bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What does the clinical doctorate in physical therapy mean for rural communities?
Authors: King Jennifer , Freburger Janet K. , Slifkin Rebecca T. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackground and Purpose. The transition to the Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) as the entry‐level degree for physical therapists in the United States is nearly complete. Little is known about how the transition has affected the characteristics of the physical therapy workforce or the provision of physical therapy services. Effects may be particularly acute in rural communities with persistent health‐care provider shortages. The study objectives were to explore the early impact of the DPT on the supply and quality of physical therapy care in rural areas and to identify issues for future research. Methods. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected through semi‐structured telephone interviews. The interview subjects were education programme directors, directors of physical therapy at rural hospitals and presidents of state physical therapy associations. Results. The respondents provided little evidence that the DPT has had a significant impact on the supply or quality of physical therapy in rural areas thus far. There are problems with the supply of physical therapists in rural communities, but few respondents attributed this directly to the DPT. Few respondents believed the DPT has improved the quality of physical therapy care in rural settings, noting that experience was the main factor that contributed to quality of care. However, several respondents believed the DPT may impact the supply and quality of rural physical therapy in the future; about half were concerned about the potential for negative effects on the supply of physical therapists in rural areas. Conclusions. In general, the respondents did not indicate that the DPT has had large effects on rural health care. However, future research should consider the negative and positive effects that may occur as DPT therapists make up a larger share of the workforce. Further, there are several areas where increased collaboration could be mutually beneficial to physical therapy educators, practitioners and rural communities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐supported flare‐stack vibrations in ammonia plant
Authors: Stevens Rob , Desai Umesh R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractQatar Fertilizers Company (QAFCO), Ammonia‐3 is a 1,500 metric tons per day (MTPD) plant, designed, supplied, and commissioned by a company (Division of Thyssen Krupp Group) (UHDE) in 1997. The main gas flare stack is a self‐supported free‐standing structure with a height of 70.5 m, located in the middle of the plant. Excessive vibrations/shaking of the flare and flare structure were observed due to mixing of NH3 and CO2 rich gases in the presence of water. Ammonium carbonate and bicarbonate sludge (salts) formed in the flare stack and increased resistance to the gas flow path. The partial blockage increased the pressure at the flare‐stack bottom and the sudden release of the gases gave vibrations (surging effects) to the flare stack. The flare stack was drained after unplugging the stack‐bottom drains. Hot‐process gases (167°C) from the low temperature shift converter (LTS) outlet were lined up to the flare stack in small quantity to melt the deposits. Flare vibrations completely stopped after 3 days. Inspection of the weld joints and foundation bolts was done, and no abnormalities were found. No vibrations were observed during all normal/emergency plant shutdowns faced after the incident. The work describes the root cause of unique experience of flare‐stack vibrations, and the way the problem was solved online. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Conformational properties of the residues connected by ester and methylated amide bonds: theoretical and solid state conformational studies
Authors: Siodłak Dawid , Janicki Anna 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPeptides produced by bacteria and fungi often contain an ester bond in the main chain. Some of them have both an ester and methylated amide bond at the same residue. A broad spectrum of biological activities makes these depsipeptides potential drug precursors. To investigate the conformational properties of such modified residues, a systematic theoretical analysis was performed on N‐acetyl‐L‐alanine N′‐methylamide (Ac‐Ala‐NHMe) and the analogues with the ester bond on the C‐terminus (Ac‐Ala‐OMe), N‐terminus (Ac‐[psi](COO)‐Ala‐NHMe) as well as the analogues methylated on the N‐terminus (Ac‐(Me)Ala‐OMe) and C‐terminus (Ac‐[psi](COO)‐Ala‐NMe2). The ϕ, ψ potential energy surfaces and the conformers localised were calculated at the B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) level of theory both in vacuo and with inclusion of the solvent (chloroform, water) effect (SCRF method). The solid state conformations of the studied residues drawn from The Cambridge Structural Database have been also analysed. The residues with a C‐terminal ester bond prefer the conformations β, C5, and αR, whereas those with N‐terminal ester bond prefer the conformations β, αR, and the unique conformation α′ (ϕ, ψ = −146°, −12°). The residues with N‐terminal methylated amide and a C‐terminal ester bond prefer the conformations β, β2, and interestingly, the conformation αL. The residues with a C‐terminal methylated amide and an N‐terminal ester bond adopt primarily the conformation β. The description of the selective structural modifications, such as those above, is a step towards understanding the structure‐activity relationship of the depsipeptides, limited by the structural complexity of these compounds. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Nb doping on electronic and magnetic properties of half‐metallic CoMnSb semi‐Heusler compound from first‐principles calculations
Authors: Wu X. Y. , Zhang J. , Yuan H. K. , Kuang A. L. , Chen H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe investigate the effect of less 3d electrons on the electronic and magnetic properties of half‐Heusler alloys CoMn1−xNbxSb in a wide concentration range using first‐principles density‐functional calculations within the generalized gradient approximation. Our calculations indicate that for x < 0.5 the doped compounds are half‐metallic ferromagnets with the magnetic moments obeying Slater–Pauli rule quite well, while for the larger x the doped compounds become metallic and incompletely compensated ferrimagnets, and finally for x = 1 the corresponding compound is nonmagnetic metal. The local moment of Mn is insensitive to the x concentration as well as the magnetic interaction, revealing the localized nature of the magnetism due to the large exchange splitting of Mn‐d states. The total conduction electron spin polarization of Co or Nb and Sb atoms is always negative but drop off slowly with increasing x, suggesting that the ferromagnetic coupling is governed by the ferromagnetic RKKY‐type exchange mechanism, while the antiferromagnetic superexchange mechanism becomes important only for x ∼ 1, giving rise to the unstable ferromagnetism for x ∼ 1. The Curie temperature as well as ferromagnetic intensity decrease with increasing x, originating from the fact that the shift of the Fermi level from the top of the valence band to the bottom of the conduction band leads to the increase of the number of states just above the Fermi level and consequently the superexchange mechanism is more efficient.
