bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interface between Law and Ethics in Islamic Bioethics: the Boundaries of Nonmaleficence in the Islamic Law of Paternity
Authors: Shabana Ayman 
Published: July 2012

AbstractRefraining from intentional harm has been one of the fundamental principles of medical ethics. It can be traced to the beginning of the medical profession, as epitomized in the Hippocratic Oath and other classical texts on medical practice. In modern bioethics theory, both beneficence and nonmaleficence are listed among the basic principles guiding moral evaluation of concrete bioethical problems. Bioethics is a broad term that can be used to cover both medical ethics in the traditional sense and ethics in life sciences; particularly, the impact of modern biomedical technology on moral decision-making. Islamic bioethics denotes systematic analysis of bioethical problems in light of Islamic normative values and principles. Given the large scope of Islamic law – ranging from ritual purity to different types of civil and criminal regulations – Islamic bioethical analysis is not limited to abstract moral evaluation, but often involves an element of Islamic legal prescription.
In the Islamic legal tradition, the principle of nonmaleficence can be traced to several injunctions prohibiting the infliction of intentional harm in the primary sources of Islamic law: the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet. These injunctions have been used for the construction of numerous legal rules in substantive law. Eventually, they developed into an inductive legal principle or maxim on the elimination of harm, al-darar yuzāl. In this paper I argue that in Islamic bioethics the definition of harm and its boundaries, in a given issue, is a function of balancing and reconciling perceived harm against other competing principles relative to the issue, in light of the overarching objectives of sharī`ah. I illustrate this point with two examples from the Islamic law of paternity: paternity of an illegitimate child; and the right of a putative biological father to challenge the presumed paternity of a legal father. Generally, Islamic law does not recognize paternity in these two cases. The paper investigates whether denial of legal paternity in both cases constitutes harm, and how this harm is balanced against other competing principles relative to the issue of paternity, such as: the best interest of the child; the sanctity of marriage; and the overarching objectives of sharī`ah, particularly the preservation of progeny and protection of honor. The paper compares these two examples with similar ones, such as: paternity of the foundling; and children of unknown paternity. Finally, the paper explores the impact of modern genetic technology on the Islamic law of paternity. and whether this technology could lead to a redefinition of harm or its boundaries in this issue.
Human Health in World Religions and the Need to Establish an International Religious Organization for Bioethics
Authors: Khalifa Muhammad 
Published: July 2012

في هذا البحث دراسة عن صحة الإنسان في الأديان المختلفة موضحين نقاط التشابه و الاختلاف في مواقف الأديان من الإنسان و صحته ، و قد لاحظنا اتفاق الديانات التوحيدية حول عدد كبير من القضايا المرتبطة بالأخلاق الحيوية. فالقرابة الدينية التي تجمع الديانات التوحيدية وحّدت رؤيتها تجاه الحياة الإنسانية ، و قيمة الإنسان في هذه الحياة ، و ضرورة الحفاظ عليها ، و تقديم حلول لمشاكل الإنسان الصحية التي لا تتعارض مع وجهة النظر الدينية في طبيعة الإنسان و علاقته بالخلق و الخالق، كما يجب أن لا تتعارض أيضا مع الأخلاقيات التي طورتها الأديان التوحيدية باعتبارها أخلاقيات مرتبطة بالدين و غير منفصلة عنه.

