bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Article Commentary: Waiting for the evidence: VEMP testing and the ability to differentiate utricular versus saccular function
Authors: Welgampola Miriam S. , Carey John P. 
Published: July 2010

The advent of cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (CVEMPs) marked a milestone in clinical vestibular testing because they provided a simple means of assessing human otolith function. The availability of air‐conducted (AC) sound and bone‐conducted vibration (BCV) to evoke CVEMPs and development of a new technique of recording ocular vestibular‐evoked myogenic potentials (OVEMPs) have increased the complexity of this simple test, yet extended its diagnostic capabilities. Here we highlight the evidencebased assumptions that guide interpretation of AC sound‐and BCV‐evoked VEMPs and the gaps in VEMP research thus far.© 2010 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
A large deviations bound for the Teichmüller flow on the moduli space of abelian differentials
Authors: ARAÚJO VÍTOR , BUFETOV ALEXANDER I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLarge deviation rates are obtained for suspension flows over symbolic dynamical systems with a countable alphabet. We use a method employed previously by the first author [Large deviations bound for semiflows over a non-uniformly expanding base.Bull. Braz. Math. Soc. (N.S.)38(3) (2007), 335–376], which follows that of Young [Some large deviation results for dynamical systems.Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.318(2) (1990), 525–543]. As a corollary of the main results, we obtain a large deviation bound for the Teichmüller flow on the moduli space of abelian differentials, extending earlier work of Athreya [Quantitative recurrence and large deviations for Teichmuller geodesic flow.Geom. Dedicata119(2006), 121–140].
Views of life and sense of identity in people with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: WESTIUS ANDERS , KALLENBERG KJELL , NORBERG ASTRID 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTMaking it possible for people with Alzheimer's disease to retain a sense of identity during the process of the disease poses a great challenge to care-givers, professionals and family carers. The aim of this study is to elucidate the role of the view of life of people with Alzheimer's in framing their sense of identity. Is their view of life a vital aspect of their sense of identity? ‘View of life’ was interpreted as a vital aspect of sense of identity, understood as the individual's beliefs about their life history and about the attributes that characterised them. Twenty-one people with mild to moderate stages of Alzheimer's disease were interviewed about their life story. The narratives were interpreted using a phenomenological hermeneutic method. By telling their life story, the participants also narrated their view of life,i.e. their conception of reality, their central system of values and their basic emotional attitudes. By their own accounts, the origins of the narrators' central values and basic emotional attitudes were established in early life. They also expressed a sense of meaningfulness and continuity when looking back on their lives. The findings suggest that for a care-giver or confidant, having knowledge of a person with dementia's view of life is valuable when seeking to confirm that person's sense of identity.
Older women's body image: a lifecourse perspective
Authors: LIECHTY TONI , YARNAL CAREEN M. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTBody-image research has focused on younger women and girls, and tended to ignore women in later life, although recent studies have called for more research into the body image of older women, particularly from a lifecourse perspective. The lifecourse perspective can address the complexity of body image by identifying personal and/or environmental factors that shape body image and the trajectories of body image across the lifecourse. Accordingly the purpose of the study reported in this paper was to explore older women's body image using a lifecourse perspective. We conducted individual interviews and follow-up focus groups with 13 women aged 60–69 years, all of them resident in a United States non-metropolitan county (its largest city having a population of 38,420) and having lived in the country for more than 30 years. The findings highlight the influence of inter-personal relationships (e.g. with a spouse or parent), the macro-environment (e.g. media or community attitudes) and key life events (e.g. physiological changes or educational experiences) that shaped body image at various life stages. In addition, the findings demonstrate that as women age, they de-prioritise appearance in favour of health or internal characteristics. Finally, the findings highlight the complexity of body image as a construct, which includes attitudes toward appearance, evaluations of health and physical ability, and assessments of appearance.
Transition-Cherenkov radiation of terahertz generated by super-luminous ionization front in femtosecond laser filament
Authors: Hu Guang-Yue , Shen Baifei , Lei An-Le , Li Ru-Xin , Xu Zhi-Zhan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSuper-luminous ionization front achieved by using axicon as focus lens is proposed to improve the transition-Cherenkov radiation of terahertz emitted from a femtosecond laser filament in air. Benefitted from the better coherent superposition of radiation electric field generated by dipole-like electron current behind the ionization front, the terahertz radiation in far zone is enhanced by one order when the velocity of ionization front exceeds the light speed. Moreover, the radiation spectrum extends toward high frequency and covers the entire terahertz gap.
An initial design of hohlraum driven by a shaped laser pulse
