bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antipredator responses of two anurans towards native and exotic predators
Authors: Nunes Ana , Andrade Pedro , Rebelo Rui , Guerreiro Cátia , Almeida Erika , Alves Susana 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWhen faced with the risk of predation, tadpoles of many amphibian species are known to modify their phenotype. In this work we studied the effect of an exotic species, the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), on the phenotype of two species of amphibians with different reproduction habitats: the Iberian painted frog, Discoglossus galganoi, that normally reproduces in temporary water bodies and the common toad, Bufo bufo, that reproduces in permanent water bodies. The responses were compared with the ones shown in the presence of a native predator, dragonfly (Aeshnidae) larvae. Behaviour, growth and morphology of tadpoles were monitored in a factorial experiment with five treatments. Our results showed that only the permanent habitat species altered its behaviour and life-history traits in the presence of P. clarkii; however, this was mediated by chemical cues from consumed conspecifics. Antipredator responses of B. bufo towards the exotic crayfish were similar to the ones towards the native predator, while D. galganoi responded to the dragonfly larvae but not to P. clarkii. This may be the result of infrequent colonization events of temporary habitats by the crayfish. Therefore, the consequences of the introduction of P. clarkii might be more serious for D. galganoi and other species living in temporary habitats. Species breeding in permanent habitats, more prone to having generalized antipredator responses, may be relatively protected against this exotic crayfish although the effectiveness of these responses still needs to be tested.
Multiple paternity in the Black Caiman (Melanosuchus niger) population in the Anavilhanas National Park, Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: Silveira Ronis Da , Farias Izeni P. , Magnusson William E. , Muniz Fabio L. , Hrbek Tomas , Campos Zilca 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe formation of dominance hierarchies in which the female mates with a large dominant male is common among crocodilians. However, there is the possibility of polyandry, in which females mate with multiple partners during a single breeding season and generate offspring with multiple paternity. In the present study, eight pairs of heterologous primers developed for Alligator mississippiensis and Caiman latirostris were used to determine whether multiple paternity exists in the Black Caiman, Melanosuchus niger. For such, we analyzed 34 Black Caiman offspring from the Anavilhanas Archipelago in the Negro River (state of Amazonas, Brazil). The specimens came from six groups, each containing five or six hatchlings. Paternity exclusion and genetic identity indices were calculated to test the robustness of the microsatellite loci. Simple allele counts and maximum likelihood estimation of family clusters were used to determine the likelihood of occurrence of multiple paternity. Among the eight loci tested, five were effective at determining paternity, with paternity exclusion values close to 1.0 (QC = 0.92) and genetic identity values close to zero (IC < 0.01). Using the simple allele count, six cases of multiple paternity were detected and confirmed in three hatchling groups by four different microsatellite loci. However, maximum likelihood analysis indicated multiple paternity in all the groups analyzed, with five family clusters identified in one hatchling group alone. Considering that this species is listed according to IUCN as Lower Risk/Conservation Dependent, our results have direct conservation implications. Multiple paternity increases effective population size by maintaining genetic variation, and thus could be an important mechanism to maintain genetic diversity in isolated local populations.
Contemporary gene flow and weak genetic structuring in Rococo toad (Rhinella schneideri) populations in habitats fragmented by agricultural activities
Authors: Silva Artur , Gonçalves Evonnildo C. , Morielle-Versute Eliana , Arruda Maurício P. , Schneider Maria Paula C. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe reduced vagility and philopatric behaviour of most amphibians make them especially vulnerable to the effects of habitat fragmentation, in particular the loss of genetic variation. However, almost no data are available on the effects of agricultural practices on populations of Neotropical amphibians. Here, the genetic diversity of Rococo toad (Rhinella schneideri) populations in the highly disturbed landscape of the north-western region of the Brazilian state of São Paulo was analysed using microsatellite markers. Two areas were sampled – one dominated by open pastures (four populations) and the other by sugar cane plantations (two populations) – in an attempt to evaluate the possible influence of the type of anthropogenic matrix on genetic variability and gene flow (dispersion). The populations presented a relatively uniform genetic stock, with low levels of inbreeding (Fis) and high levels of admixture between localities (Fst, Rst, STRUCTURE) indicating no genetic subdivision. The results indicated relatively high levels of recent migration among sites (m) and no isolation by distance. The analyses also found that historical and contemporary rates of migration among populations were broadly similar. Overall, then, neither type of matrix appeared to have an effect on the connectivity of the Rococo toad populations. This suggests that the species has a considerable capacity for dispersal, allowing it to maintain a relatively homogeneous population, even under intense human pressure.
The Distinction of Social and Political Elites
Authors: Daloz Jean-Pascal 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis article introduces the special issue on “The Distinction of Social and Political Elites.” It aims to provide some analytical reflections about the usefulness and limits of classical models of interpretation when confronted with empirical realities in very different societies. Although the separation between the societal and the political spheres is not always very clear, it is argued that the differentiation between the two corresponding types of elite is often significant from a theoretical point of view. Indeed, the symbolic superiority of political elites is frequently raised in rather specific terms because of the nature of their role as representatives.
Clothing Matters: Asian-African Businessmen in European Suits, 1880-1980
Authors: Oonk Gijsbert 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAsian businessmen in East Africa supplied goods, services and capital to African, Arabic, Asian as well as European customers. Within this complex cultural environment, they had to choose what to wear on any given occasion. Expressing dignity, wealth, trust and reliability are key variables in making cross-cultural business contacts and when it comes to building an appropriate image. When they arrived in East Africa between 1880 and 1920, Hindus and Muslims alike wore their own traditional attire. When they left Africa - around 1970 - they wore a typical European business suit. European clothes are an indicator of their “progressive” ideas, but must also be seen as a critique of their own culture.
Greek Influence on the Composition of 2 Maccabees
Authors: Simkovich Malka Zeiger 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis paper is comprised of three parts. First, I compare festival motifs in 1 and 2 Maccabees to demonstrate that unlike 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees is holiday-centered and that it seems to equate holiday observance with religious piety. Because the abridger and audience of 2 Maccabees are familiar with the festival-centered Greek calendar, the observance of Jewish holidays is offered as an alternative to Hellenism. Second, I examine why prayer plays a more significant role in 2 Maccabees than 1 Maccabees. Although the prominence of prayer in 2 Maccabees might suggest a borrowing from biblical precedent, prayer passages in 2 Maccabees are more likely influenced by Greek drama and the genre of mimos. Finally, I attempt to demonstrate that, unlike 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees is temple-centered but not Judea-centered. This stems from the authors’ and audience’s unfamiliarity with the land of Israel but appreciation of temple-centralized worship. I conclude that 2 Maccabees is not necessarily intended as a refutation of the “Hasmonean propagandist’s” 1 Maccabees, but is a retelling of Hasmonean history which emphasizes religious themes familiar to a diasporan audience.
Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles in a Layer of Gelatin Film Using Photographic Materials. VII. Acceleration of Gold Deposition by Using Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Kuge Ken’ichi , Yu Yue , Fuma Kazumi , Ito Ryota , Sakai Tomoko 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The preparation of gold nanoparticles using silver-salt photographic materials and a method of gold-deposition development are investigated. Although gold rapidly precipitated in the gold-deposition developer when ascorbic acid was added, gold atoms were deposited only on the exposed areas of the photographic plate when the plate was immersed in the solution. While the deposition proceeds slowly via the disproportionation reaction of gold(I) ions in the absence of ascorbic acid, the addition of ascorbic acid accelerates the deposition rate significantly and increases the photosensitivity of the photographic plate. The gold deposition is catalyzed by photolytic silver specks, called latent image specks, on silver halide grains. Absorption spectra and TEM observations suggest a broadening of the particle size distribution, and this indicates that the difference in the catalytic activities of the photolytic silver specks between the two reactions is due to the difference in the critical size of the silver specks for triggering the deposition. Because the catalysts were prepared using light, light-based control of the catalytic properties may be possible.
A complication of a dropped appendicolith misdiagnosed as Crohn’s disease
Authors: Sarkar S , Douglas L , Egun AA 
Published: August 2011

