bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wouter Pietersz. Crabeth II en de parochie St. Johannes de Doper in Gouda
Authors: Van Eck Xander 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAfter the Reformation of 1572 Catholic life only began to flourish again in Gouda on the advent of the priest Petrus Purmerent (1587-1663) , who was sent there in 1614 by the apostolic vicar Philippus Rovenius (Notes 1, 2) . He founded a parish dedicated to St. John the Baptist, as the old church had been, which grew so rapidly (from around 500 in 1612 to around 6,000 in 1657, Notes 5-7) that he moved to larger premises on the Gouwe in 1630. The regard in which he and his twin brother Suibertus, who was equally active in Delft, were held is apparent from their portraits painted in 1631 by Willem van der Vliet (Notes 9, 10) and around 1645 by Ludolph de Jongh (Fig. 1, Note 11) and Hendrik van Vliet (Note 12). Engravings were made after the second two portraits by Reynier van Persijn (Note 13) . Despite a certain amount of interference from the twon council, Petrus Purmerent succeeded in decorating his hidden church in fine style. In the report of his visitation of 1643 made by Sebastiaan Francken, commissioner of the Court of Holland (Note 15), it is described as a very big place' with pews, chairs and altars, a large amount of silver, 'very beautiful paintings' and a fine organ. The church, which was on the Old Catholic side in the jansenist schism of 1723, has remained in the same place and was rebuilt in 1863. It is not possible now to reconstruct the situation of 1643 exactly, but a large number of the works of art and
Nog een suggestie voor het onderwerp van Rembrandts historiestuk te Leiden: De grootmoedigheid van Alexander
Authors: Bruyn J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOf the nine interpretations proposed for Rembraradt's history Painting of 1626 now at Leiden, none is really convincing. Il seems attractive to think of palamedes Condemned by Agamemncm as the subject because of its political significance in the year after the publication of Voredel's tragecty Palamedcs or Innocence Murdered, which denounced the execution of the Remonstrant leader Johan van Oldenbarnevelt in 1619. γet the scene depicted does not fit any episode frorn the Palamedes story. It appears rather to represent three young men appearing before a crowned figure who makes a pronouncement, probably one of magnanimity or clemency. It is conceivable that the subject was taken from Q. Curtius Rufus's Historiae Alexandri Magni Macedonis, ofwhich several editions, including translations into the vernacular, were published in Holland in the first decades of the 17th century. The episode in question was known to the young Rubens, but does not seem to have been illustrated by any other artist. At the beginning of the seventh book it is described how Alexander summoned before. him in the presence of the army two oj three brothers, who had been close friends of Philotas, a former, friend of his who had been executed for plotting against his life. The youngest brother, Poleinon, had panicked and fled but was caught and brought back at the very moment when Alexander had accused the brothers and the eldest, Amyntas, after having been released from his bonds and given a spear which he held in his left hand, had embarked on his szzccess ful defence. The appearance of Polemon infuriated the soldiers, but when he took the blame on himself and prrifessed his brothers' innocence, they were moved to tears. So too was Alexander who, prompted by their cries, absolved the brothers. This anecdote does at least explain some of the features of Rembrandt's scene. The young man standing on the right with his right hand raised as if swearing an oath would be the eloquent Amyntas with a spear in his left hand. Hidden behind him kneels the second brother, Simias, while Polemon, 'a young man just come to maturity and in the first bloom of his youth', has fallen on one knee in the foreground, underlining his emotional words with his right hand bressed to his heart. Alexander raises his sceptre in token of his absolution and some men in the background wave and shout from a socle they have climbed. Interpreted in this way, the scene coralains not a topical political allegory but, as would seem usual with history paintings, a message of a more general nature: the magnanimity of Alexander as an 'exemblum virtutis'.
