bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endoscopically assisted versus open repair of sagittal craniosynostosis: the St. Louis Children's Hospital experience
Authors: Shah Manish N. , Kane Alex A. , Petersen J. Dayne , Woo Albert S. , Naidoo Sybill D. , Smyth Matthew D. 
Published: August 2011

Object
This study investigated the differences in effectiveness and morbidity between endoscopically assisted wide-vertex strip craniectomy with barrel-stave osteotomies and postoperative helmet therapy versus open calvarial vault reconstruction without helmet therapy for sagittal craniosynostosis.

Methods
Between 2003 and 2010, the authors prospectively observed 89 children less than 12 months old who were surgically treated for a diagnosis of isolated sagittal synostosis. The endoscopic procedure was offered starting in 2006. The data associated with length of stay, blood loss, transfusion rates, operating times, and cephalic indices were reviewed.

Results
There were 47 endoscopically treated patients with a mean age at surgery of 3.6 months and 42 patients with open-vault reconstruction whose mean age at surgery was 6.8 months. The mean follow-up time was 13 months for endoscopic versus 25 months for open procedures. The mean operating time for the endoscopic procedure was 88 minutes, versus 179 minutes for the open surgery. The mean blood loss was 29 ml for endoscopic versus 218 ml for open procedures. Three endoscopically treated cases (6.4%) underwent transfusion, whereas all patients with open procedures underwent transfusion, with a mean of 1.6 transfusions per patient. The mean length of stay was 1.2 days for endoscopic and 3.9 days for open procedures. Of endoscopically treated patients completing helmet therapy, the mean duration for helmet therapy was 8.7 months. The mean pre- and postoperative cephalic indices for endoscopic procedures were 68% and 76% at 13 months postoperatively, versus 68% and 77% at 25 months postoperatively for open surgery.

Conclusions
Endoscopically assisted strip craniectomy offers a safe and effective treatment for sagittal craniosynostosis that is comparable in outcome to calvarial vault reconstruction, with no increase in morbidity and a shorter length of stay.
Multidisciplinary management of childhood brain tumors: a review of outcomes, recent advances, and challenges
Authors: Pollack Ian F. 
Published: August 2011

Object
Brain tumors are the most common category of childhood solid tumors. In the 1970s and 1980s, treatment protocols for benign tumors focused almost exclusively on surgery, with radiation treatment as a salvage modality, whereas the management of malignant tumors employed a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, with therapeutic approaches such as “8-in-1” chemotherapy often applied across histological tumor subsets that are now recognized to be prognostically distinct. During the ensuing years, treatment has become increasingly refined, based on clinical and, more recently, molecular factors, which have supported risk-adapted treatment stratification. The goal of this report is to provide an overview of recent progress in the field.

Methods
A review of the literature was undertaken to examine recent advances in the management of the most common childhood brain tumor subsets, and in particular to identify instances in which molecular categorization and treatment stratification offer evidence or promise for improving outcome.

Results
For both medulloblastomas and infant tumors, refinements in clinical and molecular stratification have already facilitated efforts to achieve risk-adapted treatment planning. Current treatment strategies for children with these tumors focus on improving outcome for tumor subsets that have historically been relatively resistant to therapy and reducing treatment-related sequelae for children with therapy-responsive tumors. Recent advances in molecular categorization offer the promise of further refinements in future studies. For children with ependymomas and low-grade gliomas, clinical risk stratification has facilitated tailored approaches to therapy, with improvement of disease control and concomitant reduction in treatment sequelae, and recent discoveries have identified promising therapeutic targets for molecularly based therapy. In contrast, the prognosis remains poor for children with diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas and other high-grade gliomas, despite recent identification of biological correlates of tumor prognosis and elucidation of molecular substrates of tumor development.