Authors: Lan Ke , Gu Peijun , Ren Guoli , Li Xin , Wu Changshu , Huo Wenyi , Lai Dongxian , He Xian-Tu 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper, the plasma-filling model was extrapolated to the case of a hohlraum driven by a shaped laser pulse, and this extended model was used to obtain an initial design of the hohlraum size. A density criterion ofne = 0.1 was used for designing hohlraums which have low plasma filling with maximum achievable radiation. The method was successfully used to design a half hohlraum size with a three-step laser pulse on SGIII prototype and a U hohlraum size with shaped laser pulse for ignition. It was shown that the extended model with the criterion can provide reasonable initial design of a hohlraum size for optimal designing with a two-dimensional code.
Laser-assisted metal surface micro- and nanostructurization
Authors: Zavestovskaya Irina N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe kinetics of the crystallization of metals from the melt under superfast cooling velocities realized in the treatment of the materials by ultrashort laser pulses is investigated. The size distribution function for crystalline phase nuclei is analytically found within the framework of the classical kinetic equation in case of superfast temperature changing. The average number of particles in the crystalline nuclei and relative volume of the crystalline phase are determined as functions of thermodynamic and laser treatment regime parameters. Good agreement is observed with experimental results for ultrashort laser pulses induced micro- and nanostructures production.
Molecular epidemiology of norovirus infections in children and adults: sequence analysis of region C indicates genetic diversity of NVGII strains in Kolkata, India
Authors: NATARAJU S. M. , PATIVADA M. , CHATTERJEE D. , NAYAK M. K. , GANESH B. , BHATTACHARYA M. K. , RAMAMURTHY T. , GANGULY S. , SAHA D. R. , RAJENDRAN K. , GHOSH M. , KOBAYASHI N. , KRISHNAN T. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYFaecal specimens of diarrhoea cases (n=2495, collected between November 2007 and October 2009) from Infectious Diseases and Beliaghata General (ID&BG) Hospital, Kolkata, India, were screened by RT–PCR using specific primers targeting region C of the capsid gene of noroviruses (NoVs) to determine the seasonal distribution and clinical characteristics of NoVs associated with diarrhoea. NoV infection was detected in 78 cases, mostly in children aged <2 years. In 22/78 positive cases, the virus was detected as the sole agent; others were as mixed infections with other enteric pathogens. Sequencing of NVGII strains showed clustering with GII.4 NoVs followed by GII.13 and GII.6 NoVs. Clinical characteristics of the diarrhoeic children and adults in Kolkata indicated that NoV infections were detected throughout the year and were associated with a mild degree of dehydration.
Congenital rubella syndrome and rubella in Vellore, South India
Authors: CHANDY S. , ABRAHAM A. M. , JANA A. K. , AGARWAL I. , KEKRE A. , KORULA G. , SELVARAJ K. , MULIYIL J. P. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYRubella, a mild, vaccine-preventable disease, can manifest as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), a devastating disease of the fetus. To emphasize the inadequacy of the existing rubella vaccination programme in India, we evaluated epidemiological evidence of rubella virus activity with data available from a tertiary-care centre. The proportion of suspected CRS cases that were laboratory confirmed increased from 4% in 2000 to 11% in 2008. During the same period, 329 clinically suspected postnatal rubella cases were tested of which 65 (20%) were laboratory confirmed. Of women (n=770) of childbearing age, 12·5% were susceptible to rubella.
Lexical borrowings in French: Anglicisms as a separate phenomenon
Authors: CHESLEY PAULA 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThis study examines the occurrences of new lexical borrowings in a French newspaper corpus to determine whether the phenomenon of English lexical borrowings (Anglicisms) is different than the phenomenon of non-English borrowings. Based on a search for all occurrences of new lexical borrowings in a corpus, it is found that new Anglicisms outnumber all other new borrowings combined. When cross-checking these results against the online archives of another French newspaper, it is found that the Anglicisms are more productive than borrowings with similar frequencies from other languages. Additionally, qualitative findings show that new Anglicisms are more likely than other borrowings to be integrated into the French lexicon. In French, Anglicisms are employed for different reasons than lexical borrowings from other languages.
Military involvement in law enforcement
Authors: Stephens Dale 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaw enforcement is not a task usually undertaken by military forces, at least within domestic legal contexts. Conversely, maintaining or restoring security within dysfunctional or ‘post-conflict’ areas of operation is a role commonly undertaken by them. Within these latter operations, the skill sets and highly calibrated application of force that are commonly associated with police forces in their law enforcement role are in fact manifested in a decisively military context. This article reviews the experiences and legal frameworks associated with military participation in two separate types of mission, namely UN-sponsored peace operations and unilateral/multilateral stabilization and counter-insurgency operations. It argues that these contexts have demanded a revised interpretative approach to the applicable law, one that is much more sensitive to social and political effect.
Characterization of a new series of non-covalent proteasome inhibitors with exquisite potency and selectivity for the 20S β5-subunit
Authors: Blackburn Christopher , Gigstad Kenneth M. , Hales Paul , Garcia Khristofer , Jones Matthew , Bruzzese Frank J. , Barrett Cynthia , Liu Jane X. , Soucy Teresa A. , Sappal Darshan S. , Bump Nancy , Olhava Edward J. , Fleming Paul , Dick Lawrence R. , Tsu Christopher , Sintchak Michael D. , Blank Jonathan L. 
Published: July 2010

