bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The persisting presacral sinus after anastomotic leakage following anterior resection or restorative proctocolectomy
Authors: van Koperen P. J. , van der Zaag E. S. , Omloo J. M. T. , Slors J. F. M. , Bemelman W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAim  Despite improvements in anastomotic technique, anastomotic leakage is frequently encountered following anterior resection. This can eventually evolve into a presacral sinus. This study assessed the incidence, the natural course and the outcome of persisting presacral sinus.Method  Patients who underwent low anterior resection (LAR) for cancer or restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) for ulcerative colitis or familial polyposis were eligible. Patients with anastomotic leakage or a presacral abscess were included. Outcome parameters included a persistent presacral sinus, or its closure and average time to closure and the stoma closure rate.Results  Twenty‐five patients were identified with a sinus after LAR (n = 20) or RPC (n = 5). A persistent sinus was present in nine (1%) of 834 patients after LAR and two (0.9%) of 229 patients after RPC. Definitive resolution of the sinus occurred in 12 (52%) of 23 assessable patients. This was achieved at a median of 340 days (range 23–731 days). At final follow‐up, nine of the 23 patients had permanent faecal diversion because of recurrent abscess or persistent sinus formation, seven after LAR and two after RPC.Conclusion  A significant proportion of patients with anastomotic leakage after rectal surgery develop a chronic sinus, of which only half heal over time. Persisting sinus is the main reason for a permanent stoma.
Multimodality in the individual size distributions of bird communities
Authors: Thibault Katherine M. , White Ethan P. , Hurlbert Allen H. , Ernest S. K. Morgan 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTAim Body size often plays a significant role in community assembly through its impacts on the life history and ecological attributes of species. Insight into the importance of size in structuring communities can be gained by examining the distribution of sizes of individuals [i.e. the individual size distribution (ISD) or size spectrum] in a community. ISDs have been studied extensively in aquatic and tree communities, but have received little attention in terrestrial animal communities. Here, we conduct the first macroecological analysis of ISDs in terrestrial animal communities to determine whether they show broad‐scale consistency in shape.Location North America, north of Mexico.Methods Using likelihood‐based methods and Gaussian mixture modelling, coupled with data from the Breeding Bird Survey and Christmas Bird Count, we determine whether the ISDs for thousands of breeding and wintering North American bird communities are: (1) monotonically decreasing, (2) unimodal or (3) multimodal.Results We find that avian ISDs are consistently multimodal, with most characterized by more than five modes in both breeding and wintering communities from local to continental scales. In addition, the positions of these modes along the size axis are remarkably consistent.Main conclusions The striking consistency in the ISD within bird communities, as with tree and aquatic communities, indicates that the ISD is an important and informative characterization of resource utilization within an ecological assemblage. The differences in shape of the ISD among these groups also suggest that differences in body size‐related constraints affect interactions within a group and with the environment. Our results confirm that avian assemblages do exhibit structure along the body size axis, and therefore it will be fruitful to explore this pattern in greater detail.
Organizational Accidents: A Systemic Model of Production versus Protection
Authors: Goh Yang Miang , Love Peter E. D. , Brown Helen , Spickett Jeffery 
Published: July 2010

abstractProduction pressure is often cited as an underlying contributory factor of organizational accidents. The relationship, however, between production and safety protection is complex and has not been adequately addressed by current theories regarding organizational accident. In addressing this gap, this paper uses the methodology of system dynamics to develop a causal model to address the dynamic interaction between management of production and protection, which can accumulate in an organizational accident. A case study of a fatal rock fall accident in Tasmania, Australia was conducted based on the developed model and is used to uncover the intricate dynamics linking production pressure, risk tolerability, perception of safety margin, and protection efforts. In particular, the study demonstrates how a strong production focus can trigger a vicious cycle of deteriorating risk perception and how increased protection effort can, ironically, lead to deterioration of protection.
