bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intracranial Vessel Wall Imaging at 7.0-T MRI
Authors: van der Kolk Anja G. , Zwanenburg Jaco J.M. , Brundel Manon , Biessels Geert-Jan , Visser Fredy , Luijten Peter R. , Hendrikse Jeroen 
Published: July 2011

Background and Purpose—
Conventional imaging methods cannot depict the vessel wall of intracranial arteries at sufficient resolutions. This hampers the evaluation of intracranial arterial disease. The aim of the present study was to develop a high-resolution MRI method to image intracranial vessel wall.

Methods—
We developed a volumetric (3-dimensional) turbo spin-echo (TSE) sequence for intracranial vessel wall imaging at 7.0-T MRI. Inversion recovery was used to null cerebrospinal fluid to increase contrast with the vessel wall. Magnetization preparation was applied before inversion to improve signal-to-noise ratio. Seven healthy volunteers and 35 patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack underwent imaging to test the magnetization preparation inversion recovery TSE sequence. Gadolinium-based contrast agent (Gadobutrol, 0.1 mL/kg) was administered to assess possible lesion enhancement in the patients.

Results—
The walls of intracranial arterial vessels could be visualized in all volunteers and patients with good contrast between wall, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid. The quality of the vessel wall depiction was independent of the vessel orientation relative to the plane of acquisition. In 21 of the 35 patients, a total number of 52 intracranial vessel wall lesions were identified. Eleven of the 52 lesions showed enhancement after contrast administration. Only 14 of the 52 lesions resulted in stenosis of the arterial lumen.

Conclusions—
Intracranial vessel wall and its pathology can be depicted with the magnetization preparation inversion recovery TSE sequence at 7.0 T. The magnetization preparation inversion recovery TSE sequence will make it possible to study the role of intracranial arterial wall pathology in ischemic stroke.

