bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moral Foundations
Authors: Beauchamp Tom L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter seeks to provide an understanding of philosophical ethics sufficient for reading other chapters and for appreciating the relevance of philosophical investigations for epidemiologic ethics. Some central concepts and methods of biomedical ethics are explained. In the section on Social Morality and Professional Morality, several questions about the nature of morality and moral responsibility are discussed. In the Section on Problems and Methods in Moral Philosophy, several problems and methods in moral philosophy are discussed, and, in the final section, some ethical theories of importance for biomedical ethics are investigated.
Ethical Issues in the Design and Conduct of Community-Based Intervention Studies
Authors: Glanz Karen , Kegler Michelle C. , Rimer Barbara K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the scientific, methodological, and practical foundations of community-based intervention research that bear on ethical concerns. It begins with a discussion of the role of partnerships in community research, including partnership models and related ethical challenges, special considerations in working with vulnerable or disadvantaged communities, and suggestions for reconciling multiple agendas. It then discusses ethics related to methodologic issues in community-based intervention research, including intervention strategies, data collection, and study design. It also discusses ethical issues related to research participants, interdisciplinary and professional relationships, and relationships of science to society. The chapter concludes with a brief overview of ethical issues in conducting research with Internet communities or collecting data using the Internet and in community-based research in international settings.
Ethical Issues in the Interaction with Research Subjects and the Disclosure of Results
Authors: Smith Andrea , Schulte Paul A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDevelopments in epidemiologic methods such as large-scale cohort studies and the increased use of molecular and genomic samples have created new challenges in disclosure. Since epidemiology is focused on populations, disclosure should be motivated by population-level bioethics, public health ethics, and clinical bioethics. This chapter reviews various aspects of epidemiologic studies that affect the reporting of results: (1) subject recruitment and informed consent, (2) privacy and confidentiality, (3) interpretation of test and study results, (4) communication of individualized test results, and (5) communication of study results.
Good Conduct and Integrity in Epidemiologic Research
Authors: Soskolne Colin L. , Abbrecht Peter H. , Davidian Nancy M. , Price Alan R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter addresses the scope of scientific misconduct, including integrity in science. It examines how vested interests can undermine the course of science. It presents some recent analytical work from the United States' Office of Research Integrity to demonstrate the nature of both the harms and costs associated with misconduct. The need to protect the public interest over any other interest is emphasized through mechanisms for ensuring accountability and professional self-regulation.
Stories from the Second World
Authors: Hall Timothy McCajor 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines how three cohorts of Czech men who have sex with men represent their experiences through narrative. One cohort, born in the 1930s and 1940s, lived through the show trials of the 1950s, and the liberalization and then repression following the Prague Spring in 1968. Another set, born in the 1950s, came of age during the period of socialist “normalization” in the 1970s. A third set, now young adults, were children or teens at the time of the Velvet Revolution in 1989 and have lived most of their lives in a relatively democratic capitalist society open to the exchange of goods and ideas with the West.
(My) Stories of Lesbian Friendship
Authors: Weinstock Jacqueline S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reflects upon the author's changing experiences and understandings of lesbian friendship in relation to the prevailing story lines evident in the literature on lesbians' friendships. It begins by examining select early childhood and adolescent experiences that informed her initial views about the nature and power of friendship. From there, it examines select young adulthood experiences, through college, graduate school, and postdoctoral years, with a focus on her coming out as a lesbian, connecting with lesbian and feminist communities, and making her initial decision to direct her scholarly attention to lesbian friendships. The chapter briefly reviews her published writings in this area, and the connections between these works and her own experiences, beliefs, and questions about friendship. Finally, it identifies and explores several emerging side plots, evident throughout her friendship experiences and writings, but now transforming the story and challenging the validity of the friendship narrative she has told to date.
Emergence of a Poz Sexual Culture
Authors: Adam Barry D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the history of the difficult relationship that gay and bisexual men have had with HIV and its prevention as they have sought pleasure and intimacy in an era marked by a life-threatening disease. It looks at converging sets of social, psychological, and physiological factors that created the conditions for the beginnings of a bareback microculture and identity. In doing so, it is important to keep in mind that in the first decade of the 21st century, barebacking remains an emergent, inchoate, and contested term and identity. Some men whose sexual practices might appear to an outside observer to fit the category reject the term. Others employ bareback language and participate in bareback circuits and scenes but limit their unprotected sex to particular partners and situations and often express a willingness to accept protected sex with partners who initiate condom use.
