bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
El funcionalismo de rodolfo lenz
Authors: Martínez José A. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
This paper deals with the contributions to Hispanic Linguistics by the German-Chilean linguist Rodolfo Lenz (1863–1935), some of whose proposals – often attributed to other scholars – may be seen as an alternative to the ideas of the prestigious Andrés Bello (1781–1865). The paper first reviews those aspects of his work which anticipate some of the basic tenets of Functional Grammar, such as the notion of ‘transposition’ (function shifting), his views on sentential structure, and his treatment of passives as attributive constructions. The paper also explores Lenz’s contributions to Indo-European linguistics and his theoretical affinities with, if not anticipations of, the work of other well-known linguists like Búhler, Tesnière, Hjelmslev, and Benveniste. In sum, the author seeks to vindicate Rodolfo Lenz and his insightful views in both general linguistic theory and Spanish grammar.
Mikołaj Kruszewski and 20th-century linguistics
Authors: Berezin Fedor Mixajlovič 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The article deals with important issues in general linguistic theory discussed by Mikołaj Habdank Kruszewski alias Nikolaj Vjačeslavovič Kruševskij (1851–1887), in the author’s view an unjustly forgotten linguist of genius of the late 19th century, who could be seen as standing at the roots of the 20th-century structuralism, long before the appearance of F. de Saussure’s lectures on general linguistics. In his major book O čerk nauki o jazyke (An outline of the science of language) of 1883, Kruszewski conceived of language as a system of signs, laying stress on the semiotic function of language. His understanding of sound alternation is in many ways close to modern principles of phonology and morphonology. His hypothesis of the universal character of the sound laws too anticipated the discovery of language universals. As a result, the author agrees with Radwańska-Williams’ (1993) characterization of Kruszewski’s theory as ‘a lost paradigm’ in the history of linguistics. Well-known linguists of the 20th century such as Roman Jakobson (1896–1982), Jerzy Kuryłowicz (1895–1978) , and others rightly argued that Kruszewski was one of the founders of modern linguistic theory.
Dialectology in Poland 1873–1997
Authors: Gogolewski Stanisław 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The advent and the first stage of development of the Polish dialectology is connected with the Neogrammarian trend. In 1873, Lucjan Malinowski (1839–1898) published in Leipzig the first scientific description of a Polish dialect. His student, Kazimierz Nitsch (1874–1958), included in his research the entire territory of the Polish language, and in 1915 published the first synthesis Dialekty języka polskiego (Dialects of the Polish language).In the inter-war period and later, there appeared a number of descriptions of dialects of individual villages and larger regions. A new, synthesizing discussion of the subject, in Karol Dejna’s (b.1911) Dialekty polskie (Polish dialects), was published in 1973. Geolinguistic atlases of particular dialects were produced, as well as Mały atlas gwar polskich (A little atlas of Polish dialects) comprising the whole country. A number of dialectal dictionaries were issued; work on the voluminous Słownik gwar polskich (A dictionary of Polish dialects) is in progress. A new area of research is developing – historical dialectology which is concerned with the problems of participation of particular dialects in the formation of literary Polish.
The discovery of Old Welsh
Authors: Roberts Brynley F. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryEdward Lhuyd’s (1660–1709)Archaeologia Britannica(Oxford 1707), was intended to be a study of early British history together with copies of some of the original source material The only volume to appear, entitledGlossography, printed glossaries and grammars of the Celtic languages and lists of Irish and Welsh manuscripts, and it set out the principles of phonetic changes and correspondences so that linguistic and written evidence for the relationships of the first (Celtic) inhabitants of the British Isles could be evaluated. The antiquity of the evidence was of prime importance. Lhuyd sought the ‘very ancient’ written sources which would bridge the gap between the post-Roman inscriptions and the medieval Welsh manuscripts which he had seen. Humphrey Wanley (1672–1726), the Old English scholar, drew his attention to the Lichfield gospel book and two Latin manuscripts at the Bodleian Library which contained Welsh glosses and Lhuyd himself discovered the Cambridge Juvencus manuscript. These were the oldest forms of Welsh which he had seen. He analysed the palaeography, the orthography and vocabulary of these witnesses, and although he was not able fully to comprehend these records, he was able to begin to describe the characteristics of the British insular hand and to define some of the features which distinguished Old Welsh from Middle Welsh.
