bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development and Function of Memory Regulatory T Cells after Acute Viral Infections
Authors: Sanchez Ana M. , Zhu Jiangao , Huang Xiaopei , Yang Yiping 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Natural CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for the control of immune responses to pathogens. However, most studies have focused on chronic infections, in which pathogen-specific Tregs contribute to pathogen persistence and, in some cases, concomitant immunity. How Tregs behave and function following acute infections remains largely unknown. In this article, we show that pathogen-specific Tregs can be activated and expand upon acute viral infections in vivo. The activated Tregs then contract to form a memory pool after resolution of the infection. These memory Tregs expand rapidly upon a secondary challenge, secrete large amounts of IL-10, and suppress excessive immunopathological conditions elicited by recall expansion of non-Tregs via an IL-10–dependent mechanism. Our work reveals a memory Treg population that develops after acute viral infections and may help in the design of effective strategies to circumvent excessive immunopathological effects.
Identification of a Catalytic Exosite for Complement Component C4 on the Serine Protease Domain of C1s
Authors: Duncan Renee C. , Mohlin Frida , Taleski Deni , Coetzer Theresa H. , Huntington James A. , Payne Richard J. , Blom Anna M. , Pike Robert N. , Wijeyewickrema Lakshmi C. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The classical pathway of complement is crucial to the immune system, but it also contributes to inflammatory diseases when dysregulated. Binding of the C1 complex to ligands activates the pathway by inducing autoactivation of associated C1r, after which C1r activates C1s. C1s cleaves complement component C4 and then C2 to cause full activation of the system. The interaction between C1s and C4 involves active site and exosite-mediated events, but the molecular details are unknown. In this study, we identified four positively charged amino acids on the serine protease domain that appear to form a catalytic exosite that is required for efficient cleavage of C4. These residues are coincidentally involved in coordinating a sulfate ion in the crystal structure of the protease. Together with other evidence, this pointed to the involvement of sulfate ions in the interaction with the C4 substrate, and we showed that the protease interacts with a peptide from C4 containing three sulfotyrosine residues. We present a molecular model for the interaction between C1s and C4 that provides support for the above data and poses questions for future research into this aspect of complement activation.
Information Used to Decide on Retreatment of Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration with anti-VEGF in Clinical Practice
Authors: Manousaridis Kleanthis , Manjunath Vina , Talks James 
Published: August 2012

Purpose. To record the information used in order to make a retreatment decision in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and to assess if an optical coherence tomography (OCT)–only follow-up clinic would suffice. Methods. Two hundred patients under treatment with intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor injections (anti-VEGF) for exudative AMD were included. Each patient had previously received at least 3 intravitreal anti-VEGF injections (loading dose) (range 3–24 injections). Clinicians seeing the patients beyond the third injection were asked to document the criteria used to make a retreatment decision. Results. Overall, in 171 (85.5%) cases the retreatment decision was based on OCT findings of intraretinal or subretinal fluid alone. Diagnosis of recurrence requiring treatment would have been missed in 12 cases (6%), if OCT-only data had been used and funduscopy or visual function criteria had been omitted. Decision was based solely on functional criteria in only 2% of the cases. The retreatment decision was based on evaluation of morphologic funduscopic or OCT criteria in 187 (93.5%) cases. Conclusions. With the increasing number of patients having follow-up after anti- VEGF treatment, efficient systems of follow-up are required. Although most retreatment decisions could have been made by qualitative assessment of OCT images alone, the examination has considerable limitations. Optical coherence tomography in combination with color fundus photography could serve as screening tools for a rational implementation of other invasive imaging techniques such as fundus fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography in decision-making.
Reflexão e construção de um projeto de ensino de Cartografia no contexto da Proposta Curricular de Geografia da rede municipal de educação de Juiz de Fora
Authors: De Aguiar Valéria Trevizani Burla 
Published: August 2012

O objetivo deste estudo é o de apresentar as reflexões e propostas desenvolvidas acerca da educação cartográfica no contexto da elaboração do currículo que está proposto para o ensino fundamental da rede pública municipal de Juiz de Fora – MG.Palavras-chave: Educação Cartográfica, Educação Geográfica, Currículo Escolar DOI: 10.7147/GEO12.3197
Chinese Communist Revolution
Authors: Xu Jin , Dingxin Zhao 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The communist revolution of China was led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which was founded in 1921 in the wake of the May Fourth movement. The CCP began as a very small Marxist‐inspired left‐wing intellectual club, with little political influence prior to its alliance with the Chinese Nationalist Party (GMD) in 1924. The GMD were motivated to ally with the CCP in order to obtain support from the Soviet Union in their fight with the northern warlords. With the help of the CCP, the GMD was remodeled from a loose organization into a Leninist party, and the GMD also received financial and other support from the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the CCP also developed quickly by infiltrating the GMD‐controlled army and by expanding its organizations in the urban and rural areas of southern China. While the alliance between the GMD and CCP brought great success for both parties, tensions also grew as the parties pursued different agendas. After the initial military success against the warlords during the Northern Expedition, a growing number of the GMD's leaders and generals became very unhappy about the CCP's infiltration into the GMD‐controlled army as well as about the CCP's radical property redistribution policy, which was implemented in the territories recently occupied by the GMD's Northern Expedition army. As a result they no longer wanted to share the power with the CCP. In early 1927, shortly after Northern Expedition troops occupied Shanghai, the GMD started to purge the CCP‐controlled organizations in the city and labeled the CCP an illegal organization. The purge soon spread, with hundreds of thousands of CCP members and their sympathizers arrested and killed. In response, the CCP staged several military uprisings in late 1927 in places where they had strong influence. While all these uprisings were easily suppressed by the GMD army, the surviving members of the CCP were able to retreat to mountain areas and conduct guerrilla warfare.
