bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women and the 2005 election in Liberia
Authors: Bauer Jacqui 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTIn 2005, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf defeated George Weah to become President of Liberia and the first woman elected to head an African country. Women voters were widely credited with her victory. This paper quantifies this claim by analysing newspaper content during the election period to gauge civil society group activity. It finds thatconsistencyin their activities may have allowed women's groups to surpass other civil society groups in impacting the election. Activity levels of women's groups remained stable between the election and run-off periods, unlike other major group types whose activity level dropped by between 37% and 70%. It concludes that the environment surrounding the 2005 election was conducive to participation by women because of their existing, latent power in many spheres; their long experience as peacebuilders; the decimation of conventional social and political structures; Liberian women's experience in leadership positions; the failure of multiple male-dominated efforts; and the presence of a well-qualified female candidate.
The Post-Larval Stages of Ammodytes Species Captured during the Cruises of s.s. “Oithona” in Plymouth Waters in the Year 1919
Authors: Ford E. 
Published: May 2009

The post-larval stages of Ammodytes species captured in the young fish trawl and small-meshed nets during the cruises of s.s. Oithona in the year 1919 were separable into two well-defined series, A and B respectively. Details of the hauls of the trawl and nets with dates and localities are to be found on pages 210–212 of Mr. R. S. Clark's account of the cruises in the present volume.Considering the adult forms of Ammodytes known to occur in Plymouth waters, it is observed that Ammodytes lanceolatus, Lesauvage, and Ammodytes tobianus, L. are frequently met with, but no record is to hand at present of the occurrence of Ammodytes cicerellus, Rafin., although the latter has been taken frequently in the Atlantic. In regard to the larvæ and post-larvæ, none comparable to those assigned to A. cicerellus by Louis Fage (1, p. 17) have been described previously as occurring in this district, nor have such forms revealed themselves in the material under present consideration.In endeavouring to identify the post-larvæ of any species, a study of the characters of the adults is often of great help, but in the case of Ammodytes species the only features of the adult which seem to be of value in this respect are the number of vertebræ and the relative length of the head to the total length of the body, and even so these characters, on account of the difficulty of determining them, are not so helpful as they would appear to be. Other characters have therefore to be sought for, and the following are those by which Series A and B have been distinguished:—
The Eggs of Gobius Minutus, Pictus and Microps
Authors: Lebour Marie V. 
Published: May 2009

The eggs of Gobius minutus and Gobius microps are already known, Petersen (1892, 1917) having distinguished between them and figured them. Apparently the only mention of those of Gobius pictus is by Holt and Byrne (1901) who give the size of the eggs as about 0.80 mm. high by 0.65 mm. broad. Gobius minutus and pictus often occur together in the Sound and at the mouth of the Cattewater, but pictus is chiefly to be found near coarse sandy bottoms such as one gets near Duke Rock and New Grounds. Gobius microps occurs usually higher up the rivers, but the eggs and young are to be found occasionally in the Sound in the same localities as minutus and pictus.Shells with eggs on them are commonly dredged in the Sound, those between Plymouth and the Breakwater are usually minutus, but pictus eggs are dredged from New Grounds and microps sometimes in the Catte-water.In order to distinguish the eggs of these three species, and especially to obtain the eggs of G. pictus, adults of all three species were isolated in separate tanks with shells on the bottom on which the fish laid their eggs. The adults of minutus were from the Cattewater, those of pictus from New Grounds, and microps from Chelson Meadow, which opens into the Laira and where the water varies much in salinity, from almost fresh to ordinary sea-water strength. G. minutus and pictus were put into the tanks into ordinary running sea-water, straight from the vessel in which they were brought in from the dredge.
Further Investigations on the Function of the Electrical Organ of the Skate
Authors: Sanderson Burdon , Gotch F. 
Published: May 2009

