bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Convergence Boundaries Observed during IHOP_2002
Authors: Wakimoto Roger M. , Murphey Hanne V. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
An analysis of six convergence boundaries observed during the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) is presented. The detailed kinematic and thermodynamic structure of these boundaries was examined using data collected by an airborne Doppler radar and a series of dropsondes released by a jet flying at ∼500 mb. The former and latter platforms were able to resolve the meso-γ- and meso-β-scale circulations, respectively. Convection initiated on three of the days while no storms developed in the regions targeted by the mobile platforms on the other days (referred to as null cases). The airborne radar resolved the finescale structure of four drylines, a cold front, and an outflow boundary on the six days. Horizontal profiles through radar-detected thin lines revealed “bell-shaped distributions” and there appeared to be a seasonal dependence of the peak values of radar reflectivity. The echo profiles through the fine line in May were, in general, greater than those plotted for the June cases. There was no apparent relationship between the intensity of the low-level updraft and convection initiation. The strongest updraft resolved in the dual-Doppler wind synthesis was associated with a null case. There was also no relationship between the strength of the moisture discontinuity across the boundaries and convection initiation.
The three days during which the storms developed were all associated with two convergence boundaries that were adjacent to each other. The two boundaries collided on one of the days; however, the boundaries on the other two days were approximately parallel and remained separated by a distance of 5–15 km. The total derivative of the horizontal vorticity rotating along an axis parallel to the boundary was calculated using dropsonde data. The horizontal gradient of buoyancy was the largest contributor to the change in vorticity and revealed maximum and minimum values that would support the generation of counterrotating circulations, thus promoting vertically rising air parcels. These updrafts would be more conducive to convection initiation. The null cases were characterized by a low-level vorticity generation of only one sign. This pattern would support tilted updrafts. The results presented in this study suggest that it is not necessary for two boundaries to collide in order for thunderstorms to develop. Solenoidally generated horizontal circulations can produce conditions favorable for convection initiation even if the boundaries remain separate.
Crossmodal and incremental perception of audiovisual cues to emotional speech
Authors: Barkhuysen Pashiera , Krahmer Emiel , Swerts Marc 
Published: February 2010

In this article we report on two experiments about the perception of audiovisual cues to emotional speech. The article addresses two questions: (1) how do visual cues from a speaker’s face to emotion relate to auditory cues, and (2) what is the recognition speed for various facial cues to emotion? Both experiments reported below are based on tests with video clips of emotional utterances collected via a variant of the well-known Velten method. More specifically, we recorded speakers who displayed positive or negative emotions, which were congruent or incongruent with the (emotional) lexical content of the uttered sentence. In order to test this, we conducted two experiments. The first experiment is a perception experiment in which Czech participants, who do not speak Dutch, rate the perceived emotional state of Dutch speakers in a bimodal (audiovisual) or a unimodal (audio- or vision-only) condition. It was found that incongruent emotional speech leads to significantly more extreme perceived emotion scores than congruent emotional speech, where the difference between congruent and incongruent emotional speech is larger for the negative than for the positive conditions. Interestingly, the largest overall differences between congruent and incongruent emotions were found for the audio-only condition, which suggests that posing an incongruent emotion has a particularly strong effect on the spoken realization of emotions.
Effective Interaction Energies for Weakly Bound Dimers at Room Temperature: (H2O)2, (N2O)2, (CO2)2, and (HCHO)2
Authors: Sato Hirofumi , Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Sakamoto Yosuke , Kawasaki Masahiro 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Effective dimer bond energies at room temperature are experimentally determined by pressure broadening for rotational lines. Toward the understanding of the bond energies, thermal energies associated to the dissociation are theoretically evaluated by considering effective degrees of freedom.
Size Control of Catalytic Reaction Space by Intercalation of Alkylcarboxylate Anions into Ni–Zn Mixed Basic Salt Interlayer: Application for Knoevenagel Reaction in Water
Authors: Hara Takayoshi , Kurihara Jun , Ichikuni Nobuyuki , Shimazu Shogo 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The interlayer space of layered Ni–Zn mixed basic salt (NiZn) can be controlled precisely by the intercalation of various carboxylate anions with long alkyl chains via simple anion exchange. Expansion of interlayer space in the anion-exchanged NiZn depends on the alkyl chain lengths of pillar molecules. The butyrate anion-exchanged NiZn (C3H7COO−/NiZn) catalyst promoted effectively various base-catalyzed Knoevenagel reactions in water with remarkably high yield. This C3H7COO−/NiZn catalyst was reusable without any loss of catalytic activity or selectivity.
