bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ability of Drilling Mud To Lift Bit Cuttings
Authors: Hall H.N. , Thompson Howard , Nuss Frank 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Removal of bit cuttings is an important function of drilling muds. In aneffort to obtain better understanding of the factors influencing the removal ofcuttings, an extensive series of laboratory tests were made in which slipvelocities of various sizes and shapes of particles were measured in muds ofdifferent physical properties. Empirical equations were then derived from theseexperimental data. These equations show that slip velocity is dependent oncutting size and shape, mud flow constants, and flow state of the mud.Applicability of these equations for field use is demonstrated by comparingcomputed slip velocities with slip velocities obtained from field tests.

Introduction
Drilling muds have many functions, but perhaps the most important is theremoval of bit cuttings from the well. In a 10,000'Ft well, the weight of rockwhich is drilled and must be carried to the surface is over 150 tons. Inaddition to this, the mud must remove any sloughings from the well bore.Failure of the mud to promptly remove either bit cuttings or sloughs from thewell bore causes re-drilling and excessive wear on bit teeth, slows downdrilling rate thereby increasing well costs, and greatly increasespossibilities for stuck drill pipe when circulation is stopped for any lengthof time.
Drilling muds lift bit cuttings to the surface by means of the upwardvelocity of the drilling mud in the annulus. Because a density differenceexists between the rock being drilled and the drilling mud, there is adifference between mud velocity and the rate of bit cutting travel, called thenet rise velocity.
T.P. 2782
The Presence of Conductive Solids in Reservoir Rocks as a Factor in Electric Log Interpretation
Authors: Patnode H.W. , Wyllie M.R.J. 
Published: April 2012

Introduction
In the quantitative interpretation of electric log data it is essential toknow the formation factor, defined as the ratio of the resistivity of theformation 100 per cent saturated with brine to the resistivity of the brine.This concept implies that the formation factor for any given rock is constantirrespective of the resistivity of the brine or solution with which it issaturated. It is apparent that this can be true only when the rock matrix iswholly non-conductive. As reservoir rocks may contain clay or shale having anappreciable conductance one may expect these constituents to influence thedetermination of true formation factor.
The formation factor may be theoretically derived from log data by dividingthe resistivity of the mud filtrate invaded formation by the resistivity of themud filtrate. Such a method of calculation has implicit in it the assumptionthat the fluids in the invaded formation are wholly replaced by mud filtrate, that the solid matrix is non-conducting, and that the formation factor of theinvaded zone is identical with the formation factor of the uninvaded zone.Since the validity of the first two basic assumptions regarding the insulatingcharacter of porous matrices and the displacement of the interstitial fluidsin porous media do not appear to be fully established, the formation factors of anumber of cores and clay slurries have been measured under conditions suitablefor verifying the assumptions and the extent of any errors inherent inthem.

Core Studies

Apparatus and Procedure
Resistivity measurements were made on short cylindrical permeable coreswhich had been previously mounted in lucite. The cores were clamped by means ofinsulated bolts between brass plates about 5 cm square and 1 cm in thickness.The plates were provided with a ring seal to prevent leakage between them andthe core mount, and had a centrally located orifice so that fluids could beflowed through the mounted core. The brass mounting plates were used aselectrodes and any current flow between them necessarily passed only throughthe constituents of the intervening core.
Fluid saturation of the core, and fluid flow through the core, were effectedby a centrifugal pump connected to the outflow end of the core, thus providinga differential pressure across the core of approximately one atmosphere.
T.P. 2797
Determining Friction Factors for Measuring Productivity of Gas Wells
Authors: Smith R.V. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The theoretical background for calculating friction factors for flow in gaswells by two methods is presented. The first method, requiring pressures, temperatures and specific volumes of the flowing fluids at various depths inthe well bore, shows how the mechanical-energy-balance equation for verticalflow may be graphically integrated over the actual path of the expansion of thefluid in the well. Thus, assumptions regarding the effective temperature andeffective compressibility of the fluid in the well are avoided. The secondmethod presents an equation derived on a basis of the assumptions that both thetemperature and the compressibility are fixed at constant effective valuesthroughout the flowing column of gas. The second method provides a convenientand practical means of calculating friction factors for gas wells and lendsitself readily to the problem of calculating subsurface pressures in a flowinggas well. The application of both methods to actual test data taken on aflowing gas well is illustrated in the paper.