وقد اختلفت مواقف الديانات الشرقية من طبيعة الإنسان و طبيعة الحياة الإنسانية حول موضوع الصحة الإنسانية بين الاهتمام بمظاهر الزهد و التقشف الى حد الرغبة في إماتة الجسد الإنساني و من الناحية الاخرى الاهتمام بالصحة الإنسانية إلى حد اعتبارها موضوعا أساسيا للدين و اعتبار تحقيق صحة الإنسان و إطالة عمره على الأرض غاية النظام الديني النهائية. و قد نشأت حول هذين الموقفين أخلاقيات و قيم متناقضة بين النظر الى الفقر على أنه القيمة العليا أو إعتبار الصحة و إطالة العمر هما ذوي القيمة العليا.
وقد رأينا في هذا البحث أن من خلال دراسة الصورة الدينية لصحة الإنسان بشكل مقارن بالنظر الى ما طورته الديانات الشرقية من أفكار حول صحة الإنسان ومقارنتها بمنظور الديانات التوحيدية ، و النظر أيضا في إمكانية تشكيل موقفا دينيا موحّد من الصحة الإنسانية و تكوين قاعدة نظرية مشتركة للأخلاقيات الحيوية في أديان العالم استنادا الى وحدة الموقف من الأخلاق الحيوية، ستدعم الدعوة إلى تأسيس هيئة دولية عالمية للأخلاقيات الحيوية تتكون من علماء يمثلون الأديان المختلفة وفريق آخر من علماء الواقع المتخصصين في العلوم الطبية والبيولوجية ليعملوا معا على حل مشكلات الإنسان الصحية على أسس دينية و أخلاقية و علمية تحمي الإنسان وتحافظ عليه. وستضمن هذه الهيئة الاستدامة للبيئة المشتركة و الحفاظ عليها على أسس التي تضمن سلامتها و استمراريتها كبيئة صحية صالحة للحياة الإنسانية و الحيوانية و النباتية. إن وحدة الموقف الديني من الحياة و الأخلاق تجعل الأخلاقيات الحيوية نتاجا طبيعيا لهذا الموقف وتجعل اتحاد و تعاون علماء الدين والواقع أمرا منطقيا ومعقولا.

و يشتمل البحث على العناصر التالية:
•صحة الإنسان في الديانات التوحيدية.
•صحة الإنسان في الديانات الشرقية.
•صحة الإنسان بين الحضارة الإسلامية و الغربية.
•أهم نقاط الاختلاف و الالتقاء.
•الصحة الإنسانية كموضوع لحوار الأديان و حوار الحضارات.
•الأخلاقيات الحيوية : نحو أساس إنساني مشترك.
•خاتمة : نحو تأسيس هيئة عالمية للأخلاقيات الحيوية.
An Interview with Royal S. Brown on Film Music Pedagogy with Course Syllabus
Authors: Sadoff Ronald H. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Through his prolific writings, including Focus On Godard; Film Musings: A Selected Anthology from Fanfare Magazine; the seminal Overtones and Undertones: Reading Film Music; and his forty-eight year career teaching at The City University of New York, Royal S. Brown has had a formative influence on modern film music scholarship. In an interview with Ron Sadoff, Brown reveals critical tenets of his pedagogy: his background, philosophy, influences, and salient points that undergird his approach to analyses and the teaching of film music.
An Eclectic Methodology for Analyzing Film Music
Authors: Sadoff Ronald H. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Sculpted in a mode germane to film music, the methodology presented is an adaptation of Lawrence Ferrara’s eclectic methodology, from his Philosophy and the Analysis of Music: Bridges to Musical Sound, Form, and Reference. An analysis of Randy Newman’s score for Avalon (1990) utilizes the method as a systemic reporting of the three levels of musical significance: sound (as sound-in-filmictime), form (the sound in terms of form, i.e. syntax), and sound as the grounds for references or associations. This methodology provides a system by which the composite levels of musical and filmic significance may be disclosed, and uncovers the way they elicit a response to their multi-level interactions. The methodology creates bridges that connect and ground musical sound, form, and reference.
Anti-Inflammatory Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC2) Attenuate Symptoms of Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Waterman Ruth S. , Morgenweck Jenny , Nossaman Bobby D. , Scandurro Anna E. , Scandurro Sophia A. , Betancourt Aline M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are very attractive candidates in cell-based strategies that target inflammatory diseases. Preclinical animal studies and many clinical trials have demonstrated that human MSCs can be safely administered and that they modify the inflammatory process in the targeted injured tissue. Our laboratory developed a novel method that optimizes the anti-inflammatory effects of MSCs. We termed the cells prepared by this method MSC2. In this study, we determined the effects of MSC2-based therapies on an inflammation-linked painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (pDPN) mouse model. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were treated with conventionally prepared MSCs, MSC2, or vehicle at three specific time points. Prior to each treatment, responses to radiant heat (Hargreaves) and mechanical stimuli (von Frey) were measured. Blood serum from each animal was collected at the end of the study to compare levels of inflammatory markers between the treatment groups. We observed that MSC2-treated mice had significant improvement in behavioral assays compared with the vehicle and MSC groups, and moreover these responses did not differ from the observations seen in the healthy wild-type control group. Mice treated with conventional MSCs showed significant improvement in the radiant heat assay, but not in the von Frey test. Additionally, mice treated with MSC2 had decreased serum levels in many proinflammatory cytokines compared with the values measured in the MSC- or vehicle-treated groups. These findings indicate that MSC2-based therapy is a new anti-inflammatory treatment to consider in the management of pDPN.
Relationship between vocal symptoms in college students and their possible causes
Authors: Guerra Juliana Ranzani , Loiola Camila Miranda , Ghirardi Ana Carolina de Assis Moura , Ferreira Léslie Piccolotto 
Published: July 2012

