bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pricing Efficiency in Hog Markets
Authors: Adamowicz W. L. , Baah S. O. , Hawkins M. H. 
Published: July 2010

Weekly hog prices for Edmonton, Toronto and an average of mid‐west United States markets are analyzed for lead‐lag structure or Granger Causal ity. These price series are analyzed over six time periods from January 1964 to December 1983, corresponding to changes in marketing structure by the Alberta Pork Producers Marketing Board. Both ARIMA filters and a restricted‐unrestricted ordinary least squares test for Granger Causality are employed. Results indicate an increase in isolation of markets, possibly illustrating the effectiveness of the local marketing board in its efforts to relate prices to local supply and demand conditions.Les prix hebdomadaires du pore à Edmonton, Toronto et d'une moyenne de marchés du mid‐west ameYicain sont analysés pour evaluer les directions des mouvements de ces marchés les uns par rapport aux autres ou la causalité de Granger. Ces séries de prix de Janvier 1964 à décembre I983 sont divisées en six périodes qui correspondent aux changements structurels de la mise en marché effectués par la régie albertaine du pore. L'analyse utilise des filtres ARIMA et un simple modéle linéaire restreint ou non restreint pour faire l'épreuve de causalité de Granger. Les résultats indiquent une augmentation de I'isolation des marchés les uns les autres; il semble que la régie de mise en marché locale réussit à relier les prix aux conditions locales de l'offre et de la demande.
Rent Seeking and Supply Management in Canadian Agriculture
Authors: Faminow M.D. , Benson Bruce L. 
Published: July 2010

The social costs of supply management in Canadian agriculture have been the subject of recent theoretical and empirical study. Thus far, analyses have focused on the conventional deadweight loss approach to describing social costs. This debate is expanded by considering how the scarce resources consumed in a competitive rent seeking process revise the interpretation and calculation of societal losses from supply management. It is concluded the exclusion of society's loss due to wasteful rent seeking activities results in underestimation of the social cost of supply management programs.Les coûts sociaux dus à la gestion des stocks dans l'agriculture Ca‐nadienne ont fait l'object de plusieurs études recentes, aussi bien tháoriques qu'empiriques. Jusqu'à présent, les analyses ont mis l'accent sur l'approche conventionnelle de l'étude des pertes sêcnes pour décrire les coûts sociaux. Le débat sur la question est ici relancé quand on considère, dans le cadre d'un processus concurrentiel de recherche de plus‐value áconomique, combien l'utilization des resources limitáes conduit à réviser l'interpretation et le calcul des pertes soc‐iales duer à la gestion des stocks. En conclusion, I'exclusion des pertes sociales dues aux activitás ruineuses de recherché de plus‐value a pour resultat de sousestimer le coût social des programmes de gestion des stocks.A recent article in this Journal by Schmitz reviews the economic effects of the supply management experience in Canada. Utilizing previously published empirical evidence and an economic surplus methodology, Schmitz concludes that the net welfare losses due to supply management are small for the commodities discussed. So small, in fact, that Schmitz wonders if policy makers can be influenced, on the basis of efficiency criteria, to reconsider supply management as an approach to ag‐ricultural policy.
The Determination of Ex‐Ante Returns
Authors: Farreil Carlyle , Funk Thomas 
Published: July 2010

This study documents ex‐ante returns to research in three areas of plant biotechnology‐anther culture, protoplast and somatic hybridisation and recombinant D.N.A. techniques. The study uses Delphi forecasting methodology to estimate the potential contribution to increased yield expected to result from research in these emerging agricultural technologies. Returns to research were measured as internal rates of return and were found to vary from 15 percent to 40 percent.Cette étude traite des rendements ex‐ante de la recherche dans trois domaines de la biotechnologie des plantes—les techniques de la culture anthère, de l'hybridation somatique et protoplastique, et de la recombi‐naison de l'A.D.N. L'étude utilise la méthodologie de previson Delphi pour estimer la contribution potentielle à l'accroissement des rendements anticipés de la recherche dans ces technologies agricoles nou‐velles. Les rendements de la recherche étaient mesurés par les taux de rendement internes qui variaient de 15 percent à 40 percent.
The Effects of Selling Complements and Substitutes on Consumer Willingness to Pay: Evidence from a Laboratory Experiment
Authors: Rousu Matthew C. , Beach Robert H. , Corrigan Jay R. 
Published: July 2010