The dispute among vilnius humanists regarding Latin, Lithuanian, and Ruthenian
Authors: Dini Pietro U. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryEven before the Lublin Union (1569) between Poland and Lithuania there was an important linguistic controversy among Lithuanian Humanists. In the wider context of a general ‘Latinization’ of the culture of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the so-called ‘Latinizers’ (Agrippa, Rotundus, Michalo Lituanus) harked back to a classic language such as Latin, thedignitasof which was considered to be undisputed. The Latin language could compete with other languages of culture used inside the Grand Duchy, primarily with Ruski. According to the Latinizers the identity of Latin and Lithuanian was the principal evidence to support the derivation of the Lithuanians as a people from the Romans. Promoting Latin was equivalent to promoting vulgar Lithuanian from the point of view of the Latinizers. In this paper I discuss the textual aspects of the debate about theliterae(Latin vs. Muscovite or Ruthenian) exposed in the works of Michalo Lituanus (Tractatus de moribus Tartarorwn, Lithuanorum et Moschorum, 1615[1550]) and Augustinus Rotundus (Preface to the second Lithuanian Statute, 1576). Possible implications of the dispute for the question of the Ruthenian language are investigated, too.
A matter of consequenz
Authors: Joseph John E. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Accusations of ‘racialism’ against Wilhelm von Humboldt’s (1767–1835) theory of language have been based in large measure on remarks in Humboldt (1836) concerning the inferiority of Chinese as an organ of thought. His other comments asserting its excellence are either marginalised or used to suggest that his account of the language is incoherent and irrational. However, when read in the context of the work in which they were originally formulated, Humboldt’s 1826 letter to the Sinologist J.-P. Abel-Rémusat (1788–1832), their coherence becomes apparent. Reacting to a polarisation between Sinologists and Sanskritists in the Société Asiatique of Paris, he rises to the challenge put to him by Rémusat to solve the paradox of how, if synthetic, inflecting languages are to be credited with the development of higher thought, Chinese, the ultimate analytic language, could have produced one of the world’s great civilisations. Humboldt conducts his enquiry in the classical form of a thesis, largely corresponding to Rémusat’s views of the superiority of Chinese; an antithesis, corresponding in part to the strong view of the inferiority of Chinese put forward by Rémusat’s student Eugène Burnouf (1801–1852); and a synthesis, which locates the excellence of Chinese in the realm of ideas and that of the inflecting languages in the realm of thought, then explains how it is that Chinese acquired a structural defect and subsequently turned it into an advantage.
The ‘Brazilian Connection’ in the History of American Linguistics
Authors: Altman Cristina 
Published: November 2010

Summary
When mention is made of Brazil in connection with American linguistics, it usually amounts to a reference to the Linguistic Circle of New York, where Roman Jakobson (1896–1982) and Claude Lévi-Strauss (b.1908), who had come from Brazil where he had done ethnological work, met and exchanged ideas. This singular event has cast a shadow on other contacts between Brazil and American linguistics, of which, the one between Jakobson and the Brazilian linguist Joaquim Mattoso Câmara (1904–1970) was much more consequential, at least as far as the implementation of structural linguistics in Brazil and in South America generally during the 1950s and the 1960s is concerned. Mattoso Câmara came to the United States and spent most of his time in New York City (September 1943 till April 1944), where he got exposure to Praguean type structuralism, notably through Jakobson’s lectures he attended at Columbia University and at the École Libre of New York, which had been established by European refugees at the time. He also participated in the first meetings of the Linguistic Circle of New York in 1943 as one of its co-founders. Following his return to Rio de Janeiro, Mattoso Câmara proposed, in 1949, as his doctoral thesis a phonemic description of Brazilian Portuguese. The work was published a few years later, in 1953. His most influential work, Princípios de Lingüística Gerai, first published in 1954, had two more revised and updated editions (1958, 1967) and served to introduce several generations of Brazilian as well as other South American students to structural linguistics during the 1950s and 1960s.