The Influence of Top Management Team's Corporate Governance Orientation on Strategic Renewal Trajectories: A Longitudinal Analysis of Royal Dutch Shell plc, 1907–2004
Authors: Kwee Zenlin , Van Den Bosch Frans A. J. , Volberda Henk W. 
Published: July 2010

abstractUsing the upper echelons perspective together with corporate governance and strategic renewal literature, this paper investigates how top managers' corporate governance orientation influences a firm's strategic renewal trajectories over time. Through both a qualitative analysis (1907–2004) and a quantitative analysis (1959–2004), we investigate this under‐researched question within the context of a large incumbent firm: Royal Dutch Shell plc. Our results indicate that top managers having an Anglo‐Saxon corporate governance orientation are more likely to pursue exploitative and external‐growth strategic renewal trajectories, while those having a Rhine corporate governance orientation are more likely to pursue exploratory and internal‐growth strategic renewal trajectories. We also found a positive moderating effect of the proportion of shareholders from the Anglo‐Saxon countries on exploitative and external‐growth strategic renewal trajectories. Our findings indicate that top managers' corporate governance orientation can be an important antecedent of strategic renewal and of organizational ambidexterity, both of which influence corporate longevity.
Stochastic efficiency analysis with risk aversion bounds: a comment
Authors: Hardaker J. B. , Lien Gudbrand 
Published: July 2010

A recent contribution by Meyer et al. (2009, p. 521) corrected an error of fact by Hardaker et al. (2004b, p. 253) about the comparison between stochastic dominance with respect to a function (SDRF) and stochastic efficiency with respect to a function (SERF). While both methods compare risky prospects for a bounded range of degrees of risk aversion, SERF, unlike SDRF, also demands an assumption that a chosen measure of risk aversion is constant over all levels of outcomes being evaluated. It is argued that it is generally reasonable to make such an assumption, especially when the form of the utility function and the bounds on the degree of risk aversion are carefully chosen. Then SERF has the advantage that it can lead to a smaller efficient set than that identified by SDRF. SERF also has advantages of ease and transparency in use.
Political Culture, Konrad Adenauer, and the Reunification of Germany: an Attempt at Sorting Out a Number of Problems in a Current Debate.
Authors: SUNDHAUSSEN ULF 
Published: July 2010

Alfred Heuss, Versagen und Verhaengnis, Vom Ruin deutscher Geschichte und ihres Verstaendnisses (Failure and Disaster, On the Ruin of German History and its Comprehension), Berlin: Siedler, 1984, 213 pp.; Herbert Ammon and Theodor Schweisfurth, Friedensvertrag, Deutsche Konfoederation, Europaeisches Sicherheitssystem (Peace Treaty, German Confederacy, European Security System), Starnberg: IBF Verlag, 1985, 95 pp.;Hans‐Peter Schwarz, Die gezaehmten Deutschen, von der Machtbesessenheit zur Machtvergessenheit (The Tamed Germans, From the Obsession with Power to the Oblivion of Power), Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 1985, 191 pp.;Hans‐Peter Schwarz, Adenauer, Der Aufstieg: 1876–1952 (Adenauer, The Rise: 1876–1952). Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 1986, 1021 pp.;Dieter Blumenwitz and Boris Meissner (eds.), Die Uebenvindung der europaeischen Teilung und die deutsche Frage (The Surmounting of the Division of Europe and the German Question), Cologne: Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik, 1986, 143 pp.;Wolfgang Seiffert, Das ganze Deutschland, Perspektiven der Wiedervereinigung (The Whole Germany, Perspectives of Re‐Unification), Munich‐Zurich: Piper, 1986, 377 pp.
