bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of change auditing system
Authors: Garland R. Wayne 
Published: July 2011

AbstractOur company has discovered that regular auditing of the management of change (MOC) process is essential in enforcing its proper use. We have developed an audit system or process that can be performed by plant personnel to identify the effectiveness of our MOC process in two critical categories: (1) identifying changes and initiate MOCs for them and (2) after MOC is initiated, following the process to be sure that the methods are correct and complete. In addition, we have a set of measures associated with these audits that we track to get an overall picture of how effectively our MOC process is operating and to identify systemic problems. The audit form, process data collection, and analysis system are explained in this article. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Influence of growth imperfections on optical properties of nitride pillar VCSEL microcavities
Authors: Florian M. , Jahnke F. , Pretorius A. , Rosenauer A. , Dartsch H. , Kruse C. , Hommel D. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractFor vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting laser pillar microcavities with three‐dimensional optical mode confinement, we theoretically study the influence of growth imperfections on the cavity quality factor. Mode calculations based on a vectorial transfer‐matrix approach are used to simulate layer thickness fluctuations as well as a gradual variation of the layer thickness across the micropillar for an AlGaN/GaN material system. Experimental estimates for the layer thickness profile are obtained with transmission electron microscopy Z‐contrast images.
Electronic properties of Y‐junctions in SnO2 nanowires
Authors: Kar Ayan , Stroscio Michael A. , Dutta Mitra , Meyyappan M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractGrowth conditions leading to kinking and branching in SnO2 nanowires have been investigated. Lower temperature growth at 750 °C leads to Y‐junctions as seen previously in carbon nanotubes, whereas straight nanowires are obtained at 880 °C. Photoemission valence band spectroscopy is used to show that the carrier concentration and Fermi level position vary with diameter. Thus, the stem and branches in a Y‐junction can have completely different semiconducting properties, leading to opportunities in novel device construction.
Nanoscale retention‐loss dynamics of polycrystalline PbTiO3 nanotubes
Authors: Choi Hyunwoo , Kim Yunseok , Hong Seungbum , Sung Tae‐Hyun , Shin Hyunjung , No Kwangsoo 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe observed the nanoscale retention dynamics of polycrystalline PbTiO3 nanotubes using piezoresponse force microscopy. We found that the retention loss of the nanodot domains on the nanotubes showed the stretched exponential relaxation behaviors with stretched exponential factor n being less than 1 (0.523 and 0.692), which are similar to the thin films. In addition, the nanodot domains showed a diverse relaxation time constant τ due to different remnant polarization of each dot domains. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Large‐area p‐type HIP‐MWT silicon solar cells with screen printed contacts exceeding 20% efficiency
Authors: Thaidigsmann Benjamin , Lohmüller Elmar , Jäger Ulrich , Mack Sebastian , Lottspeich Friedrich , Spribille Alma , Birmann Katrin , Erath Denis , Wolf Andreas , Clement Florian , Biro Daniel , Preu Ralf 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe present metal wrap through (MWT) silicon solar cells with passivated surfaces based on a simplified device structure. This so‐called HIP‐MWT structure (high‐performance metal wrap through) does not exhibit an emitter on the rear side and therefore simplifies processing. The confirmed peak efficiency of the fabricated solar cells with an edge length of 125 mm, screen printed contacts and solder pads is 20.2%. To our knowledge, this is the highest value reported for large‐area p‐type silicon solar cells to date.magnified imageSchematic structure of the fabricated HIP‐MWT solar cells(© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High‐ and low‐frequency 11‐year solar cycle signatures in the Southern Hemispheric winter and spring
