bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REDUCTION OF PROGENY AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE FOLLOWING REMOVAL OF SYMBIOTIC FUNGI
Authors: Barras Stanley J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn four studies with loblolly pine bolts over a 2-year period, absence of the normal complement of mycangial and ectodermal fungi, or absence of mycangial fungi alone, caused a significant decrease in number of progeny, progeny/gallery, progeny/cm of gallery, and ratio of increase of Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman. Initial emergence of progeny was delayed 13 to 24 days. Absence of fungi had no effect on number of successful attacks, length of ovipositional gallery, and number of egg niches/cm of gallery.
BIOLOGY AND IMMATURE STAGES OF LEUCOPIS PIMCOLA AND CHAMAEMYIA POLYSTIGMA (DIPTERA: CHAMAEMYIIDAE)
Authors: Sluss Thomas P. , Foote B. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe life cycles and larval feeding habits of Leucopis (Neoleucopis) pinicola Malloch and Chamaemyia polystigma Meigen were studied in northeastern Ohio. The larval stages of L. pinicola are predators of the pine bark aphid, Pineus strobi (Hartig) (Homoptera: Adelgidae). Probably there are only two generations a year, and overwintering occurs as mature larvae or pupae that are in diapause. Larvae of C. polystigma prey on the blue grass mealybug, Heterococcus nudus Green (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), that infests perennial rye grass, Lolium perenne L. This species has three generations a year and overwinters as diapausing mature larvae and pupae.The eggs, three larval instars, and puparia of both species are described and illustrated.
HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF IPS PARACONFUSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) LARVAE AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO MORTALITY: I. INFLUENCE OF HOST TREE AND TREE DIAMETER ON PARASITIZATION
Authors: Ball J. C. , Dahlsten D. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe larval parasite complex of Ips paraconfusus Lanier is found to differ in Pinus ponderosa and Pinus lambertiana within the same local area. Ips paraconfusus was attacked by fewer species of parasites in ponderosa pine and the rate of parasitization was generally less in that tree species. Greater parasitization in sugar pine was not entirely accounted for by the additional parasite species, but also reflected greater efficacy by those species common to both trees. Evidence indicates that greater bark thickness in ponderosa pine at comparable diameters may have been responsible for the higher parasitization by the shared parasite species.A significant negative regression of parasitization with diameter was found in sugar pine, but not in ponderosa pine. Most, if not all, of this regression is attributed to a single species, Rhopalicus pulchripennis, whose searching appears to be confined to the smooth, softer bark of the crown.
CEUTORHYNCHUS LITURA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE): BIOLOGY AND FIRST RELEASES FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE WEED CANADA THISTLE (CIRSIUM ARVENSE) IN ONTARIO, CANADA
Authors: Peschken D. P. , Beecher R. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCeutorhynchus litura (F.) laid an average of 123 eggs per female. Development from egg to adult took about 6 weeks at room temperature, followed by an obligatory diapause of 3–4 months. In laboratory rearings a maximum of only an 8-fold increase over the original breeding stock was achieved in one generation. The weevil was released against the weed Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) near Belleville, Ont., in 1967. Near the centre of the release site on about 400 m2, thistle shoots have decreased to 4% of their former density of about 3–7 shoots per 0.25 m2. Circumstantial evidence indicates that the weevil aided in the spread of thistle rust Puccinia punctiformis (Str.) Rohl.
THE BIOLOGY OF TREE-HOLES OF POINT PELEE NATIONAL PARK, ONTARIO: I. NEW MOSQUITO RECORDS FOR CANADA (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Smith S. M. , Trimble R. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe mosquitoes Anopheles barberi, Orthopodomyia signifera, and Orthopodomyia alba are recorded for the first time in Canada. All three species were found breeding in the water-filled rot cavities of trees in the deciduous forest of Point Pelee National Park, Ontario. Attention is drawn to the probable rarity of these mosquitoes in Canada and their conservation is recommended.