Genocide yet again: Scenes of Rwanda and Ethical Witness in the Human Rights Memoir
Authors: Gigliotti Simone 
Published: July 2010

This article investigates three recent human rights memoirs that chronicle the Rwandan genocide of 1994: Emergency Sex (and other desperate measures): True Stories from a War Zone, Shake Hands with the Devil: the failure of humanity in Rwanda, and The Zanzibar Chest: a memoir of love and war. I use these memoirs to explore the complexities of bearing witness to ethnic violence and war as an autobiographical subject shaped by the memory of historical atrocity — as a besieged self in traumatic occupations of the UN protector (Roméo Dallaire), lawyer (Kenneth Cain), and war correspondent (Aidan Hartley). Finally, I suggest that the authors of these memoirs are secondary witnesses, claimants to ethical truths and writers of atrocity testimony that complicate the burgeoning life‐telling compulsion of what is and who can claim to be a genocide victim.“Your mind with time, in fact, doesn't erase things that are traumas. It makes them clearer. They become digitally clearer and then you are able to sit back and all of a sudden have every individual scene come to you instead of the massive blur of many scenes I saw every day. The accumulation of the spirits that would come to you at night in the form of eyes, thousands of eyes, some mad, some simply there, and others bewildered, innocent children and adults, all that accumulated to the fact that I simply totally broke down”. (Roméo Dallaire)“What's true is that we didn't understand at the time the full magnitude of what was happening. I was an ant walking over the rough hide of an elephant. I had no idea of the scale of what I was witnessing. And when I did become aware I discovered Rwanda was way beyond my limited talents as a correspondent”. (Aidan Hartley, The Zanzibar Chest)“I don't know who saved the honor of mankind during my time in the field, but I do know that an ancestral memory of tyranny commands me not to keep silent. There is no ambiguity here. I am a witness. I have a voice. I have to write it down”. (Kenneth Cain, Emergency Sex)
Post‐War Reconstruction and the New World Order: The Origins Of Gough Whitlam's Democratic Citizen*
Authors: Hocking Jenny 
Published: July 2010

Gough Whitlam's father was one of Australia's most significant public servants. Deputy Crown Solicitor and Crown Solicitor at a time of great constitutional and international change, Frederick Whitlam maintained an unusually advanced perspective on the use of international instruments to protect rights and to expand powers of nationhood. Gough Whitlam's war‐time experiences in the Air Force, in particular during the referendum campaign to expand Commonwealth Powers to aid post‐war reconstruction, cemented these aspects as central to his developing notions of democratic citizenship. In his 1973 Sir Robert Garran Memorial lecture, fourteen years after his father had delivered the inaugural oration, Gough Whitlam acknowledged the influence of his father as a “great public servant” committed to public service and the developing institutions of internationalism: “I am Australia's first Prime Minister with that particular background”. This paper explores “that particular background”.I have never wavered from my fundamental belief that until the national government became involved in great matters like schools and cities, this nation would never fulfil its real capabilities.1
“Real Solemn History” and its Discontents: Australian Political History and the Challenge of Social History
Authors: Bongiorno Frank 
Published: July 2010

The relationship between Australian political and social history has received little historiographical attention. Political history has been lauded or, more often, dismissed as traditional historical practice, while from the 1960s social history took its place as a catch‐all phrase for various “new” histories concerned with everyday life. This article examines the place of political and social history in the nascent Australian academic historical profession of the 1950s to the early 1970s, and then explores the impact of the new social history on academic political history. It will suggest that while there was only limited exchange before the late 1980s, in the last twenty years social history has contributed modestly to a reconstituted understanding of political history as part of lived experience.“[…] I can read poetry and plays, and things of that sort, and do not dislike travels. But history, real solemn history, I cannot be interested in. Can you?”“Yes, I am fond of history.”“I wish I were too. I read it a little as a duty, but it tells me nothing that does not either vex or weary me. The quarrels of popes and kings, with wars or pestilences, in every page; the men all so good for nothing, and hardly any women at all — it is very tiresome: and yet I often think it odd that it should be so dull, for a great deal of it must be invention […]”.1
The role of governmentality in the establishment, maintenance and demise of professional jurisdictions: the case of geriatric medicine
Authors: Pickard Susan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the professionalising of geriatric medicine in the UK roughly between the 1940s and the 1970s and locates it in terms of the broader context of the relationship between the professions and the state. It looks at how this relationship shaped geriatric medicine’s professional jurisdiction, including the discourses of expertise on the one hand and the constituting of the ‘subjects’ of such expertise on the other. In contrast to other sociological approaches to the professions, which highlight the negative impact of state encroachment on professional territory, this paper contends that without the backing of the Ministry of Health the specialty may never have established itself in the face of prolonged opposition from rival specialists. However, such support was predicated on the specialty’s highlighting particular legitimating discourses and practices at the expense of others, and in framing this in terms of specific policy concerns around an ageing population. Whilst this imprinted the profession with the stamp of governmentality, it also contributed to the broader problematising of old age in the twentieth century. The paper concludes by considering the legacy of this context of professionalisation for the profession today.