Historiestukken door de Utrechtse schilder Johan de Veer
Authors: Janssen Paul Huys 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo seventeenth-century painters bore the name Johan de Veer, a circumstance responsible for a certain amount of confusion. Virtually nothing is known of the Amsterdam De Veer (born in 1647 or 1648, date of death unknown). We have more information about his namesake from Utrecht, who lived from about 1610 to 1662. In 1635 he was abroad, undoubtedly in Italy, the destination of many young artists. After his rcturn he married in 1640 and set up as a painter in Utrecht. His ocuvre, comprising a number of portraits and history pieces, is very small; perhaps he was not particularly successful, or worked as an amateur. He painted in the manner of the Caravaggisti and with great expression. The history pieces arc a lost Andromeda, a David Giving the Letter to Uriah (fig. i), in the possession of the Sint Eloyengasthuis in Utrecht since 1656, two versions of the Adoration of the Shepherds (figs. 3 and 4) and two versions of Cleopatra (figs. 5 and 7). It is noteworthy that De Veer modelled one of the Cleopatra figures on Susanna and the Elders by the Lombardian painter Giovanni Stefano Doneda (1612-1690) (fig. 6).
The Distribution of Substances in Eggs of Limnaea Stagnalis L. Centrifuged Immediately Before Cleavage 1)
Authors: Raven Chr P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractI. La distribution des substances dans les oeufs de Limnaea stagnalis, centrifugÃ©s dans les derniÃ¨res vingt minutes avant le dÃ©but de la segmentation, Ã©tait Ã©tudiÃ©e. 2. La segmentation des oeufs centrifugÃ©s montrait quelques anomalies. SpÃ©cialement, la zone centripÃ¨te semble mettre obstacle Ã la formation des sillons. 3. L'oeuf centrifugÃ© montre une stratification en 3 couches: une zone centripÃ¨te Ã protoplasme alveolaire; une couche intermÃ©diaire Ã granules-; et une zone centrifuge Ã protoplasme dense contenant les granules-Î². Le plasme polaire animal des oeufs normaux n'est pas visible dans les oeufs centrifugÃ©s. 4. Dans les premiÃ¨res 2 heures aprÃ¨s la centrifugation, les granules-Î±, amassÃ©s dans la couche intermÃ©diaire, se dispersent dans l'oeuf, enfin ils s'accumulent au pÃ´le animal, comme dans les oeufs normaux. 5. Les granules-Î², au contraire, demeurent dans la position qu'ils occupent aprÃ¨s la centrifugation. La ligne de dÃ©marcation entre la partie centrifuge vitelline et la partie centripÃ¨te sans vitellus reste assez nette. Cette distribution inÃ©gale des granules-Î² n'empÃªche pas le dÃ©veloppement normal jusqu'au stade gastrula ou trochophore jeune. 6. Au stade morula avancÃ©, dans les cellules de la moitiÃ© centripÃ¨te une nouvelle catÃ©gorie de granules parait, qui ressemblent aux granules-Î² dans leur coloration. La formation de ces granules indique un transport de substances protÃ©iques en forme soluble Ã travers les parois des cellules. 7. Au stade blastula, la coloration des granules protÃ©iques change de l'acidophilie Ã la basophilie.
Anmerkungen Zur Theolocgenausbildung in Herborn'
Authors: Mühling Andreas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEver since its foundation in 1584, the Herborn Academy pursued the ambitious goal of stabilizing and politically modernizing not only the regions within its own domain but also Reformed territories throughout Europe through the education of an elite class of social leaders. For this reason, Herborner conceptions of educational reform emphasized as a necessity the formation of an educated elite for the Reformed churches and European governments as a whole. Thcrefore the Academy's central political task was to train, according to so-called Ramist principles, an elite leadership for those societies in Europe that had been stamped by Reformed ideals. The practical orientation of the education aimed to prepare graduates to assume positions of leadership in and successfully weather the confessional disputes throughout Europe.
"Those Persistent Lutherans": the Survival of Wesel's Minority Lutheran Community, 1578-1612
Authors: Freeman David Fors 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis essay analyzes the various strategies Lutherans in the German city of Wesel pursued in securing their status as a minority church during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Through petitioning their magistrates, securing competent clergy, and obtaining support from their Lutheran Diaspora and a variety of external political authorities, the Lutherans eventually achieved their goals of public worship in their own church as part of the klevish Lutheran synod.
