bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Groundwater Quality Changes Resulting from a Surface Bromide Application to a Pasture
Authors: Owens L. B. , Van Keuren R. W. , Edwards W. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPotassium bromide was applied at a rate of 168 kg Br−/ha to two 1.1‐ha pasture watersheds in east‐central Ohio to study the impacts on groundwater quality of a one‐time application of a soluble constituent. The watersheds had well‐drained residual silt loam soils and average slopes of about 20%. A nearly impermeable clay layer under the watersheds created a perched aquifer from which groundwater samples could be taken at developed springs. Three monolith, grassed lysimeters having soil profiles similar to the watersheds also received the Br−1 treatment. The lysimeters, which were 8 m2 in surface area and had a depth of 2.4 m, had shorter leaching pathways than the watersheds and showed peak Br−1 concentrations in percolation (24.0 mg/L maximum peak) occurring 52–78 weeks following the Br−1 application. The Br−1 concentration in the groundwater from the watersheds had lower peaks (9.2 mg/L maximum peak) but occurred 84 to 104 weeks after the Br−1 application. Because of variable leaching pathway lengths, including pathways much longer than those in the lysimeters, the watershed groundwater Br−1 applications had shown no meaningful decrease by 2 yrs after the Br−1 application. A one‐time application of a soluble, nondegradable chemical constituent can have a multi‐year influence on groundwater quality.
Comparative Toxicology of Laboratory Organisms for Assessing Hazardous Waste Sites
Authors: Miller W. E. , Peterson S. A. , Greene J. C. , Callahan C. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMulti‐media/multi‐trophic level bioassays have been proposed to determine the extent and severity of environmental contamination at hazardous waste sites. Comparative toxicological profiles for algae (Selenastrum capricornutum), daphnia (Daphnia magna), earthworms (Eisenia foetida), microbes (Photobacterium fisherii, mixed sewage microorganisms) and plants; wheat “Stephens,” (Triticum aestivum), lettuce, butter crunch, (Lactuca sativa L.), radish, “Cherry Belle,” (Raphanus sativa L.), red clover, “Kenland,” (Trifolium pratense L.) and cucumber, “Spartan Valor,” (Cucumis sativa L.) are presented for selected heavy metals, herbicides and insecticides. Specific chemical EC50 values are presented for each test organism. Differences in standard deviations were compared between each individual test organism, as well as for the chemical subgroup assayed. Algae and daphnia are the most sensitive test organisms to heavy metals and insecticides followed in order of decreasing sensitivity by Microtox (Photobacterium fisherii), DO depletion rate, seed germination and earthworms. Higher plants were most sensitive to 2,4‐D, (2,4‐Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) followed by algae, Microtox, daphnia and earthworms. Differences in toxicity of 2,4‐D chemical formulations and commercial sources of insecticides were observed with algae and daphnia tests.
Wood Residue and Fertilizer Amendment of Bentonite Mine Spoils: I. Spoil and General Vegetation Responses
Authors: Smith J. A. , Schuman G. E. , De Puit E. J. , Sedbrook T. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBentonite mine spoils in the northern Great Plains are difficult to rehabilitate and manage because of extreme saline‐sodic conditions and high percentage of 2:1 expanding clays. Wood residue and N fertilizer amendments have been shown to promote vegetation establishment on bentonite mine spoils. This study was conducted to determine wood residue and N fertilizer levels necessary to revegetate these mine spoils. Treatments included 0, 45, 90, and 135 Mg ha−1 of dry ponderosa pine wood residue and N fertilizer rates of 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 kg N Mg−1 of residue. A uniform P fertilization rate of 90 kg P ha−1 was used across all treatments. The greatest increase in seeded plant density, canopy cover and aboveground biomass occurred at 90‐Mg ha−1 wood residue fertilized at 2.5 kg N Mg−1 of residue. Spoils amended at these levels exhibited a mean first‐year plant density of 59 seedlings m−2, second‐year plant canopy cover of 67% and second‐year plant biomass (dry weight) of 2060 kg ha−1 compared to the zero wood residue treatment which had a plant density of 14 seedlings m−2, 8% plant canopy cover, and 80‐kg ha−1 plant biomass.
