bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dendrites differ from axons in patterns of microtubule stability and polymerization during development
Authors: Kollins Katherine M , Bell Robert L , Butts Matthew , Withers Ginger S 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Background
Dendrites differ from axons in patterns of growth and development, as well as in morphology. Given that microtubules are key structural elements in cells, we assessed patterns of microtubule stability and polymerization during hippocampal neuron development in vitro to determine if these aspects of microtubule organization could distinguish axons from dendrites.

Results
Quantitative ratiometric immunocytochemistry identified significant differences in microtubule stability between axons and dendrites. Most notably, regardless of developmental stage, there were high levels of dynamic microtubules throughout the dendritic arbor, whereas dynamic microtubules were predominantly concentrated in the distal end of axons. Analysis of microtubule polymerization using green fluorescent protein-tagged EB1 showed both developmental and regional differences in microtubule polymerization between axons and dendrites. Early in development (for example, 1 to 2 days in vitro), polymerization events were distributed equally in both the anterograde and retrograde directions throughout the length of both axons and dendrites. As development progressed, however, polymerization became biased, with a greater number of polymerization events in distal than in proximal and middle regions. While polymerization occurred almost exclusively in the anterograde direction for axons, both anterograde and retrograde polymerization was observed in dendrites. This is in agreement with predicted differences in microtubule polarity within these compartments, although fewer retrograde events were observed in dendrites than expected.

Conclusion
Both immunocytochemical and live imaging analyses showed that newly formed microtubules predominated at the distal end of axons and dendrites, suggesting a common mechanism that incorporates increased microtubule polymerization at growing process tips. Dendrites had more immature, dynamic microtubules throughout the entire arbor than did axons, however. Identifying these differences in microtubule stability and polymerization is a necessary first step toward understanding how they are developmentally regulated, and may reveal novel mechanisms underlying neuron maturation and dendritic plasticity that extend beyond the initial specification of polarity.
Identification of potential therapeutic targets in human head & neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Han Jing , Kioi Mitomu , Chu Wei-Sing , Kasperbauer Jan L , Strome Scott E , Puri Raj K 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Background
Human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an aggressive and recurrent malignancy. Identification of unique or overexpressed cell-associated or cell surface antigens is critical for diagnosis and development of cancer vaccines and targeted therapies for HNSCC. We have used high throughput microarray technology to search for candidate targets in HNSCC.

Methods
Gene expression profiling in 17 HNSCC tumors and 3 normal tonsil tissues was performed by microarray. QRT-PCR analysis was performed to validate the microarray results. The five candidate genes were further characterized by immunohistochemical technique in surgical samples and tissue arrays.

Results
A total of 192 up-regulated genes at statistical significance of p < 0.01 and log2 ratio ≥ 1 were identified in HNSCC tumors compared to normal tissues. These genes belong to immune response, cell growth, cell cycle regulation, oncogenes, metabolism and others. Five potential novel target genes (FABP5, CD24, CD44, CD74, and HSP27) were identified, which were highly expressed in HNSCC tumor samples and tissue arrays. CD24, CD44, and CD74 proteins were expressed on the cell surface, and FABP5 and HSP27 proteins were predominantly expressed in the cytoplasm of HNSCC.

Conclusion
Five genes and their products may serve as a diagnostic biomarker or therapeutic target for HNSCC. While additional work is needed to elucidate the biological significance of these proteins, CD24 and CD74 expressed only in small proportion of cells indicating tumor heterogeneity and subtypes of tumor initiating cells (CD24+/CD44+) present in HNSCC.
DHEA-dependent and organ-specific regulation of TNF-α mRNA expression in a murine polymicrobial sepsis and trauma model
Authors: Barkhausen Tanja , Hildebrand Frank , Krettek Christian , van Griensven Martijn 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Introduction
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) improves survival after trauma and sepsis, while mechanisms of action are not yet fully understood. Therefore, we investigated the influence of DHEA on local cytokine expression in a two-hit model.