The Semantic Theory of James Harris
Authors: Subbiondo Joseph L. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Although the semantic theory proposed by Harris in Hermes (1751) was not well received in 18th-century England and has been generally neglected by scholars ever since, it is certainly deserving of our attention because it is a perceptive analysis of the logico-semantic structure of language. In the tradition of philosophical or universal grammar, Harris argued that the subject matter of the linguist should be the conceptual level or the deep structure of language rather than the utterance or the surface structure. Therefore, Harris reasoned that an adequate explanation of meaning required a description of the relationship of language and thought. Furthermore, since he recognized that the study of language was necessary for the advancement of learning, which he considered to be the essence of science, he regarded the limits of 18th-century science too narrow in that they excluded semantics. Harris’ theory advanced that an analysis of the sentence, the basis of the synthesis of the mind and language, was crucial to a semantic theory. Since the number of utterances is infinite, Harris attempted to discover a finite and universal set of psychological principles which he believed generated sentences. Although he concluded that a notion of general and particular ideas would ultimately explain verbal communication, he hoped that identifying the source of these ideas would be the work of future scholars.
La Synonymie Dans les Remarques de vaugelas (1647)
Authors: Fuchs Catherine 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
Dans les Remarques sur la langue françoise (1647) de Claude Favre de Vaugelas (1585–1650), on analyse tout d’abord la ‘théorie explicite’ de la synonymie exposée à l’article “Syraonimes”: pour l’auteur, la répétition de termes synonymes est soumise aux critères rhétoriques de la clarté du style et de l’échange inter-personnel réussi. On tente ensuite de caractériser les ‘principes implicites’ sous-jacents à la comparaison de termes sémantiquement apparentés, qui se reflètent dans la pratique même de l’auteur au fil des articles. On montre comment cette pratique s’articule autour du couple usage/raison: on analyse la position de Vaugelas successivement face aux notions de synonymie d’usage et de non-synonymie d’usage, selon qu’il sont ou non, et pour des motifs variables, conformes à la raison. On conclut que, pour cohérente qu’elle soit, cette pratique ne permet pas toutefois de théoriser le problème de la synonymie, dans la mesure où le critère de l’usage se trouve systématiquement privilégié à celui de la raison.
Étymologie Et Idéologie
Authors: Rotsaert Marie-Louise 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
Dans une première phase de la lexicologie scientifique allemande, illustrée par l’Althochdeutscher Sprachschatz de E. G. Graff (183446), l’opération de syncrétisme de la nouvelle linguistique comparative avec la tradition herderienne permet d’affirmer, d’une part, le nouveau statut égalitaire et la dignité de l’allemand, symbolisée par la lemmatisation étymologique, tandis que l’étymologie est conçue, d’autre part, comme le miroir du Volksgeist au service de la conscience culturelle de la nation.
La conception historiciste de l’étymologie, promue par J. Grimm, reste ancrée initialement dans la dimension indo-européenne, dont on trouve encore la trace dans le Deutsches Wörterbuch de F. K. L. Weigand (1873–76). La révendication d’une autonomie méthodologique par rapport au comparatisme et d’une perspective spatio-temporelle plus proprement historique pour l’étymologie du vocabulaire allemand se situe dans le dernier quart du XIXe siècle, à une époque où le statut de la langue nationale lui permet d’ailleurs de s’affranchir des schémas généalogiques qui sont à la base de son émancipation. La nécessité d’un dépassement de l’historicisme en lexicologie, soutenue par Hildebrand en 1873 (DWB: ix), est contre-balancée par les exigences contingentes du nationalisme dans la logique auquel la philologie est appelée à jouer son rôle.