Basic economic theory predicts that a consumer's willingness to pay for a good is affected by the availability of complements and substitutes. In an auction setting, this theory implies that the presence of complements would increase bid prices for a good, while the presence of substitutes would decrease bid prices for a good. We designed an experiment that allows the calculation of inverse elasticities, the inverse‐demand equivalent of conventional price elasticities. Our results show that the availability of complements and substitutes affects bids in the expected directions. This finding has important implications for researchers who design experimental auctions. Selon la théorie économique de base, la volonté de payer d'un consommateur pour obtenir un bien est influencée par la disponibilité de compléments et de substituts. Dans un scénario de vente aux enchères, cette théorie implique que la présence de compléments ferait augmenter le prix offert pour un bien, tandis que la présence de substituts ferait diminuer le prix offert. Nous avons conçu une expérience qui a permis de calculer les élasticités inverses, l'équivalent de la demande inverse des élasticités‐prix classiques. Nos résultats ont montré que la disponibilité de compléments et de substituts influence les offres d'achat dans les directions prévues. Cette observation a d'importantes répercussions pour les chercheurs qui conçoivent des ventes aux enchères expérimentales.
EFFECT OF THE TEMPERATURE ON THE ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA AGAINST ESCHERICHIA COLI AND LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
Authors: AGUILAR CATALINA , KLOTZ BERNADETTE 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT In this study the effect of refrigeration, abusive and optimum growth temperatures (5, 20, and 37C) on the dynamic of bacterial populations in pure and co‐cultures was investigated. The antagonistic activity of two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, with auto‐ and co‐inducible bacteriocin‐like inhibitory substance production, against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes was described and quantified through the comparison of the growth curves and the estimated kinetic parameters of pure and mixed cultures. The growth pattern of the bacterial binary systems studied showed that the mechanism of inhibition was complex and not attributable to one antagonist factor. Temperature had an effect on the spectrum of action and the level of inhibition of the growth of the pathogens by LAB. Low and suboptimal temperatures significantly reduced the antagonistic activity of the two LAB strains against the pathogenic bacteria. At refrigeration temperature only the growth of L. monocytogenes was inhibited by Lactobacillus plantarum WS4174. The results obtained show the importance of validating functionality of biological antimicrobial systems when used for biopreservation purposes under different application conditions.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSConsumers demand the use of natural systems to provide safety foods with extended shelf life. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have demonstrated through thousands years their potential to control spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms and therefore suitable for biopreservation purposes. The antagonistic properties of LAB rely on the production of organic acids and antimicrobial peptides (bacteriocins) among other bioactive metabolites. However, there is need for more research in order to understand the mechanism of inhibition and to assess the effectiveness of LAB and/or of their growth‐limiting metabolites under different conditions. LAB and their antimicrobial compounds, such as bacteriocins, are not necessarily functional in all food systems and environmental conditions. The present study shows how the fluctuation in bacteriocin‐like inhibitory substances production and/or activity caused by temperature changes is reflected on the inhibition potential against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Effectiveness of biological control is essential for its safe and successful application on foods.
Contemporary management of lateral root perforation diagnosed with the aid of dental computed tomography
Authors: Young Geoffrey R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLateral root perforation unnoticed during post‐space preparation, and followed by post cementation, can subsequently be challenging to diagnose in the labio‐lingual plane due to the two‐dimensional nature of conventional radiography. This paper demonstrates the application of a recently developed three‐dimensional imaging system, cone beam computed tomography, in the diagnosis of iatrogenic root perforation. A clinical case is reported where labial post perforation in a maxillary central incisor occurring 15 years previously presented with a sinus tract and radiolucent lesion. Non‐surgical retreatment and perforation repair using mineral trioxide aggregate was performed with the aid of an operating microscope. The sinus tract resolved with radiographic evidence of healing at 1‐year recall.
Endodontic imaging as an aid to forensic personal identification
Authors: Forrest Alexander Stewart , Wu Henry Yuan‐Heng 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIdentification by dental comparison between records of a missing person and the dentition of a deceased individual depends on recognition of concordant features common to both with no unexplained discrepancies. While written dental records are commonly used for this task, we believe they should not be the preferred basis of comparison because they do not derive directly from an individual and are potentially prone to errors, inaccuracies and misinterpretation. Images, however, are a direct representation of a physical item, and are an objective method of recording information. Radiographs are images that capture the unique morphological features of teeth, surrounding structures and physical detail of past dental treatment resulting in changes to a dentition. Taking post‐mortem radiographs in such a way as to duplicate as closely as possible the conditions under which the ante‐mortem radiographs were produced, permits demonstrably rigorous methods of comparison, raising the probative value of the outcome. In this context post‐treatment endodontic radiographs present a particularly rich source of features on which individuation can be achieved, especially considering that alteration of endodontic restorations happens less frequently than is the case with intra‐coronal restorations. We illustrate various techniques with a series of cases and discuss the parameters for success.
Extracerebral Biopsy in Lysosomal and Peroxisomal Disorders. Ultrastructural Findings
Authors: Groote Chantai Ceuterick‐de , Martin Jean‐Jacques 
Published: July 2010