The mammalian 26S proteasome is a 2500 kDa multi-catalytic complex involved in intracellular protein degradation. We describe the synthesis and properties of a novel series of non-covalent di-peptide inhibitors of the proteasome used on a capped tri-peptide that was first identified by high-throughput screening of a library of approx. 350000 compounds for inhibitors of the ubiquitin–proteasome system in cells. We show that these compounds are entirely selective for the β5 (chymotrypsin-like) site over the β1 (caspase-like) and β2 (trypsin-like) sites of the 20S core particle of the proteasome, and over a panel of less closely related proteases. Compound optimization, guided by X-ray crystallography of the liganded 20S core particle, confirmed their non-covalent binding mode and provided a structural basis for their enhanced in vitro and cellular potencies. We demonstrate that such compounds show low nanomolar IC50 values for the human 20S β5 site in vitro, and that pharmacological inhibition of this site in cells is sufficient to potently inhibit the degradation of a tetra-ubiquitin–luciferase reporter, activation of NFκB (nuclear factor κB) in response to TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-α) and the proliferation of cancer cells. Finally, we identified capped di-peptides that show differential selectivity for the β5 site of the constitutively expressed proteasome and immunoproteasome in vitro and in B-cell lymphomas. Collectively, these studies describe the synthesis, activity and binding mode of a new series of non-covalent proteasome inhibitors with unprecedented potency and selectivity for the β5 site, and which can discriminate between the constitutive proteasome and immunoproteasome in vitro and in cells.
Fragment-based screening by X-ray crystallography, MS and isothermal titration calorimetry to identify PNMT (phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitors
Authors: Drinkwater Nyssa , Vu Hoan , Lovell Kimberly M. , Criscione Kevin R. , Collins Brett M. , Prisinzano Thomas E. , Poulsen Sally-Ann , McLeish Michael J. , Grunewald Gary L. , Martin Jennifer L. 
Published: July 2010

