bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Providence and Predestination in Al‐Ghazali
Authors: Levering Matthew 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis essay seeks to show that contemporary interreligious dialogue, like contemporary theology, best proceeds by way of philosophically erudite ressourcement. As regards Christian‐Muslim dialogue, this requires tapping into the major classical exponents of Muslim philosophy and theology, as exemplified in the work of David Burrell. Inspired by Burrell, the present essay focuses on the contribution of al‐Ghazali to Muslim thinking about predestination, a central theme in the Qur’an and arguably in the Bible as well. In order to set the stage for the engagement with al‐Ghazali, the essay begins by comparing Joseph Ratzinger's concerns that predestination as commonly understood implies a ready‐made web according to which God saves some and damns others, with ‘Umar al‐Ashqar's interpretation of the Qur’an along these lines. Al‐Ghazali's view, while advocating a strong version of predestination, is more philosophically and theologically nuanced, and it provides a basis for Christian and Muslim dialogue about how to characterize the relationships between divine and human agency, faith and reason, and divine wisdom and will. This ongoing dialogue will find in classical Christian theology valuable ways of addressing, with contemporary import, the same problems that concern al‐Ghazali.
A Man Loses His Faith
Authors: Ramsay Hayden 
Published: March 2010

Abstract‘Losing one's faith’ usually refers to ceasing to believe in God and in doctrines. But what changes—and losses—are experienced in the moral life when there is loss of faith? With reference to Aquinas, changes in moral understanding related to the loss of faith are discussed. Next, changes in the life of virtue and so in moral knowledge are examined, and finally changes in the inner moral life—particularly, the loss of moral certainty. The paper suggests that when they experience loss of faith Christian societies can suffer the same sorts of moral losses as Christian individuals. Such loss has inevitable effects upon identity, happiness and capacity to communicate with others.
Association Between Indoxyl Sulfate and Skeletal Resistance in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Goto Shunsuke , Fujii Hideki , Hamada Yasuhiro , Yoshiya Kunihiko , Fukagawa Masafumi 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSkeletal resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH) in uremia is known, although the mechanism of resistance is not fully elucidated. To clarify the roles of indoxyl sulfate, which is a uremic toxin, in skeletal resistance, we examined the relationship between indoxyl sulfate and biochemical markers of bone turnover in hemodialysis patients. We obtained blood samples from 47 hemodialysis patients and measured serum indoxyl sulfate, intact PTH, oxidative stress marker 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG), and various biochemical markers. The serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) were used as bone formation markers, and the concentration of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP‐5b) was used as a bone resorption marker. Serum indoxyl sulfate levels were much higher in hemodialysis patients than healthy subjects. Multiple regression analysis shows that indoxyl sulfate correlated negatively with ALP (β = −1.897, P = 0.042) and BAP (β = −0.310, P = 0.029), independent of intact PTH; however, indoxyl sulfate did not correlate with TRACP‐5b or 8‐OHdG. These findings suggest that indoxyl sulfate may relate skeletal resistance to PTH in uremia.
Association Between Body Mass and Mortality in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Yen Tzung‐Hai , Lin Ja‐Liang , Lin‐Tan Dan‐Tzu , Hsu Ching‐Wei 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA total of 959 Taiwanese patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis—102 underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), 492 normal weight (BMI 18.5–22.9 kg/m2), 187 overweight (BMI 23.0–24.9 kg/m2), and 178 obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) were recruited into this three‐year, multicenter longitudinal study. It was found initially that the underweight group had more females, longer hemodialysis durations, less use of a biocompatible membrane (BCM) dialyzer, higher erythropoietin doses and Kt/Vurea, and lower white blood cell counts, hemoglobin, serum creatinine and phosphate, and high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) than other groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore, a χ2‐test demonstrated that underweight patients had poorer nutrition (P = 0.023), but less systemic inflammation (P < 0.001) than other groups. A stepwise multiple linear regression analysis established that age, sex, diabetes mellitus, hemodialysis duration, use of BCM dialyzer, Kt/Vurea, creatinine, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hsCRP were significant risk factors associated with BMI (P < 0.001–0.002). After three years, 149 (15.5%) patients had died, including 22 of 102 (21.6%) underweight patients, 64 of 492 (13.0%) normal weight patients, 38 of 187 (20.3%) overweight patients, and 25 of 178 (15.5%) obese patients. The primary causes of mortality were cardiovascular (52.3%) and infection (39.6%). A multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that age, diabetes mellitus, BMI, albumin, hsCRP, and cardiothoracic ratio were significant risk factors associated with all‐cause mortality over three years (P < 0.001–0.022). Finally, Kaplan–Meier analysis confirmed that underweight patients suffer higher mortality than other groups (Log rank, P = 0.0392); therefore, the data have demonstrated a survival disadvantage of low BMI in Taiwanese patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.
