bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in the feeding behaviour of a malaria vector, Anopheles farauti Lav., following use of DDT as a residual spray in houses in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate
Authors: TAYLOR BRIAN 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

To investigate the failure of DDT to interrupt malaria transmission in parts of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate, regular all‐night man‐biting catches of malaria vectors were made before and after DDT house spraying on San Cristobal Island.
Changes were observed in the man‐biting behaviour of Anopheles farauti. There was a reduction in the degree of entry into houses and a shifting of the times of peak biting. Whereas before spraying the indoor and outdoor biting cycles differed, after spraying there was no difference although both the indoor and outdoor cycles had altered.
DDT was found to have a deterrent effect on An.farauti but this effect decreased with time.
DDT also appears to eliminate a dominant indoor feeding fraction of the farauti population. Following this there can be an increase in an outdoor feeding fraction which can be responsible for a resumption of malaria transmission.
Biting cycles obtained before spraying are also shown for An.koliensis and An.punctulatus.
Novel cosmetic delivery systems: an application update
Authors: Patravale V. B. , Mandawgade S. D. 
Published: August 2010

SynopsisWorld consumers are nowadays more focused on their health and appearance. This trend is creating heightened demand for products formulated with natural and nutraceutical ingredients. Functional ingredients and innovative delivery systems are driving the new product development in the field of cosmetics. A significant number of innovative formulations are now being used in personal care with real consumer‐perceivable benefits and optimized sensory attributes, resulting in an economic uplift of cosmetic industry. In fact, the U.S. market alone for novel cosmetic delivery systems has been projected to be more than $41 billion for the year 2007. Novel cosmetic delivery systems reviewed here possess enormous potential as next‐generation smarter carrier systems.
Contributions to our Knowledge of the Structure of the Placenta of Mustelidæ, Ursidse, and Sciuridæ
Authors: Rau A. Subba 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The chief features of the placenta of Xerus capensis are:—

It is discoidal and mesometrially situated.
It is hæmochorial in type.
The lamellæ appear to form a simple anastomosing network and the lacunæ are wide. The “lobed” arrangement characteristic of the Rabbit placenta is absent. There is no interplacental cavity. The extraplacental wall of the uterus is very thick. Giant cells form a characteristic feature of the placenta.
The yolk‐sac splanchnopleure is simple, being devoid of folds and villi. The trilaminar omphalopleure persists and forms the foetal constituent of the yolk‐sac placenta.
11. A Contribution to the Biology of the Common Shrew, Sorex araneus Linnæus
Authors: Middleton A. D. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.Trapping and routine examinations carried out in the Oxford district between February 1926 and August 1927, show that:

Sores arameus is found in a wide range of habitats, varying from pure grass‐land to dense conifer woods.
The breeding‐season is from May to August, and no pregnant females are found outside this period. It is uncertain whether the females have more than one litter during a breeding‐season.
It is suggested from the evidence available that neither male nor female shrews become sexually mature and breed during the year of their birth.
It appears that the young shrews reach a certain immature stage of growth by the late autumn of the year of their birth, and remain in that condition throughout the winter months. In the spring a marked increase in size takes place, and sexual maturity is reached.
26. The Structure and Affinities of Chondrenchelys problematica Tr.
Authors: Moy‐Thomas J. A. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.Examination of Traquair's material of Chondrenchelys problematica and of four new specimens was made. The pectoral fins, pelvic fins and girdles, teeth, and denticles are described for the first time, and the following new points have been made out:—

The skull was almost certainly autostylic, and the teeth consisted of crushing tooth‐plates.
The pectoral fins were of a modified archipterygial type.
The pelvic fins were very similar to those of Pleuracanths and were provided with claspers. The two halves of the pelvic girdle were separate.
There were both proximal and distal of dorsal radials, the more anterior being relatively stout structures.
The body was sparsely covered in denticles, the bases of which appear to have had wide pulp cavities.

