bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of mobile phase pH, aqueous‐organic ratio, and buffer concentration on electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns: implications in liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric bioanalysis
Authors: Wang Jian , Aubry Anne , Bolgar Mark S. , Gu Huidong , Olah Timothy V. , Arnold Mark , Jemal Mohammed 
Published: November 2010

AbstractLiquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) based on selected reaction monitoring (SRM) is the standard methodology in quantitative analysis of administered xenobiotics in biological samples. Utilizing two SRM channels during positive electrospray ionization (ESI) LC/MS/MS method development for a drug compound containing two basic functional groups, we found that the response ratio (SRM1/SRM2) obtained using an acidic mobile phase was dramatically different from that obtained using a basic mobile phase. This observation is different from the well‐established phenomenon of mobile phase affecting the [M+H]+ response, which is directly related to the amount of the [M+H]+ ions produced during the ionization. Results from follow‐up work reported herein revealed that the MS/MS fragmentation patterns of four drug or drug‐like compounds are affected not only by the pH, but also by the aqueous‐organic ratio of the mobile phase and the buffer concentration at a given apparent pH. The observed phenomenon can be explained by invoking that a mixture of [M+H]+ ions of the same m/z value for the analyte is produced that is composed of two or more species which differ only in the site of the proton attachment, which in turn affects their MS/MS fragmentation pattern. The ratio of the different protonated species changes depending on the pH, aqueous‐organic ratio, or ionic strength of the mobile phase used. The awareness of the mobile phase dependency of the MS/MS fragmentation pattern of precursor ions of identical m/z value will influence LC/MS/MS‐based bioanalytical method development strategies. Specifically, we are recommending that multiple SRM transitions be monitored during mobile phase screening, with the MS/MS parameters used for each SRM optimized for the composition of the mobile phase (pH, organic percentage, and ionic strength) in which the analyte elutes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Excluding induced subgraphs: Critical graphs
Authors: Balogh József , Butterfield Jane 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDetermining the cardinality and describing the structure of H‐free graphs is well‐investigated for many graphs H. In the nineties, Prömel and Steger proved that for a graph H with chromatic number k + 1 almost all graphs not containing H as a subgraph are k‐colorable if and only if H contains a color‐critical edge. We strengthen the concept of H‐free to induced subgraph containment, proving that if H has coloring number k + 1 then almost all H‐free graphs can be covered by k graphs that are cliques or independent sets if and only if H is in some well‐defined sense critical. The family of critical graphs includes C4 and C2k+1 for all k ≥ 3. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2011
A topological interpretation of fingerprint reference point
Authors: Lam H. K. , Hou Z. , Yau W. Y. , Chen T. P. , Li J. , Sim K. Y. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA critical issue in the development of an automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS) is to detect the reference point accurately and reliably. Most existing techniques are based on the singular points of the fingerprint which is sensitive to fingerprint artifacts and is not well defined for arch type fingerprints. In this study, we present a topological interpretation of fingerprint reference point, where the reference points are posed as topological features of fingerprint structure and can be detected seamlessly from either arch type or non‐arch type fingerprints. Extensive experiments demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method over the existing ones. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular Modulation of Conductivity on H‐Terminated Silicon‐On‐Insulator Substrates
Authors: Dubey Girjesh , Rosei Federico , Lopinski Gregory P. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe adsorption of a range of molecular species (water, pyridine, and ammonia) is found to reversibly modulate the conductivity of hydrogen‐terminated silicon‐on‐insulator (H‐SOI) substrates. Simultaneous sheet‐resistance and Hall‐effect measurements on moderately doped (1015 cm−3) n‐ and p‐type H‐SOI samples mounted in a vacuum system are used to monitor the effect of gas exposure in the Torr range on the electrical‐transport properties of these substrates. Reversible physisorption of “hole‐trapping” species, such as pyridine (C5H5N) and ammonia (NH3) produces highly conductive minority‐carrier channels (inversion) on p‐type substrates, mimicking the action of a metallic gate in a field‐effect transistor. The adsorption of these same molecules on n‐type SOI induces strong electron‐accumulation layers. Minority/majority channels are also formed upon controlled exposure to water vapor. These observations can be explained by a classical band‐bending model, which considers the adsorbates as the source of a uniform surface charge ranging from +1011 to +1012q cm−2. These results demonstrate the utility of DC transport measurements of SOI platforms for studies of molecular adsorption and charge‐transfer effects at semiconductor surfaces.
