bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intestinal polypoid arteriovenous malformation: unusual presentation in a child and review of the literature
Authors: Yazbeck Nadine , Mahfouz Imane , Majdalani Marianne , Tawil Ayman , Farra Chantal , Akel Samir 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAim:  We report a jejuno‐jejunal intussusception with a polypoid arteriovenous malformation as a lead point in a 12‐year‐old boy, presenting with lower abdominal pain and non‐bloody non‐projectile vomiting.Methods:  A computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis showed proximal jejuno‐jejunal intussusception in the right upper quadrant. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a 5.5 × 2.5 × 2 cm polypoid mass within the wall of the jejunum. Consequently, jejunal segment resection was performed with end to end jejunostomy. Our case is distinctive because it involves a rare vascular lesion at an atypical site, the jejunum, in a child with an unusual presentation of intussusception treated surgically.Conclusion:  Many paediatric benign and surgical conditions present with similar clinical symptoms; the physician in the emergency department should try to narrow the differential diagnosis and recognize surgical emergencies to avoid any delay in intervention that could be life‐threatening.
Do all Sun-like stars have planets? Inferences from the disc mass reservoirs of Class 0 protostars
Authors: Greaves J. S. , Rice W. K. M. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Protostars ∼0.1 Myr old are heavily obscured, but their circumstellar dust discs can be studied by millimetre interferometry that resolves out the obscuring envelope. Consistent estimates are made for the disc masses of Class 0 protostars, and these range over 7–660 MJup. A simple grain coagulation model reproduces the mass distributions of more evolved discs around Class I protostars and Class II T Tauri stars (at ≲1, ≲5 Myr), implying that their observed dust is remnant material. The conversion of most dust grains into planetesimals thus occurs very early, at ∼0.1 Myr. As this is concurrent with the formation of the star itself, much of the disc is expected to accrete on to the central object, and a correlation of bolometric luminosity and disc mass is observed that agrees well with disc models. The observed Class 0 discs all contain upwards of 20 M of dust, allowing for the formation of ‘super-Earths’ around many Sun-like stars. Only 10 per cent of the dust mass needs to be converted into planetary cores to match the range of such core masses presently known.
Defining Miracles: Violations of the Laws of Nature
Authors: Luck Morgan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPhilosophers have made numerous and varied attempts to analyse the concept of a miracle. To the end, an assortment of necessary and sufficient conditions for the truth an instantiation of a miracle have been offered. In this paper we discuss one of the most common of these conditions – the violation restriction. This restriction holds that all miracles involve a violation of a law of nature.
Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico‐Philosophicus and Religion
Authors: Hansen Stig Børsen 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper explores the relevance of Wittgenstein’s early work for treatments of religion. The first section briefly outlines some different interpretive possibilities with respect to early Wittgenstein’s thinking. The following section explores the idea that what is important about early Wittgenstein’s work resides not in the meaning of the text as such, but in elements of his Jewish heritage. The third section outlines the immediate task that is undertaken in the body of the TLP. Central notions are those of mysticism and logical form and the two concluding sections explore how these notions play a role in treatments of religion. This they do either by exhibiting parallels between themes in theology and themes in logic, or they do so by playing a role in assessing cosmological arguments in the philosophy of religion.
Disability and Justice
Authors: Hartley Christie 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHistorically, philosophers have had little to say about justice and disability. However, in recent years and in response to disability rights movements, philosophers have started to consider the claims to justice of persons with mental and physical impairments. Importantly, some have charged that without extensive revision, social contract accounts of justice – which enjoy immense popularity among political philosophers – cannot address the needs and interests of persons with disabilities. In this article, I explain why social contract accounts are thought to flounder when it comes to justice for persons with disabilities. Then I assess the merits of recent attempts to construct theories of justice inclusive of persons with disabilities. In particular, I consider Nussbaum’s capabilities approach, Kittay’s justice as caring, and various restatements of the social contract.
More Recent Idealist Readings of Spinoza
Authors: Newlands Samuel 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this paper, I discuss a once dominant tradition of Spinoza interpretation that shows signs of renewal: Spinoza as a kind of idealist. According to this interpretation, the attribute of thought is the most fundamental attribute in Spinoza’s system and the existence of finite modes is in some way illusory. Its proponents include a contemporary scholar, Michael Della Rocca, as well as several late 19th century British scholars: John Caird, Harold Joachim, James Martineau, and Frederick Pollock. In this paper, I explore their arguments, criticisms, and conclusions.
Lawyers, Guns, and Money: A Plenary Presentation from the Conference “Using Law, Policy and Research to Improve the Public's Health”
Authors: Marks James S. , Larkin Michelle A. , McGowan Angela K. 
Published: February 2011

