bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A STARCH GRAIN‐MITOCHONDRION‐DICTYOSOME ASSOCIATION INBATRACHOSPERMUM(RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Aghajanian John G. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTInBatrachospermum sirodotiiSkuja the dictyosome‐mitochondrion association, commonly reported in other red algae, includes a floridean starch grain during periods of intense dictyosomal activity. Such an organellar assemblage may serve to provide the most efficient means of energy flow during periods of peak dictyosomal activity.
LIFE HISTORIES IN THE PHYLLOPHORACEAE (RHODOPHYTA: GIGARTINALES) FROM THE PACIFIC COAST OF NORTH AMERICA. I.GYMNOGONGRUS LINEARISANDG. LEPTOPHYLLUS1
Authors: DeCew Thomas C. , West John A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTCarpospores ofGymnogongrus linearis(C. Ag.) J. Ag. collected from Sonoma Co., California were cultured and gave rise to crustose plants. Tetrasporogenesis could not be induced. However, tetraspores from field‐collected crustose tetrasporophytes found nearG. linearisfrom San Mateo Co., California were cultured. These field crusts superficially resemblePetrocelis middendorffii(Ruprecht) Kjellman, but differ in size, color, number of tetrasporangia per filament, and distal dichotomous branching of the perithallial filaments. Tetraspores gave rise to upright plants identical toG. linearis. Gymnogongrus leptophyllusJ. Ag. collected from California and Baja California, Mexico were found as narrow and wide forms. Narrow form isolates recycled directly without producing a crustose tetrasporophyte. These are interpreted as apogamous. Carpospores of the wide form grew into crusts resemblingPetrocelis (=Erythrodermis) haematisHollenberg. Tetrasporogenesis was induced in culture by abrasion or dehydration. Tetraspores from field‐collected crusts and laboratory cultured tetrasporophytes grew into plants identical toG. leptophyllus, completing a sexual life history with an alternation of heteromorphic generations.
A NEW SPECIES OF THE DIATOM GENUS EUNOTIA1
Authors: Morrow Angela C. , Deason Temd R. , Clayton Deborah 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA new species of the diatom genus Eunotia is described. The species, E. catillifera Morrow, is distinguished by the presence of fin‐like plates, or transapical ridges, which alternate with the striae on the valve faces. This alga appears to be intermediate between the more typical Eunotia species and Semiorbis Patr. This observation suggests that Semiorbis hemicyclus (Ehr.) Patr. in Patrick and Reimer be returned to Eunotia hemicyclus Ralfs in Pritchard and that the use of the generic name Semiorbis be discontinued.
ALGAL CELL DISRUPTION USING A PYREX TISSUE GRINDER AND THE B. BRAUN HOMOGENIZER1
Authors: Rehnberg Bradley G. , Schultz Donald A. , Raschke Ronald L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA motor‐driven Pyrex tissue grinder (PTG) and the B. Braun cell homogenizer (BH) were used to disrupt cells of Selenastrum capricornutum Printz for chlorophyll extraction. Cell disruption efficiency depended upon the number of cells filtered. Within the range of 2 × 106 to 8–9 × 106 algal cells per 2.4 cm filter, the PTG allowed more complete extractions. Beyond that number of cells, the BH was more efficient. The algal mass corresponding to 8–9 × 106 cells was 0.14–0.17 mg dry weight.
THE INORGANIC CARBON REQUIREMENTS OF CHLAMYDOMONAS SEGNIS (CHLOROPHYCEAE) FOR CELL DEVELOPMENT IN SYNCHRONOUS CULTURES1
Authors: Badour Samir S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe time in the cell cycle when CO2 provision was required for cell development and division was determined in synchronous cultures of Chlamydomonas segnis Ettl bubbled with air (0.03% CO2) or air enriched with 5% CO2 under continuous light at 25°C and pH 7. Provision of CO2 (% in air v/v) during the G1‐phase was found to be essential for the completion of the cell cycle. There was no demand for CO2 supply throughout the S‐phase and mitosis. Using cultures adapted to CO2 concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 5% in air, the apparent CO2 concentration (Km) required for the cells to develop during the G‐1‐phase and to attain one half the maximal rates of photo‐synthetic O2 evolution was calculated as 0.05%. This value increased to 0.1 and 0.5% during the S‐phase. For total protein and carbohydrate accumulation, which would reflect inorganic carbon (CO2+ HCO3−) assimilation, the Km (% CO2) were ca. 0.1 and 0.14 throughout the cell cycle, respectively. The CO2 concentration at which the cells exhibited the shortest generation time (6.7 h) was 0.1%. These results showed that during development, cells photosynthesizing (evolving O2) at maximal rates but accumulating protein and carbohydrate at one half the maximal rates or less would complete their vegetative life cycle in the shortest time.
