bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A statistical estimate of infant and toddler vocabulary size from CDI analysis
Authors: Mayor Julien , Plunkett Kim 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFor the last 20 years, developmental psychologists have measured the variability in lexical development of infants and toddlers using the MacArthur‐Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDIs) – the most widely used parental report forms for assessing language and communication skills in infants and toddlers. We show that CDI reports can serve as a basis for estimating infants’ and toddlers’total vocabulary sizes, beyond serving as a tool for assessing their language development relative to other infants and toddlers. We investigate the link between estimated total vocabulary size and raw CDI scores from a mathematical perspective, using both single developmental trajectories and population data. The method capitalizes on robust regularities, such as the overlap of individual vocabularies observed across infants and toddlers, and takes into account both shared knowledge and idiosyncratic knowledge. This statistical approach enables researchers to approximate the total vocabulary size of an infant or a toddler, based on her raw MacArthur‐Bates CDI score. Using the model, we propose new normative data for productive and receptive vocabulary in early childhood, as well as a tabulation that relates individual CDI measures to realistic lexical estimates. The correction required to estimate total vocabulary is non‐linear, with a far greater impact at older ages and higher CDI scores. Therefore, we suggest that correlations of developmental indices to language skills should be made to vocabulary size as estimated by the model rather than to raw CDI scores.
Intonational phrase structure processing at different stages of syntax acquisition: ERP studies in 2‐, 3‐, and 6‐year‐old children
Authors: Männel Claudia , Friederici Angela D. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis study explored the electrophysiology underlying intonational phrase processing at different stages of syntax acquisition. Developmental studies suggest that children’s syntactic skills advance significantly between 2 and 3 years of age. Here, children of three age groups were tested on phrase‐level prosodic processing before and after this developmental phase, while their brain activity was recorded. The Closure Positive Shift (CPS), which indexes the perception of intonational phrasing in adults, served as dependent variable. The event‐related brain potentials of 3‐ and 6‐year‐olds, but not of 21‐month‐olds, showed a CPS. These results suggest that prosodic phrase processing, as indicated by the CPS, is established only later during children’s development, pointing to a close interaction of prosody and syntax acquisition.
NONPARAMETRIC META‐ANALYSIS FOR MINIMAL‐REPAIR SYSTEMS
Authors: Beutner E. , Cramer E. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryWe consider the situation that repair times of several identically structured technical systems are observed. As an example of such data we discuss the Boeing air conditioner data, consisting of successive failures of the air conditioning system of each member of a fleet of Boeing jet airplanes. The repairing process is assumed to be performed according to a minimal‐repair strategy. This reflects the idea that only those operations are accomplished that are absolutely necessary to restart the system after a failure. The ‘after‐repair‐state’ of the system is the same as it was shortly before the failure. Clearly, the observed repair times contain valuable information about the repair times of an identically structured system put into operation in the future. Thus, for statistical analysis and prediction, it is certainly favourable to take into account all repair times from each system. The resulting pooled sample is used to construct nonparametric prediction intervals for repair times of a future minimal‐repair system. To illustrate our results we apply them to the above‐mentioned data set. As expected, the maximum coverage probabilities of prediction intervals based on two samples exceed those based on one sample. We show that the relative gain for a two‐sample prediction over a one‐sample prediction can be substantial. One of the advantages of the present approach is that it allows nonparametric prediction intervals to be constructed directly. This provides a beneficial alternative to existing nonparametric methods for minimal‐repair systems that construct prediction intervals via the asymptotic distribution of quantile estimators. Moreover, the prediction intervals presented here are exact regardless of the sample size.
Cognitive ability and simple reaction time predict cardiac reactivity in the West of Scotland Twenty‐07 Study
Authors: Ginty Annie T. , Phillips Anna C. , Der Geoff , Deary Ian J. , Carroll Douglas 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFew studies have examined the association between cognitive ability and cardiovascular reactivity, although both have been implicated in later cardiovascular disease. We studied the relationship between cognitive ability, assessed using the Alice Heim‐4 test of general intelligence, simple reaction time, and subsequent cardiovascular reactivity in 409 55‐year‐olds. Blood pressure and heart rate reactions to an acute mental arithmetic task were measured 7 years after cognitive assessment. In regression models that adjusted for baseline cardiovascular activity, socio‐demographics, body mass index, medication status, and stress task performance, cognitive ability and reaction time were associated with future cardiac reactivity. Low reactivity was characteristic of those with relatively low cognitive ability. The results are consistent with the notion that high reactivity may not always be a maladaptive response.