Photoacoustic spectroscopy and electron spin resonance studies of defects in microcrystalline silicon thin films grown on rough surfaces
Authors: Toyama Toshihiko , Kurihara Masanori , Sobajima Yasushi , Okamoto Hiroaki , Takahashi Satoshi , Misaka Naoki , Tsutsumi Yasuo 
Published: January 2010

AbstractLight trapping is a crucial technique for increasing the photocurrent of solar cells, particularly that of microcrystalline (μc‐Si) thin‐film solar cells. Transparent conductive oxides with rough surfaces such as Al‐doped ZnO (AZO) have been used extensively for this purpose. In general, the surface morphology influences the film growth and photovoltaic performance; on extremely rough surfaces the photovoltaic performance deteriorates. In this article, the experimental results of photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy, performed on μc‐Si films deposited on various AZO surfaces, are presented as a function of AZO surface roughness σRMS, together with those derived from electron spin resonance. The amplitudes of the PA signals at 1.4 eV increased significantly when σRMS = 22 nm, a roughness where cracks were not observed in the μc‐Si. The amplitudes of the PA signals at 0.9 eV and the spin densities showed sigmoidal increases centered at a critical roughness of around 30 nm. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inversion domain boundaries in GaN studied by X‐ray microprobe
Authors: Martínez‐Criado Gema , Somogyi Andrea , Alén Benito , Miskys Claudio , Tucoulou Remi , Cloetens Peter , Sans Juan Angel , Susini Jean 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this study, we report on the application of synchrotron spectro‐microscopic techniques to the examination of inversion domain boundaries formed intentionally in a GaN‐based lateral polarity heterostructure. Using X‐ray sub‐microbeams, no evidence of field‐driven electrodiffusion effects has been observed on spatially separated inversion domain boundaries. In addition, XANES data around the Ga K‐edge strongly supported hexagonal Ga site configurations, suggesting high local order reconstruction. Based on inner‐shell excited luminescence on the micrometer scale, the uniform spectral distribution of the radiative centers was discussed. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A DFT study of the complexation behavior of hemispherands toward alkali metal cations
Authors: Shibl Mohamed F. , Hameed Salem A. , Elroby Shabaan A.K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA density functional theory study of the behavior of hemispherands toward alkali metal ions (Li+, Na+, and K+) is performed. The effect of the replacement of the rigid anisyl group(s) by the mobile ether group(s) on the binding energy of hemispherands with alkali metal ions is investigated. The results indicated that the binding energies are inversely proportional to the ionic radius of the cations. Moreover, increasing the flexibility of the ligand results in decreasing the binding toward small ions. The structures of the hosts and the guests are correlated to the binding energies, and the correlations are interpreted in terms of the principle of preorganization. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Applications of stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry in cattle dung carbon cycling studies
Authors: Dungait Jennifer A. J. , Bol Roland , Lopez‐Capel Elisa , Bull Ian D. , Chadwick David , Amelung Wulf , Granger Steven J. , Manning David A. C. , Evershed Richard P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractUnderstanding the fate of dung carbon (C) in soils is challenging due to the ubiquitous presence of the plant‐derived organic matter (OM), the source material from which both dung‐derived OM and soil organic matter (SOM) predominantly originate. A better understanding of the fate of specific components of this substantial source of OM, and thereby its contribution to C cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, can only be achieved through the use of labelled dung treatments. In this short review, we consider analytical approaches using bulk and compound‐specific stable carbon isotope analysis that have been utilised to explore the fate of dung‐derived C in soils. Bulk stable carbon isotope analyses are now used routinely to explore OM matter cycling in soils, and have shown that up to 20% of applied dung C may be incorporated into the surface soil horizons several weeks after application, with up to 8% remaining in the soil profile after one year. However, whole soil δ13C values represent the average of a wide range of organic components with varying δ13C values and mean residence times in soils. Several stable 13C isotope ratio mass spectrometric methods have been developed to qualify and quantify different fractions of OM in soils and other complex matrices. In particular, thermogravimetry‐differential scanning calorimetry‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (TG‐DSC‐IRMS) and gas chromatography‐combustion‐IRMS (GC‐C‐IRMS) analyses have been applied to determine the incorporation and turnover of polymeric plant cell wall materials from C4 dung into C3 grassland soils using natural abundance 13C isotope labelling. Both approaches showed that fluxes of C derived from polysaccharides, i.e. as cellulose or monosaccharide components, were more similar to the behaviour of bulk dung C in soil than lignin. However, lignin and its 4‐hydroxypropanoid monomers were unexpectedly dynamic in soil. These findings provide further evidence for emerging themes in biogeochemical investigations of soil OM dynamics that challenge perceived concepts of recalcitrance of C pools in soils, which may have profound implications for the assessment of the potential of agricultural soils to influence terrestrial C sinks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of an in vitro system combining aqueous and lipid phases as a tool to understand gastric nitrosation
