bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inpatient verbal aggression: content, targets and patient characteristics
Authors: STEWART D. , BOWERS L. 
Published: April 2012

Accessible summary
Verbal aggression is a common feature of life on a psychiatric ward.
This study reports on how frequently patients were involved in incidents of verbal abuse, shouting, making threats, showing anger or making racist comments.
Verbally aggressive patients tended to have a history of violence or drug misuse, but some patient characteristics were more strongly associated with particular types of verbal aggression.
AbstractVerbally aggressive behaviour on psychiatric wards is more common than physical violence and can have distressing consequences for the staff and patients who are subjected to it. Previous research has tended to examine incidents of verbal aggression in little detail, instead combining different types of aggressive behaviour into a single measure. This study recruited 522 adult psychiatric inpatients from 84 acute wards. Data were collected from nursing and medical records for the first 2 weeks of admission. Incidents of verbal aggression were categorized and associations with patient characteristics examined. There were 1398 incidents of verbal aggression in total, reported for half the sample. Types of verbal aggression were, in order of prevalence: abusive language, shouting, threats, expressions of anger and racist comments. There were also a large number of entries in the notes which did not specify the form of verbal aggression. Staff members were the most frequent target of aggression. A history of violence and previous drug use were consistently associated with verbal aggression. However, there were also some notable differences in patient variables associated with specific types of verbal aggression. Future studies should consider using multidimensional measures of verbal aggression.
Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium pseudograminearum caused the 2010 head blight epidemics in Australia
Authors: Obanor F. , Neate S. , Simpfendorfer S. , Sabburg R. , Wilson P. , Chakraborty S. 
Published: April 2012

Wheat crops in southeast Queensland (Qld) and northern New South Wales (NSW) were infected with fusarium head blight (FHB)‐like symptoms during the 2010–11 wheat growing season. Wheat crops in this region were surveyed at soft dough or early maturity stage to determine the distribution, severity, aetiology and toxigenicity of FHB. FHB was widespread on bread wheat and durum, and Fusarium graminearum and/or F. pseudograminearum were diagnosed from 42 of the 44 sites using species‐specific PCR primers directly on spikelets or from monoconidial cultures obtained from spikelets. Stem base browning due to crown rot (CR) was also evident in some samples from both states. The overall FHB and CR severity was higher for NSW than Qld. Deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration of immature grains was more than 1 mg kg−1 in samples from 11 Qld and 14 NSW sites, but only 13 of 498 mature grain samples sourced from the affected areas had more than 1 mg kg−1 DON. DON concentration in straw also exceeded 1 mg kg−1 in eight Qld and all but one NSW sites but this was not linked to DON concentration of immature grains. The proportion of spikelets with positive diagnosis for F. graminearum and/or F. pseudograminearum and weather‐related factors influenced DON levels in immature grains. The average monthly rainfall for August–November during crop anthesis and maturation exceeded the long‐term monthly average by 10–150%. Weather played a critical role in FHB epidemics for Qld sites but this was not apparent for the NSW sites, as weather was generally favourable at all sites.
Parasitological, serological and clinical evidence for high prevalence of podoconiosis (non‐filarial elephantiasis) in Midakegn district, central Ethiopia
Authors: Geshere Oli Geleta , Tekola Ayele Fasil , Petros Beyene 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjective  To determine whether the elephantiasis in Midakegn district, central Ethiopia, is filarial or non‐filarial (podoconiosis) using serological, parasitological and clinical examinations, and to estimate its prevalence.Methods  At house‐to‐house visits in 330 randomly selected households, all household members who had elephantiasis were interviewed and clinically examined at the nearby health centre to confirm the presence of elephantiasis, check the presence of scrotal swelling and rule out the other causes of lymphoedema. A midnight blood sample was obtained from each participant with elephantiasis for microscopic examination of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria. A daytime blood sample was obtained from half of the participants for serological confirmation using the immuno‐chromatographic test card.Results  Consistent with the features of podoconiosis, none of the elephantiasis cases had consistently worn shoes since childhood; 94.3% had bilateral swelling limited below the level of the knees; no individual had thigh or scrotal elephantiasis; parasitological test for microfilariae and serological tests for W. bancrofti antigen were negative in all samples. The prevalence of the disease was 7.4% and it peaked in the third decade of life, the most economically active age.Conclusion  Midakegn District has a high prevalence of podoconiosis and no filarial elephantiasis. Prevention, treatment and control of podoconiosis must be among the top priorities of public health programmes.