Hybrid networks and the global politics of the digital revolution – a practice‐oriented, relational and agnostic approach
Authors: FLYVERBOM MIKKEL 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe rapid growth of internet users and the importance of networked technologies for most spheres of life raise questions about how to foster and govern the digital revolution on a global scale. Focusing on internet governance and the use of ICTs for development purposes, I provide a multi‐sited, ethnographic exploration of two UN‐based multi‐stakeholder arrangements – comprising governments, business and civil society groups – that have contributed to the construction of the digital revolution as an object of global governance. In this article I show how analytical insights from governmentality studies and actor‐network theory can be used to capture how objects of governance and organizational arrangements are constructed and consolidated. Conventional approaches to networks and governance tend to treat organizational arrangements and issue areas as bounded, separate and fixed. By contrast, I demonstrate the merits of a practice‐oriented, relational and agnostic research strategy, which foregrounds the governmental techniques and moments of translation involved when new objects and modes of governance are assembled and negotiated.
Group I mGluR‐dependent epileptogenesis
Authors: Merlin Lisa R. , Bianchi Riccardo , Wong Robert K.S. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryGroup I metabotopic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) can initiate protein synthesis‐dependent intracellular signaling processes that can result in enhanced expression of ictal‐length discharges. Studies reveal that the fragile X syndrome phenotype is mediated by excessive mGluR‐driven protein synthesis. Defective endogenous regulation of mGluR effects may thus enhance patient susceptibility to epileptogenesis. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Plasticity of glutamate synaptic mechanisms
Authors: Victor Nadler J. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryEnhanced glutamate synaptic transmission may be expected to alter the balance of excitation and inhibition in brain, leading to seizures. Several differences between epileptic and nonepileptic brains in presynaptic and postsynaptic glutamate mechanisms have been reported. These findings suggest that altered glutamate mechanisms contribute to the hyperexcitability of epileptic brain. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Normal and pathologic high‐frequency oscillations
Authors: Staba Richard J. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryPathologic high‐frequency oscillations, believed to reflect basic neuronal disturbances responsible for epilepsy, are promising biologic markers that may be used in clinical studies to optimize surgical treatment of medically refractory epilepsy, and studies that seek to develop new therapies for treatment, and possible prevention, of epilepsy. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
GABAergic gain‐of‐function in absence seizures
Authors: Crunelli Vincenzo , Leresche Nathalie , Cope David W. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryNew evidence indicates that increased, rather than decreased, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibition characterizes typical absence seizures. In particular, enhanced tonic GABAA inhibition, resulting from a malfunction of the astrocytic GABA transporter GAT‐1, occurs in thalamocortical neurons of all well‐established pharmacologic and genetic models. Interestingly, GABAB receptors positively modulate this tonic current. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Histopathology of human epilepsy
Authors: de Lanerolle Nihal C. , Lee Tih‐shih , Spencer Dennis D. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryThe histopathology of the hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy shows two major processes. One involves reorganization of neural circuits in the dentate gyrus and the other a proliferation of reactive astrocytes that have many unusual properties. These modified astrocytes may play a major role in creating an epileptic focus. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate gyrus
Authors: Buckmaster Paul S. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryAberrant sprouting of granule cell axons is a common feature in temporal lobe epilepsy. An increasingly detailed picture of granule cell circuit changes has emerged, but the cause–effect relationship between mossy fiber sprouting and epileptogenesis remains unclear. Recent progress in suppressing mossy fiber sprouting might help address its functional consequences. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Alterations in the distribution of GABAA receptorsin epilepsy
Authors: Houser Carolyn R. , Zhang Nianhui , Peng Zechun 
Published: December 2010

