bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Active Large-Scale CO2 Storage Projects
Authors: Wright Iain , Ringrose Philip , Mathieson Allan , Eiken Ola 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
CO2 Capture and geological Storage (CCS) is a technology that is available today and that can cost-effectively solve up to a quarter of the global Greenhouse gas (GHG) problem. CCS can be applied to any fixed, point-source of CO2, and will likely be most cost-effective when applied to large sources close to large sinks. While CCS has application in the oil and gas sector (both upstream and downstream), the largest sources of CO2 exist in the power sector. Oil and gas sources are typically less than one million metric tonnes per annum (mmtpa) CO2, whereas power sector sources are typically more than 5mmtpa CO2. Hence a large-scale sequestration project should store in the order of lmmtpa CO2.
Around 30mmtpa CO2 is being injected into EOR projects, mostly in the USA and Canada. Those EOR projects are being managed to recover and re-inject the CO2 (that they have to buy), rather than sequester it - little or no monitoring is carried out for the purpose of assuring CO2 geological storage
As of today, there are only 4 large-scale projects on the planet which sequester anthropogenic CO2 on the lmmtpa-scale: Sleipner (Norway), In Salah (Algeria), Weyburn-Midale (Canada) and Snøhvit (Norway). Of these the two most significant (in terms of cumulative volume injected and experience of CO2 storage) are Sleipner (which has been in operation for 13 years) and In Salah (5 years). Weyburn-Midale is a CO2 EOR project involving CO2 cycling and monitoring. Although a portion of the cycled CO2 will be permanently stored, the primary objective of the project is to recover EOR oil. Snøhvit is relatively new (starting injection in 2008) and has not yet stored a significant volume of CO2. We focus therefore on the experience from the two large and mature projects Sleipner and In Salah. These two projects both capture CO2 produced during natural gas processing and store CO2 in deep saline formations. For both projects, the storage was part of the integrated Field Development Plan. They were both permitted under hydrocarbon law, and they illustrate significantly different aspects of storage: technical and commercial.
Integrated Well-Based Monitoring for CO2 Sequestration
Authors: Freifeld B. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Monitoring of geological carbon sequestration (GCS) sites will primarily depend upon the tools and technology developed over many decades in support of the oil and gas industries for ensuring the safe injection and storage of CO2 in the subsurface. For more than thirty years CO2 has been compressed and transported in pipelines for injection as part of enhanced oil recovery projects. However, the aims of CO2 injection for carbon sequestration have significant differences from EOR injections, where the motivation is enhanced production. While the regulatory environment that will govern CO2 storage in the subsurface is still evolving, operators of GCS sites will need to demonstrate protection of drinking water resources, accountability of the volume injection and permanence for the CO2 emplaced. The US Department of Energy has coined the acronym MVA to describe the requirement to monitor the movement of CO2 into, through, and out of the targeted geologic storage area, verify the location of CO2 that has been placed in geologic storage, and account for the CO2 that has been transported to a geologic storage site. To accomplish this, advanced well-based technologies will be needed to meet regulatory and technical requirements. Recent demonstration projects have incorporated permanently emplaced sensors including pressure, distributed fiber-optic, temperature, seismic, electrical resistivity, and geochemical sampling to name a few. These are often installed so that they are compatible with periodic wireline operations. In this paper we will examine integrated well-based monitoring programs that were part of CO2 storage demonstration programs and will discuss requirements for future commercial installations.
Measurement, Monitoring, and Verification of CO2 Storage: An Integrated Approach
Authors: Themann S. , Schmidt H. M. , Esser D. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an increasingly important tool for mitigating global climate change [1]. Pilot scale activities for the deposition of CO2 include depleted oil and gas reservoirs and saline formations, as well as the use of CO2 in enhanced oil and gas recovery (EOR). In these situations, CO2 is deposited in highly mobile gaseous or supercritical state.
Effective CCS requires zero tolerance for leakage at, or in the surrounding area. This emphasizes the need for precise Measurement, Monitoring & Verification (MMV); from deep strata up to the seafloor and beyond into the water column. Leak detection systems must detect even the smallest, slowest leaks and seepage of gas and fluid from the seabed, as well as from the injection facilities (e.g. manifolds, trees and templates). Compliance with currently known and future needs of regulators and government worldwide require an integrated and field-proven approach to this demanding MMV task.
Jet methods in time-dependent Lagrangian biomechanics
Authors: Ivancevic Tijana 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In this paper we propose the time-dependent generalization of an ‘ordinary’ autonomous human biomechanics, in which total mechanical + biochemical energy is not conserved. We introduce a general framework for time-dependent biomechanics in terms of jet manifolds associated to the extended musculo-skeletal configuration manifold, called the configuration bundle. We start with an ordinary configuration manifold of human body motion, given as a set of its all active degrees of freedom (DOF) for a particular movement. This is a Riemannian manifold with a material metric tensor given by the total mass-inertia matrix of the human body segments. This is the base manifold for standard autonomous biomechanics. To make its time-dependent generalization, we need to extend it with a real time axis. By this extension, using techniques from fibre bundles, we defined the biomechanical configuration bundle. On the biomechanical bundle we define vector-fields, differential forms and affine connections, as well as the associated jet manifolds. Using the formalism of jet manifolds of velocities and accelerations, we develop the time-dependent Lagrangian biomechanics. Its underlying geometric evolution is given by the Ricci flow equation.
The excitation and ionization of the hydrogen atom in strong laser fields
Authors: Borbély Sándor , Kiss Gellért , Nagy Ladislau 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The probability of excitation and ionization of the hydrogen atom by short strong laser pulses is calculated by solving numerically the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. The probability of excitation to different states is investigated, which helps to identify the important ionization mechanisms. The ionization probability density was also calculated and a good agreement with the other theoretical results was found.
A review of therapeutic strategies for the management of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
Authors: Medel Ricky , Monteith Stephen J. , Crowley R. Webster , Dumont Aaron S. 
Published: November 2009