I
slamic Movements
Authors: Bayat Asef 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Broadly “Islamic movements” refer to the diverse religious trends in the Muslim world that want to reorganize society with reference to Islam. The complex and multifaceted nature of the phenomenon has stirred multiple designations, including “Islamic radicalism,” “fundamentalism,” “revivalism” or “resurgence,” “Islamic activism,” and “political Islam,” each stressing particular aspects of these movements. Thus, “fundamentalism” highlights the scripturist essentialism, pointing to the traditionalism of the movements, or a belief in the exclusive possession of a unique truth. “Revivalism” and “resurgence” underline the religious at the expense of the political content of these movements, and “Islamic activism” is intended to account for the inclusion of various types of activities—political, social, and cultural—that emerge under the rubric of Islamic movement.
Student Movements
Authors: Rootes Christopher 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Movements for social and political change are typically “youth movements” insofar as it is usually young people who are first to demand changes in or of regimes that appear unable to satisfy popular aspirations to basic human rights, personal freedom, economic well‐being, and political democracy. To some extent this reflects intergenerational inequities leading to a “conflict of generations” (Feuer 1969) as the young are especially likely to suffer high rates of unemployment and to harbour aspirations stimulated by contact with or awareness of conditions in states that are socially and politically liberal as well as more affluent. But it also reflects the fact that young people are relatively less likely than their elders to be constrained, by obligations of work and family, to conformity with the dominant regime.
Phonon Scattering and Thermal Conductivity in p‐Type Nanostructured PbTe‐BaTe Bulk Thermoelectric Materials
Authors: Lo Shih‐Han , He Jiaqing , Biswas Kanishka , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. , Dravid Vinayak P. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractTransmission electron microscopy studies show that a PbTe‐BaTe bulk thermoelectric system represents the coexistence of solid solution and nanoscale BaTe precipitates. The observed significant reduction in the thermal conductivity is attributed to the enhanced phonon scattering by the combination of substitutional point defects in the solid solution and the presence of high spatial density of nanoscale precipitates. In order to differentiate the role of nanoscale precipitates and point defects in reducing lattice thermal conductivity, a modified Callaway model is proposed, which highlights the contribution of point defect scattering due to solid solution in addition to that of other relevant microstructural constituents. Calculations indicate that in addition to a 60% reduction in lattice thermal conductivity by nanostructures, point defects are responsible for about 20% more reduction and the remaining reduction is contributed by the collective of dislocation and strain scattering. These results underscore the need for tailoring integrated length‐scales for enhanced heat‐carrying phonon scattering in high performance thermoelectrics.
Direct Sun‐Driven Artificial Heliotropism for Solar Energy Harvesting Based on a Photo‐Thermomechanical Liquid‐Crystal Elastomer Nanocomposite
Authors: Li Chensha , Liu Ye , Huang Xuezhen , Jiang Hongrui 
Published: August 2012

AbstractInspired by heliotropism in nature, artificial heliotropic devices that can follow the sun for increased light interception are realized. The mechanism of the artificial heliotropism is realized via direct actuation by the sunlight, eliminating the need for additional mechatronic components and resultant energy consumption. For this purpose, a novel reversible photo‐thermomechanical liquid crystalline elastomer (LCE) nanocomposite is developed that can be directly driven by natural sunlight and possesses strong actuation capability. Using the LCE nanocomposite actuators, the artificial heliotropic devices show full‐range heliotropism in both laboratory and in‐field tests. As a result, significant increase in the photocurrent output from the solar cells in the artificial heliotropic devices is observed.