Authors: Combet Emilie , Preston Tom , McColl Kenneth E. L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractNitrite has long been considered a potential pre‐carcinogen for gastric cancer. Acidification of salivary nitrite, derived from dietary nitrate, produces nitrosative species such as NOSCN, NO+ and N2O3, which can form potentially carcinogenic N‐nitroso compounds. Ascorbic acid inhibits nitrosation by converting the nitrosative species into nitric oxide (NO). However, NO diffuses rapidly to adjacent lipids, where it reacts with oxygen to reform nitrosative species. Nitrosation has been studied in vitro in aqueous systems and less frequently in organic systems; however, there is a need to investigate acid‐catalysed nitrosation in a system combining aqueous and lipid environments, hence providing a physiologically relevant model. Here, we describe a two‐phase system, which can be used as a tool to understand acid‐catalysed nitrosation. Using gas chromatography/ion trap tandem mass spectrometry, we investigated the nitrosation of secondary amines as a function of the lipid phase composition and reaction mixing. An increased interface surface area was a driver for nitrosation, while incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids affected morpholine and piperidine nitrosation differently. Linoleic acid methyl esters did not affect morpholine nitrosation and only had a limited effect on N‐nitrosopiperidine formation, while incorporation of free linoleic acid to the lipid phase significantly reduced N‐nitrosopiperidine formation, but increased N‐nitrosomorpholine formation at low levels. The mechanisms driving these effects are thought to involve amine partitioning, polarity and unsaturated fatty acids acting as scavengers of nitrosating species, findings relevant to the nitrosative chemistry occurring in the stomach, where the gastric acid meets a range of dietary fats which are emulsified during digestion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved measurement of protein synthesis in human subjects using 2H‐phenylalanine isotopomers and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Preston Tom , Small Alexandra C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSensitive methods to measure protein synthetic rate in vivo are required to assess changes in protein expression, especially when comparing healthy with infirm subjects. We have previously applied a ‘flooding dose’ procedure using 2H5‐phenylalanine (2H5‐phe) and 2H8‐phe isotopomers as tracers, which has proven successful in measuring albumin and fibrinogen synthesis in response to feeding in cancer patients. Using tert‐butyldimethylsilyl derivatives, we have observed that 2H7‐phe is formed with time in vivo from 2H8‐phe, probably during transamination. This increases errors when estimating the fractional synthetic rate (FSR) using the 2H8‐phe isotopomer compared with the 2H5‐phe isotopomer. We sought to improve this situation by use of an alternative derivative that overcomes this problem whilst also streamlining sample preparation. When using N‐ethoxycarbonyltrifluoroethyl (ECTFE) amino acid esters, 2H8‐phe is effectively converted into 2H7‐phe through fragmentation under electron ionisation (EI), allowing both 2H8‐phe and 2H7‐phe isotopomers to be measured as a single intense CH fragment at 98 Th. To illustrate the improved situation, the mean RMS residual was calculated for all albumin data, for each isotopomer and for each derivative. Albumin‐bound Phe was analysed as ECTFE‐phe with improved precision, independent of the isotopomer used, confirming that the new derivative is superior. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of a wireless power transmission system for an active capsule endoscope
Authors: Xin Wenhui , Yan Guozheng , Wang Wenxin 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundAn active capsule endoscope (ACE) will consume much more energy than can be power by batteries. Its orientation and position are always undetermined when it continues the natural way down the gastrointestinal track.MethodsIn order to deliver stable and sufficient energy to ACE safely, a wireless power transmission system based on inductive coupling is presented. The system consists of a Helmholtz primary coil outside and a multiple secondary coils inside the body. The Helmholtz primary coil is driven to generate a uniform alternating magnetic field covering the whole of the alimentary tract, and the multiple secondary coils receive energy regardless of the ACE's position and orientation relative to the generated magnetic field. The human tissue safety of the electromagnetic field generated by transmitting coil was evaluated, based on a high‐resolution realistic human model.ResultsAt least 310 mW usable power can be transmitted under the worst geometrical conditions. Outer dimensions of the power receiver, 10 mm diameter × 12 mm; transmitting power, 25 W; resonant frequency, 400 kHz. The maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) and current density of human tissues are 0.329 W/kg and 3.82 A/m2, respectively, under the basic restrictions of the International Commission on Non‐ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).ConclusionsThe designed wireless power transmission is shown to be feasible and potentially safe in a future application. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncountable graphs and invariant measures on the set of universal countable graphs