Object
Although initially described in the 19th century, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) remains a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. It has an unpredictable course, and the propensity for hemorrhagic infarction produces significant consternation among clinicians when considering anticoagulation. It is the purpose of this review to analyze the evidence available on the management of CVST and to provide appropriate recommendations.

Methods
A thorough literature search was conducted through MEDLINE and PubMed, with additional sources identified through cross-referencing. A classification and level of evidence assignment is provided for recommendations based on the American Heart Association methodologies for guideline composition.

Results
Of the publications identified, the majority were isolated case reports or small case series. Few prospective trials have been conducted. Existing data support the use of systemic anticoagulation as an initial therapy in all patients even in the presence of intracranial hemorrhage. Chemical and/or mechanical thrombectomy, in conjunction with systemic anticoagulation, is an alternative strategy in patients with progressive deterioration on heparin therapy or in those who are moribund on presentation. Mechanical thrombectomy is probably preferred in patients with preexisting intracranial hemorrhage.

Conclusions
Effective treatments exist for the management of CVST, and overall outcomes are more favorable than those for arterial stroke. Further research is necessary to determine the role of individual therapies; however, the rarity of the condition poses a significant limitation.
The Relationship of Estrogen Receptor-α and -β Genes with Osteoarthritis of the Hand
Authors: WISE BARTON L. , DEMISSIE SERKALEM , CUPPLES L. ADRIENNE , FELSON DAVID T. , YANG MEI , SHEARMAN AMANDA M. , ALIABADI PIRAN , HUNTER DAVID J. 
Published: November 2009