Introduction
As friction factors for the producing strings of flowing gas wells cannot bemeasured directly and must be calculated from flow-test data, study of themethods of arriving at friction factors is a necessary adjunct to understandingthe characteristics of flow in gas wells. There are two methods of calculatingfriction factors for gas wells; they differ from one another mainly in thetreatment of the path of expansion of the fluid in the well. In the flowingwell, the energy consumed in lifting the fluid from the bottom to the top ofthe well, overcoming the friction between the moving fluid and the pipe walls, and increasing the velocity of the fluid as it flows up the producing string issupplied by expansion of the flowing fluid. The available energy is determined, by the expansion of the fluid that follows a path determined by conditions oftemperature, compressibility and phase changes of the fluid during theexpansion. A means of evaluating the available energy in a flowing gas well anddetermining the proportion of the available energy used in lifting the gas, overcoming friction, and increasing the velocity of flow is developed in thisreport. Knowing how much energy is consumed in overcoming friction makes itpossible to calculate friction factors for given flow rates in given sizes ofpipes in wells.
T.P. 2777
An Electronic Analog Computer for Solving the Flash Vaporization Equilibrium Equation
Authors: Bubb F.W. , Nisle R.G. , Carpenter P.G. 
Published: April 2012

Summary
It is the purpose of this paper to describe an electrical computer which hasbeen constructed to solve the equations for vapor-liquid equilibrium inmulti-component systems. The instrument consists of seven component-computingunits each with proper indicating means and power supplies. Each unit is aresistance network with a voltage matching servomechanism, and each provides anoutput voltage proportional to the mol-fractions for vapor and liquid phases.These voltages are summed and matched with a reference voltage to provide thesolutions. Any reasonable number of such units may be put together to make acomputer. The theory and operation of the computer is discussed. A number ofapplications and examples of computer results are given. The computer yieldsthe over-all vapor or liquid fraction to a probable error of 0.002. Aninterpolation method is described which reduces the probable error to0.0002.

Introduction
The process known as Flash Vaporization may be described as follows: A mixtureof known composition of relatively volatile components is allowed to come tothermodynamic equilibrium at some given temperature and pressure by any pathwhatsoever. In general, a vapor and a liquid phase will be present atequilibrium. The problem is to determine the fractions of the mixture in thevapor and liquid phases, and to determine the mol fractions of the variouscomponents in each phase. The relations that exist between these variousquantities at equilibrium are well known and will be given later. Theseequations are difficult to solve, yielding only to trial-and-errormethods.
The virtues of the analog computer are its speed and the automatic character ofits calculations. The device is operated by turning a crank which varies thevalue of v, the total vapor fraction. This actuates a number of servomechanismswhich perform automatically all computations.
This computer facilitates the solution of such problems as (to mention a few):Analysis of separator operation, studies of changes in composition of reservoirfluids with pressure decline, and analysis of natural gasoline plant operation.Examples of some of these problems are given in detail later.
T.P. 2853
The Force Exerted by Surface Waves on Piles
Authors: Morison J.R. , Johnson J.W. , Schaaf S.A. 
Published: April 2012

The force exerted by unbroken surface waves on a cylindrical object, such asa pile, which extends from the bottom upward above the wave crest, is made upof two components, namely:A drag force proportional to the square of the velocity which may berepresented by a drag coefficient having substantially the same value as forsteady flow, andA virtual mass force proportional to the horizontal component of theaccelerative force exerted on the mass of water displaced by the pile.
These relationships follow directly from wave theory and have been confirmedby measurements in the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory of the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley.
The maximum force exerted by breakers or incipient breakers is impulsive innature, reaching a value much greater than that produced by unbroken waves butenduring for only a short time interval. This impulsive force represents theultimate development of the accelerative force and is produced by the steepwave front and large horizontal acceleration at the front of a breaker. Thisimpulsive force greatly exceeds the drag force computed from the particlevelocities of the breaker.
The reader is cautioned that these preliminary results are applicable only tosingle piles without bracing and are likely to be modified somewhat wheremultiple piles are driven, one within the influence of the other or wheremultiple piles are connected by submerged bracing. This paper is essentially apreliminary report submitted at this time because of the current importance ofwave forces in the design of offshore structures. An extended series ofadditional experiments is planned for the near future.

Theoretical Relationships
For the sake of simplicity of treatment, the theory will be developed fromthe equations for waves of small amplitude.
T.P.2846
The Water Vapor Content of Essentially Nitrogen-Free Natural Gas Saturated at Various Conditions of Temperature and Pressure
Authors: McCarthy Eugene L. , Boyd William L. , Reid Laurance S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Proper control of the moisture content of natural gas is essential toreliable operation of gas transmission and distribution facilities servingnorthern markets. The moisture content of natural gas is usually determined bydew point measurement at the existing pressure. For any gas of constantmoisture content, the dew point varies with the pressure.
A correlation of the data of several investigators is presented in graphicalform by the authors. These data were correlated by the authors and F. M.Townsend, C. C. Tsao, M. D. Rogers, Jr., and J. A. Porter, graduate students inchemical engineering at the University of Oklahoma.
Of particular interest are the hitherto unpublished low temperature dataobserved by Wickliffe Skinner, Jr., which are included in this correlation.