Appendicoliths are formed by calcium salts and faecal debris layered and lodged within the appendix. They are detected on unenhanced x-rays in less than 10% of patients with appendicitis. When an appendicolith is found extraluminally, it is pathognomonic for perforation of the appendix. Moreover, retained appendicoliths act as a nidus for infection and are likely to be the source of a postoperative intraperitoneal abscess. However, this is very rare with only 30 reported cases of intra-abdominal abscess secondary to an appendicolith in the literature over the past 40 years. Retained, or dropped, appendicoliths most commonly present as an area of high attenuation less than 1cm in diameter with an associated abscess close to the caecum or Morrison’s pouch on computed tomography (CT). A study published in 2006 showed that although there is initial success with CT-guided drainage of abscesses secondary to faecaliths, all will recur and formal surgical drainage with removal of the appendicolith is required. This case report highlights not only an unusual complication of a retained appendicolith but also the importance of taking a thorough history and interpreting investigations in the context of the patient’s past medical history so as to produce a differential diagnosis and prevent treatment of incorrect conditions.
Regulation of synaptic plasticity by hippocampus synthesized estradiol
Authors: Barron Anna M. , Hojo Yasushi , Mukai Hideo , Higo Shimpei , Ooishi Yuuki , Hatanaka Yusuke , Ogiue-Ikeda Mari , Murakami Gen , Kimoto Tetsuya , Kawato Suguru 
Published: August 2011