The affinities of Chondrenchelys are discussed, and it is concluded that it was a descendant of a group connecting the Holocephali with the Pleuracanthini.
Visual and Auditory Conspicuousness in a Woodland Bird Community: a Quantitative Analysis.
Authors: Colquhoun M. K. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.1. Quantitative observations were made in a Berkshire copse throughout a breeding season. Monthly coefficients of relative conspicuousness are given for each species, together with the coefficients for the previous year's study; it is therefore possible to present a mean coefficient from two seasons' work in the same habitat.2. The counts from which the coefficients are computed have been subjected to analysis and give the relative position of each species in the woodland stratum, being illustrated by a diagram showing the vertical graduation of the different niches. Closely related species obtain their food from different strata; the male inhabits a higher stratum than the female.3. It is shown how a coefficient of sexual conspicuousness can be obtained from the observed sex ratio.4. Song lends itself to quantitative treatment. Persistency varies less than might be expected, among the few examples given. A direct relation between song intensity and size of territory in monogamous territorial birds is suggested. It is shown how population density can affect conspicuousness.5. No attempt is made to ascribe a function to each aspect of coloration. It is suggested that birds are conspicuous in the spring rather than inconspicuous in the summer,
Body‐Colour Genes in Drosophila.
Authors: Waddington C. H. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.1. The darkening of the puparium in Drosophila probably involves a tanning reaction similar to that described for Calliphora. It is reduced in ebony, black, and straw‐3, and changed in nature, so as to give a yellower tint, in yellow and yellow‐2. It is somewhat increased in speck, particularly in the region of the anus, where there may be a sharply marked dark band.2. The pigmentation of the wild‐type adult is due to two processes, a browning which is probably a tanning, and a blackening which is probably a deposition of melanin. The browning is more apparent in the earliest stages of pigmentation, and first affects the chsetse, the darkening of the cuticle becoming stronger at a later stage, chiefly after emergence.3. In yellow the browning is changed into a yellowing, and the blackening much reduced. The change in the character of the tanning occurs earlier in yellow than in yellow‐2, so that in the latter the bristles are pigmented normally.4. Straw‐3 reduces both phases of pigmentation, while ebony, and to a less extent speck, increases both phases. Black intensifies the blackening more strongly than the browning.5. In compounds of black and ebony with straw, the early stages of pigmentation (of chætæ) proceed as in straw, while the later ones (of cuticle) proceed as in black or ebony. It is argued that this indicates that black and ebony act earlier in the reaction sequence than does straw.6. It is clear that ebony affects not only the quantities of pigments formed, but also the time at which they make their appearance, since it reduces the tanning of the puparium and increases that of the adult. It is suggested that this may provide an explanation of the behaviour of ebony as an antimorph.
Facet Mutants of Drosophila.
Authors: Pilkington R. W. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.1. The structure of the compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster is described in detail.2. The development of the normal eye is traced from the late larval to the adult stage. The chief features of the development are as follows:–(i.) The optic disc differentiates into three layers. This process is affected by Glued.(ii.) The middle layer of the three. penetrates the outer layer regularly. This process is affected by split and Glued.(iii.) The middle layer cells next divide to form the cells of the pseudocone. Thisjprocess is affected by split and Glued.(iv.) The cone cells further divide to form the retinulse. This process is affected by Glued.(v.) The retinulse are excluded from the cone‐cup formed by the outer layer of the disc.(vi.) The cone cells and retinulse develop and secrete the pseudocone and rhabdome. Bough causes this process to be irregular, and the amount of secretion is influenced by split and Glued.3. The structure and development of the facet‐mutants rough, split, and Glued are analysed in detail, and a table is given comparing their structure and development with the wild‐type eye.4. The nature and origin of fused, flat, and erupted facets is described. The fused facets of rough are different in origin from those of split and Glued. Two varieties of flat facets are found, one of which is present in rough arid the other in Glued, whilst both are found in split. The “cupless” flat facets of rough and split though similar in nature are different in origin.5. Two rules governing the relationship between the retinulse and cone cells, and the retinulse and the shape of the facets, are stated. The wild type and split adhere to both rules, whilst rough adheres to one rule up to th? end of the second pupal day and Glved does not adhere to either.6. The structure of the periopticon in the wild and mutant types is described, and the origin of the periopticon in the optic stalk is confirmed by experiments.
THE GENERA OF ARENICOLIDAE (POLYCHAETA)
Authors: WELLS G. P. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYIt is argued that the species currently grouped as Arenicola Lamarck should be distributed between Arenicola, Arenicolides Mesnil and Abarenicola gen. nov.Formal diagnoses of the family and its constituent genera are given, and suggestions are made as to the most convenient characters for referring arenicolid worms to their genera.
NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILINAE (OLIGCOCHAETA)
Authors: JAMIESON B. G. M. 
Published: August 2010

