bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotype‐environment correlations in a putative whitefish adaptive radiation
Authors: Harrod Chris , Mallela Jennie , Kahilainen Kimmo K. 
Published: May 2010

Summary 1. The adaptive radiation of fishes into benthic (littoral) and pelagic (lentic) morphs in post‐glacial lakes has become an important model system for speciation. Although these systems are well studied, there is little evidence of the existence of morphs that have diverged to utilize resources in the remaining principal lake habitat, the profundal zone. 2. Here, we tested phenotype‐environment correlations of three whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) morphs that have radiated into littoral, pelagic and profundal niches in northern Scandinavian lakes. We hypothesized that morphs in such trimorphic systems would have a morphology adapted to one of the principal lake habitats (littoral, pelagic or profundal niches). Most whitefish populations in the study area are formed by a single (monomorphic) whitefish morph, and we further hypothesized that these populations should display intermediate morphotypes and niche utilization. We used a combination of traditional (stomach content, habitat use, gill raker counts) and more recently developed (stable isotopes, geometric morphometrics) techniques to evaluate phenotype‐environment correlations in two lakes with trimorphic and two lakes with monomorphic whitefish. 3. Distinct phenotype‐environment correlations were evident for each principal niche in whitefish morphs inhabiting trimorphic lakes. Monomorphic whitefish exploited multiple habitats, had intermediate morphology, displayed increased variance in gillraker‐counts, and relied significantly on zooplankton, most likely due to relaxed resource competition. 4. We suggest that the ecological processes acting in the trimorphic lakes are similar to each other, and are driving the adaptive evolution of whitefish morphs, possibly leading to the formation of new species.
Infection ofMyxobolus turpisrotundus sp. n. in allogynogenetic gibel carp,Carassius auratus gibelio(Bloch), with revision ofMyxobolus rotundus(s. l.) Nemeczek reported fromC. auratus auratus(L.)
Authors: Zhang J Y , Wang J G , Li A H , Gong X N 
Published: May 2010

AbstractInfection of aMyxobolusspecies, previously identified asMyxobolus rotundus,was detected in 182 of 7892 (2.31%) allogynogenetic gibel carp,Carassius auratus gibelio,in a closed pond culture system in China. Morphological and molecular data showed that this myxosporean is a different species fromM. rotundusparasitizingAbramis bramain Europe and is thus designated as a new species,Myxobolus turpisrotundus.M. rotundus(s.l.) exC. auratusauratusis a synonym ofM. turpisrotundus. Plasmodia ofM. turpisrotundusdevelop in the subepidermal tissues of the body surface resulting in an unaesthetic appearance and causing severe economic losses. Prevalence of infection with the myxosporean plasmodia varied seasonally, increasing in winter and decreasing in spring. Prevalence was positively correlated to host size, but no host sex‐specificity was found. No infection was observed in other fish species (grass carp, bighead carp and yellow catfish) reared in the same pond, suggesting that the parasite has a relatively strict host specificity. Plasmodia grew gradually as the parasite developed, and reached up to a maximum 5.6 mm in diameter. Plasmodia ruptured naturally to release the mature spores and host fish completely recovered with no mortality. Release of spores and regeneration of lesions were not correlated with water temperature. Histology showed that plasmodia developed sub‐epidermally, and that the wall of the plasmodia was composed of a multiple complex structure, including layers of fibroblasts, a collagenous membrane, melanophores and a layer of cup‐like cells of unknown derivation and function. The cup‐like cells are in direct contact with pre‐sporogonic stages located in the peripheral parts of the large plasmodia. No severe host inflammatory response was seen.
Cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis in a girdled lizard (Cordylus giganteus) caused by the Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii and successful treatment with voriconazole
Authors: Hellebuyck Tom , Baert Kris , Pasmans Frank , Van Waeyenberghe Lieven , Beernaert Lies , Chiers Koen , De Backer Patrick , Haesebrouck Freddy , Martel An 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii was associated with dermatomycosis and high mortality in a group of captive giant girdled lizards (Cordylus giganteus). Treatment of one of the infected girdled lizards with voriconazole, which was selected on the basis of in vitro sensitivity testing of the isolate, resulted in resolution of lesions and negative fungal cultures from the skin. Three hours after oral administration of 10 mg/kg, the plasma level of voriconazole exceeded the 0.25‐μg/mL minimal inhibitory concentration tenfold. In conclusion, administration of voriconazole at 10 mg/kg of body weight once daily for 10 weeks resulted in clinical cure and was well tolerated. A longer follow‐up time and larger studies will be necessary to determine the long‐term efficacy and safety of this treatment in giant girdled lizards.
