bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of education and social class on the diagnosis of dementia in a community population
Authors: O'Connor D. W. , Pollitt P. A. , Treasure F. P. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISWe have reported previously that poorly educated elderly people and those of low social class were at much increased risk of scoring below the customary cut-point on the Mini-Mental State Examination, a widely-used, brief cognitive screening test. As part of the same study, subjects who scored 23 or less on the MMSE out of a maximum of 30 points, and a sample of those who scored 24 or 25 points, were assessed by psychiatrists using a structured, diagnostic interview. Assuming that persons who scored 26 points or above were cognitively intact (our data suggest that 2% or less were not), neither educational attainment nor social class had any influence on the likelihood that subjects would be diagnosed as demented. Our data suggest that social and psychological factors contribute substantially to cognitive test scores and serve to emphasize the importance of detailed assessment procedures in epidemiological surveys of dementia.
An HLA and family study of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Renvoize E. B. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisHistocompatibility antigens were examined in 124 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the frequency of HLA-B15 was found to be significantly increased over controls. Pooling of data from the present and similar studies suggests that AD is not strongly associated with any particular HLA antigen, although there may be a weak association with HLA-A2, B15 and Cw3. In a family study of 34 patients with AD, secondary cases of AD were identified in 9·7% of the first-degree relatives, and cases of presenile dementia and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type were found to occur within individual families.
The therapeutic effect of ascorbic acid and EDTA in manic-depressive psychosis: double-blind comparisons with standard treatments
Authors: Kay D. S. G. , Naylor G. J. , Smith A. H. W. , Greenwood C. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe effect of ascorbic acid and ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) in the treatment of manic-depressive psychosis was compared, using double-blind procedures, with recognized treatment regimes. There was no significant difference between the response of depressed patients to amitriptyline or ascorbic acid and EDTA. Manic patients responded significantly better to lithium than to ascorbic acid and EDTA. These results are in keeping with the suggestion that vanadium may be of aetiological importance in depressive psychosis, but do not support such a suggestion for mania.
Unemployment and psychological ill-health: the moderating role of duration and age
Authors: Jackson Paul R. , Warr Peter B. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe relationship between length of unemployment and psychological ill-health was examined in a sample of 954 unemployed working-class men, selected to cover all levels of age and several levels of duration of unemployment. The association between length of unemployment and psychological ill-health was found to be strongest in the middle age groups, with greater ill-health among those with a longer duration since job loss. No association between duration and ill-health was found for those who had recently entered the labour market or who were close to the end of their working lives. Desire for a job and financial stress were shown to be additional mediators of psychological ill-health during employment. A cumulative stress model is proposed to account for these findings.
‘Psychosocial’ interventions with families and their effects on the course of schizophrenia: a review
Authors: Barrowclough Christine , Tarrier Nicholas 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisRecent interest in the way social factors influence the course of schizophrenia has led to attempts to monitor and manipulate these factors. The work on the Expressed Emotion of the relative has been especially influential in this area. A number of studies have now been conducted in which a psychosocial intervention has been employed in an attempt to prevent relapse after discharge from hospital. These studies are reviewed with an emphasis on their methodological adequacy and on the nature of the intervention used. Recent studies have demonstrated a positive result for psychosocial interventions used in combination with neuroleptic medication. However, analysis of these studies does not allow us to conclude that we can identify the ‘active ingredients’ in these psychosocial treatment regimes. Although there is cause for optimism, further investigation is required.
Suicidal intent and repeated self-harm
Authors: Pierce David 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe value of identifying self-harm patients who repeat with rising suicidal intent is discussed. A study is described measuring changes in intent with repetition by means of an intent scale. Patients repeating once in 5 years scored significantly higher in intent for their second episodes, while multiple repeaters tended to score lower for second episodes. Patients under the age of 35 were most at risk for repetition with increasing intent within 2 years. No correlation emerged between the rise in intent and the time interval between episodes over a 7-year period. The 5-year suicide rate was higher among rising intent repeaters than other cases. These findings are discussed.
Variable clinical response to choline in tardive dyskinesia
Authors: Nasrallah Henry A. , Dunner Frederick J. , Smith Robert E. , McCalley-Whitters Mona , Sherman Arnold D. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisTardive dyskinesia is widely believed to be a state of relative hyperdopaminergic and hypocholinergic imbalance in the striatum of patients chronically treated with neuroleptics. However, not all patients with tardive dyskinesia respond to cholinergic drugs, which theoretically should restore the balance and improve the symptoms. We report a controlled, double-blind, crossover study of choline chloride in 11 patients with persistent tardive dyskinesia. Seven patients showed partial or minimal improvement, while two did not change and two deteriorated. The results are discussed in the light of other similar findings in the literature, and the implications for pharmacological subtypes of tardive dyskinesia using cholinergic probes are explored.
