bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of lispro insulin for treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in dogs
Authors: Sears Kirk W. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Hess Rebecka S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectivesTo characterize the use of lispro insulin in dogs with diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) and to compare the length of time required for resolution of hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis, respectively, in dogs with DKA treated with lispro or with regular insulin.DesignRandomized prospective clinical trial performed between November 2006 and May 2009.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsClient‐owned dogs with naturally occurring DKA. Dogs with a blood glucose (BG) > 13.9 mmol/L (>250 mg/dL), blood pH between 7.0 and 7.35, and a blood beta‐hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) concentration >2.0 mmol/L were eligible to be enrolled into the study and were randomly assigned to receive an IV continuous rate infusion (CRI) of either lispro or regular insulin.InterventionsLispro or regular insulin was administered as an IV CRI at an initial dose of 0.09 U/kg/h. The dose was adjusted according to a previously published protocol.Measurements and Main ResultsTwelve dogs were enrolled into the study. The time to biochemical resolution of DKA was defined as the time interval from when the IV CRI of insulin began until marked hyperglycemia (BG > 13.9 mmol/L [>250 mg/dL]), acidosis (venous pH < 7.35), and ketosis (BOHB concentration >2.0 mmol/L) resolved. The median time to biochemical resolution of DKA in dogs treated with lispro insulin was significantly shorter (26 h; range 26–50 h) than in dogs treated with regular insulin (61 h; range, 38–80 h,P= 0.02). Median admission blood glucose concentration of all 12 dogs (24 mmol/L [432 mg/dL; range, 17.8–38.9 mmol/L [321–700 mg/dL]) decreased significantly with fluid resuscitation and prior to insulin therapy (20.5 mmol/L [369 mg/dL; range, 14.5–33.3 mmol/L [261–600 mg/dL],P= 0.0085). No adverse effects were observed in association with IV lispro insulin administration.ConclusionsTreatment of DKA in dogs with IV CRI lispro insulin is safe, and as effective as treatment with regular insulin.
Bad statistical practice in pharmacology (and other basic biomedical disciplines): you probably don't knowP
Authors: Lew Michael J 
Published: March 2012

Statistical analysis is universally used in the interpretation of the results of basic biomedical research, being expected by referees and readers alike. Its role in helping researchers to make reliable inference from their work and its contribution to the scientific process cannot be doubted, but can be improved. There is a widespread and pervasive misunderstanding ofP‐values that limits their utility as a guide to inference, and a change in the manner in whichP‐values are specified and interpreted will lead to improved outcomes. This paper explains the distinction between Fisher'sP‐values, which are local indices of evidence against the null hypothesis in the results of a particular experiment, and Neyman–Pearson α levels, which are global rates of false positive errors from unrelated experiments taken as an aggregate. The vast majority of papers published in pharmacological journals specifyP‐values, either as exact‐values or as being less than a value (usually 0.05), but they are interpreted in a hybrid manner that detracts from their Fisherian role as indices of evidence without gaining the control of false positive and false negative error rate offered by a strict Neyman–Pearson approach. An informed choice between those approaches offers substantial advantages to the users of statistical tests over the current accidental hybrid approach.LINKED ARTICLESA collection of articles on statistics as applied to pharmacology can be found athttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1476‐5381/homepage/statistical_reporting.htm
Artificial Organs 2011: A Year in Review
Authors: Malchesky Paul S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this Editor's Review, articles published in 2011 are organized by category and briefly summarized. As the official journal of The International Federation for Artificial Organs, The International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps,Artificial Organscontinues in the original mission of its founders “to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level.”Artificial Organscontinues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ replacement, recovery, and regeneration from all over the world. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers, the quality expected from such a journal would not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, Wiley‐Blackwell, for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing ofArtificial Organs. In this Editor's Review, that historically has been widely well‐received by our readership, we aim to provide a brief reflection of the currently available worldwide knowledge that is intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of technologies and methods of organ replacement, recovery, and regeneration. We look forward to recording further advances in the coming years.