Obesity, insulin resistance and the prevalence of atopy and asthma in US adults
Authors: Ma J. , Xiao L. , Knowles S. B. 
Published: May 2010

To cite this article: Ma J, Xiao L, Knowles SB. Obesity, insulin resistance and the prevalence of atopy and asthma in US adults. Allergy 2010; 65: 1455–1463.AbstractBackground:  The roles of obesity and insulin resistance in asthma and atopy are not well understood. We investigated whether there is an association of obesity and insulin resistance with asthma and atopy prevalence in US adults.Methods:  Data from the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression, controlling for sex, age, ethnicity, income, and smoking status. Obesity was measured by body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference, and insulin resistance by the homeostasis model assessment. Asthma was defined by self‐report of ever receiving a diagnosis and still having asthma currently, and atopy by any positive specific serum IgE responses to a panel of aeroallergens.Results:  Neither obesity measure nor insulin resistance was associated with atopy. Obesity was positively associated with asthma overall (odds ratio [OR] for obese vs normal BMI = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.76, 2.96; OR for obese vs normal waist circumference = 1.75; 95% CI: 1.22, 2.51) but insulin resistance was not (OR = 1.26; 95% CI: 0.80, 1.98). Obesity was also associated with nonatopic asthma (OR for obese vs normal BMI = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.2, 5.2; OR for obese vs normal waist circumference = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.21, 3.54), while obese BMI was also associated with atopic asthma (OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.37, 3.03). Obesity remained independently associated with all asthma outcomes after controlling for insulin resistance.Conclusion:  Obesity was independently associated with asthma, and atopic and nonatopic asthma, after controlling for insulin resistance and socio‐demographic factors. There was no evidence that insulin resistance was associated with atopy or asthma.
Energetic cost of calling: general constraints and species‐specific differences
Authors: OPHIR A. G. , SCHRADER S. B. , GILLOOLY J. F. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe energetic cost of acoustic signalling varies tremendously among species. Understanding factors responsible for this heterogeneity is important for understanding the costs and benefits of signalling. Here, we present a general model, based on well‐established principles of bioenergetics, which predicts the energetic cost of call production across species. We test model predictions using an extensive database of resting and calling metabolic rates of insects, amphibians and birds. Results are largely supportive of model predictions. Calling metabolic rates scale predictably with body mass and temperature such that calling and resting metabolic rates are directly proportional to each other. The cost of acoustic signalling is ∼8 times higher than resting metabolic rate in ectotherms, and ∼2 times higher in birds. Differences in the increase in metabolic rate during calling are explained by the relative size of species’ sound‐producing muscles. Combined with published work, we quantify call efficiency and discuss model implications.
Ecological divergence and habitat isolation between two migratory forms of Japanese threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Authors: KUME M. , KITANO J. , MORI S. , SHIBUYA T. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWhen two closely related species migrate to divergent spawning sites, divergent use of spawning habitats can directly reduce heterospecific mating. Furthermore, adaptations to divergent spawning habitats can promote speciation as a by‐product of ecological divergence. Here, we investigated habitat isolation and ecological divergence between two anadromous forms of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), the Japan Sea and Pacific Ocean forms. In several coastal regions of eastern Hokkaido, Japan, these forms migrate to the same watershed to spawn. Our field surveys in a single watershed revealed that segregation of distinct spawning sites between the two forms was maintained within the watershed across multiple years. These spawning sites diverged in salinity and predator composition. Morphological and physiological divergence between the forms also occurs in the direction predicted by ecological differences between the spawning sites. Our data indicate that migration into divergent spawning habitats can be an important mechanism contributing to speciation and phenotypic divergence in anadromous fishes.
Tandem Recruitment and Trail Laying in the Ponerine Ant Diacamma rugosum: Signal Analysis1
Authors: Maschwitz U. , Jessen K. , Knecht S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDuring nest emigration, Diacamma rugosum scouts recruit female nestmates to the new nest site by tandem running. ♂♂, brood and prey objects are carried.The tandem leaders stimulate their nestmates to follow them by pushing or, more rarely, pulling them with the mandibles.The signals releasing the following behaviour are mainly chemical. Only 15–30% of motivated followers react positively to an odourless paper or wax dummy. The ♀♀ follow cut‐off thoraces, legs and gasters plugged at the end or without hind gut and sting apparatus, just as well as a leading ant. The ants even follow a dummy consisting of body parts if they are not in direct mechanical contact with it. The leading effect of the body surface is not reduced by intensive cleaning with water or by extraction in solvents of different polarity. Only maceration in potash lye eliminates the leading effectiveness of the cuticula. None of the secretions of the tested abdominal glands release following behavior. Only the hind gut fluid possesses leading signal qualities. No distribution of faeces over the bodies of the leading ants can be observed before or during tandem running. The faecal pheromone responsible for this leading effect does not seep into the superficial layer of a leader dummy made from bee wax but it can be washed off with water. These results show that the actual signal releasing tandem following is an unspecific odour substance of the cuticula surface. The presence of the hind gut fluid is not necessary for the tandem following response. It may be an additional signal. During nest emigration the hind gut fluid is scattered patchily in the form of small droplets by the nest finders on their way to the new nest. No increased deposition of faecal droplets could be observed on the way to repeatedly visited rich food sources.The hind gut fluid serves as a long lasting trail substance and has an exclusively orienting effect. The secretions of the other abdominal glands are not trail pheromones. The nest entrance is marked colony‐specifically.