EFFECT OF ULTRAHIGH PRESSURE TREATMENT ON VOLATILE COMPOUNDS IN GARLIC
Authors: MA YONGKUN , SONG DANDAN , WANG ZHENGFU , JIANG JIAKUI , JIANG TING , CUI FENGJIE , FAN XIAOBO 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTThe intact garlic samples were treated, respectively, at ambient temperature under 200, 400 and 600 MPa for 20 min, and then crushed. Their volatile compounds were extracted by solid phase microextraction and were analyzed by GC‐MS and GC‐olfactometry. 29, 19 and 12 kinds of volatile compounds were identified in the mentioned samples, respectively, in which alkyl sulfides accounted for 61.04%, 41.38% and 22.73% in relative peak area, while 23 kinds of volatiles in the untreated sample, 60.01% of which were alkyl sulfides. The flavor intensity of odor‐active compounds decreased with the pressure increasing. The alliinase activity increased by 2.89% after treatment of 200 MPa, but decreased by 37.19% and 59.18% after treatment of 400 and 600 MPa, resulting in different flavor intensities of garlic. Therefore, it is possible to adjust formation and degradation of the volatile compounds in garlic by pressurization in order to produce garlic products with different flavor.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe flavor intensity of garlic has a direct correlation with the volatile compounds and alliinase activity. UHP treatment has a great effect on content, category and intensity of the volatile compounds in garlic through adjustment of alliinase activity. With the increase in pressure, the alliinase activity decreased, which greatly influenced the formation of allicin in enzymatic reaction, and then reduced the content and flavor intensity of its degradation products. Our results proved UHP treatments are useful for producing the garlic products with different flavor intensities.
EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LOCUST BEAN SEED (PARKIA FILLICOIDEA L.)
Authors: SOBUKOLA O.P. , ONWUKA V.I. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTSome physical properties of locust bean seeds were evaluated as a function of moisture content varying from 7.37% to 28.09% (db). The length, width, thickness and geometric mean diameter increased linearly from 10.00 to 11.72 mm; 7.80 to 9.22 mm; 4.00 to 4.85 mm; and 6.78 to 8.06 mm, respectively. The sphericity index, seed volume, seed surface area and thousand‐seed mass also increased linearly from 67.82 to 68.79, 96.09 to 157.39 mm3, 121.75 to 177.24 mm2 and 245.24 to 300.67 g, respectively. Bulk density, true density and porosity decreased linearly from 996 to 799 kg/m3; 1,500 to 1,071 kg/m3; and 33.60 to 25.39%, respectively. Static coefficient of friction was found to increase on plywood, galvanized iron, aluminum and stainless‐steel surfaces. It increased linearly from 0.47 to 1.00; 0.41 to 0.89; 0.39 to 0.78; and 0.34 to 0.69, respectively. Angle of repose increased linearly on plywood, galvanized iron, aluminum and stainless‐steel surfaces from 21.43 to 37.46°; 17.43 to 35.61°; 16.44 to 32.82°; and 15.23 to 27.06°, respectively. The highest static coefficient of friction and angle of repose was found on plywood surface.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe production of LBS is on the increase because of its importance as a source of important nutrients for local consumers and its importance as a commercial exploitation in the food industry. The method of its processing is still largely traditional, laborious and time consuming, resulting in products of low quality. Detailed information about the physical properties reported in this work will be very useful in the design of equipment for harvesting, storing, cleaning, sorting, grading, packaging and processing, thus enhancing process and quality control.