Objective.We examined reported associations between radiographic hand osteoarthritis (OA) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 2 candidate genes associated with OA in other joints: estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and beta (ESR2).Methods.In 539 Framingham Offspring Study participants (49% men; mean age 61 ± 9 yrs) joint-specific radiographic hand OA was defined as Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) scores ≥ 2 in the first carpometacarpal joint (CMC), distal interphalangeal joints (DIP), first-digit interphalangeal joint (IP), or proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP). Four SNP were genotyped for ESR1 (PvuII-rs2234693, XbaI-rs9340799, rs2077647, and rs1801132) and 4 for ESR2 (rs1256031, rs1256034, rs1256059, rs944460). Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationships between genotypes and hand OA, adjusting for age, sex, height, and weight.Results.Radiographic hand OA was identified in at least one investigated joint of DIP (39%), PIP (33%), and first CMC (40%). There was no evidence of association between OA and genotype at any polymorphism. We found no significant association between our OA phenotypes or generalized or severe generalized OA as defined by Ushiyama and heterozygosity for rs2234693 and rs9340799, although in metaanalysis with the former study this heterozygosity remained significantly associated with generalized or severe generalized OA.Conclusion.We found no significant association between hand OA and the investigated polymorphisms of ESR1 or ESR2 despite published reports of association and a priori hypotheses implicating their potential roles. However, we could not absolutely exclude associations with rs2234693, rs9340799, or rs944460.
The Anti-mutated Citrullinated Vimentin Response Classifies Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis into Broad and Narrow Responders
Authors: ENGELMANN ROBBY , BRANDT JAN , EGGERT MARTIN , KARBERG KIRSTEN , KRAUSE ANDREAS , NEECK GUNTHER , MUELLER-HILKE BRIGITTE 
Published: November 2009

Objective.Autoantibodies against citrullinated peptide antigens (ACPA) are routinely determined to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and are predictive of a more severe course of the disease. We here set out to address an involvement of ACPA in the pathogenesis of RA and investigated the recognition pattern of antibodies against 2 citrullinated antigens in more detail.Methods.The sera of 77 patients fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA were analyzed for subclass titers of anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin (MCV) and anticyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies by combining subclass specific detection antibodies with commercially available CCP and MCV ELISA plates. Cross-reactivities between anti-MCV and anti-CCP antibodies were detected using a sequential ELISA system.Results.IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4 titers among anti-MCV and anti-CCP antibodies correlated significantly. Cross-reactivity of MCV-specific antibodies against CCP could be detected in 8 of 16 patients’ sera; however, cross-binding of MCV-specific IgG4 was weaker compared to total IgG.Conclusion.The inherent capacity of IgG4 to exchange F(ab) arms provides insight into the anti-MCV antibody diversity and suggests a classification of ACPA positive patients into broad and narrow responders.
Citrulline Dependence of Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus as a Marker of Deforming/Erosive Arthritis
Authors: KAKUMANU PRASANTHI , SOBEL ERIC S. , NARAIN SONALI , LI YI , AKAOGI JUN , YAMASAKI YOSHIOKI , SEGAL MARK S. , HAHN PAULETTE C. , CHAN EDWARD K.L. , REEVES WESTLEY H. , SATOH MINORU 
Published: November 2009