A SURVEY OF AUXOTROPHY IN FIVE FRESHWATER DINOFLAGELLATES (PYRRHOPHYTA)1
Authors: Holt Jack R. , Pfiester Lois A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT Peridiniopsis polonicum (Wolosz.) Bourrelly requires vitamin B12, and Peridinium limbatum (Stokes) Lemm. requires thiamin for growth. Unlike marine Peridinium species, Peridinium willei Huit.‐Kaas, P. volzii Lemm., and P. inconspicuum Lemm. do not display auxotrophy. Peridinium volzii is strongly inhibited by concentrations of biotin above 1 μg L−1.
MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF THE ATTACHED DIATOM:COCCONEIS SCUTELLUMVAR.SCUTELLUM: (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Mizuno Makoto 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe morphology and sexual reproduction of the attached diatom Cocconeis scutellum Ehr. var. scutellum have been investigated using field and culture materials. The diatom grew well at 14–22° C and in a medium using enriched full strength seawater or 50% diluted seawater. One gamete was formed without cytokinesis in a gametangium and one auxospore arose from paired gametangia. The size of gametangia and initial cells were 17.8–29.9 μm and 43.3–59.5 μm, respectively. Valve width decreased linearly with decreasing valve length. The regression coefficient between them was invariable with the change of the environment. The transapical striation densities were 7–12 and 7.5–13.5 in 10 μm in araphid and raphid valves, respectively. The density showed a tendency to increase with decreasing valve length in both valves. The densities in both valves, except the small araphid valve, are invariable with the change of the environment. The relationships between valve length and width, and between valve length and striation density have been compared with those of taxa allied to C. scutellum var. scutellum. It is concluded that C. scutellum var. scutellum, as usually delimited, is a heterogenous taxon.
OCCURRENCE OF A RESISTANT BIOPOLYMER IN THE OUTER WALLS OF THE PARASITIC ALGAPROTOTHECA WICKERHAMII(CHLOROCOCCALSES): ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES1
Authors: Puel FrancÇoise , Largeau Claude , Giraud Georges 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe occurrence of a resistant biopolymer termed PRP (Polymère Résistant de Prototheca), was demonstrated in the trilaminar outer walls (TLS) of Prototheca wickerhammi Soneda and Tubaki. PRP is located in the two electron‐dense zones of the TLS and accounts for ca. 0.3% of the total algal biomass. Several features of PRP (resistance to non‐oxidative treatments, insolubility in dioxane, mode of deposition, UV fluorescence) were previously observed both in sporopollenins and in the resistant biopolymer of Botryococcus braunii outer walls. However elemental composistion and IR spectra revealed very important structural defferences between the latter material and PRP. Similar elemental compositions, but substantial differences in IR spectra, were noted between PRP and classical sporopollenins. PRP is proabaly derived from the polymerization of terpenic units; but, taking into account the spectroscopic oservations, these monomeric units are not carotenoids. The presence of PRP in the outer walls of P. wickerhamii may be related to the drug and lysosome resistance of this parasitic species.
THE METABOLISM OF GUANINE BY THE DIATOM PHAEODACYLUM TRICONUTUM BOHLIN1
Authors: Allison G. , Syrett P. J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTGuanine taken up by intact cells of Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin was rapidly converted to allantoin which accumulated in the cells; the earleir view that the compound which accumulated was a methylahypoxanthine is shown to be erroneous. In contrast, cells of P. tricornutum, after premeabilisation with toluene, converted guanine only to xanthine, the reaction presumably being catalysed by guanine diaminase. Freshly harvested N‐replete cells contained substantial guanine deaminase activity (ca. 200 nmol (108 cells h)−1); this activity doubled during 5 hours of N‐deprivation. During the same period, the ability to take up guanine, which was initially low, increased by about 25x.
