bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agriculture, economic growth and regional disparities in India
Authors: Birthal Pratap S. , Singh Harvinder , Kumar Shiv 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper investigates the process of convergence and catching‐up among major Indian states during 1980/81–2004/05—a period of economic liberalisation and accelerated economic growth, and also analyses the factors that enhance economic growth and lead states towards an identical steady state. In particular, we examine the role of agricultural conditions in this process. Results indicate absolute divergence in income levels across states. However, after controlling for structural characteristics of states there is a strong tendency of convergence among states. Physical infrastructure and human capital are found to enhance economic growth, but alone are not sufficient for convergence. For convergence, the investment in physical infrastructure and human resources should be accompanied by a reduction in employment pressure on agriculture by improving labour market linkages of agriculture with non‐agricultural sectors, and by promoting growth‐enhancing labour‐intensive agricultural technologies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Work values: Development of a new three‐dimensional structure based on confirmatory smallest space analysis
Authors: Lyons Sean T. , Higgins Chris A. , Duxbury Linda 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe tested the psychological structure of the work values ratings of 119,167 Canadian workers using confirmatory smallest space analysis (SSA). Contrary to our hypotheses, the SSA did not support a two‐dimensional radex structure, but suggested a three‐dimensional cylindrex structure composed of three facets: (a) Amodalityfacet comprised of four types of work values (cognitive, instrumental, social, and prestige) forming angular sectors of a circle; (b) agrowth‐orientationfacet with growth‐related work aspects located closest to the center of the circle and context‐related work aspects located in the peripheral ring; and (c) alevel of focusfacet that divided the overall cylindrical structure into three separate vertical levels (individual, job/organizational, and societal). The findings extend the theory of work values by providing a richer typology of work values and a more complete picture of the complex structure of their inter‐relations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving bone density at the rotator cuff footprint increases supraspinatus tendon failure stress in a rat model
Authors: Cadet Edwin R. , Vorys George C. , Rahman Ra'Kerry , Park Sang‐Hyun , Gardner Thomas R. , Lee Francis Y. , Levine William N. , Bigliani Louis U. , Ahmad Christopher S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether supraspinatus tendon failure stress at the footprint can increase by improving the bone density at the rotator cuff footprint in a rat model. Bilateral ovariectomies were performed in twenty‐four 4‐month‐old Sprague‐Dawley rats. Half received bisphosphonate (zoledronic acid) and the other half received no treatment (OVX + ZOM and OVX, respectively). Twelve additional rats did not undergo ovariectomy or receive bisphosphonate treatment (CON). All rats were sacrificed at 7 months of age. Quantitative micro‐computed tomography was used to assess bone density in the proximal humerus. A series of stress–relaxation tests were performed to assess stiffness and failure stress of the supraspinatus tendon. Bone density in OVX + ZOM was significantly higher at the rotator cuff footprint when compared to CON and OVX rats (p < 0.0001). The supraspinatus tendons in the OVX group were significantly stiffer when compared to the CON and OVX + ZOM groups (p < 0.05). The failure stress of the OVX + ZOM group was significantly greater than the CON and OVX groups (22.89 ± 4.43 MPa vs. 18.36 ± 3.16 and 17.70 ± 4.92, respectively). In conclusion, improving the bone density at the rotator cuff footprint enhances failure stress of the suprapinatus tendon. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:308–314, 2010
Exposure‐dependent increases in IL‐1β, substance P, CTGF, and tendinosis in flexor digitorum tendons with upper extremity repetitive strain injury
Authors: Fedorczyk Jane M. , Barr Ann E. , Rani Shobha , Gao Helen G. , Amin Mamta , Amin Shreya , Litvin Judith , Barbe Mary F. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractUpper extremity tendinopathies are associated with performance of forceful repetitive tasks. We used our rat model of repetitive strain injury to study changes induced in forelimb flexor digitorum tendons. Rats were trained to perform a high repetition high force (HRHF) handle‐pulling task (12 reaches/min at 60 ± 5% maximum pulling force [MPF]), or a low repetition negligible force (LRNF) reaching and food retrieval task (three reaches/min at 5 ± 5% MPF), for 2 h/day in 30 min sessions, 3 days/week for 3–12 weeks. Forelimb grip strength was tested. Flexor digitorum tendons were examined at midtendon at the level of the carpal tunnel for interleukin (IL)‐1β, neutrophil, and macrophage influx, Substance P, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and periostin‐like factor (PLF) immunoexpression, and histopathological changes. In HRHF rats, grip strength progressively decreased, while IL‐1β levels progressively increased in the flexor digitorum peritendon (para‐ and epitendon combined) and endotendon with task performance. Macrophage invasion was evident in week 6 and 12 HRHF peritendon but not endotendon. Also in HRHF rats, Substance P immunoexpression increased in week 12 peritendon as did CTGF‐ and PLF‐immunopositive fibroblasts, the increased fibroblasts contributing greatly to peritendon thickening. Endotendon collagen disorganization was evident in week 12 HRHF tendons. LRNF tendons did not differ from controls, even at 12 weeks. Thus, we observed exposure‐dependent changes in flexor digitorum tendons within the carpal tunnel, including increased inflammation, nociceptor‐related neuropeptide immunoexpression, and fibrotic histopathology, changes associated with grip strength decline. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:298–307, 2010