Possible association of schizophrenia with a disturbance in prostaglandin metabolism: a physiological hypothesis
Authors: Feldberg W. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisSchizophrenia may be associated with increased prostaglandin synthesis in certain parts of the brain. This hypothesis is based on the following findings: (1) Catalepsy, which is the nearest equivalent in animals to human catatonia, develops in cats when prostaglandin E1 is injected into the cerebral ventricles and when during endotoxin or lipid A fever the prostaglandin E2 level in cisternal c.s.f. rises to high levels; however, when fever and prostaglandin level are brought down by non-steroid anti-pyretics which inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, catalepsy disappears as well. (2) Febrile episodes are a genuine syndrome of schizophrenia.
The effects of clomiphene citrate on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Wakeling A. , Marshall J. C. , Beardwood C. J. , de Souza V. F. A. , Russell G. F. M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisSerum luteinizing hormone(LH) responses to a course of clomiphene citrate were studied in eleven patients with anorexia nervosa at different stages of the illness. In malnourished patients basal levels of LH were invariably low. With the resumption of a normal weight a small but definite rise in LH levels was observed but this spontaneous response to weight gain was variable in that many patients continued to exhibit abnormally low LH levels.The response to clomiphene in terms of a rise in basal LH levels after administration of the drug, followed by a second peak of LH and subsequent menstrual bleeding, was clearly dependent in part on the patient's nutritional state. In the malnourished state the response to clomiphene was usually either absent or incomplete. After the resumption of a more normal weight, the patients invariably showed an initial rise in LH after the clomiphene, but the second LH peak and subsequent menstruation were frequently not demonstrated. Six patients maintained a normal body weight for at least six months after a course of clomiphene, but only three of them resumed cyclical menstrual bleeding. It was concluded that factors additional to the nutritional state contribute to the prolonged amenorrhoea in anorexia nervosa and that clomiphene appears to have only a limited role in the treatment and management of patients with the disorder. Some aspects of current knowledge of the endocrine mechanisms that regulate normal menstruation and of the mode of action of clomiphene are outlined.The results of the present study are discussed against this background in an attempt to elucidate further the hypothalamic disorder underlying the amenorrhoea in anorexia nervosa.
A semi-structured clinical interview for the assessment of diagnosis and mental state in the elderly: the Geriatric Mental State Schedule: I. Development and reliability
Authors: Copeland J. R. M. , Kelleher M. J. , Kellett J. M. , Gourlay A. J. , Gurland B. J. , Fleiss J. L. , Sharpe L. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA standardized, semi-structured interview for examining and recording the mental state in elderly subjects is described. It allows the classification of patients by symptom profile and can demonstrate changes in that profile over time. It is believed that good reliability is demonstrated between psychiatric raters both for psychiatric diagnosis made on the basis of the schedule findings and for individual items. The Geriatric Mental State Schedule (GMS) consists mainly of items from the eighth edition of the PSE (Wing et al. 1967), together with additional items from the PSS (Spitzer et al. 1964), and extra sections dealing with disorientation and other cognitive abnormalities. Modifications have been introduced to facilitate interviewing elderly subjects.
A semi-structured clinical interview for the assessment of diagnosis and mental state in the elderly: the Geriatric Mental State Schedule: II. A factor analysis
Authors: Gurland B. J. , Fleiss J. L. , Goldberg K. , Sharpe L. , Copeland J. R. M. , Kelleher M. J. , Kellett J. M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisOne hundred geriatric psychiatric patients were examined with the Geriatric Mental State Schedule in New York and London, and a correlation procedure involving both clinical and statistical operations was carried out on the psychopathological data thus collected. Twenty-one factors were produced, including three dealing with cognitive impairment. Although it was found that elderly depressives show a profile of psychopathology quite different from that shown by patients with organic disorder, it was also found that patients with an apparently functional disorder may sometimes be diagnosed as an organic disorder, that subjective complaints of intellectual impairment are not good indicators of organic disorders and may be associated with a depressive factor, and that complaints that could be dismissed as attributes of ageing may actually be indicative of a depressive disorder in the elderly. The methodological implications, as well as the limitations of the sample size, are discussed.
