bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and O3 Differentially Alter Nitrogen Acquisition in Peanut
Authors: Tu Cong , Booker Fitzgerald L. , Burkey Kent O. , Hu Shuijin 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTElevated atmospheric CO2 and ozone (O3) may affect productivity of legumes in part by altering symbiotic N2 fixation. To investigate this possibility, measurements of plant biomass, N levels and natural 15N abundance (δ15N) were used to examine the effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on N acquisition in field‐grown peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) using open‐top chambers. Seasonal 12‐h daily average CO2 treatment concentrations were 376, 550, and 730 μmol mol−1 Carbon dioxide treatments were applied in reciprocal combinations with seasonal 12‐h daily average O3 concentrations of 21, 49, and 79 nmol mol−1 At mid‐vegetative growth, elevated CO2 significantly reduced leaf N concentrations by up to 44%, but not δ15N values. Elevated O3 did not significantly affect N concentrations or δ15N values. At harvest, plant N concentrations were similar among treatments except for a 14% reduction in the highest‐level CO2–O3 treatment. Plant N accumulation varied in proportion with treatment effects on biomass production, which was increased with elevated CO2 when averaged over the O3 treatments and suppressed by high‐level O3 at ambient CO2 Elevated CO2 reduced plant δ15N values in low‐ and mid‐level O3 treatments while mid‐ and high‐level O3 increased them at ambient CO2 The changes in δ15N values suggested that N2 fixation activity was stimulated with elevated CO2 and inhibited by elevated O3 Elevated CO2 ameliorated detrimental O3 effects to varying extents depending on the concentrations of the two gases. These results indicated that interactions between CO2 and O3 on plant physiology can alter N acquisition processes, with impacts on peanut productivity likely dependent in part on these changes.
QTL Analysis of Seed Iron, Zinc, and Phosphorus Levels in an Andean Bean Population
Authors: Cichy Karen A. , Caldas Gina V. , Snapp Sieglinde S. , Blair Matthew W. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTIron and zinc are essential micronutrients for human health often found in insufficient quantities in the diet. Biofortification of seed crops has been undertaken to reduce micronutrient malnutrition. The objectives of this study were to identify variability for seed Fe, Zn, P, and phytic acid levels in an F5:7 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population developed from a cross between AND696 and G19833, both common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of Andean origin. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was conducted with data from 2 yr and 2 P treatments with a previously described linkage map of AND696/G19833. Significant environmental and genetic variability for Fe, Zn, and P levels was identified, and Fe and Zn levels were correlated (up to r=0.53). Quantitative trait loci for seed Fe and Zn co‐localized on three linkage groups (B1, B6, and B11). On B6, a QTL for Fe (R2 = 0.36) was found at the same marker interval as a QTL for seed Zn (R2 = 0.39), both derived from AND696. Quantitative trait loci for seed P were identified on six linkage groups and explained 17 to 55% of the total phenotypic variation depending on year and environment.
Determination of Dry Matter Yield from Legume–Grass Swards by Field Spectroscopy
Authors: Biewer Sonja , Fricke Thomas , Wachendorf Michael 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTAn efficient and accurate detection of dry matter (DM) yield of legume–grass mixtures can facilitate a targeted and site‐specific management of legume‐based swards. The major objective of this study was to examine the relationship between spectral signatures of legume–grass swards and DM yield across a wide range of legume species (white clover [Trifolium repens L.], red clover [T. pratense L.], alfalfa [Medicago sativa L.], birdsfoot trefoil [Lotus corniculatus L.]), legume proportion (0–100% of DM), and growth stage (beginning of tillering to end of flowering). Modified partial least squares (MPLS) regression, stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR), and the vegetation indices (VIs), simple ratio, normalized difference vegetation index, enhanced vegetation index, and red edge position were used for analysis of the hyperspectral data set (350–2500 nm). Compared to common calibrations, legume‐specific models achieved better results, indicating that each legume species had its own spectral characteristics. Modified partial least squares and SMLR gave the best R2 values, ranging in cross validation from 0.74 to 0.92 with a standard error below 92 g DM m−2 The DM yield prediction by VIs resulted in unsatisfactory accuracies. Prediction accuracy for MPLS and SMLR models were still acceptable even with a reduced spectral data set (630–1000 nm), a finding that could facilitate an application of field spectroscopy in practice.
