bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Jurassic Strata cut through by the South Wales Direct Line between Filton and Wootton Bassett
Authors: Reynolds Sidney Hugh , Vaughan Arthur 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
A paper like the following, dealing with a newly-exposed section, does not require any long introduction, and naturally the number of previous communications on the subject is limited. We know of only two, namely:—Mr. H. B. Woodward's account in the ‘Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey for 1898,‘ pp. 188-94, and the Rev. H. H. Winwood's Report on the Excursion of the Geologists’ Association to the new Great Western Railway-line from Wootton Bassett to Filton, Proc. Geol. Assoc. vol. xvii (1901) p. 144.
II. The Liassic Sections West of Sodbury Tunnel.
1. The Main Section.

(
a
) The White Lias.

Resting directly upon a thin bed of typical Cotham Marble is a compact, cream-coloured limestone, about 1 foot thick; this bed forms a marked horizon, not only by reason of its peculiar texture, but also on account of the levelness of its surface. It represents the ‘White Lias’ of the Somerset area and, in particular, the ‘Sun-Bed’ of the Radstock district.

(
b
) The
Ostrea
- and
Torus
-Beds.

Immediately above the Sun-Bed is a series of limestones and subordinate shales, forming a total thickness of about 5 feet. Although no specimen of
Psiloceras planorbis
was found, the horizon of these beds is well marked zonally by
Ammonites Johnstoni(=Amm. torus)
, which is not uncommon in the upper strata. The series is, however, chiefly characterized by
Ostrea liassica
and its numerous mutations which abound throughout, but especially towards the base.

The following is a complete list of the fossils that we
On a new Boring at Caythorpe (Lincolnshire)
Authors: Preston Henry 
Published: October 2009

During the early part of the present year (1902) a boring was made near Caythorpe, for the purpose of obtaining a water-supply from the Marlstone. Rock-bed of the Middle Lias. The work was done for Mr. E. Lubbock, of Caythorpe Court, and the boring is about a third of a mile east of the house. A well has been dug to a depth of 46 feet, and from the bottom of this well a 6-inch boring was put down. The thickness of the Upper Lias in this district is usually taken to be about 110 feet, but the present boring has shown it to have here a thickness of feet. The section is as follows:—
The rest-level of the water in the borehole is at a depth of 175 feet from the surface, or 145 feet above Ordnance-datum.
The boring was made by Mr. J. E. Noble, of Thurlby, near Bourne, under my own superintendence, and samples of boring-débris were sent to me at frequent intervals. Previous to this boring being made, four other wells had been sunk, which passed through the limestone and into the Liassic clay. The positions of these wells are shown on the plan (fig. 1, p. 30).
The normal dip of the beds is south-easterly, and, as will be noticed, Wells Nos. 1, 3, & 5 lie approximately in the line of dip, and in continuation of the lower part of the road; and hence a section (fig. 2, p. 30)
On some Well-Sections in Suffolk
Authors: Whitaker William 
Published: October 2009

Some 470 well-sections in Suffolk were noticed in thirteen Geological Survey Memoirs up to the year 1893. Many of these were shallow, but many were of considerable depth. Few of the accounts had been published before.
Two years later, seventeen fresh sections were described in a paper on some Suffolk well-sections, and since then four others have been noticed in various publications.
As notes of thirty-one more have accumulated; as there is no opening for the printing of these, either in a Survey Memoir or in the publication of a local society (for there is no such publication); and as some of them have points of considerable geological interest, it is hoped that I may be forgiven for bringing matters of local detail (such as the following sections of twenty borings) before the Geological Society, which, as a rule, is hardly the proper place for them.
Though ready to take a somewhat extended view of a remark made by a former President, that papers of local character would find a more appropriate birth near the place of their conception, yet I think it better that such papers (at all events my own) should be born rather than strangled in embryo.
The object of this paper is to show how greatly our knowledge may be added to by wells or borings, and how sometimes these give results that could not have been expected.