Degradation of Pyridine Derivatives in Soil
Authors: Sims Gerald K. , Sommers Lee E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe fate of pyridine and 25 substituted pyridines in soil (Aeric Ochraqualfs) was examined by measuring the quantity remaining and the inorganic N released as a result of degradation of the pyridine ring for a period of 64 d. Each compound was added to soil at 2 mmol kg−1. Compounds studied included pyridine substituted with one or two hydroxyl, carboxyl, chlorine, amine, or methyl groups. During the 64‐d incubation period, extractability of pyridine derivatives with 2 M KCl + 0.01 M HC1 decreased from an average of 88 ± 8.8% to essentially 0 for all compounds except aminopyridines. From 36 to 94% of added aminopyridines was recovered after 64 d of incubation. Degradation of the majority of pyridine derivatives was confirmed by accumulation of N in amounts equivalent to 61 to 80% of the decrease in extractable pyridines at 64 d of incubation. Degradation of unsubstituted pyridine occurred within 8 d, whereas most hydroxypyridines were degraded within 32 to 64 d. Pyridinecarboxylic acids appear to be the most labile group of pyridine derivatives and were dissipated from soil in 4 to 16 d. Most chloropyridines persisted in soil and became weakly associated with some insoluble soil component. However, 4‐chloropyridine degraded in 16 d. Aminopyridines resisted degradation in soil while methylpyridines were degraded in 8 to 32 d. Degradability of the compounds generally followed the order pyridinecarboxylic acids > pyridine = mono‐hydroxypyridines > methylpyridines > aminopyridines and chloropyridines. This trend was consistent with previous results on biodegradability of the compounds in soil suspension cultures.
The Solubility Relationships of Calcium and Magnesium Minerals in Processed Oil Shales
Authors: Reddy K. J. , Lindsay W. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne of the major problems occurring with the oil shale industry is the production of large amounts of solid wastes (spent shale). The high alkalinity of these waste materials often presents problems for successful management practices to minimize overall pollution impact on the environment. The objective of this study was to determine solubility of calcium and magnesium minerals to explain high alkalinity of spent shales. Two oil shales, one processed by Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and another processed by Lurgi Ruhrgas (Lurgi) were examined in this study. The x‐ray diffraction analysis was used to identify different mineral phases of spent oil shales. The results indicate that processing oil shales at high temperature destroyed carbonate minerals and formed silicate minerals including wollastonite (αCaSiO3), clinoenstatite (MgSiO3), or diopside (CaMg(SiO3)2). These minerals buffered pH above 11.00 and controlled Ca2+ and Mg2+ activities in solution. The experimental findings in this study further suggest that oxides or hydroxides of Ca and Mg produced initially from processing oil shales did not persist after moisture was allowed to contact the spent shale.
Decomposition of Potato Processing Wastes in Soil
Authors: Smith J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSolid filtered or centrifuged potato processing wastes were obtained from three potato processors in Idaho. The waste samples were dried and ground to pass a 2‐mm sieve and added to soils at rates of 0, 2.5, 10, and 25 g/kg. The 100‐g samples of Portneuf silt loam soil containing the waste material was incubated at 26 °C and decomposition of the added wastes was determined by measuring CO2 evolution in a flowing air stream passing over the soil in the incubation flask. Each increment of added organic waste material increased the amount of carbon evolved during the 12‐week incubation. The waste materials contained 6.8, 20.4, or 65.5 g N/kg waste. However, these differences in N did not change the amount of CO2 evolved at the 12‐week incubation, although the evolution curves were shaped somewhat differently during the 12 weeks. Regression analyses of the cumulative carbon resulted in highly significant R2 values being obtained for each potato processing waste material. Decomposition of the solid waste materials ranged from 24 to 92% depending upon the source and application rate. The rapid decomposition of the solid wastes verified field research indicating that potato wastes have not more than 1 yr residual fertilizer value. The organic waste is not likely to accumulate in the field.
