bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Note On Broad-Sense Heritability of Selected Sensory Descriptors in Virginia-Type Arachis Hypogaea L.1
Authors: Pattee Harold E. , Giesbrecht Francis G. , Mozingo R. Walton 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Improvement of flavor quality is a breeding objective that merits increased attention. To obtain further information on broad-sense heritability of selected sensory attributes, 30 virginia-type genotypes sources were grown in replicated experiments at two locations during 1988 for evaluation. Roasted peanut paste samples were evaluated for 14 sensory attributes. Fruity attribute was confirmed as having a significant suppressive effect on roasted peanut attribute. Session-to-session variation was significant and use of an incomplete block design provided for control of panel variation in the experimental error. Broad-sense heritability estimates for roasted peanut, sweet, and nutty sensory attributes were higher than previously reported, 0.31 vs. 0.24; 0.68 vs. 0.14; 0.37 vs. 0.05, respectively. Nine genotypes were found to have statistically significant higher roasted peanut intensity than the industry accepted standard Florigiant. Further calculations showed that experiments with two replications at each of four locations should have an 80% chance of detecting statistical significance for roasted peanut attribute differences of 0.5 units among genotypes when testing at the 5% level. A similar experiment with two replications at two locations should have a 40% chance of detecting statistical significance.
Calcium Source and Time of Application For Runner and Virginia Peanuts1
Authors: Gascho G. J. , Hodges S. C. , Alva A. K. , Csinos A. S. , Mullinix B. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Sandy soils of the southern coastal plain are commonly deficient in Ca in the upper 8 cm; this limits development of high yielding and high quality peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Calcium is often leached by rainfall and irrigation from such soils and is not available for the development of pods. Previous studies have shown that gypsum applied at bloom is effective for supplying Ca and increasing yield and grade when Mehlich 1 soil Ca in less than 200 to 250 mg kg-1 for runner-type peanut, and is nearly always effective for virginia-type peanut. Field experiments were conducted over 3 years to compare preplant incorporated limestone and gypsum application at bloom for both runner- and virginia-types. Preplant incorporated limestone was effective for reducing pod rot and for increasing pod yield, SMK, and value ha-1 for runner peanut in experiments conducted on sandy soils with pH less than 6.2 and with Mehlich 1 extractable Ca less than 200 mg kg-1. Application of Ca was not effective when extractable Ca was greater than 200 mg kg-1. Calcitic and dolomitic limestones were both effective for the runner-type. Limestone was also an effective source for virginia peanut. However, in our studies conducted on sands, the least pod rot and the greatest yield, grade, and value of virginia peanut were only attained when bloom gypsum was applied. Preplant incorporated gypsum was not as effective as bloom gypsum for either type of peanut.
Flavor, Color and Texture of Peanuts Treated with Hydrogen Peroxide1
Authors: Clavero Ma R. S. , Hung Y-C. , Beuchat L. R. , Nakayama T. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Treatment of aflatoxin-contaminated peanut kernels in 0.075% hydrogen peroxide for 1 min has been proposed to reduce aflatoxin contamination by 90%. The effect of hydrogen peroxide treatment on the flavor quality, texture and color was, therefore, investigated. Two hundred grams of peanuts were submerged in a solution containing 0, 0.075 or 0.225% hydrogen peroxide for 1 and 3 min. Treated peanuts were dried to 8-9% moisture, blanched and stored in plastic bags for 0, 1, 2 and 3 weeks at 39 C. Peak areas identified as hexanal increased with increasing hydrogen peroxide concentration, regardless of the treatment and storage time. No significant differences in peak areas identified as ethanol were observed after a 3-week storage time, regardless of the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and treatment time. Hydrogen peroxide treatment and storage of treated peanuts did not significantly affect the lightness (L), chroma (C) and texture of the treated peanuts. Furthermore, sensory analysis conducted on peanut brittle prepared from raw peanuts and peanuts treated with 0.075% hydrogen peroxide for 1 min showed no significant difference between the two samples evaluated.
