bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An International Survey of Small-Crack Research
Authors: Hamm RW , Johnson WS 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A survey was conducted to determine the comment state of international research on small cracks. The survey consisted inquiries regarding the nature of the research, the materials studied,, the applications of the investigators' research, the smallest crack size monitored, the techniques used to monitor crack growth, the testing environment, the surface conditioning/preparation, and the models to predict crack growth. Survey participants were also asked to identify problem areas they were addressing with their research and other important unresolved questions regarding small cracks.
The results of the survey show that a wide range of materials, including metallics composites, rock, and bone, are currently under investigation for both basic research purposes and for particular applications. Researchers are able to monitor cracks smaller than I µm in length using one of or combinations of several different techniques.
Many crack growth models are being used to predict crack growth in these materials. The absence of a single unified crack growth model stems from the fact that the small-crack regime encompasses several different classifications, including microstructurally small cracks and mechanically small cracks. Each type of crack grows differently, thus requiring a different treatment.
Dynamic Calibration of Impact Test Instruments
Authors: Toropov AI , Grosso M 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper proposes a new dynamic calibration procedure of the force measuring system used in instrumented impact test apparatus. The method involves calculation of the force calibration factor on the basis of energy values obtained executing the Charpy or Izod test for a pendulum device and on the basis of velocity measurements in a rebound test for the falling dart impact apparatus. The procedure is simple, quick, and has the advantage that calibration is performed under the same dynamic conditions as in a test itself. Moreover, it does not require any additional equipment other than that used for conventional impact test execution: an impact device, an instrumented tup, and a data acquisition system.
The Applicability of ASTM Standard Test Specimens to Fracture and Fatigue Crack Growth of Discontinuous-Fiber Composites
Authors: Salivar GC , Goree JG 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A round-robin test program was performed to investigate the applicability of ASTM Standards E 399-90 and E 647-95a to discontinuous-fiber reinforced composite materials. Specifically, several standard test specimen geometries (the compact specimen, C(T), the bend specimen, SE(B), and the middle-tension specimen, M(T)) were investigated for use with 15 wt% SiC whisker-reinforced 2009 aluminum. E 399 fracture toughness tests showed that the compact specimen, C(T), does not provide useful data when the crack is oriented perpendicular to the whisker alignment direction (LT), Out-of-plane cracking with crack angles up to 60° was observed that resulted in invalid tests. The C(T) specimen did provide useful data when the crack was oriented parallel to the whisker alignment direction (TL). The SE(B) specimen had no problems with out-of-plane cracking and provided valid data in the E 399 tests.
The C(T) specimen was not useful in the E 647 fatigue crack growth rate tests in the LT orientation unless the specimens were side-grooved to maintain an in-plane crack. There were no problems with out-of-plane cracking in the C(T) specimen when it was used to text the TL orientation. The M(T) specimen maintained in-plane cracks and provided valid data in either the LT or the TL orientation tests.
X-ray Piping Diagnostic System
Authors: Kajiwara G 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A diagnostic system was developed to cope with aged piping in a building. Working space and time is limited in a building, so X-rays were selected as the medium of inspection, and film was chosen as a detector. The method of calculating the thickness from the density of the film was studied, and a method to compare piping to be inspected with standard pipe and to determine thickness using an approximate curve was developed. The system was used for several hundred measurements. Error was found to be less than 10%.
Influence of X-Radiation on Behavior of Strain Gages
Authors: Palma ES , Lourenço OR , Gomes PTV 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In this paper the performance of resistance strain gages in a radiation environment is examined. Values of apparent strain are measured by strain gages mounted on two kinds of backing materials (polyester and polyimide) as a function of X-ray flux. A comparison of the behavior of both types of strain gages is presented and discussed.
