bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La délibération imparfaite
Authors: Missika Jean-Louis 
Published: September 2009

Résumé Les démocraties occidentales traversent actuellement une période que l’on pourrait qualifier de « brouillard médiatique » : les médias sont délocalisés, l’information de divertissement prédomine sur l’information de jugement, les médias conversationnels contrecarrent ou outrepassent les médias institutionnels, etc. Ces bouleversements ne sont pas sans conséquences sur les modalités de la délibération politique. Cet article se propose d’en examiner les effets en regard de trois grands types d’intentionnalité communicationnelle : la propagande, la persuasion et la séduction.
Le gros mot de contre-pouvoir
Authors: Muhlmann Géraldine 
Published: September 2009

Résumé La nécessaire critique de la « connivence » des journalistes avec le pouvoir politique renvoie à l’exigence d’un véritable contre-pouvoir journalistique. Cette exigence, pourtant, semble avoir du mal à être formulée clairement en France. D’une part, il y a une difficulté historique à penser la liberté d’expression, dans ce pays, dans une extériorité absolue par rapport au pouvoir politique, y compris législatif. D’autre part, la France n’a pas « achevé » la révolution du « reportage » qui s’est jouée au xix e siècle : la figure du reporter, figure clé du contre-pouvoir, n’est pas au cœur de la pratique journalistique en France comme elle l’est dans les démocraties anglo-saxonnes.
Un quatrième pouvoir en loques
Authors: Brimo Nicolas 
Published: September 2009

Résumé Aujourd’hui, la presse française d’information politique et générale ne remplit plus son rôle. Elle ne cesse de perdre des lecteurs et, en matière de lectorat, la France se situe aujourd’hui au niveau de la Turquie. Depuis dix ans, la situation financière des journaux français ne cesse de se dégrader : sur les huit quotidiens nationaux, malgré un prix moyen de vente élevé et un flot d’aides de l’État, seuls trois titres sont rentables en exploitation. Jamais la dépendance de la presse française vis-à-vis des annonceurs publicitaires et des grands groupes militaro-industriels (Lagardère et Dassault) n’a été aussi forte, limitant d’autant sa capacité de contrôle.
La contrainte commerciale et l'évitement du politique
Authors: Fouks Stéphane 
Published: September 2009

Résumé L’âge d’or est révolu : dans les médias, les politiques doivent désormais choisir entre l’audience et le temps. Parce que les médias ne sont pas épargnés par les contraintes financières qui se sont imposées dans toute l’économie. Et parce que le politique connaît un déclin dans la société. De manière paradoxale, nous assistons à la fois à une augmentation du volume de la politique dans les médias et à une rétraction de la place de la politique dans les médias de masse. Ce faisant, une partie de la population voit plus de politique qu’avant et une autre partie en voit moins. Une rénovation est nécessaire. La réglementation doit évoluer pour mettre fin à la rareté artificielle et à l’uniformité excessive des périodes électorales. Les nouvelles technologies, qui permettent de contourner la contrainte financière, doivent être davantage utilisées. Surtout, les responsables publics doivent privilégier le politique sur la politique et s’attacher à rendre lisible le visible quand les médias doivent, eux, se rapprocher de la réalité de la hiérarchie des préoccupations des Français.
Metal–Metal Bearing Surfaces in Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Schmalzried Thomas P. 
Published: September 2009

There is no mystery regarding the allure of metal–metal bearings: high stability and low wear potential. The special risks associated with these bearings are coming into focus and include a macrophage response to excessive metal particles (metal reactivity) and a lymphocyte-dominated reaction (metal sensitivity). The most common presentation of an adverse local tissue reaction (ALTR) is persistent pain. The incidence of ALTR has not been completely defined, but the risk appears to be increased in resurfacing, in women, and in bilateral cases. The differential diagnosis includes septic and aseptic loosening, and the evaluation should include aspiration. The diagnosis is confirmed by histological examination.
It can be difficult to assess the fixation status of monoblock cobalt chromium acetabular components. Both metal reactivity and metal sensitivity can cause periprosthetic bone resorption (osteolysis). The development of a large effusion may be a sign of metal sensitivity. Ultrasound is a cost-effective diagnostic tool but is operator dependent. A magnetic resonance imaging scan with metal artifact suppression can identify a periprosthetic fluid collection or cystic/solid mass (pseudotumor). Serum or whole blood ion levels elevated to >10 ppb are suggestive of a suboptimal wear mechanism and an increased risk of ALTR.