Evaluation of Biological Nitrogen Fixation Capacity in Arachis Species and the Possible Role of Polyploidy1
Authors: Stalker H. T. , Nickum M. L. , Wynne J. C. , Elkan G. H. , Schneeweis T. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Arachis species have potential for enhancing cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm as forages and cover crops. This study's objective was to evaluate a range of Arachis species for biological nitrogen fixation capacity. Several Arachis species are tetraploids, and it has been shown that tetraploidy may play an important role in nodule initiation. Species were first tested under natural field conditions and then in the greenhouse using three Bradyrhizobium strains that had been previously shown to be effective on peanut. Nodule number, nodule weight, nitrogenase activity determined by acetylene reduction, and shoot dry weight were measured as indicators of nitrogen fixation capacity. In the field, tetraploid species produced significantly more nodules than the diploids, but total dry matter accumulation was independent of the number of nodules or rate of fixation. In the greenhouse, no significant differences were observed among the bradyrhizobial strains. Arachis hypogaea and A. monticola showed significantly higher measures of nitrogen fixation capacity for all measured traits than the diploid species. However, autotetraploid plants of A. villosa did not have significantly more nodules than diploids of the same accession; the autotetraploids consistently had higher nitrogenase activity. Arachis pusilla never formed a symbiotic relationship with the bradyrhizobial strains used.
Use of F6285 for Weed Control in Peanut: Efficacy and Crop Injury1,2
Authors: Johnson W. Carroll , Mullinix Benjamin G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field studies in 1991 and 1992 at Tifton and Attapulgus, GA evaluated the weed control efficacy and crop safety of F6285 on peanut. Treated peanut were stunted by F6285 and had chlorotic leaflet margins. The degree and persistence of injury varied according to rate of F6285. The lowest rate of F6285 (0.14 kg ai ha-1) produced the aforementioned symptoms early in the season, but peanut recovered by late season with no yield effects (P≤0.05). F6285 at 0.28 and 0.42 kg ha-1 severely injured peanut and reduced yields. Preemergence and vegetative emergence applications of F6285 were equally injurious. F6285 effectively controlled yellow nutsedge at rates as low as 0.14 kg ha-1, but sicklepod was not controlled at rates up to 0.42 kg ha-1. F6285 controlled yellow nutsedge more effectively that standard treatments of metolachlor or imazethapyr, but crop injury from F6285 was greater (P≤0.05) than from other herbicides.
Relationship of Pod Damage by Southern Corn Rootworm and Soil Drainage to Peanut Yield
Authors: Ang B. N. , Herbert D. A. , Mack T. P. , Hodges R. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
No published studies have quantified the relationship between damage to peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) pods by the southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, and yield. Peanut yields have generally been found to be inconsistently related to control measures (insecticide treatments) used for southern corn rootworm. This discrepancy may be caused by the variable survival of eggs and larvae in soils with different moisture retention capacities. This study determined the relationship of pod damage and the influence of soil drainage to peanut yield. Eleven on-farm tests for management of southern corn rootworm, conducted between 1989 to 1991 and involving 48 different control measures, were compiled for analysis. All experimental fields were classified into three drainage classes: moderately well drained, somewhat poorly drained and poorly drained. Yield declined with an increase in percentage pod damage (P &lt; 0.05). Percentage of mature pods damaged increased with increased area poorly drained. Stepwise regression models indicated that the inherent drainage properties of a field and proportion of pod damage observed, by themselves, can explain 45% of the variance observed in yield regardless of insecticide treatment.
Peanut Tolerance to Paraquat as Influenced by Seed Size1
Authors: Wehtje Glenn , Brecke Barry , Bostick J. P. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Studies were conducted over a 2-year period at Headland, Ala. and Jay, Fla. to evaluate the relationship between peanut seed size and tolerance of the resultant crop to normal and excessive rates of the herbicide paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion). Three seed sizes, termed small (3340 seeds/kg), medium (2615 seeds/kg), and large (1820 seeds/kg), were planted to achieve a common plant population. While seedling size at emergence reflected seed size, no interaction between seed size and herbicide treatment was detected for crop growth measured as the increase in canopy diameter over a 5-week period following herbicide application. None of the seed sizes resulted in seedlings that were either uniquely sensitive or abnormally tolerant of paraquat. Two sequential applications of paraquat at 0.14 kg ai/ha each was consistently the most damaging treatment as measured in growth reduction, however yield was reduced in only one of four trials. Seed size had an effect on yield in only two of the four trials, and within these two trials the average yield improvement from large seed relative to medium and small seed was only 10 and 12%, respectively. Net return generally was independent of seed size. However, medium-sized seed resulted in maximum net return in two out of the four experiments.