Presentation of Data
The problem of interpreting water dew points, or saturation temperatures, ofnatural gas in terms of specific moisture content has increased in importanceduring the past decade because of extensive developments in the transmissionand petro-chemical phases of the natural gas industry. Virtually all gastransported to northern and eastern markets must be dehydrated to a low watervapor content to prevent hydrate formation in transmission and distributionlines and resultant interruptions in gas deliveries. Complete dehydration isrequired in certain phases of the petro-chemical industry involvinglow-temperature operations.
It is a well-known fact that the water vapor content of pure hydrocarbonvapors and their mixtures at superatmospheric pressures cannot be predictedwith accuracy by assuming validity of the ideal gas laws. Earlier interest inthe general problem was concentrated on the water vapor content of purehydrocarbons and hydrocarbon mixtures in the pressure and temperature rangescommon to gas and oil producing reservoirs in order to obtain fundamental datafor the improvement of production techniques and the furtherance of reservoirstudies. Excellent data are published for pressures ranging from atmospheric to10,000 psig and for temperatures ranging from 100? to 460'F and are found to bein close agreement. However, experimental data at high pressures andtemperatures below 100'F are comparatively limited in scope.
T.P. 2914
A Study of Reservoir Performance of the First Grubb Pool, San Miguelito Field, Ventura County, California
Authors: Glenn Wayne E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The San Miguelito Field of Ventura County, California, lies along the coastapproximately five miles northwest of the city of Ventura. The structure is oneof several in the Ventura anticline, a series of anticlinal folds trendingnorthwest-southeast through the San Miguelito Field. The Ventura Avenue Fieldlies to the southeast along the anticline, and Padre Canyon and Rincon Fieldslie to the northwest; the series then extends beneath the Pacific Ocean.Production is obtained from the Lower Pico and Repetto formations of Plioceneage, and oil accumulation is controlled by faulting, lithology and structure.The first well in the First Grubb Pool was completed in November, 1931, and todate 48 producing wells have been drilled on the 276 productive acres.Approximately 685 ft of net pay are contained in the eight sand bodies grossing1,220'Ft of section. Production of oil to date has been 15,600,000 bbl. A gasinjection project was instigated in April, 1940, but was discontinued inSeptember, 1949.
This paper is confined to a discussion of the development and performancehistory of the First Grubb Pool of the San Miguelito Field.

Location and Geology
The San Miguelito Oil Field is located in Ventura County about five milesnorthwest of the city of Ventura along the coastal highway to Santa Barbara. Itis located within sections 23, 24, 25, and 30 of Township 3 North, Range 24West, San Bernardino Base and Meridian. Surface elevation in the field rangesfrom sea level to plus 1,200'Ft, and the terrain is extremely rugged. Thestructure is well defined on the surface and on the wall of the AmphitheatreCanyon where appears a so-called "text book" anticlinal section.
The San Miguelito structure is an asymmetrical, elongated anticline about twomiles long and three-fourths of a mile wide. The trend of the axis of theanticline is northwest-southeast. Fig. 9 illustrates the contours and majorfaults of this structure. Dips on the southwesterly flank average about 40degrees, whereas the northeasterly flank ranges from 60 to 75 degrees. Thereare several faults striking generally east and west. These faults do not appearto affect materially the area of accumulation or performance behavior. It isbelieved that accumulation was affected by steeply dipping beds and extremelylow permeability of the northeast flank of the structure.
T.P. 2951
Estimation of Interstitial Water From the Electric Log
Authors: Williams Milton 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A comparison is made between the amount of interstitial water found by analysisin cores and that estimated from the resistivity curve of the electric log forthe corresponding strata of producing reservoirs. It is shown that while thedetermined and the estimated water saturations are in good agreement in somecases, this agreement may be due to a fortuitous compensation of errors.Estimates of water saturations made from the electric log by use of existingrelations should, therefore, be employed with caution. Also presented are dataon the variation of salinity of interstitial waters in reservoir sands, and onthe effect of variation of salinity and porosity on the validity of estimatesof water content made from the electric log.

