bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catching an Atom Spy: MI5 and the Investigation of Klaus Fuchs
Authors: Gibbs Timothy 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article focuses on M15 organization and Klaus Fuchs, a German-born physicist and Soviet “Atom Spy” who was arrested in 1950 and served fourteen years for offences related to atomic espionage. It examines how Fuchs was identified as an “Atom Spy” in 1949 and describes the MI5's investigation, which ended in the early 1950 with the successful arrest, prosecution, and imprisonment of this highly significant Cold War figure. Key issues discussed in this article include the difficulties encountered by MI5 and the budding British atomic program in the sphere of security. It also discusses the role of Signals intelligence (SIGINT) in the investigation of Fuchs, and the high-risk but ultimately successful approach taken by MI5's key interrogator, William Skardon. This case study highlights both the unparalleled level of international intelligence cooperation between the British agencies and their American counterparts, which made the resolution of this case possible, and some of the frailties in the Anglo-American alliance that were brought to the fore by the exposure of Fuchs as an Atom Spy.
Covert Action: Strengths and Weaknesses
Authors: Daugherty William J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article discusses the strengths and weaknesses of covert action as a tool for American foreign policy. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of covert action against the yardstick of success and against the yardstick of policy coherence. The succeeding section discusses other strengths and weakness of covert action programs. While the covert action program is marked by strengths and weaknesses, it will always remain as a tool for foreign policy. Whether it works in any given situation will continue to depend on many factors that are beyond the control of the president and of the intelligence professionals. Covert action is argued to work best when it is applied at the margins, when it provides an extra bit of “push” in the direction local events are already heading. It is most problematic when the program is intended to generate a major shift in the direction of events on the ground, or create a new direction in entirety. Smaller is cheaper, less noticeable and hence less threatening to the opposition government or security apparatus, and more secure in terms of the tradecraft required in recruiting and handling agents.
“A Very British Institution”: The Intelligence and Security Committee and Intelligence Accountability in the United Kingdom
Authors: Phythian Mark 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article discusses Intelligence and Security Committee (ISC) and intelligence accountability in the United Kingdom. It discusses the origins of intelligence oversight in the United Kingdom including ISC's independence, its ability to maintain secrets, its means of access to information, and its expertise and investigative powers. The article also discusses the reforms undertaken by the ISC to retain public confidence in the committee such as recognizing its limitations and imposing accountability.
The German Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND): Evolution and Current Policy Issues
Authors: Krieger Wolfgang 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article discusses German's foreign intelligence services through the context of the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND). Unlike other intelligence services of other nations, Germany has no separate military intelligence. The BND serves as Germany's sole foreign and military espionage agency. It also does not have an acknowledged capacity of covert operations compared to the intelligence agencies of other nations. The BND was established in 1956 as part of the West German rearmament within the NATO framework; however, by the time of its establishment the Bonn government had already abandoned its previous efforts to build a military intelligence organization from scratch and with people of its own. Because of this, the BND was under American operational control during the Cold War and German intelligence professionals have served as mercenaries for the Americans over a period of ten years, giving Americans an unique intelligence asset inside the West German government. In this article, the discussions include the evolution of the BND and the current issues faced by the German intelligence services.
Effects of Cumin and Ginger as Antioxidants on Dough Mixing Properties and Cookie Quality
Authors: Abdel‐Samie Mohamed Abdel‐Shafi , Wan Jingjing , Huang Weining , Chung Okkyung Kim , Xu Baocai 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe effects of cumin and ginger as antioxidants on dough mixing properties and cookie quality were evaluated. Antioxidant activities in cookies were estimated by total phenolic compounds (TPC) contents and free radical scavenging activities. The cookie dough development was evaluated using Mixolab equipment which showed that addition of cumin did not change dough stability and C2, but decreased C3 and C4. While the addition of 5% ginger decreased dough stability (from 8.4 in the control sample to 6.7 min with 5% ginger addition), C2 (from 0.49 in the control sample to 0.31 N·m with 5% ginger addition), C3, and C4. Cookies formulated with addition of cumin and ginger had increased spread ratios, were softer, and had lower L* and b* values (were darker) than the control. Sensory analysis showed that cookies with cumin and ginger additions had overall acceptability similar to that of the the control with a slightly darker appearance, as confirmed by color determination. Using cumin and ginger significantly increased TPC contents from 78.5 in the control to 93.0 and 109.8 mg of gallic acid equivalent/100 g, respectively. Similar results were observed in the antioxidant activity measured by 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), which increased from 41.0% in the control to 51.5% and 64.6%, respectively, for cookies with 5% addition of cumin and ginger.