Le succès de l’Etymologisches Wörterbuch de Fr. Kluge (six éditions de 1883 à 1899), tout comme celui de son hypothèse gotique (la médiation du vocabulaire chrétien d’origine grecque par les Gots étant considérée comme synonyme de l’arianisme des tribus allemandes et par conséquent de leur indépendance culturelle originaire par rapport à l’Occident latin), s’inscrit dans le chapitre particulier du purisme et d’une conception nouvelle de l’étymologie comme un ‘art’ susceptible de donner un sens et une valeur aux données matérielles, en elles-mêmes insignifiantes, de la linguistique.
“Can I Speak more Clearly than I Understand?”
Authors: Ashworth E. J. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The problem discussed in this paper has to do with the relation between our imperfect understanding of God and the words in which we speak of him. Thomas Aquinas had argued that spoken words primarily signify concepts, and as a result he believed that no words could be used to signify or name God more distinctly than our concepts warranted. However, Henry of Ghent, Duns Scotus, and Ockham rejected these claims. They argued that words signified things primarily and that as a result the truth or distinctness of our speech need not be closely related to the truth or distinctness of our understanding. Henry of Ghent focussed on the problem of description. He claimed that because words have a common use, a man could describe an object more truly than his degree of understanding warranted. He also claimed that, in the case of God, we tend to speak less truly than our understanding warrants, because our understanding grasps more about God than can be put into words. Duns Scotus and Ockham focussed on the problem of denotation. They both argued that we can use words to denote God’s essence, even though we cannot understand God’s essence. Like Henry, they used examples which show their awareness that their remarks apply to language in general, and not just to religious language.
Functional Syntax in Medieval Europe
Authors: Robins R. H. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
In contrast to the fairly fully developed theories of phonological and morphological description achieved by classical antiquity, no general theory of syntax (sentence structure) was presented in the works of the classical grammarians such as Apollonius Dyscolus and Priscian, but rather a voluminous and detailed discussion of individual constructions in which words of different classes were involved. The creation and exposition of a general theory of sentence structure was a central part of the work of the late mediaeval speculative grammarians, and their identification of supposition (grammatical subject) and opposition (grammatical predicate) and the relation of compositio between them, together with other syntactic relations and the general relation of dependentia, provided a framework for the syntactic analysis of all the basic sentence patterns of Latin (and, by implication, of other languages). Though their system of syntactic analysis was not maintained by their successors, several key terms and concepts in syntax today are direct inheritances from mediaeval speculative grammar.
Theodor Bibliander (1504–1564) and the Languages of Japheth’s Progeny
Authors: Metcalf George J. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Theodor Bibliander (1504–1564) was an important link in developing the concept of the language family that is now called Indo-European. ‘Lector’ for the Greek of the Septuagint at the Münsterschule in Zürich (Zwingli’s successor), Bibliander had early showed aptitude for languages and had devoted himself particularly to Hebrew and related Semitic tongues. As exegete he interpreted the events at Babel (Genesis 10, 11) from the perspective of this knowledge. The ‘confounding’ of language, although it had occurred suddenly, still permitted the resulting languages to show kinship on the order of dialect variations. Thus the descendants of Shem, settling compactly in the vicinity, still gave striking evidence of their close-knit linguistic consanguinity. But the surviving evidence was not so obvious for the descendants of Japheth, who had scattered over Europe as part of God’s plan to populate the earth. Like all languages, these languages too were subject to inevitable change, an inescapable quality of all human institutions. Yet a closer look could still discern this relationship, as evidenced, for instance, in Greek (stemming from Javan), German-(ic) (stemming from Gomer), and Slavic (stemming from Magog). Bibliander’s study of Hebrew had sharpened his sensitivity to the inner structure of the word and to the processes of inflection and derivation, which were manifestations of the ratio which underlay all languages, even ‘barbarian’. Bibliander chose as his examples to prove the ‘Japhetic’ relationship parallel Greek and German affixes. Although not all of his examples stand the test of modern etymology, the procedure remains exemplary, and helped to give credence to the belief in the existence of a ‘Japhetic’ or ‘European’ family of languages.
