bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anesthesiologists work-related exhaustion
Authors: Riad Waleed , Mansour Afaf , Moussa Ashraf 
Published: August 2011

Background:
Anesthesia is a demanding occupation due to long working hours, sustained vigilance, unpredictability of stressful situation, fear of litigation, competence, and production pressure. Work-related exhaustion can lead to several physical and psychological symptoms and delay decision making. The aim of this study was to evaluate how different work conditions affect personnel exhaustion by studying a sample of anesthesiologists comparing them with ophthalmologists and ancillary hospital staff

Methods:
One hundred fifty persons divided into three equal groups (50 each) were invited to participate in this study. Subjects were asked to answer two self report questionnaires: The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) which used to assess work related exhaustion and mental health, respectively.

Results:
Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory scale (MFI 20) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ 12) were significantly higher in anesthesiologists than in other groups (P = 0.001). Different aspects of work-related exhaustion showed that general, physical and mental fatigue were significantly higher in anesthesiologists (P = 0.002 and 0.001, respectively). Reduced activity and reduced motivation were also higher in anesthesiologists compare to the other groups (P = 0.005 and 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion:
Work-related exhaustion under the current study is more obvious among anesthesiologists. Ophthalmologist and ancillary hospital employees felt that they had less stress at their work.
Lower Order Terms of the Discrete Minimal Riesz Energy on Smooth Closed Curves
Authors: Borodachov S. V. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe consider the problem of minimizing the energy of N points repelling each other on curves in ℝ ∞d with the potential |x — y|—s, s ≥ 1, where |・| is the Euclidean norm. For a sufficiently smooth, simple, closed, regular curve, we find the next order term in the asymptotics of the minimal s-energy. On our way, we also prove that at least for s ≥ 2, the minimal pairwise distance in optimal configurations asymptotically equals L/N, N → 1, where L is the length of the curve.
On Super Weakly Compact Convex Sets and Representation of the Dual of the Normed Semigroup They Generate
Authors: Cheng Lixin , Luo Zhenghua , Zhou Yu 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this note, we first give a characterization of super weakly compact convex sets of a Banach space X: a closed bounded convex set K ⊂ X is super weakly compact if and only if there exists a w* lower semicontinuous seminorm p with p ≥ σK ≌ supxєK 〈.,x〉 such that p2 is uniformly Fréchet differentiable on each bounded set of X*. Then we present a representation theoremfor the dual of the semigroup swcc(X) consisting of all the nonempty super weakly compact convex sets of the space X.
Narcolepsy onset is seasonal and increased following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in china
Authors: Han Fang , Lin Ling , Warby Simon C. , Faraco Juliette , Li Jing , Dong Song X. , An Pei , Zhao Long , Wang Ling H. , Li Qian Y. , Yan Han , Gao Zhan C. , Yuan Yuan , Strohl Kingman P. , Mignot Emmanuel 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjective:Narcolepsy is caused by the loss of hypocretin/orexin neurons in the hypothalamus, which is likely the result of an autoimmune process. Recently, concern has been raised over reports of narcolepsy in northern Europe following H1N1 vaccination.Methods:The study is a retrospective analysis of narcolepsy onset in subjects diagnosed in Beijing, China (1998–2010). Self‐reported month and year of onset were collected from 629 patients (86% children). Graphical presentation, autocorrelations, chi‐square, and Fourier analysis were used to assess monthly variation in onset. Finally, 182 patients having developed narcolepsy after October 2009 were asked for vaccination history.Results:The occurrence of narcolepsy onset was seasonal, significantly influenced by month and calendar year. Onset was least frequent in November and most frequent in April, with a 6.7‐fold increase from trough to peak. Studying year‐to‐year variation, we found a 3‐fold increase in narcolepsy onset following the 2009 H1N1 winter influenza pandemic. The increase is unlikely to be explained by increased vaccination, as only 8 of 142 (5.6%) patients recalled receiving an H1N1 vaccination. Cross‐correlation indicated a significant 5‐ to 7‐month delay between the seasonal peak in influenza/cold or H1N1 infections and peak in narcolepsy onset occurrences.Interpretation:In China, narcolepsy onset is highly correlated with seasonal and annual patterns of upper airway infections, including H1N1 influenza. In 2010, the peak seasonal onset of narcolepsy was phase delayed by 6 months relative to winter H1N1 infections, and the correlation was independent of H1N1 vaccination in the majority of the sample. ANN NEUROL 2011;
A Series of Hyperbranched Polytriazoles Containing Perfluoroaromatic Rings from AB2‐Type Monomers: Convenient Syntheses by Click Chemistry under Copper(I) Catalysis and Enhanced Optical Nonlinearity
Authors: Wu Wenbo , Fu Yingjie , Wang Can , Ye Cheng , Qin Jingui , Li Zhen 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this paper, four new hyperbranched polytriazoles containing azo moieties, derived from different AB2‐type monomers, were successfully prepared through the “click” chemistry reaction under copper(I) catalysis by modifying the synthetic route. The polymers were soluble in organic solvents and exhibited good second‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. Thanks to the self‐assembly of perfluoroaromatic moieties in the periphery, HP2 showed the best NLO properties, with the d33 value as high as 145.0 pm V−1.
Immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate): a new eco-friendly support
Authors: Cabrera-Padilla Rebeca Y , Lisboa Milena C , Fricks Alini T , Franceschi Elton , Lima Alvaro S , Silva Daniel P , Soares Cleide M F 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The overall objective of this study is to evaluate the morphological [scanning electron microscopy (SEM)], physicochemical [differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), chemical composition analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)], and biochemical properties of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) immobilized on a natural biopolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) in aqueous solution. CRL was immobilized by physical adsorption with efficiency of 30%. Compared with free CRL enzyme, there were slight changes in immobilized CRL activity as a function of temperature (from 37°C to 45°C), but a similar optimal pH value of 7.0. Inactivation rate constants for immobilized CRL enzyme were 0.009 and 0.334 h−1, and half-lives were 77 and 2 h at 40°C and 60°C, respectively. Kinetic parameters obtained for immobilized CRL include the Michaelis–Menten constant of K m = 213.18 mM and maximum reaction velocity of V max = 318.62 U/g. The operational stability of immobilized CRL was tested repeatedly, and after 12 cycles of reuse, the enzyme retained 50% activity. Based on our results, we propose that PHBV-immobilized CRL could serve as a promising biocatalyst in several industrial applications.
Improved Estimation of Oil, Linoleic and Oleic Acid and Seed Hull Fractions in Safflower by NIRS
Authors: Rudolphi Sabine , Becker Heiko C. , Schierholt Antje , von Witzke‐Ehbrecht Sabine 
Published: August 2011

AbstractNear‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) of intact seeds allows the non‐destructive estimation of seed quality parameters which is highly desirable in plant breeding. Together with yield, oil content and quality, a main aim in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) breeding is the selection of genotypes with a low percentage of empty seeds even under cooler climates. We developed NIRS calibrations for seed oil content, oleic and linoleic acid content, the seed hull fraction and the percentage of empty seeds using seed meal and intact seeds. For the different calibrations 108–534 samples from a safflower breeding program with lines adapted to German conditions, were analyzed with reference analyses (Soxhlet, gas chromatography), and scanned by NIRS as intact seeds and seed meal. Calibration equations were developed and tested through cross validation. The coefficient of determination of the calibration (R2) for intact seeds ranged from 0.91(oil content), 0.90 (seed hull fraction), 0.84 (empty seeds), 0.73 (linoleic acid) to 0.68 (oleic acid). The coefficient of determination of the cross validation was higher for seed meal than for intact seeds except for the parameter seed hull fraction. The results show that NIRS calibrations are applicable in safflower breeding programs for a fast screening.