Determining the Contribution of Legumes in Legume–Grass Mixtures Using Digital Image Analysis
Authors: Himstedt Maike , Fricke Thomas , Wachendorf Michael 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTDigital image analysis could be a rapid and precise technique for estimating legume proportions in grass swards. In 2004, we conducted a pot study to evaluate a digital image analysis (DIA) system for estimation of legume dry matter (DM) contribution in legume–grass mixtures. Examination of pure swards and binary legume–grass mixtures of red clover (Trifolium pratenseL.), white clover (T. repensL.), alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) took place after 35, 49, and 63 d of growth. To estimate the cover percentage of legumes in the swards, a total of 64 digital pictures were taken. The DM contribution of legumes (% of total biomass) showed a significant relationship with the proportion of image area covered by legumes (% of total area), which was classified visually. A DIA system for grayscale images was developed with the software Optimas. We found that DIA could be used to accurately predict legume contribution in mature swards. Legume contribution, as estimated by DIA, was significantly correlated with DM contribution of red clover (R2= 0.87), white clover (R2= 0.85), and alfalfa (R2= 0.79). Bare ground reduced the predictive ability of DIA in young or open swards. Use of DIA may be limited until we refine the method to deal with bare ground and different leaf shapes associated with various weed species.
Development of Canopy Reflectance Models to Predict Forage Quality of Legume–Grass Mixtures
Authors: Biewer Sonja , Fricke Thomas , Wachendorf Michael 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTTimely assessments of nutritive values of legume‐based swards during the growing season can facilitate a targeted and site‐specific forage management. This study was undertaken to explore the potential of field spectral measurements for a nondestructive prediction of metabolizable energy, ash content, crude protein (CP), and acid detergent fiber of legume–grass mixtures. A population of 200 legume–grass swards (Lolium perenne L., Trifolium repens L., Trifolium pratense L.) representing a wide range of legume proportion (0–100% of dry matter), and growth stages (beginning of tillering to end of flowering) were used in this investigation. The paper examines three techniques for analysis of the hyperspectral data set (350–2500 nm): two‐waveband reflectance ratios, modified partial least squares (MPLS) regression, and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR). Forage quality variables had weak relationships with the developed reflectance ratios, whereas hyperspectral analysis by MPLS and SMLR resulted in high precision (0.70 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.94). Even with a reduced spectral data set (630–1000 nm), estimates of MPLS and SMLR models were still acceptable for forage ash (0.62 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.78) and CP (0.83 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.86), a finding that could facilitate an application of field spectroscopy with more simple sensors. Estimates of ash and CP were further improved by legume‐specific calibrations.
Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci Using a Doubled‐Haploid Population from the Cross ofIndicaandJaponicaCultivars of Rice
Authors: Lapitan Victoria C. , Redoña Edilberto D. , Abe Toshinori , Brar Darshan S. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTImproving the cooking and eating quality of grain has always been an important consideration in most rice (Oryza sativaL.) breeding programs. In this study, an established rice doubled‐haploid (DH) population consisting of 219 lines from anther culture of the F1 ofindicavariety PSB Rc10 andjaponicavariety Nipponbare was used to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for amylose content (AC), gel consistency (GC), and gelatinization temperature (GT). Two hundred five simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to construct a genetic linkage map covering the 12 chromosomes. A total of 13 QTLs were identified—three for AC and five each for GC and GT. Eight QTLs had major effects from which seven coincided with the most important loci identified in previous reports. All QTLs for AC were shown to have major effects on GC and GT. The QTL with the largest effect, which accounted for 74% of the AC variation corresponded to the waxy (Wx) locus while the other two QTLs were located above and below this region. The significant phenotypic correlations of these traits may underlie the colocalization of their QTLs. A major QTL specifying GT was detected within the alkali degeneration (Alk) locus. Other minor QTLs were identified for GC in chromosomes 2 and 8 and for GT in chromosome 2. Utilization of a homozygous DH population with relatively large sample size might have increased the accuracy of mapping these QTLs. The results thus obtained are valuable in breeding rice varieties with better grain quality.