Social Status and Plasma‐Testosterone‐Titers in Male Guinea Pigs (Cavia aperes f. porcellus)
Authors: Sachser Norbert , Pröve Ekkehard 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe relationship between social status and testosterone (T) titers was studied in male guinea pigs living in a) either one group of 12 males and 12 females for 14–20 months in a 7.86 m2 enclosure or in b) five groups of 3 males and 2 females for four months in 3.00 m2 enclosures. As described in the literature the social structure of the large group was mainly characterized by long‐term male‐female associations and spatial preferences whereas in the small groups the linear rank‐order between the males was the most obvious element. In all groups the rank‐position was positively correlated with the amount of courtship bouts displayed. Fighting occurred only in the large group and in one small group where a challenge to the alpha‐position took place. Here the highest ranking males showed highest T‐titers in their groups. In those four groups where no fighting occurred rank‐position and amount of courtship behaviour displayed was uncorrelated to plasma‐T‐titers. Our findings suggest that endogenous levels of T only reflect the highest ranking males' social status when their social position is challenged. When dominance relations are resolved and stabilized a male's rank‐position and its amount of courtship behaviour displayed appear independent of plasma‐T‐levels in guinea pigs.
Temporal Dynamics of Dialects in the Whistled Songs of Starlings
Authors: Adret‐Hausberger M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPrevious studies revealed that whistled songs of starlings can be separated into different categories, among which five themes are found in the repertoires of all (or most) individuals. These “specific” themes show local variations but the different themes have different sizes of dialect areas.This study investigates the temporal evolution of this complex dialectal system. Observations were made in an area where dialects were mapped three years earlier. They reveal an obvious temporal evolution of dialects, although the degree of variation differs according to the theme.No structural change was observed for two themes (CC and ST), but some temporal dynamics in their dialect boundaries did appear. There were changes in the structures and boundaries of two other themes (IT and HT). However, they showed:

a relationship between new and old structures, either with persistence of the old variants or with an apparent drift. Almost no really new structures were observed.
all the 1980 variants recorded in 1983 were found at sites not far from the original one. The main changes consisted of extensions or regressions of variants along boundaries.

Lastly, the temporal evolution of RT dialects is unusual in that the changes are more sudden.The variants have been replaced by different ones in some cases, but in others they have remained stable.The complexity of the dialectal system is persistent on a temporal level, varying from stability for ST to sudden changes for RT, with IT and HT intermediate.
Thermal Dependence of Tongue‐flicking and Comments on Use of Tongue‐flicking as an Index of Squamate Behavior
Authors: Cooper William E. , Vitt Laurie J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTongue‐flicking rate has often been used as a dependent variable or a component of a dependent variable taken as a measure of responsiveness to chemical stimuli by lizards and snakes. Because temperature has been controlled in most studies, effects of temperature have been largely overlooked. In this study, a constant stimulus, the adult cloacal odor of a conspecific female, was presented to adult scincid lizards (Eumeces laticeps) and temperature was from 15 ° to 35 °C. Tongue‐flicking rates by adult Eumeces laticeps in response to cloacal odors of conspecific females were strongly thermally dependent in 20 s and 60 s trial periods. The tongue‐flick‐temperature curve appears to be roughly quadratic over the entire 15 °‐35 °C range studied, with very low rates at 15 ° and 20 °C followed by a rapid rise to maximum tongue‐flicking rate at 30 ° and rapid decline to 35 °C.Presumably, similar relationships apply to other lizards and snakes with modifications related to ecological characteristics such as diel activity cycle and foraging mode, to relative position on a scale of eurythermy‐stenothermy, and to taxon. Thermal response curves for other stimuli, especially prey odors, are likely to have the same basic form, but have not been determined.
