bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of alexithymia, self-concept and health locus of control on alcohol consumption of young Portuguese
Authors: Lopes R. 
Published: May 2011

Portugal still holds a leading place in the per capita consumption of alcohol at a world level, with high mortality rates due to hepatic cirrhosis, high indexes of road/work killings, besides a vast range of physical and mental, family and occupational health problems caused by alcohol. The narrow connection between juvenile/academic events and alcohol consumption makes youngsters vulnerable to this consumption.A descriptive-correlational and transversal study was conducted with a 552 students’ sample of the Nursing degree aiming to determine some psychological characteristics that might influence/predict alcohol use/abuse in youngsters: alexithymia, self-concept and health control locus. The data collection instrument comprehended: Graffar Social Classification; Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS20), What Do I Think Of Health, Self-Concept Clinical Inventory (SCCI) and Alcohol Involvement Scale (AIS).Male gender is related to alcohol involvement (rho = −0.276; p = .000), revealing that 35% of the male gender and 7% of the female are normally drinkers with problems.Externally oriented thought (F3-TAS20) (rho = .084; p = .048), the impulsiveness (F4-SCCI) (rho = .119; p = .005) and the external control locus (rho = .118; p = .005) are correlated to the involvement with alcohol.Hierarchic multiple regression revealed as behaviour predictor variables of that involvement: gender (3.8%; p = .000), impulsiveness (1.4%; p = .005) and self-efficiency with inverse relation (F2-SCCI) (1.0%; p = .015).It is concluded that the choice of preventive strategies must be focused in actions that facilitate personal and social development, that promote personal and social skills, culminating in a freedom of choice by healthy behaviours and life-styles, diminishing the risk of PLA.
Caffeine related disorders: learning from our patients
Authors: Makela A. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionCaffeine is sometimes used to maintain alertness and performance enhancement. Caffeine can induce psychosis in healthy patients as well as exacerbate psychotic symptoms in patients with psychotic disorders. One patient, a 22 year old man in the United States of America, with a past psychiatric history significant for childhood trauma presented to the emergency department in acute distress secondary to racing thoughts, formication, persecutory auditory hallucinations, visual hallucinations, delusions of control, paranoia and high risk behaviors after five straight nights without sleep.ObjectivesBehavioral health professionals will be able to recognize symptoms of caffeine intoxication, compare different presentations of caffeine intoxication and identify caffeine related disorders per DSMIV-TR. They will also be able to examine the complex factors, including use of caffeinated energy drinks, which contributed to the admission of this patient to an inpatient psychiatric unit for stabilization of acute psychotic symptoms.AimsEducate behavioral health care providers and stimulate discussion of the use of caffeine in different patient populations.MethodsUse case-based learning to achieve objectives and aims above.ResultsCaffeine use can result in the appearance of symptoms consistent with depression, anxiety and psychosis.ConclusionsPsychiatric patients, as well as the general population, would benefit to receive education on caffeine consumption and overuse.
Use of anticonvulsant agents in the management of alcohol dependence
Authors: Mayor M. Marin , Alvarez J. Lopez , Perez M.D. Riaza , Perez A. Quintana , Valladolid G. Rubio 
Published: May 2011