Woodbridge

If there is a place in Eastern Suffolk where one might reasonably expect to be able
The Cellular Magnesian Limestone of Durham
Authors: Abbott George 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The Permian Limestone covers about 1¼ square miles near Sunderland; it alternates with beds of marl containing concretionary limestone-balls, and attains a thickness of 65 feet or so. The cellular limestones frequently contain more than 97 per cent. of calcium-carbonate. Magnesium-carbonate occupies the interspaces or ‘cells’ of this limestone, and also the spaces between the balls. The hundred or more patterns met with in it can be arranged into two chief classes, conveniently termed honeycomb and coralloid, each with two varieties; and each class has four distinct stages, both classes having begun with either parallel or divergent systems of rods. The second stage is the development of nodes at regular distances on neighbouring rods; and these in the third stage, by lateral growth, become bands, finally, in the fourth stage the interspaces become filled up. The upper beds are usually the most nearly solid. In the coralloid class the nodes and bands are smaller and more numerous than in the honeycomb class. In both classes tubes are frequently formed. The rods have generally grown downwards, but upward and lateral growth is common. A section of Fulwell Quarry is given.
Notes on the Geology of Patagonia
Authors: Scrivenor John Brooke 
Published: October 2009

Apart from the papers dealing with the extinct vertebrate faunas, the following are important works on the geology of Patagonia. For further literature, see the bibliography appended to Dr. Ortmann‘s Report.
II. The Sedimentary Rocks.
The latest classification of the Patagonian sediments is that by Mr. J. B. Hatcher, who conducted the Princeton University Expeditions. Previous to its appearance, M. Alcide Mercerat, of Buenos Aires, published a classification based on his observations in Southern Patagonia. Both are summarized here in tabular form:—
During several manths' travelling in Patagonia I had opportunities of gaining some knowledge of the geology of the country; but, owing to the great distance traversed in the time, I found that it was impossible to study the stratigraphy satisfactorily, except in the neighbourhood of Santa Cruz, where a few weeks were spent. In that district the Patagonian and the Santa Cruz Beds are excellently exposed, as also is the ‘gravel-formation,’ which, in order to avoid any confusion, will be referred to hereafter as the Téhuelche Pebble-Bed.
Fig. 1 (p. 162) represents a section of the Patagonian Beds at Entrance Point, at the mouth of the Rio Santa Cruz. The divisions mentioned by Darwin in ‘Geological Observations’ lie respectively between the 272-foot and 220-foot levels, the 220-foot and 159-foot levels, the 159-foot level and the talus-marks. These beds were also examined 18 miles up stream, on the estancia of Don Pedro Richmond, where they yield a rich invertebrate fauna. The section here does not present so varied a
On a New Species of
Acrolepis
obtained by Mr. Molyneux from the Sengwe Coalfield
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith 
Published: October 2009

The large slab of ferruginous sandstone obtained by Mr. Molyneux from the Sengwe Coalfield exhibits the imperfect remains of five ganoid fishes, besides scattered fragments probably of others, all belonging to the same species. One specimen (Pl. XX, fig. 1) indicates the approximate length of the head, two others seem to show the maximum depth of the trunk, while another displays the greater part of the heterocercal tail (Pl. XX, fig. 2). All the specimens exhibit the scales, and there are also some traces of the paired and anal fins. It is thus possible to determine many of the characters of the genus and species represented.
The fish to which these remains belong is laterally compressed, and must have measured at least 60 centimetres in length, with a maximum depth of about 15 centimetres. The length of the head with opercular apparatus seems to have been approximately equal to the maximum depth of the trunk. The caudal pedicle is clearly very slender, and the upper caudal lobe is much elongated (Pl. XX, fig. 2).
The external head-bones are ornamented with thick rounded rugæ, but they are crushed together beyond recognition. The direction of the mandibular suspensorium is very oblique.
The enamelled scales are thick, rhombic in shape, and regularly arranged over the whole of the trunk. They are very deeply overlapping; and those of the flank are united by a peg-and-socket articulation, without any strengthening ridge on the inner face (P1. XX, fig. 4). The principal scales of the flank
On a New Species of
Solenopsis
[
Solenomorpha
] from the Pendleside Series of Hodder Place, Stonyhurst (Lancashire)
Authors: Hind Wheelton 
Published: October 2009

Solenomorpha Major
, sp. nov.