Pain sensitivity and modulation in primary insomnia
Authors: Haack M. , Scott‐Sutherland J. , Santangelo G. , Simpson N.S. , Sethna N. , Mullington J.M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSleep of good quantity and quality is considered a biologically important resource necessary to maintain homeostasis of pain‐regulatory processes. To assess the role of chronic sleep disturbances in pain processing, we conducted laboratory pain testing in subjects with primary insomnia.Seventeen participants with primary insomnia (mean ± SEM 22.6 ± 0.9 yrs, 11 women) were individually matched with 17 healthy participants. All participants wore an actigraph device over a 2‐week period and completed daily sleep and pain diaries. Laboratory pain testing was conducted in a controlled environment and included (1) warmth detection threshold testing, (2) pain sensitivity testing (threshold detection for heat and pressure pain), and (3) tests to access pain modulatory mechanisms (pain facilitation and inhibition).Primary insomnia subjects reported experiencing spontaneous pain on twice as many days as healthy controls during the at‐home recording phase (p < 0.05). During laboratory testing, primary insomnia subjects had lower pain thresholds than healthy controls (p < 0.05 for heat pain detection threshold, p < 0.08 for pressure pain detection threshold). Unexpectedly, pain facilitation, as assessed with temporal summation of pain responses, was reduced in primary insomnia compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). Pain inhibition, as assessed with the diffuse noxious inhibitory control paradigm (DNIC), was attenuated in insomnia subjects when compared to controls (p < 0.05).Based on these findings, we propose that pain‐inhibitory circuits in patients with insomnia are in a state of constant activation to compensate for ongoing subclinical pain. This constant activation ultimately may result in a ceiling effect of pain‐inhibitory efforts, as indicated by the inability of the system to adequately function during challenge.
Modeling of electromagnetic waves in axisymmetric geometry using a Laguerre spectral method
Authors: Mastryukov A.F. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
A spectral method for modeling high-frequency electromagnetic waves in axisymmetric geometry is proposed. The method is based on the expansion of the solutions of Maxwell’s equations in Laguerre functions in the time region.
The spectral method is used to solve Maxwell’s equations for both 2D media and stratified media. In the case of stratified media, a Fourier–Bessel expansion in the radial variable is used. The effectiveness of the spectral and finite-difference methods is compared. Harmonic solutions and solitary solutions by the Laguerre method are considered, and the dynamics of monochromatic and broadband electromagnetic pulses are examined.
Bayesian Fundamentalism or Enlightenment? On the explanatory status and theoretical contributions of Bayesian models of cognition
Authors: Jones Matt , Love Bradley C. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe prominence of Bayesian modeling of cognition has increased recently largely because of mathematical advances in specifying and deriving predictions from complex probabilistic models. Much of this research aims to demonstrate that cognitive behavior can be explained from rational principles alone, without recourse to psychological or neurological processes and representations. We note commonalities between this rational approach and other movements in psychology – namely, Behaviorism and evolutionary psychology – that set aside mechanistic explanations or make use of optimality assumptions. Through these comparisons, we identify a number of challenges that limit the rational program's potential contribution to psychological theory. Specifically, rational Bayesian models are significantly unconstrained, both because they are uninformed by a wide range of process-level data and because their assumptions about the environment are generally not grounded in empirical measurement. The psychological implications of most Bayesian models are also unclear. Bayesian inference itself is conceptually trivial, but strong assumptions are often embedded in the hypothesis sets and the approximation algorithms used to derive model predictions, without a clear delineation between psychological commitments and implementational details. Comparing multiple Bayesian models of the same task is rare, as is the realization that many Bayesian models recapitulate existing (mechanistic level) theories. Despite the expressive power of current Bayesian models, we argue they must be developed in conjunction with mechanistic considerations to offer substantive explanations of cognition. We lay out several means for such an integration, which take into account the representations on which Bayesian inference operates, as well as the algorithms and heuristics that carry it out. We argue this unification will better facilitate lasting contributions to psychological theory, avoiding the pitfalls that have plagued previous theoretical movements.
The myth of computational level theory and the vacuity of rational analysis
Authors: Anderson Barton L. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractI extend Jones & Love's (J&L's) critique of Bayesian models and evaluate the conceptual foundations on which they are built. I argue that: (1) the “Bayesian” part of Bayesian models is scientifically trivial; (2) “computational level” theory is a fiction that arises from an inappropriate programming metaphor; and (3) the real scientific problems lie outside Bayesian theorizing.
