bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial respiratory metabolism and growth performance of lambs. II. Oxygen consumption and oxidative phosphorylation
Authors: Hiendleder S. , Herrmann M. , Waßmuth R. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryVariation in mitochondrial respiratory metabolism, and associations of mitochondrial characteristics with growth traits, were studied in Merinolandschaf (n = 31) and Rhoenschaf (n = 27) lambs, as well as their reciprocal crosses — Rhoenschaf males × Merinolandschaf females (n = 25) and Merinolandschaf males × Rhoenschaf females (n = 31). Significant genotype effects were detected for all the growth parameters studied. Genotype was also significant for succinate‐mediated state 3 respiration of liver mitochondria (p < 0.01), and approached significance for ATP production with succinate as substrate and glutamate/malate‐mediated state 3 respiration. Significant trial effects (p < 0.001) were observed for all but one of the biochemical parameters studied. Variable patterns of significant correlations between biochemical characteristics and growth traits were detected, which were linked to performance levels of purebred and crossbred lambs. These results indicate that mitochondrial genes could influence growth in lambs via mitochondrial respiratory metabolism.ZusammenfassungRespiratorischer Metabolismus von Mitochondrien and Wachstum von Lämmern. II. Sauerstoff‐verbrauch und oxidative PhosphorylierungAn Merinoland (n = 31) und Rhöhnschaflämmern (n = 27) sowie deren reziproken Kreuzungen Rhönscaf ♂ × Merinolandschaf ♀ (n = 25) und Merinolandschaf ♂ × Rhönschaf ♀ (n = 31) wurde die Variation im mitochondrialen Energiestoffwechsel untersucht und Beziehungen zwischen mitochondrialen Parametern und dem Lebendmassezuwachs ermittelt. Signifikante Genotypeffekte wurden bei alien erfaßten Wachstumsmerkmalen beobachtet. Der Effekt Genotyp war ebenfalls bei der succinatinduzierten Atraung von Lebermitochondrien signifikant (p < 0.01) und bewegte sich für die Merkmale ATP‐Produktion und Glutamat/Malat‐induzierte Atmung nahe der Signifikanzgrenze. Mit einer Ausnahme wurden für alle biochemischen Parameter hochsignifikante (p < 0.001) Untersuchungstagseffekte ermittelt. Die Muster signifikanter Korrelationen zwischen biochemischen Werten und Wachstumsmerkmalen waren uneinheitlich und vom Leistungsniveau der genetischen Gruppen abhängig. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß mitochondriale Gene Wachstumsmerkmale von Lämmern über den mitochondrialen Energiestoffwechsel beeinflussen könnten.
The inheritance of speed, stamina and other racing performance characters in the Australian Thoroughbred
Authors: Williamson S. A. , Beilharz R. G. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryIt is known that performance in Thoroughbred racing is not a single character. This study analysed horses' performances for a number of parameters which may prove useful to Thoroughbred breeders. Each horse, and subsequently each sire and dam, were given an estimate for their speed, stamina, best distance, and best track condition, and several different measures of peak performance, as well as average performance. Most of these parameters proved highly heritable, with the exception of best track condition. The most startling result was the almost 100% heritability calculated for best racing distance.If accurate estimates of values for highly heritable parameters such as these were available for all horses in a population, then breeders would be in a much better position to plan matings to obtain a horse which will compete well in a particular type of event. Given the large range of conditions in which Thoroughbreds compete, it would seem more sensible to aim at producing a horse with a specialty ability, rather than hoping to produce one which will excel in all conditions.
Genetic and environmental factors that affect the best time of Thoroughbred horses in Brazil
Authors: Mota M. D. S. , Oliveira H. N. , Silva R. G. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryOn the basis of information provided by the Brazilian Association of Race Horse Breeders, we analysed the racing performance of 947 Thoroughbred horses in races held from 1985 to 1992. The performance was evaluated using the best time of the animals. The variance component was obtained by the derivative‐free restricted maximum likelihood method, and the model used contained fixed effects of the racing month and year, sex, race track, track condition, animal age, number of competitors in race, and distance, and the random animal effect. The low heritability estimate obtained (0.12) indicates that selection based on animal phenotypic value must induce small genetic changes in this trait.ZusammenfassungDie Analyse wurde an Rennergebnissen von 947 Vollblutpferden aus den Jahren 1985 bis 1992 durchgeführt, die von der Brasilianischen Rennpferdzüchtervereinigung zur Verfügung gestellt worden waren. Die Leistung wurde an den Bestzeiten der Tiere bewertet. Varianzkomponenten wurden mittels ableitungsfreier Maximum Likelihood Methode geschätzt. Das zugrunde liegende Modell enthielt Rennmonat und‐jahr, Geschbecht, Rennbahn und deren Zustand, Tieralter, Zahl gelaufener Pferde und Distanz als fixe Wirkungen und Tiere als zufällige. Der geringe Heritabilitätswert (0.12) läßt nur geringe genetische Änderungen auf der Basis phänotypischer Selektion erwarten.