Erythrocyte‐Inspired Delivery Systems
Authors: Hu Che‐Ming J. , Fang Ronnie H. , Zhang Liangfang 
Published: August 2012

AbstractHerein recent progress in developing red blood cell (RBC)‐inspired delivery systems is reviewed, with an emphasis on how our growing understanding of fundamental biological properties of natural RBCs has been applied in the design and engineering of these delivery systems. Specifically, progress achieved in developing carrier RBCs, a class of delivery vehicles engineered by directly loading natural RBCs with therapeutic agents, will be reviewed. Then alternative approaches to engineering synthetic vehicles through mimicking the mechanobiological and chemico‐biological properties of natural RBCs will be considered. The synthesis and application of RBC membrane‐derived vesicles, of which the natural RBC membranes are collected and directly utilized to prepare drug carriers, will then be discussed. Finally, a recent approach in engineering RBC membrane‐camouflaged nanoparticle systems that combine advantages of natural RBCs and synthetic biomaterials will be highlighted. These developments indicate that RBC‐inspired delivery systems will result in next‐generation nanomedicine with extensive medical applications.
A Plethora of Plasmonics from the Laboratory for Nanophotonics at Rice University
Authors: Halas Naomi J. , Lal Surbhi , Link Stephan , Chang Wei‐Shun , Natelson Douglas , Hafner Jason H. , Nordlander Peter 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe study of the surface plasmons of noble metals has emerged as one of the most rapidly growing and dynamic topics in nanoscience. Key advances in the synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles and nanostructures have resulted in a broad variety of structures whose geometries can be controlled systematically at the nanoscale. Arising from these efforts is a new level of insight and understanding regarding the fundamental properties of localized plasmons supported by these structures, and, in particular, the properties of interacting plasmon systems. This additional insight has led to the design of plasmonic systems that support coherent phenomena, such as Fano resonances. A broad range of applications are emerging for these structures: single‐ nanoparticle and nanogap chemical sensors, low‐loss plasmon waveguides, and active plasmonic devices and detectors. Applications in biomedicine that exploit the strong photothermal response of nanoparticle plasmons have developed and advanced into clinical trials. The Laboratory for Nanophotonics at Rice has been home to many of these advances. Here, we showcase a variety of functional plasmonic materials and nanodevices emerging from our individual and collaborative efforts.
Migration and hypertension in Dakar, Senegal
Authors: Duboz Priscilla , Macia Enguerran , Chapuis‐Lucciani Nicole , Boëtsch Gilles , Gueye Lamine 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis article examines social and environmental influences on the development of hypertension in a sample of 568 adults (290 men; 278 women) aged 20 years and older from Dakar, Senegal. We test the hypothesis that more recent immigrants to the city of Dakar will have lower blood pressure and lower rates of hypertension than those who have lived there longer. Cross‐sectional sociodemographic, anthropometric and blood pressure data were collected during 2009. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 27.1% (95% CI: 25.2–29.0). Hypertension rates were not significantly associated with place of birth; however, length of residence in Dakar was a significant predictor, with those living in the city for less than 10 years having reduced risks of developing hypertension (OR = 0.25; P = 0.003). Other important correlates of blood pressure and hypertension risk in this sample were age and body mass index. These findings suggest that length of exposure to the urban environment—and associated changes in lifestyle—are linked to hypertension. Public health officials should thus pay particular attention to this phenomenon, and future anthropological research should include measures of both environmental and biological characteristics to study hypertension in Senegal. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:250–258, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tragverhalten von Dübeln in Stahlfaserbeton
Authors: Kurz Carolin , Thiele Catherina , Schnell Jürgen , Reuter Martin , Vitt Gerhard 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn den europäischen Zulassungen liegen keine Angaben darüber vor, ob sich für Befestigungsmittel das Tragverhalten durch Stahlfasern im Beton verändert. Bei ausreichend hohem Stahlfasergehalt und idealer Faserausrichtung könnten die Stahlfasern im Beton das Tragverhalten von Befestigungsmitteln verbessern. Es könnten höhere Bruchlasten und ein duktileres Tragverhalten erzielt werden. Gleichzeitig besteht die Möglichkeit, dass die im Beton enthaltenen Stahlfasern die Montage der Dübel erschweren oder das Tragverhalten aufgrund von ungleichmäßiger Verteilung negativ beeinflussen könnten.Daher wurde speziell das Tragverhalten von Befestigungsmitteln in Industriefußböden untersucht, welche zu den wichtigsten Anwendungsgebieten des Stahlfaserbetons zählen. Dazu wurden zentrische Zugversuche im ungerissenen Beton mit verschiedenen Dübeln, darunter Metallspreizdübel, Schraubanker und Verbunddübel, in Betonen mit unterschiedlichen Mischungsentwürfen und unterschiedlichen Stahlfasergehalten durchgeführt.Behaviour of anchor systems in steel fibre reinforced concreteThe behaviour of anchors in steel fibre reinforced concrete is still rather unknown and not regulated in the European Technical Approvals. At an adequate content of steel fibres around the dowels, oriented in an optimal direction, the steel fibres could improve the load bearing capacity as well as the ductility of anchors in concrete. However, there might also be an unfavourable effect on the installation process or even on the load carrying capacity due to disadvantageous fibre orientation.Especially the behaviour of anchors in industrial floors, one of the major application ranges of steel fibre reinforced concrete, should thus be analysed. Therefore tension tests in non‐cracked concrete were carried out using different kinds of anchor systems containing a screw anchor, bonded anchors and a torque controlled expansion anchor and different kinds of concrete. The content of steel fibres in the concrete member was also varied.