Authors: Lu Hua , Jarvis Martin J. , Gray Lesley J. , Baldwin Mark P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe have studied the characterization of the 11‐year solar cycle (SC) signals in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) during the winter and spring using European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) daily and monthly data from 1979 to 2009. By separating the response into high (<6 months) and low (>36 months) frequency domains, we have found that spatially different 11‐year SC signals exist for high‐ and low‐frequency domains. In the stratosphere, the high‐ and low‐frequency responses tend to enhance each other near the Equator and Subtropics, while they oppose one another at high latitudes. The high‐frequency response is marked by a strengthened stratospheric jet during winter and the response is not static but tracks with the centre of the polar vortex. In the lower stratosphere, the positive response of temperature to the 11‐year SC is dominated by its low‐frequency component, which extends from the North Pole to the South Pole. The low‐frequency tropospheric response is latitudinally symmetrical about the Equator and consistent with the modelled responses to temperature perturbation in the lower stratosphere. The signals are found to be sensitive to contamination from the 2002 sudden stratospheric warming event and major volcanic eruptions but the general spatial pattern of the responses remains similar. A significant projection of the 11‐year SC onto the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) can only be detected in the stratosphere and in the high‐frequency component. The signature is marked by a strengthening of the stratospheric SAM during winter and a weakening of the SAM in the uppermost stratosphere during spring. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
A spatial view of the CD8+ T‐cell response: the case of HCV
Authors: Racanelli Vito , Leone Patrizia , Grakoui Arash 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYIn viral infections, a memory T‐cell population comprises multiple subtypes of cells, distributed in diverse anatomic compartments and possibly re‐circulating among them. Accordingly, memory T cells display distinct phenotypes and functions, depending on the nature of the infecting virus, the anatomic location of the infection, and the differences between the sites of active infection and T‐cell collection. This paper explores the body compartments where virus‐specific CD8+ T cells have been found during chronic hepatitis C virus infection, describes the cells' memory qualities, and discusses how they are spatially regulated, in comparison with other human viral infections. Understanding the role of compartmentalization and diversity of HCV‐specific memory T‐cell subsets may be the key to developing effective immunotherapies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HYDROGEOMORPHIC CLASSIFICATION OF WASHINGTON STATE RIVERS TO SUPPORT EMERGING ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Authors: Reidy Liermann C. A. , Olden J. D. , Beechie T. J. , Kennard M. J. , Skidmore P. B. , Konrad C. P. , Imaki H. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTAs demand for fresh water increases in tandem with human population growth and a changing climate, the need to understand the ecological tradeoffs of flow regulation gains greater importance. Environmental classification is a first step towards quantifying these tradeoffs by creating the framework necessary for analysing the effects of flow variability on riverine biota. Our study presents a spatially explicit hydrogeomorphic classification of streams and rivers in Washington State, USA and investigates how projected climate change is likely to affect flow regimes in the future. We calculated 99 hydrologic metrics from 15 years of continuous daily discharge data for 64 gauges with negligible upstream impact, which were entered into a Bayesian mixture model to classify flow regimes into seven major classes described by their dominant flow source as follows: groundwater (GW), rainfall (RF), rain‐with‐snow (RS), snow‐and‐rain (SandR), snow‐with‐rain (SR), snowmelt (SM) and ultra‐snowmelt (US). The largest class sizes were represented by the transitional RS and SandR classes (14 and 12 gauges, respectively), which are ubiquitous in temperate, mountainous landscapes found in Washington. We used a recursive partitioning algorithm and random forests to predict flow class based on a suite of environmental and climate variables. Overall classification success was 75%, and the model was used to predict normative flow classes at the reach scale for the entire state. Application of future climate change scenarios to the model inputs indicated shifts of varying magnitude from snow‐dominated to rain‐dominated flow classes. Lastly, a geomorphic classification was developed using a digital elevation model (DEM) and climatic data to assign stream segments as either dominantly able or unable to migrate, which was cross‐tabulated with the flow types to produce a 14‐tier hydrogeomorphic classification. The hydrogeomorphic classification provides a framework upon which empirical flow alteration–ecological response relationships can subsequently be developed using ecological information collected throughout the region. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THINKING LIKE A FISH: A KEY INGREDIENT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE FISH PASSAGE FACILITIES AT RIVER OBSTRUCTIONS