FT‐IR, FT‐Raman, and computational calculations of 4‐chloro‐2‐(3‐chlorophenyl carbamoyl)phenyl acetate
Authors: Yohannan Panicker C. , Varghese Hema Tresa , Madhavan V. S. , Mathew Samuel , Vinsova Jarmila , Van Alsenoy Christian , Sheena Mary Y. , Shyma Mary Y. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra of 4‐chloro‐2‐(3‐chlorophenylcarbamoyl) phenyl acetate were studied. Vibrational wavenumbers and corresponding vibrational assignments were examined theoretically using the Gaussian03 set of quantum chemistry codes and the normal modes are assigned by potential energy distribution (PED) calculations. Simultaneous IR and Raman activation of the CO stretching mode shows the charge transfer interaction through a π‐conjugated path. Optimized geometrical parameters of the title compound are in agreement with the reported values. Analysis of the phenyl ring modes shows that CC stretching mode is equally active as strong bands in both IR and Raman, which can be interpreted as the evidence of intramolecular charge transfer via conjugated ring path and is responsible for hyperpolarizability enhancement leading to nonlinear optical activity. The red‐shift of the NH‐stretching wavenumber in the infrared spectrum from the computed wavenumber indicates the weakening of the NH bond resulting in proton transfer to the neighboring oxygen atom. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing the structure and Franck–Condon region of protochlorophyllide a through analysis of the Raman and resonance Raman spectra
Authors: Hanf Robert , Tschierlei Stefanie , Dietzek Benjamin , Seidel Sonja , Hermann Gudrun , Schmitt Michael , Popp Jürgen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe structure and Franck–Condon region of protochlorophyllide a, a precursor in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and substrate of the light‐regulated enzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR), were investigated by Raman and resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy. The spectroscopic results are compared to the spectra of the structurally closely related porphyrin model compound magnesium octaethylporphyrin (MgOEP), and interpreted on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It is shown that the electronic properties of the two porphyrin macrocycles are affected by different vibrational coupling modes, resulting in a higher absorption cross section of protochlorophyllide a in the visible spectral region. Furthermore, a comparison of the Fourier transform (FT)‐Raman and RR spectra of protochlorophyllide a indicates the modes that are resonantly enhanced upon excitation. Based on vibrational normal mode calculations, these modes include CC ring‐breathing and CC stretching vibrations of the porphyrin macrocycle. In particular, the strong band at 1703 cm−1 can be attributed to the CO carbonyl vibration of the cyclopentanone ring, which is attached in conjugation to the π‐electron path of the porphyrin ring system. The enhancement of that mode upon electronically resonant excitation is discussed in the light of the reaction model suggested for the photoreduction of protochlorophyllide a in the POR. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Should PTSD Criterion A be retained?
Authors: Kilpatrick Dean G. , Resnick Heidi S. , Acierno Ron 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCriterion A has been controversial since its inception, partially because it performs a key gate keeping function. Major criticisms of Criterion A of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) include that it has resulted in “criterion creep.” The authors tested the hypothesis that a nonrestrictive definition would substantially increase posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence by determining PTSD based on Criteria B, C, D, E, and F, without restricting Criterion A in large probability samples of U.S. adolescents and Florida adults. Few PTSD cases occurred in the absence of Criterion A1 events, providing little support for the criterion creep hypothesis. Specific recommendations are to retain Criterion A; permit additional events; consider expanding Criterion A2; consider that either Criterion A1 or A2 be met; and place greater emphasis on Criterion F.
Is posttraumatic stress disorder a stress‐induced fear circuitry disorder?
Authors: Shin Lisa M. , Handwerger Kathryn 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNeuroimaging studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have reported functional abnormalities in brain regions involved in fear conditioning, extinction, and emotion regulation. These findings have prompted researchers to consider whether PTSD can be characterized as a stress‐induced fear circuitry disorder. In this review, the authors summarize the results of functional neuroimaging studies and conclude that there is a strong argument for characterizing PTSD as a stress‐induced fear circuitry disorder. They also acknowledge that (a) fear is not the only emotion associated with PTSD, (b) a state of fear is not required to observe fear‐circuitry abnormalities in this disorder, and (c) not all functional abnormalities in PTSD are related to fear circuitry. Implications for future diagnostic classifications are discussed.
