bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Dissonant Mission: Stephen Neill, Amy Carmichael, and Missionary Conflict in South India
Authors: Daughrity Dyron 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn 1924, eminent church historian and missiolagist Stephen Neill began his career as a missionary to south India under the supervision of the celebrated Amy Carmichael. What seemed like a match made in heaven resulted in a bitter parting of ways. How could such a promising mission partnership go so wrong? This paper draws upon primary research in order to examine this intriguing case study of conflict in the mission field. The paper will also introduce questions and implications that arise from the study of this incident. The paper is comprised of two components. We will first unpack the incident, and then assess some of the larger historical and missiological implications that arise from the study, particularly within the context of world Christianity.
Contextuality and Community: Challenges for Theological Education and Ecumenical Formation
Authors: Ortega Ofelia 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis article looks at some aspects of the history of ecumenical theological formation. It emphasizes the need to strive for quality theological education. This should always be ecumenical and pluralistic, link the global and the local and be founded on community‐based ecclesiastical theory. It points out the need to continue questioning the epistemological fundamentals of theology in order to ensure the continuous strengthening of the relationship between theory and practice. Another essential aspect is the relationship between mission and ecumenical theological formation and our understanding that education and ecumenical training is aimed at transforming people and communities. This means that changes to our educational institutions are indispensable. They should promote ecumenical, pluralist, inter‐disciplinary and holistic policies and practices and a commitment to a radical interpretation of the Bible that leads us to seek justice and well‐being for all people, communities and groups, and oppose any beliefs, practices and interpretation of the Bible that lead to oppression and injustice.
Contextuality and Catholicity: The Task of Orthodox Theology in Ecumenical Theological Education
Authors: Vassiliades Petros 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe essay unfolds theological foundations for theological education in ecumenical perspective from Orthodox perspectives seeing it as a worldwide enterprise fundamental to the mission of the church, not in its institutional character, but in its eschatological awareness of being a foretaste of the Kingdom of God. The relation between early ecumenical optimism and enthusiasm towards the goal of the visible unity of the church and the wide application of contextuality, i.e. the recognition of the contextual character of theology as a method from the 1970s onwards is discussed. According to the Orthodox perspectives, the ecumenical movement has lost its momentum and coherence and its determination for the quest of visible unity with the predominant acceptance of contextuality as the guiding principle in ecumenical discussions and theological education. The author argues that Orthodox theology has to deepen the understanding of its own contextuality and soften the existing antithesis between contextuality and catholicity of theology and theological education. Orthodox perspectives should underline the relevance of a fundamental unity of divine revelation, as represented in the broad understanding of Christian tradition, which is for the entire created world, not only for believers and which is challenging both a potential distortion, wherein unity is identified with the maintenance of denominational loyalty, as well as all contextual expressions of Christian theology with regard to their relation to the overall goal of church unity. The paper concludes with a plea for all Orthodox theological education to be of some real service to the church in deciding to deal both with current issues (to be contextual) and not to lose sight of the past (to be oriented to catholicity and church unity), to both open up to ecumenical theological education while at the same time maintaining a strong commitment to the common church tradition.
The Future of Theological Education in Central and Eastern Europe: Challenges for Ecumenical Learning in the 21st Century1
Authors: Raiser Konrad 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe article focuses on the context of Central and Eastern Europe. The introduction surveys earlier references to this context in the activities of the WCC programmes on theological education. It then characterizes the situation regarding theological education in this region, especially after the changes of 1989/90. The central section summarizes the earlier discussions on ecumenical learning, especially in the WCC, and applies the insights gained to the field of theological education. The concluding part spells out some of the consequences for the future of theological education in Central and Eastern Europe looking especially at the situation in the Orthodox churches, the Protestant minority churches and the evangelical communities.