Clinical Trial Registration Information—

URL:
http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/index.asp
. Unique identifier: NTR2119.
Finite-Amplitude Wave Activity and Mean Flow Adjustments in the Atmospheric General Circulation. Part II: Analysis in the Isentropic Coordinate
Authors: Nakamura Noboru , Solomon Abraham 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The finite-amplitude wave activity diagnostic developed for quasigeostrophic (QG) flows in Part I is extended to the global primitive equation system in the isentropic coordinate. The Rossby wave activity density A is proportional to Kelvin’s circulation around the wavy potential vorticity (PV) contour minus that around the zonal circle that encloses the same isentropic mass. A quasi-conservative, eddy-free reference state flow uREF is constructed from the observed Kelvin’s circulation by zonalizing the PV contours conservatively while enforcing gradient balance. The departure of the observed zonal-mean flow of the atmosphere from the reference state is defined as the net adjustment by the eddies. Then Δu is further partitioned into the direct eddy drag −A and the residual impulse ΔuR consistent with the time-integrated transformed Eulerian mean (TEM) zonal-wind equation.
The analyzed climatological-mean wave activity in the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40) is similar to that in Part I. The net adjustment Δu is mainly due to the direct eddy drag (Δu ≈ −A) in the winter polar stratosphere and can reach approximately −60 m s−1 in the Northern Hemisphere. In the extratropical troposphere Δu is a small residual (ΔuR ≈ A), yet it clearly reveals a 5–6 m s−1 eddy driving of the Southern Hemisphere jet as well as a 7–8 m s−1 eddy drag in the subtropical upper troposphere of both hemispheres. The local maxima in wave activity in the equatorial upper troposphere and the extratropical lower stratosphere found in Part I are undetected, while negative wave activity is found where the isentropes intersect the ground. As in the QG case, uREF exhibits significantly less transient and interannual variability than , implying a better signal-to-noise ratio as a climate variable.
Numerical Simulations of the Postsunrise Reorganization of a Nocturnal Mesoscale Convective System during 13 June IHOP_2002
Authors: Trier Stanley B. , Marsham John H. , Davis Christopher A. , Ahijevych David A. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
A convection-permitting numerical model is used to simulate the postsunrise reorganization of a nocturnal mesoscale convective system (MCS) observed over western and central Oklahoma on 13 June 2002 during the International H2O (IHOP_2002) Field Experiment. The MCS reorganization consists of a transition from northwest–southeast-oriented convective rainbands near sunrise to a single northeast–southwest (NE–SW)-oriented convective rainband with trailing stratiform precipitation later in the morning.
Results indicate the importance of environmental preconditioning on MCS reorganization. In particular, the development of the NE–SW rainband that redefines the MCS organization is facilitated by a similarly oriented zone of antecedent mesoscale upward motion, which increases the depth of large water vapor mixing ratios. This allows convective updrafts to be fed primarily by moist and conditionally unstable air from 1 to 2.5 km AGL in the NE–SW-oriented rainband, which lacks a surface cold pool during its incipient postsunrise stage.
The MCS develops a strong surface cold pool from latent cooling–induced downdrafts by midmorning and evolves into an upshear-tilted squall-type system. These downdrafts and the resulting cold pool are not necessary for the overall reorganization and maintenance of the MCS in this environment where earlier mesoscale ascent has occurred. However, the latent cooling from downdrafts does influence the MCS strength, vertical structure, and horizontal motion by early in the postsunrise stage. In contrast, surface heating of the preconvective environment has little effect on the strength and structural characteristics of the MCS until midday, by which time the convection has become primarily surface based.
North Atlantic Power Dissipation Index (PDI) and Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE): Statistical Modeling and Sensitivity to Sea Surface Temperature Changes
Authors: Villarini Gabriele , Vecchi Gabriel A. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
This study focuses on the statistical modeling of the power dissipation index (PDI) and accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) for the North Atlantic basin over the period 1949–2008, which are metrics routinely used to assess tropical storm activity, and their sensitivity to sea surface temperature (SST) changes. To describe the variability exhibited by the data, four different statistical distributions are considered (gamma, Gumbel, lognormal, and Weibull), and tropical Atlantic and tropical mean SSTs are used as predictors. Model selection, both in terms of significant covariates and their functional relation to the parameters of the statistical distribution, is performed using two penalty criteria. Two different SST datasets are considered [the Met Office’s Global Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature dataset (HadISSTv1) and NOAA’s extended reconstructed SST dataset (ERSSTv3b)] to examine the sensitivity of the results to the input data.
The statistical models presented in this study are able to well describe the variability in the observations according to several goodness-of-fit diagnostics. Both tropical Atlantic and tropical mean SSTs are significant predictors, independently of the SST input data, penalty criterion, and tropical storm activity metric. The application of these models to centennial reconstructions and seasonal forecasting is illustrated.
The sensitivity of North Atlantic tropical cyclone frequency, duration, and intensity is examined for both uniform and nonuniform SST changes. Under uniform SST warming, these results indicate that there is a modest sensitivity of intensity, and a decrease in tropical storm and hurricane frequencies. On the other hand, increases in tropical Atlantic SST relative to the tropical mean SST suggest an increase in the intensity and frequency of North Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes.
Assimilation of Tropical Cyclone Advisory Minimum Sea Level Pressure in the NCEP Global Data Assimilation System
Authors: Kleist Daryl T. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The assimilation of official advisory minimum sea level pressure observations has been developed and tested in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) to address forecaster concerns regarding some tropical systems being far too weak in operational Global Forecast System (GFS) analyses. The assimilation of these observations has been operational in the GFS since December 2009. Using the T574 version of the NCEP GFS model, it is demonstrated that the assimilation of these observations results in a substantial reduction in the initial intensity bias for tropical systems, resulting in improved track and intensity guidance for lead times out to 5 days.
The Effect of Medial Opening and Lateral Closing High Tibial Osteotomy on Leg Length
Authors: Magnussen Robert A. , Lustig Sébastien , Demey Guillaume , Neyret Philippe , Servien Elvire 
Published: July 2011