Environmental Effects on Oleic Acid in Soybean Seed Oil of Plant Introductions with Elevated Oleic Concentration
Authors: Lee Jeong‐Dong , Woolard Melissa , Sleper David A. , Smith James R. , Pantalone Vincent R. , Nyinyi Catherine N. , Cardinal Andrea , Shannon J. Grover 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTSoybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil with oleic acid (18:1) content >500 g kg−1 is desirable for a broader role in food and industrial uses. Seed oil in commercially grown soybean genotypes averages about 230 g kg−1 oleic acid. Some maturity group (MG) II to V plant introductions (PIs) have elevated oleic concentrations of 300 to 500 g kg−1 Temperature of the growing environment during the reproductive growth stage affects oleic concentration in soybean oil. The objective of this study was to evaluate stability of oleic acid content among 15 PIs with elevated 18:1 and three checks grown in 16 environments. Oleic acid concentration of the high 18:1 checks N98‐4445A and M23 ranged from 383 to 694 g kg−1 and 428 to 572 g kg−1 with averages of 575 g kg−1 and 508 g kg−1, respectively. The PIs with the highest 18:1 were MG II to III, with most lines averaging >400 g kg−1 oleic acid concentration over 16 environments. Generally, PIs in MG II to III were less stable across environments than those in MG V. However, MG III PI 379559D ranged from 381 to 513 g kg−1 with an average 439 g kg−1 oleic acid concentration and was the most stable in oleic acid content of the 15 PIs studied. PI379559D was more stable than N98‐4445A or M23. PI417360 and PI506852 averaged highest in 18:1 (>330 g kg−1) among MG V PIs studied. Combining genes from these PIs and other sources with elevated 18:1 may be useful in developing higher oleic acid soybean genotypes.
Molecular Mapping of Stem‐Rust‐Resistance Gene Sr40 in Wheat
Authors: Wu Shuangye , Pumphrey Michael , Bai Guihua 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTStem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, was historically one of the most destructive diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Deployment of resistant cultivars successfully prevented rust epidemics over the past several decades. Unfortunately, race TTKS (termed Ug99) has emerged in Africa to render several stem‐rust‐resistance genes ineffective. Sr40, a stem‐rust‐resistance gene from Triticum timopheevii ssp. armeniacum, was transferred to wheat on translocation chromosome T2BL/2G#2S and provides effective levels of seedling and adult plant resistance against Ug99. Two mapping populations were developed using Ug99‐resistant line RL6088 and moderately susceptible to susceptible hard winter wheat cultivars Lakin and 2174. The parents were screened with 83 simple sequence repeats (SSR) from chromosome 2B and the polymorphic markers were analyzed on F2 populations. F2 and F2:3 populations were inoculated with North American stem rust race RKQQ at the seedling stage. Marker locus Xwmc344 was most closely linked to Sr40 (0.7 cM) in the RL6088/Lakin linkage map, followed by Xwmc474 and Xgwm374 Marker locus Xwmc474 was mapped ∼2.5 cM proximal to Sr40 in the RL6088/2174 population. Xwmc474 and Xwmc661 flanked Sr40 in both populations. Markers linked to Sr40 will be useful for marker‐assisted integration and pyramiding of Sr40 into elite wheat breeding lines, and reduction in the size of the T. timopheevii segment harboring this gene.
Generation Mean Analysis of Near‐Long‐Staple Fiber Length in TAM 94L‐25 Upland Cotton
Authors: Smith C. W. , Braden C. A. , Hequet E. F. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThe U.S. traditionally markets upland cotton with a high volume instrument (HVI) upper‐half mean length (UHML) of 27 mm (34 staple) although international trade requires a minimum of 27.8 mm (35 staple). Genotypes have been developed that exhibit UHML of approximately 30 mm (∼38 staple) that are referred to as near‐long‐staple uplands (NLSU). The objective of this research was to determine gene action and heritability for near‐long‐staple length in a unique set of upland cotton genotypes. TAM 94L‐25, an NLSU, was crossed with three programmatically diverse NLSU phenotypes and a short‐staple upland (SSU) to produce the F1, F2, BCP1, and BCP2 generations for generation mean analysis (GMA). Generations were grown in a randomized complete block design at College Station, TX in 2001 and 2002. Seedcotton was ginned on a laboratory gin and advanced fiber instrument system (AFIS) fiber properties were determined. Additional improvement in fiber length is possible by crossing TAM 94L‐25 with the other NLSU phenotypes included in this study. Environment affected genetic expression with narrow sense heritability (h2) for fiber length generally lower in the TAM 94L‐25/NLSU families. Transgressive segregates were found in all families.