On behalf of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), I want to thank the Public Health Law Association and the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics for your leadership and the work that both you and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have done to grow this field. RWJF is pleased to co-sponsor this conference.The music that opened this talk is a clip from Warren Zevon, who encouraged us musically to “send lawyers, guns and money.” Zevon was a singer/songwriter and social critic whose songs often took a jaundiced, somewhat cynical point of view. Even so, I know that I am probably stretching his meaning when I think of this song. I see “lawyers, guns and money” as his take on the major drivers of how change happens in a society.
The Role of Federal Preemption in Injury Prevention Litigation
Authors: Vernick Jon S. 
Published: February 2011

In 2007, there were 182,479 injury-related deaths in the United States — including homicides, suicides, and unintentional injuries – making injuries the leading cause of death for persons under age 45. Also in 2007, nearly 30 million Americans suffered a non-fatal injury serious enough to warrant hospital treatment. The lifetime cost of fatal and non-fatal injuries occurring in 2000 is estimated to exceed $400 billion.Efforts to prevent injuries have often focused on changes to the built environment or potentially dangerous products to reduce risks. Building safety into a product or environment — especially in ways that require little or no user action to confer protection — is often more effective than trying to change consumer behavior. For example, improving the crashworthiness of cars through design changes such as air bags, fire-resistant fuel systems, or electronic stability programs, is more effective than simply trying to teach operators to become safer drivers.
Ties Binding Asia, Europe and the USA
Authors: Kim Soyoung , Lee Jong‐Wha , Park Cyn‐Young 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe investigate changes in Asia's regional and global trade linkages and their influence on macroeconomic relationships among Asia, Europe and the USA. We first document changes in tripartite trade patterns and discuss stylized facts about East Asia's trade structure, with particular focus on the role of China. China plays a critical role in the rapidly expanding intra‐Asian trade as an assembly and production center that supplies final goods for the advanced economies. However, China's trade shares in final goods with East Asia and in parts and components with Europe and the USA are rising, suggesting that the region's production chains are becoming increasingly integrated into the global business network. Empirical results from a panel vector autoregression model generally confirm increasingly mutual macroeconomic interdependence among East Asia, Europe and the USA. The findings suggest a future role for Asia as an important trade partner and balancing power in the world economy.
A New Global Auto Industry?
Authors: Kierzkowski Henryk 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper brings together a number of robust trade models to shed some light on the likely evolution of the global automotive industry. Vertical product differentiation, intra‐industry trade and fragmentation of production leading to international outsourcing are important features of the existing global automotive sector. The global automotive sector will most likely experience groundbreaking changes over the coming decades. The sector is confronted with a multidimensional technological revolution spurred by radical product innovation, shifts in customer demand and government incentives. A dominant driver will be growing public concern about climate change. China and India might well become leading players by 2050, if not earlier.
Optimal Monetary Policy in China
Authors: He Ping , Nie Guangyu , Wang Guanglong , Zhang Xiang 
Published: February 2011