(Fig. 1, p. 335.)
Specific charaeters. — Shell above the medium size, transversely elongate, ovato-lanceolate-truncate, very inequilateral, broad and convex in front, narrowed and compressed posteriorly, only slightly convex from before backward, more so from above downward. The anterior border is rounded, the inferior border prolonged and elliptieally curved, the posterior short, bluntly obliquely truncate. The hinge-line is curved in front, long, and almost straight posteriorly. The umbones are obtuse, and placed in the anterior fifth of the valve. There seems to have been an elongate, narrow escutcheon.
Interior.—The anterior adductor-scar is large and rounded. Other characters and the hinge unknown.
Exterior.—The shell is ornamented with fine, close, concentric lines of growth, which follow the contour of the valve.
Dimensions.—Antero-posteriorly = 136 millimetres; dorsoventrally = 42 ram.; gibbosity of valve = 5 mm.
Horizon and Locality.—Shales of the Pendleside Series, River Hodder, Hodder Place, Stonyhurst (Lancashire).

Observations.—This beautiful specimen was found by the Rev. Charles Hilldreth, S.J., who has most kindly presented it to the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. The specimen is that of a perfect left valve, evidently a full-grown example, somewhat crushed along the hinge-line. The gradually-tapering posterior end and general shape point to the genus
Solenomorpha
, to which I now refer it without hesitation.
S. major
is so much larger, more compressed, and deeper than
S. minor
, that there is no danger of the two species being confused.

I have described and figured two species of
Solenomorpha
in my Monograph of
The Lowest Beds of the Lower Lias at Sedbury Cliff
Authors: Vaughan Arthur 
Published: October 2009

The two chief points of interest in the Lower Lias of Sedbury Cliff, which I examined in company with Mr. L. Richardson, are, firstly, the relation of the basal conglomerate to the Cotham Marble and White Lias of neighbouring districts; and, secondly, the examination of the faunal sequence, with a view to testing the absolute value of ammonite-zones.
1. The Conglomerate.
This is composed of fragments of a very compact, lithographic, argillaceous limestone, which exhibits well-marked conchoidal fracture. The large fragments are invariably tabular and lie horizontally, their vertical dimension being small compared with their horizontal extent; all of them show internal, horizontal bands of colour which may undoubtedly be considered to have existed in the original rock-layer from which the fragments were broken. The smaller fragments lie in all directions, and many of them are rounded; they almost invariably exhibit an outer, more deeply stained shell, the colour of which shades off inward quite uniformly and imperceptibly. There can be little doubt that this staining has been produced subsequently to the breaking and rolling of the fragments, and, most probably, subsequently to their cementation into a conglomerate.
That the fragments of the conglomerate once formed part of a layer exactly similar to the true Cotham Marble of the Bristol and Sodbury areas, is almost without question, since they agree absolutely in lithological characters with specimens of that rock, though I have noticed no fragments which show the peculiar arborescent markings. It is, however, important to notice that the arborescent
The Geology of the Tintagel and Davidstow District (Northern Cornwall)
Authors: Parkinson John 
Published: October 2009

Introduction.

Since the publication in 1839 of the far-famed Memoir by Sir Henry de la Beche on the ‘Geology of Cornwall, Devon & West Somerset,’ a large part of the first-named county has been left comparatively unmolested, alike by the hammer and by the theories of the geologist. Thus the district which lies to the west-ward of the fossiliferous Upper Devonian Beds of South Petherwin and Landlake, from St. Clether, in a westerly direction,
via
Davidstow and the North Cornwall branch of the London & South-Western Railway to the coast, has been almost untouched, except for four papers, since the date above mentioned.

My sincere thanks are due to Prof. T. G. Bonney, F.R.S., for kind suggestions in the course of the preparation of this paper; to Lieut.-Gen. C. A. MacMahon, F.R.S., for the loan of slides of the Cock's Tor rock; to Miss Raisin, D.Sc., for specimens and slides from the Ardennes; to Mr. G. T. Prior and Dr. J. S. Flett, for invaluable aid in determining some of the minerals; and to Mr. E. T. Newton, F.R.S., for kind help with the fossils. These are, from the coast east of Tintagel Head (between Barras Gug and Smiths Cliff) forms comparable with
Atrypa flabellata
and with
Posidonomya
; and
Spirifera Verneuilii
from Lanterdan Quarry.