Maybe this old dinosaur isn’t extinct: What does Bayesian modeling add to associationism?
Authors: Baetu Irina , Barberia Itxaso , Murphy Robin A. , Baker A. G. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe agree with Jones & Love (J&L) that much of Bayesian modeling has taken a fundamentalist approach to cognition; but we do not believe in the potential of Bayesianism to provide insights into psychological processes. We discuss the advantages of associative explanations over Bayesian approaches to causal induction, and argue that Bayesian models have added little to our understanding of human causal reasoning.
The imaginary fundamentalists: The unshocking truth about Bayesian cognitive science
Authors: Chater Nick , Goodman Noah , Griffiths Thomas L. , Kemp Charles , Oaksford Mike , Tenenbaum Joshua B. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIf Bayesian Fundamentalism existed, Jones & Love's (J&L's) arguments would provide a necessary corrective. But it does not. Bayesian cognitive science is deeply concerned with characterizing algorithms and representations, and, ultimately, implementations in neural circuits; it pays close attention to environmental structure and the constraints of behavioral data, when available; and it rigorously compares multiple models, both within and across papers. J&L's recommendation of Bayesian Enlightenment corresponds to past, present, and, we hope, future practice in Bayesian cognitive science.
Probabilistic models as theories of children's minds
Authors: Gopnik Alison 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMy research program proposes that children have representations and learning mechanisms that can be characterized as causal models of the world – coherent, structured hypotheses with consistent relationships to probabilistic patterns of evidence. We also propose that Bayesian inference is one mechanism by which children learn these models from data. These proposals are straightforward psychological hypotheses and far from “Bayesian Fundamentalism.”
In praise of secular Bayesianism
Authors: Heit Evan , Erickson Shanna 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIt is timely to assess Bayesian models, but Bayesianism is not a religion. Bayesian modeling is typically used as a tool to explain human data. Bayesian models are sometimes equivalent to other models, but have the advantage of explicitly integrating prior hypotheses with new observations. Any lack of representational or neural assumptions may be an advantage rather than a disadvantage.
Come down from the clouds: Grounding Bayesian insights in developmental and behavioral processes
Authors: Jenkins Gavin W. , Samuelson Larissa K. , Spencer John P. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAccording to Jones & Love (J&L), Bayesian theories are too often isolated from other theories and behavioral processes. Here, we highlight examples of two types of isolation from the field of word learning. Specifically, Bayesian theories ignore emergence, critical to development theory, and have not probed the behavioral details of several key phenomena, such as the “suspicious coincidence” effect.
Taking the rationality out of probabilistic models
Authors: Rehder Bob 
Published: August 2011

AbstractRational models vary in their goals and sources of justification. While the assumptions of some are grounded in the environment, those of others – which I label probabilistic models – are induced and so require more traditional sources of justification, such as generalizability to dissimilar tasks and making novel predictions. Their contribution to scientific understanding will remain uncertain until standards of evidence are clarified.
The influences of metabotropic receptor activation on cellular signaling and synaptic function in amacrine cells
Authors: GLEASON EVANNA 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAmacrine cells receive glutamatergic input from bipolar cells and GABAergic, glycinergic, cholinergic, and dopaminergic input from other amacrine cells. Glutamate, GABA, glycine, and acetylcholine (ACh) interact with ionotropic receptors and it is these interactions that form much of the functional circuitry in the inner retina. However, glutamate, GABA, ACh, and dopamine also activate metabotropic receptors linked to second messenger pathways that have the potential to modify the function of individual cells as well as retinal circuitry. Here, the physiological effects of activating dopamine receptors, metabotropic glutamate receptors, GABABreceptors, and muscarinic ACh receptors on amacrine cells will be discussed. The retina also expresses metabotropic receptors and the biochemical machinery associated with the synthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). The effects of activating cannabinoid receptors and S1P receptors on amacrine cell function will also be addressed.