Gait and Balance in Treatment‐Naïve Active Alcoholics with and without a Lifetime Drug Codependence
Authors: Fein George , Smith Stan , Greenstein David 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundDisturbed gait and balance are among the most consistent sequelae of chronic alcoholism. However, although a majority of alcoholics have never sought treatment, most investigations showing ataxia in alcohol‐dependent individuals have relied on samples drawn from treated populations. In addition, few studies have addressed the associations of codependence on other drugs with alcoholic gait and balance disturbance.MethodsThis study employed the Walk‐a‐Line Ataxia Battery (Fregly et al. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1972;43:395–399) to assess gait and balance in treatment‐naïve, actively drinking alcohol‐dependent men and women (TNA; n = 69) who were dependent on alcohol only (ALC; n = 43), or who also had a lifetime drug dependence (ALC + DRG; n = 26; i.e., methamphetamine, cocaine, opiates, and/or marijuana), compared with nonsubstance abusing controls (NSAC; n = 74).We also examined associations between lifetime alcohol use and age with gait and balance measures.ResultsOur main findings were (i) no evidence of disturbed gait and balance in ALC versus NSAC and (ii) significantly disturbed gait and balance in ALC + DRG, relative to both NSAC and ALC, along with steeper age‐associated decline in gait and balance performance in ALC versus ALC + DRG.ConclusionsOur results provide evidence consistent with previous studies that TNA (without a lifetime drug codependence) may represent a population that is different and less impaired (including in gait and balance) than treated alcoholics. Additionally, we provide evidence that ALC + DRG, with greater alcohol use and family drinking density than ALC, have an accelerated effect of age on gait and balance disturbance compared with both NSAC and ALC. The ALC + DRG group likely represents a subset of TNA with different characteristics than ALC.
The Politics of “Fracking”: Regulating Natural Gas Drilling Practices in Colorado and Texas
Authors: Davis Charles 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article focuses on the politics of regulating natural gas fracking operations in Colorado and Texas. Between‐state differences in the economic importance of natural gas production, political traditions, environmental impacts of drilling activities, and local governmental responses to risk reduction, and entrepreneurial activities are discussed in relation to policy‐making initiatives. In the concluding section, I suggest that Colorado's regulatory approach offers a greater degree of environmental protection than Texas. Key reforms adopted in 2007–8 can be largely attributed to electoral victories that ensured unified party control over state government and the determined efforts of the proenvironmental governor to make changes in both the regulatory commission and in the substance of natural gas drilling policies.
Focal Points in Public Policy: Evidence from Voluntary Regulation
Authors: Whitford Andrew B. , Tucker Justin A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractNumerous studies argue that law affects behavior “expressively”—such as when states create focal points that overcome the coordination difficulties firms face. We argue that governments help firms overcome coordination dilemmas by explicating a preferred strategy for firms weighing investment in voluntary regulation. Firms would prefer to coordinate on a common strategy as a way of reducing the costs of voluntary regulation and increasing its benefits. We test our hypothesis about the efficacy of focal point selection with the European Union's (EU) advocacy of the Eco‐Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) over a rival environmental management system, International Standards Organization (ISO) 14001. EU nations have statistically significantly lower rates of ISO 14001 certification than comparable countries at least in part due to their advocacy of EMAS. These results emphasize the role the state plays in coordinating business behavior even when such policy is simply expressive.