TESTS ON MICROBIAL AND CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF TRICHOPLUSIA NI (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AND PIERIS RAPAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE) ON CABBAGE
Authors: Jaques R. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe control of larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, and the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae, by viruses, bacteria, and chemical insecticides was compared. In small field plots five applications of the nuclear-polyhedrosis virus of T. ni (1.8 × 1011 polyhedra/acre) and the granulosis virus of P. rapae (4 ×1011 granules/acre) controlled the respective host larvae as well as five applications of the chemical insecticide methomyl (0.5 to 1 lb/acre). Dipel HD-1 (0.25 lb/acre) and Thuricide HPC (60 fl. oz/acre), formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis, were as effective against T. ni larvae as methomyl but not as effective as Fundal (0.5 lb/acre) or Dipel at a higher rate (0.5 lb/acre). The control obtained by combinations of viruses with endosulfan or methomyl suggested an effective method of reducing use of chemical insecticides. Control of T. ni and P. rapae in plots up to 3 acres in area in growers’ fields demonstrated the effectiveness of the viruses when used as commercial insecticides.
PARASITES OF FACE FLY, MUSCA AUTUMNALIS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), AND ASSOCIATED DIPTERA NEAR BELLEVILLE, ONTARIO
Authors: Wylie H. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOne larval parasite, Aphaereta pallipes (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and three pupal parasites (Muscidifurax raptor G. & S., Spalangia nigra Latr., and Eupteromalus dubius (Ashm.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)) developed on face fly, Musca autumnalis De G. (Diptera: Muscidae), collected near Belleville, Ont. These parasites, and four other Hymenoptera and one staphylinid, were reared from other Diptera associated with M. autumnalis. The economic value of the four face fly parasites is limited because only one (A. pallipes) finds hosts easily, none is host-specific, and few individuals that develop on face fly pupae emerge from the puparia.
THE EFFECT OF EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE), INFESTATIONS ON N, P, AND K CONCENTRATIONS IN APPLE FOLIAGE THROUGHOUT THE SEASON
Authors: Herbert H. J. , Butler K. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSeasonal trends of the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were measured in the foliage of apple trees infested with the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), at four population levels created by the action of predators and/or chemical treatment.It was shown that by early September the concentrations of these nutrients; particularly nitrogen, were significantly depressed by high P. ulmi populations.
STUDIES ON THE ARTHROPOD FAUNA OF ALFALFA: IV. SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE CROWN
Authors: Wheeler A. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe arthropod fauna associated with deteriorating crowns of alfalfa,Medicago sativaL., was studied at Ithaca, N.Y., during 1968–1969. Four decompositional stages of crowns were delimited, ranging from those of healthy, 1-year-old plants to those of dead plants. A total of 77 arthropod species, including 44 species of Diptera, were reared from the four stages of crowns. Information given for each species includes relative abundance, and associated stage of crown and number of crowns. Adults of several reared species had been collected from alfalfa foliage samples in previous years of study and were species for which the relationship to alfalfa had been obscure and which might in most insect–plant studies have been dismissed as being of chance occurrence or accidental on the plants. However, species breeding within the crowns contributed to the richness of the alfalfa fauna. Because species breeding within the microhabitat of decaying crowns were only rarely found to be associated with other morphological parts of the alfalfa plant, the crown community can be considered as a “centre of action” within the total alfalfa–arthropod community. The possible importance of considering species comprising the crown community in studies on communal stability is discussed.None of the species of the crown community were shown to be definite primary invaders in crowns of healthy plants, although several reared species have been reported to damage living plant tissue. Many of the species probably were feeding on microorganisms and partitioning the available food resources by feeding preferentially on different classes of microorganisms. The majority of species should be classed as secondary invaders. While mechanical and winter injury probably were the main causes of initial damage to the crowns, feeding activities of the secondary-invading arthropods may have accelerated the process of crown deterioration and further opened tissues of the crown to penetration by pathogens.
FERTILITY AND SURVIVAL OF TOBACCO BUDWORMS, HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), FROM GAMMA-IRRADIATED FEMALES
Authors: Proshold F. I. , Bartell J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFemale Heliothis virescens (F.) were irradiated with 7.5, 15.0, 22.5, or 30.0 krad of γ-rays and crossed with untreated males. Then the survival and fertility of the F1 insects from these crosses and the survival of the F2 descendants were studied. The F1 survival showed a dose-dependent reduction with increasing dose, but F2 survival was normal. Likewise, we found near-normal fertility in progeny from irradiated females, regardless of dose.