Objective.Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies are a serological marker for rheumatoid arthritis (RA); up to 10%–15% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are also positive. While anti-CCP in RA is citrulline-dependent, anti-CCP in some other diseases is citrulline-independent and reacts with both CCP and the unmodified (arginine-containing) cyclic arginine peptide (CAP). We investigated the citrulline dependence of anti-CCP and its significance in the arthritis of SLE.Methods.IgG anti-CCP was compared by ELISA to anti-CAP in sera from patients with SLE (n = 335) and RA (n = 47) and healthy controls (n = 35). SLE patients were divided into 5 groups based on their joint involvement: subset I: deforming/erosive arthritis (n = 20); II: arthritis fulfilling (or likely fulfilling) American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA but without erosions (n = 18); III: joint swelling but not fulfilling RA criteria (n = 39); IV: arthritis without documented joint swelling (n = 194); and V: no arthritis (n = 58).Results.Anti-CCP (> 1.7 units) was found in 68% (32/47) of patients with RA and 17% (55/329) of those with SLE. It was more common in SLE patients with deforming/erosive arthritis (38%). High anti-CCP (> 10 units) was found in RA (26%) and deforming/erosive SLE (12%). High anti-CCP/CAP ratios (> 2, indicating a selectivity to CCP) were found in 91% of anti-CCP-positive RA and 50% of anti-CCP-positive SLE patients with deforming/erosive arthritis. Patients from subset II did not have high anti-CCP/CAP.Conclusion.Citrulline dependence or high levels (> 10) of anti-CCP were common in SLE patients with deforming/erosive arthritis, while most anti-CCP in SLE patients was citrulline-independent. This may be useful in identifying a subset of SLE patients with high risk for development of deforming/erosive arthritis.
Integrating multi-criteria models and Geographical information system for cemetery site selection (a case study of the Sanandaj city, Iran)
Authors: Lotfi Sedigheh , Habibi Kiumars , Javad Koohsari Mohammad 
Published: November 2009

The ever increasing urban population growth has created many implications in land use planning in the most of developing countries. Traditional methods of spatial planning are still useful, but they need to be upgraded according to new methodological, technological possibilities and full complexity of spatial planning. The factors which influence the urban structure and its socio-economic life are countless, and so to deal with a huge set of data, Geographic information system (GIS) techniques can help to organize and control the impact of different problems. Urban utilities are the vital elements to provide comfort and amenity for the residents. Clearly in many cases the inappropriate sitting of urban infrastructures has decreased the efficiency and sustainability of the cities. Today GIS as powerful processing means can provide different alternatives for land use planning. One of the most socio-religious urban land uses in Iran is cemetery. Traditionally cemeteries are located in the vicinity of a holy shrine or specified by the local authorities. However, these sites are suitable by the view of people and religious groups but they impose many physical problems such as poor health conditions or accessibility due to the rapid expansion of the city by the population increase. This paper attempts to select a right site for a new cemetery in town Sanandaj, as the old one now has no empty space. The paper applies GIS and Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) techniques to find an appropriate area. The results show that the integrated GIS and AHP model has a high potential to compare different alternatives by investigating multi-criteria models and different factors which are involved in an urban utility site selection.
Alcohol‐related violence defined by ultimate goals: a qualitative analysis of the features of three different types of violence by intoxicated young male offenders
Authors: McMurran Mary , Jinks Mary , Howells Kevin , Howard Richard C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBased upon a functional approach to understanding aggression, we aimed to identify the occurrence of and to describe the features of three types of alcohol‐related violence defined a priori by ultimate goals: (1) violence in pursuit of nonsocial profit‐based goals, (2) violence in pursuit of social dominance goals, and (3) violence as defence in response to threat. A sample of 149 young men with offences of violence that were alcohol related was interviewed. Cases were classified and detailed information from the first ten cases in each class (N=30) was subjected to thematic analysis. Intoxicated violence in pursuit of nonsocial profit‐based goals was opportunistic and motivated by the desire for more alcohol or drugs. Violence, in these cases, although serious, appeared to be brief. Intoxicated violence in pursuit of social dominance goals was typically precipitated by past or current insult or injury, and was accompanied by strong anger and an adrenaline rush. Attacks were ferocious, and robbing the victim was not uncommon, perhaps to inflict additional humiliation. Feelings of pride and satisfaction were typical and expressions of remorse were uncommon. Regarding intoxicated violence as defence in response to threat, attacks were often expected, and in some cases the respondent made a pre‐emptive strike. Weapon use was common in this group. Fear was experienced, but so too was anger. Feelings of excitement were not reported and remorse was common. Further validation of these types is warranted, and the potential implications of these findings for prevention and treatment are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 36:67–79, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Output feedback stabilizability and passivity in nonstationary and nonlinear systems
Authors: Barkana Itzhak 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPassivity properties and passivity conditions have been shown to be very important for the stability of various methodologies of control with uncertainty in linear‐time‐invariant (LTI) systems. Many publications have defined the conditions that allow LTI systems to become strictly passive (and their transfer function strictly positive real) via constant or dynamic output feedback. As beyond the usual uncertainty, real‐world systems are not necessarily invariant, this paper expands the applicability of previous results to nonstationary and nonlinear systems. The paper first reviews a few pole–zero dynamics definitions in nonstationary systems and relates them to stability and passivity of the systems. The paper then finds the sufficient conditions that allow nonstationary systems to become stable and strictly passive via static or dynamic output feedback. Applications in robotics and adaptive control are also presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data‐driven tuning of linear parameter‐varying precompensators
Authors: Butcher Mark , Karimi Alireza 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMethods for direct data‐driven tuning of the parameters of precompensators for linear parameter‐varying (LPV) systems are developed. Since the commutativity property is not always satisfied for LPV systems, previously proposed methods for LTI systems that use this property cannot be directly adapted. When the ideal precompensator giving perfect mean tracking exists in the proposed precompensator parameterization, the LPV transfer operators do commute and an algorithm using only two experiments on the real system is proposed. It is shown that this algorithm gives consistent estimates of the ideal parameters despite the presence of stochastic disturbances. For the more general case, when the ideal precompensator does not belong to the set of parameterized precompensators, another technique is developed. This technique requires a number of experiments equal to twice the number of precompensator parameters and it is shown that the calculated parameters minimize the mean‐squared tracking error. The theoretical results are demonstrated in simulation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrodeposition of free‐standing poly(o‐dihydroxybenzene‐co‐3‐methylthiophene) films with tunable fluorescence properties
Authors: Liu Congcong , Xu Jingkun , Fan Changli , Lu Baoyang , Dong Bin , Liu Guodong 
Published: November 2009