The new speciesGordiodrilus nilotiaushas been established to receive the specimens from Tongo on the White Nile (Sudan) referred toG. dominicensisBeddard 1892 by Michaelsen in 1914; and specimens from Siwa Oasis (Egypt) described asGordiodrilussp. by Michaelsen in 1938 have been made the types of a new species,G. siwaensis.Specimens from Lake Baringo (Tanganyika) have been considered to merit establishing a third new species of the genus,G. worthingtoni.All three species belong to an “elegans‐group”, within the genus, which has been defined.A new monotypic genus from Argentina,Gatesiaand its type speciesGatesia unicahave been described.Quechuona michaelsenisp.n. from the banks of the Yabebiri River (N. Argentina) has been added to the formerly monotypic genusQuechuona.The types are in the British Museum (Natural History) with the exception of those ofGordiodrilus niloticuswhich are in the Zoological Museum, Hamburg.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FEEDING OF THE HEDGEHOG (ERINACEUS EUROPAEUS L.)
Authors: DIMELOW E. J. 
Published: August 2010

The feeding of the hedgehog in captivity is described and the degree to which this seems to be affected by hibernation.Altogether 167 food preference tests were performed by nine hedgehogs and the results seem to indicate that though hedgehogs will eat most of the small invertebrates that they find in their natural habitat, they consistently select some rather than others.
ALIMENTARY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS OFOXYCHILUS CELLARIUS(MÜLLER) (STYLOMMATOPHORA)
Authors: RIGBY JOYCE E. 
Published: August 2010

Detailed study of the life cycle and the anatomy, histology and functioning of the alimentary and reproductive systems ofOxychilua cellariua(Müller) lead one to regard this snail as a typical and relatively unspecialized member of the Stylommatophora.Feeding currents within the oesophagus and staomach have been examined during dissection of fresh specimens and the form of the stomach region has been homologized with that of more primitive gastropods.Histochemical methods have been used to determine the nature of cell contents and secretions along the reproductive tract and the possible part played by these substances during copulation and egg‐laying has been investigated. The path used by sperm prior to, and following, copulation has been traced.Comparison is made with members of the higher Basommatophora, the Hygrophila. Much greater structural and functional differences become apparent between members of the Stylommatophora and the Basommatophora than have hitherto been suspected.
THE FOOD OF MALLARD ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS PLATYEHYNCHOS COLLECTED FROM COASTAL AND ESTUARINE AREAS
Authors: OLNEY P. J. S. 
Published: August 2010

