bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Communitarian governance in social enterprises
Authors: Ridley‐Duff Rory 
Published: August 2010

PurposePrevailing concepts of corporate governance that are based on external shareholder interests have been challenged by a number of authors over the last three decades. The purpose of this paper is to outline the core assumptions of communitarian philosophy and values, together with the way writers imagine these might be enacted in a social enterprise context. These assumptions are then explored using two case studies.Design/methodology/approachThe paper was conducted using participatory action research which involves parties examining current actions together and seeking to improve on them. The value of this approach is based on the plausible, authentic and critical insights it generates into management practice.FindingsCase evidence suggests that companies are able to adopt and operate effectively while deploying communitarian values and that these values lead to alternative business objectives expressed through new forms of corporate governance. Nevertheless, the adopting of common language does not necessarily mean that social enterprises share a common philosophy.Originality/valueThe key contribution of this paper is to evaluate the institutionalisation of governance and consider the relationship between the form and substance of practice. By considering the link between words and actions, the paper concludes that the adoption of a governance framework, or particular language, matters less than the capacity of company members to participate in the development of governance norms that enable them to act congruently with their own beliefs and values.
How can co‐operative banks spread the spirit of co‐operation in deprived communities?
Authors: Nakagawa Sachiko , Laratta Rosario 
Published: August 2010

PurposeIn recent years, Japanese co‐operative banks have been attracting new interest among academics and the population generally as institutions through which deprived communities can be revitalized. They have been shown to be capable of promoting both social co‐operation and economical development through the financing of new social enterprises by investments coming mainly from local residents and existing social organizations. This paper aims to address the central questions of what Japanese co‐operative banks can do to encourage co‐operation among local residents and social enterprises so that they willingly invest their money in the development of their local community.Design/methodology/approachIn order to explore these questions, two Japanese co‐operative banks are compared by means of a questionnaire survey and semi‐structured interviews with their investors and boards of directors. The main reason for focusing this investigation on these two banks was that despite the similarity of their political, economical and demographical backgrounds, one of them showed a steady growth in local investment while the other failed to produce a similar level of local engagement.FindingsThe findings of the paper clearly demonstrated that when a co‐operative bank acts as “community organizer”, undertaking tasks which are outside its usual sphere of activities as financier, and its board includes members of the social enterprise sector, its positive impact on community development is more effective. However, it also became clear that a vital feature of this kind of endeavour is the utilization of expertise derived from members of the local community.Originality/valueThe paper makes an important contribution to the understanding of co‐operative banks as community organizers. Its originality lies primarily in the fact that it was the first time that this type of research has been conducted on Japanese co‐operative banks.
Uncertainty, risk preference, and new‐venture strategies
Authors: Storrud‐Barnes Susan F. , Reed Richard , Jessup Leonard M. 
Published: August 2010