Effect of Vibration as a Cause of Leakage in Aluminum Beer Cans in Palletized Loads
Authors: Paul Singh S , Gorzynski M 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This study investigated the effect of transport vibration on the number of leakers produced in aluminum beer cans. Two different types of can bottom profiles (2D and 3A) were tested. The cans were packaged in corrugated trays and paperboard cartons. The effect of double stacking versus single stacking was also tested. The results showed that the highest number of leakers was produced in the 3A can bottom profile, when packaged in corrugated trays and double stacked two pallets high. There was no significant effect of can location within a layer on the number of leakers.
Dissipated Energy of Composite Materials—Part I: Cyclic Dynamic Stress
Authors: Bledzki AK , Gassan J 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This paper presents a method for the estimation of the vibratory fatigue strength of composite materials that is based on the accumulated dissipated energy. The accumulated dissipated energy was measured with a special measuring technique, which is able to catch quasi-continuously the mechanical properties of the tested samples. The curves of the accumulated dissipated energy were approximated with an equation that includes several parameters. These parameters were identified for experiments with different types of load and for samples with different contents of micropores. For samples that reach more than 106 load cycles, the accumulated dissipated energy in one-load-stage tests is a linear function. With this, the fatigue limit of the samples can be predicted.
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Functionally Graded Materials
Authors: Marur PR , Tippur HV 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
An experimental technique for evaluating the elastic properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs) is proposed. Ultrasonic pulse-echo measurements in conjunction with elastic impact testing permit determination of Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and the mass density of the material and its longitudinal variation. The details of the formulation of the technique and the implementation issues are discussed in this paper. These techniques have been applied successfully to evaluate the properties of a model functionally graded material.
Measurement of Fatigue-Creep Dynamic Back Stress and Strain Rate Equation of a Fe-Ni-Cr Alloy
Authors: He Q , Chen G , Zhang S 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A new testing method for measurement of dynamic back stress for fatigue-creep interaction with predominant creep at high mean stress is developed according to the principle of dropped stress creep. A series of dropped stress creep tests were performed repeatedly until an unlimited extensive incubation with zero creep rate at a given dropped stress occurred. The stress causing zero creep rate is defined as fatigue-creep dynamic back stress. The developed method was used successfully to measure the dynamic back stress for fatigue-creep interaction with predominant creep. The dynamic effective stress could yield a better description of the strain rate equation for the fatigue-creep interaction at high mean stress. Mean stress plays a predominant role in determining fatigue-creep strain rate.
Data Acquisition and Analysis of Tensile Properties for Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Roebuck B , Lord JD , Cooper PM , McCartney LN 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Problems arise when existing standard tension tests are used for the measurement of the properties of metal matrix composites (MMCs), largely because the elastic limits in these materials are low due to intrinsic residual stresses. A new and validated data acquisition and analysis system has been developed to provide reference data for comparison with the results of two U.K. interlaboratory exercises on the tension test method for MMCs. Particular attention is paid to assessing an automatic system for calculating Young's modulus from the input data and using plots of secant or tangent modulus against stress or strain to present information on properties in a clear and succinct manner, and to methods for validating the software. The results of both interlaboratory exercises, on different types of MMCs, showed that the analysis system produced the smallest deviation from the mean.
Numerical Model of Primary Creep Deformation in a Novel Double Shear Specimen
Authors: Johnson NL , Earthman JC 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Three-dimensional finite element calculations were performed for primary creep deformation in a novel double shear specimen. Two characteristic creep behaviors were considered: one in which the stress exponent, n, is equal to 3 and another in which n is equal to 5. Both models resulted in a quasi-stationary stress state in which the principal stresses change only slightly with time while the von Mises effective stress and principal facet stress reach essentially constant values. The uniformity of this quasi-stationary stress state throughout the gage section indicates that it may be used to characterize the overall stresses driving creep deformation and damage.