During the month of September, 1888, we availed ourselves of the facilities afforded by the Laboratory for the purpose of continuing the investigations began by us the year before, of the function of the electrical organ of the skate. In the record of the work done by us in 1887 at St. Andrews, published in the Journal of Physiology, vol. ix, p. 137, we indicated several new lines of investigation which we hoped to pursue if the opportunity offered. Two of these indications we have now been able to fulfil satisfactorily, namely, those relating to the electromotive force of the shock, and to the way in which the function of the electric organ is controlled and influenced by the central nervous system. In the first of these inquiries, we used apparatus which was brought from the Oxford Physiological Laboratory, and temporarily fitted up in the room at Plymouth, which is set apart for physiological researches, and which we found well adapted for this purpose. For the second, a large number of experiments and consequently a considerable number of fish were requisite. Forty skates of various species (Raia Batis, R. clavata, R. microcellata, and R. maculata) were supplied to us and used in our researches, of which the result will shortly be ready for publication.We desire to express in the strongest terms our appreciation of the advantages afforded by the Laboratory for physiological researches. We would also record our personal obligation to the Director for his uniform courtesy and untiring zeal in obtaining for us, in spite of considerable difficulties, the material required for our work.
The Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 1963
Authors: Russell F. S. 
Published: May 2009

No general description of the Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom has been published since that of Allen & Harvey (1928). Some information was, however, given by Russell (1947, 1948) in a survey of the work of the Association, and detailed accounts of the old and new aquarium and sea-water circulations were written by Wilson (1952, 1960).Since 1928 there have been very considerable alterations and additions to the laboratory and, now that the major building extension has been completed, the time is opportune for a new descriptive account of the buildings and research facilities.
Studies on a Calanus Patch III. The quantity of food eaten by Calanus finmarchicus
Authors: Cushing D. H. , Vucetic T. 
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this paper is to assess the grazing capacity of Calanus finmar-chicus (Gunner.) in terms of the quantity of food eaten in the sea. The part played in the growth of the animal by the quantity eaten will only be briefly discussed. The parts played by nutrient lack, sinking and diffusion on the algal productive rates will also be discussed, leading to the conclusion that grazing mortality is the most effective controlling agent on algal production.A subsidiary purpose of this paper is to relate changes in the weight of Calanus finmarchicus to changes in food consumed and to changes in water temperature. Measurements of C. finmarchicus have been made by a number of workers (Adler & Jespersen, 1920; Russell, 1928; Marshall, 1933; Stormer, 1929; Bogorov, 1934; Jespersen, 1939; Clarke & Zinn, 1937). It will be shown that in the North Sea, in spring, the greatest changes in weight are most readily related to changes in quantities of food consumed.
On the Nutrition and Metabolism of Zooplankton II. The relationship between the marine copepodCalanus helgolandicusand particulate material in Plymouth sea water, in terms of amino acid composition
Authors: Cowey C. B. , Corner E. D. S. 
Published: May 2009

The amino acid composition of adult femaleCalanus helgolandicusClaus and particulate material at station L4 has been analysed from March to December. The average concentration of amino acid nitrogen inCalanuswas 7·7% of the dry body weight and accounted for 83% of the total nitrogen. The average level of amino acid nitrogen in the particulate material was 11·9 μg/1. and accounted for 54% of the total nitrogen.The relative quantities of amino acids inCalanusremained remarkably constant throughout the year. The relative quantities of amino acids in particulate material were more variable.The rate of respiration ofCalanusmeasured at 8°C varied from 31 μl. O2/mg. dry body weight/day in winter (December–February) to 79 μl. O2/mg dry body weight/day in summer (April–August).Starving winter Calanus lost 1·8% and starving summerCalanus2·1% of their dry body weight as amino acids each day. In order to replenish its daily losses of amino acids winterCalanusmust sustain a filtering rate of about 30 ml./animal/day: the corresponding value in summer is greater than 50 ml./animal/day.The amino acid composition ofSkeletonema costatumis so close to that of the particulate material in the sea, that, as far as amino acids are concerned,Calanuswould gain no nutritional advantage by selecting the diatom in preference to the amino acid containing fraction of particulate material as a whole.
The accumulation of radioactive caesium by marine invertebrates
Authors: Bryan G. W. 
Published: May 2009