INTRACELLULAR PHOTOSYNTHATE ALLOCATION AND THE CONTROL OF ARCTIC MARINE ICE ALGAL PRODUCTION1
Authors: Smith Ralph E. H. , Clement Pierre , Cota Glenn F. , Li William K. W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIce algae are a case study in photo‐autotrophic growth and metabolism under chronically low temperature and irradiance. We measured the allocation of 14C‐labelled photosynthate among major classes of intracellular carbon (low molecular weight compounds, or LMW; lipid; protein; and polysaccharide) and found light‐dependent changes in allocation broadly similar to photo‐adaptive responses known in phytoplankton at higher temperatures; average relative allocation to protein varied inversely (10–37%) and allocation to lipids and polysaccharides directly (10–23%, and 16–21%, respectively) with the sub‐inhibiting irradiance levels we employed (3.5–33.0 μE.M−2. s−1). Unlike many observations at higher temperatures, ours indicated (on average) a large and light‐insensitive allocation to LMW (ca. 40%) and a greater light‐sensitivity in lipid than in polysaccharide allocation. At the higher incubation irradiances, resembling in situ levels typical of areas with little (0–5 cm) snow cover, allocation to protein was often low (10–13%) compared to many observations of nutrient‐sufficient or light‐limited phytoplankton. Allocation to protein increased substantially (to ca. 40%) during a period of intensified tidal mixing, and assimilation numbers also attained a maximum at about the same time. Such dynamics show that the ice algae are not constrained to their often protein‐poor allocation by the constantly low ambient temperature. Rather, they display marked shifts in metabolism consistent with major changes in light and inorganic nutrient supply, driven in part by the physical process of tidal mixing.
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF COPPER AND SILICIC ACID ON RESTING SPORE FORMATION AND VIABILITY IN A MARINE DIATOM1
Authors: Valente Raymond M. , Cosper Elizabeth M. , Wurster Charles F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe toxic effects of copper on resting spore formation and viability in the marine diatom Chaetoceros protuberans Lauder were determined both with and without silicic acid added to the medium. With silicic acid available, partial inhibition of resting spore formation occurred only at the highest cupric ion activity (pCu 8.6), while the percentage of cells forming spores at pCu's 10.2 and 11.3 was nearly the same as in the controls. Without silicic acid added to the medium, sporulation was completely inhibited at pCu 8.6 and greatly inhibited at pCu 10.2. At pCu 11.3 and in the controls, the rate of spore formation was less than 50%. The results indicate that the inhibition of resting spore formation by copper is related to the concentration of silicic acid available to cells of C. protuberans. This is consistent with previous studies which show that copper toxicity during vegetative growth involves interference with silicification in diatoms and is a function of the silicic acid concentration of the medium.Viable resting spores of C. protuberans were still present in cultures following exposure to elevated copper concentrations during a 100‐day incubation period. This indicates that resting spores can serve to enhance diatom survival in areas polluted by heavy metals.
AN ATLANTIC POPULATION OF PIKEA CALIFORNICA (DUMONTIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Maggs Christine A. , Guiry Michael D. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe marine red alga Pikea californica Harvey, previously known only from the east coast of Japan and the west coast of North America, was found in 1983 to be abundant in the surge zone throughout the Isles of Scilly archipelago, off SW England. Examination of herbarium material showed that the population was present in 1967. All plants observed in July 1983 and September 1984 were sterile, but reproductive male and female plants were collected in November 1983. The habitat and phenology of P. californica in the Isles of Scilly closely resemble those of Paczfic populations. English plants are vegetatively and reproductively identical to the type and other California specimens. They can easily be distinguished from Sphaerococcus coronopifolius Stackhouse (Sphaerococcaceae, Gigartinales), the most similar species in the flora of the British Isles, by the presence in transverse section of several lacunae, representing axial and whorlbranchletjilaments, in contrast to the single axial filament of S. coronopifolius. It is possible that the Isles of Scilly population of P. californica is a relict of a species once more widespread, but it seems more likely that it is another example of the well‐established pattern of marine introductions into the British Isles from the North Paczfic. The range of temperature regimes occupied by P. californica in the Pacific suggests that the species could become more widespread in Europe, but at present it appears to be confined to the Isles of Scilly.