Internal Modes of Multidecadal Variability in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Frankcombe Leela M. , Dijkstra Henk A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObservations of sea ice extent and atmospheric temperature in the Arctic, although sparse, indicate variability on multidecadal time scales. A recent analysis of one of the global climate models [the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model, version 2.1 (CM2.1)] in the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has indicated that Arctic Ocean variability on these time scales is associated with changes in basin-wide salinity patterns. In this paper the internal modes of variability in an idealized Arctic Basin are determined by considering the stability of salinity-driven flows. An internal ocean mode with a multidecadal time scale is found, with a spatial pattern similar to that obtained in the analysis of the CM2.1 results. The modes propagate as a “saline Rossby wave” induced by the background salinity gradient.
Impact of Multialtimeter Sea Level Assimilation in the Mediterranean Forecasting Model
Authors: Pujol M.-I. , Dobricic S. , Pinardi N. , Adani M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this article the impact of multisatellite altimeter observations assimilation in a high-resolution Mediterranean model are analyzed. Four different altimeter missions [Jason-1, Envisat, Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon interleaved and Geosat Follow-On] are used over a 7-month period (from September 2004 to March 2005) to study the impact of the assimilation of one to four satellites on the analyses quality. The study highlights three important results. First, it shows the positive impact of the altimeter data on the analyses. The corrected fields capture missing structures of the circulation, and eddies are modified in shape, position, and intensity with respect to the model simulation. Second, the study demonstrates the improvement in the analyses induced by each satellite. The impact of the addition of a second satellite is almost equivalent to the improvement given by the introduction of the first satellite: the second satellite’s data bring a 12% reduction of the root-mean-square of the differences between the analyses and observations for the sea level anomaly (SLA). The third and fourth satellites also improve the rms, with a more than 3% reduction for each of them. Finally, it is shown that Envisat and Geosat Follow-On additions to Jason-1 impact the analyses more than the addition of TOPEX/Poseidon, suggesting that the across-track spatial resolution is still one of the important aspects of a multimission satellite observing system. This result could support the concept of multimission altimetric monitoring done by complementary horizontal resolution satellite orbits.
The SST Quality Monitor (SQUAM)
Authors: Dash Prasanjit , Ignatov Alexander , Kihai Yury , Sapper John 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) has been operationally generating sea surface temperature (SST) products (TS) from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRR) onboard NOAA and MetOp-A satellites since the early 1980s. Customarily, TS are validated against in situ SSTs. However, in situ data are sparse and are not available globally in near–real time (NRT). This study describes a complementary SST Quality Monitor (SQUAM), which employs global level 4 (L4) SST fields as a reference standard (TR) and performs statistical analyses of the differences ΔTS = TS − TR. The results are posted online in NRT. The TS data that are analyzed are the heritage National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) SST products from NOAA-16, -17, -18, and -19 and MetOp-A from 2001 to the present. The TR fields include daily Reynolds, real-time global (RTG), Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA), and Ocean Data Analysis System for Marine Environment and Security for the European Area (MERSEA) (ODYSSEA) analyses. Using multiple fields facilitates the distinguishing of artifacts in satellite SSTs from those in the L4 products. Global distributions of ΔTS are mapped and their histograms are analyzed for proximity to Gaussian shape. Outliers are handled using robust statistics, and the Gaussian parameters are trended in time to monitor SST products for stability and consistency. Additional TS checks are performed to identify retrieval artifacts by plotting ΔTS versus observational parameters. Cross-platform TS biases are evaluated using double differences, and cross-L4 TR differences are assessed using Hovmöller diagrams. SQUAM results compare well with the customary in situ validation. All satellite products show a high degree of self- and cross-platform consistency, except for NOAA-16, which has flown close to the terminator in recent years and whose AVHRR is unstable.
Ice-Tethered Profiler Measurements of Dissolved Oxygen under Permanent Ice Cover in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Timmermans M.-L. , Krishfield R. , Laney S. , Toole J. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Four ice-tethered profilers (ITPs), deployed between 2006 and 2009, have provided year-round dissolved oxygen (DO) measurements from the surface mixed layer to 760-m depth under the permanent sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean. These ITPs drifted with the permanent ice pack and returned 2 one-way profiles per day of temperature, salinity, and DO. Long-term calibration drift of the oxygen sensor can be characterized and removed by referencing to recently calibrated ship DO observations on deep isotherms. Observed changes in the water column time series are due to both drift of the ITP into different water masses and seasonal variability, driven by both physical and biological processes within the water column. Several scientific examples are highlighted that demonstrate the considerable potential for sustained ITP-based DO measurements to better understand the Arctic Ocean circulation patterns and biogeochemical processes beneath the sea ice.
