in milk pasteurization, although several trials have shown the positive effects of PEF milk pasteurization, which could allow for its future use at the industrial level.
In Vitro Batch Fecal Fermentation Comparison of Gas and Short‐Chain Fatty Acid Production Using “Slowly Fermentable” Dietary Fibers
Authors: Kaur Amandeep , Rose Devin J. , Rumpagaporn Pinthip , Patterson John A. , Hamaker Bruce R. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Sustained colonic fermentation supplies beneficial fermentative by‐products to the distal colon, which is particularly prone to intestinal ailments. Blunted/delayed initial fermentation may also lead to less bloating. Previously, we reported that starch‐entrapped alginate‐based microspheres act as a slowly fermenting dietary fiber. This material was used in the present study to provide a benchmark to compare to other “slowly fermentable” fibers. Dietary fibers with previous reports of slow fermentation, namely, long‐chain inulin, psyllium, alkali‐soluble corn bran arabinoxylan, and long‐chain β‐glucan, as well as starch‐entrapped microspheres were subjected to in vitro upper gastrointestinal digestion and human fecal fermentation and measured over 48 h for pH, gas, and short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA). The resistant fraction of cooked and cooled potato starch was used as another form of fermentable starch and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) served as a fast fermenting control. Corn bran arabinoxylan and long‐chain β‐glucan initially appeared slower fermenting with comparatively low gas and SCFA production, but later fermented rapidly with little remaining in the final half of the fermentation period. Long‐chain inulin and psyllium had slow and moderate, but incomplete, fermentation. The resistant fraction of cooked and cooled potato starch fermented rapidly and appeared similar to FOS. In conclusion, compared to the benchmark slowly fermentable starch‐entrapped microspheres, a number of the purported slowly fermentable fibers fermented fairly rapidly overall and, of this group, only the starch‐entrapped microspheres appreciably fermented in the second half of the fermentation period.Practical Application:  Consumption of dietary fibers, particularly commercial prebiotics, leads to uncomfortable feelings of bloating and flatulence due to their rapid degradation in our large intestine. This article employs claimed potential slowly fermenting fibers and compares their fermentation rates with a benchmark slow fermenting fiber that we fabricated in an in vitro simulation of the human digestive system. Results show a variety of fermentation profiles only some of which have slow and extended rate of fermentation.
Effects of Cyclodextrin Type on Vitamin C, Antioxidant Activity, and Sensory Attributes of a Mandarin Juice Enriched with Pomegranate and Goji Berries
Authors: Navarro Patricia , Nicolas Tamara San , Gabaldon José A. , Mercader‐Ros María T. , Calín‐Sánchez Ángel , Carbonell‐Barrachina Ángel A. , Pérez‐López Antonio José 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  The effects of the addition of cyclodextrins (CDs), β‐CD, or HP‐β‐CD (1%), on the protection of antioxidant compounds of mandarin juices enriched with pomegranate extract and goji berries juice, was studied. Juices were prepared and after their thermal treatment (98 °C, 30 s) they were stored at 4 °C during 75 d. Vitamin C content, CIE L*a*b* color, antioxidant capacity, retinol equivalents, and sensory properties were studied. Losses on vitamin C were higher (6%) for juices with β‐CD than juices with HP‐β‐CD. Retinol equivalents degradation was lower (3.4%) in juices with HP‐β‐cyclodextrins than in those treated with β‐CD. Lower losses were observed for the instrumental and sensory color intensity in juices with HP‐β‐CD addition. Finally, the antioxidant capacity was also higher in juices treated with HP‐β‐CD. Finally, the overall sensory quality of juices with HP‐β‐CD was the best one after 30 d of cold storage. Even though β‐CD addition did not cause any improvement compared with control juice (without CD addition), the benefits of adding HP‐β‐CD to this particular juice were shown in almost all parameters under study.Practical Application:  The present study deals with the practical aspects of the utilization of CDs and CD‐complexes in the food industry. The molecular encapsulation of lipophilic food ingredients with CD are supposed to improve the stability of flavors, vitamins, colorants, and antioxidant activity, leading to extended product shelf life. The HP‐β‐CD treated mandarin juice enriched with pomegranate extract and juice of goji berries will have a more intense color, higher vitamin C content, retinol equivalents, and antioxidant activity during storage and shelf life than control juices, with no CD addition.