The lysosomal and peroxisomal disorders are characterized by specific storage affecting mainly the central nervous system with involvement of the peripheral nervous system and visceral organs.Most of these disorders can now be diagnosed by using biochemical and enzymatical assays and by molecular biology techniques, without the need for a brain biopsy used previously. Extraneural tissue biopsies have also been investigated at the ultra‐structural level. The study of such tissues is still necessary when the enzymatic or biochemical defect remains unknown and when DNA studies are not informative. The choice of tissue is important. Skin and conjunctival biopsies are less traumatic and are cost‐effective diagnostic tools allowing the examination of a great diversity of structures. Skeletal muscle and peripheral nerves are more frequently used for patients with a late‐onset or slower course of disease. Rectal biopsy is helpful when neurons require examination in lysosomal diseases, whereas liver is more usually investigated than adrenal or testis in peroxisomal diseases. Bone marrow is most useful for Gaucher's disease while lymphocytes may be examined for all lysosomal disorders as a first diagnostic approach. Chorionic villi still have a diagnostic role in combination of electron microscopy with DNA studies in early pregnancies at‐risk for neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Cultured fibroblasts are less informative than other biopsy samples for the morphological evaluation of lysosomal and peroxisomal disorders.
Autoimmunity to Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein in Rats Mimics the Spectrum of Multiple Sclerosis Pathology
Authors: Storch Maria K. , Stefferl Andreas , Brehm Uschi , Weissert Robert , Wallström Erik , Kerschensteiner Martin , Olsson Tomas , Linington Chris , Lassmann Hans 
Published: July 2010

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by perivenous inflammation and focal destruction of myelin. Many attempts have been undertaken previously to create animal models of chronic inflammatory demyelinating diseases through autoimmunity or virus infection. Recently, however, a new model of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis became available, which, in a very standardized and predictable way, leads to chronic (relapsing or progressive) disease and widespread CNS demyelination.In the present study we actively induced MOG‐experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in different inbred rat strains using different immunization protocols. The pathology found in our models closely reflects the spectrum of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology: Classical MS as well as variants such as optic neuritis, Devic's disease and Marburg's type of acute MS are mimicked in rats immunized with MOG antigen. Furthermore we demonstrate, that by using the proper strain/sensitization regime, subforms of MS such as for instance neuromyelitis optica can be reproducibly induced. Our study further supports the notion, that incidence and expression of the disease in this model, alike the situation in multiple sclerosis, is determined by genetic and environmental factors.
Cortical Synaptic Density is Reduced in Mild to Moderate Human Immunodeficiency Virus Neurocognitive Disorder
Authors: Everall IP , Heaton RK , Marcotte TD , Ellis RJ , McCutchan JA , Atkinson JH , Grant I , Mallory M , Masliah E ,   HNRC Group
Published: July 2010

Dendritic and synaptic damage (without frank neuronal loss) may be seen in milder human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐related cognitive disorders. Synapse volume estimates, performed by stereological methods, could enhance the ability to detect subtle neuronal changes that may accompany cognitive impairment in HIV infection. For the present study, synaptic density and neuronal number were assessed by combined stereology/confocal microscopy and these measures were then correlated with ante‐mortem levels of cognitive performance in AIDS patients. Three‐dimensional stereological measures showed a significant correlation between reduced synaptic density and poor neuropsychological performance. To evaluate the specificity of any observed associations, additional variables including viral burden, astrogliosis and number of calbindin‐immunoreactive neurons were measured. Factor analysis of a set of neuropathological variables revealed two factors; one defined by synaptic density and volume fraction, calbindin pyramidal neuronal densities and viral burden; the second by astrocytosis and calbindin interneuron density. Only the first factor correlated significantly with neuropsychological functioning during life.It is concluded that a combination of factors including synaptic damage, specific neuronal loss and increasing viral load underlies HIV‐associated cognitive impairment. As synaptic damage is potentially reversible, early diagnosis and treatment of mild cogntive disorders may improve functioning and prevent the progression of brain disease.
The Neuropathology of Paraneoplastic Syndromes
Authors: Scaravilli Francesco , An Shu F , Groves Michael , Thom Maria 
Published: July 2010

The term “paraneoplastic neurological syndromes” encompasses a number of uncommon disorders associated with systemic malignancies. In order to be classified a paraneoplastic neurological syndrome, the malignancies must not invade, compress, or metastasize to the nervous system. They can either focally or diffusely involve the central and peripheral nervous system or the neuromuscular junction.This paper reviews the neuropathology of the syndrome. It will first describe the clinical presentation and give an account of the systemic tumors most commonly associated with the various types of disorders. Then it will review the general pathological features that consist of an inflammatory process predominantly affecting the gray matter. Finally, it will describe in detail the main clinico‐pathological types, including 1) encephalomyelitis, 2) cortical cerebellar degeneration, 3) peripheral neuropathy, 4) opsoclonus‐myoclonus and 5) retinopathy. The Lambert‐Eaton myasthenie syndrome will be dealt with separately in another paper in this symposium.
Autoimmunity in Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes
Authors: Giometto B. , Taraloto B. , Graus F. 
Published: July 2010