Clinical Decisions for Anterior Restorations: The Concept of Restorative Volume
Authors: CARDOSO JORGE ANDRÉ , ALMEIDA PAULO JÚLIO , FISCHER ALEX , PHAXAY SOMANO LUANG 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe choice of the most appropriate restoration for anterior teeth is often a difficult decision. Numerous clinical and technical factors play an important role in selecting the treatment option that best suits the patient and the restorative team. Experienced clinicians have developed decision processes that are often more complex than may seem. Less experienced professionals may find difficulties making treatment decisions because of the widely varied restorative materials available and often numerous similar products offered by different manufacturers. The authors reviewed available evidence and integrated their clinical experience to select relevant factors that could provide a logical and practical guideline for restorative decisions in anterior teeth. The presented concept of restorative volume is based on structural, optical, and periodontal factors. Each of these factors will influence the short‐ and long‐term behavior of restorations in terms of esthetics, biology, and function. Despite the marked evolution of esthetic restorative techniques and materials, significant limitations still exist, which should be addressed by researchers.The presented guidelines must be regarded as a mere orientation for risk analysis. A comprehensive individual approach should always be the core of restorative esthetic treatments.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe complex decision process for anterior esthetic restorations can be clarified by a systematized examination of structural, optical, and periodontal factors. The basis for the proposed thought process is the concept of restorative volume that is a contemporary interpretation of restoration categories and their application.(J Esthet Restor Dent ••:••–••, 2012)
α‐Terpineol Reduces Mechanical Hypernociception and Inflammatory Response
Authors: de Oliveira Makson G. B. , Marques Rosemarie B. , de Santana Michele F. , Santos Amanda B. D. , Brito Fabíola A. , Barreto Emiliano O. , De Sousa Damião P. , Almeida Fernanda R. C. , Badauê‐Passos Daniel , Antoniolli Ângelo R. , Quintans‐Júnior Lucindo J. 
Published: March 2012

Abstractα‐Terpineol (TPN), a volatile monoterpene alcohol, is relatively non‐toxic and one of the major components of the essential oils of various plant species. In this study, we tested for the antihypernociceptive activity of TPN (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice using mechanical models of hypernociception induced by carrageenan (CG, 300 μg/paw) and the involvement of important mediators of its cascade signalling, such as tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α, 100 pg/paw), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2, 100 ng/paw) or dopamine (DA, 30 μg/paw). We also investigated the anti‐inflammatory effect of TPN on the model of carrageenan‐induced pleurisy and the LPS‐induced nitrite production in murine macrophages. Pre‐systemic treatment with TPN (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited the development of mechanical hypernociception induced by CG or TNF‐α. A similar effect was also observed upon PGE2 and DA administration. In addition, TPN significantly inhibited the neutrophil influx in the pleurisy model. TPN (1, 10 and 100 μg/mL) also significantly reduced (p < 0.01) nitrite production in vitro. Our results provide information about the antinociceptive and anti‐inflammatory properties of TPN on mechanical hypernociception and suggest that this compound might be potentially interesting in the development of new clinically relevant drugs for the management of painful and/or inflammatory disease.
Antihyperalgesic Activity of the Methanol Extract and Some Constituents Obtained From Polygala cyparissias (Polygalaceae)
Authors: Klein‐Júnior Luiz C. , Meira Nicole A. , Bresolin Tania M. B. , Cechinel‐Filho Valdir , Quintão Nara L. M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPolygala cyparissias, used in folk medicine as an anaesthetic, has already demonstrated antinociceptive activity against acute pain. In this study, we investigated the antihyperalgesic activity of the P. cyparissias methanol extract (PCME) from which the following compounds were isolated: α‐spinasterol (PC1), 1,3‐dihydroxy‐7‐methoxyxanthone (PC2), 1,7‐dihydroxy‐2,3‐methylenedioxyxanthone (PC3) and 1,3,6,8‐tetrahydroxy‐2,7‐dimethoxyxanthone (PC4). The antihyperalgesic effect was evaluated using experimental models of persistent pain induced by carrageenan, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Freund's Complete Adjuvant (CFA), PGE2 or epinephrine. The partial ligation of the sciatic nerve (PLSN) model was also used. In inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan, LPS, CFA or PGE2, the inhibition values obtained with the PCME treatment were 68 ± 3%, 89 ± 5%, 43 ± 3% and 40 ± 4%, respectively. In epinephrine‐induced hyperalgesia, the extract was effective, reducing 99 ± 11% of response frequency, while in PLSN, 54 ± 4% of inhibition was obtained. These results allow to suggest that the antihyperalgesic activity of PCME is, at least in part, related to its capability to inhibit the hypersensitization induced by pro‐inflammatory mediators, such as LPS, carrageenan and CFA, without interfering with locomotor activity or motor performance. Furthermore, compounds PC1, PC3 and PC4 inhibited the carrageenan‐induced hyperalgesia with inhibition of 42 ± 6%, 48 ± 5% and 64 ± 4%, respectively. In summary, our data demonstrate that PCME has relevant antihyperalgesic activity and that the isolated PC1, PC3 and PC4 seem to be responsible, at least in part, for this important effect.