Natural selection. IV. The Price equation*
Authors: FRANK S. A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe Price equation partitions total evolutionary change into two components. The first component provides an abstract expression of natural selection. The second component subsumes all other evolutionary processes, including changes during transmission. The natural selection component is often used in applications. Those applications attract widespread interest for their simplicity of expression and ease of interpretation. Those same applications attract widespread criticism by dropping the second component of evolutionary change and by leaving unspecified the detailed assumptions needed for a complete study of dynamics. Controversies over approximation and dynamics have nothing to do with the Price equation itself, which is simply a mathematical equivalence relation for total evolutionary change expressed in an alternative form. Disagreements about approach have to do with the tension between the relative valuation of abstract versus concrete analyses. The Price equation's greatest value has been on the abstract side, particularly the invariance relations that illuminate the understanding of natural selection. Those abstract insights lay the foundation for applications in terms of kin selection, information theory interpretations of natural selection and partitions of causes by path analysis. I discuss recent critiques of the Price equation by Nowak and van Veelen.
Humidity affects genetic architecture of heat resistance in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: BUBLIY O. A. , KRISTENSEN T. N. , KELLERMANN V. , LOESCHCKE V. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractLaboratory experiments on Drosophila have often demonstrated increased heritability for morphological and life‐history traits under environmental stress. We used parent–offspring comparisons to examine the impact of humidity levels on the heritability of a physiological trait, resistance to heat, measured as knockdown time at constant temperature. Drosophila melanogaster were reared under standard nonstressful conditions and heat‐shocked as adults at extreme high or low humidity. Mean knockdown time was decreased in the stressful dry environment, but there was a significant sex‐by‐treatment interaction: at low humidity, females were more heat resistant than males, whereas at high humidity, the situation was reversed. Phenotypic variability of knockdown time was also lower in the dry environment. The magnitude of genetic correlation between the sexes at high humidity indicated genetic variation for sexual dimorphism in heat resistance. Heritability estimates based on one‐parent–offspring regressions tended to be higher under desiccation stress, and this could be explained by decreased environmental variance of heat resistance at low humidity. There was no indication that the additive genetic variance and evolvability of heat resistance differed between the environments. The pattern of heritability estimates suggests that populations of D. melanogaster may have a greater potential for evolving higher thermal tolerance under arid conditions.
Calculation of protein and energy requirements in beluga sturgeon (Huso huso) using a factorial approach
Authors: Amrkolaie A. Keramat , Yansari A. Teimouri , Khalesi M. K. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThis study tried to determine the protein and energy requirements of growing beluga sturgeon Huso huso using a factorial approach. The experiment was composed of four small‐scale growth trails covering different weight ranges. The fish fed at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of satiation. DWG had a steady increase throughout the experiment following a non‐linear equation as Y = 1.433 (±0.056) × Ln(X) −2.740 (±0.261); r2 = 0.99, p < 0.001, where Y = weight gain (g/day) and X = fish weight (g). The daily requirement of digestible energy (DE) for maintenance amounted to 79.09 kJ × BW (kg)0.8. The daily requirement of DP for maintenance calculated as 0.93 g × BW (kg)0.7. The relationship between DE intake (X) and DE gain (Y) expressed as Y = −0.0004 (±0.000) X2 + 0.600 (±0.082) X −44.95 (± 6.72). Also, the relationship between DP intake (X) and protein gain (Y) was expressed as Y = −0.019 (±0.006) X2 + 0.548 (±0.062) X − 0.498 (±0.121). The daily requirements of energy and protein were estimated as 79.09 kJ × BW (kg)0.8 + 2.94 × DE gain and 0.93 g × BW (kg)0.7 + 2.63 × DP gain. Apparently, beluga sturgeon is inefficient in converting energy and protein into body tissue. Therefore, energy content of the diet should be sufficiently high to satisfy large energy demands in beluga sturgeon and also to reduce the catabolism of protein.
Voluntary feed intake and leptin sensitivity in ad libitum fed obese ponies following a period of restricted feeding: a pilot study
Authors: Van Weyenberg S. , Buyse J. , Kalmar I. D. , Swennen Q. , Janssens G. P. J. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThe relation between plasma leptin and daily ad libitum roughage intake was evaluated during a 14‐day period in eight obese Shetland ponies. When the feeding strategy was changed from maintenance feeding to ad libitum feeding, feed intake increased the first day, decreased the second day and increased again during the following days to reach a constant level after 8 days. Plasma leptin concentration increased during the first 2 days, but remained constant afterwards. Although the same pattern was found in all ponies, the magnitude of the increase in leptin on day 1 and the resulting decrease in feed intake on day 2 differed between ponies. A lower anorectic effect was seen in ponies with higher initial leptin concentration, suggesting the presence of different degrees in leptin sensitivity in obese ponies. High leptin production in a attempt to compensate for the decrease in leptin sensitivity might explain large variations in plasma leptin among obese ponies with similar body condition score. Further research is necessary to clarify whether the reduced leptin sensitivity precedes obesity in equines or vice versa.