BackgroundAlcoholism is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drinking, alcohol seeking, loss of control over alcohol consumption, and impaired social and occupational functioning. Treatment of Alcohol Dependence (AD) comprises two steps, detoxification and relapse prevention (RP). Traditionally, long half-life benzodiazepines have been the most widely used agents for alcohol detoxification. On the other hand, disulfiram, naltrexone and acamprosate are the three drugs that have been approved for relapse prevention. In the last decades, nevertheless, there is a growing interest in the use of anticonvulsant drugs in the management of both, detoxification and relapse prevention of alcohol.AimsTo review the different pharmacological strategies in which an anticonvulsant was used in the management of AD.MethodWe searched in MEDLINE and in the Cochrane Database System Review, selecting all studies from 1980 until present, in which a pharmacological intervention with anticonvulsant agents was made for alcohol detoxification or RP.ResultsThe most tested anticonvulsant drugs are the classical Carbamazepine and Valproate. Both have demonstrated to be efficacious in Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome and RP. However, the use of these agents has been limited by their hepatic and hematologic toxicity. Novel anticonvulsants such as Gabapentin, Pregabalin, Topiramate, Oxcarbazepine and Zonisamide have also been found to be effective, with the advantage of rapid onset of action, lower toxicity and fewer side effects.ConclusionsAnticonvulsants are efficacious and safe agents in the management of AD. Further randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials are warranted to increase the evidence of the use of these agents.
Harm reduction programs the opportunity for psychiatric and substance use treatment
Authors: Martínez-Luna N. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionAt least one-half of patients in substance use treatment have been diagnosed with comorbid psychiatric disorders. High prevalence of severe mental disorders co-occurring with substance use have been described. Harm reduction refers to policies, programs and practices that aim to reduce the harms associated with the use of illegal drugs in people unable or unwilling to stop.ObjectivesTo describe attendance and integration of patients with substance use disorders in a harm reduction program, to psychiatric treatment.AimsFind the importance and profitability of Harm Reduction Programs as an access door to psychiatric treatment in people with drug addiction.MethodsData was gathered from the first interview survey made to patients that contacted the Harm Reduction Program or attending the Outpatient Drug Clinic Vall d’Hebron in Barcelona between January 2005 until September 2010.ResultsA total of 348 patients (males = 71%, European community origin = 92%, mean age = 28,18 years). 63,8% of patients were under medical and psychiatric treatments, 55,4% attended the Methadone Maintenance Program, 7,4% other psychiatric treatments, and other treatments without specification 30,7%. The residential status was: 38% squatters, homeless 9,7%, hostel 3,4%, home 43%, lodging 2%, others 3%.ConclusionsMore than fifty percent of harm reduction program patient's were in a psychiatric treatment, it is an advantage that in the outpatient drug clinic of Vall d’Hebron both programs are included: harm reduction and psychiatric assessment. Access to integral treatment is important for people with drug problems, but many people with drug problems are unable or unwilling to get treatments.
Behavioural dependences in adolescents and young adults: results from an observational study
Authors: Martinotti G. , Villella C. , Di Nicola M. , Fanella F. , Conte G. , Janiri L. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionOur study aims to assess the prevalence of behavioural addictions in an adolescent populations, evaluating the effects of gender and age, and to assess the correlations and associations between different behavioural addictions.MethodsA population of 2853 students (1142 F and 1711 M, mean age 16.7± 1.9) was assessed in order to evaluate the prevalence of behavioural dependences such as Pathological Gambling (PG), Compulsive Buying (CB), Exercise Addiction (EA), Internet Addiction (IA), and Work Addiction (WA). The South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised Adolescent, the Compulsive Buying Scale, the Exercise Addiction Inventory, the Internet Addiction Test, and the Work Addiction Risk Test, were compiled anonymously by the students.ResultsOverall prevalence was 7.0% for PG, 11.3% for CB, 1.2% for IA, 7.6% for WA, 8.5% for EA. PG, and EA were more common among boys, while gender had no effect on the other conditions. CB was more common among younger ( < 18 years old) students. Each of these conditions showed a strong association with others, and the scores of all of these scales were correlated.DiscussionIn line with previous studies our results indicate that behavioural addictions are quite common among adolescents. The strong association between behavioural addictions stresses the concept that treatment for one of these conditions should involve assessment and treatment for the others.
Psychiatric morbidity among methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) clients in University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Authors: Masturah R. , Rusdi A. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionPsychiatric comorbidities are very prevalence among heroin dependents yet many MMT sites do not have specific mental health services tailored to this dual diagnosis group. The prevalence rates are ranging from 30–90% depending on settings and tools use to measure the psychiatric morbidity. Both substance use disorder and psychiatric disorder need simultaneos treatment in dual diagnosis population. Failure to address any of the condition may affect and complicate each other condition.ObjectivesTo investigate the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity and their psychosocial correlates among heroin dependents seeking MMT treatment in UMMC.AimsTo determine whether we need to suggest dual diagnosis services in MMT sites.MethodsA cross sectional, face to face interview was conducted in UMMC from October to December 2008. We interview those stable MMT clients( > one month treatment) who are above 18 years old and consented and fulfilled diagnostic citeria for heroin dependence syndrome in according to DSM IV. MINI Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used to measure psychiatric morbidity among 100 MMT clients using convenience sampling. The data was analysed using SPSS 16.ResultsNearly half of the 100 clients (57 %) have at least one psychiatric illness. The most common psychiatric morbidity are the Anti Social Personality, Major Depressive Disorder, Suicidality and Psychotic Disorder Lifetime.ConclusionsThe prevalence of psychiatric morbidity is high as compared to general population.Our finding is comparable with other studies which show similar result. There is a need for specific intervention for this dual diagnosis group for more effective treatment.
The role of parents’ divorce in adolescents’ internet addiction
Authors: Domokos L. , Cretu C. , Nagy H. , Mihai A. 
Published: May 2011