Internal Quality and Shelf Life of Eggs Coated with Oils from Different Sources
Authors: Ryu Kyeong Nam , No Hong Kyoon , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Selected internal quality and shelf life of eggs coated with oils from differences sources (mineral oil, canola oil, corn oil, grape seed oil, olive oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil) were evaluated during 5 wk of storage at 25 °C. As the storage time increased, weight loss increased whereas Haugh unit and yolk index values decreased. Throughout the 5 wk of storage, eggs coated with oils, regardless of oil sources, possessed better albumen and yolk quality than the control noncoated eggs. Oil coating minimized weight loss of eggs (<0.8%) compared with that (7.26%) of the noncoated eggs after 5 wk of storage at 25 °C. No significant differences in internal quality (weight loss, Haugh unit, yolk index, and albumen pH) were generally observed among oil‐coated eggs during 5 wk of storage. Based on the Haugh unit, the grade of noncoated eggs changed from AA at 0 wk to A at 1 wk and to B after 3 wk whereas that of oil‐coated eggs from AA at 0 wk to A at 4 wk and maintained A grade until 5 wk. This study demonstrated that oil coating, irrespective of oil sources, preserved the internal quality, minimized weight loss (<0.8%), and extended the shelf life of eggs by at least 3 wk longer than observed for the noncoated eggs at 25 °C storage. Soybean oil was a more practical option as a coating material for eggs due to its low cost.Practical Application:  Eggs are highly perishable and susceptible to internal quality deterioration when stored above 7 °C. Refrigeration of eggs may be seldom practiced in some developing regions of the world. Therefore, an alternative method, that is inexpensive yet effective, to preserve the internal quality of eggs and to prevent microbial contamination is needed. Oil coating has been proven to preserve the internal quality, prolong shelf life, and minimize weight loss of eggs. This study demonstrated that, compared with other vegetable oils, soybean oil was a more practical option as a coating material for eggs during 5 wk of storage at 25 °C due to its low cost.
Associations between number of different type of care meetings with social network and improvement in mental well‐being in adolescents at risk of first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Granö Niklas , Karjalainen Marjaana , Anto Jukka , Itkonen Arja , Edlund Virve , Roine Mikko 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAim: As research in the care of people at risk of developing first‐episode psychosis has mostly focused on cognitive behavioural therapy and antipsychotic medication, little is known about associations between changes in mental well‐being and effect of people participating in the care.Methods: Multiprofessional early intervention team met with adolescents who are at risk of psychosis, including coworkers and their families. Correlations were calculated between change scores in prepsychotic, functioning ability, quality of life (QoL), depression and anxiety scales, and number of family, coworker and adolescent‐participating social network meetings, and total number of social network meetings during the care.Results: Larger change scores in functioning ability were positively associated with the number of social network meetings with participating coworker (P = 0.041), but not with other types of participant meetings. Larger change scores in prepsychotic symptoms were positively associated with the number of meetings where the adolescent was participating (P = 0.001), the number of network meetings where the coworker was participating (P = 0.007) and the number of all meetings (P = 0.001). The number of any other type of meetings did not associate with change scores in QoL, depression and anxiety.Conclusion: According to the present results, adolescents at risk of psychosis seem to benefit from the inclusion of coworkers from the adolescents' natural surroundings in care; this could help to increase functioning ability. Different combinations of meetings, such as larger number of total meetings, larger number of meetings with the adolescent and larger number of meetings with coworkers from the adolescents' natural surroundings, seem to associate with stronger decrease in pre‐psychotic symptoms.