THE LIFE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF HYPOGLOSSUM RHIZOPHORUM (DELESSERIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA) IN CULTURE, A NEW DEEP‐WATER SPECIES FROM THE CARIBBEAN1
Authors: Ballantine David L. , Wynne Michael J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTHypoglossum rhizophorum sp. nov. is described from deep coral reef habitats on the southern insular shelf of Puerto Rico and the western insular shelf of Basse Terre, Guadeloupe, occurring from 21 to 85 m in depth. The new species is also known from a single shallow‐water collection in Hawaii. Plants grow from a prostrate nonfoliose rhizome producing simple, delicate erect blades at regular intervals. Reproductive plants were not collected in the field; isolated plants, however, readily reproduced in culture demonstrating a typical
“Polysiphonia‐type” life history. Spermatangial sori form coalesced oblique bands which are interrupted by secondary cell rows. Tetrasporangia are produced from both lateral and transverse pericentral cells, adjacent second‐ and third‐order cells as well as cortical cells.
MECHANICAL ADAPTATIONS TO FLOW IN FRESHWATER RED ALGAE1
Authors: Sheath Robert G. , Handbook Julie A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFreshwater red algae can be categorized into seueral morphological groups that contend with flow in diferent ways. Crusts and tufts occur within the boundary layer and thereby may aiioid mechanical stress caused flow. The more tolerant semi‐erect forms can be dizlided into mucilagznous and non‐mucilaginous filaments as well as tissue‐like thalli. Twelve taxa from these groups occur at a wide range of current velocities (x = 24–58 cm‐s−l). There is a signaficant increase in strength of these forms in a gradient from tufs (x = 12 ± 7 kNm‐2) to mucilaginous filaments (X = 530 t‐ I60 kNm‐2) to nonmucilaginous filaments and tissues (x = 1400 ± 400 kN. m‐2). In terms of breaking extension, no consistent trend is observed among the different morphologies; the range is ll.3–29.2% beyond the original length. Sirodotia suecica Kylin produces the least increase in drag farce with increasing flow and thus the lowest E value(‐ 1.27) whereas the large mucilaginous species Batrachospermum boryanum Sirod. and B. virgatum (Kutz.) Sirod. show the highest drag forces and E values (‐0.45 to ‐0.33). Almost a ten‐fold range in estimated current uelocities is required to break apart the freshwater red algae tested. Predicted velocities at which the morphological groups break are as follows: tufts, 80±30 cm.s‐1; mucilaginous filaments, 160#±90 cm.s‐1 and tissues, 580±150 cm.s‐1. Implications regarding euolution of freshwater Rhodophyta are discussed.
A FLAVIN‐LIKE AUTOFLUORESCENT SUBSTANCE IN THE POSTERIOR FLAGELLUM OF GOLDEN AND BROWN ALGAE1
Authors: Kawai Hiroshi 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAn autofluorescent substance occurs in the flagella of flagellate cells of the golden and brown algae. It is localized only in the posterior (short) flagellum and could not be detected in the anterior (long) one. It showed maximum fluorescence emission at 515–520 nm upon excitation of 440 nm; therefore, it is considered to be a flavin. This substance is distributed widely among flagellate cells of golden and brown algae irrespective of their nature (vegetative cells, zoospores, gametes, or sperm). It is absent, however, in some brown algal zoospores and sperm which lack an eyespot and flagellar swelling and are considered to lack phototaxis. Because the flagellar swelling in the posterior flagellum is a presumptive photoreceptor for phototaxis in these groups, it is suggested that the flavin located in the posterior flagellum acts as a photoreceptor pigment in phototaxis.
The Influence of Maternal Leucocyte Antibodies on Infants
Authors: Abildgaard Helle , Jensen K. Gert 
Published: August 2010

To elucidate how often the presence of leucocyte antibody in the serum of a pregnant woman will lead to the development of neonatal clinically significant neutropenia in her child, a group of 44 infants, all borne by mothers with leucocyte antibody in their sera, were followed over their first three months of life by means of clinical and haematological investigations. At the clinical investigations the infants presented no conspicuous deviations from normal, especially no particularly high frequency of infections was found.At the haematological investigations, the first of which was not performed, however, until the infants were two weeks old, no reduced mean counts of leucocytes or granulocytes were found in the group. No single case of neutropenia or granulocytopenia was found, and in particular the infants with infectious diseases presented none of these symptoms.Since the study shows that neonatal neutropenia with severe infectious disease does not usually develop in cases with materno‐foetal leucocyte incompatibility, the authors suggest that the cases of neonatal neutropenia associated with maternal leucocyte antibody reported in the literature might be accounted for by a coincidence of the two phenomena.Furthermore, the results of the leucocyte‐immunological investigations performed are discussed, particularly with a view to the relationship between the leucocyte antibody conditions in the mother and her offspring.This study was supported by grants from The Danish State Research Foundation (Statens almindelige Videnskabsfond) and The Foundation in Aid of Medical Science (Fonden til Lægevidenskabens Fremme).