Clinical analysis of deep cutaneous mycoses: a 12‐year experience at a single institution
Authors: Kim M. S. , Lee S. M. , Sung H. S. , Won C. H. , Chang S. , Lee M. W. , Choi J.‐H. , Moon K.‐C. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryDeep cutaneous mycoses can cause significant morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised patients. There have been few studies focusing on deep cutaneous mycoses and there are no data from Asian countries. This study aimed to investigate clinical characteristics, underlying predisposing factors, aetiological organisms and outcomes in patients with deep cutaneous mycoses. A retrospective medical record review of patients with deep cutaneous mycoses treated at a tertiary referral centre in Korea from 1999 to 2010. Forty‐one cases of deep cutaneous mycosis were identified (median age: 49). Most patients (32/41) had impaired immunological status, and seven of the remaining nine had a history of physical trauma. Neutropenia and long‐term use of antibiotics were detected in 13 and 12 patients respectively. Nodular skin lesions were the most common type (17/41) and the morphology of the lesions varied. Fungal organisms were identified by culture and histopathology of skin specimens. Candida (16/41) was the most common organism, followed by Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium (4/41 each). Systemic antifungal treatment was successful in 28 patients, while nine patients died from the fungal infection. Our study may lead to improved insights into deep cutaneous mycoses as their incidence is increasing and they vary in different clinical settings.
Functional and laminar dissociations between muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic neuromodulation in the tree shrew primary visual cortex
Authors: Bhattacharyya Anwesha , Bießmann Felix , Veit Julia , Kretz Robert , Rainer Gregor 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAcetylcholine is an important neuromodulator involved in cognitive function. The impact of cholinergic neuromodulation on computations within the cortical microcircuit is not well understood. Here we investigate the effects of layer‐specific cholinergic drug application in the tree shrew primary visual cortex during visual stimulation with drifting grating stimuli of varying contrast and orientation. We describe differences between muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic effects in terms of both the layer of cortex and the attribute of visual representation. Nicotinic receptor activation enhanced the contrast response in the granular input layer of the cortex, while tending to reduce neural selectivity for orientation across all cortical layers. Muscarinic activation modestly enhanced the contrast response across cortical layers, and tended to improve orientation tuning. This resulted in highest orientation selectivity in the supra‐ and infragranular layers, where orientation selectivity was already greatest in the absence of pharmacological stimulation. Our results indicate that laminar position plays a crucial part in functional consequences of cholinergic stimulation, consistent with the differential distribution of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors function to enhance sensory representations arriving in the cortex, whereas muscarinic receptors act to boost the cortical computation of orientation tuning. Our findings suggest close homology between cholinergic mechanisms in tree shrew and primate visual cortices.
Living with breast cancer: Iranian women's lived experiences
Authors: Joulaee A. , Joolaee S. , Kadivar M. , Hajibabaee F. 
Published: April 2012

JOULAEE A., JOOLAEE S., KADIVAR M. & HAJIBABAEE F. (2012) Living with breast cancer: Iranian women's lived experiences. International Nursing Review59, 362–368Background:  Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer among women. Women with breast cancer encounter many psychosocial stresses as well as physical problems.Aim:  To capture the meaning of living with breast cancer from the unique perspective and through the lived experiences of Iranian women with breast cancer that were explained with their own words.Methods:  A phenomenological approach was used to explore the meaning of living with breast cancer for Iranian women. The patients' feelings and lived experiences with breast cancer were investigated using semi‐structured interviews with probing questions with 13 women between 34 and 67 years old.Findings:  The participants explained their experiences of living with breast cancer as losing something important, lack of confidence, living with fear, emotional dizziness and the need to be supported with the negative aspects of breast cancer and helped to explore new aspects of life as positive aspects of this event.Conclusion and Implications:  Understanding the phenomenon of ‘living with breast cancer’ seems to be crucial for nurses to help women with breast cancer to find themselves in confronting the consequences of the changes associated with the illness.