Reformulating PTSD forDSM‐V: Life after Criterion A
Authors: Brewin Chris R. , Lanius Ruth A. , Novac Andrei , Schnyder Ulrich , Galea Sandro 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder has been criticized on numerous grounds, but principally for three reasons (a) the alleged pathologizing of normal events, (b) the inadequacy of Criterion A, and (c) symptom overlap with other disorders. The authors review these problems along with arguments why the diagnosis is nevertheless worth retaining in an amended form. A proposal for the fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM‐V) is put forward that involves abolishing Criterion A, narrowing the B criteria to focus on the core phenomena of flashbacks and nightmares, and narrowing the C and D criteria to reduce overlap with other disorders. The potential advantages and disadvantages of this formulation are discussed.
Kinetic Modeling of Nitroxide‐Mediated Polymerization: Conditions for Living and Controlled Polymerization
Authors: Gigmes Didier , Bertin Denis , Lefay Catherine , Guillaneuf Yohann 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSimulations of conversion versus time, molecular weight (), polydispersity index (PDI), and living fractions versus conversion plots are performed using the PREDICI software, to study the influence of several kinetic parameters on the living and controlled character of nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP). In particular, the crucial role of the main equilibrium represented by both kd and kc (the rate coefficients respectively of dissociation and recombination) is highlighted. On the other hand, the importance of the initiation step, the targeted value, and the initial excess of free nitroxide are also demonstrated. It is further proved that side reactions, such as disproportionation and transfer to solvent, have a strong impact on the polymerization characteristics.magnified image
Cellular DNA breakage by soy isoflavone genistein and its methylated structural analogue biochanin A
Authors: Ullah Mohd Fahad , Shamim Uzma , Hanif Sarmad , Azmi Asfar S. , Hadi Sheikh M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEpidemiological studies have indicated that populations with high isoflavone intake through soy consumption have lower rates of breast, prostate, and colon cancer. The isoflavone polyphenol genistein in soybean is considered to be a potent chemopreventive agent against cancer. In order to explore the chemical basis of chemopreventive activity of genistein, in this paper we have examined the structure–activity relationship between genistein and its structural analogue biochanin A. We show that both genistein and its methylated derivative biochanin A are able to mobilize nuclear copper in human lymphocyte, leading to degradation of cellular DNA. However, the relative rate of DNA breakage was greater in the case of genistein. Further, the cellular DNA degradation was inhibited by copper chelator (neocuproine/bathocuproine) but not by compounds that specifically bind iron and zinc (desferrioxamine mesylate and histidine, respectively). We also compared the antioxidant activity of the two isoflavones against tert‐butylhydroperoxide‐induced oxidative breakage in lymphocytes. Again genistein was found to be more effective than biochanin A in providing protection against oxidative stress induced by tert‐butylhydroperoxide. It would therefore appear that the structural features of isoflavones that are important for antioxidant properties are also the ones that contribute to their pro‐oxidant action through a mechanism that involves redox cycling of chromatin‐bound nuclear copper.
Molekulare Bistabilität
Authors: Weber Birgit 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBirgit WeberSpin‐Crossover‐Verbindungen mit breiter Hysterese zu designen, stellt präparativ arbeitende Chemiker vor Herausforderungen. Crystal Engineering von Spin‐Crossover‐Koordinationspolymeren unter Nutzung von Wasserstoffbrückennetzen könnte zu einem Durchbruch bei der Entwicklung solcher Verbindungen führen.