Introduction: Studies to understand the vocal profile of a population are important to plan collective health measures. The prevalence of vocal symptoms can be indicative of vocal disorder and must be investigated to support measures to prevent vocal diseases.
Aim: To characterize vocal symptoms in college students and their possible causes, and to analyze the association between hoarseness, vocal fatigue, phlegm, and burning in the throat with the possible causes mentioned.
Method: Prospective study of 517 students who answered a questionnaire about their general heath and vocal symptoms and causes. We used the study of proportions, measures of central tendency, and a chi-square test to associate the presence of symptoms and possible causes.
Results: Symptoms most often mentioned: dry mouth (21%), dry throat (18.2%), phlegm (17.9%). Causes most often cited: high respiratory disease (39%), intense voice use (24%), smoking (24%). Hoarseness was associated with heavy use of voice and high respiratory disease; vocal fatigue with intense voice use, stress, and digestive problems; burning in the throat with intensive voice use, high respiratory disease, and pollution; phlegm with smoking, and upper respiratory and digestive problems.
Conclusion: Not only do aspects of health and the voice interfere with its production, the external environment and habits influence the vocal symptoms of this population as well.
Auditory hallucinations in tinnitus patients: Emotional relationships and depression
Authors: Sanchez Tanit Ganz , Bento Ricardo Ferreira , Lucia Mara Cristina Souza de , Santos Rosa Maria Rodrigues dos 
Published: July 2012

Introduction: Over the last few years, our Tinnitus Research Group has identified an increasing number of patients with tinnitus who also complained of repeated perception of complex sounds, such as music and voices. Such hallucinatory phenomena motivated us to study their possible relation to the patients' psyches.
Aims: To assess whether hallucinatory phenomena were related to the patients' psychosis and/or depression, and clarify their content and function in the patients' psyches.
Method: Ten subjects (8 women; mean age = 65.7 years) were selected by otolaryngologists and evaluated by the same psychologists through semi-structured interviews, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and psychoanalysis interviews.
Results: We found no association between auditory hallucinations and psychosis; instead, this phenomenon was associated with depressive aspects. The patients' discourse revealed that hallucinatory phenomena played unconscious roles in their emotional life. In all cases, there was a remarkable and strong tendency to recall/repeat unpleasant facts/situations, which tended to exacerbate the distress caused by the tinnitus and hallucinatory phenomena and worsen depressive aspects.
Conclusions: There is an important relationship between tinnitus, hallucinatory phenomena, and depression based on persistent recall of facts/situations leading to psychic distress. The knowledge of such findings represents a further step towards the need to adapt the treatment of this particular subgroup of tinnitus patients through interdisciplinary teamwork. Prospective.
Bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA): indications, functional results, and comparison with reconstructive surgery of the ear
Authors: Kiesewetter Alessandra , Ikari Liliane Satomi , Brito Rubens , Bento Ricardo Ferreira 
Published: July 2012

Introduction: The bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA) is a bone conduction hearing device that transmits sound directly into the inner ear. It is mainly used in patients with conductive hearing loss associated with aural atresia, but it is also used in those with mixed and sensorineural hearing loss.
Goals: To review the main indications for BAHA, to analyze the audiometric results and its benefits for patients and compare them with other treatment modalities, and to compare the literature data with our sample of 13 patients.
Method: The research was performed using a database covering works in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, with no limitations in the years when the procedures were performed. We compared the literature data with our results for the 13 patients who underwent BAHA implantation between the years 2000 and 2009.
Results: Most of the studies showed that BAHA has great advantages over reconstructive surgery in terms of hearing results, complications, and disease recurrence. The postoperative results for our 13 patients were satisfactory and comparable with the results from the literature, with closure of the air-bone gap in 7 patients and achieving an air-bone gap of 10 dB in 6 patients. No postoperative complications were observed.
Conclusion: BAHA is a better treatment option than reconstructive surgery for patients with bilateral deafness. It is a relatively simple surgical procedure with few complications and good hearing results. Recent studies have examined its use in conductive and unilateral sensorineural hearing loss.
Cochlear implantation in patient with Dandy-walker syndrome
Authors: Hamerschmidt Rogerio , Mocelin Marcos , Rezende Rodrigo K. , de Oliveira Adriana Kosma Pires 
Published: July 2012