Application of Surface Fabrication to Strain Measurement in Nanometer Scale with the Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Authors: Miyahara K , Matsuoka S , Nagashima N , Masuda H 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In this paper we describe the application of surface fabrication to the strain measurement in a nanometer scale with a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). In the electrical surface fabrication with the STM, hemispherical mounds whose radius and height were about 10 nm were created by applying a voltage pulse higher than 2.45 V between a gold STM tip and gold specimen. In the mechanical surface fabrication, indentations whose minimum depth was about 10 nm, were created by the contact of a conductive diamond tip with the gold specimen. The lattice of mounds or indentations was arranged in ten columns of ten rows at 45 nm pitch in the region of 450 × 450 nm. Comparing the two STM images before and after making a 50-nm-deep indentation on the lattice of small indentations, the displacement distribution was measured in the nanometer scale at each small indentation. Finally, strain distribution was calculated from the displacement distribution by using triangular elements.
Effects of Load-Distributed Width on Split Tension of Unnotched and Notched Cylindrical Specimens
Authors: Tang T 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Unnotched and notched cylinders in split tension are analyzed. The load-distributed width has been shown to affect the stress and displacement distributions. Based on finite element analysis, linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) formulas for the stress intensity factor KI, crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD), and the crack opening displacement (COD) profile for the split tension of notched cylinders are first provided in terms of load-distributed width as well as load magnitude, specimen size, and notch length. A formula expressing the effect of load-distributed width on maximum tensile stress in an unnotched cylinder is also provided.
Scoring of Precision Spur Gears
Authors: Budinski KG 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A group of manufacturing machines employed precision spur gears as the timing mechanism for machine operations. These machines had worked successfully for about ten years with little or no problems with gear wear or deterioration. When new machines were brought on line with recently made gears there were immediate problems with gear tooth scoring.
A laboratory study was conducted to determine if metallurgical conditions were related to the gear scoring. Recent gears were made from a modification of the alloy used in early gears. The new alloy had been modified to make it more resistant to softening in coating operations. Reciprocating wear tests and galling tests were conducted to compare the tribological characteristics of the old and new gear steels.
It was determined that the threshold galling stress of the gear steels was strongly dependent on the hardness. The reciprocating wear tests indicated that the wear resistance was affected by the volume fraction of hard phases in the steels. The recommended short-term solution was to alter the tempering procedure for the steel to keep Rockwell C hardness above 60; the long-term solution was to change the gear material and lubrication.
Transcriptional profiling enables molecular classification of adrenocortical tumours
Authors: Laurell Cecilia , Velázquez-Fernández David , Lindsten Kristina , Juhlin Christofer , Enberg Ulla , Geli Janos , Höög Anders , Kjellman Magnus , Lundeberg Joakim , Hamberger Bertil , Larsson Catharina , Nilsson Peter , Bäckdahl Martin 
Published: May 2009

ObjectiveTumours in the adrenocortex are common human tumours. Malignancy is however, rare, the yearly incidence being 0.5–2 per million inhabitants, but associated with a very aggressive behaviour. Adrenocortical tumours are often associated with altered hormone production with a variety of clinical symptoms. The aggressiveness of carcinomas together with the high frequency of adenomas calls for a deeper understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms and an improvement of the diagnostic possibilities.MethodsMicroarray gene expression analysis was performed in tumours of adrenocortex with emphasis on malignancy as well as hormonal activity. The sample set consisted of 17 adenomas, 11 carcinomas and 4 histological normal adrenocortexes. RNA from these was hybridised according to a reference design on microarrays harbouring 29 760 human cDNA clones. Confirmation was performed with quantitative real time-PCR and western blot analysis.ResultsUnsupervised clustering to reveal relationships between samples based on the entire gene expression profile resulted in two subclusters; carcinomas and non-cancer specimens. A large number of genes were accordingly found to be differentially expressed comparing carcinomas to adenomas. Among these were IGF2, FGFR1 and FGFR4 in growth factor signalling the most predominant and also the USP4, UBE2C and UFD1L in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Moreover, two subgroups of carcinomas were identified with different survival outcome, suggesting that survival prediction can be made on the basis of gene expression profiles. Regarding adenomas with aldosterone overproduction, OSBP and VEGFB were among the most up-regulated genes compared with the other samples.ConclusionsAdrenocortical carcinomas are associated with a distinct molecular signature apparent in their gene expression profiles. Differentially expressed genes were identified associated with malignancy, survival as well as hormonal activity providing a resource of candidate genes for an exploration of possible drug targets and diagnostic and prognostic markers.