Performance of a hyperprolific rabbit line II. Maternal and growth performances
Authors: Cifre J. , Baselga M. , Garcia‐Ximénez F. , Vicente J. S. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryMaternal and growth traits of a maternal rabbit line (line H), founded selecting on hyperprolificacy, were studied. Line H was compared to line V, a maternal rabbit line with high prolificacy. There were not differences between the two lines for live litter weight at birth when the number of born alive was used as a covariate. Thus, the high prolificacy of line H has not implied any reduction in the viability of the kids at birth or during lactation. Litter weight at 21 days after parturition is superior in line H, which implies a better milk production for its does. The results in that character show how the difference with line V increases with parity order. Additionally individual growth traits were compared between the two lines. Line H showed a higher individual weaning weight than line V, in agreement of its higher maternal abilities also showed with litter weight at 21 days. There were not differences between the two lines for individual weight at the end of the fattening period or individual average daily gain during this period.ZusammenfassungLeistung fruchtbarer Kaninchenlinien. II. Maternale und WachstumsleistungenVergleich von Linie H mit einer andern fruchtbaren Linie V zeigt keine Unterschiede im Lebendgeburtsgewicht wenn Wurfgröße als Ko‐Variable verwendet wurde. Hohe Fruchtbarkeit der Linie H führte zu keiner Verschlechterung der Lebensfähigkeit der Jungen. 21‐Tage Wurfgewicht war bei Linie H höher, was auf bessere Milchproduktion hindeutet. Diese Unterschiede nahmen mit Wurffolge zu. Linie H hat auch höheres individuelles Absatzgewicht, aber während der Mastperiode war die Tageszunahme der Mastkaninchen beider Linien nicht unterschiedlich.ResumenSe estudiaron los caracteres maternales y de crecimiento de una nueva línea en conejo de carne (línea H) fundada mediante un esquema de selección por hiperprolificidad. Esta línea se compar con la línea V, una línea de aptitud maternal de elevada prolificidad. No se detectaron diferencias entre las dos líneas para el peso de la camada nacida viva cuando el ndmero de nacidos vivos se utilizó como covariable, lo que supone que la mayor prolificidad de la línea H no ha penalizado la viabilidad de los gazapos al nacimiento o durante la lactación. Además la nueva línea presentó un mayor peso de la camada a 21 días, lo que implica una mayor producción láctea de sus hembras. Los gazapos de la línea H también presentaron un mayor peso individual al destete, lo que sugiere de nuevo las buenas cualidades maternales de la nueva línea. No se observaron diferencias entre los dos tipos de animales para el peso al final del cebo o para la ganancia diaria de peso durante esta fase.
Joint purebred and crossbred (co)variance component estimation with a pseudo multiple trait model: loss in efficiency
Authors: Spilke J. , Groeneveld E. , Mielenz N. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryBased on simulated data sets, (co)variance component estimation was carried out in a purebredcrossbred situation using a common multiple trait animal model where purebred and crossbred performances were treated as separate traits. The inability of such a model to reflect the special (co)variance structure of purebred‐crossbred data leads to an important bias of the purebred‐crossbred covariance; however, the loss in selection response was small.ZusammenfassungBasierend auf simulierten Datensätzen erfolgte bei Nutzung eines Mehrmerkmalsmodells und Modellierung von Reinzucht und Kreuzung als unterschiedliche Merkmale die Schätzung der genetischen Varianzen und Kovarianzen. Das Unvermögen, mit einem solchen Modell die genetischen Varianz‐Kovarianzverhältnisse von Reinzucht‐ und Kreuzungleistungen abzubilden, zeigte sich vor allem in verzerrten Schätzungen der Kovarianzen zwischen den Reinzuchten und der Kreuzung. Der Einfluß dieser Verzerrungen auf den Selektionsverfolg war jedoch gering.