The accumulation of radioactive Cs has been studied in species from the principal marine invertebrate phyla. In some species the accumulation of radioactive Cs has been compared with that of42K and equilibrium levels of both isotopes have been related to the distribution of inactive K.Radioactive Cs is always absorbed more slowly than42K. Most of the inactive K is readily exchangeable with42K so that at equilibrium inactive and active concentration factors are nearly equal. Whole animal concentration factors for radioactive Cs at equilibrium varied between 1·2 and 14 in unfed animals. These factors usually exceed those for inactive K because, although body fluid concentration factors are similar for both ions, the tissue/body fluid ratios for radioactive Cs exceed those for inactive K. Radioactive Cs penetrates rapidly into body fluids, so that uptake by the tissues is the limiting factor in accumulation. Although Cs is absorbed much more slowly than K, the eventual distribution of Cs between the tissues and body fluid of a particular species appears to bear a relationship to the distribution of K.No evidence has been found to suggest that Cs is a necessary element which is absorbed specifically.
Growth and Development of Spirula Spirula
Authors: Clarke M. R. 
Published: May 2009

Spirula spirula has stimulated considerable interest since it was first discovered.It is a member of one of the two genera of sepioids to frequent oceanic water (the other being Heteroteuthis); it has a unique spiral shell which acts as a buoyancy mechanism and can withstand considerable pressure (Denton, Gilpin-Brown & Howarth, 1967); and, until the capture by the Danish Oceanographical expeditions it was considered very rare, only 12 specimens having been captured. The Dana expeditions caught 193 individuals from 1909 to 1931 and these were described by Kerr (1931) and Bruun (1943,1955). Most of these were caught in the waters around the Canary Islands of the North Atlantic. Bruun (1943) arranged the specimens according to month and size and claimed that two size groups could be distinguished. The specimens were taken over a wide geographical area, in several years and during the months of February (1 specimen), March (40), April (3), May (8), June (1), August (1) and October (23). His conclusion concerning growth depends entirely upon his decision to split the March sample into two year-groups; those above 1.9 cm in ventral mantle length he put in a separate year-class to those below 1.9 cm in ventral mantle length. This division was arbitrary and, one suspects, based on a belief that a one-year life-span was likely.Clearly the growth of Spirula requires further study based on a larger collection and the present paper is an attempt to fulfil this need.MATERIAL AND METHODSThis work is based upon 256 specimens collected to the south-east of Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands by R.R.S. ‘Discovery’ during 1965–68.
The structure of the spine of the spur dogfish (Squalus Acanthias L.) and its use for age determination
Authors: Holden M. J. , Meadows P. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe external and internal structure of the spines of Squalus acanthias are described. Internally the spines consist of a series of dentine cones laid down one within the other. This series is reflected in the external structure by bands of pigment associated with ridges of enamel. The latter are proved to be annual.The use of the spines for age determination is discussed and the growth parameters and growth curves calculated. The results obtained differ from those of previous authors, whose work is critically discussed.
Aspects Of the biology ofLaminaria hyperboreaI. vertical distribution
Authors: Kain Joanna M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYProfiles of bottoms near the shore of the Isle of Man and two areas of Scotland are described, together with the vertical distribution of species of Laminariaceae. Laminaria digitata dominates over a narrow zone near lowwater springs. Unstable bottoms, providing they are sheltered enough to be habitable, support mainly L. saccharina. Stable bottoms of either boulders or solid rock support L. saccharina when sheltered (by topography or depth) from wave action and L. hyperborea when exposed. Near Port Erin, Isle of Man, the downward penetration of L. hyperborea on exposed rocks and boulders is limited by an as yet unknown factor which might possibly be associated with a slope of more than to the horizontal.
The functional morphology of the larva, and the post-larval development of Venus striatula (Da Costa)
Authors: Ansell Alan D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe functional morphology of the veliger, pediveliger, and early post-larva of Venus striatula is described. Settlement takes place at a length of 220- 240 /u, and is marked by the rapid loss of the velum, functioning of the byssus gland, and commencement of secretion of the post-larval shell (dissoconch). With the exception of the loss of the velum, the changes which occur at metamorphosis take place relatively slowly. The significance to phylogeny of the mode of development of certain organs in the post-larva is discussed. It is concluded that the form of many of the organs in development, especially of those organs concerned in producing a respiratory and feeding current, are juvenile adaptations, resulting in the early functional re-adjustment of the free-swimming larval habit to a bottom-living habit, but having little or no phylogenetic significance.
The Distribution of some Plankton Animals in the English Channel and Western Approaches: I. Samples Taken with Stramin Nets in 1955 and 1957
Authors: Southward A. J. 
Published: May 2009

