bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening Methods and Further Sources of Resistance to Peanut Rust1
Authors: Subrahmanyam P. , Gibbons R. W. , Nigam S. N. , Rao V. R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A germplasm collection of 6000 peanut entries was screened for resistance to rust at ICRISAT, India. Preliminary field screening was done during the 1977 rainy season when a natural epidemic of rust was in progress. The cultivars or lines which were rated between 2 and 5 on a 9-point scale during this screening were further tested during the 1977/78 dry season employing an infector row system of susceptible cultivars and spreader plants systematically interplanted with the test material. High relative humidity was maintained in the field by operating an overhead sprinkler irrigation system. Percentage leaf area damaged on the test material was estimated at 10 day intervals from approximately 90 days after their emergence until harvest. Each entry was also assessed on a scale proposed by Mazzani and Hinojosa. Two land races, NC.Ac. 17090 and EC. 76446 (292) were more resistant than either PI. 259747 or PI. 298115 which were reported resistant by other workers. In addition, NCAc. 17030, NCAc. 17132, NC.Ac. 17129, NC. Ac. 17135 and NC.Ac. 17124 were moderately resistant. Four cultivars or lines with different levels of resistance in the field were tested in the greenhouse at three different stages in development. The results indicated that resistance increased as the plants aged.
Effect of Three Ca Sources Applied On Peanuts I. Productivity and Seed Quality1
Authors: Hallock D. L. , Allison A. H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The relative effectiveness of United States Gypsum granular 420 Landplaster Bulk (420-Bulk) and Texasgulf Gypsum (Tg Gypsum) were compared with finely ground anhydrite (Bagged-LP) as sources of supplemental Ca for Florigiant peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Treatments included the above sources at rates of 605 kg/ha banded (61 cm) or 907 kg/ha broadcast (91-cm wide rows) of CaSO4 equivalent per unit area covered (double these rates of 420-Bulk and Bagged-LP also were applied in 1977). Times of application were planting, planting + ca 30 days, and early flowering stage. The experiments were located on Kenansville lfs (Arenic Hapludult) in 1977 and on Rumford lfs (Typic Hapludult) in 1978.
The Ca treatments increased crop yields from 360 to 1,200 kg/ha and crop value (yield × price) from $343 to $889/ha over the check in 1977. Slightly lower yield increases were obtained in 1978 when dry conditions prevailed during fruit maturation. Kernel size grades were improved markedly by all Ca treatments in 1977. There was a definite trend both years (significant in 1978) toward higher productivity when the Ca sources were applied at the early flowering stage compared to earlier applications. No difference was noted between methods of application of Bagged-LP or Tg Gypsum in 1978. Double rates of Bagged-LP or 420-Bulk in 1977 did not increase productivity over the low rates. A single application of Bagged-LP was as effective as split applications in the 1978 test.
Germinability of seed in 1977 averaged 85% or higher for all Ca treatments. Seed germination in 1978 averaged 75%, 69% and 74% in plots where Tg Gypsum, 420-Bulk or Bagged-LP was applied, respectively. Germination was lowest in the check plots both years. Germinability and seed-Ca contents were significantly higher in 1978 when the Ca sources were applied at the early flowering stage (ca July 1) than 15 days earlier.
Seed-Ca contents both years and K contents in 1978 were significantly correlated with germinability. The correlation coefficients were only 0.4 in each case and the relationship was negative for K.
In general, 420-Bulk, Tg Gypsum, or Bagged-LP were equally effective sources of supplemental Ca for peanuts. However, when fruit mature under very dry conditions 420-Bulk may be somewhat inferior to the other Ca sources especially when applied before early flowering.
Pressing Peanuts with a Ring-Cage Screw Press1
Authors: Johnson L. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A ring-cage screw press was examined as a means of reducing protein insolublization and chemical browning of peanut protein during prepressing of peanuts. It was found possible to prepress uncooked peanuts with moderate heat exposure. Effects of conditioning temperature, screw press pressure and screw press temperature on quality of peanut flour were surveyed. Some protein damage occurred during conditioning but the greatest amount of protein insolublization occurred during screw pressing. The rate of post screw press cooling had little effect on protein solubility. The ring-cage screw press was able to press conditioned peanuts to 5–10% residual oil with less heat damage than occurs in cooking and screw pressing, as commercially practiced. Improved pressing conditions for producing food-grade peanut flour using the ring-cage screw press were identified as conditioning seed to 60°C within 6 min. and pressing at 60°C. Increased soluble protein and less chemical browning resulted in ring-cage screw pressed, solvent extracted flour than occurring in conventionally processed peanut flour.