AbstractUsing the structural vector autoregression model, we estimate the current responses of monetary policy to contemporaneous shocks from macroeconomic variables. Our findings indicate that the People's Bank of China responded to inflation and output changes, but did not react to asset price fluctuations during the period from January 1997 to March 2010. The optimal monetary responses to exogenous shocks are also examined. It is revealed that using asset prices to formulate monetary policy would not help to improve monetary authorities' performance in lowering the volatilities of output growth and inflation while keeping output growth and inflation in their safety zones. The effectiveness of monetary policy and fiscal policy in reacting to external shocks is also discussed.
Attitudes to North America in Wieland's Teutscher Merkur
Authors: SHOOKMAN ELLIS 
Published: February 2011

AbstractChristoph Martin Wieland's German journal Der Teutsche Merkur ran over fifty articles mentioning North America. The attitudes expressed in the articles were complex and changed dramatically. In the mid‐1770s most were impartial – or even mildly favourable – but by the early nineteenth century many were harshly disparaging. This essay examines the evidence of this striking contrast, evidence that may be explained in Rousseauian terms. The essay thus shows that Der Teutsche Merkur yields a trove of information on eighteenth‐century German attitudes towards the American Revolution and the fledgling United States.
polysat: an R package for polyploid microsatellite analysis
Authors: CLARK LINDSAY V. , JASIENIUK MARIE 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe present an R package to help remedy the lack of software for manipulating and analysing autopolyploid and allopolyploid microsatellite data. polysat can handle genotype data of any ploidy, including populations of mixed ploidy, and assumes that allele copy number is always ambiguous in partial heterozygotes. It can import and export genotype data in eight different formats, calculate pairwise distances between individuals using a stepwise mutation and infinite alleles model, estimate ploidy based on allele counts and estimate allele frequencies and pairwise FST values. This software is freely available through the Comprehensive R Archive Network (http://cran.r‐project.org/) and includes a thorough tutorial.
Development of a multiplex PCR assay for fine‐scale population genetic analysis of the Komodo monitor Varanus komodoensis based on 18 polymorphic microsatellite loci
Authors: CIOFI CLAUDIO , TZIKA ATHANASIA C. , NATALI CHIARA , WATTS PHILLIP C. , SULANDARI SRI , ZEIN MOCH S. A. , MILINKOVITCH MICHEL C. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMultiplex PCR assays for the coamplification of microsatellite loci allow rapid and cost‐effective genetic analyses and the production of efficient screening protocols for international breeding programs. We constructed a partial genomic library enriched for di‐nucleotide repeats and characterized 14 new microsatellite loci for the Komodo monitor (or Komodo dragon, Varanus komodoensis). Using these novel microsatellites and four previously described loci, we developed multiplex PCR assays that may be loaded on a genetic analyser in three separate panels. We tested the novel set of microsatellites for polymorphism using 69 individuals from three island populations and evaluated the resolving power of the entire panel of 18 loci by conducting (i) a preliminary assignment test to determine population(s) of origin and (ii) a parentage analysis for 43 captive Komodo monitors. This panel of polymorphic loci proved useful for both purposes and thus can be exploited for fine‐scale population genetic analyses and as part of international captive breeding programs directed at maintaining genetically viable ex situ populations and reintroductions.
Oxidant and antioxidant profile of hyperketonemic ewes affected by pregnancy toxemia
Authors: Al‐Qudah Khaled M. 
Published: February 2011