Interpersonal relationships - in quest of a science
Authors: Hinde R. A. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisInterpersonal relationships pose problems additional to those arising from social behaviour. If there is to be a science of interpersonal relationships, it must rest on a firm descriptive base. It is suggested that the following categories of dimensions are likely to prove useful: the content of the interactions within the relationship; their diversity; their qualities; their relative frequency and patterning; the nature of their reciprocity v. complementarity; and the intimacy, interpersonal congruency and commitment between the participants. A science of relationships will also require principles concerned with their dynamics. Three likely categories are those concerned with social constraints, with learning, and with positive and negative feedback. Principles concerned with learning will require an adequate categorization of the resources used in interpersonal interactions. The specification of these principles depends on the adequacy of the descriptive base.
Behavioural syndromes identified by cluster analysis in a sample of 100 severely and profoundly retarded adults
Authors: Reid A. H. , Ballinger B. R. , Heather B. B. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisVery little is known about psychiatric disorders in severely and profoundly retarded adults. We have investigated these disorders by systematically recording and collecting data about the behaviour of 100 severely and profoundly retarded hospitalized adults and subjecting the data thus derived to cluster analysis. Eight clusters were isolated. The clinical psychiatric significance of these clusters is discussed and their relationship to cause of retardation, duration of stay in hospital and visiting is considered. A diagnostic framework for psychiatric disorder in severely and profoundly retarded adults is put forward and some possible treatment approaches are suggested.
Have the Samaritans lowered the suicide rate? A controlled study
Authors: Jennings C. , Barraclough B. M. , Moss J. R. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisSuicide rates in towns with a Samaritan branch were compared with rates in matched control towns without a branch. Four methods of choosing controls are described, all of which have advantages over those used by Bagley (1968). No statistically significant differences between Samaritan and control towns were found. The scientific case for the effectiveness of the Samaritans in reducing the suicide rate is therefore seriously weakened.
The striatonigral fibres and the feedback control of dopamine metabolism
Authors: Tulloch I. F. , Arbuthnott G. W. , Wright A. K. , Garcia-Munoz M. , Nicolaou N. M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIt proved possible to make lesions which interrupted the striatonigral GABA-containing pathway in the rat brain without causing concomitant damage to the nigrostriatal dopamine containing system. Estimations of striatal concentrations of dopamine (DA), dihydroxyphenyl-acetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) indicated that these lesions had no influence either on normal striatal DA turnover or on the enhancement of DA turnover induced by neuroleptics. Behavioural experiments suggested a motor output function for the striatonigral pathway.
The feasibility of tracing a sample of school-boys after a lapse of fifteen years
Authors: Mitchell Sheila , Jackson Derek 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAlthough the relationship between childhood behaviour and adult adjustment is often presented as established fact, relatively few non-retrospective studies have actually examined this perceived association. This paper presents a description of the attempt to establish the feasibility of tracing children after a lapse of 15 years and suggests that this may present fewer insuperable difficulties than might be imagined.
Neuroradiological and neuropsychological assessment in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Palazidou Eleni , Robinson Paul , Lishman William Alwyn 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisSeventeen patients with anorexia nervosa were examined by computed tomography (CT) and psychometry and compared with ten normal control subjects. The patients were found to have enlarged external cerebrospinal fluid spaces compared to controls. No differences were found in ventricular size and X-ray absorption density measurements between patients and controls. The patients performed abnormally on the symbol digit test, the scores of which displayed a significant negative correlation with the CT scan changes.
Psychological and physical determinants of premenstrual symptoms before and after hysterectomy
Authors: Osborn M. F. , Gath D. H. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe aim was to study women before and after hysterectomy (with conservation of the ovaries), in order to discover how far premenstrual symptoms are caused physically and how far psychologically. In such women both physical and psychological factors can influence premenstrual symptoms before hysterectomy; after the operation, in the absence of menstruation, only physical factors can do so. The subjects were 56 women awaiting hysterectomy for menorrhagia of benign origin. During three pre-operative months these women made daily self-ratings on a check-list in which typical premenstrual symptoms were interspersed with atypical symptoms; in this way their awareness of the premenstrual focus was minimized. Starting six months after hysterectomy, the women again kept daily check-lists for three months; over the same period their serum progesterone levels were measured to identify the premenstruum. After hysterectomy, levels of premenstrual symptoms fell significantly in the whole group, indicating that psychological factors were important determinants of such symptoms before hysterectomy.
Cognitive processing in post-trauma reactions: some preliminary findings
Authors: Creamer Mark , Burgess Philip , Pattison Phillipa 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe current study investigated a model of post-trauma reactions proposed initially by McFarlane (1988 a). Two separate data sets, one obtained following a multiple shooting and the other reported by McFarlane following a natural disaster, were examined. The findings of both studies provide support for a cognitive processing conceptualization of the development of post-trauma reactions.