Connectedness, Communication, and Reciprocity in Lesbian Relationships
Authors: Perz Janette , Ussher Jane M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA growing body of research reports that lesbian relationships are experienced as more satisfying than heterosexual relationships, with predictors of this satisfaction being greater emotional companionship, cohesion, and flexibility as well as intimacy, equity, and autonomy. This chapter considers this counternarrative to the positioning of lesbian relationships as either unhealthily fused or identical to heterosexual relationships and therefore “normal”. Taking the issue of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) as a case example, the chapter argues that the aspects of lesbian relationships that have been reported to differ from heterosexual relationships—connectedness, egalitarianism, and positive communication—are of key relevance in terms of the construction and experience of women's premenstrual distress and coping.
Postcards from the Edge
Authors: Ridge Damien , Wright Rebecca 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter explores some of the complex challenges that are part of the lives of gay men in the early 21st century. It considers two potential experiences in the gay male life course that remain poorly understood. First it considers the challenges facing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive gay men in preventing the forward transmission of HIV and establishing positive sex lives. Second, it looks at the experience of relationship dissolution for gay men. The chapter seeks to gain a deeper and more nuanced understanding of these potential experiences of the gay male life course through the use of narrative methods. Finally, it presents inferences about gay narratives, identity, and the life course in the current century.
In the Beginning
Authors: Cohler Bertram J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the impact of the American “boy code” from the boy books of the 19th century to the present time on the current representations of boyhood in the accounts of men self-identifying as gay. These men represent four postwar generation-cohorts: (1) men who came of age in the 1960s, a time of nascent activism; (2) men who came of age in the 1970s with the emergence of the gay rights movement; (3) men who came of age in the 1980s with the appearance of the AIDS pandemic; and (4) men who came of age in the 1990s, when same-sex desire had become a recognized lifeway among urban men.
Focus on the Family
Authors: deBoer David 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter considers existing narrative accounts and family research, together with the author's own experience (socially located as a White, upper-middle class gay man) of adopting an infant girl with his partner in 2004. In providing and reviewing such first-person narrative experience and observations, the chapter seeks to return to a focus on the family life experiences of gay men who choose to become fathers. The first section reviews internal and external obstacles that gay men may face as they make the decision to become parents. The second section describes the vicissitudes of adjustment to parenthood under the hegemonic shadow of American culture's master narrative that equates parenthood with heterosexuality. The third section addresses changes in gay fathers' relationship to their gay male social context and their own evolving gay identity.
Generativity and Time in Gay Men's Life Stories
Authors: Hostetler Andrew J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDrawing on life-story interviews with forty-two gay men representing roughly four different historical cohorts, this chapter explores the meaning and experience of gay generativity through intersecting narratives of personal-developmental and collective-historical time. These narratives reveal both cohort-specific shifts in gay men's time orientation and a more continuous pattern of historical change, with corresponding transformations in opportunities for making a generative contribution. The narratives also suggest a more dynamic intertwining of developmental and historical processes in the construction of the generative self. It is argued that that the men are engaged in an intergenerational “multilogue”—with members of the research team and, by proxy, with each other—that is rewriting the individual experience and collective meaning of generativity. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the future prospects for building a generative society and the potential contributions of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people to such a project.
Introduction
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Miller Monica K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe United States has recently seen a religious resurgence. Americans are attending church in larger numbers than ever before, and mass media and popular entertainment are saturated with religious references. Importantly, religion is prominent in legal contexts as well, whether it involves the Ten Commandments in the courthouse, priests on trial for sexual abuse, jurors excused from jury service because of their religion, or judges sentencing criminal defendants to attend church. This chapter provides a thumbnail sketch of the place of religion in American life, explains why we should care about religion's role at trial, comments briefly on empirical issues in researching religion in legal contexts, and gives an overview of the remainder of the book. It also introduces a central theme in the book, namely, the normative and descriptive approaches to the issue. The normative question asks, “To what extent and in what ways should religion matter at trial?” The descriptive question asks “In what ways does religion matter at trial?”
Religion and the Jury’s Composition
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Miller Monica K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSome attorneys rely on “folklore” or personal hunches when selecting a jury, while others use a more scientific route, taking advice from trial advocacy and jury selection books that provide information on selecting a favorable jury. Either method could result in the selection of a jury based on potential jurors' demographic characteristics, including religious characteristics. Additionally, legislative acts have affected the religious makeup of juries throughout U.S. history. Laws or legal procedures make it unlikely or impossible for members of some minority religions to be selected. In recent decades, legislation has been established which makes it unconstitutional to exclude individuals from jury duty based on their religion. Other laws allow some citizens to opt out of jury service on the basis of their religion. As a whole, this chapter highlights the legal debate surrounding procedures that affect the religious make up of the jury.