Conclusions
Advances in the clinical and molecular stratification for many types of childhood brain tumors have provided a foundation for risk-adapted treatment planning and improvements in outcome. In some instances, molecular characterization approaches have also yielded insights into new therapeutic targets. For other tumor types, outcome remains discouraging, although new information regarding the biological features critical to tumorigenesis are being translated into novel therapeutic approaches that hold promise for future improvements.
Combined metopic and sagittal craniosynostosis: is it worse than sagittal synostosis alone?
Authors: Terner Jordan S. , Travieso Roberto , Lee Su-shin , Forte Antonio J. , Patel Anup , Persing John A. 
Published: August 2011

Object
Combined metopic and sagittal craniosynostosis is a common variant of the nonsyndromic, multiplesuture synostoses. It is unknown whether this combined form causes reduced intracranial volume (ICV) and potentially more brain dysfunction than sagittal synostosis alone. This study is a volumetric comparison of these 2 forms of craniosynostosis.

Methods
The authors conducted a retrospective chart and CT review of 36 cases of isolated sagittal synostosis or combined metopic and sagittal synostosis, involving patients seen between 1998 and 2006. Values were obtained for the intracranial compartment, brain tissue, CSF space, and ventricular volumes. Patients with craniosynostosis were then compared on these measures to 39 age- and sex-matched controls.

Results
In patients with isolated sagittal synostosis and in those with combined metopic and sagittal synostosis, there was a trend toward smaller ICV than in controls (p < 0.1). In female patients older than 4.5 months of age, there was also a trend toward smaller ICV in patients with the combined form than in those with sagittal synostosis alone (p < 0.1), and the ICV of patients with the combined form was significantly smaller than the volume in controls in the same age group (p < 0.05). Brain tissue volume was significantly smaller in both patient groups than in controls (p < 0.05). Ventricular volume was significantly increased (compared with controls) only in the patients with isolated sagittal synostosis who were younger than 4.5 months of age (p < 0.05). Overall CSF space, however, was significantly larger in both patient groups in patients younger than 4.5 months of age (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
These findings raise concerns about intracranial and brain volume reduction in patients with sagittal and combined metopic and sagittal synostoses and the possibility that this volume reduction may be associated with brain dysfunction. Because the ICV reduction is greater in combined metopic and sagittal synostosis in patients older than 4.5 months of age than in sagittal synostosis in this age group, the potential for brain dysfunction may be particularly true for these younger infants.
Endoscope-assisted strip craniectomy and postoperative helmet therapy for treatment of craniosynostosis
Authors: Berry-Candelario John , Ridgway Emily B. , Grondin Ronald T. , Rogers Gary F. , Proctor Mark R. 
Published: August 2011

Object
The primary goals of treatment in the infant with craniosynostosis are to correct the deformity and allow for adequate brain growth in as safe and effective a manner as possible. Herein, the authors present the results of treating craniosynostosis using an endoscope-assisted strip craniectomy and postoperative helmet therapy (EASC + PHT) in the hopes of providing further evidence of its role in the treatment of multiple different forms of craniosynostosis. This is a retrospective review of the patients treated with this technique at Children's Hospital Boston.

Methods
The electronic medical records of all children with craniosynostosis treated using this technique were reviewed retrospectively. A priori, data were collected for deformity type, patient age at surgery, number of transfusions, operative time, length of hospital stay, and anthropometric measurements.

Results
One hundred seventy-three patients (61 females and 112 males) were treated at our institution between July 2004 and March 2011 with EASC + PHT. The mean operative time was 46.30 minutes. Eight (4.6%) of the 173 patients received blood transfusions. The average length of hospital stay was 1.35 days, with the majority of patients being discharged the day after surgery. All complications and any patient who required additional craniofacial reconstructions are discussed. In addition, a subgroup analysis was done for patients who had undergone surgery and had longer than 1 year of follow-up.