Internet addiction is an excessive, ingrained habit and a thoughtless on-line/offline computer usage which can be divided into three subgroups related with games, web pages with sexual contents or email and internet chat programs. The causal factors of this trouble are still debated.AimsThe purpose of our study is to survey the habits of teenagers concerning the use of internet and furthermore to investigate the frequency of internet addiction and its predisposing factors.Material and methodsWe investigated the habits of high school students (n = 154) in the county of Mureş using questionnaires (Internet Addiction Test).ResultsYoung people spend daily an average of 3 hours and 38 minutes in front of a computer. 45% of the boys spend daily more than two hours with computer games while 74, 53% of the girls chat daily. 3, 41% of the adolescents think that they spend a lot of time on the net and their learning and school problems are a result of this. 9,3% of the teenage boys spend daily more than 4 hours 20 minutes in front of a computer (weekly 30 hours), what is qualified as dependence according to the American specialists. There is a strong correlation between internet addiction and parents divorce.ConclusionsThe rate of young people addicted to internet gains considerable importance. Moreover this addiction is associated with other addictions so there would be a serious need for health education programs already in high schools.
Comorbidity of substance use and psychiatric disorders among inpatients of a General Hospital Psychiatric Unit
Authors: Pachi A. , Giotakis K. , Kostaras T. , Pavla A. , Christodoulaki A. , Pashalakis G. , Tselebis A. , Bratis D. , Karkanias A. , Moussas G. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionIn substance – related disorders comorbidity refers to any preexisting or following psychological or psychiatric condition that influence the course and prognosis of a patient.ObjectivesTo determine the extent of comorbid substance use and psychiatric disorders among hospitalized in a General Hospital Psychiatric Unit patients and reveal the implications of treatment in such a unit.MethodAll patients hospitalized during a year, were included in the study. Demographics, final diagnosis, substance of use and means of admission (voluntary or involuntary) were recorded.Results7.4% of the total of 339 inpatients met the diagnostic criteria of comorbid substance use disorders. Eleven of them were diagnosed with alcohol use disorder comorbidity, 7 with illicit drug use comorbidity and 7 with both legal and illicit drug use comorbidity. Among inpatients with comorbid use disorders male patients had a significantly higher percentage versus females (x2 p < 0.05). Mean age of inpatients with comorbidity was significantly less than the mean age of the sample (t-test p < 0.05). Duration of hospitalization for inpatients with comorbidity was 15.16 ± 12.4 days versus 21.2 ± 18.4 days for the rest of patients (t-test p < 0.05). Concerning the way of admission, 72% of inpatients with comorbid use disorders were involuntary admitted (x2 p < 0.05).ConclusionConcerning age, sex and means of admission patients with a psychiatric disorder and substance use disorder comorbidity seem to vary from the rest of inpatients. These parameters are probably associated with serious difficulties in therapeutic compliance and with increased hazard.
Agomelatine as adjunctive therapy in discontinuation of long-term benzodiazepine withdrawal
Authors: Müller H. , Schütz P. , Maler J.M. , Kornhuber J. 
Published: May 2011

Agomelatine is a new antidepressive drug, that is successfully applied in therapy of insomnia and depression. Until now, there has been no report on its application as add-on medication in therapy for the withdrawl ob benzodiazepine.We are reporting a case of a forty-year-old male patient who was treated with Agomelatine in lorazepam withdrawl therapy. He showed a considerabel reduction of craving as well as of insomnia and vegetative symptoms.Therefore there is the question if the substance has its own anti-craving component and to what extent the melatonin-receptor profile is involved.
Investigation the role of personality factors as the predictors of tendency to addiction
Authors: Nikpour G.A. 
Published: May 2011

Introduction & objectivesFor better understanding of the effective factors in tendency to addiction the research aimed to test this question that are there specific personality characters that lead to addiction?Methods153 addicted people and 153 nonaddicted people were randomly selected and Mochioly’s Characterlogy Inventory (MCI) was administered on them. The inventory assess personality based on eight characters: sanguine, indifferent, nervous, indolent, indignant, passionate, sentimentee, amorphous.ResultsFindings showed addicted people are much more indifferent, sanguine and passionate than nonaddicted people.ConclusionsIn regard to people with these characters are much more at risk, they should be trained with special plans and be cared so that tendency to addiction in them decrease or control.
Childhood risk factors for substance use disorders in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subjects
Authors: Nogueira M. , Bosch R. , Palomar G. , Corrales M. , Gómez N. , Ramos-Quiroga J.A. , Casas M. ,   Programa de Integral de Atención al TDAH en el Adulto
Published: May 2011