The indications for revision include component loosening, progressive osteolysis, large effusion or pseudotumor, and unremitting pain. Correction of any identified mechanical aberrations with conversion to a nonmetal–metal bearing is recommended. A well-fixed cobalt chromium substrate (modular stem or modular acetabular shell) can be retained.
Extra-articular Deformity Is Always Correctable Intra-articularly: In the Affirmative
Authors: Koenig Jonathan H. , Maheshwari Aditya V. , Ranawat Amar S. , Ranawat Chitranjan S. 
Published: September 2009

Patients with arthritis of the knee and an extra-articular deformity present a unique technical challenge, as it becomes more difficult to restore the mechanical axis during total knee replacement (TKR). Current treatment options include a 2-staged procedure in which an extra-articular correctional osteotomy is performed several months before the primary TKR, a 1-stage procedure in which an extra-articular correctional osteotomy is performed at the time of the index TKR, or a 1-stage procedure in which TKR is performed with correction of the extra-articular deformity.
One-stage TKR with intra-articular correction of the extra-articular deformity is our treatment of choice. With proper planning, appropriate bone cuts to restore alignment, and the necessary soft tissue releases to balance the knee in flexion and extension, a satisfactory TKR can be achieved.
Two patients with arthritis and a severe extra-articular deformity (varus/valgus deformity >20°, recurvatum and malunion of a tibial or femoral fracture) were treated with 1-stage TKR with intra-articular correction of the extra-articular deformity. The technique followed had been successfully performed in 15 previous cases. The procedure was clinically successful in both patients without complications. At 2-year follow-up, Knee Society Scores improved from 40 to 95 and there was no evidence of instability in either case.
Seven Cuts to the Perfect Total Knee
Authors: Brooks Peter 
Published: September 2009

There are a total of 7 bone cuts in a typical total knee replacement (TKR): distal femur, anterior femur, posterior femur, anterior chamfer, posterior chamfer, tibia, and patella. Each of these cuts has its own special science, and each cut can affect the other cuts and potentially the outcome of the TKR.
The distal femoral cut starts the overall alignment of the leg. Five degrees of valgus is cosmetically appealing, avoids excessive valgus, and prevents thighs from rubbing together. The anterior femoral cut sets femoral component rotation, which has effects on patellar tracking and gap balancing. In most knees, correct rotation is approximately 3° of external rotation compared to the posterior condylar axis. An important exception is in valgus knees, where this could lead to accidental internal rotation. The posterior condyle cuts, with the tibial cut, determine the flexion gap. Injury to the medial collateral and posterior cruciate ligaments should be avoided. Anterior and posterior chamfer cuts must avoid these ligaments as well. The tibial cut is challenging. A 3° posterior slope is most typical, and rotation is crucial. Internal rotation is a common error, affecting patellar tracking. Changing rotation on a sloped cut also adds varus or valgus. The patella cut should not be too deep. Component placement should tend medial and superior. If a lateral release is necessary, it should be done from inside-out, with preservation of the blood supply.
Arthroscopic Repair of Delaminated Acetabular Articular Cartilage in Femoroacetabular Impingement
Authors: Sekiya Jon K. , Martin RobRoy L. , Lesniak Bryson P. 
Published: September 2009

Lesions to articular cartilage can be difficult to treat and directly impact surgical outcome in hip arthroscopy. This article describes a direct cartilage suture repair technique for a young, active individual with full-thickness acetabular cartilage delamination. Lesions of this type are commonly seen with femoroacetabular impingement.
A 17-year-old boy presented with bilateral hip pain greater in the right than left. Arthroscopic intervention for the right hip included direct cartilage repair for the cartilage lesion, osteoplasty for femoroacetabular impingement, repair for an anterior labral tear, capsular plication for iliofemoral ligament laxity, and psoas lengthening. Twelve weeks postoperatively, a standard capsular plication, osteoplasty, and chondroplasty were performed on the left hip. At follow-up, the patient reported feeling 95% normal. He noted that the right and left hips were essentially the same. Symptoms consisted of stiffness after prolonged sitting and mild pain following sports. The patient reported being pain free 90% of the time, with pain 2/10 at worst. He scored a 96 on the modified Harris Hip Score, 93 on the Hip Outcome Score Activities of Daily Living subscale, and 81 on the Hip Outcome Score Sports subscale. Overall, the patient was satisfied with the outcome. The direct cartilage repair, in addition to osteoplasty, anterior superior labral repair, iliofemoral capsular plication, and psoas lengthening, produced an excellent outcome in this young, active patient.