Authors: Williams J. G. , Armstrong G. , Katopodis C. , Larinier M. , Travade F. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTWorldwide, obstructions on watercourses have interfered with migratory pathways of fish species, reducing life‐cycle success and often eliminating diadromous fish species altogether from river basins. Over the last century, efforts to mitigate these effects were initially directed at developing fishways for upstream, high‐value migrant adult salmon. In more recent years, efforts have turned to developing fishways for other species. Results of past research suggest that the development of effective fishways requires biological knowledge of fish behaviour when encountering variable flows, velocity and turbulence, combined with hydraulic and civil engineering knowledge and expertise to develop facilities that provide appropriate hydraulic conditions that fish will exploit. Further, it often requires substantial financial resources for biological and hydraulic testing as well as engineering design, particularly where prior knowledge of the behaviour of target fish species does not exist. Where biological or engineering knowledge (or both) is absent, development of effective passage facilities must take on a trial and error approach that will almost certainly require years to attain success. Evaluations of existing adult and juvenile fish passage facilities, where they have been carried out, suggest that migrant fish reject areas with hydraulic conditions they determine unsuitable. Even well designed fish ladders or nature‐like bypass channels for upstream migrants, even those with good attraction flows, will fail if incorrectly sited. Although progress has been made, developing successful installations for downstream migrants remains much more difficult, probably because downstream fish move with the flow and have less time to assess cues at entrances to any bypasses that they encounter. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IMPORTANCE OF TRIBUTARY STREAMS FOR RAINBOW TROUT REPRODUCTION: INSIGHTS FROM A SMALL STREAM IN GEORGIA AND A BI‐GENOMIC APPROACH
Authors: Lee D. N. , Lack J. B. , Van Den Bussche R. A. , Long J. M. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTTributaries of tailwater fisheries in the southeastern USA have been used for spawning by stocked rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), but their importance may have been underestimated using traditional fish survey methods such as electrofishing and redd counts. We used a bi‐genomic approach, mitochondrial DNA sequences and nuclear microsatellite loci, to estimate the number of spawning adults in one small tributary (Cabin Creek) of the Chattahoochee River, Georgia, where rainbow trout are known to spawn and have successful recruitment. We extracted and analysed DNA from seven mature male rainbow trout and four juveniles that were captured in February 2006 in Cabin Creek and from 24 young‐of‐year (YOY) trout that were captured in April 2006. From these samples, we estimated that 24 individuals were spawning to produce the amount of genetic variation observed in the juveniles and YOY, although none of the mature males we sampled were indicated as sires. Analysis of the mitochondrial D‐loop region identified four distinct haplotypes, suggesting that individuals representing four maternal lineages contributed to the offspring. Our analyses indicated that many more adults were spawning in this system than previously estimated with direct count methods and provided insight into rainbow trout spawning behavior. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suppression of nonsense mutations as a therapeutic approach to treat genetic diseases
Authors: Keeling Kim M. , Bedwell David M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSuppression therapy is a treatment strategy for genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations. This therapeutic approach utilizes pharmacological agents that suppress translation termination at in‐frame premature termination codons (PTCs) to restore translation of a full‐length, functional polypeptide. The efficiency of various classes of compounds to suppress PTCs in mammalian cells is discussed along with the current limitations of this therapy. We also elaborate on approaches to improve the efficiency of suppression that include methods to enhance the effectiveness of current suppression drugs and the design or discovery of new, more effective suppression agents. Finally, we discuss the role of nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay (NMD) in limiting the effectiveness of suppression therapy, and describe tactics that may allow the efficiency of NMD to be modulated in order to enhance suppression therapy. WIREs RNA 2011 2 837–852 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.95Correction added on July 13 2011, after first online publication. Figure 5 was incorrect and has been replaced.This article is categorized under:

Translation > Translation Mechanisms
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in the Management of Post‐thyroidectomy Tracheomalacia
Authors: Chi Shun‐Yu , Wu Shih‐Chung , Hsieh Kun‐Chou , Sheen‐Chen Shyr‐Ming , Chou Fong‐Fu 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackgroundPost‐thyroidectomy tracheomalacia is a rare but complicated problem. It has often been treated with tracheostomy or prolonged endotracheal intubation. However, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) has been successfully employed with increasing frequency in patients with respiratory failure from other causes. In the present study we describe the use of NPPV in the management of respiratory distress in patients with post‐thyroidectomy tracheomalacia.MethodsAll 606 patients who underwent thyroidectomy in Chung Gung Memorial Hospital – Kaohsiung Medical Center, Taiwan, from January 2009 to August 2010 were reviewed. If tracheomalacia was diagnosed intraoperatively, the patients were left intubated and taken to the intensive care unit (ICU) (n = 5). If tracheomalacia was diagnosed in the recovery room (stridor and airway compromise not from other causes), the patient was reintubated promptly and taken to the ICU (n = 4). When subsequently re‐extubated in the ICU (24–72 h later), NPPV was used to treat recurrent stridor and airway compromise.ResultsA total of nine patients (1.5 %) were diagnosed with post‐thyroidectomy tracheomalacia, five intraoperatively and four postoperatively. The patients were intubated with an endotracheal tube and then taken to the ICU. After early re‐extubation in the ICU, three of the patients with intraoperatively diagnosed tracheomalacia were found not to have respiratory problems, whereas the other six patients developed stridor and airway compromise, which resolved immediately with the initiation of NPPV. Hemoglobin oxygen saturation on pulse oximetry was also elevated. No further respiratory support was required and no complications occurred in these patients.ConclusionsNoninvasive positive pressure ventilation is effective and appears safe in the management of stridor and airway compromise following early extubation in patients with post‐thyroidectomy tracheomalacia.
A bootstrap method for testing equality of peak months
Authors: Okamura Hiroshi , Takasuka Akinori 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWhen ecological traits differ seasonally among biological groups, environmental adaptation is expected. However, current analytical methods for such seasonal data ignore the circular nature of data and therefore are likely to be flawed. We propose a simple bootstrap hypothesis test which statistically quantifies the presence/absence of differences in peak months for multiple groups taking the circular nature of the data into account. The test is based on a robust distribution‐free method. Simulations showed that the test gives a satisfactory performance. The test is illustrated using data for anchovy and sardine egg abundances in the western North Pacific.
Positive and negative impacts of insect frass quality on soil nitrogen availability and plant growth
Authors: Kagata Hideki , Ohgushi Takayuki 
Published: July 2011

AbstractFrass deposition to soil is an important pathway by which herbivorous insects impact decomposition and soil nutrient availability. However, little is known about how frass quality influences ecosystem properties. Here, we examined the effects of frass quality on the decomposition process, soil nitrogen (N) availability, and plant growth, using frass of Mamestra brassicae (L.) that fed on fertilized or unfertilized Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis Bailey. The frass quality was largely dependent on the host plant quality. Frass excreted by larvae that fed on the fertilized plants had higher N than that of larvae that fed on the unfertilized plants. The decomposition rate of the frass did not differ between N‐rich and N‐poor frass, except during the early decomposition period. The inorganic N concentration decreased during decomposition in both frass types. However, difference in the initial inorganic N concentration led to different consequences regarding soil N availability. Furthermore, addition of frass to the soil differently influenced the growth of B. rapa plants depending on the frass quality: plant biomass was increased by N‐rich frass addition but decreased by N‐poor frass addition, compared to the biomass without frass addition. These results indicate that frass quality is an important factor in determining the impact of herbivorous insects on nutrient dynamics, and that frass positively or negatively influences soil N availability and plant growth, depending on its quality.