CNS (central nervous system) adrenaline (epinephrine) is implicated in a wide range of physiological and pathological conditions. PNMT (phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase) catalyses the final step in the biosynthesis of adrenaline, the conversion of noradrenaline (norepinephrine) to adrenaline by methylation. To help elucidate the role of CNS adrenaline, and to develop potential drug leads, potent, selective and CNS-active inhibitors are required. The fragment screening approach has advantages over other lead discovery methods including high hit rates, more efficient hits and the ability to sample chemical diversity more easily. In the present study we applied fragment-based screening approaches to the enzyme PNMT. We used crystallography as the primary screen and identified 12 hits from a small commercial library of 384 drug-like fragments. The hits include nine chemicals with two fused rings and three single-ring chemical systems. Eight of the hits come from three chemical classes: benzimidazoles (a known class of PNMT inhibitor), purines and quinolines. Nine of the hits have measurable binding affinities (~5–700 μM) as determined by isothermal titration calorimetry and all nine have ligand efficiencies of 0.39 kcal/mol per heavy atom or better (1 kcal≈4.184 kJ). We synthesized five elaborated benzimidazole compounds and characterized their binding to PNMT, showing for the first time how this class of inhibitors interact with the noradrenaline-binding site. Finally, we performed a pilot study with PNMT for fragment-based screening by MS showing that this approach could be used as a fast and efficient first-pass screening method prior to characterization of binding mode and affinity of hits.
Macrostructure in the Narratives of Estonian Children With Typical Development and Language Impairment
Authors: Soodla Piret , Kikas Eve 
Published: July 2010

Purpose
This study examined the macrostructure in Estonian children’s narratives according to the story grammar (SG) model. The study’s aims were to determine whether differences exist in narrative macrostructure between Estonian- and English-speaking children, among typically developed (TD) children, and between children with and without language impairment (LI).

Method
A clinical group of 18 children with LI (ages 6–8) and a control group of 216 TD children (ages 6–7), divided into 3 language competence subgroups, participated in the study. Narratives were analyzed for the presence of SG components and quantity of story information units.

Results
Estonian children’s narratives reflected age-expected SG structures similar to those of children in English-speaking countries. The analyses revealed significant group influences for the setting category, demonstrating the superior skills of TD children with high language competence in starting stories, compared with their peers. The quantity of story information units differed significantly between the high and low language competence TD subgroups, likewise between the control and the clinical groups.

Conclusions
The contrasts between stories of TD children and between TD and LI children are discussed. The findings support the suitability of the SG model in terms of quantity of story information units for language assessment.
Emotional Prosody Perception and Production in Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type
Authors: Horley Kaye , Reid Amanda , Burnham Denis 
Published: July 2010

Purpose
In this study, the authors investigated emotional prosody in patients with moderate Dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (DAT) With Late Onset. It was expected that both expression and reception of prosody would be impaired relative to age-matched controls.

Method
Twenty DAT and 20 control participants engaged in 2 expressive and 2 receptive tasks with randomly presented exemplars of sentences targeting the emotions of happiness, anger, sadness, and surprise.

Results
In the expressive tasks, objective acoustic measurements revealed significantly less pitch modulation by the patient group, but these measurements showed that they retained the ability to vary pitch level, pitch modulation, and speaking rate as a function of emotion. In the receptive tasks, perception of emotion by the patient group was significantly inferior to the control group.

Conclusions
Implications are discussed regarding impaired emotional prosody in DAT, and the utility of objective acoustic measures in revealing subtle deficits and overcoming methodological inconsistencies is emphasized. Further research is critical in advancing our understanding of this pervasive disorder and is important, clinically, in the provision of specific interventions.
Characteristics of Disfluency Clusters Over Time in Preschool Children Who Stutter
Authors: Sawyer Jean , Yairi Ehud 
Published: July 2010