Agents of their health? How the Swedish welfare state introduces expectations of individual responsibility
Authors: Michailakis Dimitris , Schirmer Werner 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn recent years, the notion of individual responsibility for one’s health has been introduced into Swedish medico‐political debate. Formerly expressed as a recommendation, it has now taken on the form of expectations. In a Swedish context, this shift from collective to individual responsibility is novel because it implies a break with well‐established welfare state practice of comprehensive care for their citizens. Using a systems‐theoretical approach, we interpret this shift of expectations as a political solution to the problem of legitimate allocation of scarce resources. A more inclusive medical conception of illness has facilitated the introduction of many new diagnoses that, in turn, have lead to a strong increase in claims for medical treatment and for compensation. This semantic change in medicine aggravates the budgetary situation of the welfare state. The political solution lies in a reorientation of the expectations the medical system can have on citizens as well as a shift of the expectations regarding the rights and obligations citizens can have on the medical system. Individuals are increasingly expected to live healthy lifestyles and to avoid hazardous habits. If they do not live up to these expectations, they have to face low prioritisation or denial of treatment.
Low genetic variation and evidence of limited dispersal in the regionally important Belize manatee
Authors: Hunter M. E. , Auil‐Gomez N. E. , Tucker K. P. , Bonde R. K. , Powell J. , McGuire P. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Antillean subspecies of the West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus is found throughout Central and South America and the Caribbean. Because of severe hunting pressure during the 17th through 19th centuries, only small populations of the once widespread aquatic mammal remain. Fortunately, protections in Belize reduced hunting in the 1930s and allowed the country's manatee population to become the largest breeding population in the Wider Caribbean. However, increasing and emerging anthropogenic threats such as coastal development, pollution, watercraft collision and net entanglement represent challenges to this ecologically important population. To inform conservation and management decisions, a comprehensive molecular investigation of the genetic diversity, relatedness and population structure of the Belize manatee population was conducted using mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA. Compared with other mammal populations, a low degree of genetic diversity was detected (HE=0.455; NA=3.4), corresponding to the small population size and long‐term exploitation. Manatees from the Belize City Cayes and Southern Lagoon system were genetically different, with microsatellite and mitochondrial FST values of 0.029 and 0.078, respectively (P≤0.05). This, along with the distinct habitats and threats, indicates that separate protection of these two groups would best preserve the region's diversity. The Belize population and Florida subspecies appear to be unrelated with microsatellite and mitochondrial FST values of 0.141 and 0.63, respectively (P≤0.001), supporting the subspecies designations and suggesting low vagility throughout the northern Caribbean habitat. Further monitoring and protection may allow an increase in the Belize manatee genetic diversity and population size. A large and expanding Belize population could potentially assist in the recovery of other threatened or functionally extinct Central American Antillean manatee populations.