Optical Flow for Verification
Authors: Marzban Caren , Sandgathe Scott 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Modern numerical weather prediction (NWP) models produce forecasts that are gridded spatial fields. Digital images can also be viewed as gridded spatial fields, and as such, techniques from image analysis can be employed to address the problem of verification of NWP forecasts. One technique for estimating how images change temporally is called optical flow, where it is assumed that temporal changes in images (e.g., in a video) can be represented as a fluid flowing in some manner. Multiple realizations of the general idea have already been employed in verification problems as well as in data assimilation. Here, a specific formulation of optical flow, called Lucas–Kanade, is reviewed and generalized as a tool for estimating three components of forecast error: intensity and two components of displacement, direction and distance. The method is illustrated first on simulated data, and then on a 418-day series of 24-h forecasts of sea level pressure from one member [the Global Forecast System (GFS)–fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5)] of the University of Washington’s Mesoscale Ensemble system. The simulation study confirms (and quantifies) the expectation that the method correctly assesses forecast errors. The method is also applied to a real dataset consisting of 418 twenty-four-hour forecasts spanning 2 April 2008–2 November 2009, demonstrating its value for analyzing NWP model performance. Results reveal a significant intensity bias in the subtropics, especially in the southern California region. They also expose a systematic east-northeast or downstream bias of approximately 50 km over land, possibly due to the treatment of terrain in the coarse-resolution model.
Development and Validation of a Clinic-Based Prediction Tool to Identify Female Athletes at High Risk for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Authors: Myer Gregory D. , Ford Kevin R. , Khoury Jane , Succop Paul , Hewett Timothy E. 
Published: July 2010

Background Prospective measures of high knee abduction moment (KAM) during landing identify female athletes at high risk for anterior cruciate ligament injury. Laboratory-based measurements demonstrate 90% accuracy in prediction of high KAM. Clinic-based prediction algorithms that employ correlates derived from laboratory-based measurements also demonstrate high accuracy for prediction of high KAM mechanics during landing. Hypotheses Clinic-based measures derived from highly predictive laboratory-based models are valid for the accurate prediction of high KAM status, and simultaneous measurements using laboratory-based and clinic-based techniques highly correlate. Study Design Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods One hundred female athletes (basketball, soccer, volleyball players) were tested using laboratory-based measures to confirm the validity of identified laboratory-based correlate variables to clinic-based measures included in a prediction algorithm to determine high KAM status. To analyze selected clinic-based surrogate predictors, another cohort of 20 female athletes was simultaneously tested with both clinic-based and laboratory-based measures. Results The prediction model (odds ratio: 95% confidence interval), derived from laboratory-based surrogates including (1) knee valgus motion (1.59: 1.17-2.16 cm), (2) knee flexion range of motion (0.94: 0.89°-1.00°), (3) body mass (0.98: 0.94-1.03 kg), (4) tibia length (1.55: 1.20-2.07 cm), and (5) quadriceps-to-hamstrings ratio (1.70: 0.48%-6.0%), predicted high KAM status with 84% sensitivity and 67% specificity (P < .001). Clinic-based techniques that used a calibrated physician's scale, a standard measuring tape, standard camcorder, ImageJ software, and an isokinetic dynamometer showed high correlation (knee valgus motion, r = .87; knee flexion range of motion, r = .95; and tibia length, r = .98) to simultaneous laboratory-based measurements. Body mass and quadriceps-to-hamstrings ratio were included in both methodologies and therefore had r values of 1.0. Conclusion Clinically obtainable measures of increased knee valgus, knee flexion range of motion, body mass, tibia length, and quadriceps-to-hamstrings ratio predict high KAM status in female athletes with high sensitivity and specificity. Female athletes who demonstrate high KAM landing mechanics are at increased risk for anterior cruciate ligament injury and are more likely to benefit from neuromuscular training targeted to this risk factor. Use of the developed clinic-based assessment tool may facilitate high-risk athletes’ entry into appropriate interventions that will have greater potential to reduce their injury risk.
