bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The inhibition by various agents of the lysis ofBacterium coliby glycine
Authors: Gordon J. , Hall R. A. , Stickland L. H. 
Published: May 2009

1. The lysis ofBact. coliby glycine is inhibited completely by various treatments: (a) by heating the bacteria at 65 or 100° C.; (b) by the action of Cr, Fe, and Al salts at concentrations which cause agglutination of the organisms, (c) by various heavy metals, including particularly Hg and Ag salts, at low concentrations (d) by lethal concentrations of formaldehyde and phenol.2. The lysis is not inhibited by sodium fluoride, potassium cyanide, or sodium monoiodoacetate at concentrations which suppress the action of certain enzymes.3. This evidence on the whole supports the rejection of the view that a simple physical process is responsible for lysis by glycine, but does not yet enable us to distinguish between the other possible mechanisms of the lysis because the treatments used might equally interfere either with the structural proteins of the bacteria, or with the hypothetical enzymes which might be concerned in producing the lysis.
Second attacks of typhoid fever
Authors: Marmion D. E. , Naylor G. R. E. , Stewart I. O. 
Published: May 2009

1. Second attacks of typhoid fever are uncommon. In the literature this has been taken to imply that an attack of typhoid fever confers a high degree of immunity which, nevertheless, may be overcome by such factors as re-infection by a large dose, an organism of a different strain, or one of high virulence.2. Two large outbreaks of typhoid fever in the same community within 5 months produced eleven examples of second attacks. Clinical descriptions of four of these are given.3. Details are given of the population at risk and the attack rates in various groups.4. The evidence of these facts and figures, though inconclusive, suggests that an attack of typhoid fever does not confer more than a moderate degree of specific immunity. The influence of chloramphenicol upon immunity remains sub judice.
Some effects of chloramphenicol in the gut
Authors: Gray J. D. 
Published: May 2009

A method for the estimation of chloramphenicol in faeces and bile is described. It has been shown that the bile contains high concentrations of the antibiotic, but the faeces small amounts. It is considered that the faecal concentration is dependent on the biliary supply.The action of chloramphenicol on the gut flora is described and the dominance of yeasts on complete suppression of the conforms is reported, drawing attention to the possibility of intestinal moniliasis following unrestricted use of the antibiotic.An explanation of ‘relapses’ in the chloramphenicol treatment of typhoid fever is given, and the possible effect of chloramphenicol on immunity response is discussed.
Infection rates of Rattus norvegicus with Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae in Great Britain: I. A Rural Area in Carmarthenshire, Wales
Authors: Broom J. C. , Gibson E. A. 
Published: May 2009

A description is given of the topography, type of farming carried out, and the living conditions of the agricultural community of a district in South Wales where a survey was made of the infection rate of rats with Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae.Leptospires were seen in stained sections of the kidneys of eighty-two of the 357 rats examined (23%). With a single exception, all the infected rats were adult, but no difference in sex-incidence was found.Weil's disease occurs in this area, but no cases in man or cattle had been reported from this particular locality. Blood samples taken from six persons living on two heavily infested farms contained no anti-leptospiral agglutinins.
An Outbreak of Poisoning from Infected Brawn
Authors: Savage William G. , Gunson C. Herbert 
Published: May 2009

1. Eighteen persons after eating a certain batch of pork-cheese, or vegetables infected from it, suffered from severe illness and three died.2. The illness was caused by a Gaertner bacillus of the Aertrycke sub-group isolated from one of the fatal cases.3. This bacillus was contained in the meat used for the pork-cheeses (brawn), infection being antecedent to preparation.4. Part of the meat was obtained from a pig suffering from local injury or disease of one leg and the bacilli were no doubt etiologically connected with this condition.5. The outbreak points to the need for a more complete and thorough veterinary inspection of meat before sale, and of the necessity for extended investigation into the diseases of animals used for human food caused by Gaertner bacilli.
Multiplication of Bacteria and the Influence of Temperature and some other conditions thereon
Authors: Lane-Claypon Janet E. 
Published: May 2009