The birth and postnatal development of purinergic signalling
Authors: Burnstock G. , Fredholm B. B. , North R. A. , Verkhratsky A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe purinergic signalling system is one of the most ancient and arguably the most widespread intercellular signalling system in living tissues. In this review we present a detailed account of the early developments and current status of purinergic signalling. We summarize the current knowledge on purinoceptors, their distribution and role in signal transduction in various tissues in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Signalling and pharmacological properties of the P2Y14receptor
Authors: Harden T. K. , Sesma J. I. , Fricks I. P. , Lazarowski E. R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe P2Y14receptor is a relatively broadly expressed G protein‐coupled receptor that is prominently associated with immune and inflammatory cells as well as with many epithelia. This receptor historically was thought to be activated selectively by UDP‐glucose and other UDP‐sugars. However, UDP is also a very potent agonist of this receptor, and may prove to be one of its most important cognate activators.
Cardiovascular function in the heat‐stressed human
Authors: Crandall C. G. , González‐Alonso J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHeat stress, whether passive (i.e. exposure to elevated environmental temperatures) or via exercise, results in pronounced cardiovascular adjustments that are necessary for adequate temperature regulation as well as perfusion of the exercising muscle, heart and brain. The available data suggest that generally during passive heat stress baroreflex control of heart rate and sympathetic nerve activity are unchanged, while baroreflex control of systemic vascular resistance may be impaired perhaps due to attenuated vasoconstrictor responsiveness of the cutaneous circulation. Heat stress improves left ventricular systolic function, evidenced by increased cardiac contractility, thereby maintaining stroke volume despite large reductions in ventricular filling pressures. Heat stress‐induced reductions in cerebral perfusion likely contribute to the recognized effect of this thermal condition in reducing orthostatic tolerance, although the mechanism(s) by which this occurs is not completely understood. The combination of intense whole‐body exercise and environmental heat stress or dehydration‐induced hyperthermia results in significant cardiovascular strain prior to exhaustion, which is characterized by reductions in cardiac output, stroke volume, arterial pressure and blood flow to the brain, skin and exercising muscle. These alterations in cardiovascular function and regulation late in heat stress/dehydration exercise might involve the interplay of both local and central reflexes, the contribution of which is presently unresolved.
Lactate kinetics in human tissues at rest and during exercise
Authors: van Hall Gerrit 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLactate production in skeletal muscle has now been studied for nearly two centuries and still its production and functional role at rest and during exercise is much debated. In the early days skeletal muscle was mainly seen as the site of lactate production during contraction and lactate production associated with a lack of muscle oxygenation and fatigue. Later it was recognized that skeletal muscle not only played an important role in lactate production but also in lactate clearance and this led to a renewed interest, not the least from the Copenhagen School in the 1930s, in the metabolic role of lactate in skeletal muscle. With the introduction of lactate isotopes muscle lactate kinetics and oxidation could be studied and a simultaneous lactate uptake and release was observed, not only in muscle but also in other tissues. Therefore, this review will discuss in vivo human: (1) skeletal muscle lactate metabolism at rest and during exercise and suggestions are put forward to explain the simultaneous lactate uptake and release; and (2) lactate metabolism in the heart, liver, kidneys, brain, adipose tissue and lungs will be discussed and its potential importance in these tissues.
Arm and leg substrate utilization and muscle adaptation after prolonged low‐intensity training
Authors: Helge J. W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis review will focus on current data where substrate metabolism in arm and leg muscle is investigated and discuss the presence of higher carbohydrate oxidation and lactate release observed during arm compared with leg exercise. Furthermore, a basis for a possible difference in substrate partitioning between endogenous and exogenous substrate during arm and leg exercise will be debated. Moreover the review will probe if differences between arm and leg muscle are merely a result of different training status rather than a qualitative difference in limb substrate regulation. Along this line the review will address the available studies on low‐intensity training performed separately with arm or legs or as whole‐body training to evaluate if this leads to different adaptations in arm and leg muscle resulting in different substrate utilization patterns during separate arm or leg exercise at comparable workloads. Finally, the influence and capacity of low‐intensity training to influence metabolic fitness in the face of a limited effect on aerobic fitness will be challenged.