Obsessional states: anxiety disorders or schizotypes? An information processing and personality assessment
Authors: Enright Simon J. , Beech Anthony R. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis paper presents evidence that on an information processing task, designed to investigate putative inhibitory mechanisms in selective attention, obsessive compulsive disordered individuals can be clearly distinguished from other anxiety disorder clients and show significantly higher scores on questionnaire measures designed to detect schizotypy in the normal population. It is suggested that these results provide some support for the idea that obsessive compulsive disorder may be misclassified as an anxiety disorder and may in fact be categorically more closely aligned to the schizophrenic constellation of disorders.
Mental health and medical consultation in primary care settings
Authors: Vázquez-Barquero J. L. , Wilkinson G. , Williams P. , Diez-Manrique J. F. , Peña C. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis paper examines the effect of psychiatric morbidity, as measured by the GHQ-60, on the probability of being in contact with a primary care physician, and the socio-demographic factors which influenced this effect. We found that the presence of psychiatric morbidity emerged as a major determinant of primary care utilization in both sexes, and about one-sixth of consultations in men and one-fifth of consultations in women could be attributed to it. Logistic modelling was used to investigate the joint effect on general practitioner consultation of psychiatric morbidity and seven socio-demographic variables. Sex, age, and psychiatric morbidity exerted independent, but not interactive, effects on consultation.
Quality of life in chronically mentally ill patients in day treatment
Authors: Levitt Anthony J. , Hogan T. P. , Bucosky Catherine M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA structured assessment instrument, the Quality of Life Interview, was used to explain the quality of life of seventy patients with chronic psychiatric illness attending a day treatment programme. The interview was found to have acceptable psychometric properties. Factors that best predicted the quality of life of these patients included the number of re-admissions in the last year, frequency of family contacts, satisfaction with social life, psychiatric health and adult education. The theoretical implications and potential clinical benefits of these findings for chronic psychiatric patients are discussed.
Schizophrenia and the brain: a prospective clinico-neuropathological study
Authors: Bruton C. J. , Crow T. J. , Frith C. D. , Johnstone E. C. , Owens D. G. C. , Roberts G. W. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe neuropathological results from a prospective, systematically assessed, series of 56 schizophrenic patients and 56 age- and sex-matched normal controls have been presented.When compared with the normal controls, the brains of the schizophrenic subjects showed a significant reduction in brain weight and brain length with a concomitant increase in ventricular size. (All findings relate to measurements made after formalin fixation). In addition, the brains of the schizophrenic patients contained significantly more non-specific focal pathology and fibrillary gliosis than the controls.After exclusion of cases with moderate and severe Alzheimer-type change, cerebro-vascular disease and all forms of focal pathology, the structural brain changes (i.e. decrease in brain weight and brain length) continued to distinguish the schizophrenia group from the controls. Furthermore, an analysis of the clinical data showed that the structural brain changes were correlated in the schizophrenic patients with a measurement of pre-morbid function.The findings and their possible aetiological implications have been discussed.
Familial risk factors and the familial aggregation of psychiatric disorders
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAll major psychiatric disorders aggregate in families. For most disorders, both genes and environmental factors play an important role in this aggregation. While recent work has tended to concentrate on the importance of genetic factors, this report focuses on the potential importance of environmental risk factors which themselves aggregate in families. In particular, this article examines how much of the familial aggregation of a psychiatric disorder may result from the familial aggregation of a risk factor. The model is illustrated and then applied to putative familial risk factors for schizophrenia and depression. The results of the model suggest that if parental loss and exposure to pathogenic rearing practices are true risk factors for depression, then they could account for a significant proportion of the familial aggregation of depression. By contrast, the model predicts that even if obstetric injury and low social class are true risk factors for schizophrenia, they together would account for only a very small proportion of the tendency for schizophrenia to aggregate in families.
Electrode placement in ECT: cognitive effects
Authors: Lawson J. S. , Inglis James , Delva N. J. , Rodenburg Martin , Waldron J. J. , Letemendia F. J. J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisForty patients suffering from a major depressive disorder, for whom electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was clinically indicated, were assigned to one of three electrode placement groups: bitemporal (BT), right unilateral (RU) or bifrontal (BF). Comparisons of these groups in terms of cognitive status showed that the BF placement, which avoided both temporal regions, spared both verbal and nonverbal functions. These differential effects, which were independent of the degree of clinical depression, were not, however, evident three months after the last ECT.