Molecular Genetic Linkage Map for Allotetraploid Colonial Bentgrass
Authors: Rotter David , Amundsen Keenan , Bonos Stacy A. , Meyer William A. , Warnke Scott E. , Belanger Faith C. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTInterspecific hybridization is a widely used approach to improve crop species. We are pursuing the possibility of using interspecific hybridization between the turfgrass species colonial bentgrass (Agrostis capillaris L.) and creeping bentgrass (A. stolonifera L.) for the improvement of resistance to the fungal disease dollar spot (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F.T. Bennett) in creeping bentgrass. From a field evaluation of a backcross population, it appears that introgression of dollar spot resistance from colonial bentgrass to creeping bentgrass is possible. We used the backcross population to generate the first genetic linkage map for colonial bentgrass. The map length was 1156 cM and consisted of 212 amplified fragment length polymorphic markers and 110 gene‐based markers. Colonial bentgrass is an allotetraploid species (2n = 4x = 28, A1 and A2 subgenomes). The map consisted of the expected 14 linkage groups, which could be assigned to either the A1 or A2 homoeologous subgenomes. Although there were dollar spot resistant individuals in the mapping population, no quantitative trait loci associated with resistance were detected.
Effects of Soil Drought with Nocturnal Warming on Leaf Stomatal Traits and Mesophyll Cell Ultrastructure of a Perennial Grass
Authors: Xu Z. Z. , Zhou G. S. , Shimizu H. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTWhile water deficit and rising temperatures are progressive global problems, their combined effect on plants has received less attention. Stomatal traits, mesophyll cell ultrastructure, net photosynthetic rate, lipid peroxidation, and ion leakage were examined in leaves ofLeymus chinensis(Trin.) Tzvel. plants using native Castanozem soil. Stomatal traits and mesophyll cell ultrastructure were studied using light microscopy and transmission electron microscope. Under severe water stress, malondialdehyde and ion leakage increased, especially at high night temperatures of 30/25°C (day/night). Mild water stress increased stomatal density, especially with normal night temperatures of 30/20°C (day/night). Moderate and severe water stress did not affect stomatal density. Under water stress, mesophyll cell ultrastructures were disturbed, and the membrane systems of chloroplasts and mitochondria were broken, particularly at high night temperatures. Leaf net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were negatively correlated with ion leakage and malondialdehyde. The results suggested that high night temperature may aggravate the adverse effects of soil water deficit on leaf stomatal traits and mesophyll cell ultrastructure and also enhance lipid peroxidation.
Developing a Mini Core Collection of Sorghum for Diversified Utilization of Germplasm
Authors: Upadhyaya H. D. , Pundir R. P. S. , Dwivedi S. L. , Gowda C. L.L. , Reddy V. G. , Singh S. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThe sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] germplasm collection at the ICRISAT gene bank exceeds 37,000 accessions. A core collection of 2247 accessions was developed in 2001 to enable researchers to have access to a smaller set of germplasm. However, this core collection was found to be too large. To overcome this, a sorghum mini core (10% accessions of the core or 1% of the entire collection) was developed from the existing core collection. The core collection was evaluated for 11 qualitative and 10 quantitative traits in an augmented design using three control cultivars in the 2004–2005 post‐rainy season. The hierarchical cluster analysis of data using phenotypic distances resulted in 21 clusters. From each cluster, about 10% or a minimum of one accession was selected to form a mini core that comprised 242 accessions. The data in the mini core and core collections were compared using statistical parameters such as homogeneity of distribution for geographical origin, biological races, qualitative traits, means, variances, phenotypic diversity indices, and phenotypic correlations. These tests revealed that the mini core collection represented the core collection, which can be evaluated extensively for agronomic traits including resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses to identify accessions with desirable characteristics for use in crop improvement research and genomic studies.