Previous plankton work at Plymouth is reviewed briefly, and the limitations of the stramin ring trawl as a quantitative sampler discussed. The distribution of certain zooplankton ‘indicator’ species caught in hauls of the 2 and 1 m ring trawl during cruises in 1955 and 1957 is described in comparison with regular 2 m hauls taken throughout the same years at two stations near Plymouth.The results support previous suggestions that ‘western’ water at Plymouth is derived from a region to the south of Ireland, i.e. from the north-west, and is not now in the direct path of the flow of water into the English Channel from the west.An apparent northward spread of the warm-water copepodEuchaeta hebesduring the past 50 years may be connected with the rise in sea temperature over the same period. It is suggested that related changes in distribution might be responsible in part for changes in the macroplankton community off Plymouth since the 1920's.
Variations and Relationship of the Flounder and the Plaice.
Authors: Stead F. B. 
Published: May 2009

There can be no question of the importance of the subjects treated of in this paper; and the results are certainly such as to attract attention. This fact makes it all the more disappointing that the author's method is not calculated to inspire confidence in the accuracy of his conclusions. Before attempting to justify this statement, we may give a brief account of the paper as it stands.After giving an extensive bibliography, the author passes on in his second chapter to a statement of the method of the investigation, and of the notation by which he finds it necessary to state his results. In the next chapter a table is given showing the extent of variation of particular characters in the species considered, and the degree in which the variations of these same characters in both forms may coincide. The influence of sex and age, and the character and development of the scales, is next treated of, and the following chapter is devoted to a statement of the differences which obtain between the different “local forms” in the North Sea and the Baltic. The rest of the paper is taken up with a consideration of the relations between the local forms and the species, an account of Pleuronectes pseudoflesus, certain morphological and biological observations, and a summary of results. We may now consider the more important parts of this paper in detail,The method of investigation consisted in examining “a large number” of specimens of each species in respect of no less than thirty-six characters.
Notes on the early stages of the commensal polynoid Acholoë Astericola (Delle Chiaje)
Authors: Davenport Demorest 
Published: May 2009

Little is known about the development of polynoids. A large number of unidentifiable polynoid trochophores and nectochaetes have been described by Nolte (1936) and others. As Thorson (1946) states, Nolte has done little to clear up the confusion that prevails in this group and his 'numerous figures, all more or less incorrect, and accordingly difficult to recognize, merely serve to further obscure our picture'.A search of the literature with the aid of Hartman (1951) has so farrevealed only one clearly identifiable member of the family whose early larval stages have been described. Sars (1845a, b), making some of the earliest observations on polychaete life histories, described under the name Polynoe cirrata Fab. the early stages of Harmothoe imbricata (L.). Further studies in some detail on this or a closely allied species were made in turn by Miiller (1851), Mclntosh (1900) and Izuka (1912). The certainty of identification of the parent in this case stemmed from the fact that the early stages, with the exception of those studied by Miiller, were not taken in the plankton but were observed attached to the brooding parent after release from it. In this polynoid the eggs are carried in large masses beneath the elytra, and larvae leave the parent as actively swimming trochophores. This method of carrying the young has also been observed in H. imbricata by Saemundsson (1918) in Greenland and by M. Pettibone (personal communication) in Puget Sound. Desor (1857) quotes the observations of Sars on the brooding habit, and describes the release of trochophores by Polynoe squamata (= Lepidonotus squamatus L. ?) on the New England coast.
On the Development of Palinurus vulgaris, the Rock Lobster or Sea Crayfish
Authors: Cunningham J. T. 
Published: May 2009