Conclusions
The authors' growing database of patients supports the experiences described by others that early treatment of craniosynostosis with an EASC + PHT is a safe and efficacious technique. In addition, cost reduction due to decreased hospital stay and limitation of blood transfusions are demonstrable benefits associated with the use of this technique.
Domains Selection for Patient-Reported Outcomes: Current Activities and Options for Future Methods
Authors: TUGWELL PETER S. , PETERSSON INGEMAR F. , BOERS MAARTEN , GOSSEC LAURE , KIRWAN JOHN R. , RADER TAMARA , SANDERSON TESSA C. , van de LAAR MART A. , UEFFING ERIN , WITTER JAMES P. 
Published: August 2011

Introduction.Over the years, Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Clinical Trials (OMERACT) has worked toward consensus on core sets for outcome measurement in specific rheumatologic diseases. OMERACT core sets refer to the minimum number of domains and instruments essential to address the desired outcomes in trials. “Domains” are the attributes of an activity or function. This article discusses the need for an open process for selecting domains, existing frameworks for choosing domains, and the importance of describing the methods for selecting domains.Methods.We reviewed the domains selection process of 3 OMERACT groups working on patient-reported outcomes (PRO). We categorized these methods in a hierarchy of comprehensiveness and examined the extent to which they address related issues.Results.There was agreement that a gold standard for domain selection would include 3 important aspects: following a framework, remaining true to the clinical question, and including the clinically relevant outcomes for both benefits and harms.Discussion.OMERACT participants agreed that a guide for the options for developing domains that meet the OMERACT Filter would be useful. More discussion and explanation is needed to outline outcomes related to the patient perspective that are not covered by the current version of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and to explain the usefulness of the population/intervention/comparison/outcome (PICO) structure in domain selection. Future OMERACT work includes addressing these issues and developing a framework based on the ICF to support comprehensive outcome measurements.
The PROMIS of Better Outcome Assessment: Responsiveness, Floor and Ceiling Effects, and Internet Administration
Authors: FRIES JAMES , ROSE MATTHIAS , KRISHNAN ESWAR 
Published: August 2011

Objective.Use of item response theory (IRT) and, subsequently, computerized adaptive testing (CAT), under the umbrella of the NIH-PROMIS initiative (National Institutes of Health – Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System), to bring strong new assets to the development of more sensitive, more widely applicable, and more efficiently administered patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments. We present data on current progress in 3 crucial areas: floor and ceiling effects, responsiveness to change, and interactive computer-based administration over the Internet.Methods.We examined nearly 1000 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases in a series of studies including a one-year longitudinal examination of detection of change; compared responsiveness of the Legacy SF-36 and HAQ-DI instruments with IRT-based instruments; performed a randomized head-to-head trial of 4 modes of item administration; and simulated the effect of lack of floor and ceiling items upon statistical power and sample sizes.Results.IRT-based PROMIS instruments are more sensitive to change, resulting in the potential to reduce sample size requirements substantially by up to a factor of 4. The modes of administration tested did not differ from each other in any instance by more than one-tenth of a standard deviation. Floor and ceiling effects greatly reduce the number of available subjects, particularly at the ceiling.Conclusion.Failure to adequately address floor and ceiling effects, which determine the range of an instrument, can result in suboptimal assessment of many patients. Improved items, improved instruments, and computer-based administration improve PRO assessment and represent a fundamental advance in clinical outcomes research.
Isolation of Human B Cell Populations
Authors: Heine Guido , Sims Gary P. , Worm Margitta , Lipsky Peter E. , Radbruch Andreas 
Published: August 2011