The species of organisms used were B. coli, B. typhosus and B. enteritidis Gaertner. With these organisms:(1) When a fresh broth culture is made with a small inoculation there is a period during which there is no increase in the number of bacteria present.(2) When this period is over the bacteria commence to divide regularly; this is shown by the fact that the logarithms of the numbers plotted against time are found to fall on a straight line. This regular growth persists until (or nearly until) a maximum has been reached, after which the numbers remain more or less constant and then slowly decline.The time necessary for a complete division to take place (generation time) was determined for various temperatures between 20°C. and 42°C.(3) The effect of temperatures between 20° and 35.3°C. upon the rate of multiplication is in accordance with the Arrhenius-Van 't Hoff law; above this temperature the effect diminishes.
The Fleas Common on Rats in Different Parts of the World and the Readiness with which they Bite Man
Authors: Chick Harriette , Martin C. J. 
Published: May 2009

(1) As far as is at present known, the great majority of the fleas infesting Mus rattus and Mus decumanus in different parts of the world, belong to either the species Xenopsylla cheopis, Ceratophyllus fasciatus, Ceratophyllus anisus, Ctenopsylla musculi or Ctenophthalmus agyrtes or are comprised of some admixture of these five species.(2) Xenopsylla cheopis is the most prevalent in the tropics and sub-tropical regions and often occurs there to the almost complete exclusion of other species. It is common during summer and autumn in some of the warmer parts of the temperate zone, more especially in ports which have maritime intercourse with the tropics.(3) In the cooler regions Ceratophyllus fasciatus is the most universally distributed flea and is associated with more or less of Ctenopsylla musculi and Ctenophthalmus agyrtes according to the locality and the habitat of the particular rats.(4) In Japan Ceratophyllus fasciatus is replaced by Ceratophyllus anisus, a closely allied species.(5) The numerous other fleas which have been captured off rats are only occasional visitors.(6) Ceratophyllus fasciatus, like Xenopsylla cheopis, readily bites man. Out of 517 experiments 308 fed, or 59% were positive. In 101 experiments, under identical circumstances with a rat, 59, or 58.4% of the fleas fed.(7) The experiments with Ceratophyllus fasciatus were made upon eight persons and evidence was obtained of preference on the part of the insects for particular individuals.(8) 111 experiments were made with 46 specimens of Ctenopsylla musculi; only 4 fed=3.6% whereas 9 out of 11 fed on a mouse.(9) 68 specimens of Ctenophthalmus agyrtes were tried, in some cases upon three persons. None fed, whereas 11 out of 19 of the same fleas fed on a rat under identical conditions.
The Action on Nitrates and Nitrites of Dysentery Organisms killed by various processes and of Filtrates from Fluid Cultures
Authors: Logie W. J. 
Published: May 2009

The organisms examined have been killed, (a) by temperatures which should not have destroyed the reducing enzyme, (b) by sodium fluoride and four other antiseptics, derivatives of phenol, and (c) by acetone. In each case there has been total destruction of the reducing power, any apparent production of nitrite from nitrate being too slight to justify the assumption that it is due to anything more than experimental error. Filtrates of fluid cultures have also failed to reduce. The results may be summed up as follows:(1) The reduction of nitrite by certain dysentery bacilli is not due to a soluble extra-cellular enzyme.(2) Dysentery bacilli and B. coli killed by a minimal degree of heat have little if any effect in reducing nitrites.(3) Organisms killed by antiseptics or by acetone do not reduce nitrates and nitrites.(4) Even where all the organisms are not dead, reduction may be prevented by antiseptics.(5) The high antiseptic value of tetrachlor-o-biphenol, tetrabrom-o-kresol, p-chlor-m-kresol and hexabrom-dioxy-diphenyl-carbinol has been established for the organisms of the dysentery group.
Immunity of Guinea-Pigs to Diphtheria Toxin and its Effect upon the Offspring
Authors: Sudmersen H. J. , Glenny A. T. 
Published: May 2009