The shortest metal‐metal bond
Authors: Noor Awal , Kempe Rhett 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe synthesis and isolation of stable bimetallic complexes that contain formally quintuply bonded transition metals is a novel and emerging field of science. Efforts have been undertaken in designing and tuning the ligands to achieve a very short (actually the shortest) metal‐metal bond. The motivation for these efforts arose from the expectation that an increasing bond order may go along with a shortening of the bond length. In consequence, formally quintuply bonded bimetallics could have shorter metal‐metal distances than quadruply bonded ones. A chromium homo‐bimetallic complex with a Cr‐Cr bond length of 1.7293(12) Å has been synthesized, and a formal bond order of five was assigned. This compound holds the record for the shortest metal‐metal bond in a stable molecule to date. At this stage, there is no evidence that additional shortening is impossible. © 2010 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.201000028
Tropospheric temperature trends: history of an ongoing controversy
Authors: Thorne Peter W. , Lanzante John R. , Peterson Thomas C. , Seidel Dian J. , Shine Keith P. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractChanges in atmospheric temperature have a particular importance in climate research because climate models consistently predict a distinctive vertical profile of trends. With increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, the surface and troposphere are consistently projected to warm, with an enhancement of that warming in the tropical upper troposphere. Hence, attempts to detect this distinct ‘fingerprint’ have been a focus for observational studies. The topic acquired heightened importance following the 1990 publication of an analysis of satellite data which challenged the reality of the projected tropospheric warming. This review documents the evolution over the last four decades of understanding of tropospheric temperature trends and their likely causes. Particular focus is given to the difficulty of producing homogenized datasets, with which to derive trends, from both radiosonde and satellite observing systems, because of the many systematic changes over time. The value of multiple independent analyses is demonstrated. Paralleling developments in observational datasets, increased computer power and improved understanding of climate forcing mechanisms have led to refined estimates of temperature trends from a wide range of climate models and a better understanding of internal variability. It is concluded that there is no reasonable evidence of a fundamental disagreement between tropospheric temperature trends from models and observations when uncertainties in both are treated comprehensively. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 66–88 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.80This article is categorized under:

Climate, History, Society, Culture > Ideas and Knowledge
Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Detection and Attribution
Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Modern Climate Change
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation does not retard disease progression in the psycho‐cognitive variant of late‐onset metachromatic leukodystrophy
Authors: Smith Nicholas J. , Marcus Robert E. , Sahakian Barbara J. , Kapur Narinder , Cox Timothy M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractHaematopoietic stem cell transplantation has an unproven role in the management of late‐onset metachromatic leukodystrophy: theoretically justified through the engraftment of enzyme‐replete haematopoietic progenitors and restoration of capacity for sulphatide catabolism in neural tissue through enzyme recapture, the long‐term outcome is unknown. The rarity of the psycho‐cognitive variant and slow progression of late‐onset disease impairs evaluation of treatment. We report detailed clinical and neuropsychological assessments after haematopoietic stem‐cell transplantation in a patient with a late‐onset psycho‐cognitive form of metachromatic leukodystrophy. Cognitive decline, indistinguishable from the natural course of the disease, was serially documented over 11 years despite complete donor chimaerism and correction of leukocyte arylsulphatase A to wild type values; subtle motor deterioration was similarly noted and progressive cerebral volume loss was evident upon magnetic resonance imaging. Sensory nerve conduction deteriorated 17 months post‐transplantation with apparent stabilisation at 11‐year review. Haematopoietic stem‐cell transplantation was ineffective for this rare attenuated variant of metachromatic leukodystrophy. In the few patients identified pre‐symptomatically or with early‐phase disease, clear recommendations are lacking; when transplantation is considered, umbilical cord blood grafts from enzyme‐replete donors with adjunctive mesenchymal stem cell infusions from the same source may be preferable. Improved outcomes will depend on enhanced awareness and early diagnosis of the disease, so that promising interventions such as genetically modified, autologous stem cell transplantation have the best opportunity of success.