STUDIES ON THE ARTHROPOD FAUNA OF ALFALFA: V. SPIDERS (ARANEIDA)
Authors: Wheeler A. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe spider fauna of alfalfa was studied at Ithaca, N.Y., in three experimental plots and in nearby fields during 1966–69. As part of an overall study of the arthropod fauna of alfalfa, the spider populations in the study plots were recorded weekly during visual examination of the terminal 6 in. of five stems for 100 plants in each of the plots. Additional information was obtained from sweep-net and pitfall trap collections in the study plots and from sweeping several commercial plantings. The spider fauna of alfalfa was found to consist of 78 species, 10 of which were collected only from the ground layer. Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz and Dictyna volucripes Keyserling were the most abundant species found in the weekly samples. Notes on the seasonal occurrence, location on the plants, and feeding habits are given for the common species.
EFFECTS OF INFESTATIONS BY THE CORN LEAF APHID, RHOPALOSIPHUM MAIDIS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), ON FIELD CORN IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Foott W. H. , Timmins P. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effects of various levels of infestation of the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), on yield of field corn were examined from 1965 to 1970 inclusive when all plants whose yield might have been influenced by factors other than aphid feeding were excluded from the data. A possible relationship between moisture stress in plants and degree of aphid injury was also investigated.A light infestation (maximum of 400 aphids on the tassel) caused average yield reductions up to 8.3% when plants were under moisture stress, but nil to negligible losses when moisture was adequate. Moderate infestations (many hundreds of aphids on part of the tassel) produced average losses up to 34.8% under drought conditions and up to 11.8% when moisture was abundant. Severe infestations (many hundreds of aphids on most of the tassel) caused average yield reductions ranging from 43.2 to 91.8% when plants were under water stress and up to 58.9% even with abundant moisture. Very severely infested plants (many hundreds on all of the tassel and whorl leaves) were usually barren or had ears with just a few kernels regardless of moisture conditions.Most injury from aphid feeding appeared to occur before and during pollination. No particular combination of temperature and rainfall favored aphid buildup.
FOUR SPECIES OF BRYOPHAENOCLADIUS THIEN., WITH NOTES ON OTHER ORTHOCLADIINAE (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Saether Ole A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBryophaenocladius brincki (Freem.) comb, nov., B. productus (Freem.) comb, nov., B. laticaudus spec, nov., and B. digitatus spec. nov. are described or redescribed.The new genus Tokunagaia is given for Adactylocladius Sæther 1969 pro parte, nec Sæther 1968. A new name, Orthocladius (s. str.) curtiseta, is given for O. brevisela Sæth. nec Kieff. Some new synonyms and records are given.
HEAT UNITS AND OUTBREAKS OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)
Authors: Ives W. G. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe numbers of heat units during a fixed overwintering period and a shifting early larval feeding period for the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hübner, were calculated from daily temperature data and related to known infestations of this insect in the Prairie Provinces and Ontario. Paired comparisons showed that years with increasing populations had cooler overwintering periods and warmer early feeding periods than did those with decreasing populations. Continuous records for each of 10 climatological stations showed that all known infestations in these areas were preceded by a single year (2 to 4 years earlier) with a relatively cool winter and an unusually warm spring, and that most population collapses were accompanied by cool springs and some by warm winters. The same general pattern prevailed for infestations in southern Ontario, when compared with the numbers of heat units at Toronto for the period 1860 to 1969. Some of the assumptions made during the analyses and the possible use of the results in predicting when and where outbreaks are likely to occur are discussed.