Effect of Gypsum on Yield, Grade and Incidence of Pod Rot in Five Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Walker M. E. , Csinos A. S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Five cultivars of peanuts, (Arachis hypogaea L.), Florunner, Tifrun, Florigiant, Ga. 194 Va. and Early Bunch, were grown at Tifton, Ga. on a Stilson loamy sand, low in calcium (356 kg/ha), and at Plains, Ga. on a Greenville sandy loam, relatively higher in calcium (752 kg/ha), for three years (1977–79) to study the response of yield, grade and incidence of pod rot with applications of gypsum. Plots were topdressed with 0, 560, 1120, or 1680 kg/ha of gypsum. Pod rot did not occur at Plains and no significant difference occurred among gypsum rates for yield, percentages of sound mature kernels (SMK), extra large kernels (ELK), and value/ha for any cultivar. However, significant differences were detected for these variables among cultivars. At Tifton, severe pod rot occurred on plots receiving no gypsum, but the severity decreased for all cultivars as the rate of gypsum applied was increased. Differences in yield, percentages of SMK, ELK, pod rot, value/ha and kernel calcium occurred among cultivars, grown at different gypsum rates. Florunner was significantly higher in yield, percent SMK, and value/ha than the other cultivars at all gypsum rates, and significantly lower in pod rot at 0 and 560 kg/ha gypsum. The amount of calcium in kernels increased for most cultivars as rates of gypsum increased. These data support previous work which indicated a suppression of pod rot and an increase in yield and kernel calcium with applications of gypsum.
The Effects of Irrigation, Inoculants and Fertilizer Nitrogen on Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). I. Nitrogen Fixation
Authors: Reddy V. M. , Tanner J. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Effects of irrigation, inoculants and fertilizer nitrogen (N) on N2(C2H2) fixation in peanuts were studied in 1976 and 1977 at Delhi, Ontario. Inoculant application increased nodulation and N-fixation in both years. Powdered peat and granular formulations containing the same strains of rhizobia resulted in almost the same amounts of nodulation and N-fixation (80 kg/ha on average). Differences in nodulation from inoculants containing different strains of rhizobia were not consistent over the two years. However, 60% difference in N-fixation resulted from the inoculants containing different strains of rhizobia in both years. Nitrogen application decreased the nodule number, nodule dry weight, and N-fixation of all the inoculated peanuts. Irrigation increased the N-fixation of the peanuts treated with granular inoculant in 1976 by an average of 45% and all the inoculated peanuts in 1977 by an average of 54% but had no effect on nodulation in either year.
The Nature of Yield Responses of Florunner Peanuts To Lime
Authors: Adams Fred , Hartzog D. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The effectiveness of spring-applied agricultural limestone and topdressed gypsum as Ca sources for Florunner peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production was determined in 78 on-farm experiments in southeastern Alabama during 1972–1979. Dolomitic and calcine limestones were incorporated into the upper 10 cm of soil at a rate of 2.24 metric ton/ha, and gypsum (CaSO4 •2H2 O) was topdressed at early bloom at 560 kg/ha. Limestone and gypsum were essentially equal sources of Ca except on a Bonifay sand where gypsum was inferior. Lime applied in this manner apparently increased yield and grade because of its Ca content and not because it increased soil pH. Limestone disked-in just prior to planting did not need a Ca supplement in the form of top-dressed gypsum. Only one instance of Mg deficiency was identified, and that was on a low-Mg soil with very little clay in its profile.