Extending the trans‐contextual model in physical education and leisure‐time contexts: Examining the role of basic psychological need satisfaction
Authors: Barkoukis Vassilis , Hagger Martin S. , Lambropoulos George , Tsorbatzoudis Haralambos 
Published: February 2010

Background. The trans‐contextual model (TCM) is an integrated model of motivation that aims to explain the processes by which agentic support for autonomous motivation in physical education promotes autonomous motivation and physical activity in a leisure‐time context. It is proposed that perceived support for autonomous motivation in physical education is related to autonomous motivation in physical education and leisure‐time contexts. Furthermore, relations between autonomous motivation and the immediate antecedents of intentions to engage in physical activity behaviour and actual behaviour are hypothesized.Aims. The purpose of the present study was to incorporate the constructs of basic psychological need satisfaction in the TCM to provide a more comprehensive explanation of motivation and demonstrate the robustness of the findings of previous tests of the model that have not incorporated these constructs.Sample. Students (N=274) from Greek secondary schools.Method. Participants completed self‐report measures of perceived autonomy support, autonomous motivation, and basic psychological need satisfaction in physical education. Follow‐up measures of these variables were taken in a leisure‐time context along with measures of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control (PBC), and intentions from the theory of planned behaviour 1 week later. Self‐reported physical activity behaviour was measured 4 weeks later.Results. Results supported TCM hypotheses. Basic psychological need satisfaction variables uniquely predicted autonomous motivation in physical education and leisure time as well as the antecedents of intention, namely, attitudes, and PBC. The basic psychological need satisfaction variables also mediated the effects of perceived autonomy support on autonomous motivation in physical education.Conclusions. Findings support the TCM and provide further information of the mechanisms in the model and integrated theories of motivation in physical education and leisure time.
Associations Between Self-Management Education and Comprehensive Diabetes Clinical Care
Authors: Johnson Tammie M. , Murray Melissa R. , Huang Youjie 
Published: February 2010

AbstractObjective. This study examines the relationship between receiving diabetes self-management education (DSME) and having higher levels of comprehensive diabetes clinical care, a summation of up to five clinical services recommended for individuals with type 2 diabetes and those who have had type 1 diabetes for ≥ 5 years.Design. Analysis of data from a population-based, cross-sectional study.Methods. Data for this study were from the 2007 Florida Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a statewide, random, cross-sectional survey of adults. A dichotomous comprehensive diabetes clinical care variable was constructed based on responses to questions from the BRFSS diabetes module, and a logistic regression model was fitted. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) are reported.Results. Among Florida adults with diabetes, 51.5% had received DSME. About 51.4% of adults with diabetes who received DSME had a high level of comprehensive care compared to 31.8% of those who did not receive DSME. The OR for having a high level of comprehensive care was statistically significantly higher among adults who received DSME (OR = 2.48) compared to their counterparts who did not receive DSME. Other significant covariates were having health insurance (OR = 3.65), having graduated from high school (OR = 1.55), having a college education (OR = 2.70), being 45-64 years of age (OR = 2.31), and being ≥ 65 years of age (OR = 5.29).Conclusions. These data show that receiving DSME is positively associated with receiving higher levels of comprehensive diabetes clinical care.
Patients' Performance Anxiety and Related Aspects as Factors in Resistance to Change
Authors: Restifo Sam 
Published: February 2010

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to touch on some aspects of patients’ potentially ambivalent attitude toward change in the early stages of treatment. Method: A de-identified case study is used as a springboard for discussing these issues. Conclusion: A range of factors can affect a person's confidence in, commitment to, and results from their treatment. Some of these include: the patient feeling that the nature of their problem – including any ambivalence to change – has been adequately understood; the clinician expressing reassurance or encouragement only after due consideration; the clinician and patient discussing their respective expectations at the outset so as to minimize any subsequent disenchantment; and recognizing the possible presence of a patient's performance anxiety around fearing he or she may fail to respond to treatment and disappoint not only him- or herself but others as well.
Exercise in cancer
Authors: Rajarajeswaran P , Vishnupriya R 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPhysical exercise has attracted increased interest in rehabilitation of oncological patients. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature and summarize the evidence of physical exercise in preventing cancer, its ability in attenuating the effect of cancer and its treatments and to provide guidelines for exercise prescription Review of recent literature by electronic search of MEDline (Pub Med), Cancer lit, Cochrane libraries, CINAHL were done using Keywords and the variables were identified and systematically evaluated. There is strong evidence for reduced risk of colorectal and breast cancer with possible association for prostate, endometrial and lung cancer with increasing physical activity. Exercise helps cancer survivors cope with and recover from treatment; exercise may improve the health of long term cancer survivors and extend survival. Physical exercise will benefit throughout the spectrum of cancer. However, an understanding of the amount, type and intensity of exercise needed has not been fully elucidated. There is sufficient evidence to promote exercise in cancer survivors following careful assessment and tailoring on exercise prescription.