1. Historical Review.The history of our knowledge of this subject is complicated and curious, and is not quite correctly narrated in any English publication, not even by Balfour in his account of the development of Crustacea (Comparative Embryology, vol. i). The story begins with the establishment and definition of the genus Phyllosoma by Leach in 1818. Various succeeding zoologists included descriptions of species of Phyllosoma in their works, but the result of all previous investigations are included by Milne Edwards in the comprehensive account of the genus given in his Hist. Nat. des Crustacés, vol. ii, 1837. The state of knowledge at that time may be briefly summarised as follows:—The Crustaceans known by the name Phyllosoma had been found near the surface of the ocean in various parts of the world. They varied in size from less than half an inch to two inches. They were, when alive, of glassy transparency; the body was remarkably flat, and expanded horizontally, while the limbs were long, slender, and biramous. The body consisted of three parts; firstly, a head having the form of an oval leaf, bearing at its anterior extremity a pair of eyes on long stalks and two pairs of simple antennæ. The mouth was situated beneath the middle or posterior third of the head, and surrounded by an upper and lower lip, a pair of maxillæ, and the first pair of maxillæ. The second pair of maxillæ and the first pair of maxillipeds were rudimentary and situated behind the mouth. The second part of the body was the thorax, quite as flat but not so large as the head; it was usually broader than long.
Self- and cross-fertilization inSpirorbis borealisandS. pagenstecheri
Authors: Gee J. M. , Williams G. Brinley 
Published: May 2009

Evidence is presented that eggs and sperm ofSpirorbis borealisare shed through the nephridioducts, and that fertilization occurs externally to the body but inside the tube.The eggs fail to developin vitrounless sperm is present. In individuals collected in winter and maintained at 15 or 19° C, the male and female gonads mature more or less simultaneously. Among groups of individuals sperm is usually shed first and soon afterwards a large proportion may be observed to have extruded ova.
The Colours of Ophiocomina Nigra (Abildgaard): I Colour Variation and its Relation to Distribution
Authors: Fontaine A. R. 
Published: May 2009

The ophiuroid, Ophiocomina nigra, is noted for its variability of colour, a phenomenon most pronounced where the species also has its greatest distribution in depth. Observations have been made on two geographically distinct populations, from the vicinities of Millport and Plymouth. The body colour of the observed animals ranges in a continuously graded series from black to orange-yellow. While both populations exhibit analogous variations, there is a distinct difference in the range and tone of coloration which each displays. It is suggested that this geographical difference is correlated in some degree with differences in colour tone of the substratum. It was observed that the incidence of light-coloured phases in each population increased with increasing depths, and some statistical evidence supports this conclusion. Thus, at least two factors, depth and substratum, may affect the distribution of colour variations in O. nigraIn addition to the variations in general body colour, there are two distinct colour patterns found on the disk. These are probably truly polymorphic and may be of cryptic value.A scheme of colour classification is described which facilitates observations in the field and in the laboratory.
On The Primitive Significance of the Byssus in the Bivalvia and its Effects in Evolution
Authors: Yonge C. M. 
Published: May 2009

The byssal apparatus appears during post-larval life when its secretion permits brief attachment during metamorphosis when the animal assumes the form which fits it for life in the adult habitat.The byssus persists for continued temporary attachment in animals which may lose it in adult life, e.g. Mya arenaria, or in which it becomes an organ of permanent fixation, e.g. Mytilus edulis, Pododesmus macroschisma and Tridacna crocea