Utility of 4‐Chloro‐7‐Nitrobenzofurazan for the Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Butylated Hydroxyanisole and Propyl Gallate in Foodstuffs
Authors: Chen Miao , Tai Zhigang , Hu Xujia , Liu Mousheng , Yang Yaling 
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  A spectrofluorimetric method is presented for the determination of 2 synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and propyl gallate (PG) in foodstuffs. The proposed method is based on the derivatization of SPAs with 4‐chloro‐7‐nitrobenzofurazan (NBD‐Cl) in phosphate buffer of pH 9.0 to yield a highly fluorescent brown product. The optimum experimental conditions have been studied carefully. Linear calibration curves were obtained over the concentration range of 0.20 to 40 μg mL−1 for BHA, and 0.80 to 50 μg mL−1 for PG, using NBD‐Cl reagent. The detection limits were 18 ng mL−1 for BHA, 55 ng mL−1 for PG. Intra‐day and inter‐day relative standard deviations at 3 different concentrations were determined. The high recovery values indicate the accuracy of the proposed methods, and low relative standard deviation values indicate good precision. The results presented in this report show that the applied spectrofluorimetric method is acceptable for the determination of the 2 SPAs in the foodstuffs. Other SPAs, tertiary butyl hydroquinone and butylated hydroxytoluene in foodstuffs do not interfere with the proposed method.Practical Applications:  In this spectrofluorimetric method, NBD‐Cl as a derivation agent is used to detect synthetic phenolic antioxidants. The method specificity has been greatly improved; there was no interference from other commonly used phenolic substances.
Prebiotics Enhance Magnesium Absorption and Inulin‐based Fibers Exert Chronic Effects on Calcium Utilization in a Postmenopausal Rodent Model
Authors: Legette LeeCole L. , Lee WangHee , Martin Berdine R. , Story Jon A. , Campbell Jessica K. , Weaver Connie M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  Age‐related changes in calcium metabolism play a role in the development of osteoporosis. A 4‐wk feeding study was conducted in 5‐mo‐old ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague‐Dawley rats to assess the effect of various dietary fibers on mineral metabolism and bone health parameters. There were 6 treatment groups: sham‐Control, OVX‐Control, OVX rats receiving daily estradiol (E2) injections, and OVX rats receiving an AIN‐93M diet supplement with either an inulin‐based fiber (Synergy1® or Fruitafit HD®) or a novel fiber (polydextrose) at 5% wt. of diet. Calcium and magnesium metabolic balances were performed after early (3 d) and late exposure (4 wk) to dietary treatments. Rats receiving polydextrose had significantly higher net calcium absorption efficiency and retention than all control groups and a trend (P≤ 0.10) for higher calcium absorption when compared to inulin‐based fibers after early exposure but the advantage did not persist over long‐term exposure. The inulin‐based fibers had positive chronic effects on calcium metabolism that were related to changes in the gut, that is, production of short chain fatty acids and higher cecal wall weights. All fibers improved magnesium absorption and retention in early and late metabolic balances; effects on magnesium metabolism were more pronounced than for calcium.Practical Application:  Steady growth in US middle‐aged and elderly populations has led to higher incidences of several chronic diseases including osteoporosis, a bone disease that primarily affects postmenopausal women. Recent research suggests that certain dietary fibers (prebiotics) enhance mineral absorption and may impart bone health benefits. This work examines the impact of prebiotic supplementation on mineral metabolism and bone health using a postmenopausal rat model. Study findings will aid future investigations in ascertaining the factors related to potential bone health benefits of prebiotic which will aid in developing an effective prebiotics food product/supplement that will address the bone health needs of consumers.