Mechanisms for Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Authors: Koga Hideyuki , Nakamae Atsuo , Shima Yosuke , Iwasa Junji , Myklebust Grethe , Engebretsen Lars , Bahr Roald , Krosshaug Tron 
Published: July 2010

Background The mechanism for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury is still a matter of controversy. Video analysis of injury tapes is the only method available to extract biomechanical information from actual anterior cruciate ligament injury cases. Purpose This article describes 3-dimensional knee joint kinematics in anterior cruciate ligament injury situations using a model-based image-matching technique. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Ten anterior cruciate ligament injury video sequences from women's handball and basketball were analyzed using the model-based image-matching method. Results The mean knee flexion angle among the 10 cases was 23° (range, 11°-30°) at initial contact (IC) and had increased by 24° (95% confidence interval [CI], 19°-29°) within the following 40 milliseconds. The mean valgus angle was neutral (range, -2° to 3°) at IC, but had increased by 12° (95% CI, 10°-13°) 40 milliseconds later. The knee was externally rotated 5° (range, -5° to 12°) at IC, but rotated internally by 8° (95% CI, 2°-14°) during the first 40 milliseconds, followed by external rotation of 17° (95% CI, 13°-22°). The mean peak vertical ground-reaction force was 3.2 times body weight (95% CI, 2.7-3.7), and occurred at 40 milliseconds after IC (range, 0-83). Conclusion Based on when the sudden changes in joint angular motion and the peak vertical ground-reaction force occurred, it is likely that the anterior cruciate ligament injury occurred approximately 40 milliseconds after IC. The kinematic patterns were surprisingly consistent among the 10 cases. All players had immediate valgus motion within 40 milliseconds after IC. Moreover, the tibia rotated internally during the first 40 milliseconds and then external rotation was observed, possibly after the anterior cruciate ligament had torn. These results suggest that valgus loading is a contributing factor in the anterior cruciate ligament injury mechanism and that internal tibial rotation is coupled with valgus motion. Prevention programs should focus on acquiring a good cutting and landing technique with knee flexion and without valgus loading of the knee.
Clinical and economic impact of a specialty care management program among patients with multiple sclerosis: a cohort study
Authors: Tan H. , Yu J. , Tabby D. , Devries A. , Singer J. 
Published: July 2010

Background: To evaluate the clinical and economic impact of a specialty care management program among patients with multiple sclerosis. Methods: This retrospective cohort analysis included patients aged ≥18 years with ≥2 claims of multiple sclerosis diagnosis and ≥1 multiple sclerosis medications from 1 January 2004 to 30 April 2008. The outcome metrics included medication adherence and persistence, multiple sclerosis-related hospitalization, and multiple sclerosis-related cost. Multivariate analyses were performed to adjust for demographics and clinical characteristics. Results: Among the 3993 patients identified, 78.3% participated in the program and 21.7% did not. Over 12 months, medication adherence and persistence improved among participants but deteriorated among non-participants (medication possession ratio change: +0.08 vs -0.03, p < 0.001; persistence change: +29.2 days vs -9.2 days, p < 0.001). Multiple sclerosis-related hospitalization decreased from 9.6% to 7.1% for participants, whereas it increased from 10.1% to 12.0% for the non-participant group ( p < 0.001). Multiple sclerosis-related medical spending (non-pharmacy) decreased among participants, but it increased among non-participants (mean: -US$264 vs + US$1536, p < 0.001). Total multiple sclerosis-related cost for both groups increased over time (+US$4471 vs +US$4087, p < 0.001). Conclusions: This program was associated with improved medication adherence and persistence, reduced multiple sclerosis-related hospitalization, and decreased multiple sclerosis-related medical costs. Unfortunately, the cost savings in the medical component did not offset the increased pharmacy expenditures during the 12-month follow-up period.