Usefulness of alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidation to analyze eumelanin and pheomelanin in various tissue samples: application to chemical analysis of human hair melanins
Authors: Ito Shosuke , Nakanishi Yukiko , Valenzuela Robert K. , Brilliant Murray H. , Kolbe Ludger , Wakamatsu Kazumasa 
Published: April 2011

SummaryEumelanin and pheomelanin in tissue samples can be specifically measured as the markers pyrrole‐2,3,5‐tricarboxylic acid (PTCA) and 4‐amino‐3‐hydroxyphenylalanine after acidic permanganate oxidation and hydroiodic acid hydrolysis, respectively. Those degradation methods, although widely applied, are not easily performed in most laboratories. To overcome this difficulty, we developed alkaline H2O2 oxidation in 1 M K2CO3 that produces, in addition to the eumelanin marker PTCA, thiazole‐2,4,5‐tricarboxylic acid (TTCA) and thiazole‐4,5‐dicarboxylic acid (TDCA) as markers for pheomelanin and pyrrole‐2,3‐dicarboxylic acid (PDCA) as a marker for 5,6‐dihydroxyindole‐derived eumelanin. Those four degradation products can be easily separated by HPLC and analyzed with ultraviolet detection. The alkaline H2O2 oxidation method is simple, reproducible and applicable to all pigmented tissues. Its application to characterize eumelanin and pheomelanin in human hair shows that PTCA and TTCA serve as specific markers for eumelanin and pheomelanin, respectively, although some caution is needed regarding the artificial production of TTCA from eumelanic tissue proteins.
Impact of Weight on Immune Cell Counts among HIV-Infected Persons
Authors: Crum-Cianflone Nancy F. , Roediger Mollie , Eberly Lynn E. , Ganesan Anuradha , Weintrob Amy , Johnson Erica , Agan Brian K. ,   Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program HIV Working Group
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTPrior studies have shown that weight may impact immune cell counts. However, few data exist about the relationship of weight and immune cell counts among HIV-infected patients. We examined documented HIV seroconverters (mean window, 15.7 months) in a prospective U.S. Military HIV Natural History Study (1 January 1986 to 20 January 2010). We estimated the association of the time-updated body mass index (BMI) category with changes in immune cell counts from HIV diagnosis across time (mean follow-up of 5.1 years) using multiply adjusted longitudinal linear mixed-effects models. Of 1,097 HIV seroconverters, 448 (41%) were overweight and 93 (8%) were obese at HIV diagnosis. Immune cell counts at HIV diagnosis did not significantly differ by BMI category. In the longitudinal models for those diagnosed before the advent of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, mean postdiagnosis decreases in the white cell count, total lymphocyte count, CD4 count, CD4 percentage, and CD4/CD8 ratio were less as the BMI category increased (all withPvalues of <0.05). Among HIV seroconverters diagnosed in the HAART era, obese compared to normal-weight patients had significantly smaller increases in CD4 counts, CD4 percentages, and the CD4/CD8 ratio (all withPvalues of <0.05). Similar findings were also noted among underweight versus normal-weight patients. In conclusion, although BMI was not associated with immune cell levels at the time of HIV diagnosis, weight appears to affect immune cells counts over the course of infection. In the HAART era, being either underweight or obese was associated with smaller increases in several important immune cell levels, including the CD4/CD8 ratio.
Taking the Gonococcus-Human Relationship to a Whole New Level: Implications for the Coevolution of Microbes and Humans
Authors: Shafer William M. , Ohneck Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT

While horizontal gene transfer occurs frequently among bacterial species, evidence for the transfer of DNA from host to microbe is exceptionally rare. However, the recent report by Anderson and Seifert [mBio 2(1):e00005-11, 2011] provides evidence for such an event with the finding that 11% of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
strains harbor a 685-bp sequence that is 98 to 100% identical to the human long interspersed nuclear element L1. While the function of this element in gonococci remains unclear, this finding significantly impacts our consideration of the coevolution of hosts and microbes, particularly that of humans and pathogens.