The Relationship Between Jurors’ Religious Characteristics and Their Legal Attitudes and Decisions
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Miller Monica K. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract“Religiosity” is more than just a person's religious affiliation; it is a complex construct that has been conceptualized in a variety of different ways in different studies. This chapter reviews empirical research on the extent to which individuals' degree of observance (e.g., frequency of church attendance), specific religious beliefs or attitudes, and other measures of religiosity affect their legal attitudes and decision-making. Specifically, such characteristics include evangelism, evangelicalism, fundamentalism, literal interpretism, and devotionalism. The chapter also presents a discussion of other less studied characteristics and beliefs (e.g., belief in a harsh God) in order to give a more complete picture of how individuals' religious characteristics and beliefs might relate to their legal attitudes.
Religion in Jury Deliberation
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Miller Monica K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe research discussed in earlier chapters indicates that religious affiliation and a variety of religious beliefs can affect legal attitudes and behavior, such as juror decision making. It is possible, however, that the group discussion process may neutralize the effects of any particular juror's beliefs, such that religious beliefs influence a juror's individual judgment, but not the jury's final verdict. Nevertheless, there is concern that religion will alter the deliberation process. For instance, jurors may mention their religious beliefs, cite scripture during deliberation, pray, or consult with pastors. Courts are divided about whether it is appropriate for jurors to do these religious activities and whether such jury behavior constitutes misconduct that necessitates a new trial. This chapter considers the role of jurors'religion in their deliberations, an issue that has been raised in numerous recent cases.
Judges’ Religion
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Miller Monica K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews social scientific research on the relationship between judges' religion and their decisions. It begins with a historical perspective on the role of religion in judicial selection (e.g., Catholic and Jewish seats on the U.S. Supreme Court). Next it reviews research on the relationship between judges' religious beliefs and their decisions, in both trial and appellate courts, and describes cases in which judges have explicitly invoked religion in sentencing. Judges have done this, for example, in sentencing defendants to attend religious services or in quoting religious texts to justify a particular sentence.
Attorneys’ Religion
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Miller Monica K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter considers the role that religion plays in routine legal practice. This matter raises a host of related questions, such as: How religiously diverse is the legal profession in the United States? Does religion have a place in legal education, in either secular or religious law schools? How do religious lawyers reconcile their faith with the sometimes competing demands of their profession (e.g., representing clients who have committed unscrupulous or even evil acts)? A growing “Religious Lawyering Movement” has addressed many of these issues, and the chapter draws on that literature here.
Attorneys’ Use of Biblical Appeals
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Miller Monica K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRecently, religion has found its way into trial through the arguments that some lawyers have offered in their closing statements. Specifically, prosecutors have used Biblical appeals, such as the “eye for an eye” doctrine to convince jurors to give the death penalty. In contrast, defense attorneys have urged jurors to show mercy, for instance by encouraging them to forgive, as Jesus did when he said to “turn the other cheek.” Courts are inconsistent in their stance on the admissibility of such arguments, and the reasons offered for disallowing religious arguments are varied. In essence, courts that forbid Biblical appeals are concerned about their impact on jury decision making. Empirical research on the question has yielded somewhat conflicting findings. This chapter discusses the use of Biblical appeals, highlighting the court opinions, legal analyses, and research findings.
Religious Figures and Institutions As Litigants
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Miller Monica K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractLitigants' religion is central to some cases, such as those making a free exercise claim; a substantial factor in others, such as clergy charged with sexual abuse, defendants who introduce their religious conversion to mitigate sentencing, or those who use religion as a defense (e.g., a parent who refused to seek medical treatment for a child on religious grounds); and a peripheral factor in most routine cases. Although a litigant's religion is not relevant in these routine cases, it might nonetheless come up if the person has a religious occupation, and it could also be inferred from a person's surname or dress. This chapter addresses the role of litigants' religion.