THE STAGES OF ERANNIS VANCOUVERENSIS (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) AND LIFE HISTORY NOTES
Authors: Evans David 
Published: December 2009

AbstractErannis vancouverensis Hulst occurs from northern British Columbia to central California, and has been occasionally reported at infestation levels. The larvae feed on young leaves of several species of deciduous trees; winter is passed in the egg or sometimes in the pupal stage; adults emerge during late autumn or occasionally during winter or early spring; females are wingless. The life stages, including larval instars, are described here in detail. Virus disease and parasitism by tachinid flies help control the species.
SEX RATIOS AT EMERGENCE OF TWO SPECIES OF HIGH-ARCTIC AEDES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Danks H. V. , Corbet Philip S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSex ratios at emergence of Aedes impiger and A. nigripes in the Hazen Camp area (81°49′ N., 71°18′ W.), northern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., are given from trap records, mainly for 1963.There is a marked predominance of females in trap catches from temporary ponds, and an overall slight predominance of females (but with marked pond-to-pond variation) in permanent ponds. The nature of these inter-pond differences favours the inference that, before emergence, males normally survive less well than females, especially under the conditions existing in temporary ponds as they dry up.
IMPACT OF THE BALSAM WOOLLY APHID (HOMOPTERA: PHYLLOXERIDAE) ON CONES AND SEED PRODUCED BY INFESTED FRASER FIR
Authors: Fedde G. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSeed produced by Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir., infested by the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg), was compared with that originating from uninfested trees during a cyclic year of heavy seedfall (1969) in western North Carolina. Cones were significantly shorter and seed uniformly lighter and smaller from trees infested by the aphid. X-ray examination indicated the number of full seed from uninfested trees averaged nearly 70% and 42% higher than in comparable seed samples from infested trees. Germination tests indicated viability of seed from infested trees exceeded 32% and that from uninfested trees exceeded 75%. An important factor affecting survival of seed from the two sources appeared to be the relative susceptibility of seed to attack by Megastigmus specularis Walley. Almost 28% more seed were destroyed by these seed chalcids for aphid-infested trees than for uninfested trees.
COURTSHIP AND COPULATION IN LYTTA NUTTALLI (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE)
Authors: Gerber G. H. , Church N. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDuring courtship in Lytta nuttalli Say the male assumes the active role. Mounted above the female, he repeats a cycle of three stereotyped, stimulatory activities: antennal manipulation, abdominal vibration, and attempted genital insertion. The male uses both his antennae together to stroke alternately the tips of the female’s antennae, which he holds upright with his fore legs. With rapid lateral vibrations of his abdomen, he brushes the ends of the female’s elytra and her eighth tergum with the long bristles on his eighth sternum. He also repeatedly probes the end of the female’s abdomen with his aedeagus, attempting to establish genital contact. Abdominal vibration is performed alternately with genital insertion attempts; antennation usually is carried out at the same time as the other activities. Courtship lasts for a few minutes to 1 hour or more. Copulation is initiated by successful genital insertion and is executed with the male and female aligned end-to-end. Its average duration is 8 to 10 hours. Abdominal vibration seems to be unique to Lytta, whereas the dorsal orientation during courtship and the genital activity are similar to those observed in many other Meloinae. Though antennal manipulation is common in Meloinae, the method employed by L. nuttalli is different from that in other meloines. Anatomical modifications related to courtship are discussed.
TETROPIUM PARVULUM ELEVATED TO SPECIES RANK AND CONTRASTED TO T. CINNAMOPTERUM IN MORPHOLOGY AND HOST PREFERENCE (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)
Authors: Raske A. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe morphological differences in the larva and the adult of Tetropium parvulum Casey and T. cinnamopterum Kirby are reported. Diagnostic characters are the urogomphi of the larva. The shape of the eye, scutellum, and genitalic structures and the number of punctures on the pronotum distinguish the adult. The genitalia are also compared with a third species, T. velutinum. Larvae of T. cinnamopterum have been recorded from a number of conifers, while T. parvulum larvae have only been recorded from spruce.A lectotype is designated for T. cinnamopterum. Examination of type specimens confirmed that T. alaskanum Fall is a synonym of T. parvulum and that T. schwarzianum Casey and T. parallelum are close to T. cinnamopterum. A key is given to distinguish T. parvulum from T. cinnamopterum.