Les Grammairiens Arabes, La Phrase Nominale Et Le Bon Sens
Authors: Ayoub Georgine , Bohas Georges 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
Le but de cet article est d’introduire à une réflexion sur la valeur explicative des théories des grammairiens arabes, en abordant un exemple précis, celui de jumla ‘ismiyya / jumla ficliyya (communément traduits par ‘phrase nominale’ / ‘phrase verbale’). Il comporte trois parties: La première part des propos tenus dans la littérature orientaliste sur la distinction établie par les grammairiens arabes à ce sujet. Ainsi sont étudiés des textes de Wright (1862), Blachère & Gaudefroy-Demombynes (1937) et Cohen (1970). L’inadéquation de ces propos est démontrée par simple retour au texte des grammairiens. La pensée des grammairiens est précisée à travers l’étude de textes d’Ibn Hishām, Ibn Jinnī et Ibn cAqīl. L’étude de ces textes amène a reconstruire la dimension de ces concepts à l’intérieur de la théorie des grammairiens et à préciser le statut des représentations abstraites dans le cadre de cette théorie. La seconde partie tente de délimiter le terrain épistémologique qui a rendu possible les glissements conceptuels des orientalistes cités dans l’interprétation de la théorie des grammairiens arabes. Certains aspects de la démarche des orientalistes sont mis en évidence: l’utilisation du bon sens comme critère d’évaluation d’une théorie linguistique, l’assimilation hâtive de la démarche des grammairiens à celle des philosophes ‘disciples d’Aristote’, le refus de situer les concepts grammaticaux des grammairiens arabes dans la théorie originale qui est la leur. La troisième partie réexamine une partie des faits cités dans le début de l’article à la lumière d’une analyse menée dans le cadre de la grammaire générative. Il est démontré que l’explication de ces faits nécessite le recours à une démarche abstraite qui ne réduit pas l’analyse des faits de langue aux analogies observables à prime abord sur des données simplifiées mais se donne, au contraire, la possibilité d’intégrer des données plus étendues pour aboutir à des généralisations intéressantes. Le rapprochement fait entre les deux analyses, celle menée dans le cadre de la grammaire generative et celle des grammairiens arabes, suggère, de manière indirecte, la validité de la théorie de ces derniers.
Grammaire, Logique, Etudes Linguistiques Chez Al-Fārābī
Authors: Langhade Jacques 
Published: November 2010

RésuméEn marge des réflexions des grammairiens et des philologues, nous trouvons chez le philosophe et logicien al-Fārābī (m. en 339/950) une réflexion originale sur les questions linguistiques et sur la logique. A travers ses différentes oeuvres et particulièrement trois d’entre elles, l’ ‘Ihsā’ al-cUlūm,leKitāb al-’Alfāz al-mustaCmala fī l-mantiqet leKitāb al-Hurūf,cet article montre comment al-Fārābī réfléchît sur le langage et comment il en analyse les éléments constitutifs (3). Une seconde partie traite de la conception que se fait al-Fārābī de la logique (4.1), de la grammaire (4.2) et de leurs rapports (4.3). La troisième partie aborde la place faite par al-Fārābī aux questions linguistiques et à la logique dans sa classification des sciences et elle montre son originalité en ce domaine par rapport aux autres classifications du IVe/Xe siècle.(5) A travers ces différents développements, ce qui apparaît c’est l’accent mis par al-Fārābī sur la logique. Le langage est étudié d’une manière logique, d’un point de vue logique. La grammaire sera considérée comme un analogue de la logique. En retour, le langage profitera de l’éminence de la logique. Al-Fārābī ne le considèrera plus, à l’instar des grammairiens et des philologues, comme un pratique à décrire ou à normaliser, mais comme l’émergence initiale d’une rationalité qui s’épanouira avec la logique pour se poursuivre dans toute la philosophie.