Background: High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is a common treatment for medial compartment arthritis of the knee in younger, more active patients. An HTO also potentially affects leg length. Mathematical models predict that the osteotomy type (medial opening-wedge vs lateral closing-wedge) and the magnitude of the correction determine the change in leg length, but no in vivo studies have been published. Purpose: This study was undertaken to quantify and compare leg-length change after opening-wedge and closing-wedge HTO. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Thirty-two medial opening-wedge and 32 lateral closing-wedge HTOs were selected from patients treated at the authors’ institution. Preoperative and postoperative coronal plane alignment and leg length were measured and surgical details were collected. Results: The 64 osteotomies were performed at an average age of 57 years. The mean opening wedge was 9.3 mm and the mean closing wedge was 8.0 mm. Mean knee alignment changed from 174° preoperatively to 183° postoperatively in both groups. In the medial opening-wedge group, entire leg length changed from 836.3 ± 63.5 mm to 841.8 ± 64.1 mm, an increase of 5.5 ± 4.4 mm ( P < .0001). Tibia length changed from 368 ± 30.9 mm to 372.3 ± 31.2 mm, an increase of 4.3 ± 2.3 mm ( P < .0001). In the lateral closing-wedge group, entire leg length changed from 840.6 ± 51.5 mm preoperatively to 837.9 ± 52.0 mm postoperatively, a decrease of 2.7 ± 4.0 mm ( P = .0008). Tibia length changed from 365.1 ± 23.2 mm to 361 ± 22.9 mm, a decrease of 4.1 ± 2.9 mm ( P < .0001). The difference in mean leg-length change between opening-wedge and closing-wedge osteotomies was 8.2 ± 5.9 mm ( P < .0001). Conclusion: Both medial opening-wedge and lateral closing-wedge HTO can result in significant leg-length change, but changes are generally less than mathematical models predict.
High frequency of co-infection by Epstein–Barr virus types 1 and 2 in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Santón Almudena , Cristóbal Eva , Aparicio María , Royuela Ana , Villar Luisa M. , Álvarez-Cermeño José C 
Published: July 2011

Background: The existence of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) strains specifically associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) is a matter of controversy. Little is also known about the prevalence of EBV types 1 and 2 in MS patients and the presence of co-infections by both strains. Objective: To make EBV strain type assignment and compare the frequencies of types 1, 2 and co-infections by both in MS patients and healthy controls. Methods: Blood samples from 75 consecutive MS patients and 186 controls were collected. EBV was simultaneously detected and typed using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which amplified a strain-specific sequence in the EBV nuclear antigen 2. Results: EBV was detected in 70 out of 75 patients (93.3%) and in 123 of 186 controls (66.1%). Among positive cases, type 1 was found in 6 patients (8.6%) and 40 controls (32.5%), type 2 in 1 patient (1.4%) and 37 controls (30.1%), and dual-infections by both EBV types were detected in 63 patients (90%) and 46 controls (37.4%). Logistic regression models showed that MS was significantly associated with the presence of EBV ( p < 0.001) and also with dual type infections ( p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study provides molecular evidence associating co-infection of type 1 and 2 EBV with MS.
Can the functional assessment of multiple sclerosis adapt to changing needs? A psychometric validation in patients with clinically isolated syndrome and early relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis
Authors: Acaster S , Swinburn P , Wang C , Stemper B , Beckmann K , Knappertz V , Pohl C , Sandbrink R , Gondek K , Edan G , Kappos L , Freedman M , Hartung H-P , Arnason B , Comi G , Filippi M , Jeffery D , O’Connor P , Cook S , Lloyd AJ 
Published: July 2011