The influence of selection on stress reactivity in mice. Part VI. Effect of starvation and T3 injection on the level of glutathione in liver and kidney
Authors: Kolαtaj A. , Rysińska J. , Flak P. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThe studies were carried out on mice selected for a high rate of weight gain and on control unselected mice whose parents had been mated randomly. All animals were 6‐weeks‐old. Twenty‐four‐hour starvation and an injection of 50 and 100 μg triiodothyronine (T3) were chosen as models of physical and biochemical stress. Starvation caused a decrease in the level of glutathione in the liver and the kidney of both groups. The T3 injections in both doses and over time periods of 12, 24 and 36 h caused a high increase of the concentration of GSH in the liver and in the kidney. These differences were much higher in the selected mice.ZusammenfassungEinfluss der Selektion auf Stressreaktion bei MäusenNach 24 stündigem Hungern kommt es bei Mäusen zu einer Abnahme des Glutathionspiegel in Leber und Niere, insbesondere bei selektierten Tieren. Nach 50 und 100 μg T3 Injektion kommt es nach 12, 24 und 36 stündigen Periode zu einem Anstieg der GSH Konzentration in der Leber und Niere. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass selektierte Tiere empfindlicher als Kontrolltiere gegen Belastungen sind.
The evolutionary concept of destabilizing selection: status quo In commemoration of D. K. Belyaev
Authors: Trut L. N. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThe problem of destabilizing selection has been raised by the Russian geneticist D. K. Belyaev in the 1960s. According to Belyaev selection becomes destabilizing, when it affects regulatory features of development on the organism level. The problem of destabilizing selection is reviewed in the light of factual material accumulated since the 1960s. Selection experiments demonstrating that there is a relation between the selection vector and its evolutionary consequences are discussed. Emphasis is on selection vectorized for behavioural traits whose controlling genetic systems also regulate gene expression and development. The data obtained from many years of experimental animal domestication have shown that temporal destabilization of development (ontogenetic heterochzonies) makes an important contribution to the evolutionary consequences of selection for behaviour. Data are also provided to explain the homologous patterns of morphological and physiological changes in different domesticates by similar changes in the regulatory parameters of development produced by the same selection vector. The main tenets of Belyaev's concept of destabilizing selection are outlined.ZusammenfassngDestabilisierende Selektion in der Evolution: status quoDie Hypothese destabilisierender Selektion in der Evolution wurde vom russischen Genetiker D. K. Belyaev in den sechziger Jahren vorgeschlagen. Demnach wirkt Selektion destabilisierend, wenn sie regulatorische Entwicklungseigenschaften von Organismen tangiert. Die Probleme die de stabilisierende Selektion aufwirft, werden unter Berücksichtigung der seit den Sechzigern berichteten Ergebnisse erörtert. Es werden Selektionsversuche, die Beziehungen zwischen Selektionsvektor und den evolutionären Konsequenzen aufzeigen, erörtert. Die Betonung liegt auf Selektion für Verhaltensmerkmale, deren genetische Systeme auch Genexpression und Entwicklung regulieren. Ergebnisse langjähriger experimenteller Domestikation zeigen, daß temporäre Destabilisation der Entwicklung (ontogenetische Heterochronie) in erhebilchem Ausmaß die evolutionären Konsequenzen der Selektion auf Verhaltensänderungen verursacht. Es lassen sich auch homologe Muster morphologischer und physiologischer Änderungen in verschiedenen domestizierten Arten bzw. Gattungen mit demselben Selektionsvektor erklären. Die wesentlichen Gesichtpunkte des Konzepts destabilisierender Selektion, wie sie von Belyaev vorgeschlagen worden ist, werden skizziert.