Authors: Petrov Fedor , Vershik Anatoly 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe give new examples and describe the complete lists of all measures on the set of countable homogeneous universal graphs and Ks‐free homogeneous universal graphs (for s ≥ 3) that are invariant with respect to the group of all permutations of the vertices. Such measures can be regarded as random graphs (respectively, random Ks‐free graphs). The well‐known example of Erdös–Rényi (ER) of the random graph corresponds to the Bernoulli measure on the set of adjacency matrices. For the case of the universal Ks‐free graphs there were no previously known examples of the invariant measures on the space of such graphs.The main idea of our construction is based on the new notions of measurable universal, and topologically universal graphs, which are interesting themselves. The realization of the construction can be regarded as two‐step randomization for universal measurable graph : “randomization in vertices” and “randomization in edges.” For Ks‐free, s ≥ 3, there is only randomization in vertices of the measurable graphs. The completeness of our lists is proved using the important theorem by Aldous about S∞‐invariant matrices, which we reformulate in appropriate way. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2010
The coevolution of rent appropriation and capability development
Authors: Coff Russell W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractExtant approaches to rent appropriation are static in that they explore bargaining power at a fixed point in time. This article contributes by examining how capabilities and bargaining power coevolve. As capabilities are developed, those who are favored by knowledge asymmetries make decisions that balance value creation potential against the rent appropriation regime, such as the organizational form in which the capability will be embedded. Using the example of Apple's development of the iPod, this article illustrates how stakeholders plan for rent appropriation as they assemble new capabilities—well before any value is actually created. Given that firm performance is an outcome of both capability development and rent appropriation, a robust theory must incorporate an understanding of how they coevolve. As such, the article highlights the need to integrate property rights theory with theories of value creation and governance costs as actors constantly make trade‐offs along these dimensions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of fairness in alliance formation
Authors: Ariño Africa , Ring Peter Smith 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe report on data from a revelatory qualitative case study of a failed attempt to form an international joint venture (IJV) agreement. We analyze issues related to distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational fairness and the roles of their occurrence in the course of the formation stage of an IJV. We find that perceptions of fairness types shape the partners' decision making logics (a property rights logic, a control rights logic, and a relational quality logic), which in turn influence the partners' evaluations of efficiency and equity of the proposed alliance and their decision on whether or not to form it. We develop propositions around this argument. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Commanding board of director attention: investigating how organizational performance and CEO duality affect board members' attention to monitoring
Authors: Tuggle Christopher S. , Sirmon David G. , Reutzel Christopher R. , Bierman Leonard 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBoards of directors' attention to monitoring represents an understudied topic in corporate governance. By analyzing hundreds of board meeting transcripts, we find that board members do not maintain constant levels of attention toward monitoring, but instead selectively allocate attention to their monitoring function. Drawing from the attention‐based view, prospect theory, and the literature on power, we find that deviation from prior performance and CEO duality affect this allocation. Specifically, while negative deviation from prior performance increases boards' attention to monitoring, positive deviation from prior performance reduces it. The presence of duality also reduces the boards' allocation of attention to monitoring. Additional analysis demonstrates that the effects of duality are realized in part by the CEO‐chair's control of the meeting's agenda and location. Finally, the results show that duality and deviation from prior performance interactively affect boards' attention to monitoring. In total, we find that board members do not consistently monitor management in order to protect shareholder value, a proposition often assumed within governance research; rather, our results demonstrate that board members' monitoring behaviors are contextually dependent. The contextual dependency of board attention to monitoring suggests that additional efforts may be needed to ensure the protection of shareholders' interests. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.