Ethnic Studies: An Urgent Need in Theological Education in Africa
Authors: Nyende Peter 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBy virtue of its subject matter, theological education ought to infuse life with morals and values, thus moulding a just, moral and peaceful society such as is envisaged in God's telos for His world. And in line with its aims, theological education provides knowledge and skills to people to enable them to serve the church, together with the wider society where the church lives. A theological curriculum appropriate to its context ensures success in both these aspects of theological education. To their credit Africa's theological institutions seem to have curricula which are relevant to Africa's context. Success in sustaining the relevance of these curricula lies in continually revising the curriculum so that it does not become dated. One such urgent revision is in the offering of ethnic studies which is necessitated by the ethnic crisis in Africa. For this reason, ethnic studies in the curriculum of theological education in Africa are imperative. In the essay four ways are proposed in which ethnic studies could be included in the curriculum of theological education in Africa.
Travelling through Memory Lane: Theological Education in the World Council of Churches1
Authors: Pobee John S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe paper highlights crucial stages in the development of the programme on Ecumenical Theological Education (ETE) in the World Council of Churches which in its earlier incarnations goes back to the Accra Conference of the International Missionary Council and the emergence of the Theological Education Fund (TEF). In referring to the Oslo world conference on theological education 1996 some key areas of the mandate of ETE and of its future perspectives are developed, including its relation to the WOCATI network and its strategic importance for the WCC.
Lack of Evidence of Pregnancy‐Induced Alloantibodies in Dogs
Authors: Blais M.‐C. , Rozanski E. A. , Hale A. S. , Shaw S. P. , Cotter S. M. 
Published: March 2009

Background:It is controversial whether or not pregnant bitches become sensitized to red blood cell (RBC) antigens.Hypothesis:Bitches do not develop alloantibodies to RBC antigens during gestation and can be used safely as blood donors.Animals:The study group included 35 healthy female dogs with a prior history of 1 (n = 12), 2 (n = 14), or ≥ 3 (n = 9) pregnancies. The control group consisted of 15 healthy female dogs without any history of pregnancy.Methods:All dogs were blood typed for dog erythrocyte antigens (DEA) 1.1, 1.2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood samples and polyclonal antisera. Antibody screening was performed with serum and canine RBC panels of known blood type. An autocontrol and direct antiglobulin test were performed to rule out the presence of autoantibodies.Results:The only alloantibodies identified were those against DEA 7 and the prevalence of anti‐DEA 7 alloantibodies was similar in dogs with known history of pregnancy (11.4%) and in the control group (13.3%).Conclusions and Clinical Importance:These results confirm previous studies and clinical transfusion medicine experience. Naturally occurring anti‐DEA 7 alloantibodies have been reported but their clinical relevance has not been shown. Pregnancy does not appear to sensitize dogs to RBC antigens. Consequently, dogs with prior history of pregnancy can be used safely as blood donors. Conversely, no additional pretransfusion compatibility studies would be required should these dogs themselves need to be transfused.
Effects of Aging on Inner Ear Morphology in Dogs in Relation to Brainstem Responses to Toneburst Auditory Stimuli
Authors: Ter Haar G. , De Groot J.C.M.J. , Venker‐van Haagen A.J. , Van Sluijs F.J. , Smoorenburg G.F. 
Published: March 2009

Background: Age‐related hearing loss (ARHL) is the most common form of hearing loss in humans and is increasingly recognized in dogs.Hypothesis: Cochlear lesions in dogs with ARHL are similar to those in humans and the severity of the histological changes is reflected in tone audiograms.Animals: Ten geriatric dogs (mean age: 12.7 years) and three 9‐month‐old dogs serving as controls for histological analysis.Methods: Observational study. Auditory thresholds were determined by recording brainstem responses (BERA) to toneburst auditory stimuli (1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, and 32 kHz). After euthanasia and perfusion fixation, the temporal bones were harvested and processed for histological examination of the cochleas. The numbers of outer hair cells (OHCs) and inner hair cells (IHCs) were counted and the spiral ganglion cell (SGC) packing density and stria vascularis cross‐sectional area (SVCA) were determined.Results: A combination of cochlear lesions was found in all geriatric dogs. There were significant reductions (P .001) in OHC (42%, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 24–64%) and IHC counts (21%, 95% CI; 62–90%) and SGC packing densities (323, 95% CI; 216–290) in the basal turn, SVCA was smaller in all turns. The greatest reduction in auditory sensitivity was at 8–32 kHz.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: ARHL in this specific population of geriatric dogs was comparable histologically to the mixed type of ARHL in humans. The predominance of histological changes in the basal cochlear turn was consistent with the large threshold shifts observed in the middle‐ to high‐frequency region.