Effect of Health Information on Consumer Acceptability of Bread Fortified with β‐Glucan and Effect of Fortification on Bread Quality
Authors: Moriartey Stephanie , Temelli Feral , Vasanthan Thava 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTFortifying bread with β‐glucan reduces bread sensorial properties, though fortification using β‐glucan concentrates of low solubility under the conditions of dough preparation has not been investigated. This study investigated the consumer acceptability and purchase intent of bread fortified with a less soluble β‐glucan concentrate at levels corresponding to 0, 0.75, and 1.5 g β‐glucan/serving bread in relation to the provision of health information, gender, and whole wheat bread consumption. The effect of β‐glucan concentration on the physical properties of the bread produced under pilot plant settings was also investigated. β‐Glucan addition decreased (P < 0.05) loaf volume, increased firmness, and produced a darker, redder bread (P < 0.05), though fortification at 1.5 g β‐glucan/serving bread decreased height as well (P < 0.05). Consumer evaluation (n = 122) revealed that health information increased liking of appearance, flavor, and overall acceptability of the 1.5 g/serving bread to levels similar to or exceeding that of the control. Liking of the 1.5 g β‐glucan/serving bread appearance increased more in women than in men and for consumers who regularly consumed whole wheat bread for perceived health benefits when β‐glucan health information was provided. The provision of β‐glucan health information may be the key to increasing consumer acceptability of bread fortified with β‐glucan.
High-Throughput Confocal Imaging of Intact Live Tissue Enables Quantification of Membrane Trafficking in Arabidopsis
Authors: Salomon Susanne , Grunewald Dorit , Stüber Kurt , Schaaf Sebastian , MacLean Dan , Schulze-Lefert Paul , Robatzek Silke 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Membrane compartmentalization and trafficking within and between cells is considered an essential cellular property of higher eukaryotes. We established a high-throughput imaging method suitable for the quantitative detection of membrane compartments at subcellular resolution in intact epidermal tissue. Whole Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cotyledon leaves were subjected to quantitative confocal laser microscopy using automated image acquisition, computational pattern recognition, and quantification of membrane compartments. This revealed that our method is sensitive and reliable to detect distinct endomembrane compartments. We applied quantitative confocal laser microscopy to a transgenic line expressing GFP-2xFYVE as a marker for endosomal compartments during biotic or abiotic stresses, and detected markedly quantitative adaptations in response to changing environments. Using a transgenic line expressing the plasma membrane-resident syntaxin GFP-PEN1, we quantified the pathogen-inducible extracellular accumulation of this fusion protein at fungal entry sites. Our protocol provides a platform to study the quantitative and dynamic changes of endomembrane trafficking, and potential adaptations of this machinery to physiological stress.