Introduction: Dandy Walker Syndrome is a congenital abnormality in the central nervous system, characterized by a deficiency in the development of middle cerebelar structures, cystic dilatation of the posterior pit communicating with the fourth ventricle and upward shift of the transverse sinuses, tentorium and dyes. Among the clinical signs are occipital protuberances, a progressive increase of the skull, bowing before the fontanels, papilledema, ataxia, gait disturbances, nystagmus, and intellectual impairment.
Objectives: To describe a case of female patient, 13 years old with a diagnosis of this syndrome and bilateral hearing loss underwent cochlear implant surgery under local anesthesia and sedation.
Case Report: CGS, 13 years old female was referred to the Otolaryngological Department of Otolaryngology Institute of Parana with a diagnosis of “Dandy-Walker syndrome” for Otolaryngological evaluation for bilateral hearing loss with no response to the use of hearing aids.
Final Comments: The field of cochlear implants is growing rapidly. We believe that the presence of Dandy-Walker syndrome cannot be considered a contraindication to the performance of cochlear implant surgery, and there were no surgical complications due to neurological disorders with very favorable results for the patient who exhibits excellent discrimination. It has less need for lip reading with improvement in speech quality.
De l’appropriation anthropologique de l’interculturalité
Authors: Giguère Nadia 
Published: July 2012

Lorsqu’il s’agit de parler de rencontres des cultures, le terme « interculturel » semble approprié. Pourtant, si de nombreux travaux traitent de ce concept, l’absence des anthropologues y est notable. Paradoxalement, l’interculturalité est au coeur de la discipline ; omniprésente, mais exprimée en d’autres termes. La théorie des mythes modèles de Gananath Obeyesekere est ici appliquée aux cas des expatriés occidentaux en Inde, afin de mettre à contribution les travaux des anthropologues et d’enrichir la réflexion sur l’interculturalité. À travers l’étude de l’appropriation et de la transformation des mythes du renonçant, du bienfaiteur et du hippie, la théorie des mythes modèles permet de s’approprier l’interculturalité comme objet d’étude tout en préservant la richesse de l’analyse anthropologique. La rencontre culturelle est ainsi théorisée de façon à permettre de s’éloigner des théories par étapes courantes, d’étudier l’interculturel dans son contexte et dans toute sa complexité, en tenant compte de ce qui entoure et précède imaginairement et historiquement la rencontre.
Mobilisations transnationales des communautés homosexuelles en Afrique
Authors: Guéboguo Charles 
Published: July 2012

Une observation contemporaine de la société civile africaine laisse entrevoir une dynamique significative où, de plus en plus, les communautés lesbiennes, gaies, bisexuelles, transgenres et intersexuelles (LGBTI) posent des formes revendicatives d’occupation légitime des espaces sociaux en dépit des rigidités sociales qui se veulent anti-homosexuelles. C’est ce qui explique que, alors qu’elle était naguère cachée, la sexualité en général, et l’homosexualité en Afrique sous la forme de mobilisations communautaires en particulier, tutoient désormais les sphères publiques. Ce mouvement socio-sexuel d’un genre nouveau dégage des significations socio-anthropologiques qu’il convient de suivre. Ce travail est une première esquisse analytique qui expose les logiques des relations entre les mobilisations collectives naissantes et les diverses forces internes qui condamnent l’homosexualité, ceci dans le but de faire ressortir les logiques qui contribuent à l’évolution de la condition et des formes de mobilisation pour une plus grande « visibilisation » de l’homosexualité en Afrique ; avec ce paradoxe qu’il faut préciser, à savoir que l’hostilité du contexte social, parfois considérable, contribue à alimenter et à consolider les mobilisations naissantes.
Tropes et termes : le vocabulaire de la dégustation du vin
Authors: Coutier Martine 
Published: July 2012