PurposeConventional wisdom holds that the difference between entrepreneurs and managers is large, while uncertainty and risk are virtually interchangeable. Uncertainty and risk are treated as separate constructs and then real‐options thinking and prospect theory are drawn upon to determine how they affect the actions of entrepreneurs and managers. The purpose of this paper is to determine specifically, how the above constructs interact to affect the strategies entrepreneurs and managers are likely to adopt when undertaking new ventures.Design/methodology/approachThe research uses deductive theorizing to build a theoretical model.FindingsContrary to conventional wisdom, it is concluded that the difference between entrepreneurs and managers is less than believed, while the effect of the difference between uncertainty and risk is larger. It is determined that entrepreneurs and managers use similar strategies when faced with similar conditions of uncertainty and when they have similar risk preferences. When environmental uncertainty is low, risk‐seeking entrepreneurs and managers will prefer licensing, whereas the risk averse will prefer wholly owned new ventures. When environmental uncertainty is neither high nor low, both risk‐averse and risk‐seeking entrepreneurs and managers will prefer alliances. When environmental uncertainty is high, risk‐averse entrepreneurs and managers will prefer licensing, whereas risk seekers will prefer wholly owned.Originality/valueBy separating uncertainty and risk, this research is able to show how their interactions become the drivers of strategic decisions by entrepreneurs and managers. This is new to the literature, and the work thus reveals an opportunity for further sophistication of strategy theory and an opportunity to reduce the barriers between theory on entrepreneurship and management theory.
Innovation in management system by Six Sigma: an empirical study of world‐class companies
Authors: Azis Yudi , Osada Hiroshi 
Published: August 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the effectiveness of Six Sigma as an innovation tool in management system. In this regard, the comprehensive impact of Six Sigma is provided based on Osada's management system model in terms of driver, enabler, and performance. Then, the causal relationship diagram is drawn among critical success factors to show how Six Sigma innovates the management system. Finally, the comparison between Six Sigma and total quality management (TQM) is discussed to reveal the strength of Six Sigma as an innovation tool in management system.Design/methodology/approachAn empirical study of world‐class companies was undertaken. Several of the companies were analyzed intensively namely Sony and Du Pont by interviewing and circulating questionnaires to the key actors of Six Sigma.FindingsThe paper confirms that Six Sigma has a positive and comprehensive impact on changing the management system. Six Sigma has been harmonizing and synergizing people and processes by establishing a clear linkage among critical factors. This linkage, as a critical strength in innovation, is described by a causal relationships diagram using the system dynamics principle. By comparing with TQM, this paper has identified that Six Sigma has additional features named as disseminating commitment and sustaining spirit.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest that Six Sigma can potentially be used as an innovation tool for leveraging organizational performance. This paper provides a comprehensive perspective on how Six Sigma should be perceived and implemented to gain maximum potential. Hence, this paper is expected to provide a significant contribution to academia and practitioners in understanding the application of Six Sigma.Originality/valueThe paper analyzes the impact of Six Sigma in a more organized approach than previous report. This approach categorizes the impact based on driver, enabler, and performance through an empirical study. Additionally, the relationship diagram and the comparison between Six Sigma and TQM are established in this paper. It is believed that such study is rarely published in academic journals.
A Case of Diabetic Coma with Renal Insufficiency.
Authors: MÖRDRE S. KJELLAND 
Published: August 2010

Resumé.A woman, 22 years of age, was admitted to hospital with diabetic coma and died after 24 hours.There was no certain information about any previous kidney or bladder disease.For a fortnight before admission she was ailing with pains in the abdomen and thirst, but no definite fever.She was comatose when admitted.She had severe hyperglycæmia (0.9%, Hagedorn and Normann Jensen's method), urea retention (2.57%) and acidosis of the blood (v. Slyke, 20.7%), slight albuminaria, marked glycosuria (4% by polarimeter), and absent Gerhardt's reaction and acidosis of the urine, and also greatly diminished excretion of phenol‐sulphone‐phthalein.The possibility of diabetes complicated by nephritis or merely a »diabetic kidney» is here discussed as the cause of the clinical picture.
Nephritis Caused by Tuberculosis.
Authors: Holten Cai 
Published: August 2010

ResuméThe following main conclusions mya be drawn from this investigation into the non‐specific inflammations of the kidney in tuberculosis:

Haemorrhagic nephritis.

insular nephritis.
glomerular nephritis.

Amyloid inflitration with or without oedema and with or without other disturbances of function.
Combination of both 1) and 2) in which, however, the haemorrhagic nephritis is transient.
Temporary albuminuria the significance and origin of which are not clear.
Contracted Kidney; probably very rare.
Specific tuberculous changes as a complication of amyloid disease.

Haemorrhagic nephritis occurs in all the stages of phthisis. It is probably due to the presence of tubercle bacilli in the kidneys. Its prognosis is dependent upon the progress of the phthisis, since it is usually benign itself. It often occurs after pleurisy (dry and exudative) and haemoptysis. Functional disturbances are, as a rule, slight.
The amyloid kidnkey comprises those cases previously described as parenchymatous nephritis. It is only found in the 3rd stage. Its clinical course is variable and distict from the nephroses. It only rarely leads to absolute renal insufficiency but frequently to hyposthenuria which is found simultaneously with the discovery of the albuminmuria or develops later. In nearly all the cases of amyloid kidney diminished power of dilution and excretion of water are found. Oedema is present in about half the cases but to a marked degree only in a small number. Fatty degeneration is far from constant amyloid kidney. Microscopic amyloid infiltration is often seen where it cannot be demonstrated macroscopically.
Amyloid disease is the commonest non‐specific renal complication of tuberculosis. Then comes haemorhagic nephritis, the other forms being rare.