Targeting NF-κB with a Natural Triterpenoid Alleviates Skin Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Psoriasis
Authors: Wang Honglin , Syrovets Tatiana , Kess Daniel , Büchele Berthold , Hainzl Heidi , Lunov Oleg , Weiss Johannes M. , Scharffetter-Kochanek Karin , Simmet Thomas 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Psoriasis vulgaris is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease involving cytokines and an activated cellular immune system. At variance to skin from patients with atopic dermatitis or from healthy subjects, human psoriatic skin lesions exhibit strong activation of transcription factor NF-κB that is mainly confined to dermal macrophages, whereas only a few dendritic cells but no CD3+ lymphocytes show activated NF-κB. Since NF-κB signaling is required for the induction and/or function of many cytokines and aberrant cytokine expression has been proposed as an underlying cause of psoriasis, we investigated whether NF-κB targeting would affect the course of the disease in the CD18 hypomorphic (CD18hypo) mouse model of psoriasis. When mice with severe psoriasiform lesions were treated systemically or locally with the IκB kinase inhibitor acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKβBA), NF-κB signaling and the subsequent NF-κB-dependent cytokine production as shown by the TNF-α production of macrophages were profoundly suppressed. Additionally, application of the compound counteracted the intradermal MCP-1, IL-12, and IL-23 expression in previously lesional skin areas, led to resolution of the abundant immune cell infiltrates, and significantly reduced the increased proliferation of the keratinocytes. Overall, the AKβBA treatment was accompanied by a profound improvement of the psoriasis disease activity score in the CD18hypo mice with reconstitution of a nearly normal phenotype within the chosen observation period. Our data demonstrate that NF-κB signaling is pivotal for the pathogenesis in the CD18hypo mouse model of psoriasis. Therefore, targeting NF-κB might provide an effective strategy for the treatment of psoriasis.
The Role of Macrophage-Derived IL-1 in Induction and Maintenance of Angiogenesis
Authors: Carmi Yaron , Voronov Elena , Dotan Shahar , Lahat Nitza , Rahat Michal A. , Fogel Mina , Huszar Monika , White Malka R. , Dinarello Charles A. , Apte Ron N. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Inflammation and angiogenesis are pivotal processes in the progression of many diseases, including malignancies. A hypoxic microenvironment often results in a milieu of proinflammatory and proangiogenic cytokines produced by infiltrating cells. We assessed the role of macrophage-derived hypoxia-associated cytokines in promoting inflammation and angiogenesis. Supernatants of macrophages, stimulated under hypoxia with or without an inflammatory stimulus (LPS), promoted angiogenesis when incorporated into Matrigel plugs. However, neutralization of IL-1 in the supernatants, particularly IL-1β, completely abrogated cell infiltration and angiogenesis in Matrigel plugs and reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels by 85%. Similarly, supernatants from macrophages of IL-1β knockout mice did not induce inflammatory or angiogenic responses. The importance of IL-1 signaling in the host was demonstrated by the dramatic reduction of inflammatory and angiogenic responses in Matrigel plugs that contained macrophage supernatants from control mice which had been implanted in IL-1 receptor type I knockout mice. Myeloid cells infiltrating into Matrigel plugs were of bone marrow origin and represented the major source of IL-1 and other cytokines/chemokines in the plugs. Cells of endothelial lineage were the main source of VEGF and were recruited mainly from neighboring tissues, rather than from the bone marrow. Using the aortic ring sprouting assay, it was shown that in this experimental system, IL-1 does not directly activate endothelial cell migration, proliferation and organization into blood vessel-like structures, but rather activates infiltrating cells to produce endothelial cell activating factors, such as VEGF. Thus, targeting IL-1β has the potential to inhibit angiogenesis in pathological situations and may be of considerable clinical value.