AbstractEstradiol is synthesized from cholesterol in hippocampal neurons of adult rats by cytochrome P450 and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes. These enzymes are expressed in the glutamatergic neurons of the hippocampus. Surprisingly, the concentration of estradiol and androgen in the hippocampus is significantly higher than that in circulation. Locally synthesized estradiol rapidly and potently modulates synaptic plasticity within the hippocampus. E2 rapidly potentiates long-term depression and induces spinogenesis through synaptic estrogen receptors and kinases. The rapid effects of estradiol are followed by slow genomic effects mediated by both estrogen receptors located at the synapse and nucleus, modulating long-term potentiation and promoting the formation of new functional synaptic contacts. Age-related changes in hippocampally derived estradiol synthesis and distribution of estrogen receptors may alter synaptic plasticity, and could potentially contribute to age-related cognitive decline. Understanding factors which regulate hippocampal estradiol synthesis could lead to the identification of alternatives to conventional hormone therapy to protect against age-related cognitive decline.
“Hermeneutische Logik”. Georg Misch und Josef König
Authors: Soboleva Maja 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The question in the background of this article is what kind of epistemology can emerge on the basis of the philosophy of life. To answer this question, the theories of Georg Misch (1878–1965) and Josef König (1893–1974) have been analysed. Both authors differentiate between the analytic discourse of theoretical (scientific) approaches to the world and the synthetic discourse of non-theoretical (non-scien¬tific) objectifications of life which create a human semantic environment. For Misch, the former is constituted with “discursive” and the later with “evocative” utterances. For König as developed in his work “Sein und Denken”, “determining” and “modifying” predicates oppose each other as cardinally different cognitive and epistemological entities. The article focuses on König′s analysis of the genesis and logics of “determining” and “modifying” predication following the strategy of his book. In conclusion some controversies between Misch′s and König′s conceptions of a language constitution of the world are represented and discussed.
Jagen und Töten
Authors: Sorgo Gabriele 
Published: August 2011

Zusammenfassung
Das Jagen wurde in den Kulturtheorien des 20. Jahrhunderts als evolutionär bedeutsamste Errungenschaft der Menschheit dargestellt, Aggression und Sexualität als beim Menschen von Natur aus legierte Gefühls- und Tätigkeitsbereiche beschrieben. Dieser Forschungsbericht stellt diese Legierung in Frage und versucht anhand empirischer Daten andere Perspektiven zu erschließen, die nahe legen, dass die Verknüpfung von Jagd und Lust mit dem Töten von kulturellen Kontexten abhängig ist.
Tiere und Pflanzen: töten und essen. Gedanken zu einer Kultur des Lebens
Authors: Brenner Andreas 
Published: August 2011