In patients with Paraneoplastic Neurological Disorders, the researcher detected several autoanti‐bodies reacting with neuronal antigens and tumors; their characteristics supported the hypothesis that autoimmunity plays a part in these diseases and gave impetus to the study of these neurological disorders.The relationship between detection of anti‐neuronal antibodies, clinical syndromes, and certain types of tumors suggested the utility of these antibodies as a new tool for clinical diagnosis, although their function in the pathogenesis of the various syndromes is still unclear.This paper intends to review the characteristics of the anti‐neuronal antibodies so far identified, their correlation with clinical syndromes, and the function of antigens. In addition, the paper will offer some insights on the immunological mechanisms of neuronal damage and on treatment options.
Taylor's Cortical Dysplasia: A Confocal and Ultrastructural Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Garbelli Rita , Munari Claudio , De Biasi Silvia , Vitellaro‐Zuccarello Laura , Galli Carlo , Bramerio Manuela , Mai Roberto , Battaglia Giorgio , Spreafico Roberto 
Published: July 2010

In the present report we describe the neuropathological characteristics of tissue surgically resected from three patients affected by intractable epilepsy secondary to cortical dysplasia. Common features, suggestive of a focal cortical dysplasia of Taylor, were observed in all specimens. Immunocytochemical procedures were performed using neuronal and glial markers and the sections were observed at light traditional and confocal microscopes. This part of the investigation pointed out: 1. cortical laminar disruption; 2. very large neurons displaying a pyramidal or round shape; 3. ballooned cells; 4. decrease of calcium binding proteins immunoreactivity; 5. abnormal nets of parvalbumin‐ and glutamic acid decarboxylase‐positive puncta around giant neurons but not around ballooned cells. Ultrastructural investigation on the same material provided evidence of a high concentration of neurofilaments in giant neurons and of glial intermediate filaments in ballooned cells. In addition, immunolabeled GABAergic terminals clustered around giant neurons were not found to establish synapses on their cell bodies.The present data, derived from a limited sample of patients but showing very consistent features, suggest that in Taylor's type of cortical dysplasia a disturbance of migratory events could be paralleled by a disruption of cell differentiation and maturation and by an impairment of synaptogenesis.This latter mechanism seemed to affect especially the inhibitory elements, and could account for the hyperexcitability of this tissue and thus for the high epileptogenicity of Taylor's dysplasia.
Inflammatory Mediators of Cerebral Endothelium: A Role in Ischemic Brain Inflammation
Authors: Stanimirovic Danica , Satoh Kei 
Published: July 2010

Brain inflammation has been implicated in the development of brain edema and secondary brain damage in ischemia and trauma. Adhesion molecules, cytokines and leukocyte chemoattractants released/presented at the site of blood‐brain barrier (BBB) play an important role in mobilizing peripheral inflammatory cells into the brain. Cerebral endothelial cells (CEC) are actively engaged in processes of microvascular stasis and leukocyte infiltration by producing a plethora of pro‐inflammatory mediators. When challenged by external stimuli including cytokines and hypoxia, CEC have been shown to release/express various products of arachidonic acid cascade with both vasoactive and pro‐inflammatory properties, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and platelet‐activating factor (PAF). These metabolites induce platelet and neutrophil activation and adhesion, changes in local cerebral blood flow and blood rheology, and increases in BBB permeability. Ischemic CEC have also been shown to express and release bioactive inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IL‐Iβ, IL‐8 and MCP‐1. Many of these mediators and ischemia in vitro and in vivo have been shown to up‐regulate the expression of both selectin and Ig‐families of adhesion molecules in CEC and to facilitate leukocyte adhesion and transmigration into the brain. Collectively, these studies demonstrate a pivotal role of CEC in initiating and regulating inflammatory responses in cerebral ischemia.SummaryInflammatory genes/mediators are involved in molecular/biochemical cascades determining stroke outcome. Cerebral endothelial cells, targeted by inflammatory mediators produced in ischemic brain, undergo pro‐inflammatory activation by expressing/secreting various inflammatory mediators, thus becoming a source of inflammation themselves. A unique position of the cerebral endothelial cells at the interface between blood and brain establishes their role as principal regulators of peripheral inflammatory cell recruitment into the brain during stroke. Cerebral endothelial cells also exhibit ability to regulate vasomotor responses of brain microcirculation and the permeability of the BBB, both important components of inflammation. Therefore, approaches to attenuate consequences of stroke must take into consideration cerebral endothelial cells as an easily accessible target to interfere with the ischemic brain inflammation.