Suppression of Ongoing T Cell-Mediated Autoimmunity by Peptide-MHC Class II Dimer Vaccination
Authors: Li Li , Yi Zuoan , Wang Bo , Tisch Roland 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Tissue-specific autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D) are characterized by T cell-driven pathology. Administration of autoantigenic peptides provides a strategy to selectively target the pathogenic T cell response. Indeed, treatment with β cell peptides effectively prevents T1D in NOD mice. However, the efficacy of peptide immunotherapy generally wanes as β cell autoimmunity progresses and islet inflammation increases. With the goal of enhancing the efficacy of peptide immunotherapy, soluble (s)IAg7-Ig dimers covalently linked to β cell autoantigen-derived peptides were tested for the capacity to suppress late preclinical T1D. NOD female mice with established β cell autoimmunity were vaccinated i.v. with a short course of sIAg7-Ig dimers tethered to peptides derived from glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65 (sIAg7-pGAD65). Treatment with sIAg7-pGAD65 dimers and the equivalent of only ∼7 μg of native peptide effectively blocked the progression of insulitis and the development of diabetes. Furthermore, suppression of T1D was dependent on β cell-specific IL-10-secreting CD4+ T cells, although the frequency of GAD65-specific FoxP3-expressing CD4+ T cells was also increased in sIAg7-pGAD65 dimer vaccinated NOD mice. These results demonstrate that MHC class II-Ig dimer vaccination is a robust approach to suppress ongoing T cell-mediated autoimmunity, and may provide a superior strategy of adjuvant-free peptide-based immunotherapy to induce immunoregulatory T cells.
Human Mast Cells Adhere to and Migrate on Epithelial and Vascular Basement Membrane Laminins LM-332 and LM-511 via α3β1 Integrin
Authors: Sime Wondossen , Lunderius-Andersson Carolina , Enoksson Mattias , Rousselle Patricia , Tryggvason Karl , Nilsson Gunnar , Harvima Ilkka , Patarroyo Manuel 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are multifunctional effectors of the immune system that are distributed in many tissues, often in close association with the basement membrane of blood vessels, epithelium and nerves. Laminins (LMs), a family of large αβγ heterotrimeric proteins, are major components of basement membrane that strongly promote cell adhesion and migration. In this study, we investigated the role of LM isoforms and their integrin receptors in human MC biology in vitro. In functional assays, α3-(LM-332) and α5-(LM-511) LMs, but not α1-(LM-111), α2-(LM-211), or α4-(LM-411) LMs, readily promoted adhesion and migration of cultured MCs. These activities were strongly enhanced by various stimuli. α3-LM was also able to costimulate IL-8 production. Among LM-binding integrins, MCs expressed α3β1, but not α6β1, α7β1, or α6β4, integrins. Blocking Abs to α3β1 integrin caused inhibition of both cell adhesion and migration on α3- and α5-LMs. Immunohistochemical studies on skin showed that MCs colocalized with epithelial and vascular basement membranes that expressed α3- and α5-LMs and that MCs expressed α3 integrin but not α6 integrin(s). These results demonstrate a role for α3- and α5-LMs and their α3β1 integrin receptor in MC biology. This may explain the intimate structural and functional interactions that MCs have with specific basement membranes.
Efficient Cross-Priming of Antiviral CD8+ T Cells by Antigen Donor Cells Is GRP94 Independent
Authors: Lev Avital , Dimberu Peniel , Das Suman R. , Maynard Jason C. , Nicchitta Christopher V. , Bennink Jack R. , Yewdell Jonathan W. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Cross-priming, the activation of naive CD8+ T cells by dendritic cells presenting Ags synthesized by other cells, is believed to play an important role in the generation of antiviral and antitumor responses. The molecular mechanism(s) underlying cross-priming remain poorly defined and highly controversial. GRP94 (gp96), an abundant endoplasmic reticulum chaperone with innate immune-activating capacity, has been widely reported to play a major role in cross-priming. In this study, we show that cells whose expression of GRP94 is silenced via transient or stable transfection with GRP94-directed small interfering RNAs demonstrate no reduction in their abilities to generate class I peptide complexes in cultured cells or to prime antiviral CD8+ T cell responses in vivo. In demonstrating the dispensability of GRP94, our finding points to the importance of alternative mechanisms for generation of class I peptide complexes from endogenous and exogenous Ags and immunogens.