AN ENTOMOPOXVIRUS FOUND IN POPULATIONS OF THE LARGE ASPEN TORTRIX, CHORISTONEURA CONFLICTANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN ONTARIO
Authors: Cunningham J. C. , Burke J. M. , Arif B. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA previously undescribed entomopoxvirus was isolated from larvae of Choristoneura conflictana Wlk. Samples of larvae taken from several points in Ontario indicated that the virus was widespread in the Province.The morphology of the virus is described. The inclusion bodies are larger than those of another entomopoxvirus originally isolated from Choristoneura biennis Free. and propogated in Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). The virions are of the same order of size for both viruses. Microspindles are associated with these viruses and some of the spindles are occluded along with the virions within the oval inclusion bodies. The C. conflictana entomopoxvirus is also infectious to C. fumiferana.
TAXONOMIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MONOCHAMUS SCUTELLATUS AND M. OREGONENSIS (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)
Authors: Raske A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPopulations of Monochamus scutellatus (Say) were found to differ morphologically from populations of M. oregonensis LeConte in color of femora, mouthparts, and antennae; elytral rugosity and shape of scutellum. The genitalia of the two entities differed slightly in the female. Alberta populations of both entities hybridized freely in the laboratory, producing a fertile F1 generation, which was successfully crossed with each parental species. Because of the lack of reproductive isolation between the allopatric entities, M. oregonensis is synonymized under M. scutellatus, but given subspecies status because of the morphological differences. Diagnostic characters of each subspecies are given.
REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND PHYSIOLOGY OF TENEBRIO MOLITOR (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE): I. INITIATION OF MATING IN YOUNG ADULTS AND THE EFFECTS OF ADULT DENSITY
Authors: Gerber G. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAdults of Tenebrio molitor L. can copulate on the second day after eclosion, but the majority of them do not do so until after the third day. Almost all adults copulated at least once within the first 4 to 5 days. Young females initiated copulation at a slightly earlier age than young males. Crowding enhances mating success in young adults, for which there appears to be a critical minimum adult density. The initiation of copulation was not inhibited at very high densities; this suggests that there is not a critical maximum adult density for mating success.
ATTRACTION OF VIRGIN FEMALES AND SYNTHETIC SEX ATTRACTANTS TO THE FRUITTREE LEAFROLLER, ARCHIPS ARGYROSPILUS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Madsen Harold F. , Vakenti Jerry M. , Borden John H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMales of the fruittree leafroller, Archips argyrospilus (Walker), were attracted to traps containing either virgin females or cis-11-tetradecenyl acetate (cis-11-TDA) combined with dodecyl acetate. In two of three field tests traps containing virgin females captured significantly more males than the synthetic lure. Trap captures indicated that the ratio of cis-11-TDA to dodecyl acetate influenced the attractiveness of the mixture, but that increased amounts had no significant effect.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON THE EMERGENCE BEHAVIOUR OFANAX JUNIUS(ODONATA: AESHNIDAE)
Authors: Trottier Robert 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEmergence from the water ofAnax juniusDrury normally occurred after sunset. The onset was affected independently by water temperature and air temperature; low water temperature and high air temperature delayed the onset of emergence. In the field, the net vrtical distance travelled above the water, before ecdysis, was positively correlated with air temperature. In the laboratory, the vertical distance travelled above the water was greatest when air and water temperatures were approximately the same. The average speed of climbing to the first resting position above the water surface was faster at high than low water temperature, but the average speed of climbing from there to the final position, where ecdysis occurred, was reduced due to the effects of air temperature and humidity. Air temperatures below 12.6 °C were found to retard ecdysis and larvae returned to the water and emerged early the following day making the final process of emergence and ecdysis diurnal instead of nocturnal. The duration of ecdysis was shorter at high than low air temperatures and only the first three stages, as arbitrarily defined, were longer at low than high relative humidity; stage 4, shortened with low relative humidity. This study shows thatA.Junius, emerging from the water is affected at first by the temperature experienced when submerged, but it becomes gradually and cumulatively affected by air temperature and humidity while climbing to the ecdysial position and moulting.