Methods
Male NMRI mice were subjected to femur fracture/hemorrhagic shock and subsequent sepsis. Sham-operated animals were used as controls. DHEA (25 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered daily. Mortality rate, activity and body temperature were determined daily after sepsis induction. TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 mRNA expression pattern were investigated in lung and liver tissue after 48 and 96 hours.

Results
DHEA treatment resulted in a significantly reduced mortality rate and improvements in the clinical status. On cytokine level, only TNF-α was significantly reduced in the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-vehicle group in both tissues after 48 hours. This suppression could be restored by DHEA administration. In contrast, after 96 hours, TNF-α was up-regulated in the CLP-vehicle group while remaining moderate by DHEA treatment in liver tissue.

Conclusions
The improved outcome after DHEA treatment and trauma is coherent with restoration of TNF-α in liver and lung after 48 hours and a counter-regulatory attenuation of TNF-α in liver after 96 hours. Thus, DHEA seems to act, time and organ dependent, as a potent modulator of TNF-α expression.
A randomized trial of chlorhexidine gluconate on oral bacterial pathogens in mechanically ventilated patients
Authors: Scannapieco Frank A , Yu Jihnhee , Raghavendran Krishnan , Vacanti Angela , Owens Susan I , Wood Kenneth , Mylotte Joseph M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Introduction
Dental plaque biofilms are colonized by respiratory pathogens in mechanically-ventilated intensive care unit patients. Thus, improvements in oral hygiene in these patients may prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. The goal of this study was to determine the minimum frequency (once or twice a day) for 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate application necessary to reduce oral colonization by pathogens in 175 intubated patients in a trauma intensive care unit.

Methods
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial tested oral topical 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate or placebo (vehicle alone), applied once or twice a day by staff nurses. Quantitation of colonization of the oral cavity by respiratory pathogens (teeth/denture/buccal mucosa) was measured.

Results
Subjects were recruited from 1 March, 2004 until 30 November, 2007. While 175 subjects were randomized, microbiologic baseline data was available for 146 subjects, with 115 subjects having full outcome assessment after at least 48 hours. Chlorhexidine reduced the number of Staphylococcus aureus, but not the total number of enterics, Pseudomonas or Acinetobacter in the dental plaque of test subjects. A non-significant reduction in pneumonia rate was noted in groups treated with chlorhexidine compared with the placebo group (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.23 to 1.25, P = 0.15). No evidence for resistance to chlorhexidine was noted, and no adverse events were observed. No differences were noted in microbiologic or clinical outcomes between treatment arms.

Conclusions
While decontamination of the oral cavity with chlorhexidine did not reduce the total number of potential respiratory pathogens, it did reduce the number of S. aureus in dental plaque of trauma intensive care patients.

Trial Registration
clinicaltrials.gov NCT00123123.
Variation in gene duplicates with low synonymous divergence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae relative to Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Katju Vaishali , Farslow James C , Bergthorsson Ulfar 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Background
The direct examination of large, unbiased samples of young gene duplicates in their early stages of evolution is crucial to understanding the origin, divergence and preservation of new genes. Furthermore, comparative analysis of multiple genomes is necessary to determine whether patterns of gene duplication can be generalized across diverse lineages or are species-specific. Here we present results from an analysis comprising 68 duplication events in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. We partition the yeast duplicates into ohnologs (generated by a whole-genome duplication) and non-ohnologs (from small-scale duplication events) to determine whether their disparate origins commit them to divergent evolutionary trajectories and genomic attributes.

Results
We conclude that, for the most part, ohnologs tend to appear remarkably similar to non-ohnologs in their structural attributes (specifically the relative composition frequencies of complete, partial and chimeric duplicates), the discernible length of the duplicated region (duplication span) as well as genomic location. Furthermore, we find notable differences in the features of S. cerevisiae gene duplicates relative to those of another eukaryote, Caenorhabditis elegans, with respect to chromosomal location, extent of duplication and the relative frequencies of complete, partial and chimeric duplications.