Phenotyping and genetic studies of 357 consecutive patients presenting with premature ovarian failure
Authors: Bachelot Anne , Rouxel Agnès , Massin Nathalie , Dulon Jérome , Courtillot Carine , Matuchansky Christine , Badachi Yasmina , Fortin Anne , Paniel Bernard , Lecuru Fabrice , Lefrère-Belda Marie-Aude , Constancis Elisabeth , Thibault Elisabeth , Meduri Géri , Guiochon-Mantel Anne , Misrahi Micheline , Kuttenn Frédérique , Touraine Philippe , _ _ 
Published: May 2009

ObjectivePremature ovarian failure (POF) encompasses a heterogeneous spectrum of conditions, with phenotypic variability among patients. The etiology of POF remains unknown in most cases. We performed a global phenotyping of POF women with the aim of better orienting attempts at an etiological diagnosis.Design and methodsWe performed a mixed retrospective and prospective study of clinical, biological, histological, morphological, and genetic data relating to 357 consecutive POF patients between 1997 and 2008. The study was conducted at a reproductive endocrinology referral center.ResultsSeventy-six percent of the patients presented with normal puberty and secondary amenorrhea. Family history was present in 14% of the patients, clinical and/or biological autoimmunity in 14.3%. Fifty-six women had a fluctuating form of POF. The presence of follicles was suggested at ultrasonography in 50% of the patients, and observed in 29% at histology; the negative predictive value of the presence of follicles at ultrasonography was 77%. Bone mineral density alterations were found in 58% of the women. Eight patients had X chromosomal abnormalities other than Turner's syndrome, eight other patients evidenced FMR1 pre-mutation. Two other patients had autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 and 1.ConclusionA genetic cause of POF was identified in 25 patients, i.e. 7% of the whole cohort. POF etiology remains most often undiscovered. Novel strategies of POF phenotyping are in such content mandatory to improve the rate of POF patients for whom etiology is identified.
Binary Trait Mapping in Experimental Crosses With Selective Genotyping
Authors: Manichaikul Ani , Broman Karl W 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSelective genotyping is an efficient strategy for mapping quantitative trait loci. For binary traits, where there are only two distinct phenotypic values (e.g., affected/unaffected or present/absent), one may consider selective genotyping of affected individuals, while genotyping none or only some of the unaffecteds. If selective genotyping of this sort is employed, the usual method for binary trait mapping, which considers phenotypes conditional on genotypes, cannot be used. We present an alternative approach, instead considering genotypes conditional on phenotypes, and compare this to the more standard method of analysis, both analytically and by example. For studies of rare binary phenotypes, we recommend performing an initial genome scan with all affected individuals and an equal number of unaffecteds, followed by genotyping the full cross in genomic regions of interest to confirm results from the initial screen.