(1) The young of parents both of which have been injected with an immunising mixture of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin, show immunity of the same order as that of young from similarly treated mothers and normal fathers.(2) The injection of certain foreign substances into a female guinea-pig appears to have a direct effect on the offspring in diminishing their resistance to diphtheria toxin, shown equally well by the young of mothers injected, (a) before the attainment of sexual maturity, (b) during pregnancy, and (c) after birth during the period of lactation.(3) A single injection of diphtheria toxin may give rise to a condition of active immunity (as tested by the resistance of the young) in guinea-pigs possessing hereditarily transmitted passive immunity. Should this injection of toxin give rise to great constitutional disturbance, the young may show lowered resistance, whereas, if it give rise to but slight constitutional disturbance, the young show a high degree of immunity. These effects appear to be accentuated if similar injections are repeated in the next generation.
Immunity of Guinea-pigs to Diphtheria Toxin and its Effect upon the Offspring
Authors: Südmersen H. J. , Glenny A. T. 
Published: May 2009

1. A male guinea-pig which has received a single injection of a mixture of diphtheria toxin-antitoxin causing severe constitutional disturbance, may beget offspring of slightly lower resistance than normal to diphtheria toxin2. This effect is generally restricted to young born within twelve months after the injection of the father, being rarely noticed in the young of later litters.3. An increased susceptibility to diphtheria toxin is likewise observed in the offspring of male or female guinea-pigs which have received a large dose of horse serum. The greater susceptibility to diphtheria toxin of the young of male guinea-pigs which have been treated with toxin-antitoxin may therefore be non-specific in character.4. The injection of diphtheria toxin-antitoxin mixtures into guinea-pigs whether male or female reduces their rate of breeding and lowers the vitality of their young.5. These effects are most pronounced when the toxin-antitoxin mixture produces severe constitutional disturbance or contains excess of horse serum
The Detection of Anthrax Spores in Industrial Material
Authors: Glynn Ernest E. , Lewis F. C. 
Published: May 2009

(1) There are two methods of examining industrial material for anthrax spores, viz. agar plate cultures and the inoculation of guinea-pigs.(2) Though no worker has yet made a large series of examinations of equal portions of the same material by both methods simultaneously, yet the available evidence indicates that animal inoculation is superior, provided that guinea-pigs, not mice, are employed.(3) It is better to inoculate two guinea-pigs than one, and to use the centrifuged deposit of the watery extract, though this practice may also increase the mortality from pathogenic anaerobes.(4) The inoculation of guinea-pigs is more successful than plate cultures mainly on account of the larger quantity of watery extract usually tested, which more than counterbalances the disadvantage that some of the animals died from anaerobes before they develop anthrax.(5) If plate cultures are employed it is essential to examine the superficial colonies after a short incubation, probably 12 to 16 hours is the most suitable.(6) Anthrax spores have been demonstrated by the inoculation method in 21·3 % of 141 samples of industrial material, supposed to have produced anthrax in Liverpool amongst those who handled them. Of these samples 28·6 % were from hides, 22·2 % from wool, 20·6 % from hair and 7·1 % from bones. The largest proportion of infected samples came from Singapore.(7) Anthrax spores have been demonstrated in one sample of hair “ disinfected ” with 5 % fluid of high coefficient at 100° C. and in two out of six samples of hair disinfected in Germany probably by steam at 105° C. It is practically impossible to completely sterilise certain industrial materials without seriously damaging them; yet partial disinfection should on no account be abandoned, because the perfect method has not yet been discovered.(8) Anthrax appears to be steadily increasing among domestic animals, and consequently a larger number of agriculturalists are becoming infected. The reason for this dissemination amongst animals is still obscure.(9) We have found B. anthracis in a sample of pea meal used for feeding cattle confined to a shippon, one of which died of anthrax. The meal was probably infected from the sack.(10) Anthrax is preventible among men and domestic animals, and its ultimate suppression depends largely upon the certainty with which bacteriologists can demonstrate the presence or absence of bacilli in suspected industrial food, or other materials.
Inhalation Experiments on Mice with Pneumococci
Authors: Griffith Fred 
Published: May 2009