This work was carried out at the suggestin of Dr. Würtzen who has very kindly given me advice and afforded me every facilityi during its course, for which I am greatly indebted to him. I also have to thank him and Dr. Tobiesen for the readiness with which they placed the extensive material of the $oSresund Hospital at my disposal.
Further Contributions to the Problem of the Function of the Parathyroid Glands and the Pathogenesis of true Epilepsy
Authors: Bisgaard Axel 
Published: August 2010

Résumé

Ink parathyroid insufficiency conditons in man and animals dysregulation occurs, The latter can thus be emplotyed to detect insufficiency of the glands.
No difference could be demonstrated between the dysregulation in parathyroid insufficinecy and the other cases investigated. Experiments with substitution therapy using parathyroid extract showed a perceptible orthoregulating effect in all cases (the dog excepted), and the negative or paradoxical reaction to the introduction of acid has also been identical in epilepsy, »dysregulation», and post‐oprative tetany. This group of disease therefore, seems in this point to have the same pathological basis.
By means of the acid administration test thereis a possibility of measuring the strength of the regulatory mechanism or the capacity of the parathyroid glands.
Parathyroid tablets (Armour's) proved to be inactive even in doses of as many as 50 tablets daily by the mouth. Nor was a subcutaneous injection of thyroid and liver extract and physiological NaCl solution active.
Ergot fluid extract in rising doses (up to 110 drops × 4) produced tetany and dysregulatin in 2 cases which disappeared again after the ergot was stopped. Adrenalin in doses of 1 mg. subcutaneously every other hour for 5 days had no effect on the regulation.
It may be assumed that the parathyroids have an internal secretion forming a parahormone which has a regulating action in NH3 metabolism.
Etudes sur l'achylie neurogéne et cellulaire.
Authors: Thomsen Elnar 
Published: August 2010

RésuméLa cholécystectomie (de même que la néphrectomie et la splénectomie) ne diminue pas les capcités sécrétoires de l'estomac.L'intoxication d'un chien par le corps thyroïde produit certaines destructions cellulaires et de l'hypochylie, mais cesse, les glandes gastriques reprennent leur fonctionnement (fig. 7).Les injections de toxine diphtéritique produisent une violente inflammation de la muqueuse gastrique; il s'y joint des lésions des cellules glandulaires et une achylie gastrique totale (fig. 8). Toutefois, l'épithélium cylindrique de la surface demeukre indemne.Par l'intoxication alcoolique on produit également chez le chien une gastrite aiguë, mais d'un caractère moins violent. On peut la transformer peu à peu à peu en une gastrite chornique avec hypochylie. L'affection est l'objet d'examens attentifs aux différents stades de son évolution. Quand les glandes gastriques cessent de fonctionner, ellesmontrent presque les même détails cellulaires qu'après la section des vaues.L'auteur compare enfin des préparations empruntées à des estomaces humains, atteints d'hypochylie et d'achylie, avec ses résultats expérimentaux (fig. 9, 10 et 11).
Untersuchungen über die Prognose der Scharlachnephritis.
Authors: Hansborg. Harald 
Published: August 2010

Resumé284 Individuen, die eine Scarlatinanephritis 1 bis 10 Jahre vorher durchgemacht haben, sind mit Hinblick auf ein Nierenleiden nachuntersucht worden.Bei 23 wurde orthostatische Albuminurie festgestellt. Die Unabhängigkeit derselben von der Scarlatinanephritis wird bestätigt.Bei 1 Pt. wird eine chronische Nephritis nachgewiesen, die doch nicht eine folge von Scarlatinanephritis zu seink Scheint.Bei 259 Patienten wird bei Nachuntersuchung überhaupt kein Anzeichen eines Nierenleidens gefunden.Bei einzelnen derselben hielt die Albuminurie 1‐3 Jahre nach der Scarlatinanephritis an, um dann zu schwinden.Nur bei 1. Patienten wurde eine andauernde Albuminurie, durch 5 Jahre beobachtet, vorgefunden. Die Albuminurie war stets das einzigste Symptom, und ganz überwiegend von der linken Niere stammend.
»La combustion spontanée» dans les œuvres littéraires ou scientifiques.
Authors: JOSEPHSON C. D. 
Published: August 2010