Maned wolf survival rate in central Brazil
Authors: Sollmann R. , Furtado M. M. , Jácomo A. T. A. , Tôrres N. M. , Silveira L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough many carnivores are of conservation concern, most are poorly studied. The maned wolfChrysocyon brachyurusIlliger, 1811 is the largest South American canid with a broad distribution; however, the largest portion of its range is in the Brazilian Cerrado savannah, where due to intensive agricultural expansion, it is threatened by habitat loss. Maned wolf population trends are virtually unknown. We analyzed radio telemetry data from a 13‐year study in Emas National Park, central Brazil, with Burnham's live recapture/dead recovery models in the program MARK to obtain the first analytically sound estimate of the apparent maned wolf survival rate. We constructed 16 candidate models including variation in survival rate and resighting probability associated with an individual's sex or age and year of study. Apparent adult survival rate throughout the study ranged from 0.28 (se=0.08) to 0.97 (se=0.06). There was no evidence for sex specificity but strong support for time variation. Model weights supported an age effect and the subadult survival rate was 0.63 (se=0.15). Results indicate similar life patterns for male and female maned wolves and similar mortality risks for adults and subadults in the study area. The observed temporal fluctuations of adult survival rate are important for population dynamics as they decrease average population growth rates. Population dynamics are central for conservation planning and our results are an important step towards a better understanding of the maned wolf's ecology.
Proteasome inhibition modeling nigral neuron degeneration in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Xie Wenjie , Li Xuping , Li Chao , Zhu Wen , Jankovic Joseph , Le Weidong 
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 188–199.AbstractImpairment of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has been proposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mice with UPS impairment in the nigra have been used for investigating mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and for testing pre‐clinical drugs to treat PD. However, the pathological, biochemical and behavioral features of UPS impairment animal model of PD have not been fully evaluated. For this purpose, we developed a UPS impairment model of nigral dopamine (DA) neuron degeneration by microinjection with proteasome inhibitors lactacystin, PSI or MG‐132 into the medial forebrain bundle (iMFB) of C57BL/6 mice and then systematically examined the animal’s locomotor activities, and various pathological and biochemical markers of PD. We found that lactacystin iMFB induced a sustained DA neuron degeneration, which can be reproduced by PSI iMFB and MG‐132 iMFB. In the animal model, DA neuron degenerated preferentially in the substantia nigra, accompanied by profound inhibition of proteasomal activity, activation of caspase 3, elevated insoluble ubiquitin conjugates and α‐synuclein positive inclusion‐like granules, activated glia, and decreased motor activities. Thus, this model recapitulates many neuropathological and behavioral features of PD, rendering it likely suitable for studying the mechanisms of nigral DA neuron degeneration and for testing the potential anti‐PD medications.
Fluo‐cAMP is transported by multidrug resistance‐associated protein isoform 4 in rat choroid plexus
Authors: Reichel Valeska , Kläs Juliane , Fricker Gert , Masereeuw Rosalinde 
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 200–208.AbstractThe choroid plexuses (CP) are responsible for transport of micronutrients into brain and clearance of toxic compounds, in addition to its barrier function and production of CSF. Multidrug resistance‐associated protein (Mrp) 4 is one transport protein highly expressed in CP tissue and is characterized as a versatile pump for toxicants and signalling molecules. Aim of the study was to determine transport characteristics of a fluorescent cAMP analog in rat CP and to define whether fluo‐cAMP can be used for analyses of function, substrate/inhibitor specificity and regulation of Mrp4. Confocal imaging was used to analyze transport mechanisms in absence and presence of various modulators of organic anion transport in freshly isolated and functionally intact CP. Fluo‐cAMP transport was saturable, selective, concentrative and metabolism‐dependent, following an active two‐step mechanism composed of apical uptake into epithelial cells and basolateral efflux. Uptake included a Na+‐dependent and a Na+‐independent component and was inhibited by estrone sulfate, taurocholate and sildenafil indicating involvement of organic anion transporting polypeptide Oatp1a5. Efflux was composed of an indirect Na+‐dependent component and a component inhibitable by, for example, the MRP4 substrates/inhibitors, sulindac sulfide and 4‐(2‐aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride. Therefore, fluo‐cAMP can be used as fluorescent model compound for studying involvement of Mrp4 in signalling pathways and neuroprotection in CP.