Fatal general infection can be readily production in mice by spraying with pneumococcal culture in a closed chamber without resorting to any artificial means of lowering the animal's resistance.In the experiments recorded the proportion of unprotected mice which developed septicaemia varied considerably, the highest being nine out of ten. These irregularities may be partly attributable to variations in (1) the fineness of the spray, and (2) the virulence of the culture.In unprotected mice death from septicaemia rarely occurs before the 3rd day after spraying and may be delayed for a week or more.Vaccination by subcutaneous and intraperitoneal inoculation with heated cultures afforded protection against infection by inhalation to 11 out of 13 mice. Two succumbed to septicaemia although they had resisted 14 days earlier an intraperitoneal dose of 0·0001 c.c. of culture. The culture used for spraying was evidently in a highly virulent state since nine out of the ten controls died of septicaemia.The above experiments were with homologous cultures but tests have also been made of the efficacy of vaccination against heterologous strains. For example, vaccination with Types I and II cultures gave apparently a certain amount of protection against infection by spraying with a mixture of Type III and Group IV strains.Passive immunity induced by an injection of antipneumococcal serum immediately before spraying was effective against the homologous types in all of a batch of 13 mice. The resistance showed a tendency to diminish with the lapse of time, since on re-spraying the same lot of mice 3 weeks later one mouse developed septicaemia.In unprotected mice where death was delayed for some days after spraying there was generally no evidence to the naked eye of any local pulmonary lesions. Rarely typical grey consolidation of portions of the lungs was found. A pneumonic condition occurred more frequently in mice in which a slight degree of immunity had been produced. For example, a Type II pneumonia was found in a mouse which had been immunised against Type I.The production of the carrier state is a regular sequel to spraying even with the most virulent cultures of pneumococci. A large proportion of the mice which survived spraying were nasopharyngeal carriers a fortnight later and the condition persisted in one mouse for 99 days. A carrier of pneumococci may succumb to septicaemia 15 days after the date of infection; it is not known whether any immunity develops in carriers.The presence, about the pharynx of mice, of Gram-negative bacilli which grow rapidly in culture and are of high virulence when introduced parenterally is a source of difficulty in attempts to demonstrate pneumococci.An attempt was made to ascertain whether, after spraying, nasopharyngeal carriers of pneumococci were more numerous among normal or among protected mice. The results were inconclusive, but there was no marked indication in the experiments recorded that the state of immunity influenced the carrier condition.
Experiments on the Pasteurisation of Milk, with reference to the Efficiency of Commercial Pasteurisation
Authors: Jenkins Hermima 
Published: May 2009

Pasteurisation at 62.8° C. (145° F.) for 30 minutes leads to a marked reduction inthe total bacterial contentof milk, varying for different specimens from 94 to 99·8 per cent., when the process is carried out under the most exact conditions. At lower temperatures,e.g.60° C., the percentage reduction may vary widely—from 51·6 to 97·4 per cent. The percentage reduction has been found to be slightly less when the same specimens of milk are pasteurised in a large scale apparatus than when treated in small quantities under laboratory conditions, the average reduction being 91·2 per cent, in the former case and 98·4 per cent, in the latter. The reasons for this are discussed.An effectively pasteurised milk should not contain lactose-fermenting bacilli in 1 c.c, and theB. colicontent is a valuable index of the efficiency of a pasteurising process.Milk containingB. tuberculosis, when pasteurised at 62·8° C. for 30 minutes (1) in tubes in a water bath in the laboratory, and (2) on a large scale by a commercial plant, is rendered non-infective to guinea-pigs. By laboratory pasteurisation, even at 60° C. for 30 minutes, milk containing tubercle bacilli is rendered non-infective.
The Virulence Testing of the Diphtheria Bacillus and its Practical Application
Authors: Okell C. C. , Parish H. J. 
Published: May 2009