Depuis les années cinquante, l'engouement pour le vin, boisson à forte charge symbolique, est devenu un phénomène culturel qui s'inscrit dans l'évolution des comportements sociaux et alimentaires. La nouvelle approche du vin implique un nouveau public de dégustateurs, dont le profil se situe entre les spécialistes professionnels (œnologues, experts-dégustateurs), et les simples amateurs. Les impressions gustatives ne correspondant pas à une réalité référentielle objectivable et étant soumises à une forte subjectivité, le vocabulaire qui les décrit est marqué par le recours à l'analogie, la métaphore, caractéristique lexicale renforcée par la composante hédoniste de la dégustation. Cet article se propose d'analyser les tropes lexicaux relevés dans des comptes rendus de dégustation, à travers deux champs thématiques sources de métaphores : le champ du corps humain et celui de la réalité spatiale. La mise en évidence des rapports et des réseaux analogiques et thématiques ainsi que leur ordonnancement permet de dessiner, derrière ce qui peut paraître une imagination lyrique et débridée, un ensemble construit autour de références communes et tendant vers une certaine cohérence.
Felix culpa : congruence et neutralité dans la traduction des textes de réalité
Authors: Froeliger Nicolas 
Published: July 2012

Quelle attitude avoir, dans la vie professionnelle et dans l’enseignement, face aux erreurs susceptibles de se glisser dans les textes originaux ? La réponse permet de distinguer clairement traduction littéraire et traduction pragmatique. Dans le second cas, on traduit non seulement un texte pourvu de sens, mais aussi le monde réel dont ce dernier est censé procéder. La traduction du sens cède alors le pas à celle de l’intention, dont la restitution suppose d’adopter une posture à l’intérieur d’une chaîne de communication : le traducteur commet une faute en n’osant pas devenir un interlocuteur. Rechercher la cohérence à tout prix peut toutefois l’amener à tempérer les aspects incongrus du texte original, au risque de faire disparaître des éléments d’information décisifs.
Interpreters’ Perception of Linguistic and Non-Linguistic Factors Affecting Quality: A Survey through the World Wide Web
Authors: Chiaro Delia , Nocella Giuseppe 
Published: July 2012

This paper will present and discuss the results of an empirical study on perception of quality in interpretation carried out on a sample of 286 interpreters across five continents.
Since the 1980’s the field of Interpreting Studies has been witnessing an ever growing interest in the issue of quality in interpretation both in academia and in professional circles, but research undertaken so far is surprisingly lacking in methodological rigour. This survey is an attempt to revise previous studies on interpreters’ perception of quality through the implementation of new Information Technology which allowed us to administer a traditional research tool such as a questionnaire, in a highly innovative way; i.e., through the World Wide Web. Using multidimensional scaling, a perceptual map based upon the results of the manner in which interpreters ranked a list of linguistic and non-linguistic criteria according to their perception of importance in the interpretative process, was devised.
La Théorie interprétative ou Théorie du sens : point de vue d’une praticienne*
Authors: Herbulot Florence 
Published: July 2012

La Théorie interprétative, ou Théorie du sens, que l’on appelle aussi parfois Théorie de l’École de Paris, repose sur un principe essentiel : la traduction n’est pas un travail sur la langue, sur les mots, c’est un travail sur le message, sur le sens.
Qu’il s’agisse de traduction orale ou écrite, littéraire ou technique, l’opération traduisante comporte toujours deux volets : COMPRENDRE et DIRE.
Il s’agit de déverbaliser, après avoir compris, puis de reformuler ou ré-exprimer, et le grand mérite de Danica Seleskovitch et de Marianne Lederer, qui ont établi et défendu ardemment cette théorie, est d’avoir démontré à quel point ce processus est, non seulement important, mais également naturel.
Ces deux phases nécessitent évidemment, pour le traducteur, la possession d’un certain savoir : la connaissance de la langue du texte, la compréhension du sujet, la maîtrise de la langue de rédaction, mais aussi une méthode, des réflexes bien éduqués, qui vont lui permettre d’adopter à l’égard du texte l’attitude qui aboutira au meilleur résultat par la recherche d’équivalences, sans se laisser enfermer dans les simples correspondances.
L’auteur s’appuie sur de nombreux exemples, techniques aussi bien que littéraires, tirés de sa pratique professionnelle pour montrer à quel point l’opération traduisante implique un travail de recherche du sens, suivi d’une reformulation par l’établissement d’équivalences.