Should we Recommend Stethoscope Disinfection Before Daily Usage as an Infection Control Rule?
Authors: Alothman A. , Bukhari A. , Aljohani S. , Muhanaa A. 
Published: August 2009

Background:
Many studies have shown that contaminated medical equipments act like a vector for crossinfection.
Infection control programmes are effective in decreasing hospital-acquired infection rate, however, the
implementation of such programmes is hindered by poor compliance of health care workers.
Methods: Random selection of health care workers, at our institution, was given questionnaires and were asked to give
their stethoscopes to be sampled.

Methods:
Random selection of health care workers, at our institution, was given questionnaires and were asked to give
their stethoscopes to be sampled.

Results:
151 health care workers were involved in this study. Physicians were 79/151 and their stethoscopes were found to
be the most contaminated (68.3%). The total number of contaminated stethoscopes was 72/151 (47.7%). Coagulasenegative
staphylococcus was isolated from 66 diaphragms from 72 (92%).

Conclusion:
Nosocomial infections carry a higher level of morbidity and mortality. This study showed that there is lack of
good compliance with routinely disinfecting the health care workers stethoscopes. We recommend that the significance of
disinfecting diaphragms of stethoscopes should be clarified to the health care workers.
Humidity influence on the adhesion of biomimetic fibrillar surfaces
Authors: Buhl Sebastian , Greiner Christian , Campo Aránzazu del , Arzt Eduard 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The recent interest in fibrillar biological attachment systems, as found in the gecko, has led to the development of micropatterned elastomer adhesion surfaces. All reported studies have been performed at ambient humidity neglecting its possible influence on adhesion. The present paper investigates, for the first time, the effect of systematic changes in ambient humidity from 2 to 90 %. Adhesion measurements were performed on PDMS (Sylgard 184) surfaces possessing micropillars with flat-ended and hemispherical contact shape. The pillar radius was varied between 2.5 and 25 μm; the pillar aspect ratio was kept at 1. While the adhesion of a flat sample was not affected by humidity, we found that pillar size and shape influenced the sensitivity to humidity changes: Thinner pillars, with higher pull-off forces in the dry state, exhibited decreasing adhesion values, by up to 35 %, with increasing humidity. The effect was stronger for the hemispherical tip shape, where the positive effect of finer pillars was even reversed. Possible explanations for these effects, which may lower the reliability of biomimetic adhesion devices in the presence of humidity, are given.
Characterization and properties of NiTi(W) and CuAlNi shape memory alloys
Authors: Kneissl A. C. , Mehrabi K. , Bruncko M. , McKay B. J. , Uhlenhaut D. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Shape memory wires were trained under constant stress in order to introduce a uniaxial shape memory effect by a thermomechanical treatment. These investigations were carried out on three different alloy systems (NiTi, NiTiW and CuAlNi) with different microstructures (cold-worked and annealed condition, with and without particles, large and small grain size). Several thousand thermal cycles were performed on the trained shape memory elements, continuously observing the changes in the deformation behaviour. The influence of the microstructure on development and stability of the intrinsic two-way shape memory effect has been discussed. Furthermore, this work deals with the production of thin specimens of shape memory alloys by melt-spinning and splat-cooling, the training procedure and their characterization with respect to microstructure and functional properties.
Overview on established and novel FIB based miniaturized mechanical testing using in-situ SEM
Authors: Kiener Daniel , Motz Christian , Dehm Gerhard , Pippan Reinhard 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Probing mechanical properties in the micrometer regime is of current interest in materials science. A focused ion beam microscope was employed to fabricate miniaturized specimens, while an indenter installed in a scanning electron microscope was utilized to actuate the samples and record the load and displacement data during the deformation. Examples for miniaturized compression, tension, bending, as well as newly developed bending fatigue and bending fracture experiments are presented, demonstrating the unique flexibility of in-situ mechanical testing in the scanning electron microscope at small length scales.