Background: Negative energy balance during late pregnancy in ewes is an important cause of hyperketonemia. Ketone bodies can generate superoxide radicals and cause oxidative stress and cellular dysfunction, as noted in cows with subclinical ketosis or in diabetic people.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of hyperketonemia in initiating the process of lipid peroxidation.Methods: The study included 10 pregnant ewes (aged 3.5–6 years) with pregnancy toxemia, 10 clinically healthy pregnant ewes, and 10 clinically healthy nonpregnant ewes. Serum concentrations of β‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB), cortisol, and glucose, plasma activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, and plasma concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), markers of lipid peroxidation, and reduced glutathione were measured. Data from the 3 groups were statistically analyzed and compared.Results: Serum concentrations of BHB, cortisol, and TBARS were significantly higher in ewes with pregnancy toxemia when compared with concentrations in healthy pregnant and nonpregnant groups (P≤.05). In ewes with pregnancy toxemia, a strong positive correlation was found between concentrations of TBARS and BHB (r=.80; P=.002) and between concentrations of BHB and cortisol (r=.76; P=.005).Conclusions: Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are involved in the development and complications of pregnancy toxemia. An association between hyperketonemia and the products of lipid peroxidation has also been demonstrated, suggesting that ketosis is a risk factor in the development of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in ewes affected by pregnancy toxemia.
A strengthening of the GL(2) converse theorem
Authors: Booker Andrew R. , Krishnamurthy M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe generalize the method of A. R. Booker (Poles of Artin L-functions and the strong Artin conjecture, Ann. of Math. (2)158(2003), 1089–1098; MR 2031863(2004k:11082)) to prove a version of the converse theorem of Jacquet and Langlands with relaxed conditions on the twists by ramified idèle class characters.
Iwasawa theory for modular forms at supersingular primes
Authors: Lei Antonio 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe generalise works of Kobayashi to give a formulation of the Iwasawa main conjecture for modular forms at supersingular primes. In particular, we give analogous definitions of the plus and minus Coleman maps for normalised new forms of arbitrary weights and relate Pollack’s p-adic L-functions to the plus and minus Selmer groups. In addition, by generalising works of Pollack and Rubin on CM elliptic curves, we prove the ‘main conjecture’ for CM modular forms.
The Proapoptotic Bcl-2 Protein Bax Plays an Important Role in the Pathogenesis of Reovirus Encephalitis
Authors: Berens Heather M. , Tyler Kenneth L. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

Encephalitis induced by reovirus serotype 3 (T3) strains results from the apoptotic death of infected neurons. Extrinsic apoptotic signaling is activated in reovirus-infected neurons
in vitro
and
in vivo
, but the role of intrinsic apoptosis signaling during encephalitis is largely unknown. Bax plays a key role in intrinsic apoptotic signaling in neurons by allowing the release of mitochondrial cytochrome
c
. We found Bax activation and cytochrome
c
release in neurons following infection of neonatal mice with T3 reoviruses. Bax
−/−
mice infected with T3 Abney (T3A) have reduced central nervous system (CNS) tissue injury and decreased apoptosis, despite viral replication that is similar to that in wild-type (WT) Bax
+/+
mice. In contrast, in the heart, T3A-infected Bax
−/−
mice have viral growth, caspase activation, and injury comparable to those in WT mice, indicating that the role of Bax in pathogenesis is organ specific. Nonmyocarditic T3 Dearing (T3D)-infected Bax
−/−
mice had delayed disease and enhanced survival compared to WT mice. T3D-infected Bax
−/−
mice had significantly lower viral titers and levels of activated caspase 3 in the brain despite unaffected transneuronal spread of virus. Cytochrome
c
and Smac release occurred in some reovirus-infected neurons in the absence of Bax; however, this was clearly reduced compared to levels seen in Bax
+/+
wild-type mice, indicating that Bax is necessary for efficient activation of proapoptotic mitochondrial signaling in infected neurons. Our studies suggest that Bax is important for reovirus growth and pathogenesis in neurons and that the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, mediated by Bax, is important for full expression of disease, CNS tissue injury, apoptosis, and viral growth in the CNS of reovirus-infected mice.
Evidence of a Dominant Lineage of Vibrio cholerae-Specific Lytic Bacteriophages Shed by Cholera Patients over a 10-Year Period in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Seed Kimberley D. , Bodi Kip L. , Kropinski Andrew M. , Ackermann Hans-Wolfgang , Calderwood Stephen B. , Qadri Firdausi , Camilli Andrew 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

Lytic bacteriophages are hypothesized to contribute to the seasonality and duration of cholera epidemics in Bangladesh. However, the bacteriophages contributing to this phenomenon have yet to be characterized at a molecular genetic level. In this study, we isolated and sequenced the genomes of 15 bacteriophages from stool samples from cholera patients spanning a 10-year surveillance period in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Our results indicate that a single novel bacteriophage type, designated ICP1 (for the
I
nternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
c
holera
p
hage