A list of fossils from Tintagel was given by Holl.
In regard to the general structure of the country, two points are of great importance. First, ly, from St. Clether on the east to the Rocky
The Toarcian of Bredon Hill, and a Comparison with Deposits elsewhere
Authors: Buckman S. S. 
Published: October 2009

I. Geology.
The Upper Lias (G 3) of Bredon Hill is shown on the Geological-Survey map as more than 300 feet in thickness. It is said to be as much as 380 feet thick, whereas at Wotton-under-Edge, some 36 miles to the south, it is said to be only 10 feet. But at the former locality the Inferior Oolite (G 5) is represented as resting directly on the Upper Lias (G 3); at the latter locality there is shown, between Inferior Oolite and Upper Lias, a development of some 150 feet of strata called ‘Midford Sand’ (G 4)—the Cotteswold Sands overlain by the Cephalopod-Bed. The question often presented itself to my mind—Were the two so-called ‘series’ of Upper Lias the same, or was not the Upper Lias of Bredon Hill really much more than the Upper Lias of Wotton, so that there was not a true comparison? Was it not an argillaceous condition of the sands and the overlying Cephalopod-Bed?

Some few years ago I was able to answer this question partly in the affirmative. On the north slope of Bredon Hill, I found in some argillaceous stones in a gateway, many feet below the yellow limestone of the Inferior Oolite, portions of ammonites indicative of beds contemporaneous with the Cephalopod-Bed of the Cotteswolds: they indicated strata of the hemeræ
Moorei, dispansi
, and
Struckmanni
.

When the Cotteswold Naturalists' Field-Club visited Overbury on the south side of Bredon Hill, in 1902, the members found in the gravel-pit many ammonites confirming my
The Age of the principal Lake-Basins between the Jura and the Alps
Authors: Du Riche Preller C. S. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
1. In a paper read before the Societ'y. in 1902, the Author showed, on the evidence of extensive high-level deposits of Decken-schotter in Subalpine France and Switzerland, that the principal Swiss lake-basins could not have existed at the time when those deposibs were formed, during and after the first or Pliocene glaciation of the Alps. In the present paper he deals with the question reserved in the preceding one, that is, to which subsequent period the formation of those lake-basins should be assigned. By the light of further recent investigations in the different localities, he first considers the conditions of the Zurich lake-valley, where the successive glacial and fiuviatile deposits are clearly defined, and theu applies his conclusions to the other principal lake-basins lying in the same zone along the edge of the Alps.
2. The hitherto generally-accepted view that the lake-basins are pre-Glacial in the old sense, or were formed during the first inter- Glacial period, rests, in the main, on two arguments : (1) that the alluvia at the lower ends of the lakes are all Glacial, not only from their appearance, but because the materials composing them could only have been transported thence by glaciers, which either passed over the lakes by bridging them, or through them by completely filling them with ice; and (2) that the zonal bending of the Molasse along the edge of the Alps, to which the lake-basins owe their existence, odcurred before the second or maximum glaciation,because on the hills flanking the
On a probable Palæolithic Floor at Prah Sands (Cornwall)
Authors: Reid Clement , Reid Eleanor M. 
Published: October 2009

About 7 miles cast of Penzance a shallow bay lies between a rocky headland of slate and elvan on the one side, and the Godolphin granite on the other. Into this bay sand, principally shell-sand, has drifted, so as to show at low tide a mile or so of sandy foreshore, behind which occur low cliffs and sand-dunes. This tract is known as Prah Sands. In its leading characteristics it is a typical Cornish bay, dating from the period of the raised beach, but subsequently rendered less important, and partly obliterated, by changes of sea-level and the accumulation of drift.
The drift "in the low cliff at Prah was described in 1879 by Mr. W. A. E. Ussher; but nothing exceptional seems to have been visible at that date, nor was anything unusual observed during two visits made by one of us in 1901. The ordinary Succession of angular ‘head,’ on raised beach, resting upon a wave-worn rocky platform, was all that was noticed.
During the severe gales of 1902 and 1903 the sea washed away much of the talus and sand which masked the foot of the cliff between Sydney Cove and Hoe Point, and also removed so much of the beach as to lay bare numerous patches of the rocky floor below. The sections thus exposed are of such great interest as to justify a detailed description, for they yield what we believe to be the first evidence of Palmolithic man yet found in Cornwall.
The section lies
On the Igneous Rocks at Spring Cove, near Weston-super-Mare
Authors: Boulton William S. 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