AbstractTo study the function and biology of human B cells, it is necessary to isolate pure populations. Historically, B cells were enriched by the sequential depletion of monocytes, natural killer cells, and T cells. However, this time‐consuming process has been superseded by sorting methods using specific antibodies, targeting, in negative‐selection strategies, unwanted cell types, or, in positive‐selection strategies, B cell markers such as CD19. Here we describe in detail four methods for isolating B cells from human blood or mononuclear cells, and discuss how these techniques can be combined with fluorescent cell sorting for the characterization of specific B cell populations. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 94:7.5.1‐7.5.14. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Micromachined Reconfigurable Metamaterial via Reconfiguration of Asymmetric Split‐Ring Resonators
Authors: Fu Yuan Hsing , Liu Ai Qun , Zhu Wei Ming , Zhang Xu Ming , Tsai Din Ping , Zhang Jing Bo , Mei Ting , Tao Ji Fang , Guo Hong Chen , Zhang Xin Hai , Teng Jing Hua , Zheludev Nikolay I. , Lo Guo Qiang , Kwong Dim Lee 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA micromachined reconfigurable metamaterial is presented, whose unit cell consists of a pair of asymmetric split‐ring resonators (ASRRs); one is fixed to the substrate while the other is patterned on a movable frame. The reconfigurable metamaterial and the supporting structures (e.g., microactuators, anchors, supporting frames, etc.) are fabricated on a silicon‐on‐insulator wafer using deep reactive‐ion etching (DRIE). By adjusting the distance between the two ASRRs, the strength of dipole–dipole coupling can be tuned continuously using the micromachined actuators and this enables tailoring of the electromagnetic response. The reconfiguration of unit cells endows the micromachined reconfigurable metamaterials with unique merits such as electromagnetic response under normal incidence and wide tuning of resonant frequency (measured as 31% and 22% for transverse electric polarization and transverse magnetic polarization, respectively). The reconfiguration could also allow switching between the polarization‐dependent and polarization‐independent states. With these features, the micromachined reconfigurable metamaterials may find potential applications in transformation optics devices, sensors, intelligent detectors, tunable frequency‐selective surfaces, and spectral filters.
Self‐Healing Fibre Reinforced Composites via a Bioinspired Vasculature
Authors: Norris Christopher J. , Meadway Gregory J. , O'Sullivan Michael J. , Bond Ian P. , Trask Richard S. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis paper demonstrates the first steps towards self‐healing composites that exploit a design philosophy inspired by the damage tolerance and self‐repair functions of bone. Cracking in either fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) or bone, if left unattended, can grow under subsequent cyclic stresses eventually leading to catastrophic failure of the structure. On detection of cracks, an FRP component must be repaired or completely replaced, whereas bone utilises a series of complex processes to repair such damage. Under normal circumstances, these processes allow the skeleton to continually perform over the lifespan of the organism, a highly desirable aspiration for engineering materials. A simple vasculature design incorporated into a FRP via a “lost wax” process was found to facilitate a self‐healing function which resulted in an outstanding recovery (≥96%) in post‐impact compression strength. The process involved infusion of a healing resin through the vascule channels. Resin egress from the backface damage, ultrasonic C‐scan testing, and microscopic evaluation all provide evidence that sufficient vascule–damage connectivity exists to confer a reliable and efficient self‐healing function.
Polyspecific associations between squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and other primates in eastern Amazonia
Authors: Pinheiro Tatyana , Ferrari Stephen F. , Lopes Maria Aparecida 
Published: August 2011