1. In the intradermic test virulence of “morphological diphtheria bacilli,” 0·2 c.c. containing 100 million organisms is injected. The control guinea-pig receives 500 units of antitoxin the night prior to the test. The test animal receives 125 units six hours after the injection of the cultures. A known virulent organism is always injected as a control; 12 to 20 cultures can be tested on one guinea-pig.Of 2368 swabs received, 1388 (59 per cent.) showed morphological C. diphtheriae. Fromthese 1286 pure cultures were isolated (92·7 per cent.). In 234 positive swabs from cases of clinical diphtheria, in a series examined under very favourable conditions, morphological C. diphtheriae were obtained in 231 (98·7 per cent.) and of these 229 (99·1 per cent.) were virulent. In 758 positive cultures from carriers morphological C. diphtheriae were isolated in 715 (94 per cent.); 50 per cent. were virulent C. diphtheriae, 39 per cent. avirulent, 3·6 per cent. of Hofmann group, 0·3 per cent. Xerosis and 6.4 per cent. unclassified diphtheroids.3. Only one culture of intermediate virulence was found, i.e. uncertain reactions occurred with a dose of 100 million organisms while clear reactions occurred with 1000 million.4. Out of 626 positive cultures from cases of diphtheria, both virulent and avirulent bacilli were isolated in two instances, once from the throat and once from the nose.5. A monovalent antitoxin (Park Williams 8) nenutralised all of 819 virulent strains.6. Amongst 39 cultures obtained from the ear in post-diphtherial conditions, virulent C. diphtheriae were isolated fourteen times.7. Impure primary (“field”) cultures gave reliable results (94 per cent.) when more than one-third of the organisms seen in the smear made from the overnight culture were morphologically C. diphtheriae. If fewer C. diphtheriae were present in the smear th e primary culture gave uncertain results.
Precipitation Phenomena and the Wassermann Reaction
Authors: Wolf C. G. L. , Rideal E. K. 
Published: May 2009

1. “Antigens” of varying sensitivity may be prepared by coating a dispersion of gum benzoin with saponin.2. Using suitable dispersions so prepared a zone of precipitation is observed which is more extended for specific than for normal sera. Differentiation is more pronounced as the region of the isoelectric point of the globulin is approached.3. Precipitation is effected by the ions of salts present in the solution discharging the negative antigen suspension which has been sensitised by the protein of the serum.4. The mechanism of sensitisation is described.5. Both albumins and globulins can protect or sensitise gum benzoin suspensions, the effect depending on an appropriate dilution. This effect occurs qualitatively irrespective of the hydrogen ion concentration of the medium. Quantitatively the position of the zone of precipitation and its extent is contingent on the reaction of the medium.6. The euglobulin fractions of normal and of luetie sera deprived as far as possible of their lipoids can be differentiated both by the Wassermann test, and by precipitation tests.7. Delipoided euglobulins from horse serum will yield a Wassermann positive reaction when used in certain concentrations. In more concentrated solutions an anticomplementary effect is exhibited.8. Evidence is presented for the view that the euglobulins of specific sera differ rather in their composition or state of aggregation than in quantity from the euglobulin of non-specific sera.9. The changes in sensitising power and in the Wassermann reactivity of euglobulin caused by repeated freezing or exposure to ultra-violet light run a parallel course.10. Attempts to change the Wassermann properties of normal sera are briefly described.
The “Thompson” Type of Salmonella
Authors: Scott W. M. 
Published: May 2009

(1) The source, cultural characters and serological properties of a new food-poisoning type of Salmonella are described.(2) The value is emphasised of Andrewes' discovery of the group and specific phases in Salmonellas.(3) Alteration of phase from group to specific can be produced by growth in group serum and vice versa. This device is useful in determining the sero logical type of strains which persistently appear in the group phase only.
Sonne Dysentery in Aberdeen
Authors: Fraser A. M. , Kinloch J. Parlane , Smith J. 
Published: May 2009

1. In the absence of the epidemic prevalence of the dysenteries over a period of 30 months it is found that cases of the various forms of dysentery as occurring in Aberdeen have been in the proportion of 1 amoebic, to 3 Flexner, to 6 Sonne dysenteries, and it is concluded that B. dysenteriae Sonne is the most frequent cause of dysenteric outbreaks in Aberdeen in non-epidemic times.2. A description of the clinical and bacteriological features of Sonne dysentery is submitted.3. Preliminary experiments, undertaken with a view to ascertaining whether B. dysenteriae Sonne produces a true exo-toxin, are described.