Influence of Planter Type and Seeding Rate on Yield and Disease Incidence in Peanut1
Authors: Wehtje G. , Weeks R. , West M. , Wells L. , Pace P. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Variability of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seedling spacing, and yield were compared for a conventional and a vacuum-type planter in field studies conducted in 1991 and 1992. Vacuum-type planters have an improved seed metering system and are considered to be more precise. This added precision may serve to compensate for lower than normal seeding rates. Seeding rates evaluated decreased in a step-wise manner from the normal range of 123 to 101 kg/ha, to a minimum of 34 kg/ha. Spacing between individual seedlings was measured after emergence. The occurrence of tomato spotted wilt (TSWV) and southern stem rot were also determined. In 1991 and across all seeding rates, variability in seedling spacing (i.e. standard deviation) was identical between the two planters. In 1992, at 3 of the five seeding rates (34,56, and 101 kg/ha) standard deviation was less with the vacuum planter. In both years yield and disease occurrence was influenced only by seeding rate, and was independent of planter type. TSWV was inversely related to seeding rate, the opposite relationship occurred with southern stem rot. Maximum yield was achieved with a seeding rate of 101 kg/ha.
Imidazolinone Herbicide Systems for Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Wilcut John W. , Richburg John S. , Wiley Gerald , Walls F. Robert , Jones Stan R. , Iverson Maynard J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field studies conducted in 1990 and 1991 at five locations in Georgia and one location in Virginia in 1991 evaluated imazethapyr [2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(l-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid] and AC 263,222 [(±)-2[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(l-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid] for weed control, peanut tolerance, and yield. Imazethapyr and AC 263,222 applied early postemergence (EPOST) controlled smallflower morningglory [Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb], Ipomoea morningglory species, prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.), and coffee senna (Cassia occidentalis L.) greater than 90%. Imazethapyr did not control Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum (SW.) DC.] or sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.) adequately, with control generally less than 40%. AC 263,222 controlled Florida beggarweed greater than 92% when applied EPOST and from 54 to 100% when applied postemergence (POST). Imazethapyr applied preplant incorporated (PPI) controlled bristly starbur (Acanthospermum hispidium DC.) 89% and imazethapyr and AC 263,222 applied EPOST controlled at least 96%. Imazethapyr controlled yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) 83% when applied PPI and 93% as an EPOST application. AC 263,222 controlled yellow nutsedge at least 90%. Peanut yields were higher with AC 263,222 than with imazethapyr. Imazethapyr systems that included alachlor (2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide), lactofen ([(±)2-ethoxy-l-methyl-2-oxoethyl 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate] + 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid], paraquat [1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion] + 2,4-DB, pyridate [O-(6-chloro-3-phenyl-4-pyridazinyl)-S-octyl carbonothioate] + 2,4-DB, metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-l-methylethyl)acetamide], or 2,4-DB provided yields equivalent to AC 263,222.