IntroductionCo-morbidity between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Substance Use Disorders (SUD) is considered to be about 25–50% in adults. Several studies show vulnerability factors to later SUD to be associated with childhood ADHD features, such as conduct problems, untreated ADHD and maltreatment.ObjectivesTo define childhood ADHD associated factors that predispose to SUD.Specifically, comorbidity with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD), temperamental traits, academic failure, familial SUD history, childhood maltreatment and subtype, severity and age of treatment of ADHD symptoms.MethodsA comparative study was carried out in a sample of ADHD adults from the Department of Psychiatry H.U. Vall d’Hebron. Both groups, ADHD and ADHD+SUD subjects underwent the following assessment protocol: Conners Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV (CAADID-I & II), Wender Utath Rating Scale (WURS), SCID-I, SCID-II and K-SDAS.ResultsThe total sample (n = 305) consisted of 201 men (66%) with age between 18–61 years. Two groups were compared: 162 ADHD subjects and 143 ADHD+SUD subjects. The ADHD+SUD group had significantly higher rates of comorbidity with ODD and CD, temperamental traits (obstinacy, bad temper, impulsive behavior), maladaptive behaviors at school, familial SUD history, childhood maltreatment, and major severity of the childhood ADHD symptoms. Neither ADHD subtype nor the non-treatment of ADHD during childhood were associated with later SUD.ConclusionsAn important percentage of ADHD children develop a SUD during their lifespan. This study shows that there are childhood factors that are strongly associated with SUD in ADHD subjects.
Pattern of craving response among smokers exposed to virtual reality
Authors: Pericot-Valverde I. , García-Rodríguez O. , Cabas-Hoyos K.P. , Ferrer-García M. , Gutiérrez-Maldonado J. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionTobacco craving is an intense desire to smoke. Cue-induced craving is considered the main responsible for relapse after smoking cessation. Cue Exposure Treatment (CET) consists of controlled and repeated exposure to stimuli associated with substance use in order to reduce craving associated.ObjectiveTo analyze the pattern of craving response of smokers exposed to Virtual Reality environments.MethodsForty-six smokers were exposed randomly to complex virtual scenes of 6 minutes long duration with smoking related cues that reproduce typical situations where people use to smokes. Craving was assessed before each exposure and 6 times during navigation with a visual analogic scale. For this secondary analysis the evolution of craving response were explored for the environments that produced the most and the least craving responses.ResultsIn the environment that produced the highest craving level, the pattern of response remains similar after the second assessment during the exposure, that is, after two minutes. For the environment that trigger the lowest levels, the responses gradually increased during the exposure and the highest level appeared in the last craving assessment, after 6 minutes.ConclusionsThis study has several implications. In the first place, virtual reality environments are able to elicit craving. In the second, we found that differents patterns of craving response exist in response to VR environments. Furthermore, the results obtained in the present study may be useful for cessation programs that include CET, in which is it necessary to know the pattern of desire during the exposure.
Pathological gambling and comorbidities
Authors: Poppe H. , Dillinger B. , Lentner S. 
Published: May 2011

Pathological gambling accumulates frequently in connection with other diseases. This is documented both by studies and clinical observations, whereby no causalities can be derived, which underlying disease led to further diseases. Nevertheless different studies show similar results that pathological gambling arises increased in connection with substance dependence, depressive disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders and also personality disorders. These results stated in the literature also reflect the clinical observations of the Anton Proksch Institute.In the following presentation we will try to figure out the results of inpatients with the diagnosis pathological gambling, that were treated in the Anton Proksch Institute in the years 2008, 2009 and 2010. We find a range of comorbititys longing from substance abuse to personality disorders.
Early maladaptive schemas in methamphetamine and opioid addicts
Authors: Rezaei F. , Shams Alizadeh N. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionAccording to schema theory people have categorical rules or templates that they use to interpret the world and guide their behavior. A. T. Beck et al. (1990) and Young (1994) defined maladaptive or dysfunctional schemas as enduring, unconditional, negative beliefs about oneself, others, and the environment which organize one's experiences and subsequent behaviors. Because the early maladaptive schemas have been shown to predict psychosocial functioning and psychopathology it is reasonable to suspect that they might also impact substance abuse and substance dependence.ObjectivesExamining the 3 addict subgroups in terms of EMS factors and comparison of addict patients with control group.AimsTo determine whether there are particular schemas that may be underlying the addictive behavior.MethodsParticipants were 34 opiate dependent, 18 methamphetamine addicts, 30 subjects with heroin dependence and 48 healthy subjects as control group. Addict group had completed at least 6 months of treatment, all were in early full remission. Participants were given the Young Schema Questionnaire-Long Form in order to identify EMSs.ResultsThe results suggest that there are significant differences between the addict and control groups on 8 of the 18 schemas. There was not found any significant difference between opioid and methamphetamine groups regarding mean scores of EMSs or schema domains.ConclusionPeople with schema domains of impaired performance and impaired limits may be more likely to engage in substance dependence and these findings may have implications for drug abuse prevention programs.