Zusammenfassung
Die Philosophien von Descartes und Kant standen lange der Entwicklung einer umfassenden Kultur des Lebens im Wege. Die moderne Tier- und Pflanzenethik ist daher noch recht jung. Während die Tierethik mittlerweile etabliert ist und ein neues Verhalten den Tieren gegenüber verlangt, stellt erst die Pflanzenethik eine regelrechte Revolution im Verhältnis des Menschen zu den nichtmenschlichen Lebensformen dar und nötigt zu einem neuen Verständnis des Problems des Tötens.
Die Unhintergehbarkeit der Gewalt
Authors: Wulf Christoph 
Published: August 2011

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Artikel differenziert zwischen unterschiedlichen Formen der Gewalt. Es wird herausgearbeitet, dass die Entscheidung darüber, was als Gewalt gilt, von den jeweiligen historischen und kulturellen Bedingungen abhängt. Phänomene des Tötens und der Gewalt können daher nur in ihrem jeweiligen Kontext angemessen begriffen und bewertet werden. Zu ihrem Verständnis und zu ihrer Erklärung bedarf es multidimensionaler Zugänge. Im Anschluss an René Girard wird von der Bedeutung mimetischer Phänomene für die Entstehung von Gewalt ausgegangen. Verbote und Rituale werden als Versuche begriffen, die Entstehung von Gewalthandlungen zu vermeiden. Es wird deutlich, dass viele Gewalthandlungen, die dazu führen, andere Menschen zu töten, spontan entstehen, selbst den Tätern unbegreiflich bleiben und sich häufig einer ausreichenden Erklärung entziehen.
Wovon nicht die Rede sein soll: Töten im Krieg
Authors: Hüppauf Bernd 
Published: August 2011

Zusammenfassung
Krieg ist seit dem Beginn der Zivilisation die Zeit des Tötens. Seit Euripides wird er von einem kritischen Diskurs begleitet, der in der Moderne das Thema Töten vermeidet. Wie ist diese Scheu zu erklären? Gebote der Zivilisation und ein Wissen der Gefühle stigmatisieren das Töten. Eine bemerkenswerte Diskurstechnik ist die Verschiebung: Die Rede vom Töten wird bis ins 20. Jahrhundert in die Sprache des Opferns transformiert und das Opfer heroisiert. Das industrielle Schlachtfeld macht dem Heroismus ein Ende, aber das Töten im Krieg setzt sich fort, und die Gegenwart ist durch den Gegensatz von emotionslosem Töten im Cyberwar und der Wiederkehr endemischer Gewalt charakterisiert.
Tötung implizit. Fiktiver Zeuge Kamera
Authors: Schuhmacher-Chilla Doris 
Published: August 2011

Zusammenfassung
Töten ist in seiner Dimension eines gewalttätigen Handlungsvollzugs, der die Zeitlichkeit des Lebensprozesses durchschneidet, bildhaft nicht darstellbar, es sei denn filmisch. Dokumentarische Fotografie, seit Roland Barthes dem indexikalischen Paradigma verpflichtet, scheitert angesichts der Kraft des Ikonischen, das fiktionale und sukzessiv performative Wirkungen auf die Betrachter aufweist. Am Beispiel der englischen Gegenwartskünstlerin Claire Strand wird die den Satz von der Kamera als Zeuge unterlaufende fiktive Zeugenschaft der Kamera herausgestellt. Zugleich werden theoretisch sowohl die Rolle der Betrachter wie die sich dem theatralischen Paradigma verpflichtenden Theorien in Hinblick auf das Fotografische neu bewertet.
Darstellungen des Tötens und Getötetwerdens in der deutschen Berichterstattung über den Afghanistan- und Irakkrieg
Authors: Bergmann Anna 
Published: August 2011