Résumé.Dans la littérature médicale du XVII:ème—XIX:ème siècle on trouve une cinquantaine de cas de soi‐disant combustion spontanée. Ce terme signifie une combustion totale ou presque totale du corps d'un alcoolique, soit qu'on croie à un embrasement tout‐à‐fait spontané, soit qu'on admette une inflammation des gaz expiratoires, saturés de spiritueux, ou celle de la peau et des chairs, imbibés d'alcool, par un feu (chandelle allumée, pipe) placé au voisinage immédiat du sujet. On s'imaginait que l'individu pouvait ainsi être consumé au point qu'il n'en restât qu'un petit tas de cendres. Ce feu avait encore des propriétés extraordinaires; il ne pouvait pas être éteint par de l'eau (excepté peutêtre de l'eau bénite ou du purin) et il n'incendiait pas les objets entourants le sujet, comme le plancher, les parois, le mobilier etc. de la chambre. La suie de ce feu était, elle aussi, d'un caractère spécial.En 1848, une cour d'assises allemande eut à juger une affaire de meurtre avec incendie volontaire, ce dernier ayant pour but d'effacer les vestiges du crime. L'expertise conclut d'abord à une combustion s'pontanée. La cour cependant nomma une commission scientifique, formée de savants de premier ordre, pour élucider la question. Cette commission montra avec une pleine evidence que la combustion spontanée était absolument contraire aux lois de la nature et qu'il n'y fallait voir qu'une invention de l'esprit sans le moindre fondement de vérité. Après cette époque on n'entend plus parler de la c. s. dans la littérature médicale (sauf une fois, en 1870).Avant comme après cette époque on recontre dans les œuvres d'imagination des récits de combustion spontanée, car les romanciers trouvèrent le sujet d'un intérêt extraordinaire. En 1834, Marryat, dans son roman, Jacob Faithful, fait périr ainsi la mère de Jacob. Dickens, dans son roman Bleak House, de 1852, laisse un vieux alcoolique, le chiffonier Mr Krook, prendre feu spontanément et mourir de la même mort. Ces deux auteurs décrivent seulement le résultat final et l'impression produite sur l'entourage. Zola au contraire, en sa qualité de naturalists convaincu, donne, dans son roman Le Docteur Pascal, une description détaillée de la marche du procès, à propos de la combustion totale d'un vieux alcoolique. Dans leur details, la situation et le résultat sont chez Zola presque identiques à ceux de Mr Krook chez Dickens. En tous cas les trois auteurs précités ne laissent sub‐sister en fin de compte qu'un petit tas de cendres. Il y a pourtant une différence: chez Marryat et Dickens il s'agit d'une combustion tout à fait spontanée, Zola se montre plus moderne et mieux documenté: Macquart, plongé dans la stupeur alcoolique, brûle après avoir pris feu par le moyen de sa pipe allumée.Désormais, sans doute, les actes de la combustion spontanée sont clos dans la littérature romanesque, comme ils le sont depuis longtemps déjà dans la littérature scientifique.
Combination of chemo‐therapy and treatment by collapse in pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Gravesen Johs. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe speaker emphasized the patho‐anatomical changes in which every specific chemical method as the sole therapeutic agent must prove insufficient, namely the definitely fibrotic phthisical cases with more pronounced destructive changes and such massive foci of exudative nature, the central parts of which are more or less doomed to destruction. In the case of such processes the sanocrysin may bring about a mitigation in the disease, though this mitigation may quite well lead to enlargement of an already existing cavity — or to the formation of a new one — clearly demonstrated by several clinical cases. According to the speaker's opinion, it should be emphasized that the justifiability of sanocrysin to be considered a specific for a disease of such manifold varieties as tuberculosis, should be determined only by the extent to which it was able to cure a more or less limited acute tuberculous affection. That this is the case of choibe was demonstrated by a number of cases. When it has proved capable of doing this, the next step would be to enlarge its usefulness and to combine it with such therapeutic means which have proved to be valuable in cases of anatomical changes, where sterilization alone cannot be expected to bring about complete recovery. A number of cases were demonstrated, the X‐ray pictures of which showed the various reasons for, and the possibilities and results of combining sanocrysin treatment with the different methods of collapse (artificial pneumothorax, thoracoplasty, etc.). By te aid of about sixty pictures thrown on the screen, the different forms of these two co‐operating methods of treatment were demonstrated. The speaker, in conclusion, pointed out the importance of planning the treatment for each case in such a way as to secure a direct inter‐action between the two principles involved and, by correct « dosage » of the two forms of treatment, effecting the least possible functional disturbance and the best possible result. In the experience of the speaker the two forms of treatment, so far from causing each other difficulties, were quite often of mutual assistance, even where they in particular cases were used simultaneously.
Du Calcium du Sang
Authors: Salvesen H.‐A. 
Published: August 2010