Conclusions
We conclude that the variation between yeast and worm duplicates can be attributed to differing mechanisms of duplication in conjunction with the varying efficacy of natural selection in these two genomes as dictated by their disparate effective population sizes.
Risk of Death From Prostate Cancer After Brachytherapy Alone or With Radiation, Androgen Suppression Therapy, or Both in Men With High-Risk Disease
Authors: D'Amico Anthony V. , Moran Brian J. , Braccioforte Michelle H. , Dosoretz Daniel , Salenius Sharon , Katin Michael , Ross Rudi , Chen Ming-Hui 
Published: July 2009

Purpose We estimated the risk of prostate cancer (PC) –specific mortality (PCSM) after brachytherapy alone or in conjunction with androgen suppression therapy (AST), external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT), or both in men with high-risk PC. Patients and Methods The study cohort comprised 1,342 men with a prostate-specific antigen level more than 20 ng/mL and clinical T3 or 4 and/or Gleason score 8 to 10 disease. Competing risks multivariable regression was performed to estimate the risk of PCSM in men treated with brachytherapy alone or with supplemental AST, EBRT, or both, adjusting for age, year of treatment, and known PC prognostic factors. Results Despite higher baseline probabilities of PCSM after a median follow-up of 5.1 years, there was a significant reduction in the risk of PCSM (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 0.32; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.73; P = .006) in men treated with brachytherapy and both AST and EBRT as compared with neither. When compared with brachytherapy alone, a significant decrease in the risk of PCSM was not observed in men treated with either supplemental AST (AHR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.27 to 1.47; P = .28) or EBRT (AHR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.21 to 1.52; P = .26). There was a near-significant reduction (AHR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.27 to 1.07; P = .079) in the risk of PCSM in men treated with tri- as compared with bimodality therapy. Conclusion Supplemental AST and EBRT but not either supplement compared with brachytherapy alone was associated with a decreased risk of PCSM in men with high-risk PC.
Risk of Bilateral Renal Cell Cancer
Authors: Wiklund Fredrik , Tretli Steinar , Choueiri Toni K. , Signoretti Sabina , Fall Katja , Adami Hans-Olov 
Published: July 2009

Purpose The risk of developing bilateral kidney cancer has not been adequately defined in any large, population-based study with long-term follow-up to our knowledge. Patients and Methods We estimated the risk of metachronous bilateral renal cell cancer in patients diagnosed with unilateral kidney cancer, as recorded in the nationwide cancer registries of Norway and Sweden. Altogether 28,642 patients were followed for an average of 4.4 years. The standardized incidence ratio—the ratio of the observed number of bilateral cancers to the number expected on the basis of the incidence in the Norwegian and Swedish population at large—was used as a measure of relative risk. We used multivariate Poisson regression to separate the effects of the explanatory variables. Results A synchronous bilateral renal cell cancer was reported in 86 patients. A total of 112 metachronous bilateral cancers were recorded during 126,493 person-years of follow-up compared with 35.8 expected, yielding an overall relative risk (RR) of 3.1 (95% CI, 2.6 to 3.8) and a cumulative incidence of 0.8% after 20 or more years of follow-up. In the multivariate analyses, risk increased monotonically with younger age at first diagnosis (P for trend < .001); compared with patients who were 60 years or older, those younger than 40 years were at a 17-fold higher risk (RR = 17.4; 95% CI, 10.1 to 29.8). We also found a modest but statistically significant decreasing trend with increasing duration of follow-up. Conclusion The risk of metachronous bilateral renal cell cancer is drastically higher among patients first affected at a young age, suggesting a subset of early onset renal cell cancer with a strong genetic component.
Großbritannien und die Neue Ostpolitik der Bundesrepublik
Authors: Geppert Dominik 
Published: July 2009