Intrusion of Reclaimed Uranium Mill Tailings by Prairie Dogs and Ground Squirrels
Authors: Shuman Rob , Whicker F. Ward 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe potential for intrusion of soil‐covered uranium mill tailings was investigated with respect to two sciurids, the whitetail prairie dog (Cynomys leucurus) and the Wyoming ground squirrel (Spermophilus elegans). At a study site in Wyoming, measurements of gross alpha radioactivity on mound surfaces of artificially‐introduced prairie dogs were made to reveal any tailings penetration through 0.5 m of soil‐cover. Also, the impact of prairie dog burrowing upon radon flux from the cover surface was investigated. Limited, short‐lived intrusion of the waste layer was noted, but no significant changes in radon flux were detected. Wyoming ground squirrels confined to soil‐ and soil/tailings‐filled barrels burrowed to less extreme depths when confronted by mill tailings. Additional work at an inactive railings pile in western Colorado revealed repeated intrusion through a shallow cover and subsequent transport of radioactive material to the ground surface by prairie dogs that had voluntarily invaded the site at least 10 yr prior to this study. Radon flux from burrow entrances was significantly greater than that from undisturbed ground at the Colorado site. Differences in burrowing and radionuclide release between the Wyoming and Colorado sites may have been due to railings characteristics such as pH and/or texture, or to other factors such as residence time of the animals.
Variations in Natural Nitrogen‐15 Abundance as an Aid in Manure‐nitrogen Studies
Authors: Selles F. , Karamanos R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe fate of manure N in the soil‐plant system was studied in a growth chamber experiment with soil columns (Typic Haploborolls) using three rates of manure (equivalent to 0, 60, and 90 Mg ha−1) and two water regimes. Estimates of manure N contribution to various compartments of the system were derived using the changes in natural 15N abundance of the N sources in the system. These sources included manure‐derived inorganic N from manure amendments to the soil, inorganic N initially present in the soil and soil‐derived inorganic N. Calculations of the contribution of each source to soil, plant, and leachate were based on the principle of isotopic dilution. Complete recovery of manure and manure‐derived N in the systems studied were obtained and N balances were drawn for both uncropped and cropped treatments through a series of calculations. This was not possible in all cases when the contribution was calculated from the difference between manure amended and nonamended treatments. Although large propagated errors may be incorporated in the calculations based on the isotopic dilution principle, the proposed technique appears to be sensitive enough to semiquantitatively describe the fate of manure N in the soil‐plant system.
Soil Potential Ratings for Onsite Wastewater Disposal
Authors: Steele D. P. , Petersen G. W. , Fritton D. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe soil potential concept has been developed to provide more useful information in interpreting soil suitabilities for various uses. Soil potential rating systems have been applied to onsite wastewater disposal in several regions. However, true utility of this type of rating system will not be discernable until it has been widely applied to explore various approaches. A procedure was developed for generating soil potential ratings for onsite residential wastewater disposal. This procedure was used to rate every soil mapping unit (91) in Potter Township, Centre County, PA. These ratings were developed by selecting the most appropriate onsite disposal technology using the following seven properties: depth to bedrock, depth to fragipan, depth to seasonally high water table, soil percolation time, slope, surface stoniness, and landscape position. In order to determine the ratings, an appropriate disposal system had to be selected for each mapping unit. Whenever possible the selection of a system followed state regulations (54% of selections). Innovative designs were developed for all other cases. Costs of construction and maintenance (over the design life) were estimated for the best and worst case examples of each soil mapping unit. The dollar costs were indexed over a range of 0 to 106. These numbers were later grouped into five soil potential classes according to the frequency of index rating values and an error estimation. The ratings were compared with the performance of onsite systems on four of the rated soil mapping units. This comparison indicated that the ratings were appropriate, allowed the numerical rating of every soil mapping unit, and could be used as a land use planning tool.
Effect and Disposition of TNT in a Terrestrial Plant
Authors: Palazzo A. J. , Leggett D. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLittle is known about the response of terrestrial plants to 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT). To assess its effects, yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) was grown in hydroponic cultures containing TNT concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 20 mg/L. The deleterious effects of TNT were rapid and occurred at solution concentrations of 5 mg/L and higher. Root growth was most affected, followed by leaves and rhizomes. Root weights were reduced about 95% when grown in the presence of TNT. Plant yields were 54 to 74% lower than the control. The TNT and its metabolites, 4‐amino‐2,6‐dinitrotoluene (4‐ADNT), and 2‐amino‐4,6‐dinitrotoluene (2‐ADNT) were found throughout the plants. Solutions were continually monitored to ensure that no metabolites were present in solution. Since TNT was the only compound taken up, the metabolites must have formed within the plant. Levels of 4‐ADNT exceeded those of 2‐ADNT and TNT itself ranging up to 2200 mg/kg in roots of plants grown in 20 mg/L of TNT. The greatest quantities of all three compounds were found in the rhizomes. Increasing solution TNT levels increased the concentrations and quantities of all three compounds in the plants.