Collagen atomic scale molecular disorder in ochronotic cartilage from an alkaptonuria patient, observed by solid state NMR
Authors: Chow Wing Ying , Taylor Adam M. , Reid David G. , Gallagher James A. , Duer Melinda J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn pilot studies of the usefulness of solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in characterizing chemical and molecular structural effects of alkaptonuria on connective tissue, we have obtained 13 C spectra from articular cartilage from an AKU patient. An apparently normal anatomical location yielded a cross polarization magic angle spinning spectrum resembling literature spectra and dominated by collagen and glycosaminoglycan signals. All spectral linewidths from strongly pigmented ochronotic cartilage however were considerably increased relative to the control indicating a marked increase in collagen molecular disorder. This disordering of cartilage structural protein parallels, at the atomic level, the disordering revealed at higher length scales by microscopy. We also demonstrate that the abnormal spectra from ochronotic cartilage fit with the abnormality in the structure of collagen fibres at the ultrastructural level, whereby large ochronotic deposits appear to alter the structure of the collagen fibre by invasion and cross linking. Summary: Increased signal linewidths in solid state NMR spectra of ochronotic articular cartilage from an AKU patient relative to linewidths in normal, control, cartilage reveals a marked decrease in collagen molecular order in the diseased tissue. This atomic level disordering parallels higher length scale disorder revealed by microscopic techniques.
Detecting and cleaning outliers for robust estimation of variogram models in insect count data
Authors: Park Jung‐Joon , Shin Key‐Il , Lee Joon‐Ho , Lee Sung Eun , Lee Woo‐Kyun , Cho Kijong 
Published: July 2011

AbstractOutlier detection and cleaning procedures were evaluated to estimate mathematical restricted variogram models with discrete insect population count data. Because variogram modeling is significantly affected by outliers, methods to detect and clean outliers from data sets are critical for proper variogram modeling. In this study, we examined spatial data in the form of discrete measurements of insect counts on a rectangular grid. Two well‐known insect pest population data were analyzed; one data set was the western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande) on greenhouse cucumbers and the other was the greenhouse whitefly,Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood) on greenhouse cherry tomatoes. A spatial additive outlier model was constructed to detect outliers in both the isolated and patchy spatial distributions of outliers, and the outliers were cleaned with the neighboring median cleaner. To analyze the effect of outliers, we compared the relative nugget effects of data cleaned of outliers and data still containing outliers after transformation. In addition, the correlation coefficients between the actual and predicted values were compared using the leave‐one‐out cross‐validation method with data cleaned of outliers and non‐cleaned data after unbiased back transformation. The outlier detection and cleaning procedure improved geostatistical analysis, particularly by reducing the nugget effect, which greatly impacts the prediction variance of kriging. Consequently, the outlier detection and cleaning procedures used here improved the results of geostatistical analysis with highly skewed and extremely fluctuating data, such as insect counts.
Microfungal diversity associated with Kindbergia oregana in successional forests of British Columbia
Authors: Osono Takashi , Trofymow John A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSpecies richness and species composition of microfungi associated with Oregon beaked moss (Kindbergia oregana) were studied at two forest chronosequences on southeast Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The purposes were to investigate the effects of clear‐cutting and the transformation of old‐growth forests into secondary forests on microfungi and the succession of microfungi in relation to long‐term stand development. Green and brown parts of moss were collected from the forest floor of Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands of four age classes: post‐harvest regeneration (13–14 years), immature (50–51 years), and mature (85–101 years) stands, and a control old‐growth (296–324 years) stand, and used for the isolation of microfungi. A total of 49 microfungal species were recorded. Study site, stand age, and moss parts significantly affected the species richness and species composition of microfungi. The species richness of microfungi was significantly greater on brown than on green moss parts and lower in post‐harvest regenerations than in forest stands of the other age classes. The species composition of major microfungal species changed gradually along the seral stages. Possible environmental and biological factors that could account for the succession of microfungi were discussed.