In the Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey for 1898 (pp. 104–11), Sir Archibald Geikie & Mr. Strahan, in a description of a ‘Volcanic Group in the Carboniferous Limestone of North Somerset,’ published for the first time the evidence for the contemporaneity of these igneous rocks. The authors refer briefly to the basalt and associated tufts at Spring Cove, immediately to the west of the town of Weston, and describe in more detail the basalt-lava and beds of tuff interbedded with the fossiliferous limestone along the ridge of Middle Hope, 2 miles north of Weston.
At the time of the publication of this account, I had already made a detailed examination of these rocks in the field, and of microscopic and chemical preparations ; but as my results seemed in general accord with those of the authors named, especially in regard to the rocks of Middle Hope, I felt that little or nothing was to be gained by the publication of my work as a whole.
In the rocks at Spring Cove, Weston, however, there appear to me to be points of considerable interest which are only briefly touched upon, or not mentioned at all, in the account to which I have referred, and I therefore venture to submit some additional observations in regard to them.

II.
General Description of the Rocks
.

The basalt at Spring Cove, immediately north of Weston Pier, runs obliquely to the high road, and is exposed from low-water mark along the foreshore
The Rhætic Beds of the South-Wales Direct Line
Authors: Reynolds Sidney Hugh , Vaughan Arthur 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

The Rhætic Beds of the South-Wales Direct Line have been briefly described by the following geologists:—

1.
Mr. H. B. Woodward, in the ‘Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey’ for 1898, p. 191.

2.
The Rev. H. H. Winwood, in the Report of the Excursion of the Geologists Association to the new Great Western Railway-line from Wootton Bassett to Filton, Proc. Geol. Assoc. vol. xvii (1901) p. 148.

3.
Mr. A. Strahan describes the Lilliput section in the ‘Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey’ for 1902, Appendix V, p. 192.

4.
Mr. A. Rendle Short describes the Stoke-Gifford section in a paper read before the Geological Society on December 16th, 1903, and now published in the same part of the Quarterly Journal as the present, paper.

II. D
escription
of
the
E
xposures
.

The Rhætic Beds are finely exposed in the large cutting near Stoke Gifford; they come on above the Kcuper rocks west of the Carboniferous-Limestone outcrop at Lilliput Farm, and an excellent section occurs resting upon the Carboniferous Limestone, from Lilliput Bridge as far east as Chipping-Sodbury railway-station.
(a) The Stoke-Gifford Section.
As Mr. Rendle Short informed us that he was engaged on a detailed examination of the Stoke-Gifford Rhætic, we have conlined ourselves to a general account of the section, and have only included the results of our independent observations in this paper. Had we omitted all reference to the Stoke-Gifford section, our
Appendix I. Notes on the Collection of Rock-specimens made by Col. English in European Turkey and Asia Minor
Authors: Flett John Smith 
Published: October 2009

The collection of specimens submitted to me by Col. English, though not very large, included representatives of many different kinds of rocks—sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic. The most numerous, however, were the recent lavas, which ranged from rhyolites and trachytes to very basic augitites. Many of the specimens, having been collected in the course of hurried traverses through difficult regions, were not so fresh as might have been desired. Yet it was possible, in nearly all cases, to form a definite opinion regarding the nature of the rock and the group to which it was to be assigned.
The clastic sediments and organic limestones of the Tertiary Series require no special description, but mention may be made of the occurrence of red, baked, and hardened, nodular shales, which had been contact-altered apparently by lava-flows that covered or enveloped them. None of the advanced stages of thermal alteration were found in any of the rocks sliced. Trachytic (?), andesitic, and basaltic tuffs were numerous, but call for no detailed treatment.
The assemblage of crystalline, igneous, and metamorphic rocks was on the whole very similar to that which has been described by J. S. Diller from the adjacent district of the Troad. With the exception of the nepheline-basalts, practically all the rocks described by him were present also in Col. English's series; and there were only one or two classes the occurrence of which was not already known from Mr. Diller's paper.
Rhyolites were certainly few, although they are reported as abundant in