N,N,N′,N′‐Tetramethylchloroformamidinium Chloride‐Mediated Cyclizations of β‐Oxo Amides: Facile and Divergent One‐Pot Synthesis of Substituted 2H‐Pyrans, 4H‐Pyrans and Pyridin‐2(1H)‐ones
Authors: Wang Yan , Xin Xin , Liang Yongjiu , Lin Yingjie , Duan Haifeng , Dong Dewen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAn efficient and divergent one‐pot synthesis of substituted 2H‐pyrans, 4H‐pyrans and pyridin‐2(1H)‐ones from β‐oxo amides based on the selection of the reaction conditions is reported. Mediated by N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylchloroformamidinium chloride, β‐oxo amides underwent intermolecular cyclizations in the presence of triethylamine at room temperature to give substituted 2H‐pyrans in high yields, which could be converted into substituted 4H‐pyrans in the presence of sodium hydroxide in ethanol at room temperature, or into substituted pyridin‐2(1 H)‐ones under reflux.
Pancreas cell fate
Authors: Guney Michelle A. , Gannon Maureen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDiabetes is characterized by decreased function of insulin‐producing β cells and insufficient insulin output resulting from an absolute (Type 1) or relative (Type 2) inadequate functional β cell mass. Both forms of the disease would greatly benefit from treatment strategies that could enhance β cell regeneration and/or function. Successful and reliable methods of generating β cells or whole islets from progenitor cells in vivo or in vitro could lead to restoration of β cell mass in individuals with Type 1 diabetes and enhanced β cell compensation in Type 2 patients. A thorough understanding of the normal developmental processes that occur during pancreatic organogenesis, for example, transcription factors, cell signaling molecules, and cell–cell interactions that regulate endocrine differentiation from the embryonic pancreatic epithelium, is required in order to successfully reach these goals. This review summarizes our current understanding of pancreas development, with particular emphasis on factors intrinsic or extrinsic to the pancreatic epithelium that are involved in regulating the development and differentiation of the various pancreatic cell types. We also discuss the recent progress in generating insulin‐producing cells from progenitor sources. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 87:232–248, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural induction and factors that stabilize a neural fate
Authors: Rogers Crystal D. , Moody Sally A. , Casey Elena S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe neural ectoderm of vertebrates forms when the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway is suppressed. Herein, we review the molecules that directly antagonize extracellular BMP and the signaling pathways that further contribute to reduce BMP activity in the neural ectoderm. Downstream of neural induction, a large number of “neural fate stabilizing” (NFS) transcription factors are expressed in the presumptive neural ectoderm, developing neural tube and ultimately in neural stem cells. Herein, we review what is known about their activities during normal development to maintain a neural fate and regulate neural differentiation. Further elucidation of how the NFS genes interact to regulate neural specification and differentiation should ultimately prove useful for regulating the expansion and differentiation of neural stem and progenitor cells. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 87:249–262, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biomimetic Interaction between FeII and O2: Effect of the Second Coordination Sphere on O2 Binding to FeII Complexes: Evidence of Coordination at the Metal Centre by a Dissociative Mechanism in the Formation of μ‐Oxo Diferric Complexes
Authors: Wane Amadou , Thallaj Nasser K. , Mandon Dominique 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe report that the formation of μ‐oxo diferric compounds from O2 and FeCl2 complexes within the tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine series (N. K. Thallaj et al. Chem. Eur. J., 2008, 14, 6742–6753) involves coordination of O2 to the metal centre and that this reaction occurs following initial dissociation of the bound equatorial chloride anion. We also report evidence of the formation of a reduced form of dioxygen by an inner‐sphere mechanism, thus leading to modification of the ligand. The solid‐state structures of [FeCl2L] complexes (L1=mono(α‐pivalamidopyridylmethyl)bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine, L2=mono(α‐pivalesteropyridylmethyl)bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine, L3=bis(α‐pivalamidopyridylmethyl)mono(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine are described, and spectroscopic data support the structural retention in solution. In [FeCl2L3], the two amide hydrogen atoms stabilise the equatorial chloride anion in such a way that its exchange by a weak ligand is impossible: [FeCl2L3] is perfectly oxygen‐stable. In [FeCl2L2], the equatorial chloride anion is completely free to move and coordination of O2 can take place. The reaction product with [FeCl2L2] is a μ‐oxo diferric complex in which the ester function has been transformed into a phenol group. This conversion can be seen as a hydrolysis reaction in basic medium, hence supporting the initial formation of a reduced form of dioxygen in the medium. Complex [FeCl2L1] exhibits a very weak reactivity with O2, in line with a semistabilised equatorial chloride counteranion.