The food of 177 mallard dnas platyrhynchoa platyrliyncha L. collected from coastal ancl estuarine areas during t.he shooting seasons of 1957‐60 is clescribetl. This sanrplo is subdivided into 1 15 birch obtained froin various localities scatteretl around the coast, antl sixty‐two birds collected from one locality, the Greenhorough and Milfordhope Islands in the River Medway, Kent.From observations and viscera. analyses it was apparent that the coastal marshes aro used as roosting and to a lesser extent, as feeding grouncln. Much of the food of the hirtls shot over coastal marshas had been obtained from nesrhy hrackish‐watnr was, antl at tho beginning of the season from inland stubble‐fields.Plant seeds formed the main bulk of the food antl occurred more frequently than any other item.Mallard feeding in saltmarshes were found to be taking mainly the seeds of Salicornin spp., Atriples spp., antl Suneda rncrritima. The most frequently taken animal materials were the mollusc Snhannecr uvne antl tlie crustaceans Cnrcircts innrnrt, Crnngov wrlgaris and Corophium spp.In brackish‐water areas, xnallarct were fonnr to the feeding mainly on the seeds of Scirpw maritimw, S . tahernaemonnni, Poanrogeon, lectinahis, Riippin spp. and Cerabphylluni subniersum. Tho nio11usr Hdrohia jenkin.oi and the crustacean Palaemonetes vnriana were the niost frequently nrrurring animal foods. At the heginning of the shooting season anti mainly in Septenihei, barley (Hordeurn spp.) was eaten ancl often in conxiderahle quantities.It was fonnd that the sixty‐two hirds collertetl from the m e loralitp of the Metlway islands had been feeding on similar speries to tllose hirds rollerted fivnn a numher of different localities.The differences in diet from year to year and as the season progressed a described A general survey of the literaturr is given and the impnrtance of Scirpus maritimus emphasized.It. is suggested that mallartl feeding ill thr intertitlal muds are taking hivalves (e.g. Macoma balthica and Scrohiculnrin plana) and Crustarea (e.g. Corophiwrn dctfaov). Phew are a number of saltniaii plant species (e . g. Sprrrtinn toulnaradii agg., Hrrineionr prtulacoidrs) which are not eatan to any great extent, even though tliey may be rommoii constitucmts of the marsh. There in probably littie liinitation in rhoire of food itenis (lue to hardness, though there may be Home limitation by the size and berausr of the rnethod of feeding, by the mobility of the food speries.The pomihle management, of saltmarsh and twarkish‐water areas to inrretwe the food supply is discussed.
Increased caspase activation and decreased TDP‐43 solubility in progranulin knockout cortical cultures
Authors: Kleinberger Gernot , Wils Hans , Ponsaerts Peter , Joris Geert , Timmermans Jean‐Pierre , Van Broeckhoven Christine , Kumar‐Singh Samir 
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 735–747.AbstractNull mutations in progranulin (GRN) are associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration characterized by intraneuronal accumulation of TAR DNA‐binding protein‐43 (TDP‐43). However, the mechanism by which GRN deficiency leads to neurodegeneration remains largely unknown. In primary cortical neurons derived from Grn knockout (Grn−/−) mice, we found that Grn‐deficiency causes significantly reduced neuronal survival and increased caspase‐mediated apoptosis, which was not observed in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from Grn−/− mice. Also, neurons derived from Grn−/− mice showed an increased amount of pTDP‐43 accumulations. Furthermore, proteasomal inhibition with MG132 caused increased caspase‐mediated TDP‐43 fragmentation and accumulation of detergent‐insoluble 35‐ and 25‐kDa C‐terminal fragments in Grn−/− neurons and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Interestingly, full‐length TDP‐43 also accumulated in the detergent‐insoluble fraction, and caspase‐inhibition prevented MG132‐induced generation of TDP‐43 C‐terminal fragments but did not block the pathological conversion of full‐length TDP‐43 from soluble to insoluble species. These data suggest that GRN functions as a survival factor for cortical neurons and GRN‐deficiency causes increased susceptibility to cellular stress. This leads to increased aggregation and accumulation of full‐length TDP‐43 along with its C‐terminal derivatives by both caspase‐dependent and independent mechanisms.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Linezolid: a Retrospective Monocentric Analysis
Authors: Pea Federico , Furlanut Mario , Cojutti Piergiorgio , Cristini Francesco , Zamparini Eleonora , Franceschi Loretta , Viale Pierluigi 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