Decomposition of Benzidine, α‐Naphthylamine, and p‐Toluidine in Soils
Authors: Graveel John G. , Sommers Lee E. , Nelson Darrell W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDecomposition of 14C‐labeled benzidine, α‐naphthylamine, and p‐toluidine in soil was studied in laboratory experiments by monitoring CO2 production during a 308‐ to 365‐d incubation period. The importance of microbial activity in decomposition of all three aromatic amines was shown by decreased 14CO2 evolution in 60Co treated soils. After 365 d of incubation, 8.4 to 12% of added benzidine (54.3 µmol kg−1) was evolved as CO2 while 17 to 31% of added α‐naphthylamine (69.8 µmol kg−1) and 19 to 35% of added p‐toluidine (93.3 µmol kg−1) were evolved as CO2 in 308 d. Decomposition of benzidine, α‐naphthylamine, and p‐toluidine was greatest at a water potential of −0.033 MPa and decreased at both 0 and −0.5 MPa. Decomposition was enhanced by increasing the temperature from 12 to 30°C. The absolute amount of α‐naphthylamine and p‐toluidine decomposed increased while the percentage of added amine degraded decreased as application rate was increased from 1 to 1000 mg kg−1. For benzidine, both the amount and proportion decomposed increased with an increase in application rate. Decomposition of aromatic amines was not enhanced by the addition of decomposable substrates. Differences in decomposition of aromatic amines occurred among soils, but consistent relationships between decomposition of amines and soil properties were not observed. In batch equilibration studies, the Freundlich equation described aromatic amine sorption. Isotherms were nonlinear for benzidine and α‐naphthylamine and linear for p‐toluidine. Desorption of sorbed amines followed the order: benzidine < p‐toluidine < α‐naphthylamine and was inversely related to the extent of decomposition.
Nitrogen Transformations in a Poultry Manure Amended Soil: Temperature and Moisture Effects
Authors: Sims J. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEfficient agronomic management of poultry manure requires information on its contribution to the N budget of the soil‐crop system. Of primary importance in this regard is the timing of N mineralization from the organic fraction of the manure. As manure applications are frequently made year round, it is also essential to understand how environmental variations will alter the rate and extent of N mineralization. Consequently, a laboratory study was conducted for 150 d to measure the effects of temperature and moisture on net N mineralization from three poultry manures. Each manure sample was incorporated with an Evesboro loamy sand (mesic, coated typic Quartzipsamments) and changes in soil inorganic N (NH+4‐N and NO−3‐N) and pH were determined at 30, 90, and 150 d. Although variations were noted between manure types, most of the net mineralization (Nm) observed at 25 °C and 40 °C occurred within the first 90 d. Mineralization was reduced at 0 °C but, by the conclusion of the study, considerable accumulations of inorganic N (18–76 mg/kg) were detected at this temperature. Thirty to 60% of the organic N added to the soil in manures 1 and 3 was mineralized, when moisture was not limiting. Inconsistent mineralization patterns obtained with manure 2 were attributed to microbial immobilization of N. Accumulations of NH+4‐N under cold or dry conditions resulted in elevated soil pH levels. Conversely, considerable soil acidification occurred under warm, moist conditions due to rapid nitrification of NH+4‐N added in the manures.