Zusammenfassung
Die aktuelle Kriegsberichterstattung wird unter dem Aspekt einer Gewalt und Töten legitimierenden Bildpolitik befragt. Die Theatralisierung der Figur des zivilisierten Soldaten als Friedensbringer und der im Zusammenspiel von Politik, Militär und christlicher Religion inszenierten Sinnstiftung des Soldatentodes (z. B. Ehrenmal für gefallene Soldaten, Einführung der Tapferkeitsmedaille und ihre posthume Verleihung, Trauerfeiern für gefallene Soldaten) greift auf ein Symbol- und Wertesystem zurück, das im Laufe des 19. Jahrhunderts zur Herausbildung des militärischen Männlichkeitsideals führte. Die Inszenierung dieses soldatischen Männlichkeitsbildes und die sich mit ihm im kulturellen Gedächtnis verbindende Legitimation des Tötens werden anhand von Artikeln der deutschen Qualitätspresse (z. B. FAZ, FR, Berliner Tagesspiegel, Der Spiegel) nachgezeichnet.
Kann Theater töten? Überlegungen zu Brecht und Artaud
Authors: Warstat Matthias 
Published: August 2011

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag behandelt die Bedeutung der Metapher des Tötens für Theaterdiskurse der Avantgarde mit Blick auf Texte von Brecht und Artaud. Das Töten und Sterben auf der Bühne, ein altes Phantasma der europäischen Theatertradition, gewann in modernen Visionen eines neuen Theaters starkes Gewicht als Verweis auf radikale, krisenhafte Wirkungen von Kunst und Theater.
Storms Schimmelreiter. Das Töten als Initiation ins Soziale
Authors: Althans Birgit 
Published: August 2011

Zusammenfassung
Theodor Storms Novelle “Der Schimmelreiter”, so die These, konstruiert den Akt des Tötens (eines Tieres) als Initiierung ins Soziale. Der Protagonist Hauke Haien wird – gerade durch die Tatsache, dass er nicht bestraft wird – gezwungen, sich in die symbolische Ordnung seiner Dorfgemeinschaft und ihrer traditionellen Regel- und Vertragssysteme von “Pfand” oder “Gabe” einzufügen, um sein Projekt und sein Begehren, den Entwurf eines neuen Deichmodells, durchsetzen zu können.
Premasticating Food for Weaning African Infants: A Possible Vehicle for Transmission of HIV
Authors: Maritz Elke R. , Kidd Martin , Cotton Mark F. 
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND:Although premastication of food for weaning infants might have nutritional benefit, it is also associated with transmission of pathogens. We investigated premastication practices in Cape Town, South Africa, in lower socioeconomic status caregivers of infants below 2 years of age.METHODS:A previously reported questionnaire was adapted for South African conditions. A convenience sample of infant caregivers was captured at public maternal/pediatric and HIV outpatient clinics and home visits.RESULTS:We interviewed 154 caregivers, 92% of whom were the biological mothers (median age: 29). Of these, 70% were black, and 29% were colored. There were 106 (69%) caregivers who practiced premastication. The median age of infants who received premasticated food was 6 (interquartile range: 4–6) months. Forty-six (43%) infants were teething, and 44 (42%) had oral mucosal lesions while receiving premasticated food. Fifty-five (52%) caregivers reported an oral condition, mostly bleeding gums, mouth sores, and thrush, and 41 (39%) caregivers reported blood in the food. Premasticating caregivers had a significantly lower educational level than those caregivers who did not engage in this practice. Premastication practices were cultural (40%), habit (20%), and on mother's advice (75%). Reasons for premastication were to pretaste (68%), encourage eating (61%), estimate food temperature (85%), and homogenize food (60%).CONCLUSIONS:Counselors and caregivers should be aware of the adverse effects of premastication. Education should include advice to avoid premastication and to seek health advice for oral conditions in the caregiver and child. More studies are needed to better define the extent and risks of premastication, including its possible role in increasing HIV-1 transmission.