Vorspann
Über die britische Reaktion auf die „Neue Ostpolitik“ der Bundesrepublik Deutschland wissen wir bisher viel weniger als über die der USA und Frankreichs. Willy Brandts Einschätzung, sein Kurs sei in Großbritannien auf weniger Skepsis gestoßen als bei den anderen beiden Westmächten, hallt in der Forschung nach. Dominik Geppert zeigt aber jetzt, dass auch auf der Insel die Dinge komplizierter lagen: Alte Befürchtungen gegenüber Deutschland beeinflussten die Rezeption der Ostpolitik ebenso wie der letztlich entscheidende britische Pragmatismus.
Collaboration Between the Essential Esa1 Acetyltransferase and the Rpd3 Deacetylase Is Mediated by H4K12 Histone Acetylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Chang Christie S , Pillus Lorraine 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Histone modifications that regulate chromatin-dependent processes are catalyzed by multisubunit complexes. These can function in both targeting activities to specific genes and in regulating genomewide levels of modifications. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Esa1 and Rpd3 have opposing enzymatic activities and are catalytic subunits of multiple chromatin modifying complexes with key roles in processes such as transcriptional regulation and DNA repair. Esa1 is an essential histone acetyltransferase that belongs to the highly conserved MYST family. This study presents evidence that the yeast histone deacetylase gene, RPD3, when deleted, suppressed esa1 conditional mutant phenotypes. Deletion of RPD3 reversed rDNA and telomeric silencing defects and restored global H4 acetylation levels, in addition to rescuing the growth defect of a temperature-sensitive esa1 mutant. This functional genetic interaction between ESA1 and RPD3 was mediated through the Rpd3L complex. The suppression of esa1's growth defect by disruption of Rpd3L was dependent on lysine 12 of histone H4. We propose a model whereby Esa1 and Rpd3L act coordinately to control the acetylation of H4 lysine 12 to regulate transcription, thereby emphasizing the importance of dynamic acetylation and deacetylation of this particular histone residue in maintaining cell viability.
The Action of Purifying Selection, Mutation and Drift on Fitness Epistatic Systems
Authors: Pérez-Figueroa Andrés , Caballero Armando , García-Dorado Aurora , López-Fanjul Carlos 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
For different fitness mutational models, with epistasis introduced, we simulated the consequences of drift (D scenario) or mutation, selection, and drift (MSD scenario) in populations at the MSD balance subsequently subjected to bottlenecks of size N = 2, 10, 50 during 100 generations. No “conversion” of nonadditive into additive variance was observed, all components of the fitness genetic variance initially increasing with the inbreeding coefficient F and subsequently decreasing to zero (D) or to an equilibrium value (MSD). In the D scenario, epistasis had no appreciable effect on inbreeding depression and that on the temporal change of variance components was relevant only for high rates of strong epistatic mutation. In parallel, between-line differentiation in mean fitness accelerated with F and that in additive variance reached a maximum at F ∼ 0.6–0.7, both processes being intensified by strong epistasis. In the MSD scenario, however, the increase in additive variance was smaller, as it was used by selection to purge inbreeding depression (N ≥ 10), and selection prevented between-line differentiation. Epistasis, either synergistic or antagonistic (this leading to multiple adaptive peaks), had no appreciable effect on MSD results nor, therefore, on the evolutionary rate of fitness change.
Playing Active Video Games Increases Energy Expenditure in Children
Authors: Graf Diana L. , Pratt Lauren V. , Hester Casey N. , Short Kevin R. 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE: To compare energy expenditure rates in children playing the physically active video games, Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) and Nintendo's Wii Sports in relation to treadmill walking.
METHODS: Energy expenditure, heart rate, step rate, and perceived exertion were measured in 14 boys and 9 girls (ages 10–13 years; BMI at 3–98th percentile for age and gender) while watching television at rest, playing DDR at 2 skill levels, playing Wii bowling and boxing, and walking at 2.6, 4.2, and 5.7 km/h. Arterial elasticity was measured at rest and immediately after gaming.