Acupuncture Does Not Influence Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials: A Volunteer Crossover Study
Authors: Usichenko Taras I , Lietz Peggy , Pavlovic Dragan , Schmidt Reinhardt , Wendt Michael , Mustea Alexander 
Published: April 2011

Background Although acupuncture is effective for treating several conditions, its site specificity is questionable. Objective To investigate whether acupuncture influences the brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP). Methods 10 healthy volunteers were enrolled according to inclusion criteria. One of four acupuncture points—TE3, GB43 (both auditory system-specific, according to traditional Chinese medicine) and non-specific acupuncture points HT7 and ST44—was needled during each session. Each volunteer received four sessions of acupuncture, with a 1-week interval between the sessions. Results Peak latencies and amplitudes of the BAEP were registered before and during each session of acupuncture. Pain intensity and the incidence of paraesthesia ( Qi sensation) during acupuncture were also registered. The peak latencies and amplitudes of the BAEP registered during acupuncture had not changed from the baseline levels. Needling of acupoint HT7 was most painful and induced the maximal incidence of Qi sensation. Conclusions Findings suggest that monitoring the BAEP is not a suitable technique for studying the immediate effects of acupuncture.
Conservation and management of Canada’s polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in a changing Arctic1This review is part of the virtual symposium “Flagship Species – Flagship Problems” that deals with ecology, biodiversity and management issues, and climate impacts on species at risk and of Canadian importance, including the polar bear (Ursus maritimus), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus), and caribou (Rangifer tarandus).
Authors: Peacock E. , Derocher A.E. , Thiemann G.W. , Stirling I. 
Published: April 2011

Canada has an important responsibility for the research, conservation, and management of polar bears ( Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774) because the majority of polar bears in the world occur within the nation’s borders. Two fundamental and recent changes for polar bears and their conservation have arisen: (1) the ongoing and projected further decline of sea-ice habitat as a result of climate change and (2) the implementation of aboriginal land claims and treaties in Canada’s North. Science has documented empirical links between productivity of polar bear population and sea-ice change. Predictive modeling based on these data has forecast significant declines in polar bear abundance and distribution of polar bears. With the signing of northern land claims and treaties, polar bear management in Canada has integrated local aboriginal participation, values, and knowledge. The interaction of scientific and local perspectives on polar bears as they relate to harvest, climate change, and declining habitat has recently caused controversy. Some conservation, management, and research decisions have been contentious because of gaps in scientific knowledge and the polarization and politicization of the roles of the various stakeholders. With these ecological and governance transitions, there is a need to re-focus and re-direct polar bear conservation in Canada.
CLINICAL USE OF FUNCTIONAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION FOR CORRECTION OF FOOT DROP: A COMPARISON BETWEEN SUBACUTE AND CHRONIC STROKE PATIENTS
Authors: SABUT SUKANTA K. , SIKDAR CHHANDA , KUMAR RATNESH , MAHADEVAPPA MANJUNATHA 
Published: April 2011

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) allows active exercises for correction of foot drop in stroke patients. Our objective is to evaluate and compare the effects of FES therapy in walking ability, calf muscle spasticity, and lower-extremity motor recovery between subacute and chronic stroke patients. Twenty consecutive hemiplegic patients having foot drop were assigned either to subacute or chronic group. Both group subjects were treated with conventional rehabilitation program combined with FES therapy for 12 weeks. All subjects received the electrical stimulation to the peroneal nerve of paretic limb for 15–30 min while walking.After being treated with FES-based rehabilitation program, subacute subjects showed a mean increase in walking speed of 31.3% and chronic subjects of 19.1% and the physiological cost index (PCI), with a reduction of 66.7% in subacute subjects and 46.4% in chronic subjects between the beginning and end of the trial. Improvement was also measured in gait parameters such as cadence, step and stride lengths, ankle joint range of motion (ROM), calf muscle spasticity, and lower-extremity motor recovery assessed by Fugl-Meyer score in both group subjects, but subacute subjects improved better compared with chronic subjects. In conclusion, early and intensive interventions of FES therapy combine with conventional rehabilitation program could significantly improve the waking ability and recovery of lower-extremity motor functions in stroke survivors.