Binding of Herbicides by Water‐soluble Organic Materials from Soil
Authors: Madhun Yousef A. , Young J. L. , Freed V. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe gel filtration method of Hummel and Dreyer (1962) has been used for the study of binding of herbicides by water‐soluble organic substances extracted from soil with distilled water. Evidence is offered for the binding of bromacil (5‐bromo‐3‐sec‐butyl‐6‐methyluracil), diuron [3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1,dimethylurea], chlorotoluron [3‐(3‐chloro‐4‐methylphenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea], simazine (2‐chloro‐4,6‐bis‐ethylamino‐s‐triazine), glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl) glycine], and diquat (1,1‐ethylene‐2,2‐bipyridylium ion) by water soluble soil organic materials (WSSOM). Infrared and gel filtration data showed that the WSSOM consist of compounds with molecular masses in the range of 700 to 5000 daltons and resemble very closely the fulvic acids present in soil and surface waters. The amount of herbicide bound by WSSOM was determined from the elution diagram of the herbicide‐WSSOM complex. The results of this study point to the significance of WSSOM in relation to the fate and behavior of pesticides and pollutants in soil and water. The binding of these chemicals by WSSOM may figure important in the assessment of their mobility and transport in the environment.
Effect of Soil and Effluent Characteristics on Phosphorus Sorption in Dosed Columns
Authors: Nagpal N. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of soil and effluent loading characteristics on long‐term P retention and movement in soil columns were investigated. Six soil columns, 0.120 to 0.160 m deep and 0.20 m diam, were obtained from < 2‐mm fraction of Rosewall gravelly sandy loam (Inceptisols) and Qualicum gravelly loamy sand (Inceptisols). The columns were subjected to an instantaneous daily dose, except on weedends and holidays, of three effluent treatments over a period of 609 d. The three effluent treatments varied in P concentration and hydraulic loading levels; low (7.8 mg P/L, 0.0158 m/d), moderate (15.7 mg P/L, 0.0158 m/d) and high (15.7 mg P/L, 0.0315 m/d). The soils in the columns were kept unsaturated during the experiment. Continued effluent loading resulted in P breakthrough and a decrease in P sorption by soils. In five of six columns, P sorption by soils reached equilibrium. Both pore volume at P breakthrugh (PVBT) and P sorption at equilibrium (PSEQ) appeared to be affected by preferential movement of effluent through macropores. Irrespective of the mode of effluent flow, an increase in effluent P concentration and hydraulic loading decreased PSEQ; the effect of hydraulic loading on PSEQ was, however, more pronounced. Doubling the P loading through an increase in effluent P concentration decreased PSEQ by 2 to 11%; however, a similar increase in P loading obtained by a twofold increase in hydraulic loading, decreased PSEQ by 12 and 34% in Rosewall and Qualicum soils, respectively. Strong influence of effluent flow rate on PVBT, masked the effect, if any, of soil type and effluent loading on PVBT. The implications of these results with respect to wastewater renovation capability of a septic tank drainfieid were discussed.
Kinetics of Metal Dissolution from Forest Soils by Soluble Organic Acids
Authors: Pohlman Andrew A. , Mc Coll John G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo kinetic models are presented that describe the dissolution of Al, Fe, Mn, and Mg from two forest soils by soluble organic acids. Dissolution of Al, Fe, and Mn occurred as a first‐order kinetic reaction. The rate was in the order Mn ≫ Al> Fe in di‐ and tricarboxylic acids, salicylic, p‐hydroxybenzoic, and tannic acids, and the order Mn ≫ Fe > Al in gallic acid and catechol. Complexing acids removed these metals faster than noncomplexing acids. The dissolution of Mn followed first‐order kinetics from Holland Variant soil and parabolic‐type kinetics from Shaver soils. Dissolution of Mn by parabolic‐type kinetics followed a similar ion exchange process as in NH4OAc leaching of Al, Fe, Mn, and Mg from both soils. The chemical structure, and the type and position of functional groups within a given organic chemical series, were important factors affecting the dissolution rates of Al, Fe, and Mn, but not for Mg. The di‐ and tricarboxylic acids containing β‐hydroxy functional groups and phenolic acids containing orthohydroxy groups dissolved Al and Fe about 3 to 6 times faster than similar organic compounds with other functional‐group combinations. The interaction between α‐carboxy and β‐hydroxy groups and these metals is thought to favor the formation of a stable chelated six‐members ring structure. Gallic acid was effective in dissolving Mn, and the mode of chelation appeared to be the two adjacent phenolic‐OH groups capable of forming a stable five‐membered ring structure. The rate of dissolution of Mn in gallic acid was about 3 to 6 times faster than in salicyclic or p‐hydroxybenzoic acids. Dissolution of Mg was assumed to be by H+ ion exchange and not by chelating action.