Introduction
Throughout the history of electric logging there have been recurrent cyclesof optimism and pessimism as to the value of the electric log in thequantitative estimation of reservoir fluid content. The very early days ofelectric logging were an optimistic period, in which there was widespread faithin the ability of the resistivity curve to reflect fluid content, and in theability of the potential curve to indicate textural characteristics. In timethe accumulation of exceptions to this idealistic behavior brought about ageneral disillusionment, and caused the more pessimistic of those dealing withelectric logs to believe that the sole importance of the log lay instratigraphic correlation.
Within the last several years optimism as to the quantitative use of theelectric log has been revived, primarily as the result of the stimulating workof G. E. Archie on the estimation of interstitial water in sands fromresistivity data. Even though the general trend of thought on the quantitativevalue of the electric log reflects optimism, it is inevitable that there aresome widely divergent opinions of the validity of quantitative estimates basedon the electric log.
T.P. 2936
The Effect on Well Productivity of Formation Penetration Beyond Perforated Casing
Authors: McDowell James M. , Muskat Morris 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A report is given of electrical analog experiments on the effect of casingperforation completions on well productivity for ideal uniform reservoirs understeady state homogeneous fluid flow conditions. Graphical results are presentedfor the effect of perforations of different densities and various degrees ofpenetration into the formation surrounding the casing or cement sheath. Thelatter range from perforations which terminate flush with the casing to thosewhich extend into the formation a distance equal to the casing diameter. Forthe special case where the perforations terminate immediately beyond the casingwith semi-spherical protrusions the electrical analog results correct andsupersede previously reported theoretical calculations. It is found that thepenetration of the perforations into the surrounding productive section may soincrease the resultant productivity as to approach or even exceed that for openhole completions.

Introduction
A theoretical analysis of the effect of casing perforation on well completion, without additional penetration of the formation, was reported several yearsago. In this treatment the perforations were represented by mathematical sinksand no explicit account was taken of the imperviousness to flow of the casingin which the perforations were made. This procedure was justified byconsideration of the mutual interference between the sinks, which seemed toindicate that the analytical method automatically eliminated flow across thecasing radius between the perforations. However, both further theoreticalinvestigation and the electrical analog measurements described below showedthat this assumption in the previously developed theory was not valid and thatthe calculated well capacities would considerably exceed the correctvalues.
Even if this simplifying assumption were retained the generalization of thetheory to situations where the perforations extend into the producing formationwould be extremely difficult. On the other hand, the electrolytic model analogof this type of steady-state homogenous fluid system is, in principle, sosimple that it has not been worthwhile to attempt to develop the exact analysiseven for the more limited case of strict casing perforation. The whole problemhas therefore been studied anew by electrical models to cover the range fromholes in the casing which terminate flush with the casing surface to such asextend into the surrounding rock to a depth equal to the casing diameter.
T.P. 2891
Phase Equilibria in Hydrocarbon-Water Systems II - The Solubility of Ethane in Water at Pressures to 10,000 psi
Authors: Culberson O.L. , McKetta J.J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A preliminary investigation was made to determine the time required to attainequilibrium within the equilibrium cell for this system.
Experimental and smoothed data are presented for the solubility of ethane inwater for temperatures of 100', 160', 220', 280' and 340'F at pressures to10,000 psia.
The minimum solubility phenomenon disappears at 10,000 psia within thistemperature range.
As a continuation of the investigation of the behavior of hydrocarbon-watersystems, the experimental data on the solubility of ethane in water have beenextended to 10,000 psia. The experimental apparatus, technique, materials, andanalytical methods are essentially the same as previously reported.

Time-Concentration Study
Prior to the initial determinations of solubility in the ethane-water system, it was desired to establish the time necessary to agitate the liquid and vapor at equilibrium temperature andpressure in order to have equilibrium between the phases. This was done bybringing the equilibrium cell to the equilibrium temperature, charging it withethane to a pressure of 800 psia, and then charging with water to a pressurewhich was the same for each time-solubility determination. The temperature ofthe determinations was 100'F and the pressure, having been 6,330 psia for thefirst determination, was maintained at this same value on each subsequentdetermination. When the water was charged to the equilibrium cell, the celltemperature departed from 100'F and a period of time averaging about 40 minuteshad to elapse before the cell came back to equilibrium temperature. During thistime, the cell and its contents were not agitated. When the system had returnedto equilibrium temperature, agitation was started and timing was begun. Theresults of the time-solubility determinations are given in Table I. Readingdown a column in Table I, the figures represent respectively: the time ofagitation for the particular run; the time at which water was charged to thecell, taken as zero; the time elapsing after charging the water and until thecell returned to equilibrium temperature where agitation was begun; the hoursrelative to zero time elapsing before agitation was stopped; and the solubilitydetermined for the particular run. Since the ethane and water were in contactduring the period when the temperature was returning to the equilibriumtemperature, the time measured against the solubility values determined is nota true measure. Considerable diffusion undoubtedly occurred under the pressuresinvolved; however, the technique used was necessary in view of the fact thatfor the shorter runs, the system may not have been at equilibrium temperaturewhen the desired time had elapsed. From Table I it may be seen that equilibriumwas attained within one hour after agitation was begun.
T.P. 2932