Background: The Functional Assessment of Multiple Sclerosis (FAMS) is widely used in clinical trial programmes; however, it was developed before the rise in trials targeted at early stage multiple sclerosis (MS) and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the FAMS within two clinically distinct populations, CIS and early relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS), and discern the appropriateness of the FAMS within these populations. Methods: Secondary analysis was conducted on FAMS data from two clinical trials assessing interferon beta–1b in early RRMS and CIS. The statistical analysis assessed the scale acceptability, reliability, validity and responsiveness of the FAMS. Item response theory (IRT) was also conducted on the early RRMS sample in order to assess how well the FAMS discriminated amongst individuals with less severe MS. Results: Results from both trials demonstrated an improvement in the FAMS psychometric properties with increased baseline disease severity. However, high ceiling effects were evident amongst less severe patients, and there was an overall lack of responsiveness to improvement and poor construct validity. IRT also demonstrated its lack of discrimination/sensitivity in early RRMS. Conclusions: In trials involving patients with early stage RRMS and CIS, modifications to the FAMS based on a qualitative assessment of its content validity in these populations would be required in order to potentially improve the FAMS psychometric properties and sensitivity.
Acute Exertional Rhabdomyolysis and Triceps Compartment Syndrome During a High School Football Camp
Authors: Oh John Y. , Laidler Matthew , Fiala Steven C. , Hedberg Katrina 
Published: July 2011

Background: Acute exertional rhabdomyolysis has been infrequently reported among adolescents. In August 2010, several high school football players from one team developed rhabdomyolysis and triceps compartment syndrome following an upper arm exercise held in a non-air-conditioned wrestling room. Purpose: To confirm the diagnoses, characterize the spectrum of illnesses, and determine the factors contributing to rhabdomyolysis and triceps compartment syndromes. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: The authors reviewed hospital medical records and interviewed players, coaches, school administrators, and hospital staff, using a standardized questionnaire that assessed symptoms, exposures, and activities. Results: Among 43 players, 22 (51%) experienced rhabdomyolysis (peak creatine kinase range, 2434-42 000 U/L): 22 patients had upper arm myalgia; 12 were hospitalized; 3 experienced triceps compartment syndrome; none experienced renal failure. Illnesses started 1 to 3 days after the triceps exercise. Forty players (93%) completed questionnaires. Among 19 players receiving at least 1 vote from a teammate as 1 of the 3 hardest working players, 13 (68%) experienced rhabdomyolysis versus 7 (33%) of 21 not considered hardest working (relative risk, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-4.0). Of 40 players, 10 (25%) reported creatine supplement use, which was not associated with rhabdomyolysis. No player acknowledged use of alcohol, illicit drugs, or performance-enhancing drugs; results of performance-enhancing drug tests on the 4 players tested were negative. Environmental investigation did not identify additional factors contributing to illness. Conclusions: The upper arm exercise, possibly exacerbated by heat, led to rhabdomyolysis and compartment syndrome. Greater awareness of specific exercise hazards and prevention strategies can minimize risk for clinically significant muscle injury.
An 8-Stage Model for Evaluating the Tennis Serve
Authors: Kovacs Mark , Ellenbecker Todd 
Published: July 2011