High Contrast Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Sample Current Microscopy for Bulk and Transparent Samples Using Soft X-Rays
Authors: Nolle Daniela , Weigand Markus , Schütz Gisela , Goering Eberhard 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe soft X-ray energy range provides important detection capabilities for a wide range of material systems, e.g., the K-edge behavior of biological materials or magnetic contrast imaging at the L2,3- and M4,5-edges, respectively, using the X-ray magnetic circular dichroism effect. The need for thinned samples due to the short penetration depth of soft X-rays is a limiting factor for microscopic imaging in transmission microscopy. In contrast, the more surface sensitive photoelectron emission microscopy allows the X-ray microscopic investigation of nontransparent bulk samples, but only small magnetic fields and very smooth surfaces are possible. As both high magnetic fields as well as bulk samples are important for magnetic imaging, we present total electron yield (TEY) microscopy results using the total sample current detection performed at the new ultra high vacuum scanning microscope “MAXYMUS” at HZB/BESSY II. We compare synchronous measurements in TEY and transmission mode to demonstrate the capabilities of TEY microscopy. Pictures and spectra with high absorption contrast and three-dimensional-like edge enhancement are observed as known for scanning electron microscopy. This unveils details on smallest length scales of the surface morphology. Furthermore, surface sensitive in- and out-of-plane magnetic TEY measurements at nontransparent samples are shown.
Comment on Lobell et al "Climate Trends and Global Crop Production Since 1980"
Authors: Semenov Mikhail , Shewry Peter 
Published: August 2011

AbstractLobel et al (ScienceXpress) analysed changes in global yields which can be attributed to climate change trend, and reported a 5.5% decline in global wheat production since 1980. We have failed to confirm these results using a process-based crop model, which showed no decline in wheat yield since the 1950s at two European sites. The Lobel et al conclusions are not valid due to the limitations of the regression analysis used.
Size at Release, Size‐Selective Mortality, and Age of Maturity of Willamette River Hatchery Yearling Chinook Salmon
Authors: Claiborne Andrew M. , Fisher Joseph P. , Hayes Sean A. , Emmett Robert L. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe analyzed scales from returning Willamette River yearling Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha to explore the effects of size at release on subsequent adult returns. We tested the hypothesis that survival to adulthood is independent of size at ocean entry for yearling Chinook salmon. Significant size‐selective mortality, indicated by a larger size at ocean entry among surviving adults than among all released juveniles, was observed for Chinook salmon released in 2002–2004 but not for those released in 2005. Juvenile Chinook salmon released in 2002–2004 that entered the ocean at less than 150 mm in fork length were underrepresented in the returning adult populations. We also investigated the relationships between age at maturity and size at ocean entry, timing of release, circulus spacing, and size at the end of the first ocean year. We observed significant differences in fork length at the end of the first ocean winter among returning age‐4, ‐5, and ‐6 Chinook salmon; the younger returning fish were larger after their first year of ocean growth. Fork length at ocean entry and average first‐ocean‐year circulus spacing were significantly greater for age‐4 than for age‐5 and age‐6 Chinook salmon but were similar for age‐5 and age‐6 fish. Our analyses indicate that yearling Chinook salmon may experience size‐selective mortality, although the relationship between the intensity of size‐selective mortality and smolt‐to‐adult survival remains unclear.
DISCRIMINATION, EXCLUSION AND IMMIGRANTS' CONFIDENCE IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN EUROPE
Authors: Röder Antje , Mühlau Peter 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT
What determines the confidence of immigrants in public institutions? Using pooled data from the European Social Survey of 26 countries, the study examines whether processes of social exclusion and discrimination can account for migrants’ confidence in public institutions. Specifically, it examines the role of the quality of public institutions and of the migrant integration policies of the host country and how they interact with migrant status and proxies for experienced or potential discrimination in shaping institutional trust. Results show that the performance of public institutions matters less for the confidence of immigrants than that of natives, in particular for those who see themselves as an ethnic minority or members of a group that has faced discrimination. Second-generation migrants exhibit less trust than first-generation migrants. However, discriminatory processes appear to be of less importance than the expectations carried from the home country or acculturation processes.