RESULTS: Compared with watching television, energy expenditure while gaming or walking increased 2- to 3-fold. Similarly, high rates of energy expenditure, heart rate, and perceived exertion were elicited from playing Wii boxing, DDR level 2, or walking at 5.7 km/h. This occurred despite variations in step rate among activities, reflecting greater use of upper body during Wii play (lowest step rate) than during walking (highest step rate) or DDR play. Wii bowling and beginner level DDR elicited a 2-fold increase in energy expenditure compared to television watching. Large-artery elasticity declined immediately after both DDR and Wii. The change was inversely related to the increment in energy expenditure above rest achieved during the activity.
CONCLUSIONS: Energy expenditure during active video game play is comparable to moderate-intensity walking. Thus, for children who spend considerable time playing electronic screen games for entertainment, physically active games seem to be a safe, fun, and valuable means of promoting energy expenditure.
Terrorism-Related Perceived Stress, Adolescent Depression, and Social Support From Friends
Authors: Shahar Golan , Cohen Guina , Grogan Kathryn E. , Barile John P. , Henrich Christopher C. 
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: Terrorism leads to adolescent depression, but little is known about protective factors. We investigated 90 adolescents (in grades 7–9) residing in Dimona, Israel, before and after their exposure to a suicide bombing.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the prospective effect of social support from friends, parents, and school personnel on the link between bombing-related perceived stress and adolescent depression.
METHODS: Seven months prior to the suicide bombing, adolescents completed questionnaires as part of an ongoing investigation of youth risk/resilience under stress. The focus of the present study was on the Perceived Social Support Scale. One month subsequent to the suicide bombing, participants were interviewed by telephone about their bombing-related perceived stress (a 1-item measure) and depression (the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Child Depression Scale).
RESULTS: Bombing-related perceived stress was associated with an increase in continuous levels of depression from before to after the bombing (β = .29; P = .006). Prebombing social support from friends buffered against this effect (β = −.29; P = .010). Adolescents reporting high bombing-related perceived stress evinced an increase in depression if they reported low levels of friends' support (β = .61; P &lt; .001) but not high levels of friends' support (β = .00; P = .98). In addition, social support from friends predicted an increase in adolescent depression over time when bombing-related perceived stress was low (β = .34; P = .026).
CONCLUSION: In adolescence, social support from friends might protect against the depressogenic effect of terrorism-related perceived stress.
Predictors of Clinical Outcomes and Hospital Resource Use of Children After Tracheotomy
Authors: Berry Jay G. , Graham Dionne A. , Graham Robert J. , Zhou Jing , Putney Heather L. , O'Brien Jane E. , Roberson David W. , Goldmann Don A. 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVES: The objectives are to describe health outcomes and hospital resource use of children after tracheotomy and identify patient characteristics that correlate with outcomes and hospital resource use.PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 917 children aged 0 to 18 years undergoing tracheotomy from 36 children's hospitals in 2002 with follow-up through 2007. Children were identified from ICD-9-CM tracheotomy procedure codes. Comorbid conditions (neurologic impairment [NI], chronic lung disease, upper airway anomaly, prematurity, and trauma) were identified with ICD-9-CM diagnostic codes. Patient characteristics were compared with in-hospital mortality, decannulation, and hospital resource use by using generalized estimating equations.RESULTS: Forty-eight percent of children were ≤6 months old at tracheotomy placement. Chronic lung disease (56%), NI (48%), and upper airway anomaly (47%) were the most common underlying comorbid conditions. During hospitalization for tracheotomy placement, children with an upper airway anomaly experienced less mortality (3.3% vs 11.7%; P &lt; .001) than children without an upper airway anomaly. Five years after tracheotomy, children with NI experienced greater mortality (8.8% vs 3.5%; P ≤ .01), less decannulation (5.0% vs 11.0%; P ≤ .01), and more total number of days in the hospital (mean [SE]: 39.5 [4.0] vs 25.6 [2.6] days; P ≤ .01) than children without NI. These findings remained significant (P &lt; .01) in multivariate analysis after controlling for other significant cofactors.CONCLUSIONS: Children with upper airway anomaly experienced less mortality, and children with NI experienced higher mortality rates and greater hospital resource use after tracheotomy. Additional research is needed to explore additional factors that may influence health outcomes in children with tracheotomy.