RÉSUMÉC'est la glandule parathyroïdienne quil règie le taux du calcium dans le sang (1); une insufflsance parathyroïdienne se manifeste par une diminution du calcium du sang. Mais d'une diminution du calcium du sang on ne peut conclure à une insufflsance parathyroïdienne, car il est deux autres facteurs qui peuvent influencer le calcium du sang. Ce sont:

°Les matières albuminoïdes du plasma. l'auteur et le Dr Linder (2) ont montré que la diminution des albuminoïdes du plasma qu'on observe dans la néphrose et dans la néphrite détermine une diminution du calcium du sang. II est vraisemblable que c'est le calcium le moins actif qui subit la diminution; de la sorte il ne se produit pas de lélanie. Cette diminution du calcium n'est pas influencée par une médication calcique. II est faux de prétendre (Zondek) que la diminution du calcium dans les maladies de reins ne survient que quand ill existe en mêne temps une insuffisance rénale, car cette forme d'abaissement du taux du calcium apparait le plus souvent dans la néphrose, où il n'existe pas d'insuffisance résale;
°l'administration de phosphates. De même que Hastings et Mc Intosh (3), l'auteur a provoqué des convulsions tétaniques typiques chez le chien normal, en administrant de grosses doses de phosphates par voie buccale. Les convulsions sont dues à l'abaissement du calcium et disparaissent complètement avec une mêdication calcique. Le fort abaissement du calcium dans l'urémie est dû à une augmentation des phosphates du sang.l'auteur émet l'opinion que la tétanie des enfants est due à un facteur endogène, notamment à une insuffisance parathyroïdienne relative, à laquelle s'ajoute un facteur exogène, celui‐ci agissant par une absorption exagérée de phosphates résultant de l'alimentation artificielle (lait de vache), ainsi que l'a signalé Jeppson (4).
Ueber die Patogenese des Filtrationsödems
Authors: Iversen Pout , Nakazawa Fusakichi 
Published: August 2010

Zusammenfassung:

Wir haben die Beobachtungen Hagedorn's Rasmussen's und Rehberg's bestätigt, dass man bei Nephrosepatienten mit Ödeme derart geringe Tc Werte findet, dass dies allein ein Filtra‐tionsödem erklären kann.
Bei akuter Albuminurie stellten wir auch einen Fall von kolloidosmotischem Druck fest, der genügend gross ist, um die Entstehung des Ödems zu erklären.
Bei beiden Patientgruppen muss man vermuten, dass die Albuminu‐rie von grosser patogenetischer Bedeutung ist.
Wo Th nicht pathologisch erhöht ist, wird man Ödem der unterea Oliedmassen bei Tc niedriger als 240 bekommen können.
Bei Pt. mit Herzödem ist es bewiesen, dass stets eine Herabsetzung von Tc. besteht, diese kann sehr gering oder sehr gross sein.
Es ist verwahrscheinlicht worden, dass die Stasis‐Albuminurie bei Herzinsuffizienz eine Rolle fur diese Herabsetzung von Tc. spielt.
Die Herabsetzung von Tc kann so gross sein, dass sie in sich selbst zur Genüge die Entstehung der Ödeme erklärt, in alien Fällen spielt aber die Vermehrung des Th die von schlechtem Kreislauf her‐stammt, eine bedeutende Rolle, und ist in einigen Fällen notwendig.
Trc im Ham ist am grössten, wenn die Albuminurie am niedrigsten ist, ein Umstand, dem grosse Bedeutung beigemessen wird