Relationship between breathing and cardiovascular function at rest: sex‐related differences
Authors: Wallin B. G. , Hart E. C. , Wehrwein E. A. , Charkoudian N. , Joyner M. J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAim: To compare relationships at rest between breathing rate, levels of muscle sympathetic nerve activity, total peripheral resistance and cardiac output among young men and women.Methods: Recordings were made of respiratory movements, sympathetic nerve activity (peroneal microneurography), intra‐arterial blood pressure, electrocardiogram, cardiac output (open‐circuit acetylene uptake technique) in 19 healthy men (age 27 ± 2 years, mean ± SEM) and 17 healthy women (age 25 ± 1 years). Total peripheral resistance and stroke volume were calculated. Four minutes epochs of data were analysed.Results: Breathing rates and sympathetic activity were similar in men and women but compared to men, women had significantly lower blood pressures, cardiac output and stroke volume. In men breathing rate correlated positively with sympathetic activity (r = 0.58,P < 0.05) but not in women (r = 0.12,P > 0.05). Furthermore, in men, respiratory rate correlated positively with total peripheral resistance (r = 0.65,P < 0.05) and inversely with cardiac output (r = −0.84,P < 0.05) and heart rate (r = −0.60,P < 0.05) but there were no such relationships in women (P > 0.05 for all).Conclusions: The positive relationship between breathing and sympathetic activity in men, and the inverse coupling of breathing to cardiac output and heart rate suggest that influences of respiration may be important not only for dynamic but also for ‘tonic’ cardiovascular function. The lack of relationships among these variables in women shows that there are fundamental differences in basic blood pressure regulation between the sexes.
Flood hazard awareness and hydrologic modelling at Ambos Nogales, United States–Mexico border
Authors: Norman L.M. , Huth H. , Levick L. , Shea Burns I. , Phillip Guertin D. , Lara‐Valencia F. , Semmens D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAppropriate land‐use, watershed‐management, and flood‐attenuation plans are critical in the cross‐border urban environment known collectively as Ambos Nogales. This paper summarizes methodologies for predicting the watershed response associated with land‐use change within a spatial and temporal context through the use of a hydrological model in a cross‐border setting. The KINEROS2 model is implemented via the Automated Geospatial Watershed Assessment 2.0 geographic information system interface to evaluate the watershed of Nogales, Arizona, and Nogales, Sonora, Mexico, to assess flood vulnerability by quantifying volumes of runoff and peak flow, based on alternative land‐use scenarios. Cross‐border geospatial data acquisition and input to models are described. Discussions about the KINEROS2 model results identify flood‐prone areas, simulate the impact of land‐use change, and evaluate the impact of potential flood‐control interventions in the Ambos Nogales watershed. Products from this research are being used in a comprehensive plan for sustainable development in Ambos Nogales.
28‐week, randomized, multicenter, open‐label, parallel‐group phase III trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of biphasic insulin aspart 70 thrice‐daily injections vs twice‐daily injections of biphasic insulin aspart 30 in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Kadowaki Takashi , Nishida Tomoyuki , Kaku Kohei 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAims/Introduction:  An insulin analogue formulation with a 7:3 ratio of rapid‐acting and intermediate‐acting fractions, biphasic insulin aspart 70 (BIAsp70) was developed to supplement basal insulin between meals and mimic the physiological pattern of postprandial insulin secretion.Materials and Methods:  We carried out a randomized, open‐label study to compare the efficacy and safety profiles of BIAsp70 and an insulin analogue formulation with a 3:7 ratio of rapid‐acting and intermediate‐acting fractions (BIAsp30) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Patients were randomized and received either thrice‐daily BIAsp70 (n = 145) or twice‐daily BIAsp30 (n = 144) for 28 weeks. The primary end‐point was glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) after 16 weeks of treatment.Results:  Non‐inferiority of BIAsp70 vs BIAsp30 was confirmed and superiority was established with a between‐group difference (BIAsp70–BIAsp30) in HbA1c after 16 weeks of treatment of −0.35% (95% CI: −0.51 to −0.19; P < 0.0001 for superiority). The mean postprandial glucose increment (19.96 vs 54.35 mg/dL; P < 0.0001) and M‐value (12.99 vs 17.94; P < 0.0001) at 16 weeks were smaller in the BIAsp70 group than in the BIAsp30 group, and were maintained at 28 weeks. Pre‐breakfast glucose (157.9 vs 140.7 mg/dL), total insulin dose (46.8 vs 38.1 U/day) and weight gain (+1.94 vs 1.23 kg) at week 28 were greater in the BIAsp70 group. Incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia was significantly lower with BIAsp70 vs BIAsp30 (1.23 vs 3.21 events/subject year; P = 0.0002) at week 28.Conclusions:  Thrice‐daily BIAsp70 was superior to twice‐daily BIAsp30 in terms of HbA1c change, with less variation in daytime plasma glucose profiles. BIAsp70 was well tolerated, with a lower incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia vs BIAsp30. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrial.gov (no. NCT00318786). (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.00015.x, 2010)
An islet in distress: β cell failure in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Ogihara Takeshi , Mirmira Raghavendra G 
Published: March 2010

AbstractOver 200 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes, a disorder of glucose homeostasis. The majority of these individuals are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. It has traditionally been thought that tissue resistance to the action of insulin is the primary defect in type 2 diabetes. However, recent longitudinal and genome‐wide association studies have shown that insulin resistance is more likely to be a precondition, and that the failure of the pancreatic β cell to meet the increased insulin requirements is the triggering factor in the development of type 2 diabetes. A major emphasis in diabetes research has therefore shifted to understanding the causes of β cell failure. Collectively, these studies have implicated a complex network of triggers, which activate intersecting execution pathways leading to β cell dysfunction and death. In the present review, we discuss these triggers (glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity, amyloid and cytokines) with respect to the pathways they activate (oxidative stress, inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress) and propose a model for understanding β cell failure in type 2 diabetes. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.00021.x, 2010)
Histopathology and computed tomography of age‐associated degeneration of the equine temporohyoid joint
Authors: NAYLOR R. J. , PERKINS J. D. , ALLEN S. , ALDRED J. , DRAPER E. , PATTERSON‐KANE J. , PIERCY R. J. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:The aetiology of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO) is unknown; both primary infectious and degenerative causes have been suggested.Hypothesis:There is a significant association between increasing age and severity of temporohyoid joint degeneration. To examine the histopathology of the temporohyoid articulation in aged horses and to compare the appearance of the joint with computed tomography (CT) and peripheral quantitative CT (pQCT).Methods:pQCT scans of the temporohyoid articulations were obtained bilaterally from 31 horses (range age 1–44 years)post mortemand images were graded by 2 blinded observers on 2 occasions for the presence of osteophytes, irregularity of the joint surface and mineralisation. Eight heads had been examined previously by CT, with the images similarly graded for the shape and density of the proximal stylohyoid bones, bone proliferation surrounding the joint, mineralisation of the tympanohyoid cartilage and the relationship of the petrous temporal bone to the stylohyoid bone. Sixteen temporohyoid joints were then evaluated histologically.Results:There was significant association between the mean pQCT degeneration score and age (rho = 0.75; P<0.0001), between the pQCT and CT score (rho = 0.63; P = 0.01) and between the degenerative changes identified within each temporohyoid joint within each horse (rho = 0.81; P<0.0001). Age‐associated changes included the development of a club shape by the proximal stylohyoid bone, rounding of the synostosis with the petrous temporal bone and extension of osteophytes from the petrous temporal bone to envelope the stylohyoid head and bridge the joint. In no horse was there any evidence of osteomyelitis within the petrous temporal bone, stylohyoid bone or tympanohyoid cartilage.Conclusions:This study provides evidence that age is associated with increasing severity of degenerative changes in the equine temporohyoid joint and that similar changes are commonly found bilaterally.Potential relevance:The changes identified appear similar, albeit milder to the changes reported in horses with THO, suggesting that degenerative, rather than infectious causes may underlie the aetiology of THO. Future work should be directed at examining the histopathology of clinical THO cases.