Chapter 2 Women and Kandyan Dance
Authors: Reed Susan A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWomen and girl dancers are ubiquitous in Sri Lanka, performing in a variety of sites, from school concerts and government ceremonials to religious processions and Buddhist temples. This chapter examines how the ideal of Sinhala feminine respectability, which emphasizes modesty and domesticity, has shaped women's Kandyan dance practices. Because Kandyan dance derives from the Kohomba kankariya, an all-male religious ritual, dancers and choreographers have been challenged to feminize the dance while retaining its aesthetic integrity. In the process, transmission practices and the aesthetic concepts of lasya and tandava, employed throughout South Asia, have been altered and redefined. The chapter concludes by exploring new directions in women and girls' dancing, such as the sexualization of dance, and the use of dance for fitness and the marriage market.
Chapter 4 Local Practice, Global Network
Authors: Clayton Martin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the ways the guitar—particularly as employed for “Western” genres such as rock and jazz—is theorized at a local level in India. The text includes extensive quotation from interviews with Indian guitarists carried out between 1998 and 2001, discussed under the following headings: “Origins and Identities” is concerned with the ways in which musicians theorize the origins of the instrument and its associations with regional, religious and other identities; “Networks” outlines the implication of the guitar in national and international systems allowing the mobility of musicians, repertory, and equipment; and finally “Music” discusses ways in which the guitar's repertory is theorized that cut across the Indian/Western division. The chapter argues that more studies of local theory are necessary even—perhaps especially—where mass-mediated global styles such as rock and jazz are involved.
Chapter 5 Constructing the Local
Authors: Booth Gregory D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines spatial mappings of the commercial brass band tradition in India that reflect changes to traditional socioprofessional organization in the processional music trade after 1947. Caste identities engender relationships among bandsmen and sometimes between bandsmen and band owners that encourage the development of network structures. The bandsmen who participate in these networks provide a view of the “life of music in north India” that contrasts with that of Hindustani classical musicians.
Chapter 6 The Princess of the Musicians
Authors: Chaudhuri Shubha 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe tale of princess Rāni Bhañiyāõi's suicide and subsequent appearance as a spirit has served as a foundational narrative for the practices of local, Muslim, mānganiār musicians, Hindu patrons, and Bhopa priests in Rajasthan. This chapter examines social practices surrounding drummers, the song genres associated with Rāni Bhañiyāõi, and the variants of her story that have significant local implications.
Chapter 8 Disciple and Preceptor/Performer in Kerala
Authors: Groesbeck Rolf 
Published: September 2009

AbstractStudies of pedagogical relationships in India have often focused on imitation and embodiment of the preceptor's knowledge; this chapter, however, discusses the centrality of peer-group immersion. With regards to Kathakaëi (dance-drama) centa (cylindrical stick drum) training at the Kerala Kalamandalam, a state arts institution, a two-stage learning model is proposed, in which students learn fixed compositions from a primary preceptor, then progress to advanced improvisational methods, absorbed through “legitimate peripheral participation” in a group rehearsal studio. In the latter arena, the role of the primary teacher is minimal, so that students acquire their skills largely from interaction with their peers. The chapter further suggests that indigenous perspectives on stylistic development in centa performance may be explained partly in terms of this importance of horizontal transmission.
Chapter 9 Sīna ba Sīna or “From Father to Son”
Authors: Qureshi Regula Burckhardt 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDiscipleship is examined as a relational, multileveled, and highly contextual process of enculturation through the chapter's observations and experiences with hereditary bowed lute (sārangī) players and their biradaris. The chapter contends that discipleship has contributed to a counter-colonial ethnomusicology that has relevance beyond Hindustani music studies.
Chapter 10 Handmade in Nepal
Authors: Henderson David 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter alternates between a study of drumming lessons in the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal and a consideration of studies of bodily knowledge, or what is sometimes called procedural knowledge, by three different kinds of scholars: the neurologist Antonio Damasio, the philosopher David Sudnow, and the anthropologist Michael Herzfeld. On one hand, it is an analysis, written ethnographically and phenomenologically, of how drumming becomes lodged in memory and in the body, and, on the other hand, it is a rumination, prompted partly by Herzfeld's work, on the place of outmoded artisan and artistic work in the modern nation-state.
Chapter 12 Zahīrok
Authors: Badalkhan Sabir 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter investigates the texts, contexts, and performance characteristics associated with zahīrok in Karachi, Pakistan, and the Makran area of Pakistan and Iran. Zahīrok refers to a musical genre as well as a set of melody types and a category of emotion. Baloch understand the zahīrok to be at the very foundation of their music; it is an important basis for local Baluch musical theorizing.