Seasonal variations in leaf δ13C and nitrogen associated with foliage turnover and carbon gain for a wet subalpine fir forest in the Gongga Mountains, eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Luo Tianxiang , Li Mingcai , Luo Ji 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIt is still unclear to what extent variations in foliar δ13C and nitrogen can be used to detect seasonal changes in canopy productivity. We hypothesize that in a wet and cloudy fir forest, seasonally higher litterfall and lower leaf area index (LAI) are correlated with higher mass‐based leaf nitrogen (Nmass) and net primary productivity (NPP), while foliar δ13C may change with specific leaf area (SLA), area‐based leaf nitrogen (Narea), and/or starch concentration. In order to test our hypotheses, stand‐level litterfall and the means of δ13C, Nmass, Narea, SLA, and starch concentration of canopy needles for a wet and cloudy Abies fabri forest in the Gongga Mountains were monthly measured during the growing season. Seasonal estimates of LAI were obtained from our previous work. A conceptual model was used to predict seasonal NPP of the fir forest. Seasonal mean δ13C and Nmass and climatic variables were used as inputs. The δ13C across 1–7‐year‐old needles increased from May to September associated with decreasing SLA and increasing Narea. There were no significant differences in seasonal starch concentration. With increasing litterfall and decreasing LAI, seasonal mean Nmass increased, while the δ13C varied little. The simulated NPP increased with increasing litterfall and related traits of Nmass and Narea. Our data generally supported the hypotheses. The results also suggest that in the forest with relatively moist and cloudy environment, the largest fraction of annual carbon gain may occur in the early part of the growing season when higher litterfall results in higher Nmass of canopy leaves.
Presence of Apolipoprotein C‐III Attenuates Apolipoprotein E‐Mediated Cellular Uptake of Cholesterol‐Containing Lipid Particles by HepG2 Cells
Authors: Morita Shin‐ya , Sakurai Atsushi , Nakano Minoru , Kitagawa Shuji , Handa Tetsurou 
Published: November 2010

AbstractApolipoprotein C‐III (apoC‐III) decreases the apolipoprotein E (apoE)‐mediated uptake of lipoprotein remnants by the liver, and a high plasma concentration of apoC‐III in VLDL is associated with hypertriglyceridemia and the risk of coronary heart disease. In this study, we prepared lipid emulsions containing triolein, phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol as model particles of lipoproteins, and examined the roles of apoC‐III in apoE‐mediated uptake of emulsions by HepG2 cells. Cholesterol in emulsion particles enhanced the apoE‐mediated uptake via heparan sulfate proteoglycan and LDL receptor‐related protein pathways. The amount of apoE bound to emulsion particles was increased by the presence of cholesterol at the particle surface, whereas cholesterol had no effect on the binding amount of apoC‐III. Surface cholesterol alleviated the inhibitory effect of apoC‐III on apoE incorporation into the emulsion surface. However, ApoC‐III almost completely inhibited the apoE‐mediated uptake of cholesterol‐containing emulsions despite sufficient binding of apoE to emulsions. These findings suggest that apoC‐III attenuates the binding of apoE to the lipoprotein surface and apoE‐mediated cellular uptake of lipoprotein remnants. Furthermore, cholesterol may affect these functions of apoC‐III and apoE involved in the clearance of lipoprotein remnants.