Pea Chloroplast DnaJ-J8 and Toc12 Are Encoded by the Same Gene and Localized in the Stroma
Authors: Chiu Chi-Chou , Chen Lih-Jen , Li Hsou-min 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Toc12 is a novel J domain-containing protein identified in pea (Pisum sativum) chloroplasts. It was shown to be an integral outer membrane protein localizing in the intermembrane space of the chloroplast envelope. Furthermore, Toc12 was shown to associate with an intermembrane space Hsp70, suggesting that Toc12 is important for protein translocation across the chloroplast envelope. Toc12 shares a high degree of sequence similarity with Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) DnaJ-J8, which has been suggested to be a soluble protein of the chloroplast stroma. Here, we isolated genes encoding DnaJ-J8 from pea and found that Toc12 is a truncated clone of one of the pea DnaJ-J8s. Protein import analyses indicate that Toc12 and DnaJ-J8s possess a cleavable transit peptide and are localized in the stroma. Arabidopsis mutants with T-DNA insertions in the DnaJ-J8 gene show no defect in chloroplast protein import. Implications of these results in the energetics and mechanisms of chloroplast protein import are discussed.
The Influence of Fruit Load on the Tomato Pericarp Metabolome in aSolanum chmielewskiiIntrogression Line Population
Authors: Do Phuc Thi , Prudent Marion , Sulpice Ronan , Causse Mathilde , Fernie Alisdair R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIt has been recently demonstrated, utilizing interspecific introgression lines of tomato, generated from the cross between Solanum lycopersicum and the wild species Solanum pennellii, that the efficiency of photosynthate partitioning exerts a considerable influence on the metabolic composition of tomato fruit pericarp. In order to further evaluate the influence of source-sink interaction, metabolite composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in a different population. For this purpose, we used 23 introgression lines resulting from an interspecific cross between S. lycopersicum and the wild species Solanum chmielewskii under high (unpruned trusses) and low (trusses pruned to one fruit) fruit load conditions. Following this strategy, we were able to contrast the metabolite composition of fruits from plants cultivated at both fruit loads as well as to compare the network behavior of primary metabolism in the introgression line population. The study revealed that while a greater number of metabolic quantitative trait loci were observed under high fruit load (240) than under low fruit load (128) cultivations, the levels of metabolites were more highly correlated under low fruit load cultivation. Finally, an analysis of genotype × fruit load interactions indicated a greater influence of development and cultivation than genotype on fruit composition. Comparison with previously documented transcript profiles from a subset of these lines revealed that changes in metabolite levels did not correlate with changes in the levels of genes associated with their metabolism. These findings are discussed in the context of our current understanding of the genetic and environmental influence on metabolic source-sink interactions in tomato, with particular emphasis given to fruit amino acid content.
The Entry Draft in the National Hockey League: Discrimination, Style of Play, and Team Location
Authors: Lavoie Marc 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe study shows that French Canadians continue to suffer from entry discrimination in the National Hockey League. At the time of the draft, the future offensive performance of French Canadian (and European) players is underestimated. The addition of various measures of robustness and defensive play makes no difference. This study also takes into account the location of the teams that drafted the players. It seems that American teams discriminate against French Canadian players, while English Canada teams discriminate against Europeans. The teams from the Province of Quebec did not appear to discriminate in favour of French Canadians.
A Reexamination of How Athletic Success Impacts Graduation Rates: Comparing Student‐Athletes to All Other Undergraduates
Authors: Rishe Patrick James 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPast research has found conflicting evidence concerning whether higher levels of athletic success positively or negatively impact college graduation rates. This paper intends to improve on past research by separating the graduation rate of student‐athletes from all other undergraduates. Results using generalized least squared estimation and paired t‐tests from a sample of Division I schools suggest that neither the graduation rate for student‐athletes nor the graduation rate for all other undergraduates is sensitive to the level of a school's athletic success. However, the graduation gap between student‐athletes and all other undergraduates is sensitive to various measures of a school's athletic success. Women have higher graduation rates than men in general, and this gender graduation gap is exacerbated when focusing on student‐athletes at schools with the most prominent athletic programs.