1

) is present in all stool samples from cholera patients, while two other bacteriophage types, one novel (ICP2) and one T7-like (ICP3), are transient. ICP1 is a member of the
Myoviridae
family and has a 126-kilobase genome comprising 230 open reading frames. Comparative sequence analysis of ICP1 and related isolates from this time period indicates a high level of genetic conservation. The ubiquitous presence of ICP1 in cholera patients and the finding that the O1 antigen of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) serves as the ICP1 receptor suggest that ICP1 is extremely well adapted to predation of human-pathogenic
V. cholerae
O1.

IMPORTANCE
The severe diarrheal disease cholera is caused by the bacterium
Vibrio cholerae
, which can be transmitted to humans from the aquatic environment. Factors that affect
V. cholerae
in the environment can impact the occurrence of cholera outbreaks; one of these factors is thought to be the presence of bacterial viruses, or bacteriophages. Bacteriophages that prey on
V. cholerae
in the environment, and potentially in humans, have not been extensively genetically characterized. Here, we isolated and sequenced the genomes of bacteriophages from cholera patient stool samples collected over a 10-year period in Dhaka, Bangladesh, a region that suffers from regular cholera outbreaks. We describe a unique bacteriophage present in all samples, infer its evolution by sequencing multiple isolates from different patients over time, and identify the host receptor that shows that the bacteriophage specifically predates the serogroup of
V. cholerae
responsible for the majority of disease occurrences.
Canada frostweed (Helianthemum canadense(L.) Michx.; Cistaceae) at the northeastern limit of its range: implications for conservation
Authors: Yorke Alana F. , Mockford Stephen , Evans Rodger C. 
Published: February 2011

Canada frostweed (Helianthemum canadense) is a perennial herb whose abundance and habitat are declining in Nova Scotia. These sites mark the northeastern limit of this species with nearest populations occurring in Maine and Quebec. To determine the genetic structure of northeastern populations, we used amplified fragment length polymorphisms to examine individuals from Nova Scotia, Maine, New Hampshire, and Quebec. Cluster analyses and analysis of molecular variance identified four groups: (i) Queens County, Nova Scotia; (ii) Kings County, Nova Scotia; (iii) Quebec; and (iv) Northeastern New England. New England samples revealed evidence of gene flow among populations within that region, and several individuals from Quebec and Queens County, Nova Scotia, were assigned to the same cluster. The majority of individuals from Kings County were assigned to a separate cluster from that associated with Queens County, indicating two distinct populations within Nova Scotia. Differences between Nova Scotia populations may be attributed to isolation and drift, or separate postglacial colonization events. We recommend that Queens County and Kings County populations be considered as discrete units for conservation and, because Nova Scotia populations are distinct from other populations in eastern Canada and northeastern United States, we suggest that conservation of populations at the northeastern limits of the range of H. canadense is warranted.
Post-disturbance dynamics of plant communities in a Mediterranean temporary pool (Western Morocco): Effects of disturbance size
Authors: Sahib Nargis , Rhazi Laïla , Grillas Patrick 
Published: February 2011

Mediterranean temporary pools are frequently visited habitats where domestic livestock and wild herbivores generate numerous physical soil disturbances. Using two sizes of experimental plots (large, 1.20 m × 1.20 m; small, 0.3 m × 0.3 m), the effects of soil disturbances on vegetation dynamics and the vertical distribution of seeds were studied in one Moroccan temporary pool. Results show a very rapid regeneration of temporary wetland vegetation in disturbed plots. The speed of regeneration depends on the size of disturbance and hydrology. There was an almost complete return of vegetation to the reference state in the small disturbed plots by the end of the 1st year. This fast restoration was mainly due to seed banks, which play a key role in the resilience of pools to the different sizes of disturbances frequently generated by herbivores, but also to lateral colonization by perennials.