ThensdCGene Encoding a Putative C2H2-Type Transcription Factor Is a Key Activator of Sexual Development inAspergillus nidulans
Authors: Kim Hye-Ryun , Chae Keon-Sang , Han Kap-Hoon , Han Dong-Min 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe formation of the Aspergillus nidulans fruiting body is affected by a number of genetic and environmental factors. Here, the nsdC (never in sexual development) gene—encoding a putative transcription factor carrying a novel type of zinc-finger DNA-binding domain consisting of two C2H2's and a C2HC motif that are highly conserved in most fungi but not in plants or animals—was investigated. Two distinct transcripts of 2.6 and 3.0 kb were generated from nsdC. The 2.6-kb mRNA accumulated differentially in various stages of growth and development, while the level of the 3.0-kb mRNA remained relatively constant throughout the life cycle. While the deletion of nsdC resulted in the complete loss of fruiting body formation under all conditions favoring sexual development, overexpression of nsdC not only enhanced formation of fruiting bodies (cleistothecia) but also overcame inhibitory effects of certain stresses on cleistothecial development, implying that NsdC is a key positive regulator of sexual development. Deletion of nsdC also retarded vegetative growth and hyperactive asexual sporulation, suggesting that NsdC is necessary not only for sexual development but also for regulating asexual sporulation negatively. Overexpression of veA or nsdD does not rescue the failure of fruiting body formation caused by nsdC deletion. Furthermore, nsdC expression is not affected by either VeA or NsdD, and vice versa, indicating that NsdC regulates sexual development independently of VeA or NsdD.
Chemotherapy with Targeted Agents for the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Köhne Claus-Henning , Lenz Heinz-Josef 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The introduction of novel agents targeted to specific molecular features of cancer cells promises more options and marked improvements in efficacy for treatment of colon cancer. This overview of clinical studies describes the effects of administering the targeted agents bevacizumab, cetuximab, and panitumumab, also known as monoclonal antibodies, to treat metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients. All three targeted agents have been approved for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Bevacizumab has been shown to extend survival when used in combination with irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil–based chemotherapy, and the addition of cetuximab to irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil–based chemotherapy overcomes irinotecan resistance. Cetuximab and panitumumab are both efficacious among refractory mCRC patients with wild-type KRAS tumors. Other targeted agents, for example, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors erlotinib, gefitinib, sunitinib, and vatalanib (PTK787/ZK 222584), are currently in various stages of clinical development.
Beyond Monoclonal Antibodies: New Therapeutic Agents in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas
Authors: Delmonte Angelo , Ghielmini Michele , Sessa Cristiana 
Published: May 2009

Learning ObjectivesUtilize new therapeutic agents with proven efficacy in the chemotherapy- and monoclonal antibody-refractory NHL setting. Analyze the study of these new agents in lymphoma subtypes and in relation to genetic aberrations of the lymphoma. Differentiate the toxicity of these new agents from that of chemotherapy.This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.
Serum Uric Acid as a Predictor for Development of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Hovind Peter , Rossing Peter , Tarnow Lise , Johnson Richard J. , Parving Hans-Henrik 
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE
Experimental and clinical studies have suggested that uric acid may contribute to the development of hypertension and kidney disease. Whether uric acid has a causal role in the development of diabetic nephropathy is not known. The objective of the present study is to evaluate uric acid as a predictor of persistent micro- and macroalbuminuria.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This prospective observational follow-up study consisted of an inception cohort of 277 patients followed from onset of type 1 diabetes. Of these, 270 patients had blood samples taken at baseline. In seven cases, uric acid could not be determined; therefore, 263 patients (156 men) were available for analysis. Uric acid was measured 3 years after onset of diabetes and before any patient developed microalbuminuria.

RESULTS
During a median follow-up of 18.1 years (range 1.0–21.8), 23 of 263 patients developed persistent macroalbuminuria (urinary albumin excretion rate &gt;300 mg/24 h in at least two of three consecutive samples). In patients with uric acid levels in the highest quartile (&gt;249 μmol/l), the cumulative incidence of persistent macroalbumnuria was 22.3% (95% CI 10.3–34.3) compared with 9.5% (3.8–15.2) in patients with uric acid in the three lower quartiles (log-rank test, P = 0.006). In a Cox proportional hazards model with sex and age as fixed covariates, uric acid was associated with subsequent development of persistent macroalbuminuria (hazard ratio 2.37 [95% CI 1.04–5.37] per 100 μmol/l increase in uric acid level; P = 0.04). Adjustment for confounders did not change the estimate significantly.

CONCLUSIONS
Uric acid level soon after onset of type 1 diabetes is independently associated with risk for later development of diabetic nephropathy.