The objective of the present retrospective observational study carried out in patients receiving a standard dosage of linezolid and undergoing routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) was to assess the interindividual variability in plasma exposure, to identify the prevalence of attainment of optimal pharmacodynamics, and to define if an intensive program of TDM may be warranted in some categories of patients. Linezolid plasma concentrations (trough [
C
min
] and peak [
C
max
] levels) were analyzed by means of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, and daily drug exposure was estimated (daily area under the plasma concentration-time curve [AUC
24
]). The final database included 280
C
min
and 223
C
max
measurements performed in 92 patients who were treated with the fixed 600-mg dose every 12 h (q12h) intravenously (
n
= 58) or orally (
n
= 34). A wide variability was observed (median values [interquartile range]: 3.80 mg/liter [1.75 to 7.53 mg/liter] for
C
min
, 14.70 mg/liter [10.57 to 19.64] for
C
max
, and 196.08 mg·h/liter [144.02 to 312.10 mg·h/liter] for estimated AUC
24
). Linezolid
C
min
was linearly correlated with estimated AUC
24
(
r
2
= 0.85). Optimal pharmacodynamic target attainment (defined as
C
min
of ≥2 mg/liter and/or AUC
24
/MIC
90
ratio of >80) was obtained in about 60 to 70% of cases, but potential overexposure (defined as
C
min
of ≥10 mg/liter and/or AUC
24
of ≥400 mg·h/liter) was documented in about 12% of cases. A significantly higher proportion of cases with potential overexposure received cotreatment with omeprazole, amiodarone, or amlodipine. Our study suggests that the application of TDM might be especially worthwhile in about 30% of cases with the intent of avoiding either the risk of dose-dependent toxicity or that of treatment failure.
The ADP-Ribosylation Domain of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ExoS Is Required for Membrane Bleb Niche Formation and Bacterial Survival within Epithelial Cells
Authors: Angus Annette A. , Evans David J. , Barbieri Joseph T. , Fleiszig Suzanne M. J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
can establish a niche within the plasma membrane of epithelial cells (bleb niches) within which bacteria can survive, replicate, and swim at speeds detectable by real-time phase-contrast imaging. This novel virulence strategy is dependent on the bacterial type three secretion system (T3SS), since mutants lacking the T3SS needle or known T3SS effectors localize to perinuclear vacuoles and fail to replicate. Here, we determined which of the three effectors (ExoS, ExoT, or ExoY) were required for bleb niche formation and intracellular replication. PAO1 strains with mutations in
exoS
, e
xoT
,
exoY
, or combinations thereof were compared to wild-type and complemented strains.
P. aeruginosa exoS
mutants, but not
exoT
or
exoY
mutants, lost the capacity for bleb niche formation and intracellular replication. Complementation with
exoS
rescued both phenotypes, either in the background of an
exoS
mutant or in a mutant lacking all three known effectors. Complementation with activity domain mutants of
exoS
revealed that the ADP-ribosyltransferase (ADP-r) activity of ExoS, but not the Rho-GAP activity nor the membrane localization domain (MLD) of ExoS, was required to elicit this phenotype. Membrane bleb niches that contained
P. aeruginosa
also bound annexin V-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), a marker of early apoptosis. These data show that
P. aeruginosa
bleb niches and intracellular survival involve ExoS ADP-r activity and implicate a connection between bleb niche formation and the known role(s) of ExoS-mediated apoptosis and/or Rab GTPase inactivation.
Involvement of Inflammatory Chemokines in Survival of Human Monocytes Fed with Malarial Pigment
Authors: Giribaldi Giuliana , Prato Mauro , Ulliers Daniela , Gallo Valentina , Schwarzer Evelin , Akide-Ndunge Oskar B. , Valente Elena , Saviozzi Silvia , Calogero Raffaele A. , Arese Paolo 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT
Hemozoin (HZ)-fed monocytes are exposed to strong oxidative stress, releasing large amounts of peroxidation derivatives with subsequent impairment of numerous functions and overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines. However, the histopathology at autopsy of tissues from patients with severe malaria showed abundant HZ in Kupffer cells and other tissue macrophages, suggesting that functional impairment and cytokine production are not accompanied by cell death. The aim of the present study was to clarify the role of HZ in cell survival, focusing on the qualitative and temporal expression patterns of proinflammatory and antiapoptotic molecules. Immunocytochemical and flow cytometric analyses showed that the long-term viability of human monocytes was unaffected by HZ. Short-term analysis by macroarray of a complete panel of cytokines and real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR experiments showed that HZ immediately induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) gene expression, followed by transcription of eight additional chemokines (IL-8, epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 [ENA-78], growth-regulated oncogene α [GROα], GROβ, GROγ, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α [MIP-1α], MIP-1β, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [MCP-1]), two cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α] and IL-1receptor antagonist [IL-1RA]), and the cytokine/chemokine-related proteolytic enzyme matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Furthermore, real-time RT-PCR showed that 15-HETE, a potent lipoperoxidation derivative generated by HZ through heme catalysis, recapitulated the effects of HZ on the expression of four of the chemokines. Intermediate-term investigation by Western blotting showed that HZ increased expression of HSP27, a chemokine-related protein with antiapoptotic properties. Taken together, the present data suggest that apoptosis of HZ-fed monocytes is prevented through a cascade involving 15-HETE-mediated upregulation of IL-1β transcription, rapidly sustained by chemokine, TNF-α, MMP-9, and IL-1RA transcription and upregulation of HSP27 protein expression.