AbstractOne of the most common types of polyspecific association observed in Neotropical primate communities is that between squirrel monkeys (Saimiri) and capuchins (Cebus). The present study focused on association patterns in two Saimiri sciureus groups in eastern Brazilian Amazonia, between March and October, 2009. The associations were analyzed in terms of the species involved, the degree of association, and niche breadth and overlap. The study involved two S. sciureus groups (B4 and GI) on the right and left bank of the Tocantins River, respectively, within the area of the Tucuruí reservoir in southeastern Pará. Relations between species were classified as associations (individuals within 50 m and moving in the same direction), and encounters (individuals within 50 m and no coordinated movement). Group B4 was in association with Cebus apella during 100% of monitoring, and with Chiropotes satanas in 20.2%. By contrast, Group GI associated with Cebus 54.8% of the time, and with Chiropotes utahickae 2.5%. Encounters with Alouatta belzebul and Saguinus niger were recorded at both sites, with Aotus azarae and Dasyprocta prymnolopha at B4, and with Callicebus moloch, Dasyproct aleporina, Mazama gouazoubira, and Nasua nasua at GI. Overall, Saimiri had a broader niche than Cebus in terms of vertical spacing and diet, but not for substrate use. This pattern did not appear to be affected by association. While group GI spent significantly (P<0.05) more time in association with Cebus during the wet season, group B4 associated with Chiropotes more during the dry season. Despite the higher association rates, niche overlap was greater for all variables at B4. This may reflect differences in the ranging and foraging patterns at the two sites, and the varying potential benefits of association for Saimiri. Am. J. Primatol. 73:1145–1151, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fetal Lung Epithelial Ion Channels Relocate in the Cell Membrane During Late Gestation
Authors: Beard Lamonta L. , Li Tianbo , Hu Yang , Folkesson Hans G. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractNear the end of gestation, the direction of ion and fluid flow across the alveolar epithelium rapidly changes from secretion to absorption. Thus, the relative cell membrane location of epithelial Na channels (ENaCs) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) Cl channels during late fetal lung development and after maternal interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) pretreatment was the focus of our study. Western blot analysis after sucrose gradient separation of caveolin‐1‐(Cav‐1)‐rich membrane regions (CRR) and Cav‐1‐poor membrane (non‐CRR) revealed primary CRR ENaC localization at gestation day (GD) 61 in guinea pigs. Correlating with the natural induction of distal lung fluid absorption, ENaC appeared in the non‐CRR cell membrane regions at GD68. Conversely, CFTR was present in the non‐CRR cell membrane regions at GD61 and in the CRRs at GD68. IL‐1β‐induced conversion to distal lung fluid absorption at GD61 was associated with ENaC non‐CRR presence and CFTR CRR presence, suggesting that relative ENaC and CFTR locations induced distal lung fluid absorption and decreased fluid secretion. Instilling fetal lungs with the CRR‐disrupting agent methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin resulted in the conversion from lung fluid secretion to absorption and ENaC non‐CRR presence at GD61. Coimmunoprecipitation of Cav‐1 with α‐ and β‐ENaC demonstrated reduced coimmunoprecipitation with increased GD and after IL‐1β pretreatment. On the other hand, coimmunoprecipitation of Cav‐1 with CFTR demonstrated increased coimmunoprecipitation with increasing GD and after IL‐1β pretreatment. This concept may provide novel molecular mechanisms for the rapid transition from fetal distal lung fluid secretion to absorption in near‐term lungs. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional Anatomy and Adaptation of Male Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) With Comparison to Male Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)
Authors: Zihlman Adrienne L. , Mcfarland Robin K. , Underwood Carol E. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractGreat apes diversified during the Miocene in Old World forests. Two lineages, gorillas in Africa and orangutans in Asia, have sexual dimorphisms of super‐sized males, though they presumably diverged from a smaller common ancestor. We test the hypothesis that they increased in body mass independently and convergently, and that their many postcranial differences reflect locomotor differences. Whole body dissections of five adult male gorillas and four adult male orangutans allowed quantification of body mass distribution to limb segments, of body composition (muscle, bone, skin, and fat relative to total body mass), and of muscle distribution and proportions. Results demonstrate that gorilla forelimb anatomy accommodates shoulder joint mobility for vertical climbing and reaching while maintaining joint stability during quadrupedal locomotion. The heavily muscled hind limbs are equipped for propulsion and weight‐bearing over relatively stable substrates on the forest floor. In contrast, orangutan forelimb length, muscle mass, and joint construction are modified for strength and mobility in climbing, bridging, and traveling over flexible supports through the forest canopy. Muscles of hip, knee, and ankle joints provide rotational and prehensile strength essential for moving on unstable and discontinuous branches. We conclude that anatomical similarities are due to common ancestry and that differences in postcranial anatomy reflect powerful selection for divergent locomotor adaptations. These data further support the evolutionary conclusion that gorillas fall with chimpanzees and humans as part of the African hominoid radiation; orangutans are a specialized outlier. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.