Mixed Inheritance of Equine Recurrent Airway Obstruction
Authors: Gerber V. , Baleri D. , Klukowska‐Rötzler J. , Swinburne J.E. , Dolf G. 
Published: March 2009

Background:Mode of inheritance of equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is unknown.Hypothesis:Major genes are responsible for RAO.Animals:Direct offspring of 2 RAO‐affected Warmblood stallions (n = 197; n = 163) and a representative sample of Swiss Warmbloods (n = 401).Methods:One environmental and 4 genetic models (general, mixed inheritance, major gene, and polygene) were tested for Horse Owner Assessed Respiratory Signs Index (1–4, unaffected to severely affected) by segregation analyses of the 2 half‐sib sire families, both combined and separately, using prevalences estimated in a representative sample.Results:In all data sets the mixed inheritance model was most likely to explain the pattern of inheritance. In all 3 datasets the mixed inheritance model did not differ significantly from the general model (P= .62,P= 1.00, andP= .27) but was always better than the major gene model (P< .01) and the polygene model (P< .01). The frequency of the deleterious allele differed considerably between the 2 sire families (P= .23 andP= .06). In both sire families the displacement was large (t= 17.52 andt= 12.24) and the heritability extremely large (h2= 1).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:Segregation analyses clearly reveal the presence of a major gene playing a role in RAO. In 1 family, the mode of inheritance was autosomal dominant, whereas in the other family it was autosomal recessive. Although the expression of RAO is influenced by exposure to hay, these findings suggest a strong, complex genetic background for RAO.
Plasma Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Healthy Calves and Calves with Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Hori Y. , Kikuchi M. , Nakagawa A. , Yonezawa T. , Miura H. , Ohnami Y. 
Published: March 2009

Background: The basic and clinical implications of evaluating plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration in calves are unknown.Objective: To investigate the relationship between the plasma ANP concentration and left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in healthy calves subjected to volume overload (Study 1), and to compare the plasma ANP concentration in calves with or without heart disease (Study 2).Animals: Six healthy calves were used in Study 1; disease calves and sick calves with (n = 9) and without congenital heart disease (CHD) (n = 9) were used in Study 2.Methods: In Study 1, LVEDP in anesthetized calves was manipulated by IV administration of acetated Ringer's solution (rate of 100 mL/kg/h for 20 minutes) and furosemide. In Study 2, disease calves were identified by blood examination and echocardiography or pathological examination. The plasma ANP concentration was determined by a chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for human α‐ANP.Results: In Study 1, preloading significantly increased the plasma ANP concentration (36 ± 20–185 ± 156, P < .01) and LVEDP (−11 ± 7–2 ± 12, P < .01) from the baseline. Furthermore, plasma ANP concentrations were strongly correlated with LVEDP (r= 0.61). In Study 2, the plasma ANP concentration was significantly higher in the calves with CHD than in the calves without heart disease (220 [67–970] versus 31 [10–86]; mean [range], P < .001).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Measurement of plasma ANP concentrations in calves can provide additional information useful for predicting hemodynamic abnormalities.
Quantum subgroups of a simple quantum group at roots of one
Authors: Andruskiewitsch Nicolás , Andrés García Gastón 
Published: March 2009

AbstractLetGbe a connected, simply connected, simple complex algebraic group and let ϵ be a primitiveℓth root of one,ℓodd and 3∤ℓifGis of typeG2. We determine all Hopf algebra quotients of the quantized coordinate algebra 𝒪ϵ(G).