Attributional style among youth at clinical risk for psychosis
Authors: DeVylder Jordan E. , Ben‐David Shelly , Kimhy David , Corcoran Cheryl M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAim: A biased attributional style, in which negative events are attributed to external and personal causes, is associated with paranoid delusions in schizophrenia. It is not known whether this biased attributional style also characterizes individuals at clinical risk for psychosis or if it is associated with their emergent paranoia.Methods: Thirty‐three clinical high‐risk patients and 15 age‐ and gender‐similar controls were assessed with the Internal, Personal, and Situational Attributions Questionnaire for externalizing and personalizing attributional biases and for potential correlates with suspiciousness and other symptoms.Results: Both patients and controls had a similar external‐personalizing attributional style that was unrelated to symptoms, including suspiciousness.Conclusions: Consistent with other studies, a biased attributional style was not associated with subthreshold paranoia. Therefore, a biased attributional style is likely not a trait that contributes to emergent paranoid delusions but is instead a state‐dependent correlate of paranoid delusions.
Youth at ultra high risk for psychosis: using the Revised Network Episode Model to examine pathways to mental health care
Authors: Boydell Katherine M. , Volpe Tiziana , Gladstone Brenda M. , Stasiulis Elaine , Addington Jean 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAim: This paper aims to identify the ways in which youth at ultra high risk for psychosis access mental health services and the factors that advance or delay help seeking, using the Revised Network Episode Model (REV NEM) of mental health care.Methods: A case study approach documents help‐seeking pathways, encompassing two qualitative interviews with 10 young people and 29 significant others. Theoretical propositions derived from the REV NEM are explored, consisting of the content, structure and function of the: (i) family; (ii) community and school; and (iii) treatment system.Results: Although the aspects of the REV NEM are supported and shape pathways to care, we consider rethinking the model for help seeking with youth at ultra high risk for psychosis.Conclusions: The pathway concept is important to our understanding of how services and supports are received and experienced over time. Understanding this process and the strategies that support positive early intervention on the part of youth and significant others is critical.
The Prevalence of Leptospiral Antibodies in Free Roaming Cats in Worcester County, Massachusetts
Authors: Markovich J.E. , Ross L. , McCobb E. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundSerosurveys of cats for exposure to or infection with leptospires have been published from other geographic areas, but none for cats in the United States in the past 4 decades.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe purpose of this pilot study was to determine the prevalence of leptospiral antibodies in a population of free roaming cats in Worcester County, (central) Massachusetts.AnimalsSixty‐three free roaming cats presenting to a trap‐neuter‐return (TNR) program.MethodsProspective study. Serum was collected from 63 free roaming cats presented to a university associated TNR. Microagglutination titers to Leptospira interrogans serovars Autumnalis, Hardjo, Bratislava, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Pomona, and L kirshneri Grippotyphosa were determined.ResultsA total of 3 of 63 cats (4.8%) had a titer of 1 : 100 or greater to one or more serovars, with Autumnalis being the most common. None of the cats were seropositive to Hardjo, Grippotyphosa, or Canicola.Conclusions and clinical importanceThese results are consistent with previously published seroprevalence rates in feral cats. Additional studies are required to determine the role of leptosporosis in clinical disease in the domestic cat.