MULTI‐DIMENSIONAL CONSEQUENTIALISM
Authors: Peterson Martin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis article introduces and explores a distinction between multi‐dimensional and one‐dimensional consequentialist moral theories. One‐dimensional consequentialists believe that an act's deontic status depends on just one aspect of the act, such as the sum total of wellbeing it produces, or the sum total of priority‐ or equality‐adjusted wellbeing. Multi‐dimensional consequentialists believe that an act's deontic status depends on more than one aspect. They may, for instance, believe that the sum total of wellbeing produced by an act and the degree to which the wellbeing is equally distributed in the population affect the act's deontic status independently of each other. These two aspects cannot be reduced into any single (composite) aspect. Wellbeing and equality are two separate considerations that cannot be merged into some novel entity that accurately reflects both intuitions. On the multi‐dimensional view I defend, such clashes between separate aspects are irresolvable and are best accounted for by claiming that moral rightness and wrongness are non‐binary concepts. Some acts are, literally speaking, a little bit right (because they maximise wellbeing) and a little bit wrong (because they do not maximise equality).1
EPISTEMIC VALUE AND ACHIEVEMENT
Authors: Whiting Daniel 
Published: April 2012

AbstractKnowledge seems to be a good thing, or at least better than epistemic states that fall short of it, such as true belief. Understanding too seems to be a good thing, perhaps better even than knowledge. In a number of recent publications, Duncan Pritchard tries to account for the value of understanding by claiming that understanding is a cognitive achievement and that achievements in general are valuable. In this paper, I argue that coming to understand something need not be an achievement, and so Pritchard's explanation of understanding's value fails. Next, I point out that Pritchard's is just one of many attempts to account for the value of an epistemic state – whether it be understanding, knowledge, or whatever – by appeal to the notion of achievement or, more generally, the notion of success because of ability. Tentatively, I offer reasons to be sceptical about the prospects of any such account.
UK Macroeconomic Volatility and the Term Structure of Interest Rates*
Authors: Spencer Peter 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis study uses a macro‐finance model to examine the ability of the gilt market to predict fluctuations in macroeconomic volatility. The econometric model is a development of the standard ‘square root’ volatility model, but unlike the conventional term structure specification it allows for separate volatility and inflation trends. It finds that although volatility and inflation trends move independently in the short run, they are cointegrated. Bond yields provide useful information about macroeconomic volatility, but a better indicator can be developed by combining this with macroeconomic information.
Do Service Users with Intellectual Disabilities Want to be Involved in the Risk Management Process? A Thematic Analysis
Authors: Kilcommons Aoiffe M. , Withers Paul , Moreno‐Lopez Águeda 
Published: April 2012

Background  Involving ID service users in risk decision making necessitates consideration of an individual’s ability to assess the implications and associated risks and thus make an informed choice. This calls for research on service users’ awareness and understanding of risk management (RM).Method  Thirteen people in a residential ID service who were reviewed under the risk management process (RMP) participated in the research. Thematic analysis explored participants’ knowledge and understanding of risk management to establish ability to make informed choice.Results  Two main meta‐themes (lack of awareness about RM and awareness about RM) and four meta‐themes (extent of RM awareness, locus of control, compliance and empowerment) emerged. Nine of 13 participants demonstrated some knowledge and awareness of RM and wanted to contribute to the RMP, despite not being consulted about or given the opportunity to be involved in RM.Conclusions  The majority of service users in this sample had some awareness of the purpose of RM and could make partially informed decisions about whether they would like to be involved in the RMP. The findings highlight the need for professionals to actively attempt to involve ID service users in the management of their own risk.
Potential aerobic C mineralization of a red earth paddy soil and its temperature dependence under long‐term fertilizer treatments
Authors: Zheng J. , Li L. , Pan G. , Zhang X. , Smith P. , Hussain Q. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractTopsoil samples from a long‐term fertilizer trial on a red earth rice paddy from Jiangxi Province, China, were used to investigate soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization using aerobic incubation for 58 days at 20 °C and 25 °C. SOC mineralization rates varied between 0.62 and 0.76 mg C/g SOC/h at 20 °C, and between 0.65 and 0.97 mg C/g SOC/h at 25 °C. There was no significant correlation between the mineralization potential and SOC content in treated soil samples. However, a close correlation was found between total C mineralization and the carbon stability index. This suggests that the potential C release from the soil is controlled by C lability rather than by total SOC. The calculated Q10 quotient was negatively correlated with dithionate‐citrate‐bicarbonate‐extracted Fe. It is suggested that the free Fe‐oxyhydrates that are prevalent in red earth paddy soils provide physico‐chemical protection and control biological decomposition rates under warming and these are modified in the long‐term fertilizer treatments. The enhancement of physico‐chemical protection of labile SOC by free Fe‐oxyhydrates is a potential mechanism for soil C stabilization under warming conditions. The interaction with fertilizers in the red earth‐derived paddies of South China deserves further study.