Development and Characterization of Mouse Models of Infection with Aerosolized
Brucella melitensis
and
Brucella suis
Authors: Smither Sophie J. , Perkins Stuart D. , Davies Carwyn , Stagg Anthony J. , Nelson Michelle , Atkins Helen S. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

There is a need to identify vaccines that can protect against
Brucella
, a potential bioterrorism agent. We have developed mouse models of infection with aerosolized
Brucella melitensis
and
Brucella suis
and demonstrated their utility for the evaluation of vaccines using the model live
B. melitensis
vaccine strain Rev.1.
Evaluation of an Epitope-Blocking Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Diagnosis of West Nile Virus Infections in Humans
Authors: Loroño-Pino M. A. , Farfan-Ale J. A. , Blitvich B. J. , Beebe J. L. , Jarman R. G. , Beaty B. J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT
An epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (b-ELISA) was evaluated for the diagnosis of West Nile virus (WNV) infections in humans. Sera from patients diagnosed with WNV infections from an outbreak in 2003 in Colorado and from patients diagnosed with dengue virus infections from Mexico and Thailand were tested with the b-ELISA. The b-ELISAs were performed using the WNV-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) 3.1112G and the flavivirus-specific MAb 6B6C-1. Although the WNV-specific b-ELISA was effective in diagnosing WNV infections in humans from Colorado, it was not efficacious for diagnosing WNV infections in serum specimens from Mexico and Thailand. In serum specimens from patients from Colorado, the WNV b-ELISA and the WNV plaque reduction neutralization test showed an overall agreement of 91%. The sensitivity and specificity of the WNV b-ELISA were 89% and 92%, respectively, with a false-positive rate of 5%, based on receiver operating characteristic analysis. In contrast, false-positive rate results in specimens from the countries of Mexico and Thailand, where flaviviruses are endemic, were 79% and 80%, presumably due to the presence of antibodies resulting from previous dengue virus infections in Mexico and/or Japanese encephalitis virus infections or vaccination in Thailand. Thus, in regions where people have experienced previous or multiple flavivirus infections, the use of the b-ELISA for WNV diagnosis is contraindicated.
Genotypic Characterization of
Enterocytozoon bieneusi
in Specimens from Pigs and Humans in a Pig Farm Community in Central Thailand
Authors: Leelayoova Saovanee , Piyaraj Phunlerd , Subrungruang Ittisak , Pagornrat Wacharee , Naaglor Tawee , Phumklan Sirowan , Taamasri Paanjit , Suwanasri Jiraporn , Mungthin Mathirut 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

We determined that 15.7% of pigs and 1.4% of humans in a pig farm community in central Thailand harbored
Enterocytozoon bieneusi
. Genotyping of
E. bieneusi
from pigs showed genotypes O, E, and H. However, only genotype A was found in human subjects. This indicates nonzoonotic transmission of
E. bieneusi
in this community.