Food consumption pattern in cervical carcinoma patients and controls
Authors: Labani Lakshmi , Andallu B , Meera M , Asthana S , Satyanarayana L 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Background:The uterine cervix is the second most common site of cancer among Indian women.Though the human papillomavirus has been demonstrated to be a causative agent for this cancer, a variety of other risk factors are in play, such as sexual and reproductive patterns, socioeconomic, hygienic practices, and diet. The accumulated evidence suggests that cervical cancer is preventable and is highly suitable for primary prevention. The dietary intake of antioxidants and vitamins like vitamin A, carotenoids, vitamin C, folacin and tocopherol is found to have protective effects against cancer of the cervix. Dietary data regarding cervical cancer are still scanty.Objective:The present study was therefore undertaken to study the dietary pattern among uterine cervical cancer patients and normal controls.Materials and Methods:A total of 60 consecutive patients and 60 controls were enrolled from a referral hospital during the year 2004. A schedule inclusive of the food frequency pattern and 24-h dietary recall along with the general information was administered to all the enrolled subjects to describe findings on the food consumption pattern along with other important factors.Results:The mean intake of energy, protein, vitamins, etc., between the cases and controls was not significantly different except for the vitamin C level. Serum vitamin E was found to have lower average in patients as compared to controls. The nutrient intake of cervical cancer patients and controls was grossly deficient in the socioeconomic group studied. With regard to the macronutrient intake, calorie and protein intakes showed a deficit of around 50% when compared to RDA.Conclusion:The food consumption profile was not significantly different between cervical cancer patients and normal controls.
Malignant gastrointestinal melanoma with an unknown primary
Authors: Mohan M.V.T Krishna , Rajappa Senthil J , Reddy T Vamshidhar , Paul T Roshni 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMalignant melanoma is rare in India; melanoma presenting as a metastatic disease with an unknown primary, involving the gastrointestinal tract without involving lymph nodes is extremely uncommon. We report a case of a 28-year-old male with a malignant melanoma metastasizing to stomach and liver with an unknown primary. Relevant literature is being reviewed.
Characterization of the Corrosion Products Formed on Carbon Steel in Qinghai Salt Lake Atmosphere
Authors: Li Q. X. , Wang Z. Y. , Han W. , Han E. H. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The corrosion products formed on carbon steel exposed to the Qinghai Salt Lake atmosphere for 12 months was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared transmission spectroscopy (IRS), and electrochemical techniques. The rust was mainly composed of akaganeite (β-FeOOH), iron hydroxychloride (Fe8[O,OH]16Cl1.3), and a little lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH). Amorphous δ-FeOOH was only on the downward surface, and the upward surface was corroded more severely than the downward surface. Cl, Mg, and Si foreign elements were rich in the rust. The rust on carbon steel decreased anodic dissolution and increased cathodic current. A low free corrosion potential of the rusted electrode and a very small value of rust resistance (RR) demonstrated that the rust was nonprotective in the Qinghai Salt Lake atmosphere.
In Situ Observation of Initial Corrosion of MgAl9Zn1 Magnesium Alloy in Cyclic Wet-Dry Conditions Using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Chen J. , Wang J. , Han E. , Ke W. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The corrosion of a MgAl9Zn1 (UNS M11918, AZ91) alloy in an atmosphere of water vapor with cyclic wet-dry conditions was studied using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The results showed that the oxygen concentration on the surface generally increased with the wetting time. At short wetting times the corrosion was localized at the droplets and mainly appeared on the α-Mg areas. The corrosion rate increased with the wetting time. At long wetting times a water film covered the surface and general corrosion occurred. The rate of corrosion decreased with increased time of wetting. The magnitude of oxygen concentration at AlMn-segregated areas was similar to that on the matrix area. The segregation of the AlMn phase contributed little to the average corrosion on the surface but contributed significantly to the localized corrosion.
Effect of Hydrocarbons on the Internal Corrosion of Oil and Gas Pipelines
Authors: Papavinasam S. , Doiron A. , Panneerselvam T. , Revie R. W. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Under certain conditions, hydrocarbons may alter the internal corrosion conditions of oil and gas pipelines. In this paper, the effects of hydrocarbons on corrosion have been predicted based on the type of emulsion (i.e., water-in-oil or oil-in-water), wettability (oil-wet, water-wet, or mixed-wet), and corrosiveness of brine in the presence of hydrocarbons. Laboratory methodologies have been developed to determine wettability and to identify the type of emulsion under pipeline operating conditions. Using these methodologies, the wettability and the type of emulsion have been determined for 14 hydrocarbons obtained from operating pipelines. The corrosiveness of brine in the presence of hydrocarbons also has been determined using rotating cage experiments.