Background: The tennis serve is a complex stroke characterized by a series of segmental rotations involving the entire kinetic chain. Many overhead athletes use a basic 6-stage throwing model; however, the tennis serve does provide some differences. Evidence Acquisition: To support the present 8-stage descriptive model, data were gathered from PubMed and SPORTDiscus databases using keywords tennis and serve for publications between 1980 and 2010. Results: An 8-stage model of analysis for the tennis serve that includes 3 distinct phases—preparation, acceleration, and follow-through—provides a more tennis-specific analysis than that previously presented in the clinical tennis literature. When a serve is evaluated, the total body perspective is just as important as the individual segments alone. Conclusion: The 8-stage model provides a more in-depth analysis that should be utilized in all tennis players to help better understand areas of weakness, potential areas of injury, as well as components that can be improved for greater performance.
Structural variants of IFNα preferentially promote antiviral functions
Authors: Vázquez Nancy , Schmeisser Hana , Dolan Michael A. , Bekisz Joseph , Zoon Kathryn C. , Wahl Sharon M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIFNα, a cytokine with multiple functions in innate and adaptive immunity and a potent inhibitor of HIV, exerts antiviral activity, in part, by enhancing apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme-catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) family members. Although IFNα therapy is associated with reduced viral burden, this cytokine also mediates immune dysfunction and toxicities. Through detailed mapping of IFNα receptor binding sites, we generated IFNα hybrids and mutants and determined that structural changes in the C-helix alter the ability of IFN to limit retroviral activity. Selective IFNα constructs differentially block HIV replication and their directional magnitude of inhibition correlates with APOBEC3 levels. Importantly, certain mutants exhibited reduced toxicity as reflected by induced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), suggesting discreet and shared intracellular signaling pathways. Defining IFN structure and function relative to APOBEC and other antiviral genes may enable design of novel IFN-related molecules preserving beneficial antiviral roles while minimizing negative effects.
NK cell education after allogeneic transplantation: dissociation between recovery of cytokine-producing and cytotoxic functions
Authors: Foley Bree , Cooley Sarah , Verneris Michael R. , Curtsinger Julie , Luo Xianghua , Waller Edmund K. , Weisdorf Daniel J. , Miller Jeffrey S. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cells mediate GVL effects after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) by the production of inflammatory cytokines and by direct target lysis. The acquisition of both functions was presumed to be developmentally linked, but this linkage remained unstudied after allo-HCT. We tested the cytokine production and degranulation of reconstituting NK cells after adult unrelated donor or umbilical cord blood grafting. Recipients of T cell–depleted transplants, receiving no immune suppression, showed diminished NK cell degranulation. In contrast, degranulation was normal or increased after T-cell replete transplants given with immune suppression. Strikingly, target cell-induced IFNγ production was markedly diminished in all transplant settings, especially with T cell–depleted or naive T cell–containing umbilical cord blood grafts, suggesting a role for T cells in NK education. Although degranulation was similar in the KIR+ and KIR− populations that coexpressed NKG2A, target cell-induced IFNγ production was limited to the subset of NK cells expressing KIR inhibited by self-ligands. Thus, cytokine production and cytotoxic function do not consistently coexist in NK cells reconstituting after allo-HCT. Exposure to IL-15 rapidly increased target-inducible IFNγ production, indicative of IL-15's potential as a therapeutic tool to enhance NK cell function to protect against infection and relapse after allo-HCT.
IL-15 delays suppression and fails to promote immune reconstitution in virally suppressed chronically SIV-infected macaques
Authors: Lugli Enrico , Mueller Yvonne M. , Lewis Mark G. , Villinger Francois , Katsikis Peter D. , Roederer Mario 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by a progressive loss of memory CD4+ T cells in multiple tissues, especially at mucosal surfaces where most of these cells reside. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses viral replication and promotes the recovery of peripheral CD4+ T cells, HIV-infected patients fail to fully reconstitute the CD4+ T-cell pool at mucosal sites. IL-15 has been shown to preferentially expand memory-phenotype T cells and promote their migration to nonlymphoid tissues. Here we examined IL-15 treatment in combination with highly active ART in chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques and found that IL-15 delayed viral suppression and failed to enhance ART-induced total and antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell reconstitution at mucosal and lymphoid sites. IL-15 was able to induce the transient proliferation of SIV-specific, CMV-specific, and total memory CD8+ T cells, but not of SIV-specific or total CD4+ T cells. Moreover, upon treatment interruption, macaques receiving combined IL-15+ART lost CD4+ T cells faster than those receiving ART alone. These results suggest that the combination of IL-15 with highly active ART is not more efficient than ART alone in promoting CD4+ T-cell recovery in HIV-infected individuals and may accelerate CD4+ T-cell loss after treatment interruption.