Measuring Urban Well‐Being: Race and Gender Matter
Authors: Mapalad‐Ruane Maria Claret M. , Rodriguez Carolyn B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractStudies attempting to measure social well‐being that focus attention at national levels fail to provide insights into the actual conditions that are present at subnational levels. With increased attention being focused on the conditions of urban areas, the need for subnational evaluation is becoming more apparent. The growing diversity of the population and the increase in female‐headed households leave researchers without resources for evaluating the conditions of these groups in smaller regional settings, in part due to the scarcity of well‐being measurements at these levels. This study hopes to fill in the gap for measuring well‐being at subnational levels by estimating indexes at the county level. Exactly how the level of urbanization and social well‐being are related is the subject of our inquiry. Our estimations will focus on urban counties, with particular emphasis on the 50 largest counties. We aim to evaluate the well‐being of the general population in metropolitan areas, comparing it to those for female heads of households and people of color.
31. Growth of the Brain in the Rhesus Monkey.
Authors: Zuckerman S. , Fisher R. B. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY.

There is no significant growth in the brain of the male and female Rhesus Monkey after the permanent incisors and the second molars are in place. In the preceding period that intervenes between the eruption of these teeth and the first molars the brain increases 10 per cent, or more in weight.
There is a significant correlation of body‐weight and brain‐weight during, but not after, the period in which the brain grows.
The mean weight of the fully‐grown brain of the male Rhesus (89.45 gm.) is significantly greater than that of the female (82.03 gm.). There is also a significant sexual difference in adult body‐weight.
Deliberate induction of alcohol tolerance: empirical introduction to a novel health risk
Authors: Martinez Julia A. , Steinley Douglas , Sher Kenneth J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAims  Alcohol tolerance is a hallmark indicator of alcohol dependence. Even so, the allure of peers' admiration for having the ability to drink heavily may lead some adolescents and young adults to practice, or ‘train’, to increase their tolerance (particularly at US colleges, where heavy drinking is highly prevalent and central to the social culture). This is a potential health hazard that has not been documented empirically. Thus, we initiated a study of tolerance ‘training’ and its association to risky and heavy drinking.Design, setting and participants  A cross‐sectional online survey of 990 college student life‐time drinkers at a large Midwestern US university.Findings  Of the sample, 9.9% (n = 97) reported deliberately ‘training’ to increase tolerance. On average, they reported increasing from approximately seven to 10 US standard drinks in a night prior to ‘training’ to 12–15 drinks at the end of ‘training,’ over approximately 2–3 weeks' duration. Although the proportion of frequent binge drinking among ‘non‐trainers’ (34.4%) was similar to national rates, ‘trainers’ were much more likely to be frequent bingers (76.3%; OR = 6.15).Conclusions  A number of students report deliberately inducing alcohol tolerance, probably directly increasing the risk for alcohol poisoning and other acute harms and/or dependence. This phenomenon might additionally be applicable to other populations, and deserves further study and attention as a potential personal and public health risk. Prevention efforts might aim to reduce the perceived importance of heavy‐drinking abilities.
Treatment process, alliance and outcome in brief versus extended treatments for marijuana dependence
Authors: Gibbons Carly J. , Nich Charla , Steinberg Karen , Roffman Roger A. , Corvino Joanne , Babor Thomas F. , Carroll Kathleen M. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAims  The Marijuana Treatment Project, a large multi‐site randomized clinical trial, compared a delayed treatment control condition with a brief (two‐session) and extended (nine‐session) multi‐component treatment among 450 marijuana‐dependent participants. In this report we present treatment process data, including the fidelity of treatment delivery in the three community‐based treatment settings as well as the relationships between treatment process and outcome.Design  Independent evaluations of clinician adherence and competence ratings were made based on 633 videotaped sessions from 163 participants. Relationships between clinician adherence and competence, ratings of the working alliance and marijuana treatment outcomes were evaluated.Findings  Protocol treatments were implemented with strong fidelity to manual specifications and with few significant differences in adherence and competence ratings across sites. In the brief two‐session treatment condition, only the working alliance was associated significantly with frequency of marijuana use, but in the extended treatment therapist ratings of working alliance predicted outcomes, as did the interaction of alliance and curvilinear adherence.Conclusions  Behavioral treatments for marijuana use were delivered in community settings with good fidelity. Participant and therapist working alliance scores were associated significantly with improved marijuana use outcomes in a brief behavioral treatment for adults with marijuana dependence. In extended treatment the therapist ratings of working alliance were associated with more positive outcome. However, in that treatment there was also a significant interaction between alliance and curvilinear adherence.