Comparison of Yield, Value, and Seed Quality Factors of Florunner and Southern Runner Peanut1
Authors: Jacobi J. C. , Backman P. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Florunner and Southern Runner peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars were evaluated for yield, market grade and seed infections by Aspergillus spp. following treatment with fungicide programs for control of peanut leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Deighton) in field trials during 1989 and 1991. The fungicide treatments were: 1) nonsprayed control; 2) chlorothalonil 1.26 kg a.i./ha (seven total applications); 3) the same as treatment no. two except tebuconazole 0.25 kg a.i./ha was substituted for chlorothalonil at applications three and five in 1989; and 4) the same as treatment no. three except cyproconazole 0.23 kg a.i./ha, was used instead of tebuconazole in 1991. Yield, grade ($/m.t.), and total crop value ($/ha) were higher for both cultivars when treated with chlorothalonil and either tebuconazole or cyproconazole than when chlorothalonil was used alone. Southern Runner had significantly lower percent damaged kernels (DK) than Florunner. In addition, Florunner peanuts treated with either tebuconazole or cyproconazole had significantly reduced DK when compared to chlorothalonil alone. Other market grade factors were not significantly different (P&lt;0.05) between cultivars when each was harvested at optimum maturity. Major colonizers of damaged kernels were Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., and Rhizoctonia spp. Fungicide treatment and cultivar effects on kernel colonization by Aspergillus flavus Link: Fr. varied between environments. Southern Runner had higher levels of A. flavus contamination in the undamaged kernels than Florunner in 1991, but not in 1989. Possible increased incidence of infection and colonization by A. flavus in Southern Runner require further study.
Virus-Specific Cytotoxic CD4+ T Cells for the Treatment of EBV-Related Tumors
Authors: Merlo Anna , Turrini Riccardo , Bobisse Sara , Zamarchi Rita , Alaggio Rita , Dolcetti Riccardo , Mautner Josef , Zanovello Paola , Amadori Alberto , Rosato Antonio 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Although adoptive immunotherapy with CD8+ CTL is providing clinically relevant results against EBV-driven malignancies, the effector role of CD4+ T cells has been poorly investigated. We addressed this issue in a lymphoblastoid cell line-induced mouse model of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) by comparing the therapeutic efficacy of EBV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell lines upon adoptive transfer. CD4+ T cells disclosed a long-lasting and stronger proliferative potential than CD8+ T cells, had a similar activation and differentiation marker profile, efficiently killed their targets in a MHC class II-restricted manner, and displayed a lytic machinery comparable to that of cognate CD8+ T cells. A detailed analysis of Ag specificity revealed that CD4+ T cells potentially target EBV early lytic cycle proteins. Nonetheless, when assessed for the relative therapeutic impact after in vivo transfer, CD4+ T cells showed a reduced activity compared with the CD8+ CTL counterpart. This feature was apparently due to a strong and selective downmodulation of MHC class II expression on the tumor cells surface, a phenomenon that could be reverted by the demethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, thus leading to restoration of lymphoblastoid cell line recognition and killing by CD4+ T cells, as well as to a more pronounced therapeutic activity. Conversely, immunohistochemical analysis disclosed that HLA-II expression is fully retained in human PTLD samples. Our data indicate that EBV-specific cytotoxic CD4+ T cells are therapeutic in mice bearing PTLD-like tumors, even in the absence of CD8+ T cells. These findings pave the way to use cultures of pure CD4+ T cells in immunotherapeutic approaches for EBV-related malignancies.
T Cell Pathways Involving CTLA4 Contribute To a Model of Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Nakajima Takeshi , Suarez Carlos Jose , Lin Ko-Wei , Jen Kai Yu , Schnitzer Jan E. , Makani Samir S. , Parker Nathan , Perkins David L. , Finn Patricia W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a frequent pulmonary complication in critically ill patients. We characterized a murine model of LPS-induced ALI, focusing on Th cells. Following LPS administration, bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes, neutrophils, IL-6, TNF-α, and albumin were increased. Analysis of LPS-induced T cells revealed increased Th cell-associated cytokines (IL-17A, -17F, and -22), as well as increased expression of CD69 (a cell activation marker), Foxp3, and CTLA4 in CD4+ T cells. Administration of anti-CTLA4 Ab decreased LPS-induced bronchoalveolar lavage albumin and IL-17A, while increasing CD4+Foxp3+ cell number and Foxp3 expression in CD4+Foxp3+ cells. These data suggest that pulmonary LPS administration promotes CD4+ T cells and that T cell pathways involving CTLA4 contribute to ALI.