Weed Control in Peanuts with Ethalfluralin1
Authors: Brecke B. J. , Currey W. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Ethalfluralin [N-ethyl-n-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine], a recently introduced dinitroaniline herbicide, was tested at two locations in Florida for weed control in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). When applied alone as a preplant incorporated (PPI) treatment at 0.8 and 1.7 kg/ha, and as a preemergence or ground cracking (GC) treatment at 1.1 and 2.2 kg/ha, ethalfluralin provided 85 to 100% control of goosegrass (Eleucine indica (L.) Guerin.), crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel), and Florida pusley (Richardia scabra L.) without peanut injury. Excellent control of Florida beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum (SW.) DC.) and smallflower momingglory (Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb.) (100 and 97% respectively) was observed at one location when ehalfluralin was applied at 1.7 kg/ha PPI. Consistent control of both grass and broad-leaf weeds required a combination of ethalfluralin with naptalam (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid) plus dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) applied at GC. This herbicide program provided weed control comparable to that obtained with the standard GC treatment of alachlor (2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide) plus naptalam + dinoseb.
Thermal Requirements for Development of the Rednecked Peanutworm, Stegasta Bosqueella.1
Authors: Wall R. G. , Berberet R. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Thermal requirements for development of life stages in the rednecked peanutworm, Stegasta bosqueella (Chambers), were determined. Embryonic, larval, and pupal threshold temperatures were 11.7°C (53°F), 11.0°C (52°F), and 12.2°C (54°F), respectively. Mean C° day accumulations required for completion of life stages were: 66.5 — egg, 156.0 — larva (to prepupa), 25.1 — prepupa, and 94.2 — pupa.
Relation of the Seed/Hull Ratio to Yield And Dollar Value in Peanut Production1
Authors: Pattee Harold E. , Wynne Johnny C. , Sanders Timothy H. , Schubert A. Michael 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The seed/hull ratio maturity index (SHMI) methodology has been modified to better meet less than optimal growing conditins. The modifications include sampling methodology for minimizing variation in small plot samples, rapid drying of samples to minimize variation due to moisture content differences, and a preferred method for estimating SHMI. Data are also given on variations in the seed/hull ratio found in selected commercially grown cultivars of peanuts. The optimum seed/hull ratio values for ‘NC5’, ‘NC2’, and ‘Florigiant’ are between 2.9 and 3.1. Correlations between yield, dollar value, and the seed/hull ratio were found to be significant for NC5, NC2, and Florigiant.
Spore Production and Latent Period as Mechanisms of Resistance to Cercospora Arachidicola in Four Peanut Genotypes 1,3
Authors: Foster D. J. , Beute M. K. , Wynne J. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Arachis batizocoi, A. monticola and two genotypes of A. hypogaea (‘Florigiant’ and PI 109839) chosen to represent differing levels of resistance to early leafspot (Cercospora arachidicola) were evaluated for their effects on production of conidia per lesion, conidia per unit area of lesion and latent period necessary for sporulation. The largest lesions and the most conidia per lesion and unit lesion area were produced on cultivar ‘Florigiant’. PI 109839 had smaller lesions than Florigiant. Fewer conidia per lesion and per unit lesion area were produced on PI 109839 than Florigiant C. arachidicola sporulated abundantly on lesions from both Florigiant and PI 109839 15 days after inoculation. Size of lesions and conidia per lesion did not differ between A. monticola and PI 109839 but conidia per unit lesion area were fewer on A. monticola. The smallest lesions and the fewest conidia per lesion and per unit lesion area were produced on A. batizocoi. C. arachidicola did not begin sporulating on A. monticola and A. batizocoi until 18 days after inoculation. Sporulation of C. arachidicola was observed on defoliated leaves of A. monticola and A. batazocoi 21 days after inoculation.
Reaction of Spanish-Type Peanut Genotypes to Cylindrocladium Black Rot1
Authors: Coffelt T. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Twelve peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes of the Spanish botanical type and two of the Valencia botanical type were compared for reaction to the soil-borne pathogen, Cylindrocladium crotalariae (Loos) Bell & Sobers, that causes Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) in peanuts. In Virginia, experiments were conducted in three fields (two in 1974 and one in 1975) with a history of severe CBR in previous peanut crops. The Spanish genotypes included all current cultivars grown commercially in the United States. Valencia genotypes (PI 355982 and 355987) were included as reference standards because of their known susceptibility to CBR.