Effects of smoking cessation with voucher‐based contingency management on birth outcomes
Authors: Higgins Stephen T. , Bernstein Ira M. , Washio Yukiko , Heil Sarah H. , Badger Gary J. , Skelly Joan M. , Higgins Tara M. , Solomon Laura J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAims  This study examined whether smoking cessation using voucher‐based contingency management (CM) improves birth outcomes.Design  Data were combined from three controlled trials.Setting  Each of the trials was conducted in the same research clinic devoted to smoking and pregnancy.Participants  Participants (n = 166) were pregnant women who participated in trials examining the efficacy of voucher‐based CM for smoking cessation. Women were assigned to either a contingent condition, wherein they earned vouchers exchangeable for retail items by abstaining from smoking, or to a non‐contingent condition where they received vouchers independent of smoking status.Measurement  Birth outcomes were determined by review of hospital delivery records.Findings  Antepartum abstinence was greater in the contingent than non‐contingent condition, with late‐pregnancy abstinence being 34.1% versus 7.4% (P < 0.001). Mean birth weight of infants born to mothers treated in the contingent condition was greater than infants born to mothers treated in the non‐contingent condition (3295.6 ± 63.8 g versus 3093.6 ± 67.0 g, P = 0.03) and the percentage of low birth weight (<2500 g) deliveries was less (5.9% versus 18.5%, P = 0.02). No significant treatment effects were observed across three other outcomes investigated, although each was in the direction of improved outcomes in the contingent versus the non‐contingent condition: mean gestational age (39.1 ± 0.2 weeks versus 38.5 ± 0.3 weeks, P = 0.06), percentage of preterm deliveries (5.9 versus 13.6, P = 0.09), and percentage of admissions to the neonatal intensive care unit (4.7% versus 13.8%, P = 0.06).Conclusions  These results provide evidence that smoking‐cessation treatment with voucher‐based CM may improve important birth outcomes.
Reductions in alcohol and cocaine use following a group coping intervention for HIV‐positive adults with childhood sexual abuse histories
Authors: Meade Christina S. , Drabkin Anya S. , Hansen Nathan B. , Wilson Patrick A. , Kochman Arlene , Sikkema Kathleen J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAims  Few interventions exist to reduce alcohol and non‐injection drug use among people living with HIV/AIDS. This study tested the effects of a coping group intervention for HIV‐positive adults with childhood sexual abuse histories on alcohol, cocaine and marijuana use.Design  Participants were assigned randomly to the experimental coping group or a time‐matched comparison support group. Both interventions were delivered in a group format over 15 weekly 90‐minute sessions.Setting and Participants  A diverse sample of 247 HIV‐positive men and women with childhood sexual abuse were recruited from AIDS service organizations and community health centers in New York City.Measurements  Substance use was assessed pre‐ and post‐intervention and every 4 months during a 12‐month follow‐up period. Using an intent‐to‐treat analysis, longitudinal changes in substance use by condition were assessed using generalized estimating equations.Findings  At baseline, 42% of participants drank alcohol, 26% used cocaine and 26% used marijuana. Relative to participants in the support group, those in the coping group had greater reductions in quantity of alcohol use (Wald χ2(4) = 10.77, P = 0.029) and any cocaine use (Wald χ2(4) = 9.81, P = 0.044) overtime.Conclusions  Many HIV patients, particularly those with childhood sexual abuse histories, continue to abuse substances. This group intervention that addressed coping with HIV and sexual trauma was effective in reducing alcohol and cocaine use, with effects sustained at 12‐month follow‐up. Integrating mental health treatment into HIV prevention may improve outcomes.