PurposeDisfluency clusters in preschool children were analyzed to determine whether they occurred at rates above chance, whether they changed over time, and whether they could differentiate children who would later persist in, or recover from, stuttering.MethodThirty-two children recruited near stuttering onset were grouped on the basis of their eventual course of stuttering and matched to 16 normally fluent children. Clusters were classified as stuttering-like disfluencies (SLD), other disfluencies (OD), or mixed (SLD and OD combined). Cluster frequency and length were calculated for all children and again after 6 months for those who stuttered.ResultsClusters occurred at rates greater than chance for both stuttering and normally fluent children. Children who stuttered had significantly more and longer clusters than did normally fluent children. Close to stuttering onset, clusters did not differentiate the course of stuttering. Cluster frequency and length decreased over time for children in the persistent and recovered groups. The proportion of disfluencies in clusters was significantly lower in the recovered group than it was in the persistent group after 6 months.ConclusionsClusters are an integral part of disfluent speech in preschool children in general. Although they do not serve as indicators of recovery or persistency at the onset of stuttering, they may have some prognostic value several months later.
Expressive Language Profiles of Verbally Expressive Adolescents and Young Adults With Down Syndrome or Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Finestack Lizbeth H. , Abbeduto Leonard 
Published: July 2010

Purpose
In this study, the authors examined the expressive language abilities of a subset of highly verbally expressive adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome (DS) and those with fragile X syndrome (FXS) for evidence of syndrome-related differences. FXS gender differences were also examined in an exploratory fashion.

Method
The authors evaluated 24 adolescents and young adults with DS, 17 adolescents and young adults with FXS, and 21 children with typical development (TD), with the groups matched on nonverbal mental age. Language ability was examined using the Oral and Written Language Scales (OWLS; Carrow-Woolfolk, 1995) and Developmental Sentence Scoring (DSS; Lee, 1974) scores derived from an oral narrative language sample.

Results
Study analyses revealed the following group differences: The FXS group outperformed the DS and TD groups on the OWLS measure; the TD group outperformed both other groups on some of the DSS measures; the FXS group outperformed the DS group on the DSS Sentence Point measure; and females with FXS outperformed males with FXS on several measures.

Conclusions
Results contribute to the ongoing construction of the language phenotypes of individuals with DS and individuals with FXS and support the conclusion that there are quantitative rather than qualitative differences in their expressive language profiles.
Identifying Behavioral Measures of Stress in Individuals With Aphasia
Authors: Laures-Gore Jacqueline S. , DuBay Michaela F. , Duff Melissa C. , Buchanan Tony W. 
Published: July 2010

Purpose
To develop valid indicators of stress in individuals with aphasia (IWA) by examining the relationship between certain language variables (error frequency [EF] and word productivity [WP]) and cortisol reactivity.

Method
Fourteen IWA and 10 controls participated in a speaking task. Salivary cortisol was collected pre- and posttask. WP and EF were calculated from the language sample elicited during the speaking task.

Results
As expected, IWA had less WP and a higher EF than did control participants, and these effects were related to aphasia severity. Cortisol reactivity of IWA was moderately associated with WP, such that those with higher WP showed greater cortisol reactivity. The control group did not demonstrate this relation. Neither group demonstrated a relation between salivary cortisol reactivity and EF.

Conclusion
WP in individuals with aphasia holds potential as a behavioral index of stress in this population.
Picosecond primary structural transition of the heme is retarded after nitric oxide binding to heme proteins
Authors: Kruglik Sergei G. , Yoo Byung-Kuk , Franzen Stefan , Vos Marten H. , Martin Jean-Louis , Negrerie Michel 
Published: July 2010

We investigated the ultrafast structural transitions of the heme induced by nitric oxide (NO) binding for several heme proteins by subpicosecond time-resolved resonance Raman and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. We probed the heme iron motion by the evolution of the iron-histidine Raman band intensity after NO photolysis. Unexpectedly, we found that the heme response and iron motion do not follow the kinetics of NO rebinding. Whereas NO dissociation induces quasi-instantaneous iron motion and heme doming (< 0.6 ps), the reverse process results in a much slower picosecond movement of the iron toward the planar heme configuration after NO binding. The time constant for this primary domed-to-planar heme transition varies among proteins (∼30 ps for myoglobin and its H64V mutant, ∼15 ps for hemoglobin, ∼7 ps for dehaloperoxidase, and ∼6 ps for cytochrome
c
) and depends upon constraints exerted by the protein structure on the heme cofactor. This observed phenomenon constitutes the primary structural transition in heme proteins induced by NO binding.