Suppression of TLR2-Induced IL-12, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression byMycobacterium tuberculosisAntigens Expressed inside Macrophages during the Course of Infection
Authors: Gupta Deepti , Sharma Sachin , Singhal Jhalak , Satsangi Akash T. , Antony Cecil , Natarajan Krishnamurthy 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe report the enrichment of and immune responses mediated by genes expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis inside macrophages as a function of time. Results indicate that M. tuberculosis expresses different genes at different times postinfection. Genes expressed early (day 1) following infection enhance M. tuberculosis-mediated activation of dendritic cells (DCs), whereas genes expressed later (day 5) in the infection prevent DC activation. However, all genes downmodulated MHC class I and II expression on infected macrophages, thus compromising their ability to interact with Ag-specific T cells. Day-1 and -5 genes downmodulated proinflammatory cytokine production from DCs, thus impairing signal 3 during DC–T cell cognate interactions. Consequently, T cells activated by Ag-experienced DCs secreted low levels of IFN-γ and IL-17 but maintained high IL-10 secretion, thus inducing suppressor responses. Further characterization revealed that day-1 and -5 genes increased TLR2-induced expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 from DCs and downmodulated IL-12 expression. In addition, day-1 and -5 genes prevented the generation of reactive oxygen species in DCs. In contrast, although day-5 genes increased TLR2-mediated suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 expression in macrophages, day-1 genes downmodulated the expression of inducible NO synthase 2. Similar downregulation of immune responses was observed upon exogenous stimulation with day-1 or -5 Ags. Finally, day-1 and -5 genes promoted enhanced survival of M. tuberculosis inside DCs and macrophages. These results indicate that M. tuberculosis genes, expressed inside infected macrophages as a function of time, collectively suppress protective immune responses by using multiple and complementary mechanisms.
Herc5 Attenuates Influenza A Virus by Catalyzing ISGylation of Viral NS1 Protein
Authors: Tang YuJie , Zhong Gongxun , Zhu Lianhui , Liu Xing , Shan Yufei , Feng Huapeng , Bu ZhiGao , Chen Hualan , Wang Chen 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15, which is robustly induced by IFN or virus, is implicated to inhibit influenza A virus (IAV) in vivo. But the underlying mechanism still remains largely unknown. In this study, we report that Herc5 could catalyze conjugation of ISG15 onto IAV-NS1 protein, the critical virulence factor of IAV. This modification produces two more species, respectively mapped to IAV-NS1 at lysine 20, 41, 217, 219, and 108, 110, and 126. The ISGylated IAV-NS1 fails to form homodimers and inhibits relevant antiviral processes. Knockdown of Herc5 or ISG15 could partially alleviate IFN-β–induced antiviral activities against IAV, whereas ectopic expression of the Herc5-mediated ISGylation system could distinctly potentiate IFN-β–induced antiviral effects against IAV. Notably, IAV-NS1s of H5N1 avian IAVs display less ISGylation species than that of IAV-PR8/34 (human H1N1). Consistently, IAV-PR8/34 mutants deprived of IAV-NS1’s ISGylation exhibit augmented viral propagation and virulence in both cultured cells and mice. Our study reports the first microbial target of ISGylation and uncovers the direct antiviral function and mechanism of this novel modification.
Granular activated carbon adsorption process for removing trichloroethylene from groundwater
Authors: Huang Liuya , Yang Zhidong , Li Bingjing , Hu Juan , Zhang Wei , Ying Wei‐Chi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBatch adsorption capacity experiments and continuous flow breakthrough experiments were conducted to compare the effectiveness of seven granular activated carbons (GACs) in removing trichloroethylene (TCE) from groundwater. The order of GACs' adsorptive capacities for TCE was the same as their phenol numbers (indicator for <1 nm micropores). A small amount of methanol (0.05% v/v) did not affect the pure water TCE capacities, which were notably reduced by the small organic constituents of tap water. The breakthrough results show low utilization of the available adsorptive capacity due to both slow mass transport and the need to achieve a high degree of TCE removal, and that the serial bed mode of treatment is cost effective because a very high capacity utilization can be attained. The low‐cost, environmental friendly bamboo GAC is attractive as its competitive TCE capacity was readily used in actual treatment because of its favorable pore structure. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011