Hydrolytic degradation of poly(ε‐caprolactone) with different end groups and poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐γ‐butyrolactone): characterization and kinetics of hydrocortisone delivery
Authors: Orozco‐Castellanos Luis Manuel , Marcos‐Fernández Angel , Martínez‐Richa Antonio 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAsymmetric telechelic α‐hydroxyl‐ω‐(carboxylic acid)‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) (HA‐PCL), α‐hydroxyl‐ω‐(benzylic ester)‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) (HBz‐PCL), and an asymmetric telechelic copolymer α‐hydroxyl‐ω‐(carboxylic acid)‐poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐γ‐butyrolactone) (HA‐PCB) were synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone (CL). CL and CL/γ‐butyrolactone mixture were used to obtain homopolymers and copolymer respectively at 150°C and 2 hr using ammonium decamolybdate (NH4) [Mo10O34] (Dec) as a catalyst. Water (HA‐PCL and HA‐PCB) or benzyl alcohol (HBz‐PCL) were used as initiators. The three polylactones reached initial molecular weights between 2000 and 3000 Da measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR). Compression‐molded polylactone caplets were allowed to degrade in 0.5 M aqueous p‐toluenesulfonic acid at 37°C and monitored up to 60 days for weight loss behavior. Data showed that the copolymer degraded faster than the PCL homopolymers, and that there was no difference in the weight loss behavior between HA‐PCL and HBz‐PCL. Caplets of the three polylactones containing 1% (w/w) hydrocortisone were placed in two different buffer systems, pH 5.0 with citrate buffer and pH 7.4 with phosphate buffer at 37°C, and monitored up to 50 days for their release behavior. The release profiles of hydrocortisone presented two stages. The introduction of a second monomer in the polymer chain significantly increased the release rate, the degradation rate for HA‐PCB being faster than those for HBz‐PCL and HA‐PCL. At the pH studied, only slight differences on the liberation profiles were observed. SEM micrographs indicate that hydrolytic degradation occurred mainly by a surface erosion mechanism. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of boron containing materials on flammability and thermal degradation of polyamide‐6 composites containing melamine cyanurate
Authors: Doğan Mehmet , Yılmaz Ayşen , Bayramlı Erdal 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThree different boron containing materials, zinc borate (ZnB), borophosphate (BPO4), and boron and silicon containing oligomer (BSi), were used to improve the flame retardancy of melamine cyanurate (MC) in a polyamide‐6 (PA‐6) matrix. The combustion and thermal degradation characteristics were investigated using limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 standard, thermogravimetric analysis‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA‐FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All the three boron compounds showed no synergistic effect with MC, and only BPO4 at high loadings showed comparable LOI values by increasing the dripping rate. For ZnB and BSi glassy film and char formation decreases the dripping rate and sublimation of melamine and give rise to low LOI. According to TGA‐FTIR results, addition of boron compounds does not alter the gaseous product distribution of both MC and PA‐6. The addition of boron compounds affects flame retardancy through physical means. It was noted from the TGA data that boron compounds reduced the decomposition temperature of both MC and PA‐6, also affecting the flame retardancy negatively by premature degradation of MC at low temperatures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical activity and childhood cancer
Authors: Winter Corinna , Müller Carsten , Hoffmann Christiane , Boos Joachim , Rosenbaum Dieter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis review provides a survey of studies investigating physical activity and exercise interventions in patients during tumor treatment and survivors of childhood cancer. PubMed and Medline databases were searched using relevant terms. References of selected papers were tracked. A total of 28 studies could be identified. Seventeen studies investigated physical activity, 11 studies determined the effect of activity enhancing interventions during and after therapy. Even though most studies showed limitations and results were not consistent, considerably reduced physical activity is highly probable in patients during and after therapy. Studies on interventions provided promising results and revealed challenges to be faced. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:501–510. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rheological properties of polypropylene/hemp fiber composites
Authors: Twite‐Kabamba Eddy , Mechraoui Ahmed , Rodrigue Denis 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis study investigates the effect of hemp fibres on the shear and elongational rheology of polypropylene (PP). The parameters studied were hemp content (0‐30%) and maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) addition (0‐0.6%). Shear rheology revealed that fibre content mainly influences low shear rate properties like yield stress and zero‐shear‐viscosity while coupling agent addition mainly influences intermediate to high shear rate parameters like relaxation time, power‐law index and Yasuda parameter. On the other hand, elongational rheology results showed a strain softening behaviour of the composites with increasing consistency and decreasing strain at break as fibre concentration increases. MAPP addition is also shown to improve the fibre‐polymer compatibility, but at the same time produces a plasticizing effect having a significant effect on rheological properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Analysis of the monosaccharide composition of purified polysaccharides in Ganoderma atrum by capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Chen Yi , Xie Ming‐Yong , Wang Yuan‐Xing , Nie Shao‐Ping , Li Chang 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIntroduction – Ganoderma, one of the best‐known traditional Chinese medicines, has attracted considerable attention owing to the fact that dozens of polysaccharides isolated from it have shown diverse and potentially significant pharmacological activities. However, no work has been reported on the analysis of monosaccharide composition of polysaccharide isolated from the aqueous extract of Ganoderma atrum yet.Objective – To develop a simple and sensitive GC‐based method for the analysis of monosaccharide composition of purified polysaccharides in Ganoderma atrum.Methodology – The polysaccharide was first hydrolysed to give the constituent monosaccharides, which were subsequently derived into acetylated aldononitriles and analysed by gas chromatography using a capillary column packed with a (5%phenyl) methylpolysiloxane stationary phase with the addition of acetyl inositol as the inner standard. High‐performance liquid chromatography was also used for comparison.Results – The stable derivatives of the most common monosaccharides could be separated and reproducibly determined with high sensitivity. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.013 and 0.043 mg/mL, respectively. The intermediary precision values (expressed as the RSD) were less than 10%. The mean recovery of the method was 100 ± 3%, with RSD values of less than 5%. The results obtained from GC and HPLC methods were found to be close to each other within acceptable error ranges.Conclusion – This study demonstrated that the developed method could be applied as an accurate method for the compositional analysis of monosaccharides in the field of biological and biochemical study. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.