AbstractElectrochemical copolymerization of o‐dihydroxybenzene (oDHB) and 3‐methylthiophene (3MeT) was successfully achieved in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate by direct anodic oxidation of the monomer mixtures, although the oxidation potentials of oDHB and 3MeT were quite different. The influence of the applied polymerization potential on the synthesis of the copolymers was investigated. The higher applied potential favored the incorporation of 3MeT units into the copolymers. The structure and properties of the copolymers were investigated with UV‐vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. The novel copolymers had many advantages, including good redox activity, good thermal stability, and high electrical conductivity. Additionally, the copolymers fluorescence properties that were tunable through changes in the feed ratio of the monomer mixtures. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of a novel high‐oil‐absorbing resin
Authors: Zhou Xiao‐Ming , Chuai Cheng‐Zhi 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA high‐oil‐absorbing resin, which was a low crosslinking resin, was synthesized by conventional suspension copolymerization in this study. The effects of the monomer ratio, crosslinker, initiator, ratio of water to oil, and defined optimum reaction conditions were studied. The highest oil absorptivity of the resin was about 11.5 g/g in diesel and the oil‐absorption saturation time was 3 days when the best process conditions were as follows: ratio of styrene to ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer = 40/60 w/w, amount of crosslinker divinylbenzene = 1.0 wt %, amount of benzoyl peroxide = 1.0 wt %; proportion of gelatin to calcium phosphate = 0.2 g/0.1 g, stirring speed = 500 r/min, and proportion of water to oil = 15 : 1. By using such methods as infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and other methods, we studied the oil‐absorbing resin structure, oil‐absorption rate, oil‐absorption saturation time, and oil‐absorption rate twice. The oil‐absorbing resins were used repeatedly through the extraction of ethanol. The experiment results show little effect on the oil‐absorption properties. The oil‐absorption rate constant was evaluated for diesel, and the oil‐absorbing process obeyed the first‐order kinetics equation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010