Differences among genotypes were significant on the bases of percent diseased plants and visual scores of root and pod damage at each field and combined across fields. Differences also were significant among fields for percent diseased plants and pod damage score and for the genotype by field interaction for percent diseased plants. All Spanish genotypes were significantly lower in percent diseased plants than the Valencia checks. Pod and root damage scores indicated that different genetic mechanisms might control pod and root resistance to CBR. A high degree of resistance is available in Spanish genotypes, but critical progeny selection for both pod and root resistance might be necessary for transfer of resistance in successive generations of a breeding program.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging for presurgical evaluation of very young pediatric patients with epilepsy
Authors: Shurtleff Hillary , Warner Molly , Poliakov Andrew , Bournival Brian , Shaw Dennis W. , Ishak Gisele , Yang Tong , Karandikar Mahesh , Saneto Russell P. , Browd Samuel R. , Ojemann Jeffrey G. 
Published: April 2010

Object
The authors describe their experience with functional MR (fMR) imaging in children as young as 5 years of age, or even younger in developmental age equivalent. Functional MR imaging can be useful for identifying eloquent cortex prior to surgical intervention. Most fMR imaging clinical work has been done in adults, and although children as young as 8 years of age have been included in larger clinical series, cases in younger children are rarely reported.

Methods
The authors reviewed presurgical fMR images in eight patients who were 8 years of age or younger, six of whom were 5 or 6 years of age. Each patient had undergone neuropsychological testing. Three patients functioned at a below-average level, with adaptive functioning age scores of 3 to 4 years. Self-paced finger tapping (with passive movement in one patient) and silent language tasks were used as activation tasks. The language task was modified for younger children, for whom the same (not novel) stimuli were used for extensive practice ahead of time and in the MR imaging unit. Patient preparation involved techniques such as having experienced staff present to work with patients and providing external management during imaging. Six of eight patients had extensive training and practice prior to the procedure. In the two youngest patients, this training included use of a mock MR unit.

Results
All cases yielded successful imaging. Finger tapping in all seven of the patients who could perform it demonstrated focal motor activation in the frontal-parietal region, with expected activation elsewhere, including in the cerebellum. Three of four patients had the expected verb generation task activations, with left-hemisphere dominance, including a 6-year-old child who functioned at the 3-year, 9-month level. The only child (an 8-year-old) who was not prepared prior to the imaging session for the verb generation task failed this task due to movement artifact.

Conclusions
Despite the challenges of successfully using fMR imaging in very young and clinically involved patients, these studies can be performed successfully in children with a chronological age of 5 or 6 years and a developmental age as young as 3 or 4 years.
Prevalence of previous extracranial malignancies in a series of 1228 patients presenting with meningioma
Authors: Sughrue Michael E. , Kane Ari J. , Shangari Gopal , Parsa Andrew T. , Berger Mitchel S. , McDermott Michael W. 
Published: April 2010

Object
The study of patients with multiple neoplasms can yield valuable insight into the common pathogenesis of both diseases, as well as identify more subtle risk factors that might not be as readily apparent otherwise. The authors present an analysis of the prevalence of previously diagnosed extracranial malignancies at the time of meningioma diagnosis in 1228 patients evaluated at a single institution.

Methods
All patients who underwent evaluation and/or treatment for meningioma between 1991 and 2007 at the authors' institution were identified. The intake history and physical were assessed for any history of extracranial malignancy. Using the National Cancer Institute data, the authors calculated an expected cancer prevalence for their meningioma patient population, and compared this derived value to the observed rate of these cancers in this population.

Results
There were 1228 patients included in this study. A total of 50 patients (4.1%) with newly diagnosed meningioma had a history of an extracranial malignant tumor at the time of their initial meningioma diagnosis. In general, most malignancies did not differ in prevalence from their expected frequency in the population in the present study. Notable exceptions were acute leukemia (p < 0.0001), and papillary thyroid carcinoma, which had a prevalence 2.5 times that expected in this population (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
The data support a growing body of evidence suggesting an epidemiological link between papillary carcinoma of the thyroid and meningioma. Although the link between these tumors is not immediately apparent, it is possible that further exploration will yield interesting insight into the pathogenesis of both diseases.