Adenovirus Activates Complement by Distinctly Different Mechanisms In Vitro and In Vivo: Indirect Complement Activation by Virions In Vivo
Authors: Tian Jie , Xu Zhili , Smith Jeffrey S. , Hofherr Sean E. , Barry Michael A. , Byrnes Andrew P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTUnderstanding innate immunity is key to improving the safety of adenovirus (Ad) vectors for systemic gene therapy. Ad has been shown to activate complement in vitro, but activation of complement after Ad injection in vivo has not been directly measured. Using complement protein C3a as a marker of complement activation, we show that types 2 and 5 human Ads cause rapid complement activation after intravenous injection in mice. Unexpectedly, the mechanisms in vivo were different than those in vitro. Antibodies were critical for the activation of complement by Ad in vitro, but antibodies were not required in vivo. The classical pathway was required in vitro, whereas complement activation in vivo involved both classical and nonclassical pathways as well as the reticuloendothelial system. Remarkably, the entry-deficient Ad mutantts1 was completely unable to activate complement in vivo even though it was fully able to activate complement in vitro. This result demonstrates that the complement system senses intravenously injected Ad primarily by detecting the effects of Ad on cells rather than through direct interaction of complement with virions. Encouragingly, shielding Ad with polyethylene glycol was effective at reducing complement activation both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, intravenously injected Ad rapidly activates complement through multiple pathways, but these pathways are different than those identified by in vitro studies. In vitro studies are poorly predictive of in vivo mechanisms because Ad virions activate complement through indirect mechanisms in vivo.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus K-bZIP Protein Is Necessary for Lytic Viral Gene Expression, DNA Replication, and Virion Production in Primary Effusion Lymphoma Cell Lines
Authors: Lefort Sylvain , Flamand Louis 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of three human proliferative disorders, namely, Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphomas (PEL), and multicentric Castleman's disease. Lytic DNA replication of KSHV, which is essential for viral propagation, requires the binding of at least two KSHV proteins, replication and transactivation activator (RTA) and K-bZIP, on the lytic origin of replication. Moreover, K-bZIP physically interacts with RTA and represses its transactivation activity on several viral promoters in transient transfection assays. To evaluate the physiological roles of K-bZIP in the context of PEL, we generated BCBL-1 cells with a tetracycline (Tet)-inducible small hairpin RNA (shRNA) directed against the K8 mRNA to knock down K-bZIP expression at different points during KSHV's life cycle. Using this model, we demonstrate that in the absence of K-bZIP expression, dramatic decreases in
orf50
,
orf57
, and
orf26
transcript expression are observed. Similar effects were seen at the protein level for RTA (immediate-early protein) and K8.1 (late protein) expression. Interestingly, a direct correlation between K-bZIP levels and viral lytic mRNAs was noticed. As a consequence of K-bZIP knockdown, viral DNA replication and virion production were severely impaired. The same effects were observed following knockdown of K-bZIP in another PEL cell line, BC3. Finally, using shRNA-K8-inducible 293 cells, we report that de novo synthesis of K-bZIP is not necessary for initiation of infection and latency establishment. These data support the concept that K-bZIP is essential for lytic viral gene expression, viral DNA replication, and virus propagation in PEL cells.
Structural Comparison of Different Antibodies Interacting with Parvovirus Capsids
Authors: Hafenstein Susan , Bowman Valorie D. , Sun Tao , Nelson Christian D. S. , Palermo Laura M. , Chipman Paul R. , Battisti Anthony J. , Parrish Colin R. , Rossmann Michael G. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe structures of canine parvovirus (CPV) and feline parvovirus (FPV) complexed with antibody fragments from eight different neutralizing monoclonal antibodies were determined by cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) reconstruction to resolutions varying from 8.5 to 18 Å. The crystal structure of one of the Fab molecules and the sequence of the variable domain for each of the Fab molecules have been determined. The structures of Fab fragments not determined crystallographically were predicted by homology modeling according to the amino acid sequence. Fitting of the Fab and virus structures into the cryoEM densities identified the footprints of each antibody on the viral surface. As anticipated from earlier analyses, the Fab binding sites are directed to two epitopes, A and B. The A site is on an exposed part of the surface near an icosahedral threefold axis, whereas the B site is about equidistant from the surrounding five-, three-, and twofold axes. One antibody directed to the A site binds CPV but not FPV. Two of the antibodies directed to the B site neutralize the virus as Fab fragments. The differences in antibody properties have been linked to the amino acids within the antibody footprints, the position of the binding site relative to the icosahedral symmetry elements, and the orientation of the Fab structure relative to the surface of the virus. Most of the exposed surface area was antigenic, although each of the antibodies had a common area of overlap that coincided with the positions of the previously mapped escape mutations.