SummaryAlterations in the distribution of GABAA receptors are likely to play pivotal roles in epilepsy. Current findings indicate that such changes are more complex than general increases or decreases in specific subunits and can involve differential changes in principal cells and interneurons, altered localization at synapses, and altered subunit partnerships. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Astrocytes and epilepsy
Authors: Clasadonte Jerome , Haydon Philip G. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryRecent advances in the understanding of the physiology of astrocytes have identified unexpected potential roles for glia in epilepsy. Reactive astrocytosis, as seen in epilepsy, leads to reduced adenosine‐ and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)–dependent inhibition. Because astrocytes express cell‐type specific proteins, the new findings raise the potential of new targets for drug development. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Astrocyte dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Steinhäuser Christian , Seifert Gerald 
Published: December 2010

SummaryFindings obtained from surgical specimens of epilepsy patients and animal models of epilepsy demonstrate dysfunction of astrocytes in epilepsy. Specifically, gap junction coupling, glutamate uptake, and K+ buffering are compromised. In epilepsy models, astroglial alterations occur very early after status epilepticus, suggesting their crucial involvement in the process of epileptogenesis. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Glia–neuron interactions in epilepsy: Inflammatory mediators
Authors: Vezzani Annamaria , Auvin Stéphane , Ravizza Teresa , Aronica Eleonora 
Published: December 2010

SummaryNeurotransmitters released from active synapses stimulate receptors on glia, which produce a neuromodulatory response by gliotransmitter release. When a local inflammatory reaction is induced in the brain by epileptogenic events, microglia and astrocytes are activated and release proinflammatory mediators, consequently the neuron–glia signaling may be perturbed, thereby provoking increased neuronal network excitability and thus contributing to seizures. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Mutated GABAA receptor subunits in idiopathic generalized epilepsy
Authors: Cossette Patrick , Rouleau Guy A. 
Published: December 2010

Summaryγ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors are ligand‐gated chloride channels that mediate fast synaptic inhibition in the brain. Recently, loss‐of‐function mutations have been identified in four different GABAA subunits, in rare but distinct forms of familial idiopathic generalized epilepsy. These results provide important insights into the pathogenesis of the disease. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
GABRB3, epilepsy, and neurodevelopment
Authors: Tanaka Miyabi , DeLorey Timothy M. , Delgado‐Escueta Antonio V. , Olsen Richard W. 
Published: December 2010

Summary GABRB3 is important to neurodevelopment, and appears to be influenced by non‐Mendelian and epigenetic mechanisms. GABRB3 abnormalities have been implicated in a variety of neurodevelopmental conditions presenting epilepsy phenotypes, including childhood absence epilepsy, Angelman syndrome, and autism. Gabrb3 disruption in mice also results in seizure phenotypes, ataxia, and sensory and learning disorders. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Cognitive and behavioral comorbidities of epilepsy
Authors: Kleen Jonathan K. , Scott Rod C. , Holmes Gregory L. , Lenck‐Santini Pierre‐Pascal 
Published: December 2010

SummaryMajor comorbidities of epilepsy include cognitive impairment and behavioral dysfunction. The type and degree of these comorbidities is dependent upon etiology, age, electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities, and seizure type and frequency. The hippocampus and prefrontal cortex appear particularly vulnerable to seizure‐induced dysfunction. Rodent studies allow investigators to understand the cellular basis for both the cognitive and behavioral disturbances seen following prolonged or recurrent seizures. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Neurobiology of depression as a comorbidity of epilepsy
Authors: Sankar Raman , Mazarati Andrey 
Published: December 2010