Peripheral Blood Perfusion Correlates with Microvascular Abnormalities in Systemic Sclerosis: A Laser-Doppler and Nailfold Videocapillaroscopy Study
Authors: CUTOLO MAURIZIO , FERRONE CARMELA , PIZZORNI CARMEN , SOLDANO STEFANO , SERIOLO BRUNO , SULLI ALBERTO 
Published: May 2010

Objective.To investigate possible correlations between fingertip blood perfusion (FBP) status, assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), and morphological microvascular abnormalities, detected by nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC), in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). The effects on FBP of intravenous (IV) treatment with the prostacyclin analog iloprost were also investigated.Methods.Thirty-four consecutive patients with SSc and 16 healthy subjects were evaluated. LDF was performed by analyzing blood perfusion at the fingertips in both hands. Patients with SSc were distributed into the appropriate NVC pattern of microangiopathy (early, active, and late). Iloprost was administered to inpatients with SSc by 24-hour IV infusion for 7 consecutive days (4 μg/h).Results.FBP was significantly lower in patients with SSc (p < 0.05) compared to controls. Heating of the LDF probe at 36°C induced a significant increase of FBP in all subjects (p < 0.001), but the slope of variation was significantly lower in patients with SSc compared to controls (p < 0.05). Patients with SSc showing the late NVC pattern of microangiopathy had significantly lower FBP than patients with the active and early NVC patterns (p < 0.05). A negative correlation was observed between FBP and NVC rating of the microvascular damage (p < 0.05). After iloprost treatment, a significant increase of FBP was observed in patients with SSc (p < 0.05).Conclusion.Patients with SSc show a decreased FBP partially reversible by local skin heating. The FBP correlated negatively with the extent of nailfold microvascular damage, and IV iloprost treatment increased the FBP.
Cutting Edge: Mechanical Forces Acting on T Cells Immobilized via the TCR Complex Can Trigger TCR Signaling
Authors: Li Ya-Chen , Chen Bing-Mae , Wu Pei-Chun , Cheng Tian-Lu , Kao Lung-Sen , Tao Mi-Hua , Lieber Andre , Roffler Steve R. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Engagement of the TCR by antigenic peptides presented by the MHC activates specific T cells to control infections. Recent theoretical considerations have suggested that mechanical forces acting on the TCR may be important for receptor triggering. In this study, we directly tested the hypothesis that physical forces acting on the TCR can initiate signaling in T cells by micromanipulation of individual T cells bound to artificial APCs expressing engineered TCR ligands. We find that mechanical forces acting on T cells bound to APCs via the TCR complex but not other surface receptors can initiate signaling in T cells in an Src kinase-dependent fashion. Our data indicate that T cells are mechanically sensitive when coupled to APCs by the TCR and indicates that the TCR may act as a mechanosensor. Our data provide new insight into TCR function.
Surfactant Protein D-Mediated Decrease of Allergen-Induced Inflammation Is Dependent upon CTLA4
Authors: Lin Ko-Wei , Jen Kai Yu , Suarez Carlos Jose , Crouch Erika C. , Perkins David L. , Finn Patricia W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D), a member of the collectin family, is an innate immune molecule critical for defense that can also modulate adaptive immune responses. We previously showed that SP-D–deficient mice exhibit enhanced allergic responses and that SP-D induction requires lymphocytes. Thus, we postulated that SP-D may decrease adaptive allergic responses through interaction with T cells. In this study, we used two forms of SP-D, a dodecamer and a shorter fragment containing the trimeric neck and carbohydrate recognition domains (SP-D NCRD). Both forms decreased immune responses in vitro and in a murine model of pulmonary inflammation. SP-D NCRD increased transcription of CTLA4, a negative regulator of T cell activation, in T cells. SP-D NCRD no longer decreased lymphoproliferation and IL-2 cytokine production when CTLA4 signals were abrogated. Administration of SP-D NCRD in vivo no longer decreased allergen induced responses when CTLA4 was inhibited. Our results indicate that SP-D decreases allergen responses, an effect that may be mediated by increase of CTLA4 in T cells.