Environmental effects on growth traits and fleece weights in Baluchi sheep
Authors: Yazdi M. H. , Eftekhari‐Shahroudi F. , Hejazi M. , Liljedahl L. ‐E. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryData from 20 249 Baluchi lambs, recorded from 1966 to 1989 in the Abbasabad Sheep Breeding Station located in the north‐east of Iran (Mashhad), were used to investigate the influences of environmental factors, multiplicative and additive adjustment factors for lamb weights at birth (BW), weaning (WW), six month (W6) and 12 months (YW) of age, preweaning (WG) and postweaning (PWG) gains, lamb fleece weight (LFW) and ewe fleece weight before first mating (FW1). Significant effects of flock, year, sex, birth‐rearing type and parity of ewe were observed for lamb weight at different ages and weight gains. Male lambs were heavier than females and the difference between them increased with age of lamb. The ratio of single lamb weight (S–S) to twin birth and single rearing (Tw–S) and twin birth and twin rearing (Tw–Tw) decreased with advancing age of lamb. Lambs born at parity 4–6 were heavier than lambs of younger or older ewes. Weight gain declined in all subclasses from weaning to 12 months of age. The effects of flock and year were significant for lamb and ewe fleece weights. In addition the effect of sex was significant for LFW. Based on a test of heterogeneity of variance among class levels of fixed effects, multiplicative adjustment of sex, type of birth and parity of ewe for BW, and the effects of sex and parity of ewe for lamb weight at other ages were recommended. For LFW the effect of sex should be considered for multiplicative adjustment. Due to homogeneous variances, the additive adjustment for effect of birth‐rearing type should be considered for WW, W6 and YW.
Differentiation of bleak (Alburnus alburnus, L.) and chub (Leuciscus cephalus, L.) populations from Rivers Main, Isar and Danube using molecular genetic markers
Authors: Fuchs H. , Schlee P. , Rottmann O. , Stein H. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryBleak (Alburnus alburnus, L.) and chub (Leuciscus cephalus, L.) populations from Rivers Main, Isar and Danube were screened for different banding patterns in random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and random amplified microsatellite polymorphism (RAMPO) fingerprints. In chub two markers and in bleak four marker systems were established that enabled us to distinguish fishes from either population. In bleak a 600 bp RAPD fragments was detected in all samples from the River Main but in none from the River Danube. In order to find out whether these polymorphic RAPD and RAMPO bands were population or River specific, two further bleak populations from River Main and one additional bleak population from River Danube were checked through for these markers. Two further marker systems based on point mutations were also applied to the bleak samples. Marker frequencies differed significantly between bleak populations from River Main and bleaks from River Danube, but populations of the same River showed very similar marker frequencies. Thus, bleaks from the River Danube can be clearly distinguished from bleaks originating from the River Main. For chub two RAPD markers displaying different frequencies in the populations of the Rivers Main and Isar are presented.ZusammenfassungUnterscheidung von Lauben‐bzw. Aitelpopulationen in Main, Isar und Donau mit Hilfe molekulargenetischer MarkerMit Hilfe von RAPD und RAMPO wurden Lauben‐ bzw. Aitelpopulationen aus den Flüssen Main, Isar und Donau auf unterschiedliche Bandenmuster überprüft. Beim Aitel konnten zwei, bei der Laube 4 Markersysteme etabliert werden, die es ermöglichen, Tiere der einzelnen Populationen genetisch zu unterscheiden. Bei der Laube wurde ein 600 bp RAPD‐Fragment gefunden, das in allen Proben aus dem Main, aber in keiner aus der Donau vorhanden war.Um die Frage zu klären, welche der polymorphen RAPD‐ oder RAMPO‐Banden populations‐oder flußspezifisch waren, wurden zwei weitere Laubenpopulationen des Mains und eine aus der Donau auf diese Marker untersucht, und zwei zusätzliche Marker in Form von Punktmutationen angewendet. Die Markerfrequenzen unterschieden sich signifikant zwischen Main‐ und Donaupopulationen, waren aber sehr ähnlich innerhalb eines Flusses. Damit können Lauben des Mains eindeutig von solchen der Donau unterschieden werden. Für den Aitel werden zwei RAPD‐Marker mit unterschiedlichen Frequenzen in Main und Donau vorgestellt.