SummaryThe study of depression as a comorbidity of epilepsy in humans is limited by the attendant iatrogenic and psychosocial variables. In order to study the neurobiology of this clinically important phenomenon without the above‐mentioned confounding factors, we have studied the behavioral and biochemical correlates of epilepsy‐associated depression in two rodent models of limbic epileptogenesis. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Direct electrical stimulation for epilepsy: The laboratory evidence
Authors: Graber Kevin D. , Fisher Robert S. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryStudies of deep brain stimulation in laboratory models of seizures and epilepsy are invaluable for understanding of mechanisms of stimulation and for identifying best targets and parameters of stimulation. Recent successes of clinical trials may give more impetus to laboratory studies, which in turn will further our clinical practice. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s basic mechanisms of the epilepsies. 4th ed. (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Strategies for antiepileptogenesis: Antiepileptic drugs versus target‐specific approaches
Authors: Löscher Wolfgang 
Published: December 2010

SummaryEpilepsy research is undergoing a conceptual shift that is moving away from preventing seizures to preventing epilepsy by treatments that modify the epileptogenic process induced by a variety of brain insults. Evidence from animal experiments suggests that epilepsy prevention or modification is possible, but translating laboratory findings into successful therapies will require more scientific discoveries and refinements of currently available technologies. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s basic mechanisms of the epilepsies. 4th ed. (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Cell therapy for epilepsy using GABAergic neural progenitors
Authors: Anderson Stewart A. , Baraban Scott C. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryCell transplantation may repair neural circuits in the epileptic brain. Grafted cells should disperse, migrate, and functionally integrate. Generation of inhibitory interneurons with these abilities could be therapeutic in a condition of abnormal neuronal hyperexcitability, that is, epilepsy. This review discusses recent efforts to isolate and transplant interneuron precursor cells derived from the medial ganglionic eminence. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s basic mechanisms of the epilepsies. 4th ed. (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Storage of interim platelet units for 18 to 24 hours before pooling: in vitro study
Authors: Sandgren Per , van Waeg Geert , Verheggen Caroline , Sjödin Agneta , Gulliksson Hans 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND: The Atreus 3C system (CaridianBCT) automatically produces three components from whole blood (WB), a red blood cell (RBC) unit, a plasma unit, and an interim platelet (PLT) unit (IPU) that can be pooled with other IPUs to form a PLT dose for transfusion. The Atreus 3C system also includes a PLT yield indicator (PYI), which is an advanced algorithm that provides an index that is shown to correlate well with the amount of PLTs that finally end up in the IPU bag. The aim of our in vitro study was to compare the effects of holding WB overnight versus processing WB fresh (2‐8 hr), both with 18‐ to 24‐hour storage of the IPUs before pooling into a transfusable PLT dose.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: WB was processed either fresh (within 8 hr after collection, Atreus F) or after overnight storage (14‐24 hr, Atreus S) without agitation at 22 ± 2°C. After a subsequent resting time of 18 to 24 hours on a flat‐bed shaker, five IPUs were selected for pooling with 200 mL of PAS II for in vitro quality assessments during a 7‐day storage period (n = 10 in each arm). IPUs were selected for pooling using the PYI of the Atreus 3C system.RESULTS: During storage, the glucose concentration was lower (p < 0.05) and the lactate concentration was higher (p < 0.05) in Atreus S pools, but no differences in the glucose consumption rate were noted. Adenosine triphosphate levels and hypotonic shock response reactivity were higher in Atreus S (p < 0.05). No significant differences in PLT counts, contents, mean PLT volume, lactate dehydrogenase, pO2, pCO2, extent of shape change, and CD62P between groups were detected. pH was maintained higher than 6.8 (Day 7). With exception of 2 units in the Atreus S arm, swirling remained at greater than 2 in all units at all times.CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that PLTs prepared from fresh or overnight‐stored WB and pooled after 18 to 24 hours meet necessary in vitro criteria without any relevant differences between both groups. Using the PYI, comparable yields can be obtained between WB processed within 2 to 8 hours and WB stored overnight.