Fettsäuren als Kohlenstoff‐Notration bei Pflanzen
Authors: Feil Sylvia 
Published: August 2012

AbstractKeimende Pflanzen nutzen gespeicherte Fette als Energie‐ und Kohlenstoffquelle. Pflanzenphysiologen aus Köln fragten sich, ob auch adulte Pflanzen in langen Dunkelphasen Fette als Kohlenstoffreserve nutzen. Auf das Ja folgt nun die Frage nach dem Transport innerhalb der Zelle.
Resource allocation in orthogonal frequency division multiple access‐based cognitive radio systems with minimum rate constraints
Authors: Li Li , Xu Changqing , Fan Pingzhi , He Jian 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYIn this paper, resource allocation problem in orthogonal frequency division multiple access‐based cognitive radio (CR) systems to maintain minimum transmission rate constraints of CR users (CRUs) with the specified interference thresholds is investigated. Firstly, a single primary user (PU) CR system is considered, and a suboptimal resource allocation algorithm to maximize the sum transmission rate of all CRUs is proposed. Secondly, the single‐PU scenario is extended to multiple‐PU case, and an asymptotically optimal resource allocation algorithm is proposed using dual methods subject to constraints on both interference thresholds of PUs and total transmit power of all CRUs. Analysis and numerical results show that, in contrast to classical resource allocation algorithms, the proposed algorithm can achieve higher transmission rate and guarantee each CRU's minimum transmission rate in both scenarios. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cryptate Complexes with the Potential for CO2 Activation: Quantum Chemical Predictions and Synthetic Efforts
Authors: Fuchs Alexander , Kaifer Elisabeth , Wadepohl Hubert , Himmel Hans‐Jörg 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn this work we discuss the possibility of CO2 activation by novel magnesium and zinc cryptate complexes. The choice of the complexes is partially based on the results of studies on CO2 fixation by amidometal complexes and partially inspired by the mode of action of the RuBisCO enzyme. Quantum chemical calculations underline the potential of this new approach, and argue for reversible CO2 activation and bonding to the cryptand complexes. We then report on the first steps towards an experimental realization and its limitations. A new cryptand molecule (15‐oxa‐1,4,7,10‐tetraazabicyclo[5.5.5]heptadecane) was synthesized featuring two secondary amino functions. It was shown to give stable complexes with lithium and zinc ions, in which the metal ions are captured inside the cryptand void. Unfortunately, the last step in the preparation of the targeted complex for CO2 fixation, namely deprotonation of both secondary amino groups, was not achieved.
Studies Toward the Synthesis of Phenylacetylene Macrocycle Based Rotaxane Precursors as Building Blocks for Organic Nanotubes
Authors: Cantin Katy , Lafleur‐Lambert Antoine , Dufour Philippe , Morin Jean‐François 
Published: August 2012

AbstractSynthetic efforts toward the preparation of rotaxane precursors based on phenylacetylene macrocycles (PAM) are described. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal structural parameters to prepare high‐molecular‐weight rotaxane precursors through a strategy involving two Sonogashira couplings to attach bulky blockers on the PAM core. PAMs with different sizes and functions were prepared and coupled to different blockers to assess whether or not the resulting structure adopts a rotaxane‐like conformation in which the rigid rod forms after the Sonogashira coupling threads through the PAM.
Halide Effects on Cyclopropenium Cation Promoted Glycosylation with Deoxy Sugars: Highly α‐Selective Glycosylations Using a 3,3‐Dibromo‐1,2‐diphenylcyclopropene Promoter
Authors: Nogueira Jason M. , Issa John Paul , Chu An‐Hsiang Adam , Sisel Jordan A. , Schum Ryan S. , Bennett Clay S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA mixture of 3,3‐dibromocyclopropene and TBAI promotes highly α‐selective glycosylation reactions (up to >20:1) by using deoxy sugar hemiacetal donors. The reaction provides a convenient method for generating highly reactive glycosyl donors in situ from shelf‐stable starting materials. Both armed and disarmed sugars undergo the reaction, and selectivity is independent of the configuration of the donor sugar.