Corrosion Products of Galvanized Rebars Embedded in Chloride-Contaminated Concrete
Authors: Belaïd F. , Arliguie G. , Francois R. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Iron corrosion products of steel reinforcement result in staining, cracking, and spalling of concrete structures. These effects of corrosion require costly repairs and maintenance during the useful life of the structures. To prevent corrosion of important infrastructure projects, galvanized reinforcing steel occasionally is used. The performance of galvanized steel in chloride-contaminated concrete is attributed to the corrosion product form: zinc oxide (ZnO), which is less voluminous than iron corrosion products. However, zinc corrosion products detected on galvanized reinforcement are rather controversial. Some authors identified another compound: zinc hydroxychloride (Zn5[OH]8Cl2·H2O). This product occupies more space than ZnO and can induce cracking of the cover concrete. Other authors found zinc hydroxychloride and zinc hydroxide (Zn[OH]2). In this work, ZnO and Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O were identified. Under some conditions (exposure time in aggressive environment and coating thickness) and after cracking of concrete cover, Zn(OH)2 also was found.
Threshold for Stress Corrosion Cracking Initiation of Alloy X750 under Long-Term Uniaxial Constant Load Test in High-Temperature Water
Authors: Yamamoto M. , Kuniya J. , Uchida S. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Uniaxial constant load (UCL) tests of the nickel-based alloy X750 (UNS N07550) were performed in high-temperature pure water (288°C, 8 ppm dissolved oxygen [DO]) to investigate stress corrosion cracking (SCC) fracture time and the crack initiation process. The SCC fracture was initiated at a stress level below the 0.2% offset yield stress and many small cracks were observed in the middle of the nonfractured test specimens. The distribution of the crack length for each observation time is shown by Weibull probability distributions. Crack initiation and propagation process had different behavior depending on the applied stress level and the stress intensity factor at the crack tip. SCC initiation at the minimum applied stress is discussed with respect to the grain size, which depended on the size of an initial crack.
Cerium Chemical Conversion Coating for Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3 and Its Corrosion Resistance
Authors: Wang C. , Jiang F. , Wang F. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
New golden, yellow-colored cerium chemical conversion coatings on aluminum alloy 2024-T3 (AA2024-T3 [UNS A92024]) surface at room temperature were obtained by immersing the alloy into a cerium solution containing zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Electrochemical methods and immersion tests were used to study the dynamics of the coatings formation and their corrosion resistance in 3.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. The morphologies of the coatings were recorded by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to analyze the chemical composition and the oxidation state of the elements in the coatings. Polarization experiments and immersion tests in 3.5% NaCl solution showed that the sensitivity to pitting corrosion for the conversion-coated AA2024-T3 was greatly lower than that of the untreated specimens, and the corrosion resistance improved markedly. SEM photographs showed that the coatings consisted of a lot of spherical particles. EDX and XPS experimental results showed that the coatings were made up of oxygen, cerium, and aluminum, and the spherical particles contained higher contents of cerium and oxygen than the other sites. Cerium was mainly in the form of Ce4+. The mechanisms of conversion coatings formation and improvement on corrosion resistance also are discussed.
Effect of Line Pipe Steel Microstructure on Susceptibility to Sulfide Stress Cracking
Authors: Koh S. U. , Kim J. S. , Yang B. Y. , Kim K. Y. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of microstructure on sulfide stress cracking (SSC) properties of line pipe steel. Different kinds of microstructures, with chemical compositions identical to one steel heat, were produced by various thermomechanically controlled processes (TMCP). Coarse ferrite-pearlite, fine ferrite-pearlite, ferrite-acicular ferrite, and ferrite-bainite microstructures were investigated with respect to corrosion properties, hydrogen diffusion, and SSC behavior. SSC was evaluated using a constant elongation rate test (CERT) in a NACE TM0177 solution (5% sodium chloride [NaCl] + 0.5% acetic acid [CH3COOH], saturated with hydrogen sulfide [H2S]). The corrosion properties of steels were evaluated by potentiodynamic and linear polarization methods. Hydrogen diffusion through steel matrix was measured by an electrochemical method using a Devanathan-Stachurski cell. The effect of microstructure on cracking behavior also was investigated with respect to crack nucleation and propagation processes. Test results showed that ferrite-acicular ferrite microstructure had the highest resistance to SSC, whereas ferrite-bainitic and coarse ferritie-pearlitic microstructures had the lowest resistance. The high susceptibility to SSC inferritie-bainitic and coarse ferritic-pearlitic microstructures resulted from crack nucleation on hard phases such as grain boundary cementite in coarse ferritie-pearlitic microstructures and martensite/retained austenite (M/A) island in bainitic phases. Hard phase cementite at grain boundaries or M/A constituent in bainitic phases acted as crack nucleation sites and could be cracked easily under external stress; consequently, the susceptibility of steel to SSC increased. Metallurgical parameters including matrix structure and defects such as grain boundary carbides and inter-lath M/A constituents were more critical parameters for controlling SSC than the hydrogen diffusion rate.