Glyceryl Behenate and Its Suitability for Production of Aceclofenac Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Authors: Chawla Viney , Saraf Shubhini A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore the use of glyceryl behenate (GB) as a candidate lipid for the production of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) using the anti‐inflammatory drug, aceclofenac, as an example. SLN were produced using the Gasco microemulsion method with three different lipids, namely GB, glyceryl palmitostearate (GP) and cetyl alcohol (CA). The prepared SLN were subjected to determination of entrapment, zeta potential, particle size, in vitro dissolution, entrapment efficiency and biodistribution. Stable SLN of GB having size 245 ± 5 nm were prepared with a polydispersity index of 0.470. The size range was higher with other lipids i.e., CA and GP. It was found that as the drug lipid molar concentration was raised, particles with a smaller size were obtained irrespective of the nature of the lipid. The surfactant poloxamer 188 gave best results when used at a concentration of 2.5% w/v of dispersion. The study recommends GB as a suitable candidate for the production of SLN.
How long does it take to perform emergency ultrasound for the primary indications?
Authors: Socransky Steven , Wiss Ray , Bota Gary , Furtak Teresa 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPurposeAlthough emergency ultrasound (EU) is gaining popularity, EU is performed in a minority of emergency departments (EDs). The perception may exist that EU is too time-consuming. This study sought to determine the duration of EUs performed for the primary indications by staff emergency physicians (EPs).MethodsA prospective, time–motion study was conducted on a convenience sample of EUs at the Sudbury Regional Hospital ED from June to August 2006. All EPs had Canadian EU certification. A research assistant timed EUs. Primary EU indications in Canada are: cardiac arrest evaluation, rule-out pericardial effusion, rule-out intraperitoneal free fluid in trauma, rule-out abdominal aortic aneurysm, and rule-in intrauterine pregnancy. Descriptive statistics are reported.ResultsEleven EPs performed 66 EUs for the primary indications on 51 patients. The mean EU duration was 137.8 s (range 11–465; CI 123.0–162.6). There was no difference in the duration of EUs performed by the two most experienced EPs (n = 37; duration = 129.4; CI = 96.4–162.4) compared to the other EPs (n = 29; duration = 148.4; CI = 110.6–186.2). Although subgroups were small, positive (n = 8; duration = 199.4; CI = 97.4–301.4), negative (n = 49; duration = 123.3; CI = 97.9–148.7), and indeterminate (n = 9; duration = 161.6; CI = 91.5–231.7) EUs did not differ in duration. There is some suggestion of differences in duration between types of EU, although again the subgroups were small: cardiac (n = 21; duration = 90.3; CI = 62.6–118.0), abdominal (n = 22; duration = 157.1; CI = 111.9–202.3), aneurysm (n = 15; duration = 170.1; CI = 117.5–222.7), transabdominal pelvic (n = 5; duration = 89.8; CI = 40.3–139.1), transvaginal (n = 3; duration = 246.0; CI = 30.6–461.4).ConclusionWhen performed by staff EPs with EU certification, mean EU duration for the primary indications was brief regardless of EP’s experience, EU type, or results.
The dual influences of age and obstetric history on fecal continence in parous women
Authors: Eogan Maeve , O'Brien Conor , Daly Leslie , Behan Michael , O'Connell P. Ronan , O'Herlihy Colm 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether women who underwent forceps delivery were more likely than those who delivered either normally (spontaneous vaginal delivery [SVD]) or by cesarean to experience deterioration in fecal continence as they aged.MethodsThe study investigated fecal continence assessment among women who gave birth to their first child 10, 20, or 30 years previously. Women who had undergone forceps delivery in the selected years were matched with women who had SVD in the same year. Two additional cohorts (1 premenopausal, 1 postmenopausal), who had only ever delivered by pre‐labor cesarean, were identified for comparison.ResultsOf the 85 women who participated, 36 had undergone forceps delivery, 35 SVD, and 14 cesarean delivery only. The mode of vaginal delivery had no significant effect on continence scores or manometry pressures. Premenopausal women who had undergone cesarean delivery had significantly higher manometry pressures than those who delivered vaginally, but this protective effect was lost after the menopause. Multivariate analysis of pudendal nerve conduction found that the adverse effect of duration since delivery was greater than the adverse effect of forceps compared with vaginal delivery.ConclusionMode of delivery and aging affect pelvic floor function. Women who deliver via cesarean are not immune to age‐related deterioration of anal sphincter function.