The Effect of Heparin on Fibrinolytic Activators and Plasmin*
Authors: Nilsson Inga Marie , Bielawiec Michal , Björkman Sven Erik 
Published: August 2010

Heparin was found to have an inhibiting effect on various fibrinolytic activators by themselves, namely on urokinase, pig heart activator, stable tissue activators contained in prostatic extracts and myoma extracts, and on the labile bone marrow activator. The inhibiting effect of heparin monosulphuric acid was equal to that of heparin.
Heparin was also found to inhibit the fibrinolytic activity in urokinase‐ and streptokinase‐activated human plasma and the activator activity which develops in plasma after injection of nicotinic acid and after application of venous stasis.
Inhibition of fibrinolytic activators required by themselves large amounts of heparin (10–1000 units per ml). In the presence of plasma even low concentrations of heparin (0.5 to 2.5 units per ml) caused some inhibition. In none of the concentrations tested could any enhancing effect of heparin on fibrinolysis be noted.
Heparin had no effect on plasmin activity when plasmin was mixed with heparin alone or when heparin was added to plasma with plasmin activity.
With heparinized blood it was found necessary to add a larger amount of thrombin in the determination of the euglobulin clot lysis time if false short times were to be avoided.
The clinical significance of the antifibrinolytic effect of heparin is discussed.
Quantitation of the Group Specific Component (Gc) of Human Serum by Single Diffusion in Agar Gel
Authors: Reinskou T. 
Published: August 2010

Oudin's single diffusion method in agar gel has been applied to quantitate the group specific component in human sera. The method is highly reproducible in double tests of the same serum specimens, and its sensitivity measured in series of serum protein dilutions has been found to be satisfactory.By the method presented, the Gc concentrations have only been determined in relative values.The concentration of the group specific component has been measured in the serum from each of 50 healthy adults. The values varied between 80 and 140 per cent of the chosen standard.The present method may be of help in attempts to solve the question of the biological function of the group specific component.
The Influence of Dietary Fats on the Adenosine Diphosphate Induced Platelet Thrombosis in the Rat
Authors: Nordöy A. , Chandler A. B. 
Published: August 2010

A thrombotic state, elicited by adenosine diphosphate, was induced in the rat by dietary saturated fats and cholesterol, and was intensified by propylthiouracil.ADP‐induced platelet thrombosis occurred without evidence of prior vascular disease, and the diets alone did not induce thrombosis.Unsaturated fat (linseed oil) in the amounts used, did not significantly affect the incidence of thrombosis.The mortality to ADP was reduced in all female animals supplemented by linseed oil in the diet.The LD50of ADP given intravenously to male rats was found to be 16.6 mg per 100 g body weight.
Influence of Animal Tissue Mucopolysaccharides on Transplantable Myelocytic Leukaemia in Rats
Authors: Wasastjerna Curt , Kiviniemi Kyllikki , Teir Harald 
Published: August 2010

Young rats, inoculated with myelocytic chloroleukaemia, were treated with mucopolysaccharide (MPS) concentrates and fractions of animal tissue homogenates. Many groups of treated rats survived significantly longer than the controls. Fractions of bovine liver MPS gave the best results. The most active of these was prepared by absorption of the crude concentrate to Ecteola cellulose, and elution with 2 M NaCl‐HCl solution. However, some failures were noted with similar fractions, probably attributable to the development of varying degrees of resistance. The results were more consistently positive if the treatment was begun 12 days after transplantation than in treatment experiments begun 1–3 days after the inoculation.Aided by grants from the Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Helsinki, and the Damon Runyon Memorial Fund, New York (DRG, 644, 788).