The Influence of Parental Color Morph on Mate Choice in the Cichlid Fish Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum
Authors: Siepen Gabriele , Caprona M.‐Dominique Crapon de 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCichlasoma nigrofasciatum of two different color morphs (striped or white), each of which had been taken care of from spawning up to 7 weeks of age by foster parents of the other color morph, were put together in a “free choice situation” and tested for their preference to spawn with a mate of the striped or of the white morph. The number of pairs of the same color (striped × striped, white × white) and of different color (“mixed” pairs, striped × white) was recorded and compared with the results of control fish. The latter had been taken care of from spawning up to 7 weeks of age by foster parents of the same color morph and were also tested in a free choice situation. The influence of parental color morph on mate choice was analysed in the first mate choice of naive animals (breeding for the first time). The stability over time of the preferences observed in the naive animals was then studied in the 18 months following the first mate choice experiment.Our results show that if young Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum had been taken care of by foster parents of the other color morph, but had grown up with siblings of their own color morph, approximately 9 % of the matings involved partners which had a different color (mixed pairs). In contrast, young which had been taken care of by foster parents of their own color morph and had grown up with siblings of their own color were completely segregated according to color during breeding (striped pairs or white pairs) and never formed mixed pairs. The importance of the influence of parental and sibling color morph on the preference to mate with a particular morph and, consequently, on speciation in cichlids in general are discussed.
Chillingham Cattle: Dominance and Affinities and Access to Supplementary Food
Authors: Hall Stephen J. G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA herd of cattle of natural sex ratio and age distribution, inhabiting a 134‐ha park in northern England, was studied during supplementary feeding in 4 winters. Interactions could be summarised by conventional dominance hierarchies, more strictly linear and less stable among males than among females. Personal associations among individuals were not important, but affinities among social classes were, in determining the composition of feeding groups. Dominant males often fed in the same groups as dominant females. Dominant animals were less often seen to feed alone, implying that social dominance did not confer exclusive access to food. Cattle often fed in groups of two or three; certain combinations (notably those including two males, or one male and one female, or three calves) were stable, others unstable, notably combinations of females and calves, or of two or three females. This implies that females may defend resources more vigorously against other females than males do against other males.
Individual‐ and Sex‐related Strategies of Wrestling Play in Captive Squirrel Monkeys
Authors: Biben Maxeen 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe play behavior of 10 juvenile squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) was observed for 7 months in both mixed‐sex and same‐sex laboratory social groupings to identify strategies by which individuals may derive maximum benefit from play. Two types of play wrestling were identified: directional if one partner was on top of and dominating the other, and nondirectional if both partners hung from a perch and clasped each other equally. Males (N=5) wrestled more often, had longer bouts, and used proportionately more directional wrestling than did females (N = 5). Initiation Behaviors, leading predictably to play, were performed preferentially to certain partners, independent of affiliative (huddling) preferences. Both sexes performed more Initiation Behaviors to same‐sex partners. Individuals, regardless of sex, preferred play partners whom they could dominate during directional wrestling; with partners whom they could not dominate, they preferred nondirectional wrestling, where partners were equal. The observed preferences are interpreted as evidence for individual strategies maximizing winning at directional wrestling. Role reversal is discussed as a strategy encouraging play between youngsters of diverse abilities, and as a means of providing needed experience in a variety of social roles.
Tracking of Female Conspecific Odor Trails by Male Broad‐headed Skinks (Eumeces laticeps)
Authors: Cooper William E. , Vitt Laurie J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe ability of the broad‐headed skink (Eumeces laticeps) to follow conspecific odor trails on paper substrates was investigated in y‐maze experiments. Adult males enter the trail‐containing arm at much greater than chance frequency when the odor source is female. The data support the hypothesis that males can follow odor trails of females. The often‐repeated direct contact with the trail made by tongue‐flicking as the lizard passed through the maze provided evidence that males could follow the scent. There was no evidence that males followed male odors or that females followed trails laid by either sex. It is suggested that the major selective force leading to evolution by males of the ability to trail females was an increase in reproductive success accruing to males able to locate females and guard them during a temporally limited period of sexual receptivity.
Vigilance and Group Size in Homo sapiens
Authors: Wirtz Peter , Wawra Monika 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWhile eating, Homo sapiens frequently look up and visually scan their environment. As in many bird and mammal species studied, the frequency of looking up was negatively correlated with group size. Average duration of scanning the environment also correlated negatively with group size. At all group sizes studied (1–5), females spent less time scanning than did males. With increasing group size females reduced their rate of looking up more than did males.
How do Manx Shearwaters Puffinus puffinus Find their Burrows?
Authors: James Paul C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe ability of Manx shearwaters (Puffinus puffinus) to locate their nesting burrows at night was investigated using observation and experiments. Shearwaters walking to their burrows did so at random with respect to the wind direction, and did not vocalize, suggesting that visual cues are important to successful burrow homing. Experiments to test whether vision, audition or olfaction functioned in guiding birds back to burrows supported this conclusion.