Turbulence changes in laser enhanced laser induced plasmas
Authors: WIGGINS D. L. , RAYNOR C. T. , JOHNSON J. A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser of wavelength 0.532 μm with the maximum energy of 900 mJ creates plasmas at a focal point in air in the path of a 1 kW continuous wave fiber laser of wavelength 1.08 μm. We find that there is an unexpected influence on a standard set of turbulent parameters in these laser-induced plasmas. Specifically, the continuous wave laser increased the complexity in the turbulent fluctuations. The continuous wave laser reduces the characteristic fluctuation frequencies in the neutral lines. Furthermore, the continuous wave laser enhances turbulence energies in ions while it diminishes turbulence energies in neutrals.
Partner care at the end-of-life: identity, language and characteristics
Authors: CORDEN ANNE , HIRST MICHAEL 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThe delivery of services and benefits to people supporting older and disabled relatives and friends depends largely on their identification within constructs of ‘care-giving’ and ‘carer’. Those who are married or living with a partner may be particularly resistant to adopting the identity of ‘care-giver’ or ‘care receiver’. This paper investigates the circumstances of couples and their adoption of carer identities, drawing on a study of the financial implications of a partner's death. That study was based on over 750 couples where one partner died, drawn from the British Household Panel Survey, and separate qualitative interviews with people whose partner died in the previous two years. The findings show that carer self-identification was influenced by the partner's health-care needs and service contacts, including welfare benefits receipts. None of the socio-demographic factors considered was statistically linked to whether people described themselves as providing care for their partner, unless there was an underlying association with the partner's health-care needs. The findings underline the problems of using self-reported identities in surveys and estimates of take-up of services and benefits, and the difficulties of delivering entitlements to people who care for their partner at the end-of-life. A challenge for policy makers is how to move beyond formal categories of ‘carer’ and ‘care-giving’ to incorporate inter-dependence, emotional commitment and the language of relationships in planning support for frail older people.
No way out but working? Income dynamics of young retirees in Korea
Authors: YANG YUNJEONG 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTOlder people in Korea have a higher risk of poverty than younger adults, but the dynamics of income changes around the time of retirement have received little attention. This paper attempts to fill this gap by examining changes in the level and sources of income around the time of retirement, with retirement being defined as separation from one's main lifetime employment. It uses longitudinal data from the Korean Labour and Income Panel Study's Waves 1–9, and follows 580 younger retirees aged at least 50 years who retired during 1998–2005. The paper demonstrates that the prevalence of low income across the retirement transition was related to gender, previous career status and current working status. In particular, there was a noticeable increase in the prevalence of low income among permanent retirees compared to those who continued working in retirement. It also examines different factors associated with the individuals' economic wellbeing after retirement, and finds that working status in retirement is indeed the factor that most influences the probability of low-income entry among male retirees, while for women, the nature of co-residence with working household member(s) and household assets most mattered. From this, the paper concludes that being in paid work after retirement remains an important substitute for the immature old-age safety-net in Korea.
Promoting social inclusion? The impact of village services on the lives of older people living in rural England
Authors: DWYER PETER , HARDILL IRENE 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTDrawing on data from a qualitative study, this paper explores the impact of ‘village services’ on the lives of people aged 70 or more years living in rural England. Throughout the paper, the phrase ‘village services’ refers to six community-based services and activities provided to help meet the needs of older rural residents, namely lunch clubs, welfare rights information and advice services, befriending schemes and community warden support, in rural areas in three regions of England. It is argued that, in various ways, village services promote social inclusion by enhancing older rural residents' access to the resources, rights, goods and services that encourage social interaction and meaningful participation in community life. It is clear, however, that the overwhelming majority of users of village services are female, that older men are often reluctant to engage with the services on offer, and that the providers of village services need to find new and innovative ways of engaging with older men in rural areas. It is concluded that restricted revenue and capital resources means that the expansion of village services so that they may better meet the requirements of older rural men is unlikely.