Long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) expression and release by neutrophils in vitro and in ulcerative colitis
Authors: Savchenko Alexander S. , Inoue Akira , Ohashi Riuko , Jiang Shuying , Hasegawa Go , Tanaka Toshiya , Hamakubo Takao , Kodama Tatsuhiko , Aoyagi Yutaka , Ushiki Tatsuo , Naito Makoto 
Published: March 2011

Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is the first identified long pentraxin, and it is rapidly produced and released by several cell types in response to proinflammatory signals. The aim of this study was to investigate the behavior of neutrophils to produce PTX3 protein in response to proinflammatory cytokine IL‐8 in vitro, as well as identify the expression pattern of PTX3 in human ulcerative colitis lesions.Pentraxin 3 protein was found to be present following release upon IL‐8 stimulation in cultured neutrophils together with lactoferrin+‐specific granules localized in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formed by extruded DNA. Neutrophils in colonic mucosal tissue of patients with ulcerative colitis were the main cellular source of PTX3 protein, the expression of which is correlated well with the histological grades of inflammation. Immunofluorescence analysis against anti‐lactoferrin antibody revealed the formation of NETs released from neutrophils within crypt abscess lesions, which were found to be activated through the expression of IL‐8 receptor B (CXCR2). Of interest, neutrophils depleted of PTX3 protein were displayed, supporting the release of PTX3 from neutrophils in crypt abscess. We suspected that PTX3 protein may contribute to cell‐mediated immune defense in inflamed colon tissue, and in particular in crypt abscess lesions, of patients with ulcerative colitis.
Modest inhibition of the growth hormone axis does not affect mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation or redox state, unlike calorie restriction
Authors: Hayashida Takahiro , Komatsu Toshimitsu , Henmi Yasuko , Yanagihara‐Ota Kurumi , Kim Ae‐Ra , Chiba Takuya , Goto Shinji , Chung Hae Young , Shimokawa Isao 
Published: March 2011

Aim:  Modest inhibition of the growth hormone (GH) axis by overexpression of the antisense GH gene in male Wistar rats reduced food intake and body weight, and lengthened the lifespan, even if fed ad libitum (AL). These findings were comparable with those induced by 30% calorie restriction (CR) in wild‐type (WT) rats, suggesting importance of the GH signal pathway in the effect of CR. The present study evaluated the effects of GH inhibition and CR on mitochondrial oxidative stress and redox state in the liver.Methods:  Transgenic and WT rats were fed AL or 30% CR diets from 6 weeks of age. Liver tissues were collected at 6 and 24 months of age. The mitochondria fraction was prepared from liver tissue homogenates. The total reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, the protein levels of glutathione (GSH) and oxidized GSH (GSSG), and the superoxide dismutase 2 activity were measured.Results:  The results revealed that CR, but not modest inhibition of GH, decreased mitochondrial ROS generation and increased the mitochondrial GSH redox potential.Conclusion:  The present study suggests that CR affects mitochondrial function and redox state through a pathway distinct from GH signaling. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2011; 11: 496–503.
Age–sex differences in the hip abductor muscle properties
Authors: Kim Ji‐Won , Kwon Yuri , Chung Hong‐Young , Eom Gwang‐Moon , Jun Jae‐Hoon , Chung Jin‐Sang , Park Byung Kyu 
Published: March 2011

Aim:  Elderly women are reported to have worse postural balance in the mediolateral direction than elderly men, which may be related to hip lateral muscle properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sex, age and their interactions on hip abductor muscle properties.Methods:  Thirty elderly and 30 young healthy subjects were recruited in this study. Subjects were instructed to abduct their leg as forcefully and quickly as possible under isometric condition, in response to audible beeps. Electromyogram was measured on the gluteus medius muscle and abduction torque was measured. Investigated muscle properties included torque amplitudes and muscle contraction timings. Muscle contraction timings were designated as premotor time, electromechanical delay and total reaction time. The effects of sex, age and their interactions on muscle properties were analyzed.Results:  Women showed smaller torque amplitudes, longer electromechanical delay and longer total reaction time than men (P < 0.01), whereas no sex difference was observed in association with premotor time (P = 0.15). Age–sex interaction was significant in torque amplitudes and in electromechanical delay (P < 0.01). Post‐hoc test revealed that torque amplitude differed between sexes only in the young (P < 0.001). In contrast, the electromechanical delay differed between sexes only in the elderly and the age‐related elongation of electromechanical delay was significant only in women (P < 0.001).Conclusion:  Both a sex difference and a sex difference of age‐related change in hip abductor muscle properties were demonstrated. These sex differences may contribute to the sex difference in lateral balance performance. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2011; 11: 333–340.